bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Juukan Gorge destruction: a case study in stakeholder-driven and shared values approach to cultural heritage protection
Authors: Oliveri Vicki Antonia , Porter Glenn , Davies Chris , James Pamela
Published: July 2022

Purpose

In 2020, mining activity by Rio Tinto destroyed rock caves in Western Australia's Juukan Gorge that are considered sacred sites by the First Nation Peoples of that area, the Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura (PKKP) Peoples. This paper examines the public response to the damage caused at this culturally sensitive site and identifies cultural heritage protection strategies that emerged in the aftermath of this catastrophic event.

Design/methodology/approach

This research applies a qualitative case study method and analysis of open-sourced official policy documents, media reports and published institutional statements.

Findings

The research identified specific cultural heritage protection strategies, including stakeholder-driven advocacy and shared values approach to business practices to help foster a greater appreciation of the connections between people, objects and lands. Whilst the mining activities were considered lawful, significant gaps in the legislation to protect heritage sites were also exposed.

Originality/value

Using a recent case that occurred in 2020, this paper unpacks how the motivations for accessing minerals can override cultural sensibilities and legal/ethical frameworks established to protect cultural heritage. This paper brings to light the liabilities associated with the mining industry when operating in a culturally significant environment where appropriate due diligence to manage cultural heritage is not thoroughly applied. The paper highlights the role the community can play in demanding improved corporate social responsibility which can, in turn, act as a strategy for cultural heritage protection.
Managing bids at the engineering–commercial interface: a systems, integration and contingency perspective
Authors: Wong Sweet Ling Adeline , Goh Shao Hung
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Bid management is an important presales process that involves not just pricing but also determining requirement fit and managing ambiguities. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the challenges of coordinating bid activities across the engineering–commercial interface from the systems thinking, contingency, coordination and engineering perspectives.

Design/methodology/approach

A thematic analysis of an internal survey and four embedded case studies were conducted on multiple affiliated business units across diverse product segments and geographic markets in the electronic manufacturing services (EMS) industry.

Findings

The results show that challenges in any EMS bid can be distilled into the inter-related categories of price/cost, quote lead time, cost-accuracy, coordination and technical knowledge/capability. Moreover, the embedded cases suggest that engineering-based solutions, such as quality function deployment, target costing and value engineering, can be useful if suitably applied, but fulfilling diverse bid requests using generic processes can hinder effective bid management.

Research limitations/implications

The authors propose three principles in a framework for EMS bid management, namely (1) bid management can be modelled as an open system; (2) process focus and integration mechanisms are structural requirements in effective bid systems; and (3) a contingency approach can help alleviate the increasing complexity of bids.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature by proposing a contingency model of engineering-based approaches according to product archetype and a practical framework for bid management to drive intra-organisational coordination and competitive bids in the EMS industry.
Opportunities and challenges in additive manufacturing used in space sector: a comprehensive review
Authors: Ishfaq Kashif , Asad Muhammad , Mahmood Muhammad Arif , Abdullah Mirza , Pruncu Catalin
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore the applications of 3D printing in space sectors. The authors have highlighted the potential research gap that can be explored in the current field of study. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing technique that uses metallic powder, ceramic or polymers to build simple/complex parts. The parts produced possess good strength, low weight and excellent mechanical properties and are cost-effective. Therefore, efforts have been made to make the adoption of 3D printing successful in space so that complex parts can be manufactured in space. This saves a considerable amount of both time and carrying cost. Thereof the challenges and opportunities that the space sector holds for additive manufacturing is worth reviewing to provide a better insight into further developments and prospects for this technology.

Design/methodology/approach

The potentiality of 3D printing for the manufacturing of various components under space conditions has been explained. Here, the authors have reviewed the details of manufactured parts used for zero-gravity missions, subjected to onboard international space station conditions and with those manufactured on earth. Followed by the major opportunities in 3D printing in space which include component repair, material characterization, process improvement and process development along with the new designs. The challenges like space conditions, availability of power in space, the infrastructure requirements and the quality control or testing of the items that are being built in space are explained along with their possible mitigation strategies.

Findings

These components are well comparable with those prepared on earth which enables a massive cost saving. Other than the onboard manufacturing process, numerous other components as well as a complete robot/satellite for outer space applications were manufactured by additive manufacturing. Moreover, these components can be recycled onboard to produce feedstock for the next materials. The parts produced in space are bought back and compared with those built on earth. There is a difference in their nature, i.e. the flight specimen showed a brittle nature, and the ground specimen showed a denser nature.

Originality/value

This review discusses the advancements of 3D printing in space and provides numerous examples of the applications of 3D printing in space and space applications. This paper is solely dedicated to 3D printing in space. It provides a breakthrough in the literature as a limited amount of literature is available on this topic. This paper aims at highlighting all the challenges that additive manufacturing faces in the space sector and also the future opportunities that await development.
Effect of build parameters and strain rate on mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA using DIC and desirability function analysis
Authors: Ali Shafahat , Abdallah Said , Devjani Deepak H. , John Joel S. , Samad Wael A. , Pervaiz Salman
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the effects of build parameters and strain rate on the mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) printed polylactic acid (PLA) by integrating digital image correlation and desirability function analysis. The build parameters included in this paper are the infill density, build orientation and layer height. These findings provide a framework for systematic mechanical characterization of 3D-printed PLA and potential ways of choosing process parameters to maximize performance for a given design.

Design/methodology/approach

The Taguchi method was used to shortlist a set of 18 different combinations of build parameters and testing conditions. Accordingly, 18 specimens were 3D printed using those combinations and put through a series of uniaxial tensions tests with digital image correlation. The mechanical properties deduced for all 18 tests were then used in a desirability function analysis where the mechanical properties were optimized to determine the ideal combination of build parameters and strain rate loading conditions.

Findings

By comparing the tensile mechanical experimental properties results between Taguchi's recommended parameters and the optimal parameter found from the response table of means, the composite desirability had increased by 2.08%. The tensile mechanical properties of the PLA specimens gradually decrease with an increase in the layer height, while they increase with increasing the infill densities. On the other hand, the mechanical properties have been affected by the build orientation and the strain rate in similar increasing/decreasing trends. Additionally, the obtained optimized results suggest that changing the infill density has a notable impact on the overall result, with a contribution of 48.61%. DIC patterns on the upright samples revealed bimodal strain patterns rendering them more susceptible to failures because of printing imperfections.

Originality/value

These findings provide a framework for systematic mechanical characterization of 3D-printed PLA and potential ways of choosing process parameters to maximize performance for a given design.
Work productivity in real‐life employed patients with plaque psoriasis: Results from the ProLOGUE study
Authors: Saeki Hidehisa , Kanai Yasumasa , Murotani Kenta , Ito Kei , Miyagi Takuya , Takahashi Hidetoshi , Tada Yayoi , Higashiyama Mari , Hashimoto Yuki , Kitabayashi Hiroki , Imafuku Shinichi
Published: July 2022

Psoriasis poses a substantial economic burden by reducing the work productivity of affected patients. We aimed to evaluate the negative impact of plaque psoriasis on work productivity and effectiveness of brodalumab in improving work productivity impairment in real‐life employed patients. This analysis was conducted in employed patients from ProLOGUE, an open‐label, multicenter, prospective cohort study (Japan Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: jRCTs031180037). Outcomes included association of Work Productivity and Activity Impairment‐Psoriasis (WPAI‐PSO) domain scores with scores from various patient‐reported outcome measures or Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores at baseline. Change from baseline in WPAI‐PSO domain scores following brodalumab treatment was also evaluated. Of the 73 patients enrolled, 51, 48, and 40 patients were considered employed at baseline, Week 12, and Week 48 of brodalumab treatment, respectively. In the model adjusted by age and sex, the work productivity loss score correlated with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), itch Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Patient Health Questionnaire‐8 (PHQ‐8), and skin pain NRS scores (partial Spearman correlation coefficient [ρ] = 0.608, 0.510, 0.461, and 0.424, respectively); presenteeism score correlated with the DLQI, itch NRS, and skin pain NRS scores (ρ = 0.568, 0.500, and 0.403, respectively); and activity impairment score correlated with the DLQI and PHQ‐8 scores (ρ = 0.530 and 0.414, respectively). None of the WPAI‐PSO domain scores correlated with the PASI score. All WPAI‐PSO domain scores (except absenteeism) significantly reduced from baseline to Weeks 12 (p < 0.0001) and 48 (p < 0.001) with brodalumab treatment. In conclusion, work productivity impairment in psoriasis was associated with various subjective symptoms that can be captured using patient‐reported outcome measures. Brodalumab treatment improved work productivity in real‐life employed patients with plaque psoriasis.
The more it changes the more it stays the same: The French social space of material consumption between 1985 and 2017
Authors: Ginsburger Maël
Published: July 2022

The alleged homogenization of material consumption patterns in Western societies in the end of the twentieth century has been a central argument of scholars who predicted a general flattening of class inequalities. However, divisions in material consumption practices and their evolution have largely been neglected in studies of the social stratification of lifestyles. Drawing on six waves of the French Households Budget Surveys from 1985 to 2017 and Geometric Data Analysis, this article shows that the two main structuring oppositions in the French space of material consumption remained unchanged over 32 years. Those two divides are strongly but not exclusively associated with social class. The first persistently opposes integration with and exclusion from mass consumption. The second opposes connected and autonomous consumption styles. However, between 1989 and 2011, the practices associated with these divides have changed and households have experienced a major shift in their position toward the most integrated and connected poles. This study paves the way for comparisons to assess the permanence of those two polarities in material consumption—not only across periods, but also in different countries.
The transcendent function in politics: YES!
Authors: Myers Steve
Published: July 2022

This paper is a response to Andrew Samuels’s ‘The transcendent function in politics: NO!’ (2010). In that paper he makes a number of criticisms to support his argument that the transcendent function is not appropriate for political and social development. Whilst a number of his criticisms are valid, they are misdirected because they are against one‐sidedness or identification with a single position, which are not features of the transcendent function but problems that it overcomes. To make the counter argument, this paper draws on oft‐overlooked aspects of Jung’s book Psychological Types, empirical research, contemporary leadership theory, and practical examples to show that the transcendent function’s omission from political debate can maintain and exacerbate social inequity and the political divisions that might otherwise be bridged. The transcendent function is highly relevant to politics and can help achieve deeper and longer‐lasting change than a one‐sided approach. It is one of the core aspects of analytical psychology that has the potential to make innovative and transformational contributions to political discourse.
Self, ego and suicide
Authors: Dale Oliver
Published: July 2022

Working with patients who end their lives through suicide is one of the greatest challenges and fears a clinician might face. This paper explores the experience of working with such patients in the course of psychiatric care and Jungian analysis. Jungian theory is used to explore a conceptual understanding of the dilemmas faced. Such theory points to an intractable conflict between Self and ego giving rise to unbearable distress, partly through difficulties arising in achieving individuation. The paper proposes that our difficulties in dealing with a patient’s suicide might reflect a manifestation of relentless hope and, perhaps contentiously, these patients made a more considered decision in their final acts than prevailing clinical opinion suggests.
Archetypes and clinical application: how the genome responds to experience
Authors: Goodwyn Erik
Published: July 2022

The continuing dialogue within analytical psychology regarding the relationship to Jung’s “collective unconscious” and biological research calls for a more sophisticated treatment of terminology that is consilient with modern neurogenetics. This essay explores how fully understanding the way genome and environment interact can help us parse out clinical material, enabling us to judge what expressions are repeats of early experiences vs. what are innately driven re‐organizations of experience.
Impact of iodinated contrast media conserving interventions and lessons for the future
Authors: Amukotuwa Shalini A , Jackson Dana , Bammer Roland
Published: July 2022

Introduction

A severe shortage of iodinated contrast medium (ICM) has forced radiology departments around the world to implement strategies to reduce contrast utilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of these interventions on ordering practices and ICM consumption for computed tomography (CT).

Methods

Our radiology department instituted several ICM‐conserving interventions on 13th May 2022, encompassing: (i) improved triage; (ii) diversion to alternative modalities and non‐enhanced CT (NECT); and (iii) reduction in ICM dosing. The impact of these changes on contrast‐enhanced CT (CECT) scan numbers, and ICM consumption in the first 28 days post‐intervention, was quantified and compared with the preceding 12 months. Sub‐analyses of CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), abdominal and pelvic CECT (CECT AP), and ‘Code stroke’ CT numbers and the impact on alternative modalities was also performed. The t‐test for unpaired samples was used to assess the statistical significance of change.

Results

The average daily number of CECT (all), CECT (inpatient and ED), CTPA, CECT AP, and ‘Code stroke’ CT scans decreased significantly (P < 0.01), by 58.6%, 68.8%, 74.1%, 88.0%, and 37.5%, respectively. The number of NECT, NECT abdomen and pelvis (NECT AP), and nuclear medicine lung ventilation:perfusion (VQ) scans increased significantly (P < 0.01), by 41.6%, 608.2%, and 165.8%, respectively. ICM consumption also decreased significantly (P < 0.01), by 65.3% (75.8% for ED and inpatient scans).

Conclusion

Interventions in CT alone, focused on improving patient triage to CECT while avoiding deferment of any outpatient oncology studies, have achieved an approximately two‐thirds reduction in ICM consumption.
The glucagon‐like peptide‐1 system is modulated by acute and chronic alcohol exposure: Findings from human laboratory experiments and a post‐mortem brain study
Authors: Farokhnia Mehdi , Browning Brittney D. , Crozier Madeline E. , Sun Hui , Akhlaghi Fatemeh , Leggio Lorenzo
Published: July 2022

Growing evidence suggests that the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) system modulates alcohol seeking and consumption, and GLP‐1 analogues may represent novel pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Accordingly, it is important to understand the potential effects of alcohol on the endogenous GLP‐1 system. In a series of secondary analyses of previous human laboratory experiments, we first examined the effects of alcohol administration, with different doses and routes of administration, on peripheral active GLP‐1 concentrations in heavy‐drinking individuals with AUD enrolled in placebo‐controlled pharmacological studies (only placebo conditions were analysed here). Alcohol administration resulted in a significant reduction of GLP‐1 levels across the four experiments (oral alcohol, variable dose: F3,28 = 6.52, p = 0.002; oral alcohol, fixed dose: F7,75.94 = 5.08, p < 0.001; intravenous alcohol, variable dose: F4,37.03 = 20.72, p < 0.001; intravenous alcohol, fixed dose: F4,13.92 = 10.44, p < 0.001). Next, central expression of the GLP‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) in post‐mortem brain tissues (amygdala, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) was compared between individuals with AUD and controls. Fold change of GLP‐1R mRNA in the hippocampus was significantly higher in individuals with AUD, compared to controls (F1,21 = 6.80, p = 0.01). A trend‐level effect with the same direction was also found in the prefrontal cortex (F1,20 = 3.07, p = 0.09). Exploratory analyses showed that GLP‐1R gene expression levels were correlated with behavioural measures of alcohol drinking (hippocampus) and cigarette smoking (hippocampus and prefrontal cortex). Collectively, these data provide novel information on the crosstalk between alcohol and GLP‐1 in a clinically relevant sample. Further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of this link.
Abundance of white lace lerp psyllids on understorey and canopy river red gums and relationships with foliar sugars and tannins
Authors: Steinbauer Martin James , Tanha Reza
Published: July 2022

1. Trees present herbivorous insects with the greatest diversity of resources of any plant growth form. Both ontogeny and shading can alter suitability for arboreal insect herbivores.

2. We conducted a longitudinal study of tagged ‘mature’ (>12 months old) Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves to compare the suitability of understorey and canopy trees for the leaf senescence‐inducing psyllid, Cardiaspina albitextura. We quantified sugars and tannins as possible predictors of nymphal abundance.

3. Canopy leaves hosted double the number of nymphs as understorey leaves. Variation among individual trees (understorey and canopy) was the most important source of heterogeneity explaining psyllid abundance, although relative leaf age significantly influenced oviposition on canopy leaves. The diversity of foliar sugars was higher among canopy leaves than among understorey leaves. There was significant between‐tree diversity in total hydrolysable tannins (HTs) and total condensed tannins (CTs) among understorey trees but not among canopy trees. Heterogeneity among understorey and canopy trees was explained by greater diversity of ellagitannins (HTs) than of CTs.

4. Shading is detrimental to the survival of nymphs on both host types, but sugars are unlikely to explain variation in suitability. Vescalagin (an ellagitannin) was negatively correlated with the abundance of nymphs on both host types.
Electro‐ and echocardiographic features of left ventricle hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Bula Karolina , Bisaga Joanna , Feret Bartłomiej , Razik Michał , Rozpiątkowska Barbara , Tometczak Mateusz , Mizia‐Stec Katarzyna
Published: July 2022

Background

Standard 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG), next to medical history and physical examination, is a basic screening tool for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in General practice. There are many electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy, but their accuracy is usually weak in patients with systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis. Sensitivity of these criteria in patients with HCM has not been well described.

Aim

To assess the prevalence of electrocardiographic criteria for LVH in patients with HCM and their relationship with echocardiographic parameters.

Material and methods

A total of 49 patients with HCM (mean age 53.2 ± 15.4 years; men/women: 31/18) were enrolled to study. Eight electrocardiographic criteria for LVH were evaluated and correlated with echocardiographic parameters.

Results

The ECG features of LVH were found in 36 (73.5%) subjects. These patients had increased thickness of intraventricular septum (20.5 ± 4.7 vs. 17.3 ± 3.2 mm, p = .03), LVM (340.5 ± 104.8 vs. 264.0 ± 61.5 g; p = .02), and LVMI (178.9 ± 48.8 vs. 125.9 ± 22.5; p = .002). All of ECG criteria for LVH had low sensitivity (14.3%–40.8%) for LVH diagnosis confirmed by echocardiography. The most common positive criterion was Cornell Voltage (20 patients; 40.8%). A total of 41 (83.4%) patients had T‐wave inversion in limb and/or precordial leads. LVMI correlated positively with R‐wave amplitude in aVL (R = 0.34; p = .03), Gubner‐Ungerleider voltage (R = 0.4; p = .009), and Cornell Voltage (R = 0.31; p = .04).

Conclusion

ECG criteria for LVH are characterized by poor sensitivity in patients with HCM. Cornell Voltage and criteria based on limb leads correlate positively with LVMI.
Cost analysis of a watch‐and‐wait approach in patients with a complete clinical response to chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer
Authors: Cooper Edward A. , Hodder Rupert J. , Finlayson Andrew , Filgate Rhys , Coveney Andrew , Balasuriya Hasitha Dinesh , Warner Michael W.
Published: July 2022

Background

There is increasing interest in the watch‐and‐wait approach for patients with rectal cancer who have had a complete clinical response following neoadjuvant long course chemoradiotherapy. This study is a cost analysis of expenditure on patients in the watch‐and‐wait program versus patients who underwent standard rectal resection followed by routine surveillance.

Methods

Data were prospectively collated and retrospectively analysed in all patients who presented with rectal cancer from January 2016 to January 2018 at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia. Software developed by the North Metropolitan Health Service was used to capture comprehensive data to calculate the in‐hospital expenditure for an individual patient throughout their treatment journey.

Results

For a patient enrolled in the watch‐and‐wait pathway, the total cost of surveillance over a 5‐year period was $45 246. This was compared with the cost of an ultra‐low anterior resection/loop ileostomy/closure of loop and routine postoperative surveillance which came to a total of $87 473. While a patient who had an abdominoperineal resection followed by routine 5‐year surveillance had an expenditure of $82 290.

Conclusion

There is growing evidence that the watch‐and‐wait strategy is a valid management option. In the cost‐conscious environment of the current health care system, the watch‐and‐wait pathway is a cost‐effective and economically advantage treatment.
The effects of positive psychology interventions in Arab countries: A systematic review
Authors: Basurrah Asma A. , Di Blasi Zelda , Lambert Louise , Murphy Mike , Warren Meg A. , Setti Annalisa , Al‐Haj Baddar Mohammed , Shrestha Topaz
Published: July 2022

While there is evidence for the effects of positive psychology interventions (PPIs) in the Western world, we know little about their effects on Arab cultures. This review aimed to assess the effects of PPIs on well‐being and mental health across Arab countries. Systematic searches of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐experimental studies investigating PPIs in Arabia were conducted in six English and Arabic databases from the inception of positive psychology in 1998 to 28 February 2022. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tools. The protocol was published in the BMJ Open. Forty‐four studies from 10 Arab countries (n = 3598 participants) were included. Of these, 12 were RCTs and 32 were quasi‐experimental. The studies mainly focused on adults (73%) and healthy populations (86%). PPIs included mindfulness, positive thinking, strengths, hope, optimism, self‐compassion, positive traits, and multiple PPIs. Nearly all studies (91%) mentioned cultural adaptation; however, little detail was given. This is the first review in Arabia. PPIs appear to be effective for promoting well‐being and reducing mental health issues. However, there were some risks of bias concerns. Future research should include younger and clinical populations, using larger samples and providing more details about adaptation.
Socioeconomic status, communication activity patterns, and subjective well‐being: Evidence from a nationally representative sample in China
Authors: Sun Shaojing , Seo Mihye
Published: July 2022

This study investigated the relationship between subjective/objective socioeconomic status (SES) and self/society‐oriented subjective well‐being (SWB) and the moderation effect of communication activity patterns in a nationally representative sample of Chinese citizens. We found that both subjective and objective SES were related to SWB, but the association varied by SES type and age group. Three kinds of communication activity patterns emerged across different age groups: balanced, mixed, and singular. A complex moderation effect of communication activity patterns also shaped the relationship between SES and SWB. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of evolving Chinese culture and society.
Recombinant protein subunit COVID‐19 vaccine‐induced Guillain‐Barré Syndrome in an adolescent: A case report
Authors: Rohilla Rachna , Kakkar Ashish Kumar , Divyashree Krishna , Mohindra Ritin , Suri Vikas
Published: July 2022

Guillain‐Barré Syndrome (GBS), an autoimmune neurological disease of peripheral nerves, has been causally associated with COVID‐19 vaccination in adults. However, no such report has been published so far in children. We describe a 13‐year‐old female child who presented to the emergency department with complaints of bilateral upper limb, lower limb and truncal weakness over 3 days following first dose of recombinant protein subunit COVID‐19 vaccine (Corbevax). Clinical examination and nerve conduction studies showed pure motor axonal polyneuropathy with absent compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in all sampled nerves of upper and lower limbs which was consistent with the diagnosis of GBS after ruling out possible alternative aetiologies. A temporal association between first dose of protein subunit COVID‐19 vaccine administered a day prior and symptom onset was noted. The causality assessment using the World Health Organization (WHO) tool for adverse event following immunization (AEFI) assessment indicated vaccine product‐related reaction categorized as A1. The patient's clinical condition improved after seven sessions of plasmapheresis. The purpose of this report is to create awareness among health care professionals about COVID‐19 vaccine‐induced GBS in children as early diagnosis and management can be critical in avoiding complications and improving patient outcomes.
Comparing video and virtual reality as tools for fostering interest and self‐efficacy in classroom management: Results of a pre‐registered experiment
Authors: Huang Yizhen , Richter Eric , Kleickmann Thilo , Richter Dirk
Published: July 2022

Video is a widely used medium in teacher training for situating student teachers in classroom scenarios. Although the emerging technology of virtual reality (VR) provides similar, and arguably more powerful, capabilities for immersing teachers in lifelike situations, its benefits and risks relative to video formats have received little attention in the research to date. The current study used a randomized pretest–posttest experimental design to examine the influence of a video‐ versus VR‐based task on changing situational interest and self‐efficacy in classroom management. Results from 49 student teachers revealed that the VR simulation led to higher increments in self‐reported triggered interest and self‐efficacy in classroom management, but also invoked higher extraneous cognitive load than a video viewing task. We discussed the implications of these results for pre‐service teacher education and the design of VR environments for professional training purposes.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Video is a popular teacher training medium given its ability to display classroom situations.

Virtual reality (VR) also immerses users in lifelike situations and has gained popularity in recent years.

Situational interest and self‐efficacy in classroom management is vital for student teachers' professional development.

What this paper adds

VR outperforms video in promoting student teachers' triggered interest in classroom management.

Student teachers felt more efficacious in classroom management after participating in VR.

VR also invoked higher extraneous cognitive load than the video.

Implications for practice and/or policy

VR provides an authentic teacher training environment for classroom management.

The design of the VR training environment needs to ensure a low extraneous cognitive load.
Zinc improves neurological recovery by promoting angiogenesis via the astrocyte‐mediated HIF‐1α/VEGF signaling pathway in experimental stroke
Authors: Li Yang , Ma Tingting , Zhu Xiaoyu , Zhang Mingqi , Zhao Liang , Wang Peng , Liang Jia
Published: July 2022

Background

Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and disability. Zinc accumulation has been shown to play a vital role in neuronal death and blood–brain barrier damage following ischemia in acute stage. However, almost nothing is known about whether zinc is involved in neurological recovery in ischemic prolonged period. This study investigates whether zinc promotes neurological recovery through astrocytes‐induced angiogenesis during ischemic repair phase.

Methods

Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 2 h ischemia/14, 21, and 28 days reperfusion by middle cerebral artery occlusion, then administered ZnCl2 (10 mg/kg) via intraperitoneally daily from 7 days to tissue collection to observe brain tissue morphology, neurological function recovery by cortical width index, Adhesive removal test, and Forelimb placing test. Angiogenesis, astrocyte activation, and HIF‐1α/VEGF pathway were assessed via Western blot, immunofluorescence, and BrdU method in vivo and in vitro.

Results

The results showed that zinc significantly alleviated brain atrophy and improved neurological function recovery during the cerebral ischemia repair stage. Zinc significantly increased the protein levels of HIF‐1α, VEGF‐A, and VEGF‐R2 in astrocytes, and promoted angiogenesis during cerebral ischemia repair. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that zinc promoted angiogenesis via the astrocyte‐mediated HIF‐1α/VEGF signaling pathway.

Conclusions

Zinc significantly improves neurological function recovery during the cerebral ischemia repair stage, providing new evidence supporting zinc as a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke by promoting astrocyte induced angiogenesis.
A novel analytical framework for risk stratification of real‐world data using machine learning: A small cell lung cancer study
Authors: Marzano Luca , Darwich Adam S. , Tendler Salomon , Dan Asaf , Lewensohn Rolf , De Petris Luigi , Raghothama Jayanth , Meijer Sebastiaan
Published: July 2022

In recent studies, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) treatment guidelines based on Veterans’ Administration Lung Study Group limited/extensive disease staging and resulted in broad and inseparable prognostic subgroups. Evidence suggests that the eight versions of tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging can play an important role to address this issue. The aim of the present study was to improve the detection of prognostic subgroups from a real‐word data (RWD) cohort of patients and analyze their patterns using a development pipeline with thoracic oncologists and machine learning methods. The method detected subgroups of patients informing unsupervised learning (partition around medoids) including the impact of covariates on prognosis (Cox regression and random survival forest). An analysis was carried out using patients with SCLC (n = 636) with stage IIIA–IVB according to TNM classification. The analysis yielded k = 7 compacted and well‐separated clusters of patients. Performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group‐Performance Status), lactate dehydrogenase, spreading of metastasis, cancer stage, and CRP were the baselines that characterized the subgroups. The selected clustering method outperformed standard clustering techniques, which were not capable of detecting meaningful subgroups. From the analysis of cluster treatment decisions, we showed the potential of future RWD applications to understand disease, develop individualized therapies, and improve healthcare decision making.
Guiding marine protected area network design with comparative phylogeography and population genomics: An exemplary case from the Southern Ocean
Authors: Leiva Carlos , Riesgo Ana , Combosch David , Arias María Belén , Giribet Gonzalo , Downey Rachel , Kenny Nathan James , Taboada Sergi
Published: July 2022

Aim

Networks of connected marine protected areas (MPAn) are recognized as the key area‐based management tool to preserve biodiversity, moderate exploitation of marine resources and increase ecological resilience to climate change. Although population genetic studies could greatly benefit connectivity assessments between MPAs, genetic data are rarely used in MPAn planning. Here, we aim to illustrate the use of a multispecies and multilocus approach to provide recommendations for MPAn design, highlighting the importance of the species selected and the analyses performed. Our study is focused on the Southern Ocean, an area of keen multinational interest given its scientific significance, economic importance and its unique, shared legal status.

Location

South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands MPA (SGSSI MPA), the South Orkney Islands and the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP)—where an MPA was proposed in 2018 (Domain 1 MPA) but has not been approved by the Commission for the Conservation of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR).

Methods

Our datasets include 819 individuals from five different species with contrasting life‐history strategies: two nemerteans (Antarctonemertes valida and A. riesgoae), two annelids (Pterocirrus giribeti and Neanthes kerguelensis) and one sponge (Mycale [Oxymycale] acerata). To identify genetic connectivity patterns in our study area, spanning roughly 2500 km, we used the COI mitochondrial marker and genome‐wide ddRADseq‐derived SNPs.

Results

A consistent lack of connectivity between SGSSI MPA and the WAP was found for all studied species. Additionally, our data indicated a stepping‐stone role for the South Orkney Islands between these two genetically differentiated regions.

Main conclusions

Our results reveal how the application of comparative phylogeography and population genomics can guide policymakers in their decision‐making process during MPAn design. We detected priority areas for conservation in Antarctica, including the South Orkney Islands and the WAP, providing strong evidence for the implementation of the Domain 1 MPA.
Artificial intelligence to improve rehabilitation care for children with developmental conditions: Some ethical considerations
Authors: van der Veen Sabina , van der Leeden Marike , Geleijn Edwin , Vossen Piek , Meskers Carel G. M. , Widdershoven Guy A. M.
Published: July 2022

This commentary is on the original article by Greve et al. on pages 100‐106 of this issue.
Circulation tumour DNA in predicting recurrence and prognosis in operable colorectal cancer patients: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Mi Junjie , Han Xiaofang , Wang Rong , Ma Ruijun , Zhao Danyu
Published: July 2022

Background

Selecting the appropriate patient for further treatment after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) for colorectal cancer (CRC) can improve the patient's prognosis. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) has the potential to predict recurrence and prognosis after CRC surgery and ACT, but the results are still inconclusive.

Objectives

As the completed studies have small sample sizes and different experimental methods, a meta‐analysis was conducted to assess the ctDNA on recurrence and prognosis after CRC surgery and ACT.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, the Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched for potentially eligible studies published up to 6 March 2022. Pooled relative risk (RR) and pooled hazard ratio (HR) were calculated to evaluate recurrence and the prognosis of recurrence‐free survival (RFS) following CRC surgery and ACT.

Results

Fourteen studies published between 2014 and 2022 included 2393 patients, and 7189 serum samples were eventually included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled revealed that ctDNA‐positive patients were at high risk of recurrence after CRC surgery (RR = 4.43, 95% CI: 3.58–5.48, p < .05) and had a poorer prognosis for RFS (HR = 7.26, 95% CI: 5.48–9.62, p < .05). The pooled revealed that ctDNA‐positive patients were at high risk of recurrence after ACT (RR = 5.77 95% CI: 4.33–7.69, p < .05) and had a poorer prognosis for RFS (HR = 13.96, 95% CI: 8.71–22.4, p < .05).

Conclusion

ctDNA‐positive patients were at a high risk of recurrence after CRC surgery and ACT and had a poorer prognosis. Hence, ctDNA‐positive patients required close follow‐up and further treatments.
Network intrusion detection system: A survey on artificial intelligence‐based techniques
Authors: Habeeb Mohammed Sayeeduddin , Babu T. Ranga
Published: July 2022

High data rate requirements in recent years have resulted in the massive expansion of communication systems, network size and the amount of data generated and processed. This has eventually caused many threats to the communication networks as well due to a more frequent generation of security attacks that are either novel or the mutation of the existing attacks. To secure the networks against such threats, an intrusion detection system (IDS) is considered as one of the promising solutions. The main problem with the IDS is its increased false alarm rate (FAR) in detecting the zero‐day attacks. To improve the detection accuracy and minimizing the FAR, the researchers proposed IDS solutions using artificial intelligence (AI) approaches. In this research, we have systematically reviewed the recent AI‐based network IDS (NIDS) solutions proposed during the period 2016–2021 by the research community. We systematically analysed the proposed NIDS solutions based on their strengths, shortcomings, AI methodology adopted, datasets, and the evaluation metrics used for evaluation purposes. From the review, we observed that the hybrid approach is mostly adopted by the researchers to propose AI‐based NIDS solutions, with a trend shifting to deep learning‐based approaches over the last 2 years. Also, most of the proposed solutions are evaluated using a very old dataset with only a few studies opting for the latest datasets. Finally based on our observations, we highlighted the research challenges and the future research directions to help young researchers to contribute to this field.
Effects of mangiferin and its combination with nNOS inhibitor 7‐nitro‐indazole (7‐NI) in 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesioned Parkinson's disease rats
Authors: Tiwari Prafulla Chandra , Chaudhary Manju J. , Pal Rishi , Nath Rajendra
Published: July 2022

Nitric oxide (NO), generated by nitric oxide synthase enzymes (NOS), has an important role in maintaining synapse plasticity, neuro‐modulation, and other physiological functions in the brain. NO thus generated also has a key role in formation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrite species and subsequent neuronal damage due to sustained oxidative stress. Due to its property of ROS and RNOS generation, NO plays a significant role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of mangiferin alone and in combination with nNOS inhibitor 7‐nitro‐indazole (7‐NI) in 6‐OHDA lesioned rats. Male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g (n = 8/group) were used in the study. Stereotactic surgeries of rats were done to induce 6‐OHDA lesioning in rats. Then, treatment with mangiferin alone and in combination with 7‐NI 10 mg/kg was done from days 14 to 42 for 28 days. On day 42, rats were subjected to behavioral studies, and their brains were taken out after euthanasia to perform biochemical and molecular studies. Treatment with mangiferin and 7‐NI significantly increases locomotor parameters in 6‐OHDA lesioned rats. Treatment with mangiferin 45 μg and 7‐NI 10 mg/kg alone and in combination significantly reduces oxidative stress along with decrease in concentration of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase 2, total nitrite (NOx) and FOS B concentration. Results of this study suggest that treatment with 7‐NI 10 mg/kg further enhances anti‐inflammatory and anti‐parkinsonism activity of mangiferin owing to its property of inhibiting nNOS mediated FOS B signaling and thereby inhibiting mRNA formation of TNF‐α and IL‐6.
Fleet‐wide acceptance of escape gaps and their utility for reducing bycatch in south‐eastern AustralianPortunus armatustraps
Authors: Barnes Thomas C. , Broadhurst Matt K. , Johnson Daniel D.
Published: July 2022

In response to widescale, voluntary uptake of escape gaps by commercial trappers using collapsible netted cylindrical (or “round”) traps targeting blue swimmer crabs,Portunus armatus, in south‐eastern Australia, an observer‐based study was used to assess the adoption and effectiveness of the most common escape gaps across two estuaries responsible for >70% of all harvest. Five observers collected data from 5710 deployments of round traps over 116 days. Among 60% of round traps with escape gaps, 73% were rectangular shaped, and the rest were either circular or square. Catches were dominated byP. armatus(93%), but ~60% were undersized (<65‐mm carapace length; CL). Compared with round traps with no escape gaps, traps with a rectangular design consistently retained fewer undersizedP. armatus(by up to 54%); similar to earlier, manipulative experiments. However, unlike previous observations, escape‐gap performance did not significantly improve with increasing catches ofP. armatus. Eventual 100% adoption of escape gaps should enable large numbers of undersizedP. armatusto escape traps and avoid discarding each year in south‐eastern Australia.
Blood tests in primary care: A qualitative study of communication and decision‐making between doctors and patients
Authors: Watson Jessica , Whiting Penny F. , Salisbury Chris , Hamilton William T. , Banks Jonathan
Published: July 2022

Objective

Blood tests are commonly used in primary care as a tool to aid diagnosis, and to offer reassurance and validation for patients. If doctors and patients do not have a shared understanding of the reasons for testing and the meaning of results, these aims may not be fulfilled. Shared decision‐making is widely advocated; yet, most research focusses on treatment decisions rather than diagnostic decisions. The aim of this study was to explore communication and decision‐making around diagnostic blood tests in primary care.

Methods

Qualitative interviews were undertaken with patients and clinicians in UK primary care. Patients were interviewed at the time of blood testing, with a follow‐up interview after they received test results. Interviews with clinicians who requested the tests provided paired data to compare clinicians' and patients' expectations, experiences and understandings of tests. Interviews were analysed thematically using inductive and deductive coding.

Results

A total of 80 interviews with 28 patients and 19 doctors were completed. We identified a mismatch in expectations and understanding of tests, which led to downstream consequences including frustration, anxiety and uncertainty for patients. There was no evidence of shared decision‐making in consultations preceding the decision to test. Doctors adopted a paternalistic approach, believing that they were protecting patients from anxiety.

Conclusion

Patients were not able to develop informed preferences and did not perceive that choice is possible in decisions about testing, because they did not have sufficient information and a shared understanding of tests. A lack of shared understanding at the point of decision‐making led to downstream consequences when test results did not fulfil patients' expectations. Although shared decision‐making is recommended as best practice, it does not reflect the reality of doctors' and patients' accounts of testing; a broader model of shared understanding seems to be more relevant to the complexity of primary care diagnosis.

Patient or Public Contribution

A patient and public involvement group comprising five participants with lived experience of blood testing in primary care met regularly during the study. They contributed to the development of the research objectives, planning recruitment methods, reviewing patient information leaflets and topic guides and also contributed to discussion of emerging themes at an early stage in the analysis process.