bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cutting Edge: Lymphoid Tissue Inducer Cells Maintain Memory CD4 T Cells within Secondary Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Withers David R. , Gaspal Fabrina M. , Mackley Emma C. , Marriott Clare L. , Ross Ewan A. , Desanti Guillaume E. , Roberts Natalie A. , White Andrea J. , Flores-Langarica Adriana , McConnell Fiona M. , Anderson Graham , Lane Peter J. L.
Published: August 2012

Phylogeny shows that CD4 T cell memory and lymph nodes coevolved in placental mammals. In ontogeny, retinoic acid orphan receptor (ROR)γ-dependent lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells program the development of mammalian lymph nodes. In this study, we show that although primary CD4 T cell expansion is normal in RORγ-deficient mice, the persistence of memory CD4 T cells is RORγ-dependent. Furthermore, using bone marrow chimeric mice we demonstrate that LTi cells are the key RORγ-expressing cell type sufficient for memory CD4 T cell survival in the absence of persistent Ag. This effect was specific for CD4 T cells, as memory CD8 T cells survived equally well in the presence or absence of LTi cells. These data demonstrate a novel role for LTi cells, archetypal members of the innate lymphoid cell family, in supporting memory CD4 T cell survival in vivo.
Trito-Isaiah, penitential prayer and apocalypticism
Authors: Venter Pieter M.
Published: August 2012

An analysis of the research on the compositional development of Isaiah 56�66 indicates that theredefinition of Judean identity played a major role in the formation of these chapters. Scholarsvery often refer to the penitential prayer in Isaiah 63:7�64:11 to indicate this redefinitionof identity. A study of the background of these chapters shows that Hanson�s theory of adeveloping apocalypticism is usually upheld, whilst his identification of a Zadokite oppositionis either rejected or replaced by an acknowledgement that it is not possible to identify theseopponents. The suggestion of this article is that the term �qualified inclusivism� can be used asthe mark of those responsible for this section of the book of Isaiah.
Internacionalização de empresas: perspectivas teóricas e agenda de pesquisa
Authors: De Souza Eda Castro Lucas , Fenili Renato Ribeiro
Published: August 2012

O objetivo deste ensaio é identificar e discutir a produção científica sobre internacionalização de empresas para apresentar uma agenda de pesquisa concernente ao tema a partir das direções apontadas no estado da arte dos estudos desse fenômeno. Adicionalmente, este texto busca delinear e caracterizar as perspectivas teóricas que predominam nessa produção. Por meio de revisão da produção acadêmica brasileira e estrangeira sobre internacionalização, publicada no período de janeiro de 2005 a setembro de 2011, foram selecionados 141 artigos, identificando-se a carência de trabalhos que promovessem uma discussão direta sobre a relação entre  internacionalização e cultura, especialmente no que concerne às iniciativas brasileiras. A análise dos textos selecionados permitiu uma taxonomia dos estudos em três perspectivas teóricas: econômica, comportamental e cultural. Ao final, e com apoio na análisedos artigos publicados, propõe-se uma agenda de pesquisa a respeito do tema internacionalização de empresas, elaborada a partir das lacunas apontadas no estado da arte dos estudos sobre esse fenômeno.
Trajetórias profissionais de mulheres executivas: qual o preço do sucesso?
Authors: Loureiro Claudia Marcia Pereira , Da Costa Isabel de Sá Affonso , Freitas Jorge Augusto de Sá Brito e
Published: August 2012

Este artigo descreve como mulheres executivas percebem o impacto de empregabilidade e gênero nas suas trajetórias profissionais nas empresas brasileiras. O referencial teórico aborda as mudanças no contexto de trabalho que fazem emergir novos modelos de carreira, bem como o impacto do gênero na construção de trajetórias profissionais. A pesquisa de campo, baseada em doze entrevistas, buscou entender como as executivas percebem e traçam suas carreiras, notadamente quanto a fatores facilitadores do processo, dificuldades percebidas e estratégias para superá-las. Nos resultados, a empregabilidade foi considerada fator relevante na construção das carreiras, via qualificação profissional. O gênero só emergiu quando discutidos papéis familiares, mais especificamente, maternidade e casamento. As entrevistadas relataram que a carreira é importante como realização pessoal, sem abrir mão da maternidade e/ou do casamento. Demonstram que enfrentam obstáculos ao assumir diferentes papéis, porém não visualizam impossibilidades, mas dificuldades em sua escolha e buscam equacionar as diferentes funções assumidas.
Estudo bibliométrico da contribuição de Buckley e Casson (1976) na pesquisa em negócios internacionais
Authors: Ferreira Manuel Portugal , Serra Fernando Ribeiro , Ribeiro de Almeira Martinho Isnard
Published: August 2012

Neste artigo, analisou-se a contribuição para a pesquisa em negócios internacionais da obra de Peter Buckley e Mark Casson, de 1976, The future of the multinational enterprise. Nessa obra, os autores conceitualizam uma das teorias fundacionais da pesquisa em negócios internacionais nas últimas três décadas: a teoria da internalização. Neste estudo bibliométrico analisou-se todo o histórico de publicações na revista líder – o Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS) – entre 1976 e 2010, que citam a obra de 1976, de Buckley e Casson. As análises de citações, de cocitações e de temas permitem verificar o impacto da Teoria da Internalização, e de Buckley e Casson (1976) em especial, na pesquisa em negócios internacionais. Conceitualmente fundado na teoria da internalização para o estudo das multinacionais e da internacionalização das empresas, as ramificações estendem-se para domínios diversos da disciplina e consagram essa obra como um dos trabalhos fundamentais das últimas décadas.
Wage Subsidies and International Trade: When Does Policy Coordination Pay?
Authors: Braun Sebastian , Spielmann Christian
Published: August 2012

National labour market institutions interact across national boundaries when product markets are global. Labour market policies can thus entail spill-overs, which suggest that there are benefits from international policy coordination. This paper studies the effects of wage subsidies in an international duopoly model with unionized labour markets. The authors document both positive and negative spill-over effects and discuss the benefits and costs from international policy coordination both for the case of symmetric and asymmetric labour market institutions. The results suggest that institutional differences could sign responsible for the slow speed at which labour market policy coordination has progressed so far.
The rate of cultural change in one-to-many social transmission when cultural variants are not selectively neutral
Authors: Seki Motohide , Ihara Yasuo
Published: August 2012

Cultural transmission between individuals can take various forms. One-to-many transmission refers to the case when each individual in a population socially acquires cultural traits from one particular individual who occupies a special social status, such as teacher or powerful authority. Researchers have argued that one-to-many transmission accelerates cultural change compared with one-to-one transmission, which occurs between a pair of individuals. In contrast, a recent mathematical analysis has demonstrated that the rate of cultural change is not necessarily higher with one-to-many transmission under the assumption that cultural variants are selectively neutral. Here we analyze models of one-to-one and one-to-many transmission in a situation where cultural variants are not selectively neutral. Our analysis suggests that one-to-many transmission tends to show higher rate of cultural change than one-to-one transmission when cultural variants are selectively disfavored.
Atmospheric inorganic nitrogen input via dry, wet, and sea fog deposition to the subarctic Western North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Jung J. , Furutani H. , Uematsu M. , Kim S. , Yoon S.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Aerosol, rainwater, and sea fog water samples were collected during the cruise conducted over the subarctic Western North Pacific Ocean in the summer of 2008, in order to estimate dry, wet, and sea fog deposition fluxes of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen (N). During sea fog events, mean number densities of particles with diameter larger than 0.5 μm decreased by 12–78%, suggesting that particles with diameters larger than 0.5 μm could act preferentially as condensation nuclei (CN) for sea fog droplets. Mean concentrations of nitrate (NO3−), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), and non sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO4−2) in sea fog water were higher than those in rainwater, whereas those of ammonium (NH4+) in both sea fog water and rainwater were similar. These results reveals that sea fog scavenged NO3− and biogenic sulfur species more efficiently than rain. Mean dry, wet, and sea fog deposition fluxes for atmospheric total inorganic N (TIN; i.e. NH4+ + NO3−) over the subarctic Western North Pacific Ocean were estimated to be 4.9 ± 2.6 μmol m−2 d−1, 33 ± 47 μmol m−2 d−, and 7.8 ± 8.7 μmol m−2 d−1, respectively. While NO3− was the dominant inorganic N species in dry and sea fog deposition, inorganic N supplied to surface waters by wet deposition was predominantly by NH4+. The contribution of dry, wet, and sea fog deposition to total deposition flux for TIN (46 ± 48 μmol m−2 d−1) were 11%, 72%, and 17%, respectively, suggesting that ignoring sea fog deposition would lead to underestimate of the total influx of atmospheric inorganic N into the subarctic Western North Pacific Ocean, especially in summer periods.
Asian dust storm observed at a rural mountain site in Southern China: chemical evolution and heterogeneous photochemistry
Authors: Nie W. , Wang T. , Xue L. K. , Ding A. J. , Wang X. F. , Gao X. M. , Xu Z. , Yu Y. C. , Yuan C. , Zhou Z. S. , Gao R. , Liu X. H. , Wang Y. , Fan S. J. , N Poon C. , Zhang Q. Z. , Wang W. X.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Heterogeneous processes on dust particles are important for understanding the chemistry and radiative balance of the atmosphere. This paper investigates an intense Asian dust storm episode observed at Mount Heng (1250 m a.s.l.) in Southern China on 24–26 April 2009. A set of aerosol and trace gas data collected during the study was analyzed to investigate their chemical evolution and heterogeneous photochemistry as the dust traveled to Southern China. Results show that the mineral dust arriving at Mt. Heng experienced significant modifications during transport, with large enrichments in secondary species (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) compared with the dust composition collected at an upwind mountain top site (Mount Hua). A photochemical age "clock" (−log10(NOx/NOy)) was employed to quantify the atmospheric processing time. The result indicates an obvious increase in the abundance of secondary water-soluble ions in dust particles with the air mass' photochemical age. Based on the observations, a 4-stage evolution process is proposed for carbonate-rich Asian dust, starting from fresh dust to particles coated with hydrophilic and acidic materials. Daytime-enhanced nitrite formation on the dust particles was also observed, which indicates the recent laboratory result of the TiO2 photocatalysis of NO2 as a potential source of nitrite and nitrous acid.
Optical property retrievals of subvisual cirrus clouds from OSIRIS limb-scatter measurements
Authors: Wiensz J. T. , Degenstein D. A. , Lloyd N. D. , Bourassa A. E.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We present a technique for retrieving the optical properties of subvisual cirrus clouds detected by OSIRIS, a limb-viewing satellite instrument that measures scattered radiances from the UV to the near-IR. The measurement set is composed of a ratio of limb radiance profiles at two wavelengths that indicates the presence of cloud-scattering regions. Optical properties from an in-situ database are used to simulate scattering by cloud-particles. With appropriate configurations discussed in this paper, the SASKTRAN successive-orders of scatter radiative transfer model is able to simulate accurately the in-cloud radiances from OSIRIS. Configured in this way, the model is used with a multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) to retrieve the cloud extinction profile for an assumed effective cloud particle size. The sensitivity of these retrievals to key auxiliary model parameters is shown, and it is demonstrated that the retrieved extinction profile models accurately the measured in-cloud radiances from OSIRIS. Since OSIRIS has an 11-yr record of subvisual cirrus cloud detections, the work described in this manuscript provides a very useful method for providing a long-term global record of the properties of these clouds.
Distribution and recurrence of phytoplankton blooms around South Georgia, Southern Ocean
Authors: Borrione I. , Schlitzer R.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. South Georgia phytoplankton blooms are amongst the largest of the Southern Ocean and are associated with a rich ecosystem and strong atmospheric carbon drawdown. Both aspects depend on the intensity of blooms, but also on their regularity. Here we use data from 12 yr of SeaWiFS ocean colour imagery and calculate the frequency of bloom occurrence (FBO) to re-examine spatial and temporal bloom distributions. We find that upstream of the island and outside the borders of the Georgia Basin, blooms occurred in less than 4 out of the 12 yr (FBO < 4). In contrast, FBO was mostly greater than 8 downstream of the island, i.e. to the north and northwest, and in places equal to 12, indicating that blooms occurred every year. The typical bloom area, defined as the region where blooms occurred in at least 8 out of the 12 yr, covers the entire Georgia Basin and the northern shelf of the island. The time series of surface chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations averaged over the typical bloom area shows that phytoplankton blooms occurred in every year between September 1997 and September 2010, and that chl-a values followed a clear seasonal cycle, with concentration peaks around December followed in many years by a second peak during late austral summer or early autumn, suggesting a bi-modal bloom pattern. The bloom regularity we describe here is in contrast with results of Park et al. (2010) who used a significantly different study area including regions that almost never exhibit bloom conditions.
Reducing the model-data misfit in a marine ecosystem model using periodic parameters and Linear Quadratic Optimal Control
Authors: El Jarbi M. , Rückelt J. , Slawig T. , Oschlies A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. This paper presents the application of the Linear Quadratic Optimal Control (LQOC) method for a parameter optimization problem in a marine ecosystem model. The ecosystem model simulates the distribution of nitrogen, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus in a water column with temperature and turbulent diffusivity profiles taken from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model. We present the linearization method which is based on the available observations. The linearization is necessary to apply the LQOC method on the nonlinear system of state equations. We show the form of the linearized time-variant problems and the resulting two algebraic Riccati Equations. By using the LQOC method, we are able to introduce temporally varying periodic model parameters and to significantly improve – compared to the use of constant parameters – the fit of the model output to given observational data.
Terminations VI and VIII (∼ 530 and ∼ 720 kyr BP) tell us the importance of obliquity and precession in the triggering of deglaciations
Authors: Parrenin F. , Paillard D.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The main variations of ice volume of the last million years can be explained from orbital parameters (Laskar et al., 2004) by assuming climate oscillates between two states: glaciations and deglaciations (Parrenin and Paillard, 2003; Imbrie et al., 2011) (or terminations). An additional combination of ice volume and orbital parameters seems to form the trigger of a deglaciation (Parrenin and Paillard, 2003), while only orbital parameters seem to play a role in the triggering of glaciations (Khodri et al., 2001). Here we present a conceptual model which realistically reproduce ice volume variations during the past million years and in particular the timing of the 11 canonical terminations. Exploring our model's parameters exhaustively, we show that obliquity plays a fundamental role in the triggering of termination VI (~ 530 kyr BP), while precession plays a fundamental role in the triggering of termination VIII (~ 720 kyr ago).
Tracing the spatial propagation of river inlet water into an agricultural polder area using anthropogenic gadolinium
Authors: Rozemeijer J. , Siderius C. , Verheul M. , Pomarius H.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Diverting river water into agricultural areas or nature reserves is a frequently applied management strategy to prevent fresh water shortage. However, the river water might have negative consequences for chemical and ecological water quality in the receiving water bodies. This study aimed to obtain a spatial image of the diverted river water propagation into a hydrologically complex polder area, the polder Quarles van Ufford in The Netherlands. We used anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd-anomaly) as a tracer for river water that was diverted into the polder. A clear reduction in the river water contribution was found between very dry conditions on 5 August 2010 and very wet conditions on 22 October. Despite the large river water impact on 5 August, the diverted river water did not propagate up into the small agricultural headwater ditches. Gadolinium proved to be an effective tracer for diverted river water in a polder system. We applied our results to upgrade the interpretation of water quality monitoring data and to validate an integrated nutrient transport model.
Streamflow input to Lake Athabasca, Canada
Authors: Rasouli K. , Hernández-Henríquez M. A. , Déry S. J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The 271 000 km2 Lake Athabasca drainage in Northern Canada encompasses ecologically-rich and sensitive ecosystems, intensive agricultural lands, vast forests, glacier-clad mountains, and abundant oil reserves in the form of tar-sands. In this study, streamflow variability and trends in eight rivers feeding the 7800 km2 Lake Athabasca are investigated over the period 1960–2010. Hydrological regimes and trends are established using a robust regime shift detection method and the Mann-Kendall (MK) test, respectively. Results show that the Athabasca River, which provides ~ 57% of the total annual lake inflow of 34.06 km3 yr−1, experiences marked declines in recent decades impacting lake levels and its ecosystem. The Fond du Lac River, which contributes ~ 30% of total Lake Athabasca inflow, has an increasing trend of 0.021 km3 yr−1 over 1970–2010 according to the MK test, equating to a 0.86 km3 discharge increase from Fond du Lac River to the lake. From 1960 to 2010 there has been approximately a 21.2% reduction of average discharge equivalent to a 7.22 km3 recession in the Lake Athabasca causing lake levels to drop. The lake level has a trend of −0.008 m yr−1 which is equivalent to a 0.39 m decline in the lake level over 1960–2010. The total lake inflow trend over 1977–2010 is −0.207 km3 yr−1 or a reduction of 25.67 km3 by 2100 by linear extrapolation. This may imply a further reduction of 2 m to 3 m in lake level that is in the range of a 5200-yr historical minimum inferred from proxy data in nearby sediment cores.
GROUND OBJECT RECOGNITION USING COMBINED HIGH RESOLUTION AIRBORNE IMAGES AND DSM
Authors: Zhan Q. , Liang Y. , Wei C. , Xiao Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The research is carried on dataset Vaihingen acquired from ISPRS Test Project on Urban Classification and 3D Building Reconstruction. Four different types of ground objects are extracted: buildings, trees, vegetation (grass and low bushes) and road. Spectral information is used to classify the images and then a refinement process is carried out using DSM. A novel method called Sparse Representation is introduced to extract ground objects from airborne images. For each pixel we extract its spectral vector and solve Basis Pursuit problem using l1 minimization. The classification of the pixel is same as the column vector of observation matrix corresponding to the largest positive component of the solution vector. A refinement procedure based on elevation histogram is carried on to improve the coarse classification due to misclassification of trees/vegetation and buildings/road.
SAR POLARIMETRIC SIGNATURES FOR URBAN TARGETS – POLARIMETRIC SIGNATURE CALCULATION AND VISUALIZATION
Authors: Vyas A. , Sashtri B.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Various urban targets (land use) from Ahmedabad city were chosen, followed by generation of polarimetric signatures for each target using the developed tool. These polarimetric signatures were then studied and analyzed in detail. An attempt has been to develop a Polarimetric Signature Calculation and Visual Representation Tool assigned name "POLSIC", to generate Co-polarized and Cross polarized signatures, based on the calculation of Stokes Matrix and the backscattered power at various ellipticity and orientation angles. The input parameters required for the developed tool, are the amplitude and phase values of all the four polarizations, for each target using any quadpol radar imagery. In this study, RADARSAT-2 imagery has been used to obtain the amplitude and phase values of each target, in all four polarization states. Polarimetric signatures were generated for various urban targets using the developed tool. Vegetated land, built up in the city, built up within lake, and road were found to have an overall higher polarimetric response (backscattered power) as compared to grass lawn, fallow land and minimum in case of water body. Such Polarimetric responses were obtained due to factors like surface roughness and orientation of the target with respect to the radar look angle. The shape of the signature also indicates the scattering characteristics.
Estimating Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance contribution to future sea level rise using the regional atmospheric climate model MAR
Authors: Fettweis X. , Franco B. , Tedesco M. , van Angelen J. H. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , van den Broeke M. R. , Gallée H.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We report future projections of Surface Mass Balance (SMB) over the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) obtained with the regional climate model MAR, forced by the outputs of three CMIP5 General Circulation Models (GCMs) when considering two different warming scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). The GCMs selected in this study have been chosen according to their ability to simulate the current climate over Greenland. Our results indicate that in a warmer climate (i) the mass gained due to increased precipitation over GrIS does not compensate the mass lost through increased run-off; (ii) the surface melt increases non-linearly with rising temperatures due to the positive feedback between surface albedo and melt, associated with the expansion of bare ice zones which, in addition, decreases the ice sheet refreezing capacity; (iii) most of the precipitation is expected to fall as rainfall in summer, which further increases surface melt; (iv) no considerable change is expected on the length of the melting season, since heavier winter snowfall dampens the melt increase at the end of spring; (v) the increase of meltwater run-off versus temperature anomalies is dependent of the GCM-forced MAR ability to simulate the current climate; (vi) the MAR-simulated SMB changes can be approximated using the annual accumulated snowfall and summer 600 hPa temperature increase simulated by the forcing GCMs. In view of the large range in the CMIP5 future projections for the same future scenario, the GCM-based SMB approximations allow us to estimate what future projections are most likely within the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble. In 2100, the ensemble mean projects a sea level rise, resulting from a GrIS SMB decrease, estimated to be +4 ± 2 cm and +9 ± 4 cm for the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively. The GrIS SMB should remain positive with respect to RCP 4.5 scenario and becomes negative around 2070 in the case of the RCP 8.5 scenario since a global warming >+3 °C is needed. However, these future projections do not consider the positive melt-elevation feedback because the ice sheet topography is fixed through the whole simulation. In this regard, the MAR simulations suggest a cumulative ice sheet thinning by 2100 of ~100–200 m in the ablation zone. This highlights the importance of coupling climate models to an ice sheet model to consider the future response of both surface processes and ice-dynamic changes, and their mutual feedbacks to rising temperatures.
Reduced Expression of Human Chemokine Genes RANTES and IP-10 in Hepatitis B Virus Mediated Cirrhosis of Liver
Authors: Shravanti Gelli Veena , Mukherjee Rathindra Mohan , Rao Padaki Nagaraja , Jakkampudi Aparna , Reddy Panyala balkumar , Gupta Rajesh , Reddy Duvvuru Nageshwar
Published: August 2012

Regulated upon Activation Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) and interferon gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10), both chemokines are chemotactic for immunocompetent cells and play an important role in cell mediated antiviral defense. The objective of this work was to assess the expression pattern of RANTES and IP-10 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected patients having various disease severity. The study was performed on 79 HBV infected patients grouped into acute, inactive carriers (IC), chronic (CHB), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) plus 41 healthy voluntary blood donors as controls. Quantification of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was done by a sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Conventional and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for genotyping and determination of HBV DNA load respectively. RANTES and IP-10 mRNA expressions were evaluated by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and densitometry. Results obtained show that RANTES expression reduced significantly (p<0.0001) in cirrhosis group in comparison to controls and remain unaltered in other disease categories. Reduction in IP-10 expression was significant (p=0.006) in patients of all disease categories than controls which was most evident in cirrhosis group (p<0.0001). No association was found between the expression level of chemokines with HBV genotypes, HBsAg and HBV DNA levels in sera.It could be concluded that reduced expression of both the chemokines might be associated with lesser infiltration of immunocompetent cells to liver to avert further damage in cirrhosis.Serum level of both RANTES and IP-10 can be considered as prognostic marker of liver cirrhosis by validation studies.
New Perspectives in Cell Delivery Systems for Tissue Regeneration: Natural-derived Injectable Hydrogels
Authors: Munarin Fabiola , Petrini Paola , Bozzini Sabrina , Tanzi Maria Cristina
Published: August 2012

Natural polymers, because of their biocompatibility, availability, and physico-chemical properties have been the materials of choice for the fabrication of injectable hydrogels for regenerative medicine. In particular, they are appealing materials for delivery systems and provide sustained and controlled release of drugs, proteins, gene, cells, and other active biomolecules immobilized.

In this work, the use of hydrogels obtained from natural source polymers as cell delivery systems is discussed. These materials were investigated for the repair of cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, intervertebral disc, neural, and cardiac tissue. Papers from the last ten years were considered, with a particular focus on the advances of the last five years. A critical discussion is centered on new perspectives and challenges in the regeneration of specific tissues, with the aim of highlighting the limits of current systems and possible future advancements.
A Novel Silicon-Based Electrochemical Treatment to Improve Osteointegration of Titanium Implants
Authors: Valle Cinzia Della , Rondelli Gianni , Cigada Alberto , Bianchi Andrea Edoardo , Chiesa Roberto
Published: August 2012

Background

Titanium and its alloy represent the most commonly used biomaterials worldwide designed for bone-contact under-load applications, which often require specific mechanical properties. In particular, a large number of different biomimetic surface treatments have been developed to speed up the osteointegration process, which facilitates a reduction in recovery time.

Purpose

The aim of this work is to investigate the physical-chemical, mechanical and bioactivity properties of an innovative biomimetic treatment on titanium performed using Anodic Spark Deposition (ASD) electrochemical treatment.

Methods

The proposed Asd treatment was obtained in an electrochemical solution containing silicon, calcium, phosphorous and sodium followed by an alkali etching. Surface morphology was characterized using SEM and laser profilometry. Chemical and structural composition was assessed by EDS, ICP/OES and XRD analysis. Vickers micro hardness and static contact angle measurements were performed to assess the surface mechanical properties and wettability.

Results

The proposed anodization treatment was capable of providing a chemical and morphologic modified titanium oxide layer, adherent and characterized by superhydrophilic properties. The microporous morphology was enriched by calcium, silicon, sodium and phosphorous. After incubation in Kokubo's simulated Body Fluid (sBF) the treatment showed very high mineralization potential compared to the reference surfaces, accounting for a deposited hydroxyapatite layer as thick as 12 μm after 14 days of SBF incubation.

Conclusions

on the basis of the results obtained in this study, we believe that the novel silicon-based ASD biomimetic treatment represents a promising treatment capable of enhancing the osteointegration of titanium for dental and orthopedic applications.
The Role of the Private Sector in Regional Economic Recovery
Authors: Bosworth Gary , Gray David
Published: August 2012

As the policies of the UK's new Coalition government unfold, it appears that the private sector will take the bulk of the responsibility for sustaining economic recovery. In order to understand the implications for local economies, this paper highlights areas of growth potential and the barriers that business owners are encountering. Based on a postal survey of businesses in the study area of Newark and Sherwood, a representative rural district in a middling region, research has identified that the majority of firms are still planning to grow, despite significant concerns over investment finance and working capital. Furthermore, 17% say that they will definitely recruit new full-time staff within two years, while a further 36% are considering doing so. This paper expands on these findings and also explores the skills needs and barriers that are preventing growth from being realized. The aim is to provide policy guidance to support the development of local economies emerging from recession and to consider the longer-term implications of the characteristics of local labour markets.
Embedding Small Business and Entrepreneurship Training within the Rural Context
Authors: Siemens Lynne
Published: August 2012

Rural small business owners face challenges that are not generally present in urban locations. As a result, they need training programmes that are specific to this context. This paper presents a framework for such a programme. First, the programme is based on the perspective that rural business owners are strongly motivated, but not necessarily by financial goals alone. Second, the owners must approach the issue of business development with the realization that multiple income sources may be required for business sustainability. Third, the primary resources are the owners themselves, along with their family, their business and their community – all available locally. Finally, the curriculum is delivered using examples of successful rural entrepreneurs.
Enhancing Academic Entrepreneurial Capability through the Creation of New Knowledge
Authors: Talbot Steve , Ferri Paul , Whittam Geoff , Baynham Caroline
Published: August 2012

This paper uses the concept of the entrepreneurial university and the so-called ‘Triple Helix’ to analyse the nature of entrepreneurial capability and capacity building within a university environment. The authors analyse the operationalization of the entrepreneurial process of the entrepreneurial university as it looks to create new knowledge. According to Heinonen and Hytti (2010), this is an underdeveloped area in the literature and so there is a knowledge deficit. The authors seek to address this deficit by using an inductive approach to develop a conceptual model of the entrepreneurial process.
Organizational Interventions concerning Palliation in Community Palliative Care Services: A Literature Study
Authors: Raunkiær Mette , Timm Helle
Published: August 2012

Background. Studies indicate problems between different professional groups working with palliative care and the organisation of palliative home care at nursing homes. The purpose of this study is to examine international experiences and cooperative development initiatives regarding the organisation of community palliative care services.Method. The study has been carried out as a literature study based on bibliographic searches in international databases with selected key words.Results and Conclusion. The study of the literature identified 19 studies described in 20 articles that relate to development efforts and interventions regarding the organisation of palliative care in communities. Nearly, all of the studies were based on health care professionals' assessments of users (the relatives). However, it is unknown whether or how patients and relatives experience a positive effect of the interventions. The literature study shows that it is a great methodological challenge to complete and evaluate studies concerning organisation and cooperation using methods that make the results useful for others.
Bäcklund Transformation and N-Soliton Solutions for the Cylindrical Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation from the Diverging Quasi-Plane Envelope Waves
Authors: Wang Pan , Tian Bo , Liu Wen-Jun , Jiang Yan
Published: August 2012

This paper investigates a cylindrical nonlinear Schrodinger (cNLS) equation, which describes the cylindrically diverging quasi-plane envelope waves in a nonlinear medium. With the Hirota method and symbolic computation, bilinear form and N-soliton solutions in the form of an Nth-order polynomial in N exponentials are obtained for the cNLS equation. By means of the properties of double Wronskian, the N-soliton solutions in terms of the double Wronskian is testified through the direct substitution into the bilinear form. Based on the bilinear form and exchange formulae, the bilinear Backlund transformation is also given. Those solutions are graphically depicted to understand the soliton dynamics of the cylindrically diverging quasi-plane envelope waves. Soliton properties are discussed and physical quantities are also analyzed. Dispersion parameter has the effect that it may extend (or shorten) the periodic time of soliton interaction and change the direction of soliton propagation. Amplitudes of solitons are related to the cubic nonlinearity parameter.
Trace Formula on Transmission Eigenvalues of the Sturm–Liouville Problem
Authors: Yang Chuan-Fu
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we consider eigenvalues and traces of a special Sturm-Liouville problem, which originates from an acoustic scattering problem with a spherically symmetric speed of sound. Regularized trace formulae on transmission eigenvalues of the Sturm-Liouville problem are obtained.
Three-Dimensional Bright–Dark Soliton, Bright Soliton Pairs, and Rogue Wave of Coupled Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Equation with Time–Space Modulation
Authors: Chen Junchao , Li Biao
Published: August 2012

We systematically provide a similarity transformation reducing the (3+1)-dimensional inhomogeneous coupled nonlinear Schrodinger (CNLS) equation with variable coefficients and parabolic potential to the (1+1)-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation with constant coefficients. Based on the similarity transformation, we discuss the dynamics of the propagation of the three-dimensional bright-dark soliton, the interaction between two bright solitons, and the feature of the three-dimensional rogue wave with different parameters. The obtained results may raise the possibility of relative experiments and potential applications.
Blow-Up of Solutions for a Class of Reaction-Diffusion Equations with a Gradient Term under Nonlinear Boundary Condition
Authors: Zhao Junping
Published: August 2012

The blow-up of solutions for a class of quasilinear reaction-diffusion equations with a gradient term ut = div(a(u)b(x)▽u)+ f (x;u; |▽u|2; t) under nonlinear boundary condition ¶u=¶n+g(u) = 0 are studied. By constructing a new auxiliary function and using Hopf’s maximum principles, we obtain the existence theorems of blow-up solutions, upper bound of blow-up time, and upper estimates of blow-up rate. Our result indicates that the blow-up time T* may depend on a(u), while being independent of g(u) and f .
Falkner–Skan Boundary Layer Flow of a Sisko Fluid
Authors: Khan Masood , Shahzad Azeem
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we investigate the steady boundary layer flow of a non-Newtonian fluid, represented by a Sisko fluid, over a wedge in a moving fluid. The equations of motion are derived for boundary layer flow of an incompressible Sisko fluid using appropriate similarity variables. The governing equations are reduced to a single third-order highly nonlinear ordinary differential equation in the dimensionless stream function, which is then solved analytically using the homotopy analysis method. Some important parameters have been discussed by this study, which include the power law index n, the material parameter A, the wedge shape factor b, and the skin friction coefficient Cf. A comprehensive study is made between the results of the Sisko and the power-law fluids.
Study of the Rate Type Fluid with Temperature Dependent Viscosity
Authors: Faraz Naeem , Khan Yasir
Published: August 2012

This paper outlines a comprehensive study of the two dimensional flow of an incompressible viscoelastic fluid over a shrinking/stretching sheet with temperature dependent viscosity. The governing coupled nonlinear differential equations are solved by means of the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The results are presented graphically to interpret various physical parameters appearing in the problem. The solution procedure explicitly elucidates the remarkable accuracy of the proposed algorithm.
A Geografia Crítica Brasileira e o Debate Sobre Ontologia do Espaço: uma Aproximação
Authors: Pedrosa Breno Viotto
Published: August 2012

Resumo No presente artigo exploraremos alguns aspectos desenvolvidos acerca do tema da ontologia do espaço. Buscaremos explanar sobre os autores que na geografia brasileira se debrucaram sobre o assunto. Esse tema esta ligado a renovacao da geografia critica e ao marxismo, e inicialmente seguiu o itinerario de Armando Correa da Silva, Antonio Carlos Robert Moraes, Milton Santos e Ruy Moreira. Obviamente atualmente muitos outros pesquisadores estudaram a ontologia do espaço. Porém, buscamos tracar quais foram as circunstancias preliminares do surgimento da ideia de ontologia. Palavras-chave: Ontologia, espaco e sociedade.10.7147/GEO11.1771
O Papel dos Agentes Públicos e da Sociedade Civil na Implementação de Políticas de Desenvolvimento Territorial no Estado da Bahia: uma Análise Preliminar
Authors: Serpa Angelo , Borges Sérgio
Published: August 2012

Um processo de regionalização institucional vem, a partir de 2007, definindo novos recortes espaciais (divisões regionais) para o Estado da Bahia, em substituição as Regiões Econômicas: os Territórios de Identidade, como unidades de planejamento para a execução das ações governamentais, com o intuito de impulsionar e programar políticas públicas de desenvolvimento territorial, buscando fazê-lo de maneira mais equânime e, assim, concretizar uma realidade mais justa no território baiano. A nova regionalização institucional tem como base a operacionalização de uma abordagem sócio-cultural, na qual as identidades regionais e o sentido de pertencimento dos agentes sociais passam a ser centrais no planejamento e na gestão territoriais. Apresentamos neste artigo os resultados de uma análise preliminar realizada sobre as políticas de desenvolvimento territorial, implementadas a partir de 2007 no Estado da Bahia. A questão central aqui é esclarecer o papel dos agentes públicos e da sociedade civil nessas novas experiências políticas. A pesquisa apresentada nesse artigo tem caráter exploratório. As técnicas de coleta de dados e informações utilizadas foram: pesquisa documental bibliográfica (livros, materiais disponibilizados na internet, leis, artigos de revistas, jornais e mapas, existentes sobre o tema); em um segundo momento, a pesquisa de campo com a elaboração de roteiro e realização de entrevistas semi estruturadas com técnicos e participantes dos colegiados territoriais. Acreditamos que os Territórios de Identidade como unidades de planejamento das políticas públicas do Estado em vias de consolidação, ainda têm um longo e difícil caminho a trilhar, até que ocorra, de fato, a descentralização de recursos e a participação da população na formulação e na implementação das políticas territoriais, como políticas de Estado. Esse é, a nosso ver, o principal desafio a ser enfrentado!10.7147/GEO11.2123
A Institucionalização da Geografia Alemã na Passagem do séc. XIX ao séc. XX: Práticas e Contribuições Teóricas em Peschel, Ratzel e Hettner
Authors: Oliveira Ricardo Devides
Published: August 2012

Este artigo busca compreender a institucionalização da Geografia alemã enquanto um processo diverso de mudanças políticas, econômicas, culturais e estéticas, que foram acompanhadas de um aparato institucional e estrutural dado pelo Estado Alemão, centralizado e unificado em 1871 sob a áurea de Bismarck, e pelo Imperialismo. Propõe-se assim a analisar a umbilical relação estabelecida entre ciência e política e entre ciência e suporte institucional. A partir das contribuições de Peschel, Ratzel e Hettner, a Geografia tornar-se-ia um dos mais importantes ramos científicos de finais do séc. XIX e início do séc. XX.10.7147/GEO11.2216
Mapas em Deriva: imaginação e cartografia escolar
Authors: De Oliveira Jr Wenceslao Machado
Published: August 2012

A intenção central deste ensaio é provocar os leitores a pensar sobre as possibilidades e potencialidades da ampliação das margens da cartografia escolar se e quando esta incorpora em seus estudos e práticas a dimensão expressiva da linguagem cartográfica, fazendo-a deslocar-se das dimensões comunicativa e informativa à qual ela atualmente se vincula quase que exclusivamente nos ambientes escolares. Ao longo do texto o continente, cartografia escolar, é rasurado, permitindo que dele se parta ao encontro de ilhas-obras de arte atravessadas pela linguagem cartográfica: mapas em deriva configurando um novo arquipélago onde a cartografia se faz outra, mais potente a acolher a dimensão expressiva de crianças e jovens que dela se aproximarem.Palavras-chave: linguagem cartográfica, mapas em deriva, educação pelas imagens.DOI: 10.7147/GEO12.3187
Cartografias intensivas: notas para uma educação em geografia
Authors: Preve Ana Maria Hoepers
Published: August 2012

As questões levantadas no presente texto derivam de uma oficina na qual se estabeleceu uma situação de jogo. O trabalho foi realizado no Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico (HCTP) de Florianópolis/SC com um grupo de pacientes-internos. O jogo – experimentações da oficina de educação em geografia – deu a perceber que existe uma geografia de intensidade que se reporta aos espaços intensivos. Tal percepção tensiona o hábito consolidado por uma prática geográfica escolar de pensar os mapas como verdades do espaço e do território. Esse é um dos pontos importantes do trabalho, cuja ênfase recai na apresentação dos resultados de uma pesquisa de educação em geografia na qual se utilizou oficinas como meio para inventar espaços no espaço conhecido e percorrido.DOI: 10.7147/GEO12.3188
A visualidade dos atlas geográficos escolares brasileiros e a ideologia visual do perspectivismo
Authors: Cazetta Valéria
Published: August 2012

Abordarei neste texto o emprego de imagens menos codificadas (fotografias comuns, fotografias aéreas oblíquas e verticais e imagens orbitais) que passaram a compor os atlas geográficos escolares publicados a partir da década de 1990. Mas o que estas obras educativas trariam de novo ao empregarem linguagens menos codificadas em sua composição imagética? É importante ressaltar que estas outras imagens, principalmente a fotografia, compuseram antes nossa educação visual, sem mencionar as imagens orbitais oriundas de plataformas virtuais, as quais passaram a ser amplamente inseridas tanto em livros didáticos quanto em atlas geográficos escolares. Assim, qual o papel destas imagens nos atlas? Elas são inseridas para dar visualidade a que temas, mapeados?Palavras-chave: atlas geográficos escolares, educação visual, ensino de geografia DOI: 10.7147/GEO12.3196
A Database for Long-Term Atmosphere-Surface Transfer Monitoring in Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy)
Authors: Martano P. , Elefante C. , Grasso F.
Published: August 2012

The micrometeorological base of ISAC-CNR in Lecce, southeast of Italy, has been active since 2002, in collecting experimental data about surface-atmosphere transfer of momentum heat and water vapour. It operates in a suburban site inside the Salento University campus and has been improved along the past years in terms of active sensors to give a quite complete description of the soil-atmosphere vertical transfer. It is composed by a 16 m mast with fast response (eddy correlation) instrumentation and an ancillary automatic meteorological station collecting also soil data at 2 levels of depth. Fast response data are preprocessed in half-hour averaged satistics and stored in a web database. At present, the Lecce database is also a pilot reference structure for the Climate Change Section of the CNR-DTA GIIDA project (Integrated and Interoperative Management of Environmental Data project, Earth and Environment Department, National Research Council), aimed to build a spatial data infrastructure between different CNR-DTA structures collecting environmental data. It is also a data provider for the Hymex project database (Hydrological Mediterranean Experiment).
Electromagnetic Interferences in Electrical Measurement Systems Demystified
Authors: Bengtsson Lars
Published: August 2012

This paper is concerned with the practical aspects of protecting an electrical measurement system against different kinds of interfering cross-talk. We categorise different kinds of cross-talk, describe their origin and how to decouple them in order to protect the system. This presentation is a primer for students or application engineers concerned with the practical operation of an electrical measurement system. We explain cross-talk phenomena with a minimum of electromagnetic theory, focusing more on understanding the origin of cross-talk in terms of basic electric and magnetic circuits rather than advanced electromagnetic wave equations, and how to decouple them. Compared to a typical textbook presentation on the subject, this work categorises all kinds of electromagnetic interferences using a minimum of mathematical equations, clearly explaining their origin and illustrating how each one is decoupled.