bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) for the brain: Recent advances and remaining challenges for developing a NeuroSERM™
Authors: Brinton Roberta Diaz
Published: October 2002

Estrogen regulation of cognitive function and prevention of neurodegenerative disease has come to be of major scientific and clinical importance. While these functions rank paramount among concerns of women during menopause, the neoplastic risks associated with estrogen and hormone replacement therapy lead most women to elect against hormone intervention during menopause or to seek alternative estrogens in an attempt to ameliorate menopause‐associated deficits and disease risks. Development of an effective selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for use as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy must address the issues of efficacy in and availability to the brain. Abrief review of estrogen effects on cognition, neuroprotective capability, and disease prevention is provided followed by an analysis of current knowledge regarding SERM efficacy in brain. Lastly, the challenges that remain for developing an effective NeuroSERM™ are considered. Drug Dev. Res. 56:380–392, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transglutaminase‐mediated crosslinking of neural proteins in Alzheimer's disease and other primary dementias
Authors: Sárvári Mónika , Fésüs László , Nemes Zoltán
Published: October 2002

The formation of insoluble protein deposits is a common hallmark of most neurodegenerative diseases. The disease‐specific lesions arise from pathogenic modifications of proteins or defects of their breakdown. Transglutaminases posttranslationally modify proteins by transamidation of specific protein‐bound glutamines to specific protein‐bound lysines. This action results in the formation of covalent crosslinks between proteins, a modification likely to have profound effects on nerve cell function. Crosslinking of proteins via Nϵ(γ‐glutamyl)lysine bonds by transglutaminases has been described in in vitro and animal models of neuron loss. Recent findings provided evidence that dysregulation of transglutaminase activity may contribute to the pathology of various neurodegenerative diseases, including polyglutamine expansion diseases and primary neurodegenerative dementias, the prototype of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Transglutaminase activity and expression was shown to be elevated in AD and Huntington's disease (HD) compared to age‐matched controls by several studies. Further, crosslinks have been found to colocalize with neurofibrillary tangles characteristic of Alzheimer's pathology by immunocytochemistry. Recent data showed increased crosslink concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of HD patients. A series of studies from our laboratory showed that elevated crosslink concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid are characteristic of AD as well as other related dementias associated with the formation of intraneural inclusions. Although many issues remain to be addressed to establish a definitive model for the formation of specific histopathological lesions, crosslinking proteins by transglutaminases offers a plausible explanation for the stabilization of noxious protein aggregates and may reveal a common pathogenic mechanism in various primary neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Dev. Res. 56:458–472, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peptides as drug candidates against Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gozes Illana , Spier Avron D.
Published: October 2002

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among people aged 65 and older. In fact, nearly 50% of all people aged 85 and older are thought to have AD. It is thus of high importance to develop therapies to combat the disease and alleviate the devastating outcome. The drugs currently available treat one of the disease symptoms, the decline in acetylcholine, by way of inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase pathway that leads to acetylcholine breakdown. However, this apparently slows the disease symptomology only for a limited time period. Here, neuropeptide/peptide involvement and potential therapy in AD will be approached at several different levels including (1) neuropeptides and AD; (2) amyloid precursor protein processing and toxic beta amyloid (A‐beta) accumulation; (3) peptide vaccination against toxic A‐beta aggregation; (4) peptides in the inhibition of tau phosphorylation and the formation of toxic neurofibrillary tangles; and most emphasis will be placed on (5) neuroprotective peptides, from vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to activity‐dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), NAP and activity‐dependent neuroprotective factor (ADNF). Previous studies facilitated the characterization of a lead peptide termed NAP (Asn‐Ala‐Pro‐Val‐Ser‐Ile‐Pro‐Gln, single letter code, NAPVSIPQ). Preclinical experiments show that NAP protects neurons against numerous toxins and cellular stresses including the AD neurotoxin, excitotoxicity, the toxic envelope protein of HIV, electrical blockade, oxidative stress, dopamine toxicity, decreased glutathione, and tumor necrosis factor‐associated toxicity. NAP also has neuroprotective activity in a variety of animal models including the learning‐deficient apolipoprotein E knockout mice (a model related to AD), mouse paradigms of traumatic head injury (risk factor for AD) and fetal alcohol syndrome (oxidative stress), and rat models of cholinotoxicity and stroke. NAP has a short structure, is active at unprecedented low concentrations (femtomolar), is water soluble, bioavailable, easily delivered via intranasal inhalation, and is unusually stable. No NAP toxicity has been observed to date. Thus, NAP is poised to be developed as a novel Alzheimer's disease therapeutic. Drug Dev. Res. 56:475–481 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Melatonin in aging and neurodegeneration
Authors: Savaskan Egemen
Published: October 2002

Melatonin, a hormone secreted during darkness, plays a key role in various physiological responses including regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep homeostasis, retinal neuromodulation, and vasoactivity. Its neuroprotective properties, as well as regulatory effects on circadian disturbances, revalorize melatonin's benefits as a therapeutic substance in symptomatic treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) with its complex neuropathological changes and clinical symptoms related to circadian rhythm alterations. This brief review summarizes the current state of melatonin research with emphasis on its neuroprotective role in neurodegeneration, particularly with regard to melatonin's putative effects in the disease process of AD. Drug Dev. Res. 56:482–490, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Children's coordination of force output in a pinch grip task
Authors: Deutsch Katherine M. , Newell Karl M.
Published: October 2002

This study examined the role of sensorimotor system noise in the organization of the force output of the thumb and index finger and the coordination between the two digits in an isometric pinch grip force task as a function of age (6, 8, 10, 18–22 years), feedback condition (with and without visual feedback information), and force level (5, 15, 25, and 35% of maximal voluntary force. With increases in age under the visual feedback conditions, the signal%to%noise ratio increased, the sequential structure of the force output signals became more irregular, the degree of coherence between the digits at higher force levels was enhanced, and the digits exhibited a greater degree of coherence across the higher frequencies of the power spectrum at all force levels. However, these age differences were either minimized or eliminated under conditions without feedback. These findings show that the age‐related performance differences in grip force variability are primarily due to more effective use of visual information rather than age differences in intrinsic sensorimotor noise. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 253–264, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10051
A model of consumer information search and online network externalities
Authors: Sohn Yong Seok , Joun Hangun , Chang Dae Ryun
Published: October 2002

This article looks at a consumer who faces a choice between two sources of information: conventional and online. The online source is different from the conventional one because consumers care about how many people are using it along with them. Generally, the more users the better (positive network externality), but, on the other hand, the presence of more users implies a reduction of available capacity, about which consumers also care. We assume that consumers maximize their utility, which is modeled as a function of all other consumption, knowledge, and network externalities. Knowledge is conceptualized as a function of the amount of information spent both on the online network and on conventional sources. Since consumer information searches may differ according to demographic differences, this may result in consumers’ differences in their usage of online networks and conventional sources. We include these externalities in our model to better understand consumer choice behavior for the online network. The consumer utility function is estimated by using the model estimation method developed in this article, since the interactions implied by the consumer utility function are more complex than one could hope to estimate econometrically. We use survey data to regress the demand for online information depending on income, education, the number of users, and remaining capacity. We introduce a methodology to simulate how consumers’ representative utilities will behave in different network environments and derive implications for online network suppliers.
Getting permission: Exploring factors affecting permission marketing
Authors: Tezinde Tito , Smith Brett , Murphy Jamie
Published: October 2002

Permission marketing suggests an evolution of direct marketing, particularly used with e-mail. It combines databases of customers who agree to receive marketing messages with low-cost, customized e-mails that attempt to slice through advertising clutter, attract increased customer support, and change behavior.

This applied research examined implementing permission marketing, relevant literature, and permission marketing's effectiveness influencing consumer interest and behavior. A case study tested the propositions resulting from the literature review and evaluated responses to a permission marketing campaign that used traditional and new media. This study found that relevance—personalization, brand equity, and previous relationships—influenced response rates. This article adds to the growing body of research on permission marketing's role in marketing theory, as well as its applied effectiveness in the marketplace.
Surface passivation of epitaxial multilayer structures for InP‐based high‐speed devices by an ultrathin silicon layer
Authors: Xie Yong‐Gui , Takahashi Ken , Takahashi Hiroshi , Chao Jiang , Kasai Seiya , Hasegawa Hideki
Published: October 2002

A novel method for surface passivation of epitaxial multilayer structures for InP‐based high‐speed devices by an ultrathin silicon interface control layer (Si ICL) is discussed. Theoretical design and optimization of the surface passivation structure with and without an InGaAs cap layer is performed by taking account of the strain effect and quantized states in the Si ICL. Then the formation process of a SiNx/Si ICL structure utilizing a novel partial‐nitridation technique is optimized. It is clarified that the InGaAs cap layer is important for Si ICL‐based surface passivation on the InP‐based materials. Planar metal‐insulator‐semiconductor (MIS) diodes are studied to characterize the insulator‐semiconductor (I‐S) interface fabricated on semi‐insulating InP substrates, also showing that the Si ICL method is useful for the surface passivation of InP‐based multilayer structures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(10): 17–28, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10030
Do we really have to consider covariance matrices for image feature points?
Authors: Kanazawa Yasushi , Kanatani Kenichi
Published: October 2002

We first describe in a unified way how to compute the covariance matrix from the gray levels of the image. We then experimentally investigate whether or not the computed covariance matrix actually reflects the accuracy of the feature position by doing subpixel correction using variable template matching. We also test if the accuracy of the homography and the fundamental matrix can really be improved by optimization using the covariance matrix computed from the gray levels. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(1): 1–10, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10042
Measuring water sources pollution using intervention analysis in time series and log‐normal model (a case study on Tigris River)
Authors: Al‐Khalidi Abdul Sattar Rashid Salim
Published: October 2002

This article presents two different techniques, to analyse the effects of water pollution sources on water quality in the presence of dependent noise structure. In this article we measure the pollution level in the water of Tigris River after passing through the Baghdad metropolitan area, where many sewages and industries dump their refuse into the river. The data analysis methodology depends on the presence of unusual observations and the validity of the underlying assumptions. First we developed an adaptation to the lognormal model, assuming that the measurements taken across the river are correlated. Secondly we assumed the data present a time series with intervention. The Box and Taio method is used to analyse the data. Results showed significant level of pollution in the river after passing through the specified region. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing and quantifying uncertainty for pollution estimates calculated by modelling replicated benthic count data
Authors: Rune Flåten Geir , Grung Bjørn , Kvalheim Olav M.
Published: October 2002

The main contribution in this work is an improvement of a method for quantifying the level of pollution using benthic count data. The suggested improvement utilises the information found in replicated samples in order to obtain more precise estimates of the pollution.

Simultaneously, the uncertainties of the pollution estimates are quantified. This is obtained by making pseudo samples by randomly permuting the counts of the species observed within a group of replicates. The pseudo samples are representative for the variation at the sampling site since the permutations are both species specific and restricted to replicates within the sampling site.

The pollution is quantified by a modelling approach. Sediment samples are collected in an area surrounding a contamination source, e.g. an oilrig. The non‐polluted samples are used to build a linear model of the natural variation in the survey area. The remaining samples are projected onto the calculated model. Then, the distance from the projection to the sample gives an estimate of the pollution in the current sample. The last part of the work is devoted to investigate the robustness of the suggested improvements to pollution quantification from benthic count data. This is done by means of perturbations, and it appears that the modifications give both reliable and robust results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response analysis of highway overcrossings including soil–structure interaction
Authors: Zhang Jian , Makris Nicos
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a systematic procedure for the seismic response analysis of highway overcrossings. The study employs an elementary stick model and a more sophisticated finite element formulation to compute response quantities. All dynamic stiffnesses of approach embankments and pile groups are approximated with frequency‐independent springs and dashpots that have been established elsewhere. A real eigenvalue analysis confirms the one‐to‐one correspondence between modal characteristics obtained with the three‐dimensional finite element solutions and the result of the simpler stick‐model idealization. A complex eigenvalue analysis yields modal damping values in the first six modes of interest and shows that modal damping ratios assume values much higher than those used by Caltrans. The validity of the proposed method is examined by comparing the computed time response quantities with records from the Meloland Road and Painter Street overcrossings located in southern and northern California, respectively. The proposed procedure allows for inexpensive parametric analysis that examines the importance of considering soil–structure interaction at the end abutments and centre bent. Results and recommendations presented by past investigations are revisited and integrated in comprehensive tables that improve our understanding of the dynamic characteristics and behaviour of freeway overcrossings. The study concludes with a step‐by‐step methodology that allows for a simple, yet dependable dynamic analysis of freeway overcrossings, that involves a stick model and frequency‐independent springs and dashpots. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimal control approach to adaptivity in computational fluid mechanics
Authors: Becker R. , Heuveline V. , Rannacher R.
Published: October 2002

We consider a typical design cycle in computational fluid mechanics: First, an output value such as the drag coefficient is computed. Then, this value is optimized by varying certain control parameters. Finally, the stability of the resulting optimized flow is analysed. For each of these tasks, we derive a posteriori error estimators within a uniform framework based on the optimal control approach described in Becker and Rannacher (Acta Numerica, Iserles A (ed.). CUP: Cambridge, 2001; 1). These estimators are used for adaptive mesh refinement in order to increase the accuracy upto a given tolerance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moving meshes, conservation laws and least squares equidistribution
Authors: Baines M. J.
Published: October 2002

In this paper a least squares measure of a residual is minimized to move an unstructured triangular mesh into an optimal position, both for the solution of steady systems of conservation laws and for functional approximation. The result minimizes a least squares measure of an equidistribution norm, which is a norm measuring the uniformity of a fluctuation monitor. The minimization is carried out using a steepest descent approach. Shocks are treated using a mesh with degenerate triangles. Results are shown for a steady‐scalar advection problem and two flows governed by the Euler equations of gasdynamics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A variational approach to consistent single‐phase upscaling
Authors: Wakefield M. A.
Published: October 2002

A consistent upscaling methodology is outlined, which bounds the stationary value of the original governing functional and highlights the source of errors that arise when an upscaled permeability field is substituted. The stationary value is identified as an important physical measure and the existence of bounds on this quantity enables confidence to be placed in upscaled predictions, including well productions, as opposed to empirical error estimates associated with conventional upscaling methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictions of segregation of granular material with the aid of PHYSICA, a 3‐D unstructured finite‐volume modelling framework
Authors: Christakis Nicholas , Patel Mayur K. , Cross Mark , Baxter John , Abou‐Chakra Hadi , Tüzün Ugur
Published: October 2002

In this paper a continuum model for the prediction of segregation in granular material is presented. The numerical framework, a 3‐D, unstructured grid, finite‐volume code is described, and the micro‐physical parametrizations, which are used to describe the processes and interactions at the microscopic level that lead to segregation, are analysed. Numerical simulations and comparisons with experimental data are then presented and conclusions are drawn on the capability of the model to accurately simulate the behaviour of granular matter during flow. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical evaluation of two discontinuous Galerkin methods for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Bassi F. , Rebay S.
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a critical comparison between two recently proposed discontinuous Galerkin methods for the space discretization of the viscous terms of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The robustness and accuracy of the two methods has been numerically evaluated by considering simple but well documented classical two‐dimensional test cases, including the flow around the NACA0012 airfoil, the flow along a flat plate and the flow through a turbine nozzle. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principal components analysis for correlated curves and seasonal commodities: The case of the petroleum market
Authors: Tolmasky Carlos , Hindanov Dmitry
Published: October 2002

This article presents a family of term structure models that can be applied to value contingent claims in
multicommodity and seasonal markets. We apply the framework to the futures contracts on crude and heating oils
trading on NYMEX. We show how to deal with the problem of having to value products depending on the
“whole” market, such as spread options on contracts on a single commodity maturing at different
times (time‐spreads) or spread options on the added value of the products derived from the raw
commodity (crack spreads). Also, we show how to build term structure models for a commodity that
experiences seasonality, such as heating oil. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
22:1019–1035, 2002
Mineralogical approaches to sourcing pipes and figurines from the eastern woodlands, U.S.A.
Authors: Wisseman Sarah U. , Moore Duane M. , Hughes Randall E. , Hynes Mary R. , Emerson Thomas E.
Published: October 2002

Provenance studies of stone artifacts often rely heavily upon chemical techniques such as neutron activation analysis. However, stone specimens with very similar chemical composition can have different mineralogies (distinctive crystalline structures as well as variations within the same mineral) that are not revealed by multielemental techniques. Because mineralogical techniques are often cheap and usually nondestructive, beginning with mineralogy allows the researcher to gain valuable information and then to be selective about how many samples are submitted for expensive and somewhat destructive chemical analysis, thus conserving both valuable samples and funds. Our University of Illinois team of archaeologists and geologists employs Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer (PIMA) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Sequential acid dissolution/XRD/Inductively coupled plasma (SAD‐XRD‐ICP) analyses. Two case studies of Hopewellian pipes and Mississippian figurines illustrate this mineralogical approach. The results for both studies identify sources relatively close to the sites where the artifacts were recovered: Sterling, Illinois (rather than Ohio) for the (Hopewell) pipes and Missouri (rather than Arkansas or Oklahoma) for the Cahokia figurines. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Müller cells in allogeneic adult rabbit retinal transplants
Authors: Ghosh Fredrik , Wassélius Johan
Published: October 2002

Müller cell morphology and degree of activation in adult retinal transplants have, to our knowledge, never been reported previously. We transplanted adult rabbit neuroretinal full‐thickness sheets, prepared under strict control, to the subretinal space of adult rabbits. After surviving 6–174 days, eyes were examined in the light microscope, and grafts displaying the normal laminated morphology were labeled with antibodies against vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Müller cells in the grafts displayed the normal vertical arrangement, from outer limiting membrane to vitread endfeet. They showed an initial degree of activation, evident by GFAP upregulation, which diminished with increasing survival times, and was absent in the oldest specimens. In the host retina, Müller cells in the transplant area became progressively more disorganized with increasing survival times, and their degree of activation increased. Our results suggests that adult full‐thickness neuroretinal grafts are structurally stable, even in long‐term specimens, and thrive in spite of their allogeneic environment. The gliotic change seen in the host retina covering the graft is identical to the one seen in earlier reported eyes receiving embryonic grafts, and is due to the merangiotic nature of the rabbit neuroretina. GLIA 40:78–84, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p16ink4a and retinoic acid modulate rhoA and GFAP expression during induction of a stellate phenotype in U343 MG‐A astrocytoma cells
Authors: Langlois Agnes , Lee Sangpyung , Kim Dong Seok , Dirks Peter B. , Rutka James T.
Published: October 2002

We previously showed that the expression of p16ink4a (p16), in conjunction with retinoic acid (RA) treatment in the p16‐deficient astrocytoma cell line, U343 MG‐A, induced a potent cell cycle arrest in G1 associated with changes in morphology. In this study, we investigated the effects of p16 expression and RA treatment on the expression and distribution of actin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vimentin within the U343 MG‐A astrocytoma cytoskeleton. Changes in expression and location of the small GTPase, rhoA, were also examined after p16 expression and RA treatment. We showed that p16 expression and RA treatment led to an increase in the expression of GFAP, as well as its reorganization but that it did not significantly affect actin or vimentin expression. p16 induction in combination with RA treatment resulted in a decreased expression and activation of rhoA as determined by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis of soluble and insoluble fractions of cell lysates. Endogenous levels of rhoA expression varied among samples in a panel of astrocytoma cell lines as determined by Western blot analysis. Introduction of a dominant active rhoA mutant into p16‐induced, RA‐treated U343 MG‐A astrocytoma cells was associated with the loss of long astrocytic processes and stellate morphology. These data are among the first to report the pattern of rhoA expression in human astrocytoma cell lines. They furthermore suggest that the stellate cell phenotype observed in U343 MG‐A astrocytoma cells after cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) induction and RA treatment is accompanied by an inhibition and inactivation of rhoA in this cell system. GLIA 40:85–94, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Older criminals: a descriptive study of psychiatrically examined offenders in Sweden
Authors: Fazel Seena , Grann Martin
Published: October 2002

Objective

We retrospectively examined psychiatric diagnoses of older offenders referred by court for psychiatric assessment in Sweden, and compared them with younger offenders.

Method

In Sweden, structured court‐ordered forensic psychiatric evaluations are undertaken by a forensic psychiatric team. Data on age, sex, citizenship, psychiatric diagnoses, offences, and legal insanity declarations were obtained for the years 1988–2000 (n=7297).

Results

There were 210 forensic psychiatric evaluations in those aged 60 and over. 7% had a diagnosis of dementia, 32% psychotic illness, 8% depressive or anxiety disorder, 15% substance abuse or dependence, and 20% personality disorder. Older offenders were significantly less likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia or a personality disorder, and more likely to have dementia or an affective psychosis compared to younger ones. Logistic regression analyses suggested that of the studied factors, the ones most typical of older offenders were a diagnosis of dementia and being charged with a sexual offence.

Conclusion

There appear to be important differences in psychiatric morbidity between older offenders and younger ones who come into contact with forensic psychiatric services. This research may assist in the planning of forensic and therapeutic services for the increasing number of older adults passing through the criminal justice system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distribution of lymph node metastases in supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma: Therapeutic implications
Authors: Redaelli de Zinis Luca O. , Nicolai Piero , Tomenzoli Davide , Ghizzardi Daniela , Trimarchi Matteo , Cappiello Johnny , Peretti Giorgio , Antonelli Antonino R.
Published: October 2002

Background.

The treatment of the neck in cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract is still a matter of controversy, even though nowadays there is a trend in the literature toward elective surgery in the N0 neck when the probability of occult lymph node metastasis is greater than 20%. In the elective setup, every effort is made for preservation of uninvolved nonlymphatic structures in positive neck. The aim of this study is to analyze in a large cohort of patients treated for supraglottic carcinoma the prevalence of lymph node metastases and their distribution through various neck levels to redefine our policy of neck treatment.

Methods.

A retrospective review of 402 consecutive patients, who underwent surgery in the Department of Otolaryngology of the University of Brescia (Italy) for supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma in a 14‐year period, has been performed. The prevalence of neck metastases was assessed by pT category and site (marginal vs vestibular) of the primary tumor. The side(s) of neck disease was related to the side of the primary tumor, whether lateral or central. The distribution of involved lymph nodes through the neck levels was determined.

Results.

Overall lymph node metastases accounted for 40%; their prevalence rate increased with pT category from 10% to 57% (p = .0001). Occult metastases were found in 26% of N0 patients from 0% in pT1 to 40% in pT4 (p = .02). There was no difference in metastases rate between marginal vs vestibular, and central vs lateral neoplasms, whereas bilateral metastases were more frequent in central tumors (20% vs 5%; p < .0001). Level IV was involved only in association with level II and/or level III. Levels I and V were rarely involved when overt metastases were present and never by occult metastases.

Conclusions.

Elective lateral neck dissection (levels II–IV) is recommended in T2–T4 N0 supraglottic cancers; clearance of both sides of the neck is indicated whenever the lesion is not strictly lateral. We still perform a selective neck dissection including levels II–V whenever there is clinical, radiologic, or intraoperative evidence of metastases at any level. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
The value of environmental modelling languages for building distributed hydrological models
Authors: Karssenberg Derek
Published: October 2002

An evaluation is made of the suitability of programming languages for hydrological modellers to create distributed, process‐based hydrological models. Both system programming languages and high‐level environmental modelling languages are evaluated based on a list of requirements for the optimal programming language for such models. This is illustrated with a case study, implemented using the PCRaster environmental modelling language to create a distributed, process‐based hydrological model based on the concepts of KINEROS‐EUROSEM. The main conclusion is that system programming languages are not ideal for hydrologists who are not computer programmers because the level of thinking of these languages is too strongly related to specialized computer science. A higher level environmental modelling language is better in the sense that it operates at the conceptual level of the hydrologist. This is because it contains operators that identify hydrological processes that operate on hydrological entities, such as two‐dimensional maps, three‐dimensional blocks and time‐series. The case study illustrates the advantages of using an environmental modelling language as compared with system programming languages in fulfilling requirements on the level of thinking applied in the language, the reusability of the program code, the lack of technical details in the program, a short model development time and learnability. The study shows that environmental modelling languages are equally good as system programming languages in minimizing programming errors, but are worse in generic application and performance. It is expected that environmental modelling languages will be used in future mainly for development of new models that can be tailored to modelling aims and the field data available. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term prediction of the water level and salinity in the Dead Sea
Authors: Asmar B. N. , Ergenzinger Peter
Published: October 2002

The long‐term water level variations of the Dead Sea (DS) were assessed using a previously developed simulation model. The model establishes the condition of the DS by evaluating a series of ordinary differential equations describing mass balances on the water and major chemical species. The DS was modelled as a two‐layer system. The model was modified using up‐to‐date inflow data and recent hypsometric graphs to derive the volume–area–level relationships. Three scenarios were studied: continuation of current conditions; a cessation in industrial activity when the DS water level drops to a certain level; and a simplified weather change scenario. The model predicted that the DS will not dry up, but its level will continue to drop with a decelerating rate with no equilibrium level in 500 years. Changing climate would accelerate the level drop. In the 500 year period, after an initial increase, the DS salinity drops. The opposite behaviour is noted in the evaporation rate, which increases after an initial decrease. Ceasing industrial pumping would eventually restore the DS to its normal level, but with changed conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maltreatment reports and placement outcomes for infants and toddlers in out‐of‐home care
Authors: Frame Laura
Published: October 2002

This study examines the relationship between child and family characteristics, child abuse and neglect reporting histories, and placement outcomes for a sample of 1,357 infants and toddlers who were placed in foster care prior to the implementation of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (P.L. 105‐89). A cohort of children entering foster care in six California counties were followed for an average of four years, using data drawn from two management information systems (child protective services and foster care). Among the findings: children with documented prenatal drug and/or alcohol exposure were among those more likely to remain in care during the entire study period, and if they did reunify with their families, were more likely to subsequently reenter care. All children who remained in care were placed after a single report to child protective services. These child welfare outcomes are considered in light of existing child welfare policy and research about developmental risk, yielding practice, policy, and research implications. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Institutional research to enhance faculty performance
Authors: Dooris Michael J.
Published: October 2002

Targeted, action‐oriented Institutional research can help a college or university better understand and more effectively utilize faculty resources. This chapter profiles one multicampus research university whose Institutional research portfolio has emphasized faculty issues.
The ultimate faculty evaluation: Promotion and tenure decisions.
Authors: Fairweather James S.
Published: October 2002

This chapter translates the recommendations made by the previous authors to inform departmental and college personnel decisions, particularly promotion and tenure.
Mechanisms of cytotoxicity induced by horseradish peroxidase/indole‐3‐acetic acid gene therapy
Authors: Greco Olga , Dachs Gabi U. , Tozer Gillian M. , Kanthou Chryso
Published: October 2002

We have previously proposed the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the non‐toxic plant hormone indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) as a novel system for gene‐directed enzyme/prodrug therapy (GDEPT). The cytotoxic potential of HRP/IAA GDEPT and the induction of a bystander effect were demonstrated in vitro under normoxic as well as hypoxic tumour conditions. To date, the chemical agents and the cellular targets involved in HRP/IAA‐mediated toxicity have not been identified. In the present work, some of the molecular and morphological features of the cells treated with HRP/IAA gene therapy were analysed. Human T24 bladder carcinoma cells transiently transfected with the HRP cDNA and exposed to the prodrug IAA showed chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, and Annexin V binding. Similar effects were observed when the cells were incubated with the apoptotic agent cisplatin. Caspases appeared to be involved as effectors in HRP/IAA‐mediated apoptosis, since treatment with a general caspase inhibitor decreased the fraction of cells with micronuclei (MN) by 30%, with fragmented DNA by 50%, and with condensed chromatin by 60%. However, very little degradation of one of the downstream targets of caspase‐3, PARP, could be detected, and apoptosis alone did not appear to account for the killing levels measured with a clonogenic assay. The effect of HRP/IAA treatment on cell cycle progression was also investigated, and a rapid cytostatic effect, equally affecting all phases of the division cycle, was observed. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 221–232, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An improved OPLS–AA force field for carbohydrates
Authors: Kony D. , Damm W. , Stoll S. , Van Gunsteren W. F.
Published: October 2002

This work describes an improved version of the original OPLS–all atom (OPLS–AA) force field for carbohydrates (Damm et al., J Comp Chem 1997, 18, 1955). The improvement is achieved by applying additional scaling factors for the electrostatic interactions between 1,5‐ and 1,6‐interactions. This new model is tested first for improving the conformational energetics of 1,2‐ethanediol, the smallest polyol. With a 1,5‐scaling factor of 1.25 the force field calculated relative energies are in excellent agreement with the ab initio‐derived data. Applying the new 1,5‐scaling makes it also necessary to use a 1,6‐scaling factor for the interactions between the C4 and C6 atoms in hexopyranoses. After torsional parameter fitting, this improves the conformational energetics in comparison to the OPLS–AA force field. The set of hexopyranoses included in the torsional parameter derivation consists of the two anomers of D‐glucose, D‐mannose, and D‐galactose, as well as of the methyl‐pyranosides of D‐glucose, D‐mannose. Rotational profiles for the rotation of the exocyclic group and of different hydroxyl groups are also compared for the two force fields and at the ab initio level of theory. The new force field reduces the overly high barriers calculated using the OPLS–AA force field. This leads to better sampling, which was shown to produce more realistic conformational behavior for hexopyranoses in liquid simulation. From 10‐ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of α‐D‐glucose and α‐D‐galactose the ratios for the three different conformations of the hydroxymethylene group and the average 3JH,H coupling constants are derived and compared to experimental values. The results obtained for OPLS–AA–SEI force field are in good agreement with experiment whereas the properties derived for the OPLS–AA force field suffer from sampling problems. The undertaken investigations show that the newly derived OPLS–AA–SEI force field will allow simulating larger carbohydrates or polysaccharides with improved sampling of the hydroxyl groups. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1416–1429, 2002
The treatment of solvation by a generalized Born model and a self‐consistent charge‐density functional theory‐based tight‐binding method
Authors: Xie Li , Liu Haiyan
Published: October 2002

We present a model to calculate the free energies of solvation of small organic compounds as well as large biomolecules. This model is based on a generalized Born (GB) model and a self‐consistent charge‐density functional theory‐based tight‐binding (SCC‐DFTB) method with the nonelectrostatic contributions to the free energy of solvation modeled in terms of solvent‐accessible surface areas (SA). The parametrization of the SCC‐DFTB/GBSA model has been based on 60 neutral and six ionic molecules composed of H, C, N, O, and S, and spanning a wide range of chemical groups. Effective atomic radii as parameters have been obtained through Monte Carlo Simulated Annealing optimization in the parameter space to minimize the differences between the calculated and experimental free energies of solvation. The standard error in the free energies of solvation calculated by the final model is 1.11 kcal mol−1. We also calculated the free energies of solvation for these molecules using a conductor‐like screening model (COSMO) in combination with different levels of theory (AM1, SCC‐DFTB, and B3LYP/6‐31G*) and compared the results with SCC‐DFTB/GBSA. To assess the efficiency of our model for large biomolecules, we calculated the free energy of solvation for a HIV protease‐inhibitor complex containing 3204 atoms using the SCC‐DFTB/GBSA and the SCC‐DFTB/COSMO models, separately. The computed relative free energies of solvation are comparable, while the SCC‐DFTB/GBSA model is three to four times more efficient, in terms of computational cost. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1404–1415, 2002
A revised quantum chemistry‐based potential for poly(ethylene oxide) and its oligomers in aqueous solution
Authors: Smith Grant D. , Borodin Oleg , Bedrov Dmitry
Published: October 2002

We have conducted a high‐level quantum chemistry study of the interactions of 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME) with water for complexes representing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic hydration. It was found that our previous quantum chemistry‐based force field for poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and its oligomers in aqueous solution did a poor job in describing the hydrophobic binding of water to the ether, consistent with our recent calculations of the excess free energy and entropy of hydration of DME. Our original force field was revised to more accurately reproduce the interaction of water with the carboneous portions of DME. Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous DME solutions using the revised quantum chemistry‐based potential yielded good agreement with experiment for excess free energy, enthalpy, and volume as well as excess solution viscosity and the self‐diffusion of water. Comparison with our original potential revealed that the relatively hydrophobic ether–water interactions in the new potential strongly reduced the favorable excess free energy and enthalpy but have relatively little influence on the excess entropy for dilute DME solutions. Other properties of DME and PEO solutions including conformational populations and dynamics, solution viscosity, hydrogen bonding, water translational and rotational diffusion and neutron structure factor as a function of solution composition were found to be largely unchanged from those obtained using the original potential. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1480–1488, 2002
A longitudinal study of the hopelessness theory of depression: Testing the diathesis‐stress model within a differential reactivity and exposure framework
Authors: Kwon Paul , Laurenceau Jean‐Philippe
Published: October 2002

A ten‐week prospective longitudinal study was conducted to test the diathesis‐stress component of the hopelessness theory and to test whether negative attributional style leads to an increased exposure to stressors. Participants completed initial measures of attributional style and depressive symptoms followed by weekly assessments of depressive symptoms and daily hassles. Consistent with the diathesis‐stress hypothesis, Hierarchical Linear Modeling revealed that attributional style moderated the impact of daily hassles on depressive symptoms. Negative attributional style predicted greater depressive symptom reactivity in response to stress. The results also indicated that attributional style was not predictive of the number of subsequent daily hassles. Thus, the data were supportive of a differential reactivity to stress model, but not supportive of a differential exposure to stress model. Implications for understanding the mechanisms involved in the hopelessness theory are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1305–1321, 2002.
How practitioners can systematically use empirical evidence in treatment selection
Authors: Beutler Larry E. , Moleiro Carla , Talebi Hani
Published: October 2002

Contemporary concerns with “empirically supported treatments” emphasize the differences in outcomes that are associated with reliably delivered treatments, representing different models and theories. This approach often fails to address the fact that there is no consensus among scientists about whether there are enough differences between and among treatments to make this effort productive. There is a considerable body of data that suggests that all treatments produce very similar effects. This article reviews these viewpoints and presents a third position, suggesting that identifying common and differential principles of change may be more productive than focusing on the relative value of different theoretical models. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1199–1212, 2002.
Effect of shear and washing on metal retention in ferric flocs
Authors: McMinn Wendy A M , Keown James , Allen Stephen J , Burnett Michael G
Published: October 2002

Flocculative wastewater residues present a serious threat to the environment and a costly disposal problem to industry. The composition of the sludges makes them a particularly intractable problem due to the need for either recovery or permanent isolation of the bound contaminant. The primary interest of this work was to determine the effect of conditioning processes such as shear and washing on the retention of heavy metal contaminants (nickel, cadmium, copper, zinc) within ferric flocs. Shear was found to produce an increase in the leach‐out of certain heavy metals, including cadmium and nickel. Copper and nickel were unaffected by the application of shear. The extent of contaminant leaching, due to shear, increased with increasing contaminant to floc ratio. Repeated washing of the floc readily removed sodium ions, however, contaminant metal ions reformed an equilibrium with the washwater and the floc with every washing.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Is there a role for sonography in the diagnosis of tears of the knee menisci?
Authors: Azzoni Roberto , Cabitza Paolo
Published: October 2002

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of sonography in diagnosing tears of the knee menisci.

Methods

In this retrospective study, we reviewed the sonographic examinations of the knees of 321 patients diagnosed with a torn meniscus on the basis of clinical findings. Of the 321 knees imaged, 216 were also examined using MRI or CT. Arthroscopic meniscectomy was performed on 126 knees.

Results

MRI or CT did not confirm 48% (71 cases) of the positive sonographic diagnoses (ie, false positives) and 72% (50 cases) of the negative sonographic diagnoses (ie, false negatives). Thus, the sonographic diagnosis was correct in 95 cases (44%) and incorrect in 121 cases (56%), yielding low rates of sensitivity (60%) and specificity (21%). Among the 126 cases in which arthroscopic meniscectomy was performed, arthroscopy confirmed 100% of the MRI or CT diagnoses of meniscal tears.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that sonography is not accurate enough to be used as the only imaging modality for diagnosing tears of the knee menisci. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:472–476, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10106