bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Access to Tetrasubstituted 2‐Aminothiophenes via Regio‐ and Chemoselective Domino Reactions of Dithioesters with Fumaronitrile at Room Temperature
Authors: Yadav Anup Kumar , Kumar Vipin , Pali Pragya , Ray Subhasish , Verma Abhineet , Singh Maya Shankar
Published: July 2023

Herein, we report a one‐pot viable protocol to synthesize tetrasubstituted 2‐aminothiophenes engaging readily accessible α‐enolic dithioesters and abundant fumaronitrile under transition metal‐free conditions at room temperature in open air. The reaction proceeds via successive Michael‐type addition/intramolecular cyclization/isomerization cascades. The added features are benign conditions, exclusive regio‐ and chemoselectivity, excellent atom‐/step‐economy, easy purification, and tolerance of wide range of functional groups of a diverse electronic and steric nature. This protocol not only provided a robust and modular approach to various 2‐aminothiophenes in moderate to excellent yields, but also demonstrated the potential of dithioesters and fumaronitrile in the challenging intermolecular cross‐coupling reactions widening the arsenal of synthetic methods.
Numerical Study of Metachronal Wave‐Modulated Locomotion in Magnetic Cilia Carpets
Authors: Jiang Hao , Gu Hongri , Nelson Bradley J. , Zhang Teng
Published: July 2023

Metachronal motions are ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic organisms and have attracted substantial attention in engineering for their potential applications. Hard‐magnetic soft materials are shown to provide new opportunities for metachronal wave‐modulated robotic locomotion by multi‐agent active morphing in response to external magnetic fields. However, the design and optimization of such magnetic soft robots can be complex, and the fabrication and magnetization processes are often delicate and time‐consuming. Herein, a computational model is developed that integrates granular models into a magnetic–lattice model, both of which are implemented in the highly efficient parallel computing platform large‐scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS). The simulations accurately reproduce the deformation of single cilium, the metachronal wave motion of multiple cilia, and the crawling and rolling locomotion of magnetic cilia soft robots. Furthermore, the simulations provide insight into the spatial and temporal variation of friction forces and trajectories of cilia tips. The results contribute to the understanding of metachronal wave‐modulated locomotion and potential applications in the field of soft robotics and biomimetic engineering. The developed model also provides a versatile computational framework for simulating the movement of magnetic soft robots in realistic environments and has the potential to guide the design, optimization, and customization of these systems.
A Cationic Metal Glue Strategy for Expanding Paramagnetic Hetero‐Multinuclear Metal‐Oxo Clusters within Polyoxometalate Ligands
Authors: Minato Takuo , Sadakane Masahiro
Published: July 2023

Precise structural design of large hetero‐multinuclear metal‐oxo clusters is crucial for controlling their large spin ground states and multielectron redox properties for application as a single‐molecule magnet (SMM), molecular magnetic refrigeration, and efficient redox catalyst. However, it is difficult to synthesize large hetero‐multinuclear metal oxo clusters as designed because the final structures are unpredictable when employing conventional one‐step condensation reaction of metal cations and ligands. Herein, we report a “cationic metal glue strategy” for increasing the size and nuclearity of hetero‐multinuclear metal‐oxo clusters by using lacunary‐type anionic molecular metal oxides (polyoxometalates, POMs) as rigid multidentate ligands. The employed method enabled the synthesis of {(FeMn4)Mn2Ln2(FeMn4)} oxo clusters (Ln=Gd, Tb, Dy, and Lu), which are the largest among previously reported paramagnetic hetero‐multinuclear metal‐oxo clusters in POMs and showed unique SMM properties. These clusters were synthesized by conjugating {FeMn4} oxo clusters with Mn and Ln cations as glues in a predictable way, indicating that the “cationic metal glue strategy” would be a powerful tool to construct desired large hetero‐multinuclear metal clusters precisely and effectively.
Percutaneous transhepatic duodenal drainage is good option for afferent loop syndrome for obstructive colorectal cancer patient with history of Billroth's operation II: A case report of a rare postoperative complication
Authors: Chen Tung‐Yuan , Hsu Chin‐Wen , Chang Yee‐Phoung , Wang Min‐Tsung , Wu Yueh‐Jung , Wang Ching‐Hsien , Wang Kuan‐Yu , Chu Tian‐Huei , Lee Yung‐Kuo
Published: July 2023

Key Clinical Message

Temporal percutaneous transhepatic duodenum drainage (PTDD) seems to be effective in the treatment of postoperative afferent loop syndrome (ALS) following transverse loop colostomy for obstructive colorectal cancer.

Management of obstructive colorectal cancer still remains a challenge. There are various options with different risks of mortality and mobility for obstructive colorectal cancer. A rare unexpected postoperative ALS following a low anterior resection and transverse loop colostomy for obstructive colorectal cancer is presented in this report. A 64‐year‐old man had the acute ALS had been noted 10 days after transverse loop colostomy. An option was temporal PTDD treatment in the patient with history of Billroth's operation II for upper gastrointestinal bleeding 30 years ago. Acute ALS was treated by temporal PTDD. The drainage tube for PTDD was not removed until closure of the transverse colostomy 2 months later. The patient recovered uneventfully. Acute ALS after transverse loop colostomy for obstructive colorectal cancer is rare and has never been reported in the literature. The mechanism of acute ALS after construction of a loop colostomy and the treatment strategy of PTDD for acute ALS is presented.
Conventional corn tolerance to drift‐simulating rates of glyphosate at two growth stages
Authors: Godar Amar S. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Barber L. Tom
Published: July 2023

Core Ideas

Conventional corn can tolerate low rates of glyphosate drift.

Corn usually recovers from very low drift rates of glyphosate within three to five weeks after exposure.

Generally, corn plants become less sensitive to glyphosate drift at later vegetative growth.

Corn response to glyphosate drift may vary depending on the weather conditions following the exposure.
Photoswitchable Azoheteroarene‐Based Chelating Ligands: Light Modulation of Properties, Aqueous Solubility and Catalysis
Authors: Gupta Debapriya , Gaur Ankit Kumar , Kaur Ramanpreet , Ashish  , Kaur Navneet , Venkataramani Sugumar
Published: July 2023

We report the design and synthesis of eight photoswitchable phenylazopyridine‐ and phenylazopyrazole‐based molecular systems as chelation‐type light‐controllable ligands. Besides the studies on fundamental photoisomerization behaviour, the ligands were also screened for light‐tuneable properties such as photochromism, phase transition, and solubility, especially in the aqueous medium. This investigation demonstrates how the modulation of aqueous solubility can be achieved through photoisomerization and can further be utilized towards controlling the amount of catalytically active Cu(I) species in the aqueous conditions. Through this approach, light control over the catalytic activity was achieved for Cu‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions, along with a partial recovery of the catalytically active species.
Peptide Macrocyclization Guided by Reversible Covalent Templating
Authors: Maier Josef M. , Valenzuela Stephanie A. , van der Stok Aevi , Menta Arjun K. , Shimizu Yuka , Ngo Phuoc H. , Ellington Andrew D. , Anslyn Eric V.
Published: July 2023

The creation of complementary products via templating is a hallmark feature of nucleic acid replication. Outside of nucleic acid‐like molecules, the templated synthesis of a hetero‐complementary copy is still rare. Herein we describe one cycle of templated synthesis that creates homomeric macrocyclic peptides guided by linear instructing strands. This strategy utilizes hydrazone formation to pre‐organize peptide oligomeric monomers along the template on a solid support resin, and microwave‐assisted peptide synthesis to couple monomers and cyclize the strands. With a flexible templating strand, we can alter the size of the complementary macrocycle products by increasing the length and number of the binding peptide oligomers, showing the potential to precisely tune the size of macrocyclic products. For the smaller macrocyclic peptides, the products can be released via hydrolysis and characterized by ESI‐MS.
Murine Models of Salmonella Infection
Authors: Walker Gregory T. , Gerner Romana R. , Nuccio Sean‐Paul , Raffatellu Manuela
Published: July 2023

The pathogen Salmonella enterica encompasses a range of bacterial serovars that cause intestinal inflammation and systemic infections in humans. Mice are a widely used infection model due to their relative simplicity and versatility. Here, we provide standardized protocols for culturing the prolific zoonotic pathogen S. enterica serovar Typhimurium for intragastric inoculation of mice to model colitis or systemic dissemination, along with techniques for direct extraintestinal infection. Furthermore, we present procedures for quantifying pathogen burden and for characterizing the immune response by analyzing tissue pathology, inflammatory markers, and immune cells from intestinal tissues. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Murine colitis model utilizing oral streptomycin pretreatment and oral S. Typhimurium administration

Basic Protocol 2: Intraperitoneal injection of S. Typhimurium for modeling extraintestinal infection

Support Protocol 1: Preparation of S. Typhimurium inoculum

Support Protocol 2: Preparation of mixed S. Typhimurium inoculum for competitive infection

Basic Protocol 3: Assessment of S. Typhimurium burden

Support Protocol 3: Preservation and pathological assessment of S. Typhimurium–infected tissues

Support Protocol 4: Measurement of inflammatory marker expression in intestinal tissues by qPCR

Support Protocol 5: Preparation of intestinal content for inflammatory marker quantification by ELISA

Support Protocol 6: Immune cell isolation from Salmonella‐infected intestinal tissues
Redox Targeting‐based Neutral Aqueous Flow Battery with High Energy Density and Low Cost
Authors: Yan Su , Huang Songpeng , Xu He , Li Liangyu , Zou Haitao , Ding Mei , Jia Chuankun , Wang Qing
Published: July 2023

Neutral aqueous flow batteries with common traits of the redox flow batteries, such as the independence of energy and power, scalability and operational flexibility, and additional merits of outstanding safety and low corrosivity show great promise for storing massive electrical energy from solar and wind energy. Particularly, the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3−/4−) couple has been intensively employed as redox mediator to store energy in the catholyte ascribed to its abundance, low corrosivity, remarkable redox reversibility and stability. However, the low energy density arising from poor solubility of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− restricts their commercial applications for energy storage systems. In this study, the practical energy density of a [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−‐based catholyte is significantly boosted from 10.5 to 92.8 Wh L−1 by combining the counter‐ion effect and the single‐molecule redox‐targeting (SMRT) reactions between [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− and Prussian blue (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, PB)/Prussian white (PW). Paired with concentrated K2S anolyte, we demonstrate a neutral aqueous SMRT‐based PB−Fe/S flow battery with ultra‐long lifespan over 7000 cycles (4500 h) and ultra‐low chemical cost of electrolytes in the cell as 19.26 $ kWh−1. Remarkably, under the influences of SMRT reactions in the presence of PB granules in the catholyte, the capacity after 7000 cycles of the PB−Fe/S flow battery is 181.8 % of the initial capacity without PB.
Effects of the combination of exercise and education in the treatment of low back and/or pelvic pain in pregnant women: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Diez‐Buil Helena , Hernandez‐Lucas Pablo , Leirós‐Rodríguez Raquel , Echeverría‐García Olatz
Published: July 2023

Background

Lumbopelvic pain is considered the most frequent complication during pregnancy.

Objective

To compare whether the combination of exercise with education is more effective for the treatment of low back and/or pelvic pain (PP) than each of these interventions separately in pregnant women.

Search Strategy

A systematic review was performed in WOS, PEDro, PubMed, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The terms used were low back pain, PP, pregnancy, pregnant woman, exercise, exercise therapy, health education, and prenatal education.

Selection Criteria

The PICO question was then chosen as follows: P—population: pregnant women with nonspecific low back pain or PP; I—intervention: exercise therapy plus health education; C—control: only exercise therapy or only health education; O—outcome: characteristics of pain, disability, and kinesophobia; S—study designs: randomized controlled trial.

Data Collection and Analysis

Two reviewers independently screened articles for eligibility. The following inclusion criteria were applied for the selection of studies: (i) published in the past 10 years; (ii) exercise plus health education was administered compared with a group receiving either exercise or education alone; and (iii) the sample consisted of pregnant women with nonspecific low back pain or PP. This review excluded: (i) nonrandomized controlled trials; and (ii) articles whose full text was not available. The meta‐analysis was performed using the random‐effects model, due to the observed heterogeneity.

Main Results

A total of 13 articles were selected. There is a significant decrease in pain in the combination of exercise and education compared with education alone (standardized mean difference, −0.29 [95% confidence interval, −0.47 to −0.11]). With respect to disability, there is a significant decrease in the exercise and education group compared with the group that only addressed education (standardized mean difference, −0.37 [95% CI, −0.60 to −0.14]). One article analyzed kinesophobia, reporting no significant changes.

Conclusion

The combination of exercise and education seems to be more effective in reducing pain and disability in pregnant women with low back and/or PP than the use of education alone. In kinesophobia, the results found are not significant.
Roles and responsibilities of a consulting nurse in practice
Authors: Farrant Helen
Published: July 2023

Background: The veterinary nursing role has developed significantly over the past 30 years and continues to do so. Indeed, registered veterinary nurses (RVNs) are instrumental in providing exceptional patient care and building meaningful relationships with clients. Moreover, nurses running consults and clinics allows for career progression and ensures that their skills are fully utilised to provide these services and create revenue for veterinary practices.

Aim of the article: This article outlines the benefits of offering an RVN‐led consulting service, for practices and individuals. It covers the types of consults that can be nurse led, and discusses various challenges that can present when setting up and progressing RVN consultation services. I hope this article provides some inspiration for those thinking about forming nursing consults and clinics in practice.
Green synthesis of Cu‐Mn co‐incorporated ZnO nanoparticles for antibacterial and photocatalytic applications
Authors: Butt Zakia , Aamir Muhammad , Aziz Shahid , Akhtar Javeed , Afaq Adil , Naseer Sania , Wali Qamar , Nadeem Muhammad , Jabeen Uzma
Published: July 2023

The synergistic effect of bimetallic co‐incorporated metal oxides have gained enormous attention due to their unique optoelectronic properties. Herein, we present the green synthesis of ZnO, Cu‐incorporated ZnO, Mn‐incorporated ZnO, and Cu‐Mn co‐incorporated nanoparticles (ZnO NPs, CuZnO NPs, MnZnO NPs, MnCuZnO NPs) for antimicrobial and photocatalytic reduction applications using corn silk extract and industrial metal wastes. The as‐synthesized NPs were characterized by using UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy (UV‐Vis), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), powdered x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CuZnO, MnZnO, and MnCuZnO NPs efficiently inhibited bacterial culture growth. The photocatalytic reduction activity of as‐synthesized NPs against the different concentrations of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) in water was also investigated. CuZnO and MnCuZnO nanoparticles were to be efficient photocatalysts for reducing 4‐NP into 4‐aminophenol (4‐AP).

Research Highlights

Green synthesis of nanomaterials by agricultural and industrial wastes

Cu and Mn co‐incorporated ZnO NPs have shown good photocatalysis and antimicrobial activities

Green approach for waste conversion to value‐added products
Rainstorm and high‐temperature disaster risk assessment of territorial space in Beijing, China
Authors: Cheng Chen , Fang Xiaoyi , Li Mingcai , Yang Yuanhui , Gao Ya , Zhang Shuo , Yu Ying , Liu Yonghong , Du Wupeng
Published: July 2023

It is important for territorial spatial planning to master meteorological disaster risk under the conditions of climate change and then carry out risk adaptation planning according to local conditions. Taking Beijing, a large city in China, as an example, a meteorological disaster risk assessment model was established based on the framework of hazard factors, disaster‐bearing body exposure, and vulnerability of underlying surface. Combined with 11 years of observation data from 293 high‐density weather stations, the rainstorm and high‐temperature risks of urban, agriculture, and ecological spaces were studied. The results show that (1) rainstorms and high‐temperature are mainly distributed in the built‐up areas of plain towns, which are the climate risk factors that need to be considered. (2) The central city of Beijing is at a high risk of rainstorms and high temperature, indicating that the underlying surface and disaster‐bearing body are highly vulnerable to meteorological disasters. (3) In suburbs with agricultural land, there is a certain rainstorm risk in Fangshan and Daxing districts, and a risk of high temperatures in the southern part of Tongzhou and Daxing. (4) The risk of high temperatures in the ecological space (eco‐zone) is relatively low, but the rainstorm risk is relatively high in Pinggu and Miyun. (5) The strategies of coping with rainstorm and high‐temperature disaster risk in Beijing's territorial space planning were discussed.
Nevada seeks to tackle teen suicide with lifesaving program
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: July 2023

The statistics are grim. Death by suicide ranked number 12 on the leading cause of death within the United States in 2020. And in Nevada, there has been an increase in suicide for youth — dropping from age 12 to just 8 years old. The stats are no doubt the impetus behind “Hope Means Nevada,” a community‐based initiative offering year‐round 24/7 support for individuals and their families across the state.
APA survey reveals workplace challenges, value of well‐being
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: July 2023

A new workplace survey released by the American Psychological Association (APA) confirmed that psychological well‐being is a very high priority for workers themselves, and they prefer working for an organization that values their emotional and psychological well‐being.
The concept analysis of helplessness in nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A hybrid model
Authors: Azizi Tooba Hoseini , Begjani Jamalodin , Arman Alireza , Hoseini Akram Sadat Sadat
Published: July 2023

Aim

‘Helplessness’ is one of the psychological concepts that exploring nurses' helplessness during the COVID‐19 pandemic can lead to timely intervention and empowerment of nurses.

Design

Concept development.

Methods

It was carried out using Schwartz‐Barcott and Kim's hybrid model.

Results

In the literature review, helplessness is characterized by anxiety symptoms (muscle tension, headache, anorexia and insomnia) and, to some extent, depression (loneliness, guilt, apathy and insensitivity). In the fieldwork, five categories were obtained, including antecedents of helplessness (the nature of the disease, professional responsibility, personal lifestyle disruption and social behaviours), attributes of helplessness (inability to do more for the patient, inability to control the situation, feeling of uselessness, frustration, giving up and uncertainty to continue), consequences of helplessness (increase clinical error, physical manifestations and psychological manifestations), strategies to reduce feelings of helplessness and the difference among helplessness, powerlessness and hopelessness.

Conclusion

Nurses' helplessness occurs when the nurse has no control over the situation and cannot change it.
Bullying and victimization in schools: Causal relationship between adolescent disruptive behavior, sleep schedules, and extended school hours
Authors: Figueiredo Sandra
Published: July 2023

Very few studies have identified the relationship between chronotype, sleep habits, and bullying/victimization in school and online contexts. The objective of this work is to identify predictors of frequency of bullying/cyberbullying in Portuguese pubescent and adolescent populations, such as chronotype and sleep aspects, controlling for gender, age, grade, and school attendance hours. One hundred and seventeen Portuguese students from the second and third grades of elementary school were considered, 41 (34.5%) of which were males and 76 (63.9%) were females. The measures used were the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire and the Bullying and Cyberbullying Behaviors Questionnaire: Short Form (BCBQ‐SF). Percentile analyses, multivariate analysis of variance, nonparametric tests, and hierarchical and nonhierarchical linear logistic regression analyses were performed to confirm the prediction models and to identify causal variables moderating the effect of bullying and victimization in adolescents of various ages and school grades, with different school and sleep schedules. Adolescents with more episodes of victimization had higher sleeping problems, especially in terms of sleep duration (late hours of awakening/rest times and falling asleep, especially on days off); the school grade, the average daily school attendance hours, and school entrance time were some predictors found. The model differed in the variable of hours of curricular enrichment activities. The higher the eveningness score, the more aggression was reported.
Evapotranspiration controls across spatial scales of heterogeneity
Authors: Mangan Mary Rose , Hartogensis Oscar , van Heerwaarden Chiel , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano Jordi
Published: July 2023

In semi‐arid regions where irrigation causes thermal surface heterogeneities, evapotranspiration is controlled not only by the land surface but also by the interaction between the surface and the atmospheric boundary layer. The spatial scale of heterogeneity impacts the processes that drive the diurnal variability of evapotranspiration. In this study, we combine data with a conceptual, coupled land–atmosphere model to study the drivers of evapotranspiration across spatial scales of heterogeneity for the Land Interactions with the Atmosphere in the Iberian Semi‐arid Environment (LIAISE) field campaign. We use a latent heat tendency equation as a diagnostic tool to quantify the contributions of various surface‐ and boundary‐layer driven processes on surface latent heat flux. We define the following spatial scales based on surface characteristics: regional, landscape, and local. We find that, at the regional and landscape scales (1 km), the feedback mechanisms between the surface fluxes and the resulting boundary‐layer dynamics enhance the daily latent heat flux by 64% to 77%. Conversely, at the local scale (100 m), surface‐driven processes are most important for governing evapotranspiration. At the local scale, we find that the energy stored at the surface enhances evaporation in the late afternoon, which could explain the observed time lag between net radiation and latent heat flux. Furthermore, the combined effects of entrainment at the boundary‐layer top and advection of heat and moisture enhance daily latent heat by 27% at the regional scale to 43% at the local scale. This analysis also has implications for the land‐surface modelling community. It suggests that properly reproducing evapotranspiration to capture the relevant processes depends on capacity of the model to resolve the interaction of scales in surface heterogeneous conditions.
Are AI‐written articles the future?
Authors: Mills Georgina
Published: July 2023

Georgina Mills discusses the use of artificial intelligence tools in scientific research and literature.
Ultrasound‐mediated nano‐sized drug delivery systems for cancer treatment: Multi‐scale and multi‐physics computational modeling
Authors: Moradi Kashkooli Farshad , Hornsby Tyler K. , Kolios Michael C. , Tavakkoli Jahangir (Jahan)
Published: July 2023

Computational modeling enables researchers to study and understand various complex biological phenomena in anticancer drug delivery systems (DDSs), especially nano‐sized DDSs (NSDDSs). The combination of NSDDSs and therapeutic ultrasound (TUS), that is, focused ultrasound and low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound, has made significant progress in recent years, opening many opportunities for cancer treatment. Multiple parameters require tuning and optimization to develop effective DDSs, such as NSDDSs, in which mathematical modeling can prove advantageous. In silico computational modeling of ultrasound‐responsive DDS typically involves a complex framework of acoustic interactions, heat transfer, drug release from nanoparticles, fluid flow, mass transport, and pharmacodynamic governing equations. Owing to the rapid development of computational tools, modeling the different phenomena in multi‐scale complex problems involved in drug delivery to tumors has become possible. In the present study, we present an in‐depth review of recent advances in the mathematical modeling of TUS‐mediated DDSs for cancer treatment. A detailed discussion is also provided on applying these computational models to improve the clinical translation for applications in cancer treatment.

This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Survival and movements of brown‐headed nuthatches after translocation to the Missouri Ozarks
Authors: Heath‐Acre Kristen M. , Kendrick Sarah W. , Thompson Frank R. , Bonnot Thomas W. , Davidson Brian , Cox James A.
Published: July 2023

The brown‐headed nuthatch (Sitta pusilla) was likely extirpated from Missouri in the early 1900s as a result of habitat loss through extensive logging. Conservation partners including the Missouri Department of Conservation, United States Forest Service, University of Missouri, and others, relocated 102 brown‐headed nuthatches from Ouachita National Forest in Arkansas to Mark Twain National Forest in Missouri in 2020 and 2021 to establish a local population. We tracked 50 individuals for 24 ± 11 (median ± SD) days after release using radio telemetry and monitored movements in relation to sex and whether a bird was captured alone or as part of a group. We examined 25‐day survival using a spatial Cormack Jolly Seber (sCJS) model to account for likely dispersal outside of our study area. All birds survived capture, transport, and release. The 25‐day survival estimate was 0.56 (95% CI = 0.36–0.78) in 2020 and 0.68 (95% CI = 0.46–0.89) in 2021. Mean total distance moved following release was 5,670 (SD = 3,407) m and mean daily movement was 243 (SD = 135) m which was less than the mean daily dispersal distance estimated from our sCJS model (420 m, SD = 221). Our short‐term monitoring suggests initial success of the translocation, but continued monitoring is needed to evaluate long‐term success. Our survival analysis approach, which included movement data, illustrates the importance of considering dispersal when estimating survival.
Genome editing and cancer therapy: handling the hypoxia-responsive pathway as a promising strategy
Authors: Stampone Emanuela , Bencivenga Debora , Capellupo Maria Chiara , Roberti Domenico , Tartaglione Immacolata , Perrotta Silverio , Della Ragione Fulvio , Borriello Adriana
Published: July 2023

The precise characterization of oxygen-sensing pathways and the identification of pO2-regulated gene expression are both issues of critical importance. The O2-sensing system plays crucial roles in almost all the pivotal human processes, including the stem cell specification, the growth and development of tissues (such as embryogenesis), the modulation of intermediate metabolism (including the shift of the glucose metabolism from oxidative to anaerobic ATP production and vice versa), and the control of blood pressure. The solid cancer microenvironment is characterized by low oxygen levels and by the consequent activation of the hypoxia response that, in turn, allows a complex adaptive response characterized mainly by neoangiogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. Recently, incredible advances in molecular genetic methodologies allowed the genome editing with high efficiency and, above all, the precise identification of target cells/tissues. These new possibilities and the knowledge of the mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxia suggest the effective development of new therapeutic approaches based on the manipulation, targeting, and exploitation of the oxygen-sensor system molecular mechanisms.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment of brain metastasis associated with a less invasive growth pattern, higher T-cell infiltration and raised tumor ADC on diffusion weighted MRI
Authors: Zakaria Rasheed , Jenkinson Michael D. , Radon Mark , Das Kumar , Poptani Harish , Rathi Nitika , Rudland Philip S.
Published: July 2023

Background

Brain metastases are the most common intracranial tumors with an increasing incidence. They are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with solid organ cancer and a focus of recent clinical research and experimental interest. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are being increasingly used to treat solid organ cancers.

Methods

To determine whether immune checkpoint inhibitors were biologically effective in the brain, we compared melanoma brain metastasis samples where treatment with ipilimumab had occurred preoperatively to those who had not received any immune modulating therapy and looked for histopathological (invasion, vascularity, metastasis inducing proteins, matrix metalloproteinases, immune cell infiltration, tissue architecture) and advanced MRI differences (diffusion weighted imaging).

Results

Co-localized tissue samples from the same regions as MRI regions of interest showed significantly lower vascularity (density of CD34 + vessels) in the core and higher T-cell infiltration (CD3 + cells) in the leading edge for ipilimumab-treated brain metastasis samples than for untreated cases and this correlated with a higher tumor ADC signal at post-treatment/preoperative MRI brain.

Conclusions

Treatment of a melanoma brain metastasis with ipilimumab appears to cause measurable biological changes in the tumor that can be correlated with post-treatment diffusion weighted MRI imaging, suggesting both a mechanism of action and a possible surrogate marker of efficacy.
Poor outcome of allogeneic transplantation for therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia induced by prior chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Araie Hiroaki , Arai Yasuyuki , Kida Michiko , Aoki Jun , Uchida Naoyuki , Doki Noriko , Fukuda Takahiro , Tanaka Masatsugu , Ozawa Yukiyasu , Sawa Masashi , Katayama Yuta , Matsuo Yayoi , Onizuka Makoto , Kanda Yoshinobu , Kawakita Toshiro , Kanda Junya , Atsuta Yoshiko , Yanada Masamitsu ,   for the Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Working Group of the Japanese Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy
Published: July 2023

Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) is a therapeutic challenge as a late complication of chemotherapy (CHT) and/or radiotherapy (RT) for primary malignancy. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) presents itself as a curative approach. To establish the optimal allo-HSCT strategy for t-AML, we evaluated the relationship between characteristics of primary malignancy and allo-HSCT outcomes. Patients with t-AML or de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who underwent first allo-HSCT in Japan from 2011 to 2018 were identified using a nationwide database. The detailed background of t-AML was obtained by additional questionnaires. Multivariate analysis and propensity score matching (PSM) analysis were performed to detect the prognostic factors associated with t-AML and compare outcomes with de novo AML. We analyzed 285 t-AML and 6761 de novo AML patients. In patients with t-AML, receiving both CHT and RT for primary malignancy was an independent poor-risk factor for relapse and overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio (HR) 1.62; p = 0.029 and HR 1.65; p = 0.009, reference: CHT alone group), whereas other primary malignancy-related factors had no effect on the outcome. Compared to the CHT alone group, complex karyotypes were significantly increased in the CHT + RT group (86.1% vs. 57.5%, p = 0.007). In the PSM cohort, t-AML patients with prior CHT and RT had significantly worse 3-year OS than those with de novo AML (25.2% and 42.7%; p = 0.009). Our results suggest that prior CHT and RT for primary malignancy may be associated with increased relapse and worse OS of allo-HSCT in t-AML.
Genetic etiology and pregnancy outcomes of fetuses with central nervous system anomalies
Authors: Tao Huimin , Wu Jiebin , Han Yu , Zhang Bei , Zhai Jingfang
Published: July 2023

Purpose

To investigate genetic etiology and pregnancy outcomes of fetal central nervous system (CNS) anomalies.

Methods

217 fetuses with CNS anomalies were included in our cohort from January 2016 to December 2022. 124 cases received karyotyping and 73 cases simultaneously underwent copy number variant sequencing (CNV-seq). Dynamic ultrasound screening and pregnancy outcomes were followed up, including neonates’ neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Results

(1) 20 types of CNS anomalies were revealed by ultrasound and the most common was ventriculomegaly. (2) 14 (11.3%) of 124 cases were found chromosomal abnormalities by karyotyping, and copy number variations (CNVs) were revealed in 13 (17.8%) of 73 cases by CNV-seq. Fetuses with non-isolated CNS anomalies had a higher detection rate (DR) of abnormal karyotypes and CNVs than those with isolated CNS anomalies (25.0% vs. 4.8%; 35.0% vs. 11.3%) (P < 0.05). And the DR of abnormal karyotypes was significantly higher in multiple CNS anomalies than in single CNS anomaly (16.7% vs. 2.8%, P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences in the DR of CNVs. (3) Through dynamic ultrasound, 12 cases were further found progression or additional malformations. (4) Pregnancy outcomes of 209 cases were obtained, including 136 (65.1%) live births, 3 (1.4%) intrauterine fetal deaths, and 70 (33.5%) terminated. Two neonatal deaths at 6 months and one infant with motor and intellectual disabilities were finally found after long-term follow-up.

Conclusion

Genetic analysis combined with dynamic ultrasound screening and multidisciplinary consultation plays an important role in evaluating the prognosis of fetal CNS anomalies, especially for those with multiple CNS or extracranial abnormalities.
Early echocardiographic signs of cardiovascular affection in pediatric familial hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Ibrahim Hossam , Saad Hend , Abdelaziz Osama , Abdelmohsen Gaser
Published: July 2023

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by defective low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors or abnormal apolipoprotein B. FH raises the risk of premature atherosclerotic disease and cardiovascular death in young adults. However, cardiovascular affection in children needs to be more adequately studied. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of hypercholesterolemia on the cardiovascular system of pediatric patients with homozygous FH using conventional and advanced echocardiographic parameters such as tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE). This case-control study matched 25 healthy children with 21 patients with homozygous FH. Both groups had conventional echocardiography, TDI, and 2D-STE. Myocardial velocities of the left and right ventricles, left ventricular strain, and aortic stiffness parameters were measured. The FH group had greater systolic blood pressure, dilated coronary arteries, and hypertrophied left ventricle (LV) compared to the control (P = 0.0001, P = 0.001, P = 0.01, respectively). The mitral E/E′ ratio was higher in the patient group than in the control group (P = 0.007), indicating LV diastolic dysfunction in patients. At the same time, LV systolic function evaluated by 2D-STE was comparable to that in the control group. The abdominal aorta circumferential strain and ascending aorta M-mode-derived strain were significantly lower in patients compared to those in the control (P = 0.024, P = 0.0001, respectively), indicating increased aortic stiffness in the patients’ group; moreover, 85.7% of patients had mild aortic insufficiency.

  Conclusion: Mild aortic insufficiency, coronary artery dilatation, left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, and increased aortic stiffness are among early cardiovascular markers in pediatric patients with homozygous FH before impaired LV systolic function.

What is Known:• Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in adults is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, aortic valvopathy, dilated coronary arteries, ischemic heart disease, and premature cardiovascular death.• The cardiovascular effects of FH in children require additional research.

What is New:• Pediatric patients with familial hypercholesterolemia tend to have an early affection for left ventricular diastolic function before the affection for the systolic function.• The diastolic dysfunction associated with pediatric FH is correlated to the aortic stiffness and low-density lipoprotein levels.
Genomics and inclusion of Indigenous peoples in high income countries
Authors: Gwynne Kylie , Jiang Shirley , Venema Robertson , Christie Vita , Boughtwood Tiffany , Ritha Marida , Skinner John , Ali Nyesa , Rambaldini Boe , Calma Tom
Published: July 2023

Genomics research related to Indigenous people has been at worst exploitative and at best, retrospectively on a journey to improve effective engagement of Indigenous individuals and communities. Genomics can positively impact all stages of clinical management, and to improve genomic effectiveness researchers aggregate genomic data from diverse global sub-populations, such as shared ancestry groupings, as people within these groupings will have a greater proportion of shared DNA traits. While genomics is already being used worldwide to improve lives, its utility and effectiveness has not been maximized for individuals with Indigenous ancestry. Several large datasets of human genetic variation have been made publicly available, of which the most widely used is the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), but none of these databases currently contain any population-specific data for Indigenous populations. There are many reasons why Indigenous people have been largely left out of genomics research and, because of this, miss out on the benefits offered. It is also clear that if research is to be effective, it needs to be done ‘with’ and not ‘on’ Indigenous communities. This systematic review of the literature regarding Indigenous peoples (in high income countries) and genomics aims to review the existing literature and identify areas of strength and weakness in study design and conduct, focusing on the effectiveness of Indigenous community engagement.
Exploring the Decision-Making Process of People Living with HIV Enrolled in Antiretroviral Clinical Trials: A Qualitative Study of Decisions Guided by Trust and Emotions
Authors: Feijoo-Cid Maria , Arreciado Marañón Antonia , Huertas Ariadna , Rivero-Santana Amado , Cesar Carina , Fink Valeria , Fernández-Cano María Isabel , Sued Omar
Published: July 2023

The informed consent is an ethical and legal requirement for potential participants to enroll in a study. There is ample of evidence that understanding consent information and enrollment is challenging for participants in clinical trials. On the other hand, the reasoning process behind decision-making in HIV clinical trials remains mostly unexplored. This study aims to examine the decision-making process of people living with HIV currently participating in antiretroviral clinical trials and their understanding of informed consent. We conducted a qualitative socio-constructivist study using semi-structured interviews. Eleven participants were selected by purposive sampling in Argentina until data saturation was reached. A content analysis was performed. The findings highlight the fact that some participants decided to enroll on the spot, while others made the decision a few days later. In all cases, the decision was based on different aspects of trust (in doctors, in the clinical research site, in the clinical trials system) but also on emotions associated with HIV and/or treatment. Moreover, while people living with HIV felt truly informed after the consent dialogue with a researcher, consent forms were unintelligible and unfriendly. The immediacy of patient decision-making has rarely been described before. Enrollment in an HIV clinical trial is mainly a trust-based decision but this does not contradict the ethical values of autonomy, voluntariness, non-manipulation, and non‐exploitation. Thus, trust is a key issue to be included in reshaping professional practices to ensure the integrity of the informed consent process.
Bridging the Divide Between Iterative Optical Polishing and Automation
Authors: Walker David , Ahuir-Torres Juan I. , Akar Yasemin , Bingham Paul A. , Chen Xun , Darowski Michal , Fähnle Oliver , Gambron Philippe , Jackson Frankie F. , Li Hongyu , Mason Luke , Mishra Rakesh , Shahjalal Abdullah , Yu Guoyu
Published: July 2023

Several recent business reports have described the global growth in demand for optical and photonic components, paralleled by technical reports on the growing shortage of skilled manufacturing staff to meet this demand. It is remarkable that producing ultraprecision surfaces remains so dependent on people, in contrast to other sectors of the economy, e.g., car manufacturing. Clearly, training can play some role, but ultimately, only process automation can provide the solution. This paper explores why automation is a challenge and summarizes multidisciplinary work aiming to assemble the building blocks required to realize automation.
Turbulent cascade in fully developed turbulent channel flow
Authors: Apostolidis A. , Laval J.P. , Vassilicos J.C.
Published: July 2023

We show that Kolmogorov scale-by-scale equilibrium in the intermediate layer of a fully developed turbulent channel flow is only achieved asymptotically around the Taylor length and, therefore, not in an inertial range. Furthermore, we analyse scale-by-scale turbulence production and interscale turbulence energy transfer in terms of alignments/anti-alignments of fluctuating velocities, straining/compressive relative motions, forward/inverse interscale transfer/cascade and homogeneous/non-homogeneous interscale transfer rate contributions. We also propose leading order scalings for second- and third-order two-point statistics, including the extremum interscale turbulence energy transfer rate and a second-order anisotropic structure function, which acts as a scale-by-scale Reynolds shear stress and determines the scale-by-scale (two-point) turbulence production rate.
Effect of prey density on the performance ofEupeodes corollaeand its predation rate against the cabbage aphid,Brevicorynae brassicae(L.)
Authors: Palial Shivani , Verma Subhash Chander , Sharma Prem Lal , Chandel Rajeshwar Singh , S Anooj S
Published: July 2023

Eupeodes corollae(F.) (Diptera: Syrphidae) is the most abundant syrphid fly which is distributed worldwide and is the sole predator of aphids. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the predation rate and functional response ofE. corollaeagainst the cabbage aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae(L.). The experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2°C with 60–70% relative humidity. The results revealed that age-specific net predation rate (qx) increased after the 4th day and a peak was recorded on the 10th day of pivotal age in the third larval instar. The stable host kill rate and finite host kill rate ofE. corollaewere 18.63 and 21.07, respectively, against theB. brassicaeand predicted that a mean of 20.78 aphids was needed forE. corollaeto produce one offspring. A negative linear coefficient (P< 0) indicated the type II functional response for all larval instars ofE. corollaeagainst theB. brassicae. At higher prey density, the prey consumption was significantly at par with second and third instar larvae ofE. corollaeas the prey consumption was increased with increasing the prey density, which then decreased after attaining the upper asymptote (76.40 and 81.40% consumption, respectively). The Roger's predator random equation for type II functional response was fitted to estimate attack rate (a) and handling time (Th). The maximum prey consumption was recorded for third instar ofE. corollaewith a higher attack rate (0.336 h−1) and lower handling time (0.514 h) againstB. brassicae, followed by the second and first instar. Thus, it is concluded that the third larval instar ofE. corollaewas the voracious feeder and used as an efficient biocontrol agent in the IPM programme.
Stabilizing Effect of High Pore Fluid Pressure on Fault Growth During Drained Deformation
Authors: Zega Zachary , Zhu Wenlu
Published: July 2023

Dilatant hardening is an accepted model for the stabilizing effect of high pore fluid pressure on fault slip and operates when deformation is undrained. To test whether high pore fluid pressure impedes fault propagation under drained conditions, we deformed highly permeable Darley Dale sandstone using strain rates of 10−4 s−1, 10−5 s−1, and 10−6 s−1, respectively. For each strain rate, we compared the inelastic behaviors and faulting styles among rocks deformed under different pore fluid pressures (Pf) (2–180 MPa). The confining pressure (Pc) was attuned to the pore fluid pressure throughout deformation to maintain a constant differential pressure (Pc − Pf) of 10 MPa. In samples deformed at 10−4 s−1 and 10−5 s−1, faulting behaviors were similar regardless of the magnitude of pore fluid pressure. However, when the strain rate was lowered to 10−6 s−1, we observed prolonged stress drops and slower slip velocities in samples deformed under high pore fluid pressures. In samples deformed at 10−6 s−1, we demonstrate that chemically assisted subcritical crack growth played an important role during faulting. A quantitative microstructural analysis revealed that slow faulting at slow strain rates was accompanied by pervasive microcracking and diffuse shear bands, which suggests pervasive subcritical cracking enabled slow faulting under drained conditions at the sample length scale. High pore fluid pressure may have facilitated slow faulting chemically by increasing the rate of subcritical cracking, mechanically via localized dilatant hardening, or both. Our results provide insight into the mechanics of faulting in natural settings where subcritical cracking is prevalent.