bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lindan [MAK value documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: August 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of lindane [58‐89‐9] and its classification in category 4 for carcinogenic substances considering all toxicological endpoints. In several studies an increased risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma for lindane users in agriculture is described. After controlling for other pesticides, the risk decreased. Exposure or biomonitoring data are not available from these studies. From the viewpoint of the Commission, the studies are not sufficient to classify lindane as a human carcinogen. Because of its tumour‐promoting effects on the liver of the rat and the liver carcinogenicity in the mouse, lindane is still classified in category 4 for carcinogenic substances.

The critical toxic effects of lindane are immunotoxic and immunomodulating effects. After inhalation exposure, NOAECs of 0.6 mg/m3(rat) and 1 mg/m3(mouse) can be derived for histological changes of the spleen, thymus and bone marrow and NOAELs of 0.45 mg/kg body weight for rats and 2 mg/kg body weight for mice for immunological effects. Excluding skin contact, exposure to the MAK value of 0.1 mg/m3for the inhalable fraction results in a daily intake of 0.014 mg/kg body weight (100 % absorption, 70 kg body weight and 10 m3respiratory volume) for humans. In this low concentration range, an inhibition of immunological responses is not likely and the MAK value is confirmed.

Damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded; therefore, the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C is confirmed as well.

Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and the “H” notation is confirmed. Sensitization is not expected from the available data.
Ethanthiol [MAK value documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: August 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of ethanethiol [
75‐08‐1
]. No new studies are available for ethanethiol itself. Therefore, the MAK value is derived by read‐across with the structurally similar methyl mercaptan for which the MAK value of 0.5 ml/m
3
is based on slight behavioural changes at 2 ml/m
3
in a 90‐day inhalation study in rats. The MAK value of 0.5 ml/m
3
for ethanethiol is supported by a limited inhalation study with 3 volunteers, showing irritation and other symptoms after repeated exposure to ethanethiol in a concentration of 3.9 ml/m
3
, but not after 0.39 ml/m
3
. The behavioural changes in rats exposed to methyl mercaptan are presumably not neurotoxic effects but a result of the odour nuisance or the local irritation. Therefore, ethanethiol is classified in Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 1 by analogy with methyl mercaptan. There are no developmental toxicity studies and ethanethiol remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D. According to skin absorption models, percutaneous absorption is expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Therefore, ethanethiol is designated with an “H”. There are no data on sensitization.
Paper‐Based Electrochromic Devices Enabled by Nanocellulose‐Coated Substrates
Authors: Lang Augustus W. , Österholm Anna M. , Reynolds John R.
Published: August 2019

As environmental considerations for both the processing and disposal of electronic devices become increasingly important, the ability to replace plastic and glass substrates with bioderived and biodegradable materials remains a major technological goal. Here, the use of cellulose nanofiber‐coated paper is explored as an environmentally benign substrate for preparing low‐resistance (460 Ω sq−1), colorless (a* = −2.3, b* = −2.7) printed poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes. The PEDOT:PSS/paper electrodes support the reversible oxidation of three electrochromic polymers (ECPs) (cyan, magenta, and yellow), affording the possibility for fully printed, color displays on paper. Lateral electrochromic devices (ECDs) incorporating an ion gel electrolyte are demonstrated where a magenta‐to‐colorless device achieves a color contrast (ΔE*) of 56 owing to a highly color‐neutral bleached state of the ECP (a* = −0.5, b* = 2.9). Black‐to‐colorless devices achieve ΔE* = 29 and are able to retain 86% of their color contrast after 9000 switches. The switching times of these lateral devices are quantified through colorimetric image analysis which shows comparable performance for devices constructed on paper as devices using ITO/glass electrodes (10 Ω sq−1). The paper ECDs are then combusted in air leaving 3% of the initial mass at 600 °C, highlighting this approach as a promising route toward disposable displays.
Solution‐Processable, High‐Performance Flexible Electroluminescent Devices Based on High‐k Nanodielectrics
Authors: Shanker Ravi , Cho Seungse , Choe Ayoung , Kim Minsoo P. , Khan Ziyauddin , Kang Saewon , Ko Hyunhyub
Published: August 2019

Flexible alternating‐current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices have attracted considerable attention for their ability to produce uniform light emission under bent conditions and have enormous potential for applications in back lighting panels, decorative lighting in automobiles, and panel displays. Nevertheless, flexible ACEL devices generally require a high operating bias, which precludes their implementation in low power devices. Herein, solution‐processed La‐doped barium titanate (BTO:La) nanocuboids (≈150 nm) are presented as high dielectric constant (high‐k) nanodielectrics, which can enhance the dielectric constant of an ACEL device from 2.6 to 21 (at 1 kHz), enabling the fabrication of high‐performance flexible ACEL devices with a lower operating voltage as well as higher brightness (≈57.54 cd m−2 at 240 V, 1 kHz) than devices using undoped BTO nanodielectrics (≈14.3 cd m−2 at 240 V, 1 kHz). Furthermore, a uniform brightness across the whole panel surface of the flexible ACEL devices and excellent device reliability are achieved via the use of uniform networks of crossaligned silver nanowires as highly conductive and flexible electrodes. The results offer experimental validation of high‐brightness flexible ACELs using solution‐processed BTO:La nanodielectrics, which constitutes an important milestone toward the implementation of high‐k nanodielectrics in flexible displays.
Cancer‐Specific Therapy by Artificial Modulation of Intracellular Calcium Concentration
Authors: Wang Cheng , Yu Fangying , Liu Xuerong , Chen Shaoqing , Wu Rui , Zhao Rui , Hu Fuqiang , Yuan Hong
Published: August 2019

Calcium (Ca2+) hemeostasis is crucial for the normal function of cellular biochemistry. The abnormal frequency of Ca2+ signaling in cancer cells makes them more vulnerable to Ca2+ modulation than normal cells. Here in this study, a novel cancer‐specific therapy by artificially triggering Ca2+ overload in cancer cells is proposed. The feasibility of this therapy is illustrated by successful coupling of selective extrusion (Ca2+) inhibition effect of Curcumin (Cur) and the effective Ca2+ generating capability of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) into a facilely prepared water responsive phospholipid (PL)–ACC hybrid platform (PL/ACC–Cur). The obtained results demonstrate that PL/ACC–Cur can specifically boost the intracellular Ca2+ concentration to cause Ca2+ overload and to trigger mitochondria‐related apoptosis in MCF‐7 cells while sparing normal hepatocyte (L02), which might be a promising approach for effective cancer therapy.
Highly Stable and Long‐Circulating Metal‐Organic Frameworks Nanoprobes for Sensitive Tumor Detection In Vivo
Authors: Zhang Ruili , Qiao Chaoqiang , Jia Qian , Wang Yongdong , Huang Huimin , Chang Wanwan , Wang He , Zhang Hao , Wang Zhongliang
Published: August 2019

High stability and extended circulation time in vivo are quite favorable for practical biomedical applications of nanomaterials, because they greatly facilitate the preferential tumor accumulation of nanomaterials, resulting in enhanced signal fidelity for imaging and improved therapeutic effect for treatment. Although many surface modification approaches have been employed to improve the stability and circulating behavior of nanomaterials, it still remains challenging in acquiring stable and long‐lasting nanomaterials for in vivo bioimaging and therapy, especially for nanoscale metal‐organic frameworks (NMOFs) due to their intrinsic instability in physiological conditions. Herein, a facile, one‐step strategy is reported to encapsulate the zirconium (Zr)‐based NMOF UiO‐66 within 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphate (DOPA) lipid bilayer (DOPA‐LB). Contrary to UiO‐66 NMOFs functionalized with polyethylene glycol, the obtained UiO‐66@DOPA‐LB presents significantly enhanced stability and impressive blood circulation time, allowing a higher accumulation of UiO‐66@DOPA‐LB in the tumor tissue. Benefited from these meritorious features, UiO‐66@DOPA‐LB labeled with near‐infrared dye, IRDye 800CW, can not only achieve highly sensitive imaging of breast cancer tumor (5 mm), but also exhibits superior capability for early tumor (1–2 mm) detection. This study enriches the surface modification approach of NMOFs, and is of great importance for practical application of NMOFs in biomedical areas.
2D V‐V Binary Materials: Status and Challenges
Authors: Guo Shiying , Zhang Yupeng , Ge Yanqi , Zhang Shengli , Zeng Haibo , Zhang Han
Published: August 2019

2D phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthene, as a fast‐growing family of 2D monoelemental materials, have attracted enormous interest in the scientific community owing to their intriguing structures and extraordinary electronic properties. Tuning the monoelemental crystals into bielemental ones between group‐VA elements is able to preserve their advantages of unique structures, modulate their properties, and further expand their multifunctional applications. Herein, a review of the historical work is provided for both theoretical predictions and experimental advances of 2D V‐V binary materials. Their various intriguing electronic properties are discussed, including band structure, carrier mobility, Rashba effect, and topological state. An emphasis is also given to their progress in fabricated approaches and potential applications. Finally, a detailed presentation on the opportunities and challenges in the future development of 2D V‐V binary materials is given.
Making a Cool Choice: The Materials Library of Magnetic Refrigeration
Authors: Gottschall Tino , Skokov Konstantin P. , Fries Maximilian , Taubel Andreas , Radulov Iliya , Scheibel Franziska , Benke Dimitri , Riegg Stefan , Gutfleisch Oliver
Published: August 2019

The phase‐down scenario of conventional refrigerants used in gas–vapor compressors and the demand for environmentally friendly and efficient cooling make the search for alternative technologies more important than ever. Magnetic refrigeration utilizing the magnetocaloric effect of magnetic materials could be that alternative. However, there are still several challenges to be overcome before having devices that are competitive with those based on the conventional gas–vapor technology. In this paper a rigorous assessment of the most relevant examples of 14 different magnetocaloric material families is presented and those are compared in terms of their adiabatic temperature and isothermal entropy change under cycling in magnetic‐field changes of 1 and 2 T, criticality aspects, and the amount of heat that they can transfer per cycle. The work is based on magnetic, direct thermometric, and calorimetric measurements made under similar conditions and in the same devices. Such a wide‐ranging study has not been carried out before. This data sets the basis for more advanced modeling and machine learning approaches in the near future.
Adams–Oliver syndrome caused by mutations of the EOGT gene
Authors: Schröder Kim C. , Duman Duygu , Tekin Mustafa , Schanze Denny , Sukalo Maja , Meester Josephina , Wuyts Wim , Zenker Martin
Published: August 2019

Adams–Oliver syndrome (AOS) is a rare congenital disease characterized by aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) and terminal transverse limb defects (TTLD). It shows significant genetic heterogeneity and can be transmitted by autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. Recessive inheritance is associated with mutations of DOCK6 or EOGT; however, only few cases have been published so far. We present two families with EOGT‐associated AOS. Due to pseudodominance in one family, the recognition of the recessive inheritance pattern was difficult. We identified two novel AOS‐causing mutations (c.404G>A/p.Cys135Tyr and c.311+1G>T). The phenotype in the presented families was dominated by large ACC, whereas TTLD were mostly subtle or even absent and no major malformations occured. Our observations along with the previously published cases indicate that the two types of recessive AOS (EOGT‐ vs. DOCK6‐associated) differ significanty regarding the frequency of neurologic or ocular deficits.
Successful use of flexible silicone mesh for management of prolonged open abdomen
Authors: Tsutsumi Ryosuke , Akahoshi Tomohiko , Ikeda Tetsuo , Maehara Yoshihiko , Hashizume Makoto
Published: August 2019

Background

Open abdomen management (OAM) is used not only for trauma but also for treatment of peritonitis. However, the rate of successful fascial closure in patients with OAM remains low.

Case Presentation

The patient was a 38‐year‐old morbidly obese man who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Twenty days after surgery, postoperative leakage resulted in panperitonitis. In this case, we undertook drainage by open laparotomy. The patient's status was generally unstable and he was treated with OAM. We used flexible silicone mesh as the dressing material for negative‐pressure wound therapy. Open abdominal management continued until status improvement (32 days). Fascial closure was eventually successful because of good granulation growth.

Conclusion

When combined with negative‐pressure wound therapy, silicone mesh prevents wound adhesions and infection after surgery. Silicone mesh is useful for patients with increased risk of infection, such as those with diffuse peritonitis.
Asset Management Best Practices: Keeping Ahead of the Curve
Authors: Fodchuk Mark , Garaci Mike
Published: August 2019

Key Takeaways

Impending legislation is driving Canadian utilities to take a proactive stance on their asset management plans.

Seven Canadian utilities shared their strategies and best practices for evaluating, fixing, and managing pipeline assets.

It's important for utilities to establish a comprehensive, forward‐thinking asset management framework that includes structured data collection and management.
Advances in the treatment of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: A review
Authors: Gertz Morie A. , Mauermann Michelle L. , Grogan Martha , Coelho Teresa
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Amyloid transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a progressive and often fatal disease caused by the buildup of mutated (hereditary ATTR [hATTR]; also known as ATTR variant [ATTRv]) or normal transthyretin (wild‐type ATTR) throughout the body. Two new therapies—inotersen, an antisense oligonucleotide therapy, and patisiran, an RNA interference therapy—received marketing authorization and represent a significant advance in the treatment of amyloidosis. Herein, we describe the clinical presentation of ATTR, commonly used procedures in its diagnosis, and current treatment landscape for ATTR, with a focus on hATTR.

Methods

A PubMed search from 2008 to September 2018 was conducted to review the literature on ATTR.

Results

Until recently, there have been few treatment options for polyneuropathy of hATTR. Inotersen and patisiran substantially reduce the amyloidogenic precursor protein transthyretin and have demonstrated efficacy in patients with early‐ and late‐stage disease and in slowing or improving neuropathy progression. In contrast, established therapies, such as liver transplantation, typically reserved for patients with early‐stage disease, and tafamidis, indicated for the treatment of early‐stage disease in Europe, or diflunisal, a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug that is used off‐label, are associated with side effects and/or unclear efficacy in certain patient populations. Thus, inotersen and patisiran are positioned to be the preferred therapeutic modalities.

Conclusions

Important differences between inotersen and patisiran, including formulation, dosing, requirements for premedications, and safety monitoring, require an understanding and knowledge of each treatment for informed decision making.
“Dial‐In” Emission from a Unique Flexible Material with Polarization Tuneable Spectral Intensity
Authors: Kumar Rajan , Ray Subir Kumar , Mukherjee Saikat , Saha Sudipta , Bag Arijit , Ghorai Pradip Kr. , Ghosh Nirmalya , Shunmugam Raja
Published: August 2019

The development of organic photoluminescent materials, which show promising roles as catalysts, sensors, organic light‐emitting diodes, logic gates, etc., is a major demand and challenge for the global scientific community. In this context, a photoclick polymerization method is adopted for the growth of a unique photoluminescent three‐dimensional (3D) polymer film, E, as a model system that shows emission tunability over the range 350–650 nm against the excitation range 295–425 nm. The DFT analysis of energy calculations and π‐stacking supports the spectroscopic observations for the material exhibiting a broad range of emission owing to newly formed chromophoric units within the film. Full polarization spectroscopic Mueller matrix studies were employed to extract and quantify the molecular orientational order of both the ground (excitation) and excited (emission) state anisotropies through a set of newly defined parameters, namely the fluorescence diattenuation and fluorescence polarizance. The information contained in the recorded fluorescence Mueller matrix of the organic polymer material provided a useful way to control the spectral intensity of emission by using pre‐ and post‐selection of polarization states. The observation was based on the assumption that the longer lifetime of the excited dipolar orientation is attributed to the compactness of the film.
Adsorption of Acetate on Au(111): An in‐situ Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Study and Implications on Formic Acid Electrooxidation
Authors: Abdelrahman Areeg , Hermann Johannes M. , Jacob Timo , Kibler Ludwig A.
Published: August 2019

The adsorption of acetate on an Au(111) electrode surface in contact with acetic acid at pH 2.7 was imaged in‐situ using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Two different ordered structures were imaged for acetate adsorbed in the bidentate configuration on the unreconstructed
surface at 0.95 V (vs. the saturated calomel electrode, SCE). The first structure,
, is metastable and transforms at constant potential within 20 minutes to a
structure, which is thermodynamically more favourable. The
acetate adlayer starts to form at step edges and propagates via nucleation and growth onto terraces. The findings from in‐situ STM are in agreement with the electrochemical behaviour of acetate on Au(111) characterized by voltammetry. A comparison is made with formate adsorption on Au(111). While acetate is not reactive, in contrast to formate, it can act as a spectator species in formic acid electrooxidation.
Synthesis of N2‐Aryl‐2′‐Deoxyguanosine Modified Phosphoramidites and Oligonucleotides
Authors: Ghodke Pratibha P. , Pradeepkumar P. I.
Published: August 2019

The N2‐position of 2′‐deoxyguanosine (N2‐position in dG) is well known for forming carcinogenic minor groove DNA adducts, which originate from environmental pollutants, chemicals, and tobacco smoke. The N2‐dG DNA adducts have strong implications on biological processes such as DNA replication and repair and may, therefore, result in genomic instability by generating mutations or even cell death. It is crucial to know the role of DNA polymerases when they encounter the N2‐dG damaged site in DNA. To get detailed insights on the in vitro DNA damage tolerance or bypass mechanism, there is a need to synthetically access N2‐dG damaged DNAs. This article describes a detailed protocol of the synthesis of N2‐aryl‐dG modified nucleotides using the Buchwald‐Hartwig reaction as a main step and incorporation of the modified nucleotides into DNA. In Basic Protocol 1, we focused on the synthesis of five different N2‐dG modified phosphoramidites with varying bulkiness (benzyl to pyrenyl). Basic Protocol 2 describes the details of synthesizing N2‐dG modified oligonucleotides employing the standard solid phase synthesis protocol. This strategy provides robust synthetic access to various modifications at the N2‐position of dG; the modified dGs serve as good substrates to study translesion synthesis and repair pathways. Overall data presented in this article are based on earlier published reports. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assembly and Application of a Three‐Dimensional Human Corneal Tissue Model
Authors: McKay Tina B. , Ford Andrew , Wang Siran , Cairns Dana M. , Parker Rachael N. , Deardorff Phillip M. , Ghezzi Chiara E. , Kaplan David L.
Published: August 2019

The cornea provides a functional barrier separating the outside environment from the intraocular environment, thereby protecting posterior segments of the eye from infection and damage. Pathological changes that compromise the structure or integrity of the cornea may occur as a result of injury or disease and can lead to debilitating effects on visual acuity. Over 10 million people worldwide are visually impaired or blind due to corneal opacity. Thus, physiologically relevant in vitro approaches to predict corneal toxicity of chemicals or effective treatments for disease prior to ocular exposure, as well as to study the corneal effects of systemic, chronic conditions, such as diabetes, are needed to reduce use of animal testing and accelerate therapeutic development. We have previously bioengineered an innervated corneal tissue model using silk protein scaffolds to recapitulate the structural and mechanical elements of the anterior cornea and to model the functional aspects of corneal sensation with the inclusion of epithelial, stromal, and neural components. The purpose of this unit is to provide a step‐by‐step guide for preparation, assembly, and application of this three‐dimensional corneal tissue system to enable the study of corneal tissue biology. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The influence of movement on the occupancy–density relationship at small spatial scales
Authors: Rogan Matthew S. , Balme Guy A. , Distiller Greg , Pitman Ross T. , Broadfield Joleen , Mann Gareth K. H. , Whittington‐Jones Gareth M. , Thomas Lisa H. , O'Riain M. Justin
Published: August 2019

The global decline of large carnivores demands effective and efficient methods to monitor population status, particularly using non‐invasive methods. Density is among the most useful metrics of population status because it is directly comparable across space and time. Unfortunately, density is difficult to measure reliably, especially for mobile, cryptic species. Recently, efforts have turned to approximating density based on its relationship to more readily estimable indices of occurrence. However, the relationship between density and such indices is contingent on several key assumptions that field studies often violate. Recent research has shown that these relationships are unreliable where sampling units are not independent, as is often the case when estimating density or occurrence of large carnivores. Here, we use the largest data set thus far collected for leopards (Panthera pardus)—88 camera‐trap surveys undertaken in 24 protected areas between 2013 and 2018—to explore how density and other population characteristics relate to parameter estimates in occupancy and Royle–Nichols abundance models. We show how home‐range size confounds underlying relationships, with larger home ranges inflating the proportion of area used (PAU) and resulting in double counting in abundance models. Relativizing estimates of occupancy and abundance by home‐range size improved their relationship with density, but the relationship remained weak and largely uninformative for management. Our findings illustrate the pitfalls of using the PAU or abundance as implicit proxies for density and highlight the challenges of assessing population status for wide‐ranging, cryptic species across fragmented landscapes.
Den‐site characteristics and selection by brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the central Brooks Range of Alaska
Authors: Sorum Mathew S. , Joly Kyle , Wells Adam G. , Cameron Matthew D. , Hilderbrand Grant V. , Gustine David D.
Published: August 2019

Selection and use of dens is a critical behavioral adaption of bears (Ursus spp.) to survive extended periods of resource limitation. We analyzed selection of den sites by brown bears (Ursus arctos) in an arctic montane environment from 2014 to 2017. We used GPS data from 51 instrumented bears to physically locate, identify, and describe den sites (n = 33) and to quantitatively model the selection of denning habitat (n = 65 dens over 3 yr). We conducted an analysis of den‐site selection at the home range (third order) scale using variables describing topographic, vegetative, and spatially‐explicit fish and wildlife models. We hypothesized four main factors influence den‐site selection by brown bears: (1) physiography, (2) proximity to food resources, (3) thermal insulation, and (4) den‐area fidelity. We used kernel density estimates to define space use and conditional logistic regression to estimate den selection within individual home ranges. Brown bears selected den sites on steep slopes (>31°) with high snow load potential near their previously used den site. Our results supported our hypothesis that den selection by brown bears was related to thermal insulation, structural stability, drainage, and den‐area fidelity.
Synthesis of Orthogonal N‐Protected C‐Functional Side‐Bridged Cyclams to Give Access to Unsymmetrical Constrained BCAs
Authors: Le Bihan Thomas , Le Bris Nathalie , Bernard Hélène , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos , Tripier Raphaël
Published: August 2019

Considering the current importance of unsymmetrical mono‐ and di‐N‐functionalized ethylene side‐bridged (sb) cyclams and the need to have their C‐appended derivatives bearing an additional function dedicated to a conjugation to an external moiety as a targeting biomolecule, we have developed a general procedure to obtain orthogonally N‐protected sb‐cyclams with a benzyl or a Boc group. Despite the lack of symmetry of the compounds, this methodology allows the specific protection of one or the other remaining secondary amine function.
Nanomaterial‐based Sensors for the Study of DNA Interaction with Drugs
Authors: De la Cruz Morales K. , Alarcón‐Angeles G. , Merkoçi A.
Published: August 2019

The interaction of drugs with DNA has been searched thoroughly giving rise to an endless number of findings of undoubted importance, such as a prompt alert to harmful substances, ability to explain most of the biological mechanisms, or provision of important clues in targeted development of novel chemotherapeutics. The existence of some drugs that induce oxidative damage is an increasing point of concern as they can cause cellular death, aging, and are closely related to the development of many diseases. Because of a direct correlation between the response, strength/ nature of the interaction and the pharmaceutical action of DNA‐targeted drugs, the electrochemical analysis is based on the signals of DNA before and after the interaction with the DNA‐targeted drug. Nowadays, nanoscale materials are used extensively for offering fascinating characteristics that can be used in designing new strategies for drug‐DNA interaction detection. This work presents a review of nanomaterials (NMs) for the study of drug‐nucleic acid interaction. We summarize types of drug‐DNA interactions, electroanalytical techniques for evidencing these interactions and quantification of drug and/or DNA monitoring.
An Experimental Method to Measure Flow Distribution in the Cathode of High‐Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Stack
Authors: Ji Feng , Yang Linlin , Li Yinhua , Sun Hai , Sun Gongquan
Published: August 2019

The flow distribution in manifolds has an important influence on the performance and life of the stack, but currently the methods to measure the cathode flow distribution between cells in a high‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT‐PEMFC) stack is scarce. Herein, an experimental method for measuring the cathode flow distribution between cells is developed, which converts the cathode flow (Q) signal into a signal of hydrogen limiting current (iL). By dimensional analysis and experimental verification, it is found that iL and Q have a linear relationship within a certain range. In the HT‐PEMFC single cell, the method can be used to quickly evaluate and screen the cathode diffusion layer. When used in the HT‐PEMFC stack, the effect of temperature is negligible, but it is necessary to ensure the same compression ratio of each cell, whereas the iL of each cell is tested simultaneously in the stack. In addition, the method is limited to measure flow distribution between cells in the stack because the iL value is averaged.
Effect of Harvesting Time on Volatile Compounds Composition of Bergamot (Citrus × Bergamia) Essential Oil
Authors: Marzocchi Silvia , Baldi Elena , Crucitti Maria Cristina , Toselli Moreno , Caboni Maria Fiorenza
Published: August 2019

Bergamot (Citrus × bergamia) is mainly cultivated in Calabria area (Italy) for its essential oil that is widely used in cosmetics, food and medicine. The harvest season (November to February) affects the quality of essential oil, consequently the aim of our study was to evaluate the composition of volatile fractions at different harvesting stages. Two different cultivars, Femminello and Fantastico, were collected in November, December and January and their volatile compounds composition was determined by SPME GC/MS. Fourty‐two compounds were identified. Monoterpenes were the preponderant group; limonene was the most representative compound with similar concentrations in the varieties and at the three harvesting times. β‐Ocimene, β‐mircene and α‐terpinene showed higher concentration in Femminello than Fantastico, while trans‐α‐bergamotene, α‐pinene and citronellal were mostly concentrated in Fantastico. The concentration of β‐pinene in Fantastico and Femminello was higher in December and January, respectively, and γ‐terpinene concentration was higher in Femminello in November and January and in Fantastico in December. Linalool was the most preponderant monoterpene alcohol with a significantly higher concentration in Femminello than in Fantastico, but without significant differences during ripening. cis‐γ‐Bisabolene was the most preponderant sesquiterpene; it was more concentrated in Fantastico than in Femminello and showed a significantly higher concentration in December and January than in November. Linalyl and neryl acetate were the most abundant esters, with a significantly higher concentration in Fantastico. Fantastico seems to be the variety that produces higher volatile organic compounds in essential oil; moreover, the volatile compound concentration was higher at the second and third harvest time.
Microscopic tumor invasion of contralateral mucosa in cancer involving unilateral septum
Authors: Nyquist Gurston , Chitguppi Chandala , Keane Allison , Reilly Erin , Koszewski Ian , Mollaee Mehri , Rangarajan Sanjeet , Rabinowitz Mindy , Rosen Marc , Tuluc Madalina
Published: August 2019

Background

Preservation of contralateral mucosa with microscopic tumor invasion in unilateral septal involvement increases the recurrence risk. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk of invasion of contralateral mucosa in unilateral septal involvement of cancer and to risk stratify patients.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of patients with histologically proven malignancy with unilateral septal involvement and absence of gross septal tumor involvement on the contralateral side were included.

Results

Among 40 patients, majority (55%) belonged to sixth and seventh decade. The most common type was squamous cell carcinoma (63%). Approximately one‐fourth (23%) showed microscopic contralateral invasion. Females (OR 12; 95% CI 2.01‐71.35) and patients with septal bone invasion (OR 28.5; CI 3.35‐242.0) had a higher risk of developing contralateral mucosal invasion.

Conclusion

Complete resection of contralateral mucosa is preferred in areas along the bony septum. When complete resection is not performed, intraoperative frozen section is strongly recommended.
Transoral robotic surgery for head and neck malignancies: Imaging features in presurgical workup
Authors: Kwan Benjamin Y.M. , Khan Nazir Mohammed , de Almeida John R. , Goldstein David , Paleri Vinidh , Forghani Reza , Yu Eugene
Published: August 2019

The objective of this article was to review the indications for transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in head and neck malignancies. The role of imaging in patient selection will be specifically reviewed. TORS is a recently developed technique that allows minimally invasive surgeries to be performed in the head and neck. TORS has a role in the de‐escalation of oropharyngeal cancers, which allows for lower doses of chemoradiation therapy (this is a technique currently in clinical trials). Additionally, this technique allows for less invasive surgery and decreases associated complications. TORS can also be performed at other subsites. Cross‐sectional imaging has a prominent role to help identify suitable candidates for this type of surgery. This article will review important anatomy and staging related to TORS. Additionally, the key imaging features for patient selection (indications and contraindications) will be presented along with case illustrations.
Laser‐based radiocarbon detection in the laboratory: How soon?
Authors: Murnick Daniel E.
Published: August 2019

Research over the past 25 years and the use of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have demonstrated benefits of single‐atom counting of 14C compared with scintillation monitoring of 14C radioactive decay for a multitude of applications in drug development studies. These include pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies, microdosing studies, and quantification of DNA adducts. In the last decade, the possibility of single‐atom counting using lasers has been demonstrated, providing the possibility of simplified laboratory‐based systems, which can equal or excel AMS sensitivity and provide scintillation system convenience without high levels of radioactivity. To achieve the required sensitivity, optical storage cavities have been used to enhance the laser interaction of the low densities of radiocarbon present. Two types of laser technologies have been used‐cavity ring‐down spectroscopy (CRDS) and intracavity opto‐galvanic spectroscopy (ICOGS). Problems to be overcome to achieve routine use have included separation of the 14C signal from backgrounds, achievement of acceptable precision and accuracy, reduction of measurement times for small samples, and improvement in the ease of use for the operator. Both technologies have achieved impressive results to date using samples of order 1 mg with CRDS and 10 μg with ICOGS. Commercial development is the next step.
Candida pseudoglaebosa and Kodamaea ohmeri are capable of degrading alkanes in the presence of heavy metals
Authors: Ortiz‐Álvarez Jossue , Vera‐Ponce de León Arturo , Trejo‐Cerro Oscar , Vu Hoa T. , Chávez‐Camarillo Griselda , Villa‐Tanaca Lourdes , Hernández‐Rodríguez César
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study was to examine four strains of two yeast species in relation to their capability for assimilating alkanes in the presence of heavy metals (HMs). The four strains tested were Candida pseudoglaebosa ENCB‐7 and Kodamaea ohmeri ENCB‐8R, ENCB‐23, and ENCB‐VIK. Determination was made of the expression of CYP52 genes involved in alkane hydroxylation. When exposed to Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and As3+ at pH 3 and 5, all four strains could assimilate several n‐alkanes having at least six carbon atoms. The three K. ohmeri strains could also utilize branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, and n‐octanol as sole carbon sources. Kinetic assays demonstrated greater biomass production and specific growth of the yeasts exposed to long‐chain n‐alkanes. Fragments of paralogous CYP52 genes of C. pseudoglaebosa ENCB‐7 and K. ohmeri ENCB‐23 were amplified, sequenced, and phylogenetically evaluated. Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that n‐nonane and n‐decane induced to CpCYP52‐G3, CpCYP52‐G9, and CpCYP52‐G10. KoCYP52‐G3 was induced with n‐decane and n‐octanol. Also, CpCYP52‐G3 and CpCYP52‐G9 were induced by glucose. In conclusion, C. pseudoglaebosa and K. ohmeri were able to degrade several alkanes in the presence of HMs and under acidic conditions. These yeasts harbor paralogous alkane‐induced CYP52 genes, which display different profiles of transcriptional expression.
Variability and trends of atmospheric moisture in recent West African monsoon season and the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment‐Africa projected 21st century scenarios
Authors: Okoro Ugochukwu K. , Chen Wen , Nath Debashis , Nnamchi Hyacinth C.
Published: August 2019

The interannual variability and trends of atmospheric moisture flux convergence (MFC) and the flux transport and their roles in wet season rainfall variability during the West Africa monsoon season have been investigated using the Climate Research Unit observational datasets and the National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis 2 from 1979 to 2016 and the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX)‐Africa model outputs. Particular emphasis has been placed on the three rainfall zones: the Western Sudano Sahel, the Eastern Sudano Sahel and the Guinea Coast. The MFC shows largest variability and impact on rainfall in the Western Sudano Sahel, followed by the Guinea Coast, but there is no significant impact in the Eastern Sudano Sahel. Furthermore, the MFC shows significant positive trends at the Sahelian locations but not at the Guinea Coast. The CORDEX‐Africa models adequately simulate the climatology and spatial patterns of the mean June to September atmospheric moisture; however, differences exist in the magnitude and signs of the temporal trend. The model ensemble mean is presented, which better represents the atmospheric moisture during the monsoon rainfall variability. A mean bias‐corrected projection of the atmospheric moisture shows enhanced rainfall variability of the Guinea Coast in the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 at the end of the 21st century.
One‐step facile synthesis of PbS quantum dots/Pb (DMDC)2 hybrids and their application as a low‐cost SERS substrate
Authors: Liu Aili , Jin Huile , Li Jun , Chen Liyun , Zheng Haoyuan , Mao Xinnan , Lin Dajie , Wang Jichang , Wang Shun , Jiang Weizhong
Published: August 2019

A microwave‐ and ultrasound‐assisted reduction and assembly of lead dimethyldithiocarbamate (Pb (DMDC)2) led to the formation of rod‐like Pb (DMDC)2 embedded with PbS quantum dots (QDs). Transmission electron microscopy measurements show the presence of numerous isolated PbS QDs on the Pb (DMDC)2 microrod surface, which may potentially act as hot spots for enhanced Raman spectroscopy. A case study using mercaptopyridine as the analyte demonstrates that the rod‐like hybrids have outstanding performance as a surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate, comparable with that of Au nanorods. The excellent SERS performance of the as‐fabricated PbS QDs/Pb (DMDC)2 hybrids may be attributed to the unique dispersion of PbS QDs as well as the intimate contacts between PbS QDs and Pb (DMDC)2. This study therefore presents a new approach for the development of low‐cost and highly efficient semiconductor‐based SERS substrates.
Spontaneous rotational Raman thermometry for air flow characterization in a turbomachine test rig
Authors: Scherman Michael , Santagata Rosa , Faleni Jean Pierre , Orain Mikael , Bresson Alexandre , Attal‐tretout Brigitte , Krumme Alexander
Published: August 2019

Noninvasive and accurate measurements are essential to study the reactive flows in aeronautical engines. This paper reports the results of a unique measurement campaign providing the temperature flow field in a large‐scale facility turbomachine test rig using spontaneous rotational Raman scattering technique. Different planes of interest and operating conditions are probed, showing good agreement with thermocouple measurements. Fast temperature variations (>7.7 kHz) could be probed thanks to synchronization of the laser pulse with the rotor clock. The results outline the performance of in situ Raman technique to investigate steady and unsteady flows in turbine's conditions.
Comparison of internal organs between myostatin mutant and wild‐type piglets
Authors: Luo Zhao‐Bo , Luo Qi‐Rong , Xuan Mei‐Fu , Han Sheng‐Zhong , Wang Jun‐Xia , Guo Qing , Choe Yong-Gyu , Jin Song‐Shan , Kang Jin‐Dan , Yin Xi‐Jun
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND

Myostatin (MSTN) negatively regulates skeletal muscle development; however, its functions in internal organs have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we compared the morphological, molecular, and biological characteristics of the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, and tongue of homozygous MSTN mutant (MSTN−/−), heterozygous MSTN mutant (MSTN+/−), and wild‐type (WT) piglets.

RESULTS

The heart and liver were lighter in MSTN−/− piglets than in MSTN+/− piglets, while the tongue was heavier in MSTN−/− piglets than in WT piglets (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the tongue was longer in MSTN−/− piglets than in WT piglets, and myofibers of the tongue were significantly larger in the former piglets than in the latter ones (P < 0.01). mRNA expression of MSTN in all organs was significantly lower in MSTN−/− and MSTN+/− piglets than in WT piglets (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, mRNA expression of follistatin, which is closely related to MSTN, in the heart and liver was significantly higher in MSTN−/− piglets than in MSTN+/− and WT piglets (P < 0.05). In addition, protein expression of MSTN in the heart, kidneys, and tongue was significantly lower in MSTN−/− piglets than in WT piglets (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that MSTN is widely expressed and has marked effects in multiple internal organs. Myostatin has crucial functions in regulating internal organ size, especially the tongue. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Unbounded solutions to abstract boundary value problems of fractional differential equations on a half line
Authors: Wang Fuli , Cui Yujun
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we investigate the existence of solutions to abstract boundary value problems of fractional differential equations on
. The choice of the Banach space
allows the solutions to be unbounded. Our approach mainly depends on the technique of Hausdorff measure of noncompactness in conjunction with the criterion of compactness in
. Finally, an example in the Banach sequence space ℓ1 is given to illustrate our results.
Study on Thermal Stability and Decomposition Kinetics of Bis (2,2‐Dinitropropyl) Fumarate (BDNPF) as a Melt Cast Explosive by Model‐Free Methods
Authors: Abrishami Fatemeh , Chizari Mostafa , Zohari Narges , Pourmosavi Seyed Ali
Published: August 2019

Bis (2,2‐ dinitropropyl) fumarate (BDNPF) as a melt cast explosive can be used alone or in combination with inert melt castable thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) diluents. In this work, the BDNPF synthesized and the structure of it were verified by IR, and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of BDNPF was studied by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and thermogravimetery (TG) techniques. The influence of the heating rate (5, 7, 10 and 15 °C/min) showed that with increased heating rate the decomposition temperature of the compound rose. Also, the kinetic parameters such as activation energy and frequency factor for this compound were obtained from the DSC‐TGA data by non‐isothermal methods proposed by ASTM E698 and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa (FWO). The critical temperatures were estimated at 241.61 °C and 241.85 °C for BDNPF by using ASTM and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa data, respectively.
Entanglement of Hard‐Core Bosons on the Honeycomb Lattice
Authors: Zhang Xue‐Feng , Dillenschneider Raoul , Eggert Sebastian
Published: August 2019

The entanglement of hard‐core bosons in square and honeycomb lattices with nearest‐neighbor interactions is estimated by means of quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations and spin‐wave (SW) analysis. The particular ‐invariant form of the concurrence is used to establish a connection with observables, such as density and superfluid density. For specific regimes, the concurrence is expressed as a combination of boson density and superfluid density.
Semi‐implicit integration of the unified equations in a mass‐based coordinate: model formulation and numerical testing
Authors: Voitus Fabrice , Bénard Pierre , Kühnlein Christian , Wedi Nils P.
Published: August 2019

This paper derives the unified equations of Arakawa and Konor rigorously formulated in a suitable mass‐based sigma coordinate and develops an efficient semi‐implicit integration scheme. The unified equations accurately capture the non‐hydrostatic small‐scale effects and retain the hydrostatic compressibility of the flow at large scales. As with the classical quasi‐hydrostatic equations, the underlying approximations filter vertically propagating acoustic waves. In contrast to the quasi‐hydrostatic equations, however, the filtering property of the unified equations requires that the wind field satisfy a divergence constraint similar to anelastic and pseudo‐incompressible (small‐scale limit) soundproof systems. An efficient semi‐implicit integration scheme for the unified equation system is achieved by combining a constant‐coefficient linear partitioning approach with an iterative implicit treatment of the nonlinear residuals arising from the soundproof divergence constraint. The resulting linear implicit problem to be solved at each iteration may be reduced to a single Helmholtz equation with horizontally homogeneous coefficients, which is akin to the one typically solved in the semi‐implicit integration of the quasi‐hydrostatic equations. The stability and accuracy of the developed semi‐implicit scheme for the unified equations in the mass‐based coordinate is numerically assessed by means of standard vertical plane test cases in linear and nonlinear atmospheric flow regimes. Moreover, in order to ascertain the convergence of the iterative semi‐implicit scheme, the test cases also include a large‐scale 3D configuration that resembles the stiffness typically encountered in global atmospheric models.