bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Methodology for Examining Changes in Soil Climate Geography through Time: U.S. Soil Moisture Regimes for the Period 1971–2000
Authors: Winzeler Hans Edwin , Owens Phillip R. , Waltman Sharon W. , Waltman William J. , Libohova Zamir , Beaudette Dylan
Published: January 2013

Soil climate is the record of temporal patterns of soil moisture and temperature and is an important component of the structure of U.S. Soil Taxonomy. The U.S. Soil Survey has used the Newhall simulation model (NSM) for estimating soil climate from atmospheric climate records at weather stations since the 1970s. The current soil climate map of the United States was published in 1994 by using NSM runs from selected weather stations along with knowledge‐based hand‐drawn mapping procedures. We developed a revised soil climate mapping methodology using the NSM and digital soil mapping techniques. The new methodology is called grid element Newhall simulation model (GEN), where a coordinate system is used to divide geographic space into a grid, and each element or grid‐cell serves as a reference area for querying and organizing model input and for organizing and displaying model output. The GEN was used to make a soil moisture map of the conterminous United States (GEN‐CONUS). The GEN‐CONUS and the 1994 map were compared to each other and to two sets of weather station data from years 1961 to 1990 and years 1971 to 2000 (NCDC). Agreement between GEN‐CONUS and the 1994 map was 75.6%. GEN‐CONUS had higher agreement than the 1994 map with NSM output from NCDC data for 1961–1990 and 1971–2000 (k = 0.845 and 0.777). The GEN methodology was also used to generate a map of projected soil climate in the year 2080 for part of the Southern Rocky Mountains, predicting expansion of the Ustic and contraction of the Udic moisture regimes.
Modeling Selenite Adsorption Envelopes on Oxides, Clay Minerals, and Soils using the Triple Layer Model
Authors: Goldberg Sabine
Published: January 2013

Selenite adsorption behavior was investigated on amorphous Al and Fe oxides, clay minerals: kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite, and 45 surface and subsurface soil samples from the southwestern and midwestern regions of the United States as a function of solution pH. Selenite adsorption decreased with increasing solution pH. The triple layer model, a chemical surface complexation model, was able to describe selenite adsorption as a function of solution pH by simultaneously optimizing both inner‐sphere and outer‐sphere selenite surface complexation constants. The fit of the triple layer model to selenite adsorption by soils was much improved over that obtained previously by optimizing solely an inner‐sphere selenite surface complexation constant and the protonation constant in the constant capacitance model. In this previous application, the deprotonation constant had been neglected; thereby, preventing the reactive surface hydroxyl group from deprotonating; a chemically unrealistic situation. The selenite surface speciation predicted using the triple layer model was in agreement with that obtained for other strongly adsorbing anions such as molybdate. Direct spectroscopic investigations of selenite surface configuration are needed to corroborate the species predicted by the modeling approach.
Sunlight Inactivation of Human Polymerase Chain Reaction Markers and Cultured Fecal Indicators in River and Saline Waters
Authors: Gilpin Brent J. , Devane Megan , Robson Beth , Nourozi Fariba , Scholes Paula , Lin Susan , Wood David R. , Sinton Lester W.
Published: January 2013

Decay rates for sunlight inactivation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers for total Bacteroidales, human‐specific Bacteroidales, Escherichia coli, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis relative to cultured E. coli were investigated. The experiment used 100‐L chambers of fresh water and seawater (paired with dark controls) seeded with human sewage and exposed to natural sunlight over three summer days. Culturable E. coli levels in sunlight‐exposed chambers decreased by at least 3 logs on day 1, and by day 3 a total reduction of 4.5 to 5.5 logs was achieved in fresh water and seawater, respectively. In contrast, PCR detection of the four gene targets in sunlight‐exposed chambers reduced by no more than 2 logs over the duration of the study (kt < 0.071 loge units h−1). Under these experimental conditions, PCR markers are considerably more conservative than culturable E. coli and can persist for extended periods of time following inactivation of E. coli.
Effects of Triclosan and Biosolids on Microbial Community Composition in an Agricultural Soil
Authors: Park Inmyoung , Zhang Nannan , Ogunyoku Temitope A. , Young Thomas M. , Scow Kate M.
Published: January 2013

Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antimicrobial agent found at high concentrations in biosolids produced during municipal wastewater treatment. The effect of adding TCS, in the presence or absence of biosolids, on the composition of an agricultural soil microbial community was measured using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). Most changes observed in microbial community composition were attributable to the addition of biosolids or to the passage of time, with smaller changes due to TCS exposure, regardless of the presence of biosolids. TCS slightly reduced the relative abundance of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria and fungi, with or without biosolids. Bacteria were more sensitive than eukaryotes, consistent with the mode of action of TCS, which selectively targets fatty acid synthesis and disrupts cell membranes of bacteria. TCS slightly increased biomarkers of microbial stress, but stress biomarkers were lower in all biosolid treated soils, presumably due to increased availability of nutrients mitigating potential TCS toxicity.
Optimization of Coagulation with PFS‐PDADMAC Composite Coagulants Using the Response Surface Methodology Experimental Design Technique
Authors: Tshukudu Tiroyaone , Zheng Huaili , Yang Jun
Published: January 2013

In this study, two composite coagulants, PFPD1, and PFPD2, were prepared and studied with the inorganic polymer coagulant PFS. A response surface design was used to investigate the effect that changes in the level of coagulant dose and coagulation pH have on residual turbidity and TOC. In addition, the optimum combinations of dose and pH, that yield the lowest residual turbidity and TOC, were determined. The results revealed that the optimum conditions for the three coagulants were a dosage of 204 mg/L and pH of 8.06 for PFS; a dosage of 179 mg/L and pH of 7.99 for PFPD1; and a dosage of 112 mg/L and pH of 7.65 for PFPD2. The models showed that for residual turbidity, the effectiveness of the coagulants in decreasing order was PFS>PFPD1>PFPD2, while for residual TOC, the order was PFPD2>PFPD1>PFS. The verification experiments demonstrated that a RSM approach was appropriate for optimizing the coagulation‐flocculation process.
The Effects of Solids Retention Time in Full‐Scale Activated Sludge Basins on Trace Organic Contaminant Concentrations
Authors: Gerrity Daniel , Holady Janie C. , Mawhinney Douglas B. , Quiñones Oscar , Trenholm Rebecca A. , Snyder Shane A.
Published: January 2013

Although pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are largely unregulated, water resource recovery facilities are increasingly using advanced chemical/physical treatment technologies (e.g., advanced oxidation and reverse osmosis) to remove or destroy these trace organic contaminants (TOrCs). This can both reduce potential adverse human health effects in reuse applications and mitigate environmental effects on aquatic ecosystems. Unfortunately, advanced treatment technologies are typically energy intensive and costly to implement, operate, and maintain. The goal of this study was to determine whether optimization of solids retention time (SRT) provided sufficient benefits to warrant such operational strategies for TOrC mitigation. Specifically, SRTs of 5.5, 6, and 15 days were evaluated to determine the effects on several standard wastewater parameters (e.g., nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia concentrations) and the degradation of TOrCs. The experimental SRTs were operated simultaneously in parallel, full‐scale activated sludge basins. The results indicate that it can be beneficial to implement biological process optimization strategies using existing infrastructure while reducing reliance on advanced treatment technologies. This study also identified potential operational issues that might arise in activated sludge systems operating at extended SRTs.
Compressive strength and hydrolytic stability of fly ash based geopolymers
Authors: Nikolic Irena , Djurovic Dijana , Zejak Radomir , Karanovic Ljiljana , Tadic Milena , Blecic Dragoljub , Radmilovic Velimir
Published: January 2013

The process of geopolymerization involves the reaction of solid
aluminosilicate materials with highly alkaline silicate solution yielding an
aluminosilicate inorganic polymer named geopolymer, which may be successfully
applied in civil engineering as a replacement for cement. In this paper we
have investigated the influence of synthesis parameters: solid to liquid
ratio, NaOH concentration and the ratio of Na2SiO3/NaOH, on the mechanical
properties and hydrolytic stability of fly ash based geopolymers in distilled
water, sea water and simulated acid rain. The highest value of compressive
strength was obtained using 10 mol dm-3 NaOH and at the Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of
1.5. Moreover, the results have shown that mechanical properties of fly ash
based geopolymers are in correlation with their hydrolytic stability. Factors
that increase the compressive strength also increase the hydrolytic stability
of fly ash based geopolymers. The best hydrolytic stability of fly ash based
geopolymers was shown in sea water while the lowest stability was recorded in
simulated acid rain.
The Evolution of the Returns to Education for 21- to 35-Year-Olds in Canada and across Provinces: Results from the 1991–2006 Analytical Census Files
Authors: Bourbeau Emmanuelle , Lefebvre Pierre , Merrigan Philip
Published: January 2013

Cette étude trace l’évolution des rendements de l’éducation des jeunes canadiens, selon des niveaux d’éducation relativement détaillés, le sexe et les provinces de 1990 à 2005, en s’appuyant sur les larges échantillons des fichiers analytiques des recensements. La croissance des rendements pour l’éducation supérieure, en particulier chez les femmes, est plus élevée que pour celle de la population totale des travailleurs. On trouve qu’il existe une grande hétérogénéité dans les rendements entre les provinces et les sexes, en particulier chez les niveaux d’éducation inférieurs à l’université. Enfin, on trouve une forte augmentation des rendements de l’expérience potentielle pour les deux sexes de 1990 à 2005.
Bruno Latour and the Ontological Dissolution of Nature in the Social Sciences: A Critical Review
Authors: Pollini Jacques
Published: January 2013

The concept of nature is central in any reflection about the relationships between humans and their environment. It is frequently under attack, which created a divide in academia that might partly explain the science war of the 1990s and that is still latent. This article is an attempt to make a step ahead in this debate. It responds to the anti-essentialist critique of nature formulated by Bruno Latour in his influential book Politiques de la nature. It shows that nature as an objective nonsocial reality must be conceptualised and studied if the relationships between humans and their environment are to be properly understood and managed. It proposes a definition of the word nature that is compatible with both an essentialist view of nature and the nonseparation of nature and culture. Eventually, it argues that such a return to an essentialist view of nature does not imply the use of nature as a benchmark to measure morality.
Health Care Exclusion: An Examination in Bangladesh
Authors: Nury Abu Taher Md Sanaullah , Sayem Amir Mohammad
Published: January 2013

Bangladesh has made significant progress in many of its social development indicators particularly in health; however, a vast portion of its people still does not use health care services from medically trained providers. An attempt has been made in this study to investigate levels and patterns of health care exclusion among women in Bangladesh. A face to face cross-sectional survey was carried out in a total of 674 married women, selected with the convenience sampling technique. This study was carried out in Bancharampur sub-district under Bramman Baria district and Mirpur sub-district under Dhaka district from 1st July to 30th July in 2010. Results revealed that the mean health care exclusion score was 14.0 (SD=4.40) out of 21. The least used reason to explain health care exclusion was A doctor recommended a surgery for a family member but we did not have it done, with only 9.9% of the subjects giving this reason. The most common reason was A child in the family was sick but was unable to obtain the required health care (32.6%). Multivariate regression analysis found that the independent variables explained 37.8% of variance. Significant association of health care exclusion appeared with the participants' level of education (B= -0.183, CI= -0.264 to -0.102), the familys wealth status (B= -0.803, CI= -0.970 to -0.637), family size (B=0.315, CI=0.214 to 0.416), exposure to mass media (B=0.415, CI=0.218 to 0.612) and history of health care service use (B=1.971, CI=1.238 to 2.705). It is suggested that women's education specific to health care utilization, increasing health related mass media exposure and providing counselling on positive aspects of health care by health professionals to the patients coming to the clinic are necessary to reduce health are exclusion.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v1i1.13208 South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2011:1:17-23
Status of low birth weight at a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh for a Selected Period
Authors: Yasmeen Sharmeen , Azim Ehsamul
Published: January 2013

In Bangladesh, the prevalence of low birth weight is unacceptably high. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out during the period of June to September 2009 among the mothers whose babies were born in Bangladesh Medical College, a tertiary level hospital situated in Dhaka, to assess the proportion of children born with low birth weight. The mothers of 102 babies born within the specified period were chosen purposively for this study. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used as the research instrument and data was collected from them by face to face interviews. Results revealed that the proportion of low birth weight babies was 25.49% (n-26). Most of the low birth weight babies (30.77%) identified came from families with an average monthly income of less than 5,000 Taka. Among 26 low birth weight babies, 21 (80.77%) were born before completing 37 weeks and only three (19.23%) were born after completing 37 weeks of the gestational period. Significant association was found between low birth weight babies and family income (p<0.001), and between low birth weight babies and pre-term (p<.0001). It is considered that the present findings of this study will not only help initiate measures to combat the problem in the future but also serve as a useful basis for research and planning. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v1i1.13209 South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2011:1:24-27
A fitness assessment study among young fishermen of coastal areas of East Midnapore District of West Bengal, India
Authors: Sengupta Pallav , Sahoo Sobhana
Published: January 2013

Being the fourth most populated state of India, West Bengal has a population of about 82 million, of which a major percentage is represented by coastal fishing communities who are habituated to do a physically demanding occupation which may have a positive influence on their the physical parameters. Thus the present investigation was designed in order to assess the influence of fishery, such a physically demanding occupation on physical fitness and to compare whether fishermen have more cardiovascular fitness and anaerobic power than sedentary workers or not. The study was conducted in 15 randomly selected male fishermen of the Midnapore District (East), West Bengal, India (mean age of 22.5), and the 15 college students (mean age of 21.9) served as a control group. A significant difference (p<0.05) in blood pressure, PFI, energy expenditure, body fat% and anaerobic power was found in fishermen. But, in contrast, BSA, BMI, resting heart rate, VO2max, mean upper arm circumference, thigh and calf circumferences were found to be non-significant. This study implies fishermen have more physical fitness (cardiovascular fitness) and muscle mass, but a lower percentage of body fat than the sedentary population. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v1i1.13210 South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2011:1:28-34
Burden and vulnerability of hypertension in a rural population of Patna, Bihar, India
Authors: Singh Rashmi , Sinha Ranjeet K , Mani Chandra , Singh Ritu , Pal Ranabir
Published: January 2013

Population based studies on hypertension from rural Bihar have not been reported earlier. We conducted a study to find the prevalence and the risk factors of hypertension in a rural adult population. In this cross-sectional community based study, 1083 men and women, aged 30 years and above, residing at 10 randomly selected villages of Phulwarisarif Block of Patna District of Bihar were recruited. Using house to house interviews with a semi-structured pretested schedule, the sociodemographic risk factors were recorded. Hypertension and pre-hypertension were classified using JNC-VII criteria. Overall prevalence of hypertension was 23.73%; among them mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 144.8±17.14 and 89.04±9.25 mm of Hg respectively. Among those who were hypertensive, the age cluster was higher (50.6±12.7 years) than those who were normotensive (43.8±12.4 years) with a significant male preponderance. Hypertension was significantly associated with a higher body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, along with the sedentary lifestyle. However, there was not an association with consumption of alcohol and smoking. The study highlighted the need for initiation of high risk hypertension screening in rural Bihar as the awareness on and its risk factors was very low. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v1i1.13221 South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2011:1:53-58
Magnitude, causes and management of avoidable blindness: A cross-sectional study in Pravara Rural Hospital of Rural Medical College, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Avachat Shubhada , Kamble Suchit , Phalke Deepak , Bangal Surekha , Zambare Mrinal
Published: January 2013

There are an estimated 180 million people worldwide who have a visual impairment. Out of that number, nearly 45 million are blind and four out of five of them live in developing countries. One-third of the world's blind people (15 million) and 50% of the world's blind children (0.7 million) live in the South-East Asia Region. Approximately 90% of all the cases of blindness in this region are avoidable. The present study was conducted in a tertiary health center, Pravara Rural Hospital of Rural Medical College Loni, Maharashtra, India, to examine the magnitude of preventable causes of blindness and to investigate the various causes responsible for blindness along with treatment offered. Out of 703 patients examined in the ophthalmology department in January 2011, 588 (83.6%) patients had avoidable blindness 525 from the outpatient department and 63 from the inpatient department. The Most common cause was cataract (60.95%), followed by refractive error (26%), whereas vitamin A deficiency and retinopathy were least common causes of avoidable blindness in our study. The baseline data presented by the present study about magnitude, causes and management of avoidable blindness will help to make 'Vision 2020' successful. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v1i1.13225 South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2011:1:68-70
Does free distribution of ITN affect its usage? A survey among mothers/caregivers in Ilaro Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Adewole Adekanmi , Faparusi Foluso , Alli Funmilayo Falilat
Published: January 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v1i1.13226South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2011:1:71-72
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells without c-Myc Attenuate Acute Kidney Injury via Downregulating the Signaling of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Ischemia–Reperfusion Rats
Authors: Lee Pei-Ying , Chien Yueh , Chiou Guang-Yuh , Lin Chi-Hung , Chiou Chih-Hwa , Tarng Der-Cherng
Published: January 2013

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have potential for multilineage differentiation and provide a resource for stem cell-based treatment. However, the therapeutic effect of iPS cells on acute kidney injury (AKI) remains uncertain. Given that the oncogene c-Myc may contribute to tumorigenesis by causing genomic instability, herein we evaluated the therapeutic effect of iPS cells without exogenously introduced c-Myc on ischemia–reperfusion (I/R)-induced AKI. As compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated group, administration of iPS cells via intrarenal arterial route into kidneys improved the renal function and attenuated tubular injury score at 48 h after ischemia particularly at the dose of 5 × 105 iPS cells. However, a larger number of iPS cells (5 × 107 per rat) diminished the therapeutic effects for AKI and profoundly reduced renal perfusion detected by laser Doppler imaging in the reperfusion phase. In addition, the green fluorescence protein-positive iPS cells mobilized to the peritubular area at 48 h following ischemia, accompanied by a significant reduction in infiltration of macrophages and apoptosis of tubular cells, and a remarkable enhancement in endogenous tubular cell proliferation. Importantly, transplantation of iPS cells reduced the expression of oxidative substances, proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic factors in I/R kidney tissues and eventually improved survival in rats of ischemic AKI. Six months after transplantation in I/R rats, engrafted iPS cells did not result in tumor formation in kidney and other organs. In summary, considering the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties of iPS cells without c-Myc, transplantation of such cells may be a treatment option for ischemic AKI.
An Ectopic Stromal Implant Model for Hematopoietic Reconstitution and in Vivo Evaluation of Bone Marrow Niches
Authors: Paraguassú-Braga Flávio Henrique , Alves Ana Paula G. , Andrade Santos Isabella Maria Alvim , Bonamino Martin , Bonomo Adriana
Published: January 2013

In adults, hematopoiesis takes places in the bone marrow, where specialized niches containing mesenchymal nonhematopoietic cells (stroma) harbor the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). These niches are responsible and essential for the maintenance of HSCs. Attempts to expand HSCs fail to keep the general properties of stem cells, which depend on several niche components difficult to reproduce in in vitro culture systems. Here, we describe a methodology for in vivo study of hematopoietic stroma. We use stroma-loaded macroporous microcarriers implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of experimental animals and show that the ectopic stroma implant (ESI) is able to support hematopoiesis. Moreover, lethally irradiated mice can be rescued by ESI preloaded with HSCs, showing that they function as an ectopic bone marrow. ESI is also shown as a good system to study the role of different niche components. As an example, we used stromas lacking connexin 43 (Cx43) and confirm the importance of this molecule in the maintenance of the HSC niche in vivo. We believe ESI can work as an ectopic bone marrow allowing in vivo testing of different niches components and opening new avenues for the treatment of a variety of hematologic conditions particularly when stromal cell defects are the main cause of disease.
Application of Human Persistent Fetal Vasculature Neural Progenitors for Transplantation in the Inner Retina
Authors: Chen Guochun , Ma Jie , Shatos Marie A. , Chen Huihui , Cyr Desirée , Lashkari Kameran
Published: January 2013

Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) is a potentially serious developmental anomaly in human eyes, which results from a failure of the primary vitreous and the hyaloid vascular systems to regress during development. Recent findings from our laboratory indicate that fibrovascular membranes harvested from subjects with PFV contain neural progenitor cells (herein called NPPFV cells). Our studies on successful isolation, culture, and characterization of NPPFV cells have shown that they highly express neuronal progenitor markers (nestin, Pax6, and Ki67) as well as retinal neuronal markers (β-III-tubulin and Brn3a). In the presence of retinoic acid and neurotrophins, these cells acquire a neural morphological appearance in vitro, including a round soma and extensive neurites, and express mature neuronal markers (β-III-tubulin and NF200). Further experiments, including real-time qRT-PCR to quantify characteristic gene expression profiles of these cells and Ca2+ imaging to evaluate the response to stimulation with different neurotransmitters, indicate that NPPFV cells may resemble a more advanced stage of retinal development and show more differentiation toward inner retinal neurons rather than photoreceptors. To explore the potential of inner retinal transplantation, NPPFV cells were transplanted intravitreally into the eyes of adult C57BL/6 mice. Engrafted NPPFV cells survived well in the intraocular environment in presence of rapamycin and some cells migrated into the inner nuclear layer of the retina 1 week posttransplantation. Three weeks after transplantation, NPPFV cells were observed to migrate and integrate in the inner retina. In response to daily intraperitoneal injections of retinoic acid, a portion of transplanted NPPFV cells exhibited retinal ganglion cell-like morphology and expressed mature neuronal markers (β-III-tubulin and synaptophysin). These findings indicate that fibrovascular membranes from human PFV harbor a population of neuronal progenitors that may be potential candidates for cell-based therapy for degenerative diseases of the inner retina.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Can Abrogate Chemical-Induced Liver Fibrosis and Facilitate Recovery of Liver Function
Authors: Harn Horng-Jyh , Lin Shinn-Zong , Hung Shih-Hsiao , Subeq Yi-Maun , Li Yuan-Sheng , Syu Wan-Sin , Ding Dah-Ching , Lee Ru-Ping , Hsieh Dean-Kuo , Lin Po-Cheng , Chiou Tzyy-Wen
Published: January 2013

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are easy to harvest and have the ability for self-renewal and to differentiate into various cell types, including those of the hepatic lineage. Studies on the use of ADSCs for liver transplantation are, however, limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using human ADSCs and to better understand their mechanism of action for the repair of liver damage in a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced model of chronic liver damage in the rat. To induce liver damage, 200 mg/kg TAA was injected intraperitoneally into Wistar rats every 3 days for 60 days. For cell therapy, 1 × 106 human ADSCs suspended in 300 ml of phosphate-buffered saline were transplanted into each experimental rat by direct liver injection. Immunohistochemistry showed that the transplanted ADSCs differentiated into albumin- and α-fetoprotein-secreting liver-like cells 1 week after transplantation. In addition, liver function recovered significantly, as determined by biochemical analyses that analyzed total bilirubin, prothrombin time, and albumin levels. The Metavir score, derived from histopathological analysis, also showed a significant decrease in liver fibrosis and inflammatory activity after ADSC transplantation. Finally, we found a reduction in the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, a marker of hepatic stellate cells, which produce collagen fiber, and an increase in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, which degrades collagen fiber, after ADSC transplantation. These findings are consistent with abrogation of liver fibrosis in the ADSC therapy group. Consequently, these results suggest that ADSC transplantation may facilitate recovery from chronic liver damage and thus may have clinical applications.
Allogeneic Adipose-Derived Stem Cells with Low Immunogenicity Constructing Tissue-Engineered Bone for Repairing Bone Defects in Pigs
Authors: Ren Ming-Liang , Peng Wei , Yang Zai-Liang , Sun Xin-Jun , Zhang Shi-Chang , Wang Zheng-Guo , Zhang Bo
Published: January 2013

The ideal cells for tissue engineering should have the following characteristics: easy obtainment, safety, immune privilege, the capability of self-renewal, and multipotency. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a promising candidate. However, the immunogenicity of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells limits their long-term benefits. In this study, we introduced human cytomegalovirus US2/US3 gene into the ADSCs to decrease the expression of MHC I protein of ADSCs and reduce the activation of T-cells of the recipient animals. Moreover, the biosafety and biological characteristics of ADSCs transfected with the US2/US3 genes (ADSCs-US2/US3) were similar to normal ADSCs. Then we took ADSCs-US2/US3 to construct a tissue-engineered bone for repairing bone defects in pigs and found that there were no great differences in repair effects or healing time between the allogeneic ADSCs-US2/US3 group and the autologous ADSC group. These results suggest that allogeneic ADSCs-US2/US3 have the advantages of biological safety, low immunogenicity, and effective osteogenesis. Such barely immunogenic ADSCs will be crucial for the success of future tissue-regenerative approaches.
Lentiviral-Encoded shRNA Silencing of Proteoglycan Decorin Enhances Tendon Repair and Regeneration within a Rat Model
Authors: Lu Ping , Zhang Guo-Rong , Cai You-Zhi , Heng Boon Chin , Ren Hao , Wang Lin-Lin , Ji Junfeng , Zou Xiao-Hui , Ouyang Hong-Wei
Published: January 2013

Injured tendons often heal with scar tissue formation, resulting in uniformly smaller collagen fibrils and poor mechanical properties. The small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin is well known to regulate fusion of collagen fibrils. Rat patellar tendon cells were transfected with lentiviral-encoded shRNA that specifically targets decorin. Silencing of decorin expression resulted in decreased cell growth. Three types of scaffold-free engineered tendons with different mix ratios of anti-decorin shRNA-treated cells to untreated cells at 1:0 (DCN), 1:1 (MIX), and 0:1 (CON) were utilized for repair of injured patellar tendons. Four weeks after implantation in situ, the MIX group manifested the best results (best coordination of histology, more mature collagen deposition, and larger collagen fibril diameter). Although the DCN group exhibited the largest collagen fibril diameter, this was associated with abnormal shape. Hence, regulation of decorin expression to an appropriate level is crucial for tendon repair with gene therapy.
Déconstruction de la psychologie du développement dans les pays anglophones
Authors: Burman Erica
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article est une revue des conceptions critiques de la psychologie du développement, situées dans le contexte historique de ces quarante dernières années et à partir des textes de langue anglaise. La première partie traite du déroulement de ces controverses au sein du contexte britannique. Il expose également les liens avec d’autres traditions ayant contribué aux cadres critiques de la psychologie du développement, tout en ayant développé leurs propres orientations. Dans un deuxième temps, l’auteur propose un examen de ces controverses et des points clefs à approfondir.
Nouvelles normes adultes du test de Rorschach et évolution sociétale : quelques réflexions
Authors: de Tychey Claude , Huckel Clotilde , Rivat Mélanie , Claudon Philippe
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cette étude, réalisée dans l’Est de la France, en Lorraine, a eu pour objectif de réactualiser les normes du test de Rorschach (système de l’école de Paris-Descartes), dans une cohorte de 310 sujets adultes tout-venant, n’ayant jamais demandé de consultation psychologique ou psychiatrique durant leur vie, âgés de 25 à 65 ans et divisés en trois groupes (25-39 ans, 40-54 ans, 55-65 ans), en fonction de l’âge et de la catégorie socioprofessionnelle, sachant que les différences liées au sexe apparaissent non significatives. Les résultats obtenus montrent que si certains des indicateurs Rorschach sont demeurés stables dans le temps, à 90 ans d’intervalle, par rapport au travail initial de Rorschach (1921), comme le A%, H%, F%, R, par exemple, d’autres ont suivi une évolution importante (par exemple, G%, F+%, liste des banalités, rapport A/Ad, rapport H/Hd). Cette évaluation, conjointement avec une analyse serrée des scenarii kinesthésiques et de la nouvelle méthodologie mise en place, au niveau de l’épreuve des choix et rejets, visant à demander au sujet, en plus de la procédure classique, de choisir une planche maternelle, paternelle et une planche pour l’auto-représenter, étayent l’hypothèse d’une évolution sociétale, conduisant à une fragilisation des assises narcissiques et à une difficulté croissante de construction d’une identité sexuée. Cette dernière va de pair avec une augmentation grandissante des modes d’organisation limite-narcissique dans la population tout-venant. Des pistes de recherche futures sont suggérées.
Technique et violence
Authors: Burbage Frank
Published: January 2013

Il est judicieux de faire appel au concept heideggérien de Gestell – « dispositif », « arraisonnement » – pour observer et interpréter les figures contemporaines de la violence : celle qui est faite non seulement aux hommes, mais plus généralement à la Terre tout entière, aux natures comme aux cultures qui se voient détruites ou empêchées de se déployer librement. Mais il y a à distinguer entre deux questions : celle de l’exacerbation de la violence – qui advient lorsque celle-ci s’industrialise – et celle, fort complexe, de ses origines. Lorsqu’il s’agit de prendre en compte l’origine raciste des politiques de purification ethniques qui ont structuré l’extermination de masse au xx e siècle, en particulier sous le nazisme, l’interprétation heideggérienne de la violence se révèle des plus problématiques.
Le dénuement éthique
Authors: Sfez Gérald
Published: January 2013

Après Discours, figure (1971) qui montrait l’irréductibilité du visuel, Lyotard est saisi, en lisant Levinas, par une autre altérité à la logique du savoir : celle de l’obligation morale. Sa méditation rencontre le nouveau geste de sa philosophie ( Le Différend , 1983). En articulant l’obligation à la pensée du tort et du différend, dans un dialogue constant avec Levinas et Kant et leur épreuve réciproque, Lyotard achève le mouvement lévinasien de rupture avec toute philosophie de l’autonomie et procédure d’universalisation. Tandis qu’il conduit la pensée lévinasienne à l’acuité de ses justesses et de ses impasses, il la décentre et inscrit le régime de l’obligation dans une configuration générale du différend constamment conflictuel entre plusieurs régimes de « phrases » jamais apaisées. L’éthique requiert l’aporie, l’absence de garantie, et, par là, la ressource du jugement. Il n’y a pas plus à chercher de relève dans un terme-refuge ou une autre instance et modalité de dernier recours : ni politique, ni esthétique. Le dénuement est le paradigme de la responsabilité. L’écriture, évasive par avance, en est « la trace toute vide ».
Peut-être une politique...
Authors: Bennington Geoffrey
Published: January 2013

Le dernier Lyotard se détournerait de toute apparence du politique vers l’enfance et l’écriture. Et pourtant, nous essayons de montrer qu’à force d’approfondir la question du différend, du « différend même », de la phrase-affect et d’élaborer le rapport entre phonè et logos , Lyotard se retrouve encore et toujours à la racine du politique (chez Aristote, chez Hobbes), là où zoon politikon et zoon echon logon nous posent encore des questions, là où se trouve l’origine du langage, au plus près de ce qu’une « nature » nous réserve encore de surprises.
Autorité et stabilité dans la théorie rawlsienne de la justice
Authors: Vincent Hubert
Published: January 2013

On analyse ici le paragraphe 70 de la Théorie de la justice de Rawls, qui a pour titre « La morale de l’autorité ». Mais d’abord il faut brièvement situer ce paragraphe dans l’économie générale du livre. Le thème de cette morale de l’autorité relève d’une théorie générale du développement moral de l’enfant, et Rawls dira en ce sens explicitement qu’il se situe là dans un champ de questions ouvert par Rousseau, Freud, Piaget et Kohlberg. Mais pourquoi le théoricien de la justice est forcé d’en venir à ce type de question, et quel éclairage il apporte sur l’efficace des institutions, c’est ce qu’il faut d’abord expliquer.
L'enceinte
Authors: Wiser Antonin
Published: January 2013

Tout au long de son histoire, la philosophie s’est sentie menacée par le moment sensuel de l’art, le plaisir pris qui risquait de mettre la raison hors d’elle-même. Là où Platon s’en défendit par l’exclusion de la poésie hors de l’enceinte de la cité philosophique, Kant tenta de le domestiquer en l’intégrant au dedans des murs du système. Il espérait ainsi, en assignant une place déterminée au plaisir et au désir, en maîtriser les débordements. Mais le pouvoir de séduction de l’art, comme celui des femmes auquel Kant le renvoie, ne se laisseront pas si aisément contenir dans l’économie systémique et viendront déranger le subtil équilibre architectonique de l’édifice critique.
Le musée n'est pas un dispositif
Authors: Déotte Jean-Louis
Published: January 2013

Foucault a décrit quelques dispositifs qui articulent pouvoir et savoir, mais cela ne permet pas de rendre compte d’un certain nombre d’institutions ou d’appareils ayant affaire au visible – comme la perspective, le musée, la photographie, etc. – ou au musical – comme l’opéra ou le son. Ces derniers interviennent à un niveau plus fondamental, celui de la sensibilité commune ou du pré-individuel en faisant époque et monde. Dans cette série, le musée a une place à part puisqu’il sépare dans l’œuvre d’art ce qui relevait de cette puissance de destination de l’esthétique elle-même. C’est la raison pour laquelle il n’appartient pas aux différents théâtres de mémoire qui donnent leur assise aux sociétés. Certes le musée peut être le lieu de l’histoire de l’art, mais surtout il fait entrer les œuvres dans une communication générale où la plus récente invente le passé comme sa cause matérielle.
Visages fendus
Authors: Grollemund Bruno , Danion-Grilliat Anne , Smaniotto Alessia , Gruillot Étienne
Published: January 2013

Communément appelées « becs-de-lièvre », les fentes labiales assorties ou non d’une fente palatine (FLP) sont les malformations cranio-faciales les plus fréquentes chez l’homme, avec une prévalence en France d’environ une pour 700 naissances. Leur origine provient d’un défaut de coalescence des bourgeons faciaux au cours de l’embryogenèse. Pouvant varier d’une forme frustre à une forme complète, leur prise en charge réparatrice est pluridisciplinaire, faisant appel aux soins de chirurgiens, d’orthodontistes, d’orthophonistes, d’ORL, de psychiatres ou de psychologues, et vise à rétablir les fonctions organiques et l’esthétique du visage de l’enfant. Cette malformation et les cicatrices qu’elle laisse révèlent l’importante tension du rapport à soi et aux autres qu’éprouvent les parents et l’enfant au cours de leur vie.
Les patients greffés sont-ils malades ?
Authors: Biaudet Julien
Published: January 2013

Notre article vise à montrer que pour certains patients greffés, la situation thérapeutique est paradoxale dans la mesure où ils sont définis comme étant non malades par les médecins. Ces patients au corps précarisé, soumis à un traitement anti-rejet à vie, ne partagent pas la définition médicale de leur situation ; la figure d’un patient non malade peut elle-même apparaître inconcevable. Nous verrons d’abord que cette figure est soutenue par la représentation mécaniste du corps, puis nous observerons ensuite le positionnement des personnes transplantées au sujet de la maladie.
« Vivre-avec »
Authors: Ménil Alain
Published: January 2013

Comment vivre quand guérir est un vœu illusoire ? Interroger les représentations de la maladie doit nous permettre de penser autrement son expérience, en réinscrivant le soin dans son horizon de vie.
Vérité et affectivité dans la phénoménologie matérielle
Authors: Giraud Vincent
Published: January 2013

L’étude du concept de vérité constitue une voie d’entrée privilégiée dans la pensée de Michel Henry. Dès les premières pages de L’Essence de la manifestation , en 1963, le philosophe déclarait en effet massivement que « le problème de la philosophie est le problème de la vérité ». C’est que le problème de la vérité, pensé à partir de la manifestation, n’offre pas seulement le reflet fidèle des thèses philosophiques henryennes, il permet en outre de mettre au jour les inflexions et radicalisations critiques que l’auteur de Phénoménologie matérielle fait subir à la méthode phénoménologique elle-même. Avec Henry, ce concept, l’un des principaux et des plus anciens de la métaphysique occidentale, se trouve refondé à partir d’une attention exclusive portée au phénomène, et à ce qui en lui apparaît.
La portée ontologique et épistémologique de l'art dans la philosophie de Ravaisson
Authors: Nouailles Bertrand
Published: January 2013

Félix Ravaisson est un philosophe qui fut à l’écoute des arts. Ce point n’est pas anecdotique. On cherche ici à mettre au jour ce qui, dans le cheminement de la pensée de Ravaisson, l’a poussé à interroger la pratique artistique, et au premier chef le dessin. Notre hypothèse est que l’art est, avec l’habitude, peut-être même mieux que l’habitude, la voie d’accès à l’essence de l’Être qui éconduit définitivement la représentation.
La critique, un dire vrai
Authors: Rambeau Frédéric
Published: January 2013

La parrêsia (le « dire vrai » dans l’Antiquité), que Foucault étudie dans son dernier cours au Collège de France ( Le Courage de la vérité ), pourrait bien apparaître, rétrospectivement, comme la formule même des « problématisations » foucaldiennes : une pratique critique grâce à laquelle nous ne sommes plus tant objectivés que subjectivés par notre rapport à la vérité. La radicalisation cynique de la parrêsia rapporte l’éthique du souci de soi du dernier Foucault à l’exigence politique d’une émancipation lucide et rageuse : le rapport à soi est l’élément qui permet au dire vrai d’articuler ses effets dans le champ politique et d’instaurer, à même la matérialité d’une forme de vie singulière, une vérité autre que celle du pouvoir.
Réflexions sur l'épistémè foucaldienne
Authors: Vuillemin Jean-Claude
Published: January 2013

Alors que l’épistémologie détermine les conditions de vérité du savoir, le travail « archéologique » de Foucault consiste à mettre au jour les systèmes implicites qui en dessinent la possibilité. Toutefois, ce n’est pas parce que l’individu est pris dans une épistémè contraignante qu’il est privé de liberté. Prônant l’interdépendance du théorique et du pratique, Foucault postule qu’il existe des processus de subjectivation qui, tout en faisant de l’individu un « sujet éthique », lui permettent en outre de dépasser l’assujettissement qui pourtant le conditionne. Échappant à l’empire de la structure et récusant l’illusion du sujet, le concept d’ épistémè est compatible avec l’exigence d’une liberté lucide.
À quoi sert Marcel Duchamp ?
Authors: Cometti Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2013

L’héritage dont on a coutume de créditer Marcel Duchamp nous place face à des ambiguïtés que son seul nom ne suffit pas à dissiper. L’artiste le plus cérébral de son temps est aussi celui qui se prête le moins aux « théories » ou aux semblants de définition qu’il a inspirés. La question que pose Duchamp est moins celle de la marque qu’il a durablement imprimée à notre art, que celle de savoir par quelle ironie et à la faveur de quel malentendu on a pu voir en lui l’artisan décisif d’une révolution dont nous serions les héritiers. Duchamp ne parlait pas « au nom de l’art ». On ne peut rien inférer de son « indifférence », sinon les réserves que le mot « art » devrait nous inspirer.
Marcel Duchamp : trois méthodes pour mettre le hasard en conserve
Authors: Troche Sarah
Published: January 2013

Si le hasard est, dès 1913, un acteur à part entière de la production de Duchamp, il semble difficile d’en parler de manière générale, indépendamment des mécaniques ingénieuses inventées par l’auteur pour le « mettre en conserve ». Car le hasard, loin d’être un symbole de la chance ou de l’irrationnel, est avant tout une opération de pensée, qui se réinvente dans chaque œuvre à travers des méthodes différentes. Ainsi l’ Erratum musical permet-il de questionner la notion d’empreinte mémorielle, les formes aléatoires des  3 stoppages étalon érodent la norme du mètre par excès de précision, et l’ Obligation pour la roulette de Monte-Carlo transforme la martingale en jeu de patience. En portant une attention précise aux opérations de hasard spécifiques à chaque œuvre ainsi qu’aux mouvements de pensée qui les accompagnent, nous verrons comment ces objets se font écho en élaborant, chacun à leur manière, une esthétique suspensive.
La progéniture de Duchamp
Authors: Guerrin Frédéric
Published: January 2013

L’œuvre de Marcel Duchamp pose à nouveaux frais la question classique du génie de l’artiste, de sa puissance de création. Voulant échapper à l’impératif de l’œuvre, Duchamp emprunte la voie du ready-made, du tout fait. Or, ce tout fait, fût-il choisi dans l’indifférence, n’en recèle pas moins le procès industriel de sa production. Si bien qu’en ces lieux singuliers de la réplique, de la série, exemplairement obtenues par moulage ou emboutissage, se rejoueront dans l’opéra de Duchamp de surprenants imaginaires tant de la création que de la procréation. Feuille de vigne femelle ou Coin de chasteté, exemplifiant les ressources matricielles de la reproduction par moulage, donneront à voir les figures, si nécessaires au processus créatif de Duchamp, du pli, de la fissure, de la section.
Striptease : désarticuler Duchamp par le genre
Authors: Zabunyan Elvan
Published: January 2013

Marcel Duchamp, plus qu’aucun autre artiste du XX e siècle, a marqué de façon irréversible l’histoire de l’art contemporain, provoquant avec Fontaine (1917) un point de non-retour ouvrant la voie à des pratiques artistiques libérées du joug académique. Alors que la question de l’érotisme est souvent convoquée par l’artiste d’une façon explicite ou allégorique, la réception de cet érotisme par les artistes femmes, engagées dans une représentation critique du sexe féminin et du genre au début des années 1970, produit une interprétation inédite et féministe de l’œuvre de Duchamp.
Autour du « monde de l'art »
Authors: Danto Arthur Coleman , De Duve Thierry , Shusterman Richard
Published: January 2013

Dans le cadre des rencontres Contested Territories : Conversations in Practice qu’elle organise en partenariat avec la Chelsea School of Art and Design et la Naked Punch Review , la Tate Modern a réuni le 2 février 2006 Arthur Danto, Thierry de Duve et Richard Shusterman pour une table ronde portant sur le célèbre article publié par Danto en 1964, « Le monde de l’art 1 », et les questions qu’il continue de soulever. Voici la traduction de leurs exposés et de leurs échanges.
Quelle structure des connaissances dans la recherche française en comptabilité, contrôle et audit ?
Authors: Chtioui Tawhid , Soulerot Marion
Published: January 2013

Résumé Dans cet article, nous présentons les premiers résultats de l’étude bibliométrique de 7231 références citées dans 191 articles publiés dans la revue Comptabilité-Contrôle-Audit entre 1995 et 2004. Des analyses de citations et de co-citations ont été menées afin de dégager une structure objective des connaissances de la recherche en comptabilité, contrôle et audit.