bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El zorro gris pampeano (Lycalopex gymnocercus) como dispersor de las semillas de mora (Morus nigra)
Authors: Duarte Baschini Candela , Dellafiore Claudia M.
Published: March 2021

Introducción: En los bosques serranos de Córdoba, Argentina, los zorros (Lycalopex gymnocercus) incluyen en su dieta frutos de especies exóticas como la mora (Morus nigra), una especie invasora originaria de Asia. Objetivo: Conocer si las semillas de mora sufren daños en el tracto digestivo de los zorros, y si esto afecta su viabilidad, poder de germinación, inicio y tasa de germinación. Métodos: Recolectamos semillas de zarzamora en el campo y de heces frescas de zorros cautivos, seleccionando al azar 300 semillas por tratamiento que mantuvimos en germinador a 25 ° C. El criterio de germinación fue la salida de la radícula. Resultados: Todas las semillas extraídas de las heces estaban sanas. El inicio de la germinación ocurrió el mismo día en ambos tratamientos, aunque las tasas de germinación fueron mayores para las semillas extraídas directamente de los frutos. Conclusiones: A pesar de daños menores a las semillas, el zorro es un dispersor de semillas de mora.
Why sloths defecate on the ground: rejection of the mutualistic model
Authors: Monge Nájera Julian
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Sloths are arboreal mammals that defecate on the ground, increasing the risk of predation. There are several hypotheses that try to explain why they undergo this risk. Objective: To critically review all the hypotheses and to propose a new hypothesis that is compatible with all known data. Methods: I verified the assumptions and implications of five hypotheses against the literature available February, 2021. Results: Previous hypotheses either lack reliable supporting data, or are contradicted by published data. Here I propose that defecation on the ground is an ancestral behavior that persists in all sloth species because there has not been enough natural selection against it. Conclusions: Current knowledge of sloth biology is compatible with the hypothesis that there has not been enough selective pressure for sloths to abandon defecation on the ground.
Towards the improvement of the sustainability in sustainable HRM: The role of system strength
Authors: Mashhady Arash
Published: March 2021

With the growing interest in sustainability, its incorporation in business management, and its inevitable intersection with the management of human resources, some scholars and practitioners have highlighted the potential benefits of successful implementation of sustainable human resource management as a source of competitive advantage. While this may denote a corporation’s capacity to respond to a wider range of needs and requirements beyond economic targets, researchers draw on different theories to point out the possible adverse consequences of adopting such multiple bottom-line approaches for employees. This study builds on ideas from previous research, particularly the works of Bush (2018), Bowen and Ostroff (2004) to 1) examine if the perceived degree of emphasis on a triple-bottom-line (TBL) approach is related to role ambiguity and role conflict; 2) investigate if the elements of human resource management system strength are related to role conflict and role ambiguity and, if these elements can moderate the relationship between the perceived degree of emphasis on TBL approach, role ambiguity, and role conflict. While the findings support the link between taking a TBL approach and role ambiguity and role conflict, it offers evidence that a strong human resource management system may reduce the role ambiguity and role conflict resulting from taking such approaches. Managerial implications and future research directions conclude this research
Whole-genome sequences shed light onto demographic history and contemporaneous genetic erosion of free-ranging jaguar (Panthera onca) populations
Authors: Lorenzana Gustavo , Figueiró Henrique , Kaelin Christopher , Barsh Greg , Johnson Jeremy , Karlsson Elinor , Morato Ronaldo , Sana Denis , Cullen Laury , Jr. Joares May , Jr. Edsel Moraes , Kantek Daniel , Silveira Leandro , Murphy William , Ryder Oliver , Eizirik Eduardo
Published: March 2021

The vast amount of data contained in a single genome represents a
detailed record of past events in that lineage and may forecast its
evolutionary potential in the face of environmental changes. Here we
employed whole-genome sequence (WGS) data to infer the demographic
history and assess signals of recent inbreeding in jaguar (Panthera
onca) populations. We analyzed whole genomes from 13 individuals (nine
of which are reported here for the first time) sampled in seven
different biomes across the species’ range, including its northernmost
extreme in the Mexico/USA border region. We modelled demographic history
using the PSMC method, and analyzed long runs of homozygosity (ROH) to
assess signals of population bottlenecks and inbreeding. PSMC plots were
very consistent among individuals, indicating that the jaguar lineage
had an effective population size of up 100,000 individuals ca. 1 million
years ago, then sharply declined and rebounded during the Late
Pleistocene, followed by a more gradual decline in the last 40,000
years. This decline was more pronounced in the North/Central American
genomes, likely reflecting population bottlenecks during the south-north
colonization towards the edge of the species’ current range. The ROH
analysis revealed a relatively small burden for most jaguars, indicating
a recent history of outbreeding and large-scale connectivity among
regional populations. However, northern range-edge individuals and those
from severely fragmented populations showed signals of recent
bottlenecks and, in the latter case, inbreeding. Our results illustrate
the power of WGS data to survey and monitor the genetic erosion
triggered by anthropogenic habitat fragmentation.
Adherence to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist in articles published in EAACI Journals: a bibliographic study.
Authors: Wiehn Elena , Ricci Cristian , Alvarez-Perea Aberto , Perkin Michael , Jones Christina , Akdis Cezmi , Bousquet Jean , Eigenmann Philippe , Grattan Clive E.H. , Apfelbacher Christian , Genuneit Jon
Published: March 2021

Research data derived from observational studies are accumulating
quickly in the field of allergy and immunology and a large amount of
observational studies are published every year. The aim of the present
study was to evaluate the adherence to the Strengthening the Reporting
of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist by papers
published in the three European Academy of Allergy and Clinical
Immunology journals, during the period 2009-2018. To this end, we
conducted a bibliographic study of up to eight randomly selected papers
per year per Journal. Our literature search resulted in 223 papers.
Among those, 80, 80 and 63 records were from Pediatric Allergy and
Immunology, Allergy and Clinical and Translational Allergy,
respectively; the latter was published only from 2011 on. Prospective,
case-control, and cross-sectional designs were described in 88, 43, and
92 papers, respectively. Full reporting of all STROBE items was present
in 47.4%, 45.6%, and 41.2% for the cohort, cross-sectional, and
case-control studies, respectively. Generally, no time trend in
adherence of reporting STROBE items was observed, apart from reporting
funding, which increased from 60% in 2009/2010 to more than 90% in
2018. We identified a cluster of STROBE items with low proportions of
full reporting constituted by the items on reporting study design in the
title and methods, variables types along with their
measurement/assessment, bias and confounding, study size, and grouping
of variables. It appears that the STROBE checklist is a suitable tool in
observational allergy epidemiology. However, adherence to the STROBE
checklist appeared suboptimal.
On the variability in static and cyclic mechanical properties of extruded 7075-T6 aluminum alloy
Authors: Benedetti Matteo , Menapace Cinzia , Fontanari Vigilio , Santus Ciro
Published: March 2021

The present paper investigates the variability in the static and cyclic
properties of two nominally identical supplies of the aeronautical Al
grade 7075-T6. Samples were extracted from extruded bars of 15 mm and 60
mm diameter and with slightly different chemical composition. Noticeable
differences were found in tensile strength, total elongation, low- and
high-cycle fatigue strength, despite the nearly identical hardness
value. The diverse mechanical behavior has been imputed to different
extrusion ratio and therefore work hardening along with a more or less
fine distribution of precipitates and dispersoids. The high-cycle
fatigue strength was found to be in direct correlation with the
monotonic yield strength and the size of the largest intermetallic
precipitate. A simple equation based on Murakami sqrt(area) parameter is
proposed to predict the fatigue endurance. Tensile tests and
microstructural analyses are recommended instead of conventional
hardness tests to have a tighter quality control on the mechanical
properties of semifinished products.
Cracking simulation-based cumulative fatigue damage assessment
Authors: farag mah , El-kady Ramy , Hammouda M
Published: March 2021

This work is an extension of applying a previously developed fracture
mechanics cracking damage model to predict the fatigue lifetime of
un-notched round specimens made of a ferrite-pearlite 0.4C-70/30 carbon
steel in some cases of variable amplitude loading VAL. The model
simulates the collective behavior of growing short fatigue cracks
originating from the specimen surface roughness. Material grains of
different phases, sizes and strengths are randomly distributed over the
minimum circumference. Possible activities of surface cracks are
predicted against loading cycles. Relevant published experimental data
were utilized for comparison. The present predictions are in agreement
with the corresponding experimental results.
Green and efficient synthesis of new β-amido-aroyl carbonyl derivatives catalyzed by choline chloride/urea as a deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Berjis Anita , Mirza Behrooz , Anaraki-Ardakani Hossein
Published: March 2021

A green and highly efficient synthesis of some new ?-amido-aroyl carbonyl derivatives has been achieved through a one-pot, three-component reaction of dimedone/barbituric acid derivatives, arylglyoxals, and amides in choline chloride/urea as a deep eutectic solvent (DES). The use of biodegradable materials, short reaction time and high yields of products introduced this protocol as an efficient environmentally friendly method. The DES could be easily recovered and reused about four times with satisfied catalytic activity.
Benefits of Virtual Reality Used in Vestibular Rehabilitation in Adult and Elderly Individuals with Dizziness
Authors: Canto de Sousa Maria da Glória
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Aging brings about several changes in health in the elderly. Dizziness is one of the symptoms most commonly found in this age group, causing psychosocial disorders in the daily activities. Objective: To assess the benefits of virtual reality by using the video game X-Box 360, in the vestibular rehabilitation of affected individuals of dizziness. Materials and Methods: The research consists of an observational study of the quantitative type of exploratory and descriptive character. The participants were five individuals of both genders, with a mean age of 59.6 year, subject to fulfillment of Kinect games and Kinect Sport Adventure the X-Box 360, and evaluated by comparing the scores of Dizzines Handicap interventory - DHI before and after intervention. Results: 80% of participants are female, the gender and age did not influence the improvement of quality of life, 80% had reduction of DHI in the physical, functional and emotional domain and consequently improved quality of life. Conclusion: The language intervention with patients with dizziness, through the video game X-Box 360, provided improvement in the quality of life of patients surveyed.
Significance of Adenoidectomy in the Treatment of Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)
Authors: Islam Md Ashraful
Published: March 2021

Background & Objectives: Adenoid hypertrophy is one of the commonest etiology for otitis media with effusion (OME). OME is a leading cause of diminished hearing in children younger than 12 years. This study compares the efficacy of adenoidectomy on OME in patients with different grades of adenoids and the connection between different position of adenoids and middle ear effusion. Methods: This is a prospective study done on 120 pediatric patients (2 to 12 years) presented with chronic otitis media with effusion and adenoid hypertrophy from 2017 to 2019. Adenoid size was graded and correlated with the type of tympanometry. All the cases were subjected to adenoidectomy with myringotomy and were observed every 3 months. Preoperative and postoperative data were collected and comparison was made to evaluate whether adenoidectomy with myringotomy is sufficient on management of OME. Results: Adenoid tissue grading showed majority of population remained in Grade III (45%) and Grade C (56.67%). There is a highly significant relation between higher adenoid grade and type B tympanometry. This study showed significant association between grade III and grade C adenoid hypertrophy and otitis media with effusion when compared with other grades of adenoid hypertrophy. This suggests that increasing grade of adenoid hypertrophy is important predictor in establishment of otitis media with effusion in patient with adenoid hypertrophy. After adenoidectomy majority of tympanometry curve was shifted from type B to type A. In case of Grade III, type B tympanometry reduced from 45 to 11 (83% to 20%) in right ears; 49 to 7 (90% to 12%) in left ears. Again, in case of Grade C, type B tympanometry reduced from 55 to 6 (80% to 8%) in right ears; 58 to 5 (85% to 7%) in left ears. This change was significant. The greater the size of the adenoid, after adenoidectomy, more improvement noticed in tympanometry curve. Conclusion: This study may not be the actual picture of overall situation due to many limitations. Still it can be concluded that enlarged adenoids has a definite role in causing OME. This research also shows a benefit of adenoidectomy in the removal of middle ear effusion in children with OME. To efficiently assess the efficacy of adenoidectomy for otitis media with effusion in children, future research is needed.
DIVERSITAS PHYTOTELMATA DI BEBERAPA WILAYAH ENDEMIS DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DI PROVINSI LAMPUNG, INDONESIA
Authors: Yulianty Yulianty , Rosa Emantis
Published: March 2021

Provinsi Lampung termasuk wilayah yang subur dan kaya akan keanekaragaman tumbuhan termasuk tumbuhan golongan phytotelmata. Phytotelmata adalah tumbuhan yang dapat menampung genangan air pada organ atau bagian tubuhnya, yang dimanfaatkan oleh berbagai organisme sebagai tempat berkembang biak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui diversitas  phytotelmata di beberapa wilayah endemis Demam Berdarah Dengue di Provinsi Lampung.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ditemukan 18 jenis phytotelmata yang termasuk ke dalam 14 famili tumbuhan meliputi Araceae, Arecaceae, Asparagaceae, Bromeliaceae, Costaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gnetaceae, Malvaceae, Oxylidaceae, Musaceae, Oxylidaceae, Pandanaceae, Poaceae,Ruscaceae, dan Sapindaceae;  ditemukan enam tipe phytotelmata   yaitu: tipe kelopak daun (KD), lobang akar (LA), lobang pohon (LP), kelopak bunga (KB), lobang buah (LB) dan tunggul bambu (TG).  Volume genangan air yang paling banyak ditemukan pada tipe lobang buah yaitu jenis Cocos nucifera  (50-60 ml);  tipe tunggul bambu yaitu pada jenis  Bambusa sp.(80-95 ml).
EFEK TERATOGENIK EKSTRAK RIMPANG RUMPUT TEKI (Cyperus rotundus L.) TERHADAP JUMLAH FETUS, PANJANG EKSTREMITAS DEPAN DAN BELAKANG, SERTA MALFORMASI FETUS MENCIT (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Roza Faizatin Nadya , Nurcahyani Nuning , Busman Hendri
Published: March 2021

Rumput teki (C. rotundus) mengandung senyawa yang zat-zat aktif yang dapat mempengaruhi proses hormonal jika digunakan secara langsung sehingga dapat memberikan efek samping khususnya jika dikonsumsi oleh wanita hamil. Pada periode organogenesis, embrio sangat sensitif terhadap masuknya suatu zat ke dalam tubuhnya. Penelitian yang dilakukan pada 23 Desember 2015 hingga 22 Januari 2016 di Laboratorium  Zoologi dan Laboratorium Kimia Organik FMIPA Universitas Lampung bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh teratogenik dari ekstrak rimpang rumput teki terhadap jumlah fetus, pertumbuhan panjang ekstremitas depan dan belakang, serta malformasi (kecacatan) fetus mencit (M. musculus L.) secara anatomi. Dua puluh mencit betina dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok. Ekstrak diberikan secara oral pada tiga kelompok perlakuan dengan dosis  45 mg/40 gBB (B); 90 mg/40 gBB (C); dan 135 mg/gBB (D), dalam 0,4 mL aquabides sedangkan satu kelompok tanpa ekstrak (A) sebagai kontrol. Perlakuan diberikan pada hari ke-6 samapai ke-13 kehamilan (periode organogenesis).  Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak rimpang rumput teki tidak mengurangi jumlah fetus yang dikandung namun menyebabkan kematian pada beberapa fetus. Selain itu, ekstrak rimpang rumput teki tidak menghambat pertumbuhan panjang ekstremitas depan fetus tetapi menghambat pertumbuhan panjang ekstremitas belakang fetus secara signifikan terhadap kontrol. Pemberian ekstrak rimpang rumput teki menyebabkan perbedaan panjang antara ukuran ekstremitas depan dan belakang kanan dibanding bagian kirinya serta menyebabkan malformasi fetus dan salah satu induk mencit mati akibat pemberian ekstrak.
KOMBINASI KOTORAN TERNAK (AYAM, KAMBING, DAN KUDA) SEBAGAI MEDIA KULTUR PERTUMBUHAN Daphnia sp.
Authors: Suci Fadilah , Murwani Sri , Tugiyono Tugiyono , Widiastuti Endang Linirin
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan populasi dan laju pertumbuhan Daphnia sp. pada beberapa media yang menggunakan kotoran ayam, kotoran kuda, kotoran kambing, dan kombinasi kotoran tersebut serta mengetahui media kultur terbaik dalam menunjang peningkatan populasi Daphnia sp.  Disamping itu penelitian ini juga bertujuan  untuk mengetahui korelasi antara kepadatan fitoplankton media dengan kepadatan Daphnia sp.  Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari enam perlakuan yang diulang 3 kali, yaitu P1: kotoran ayam 100%, P2: kotoran kambing 100%, P3: kotoran kuda 100%, P4: kotoran ayam 50% + kotoran kambing 25% + kotoran kuda 25%, P5: kotoran kambing 50% + kotoran ayam 25% + kotoran kuda 25%, P6: kotoran kuda 50% + kotoran ayam 25% + kotoran kambing 25%.  Parameter yang diamati adalah kepadatan populasi Daphnia sp., laju pertumbuhan populasi spesifik, pertumbuhan fitoplankton sebagai pakan Daphnia sp., uji proksimat (kotoran ayam, kambing, kuda, dan kombinasinya), dan kualitas air.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi kotoran ternak (ayam, kambing, dan kuda) memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap kepadatan populasi Daphnia sp. (p<0,05) serta berpengaruh nyata juga terhadap laju pertumbuhan populasi spesifik Daphnia sp. (p<0,05).  Perlakuan P4 kombinasi kotoran ayam 50% + kotoran kambing 25% + kotoran kuda 25% menghasilkan kepadatan puncak populasi Daphnia sp. terbaik sebesar 1.840 individu/L dan laju pertumbuhan populasi spesifik sebesar 56,51%/hari.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL JAHE MERAH (Zingiber officinale Roxb var Rubrum) TERHADAP JUMLAH SPERMATOGENIK MENCIT (Mus musculus L.) YANG DIINDUKSI SIPROTERON ASETAT
Authors: Irawati Nur Bebi Ulfah , Sutyarso Sutyarso , Busman Hendri
Published: March 2021

Infertilitas merupakan kondisi yang umum ditemukan dan dapat disebabkan oleh faktor perempuan atau laki-laki, parameter kesuburan dapat dilihat melalui kemampuan spermatozoa yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak etanol jahe merah dalam meningkatkan jumlah  spermatogenik mencit(Mus musculus L.) yang diinduksi siproteron asetat.  Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor mencit jantan yang dibagi secara acak menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kontrol normal, dimana hanya akan diberi pakan dan aquades. Kontrol negatif, diberikan siproteron asetat 1,17mg/ml secara oral selama 7 hari.  Kelompok P1, P2 dan P3 diinduksi siproteron asetat 1,17mg/ml secara oral selama 7 hari kemudian diberikan ekstrak etanol jahe merah dengan dosis P1: 6 mg/ml, P2: 12mg/ml, dan P3: 24mg/ml selama 28 hari.  Parameter yang dihitung dan diamati pada penelitian ini adalah jumlah sel spermatogonium, sel spermatosit primer dan sel spermatid mencit jantan.  Pengaruh ekstrak terhadap parameter dianalisis dengan  Analysis of Varian (ANOVA).  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol jahe merah yang diberikan pada dosis yang berbeda dapat meningkatkan jumlah sel spermatogonium, sel spermatosit primer dan sel spermatid mencit jantan yang diinduksi siproteron asetat.
UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK RIMPANG RUMPUT TEKI (Cyperus rotundus L.) DENGAN OBAT IMODIUM TERHADAP ANTIDIARE PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus L.) JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI OLEUM RICINI
Authors: Putri Afrisa Herni , Busman Hendri , Nurcahyani Nuning
Published: March 2021

Diare merupakan pengeluaran feses cair berulang kali atau lebih dari tiga kali sehari. Penyebab diare bermacam-macam, antara lain adanya infeksi virus, infeksi bakteri, makanan basi, beracun atau alergi terhadap makanan. Zat aktif  kimia yang terdapat dalam rimpang rumput teki (C. rotundus L.) teki antara lain: alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, pati, glikosida serta secara farmakologi rimpang teki mengandung senyawa antidiare sedangkan obat imodium merupakan obat kimia yang dapat mengatasi penyakit diare. Dengan adanya berbagai zat kimia tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai uji efektivitas ekstrak rimpang rumput teki (C.  rotundus L.) dengan obat imodium untuk mencegah terjadinya diare. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Zoologi Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Lampung pada bulan April-Juni 2016. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efektivitas ekstrak rimpang rumput teki dengan obat imodium dalam upaya menurunkan diare. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan, kontrol negatif, diberi 0,4 ml /40 gr BB aquabides (A), dosis ekstrak rumput teki 4,5 mg/ 40 gr BB dalam 0,4ml/100 grBB aquabides (B), dosis ekstrak rumput teki 45 mg/40 grBB dalam 0,4ml/100 gr BB aquabides (C), dosis ekstrak rumput teki 135 mg/40 grBB dalam 0,4ml/100 gr BB aquabides (D), dosis obat antidiare dengan dosis 0,4 mg dalam 0,4 ml/100 gr BB aquabides (E). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ekstrak rimpang rumput teki (C. rotundus L.) dengan dosis 135 mg/40 grBB dapat menunjukkan adanya khasiat antidiare, tetapi efeknya lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan obat imodium (Loperamide). Hal ini disebabkan karena di dalam rimpang rumput teki terkandung senyawa flavonoid dan alkaloid sebagai senyawa antidiare pada mencit.
PERBANDINGAN POLA PELETAKKAN TELUR KUPU-KUPU Eurema blanda (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) PADA DUA SPESIES TANAMAN PAKAN LARVA DI TAMAN KUPU-KUPU GITA PERSADA
Authors: Gindhi Erika Oktavia , Soekardi Herawati , Nukmal Nismah
Published: March 2021

Eurema blanda merupakan kupu-kupu dari famili Pieridae yang memiliki warna kuning dan bintik coklat pada sayapnya yang merupakan ciri khas dari kupu-kupu tersebut.  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan pola peletakan telur E.blanda pada dua macam tanaman pakan larva. Dua spesies tanaman pakan yang di gunakan yaitu tanaman kaliandra (Calliandra surinamensis) dan tanaman ketepeng (Cassia alata).  Penelitian ini di lakukan di Taman Kupu–kupu Gita Persada yang terletak di Gunung Betung, Kemiling, Bandar Lampung, Provinsi Lampung, yang di lakukan pada bulan Januari sampai Maret 2016. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu eksperimen dengan menggunakan 2 macam tanaman pakan larva yang masing-masing 10 polybag di letakkan berkelompok pada kandang penangkaran.  Analisis data di lakukan dengan cara deskriptif kuantitatif dan uji independent samples test.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kupu-kupu E. blanda meletakkan telur-telurnya secara berkelompok di daun termuda pada kedua tanaman pakan larvanya.  Kelompok telur yang terdapat pada tanaman kaliandra dan tanaman ketepeng berbeda nyata (p = 0,007) setelah di uji menggunakan uji T.  Kelompok telur pada kaliandra yaitu 1-3 kelompok dengan rata-rata jumlah telur per kelompok yaitu 31,50 ± 6,85 butir sedangkan pada tanaman ketepeng 1-2 kelompok dengan rata-rata jumlah telurnya yaitu 40,84 ± 11,02 butir.  Rata-rata panjang telur berbeda nyata (p = 0,005) pada tanaman kaliandra yaitu 1,31 ± 0,06 mm sedangkan pada tanaman ketepeng 1,28 ± 0,03 mm.  Rata-rata diameter telur tidak berbeda nyata (p = 0,569) pada tanaman kaliandra yaitu 0,75 ± 0,11 mm dan pada tanaman ketepeng yaitu 0,76 ± 0,09 mm.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL JAHE MERAH (Zingiber officinale Roxb. Var. Rubrum) TERHADAP SPERMATOZOA EPIDIDIMIS MENCIT (Mus musculus L.) YANG DIINDUKSI SIPROTERON ASETAT
Authors: Aristiani Pepti , Sutyarso Sutyarso , Busman Hendri
Published: March 2021

Infertilitas merupakan kondisi yang umum ditemukan di Indonesia. Jahe merah (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var. Rubrum) merupakan tumbuhan yang memiliki banyak khasiat di berbagai aspek. Jahe merah memiliki pengaruh yang baik sebagai antioksidan terhadap sel spermatogenik dan parameter sperma pada mencit (Mus musculus L.) jantan yang diinduksi siproteron asetat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol jahe merah terhadap jumlah ,motilitas, morfologi, dan viabilitas spermatozoa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap, menggunakan 25 ekor mencit jantan yang dibagi dalam 5 kelompok yaitu Kontrol Normal, K- (diberikan siproteron asetat 1,17mg/ml selama 7 hari), P1, P2 dan P3 (diinduksi siproteron asetat 1,17 mg/ml selama 7 hari dan ekstrak etanol jahe merah dengan dosis berturut-turut 6mg/ml, 12mg/ml, 24mg/ml selama 28 hari). Data yang di peroleh dianalisi menggunakan Analysis of Varian ( ANOVA). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ekstrak etanol jahe merah 6mg/ml, 12mg/ml, dan 24mg/ml dapat meningkatkan jumlah, motilitas, viabilitas dan menurunkan morfologi abnormal spermatozoa yang diinduksi siproteron asetat.
STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS FORAMINIFERA BENTIK DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN KEMELIMPAHAN PLANKTON TERHADAP TERUMBU KARANG DI GOSONG SUSUTAN DAN PASIR TIMBUL, TELUK LAMPUNG
Authors: Putri Amalia Kurnia , Dani Sayu Kadek Dwi , Widiastuti Endang L. , Dewi Kresna T. , Murwani Sri
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada 01 Agustus sampai 21 Oktober 2016 di Laboratorium Petrologi dan Mineralogi Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi Kelautan (P3GL) Bandung. Sampel yang digunakan berasal dari Pasir Timbul dan Gosong Susutan, Teluk Lampung. Sampel sedimen berjumlah 32 set yang diambil pada 4 titik stasiun dan 2 kali pengambilan yaitu disekitar tepian, pada kedalaman 5m, pada daerah terumbu karang kedalaman 7 dan 15 meter, sampel plankton diambil pada 0 meter, 7 meter, dan 15 meter dengan tiga kali pengambilan. Identifikasi foraminifera menggunakan buku acuan Barker (1960) dan Loebich dan Tappan (1994). Hasil penelitian ini didapat 5 bangsa yang ditemukan, yaitu Rotaliida, Textulariida, Miliolida, Robertinida, dan Lagenida. Sebanyak 52 jenis berhasil diidentifikasi dengan Amphistegina lessonii yang paling melimpah sebagai foraminifera penciri terumbu karang. Analisis data menggunakan PAST version 2.09 diketahui kisaran nilai indeks keanekaragaman 0,57-2,21, nilai indeks keseragaman 0,24-0,65, dan nilai indeks dominansi 0,15-0,76. Nilai korelasi 0,53 – 0,87 menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara foraminifera dan kemelimpahan plankton terhadap pertumbuhan terumbu karang di perairan Gosong Susutan, Lampung. FORAM Index (FI) digunakan sebagai bioindikator kualitas perairan terhadap terumbu karang, nilai FI yang tinggi menunjukkan lokasi tersebut baik dan cocok untuk pertumbuhan terumbu karang, 5,04 untuk nilai terendah dan 9,02 untuk nilai tertinggi.
KETERKAITAN DIVERSITAS PLANKTON SEBAGAI ZOOXANTHELLA TERHADAP WARNA KIMA (Tridacna sp.) PADA BEBERAPA PULAU DI TELUK LAMPUNG
Authors: Nisa Choirun , Widiastuti Endang L. , Murwani Sri , Susanto Gregorius Nugroho
Published: March 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui diversitas jenis plankton di sekitar kerang kima dan keterkaitan antara diversitas plankton terhadap warna kima di beberapa pulau-pulau kecil di Teluk Lampung. Variabel yang diamati adalah jenis kima yang ditemukan dan keberagaman plankton yang berada di sekitar kima, variable pendukung yakni factor lingkungan. Data plankton yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan rumus indeks keragaman, keseragaman, dan dominansi. Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus-Oktober di perairan sekitar Gosong Susutan, PulauKelagian, dan PulauUnang-Unang. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerang kima yang ditemukan pada tiap lokasi berjumlah satu dan termasuk spesies Tridacna squamasa. Kelompok fitoplankton yang ditemukan antara lain Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Cyanophyta, dan Chlorophyta. Bacilllariophyta adalah kelompok yang paling banyak ditemukan pada ketiga lokasi penelitian (52-59%), sementara Chlorophyta adalah kelompok yang paling sedikit ditemukan (3-5%). Banyaknya Bacillariophyta yang ditemukan di sekitar kima menyebabkan mantel kima berwarna kuning kecoklatan seperti warna pigmen yang dimiliki oleh kelompok ini. Hasil parameter lingkungan menunjukkan masih dapat mendukung kehidupan kerang kima.
KEMAMPUAN BERBAGAI TINGKATAN STADIUM LARVA KUMBANG Tenebrio molitor L. (COLEOPTERA : TENEBRIONIDAE) DALAM MENGKONSUMSI STYROFOAM (POLYSTYRENE)
Authors: Manullang Deasy Vidya Carolina , Nukmal Nismah , Suratman Suratman
Published: March 2021

Kumbang Tenebrio molitor atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai ulat hongkong, memiliki nilai ekonomis karena dapat digunakan sebagai pakan ternak maupun obat bagi manusia dan mudah dibudidayakan. Ulat hongkong belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal, sementara ulat hongkong secara alami memiliki manfaat yang besar sebagai pengurai senyawa organik dan anorganik di alam, dari penelitian terakhir diketahui dapat mengurai styrofoam. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Juli-Agustus 2016 di Laboratorium Zoologi Jurusan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Lampung dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan berbagai tingkatan stadium larva ulat hongkong dalam mengkonsumsi styrofoam. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), dengan 10 instar larva ulat hongkong sebagai perlakuan dan 3 kali pengulangan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Ragam (ANARA) dan dilanjutkan uji BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil) pada taraf beda nyata 5% serta dilakukan analisis korelasi antara jumlah styrofoam yang dimakan dengan berat serta panjang ulat hongkong. Hasil analisis ragam menunjukkan bahwa pakan styrofoam mempengaruhi berat dan panjang ulat hongkong, serta lama stadium ulat hongkong (p < 0,05). Hasil analisis korelasi antara berat ulat hongkong dan jumlah pakan yang dimakan menunjukan adanya hubungan positif yang sangat kuat (r = 0,96), dan pada korelasi antara panjang ulat hongkong dan jumlah pakan yang dimakan menunjukkan adanya hubungan postif yang kuat (r = 0,66).
Effect of Drought-Stress Conditions in Chlorophyll Content of Dendrobium sp. Planlets
Authors: Putri Fesya Salma , Nurcahyani Endang , Yulianty Yulianty , Irawan Bambang
Published: March 2021

Dendrobium sp. was a popular ornamental plant and has high economic value. One of many difficulties in the growth of orchids in Indonesia is low humidity and lack of water availability. Regulatory Substance Growth in the form of an atonic solution can increase the growth of orchid plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of atonic solutions on orchid chlorophyll content in drought stress conditions. This study used a 3x3 factorial design. Factor A is the atonic solution with 3 levels of concentration: 0 mL/L, 2 mL/L, and 3 mL/L. Factor B is PEG 6000 with 3 concentration levels: 0% b/v, 20% b/v and 25% b/v. The parameters tested were chlorophyll a, b and total Dendrobium orchid plantlets. The results showed that atonic solution and PEG 6000 significantly affected the chlorophyll a, b and total content of chlorophyll. The higher concentration of the atonic solution, the more content of chlorophyll a, b and total plantlets of decreased in drought stress conditions in vitro.
Makrozoobentos Diversity in Various Substrates Type in Way Sindalapai River, Liwa Botanical Garden
Authors: Setiana Rani , Tugiyono Tugiyono , Susanto Gregorius Nugroho , Suratman Suratman
Published: March 2021

The study of macrozoobenthos diversity in Way Sindalapai River can be used as one of the basic concepts in sustainable resource management in Liwa Botanical Garden area. Macrozoobenthos has an important role in the aquatic ecosystem, such as a food source for aquatic biota and as a detritivore. This study aims to determine the diversity of macrozoobenthos based on different sediment substrates in Way Sindalapai River, Liwa Botanical Garden, West Lampung. This study uses a purposive sampling method based on differences in the sediment substrates: muddy, sandy, rocky, and scrub with 3 replications. Sampling was carried out using a stratified filter and tweezers to separate the organism from the substrate. Samples were preserved in 70% alcohol and were identified by identification books at the Ecology Laboratory, FMIPA Universitas Lampung. The results of the study found 10 macrozoobenthos orders with a total of 155 individuals included in 13 families. The results of the calculation of diversity index values (H ') macrozoobenthos for all types of 2.26 (medium category). The highest macrozoobenthos dominance index (D) of the four substrates is in the rocky substrate that is 0.41 (low category). While the evenness index value (E) of macrozoobenthos in the Sindalapai Way River was 0.44 (medium category).
Bird Species Diversity in Liwa Botanical Garden, West Lampung
Authors: Sari Indah Fitri , Nurcahyani Nuning , Kanedi M. , Tugiyono Tugiyono
Published: March 2021

The diversity of bird species can reflect the high biodiversity of an area. it means that birds can be used as a bio-indicator of environmental quality. Determining the quality and level ofenvironmental damage can be seen from the diversity of bird species in the region. Environmental quality will be better if the diversity of bird species in the region is diverse.Birds have an important role in protecting the ecosystem in the Liwa Botanical Garden. The presence of birds in the Liwa Botanical Garden has not been well identified. Therefore thisresearch needs to be done. This research was conducted on 12 October 2019 to 20 October 2019 in the Liwa Botanical Garden, West Lampung. Data collection of bird species isconducted in the morning at 06.30.00-08.30 West Indonesia Time and afternoon at 16.30-18.00 West Indonesia Time, with a combination of the count point and the transect method then all encounters with birds are recorded and identified directly at the study site. After the birds are identified, data is processed to find out Shannon's level index and diversity index. The species diversity index uses the Shannon and Weiner formula. The level of diversity is determined based on the species diversity index. The results showed that there were 15 bird species with a total of 466 individuals with a moderate diversity  index and an evenness index indicating a distressed community.
The Effect of Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) and Atonik to The Growth of Tomato Plant (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)
Authors: Windiyani Intan Poespita , Handayani Tundjung T. , Zulkifli Zulkifli , Irawan Bambang
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to find how the effects of coconut water plus atonic on tomato plant growth. The study was conducted from October to November 2019 at the Laboratory of Botany, Department of Biology FMIPA University of Lampung. The study was conducted in a 2x3 factorial experiment with a completely randomized design. Factor A is young coconut water with 3 levels of concentration i.e. 0% v/v, 25% v/v, and 50% v/v. Factor B is atonic with 2 concentration levels, namely 0% v/v and 10% v/v. As variables are high, fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content, and chlorophyll content of plants. Levene Test, Variance Analysis is carried out at a 5% significance level. Main effects and simple effects were analyzed by the Tukey test at 5% significance level. The results showed that the interaction between coconut water and atonic had a negative effect on the growth of tomato plants. The results of the study concluded that coconut water combine with atonic can not improve tomato plant growth.
TYPES AND ACTIVITIES OF DAILY INSECT POLINATORS IN ORDER GARDEN AND GARDEN FRUIT LIWA
Authors: Febriyanti Devy , ROSA EMANTIS , Agustrina Rochmah
Published: March 2021

Pollinator insects are insects that play a role in pollinating plants. This research was conducted in December-January 2020 at the Liwa Botanical Garden which aims to determine the types and daily activities of pollinator insects in the Liwa Botanical Garden Ornamental and Fruit Parks. The research used observation methods in 2 locations, namely Ornamental Gardens and Fruit Gardens. Pollinator insect sampling using a sweap net. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results found that including pollinator insects in the Ornamental Park were 11 species and 165 individuals, namely (Junonia orithya, Hypolimnas bolina bolina, Neptis clinioides gunongensis, Oriens gola, Euploea mulciber, Elymnias panthera, Apis cerana, Apis florea, Xilocopa confuse, Lucilia sericerata, Coccinella septempuncata), in the Fruit Garden there were 6 species and 276 individuals, namely (Bactrocera dorsalis, Eurema blanda, Zizina otis, Ypthima baldus newboldi, Apis cerana, and Apis florea). Observation of Junonia orithya's daily activities starts in the morning at 08: 00-11: 00 WIB. Flying activities are initiated by the butterfly around the flower plant then perching on the leaves to sunbathe, suck nectar, suck minerals, suck nectar repeatedly, and look for a partner to carry out mating activities. Observation of daily afternoon activities was carried out at 14: 00-16: 00 WIB Junonia orithya was seen carrying out her activities such as in the morning. When the brightness starts to decrease for example due to rain, the butterflies will rest and take shelter under the leaves or bush environment.
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF LICHEN DIVERSITY IN GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Fastanti Fandri Sofiana , Susan Dewi , Supriyanti Yayan , Sutikno Sutikno
Published: March 2021

Lichen is an associated organism between fungi and algae. The research of lichen in Indonesia still inadequate, especially on the island of Java. Gunung Halimun Salak National Park is one of conservation area in West Java. The diversity of lichen in this area has never been reported. This study aims to provide preliminary information of lichen diversity in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park. This research was conducted in October 2019. All of the lichen specimens were carried out along the main road of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park. A total of 30 species were found in this study belongs to 18 genera and 10 families. The most dominant lichen species from Graphidaceae with crustose as growth form.
RADIAÇÃO ULTRAVIOLETA COMO ALTERNATIVA TECNOLÓGICA PARA DESINFECÇÃO DE EFLUENTE DE INDÚSTRIA DE PAPEL
Authors: Millek Karoline Mello , Souza Jeanette Beber , Sousa Vidal Carlos Magno de
Published: March 2021

A indústria brasileira de produção de papel destaca-se mundialmente no mercado entre os maiores produtores, mas, aliada a grande produção está a geração de grandes volumes de efluentes líquidos. Uma alternativa de tratamento para estes efluentes é à associação com o efluente sanitário das unidades, que promove vantagens, como a diluição de compostos tóxicos e o fornecimento de nutrientes para o sistema, todavia, também apresenta desvantagens, com destaque para a incorporação de microrganismos patogênicos no efluente final. Desta forma, o tema de investigação aqui tratado, aborda a radiação ultravioleta como alternativa para a desinfecção de efluente da produção de papel em estação de tratamento de efluentes (ETE) que recebe de forma combinada tanto efluente industrial quanto o esgoto doméstico. Foram variados parâmetros como a altura da lâmina líquida e o tempo de exposição à radiação. As eficiências de desinfecção foram avaliadas empregando os microrganismos indicadores de contaminação fecal Escherichia coli e coliformes totais. As diferentes alturas de lâmina líquida estudadas não influenciaram na eficiência da desinfecção, e os resultados obtidos foram plenamente satisfatórios do ponto de vista microbiológico, alcançando remoção de 99,96% para CT e 100% para E.coli. Assim obteve-se um efluente final com qualidade de atendimento aos padrões da legislação ambiental vigente e com potencial para reuso.
LKPD Berbasis PBL pada Materi Larutan Elektrolit dan Nonelektrolit untuk Kelas X SMA/MA
Authors: Handri Silvi , Mawardi Mawardi
Published: March 2021

Meningkatkan kemampuan berfikir kritis siswa dalam kurikulum 2013 dapat dilakukan dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran problem based learning (PBL). Tujuan penggunaan PBL di sekolah untuk membantu siswa dalam memecahkan masalah secara mandiri dan dapat mengasah kemampuan berfikir kritis. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Research and Development (R&D) dengan menerapkan model pengembangan Plomp. Instrument penelitian ini menggunakan lembar validasi yang diisi oleh guru kimia di SMA Negeri 8 Padang dan dosen kimia UNP, dianalisis menggunakan skala Aiken’s V. Hasil analisis data yang diperoleh dinyatakan valid dengan nilai V = 0,87 sehingga dihasilkan LKPD berbasis PBL yang digunakan sebagai media alternatif dalam proses pembelajaran di sekolah.
Pengembangan Soal Berpikir Kritis pada Materi Asam Basa dan Titrasi Asam Basa
Authors: Hidayati Rahmi , Kurniawati Desy
Published: March 2021

Berpikir kritis penting bagi setiap individu. Hal ini dikarenakan kemampuan ini berguna untuk membuat keputusan dan memecahkan masalah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan soal berpikir kritis pada materi asam basa dan titrasi asam basa yang valid dan praktis. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan menggunakan model Ploomp dengan tiga tahapan yaitu tahap penelitian awal, tahap pembentukan konsep dan tahap penilaian. Dalam penelitian ini, dikembangkan sebanyak 40 butir soal berpikir kritis dalam bentuk uraian. Validasi soal dilakukan oleh lima orang ahli. Tahap uji coba kelompok kecil dilakukan dengan enam peserta didik dan tahap uji coba lapangan dengan 20 peserta didik SMA Negeri 2 Batusangkar. Teknik analisa data menggunakan CVR Lawshe untuk data konten soal dan skala aiken untuk data konstruk soal. Dari 40 soal berpikir kritis yang dikembangkan, sebanyak 30 item soal valid dan sebanyak 10 item soal tidak valid. Hasil dari uji coba lapangan menunjukan bahwa kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik masih rendah.
Deskripsi hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan LKPD terintegrasi STEM-PjBL pada materi termokimia
Authors: Nugraha Aadi , Effendi Effendi
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang hasil belajar siswa menggunakan LKPD terintegrasi STEM-PjBL pada materi termokimia. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan (library research) yang menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yaitu jurnal ilmiah yang bereputasi. Metode pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini adalah metode dokumentasi dengan mencari dan menggali data literatur yang berkaitan dengan rumusan masalah. Metode analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode Miles Dan Hibernian aktivitas dalam analisis data, yaitu reduksi data (reduction), penyajian data (display), dan kesimpulan (conclusion drawing).
Carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in captive blackbucks (Antilope cervicapra) and leopards (Panthera pardus) from India
Authors:   Division of Epidemiology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India, Vinodh Kumar Obli R. , Singh Bhoj R. , Karikalan Mathesh , Tamta Shikha , Jadia Jai K. , Sinha Dharmendra K. , Mahendran Karunanidhi , Rupner Ramkumar N. , Karthikeyan Ravichandran , Sharma Anil K.
Published: March 2021

The study aimed to investigate the occurrence of carbapenem resistant E. coli and P. aeruginosa in apparently healthy, captive blackbucks and leopards of India. Faecal samples of blackbucks (n = 7) and leopards (n = 7) were processed to isolate carbapenem resistant E. coli (CRE) and P. aeruginosa (CRP). Forty (leopards n = 26; blackbuck n = 14) E. coli and two P. aeruginosa (blackbuck n = 2) samples were isolated from the faecal samples (n = 14). Eleven carbapenem resistant isolates were recovered, of which 10 were CRE and one was CRP. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for meropenem for carbapenem resistant isolates and was between 8 and 64 μg/mL. All the CRE and CRP were phenotypically multidrug resistant, and six CRE were extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producers. On genotypic screening, seven CRE and one CRP were positive for the blaNDM carbapenemase gene. Efflux pump-mediated carbapenem resistance was noticed in four CRE isolates (36.4%, 4/11). Of the six ESBL producing CRE, four isolates carried blaCTX-M-1 genes. The CRE isolates also harbored blaTEM-1, blaAmpC, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, tetA, tetB and sul1 resistance genes. On Shiga toxin virulence screening, Stx1, Stx2 genes were detected in two and one isolates, respectively. Plasmid typing of CRE revealed that the blaNDM genes were carried on an Incl1 plasmid. The plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST) of the isolates showed the Sequence Type (ST) 297. The occurrence of carbapenem resistance bacteria in captive wildlife should be a major public health priority.
Síntesis y caracterización de nanopartículas de oro y su funcionalización con sondas específicas de DNA de Achlya sp. y Escherichia coli
Authors:   , Chavez-Sandoval Blanca Estela
Published: March 2021

The pick in the use of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) in various fields has resulted in inorganic synthesis of metal NPs, however the methodologies used for their preparation are generally expensive and involve the use of hazardous chemicals, is why has recently increased the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives. Synthesize biologically AuNPs is easy, inexpensive and is less damaging to the environment. The use of plant extracts for the synthesis of nanomaterials has not yet been fully explored, however represents a good alternative as well as the aforementioned advantages are obtained stable NPs of different size and shape. In this work the synthesis and characterization of AuNPs wasnperformed, and their functionalization with specific DNA probes of two microorganisms of environmental interest Achlya sp. and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Achlya sp. is a fungus that infects fish farms, aquariums and natural reservoirs; E coli is a bacteria pathogenic to humans and is a source of contamination in food and water. The DNA probe or target sequence designed to Achlya sp. is: 5’ GCACCGGAAGTACAGACCAA 3’ and E. coli: 5’TTGCTTTGGCAAGTCCTCCT 3’ The AuNPs obtained by chemical synthesis and biological synthesis extracts from laurel, nopal, onion, pear and coffee were functionalized with DNA Achlya sp. and E. coli and can be used in the design and construction of biosensors for detecting environmental microorganisms before mentioned, except NPs coffee at pH 9, as these do not show a good functionalization. Furthermore it is proposed that for the biological synthesis, malic acid may be acting as a reducing agent and the amino group as a stabilizing agent. Finally, the genosensors allow monitoring, preventing and correcting issues that cause ecological imbalances in aquatic environments. These new analytical devices provide information quickly, simple and inexpensive compared with conventional analysis techniques.