bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Duress, Undue Influence, and Unconscionability under Korean Law
Authors: Tae-Yong AHN
Published: October 2022

This chapter explains and discusses legal devices dealing with oppression in contract law with respect to the jurisdiction of Korea, that is, duress, undue influence, unconscionability, fair trade regulation, together with references to good faith, public policy, social order, and related notions. Sections II and III of this chapter examine duress and economic duress and their problems and solutions. Section IV discusses the treatment of undue influence under Korean law. Section V reviews unconscionability and unfair exploitation under Korean law (called ‘unfair juristic act’) based on analysis of a number of cases, and mentions the ultimate limitation of contract law in handling cases of oppression and the role of fair trade regulations. This chapter especially focuses on the problems of socioeconomic oppression, and reviews the concept of economic duress in the common law and examines its theoretical viability and practical effectiveness as a premise for comparative legal analysis of and more informed discussion on the roles of unconscionability, public policy, social order, fair trade regulation, and other devices in the law in order to cope with various socioeconomic phenomena of oppression. This chapter takes the perspective that the areas of duress, unconscionability, and related notions define the boundary of immunity for the parties so that they are in fact the shadow of party autonomy; also, as indispensable aspects of our discourse on fairness, they are important gateways to access the more general and elusive problem of fairness.
Invalidity of Contract in Thai Law: Defects in Consent
Authors: PONGSAPAN Munin
Published: October 2022

A product of legal borrowing, the Thai CCC has mostly basic rules to deal with defects of consent that can be found in major civil codes, especially the German and French Civil Codes. The rules seem systematic and simple to a certain degree. Mistakes can be self-motivated or induced by fraud. Whether they render the contract void or voidable depends on the type of mistake. Fraud can be made by a positive act of a contract party, by non-disclosure of a party, or by a third party. They all can lead to a voidable contract. Duress is the least popular ground to set aside contracts in court. Thai contract law still has a picture of a party violently forcing the other party to enter a contract, while most jurisdictions have developed their law to tackle the situations where a party misuses her influence over the other contracting party or a party exploits the other parties’ vulnerabilities without engaging in or threatening a wrongful act. The absence of the concept of unfair exploitation is one of the two major drawbacks of Thai contract law in relation to defects of consent. The second major disadvantage is a complete lack of remedy for the mistaken party, the party deceived, and the party threatened. They can only claim the nullity of a void contract or avoid the voidable contract. The invalidity of the contract does not entitle them to the right to claim damages. The two major drawbacks are consequences of imperfect legal borrowing.
Invalidity Due to Defects of Consent in Vietnam
Authors: Nam DO Giang , Kien TRAN
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses invalidity of contract in cases of defective consent under Vietnamese law. To deal with such issues, rules on mistake, fraud, and threat are laid down in all three generations of the Vietnamese Civil Code (VCC) to grant protected parties the right to avoid a contract that does not truly reflect their intention. Nevertheless, as the new 2015 VCC is designed as an instrument to facilitate the market economy, it must also take into account the importance of ensuring legal certainty, as enshrined by the principle of pacta sunt servanda. Arguably, the 2015 VCC has failed to provide a sensible balance between the two conflicting aims: that of realizing the true intentions of the parties and that of protecting the reliance of the non-mistaken party on the contract. On the one hand, unidirectional concerns about protecting one party from defects of consent have steered the drafters of the 2015 VCC to make rules that, especially in the case of mistakes, go beyond the acceptable balance, thereby creating the risk of a flood of litigants seeking to avoid agreed contracts. On the other hand, a strict adherence to the traditional doctrines of defects of consent including mistake, fraud, and threat has made the Vietnamese legislator miss a golden opportunity to integrate the modern doctrine of unfair exploitation into the 2015 VCC.
Invalidity of Contracts in Asia: Comparative Conclusions
Authors: BEALE Hugh
Published: October 2022

This chapter surveys the national reports on invalidity in the different jurisdictions and attempts to draw some conclusions. On some topics, it finds close similarities in both reasoning and results; on others there are marked contrasts in both analysis and outcome. For example, in laws heavily influenced by the Napoleonic or the Germanic systems, the focus is on the victim, the party seeking relief; and relief may be given on the basis that the victim only agreed to the contract because her consent was impaired; while the ‘common law’ systems focus on the other party’s behaviour. Thus, in the civilian-based laws A may be able avoid the contract on the ground that she was mistaken as to the facts, and would not have entered it had she known the truth; in the common law systems, A will be given relief only if her mistake was caused by a misrepresentation by B. Nor do the common law systems accept ‘fraud by silence’. So in cases of ‘self-induced’ mistakes of fact, outcomes under the civilian systems are very different to those under the common law systems. The chapter ends by asking why these differences persist: path dependency? Differing views on the proper role of contract law in society? Differences in the type of case that come before the courts, or envisaged by the legislator, in each country? Or is it simply that lawyers from one kind of system have seldom considered systems with a different pedigree?
Religion and the Rise of Sport in England
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: October 2022

Sport is everywhere—whether on television, social media, or press, and even in politics. This modern sporting world has been a long time in the making, and at each stage religion has played a part. In the early nineteenth century this was largely negative. Evangelicals led campaigns to suppress sports based on gambling and those deemed cruel, brutal, or disorderly. But in the second half of the century there was a reconciliation between religion and sport. Religious campaigners turned from attacking ‘bad’ sports to promoting ‘good’ sports. ‘Muscular Christians’ and later ‘muscular Jews’ strove for a balance between ‘Body, Mind, and Spirit’. They founded clubs, first for boys and young men, but from the 1890s increasingly for girls and young women also. In the first half of the twentieth century churchgoing was gradually declining. But churches continued to act as centres of the community. Church-based sport reached a peak in the interwar years. Saturday was still the main day for sport, and professional sport on Sunday was taboo. The years since the 1960s have seen dramatic changes in both religion and sport. The commercialization of sport has reached previously unimagined levels. Religion has seen contradictory trends, including accelerating secularization, the multi-faith society, and a resurgent Evangelicalism. There has been the death of the ‘English Sunday’, the formation of Muslim Cricket Leagues and Christian Football Leagues, and Muslim and Christian stars who are outspoken about their faith. Meanwhile, others claim that sport is the new religion.
‘Every Man Is Born with a Body As Well As an Intellect and a Soul’
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: October 2022

The tensions described in Chapter 2 gradually slackened from about 1850, as powerful voices within the Church of England, including those of parish clergymen, popular novelists, and headmasters of public schools, began to call for a more positive view of sport. Two factors were of paramount importance in this change. One was the social crisis of the 1830s and 1840s. Churchmen recognized that lack of time and facilities for recreation was one of the grievances of the working class and they hoped that sport might be a means of reconciliation between the classes. A second was a reaction against what were seen as the puritanical excesses of many Evangelicals, and the rise of the Broad Church movement. This provided the most influential exponents of what came to be called ‘muscular Christianity’. Muscular Christians espoused a new kind of masculinity, which accepted some aspects of the older ideal of ‘the sportsman’, while rejecting others, and pointing ‘manliness’ in different directions. Gradually the new ideas came to be accepted by those in other church parties and then in other denominations. This chapter examines these debates, and also the increasingly proactive role of the churches and other religious organizations in pushing sport in new directions.
‘Our Congregations Have Migrated to the Playing-Fields, the Golf Course, and the River’
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: October 2022

From about 1890 churchgoing was in decline and the decline continued, with few interruptions, through the twentieth century. Although the churches had actively promoted sport in the later Victorian years, some historians have suggested that that this was an ‘own goal’ and that sport was replacing religion in many people’s lives. This chapter examines the connections between sport and secularization, arguing that there is a connection, but that it is indirect. It examines two aspects of the subject: first the difficulties caused for Jews by sport on Saturday and for Christians by the gradual growth of Sunday sport; and second, the wider question of the great reaction against puritanism and all things ‘Victorian’ from the 1890s. For some people rejection of ‘puritanism’ meant rejection of religion and sometimes embracing sport as a new ‘religion’; but the anti-puritan reaction could also take religious forms, leading to reform rather than rejection. Indeed the sporting enthusiasm of the churches reached new heights in the interwar years.
‘Jesus Christ was a Sportsman’
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: October 2022

‘Diffusive Christianity’ is the term used by some historians to define the religious situation in the first half the twentieth century. It well defines the combination of a weakening of the religious zeal of the Victorian period with a continuing acceptance of the fact that England was ‘a Christian country’ and that both religion and sport were essential parts of the national culture. The sports columnist of a Coventry paper went so far in 1934 as to claim that ‘the principles and aims of the Churches are akin to those of sport.’ And a Lichfield vicar declared in 1950 that ‘Jesus Christ was a sportsman.’ This symbiosis was reflected in the ‘Sportsmen’s Services’ and ‘Football Sundays’ which continued from the 1890s to the 1970s, reaching a high point in the 1930s. Throughout this period, though with the peak probably being again in the interwar years, church and chapel, as well as the YMCA and YWCA, played a large role both in men’s and in women’s sports, though they never formed a separate sporting world as happened for a time in other parts of Europe: the deepest divisions in English sport were those of class, not of religion or politics. Church-based sport declined gradually after World War II and then much more rapidly from the 1970s.
Conclusion
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: October 2022

This chapter begins by placing England in an international context. By comparison with, for example, France or Ireland, the role of politics in English sport has been smaller, and though the role of religion has been important, it did not lead to the emergence of separate sporting worlds in the way that happened in some other countries. The deepest divisions have been those of class and gender. The continuing relevance of these is discussed before summarizing the role, both positive and negative which religion has played in the development of English sport, and the oscillation over time between antagonistic competitive and mutually supportive relationships between them. While overt antagonism is now rare, the relationship is still in some respects competitive. In particular, many aspects of elite sport raise ethical issues. The chapter considers some of the challenges which religiously committed athletes may face, before considering the burden of exaggerated expectations carried by sport in the contemporary world.
The Gujarat Model and the Turn to the Right
Authors: Hasan Zoya
Published: October 2022

The 2014 election was a landmark event in Indian politics. For the first time, India elected a right-wing party with an absolute majority in parliament. The dramatic victory of the BJP signalled a change in the discursive and ideological space of Indian politics. The Gujarat model was the political vehicle for this change. It was presented as an alternative to the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government which was attacked for ruining the economy. The chapter delineates the significant role of the Gujarat model in BJP’s victory in 2014, even though this model was deeply problematic in economic, social, and political terms. Within a few years, the model had been exposed for what it really was: uneven development and a textbook case of what development and politics should not be. The chapter examines the role of the Gujarat model in the 2014 elections and the diffuse and undirected structure of the Congress response, among various reasons that contributed to its massive defeat in 2014 and to the ideological shift to the Right in this election.
Our Second Principle
Authors: Magri Tito
Published: October 2022

Because of the First Principle, the nature of our representation of objects is such that it cannot account for ideas we have and ordinarily apply. By nature it is sensible, particular, object dependent, and locked on actuality; non-inferential and non-conceptual. Naturalistically overcoming the natural limits of representation seems paradoxical. To overcome the paradox, the Second Principle introduces the work of the imagination: producing non-representational contents that complement object representation and make possible ordinary and philosophical cognition, which is general, aspectual, modal, inferential, and includes ideas like causality, body, and self. Imagination conceives context-detached ideas, which it transposes, composes, and associates. The inferential transitions that produce these cognitive changes are the primary activity of the imagination. Hume secures such an explanation against circularity by distinguishing in the structure of the imagination, our inferential faculty, a reasoning part, which compares ideas and their relations, and one engaged in immediate transitions, determined by non-representational principles.
A Just Inference
Authors: Magri Tito
Published: October 2022

Hume’s account of the idea of cause addresses the main cognitive gap of object representation: not providing a unitary, wide-ranging view of reality. Its role of making it possible to infer the existence of unobserved objects has no explanation in sense and memory or the a priori. Hume’s analysis of the idea of cause shifts its content from representation to inference. He thus looks for an account of it in the nature of causal inference. The crucial step is the identification of experience as the source of causal inferences. Here Hume finally individuates the cognitive gap of causation: the missing idea of a uniform course of nature. Only the imagination can put in place the missing idea. Custom, the most important functional principle of Hume’s imagination, produces this idea in the guise of the inferential potentials of the ideas of constantly conjoined objects, which, correspondingly, become the ideas of causes and effects.
The Ideas which are Most Essential to Geometry
Authors: Magri Tito
Published: October 2022

Spatial and temporal ideas are closer than causal ideas to sensible representation. The representational dimension of these ideas is their dependence on and resemblance to visual and tactile impressions and internal experiences. Such impressions and experiences are necessarily complex, consisting in simple impressions with manners of disposition. Neither of such constituents can be alone the source of the corresponding ideas. The finite divisibility of the ideas of space and time complements and supports their representational character. This layer of representational, spatial, and temporal content still has gaps that only the imagination can close. The fundamental ideas of geometry, in particular the idea of an exact equality of size, can only be explained with the practice of measuring sizes and correcting our measures and with its effects on the transitions of the imagination. The ideas of an empty space and time, required by metaphysics and by natural philosophy, also issue from the imagination.
The World as Something Real and Durable
Authors: Magri Tito
Published: October 2022

Hume’s theory of the external world deploys a complex background of cognitive gaps and operations of the imagination. Hume denies that sensible representation or causal reasoning give us the idea of external world. He proposes two accounts of how the imagination produces the idea of body, one based on the coherence of perceptions and on causal reasoning, the other based on the represented resemblance or constancy of perceptions. The two accounts are nested. The second is fundamental but beset with more difficulties, because it includes the problematic idea of identity and the corresponding, constitutive principles of the imagination. Our idea and belief of body do not achieve true cognitive stability. They take two forms, vulgar and philosophical, neither of which we can fully vindicate, even though the first is at least consistent. This makes the idea and belief of an external world, while non-negotiable, a source of scepticism.
War in Kashmir 1947–1948
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed
Published: October 2022

Civil and military aviation helped initiate, sustain, and then escalate India’s war in Kashmir. This chapter studies three incidents in the war in Kashmir; the Srinagar airlift, the siege of Punch, and the bombing of Palak. Indian airline companies were crucial to airlifting troops to Srinagar in October 1947 when Kashmir was in danger of being overrun by invading tribesmen initiating a conflict that pitted India against Pakistan. Aircraft also kept the besieged town of Punch supplied permitting India to sustain military operations in Kashmir in the face of daunting terrain and weather. While air power initially permitted India to manage escalation as the conflict wore on it contributed to the escalation of the conflict through the bombing of Palak which resulted in massive Pakistani relation. Higher Indian defence policy would be profoundly influenced by the conflict, entrenching the Royal Indian Air Force.
Happiness, Rationally Conceived
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine M.
Published: October 2022

In this chapter, we defend Kant’s Deontological Eudaemonism: Kant defends a contentment of self in the exercise of the free aptitude for virtue, a notion which constitutes a practical version of the formal aesthetic pleasure one takes in the harmony of one’s intellectual faculties (now a harmony in which one experiences the alignment of one’s rational will with one’s choice), and which is essentially identical with the Aristotelian claim that one takes intrinsic pleasure in the unimpeded activity of one’s proper function. And because this is pleasure in that activity which defines the essence of a sensibly affected rational being, we call it not just contentment but intellectual or rational happiness. We conclude with two caveats: even the fully virtuous agent must experience her pleasure alongside an attitude of humble vigilance; and extreme experiences of suffering outside of one’s control can undermine the otherwise necessary coincidence of virtue and rational happiness.
Objectivity
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Karl Popper’s ‘World One’, dealing with the objects of the external world. It notes the difference between unbiased and disengaged human engagements with nature. Whereas most natural sciences stress the importance of objectivity, natural philosophy sees this as only one aspect of the human engagement with the natural world, which must be extended to include experiences of awe and wonder, and the perception of beauty. This is followed by a critical account of forms of ‘scientism’, including Edward O. Wilson’s influential work Consilience, which marginalize the humanities or any consideration of the affective or aesthetic dimensions of nature. The problems of this approach are brought out by considering the debates between scientism and neo-Confucianism in twentieth-century China, which highlighted the need for a richer account of the natural world than that offered by the natural sciences on their own.
Impact of COVID-19 on the Indian Economy
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in a global health outbreak leading to a humanitarian and economic crisis for countries across the world. Concrete steps to limit the spread of the virus and its ensuing impact on the economy were undertaken by the Government, ranging from a nationwide lockdown to localised lockdowns once the fatality of the virus started abating. Businesses were brought to a halt, resulting in demand and supply chain disruptions, leading to unemployment and adversely affected economies worldwide. In a nutshell, the chapter analyses the impact of the pandemic on the Indian economy. With the onslaught of the virus wreaking havoc on economies, it discusses the global outlook and impact of the lockdown on economic activities in India and sectors such as agriculture, industry, services, external trade etc.
Socio-Economic Cost of MSP
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

It is time to debate the socio-economic cost of making the Minimum Support Price (MSP) mandatory. The farmers’ demand was to repeal the three farm laws. The MSP is in order to protect farmer interests when the market crashes to the disadvantage of farmers. With eyes closed, one would agree that the Government cannot afford to do away with this scheme. Rather, even after bringing in the ordinance on the farm reforms in May 2020, the government continued the practice of revising the MSP upwards and procurement at a higher MSP had taken place. The chapter discusses the pros and cons of the requirement of making MSP into a law.
Are Negative Interest Rates on the Horizon?
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

The pandemic had brought in its wake a new norm of lowered consumption levels and deepened cash conservation. To provide relief from the onslaught of the pandemic, the Central Government and RBI did announce a slew of fiscal and monetary measures. The continuous effort on the part of the regulatory authorities was to strike a balance between financial stability, preserve the financial and economic value of businesses and protect depositors simultaneously. However, a micro-level investigation of bank deposit and credit growth numbers showed that the difference between deposit and credit growth numbers for India had widened even more during the pandemic. Loanable funds were lying as unutilized money with banks. The chapter discusses whether India is heading towards a realm of negative interest rates? Would India, an emerging economy move in the direction of a borrower being paid with interest for borrowing money and depositors paying the bank a parking fee for the safekeeping of their money?
Tweaking Fiscal Deficit
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

The COVID- 19 pandemic had resulted in an unprecedented situation for countries across the world, and India was no exception. India’s fiscal deficit had already touched a record high of 83.2% of the target for the whole of the financial year in the April– June 2020 quarter. This was indicative of the impact of the pandemic on tax collections and front- loading of the Government’s spending. Doubts were being raised on India being able to achieve its fiscal deficit target of 3.5% of GDP for FY2021 as specified by the FRBM Act of 2003 and predictions were that fiscal deficit would touch 8% of GDP for 2020– 21. The chapter discusses if the financial crisis should have been treated as an exception under the extraordinary condition created by the pandemic. Did India have the fiscal space to announce a bigger package?
Desire in the Iliad
Authors: Lesser Rachel H.
Published: October 2022

This book is the first study to examine desire in the Iliad in a comprehensive way and to explain its relationship to the epic’s narrative structure and audience reception. It offers a new reading of the poem that shows how the characters’ desires, especially those of the mortal hero Achilleus and the divine king Zeus, motivate plot and keep the audience engaged with the epic until and even beyond its end. The author argues that the characters’ desires are primarily organized in narrative triangles that feature two parties in conflict over a third. A variety of desires animate these triangles, including sexual passion, longing for a lost loved one, yearning for lamentation, and aggressive desires for vengeance and status, and they are signified with terms such as erōs, himeros, pothē, menos, thumos, boulē, and eeldōr as well as through the epic’s thematic emotions of grief and anger. This book shows how the mortals’ and gods’ triangular desires together drive and shape two Iliadic plots, the main plot of Achilleus’ withdrawal from the fighting and then return to battle, and the “superplot” of the larger Trojan War story. The author also argues that these plots and their motivating desires arouse the listener’s—or reader’s—own corresponding desires: narrative desire to know and understand the Iliad’s full story, sympathetic desire for characters’ welfare, and empathetic passions, longings, and wishes. Our desires invest us in the epic narrative and their resolution brings us satisfaction.
Achilleus’ Plot and Divine Determination
Authors: Lesser Rachel H.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores how Homer establishes the desiring Achilleus and his divine ally Zeus as the dual authors of the epic’s main plot in the second half of Iliad 1 despite Hera’s resistance. Taking on a bardic role, Achilleus plans the worsting of the Greeks in battle and secures Zeus’s promise of assistance, in a variation on Chryses’ aggression. Meanwhile, the resolution of Chryses’ conflict with Agamemnon provides a template for the satisfaction of Achilleus’—and the audience’s—driving desires. Hera’s conflict with Zeus over the fate of the Achaian army at the end of Book 1 represents a third, similar triangle of desire, confirming the narrative pattern established by Chryses’ paradigm and positioning Zeus’s supreme will (boulē) as a crucial divine determinant of plot, even as it introduces Hera’s desire as a competing force.
Blinding Light on the Road from Damascus
Authors: Day Abby
Published: October 2022

For some boomers, their transition from religious to non-religious was accelerated by a deepening sense of morality. They felt that a clash of values was irreconcilable. They began to crave, and would later transmit to their own children, one of the most important characteristics that would define them: authenticity. Many of their accounts stressed the importance of being ‘real’ and dropping the forced conventions and appearance of respectability that seemed to define their parents and the ‘social thing’ of church attendance. Those experiences and values helped the rise of campaigns for women’s equality and other forms of sexual freedom. The realisation that churches were being more publicly implicated in sex scandals and accounts of abuse furthered the Boomers’ desire to separate from the institution and much of its teaching.
Temporary Migration Projects
Authors: Ottonelli Valeria , Torresi Tiziana
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers the empirical data on the increase and impact of temporary and circular migration patterns across different regions of the world. It calls attention to two striking features of these migration patterns. First, very often temporary migration can be explained as the result of intentional plans made by the migrants themselves, who decide to work abroad for a limited period of time to collect resources to employ back home. Second, for those migrants who are employed in low-skill jobs these migratory patterns result in a position of marginality within the receiving societies, which often converts into severe forms of vulnerability and subordination. The chapter illustrates both the voluntary nature of these forms of temporary migration and their problematic implications by analysing in depth some paradigmatic examples.
Meritocracy, Growth, and Lessons from Italy's Economic Decline
Authors: Codogno Lorenzo , Galli Giampaolo
Published: October 2022

The book draws lessons on the importance of rewarding merit for economic growth by analysing Italy’s decline over the past few decades. Connections rather than merit are a long-standing feature of Italian elites, even in the corporate sector. This became a significant problem when Italy could no longer grow through low wages, imitation, devaluation, and public debt, and faced the challenges of becoming a frontier knowledge-based open economy. The book uses international comparisons over many aspects of society, from social capital to governance, the role of the public sector, efficiency of the judiciary, education, gender and social inequality, social mobility, corporate standards, financial structures, and more to evaluate Italy’s performance. It argues that the arrogance of mediocracy is more damaging than that of meritocracy. Also, the former is more likely to facilitate the rise of populism. Studying Italy’s case can be helpful to many other countries: Italy was the country of economic miracle after WWII, and it is still an advanced economy and a member of the G7 club. Until the 1960s, it seemed destined to catch up with the best-performing countries. Then the growth engine stopped, its debt skyrocketed, and Italy became the weak link in the Eurozone, possibly endangering its very survival.
Dante, Artist of Gesture
Authors: Webb Heather
Published: October 2022

Dante, Artist of Gesture proposes a visual technique for reading Dante’s Commedia, as if the striking gestural images that it imprints on the reader’s mind were arranged in an architectural space. Art historians have shown how series of discrete images or scenes in medieval places of worship, such as the programme of mosaics in the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence or the programme of frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, establish not only narrative sequences but also typological parallelisms between registers, forging links between those registers by the use of colour and gestural forms. This book takes up those techniques to show that the Commedia likewise invites the reader to make visual links between disparate, non-sequential moments in the text. In other words, Dante’s poem asks readers to view its verbally articulated sequences of images with a set of observational tools that could be acquired from the practice of engaging with and meditating on the bodily depictions of vice and virtue in fresco cycles or programmes of mosaics in places of worship. One of the most inherently visible aspects of the Commedia is the representation of signature gestures of the characters described in each of the realms. The tracing of described gestures and bodily signs across the canticles of the poem provides a key for identifying affective and devotional itineraries within the text.
Viewing and Reading Gesture
Authors: Webb Heather
Published: October 2022

Dante’s Commedia is a poem that is densely packed with fine-grained descriptions of gesture and bodily movement; it is for this reason that the poem has lent itself so readily to countless remediations in paintings, drawings, films, and live performances. This introduction prepares the ground for addressing how those gestures render themselves visible, how they, in their particular instantiations, depend on known examples of vices and virtues, how gesture acts in Dante’s Commedia, and how readers can ‘view’ and respond to gesture in Dante. It is necessary to begin with a discussion of what is meant by gesture. Reason and intention distinguish human gestures. This is not to say, however, that Dante is uninterested in the act of reading bodies more broadly. While some gestures are language, working alongside words in the manifold processes of signifying, the Commedia also frequently dwells on legible but not intentionally expressive bodily signs.
Heavenly Proximities and Contagions
Authors: Webb Heather
Published: October 2022

The sixth and final chapter considers the issue of affective transfer as depicted in the Commedia, focusing on the highlighting of changing affective atmospheres and moods. It considers the affective leaps in Paradiso 9 in the context of group formation, placing the mechanisms of reiterated affective contrasts against the contagious effect of blushes in Purgatorio 33 and Paradiso 27. The blushing passages, describing a sort of involuntary somatic marker at the boundaries of gesture, simulate the possibility of the transfer of bodily states. The passages describe the overflow of emotion from one individual to another, even as they attempt to propagate that overflow of emotion into the reader. The chapter then offers some concluding thoughts on the study as a whole, focusing on choral gestures and opportunities for the reader’s engagement.
Exorbitant Jurisdiction and the Common Law
Authors: Mills Alex
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores two perennial themes in the distinguished career of Lord Lawrence Collins QC in legal practice, the judiciary, and academia. The first is the topic of the common law rules on civil jurisdiction, including in particular the exercise of jurisdiction over defendants who are not present in England at the time of commencement of proceedings. The second is the relationship between public and private international law, two bodies of law which have sometimes been viewed by academics as unrelated, but which are frequently entangled in questions of legal practice. The common law approach to civil jurisdiction has traditionally been based on an unfortunate conflation between adjudicative and enforcement jurisdiction as those concepts are now understood in public international law. This has led to some suggestions that the exercise of civil jurisdiction over non-present defendants necessarily raises significant concerns and may thus generally be labelled ‘exorbitant’. Some of the grounds of jurisdiction under which the common law rules permit the exercise of jurisdiction over non-present defendants are, however, contentious as jurisdictional justifications, and their rationales deserve closer consideration.
Aranzio's Seahorse and the Search for Memory and Consciousness
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Completing a neuroscience trilogy, prize-winning author Alan McComas recounts the research that led to the hippocampus, a structure deep within the brain, as being primarily responsible for memory. The intriguing and exciting account includes observations on patients with memory loss as well as insights from ingenious laboratory experiments. Using several arguments, McComas suggests that it is the electrical activity of neurons in the hippocampus that creates consciousness and that the latter is, in fact, the ever-changing sequence of short-term memories. With its many illustrations and referenced sources ‘Aranzio’s Seahorse’ will be of value not only to neuroscientists, psychologists and philosophers but to all those interested in the brain and in the history of its exploration. Its relevance for a fuller understanding of Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders of memory including ‘long’ COVID is obvious.
A Telephone Call
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Eric Kandel shares a Nobel Prize with Paul Greengard and Arvid Carlsson. Meanwhile, Suzanne Corkin’s testing of Henry Molaison confirms that two types of declarative memory normally exist—a ‘semantic’ memory (e.g. for international events, places, and celebrities) and an ‘episodic’ memory (for events in the individual’s own life).
Death and Disorder
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Henry Molaison dies and his brain is saved for detailed anatomical and histological studies by Jacopo Annese. Luke Dittrich, a writer and grandson of William Scoville, becomes interested. Serious disagreements arise between Suzanne Corkin over ownership of Molaison’s brain. More hippocampal tissue is found to have survived the original surgery than had been thought.
New Cells or Not?
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Fernando Nottebohm reports seasonal formation of new neurons in songbirds and then discovers that Joseph Altman had described neogenesis in the rat hippocampus many years previously. Altman’s surprising findings are subsequently confirmed by Michael Kaplan and Elizabeth Gould, using additional techniques, but are strongly disputed by Pasko Rakic. Fred Gage provides strong support for neogenesis from human exposure to atmospheric radioactivity.
Recognition of the ‘Limbic System’
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

In 19th-century Paris, Paul Broca recognizes a ‘great limbic lobe’ at the base of each cerebral hemisphere in mammals. Subsequently, Charles Judson Herrick points out prominence of the olfactory system in ‘lower’ animals, with other sensory systems occupying more and more of the cortex during evolution of the brain. Paul MacLean proposes that the mammalian brain comprises three functional entities—the ‘triune brain.’
Anatomy of the Limbic System
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

The anatomy and histology of four major components of the limbic system are considered; these are the hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory bulb.
Additional Evidence against the Cerebral Cortex as Alternative
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Various lines of clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the neural activity initiating ‘voluntary’ movements arises outside the cerebral cortex and may originate in the hippocampus and allied structures instead.
Introduction
Authors: Acharya Indranil , Panda Ujjwal Kumar
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the key concepts of spatial humanities that focuses on the matters like space, place, topography, geography, etc. in literature. There are several ways in which space and place evince themselves in literature. Literature’s movement through space and time is unmistakably related to the idea of navigation and a writer, from that point of view, acts like a cartographer. No literary work can grow in void, and setting is a key idea of literature. These literary spaces, unlike some rigid constraints of an earth science like geography, can move freely between real and imaginary. By doing so, it brings out a sense of place or a spirit of place that creates and recreates known geographies. Again, literature shows the rare capacity of referring to the social, cultural, and political dimensions of place making the scope of literary space criticism quite varied and divergent.
Other Places
Authors: Acharya Indranil , Panda Ujjwal Kumar
Published: October 2022

A common allegation against the humanistic geographers as well as the critics working in the discipline of spatial humanities is that by giving emphasis on the phenomenological perspective of place or the human experience of place they often tend to neglect the claim of animals and plants on earth. Literature in its own way has time and again given vent to animal geography and plant geography and has depicted the perennial clash between human territory and animal–plant territory. The chapter through many literary examples seeks to explore literature’s concern with the narrowing possibilities of animal and plant worlds having been challenged by so-called human progress and advancement. It is where spatial humanities tends to address modern ecological ideas.
Introduction
Authors: Fendel Victoria Beatrix Maria
Published: October 2022

Chapter 1 defines and illustrates the concept of bilingual interference, reviews previous research on traces of bilingualism in the writings from Egypt, and outlines difficulties when dealing with the documentary papyri as a source. Features that have been labelled bilingual interference in the past are reviewed in detail in order to determine their relevance. The chapter sets out the objectives for the study and introduces methodological basics relating to papyrus archives and the definition of a standard language which can serve as the baseline to determine what are variations of and deviations from it.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Fendel Victoria Beatrix Maria
Published: October 2022

Chapter 10 evaluates the types of errors observed in the data. It distinguishes between deviations having resulted from (i) external factors, (ii) internal factors, and (iii) practices of language acquisition, with at times blurred boundaries. Chapter 10 evaluates the correlation between the type of error and the type of syntactic domain as well as the type of context (free, semi-formulaic, formulaic) affected. Chapter 10 sets contextual flags for accumulations of errors, code-switches, the treatment of personal names, and extra-linguistic information about the writers. These contextual flags are considered specifically for passages that could not be clearly assigned to one type of error before. Finally, Chapter 10 considers the correlation between the circumstances and approaches of second-language acquisition and the second-language-acquisition-related errors observed. The chapter closes with a brief outlook and suggestions for further research.
Poetry against Fanaticism
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: October 2022

Vajpeyi’s earliest influences came from Hindi literature, from people like Tulsi Das who incidentally has been notoriously interpreted as a Hindu poet in a narrow sense. Anyway, and then later, when I became a little more inquisitive… he read Rilke, Rilke was a big influence on him and others such as Yeats and Eliot, Then novels of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, they opened an entirely new world that where again it was difficult to find simple enemies or binaries.
Poetizing Ragas
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: October 2022

There is a theory, of course, that says that certain Ragas using certain combinations of notes at a particular hour of the day are more suitable for that hour than others. This operates more strictly in the Hindustani classical music. There is no such observance of timeliness in the Carnatic music. It does not follow this prescription. A Raga has a creative combination of some notes and it has been the same for centuries. Yet the rendition brings in some new elements, some new hues, some new colour. In fact, the word Raga also indicates a certain, at one level—passion, but also colour.
Hyundai and Kia—The Journey of the Twins
Authors: Pachpande Sandeep , Pachpande Asha , Kulkarni J A
Published: October 2022

Hyundai Motor Company started in 1967 and in 1975, in partnership with Ford Motor Company, produced the Hyundai Cortina. With overseas talent, the first models were designed and became successful in some occidental countries. Sales were developing and Hyundai was becoming a great option for a market that loved to save. Now it is a top competitor in the automobile manufacturing, positioned in quality and gas-saving. Kia, headquartered in Seoul, is South Korea’s second-largest automobile manufacturer, following the Hyundai Motor Company, with sales of over 2.7 million vehicles in 2012 and almost 2.75 million vehicles in 2013. Kia’s first manufacturing plant in Mexico, located in Pesqueria, Nuevo Leon (near Monterrey), will boast an annual production capacity of 300,000 units. The popular Forte sedan will be the first model to be produced at the Kia Motors Mexico plant and when the plant enters operation, Kia’s global manufacturing capacity will be boosted to 3.37 million vehicles.
What Happened to Old McDonald’s?
Authors: Pachpande Sandeep , Pachpande Asha , Kulkarni J A
Published: October 2022

McDonald’s, the seemingly invincible fast-food giant and stalwart of American business, has been an ironclad money-making machine for decades now. Sure, they’ve had their issues with bad press concerning the negative health effects of their food, but otherwise the company is as sure to post profits quarter after quarter as anyone. At least that’s been true until recently, as it appears that McDonald’s has hit a bit of a snag. Starting out with just one burger stall in 1948, the fast-food chain’s emphasis on quick service and a standardized menu has helped it to grow to more than 35,000 outlets across the world. It has been profitable: after a wobbly period in the early 2000s, the firm’s share price went from $12 in 2003 to more than $100 at the end of 2011. But now McDonald’s has lost its sizzle. Global sales have been declining at least since last July. When the company announces its annual results on 23 January, analysts think it will reveal its first full-year fall in like-for-like revenues since 2002. What’s gone wrong?
ING Vysya Bank vs Kotak Mahindra Bank
Authors: Pawar V P , Kunte Bhagyashree , Tumuluri Srinivas
Published: October 2022

The case study is about the merger deal between ING Vysya Bank and Kotak Mahindra Bank. The deal created the fourth largest private sector bank in the Indian banking industry. The case provides enough material to discuss the dynamics and the mergers in the Indian banking industry. The case also provides enough material to analyse and discuss the synergies and challenges of the merger deal of ING Vysya and Kotak Mahindra bank.
The Ghost of NPAs
Authors: Pawar V P , Kunte Bhagyashree , Tumuluri Srinivas
Published: October 2022

Balance sheets as per norms have to reveal the true positions of the business. Question is do balance sheets of banks do this? Unfortunately they do not. Accounts are shown in assets side but they are not so and are classified as non-performing so what made them to non-perform and what are its effects. The move on the part of the government to inject capital of Rs 2.11 lakh crore into public sector banks (PSBs) gives strength to the above fact. Why this has to be done and is this enough is the question. In making this move, there was an implied acceptance that the recovery process set up through the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) reform had not been working at the desired pace. When the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) asked PSBs to work on the recovery process for 12 large exposures which account for 50% of the total non-performing assets (NPAs) worth Rs 8 lakh crore in the banking system, it was expected that by December 2017, the banks would recover about Rs 2 lakh crore. But it’s already November and we know that recovery is eluding us and the process may take longer. Till then the banking system will starve for capital. According to RBI October to December report, the gross NPAs of PSBs are just under Rs 4 lakh crore, and they collectively account for 90% of such rotten apples in the country’s banking portfolio. In terms of net NPAs, their share is even higher—at 92% of the total bad loans reported so far in the banking system (1 crore=10million rupees).