bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphic and structural framework of the Potsdam Group in eastern Ontario, western Quebec, and northern New York State
Authors: Sanford B V , Arnott R W C
Published: January 2011

The presence of a regional unconformity within the Potsdam Group is an important key to unlocking the geological history of this succession throughout its area of distribution in the Ottawa Embayment and Quebec Basin.
The beds below the unconformity (Abbey Dawn and Covey Hill or Ausable formations) are largely of continental origin and up to 600 m thick; they comprise a complex assortment of red and grey quartzite-cobble, quartz-pebble, quartz arenite, and feldspathic arenite deposits of assumed Neoproterozoic
to Middle Cambrian age. The Covey Hill and Ausable formations have been further divided into four units of wide distribution beginning with the marine and marginal marine Jericho Member, which is confined to the Quebec Basin bordering the Oka-Beauharnois Arch on the east, and succeeded and
overlapped to the west by the mostly eolian and fluvial Hannawa Falls, Chippewa Bay, and Edwardsville members. During and immediately following deposition of these members, the beds were locally faulted, folded, and subjected to a long period of subaerial erosion.
Above the regional unconformity are the white and grey Nepean and partly equivalent Cairnside and Keeseville formations (up to 110 m thick) composed of upper Middle and Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician quartz arenite and quartz-pebble conglomerate containing minor evaporite deposits. They were
deposited on the floor and margins of a seaway that entered the Ottawa Embayment from the east.
Post-Nepean, Cairnside, and Keeseville deformation (faulting and folding) of Potsdam and younger Ordovician strata was widespread throughout the Ottawa Embayment and Quebec Basin, likely triggered by Taconian and Acadian orogenesis and by the much later rifting and breakup of the continents
beginning in the Middle to Late Triassic.
Geothermal maps of Canada
Authors: Grasby S E , Majorowicz J , Ko M
Published: January 2011

In order to better define spatial variability, and variability with depth, of geothermal energy potential in Canada, a series of depth-temperature maps have been produced, along with derivative products. These maps illustrate temperature fields across Canada for
specific depth intervals for both shallow (50 to 300 m depth) and deep (3500 to 10,000 m depth) geothermal systems. Derivative maps include energy storage for specified depth intervals, in addition to a heat flow map, which are constrained by data limitations.
Temporal trend analysis of synthetic and real hydroclimate time series and impacts of long term quasi-periodic components on trend tests
Authors: Chen Z , Grasby S E
Published: January 2011

Studies of climate and hydro-meteorological time series have found the presence of decadal and inter-decadal oscillations of quasi-periodic components (broader band signals) as part of long term natural variations in the data. If the oscillation of the
quasi-periodic component is prominent, the impacts on the Mann-Kendall (M-K) and Thiel-Sen (T-S) trend tests could lead to a biased estimate and affect the prediction of future trends. This study performed the Thiel-Sen test on simulated time series of periodic components with and without trends as
well as real time series of climate and river discharge data with long records in the Canadian Prairies. The results of tests suggest that the T-S test is sensitive to the presence of oscillation of long term quasi-periodic components. Data record length, magnitude of cyclic components and phase
are the three most important factors affecting the M-K type of tests. The conclusion derived for the T-S test in this study can also be applied to the M-K test.
Paskapoo groundwater study part VII: Alberta groundwater wells data dictionary - a view to groundwater data modeling
Authors: Wozniak P R J
Published: January 2011

The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) under the Natural Resources Canada, Earth Sciences Sector Groundwater Program has evaluated key aquifers across Canada. The Paskapoo Aquifer System is one of the largest systems identified as a key aquifer in the country.
Data requirements to study this 66,768 km2 area went beyond the usual requirements of local scale aquifer studies and a relational database implementation (EarthFX Inc. 2005) of the Alberta Environment (AENV), Groundwater Information Center (GIC) water well database was used to facilitate analysis
of the required data. The data dictionaries in this report define the data that was received from AENV "as is" prior to being imported into the EarthFX data model. The Data Dictionary for the April 2003 release of the GIC database defines the data that was subsequently imported into the EarthFX
model and provides background information for how the data was interpreted and used in the study. The Data Dictionary for the May 2007 release of the GIC database is an accompanying standalone document that can be used as a guide for evaluating recent changes to the GIC database. The primary purpose
of the dictionaries is to help users interpret and understand the GIC data structure and its content for the purpose of extracting meaningful data that can be use for local and regional groundwater studies. Presenting the background information in the context of relational database concepts also
provides a view for future database modeling, storage, and management of the data.
Numerical modelling of seabed disturbance and sediment mobility, with applications to morphodynamics on the storm-dominated Sable Island Bank, Scotian Shelf
Authors: Li M Z , Zou Q , Hannah C , Perrie W , Prescott R , Toulany B
Published: January 2011

Waves, tidal currents, wind-driven and circulation currents, and sediment mobility were modelled for one full year over the storm-dominated Sable Island Bank (SIB), Scotian Shelf. The mean shear velocity of tidal current and that of the wind-driven and
circulation current are less than 2 cm/s, but the peak mean wave and combined wave-current shear velocities reach 4 and 4.5 cm/s respectively. Comparison between the model-predicted shear velocity and bedload threshold suggests that the circulation and wind-driven currents cause minimum sediment
mobility on SIB. Tidal current and waves can each cause sediment mobility at least once a year over 36% and 71% of the bank area respectively, while the combined wave-current shear can cause sediment mobility over 93% of the bank area. Calculated time percentages of sediment mobility
caused by various processes indicate that wave or wave-dominant disturbance is most important and occurs over >50% of the bank area, while mixed disturbance is also significant and occurs over ~ 30% of the bank area. Tide or tide-dominant disturbance occurs over only 10%
of the bank area. Several parameters are proposed as universal indices for quantifying seabed disturbance and sediment mobility for coastal and shelf environments.This distribution and mobility of various mid-sized bedforms were correlated with the seabed disturbance parameters. Updated bedform
distribution was compared with seabed disturbances predictions to define seven bedform zones on SIB.
Petroleum Resource Assessment, Paleozoic successions of the St. Lawrence Platform and Appalachians of eastern Canada
Authors: Lavoie D , Pinet N , Dietrich J , Hannigan P , Castonguay S , Hamblin A
P , Giles P
Published: January 2011

The Cambrian-Permian successions in eastern Canada belong to three tectonostratigraphic domains, 1) the autochthonous St. Lawrence Platform, underlain by Cambrian to Devonian (?) rocks which extends from southern Quebec to western Newfoundland, 2) the
Appalachians formed by Cambrian to Devonian rocks lying south and east of the St. Lawrence Platform and extending to the Atlantic Ocean, and 3) autochthonous Carboniferous to Permian rocks located offshore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and in the onshore surrounding areas. Each succession contains
unique source rock and reservoir units and specific trap types. Even though all of the basins contain producing or discovered hydrocarbon fields, there has been no recent evaluation of their ultimate oil and gas resource potential. A total of 15 conventional petroleum plays and 3 unconventional gas
plays have been recognized in Paleozoic strata. Two conventional plays are recognized in Quaternary sediments. Of the 15 conventional Paleozoic plays, 6 have sufficient exploration and/or production data or good analogues to formulate a full quantitative assessment. Of these 6 plays, 4 are assessed
for oil and gas potential, 1 for oil potential, and 1 for gas potential. Given the fact that a large number of conventional and all of the unconventional plays cannot be quantitatively assessed, the total resource presented herein is a minimum potential as evidence for hydrocarbon charge is
compelling in most of the qualitatively assessed plays. The assessed plays of the eastern Canada Paleozoic basins have a cumulative median (P50%) in-place potential of 1170*109 m3 (41 Tcf) of natural gas and 403*106 m3 (2.5 BBO) of oil. The Carboniferous Maritimes Basin accounts for
about 95% (1109*109 m3 or 39 Tcf) and 60% (235*106 m3 or 1.5 BBO) of the total gas and oil resource potential, respectively. The assessment results provide important new insights into the energy resource endowment of Paleozoic basins in eastern Canada. In particular, the assessment
results indicate Carboniferous basins have a large gas resource potential, much higher than previously estimated. Moreover, the preliminary estimates from the industry (not quantitatively evaluated in this report) of the shale gas potential in the Ordovician succession alone, is assumed to be over
40 Tcf. Our sincere thanks to Jim Dixon who reviewed the initial draft and made very useful comments and suggestions for improvement.
Thermal maturity of Cretaceous and Tertiary strata in the Itiginkpak F-29, Napartok M-01, Kurk M-15, Tuk B-02 and Tuk M-18 wells, Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin, Northwest Territories
Authors: Stasiuk L D , Issler D R , Dixon J , McNeil D H
Published: January 2011

Thermal maturity of Tertiary and Cretaceous strata has been assessed using random per cent vitrinite reflectance in oil (%RoR) and maceral VIS fluorescence for the Itiginkpak F-29, Napartok M-01, Kurk M-15, Tuk B-02 and Tuk M-18 wells, Beaufort Sea-Mackenzie
Delta area, Northwest Territories. In general, thermal maturity ranges from 0.15-0.30 %Ro near the surface to 0.60-0.70 %Ro at depths ranging from 1800 to 3200 m. Micro-spectrometry of visible light region fluorescence from liptinite macerals (sporinite and cutinite, dinoflagellates and
prasinophytes) equate very well with measured vitrinite reflectance values and thus thermal maturation levels. Extrapolation of vitrinite
reflectance-depth trends to assumed zero coalification (0.2 %Ro) gives pre-Pliocene erosion magnitudes of 2.8 km along the southern basin margin (Napartok M-01), 2.3 km near the southwest edge of Richards Island (Kurk M-15) and 0.6-0.7 km on Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula
(Tuk M-18 and B-02).
Drift isopach map, Sambaa K'e candidate protected area, Northwest Territories
Authors: Smith I R , Lesk-Winfield K
Published: January 2011

This publication presents a model of interpolated and minimum estimates of drift thickness overlying bedrock. Drift refers to all unconsolidated earth materials, and largely comprises glacial sediments of Late Wisconsinan age. Understanding the extent and
thickness of the regional drift cover is important to studies of landslides, hydrogeology, permafrost and massive ground ice distribution, and drift geochemical exploration.
Data used in the drift isopach model is principally derived from 31,171 seismic shothole drillers' logs (Smith et al., 2007; Smith and Lesk-Winfield, in press). These lithostratigraphic logs were created during geotechnical seismic exploration when holes were drilled to set explosive charges. A
secondary source of data, 121 points from Janicki's (2005) formation top well database, were also included, as were 33 data points from the borehole geotechnical database (Smith et al., 2005).
The Sambaa K'e Candidate Protected Area is characterized by thick (>14 m) drift mantling much of the upland region surrounding Trout Lake. The drift appears to be principally till, a heterogeneous mixture comprised of a matrix of clay and fine-silt, with minor sand,
enclosing a variable but minor amount of clast and boulder material. Many of the seismic shothole drillers' log records identify what are interpreted to be two till facies, similar to that observed by Smith in field studies in the adjoining areas of British Columbia and
Alberta; a lower "blue" till containing high percentages of locally quarried shale bedrock, and an upper "brown" till containing less shale and more far-travelled clastic sedimentary and Canadian-Shield igneous and metamorphic bedrock-derived sediments and clasts.
Drift thicknesses south of the Mackenzie River in the northeastern regions of the Candidate Protected Area are generally thinner (<8 m) and may relate to enhanced glacial entrainment of debris under compressive, southwestward-oriented flow during glacial advance. It is likely that this
area also underwent scouring by proglacial rivers along northeastward retreating ice margins during deglaciation.
Purpose: Produced as part of the Secure Canadian Energy Supply Program, Northern Energy Development - Mackenzie Valley Pipeline project and Program of Energy Research and Development (PERD) Pipelines Program 1.2.5Supplemental_Information: Database and GIS constructed from individual seismic shothole
drillers' records, formation top well log records, and geotechnical borehole log records providing lithostratigraphic information on shallow (~<20 m) unconsolidated drift materials and bedrock. Data extents through the southern Mackenzie corridor, NWT, covering parts or all of NTS
map areas 85D, 85E, 95A, 95B, 95G and 95H.
Surficial geology, Canim Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Plouffe A
Published: January 2011

The Canim Lake map area (92P/15) straddles the contact of three physiographic region of south-central British Columbia: the Fraser Plateau to the west, the Shuswap Highland southeast of Canim Lake and south of Canim River and the Quesnel Highland northeast of the
Canim Lake. The Fraser Plateau is a region of rolling topography with an average elevation of approximately 1200 m above sea level. The highlands represent uplifted and dissected plateaus. Most of the region drains to the east through Canim River which empties in Mahood Lake. This system is part of
the North Thompson River drainage. The region is predominantly underlain by till which consists of a poorly sorted diamicton with clasts of all size. Bedrock outcrops are rare and limited in extent. In some of the valleys, till is overlain by glaciofluvial sediments which were deposited in meltwater
streams at the end of the last glaciation. In places, till has been completely eroded by meltwater erosion. Glaciolacustrine sediments, deposited in glacial lakes which formed at the end of the last glaciation, were mapped in the Bridge Creek and Canim Lake valleys. Lacustrine sediments are present
at the periphery of modern lakes throughout the map area. These were deposited at a time when the lakes occupied a higher level. Modern streams sediments (alluvium) are present in extent large enough to be mapped in some of the valleys. Colluvial deposits are mapped on steep slopes throughout the
map area. Four large landslides have been mapped in the region: in the Canim River and Hendrix Creek valleys, two kilometres south of Hawkins Lake, and one kilometre southeast of McNeil Lake along the map boundary. During the last glaciation, probably at glacial maximum, ice was dominantly moving to
the south southwest as recorded by flutings, crag-and-tails, drumlins, and striations. Only west of Roger Lake was the ice moving to the south southeast. However, an earlier phase of ice flow to the west is recorded in the northwest sector of the map area in the region of Boomerang Lake. During
deglaciation, the eastward drainage through Canim River was dammed and a glacial lake developed in that valley and its tributaries.
Hydrostratigraphic model of the South Nation watershed region, south-eastern Ontario
Authors: Logan C , Cummings D I , Pullan S , Pugin A , Russell H A J , Sharpe D R
Published: January 2011

The files contained on this DVD comprise the digital release of the hydrostratigraphic model of the South Nation watershed region, south-eastern Ontario. The model was developed under the Geological Survey of Canada's Groundwater Program in collaboration with
partner agencies (e.g., South Nation Conservation Authority, Ontario Geological Survey, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources). The model consists of a series of gridded surfaces that define the top surfaces of 7 Quaternary stratigraphic units plus bedrock.
The modelled units are, stratigraphically from oldest to youngest: 1- Paleozoic bedrock, 2 - Sub-till sediment, 3 - Sandy-silt till, 4 - Glaciofluvial (esker) sediment, 5 - Basin mud, 6 - Basin sand, 7 - Organic deposits, 8 - Recent deposits. Each unit has a companion confidence map that is based on
the proximity to, and relative quality of data control points that were used to interpolate its surface. Archival borehole log data was interpreted and reclassified into a stratigraphic database format using a rule-based expert system. Stratigraphic database contacts were combined with digital
geologic map polygons using a 10 meter Digital Elevation Model as a common elevation standard. Surfaces were produced using Natural Neighbour interpolations in MapInfo Professional with Vertical Mapper(TM). Database management, data analysis and programming were completed using Microsoft Access 2003
and Visual Basic for Applications. Surfaces and confidence maps are viewable with MapInfo Proviewer available for free download (see http://www.pbinsight.com). For viewing the surfaces in other GIS software, including ArcGIS, GeoTIFF versions of each file are also provided.
Relevance of aeromagnetic data to revision of geological maps, Purcell Anticlinorium
Authors: Thomas M D , Brown D A
Published: January 2011

Regional aeromagnetic data provide one of the few data sets having adequate resolution and distribution to contribute to geological mapping at "conventional" scales such as 1:250,000 or 1:50,000. In southeastern British Columbia compilation of a block of 12
geological maps at a scale of 1:50,000 is presently being undertaken as part of the Targeted Geoscience Initiative Program. These cover a large segment of the Purcell anticlinorium between 49 and 50. The compilation incorporates information acquired principally from earlier government mapping
(generally at 1:50,000 scale), and by Teck Cominco Ltd. during an extended period of exploration for SEDEX deposits.
Aeromagnetic data contribute to the compilation by examination of correlations between geologically mapped units and magnetic signatures, and by providing detailed magnetic images where the terrain is poorly mapped. New geological information thus obtained can be integrated into the new maps.
Resolution is key to whether a magnetic data set can provide meaningful input into a geological map at a specific scale. About 25% of the compilation area is covered by high resolution aeromagnetic data (400 m line-spacing: 60 m flight elevation) yielding detailed images of the magnetic field
that in turn reveal fine details of the geology in three survey areas known as Findlay Creek, St. Mary River and Yahk, identified as areas 1, 2 and 3 in the figure to the left.
Lower resolution aeromagnetic data collected as part of Canada's National Aeromagnetic Mapping Program (805 m line-spacing, 305 m flight elevation) cover the entire area. Reprocessing of these data yields good quality magnetic images that can contribute to geological mapping, particularly when
derivative images are used. Both the high and low resolution magnetic data sets provide insight into different aspects of the geology, and also raise questions, which can only be answered by ground follow up.
Magnetic signatures reflect compositional zoning and marginal phases in various igneous intrusions, define unmapped faults, point to unmapped subunits within broader units, and indicate repositioning of certain geologically mapped contacts.
The Lower Triassic Shale member of the Montney Formation in the subsurface of northeast British Columbia
Authors: Dixon J
Published: January 2011

The Shale member of the Lower Triassic Montney Formation in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin is a potential shale gas reservoir, an energy resource proving to be a valuable addition to North America's energy requirements. It is present in west-central
Alberta and northeast British Columbia, although the most prospective areas for shale gas are in British Columbia where the Shale member is thickest. This study deals only with the British Columbia occurrence and isopach maps and correlated cross sections are the principle means of displaying the
data. Three informal units (Units I to III) are recognised within the Shale member, defined principally by gamma-ray log character and descriptions of well cutting samples. Rapidly alternating intervals of high-gamma-ray shale and silty-sandy beds characterize all three units, but the middle unit
(Unit II) tends to have fewer shale-rich intervals. BA Moberley 6-9-83-22W6 is used as a reference well for the three informal units.
Reconnaissance-level organic geochemical sampling indicates that the Shale member has good organic carbon content (up to 4% by weight - but potentially higher values can be expected) and in British Columbia tends to be in the mature to overmature oil zone. These conditions and the presence of
low permeability siltstone and very fine-grained sandstone make it a candidate for shale gas exploration.
Petrology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Musquodoboit E-23 well, Scotian Shelf
Authors: Pe-Piper G , MacKie H , Piper D J W
Published: January 2011

Large cuttings samples were collected from key horizons at the time of drilling the Musquodoboit E-23 well. Most of the samples studied in detail were from the Logan Canyon and Missisauga formations. Single-lithology chips were separated from these cuttings and
the samples that were large enough were analyzed geochemically for major and trace elements. Heavy minerals and lithic fragments were separated with tetrabromoethane and the compositions of heavy minerals including tourmaline, chromite and garnet were determined by electron microprobe.
Mudstone samples from the Logan Canyon and Missisauga formations are geochemically similar among themselves and resemble mudstones from the nearby Alma field. A muddy sandstone from the basal Banquereau Formation is geochemically distinct. The Logan Canyon and Upper Missisauga formations have a much
higher proportion of low-Mg tourmaline, characteristic of a granitic source, than the Middle Missisauga Formation, in which tourmaline of metamorphic origin predominates. The absence of low-Mg tourmaline in the Glenelg and North Triumph fields suggests that this mineral was supplied by a Chaswood
Formation river crossing central Nova Scotia from New Brunswick. Near the base of the Middle Missisauga Formation, many of the analyzed garnets closely match analyses from both the South Mountain batholith and Meguma Group metasedimentary rocks, but similar garnets are rare at higher stratigraphic
levels. Tremolite and low-Fe diopside are each present at two horizons in Musquodoboit E-23, but have not been recognised elsewhere in the Lower Cretaceous of the Scotian basin, from which we have more than 4000 electron microprobe analyses of detrital minerals. They are sourced from thermally
metamorphosed impure limestones, possibly from the inner Scotian Shelf. Lower Cretaceous sediments in Musquodoboit E-23 were supplied principally by a large Cabot Strait river that brought sediment to the entire Sable sub-basin. Detrital minerals provide some evidence for lesser local supply of
sediment from the rivers that deposited the Chaswood Formation of central Nova Scotia.
Metamorphic contrast across the Kettle River fault, southeastern British Columbia, with implications for magnitude of fault displacement
Authors: Cubley J F , Pattison D R M
Published: January 2011

The Grand Forks metamorphic core complex (GFC) in southeastern British Columbia consists of North American-affinity metasedimentary rocks metamorphosed at upper amphibolite to granulite facies. The complex is separated from upper-greenschist to lower-amphibolite
facies Quesnel Terrane lithologies by two north-south-trending Eocene normal faults: the Granby fault on the west and the Kettle River fault on the east. Estimates of metamorphic P-T conditions in the GFC and adjacent Quesnel Terrane rocks allow constraints on the metamorphic pressure contrast
across the Kettle River fault. The peak metamorphic mineral assemblage in the basal paragneiss unit of the Grand Forks Complex (garnet+cordierite+sillimanite+K feldspar) is estimated at 750 ± 20°C, 5.8 ± 0.6 kbar, and a low-pressure decompression metamorphic assemblage
(spinel+cordierite) is constrained at 725 ± 35°C, 3.2 ± 1.0 kbar. This high-temperature decompression occurred at least 9 Ma prior to movement on the Kettle River fault and preserves evidence for a high-temperature, ~2.6 kbar exhumation event in the Late Cretaceous-early
Paleocene. In the structural hanging wall, andalusite+cordierite-bearing siltstone in the contact aureole of the Jurassic Nelson granitoid suite was metamorphosed at 585 ± 60°C, and 2.5 ± 0.5 kbar. The resulting metamorphic pressure contrast across the Kettle River fault is
approximately 0.7 kbar (2.5 km), significantly less than that suggested by the large peak metamorphic contrast.
Geology, MAX Molybdenum Mine area (82K/12), British Columbia
Authors: Read P B , Psutka J F , Fyles J T , MacLeod R F
Published: January 2011

The MAX molybdenum Mine lies 4.5 km west of Trout Lake City in the Selkirk Mountains of southeastern British Columbia. The MAX molybdenum deposit lies within or close to biotite granodiorite of Trout Lake stock dated at 80 Ma. The stock intruded severely deformed
phyllite, siliceous phyllite, quartz metaa-grit, carbonate and mafic volcanic rocks of the Lardeau Group. The group bas undergone several phases of faulting, metamorphism and northwesterly trending coaxial folding. The first phase of folding and metamorphism of middle Paleozoic age are overprinted
or obliterated by an intense second phase of deformation and subsequent regional metamorphism of Middle Jurassic age. The folding resulted in a large northwesterly trending, second phase antiform exposed in the area mapped. Faulting along a northwesterly trend cuts rocks of the Lardeau Group into
slices about 600 metres wide. Later intrusion of Trout Lake stock and accompanying contact metamorphism forn1ed hornfels and diopside zones which overprint the earlier regional n1eta111orphis111. Presently known molybdenite mineralization lies within this zone. This study of regional structure and
metamorphism yields results with economic implications: 1. The diopside zone and nearby rocks of the tremolite zone are the best exploration target for further molybdenite mineralization. 2. The diopsicle zone crosses Z Fault and extends to the east. 3. Lack of the typical contact metamorphic rocks
northwest of Wilkie Creek, on the ground drilled by Arnax, indicates that this area is not favourable for molybdenite mineralization. 4. We did not substantiate the "silicified zone" in Wilkie Creek shown by Hill on his 1980 geological map. 5. The curviplanar shape of Z Fault suggests that its
motion is dominantly dip-slip.
Surficial geology, Mahood Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Huscroft C A
Published: January 2011

The Mahood Lake map area (92P/16) straddles the contact between the Shuswap and Quesnel highlands of south central British Columbia. It is a mountainous region with an average elevation above 1300 m above sea level. Part of the map area is located within the
Wells Gray Provincial Park. Most of the region drains to the east and south via Clearwater River which is a tributary of Thompson River to the south. The region is predominantly underlain by till which consists of a poorly sorted diamicton with clasts of all size. Bedrock exposures are large and
continuous on top of mountains and on certain hill sides. Till is overlain in places by glaciofluvial sediments which were deposited in meltwater streams at the end of the last glaciation. Glaciolacustrine sediments, deposited in glacial lakes which formed at the end of the last glaciation, were
only mapped within a meltwater channel north of Murtle River. Lacustrine sediments are present at the periphery of modern lakes. These were deposited at a time when the lakes occupied a higher level. Modern stream sediments (alluvium) are present in extent large enough to be mapped in some of the
valleys. Colluvial deposits are mapped on steep slopes and are predominantly present in the Mahood Lake and Clearwater River valleys. During the last glaciation, probably at glacial maximum, ice was dominantly moving to the south southeast as recorded by flutings, crag-and-tails and drumlins.
However, an earlier phase of ice flow to the west to southwest was recorded from the glacial striation record observed in adjacent map areas. The drumlins oriented south-westerly in the Pendleton Lake valley attest to this first phase of ice-flow. A number of landslides have been mapped in the
region indicating the potential for this natural hazard on some of the steep slopes.
Surficial geology, Lac La Hache, British Columbia
Authors: Plouffe A
Published: January 2011

The Lac la Hache map area (92P/14) dominantly lies within the Fraser Plateau physiographic region except for the valley of Lac la Hache which is part of the Fraser Basin. The Fraser Plateau is a region of rolling topography with an average elevation of
approximately 1200 m above sea level and the Fraser Basin is the dissected portion of the plateau. The Lac la Hache map area includes an important drainage divide. A large part of the map area drains to the west towards Lac la Hache which empties into San Jose River, a tributary of Fraser River. The
eastern sector of the map area drains to the east and is part of the North Thompson River drainage. The region is predominantly underlain by till which consists of a poorly sorted diamicton with clasts of all size. Bedrock outcrops are rare and limited in extent. In some of the valleys and the low
areas, till is overlain by glaciofluvial sediments which were deposited in meltwater streams at the end of the last glaciation. Glaciolacustrine sediments, deposited in glacial lakes which formed at the end of the last glaciation, were mapped in the Bridge Creek, Lac la Hache, and the upper Bradley
Creek valleys. Lacustrine sediments are present at the periphery of modern lakes throughout the map area. These were deposited at a time when the lakes occupied a higher level. Modern stream sediments (alluvium) are present in extent large enough to be mapped in some of the valleys. Colluvial
deposits are mapped on steep slopes throughout the map area. One large landslide was mapped approximately 5 km south of Spring Lake. During the last glaciation, probably at glacial maximum, ice was dominantly moving to the south southwest to southeast as recorded by flutings, crag-and-tails,
drumlins, and striations. However, an earlier phase of ice flow generally to the west is recorded by flutings southwest of Lang Lake, southeast of Rail Lake, and north of Timothy Lake. This first ice-movement is also recorded in the glacial striation record. During deglaciation, both the eastward
and westward drainages were blocked by ice and/or sediments which lead to the development of glacial lakes in the valleys. A large partly buried valley, probably related to a Tertiary drainage system, extends southeast from Lac la Hache. This valley was in part eroded by glacial meltwater and hence
is mapped as a large meltwater channel.
An empirical relation between present temperature and vitrinite reflectance for Cenozoic strata of the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin, Canada
Authors: Chen Z , Issler D R , Stasiuk L D
Published: January 2011

Percent vitrinite reflectance in oil (%VRo) and present temperature (T) data from selected petroleum exploration wells are analyzed and used to establish an empirical %VRo-T relationship for the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin. This report describes the
derivation of the empirical relationship and illustrates how it can be used to estimate the magnitude of sediment exhumation and assess whether sediments are currently at maximum temperature.
Surficial deposits, landforms, glacial history and potential for granular aggregate and frac sand: Maxhamish Lake map sheet (NTS 94O), British Columbia
Authors: Huntley D H , Hickin A S
Published: January 2011

As part of the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals Program Yukon and Liard Basin Project, the Geological Survey of Canada, in collaboration with the British Columbia Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources is working to provide an inventory of terrain,
landforms and geomorphic processes in the Maxhamish Lake map area (NTS 94O), British Columbia. This paper provides a preliminary interpretation of surficial geology from air photos, satellite imagery, field observations and digital elevation models; and provides new insight into the range of
subglacial processes, patterns of ice flow, deglacial history, and associated sedimentary environments associated with the Late Wisconsinan Laurentide Ice Sheet. Our work provides government agencies, industry and the public access to reliable geoscience information with respect to surficial earth
materials, geomorphic processes and the resource potential for granular aggregate and frac sand. The intent of this work is to attract new investment and reduce risks for exploration and development of natural resources in northern British Columbia.
Data processing and preliminary interpretation of the 2000 Southern Ontario Seismic (SOS) Project
Authors: Ouassaa K , Forsyth D , White D
Published: January 2011

In the summer of 2000, approximately 400 km of crustal seismic reflection data were acquired across parts of southern Ontario from the Ottawa Valley to north of Lake Erie. Nine profiles traversed parts of the exposed and covered Central Metasedimentary Belt of
the Grenville Province to provide constraints on Grenville crustal structure and the interaction of the Paleozoic sedimentary section with the underlying Precambrian basement. The seismic work complements the higher resolution southern Ontario aeromagnetic survey data acquired in 1999. Preliminary
interpretation of the seismic data reveal structure of the Grenville and Appalachian orogens. Paleozoic strata are thin or absent from Toronto to Ottawa, whereas north of Lake Erie, Paleozoic strata are ~1200 m thick and are characterized by reflections associated with the Silurian-Ordovician
transition (~425 m depth), the top of the Trenton Group (~950 m depth), the Trenton-Black River transition (~1075 m), and the Trenton-Cmbrian transition (~1200 m depth). The Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary zone is imaged as a shallowly east-dipping zone extending from the
near surface to ~8 s (24 km depth). Images of the Composite Arc Belt and the adjacent Composite Arc Belt boundary zone show shallow SE apparent dips from the near surface to ~4 s (12 km depth). Crustal thickness ranges across the area from a maximum of ~14 s (42 km) in the SW to
~12 s (36 km) in the NE.
Drift isopach, till isopach, and till facies reconstructions for Northwest Territories and northern Yukon
Authors: Smith I R , Lesk-Winfield K
Published: January 2011

Unconsolidated sediments, collectively referred to as "drift," blanket much of the terrain in the Mackenzie corridor, Mackenzie Delta and adjoining regions of petroleum exploration and development in Northwest Territories and northern Yukon. The drift cover is
dominantly till, but may also include significant regional and localized accumulations of glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine, and glaciomarine sediments as well as post-, and pre-glacial-aged fluvial, lacustrine and aeolian deposits. In places the drift cover can be 10s of metres thick. The
sedimentology, thickness, composition, and compaction of the drift cover fundamentally influence much of the biological, hydrological, permafrost, and geomorphic characteristics of the landscape. Understanding the drift cover is thus recognized as being a key component of infrastructure development
design and assessment, drift geochemical mineral and ore deposit exploration, and of particular relevance to all manner of ecological studies.This study principally uses seismic shothole drillers' logs (~275,000), collected during auger drilling of shotholes (10-40 m deep) to create cumulative
drift isopach (thickness) models and derivative till isopach models. Transparencies of these two isopach models, overlaid onto a digital elevation model, depict areas of both positive constructional relief, and areas where drift has infilled valleys and/or blanketed the underlying topography.
Differences and regional trends of drift and till thickness can be linked to compressional and extensional dynamics of glacial entrainment and deposition, and areas where glaciers impounded the regional drainage, into which sedimentation was focused.Further in aid of drift prospecting exploration,
this study presents an identification of different till facies. Understanding of till facies is important because different facies are associated with either changes in glacial flow direction, and hence, bedrock source material, or can be used to characterize tills comprised of more locally derived
bedrock material such as typically shale-rich basal "blue tills" found in the southeastern and central Mackenzie corridor, compared to overlying "brown tills" which are comprised of more far travelled, englacially transported Canadian Shield derived materials, deposited by deglacial lodgement and
meltout processes. Understanding which till is being sampled during surface sediment collection, and hence, which types and locations of bedrock the sediments have been derived from, is critically important to the interpretation of drift geochemical analytical results.
A non-linear fit to formation temperature profiles from petroleum exploration wells in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin, Canada
Authors: Chen Z , Issler D R , Hu K
Published: January 2011

Previous studies suggest that the temperature field in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin varies in response to transient geological processes and surface temperature forcings. A simple linear relationship between formation temperature and burial depth may not
adequately reflect the observed temperature variation with depth. Thus a non-linear model is used to characterize the temperature-depth relationship. Temperature data from drill stem test (DST) and borehole temperature (BHT) measurements in 228 petroleum exploration wells in the Beaufort-Mackenzie
Basin were analyzed and fitted to the proposed non-linear model. This report presents the non-linear model fitting and preliminary results of the data analysis.
The Geological Survey of Canada's Mountain Pine Beetle Project - airborne surveys
Authors: Haggart J W , Hutton C A , Pilkington M , Thomas M D
Published: January 2011

The Geological Survey of Canada hosted Geoscience Workshops in both Quesnel and Williams Lake, British Columbia, in mid-February 2009. These workshops were organized under the Mountain Pine Beetle program of Natural Resources Canada. Under this program, the
Geological Survey of Canada coordinated a geoscience project to assist with diversifying the forest-dependent economies of central British Columbia that have been most significantly impacted by the Mountain Pine Beetle infestation. During the course of the project, a significant amount of new
geoscience data and information was collected and distributed by the GSC and its partners in the British Columbia Provincial Government and Geoscience BC. This geoscience information is intended for use by the mineral and oil and gas exploration industries to help reduce their risk to explore for
resources in the region.
Approximately 20 of the local First Nations were invited to participate in a two-way educational dialogue aimed at better understanding the potential resources of the region. As the First Nations are primary partners with these industries, and responsible for much of the local land use and
planning, the workshops outlined the value, purpose, and uses of these publicly-available data sets.
The Geological Survey of Canada's Mountain Pine Beetle Project - ground surveys
Authors: Haggart J W , Hutton C A , Plouffe A , Spratt J
E , Craven J A , Cassidy J F
Published: January 2011

The Geological Survey of Canada hosted Geoscience Workshops in both Quesnel and Williams Lake, British Columbia, in mid-February 2009. These workshops were organized under the Mountain Pine Beetle program of Natural Resources Canada. Under this program, the
Geological Survey of Canada coordinated a geoscience project to assist with diversifying the forest-dependent economies of central British Columbia that have been most significantly impacted by the Mountain Pine Beetle infestation. During the course of the project, a significant amount of new
geoscience data and information was collected and distributed by the GSC and its partners in the British Columbia Provincial Government and Geoscience BC. This geoscience information is intended for use by the mineral and oil and gas exploration industries to help reduce their risk to explore for
resources in the region.
Approximately 20 of the local First Nations were invited to participate in a two-way educational dialogue aimed at better understanding the potential resources of the region. As the First Nations are primary partners with these industries, and responsible for much of the local land use and
planning, the workshops outlined the value, purpose, and uses of these publicly-available data sets.
Detailed outcrop measured sections of the St. Mary River and Willow Creek Formations in the foothills of southern Alberta
Authors: Hamblin A P
Published: January 2011

Since 2004, renewed interest in uranium exploration, spurred by a supply shortage and large increases in world price, has resulted in land-staking, prospecting, ground and airborne surveys and drilling in southern Alberta. Preliminary results demonstrated that
the St. Mary River and Willow Creek formations have characteristics similar to known sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in the US. Four outcrop measured sections (1 of St. Mary River Formation and 3 of Willow Creek Formation) are included here, and the facies present are described. The information
contained in this Open File adds further sedimentological particulars to our knowledge of those two stratigraphic units, which may harbour some uranium, shallow gas and groundwater potential.
Annotated bibliography of references relevant to tsunami hazard in Canada
Authors: Leonard L J , Rogers G C , Hyndman R D
Published: January 2011

An annotated bibliography of references relevant to tsunami hazard in Canada has been compiled. The bibliography lists published papers, books, monographs, theses, and readily available manuscript reports. Conference abstracts are generally included only when the
information is unavailable elsewhere. Each entry includes a bibliographic reference as well as either an abstract (where available), summary, conclusions, introduction, preface or contents. The bibliography consists of two main parts. The first part includes the results of a thorough literature
search for references pertaining directly to tsunami hazard in Canada. The references are arranged regionally, with different sections for Canada-wide references, and the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic coasts. Within each regional section, a list of general references is followed by more specific
sections, e.g., for the Pacific coast: earthquake-induced tsunamis, landslide-induced tsunamis, meteorological tsunamis, and Pacific far-field sources. In turn, each regional section may include sub-sections pertaining to studies of historical and/or potential future tsunamis. Part 2 of the
bibliography is a less exhaustive compilation of general tsunami references covering topics of tsunami science, tsunami hazard analysis, and studies of historical and pre-historic tsunamis from elsewhere in the world that may have relevance to studies of Canadian tsunamis.
Character and origin of thick sandstone bodies in the Middle Triassic Doig Formation of Western Canada
Authors: Dixon J
Published: January 2011

Within the Middle Triassic Doig Formation of western Canada there are thick sandstone bodies encased in muddier sediment, for which the name "anomalously thick sandstone bodies" (ATSBs) has been coined. Twenty years of investigating these thick sandstone bodies
has not resulted in a consensus but there are a number of common points between the various studies that may help formulate a reasonable hypothesis for their origin. Many authors have interpreted the facies within the sandstone bodies to be shoreface deposits, although incised-valley fills
(estuarine) and deltaic deposits also have been cited. Another common element is that the thick sandstone bodies were deposited during a transgressive-regressive period. The main point of contention is how these ATSBs relate to the adjacent strata, were they deposited contemporaneously or are they
younger? Abrupt basal contacts, apparently abrupt lateral contacts, and stratigraphic relationships favour the sandstone bodies to be post-mudstone deposits, formed during late regression. If they are post-mudstone deposits how can an isolated, thick sandstone body be produced? A number of authors
have suggested that the ATSBs were deposited in structurally created depressions (slumps or growth fault grabens), accounting for the thickness, isolation, abrupt appearance, and variable shapes and sizes. Based on the data produced to date the most probable explanation for the origin of the ATSBs
is that during late regression slumps and/or growth fault grabens formed on a muddy, pre-existing shelf and were filled by sandy sediment. Initial deposits are commonly debris-flow and/or slump deposits that filled in the deeper parts of the depression. As the depression filled, sediment entered
wave and current influenced water depths and more typical shoreface deposits began to form. As regression proceeded some of these sandstone bodies were truncated by a regressive surface of marine erosion curtailing deposition within the depressions. Finally, base-level rise initiated transgression
and all ATSBs and adjacent sediment are capped by a thin veneer of transgressive sediment.
Analysis of Well Logs from the Nechako Basin
Authors: Mwenifumbo C J , Mwenifumbo A L
Published: January 2011

Physical rock properties from wireline logs acquired in several wells that intersect volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the Nechako Basin have been compiled. Different rock types can be classified based on their distinct geophysical rock property characteristics.
Porosity, resistivity, density, compressional velocities and acoustic impedance of volcanic rocks are distinctly different from those of sedimentary rocks suggesting that they can be successfully imaged by geophysical techniques such as seismic, magnetotelluric and gravity.
Empirical relationships between porosity, resistivity, density and compressional velocities were established. These relationships provide a means of comparing models from datasets acquired from surface seismic, magnetotellurics and gravity measurements.