bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Meaning Of Weapon Lexicons In Arabic Proverbs
Authors: Adnan Muhammad Muzaki , Masyitoh Siti , Odang Odang
Published: July 2021

This research studied the use of weapon lexicons in Arabic Proverbs (AP). The discussion aims to find the meaning interpretations of the use of weapon lexicons in AP and the moral messages reflected in there. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. The data collection was carried out by the observation method with note-taking technique. The data is obtained from the Mahfuzat Arabic Proverbs Dictionary. The results showed that there were three types of weapon used in AP, there are sword (As-saif, As-sharim), arrow (As-Sahmu, Al-Kana’in), and spear (al-Asnah). The figurative meaning of the weapon lexicons is a reflection of Arabic culture that likes to fight - in ancient times -. The moral messages contained in the AP with the weapon lexicons are 1) utilizing the time; 2) keeping the words; 3) be alert; 4) introspection; 5) creative thinking.
Virgem, heroica e mártir: análise de um modelo de santidade feminina a partir do caso de Albertina Berkenbrock (Santa Catarina, 1952-1959)
Authors: Noll da Silva Kelly Caroline
Published: July 2021

O presente artigo objetiva analisar a construção de um modelo de santidade feminina atribuído pela Igreja Católica a partir da história de vida, morte e martírio de Albertina Berkenbrock. A menina, assassinada em 1931 após tentativa de estupro no município de Imaruí/SC, ficou conhecida em 1952 quando a Igreja abriu o pedido de sua beatificação. O jornal O Apóstolo atuou substancialmente para a difusão de discursos que colocavam Albertina enquanto exemplo de santidade feminina. Assim, entende-se que os adjetivos empregados a ela contribuíram para legitimar um modelo de santidade na sua personalidade e para a afirmação de que o fato de resistir à violência sexual caracterizaria-se como o seu grande ato heroico, base para o andamento do processo de beatificação.
Mean body weight, height, waist circumference, and body mass index among children and adolescents : United States, 1999–2018
Authors:   National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), Fryar Cheryl D. , Kruszon-Moran Deanna , Gu Qiuping , Carroll Margaret , Ogden Cynthia L.
Published: July 2021

This report presents trends in mean weight, recumbent length, height, waist circumference, and body mass index among children and adolescents in the United States from 1999 through 2018.
“Vocal Form” as a Music-Phonetic Speech Genre: Aspects of Study
Authors: Veličkova Ludmila , Petročenko Elena
Published: July 2021

Vocal music is a form of existence and realization of a language. Primarily, it is oral speech of a specific type. Prosodic features of vocal music, as well as its rhythm and intonation, are formed as a result of direct music-language interaction. Therefore, intonational language-music correlation provides possibility of linguistic description of national vocal music and confirms the necessity to develop theoretical foundation for studying this issue. We consider vocal speech of any genre (song, aria or choral singing) in view of its prosodic features. Correspondingly, we consider intonational realization of a vocal text as related to distinctive features of intonation within phonetic system of a given language. In the present article, the authors term vocal-music speech phenomenon as a vocal form of a language, and specify the rationale that it could be related to elements of various levels of oral text. Several aspects of the vocal form are defined, namely phonatory, phonetic, rhythmic and intonational, and considered in the following branches of linguistics: phonostylistics, intonology and speech studies. The paper presents the concept of vocal form of a language within the research prospect. According to structure-based phonological approach, the vocal form as a music-language object is interpreted as a system component, its elements being defined as language units.
Tropofigures as New Realities of Texts in Modern Political Communication
Authors: Bozhenkova Natalya , Kalichkina Tamara , Panteleeva Aleksandra
Published: July 2021

The article examines the mechanisms of organizing verbal constructs that manifest the linguopragmatic structure of texts in modern Russian political communication. A special class of figurative means of political language stands out – tropofigures. Tropofigures include irony and parcelling, which are characterized, on the one hand, by formal-semantic ambivalence and, on the other hand, by an apparent idiostylistic touch. The proposed methodological framework of the study aimed at the identification and systematic characterization of the categorical features of these synergetic linguistic signs, facilitated the description of the ways of their exemplification in political interactions. The authors established that the tropofigures of irony and parcelling ornamentally form the antinomy of the identity / non-identity of the sign and the object (semasiological discrepancy between the logical and grammatical organization of the syntagma). The tropofigures not only organize the expressive-pragmatic center of political discursive practice but also fulfill the function of a verbal marker of the cognitive mechanisms of text formation, which allow the participant to present their communicative goal setting in a certain way. The authors emphasized that the tropofigures of irony and parcelling are transformed from means of enhancing expressiveness into markers of the idiomental process and set a different social perception. The results of the linguistic rhetorical research indicate new mechanisms of convergence / divergence of semantic constructs in various political interactions and, as a result, linguocultural "reaccentuation" of sign-symbolic and axiological constituents of the political institution in the modern Russian-speaking space.
Texts of Natural Written Speech as an Object of Genre Analysis: The Problem of Method
Authors: Tyukaeva Nadezhda , Brinev Konstantin
Published: July 2021

The article defines the methodological problems of constructing a model of the speech genre and suggests the way of solving them. The existing models of Text – Text components – Genre type are recognized as the main tool for the study and description of speech genres. It is argued that the speech genre description methodology in modern linguistics should be focused on the ideas of systematic construction. The principles of text analysis in the aspect of speech genre studies are determined and some errors of scientifically employed approaches are identified. The elimination of these errors will allow genre studies to shift to a new methodological principle of constructing a genre model that has a diagnostic potential. The current problematic issues of genre studies are formulated. As a productive technology for describing a speech genre, we propose a universal method of functional modelling, which will enable designing genres and their modules on the basis of regularity, obligation, and oppositional character. In order to solve the problem of genre description in the attributive aspect, that is, to determine its units, it is productive to analyze the genre applying the so-called communicative semiotic model, as well as the method of transformational-and-oppositional analysis. The proposed principle of genre description is postulated as a method of objective modelling. Thus, within the framework of this study, the analysis of the theoretical problems of modern genre studies is carried out, the objectives of speech genres investigation are formulated and the approaches to their achieving are presented in an overview.
A Case of Digital Intraosseous Epidermoid Inclusion Cyst of the Distal Phalanx
Authors: Hwang Seong-Wook
Published: July 2021

Intraosseous epidermoid inclusion cyst is a very rare cystic lesion of the bone, that has been reported primarily in middle-aged men. A congenital etiology has been proposed, although post-traumatic or iatrogenic events remain the most prevalent hypotheses. A 61-year-old woman visited Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital complaining of painful swelling of her right middle finger. Radiologic findings of the lesion showed a well-defined, lytic, expansile lesion originating at the tip of the distal phalanx. Preoperative imaging suggested benign cartilage tumors such as enchondroma or acute osteomyelitis. Intralesional curettage, culture, and biopsy were performed. Histopathological analysis demonstrated stratified squamous epithelium with keratinized cellular debris, consistent with a diagnosis of digital intraosseous epidermoid inclusion cyst. We present a case of an epidermoid inclusion cyst originating at the tip of the distal phalanx of the right middle finger.
Low COVID-19 vaccination coverage and high COVID-19 mortality rates in Brazilian elderly
Authors: Kupek Emil
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the relation between COVID-19 vaccine coverage and COVID-19-related mortality by age groups in Brazil in 2021. Methods: Secondary data on COVID-19 deaths and vaccination coverage were retrieved to investigate COVID-19 mortality rate (MR) evolution as the vaccination against COVID-19 advanced in Brazil in 2021. Poisson regression with adjustment for age and Brazilian states was used to calculate the MR. Results: By mid-April 2021, MR increased 2 – 3 times compared with the already high level in January for people aged 60 years or older, reaching the highest epidemic level of 5 – 15 per 100,000 inhabitants in this age group. Despite the following decline trend, by the end of May, the MR level was still about 50% and 80% higher for the age groups of 40 – 79 years and 80 years or older. The coverage concerning the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine reached 80% for people aged 60 – 69 years and exceeded 95% for those aged 70 years or older, but the second dose was only given to 26, 76 and 64% of the age groups of 60 – 69, 70 – 79, and 80 years or older, respectively. The age-standardized average MR over the study period was the highest in northern Brazilian states of Rondônia, Amazonas, Acre, and Roraima (range 6-8.4 per 100,000 inhabitants). Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccination coverage was below the level necessary to protect Brazilians from rising MR between January and May 2021. Urgent measures are necessary to increase the vaccine supply and the adherence to non-pharmacological protective measures.
Comunicação clínica no internato: habilidade em interface com o currículo integrado e orientado por competência
Authors: Lima Ana Glaucia Paulino , Pio Danielle Abdel Massih , Nonato Ana Carolina , Chirelli Mara Quaglio , Bettini Roseli Vernasque
Published: July 2021

Abstract: Introduction: Clinical Communication is an instrument for interaction between professionals and between them and users, being extremely important to ensure integral care. The complexity of the users’ biopsychosocial demands must be understood and worked through skills developed beyond the technical and biomedical knowledge, including a more extensive training in relation to the human being. In the curriculum of a medical school institution in the interior of São Paulo, Clinical Communication is a skill expected of the student in all undergraduate scenarios. During medical internship, it is important that communication practice be developed in an integrated fashion, considering the biopsychosocial aspects of the subject under care; however, the literature demonstrates that this skill is superficially explored in training, causing difficulty for its effectiveness. Thus, it can be assumed that there are different understandings about the concept of Clinical Communication and its theoretical-practical articulation between teachers and students, being necessary to analyze this educational process during internship. Objective: Thus, the objective was to question how teachers and students from a medical course internship understand the teaching-learning aspects about Clinical Communication in an integrated and competence-based curriculum. Method: This was a qualitative study, which included eleven 5th-year medical students, twelve 6th-year medical students and nine internship teachers. The interviews were semi-directed and carried out based on an interview script, which were later transcribed and submitted to the analysis of content, thematic modality. Results: Three categories emerged from the concepts and characteristics of the topics “Clinical Communication” and “Curriculum”: 1) What involves clinical communication; 2) Development of clinical communication during the undergraduate course and 3) Proposals for the training of internship students and teachers. It was observed that the participants understood the concept of Clinical Communication and its importance for the students’ training, but also that it is difficult to develop this training due to the lack of knowledge about the curriculum, student work overload and teacher devaluation. Conclusion: The study considers the development of Clinical Communication skills of internship students and the possibilities for reflection on gaps mentioned by students and teachers.
A micro study on centrifuge model test of dynamic compaction using discrete-element method
Authors: Li Yuqi , Zhang Junhao , Chen Jun , Chen Xiaohui , Zhang Wenjie
Published: July 2021

Using the discrete-element method (DEM), a numerical simulation of dynamic compaction (DC) under an acceleration field of 50g was used to study the microscopic behaviours and macroscopic responses of soils under DC on the basis of a centrifuge model test of DC. The crater depth of the numerical simulation was compared with that of the centrifuge model test and field test. The results showed that the crater depth of the numerical simulation was in reasonable agreement with that of the centrifuge model test and a field test. Microscopic behaviours and macroscopic responses of soils under DC can thus be simulated using DEM by applying a centrifugal force field. Variations of dynamic stress, porosity and coordination number under DC were analysed. The effect of local damping on crater depth was also assessed. This study sheds light on the microscopic mechanism of DC, which should be helpful for improving the effect of DC.
Elimination of wetting study flaws in unsaturated vapors based on Laplace fit parameters
Authors: Chulkova Elizaveta V , Emelyanenko Kirill A , Emelyanenko Alexandre M , Boinovich Ludmila B
Published: July 2021

Performing digital video image processing of sessile droplets and Laplace fit optimization is one of the most widely used modern techniques to measure the contact angle. The attractive feature of this approach is related to the possibility of simultaneous determination of numerous droplet parameters, such as contact angles, droplet surface tension, droplet surface area and droplet volume. However, lately in the literature, the analysis of the droplet shape is usually restricted by the contact angle determination, and the experiments are performed under open atmospheric conditions without simultaneous monitoring of the other droplet parameters. In this brief note, it is shown how wettability measurements under conditions of undersaturated water vapor affect the observed water droplet parameters.
General free-flow discharge equation for Parshall flumes
Authors: Vatankhah Ali R.
Published: July 2021

Standard Parshall flumes are widely used as in-line flow measurement structures in open channels and irrigation projects. The calibration of flow measurement structures is an important issue in practical applications. At present, free-flow Parshall flumes have separate empirical discharge equations for each nominal flume size, ranging from 1 inch to 50 ft (0.0254–15.24 m). In this study, using dimensional analysis and 420 data points generated from the original rating equations of 21 standard Parshall flume sizes, different dimensionally homogeneous equations were developed to calculate discharge values in Parshall flumes. The results showed that the throat width, the contraction ratio and the Reynolds number are key parameters for deducing a generic discharge equation. A general calibration discharge equation was developed for free-flow conditions for any Parshall flume in the range of 21 standard sizes and a specified contraction ratio of 0.15–0.82 according to the original design criteria. The proposed equation also enables computation of the discharge of Parshall flumes with custom and intermediate sizes. Compared with the original values, the average error in the discharges estimated using the proposed unified discharge equation for all flume sizes was found to be 0.95%.
Investigating the relationship between the river flow and dissolved solids concentration
Authors: Zaghiyan Mohammad Reza , Ketabchi Hamed
Published: July 2021

A systematic approach was used on monthly data from three hydrometric stations located on the Gheshlagh River (west of Iran) to investigate the flow–concentration relationship and for river base flow analysis. According to the results of this study, the water quality of the Gheshlagh River has been affected by changes in river flow as well as human activities. Using the analysis of flow–concentration relationships obtained for Khalife Tarkhan station, the higher concentration of dissolved solids in groundwater (with a base flow rate from 0.1 to 0.7 m3/s) rather than surface runoff was estimated. Also, in this station, with the increase of river flow and improvement of river self-purification capacity, water quality parameters showed a decreasing trend compared to the groundwater. In Hossein Abad's upstream station, due to low average river flow and discharge of saline drainage from agricultural lands, an increasing trend in the dissolved solids both for groundwater and surface runoff was shown. The trend of spatial changes in river water quality also indicates the high impact of human activities such as fish farms and wastewater discharge of Sanandaj wastewater treatment plant, on increasing the concentration of dissolved solids in Dareh Kolleh downstream station.
Chronic lateral ankle instability: a current concepts review
Authors: Mayet Ziyaad , Ferrao Paulo NF , Saragas Nikiforos Ρ , Paterson Richard , Magobotha Sebastian KM , Alexander Alwich , Eshragi Hooman , Ittehadi Hossein , Khademi Mohammed A , Mehtar Mohammed , Tladi Makgabo J , Workman Matthew
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT Injuries to the lateral ankle ligaments are quite common, with a reported incidence of up to 22% of all sports injuries, and 85% of all ankle sprains. Most of these are effectively managed using nonoperative measures in the acute setting. Approximately 20% of patients will, however, develop chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). Although the anatomy and biomechanics are well documented, more recently, the concepts of the lateral talofibular calcaneal ligament (LTFCL) and microinstability have been described. For those who develop CLAI, a full assessment is mandatory to not only search for correctable risk factors (malalignment), but also to differentiate between functional and mechanical instability. Associated injuries need to be excluded, such as osteochondral lesions of the talus. Rotational ankle instability is a new concept that needs to be considered. Patients who present with CLAI are initially managed conservatively in the form of functional rehabilitation. This management is especially effective in patients with functional instability. Surgery is generally indicated after failed conservative management in patients with objective mechanical instability. The elite athlete is a relative indication to performing surgery early. The choice of surgical procedure is made on an individualised basis, although open anatomical procedures remain the gold standard. Non-anatomical procedures are no longer recommended. Newer minimally invasive and endoscopic techniques show promise in experienced hands but there is only limited evidence to support its use at present. The use of a suture tape as an augment is reserved for specific indications and should not be used routinely. Level of evidence: Level 5 Keywords: chronic lateral ankle instability, ATFL, CFL, functional rehabilitation, Broström, surgical procedures for lateral ankle ligaments
The geometric axial surface profiles of granular flows in rotating drums
Authors: Ahmed Elbasher M.E. , Govender I , Mainza A.
Published: July 2021

A mechanistic description of axial segregation in rotating drum flows remains an open question. Consequently, optimal mixing of grinding balls and rocks for efficient breakage, maximum production of fines, and slurry transport is seldom achieved. Experimental and numerical studies of granular mixtures in rotating drums identify alternating axial bands that eventually coarsen in the long-term limit. Most models of axial segregation are limited to binary mixtures and cannot always predict the logarithmic coarsening effects observed experimentally. A key missing factor is a robust description of the axial free surface profile that is valid across a wide range of flow regimes. We present a practical model of the axial free surface profile by linking it to readily-derived geometric features of the cross-sectional S-shaped free surface profile. A parametric study shows good agreement with experimental measurements reported in the literature and heuristically valid trends.
Characterization of additively manufactured AlSilOMg cubes with different porosities
Authors: Taute C. , Möller H. , du Plessis A. , Tshibalanganda M. , Leary M.
Published: July 2021

Additive manufacturing can be used to produce complex and custom geometries, consolidating different parts into one, which in turn reduces the required number of assemblies and allows distributed manufacturing with short lead times. Defects, such as porosity and surface roughness, associated with parts manufactured by laser powder bed fusion, can severely limit industrial application. The effect these defects have on corrosion and hence long-term structural integrity must also be taken into consideration. The aim of this paper is to report on the characterization of porosity in samples produced by laser powder bed fusion, with the differences in porosity induced by changes in the process parameters. The alloy used in this investigation is AlSi10Mg, which is widely used in the aerospace and automotive industries. The sample characteristics, obtained by X-ray tomography, are reported. The design and production of additively manufactured parts can be improved when these defects are better understood.
The crack growth resistance behaviour of aluminium alloy 2024-T3 at slow strain rates after exposure to standard corrosive environments
Authors: Pretorius C.C. , Mostert R.J. , Ramjee S.
Published: July 2021

The study investigates the effect of prior corrosive exposure on crack growth resistance behaviour of thin sheet (3 mm thick) aluminium alloy 2024-T3 at slow strain rates. Compact tension specimens were exposed to standard corrosive environments that simulate accelerated atmospheric corrosion attack. TWo corrosive environments were considered - an exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) solution and a 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution. The unloading compliance R-curves of the two-hour EXCO-exposed specimens revealed a significant degradation of approximately 11% in the crack growth resistance behaviour (Kcevalues) compared to the baseline (air-exposed) values. Furthermore, secondary intergranular crack formation was also revealed in the plastic zone ahead of, and adjacent to, the crack tip of these specimens; which formed during the crack growth resistance loading. It is postulated that the observed degradation of the Kce values of the EXCO-exposed material is due to hydrogen embrittlement since the exposure times for the EXCO evaluation were limited to ensure that uniform corrosion dominated; that is, significant penetration of corrosion damage and pitting due to localized corrosive attack did not occur. The sodium chloride-exposed specimens revealed a similar degradation (13%) after 24 hours exposure. However, slight intergranular corrosive attack and isolated pitting were observed on the exposed surfaces prior to crack growth resistance loading, resulting in notch effects that could assist in crack growth. Pitting and intergranular corrosion were, however, not observed at the pre-crack tip. The relative contributions of the notch effects and the hydrogen embrittlement during the degradation of the KR performance are, therefore, unclear.
Evaluation of spheroidized tungsten carbide powder produced by induction plasma melting
Authors: Dire R.M. , Bissett H. , Delport D. , Premla K.
Published: July 2021

Tungsten carbide is a fine grey powder. It can be formed into shapes by compacting with the addition of a binder. Spherical particles are generally preferred in additive manufacturing as they pack together more efficiently than non-spherical particles, promoting a uniform powder bed density, better flowability, and elimination of internal cavities and fractures, resulting in a better quality of final product. The particle shape of powders can be transformed into spherical through the process of spheroidization. However, due to its high melting point, tungsten carbide could be difficult to spheroidize. Tungsten carbide was spheroidized using an inductively coupled radio frequency plasma at various plate powers between 9 and 15 kW. The influence of additional H2 in the sheath gas on the chemical composition of the tungsten carbide product was also investigated by means of XRD, which indicated that WC is converted to W2C at higher H2 concentrations. Optical analysis of SEM micrographs indicated that the spheroidization ratio increased with increased plasma energy.
Transfer learning en la clasificación binaria de imágenes térmicas
Authors: Pérez-Aguilar Daniel Alexis , Risco-Ramos Redy Henry , Casaverde-Pacherrez Luis
Published: July 2021

La clasificación de imágenes térmicas es un aspecto clave en el sector industrial, debido a que suele ser el punto de partida en la detección de fallos en equipos eléctricos. En algunos casos, esta tarea se automatiza mediante el uso de técnicas tradicionales de inteligencia artificial, mientras que en otros, es realizada de manera manual, lo cual puede traer consigo altas tasas de error humano. Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo entre once arquitecturas de transfer learning (AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19, ResNet, DenseNet, MobileNet v2, GoogLeNet, ResNeXt, Wide ResNet, MNASNet y ShuffleNet) mediante el uso de fine-tuning, con la finalidad de realizar una clasificación binaria de imágenes térmicas en una red de distribución eléctrica. Para ello, se dispone de una base de datos con 815 imágenes, divididas mediante la técnica tipo hold-out 60-20-20 y validación cruzada con 5-folds, para finalmente analizar su rendimiento mediante el test de Friedman. Luego de los experimentos, se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios con exactitudes superiores a 85 % en diez de las arquitecturas previamente entrenadas. Sin embargo, la arquitectura que no se entrenó previamente presentó una exactitud baja; concluyéndose que la aplicación de transfer learning mediante el uso de arquitecturas previamente entrenadas es un mecanismo adecuado en la clasificación de este tipo de imágenes, y representa una alternativa confiable frente a técnicas tradicionales de inteligencia artificial.
Influence of homogenization preceding to cold-rolling on the microstructure of the AA-3003
Authors: Aparicio-Carrillo Gennifer , Ciaccia-Sortino Marco , Jerez G. Ricardo
Published: July 2021

The aluminum alloy AA3003 produced by a direct chill continuous casting process has a microstructure that significantly affects its potential use in engineering applications. This work studies the effects of the homogenizing heat treatment on the microstructure of AA3003 with cold working. Six conditions were studied, combining the variables initial condition (with and without homogenizing) and amount of cold working. All conditions were evaluated by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy, in combination with backscattered electrons and energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy techniques. Results suggest that for both initial conditions, the secondary phases present are Al6(Mn,Fe) and α-Al(Mn,Fe)Si, which vary in number, size, and shape. The homogenization caused the dissolution and precipitation of dispersoids, in addition to the spheroidization of primary particles, and minor variation of the size of secondary particles during cold working. Secondary phases are composed of primary and secondary particles, which differ in their Fe and Mn content, resulting in a lower Mn/Fe ratio for the primary particles (0,57 for the as‑received condition and 0,80 for the homogenized condition), whereas the dispersoids have a higher Mn/Fe ratio (1,56 after the homogenization). Homogenization increased ductility and reduced the likelihood of cracking during cold working. This was evidenced by the results obtained for strength, hardness, and ductility.
Punitivismo, legislación de urgencia y pandemia en Uruguay: Los atajos del autoritarismo contra el estado de derecho
Authors: Silva Forné Diego
Published: July 2021

A través de un procedimiento legislativo anómalo y en medio de una emergencia sanitaria, se aprobó en Uruguay una extensa ley conteniendo numerosas disposiciones de corte represivo, con impacto sobre todo el sistema penal. Se ponen en juego diversos derechos fundamentales y garantías, se incrementan las potestades del aparato policial y se abre la puerta a un crecimiento de la población penitenciaria sin precedentes, incurriendo a su vez en diversas inconstitucionalidades de fondo y de forma, socavando el Estado de Derecho. El análisis devela un caso de desnaturalización de institutos constitucionales -práctica que, a través de distintas formas, se ha extendido en nuestro Continente- utilizado aquí con fines punitivistas.
La competencia digital en el aula senegalesa de español como lengua extranjera
Authors: Ousseynou Sylla , Alfonzo de Tovar Isabel Cristina
Published: July 2021

Senegal es un país subsahariano que desde hace unos años ha implantado la enseñanza de español como LE, sin embargo, no ha podido desarrollarse, de forma efectiva, debido al analfabetismo tecnológico reflejado en los índices de competencia digital. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la competencia digital docente en la enseñanza del español en el país africano para identificar la brecha digital existente y cómo se incrementaría su riesgo de exclusión digital. Asimismo, intenta proponer herramientas digitales didácticas, es decir, ofrece una propuesta innovadora que promueve el uso de las nuevas tecnologías en la didáctica del español en Senegal. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, se trata de una investigación mixta cuali-cuantitativa basada en el Marco Común de competencia digital docente y el cuestionario diseñado por la Universidad de La Rioja para el análisis de competencias digitales docentes. Como muestra se han seleccionado docentes y estudiantes de español con lengua extranjera de la Universidad Gaston Berger en Senegal. Los resultados obtenidos indican que existe una disparidad en las competencias digitales, lo que promueve una brecha digital e incrementa su riesgo de exclusión digital. Por tanto, esta investigación intenta contribuir con el desarrollo de la competencia digital en las universidades senegalesas con el fin de mejorar la enseñanza del español y el desarrollo de competencias digitales.
Isolation of nuclei from frozen human skeletal muscle for single nucleus RNA and chromatin assays v1
Authors: H Diep Dinh , R.s. Hocker James , Preissl Sebastian
Published: July 2021

This protocol was adapted for the isolation of single nuclei from frozen skeletal muscle tissues for molecular characterization with the SNARE-seq2 assay. References: (1) Preissl et al (2015). Circulation Research. Doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306337 (2) Hocker et al (2021). Science Advances. Doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abf1444
Post-covid-19 neurological syndromes
Authors: Belopasov Vladimir V. , Zhuravleva Ekaterina N. , Nugmanova Natalia P. , Abdrashitova Adela T.
Published: July 2021

The article highlights the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations of lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system that have arisen or persist in patients in the postcoid period (Long-COVID-19). Their correct assessment, the use of effective methods of complex treatment, targeted neurorehabilitation contribute to the reversibility of functional disorders, prevention, reduction of disability, improvement of quality of life indicators, prevention of the progression of cognitive, emotional, behavioral disorders initiated by SARS-CoV-2.
Earthquake prediction—1982 overview
Authors: Allen Clarence R.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Short-term earthquake prediction represents a more difficult scientific problem than most of us thought 5 yr ago when the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program commenced, and our progress has not been as rapid as initially hoped. At this point, reasons can be cited for both encouragement and discouragement. Despite slow progress, the goal of short-term prediction remains realistic, and research should continue vigorously, albeit with some changes in scientific strategy. In contrast, progress in long-term prediction and hazard evaluation has been far more rapid than initially envisaged.
A theoretical study of the radiation from small strikeslip earthquakes at close distances
Authors: Campillo Michel , Bouchon Michel
Published: July 2021

abstract

We present a study of the seismic radiation of a physically realistic source model—the circular crack model of Madariaga—at close distance range and for vertically heterogeneous crustal structures. We use this model to represent the source of small strike-slip earthquakes. We show that the characteristics of the radiated seismic spectra, like the corner frequency, are strongly affected by the presence of the free surface and by crustal layering, and that they can be considerably different from the ones of the homogeneous-medium far-field solution. The vertical and radial displacement spectra are the most strongly affected. We use this source model to calculate the decay of peak ground velocity with epicentral distance and source depth for small strike-slip earthquakes in California. For distances between 10 and 80 km, the peak horizontal velocity decay is of the form r−1.25 for a 4-km hypocentral depth and r−1.65 for deeper sources. The predominance of supercritically reflected arrivals beyond epicentral distances of 70 to 80 km produces a sharp change in the rate of decay of the ground motion. For most of the cases considered, the peak ground velocity increases between 80 and 100 km. We also show that the S-wave velocity in the source layer is the lower limit of phase velocities associated with significant ground motion.
Modeling some empirical vertical componentLgrelations
Authors: Herrmann Robert B. , Kijko Andrzej
Published: July 2021

abstract

Higher mode surface wave theory is used to model the vertical component Lg wave observed in eastern North America at regional distances. Tests of the model are made to determine whether it is capable of describing empirical spectral scaling laws, spatial attenuation, and peak time domain Lg amplitudes. It is found that a simple crustal model and a rough estimate of crustal Qβ are all that are required to accomplish this. Good results are obtained if the average crustal Qβ is equated to the coda Q of the same frequency.
The near-source ground motion of the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake, California, earthquake
Authors: Liu Hsui-Lin , Helmberger Donald V.
Published: July 2021

abstract

A finite fault striking N24°W and extending to a depth of 10 km is proposed to explain the strong ground motion data for the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake, California, earthquake (ML = 5.9). Our source model suggests that right-lateral faulting initiated at a depth of 8 km and ruptured toward the south with a velocity of 2.8 km/sec. This unilateral rupture can explain the large displacement recorded south of the epicenter. However, the waveform coherency across an array south and southwest of the epicenter suggests that the rupture length is less than 6 km. The maximum dislocation is about 120 cm in a small area near the hypocenter, and the total moment is estimated to be 3.5 ×1024 dyne-cm. An abrupt stopping phase which corresponds to a deceleration of right-lateral motion can explain the high peak acceleration recorded at array station 6. The stress drop in the hypocentral area is about 140 bars; the average stress drop over the entire rupture surface is 30 bars. The preferred finite-source model can predict the Pn1 waveforms and the beginning features in the teleseismic seismograms. No clear arrivals can be observed in the near-source data for the possible second and third smaller events suggested by Nabelek (personal communication).
Simplified estimation of seismic moment from seismograms
Authors: Bolt Bruce A. , Herraiz Miguel
Published: July 2021

abstract

This study proposes a method to estimate the seismic moment of regional and local earthquakes based on simple measurements made directly on Wood-Anderson seismograms. The method parallels the routine estimation of local magnitude in observatory work. The relation used is

log M o = a + b log ( C × D × Δ p )

where C is the maximum peak-to-peak amplitude read on a Wood-Anderson seismogram, D is the duration between the S arrival and the onset with amplitude C/d, Δ is epicentral distance, and a, b, p, and d are constants. The form of the logarithmic term is suggested by the analytical expression for moment (Keilis-Borok, 1960).

Least-squares fits were made to data from 73 Wood-Anderson records of 16 central California earthquakes with seismic moments already evaluated independently from spectral analysis or broadband displacement records. The values p = 1, d, = 3 proved appropriate and subsequent regression yielded

log M o = ( 16.74 ± 0.20 ) + ( 1.22 ± 0.14 ) log ( C × D × Δ )

where Mo is dyne-cm, C in millimeters, D in seconds, and Δ in kilometers.

The corresponding moment-magnitude relation is

log M o = ( 17.92 ± 1.02 ) + ( 1.11 ± 0.15 ) M L ,

for 3 ≦ ML ≦ 6.2.

The latter fit is close to an earlier empirical result (Johnson and McEvilly, 1974) for central California based on fewer cases and a different range of magnitude (2.4 ≦ ML ≦ 5.1).
Fundamentals of generalized rigidity matrices for multi-layered media
Authors: Biot Maurice A.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Rigidity matrices for multi-layered media are derived for isotropic and orthotropic layers by a simple direct procedure which brings to light their fundamental mathematical structure. The method was introduced many years ago by the author in the more general context of dynamics and stability of multi-layers under initial stress. Other earlier results are also briefly recalled such as the derivation of three-dimensional solutions from plane strain modes, the effect of initial stresses, gravity, and couple stresses for thinly laminated layers. The extension of the same mathematical structure and symmetry to viscoelastic media is valid as a consequence of fundamental principles in linear irreversible thermodynamics.
A teleseism-specific detection algorithm for single short-period traces
Authors: Evans John R. , Allen Stephen S.
Published: July 2021

abstract

An algorithm for microprocessor-controlled seismographic recorders is described which reliably detects major phases from earthquakes more than 3° from the sensor but rejects noise events and most earthquakes closer than 3°. Unusually large earthquakes within 3° also are detected. The algorithm is applicable to field studies using triggered seismographs to record teleseismic P waves, to worldwide network automation, and to scanning records for teleseisms. It uses two band-pass filtered data streams evolved from a single short-period vertical-component seismometer to differentiate (low-frequency) teleseisms from other signals; the low-frequency band (0.5 to 2.0 Hz) declares “triggers” while the high-frequency band (3.0 to 8.0 Hz) inhibits any of these triggers generated by broadband signals such as local earthquakes. Locally generated noise is usually high frequency and does not excite the low-frequency band. A 16-bit fixed-word-length implementation of this algorithm detected 82 per cent of good P phases (readable to ±0.25 sec) occurring more than 20° from the seismograph, and 50 per cent of earthquakes between 3° and 20°, in a test data set comprising 23 hr of data in 93 segments. The same implementation of the algorithm rejected most noise and 91 per cent of earthquakes within 3° of the seismograph.
Deformation near the junction of the creeping and locked segments of the San Andreas fault, Cholame Valley, California (1970-1980)
Authors: Slawson W. F. , Savage J. C.
Published: July 2021

We have constructed a simple dislocation model of the San Andreas fault near Cholame, California, that reproduces the observed deformation of nearby geodetic networks as well as the transition from quasi-continuous slip (fault creep) to a no-slip (locked) condition on the surface trace. The model is specified by the slip rates imposed on the fault surface. Slip on the surface trace is given by the observed fault creep rates, and slip at depths greater than 12.6 km is taken to 30 mm/yr along the entire length of the fault (i.e., beneath creeping and locked sections alike). Slip at intermediate depths is assigned by a rather arbitrary extrapolation of the surface creep values. This postulated distribution of slip on the fault is tested by using it in a dislocation model to predict the deformation in two geodetic networks, a trilateration network (20-km aperture), and a 20-km-long level line. The calculated deformation of the trilateration network agrees with the observed deformation within the observational error. Agreement between the predicted and observed elevation changes along the level line was satisfactory in the sense that the predicted values were below the level of detection, and the observed changes were not significant.
On an improved method to obtain the moment tensor and depth of earthquakes from the amplitude spectrum of Rayleigh waves
Authors: Romanowicz Barbara , Suárez Gerardo
Published: July 2021

A new method is presented to invert for the moment tensor and depth using the amplitude spectra of vertical-component Rayleigh waves in the period range 20 to 100 sec. The technique follows a similar approach to that suggested by Romanowicz (1982a) to invert for the moment tensor from the complex spectra of Rayleigh waves and presents some distinct advantages to the method proposed originally by Mendiguren (1977). It eliminates some biases and errors in the data arising, for example, from inaccurate propagation corrections. Furthermore, it is substantially faster computationally and permits us to study independently the variance reduction as a function of depth of each of the momenttensor elements, resulting in better focal depth resolution. The method is applied to three earthquakes in the Tien Shan Mountains of Central Asia, the Eastern Cordillera of Peru, and the Gibbs Transform fault in the North Atlantic. In all three cases, the results of the moment-tensor inversion agree with those determined using long-period body-wave modeling.
Inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic waveform data for the fault rupture history of the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake
Authors: Hartzell Stephen H. , Heaton Thomas H.
Published: July 2021

A least-squares point-by-point inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic body waves is used to infer the fault rupture history of the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake. The Imperial fault is represented by a plane embedded in a half-space where the elastic properties vary with depth. The inversion yields both the spatial and temporal variations in dislocation on the fault plane for both right-lateral strike-slip and normal dip-slip components of motion. Inversions are run for different fault dips and for both constant and variable rupture velocity models. Effects of different data sets are also investigated. Inversions are compared which use the strong ground motions alone, the teleseismic body waves alone, and simultaneously the strong ground motion and teleseismic records. The inversions are stabilized by adding both smoothing and positivity constraints.

The moment is estimated to be 5.0 × 1025 dyne-cm and the fault dip 90° ± 5°. Dislocation in the hypocentral region south of the United States-Mexican border is relatively small and almost dies out near the border. Dislocation then increases sharply north of the border to a maximum of about 2 m under Interstate 8. Dipslip motion is minor compared to strike-slip motion and is concentrated in the sediments. The best-fitting constant rupture velocity is 80 per cent of the local shear-wave velocity. However, there is a suggestion that the rupture front accelerated from the hypocenter northward. The 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake can be characterized as a magnitude 5 earthquake at the hypocenter which then grew into or triggered a magnitude 6 earthquake north of the border.
Seismic signals preceding the explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, on 18 May 1980
Authors: Qamar Anthony , St. Lawrence William , Moore Johnnie N. , Kendrick George
Published: July 2021

The intense seismic activity which preceded the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, released 2 to 3 × 1018 ergs/day in earthquakes that did not correlate temporally with phreatic eruptions which occurred during the same period. Although the b value and amplitude ratios (long-period/short-period) of the earthquakes vary with time, there are no definitive precursors to the 18 May earthquake and eruption. A Mogi type II frequency-magnitude relation, with critical magnitude Mc = 4.6, constrains the characteristic dimension of the highly stressed region under Mount St. Helens to approximately 3 km, preceding the eruption. A major increase in seismic energy release and a decrease in b value around 1 April 1980 may indicate the first major influx of magma into the upper portion of the volcano.

Seismic waves from low-frequency volcanic earthquake have large periods at all epicentral distances. Recordings of volcanic earthquakes from 2 to 4 April 1980 at sites 4 to 9 km from Mount St. Helens show two predominant periods of 0.55 and 1.0 sec. We speculate that seismic signals from the low-frequency volcanic earthquakes have a tectonic origin, but may be modified by pressure oscillations in nearby magma.
Elastic analysis of the Imperial County Services Building
Authors: Pardoen Gerard C. , Moss Peter J. , Carr Athol J.
Published: July 2021

This paper* presents the results of an elastic structural analysis of the Imperial County Services Building in El Centro, California. This analysis is of particular significance because the Imperial County Services Building suffered major structural damage during the October 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, and the building's response was recorded on permanently installed strong motion accelerographs.

* The abbreviations used are: a = fraction of distance to centroid; A′s = area of compression steel; b = beam width; C=0.05/3T; d = distance of tension steel from beam surface; d′ = distance of compression steel from beam surface; Fj = force at jth level; f′c = concrete compressive strength; f′s = stress of compression steel at ultimate moment; FT = portion of V considered concentrated at the top of the structure (equal to 0 for the ICSB); hj = height above the base of the level j; K = ductility factor; Mu = ultimate moment; n = number of levels to the uppermost level in the main portion of the structure; T = building period; V = base shear; wj = portion of the total dead load which is loaded at level j; W = total dead weight of the structure; Z = zone factor.