bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk factors of recurrent lumbar disk herniation
Authors: Shimia Mohammad , Babaei-Ghazani Arash , Sadat Bina , Habibi Behnaz , Habibzadeh Afshin
Published: August 2013

Background: Recurrent lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common cause of poor outcomes after lumbar discectomy surgery. Studies focused on risk factors of true recurrent disk herniation at the same level and side, are few. The aim of current study is to evaluate risk factors of recurrent disc herniation in Iranian population. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 40 patients with recurrent disc herniation and 120 patients without recurrence to evaluate possible risk factors for herniation recurrence. A clinically significant recurrent herniation was defined as a disc herniation causing leg pain with radiographic (MRI) evidence of disc material at the same side and level of the index surgery causing impingement, compression, or deviation of nerve tissue. A series of patients without recurrence was used for comparison to identify possible risk factors for recurrent LDH. Results: There was significant difference between groups with and without LDH in sex (P = 0.003), smoking habit (P = 0.004), height (P = 0.04), weight (P = 0.006) and occupational characteristic (P < 0.001). By putting these differences in logistic regression analysis, it showed that gender (male), taller height, heavy works and being smoker could predict lumbar disc herniation recurrence. Conclusion: Considering sex, smoking and heavy works as predictors of recurrent LDH, surgeons should advice their patients to limit hard work and put away smoking especially in tall and male ones to prevent LDH recurrence.
Emotion Regulation: A Heuristic Paradigm for Psychopathology
Authors: Philippot Pierre
Published: August 2013

This paper analyses some of the key issues raised across the eight contributions of the present special issue. First, the remarkable ubiquity of emotion regulation (ER) problems throughout psychopathology will be stressed, and the merits of relying on emotion science to further our understanding of psychopathology will be discussed. Then, the status of ER strategies in psychopathology will be discussed: Are they causes, consequences, mediators, or moderators of psychopathology? Developing this question implies considering the functions served by ER strategies and their interaction with the context in which they appear. Next, we examine the benefits of an ER approach to psychopathology for clinical practice, both for case conceptualization and for psychological treatment. Finally, some directions for future research are proposed. This paper analyses some of the key issues raised across the eight contributions of the present special issue. First, the remarkable ubiquity of emotion regulation (ER) problems throughout psychopathology will be stressed, and the merits of relying on emotion science to further our understanding of psychopathology will be discussed. Then, the status of ER strategies in psychopathology will be discussed: Are they causes, consequences, mediators, or moderators of psychopathology? Developing this question implies considering the functions served by ER strategies and their interaction with the context in which they appear. Next, we examine the benefits of an ER approach to psychopathology for clinical practice, both for case conceptualization and for psychological treatment. Finally, some directions for future research are proposed.
Contribution from the ten major emission sectors in Europe and Denmark to the health-cost externalities of air pollution using the EVA model system – an integrated modelling approach
Authors: Brandt J. , Silver J. D. , Christensen J. H. , Andersen M. S. , Bønløkke J. H. , Sigsgaard T. , Geels C. , Gross A. , Hansen A. B. , Hansen K. M. , Hedegaard G. B. , Kaas E. , Frohn L. M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. We have developed an integrated model system, EVA (Economic Valuation of Air pollution), based on the impact-pathway chain, to assess the health-related economic externalities of air pollution resulting from specific emission sources or sectors, which can be used to support policy-making with respect to emission control. Central for the system is a newly developed tagging method capable of calculating the contribution from a specific emission source or sector to the overall air pollution levels, taking into account the non-linear atmospheric chemistry. The main objective of this work is to identify the anthropogenic emission sources in Europe and Denmark that contribute the most to human health impacts. In this study, we applied the EVA system to Europe and Denmark, with a detailed analysis of health-related external costs from the ten major emission sectors and their relative contributions. The paper contains a thorough description of the EVA system, the main results from the assessment of the main contributors and a discussion of the most important atmospheric chemical reactions relevant for interpreting the results. The main conclusion from the analysis is that the major contributors to health-related external costs are major power production, agriculture, road traffic, and non-industrial domestic combustion, including wood combustion. We conclude that when regulating the emissions of ammonia from the agricultural sector, both the impacts on nature and on human health should be taken into account. This study confirms that air pollution constitutes a serious problem for human health and that the related external costs are considerable. The results in this work emphasize the importance of defining the right questions in the decision-making process. The results from assessing the impacts from each emission sector depend clearly on the assumption that the other emission sectors are not changed, especially emissions changing concentrations of atmospheric OH and therefore lifetimes of other chemical species.
Exploratory Examination of Relationships between Learning Styles and Learner Satisfaction in Different Course Delivery Types
Authors: Cox S. Michelle , Tsai Kuan Chen
Published: August 2013

Many scholars have underscored the importance of recognizing the variety of students’ learning preferences and then adapt appropriate teaching strategies to fit this variance in order to create an optimal learning situation for most students in classes. The purpose of this study was to identify which of the learning preferences would be related to learner satisfaction. Two major findings were found. First, the learning preferences of this sample showed that most of students were balanced learners in the Active-Reflective and the Sequential-Global dimensions. Second, the regression analysis indicated that the Sensing-Intuitive dimension was the strongest predictor of students’ learning satisfaction.
Whence Lepidic?: The History of a Canadian Neologism
Authors: Jones Kirk D.
Published: August 2013

The term lepidic is used prominently in the recently published multidisciplinary classification of adenocarcinoma. The lack of use in common (nonmedical) English has led to some confusion over the proper definition of this term. This historical perspective traces the history of the term lepidic from its origins at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, through its uses in English pathologic descriptions, to its current state in pulmonary pathology.
Le sahabi de Sonde : évolution d’une source sonore
Authors: Fillion Eric
Published: August 2013

Né des ateliers de design musical offerts à l’Université McGill par Mario Bertoncini, Sonde s’impose rapidement au Canada et à l’étranger. Partant de jeux exploratoires et d’improvisations méditatives, le groupe utilise des techniques électroacoustiques afin d’explorer les potentialités acoustiques de matériaux divers. Il arrive parfois que ces musiciens s’arrêtent sur une source sonore dont les qualités musicales dépassent toute attente. C’est le cas du sahabi, instrument constitué d’un cadre de métal au travers duquel sont tendues des dizaines de cordes métalliques. Deux exemplaires de cette source sonore existent et les membres du groupe les utilisent fréquemment depuis 1976. Pour ces raisons, le sahabi mérite le statut d’instrument de musique. Mais quels sont les enjeux qui accompagnent ce glissement sémantique ? Le présent article répond à cette question en s’appuyant sur un entretien réalisé par l’auteur avec Charles de Mestral, créateur du sahabi et figure importante de la nouvelle musique au Québec.
Composition orientée objet
Authors: Bernier Nicolas
Published: August 2013

C’est par la lorgnette de sa pratique que l’artiste esquisse une démarche de création sonore ancrée dans le rapport au matériel : du rapport à l’objet sonore, à l’objet matériel, au corps sonore, au corps humain jusqu’à la création d’une nouvelle lutherie. En puisant dans une myriade de références hétérogènes, des liens sont tissés entre musique fixée et musique électroacoustique exécutée en direct et permettent d’envisager un dialogue possible entre des démarches compositionnelles souvent pensées comme radicalement opposées.
Évaluations psychosociales
Authors: Masson Philippe
Published: August 2013

L’évaluation psychosociale est une activité quotidienne, presque banale pour les travailleurs sociaux. En m’intéressant aux coulisses de cette pratique, je m’interroge sur sa nature, ses objectifs et ses impacts. À partir des connaissances déjà mises de l’avant par la littérature sur le sujet, je propose une analyse critique des modèles qui dominent la mise en oeuvre de l’évaluation psychosociale sur le terrain. La posture épistémologique en lien avec celle-ci soulève des enjeux éthiques qui doivent être adressés afin d’inciter la remise en question non seulement des valeurs qu’elle prône, mais aussi de l’organisation des services sociaux québécois.
Understanding of Initial Unstable Contact Behaviors of Au-to-Au Microcontact under Low Contact Force for Micro- and Nano-Electromechanical System Devices
Authors: Qiu Haodong , Wang Hong , Ke Feixiang
Published: August 2013

The Au-to-Au micro/nano-contact behavior in unstable contact region during the initial stage of contact formation has been experimentally investigated under low contact force. The experimental results reveal that the asperity deformation process, which is conventionally observed in the stable region, could start from the early stage of contact formation in the unstable region. The fundamental mechanism for the instability of electrical conductance in the unstable region can be explained under a framework of trap-assisted tunneling at the contact interface.
Increased Radiation Hardness of Short-Channel Electron-Irradiated Si1-xGexSource/Drain p-Type Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors at Higher Ge Content
Authors: Nakashima Toshiyuki , Yoneoka Masashi , Tsunoda Isao , Takakura Kenichiro , Gonzalez Mireia Bargallo , Simoen Eddy , Claeys Cor , Yoshino Kenji
Published: August 2013

In this work, it is shown that the maximum hole mobility of compressively strained Si1-xGexsource–drain (S/D) p-MOSFETs is degraded after high-fluence 2 MeV electron irradiation, suggesting the loss of strain in the Si channel caused by the radiation-induced displacement damage. This is supported by the fact that the mobility reduction after irradiation is larger for SiGe S/D devices than for Si references at the same fluence (5×1017cm-2) and becomes more pronounced for shorter gate lengths. At the same time, however, it is found that the extent of mobility reduction becomes smaller for p-MOSFETs with a higher Ge content (35%, compared with 20 or 30%). Finally, it is concluded that, for shorter devices, the displacement-damage-related degradation mechanism becomes less pronounced with increasing Ge content in Si1-xGexS/D regions.
ETD Management & Publishing in the ProQuest System and the University Repository: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Clement Gail P , Rascoe Fred
Published: August 2013

INTRODUCTION This study compares the two most popular electronic theses and dissertation (ETD) management systems used in the American higher education community today: the commercial ProQuest dissertation publishing system and the university repository. METHODS Characteristics of these systems are identified and categorized to determine the features, functions, and policies common to both, and those that uniquely characterize one or the other system. Performing such a head-to-head comparison provides valuable information and insights to decision makers responsible for managing or overhauling their university’s ETD program. RESULTS Comparison of characteristics shows the ProQuest system and the University Repository both provide functional solutions for submitting, storing, disseminating, and archiving ETD’s using digital technology. Yet each system also has unique characteristics that distinguish it from the other. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION The authors conclude that there is no single ‘best’ system for ETD management overall. Rather, it is up to decision makers at each institution to choose an approach that best fits their university’s values, goals, and needs. Additionally, the authors point out the need for a single portal for ETDs that allows for search and discovery of these unique works of scholarship wherever the full text resides. Future investigation into possible solutions for such an ETD portal would be a boon not only to universities and ETD authors, but to the diverse researchers, students, professionals, and interested citizenry who could benefit from easier access to this growing corpus of knowledge.
Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted Isoindolinones via Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Alkyne Cyclotrimerizations
Authors: Foster Robert W. , Tame Christopher J. , Hailes Helen C. , Sheppard Tom D.
Published: August 2013

(Cyclooctadiene)(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)ruthenium chloride [Cp*RuCl(cod)] has been used to catalyze the regioselective cyclization of amide‐tethered diynes with monosubstituted alkynes to give polysubstituted isoindolinones. Notably, the presence of a trimethylsilyl group on the diyne generally led to complete control over the regioselectivity of the alkyne cyclotrimerization. The cyclization reaction worked well in a sustainable non‐chlorinated solvent and was tolerant of moisture. The optimized conditions were effective with a diverse range of alkynes and diynes. The 7‐silylisoindolinone products could be halogenated, protodesilylated or ring opened to access a range of usefully functionalized products.

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Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes by Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Annulation between 3‐(2‐Halobenzyl)pentane‐2,4‐diones and β‐Keto Esters, Malonates and Cyanoacetates
Authors: Sudheendran Kavitha , Malakar Chandi C. , Conrad Jürgen , Beifuss Uwe
Published: August 2013

The copper(I)‐catalyzed domino reactions between the easily accessible 3‐(2‐halobenzyl)pentane‐2,4‐diones and β‐keto esters, malonates and cyanoacetates afford trisubstituted naphthoates and naphthonitriles with yields up to 85%.

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A Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte with High Performance Based on Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) and Polyborate for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhu Yusong , Xiao Shiying , Shi Yi , Yang Yaqiong , Hou Yuyang , Wu Yuping
Published: August 2013

A composite membrane based on electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and lithium polyvinyl alcohol oxalate borate (LiPVAOB) exhibiting high safety (self‐extinguishing) and good mechanical property is prepared. The ionic conductivity of the as‐prepared gel polymer electrolyte from this composite membrane saturated with 1 mol L−1 LiPF6 electrolyte at ambient temperature can be up to 0.26 mS cm−1, higher than that of the corresponding well‐used commercial separator (Celgard 2730), 0.21 mS cm−1. Moreover, the lithium ion transference in the gel polymer electrolyte at room temperature is 0.58, twice as that in the commercial separator (0.27). Furthermore, the absorbed electrolyte solvent is difficult to evaporate at elevated temperature. Its electrochemical performance is evaluated by using LiFePO4 cathode. The obtained results suggest that this gel‐type composite membrane shows great possibilities for use in large‐capacity lithium ion batteries that require high safety.
TET2 mutations, myelodysplastic features, and a distinct immunoprofile characterize blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm in the bone marrow
Authors: Alayed Khaled , Patel Keyur P. , Konoplev Sergej , Singh Rajesh R. , Routbort Mark J. , Reddy Neelima , Pemmaraju Naveen , Zhang Liping , Shaikh Abdulaziz Al , Aladily Tariq N. , Jain Nitin , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Jeffrey Medeiros L. , Khoury Joseph D.
Published: August 2013

Distinguishing blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is gaining increased importance because of emerging differences in therapeutic approaches, and this distinction can be problematic in bone marrow specimens. We identified retrospectively 16 patients with bone marrow involvement by BPDCN: 11 men and 5 women with a median age of 62.5 years (range, 19–86 years). Myelodysplastic changes were observed in five patients. Immunophenotypic analysis showed that the neoplastic cells were positive for CD4, CD123, TCL‐1, and HLA‐DR and were negative for CD3, CD8, CD13, CD19, CD34, and myeloperoxidase. Other antigens expressed by subsets of BPDCN cases included the following: CD56 (13/15; 81%), CD33 (7/10; 70%), CD7 (11/14; 69%), TdT (5/15; 33%), CD2 (5/11; 31%), CD117 (2/9; 22%), and CD5 (2/13; 15%). Conventional cytogenetic analysis showed chromosomal abnormalities in 6 of 13 (46%) cases analyzed, of which 3 cases had −13/13q−. Targeted next‐generation sequencing performed on five BPDCN cases identified TET2 (ten eleven translocation 2) mutations and no other AML‐associated mutations. In conclusion, BPDCN in the bone marrow has a characteristic immunoprofile (CD4+, CD56+, CD123+, and TCL‐1+) and appears to be commonly associated with myelodysplastic features and a high frequency of TET2 mutations in the absence of other mutations commonly observed in AML. Am. J. Hematol. 88:1055–1061, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymmetric Synthesis and Application of Homologous Pyrroline‐2‐alkylboronic Acids: Identification of the B–N Distance for Eliciting Bifunctional Catalysis of an Asymmetric Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Batsanov Andrei S. , Georgiou Irene , Girling P. Ricardo , Pommier Laure , Shen Hong C. , Whiting Andrew
Published: August 2013

Homoboroproline has been shown to be an efficient bifunctional catalyst for the aldol reaction of acetone with p‐nitrobenzaldehyde by using in situ Lewis acid tuning of the boronic acid esterification with a diol. Herein, asymmetric syntheses of homologues of this catalyst are developed to compare their catalytic capability and chemical properties with homoboroproline, and to probe the effect that chain‐length separation of the amino and boronate groups has on the intramolecular B–N coordination, as well as other cooperative interactions, to explain their widely differing catalytic properties.
Therapeutic prospects for migraine: Can paradise be regained?
Authors: Goadsby Peter J.
Published: August 2013

Migraine is a common, complex brain disorder whose biology is becoming better understood. Despite being the most disabling of the neurological disorders on a worldwide basis, headache disorders broadly, and migraine in particular, have poor research funding and a limited academic base. Given a modicum of investment, new targets, such as calcitonin gene‐related peptide–based mechanisms, and entirely novel neuromodulation approaches illustrate that much can be done to improve patient care. Genetics and neuroimaging combined with excellent clinical phenotyping and translational neuroscience approaches are set to transform life for a cohort of patients with these common brain disorders. Ann Neurol 2013;74:423–434
SLC25A22is a novel gene for migrating partial seizures in infancy
Authors: Poduri Annapurna , Heinzen Erin L. , Chitsazzadeh Vida , Lasorsa Francesco Massimo , Elhosary P. Christina , LaCoursiere Christopher M. , Martin Emilie , Yuskaitis Christopher J. , Hill Robert Sean , Atabay Kutay Deniz , Barry Brenda , Partlow Jennifer N. , Bashiri Fahad A. , Zeidan Radwan M. , Elmalik Salah A. , Kabiraj Mohammad M. U. , Kothare Sanjeev , Stödberg Tommy , McTague Amy , Kurian Manju A. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Barkovich A. James , Palmieri Ferdinando , Salih Mustafa A. , Walsh Christopher A.
Published: August 2013

Objective

To identify a genetic cause for migrating partial seizures in infancy (MPSI).

Methods

We characterized a consanguineous pedigree with MPSI and obtained DNA from affected and unaffected family members. We analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism 500K data to identify regions with evidence of linkage. We performed whole exome sequencing and analyzed homozygous variants in regions of linkage to identify a candidate gene and performed functional studies of the candidate geneSLC25A22.

Results

In a consanguineous pedigree with 2 individuals with MPSI, we identified 2 regions of linkage, chromosome 4p16.1‐p16.3 and chromosome 11p15.4‐pter. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified 8 novel homozygous variants in genes in these regions. Only 1 variant,SLC25A22c.G328C, results in a change of a highly conserved amino acid (p.G110R) and was not present in control samples.SLC25A22encodes a glutamate transporter with strong expression in the developing brain. We show that the specific G110R mutation, located in a transmembrane domain of the protein, disrupts mitochondrial glutamate transport.

Interpretation

We have shown that MPSI can be inherited and have identified a novel homozygous mutation inSLC25A22in the affected individuals. Our data strongly suggest thatSLC25A22is responsible for MPSI, a severe condition with few known etiologies. We have demonstrated that a combination of linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing can be used for disease gene discovery. Finally, asSLC25A22had been implicated in the distinct syndrome of neonatal epilepsy with suppression bursts on electroencephalogram, we have expanded the phenotypic spectrum associated withSLC25A22. Ann Neurol 2013;74:873–882
The therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease: Where we stand and where we are heading
Authors: Selkoe Dennis J.
Published: August 2013

Few diagnoses in modern medicine evoke more apprehension in patients and their families than Alzheimer disease (AD). Defined as a clinical and pathological entity a century ago, the disorder only came under intense molecular scrutiny in the mid‐1980s. Genetic, histopathological, biochemical, and animal modeling studies have combined to provide evidence that the disease may begin with an imbalance between the production and clearance of the self‐aggregating amyloid β protein (Aβ) in brain regions serving memory and cognition. This concept has been furthered by recent analyses in humans of cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers that suggest an approximate sequence of AD‐type brain alterations beginning >2 decades before the onset of dementia. Although the Aβ hypothesis of Alzheimer causation does not explain all features of this multifactorial syndrome, experimental agents that lower or neutralize Aβ have become the major focus of therapeutic research. Several clinical trials in mild‐to‐moderate AD have not met standard cognitive and functional endpoints, but there were important shortcomings in the agent and/or the trial design in each case. Based on the lessons learned, the field has moved on to test potentially disease‐modifying agents in mild AD patients or via secondary prevention in presymptomatic subjects bearing amyloid plaques. Immunotherapeutic agents are receiving the most study, but other antiamyloid strategies and, importantly, nonamyloid targets such as tau and neuroinflammation are of great interest. The pace of recent developments augurs well for 1 or more experimental agents being shown to slow cognitive decline without major side effects. However, research funding from all sources will need to increase dramatically and soon to stave off the approaching tsunami of AD. Ann Neurol 2013;74:328–336
Long‐range‐ordered, hexagonally packed nanoporous membranes from degradable‐block‐containing diblock copolymer film templates
Authors: Lei Lei , Xia Yuzheng , Chen Xiaonong , Shi Shuxian
Published: August 2013

Polystyrene (PS)‐b‐polylactide (PLA) diblock copolymers with different molecular weights and fractions were synthesized through a combination of living anionic polymerization and controlled ring‐opening polymerization. Then, the PS–PLA films were guided to phase‐separate by self‐assembly into different morphologies through casting solvent selection, solvent evaporation, and thermal and solvent‐field regulation. Finally, perpendicularly oriented PS–PLA films were used as precursors for PS membranes with an ordered periodic nanoporous structure; this was achieved by the selective etching of the segregated PLA domains dispersed in a continuous matrix of PS. Testing techniques, including IR, 1H‐NMR, gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used to determine the chemical structure of the PS–PLA copolymer and its film morphology. AFM images of the self‐assembled PS‐PLA films indicate that vertical tapers of the PLA domains were generated among PS continuum when either toluene or tetrahydrofuran was used as the annealing solvent. The SEM images certified that the chemical etching of the PLA component from the self‐assembled PS–PLA films led to a long‐range‐ordered array of hexagonally packed nanoporous membranes with a diameter about 500 nm and a center‐to‐center distance of 1700 nm. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39638.
Food compatibility and degradation properties of pro‐oxidant‐loaded LLDPE film
Authors: Harini S. T. , Padmavathi S. , Satish A. , Raj Baldev
Published: August 2013

To avoid environmental hazards, packaging industries are aiming to produce biodegradable films for food contact safety and its degradation. LLDPE film containing 1% pro‐oxidant additive was studied for food compatibility in different simulants, at room temperature conditions as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), code of federal regulations (CFR), food and drug administration USA (USFDA), and European Economic Commission directives (EEC) specifications. Overall migration values were well within the specified limits for food contact applications at room temperature filling and storing. The pro‐oxidant loaded LLDPE film was also studied for its degradation behavior with the changes in physical and mechanical properties along with thermal behavior, morphology and infrared spectroscopy. The molecular oxidations of pro‐oxidant‐loaded LLDPE films are severed which increases hydrophilicity. Evidently, the oxidation renders the material much more vulnerable to microbial attack. The combined effect of both photo and bio degradation is most effective for complete degradation of film. The results obtained from these studies revealed that the fine balance (1%) of pro‐oxidant contents in the film guarantees food contact safety and its degradation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39756.
Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Graphene Oxides and Reduced Graphene Oxides
Authors: Sun Yubing , Yang Shubin , Zhao Guixia , Wang Qi , Wang Xiangke
Published: August 2013

Graphene has attracted increasing attention in multidisciplinary studies because of its unique physical and chemical properties. Herein, the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as naphthalene (NAP), anthracene (ANT), and pyrene (PYR), on reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) and graphene oxides (GOs) as a function of pH, humic acid (HA), and temperature were elucidated by means of a batch technique. For comparison, nonpolar and nonporous graphite were also employed in this study. The increasing of pH from 2 to 11 did not influence the adsorption of PAHs on rGOs, whereas the suppressed adsorption of NAP on rGOs was observed both in the presence of HA and under high‐temperature conditions. Adsorption isotherms of PAHs on rGOs were in accordance with the Polanyi–Dubinin–Ashtahhov (PDA) model, providing evidence that pore filling and flat surface adsorption were involved. The saturated adsorbed capacities (in mmol g−1) of rGOs for PAHs calculated from the PDA model significantly decreased in the order of NAP>PYR>ANT, which was comparable to the results of theoretical calculations. The pore‐filling mechanism dominates the adsorption of NAP on rGOs, but the adsorption mechanisms of ANT and PYR on rGOs are flat surface adsorption.
A Photoelectrochemical Investigation on the Synergetic Effect between CdS and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Solar‐Energy Conversion
Authors: Xie Guancai , Zhang Kai , Fang Hui , Guo Beidou , Wang Ruzhi , Yan Hui , Fang Liang , Gong Jian Ru
Published: August 2013

CdS modified with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has been widely demonstrated to be effective in the field of solar‐energy conversion. However, the inherent mechanism of this superior property is still not thoroughly understood. Thus the photoelectrochemical method was employed to systemically investigate the synergetic effect between CdS and RGO. The result shows that the photoelectrochemical properties of RGO/CdS samples are sensitive to the relative ratio of RGO to CdS, and the photoelectrode with 1.0 wt % ratio of RGO possesses the best photoelectrochemical performance. Further investigation demonstrates that the synergetic effect between CdS and RGO directly influences the charge‐transport property and band‐structure of the composite, which is also supported by the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data and first‐principle simulation, respectively.
Autistic Traits Modulate Mimicry of Social but not Nonsocial Rewards
Authors: Haffey Anthony , Press Clare , O'Connell Garret , Chakrabarti Bhismadev
Published: August 2013

Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are associated with diminished responsiveness to social stimuli, and especially to social rewards such as smiles. Atypical responsiveness to social rewards, which reinforce socially appropriate behavior in children, can potentially lead to a cascade of deficits in social behavior. Individuals with ASC often show diminished spontaneous mimicry of social stimuli in a natural setting. In the general population, mimicry is modulated both by the reward value and the sociality of the stimulus (i.e., whether the stimulus is perceived to belong to a conspecific or an inanimate object). Since empathy and autistic traits are distributed continuously in the general population, this study aimed to test if and how these traits modulated automatic mimicry of rewarded social and nonsocial stimuli. High and low rewards were associated with human and robot hands using a conditioned learning paradigm. Thirty‐six participants from the general population then completed a mimicry task involving performing a prespecified hand movement which was either compatible or incompatible with a hand movement presented to the participant. High autistic traits (measured using the Autism Spectrum Quotient, AQ) predicted lesser mimicry of high‐reward than low‐reward conditioned human hands, whereas trait empathy showed an opposite pattern of correlations. No such relations were observed for high‐reward vs. low‐reward conditioned robot hands. These results demonstrate how autistic traits and empathy modulate the effects of reward on mimicry of social compared to nonsocial stimuli. This evidence suggests a potential role for the reward system in underlying the atypical social behavior in individuals with ASC, who constitute the extreme end of the spectrum of autistic traits. Autism Res 2013, 6: 614–620. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analyzing the effect of biofuel expansion on land use in major producing countries: evidence of increased multiple cropping
Authors: Langeveld Johannes W.A. , Dixon John , van Keulen Herman , Quist‐Wessel P.M. Foluke
Published: August 2013

Estimates on impacts of biofuel production often use models with limited ability to incorporate changes in land use, notably cropping intensity. This review studies biofuel expansion between 2000 and 2010 in Brazil, the USA, Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Mozambique, South Africa plus 27 EU member states. In 2010, these countries produced 86 billion litres of ethanol and 15 billion litres of biodiesel. Land use increased by 25 Mha, of which 11 Mha is associated with co‐products, i.e. by‐products of biofuel production processes used as animal feed. In the decade up to 2010, agricultural land decreased by 9 Mha overall. It expanded by 22 Mha in Brazil, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Mozambique, some 31 Mha was lost in the USA, the EU, and South Africa due to urbanization, expansion of infrastructure, conversion into nature, and land abandonment. Increases in cropping intensity accounted for 42 Mha of additional harvested area. Together with increased co‐product availability for animal feed, this was sufficient to increase the net harvested area (NHA, crop area harvested for food, feed, and fiber markets) in the study countries by 19 Mha. Thus, despite substantial expansion of biofuel production, more land has become available for non‐fuel applications. Biofuel crop areas and NHA increased in most countries including the USA and Brazil. It is concluded that biofuel expansion in 2000–2010 is not associated with a decline in the NHA available for food crop production. The increases in multiple cropping have often been overlooked and should be considered more fully in calculations of (indirect) land‐use change (iLUC). © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Substituent effects on the decomposition of chemiluminescent tricyclic aromatic dioxetanes
Authors: Sun Chung‐Wen , Chen Shun‐Chi , Fang Tai‐Shan
Published: August 2013

Three tricyclic 1,2‐dioxetane derivatives, 1a, 2a and 3a were synthesized from their corresponding 1,4‐dioxin acenaphthylene compounds, 1, 2 and 3, by reaction with singlet‐oxygen (1O2) in dichloromethane. Evidence for the formation of the dioxetanes 1a, 2a and 3a is provided by the chemiluminescence (CL) that corresponds to the emission from the electronically excited diesters 1b*, 2b* and 3b*, which are decomposed thermally from the dioxetanes 1a, 2a and 3a, respectively. The highly strained 1,2‐dioxetane ring decomposes from a twisted geometry by simultaneous cleavages of the O–O and C–C bonds, producing the electronically excited diester that emits CL. It was observed that the CL from compound 2a is red‐shifted relative to that of compounds 1a and 3a suggesting a higher degree of stabilization for the excited state by the electron‐donating methoxy group. Also, a study of the solvent effect on fluorescence shows a significant red‐shift in compound 2b, indicating a more polar excited state. The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of the 1,2‐dioxetanes clearly demonstrate that the CL characteristics of compound 2a are quite different from those of compounds, 1a and 3a. These results are consistent with the proposed intramolecular chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL) mechanism which is triggered by the electron‐donating group of compound 2a. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of random PEGylation reactions by means of high throughput screening
Authors: Maiser Benjamin , Dismer Florian , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: August 2013

Since the first FDA approval of a PEGylated product in 1990, so called random PEGylation reactions are still used to increase the efficacy of biopharmaceuticals and represent the major technology of all approved PEG‐modified drugs. However, the great influence of process parameters on PEGylation degree and the PEG‐binding site results in a lack of reaction specificity which can have severe impact on the product profile. Consequently, reproducible and well characterized processes are essential to meet increasing regulative requirements resulting from the quality‐by‐design (QbD) initiative, especially for this kind of modification type. In this study we present a general approach which combines the simple chemistry of random PEGylation reactions with high throughput experimentation (HTE) to achieve a well‐defined process. Robotic based batch experiments have been established in a 96‐well plate format and were analyzed to investigate the influence of different PEGylation conditions for lysozyme as model protein. With common SEC analytics highly reproducible reaction kinetics were measured and a significant influence of PEG‐excess, buffer pH, and reaction time could be investigated. Additional mono‐PEG‐lysozyme analytics showed the impact of varying buffer pH on the isoform distribution, which allowed us to identify optimal process parameters to get a maximum concentration of each isoform. Employing Micrococcus lysodeikticus based activity assays, PEG‐lysozyme33 was identified to be the isoform with the highest residual activity, followed by PEG‐lysozyme1. Based on these results, a control space for a PEGylation reaction was defined with respect to an optimal overall volumetric activity of mono‐PEG‐lysozyme isoform mixtures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 104–114. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of newly synthesized lipoic acid–niacin dimer in rat plasma by UPLC/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: assay development, validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Chen Xiao , Gao Jingwen , Jiang Yiming , Huang Ping , Xie Yuhui , Pi Rongbiao , Zhu Shuzhen , Yao Meicun
Published: August 2013

A simple, sensitive and specific ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) method was developed to determine the newly synthesized compound lipoic acid–niacin dimer (N2L) in plasma. Plasma samples were precipitated by methanol using tetrahydropalmatine as internal standard. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Acquity BEH C18 (2.1 × 50 mm i.d., 1.7 µm) column; the mobile phase contains methanol and buffer solution (water with 0.5% formic acid and 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate). Multiple reaction monitoring (m/z 353.9 → 148.6 for N2L and m/z 356.0 → 192.0 for internal standard) was performed for detection and quantification. The method was validated to be rapid, specific, accurate and precise over the concentration range of 1–750 ng/mL; N2L was not stable on the bench‐top or during freeze–freeze‐thaw cycles in plasma, but was stable in the stock solution and after preparation in the autosampler for 24 h. The utility of the assay was confirmed by pharmacokinetic study of N2L in rats. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IRC 2012 survey report
Authors: Wu Mei‐Mei , Sonnenwald Diane H.
Published: August 2013

Editor's Summary

The Association for Information Science and Technology's International Relations Committee (IRC) surveyed organization members in the fall of 2012 to explore views on holding the ASIS&T Annual Meeting outside North America. The 247 respondents represented the total membership reasonably well with 70% from North America. About half stated they would likely or very likely attend an annual meeting in Europe, while 28% would probably attend a meeting in the Asia Pacific region. Holding a meeting outside North America could increase membership and expand perspectives. Concerns raised include travel permissions, timing in the academic year and total expense. Most respondents were open to joint conferences or co‐located meetings with other organizations every two to three years, though there was no consensus on which group or conference. The IRC will pursue investigations into coordinated conferences and locations.
The DCC's institutional engagements: Raising research data management capacity in UK higher education
Authors: Donnelly Martin
Published: August 2013

Editor's Summary

The United Kingdom's Digital Curation Centre (DCC), established in 2004, is the country's digital preservation and data management authority. From 2011 to mid‐2013 the DCC's Institutional Engagement program provided support for digital preservation and data management to 20 universities. The initiative was stimulated by the realization that research data leads to broader advances when shared, as well as by pressure from funders to implement formal data management practices. Experience with the first cohort of universities revealed differences in readiness for data management, the importance of a local champion and support staff and the need for dedicated funding. Unfamiliar but necessary working relationships emerged, as did the need to align institution requirements with funder priorities. Common challenges were planning for effective data management, data storage and training for researchers and staff. The DCC will apply the lessons learned with the first cohort to other higher educational institutions, adjusting its approach to serve each university's specific needs while promoting the shared purpose.
Alkaloids from Corals
Authors: Gao Chenghai , Yi Xiangxi , Huang Riming , Yan Fang , He Bijuan , Chen Bo
Published: August 2013

Alkaloids, which are generally basic N‐containing compounds, have been found in a variety of natural sources. Recently, the interest in alkaloids from corals increased significantly due to their remarkable bioactivities. This review deals with the chemical structures and biological activities of alkaloids in corals. The literature has been covered up to June 2011, and a total of 102 alkaloids from the 51 publications are discussed and reviewed. Some of these compounds showed various biological properties, such as cytotoxic, antibacterial, insecticidal, antifouling, and other activities.
Abietane Diterpenes from Hyptis suaveolens
Authors: Prawatsri Saowanee , Suksamrarn Apichart , Chindaduang Anon , Rukachaisirikul Thitima
Published: August 2013

Investigation of the constituents of the whole plant of Hyptis suaveolens led to the isolation of three new abietane diterpenes, isosuaveolic acid (1), 8α,9α‐epoxysuaveolic acid (2), and 14‐O‐methylsuaveolic acid (3), together with eleven known compounds. The structures of 1–3 were established by spectroscopic methods and chemical correlations. Some isolates were tested for their antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activities.
Allelopathic Potential of Rapanea umbellata Leaf Extracts
Authors: Novaes Paula , Imatomi Maristela , Varela Rosa M. , Molinillo José M. G. , Lacret Rodney , Gualtieri Sonia C. J. , Macías Francisco A.
Published: August 2013

The stressful conditions associated with the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) environment were supposed to favor higher levels of allelochemicals in Rapanea umbellata from this ecosystem. The allelopathic potential of R. umbellata leaf extracts was studied using the etiolated wheat coleoptile and standard phytotoxicity bioassays. The most active extract was selected to perform a bioassay‐guided isolation, which allowed identifying lutein (1) and (−)‐catechin (2) as potential allelochemicals. Finally, the general bioactivity of the two compounds was studied, which indicated that the presence of 1 might be part of the defense mechanisms of this plant.
Bioorganic Diversity of Rare Coriandrum sativum L. Honey: Unusual Chromatographic Profiles Containing Derivatives of Linalool/Oxygenated Methoxybenzene
Authors: Jerković Igor , Obradović Marina , Kuś Piotr Marek , Šarolić Mladenka
Published: August 2013

The compounds responsible for highly individual aroma profile of Coriandrum sativum L. honey were isolated by headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME; used fibers: A: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/divinylbenzene (DVB) and B: divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane), as well as ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE; used solvents: A: pentane/Et2O 1 : 2 (v/v) and B: CH2Cl2) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Unusual chromatographic profiles were obtained containing derivatives of linalool/oxygenated methoxybenzene. trans‐Linalool oxide (11.1%; 14.6%) dominated in the headspace, followed by other linalool derivatives (such as cis/trans‐anhydrolinalool oxide (5.0%; 5.9%), isomers of lilac aldehyde/alcohol (14.9%; 13.8%) or p‐menth‐1‐en‐9‐al (15.6%; 18.5%)), octanal, and several low‐molecular‐weight esters. The major compounds in the solvent extracts were oxygenated methoxybenzene derivatives such as 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzyl alcohol (26.3%; 24.7%), methyl syringate (23.8%; 11.7%), and 3,4‐dimethoxybenzyl alcohol (5.6%; 13.9%). Another group of abundant compounds in the extracts were derivatives of linalool (e.g., (E)/(Z)‐2,6‐dimethylocta‐2,7‐diene‐1,6‐diol (17.8%; 16.1%)). Among the compounds identified, cis/trans‐anhydrolinalool oxides and 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzyl alcohol can be useful as chemical markers of coriander honey.
Biological Activities of Phenolic Compounds and Triterpenoids from the Galls of Terminalia chebula
Authors: Manosroi Aranya , Jantrawut Pensak , Ogihara Eri , Yamamoto Ayako , Fukatsu Makoto , Yasukawa Ken , Tokuda Harukuni , Suzuki Nobutaka , Manosroi Jiradej , Akihisa Toshihiro
Published: August 2013

Nine phenolic compounds, including two phenolic carboxylic acids, 1 and 2, seven hydrolyzable tannins, 3–9, eight triterpenoids, including four oleanane‐type triterpene acids, 10–13, and four of their glucosides, 14–17, isolated from a MeOH extract of the gall of Terminalia chebula Retz. (myrobalan tree; Combretaceae), were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells induced by α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), against the EpsteinBarr virus early antigen (EBV‐EA) activation induced by 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA) in Raji cells, and against TPA‐induced inflammation in mice. Their 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activities and cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines were also evaluated. Compounds 6–9 and 12 exhibited potent inhibitory activities against melanogenesis (39.3–66.3% melanin content) with low toxicity to the cells (74.5–105.9% cell viability) at a concentration of 10 μM. Western‐blot analysis revealed that isoterchebulin (8) reduced the protein levels of MITF (=microphtalmia‐associated transcription factor), tyrosinase, and TRP‐1 (=tyrosine‐related protein 1), mostly in a concentration‐dependent manner. Eight triterpenoids, 10–17, showed potent inhibitory effects on EBV‐EA induction with the IC50 values in the range of 269–363 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA, while these compounds exhibited no DPPH scavenging activities (IC50>100 μM). On the other hand, the nine phenolic compounds, 1–9, exhibited potent radical‐scavenging activities (IC50 1.4–10.9 μM) with weak inhibitory effects on EBV‐EA induction (IC50 460–518 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA). The tannin 6 and seven triterpenoids, 10–16, have been shown to inhibit TPA‐induced inflammation (1 μg/ear) in mice with the ID50 values in the range of 0.06–0.33 μmol/ear. Arjungenin (10) exhibited inhibitory effect on skin‐tumor promotion in an in vivo two‐stage mouse‐skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and with TPA as promoter. Compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 7–9, 12, and 13, against HL60 cell line, compounds 1 and 4, against AZ521 cell line, and compounds 1, 11, and 12, against SK‐BR‐3 cell line, showed moderate cytotoxic activities (IC50 13.9–73.2 μM).