bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migratory Insertion Strategies for Dearomatization
Authors: Zeidan Nicolas , Lautens Mark
Published: August 2019

Development of strategies for molecule functionalization by dearomatization has surged in the last two decades. The benefits of overcoming the resonance stabilization energy outweigh the cost; diverse compounds could be accessed in a short number of steps. One approach that has been of interest in recent years is the dearomatization of indoles and other (hetero)aromatic compounds by migratory insertion. The chiral σ-bond palladium intermediate could be reduced or trapped by a second functionalization. In this short review we will summarize the recently discovered reactions from our group and others in this field of metal-catalyzed dearomatizations by migratory insertion.

1 Introduction

2 Monofunctionalizations: Heck and Reductive Heck Reactions

2.1 N-Tethered Heterocycles

2.2 Non-N-tethered Heterocycles

2.3 Non-heterocycles

3 Dearomative Difunctionalizations: Interrupted Heck Reaction

3.1 N-Tethered Heterocycles

3.2 Non-N-tethered Heterocycles

4 Conclusion
A versão femoral está associada a alterações na força dos músculos do quadril em mulheres com impacto femoroacetabular sintomático?
Authors: Marostica Adriano David , Pizzolatti André Luiz Almeida , Adam Guilherme Pradi , Codonho Daniel , Canella Richard Prazeres , Ganev Gerson Gandhi
Published: August 2019

Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação da anteversão femoral e da força dos músculos do quadril em indivíduos com síndrome do impacto femoroacetabular.

Método Os ângulos de versão femoral descritos nas imagens de ressonância magnética articular e os testes isocinéticos foram avaliados retrospectivamente entre julho de 2016 e dezembro de 2017. Os critérios de inclusão foram: a) versão femoral avaliada pelo mesmo radiologista; b) ângulo α ≥ 55°; e c) ausência de dor limitante durante o teste isocinético. Os picos de torque em flexão/extensão, abdução/adução e rotação interna/externa foram avaliados a 30°/s em 5 repetições. A correlação entre a versão femoral e a força muscular foi avaliada por meio de regressão linear simples, com nível de significância estatística de 5%.

Resultados Um total de 37 mulheres atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Foram avaliados 51 quadris sintomáticos. Não houve correlação da anteversão femoral nos picos de torque em flexão, extensão, abdução, adução, rotação externa e rotação interna.

Conclusão A anteversão femoral não foi correlacionada à força dos músculos do quadril em mulheres com impacto femoroacetabular sintomático.
Avaliação dos resultados clínicos e radiográficos da artroplastia total cimentada do quadril em 477 pacientes
Authors: Duarte Guydo Marques Horta , Alberti Luiz Ronaldo
Published: August 2019

Objetivo Avaliar os resultados da artroplastia total do quadril (ATQ) cimentada, com a utilização da técnica e prótese da escola Exeter.

Metódo Entre março de 2000 e dezembro de 2006, foram realizadas 504 ATQs em 477 pacientes, com diversos diagnósticos etiológicos, 260 à direita e 244 à esquerda, 27 bilaterais,. A idade média foi de 58,9 (17,7–86,8) anos, com mediana de 69,0 anos. O planejamento radiográfico foi feito utilizando-se gabaritos apropriados. O acesso cirúrgico foi o posterolateral com o paciente em decúbito lateral. Para a avaliação clínica, foi utilizado o escore do quadril de Harris (EQH). Na avaliação radiográfica, foi estudada a interface osso-cimento acetabular, nas três zonas de DeLee e Charnley e nas sete zonas de Gruen do lado femoral, a presença de migração distal do componente femoral, hipertrofia diafisária, e ossificação heterotópica.

Resultados O seguimento médio de 441 cirurgias (87,5%) foi de 7,2 (1,0–16,6) anos, com mediana de 7,1 anos. A incidência de complicações foi: luxação, 3,2%; infecção ,2,2%; tromboembolismo, 2,1%; disfunção de nervos periféricos 1,1%; hipertrofia diafisária, 1,5%; soltura do componente acetabular, 1,8%; migração distal do componente femoral entre 2,0 mm e 2,9 mm, 0,45%; 1 caso de soltura asséptica do componente femoral; e 1 caso de fratura da haste femoral. A pontuação média com o EQH foi de 92 pontos.

Conclusão A ATQ cimentada, com a metodologia utilizada, constituiu-se em uma opção eficaz para o tratamento deste grupo de pacientes, com resultados satisfatórios, com este tempo de seguimento.
Finding common ground: how the development of theory in public health research can bring us together
Authors: Gauffin Karl , Dunlavy Andrea
Published: August 2019

Within the past few decades, the academic discipline of public health has taken root in universities around the world. As a young and multidisciplinary field with a dual-research/practice focus and a tradition that emphasises method development, the use of theory in public health research has often been neglected. In this article, we argue that explicit utilisation of theory is crucial to further the development of public health as an academic discipline. By examining three core areas of academic activity at universities—education, research and public outreach—we illustrate the role theory plays in establishing public health as an independent research discipline. We discuss the importance and benefits of including theoretical reasoning in teaching, research articles and communication with non-academic audiences. We also highlight the role of postgraduate students and junior researchers who, thanks to a combination of experience and receptiveness, play an important role in developing public health theory. We believe that a key to a successful process of establishing public health as an academic discipline lies in the development of a transdisciplinary approach to the research subject. This will equip public health researchers with appropriate tools to take on the public health challenges of the future.
Attosecond pulse metrology
Authors: Orfanos I. , Makos I. , Liontos I. , Skantzakis E. , Förg B. , Charalambidis D. , Tzallas P.
Published: August 2019

The long-standing scientific quest of real-time tracing electronic motion and dynamics in all states of matter has been remarkably benefited by the development of intense laser-based pulsed sources with a temporal resolution in the attosecond [1 attosecond = 10−18 s] time scale. Nowadays, attosecond pulses are routinely produced in laboratories by the synthesis of the frequency components of broadband coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation generated by the interaction of matter with intense femtosecond (fs) pulses. Attosecond pulse metrology aims at the accurate and complete determination of the temporal and phase characteristics of attosecond pulses and is one of the most innovative challenges in the broad field of ultrashort pulse metrology. For more than two decades since coherent high-brilliance broadband XUV sources have become available, fascinating advances in attosecond pulse metrology have led to the development of remarkable techniques for pulse duration measurements as well as the complete reconstruction of those pulses. Nonetheless, new challenges born from diverse fields call upon for additional efforts and continuously innovative ideas in the field. In this perspective article, we follow the history of ultrashort pulse technology tracing attosecond pulse production and characterization approaches, focus on the operation principles of the most commonly used techniques in the region where they interact with matter, address their limitations, and discuss future prospects as well as endeavors of the field to encounter contemporary scientific progress.
Integrated impedance bridge for absolute capacitance measurements at cryogenic temperatures and finite magnetic fields
Authors: Verbiest G. J. , Janssen H. , Xu D. , Ge X. , Goldsche M. , Sonntag J. , Khodkov T. , Banszerus L. , von den Driesch N. , Buca D. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Stampfer C.
Published: August 2019

We developed an impedance bridge that operates at cryogenic temperatures (down to 60 mK) and in perpendicular magnetic fields up to at least 12 T. This is achieved by mounting a GaAs HEMT amplifier perpendicular to a printed circuit board containing the device under test and thereby parallel to the magnetic field. The measured amplitude and phase of the output signal allows for the separation of the total impedance into an absolute capacitance and a resistance. Through a detailed noise characterization, we find that the best resolution is obtained when operating the HEMT amplifier at the highest gain. We obtained a resolution in the absolute capacitance of 6.4 aF/Hz at 77 K on a comb-drive actuator while maintaining a small excitation amplitude of 15 kBT/e. We show the magnetic field functionality of our impedance bridge by measuring the quantum Hall plateaus of a top-gated hBN/graphene/hBN heterostructure at 60 mK with a probe signal of 12.8 kBT/e.
Carrier distribution imaging using ∂C/∂z-mode scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy
Authors: Hiranaga Yoshiomi , Cho Yasuo
Published: August 2019

Scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM) can be used to visualize the carrier distribution in semiconductors with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. We recently proposed a complementary method named ∂C/∂z-SNDM that avoids the problem of contrast reversal. This paper describes a methodology for calculating the signal intensity in ∂C/∂z-SNDM using examples. For the simulation, the capacitance of a conductive-probe metal/oxide/semiconductor model was calculated and then the response signal for various probe-sample distances was analyzed. The simulation results confirm that the ∂C/∂z-SNDM signal intensity increases monotonically with dopant concentration, avoiding contrast reversal. Moreover, in addition to the fundamental (1ω) signal, higher-harmonic (2ω, 3ω) signals have sufficient intensities to be detected. The results suggest that the detection sensitivity for low dopant concentrations can be improved by conducting the measurement under an appropriate dc bias.
Two-pair multilayer Bloch surface wave platform in the near- and mid-infrared regions
Authors: Deng Chih-Zong , Ho Ya-Lun , Lee Yang-Chun , Wang Zhiyu , Tai Yi-Hsin , Zyskowski Marcin , Daiguji Hirofumi , Delaunay Jean-Jacques
Published: August 2019

A Bloch surface wave (BSW) platform opens up new possibilities in the design of sensors and components for photonic circuits owing to its superior properties such as low propagation losses that enable long optical communication lengths and large surface sensing areas. However, most of the reported BSW platforms require a large number of alternating layers to realize the coupling of the surface wave mode. Additionally, although BSW modes have been investigated in the visible region and the near-infrared (NIR) region, only limited reports are available in the important mid-infrared (MIR) region. In this study, we demonstrated a BSW platform consisting of only two Ge/SiO2 pairs and realizing well-coupled BSW in a wide spectral range from the NIR to the MIR. Exploiting the large refractive index difference between Ge and SiO2, the proposed BSW multilayer structure is designed to possess only two pairs of layers with a smaller total thickness than any of the reported BSW platforms. The reported MIR BSW mode shows potential for determination of trace elements and molecule species attached on the surface of the proposed BSW structure.
The serial millisecond crystallography instrument at the Australian Synchrotron incorporating the “Lipidico” injector
Authors: Berntsen P. , Hadian Jazi M. , Kusel M. , Martin A. V. , Ericsson T. , Call M. J. , Trenker R. , Roque F. G. , Darmanin C. , Abbey B.
Published: August 2019

A serial millisecond crystallography (SMX) facility has recently been implemented at the macromolecular crystallography beamline, MX2 at the Australian Synchrotron. The setup utilizes a combination of an EIGER X 16M detector system and an in-house developed high-viscosity injector, “Lipidico.” Lipidico uses a syringe needle to extrude the microcrystal-containing viscous media and it is compatible with commercially available syringes. The combination of sample delivery via protein crystals suspended in a viscous mixture and a millisecond frame rate detector enables high-throughput serial crystallography at the Australian Synchrotron. A hit-finding algorithm, based on the principles of “robust-statistics,” is employed to rapidly process the data. Here we present the first SMX experimental results with a detector frame rate of 100 Hz (10 ms exposures) and the Lipidico injector using a mixture of lysozyme microcrystals embedded in high vacuum silicon grease. Details of the experimental setup, sample injector, and data analysis pipeline are designed and developed as part of the Australian Synchrotron SMX instrument and are reviewed here.
First-principles study of the easy-plane magnetocrystalline anisotropy in bulk hcp Co1−xIrx
Authors: Zhang Sha , Pang Hua , Hai Lian , Li Weiyin , Wang Tao , Li Fashen
Published: August 2019

The soft magnetic material hcp CoIr has easy-plane magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MA) over a wide range of Ir content and has attracted interest from many researchers. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the magnetization and MA of bulk hcp Co1−xIrx (0.03≤x≤0.25) alloys based on first-principles calculations. The results reveal that easy-plane MA is obtained for 0.06≤x<0.25, which agrees with the experimental results. The MA arises from the spin-orbit interactions of Co 3d orbitals. The Co1 atoms (the nearest neighbors of Ir atoms) and the Co2 atoms (the second nearest neighbors of Ir atoms) have different local environments; hence, the d orbitals split differently. Numerical calculations prove that the energy level alignment at the two sites plays an important role in determining the orientation of the local spin moments. The Co1 site preferentially adopts an in-plane local spin moment, while the Co2 site exhibits an out-of-plane local spin moment. The competition between the two sites determines the orientation of the easy axis of the hcp CoIr system. Our findings provide guidance for understanding and evaluating experimental studies on manipulating MA in disordered binary alloys.
Domain structure formation by electron beam irradiation in lithium niobate crystals at elevated temperatures
Authors: Chezganov D. S. , Vlasov E. O. , Pashnina E. A. , Chuvakova M. A. , Esin A. A. , Greshnyakov E. D. , Shur V. Ya.
Published: August 2019

We have studied experimentally the domain formation by electron beam irradiation in congruent lithium niobate crystals covered by a photoresist layer at the elevated temperatures up to 200 °C. The measured linear dose dependence of the switched domain area created by isolated dot irradiation has been attributed to external screening of the depolarization field by charges produced by incoming electrons. The significant decrease in the threshold field at the elevated temperatures has led to an increase in the domain area. The observed qualitative change of the domain shape with the temperature increase has been attributed to the highly nonequilibrium switching conditions caused by the existence of the artificial dielectric layer and domination of the stochastic nucleation. The optimal values of temperature and dose have allowed obtaining almost flat boundary of the switched area for line irradiation. The periodically poled structures of the through domains with periods from 10 to 40 μm have been created.
Reversible thermal diode and energy harvester with a superconducting quantum interference single-electron transistor
Authors: Goury Donald , Sánchez Rafael
Published: August 2019

The density of states of proximitized normal nanowires interrupting superconducting rings can be tuned by the magnetic flux piercing the loop. Using these as the contacts of a single-electron transistor allows us to control the energetic mirror asymmetry of the conductor, thus introducing rectification properties. In particular, we show that the system works as a diode that rectifies both charge and heat currents and whose polarity can be reversed by the magnetic field and a gate voltage. We emphasize the role of dissipation at the island. The coupling to substrate phonons enhances the effect and furthermore introduces a channel for phase tunable conversion of heat exchanged with the environment into electrical current.
Focused ion beam-induced droplet formation and motion
Authors: Stout J. M. , Freund J. B. , Johnson H. T.
Published: August 2019

Nanometer-scale droplet formation and motion under the effects of a focused ion beam is described using a continuum model that combines a thin-film fluid model for dynamics with a Cahn–Hilliard type model for chemical diffusion and phase separation. The focused ion beam (FIB) is represented as a time and space dependent mass and chemical species source. Drops form and move due to the combined effects of a concentration-dependent surface energy, a concentration gradient on the edges of the droplet, and a beam angle-dependent net FIB incoming mass flux. The velocity is comparable to observations, and it has a similar dependence on the beam angle of incidence. Likewise, the ion dose at which droplets reach a width of 60 nm is in good agreement with experiments. The model also explains the biased motion of droplets under a raster-scan pattern focused ion beam.
Energy efficiency of thermoelectric materials: A three-dimensional study
Authors: Jin Z.-H.
Published: August 2019

This work presents a three-dimensional (3D) model for the energy conversion efficiency of thermoelectric (TE) materials. Analytical series solutions are obtained for the temperature and electric fields in a TE element under 3D conditions. The model allows detailed examination of the effects of the lateral geometrical dimensions and the surface heat transfer coefficient on the energy efficiency of TE materials. It is analytically proved that the energy efficiency of the 3D model approaches that of the commonly used one-dimensional (1D) model when the lateral dimensions go to infinity or the surface heat transfer coefficient goes to zero. The numerical results for a bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) TE material show that the energy efficiency predicted by the 1D model represents an upper bound of the efficiency. The peak efficiency decreases with decreasing lateral dimension for a fixed leg length of the TE element. The peak efficiency also decreases with increasing lateral surface heat transfer coefficient. The present 3D model may be used as a quantitative tool to design TE modules with alleviated efficiency reduction due to the 3D effects.
Controllable magnetic anisotropy and magnetostriction constant in palladium cobalt alloy films: Effects of composition, thickness, and stress
Authors: Harumoto Takashi , Shi Ji , Nakamura Yoshio
Published: August 2019

The magnetic anisotropy of sputter-deposited films of palladium cobalt Pd100 − xCox (x = 7, 15, and 28 at. %) alloy is investigated systematically. The exact anisotropy energies of all contributions, namely, surface, magnetocrystalline, magnetoelastic, and shape, are estimated. Using these energies, the main origin of the magnetic anisotropy is determined and summarized in maps of film thickness and film stress. Consequently, how composition, thickness, and stress affect the magnetic anisotropy is clarified. Accordingly, the controllability between longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is revealed. In addition, the magnetostriction constant λ111 is estimated from the change in the volume anisotropy energy due to the stress in the film, namely, the inverse magnetostrictive effect. The constant is a large negative number, −178 ppm at maximum, and agrees partially with a reference value measured under normal magnetostriction. The disagreement by 30% of the magnetostriction constant with respect to the expected value for Pd72Co28 films was elucidated by the magnetostriction enlargement by tensile stress.
Observation of photoluminescence edge emission in CuSbSe2 absorber material for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Penezko A. , Kauk-Kuusik M. , Volobujeva O. , Traksmaa R. , Grossberg M.
Published: August 2019

CuSbSe2 has great potential for being an earth-abundant absorber material in efficient thin film solar cells. In this study, the radiative recombination in CuSbSe2 polycrystalline material was studied by temperature and laser power dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy which revealed the band-to-band and band-to-deep acceptor transitions, with the last one involving a deep acceptor defect with an activation energy of 165 ± 6 meV. The observation of the edge emission in CuSbSe2 refers to the high quality of the synthesized material.
On the superparamagnetic behavior of BiFeO3-PbTiO3 nanoparticles
Authors: Freitas V. F. , Thomen D. M. N. , Miyahara R. Y. , Bonadio T. G. M. , Silva D. M. , Rosso J. M. , Dias G. S. , Cótica L. F. , Santos I. A. , Yokaichiya F. , de Medeiros S. N. , Eiras J. A. , Guo R. , Bhalla A. S.
Published: August 2019

In this work, the nanostructuration effects on the physical properties of pure and La doped (0.6)BiFeO3-(0.4)PbTiO3 magnetoelectric nanoparticles were investigated. An exotic magnetic response, mimicking a superparamagneticlike behavior that raised the magnetization to levels never reported before for these materials, is clearly observed. Another important change associated with the nanostructuration is observed in the symmetry of the perovskite-structured materials, which changes from a tetragonal to a rhombohedral one. Transmission electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction results (investigated by the Debye-Scherrer method) revealed uniform nanoparticles of spherical shape, average particle sizes close to 5 nm and with a single structural domain (only one crystallite per particle). The pronounced increase (∼20 times) in the magnetization response of the nanoparticles, compared to microparticle ones, is observed in magnetization curves. A magnetic semiempirical phenomenological model, where noninteracting single-domain magnetic nanoparticles are considered, is used to fit the magnetization curves, revealing the almost absence of surface effects in a typical superparamagneticlike behavior. All these aspects pointing to a material with immense potential for practical applications in spintronics and magnetoelectronics.
The electronically excited states of cyclooctatetraene—An analysis of the vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectrum by ab initio configuration interaction methods
Authors: Palmer Michael H. , Hoffmann Søren Vrønning , Jones Nykola C. , Coreno Marcello , de Simone Monica , Grazioli Cesare
Published: August 2019

A new synchrotron-based study of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectrum for cyclooctatetraene (COT) shows a series of broad peaks. A significant sharp structure was extracted from the strongest band between 5.9 and 6.3 eV by fitting this range of the spectrum to a polynomial; the regular residuals show a set of sharp peaks. Comparison of this region of the VUV with the photoelectron spectrum demonstrates the presence of several Rydberg states, all based on the lowest observed ionization energy ionic state. The UV onset contains a broad band in the range 4.0 eV–5.3 eV. Theoretical vertical excitation energies, determined by configuration interaction (CI) studies at the multireference multiroot singles and doubles CI level, enabled interpretation of the principal absorption bands of the VUV spectrum. Adiabatic excitation energies (AEEs) for several singlet and triplet valence states (V) were evaluated by multiconfiguration self-consistent field methods. Theoretical Rydberg series AEEs were obtained by use of extremely diffuse Gaussian orbitals in highly correlated wave-functions. The second moments of the charge distribution identify which roots are valence or Rydberg states. A contrast was found between some density functional methods and Hartree-Fock (HF) wave-functions during single-excitation CI, when degenerate orbitals were involved in the leading configurations. The 7a16e* state contained the expected 8-membered ring in the density functional theory calculations. The HF wave-functions led to a 1,5-cross-ring interaction which converged on a singlet excited state of a bicyclo[3,3,0]octatriene; this is reminiscent of the photochemical conversion of COT to semibullvalene.
Ferroelectric domain structures and temperature-misfit strain phase diagrams of K1-xNaxNbO3 thin films: A phase-field study
Authors: Wang Bo , Chen Hao-Nan , Wang Jian-Jun , Chen Long-Qing
Published: August 2019

Potassium-sodium niobate K1-xNaxNbO3 (KNN) is one of the most promising lead-free piezoelectric materials. While there have been many studies on the microstructures and properties of KNN ceramics, the phase transitions and ferroelectric domain structures of KNN thin films are not well understood. In this work, we employ three-dimensional (3D) phase-field simulations to obtain the ferroelectric domain structures of KNN (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) thin films under a range of temperatures (0 K to 1300 K) and equiaxial misfit strains (–1.5% to 1.5%), based on which we establish the misfit strain-temperature phase diagrams of KNbO3 and K0.5Na0.5NbO3 thin films. We identify a wide variety of complex domain structures with coexisting ferroelectric phases, implying enhanced dielectric and piezoelectric properties. We expect this work to provide guidance for the strain engineering of domain structures and properties of KNN thin films.
Large impact of strain on the electro-optic effect in (Ba, Sr)TiO3 thin films: Experiment and theoretical comparison
Authors: Kondo Shinya , Yamada Tomoaki , Tagantsev Alexander K. , Ma Ping , Leuthold Juerg , Martelli Paolo , Boffi Pierpaolo , Martinelli Mario , Yoshino Masahito , Nagasaki Takanori
Published: August 2019

(001)-epitaxial (Ba0.5Sr0.5)TiO3 (BST) thin films with different magnitudes of compressive strain were fabricated on SrRuO3/SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition, and their electro-optic (EO) properties were characterized by modulation ellipsometry at different temperatures. All fabricated films showed an increased paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition temperature upon compressive strain and revealed c-domain structures in the ferroelectric phase. We experimentally clarified that the EO properties of compressively strained BST thin films are enhanced toward the phase transition temperature modified by the strain. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical prediction based on a phenomenological thermodynamic model. Although the measured EO coefficient rc was less than that theoretically predicted, the experimentally observed strain effect on the EO properties is in good qualitative agreement.
Studying the magnetoelectric effect can lead to a wide variety of technological advances
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: August 2019

The ability to efficiently control magnetization and surface electric charges is important for advances in wide-ranging technologies from computing to biomedicine.
Preparation of gallium nitride from gallium–magnesium alloy powders
Authors: Yan Guojun , Yan Changming , Qiu Yu , Cun Minmin , Wang Liyu , Liu Yin
Published: August 2019

Ga–Mg alloy powders were introduced to synthesise GaN powders with flowing ammonia. When the magnesium percentage in the alloy was 25 wt-% or below and the reaction temperature was about 750°C, all Ga atoms in the alloy were transformed into GaN, and the diameter of the GaN powders was about 40 nm. For the Ga–Mg alloy powders with a diameter ranging from 37 to 75 µm ammoniated at 750°C, only 3 h were spent to transform all the Ga atoms into GaN, indicating that the strategy suggested in this study was effective to produce GaN powders.
Work calling and humility: framing for job idolization, workaholism, and exploitation
Authors: Molloy K. Arianna , J. Dik Bryan , E. Davis Don , D. Duffy Ryan
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this article is to explore how work communication can lead to a sense of calling that engenders negative outcomes (i.e., job idolization, workaholism, and exploitation), as well how the virtue of humility may buffer these effects. First, we seek to clarify interdisciplinary
work highlighting the role communication plays in the development of the dark side of a calling. Second, we consider the complexity of humility as an organizational value. Third, we suggest humility functions as a mitigating frame against job idolization, workaholism, and exploitation for
those who perceive of their work as a calling and for those with whom they work (as leaders, followers, or peers). We propose that at the heart of a healthy work calling is a robust integration of humility, and conclude by outlining promising directions to better understand the discursive
implications of humility and work calling outcomes.
What is the Evidence for Offense-Specific Group Treatment Programs for Forensic Patients?
Authors: Mallion Jaimee S. , Tyler Nichola , Miles Helen L.
Published: August 2019

Evidence-based practice (EBP) advocates that treatments offered to patients should be empirically supported and effective. Group-based treatment is offered in forensic mental health services as a way of assisting forensic patients (FPs) to address their offending behavior. However, little research exists examining how research and practice are integrated in these interventions, consistent with the principles of EBP. This study examined the utilization and evaluation of offense-specific group treatment programs with FPs, with a specific focus on interventions for substance misuse, sexual offending, firesetting, and violent offending. The results highlight that despite frequent use of offense-specific group interventions for FPs in UK forensic mental health services, evaluation is lacking regarding both published evaluations and through routine clinical practice. To ensure consistency with principles of EBP, recommendations are made surrounding the implementation of routine evaluations (e.g., follow-up studies) of offense-specific group treatment programs with FPs.
Emerging properties of two-dimensional twisted bilayer materials*
Authors: Cheng Yang , Huang Chen , Hong Hao , Zhao Zixun , Liu Kaihui
Published: August 2019

Recent studies in van der Waals coupled two-dimensional (2D) bilayer materials have demonstrated a new freedom for material engineering by the formation of moiré pattern. By tuning the twist angle between two layers, one can modulate their electronic band structures and therefore the associated electrical transport and optical properties, which are distinct from the original ones of each individual layer. These new properties excite great passion in the exploration of new quantum states and possible applications of 2D bilayers. In this article, we will mainly review the prevailing fabrication methods and emerging physical properties of twisted bilayer materials and lastly give out a perspective of this topic.
Using Character-Grams to Automatically Generate Pseudowords and How to Evaluate Them
Authors: König Jemma , Calude Andreea S , Coxhead Averil
Published: August 2019

This paper provides a practical solution to the problem of generating (good) pseudowords, which are commonly used in vocabulary testing and experimental research in applied linguistics, and introduces an empirically founded solution to evaluating the suitability of pseudowords for different tasks. In the first part of the paper, we propose a novel way of generating pseudowords—a character-gram chaining algorithm. A major advantage of the algorithm is that it does not require any knowledge of the language, thereby facilitating the generation of pseudowords in any language. Secondly, there is currently a lack of formal criteria for evaluating pseudowords, both in terms of (i) their orthographic fit in the target language they are intended for and (ii) their suitability for use in various lexical processing and language teaching tasks. In the second part of the paper, we argue for the need to evaluate pseudowords, propose a set of linguistic criteria for evaluating the generated pseudowords, and provide a comparison with other current pseudoword lists using this criteria.
Negative Pressure From an Internal Spiral Tissue Expander Generates New Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in an In Vivo Animal Model
Authors: Rigotti Gino , Chirumbolo Salvatore , Cicala Francesca , Parnigotto Pier Paolo , Nicolato Elena , Calderan Laura , Conti Giamaica , Sbarbati Andrea
Published: August 2019

Background

Tissue expanders are widely utilized in plastic surgery. Traditional expanders usually are “inflatable balloons,” which are planned to grow additional skin and/or to create space to be filled, for example, with an implant. In very recent years, reports suggest that negative pressure created by an external device (ie, Brava) induces both skin expansion and adipogenesis.

Objectives

The authors evaluated and assessed the adipogenetic potential of a novel internal tissue expander in an in vivo animal model.

Methods

New Zealand female rabbits were enrolled in the study. A prototype spiral inner tissue expander was employed. It consisted of a-dynamic conic expander (DCE) with a valve at the end: when empty, it is flat (Archimedean spiral), whereas when filled with a fluid, it takes a conic shape. Inside the conic spiral, a negative pressure is therefore created. DCE is implanted flat under the latissimus dorsi muscle in experimental animals (rabbit) and then filled to reach the conical shape. Animals were investigated with magnetic resonance imaging, histology, and transmission electronic microscopy at 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results

Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a marked increase in newly formed adipose tissue, reaching its highest amount at 12 months after the DCE implantation. Histology confirmed the existence of new adipocytes, whereas transmission electronic microscopy ultrastructure confirmed that most of these new cells were mature adipocytes.

Conclusions

Tensile stress, associated with negative-pressure expanders, generated newly white subcutaneous adipose tissue.
From Prior Information to Saccade Selection: Evolution of Frontal Eye Field Activity during Natural Scene Search
Authors: Glaser Joshua I , Wood Daniel K , Lawlor Patrick N , Segraves Mark A , Kording Konrad P
Published: August 2019

Prior knowledge about our environment influences our actions. How does this knowledge evolve into a final action plan and how does the brain represent this? Here, we investigated this question in the monkey oculomotor system during self-guided search of natural scenes. In the frontal eye field (FEF), we found a subset of neurons, “Early neurons,” that contain information about the upcoming saccade long before it is executed, often before the previous saccade had even ended. Crucially, much of this early information did not relate to the actual saccade that would eventually be selected. Rather, it related to prior information about the probabilities of possible upcoming saccades based on the presaccade fixation location. Nearer to the time of saccade onset, a greater proportion of these neurons’ activities related to the saccade selection, although prior information continued to influence activity throughout. A separate subset of FEF neurons, “Late neurons,” only represented the final action plan near saccade onset and not prior information. Our results demonstrate how, across the population of FEF neurons, prior information evolves into definitive saccade plans.
CGRP derived from cardiac fibroblasts is an endogenous suppressor of cardiac fibrosis
Authors: Li Wenqun , Zhang Zheng , Li Xiaohui , Cai Jifeng , Li Dai , Du Jie , Zhang Bikui , Xiang Daxiong , Li Niansheng , Li Yuanjian
Published: August 2019

Aims

Aberrant activation of cardiac fibroblasts leads to cardiac fibrosis, and evolving evidences suggest that endogenous bioactive substances derived from cardiac fibroblasts regulate cardiac fibroblasts activation in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Here we first presented evidence that cardiac fibroblasts can synthesize and secrete calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of cardiac fibroblasts-derived CGRP in cardiac fibroblasts activation and its regulative mechanism.

Methods and results

The abundantly expression of CGRP in rat, mouse, and human myocardium allowed us to explore the cellular origin of CGRP, and found that the cardiac CGRP was mainly derived from cardiac fibroblasts. Activating TRPA1 with a specific agonist allyl isothiocyanate promoted the synthesis and secretion of CGRP, as well as intracellular Ca2+. These effects were reversed by TRPA1-specific antagonist HC030031 and Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. TGF-β1 was applied to induce the activation of cardiac fibroblasts, and found that TGF-β1 can increase the mRNA expression and secretion levels of CGRP in cardiac fibroblasts. Either CGRP8–37 (CGRP receptor antagonist) or α-CGRP small interfering RNA (siRNA) aggravated TGF-β1-induced proliferation, differentiation, collagen production, and instigated inflammation in cardiac fibroblasts. Moreover, TGF-β1-induced NF-κB activation including IκBα phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation were also promoted by CGRP8–37 and α-CGRP siRNA. NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium (PDTC) reversed the effects of CGRP8–37 on NF-κB activation. The promotive effects of CGRP8–37 on TGF-β1-induced activation of cardiac fibroblasts were all reversed by PDTC. Monocrotaline (MCT) induces pulmonary arterial hypertension, progressively leading to right ventricular fibrosis. This model of cardiac fibrosis was developed here to test the potentially beneficial effects of TRPA1 activation in vivo. The non-toxic TRPA1 agonist Cinnamaldehyde (CA) inhibited MCT-induced elevation in right ventricle systolic pressure, RV/LV + S, and right ventricular collagen accumulation, as well as down-regulation of CGRP. CA increased the synthesis and secretion of CGRP, and inhibited TGF-β1-induced activation in cardiac fibroblasts.

Conclusion

Our data suggested an autocrine role for cardiac fibroblasts-derived CGRP in suppressing activation of cardiac fibroblasts through inhibiting NF-κB activation. Increasing autocrine CGRP by activating TRPA1 can ameliorate cardiac fibrosis. These findings support the notion that CGRP derived from cardiac fibroblasts is an endogenous suppressor of cardiac fibrosis.
The past, present, and future of the regulation of offshore chemicals in the North Sea—a United Kingdom perspective
Authors: Sühring R , Cousins A , Gregory L , Moran C , Papachlimitzou A , Phillips C , Rowles R , Supple S , Wilczynska M , Birchenough S N R
Published: August 2019

The North Sea is one of the most studied and exploited ecosystems worldwide. The multiple uses from industrial, transport, as well as recreational activities have required researchers, regulators, and legislators to understand and, where possible, to minimize any expected negative environmental impacts. As with any international sea, assessing the current pressures and management actions resulting from these activities is centred on several national and international legislative instruments. This variety of co-existing legislations makes development processes and regulatory assessments cumbersome and time consuming. Hence there is a need to integrate environmental risk assessment and management across sectors, ensuring smart, cost-effective data generation, as well as supporting and standardizing environmental practices. This paper provides an overview of the changing regulatory frameworks regarding offshore chemicals used in the oil and gas industry, and the process of chemical risk assessment conducted under the Offshore Chemical Notification Scheme (ONCS) in the UK. Our view of methodological, research, and regulatory needs and challenges that should be addressed to ensure an adequate and sustainable assessment of offshore chemical use in the North Sea is discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the issues faced regarding chemicals used in the UK oil and gas sector with respect to declining hydrocarbon production.
Oxandrolone in the Treatment of Burn Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Ring Justine , Heinelt Martina , Sharma Shubham , Letourneau Sasha , Jeschke Marc G
Published: August 2019

Severe burns induce a profound hypermetabolic response, leading to a prolonged state of catabolism associated with organ dysfunction and delay of wound healing. Oxandrolone, a synthetic testosterone analog, may alleviate the hypermetabolic catabolic state thereby decreasing associated morbidity. However, current literature has reported mixed outcomes on complications following Oxandrolone use, specifically liver and lung function. We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis studying the effects of Oxandrolone on mortality, length of hospital stay, progressive liver dysfunction, and nine secondary outcomes. We searched Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Databases of Systematic Reviews and Randomized Controlled Trials. Thirty-one randomized control trials and observational studies were included. Basic science and animal studies were excluded. Only studies comparing Oxandrolone to standard of care, or placebo, were included. Oxandrolone did not affect rates of mortality (relative risk [RR]: 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47 to 1.08; P = .11) or progressive liver dysfunction (RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.59 to 1.85; P = .88), but did decrease length of stay in hospital. Oxandrolone significantly increased weight regain, bone mineral density, percent lean body mass, and decreased wound healing time for donor graft sites. Oxandrolone did not change the incidence of transient liver dysfunction or mechanical ventilation requirements. There is evidence to suggest that Oxandrolone is a beneficial adjunct to the acute care of burn patients; shortening hospital stays and improving several growth and wound healing parameters. It does not appear that Oxandrolone increases the risk of progressive or transient liver injury, although monitoring liver enzymes is recommended.
Factors Affecting Research Productivity of Burn Surgeons: Results from a Survey of American Burn Association Members
Authors: Elkbuli Adel , Narvel Raed Ismail , Zajd Sarah , Hai Shaikh , McKenney Mark , Boneva Dessy
Published: August 2019

While previous studies have examined factors that affect research productivity for surgeons in general, few studies address research productivity specifically of burn specialists. This study aimed to identify factors that promote and impede research participation and productivity of burn surgeons and help elucidate what changes can be made by departments/divisions to improve the research productivity. A 44-question anonymous research survey tool was administered to burn surgeons who are members of the American Burn Association (ABA). The questions analyzed factors such as demographics, career accomplishments, current institution type, educational background, research background, barriers to conducting research, and current research productivity. Chi-square tests were used to analyze significance at P < .05. Most respondents reported not having any protected research time (71.4%) or resources provided by their institution (84.5%). A majority believed increasing regulatory policies/institutional review board restrictions have negatively impacted productivity (65.1%). Factors associated with positive impact on research productivity included having a mentor, conducting research prior to completing residency, and provision of research resources from the institution such as statistical support, start-up funds, grant writing support, and laboratory space. Age and sex had no statistical impact on research productivity. Burn surgeons are more likely to publish research and to receive grants when they have mentors, a history of research prior to completion of residency, and research resources from their institution. Barriers to research productivity include lack of institutional support, lack of protected research time, and increased regulatory policy.
A NEW TL-DOS NEUTRON DOSEMETER FOR MEASUREMENTS OF THE PERSONAL DOSE EQUIVALENT HP(10)
Authors: Heiny M , Busch F , Kröninger K , Theinert R , Walbersloh J
Published: August 2019

A new thermoluminescence albedo dosemeter with improved properties is developed as part of the TL-DOS project. The dosemeter measures the neutron and photon whole-body dose of radiation workers. The TL-DOS neutron dosemeter is presented and its results of well-known field measurements as well as field calibrations are shown. Its advantages, such as its potential to measure the high-linear energy transfer peaks, its improved detector sensitivity and long detector lifetime, are explained. The new dosemeter is compared to a thermoluminescence albedo dosemeter already used in routine dosimetry in Germany.
Effects of holes in plastic film on the storage losses in total mixed ration silage in round bales
Authors: Restelatto Rasiel , Novinski Charles O , Silva Eduardo P A , Pereira Lucelia M , Volpi Denise , Zopollatto Maity , Daniel João L P , Schmidt Patrick
Published: August 2019

The ensilage of total mixed ration (TMR) is a technology designed to help farmers with limitations to provide a balanced diet for their herds. Our aim was to evaluate the conservation of TMR ensiled in round bales with or without holes in the wrapping plastic film. Eight round bales of a corn silage-based TMR of 1,000 kg (370 kg DM/m3) were prepared. Ten days (d) after ensiling, four bales were randomly punctured with two holes of 25 cm2 each in opposite sides of the bale. The temperature in the center of the bales was recorded during the storage using dataloggers. After 60 d of storage, bales were weighted to assess dry matter (DM) recovery. Silages were sampled for measuring DM content, chemical composition, pH, lactic acid, and microbial counts. The temperature of the sliced bale face was assessed by infrared thermography. The holes in the plastic affected the DM content, DM recovery, and pH, whereas lactic acid, microbial counts, and temperature were not affected by treatments. The holes in the sealing plastic film should be avoided. However, holes of 25 cm2 each were not capable of causing expressive losses in TMR silage stored in 1,000 kg bales.
Genome-Wide Identification of lncRNAs and Analysis of ceRNA Networks During Tomato Resistance to Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Cui Jun , Jiang Ning , Hou Xinxin , Wu Sihan , Zhang Qiang , Meng Jun , Luan Yushi
Published: August 2019

Our previous studies have revealed the function of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in tomato in response to Phytophthora infestans infection. However, the interaction relationships between lncRNAs and miRNAs during tomato resistance to P. infestans infection are unknown. In this study, 9,011 lncRNAs were identified from tomato plants, including 115 upregulated and 81 downregulated lncRNAs. Among these, 148 were found to be differentially expressed and might affect the expression of 771 genes, which are composed of 887 matched lncRNA-mRNA pairs. In total, 88 lncRNAs were identified as endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and predicted to decoy 46 miRNAs. Degradome sequencing revealed that 11 miRNAs that were decoyed by 20 lncRNAs could target 30 genes. These lncRNAs, miRNAs, and target genes were predicted to form 10 regulatory modules. Among them, lncRNA42705/lncRNA08711, lncRNA39896, and lncRNA11265/lncRNA15816 might modulate MYB, HD-Zip, and NAC transcription factors by decoying miR159, miR166b, and miR164a-5p, respectively. Upon P. infestans infection, the expression levels of lncRNA42705 and lncRNA08711 displayed a negative correlation with the expression level of miR159 and a positive correlation with the expression levels of MYB genes. Tomato plants in which lncRNA42705 and lncRNA08711 were silenced displayed increased levels of miR159 and decreased levels of MYB, respectively. The result demonstrated that lncRNAs might function as ceRNAs to decoy miRNAs and affect their target genes in tomato plants, increasing resistance to disease.