bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Functionalization of 3‐Amino‐hexahydrooxazoninones
Authors: Schurgers Ben , Wouters Johan , De Blieck Ann , Van Lommen Guy , Menet Christel , Verniest Guido
Published: June 2018

The regio‐ and diastereoselectivity of transformations of nine‐membered lactams with a Z double bond in the cyclic tether towards building blocks for medicinal chemistry was evaluated. To this end, 3‐aminohexahydrooxazoninones were synthesized using a standard ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) approach of easily available O,N‐bisallylated serine derivatives. The obtained Z double bond in the medium sized lactam was used as a handle to evaluate the stereoselectivity of electrophile induced transformations. It was shown that dibromination and electrophilic activation by NBS followed by attack of O‐nucleophiles proceeded in a diastereoselective manner. Cyclization of obtained bromohydrins and face‐selective epoxidation gave access to both diastereomers of the epoxidized lactams. Finally, a Heck‐reaction of a bromobenzyl moiety at the lactam N‐atom with the Z‐double bond resulted in the diastereoselective formation of bicyclic bridged nine‐membered lactams.
Handle with Care: Establishing Catch Limits for Fish Stocks Experiencing Episodic Natural Mortality Events
Authors: Harford William J , Grüss Arnaud , Schirripa Michael J , Sagarese Skyler R , Bryan Meaghan , Karnauskas Mandy
Published: June 2018

Harmful blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, known as “red tides,” are responsible for major episodic fish kills in the Gulf of Mexico. In response to management concerns, we conducted a management strategy evaluation to examine whether decision-making reactivity to event occurrence or precautionary catch limit reductions could aid in achieving fishery objectives. Simulated stock dynamics were representative of Gulf of Mexico Red Grouper Epinephelus morio, and assessment of simulated data involved estimation of time-varying natural mortality. We found that both unresponsive yet precautionary catch limits and reactive decision making could improve achievement of fishery objectives, although practical impediments to reactive strategies abound. Where catch limit reductions were introduced to buffer against scientific uncertainty, a trade-off was evident that required recognizing constraints in stock assessment reliability (given the complexities of estimating time-varying natural mortality) and balancing these constraints against desirability for high catch rates. Our study provides a narrative on the ways in which management guidance can be structured to address uncertainty about future occurrences of episodic natural mortality events.
TCPOBOP‐Induced Hepatomegaly and Hepatocyte Proliferation are Attenuated by Combined Disruption of MET and EGFR Signaling
Authors: Bhushan Bharat , Stoops John W. , Mars Wendy M. , Orr Anne , Bowen William C. , Paranjpe Shirish , Michalopoulos George K.
Published: June 2018

TCPOBOP (1,4‐Bis [2‐(3,5‐Dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene) is a constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) agonist that induces robust hepatocyte proliferation and hepatomegaly without any liver injury or tissue loss. TCPOBOP‐induced direct hyperplasia has been considered to be CAR‐dependent with no evidence of involvement of cytokines or growth factor signaling. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), MET and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are known to play a critical role in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, but their role in TCPOBOP‐induced direct hyperplasia, not yet explored, is investigated in the current study. Disruption of the RTK‐mediated signaling was achieved using MET knockout (KO) mice along with Canertinib treatment for EGFR inhibition. Combined elimination of MET and EGFR signaling [MET KO + EGFR inhibitor (EGFRi)], but not individual disruption, dramatically reduced TCPOBOP‐induced hepatomegaly and hepatocyte proliferation. TCPOBOP‐driven CAR activation was not altered in [MET KO + EGFRi] mice, as measured by nuclear CAR translocation and analysis of typical CAR target genes. However, TCPOBOP‐induced cell cycle activation was impaired in [MET KO + EGFRi] mice due to defective induction of cyclins, which regulate cell cycle initiation and progression. TCPOBOP‐driven induction of FOXM1, a key transcriptional regulator of cell cycle progression during TCPOBOP‐mediated hepatocyte proliferation, was greatly attenuated in [MET KO + EGFRi] mice. Interestingly, TCPOBOP treatment caused transient decline in hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha expression concomitant to proliferative response; this was not seen in [MET KO + EGFRi] mice. Transcriptomic profiling revealed the vast majority (~40%) of TCPOBOP‐dependent genes primarily related to proliferative response, but not to drug metabolism, were differentially expressed in [MET KO + EGFRi] mice. Conclusion: Taken together, combined disruption of EGFR and MET signaling lead to dramatic impairment of TCPOBOP‐induced proliferative response without altering CAR activation.
The association between dietary cadmium exposure and renal dysfunction – the benchmark dose estimation of reference levels: the ChinaCad study
Authors: Chen Xiao , Zhu Guoying , Wang Zhongqiu , Liang Yihuai , Chen Bo , He Ping , Nordberg Monica , Nordberg Gunnar F. , Ding Xiaoqiang , Jin Taiyi
Published: June 2018

The tolerable dietary intake of cadmium was recommended at provisional tolerable monthly intake of 25 μg kg−1 body weight. However, several studies indicated that this tolerable level should be re‐evaluated for sufficient health protection. In this study, we show the reference levels of dietary cadmium intake for renal dysfunction by using a benchmark dose (BMD) approach. A total of 790 subjects (302 men and 488 women) living in control and cadmium‐polluted areas were included. The dietary cadmium intake was estimated by a food survey. Blood cadmium, urinary cadmium and renal function markers (microalbuminuria, N‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase [NAG] and its isoform B [NAGB], β2‐microglobulin and retinol binding protein) in urine were measured. We calculated the 95% lower confidence bounds of BMD (BMDLs) of cumulative cadmium intake. In control and two polluted areas, the median cumulative cadmium intake was 0.5, 2.1 and 11.1 g. The odds ratio of the intermediate (1.0–3.0 g), second highest (3.0–11.0 g) and the highest cumulative cadmium intake (>11.0 g) compared with the lowest cumulative cadmium intake (<1.0 g) were 2.8 (95% CI: 1.4–5.8), 8.1 (95% CI: 3.8–17.2) and 11.4 (95% CI: 6.5–26.4) for urinary NAG and 6.6 (95% CI: 3.2–13.8), 14.8 (95% CI: 6.8–32.2) and 22.5 (95% CI: 10.7–47.5) for urinary NAGB. The BMDLs of cumulative cadmium intake were 1.1–1.2 g (benchmark response [BMR] = 5%) for urinary NAG, and were 0.7–0.9 g (BMR = 5%) for urinary NAGB, and were 1.3–1.4 g (BMR = 5%) for urinary β2‐microglobulin. The BMDLs of cumulative cadmium intake in a Chinese population were lower than the critical standard previously reported. Further evaluations are needed for sufficient health protection.
Efficient calculation of open quantum system dynamics and time‐resolved spectroscopy with distributed memory HEOM (DM‐HEOM)
Authors: Kramer Tobias , Noack Matthias , Reinefeld Alexander , Rodríguez Mirta , Zelinskyy Yaroslav
Published: June 2018

Time‐ and frequency‐resolved optical signals provide insights into the properties of light‐harvesting molecular complexes, including excitation energies, dipole strengths and orientations, as well as in the exciton energy flow through the complex. The hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) provide a unifying theory, which allows one to study the combined effects of system‐environment dissipation and non‐Markovian memory without making restrictive assumptions about weak or strong couplings or separability of vibrational and electronic degrees of freedom. With increasing system size the exact solution of the open quantum system dynamics requires memory and compute resources beyond a single compute node. To overcome this barrier, we developed a scalable variant of HEOM. Our distributed memory HEOM, DM‐HEOM, is a universal tool for open quantum system dynamics. It is used to accurately compute all experimentally accessible time‐ and frequency‐resolved processes in light‐harvesting molecular complexes with arbitrary system‐environment couplings for a wide range of temperatures and complex sizes. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization and comparison of cold brew and cold drip coffee extraction methods
Authors: Angeloni Giulia , Guerrini Lorenzo , Masella Piernicola , Innocenti Marzia , Bellumori Maria , Parenti Alessandro
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Each region of the world has its own methods, protocols, instruments and procedures regarding how to brew coffee. The final result in the cup is strongly affected by the extraction method, and many studies have focused on this subject. However, few studies have investigated slow, cold extraction methods, despite their popularity among baristas. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize and compare two cold extraction methods: cold brew and cold drip.

RESULTS

Physical and chemical analyses were used to describe coffee beverages in terms of pH, total solids, refractive index, density and viscosity. Caffeine and cinnamic acids were quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/diode array detector and HPLC/mass spectrometry. A sensory evaluation included aroma, flavor and textural attributes.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant differences were found in the chemical and physical parameters, both between and within the two methods, as a function of the extraction temperature and contact time. Similarly, the sensory evaluation found differences in flavor profiles, as measured in terms of bitterness, sweetness, sourness and global intensity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Build‐Up of Dissipative Optical Soliton Molecules via Diverse Soliton Interactions
Authors: Peng Junsong , Zeng Heping
Published: June 2018

Solitons can form bound states that are frequently referred to as soliton molecules as they exhibit molecule‐like dynamics. The build‐up phase of the optical soliton molecule remains elusive. Here, by means of a time‐stretch technique that enables real‐time access to the spectral and temporal dynamics, rich nonlinear processes involved in the build‐up of soliton molecules are revealed in an ultrafast fibre laser. Specifically, the formation of closely‐ and well‐separated bound solitons are resolved. In both cases, the build‐up phases consist of three nonlinear stages including mode locking, soliton splitting, and soliton interactions. For closely‐separated bound solitons, soliton interactions display wide diversities in repeated measurements, including soliton attraction, repelling, collision, vibration, and annihilation. For well‐separated bound solitons, repulsive interactions dominate the soliton interactions. Numerical simulations corroborate these experimental observations. Furthermore, a conceptually different soliton molecule, the intermittent‐vibration soliton molecule, is discovered and characterized. It is the intermediate state between the vibrational and stationary soliton molecules. The author's findings could assist in the understanding of the build‐up phase of localized structures in different dissipative systems.
Single‐Shot Optical Anisotropy Imaging with Quantitative Polarization Interference Microscopy
Authors: Ge Baoliang , Zhou Renjie , Takiguchi Yu , Yaqoob Zahid , So Peter T. C.
Published: June 2018

Optical anisotropy measurement is essential for material characterization and biological imaging. In order to achieve single‐shot mapping of the birefringence parameters of anisotropic samples, a novel polarized light imaging concept is proposed, namely quantitative polarization interference microscopy (QPIM). QPIM can be realized through designing a compact polarization‐resolved interference microscopy system that captures interferograms bearing sample's linear birefringence information. To extract the retardance and the orientation angle maps from a single‐shot measurement, a mathematical model for QPIM is further developed. The QPIM system is validated by measuring a calibrated quarter‐wave plate, whose fast‐axis orientation angle and retardance are determined with great accuracies. The single‐shot nature of QPIM further allows to measure the transient dynamics of birefringence changes in material containing anisotropic structures. This application is demonstrated by capturing transient retardance changes in a custom‐designed parallel‐aligned nematic liquid crystal‐based device.
Higher order commutators of fractional integrals on Morrey type spaces with variable exponents
Authors: Wang Liwei , Shu Lisheng
Published: June 2018

Based on the theory of variable exponent and BMO norms, we prove some boundedness results for them‐th order commutators of the fractional integrals on variable exponent Morrey and Morrey–Herz spaces. Even in the special case of, the main results obtained are also new.
Qualitative theory for Volterra difference equations
Authors: Bernardo Felix , Cuevas Claudio , Soto Herme
Published: June 2018

We investigate lp boundedness, the topological structure of solutions set and the asymptotic periodicity of Volterra functional difference equations. The theoretical results are complemented with a set of applications.
Shape memory property and underlying mechanism by the phase separation control of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)/poly(ether‐b‐amide)
Authors: Liu Xinran , Huang Miaoming , Zhu Ping , Dong Siyuan , Dong Xia , Wang Dujin
Published: June 2018

In this work, a poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)/poly(ether‐b‐amide) blend with weight ratio 35/65 was prepared by solution mixing and compression molding. A simple and sensible method to control the phase separation structure was introduced by adjusting the temperature and time for the process of phase separation. Samples with obviously different morphology were obtained and the microstructure was studied by phase contrast optical microscopy, SEM and DSC. The shape memory properties were measured using dynamic mechanical analysis. The results show that the shape memory performance of the blend is closely related to the phase morphology, and the blend with co‐continuous structure has a better shape memory property. A model is put forward to illustrate schematically the microstructural evolution during the shape memory process. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Atmospheric air plasma induces increased cell aggregation during the formation of Escherichia coli biofilms
Authors: Kwandou Goldina , Mai‐Prochnow Anne , Prescott Stuart W. , Spicer Patrick T. , Cullen Patrick J.
Published: June 2018

Atmospheric air plasma has previously been shown to be a novel and effective method for biofilm eradication. Here we study the effects of plasma on both microbial inactivation and induced structural modification for forming biofilms. New structures are created from aggregates of extracellular polysaccharides and dead bacterial cells, forming a protective and resilient matrix in which the remaining living cells grow and reproduce under proper growth conditions. The new colonies are found to be more resilient in this state, reducing the efficacy of subsequent plasma treatment. We verify that the observed effect is not caused by chemicals produced by plasma reactive species, but instead by the physical processes of drying and convection caused by the plasma discharge.
Understanding the Effect of Iodide Ions on the Morphology of Gold Nanorods
Authors: Amini Mozhgan N. , Altantzis Thomas , Lobato Ivan , Grzelczak Marek , Sánchez‐Iglesias Ana , Van Aert Sandra , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Partoens Bart , Bals Sara , Neyts Erik C.
Published: June 2018

The presence of iodide ions during the growth of gold nanorods strongly affects the shape of the final products, which is proposed to be due to selective iodide adsorption on certain crystallographic facets. Therefore, a detailed structural and morphological characterization of the starting rods is crucial toward understanding this effect. Electron tomography is used to determine the crystallographic indices of the lateral facets of gold nanorods, as well as those present at the tips. Based on this information, density functional theory calculations are used to determine the surface and interface energies of the observed facets and provide insight into the relationship between the amount of iodide ions in the growth solution and the final morphology of anisotropic gold nanoparticles.
Robust versus consistent variance estimators in marginal structural Cox models
Authors: Enders Dirk , Engel Susanne , Linder Roland , Pigeot Iris
Published: June 2018

In survival analyses, inverse‐probability‐of‐treatment (IPT) and inverse‐probability‐of‐censoring (IPC) weighted estimators of parameters in marginal structural Cox models are often used to estimate treatment effects in the presence of time‐dependent confounding and censoring. In most applications, a robust variance estimator of the IPT and IPC weighted estimator is calculated leading to conservative confidence intervals. This estimator assumes that the weights are known rather than estimated from the data. Although a consistent estimator of the asymptotic variance of the IPT and IPC weighted estimator is generally available, applications and thus information on the performance of the consistent estimator are lacking. Reasons might be a cumbersome implementation in statistical software, which is further complicated by missing details on the variance formula. In this paper, we therefore provide a detailed derivation of the variance of the asymptotic distribution of the IPT and IPC weighted estimator and explicitly state the necessary terms to calculate a consistent estimator of this variance. We compare the performance of the robust and consistent variance estimators in an application based on routine health care data and in a simulation study. The simulation reveals no substantial differences between the 2 estimators in medium and large data sets with no unmeasured confounding, but the consistent variance estimator performs poorly in small samples or under unmeasured confounding, if the number of confounders is large. We thus conclude that the robust estimator is more appropriate for all practical purposes.
A Bayesian finite mixture of bivariate regression model for causal mediation analyses
Authors: Lefebvre Geneviève , Samoilenko Mariia , Boucoiran Isabelle , Blais Lucie
Published: June 2018

Building on the work of Schwartz et al, Joint Bayesian analysis of birthweight and censored gestational age using finite mixture models in Statistics in Medicine, we propose a Bayesian finite mixture of bivariate regression model for causal mediation analyses. Using an identifiability condition within each component of the mixture, we express the natural direct and indirect effects of the exposure on the outcome as functions of the component‐specific regression coefficients. On the basis of simulated data, we examine the behavior of the model for estimating these effects in situations where the associations between exposure, mediator, and outcome are confounded or not. Additionally, we demonstrate that this mixture model can be used to account for heterogeneity arising through unmeasured binary or categorical mediator‐outcome confounders. Considering gestational age as a potential mediator, we then illustrate our mediation mixture model to estimate the natural direct and indirect effects of exposure to inhaled corticosteroids during pregnancy on birthweight using a cohort of asthmatic women from the province of Quebec (Canada).
Tweedie family of generalized linear models with distribution‐free random effects for skewed longitudinal data
Authors: Ma Renjun , Yan Guohua , Hasan M. Tariqul
Published: June 2018

Generalized linear mixed models have played an important role in the analysis of longitudinal data; however, traditional approaches have limited flexibility in accommodating skewness and complex correlation structures. In addition, the existing estimation approaches generally rely heavily on the specifications of random effects distributions; therefore, the corresponding inferences are sometimes sensitive to the choice of random effect distributions under certain circumstance. In this paper, we incorporate serially dependent distribution‐free random effects into Tweedie generalized linear models to accommodate a wide range of skewness and covariance structures for discrete and continuous longitudinal data. An optimal estimation of our model has been developed using the orthodox best linear unbiased predictors of random effects. Our approach unifies population‐averaged and subject‐specific inferences. Our method is illustrated through the analyses of patient‐controlled analgesia data and Framingham cholesterol data.
Estimation for zero‐inflated beta‐binomial regression model with missing response data
Authors: Luo Rong , Paul Sudhir
Published: June 2018

Discrete data in the form of proportions with overdispersion and zero inflation can arise in toxicology and other similar fields. In regression analysis of such data, another problem that also may arise in practice is that some responses may be missing. In this paper, we develop estimation procedure for the parameters of a zero‐inflated overdispersed binomial model in the presence of missing responses under three different missing data mechanisms. A weighted expectation maximization algorithm is used for the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters involved. Extensive simulations are conducted to study the properties of the estimates in terms of average of estimates, relative bias, variance, mean squared error, and coverage probability of estimates. Simulations show much superior properties of the estimates obtained using the weighted expectation maximization algorithm. Some illustrative examples and a discussion are given.
Wartungsfreier Korrosionsschutz für Stahl‐Verbundbrücken mit Walzprofilen
Authors: Rademacher Dennis
Published: June 2018

Zunehmende Schäden an Brücken in Deutschland, verbunden mit teilweise massiven langfristigen Auswirkungen auf den Straßenverkehr, haben gezeigt, wie wichtig es ist, die Dauerhaftigkeit der Infrastruktur und damit die Mobilität der Menschen sowie den Austausch von Gütern sicherzustellen. Insbesondere Korrosionsschäden können in Zukunft durch die Verwendung von alternativen Schutzsystemen für Stahl‐ und Verbundbrücken nachhaltig verhindert werden. Sowohl die Feuerverzinkung mit einer Schichtdicke von mindestens 200 µm als auch Wetterfeste Baustähle bieten gegenüber den traditionell angewendeten Beschichtungssystemen über den Lebenszyklus des Bauwerks entscheidende Vorteile: Sie erfordern keine Instandsetzungen und somit keinen Eingriff in den laufenden Verkehr. Bei Verwendung dieser Systeme in Verbindung mit Walzprofilen ergeben sich weitere signifikante Vorteile, die Verbundbrücken wirtschaftlich interessanter und dauerhafter machen.
Aktuelle Herausforderungen und zukünftige Entwicklungen im Brückenbau im Bundesfernstraßennetz
Authors: Friedrich Heinz
Published: June 2018

Um die Funktionalität von Verkehrswegen dauerhaft zu gewährleisten, bedarf es fortwährender Erhaltung, Anpassung und Weiterentwicklung. Bei den Bundesfernstraßen hat für diese Prozesse eine Phase mit besonderer Dynamik begonnen. Hierfür gibt es mehrere Ursachen, die letztlich zum Finanzhochlauf für die Infrastruktur der Bundesfernstraßen geführt haben. Insbesondere für den Brückenbau ergeben sich dadurch neue Herausforderungen und Chancen. Wenngleich einige Punkte Bauweisen übergreifend Gültigkeit besitzen, erfolgt die Betrachtung aus der Perspektive des Stahl‐ und Verbundbrückenbaus.
High Strength Steel S690 in highway bridges
Authors: Pedro José J. Oliveira , Reis António J. , Baptista Cláudio
Published: June 2018

Hochfester Stahl S690 für Autobahnbrücken – Allgemeine Hinweise für die Bemessung und Konstruktion. Die Verwendung von hochfestem Stahl (HFS) S690 für Autobahnbrücken ist noch nicht weit verbreitet. Ein Forschungsprogramm hat die optimale Verwendung von HFS für Brücken untersucht. Für eine 21,5 m breite Autobahnbrücke mit einer typischen inneren Stützweite von 80 m und einem Stahlbetonüberbau mit zwei Plattenträgern wurde ein Konstruktionsvergleich nach Eurocode erstellt. Es wurden drei Entwürfe erstellt: Ausführung (A) mit Stahlsorte S355 NL, Ausführung (B) mit HFS S690 QL/QL1 und Ausführung (C), ebenfalls mit HFS S690 und Untersuchung verschiedener Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten durch Schweißnahtbehandlung zur Reduzierung von Ermüdungserscheinungen und mögliches Übertreffen der aktuellen Eurocode‐Vorgaben. Allgemeine Richtlinien für die Bemessung und Konstruktion von Autobahnbrücken mit HFS S690 sind enthalten.
Innovative Konstruktionen im Verbundbrückenbau mit Verbunddübelleisten
Authors: Seidl Günter , Lorenc Wojciech
Published: June 2018

Der Verbundbrückenbau hat sich in Deutschland, aber auch in Polen etabliert. Gründe sind der hohe Vorfertigungsgrad, die großen Spannweiten, die mit modularen Systemen realisiert werden können, und die einfache Durchbildung von integralen Bauweisen. Daraus ergeben sich eine hohe Qualität des Bauwerks, kurze Bauzeiten und günstige Herstellkosten. Die Verbunddübelleiste ist seit 2013 in Deutschland als Konstruktionselement zugelassen. In verschiedenen Brückenprojekten kam sie in unterschiedlichen Konstruktionen zum Einsatz. Hauptsächlich werden sie im Brückenhauptträger als Schubverbund zwischen Betonfertigteil und Stahlträger angeordnet. Interessant für die Entwicklung der Bauweise sind jedoch weitere Einsatzbereiche in VFT‐WIB‐Platten in Brückenquerrichtung und als Verankerungselemente, um große Einzellasten in Betonbauteile einzuleiten.
The steel‐glass art of railway stations in Japan
Authors: Kido Ewa Maria , Cywiński Zbigniew
Published: June 2018

With authors'sincere thanks to Dr.‐Ing. E.h. Karl‐Eugen Kurrer on closure of his service as Editor‐in‐Chief of STAHLBAU

Die Stahl‐Glas‐Kunst der modernen Eisenbahnstationen in Japan. Die neue Stahl‐Glas‐Architektur der Eisenbahnstationen in Japan beobachtet nicht nur die typischen Regel der Ästhetik, sondern oft auch bzw. zunehmend die örtlichen Gewohnheiten, die Traditionen und die sozialen Merkmale. Darüber hinaus berücksichtigt diese Architektur die natürliche und die erbaute Umwelt. Durch freundliche Kompositionen reagiert sie auf die Bedürfnisse der heutigen japanischen Bevölkerung. So wird die Architektur zu einer gewissen Stahl‐Glas‐Kunst der Strukturen. In diesem Beitrag wird auf der Grundlage einiger praktischer Beispiele eine derart spezielle Stahl‐Glas‐Kunst vorgestellt.
Systematische Darstellung des Biege‐ und Verdrehvorganges unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wölbkrafttorsion
Authors: Bornscheuer Friedrich Wilhelm
Published: June 2018

Faksimile aus „Der Stahlbau 21 (1952), H. 1, S. 1–9”
1000‐kV UHV substation live working and safety recommendations
Authors: Fang Yaqi , Rehman Habibur , Xiao Bin , Wu Tian , Liu Kai , Wang Linong
Published: June 2018

This work focuses on the measurement and analysis of the electric field for live working in a 1000‐kV substation. Also, it compares the electric field and the shielding efficiency requirement of a 1000‐kV substation with 1000‐kV transmission lines. The electric field at the ground potential of the substation was measured using a microelectromechanical system (MEMS)‐based device. However, for safety reasons and to acquire rigorous data, finite element method (FEM) was applied to calculate the electric field at equipotential. Two cases of entry into equipotential were considered: one in which the worker moves along tension insulators to live conductors, and another where the worker is lifted to an energized bus bar on an insulated elevating platform. Our results indicate that the electric field values on the worker in the 1000‐kV substation and transmission lines are about the same at ground potential, while at equipotential, the substation's maximum electric field is 25.2% higher outside the conductive clothing and 47.4% higher outside the metallic mask as compared to the 1000‐kV transmission lines. Based on these results, for live working in a 1000‐kV substation, we recommend the use of conductive clothing with 60‐dB shielding efficiency, which is similar to that used in live working on a 1000‐kV transmission line, but the metallic mask should have 25‐dB shielding efficiency, which is 5 dB higher than that used for the transmission line. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cell cycle regulation of folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism
Authors: Lan Xu , Field Martha S. , Stover Patrick J.
Published: June 2018

Folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism (FOCM) comprises a network of interconnected folate‐dependent metabolic pathways responsible for serine and glycine interconversion, de novo purine synthesis, de novo thymidylate synthesis and homocysteine remethylation to methionine. These pathways are compartmentalized in the cytosol, nucleus and mitochondria. Individual enzymes within the FOCM network compete for folate cofactors because intracellular folate concentrations are limiting. Although there are feedback mechanisms that regulate the partitioning of folate cofactors among the folate‐dependent pathways, less recognized is the impact of cell cycle regulation on FOCM. This review summarizes the evidence for temporal regulation of expression, activity and cellular localization of enzymes and pathways in the FOCM network in mammalian cells through the cell cycle.

This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Metabolism

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
A Neutron Diffraction and Quantum‐Chemical Study of [Mn(ND3)6](N3)2
Authors: Ivlev Sergei I. , Müller Thomas G. , Karttunen Antti J. , Hoelzel Markus , Kraus Florian
Published: June 2018

[Mn(ND3)6](N3)2 was obtained by careful decomposition of [Mn(ND3)6](N3)2·4ND3 at room temperature. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group I2/m with a = 8.5905(5), b = 6.8506(4), c = 9.7530(6) Å, β = 94.618(6)°, V = 572.10(6) Å3, Z = 2, at T = 3 K. Its crystal structure was elucidated using powder neutron diffraction and confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. The MnII cation is coordinated octrahedron‐like by ND3 ligands. The azide anion is linear with 178.7(10)° and shows N–N distances of 1.178(11) and 1.180(12) Å.
Chronic lung disease, lung regeneration and future therapeutic strategies
Authors: Cao Xuan‐Ye , Xiao Si‐Yu
Published: June 2018

Chronic lung diseases have been recognized as one of the world's leading causes of death in recent decades. Lacking effective treatments brings the patients not only bad quality of life but also higher risk for lung cancer development. By increasing the understanding of deeper mechanism of how lung develops and regenerates, researchers now focus on studying lung regenerative medicine, aiming to apply different and more efficient therapies to treat chronic lung diseases. This review will provide a wide picture of both basic lung developmental, regeneration mechanism and different designed strategies for treating chronic lung diseases in the future decades.
Secrets of a smile? Your gender and perhaps your biometric identity
Authors: Ugail Hassan
Published: June 2018

With its numerous applications, automatic facial emotion recognition has recently become a very active area of research. Yet there has been little detailed study of the dynamic components of facial expressions. This article reviews research that shows gender is encoded in the dynamics of a smile, and how it may be possible to use the dynamic components of facial expressions as a form of biometric.
IMPLICATIONS AND EVALUATION OF CROP INSURANCE CHOICES FOR COTTON FARMERS UNDER THE 2014 FARM BILL
Authors: LUITEL KISHOR P. , HUDSON DARREN , KNIGHT THOMAS
Published: June 2018

The Agricultural Act of 2014 introduced new crop insurance policies to manage agricultural risk, especially to cotton farmers. A representative farm panel was used to elicit the yield distribution of the farm, county, and correlation. Results suggest that the optimal underlying insurance policy is Revenue Protection at a 75% coverage level for both high- and low-productivity farms even with a Yield Exclusion provision. The Stacked Income Protection Plan benefit is mostly attributable to a higher insurance premium subsidy. For any crop, efficient agricultural risk management can be achieved through understanding the guaranteed yield and its relation to the farm and county yield.
Spatial Distribution of Parkinson’s Disease Prevalence in Québec by Hydrographic Region
Authors: Susser Stephanie Rebecca , Gagnon Fabien
Published: June 2018

The association between environmental exposures and Parkinson’s disease continues to garner interest. In the late 1980s, Barbeau et al. reported in the Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences a heterogeneous distribution of Parkinson’s disease cases across the province of Québec by hydrographic region. Here we report the findings of a validation study based on data obtained from the Québec medication insurance program–information which was unavailable to the previous group. Similar to Barbeau et al., our analysis showed a heterogeneous distribution of cases across the province with higher prevalence in the same region of interest, in addition to other areas.
Impact of extended alliance portfolio configuration on firm innovation
Authors: Kim Ho-Sung
Published: June 2018

In the past, alliance portfolio configuration (APC) studies concentrated mostly on the direct alliances or partners of a focal firm. However, a focal firm is also influenced by indirect alliances or partners. This study endeavors to focus on this aspect of APC. It contributes to APC research by extending the scope to three degrees from a focal firm. To assess the effects of extended APCs, 186 3-year window snapshots were created of the extended APCs of 31 Korean bio-pharmaceutical firms. These snapshots range from 2007 to 2014. The effects of structure (density), size (number of alliances and partners), and relationships to firm innovation were measured using the two-step generalized method of moments estimates. The results show that structural sparseness and larger-sized extended APCs are more favorable conditions for innovation, and that structural sparseness and size have a positive relationship to innovation performance.
Diagnosing the Kaiser: Psychiatry, Wilhelm II and the Question of German War GuiltThe William Bynum Prize Essay 2016
Authors: Freis David
Published: June 2018

After his abdication in November 1918, the German emperor Wilhelm II continued to haunt the minds of his people. With the abolition of the lese-majesty laws in the new republic, many topics that were only discussed privately or obliquely before could now be broached openly. One of these topics was the mental state of the exiled Kaiser. Numerous psychiatrists, physicians and laypeople published their diagnoses of Wilhelm in high-circulation newspaper articles, pamphlets, and books shortly after the end of the war. Whether these diagnoses were accurate and whether the Kaiser really was mentally ill became the issue of a heated debate.

This article situates these diagnoses of Wilhelm II in their political context. The authors of these diagnoses – none of whom had met or examined Wilhelm II in person – came from all political camps and they wrote with very different motives in mind. Diagnosing the exiled Kaiser as mentally ill was a kind of exorcism of the Hohenzollern rule, opening the way for either a socialist republic or the hoped-for rule of a new leader. But more importantly, it was a way to discuss and allocate political responsibility and culpability. Psychiatric diagnoses were used to exonerate both the Emperor (for whom the treaty of Versailles provided a tribunal as war criminal) and the German nation. They were also used to blame the Kaiser’s entourage and groups that had allegedly manipulated the weak-willed monarch. Medical concepts became a vehicle for a debate on the key political questions in interwar Germany.
Between Party, People, and Profession: The Many Faces of the ‘Doctor’ during the Cultural Revolution
Authors: Gross Miriam
Published: June 2018

During the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Chairman Mao fundamentally reformed medicine so that rural people received medical care. His new medical model has been variously characterised as: revolutionary Maoist medicine, a revitalised form of Chinese medicine; and the final conquest by Western medicine. This paper finds that instead of Mao’s vision of a new ‘revolutionary medicine’, there was a new medical synthesis that drew from the Maoist ideal and Western and Chinese traditions, but fundamentally differed from all of them. Maoist medicine’s ultimate aim was doctors as peasant carers. However, rural people and local governments valued treatment expertise, causing divergence from this ideal. As a result, Western and elite Chinese medical doctors sent to the countryside for rehabilitation were preferable to barefoot doctors and received rural support. Initially Western-trained physicians belittled elite Chinese doctors, and both looked down on barefoot doctors and indigenous herbalists and acupuncturists. However, the levelling effect of terrible rural conditions made these diverse conceptions of the doctor closer during the Cultural Revolution. Thus, urban doctors and rural medical practitioners developed a symbiotic relationship: barefoot doctors provided political protection and local knowledge for urban doctors; urban doctors’ provided expertise and a medical apprenticeship for barefoot doctors; and both counted on the local medical knowledge of indigenous healers. This fragile conceptual nexus had fallen apart by the end of the Maoist era (1976), but the evidence of new medical syntheses shows the diverse range of alliances that become possible under the rubric of ‘revolutionary medicine’.
Fumigating the Hygienic Model City: Bubonic Plague and the Sulfurozador in Early-Twentieth-Century Buenos Aires
Authors: Engelmann Lukas
Published: June 2018

The 1899/1900 arrival of bubonic plague in Argentina had thrown the model status of Buenos Aires as a hygienic city into crisis. Where the idea of foreign threats and imported epidemics had dominated the thinking of Argentina’s sanitarians at that time, plague renewed concerns about hidden threats within the fabric of the capital’s dense environment; concerns that led to new sanitary measures and unprecedented rat-campaigns supported by the large-scale application of sulphur dioxide. The article tells the story of early twentieth-century urban sanitation in Buenos Aires through the lens of a new industrial disinfection apparatus. The Aparato Marot, also known as Sulfurozador was acquired and integrated in the capital’s sanitary administration by the epidemiologist José Penna in 1906 to materialise two key lessons learned from plague. First, the machine was supposed to translate the successful disinfection practices of global maritime sanitation into urban epidemic control in Argentina. Second, the machine’s design enabled public health authorities to reinvigorate a traditional hygienic concern for the entirety of the city’s terrain. While the Sulfurozador offered effective destruction of rats, it promised also a comprehensive – and utopian – disinfection of the whole city, freeing it from all imaginable pathogens, insects as well as rodents. In 1910, the successful introduction of the Sulfurozador encouraged Argentina’s medico-political elite to introduce a new principle of ‘general prophylaxis’. This article places the apparatus as a technological modernisation of traditional sanitary practices in the bacteriological age, which preserved the urban environment – ‘el terreno’ – as a principal site of intervention. Thus, the Sulfurozador allowed the ‘higienistas’ to sustain a long-standing utopian vision of all-encompassing social, bodily and political hygiene into the twentieth century.
Cultural memory against institutionalised amnesia: the Togliatti amnesty and Antonioni’s I vinti
Authors: Saporito Paolo
Published: June 2018

This article studies post-war Italy’s forgetful attitude towards its Fascist past by interpreting a political measure, the Togliatti amnesty (1946), and 1950s film censorship as ‘institutionalised forms of (…) amnesia’ (Ricoeur 2004, 452). The amnesty, which erased the Fascists’ legal responsibility for war and political crimes, represented the first act of oblivion of the Republican political establishment, embodying a forgetful mindset that influenced Italian culture through institutional instruments like film censorship. In 1950s Italy, censorship acted as a further form of institutionalised amnesia aimed at erasing from films the traces of the compromising continuity between the Fascist past and the democratic present. The story of the making and unmaking of the Italian episode of I vinti by Michelangelo Antonioni is a meaningful example of this dynamic. Producers and government commissioners censored the plot and changed it from a story about a neo-fascist militant to one about a young bourgeois who smuggles cigarettes. However, Antonioni resisted the institutional imposition to forget by choosing locations where the material dimension of the landscape still embodied the Fascist legacy of the country.
Evaluation of the regional vegetation and climate in the Eastern Alps (Austria) during MIS 3–4 based on pollen analysis of the classical Baumkirchen paleolake sequence
Authors: Barrett Samuel Jonathan , Drescher-Schneider Ruth , Starnberger Reinhard , Spötl Christoph
Published: June 2018

The pre-last glacial maximum paleolake sediments at Baumkirchen, western Austria, are well known in Alpine Quaternary stratigraphy as being the type locality of the Middle to Upper Würmian transition. Their location provides a rare opportunity to investigate the vegetation history of the interior of the Alps during the last glacial cycle. A recent renewed research effort involving new drilling revealed a 250-m-thick lacustrine sequence with an older, ca. Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 phase and a younger, mid- to late MIS 3 phase. Pollen analysis reveals generally poor preservation and very low pollen concentration due to very high sedimentation rates. On the basis of pollen percentages and influx rates, six pollen zones (PZ) were assigned. PZ1 and 2 correspond to the entire ca. MIS 4 section and are characterized by only scattered vegetation representing an extremely cold and dry climate. Two stadials and two interstadials were identified in the MIS 3 section. The interstadials are characterized by well-developed open vegetation with some stands of trees, with the upper PZ6 being better developed but still forest-free. On the basis of previous radiocarbon dating, this zone (PZ6) is correlated to Greenland Interstadial (GI) 7 and the lower interstadial (PZ4) tentatively to GI 8.
Present-Day Assemblage of Birds and Mammals in the Islands of Four Mountains, Eastern Aleutians, Alaska
Authors: Rojek Nora A. , Williams Jeffrey C.
Published: June 2018

We compiled present-day observations and survey data of the avian and mammal fauna in the Islands of Four Mountains, Alaska, which primarily consist of marine-adapted species, to provide insight into the prehistoric fauna found in the archaeological record. We documented 63 bird species, mainly seabirds (67%). The majority (71%) of the estimated number of breeding birds are ledge nesters, predominately murres, and most (68%) spend the majority of their lives in the offshore environment. We lack good estimates for burrow and crevice nesters, which were impacted by and are still recovering from a period of arctic fox farming in the twentieth century. Marine mammals, predominately Steller sea lion, harbor seal, and sea otter, primarily use accessible land as haul-outs and are found in low numbers compared with the rest of the Aleutians. Red fox, the only land mammal, presently only reside on Chuginadak Island. While the present-day fauna is similar to the fauna recorded in the archaeological record, we found no indication of nesting by ancient murrelets and northern fulmars in the Island of Four Mountains, whereas both species were present in midden sites on Carlisle and Chuginadak Islands, with the possibility of prehistoric breeding colonies on Carlisle Island.
Punitive Entanglements: Connected Histories of Penal Transportation, Deportation, and Incarceration in the Spanish Empire (1830s-1898)
Authors: De Vito Christian G.
Published: June 2018

This article features a connected history of punitive relocations in the Spanish Empire, from the independence of Spanish America to the “loss” of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in 1898. Three levels of entanglement are highlighted here: the article looks simultaneously at punitive flows stemming from the colonies and from the metropole; it brings together the study of penal transportation, administrative deportation, and military deportation; and it discusses the relationship between punitive relocations and imprisonment. As part of this special issue, foregrounding “perspectives from the colonies”, I start with an analysis of the punitive flows that stemmed from the overseas provinces. I then address punishment in the metropole through the colonial lens, before highlighting the entanglements of penal transportation and deportation in the nineteenth-century Spanish Empire as a whole.
Fearing the Flood: Transportation as Counterinsurgency in the US–Occupied Philippines
Authors: Weber Benjamin D.
Published: June 2018

Examining intra-colonial punitive relocations during the first decade of US occupation in the Philippines, this article shows how colonial police and prison officials used incarceration and transportation in tandem to suppress incipient populist revolutionary movements. They exploited historic regional and religious tensions in their effort to produce new modes of racialized and gendered prison and labor management. Finally, while colonial officials sought to brand certain imprisoned subjects as criminal outlaws, rather than political prisoners, many of these anticolonial fighters actually sharpened their ideas about freedom through their experience of being criminalized, incarcerated, and forcibly relocated.
SELF-RATED HEALTH AND TEENAGE PREGNANCIES IN ROMA WOMEN: INCREASING HEIGHT IS ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER HEALTH OUTCOMES
Authors: Čvorović Jelena
Published: June 2018

This paper reports on the association between early marriage, age at first reproduction and height, as an indicator of childhood environment, and maternal health outcomes among traditional Roma women in Serbia. Demographic data, marital and reproductive histories, height, weight and self-rated health were collected from 414 Roma women living in rural settlements in Serbia in 2015–2017. Data analysis showed that higher age and weight were associated with a greater risk of poor health, greater height contributed to reduced risk of poor health while reproductive variables were insignificant. The study provides evidence that the long-term effects of early childbearing may not always be associated with poorer health status. As indicated by the differences in height, it is likely that women who were capable of reproducing very early on and staying healthy in later life were probably very healthy to begin with. The results probably reflect both the biological and social differences of early childhood. Aside from height, the traditional Roma marriage pattern and social benefits may have an additional protective effect on the health of women.