bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methodology for non‐destructive assessment of integrity of steam generator shell welds
Authors: Thirunavukkarasu S. , Rao B.P.C. , Sharma G.K. , Chaithanya Viswa , Babu Rao C. , Jayakumar T. , Raj Baldev , Pai Aravinda , Mitra T.K. , Jadhav Pandurang
Published: May 2011

Purpose

Development of non‐destructive methodology for detection of arc strike, spatter and fusion type of welding defects which may form on steam generator (SG) tubes that are in close proximity to the circumferential shell welds. Such defects, especially fusion‐type defects, are detrimental to the structural integrity of the SG. This paper aims to focus on this problem.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a new methodology for non‐destructive detection of arc strike, spatter and fusion type of welding defects. This methodology uses remote field eddy current (RFEC) ultrasonic non‐destructive techniques and K‐means clustering.

Findings

Distinctly different RFEC signals have been observed for the three types of defects and this information has been effectively utilized for automated identification of weld fusion which produces two back‐wall echoes in ultrasonic A‐scan signals. The methodology can readily distinguish fusion‐type defect from arc strike and spatter type of defects.

Originality/value

The methodology is unique as there is no standard guideline for non‐destructive evaluation of peripheral tubes after shell welding to detect arc strike, spatter and fusion type of welding defects.
Aeroelastic analysis of remotely controlled research vehicles with numerous control surfaces
Authors: Goraj Zdobyslaw , Chajec Wojciech
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to find an influence of the reduced stiffness of actuators, located on the most outer parts of ailerons, flaperons, rudders, elevators and elevons on the excitation of flutter. This phenomenon is especially important for unmanned aerial vehicles because they continuously use all these control surfaces for trimming and stabilisation and on the other hand, the numerous statistics show that failure of elements of flight control systems are still the most probable reasons of aircraft critical failure.

Design/methodology/approach

Flutter calculations were performed by use of the classical modal approach. The normal vibrations of the free aircraft were measured in the ground vibration test (GVT). Test results were used either for verification of the FEM model of the structure – in this case for flutter calculation the MSC.Nastran software was used, or directly for flutter calculation. Based on the flutter analysis, the control surfaces critical for flutter were determined.

Findings

These so‐called critical control surfaces –, i.e. surfaces responsible for flutter excitation at first – are localized on outer parts of wing and empennage. It was found that the critical surfaces should have been mass balanced or should be irreversible. In the second case, i.e. when the control surfaces are irreversible, the actuators and drivers should have been of a high reliability, because disconnection of these elements could involve flutter.

Research limitations/implications

This approach within the computational analysis is limited to linear case, otherwise NASTRAN software cannot be used for flutter analysis. GVTs could be performed successfully independently if the structure has linear or non‐linear properties.

Practical implications

It was found that before any flight the stiffness in the flight control system of all control surfaces must carefully be checked and kept above the critical stiffness value. Safety level strongly depends on the reliability of actuators used on such unmanned aerial vehicles. The simulation of disconnection (as a result of damage) of selected control surfaces is possible even if the GVT were provided on undamaged vehicle. To do it, the rotational mode of so‐called “free control surface” should be prepared (as an artificial resonant mode) for all deflected control surfaces; next all the resonant modes should be orthogonalized, relative to this artificial control surfaces mode.

Originality/value

This paper was based on two big European and national projects, and all presented results are original and were never published before. Some selected graphs were shown during the EASN Workshop, Paris, September 2010 at the presentation entitled: “Aeroelastic analysis of remotely controlled research vehicles with numerous control surfaces”.
Surface layer properties and fatigue behavior in Al 7075‐T73 and Ti‐6Al‐4V
Authors: Wagner Lothar , Mhaede Mansour , Wollmann Manfred , Altenberger Igor , Sano Yuji
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of mechanical surface treatments on the surface layer properties and the fatigue performance of the aircraft alloys Al 7075‐T73 and Ti‐6Al‐4V

Design/methodology/approach

Laser peening without coating (LPwC), shot peening (SP), ultrasonic shot peening (USP) and ball burnishing (BB) were applied and the resulting changes in surface roughness and residual stress‐depth profiles were evaluated. Fatigue performance of both alloys was tested in rotating beam loading (R=−1) on hourglass‐shaped specimens and the results were compared with the electrolytically polished (EP) reference conditions.

Findings

All studied mechanical surface treatments led to pronounced increases in fully reversed fatigue lives and fatigue strengths in both Al 7075‐T73 and Ti‐6Al‐4V.

Originality/value

To the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper that compares fatigue performance of a wide variety of mechanically surface treated conditions in two aircraft alloys.
Predicting the fatigue life of pristine and pre‐corroded friction stir welded joints
Authors: Ghidini T. , Dalle Donne C. , Alfaro Mercado U.
Published: May 2011

Purpose

Friction stir welding (FSW) is simple, clean and cost effective joining technology which allows high‐quality joining of materials that have been traditionally troublesome to weld conventionally without distortion, cracks or voids such as high‐strength aluminium alloys. Since FSW has been identified as “key technology” for primary aerospace structures, the recent FAR regulations for damage tolerance and fatigue evaluations of aircraft structures require fatigue life predictions for this specific joint type also in the presence of corrosion. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the prediction of small coupon fatigue lives of thin section friction stir welded butt and T‐joints.

Design/methodology/approach

Particularly, as a special application, widespread fracture mechanics software will be used to predict the fatigue life of FSW joints and to obtain SN curves. The engineering approach will start from an easy definition of the damage affecting the fatigue life of any of the previously mentioned cases (inclusions, tool markings, corrosion pits) and will move through affordable fracture mechanics solutions. Particularly, a first step in predicting the fatigue life of complex friction stir welded structures will be taken by combining the FEM code with the fracture mechanics software in the prediction of the FSW T‐joints.

Findings

The calculations are in very good agreement with the experimental results once the following basic assumptions are done: the welded material is treated as base material; particle inclusions and welding imperfections are treated as initial flaws while predicting the life of polished and un‐polished (including the T‐joints) FSW material, respectively, and the entire fatigue life was comprised of crack propagation; pitting and inter‐granular corrosion are treated as a single corrosion damage source and the model surface crack comprehends this damage; and the several corrosion‐damaged areas of the specimen surface are simulated with a single semi elliptical surface crack having the dimensions of the deepest and the widest corrosion damage area.

Originality/value

A simple engineering approach which is based on a relatively solid background and which is checked against fatigue test data for various FSW test specimens was developed: it may provide a practical and reliable basis for the analysis of fatigue tests of integral structures in the presence of corrosion attack, by using widespread fracture mechanics principles.
Evaluation of structural integrity and mechanical behavior of advanced FRP composites
Authors: Sethi S. , Ray B.C.
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze microstructural integrity at the interface and consequent implicating effect on mechanical behavior of fiber‐reinforced polymer composites.

Design/methodology/approach

In the light of Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR imaging) and temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimeter, a sorption mechanism was established. Thermal spike and thermal shock treatment was carried out at 150 and 80°C, respectively. This suggested that fiber/matrix adhesion rests on the structure and properties of both the fiber and matrix in the region near the interface during the hygrothermal treatment.

Findings

The carbon surface was found to selectively absorb the tertiary amine catalyst and to modify the chemical state of the cured resin apparently through the effects of absorbed water. The higher values of glass transition temperature (Tg) resulted in longer immersion time and higher exposure temperature. Together, these techniques provide a comprehensive picture of chemical and physical changes at the interphase region. Thermal spike of hybrid composite at 150°C temperature might possibly improve the adhesion level at the interface. Whereas, in case of thermal shock treatment at 80°C the fall in inter‐laminar shear strength value at higher number of cycles. This degradation of the interface region has been monitored by scanning electron microscope analysis.

Originality/value

The reported data are based on experimental investigation.
Building humanitarian supply chain relationships: lessons from leading practitioners
Authors: McLachlin Ron , Larson Paul D.
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to advance thought and practice on supply chain relationship building, in the context of humanitarian logistics, drawing on lessons from leading practitioners.

Design/methodology/approach

The presentations were treated like data, enabling grounded research concerning practitioners. The presentations were recorded, transcribed, vetted, and imported into qualitative software (NVivo8) to facilitate further analysis, which led to testable propositions.

Findings

Three themes emerged, centered around relationship benefits, challenges, and advice on relationship building. Advice from the practitioners led to 11 propositions.

Research limitations/implications

While the presentations were treated as interview data, there was no opportunity to probe statements made by the speakers. Also, speakers were the sole representatives for their organizations. Finally, the findings cannot be generalized beyond the types of situations and organizations represented at the conference.

Practical implications

The propositions represent advice from experienced humanitarian practitioners on building supply chain relationships.

Social implications

Supply chains are economic entities. They are also social entities. Humanitarian supply chains involve people working together to help other people in need.

Originality/value

There are few published articles on supply chain relationship building, and only several pieces on humanitarian partnerships or relationships. This paper contributes to the literature in a novel way, by drawing on expert speakers at a humanitarian conference.
System dynamics for humanitarian operations
Authors: Besiou Maria , Stapleton Orla , Van Wassenhove Luk N.
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the appropriateness of system dynamics (SD) methodology as a tool for humanitarian decision makers to understand the effect of their decisions on humanitarian operations. The authors seek to present the initial stages and preliminary findings of a SD model used to analyze a well‐defined subsystem of humanitarian operations, field vehicle fleet management; then build on this example by identifying an additional area of humanitarian operations for future research using the SD methodology.

Design/methodology/approach

Case‐based research was combined with SD methodology to examine the appropriateness of this methodology for use in humanitarian operations.

Findings

Humanitarian operations are characterized by multiple actors, feedback loops, time pressures, resource constraints and uncertainty. The authors find that SD has the capacity to accurately represent the dynamic complexity of humanitarian operations, and is therefore an appropriate tool to study these systems.

Research limitations/implications

The well‐defined issue of field vehicle fleet management in humanitarian organizations is used to illustrate an application of SD for humanitarian operations. Due to the difficulty in obtaining necessary data to build the SD model, this study uses estimations based on over three years of research into fleet management in the humanitarian sector. The authors then present an example of a broader but less well‐defined subsystem in the humanitarian sector that can be analyzed using SD methodology to the benefit of the overall humanitarian relief operation.

Practical implications

Decision making in humanitarian operations is usually based on intuition and experience which are not always sufficient to fully understand the global impact of these decisions. SD provides humanitarian decision makers with a method to simulate and compare the impact of alternative decisions that would not be possible in real life situations.

Social implications

This paper examines the appropriateness of SD methodology to help humanitarians improve the effectiveness of their relief and development programs through better‐informed decision making.

Originality/value

This paper presents one of the first attempts to use SD methodology to build a model for humanitarian operations using a well‐defined subsystem, field vehicle fleet management.
Humanitarian logistics and supply chain management: the start of a new journal
Authors: Kovács Gyöngyi , Spens Karen M.
Published: May 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a brief overview of the field of humanitarian logistics and supply chain management and outline the scope of the new Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management (JHLSCM). It further aims to highlight the variety of humanitarian logistics research and summarize the articles in the inaugural issue.

Design/methodology/approach

Results from an e‐mail survey with editorial board members are presented. The survey is used to further shape the scope of JHLSCM.

Findings

The journal draws on a variety of research streams in humanitarian logistics. This is seen as its richness but also as a challenge.

Research limitations/implications

Humanitarian logistics is an emerging field. There is still a lack of good empirical research and research with rigor as well as relevance. More research needs to be done in developing countries and by researchers from these.

Practical implications

Even though there has been collaboration between humanitarian and commercial organizations, there is also a need to establish humanitarian‐academic partnerships to improve training, education, as well as research – which should ultimately manifest itself in an improvement of practice.

Social implications

Humanitarian logistics research needs to rediscover its aim to serve beneficiaries.

Originality/value

This paper is an introduction to the inaugural issue of a new journal, JHLSCM.
Metronomic doxifluridine chemotherapy combined with the anti‐angiogenic agent TNP‐470 inhibits the growth of human uterine carcinosarcoma xenografts
Authors: Naganuma Yasuko , Choijamts Batsuren , Shirota Kyoko , Nakajima Kyoko , Ogata Shigenori , Miyamoto Shingo , Kawarabayashi Tatsuhiko , Emoto Makoto
Published: June 2011

Uterine carcinosarcoma is a highly aggressive gynecological neoplasm that responds poorly to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Metronomic chemotherapy is accepted as a new approach for cancer treatment, and its underlying mechanism seems to involve the suppression of angiogenesis. However, the efficacy of metronomic and anti‐angiogenic therapies against uterine carcinosarcoma is unknown. The anti‐angiogenic effect of doxifluridine was assessed in vitro using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) co‐cultured with FU‐MMT‐1 human uterine carcinosarcoma cells. The antitumor and anti‐angiogenic effects of metronomic doxifluridine (delivered via oral gavage) in combination with TNP‐470 were evaluated in vivo. Tumor vascularity was assessed by contrast‐enhanced color Doppler ultrasound, laser Doppler and microvessel density staining. Doxifluridine suppressed tube formation of HUVEC and vascular endothelial growth factor production by FU‐MMT‐1 cells. Metronomic doxifluridine alone significantly suppressed tumor growth compared with the untreated (control) group, while metronomic doxifluridine in combination with TNP‐470 significantly inhibited tumor growth compared with each treatment alone. A significant reduction of intratumoral vascularity was observed in FU‐MMT‐1 xenografts following treatment with metronomic doxifluridine in combination with TNP‐470, as compared with each treatment alone. Intestinal bleeding was only observed when the maximum tolerated dose of doxifluridine was administered in combination with TNP‐470. Metronomic doxifluridine chemotherapy in combination with TNP‐470 might be effective for uterine carcinosarcoma without marked toxicity, possibly acting via its potent anti‐angiogenic effects. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this treatment in humans. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 1545–1552)
Genetic background matters: a plant–virus gene‐for‐gene interaction is strongly influenced by genetic contexts
Authors: MONTARRY JOSSELIN , DOUMAYROU JULIETTE , SIMON VINCENT , MOURY BENOÌT
Published: June 2011

Evolutionary processes responsible for parasite adaptation to their hosts determine our capacity to manage sustainably resistant plant crops. Most plant–parasite interactions studied so far correspond to gene‐for‐gene models in which the nature of the alleles present at a plant resistance locus and at a pathogen pathogenicity locus determine entirely the outcome of their confrontation. The interaction between the pepper pvr2 resistance locus and Potato virus Y (PVY) genome‐linked protein VPg locus obeys this kind of model. Using synthetic chimeras between two parental PVY cDNA clones, we showed that the viral genetic background surrounding the VPg pathogenicity locus had a strong impact on the resistance breakdown capacity of the virus. Indeed, recombination of the cylindrical inclusion (CI) coding region between two PVY cDNA clones multiplied by six the virus capacity to break down the pvr23‐mediated resistance. High‐throughput sequencing allowed the exploration of the diversity of PVY populations in response to the selection pressure of the pvr23 resistance. The CI chimera, which possessed an increased resistance breakdown capacity, did not show an increased mutation accumulation rate. Instead, selection of the most frequent resistance‐breaking mutation seemed to be more efficient for the CI chimera than for the parental virus clone. These results echoed previous observations, which showed that the plant genetic background in which the pvr23 resistance gene was introduced modified strongly the efficiency of selection of resistance‐breaking mutations by PVY. In a broader context, the PVY CI coding region is one of the first identified genetic factors to determine the evolvability of a plant virus.
Fine‐scale movements and use of space by spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) on Ongava Game Reserve, Namibia
Authors: Stratford Ken J. , Stratford Sabina M. C.
Published: June 2011

We deployed Global Positioning System (GPS) collars on spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta, on Ongava Game Reserve in northern Namibia. We analysed the movement profiles recorded from three periods of fine temporal scale (15 min interval) GPS data – dry season data from a sub‐adult female (36 days) and a lactating adult female (54 days), and wet season data from the same adult female (55 days). The hyaenas both had similar daily activity patterns – at rest between 12.00 and 18.00 hours, with a peak of activity in the 2‐h period around sunrise. They exhibited one or two active periods each night, travelling up to 30 km and being active for up to 10 h. Daily rest sites were widely distributed across the reserve, typically located on elevated ground and never revisited on consecutive days. In the dry season, both hyaenas made extensive use of the reserve, plus adjacent areas in Etosha National Park (sub‐adult home range 240 km2, adult home range 366 km2). The wet season data for the adult female showed a significant reduction of space used (home range 232 km2). However, their utility distributions showed a nonuniform use of space, with multiple areas of high‐density utilization located away from open terrain.
Identification of RHCE and KEL alleles in large cohorts of Afro‐Caribbean and Comorian donors by multiplex SNaPshot and fragment assays: a transfusion support for sickle cell disease patients
Authors: Silvy Monique , Di Cristofaro Julie , Beley Sophie , Papa Kassim , Rits Michel , Richard Pascale , Chiaroni Jacques , Bailly Pascal
Published: May 2011

To lower the alloimmunization risk following transfusion in blacks, we developed two genotyping assays for large‐scale screening of Comorian and Afro‐Caribbean donors. One was a multiplex SNaPshot assay designed to identify ces(340), ceMO/AR/EK/BI/SM, ces, ces(1006) and KEL*6/*7 alleles. The other was a multiplex fragment assay designed to detect RHD, RHDψ and RHCE*C and 455A>C transversion consistent with (C)ces Type 1 and DIII Type5 ces. Variant RHCE*ce alleles or RH haplotypes were detected in 58·69% of Comorians and 41·23% of Afro‐Caribbeans. The ces allele, (C)ces Type 1, and DIII Type 5 ces haplotypes were identified respectively in 39·13%, 14·67% and 4·88% of Comorians and 32·23%, 5·28% and 1·76% of Afro‐Caribbeans. Genotypes consistent with partial D, C, c and/or e antigen expression were observed in 26·08% of Comorians and 14·69% of Afro‐Caribbeans. No homozygous genotype corresponding to the RH:‐18, ‐34, and ‐46 phenotypes were found. However, over 50% of genotypes produced low‐prevalence antigens at risk for negative recipients, i.e., V, VS, JAL, and/or KEL6. One new variant RHCE*ces(712) allele was identified. This is the first determination of variant RHCE and KEL allele frequencies. Results indicate the most suitable targets for molecular assay screening to optimize use of compatible blood units and lower immunization risk.
Malaria: modification of the red blood cell and consequences in the human host
Authors: Moxon Christopher A. , Grau George E. , Craig Alister G.
Published: May 2011

Residence in the human erythrocyte is essential for the lifecycle of all Plasmodium that infect man. It is also the phase of the life cycle that causes disease. Although the red blood cell (RBC) is a highly specialized cell for its function of carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from tissues, it is devoid of organelles and lacks any cellular machinery to synthesize new protein. Therefore in order to be able to survive and multiply within the RBC membrane the parasite needs to make many modifications to the infected RBC (iRBC). Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) also expresses parasite‐derived proteins on the surface of the iRBC that enable the parasite to cytoadhere to endothelial and other intravascular cells. These RBC modifications are at the root of malaria pathogenesis and, in this ancient disease of man, have formed the epicentre of a genetic ‘battle’ between parasite and host. This review discusses some of the critical modifications of the RBC by the parasite and some of the consequences of these adaptations on disease in the human host, with an emphasis on advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of severe and cerebral malaria (CM) from recent research.
Expression of interleukin-17 is correlated with interferon-α expression in cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus
Authors: Oh S. H. , Roh H. J. , Kwon J. E. , Lee S. H. , Kim J. Y. , Choi H. J. , Lim B. J.
Published: June 2011

Background. Type I interferon (IFN) has been reported to have an important role in the development of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A new subset of CD4+ T cells, T helper (Th)17 cells, also plays a role in the development of autoimmunity.

Aim. To investigate expression of interleukin (IL)-17 and IFN-α in different CLE subsets, and their associations with the pathogenesis of LE.

Methods. Skin tissue samples from 33 cases, including chronic discoid LE (n = 24), acute (A)CLE (n = 4), subacute CLE (n = 1) and lupus panniculitis (n = 4) were collected for immunohistochemistry. Expression of IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-α, IFN-γ, myxovirus protein (Mx)A and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β was assessed in these samples.

Results. All LE specimens had staining for IL-6 and TGF-β in the infiltrated inflammatory cells. IL-17A staining was seen in 84.8% of specimens, and IFN-α or MxA was seen in 93.9%. TGF-β expression in ACLE was significantly greater than that in both chronic cutaneous (CC)LE and in lupus panniculitis (P = 0.02 for both). Expression of IL-17A was positively associated with expression of IFN-α and MxA (Spearman’s ρ = 0.56 and 0.39, respectively). In addition, the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) correlated positively with expression of IFN-α and MxA (ρ = 0.40 for both), whereas there was no correlation with IL-17A expression.

Conclusions. Two major cytokines, IL-17A and IFN-α, may play roles in the pathogenesis of CLE. Their patterns of expression positively correlated with each other.
Modulatory role of calreticulin as chaperokine for dendritic cell-based immunotherapy
Authors: Bajor A , Tischer S , Figueiredo C , Wittmann M , Immenschuh S , Blasczyk R , Eiz-Vesper B
Published: June 2011

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a regulatory role for maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Whereas HSP70 has been shown to enhance the maturation of human DCs via a nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-dependent pathway, the regulatory role of calreticulin (CRT), which is a HSP with similar functions to HSP70, is not well studied. To investigate the role of CRT as adjuvant in cell activation and co-stimulatory responses we determined the effects of CRT on human APC maturation in comparison to that of HSP70. To facilitate eukaryotic endotoxin-free CRT protein expression, three different methods were compared. We demonstrate that CRT induces the maturation of human DCs and increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines via the NF-κB pathway. CRT-mediated maturation was qualitatively similar to that induced by HSP70. Interestingly, priming of monocytes with HSPs showed an even more prominent effect on maturation than exposure of immature DCs to these compounds. A higher expression of CD86, CD83 and CCR7 on mature DCs were found in response to CRT. Our data provide novel insights into the role of extracellular HSPs as chaperokines in the processes of APC generation and may thus be useful to improve adoptive immunotherapy.
Caprospinol: Discovery of a Steroid Drug Candidate to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease Based on 22R‐Hydroxycholesterol Structure and Properties
Authors: Papadopoulos V. , Lecanu L.
Published: May 2011

The overall ability of the brain to synthesise neuroactive steroids led us to the identification of compounds that would reproduce aspects of neurosteroid pharmacology. The rate‐determining step in neurosteroid biosynthesis is the import of the substrate cholesterol into the mitochondria, where it is metabolised into pregnenolone via the intermediate 22R‐hydroxycholesterol. The levels of translocator protein 18‐kDa, mediating the import of cholesterol into mitochondria, correlated with increased pregnenolone formation and reduced levels of 22R‐hydroxycholesterol in biopsies from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but not age‐matched control, brains. 22R‐hydroxycholesterol was shown to protect against β‐amyloid (Aβ42)‐induced neurotoxicity. In search of 22R‐hydroxycholesterol stable analogues, we identified the naturally occurring heterospirostenol, (22R,25R)‐20α‐spirost‐5‐en‐3β‐yl hexanoate (caprospinol) and derivatives that protect neuronal cells against Aβ1–42 neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective effect of caprospinol is the result of a combination of overlapping properties, including: (i) the ability to bind to Aβ42 and reduce plaque formation in the brain in vivo; (ii) interaction with components of the mitochondria respiratory chain resulting in an anti‐uncoupling effect; (iii) the capacity to scavenge Aβ42 monomers present in mitochondria; and (iv) the property of being a sigma‐1 receptor ligand. In vivo, caprospinol crosses the blood–brain barrier, accumulates in the brain, and restores cognitive impairment in a pharmacological rat model of AD. Caprospinol is stable, does not bind to known steroid receptors, is devoid of mutagenic and genotoxic properties, and is devoid of acute toxicity in rodents. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of caprospinol were studied, and long‐term toxicity studies are under investigation, aiming to develop this compound as a disease‐modifying drug for the treatment of AD.
Elevated Corticosterone Levels During the First Postpartum Period Influence Subsequent Pregnancy Outcomes and Behaviours of the Dam
Authors: Wong J. H. K. , Brummelte S. , Galea L. A. M.
Published: May 2011

Postpartum depression affects 15% of new mothers and previous depressive episodes increase the risk for postpartum depression. Chronic administration of corticosterone (CORT) to dams during the postpartum period causes depressive‐like behaviour and has been used as a model of postpartum depression. To better understand the subsequent progress of this model, we examined whether there were persistent effects of CORT treatment during the dam’s first postpartum period on maternal care and mood following a subsequent pregnancy. Sprague‐Dawley female rats received either sesame oil (control) or CORT (40 mg/kg) injections for 22 days during their first postpartum period. Subsequently, all females were re‐mated for a second time and neither group received treatment during the second postpartum period. Maternal care was observed from days 2–8 of each postpartum period and dams were tested in the forced‐swim test on days 21 and 22 of the first and days 4 and 21 of the second postpartum period. As expected, the amount of time spent immobile in the forced‐swim test was increased in CORT dams at the end of the first postpartum period; however, the amount of time spent immobile was decreased at the end of the second postpartum period relative to oil dams. Furthermore, dams treated with CORT in first postpartum period gave birth to a smaller litter with a larger male/female sex ratio after their second pregnancy. This implies that elevated stress hormone levels during the first postpartum period have a substantial influence on subsequent postpartum behaviour and litter characteristics. Further investigations are necessary to fully understand the effect of parity, experience during first motherhood, and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis regulation on postpartum depression.
The RCC1 family protein RUG3 is required for splicing of nad2 and complex I biogenesis in mitochondria of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Kühn Kristina , Carrie Chris , Giraud Estelle , Wang Yan , Meyer Etienne H. , Narsai Reena , des Francs‐Small Catherine Colas , Zhang Botao , Murcha Monika W. , Whelan James
Published: May 2011

We have identified a mitochondrial protein (RUG3) that is required for accumulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. RUG3 is related to human REGULATOR OF CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION 1 (RCC1) and Arabidopsis UV‐B RESISTANCE 8 (UVR8). Although the family of RCC1‐like proteins in Arabidopsis has over 20 members, UVR8 is the sole plant representative of this family to have been functionally characterized. Mitochondria from Arabidopsis plants lacking a functional RUG3 gene showed greatly reduced complex I abundance and activity. In contrast, accumulation of complexes III, IV and V of the oxidative phosphorylation system and the capacity for succinate‐dependent respiration were unaffected. A comprehensive study of processes contributing to complex I biogenesis in rug3 mutants revealed that RUG3 is required for efficient splicing of the nad2 mRNA, which encodes a complex I subunit. A comparison of the formation of complex I assembly intermediates between rug3 and wild type mitochondria indicated that NAD2 enters the assembly pathway at an early stage. Remarkably, rug3 mutants displayed increased capacities for import of nucleus‐encoded mitochondrial proteins into the organelle and showed moderately increased mitochondrial transcript levels. This observation is consistent with global transcript changes indicating enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in the rug3 mutant in response to the complex I defect.
Sustainable primary health care services in rural and remote areas: Innovation and evidence
Authors: Wakerman John , Humphreys John S.
Published: May 2011

Objective:  To highlight how evidence from studies of innovative rural and remote models of service provision can inform global health system reform in order to develop appropriate, accessible and sustainable primary health care (PHC) services to ‘difficult‐to‐service’ communities.

Methods:  The paper synthesises evidence from remote and rural PHC health service innovations in Australia.

Results:  There is a strong history of PHC innovation in Australia. Successful health service models are ‘contextualised’ to address diverse conditions. They also require systemic solutions, which address a range of interlinked factors such as governance, leadership and management, adequate funding, infrastructure, service linkages and workforce. An effective systemic approach relies on alignment of changes at the health service level with those in the external policy environment. Ideally, every level of government or health authority needs to agree on policy and funding arrangements for optimal service development. A systematic approach in addressing these health system requirements is also important. Service providers, funders and consumers need to know what type and level of services they can reasonably expect in different community contexts, but there are gaps in agreed indicators and benchmarks for PHC services. In order to be able to comprehensively monitor and evaluate services, as well as benchmarks, we need adequate national information systems.

Conclusions:  Despite the gaps in our knowledge, we do have a significant amount of information about what works, where and why. At a time of global PHC reform, applying this knowledge will contribute significantly to the development of appropriate, sustainable PHC services and improving access.
Reorienting primary health care for addressing chronic conditions in remote Australia and the South Pacific: Review of evidence and lessons from an innovative quality improvement process
Authors: Gardner Karen , Bailie Ross , Si Damin , O'Donoghue Lynette , Kennedy Cath , Liddle Helen , Cox Rhonda , Kwedza Ru , Fittock Marea , Hains Jenny , Dowden Michelle , Connors Christine , Burke Hugh , Beaver Carol
Published: May 2011

This paper reviews what is known about the challenges of implementing quality improvement programs and draws on data from a systematic continuous quality improvement (CQI) project in remote communities in Australia and Fiji, known as Audit and Best practice for Chronic Disease, to synthesise lessons and discuss the potential for broader application in low and middle income countries, including Pacific Island countries and territories. Although a number of systematic reviews have indicated that quality improvement programs can be effective in changing professional practice and improving the quality of care and patient outcomes, little is known about the key ingredients for change or how services use and implement different strategies to achieve improvements. We identify key features of an innovative CQI model and factors related to implementation that support improvement in diabetes service delivery and intermediate outcomes. Requirements for supporting CQI are identified and the potential for wider application discussed. It is argued that the participatory action research approach supports innovation and broad‐based change and the evidence it has produced extends the current knowledge base and facilitates the translation of knowledge into action, for both policy and practice.
Implementation of diabetes prevention programs in rural areas: Montana and south‐eastern Australia compared
Authors: Reddy Prasuna , Hernan Andrea L. , Vanderwood Karl K. , Arave Diane , Niebylski Mark L. , Harwell Todd S. , Dunbar James A.
Published: May 2011

Objective:  To identify the key elements that enabled the Greater Green Triangle Diabetes Prevention Project (GGT DPP) and the Montana Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Prevention (CDDP) programs successful establishment and implementation in rural areas, as well as identifying specific challenges or barriers for implementation in rural communities.

Methods:  Focus groups were held with the facilitators who delivered the GGT DPP in Australia and the Montana CDDP programs in the USA. Interview questions covered the facilitators' experiences with recruitment, establishing the program, the components and influence of rurality on the program, barriers and challenges to delivering the program, attributes of successful participants, and the influence of community resources and partnerships on the programs.

Results:  Four main themes emerged from the focus groups: establishing and implementing the diabetes prevention program in the community; strategies for recruitment and retention of participants; what works in lifestyle intervention programs; and rural‐centred issues.

Conclusions:  The results from this study have assisted in determining the factors that contribute to developing, establishing and implementing successful diabetes prevention programs in two rural areas. Recommendations to increase the likelihood of success of programs in rural communities include: securing funding early for the program; establishing support from community leaders and developing positive relationships with health care providers; creating a professional team with passion for the program; encouraging participants to celebrate their small and big successes; and developing procedures for providing post‐intervention support to help participants maintain their success.
Exposure therapy for problem gambling in rural communities: A program model and early outcomes
Authors: Riley Ben , Smith David , Oakes Jane
Published: May 2011

Objective:  Rural South Australia contains a higher share of electronic gaming machines and gambling expenditure per capita than metropolitan areas, raising concerns about the risk of problem gambling in these communities. This paper describes the implementation and outcomes of an outreach behavioural psychotherapy (exposure therapy) program for problem gambling in rural South Australia.

Methods:  A retrospective cohort study design was used for 551 adult treatment‐seeking problem gamblers who presented to the Statewide Gambling Therapy Service in South Australia. Fifty‐one gamblers were from rural areas and participated in the outreach program. Outcomes were compared between gamblers who participated in either the metropolitan‐based or rural outreach program. Outcome measures used: South Oaks Gambling Screen, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Work and Social Adjustment Scale, and hours gambled the previous month.

Results:  Sixty‐one per cent of clients (n = 551) completed treatment. There was no significant association between service location and number of treatment completers. Significant improvements were recorded across all outcome measures for both groups with small to large effect sizes, and there were no significant differences in outcomes at post‐treatment between the groups while controlling for baseline scores.

Conclusions:  Both metropolitan and rural clients reported significant clinical improvement. Given the risk of problem gambling in rural communities, these early outcomes are encouraging. These findings will inform future treatment planning and service delivery for rural clients, and guide further research into the effectiveness of exposure therapy for problem gambling.
The John Flynn Placement Program: Evidence for repeated rural exposure for medical students
Authors: Young Louise , Kent Lachlan , Walters Lucie
Published: May 2011

Objective:  This paper reports on an evaluation of the John Flynn Placement Program (JFPP) for medical students. JFPP aims for medical students to experience both rural medicine and rural life as a way of increasing rural career intentions.

Design:  Medical students experience two weeks a year over four years with a rural doctor. Students are evaluated at the end of each placement for clinical and social experiences and career intent. They are followed up annually to monitor career intent. Mentors are evaluated annually on clinical and rural experiences during a placement.

Setting:  The Australian Government has several initiatives to encourage recruitment into rural medicine. One initiative is the JFPP. Students from all medical schools are placed with experienced general practitioners in rural and remote areas 4–7 locations across Australia.

Participants:  Evaluation data from 1450 placements from 2005–2009 are reported.

Outcome measures:  Data are presented highlighting evaluation of student and mentor perceptions of clinical and social experiences. Longitudinal tracking data provide an indication of the success of the program in terms of recruitment into the rural workforce.

Results:  Overall mean for clinical and rural experiences is extremely positive for both students and mentors. After four JFPP placements 65% of students intend to work in rural areas. After one JFPP experience 9% indicate intent to practise as a rural general practitioner while after their fourth JFPP nearly 20% are indicating intent to practise as a rural general practitioner.

Conclusions:  Longitudinal experiences, such as the JFPP, are positively influencing intention to enter the rural workforce but the impact of urban centric vocational training might be negating this impact.
Comparison of the results of two rural allied health workforce surveys in the Hunter New England region of New South Wales: 2005 versus 2008
Authors: Smith Tony , Fisher Karin , Keane Sheila , Lincoln Michelle
Published: May 2011

Objective:  To compare the results of the 2005 and 2008 surveys of the rural allied health workforce in the study region.

Design:  Comparative analysis of two cross‐sectional surveys.

Setting:  The rural, northern sector of the Hunter New England region of NSW, Australia.

Participants:  Both surveys targeted 12 different allied health professions. There were 225 respondents in 2005 and 205 in 2008.

Main outcome measures:  Comparison is made for 15 dependent variables.

Results:  There was no significant difference for most variables between 2005 and 2008. Mean age and mean years qualified decreased slightly, from 43 to 41 years and from 20 to 17 years, respectively. The proportion of respondents of rural origin was about two‐thirds in both studies and about half had a rural placement during training. While more than half supervised students, only about one‐third had received training for that role. In both 2005 and 2008, the proportion working 35 or more hours each week was about 66% but the proportion working more than 40 hours had doubled to about 36%. In both surveys about half intended leaving their job within 10 years, while the proportion satisfied with continuing professional development access had halved, from 70% to 35%.

Conclusions:  Most results of the 2005 Hunter New England survey were verified. It was confirmed that a large proportion of the allied health workforce in the region intend leaving their job in the next 5 to 10 years. This is a concern for the development of new service delivery models.
The psychosocial impacts of fly‐in fly‐out and drive‐in drive‐out mining on mining employees: A qualitative study
Authors: Torkington Amanda May , Larkins Sarah , Gupta Tarun Sen
Published: May 2011

Objective:  To explore how fly‐in fly‐out (FIFO) and drive‐in drive‐out (DIDO) mining affects the psychosocial well‐being of miners resident in a rural north Queensland town as well as the sources of support miners identify and use in managing these effects.

Design:  A descriptive qualitative study, using semistructured interviews.

Setting:  Charters Towers, a rural town in north Queensland, and a remote north‐western Queensland mine.

Participants:  Eleven people, resident in or near Charters Towers, currently or formerly employed in FIFO or DIDO mining.

Main outcome measures:  Self‐reported effects on psychosocial well‐being and sources of support.

Results:  Participants reported positive and negative psychosocial impacts across domains including family life, relationships, social life, work satisfaction, mood, sleep and financial situation. Concerns about the impact on participants' partners were described. Awareness of onsite support, such as Employee Assistance Programs, varied. Other supports included administration staff and nurses or medics. Trusted friends or colleagues at the mine site were considered a preferred means of support. Some, but not most, had experienced coworkers discussing problems with them. A reluctance to seek support was described, with a number of barriers identified. Those having problems might not recognise their own stress and thus not seek support.

Conclusions:  This study identifies numerous psychosocial impacts on FIFO/DIDO miners and their partners, and provides insights into preferences regarding support. Employee Assistance Programs cannot be relied upon as the sole means of support. Further studies exploring the impact upon and supports for FIFO/DIDO workers and their partners will assist in better understanding these issues.
New onset of electrocardiographic abnormalities heralding hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an adult athlete
Authors: Mondillo S. , Olivotto I. , Palmerini E. , Nistri S.
Published: May 2011

A 41‐year‐old male asymptomatic athlete with unremarkable personal and family history of heart disease underwent annual preparticipation screening. No abnormalities were noted on prior testing. On this occasion, a 12‐lead electrocardiogram showed diffused and marked repolarization abnormalities. He was therefore referred for echocardiography, which showed moderate asymmetric hypertrophy localized at the mid‐apical portions of the left ventricular anterolateral wall. Cardiac magnetic resonance confirmed the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Re‐evaluation of the electrocardiogram performed the previous year revealed a completely normal tracing.
Fabry disease and Factor V Leiden: a potent vascular risk combination
Authors: Tchan M. , Sillence D.
Published: May 2011

A 45‐year‐old man with heterozygous Factor V Leiden presented with his third cerebrovascular accident despite being on warfarin at a therapeutic international normalized ratio. Subsequent investigation revealed a second genetic diagnosis of Fabry disease. He then had an acute myocardial infarction whilst on aspirin and warfarin.