bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME LIMIT DISTRIBUTIONS IN ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS FOR PROBLEMS ON TRACE LANGUAGES
Authors: GOLDWURM MASSIMILIANO
Published: November 2004

We study the limit distribution of the sequence of random variables [Formula: see text] where, for each n, [Formula: see text] is the number of prefixes of a trace of length n chosen in a given free partially commutative monoid under the assumption that all representative strings of length n are equiprobable. We determine such a limit distribution for every free partially commutative monoid defined on a concurrent alphabet <Σ,C> such that the complementary relation Cc is transitive. We prove that if the complementary alphabet <Σ,Cc> has k connected components of equal size, then [Formula: see text] (suitably normalized) converges in distribution to a chi-square with k-1 degrees of freedom. On the other hand, if at least two connected components of <Σ,Cc> have a different number of vertices, then [Formula: see text] converges in distribution to a normal random variable. These probabilistic results yield the limit distribution of the time complexity of several algorithms for problems on trace languages, including algorithms for the Membership Problem of regular and context-free trace languages.
REDEX CAPTURING IN TERM GRAPH REWRITING
Authors: FARMER WILLIAM M. , WATRO RONALD J.
Published: November 2004

Term graphs are a natural generalization of terms in which structure sharing is allowed. Structure sharing makes term graph rewriting a time- and space-efficient method for implementing term rewrite systems. Certain structure sharing schemes can lead to a situation in which a term graph component is rewritten to another component that contains the original. This phenomenon, called redex capturing, introduces cycles into the term graph which is being rewritten—even when the graph and the rule themselves do not contain cycles. In some applications, redex capturing is undesirable, such as in contexts where garbage collectors require that graphs be acyclic. In other applications, for example in the use of the fixed-point combinator Y, redex capturing acts as a rewriting optimization. We show, using results about infinite rewritings of trees, that term graph rewriting with arbitrary structure sharing (including redex capturing) is sound for left-linear term rewrite systems.
SOLVING SYMBOLIC ORDERING CONSTRAINTS
Authors: COMON HUBERT
Published: November 2004

We show how to solve boolean combinations of inequations s>t in the Herbrand Universe, assuming that ≥ is interpreted as a lexicographic path ordering extending a total precedence. In other words, we prove that the existential fragment of the theory of a lexicographic path ordering which extends a total precedence is decidable.
LEARNING SEQUENTIAL STRUCTURE WITH THE REAL-TIME RECURRENT LEARNING ALGORITHM
Authors: Smith Anthony W. , Zipser David
Published: November 2004

Recurrent connections in neural networks potentially allow information about events occurring in the past to be preserved and used in current computations. How effectively this potential is realized depends on the power of the learning algorithm used. As an example of a task requiring recurrency, Servan-Schreiber, Cleeremans, and McClelland1 have applied a simple recurrent learning algorithm to the task of recognizing finite-state grammars of increasing difficulty. These nets showed considerable power and were able to learn fairly complex grammars by emulating the state machines that produced them. However, there was a limit to the difficulty of the grammars that could be learned. We have applied a more powerful recurrent learning procedure, called real-time recurrent learning2,6 (RTRL), to some of the same problems studied by Servan-Schreiber, Cleeremans, and McClelland. The RTRL algorithm solved more difficult forms of the task than the simple recurrent networks. The internal representations developed by RTRL networks revealed that they learn a rich set of internal states that represent more about the past than is required by the underlying grammar. The dynamics of the networks are determined by the state structure and are not chaotic.
RATS KEPT IN SOCIAL ISOLATION FOR TWELVE MONTHS FROM WEANING: PERFORMANCE IN MAZE LEARNING AND VISUAL DISCRIMINATION TESTS, AND BRAIN COMPOSITION
Authors: Yusuf Harun K. M. , Rahman Sabiha , Akhtar Hasina
Published: November 2004

Rats were kept in social isolation for one year after weaning and then tested for their performance in maze-learning and visual discrimination tests. In both tests their performance was poorer than that of controls which were raised socially after weaning. Their learning ability, however, seemed to have remained unaffected. After the learning tests were over, the animals were sacrificed and their brains analyzed for cellularity (DNA, protein), myelination (cholesterol) and synaptic development (gangliosides). The brains of the environmentally deprived rats had normal cell number and cell size but were significantly deficient in myelin and synaptic population. We propose that the poor learning performance of the socially isolated animals could be attributable to decreased myelination and synaptogenesis in their brain. The results also indicate that such social isolation is synonymous with malnutrition in affecting the psychoneural development of the brain.
PREDICTING THE FUTURE: A CONNECTIONIST APPROACH
Authors: Weigend Andreas S. , Huberman Bernardo A. , Rumelhart David E.
Published: November 2004

We investigate the effectiveness of connectionist architectures for predicting the future behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems. We focus on real-world time series of limited record length. Two examples are analyzed: the benchmark sunspot series and chaotic data from a computational ecosystem. The problem of overfitting, particularly serious for short records of noisy data, is addressed both by using the statistical method of validation and by adding a complexity term to the cost function ("back-propagation with weight-elimination"). The dimension of the dynamics underlying the time series, its Liapunov coefficient, and its nonlinearity can be determined via the network. We also show why sigmoid units are superior in performance to radial basis functions for high-dimensional input spaces. Furthermore, since the ultimate goal is accuracy in the prediction, we find that sigmoid networks trained with the weight-elimination algorithm outperform traditional nonlinear statistical approaches.
EXCITATORY–INHIBITORY NETWORKS WITH DYNAMICAL THRESHOLDS
Authors: Horn D. , Usher M.
Published: November 2004

We investigate feedback networks containing excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The couplings between the neurons follow a Hebbian rule in which the memory patterns are encoded as cell assemblies of the excitatory neurons. Using disjoint patterns, we study the attractors of this model and point out the importance of mixed states. The latter become dominant at temperatures above 0.25. We use both numerical simulations and an analytic approach for our investigation. The latter is based on differential equations for the activity of the different memory patterns in the network configuration. Allowing the excitatory thresholds to develop dynamic features which correspond to fatigue of individual neurons, we obtain motion in pattern space, the space of all memories. The attractors turn into transients leading to chaotic motion for appropriate values of the dynamical parameters. The motion can be guided by overlaps between patterns, resembling a process of free associative thinking in the absence of any input.
A NEW INVARIANT INFINITESIMAL METRIC
Authors: KOBAYASHI SHOSHICHI
Published: November 2004

Given a complex space X, we shall define a new infinitesimal form [Formula: see text] of what is known as the Kobayashi pseudo-distance dx. At each point x of X, [Formula: see text] defines a pseudo-norm in the tangent space TxX; it satisfies the usual conditions for a norm except that [Formula: see text] may vanish for a nonzero vector υ. It turns out that the new pseudo-metric is the double dual of the old pseudo-metric Fx defined in [2] and [4]. This means that the indicatrix of [Formula: see text] is the convex hull of the indicatrix of Fx. In particular, [Formula: see text]. Advantages of [Formula: see text] over Fx are two-fold. First, [Formula: see text] satisfies the usual convexity condition, i.e., [Formula: see text]. (In [3] Lang calls Fx a semi-length function since it does not, in general, satisfy the convexity condition.) Second, it is defined on Zariski tangent spaces. It can be easily shown that [Formula: see text] is upper semicontinuous at nonsingular points of X. The upper semicontinuity for Fx is known also only in the nonsingular case. Although [Formula: see text], it can be shown, at least when X is nonsingular, that [Formula: see text] induces dx.
The Chemical Constituents of Ginseng Plants
Authors: Hou Joseph P.
Published: November 2004

The dried roots and rhizomes of ginseng (P. ginseng C. A. Meyer) contain many physiologically important constituents. These include ginseng saponins, ginseng oils and phytosterol, carbohydrates and sugars, organic acids, nitrogenous substances, amino acids and peptides, vitamins and minerals, and certain enzymes that have been isolated and characterized. Among these, ginseng saponins are proven to be the principal and most active contituents. Chemical research, therefore, has been focused on these saponins–their extraction, purification, identification, isolation of aglycones (genins), and biosynthesis. So far 13 saponins have been isolated and identified and these, which have been called ginsenosides or panaxosides, are triterpenes of dammarane and oleanane structures. Although American, Japanese, San-ch'i, Himalayan, and Siberian ginseng roots contain many saponins similar to those found in ginseng, the overall components in these ginseng species are quite different. The above-ground parts, particularly the leaves, of these ginseng plants contain many of the saponins normally present in the root. The search for economical sources of ginseng saponins from nature and even chemical synthesis may likely become the active ginseng research of the future. Continued, meticulous studies are undoubtedly needed to develop these natural panacea into useful, efficacious modern remedies.
Acupuncture Anesthesia: An Anesthetic Method Combining Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine
Authors: ANESTHESIA COORDINATING GROUP SHANGHAI ACUPUNCTURE
Published: November 2004

Acupuncture anesthesia is a new anesthetic method created by our medical workers by inheriting and developing traditional Chinese acupuncture therapy and combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine. This article reviews the course of development of acupuncture anesthesia, and introduces some of its methods currently in use. More than 80,000 cases of surgical operations have been performed under acupuncture anesthesia in Shanghai district, the data obtained from 10 kinds of operations on a total of 5,414 cases are summarized. Some of our inferences drawn from the clinical application of acupuncture anesthesia and from neurophysiologic studies on the analgesic effect of acupuncture are discussed.
Effects of the First (Ether) Extract of Ginseng on the Cardiovascular Dynamics of Dogs During Halothane Anesthesia
Authors: LEE MYUNG O. , CLIFFORD DONALD H. , KIM CHONG YUL , LEE DO CHIL
Published: November 2004

An electromagnetic flowmeter probe was chronically implanted around the ascending aorta in ten dogs. Subsequently, these animals were maintained under halothane (0.75%) anesthesia during the intravenous administration of an ether extract (40 mg/kg) of ginseng. Five other dogs were anesthesized without injecting ginseng.

Eleven cardiovascular variables including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO, PaO and base deficit were compared during tthe ensuing 120 minutes. The heart rate was significantly decreased and central venous pressure increased significantly following ginseng. There were no other meaningful changes in either group.
Acute Central Cervical Spinal Cord Syndrome Treated by Acupuncture and Electrical Stimulation (AES)
Authors: WEN H. L.
Published: November 2004

Twelve cases of acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome were treated by acupuncture and electrical stimulation. The paraesthesia, as well as movements of the hand and upper extremities, were greatly improved immediately after each treatment.
The Islamic Psycho-Social Approach to Alcoholism
Authors: AZAYEM GAMAL MADY ABUL
Published: November 2004

Alcoholism is Islamic countries has such a low incidence that it is not yet considered a serious public health problem of Moslem states. The reason is that the precepts of Islam succeeded in reducing alcoholic dependence, and offer a unique example in prohibiting this social evil.
Concerning the Term Oketsu (Yuxie)
Authors: Arichi Shigeru
Published: November 2004

Oketsu (Yuxie) is a Shoh (Zheng) of Mibing as well as a Shoh (Zheng) of an incurable disease. Besides, it can be regarded as an immunogenetically immunological, mesenchymal inflammation or a preliminary state of the coagulation of the blood. One of the best merits of Oriental medicine is that some Oriental drugs produce effects on Oksetsu (Yuxie). Increase in incurable diseases has resulted from the increase in Oketsu (Yuxie). As foods and drugs cause this phenomenon, now is the time to revive the thought that foods and medicine have the same origin and can prevent an Oketsu (Yuxie). Consequently, it is necessary to take Oriental drugs for the prevention of Oketsu (Yuxie) and they must be administered as soon as Oketsu (Yuxie) appears. It can be said that elimination of Oketsu (Yuxie) is the measure for the incurable disease treatment.
Experience With Therapeutic Abortion By D&C Suction Type Under Acupuncture Analgesia
Authors: Dinh De Tran
Published: November 2004

This is preliminary report on the use of acupuncture-analgesia in a small series of cases of therapeutic abortion done by suction curettage. It is the author's intention to arouse the interest of anesthesiologists and obstetrician-gynecologists in the procedure.

Out of 14 cases, acupuncture-analgesia was satisfactory on 7 cases: 4 cases were partially successful and 3 were failures. In the successful cases, the procedure is simple, cheap and innocuous.
Acupuncture for Chronic Pain - A Small Pilot Project
Authors: Catton D. V. , Kim S. D.
Published: November 2004

A preliminary report is presented on the results of small project utilizing acupuncture in the management of chronic painful conditions. Problems associated with patient selection and evaluation are outlined along with a suggested future mechanism for triage and assessment. A description is given of the early clinical results of this pilot project.
Diet, Growth and Cultural Food Habits In Chinese-American Infants
Authors: Ling Stella , King Janet , Leung Virginia
Published: November 2004

This study was composed of one hundred Chinese-American mothers and infants in the Chinatown district of San Francisco. The mothers were interviewed with regard to infants' dietary intakes and past dietary patterns, infant health, maternal pre-natal history and diet, cultural habits, and socio-economic status. Infants' growth patterns were recorded and compared to those of American and Chinese babies. Their growth patterns were noted to be dissimilar to both American and Chinese growth patterns, but to be very similar to infant growth patterns in underdeveloped countries. The cultural influences on the dietary intakes were commented upon.
Medical Education in China
Authors: Hu Shi Ming , Seifman Eli
Published: November 2004

This article concerns the changes in Chinese medical education which have taken place since the Cultural Revolution, specifically the relationship between political ideology and actual practice. It synthesizes the documentation which appeared in a series of articles devoted to a public discussion on the direction and emphasis in medical and health work published in Renmin Ribao (People's Daily), Peking, from December 8, 1968 to November 4, 1975. The major themes of the public discussion are: (a) medical and health work serving the masses; (b) insistence on the "correct" revolutionary line; (c) combining theory with practice; (d) unity of traditional Chinese and Western medicine; (e) putting prevention first; and (f) emphasis on medical personnel retaining the characteristics of the working people. This is followed by a transcript prepared by the authors from a tape recording made during a visit to Zhongshan Medical College of Guangzhou (Canton) on November 5, 1974 describing the relationship between political ideology and actual practice in the field of contemporary Chinese medical education.
Modification of Cardiovascular Function in Dogs Acupuncture: A Review
Authors: Lee Do Chil , Lee Myung O. , Clifford Donald H.
Published: November 2004

Acupuncture of Jen Chung (Go-26) in dogs under halothane anesthesia produces sympathomimetic-like effects on the cardiovascular system. This response can be inhibited by pretreatment with propranolol and to a lesser extent with phentolamine. Severe hypotension and cardiac arrest produced by hypoxia in dogs under halothane anesthesia can be reversed by acupuncture at Jen Ying (St-9). This also was interpreted as a sympathomimetic-like effect. Acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36) results in a parasympathomimetic-like effect on the cardiovascular system which can be inhibited by atropine. A parasympatholytic-like effect resembling that produced by atropine can be obtained in dogs with sinus arrhythmia and pulsus alternans by acupuncture at Yang Hsi (LI-5).
Theoretical Foundation of the Medieval Preparations of Urinary Derivatives
Authors: Feng Lu-Jean
Published: November 2004

It has been recently brought to light that the Chinese, as early as 1025, A.D., had already devised a preparation which would extract hormones from urine. This paper attempts to trace the development of Chinese medical thought, from 25 A.D., which had led to such a sophisticated preparation.
Phytochemical Properties and Hypotensive Mechanism of Extracts from Gardenia Jasminoides Seeds
Authors: Koo Anthony , Li K. M.
Published: November 2004

An improved extraction method was used to obtain hypotensive principles from seeds of Gradenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae). The crude extract contained mainly glycosides and had minimal direct cardiac depressant effects. The hypotensive action was attributable to a reflex phenomenon, involving both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic vasomotor centers. It was shown that the hypotensive and bradycardiac properties of Gardenia extract were entirely abolished in a tropinized and vagotomized rats, but only partially attenuated in carotid sinus denervated rats, and that low cervical spinal transection in rats did not inhibit the hypotensive responses. Accordingly, the afferent limb of this cardiovascular reflex arc consisted of both vagus nerves and baroreceptor afferents, whereas the vagi alone constituted the efferent limb.
Therapeutic Effect of Acupuncture for Chronic Pain
Authors: Chen Gregory S. , Hwang Yeou-Cheng
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this report concerned with the activities of the acupuncture clinic at UAB during the past 2 years and 3 months, is to objectively assess the role of acupuncture in the treatment of various pain disorders for which conventional pain relieving methods had failed to yield satisfactory results. In carefully analyzing the data provided by the patients through completed questionnaires, an attempt was made to look at the results obtained as unbiased as possible and to determine whether it is justified to continue the acupuncture activities at UAB or terminate them.

From the data presented it appears that acupuncture helped in more than 50 percent of the patients by either completely or partially controlling the suffering from painful disorders. Patients helped by acupuncture received 8.55 treatments on the average, while patients not helped by acupuncture only recieved 4.75 treatments. There is little difference between the male and female patients as to the response to acupuncture. However, we noticed that the younger the patient and the shorter the duration of their problems, the better the response. Patients who had not had surgery to treat the pain syndrome responded better than those who had previous surgery. Patients with backache who had previously had laminectomy showed better response to acupuncture than the patients who had spinal fusion. It appears that good general health plays an important role in favorably responding to acupuncture treatment.

It is apparent from this survey that acupuncture may be a valuable extension of a conventional pain clinic and an alternative in patients who are desperate in their desire to get relief from pain which they failed to obtain from other methods.
The Influence of Electro-acupuncture on Naloxone-induced Morphine Withdrawal
Authors: Wen H. L. , Ho W. K. K. , Ma L. , Choa G. H. , Ling N.
Published: November 2004

The effect of electro-acupuncture in the treatment of naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal in mice was studied. Thirty minutes of acupuncture was enough to suppress withdrawal behaviors by more than 60%. Concomitant to the decrease of withdrawal behavior, there was a significant increase of brain beta-endorphin level in the acupunctured animals. Plasma beta-endorphin level of the treated and untreated group was not significantly different.
The 14-MeV Neutron Activation Analysis of Chinese Medicines for Protein, Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium Contents (II)
Authors: Chuang L. S. , Chiu W. Y.
Published: November 2004

Elementary form of nitrogen (protein), phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contained in 180 different kinds of Chinese medicines are analyzed by means of 14-MeV neutron activation technique. The percent contents of these elements in the Chinese medicines range from 0 to 34.41% (average: 11.73%) for protein, from 0.03 to 37.42% (average: 1.72%) for phosphorus, from 0.12 to 33.22% (average 2.94%) for potassium and 0.03 to 5.62% (average: 0.43%) for magnesium. Comparison of the percent results with the previous measurements for another 66 kinds of Chinese medicines is made.
Effects of Acupuncture on Adrenocortical Hormone Production (II): Effect of Acupuncture on the Response of Adrenocortical Hormone Production to Stress
Authors: Liao Ying-Yi , Seto Katsuo , Saito Hideo , Fujita Masanori , Kawakami Masazumi
Published: November 2004

There was increase production of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol and corticosterone) in the adrenal during three different types of stress: immobilization, exposure to heat, and exposure to cold. Such a state of hypersecretion of adrenocortical hormones was inhibited by electroacupuncture at the Tsu-San-Li (St-36) locus.
Chinese Origin of the Word Alcohol
Authors: Mahdihassan S.
Published: November 2004

According to the earliest ideas, Blood = Soul. Blood-Vapours were interpreted as volatile liquid and called Ruh in Arabic. Greeks looked upon the same as dust-fine matter and called it "smoke" or Thymos. Soul thus became the finest form of matter, liquid or solid, and, as such, dual-natured. In Chinese cosmogony Ek-Chhi, the One Soul, cosmic soul, was conceived as the source of all existence, of all forms of matter, as well as of all forms of energy. It was dual-natured, matter-cum-energy. In physics there is a corpuscular theory of light, making it correspondingly dual-natured. Moreover, the cosmic soul, or Chhi, persists in every form of creation. Paracelsus also recognized an entity as "the most subtle constituent of each individual thing" in fact as primordial matter or as the first creative energy that persists in all creation. The Chinese call this element Chhi. Now the word Ek-Chhi has been Arabicized as Iksir, hence Elixir. Thus what is Chhi in Chinese and Iksir in Arabic, Paracelsus calls Alcool. He has clearly assigned it a dual nature, e.g., the volatile fraction wine and dust-fine powder as collyrium, corresponding to blood-vapours, called Ruh in Arabic, and to Smoke-Soul in Greek, called Thymos. Later, when chemists recognized alcohol as a definite substance, they retained the Paracelsian term Alcool for it, ignoring in the future the dual nature orginally attributed to it by Paracelsus. Thus arose the designation alcohol for Alcool. We then discuss the etymology of ther word Alcool which has not been undertaken so far. Collyrium was dust-fine black powder. First it was micronized charcoal, later lamp-black. The Arabic word for collyrium was Al-kohl, with Kohl as a loan word from the Chinese. Here Ho = Black. Ho is pronounced Kho. Lu = Pot. Then Ho-Lu = Kho-Lu = black-pot. In fact the term Kohl-Pot, as such, does occur in the literature, which thereby confirms Lu = pot. Then Kho-Lu, when Arabicized, became Al-Kho-Lu, later Al-Ko-Lu mutated into Al-Ko-Ul. It was spelled Al-co-ol by Paracelsus, while even in 1653 it had been expressed as Alcohole, a variant in the spelling of alcohol. Briefly, alcohol is derived from a Chinese term meaning "Black (collyrium in)-Pot".
Comparison of Sodium Salicylate, Morhine Sulfate, and Acupuncture at Jen-Chung (Go-26) on the Cardiovascular System of Dogs
Authors: Lee Do Chil , Lee Myung O. , Clifford Donald H.
Published: November 2004

The cardiovascular effects of the administration of sodium salicylate (100 mg/kg), the administration of morphine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg) and acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen-Chung (Go-26) were compared in groups of dogs under 0.75% halothane anesthesia. Cardiac ouptut (CO), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressue (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), central venous pressure (CVP), total peripheral resistance (TPR), pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two hour period. A significant increase in CO, SV, PP, and CVP in addition to a significant decrease in TPR were observed following the administration of sodium salicylate. Morphine sulfate decreased the CO, HR, and MAP significantly while the SV and PP were significantly increased. Acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen-Chung (Go-26) produced a significant increase in CO, SV, HR, MAP, and PP and a significant decrease in TPR. This model was satisfactory in comparing cardiovascular changes evoked by a mild analgesic, sodium salicylate, a potent opiate, morphine sulfate, and acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen-Chung (Go-26).
A Uterotonic Substance from Annona Cherimola Seeds
Authors: Lozoya Marian , Lozoya Xavier
Published: November 2004

Water extract from seeds of Annona cherimola was tested in vitro on uterus strips of nongravid guinea pigs. The extract resulted in possessing utero-constrictive properties due to the presence of a gluco-steroidal substance isolated from it.
A Reliable Method for Locating Electropermeable Points on the Skin Surface
Authors: Poon C. S. , Choy T. T. C. , Koide F. T.
Published: November 2004

A method employing solvent-activated tape electrode was adapted for locating electropermeable points, minimizing possible errors due to human and external factors. Measurements along two meridians on the forearm showed that these points were somewhat scattered about the conventional acupuncture loci and their observable occurrence was probably the result of localized thermal damage of the epidermis.
The Tradition of Alchemy in India
Authors: Mahdihassan S.
Published: November 2004

The Aryan of ancient times was a nomad who lived mainly by hunting. The aged, incapable of partaking in such activity, were considered parasites and were exiled as lonely ascetics to the forest. The ascetic began searching for a strength-giving drug so that he could collect edible plants from the forest. He discovered ephedra of the soma plant as an energizer-cum-euphoriant. Feeling stronger and happier he entertained the idea of a drug of rejuvenation. The Aryan nomad as a hunter oftern over-exerted himself and became exhausted. He then took soma juice thrice daily to prevent exhaustion. With such benefits soma became a popular drink in the Aryan community as a whole. When the Aryans entered India soma became unavailable. Its need persisting, the ascetic substituted ephedra with a mixture of other drugs. If soma was Rasa, or the juice, the substituted medicament was called Rasayana, signifying "juice-incorporate". Rasayana again was geriatric medicine which promised rejuvenation. Later came contact with the Chinese and their use of mercurials. These proved to be efficient energizers and were accepted as Rasayana. Then Aryan medicine first extolled ephedra, next some herbal drugs, and finally mercurials. As energizers-cum-euphoriants, both ephedra and mercurials are anti-somnolents, a feature absent in intoxicants and narcotics.
Oriental Drugs and Herbs (Crude Drug) for Psychosomatic Diseases
Authors: Shigeru Arichi
Published: November 2004

In the case of psychosomatic disease, it seems that every Oriental drug produces the same effect. Similar to other symptomatic therapies, treatment of Zheng with an Oriental drug results in improvement of psychosomatic disease. Thus, patients differ between Chaikojialonglotsuboleitang and Guizhifulingwan. Principle indications are neither sleeplessness nor irritation, but pressure pain and resistance in the right upper abdomen in the former drug and pressure pain and resistance in the left lower abdomen in the latter. Treatment with the drug according to this procedure consequently results in recovery from the disease. This is the reason why we call it a radical therapy, not a symptomatic one. As the Oriental drug produces extremely favourable effects in psychosomatic disease and often cures it radically, we believe that this therapy should be applied as a first choice among the drug therapies available.
Effects of Acupuncture on Serum Cortisol Level and Dopamine Beta-hydroxylase Activity in Normal Chinese
Authors: Lee Shih-Ching , Yin Shih-Jiun , Lee Mei-Ling , Tsai Wen-Jr , Sim Cho-Boon
Published: November 2004

Serum cortisol levels were determined in 40 normal Chinese and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activities were measured in 22 normal subjects before and after acupuncture treatment. All subjects were studied twice with an interval of one week or more. In the self-control study, the subjects were needled at 5 non-acupuncture loci. in the experimental study, they were needled at the following 5 traditional acupuncture loci - right side GB-20, both sides EH-6, and both sides St-36. Blood samples were withdrawn before acupuncture and 15 and 45 min. after acupuncture. No change of serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was observed. Serum cortisol levels increased significantly after needling on the traditional acupuncture loci. After acupuncture for 15 and 45 min., the cortisol increase was 28 and 50%, respectively, as compared to the self-control studies. The beneficial effect of acupuncture in the treatment of functional disorders, therefore, may be mediated by cortisol or other hormones and neurohormones.
Effect of Garlic, Chinese Medicinal Drugs and Amino Acids on Growth of Erlich Ascites Tumor Cells in Mice
Authors: Choy Y.M. , Kwok T.T. , Fung K.P. , Lee C.Y.
Published: November 2004

A number of food materials or drugs have been screened for the effect on the growth and development of transplantable Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Growth of tumor-bearing mice was significantly inhibited by feeding garlic as well as some amino acids. These materials significantly reduced the total number of free tumor cells growing in the peritoneal cavity of mice and prolonged significantly the length of time for 50% death of tumor-bearing mice.
A Comparative Study of the Pain Alleviating Effect of Vibratory Stimulation, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, Electroacupuncture and Placebo
Authors: Lundeberg T.
Published: November 2004

The pain reducing effect of vibratory stimulation at 100 Hz, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) at 100 Hz, electroacupuncture at 2 Hz as compared to placebo was studied in 36 patients suffering from myalgia. In 29 patients these modes of stimulation produced pain reduction. Out of these patients 18 rated vibratory stimulation, TENS or electroacupuncture as more effective than placebo while 6 patients rated placebo as more effective. Five patients rated the pain suppressive effect of vibratory stimulation, TENS and electroacupuncture as being equal to that of placebo. Four of the patients who experienced pain reduction with peripheral stimulation reported an effect only for one particular type of peripheral stimulation. The present results provide evidence that vibratory stimulation, TENS and electroacupuncture are as efficient pain suppressive measures and superior to placebo. It is suggested on the basis of these findings that vibratory stimulation, TENS and electroacupuncture merit consideration in the choice of treatment of myalgia.
The Pharmacological Studies in Central Nervous System on the Interaction of Taiwanese Veratri Formosani Rhizoma and Sophorae Radix
Authors: Lin Wen-Chuan , Hsieh Ming-Tsuen , Tsai Huei-Yann , Chen Chieh-Fu
Published: November 2004

The eighteeen opposing drugs were to be recognized as absolute incompatibility of Chinese herbs. Ku-Shen (Sophorae Radix) opposed Li-Lu (Veratri Rhizoma) is one of these incompatible drugs. In this study, we attempted to investigate and identify the interactions of these two drugs in the CNS by means of modern pharmacological technics. The results elucidate that toxicity, number of retching movements, change of locomotor activity and the concentration of monoamines; metabolites of Li-Lu can be changed by Ku-Shen. From these results, further evidence was provided that the involvement of Li-Lu and Ku-Shen in the eighteen opposing drugs of Chinese ancient Pentsao are deemed to be significant.
The Effect of Hydroxycamptothecin in the Activity of RNA and DNA Polymerases Prepared from Murine Hepatoma Cells
Authors: Xu B. , Ling Y.H.
Published: November 2004

Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Camptotheca acuminata indigenous to China. It could reduce the activity of nuclear RNA polymerase II and I(III) of hepatoma cells. HCPT at 25-100 μ M caused a remarkable inhibition on DNA polymerase α whilst only a slight inhibition on β. The inhibitory action on α was restored by increasing amounts of enzyme or DNA template, but unchanged by varying amounts of substrate. It is suggested that HCPT may exert a stronger inhibition on DNA replication process.
Structural Investigation on the Effects of the Herbs on Clonorchis sinensis in Rabbits
Authors: Rhee Jae Ku , Baek Byeong Kirl , Ahn Byung Zun
Published: November 2004

The effects of boiled water extracts of clonorchicidal raw drugs screened by the EPG counts in vivo on the structure of Clonorchis sinesis were investigated. The extracts of Cassia obutusifolia in Dictamnus dasycarpus did not seem to induce the morphological changes of the worms, and in those of Machilus thunbergii and Prunús mume, widening of bladder to lower level of seminal receptacle was visible without any other changes. Those of Inula helenium and Saussurea lappa, however, disclosed regressive and progressive changes as degeneration, atrophy, necrosis, dilatation, etc. of viscera of the worms. The recover rates of the worms from experimentally infected rabbits administered with the extracts of I. helenium and S. lappa for 30 days, beginning at the end of 3rd day of inoculation, were as low as 2% and 2.8%, respectively.
Clinical Studies on Neruophysiological and Biochemical Basis of Acupuncture Analgesia
Authors: Chen Gongbai , Li Shangchang , Jiang Chengchuan
Published: November 2004

From November 1965 to December 1978, about 10,635 cranio-cerebral operations were performed under acupuncture anesthesia in 24 neurosurgical departments in China. The extensive clinical practices have proved that acupuncture surely has analgesic effect. So far most researches upon the mechanism for analgesia by acupuncture were based on animal experiments, but not confirmed or evidenced in human beings. For this reason, a series of clinical studies upon the neurophysiological and biochemical basis for acupuncture analgesia has been made utilizing the facilities of neurologic clinic provided that the patient's condition is not adversely affected and therapeutic efficiency is enhanced. The results are summarized as follows.
Opuntia streptacantha: A Coadjutor in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Meckes-Lozyoa M. , Roman-Ramos R.
Published: November 2004

This report describes the effect produced by the complementary daily administration of Opuntia streptacantha sap to diabetic volunteer being under treatment with chlorpropamide. The plant product improved remarkably the general symptomatology of the patient as well as his insulin and glucose blood levels.
The Antiarrhythmic Effects of Sophora Flavescens Ait. in Rats and Mice
Authors: Dai Soter , Chan Mo-Yin , Lee Shiuh-Sheng , Ogle Clive W.
Published: November 2004

The effects of an ethanol extract of the plant Sophora flavescens Ait. on cardiac arrhythmias induced by coronary artery ligation in rats, and by aconitine infusion in mice, were studied. Pretreatment with intravenous injection of the extract, 120 mg/kg, significantly reduced the incidence and delayed the onset of ventricular tachycardia in rats subjected to ligation of the left coronary artery. The time of onset of both initial cardiac arrhythmias and prersistent ventricular tachycardia induced by aconitine infusion in mice was also significantly prolonged. These preliminary findings suggest that the ethanol extract of Sophara flavescens Ait. possesses antiarrhythmic activity.
Symbols Designed by European Alchemists Incorporating Elements of Chinese Origin
Authors: Mahdihassan S.
Published: November 2004

Alchemy arose in China as cult of longevity generating life-force by imitating creation. Heaven and Earth, as opposites, were conceived as responsible for creation. They were believed to be round and square-shaped when their emblems became Compass and Carpenter's square. These have been retained in the symbols designed by alchemists of the Medieval Age without, however, revealing their origin or significance.
Effect of Hsien-Ho-T'sao (Agrimonia pilosa) on Experimental Thrombosis in Mice
Authors: Hsu Mei-Feng , Young Ji-Hsiung , Wang Jih-Pyang , Teng Che-Ming
Published: November 2004

The water extract of Hsien-Ho T'sao (HHT) prolonged the tail bleeding time in conscious mice. This antihemostatic effect was dose-dependent and exhibited a biphasic pattern; i.e. its activity declined at doses higher than 0.5 mg/kg, the prolonged bleeding time persisted for at least 12 hr and maxmial effect was observed at 3 hr after the oral adminstration of HHT 500 mg/kg. HHT was effective in preventing ADP-induced acute pulmonary thromboembolic death in mice, while aspirin and indomethacin had no effect on this model. HHT, lik aspirin and indomethacin, also reduced the mortality in collagen- and sodium arachiodonate-induced thromboembolic death. All three drugs caused no significantn protection in endotoxin shock. HHT was found to suppress platelet aggregation markedly, but little effect on blood coagulation. In conclusion, HHT was proved to be efective in the treatment of acute pulmonary throboembolism, and this effect was mainly due to its antiplatelet action.
Medical Trends in South Korea
Authors: Kim Young Sick
Published: November 2004

The Korean Medical System is a dual one, both Western and Oriental. The Western clinical field is strictly limited to injections and operations while the Oriental clinical field is limited to Herbology and Acupuncture. In Korean, as in China, a system of cooperation between Oriental M.D.s. and Western M.D.s. has not yet been established.
Blended Effects of Herbal Components of Tokishakuyakusan on Rat Corpus Luteum Function in Vivo
Authors: Usuki Satoshi
Published: November 2004

The effect of herbal components of Tokishakuyakusan on progestin levels in serum and ovarian tissue from rats treated with PMS and hCG was examined in vivo. Hoelen + peony root + Japanese angelica root increased progesterone/20α-OHP ratio in serum, and hoelen or peony root also increased the ratio in ovarian tissue, while atractylodes lanceae rhizome or hoelen + atractylodes lanceae rhizome decreased the ratio in serum and ovarian tissue. These data suggested that hoelen or peony root has a luteotropic effect but that atractylodes lanceae rhizome develops lueteolysis. Furthermore, the data indicated a blended effect of herbal components of Tokishakuyakusan on the corpus luteum.
An Electron Microscopic Study of the Acupuncture or Moxibustion Stimulated Regional Skin and Lymph Node in Experimental Animals
Authors: Kimura Michio , Mastrogiovanni Frank , Toda Shizuo , Kuroiwa Kyoichi , Tohya Kazuo , Sugata Ryojin , Ohnishi Motoyo
Published: November 2004

Ultrastructures of the electro-acupunture or moxibustion stimulated skin and regional lymph nodes in experiment animals were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In the scanning electron microscopy, small numbers of infiltrating erythrocytes and lymphocytes were found in the vicinity of the penetrated acupunture needle in the acupunture-stimulated skin, whereas moxibustion-treated instances revealed a large number of immunocyte infiltrations in the region. Transmission electron microscopically revealed that immunocytes consisted of lymphocytes, monocytes and some granulocytes and mast cells. In addition, the moxibustion-stimulated regional lymph nodes increased in weight after the stimulation and induced numerous immunocyte influx through afferent lymphatics. The acupunture-stimulated nodes, however, revealed no remarkable change in the weight and morphology. A functional significance of the acupunture and moxibustion-stimulated skin and regional nodes was discussed in reference to previous immunohistological descriptions of immune-reacted lymph node of the same animals.
Studies on Herbal Aphrodisiacs Used in Arab System of Medicine
Authors: Qureshi S. , Shah A.H. , Tariq M. , Ageel A.M.
Published: November 2004

Toxictity studies were conducted on Brassica rapa, Prunus amygdalus and Zingiber officinale, used as aphrodisiacs in Arab Medicine. During acute toxicity test observations were made for 24 h where all these plants showed no toxicity. The animals were tested for 3 months in chronic treatment. External morphological changes, visceral toxicity, haematological changes, effects on average body weight, vital organ weight, sperm contents, sperm motility and sperm abnormalities were recorded. The average body weight increase was significant in B. rapa and P. amygdalus treated animals. Haematological studies revealed reduction in WBC level in these groups. These changes were not significant in Z. officinale treated animals. In all three groups the visceral condition was normal and the percent lethality was insignificant as compared to the control. All these plant extracts significantly increased the sperm motility and sperm contents in the epididymides and vas deferens without producing any spermatotoxic effect.
The Pharmacological and Pathological Studies on Taiwan Folk Medicine (IV)
Authors: Lin Chun-Ching , Yen Ming-Hong , Chiu Hui-Fen , Chang Cheng-Hsiung
Published: November 2004

The protective effect of "San-fang-feng" derived from the root of Echinops grijisii Hance on CCI4-induced hepatotoxicity has been studied. This crude drug was found to possess a marked hepatoprotective effect. A comparison of the protective effect with "Lou-lu" derived from the root of E. latifolius Tausch and "Pei-chai-hu" oringinal Bupleurum chinese showed that E. grijisii and E. latifolius were more effective than chinese as reported previously. The results suggested that both E. grijisii and E. latifolius could correct the hepatocyte necrosis and functional disorder induced by the CCI4 treatment.
A Comparative Study of Chinese Cosmology Cum-Humorology with Eight Elements
Authors: Mahdihassan S.
Published: November 2004

As agriculturist, man recognised Earth, Heat and Water as essential to plant life and projected them as cosmic elements. Pastoral man observed animals multiply due to reproduction. He realized that reproduction resulted the union of opposites as male and female. Projecting reproduction, he conceived creation, which then resulted as the union of the cosmic pair of opposites, Heaven and Earth. The Chinese conceived of creation as starting with creative energy in its latent form, as Thai-Chi, meaning the absolute existence. Later, it assumed its dynamic form called Chhi. It was dual-natured with the opposites called Yang (light) and Yin (darkness). The reproductive power was projected as creative energy called Chhi and male and female opposites were projected as the universal pair of opposites as Yang and Yin. Creative energy produced the cosmic elements which in turn produced all creation. The cosmic elements of Chinese cosmology were Wood, Fire, Water, Earth and Metal. They also included the factors of humorology when the following elements had, as contents, items belonging to humorology, Wood-contained Air, Earth....Moisture; Metal.....Dryness. By assigning dual-sense to three cosmic elements, Chinese humorology came into existence but has incorporated it in its cosmology. It is easy to equate Air = Vayu of Tridosha doctrine of India, Moisture = Kapha, Dryness = Pitta. Then with five elements of cosmology including three with dual-sense, as belonging to humorology, we have eight elements in all as cosmology-cum-humorology. It its obvious that Air, so important in the cosmologies of India and Greece, is no where explicit in Chinese cosmology. This fact emphasizes the content of Wood which is Air. Probably these eight elements have been finally expressed as Pa-Kua, 8-designs already reproduced in the article on Venus and origin of 8-designs (1987).
Effect of olean-9(11), 12-diene-3β, 30-diol 3β, o-hemisuccinate Na Salt, a Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivative, on Peroxidation in CCl4 Induced Mouse Acute Hepatitis
Authors: Huang Wen-Tsan
Published: November 2004

Anti-hepatitis effect of the olean-9(11), 12-diene-3 b, 30-dio13 b, o-hemisuccinate Na Salt (III b), a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative, was studied in CCl 4 induced mouse. The mouse was administered i.p. with 0.1 mole/kg or 0.2 mole/kg of III b, then followed by 31.4 μl/kg of CCl 4. III b was shown to promote the activity of the glucose-6-phosphatase, lower the content of malondialdehyde, and prevent the activity from the soluble enzyme (i.e. GPT, GOT, LDH) from flowing out in the serum enzyme and liver homogenate. III b had the similar anti-peroxidation effect as vitamin E and can maintain the liver function.
Action of Oren-gedoku-to on Platelet Aggregation in Vitro
Authors: Mori Mikio , Hojo Emiko , Takano Kikuo
Published: November 2004

Oren-gedoku-to is a Chinese medicine with hypotensive activity, hemostatic actions and the ability to augment cerebral blood flow. It is therefore expected to be useful in patients with hypertension and cerebrovascular accident (CVA). These effects of Oren-gedoku-to on platelet aggregation and coagulation-fibrinolysis were evaluated. A significant decline in platelet aggregation rate in both healthy control and patient plasma in response to Oren-gedoku-to was found. Maximal platelet aggregation time shortened, however, in healthy controls, but was prolonged in 8 of 20 patients with CVA, in particular those with cerebral infarction.
Successful Treatment of a Hyperprolactinemic Infertile Woman With a Pituitary Microadenoma Using Hachimijiogan
Authors: Otani Sayuri , Usuki Satoshi , Iwasaki Hirokazu , Inoue Setsuko , Yamashita Kamejiro
Published: November 2004

A hyperprolactinemic infertile woman with a pituitary microadenoma, who was resistant to bromocriptine as a method of bringing on pregnancy, succeeded in having a normal pregnancy and delivery with Hachimi-jio-gan treatment. This paper reports that the patient did not succeed in pregnancy in spite of 16 months of bromocriptine treatment, though her prolactin level gradually decreased and continued to be between 40-60 ng/ml with Hachimi-jio-gan treatment. Although the level of prolactin of the patient did not normalize, she, nevertheless, succeeded in having a normal pregnancy and delivery.