bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causes of Admission, Mortality and Pathological Findings in European Hedgehogs: Reports from Two University Centers in Italy and Switzerland
Authors: Prandi Ilaria , Dervas Eva , Colombino Elena , Bonaffini Giuseppe , Zanet Stefania , Orusa Riccardo , Robetto Serena , Vacchetta Massimo , Mauthe von Degerfeld Mitzy , Quaranta Giuseppe , Hetzel Udo , Capucchio Maria
Published: June 2024

European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are nocturnal insectivores frequently found in urban areas. In the last decades, their population has declined in various European countries and human activities have emerged as significant contributors to this trend. While the literature has mainly focused on trauma as the major cause of mortality, few authors have considered pathological findings. The present study is based on the results of full post-mortem examinations performed on 162 European hedgehogs in Italy and 109 in Switzerland. Unlike in previous studies, the main cause of mortality was infectious diseases (60.5%), followed by traumatic insults (27.7%). The lungs were the main organ affected, showing mostly lymphoplasmacytic (45.9%), granulomatous (18.1%) or suppurative (8.2%) pneumonia. Nematodes were detected in 57.2% of all lungs and were significantly associated with pneumonia (p-value < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report infectious diseases as the main cause of hedgehog death, emphasizing the need for wildlife rescue centers to adopt appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Further research is necessary to determine the broad range of infectious agents that affect this species and elucidate their interplay with the host. Finally, citizen sensitization should be implemented to promote responsible behaviors that could reduce human-related traumatic events.
Transfer of Caffeine and Its Major Metabolites to Chicken Eggs
Authors: Teixeira Mailson da Silva , Saraiva Carolina Julia Costa , dos Santos Bárbara Pereira , Vann Thais Cristina , Lara Leonardo José Camargos , Soto-Blanco Benito
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to determine whether the eggs of laying hens fed caffeine contain this compound and its primary metabolites (theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine). Laying hens were distributed into four experimental groups fed rations containing 0 (control), 150, 300, or 450 μg/g of caffeine. For residual analysis, six eggs per group were collected after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The concentrations of caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine were determined in the white and yolk of each egg by a high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) method. All four compounds were detected in the white and yolk of eggs produced by hens fed caffeine, but their levels in the egg white were approximately twice those in the yolk. The major metabolite found in eggs was theophylline (57.5% of caffeine metabolites in the egg white and 58.5% in the yolk), followed by theobromine (39.9% in the egg white and 41.5% in the yolk), and paraxanthine (2.64% in the egg white and non-detected in the yolk). In summary, caffeine and its metabolites, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine, are transferred to the chicken eggs.
Impacts of Maternal Nutrition on Sow Performance and Potential Positive Effects on Piglet Performance
Authors: Gormley Alexa , Jang Ki Beom , Garavito-Duarte Yesid , Deng Zixiao , Kim Sung Woo
Published: June 2024

The objectives of this review are to identify the nutritional challenges faced by modern sows and present potential solutions to mitigate excessive maternal tissue loss and reproductive failure as it relates to recent genetic improvements. Current feeding programs have limitations to support the rapid genetic improvements in reproductive performance for modern sows. Since 2012, both litter size at birth and fetal weight have increased by 2.26 pigs per litter and 0.22 kg per piglet, respectively, thereby increasing the nutrient needs for sows during gestation and lactation. Prediction models generated in this review predict that modern sows would need 31% more lysine during gestation when compared with current feeding programs. Physiological challenges facing modern sows are also addressed in this review. High oxidative stress, pelvic organ prolapse, and lameness can directly affect the sow, whereas these physiological challenges can have negative impacts on colostrum and milk quality. In response, there is growing interest in investigating the functional roles of select bioactive compounds as feed additives to mitigate the severity of these challenges. Selenium sources, catechins, and select plant extracts have been utilized to reduce oxidative stress, calcium chloride and phytase have been used to mitigate pelvic organ prolapse and lameness, algae and yeast derivatives have been used to improve colostrum and milk quality, and fiber sources and probiotics have been commonly utilized to improve sow intestinal health. Collectively, this review demonstrates the unique challenges associated with managing the feeding programs for modern sows and the opportunities for revision of the amino acid requirements as well as the use of select bioactive compounds to improve reproductive performance.
First Evidence of Leishmania infantum Antibodies in Sheep (Ovis aries) from Southern Germany
Authors: Bauer Benjamin Ulrich , Lebrero María Eugenia , Ganter Martin , Navarro Teresa , Fernández Antonio , Ruíz de Arcaute Marta , Ortín Aurora , Villanueva-Saz Sergio , Marteles Diana , Ruiz Héctor , Climent María , Quílez Pablo , Lacasta Delia
Published: June 2024

In Europe, Leishmania infantum is the most prevalent Leishmania species, and this protozoan is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. A recent publication has shown that sheep harbor L. infantum antibodies. This raises questions about the epidemiological role of small ruminants. Therefore, sera from small ruminants located in two southern German federal states, Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW) and Bavaria (BAV), were analyzed with an ELISA to determine the presence of L. infantum antibodies. The species, sex and age (gimmer vs. ewe) were recorded, and a univariate analysis was conducted to determine possible associations. In total, seven sheep flocks (274 sheep/10 goats) from BW and seven sheep flocks (277 sheep/78 goats) from BAV were examined. In BW, four sheep from three flocks tested positive for L. infantum antibodies. In BAV, the same number of positive sheep were detected but in four flocks. The total seropositivity rate in sheep was 1.45%. All goats tested negative. No significant association (p > 0.05) was detected between Leishmania seropositivity and the variables evaluated. Our study reveals the exposure of sheep to L. infantum in a non-endemic area. Further investigation is needed to determine whether sheep can be used as sentinels to identify new phlebotomine habitats and Leishmania risk areas.
The Impact of Surgical Bowel Preparation on the Microbiome in Colon and Rectal Surgery
Authors: Weaver Lauren , Troester Alexander , Jahansouz Cyrus
Published: June 2024

Preoperative bowel preparation, through iterations over time, has evolved with the goal of optimizing surgical outcomes after colon and rectal surgery. Although bowel preparation is commonplace in current practice, its precise mechanism of action, particularly its effect on the human gut microbiome, has yet to be fully elucidated. Absent intervention, the gut microbiota is largely stable, yet reacts to dietary influences, tissue injury, and microbiota-specific byproducts of metabolism. The routine use of oral antibiotics and mechanical bowel preparation prior to intestinal surgical procedures may have detrimental effects previously thought to be negligible. Recent evidence highlights the sensitivity of gut microbiota to antibiotics, bowel preparation, and surgery; however, there is a lack of knowledge regarding specific causal pathways that could lead to therapeutic interventions. As our understanding of the complex interactions between the human host and gut microbiota grows, we can explore the role of bowel preparation in specific microbiome alterations to refine perioperative care and improve outcomes. In this review, we outline the current fund of information regarding the impact of surgical bowel preparation and its components on the adult gut microbiome. We also emphasize key questions pertinent to future microbiome research and their implications for patients undergoing colorectal surgery.
Helicobacter pylori and the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota: A Multifaceted Relationship
Authors: Tohumcu Ege , Kaitsas Francesco , Bricca Ludovica , Ruggeri Alessandro , Gasbarrini Antonio , Cammarota Giovanni , Ianiro Gianluca
Published: June 2024

Helicobacter pylori is a type of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum which is known to cause gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis and gastric ulcers. Its treatment is based on current eradication regimens, which are composed of combinations of antibiotics such as clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin and amoxicillin, often combined with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). With the development of sequencing technologies, it has been demonstrated that not only does the colonization of the gastric and gut environment by H. pylori cause microbial changes, but also the treatment regimens used for its eradication have a significant altering effect on both the gastric and gut microbiota. Here, we review current knowledge on microbiota modulations of current therapies in both environments. We also summarize future perspectives regarding H. pylori infection, the integration of probiotics into therapy and what challenges are being faced on a global basis when we talk about eradication.
Efficacy and Mechanisms of Antioxidant Compounds and Combinations Thereof against Cisplatin-Induced Hearing Loss in a Rat Model
Authors: Carles Liliana , Gibaja Alejandro , Scheper Verena , Alvarado Juan C. , Almodovar Carlos , Lenarz Thomas , Juiz José M.
Published: June 2024

Cisplatin is an election chemotherapeutic agent used for many cancer treatments. Its cytotoxicity against neoplastic cells is mirrored by that taking place in healthy cells and tissues, resulting in serious adverse events. A very frequent one is ototoxicity, causing hearing loss which may permanently affect quality of life after successful oncologic treatments. Exacerbated oxidative stress is a main cytotoxic mechanism of cisplatin, including ototoxicity. Previous reports have shown antioxidant protection against cisplatin ototoxicity, but there is a lack of comparative studies on the otoprotectant activity and mechanism of antioxidant formulations. Here, we show evidence that a cocktail of vitamins A, C, and E along with Mg++ (ACEMg), previously shown to protect against noise-induced hearing loss, reverses auditory threshold shifts, promotes outer hair cell survival, and attenuates oxidative stress in the cochlea after cisplatin treatment, thus protecting against extreme cisplatin ototoxicity in rats. The addition of 500 mg N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which, administered individually, also shows significant attenuation of cisplatin ototoxicity, to the ACEMg formulation results in functional degradation of ACEMg otoprotection. Mg++ administered alone, as MgSO4, also prevents cisplatin ototoxicity, but in combination with 500 mg NAC, otoprotection is also greatly degraded. Increasing the dose of NAC to 1000 mg also results in dramatic loss of otoprotection activity compared with 500 mg NAC. These findings support that single antioxidants or antioxidant combinations, particularly ACEMg in this experimental series, have significant otoprotection efficacy against cisplatin ototoxicity. However, an excess of combined antioxidants and/or elevated doses, above a yet-to-be-defined “antioxidation threshold”, results in unrecoverable redox imbalance with loss of otoprotectant activity.
Neuroprotective Effects of Olive Oil: A Comprehensive Review of Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Gonçalves Marta , Vale Nuno , Silva Paula
Published: June 2024

Neurodegenerative diseases are a significant challenge to global healthcare, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in their development. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the neuroprotective potential of olive oil, with a primary focus on its antioxidant properties. The chemical composition of olive oil, including key antioxidants, such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and oleocanthal, is systematically examined. The mechanisms by which these compounds provide neuroprotection, including counteracting oxidative damage and modulating neuroprotective pathways, are explored. The neuroprotective efficacy of olive oil is evaluated by synthesizing findings from various sources, including in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical trials. The integration of olive oil into dietary patterns, particularly its role in the Mediterranean diet, and its broader implications in neurodegenerative disease prevention are also discussed. The challenges in translating preclinical findings to clinical applications are acknowledged and future research directions are proposed to better understand the potential of olive oil in mitigating the risk of neurodegenerative conditions. This review highlights olive oil not only as a dietary component, but also as a promising candidate in preventive neurology, advocating for further investigation in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
A Sustainable Solution for Urban Transport Using Photovoltaic Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: A Case Study of the City of Hail in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-fouzan Abdulmohsen A. , Almasri Radwan A.
Published: June 2024

As the global shift toward sustainable transportation gains momentum, the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) becomes imperative, necessitating a robust and environmentally friendly charging infrastructure. Leveraging the abundant solar potential in the region, this study examines the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of deploying photovoltaic electric vehicle charging stations (PV-EVCSs) in Hail City, Saudi Arabia, as a case study. This study examines factors such as the energy demand, grid integration, and user accessibility, aiming to address the challenges and opportunities presented by the urban fabric. The proposed solar charging station network seeks to catalyze a paradigm shift toward a cleaner and more sustainable transportation ecosystem, embodying a forward-thinking approach to meeting the evolving needs of urban mobility in the 21st century. The analysis encompasses many scenarios, encompassing a range of car battery sizes, charger powers, and car slots per station. Zone 4 is identified as the most crucial area, where seven charging stations are needed to fulfill the expected demand in the absence of any private charging alternatives. The economic evaluation of the 1047.35 kWp PV system reveals an estimated conventional payback time of 11.69 years, accompanied by a return on assets of 10.17%. The system generates accumulated cash flows amounting to SR 7,169,294.62 over 30 years, while the estimated operational and maintenance expenses are predicted to be SR 50,000 per year. The overall investment cost for the solar PV and EV charging stations is SR 4,487,982. This cost is offset by the yearly electricity savings from solar and grid sources, which can reach up to SR 396,465.26 by year 30. This work presents a detailed plan for the future of sustainable transport. It combines technical, environmental, and economic aspects to promote a cleaner and more sustainable urban mobility system.
A New Method for Constructing the Protection and Seepage Control Layer for CSGR Dam and Its Application
Authors: Wu Yangfeng , Jia Jinsheng , Zheng Cuiying , Jia Baozhen , Wang Yang , Baah Wambley Adomako
Published: June 2024

Effective seepage control is crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock (CSGR) dams. Traditional methods using conventional concrete (CVC) or grout-enriched roller-compacted concrete (GERCC) are costly and disruptive. This paper presents a novel technique for constructing the protection and seepage control layer in Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock (CSGR) dams. The method involves grouting and vibrating the loosened Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock (CSGR) material to create vibrated grout-enriched Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock, which performs similarly to concrete. A new surface water stop structure has also been developed for the structural joints. Laboratory tests revealed that Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock (CSGR) with a vibrating–compacted (VC) value of 2–6 s and a compressive strength of 4 MPa meets design requirements for medium and low dams when the slurry addition rate is 8–12%. The T-shaped surface water stop demonstrated a bonding strength of over 1.8 MPa, withstanding a water pressure of 1.6 MPa. This method, integrated with dam body construction, reduces material costs by about 50% and eliminates construction interference. Specialized equipment for this technique has been developed, with a capacity of 12 m2/h. Implemented in the Minjiang Navigation and Hydropower Qianwei Project and Shaping I Hydropower Station, it has shown significant economic, environmental and safety benefits, promoting sustainable dam construction.
Optimizing the Honeycomb Spoke Structure of a Non-Pneumatic Wheel to Reduce Rolling Resistance
Authors: Yang Jian , Wang Yu-Jie , Zhou Hai-Chao , Zhou Hai-Feng , Liu Hao-Ran , Wang Xing-Rui
Published: June 2024

Traditional pneumatic tyres are prone to puncture or blowout and other safety hazards. Non-pneumatic tyres use a high-strength, high-toughness support structure to replace the “airbag body” structure of pneumatic tyres, which is made of fibre skeleton materials and rubber laminated layers, thus effectively avoiding the problems of blowout and air leakage. However, discontinuous spokes undergo repeated bending deformation when carrying loads, which leads to energy loss, of which the rolling resistance of non-pneumatic tyres is one of the main sources of energy loss. This paper focuses on the study of gradient honeycomb non-pneumatic tyres. Firstly, a finite element model was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified by numerical simulation and stiffness tests. Secondly, the order of the effect of different spoke thicknesses on rolling resistance was obtained through orthogonal test analysis of four-layer honeycomb spoke thicknesses. Then, four optimized design variables were selected in combination with the spoke angles, and the effects of the design variables on rolling resistance were analyzed in detail by means of the Latin hypercube experimental design. Finally, the response surface model was established, and the non-linear optimization model was solved by the EVOL optimization algorithm considering the tyre stiffness limitations so that the rolling resistance was minimized. The results of the study laid down theoretical and methodological guidance for the design concept and technological innovation of low rolling resistance comfort non-pneumatic tyres.
Visual Analysis of Carbendazim Residues in Carrot Tubers via Postionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging
Authors: Wang Tianyu , Zhang He , Hu Yongjun
Published: June 2024

Carbendazim (CBZ) residues in food are a severe threat to food safety, and their detection is a challenging problem in food science. We introduce here a new method based on laser desorption postionization mass spectrometry imaging (LDPI-MSI) for detecting CBZ residues in carrots. In the novel LDPI-MSI method, two distinct laser beams simultaneously exert dissociation and ionization, which offers several advantages over traditional techniques based on single-photon matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), including simplified sample preparation, streamlined operation workflow, and a lower limit of detection (LOD). The LOD, in the proposed method, has been lowered to 0.019 ppm. Coupled with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), the LDPI-MS method enabled in situ detection of small molecular compounds, such as chemical pesticides, and provided comprehensive and accurate results. The image obtained from the characteristic mass spectrometric signature of CBZ at m/z 191 illustrated that most of the CBZ could not enter the carrot tubers directly, but a small amount of CBZ entered the carrot root and was mainly concentrated in the central xylem. The results suggest that the proposed method could potentially be used in pesticide analysis.
Serum Profiling of Proinflammatory Mediators in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Indication for Use in Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Górecka Aleksandra , Wisowski Grzegorz , Kisselova-Kaneva Yoana , Ivanova Diana , Olczyk Paweł , Komosinska-Vassev Katarzyna
Published: June 2024

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of chronic intestinal diseases, among which Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) represent the two main types. The differential diagnosis of these two disorders is often a significant challenge, as there is a lack of specific and non-invasive biomarkers. In this study, we assessed the serum profile of proinflammatory mediators (E- and P-selectin, CCL2, IL-1α, IL-12p70, TNF-α) in patients with IBD to identify biomarkers helpful in the differential diagnosis of CD and UC. The conducted statistical analyses revealed a significant increase in E-selectin, P-selectin, IL-1α, and IL-12p70 levels in the serum of CD patients compared to UC. The performed ROC curve analysis identified moderate values of E-selectin (AUC 0.752), P-selectin (AUC 0.733), and IL-1α (AUC 0.731) in differentiating CD from UC, while IL-12p70 presented a satisfactory value (AUC 0.695). Simultaneous measurements of each biomarker with serum calprotectin improved the ability of E-selectin (AUC 0.752 vs. 0.829), P-selectin (AUC 0.733 vs. 0.75), IL-1α (AUC 0.731 vs. 0.778), and IL-12p70 (AUC 0.695 vs. 0.714) to differentiate CD from UC. Moreover, we identified a significant relationship between the concentration of CCL2 (r = 0.566, p < 0.005) and TNF-α (r = 0.431, p < 0.05) and the disease activity expressed as the Mayo score in the UC group. We also identified a significant relationship between the concentration of E-selectin (r = 0.372, p < 0.05), CCL-2 (r = 0.55, p < 0.05), IL-1α (r = 0.637, p < 0.005), and TNF-α in the group of patients with UC. Another significant correlation in the UC group was noted in the case of E-selectin and IL-12p70 (r = 0.542, p < 0.05), as well as between IL1-α and P-selectin (r = 0.514, p < 0.05). The results obtained in this study indicate the potential use of E-selectin, P-selectin, IL-1α, and IL-12p70 serum profiles in differentiating CD from UC. Regarding the significant relationship of CCL2 and TNF-α with the Mayo score, these two biomarkers might be useful in assessing and monitoring the disease activity during UC.
Simulation of Full Wavefield Data with Deep Learning Approach for Delamination Identification
Authors: Ullah Saeed , Kudela Pawel , Ijjeh Abdalraheem A. , Chatzi Eleni , Ostachowicz Wieslaw
Published: June 2024

In this work, a novel approach of guided wave-based damage identification in composite laminates is proposed. The novelty of this research lies in the implementation of ConvLSTM-based autoencoders for the generation of full wavefield data of propagating guided waves in composite structures. The developed surrogate deep learning model takes as input full wavefield frames of propagating waves in a healthy plate, along with a binary image representing delamination, and predicts the frames of propagating waves in a plate, which contains single delamination. The evaluation of the surrogate model is ultrafast (less than 1 s). Therefore, unlike traditional forward solvers, the surrogate model can be employed efficiently in the inverse framework of damage identification. In this work, particle swarm optimisation is applied as a suitable tool to this end. The proposed method was tested on a synthetic dataset, thus showing that it is capable of estimating the delamination location and size with good accuracy. The test involved full wavefield data in the objective function of the inverse method, but it should be underlined as well that partial data with measurements can be implemented. This is extremely important for practical applications in structural health monitoring where only signals at a finite number of locations are available.
Advanced Observation for Geophysics, Climatology and Astronomy
Authors: Shikhovtsev Artem Y. , Kovadlo Pavel G.
Published: June 2024

This Special Issue covers a wide range of scientific tasks carried out in the fields of geophysics, climatology and astronomy [...]
Global–Local Deep Fusion: Semantic Integration with Enhanced Transformer in Dual-Branch Networks for Ultra-High Resolution Image Segmentation
Authors: Liang Chenjing , Huang Kai , Mao Jian
Published: June 2024

The fusion of global contextual information with local cropped block details is crucial for segmenting ultra-high resolution images. In this study, A novel fusion mechanism termed global–local deep fusion (GL-Deep Fusion) is introduced, based on an enhanced transformer architecture that efficiently integrates global contextual information and local details. Specifically, we propose the global–local synthesis networks (GLSNet), a dual-branch network where one branch processes the entire original image, while the other branch handles cropped local patches as input. The feature fusion of different branches in GLSNet is achieved through GL-Deep Fusion, significantly enhancing the accuracy of ultra-high resolution image segmentation. Identifying tiny overlapping items is a task where the model excels, demonstrating its particular effectiveness. To optimize GPU memory utilization, a dual-branch architecture was meticulously designed. This architecture proficiently leverages the features it extracts and seamlessly integrates them into the enhanced transformer framework of GL-Deep Fusion. Benchmarks on the DeepGlobe and Vaihingen datasets demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed model. It significantly reduces GPU memory usage by 24.1% on the DeepGlobe dataset, enhancing segmentation accuracy by 0.8% over the baseline model. On the Vaihingen dataset, our model delivers a Mean F1 score of 90.2% and achieves a mIoU of 90.9%, highlighting its exceptional memory efficiency and segmentation precision.
Co-Existence of Dry Mouth, Xerostomia, and Focal Lymphocytic Sialadenitis in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome
Authors: Błochowiak Katarzyna
Published: June 2024

Background: Some patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) do not develop xerostomia despite advanced involvement of the salivary glands and the presence of focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (FLS). The aim of the study is to determine possible correlations between xerostomia, symptoms of sicca syndrome, FLS, and other features in SS patients. Methods: The study group comprised 50 patients with SS. The comprehensive assessment of patients included clinical, laboratory, and serological examinations. All patients underwent labial salivary gland biopsies. Dry mouth and dry eyes were assessed by unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (USWSF) and Schirmer’s test, respectively. Results: Xerostomia and xerophthalmia are closely related components of sicca syndrome. Xerostomia did not correlate with any serological or laboratory values, including ANA titers, SSA, SSB, Ro52 antibodies, rheumatoid factor, C-reactive protein, and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. There were no correlations between xerostomia and FLS or Focus score. USWSF results correlated with xerostomia reported by patients, contrary to Schirmer’s test, which did not correlate with xerophthalmia. Conclusions: Dry mouth in SS is independent of any serological or inflammatory parameters. The occurrence of FLS does not determine xerostomia and its severity. Dry mouth in SS is influenced by other undetermined factors and mechanisms independent of salivary gland involvement.
Active-Learning Reliability Analysis of Automotive Structures Based on Multi-Software Interaction in the MATLAB Environment
Authors: Wang Junfeng , Chen Jiqing , Zhang Yuqi , Lan Fengchong , Zhou Yunjiao
Published: June 2024

The reliability design of automotive structures is characterized by numerous variables and implicit responses. The traditional design of experiments for metamodel construction often requires manual adjustment of model parameters and extensive finite element analysis, resulting in inefficiency. To address these issues, active learning-based reliability methods are effective solutions. This study proposes an active-learning reliability analysis method based on multi-software interaction. Firstly, through secondary development of different software and MATLAB (version 2023a)’s batch processing function, a multi-software interactive reliability analysis method is developed, achieving automation in structural parametric design, finite element analysis and post-processing. This provides a more efficient and convenient platform for the implementation of active learning. Secondly, the polynomial chaos–kriging (PCK) active-learning method is introduced, combining the advantages of polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) and kriging. The PCK method captures the global behavior of the computational model using regression-based PCE and local variations using interpolation-based kriging. This metamodel is constructed with fewer training samples, effectively replacing the real multi-dimensional implicit response relations, thereby improving the efficiency of modeling and reliability analysis. Finally, the specific implementation scheme is detailed. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are verified by a reliability engineering example of body-in-white bending and torsional stiffness.
Assessing Traffic-Flow Safety at Various Levels of Autonomous-Vehicle Market Penetration
Authors: Shin Somyoung , Cho Yongbin , Lee Soobeom , Park Juntae
Published: June 2024

This study analyzes the impact of autonomous-vehicle (AV) market-penetration rates on traffic-flow safety using a genetic algorithm. We set up a microscopic traffic-simulation scenario on a 640 m section of the US I-101 freeway using VISSIM, a microscopic traffic-simulation software. The results of analyzing the number of conflicts according to the introduction rate of autonomous vehicles showed that the number of conflicts increased as the introduction rate increased up to 30%, and then decreased from 40% or more. In this study, it was assumed that autonomous vehicles can avoid dangerous situations, so it is judged that this is the result of an increase in the traffic volume of autonomous vehicles and a decrease in the traffic volume of conventional vehicles. When planning an exclusive lane for autonomous vehicles, it is judged that it is desirable to install two exclusive lanes on the left side until the introduction rate of autonomous vehicles reaches 30%. When the introduction rate of autonomous vehicles is 40–90%, the risk of accidents between autonomous vehicles and conventional vehicles decreases, and the traffic volume of autonomous vehicles is higher than that of conventional vehicles. Therefore, it is judged that it is desirable to operate a mixed road where autonomous vehicles and conventional vehicles can drive together rather than operating an exclusive lane for autonomous vehicles.
Study on the Population Balance Dynamics Simulation of Grinding under Impact Crushing
Authors: Ma Shaojian , Yang Xiaojing , Li Hengjun , Li Zongyu , Zhu Pengyan , Yang Jinlin
Published: June 2024

During the grinding process, the crushing of minerals mainly depends on the impact action of the grinding medium. Based on the JK drop weight test data of quartz and pyrrhotite and the research results of their impact crushing characteristic parameters, this paper calculates the specific crushing energy (Ecs) of mineral samples subjected to impact in a ball mill using the grinding medium motion theory and then calculates the cumulative particle size distribution under screening under any mesh size using the JK drop weight test method. On this basis, the breakage distribution function of mineral samples is calculated, and a selection function is obtained based on grinding experiments. Finally, using Matlab programming and function-fitting mathematical methods, as well as a particle size population balance dynamics simulation of grinding, the particle size distribution characteristics of the grinding products of the two mineral samples in the mill that are only subjected to impact action are calculated. The results show that the selection function of quartz and pyrrhotite decreases overall with the prolongation of the grinding time, and the selection function of the coarse particle size changes more significantly than that of the fine particle size. At the same time, the selection function decreases with the decrease in feed particle size, and the smaller the feed particle size, the lower the probability of impact crushing. The Ecs values of quartz and pyrrhotite at each particle level in the mill are different, and the degree of mineral crushing is closely related to the impact energy, feed particle size, and mineral properties.
Digitalizing Industrialized Construction Projects: Status Quo and Future Development
Authors: Fan Jiawang , Chen Leyan , Chen Ke
Published: June 2024

The construction industry is being profoundly reshaped by the trends of industrialization and digitalization, which, when integrated, offer greater advantages than when applied in isolation. Despite an expanding body of research, a knowledge gap persists regarding the current state and future trajectory of this integration. This study utilizes both quantitative and qualitative review methods to elucidate recent advancements in digital technologies within industrialized construction projects. An analysis of 173 scholarly articles indicates that digital technologies primarily enhance efficiency, flexibility, visualization, and intelligence. The adoption of these technologies varies across different project stages, with a notable trend towards their convergence. However, the operation stage receives significantly less attention compared to the design, production, and construction stages. This study not only identifies specific research gaps for each project stage but also provides recommendations for future research, thereby paving the way for further advancements in the field.
Structure, Microbiology and Sensorial Evaluation of Bologna-Style Sausages in a Kilohertz Ohmic Heating Process
Authors: Joeres Eike , Ristic Dusan , Tomasevic Igor , Smetana Sergiy , Heinz Volker , Terjung Nino
Published: June 2024

Ohmic heating (OH) is a sustainable heating technology with a high potential in terms of energy and time efficiency. However, its industrial application for solid or semi-solid foods is not widespread yet. This study evaluates the pilot-scale production of Bologna-style sausages (2.3 kg weight) via conventional heating (COV) and OH at an electrical frequency of 10 kHz. Sausages with a diameter of 110 mm heated via OH were produced in approximately 5% of the time (i.e., 10 min) needed to produce sausages heated via COV. OH-treated samples showed a higher moisture content and an increased water holding capacity. A texture profile analysis revealed OH sausages as possessing a lower hardness, springiness, and chewiness. The microbiological load of the samples was identical, regardless of the heating technology. Color measurements (L*a*b* values) showed OH-treated samples to be less red. However, this difference could not be confirmed during sensorial evaluation. Temporal sensation of dominance and descriptive sensory analyses were conducted and revealed a decreased solid consistency but an increased meat taste when sausages were heated via OH. The gel network structures obtained via scanning microscopic analysis showed an increased size of fat globules within OH-treated samples. The results indicated that OH can be used as an alternative heating method to produce Bologna-style sausages.
The Yeast-Based Probiotic Encapsulation Scenario: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Oliveira Wemerson de Castro , Brito Leandro Paes de , Souza Edson Antônio Gonçalves de , Lopes Isabelle Lima , Oliveira Cristiane Alves de , Calaça Priscilla Régia de Andrade , Oliveira Maria Beatriz Prior Pinto , Costa Eduardo Damasceno
Published: June 2024

One of the biggest challenges in the food industry is the incorporation of probiotics into food products while maintaining their properties, both in the processing phases and in the gastrointestinal tract. The production of this type of functional food, which has been used to prevent and/or help in the treatment of some diseases, needs improvements at the technological and economic levels. This review provides a comprehensive view of the main techniques used to encapsulate probiotic yeasts and analyzes the main variables involved in the industrial process. A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out, considering the most current technical recommendations for this type of study, as well as the standardized criteria for the eligibility of articles. From a total of 1269 initial articles, only 14 complete articles, published in high-impact journals over the years 2013 to 2019 and focused on in vitro assays with probiotic yeasts, were considered in the analysis performed. In general, microencapsulation was efficient in maintaining yeast survival after gastrointestinal tests, viability studies, and thermal resistance in distilled water and food. Many variables can affect microencapsulation, but they are not always described or properly elucidated, leading to the conclusion that better delineated research is needed. Examples of these challenges include selecting appropriate encapsulating materials, optimizing encapsulation techniques, and ensuring the stability and viability of probiotics during processing and storage. Due to these challenges, the industrial application of probiotic microencapsulation is not yet well established; however, it holds promising potential.
Computer 3D Simulation of Proppant Particles
Authors: Li Ke , Guo Dali , Guo Zixi , Zhao Yunxiang
Published: June 2024

Proppants are one of the key materials for hydraulic fracturing, whose main role is to support fractures and create a channel through which oil and gas can flow. The nature of proppants is the most talked about feature besides their cost, for example, their sphericity, turbidity, particle size, or strength. The porosity, permeability, and fracture conductivity of proppants in fractures are also the main indicators to measure the performance of them. These indicators are usually obtained through physical experiments. However, experimental results often differ depending on the experimental scheme. Different stacking methods of proppant particles lead to this phenomenon. The nature of proppant particles in fractures varies with the way they accumulate. This paper will start with the microscopic arrangement of proppant particles. Considering the randomness and certainty of three-dimensional particle stacking and arrangement, the Monte Carlo stochastic method and an optimization model were used to conduct three-dimensional computer simulation of proppant particles. This lays an important foundation for revealing the randomness and regularity of the micro arrangement of proppant particles.
Advances and Applications of Three-Dimensional-Printed Patient-Specific Chest Phantoms in Radiology: A Systematic Review
Authors: Silberstein Jenna , Sun Zhonghua
Published: June 2024

Lung cancer screening would benefit from low-dose CT protocols optimized by means of a highly accurate three-dimensional radiation-equivalent thoracic phantom. However, whether three-dimensional (3D)-printed chest phantoms have been used for this purpose is unclear, as is their current scope of application. This systematic review aims to explore the range of applications of 3D-printed thoracic phantoms, along with the techniques, materials, and anatomical structures they replicate. Relevant articles were identified using a systematic search strategy across PubMed and Scopus databases, based on pre-determined selection criteria. In total, 20 articles were eligible and critically analysed, all consisting of phantom experiments. Findings reveal that a diverse range of thoracic organs have been 3D-printed, predominantly via fused-deposition modelling incorporating polylactic acid, however, often representing discreet or limited structures. A comprehensive radiation-equivalent chest phantom that mimics the full gamut of thoracic structures is warranted. Most studies are still in their preliminary testing stages, primarily assessing the feasibility of creating morphologically accurate thoracic structures with radiation equivalence. Few studies have progressed to explore their applications. Notably, most investigations into applications have concentrated on dose reduction and CT protocol optimisation for cardiac purposes, rather than pulmonary applications, despite the inclusion of lung cancer nodules in some phantoms.
Application of Biplot Techniques to Evaluate the Potential of Trichoderma spp. as a Biological Control of Moniliasis in Ecuadorian Cacao
Authors: Guevara-Viejó Fabricio , Valenzuela-Cobos Juan Diego , Noriega-Verdugo Delia , Garcés-Moncayo María Fernanda , Basurto Quilligana Roberto
Published: June 2024

Cocoa, a crop with great socioeconomic impact in Ecuador, faces continuous challenges that undermine the quality and yield of the crops. Moniliasis, a phytosanitary problem that is difficult to control, is the main limiting factor in cocoa production. This disease is caused by the phytopathogen Moniliophthora roreri, which causes premature maturation and necrosis of the ears. In this study, 50 strains of Trichoderma spp. in two-culture media, PDA and MEA, were used to evaluate the mycelial characteristics and antagonistic capacity of the strains in individual situations and in circumstances of confrontation against the phytopathogens Moniliophthora roreri (MRCP) and Moniliophtora roreri (MMCA). The data from the parameters obtained in the in vitro experimental practice were subjected to the multivariate PCA biplot method; the results indicated that five strains exhibited a notable antagonism capacity against the two specific strains of M. roreri: strain E22 grown on PDA medium, and the other four (E25, E29, E30, E39) cultivated on MEA medium. The open field trial showed that all treatments based on Trichoderma spp. improved productive performance compared to control plantations to which no biopreparation was applied. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were reported for all treatments. The efficiency of the biopreparations ranged between 51.26% and 72.46% with yields of 677.86 kg/ha to 976.90 kg/ha, respectively. The Trichoderma strain E29 showed the greatest potential for the biological control of M. roreri under field conditions. The findings validate the effect of diversified Trichoderma biopreparations in the biological control of moniliasis, providing concrete data on the efficacy of the biopreparation under real cultivation conditions and supporting its practical viability.
Convergence-Related Serviceability Limit States of Segmental Tunnel Rings: Lessons Learned from Structural Analysis of Real-Scale Tests
Authors: Jiang Zijie , Liu Xian , Mang Herbert A. , Zhang Jiaolong , Pichler Bernhard
Published: June 2024

An extended hybrid method for the analysis of the symmetric structural behavior of segmental tunnel linings is proposed. Their deformations cannot be determined by the traditional hybrid methods when the convergences are close to the serviceability limit states (SLSs). Two real-scale tests are employed for the validation of the proposed method. It involves structural analysis that is based on transfer relations. They represent analytical solutions of the linear theory of thin circular arches, and they contain the symmetric mode of rigid-body displacements. The method is termed hybrid because it is based on two types of input, namely the external loading and experimental data of displacements monitored during the test. It is termed extended because, additionally, the vertical and horizontal convergences are employed to produce more accurate structural deformations than obtained by the traditional hybrid method. The latter is found to be unsuitable for structural analysis after sudden failure has occurred in the vicinity of segmental interfaces. At the respective load steps, the structures were in convergence-related serviceability class C, referring to endangered serviceability. The local failures occurring at these load steps resulted in a rapid increase in the structural deformations and fast attainment of the SLS. If, in convergence-related serviceability class C, local failures at segmental interfaces are detected, the strengthening of the structure is necessary. This cannot be delayed to the attainment of serviceability class D, i.e., to reaching the SLS.
Validation of Polish-Language Questionnaires for Assessing the Quality of Life of Patients with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD-QOL)
Authors: Roszak Magdalena Anita , Bręborowicz Anna , Szczepankiewicz Aleksandra , Mikoś Marcin , Bukowy-Bieryłło Zuzanna , Więckowska Barbara , Behan Laura , Dmeńska Hanna , Goździk-Spychalska Joanna , Nowicka Agata , Sapiejka Ewa , Famulska Paulina , Gąsecka Elżbieta , Pogorzelski Andrzej , Wojsyk-Banaszak Irena
Published: June 2024

In recent years, questionnaires were published in English to assess the quality of life of patients with PCD (Primary Ciliary Diskinesia) for adults, adolescents aged 13–17 years, and children aged 6–12 years and their caregivers. This study aimed to prepare Polish versions of the questionnaires and validate them in specific age groups with the participation of Polish patients with PCD. The individual questionnaires were translated and discussed with the involvement of the creator of the original questionnaire in English. Patients completed the questionnaires according to their affiliation with one of the groups. Validation was based on internal consistency analysis (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and split-half reliability) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient—ICC). The internal consistency of all questionnaires was from moderate to very good (Cronbach’s alpha 0.67–0.91, split-half reliability 0.53–0.95). The consistency of the measurements showed excellent repeatability (ICC 0.67–0.91). The surveyed Polish PCD patients rated their quality of life quite well (63–77%). QOL questionnaires for patients with PCD can be used routinely during each medical check-up as a simple tool to provide the doctor with an indication of the effectiveness of treatment and the impact of the disease on the patient’s quality of life.