bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actionable knowledge discovery and delivery
Authors: Cao Longbing
Published: February 2012

Actionable knowledge has been qualitatively and intensively studied in the social sciences. Its marriage with data mining is only a recent story. On the one hand, data mining has been booming for a while and has attracted an increasing variety of increasing applications. On the other, it is a reality that the so‐called knowledge discovered from data by following the classic frameworks often cannot support meaningful decision‐making actions. This shows the poor relationship and significant gap between data mining research and practice, and between knowledge, power, and action, and forms an increasing imbalance between research outcomes and business needs. Thorough and innovative retrospection and thinking are timely in bridging the gaps and promoting data mining toward next‐generation research and development: namely, the paradigm shift from knowledge discovery from data to actionable knowledge discovery and delivery. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Data Mining Software Tools

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Key Design Issues in Data Mining

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Motivation and Emergence of Data Mining
Recent Trend of Internal Hernia Occurrence After Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Miyagaki Hiromichi , Takiguchi Shuji , Kurokawa Yukinori , Hirao Motohiro , Tamura Shigeyuki , Nishida Toshirou , Kimura Yutaka , Fujiwara Yoshiyuki , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro
Published: February 2012

Background

The incidence of internal hernia after gastrectomy can increase with the increasing use of laparoscopic surgery, although this trend has not been elucidated.

Methods

Clinical information was collected from medical records and by questionnaire for 18 patients who underwent surgical treatment for internal hernia after gastrectomy for gastric cancer in 24 hospitals from January 2005 to December 2009.

Results

Gastrectomy for gastric cancer was open/distal gastrectomy (DG) in five (28%) patients, open/total gastrectomy (TG) in seven (39%), laparoscopy‐assisted/DG in three (17%), and laparoscopy‐assisted/TG in 3 (17%). Reconstruction was by Roux‐Y methods in all patients. The hernia orifice was classified as a jejunojejunostomy mesenteric defect in eight patients (44%), dorsum of the Roux limb (Petersen’s space) in eight (44%), and one (5%) each of esophageal hiatus and mesenterium of the transverse colon. Among 8,983 patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer, a postoperative survey revealed that 13 patients underwent surgical treatment for internal hernia in the same hospitals. The 3‐year incidence rate of the internal hernia was 0.19%, which was significantly higher after laparoscopy‐assisted than open gastrectomy (0.53 vs. 0.15%, p = 0.03). Patients with an internal hernia had a mean (±SD) low weight at hernia operation (body mass index 17.9 ± 1.6 kg/m2) and marked weight loss after gastrectomy (weight reduction 15.6 ± 5.8%).

Conclusions

Gastrectomy with Roux‐Y reconstruction for gastric cancer leaves several spaces that can cause internal hernia formation. Laparoscopic surgery and postoperative body weight loss are potential risk factors.
Dynamics of a northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) population at the southern limit of its range in Europe
Authors: Kerbiriou Christian , Le Viol Isabelle , Bonnet Xavier , Robert Alexandre
Published: February 2012

In the context of global changes, defining the source–sink dynamics of populations of emblematic species, such as seabirds, within the limits of their distribution range is often crucial to optimize the priorities of surveys and conservation management, especially in protected areas. However, ringing is often not possible and only simple survey methods, such as the ‘apparently occupied sites’ method, can be utilized by managers of protected areas and threatened species. Using data collected between 1997 and 2005, we investigated the population dynamics of the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) at the southern limit of its range on the western French coast, which hosts increasing populations. Using a robust design spatial occupancy model, we estimated the proportion of occupied nests, the rates of nest colonization, nest extinction and the population growth rates of four colonies of the largest population (Ouessant Island). The estimated annual growth rate was high (average 1.049). A deterministic population dynamics model indicated that the observed rapid increase of Ouessant populations cannot be explained by their intrinsic dynamics, which suggested an important role for immigration. Different demographic scenarios provide several lines of evidence that the large northern fulmar population in this Man and Biosphere Reserve is a sink population. The strong increase in a population located at the limits of the species distributional range implies that it functions as a population sink. Inexpensive effective survey methods could allow investigation of the demographic status of seabird populations and provide relevant information for the hierarchization of conservation priorities.
Path Dependency and Governance in German Family Firms
Authors: Lubinski Christina
Published: February 2012

Dynastic family businesses pursue a double aim. They strive for economic success and attempt to shield the family's longterm influence against outsiders. As a consequence, their choice of governance reflects an idiosyncratic balance between remaining independent and tapping into the opportunities of the market. Autonomy-oriented “closed” governance can lead to problems in integrating external capital and knowledge. More market-oriented “open” governance can make a firm more vulnerable to outside influence. German family firms have struck a balance between the two models since the mid-nineteenth century. Their choice of governance is a response to the challenges and opportunities of the environment, and at various times they are influenced by corporate law, alternative finance options, and inheritance law.
Entrepreneurs and the State in the Italian Film Industry, 1919–1935
Authors: Nicoli Marina
Published: February 2012

During its early years, entrepreneurs in the Italian film industry maintained a complicated relation with the state. The arrangements between the joint-stock company Società Anonima Stefano Pittaluga and the Italian government in the interwar period were typical. Initially, Italian banks financed productions, despite the difficulties entailed in assessing a film's potential profitability. Following the rise of Benito Mussolini, the state invested in the industry, viewing it as a means of building nationalism and shaping the country's culture. While the deal was disastrous for the quality of the films, it nevertheless enabled filmmakers to gain technical experience and acquire production facilities that they were later able to put to better use.
Molecular phylogenetics of the elephant schistosome Bivitellobilharzia loxodontae (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) from the Central African Republic
Authors: Brant S.V. , Pomajbíková K. , Modry D. , Petrželková K.J. , Todd A. , Loker E.S.
Published: February 2012

One of the most poorly known of all schistosomes infecting mammals is Bivitellobilharzia loxodontae. Nearly all of our available information about this species comes from the original description of worms that were obtained from an animal park-maintained elephant in Germany, probably a forest elephant Loxodonta cyclotis, originating from the present-day Democratic Republic of Congo. We obtained schistosome eggs from faecal samples from wild forest elephants from the Central African Republic. The eggs, which were similar in size and shape to those of described B. loxodontae, were sequenced for the 28S nuclear ribosomal gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (cox1) gene. In a phylogenetic analysis of 28S sequences, our specimens grouped closely with B. nairi, the schistosome from the Indian elephant Elephas maximus, to the exclusion of schistosomes from other genera. However, the eggs were genetically distinct (12% distance cox1) from those of B. nairi. We conclude the specimens we recovered were of B. loxodontae and confirm this is a distinct Bivitellobilharzia species. In addition to providing the first sequence data for B. loxodontae, this report also supports Bivitellobilharzia as a monophyletic group and gives the relative phylogenetic position of the genus within the Schistosomatidae. We also provide a review of the biology of this poorly known schistosome genus.
‘Got a room for me?’ Housing Experiences of Older Adults Living with HIV/AIDS in Ottawa
Authors: Furlotte Charles , Schwartz Karen , Koornstra Jay J. , Naster Richard
Published: February 2012

Le VIH/SIDA et le vieillissement constitue un thème émergent important et pertinent pour la gérontologie. Les expériences des personnes âgées vivant avec le VIH relatives au logement sont encore très peu connues. Le présent article explore cette problématique en examinant les données issues d’entrevues portant sur les expériences relatives au logement de 11 adultes âgés (de 52 à 67 ans) vivant avec le VIH/SIDA à Ottawa (Ontario). Les histoires des participants ont révélé des préoccupations relatives aux trois thèmes principaux: l’acceptation dans les maisons de retraite ou dans les centres d’hébergements de soin de longue durée, le manque d’accès aux logements subventionnés et l’itinérance. Les participants rapportaient ressentir un manque de reconnaissance et de la confusion concernant leurs perspectives d’habitation. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’un changement se produit peutêtre dans les besoins de logement de personnes qui vieillissent avec le VIH. Cette population émergente apporte des défis aux idées dominantes sur le vieillissement. Nous concluons qu’une attention accrue est nécessaire au niveau de la recherche, des politiques et de la pratique pour aborder le problème du logement chez ce groupe d’âge de personnes vivant avec le VIH.
What's so Bad about Discrimination?
Authors: SEGALL SHLOMI
Published: February 2012

The article argues that discrimination is bad as such when and because it undermines equality of opportunity. It shows, first, that other accounts, such as those concerning intent, efficiency, false representation, prejudice, respect and desert cannot account for the badness of discrimination as such. The inequality of opportunity account, in contrast, captures everything that is bad about discrimination. The article then addresses some counter-examples of practices that are discriminatory without arguably entailing inequality of opportunity, where the notable case is that of segregation. It is further demonstrated that the ‘equality of opportunity’ account successfully handles some of the tricky aspects associated with discrimination, such as those concerning the confinement of discrimination to salient groups, ‘buying off’ discriminatees by means of financial compensation, ‘discrimination’ in the selection of life partners, and the duties of employers.
The Prospects for Sufficientarianism
Authors: SHIELDS LIAM
Published: February 2012

Principles of sufficiency are widely discussed in debates about distributive ethics. However, critics have argued that sufficiency principles are vulnerable to important objections. This article seeks to clarify the main claims of sufficiency principles and to examine whether they have something distinctive and plausible to offer. The article argues that sufficiency principles must claim that we have weighty reasons to secure enough and that once enough is secured the nature of our reasons to secure further benefits shifts. Having characterized sufficientarianism in this way, the article shows that the main objections to the view can be avoided; that we can examine the plausibility of sufficiency principles by appealing to certain reasons that support a shift; and that we should be optimistic about the prospects for sufficientarianism because many of our strongest reasons seem to be of this sort. This shift, I claim, is the overlooked grain of truth in sufficientarianism.
Uncertainty behind the Veil of Ignorance
Authors: KURTULMUS A. FAIK
Published: February 2012

This article argues that the decision problem in the original position should be characterized as a decision problem under uncertainty even when it is assumed that the denizens of the original position know that they have an equal chance of ending up in any given individual's place. It supports this claim by arguing that (a) the continuity axiom of decision theory does not hold between all of the outcomes the denizens of the original position face and that (b) neither us nor the denizens of the original position can know the exact point at which discontinuity sets in, because the language we employ in comparing different outcomes is ineradicably vague. It is also argued that the account underlying (b) can help proponents of superiority in value theory defend their view against arguments offered by Norcross and Griffin.
An executive's handbook for understanding and risk managing unit linked guarantees
Authors: Maher J. , Corrigan J. , Bentley A. , Diffey W.
Published: February 2012

The focus of this paper is the identification, and more importantly, sustainable management, of risks embedded in guarantees attaching to unit linked savings and retirement contracts (as commonly referred to as GMxBs). In developing customer centric guarantees that are not readily transferrable to the capital markets, insurance undertakings require the skills and resources to hedge the guarantees within their own balance sheet (or with a temporary use of packaged solutions such as reinsurance). In taking on the guarantee manufacture task insurers are departing from areas of historic competence and need to develop a comprehensive understanding of all elements of market risk replication. These include both first order market exposures as well as the material second order risks associated with market micro structure. The paper seeks to integrate this comprehensive analysis within a practitioner focused framework and concludes with a senior executive summary of “Seven key considerations in successful guarantee manufacture”.
Negative inversion, negative concord and sentential negation in the history of English
Authors: WALLAGE PHILLIP
Published: February 2012

It is claimed in van Kemenade (2000: 62) that clauses with initial negative constituents are a context in which subject–verb inversion occurs throughout the history of English. However, different patterns of negative inversion are seen at different periods of English. I argue that changes in the availability of negative inversion reflect changes in the way sentential scope for negation is marked in negative concord constructions. Thus, negative concord involving Middle and Early Modern English not does not co-occur with negative inversion, but negative concord involving Middle English ne does. Changes to negative inversion can be seen to parallel changes in the way sentential scope negation is expressed at successive stages of the Middle English Jespersen Cycle. I propose that the changes to negative inversion and Jespersen's Cycle should both be analysed as changes in the ability of negative items to mark sentential scope for negation. This observation can be formalised within a Minimalist framework as variation in the LF-interpretability of negative features, following the account of Jespersen's Cycle proposed by Wallage (2008).
At the interface of grammaticalisation and lexicalisation: the case of take prisoner
Authors: BERLAGE EVA
Published: February 2012

Brinton & Traugott (2005) and Brinton (2008) have suggested that light verb constructions of the type take a look (at) are instances of grammaticalisation. This article shows that this is because the emphasis has been on the verb take. Exploring the light verb construction take prisoner, we see that one and the same construction involves both lexicalisation and grammaticalisation processes. For grammaticalisation, the focus will be on the semantic bleaching of take and the productivity of the pattern take + NP. For the lexicalisation of the construction, we will focus on the increasing fixedness of the collocation take prisoner, evident from the decreasing acceptability of the pattern make prisoner, and on the decategorialisation of the original NP prisoner, which is manifested in the loss of plural -s inflection in prisoner. The article further investigates the decategorialisation of prisoner, revealing that the word order of prisoner(s) relative to its complement NP (e.g. take the men prisoner(s) vs take prisoner(s) the men) has a considerable effect on the speed of plural s-deletion.
Revisiting binomial order in English: ordering constraints and reversibility
Authors: MOLLIN SANDRA
Published: February 2012

The factors governing word order in binomials, i.e. coordinated word pairs of the same word class, have been the subject of discussion for a long time in linguistics. For example, why do we saylaw and orderbut notorder and law? The article tests seventeen different potential ordering constraints that have previously been suggested, from the areas of semantics, phonology and word frequency, by checking over 500 high-frequency binomials extracted from the BNC against them. A clear hierarchy of constraints is suggested following the analysis of their success in predicting binomial order. In addition, however, attention is drawn to the reversibility status of binomials. The vast majority of English binomials is reversible to a smaller or larger degree. Reversibility scores were computed for all binomials in the sample so that the relationship between reversibility on the one hand and the adherence to the ordering constraints on the other could be analysed, finding that a number of semantic and metrical ordering constraints indeed increase their predictive success towards the frozen end of the reversibility cline. Complying with these constraints, then, increases the likelihood of a binomial to be less reversible. Claims for the influence of certain factors on the freezing process are thus substantiated for the first time.
On the interchangeability ofactuallyandreallyin spoken English: quantitative and qualitative evidence from corpora
Authors: GRAY MARK
Published: February 2012

Much of the research that has been carried out into the functions ofactuallyand – to a lesser extent –reallyhas focused on their so-called ‘discourse functions’. However, when they appear medially bothactuallyandreallyare usually classified as intensifiers, and it has been argued that they are often interchangeable (see for example Lenk 1998; Oh 2000; Taglicht 2001). The purpose of this article is to test current thinking on this question by casting further light on the way medialactuallyandreallyare used in spoken discourse. Two complementary approaches are taken. Firstly, the interchangeability hypothesis is assessed on the basis of quantitative analyses of data from theBritish National Corpus.Secondly, the question of the extent to whichactuallyand/orreallyfunction as intensifiers in preverbal position is addressed via a detailed qualitative analysis of data from a small corpus of recent BBC radio broadcasts of the panel-based political discussion programmeAny Questions. The analyses presented here suggest that the interchangeability hypothesis is untenable and that the two adverbs have different core meanings, with any intensifying function being largely the result of interplay between the distinct semantic properties of each adverb and the discourse context.
Wie häufig ist therapeutischer Misserfolg in der ambulanten Psychotherapie?
Authors: Jacobi Frank , Uhmann Stefan , Hoyer Jürgen
Published: February 2012

Zusammenfassung. Für N = 1776 Psychotherapien einer verhaltenstherapeutischen Hochschulambulanz ermittelten wir die Raten für Nonresponse, Verschlechterung und unbefriedigende Therapieergebnisse. Für eine Teilstichprobe berichten wir Abbruchraten für verschiedene Therapiephasen. Outcome-Indikatoren waren die Therapieerfolgs-Einschätzung von Therapeut und Patient, das globale Funktionsniveau (Therapeuteneinschätzung) und zwei störungsübergreifende Fragebogenmaße zur allgemeinen Symptombelastung und zur Depressivität. Die verschiedenen Maße weisen unterschiedliche (Miss-)Erfolgsraten auf, Verschlechterungen sind generell selten (0.8–4.3%). Ein kriterienbezogener Therapie-Misserfolg – eine (reliable) Verschlechterung oder ein hoch-symptomatischer Abschlusswert (eine Standardabweichung über dem durchschnittlichen Prä-Wert) – ist bei 11.2% der Stichprobe zu verzeichnen. Misserfolg korrelierte mit dem Schweregrad zu Therapiebeginn, nicht aber mit der Therapieerfahrung des Therapeuten. Wir diskutieren die Verschlechterungsraten und stellen heraus, dass die Misserfolgs- gegenüber der Erfolgsperspektive eine vertiefende Bewertung von therapeutischen Maßnahmen ermöglicht.
Diagnostik und psychometrische Verlaufsrückmeldungen im Rahmen eines Modellprojektes zur Qualitätssicherung in der ambulanten Psychotherapie
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Böhnke Jan R. , Köck Katharina , Bittermann André
Published: February 2012

Zusammenfassung. Als erstes dieser Art in Deutschland zielt das Modellprojekt „Qualitätsmonitoring in der ambulanten Psychotherapie” darauf ab, ein modifiziertes Qualitätssicherungs- und Rückmeldeverfahren in der Regelversorgung der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen hinsichtlich seiner Einsetzbarkeit zu untersuchen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Aspekte der Eingangsdiagnostik, des Rückmeldesystems, der Patientenzufriedenheit, der Therapiedauer und der Evaluation des Projektes durch die Patienten vorgestellt. In der Interventionsgruppe (IG) wurden Checklisten zur Diagnosestellung genutzt und im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe (KG) ebenfalls kontinuierliche Rückmeldungen zum Therapiefortschritt im Verlauf gegeben. Daten zu Therapiebeginn lagen von 1708 Patienten (IG:1031; KG:677) und 245 Therapeuten vor. Die ambulante Psychotherapie stellte sich als effektives Verfahren bei klar psychisch belasteten Personen heraus. In der IG (Einsatz Diagnosechecklisten) wurden im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (KG) insgesamt mehr Diagnosen pro Patient durch die Therapeuten vergeben. Der überwiegende Teil der Therapeuten nutzte die Rückmeldungen für die Therapie und besprach die Ergebnisse mit den Patienten. Konsistent mit der Literatur zu Rückmeldungen in die Psychotherapiepraxis ließen sich frühzeitig im Therapieverlauf durch das Feedbacksystem prädiktive Verlaufsmuster identifizieren. Ferner war die Patientenzufriedenheit in der IG höher (Effektstärke: d = 0.27). Die Behandlungsdauer der IG lag im Rahmen der sich in den unterschiedlichen Kontrollgruppen der Versorgungspraxis ergebenden Behandlungsdauer. Die Zufriedenheit mit dem Modellprojekt ist bei den Patienten am höchsten. Die Patienten erlebten den Einsatz der Rückmeldungen bei vertretbarem Zeitaufwand als wichtig und hilfreich und mit der eigenen Einschätzung übereinstimmend. Die Befunde unterstreichen die Bedeutung von Qualitätssicherungs- und Rückmeldesystemen in der ambulanten Psychotherapie.
The Evaluation of Suicide Letters in Turkey From a Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Kurtaş Ömer , Boşgelmez Şükriye , Yaluğ İrem , Birincioğlu İsmail , Biçer Ümit , Aker Tamer , Gökbakan Mehmet , Işık Sibel , Yahşi Serhat
Published: February 2012

Background: Different methods are used to understand the suicidal mind. Suicide note analysis may be most direct way to do this. Aims: To study the content of suicide letters under forensic evaluation in terms of psychological and cognitive aspects. Methods: A total of 51 letters were referred to The Council of Forensic Medicine from different cities of Turkey and analyzed by a research group with ten members including forensic medicine specialists and psychiatrists. The Questionnaire of Content Analysis of Suicide Letters (The Q-CAS), developed by researchers, was used to analyze the cognitive and cultural themes of suicide letters. The cognitive distortions about the self, the world, and the future as well as cultural phenomena were evaluated including sociodemographic features. Results: Financial problems in males and relationship problems in females were the most frequent life events related to suicide. Hopelessness, weakness, loneliness – in decreasing order – were the most predominant cognitions and emotions. The total score of females were higher than that of males (p = .002). Conclusions: These negative cognitions should be taken into consideration when therapeutic interventions are planned on individuals with suicidal thoughts.
Alcohol and Suicide in Postconflict Northern Uganda
Authors: Kizza Dorothy , Hjelmeland Heidi , Kinyanda Eugene , Knizek Birthe Loa
Published: February 2012

Background: Alcohol has been noted to be an important factor in nearly 68% of the suicides in Northern Uganda, yet exactly how alcohol contributes to suicide in this region has not been studied. Aims: To determine how alcohol contributes to suicide in this region. Methods: Qualitative psychological autopsy interviews were conducted with bereaved relatives and friends of 20 suicides mainly from Internally Displaced Peoples’ camps in Northern Uganda. Data were analyzed using a modified Interpretative Phenomenological analysis (IPA). Results: Alcohol had a direct or an indirect influence on the suicide of 16 out of the 20 decedents. Directly, alcohol facilitated the suicidal process, was a means to suicide, or had an influence on the decedents’ lifestyles. Indirectly, alcohol had an influence on the suicidal process of the deceased through the drinking behavior of significant others. Conclusions: This study established that alcohol not only contributes to the suicidal process of the individuals through acute and chronic alcohol consumption, but also through victimization of those lowest in the power hierarchy by alcohol abusers higher up in the power hierarchy. Therefore, future development of suicide prevention programs should address the interrelated public health problem of alcohol abuse.
The Web Version of the Exchange Test
Authors: Schreiner Michael , Altmeyer Michael , Schweizer Karl
Published: February 2012

This paper provides a description of the web version of the Exchange Test and reports on the results of its psychometric evaluation. The Exchange Test is a measure of working memory capacity which is demanding to the central executive and storage units of working memory. It is composed of 60 items, spaced out evenly over five treatment levels of increasing difficulty. One item is composed of two arrays of symbols, the same four symbols in each array but in different order. The positions of the symbols within a single array have to be exchanged mentally until identical orders are obtained. The outcomes reflect the accuracy of counting the necessary exchanges and the time needed to perform this task. The results are based on data from 203 participants. The investigation of consistency indicated acceptable to good quality. Furthermore, the equivalence of the internal structure of the new and original versions was demonstrated. Most importantly, the scores proved to be highly correlated with fluid intelligence.
Chemical controls on ozone deposition to water
Authors: Martino Manuela , Lézé Bertrand , Baker Alex R. , Liss Peter S.
Published: February 2012

The deposition of ozone to seawater is known to be controlled by a variety of physical and chemical processes. At low wind speeds chemical loss is comparatively more important than loss due to physical processes. We have determined experimentally the relationship between ozone deposition velocity and concentration of iodide and dissolved organic matter in water buffered at seawater pH (8.0). The concentrations of both species used in this study are representative of those encountered in coastal and oceanic systems. We show that dissolved organic matter and iodide contribute to a similar degree to the chemical enhancement of ozone deposition to surface waters.
Wind‐driven influences on aerosol light scattering in north‐east Atlantic air
Authors: Vaishya Aditya , Jennings S. Gerard , O'Dowd Colin
Published: February 2012

Ten years (2001–2010) of aerosol light‐scattering measurements in N.E. Atlantic marine air are analysed to determine wind‐speed related influences on scattering properties. The scattering coefficient and the backscattering coefficient dependency on wind speed (U) was determined for the winter (Low Biological Activity‐LBA) and the summer seasons (High Biological Activity‐HBA), and was found to be dependent on ∼U2. In spite of having a U2dependency, scattering properties for the LBA‐period are approximately twice those of the HBA‐period. 96% of the LBA‐HBA scattering difference can be explained by the combined effects of size distribution and refractive index differences while 70% of the scattering difference can be attributed to a difference in refractive index alone resulting from organic‐matter enrichment during the HBA period. The 550 nm scattering coefficient was ∼70 Mm−1 for ∼25 ms−1 wind speeds, which is considerably higher than that encountered under polluted air masses in the same region.
Observations of a mode‐2 nonlinear internal wave on the northern Heng‐Chun Ridge south of Taiwan
Authors: Ramp S. R. , Yang Y. J. , Reeder D. B. , Bahr F. L.
Published: February 2012

A research cruise was carried out over the Heng‐Chun Ridge during June 27–July 1, 2010, near 21° 34′N, 120° 54′E, about 35 km south of Taiwan. The goal of the cruise was to determine if the location is an active generation site for internal tides and high‐frequency nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS). The method was to sample a series of across‐ridge sections using an underway conductivity‐temperature‐depth (UCTD) profiler and to conduct a time series at a fixed point atop the ridge using a CTD with lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) instrumentation. A hull‐mounted ADCP and acoustic backscatter device were also operated throughout the cruise. The site was a very high energy region, with the northward Kuroshio Current exceeding 100 cm s−1 and the primarily zonal barotropic tidal currents exceeding 140 cm s−1. The most remarkable feature observed was a convex‐type mode‐2 NLIW with a westward‐propagating core centered near 100 m depth. The wave was clearly visible in the velocity and backscatter data and had surface expressions visible both on radar and with the naked eye. The horizontal and vertical velocity structure was a good match for theoretical mode‐2 waves in the SCS. The wave generation was consistent with local lee wave dynamics, which favored mode‐2 generation over mode‐1 at peak ebb tide given the currents, stratification, and bottom slope at the site. The wave could not be tracked farther west, and apparently did not escape the opposing Kuroshio.
Physical and optical properties of persistent contrails: Climatology and interpretation
Authors: Iwabuchi Hironobu , Yang Ping , Liou K. N. , Minnis Patrick
Published: February 2012

The physical and optical properties of persistent contrails were studied with the measurements made by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar. MODIS data were used to determine the contrail locations on the basis of their artificial shapes easily distinguished from natural cirrus, and the so‐identified contrails were analyzed with collocated CALIPSO lidar data. Statistics of the geography, geometry, meteorology, and optical properties are reported for approximately 3400 persistent contrails observed over North America, the North Atlantic Ocean, and Europe. The majority of the detected contrails appear in ice‐supersaturated air with temperatures lower than −40°C. On average, contrails have significantly larger backscattering coefficients and slightly higher linear depolarization ratios (LDRs) than neighboring cirrus clouds. Depolarization tends to be strong when ice crystals are small, and LDR is approximately 0.4–0.45 for young contrails and contrail cores. The mean LDR for the detected contrails increases with decreasing temperature and is not strongly dependent on the lidar pointing angle. The backscattering properties suggest that contrails are primarily composed of small, randomly oriented ice crystals but may also contain a few horizontally oriented plates. Most contrails are optically thin with a mean (median) optical thickness of approximately 0.19 (0.14); however, optically thicker contrails do exist and tend to occur in warmer and more humid ambient air. The mean value and range of the observed LDR data are consistent with theoretical predictions based on a mixture of nonspherical ice crystals randomly oriented in the atmosphere.
On the impact of an offshore bathymetric anomaly on surf zone rip channels
Authors: Castelle B. , Marieu V. , Coco G. , Bonneton P. , Bruneau N. , Ruessink B. G.
Published: February 2012

We use a nonlinear morphodynamic model to demonstrate that the presence of a single persistent offshore bathymetric anomaly strongly affects the formation, nonlinear evolution and saturation of surf zone rip channels. In the case of an offshore bump or trough and waves with oblique incidence, a rip channel shoreward of the anomaly is enforced by the more seaward alongshore variability in depth. The degree of rip channel enforcement is controlled by the strength of the rotational nature of surf zone rip current circulations, which is, in turn, driven by differential broken wave energy dissipation induced by wave refraction across the offshore bathymetric anomaly. The alongshore location of this forced rip channel is more stable with increasing offshore anomaly amplitude, decreasing offshore wave obliquity and decreasing bathymetric anomaly distance to the shore. Simulations show that rip channel behavior downdrift and updrift of the offshore perturbation are different. In our numerical experiments, downdrift rip channels have systematically larger alongshore scales, smaller alongshore migration rates and more erosive megacusps than those updrift. Rip channels therefore self‐organize into patterns of different alongshore scales and migration rates as a result of an alongshore perturbation in the wave forcing enforced by wave refraction across an offshore bathymetric anomaly. These simulations are qualitatively corroborated by video observations of sandbar behavior during a down‐state sequence at a site with a persistent offshore trough.
A class of analytical solutions for multidimensional multispecies diffusive transport coupled with precipitation‐dissolution reactions and porosity changes
Authors: Hayek Mohamed , Kosakowski Georg , Jakob Andreas , Churakov Sergey V.
Published: February 2012

One of the challenging problems in mathematical geosciences is the determination of analytical solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations describing transport processes in porous media. We are interested in diffusive transport coupled with precipitation‐dissolution reactions. Several numerical computer codes that simulate such systems have been developed. Analytical solutions, if they exist, represent an important tool for verification of numerical solutions. We present a methodology for deriving such analytical solutions that are exact and explicit in space and time variables. They describe transport of several aqueous species coupled to precipitation and dissolution of a single mineral in one, two, and three dimensions. As an application, we consider explicit analytical solutions for systems containing one or two solute species that describe the evolution of solutes and solid concentrations as well as porosity. We use one of the proposed analytical solutions to test numerical solutions obtained from two conceptually different reactive transport codes. Both numerical implementations could be verified with the help of the analytical solutions and show good agreement in terms of spatial and temporal evolution of concentrations and porosities.
PhD survival guide
Authors: Almeida‐Souza Leonardo , Baets Jonathan
Published: February 2012

Navigating the perils and pitfalls of a PhD is no easy task. This concise survival guide should help budding scientists avoid the most common mistakes and enjoy their first taste of real research.
Dual phase transformation and resultant magnetic properties in Fe3Pt thin films
Authors: Hsiao S. N. , Chen S. K. , Liu S. H. , Lee H. Y.
Published: February 2012

Fifty-nm-thick Fe75Pt25 thin films have been made on glass substrates by rf magnetron sputtering at room temperature, and subsequently annealed at 300 –700 °C (Ta) for 1 h. The as-deposited Fe3Pt film exhibits high magnetization of 1530 emu/cm3 and a disordered bcc structure, confirmed by high-resolution synchrotron radiation x-ray diffractometry. First-phase transformation from the bcc to disorder fcc structure occurs for samples annealed at 300 °C. With increasing of Ta up to 375 °C, the film displays a nearly disordered fcc phase with low magnetization of 1083 emu/cm3. The fcc phase changes to ordered L12 structure for samples with Ta ≥ 400 °C. The highly ordered L12 phase with magnetization of 1270 emu/cm3 and coercivity of 66 Oe was obtained in Fe3Pt film at 700 °C-annealing.
High frequency operation of a hot filament cathode for a magnetized plasma ion source
Authors: Takahashi Y. , Miyamoto N. , Kasuya T. , Wada M.
Published: February 2012

A tungsten filament cathode has been operated with an ac heating current to excite a plasma in a linear magnetic field. Both the discharge current and the ion saturation current in plasma near the extraction hole of the ion source exhibited fluctuations. The discharge current fluctuated with the amplitude less than 2% of the average, and the frequency two times the frequency of the heating current. Fluctuation amplitude of the ion saturation current was about 10% of the average, while the frequency was the same as that of the heating current. The ac operation has prolonged the lifetime of a hot filament cathode by about 50%.
Hollow target magnetron-sputter-type solid material ion source
Authors: Sasaki D. , Ieki S. , Kasuya T. , Wada M.
Published: February 2012

A thin-walled aluminum (Al) hollow electrode has been inserted into an ion source to serve as an electrode for a radio frequency magnetron discharge. The produced plasma stabilized by argon (Ar) gas sputters the Al electrode to form a beam of Al+ and Ar+ ions. The total beam current extracted through a 3 mm diameter extraction hole has been 50 μA, with the Al+ ion beam occupying 30% of the total beam current.
Ion energy distribution functions of low energy beams formed by wire extraction electrodes
Authors: Tokumura S. , Kasuya T. , Vasquez M. , Maeno S. , Wada M.
Published: February 2012

The two-electrode extractor system made of 0.1 mm diameter tungsten wires separated by 0.7 mm has formed an argon ion beam with 50 V extraction potential. Energy spreads of the extracted beams were typically less than 2 eV when the beam current density was low. The beam intensity rapidly decreased as the distance between the extractor and the beam detector increased, indicating space charge limited transport of the beam. Problems associated with the emittance measurements are also discussed.
Production and acceleration of ion beams by laser ablation
Authors: Velardi L. , Siciliano M. V. , Delle Side D. , Nassisi V.
Published: February 2012

In this work, we present a new pulsed laser ablation technique to obtain energetic ion beams. The accelerator we made is a compact device able to extract and accelerate the ionic components of plasma up to 160 keV per charge state. It is composed by a generating chamber containing an expansion chamber used like first electrode. Next, a second electrode connected to ground and a third electrode connected to negative voltage are used. The third electrode is used also as Faraday cup. By the analysis of the ion signals we studied the plume parameters such as TOF accelerated signals, charge state, and divergence.
Analysis of heating effects (magnetic hyperthermia) in FeCrSiBCuNb amorphous and nanocrystalline wires
Authors: Gómez-Polo C. , Larumbe S. , Pérez-Landazábal J. I. , Pastor J. M.
Published: February 2012

The induction heating effects in amorphous and nanocrystalline wires, Fe73.5-xCrxSi13.5Cu1B9Nb3 (x = 3, 7, and 10), are analyzed in this work. In these alloys, the Curie temperature of the amorphous phase, TC, can be tailored through the Cr content of the alloy or the volume crystalline fraction after nanocrystallization. Four samples were selected; amorphous with x = 0 and 10 and nanocrystalline x = 7 with different crystalline fractions. The Curie temperature of the residual amorphous phase, TCa, was experimentally determined by the temperature dependence of the self-inductance of the samples. The analysis of the frequency dependence of the complex magnetic susceptibility enabled the estimation of the magnetic power losses in the samples. The heating effects on the wires were analyzed under the application of an ac magnetic field employing a home-made hyperthermia set-up. A single piece of a wire was immersed in a water bath (initial temperature from 291 K to 325 K) and subjected to the ac magnetic field. The specific absorption rate (SAR) was estimated through the initial slope of the temperature increase as a function of time. Maximum SAR values were obtained in the amorphous sample (x = 3) with the highest TC and enhanced magnetic power losses. In the nanocrystalline samples (x = 7), the detected heating effects above TCa are interpreted as a consequence of the magnetization process of the ferromagnetic grains. However, in spite of the low SAR displayed by the amorphous wire with TC ≈ 300 K (x = 10), interesting self-regulated characteristics are observed in this sample.
Microgan electron cyclotron resonance ion source in a Van de Graaff accelerator terminal
Authors: Gaubert G. , Bieth C. , Bougy W. , Brionne N. , Donzel X. , Sineau A. , Vallerand C. , Villari A. C. C. , Chaves C. , Gamboni T. , Geerts W. , Giorginis G. , Lövestam G. , Mondelaers W.
Published: February 2012

The Van de Graaff accelerator at IRMM works since many years providing proton, deuteron, and helium beams for nuclear data measurements. The original ion source was of RF type with quartz bottle. This kind of source, as well known, needs regular maintenance for which the accelerator tank must be completely opened. The heavy usage at high currents of the IRMM accelerator necessitated an opening about once every month. In 2010, the full permanent magnet Microgan electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source from PANTECHNIK was installed into a new terminal platform together with a solid state amplifier of 50 W, a dedicated dosing system for 4 gases (with respective gas bottles H2, D2, He, and Ar), and a set of dedicated power supplies and electronic devices for the remote tuning of the source. The new system shows a very stable behaviour of the produced beam allowing running the Van de Graaf without maintenance for several months. This contribution will describe the full installed system in details (working at high pressure in the terminal, spark effects, and optic of the extraction), as well as beam results in dc or pulsed mode.
Status and special features of the Atomki ECR ion source
Authors: Biri S. , Rácz R. , Pálinkás J.
Published: February 2012

The ECR ion source has been operating in ATOMKI (Debrecen) since 1996. During the past 15 years lots of minor and numerous major technical modifications have been carried out on the ECRIS. Many of these changes aimed the increasing of beams charge, intensity, and the widening of the ion choice. Another group of the modifications were performed to develop special, non-standard operation modes or to produce peculiar plasmas and beams.
Study on monatomic fraction improvement with alumina layer on metal electrode in hydrogen plasma ion source
Authors: Jung Bong-Ki , Chung Kyoung-Jae , Dang Jeong-Jeung , Hwang Y. S.
Published: February 2012

A high monatomic beam fraction is an important factor in a hydrogen ion source to increase the application efficiency. The monatomic fraction of hydrogen plasmas with different plasma electrode materials is measured in a helicon plasma ion source, and aluminum shows the highest value compared to that with the other metals such as copper and molybdenum. Formation of an aluminum oxide layer on the aluminum electrode is determined by XPS analysis, and the alumina layer is verified as the high monatomic fraction. Both experiments and numerical simulations conclude that a low surface recombination coefficient of the alumina layer on the plasma electrode is one of the most important parameters for increasing the monatomic fraction in hydrogen plasma ion sources.
Electrodeposition and magnetic properties of FeCo alloy films
Authors: Zhou Dong , Zhou Mingge , Zhu Minggang , Yang Xu , Yue Ming
Published: February 2012

FeCo alloys thin films have been successfully electrodeposited on Ag films. The morphology, structure, composition, and magnetic property of the FeCo films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, induction-coupled plasma spectrometry, vibrating sample magnetometer and network analyzer. The use of reverse pulse current in the process of electrodepostion can reduce the surface roughness obviously. The effects of anodic current density and thickness are studied. The results show that the film fabricated under appropriate conditions has low coercivity and excellent high-frequency magnetic property.
Cation distribution in nickel manganese oxide
Authors: Cheng S. L. , Lin J. G. , Kuo K. M. , Chern Gung
Published: February 2012

We use the technique of electron spin resonance (ESR) to analyze the distribution of cations in Mn3−xNixO4with x = 0–1. ESR data suggest that Ni2+ ions prefer to occupy octahedral-sites (B-sites) at low doping and concurrently produce a Mn4+ ion in B-site. As Ni2+ ions reach a critical value of 0.5, partial tetrahedral-sites are replaced by Mn3+ ions and form inverse spinel. Continually adding the Ni content up to x ∼ 1 results into a full transformation of structure into inverse spinel, which is accompanied with a drop of ESR intensities.
Investigations of some aspects of the spray process in a single wire arc plasma spray system using high speed camera
Authors: Tiwari N. , Sahasrabudhe S. N. , Tak A. K. , Barve D. N. , Das A. K.
Published: February 2012

A high speed camera has been used to record and analyze the evolution as well as particle behavior in a single wire arc plasma spray torch. Commercially available systems (spray watch, DPV 2000, etc.) focus onto a small area in the spray jet. They are not designed for tracking a single particle from the torch to the substrate. Using high speed camera, individual particles were tracked and their velocities were measured at various distances from the spray torch. Particle velocity information at different distances from the nozzle of the torch is very important to decide correct substrate position for the good quality of coating. The analysis of the images has revealed the details of the process of arc attachment to wire, melting of the wire, and detachment of the molten mass from the tip. Images of the wire and the arc have been recorded for different wire feed rates, gas flow rates, and torch powers, to determine compatible wire feed rates. High speed imaging of particle trajectories has been used for particle velocity determination using time of flight method. It was observed that the ripple in the power supply of the torch leads to large variation of instantaneous power fed to the torch. This affects the velocity of the spray particles generated at different times within one cycle of the ripple. It is shown that the velocity of a spray particle depends on the instantaneous torch power at the time of its generation. This correlation was established by experimental evidence in this paper. Once the particles leave the plasma jet, their forward speeds were found to be more or less invariant beyond 40 mm up to 500 mm from the nozzle exit.