bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orenburg as the capital of autonomous Kazakhstan (1920-1925): the reasons of choice and attempts of search for alternatives
Authors: Akanov Kuanysh Gazizovich
Published: December 2020

The paper considers the history of approval of Orenburg city as the capital of Kirgiz (Kazakh) Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (KASSR) which was formed by the decree from 26 of August, 1920, as well as the history accession of the city and some district of province to Kazakhstan. The reasons of choice of Orenburg as administrative center of Kirgiz Republic and possible proposed alternatives are researched. The author analyses publications of Kazakhstan and Russian scientists on the indicated theme. Among the objective reasons of choice of Orenburg as the capital, the author names the following ones: the importance of Orenburg for Kirgiz Republic of that time, as a city with developed infrastructure and industry, as well as cultural and economic potential; the presence of sufficiently strong stratum workers,; attempt to make the city a central core of politics and become closer to Asian and Turkic people; regulation of territorial disputes about question of accessory of Orenburg; temporariness of the capital status of Orenburg to Kyrgyzia, in view of geographical distance of the city from the other regions of Autonomy and little representatives of title Kazakh ethnos. The author introduces for scientific use some documents of the State archive of the Orenburg Region in the process of research.
American foreign policy at the end of the XIX - early XX centuries and Social Darwinist ideology
Authors: Mukhataev Pavel Nicolaevich
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a historiographical review of American foreign policy, as well as analysis of the causes of the emergence of American expansionist paradigm in the late XIX early XX centuries. Soviet historians give us an idea about the economic aspect of events in the U.S. during the specified period. However, foreign scientists have multidimensional view on the events. A. Schlesinger as one of the most popular authors insisted on the secondary importance of economic reasons for an active foreign policy of the United States, indicating that political reasons were of paramount importance. Social Darwinism, as a phenomenon that could shape foreign policy is considered by historians indirectly. In the Russian-Soviet historiography Social Darwinism is denoted as a factor that influences policy indirectly. American historiography considers the subject of our study more wholly, but in the context of the analysis of the liberal ideology. The author points to the role of ideological reasons for the American administrations foreign policy decision-making. The paper is an attempt to find out whether there was a connection between foreign policy and the Social-Darwinist discourse, which can be traced in political, economic and intellectual elites of American society at the turn of the century.
Adoption institution among Bashkirs in the past (based on folklore and written sources)
Authors: Isyangulov Shamil Nailevich
Published: December 2020

The following paper discusses the institution of adoption among Bashkirs in the past based on folklore and written sources. This topic is not sufficiently studied in historiography. There are not many sources on it. The main sources here are the traditions, legends, genealogical trees of Bashkir. In these sources information about the adoption of young children (Kalmyks, Nogais, Kazakhs, etc.) by Bashkirs has been preserved. All these sources in most respects reflect the realities of the 16th 18th centuries. In general, they help understand the views of Bashkirs on the adoption of other peoples children. The analysis of the sources allowed us to conclude that orphans, abandoned, captured, etc. children among Bashkirs were considered as being marked with a divine sign. Adopted children would become full members of the Bashkir community. It is assumed that the institution of adoption was widespread enough before the Bashkirs joined the Russian state. Materials confirm that the adoption was associated with the custom of obtaining the fruit of a noble person. Adoption was one of the ways to incorporate other ethnic groups in the Bashkir people. The historical roots of the institution of adoption needs a further study.
«Culture of daily life» in the context of integration of migrants from the Caucasus countries
Authors: Mukhametshina Natalia Semenovna
Published: December 2020

The paper deals with the results of standardized and in-depth interviews with representatives of the Caucasian peoples (Azerbaijanis, Armenians and Georgians), now living on the territory of Samara and Samara Region. The interviews were executed in 20162017 within the project supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The main areas of study of sociocultural problems of migration in the Russian science were discussed. The survey results registered preservation and functionality in the new environment of such markers of cultural boundaries as the ethnic style of the house interiors (carpets, glassware, national flag, pictures, etc.), the use of national cuisine, musical selections. Every second respondent notes, that he continues to read the periodical press in mother-tongue. Such indicators of cultural potential of diaspora communities as communication with representatives of other people and the installation in matrimonial behavior are considered. Representatives of the Caucasian diaspora communities demonstrate differentiated by groups of analysis interaction with neighbors and colleagues. Armenians most closely communicate with neighbors and co-workers. Almost all respondents indicate close contact with friends, among them representatives of different nationalities. The vast majority of respondents are positive about the inter-ethnic marriage. Close communication and friendship with representatives of host community, and positive attitudes in matrimonial behavior is something we see as the individual integration strategy, contributes to integration of foreign culture migrants from states of the Caucasus in the host community.
Perception of the East and the tasks of Far Eastern policy of Russia in the views of V.N. Kokovtsov and P.A. Stolypin
Authors: Suvorov Valery Vladimirovich
Published: December 2020

Activity of V.N. Kokovtsov and P.A. Stolypin, associated with the situation of Russia in the Far East after the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, was held in the conditions of the need to solve the tasks of restoring the fighting capacity of the Russian army, improving the defense capability of the Far East and integrating this region within the empire. Under these conditions, the understanding of the importance of supporting the eastern regions of the Russian Empire was expressed, in which there was great potential for socio-economic development, while recognizing the need to avoid military clashes in Asia. V.N. Kokovtsov was involved in the Far Eastern and became Wittes successor as finance minister, since this ministry continued to play a decisive role in Eastern politics. Witte focused on the development of external relations between Russia and the Asian states and the desire to strengthen Russias influence in the Far Eastern region, and then the eastern policy after the Russo-Japanese War was more oriented toward the development of the eastern territories of Russia. With the growing awareness of the importance of the internal eastern regions of Russia, the negative attitude towards the eastern states with which Russia bordered was strengthened. In general, the governments program for the economic development of the Far East gave impetus to the development of the region.
Independent activity skills development in vocational schools by means of modular technology training
Authors: Dranitsyna Elena Gennadievna
Published: December 2020

The paper proves the urgency of independent activity skills development in vocational schools by means of modular technology training. The essence of the modular training technology is revealed, the functional value of the module is determined in the formation of conditions that meet modern requirements of professional training. The paper also categorizes the types of independent educational activity of students in the context of the implementation of modular training technology. The author identifies conditions for the successful development of the skills and independent skills of students with the help of modular teaching technology in the educational process. They are the following: pedagogical planning, formation and improvement of students need-motivational sphere and their cognitive interest, counseling and coordination of the educational process, methodical support, as well as development of skills that help to use information and educational environment.
Systematic approach to personality ecological culture development in the era of social turbulence
Authors: Popov Yuri Mikhailovich , Sazonova Natalia Nicolaevna
Published: December 2020

Despite the fact that modern society has entered a postindustrial period of development and science has transformed into the main driving force there is still destructive influence of negative global and regional environmental problems. According to the degree of danger to humanity they can be put on the second place after a possible thermonuclear conflict and be a cause of increasing social turbulence. Based on the achievements of synergetic and a system of pedagogy the following paper discusses actual problems of ecological culture development as the most effective forms of countering the threat of environmental disaster. The authors have proposed a new definition of the term ecological culture, developed a model of such personal characteristics development and identified the role and the place of educational technologies in this process. As a result of scientific pedagogical literature analysis the authors integrated natural-scientific and humanitarian discourses, identified the role and the place of the intellectual, moral, aesthetic, patriotic, labor and physical components of the educational process in the structure of the human personality and his/her ecological culture. It is concluded that the implementation of a comprehensive, systemic approach to ecological culture development will allow to achieve a phenomenon of emergence, which will significantly improve the efficiency of the educational environmental events.
Research results of Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education in 2017
Authors: Repinetsky Alexander Ivanovich
Published: December 2020

Samara State Social and Pedagogical University is the oldest higher educational institution in the Samara region. Founded in 1911 as a teacher's institute, it immediately began to position itself as a humanitarian institution. This direction remains the leading one at the present time. The preservation of the humanitarian component is a merit of our team, since in the conditions of a modern technocratic society it is the humanities and pedagogical sciences that preserve the humanistic component of Russia.
Peculiarities of heavy metals accumulation by dooryard plantain’s leaves (Plantago major L.) in the urbanized territories
Authors: Babkina Lyudmila Alexandrovna , Lukyanchikov Dmitry Sergeevich , Lukyanchikova Oksana Vladimirovna
Published: December 2020

The paper reveals the content of extractable zinc, cadmium and lead in the soil of the territories with different level of technological influence. The peculiarities of heavy metals storage by dooryard plantains leaves Plantago major L. are observed. The soils of the industrial zone are characterized by pollution with cadmium and lead compounds. The content of lead and zinc ions in dooryard plantains leaves P. major , growing in this region, oversteps the accepted values. The plant material picked in the suburbs of the city close to the forest zones is ecologically safe. According to increasing of accumulation features, heavy metals are located in the following order: lead cadmium zinc that reflects the degree of their importance for plants and the similarity of their physical and chemical indexes. The higher indexes of the storage coefficients for cadmium in comparison with lead are connected with its translocation into cells by carriers for zinc biophile element. The increase of zinc and cadmium content in the soil leads to decrease of accumulation of these ions in leaves. Lead gets into dooryard plantains leaves P. major from both through roots from the soil and through mouth apparatus of leaf epidermis from the air.
Infestation of the Viviparus viviparus L. population of the Malaya Kokshaga River by the trematode parthenites and the carotenoid content in the tissues of mollusks
Authors: Bedova Praskovia Vladimirovna
Published: December 2020

The paper presents the results of a long-term research (2001-2011) of the Viviparus viviparus L. population of the Malaya Kokshaga River, which is the 42nd left tributary of the Volga River and flows through the territory of the Mari El Republic. Density, biomass, sex structure and age structure of this population were the items of the investigation. The author defined the infestation of the gastropods by the trematode parthenites and the effect of parasites on the content of carotenoid pigments in the tissues of mollusks. A three-mark infestation scale was developed to determine the intensity of infestation. Throughout the whole study period, the infestation of V. viviparus by the trematode parthenites was consistently high. More than 50% of all individuals were infected by the larvae of various trematodes at all stages of development. Significant differences in the infestation of males and females were not registered. The author marked the influence of trematode invasion on the content of carotenoids. The infected individuals of both sexes in spring as well as in summer showed a higher content of carotenoids than uninfected ones. The V. viviparus population of the Malaya Kokshaga River was dominated by one years age individuals with a shell height of 18,0-25,9 mm. The sex structure of the V.viviparus population of the Malaya Kokshaga River was stable for the whole period of the research. The predominance of males or females in the population is insignificant. There are no significant differences in the number and biomass of V. viviparus over the years.
Peculiarities of human’s blood elemental composition inhabited in different radiation exposure
Authors: Jambayev Merey Tleykhanovich , Baranovskaya Natalia Vladimirovna , Lipikhina Alexandra Viktorovna
Published: December 2020

The paper deals with the features of chemical elements accumulation in the blood of the population living on the territories close to the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. The investigated territories as a result of earlier conducted radioecological research by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan are referred to different zones of radiation risk. As a control area, the settlement of Kokpekty, referring to the minimum radiation risk zone, was chosen with a radiation dose of 0,1 to 7 cSv obtained for the entire test period. The study of the elemental composition of the blood of the population exposed to different dose irradiation on this territory has been carried out for the first time. A comparison was made of the concentrations of 28 chemical elements determined by the instrumental neutron activation analysis in the blood of the population of various radiation risk zones. The summary indicators of chemical elements accumulation in human blood, characterizing the levels of established dose loads of the population, are calculated. Biogeochemical series of chemical elements accumulation in the blood of the population of the considered settlements, relative to the general average on the territory, have been built. The elements that make the main contribution to the total index of chemical elements accumulation in the blood of the population of the investigated radiation risk zones have been established. In general, it has been shown that the elemental composition of human blood can reflect the general radioecological situation of the territory.
Ecological phytocoenotic characteristics of Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. within the territory of Nature Reserve «Bylina» in Kirov Region
Authors: Kapustina Natalya Vasilievna
Published: December 2020

Ecological-phytocoenotic confinement of Platanthera bifolia in conditions of middle taiga subzone of Kirov Region was investigated. Studied coenopopulations are restricted mostly to spruce-birch, pine and rarely to spruce phytocoenoses. Herbaceous-shrub cover includes 78 species of vascular plants with dominance of Maianthemum bifolium L., Vaccinium myrtillus L. , Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Hieracium pilosella L., Equisetum sylvaticum L. , Pyrola rotundifolia L. , Linnaea borealis L. , Trientalis europaea L. , etc . Populations age spectres are in most cases normal and incomplete. Ontogenesis of P. bifolia has pregenerative and generative periods as well as juvenile, immature, virginile and generative age stages. Ecological positions of the species within Bylina Nature Reserve are given by Tsyganov scales. It was shown that P. bifolia is a mesobiont species. Maximum potential of P. bifolia is marked on soil acidity scale (11,54%) and illumination scale (11,51%). Estimation of habitat ecological conditions for P. bifolia was accomplished with Ellenberg scales. It was defined that P. bifolia is characterised by significant ecological amplitude. It is a subcontinental, semi-shade species which prefers semi-wet soils with moderate acidity and moderate nutritients richness. According to hemeroby parameters, P. bifolia can be considered a species that survives insignificant and moderate anthropogenic influence in the studied area.
Taxonomic analysis of saline habitats flora of the Southern Urals
Authors: Karpov Daniel Nikolaevich , Karpov Stanislav Danielivich , Atnasheva Liliya Zaynullovna
Published: December 2020

The paper presents a taxonomic analysis of saline habitats flora of the southern Urals. The authors have established vegetation of 317 types of glycophytic and halophytic higher plants belonging to 172 genera and 44 families on the saline soils of the southern Urals (including adjacent territories). The number of halophytic species in the studied area is low and estimated at 59 or 18,6% of the total number of species. Among them are representatives of the genus Limonium, of the family Chenopodiaceae - Halimione verrucifera , Salicorna perennans , Suaeda acuminata , S. corniculata , S. prostrata ; family Asteraceae - Artemisia lerchiana , A. nitrosa , Cirsium esculentum , family Poaceae - Hordeum brevisubulatum , Puccinellia distans , etc. The vast majority of flora - 316 species (99,9%) - belong to the division Magnoliophyta, 251 species (79,4%) are Magnoliopsida members and 65 (20,6%) are registered in the class Liliopsida. The ratio of monocots and dicots is expressed in a proportion of 1: 3,8. The largest families in saline soils flora of the southern Urals are: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae. Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae number of species from 57 to 9, in total 247 species. There is a clear predominance of the hemicryptophytes - 232, 19 geoview, 11 - geloview, biennials - 9; one - biennials - 4, tirefits - 56, hamiphites - 19, nano phanerophytes - 5, - 1 phanerophytes. In halophytic communities on salted soils that form complexes with glycophyte ones 4 of relict and endemic species Koeleria sclerophylla , Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi , Nanophyton erinaceum , Ephedra distachya meet, 27 are in need of protection, including 4 halophyt ( Frankenia hirsuta , Limonium bellidifolium , L. macrorhizon , L. suffruticosum ).
Ecological-coenotic confinement and resources characteristics of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. in Kirov Region
Authors: Luginina Ecaterina Andreevna , Egoshina Tatiana Leonidovna
Published: December 2020

The paper presents data on phytocoenotic confinement and resource parameters of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi in Kirov Region. The species is close to phytocoenotic optimum in pine herbaceous-lichen forests in coniferous-broadleaved forests sub zone. The highest productivity of A. uva-ursi coenopopulations is marked in pine hebaceous-lichen forests (56,1 4,2 g/ m) where the species has maximum coverage (16,8 1,1%) and shoot length (17,7 0,8 cm). Presence of A. uva-ursi in communities increases southwards within the Region. A. uva-ursi is restricted to sandy and sabulous soils with high acidity level (pH 3,4-4,0), humus poor and insignificant content of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Reliable relation (р 0,05) between A. uva-ursi leaves productivity and Mg content in soil (r = 0,85) was defined. We have also determined straight and reliable connection between coverage, shoots number and productivity (R = 0,71-0,97). Raw material productivity can be presented by regression equation: P = Ао + А1C + А2N, где: P - Productivity (raw weight, g/m), C - coverage (%), N - number of shoot (per m). Biological stock (BS) of A. uva-ursi in Kirov Region reaches 285,5 t. Distribution of BS among vegetative subzones and administrative regions is uneven: 51% of BS (144,7 t) is concentrated in middle taiga subzone. Exploitation stock (ES) in the Region reaches 109,1 t. Volume of possible annual collection - 7,9 t, which is enough for local needs. In lichen pine forests with areas of A. uva-ursi in Kirov Region when 75% of peripheral shoots are cut , it does not recover within 5-years period between collections.
Monitoring of heavy metal contamination of soil and plants (for example, Potentilla tanacetifolia Willd. ex Schlecht.) of natural ecosystems in Chita urban areas
Authors: Samoilenko Galina Yurievna , Bondarevich Evgeniy Alexandrovich , Kotsyurzhinskaya Natalia Nikolaevich , Boriskin Igor Anatolyevich
Published: December 2020

The paper presents data on the content of gross and mobile forms of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in the soils of Chita and its surroundings. The paper contains a comparative analysis of the accumulation (Kn) and movement (KP) coefficients of these microelements in organs ( Potentilla tanacetifolia Willd. ex Schlecht.), relative to their gross content and mobile forms in soils. The authors have revealed that soil samples of the studied sites contain unequal gross amount of heavy metals. In some points (6 and 3) the content of cadmium and zinc exceeded the Mac, that is why such soils have been attributed to heavily polluted. The index of biological activity on mobile forms of heavy metals in all sites significantly exceeded the same index on gross forms. It was found that Potentilla tanacetifolia are accumulators of heavy metal ions. Aboveground bodies accumulate and absorb cadmium and copper especially intensively, thus the content of mobile forms of these metals in the soil is insignificant. Excessive adsorption of trace elements in the phytomass of plants can be connected with surface contamination. According to the content of zinc and lead, the accumulation values in the organs of P. tanacetifolia were characterized by small coefficient values, against the background of their high concentration in the soil.
Classification and ordination of lime trees in the south of the Tyumen Region
Authors: Sharafutdinova Maulikha Sabirovna
Published: December 2020

The paper contains a classification of lime trees according to the method of Brown-Blanke and ordination based on isolated syntaxonomic units in the southern part of the Tyumen Region. The material for this study was 115 geobotanical descriptions of the lime trees in the southern part of the Tyumen Region. Syntaxonomic diversity of lime trees on the territory of three regions in the south of the Tyumen Region in the system of ecological and floral classification includes 8 associations and 6 variants belonging to 3 orders, 3 unions and 2 classes: Asaro europaei - Abietetea sibiriacae and Brachypodio pinnate - Betuletea pendulae . Forests of the selected associations and variants are distributed by various relationships to humidification conditions from the more humid to the steppe forests. To study the syntaxonomic diversity of lime trees, a multifactorial gradient analysis was used, where a combination of several environmental factors was simultaneously considered. Average values for four soil scales of D.N. Tsyganov and two scales of A.Yu. Korolyuk discovered 12 patterns of syntaxonomic units that revealed a certain pattern of distribution on the ordinate axis with concentration from dry forests to moist forests. The main gradient factor of location in the ecological area of lime trees associations is the presence of moisture in the soil.
Russian language as a means of acculturation: development of Russian-foreign schools in the Orenburg Region in the middle of the XIX century
Authors: Lyubichankovskiy Sergey Valentinovich
Published: December 2020

The paper analyzes the main development trends of the so-called Russian-foreign schools in the Orenburg Region in the middle of the XIX century. The author shows that five primary Russian-Kyrgyz schools functioned in the Orenburg Region in the early 1860s. The Orenburg archive material drawn to the analysis showed that up to the introduction of the Rules of 1870 there was no well-thought-out policy and system for education in the foreign environment in the Russian Empire. The paper concludes that the administration of the region initiated the creation of schools for foreigners with a compulsory study of the Russian language long before these Rules. This was a feature of the Orenburg Region, connected with its border and border position. It is proved that the educational institutions for foreigners that arose on the territory of the Orenburg Region were brought to life by the needs of the regional administration in translators and lower employees. The conclusion is made that the problem of counteracting tatarization (changing the identity of the Kazakh inhabitants of the Orenburg province to the Tatar one) was extremely important for the regional administration. In addition the border authorities needed Kazakhs who knew the Russian language because they were interested in establishing a stable communication with the inhabitants of the steppe. It is proved that in the Orenburg Region there has been a systematic, well-thought-out course for creating a system of foreigners training only since the 1870s.
Upbringing of a revolutionary: the concept of «free education» in elite schools in late XIX - early XX centuries Russia
Authors: Veremenko Valentina Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2020

The paper explores the influence of pedagogical concept of free education on the formation of the world view of adolescents from the noble-intelligent families of Russia at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. Attention is drawn to the fact that this pedagogical setup could be fully realized only in elite educational institutions. It is concluded that the new ideological parents and advanced schools carried out a single educational approach, focused on formation of a special intelligentsia opposition, accepting, or even supporting, all means in the struggle of citizens for freedom. Despite the fact that the group of new ideological parents could not have been a mass phenomenon by the beginning of the XX century, it, at the same time, spread its influence both to the rest of educated population of the country and to the Ministry of Public Education, which, in favor of advanced pedagogy, agreed on the widespread introduction of individual ideas of free education in secondary schools. As a result of purposeful efforts of family and school, young people from the early youth were drawn into political activity, which became one of the essential factors of the revolutionization of the Russian society.
Russia electrification plan in the USA and UK press assessment of the 1920-1929
Authors: Buranok Sergey Olegovich
Published: December 2020

The following paper deals with the research of the place and value of Russia electrification plan and its reflection in Great Britain and the USA public opinion. The study of information campaign around Russia electrification plan has its specifics and value: first, it gives a chance to establish new, unknown facts; secondly, to determine the level of knowledge of Another (in this case, American) society about the Soviet power; thirdly, to understand what place information about Russia electrification plan took in the USA and Great Britain in the system of the USSR image creation, the image of the Soviet power revolution. This paper uses materials of the USA and Great Britain press about Russia electrification plan. Besides, the author analyzes the image of the Soviet power in the American and British society. The information campaign around Russia electrification plan could report to the world about the Soviet economy achievements as well as promote preparation (in the information plan) to the following large project - industrialization. Articles, reports, notes on Russia electrification plan helped to change the attitude towards Russia / the USSR in the USA and Great Britain and helped to correct the image of the USSR in the world.
Organizational structure of the Swedish Red Cross mission to assist the starving Samara province during the famine of 1921-1923
Authors: Tsidenkov Grigory Gennadievich
Published: December 2020

In the period from December 1921 to August 1923 in the Samara Region, the expedition of the Swedish Red Cross carried out humanitarian activities. The paper presents the personnel structure and the principles of the expedition management. The paper also presents the staff and the principles for the expedition management. The staff of the expedition are personified with their positions and responsibilities. The author specifies the reasons for the growing increase in the expedition staff The basic data presented in the paper is a result of a three-month research at the National Archives of Sweden (Riksarkivet). The paper presents the point of view of the Soviet authorities on the effectiveness of the work of the Swedish Cross. All the main administrative districts of the Samara province, where the Swedish Red Cross delegates worked, are specified. The materials, presented in the paper, expand our understanding of the activities of foreign humanitarian missions in the Volga Region in 1921-1923 and can be used to analyze the effectiveness of the expedition of the Swedish Red Cross in the Samara province in this period.
Creating a new way of life for the youth in the 1920s
Authors: Shmelev Sergey Anatolyevich
Published: December 2020

This paper deals with the problem of creating a new way of life for young people in the 1920s, which was of great importance in the work of the Bolshevik Party for the communist education of the younger generation. Creating a new way of life of the youth had its own peculiarities and was aimed at overcoming the traditional forms of individualistic way of life, educating the communist worldview, developing collective forms of relationships among the younger generation, involving young people in the struggle against religious and other everyday remnants. The party sought to establish control and manage youth through Komsomol organizations. The work of the Komsomol reflected all the contradictions inherent in the transitional era of the 1920s. The paper contains main forms and methods of practical work that created a new life among young people aimed at changing everyday relationships between young men and girls; it describes mass work for the youth through clubs, sports and dance clubs, cinematography; mobilization of young people to combat domestic remnants; creating new cultural and everyday traditions and their distribution through the youth to society as a whole.
The «British way» of counterinsurgency struggle: RAND, decolonization and «emergency» in Malaya (1948-1960)
Authors: Lyozin Alexander Ivanovich , Nesterov Dmitriy Alexandrovich
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses the state of emergency imposed by the British in Malaya. The work in Malaya is based on the analytical work of the American RAND Corporation members. The Malaya conflict is successful for the British in the field of colonial knowledge. That is why the conflict was carefully studied by the RAND Corporation as a model of counter-insurgency; therefore, we can see the interest of the United States to the analysis and methods of struggle against the rebel movement before the era of the Vietnam conflict. Of course, RAND worked for the US government, i.e. the Ministry of defense has signed contracts with this Corporation. The United States will try to practice certain methods of fighting guerrillas in Vietnam, but it is worth considering that each conflict is individual. The paper shows the Communist movement evolution in Malaya - from the inception to the victory of the British and the gradual disappearance of the rebel movement. The conflict was successful for the UK, as the main population of Malaya was not interested in the departure of the British; the local elite supported the British crown. The paper demonstrates features of the Malay conflict.
Disagreements among ministries and pressure on the State Planning Committee in the Soviet economy in the early 1950s
Authors: Zaharchenko Alexey Vladimirovich
Published: December 2020

The following paper deals with mechanisms for working out compromise solutions when discussing the plan for the USSR national economy development in 1951-1955. The sources analysis (notes of ministries heads to the government, the Gosplans reports and its projects for the development of the Soviet economy for the period 1951-1955) shows there were disagreements between the central planning body and the economic agencies. The position of the State Planning Committee, which sought to draw up a balanced plan, consisted in the allocation of resources and economic obligations between ministries. The ministries, for their part, were inclined to offer lower figures for the growth of production indicators and overestimated amounts of resources to implement the plans. Divergences in positions were regulated by a special interdepartmental commission on disagreements, its proposals were taken as a basis by the government and the State Planning Committee to amend the current and future planning of the industrial development of the USSR. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the planned economy was actually the economy of approvals. In this system, government directives were viewed as a result of an interagency struggle between planners and production workers, where the State Planning Committee counterbalanced the ambitions of ministries. However, active lobbyism of ministers limited the possibilities of planners, as evidenced by the documents of the Dispute Commission.
The agrarian question in the mirror of the discussions in the pre-revolutionary historiography
Authors: Gavrilov Artem Vyacheslavovich
Published: December 2020

The abolition of serfdom in the middle of the XIX century put the agrarian question into the first place for the thinking Russian intellectuals. The consequences of the Great Reforms for community development, peasant land tenure and land tenure, land ownership, the economy of the agrarian sector, the economic initiative of the population, the growth of agricultural production, the management and self-management of peasant societies, the adaptation of the peasant economy to the changing market conditions, socio-cultural changes caused by modernization processes, socio-economic contradictions both between individual categories of the peasantry and among peasants and representatives of other social groups - all these surveys were actively discussed by the Russian public at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The specifically sociological components of the agrarian question were transformed into an analysis of the role and significance of the peasant community for the development of the country, and this topic was undoubtedly of a political nature, and the polemics around it was extremely rich. Economists, historians, lawyers, doctors, businessmen, travelers, figures of Zemstvo, publicists, officials, politicians, revolutionaries, representatives of all social strata of Russian society wrote about the agrarian question and the ways of its solution.
Features of remedial work with disorders of speech perception by ear
Authors: Vizel Tatiana Grigorievna
Published: December 2020

The paper touches upon the problem of auditory agnosia, and first of all, speech. The author discusses its place in the series of defects of auditory perception, the output of a specific hierarchy from hearing loss to violations of the understanding of speech phonetically. It is emphasized that the children mechanisms, for which speech auditory agnosia takes place, may have origins in the inferiority of the processes of perception of nonverbal sounds. A special place is given to the problems of differential diagnostics of various abnormalities of auditory perception as well as to the fact that the absence of ones own articulated speech in a child directly depends on how well he perceives the speech of others. Thus, it has been affirmed that children articulatory apraxia is not primary. This must be considered in the construction of correctional education programs. Unlike primary hearing loss, the symptoms of speech auditory agnosia can be eliminated or reduced as a measure due to the use of special corrective techniques.
Peculiarities of training specialists in the field of regional nature management (on the example of maritime region of Arctic basin)
Authors: Denisov Vladimir Vasilevich , Mitina Elena Garisonovna , Svetlova Marina Vsevolodovna
Published: December 2020

The paper is devoted to the problem of training specialists in the field of regional environmental management. Environmental management in maritime regions of the Russian Federation has its own characteristics related to the inclusion of marine areas in the processes of natural resources extraction, protection and restoration of their reserves. The labor market of maritime regions requires bachelors and masters majoring in Ecology and Nature and Geography, understanding of the maritime region as a special geosystem. Methodological development of the training model allows us to define the vector of students professional competence development in the field of regional environmental management. The authors present their vision of this model, including justification of approaches, definition of principles for establishing the objectives, selection of content, organization of learning process and evaluation of results of training of ecologists and geographers in maritime region. The authors think that system and environmental approaches most effectively enable the training of students in activities of professional communities. Learning outcomes of students - ecologists and geographers within the framework of the proposed model meet the needs of the labor market of the maritime region, and may be the basis for the development of the professional standard Specialist in the field of environmental management.
Oil-oxidation properties of Micrococcus bacteria isolated from the Nakhodka Bay seawater of the Sea of Japan
Authors: Golozubova Julia Sergeevna , Buzoleva Lyubov Stepanovna , Bogatyrenko Elena Aleksandrovna , Kim Alexandra Vyacheslavovna , Eskova Alena Igorevna
Published: December 2020

This paper shows the oil-oxidizing ability of Micrococcus bacteria isolated from the Nakhodka Bay surface waters of the Peter the Great Gulf, the Sea of Japan. Micrococcus Bacteria are known to be the most active destructors of petroleum hydrocarbons in natural biotopes, contaminated objects. Voroshilova-Dianova liquid containing 2,5% oil or oil products was introduced into sterile penicillin bottles with 105 cells of the investigated bacteria. The ability to destruct petroleum hydrocarbons by bacteria of this genus was studied using a gravimetric method during 30 days. Destruction of oil, gasoline, fuel oil and diesel fuel was shown. Micrococcus bacteria showed a high oil-oxidizing ability and decompose 6599,9% of oil and oil products within 30 days. Gasoline was the source of petroleum hydrocarbons with the greatest ability to utilize this genus of bacteria. The destruction of this hydrocarbons source by bacteria on days 1520 was about 99% of the initial concentration. The lowest ability of destruction by Micrococcus bacteria was revealed for diesel fuel.
Broad-leaved plants of the Southern Urals broad-leaved-conifer forests (some results of the studies)
Authors: Gorichev Yuriy Petrovich , Yusupov Ildar Ravilevich , Davydychev Alexander Nikolaevich , Kulagin Aleksey Yurievich
Published: December 2020

The paper deals with the study of broad-leaved plants of the Southern Urals broad-leaved-conifer forests. Stationary studies were conducted on the territory of the South Ural state natural reserve, where 9 forest sites in different types of broad-leaved forests were laid. The research used standard methods while microclimatic observations used digital thermometers-recorders Thermochron. The authors have obtained some data on the structure and composition of the characteristic types of broad-leaved forests with oak and maple domination. The authors have classified ecosystems and plant communities, selected 3 types of biogeocenoses and 4 types of phytocoenoses. Studies have established that selected types of broad-leaved forests are associated to certain elements of relief and high-altitude levels. The obtained materials provide the basis for further monitoring of forests.
Flora of the K.V. Ivanov square of Cheboksary of Chuvash Republic
Authors: Dimitriev Yury Olegovich
Published: December 2020

The square named after K.V. Ivanov was founded in the 1930s. The total area of 5,3 hectares. Tilia cordata Mill. Predominates. The flora of the square contains 86 plant species from 74 genera and 35 families. The division Pinophyta is represented by two species Larix sibirica Ledeb. and Picea pungens Engelm. Six species from the families Poaceae and Cyperaceae are monocotyled. The systematic diversity of the flora is very low. Virtually every genus is represented by only one species. The average level of species wealth in one family is 2,46. The number of families with one species is 19 (54,3%). The top ten in the number of species families concentrate 64% of the species. The spectrum of the leading families of the square flora indicates its thermophilic appearance. The share of synanthropic species in the flora as a whole is 61,6%. The index of synanthropization (Is) of the square flora is 1,61 and emphasizes the anthropogenic nature of the landscape. The aboriginal fraction of the flora is strongly altered (Is = 0,61). In the spectrum of life forms hemicryptophytes (33,7%), phanerophytes (30,2%) and therophytes (22,1%) dominate. According to the biomorphs system of I.G. Serebryakov perennial herbaceous plants (41,9%) dominate, whose spectrum reflects the forest type of biocenosis, annuals (22,1%), trees (19,8%) and shrubs (10,5%). In the ecologo-cenotic spectrum weed species (36%), forest species (18,6%), cultivar species (17,4%), meadow plants (11,6%) dominate. In the hygromorph spectrum mesophytes (72,1%) dominate, then xeromesophytes (15,1%) follow, the share of the remaining groups varies from 1,2 to 5,8%. In the spectrum of trophomorphs mesotrophs (57%) and megatrophs (37,2%) dominate. The square named after K.V. Ivanov is characterized by stability of functioning, provided by wood and shrub plantations. The lawn is heavily clogged and requires its reconstruction.
Vegetation cover of the river Vyatka flood plain protected areas
Authors: Egorova Natalya Yurievna , Suleimanova Venera Nuritdinivna , Egoshina Tatiana Leonidovna
Published: December 2020

The paper presents results of 4 protected areas investigation within the river Vyatka flood plain. We have conducted a floristic research in accordance with a hierarchy system of floristic complexes by a type-class-group principle, and classified vegetation. 3 types of floristic complexes (forest, meadow, and water), 2 classes (hilltop-flood plain, ridge and natural) and 8 groups of floristic complexes were defined. Small-leaved forest floristic complexes is presented by the following forest types: mixed-herbs-Aegopodium aspen forest, mixed-herbs aspen forest, herbaceous boggy birch forest, cowberry birch forest, aspen-linden birch forest, bilberry-herbaceous birch forest, and mixed-herbs-Filipendula alder forest. Dark coniferous floristic complexes are presented by bilberry spruce and herbaceous spruce forests. Light coniferous forest floristic complexes are: cowberry-herbaceous pine, green-moss-cowberry pine, and stone-bramble-herbaceous pine forests. Broad-leaved forest floristic complexes are presented by flood-plain oak and aspen-linden herbaceous forests. Oak (Quercus robur L.) is also marked as an undergrowth component of deciduous and coniferous phytocoenoses. Flood-plain meadow floristic complex is formed by gramineous-mixed-herbs and Filipendula-Calamagrostis-mixed-herbs associations. Former river-bed floristic complex is marked within all studied objects. Communities with high level of biodiversity are restricted to water and hilltop-flood-plain ecotopes. Species richness of studied communities varies within 15 to 43 species. Less diverse ecotypes are ridge types. Investigated floristic complexes are habitats of rare and relict species of Kirov Region flora. The study of partial flora composition is a base for vegetation monitoring.
Wild ornamental plants of Samara
Authors: Ivanova Natalia Vyacheslavovna , Kuznetsova Lyubov Anatolievna , Ivanov Peter Alexandrovich
Published: December 2020

The paper deals with the analysis of wild ornamental flora of Samara. At the moment the system of green spaces in Samara does not meet the norm standard. For planting trees and shrubs cities use plants grown and brought in from other regions of the world in recent years. But we believe that local wild species of plants should also be used for planting trees and shrubs in the city, as they are more adapted to the urban environment of Central Russia, and thus demand less care. Among wild-growing ornamental plants in Samara most ornate types are of the Asteraceae family. For the studied sector of the Samara flora perennial plants are considered to be typical, among them perennial grasses prevail. The analysis of the flora study helped us to come to the conclusion that the most numerous group is mesophyte plants, the leading environmental group on the degree of illumination and dimming are heliophytes. Among the studied plants meadow species of wild ornamental plants prevail. A part of ornamental flora of Samara are species noted in habitats of natural and anthropogenic origin, where the habitats of natural origin (forest, meadow and steppe islands of natural origin among residential areas) prevail. As wild-growing ornamental plants have adapted to the urban environment we recommend to use them for landscape gardening and landscape construction.