bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SMMEs’ challenges in reconstructing South Africa
Authors: Visagie J.C.
Published: July 2002

South Africa’s entry into the 1990s was dramatic. Change has become a reality and change always implies both opportunities and threats. The new government’s Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) being a statement of intent, outlines definite principles in promoting small, medium and micro enterprise (SMMEs) in South Africa. South Africa has undeniably for many years been foremost among the world’s most deeply polarized and pathologically stressed societies. Affirmative action presupposes and follows on equal opportunity and should therefore be a supplement rather than a substitute for equal opportunity. Focuses on challenges facing SMMEs in South Africa amid present changes and resistance to change. Reflects the major trends of an explorative study just completed countrywide and provides some guidelines for transformational and visionary leadership.
New approaches to strategy: new ways of thinking for the millennium
Authors: Sanderson Stuart M.
Published: July 2002

Much has been written about the impact of the millennium. The plain fact is that much of what will happen in the early part of the next millennium is already happening. This is not to underestimate the effects of such change. Perhaps chief among all of the major forces for change which will affect organisations and the way in which they are managed will be the impact of knowledge. The need to base competitive strategies on intellectual capacity will directly influence management processes and organisational forms. The paper draws on the work of influential writers in the area of environmental change and knowledge management and attempts to trace the linkages between the need to actively manage knowledge and the resultant changes in organisations. Finally the point is made that although we may be in a new information age the concept of knowledge based strategies is not new and predates the industrial revolution.
Management communication: a technological revolution?
Authors: Johnson Paul , Fidler Christine S. , Rogerson Simon
Published: July 2002

It may be reasonably argued that the advent of modern communications technologies should manifest itself to some extent in a change in the behavioural patterns of their users. Indeed, if no such changes occur it may prove difficult to justify the introduction of these technologies. Particularly, one might expect that the locations in which people perform their daily tasks should be impacted to some degree by improved communication facilities. A recent diary study of managerial work in UK organisations, conducted by the authors, suggests that the locational patterns of managers in the work‐place appear not to have changed significantly, if at all, over the past 30 years, despite the rapid technological changes that have taken place during that era. Additionally, the use of the conventional telephone has remained constant during that period despite technological improvements and the introduction of alternative technologies such as fax, electronic mail, cellular phones, messaging services and video‐conferencing. These findings suggest that the communication habits of managers are not significantly influenced by the introduction of new technologies, but rather that their work patterns are probably set by more complex factors that may be organisational, psychological or sociological in nature.
Downsizing and facility location: plant closures in multiplant manufacturing firms
Authors: Kirkham J.D. , Richbell S.M. , Watts H.D.
Published: July 2002

Downsizing sometimes involves the shutdown of manufacturing capacity by multiplant firms. The paper focuses on the selection of a site for shutdown by firms operating two or more sites manufacturing a similar product. Survey evidence from managers involved suggests such decisions are not always based on financial information. Open discussions with managers responsible for selecting sites for closure, suggest the key factors used in selecting a plant for closure are small size, a limited range of activities on site, site difficulties of access of expansion, labour problems, old age in capital equipment (both machinery and buildings) and a long distance from head office.
Structuring organizations for the future: analyzing and managing change
Authors: Mukherji Ananda , Mukherji Jyotsna
Published: July 2002

This paper integrates two different areas, namely the structure of future organizations and the role of OD in that environment. The paper briefly traces the forces in the environment that are impacting business organizations and the likely structures of future organizations. The changing role of OD in being relevant to these future structures is discussed. Specific areas OD needs to address are also highlighted.
Anticipating and dealing with financial crisis
Authors: Chong John K.S. , Escarraz Donald R.
Published: July 2002

Presents a discussion of liquidity‐based financial crisis. An example is used to illustrate the application of a conceptual model in dealing with this kind of crisis. Concludes that systemic planning based on the ideas put forward can help managers better prepare for financial crisis.
Conspiring fruitfully with professionals: new management roles for professional organisations
Authors: Vermaak Hans , Weggeman Mathieu
Published: July 2002

Professionalism still is on the way up. However, the working methods of managers and professionals do not develop at the same pace. Professionals often seek out their workplace within an organisation but then proceed to act as soloists, which makes fragmentation, mediocrity and non‐commitment the rule rather than the exception. The manager’s reflex dictates that he/she tackles problems with control and command, resulting in all sorts of conflicts. It is argued that this dysfunctional habit can be corrected by introducing a clear division of roles: professionals manage the primary process, managers the secondary processes. Peace then will be restored but fragmentation, mediocrity and non‐commitment are still evident. We have found heuristically that these core problems only can disappear when professionals and managers tackle them in a concerted action by developing a collective ambition, investing in mutual learning and setting performance standards. Although professionals’ loner genes hold them back in concerted action on these matters, they can overcome this resistance when managers are willing and able to orchestrate a dialogue on these matters. This is a tall order, but the core problems can thus be transformed into inspiration, growth and dedication.
When giants collide: strategic analysis and application
Authors: Chung Ed , McLarney Cam
Published: July 2002

On June 4, 1942, a small US naval force defeated a much bigger Japanese fleet off Midway Island. This was the first defeat suffered by the heretofore invincible Japanese military, and changed the course of the Pacific war. The Battle of Midway provides an informative case study of strategic decision‐making processes, because of its unexpected outcome and volatile environmental factors. Building from Daft and Weick’s (1984) “interpretation system” model, this paper develops an analytical framework to study the formulation of strategic decisions at the Battle of Midway. The three interacting components of the framework – decision parameters, decision processes, and decisions and implementation – are examined, with emphasis on how bounded rationality, cognitive biases, leadership styles, management structures, and organizational cultures combine to impact strategy formulation. Research and strategic implications are highlighted.
Change for the better via ISO 9000 and TQM
Authors: Ho Samuel K.M.
Published: July 2002

The fundamentals of TQM are revisited for providing a relevant perspective on business excellence. Judging from the experience of the Japanese TQM movement, there is a need for a step‐by‐step approach towards TQ. As a result of exploratory research, a model called TQMEX standing for TQM EXcellence model has been developed based on sound TQM practices. The theoretical background, personal experience and results of an intensive questionnaire survey conducted in Hong Kong, Japan and the UK have highlighted the importance of the Japanese 5‐S, BPR, QCC, ISO 9000 and TPM to TQM practice. The findings are useful for firms wanting to benchmark against the business excellence of leading firms which have survived and grown despite the two global oil crises and the recent Asian financial turmoil.
Organization redesign: the current state and projected trends
Authors: Douglas Ceasar
Published: July 2002

Redesign activity is taking place within organizations faced with rapidly changing business environments. In this article, the current state of organization redesign, the role of information systems, and the effect of redesign activities on job satisfaction and motivation are reviewed. The current state and projected trends are then related to a field study conducted at the Zeeland, Michigan, machine processing plant (ZMP) of Herman Miller. Interviews with both hourly and managerial personnel were conducted. The results of the interviews suggest that effective redesign efforts focus on the human or intangible aspects, as well as structural changes.
Eastern and Western management practices: myth or reality?
Authors: Floyd David
Published: July 2002

This paper sets out to question whether managers should really talk of a West/East style of management. It does so by first examining the practices across a variety of Eastern and Western countries. The paper then analyses key changes in the global business environment that are having a huge influence on the adoption of management practices across the globe. There is much evidence to suggest a degree of convergence and this needs to be taken very much on board by firms engaging further in global trade. To assess management practices, this will involve careful analysis of the main organisation of business across various countries, as well as analysis of the environment in which they operate.
The development of the Online Archive Catalogue at the University of Birmingham using CALM 2000
Authors: Needham Linda
Published: July 2002

The Special Collections Department of Information Services at the University of Birmingham is currently using the CALM 2000 archives management system to enable management of the archives collections held by the university. The project to develop the OPAC side of CALM, enabling online and remote access to archive catalogue records, was initiated in September 2000 and completed at the end of May 2001. Reviews the history of the project, its various stages and final results. The Online Archive Catalogue at the University of Birmingham provides a significant research resource for users of information services as well as for the wider research community both nationally and internationally and may be accessed via the Internet at http://calm.bham.ac.uk/DServeA/
Integrated software for hygiene management
Authors: Maher Dave
Published: July 2002

Describes the first fully integrated software program for hygiene management for food processors; a look at the company which developed it; the reasons behind its development; and who in the workplace uses it. The software provides manufacturers with complete control over all aspects of hygiene. It is particularly applicable to short‐life/high‐care products such as sandwiches and snack foods. In this rapidly growing industry sector, major sandwich retailers are increasingly insisting that suppliers provide hygiene audits and compliance with the new European Food Safety Inspection Scheme (EFSIS) before they will accept products from a supplier.
Competitions as a way of stimulating interest in nutrition and school meals
Authors: Blades Mabel
Published: July 2002

Provides a brief introduction to competitions for those involved in catering in schools. Claims competitions can be a way of stimulating interest in school meals and also that integrating this with a wider contribution of the school to the local community can be valuable in enhancing interest in nutrition and food.
Trust building in livestock farmers: an exploratory study
Authors: Yee Wallace M.S. , Yeung Ruth M.W.
Published: July 2002

Increased incidents of food poisoning in recent years have greatly shaken consumers’ confidence in food. Livestock farmers are among the least trusted parties in the food supply chain. Building trust between consumers and livestock farmers is critical in order to maintain benefit to both parties. In this context, this paper attempts to explore the process on how trust is developed. By adopting stepwise multiple regression, a conceptual model was tested with 182 respondents. Empirical results showed that trustful information, care for consumers, honesty and fairness to consumers are important to building trust during the period of food safety concerns. Suggestions for future research together with implications for livestock farmers are given.
A Healthy Diet: Whose Responsibility?
Authors: Gowdy Linda D. , McKenna Margaret
Published: July 2002

Focuses on particular aspects of a healthy life style, diet and eating
behaviours. Specifically considers the role which catering managers play
in the provision of healthy food, the main proposition of the discussion
being that this group has an important contribution to make in the
establishment and maintenance of a healthy diet. Commences with a
consideration of the responsibilities of catering managers and the
factors which influence food selection. Then proceeds to examine the
results of a recent research programme which surveyed attitudes,
knowledge and behaviour of final year hospitality management students.
These students are likely to find employment in the hospitality
industry, many as food and beverage managers and, as such will be
involved in planning menus and providing meals for the population across
a wide variety of sectors.
Dietary Advice for African‐Caribbean People with Diabetes
Authors: Govindji Azmina
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of diabetes in the African‐Caribbean community appears to
be 2.2 per cent. Discusses the main dietary recommendations for diabetes
and outlines meal patterns but carefully states that generalizations
cannot be made and individuals vary considerably in their eating habits.
Gives practical dietary advice. The main guidelines are: encourage
traditional foods; modify cooking methods; reduce intake of cheap, fatty
cuts of meat; eat more traditional dishes which include beans and
lentils; eat fewer sugar‐rich Caribbean specialities and remove excess
salt from commonly consumed saltfish. Further information is available
from the British Diabetic Association.
Dietary Fat – Weighing up the Pros and Cons
Authors: Sanders T.A.B.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the latest thinking regarding fat and health in the light of the
1993 FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on “The Role of Oils and Fats in Human
Nutrition”. Outlines the role of fat in meeting energy requirements; in
the absorption and provision of fat‐soluble vitamins; in enhancing food
palatability; and in the provision of essential fatty acids. Looks at
the association of types of fat with coronary heart disease and cancer,
and outlines the recommendations of the FAO/WHO Consultation report.
Concludes that fat is a desirable and essential nutrient and that the
need for fat changes according to life cycle and lifestyle.
Griffin School Goes for the “Get Cooking” Goal
Authors: Hunton Bronwyn
Published: July 2002

The “Get Cooking” project was set up at Griffin Primary School, in East
Hull, in response to a MORI poll survey which identified a lack of
cooking skills among young people. Reports on a six‐week cookery course
for year six pupils aged 10‐11 years which was organized in each school
term. The school kitchen facilities were used and the pupils prepared
healthy dishes associated with the curriculum themes Ancient Egypt,
Romans and Far East Indians. The pupils acquired food preparation and
cooking skills, knowledge of healthier options, food hygiene and safety.
They also developed self‐esteem and confidence. The emphasis of the club
was on fun and enjoyment and the pupils experienced many new and
unfamiliar foods.
Software Selection II
Authors: Seaman Claire
Published: July 2002

Gives information on software of interest to those working in the areas
of food and nutrition including two shareware programs called Arcus Pro
III and Kwickstat. Discusses the capabilities of each package and their
suitability for use with different groups of people and in different
types of research. Gives information on software costs, registration
fees for shareware and the addresses from which further details can be
obtained.
Chemistry in the kitchen: the chemistry of flesh foods II
Authors: Bayliss Peter
Published: July 2002

The meat quality attribute of texture is ranked as the most
important by consumers. Details the mechanism of the major causes of
meat toughness. Examines pre‐slaughter, post‐slaughter and processing
factors that influence the texture of meat.
The health of the nation campaign: practical plan or farcical
information?
Authors: Alcock Joan P.
Published: July 2002

The government has recently published a National Food Guide poster,
The Balance of Good Health and a published programme The
Health of the Nation. These have aroused controversy, mainly because
of the way in which they were published and the detail given. British
newspaper reports were hostile and the public displayed scepticism. The
public would welcome advice on eating habits but are against coercion
which restricts freedom of choice. Advice needs to be given on how to
eat well and in a healthy manner by enjoying food, not by prescription.
The livestock industry – some controversial issues
Authors: Pratt J.H. , Wynne A.
Published: July 2002

The British livestock industry is the subject of a number of
controversial issues. These include matters of public concern such as
animal welfare, growth promoters, biotechnological procedures, the
nutritional value of meat and BSE. There are many misconceptions on
these matters and concerns are often needless. Legislation, unknown to
many consumers, is in place on these matters and has been adhered to in
the UK and other EU members states for many years. The divide between
the urban dweller and agriculture is widening. There is therefore a need
for closer communication between interested parties.
Food irradiation – facts and fiction
Authors: Ahmad John I.
Published: July 2002

It is estimated that by the turn of the millennium the world human
population could exceed ten billion. Scientists inevitably are searching
for effective alternative methods of food preservation. Accordingly,
ionization radiation, discovered nearly a hundred years ago when it was
first shown to kill micro‐organisms in foods, is being increasingly
encouraged as an alternative method of food preservation. The World
Health Organization (WHO) has declared irradiation to be “a
powerful tool against preventable food losses and food borne
illnesses”. Low dose irradiation, up to 10KGy dose, has been shown
to delay ripening, enhance shelf‐life, kill bacteria such as salmonella,
listeria, etc., destroy insect infestation, eliminate unwanted
sprouting, and in many cases improve flavour and texture of foods. The
consumer may not be aware, but a staggering tonnage of food is already
being irradiated around the world. Irradiation does not impart any
radioactivity to the food and the irradiated food has been shown to be
safe for human consumption. The technique offers yet another possibility
of extending choice in new exotics for the consumer.
Chemistry in the kitchen: the chemistry of flesh foods IV
Authors: Bayliss Peter
Published: July 2002

In the UK poultrymeat has 46 per cent volume share of the primary
meat market. In particular, chicken has seen dramatic growth over 40
years with 525 million broilers being consumed in 1993. Examines the
issues relating to poultrymeat in terms of market status and growth,
nutrition, muscle fibre characteristics and quality issues such as
colour, texture, flavour and safety.
Chemistry in the kitchen ‐ milk and milk products II
Authors: Ainsworth Paul
Published: July 2002

Uses the basic chemical and physical information discussed in “Milk and milk products I” and applies this information to a range of other milk products. Describes the methods of preparation of concentrated and dried milks, cream and butter, and fermented milk products, particularly yogurt and cheese. Discusses the chemical and physical changes taking place during the preparation of these products and how these changes determine the quality characteristics.
Probiotics and product innovation
Authors: Richardson David
Published: July 2002

Discusses a research project carried out by Nestlé in Lausanne to identify health‐beneficial bacteria within its collection. Shows how an exploratory research project can lead to product innovation and new product launches.
The role of television in the food choices of 11‐18 year‐olds
Authors: Dickinson Roger , Leader Simon
Published: July 2002

Describes the main research objectives and reports on some findings from a Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF)‐funded research project on the role of television in food choice, currently in its second year. Begins by outlining the rationale for the study and presents some preliminary analysis of data obtained from a survey of some 200 11‐18 year‐olds.
Communication strategies for the effective promotion of dietary change
Authors: Sparks Paul , Raats Monique M. , Geekie Moira A. , Shepherd Richard , Dale Claire
Published: July 2002

Outlines research on the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food‐funded project Communication strategies for the Promotion of Dietary Change. With a view to general dietary recommendations and to Health of the Nation targets, the focus of this three‐year project is the promotion of dietary change through information provision. A multidisciplinary team of researchers at the Institute of Food Research, Reading, is conducting the research, drawing on a number of different theoretical perspectives and methodological procedures. Pays special emphasis to the issue of fat consumption, summarizes the practical role of the theory of planned behaviour, the elaboration‐likelihood model and unrealistic optimism research, and outlines the development of a novel food and drink diary. Advocates a multidisciplinary, integrative approach to information‐based health promotion efforts.
Effect of high‐energy and reduced‐energy breakfasts comprising fat‐substituted foods on appetite, satiety and subsequent nutrient intake
Authors: Reddy Sheela , Kilcast David , Thane Christopher , Church Nick
Published: July 2002

Assesses the effect of fat substitutes on satiety and subsequent food intake in men; 50 per cent of fat in pork sausages was replaced by natural fat substitutes ‐ Avicel, Tapiocaline and Simplesse. Results showed that high‐energy fat breakfasts comprising full‐fat sausages led to delayed satiety compared with high‐energy CHO breakfasts. There were no differences between hunger and satiety ratings nor energy and fat intakes following different fatsubstituted breakfasts on the test day and the following day. The deficit in energy between high‐energy and reduced‐energy breakfasts was maintained throughout the test day. Consumption of one reduced‐fat meal resulted in a significant reduction of energy intake, which was not compensated for on the test day or on the following day.
Food choice: how to assess attitudes of pre‐adolescent children
Authors: Owen Suzanne , Schickler Pam , Davies Jill
Published: July 2002

It is well known that the foundations for food choice are laid down in childhood. Poor dietary habits learned in childhood may persist into adult life. The dietary awareness of children is subject to a range of complex interacting forces, for example, peer group pressure, social factors and television advertising. Many investigators have developed innovative methodologies to record these parameters. Reviews, therefore, the methodological issues of studies which have attempted to elicit pre‐adolescent attitudes, knowledge and beliefs in food. Finally, makes recommendations about methodological issues that should be considered when studying pre‐adolescent children’s food choice.
Healthy eating for children under two years ‐ just what is appropriate?
Authors: Seaman Claire E.A.
Published: July 2002

Nutrition is one of the critical factors which influence health, growth and development among small children, but which also affects the health of those children when they become adults. Attitudes towards foods are often determined very early in life and the promotion of “healthy” eating patterns among all age groups depends partly on understanding the factors which influence food choice decision making and the factors which determine attitudes towards food and food choice. Food choice, however, is still often characterized by an “all or nothing” approach, whereas a balance which allows a child to feel “normal” while healthy eating patterns are discretely promoted is often of greater long‐term benefit. This article highlights some recent controversies in nutrition for very young children and indicates what recent research in this area means in practice.
What is actually happening in agro‐food biotechnology?
Authors: Ahson Kemal
Published: July 2002

Describes and assesses the results of a recent survey of research and development managers on the prospects for commercialization in agro‐food biotechnology. Arrives at two conclusions. First, in the foreseeable future, most of the major developments in agro‐food biotechnology will focus on new or improved food processing aids and ingredients rather than food products. Second, clear differences of opinion between key agents involved in developing and applying biotechnology reflect deficiencies in the diffusion of knowledge in this area; in turn, this might affect when, how and what elements of biotechnology are developed and produced. Argues that if the full benefits of biotechnology are to be achieved, policy needs not only to stimulate biotechnology per se, but also encourage greater dialogue, co‐operation and collaboration between agents and interests involved in the biotechnology and food provision industries.
Vitamin E: its time has nearly come
Authors: Kelly Frank J.
Published: July 2002

Notes that ranges of intake for vitamin E have been established by the USA, Germany and the WHO but not yet by the UK. Evidence continues to mount regarding the role of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of various degenerative conditions and chronic disease. As a result, the primary lipophilic antioxidant in the body, vitamin E, is attracting increasing attention. In particular, the dietary intake of vitamin E is under scrutiny. Suggests the time is rapidly approaching to take note of findings indicating benefits of high blood vitamin E levels and to set a DRV for vitamin E in the UK, which will help reduce the risk against chronic diseases such as cancer.
Dietary carotenoids
Authors: Faulks Richard , Southon Sue
Published: July 2002

Notes that of 600 carotenoids found in nature, only 40 are regularly consumed by humans. Looks at the biological functions of carotenoids. Reports on studies with regard to the effects on health carotenoid‐rich diets.
Working in industry ‐ a personal view
Authors: O’Brien Claire
Published: July 2002

This brief article, based on a careers talk to postgraduate students, outlines the role of the nutritionist in industry, and some of the skills, responsibilities and qualities needed. According to the Nutritionists in Industry Group, the last few years have seen substantial growth in the numbers of nutritionists and dietitians employed by the food and drink, medical, catering and other food‐related industries. The job description of individuals employed by these companies and associations is extremely diverse and some nutritionists who are working alone may be expected to fulfil many different roles. Ultimately, nutritionists are employed by industry for their unique expertise and knowledge of current nutrition issues.
Statistics for food science V: ANOVA and multiple comparisons (Part B)
Authors: Bower John A.
Published: July 2002

Describes multiple comparison procedures applied to three or more sample groups after ANOVA. Illustrates ANOVA applied to experiments with completely randomised design and randomised block design.
Vitamin B6 ‐ update
Authors: Bender David A.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the recent Department of Health announcement on the safe intake of Vitamin B6. This announcement is a landmark since it distinguishes between levels of nutrients taken as nutritional supplements and those taken as drugs and prescribed.
Nutrition before and during pregnancy
Authors: Blades Mabel
Published: July 2002

Outlines the key concerns of diet before and during pregnancy for the health of the mother and baby. Various important components and concerns of a suitable diet for pregnancy are explained ‐ folic acid, energy intake, calcium, iron, fibre, vitamin A and essential fatty acids.
Agenda 2000
Authors: Ritson Christopher
Published: July 2002

Discusses the proposals for reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) contained in the European Commission’s Agenda 2000 document in the context of previous reforms of the CAP and the GATT Agreement on Agriculture. Identifies the obstacles to CAP reform and the problems of extending the policy to embrace the countries of Eastern and Central Europe.
HND food quality and manufacture ‐ a new course in Worcester
Authors: Parry Janet
Published: July 2002

A new HND course has been launched in Worcester, through the co‐operation of local colleges, capitalising on their strengths and experience and new facilities. The course is aimed at producing technical staff for the food and drinks industry to fill a gap in the market. Graduates will gain a good overview of the industry but have a particular focus on quality control and assurance aspects. The course is of two years’ duration full‐time study and includes a 20‐week work placement between the two years. There is scope for part‐time study and Accreditation of Prior Learning for suitable candidates. It is envisaged that the course will attract a good range of candidates from school leavers to more mature and experienced applicants, all of whom are interested in furthering their knowledge of the food industry, relevant technical skills and their employability.
Tribological properties of coated ASME 316L SS and comparison with a substrate
Authors: Dogan H. , Fındık F. , Morgül Ö.
Published: July 2002

Coating is a process applied to surface of materials to have thermal insulation, hot corrosion, erosion and oxidation resistance. Due to their combination of high hardness and chemical stability, thin titanium nitride and Tinalox PVD coatings have been successfully established in surface engineering. In the present study, wear and friction characteristics of TiN and Tinalox PVD coated ASME 316L stainless steel were investigated and compared with the substrate. To do this, friction and wear tests were done using Tribotester, S/N: 07‐128 CSEM machine. Also, hardness variation was determined by means of CSEM Nano‐Hardness Tester S/N: 4‐113. It was seen that hardness was increased in TiN and Tinalox coated substrates, while friction coefficient and wear rate decreased.
Tribological behaviors and molecular spectroscopic characterization of a lubricated piston ring/cylinder bore sliding contact under stepwise heating conditions
Authors: Zhang Ruijun , Li Shenghua , Jin Yuansheng , Wang Yucong , Tung Simon C.
Published: July 2002

The frictional behavior of a Mo alloy‐coated piston ring sliding against cast iron cylinder bore was recorded as a function of temperature using a reciprocating tribotester and a fully formulated synthetic engine oil, with and without a friction modifier. It was observed that, as temperature increased in a stepwise mode, friction coefficients in the presence of MoDTC exhibited two local minimal values. Only one minimal friction coefficient value at 340–355 °C (μ = 0.065) was observed in the absence of MoDTC. Chemical characterization of worn tracks of the cylinder bore using reflected FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and ESCA, indicated that both the base stock and the tribological additives, ZDTP and MoDTC, experienced tribochemical reactions yielding MoO3, MoS2 and carbonaceous species as temperature ramped up stepwise. MoO3 and MoS2 reaction film formation are partially responsible for the local minimal friction coefficient found at the lower temperature and the ratio of the ordered carbon species accounts partially for the other local minimal friction coefficient found at the higher temperature.
Revising the HR curriculum: an academic/practitioner partnership
Authors: Thacker Rebecca A.
Published: July 2002

In an effort to revise an undergraduate human resource management (HRM) curriculum and improve the relevance of the students’ learning, a collaborative effort between human resource management practitioners and HRM faculty was launched. The result was the design of a project‐based, action learning curriculum blending the knowledge acquisition that has historically been the outcome of university classroom training with the application that is so critical to effective functioning in the HRM work world. The paper provides guidance for others planning to improve the relevance of their curricula. The template presented in this paper emphasizes practitioner input, a willingness to adopt creative approaches to student learning, development of specific measurable outcomes, observable demonstrations of the learning of those outcomes and the creation of relevant, appropriate projects. Follow‐up comments after one year of experience with the newly revised curriculum are also included.
Compressed workweeks in office‐type environments
Authors: Hung Rudy
Published: July 2002

Offices usually operate five‐days‐a‐week from Monday to Friday, with
employees following the standard five‐day workweek. Unlike scheduling
employees in seven‐days‐a‐week or round‐the‐clock operations, (e.g.
hospitals and utilities), scheduling office employees seldomly presents
problems – an office opens from 9 to 5, Monday to Friday, and
employees go to the office from 9 to 5, Monday to Friday. While
scheduling office employees is not seen as a problem, office operation
might be improved using compressed workweeks, which call for fewer
workdays per week, but usually a longer workday.
Flexible employment – evil or opportunity?
Authors: Baines Anna
Published: July 2002

Many of us grew up in the era of the employee working an eight‐hour
day, forty‐hour week and forty‐eight‐week‐year. That is how the world of
work was organized and real battles were fought to make even minor
changes to that pattern of working. There was talk of some far‐off
Utopia when everyone would be working fewer hours with more time and
money to spend on a host of leisure and cultural activities. We know now
that that pattern has gone for a lot of people. There are more and more
people employed on short‐term contracts, for part‐time working, as
self‐employed subcontractors and so on. However, we are some way off
from the original Utopian dream. The pattern in much of the Western
world seems to be that there are the lucky ones in permanent employment
who are working far harder than they ever did; there are the (not quite
so) lucky ones who can manage to get some work, although with little
security; and there are large numbers unable to find work at all. They
have the leisure but not the money to fill it as they would wish.
Managing change
Authors: Muir John
Published: July 2002

There is a school of thought in so far as machinery is concerned that
if it is working well then leave it alone. Do not stop it and take it to
pieces to see what is going wrong or what might soon need replacing.
“If it ain′t broke, don′t fix it!” The argument runs that
the replacement of parts before it is necessary only places strains on
other components so that there is an enhanced risk of breakdown. The
question is, should the same principle apply in work situations? The
analogy between a mechanical unit and work is valid in that there can be
a substantial number of parts in the unit which all fit together so that
the total “system” works to produce what is required. In the
work situation the parts are different functions of the firm, like the
supply system for raw material; adequate and trained staff; an accounts
section to invoice the customer and a forwarding department to get the
finished article to the customer. These all have to be integrated so
that the work is completed and, in whatever form, put on sale.
Only five years to go
Authors: Baines Anna
Published: July 2002

Do you remember the demographic time bomb? A few years ago it was
recognized that past birth patterns and current employment patterns
could result in a mismatch of jobs and available workers. Organizations
were urged to consider ways of recruiting people who would otherwise not
come into certain kinds of employment. At the same time, Opportunity
2000 was launched as a means of promoting the employment and development
of women.
Bonus for VAT inspectors – a case study
Authors: Wilde Edwin
Published: July 2002

It may not be widely known but Israel grew up on work study. In 1950,
two years after its foundation, specialists from the United Nations and
ILO together with a South African firm of management consultants were
retained by the government of the day. A country‐wide programme of
education was carried out and work study assignments applied to leading
industries.
Management commitment for successful suggestion systems
Authors: Marx Andrew E.
Published: July 2002

Everything mankind has and will have in the future is and will be the
result of people′s ideas. Ideas are derived not only from people of
above average intelligence, but also from those of average intelligence.
Some of the more progressive companies in the history of modern
management realized the potential value of their employees′ ideas for
the improvements in the general functioning of their organizations. They
have realized that “idea power is the most tremendous human force
in the world”.
Creating a culture of safety
Authors: Dilley Heather , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: July 2002

Most injuries are not caused by faulty equipment, they are caused by an employee’s behaviour. OSHA regulations require the employer to provide a safe workplace. Accidents also cost an exorbitant amount of money. Much of the employee’s behaviour is caused by the hidden culture in the company. This culture needs to change to reflect the importance of safe behaviour. Employees must realize that safe behaviour is their own responsibility. Changing the employee’s behaviour takes a number of steps. Current practices must be evaluated. Management must be committed to the programme. Rewards and disincentives are often used. Overall, employee awareness and accountability must be raised.
Productivity measurement and reporting
Authors: Baines Anna
Published: July 2002

Productivity measures are often quite complex. Argues that at the organizational level, an all‐encompassing multi‐factor measure of productivity is sufficient to offer information on the long‐term health of the organization. Illustrates the way in which an income or profit figure can be disentangled into component parts representing growth, pricing strategy and profitability. Disputes whether published information of this form would permit investors to take a longer‐term view of the financial wellbeing of an organization.
A digital herbal
Authors: Choinski Elizabeth , Fuller Nancy
Published: July 2002

The use of herbal medicines for various ailments has become commonplace. The Internet provides a valuable reference tool for finding information about herbal medicines, the herbal products industry, and research efforts in identifying useful natural products. However, sites that sell herbal products far outnumber sites that are strictly informational. This bibliography is a guide to noncommercial sites on the Internet that provide useful information.
Delivering electronic resources with Web OPACs and other Web‐based tools: needs of reference librarians
Authors: Bordeianu Sever , Carter Christina E. , Dennis Nancy K.
Published: July 2002

As technology changes, so do methods for delivering electronic information resources to library users. Describes Web‐based online public access catalogs (Web OPACS) and other Web‐based tools as gateway methods for providing access to library collections. Solutions for overcoming barriers to information, such as through the implementation of proxy servers and other authentication tools for remote users, are also addressed.
Laser lights or dim bulbs? Evaluating reference librarians’ use of electronic sources
Authors: Welch Jeanie M.
Published: July 2002

The proliferation of electronic sources in reference departments has made them increasingly important in providing reference service to library patrons. These sources include the online public access catalog, electronic databases (both indexes and full‐text databases), and the Internet. Much has been written on evaluation of reference librarians in the traditional areas of reference desk service, the use of print sources, and bibliographic instruction. Discusses the establishment of guidelines for assessment of reference librarians’ effectiveness in providing service to patrons using electronic sources and methods of assessing individual effectiveness.
End‐user services in academic libraries: a 1999 perspective
Authors: Rockman Ilene F.
Published: July 2002

This article updates a national study undertaken in 1985 to assess the status of end‐user search services in academic libraries (results were presented at the fourteenth annual LOEX conference in Ypsilanti, MI). Although today’s academic libraries now include Internet accessible and Web‐based resources, many of the same challenges exist as in the past: user education, convenient and timely access to information from any place, consistent administrative support, recognition of technology as a change agent, and reaffirmation of the important teaching role that librarians have in an evolving information society.
Take II – information literacy: revolution in education
Authors: Senn Breivik Patricia
Published: July 2002

Breivik reviews what has stayed the same since her 1989 LOEX presentation, “Information literacy: revolution in education.” Resource‐based education remains the model for education, and a clear vision of this goal remains important. Much progress has been made over the past ten years in articulating what information literacy is and in establishing national standards for it.
Partnership in electronic learning
Authors: Calderhead Veronica
Published: July 2002

Urban high schools in the USA are in a difficult position – they need to provide essential and fundamental education in core content areas, while also ensuring that students attain and meet requirements of computer and information literacy. These skills are not just required by the state education agencies, but increasingly by employers and institutions of higher education. This article is a case study of a special year‐long bibliographic instruction (BI) program developed by three separate organizations: an academic library, a university department of education, and selected high school teachers. This unique three‐way partnership was called the Electronic Learning Partnership. This article discusses the BI, the pedagogy used, the goals of information literacy in an urban high school environment, and the evaluation of the program.
Should Western managers be encouraged to adopt JMPs?
Authors: Naylor Dawn M.
Published: July 2002

Over the last 20 years there has been increasing interest by Western companies in Japanese management practices (JMPs). Interest in these methods has grown as a result of the large performance gaps which apparently exist between Japanese manufacturers and their Western counterparts, in terms of both productivity and quality. Looks at a number of studies in an effort to determine whether Japanese practices can be successfully transferred abroad or whether they are culturally bound. This is followed by a look at the conditions under which Japanese management practices have been successfully utilised by Western companies. It is argued that Western managers must avoid just blindly copying Japanese practices and should be encouraged to become aware of why certain Japanese approaches have been successful. Finally, consideration needs to be given to the underlying factors of that success which are necessary and appropriate to their own company’s advancement.
New Style Agreements at Japanese Transplants in the UK
Authors: Grant David
Published: July 2002

New style agreements are designed to foster co‐operative,
conflict‐free industrial relations. Provides an account of what happened
at two Japanese manufacturing transplants in the UK where such
agreements were in operation. Management at these companies appeared to
operate industrial relations in a manner that was not in line with the
“spirit and intention” supposed to underlie the agreements.
Instead, industrial relations was low‐trust and adversarial. It
contributed to employees expressing dissatisfaction with not only the
management of industrial relations at each company, but also the union′s
performance. An implication of the study is that new style agreements
offer little comfort to trade unions as they attempt to arrest a
seemingly continuous decline in their fortunes.
Part‐time Workers in the Multiple Retail Sector
Authors: Balchin Alison
Published: July 2002

Draws on a small research study undertaken in the retail industry,
providing a very timely consideration of the choices and circumstances
of those who work on a part‐time basis. Considers the reasons given by
workers for choosing part‐time work, the costs involved and the extent
to which part‐time workers are aware of these when making their
decision. The research considers the role of trade unions in enhancing
awareness of legal entitlements in view of the recent House of Lords
ruling.
Opportunity 2000 in the National Health Service
Authors: Corby Susan
Published: July 2002

The NHS in 1991 launched an equality programme for women, setting
eight goals to be achieved by 1994. Shows that at least some of the
goals are not being met and suggests reasons falling into four
categories. First is the NHS context, including trusts′ autonomy which
is incompatible with a national equality plan. Second, there is a
failure of implementation, Third, the programme is inherently flawed:
Its business rationale is less than convincing to many health
professionals who attach a high value to ethics, Fourth, the reasons for
failure relate to all equality programmes for women, including a value
system which sees the male career pattern as the norm. Concludes that
movement towards equality for women in the NHS is only likely to be made
if a different approach to goal setting is adopted.
The provision of occupational pensions in the 1990s
Authors: Taylor Stephen , Earnshaw Jill
Published: July 2002

Assesses the occupational pension scheme, as it has evolved in the
UK, from the perspective of the providing employer. Analyses a variety
of objectives that employers may have when sponsoring an occupational
scheme and details the results of a survey of 66 private sector
organizations which establishes which of these objectives are seen as
being most significant. The survey indicates that the primary purpose of
a pension scheme is the retention of staff but that there are also a
number of significant secondary objectives. Goes on to assess how
successful a pension scheme may be in achieving these objectives in the
light of recent legal developments. Concludes that their effect has been
to raise the cost of pension provision and to undermine the ability of
employers to meet their stated objectives through the operation of
occupational schemes.