bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing Guidelines for Thermal Comfort and Energy Saving during Hot Season of Multipurpose Senior Centers in Thailand
Authors: Panraluk Chorpech , Sreshthaputra Atch
Published: December 2019

In Thailand, many government buildings and facilities are adapted to serve as Multipurpose Senior Centers (MSCs). However, most of them have been used without taking into account of thermal comfort of occupants. The present research aimed to develop guidelines for improving suitable indoor environment for the Thai elderly in hot season and analyze energy use of the 3 case-study MSCs. Both field study and climate-controlled chamber study were conducted. The obtained data were analyzed to develop the equation for predicting the thermal sensation, which would be inputted in the scSTREAM program for analysis purposes. The energy use was evaluated using the DOE-2 program. The results suggested that during 8:00 a.m.–12:00 p.m., natural ventilation should be used together with orbit fans to produce an actual air velocity of 0.64–0.73 m/s. From 12:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m., air conditioners should set at 26.00–26.50 °C with an actual air velocity of 0.06–0.22 m/s. The results also showed that the developed guidelines could improve the level of thermal comfort from “slightly cool” to “neutral” and reduce energy use in hot season by 16.56% due to the reduction of cooling load and fan operation of air conditioning systems. Moreover, energy consumption in MSCs are also affected by the building parameters. These findings can be applied as guidelines for improving a large number of MSCs in Thailand.
Passability of Potamodromous Species through a Fish Lift at a Large Hydropower Plant (Touvedo, Portugal)
Authors: Mameri Daniel , Rivaes Rui , Oliveira João M. , Pádua João , Ferreira Maria T. , Santos José M.
Published: December 2019

River fragmentation by large hydropower plants (LHP) has been recognized as a major threat for potamodromous fish. Fishways have thus been built to partially restore connectivity, with fish lifts representing the most cost-effective type at high head obstacles. This study assessed the effectiveness with which a fish lift in a LHP on the River Lima (Touvedo, Portugal), allows potamodromous fish—Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei), Northern straight-mouth nase (Pseudochondrostoma duriense) and brown trout (Salmo trutta fario)- to migrate upstream. Most fish (79.5%) used the lift between summer and early-fall. Water temperature was the most significant predictor of both cyprinids’ movements, whereas mean daily flow was more important for trout. Movements differed according to peak-flow magnitude: nase (67.8%) made broader use of the lift in the absence of turbined flow, whereas a relevant proportion of barbel (44.8%) and trout (44.2%) passed when the powerhouse was operating at half (50 m3s−1) and full-load (100 m3s−1), respectively. Size-selectivity found for barbel and trout could reflect electrofishing bias towards smaller sizes. The comparison of daily abundance patterns in the river with fish lift records allowed the assessment of the lift’s efficacy, although biological requirements of target species must be considered. Results are discussed in the context of management strategies, with recommendations for future studies.
Study on the Effect of Environmental Regulation on the Green Total Factor Productivity of Logistics Industry from the Perspective of Low Carbon
Authors: Liang Zijing , Chiu Yung-ho , Li Xinchun , Guo Quan , Yun Yue
Published: December 2019

Under the low-carbon background, with the aid of the Malmquist–Luenberger SBM (Slack-based Measure) model of unexpected output, the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of the logistics industry in Jiangsu Province, China, was measured and decomposed in this study based on the reality and experience of logistics industry development in 13 cities in three regions of Jiangsu Province in the years 2006–2018 by taking resource consumption into the input system and discharged pollutants into the output system. It is concluded that the environmental regulation (ER) has a significant positive effect on the growth of the GTFP of the logistics industry, and technological progress has become an important endogenous force that promotes the GTFP of the logistics industry in Jiangsu Province. On this basis, a dynamic GMM (Generalized method of moment) model and a Tobit model were constructed to further study the possible temporal and spatial effects of ER on the GTFP of the logistics industry. The research results reveal that the ER can exert both promoting and inhibitory effects on the GTFP of the logistics industry, and there is a temporal turning point for the effects. Besides, the effects notably differ spatially and temporally. Finally, some policies and advice for the green sustainable development of the logistics industry were proposed. For example, the government and enterprises should pay attention to the green and efficient development of the logistics industry and dynamically adjust the ER methods. They should consider the greening of both forward logistics links and reverse logistics system in the supply chain.
A Reliability Check of Walkability Indices in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Kim Eun Jung , Kim Young-Jae
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this study is to evaluate walkability levels using popular indices and check the measurement reliability between those indices. This study evaluates the city of Seoul, using 100 × 100 m grid points (N = 44,000) as spatial units of analysis. In this study, four types of indices were used to measure walkability levels: Walkability index (WI), Walk score (WS), Pedshed (Ps), and Movability index (MI). This study utilizes Pearson’s R, Brand–Altman plot with limit of agreement (LOA), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as reliability check methods. The measurement reliability among the four indices was found to be relatively high. The Pearson’s R values were between 0.308 and 0.645, and the range of inside LOA of Brand–Altman plots was 94.5% to 95.5%. The ICC value of the four indices was 0.544, indicating moderate reliability. The results reveal a relatively high level of measurement reliability between the four indices. On the basis of this study’s results, the level of walkability in other cities in Korea can be ascertained. The study may provide future direction for walkability index development that considers urban environmental characteristics. From the results, we expect that future urban planning and policies will aim to improve walkability.
Groundwater Quality Assessment for Sustainable Drinking and Irrigation
Authors: Asadi Esmaeil , Isazadeh Mohammad , Samadianfard Saeed , Ramli Mohammad Firuz , Mosavi Amir , Nabipour Narjes , Shamshirband Shahaboddin , Hajnal Eva , Chau Kwok-Wing
Published: December 2019

Identification and management of the groundwater quality are of utmost importance for maintaining freshwater resources in arid and semi-arid areas, which is essential for sustainable development. Based on the quality of the groundwater in various areas, local policymakers and water resource managers can allocate the usage of resources for either drinking or agricultural purposes. This research aims to identify suitable areas of water pumping for drinking and agricultural harvest in the Tabriz aquifer, located in East Azerbaijan province, northwest Iran. A groundwater compatibility study was conducted by analyzing Electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Sulfate (SO4), Total hardness (TH), Bicarbonate (HCO3), pH, carbonate (CO3), the and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) obtained from 39 wells in the time period from 2003 to 2014. The Water Quality Index (WQI) and irrigation water quality (IWQ) index are respectively utilized due to their high importance in identifying the quality of water resources for irrigation and drinking purposes. The WQI index zoning for drinking classified water as excellent, good, or poor. The study concludes that most drinking water harvested for urban and rural areas is ‘excellent water’ or ‘good water’. The IWQ index average for the study area is reported to be in the range of 25.9 to 34.55. The results further revealed that about 37 percent (296 km2) of groundwater has high compatibility, and 63 percent of the study area (495 km2) has average compatibility for agricultural purposes. The trend of IWQ and WQI indexes demonstrates that groundwater quality has been declining over time.
Economy and Ecology: Encounters and Interweaving
Authors: Vukovic Darko B. , Shams Riad
Published: December 2019

In this editorial text, we point to the importance and development of disciplines that closely link economic sciences with ecology. Drawing on the most important literature in these fields, we have highlighted the trends that are popular today in both fields (double eco features).
Big Data Research for Social Science and Social Impact
Authors: Lytras Miltiadis D. , Visvizi Anna
Published: December 2019

This Special Issue of Sustainability devoted to the topic of “Big Data Research for Social Sciences and Social Impact” attracted significant attention of scholars, practitioners, and policy-makers from all over the world. Locating themselves at the cross-section of advanced information systems and computer science research and insights from social science and engineering, all papers included in this Special Issue contribute to the debate on the use of big data in social sciences and big data social impact. By promoting a debate on the multifaceted challenges that our societies are exposed to today, this Special Issue offers an in-depth, integrative, well-organized, comparative study into the most recent developments shaping the future directions of interdisciplinary research and policymaking.
Carbon Footprint Estimation in a University Campus: Evaluation and Insights
Authors: Yañez Pablo , Sinha Arijit , Vásquez Marcia
Published: December 2019

Background: The University of Talca (UT), since 2012, has been annually tracking the carbon footprint (CF) based on the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol for all its five campuses. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the trajectory for determining the CF on campuses and identify the stressors. Methods: GHG protocol separates emissions into three scopes—1) direct; 2) indirect; 3) other indirect emissions. This study reports the emissions on the Talca campuses that are related to Scopes 1 through 3. The data is closely studied to draw inferences on the factors most affecting CF and recommend improvements. Results: The estimation of the CF in Scope 1 and Scope 2 were 2 0.03 tCO2e and 0.25 tCO2e per person per year, respectively. Results show Scope 3, which measures indirect emissions generated by activities like transportation of people, produced the highest contribution of 0.41 tCO2e per person to the UT’s CF in 2016. Conclusions: The study strongly suggested that transportation of students and faculty to and from the campus is one of the main stressors. The study of the main campus of Talca to quantify the CF is of immense value to institutions of higher educations as it provides a guideline and a comparative metric for other institutions.
Analysis on Complete Set of Fock States with Explicit Wavefunctions for the Covariant Harmonic Oscillator Problem
Authors: Bedić Suzana , Kong Otto
Published: December 2019

The earlier treatments of the Lorentz covariant harmonic oscillator have brought to light various difficulties, such as reconciling Lorentz symmetry with the full Fock space, and divergence issues with their functional representations. We present here a full solution avoiding those problems. The complete set of Fock states is obtained, together with the corresponding explicit wavefunctions and their inner product integrals free from any divergence problem and with Lorentz symmetry fully maintained without additional constraints imposed. By a simple choice of the pseudo-unitary representation of the underlying symmetry group, motivated from the perspective of the Minkowski spacetime as a representation for the Lorentz group, we obtain the natural non-unitary Fock space picture commonly considered, although not formulated and presented in the careful details given here. From a direct derivation of the appropriate basis state wavefunctions of the finite-dimensional irreducible representations of the Lorentz symmetry, the relation between the latter and the Fock state wavefunctions is also explicitly shown. Moreover, the full picture, including the states with a non-positive norm, may give a consistent physics picture as a version of Lorentz covariant quantum mechanics. The probability interpretation for the usual von Neumann measurements is not a problem, as all wavefunctions restricted to a definite value for the `time’ variable are just like those of the usual time independent quantum mechanics. A further understanding from a perspective of the dynamics from the symplectic geometry of the phase space is shortly discussed.
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for the Diagnosis of Zika Virus: A Review
Authors: Silva Severino Jefferson Ribeiro da , Pardee Keith , Pena Lindomar
Published: December 2019

The recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas and its devastating developmental and neurological manifestations has prompted the development of field-based diagnostics that are rapid, reliable, handheld, specific, sensitive, and inexpensive. The gold standard molecular method for lab-based diagnosis of ZIKV, from either patient samples or insect vectors, is reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The method, however, is costly and requires lab-based equipment and expertise, which severely limits its use as a point-of-care (POC) tool in resource-poor settings. Moreover, given the lack of antivirals or approved vaccines for ZIKV infection, a POC diagnostic test is urgently needed for the early detection of new outbreaks and to adequately manage patients. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a compelling alternative to RT-qPCR for ZIKV and other arboviruses. This low-cost molecular system can be freeze-dried for distribution and exhibits high specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency. A growing body of evidence suggests that LAMP assays can provide greater accessibility to much-needed diagnostics for ZIKV infections, especially in developing countries where the ZIKV is now endemic. This review summarizes the different LAMP methods that have been developed for the virus and summarizes their features, advantages, and limitations.
Enterovirus 71 Represses Interleukin Enhancer-Binding Factor 2 Production and Nucleus Translocation to Antagonize ILF2 Antiviral Effects
Authors: Jin Jing , Wang Wenbiao , Ai Sha , Liu Weiyong , Song Yu , Luo Zhen , Zhang Qi , Wu Kailang , Liu Yingle , Wu Jianguo
Published: December 2019

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), meningoencephalitis, neonatal sepsis, and even fatal encephalitis in children, thereby presenting a serious risk to public health. It is important to determine the mechanisms underlying the regulation of EV71 infection. In this study, we initially show that the interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2) reduces EV71 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) and attenuates EV71 plaque-formation unit (PFU), thereby repressing EV71 infection. Microarray data analyses show that ILF2 mRNA is reduced upon EV71 infection. Cellular studies indicate that EV71 infection represses ILF2 mRNA expression and protein production in human leukemic monocytes (THP-1) -differentiated macrophages and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. In addition, EV71 nonstructural protein 2B interacts with ILF2 in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. Interestingly, in the presence of EV71 2B, ILF2 is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and it colocalizes with 2B in the cytoplasm. Therefore, we present a distinct mechanism by which EV71 antagonizes ILF2-mediated antiviral effects by inhibiting ILF2 expression and promoting ILF2 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through its 2B protein.
Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure
Authors: Gorin Stéphane , Fablet Christelle , Quéguiner Stéphane , Barbier Nicolas , Paboeuf Frédéric , Hervé Séverine , Rose Nicolas , Simon Gaëlle
Published: December 2019

In order to assess influenza D virus (IDV) infections in swine in France, reference reagents were produced in specific pathogen free pigs to ensure serological and virological analyses. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were carried out on 2090 domestic pig sera collected in 2012–2018 in 102 farms. Only 31 sera from breeding sows sampled in 2014–2015 in six farrow-to-finish herds with respiratory disorders contained IDV-specific antibodies. In two of them, within-herd percentage of positive samples (73.3% and 13.3%, respectively) and HI titers (20–160) suggested IDV infections, but virus persistence was not confirmed following new sampling in 2017. All growing pigs tested seronegative, whatever their age and the sampling year. Moreover, PB1-gene RT-qPCR performed on 452 nasal swabs taken in 2015–2018 on pigs with acute respiratory syndrome (137 farms) gave negative results. In Corse, a Mediterranean island where pigs are mainly bred free-range, 2.3% of sera (n = 177) sampled on adult pigs in 2013–2014 obtained low HI titers. Finally, 0.5% of sera from wild boars hunted in 2009–2016 (n = 644) tested positive with low HI titers. These results provide the first serological evidence that sows were exposed to IDV in France but with a limited spread within the swine population.
Serious Sensor Placement—Optimal Sensor Placement as a Serious Game
Authors: Arbesser-Rastburg Georg , Fuchs-Hanusch Daniela
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we present a novel approach in water loss research combining two different topics: The optimal placement of pressure sensors to localize leaks in water distribution systems and Serious Gaming—games that are not only entertaining but that are also serving another purpose. The goal was to create a web interface, through which gamers could place sensors in a water distribution system model, in order to improve these sensor positions after they had been evaluated by a suitable algorithm. Two game objectives are to be pursued by the players: reaching a specified net coverage while not using more than a maximum number of sensors. For this purpose, an existing optimal sensor placement algorithm was extended and implemented, together with two hydraulic models taken from literature. The resulting Serious Game was then tested and rated in a case study. The results showed that human players are able to reach solutions that are similar regarding net coverage to those obtained by optimization, within in a short amount of time. Furthermore, it was shown that the implementation of the ideal sensor placement problem as a Serious Game motivates the players to get better and better results, while also providing them with an enjoyable gaming experience.
Similarity Analysis of Small- and Medium-Sized Watersheds Based on Clustering Ensemble Model
Authors: Zhao Qun , Zhu Yuelong , Wan Dingsheng , Yu Yufeng , Lu Yuqing
Published: December 2019

Similarity analysis of small- and medium-sized watersheds mainly depends on manual work, and there is no complete automated analysis method. In order to solve this problem, we propose a similarity analysis method based on clustering ensemble model. First, the iterative clustering ensemble construction algorithm with weighted random sampling (WRS-CCE) is proposed to get great clustering collectives. Then, we combine spectral clustering with the fuzzy C-means method to design a consensus function for small- and medium-sized watershed data sets. Finally, the similarity analysis of small- and medium-sized watersheds is carried out according to the clustering results. Experiments show that the proposed clustering ensemble model can effectively find more potential similar watersheds and can output the similarity of these watersheds.
Enhancing Performance of Participatory Water Institutions in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains: What Can We Learn from New Institutional Economics and Governance Theories?
Authors: Gandhi Vasant P. , Johnson Nicky
Published: December 2019

The paper examines the performance of participatory water institutions in India’s Eastern Indo-Gangetic plains region using new institutional economics and management governance fundamentals. Water institutions are of great importance for water resource management in India’s Eastern Indo-Gangetic plains since the region has relatively abundant water but lags behind significantly in economic development and growth with a high incidence of poverty. Engineering solutions to water management have been implemented but have not given good results principally because of weak institutional development and design in the region. Effective and efficient participatory water institutions are urgently needed. The research uses concepts from new institutional economics and management governance theory to build a conceptual framework for explaining the performance of participatory water institutions. The framework identifies eight institutional rationalities: technical, environmental, economic, social, political organizational, financial and government; as well as five institutional features: clear objectives, good interaction, adaptiveness, right scale, and compliance, as linked to performance. Based on this, a survey instrument was developed and a survey conducted obtaining responses from more than 500 households across 51 such institutions in the eastern Indo-Gangetic plains states of Assam and Bihar. The data were analyzed through statistical and econometric techniques including Ordered-Probit. The results support the relevance of the concepts in explaining performance of water institutions, and a number of drivers of performance were identified through Ordered-Probit, particularly, four rationalities—technical, economic, social and organizational, (with coefficients (0.4622, 0.3803, 0.4303, 0.2457) and three institutional features—good interaction, adaptiveness and appropriate scale (with coefficients 0.4242, 0.2703, 0.6756) (based on a 5-point Likert scale), as playing a positive and significant role in enhancing performance. The results provide a number of useful insights which can help guide interventions and policy towards better design and development of the water institutions, and help improve water resource management and livelihoods in the region.
Hydrological/Hydraulic Modeling-Based Thresholding of Multi SAR Remote Sensing Data for Flood Monitoring in Regions of the Vietnamese Lower Mekong River Basin
Authors: Hong Quang Nguyen , Tuan Vu Anh , Thi Thu Hang Le , Manh Hung Nguyen , Thi The Doan , Thi Dieu Dinh , Duc Anh Ngo , Hackney Christopher R.
Published: December 2019

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing data can be used as an effective alternative to detect surface water and provide useful information regarding operational flood monitoring, in particular for the improvement of rapid flood assessments. However, this application frequently requires standard and simple, yet robust, algorithms. Although thresholding approaches meet these requirements, limitations such as data inequality over large spatial regions and challenges in estimating optimal threshold values remain. Here, we propose a new method for SAR water extraction named Hammock Swing Thresholding (HST). We applied this HST approach to four SAR remote sensing datasets, namely, Sentinel-1, ALOS-2, TerraSAR-X, and RadarSAT-2 for flood inundation mapping for a case study focusing on the Tam Nong district in the Vietnam Mekong delta. A 2D calibrated Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model was coupled with the HST outputs in order to estimate the optimal thresholds (OTs) where the SAR-based water masks fitted best with HEC-RAS’s inundation patterns. Our results showed that water levels extracted from Sentinel-1 data best agreed with the HEC-RAS water extent (88.3%), following by ALOS-2 (85.9%), TerraSAR-X (77.2%). and RadarSAT-2 (72%) at OTs of −15, 68, 21, and 35 decibel (dB), respectively. Generated flood maps indicated changes in the flood extent of the flooding seasons from 2010 and 2014–2016 with variations in spatial extent appearing greater in the TerraSAR-X and RadarSAT-2 higher resolution maps. We recommend the use of OTs in applications of flood monitoring using SAR remote sensing data, such as for an open data cube (ODC).
Analytical Solutions for Unsteady Groundwater Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer under Complex Boundary Conditions
Authors: Xin Yawen , Zhou Zhifang , Li Mingwei , Zhuang Chao
Published: December 2019

The response laws of groundwater dynamics on the riverbank to river level variations are highly dependent on the river level fluctuation process. Analytical solutions are widely used to infer the groundwater flow behavior. In analytical calculations, the river level variation is usually generalized as instantaneous uplift or stepped, and then the analytical solution of the unsteady groundwater flow in the aquifer is derived. However, the river level generally presents a complex, non-linear, continuous change, which is different from the commonly used assumptions in groundwater theoretical calculations. In this article, we propose a piecewise-linear approximation to describe the river level fluctuation. Based on the conceptual model of the riverbank aquifer system, an analytical solution of unsteady groundwater flow in an unconfined aquifer under complex boundary conditions is derived. Taking the Xiluodu Hydropower Station as an example, firstly, the monitoring data of the river level during the period of non-impoundment in the study area are used to predict the groundwater dynamics with piecewise-linear and piecewise-constant step approximations, respectively, and the long-term observation data are used to verify the calculation accuracy for the different mathematical models mentioned above. During the reservoir impoundment period, the piecewise-linear approximation is applied to represent the reservoir water level variation, and to predict the groundwater dynamics of the reservoir bank.
A Waterbody Typology Derived from Catchment Controls Using Self-Organising Maps
Authors: Heasley Eleanore L. , Millington James D. A. , Clifford Nicholas J. , Chadwick Michael A.
Published: December 2019

Multiple catchment controls contribute to the geomorphic functioning of river systems at the reach-level, yet only a limited number are usually considered by river scientists and managers. This study uses multiple morphometric, geological, climatic and anthropogenic catchment characteristics to produce a single national typology of catchment controls in England and Wales. Self-organising maps, a machine learning technique, are used to reduce the complexity of the GIS-derived characteristics to classify 4485 Water Framework Directive waterbodies into seven types. The waterbody typology is mapped across England and Wales, primarily reflecting an upland to lowland gradient in catchment controls and secondarily reflecting the heterogeneity of the catchment landscape. The seven waterbody types are evaluated using reach-level physical habitat indices (including measures of sediment size, flow, channel modification and diversity) extracted from River Habitat Survey data. Significant differences are found between each of the waterbody types for most habitat indices suggesting that the GIS-derived typology has functional application for reach-level habitats. This waterbody typology derived from catchment controls is a valuable tool for understanding catchment influences on physical habitats. It should prove useful for rapid assessment of catchment controls for river management, especially where regulatory compliance is based on reach-level monitoring.
Predicting Extreme-Precipitation Effects on the Geomorphology of Small Mountain Catchments: Towards an Improved Understanding of the Consequences for Freshwater Biodiversity and Ecosystems
Authors: Segadelli Stefano , Grazzini Federico , Adorni Michele , De Nardo Maria Teresa , Fornasiero Anna , Chelli Alessandro , Cantonati Marco
Published: December 2019

In 2015 an intense rainfall event hit the Valleys of the Trebbia, Nure, and Aveto watercourses in the Northern Apennines. In about 6 h a mesoscale convective system deployed a stunning amount of precipitation of 340 mm, with an extreme hourly rainfall intensity of >100 mm/h. It triggered debris flows along slopes and stream channels, landslides and floods, which caused serious damages. Through the optimal combination of rainfall data and radar volumes, in this work we present a detailed rainfall analysis, which will serve as a basis to create a quantitative correlation with debris flows over elementary hydrological units. We aim at providing an objective basis for future predictions, starting from the recognition of the forcing meteorological events, and then arriving at the prediction of triggering phenomena and to the debris-flow type. We further provide seven observations/case studies on the effects of extreme-precipitation events on freshwater environments in small mountain catchments. Extreme-precipitation events are becoming more frequent and widespread globally but their ecological effects are still insufficiently understood. In general, the effects of extreme events on inland-waters’ ecosystems are highly context-dependent, ranging from deleterious to beneficial. We therefore highlight the necessity of further studies to characterize these effects in more depth to be able to include appropriate mitigation measures in environmental planning and stewardship.
Effects of Surface Heterogeneity Due to Drip Irrigation on Scintillometer Estimates of Sensible, Latent Heat Fluxes and Evapotranspiration over Vineyards
Authors: Geli Hatim M. E. , González-Piqueras José , Neale Christopher M. U. , Balbontín Claudio , Campos Isidro , Calera Alfonso
Published: December 2019

Accurate estimates of sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes and actual evapotranspiration (ET) are required for monitoring vegetation growth and improved agricultural water management. A large aperture scintillometer (LAS) was used to provide these estimates with the objective of quantifying the effects of surface heterogeneity due to soil moisture and vegetation growth variability. The study was conducted over drip-irrigated vineyards located in a semi-arid region in Albacete, Spain during summer 2007. Surface heterogeneity was characterized by integrating eddy covariance (EC) observations of H, LE and ET; land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from Landsat and MODIS sensors; LST from an infrared thermometer (IRT); a data fusion model; and a two-source surface energy balance model. The EC observations showed 16% lack of closure during unstable atmospheric conditions and was corrected using the residual method. The comparison between the LAS and EC measurements of H, LE, and ET showed root mean square difference (RMSD) of 25 W m−2, 19 W m−2, and 0.41 mm day−1, respectively. LAS overestimated H and underestimated both LE and ET by 24 W m−2, 34 W m−2, and 0.36 mm day−1, respectively. The effects of soil moisture on LAS measurement of H was evaluated using the Bowen ratio, β. Discrepancies between HLAS and HEC were higher at β ≤ 0.5 but improved at 1 ≥ β > 0.5 and β > 1.0 with R2 of 0.76, 0.78, and 0.82, respectively. Variable vineyard growth affected LAS performance as its footprints saw lower NDVILAS compared to that of the EC (NDVIEC) by ~0.022. Surface heterogeneity increased during wetter periods, as characterized by the LST–NDVI space and temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI). As TVDI increased (decreased) during drier (wetter) conditions, the discrepancies between HLAS and HEC, as well as LELAS and LEEC Re decreased (increased). Thresholds of TVDI of 0.3, 0.25, and 0.5 were identified, above which better agreements between LAS and EC estimates of H, LE, and ET, respectively, were obtained. These findings highlight the effectiveness and ability of LAS in monitoring vegetation growth over heterogonous areas with variable soil moisture, its potential use in supporting irrigation scheduling and agricultural water management over large regions.
Quantitative Analysis of Hydrological Responses to Climate Variability and Land-Use Change in the Hilly-Gully Region of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Kang Youcai , Gao Jianen , Shao Hui , Zhang Yuanyuan
Published: December 2019

Climate and land-use change are the two main driving forces that affect watershed hydrological processes. Separately assessing their impacts on hydrology is important for land-use planning and water resource management. In this research, the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and statistical methods were applied to evaluate the effects of climate and land-use change on surface hydrology in the hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that surface runoff and soil water presented a downward tendency, while evapotranspiration (ET) presented an upward tendency in the Yanhe watershed from 1982 to 2012. Climate is one the dominant factors that influence surface runoff, especially in flooding periods. The average contribution rate of surface runoff on stream flow accounted for 55%, of which the flooding period accounted for 40%. The runoff coefficient declined by 0.21 after 2002 with the land-use change of cropland transformed to grassland and forestland. The soil water exhibited great fluctuation along the Yanhe watershed. In the upstream region, the land-use was the driving force to decline soil water, which reduced the soil water by 51%. Along the spatial distribution, it converted from land-use change to climate variability from northwest to southeast. The ET was more sensitive to land-use change than climate variability in all sub-basins, and increased by 209% with vegetation restoration. To prevent the ecosystem degradation and maintain the inherent ecological functions of rivers, quantitative assessment the influence of climate variability and land-use change on hydrology is of great importance. Such evaluations can provide insight into the extent of land use/cover change on regional water balance and develop appropriate watershed management strategies on the Loess Plateau.
مدافعةُ الموت في الشعر العربي: الدّعاء بالسُّقيا أنموذجا
Authors: ABDULLAH Abdulhalim
Published: December 2019

إنَّ الموت قضية من القضايا التي شغلت تفكير الإنسان منذ أقدم
العصور، فليس من شيء أخطر على الإنسان من الموت، وهو يحاول التشبث بالحياة بكل ما
استطاع من الوسائل، ضد حدث لا يستطيع منعه وصدّه، وكل ما وجده يرمز إلى الموت يحاول أن يُوجِد
له نظيرا يدعو إلى الحياة، وقد رصدنا في هذا البحث ثنائية يشير طرفاها إلى الموت
والحياة، تتجلى في مشهد الأطلال والقبور من جهة، والدعاء للأطلال والقبور بالسقيا من جهة أخرى؛
نظرًا إلى ما ترمز إليه السقيا من معاني النضارة والنماء والخير والعطاء. 

ويحاول هذا البحث أن يربط صورة الدعاء للقبور بالسقيا، برفض
لا شعوري لظاهرة الموت في الشعر، من خلال الاستدلال بمواقف شعرية عدّة سجّلتها كتب
الأدب وقصائد الشعراء.
‘Şiir Zarureti’ Kavramının Anlamı ve Fuhûle Kavramıyla Bağlantısı -Ferezdak’da İkvâ Örneği-
Authors: ALJARAH Amer
Published: December 2019

Şüphesiz Konuşma Sanat Açısında Doğası Değişikliğine Göre Değişir, Zira Sanatsal Olan Konuşma Doğasına Zorunlu Olarak Yansımakta, Ayrıca Şiir Dili Nesir Dilinden Farklı Bir Şekilde Eğitilmesi Gerek, Yalnız Gerçekte Şiir Ve Nesir Dilleri Arasında Ayrılık Noktasını Oluşturan Şiir Zorunlulığu Farklılığı Büyük Yankıları Muhaddis Ve Eski Bilimli Adamların Araştırmalarında Bulunur, Ayrıca Bu Şiir Zorunluluğu Eleştiri Ve Dil Araştırmacıları Arasında Büyük Bir İhtilaf Noktası Temsil Eder, Eleştiri Ve Dil Araştırmacıların Şiir Zorunluluklarına Düşen Ve Şiir Zorunluluğu Ekseninde Bulunan Ferezdak Adlı Şairin Şiir Akıcılığı Konusuna Karşı Durumunu Açıkça Ortaya Çıkarmakla Birlikte, Özellikle En Çok Sorun Çıkaran İkva İle Akıcı Şairler'in Çağını Açıklamak Üzereyiz
POLYMERIC INSULATOR PERFORMANCE TEST UNDER MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT
Authors: ATALAR Fatih , TÜRKAY Doğan , YILDIRIMÇAKAR Arif , ERSOY YILMAZ Aysel , UĞUR Mukden
Published: December 2019

The environmental and electrical stresses age silicone insulators
commonly used in energy transmission-distribution line and reduce their
performance. Silicon insulators, which stand out mechanically with their ease
of transportation, flexibility and light weight, have high electrical
resistance as well. Any deterioration in the structure of these insulators can
lead to power outages, causing serious financial loss. On the insulators along
the energy transmission-distribution line there is the effect of the magnetic
field generated by the current passing through the wires. This field can cause
such an effect that will change the working performance on the insulator. In
this study, AC magnetic field effecting the working performance of silicon
insulators was examined in inclined plane test according to IEC 60587 and ASTM
2303 standards. In addition, an electric field generated and the capacitive
effect were tested. Test times of samples, leakage current which flows on the
surface of insulator from top electrode to the earth electrode, and surface
conditions were examined and results were compared.
Vibrio Infection and Treatment on the Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Transferred Seawater
Authors: BALTA Fikri , DENGİZ BALTA Zeynep
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to determinethe antibiotic profile, serotyping and identification of isolated bacteria from disease outbreaks in cultured rainbow trout juveniles transferred to seawater at 8°Cfloating net cages in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. The kidney and spleen of diseased rainbow trout that showed typical disease symptoms was streakedon the surface of T-TSA (added with 1.5% sodium chloride) and TCBS, and was incubated in the cooled incubator at 20±1°C for 48 hours. To identify of isolatedbacteria was carried out by using slide agglutination, API 20E, PCR and conventional biochemical tests. V. anguillarum isolates were detected serotype O1, andsequenced PCR products were confirmed to be similar to V. anguillarum strain at the rate of 99% (with accession numbers: LK021130) compered in GenBankdatabase. Results of the testing susceptibility to antibiotics showed that V. anguillarum isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin, erythromycin andoxytetracyclin, but all strains were found susceptible to oxolinic acid, enrofloxacin and florfenicol.
Changes in Essential Oil Content Tea Seed and Leaves according to the Elevation and Soil Characteristics
Authors: TÜKSEK Turan , ÇİLLİ Mine , KILINÇ Erkan , YÜKSEK Filiz
Published: December 2019

Versatile evaluation of agricultural products an important issue of increasing importance with each passing day. Evaluating of other spin-off products except green tea, such as tea seed, tea waste, etc.., that can be increased revenues from a hand unit area, and on the other hand environmental problems cause waste materials can be removed to minimize or may eliminated. The aim of this study was to determine oil content of tea seeds and leaves according to elevation and soil characteristics. According to results, it was not determined essential oil from tea seeds even though trace amounts. According to levation, tea seed oil ratio was different in statistically significant levels. The highest amount of oil ratio was determined 24.30% in the second elevation (asl 800m), while the lowest amount of oil content was determined 19.85% in the third altitude (asl, 1100 m). Negative relationship were determined among the soil characterists of clay, silt, pH, nitrogen content and elevations. According to elevation, essential oil content in dried tea leaves in the room conditions first increased and then decreased again. The highest amount of oil ratio in tea leaveswas determined in the second elevation (asl 800m), while the lowest amount of oil content tea leaves was determined in the third altitude (asl, 1100 m). It was determined strongly negative relationships between clay and oil content in dried tea leaves in the room conditions.
The Investigation of External Protozoan Parasites on Some Fish Sampled from Rize
Authors: KAYIŞ ŞEVKİ , ER AKİF , ZEHRA KAÇAR ZEYNEP
Published: December 2019

Determination of the pathogenic protozoan fish parasites and their host fish very important issue. In this study, the protozoan parasides sampled from the skins and gills of the some fish species captured in Rize, which is located in North-Eastern part of Turkey, were investigated. During the study, five different protozoan parasite species (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Ichthyobodo necator, Trichodina sp. Chilodonella sp, ve Apiosoma sp.) were determined on the fish sampled from fish farm and aquarium environments, as rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), çoruh trout (Salmo coruhensis), spotted cichlid (Cichlasoma severum), beta (Betta splendens), goldfish (Carassius auratus), angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare) and discus (Symphsodon discus).
Expert Ideas for Sustainable Development Goals in the Mid-Latitude Region (MLR)
Authors: SİVRİ Nüket
Published: December 2019

the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Figure 1). 169 targetswere proposed and it was highlighted to promote efficiencies andsynergies. This is a truly historic agreement, providing a sharedvision of the future with an integrated approach to development,enabling governments, businesses, civil society organizations, andindividuals to effectively and collectively navigate their waytoward a sustainable future in a manner never experienced before ata global level (UNOSD MLR EGM- 9).
Çinko Oksit Nanopartikülleri ve Çinko Sülfatın Oreochromis niloticus’un Kan Dokusunda Bazı Biyokimyasal Parametreler üzerine Etkisi
Authors: KARGIN Ferit , PALANDÖKENLİER Ecem
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmada, Oreochromis niloticus'un kan dokusunda
çinko oksit nanopartikülleri ve çinko sülfatın biyokimyasal parametreler
üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Kan dokusunda biyokimyasal parametreleri
(Glikoz, Total Protein, Kolesterol, Trigliserit, Kortizol) belirlemek için
balıklar 48 saat ve 28 gün boyunca 0.5 mg / L ve 1.5 mg / L ZnONP ve 0.5 mg / L
and 0.5 mg / L ZnS04’emaruz bırakılmıştır. O. niloticus’da ZnONP ve ZnSO4
serum parametreleri ve enzim aktivitelerinde değişikliğe neden olmuştur. 28
günlük deney süresi sonunda hem ZnSO4 hemde ZnO NP’ye maruz kalan
balıkların serum trigliserid ve kortizol düzeyleri artarken serum kolesterol
düzeyleri kontrole oranla azalmıştır. Serum glikoz ve total protein düzeyleri,
maruz kalma süresinin sonunda sadece ZnS04'ün etkisinde artmıştır.
Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Supported Lewis Acid-type Calix[4]arene for Transport of Dichromate Anions
Authors: ÇAY Seydahmet , SAYİN Serkan , ENGİN Mehmet Soner , MALKONDU Sait
Published: December 2019

The article describes the
fabrication and characterization of a new 25,27-bis[5-(trimethyl ammonium
bromide)pentyloxyl]-26,28-dihydroxyl-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-embedded polymer inclusion membranes (TMAC[4]But@PI membrane).
TGA, SEM and DSC techniques were performed to determine its structures.
Moreover, the anion transport capacity of TMAC[4]But@PI
membrane against Cr(VI) anion was investigated.
Van Gölü Havzasındaki Amatör Balıkçılığın Sosyo Ekonomik Analizi
Authors: AKKUŞ Mustafa , BOZAOĞLU Adem Sezai
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmada, Van Gölü havzası’ndaki
amatör balıkçılığın sosyo ekonomik yapısı balıkçılık yönetimi açısından
değerlendirilmiştir. 2017-2019 yılları arasında havzada bulunan ve anket
sorularını cevaplamayı kabul eden 174 amatör balıkçı ile yüz yüze anket
çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket 18 sorudan oluşup, amatör balıkçılığın
üzerinde yoğunlaştığı balık türleri, demografik yapı, yoğun olarak kullanılan
av araçları, amatör avcılığı gelir elde etmek için yapanların oranı ve avlanma
zamanlarını belirlemeye yöneliktir. Anket sonuçlarına göre, havzada amatör
balıkçıların %15,6’sının amatör balıkçı belgesi sahibi olduğu, avcılık
yapanların %86,4’ünün yerel ismi “tırıvırı” olan av aracı kullandığı tespit
edilmiştir. Amatör avcıların %43,6’lık oran ile en fazla sazan balığı (Cyprinus carpio) avlamayı tercih ettiği
saptanmıştır. Amatör balıkçıların %98,9 oranında erkeklerden oluştuğu,
%63,3’ünün evli ve %34,4’ünün 2 çocuk sahibi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Eğitim
durumları incelendiğinde en yüksek oranı %31,6 ile lise mezunları
oluşturmaktadır. Avcıların %82,7’sinin beslenmek için balık avladıkları ve
%86,3’ünün hafta sonu avlanmayı tercih ettiği saptanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler
balıkçılık yönetimi açısından değerlendirilerek alandaki amatör balıkçılık
kaynaklı sorunlar üzerinde çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur.
The Effect of Raw Material Freshness on Fish Oil Quality Produced in Fish Meal & Oil Plant
Authors: BAYRAKLI Barış , DUYAR Hünkar Avni
Published: December 2019

The effect of raw material freshness on fish oil quality produced in
fish meal and oil factories in the Black Sea during 2007-2008 fishing season
was investigated. The fish oil was produced from anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) which were processed on catch day (D0), Day
1(D1), Day 2 (D2) and Day 3 (D3) after catching and TBA values of the fish oils
that having different freshness degree of raw material were determined as D0,
D1, D2 and D3. Total 31 fatty acids were identified and the total ratio of
identified fatty acids ranged between 87.35 ± 0.05% and 88.22 ± 0.14% among the
groups. In the freshest group (D0), the average saturated fatty acid (SFA) was
34.21% ± 0.069, the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) ratio was 21.51% ± 0.083
and the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) amount was 32.04% ± 0.185. In the 1
day old material (D1), the average SFA was 34.17±0.127 %, the MUFA ratio was 21.73±0.22% and the PUFA amount was 32.32±0.043%. In the 2 days
old  material (D2), the average SFA was 34.06±0.029%, the MUFA ratio was 21.29±0.026% and the PUFA amount was 32.18±0.071%.In the 3 days old
material (D3), the average SFA was 34.48±0.057%, the MUFA ratio was 21.66±0.033% and the PUFA amount was 31.21±0.040%. Atherogenicity
index (AI) (mean and thrombogenicity index (TI) (mean) were calculated as 0.86
± 0.011 and 0.28 ± 0.006 respectively. Polyene index (PI) was 1.38 ± 0.001.
Based on the findings, the sooner the raw material is processed, the higher the
amount of PUFA will be present in fish oil. It can be recommended that the
factories that produce according to the feed law should produce the fish oil
that is rich in w3 and w6, according to the food law.
Karadeniz’de Farklı Hammaddelerden Elde Edilen Balık Unlarının Besin Kompozisyonu
Authors: BAYRAKLI Barış , DUYAR Hünkar Avni
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmada, 2017-2018 av sezonunda Sinop ilinde faaliyet gösteren
balık unu-yağı fabrikasının Karadeniz’de avlanan hamsi (Engraulis encrasicolus) ve çaça (Sprattus sprattus) 
balıklarının işlenmesi ile ürettiği balık ununun besin kompozisyonu
araştırılmıştır. Üretilen hamsi ununun çaça balığından elde edilen undan
yaklaşık olarak %6 daha yüksek ham proteine sahip olduğu (HBU: %72.56±0.386,
ÇBU: %66.68±0.204) tespit edilmiştir. Ham protein bakımından HBU ile ÇBU
grupları arasında ki fark istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
HBU grubunda ham yağ (%8.12±0.360), nem (%7.78±0.810) ve ham kül (%10.75±0.625)
değerleri ile ÇBU grubundaki değerler (sırasıyla %: 10.73±0.216, 6.41±0.178, 15.23±0.217)
arasında da istatistiki olarak farklar önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
Karbonhidrat değeri HBU ve ÇBU’da sırasıyla % 0.80±0.085, 0.96±0.176, enerji
değeri ise sırasıyla 366.47±2.237, 367.11±1.824 kcal / g olarak belirlenmiştir.
Karbonhidrat ve enerji değerleri bakımından gruplar arasında farkın önemsiz
olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p>0.05). Hayvan yem rasyonları için ÇBU ve HBU önemli
ham protein kaynaklarıdır. Hamsiye göre çaça balığının av sezonu uzun sürdüğü
için tür fabrikaların çalışma iş gününü artırması bakımından önemli bir
hammadde kaynağı oluşturabilir. Hamsi ve çaça balığının stok yapısı ve
populasyon dinamikleri ile ilgili araştırmaların devamlılığı ve sonuçlarının
balıkçılık yönetimi tarafından değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu
değerlendirme, Türkiye için önemli bir su ürünleri işleme sektörü olan balık
unu-yağ fabrikalarının sürdürülebilir hammadde kaynaklarının korunması
bakımından oldukça önemlidir.