bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology and dynamical stability of self-gravitating vortices
Authors: Rendon Restrepo S. , Barge P.
Published: July 2022

Context.Theoretical and numerical studies have shown that large-scale vortices in protoplanetary discs can result from various hydro-dynamical instabilities. Once produced, such vortices can survive nearly unchanged over a large number of rotation periods, slowly migrating towards the star. Lopsided asymmetries recently observed at sub-millimetre and millimetre wavelengths in a number of transition discs could be explained by the emission of the solid particles trapped by vortices in the outer disc. However, at such a distance from the star, disc self-gravity (SG) may affect the vortex evolution and must be included in models.

Aims.Our first goal is to identify how vortex morphology is affected by its own gravity. Next, we look for conditions that a self-gravitating disc must satisfy in order to permit vortex survival at long timescales. Finally, we characterise as well as possible the persistent self-gravitating vortices we have found in isothermal and non-isothermal discs.

Methods.We performed 2D hydrodynamic simulations using theRoSSBi 3.0code. The outline of our computations was limited to Euler’s equations assuming a non-homentropic and non-adiabatic flow for an ideal gas. A series of 45 runs were carried out starting from a Gaussian vortex-model; the evolution of vortices was followed during 300 orbits for various values of the vortex parameters and the Toomre parameter. Two simulations, with the highest resolution thus far for studies of vortices, were also run to better characterise the internal structure of the vortices and for the purpose of comparison with an isothermal case.

Results.We find that SG tends to destabilise the injected vortices, but compact small-scale vortices seem to be more robust than large-scale oblong vortices. Vortex survival critically depends on the value of the disc’s Toomre parameter, but may also depend on the disc temperature at equilibrium. Disc SG must be small enough to avoid destruction in successive splitting and an approximate ‘stability’ criterion is deduced for vortices. The self-gravitating vortices that we found persist during hundreds of rotation periods and look like the quasi-steady vortices obtained in the non-self-gravitating case. A number of these self-gravitating vortices are eventually accompanied by a secondary vortex with a horseshoe motion. These vortices reach a new rotational equilibrium in their core, tend to contract in the radial direction, and spin faster.

Conclusions.We propose an approximate ‘robustness criterion’, which states that, for a given morphology, a vortex appears stable provided that the disc’s Toomre parameter overcomes a fixed threshold. Global simulations with a high enough numerical resolution are required to avoid inappropriate decay and to follow the evolution of self-gravitating vortices in protoplanetary discs. Vortices reach a nearly steady-state more easily in non-isothermal discs than in isothermal discs.
Discovery of five cyano derivatives of propene with the QUIJOTE line survey
Authors: Cernicharo J. , Fuentetaja R. , Cabezas C. , Agúndez M. , Marcelino N. , Tercero B. , Pardo J. R. , de Vicente P.
Published: July 2022

We report the discovery of five cyano derivatives of propene towards TMC-1 with the QUIJOTE line survey: trans and cis-crotononitrile (t-CH3CHCHCN, c-CH3CHCHCN), methacrylonitrile (CH2C(CH3)CN), and gauche and cis-allyl cyanide (g-CH2CHCH2CN and c-CH2CHCH2CN). The observed transitions allowed us to derive a common rotational temperature of 7 ± 1 K for all them. The derived column densities are N(t-CH3CHCHCN) = (5 ± 0.5) × 1010 cm−2, N(c-CH3CHCHCN) = (1.3 ± 0.2) × 1011 cm−2, N(CH2C(CH3)CN) = (1.0±0.1) × 1011 cm−2, N(g-CH2CHCH2CN) = (8.0 ± 0.8) × 1010 cm−2, and N(c-CH2CHCH2CN) = (7.0 ± 0.7) × 1010 cm−2, respectively. The abundance of cyano-propene relative to that of propene is thus ∼10−2, which is considerably lower than those of other cyano derivatives of abundant hydrocarbons. Upper limits are obtained for two ethynyl derivatives of propene (E and Z-CH3CHCHCCH).
L’agriculture régénératrice : summum de l’agroécologie ougreenwashing?
Authors: Duru Michel , Sarthou Jean-Pierre , Therond Olivier
Published: July 2022

Face aux nombreux défis sociétaux à relever (environnement, sécurité alimentaire, santé), différentes formes d’agriculture sont envisagées. Agriculture biologique, agriculture de conservation des sols et maintenant agriculture régénératrice sont trois récits fondateurs se référant à l’agroécologie. Toutefois, l’agriculture régénératrice, nouvelle arrivée en France, reste ambiguë. Nous proposons un cadre d’analyse des formes d’agriculture en termes d’impacts et de services, que nous mobilisons pour comparer l’agriculture régénératrice à celles auxquelles elle se réfère et qui sont bien documentées dans la littérature scientifique. Cette analyse permet d’éclairer des points critiques de l’agriculture régénératrice tels que la question des pesticides et du niveau de séquestration du carbone dans les sols. Ensuite, nous identifions les atouts, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces pour le changement d’échelle de cette agriculture. Nous montrons qu’un atout majeur de l’agriculture régénératrice est de reposer sur un récit mettant en avant un principe, la « régénération » des biens communs (sols, eau, air, biodiversité), qui peut entraîner l’adhésion d’une diversité d’acteurs. Cependant, la mobilisation des acquis de l’agroécologie, en tant que science, pratique et mouvement, pourrait aider à préciser son contenu, encore flou, de façon à ce que ses promesses se traduisent en de réels progrès et ne soient pas exclusivement centrés sur le carbone.
Molecular characterizations of Giardia duodenalis based on multilocus genotyping in sheep, goats, and beef cattle in Southwest Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Fu Yin , Dong Heping , Bian Xiaokun , Qin Ziyang , Han Han , Lang Jiashu , Zhang Junchen , Zhao Guanghui , Li Junqiang , Zhang Longxian
Published: July 2022

Giardia duodenalis is an important zoonotic parasite that causes economic losses to animal husbandry and threatens public health. In the present study, a total of 1466 fresh fecal samples were collected from sheep (n = 797), goats (n = 561) and beef cattle (n = 108) in Southwest Inner Mongolia, China. Giardia duodenalis was initially screened via nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the β-giardin (bg) gene, and bg-positive samples were subjected to PCR amplification targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. A total of 4.0% of samples (58/1466) were positive for G. duodenalis, with a prevalence of 3.4% in sheep, 3.7% in goats and 5.2% in beef cattle. Three G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B, and E) were identified, with E as the prevalent assemblage. Four and one novel assemblage E sequences were obtained for the gdh and tpi loci, respectively and four assemblage E multilocus genotypes (MLG) were obtained. This study demonstrates high genetic variations in G. duodenalis assemblage E, and provides baseline data for preventing and controlling G. duodenalis infection in livestock in Inner Mongolia.
A Chiral N-Tetrafluoroiodobenzyl-N-sulfonyl Aminomethylpyrrolidine Catalyst for the Enantioselective Michael/Hemiaminal Formation Cascade Reaction of α,β-Unsaturated Iminoindoles with ­Aldehydes
Authors: Moriyama Katsuhiko , Oka Yukari , Kaiho Tatsuo
Published: July 2022

A chiral N-2,3,4,5-tetrafluoro-6-iodobenzyl-N-sulfonyl ­aminomethylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroacetic acid salt was designed as an ­iodinated enamine organocatalyst for the enantioselective ­Michael/hemiaminal formation cascade reaction of α,β-unsaturated ­iminoindoles with aldehydes. The use of this iodinated enamine ­catalyst furnished anti-α-carbolinol derivatives in high yields and high stereoselectivities.
Anti-reflux versus conventional self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sasso João Guilherme Ribeiro Jordão , de Moura Diogo Turiani Hourneaux , Proença Igor Mendonça , Junior Epifânio Silvino do Monte , Ribeiro Igor Braga , Sánchez-Luna Sergio A. , Cheng Spencer , Bestetti Alexandre Moraes , Kum Angelo So Taa , Bernardo Wanderley Marques , de Moura Eduardo Guimarães Hourneaux
Published: July 2022

Background and study aims Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are an effective palliative endoscopic therapy to reduce dysphagia in esophageal cancer. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a relatively common complaint after non-valved conventional SEMS placement. Therefore, valved self-expanding metal stents (SEMS-V) were designed to reduce the rate of GERD symptoms. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the two stents.

Material and methods This was a systematic review and meta-analysis including only randomized clinical trials (RCT) comparing the outcomes between SEMS-V and non-valved self-expanding metal stents (SEMS-NV) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Data were analyzed with Review Manager Software. Quality of evidence was evaluated using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation guidelines.

Results Ten randomized clinical trials including a total of 467 patients, 234 in the SEMS-V group and 233 in the SEMS-NV group, were included. There were no statistically significant differences regarding GERD qualitative analysis (RD –0.17; 95 % CI –0.67, 0.33; P = 0.5) and quantitative analysis (SMD –0.22; 95 % CI –0.53, 0.08; P = 0.15) technical success (RD –0.03; 95 % CI –0.07, 0.01; P = 0.16), dysphagia improvement (RD –0.07; 95 % CI –0.19, 0.06; P = 0.30), and adverse events (RD 0.07; 95 % CI –0.07, 0.20; P = 0.32).

Conclusions Both SEMS-V and SEMS-NV are safe and effective in the palliation of esophageal cancer with similar rates of GERD, dysphagia relief, technical success, adverse events, stent migration, stent obstruction, bleeding, and improvement of the quality of life.
Ghrelin-Reactive Autoantibodies as Potential Modulators of
Dysfunctional Eating Patterns in Women: An Exploratory Study
Authors: García Astrid Selene Espinoza , Martínez-Rodríguez Tania Yadira , Parra-Rojas Isela , Valdés-Miramontes Elia H. , García-Ortíz Lidia , Reyes-Castillo Zyanya
Published: July 2022

Dysfunctional eating patterns include alterations in experiencing and expressing
hunger, appetite, and satiety, which may lead to eating disorders or obesity in
the long term. Alterations in hormones such as ghrelin have been suggested to
influence emotional eating in women with obesity. Ghrelin-reactive
autoantibodies (autoAbs) are present both in healthy individuals and those with
eating disorders and have been suggested to protect the hormone from degradation
and preserve its functional activity. This study aimed to evaluate the
relationship between IgG ghrelin-reactive autoAbs with dysfunctional eating
patterns, subjective perception of stress, and body composition parameters in
young women. This cross-sectional study included 82 women (age 21±2
years) classified according to body fat percentage. Dysfunctional eating
patterns were measured with the Spanish version of the Three-factor Eating
Questionnaire-R18, and perceived stress was measured with the Spanish version of
the Perceived Stress Scale – 10. A validated in-house enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay was performed to measure IgG ghrelin-reactive autoAbs in its
free, total, and immune complex fractions. Free IgG ghrelin-reactive autoAbs
were positively correlated with weight, BMI, body fat percentage, waist, and hip
circumference in women with very high body fat percentage. In this group, a
negative correlation was observed between ghrelin immune complexes and
uncontrolled eating. This exploratory research shows that IgG ghrelin-reactive
autoAbs have a potential role in altered body composition parameters and
appetite expression, such as uncontrolled eating in women with very high body
fat. Further studies are required to clarify the role of IgG autoAbs in eating
behavior.
Does Native Script Exposure Influence Second Language Early Literacy Skills?: A Preliminary Study in South Indian Preschoolers
Authors: Mohan Megha , Francis Tinu R. , Bhat Jayashree S.
Published: July 2022

The preschool period is marked by the development of several domains such as communication, cognition, social skills, and literacy skills. As language and literacy skills overlap during the preschool period, it is important to understand the dynamics of language and literacy in early school years. Due to language diversity, India does not bear a single-language system, and often the language spoken at home may not be the same at school for curricular instructions. Therefore, the present study focuses on the influence of script in bi- or multilingual scenarios in India. More importantly, the home language may or may not have its specific script; thus, facilitating early literacy skills at home can be questionable. The study followed a cross-sectional study design. One hundred and forty participants were divided into two groups based on their native language (Malayalam and Tulu groups). Each group was further divided based on their age, younger and older groups. An early literacy checklist and a parent perception questionnaire were developed to assess the early literacy skills in second language (L2). The findings revealed a developmental trend in early literacy skills in children with the older group performing better than the younger group. The study results also shed light on this less researched domain of influence of native script on L2 learning in a linguistically diverse country like India. The study's findings emphasize the parental understanding of the importance of home literacy–based activities for children and evaluation of early literacy skills which will help in early identification and treatment.
D-dimers—“Normal” Levels versus Elevated Levels Due to a Range of Conditions, Including “D-dimeritis,” Inflammation, Thromboembolism, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, and COVID-19
Authors: Thachil Jecko , Favaloro Emmanuel J. , Lippi Giuseppe
Published: July 2022

D-dimers reflect a breakdown product of fibrin. The current narrative review outlines how D-dimers can arise in normal individuals, as well as in patients suffering from a wide range of disease states. D-dimers in normal individuals without evident thrombosis can arise from background fibrinolytic activity in various tissues, including kidney, mammary and salivary glands, which ensures smooth flow of arising fluids where any blood contamination could be immediately lysed. In addition, healthy individuals can also regularly sustain minor injuries, often unbeknown to them, and wound healing follows clot formation in these situations. D-dimers can also arise in anxiety and following exercise, and are also markers of inflammation. Lung inflammation (triggered by microbes or foreign particles) is perhaps also particularly relevant, since the hemostasis system and fibrinolysis help to trap and remove such debris. Lung inflammation in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may contribute to D-dimer levels additive to thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). Indeed, severe COVID-19 can lead to multiple activation events, including inflammation, primary and secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis, all of which may contribute to cumulative D-dimer development. Finally, D-dimer testing has also found a role in the diagnosis and triaging of the so-called (COVID-19) vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia.
Environmental Interventions for Asthma
Authors: Banzon Tina M. , Phipatanakul Wanda
Published: July 2022

Exposure and sensitization to environmental factors play a fundamental role in asthma development and is strongly associated with asthma morbidity. While hereditary factors are critical determinants of asthma, exposures to environmental factors are implicated in the phenotypic expression of asthma and have been strongly associated in the risk of its development. Significant interest has thus been geared toward potentially modifiable environmental exposures which may lead to the development of asthma. Allergen exposure, in particular indoor allergens, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of asthma, and remediation is a primary component of asthma management. In the home, multifaceted and multitargeted environmental control strategies have been shown to reduce home exposures and improve asthma outcomes. In addition to the home environment, assessment of the school, daycare, and workplace environments of patients with asthma is necessary to ensure appropriate environmental control measures in conjunction with medical care. This article will discuss the role of the environment on asthma, review targeted environmental therapy, and examine environmental control measures to suppress environmental exposures in the home and school setting.
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.: An Overview of Its Effects on Human Health
Authors: Kushalan Sharanya , Khyahrii Aloysius S. , Kini Sudarshan , Hegde Smitha
Published: July 2022

Curculigo orchioides, commonly called “Kali Musli,” is an endangered medicinal plant commonly found in Asian countries such as India, Japan, China, and Nepal. The plant holds a significant position in Ayurvedic and the Chinese traditional medicine system; it is documented as an aphrodisiac herb. The plant is also reported to be used in the treatment for asthma and jaundice. The botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities to evaluate the plant's importance and relevant information are reviewed and summarized. We discern that a total of 61 phytochemicals are identified and reported in C. orchioides. These belong to the various phytochemical group of glycosides, lignans, polysaccharides, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes, and aliphatic compounds. The most explored bioactive compound is a phenolic glycoside, curculigoside, isolated from the plant's rhizome. In vitro and in vivo research is conducted globally to provide primary and robust evidence to support this herbal medicine's traditional uses. A large lacuna regarding the mechanisms involved in the biological activity of the plant is evident. There is a need to conduct in-depth studies to understand the relationship between traditional and modern pharmacological uses of C. orchioides.
Contextuality and the fundamental theorems of quantum mechanics
Authors: Döring Andreas , Frembs Markus
Published: July 2022

Contextuality is a key feature of quantum mechanics, as was first brought to light by Bohr [Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, Library of Living Philosophers Vol. VII, edited by P. A. Schilpp (Open Court, 1998), pp. 199–241] and later realized more technically by Kochen and Specker [J. Math. Mech. 17, 59 (1967)]. Isham and Butterfield put contextuality at the heart of their topos-based formalism and gave a reformulation of the Kochen–Specker theorem in the language of presheaves in Isham and Butterfield [Int. J. Theor. Phys. 37, 2669 (1998)]. Here, we broaden this perspective considerably (partly drawing on existing, but scattered results) and show that apart from the Kochen–Specker theorem, Wigner’s theorem, Gleason’s theorem, and Bell’s theorem also relate fundamentally to contextuality. We provide reformulations of the theorems using the language of presheaves over contexts and give general versions valid for von Neumann algebras. This shows that a very substantial part of the structure of quantum theory is encoded by contextuality.
Data-driven reduced-order modeling of spatiotemporal chaos with neural ordinary differential equations
Authors: Linot Alec J. , Graham Michael D.
Published: July 2022

Dissipative partial differential equations that exhibit chaotic dynamics tend to evolve to attractors that exist on finite-dimensional manifolds. We present a data-driven reduced-order modeling method that capitalizes on this fact by finding a coordinate representation for this manifold and then a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) describing the dynamics in this coordinate system. The manifold coordinates are discovered using an undercomplete autoencoder—a neural network (NN) that reduces and then expands dimension. Then, the ODE, in these coordinates, is determined by a NN using the neural ODE framework. Both of these steps only require snapshots of data to learn a model, and the data can be widely and/or unevenly spaced. Time-derivative information is not needed. We apply this framework to the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation for domain sizes that exhibit chaotic dynamics with again estimated manifold dimensions ranging from 8 to 28. With this system, we find that dimension reduction improves performance relative to predictions in the ambient space, where artifacts arise. Then, with the low-dimensional model, we vary the training data spacing and find excellent short- and long-time statistical recreation of the true dynamics for widely spaced data (spacing of ∼0.7 Lyapunov times). We end by comparing performance with various degrees of dimension reduction and find a “sweet spot” in terms of performance vs dimension.
A new class of out-gap discrete solitons in binary waveguide arrays
Authors: Tran Minh C. , Tran Truong X.
Published: July 2022

We analytically and numerically investigate beyond-band discrete solitons, which present a completely new class of stable localized out-gap solitons with detunings being located beyond the two bands of the linear plane waves in a periodic binary waveguide array. Each of the even and odd components of these discrete solitons does not change its sign across the transverse direction of the binary waveguide array. The even and odd components of these newly found discrete solitons can be approximately presented by two hyperbolic secant functions with the only difference in their peaks. This approximation is especially good in the low-intensity regime in which the detuning of these solitons can asymptotically reach the two limits of a linear spectrum. These distinguishing features altogether make the newly found discrete solitons different from all other classes of discrete solitons investigated earlier in binary waveguide arrays. Two transformation rules for constructing even and odd components of these discrete solitons are also found for various combinations of signs of the propagation mismatch σ and nonlinear coefficient γ.
Laser based directed energy deposition system for operando synchrotron x-ray experiments
Authors: Dass Adrita , Gabourel Ashlee , Pagan Darren , Moridi Atieh
Published: July 2022

The adoption of metal additive manufacturing (AM) has tremendously increased over the years; however, it is still challenging to explain the fundamental physical phenomena occurring during these stochastic processes. To tackle this problem, we have constructed a custom metal AM system to simulate powder fed directed energy deposition. This instrument is integrated at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source to conduct operando studies of the metal AM process. These operando experiments provide valuable data that can be used for various applications, such as (a) to study the response of the material to non-equilibrium solidification and intrinsic heat treatment and (b) to characterize changes in lattice plane spacing, which helps us calculate the thermo-mechanical history and resulting microstructural features. Such high-fidelity data are made possible by state-of-the-art direct-detection x-ray area detectors, which aid in the observation of solidification pathways of different metallic alloys. Furthermore, we discuss the various possibilities of analyzing the synchrotron dataset with examples across different measurement modes.
The growth of high-crystalline quality Mn2Au (110) thin films
Authors: Mullarkey Daragh , Casey Daniel , V. Shvets Igor
Published: July 2022

M n 2 Au is a bimetallic antiferromagnetic with an extraordinarily high Néel temperature of 1600 K. Mn2Au has also been found to demonstrate Néel-order spin–orbit torque, allowing for electrical switching of the antiferromagnetic Néel vector. This has led to much interest in this material for spintronic applications. Here, we detail the growth of high quality Mn2Au (110) thin films. The films were grown on a high quality Pt (111) buffer layer, which was grown on an Al2O3 (0001) substrate. The Mn2Au films have excellent crystalline quality as demonstrated by x-ray diffraction, x-ray reflection, and reflection high energy electron diffraction measurements. The Mn2Au (110) films are found to grow with three equivalent in-plane rotation domains, caused by the Pt/Al2O3 substrate.
CVD growth and optical characterization of homo and heterobilayer TMDs
Authors: Hamza Safeer Syed , Ore Alexandre S. M. V , Cadore Alisson R. , Gordo Vanessa O. , Vianna Pilar G. , Carvalho Isabel C. S. , Carozo Victor , de Matos Christiano J. S.
Published: July 2022

The stacking of few layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and their heterostructures allows us to create new structures, observe new physical phenomena, and envision new applications. Moreover, the twist angle in few-layer TMDs can significantly impact their electrical and optical properties. Therefore, controlling the TMD material and obtaining different stacking orientations when synthesizing TMDs via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a powerful tool, which can add functionality to TMD-based optoelectronic devices. Here, we report on the synthesis of few-layer MoS2 and WS2 crystals, as well as their heterobilayer structures with 0° and 60° twist angles between layers via CVD. Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies demonstrate the quality, crystallinity, and layer count of our grown samples, while second harmonic generation shows that adjacent layers grow with 0° or 60° twist angles, corresponding to two different crystal phases. Our study based on TMDs with different and multiple stacking configurations provides an alternative route for the development of future optoelectronic and nonlinear optical devices.
Guest-responsive thermal expansion in the Zr–porphyrin metal–organic framework PCN-222
Authors: Boström H. L. B. , Bette S. , Emmerling S. T. , Terban M. W. , Lotsch B. V.
Published: July 2022

We use powder x-ray diffraction under variable temperature to study the thermal expansion of the metal–organic framework (MOF) PCN-222. The thermal expansion increases drastically in magnitude following more aggressive heating, which is rationalized by enhanced flexibility upon guest removal. Moreover, the thermal response strongly depends on the temperature: the volumetric expansivity nearly quadruples and the expansion along c changes sign upon cooling. Our results highlight the large flexibility of MOFs and the role of guest species.
The ultrafast pixel array camera system and its applications in high energy density physics
Authors: Looker Quinn , Oberla Eric J. , Stahoviak John W. , Mostafanezhad Isar , Pang Ryan , Luck Marcus , Galloway Benjamin R. , Rambo Patrick K. , Porter John L.
Published: July 2022

Diagnostics in high energy density physics, shock physics, and related fields are primarily driven by a need to record rapidly time-evolving signals in single-shot events. These measurements are often limited by channel count and signal degradation issues on cable links between the detector and digitizer. We present the Ultrafast Pixel Array Camera (UPAC), a compact and flexible detector readout system with 32 waveform-recording channels at up to 10 Gsample/s and 1.8 GHz analog bandwidth. The compact footprint allows the UPAC to be directly embedded in the detector environment. A key enabling technology is the PSEC4A chip, an eight-channel switch-capacitor array sampling device with up to 1056 samples/channel. The UPAC system includes a high-density input connector that can plug directly into an application-specific detector board, programmable control, and serial readout, with less than 5 W of power consumption in full operation. We present the UPAC design and characterization, including a measured timing resolution of ∼20 ps or better on acquisitions of sub-nanosecond pulses with minimal system calibrations. Example applications of the UPAC are also shown to demonstrate operation of a solid-state streak camera, an ultrafast imaging array, and a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer.
A general structural order parameter for the amorphous solidification of a supercooled liquid
Authors: Sun Gang , Harrowell Peter
Published: July 2022

The persistent problem posed by the glass transition is to develop a general atomic level description of amorphous solidification. The answer proposed in this paper is to measure a configuration’s capacity to restrain the motion of the constituent atoms. Here, we show that the instantaneous normal modes can be used to define a measure of atomic restraint that accounts for the difference between fragile and strong liquids and the collective length scale of the supercooled liquid. These results represent a significant simplification of the description of amorphous solidification and provide a powerful systematic treatment of the influence of microscopic factors on the formation of an amorphous solid.
Experimental investigation on the synchronization characteristics of a pitch-plunge aeroelastic system exhibiting stall flutter
Authors: Tripathi Dheeraj , Shreenivas R. , Bose Chandan , Mondal Sirshendu , Venkatramani J.
Published: July 2022

This study focuses on characterizing the bifurcation scenario and the underlying synchrony behavior in a nonlinear aeroelastic system under deterministic as well as stochastic inflow conditions. Wind tunnel experiments are carried out for a canonical pitch-plunge aeroelastic system subjected to dynamic stall conditions. The system is observed to undergo a subcritical Hopf bifurcation, giving way to large-amplitude limit cycle oscillations (LCOs) in the stall flutter regime under the deterministic flow conditions. At this condition, we observe intermittent phase synchronization between pitch and plunge modes near the fold point, whereas synchronization via phase trapping is observed near the Hopf point. Repeating the experiments under stochastic inflow conditions, we observe two different aeroelastic responses: low amplitude noise-induced random oscillations (NIROs) and high-amplitude random LCOs (RLCOs) during stall flutter. The present study shows asynchrony between pitch and plunge modes in the NIRO regime. At the onset of RLCOs, asynchrony persists even though the relative phase distribution changes. With further increase in the flow velocity, we observe intermittent phase synchronization in the flutter regime. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study reporting the experimental evidence of phase synchronization between pitch and plunge modes of an aeroelastic system, which is of great interest to the nonlinear dynamics community. Furthermore, given the ubiquitous presence of stall behavior and stochasticity in a variety of engineering systems, such as wind turbine blades, helicopter blades, and unmanned aerial vehicles, the present findings will be directly beneficial for the efficient design of futuristic aeroelastic systems.
Global diffusion of hydrogen molecules in the heterogeneous structure of polymer electrolytes for fuel cells: Dynamic Monte Carlo combined with molecular dynamics calculations
Authors: Nagai Tetsuro , Okazaki Susumu
Published: July 2022

Using our recently developed dynamic Monte Carlo (MC) method [Nagai et al., J. Chem. Phys. 156, 154506 (2022)], we investigated the global diffusion of hydrogen molecules over structural heterogeneities of polymer electrolyte membranes in fuel cells. The three-dimensional position-dependent free energies and the diffusion constants of the hydrogen molecules, required by the present dynamic MC calculations, were taken from our previous study [Nagai et al., J. Chem. Phys. 156, 044507 (2022)] and newly evaluated in this work, respectively. The calculations enabled evaluating the hydrogen dynamics over long-time scales, including global diffusion constants. Based on the calculated global diffusion constants and free energies, the permeability of hydrogen molecules was estimated via the solubility–diffusion model. The estimated values were in good agreement with the reported experimental data, thus validating the present methodology. The analysis of the Monte Carlo trajectories indicated that the main permeation paths are located in the polymer and interfacial phases, although the water phase may make a non-negligible contribution to mass transport.
Phase diagram of the TIP4P/Ice water model by enhanced sampling simulations
Authors: Bore Sigbjørn L. , Piaggi Pablo M. , Car Roberto , Paesani Francesco
Published: July 2022

We studied the phase diagram for the TIP4P/Ice water model using enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations. Our approach is based on the calculation of ice–liquid free energy differences from biased coexistence simulations that reversibly sample the melting and growth of layers of ice. We computed a total of 19 melting points for five different ice polymorphs, which are in excellent agreement with the melting lines obtained from the integration of the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. For proton-ordered and fully proton-disordered ice phases, the results are in very good agreement with previous calculations based on thermodynamic integration. For the partially proton-disordered ice III, we find a large increase in stability that is in line with previous observations using direct coexistence simulations for the TIP4P/2005 model. This issue highlights the robustness of the approach employed here for ice polymorphs with diverse degrees of proton disorder. Our approach is general and can be applied to the calculation of other complex phase diagrams.
Different temperature- and pressure-effects on the water-mediated interactions between hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic–hydrophilic nanoscale surfaces
Authors: Engstler Justin , Giovambattista Nicolas
Published: July 2022

Water-mediated interactions (WMIs) are responsible for diverse processes in aqueous solutions, including protein folding and nanoparticle aggregation. WMI may be affected by changes in temperature and pressure, and hence, they can alter chemical/physical processes that occur in aqueous environments. Traditionally, attention has been focused on hydrophobic interactions while, in comparison, the role of hydrophilic and hybrid (hydrophobic–hydrophilic) interactions have been mostly overlooked. Here, we study the role of T and P on the WMI between nanoscale (i) hydrophobic–hydrophobic, (ii) hydrophilic–hydrophilic, and (iii) hydrophilic–hydrophobic pairs of (hydroxylated/non-hydroxylated) graphene-based surfaces. We find that hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and hybrid interactions are all sensitive to P. However, while hydrophobic interactions [case (i)] are considerably sensitive to T-variations, hydrophilic [case (ii)] and hybrid interactions [case (iii)] are practically T-independent. An analysis of the entropic and enthalpic contributions to the potential of mean force for cases (i)–(iii) is also presented. Our results are important in understanding T- and P-induced protein denaturation and the interactions of biomolecules in solution, including protein aggregation and phase separation processes. From the computational point of view, the results presented here are relevant in the design of implicit water models for the study of molecular and colloidal/nanoparticle systems at different thermodynamic conditions.
Bonding-unsaturation-dependent superconductivity in P-rich sulfides
Authors: Li Xing , Zhang Xiaohua , Liu Yong , Yang Guochun
Published: July 2022

The covalent frameworks found in certain compounds, such as the S–H skeleton in H3S and the H cage in LaH10, play an essential role in their superconductivity. These compounds have the feature of bonding unsaturation (a deficiency of electrons in their covalent bonding) in common. Developing an understanding of the relationship between superconductivity and bonding unsaturation in these materials can provide new ideas for the design of superconducting materials. In this work, we explored the high-pressure phase diagram of binary P–S compounds using first-principles swarm structural calculations. In addition to the previously reported P2S and P3S structures, we identified that P5S, P8S, and P11S also have a common structural character of six-coordinated octahedral networks; however, their bonding unsaturation are distinct due to the different valence electron numbers and unequal ratios of P and S atoms. These features provide an ideal model for exploring the bonding-unsaturation dependence of superconductivity. We estimated the average bonding unsaturation of these P-rich compounds based on the valence electron numbers and the coordination numbers of the central P/S atoms. Interestingly, the resultant average bonding unsaturation was found to be proportional to the predicted superconducting transition temperature. This finding was also verified in MH9 (M = Y, Th, and Pr) and doped H3S (Si, C, and P) compounds. Our work provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of bonding-unsaturation-dependent superconductivity.
Solid bulk cargo liquefaction: Stability of liquid bridges
Authors: Ju Lei , Li Jiayuan , Wang Qing , Li Yunpeng , Vassolos Dracos , Yang Zhou
Published: July 2022

This work focuses on investigating the correlation between the evolution of liquid bridges and moisture migration in solid bulk cargo liquefaction. We experimentally investigate the stability of liquid bridges in static and dynamic particles. The liquid-holding capacity of static particles is determined, and the formation and fracturing of liquid bridges are related to the particle distribution and particle radius. The spacing of the bottom particles determines the maximum liquid-holding capacity, while the space between the upper particles and the bottom particles determines the fracture position. The particles with larger radii have an increased liquid-holding capacity and a low volumetric moisture content, which confirms that cargo that consists entirely of large particles would be apt to have seepage and would not liquefy. Moisture migration for pendular and funicular liquid bridges during stretching and squeezing is captured. We indicate that the fusion behavior of liquid bridges is an important inducement for moisture migration, and it dramatically decreases the liquid-holding capacity. The findings suggest that cargo with low water content would still cause liquefaction, and that the water content should be reduced further for the safe transport of solid bulk cargo.
Inside and out: Surface thermodynamics from positive to negative curvature
Authors: Martin Seth C. , Hansen-Goos Hendrik , Roth Roland , Laird Brian B.
Published: July 2022

To explore the curvature dependence of solid–fluid interfacial thermodynamics, we calculate, using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation, the surface free energy for a 2d hard-disk fluid confined in a circular hard container of radius R as a function of the bulk packing fraction η and wall curvature C̄=−1/R. (The curvature is negative because the surface is concave.) Combining this with our previous data [Martin et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 124, 7938–7947 (2020)] for the positive curvature case (a hard-disk fluid at a circular wall, C̄=+1/R), we obtain a complete picture of surface thermodynamics in this system over the full range of positive and negative wall curvatures. Our results show that γ is linear in C̄ with a slope that is the same for both positive and negative wall curvatures, with deviations seen only at high negative curvatures (strong confinement) and high density. This observation indicates that the surface thermodynamics of this system is consistent with the predictions of so-called morphometric thermodynamics at both positive and negative curvatures. In addition, we show that classical density functional theory and a generalized scaled particle theory can be constructed that give excellent agreement with the simulation data over most of the range of curvatures and densities. For extremely high curvatures, where only one or two disks can occupy the container at maximum packing, it is possible to calculate γ exactly. In this limit, the simulations and density functional theory calculations are in remarkable agreement with the exact results.
Optical transitions of gallium vacancies in neutron irradiated β-Ga2O3
Authors: Bhandari Suman , Nardone Claudia , Zvanut M. E.
Published: July 2022

Investigation of intrinsic defects such as gallium vacancies (VGa) and their interactions with extrinsic defects like Fe in β-Ga2O3 is crucial for the development of devices. Photoinduced electron paramagnetic resonance (photo-EPR) experiments are performed at room temperature and 30 K by illuminating neutron irradiated Fe-doped and unintentionally doped β-Ga2O3 crystals with LEDs from 0.7 to 4.7 eV, and interactions between VGa and other defects such as Fe are investigated. 30 K measurements indicate small photoinduced changes in the amount of VGa2−, but the photothreshold suggests little or no interaction with Fe. Rather, the decrease of VGa2− is accompanied by the emergence of self-trapped holes (STHs), indicating that the stability of the STH is critical to the VGa2− optical transition. We suggest the decrease of VGa2− is due to excitation of electrons from valence band maximum to the defect. The resulting hole is captured at an oxygen atom to form STH. By performing a systematic photo-EPR study of gallium vacancies, we show that the intrinsic defect, VGa, does not interact with extrinsic defects, Fe or Ir. Instead, VGa contributes to the stability of the STH.
Potassium accumulation characteristics and expression of related genes involved in potassium metabolism in a high-potassium variety: tobacco (
Authors: Yang Zhi-Xiao , Lin Ying-Chao , Cao Yi , Wang Ren-Gang , Kong De-Jun , Hou Qian , Gou Jian-Yu , Kakar Kaleem U. , Zhang Ji-Shun , Wang Zhi-Hong , Yu Shi-Zhou
Published: July 2022

We investigated potassium (K) accumulation characteristics and expression of K metabolism related genes in one high-K variety (ND202) and a common variety (NC89) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Results showed that K accumulation and leaf K content in ND202 were higher than those in NC89. The distribution rate and K accumulation in the leaves of ND202 increased significantly, while the distribution rate in the roots and stems had lower values. In addition, the maximum K accumulation rate and high-speed K accumulation duration in ND202 were found to be better than those in NC89. The expression of NKT1 in the upper and middle leaves of ND202 had an advantage, and the relative expression of NtKC1 and NtTPK1 in both the upper and middle leaves, as well as the roots, was also significantly upregulated. Conversely, the expression of NTRK1 in the lower leaves and roots of ND202 was weaker. ND202 had significantly greater expression levels of NtHAK1 than NC89 in the upper and middle leaves and roots; moreover, the expression of NtKT12 in the upper leaves and roots of ND202 was also higher. In comparison with common varieties, high-K varieties had a stronger ability to absorb and accumulate K. They also possessed higher expression of K+ channel- and transporter-related genes and showed a superior K accumulation rate and longer duration of high-speed K accumulation. Furthermore, K accumulation rate at 40–60 days can be suggested as an important reference for the selection of high-K tobacco varieties.
Sox8 remodels the cranial ectoderm to generate the ear
Authors: Buzzi Ailin Leticia , Chen Jingchen , Thiery Alexandre , Delile Julien , Streit Andrea
Published: July 2022

The vertebrate inner ear arises from a pool of progenitors with the potential to contribute to all the sense organs and cranial ganglia in the head. Here, we explore the molecular mechanisms that control ear specification from these precursors. Using a multiomics approach combined with loss-of-function experiments, we identify a core transcriptional circuit that imparts ear identity, along with a genome-wide characterization of noncoding elements that integrate this information. This analysis places the transcription factor Sox8 at the top of the ear determination network. Introducing Sox8 into the cranial ectoderm not only converts non-ear cells into ear progenitors but also activates the cellular programs for ear morphogenesis and neurogenesis. Thus, Sox8 has the unique ability to remodel transcriptional networks in the cranial ectoderm toward ear identity.
Phase tuning of multiple Andreev reflections of Dirac fermions and the Josephson supercurrent in Al–MoTe
2
–Al junctions
Authors: Zhu Zheyi , Kim Stephan , Lei Shiming , Schoop Leslie M. , Cava R. J. , Ong N. P.
Published: July 2022

When an electron is incident on a superconductor from a metal, it is reflected as a hole in a process called Andreev reflection. If the metal
N
is sandwiched between two superconductors
S
in an
SNS
junction, multiple Andreev reflections (MARs) occur. We have found that, in
SNS
junctions with high transparency (

τ
 
→
 
1

) based on the Dirac semimetal MoTe
2
, the MAR features are observed with exceptional resolution. By tuning the phase difference

φ

between the bracketing Al superconductors, we establish that the MARs coexist with a Josephson supercurrent

I

s

=

I

A

 
sin
φ

. As we vary the junction voltage
V
, the supercurrent amplitude

I

A

varies in step with the MAR order
n
, revealing a direct relation between them. Two successive Andreev reflections serve to shuttle a Cooper pair across the junction. If the pair is shuttled coherently, it contributes to

I

s

. The experiment measures the fraction of pairs shuttled coherently vs.
V
. Surprisingly, superconductivity in MoTe
2
does not affect the MAR features.
Considerations of ecological validity in cognitive translation and interpreting studies
Authors: Mellinger Christopher D. , Hanson Thomas A.
Published: July 2022

Renewed interest in research methods used in cognitive translation and interpreting studies (CTIS) has led to
increased reflection on the nature of research and experimental design, internal and external validity, and the type and nature of
experimental tasks. Of particular concern is the extent to which valid generalization can be made from empirical studies of
translation, interpreting, and their associated cognitive behaviors as objects of study. This article traces the definition and
history of ecological validity in the extant literature on research methods and philosophy of science, emphasizing three
considerations: the experimental setting, the stimuli under investigation, and the behavioral response of participants.
Subsequently, we discuss potential misunderstandings or misapplications of appeals to ecological validity, including mundane
realism, naturalistic tasks, and various data collection methods. A final section describes key points to consider for research in
CTIS. Throughout, the argument considers tradeoffs among various categories of validity as well as the importance of aligning
experimental design with research goals. This extensive engagement with a singular aspect of validity is provided to encourage
deeper reflection and better communication around the topic of ecological validity.