bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preventive Measure and Action towards Livestock disease: Law on Animal Husbandry and Animal Health
Authors: Budiman Haris , Yuhandra Erga , Faisal Koko Ahmad
Published: January 2025

The research aims to examine the implementation of Law Number 18 of 2009; Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, the preventive measure and its action. The urgency of the research is to raise people's awareness on the importance of livestock health and to effectively enforce existing regulation. Thus, the potential impact to human health and the livestock economy could be mitigated. Meanwhile, to collect data, analyze difficulties, and find solutions, the researchers employed empirical-juridical approaches such as surveys, interviews with relevant parties, and field observations in Kuningan Regency. The findings revealed that the Animal Husbandry and Animal Health Law explicitly regulates preventative and remedial measures for livestock diseases, highlighting the role of both national and local governments in advancing animal health. In addition, the government regulation on veterinary authorities’ states all of the topics, including preventive, action, livestock traffic, infrastructure, and facilities. The execution of the so-called policies at the regional level reveals a multitude interrelated barriers. The inability to implement policies can be attributed to a number of factors, including inconsistent regulations between regional and higher levels of legislation, a lack of qualified human resources, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, the effect of local customs and culture, and the quality of community education. To sum up, the investigation has improved our comprehension on the effectiveness of the laws. Yet, to improve the livestock’s health and wellbeing and minimize its disease transmission, it is advised to enhance compliance and best practices related to livestock management.
Green Constitutional Paradigm for Sustainable Environmental Development in the Capital of Archipelago : A Comparative Study with France and Ecuadorian Constitution
Authors: Kusworo Daffa Ladro , Arsil Fitra
Published: January 2025

Green constitution is one of the things that answers various kinds of public concerns related to the decline of environmental functions. Although the 1945 Constitution as the Indonesian constitution has attempted to contain articles on the environment in its body, Indonesia is still classified as a country that only regulates it formally. The implication that occurs is the planning of the National Capital City which is being built with the concept of smart forest city, where the implementation is not studied in depth which makes the impact of environmental damage in the form of deforestation and the length of sustainable environmental recovery. This research uses normative research methods that refer to the constitution by examining aspects related to the environment as a state of law, then analyzed with relevant issues.The 1945 Constitution's accommodation of a green constitution is still far behind when compared to the Constitutions of France and Ecuador which both constitutionalize environmental law norms. The French constitution, for example, requires that every draft law produced by the French Parliament must follow the provisions and standards set out in the Environmental Charter as part of the French Constitution. The development of National Capital City towards the conditions and threats of environmental sustainability which are currently very alarming, it is appropriate for us to lay and strengthen the conceptual foundations of environmental issues and sustainable development with an environmental perspective.
The Legal Hurdles in Executing Land Dispute Cases in Court
Authors: Hatta Muhammad , Anditya Ariesta Wibisono , Rayhan Ahmad , Akhmaddhian Suwari , Anugrah Dikha
Published: January 2025

The study aims to critically analyze the regulatory framework governing the execution of civil dispute cases in Indonesia and to evaluate the practical implementation of such executions within the jurisdiction of the Kuningan District Court. The study encompasses an empirical juridical method involving a fieldwork which was conducted at the Kuningan District Court. The finding shows the execution of court decisions is governed by various legal provisions, such as Article 27(1) and Article 28D(1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code, Article 196 of the Herzien Inlandsch Reglement (HIR) or Article 207 of the Rechtreglement voor de Buitengewesten (RBg), Article 66(2) of Law No. 3 of 2009 concerning the Second Amendment to Law No. 14 of 1985 on the Supreme Court, Articles 54(2), 54(3), and 55(1) of Law No. 48 of 2009 on Judicial Power, and Supreme Court Circular No. 1 of 2010 regarding Requests for Execution Assistance. Even though its execution process has some issues, the study finalizes that the resolution of cases and the enforcement of court decisions are governed by relevant legal regulations. As the legal structures, legal substance, and legal culture put a heavy weight in it, the excecution process of land dispute cases at the Kuningan District Court has not yet to be optimally implemented. Accordingly, to prevent prolonged execution processes that could drain the time, energy, and financial recourses, the court is encouraged to adhere to the principle of legal certainty that have legal finality.
Government Policy: The Conversion of Protected Forest into Production Forest
Authors: Pribadi Riky , Anwar Chaidar Awaludin , Ferdiansyah Ferdy
Published: January 2025

Land disputes involving protected forests and conservation areas have consistently emerged as issues stemming from land utilization by local communities. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry plays a fundamental role in addressing these conflicts by altering the status of protected forests into production forests. Accordingly, the study aims to analyze the regulatory framework governing the conversion and to evaluate the effectiveness of the authority, local governments and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in facilitating the status change. The research employs a descriptive normative legal approach, drawing on empirical data from surveys, interviews with pertinent parties, and field observations in Majalengka Regency, particularly in Nunuk Village (currently Nunuk Baru Village). The research reveals that regulations and the effectiveness of both local government and ministry policies govern the transformation and use of protected forests into production forests. Government Regulation No. 104 of 2015; the Procedures for Changing Forest Area Designation and Function, is a binding regulation that directly addresses the issues. As a result, the residents of Nunuk Village had no grounds to oppose the change. The effective implementation led to the resolution of the land dispute in Nunuk Baru Village, Maja District, Majalengka Regency, between the local community and Perhutani. The residents' struggle to assert their land rights was ultimately victorious, as the Majalengka local government collaborated with the central government to expedite the resolution of the critical issue. In conclusion, the government must prioritize designating production land that can be effectively and sustainably managed by local communities
Narrow DCP application during intertrochanteric fracture fixation to serve as a fracture reduction maintenance tool and a trochanteric stabilization plate
Authors: Refai Omar Ahmed , Khalifa Ahmed A.
Published: January 2025

Intertrochanteric fractures (ITFs) could be treated efficiently using various devices, including dynamic hip screws, proximal femoral nails, and proximal femoral locking plates. To guard against femoral shaft medialization in unstable ITFs, a trochanteric stabilization plate (TSP) could be added as a supplementary fixation, produced by different companies and in various shapes. We describe a simplified technique using a narrow dynamic compression plate (DCP) (applied anterolaterally or posterolaterally) to act as a preliminary or permanent fracture reduction maintenance tool and serve as a TSP. The technique is simple and affordable, as a narrow DCP is available in most orthopedic operating theaters. Furthermore, this option could be a rescue plan if an original TSP is unavailable or cannot be applied.
Adverse reaction to intralesional bleomycin therapy for periungual warts: A case report
Authors: Narayan R. Vignesh , Shilpa K. , Grover Chander
Published: January 2025

Periungual warts pose a therapeutic challenge due to their persistence and proximity to the nail unit, which increases the risk of complications. Although conventional treatments exist, their efficacy is limited in this area. Intralesional bleomycin has emerged as an effective alternative, offering targeted cytotoxic effects. However, its use may be associated with potential adverse effects. This report presents an 18-year-old female with a verrucous plaque (2×3 cm) on the hyponychium and lateral nail folds. Intralesional bleomycin (0.1 mL of 3 U/mL) was administered after superficial paring. Post-injection, she developed severe pain, bluish-black discolouration, tense bullae and difficulty flexing the distal phalanx. Dermoscopy revealed pigment network, blue-grey clods and splinter haemorrhages. Arterial Doppler ruled out vascular compromise, and she was treated with nifedipine to enhance blood flow. The patient showed gradual improvement. Intralesional bleomycin is effective for periungual warts but requires a precise injection technique to avoid severe complications. Early recognition and management of adverse effects are critical to ensuring patient safety and treatment success.
Yunak Fay Zonu’nun Aktif Tektoniği ve Kinematik Analizi, Afyon Akşehir Grabeni / Active Tectonics and Kinematic Analysis of Yunak Fault Zone, Afyon Akşehir Graben
Authors: Özcan Doğukan Mert , Özkaymak Çağlar
Published: January 2025

Yunak Fay Zonu, Batı Anadolu’nun sismik olarak aktif çöküntü alanlarından birisi olan Afyon Akşehir Grabeni (AAG)’nin kuzeydoğu bölümünde yer almaktadır. Bölgede gerçekleştirilen saha ağırlıklı çalışmalar sırasında Yunak Fay Zonu içerisinde kalan 4 segment ilk defa 1/25.000 ölçekli olarak haritalanmış, Cebrail, Üçkuyu, İncirli ve Ayrıtepe Segmentleri olarak ilk defa adlandırılmış, geometrik, kinematik ve aktif tektonik özellikleri ilk defa analiz edilmiştir. Saha çalışmaları ile elde edilen bulgular, çalışma alanında uzunlukları 3 km ile 18 km arasında, genişlikleri 300 m ile 3 km arasında değişen, KKD-GGB, KD-GB ve DB uzanımlı ve 5,6 ile 6,7 moment büyüklüklerine kadar deprem üretme potansiyellerine sahip fayların varlığına işaret etmektedir. Gerçekleştirilen paleogerilme analizleri, bölgede yer alan fayların Miyosen-Erken Pliyosen'de etkili olan genel olarak K-G yönlü çekme gerilmesi ile ilişkili D-B yönlü sıkışma gerilmeleri etkisi altında saf doğrultu atımlı faylanma ile oluştuklarını, Pliyo-Kuvaterner döneminde etkili olan çekme gerilmesi tektonizması sırasında ise D-B, KG ve KD-GB arasında değişen çok yönlü genişlemeli (multi-directional extension) tektonik ortam içerisinde eğim/oblik atımlı normal fay şeklinde çalışarak reaktive olduklarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmada ilk defa tanımlanan Akşehir Alt Grabeni, eğim atımlı Yunak ve Mevlütlü Fay Zonları ile kontrol edilmektedir ve Sultandağı Fayı’nın düşen bloğu üzerinde çapraz graben niteliği sunmaktadır.
Paleobiyolojik Jeosit Kavramı: Doğu Karadeniz’in K/Pg Jeositlerinde Referans Bir Çalışma, KD Türkiye / Paleobiological Geosite Concept: A Reference Study of K/Pg Geosites in the Eastern Black Sea, NE Türkiye
Authors: Köroğlu Fatih
Published: January 2025

Doğu Karadeniz (KD Türkiye); jeolojisi, tarihi ve doğal değerleri bakımından önemli bir bölgedir. Bölgenin jeolojik geçmişi; Paleozoyik, Mesozoyik ve Senozoyik dönemleri içermektedir. Paleobiyolojik olarak Dünya’nın oluşumundan günümüze değin beş büyük yok oluş yaşandığı bilinmektedir. Günümüzden 66 milyon yıl önce gerçekleşen Kretase-Paleojen geçişi/yok oluşu üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda (başlıca; platin grubu element anomalileri, Mg/Ca oranları, Sr izotopları, duraylı C-O izotop değerleri ve biyostratigrafi) K/Pg sınır/geçiş işaretleri ayrıntılı olarak belirlenmiştir. Özellikle, Mesozoyik-Sonozoyik stratigrafisi Doğu Karadeniz’de yer almakta olup magmatik ve volkanik kayaçlara göre daha az olan tortul kayaçlar da mostra vermektedir. K/Pg yaşlı neritik ve pelajik ardalanmalar doğu-batı ekseninde Karadeniz boyunca yayılım göstermektedir. Bu çökellerdeki K/Pg geçişi; Ordu’da neritik-neritik, Trabzon’da pelajik-pelajik ve neritik-neritik, Artvin’de ise pelajik-pelajik ve neritik-neritik olarak belirtilmektedir. Bu geçişler, foraminifer biyostratigrafisine dayalı olarak Geç Kretase’de bentik Orbitoides-Lepidorbitoides ve planktik G. gansseri-A. mayaroensis ile Paleojen’de bentik SBZ (Shallow Benthic Zones) 1-3 ve planktik P0-P5 biyozonlarına göre belirlenmiştir. Özellikle, Ordu bölgesinin neritik çökellerindeki K/Pg geçişinde/sınırında; Orduina erki n. gen. n. sp. (Sirel, 1969), Laffitteina erki (Sirel, 1994), Orduella sphaerica n. gen. n. sp. (Sirel, 1999), Selimina spinalis n. gen. n. sp. (İnan, 1996), Sirelina orduensis n. gen. n. sp. (Meriç ve İnan, 1998) ve Cocoarota orali n. sp. (İnan, 2003) olmak üzere yeni cins ve türler tanımlanmıştır. Bu yayılımda; Ordu, Trabzon ve Artvin yörelerinde yüzeyleyen K/Pg geçişinin saptandığı tip kesit noktaları ön plana çıkmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu tortul birimler bölgenin biyostratigrafisinin oluşturulmasına ışık tutmaktadır. Bu çalışmada sunulan biyostratigrafik veriler ışığında; Kretase ve Paleojen dönemleri arasındaki geçiş kayıtlarını içeren, bu üç bölgedeki istiflerin hem Türkiye hem de Dünya için önemli paleobiyolojik jeositler olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Risk factors for the development of the ischemic stroke in the carotid arterial system in males and females
Authors: Maksimova Marina Yu. , Moskvicheva Aleksandra S. , Chechetkin Andrey O.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Biologically determined differences between males and females and different levels of sex hormones determine some specific features of their ischemic stroke (IS). Clinical studies aimed at identifying risk factors for the development of IS in persons of different sexes are considered to be necessary for elaborating strategies to increase life expectancy and to improve quality of life.
Objective: to study risk factors for the development of IS in the arteries of the carotid system in males and females.
Materials and methods. Risk factors for the development of IS in the arteries of the carotid system were analyzed in 268 patients for the period from 2010 to 2017. Among the patients, there were 148 (55%) men and 120 (45%) women aged from 47 to 79 years. MRI of the brain, duplex scanning of the cerebral arteries, and transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography were used to establish the diagnosis of the stroke subtype.
Results. In the age group 47-79 years, females had more often cardioembolic and lacunar stroke, while males had predominantly atherothrombotic stroke and stroke with competing causes. Atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, chronic heart failure, thyroid disease and excess body weight were also more common in females. In contrast, there were significantly more smokers and over-consumption of alcohol among males, and the same was true for small heart attacks and transient symptoms in the past history. Atherosclerosis of the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery (ICA) of high degree was found more often in males, while females with atherothrombotic stroke had significantly higher blood cholesterol level. The study of arterial hypertension (AH) revealed the following differences between groups: AH III degree (180/110 mm Hg or higher) was more often in females, and AH I degree (140-159 / 90-99 mm Hg) in males, while the proportion of patients with grade II AH (160-179 / 100-109 mm Hg) and patients without AH was approximately equal in the two groups.
Conclusions. The risk factors for the development of IS in the arteries of the carotid system in men are atherosclerotic carotid stenosis, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Development of stroke in men is preceded by small infarcts with transient symptoms. The risk factors for the development of IS in the arteries of the carotid system in women are atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, chronic heart failure, thyroid disease, and excess body weight. As in men, despite of significantly higher cholesterol levels, there are more pronounced atherosclerotic carotid stenosis and more frequent ISs, one may suggest the existence of an additional factor leading to stroke (alternatively, women may have some gender-specific protective factor).
The role of neuroinflammation in cognitive functions and social interaction in mice with age-dependent neurodegeneration
Authors: Gorina Yana V. , Lopatina Olga L. , Komleva Yuliya K. , Chernikh Anatolii I. , Salmina Alla B.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Early activation of the innate immune response as a compensatory mechanism can lead to the damage of vessels and their dysfunction. This enables the development and progression of cognitive dysfunction, alteration of cerebral microcirculation, thus makes the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases possible. Inflammasomes of NLRP3 play the important role as far as they are triggers of the inflammatory process in age-related chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
Objectives. To study the development of social and cognitive impairments in aging NLRP3 knockout animals.
Material and methods. The experimental group was NLRP3 knockout (NLRP3-/-) male mice of the line B6.129S6-Nlrp3tm1Bhk / JJ) aged 12 months (n=10); control group C57BL/6.SJL male mice aged 12 months (n=10). Neurobehavioral testing: open field test, X-maze test, light-dark box, three-chamber social test, and five-trial social memory test.
Results. In the open field test, when the social object appeared, NLRP3-/- animals spent less time at the center of the field I in comparison with the animals of the C57BL/6 line (p=0.013). NLRP3-/- animals spent more time in the black chamber compared to the animals in the control group (p=0.037) in the light-dark box test. In the three-chamber social test NLRP3-/- animals spent the same time both with the new and the already familiar social object (p=0.885). In the five-trial social memory test NLRP3-/- animals did not demonstrate reduction of interest towards individuals of the opposite sex in the fourth attempt compared to the first attempt.
Conclusion. NLRP3-/- mice have the increased levels of anxiety and inhibition, disruption of memory, and destructive changes in the field of social contacts and interactions. This indicates a disorder in the sphere of emotional behavior, as well as social memory
Healthcare system for patients with stroke in Russia. Results of 10-years implementation of the measures aimed at improvement of medical care for patients with acute cerebrovascular events
Authors: Skvortsova Veronika I. , Shetova Irma M. , Kakorina Ekaterina P. , Kamkin Eugeny G. , Boyko Elena L. , Dashyan Vladimir G. , Krylov Vladimir V.
Published: January 2025

The implementation of measures aimed to improve medical care for patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents in the Russian Federation has made it possible to establish a unified healthcare system for patients with stroke, to provide regional vascular centers with modern equipment, to train medical personnel, to introduce modern effective methods of treatment of acute cerebrovascular accidents-thrombolytic therapy and thrombus extraction. The extent of operative treatment of brain aneurysms and hemorrhagic stroke increased more than 7 times. A positive experience has been gained in the arrangement of medical care for a patient with acute cerebrovascular accident at the pre-hospital stage. Measures for reduction of mortality from the main causes are being monitored, and a geo-information map embracing the main statistical parameters of each region is uploaded into the healthcare unified state information system. In the period of 20052016, the death rate from cerebrovascular diseases decreased by more than 40%, including 41% reduction of the death rate from stroke.
Critical neurological conditions: severe toxic polyneuropathy with the development of respiratory failure and rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Ryabinkina Yulia V. , Zakharova Maria N. , Polishchuk Roman V. , Luneva Irina E. , Pavlov Eduard V. , Piradov Mikhail A.
Published: January 2025

This is a description of the clinical case of severe toxic polyneuropathy in a 52-year-old man, caused by a confirmed exogenous intoxication with amphetamine.
The clinical picture was remarkable for muscle weakness in different muscle groups: neck, back, arms and legs, respiratory muscles; as well as for the respiratory failure (requiring mechanical ventilation), rhabdomyolysis, mild nephropathy, liver cytolysis. A differential diagnosis was made between myasthenia gravis, myopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. After a course of intensive therapy, almost complete regression of symptoms took place, as well as the improvement of electroneuromyographic pattern. Taking into account a rapid partial regression of symptoms in the course of the disease, as well as the results of a neurophysiological study, an immunochromatographic urine drug screen was performed, positive for amphetamine. This clinical case demonstrates "rare" complications of amphetamine use to be kept in mind during a diagnostic search.
Сlinical and instrumental evaluation of vertebral arteries stenting efficiency in the short-term and long-term postoperative periods
Authors: Сhechetkin Andrey O. , Skrylev Sergey I. , Koshcheev Aleksandr Yu. , Shchipakin Vladimir L. , Krasnikov Alexey V. , Tanashyan Marine M. , Maksimova Marina Yu.
Published: January 2025

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of transluminal angioplasty with stenting in the treatment of atherosclerotic stenosis of the vertebral arteries (VA) proximal segment.
Materials and methods. One hundred twenty-seven patients (97 men and 30 women, mean age 60 years) with symptomatic (72% of patients) and asymptomatic (28% of patients) stenosis of the VA were examined, the degree of stenosis according to X-ray angiography was 7611%. One hundred fifteen (91%) patients with 127 (91%) implanted stents were surveyed over time (average follow-up time 13 months).
Results. Technical success was achieved in 94% of cases. In the perioperative period, no acute cerebrovascular events, myocardial infarctions or deaths were registered. Recurrence of symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency was noted in 14% initially symptomatic patients. According to ultrasound study data, restenosis 50% or reocclusion of the VA stent was detected in 40% cases. Damage to the integrity of the stent was diagnosed in 8% cases, which in all observations was combined with restenosis. Repeated derangement of stent patency after restenting of 11 VA in the period of 46 months was revealed in 60% of cases (2 reocclusions and 4 restenoses).
Conclusion. Angioplasty with stenting is a safe and clinically effective method for treating atherosclerotic stenosis of the proximal segment of VA. In a cohort of 50 patients included in the study, low quality of life was observed prior to stenting of VA. Six months after the VA stenting, the quality of life of patients increasesin both physical and psychological aspects. The main problem remains to be a high incidence of restenosis or reocclusion of stents after primary and repeated endovascular intervention in the long-term postoperative period.
New approaches to correction of cognitive impairment in cerebrovascular diseases
Authors: Tanashyan Мarine М. , Konovalov Rodion N. , Lagoda Olga V.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. The problem of cognitive impairment of vascular genesis takes an important place in modern angioneurology. Verification of changes occurring in the brain is carried out with the help of neuroimaging methods; and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may reveal the main points of pharmacological activity of drugs with the declared neurometabolic effect with a greater probability.
Objective. Objectivization of the effect of basic angioneurological drugs on the cognitive sphere in patients with chronic cerebrovascular diseases.
Materials and methods. A detailed analysis of the neuropsychological sphere (cognitive tests) and neuroimaging results by studying a pharmacological fMRI of the brain with a cognitive paradigm was carried out for 154 patients with discirculatory encephalopathy.
Results. Despite similar clinical indications for the use of vinpocetine (cavinton), cortexin, cerebrolysin, and actovegin, the mechanism of their action at the cellular level, identified with fMRI, was different. The vasoactive and antiplatelet clinical effect of vinpocetine is supplemented with new data on the improvement of cerebral neuroplasticity due to the expansion of the activation zones and intensification of the signal intensity from them, as well as the emergence of new activation zones in the projection of associative fibers. Cerebrolysin and cortexin with a neurotrophic effect lead to a narrowing of the activation zones, both of the main cognitive zones and of the associative regions, which may indicate a decrease in brain energy expenditure during the cognitive loads. Given protective function of drugs appears in a positive cerebroprotective effect. During treatment with actovegin, fMRI revealed a primary increase in activation of the hippocampal brain zones responsible for improving cognitive functions, which reveals the polymodal effect of the drug, with neuroprotective action among the others.
Conclusions. The use of pharmacological fMRI together with a complex clinical and laboratory studies allows us to discover new aspects of the effect of drugs and to justify the need for a personalized approach in the treatment of cognitive impairment.
Neuropsychological profile and vascular risk factors in patients with cerebral microangiopathy
Authors: Dobrynina Larisa A. , Gadzhieva Zukhra Sh. , Kalashnikova Lyudmila A. , Akhmetzyanov Bulat M. , Kremneva Elena I. , Krotenkova Marina V. , Lagoda Dmitry Yu. , Zabitova Maryam R. , Poddubskaya Anna A. , Berdalin Alexandr B.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Cerebral microangiopathy (CMA) is one of the leading causes of cognitive impairment (CI). Recently proposed international standards for MRI diagnosis of SVD in aging and neurodegeneration (STRIVE, 2013) are aimed at standardization of SVD research.
Objective: to clarify the severity and structure of CI and their relationships with vascular risk factors in SVD diagnosed with the STRIVE criteria.
Material and methods: Ninety-six patients with with SVD and cognitive complaints (31 men and 65 women, mean age 61.0 6.6 years) were exmanied. The severity of CI was assessed with the MoCA scale: patients with MoCA26 points who were independent in their daily life were graded as having mild CI (MCI), and those who was dependent were graded as having dementia; in patients with MoCA26, the assessment of separate cognitive functions (CF) was made. The type of CI was determined according to isolated or predominantly impaired CF, and in case of equal impairment of several CFs the type was cassifide as mixed. Impairment of CF was assessed by a deviation from the normal test parameters: 1.5, mild and 2,5, severe.
Results. The severity structure of CI was as follows: dementia, 15.5%, MCI, 66.7% and subjective CI, 17.7%. Neuropsychological profile of MCI included: isolated (21.3%) and predominantly (24.3%) executive dysfunction, predominantly amnestic dysfunction (28.3%), and mixed dysfunction (26.1%); in dementia we observed mixed dysfunction (80%), predominantly executive dysfunction (13.3%) and predominantly amnestic dysfunction (6.7%). A tendency to increase in the CI severity with age was revealed. Among the risk factors, only grade 3 arterial hypertension was significant for the development of dementia.
Conclusions: Dementia in SVD patients aged 4669 is characterized by mainly mixed profile of CI and associated with grade 3 arterial hypertension. MCI is characterized by variability of the CI types and the lack of a clear link with vascular risk factors, which justifies the need for clarifying the causes and risk factors of SVD and mechanisms of the development of CI.
Modeling of age-dependent disorders: relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems
Authors: Stavrovskaya Alla V. , Voronkov Dmitriy N. , Shestakova Ekaterina A. , Ol’shansky Artyem S. , Yamshchikova Nina G. , Gushchina Anastasia S. , Illarioshkin Sergey N.
Published: January 2025

Age-dependent disorders are a challenging problem of modern society. Among the most significant age-dependent disorders are Alzheimer's disease (AD), diabetes, metabolic syndrome, etc.; these conditions may be associated to each other and have, at least in part, an interconnecting character. An experimental model of AD induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozocin (STZ) mimics some key characteristics of sporadic AD, altering insulin metabolism. The aim of this work was to study glucose metabolism in rats at different periods after intracerebroventricular injection of STZ. To obtain an AD model, STZ in a 0.9% NaCl solution at a dose of 3 mg/kg in 10 l was administered bilaterally in the brain lateral ventricles on stereotaxic operations. Two and seven weeks after the administration, the weight of the animals was determined, and the glucose levels in tail vein whole blood after intraperitoneal glucose administration at a dose of 1.5 g/kg was measured. A standard glucose tolerance test was performed, and hyperglycemic and postglycemic ratios were calculated. As a result, an impairment of glucose metabolism in rats 7 weeks after intracerebroventricular application of STZ was detected for the first time. Close connection of Alzheimertype neurodegenerative changes and glucose metabolism revealed on this model allows using it for deeper assessment of relationships between the nervous and endocrine systems, including translational studies of novel therapeutic strategies.
Gender features in neurological disorders
Authors: Bogolepova Irina N.
Published: January 2025

In recent years, fundamental studies of common factors and specific features of various nosological forms of neurological disorders led clinicians to a new understanding of frequent " female" and "male" diseases. The present paper provides an overview of current opinions about gender specificities of the prevalence and the course of particular neurological diseases in male and female populations, with an accent to many-year studies of this problem conducted by researchers of the Research Center of Neurology. It has been shown that major gender differences are related to cerebrovascular and demyelinating diseases, movement disorders, and some forms of neuro-hereditary disorders. Modern concepts of a new field of neuroscience, gender neuromorphology, are analyzed.
New horizons of non-invasive brain stimulation in clinical medicine
Authors: Poydasheva Alexandra G. , Bakulin Ilya S. , Suponeva Natalya A. , Troshina Ekaterina A. , Tanashyan Marine M. , Dedov Ivan I. , Piradov Mikhail A.
Published: January 2025

Non-invasive brain stimulation belongs to most significant neurotechnologies which have arisen in the XXIth century and are characterized by universal medical importance. This group of methods comprises rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial electric stimulation (transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS). A spectrum of conditions for which these methods may be effective is steadily expanding and includes a variety of prevalent disorders of the modern society, such as obesity, depression, etc. The low effectiveness of lifestyle modification, as well as a wide range of pharmacological drugs side effects and high risks of surgical treatment determine the need to search for new safe methods of correction of eating behavior and obesity, a real pandemy of our society. A number of data suggest the patogenic role of changes of the frontal-striatal interactions in eating behanior disorders. Taking into account the existing models of the development of food dependence, the main approach to the use of rTMS and tDCS is stimulation of areas involved in cognitive control, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Current data on studies of rTMS and tDCS in patients with impairment of eating behavior, as well as safety issues of using these techniques in routine clinical practice are reviewed.
Influence of genetic factors on neurophysiological mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Ponomareva Natalia V. , Fokin Vitaliy F. , Rogaev Evgeny I. , Illarioshkin Sergey N.
Published: January 2025

The review summarizes the main results of studies on the influence of genetic factors on neurophysiological changes in neurodegenerative age-related diseases Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington (HD) diseases. In some cases, neurophysiological methods make it possible to detect early changes already at the preclinical stage of neurodegenerative process. Such neurophysiological markers may be considered as endophenotypes and used for the early diagnosis of the diseases. The conducted studies are promising for clarifying which factors underlie the heterogeneity of diseases not only at the genetic level, but also at the neurophysiological level. At the same time, such an approach showed the presence of a number of neurophysiological alterations common to AD, PD, and HD. Disconnection of neural circuits, including interhemispheric disintegration, slowdown of information processes, disinhibition, hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis, as well as alterations in neurovascular coupling, are of great importance for the development of diseases. On the other hand, neurophysiological changes can directly affect the development of the disease, including the genetic level, as evidenced by experimental optogenetic studies, the results of deep brain stimulation and other neuromodulation methods. These data are valuable for a personalized approach to the prevention and treatment of age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases.
Methods of immunohistochemistry and computerized morphometry as promising tools in the study of pathogenic patterns of neurodegenerative processes
Authors: Khudoerkov Rudolf M. , Salkov Vladimir N. , Voronkov Dmitry N.
Published: January 2025

Modern methods of immunohistochemistry and computer morphometry provide powerful possibilities for the study of pathogenetic patterns of neurodegeneration process occurring in physiological aging of men and women, as well as in experimental animals on modeling of Parkinsons and Huntington's diseases. Threedimensional reconstruction of the substantia nigra pars compacta of the human and rat brains revealed both common features in their organization (heterogeneity of structures) and differences in quantitative morphochemical parameters determining their species-specific characteristics. On modeling of the Huntington's disease with the neurotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), it was shown not only the death of neurons in the striatum and a decrease in its dopaminergic innervation, but also dysfunction of astrocytes with reduced expression of glutamine synthase that can increase the extracellular content of glutamate. The latter,along with direct succinate dehydrogenase-blocking action of 3-NPA, is one of the factors leading to neurodegenerative changes in the striatum. On modeling of Parkinson's disease, the important role of neuroglia in the neurodegenerative process was shown: it was found that activated astroglia had not only destructive, but also neuroprotective functions, which may serve the basis for the development of respective methods of pharmacological correction directed at regulation of the of glial cell functions.
The role of arterial and venous blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid flow disturbances in the development of cognitive impairments in cerebral microangiopathy
Authors: Dobrynina Larisa A. , Akhmetzyanov Bulat M. , Gadzhieva Zukhra Sh. , Kremneva Еlena I. , Kalashnikova Lyudmila A. , Krotenkova Marina V.
Published: January 2025

Cerebral microangiopathy (CMA) is the main cause of vascular cognitive disorders, the leading cause of mixed dementia, and the main modifiable risk factor in Alzheimers disease.
Study objective. To investigate the role of arterial and venous blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid flow, as well as their interrelation in the development of cognitive disorders in patients with CMA.
Materials and methods. Ninety-six patients (32 men and 64 women, mean age 60.66.3 years) with cognitive complaints and CMA, diagnosed according to the STRIVE international MRI criteria, were examined. The severity of cognitive disturbance was assessed based on the overall cognitive level (MoCA scale and independence in daily life), the results of memory tests (10 words memory test) and executive brain function tests (TMT B-A). Phase contrast MRI was used to measure blood flow in the internal carotid and vertebral arteries (total arterial blood flow), the internal jugular veins and the straight and superior sagittal sinuses, as well as the aqueductal cerebrospinal fluid flow. Arterial pulsation and intracranial compliance indices were calculated.
Results. Dementia and severe memory impairment were statistically significantly associated with an increase in the arterial pulsation index, intracranial compliance index and the aqueductal CSF stroke volume. Significant disturbances in brain executive function were also associated with a decrease in the total arterial blood flow, as well as the venous blood flow in the straight and superior sagittal sinuses. The characteristics of blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid are closely related, and the arterial pulsation index affects all the studied parameters.
Conclusion. The severity of cognitive disturbance in CMA is determined by an increase in the arterial pulsation index, the intracranial compliance index and the aqueductal CSF stroke volume, while the severity of dysregulation disorders is determined by a concurrent decrease in the total arterial blood flow and venous blood flow in the straight and superior sagittal sinuses. The specific changes in blood flow and CSF flow and their interrelation in patients with cognitive impairment due to CMA suggest the pathogenetic importance of cerebral hydrodynamic disturbances in the aetiology of brain damage and the development of cognitive impairment in CMA.
PET and SPECT in the assessment of monoaminergic brain systems in extrapyramidal disorders
Authors: Selikhova Marianna V. , Katunina Elena A. , Whone Alan
Published: January 2025

In clinical neurology, biomarkers of central neurotransmitter imbalance have been of particular interest in the study of motor disorders and examination of patients with Parkinsons disease (PD) and other extrapyramidal diseases, primarily to assess the exchange of dopamine and other monoamines in the brain. Radioisotope visualization methods, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with the corresponding radiopharmaceuticals, are the most informative for these purposes. This article presents a comparative analysis of the wide range of existing ligands and molecular targets for functional neuroimaging using radioisotopes of the nigrostriatal system and the other monoaminergic systems of the brain, with emphasis on the study of the dopamine transporter, dopamine receptors and dopamine-metabolysing enzymes. The modern possibilities of PET and SPECT for the early diagnosis of PD, and the differential diagnosis of this disease with clinically similar syndromes (dystonia, atypical and drug-induced parkinsonism, essential tremor), as well as for monitoring the pathological process and assessing the results of various therapeutic interventions are evaluated. The role of functional neuroimaging in the objective assessment in vivo of the non-motor symptoms of PD, such as depression, impulse control disorders, pathological fatigue and orthostatic hypotension, is emphasized.
Gender features in cerebrovascular disorders in different age groups
Authors: Maksimova Marina Yu. , Sazonova Valeriya Yu. , Ayrapetova Aleksandra S.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Numerous studies of ischaemic stroke pathogenesis allowed to develop the modern concept of the causes of ischaemic stroke. Risk factors are of primary importance in the development of cerebrovascular disorders (CVD).
Study aim to examine the representation of risk factors for CVD and the causes of ischaemic stroke in the territory of the internal carotid artery, taking into account age and gender differences.
Materials and methods. We examined 331 (47.7%) men and 363 (52.3%) women aged 2589 years with chronic CVD and ischaemic stroke in the territory of the internal carotid artery. Of the 279 patients with ischaemic stroke in the territory of the internal carotid artery, 57.7% were male and 42.3% were female. The majority of patients with ischaemic stroke were aged between 60 and 74 years, both among the men (72; 57.6%) and among the women (53; 42.4%).
Results. Men were more likely to have arterial hypertension (64.4% vs. 49.6%; p0.001), a history of transient ischaemic attacks (16.6% vs. 8.6%; p=0.002) and ischaemic stroke (14.5% vs. 9.1%; p=0.033), coronary heart disease (post-infarction cardiosclerosis) (13.9% vs. 7.2%; p=0.004), and to smoke (42.3% vs. 20.2%; p0.001) and to consume excess alcohol (14.8% vs. 2.5%; p0.001) than women. Atherothrombotic stroke was more common in men than in women (38.1% versus 21.2%; p=0.003). Women were more likely than men to have a cardioembolic stroke (39.0% vs. 21.9%; p=0.002) and a stroke due to internal carotid artery dissection (6.8% vs. 1.3%; p=0.020). In the 6074-year age group, men were more likely to have atherothrombotic stroke (49.3% vs. 22.6%; p=0.002), while women were more likely to have cardioembolic stroke (47.2% vs. 26.8%; p=0.019) or a lacunar infarct (17% vs. 4.2%; p=0.017).
Conclusion. Gender and age differences were found in the frequency of risk factors for CVD and in subtypes of ischaemic stroke. Men are more likely than women to have arterial hypertension, a history of transient ischemic attacks and stroke, coronary heart disease, and to smoke and to consume excess alcohol. Ischaemic stroke in the territory of the internal carotid artery occurs more often in older men and women. Among the ischaemic stroke subtypes in that age group, atherothrombotic stroke was more common in men, while cardioembolic and lacunar infarcts were more common in women.
Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) scale: translation and linguistic and cultural adaptation of the Russian language version
Authors: Piradov Mikhail A. , Suponeva Nataliya A. , Ryabinkina Yuliya V. , Sergeev Dmitry V. , Legostayeva Lyudmila A. , Yazeva Elizaveta G. , Yusupova Djamilya G. , Luneva Irina E. , Domashenko Maxim A. , Samorukov Vladislav Yu , Zaytsev Aleksander B. , Zimin Aleksey A. , Polekhina Nataliya V. , Bundhun Pratish , Ramchandani Nisha Mohan , Ilyina Kseniya A.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. The assessment of the level of consciousness in patients with acute brain injury is a mandatory first step of neurological examination. There is a need for clinical scales which allow to assess the level of wakefulness and degree of patient non-responsiveness in 23 minutes. The Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) scale is an optimal tool for such clinical assessment, which focuses on eye response, motor response, brainstem reflexes, and respiratory pattern. The absence of an officially translated and validated version impedes the use of FOUR scale in Russia, while the use of non-validated clinical scales carries a risk of erroneous diagnosis and reduces the quality and information value of research studies.
Study aim: to develop an official Russian language version of the FOUR scale, taking into account its linguistic and cultural characteristics as part of the validation study.
Materials and methods. The first stage of the validation process was completed, consisting of the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the FOUR scale. Medical professionals (Russian and English native speakers) performed forward and back translations of the original scale. The developed version then underwent review by the Expert Commission, which included a linguist, neurologists, anaesthesiologists and intensive care specialists. The next step was a pilot test of the scale.
Results. The main difficulties in the translated text of the scale were solved during the first meeting of the Expert Commission. Then, taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a pilot test was performed by assessing 15 patients with the developed version of the FOUR scale. The statistics of this cohort are presented. Investigators had no difficulties in understanding and interpreting the scale instructions during the pilot test. Based on the results, the final version of the scale was adopted. The Russian version of the scale text with instructions and illustrations is presented in this paper.
Conclusion. Translation, linguistic and cultural adaptation of the FOUR scale was conducted at the Research Centre of Neurology (Moscow, Russia). For the first time, the Russian version of the scale is officially presented and recommended for widespread use in clinical and research practice in Russia and other Russianspeaking countries based on the results of pilot testing. The next publication will present the results of the evaluation of psychometric properties (reliability, sensitivity, etc.) of this version of the scale
Cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of chronic daily headache
Authors: Golovacheva Veronika A. , Parfenov Vladimir A.
Published: January 2025

There is a high prevalence of chronic daily headache (CDH) in Russia. CDH is most often represented by chronic migraine or chronic tension headache, with an interdisciplinary approach using cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) being effective in its treatment. Two clinical cases of CDH are presented: a female patient 38 years old with chronic migraine and a female patient 53 years old with chronic tension headache. Interdisciplinary treatment, including CBT, allowed a relatively rapid (within 3 months) and persistent (for 5 years) improvement to be achieved for both the headache and the recovery of functional activity in patients. The practical aspects of using CBT are presented. The efficacy of CBT in clinical practice and the feasibility of the widespread introduction of CBT for CDH are discussed.
Spinal cord stimulation in failed back surgery syndrome
Authors: Kashcheev Aleksey A. , Gushcha Artem O. , Yusupova Adilya R. , Turnikov Vladimir M. , Arestov Sergey O. , Vershinin Andrey V. , Dreval Maxim D. , Poltorako Yekaterina N. , Petrosyan David V.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. A common cause of chronic pain after back surgery is failed back surgery syndrome, characterized by the development, persistence or recurrence of neuropathic pain in the absence of clear anatomical complications from the surgery. One of the most effective treatment methods for failed back surgery syndrome is permanent spinal cord stimulation.
Study aim. To assess the efficacy and safety of chronic spinal cord stimulation in failed back surgery syndrome.
Materials and methods. In our study, after a stimulation trial final neurostimulation was performed in 34 patients with neuropathic pain and lack of improvement from the pharmacological treatment.
Results. Six months after the operation, there was a reduction in the average scores on the visual analogue scale for the daily average and maximum pain, as well as a reduction in the severity of neuropathic pain as measured by the PainDetect scale (by 54.4% 50.7% and 57.3%, respectively), which corresponds to the methods efficacy criteria found in the literature. The majority of patients noted a significant improvement in their quality of life and a reduced need for pain relief. Complications occurred in 26.4% of patients overall, including intraoperative damage to the dura mater, infection at the generator implantation site, and electrode displacement relative to the initial position, requiring correction. None of the patients experienced worsening of the neurological symptoms.