bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals the Temporal Architecture of the Seminiferous Epithelial Cycle and Precise Sertoli-Germ Synchronization
Authors: Chakravorty Arun , Simons Benjamin D. , Yoshida Shosei , Cai Long
Published: October 2024

Spermatogenesis is characterized by the seminiferous epithelial cycle, a periodic pattern of germ cell differentiation with a wave-like progression along the length of seminiferous tubules. While key signaling and metabolic components of the cycle are known, the transcriptional changes across the cycle and the correlations between germ cell and somatic lineages remain undefined. Here, we use spatial transcriptomics via RNA SeqFISH+ to profile 2,638 genes in 216,090 cells in mouse testis and identify a periodic transcriptional pattern across tubules that precisely recapitulates the seminiferous epithelial cycle, enabling us to map cells to specific timepoints along the developmental cycle. Analyzing gene expression in somatic cells reveals that Sertoli cells exhibit a cyclic transcriptional profile closely synchronized with germ cell development while other somatic cells do not demonstrate such synchronization. Remarkably, in mouse testis with drug-induced ablation of germ cells, Sertoli cells independently maintain their cyclic transcriptional dynamics. By analyzing expression data, we identify an innate retinoic acid cycle, a network of transcription factors with cyclic activation, and signaling from germ cells that could interact with this network. Together, this work leverages spatial geometries for mapping the temporal dynamics and reveals a regulatory mechanism in spermatogenesis where Sertoli cells oscillate and coordinate with the cyclical progression of germ cell development.

Graphical Abstract
Prevalence of female athlete triad (FAT) in rhythmic gymnastics, an aesthetic sport, and its association with risks of body-image distortion and eating disorders
Authors: Yoshitani-Kuwabara Kayo , Yumen Yukina , Takayama Yumi , Kitayama Natsuho , Hanzawa Fumiaki , Sakane Naoki , Nagai Narumi
Published: October 2024

Background

Female athlete triad (FAT), a syndrome linking low energy availability (LEA), menstrual dysfunction (MD), and impaired bone health, has serious potential consequences for sports performance and health. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated prevalences of each FAT component in female athletes of aesthetic and non-aesthetic sports and in non-athlete females, and its association with body image (BI) distortion and eating behaviors.

Methods

Google Forms was used to examine self-reported height and weight, menstruation conditions, history of stress fractures (HSF), BI, the Eating Attitude Test (EAT)-26 (indicator of eating disorder) scores, and eating behaviors; these attributes were compared between 3 groups (athletes of aesthetic sports [rhythmic gymnasts,n=40] and non-esthetic sports [volleyball players,n=46]; other females of the same age group [non-athletes,n=108]). To identify risk factors for each FAT component, multivariate logistic-regression analyses were used. LEA, MD, and HSF were dependent variables; rhythmic gymnasts, distorted BI, and EAT-26 scores were independent variables.

Results

Rhythmic gymnasts had a lower body mass index (p<0.001), higher LEA and MD prevalence (bothp<0.001), and greater percentage of participants with ≥2 FAT criteria (p<0.05) compared with other groups; exhibited higher distorted BI scores (p<0.05) than volleyball players; and tended to overestimate their body shape. Regarding eating behaviors, rhythmic gymnasts had higher EAT-26 scores (p<0.001) than other groups and significantly tended to skip breakfast (p<0.05) than non-athletes. Multivariate logistic-regression analysis revealed that rhythmic gymnasts and body-shape overestimation were independently associated with LEA; rhythmic gymnasts and high EAT-26 scores were independently associated with MD.

Conclusions

FAT prevalence was approximately 1.5 times higher among rhythmic gymnasts than among volleyball players and non-athletes. These findings suggest that rhythmic gymnasts are at a higher risk of FAT and being an athlete in aesthetic sports, body-shape overestimation, and higher EAT-26 scores are risk factors for FAT.
Trends in Substance Use-related Emergency Department Visits by Youth, 2018-2023
Authors: Renny Madeline H. , Stecher Yago , Vargas-Torres Carmen , Zebrowski Alexis M. , Merchant Roland C.
Published: October 2024

Background

Emergency departments (EDs) are a promising location for initiating substance use interventions for youth. Our objective was to determine trends in substance use-related ED visits for youth from 2018-2023, and investigate the patient characteristics, types of substance involved, and ED visit disposition and revisits.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of electronic health records (EHRs) from six EDs in an urban healthcare system to identify 12-21-year-old patients with a substance use-related ED visit from 2018 through 2023. Visits were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 10thRevision Clinical Modification codes for substance use involving alcohol, cannabis, sedative/hypnotics, opioids, cocaine/stimulants, and psychoactive substances. The proportion of substance use-related visits each year was calculated by age group (12-14y, 15-17y, and 18-21y), sex, race/ethnicity, and substance type. We used 2-sample tests of binomial proportion to compare proportions. Logistic regression was used to assess characteristics associated with substance use-related visits, hospital admissions, and ED revisits.

Results

Of 151,764 ED visits for 12-21-year-olds, 4,556 (3.0%) were for substance use. From 2018-2023, substance use-related ED visits increased from 2.8% to 3.4% of all ED visits (p < 0.001) and were most often by 18-21-year-olds (79.4%), yet there were significant increases in visits by younger age groups (12-14y and 15-17y). Visits for females increased from 43.4% in 2018 to 52.4% in 2023 (p< 0.001). Although visits for alcohol were most frequent (53.1%), cannabis visits increased from 17.9% to 35.3%, with increases across all age groups (p < 0.001). Nineteen percent of visits involved patients that had an ED revisit for a substance use-related diagnosis within one year.

Conclusion

Substance use-related ED visits increased from 2018 to 2023, with an increase in visits for cannabis over time. These findings can inform targeted ED-based interventions for substance use in youth.
Factors associated with tobacco smoking among beverage industrial workers and their spouses in Rwanda
Authors: Nsanzabera Charles , Rukundo Jean claude , Said Mustafe Yusuf , Ndayisenga Leonard
Published: October 2024

Background

Globally, smoking leads to over 7 million preventable deaths annually, with higher rates in men (16%) than women (7%). While smoking has declined in high-income countries, tobacco use in Rwanda is comparatively low, affecting 14% of men and 3% of women.

Objective

The study aimed to identify the factors associated with tobacco smoking among workers and their spouses in Rwanda.

Method

This research employed a cross-sectional study design conducted in a beverage manufacturing industry in Rwanda. The target population was 822 participants, including industry employees and their spouses, aged 30 to 75 years. Using the Cochrane formula, the initial sample size was determined to be 384, and after the non-response rate adjustment and correction, the final sample size was set at 440. The data collection was carried out from May to December 2018. A combination of stratified and simple random sampling was used to ensure the sample’s representativeness.

Results

The analysis reveals 6.8% were smokers and several key predictors of smoking behavior. Participants with elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (≥10%) have significantly higher odds of smoking, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.946 (95% CI: 1.102-7.875, p=0.03), suggesting that CVD risk is a crucial factor in smoking behavior due to overlapping lifestyle risks. Additionally, high serum uric acid (SUA) levels (≥7 mg/dl) are strongly associated with smoking, with an adjusted odds ratio of 4.278 (95% CI: 1.141-11.872, p=0.005), indicating that elevated SUA levels are over four times more likely to be linked to smoking. Age is another significant predictor, with participants aged 50 years or older being nearly three times more likely to smoke compared to younger individuals, as shown by an adjusted odds ratio of 2.766 (95% CI: 1.126-6.797, p=0.02). Participants with hypertension or those treated for hypertension have lower adjusted odds ratio of 0.380 (95% CI: 0.100-1.446, p=0.049).

Conclusion

The study found that tobacco smoking is relatively rare in this population, with elevated cardiovascular disease risk. High serum uric acid levels, and older age identified as significant predictors of smoking.

Author summary

What is already known on this topic

Tobacco smoking is a major global cause of preventable deaths, with higher smoking rates in men, and although smoking has declined in high-income countries, tobacco use remains relatively low in Rwanda.

What this study adds

The study identifies key factors associated with smoking among industrial workers and their spouses in Rwanda, including elevated cardiovascular disease risk, high serum uric acid levels, and older age.

How this study might affect research, practice, or policy

This study highlights important predictors of smoking in a Rwandan context, which could inform targeted public health strategies, smoking cessation programs, and policy decisions aimed at reducing tobacco use.
Phage CRISPR-like regulatory RNAs silence bacterial adaptive and innate immunity
Authors: Liu Chao , Wang Rui , Li Zhihua , Wang Wenhe , Yao Jiachen , Cheng Feiyue , Du Xiaoyu , Guan Linlin , Mestre Mario Rodríguez , Xu Jing , Xue Qiong , Du Jun , Zhou Tao , Shu Xian , Zhao Huiwei , Feng Yue , Pinilla-Redondo Rafael , Li Ming
Published: October 2024

In prokaryotes, arrayed CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) guide Cas proteins to destroy phage DNA/RNA, while solitary crRNA-like RNAs (crlRNAs) program Cas proteins for auto-regulation or to control abortive infection (Abi)-inducing toxins that activate when CRISPR-Cas fails. Here, we report that phages exploit crlRNA mimics to hijack these multi-layered host defenses.Pseudomonas aeruginosaphages use crlRNAs to thwart CRISPR-Cas immunity by inhibiting Cas expression, or to block Abi by silencing an unprecedented RNA toxin that features consecutive proline codons. Remarkably, the anti-CRISPR protein AcrIF24 selectively inhibits Cas proteins loaded with host crRNAs/crlRNAs, while allowing those complexed with viral crlRNAs to synergistically block Abi responses, as viral crlRNAs have co-adaptively evolved shorter spacer sequences. Furthermore, viral crlRNAs frequently organize as multiplexed arrays, mirroring the architecture of bacterial CRISPRs. Our findings showcase how phage RNAs hijack Cas proteins to silence multi-layered bacterial defenses, and highlight the delicate synergy between RNA and protein-based anti-CRISPR strategies.
The RNA exosome maintains cellular RNA homeostasis by controlling transcript abundance in the brain
Authors: Higginson Lauryn A. , Wang Xingjun , He Kevin , Torstrick Maggie , Kim Minhoo , Benayoun Bérénice A. , MacLean Adam , Chanfreau Guillaume F. , Morton Derrick J.
Published: October 2024

Intracellular ribonucleases (RNases) are essential in all aspects of RNA metabolism, including maintaining accurate RNA levels. Inherited mutations in genes encoding ubiquitous RNases are associated with human diseases, primarily affecting the nervous system. Recessive mutations in genes encoding an evolutionarily conserved RNase complex, the RNA exosome, lead to syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, such as Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 1b (PCH1b). We establish a CRISPR/Cas9-engineeredDrosophilamodel of PCH1b to study cell-type-specific post-transcriptional regulatory functions of the nuclear RNA exosome complex within fly head tissue. Here, we report that pathogenic RNA exosome mutations alter activity of the complex, causing widespread dysregulation of brain-enriched cellular transcriptomes, including rRNA processing defects—resulting in tissue-specific, progressive neurodegenerative effects in flies. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of RNA exosome function within a developed animal brain and underscore the critical role of post-transcriptional regulatory machinery in maintaining cellular RNA homeostasis within the brain.
A Novel Human TBCK- Neuronal Cell Model Results in Severe Neurodegeneration and Partial Rescue with Mitochondrial Fission Inhibition
Authors: Angireddy Rajesh , Karisetty Bhanu Chandra , Katsura Kaitlin A , Díaz Abdias , Murali Svathi , Smith Sarina , Ohl Laura , Clark Kelly , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Bhoj Elizabeth J.K.
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives

TBCK syndrome is a rare fatal pediatric neurodegenerative disease caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in theTBCKgene. Previous studies by our lab and others have implicated mTOR, autophagy, lysosomes, and intracellular mRNA transport, however the exact primary pathologic mechanism is unknown. This gap has prevented the development of targeted therapies.

Methods

We employed a human neural progenitor cell line (NPC), ReNcell VM, which can differentiate into neurons and astrocytes, to understand the role of TBCK in mTORC1 activity and neuronal autophagy and cellular mechanisms of pathology. We used shRNA technology to knockdown TBCK in ReNcells.

Results

These data showed that loss of TBCK did not inhibit mTORC1 activity in neither NPC nor neurons. Additionally, analysis of eight patient-derived cells and TBCK knock down HeLa cells showed that mTORC1 inhibition is inconsistent across different patients and cell types. We showed that TBCK knockdown in ReNcells affected NPC differentiation to neurons and astrocytes. Specifically, differentiation defects are coupled to cell cycle defects in NPC and increased cell death during differentiation. RNAseq analysis indicated the downregulation of several different neurodevelopmental and differentiation pathways. We observed a higher number of LC3-positive vesicles in the soma and neurites of TBCK knockdown cells. Further, TBCK knockdown altered mitochondrial dynamics and membrane potential in NPC, neurons and astrocytes. We found partial mitochondrial rescue with the mitochondrial fission inhibitor mdivi- 1.

Discussion

This work outlines a new Human Cell Model for TBCK-related neurodegeneration and the essential role of mitochondrial health and partial rescue with mitochondrial fission inhibitor. This data, along with human neurons and astrocytes, illuminate mechanisms of neurodegeneration and provide a possible novel therapeutic avenue for affected patients.
Tit wit: environmental and genetic drivers of cognitive variation along an urbanization gradient
Authors: Thompson MJ , Gervais L , Bharath D , Caro SP , Chaine AS , Perrier C , Réale D , Charmantier Anne
Published: October 2024

Cognitive abilities can promote acclimation and adaptation to life in cities. However, the genetic versus environmental drivers of cognition have rarely been studied in the wild and there exists a major gap concerning the role of cognition in adaptation to novel urban contexts. To address this, we evaluate cognitive variation in wild great tits (Parus major;N= 393) along an urban gradient, and decipher the genetic basis of this variation using a combination of a common garden experiment, quantitative genetic analyses, and genome-wide association studies. Specifically, we measure inhibitory control abilities which affect how animals respond to novel resources and challenges. We find that wild urban and forest tits do not clearly differ in inhibitory control performance (number of errors or the latency to escape) during a motor detour task; a result that was consistent in birds from urban and forest origins reared in a common garden (N= 73).

Cognitive performance was repeatable (R= 0.35 – 0.38) and showed low to moderate heritability in the wild (h2= 0.16 - 0.28 using social and genomic pedigrees). We identified five SNPs that were significantly associated with the number of errors during the task, explaining 21% of the cognitive variation. These SNPs are linked to genes related to serotonergic and dopaminergic systems that are known to play important roles in cognition. Altogether, our study finds limited evidence that inhibitory control abilities have evolved under novel urban contexts, yet reveals a genetic basis of this cognitive trait in great tits.
Conserved transcription factors coordinate synaptic gene expression through repression
Authors: Kentro James A. , Singh Gunjan , Pham Tuan M. , Currie Justin , Khullar Saniya , Medeiros Audrey T. , Tsiarli Maria , Larschan Erica , O’Connor-Giles Kate M.
Published: October 2024

Chemical synapses are the primary sites of communication in the nervous system. Synapse formation is a complex process involving hundreds of proteins that must be expressed in two cells at the same time. We find that synaptic genes are broadly and specifically coordinated at the level of transcription across developing nervous systems. How this spatiotemporal coordination is achieved remains an open question. Through genomic and functional studies inDrosophila, we demonstrate corresponding coordination of chromatin accessibility and identify chromatin regulators DEAF1 and CLAMP as broad repressors of synaptic gene expression outside windows of peak synaptogenesis. Disruption of either factor temporally dysregulates synaptic gene expression across neuronal subtypes, leading to excess synapse formation. We further find that DEAF1, which is linked to syndromic intellectual disability, is both necessary and sufficient to constrain synapse formation. Our findings reveal the critical importance of broad temporally coordinated repression of synaptic gene expression in regulating neuronal connectivity and identify two key repressors.
Methane production from hydrocarbons by consortia dominated by ANME archaea
Authors: Sarno Natalie , Montgomery Andrew , Zhuang Guang-Chao , Martinez Brennan R. , De Anda Valerie , Joye Samantha B. , Baker Brett J.
Published: October 2024

Understanding microbial production and consumption of methane, a potent greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, is critical for bridging knowledge gaps in global carbon cycling. In anoxic environments, methane is known to be produced through hydrogenotrophic, acetoclastic or methylotrophic mechanisms. Methane production from hydrocarbons may also be important, especially in hydrocarbon-rich environments, like the Gulf of California, but the mechanism of this hydrocarbonoclastic methanogenesis remains unclear. The activity of consortia of anaerobic methane oxidizing (ANME) archaea and bacteria limits the release of methane to the atmosphere by consuming methane in anoxic environments globally. Here we used isotopic-labeling to track the conversion of hydrocarbons (hexadecane and naphthalene) to methane in enrichments from hydrothermally impacted, hydrocarbon-rich sediments from the Gulf of California. Methane was produced directly from hexadecane and naphthalene, in both the presence and absence of sulfate. We reconstructed metagenomic assembled-genomes (MAGs) from these experiments which revealed a mixture of bacteria dominated by Desulfobacteriota and Bacteroidota, and archaea dominated by Aeinigmarchaeota, Thermoplasmatota, and ANME group 2c. The ANME-2c were the only MAGs that encoded methyl coenzyme M reductases (McrA) and complete Wood-Ljungdahl pathways (WLP). This suggests that ANME-2c archaea may be involved in the production of methane along the seafloor, and that our understanding of the roles of these globally important microbes is not yet fully appreciated.
Determinants of transcription initiation efficiency and start site selection by RNA polymerase I
Authors: Parilova Olena , Bartos Piia , Malinen Anssi M.
Published: October 2024

RNA polymerase I (Pol I) synthesizes pre-ribosomal RNA, which is essential for ribosome biogenesis. Increased Pol I activity supports rapid cell growth, a key characteristic of cancer cells. Consequently, drugs targeting Pol I in cancer are being actively investigated. The first step in pre-rRNA synthesis involves the assembly of the Pol I transcription initiation complex on the rRNA gene promoter, yet the quantitative and dynamic parameters of this process remain inadequately defined. We combined biochemical, biophysical, and molecular dynamics simulation analyses to enhance molecular models illustrating how Pol I apparatus isolatedSaccharomyces cerevisiaerecognizes the promoter and the transcription start site (TSS). Time-resolved binding data shows that CF relies on a two-step mechanism, consisting of the binding and isomerization steps, to recognize its binding site on the promoter. The next step, CF-mediated recruitment of the Pol I– Rrn3 complex to the promoter, was inefficient, leading to the rapid dissociation of Pol I. The selection of the TSS by Pol I is influenced by the distance to CF and the properties of downstream DNA, such as bendability. The dynamics revealed in the Pol I transcription apparatus establish a framework for comparing the functions and mechanisms of Pol I activators and inhibitors.
Multiscale excitation-inhibition balance dynamics: integrating metabolite kinetics with time-varying executive networks
Authors: Saviola Francesca , Tambalo Stefano , Beghini Laura , Ferrari Asia , Cassone Barbara , Van De Ville Dimitri , Jovicich Jorge
Published: October 2024

The balance between neural excitation and inhibition (EIB) is an essential mechanism supporting cognitive processes. Yet, little is understood about how EIB shifts with cognitive load and its impact on functional connectivity dynamics. In this study, we investigate temporal profiles of the reciprocal modulation between EIB and functional network dynamics during working memory tasks, revealing that EIB prefrontal kinetics scale with increasing cognitive load. Notably, prefrontal EIB kinetics correlated with cognitive load, impacting stability of networks crucial for cognitive function. On one hand, brain dynamics adapt to meet increasing cognitive challenges with a shift towards more focused and sustained neural activity patterns in terms of connectivity. On the other, imbalances favouring excitation may hinder cognitive adaptability. Importantly, this experimental approach demonstrates a link between EIB kinetics, brain network dynamics and cognitive performance, defining the groundwork for exploring healthy and aberrant cognitive states.

Teaser

Highly focused or less responsive? Chemical signalling and network dynamics are coupled to produce persistent cognitive states.
Working Memory Bridges Cognition, Emotion, and Brain Structure: A Multilayer Network Analysis of the Human Connectome Project-Young Adult
Authors: Firman-Sadler Lyndon , Singh Mervyn , Domínguez D Juan F. , Simpson-Kent Ivan L. , Caeyenberghs Karen
Published: October 2024

Multilayer network analyses allow for the exploration of complex relationships across different modalities. Specifically, this study employed a novel method that integrates psychometric networks with structural covariance networks to explore the relationships between cognition, emotion and the brain. Psychological (NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery and NIH Toolbox Emotion Battery) and anatomical MRI (cortical volume) data were extracted from the Human Connectome Project Young Adult dataset (n=1113). Partial correlation networks with graphical lasso regularisation and extended Bayesian information criterion tuning were used to model a psychometric bi-layer network consisting of seven cognitive nodes and four emotion nodes, as well as a neuro-psychometric tri-layer network consisting of these same nodes in addition to 24 brain nodes from the central executive and salience networks. Bridge strength centrality was used to identify nodes that bridged between layers. For the bi-layer network, it was found that stress was the most central bridge node. For the tri-layer network, it was found that working memory was the most central bridge node and that the right inferior parietal gyrus was the most central brain bridge node. The findings demonstrate the utility of multilayer networks in integrating multiple modalities of data for the potential identification of targets to improve psychological wellbeing.
WTools: a MATLAB-based toolbox for time-frequency analysis
Authors: Ferrari Ambra , Filippin Luca , Buiatti Marco , Parise Eugenio
Published: October 2024

Electroencephalography (EEG) is an established method for investigating neurocognitive functions during human development. In cognitive neuroscience, time-frequency analysis of the EEG is a widely used analytical approach. This paper introduces WTools, a new MATLAB-based toolbox capable of performing time-frequency analysis of EEG signals using complex wavelet transformation. WTools features an intuitive GUI that guides users through the analysis steps, focusing on essential parameters. Being free and open-source, it can be integrated and expanded with new features, making it a handy tool that is growing its popularity in developmental cognitive neuroscience. Here, we provide a detailed description of the WTools algorithm for wavelet transformation and we compare it with state-of-the-art methods implemented in EEGLAB. Alongside the official tool release, we also offer a comprehensive illustrated tutorial to enhance accessibility and promote the transparent and reproducible usage of WTools by the scientific community.

Highlights

WTools is a new MATLAB-based toolbox for time-frequency analysis of the EEG signal

It uses wavelet transformation and the algorithm is fully described

It is designed to be very user friendly through its simple GUI

It is open source and flexible as the code is freely available

We provide a step-by-step tutorial and an example dataset to learn the toolbox
Comparison of the cortical hierarchy between macaque monkeys and mice based on cell-type specific microcircuits
Authors: Glatigny Mélissa , Geffroy Françoise , van Kerkoerle Timo
Published: October 2024

The primate neocortex contains a hierarchy of cortical areas, with feedforward connections running from lower to higher levels, and feedback connections running in the opposite direction. The relative hierarchical position of cortical areas has been well established by retrograde tracing studies that allow to determine whether type of output from different source areas is predominantly feedforward or feedback. This method can not determine whether the cortico-cortical input within target areas is predominantly feedforward or feedback. We here make use of cell-type specific microcircuits to provide an intrinsic measure of the strength of feedforward versus feedback processing within cortical areas in macaque monkeys and mice. This allows a more complete map of the cortical hierarchy of different species, and therefore a more direct cross-species comparison. Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons were used as a marker of feedforward processing and calretinin-expressing interneurons as a marker of feedback processing. We found steep gradients in the distributions of these two interneuron types across macaque monkey cortical areas, indicating a deep cortical hierarchy where early visual areas are dominated by feedforward neural circuits and higher cortical areas become dominated by top-recurrent circuits. In contrast, the gradient in interneuron distribution across mouse cortical areas was limited, indicating a shallow cortical hierarchy and remaining dominated by feedforward neural circuits. This implies that the mouse cortex is comparable to early visual areas in primates, remaining dominated by bottom-up input. While primates are unique in having a deep cortical hierarchy that allows neural processing in higher cortical areas to become predominantly internal.
Pupil dilation offers a time-window on prediction error
Authors: Colizoli Olympia , van Leeuwen Tessa , Rutar Danaja , Bekkering Harold
Published: October 2024

Task-evoked pupil dilation has been linked to many cognitive variables, perhaps most notably unexpected events. Zénon (2019) proposed a unifying framework stating that pupil dilation related to cognition should be considered from an information-theory perspective. In the current study, we investigated whether the pupil’s response to decision outcome in the context of associative learning reflects a prediction error defined formally as information gain, while also exploring the time course of this prediction error signal. To do so, we adapted a simple model of trial-by-trial learning of stimulus probabilities based on information theory from previous literature. We analyzed two data sets in which participants performed perceptual decision-making tasks that required associative learning while pupil dilation was recorded. Our findings consistently showed that a significant proportion of variability in the post-feedback pupil response during decision-making can be explained by a formal quantification of information gain shortly after feedback presentation in both task contexts. In the later time window, the relationship between information-theoretic variables and the post-feedback pupil response differed per task. For the first time, we present evidence that whether the pupil dilates or constricts along with information gain seems to be context dependent, specifically related to increasing or decreasing average uncertainty (entropy) across trials. This study offers empirical evidence showcasing how the pupil’s response can offer valuable insights into the process of model updating during learning, highlighting the promising utility of this readily accessible physiological indicator for investigating internal belief states.
Bacterial alteration of redox stressors impact environmental stability of Influenza A virus
Authors: Williams Matthew R , Rowe Hannah M
Published: October 2024

Influenza A virus (IAV) causes annual morbidity and mortality and remains a constant pandemic threat due to emergence of novel strains. Therefore, understanding the factors important in host-to-host transmission of IAV is a key control point for protecting individual and public health. Transmission is highly heterogeneous with viral factors and host inflammatory and immune factors being implicated. Also implicated is the upper respiratory microbiome. While typically thought to act indirectly on viral pathogenesis, in an immunomodulatory capacity to enhance or reduce susceptibility to viral infection, recent studies on the pathogenesis of IAV have identified direct interactions between the virus and upper respiratory pathobiont bacteria. We hypothesize that the bacterial cells and their metabolites co-shed into respiratory droplets with IAV particles, can alter the viability of the IAV particles in the environment, and therefore altering the capacity for host-to-host transmission. In this investigation we utilize a simplified model of fomite transmission in the absence of confounding host factors and demonstrate how oxidative stress from both the environment and the metabolic activity of S. pneumoniae contribute to the killing of IAV, while catalase or the metabolic activity of S. aureus can protect IAV from environmental or pneumococcally-produced reactive oxygen species.
Synthesis and crystal structure of 1,3,5-tris[(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]-2,4,6-triethylbenzene
Authors: Koch Niklas , Förster Sebastian , Mazik Monika
Published: October 2024

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C33H33N9, the tripodal molecule exists in a conformation in which the substituents attached to the central arene ring are arranged in an alternating order above and below the ring plane. The three benzotriazolyl moieties are inclined at angles of 88.3 (1), 85.7 (1) and 82.1 (1)° with respect to the mean plane of the benzene ring. In the crystal, only weak molecular cross-linking involving C—H...N hydrogen bonds is observed.
Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-{4-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-methyl-6-oxopyridazin-1-yl}-N-phenylacetamide
Authors: Assila Hamza , Zaoui Younes , Kalonji Mubengayi Camille , Guerrab Walid , Alsubari Abdulsalam , Mague Joel T. , Ramli Youssef , Ansar Mhammed
Published: October 2024

In the title molecule, C20H18ClN3O2, the 2-chlorophenyl group is disordered to a small extent [occupancies 0.875 (2)/0.125 (2)]. The phenylacetamide moiety is nearly planar due to a weak, intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds and π-stacking interactions between pyridazine and phenyl rings form helical chains of molecules in the b-axis direction, which are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π(ring) interactions. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed, which showed that H...H, C...H/H...C and O...H/H...O interactions to dominate the intermolecular contacts in the crystal.
Managerial insight on triple bottom line reporting – an analysis of the Indian banking sector
Authors: Munjal Parul , Sharma Deergha
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Reporting on triple bottom line (TBL) practices has emerged as an essential aspect in banking sector due to evolving social and environmental concerns. Engaging in social and environmental activities is a strategic means to uphold dynamic alliances with stakeholders and eventually attain sustainable development. Furthermore, perception towards social and environmental practices is strategic to satisfy stakeholders’ interests. This paper aims to examine managers’ perception about reporting on social-environmental performance and its impact on financial performance (FP) in Indian banking sector. Research further assesses moderating effect of gender and experience in influencing the relationship between the constructs and also determines importance and performance of the constructs.

Design/methodology/approach

A well-structured questionnaire was distributed to 400 bank managers across India’s public, private, regional-rural, foreign and cooperative banks. The collected data were analysed through Smart PLS structural equation modelling. The moderating effect of demographics of bank managers in influencing the relationship was assessed using PLS-multi-group analysis (MGA). Besides, importance performance map analysis (IPMA) was used to understand the importance and performance of the constructs.

Findings

Findings indicate that bank managers believe that social and environmental activities strengthen relations between banks and stakeholders, resulting in better FP, thereby endorsing the stakeholder theory. Results of MGA suggest that gender and experience of bank managers are not effectual moderators in determining relationship between the constructs. Using IPMA, findings advocate that managers perceive environmental performance as a relatively high performance and a more important construct in influencing FP than social performance.

Social implications

Research would pave the way for banks to effectively communicate their commitment to sustainable development goals, engage stakeholders and demonstrate their commitment to creating positive social and environmental impacts. Furthermore, managerial perceptions can have a marked effect on customers’ understanding of social and environmental practices. This may influence customer satisfaction, conviction, commitment and constancy. Besides, a better understanding of the performance on social and environmental aspects over and above the FP of banks would facilitate the investors to make more informed and effectual decisions.

Originality/value

Considering the paucity of studies on the managerial perception of social and environmental activities and determining how the perception affects financial success, this study makes significant contribution to the literature. It would facilitate banks to design appropriate strategies and legislations to incorporate reporting on TBL practices for improved performance analysis. This would eventually ensure profitability along with sustainability in the Indian banking sector.
Profit-oriented balancing of two-sided disassembly lines with resource-dependent task times
Authors: Degirmencioglu Demiralay Yuksel , Kara Yakup
Published: October 2024

Purpose

As a result of environmentally conscious production requirements in the world, the concept of disassembly has been a focus of interest by researchers and practitioners over the last two decades. Disassembly is an important process in circular economy to recover and reuse of parts and materials. End-of-life and large-sized products such as minibuses and trucks may be disassembled on two-sided lines. The ability of using both right and left sides of two-sided lines may increase line efficiency and reduce space requirements across the line. This paper aims to address a two-sided disassembly line balancing problem (TSDLBP), which deals with assigning disassembly tasks, various equipments and assistants to the workstations to maximize total net recovery profit of the line.

Design/methodology/approach

A detailed explanation of the TSDLBP is first presented in the paper. A new 0–1 integer linear programming model is then proposed for the TSDLBP, aiming at maximizing total net recovery profit from disassembly of products. A set of test problems is generated, and an experimental analysis is conducted to make a comparison between traditional one-sided disassembly lines (TOSDL) and two-sided disassembly lines by means of performance improvement rate.

Findings

Optimal results are obtained in 132 (81.48%) out of 162 the TOSDL balancing problems, while 92 (56.79%) out of 162 the TSDLBP using the proposed model. Total net recovery profits are compared on 88 problems for which optimal solutions are obtained in both the TOSDL and the TSDLBP. Results showed that implementing two-sided disassembly lines provides 29.18% increment in total net recovery profit compared to the TOSDL. Furthermore, the effects of different parameter levels on the net recovery profit are analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. According to the results, implementing two-sided disassembly line configuration increases total net recovery profit of the line significantly compared to traditional disassembly line configuration.

Originality/value

The use of disassembly lines has become essential because of increasing consumption that results in a huge number of end-of-life products in the world. Two-sided disassembly lines may be preferred for dismantling large-sized products due to their high disassembly capacity and fewer space requirements. This paper proposes a new mathematical model for disassembly line balancing problem. The proposed model differs from the existing models by means of efficiently assigning limited disassembly resources as well as assigning disassembly tasks to the workstations to maximize total net recovery profit of the production system. The model allows decision-makers to consider several resource limitations when balancing their disassembly lines. The paper also provides a comprehensive experimental study to compare traditional and two-sided disassembly lines by means of profitability of disassembly processes.
GLP‐1 receptor agonist liraglutide alleviates kidney injury by regulating nuclear translocation of NRF2 in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Lin Tingting , Zhang Yuze , Wei Qifeng , Huang Zugui
Published: October 2024

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe renal disorder that arises as a complication of diabetes. Liraglutide, an analogue of a glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist, has been shown to decrease diabetes‐caused renal damage. Nevertheless, the complete understanding of the roles and mechanism remains unclear. In our study, diabetic rat models were created through a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The level of fasting blood glucose, 24‐h urine protein, serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were assessed. Periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) staining was applied to examine the pathological changes in renal tissues. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was measured via dichloro‐dihydro‐fluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) probes. Western blot was conducted to examine the levels of oxidative stress‐related and extracellular matrix (ECM)‐associated proteins. The nuclear translocation of NRF2 was investigated through immunofluorescence and Western blot assays. We demonstrated that liraglutide attenuated DN‐induced oxidative stress and ECM deposition in vitro and in vivo. Liraglutide exerted a reno‐protective effect by promoting nuclear translocation of NRF2 in mesangial cells. ML385, an NRF2 inhibitor, counteracted the beneficial impact of liraglutide.
Irrigation rates and turfgrass evapotranspiration in cities with contrasting water availability
Authors: Wilfong Matthew , Litvak Elizaveta , Grijseels Noortje H. , Hamilton Kristin , Kucera Dion , Welsh Lisa , Endter‐Wada Joanna , Jenerette G. Darrel , Pataki Diane E.
Published: October 2024

As water scarcity is worsened by drought and climate change, there is more interest in efficient management of urban irrigation, requiring understanding of the drivers of evapotranspiration (ET) and the role of irrigation inputs. We developed and validated a method to accurately measure ET of turfgrass lawns in contrasting climates using portable static chambers. We made in situ measurements of ET and irrigation inputs in lawns across three metropolitan areas in the United States with varying climatic conditions, water availability, and water conservation policies: Salt Lake Valley, Utah; San Fernando Valley, California; and Tallahassee, Florida. In full sun, mean daily ET estimates (ETsun) were 0.7 ± 0.4 mm day−1 in Tallahassee, 1.6 ± 0.8 mm day−1 in Los Angeles, and 3.3 ± 1.1 mm day−1 in Salt Lake Valley. In the shade, daily ET estimates (ETshade) were two to three times lower. In all three regions, ET was primarily driven by solar radiation (I0) and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (D). Across the cities, irrigation rates were a key driver of ET, along with I0 and D. Daily irrigation ranged from 0 mm day−1 in Tallahassee (most were unirrigated) to 1.9 ± 1.2 mm day−1 in Los Angeles and 5.1 ± 2.9 mm day−1 in Salt Lake Valley. ET increased linearly with irrigation up to ~3 mm day−1, after which ET remained relatively constant despite irrigation increases. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for nonlinear responses and shading effects on ET in developing accurate irrigation recommendations.
The Signalling Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting: Evidence From Short Selling
Authors: Liang Xiao , Chen Xiaomeng Charlene , Alam Nurul
Published: October 2024

Using exogenous regulatory changes that have gradually removed short‐sale restrictions in China's stock exchanges, we examine how such deregulation influences firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting. Our findings indicate a significant improvement in the calibre of CSR reporting among firms designated as qualified for short selling in a deregulation pilot program (pilot firms) compared to non‐pilot firms. Moreover, our empirical evidence shows that the improvement in CSR reporting practices is greater for pilot firms experiencing stronger downward price pressure, negative earning news, higher bankruptcy risk, greater ownership concentration, and those classified as state‐owned enterprises. These results demonstrate that firms susceptible to price declines from short selling utilize CSR reporting as a visible and credible signal to safeguard and enhance corporate reputation, garnering increased stakeholder support.
Osteoinductively Functionalized 3D‐Printed Scaffold for Vertical Bone Augmentation in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Wang Ting , Xu Gaoli , Zhang Chuankai , Forouzanfar Tymour , Liang Junwei , Pan Yulei , Shen Chenxi , Wu Gang , Lin Haiyan
Published: October 2024

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of 3D‐printed scaffolds that were osteoinductively functionalized with a bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2)‐incorporated biomimetic calcium phosphate particles (BMP‐2‐inc. BpNcCaP)/hyaluronic acid (HA) composite gel in vertical bone augmentation in beagle dogs.

Materials and Methods

Four Beagle dogs were used in this study. Three months after the extraction of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th premolars at both sides of the lower jaws of Beagle dogs, one or two critical‐size vertical bone defects (4 mm vertical bone defect without buccal and lingual bone) on each side were surgically created. The defects were randomly subjected to the following groups: (1) Control (without bone‐defect‐filling materials); (2) 3D scaffold; (3) BMP2‐inc. BpNcCaP/HA‐functionalized 3D scaffold. Six weeks post‐surgery, samples were harvested and subjected to micro‐CT and histomorphometric analyses.

Results

The struts of the BMP2‐inc. BpNcCaP/HA‐func. 3D scaffold were covered by a thick layer of cemented irregular particles with an average pore size at 327 ± 27 μm. The BpNcCaP/HA‐func. 3D scaffold group bore significantly higher bone volume, bone volume fraction, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, bone mineral density, connectivity density, and bone volumes in three directions (mesiodistal, buccolingual, and apicocoronal) when compared with the groups of Control and 3D scaffold. Moreover, the BMP2‐inc. BpNcCaP/HA‐func. 3D scaffold group bore significantly lower trabecular separation and exhibited significantly higher bone‐to‐scaffold contact percentage and newly formed bone area percentage within pores in comparison with 3D scaffold.

Conclusions

BMP2‐inc. BpNcCaP/HA‐func. 3D scaffold dramatically enhanced vertical alveolar bone augmentation, which suggests a promising application potential of BMP2‐inc. BpNcCaP/HA‐func. 3D scaffold in dental clinic.
Cerebrospinal fluid red blood cells and total protein are associated with clinical outcome in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Berek Klaus , Lindner Anna , Kindl Philipp , Di Pauli Franziska , Schiefecker Alois J. , Pfausler Bettina , Helbok Raimund , Deisenhammer Florian , Beer Ronny , Rass Verena , Hegen Harald
Published: October 2024

Background and Purpose

Prognostication in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be challenging. The aim of this study was to assess whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) red blood cell (RBC) count and total protein (TP) concentration are associated with SAH prognosis.

Methods

Patients with SAH treated at the neurological intensive care unit (ICU) in Innsbruck were included in this real‐world, observational study. Longitudinal CSF samples were collected as part of routine diagnostics. RBC count and CSF TP at the time of admission (RBCfirst, TPfirst), in Week 1 (RBCDays1–7, TPDays1–7), Week 2 (RBCDays8–14, TPDays8–14), and Week 3 or thereafter (RBCDay>14, TPDay>14), the highest detected value (RBChighest, TPhighest), as well as the RBC count adjusted for disease duration (RBCadjusted) were assessed. Primary outcomes were good functional outcome after 3 months, defined as modified Rankin scale score ≤2 and ICU survival.

Results

A total of 183 SAH patients with a female predominance (69%), a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 60 (50–70) years and median (IQR) Hunt and Hess score of 4 (3–5) were included. Multivariable analyses revealed that lower values of RBCfirst, RBCadjusted, RBChighest, TPfirst and TPhighest were associated with good functional outcome and hospital survival. Lower TP concentrations in Weeks 1, 2 and 3 were associated with good functional outcome, and in Weeks 1 and 2 with ICU survival. Early RBC measurements (Week 1) were associated with good functional outcome and ICU survival.

Conclusions

Low CSF RBC counts and TP concentrations were associated with good functional outcome and ICU survival in a real‐world cohort of SAH patients requiring external ventricular drainage.