bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The perceptions of brand coappearance in product placement: cooperation, competition or coopetition?
Authors: Chan Fanny Fong Yee , Edwards Steven Marc
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Brands increasingly coappear in television programs while research in product placement has primarily focused on the placements of a single brand. Building on research related to product placement and cobranding, this study aims to systematically examine the roles of product competitiveness and brand competitiveness on the effectiveness of brand coappearance on television programs.

Design/methodology/approach

Extensive pretesting and four experimental studies were conducted. Real stimuli that had been digitally manipulated with fictitious brands were used in Study 1 (laboratory experiment involved student samples) and Study 2 (online experiment with a national sample) to examine the short- and long-term impacts of product competitiveness on brand coappearance. Real stimuli incorporated actual brands were used in Study 3 (involved advertisers’ key demographic) and Study 4 (alterative television program with a national sample) to examine the impacts of brand competitiveness and its interaction effect with product competitiveness.

Findings

The study found that coappearing with a product of high competitiveness significantly enhanced attitudes and purchase intention toward the coappearing products both in the short and long term. Product competitiveness further interacts with brand competitiveness to influence attitudes and purchase intention toward the coappearing brands suggesting a coopetition pattern for brand coappearances. The effect of brand coappearances did not vary substantially for low or high involvement products with or without character interaction.

Research limitations/implications

The study develops a useful framework for explaining and understanding the potential spillover effects in brand coappearances. It contributes to the existing literature on product placement and cobranding, while also paving the way for future research opportunities.

Practical implications

When introducing new brands, marketers are advised to consider coappearance deals with more competitive brands in highly competitive product categories. Conversely, coappearance deals with less competitive brands in less competitive product categories should be adopted to promote well-known brands. Advertisers may also consider product or brand exclusivity arrangements with broadcasters to enhance the effectiveness of the product placement.

Originality/value

Although brand coappearance in media content is likely to continue to proliferate, little is known about the phenomenon and its effects. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to systematically examine the perceptions toward brands coappeared in television programs.
The mediating role of job satisfaction and affective commitment in the relationship between internal marketing practices and customer orientation
Authors: Al Samman Adel Mahmoud , Mohammed Abdelnasser Taha Ibrahim
Published: October 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the nature of the relationship between internal marketing (IM) and customer orientation, with the mediating role of job satisfaction and affective commitment. The study encompasses workers of the service sector in Bahrain.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 300 questionnaires were distributed, using a simple random sample, to employees of different service industries. The response rate was (73%). Simple and multiple regressions were used to analyze the data and test hypotheses.

Findings

The main findings of the study reveal a significant positive relationship between IM practices and customer orientation. It also indicates a significant positive effect of one of IM practices, internal communication, on customer orientation. The regression confirms a significant positive effect of IM on job satisfaction and affective commitment. Furthermore, the effect of job satisfaction and affective commitment on customer orientation were demonstrated. In addition, the results show a mediating effect of job satisfaction and affective commitment on the path of the relationship between IM and customer orientation, which was full for job satisfaction and partial for affective commitment.

Originality/value

This paper was trying to address a societal problem, the mediating role of job satisfaction and affective commitment in the direct path along the relationship between IM and customer orientation in the private sector in Bahrain. This cannot be done in a vacuum, as all research builds upon previous work. A deep literature review of books and journals on what is known so far about the problem was a guide to lead us to focus on filling the gaps in the knowledge about such a problem.
Study on oil film spreading characteristics on the jet lubricating tooth surface of aviation herringbone gear
Authors: Chu Xiaomeng , Liu Yali , Shang Zhongze
Published: October 2024

Purpose

During the oil lubrication process of aviation herringbone gears, lubricating oil is injected into and spreads around the tooth surface. Its spreading characteristics directly affect the lubrication state and transmission efficiency of gears. This study aims to investigate the effect of changing the injection parameters and gear operating conditions on the oil film deposition during injection lubrication.

Design/methodology/approach

The computational fluid dynamics method was used to establish the computational domain for the simulation and optimization using an orthogonal test. The oil film spreading and thickness of the tooth surface were calculated with the change in gear speed, fuel injection distance and fuel injection speed. Optimized oil injection lubrication parameters were obtained, and design ideas were provided for the oil injection lubrication analysis of aviation herringbone gears.

Findings

Under different operating conditions, such as varying the injection speed, gear rotational speed and injection distance, there were differences in the distribution of the lubricating oil film formed on the tooth surface. The thickness of the oil film decreases as the distance from the injection port increases. The thickness of the oil film deposition can be increased by increasing the injection velocity and reducing the gear rotation speed. The injection distance had a relatively small effect on the spreading thickness of the deposited oil film, affecting only the dynamic spreading process of oil film deposition. Furthermore, the simulation results are compared with the analytical calculation results, and finally the experimental verification is carried out.

Originality/value

Oil spray lubrication characteristics are important for achieving precise gear lubrication designs in the aerospace field.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-08-2023-0250/
Consumer resistance to WhatsApp payment system: integrating innovation resistance theory and SOR framework
Authors: Uddin S.M. Fatah , Kirmani Mohd. Danish , Bin Sabir Lamay , Faisal Mohd. Nishat , Rana Nripendra P.
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Despite an exponential rise in the frequency of online payments in India, the cause of consumer resistance towards the WhatsApp payment system (WPS) remains unexplored. This research is aimed at exploring the barriers to the adoption of WPS.

Design/methodology/approach

A research model was proposed using stimulus-organism-response framework and innovation resistance theory. Data were collected from 392 users of the WhatsApp application using the mall intercept technique, which also utilizes digital payment platforms. A co-variance based structural equation modelling was employed to test proposed relationships in this cross-sectional study.

Findings

The study findings indicate that personal innovativeness as a personal stimulus negatively influences the usage and value barrier, while negative word of mouth (NWOM) increases the intensity of tradition and the image barrier. Additionally, value barrier, usage barrier, risk barrier and tradition barrier were found to have a negative influence on the intention to adopt the WhatsApp payment system.

Originality/value

This research is an initial endeavour that sheds light on the consumer cognition resisting the adoption of the WPS.
Prey responses to direct and indirect predation risk cues reveal the importance of multiple information sources
Authors: Jones Maggie M. , Fletcher Robert , Potash Alex , Sibiya Muzi , McCleery Robert
Published: October 2024

Prey can use several information sources (cues) to assess predation risk and avoid predation with a variety of behavioural responses (e.g., changes in activity, foraging, vigilance, social behaviour, space use, and reproductive behaviour). Direct cues produced by predators and indirect cues from environmental features or conspecific and heterospecific prey generally provide different types of information about predation risk. Despite widespread interest in understanding behavioural antipredator responses to direct and indirect cues, a clear general pattern of relative response strength across taxa and environments has yet to emerge.

We conducted a meta‐analysis of studies (N = 113 articles and 999 effect sizes taken from a search of over 7500 articles) testing behavioural responses to direct and indirect cues of predation risk, and their combination, across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We further contrasted if effects were moderated by ecosystem type (terrestrial, marine, or freshwater), cue source (predator, conspecific, heterospecific, or environmental feature), or sensory modality (visual, auditory, or chemosensory).

Overall, there were strong effects of risk cues on prey behaviour. We found that prey responded more strongly when both types of cues were presented together compared with either cue in isolation, which was driven by changes in prey activity levels but not other behaviours. There was no general pattern in response strength to direct compared with indirect cues. Responses to these cues were moderated by interactions between environment, cue source, and cue sensory modality (e.g., visual cues elicited stronger responses than other modalities, and responses to conspecific chemosensory cues were stronger than those to predator chemosensory cues in aquatic systems).

These results suggest that rather than a broad framework of direct and indirect cues, the specific context of the system should be considered in tests and predictions of how prey respond to risk to elucidate general patterns of antipredator responses.
Odoratin balances ROS/NO through EZH2/PPARγ signalling to improve myocardial fibrosis
Authors: Rao Bin , Zhang Min , Liu Min , Tu Yan
Published: October 2024

Myocardial fibrosis is a critical concern in clinical medicine. This study explores the potential of odoratin as a treatment for myocardial fibrosis and investigates its underlying mechanisms. In vitro experiments involved stimulating primary mouse cardiomyocytes with TGF‐β1, followed by odoratin treatment, to assess levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). In vivo, a mouse model of myocardial fibrosis was established using abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) and treated with odoratin. ROS and NO levels in myocardial tissue were then evaluated. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis showed that odoratin reduced excess ROS, enhanced NO production and decreased fibrosis‐related protein expression in vitro. In vivo, odoratin significantly improved cardiac function, reduced ROS, increased NO levels and mitigated fibrosis in AAC‐induced mice. Both in vitro and in vivo, odoratin inhibited the expression of NADPH oxidase 4 and EZH2, while promoting the expression of phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p‐eNOS) and PPARγ. The anti‐fibrotic effects of odoratin were reversed by PPARγ antagonism, and EZH2 overexpression diminished PPARγ activation by odoratin. These findings suggest that odoratin may combat myocardial fibrosis by balancing ROS and NO through PPARγ activation, with EZH2 inhibition likely playing a key regulatory role.
Copper, lead, and zinc tolerance and accumulation in the Australian rattle pods Crotalaria novae‐hollandiae, C. medicaginea, and C. mitchellii
Authors: Tang Roger H. , Salinitro Mirko , Nkrumah Philip Nti , Erskine Peter D. , van der Ent Antony
Published: October 2024

Crotalaria is a genus of ~600 species of legumes predominantly found in (sub)tropical regions of Africa and Australia. Crotalaria novae‐hollandiae from Australia is a polymetallic zinc (Zn)‐cadmium(Cd)‐copper(Cu) hyperaccumulator, but only when growing in metalliferous soils. This study aimed to test metal tolerance in Australian Crotalaria species to establish whether metal tolerance is a trait shared between Crotalaria species not known to occur on metalliferous soils. The hyperaccumulator Crotalaria novae‐hollandiae and two non‐metallophytes, Crotalaria mitchellii and Crotalaria medicaginea, were exposed to different treatments containing Cu‐lead(Pb)‐Zn in the form of spiked soils. Foliar samples were analyzed for total elemental concentrations and spectrophotometric analysis was undertaken to assess photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids) as indicators of stress and polyphenols as an indicator of tolerance. No significant differences in metal accumulation were found in the Crotalaria species, and all exhibited a high level of tolerance toward Zn. However, C. novae‐hollandiae exhibited the greatest tolerance toward Zn but had low tolerance toward Cu, while none accumulated foliar Pb. Tolerance to Zn appears to be a trait shared between the Crotalaria species tested. None of the tested Crotalaria species exhibited tolerance toward Cu, and none accumulated Pb.
Biopsychosocial Approaches for the Management of Female Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Systematic Review
Authors: Johnson Selina , Bradshaw Alison , Bresnahan Rebecca , Evans Emma , Herron Katie , Hapangama Dharani K.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objective

Current guidelines recommend biopsychosocial‐informed treatment for chronic pelvic pain (CPP). The objective of this systematic review was to describe the available biopsychosocial approaches for the treatment of CPP, and the outcomes reported, to understand how guideline‐recommended treatments can be applied.

Search Strategy

MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Emcare, AMED and Cochrane trial registries were searched (inception to 17 November 2023).

Selection Criteria

CPP Studies in women where the principal treatment modality was a biopsychosocial approach were included. Prospero registration: CRD42022374256.

Data Collection/Analysis

Data extraction included study setting, population, study design, intervention characteristics and outcome measures and is described via a narrative synthesis.

Results

The review included 14 RCTs (871 patients) and identified four broad intervention categories (Acceptance Commitment Therapy n = 2, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy n = 6, Mindfulness‐based approaches n = 2, and Physiotherapy‐based interventions n = 4). Pain science education (PSE) and, exposure/engagement with valued activity were recognised as important aspects of treatment regardless of intervention type. The most utilised outcomes were pain reduction and emotional functioning, with all studies reporting improvements in these domains. Heterogeneity in outcomes prevented efficacy comparison. High risk of bias was identified in six studies (1/4 physiotherapy‐based approaches, 2/6 CBT, 1/2 ACT and 2/2 mindfulness‐based interventions).

Conclusions

CBT and ACT‐based biopsychosocial approaches were found effective in reducing pain and improving psychometric outcomes for CPP. Evaluation indicated PSE, and exposure/engagement in valued activity are important components of biopsychosocial management. Outcome heterogeneity needs to be addressed in future trials.
Exercise for improving bone health in patients with AIRDs: Understanding underlying biology and physiology
Authors: Coskun Benlidayi Ilke , Gupta Latika , Parihar Jasmine , Levy Aviya Lanis , Alexanderson Helene
Published: October 2024

Exercise has numerous health benefits in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRDs). Regular physical activity can help maintain/improve bone health. The aim of the present article was to review current knowledge on the effects of exercise on bone health in patients with AIRDs, particularly in those experiencing a high corticosteroid burden. The article also aimed to discuss potential mechanisms underlying the benefits of physical activity/exercise on bone tissue. Potential explanations regarding the role of exercise on bone health in AIRDs include anti‐inflammatory effects, mechanical loading, improvement in muscle strength, hormonal changes, improvement in balance, and effects on telomere erosion, deoxyribonucleic acid methylation, and gene expression. Current evidence regarding the outcomes of exercise on bone health in patients with AIRDs is predominantly derived from studies focused on rheumatoid arthritis. Expanding research to include other rheumatic conditions would enhance the overall understanding of this topic.
Environmental niche models improve species identification in DNA barcoding
Authors: Yang Cai‐qing , Wang Ying , Li Xin‐hai , Li Jing , Yang Bing , Orr Michael C. , Zhang Ai‐bing
Published: October 2024

Recent advances in DNA barcoding have immeasurably advanced global biodiversity research in the last two decades. However, inherent limitations in barcode sequences, such as hybridization, introgression or incomplete lineage sorting can lead to misidentifications when relying solely on barcode sequences.

Here, we propose a new Niche‐model‐Based Species Identification (NBSI) method based on the idea that species distribution information is a potential complement to DNA barcoding species identifications. NBSI performs species membership inference by incorporating niche modelling predictions and traditional DNA barcoding identifications.

Systematic tests across diverse scenarios show significant improvements in species identification success rates under the newly proposed NBSI framework, where the largest increase is from 4.7% (95% CI: 3.51%–6.25%) to 94.8% (95% CI: 93.19%–96.06%). Additionally, obvious improvements were observed when using NBSI on potentially ambiguous sequences whose genetic nearest neighbours belongs to another species or more than two species, which occurs commonly with species represented by single or short DNA barcodes.

These results support our assertion that environmental factors/variables are valuable complements to DNA sequence data for species identification by avoiding potential misidentifications inferred from genetic information alone. The NBSI framework is currently implemented as a new R package, ‘NicheBarcoding’, that is open source under GNU General Public Licence and freely available from https://CRAN.R‐project.org/package=NicheBarcoding.
Chronic polypharmacy, monotherapy, and deprescribing: Understanding complex effects on the hepatic proteome of aging mice
Authors: Winardi Kevin , Mach John , McKay Matthew J. , Molloy Mark P. , Mitchell Sarah J. , MacArthur Michael R. , McKenzie Catriona , Le Couteur David G. , Hilmer Sarah N.
Published: October 2024

Polypharmacy (use of ≥5 concurrent medications) is highly prevalent among older adults to manage chronic diseases and is linked to adverse geriatric outcomes, including physical and cognitive functional impairments, falls, frailty, hospitalization, and mortality. Deprescribing (withdrawal) is a potential strategy to manage polypharmacy. The broad molecular changes by which polypharmacy causes harm and deprescribing may be beneficial are unknown and unfeasible to study rigorously in tissue from geriatric patients. Therefore, in a randomized controlled trial, we administered therapeutic doses of commonly used chronic medications (oxycodone, oxybutynin, citalopram, simvastatin, or metoprolol) as monotherapy or concurrently (polypharmacy) from middle‐age (12 months) to old‐age (26 months) to male C57BL/6J (B6) mice and deprescribed (gradually withdrew) treatments in a subset from age 21 months. We compared drug‐related hepatic effects by applying proteomics along with transcriptomics and histology. We found that monotherapy effects on hepatic proteomics were limited but significant changes were seen with polypharmacy (93% unique to polypharmacy). Polypharmacy altered the hepatic expression of proteins involved in immunity, and in drug, cholesterol, and amino acid metabolism, accompanied by higher serum drug levels than monotherapies. Deprescribing not only reversed some effects but also caused irreversible and novel changes in the hepatic proteome. Furthermore, our study identified several hepatic protein co‐expressed modules that are associated with clinically relevant adverse geriatric outcomes, such as mobility, frailty, and activities of daily living. This study highlights the complex molecular changes following aging, chronic polypharmacy, and deprescribing. Further exploration of these mechanistic pathways may inform management of polypharmacy and deprescribing in older adults.
STING‐dependent induction of neutrophilic asthma exacerbation in response to house dust mite
Authors: Messaoud‐Nacer Yasmine , Culerier Elodie , Rose Stéphanie , Maillet Isabelle , Boussad Rania , Veront Chloé , Savigny Florence , Malissen Bernard , Radzikowska Urszula , Sokolowska Milena , da Silva Gabriel V. L. , Edwards Michael R. , Jackson David J. , Johnston Sebastian L. , Ryffel Bernhard , Quesniaux Valerie F. , Togbe Dieudonnée
Published: October 2024

Background

Severe refractory, neutrophilic asthma remains an unsolved clinical problem. STING agonists induce a neutrophilic response in the airways, suggesting that STING activation may contribute to the triggering of neutrophilic exacerbations. We aim to determine whether STING‐induced neutrophilic lung inflammation mimics severe asthma.

Methods

We developed new models of neutrophilic lung inflammation induced by house dust mite (HDM) plus STING agonists diamidobenzimidazole (diABZI) or cGAMP in wild‐type, and conditional‐STING‐deficient mice. We measured DNA damage, cell death, NETs, cGAS/STING pathway activation by immunoblots, N1/N2 balance by flow cytometry, lung function by plethysmography, and Th1/Th2 cytokines by multiplex. We evaluated diABZI effects on human airway epithelial cells from healthy or patients with asthma, and validated the results by transcriptomic analyses of rhinovirus infected healthy controls vs patients with asthma.

Results

DiABZI administration during HDM challenge increased airway hyperresponsiveness, neutrophil recruitment with prominent NOS2+ARG1− type 1 neutrophils, protein extravasation, cell death by PANoptosis, NETs formation, extracellular dsDNA release, DNA sensors activation, IFNγ, IL‐6 and CXCL10 release. Functionally, STING agonists exacerbated airway hyperresponsiveness. DiABZI caused DNA and epithelial barrier damage, STING pathway activation in human airway epithelial cells exposed to HDM, in line with DNA‐sensing and PANoptosis pathways upregulation and tight‐junction downregulation induced by rhinovirus challenge in patients with asthma.

Conclusions

Our study identifies that triggering STING in the context of asthma induces cell death by PANoptosis, fueling the flame of inflammation through a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response recapitulating the features of severe asthma with a prognostic signature of type 1 neutrophils.
Stimulation of the withdrawal reflex in gait training after stroke: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Krewer Carmen , Fischer Elaine , Spaich Erika G. , Jahn Klaus
Published: October 2024

Background

After a stroke many people experience hemiparesis, resulting in walking difficulties which affects independence, mobility, and participation in activities of daily living. Activating the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) during gait training aims to support the initiation and facilitation of the swing phase of the paretic leg. The aim of this review is to investigate the orthotic and therapeutic effects of a NWR stimulation intervention to improve gait in patients after a stroke.

Methods

We searched the databases CENTRAL, DORIS, MEDLINE, and PEDro, trial registers and reference lists. We selected randomized controlled trials using any type of stimulation of the NWR in people after stroke, comparing it to any control intervention, and reporting a change in gait performance assessed by means of any appropriate measurement method.

Results

We included three studies in this review, all of which used electrical stimulation to elicit the NWR during walking. The orthotic effect was investigated in one study, and the therapeutic effect in two studies, comparing walking with and without electrical stimulation‐triggered NWR. The meta‐analysis revealed a borderline statistical significance result for the therapeutic effect. The pooled mean difference between the treatment and control group (random‐effects model) for walking speed was 0.13 m/s (95% CI −0.04 to 0.29; I2 = 72%) after treatment and 0.17 m/s (95% CI −0.03 to 0.37; I2 = 62%) at follow‐up.

Conclusion

Activating the NWR during gait training has not been investigated frequently so far. By using electrical stimulation‐elicited NWR, severely affected hemiparetic patients may improve their walking speed.
From recorded to AI‐generated instructional videos: A comparison of learning performance and experience
Authors: Xu Tao , Liu Yuan , Jin Yaru , Qu Yueyao , Bai Jie , Zhang Wenlan , Zhou Yun
Published: October 2024

Generative AI (GAI) and AI‐generated content (AIGC) have been increasingly involved in our work and daily life, providing a new learning experience for students. This study examines whether AI‐generated instructional videos (AIIV) can facilitate learning as effectively as traditional recorded videos (RV). We propose an instructional video generation pipeline that includes customized GPT (Generative Pre‐trained Transformer), text‐to‐speech and lip synthesis techniques to generate videos from slides and a clip or a photo of a human instructor. Seventy‐six students were randomly assigned to learn English words using either AIIV or RV, with performance assessed by retention, transfer and subjective measures from cognitive, emotional, motivational and social perspectives. The findings indicate that the AIIV group performed as well as the RV group in facilitating learning, with AIIV showing higher retention but no significant differences in transfer. RV was found to offer a stronger sense of social presence. Although other subjective measures were similar between the two groups, AIIV was perceived as slightly less favourable. However, the AIIV was still found to be moderately to highly attractive, addressing concerns related to the uncanny valley effect. This research demonstrates that AIGC can be an effective tool for learning, offering valuable implications for the use of GAI in educational settings.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Instructional videos, especially those featuring a teacher's presence, have been widely used in second language learning to facilitate learning.

Producing instructional videos is costly and burdensome.

Generative AI has great potential for generating educational content.

What this paper adds

An AI‐generated instructional video (including generated lecture text, voice and appearance) demonstrated greater improvement in students' retention performance in English word learning than a traditional recorded video.

Students perceived no significant differences between the AI‐generated instructional video and recorded video in satisfaction, motivation, trust, cognitive load, emotions and parasocial interaction dimensions, although the AI‐generated instructional video group reported slightly lower values.

Despite AI‐generated instructional video eliciting a significantly lower value of social presence than recorded video, it led to a reduction in cognitive load and better performance.

Implications for practice and/or policy

We recommend using the AI‐generated instructional video in both physical and online classes for its positive effects on both learning achievement and learning experience.

The findings indicate the equivalence principle in AI‐generated content, highlighting that the appearance, voice and lecture text generated by current AI technology have reached a certain level of quality.
Emerging Roots: Investigating Early Access to Meaning in Maltese Auditory Word Recognition
Authors: Nieder Jessica , van de Vijver Ruben , Ussishkin Adam
Published: October 2024

In Semitic languages, the consonantal root is central to morphology, linking form and meaning. While psycholinguistic studies highlight its importance in language processing, the role of meaning in early lexical access and its representation remain unclear. This study investigates when meaning becomes accessible during the processing of Maltese verb forms, using a computational model based on the Discriminative Lexicon framework. Our model effectively comprehends and produces Maltese verbs, while also predicting response times in a masked auditory priming experiment. Results show that meaning is accessible early in lexical access and becomes more prominent after the target word is fully processed. This suggests that semantic information plays a critical role from the initial stages of lexical access, refining our understanding of real‐time language comprehension. Our findings contribute to theories of lexical access and offer valuable insights for designing priming studies in psycholinguistics. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential of computational models in investigating the relationship between form and meaning in language processing.
Of Mouses and Mans: A Test of Errorless Versus Error‐Based Learning in Children
Authors: Waller Megan , Yurovsky Daniel , Nozari Nazbanou
Published: October 2024

For both adults and children, learning from one's mistakes (error‐based learning) has been shown to be advantageous over avoiding errors altogether (errorless learning) in pedagogical settings. However, it remains unclear whether this advantage carries over to nonpedagogical settings in children, who mostly learn language in such settings. Using irregular plurals (e.g., “mice”) as a test case, we conducted a corpus analysis (N = 227) and two preregistered experiments (N = 56, N = 99), to investigate the potency of error‐based learning as a mechanism for language acquisition in 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children. The results of the corpus analysis showed that incidental feedback after errors, in the form of caregivers’ reformulations of children's errors, was relatively infrequent, had modest informational value, and was rarely used by children to correct their errors immediately. The following two experiments contrasted error‐based learning with errorless learning, where the correct utterance was modeled for the child before a potential error was committed. The results showed that error‐based learning was not always effective, and when it was, it was certainly not superior to errorless learning. Collectively, these findings question the extension of the benefits of error‐based learning from pedagogical to nonpedagogical settings and define constraints under which one mechanism may be more beneficial to learning than the other.
Autistic Traits, Communicative Efficiency, and Social Biases Shape Language Learning in Autistic and Allistic Learners
Authors: Fletcher Lauren , Rabagliati Hugh , Culbertson Jennifer
Published: October 2024

There is ample evidence that individual‐level cognitive mechanisms active during language learning and use can contribute to the evolution of language. For example, experimental work suggests that learners will reduce case marking in a language where grammatical roles are reliably indicated by fixed word order, a correlation found robustly in the languages of the world. However, such research often assumes homogeneity among language learners and users, or at least does not dig into individual differences in behavior. Yet, it is increasingly clear that language users vary in a large number of ways: in culture, in demographics, and—critically for present purposes—in terms of cognitive diversity. Here, we explore how neurodiversity impacts behavior in an experimental task similar to the one summarized above, and how this behavior interacts with social pressures. We find both similarities and differences between autistic and nonautistic English‐speaking individuals, suggesting that neurodiversity can impact language change in the lab. This, in turn, highlights the potential for future research on the role of neurodivergent populations in language evolution more generally.
Practical guide to SHAP analysis: Explaining supervised machine learning model predictions in drug development
Authors: Ponce‐Bobadilla Ana Victoria , Schmitt Vanessa , Maier Corinna S. , Mensing Sven , Stodtmann Sven
Published: October 2024

Despite increasing interest in using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) models for drug development, effectively interpreting their predictions remains a challenge, which limits their impact on clinical decisions. We address this issue by providing a practical guide to SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), a popular feature‐based interpretability method, which can be seamlessly integrated into supervised ML models to gain a deeper understanding of their predictions, thereby enhancing their transparency and trustworthiness. This tutorial focuses on the application of SHAP analysis to standard ML black‐box models for regression and classification problems. We provide an overview of various visualization plots and their interpretation, available software for implementing SHAP, and highlight best practices, as well as special considerations, when dealing with binary endpoints and time‐series models. To enhance the reader's understanding for the method, we also apply it to inherently explainable regression models. Finally, we discuss the limitations and ongoing advancements aimed at tackling the current drawbacks of the method.
A netnographic study of anabolic‐androgenic steroid initiation videos on YouTube
Authors: Gill Matthew J. , Piatkowski Timothy , Dunn Matthew
Published: October 2024

Introduction

YouTube personalities (YP) have amassed significant followings by distributing health information. There is concern that YP involved in anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) communities are sharing information on how people should approach initiating AAS use. This research sought to explore how YP are using their platform to distribute information on AAS initiation, what information is being presented and how people are responding.

Methods

This mixed methods research utilised a netnographic approach, a method adapted from traditional ethnographic techniques for the study of online sociocultural phenomena. The research included a selection of YouTube videos (n = 37) and user comments replying to the videos (n = 584).

Results

YP addressed the positives and negatives of AAS initiation (76%; n = 28 and 76%; n = 28 respectively), provided harm reduction strategies (76%; n = 28), and advice on which AAS people should use (97%; n = 36). A qualitative thematic analysis of the comments found two overarching themes: ‘Authenticity, capital and the influence of the YP on their audiences’ and ‘The evolving landscape of enhancement and health’. Viewers engaged with the videos due to the YPs lived experience using AAS, and YP influenced the health behaviours of viewers. Many believed that the videos were useful for health and lifestyle enhancement purposes.

Discussion and Conclusions

YP are disseminating diverse information on AAS initiation which is derived from their lived experience using AAS. Harm reduction is a key component of the YPs' message and viewers responded positively to a balanced and honest assessment of AAS initiation which is perceived to respect their personal autonomy.
Extinction and Ecosystem Function Debt Across Dispersal Rate and Behaviour in a Heterogeneous Metacommunity Model
Authors: Ai Dexiecuo , Ostling Annette , Ellwood M. D. Farnon
Published: October 2024

Aim

Habitat destruction causes “extinction debt” and is also thought to produce ecosystem function debt, but theory of their magnitude and nature is limited. Heterogeneous landscapes are fundamental to the maintenance of species richness and ecosystem function, while directed or undirected dispersal behaviour, such as dispersal of seeds by animals or by the wind, is also important, especially after habitat destruction. We therefore consider extinction and ecosystem function debt under different dispersal rates and behaviours in heterogeneous landscapes.

Methods

We use a classic heterogeneous metacommunity model to capture the dynamics of competing species in local patches linked by dispersal and varying in environmental conditions. We remove one patch at a time and measure extinction debt and ecosystem function debt by the number/proportion of delayed extinctions and the amount of biomass change, respectively.

Results

We reveal three species extinction regimes as dispersal increases: (1). species most adapted to the removed habitat are most at risk; (2). similarly adapted species are also at risk; (3). patch removal shifts competitive balance among the few species coexisting at high dispersal, where competition is strong. We find surprisingly that destruction of habitat can hasten the extinction of those species best adapted to harsh environments and that the proportion of diversity at risk from extinction actually increases with dispersal because competition is intense there. Finally, there can be a small ecosystem credit but extinction debt when dispersers reroute to potentially more favourable remaining habitats (directed dispersal), especially when harsh environments are removed. However, ecosystem debt occurs and can be large under undirected dispersal.

Main Conclusions

The magnitude and nature of extinction and ecosystem function debts depend on species dispersal rates and behaviours, as well as the environmental conditions of the disturbed habitats. Conservation actions will be more successful if they consider these factors.
Tip‐in gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection with partial submucosal injection for a superficial nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumor on the duodenal angulus
Authors: Shimada Tomohiro , Kanno Yoshihide , Ito Kei
Published: October 2024

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Diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality among older adults: an individual participant data analysis of five prospective studies
Authors: Aponte Ribero Valerie , Efthimiou Orestis , Abolhassani Nazanin , Alwan Heba , Bauer Douglas C. , Henrard Séverine , Christiaens Antoine , O’Mahony Denis , Knol Wilma , Peters Mike J. L. , Chiolero Arnaud , Aujesky Drahomir , Waeber Gérard , Rodondi Nicolas , Del Giovane Cinzia , Gencer Baris
Published: October 2024

Background

Guidelines and studies provide conflicting information on whether type 2 diabetes (T2D) should be considered a coronary heart disease risk (CHD) equivalent in older adults.

Methods

We synthesized participant‐level data on 82,723 individuals aged ≥65 years from five prospective studies in two‐stage meta‐analyses. We estimated multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of T2D (presence versus absence) on a primary composite outcome defined as cardiovascular events or all‐cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were the components of the composite. We evaluated CHD risk equivalence by comparing outcomes between individuals with T2D but no CHD versus CHD but no T2D.

Results

The median age of participants was 71 years, 20% had T2D and 17% had CHD at baseline. A total of 29,474 participants (36%) experienced the composite outcome. Baseline T2D was associated with higher risk of cardiovascular events or all‐cause mortality versus no T2D (HR 1.44, 95% CI [1.40–1.49]). The association was weaker in individuals aged ≥75 years versus 65–74 years (HR 1.32 [1.19–1.46] vs. 1.56 [1.50–1.62]; p‐value for interaction = .032). Compared to individuals with CHD but no T2D, individuals with T2D but no CHD had a similar risk of the composite outcome (HR 0.95 [0.85–1.07]), but a lower risk of cardiovascular events (HR 0.76 [0.59–0.98]).

Conclusions

T2D was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality in older adults, but T2D without CHD conferred lower risk of cardiovascular events compared to CHD without T2D. Our results suggest that T2D should not be considered a CHD risk equivalent in older adults.
US Higher Education's Civic Responsibility to Educate for Informal Political Representation
Authors: Brust Caitlin Murphy , Widmaier Hannah
Published: October 2024

In this paper, Caitlin Murphy Brust and Hannah Widmaier begin with the assumption that highly selective institutions of higher education in the United States have a duty to promote civic equality. They employ Wendy Salkin's theory of informal political representation to examine how highly selective institutions should go about promoting civic equality. According to Salkin's theory, someone serves as an informal political representative (IPR) when they speak or act on behalf of others, without having been selected to do so via a systematized selection procedure. Brust and Widmaier argue that as part of their civic educational missions, highly selective institutions should educate their students for informal political representation, and this includes equipping students to (1) serve as effective IPRs, (2) be responsible audience members to others' informal political representation, and (3) deliberate carefully and with open‐mindedness about when they should or should not take on the role of IPR. Brust and Widmaier examine two types of injustice that students from marginalized communities face at highly selective institutions, and they explore how education for informal political representation might ameliorate those injustices. The authors conclude by offering some practical suggestions to institutional policymakers and educators.
Keep taking the tablets: how Prudentius’ account of St Cassian shaped medieval school stories
Authors: Barrow Julia
Published: October 2024

In about 400 Prudentius visited the shrine of St Cassian at Imola and wrote a poem describing his martyrdom. Cassian, a schoolmaster, had been killed by his own pupils using their styli and wax tablets. The story was popular throughout the Middle Ages and its medieval reception has attracted attention. In addition, and hitherto unnoticed, features of Cassian’s death became motifs in narratives of violence in the medieval schoolroom, and this article explores these and reflects on what they can tell us about changes in the teacher–pupil relationship from Late Antiquity to the end of the twelfth century.
Quantitative EEG biomarkers for STXBP1‐related disorders
Authors: Cossu Alberto , Furia Francesca , Proietti Jacopo , Ancora Caterina , Reale Chiara , Darra Francesca , Previtali Roberto , Bernardina Bernardo Dalla , Rubboli Guido , Beniczky Sandor , Møller Rikke S. , Cantalupo Gaetano , Gardella Elena
Published: October 2024

Objective

EEG patterns and quantitative EEG (qEEG) features have been poorly explored in monogenic epilepsies. Herein, we investigate regional differences in EEG frequency composition in patients with STXBP1 developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (STXBP1‐DEE).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study collecting electroclinical data of patients with STXBP1‐DEE and two control groups of patients with DEEs of different etiologies and typically developing individuals matched for age and sex. We performed a (1) visual EEG assessment, (b) qEEG analysis, and (c) electrical source imaging (ESI). We quantified the relative power (RP) of four frequency bands (α β, θ, δ), in two electrode groups (anterior/posterior), and compared their averages and dynamics (standard deviation [SD] over time). The ESI was performed by applying the standard Distributed Source Modeling algorithm.

Results

We analyzed 42 EEG studies in 19 patients with STXBP1‐DEE (10 female), with a median age at recordings of 9.6 years (range 9 months to 29 years). The δRP was higher in recordings of STXBP1‐DEE (p < .001) compared to both control groups, suggesting the pathogenicity and STXBP1‐specificity of these findings. In STXBP1‐DEE, the δRP was significantly higher in the anterior electrode group compared to the posterior one (p = .003). There was no correlation between the anterior δRP and the epilepsy focus, age at recordings, and concomitant medications The ESI modeling of this activity showed a widespread involvement of the dorsomesial frontal cortex, suggesting a large corticosubcortical pathologic network. Finally, we identified two groups of recordings: cluster.1 with higher anterior δRP and low dynamics and cluster.2 with lower δRP and higher dynamics. Patients in cluster.1 had a more severe epilepsy and neurological phenotype compared to patients in cluster 2.

Significance

The qEEG analysis showed a predominant frontal slow activity as a specific STXBP1 feature that correlates with the severity of the phenotype and may represent a biomarker for prospective longitudinal studies of STXBP1‐DEE.
Complexity in Chick‐a‐Dee Calls of Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli): Call Variation Associated With Flock Size and Flight
Authors: Selman Zaharia A. , Freeberg Todd M.
Published: October 2024

The chick‐a‐dee call of chickadees, tits, and titmice is a vocal system used in a wide range of social contexts by both sexes throughout the year and is one of the more structurally complicated vocal systems outside of human language. Relatively little is known about the chick‐a‐dee calls of mountain chickadees, Poecile gambeli, however. This is an important species for increasing our comparative understanding of variation in chick‐a‐dee calls as they are one of the chickadee species with the largest naturally occurring flock sizes. Flock size relates to the social complexity of flocks, and the social complexity hypothesis for communication predicts that individuals in more complex social groups should communicate with greater complexity than individuals in simpler social groups. Correlational and experimental evidence in support of the hypothesis has been found in the calls of a wide range of species, including Carolina chickadees, P. carolinensis. Here, we provide the first description of the variation in note composition and note‐ordering rules in calls from mountain chickadee flocks in California and Colorado. California flocks were found to be significantly larger than Colorado flocks. Analysis of note‐type usage and transition probabilities between note types found that calls of California birds were more complex than calls of Colorado birds, supporting a key prediction of the social complexity hypothesis for communication. We also found relatively high rates of reversals of note‐ordering rules in mountain chickadee calls, which might help explain the complexity of the chick‐a‐dee calls of this species. Additionally, birds in flight produced calls with different note compositions when compared to perched birds. Generally, the note‐type ordering and transition probabilities of calls of mountain chickadees seem comparable to other better‐studied chickadee species, although their frequent note‐type order rule reversals suggest potential syntax‐like properties in this call system.