bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hispanic and Bantu Inheritance, Trauma, Dispersal and Return: Some Contributions to a Sense of National Identity in Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Cusack Igor
Published: April 2004

Abstract. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish‐speaking state in sub‐Saharan Africa. Since independence in 1968 it has been ruled by the tyrant, Macías Nguema and then from 1979 by his nephew, Obiang Nguema. Over time, the fixed inherited colonial borders may have allowed for the emergence of a sense of national identity, constructed like a collage from different materials. The article explores how the ruling elite has summoned a number of discourses to help with the forging of the nation. The Hispanic link is claimed as an important component and an attempt has also been made to unite the various ethnic groups through a myth of common Bantu origins. The despotic rule of Macías may, surprisingly, have contributed to an emergent Equatoguinean identity by forcing people en masse to behave as they would not normally do, by the consequent shared memories of terror, and through the effects of forced population movements and the creation of a large diaspora.
Are there Good and Bad Nationalisms?
Authors: Brown David
Published: April 2004

Abstract.Writers on nationalism have continued to use the distinction between civic and cultural nationalisms; and to suggest that the former has liberal connotations while the latter is intrinsically illiberal and authoritarian. This rests in part on the argument that the civic bond is rational and voluntaristic while the cultural bond is irrational and ascriptive; in part on the argument that the presence of the middle classes is conducive to liberal politics; and in part on the argument that cultural nationalism is illiberal because of its reactive origins. These arguments are critically examined, and then are reformulated to suggest that the liberalism or illiberalism of nationalism might not be related to its cultural or civic basis, but might depend both upon whether the class articulating the nationalism is marginalised or upwardly mobile; and upon whether the wider society becomes focused uponressentimentin relation to threatening others, or on developing a self‐generated identity.
Ethnic Election and National Destiny: Some Religious Origins of Nationalist Ideals
Authors: Smith Anthony D.
Published: April 2004

Abstract. Central to assertions of national identity in the contemporary world is a sense of collective mission and destiny. This is clearly manifest in the recent spate of religious nationalisms, but it is also present as a component of secular nationalisms. In both cases, it is possible to trace the origins of the sense of collective destiny to much earlier beliefs in ethnic chosenness. In some cases a strict ‘covenantal’ form of the myth of ethnic election, such as was found in the Old Testament, has survived more or less intact into the modern era. In many other instances, a looser sense of ethnic election by the deity has continued to influence the outlook and purposes of secular nations. While there is no strict covariance between the earlier myths and modem national ideals, the ancient beliefs in divine election have given modern nationalisms a powerful impetus and model, particularly among peoples in the monotheistic traditions.
The Chosen People of Ancient Israel and the Occident: Why does Nationality Exist and Survive?
Authors: Grosby Steven
Published: April 2004

Abstract.The primary focus of this article differs from the author's earlier argument about why it may be legitimate‐to apply the category of nationality to ancient Israel. The concern here is three‐fold: an examination of the conceptions of Israel as the chosen people (both conditional and unconditional) in the Old Testament; the possible bearing of those conceptions on the historical imagination of the Occident; and what those conceptions might tell us about the constitution of nationality in general.
Hindus: A Superior Race
Authors: Van Der Veer Peter
Published: April 2004

Abstract. In this contribution I want to first examine some aspects of the influence of Orientalism and Christianity on the construction of a notion of Hinduism which could serve as the basis for nationalism. Second, I want to explore two influential claims about the uniqueness and superiority of the Hindu religion and its practitioners. The first claim is that Hinduism is the religion of a superior race, namely the Aryan race. The second claim is that Hinduism is a religion which is spiritually superior to other religions. These two claims are never completely separate from each other, but are differently emphasised by different Hindu movements.
Towards a Dynamic theory of Ethno‐Religious Conflict
Authors: Fox Jonathan
Published: April 2004

Abstract. The existing body of theory explaining how religion contributes to conflict is inadequate. This is because no existing theory is both sufficiently comprehensive, in that it describes most of the ways in which religion can become involved in conflict, and sufficiently dynamic, in that it takes into account the interrelationships between the various components of the theory. Also, few attempts are made to integrate such a theory into the general literature on conflict, and few such theories are tested, or even testable, in a large‐n format (the use of statistical methodology to analyse a large number of cases in order to test theories and look for general trends). A more comprehensive and dynamic theory of religion and conflict is developed here based on the argument that religion has four basic functions in politics, society and conflict: to provide a value‐laden belief system; to supply standards and criteria of behaviour based on that belief system; to organise adherents through its institutions; and to legitimate actors, actions and institutions. This theory is then integrated into Gurr's theory of ethnic conflict in a dynamic format that is testable in a large‐n format.
Lithuanian Linguistic Nationalism and the Cult of Antiquity
Authors: Spires Scott
Published: April 2004

Abstract. To a large extent, the Lithuanian nationalist movement of the late nineteenth century was founded on language. Although this is typical of many nationalist movements, the Lithuanian case was special because of the amount and type of attention that was focused on the Lithuanian language, and the qualities that were ascribed to that language. This article discusses the influence that scholarly research into the Indo‐European language family, in combination with the romantic nationalism typical of the nineteenth century, exerted on Lithuanian nationalists, and considers the symbolic importance of the Lithuanian language for this movement as a whole.
British and Irish Conflict Regulation from Sunningdale to Belfast Part I: Tracing the Status of Contesting Sovereigns, 1968–1974
Authors: O'Duffy Brendan
Published: April 2004

Abstract. This article, which is presented in two parts, analyses the changing conceptions of the status of the two sovereigns (the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic) whose competing claims to sovereignty over Northern Ireland has been the ultimate cause of conflict. In Part I (presented here) I adapt Ian Lustick's theory of state contraction and expansion to the British‐Irish relationship as it affected the negotiation of the Sunningdale Power‐sharing Agreement of 1973–1974. I argue that the failure to address the competing claims to sovereignty limited the possibilities of achieving and maintaining the consent of sufficient proportions of each ethno‐national community. Part I of the article (forthcoming) will extend the analysis to explain the relative equalisation of sovereignty status between Britain and Ireland and presents a modification of a ‘liberal intergovernmentalist’ explanation of the evolution of the Anglo‐Irish Agreement (1985) and Belfast Agreement (1998).
Ernest Gellner as Critic of Social Thought: Nationalism, Closed Systems and the Central European Tradition
Authors: Conversi Daniele
Published: April 2004

Book reviewed:

Gellner, Ernest, Language and Solitude: Wittgenstein, Malinowski, and the Habsburg dilemma.
Sententiousness and Nationalist Discourse: The Case of Alfredo Rocco
Authors: Dickie John
Published: April 2004

Abstract. This article considers the normative and hypostatising functions of nationalist discourse, and the necessity of rhetoric to nations and nationalism. It does so on the basis of a case study of sententiousness in the thought of Alfredo Rocco. Rocco was one of the most important Nationalist and Fascist intellectuals and the legislative architect of the Fascist state. His political thought is analysed by taking as a starting point a quirk of the historiography on Rocco, which insistently attributes a dangerous ‘rigour’ to his texts, and in particular to the punchy, sententious quality of his style. A close reading of Rocco's nationalism, using Flaubert to understand the rhetoric of sententiousness, reveals a systematic pattern of contradictions between normative and hypostatised definitions of the nation. Aspects of these findings, it is argued, can potentially be extended to embrace all forms of nationalism.
Imperial versus National Discourse: The Case of Russia
Authors: Rowley David G.
Published: April 2004

Abstract.It is inaccurate and misleading to apply the term ‘nationalism’ to Russia prior to the present day. Both Tsarist and Soviet leaders sought to maintain an empire and not a nation‐state, and their national consciousness was imperial rather than national. The lack of Russian nationalism was crucial for Russian history since it explains the failure of both Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union. Modern societies cannot be successfully constructed upon the basis of imperial thinking. The absence of Russian nationalism also has significance for nationalism theory. Russia possessed the social, political and cultural characteristics that have been adduced as ‘causes’ of nationalism by a wide variety of scholars, yet Russia failed to develop a nationalist movement. This suggests that what is crucial to modem nationalism is the appearance of a particularist, secular ideology, since the most notable aspect in which Russia differed from Europe was Russia's universalistic, religious and imperialist discourse of national identity.
The Ethnic Dimension to Bureaucratic Encounters in Postcommunist Europe: Perceptions and Experience
Authors: Grødeland Åse B. , Miller William L. , Koshechkina Tatyana Y.
Published: April 2004

Abstract. In a survey of public opinion about the behaviour of officials in four postcommunist countries ‐Ukraine, Bulgaria, Slovakia and the Czech Republic – we found pervasive suspicions of ethnic bias. Although ethnic minorities themselves were particularly suspicious of officials, there was a consensus across both ethnic majorities and minorities that officials favoured their own ethnic group and discriminated against others.

Suspicion may distort reality, however. Citizens' own reports of dealing with officials generally revealed much less ethnic discrimination in their personal experience than in their suspicions, presumptions and perceptions. Either suspicion exaggerated reality or general perceptions of bias focused on the most badly treated, rather than the most numerous, minorities.

Ethnic minorities themselves behaved in different ways towards officials. Amongst the ethnic minorities covered in this study, only Gypsies displayed the characteristics of hopelessness and ‘exclusion’. Some minorities behaved much like the titular nationality. But most compensated for their minority status by engaging more than the titular nationality in a wide range of strategies to influence officials ‐including the use of contacts, presents and bribes. Conversely, in areas where an ethnic minority was concentrated locally, members of the titular nationality displayed a measurably defensive reaction and a somewhat heightened degree of vigilance.

The paper is based on a total of 6,050 interviews made in the winter of 1997–8, including representative country‐wide samples and special additional samples in areas where ethnic minorities were concentrated. It compares the four titular nationalities with eight ethnic minorities.

This research was funded by the ODADFID (formerly Overseas Development Administration, now Department for International Development) under grant R6445 to Miller and Koshechkina, and by the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) under grant R222474 to Miller and Grødeland. Translation and fieldwork was carried out by OPW (Opinion Window) of Prague and MVK of Bratislava both under the direction of Ladislav Koppl, CSD (Centre for the Study of Democracy) of Sofia under the direction of Alexander Stoyanov, and GfK‐USM (Ukrainian Surveys and Market Research) of Kyiv under the direction of Tatyana Koshechkina.
The Immemorial Iranian Nation? School Textbooks and Historical Memory in Post‐Revolutionary Iran
Authors: Ram Haggay
Published: April 2004

Abstract. This paper is concerned with the fortunes of the pre‐revolutionary, Pahlavi nationalist narrative in post‐revolutionary Iran. The study analyses and compares pre‐ and post‐revolutionary school textbooks with the aim of demonstrating that, for all its revolutionary and Islamic‐universalist hyperbole, the Islamic Republic of Iran remained committed to the Pahlavi dynasty's conception of the ‘immemorial Iranian nation’ (or the ‘Aryan hypothesis’) as it was first articulated by European scholars of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Post‐revolutionary Iran clung to the European/Pahlavi master narrative of Iranian history, its very basic ‘story line’. It was, therefore, subject to the same evolution, the same dialectic of remembering and forgetting, the same successive deformations, and the vulnerability to the very same manipulation and appropriation. This study, then, attempts to establish that the Islamic Republic's apparent shift from ‘Iran Time’ to ‘Islam Time’, though it reaches far beyond Iranian borders, nevertheless remains wedded to, and embedded in, the dominant European, secular traditions of the Pahlavi era. Islamic consciousness in Iran does not in any way constitute the basis for an alternative myth to the national myth. Rather, it adds Islamic terminology to the very same myth. Political Islam thus remains within the confines of Iranian nationalism. It is articulated in the framework of the symbols of Iranian nationalism, endowing them with a meaning that is supposedly religious.
The Ties that Unwind: Civic and Ethnic Imaginings in New Zealand
Authors: Pearson David
Published: April 2004

Abstract. This paper argues that examining the interweaving of ethnic and civic elements best explains current tensions in ethnic politics in New Zealand in elite state and nation‐building and how these shape patterns of inclusion or exclusion of aboriginal and immigrant minorities. Theories of ethnic and civic nationalism are discussed briefly and the distinctiveness of settler societies is explored. Recent trends promoting biculturalism and multiculturalism are examined. A discussion of legal citizenship since 1840 reveals the linkages and persistence of three historical trajectories – the decolonising of aboriginal people (Maori), the de‐colonial movement among Pakeha (‘white Europeans’), and the partial de‐alienising of immigration. These trajectories, I conclude, reflect in‐built tensions between different historical and current ethnic and civic representations of the New Zealand nation‐state.
Media, Language Policy and Cultural Change in Tatarstan: Historic vs. Pragmatic Claims to Nationhood
Authors: Davis Howard , Hammond Philip , Nizamova Lilia
Published: April 2004

Abstract. The politics of national identity in the Republic of Tatarstan are complex and often contradictory. Although sometimes posed in terms of an historical legacy, claims to nationhood are also strongly shaped by more pragmatic contemporary concerns. In addition to more conventional forms of political mobilisation, national identity is also contested in cultural arenas. Examining policies on language reform and media development, for example, sheds light on the processes through which a sense of national identity is currently being renegotiated in Tatarstan. The Republic's official multicultural policy is situated in the context of a range of distinct conceptions of Tatarstan's identity, from radical Islamic nationalism to a view of the republic as a Russian province.
Quebec and Canada at the Crossroads: A Nation within a Nation
Authors: Seymour Michel
Published: April 2004

Abstract. I argue first that there are many different concepts of the nation, and advocate a certain conceptual pluralism. I also argue that a population as a whole cannot constitute a nation unless it has a certain national consciousness. I then show that we must adopt a fundamental principle of tolerance. I also try to attend to the complexities of the relations between Quebec and Canada, and argue that different populations represent themselves as nations in different ways and with different concepts. 1 show that Quebec constitutes a nation within a nation. I then wonder what it would mean for Canadians to accept a Quebec nation. Finally, I try to explain why a very large proportion of the population of Quebec has increasingly been favourable to sovereignty, and favourable to making a partnership proposal to Canada.
Military Nationalism and the State: the Case of Fin‐De‐Siècle Spain
Authors: Jensen Geoffrey
Published: April 2004

Abstract. Military culture can play an important role in the rise of modern nationalism, as developments in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Spain demonstrate. Like many Europeans, Spanish army officers turned increasingly to nationalist ideology as they lost faith in the ability of liberal institutions to meet their needs. Because Spain, where army officers had much influence on politics and society, lacked other strong movements of modern, Castile‐centred nationalism, military culture had a significant and long‐lasting influence on the subsequent development of notions of Spanish national identity. The case of turn‐of‐the‐century Spanish military nationalism lends credence to a general understanding of nationalism as a political phenomenon in which the state plays a central role.
Cultural History, Nationalism and the Dignity of the Individual: The Work of George L. Mosse
Authors: Grosby Steven
Published: April 2004

Abstract. The recently deceased George Mosse was one of the leading cultural and intellectual historians of modern Germany and Europe. His important contributions to our understanding of modern culture were his historical analyses of racism, fascism, and nationalism as cultural phenomena of our times. This article concentrates on Mosse's analysis of nationalism.
The Roman—Jewish Wars and Hebrew Cultural Nationalism
Authors: Aberbach David
Published: April 2004

Abstract.The Roman‐Jewish wars of 66–70, 115–17 and 132–35 CE destroyed the territorial, social and political bases of militant Jewish nationalism. Successive defeats brought a Roman ban on Jewish residence in Jerusalem and on proselytisation. Most of the Jewish population of Judaea, in southern Palestine, was annihilated or exiled. The creative heart of Judaism shifted to Galilee, where the study of rabbinic law and homiletics flourished, mostly in Hebrew, and the Mishna ‐ the basis of the Talmud ‐ was edited by the Tannaim (Mishna teachers). This culture was an implicit rejection of Graeco‐Roman civilisation and values in favour of a more exclusivist religious‐cultural nationalism. It is argued in this paper that this form of nationalism, though rare in the ancient world, anticipates more recent national movements of defeated peoples.
Minority Languages, Nationalism and Broadcasting: The British and Irish Examples
Authors: Cormack Mike
Published: April 2004

Abstract. This paper examines the relationship between nationalist movements and minority languages, with particular emphasis on examples from Britain and Ireland. This relationship is less straightforward than often assumed, and the media's role in it is particularly complex. The varying political uses of minority language broadcasting are discussed, along with the implications of the separation between cultural and political nationalism. The notion of the routine banality of daily broadcasting is used to indicate how such broadcasting can work against nationalist mobilisation. Finally, Ireland is examined in the light of the previous discussion in order to offer an explanation of why it was so far behind many other areas in the provision of minority language broadcasting.
British and Irish Conflict Regulation from Sunningdale to Belfast. Part II: Playing for a draw 1985–1999
Authors: O'Duffy Brendan
Published: April 2004

Abstract. The fundamental improvement between the Sunningdale and Belfast (or Good Friday) Agreements as conflict regulation processes is the recognition of opposing nationalisms as the core cause of conflict and, by extension, the development of a more symmetrical intergovernmental relationship between British and Irish governments which maximised the basis of consent for addressing conflicting claims to national self‐determination. While the Agreement reflects a liberalisation of opposing nationalisms, it does not represent a ‘post‐nationalist’ solution; the evolution of conflict regulation from 1985 to 1998 reflects a bi‐national trend. The key to cultivating a ‘ripe moment’ for a constitutional settlement was based on the recognition that Northern Ireland's constitutional status needed to be redetermined and that the processes of self‐determination needed to address and modify ‘constitutive’ aspects of sovereignty which preceded partition, as well as ‘regulative’ aspects which have evolved since the Anglo‐Irish Agreement of 1985.
Afrikaner Nationalism in Action: F. C. Erasmus and South Africa's Defence Forces 1948–1959
Authors: Boulter Roger S.
Published: April 2004

Abstract. F. C. Erasmus became South Africa's defence minister in 1948 after two decades as the leading political organiser for the National Party. Although an architect of the Nationalists' post‐war victory, he was not considered a minister of the first rank. Erasmus initiated a process of ridding the defence force of officers who he believed were associated with the government of the Anglophile Jan Smuts and replacing them with party supporters. As a result, the military often lost experienced and talented officers, many with combat exposure. Erasmus felt that the armed services had been too British in ethos and appearance. He inaugurated tighter regulations on bilingualism, introduced Boer rank titles, launched new uniforms and original medals and decorations, to the acclaim of the Afrikaner Volk. His purpose was to have a defence force which was uniquely ‘South African’.
Gender, Nations and States in a Global Era
Authors: Walby Sylvia
Published: April 2004

Abstract. Nations and national projects are gendered in different ways. Feminist theory has raised important questions about the conceptualisation of ‘difference’. This article develops the conceptualisation of the different ways in which nations and national projects are gendered, arguing for a mid‐level conceptualisation of gender relations. It argues against, on the one hand, the excessive fragmentation of gender, and on the other, too simple dichotomies of mordless unequal gender relations. This draws on a theorisation of gender relations which connects the different dimensions into specific kinds of gender regimes, either public or domestic gender regimes. This enables us to conceptualise different national projects as having a more or less public or domestic gender project. The conflicts between different national projects and with other polities, such as states, are then conflicts between differently gendered projects. The usefulness of this mid‐level conceptualisation is demonstrated through examples of the competing relations between the UK, Ireland, the EU and the Catholic Church in a global era.
Rape in Kosovo: Masculinity and Serbian Nationalism
Authors: Bracewell Wendy
Published: April 2004

Abstract. Accusations of Albanian rape of Serbs in Kosovo became a highly charged political factor in the development of Serbian nationalism in the 1980s. Discussions of rape were used to link perceptions of national victimisation and a crisis of masculinity and to legitimate a militant Serbian nationalism, ultimately contributing to the violent break‐up of Yugoslavia. The article argues for attention to the ways that nationalist projects have been structured with reference to ideals of masculinity, the specific political and cultural contexts that have influenced these processes, and the consequent implications for gender relations as well as for nationalist politics. Such an approach helps explain the appeal of Milošević's nationalism; at the same time it highlights the divisions and conflicts that lie behind hegemonic gender and national identities constructed around difference.
Non‐invasive monitoring of haemoglobin concentration in paediatric surgical patients using near‐infrared spectroscopy*
Authors: Dullenkopf A. , Lohmeyer U. , Salgo B. , Gerber A. C. , Weiss M.
Published: April 2004

We evaluated the near‐infrared spectroscopy based tissue haemoglobin index for continuous non‐invasive monitoring of haemoglobin concentration during paediatric surgery. Blood samples from 40 children (from birth to 16 years old) were analysed oximetrically. From the first blood sample the tissue haemoglobin index/haemoglobin concentration coefficient was calculated for further tissue haemoglobin index‐derived haemoglobin concentrations in each patient. Comparison of corresponding values revealed a bias and precision of – 0.02 and 5.41 g.l−1, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of tissue haemoglobin index were 73.1% and 70.0%, respectively, for predicting falling haemoglobin concentration values. Currently, the tissue haemoglobin index is not suitable for monitoring haemoglobin concentration in children undergoing surgery.
Evidence‐based strategies for preventing drug administration errors during anaesthesia
Authors: Jensen L. S. , Merry A. F. , Webster C. S. , Weller J. , Larsson L.
Published: April 2004

We developed evidence‐based recommendations for the minimisation of errors in intravenous drug administration in anaesthesia from a systematic review of the literature that identified 98 relevant references (14 with experimental designs or incident reports and 19 with reports of cases or case series). We validated the recommendations using reports of drug errors collected in a previous study. One general and five specific strong recommendations were generated: systematic countermeasures should be used to decrease the number of drug administration errors in anaesthesia; the label on any drug ampoule or syringe should be read carefully before a drug is drawn up or injected; the legibility and contents of labels on ampoules and syringes should be optimised according to agreed standards; syringes should (almost) always be labelled; formal organisation of drug drawers and workspaces should be used; labels should be checked with a second person or a device before a drug is drawn up or administered.
Mortality dynamics ofDaphniain contrasting habitats and their role in ecological divergence
Authors: Dudycha Jeffry L.
Published: April 2004

1. TheDaphnia pulex‐pulicariaspecies complex has been proposed as an example of rapid ecological speciation, associated with divergence along the gradient of waterbody size from temporary ponds to deep, stratified lakes. However, this divergence is incomplete, and thus represents an opportunity to study ecological divergence as it is occurring.

2. Dynamics of twelve populations ofDaphniain thepulex‐pulicariaspecies complex were monitored over 1 year. Six temporary pond populations and six permanent lake populations were compared to evaluate demographic differences that may contribute to ecological divergence in this complex.

3. Pond populations experienced greater changes in density, which were reflected in more extreme growth rates, higher birth rates and higher mortality rates than those of lake populations.

4. Mitochondrial DNA was isolated from up to three clones from each population, the D‐loop of the control region was sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. This tree revealed two strongly supported clades. The clades were not congruent with habitat type and nominal status, indicating that interhabitat gene flow occurs easily and that the nominal taxa are incompletely diverged.

5. Published reports of genetic life history differences in theD. pulex‐pulicariacomplex are consistent with the demographic differences reported here. This suggests that ecological differences between the habitats are selectively maintaining trait differences despite the possibility for genetic exchange. Thus, these taxa may be at the inception of ecological speciation.
Invasive species profiling? Exploring the characteristics of non‐native fishes across invasion stages in California
Authors: Marchetti Michael P. , Moyle Peter B. , Levine Richard
Published: April 2004

1. The global spread of non‐native species is a major concern for ecologists, particularly in regards to aquatic systems. Predicting the characteristics of successful invaders has been a goal of invasion biology for decades. Quantitative analysis of species characteristics may allow invasive species profiling and assist the development of risk assessment strategies.

2. In the current analysis we developed a data base on fish invasions in catchments throughout California that distinguishes among the establishment, spread and integration stages of the invasion process, and separates social and biological factors related to invasion success.

3. Using Akaike's information criteria (AIC), logistic and multiple regression models, we show suites of biological variables, which are important in predicting establishment (parental care and physiological tolerance), spread (life span, distance from nearest native source and trophic status) and abundance (maximum size, physiological tolerance and distance from nearest native source). Two variables indicating human interest in a species (propagule pressure and prior invasion success) are predictors of successful establishment and prior invasion success is a predictor of spread and integration.

4. Despite the idiosyncratic nature of the invasion process, our results suggest some assistance in the search for characteristics of fish species that successfully transition between invasion stages.
Decline in the quality of suspended fine particulate matter as a food resource for chironomids downstream of an urban area
Authors: Rosi‐Marshall Emma J.
Published: April 2004

1. Urbanization and its associated contamination could degrade the quality of suspended fine particulate organic matter (SFPM) (20 μm to 1 mm) as a food resource for aquatic insects. SFPM was collected at four sites along the main stem of the Chattahoochee River, which drains metropolitan Atlanta at base and high flow during four seasons.

2. Composition of SFPM was estimated using measures conventionally associated with food quality: bacteria, N/C ratio, caloric content, % inorganic, and % lipids, and metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) concentration. In SFPM collected during base flow, % inorganic matter, calories, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased with cumulative permitted wastewater treatment discharge (an indicator of extent of urbanization upstream). In SFPM samples collected during high flow, % diatoms, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations increased with urbanization.

3. A growth assay was used as an integrated and direct measure of SFPM quality as a food resource. The instantaneous growth rate (IGR) of chironomids fed SFPM collected during base flow declined downstream of the city. IGRs of chironomids fed SFPM collected at all sites during high flow were as low as the lowest IGR measured during base flow.

4. Insects fed SFPM collected from the Chattahoochee River had IGRs only 20% of those of chironomids fed SFPM collected from the Little Tennessee River, a relatively undisturbed river in North Carolina. The mortality rate of chironomids fed SFPM was not different among sites or rivers. While the decline in SFPM quality in the Chattahoochee River is probably attributable to some aspect of urbanization, the decline was not related to conventional measures of food quality or metal contamination.
Zebra mussel colonisation of soft sediments facilitates invertebrate communities
Authors: Beekey M. A. , McCabe D. J. , Marsden J. E.
Published: April 2004

1. We examined the effect of zebra mussel colonisation on invertebrate communities inhabiting soft sediments in two bays along the Vermont shoreline of Lake Champlain, U.S.A.

2. In summer 2001, we conducted manipulative experiments (addition and removal of zebra mussel colonies) with respective controls to assess the effect of colonies on invertebrate abundance, richness, and position within sediments (within colony versus underlying colony) and compared these data to comparative studies of natural communities in summer 2002.

3. Split core samples were taken two months after the manipulation and the following year so that we could quantify individuals and species inhabiting zebra mussel colonies separately from those in sediments underlying zebra mussel colonies and adjacent sediments lacking zebra mussels.

4. Zebra mussel‐covered sediments supported more abundant and richer invertebrate communities than adjacent sediments lacking zebra mussels.

5. Abundance and richness patterns in zebra mussel‐addition and removal treatments closely paralleled those in natural communities.

6. Despite severe oxygen depletion at the interface of underlying sediments and overlying zebra mussel colonies, most infaunal invertebrates responded positively to zebra mussel colonisation either by remaining in sediments underlying zebra mussel colonies or by migrating into zebra mussel colonies.
Partitioning processes controlling water column phosphorus concentrations in a shallow wetland
Authors: Qiu Song , McComb Arthur J. , Bell Richard W. , Davis Jenny A.
Published: April 2004

1. Phosphorus (P) concentrations in the water column of lakes and wetlands are crucial to their trophic status and ecosystem function, but quantifying the processes controlling P concentrations in the field has been a difficult task. A site‐based, in‐lake method is described to partition major field processes controlling P concentration in a shallow lake.

2. It involves (i) in‐lake deployment of a suite of chambers that isolate in‐chamber activities from atmospheric sources, groundwater input and horizontal water movement; (ii) monitoring P concentrations and relevant water properties inside and outside the isolation chambers; and (iii) calculating the contribution of each individual process by simple mathematical deduction, so as to differentiate the contributions from the different sources.

3. The method was applied at nearshore and offshore sites in a seasonal, groundwater‐fed shallow lake on the Swan Coastal Plain, south‐western Australia, during winter refilling. Primary (atmospheric and groundwater) and secondary processes (e.g. circulation and sediment‐water interactions) were partitioned and quantified in terms of their contributions to water column P [as total P (TP; μg m−2 day−1)].

4. Atmospheric and groundwater inputs were the two main processes contributing P loadings (1233 and 1010 μg P m−2 day−1), but their influence appeared restricted to the near‐shore site. The estimated influence on TP by mixing‐circulation, atmosphere and groundwater were 2.4–25 times higher near the lake margin as compared with the offshore site. The circulation and sediment‐water interactions decreased water column P at the marginal site, but increased P offshore because of subsequent P release from sediment and a concurrent increase in pH.

5. Results are consistent with data reported elsewhere, and the factors that could affect the accuracy of partitioning are discussed.
Influence of habitat heterogeneity on the distribution of larval Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) at two spatial scales
Authors: Torgersen Christian E. , Close David A.
Published: April 2004

1. Spatial patterns in channel morphology and substratum composition at small (1–10 metres) and large scales (1–10 kilometres) were analysed to determine the influence of habitat heterogeneity on the distribution and abundance of larval lamprey.

2. We used a nested sampling design and multiple logistic regression to evaluate spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of larval Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, and habitat in 30 sites (each composed of twelve 1‐m2 quadrat samples) distributed throughout a 55‐km section of the Middle Fork John Day River, OR, U.SA. Statistical models predicting the relative abundance of larvae both among sites (large scale) and among samples (small scale) were ranked using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to identify the ‘best approximating’ models from a set of a priori candidate models determined from the literature on larval lamprey habitat associations.

3. Stream habitat variables predicted patterns in larval abundance but played different roles at different spatial scales. The abundance of larvae at large scales was positively associated with water depth and open riparian canopy, whereas patchiness in larval occurrence at small scales was associated with low water velocity, channel‐unit morphology (pool habitats), and the availability of habitat suitable for burrowing.

4. Habitat variables explained variation in larval abundance at large and small scales, but locational factors, such as longitudinal position (river km) and sample location within the channel unit, explained additional variation in the logistic regression model. The results emphasise the need for spatially explicit analysis, both in examining fish habitat relationships and in developing conservation plans for declining fish populations.
Restricted movement by mottled sculpin (pisces: cottidae) in a southern Appalachian stream
Authors: Petty J. Todd , Grossman Gary D.
Published: April 2004

1. We used direct observation and mark‐recapture techniques to quantify movements by mottled sculpins (Cottus bairdi) in a 1 km segment of Shope Fork in western North Carolina. Our objectives were to: (i) quantify the overall rate of sculpin movement, (ii) assess variation in movement among years, individuals, and sculpin size classes, (iii) relate movement to variation in stream flow and population size structure, and (iv) quantify relationships between movement and individual growth rates.

2. Movements were very restricted: median and mean movement distances for all sculpin size classes over a 45 day period were 1.3 and 4.4 m respectively. Nevertheless, there was a high degree of intrapopulation and temporal variation in sculpin movement. Movement of juveniles increased with discharge and with the density of large adults. Movement by small and large adults was not influenced by stream flow, but large adults where more mobile when their own density was high. Finally, there were differences in the growth rates of mobile and sedentary sculpins. Mobile juveniles grew faster than sedentary individuals under conditions of low flow and high density of large adults, whereas adults exhibited the opposite pattern.

3. Our results support the hypothesis that juvenile movement and growth is influenced by both intraspecific interactions with adults and stream flow. In contrast, adult movement appears to be influenced by competitive interactions among residents for suitable space. The relationship between movement and growth may provide a negative feedback mechanism regulating mottled sculpin populations in this system.
Possession of human leucocyte antigen DQ6 alleles and the rate of CD4 T‐cell decline in human immunodeficiency virus‐1 infection
Authors: Vyakarnam Annapurna , Sidebottom David , Murad Shahed , Underhill James A. , Easterbrook Philippa J. , Dalgleish Angus G. , Peakman Mark
Published: April 2004

Polymorphism amongst the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes could influence antigen presentation and the ability to control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 by modulating the virus specific CD4 immune response. To examine the effect of such polymorphisms on disease progression, we studied a cohort of 46 HIV‐1 infected long‐term non‐progressors (LTNPs), 87 intermediate progressors (IPs) and 26 rapid progressors. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of all patients in the cohort on time to a CD4 count less than 350 cells/µl, showed a trend for a slower rate of CD4 decline in patients with, compared to those without, the DRB1*15‐DQB1*06 haplotype (hazard ratio (HR) 0·69, 95% CI 0·46–1·01, P = 0·06). A similar effect was not observed with the DRB1*13‐DQB1*06 haplotype (HR 1·18, 95% CI 0·75–1·88, P = 0·46), but was observed when DQB1*06 alleles were considered irrespective of their DR association (HR 0·74, 95% CI 0·52–1·05, P = 0·06). Major HLA‐DQ6 alleles encode aspartate (Asp) at position 57 on the DQβ chain, a phenotype associated with protection from other immune disorders. We therefore examined the frequency of all DQβ57 Asp+ alleles, but could not detect a significant effect on the rate of CD4 decline. To examine whether the genotype associated with slower CD4 decline was over‐represented in patients with a slow rate of disease progression, we conducted a categorical analysis of a subset of patients with an extended follow‐up of 14+years. We found a higher proportion of LTNPs at 14+ years possessed the DRB1*15‐DQB1*06 haplotype compared to IPs at 14+ years (38·46 versus 18·18%), though this difference did not reach statistical significance. When DQB1*06 alleles irrespective of their DR association were considered, the protective effect was greater (76·9% LTNPs versus 18·18% IPs, P = 0·04). Our results highlight the potential protective effect of HLA DQB1*06 alleles on the course of HIV disease.
Interferon‐γ activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil function
Authors: Ellis Terri N. , Beaman Blaine L.
Published: April 2004

As current research illuminates the dynamic interplay between the innate and acquired immune responses, the interaction and communication between these two arms has yet to be fully investigated. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) are known critical components of innate and acquired immunity, respectively. However, recent studies have demonstrated that these two components are not entirely isolated. Treatment of PMNs with IFN‐γ elicits a variety of responses depending on stimuli and environmental conditions. These responses include increased oxidative burst, differential gene expression, and induction of antigen presentation. Many of these functions have been overlooked in PMNs, which have long been classified as terminal phagocytic cells incapable of protein synthesis. As this review reports, the old definition of the PMN is in need of an update, as these cells have demonstrated their ability to mediate the transition between the innate and acquired immune responses.
CpG‐ODN‐stimulated dendritic cells act as a potent adjuvant for E7 protein delivery to induce antigen‐specific antitumour immunity in a HPV 16 E7‐associated animal tumour model
Authors: Kim Tai‐Gyu , Kim Chang‐Hyun , Won Eun Ha , Bae Su Mi , Ahn Woong‐Shick , Park Jae‐Bok , Sin Jeong‐Im
Published: April 2004

We previously reported that both E7 and CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) are required for protecting animals from human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E7‐associated tumour challenge. Here we investigate dendritic cells (DC)‐based approach in this protection. In the study, we isolated bone marrow‐derived DC and stimulated DC with E7 and ODN. In vitro stimulation of DC with E7 plus ODN resulted in more production of interleukin‐12, as compared to that with E7 or ODN alone. Further injection with E7+ODN‐stimulated DC resulted in more significant tumour protection, as compared to stimulation with E7 or ODN alone. We further evaluated the levels of immune responses induced by DC stimulated with E7+ODN. We observed little enhancement of E7‐specific antibody and T helper cell proliferative responses by E7+ODN stimulation, as compared to E7 stimulation. However, there was some enhancement of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) production from CD4+ T cells and a more significant production of IFN‐γ from CD8+ T cells by E7+ODN stimulation, as compared to E7 stimulation alone. This was consistent with intracellular IFN‐γ staining levels of CD8+ T cells. Tumour protection further appeared to be mediated by CD8+ T cells, as determined by in vivo T‐cell depletion. Thus, these data suggest that upon ODN stimulation DC might function as a potent adjuvant for E7 protein delivery for induction of protective cellular immunity against HPV E7‐associated tumour challenge.
Identification, functional analysis and expression in a heterotopic heart transplant model of CXCL9 in the rat
Authors: Mitsuhashi Noboru , Kearns‐Jonker Mary , Wu Gordon D. , Bowdish Michael E. , Jin Yang‐Sun , Mencel Robert , Zahorsky‐Reeves Joanne , Fischer‐Lougheed Jacqueline , Weinberg Kenneth I. , Starnes Vaughn A. , Cramer Donald V.
Published: April 2004

CXCR3 chemokines are of particular interest because of their potential involvement in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including the rejection of organ transplants. Although the rat is one of the most appropriate animals for using to study transplantation biology, the structural and functional characteristics of CXCL9 [monokine induced by interferon‐γ (Mig)] in this experimental model have not been described. Therefore, we recently conducted a series of experiments to identify and characterize the rat CXCL9 gene. Accordingly, we isolated rat CXCL9 cDNA and genomic DNA. The rat CXCL9 gene encodes a protein of 125 amino acids and spans a 3·5 kbp DNA segment containing four exons in the protein‐coding region. We then analysed mRNA expression in various tissues. Transcripts for the gene were found to be expressed at high levels in the lymph nodes and spleen. Then, to confirm the function of the identified gene, rat CXCL9 was transiently expressed in COS‐1 cells. Rat recombinant Mig displayed chemotactic properties and induced CXCR3 internalization in CD4+ T cells. Lastly, we analysed the expression of rat CXCL9 in a heterotopic heart allograft model. Both mRNA and protein levels of intragraft CXCL9 were significantly increased following transplantation of ACI to LEW hearts when compared with syngeneic controls. These findings indicate that rat CXCL9 has an in vivo role in the infiltration of CD4+ T cells in the transplanted graft.
Major histocompatibility complex class I‐restricted alloreactive CD4+ T cells
Authors: Boyle Louise H. , Goodall Jane C. , Gaston J. S. Hill
Published: April 2004

Although it is well established that CD4+ T cells generally recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, MHC class I‐reactive CD4+ T cells have occasionally been reported. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of six MHC class I‐reactive CD4+ T‐cell lines, obtained by co‐culture of CD4+ peripheral blood T cells with the MHC class II‐negative, transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)‐negative cell line, T2, transfected with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐B27. Responses were inhibited by the MHC class I‐specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), W6/32, demonstrating the direct recognition of MHC class I molecules. In four cases, the restriction element was positively identified as HLA‐A2, as responses by these clones were completely inhibited by MA2.1, an HLA‐A2‐specific mAb. Interestingly, three of the CD4+ T‐cell lines only responded to cells expressing HLA‐B27, irrespective of their restricting allele, implicating HLA‐B27 as a possible source of peptides presented by the stimulatory MHC class I alleles. In addition, these CD4+ MHC class I alloreactive T‐cell lines could recognize TAP‐deficient cells and therefore may have particular clinical relevance to situations where the expression of TAP molecules is decreased, such as viral infection and transformation of cells.