bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial infective arthritis in the dog
Authors: BENNETT DAVID , TAYLOR D. J.
Published: April 2008

Bacterial infections of joints produce an inflammatory arthropathy. Most cases appear to be due to the haematogenous localisation of bacteria in a joint and trauma may predispose a joint to infection. Two clinical syndromes are identified; the classic acute onset case and a more chronic local grade infection syndrome. Affected joints are usually thickened and show pain on manipulation. The synovial fluid has increased numbers of white cells, most of which are polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Peripheral blood analysis may be normal and only a few dogs show systemic illness. Radiography in the early stage, will only show soft tissue changes; periosteal new bone and bony destruction are seen in longer standing cases. The carpus was the most frequently affected joint and the larger breeds, particularly the males, were over‐represented. Various organisms were isolated but haemolytic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus intermedius were the most common. Culture of the synovial membrane was more sensitive than the synovial fluid. Antibiotic therapy for several weeks was generally successful providing an early diagnosis was made. In a few cases, steroid responsive synovial inflammation persisted in the absence of viable bacterial organisms.
The use of a biodegradable implant in fracture fixation: a review of the literature and a report of two clinical cases
Authors: AXELSON P. , RÄIHÄ J. , MERO M. , VAINIONPÄÄ S. , TÖRMÄLÄ P. , ROKKANEN P.
Published: April 2008

A method of internal fracture fixation using rod‐shaped biodegradable implants made of self‐reinforced polyglycolic acid (PGA) is described. These biodegradable implants were employed in the fixation of fractures in a metaphysis and diaphysis. The fractures healed clinically and radiolo‐gically in six weeks without complicatons. The patients started to use the operated limbs during the first postoperative week and lameness disappeared within six weeks. Biodegradable fixation devices will be a useful tool in the treatment of fractures in veterinary surgery.
A reappraisal of anterior cruciate ligament disease in the dog
Authors: BENNETT D. , TENNANT B. , LEWIS D. G. , BAUGHAN J. , MAY C. , CARTER S.
Published: April 2008

A study of 111 cases of cranial cruciate ligament disease, seen over a three year period has been made. Fifty‐five of these dogs were under four years of age (average age 21.4 months) and most were of the larger breeds, particularly the rottweiler (25 per cent). The onset of clinical signs was sudden in 53 per cent and gradual in 47 per cent of these cases; bilateral disease was present in 31 per cent. The severity of the lameness was variable. The pathogenesis of the disease appears to involve a gradual stretching, partial rupture and eventually a complete rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. The term cruciate disease has been used to cover this spectrum of ligament pathology and the clinical signs can appear at any stage during this ligament degeneration. Slight anterior drawer movement can often be detected during the earlier stages of stretching and partial rupture but this can only be appreciated under general anaesthesia. Osteoarthritis is initiated during the early stages and may be well established by the time the cruciate completely tears. The predisposition to cruciate disease in these young dogs of the larger breeds is difficult to explain but may be related to inadequate exercise during puppyhood.
Distribution of nuclear DNA‐content in canine mammary tumours
Authors: MÖLLERMARK G. , KÄNGSTRÖM L. E. , ELIASSON I. , AZAWEDO E. , BARRIOS C. , LARSSON O. , ENGSTRÖM W.
Published: April 2008

It is well established that nuclear DNA‐content contributes valuable information concerning tumour behaviour in a vast number of human neoplasms (compare Auer and Zetterberg, 1984 and Zetterberg and Auer 1984 for review). The authors have attempted for the first time to apply this concept to clinical veterinary medicine and in the present investigation 17 dogs with mammary tumour were studied retrospectively. Microspectro‐photometric DNA‐measurements were performed and correlated to the clinical course defined as distant recurrence free interval. The results suggest that a relationship exists between nuclear DNA‐content of the breast cancer cells and prognosis. Tumours exhibiting DNA‐values within the limits of normal tissue correlate with a favourable prognosis in the sense that all dogs with diploid tumour cell DNA‐content under study had survived for more than one year without recurrence of the tumour. In contrast 50 per cent of the tumours with increased and scattered DNA‐values developed metastasis within one year whereas the other 50 per cent were disease free after this period. It is therefore proposed that cytophotometric analysis of DNA may be used in the assessment of prognosis in dogs with malignant breast tumours.
Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in different cat populations in Britain
Authors: WILLS J. M. , HOWARD P. E. , GRUFFYDD‐JONES T. J. , WATHES C. M.
Published: April 2008

The prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci infection in household, feral and farm cats in Britain was investigated. Chlamydia were isolated from 30 per cent of conjunctival swabs collected from 753 household cats with conjunctivitis. The prevalence of active chlamydial infection was highest in cats in the age group five weeks to nine months. Males were more frequently infected than females. Cats with chlamydial conjunctivitis usually had antibody titres greater than 1024 as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence. Chlamydia appeared to be endemic in two out of three feral cat colonies on the basis of serological evidence and occasional isolations. Cats on 10 of 22 sheep farms (45 per cent) had serological evidence of chlamydial infection, and this was confirmed on two farms by isolation of the organism from conjunctival and, or, rectal swabs. This is the first survey of infection with Chlamydia psittaci in cat populations in Britain.
Nasopharyngeal stenosis in four cats
Authors: MITTEN RUSSELL W.
Published: April 2008

Nasopharyngeal stenosis secondary to chronic upper respiratory tract infection is described in four cats. The stenosis is caused by a thin but tough inflammatory membrane which develops across the proximal nasopharynx, partly or completely occluding it. Diagnosis is aided by use of a dental mirror for caudal rhinoscopy, together with test passage of a fine catheter through the ventral nasal meatus. All four cases were treated successfully by surgical resection of the membrane through an incision in the soft palate. Nasopharyngeal stenosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all chronic upper respiratory disease in cats.
Skin lesions in canine leishmaniasis
Authors: FERRER L. , RABANAL R. , FONDEVILA D. , RAMOS J. A. , DOMINGO M.
Published: April 2008

Forty‐three dogs affected by canine leishmaniasis (CL) with skin lesions have been studied clinically and histopathologically. Identification of leishmaniads in tissues was achieved using indirect immunoperoxidase staining. According to both macroscopic and microscopic lesions, four different dermatological patterns have been observed. Twenty‐six dogs showed alopecia and desquamation as the main skin lesions. Histologically a diffuse non‐suppurative dermatitis, with numerous leishmaniads inside macrophages was present. Ten animals showed skin ulcerations on limbs, especially over articulations. Histologically, the number of leishmaniads was very reduced. Five animals presented a generalised nodular disease. Each nodule corresponded with a focal accumulation of macrophages, multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes, with a high number of parasites. Finally, two dogs presented generalised skin pustules. The possible pathogenesis and the differential diagnosis of each form is discussed.
Feline immune‐based polyarthritis: a study of thirty‐one cases
Authors: BENNETT D. , NASH A. S.
Published: April 2008

Non‐infective polyarthritis in the cat is classified into erosive (feline rheumatoid arthritis and feline periosteal proliferative polyarthritis) and non‐erosive (feline systemic lupus erythematosus, feline idiopathic polyarthritis) forms. Criteria are used to identify each group. Clinically, all forms are similar. Affected cats are stiff, unwilling to move and may resent any form of handling. Joints are usually swollen and painful on manipulation. Some cases are pyrexic and inappetent. Radiography demonstrates destructive changes within joints in the erosive forms and also the periosteal new bone, characteristic of the periosteal proliferative form. Soft tissue thickening is also demonstrated. Tests for the autoantibodies rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibody are important in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment is with anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents (prednisolone, cytotoxic drugs). Cats with the rheumatoid and periosteal proliferative types do not recover but some manage to cope with the lameness. Cats with idiopathic polyarthritis can make a complete recovery although cases associated with myeloproliferative disease have a hopeless prognosis.
Congenital mitral insufficiency in bull terriers
Authors: MALIK R. , CHURCH D. B.
Published: April 2008

Ten young bull terriers with physical, electrocardiographic and radiological findings suggestive of congenital mitral insufficiency were examined between 1976 and 1987. In four of these animals a definitive diagnosis was confirmed by either cardioangiography or autopsy. Congenital mitral insufficiency would appear to be a common developmental cardiac anomaly in bull terriers in Australia.
Fascia lata flap to re‐inforce repair of patella ligament injuries in the dog and cat
Authors: CULVENOR J. A.
Published: April 2008

Reports of three cases of patella ligament repair utilising a re‐inforcing strip of fascia lata are presented. A description of the technique is given.
Uveitis in the dog and cat
Authors: CRISPIN S. M.
Published: April 2008

The clinical signs, possible causes and types of treatment available for uveitis in the dog and cat are reviewed. While in many cases the aetiology is obscure, infection, neoplasia, trauma and lens damage are established as possible causes of uveitis and immune mediated mechanisms are increasingly recognised as important in uveal tract disease.
Diseases of the vitreous in the dog and cat
Authors: LEON A.
Published: April 2008

Diseases of the vitreous body in the dog and cat are reviewed. The anatomy, embryology and methods of examination of the vitreous are described. Congenital and acquired conditions are discussed, in particular relating to opacities within the vitreous, and a brief note on vitreous surgery is included.
Intracranial germ cell tumours in two dogs
Authors: Summers B. A. , Palmer A. C. , Littlewood J. D. , Blakemore W. F.
Published: April 2008

Intracranial germ cell tumours were identified in two middle‐aged, male dogs. The predominant clinical signs were progressive visual and pupillary abnormalities; one dog was blind. At post mortem examination a discrete extramedullary tumour was found at the base of the brain in each dog. Expansion of the mass had produced severe destruction of the diencephalon and brain stem. Histopathological examination revealed a mixed cellular pattern, consistent with a neoplasm derived from germ cells.
Osteochondritis dissecans on the lateral femoral trochlear ridge in a dog
Authors: Strom H. , Raskov H. , Arnbjerg J.
Published: April 2008

A case of osteochondritis dissecans of the lateral femoral trochlear ridge in a young dog is presented. The localisation is rare and diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
Unilateral arytenoid lateralisation: An assessment of technique and long term results in 62 dogs with laryngeal paralysis
Authors: White R. A. S.
Published: April 2008

Sixty‐two dogs with laryngeal paralysis were presented over a three year period. Presenting clinical signs included inspiratory stridor (100 per cent), exercise intolerance or syncopal episodes (81 per cent), loss or alteration in phonation (48 per cent) and coughing or gagging when eating (29 per cent). Causes of the paralysis were determined as traumatic (two dogs), neoplastic (two dogs), iatrogenic (two dogs), congenital (one dog) and idiopathic (55 dogs). Unilateral arytenoid lateralisation was performed in all dogs. The perioperative complication rate was approximately 10 per cent, while the success rate as judged by owners one year postoperatively was greater than 90 per cent. The technique avoided many of the recorded complications of intralaryngeal surgery. Operative times were short and the requirement for postoperative monitoring was minimal. Increasing familiarity with the technique favourably influenced the incidence of complications and the success rate.
Treatment of a severely comminuted fracture in a rabbit using a Kirschner‐Ehmer apparatus
Authors: Pead M. J. , Carmichael S.
Published: April 2008

A severely comminuted fracture of the distal tibia, in a rabbit, was successfully treated by the application of Kirschner‐Ehmer external fixator. The principles used in applying the apparatus are outlined, indicating its suitability of use in a variety of situations.
Restoration of the anterior dentition of a Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis)
Authors: Walmsley A. D. , Lumley P. J. , Laird W. R. E. , Kesterton C. , Daft J.
Published: April 2008

An eight‐year‐old beaver lost one of its upper central incisors through unknown causes. As the anterior teeth of this species continually erupt in a similar manner to rodents' teeth, the unopposed lower incisor had over‐erupted perforating the palate and entered the nasal cavity. The height of the lower incisor tooth was reduced and a cobaltchromium alloy bridge was constructed which was attached to the remaining upper incisor. The occlusal surface of the bridge was of sufficient width that both incisors could contact it. It was cemented into place with composite resin cement and cross‐pinned through the labial surface of the metal into the tooth substance. It is unknown how such treatment will affect the biological processes underlying the continually erupting incisor and the animal is being monitored for any adverse effects.
Non‐surgical correction of infection‐induced struvite uroliths and a vesicourachal diverticulum in an immature dog
Authors: Lulich J. P. , Osborne C. A. , Johnston G. R.
Published: April 2008

Infection‐induced struvite urocystoliths and a vesicourachal diverticulum affecting a nine‐week‐old male mixed breed dog were eliminated with the aid of dietary and antimicrobial therapy. Urocystoliths dissolved within nine days of initiation of medical therapy, while the vesicourachal diverticulum resolved within 39 days of initiation of therapy.
Vaccination of the young kitten
Authors: Gaskell R. M.
Published: April 2008

This paper draws together those diseases of the cat where vaccination is either being practised in the UK or overseas, or is currently being considered. In the UK, vaccination is routinely carried out for feline panleucopenia, feline viral rhino‐tracheitis (FVR), and feline calicivirus infection, and in quarantine, cats are also vaccinated against rabies. In the USA and some other countries, vaccination is also carried out against feline leukaemia virus infection, feline Chlamydia psit‐taci infection and routinely against rabies. Attempts are also being made to develop vaccines for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), although there are a number of problems associated with the development of a successful FIP vaccine which will be referred to later. Factors important in prevention and control of the three diseases feline panleucopenia, FVR, and feline calicivirus infection for which vaccination in the UK is commonly practised will be discussed. For each disease, some background information on the virus and the epizootiology of the disease is given, which it is hoped will lead to greater understanding of the principles involved in prevention and control. A few points will then be made about vaccination in some of those diseases where vaccines are being developed or where it is carried out in other countries.
Management of growth plate injuries in puppies and kittens
Authors: Prieur W. D.
Published: April 2008

Injuries to the growth plate may cause complex problems. Veterinary surgeons dealing with these orthopaedic cases need to understand the aetiology and different problems that may occur. Experience with a number of difficult surgical techniques is desirable and a guarded prognosis is always recommended.
A technique for arthrodesis of the canine tarsocrural joint
Authors: Sumner‐Smith G. , Kuzma A.
Published: April 2008

A new method of fusion of the canine tarsocrural joint is described employing a lag screw which is. protected by an AO/ASIF cuttable plate. The latter is placed on the lateral aspect of the joint following removal of the distal one‐third of the fibula.
A clinical evaluation of a one‐piece drainage system in the treatment of canine glaucoma
Authors: Bedford P. G. C.
Published: April 2008

A one‐piece drainage implant consisting of an anterior chamber tube and an attached large surface area strap has been used to treat glaucoma in 15 dogs (21 eyes). The results obtained over a minimum period of nine months suggest that the technique offers a greater chance of long term control than other surgical therapies currently practised. In all patients in this series medical therapy was either inappropriate or had proved ineffective, and surgery to bypass the iridocorneal angle was considered essential if intraocular pressure control was to be achieved. The drainage implant allowed aqueous to be diverted from the anterior chamber and absorbed from a large sub‐conjunctival scar sac which developed around the strap. Four weeks after surgery 20 eyes were normotensive and by nine months after surgery only three additional eyes had become irreversibly hypertensive. No further failures have been recorded, and throughout there has been no apparent untoward reaction to the presence of the implant. Additional medical hypotensive therapy is being used in approximately 50 per cent of the controlled eyes.
Is this a genetic disease?
Authors: Patterson D. F. , Aguirre G. A. , Fyfe J. C. , Giger U. , Green P. L. , Haskins M. E. , Jezyk P. F. , Meyers‐Wallen V. N.
Published: April 2008

This paper begins with a brief summary of knowledge concerning the frequency and types of genetic diseases in small domestic animals, particularly the dog. The major question considered is, ‘How does one recognise that a given disease has an important genetic component in its cause?’ Six lines of evidence leading to that conclusion are discussed and exemplified by a variety of known and suspected genetic diseases in the dog and cat.
Control of inherited defects in dogs
Authors: Willis M. B.
Published: April 2008

Canine defects can be divided into several main groups: autosomal recessives, autosomal dominants, sex‐linked traits, threshold characters and polygenic traits. Few are dominant, as early onset dominant defects are easily eliminated. Autosomal recessives are almost impossible to eradicate, though incidence reduction is feasible. Biochemical tests, though potentially rewarding, are not likely to be in widespread use for many years. Test mating of sires for autosomal recessives can be effective but in many late onset, or rare defects, becomes quite impracticable. The paper argues for more extensive breed recording, as the assessment of sires used on random numbers of mates can be an effective system of control for many traits simultaneously. Sex‐linked traits like haemophilia A can be tested for with success but at some cost. Polygenic traits, hip dysplasia is used as an example, are best tackled by breed schemes on a large scale and by the employment of progeny testing results to follow up performance testing. The need for ruling bodies to introduce legislation to aid dogdom is long overdue, especially in Britain and criticism of the Kennel Club is made.
Cowpox in cats
Authors: Thomsett L. R.
Published: April 2008

Orthodox virus infection of domestic cats in the United Kingdom was first reported in 1978. Outbreaks of a disease considered to be due to cowpox (orthopox) infection had been reported in a number of species of zoo animals in Europe between 1971 and 1977 and a serious outbreak occurred among cheetahs in a United Kingdom zoo. In this species the clinical signs were ülcerating and crusted skin lesions, in some cases complicated by respiratory signs and death. An increasing number of cases of pox infection of domestic cats has been reported in Great Britain. Affected animals have shown ulcerating and crusted skin lesions particularly of the head and limbs; systemic illness was uncommon. Immunologically compromised cats, ie, FeLV positive or those receiving corticosteroid of megestrol acetate therapy, were found to be more likely to show extensive or generalised pox lesions. The source of infection is thought to be small wild mammals, ie, voles, acting as a reservoir of virus, which are preyed upon by domestic cats. Feline orthopox virus infection is a zoonosis. Transmission of the disease from affected cats to incontact owners has been reported from Great Britain and the continent of Europe. The differential diagnosis of the condition in cats includes those skin disorders commonly treated with steroidal anti‐inflammatory preparations. Definite diagnosis is important as these drugs are contraindicated in viral infections. Confirmation of diagnosis may be by virus isolation and serology. Histological examination of skin biopsy specimens is also helpful. Whether or not the causal agent of this disease should be referred to as cowpox virus or feline orthopox virus continues to be a matter of debate.
Ringworm in dogs and cats
Authors: Wright A. I.
Published: April 2008

Ringworm is an uncommon disease of dogs, but cats, especially the longhaired breeds, are more frequently infected. Of the several dermatophytes involved, Microsporum canis causes 94 per cent of ringworm in cats and 65 per cent in dogs. This species is highly contagious for man but the true incidence of human infection is unknown. Ringworm caused by M canis usually responds readily to treatment, but when the infection establishes in a colony of cats, eradication can be difficult and expensive.

Other forms of ringworm in dogs and cats are caused by dermatophytes acquired from wild animals, mainly small rodents such as mice and voles. This is an uncommon and trivial disease of cats, but some infections in dogs can be remarkably persistent and difficult to resolve.
A survey of cataracts in golden and labrador retrievers
Authors: Curtis R. , Barnett K. C.
Published: April 2008

Two thousand two hundred and fifty‐one golden and 1399 labrador retrievers were examined for certification under the BVA/Kennel Club eye examination scheme. Cataracts were diagnosed in 7.4 per cent of golden retrievers and 6.6 per cent of labrador retrievers; of these 4.7 per cent and 5.5 per cent, respectively, were of the posterior polar subcapsular (PPS) type and considered to be hereditary. Additional cases were examined as referrals. The PPS cataracts, essentially bilateral and always located at the confluence of the suture lines, were most commonly encountered in young dogs but could arise at any age. Over half of the cases re‐examined after periods ranging from 12 to 34 months showed no or only slight progression but evidence was obtained for the occasional transformation of a PPS cataract into a total cataract. The hypothesis of dominant inheritance, probable from the pedigree data, received further support from instances of cataracts in retriever crosses. A perinuclear form of cataract, for which there was limited evidence for inheritance, was encountered almost exclusively in the golden retriever.
Granulomatous meningoence‐phalomyelitis in 21 dogs
Authors: Thomas J. B. , Eger C.
Published: April 2008

Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) is a well recognised disease entity affecting dogs. It manifests in a wide variety of clinical syndromes. The lesion is characterised by focal or disseminated non‐caseating granulomas in the brain and spinal cord, non‐suppurative meningitis and marked perivascular lymphoid cuffing. The clinical signs can be acute and rapidly progressive or can manifest as a chronic relapsing disease. In this survey, 12 clinical cases were referred to Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital and nine cases were submitted for necropsy. While cerebrospinal fluid examination in seven of these cases suggested inflammatory disease, necropsy confirmed the presence of GME. An immunohistochemical technique for detection of distemper virus antigen failed to identify the presence of distemper virus antigen in any of the cases. It was concluded that distemper virus was not involved in the aetiology of these 21 cases all of which were confirmed by post mortem examination.
Oesophageal obstruction by a hairball in a cat
Authors: Squires R. A.
Published: April 2008

Oesophageal obstruction caused by a hairball is described in a nine‐year‐old Persian cat. Diagnosis was based upon radiological and oesophagoscopic findings. The obstruction was managed conservatively by forceps delivery of part of the hair, repulsion of the remainder into the stomach, and oral laxative medication. The fur was clipped prophylactically. At follow up one month later, oesophageal function was normal.
Vertebral stabilisation for cervical spondylopathy using a screw and washer technique
Authors: McKee W. M. , Lavelle R. B. , Mason T. A.
Published: April 2008

A transvertebral screw and interbody washer technique was used to stabilise the vertebrae and maintain the intervertebral space in 34 adult dobermann pinschers with cervical spondylopathy. The long term success of the procedure was 50 per cent. Pre‐operatively three dogs were considered mildly ataxic, 16 moderately ataxic, 13 severely ataxic and two non‐ambulatory. Thirty dogs had radiographic changes of calcified disc, vertebral malalignment or narrow intervertebral disc space and all dogs had myelographic abnormalities in the caudal cervical spine. Vertebral malalignment and narrow intervertebral space correlated closely with myelographic cord compression. However, compressive lesions were not identified in 11 cases on plain films. Follow‐up was available on 30 dogs of which 25 showed neurological improvement. This was temporary in 10 cases which were destroyed two weeks to three years following surgery.
An unusual case of hydronephrosis in a bitch
Authors: Brovida C. , Castagnaro M.
Published: April 2008

Hydronephrosis may be due to acquired or congenital causes. In this article the clinical and pathological features of a ureteric mass causing unilateral hydronephrosis in a young bitch are described and the nature of the obstruction is discussed.
Treatment of spontaneous malignant tumours in dogs with PTMC
Authors: Owen L. N. , Owen A. G.
Published: April 2008

The chemical analysis of the caffeine salt of a phosphomolybdic‐tungstic acid compound (PTMC) is described. Twenty‐seven dogs with advanced malignant tumours have been treated with PTMC by intramuscular or intravenous injection. Five dogs ‐ one case of metastatic osteosarcoma, two cases of metastatic mammary carcinoma, one case of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma and one case of primary fibrosarcoma showed objective tumour regression for periods varying from four weeks to 20 months. Only two of the 27 dogs treated showed toxic effects.
Hindlimb skin loss associated with urethral rupture in two cats
Authors: Holt P. E.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and radiographic features of two cats in which hindlimb skin loss was associated with traumatic urethral rupture (in one case iatrogenic) are described. Both cases were managed successfully but illustrate the need for careful catheterisation of cats and early treatment of urethral trauma.
Corneal anatomical differences in the aetiology of chronic superficial keratitis
Authors: Petrick S. W. , Rensburg I. B. J. Van
Published: April 2008

The apparently normal corneas of 14 diseased eyes of German shepherd dogs (GSDs) were shown to possess very thin epithelial layers on microscopy. Normal corneas of 38 GSDs and 113 dogs of various breeds and crossbred animals were compared for epithelial thickness, structure of corneal stroma and corneal strength. Due to lower values for these criteria found in the GSDs they are considered to play an important role in the aetiology of chronic superficial keratitis.
Hydrops fetalis diagnosed by real‐time ultrasonography in a bichon frise bitch
Authors: Allen W. Edward , England G. C. W. , White K. B.
Published: April 2008

Hydrops fetalis was diagnosed in a near term bichon frise bitch using real‐time ultrasonography. The affected fetus was identified by the presence of intrathoracic and subcutaneous fluid. It was delivered by caesarean operation with five normal fetuses. The ultrasound findings were confirmed post mortem although the fetus also had ascites.
Acquired immune‐mediated myasthenia gravis in a cat
Authors: Cuddon P. A.
Published: April 2008

Acquired myasthenia gravis was diagnosed in a four‐year‐old castrated male Somali in which the presenting signs consisted of progressive lameness, weakness, generalised muscle tremors, an inability to blink and voice loss. Clinical testing with edrophonium chloride, electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry and serum immunological techniques confirmed the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis and proved its immune‐mediated nature. Clinical remission was achieved following long term immunosuppression with corticosteroids.
A retrospective study of diagnosis in 109 cases of canine lower respiratory disease
Authors: Brownlie S. E.
Published: April 2008

Between 1983 and 1988, 109 cases of canine lower respiratory tract disease were examined and categorised according to clinical, radiographic and bronchoscopic findings and cytology of bronchial mucus. Non‐specific chronic tracheobronchitis was diagnosed in 19 cases, bronchopneumonia (subacute or chronic) in 12 cases, bronchiectasis in 10 cases, parasitic bronchitis due to Oslerus osleri in 20 cases, eosinophilic bronchitis with or without bronchiectasis or alveolar infiltration in 25 cases, bronchial foreign bodies, mainly cereal ears, in 14 cases, primary neoplasia (adenocarcinomas) in six cases and miscellaneous disease in three cases. Features of these conditions are discussed. Although the aetiology of chronic bronchial disease may not always be ascertained, it is important to assign a dog to a diagnostic category so that the owner can be given a more accurate prognosis.
A technique for the management of radial and ulnar fractures in miniature dogs using translation pins
Authors: Eger C. E.
Published: April 2008

Fractures of the distal third of the radius and ulna of miniature dogs frequently suffer the complication of non‐union. Techniques for the management of such fractures are generally adaptations of those used in larger dogs. The successful treatment of three cases is reported, utilising transfixation pins and acrylic cement.
Cor triatrium dexter with Budd‐Chiari syndrome and a review of ascites in young dogs
Authors: Otto C. M. , Mahaffey M. , Jacobs C. , Binhazim A.
Published: April 2008

Ascites with accumulation of a true or modified transudate, is relatively uncommon in young dogs. When it does occur, congenital defects of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, or renal systems, infectious diseases and trauma must be considered. Cor triatrium dexter, an abnormal membrane obstructing the caudal vena cava at the level of the right atrium, was diagnosed in an eight‐month‐old cocker spaniel presented with ascites.
Feline Precursor. porphyria, characterized by persistent delta. Aminolevulinic aciduria
Authors: Watson A. D. J.
Published: April 2008

A female domestic shorthaired cat had frequent seizures and vague gastrointestinal signs. Lead poisoning was suspected because of increased urinary delta aminolevulinic acid concentration. However, abnormalities continued despite repeated chelation therapy and blood lead concentration was normal. Delta aminolevulinic aciduria persisted, but concentrations of porphobilinogen in urine and of porphyrins in blood, urine and faeces were normal. An inherited porphyric disorder was suspected, involving deficiency of aminolevulinic acid dehydrase, an enzyme active in haem biosynthesis. Accumulation of aminolevulinic acid in vivo could explain the observed signs.
Use of a programmable, activity‐sensing, rate‐regulating Sacemaker in dog
Authors: Cobb M. A. , Nolan J. , Brownlie S. E. , Abercromby R. H. , Fussell A. L.
Published: April 2008

A multi‐programmable, single chamber pulse generator with automatic, activity‐sensing rate regulation was successfully implanted into an eight‐year‐old crossbred dog with symptomatic third‐degree atrioventricular heart block. Postoperative Holter monitoring confirmed appropriate activity‐related changes in the ventricular rate.
Management of 60 cases of diaphragmatic rupture
Authors: Sullivan M. , Reid J.
Published: April 2008

Sixty cases of diaphragmatic rupture in the dog and cat were reviewed. There was a 90 per cent success rate following surgical repair. There were six deaths; two of these resulted from pulmonary collapse and hydrothorax, two cats from pulmonary oedema, one cat with cardiac arrest and one due to hepatic necrosis. In none of the deaths was the presence or absence of chest drains implicated. Apart from cases of gastric dilation, all animals benefited from 12 to 24 hours cage rest and stabilisation before surgery. Simple anaesthetic and surgical guidelines for the management of diaphragmatic rupture are described.
Intercondylar humeral fracture in the dog: A review of 20 cases
Authors: Anderson T. J. , Carmichael S. , Miller A.
Published: April 2008

A review of 20 consecutive cases of intercondylar humeral fracture in dogs referred to Glasgow University Veterinary School (GUVS) was made. The majority of fractures followed apparently minimal trauma to adult animals. All cases were managed by open reduction and internal fixation. Some aspects of the authors preferred surgical technique are discussed. Long term outcome was assessed by owner questionnaire and, or, examination at GUVS. Satisfactory results were seen in 64 per cent of cases with follow up.
Osteomyelitis associated with Penicillium verruculosum in a German shepherd dog
Authors: Wigney D. I. , Allan G. S. , Hay L. E. , Hocking A. D.
Published: April 2008

Penicillium verruculosum, a saprophytic fungus isolated occasionally from soil, has not been reported previously as a cause of systemic disease in man or animals. This article describes a case of polyostotic osteomyelitis associated with P verruculosum in a previously healthy, young adult German shepherd dog. In this case predisposing factors could not be determined but it is suspected that some German shepherd dogs possess a defect in phagocytic cell function which allows widespread infection with filamentous fungi.
Feline hyper‐eosinophilia with cutaneous lesions
Authors: Harvey R. G.
Published: April 2008

Feline hypereosinophilic syndrome was first reported by Hendrick (1981) and in four subsequent communications a further six cases have been described (McEwan and others 1985, Tobias 1985, Scott and others 1985, Verhaert and others 1987). With the exception of one report (Scott and others 1985) which described a case with cutaneous lesions, cats have exhibited clinical signs related to internal lesions. This communication describes a case of feline hypere‐osinophilia with cutaneous lesions which proved refractory to treatment.
Feeding for health
Authors: Earle K. E.
Published: April 2008

In the last decade there has been increasing emphasis on the role of healthy eating in the prevention of disease. The aim is to make people aware of the need to be more responsible for their own wellbeing. As attention is drawn to improving our diet there is now also greater awareness of the need to apply the same principles to our pets.

I intend to discuss the key elements of dietary selection; nutrient content, energy, digestibility and palatability which are to be considered when formulating a healthy feeding regimen. Both physiological and environmental factors affect food intake and often animals' feeding habits will be affected by their owner. Finally, it must be remembered that cats and dogs are individuals and will always have their own particular food preferences. As long as a balanced diet is offered to the animals in sufficient quantities our pets should enjoy long and healthy lives.
Animal psychodietetics
Authors: Ballarini G.
Published: April 2008

At present, behaviour and diet are linked in psychodietetics which, in turn, correlates to food quality and animal wellbeing, as well as to specific behavioural problems. Several studies indicate that food should be ascribed diverse effects, such as nutritional, pharmacological, toxic and extranutritional. Some of these actions affect behaviour. Particular attention was recently devoted to relationships linking flavours, pheromones and behaviour, as well as to neurological pathologies associated with nutrition and depending on diet disorders.

Many studies are at present being conducted on the relationship between nutrition, neurotransmitter synthesis and neurohormonal system activity, with relative behavioural changes. In particular, data were collected on the relationship between nutrition and aggressiveness, nutrition and psychoses, nutrition and dyskinesiae, nutrition and alimentary behaviour (control of food intake) in carnivorous domestic animals. Recently, studies on the relationship between nutrition and nervous system growth and early life behaviour were carried out, focusing on domestic carnivores. Pets' nutrition involves a broader significance than was given by traditional dietetics, including the man‐animal relationship. From this new viewpoint, many ‘parallel pathologies’ affecting the pets and their owners (obesity, hyperkinesia, aggressiveness, etc) are better interpreted.
Obesity in the dog
Authors: Markwell P. J. , van Erk W. , Parkin G. D. , Sloth C. J. , Shantz‐Christienson T.
Published: April 2008

Canine obesity is a common condition in veterinary practice, and has been associated with a number of serious medical conditions likely to reduce the length and quality of a pet's life. Therefore, it represents an important condition for the veterinarian to manage. This paper reports a study conducted by veterinarians in practice using controlled calorie reduction for the management of overweight dogs. In the study weight losses of 14 per cent were achieved over a 12 week period. Details of this study are discussed.
Exfoliate vaginal cytology and plasma concentrations of progesterone, luteinising hormone and oestradiol‐17sZ during oestrus in the bitch
Authors: Mestre J. , Wanke M. , Sucheyre S.
Published: April 2008

Oestrus was characterised in nine German shepherd bitches by measuring plasma levels of luteinising hormone (LH), progesterone (P) and oestradiol‐17ß (O). Hormone concentration data were compared with the eosinophilic index (EI) obtained from exfoliate vaginal cytology. Maximal values of O and LH occurred before the maximal EI value. The EI peak followed the O peak, with a two day delay. LH increased during the first 24 hours after the maximum 0 value, and P levels were then slightly higher than basal.
Plasma concentration of some vitamins in greyhounds
Authors: Snow D. H. , Frigg M.
Published: April 2008

Plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid, (3‐carotene, retinol and a‐tocopheral were determined in four groups of racing greyhounds. Plasma biotin was measured in two groups. Mean concentrations were 5‐3 mg/litre ascorbic acid, 877|xg/litre retinol, 10‐4 mg/litre a‐tocopherol and 451 ng/litre biotin. In all dogs (3‐carotene was below the level of detection, ie, 20 μg/litre. Differences in plasma vitamin concentrations between groups were found.
Inherited erythrocyte Syruvate kinase eficiency in the West Highland white terrier
Authors: Chapman B. L. , Giger U.
Published: April 2008

An eight‐month‐old male West Highland white terrier (WHWT) presented with mild exercise intolerance and splenomegaly caused by a severe and highly regenerative haemolytic anaemia that persisted until the dog died at two years of age. There was marked erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow and progressive osteosclerosis. Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency was confirmed by demonstrating a block in glycolysis at the PK step, abnormal erythrocyte PK kinetics, absence of R‐type PK isoenzyme, and the presence of M2‐type PK not normally expressed in erythrocytes. From the study of family members it is concluded that erythrocyte PK deficiency in the WHWT is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Heterozygotes have about half‐normal erythrocyte PK activity, do not express the M2‐type PK isoenzyme and are asymptomatic. This disease closely resembles erythrocyte PK deficiency in the basenji breed and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young dogs with severe haemolytic anaemia.
Cold agglutinin disease in a puppy associated with lead intoxication
Authors: Dickson N. J.
Published: April 2008

Primary cold agglutinin disease is an autoimmune disease seen in the dog and man. A case of cold agglutinin disease is described in a puppy which was undergoing treatment for lead intoxication.
Sagittal pubic osteotomy in the investigation and treatment of intrapelvic neoplasia in the dog
Authors: Davies J. V. , Read H. M.
Published: April 2008

Sagittal pubic osteotomy was used as the surgical approach in 24 cases of intrapelvic neoplasia in the dog. Thirteen cases involved the urethra, seven cases the colorectum, one case the prostate and three cases the iliac periosteum. Surgical excision was performed in 10 cases of urethral neoplasia, four cases of rectal neoplasia, two cases of periosteal fibrosarcoma and one case of chondrosarcoma. The remaining cases were assessed as inoperable due to the extent of disease and euthanasia was carried out. Access to intrapelvic structures via a caudal midline laparotomy, perineal or dorsal routes or via an episiotomy is severely limited. The structures within the pelvic canal most likely to require surgical attention are the urethra, rectum and prostate. Procedures which require wide excision, accurate anastomotic techniques or relocation of intrapelvic organs necessitate an approach that allows generous exposure. A simple method of pubic osteotomy has been employed which has allowed resection of intrapelvic neoplasms.
Relapse infection after chemotherapy in dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Authors: Chukwu C. C. , Anene B. M. , Onuekwusi K. O. , Anika S. M.
Published: April 2008

Studies on relapsing Trypanosoma brucei brucei infections in dogs after Berenil treatment revealed that the first relapse occurred 13 to 64 days after chemotherapy and 36 to 79 days after inoculation. A second relapse infection was observed in two dogs 43 and 60 days after a second Berenil treatment. During the aparasitaemic period following chemotherapy in four dogs, successful transmission (as evidenced by subsequent parasitaemia) following the intraperitoneal inoculation of homogenate of brain from two of the dogs into recipient rats was obtained. Transmission with blood collected just before the animals were sacrificed was, however, negative. Hornogenates of other organs (liver, spleen, eyes, testes, kidneys, heart and lymph node) were also non‐infective. One dog inoculated with relapsed trypanosomes and treated with Berenil soon after showing parasitaemia was completely cured of the infection. It was considered that the brain is the source of relapse in T b brucei infection after Berenil therapy and that the relapse was not due to drug resistance.
Luxation of the radial carpal bone in four dogs
Authors: Miller A. , Carmichael S. , Anderson T. J. , Brown I.
Published: April 2008

Four cases of radial carpal bone luxation in dogs seen at Glasgow University Veterinary School in a period of six years are described. Three were border collie types. Two of these were working sheepdogs and the third was an agility triallist. The fourth was a rough collie. All were adult, two were male and two were female. Three cases were of short duration and were managed by open reduction of the luxation and surgical stabilisation of the radial carpal bone. The other was of longer duration and was treated by pancarpal arthrodesis. In all cases the carpus was supported externally for one to two months following surgery. At the time of writing, the progress of only the three working dogs was known. Despite the presence of osteoarthritic changes in the carpi of these dogs, they all became sound and returned to work. A mechanism for the injury based upon the results of cadaver studies is proposed.
Feline cowpox virus infection
Authors: Bennett M. , Gaskell C. J. , Baxbyt D. , Gaskell R. M. , Kelly D. F. , Naidoot J.
Published: April 2008

The domestic cat is now the most commonly recognised host of cowpox virus in Great Britain and several recent cases of human cowpox have been traced to contact with infected cats. This review brings together some of the recent developments in our understanding of the natural history of cowpox virus and cowpox in cats.
Ultrasonographic measurement of normal renal parameters
Authors: Barr F. J. , Holt P. E. , Gibbs C.
Published: April 2008

Both kidneys were imaged ultrasono‐graphically in each of 100 normal adult dogs. Small but significant differences were found in the dimensions of the left and right kidneys and in renal dimensions of male and female dogs of similar bodyweight. There was a statistically significant correlation between renal length and bodyweight (r = 0–84, P<0–001). The relationship between renal length and bodyweight was linear except at very low or very high bodyweights. There was also a statistically significant correlation between renal volume and bodyweight (r = 0–91, P<0–001), and the relationship remained linear even at extremes of bodyweight. Graphs could therefore be constructed for renal lengthy bodyweight and renal volume/bodyweight with 95 per cent confidence limits.
Severe whipworm infection in the dog
Authors: Malik R. , Hunt G. B. , Hinchliffe J. M. , Church D. B.
Published: April 2008

Three dogs with trichuriosis were presented because of depression, anorexia and severe dehydration following a period of chronic diarrhoea, Systemic signs attributable to hypovolaemia and acid‐base and electrolyte disturbances resolved following intravenous fluid therapy, although diarrhoea persisted until appropriate anthelmintics were administered. Whipworm infection may sometimes give rise to a life‐threatening dehydration syndrome associated with hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia.
Hiatal hernia in a shar‐pei
Authors: Williams J. M.
Published: April 2008

A combined axial and paraoesophageal hiatal hernia complicated by splenic involvement was diagnosed in a two‐year‐old Chinese shar‐pei. A circumcostal gastropexy was performed following reduction of the hernia and fundoplication of the cardia The dog recovered well and is asymptomatic six months postoperatively. The literature concerning hiatal hernia in the dog is reviewed and the various surgical techniques described for its management are discussed.
Feline behaviour problems
Authors: Turner T.
Published: April 2008

Do cats need shrinks? Peter Neville.
Studies on canine pregnancy using B‐mode ultrasound: Development of the conceptus and determination of gestational age
Authors: England G.C.W. , Allen W. Edward , Porter D. J.
Published: April 2008

Development of the conceptus was characterised using B‐mode ultrasound in a standard size of dog (labrador retrievers, golden retrievers and their crosses; weight range 22 to 30 kg). Growth curves were established for various measurements of the conceptuses. Regression equations allowed the prediction of the expected time of parturition. Multiple regression analysis of two measurements (biparietal diameter and trunk diameter) resulted in an increase in the confidence of prediction.