bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verification of continuous-variable quantum memories
Authors: Abiuso Paolo
Published: November 2023

A proper quantum memory is argued to consist in a quantum channel which cannot be simulated with a measurement followed by classical information storage and a final state preparation, i.e. with an entanglement breaking (EB) channel. The verification of quantum memories (non-EB channels) is a task in which an honest user wants to test the quantum memory of an untrusted, remote provider. This task is inherently suited for the class of protocols with trusted quantum inputs, sometimes called measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocols. Here, we study the MDI certification of non-EB channels in continuous variable (CV) systems. We provide a simple witness based on adversarial metrology, and describe an experimentally friendly protocol that can be used to verify all non Gaussian incompatibility breaking quantum memories. Our results can be tested with current technology and can be applied to test other devices resulting in non-EB channels, such as CV quantum transducers and transmission lines.
Uniform preconditioners for high order finite element approximations of planar linear elasticity
Authors: Ainsworth Mark , Parker Charles
Published: November 2023

A new overlapping Additive Schwarz preconditioner is developed for high order finite element approximation of planar linear elastic problems on triangular meshes. The new preconditioner results in a condition number that is bounded independently of the degree

p
p

, the mesh-size

h
h

and the ratio

λ

/

μ

\lambda /\mu

. The resulting condition number is reduced to roughly

6.0
6.0

for all values of the parameters and discretization parameters on standard test problems. Crucially, the overall cost of the new preconditioner is comparable to the cost of applying standard domain decomposition based preconditioners.
On 𝑝_{𝑔}-ideals in positive characteristic
Authors: Puthenpurakal Tony
Published: November 2023

Let

(
A
,

m

)

(A,\mathfrak {m} )

be an excellent normal domain of dimension two containing a field

k
≅
A

/

m

k \cong A/\mathfrak {m}

. An

m

\mathfrak {m}

-primary ideal

I
I

is a

p
g

p_g

-ideal if the Rees algebra

A
[
I
t
]

A[It]

is a Cohen-Macaulay normal domain. If

k
k

is algebraically closed then Okuma, Watanabe and Yoshida proved that

A
A

has

p
g

p_g

-ideals and furthermore product of two

p
g

p_g

-ideals is a

p
g

p_g

ideal. Previously we showed that if

k
k

has characteristic zero then

A
A

has

p
g

p_g

-ideals. In this paper we prove that if

k
k

is perfect field of positive characteristic then also

A
A

has

p
g

p_g

ideals.
Immune microenvironment of intimal sarcomas: Adaptive immune resistance with potential therapeutic implications
Authors: Birkness-Gartman Jacqueline E , Thomas Dwayne L , Engle Logan L , Voltaggio Lysandra , Thompson Elizabeth D
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Intimal sarcomas are rare, aggressive neoplasms that arise from large blood vessels. Characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment may suggest new treatment strategies.

Methods

Seventeen specimens from 7 patients were labeled by immunohistochemistry for programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), CD45, CD8, CD4, FOXP3, CD20, CD68, and LAG3. The immune cell density was scored as a percentage of the tumor area (1+ [<5%], 2+ [5%-50%], 3+ [>50%]); PD-L1 expression was scored on tumor cells and on intratumoral immune cells. Immune marker density was quantified using image analysis software.

Results

All intimal sarcomas showed immune cell infiltration (41% were 1+, 53% were 2+, 6% were 3+). Tumor and immune cell PD-L1 labeling was seen in 35% and 76% of cases, respectively; PD-L1+ intimal sarcomas had higher CD45+, CD8+, FOXP3+, CD68+, and leukocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3)+ cell densities (P ≤ .01). Similarly, PD-L1 expression on immune cells correlated with higher densities of CD8+ and FOXP3+ cells (P < .04). Higher LAG3+ cell density correlated with higher CD68+ cell density and necrosis (P < .05). One patient with prolonged survival had the highest immune cell density and PD-L1 expression.

Conclusions

These data show that intimal sarcomas have an active tumor microenvironment with an adaptive pattern of PD-L1 expression. Our results suggest that immunotherapy may be an effective treatment option.
The importance of fetal autopsy: An institutional review and development of best practices for reporting size and estimating gestational age at demise
Authors: Doughty Elizabeth S , Verilhac Kimi N , McLaren Sterling , Post Miriam D
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Fetal and neonatal autopsy offers critical insight into disease processes and clinical decision-making in reproductive medicine. Elucidating the cause of death and gaining a deeper understanding of the entities leading to fetal demise aids in anticipatory guidance for physicians and patients. Accurate assessment of growth and dating of fetuses is an important aspect of classifying pathology in the fetal and neonatal population. This study aims to optimize the autopsy approach to sizing and dating discrepancies, in addition to exploring the current trends in causes of stillbirth, with respect to placental, fetal/neonatal, and maternal factors, and rates of cases that remain undetermined after autopsy.

Methods

A single-institution retrospective review of autopsy reports from mid-2008 through 2021 revealed 243 complete perinatal autopsy examinations.

Results

Placental cause of demise was identified in 46% of cases. Cause of demise was undetermined in 22% of cases. Evaluation of a subset of cases exposed minimal to no reporting of size and/or dating discrepancies in almost half of cases with undetermined cause of death.

Conclusions

“Best practice” suggestions for sizing and dating fetuses/neonates in the postmortem period have been developed to aid in delivering clear, consistent reports. Because fetal and neonatal autopsy is an invaluable tool for understanding the factors that contribute to stillbirth, it is important to use appropriate sizing and dating methods and consistent language to deliver proper patient education and clinical guidance.
Building communities of health: the experience of European social clinics
Authors: Da Mosto Delia , Vallerani Sara , Kokkinidis George , Checchi Marco , Giaimo Silvia , Adami Elisa , Mammana Leonardo
Published: November 2023

Social clinics are grassroots health initiatives characterized by the development of mutualist practices of healthcare provision and the articulation of their action at territorial and community level. The present paper explores the development and implementation of community participation practices across three social clinics in Europe: social clinic of solidarity KIA in Greece, Village2Santé in France, and Microclinica Fatih in Italy. Drawing on findings collected through qualitative methods, our paper reflects on three overlapping themes of community participation highlighting its collective and eminently political character. Inspired by the frameworks of health promotion, comprehensive Primary Health Care and community development, we analyze three levels of community participation in the social clinics: participatory medical practices, the co-creation of health services, and the connection with broader social movements. Our paper contributes to the literature on community development by stressing the urge to reimagine the principles and practices of community participation through the creation of alternative forms of organizing and of radical empowerment. At the same time, it can inspire practitioners in experimenting with community participation initiatives from a more critical perspective, resisting the worst elements of neoliberalism.
A community-based study to set the policy agenda for the well-being of 2GSBTQ+ men in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Vo Tin D , McKenzie Cameron
Published: November 2023

Two-Spirit, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (2SGBTQ+) men face significant health inequity. This article reports on two phases of a study conducted in conjunction with the Gay Men’s Sexual Health Alliance (GMSH) to examine 2SGBTQ+ men’s health inequity. First, an environmental scan of existing Ontario government health policy was conducted to identify specific gaps. Second, six focus groups of GMSH Alliance members (n = 21) were conducted to understand the impact of policy gaps and identify potential strategies to address them from the community’s perspective. We argue that to meet the wellness needs of the community, community development and healthy public policies are appropriate strategies. The environmental scan confirmed that there is currently very limited policy content specific to 2SGBTQ+ men’s wellness and mental health. Data from focus groups were consistent with the scan. GMSH Alliance members struggled to serve their community in the absence of sufficient resources. Participants also expressed an interest in advocacy, but they felt that they lacked the skills to do so. It is clear that 2SGBTQ+ men face population-specific health risks, and much work is needed to advocate for 2SGBTQ+-centred well-being policy. Future work should develop a policy that focuses on addressing many of the issues raised in this research, while also contributing to the achievement of health equity for 2SGBTQ+ men.
Community development and health promotion in contemporary policy: results from an action-research project in bologna (Italy)
Authors: Bodini Chiara , Consoloni Martina , D’Avanzo Valerio , Da Mosto Delia , Gerotto Sara , Giaimo Silvia , Girardi Francesca , Mammana Leonardo , Riccio Martina , Valoncini Matteo
Published: November 2023

Bologna, Italy, with its history of good governance, progressive welfare policies, community work, and participation has engendered powerful discourses informing policy and institutional innovation. Yet, a recent city-wide mixed-method action-research (AR) project, designed to document and tackle health inequalities, showed a significant North–South divide for a range of health indicators and an unequal distribution of social determinants of health across the most socio-economically deprived city areas. The AR project also examined the potential of the city’s initiatives for community development and health promotion in addressing health inequalities.

In this paper, we focus on a recent institutional innovation called ‘Uffici reti e lavoro di comunità’ (Network and community work units, NCWUs), established by the Bologna municipality in 2016 to promote the decentralization of powers, strengthen community networks, and foster the engagement of citizen organizations in taking care of the material and social living environment. The results of the AR project indicate that the NCWUs, whilst not designed as a policy initiative to reduce (health) inequalities, have a potential to do so by supporting more effective community action to address the determinants driving those inequalities. Through a critical re-thinking of the concepts of power and participation, they also suggest promising directions to overcome some of the limitations of community development approaches in contributing towards greater well-being and equity for people and communities, underlining local learning which could be applied across different geographies nationally and internationally.
Legal: The Freezing of the Russian Central Bank’s Assets
Authors: Moiseienko Anton
Published: November 2023

The freezing of the Russian Central Bank’s (CBR) foreign currency reserves in the aftermath of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has been unparalleled in terms of the amounts involved and the swiftness of its international coordination. Despite the scepticism in some quarters of unilateral sanctions writ large, the key issue under international law is the compatibility of such measures with state immunity. Specifically, two questions arise. The first one is whether the law of state immunity allows for executive, as opposed to judicial, freezing of central bank property. The second one is whether, even if such measures were otherwise in breach of international law, circumstances precluding wrongfulness nonetheless render them lawful. As this article shows, the answer to the first question is finely balanced, but it is virtually certain that the ongoing attachment of the CBR’s assets constitutes lawful countermeasures.
Timing and treatment strategies according to SCAI classification in cardiogenic shock
Authors: Tarantini Giuseppe , Masiero Giulia , Thiele Holger , Iannaccone Mario , Schrage Benedikt , Hassager Christian , Woitek Felix , Chieffo Alaide , Møller Jacob Eifer
Published: November 2023

In patients with cardiogenic shock (CS), particularly those with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), evidence suggests that timely diagnosis and treatment interventions are critical in the prevention of haemo-metabolic compromise. Temporary mechanical circulatory support (tMCS) has shown potential in facilitating revascularization and recovery of patients with acute myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS). Timing of treatment strategies for CS patients needs to be optimized for use of tMCS devices that are applicable to this heterogeneous patient population. Here, the latest evidence as well as the gaps in knowledge surrounding the role of time in the management of patients with CS is summarized.
A theoretical study of epidural electrical stimulation of the spinal cord
Authors: Coburn B
Published: November 2023

Barry Coburn unfortunately died while he was still working on a chapter dealing with computer modelling of the spinal cord. He was a close colleague whose work added a new dimension to spinal cord stimulation. The following chapter is based on two papers which he published with Wing Kee Sin in the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.* This work is reproduced with permission of Dr Wing Kee Sin and the editors of IEEE Transactions.
Conditioning of skeletal muscle by long term functional electrical stimulation–implications for the development of practical systems
Authors: Swain I D
Published: November 2023

The technique of electrical stimulation of muscle is not new. As long ago as 400 BC the torpedo fish and rubbed amber were used to treat a wide range of conditions from headaches to asthma. However, it is only over the last 30 years that the term ‘functional’ electrical stimulation (FES) could be applied to the technique. This is largely due to the great advances in electronics that have occurred over that period, and today it is possible to build small multichannel stimulators to control up to 64 different muscles. Despite this potential, the number of people benefiting from FES is small and the number using complete systems on a daily basis is even less. It is only over the past two or three years that practical systems, suitable for use in the community, have been developed. It is comparatively simple to build a stimulator with sufficient output to enable a person with paraplegia to stand in the laboratory. However, it is a much harder problem to develop a system to enable that same person to stand safely, on demand, in a variety of locations without professional supervision.
Sacral electrical stimulation for bladder control
Authors: Talalla Andrew , Bloom Joseph W
Published: November 2023

The act of micturition involves structures and mechanisms of differing muscle characteristics, innervation, and neuropharmacological modulation. Functional reciprocity between these components enables the forces of urinary expulsion to co-ordinate with the forces of continence with perfect timing to enable the deceptively simple act of micturition. Many elements of this exquisitely organized functional system are still poorly understood.
Spinal cord stimulation for pain
Authors: Illis L S , Krainick J -U
Published: November 2023

The rationale for the use of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of pain arose from the gate theory of the control of pain proposed by Melzack and Wall (1965). Although their original theory was controversial and was subsequently modified, it has proved enormously fruitful in the area of pain research both from the point of view of pain relief in man and for the elucidation of pain mechanisms. The experimental findings of spinal cord stimulation are dealt with in more detail in Chapter 1. However, it is relevant to mention here some of the animal work relating to pain mechanisms. Single-pulse dorsal column stimulation produces inhibition of dorsal horn neurons lasting for up to 100 mseconds and is probably segmental, since rostral block and cord section does not influence the inhibition (Hillman and Wall 1969; Handwerker et al. 1975). These presumed segmental mechanisms may interact with long proprio-spinal circuits and descending cerebro-spinal systems to produce longer-lasting inhibition.
Biochemical changes in relation to spinal cord and deep brain stimulation
Authors: Venn Richard F
Published: November 2023

This review concentrates on reports in the literature of the biochemical changes elicited by spinal cord stimulation. However, reports on deep brain stimulation are also included when particularly relevant, as are some results from electroconvulsive shock (ECS), an extreme form of stimulation which has been much investigated from the biochemical viewpoint. Included in the term spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is the more specific dorsal column stimulation (DCS) used to describe stimulation, usually by an array of electrodes, of the dorsal columns over a length of spinal cord. Whether in fact DCS is more specific in effect than SCS, or whether the difference is more semantic than real is perhaps questionable.
The effect of dopaminergic and serotonergic agents on the lordosis response in female rats
Authors: Ahlenius Sven
Published: November 2023

The dorsiflexion of the back of the female rat in response to male mounting, the lordosis reflex, is the most clear expression of sexual behaviour in the female. In addition to this, the female solicits male sexual activity by distinct presenting postures, ‘darting’ and ‘hopping’, accompanied by wiggling of the ears. The receptive female is also characterized by olfactory, and possibly also auditory, cues (see, for example, Bermant 1967; Pfaff et al. 1973). Under laboratory conditions, however, appetitive aspects of the behaviour are not allowed to play normally. The mating test is a well directed performance on a small stage with prepared actors given several rehearsals. Thus, the copulatory performance is in focus not necessarily because of a higher a priori interest, or validity of the observations for sexual functions generally, but because of its greater accessibility and reliability-to the extent that it has often been used as a model for studies on mammalian brain-behaviour relationships (see Pfaff 1989).
Antihypertensive medication and sexual problems
Authors: Huws Rhodri
Published: November 2023

Cardiovascular disease has become a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world. Over the past twenty years the mortality has been dropping due to a combination of early detection, improved treatment, and a general change in lifestyle. It is more common in men, with the incidence increasing with age, but in women the increase starts at the menopause. Certain factors lead to an increased risk of disease and some of these are amenable to modification (Levy and Kannel 1988). Hypertension is a risk factor, with an increased risk even with blood pressure that would be considered in the upper limit of the normal range. Other risk factors include cigarette smoking, obesity, and a high level of cholesterol. These risk factors are cumulative, with a low incidence of cardiovascular disease in their absence.
Continuous Measurement Of Self-Report Emotional Response To Music
Authors: Schubert Emery
Published: November 2023

By definition music requires time to happen.Many styles of music also express or evoke different emotions as time unfolds. Logically, it follows that to understand the relationship between music and emotion, psychologists need to investigate their time-varying relationships. It is therefore surprising to find that the study of continuous self-reported emotion in music is less than 20 years old. Continuous response tools measure selfreported emotional responses during the listening process and help researchers to better understand the moment-to-moment fluctuations in responses that traditional ‘asynchronous’ approaches cannot. The approach means that the music does not need to be broken into small portions to enable lucid response, nor does the listener have to compress their response by giving an overall impression at the end of the excerpt. A more realistic listening experience is possible. This ‘realism’ (Hargreaves 1986, p. 105) contributes to the ecological validity of experimental design at the expense of experimental control.
The birth of a word
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

The term ‘brainwashing’ was born in the crucible of war. Not, as one might expect, the Second World War—though it was retrospectively applied to Nazi techniques—but the Korean War. This conflict broke out in 1950 when North Korea, supported by China’s Communist regime, invaded South Korea, to which the young United Nations then sent a multinational force. The United States, the major participant in this joint effort, soon noticed that something strange was happening to US troops taken captive by the enemy. Some emerged from prisoner of war camps as, apparently, converted Communists, ready to denounce their country of birth and sing the praises of the Maoist way of life.
God or the group?
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Since 1950, when it was first enunciated, the concept of brainwashing has spent much of its life in the seedy undergrowth of popular culture. Lurking in movies and thrillers, increasingly despised by academia, it has surfaced into public awareness typically as a response to certain extreme traumas, a last resort for commentators trying to explain the apparently inexplicable. Such traumas are not accidental; they are inflicted by a person or persons, usually driven by political or religious motives. In this chapter, I will ask what it is about such motives, and the social and psychological contexts in which they flourish, which makes them so dangerous.
‘I suggest, you persuade, he brainwashes’
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters I have considered allegations of brainwashing made against a variety of social practices: religion, politics, advertising, education, psychiatry, and psychotherapy. The institutions which embody these practices are all in the business of changing people’s minds. They are all what Louis Althusser would call ideological and repressive state apparatuses; they attempt to promulgate, by force, stealth, or persuasion, a set of ideas which influences behaviour (an ideology). In this chapter, rather more briefly and drawing on ideas from previous chapters, I will consider two other social institutions: the military and the criminal justice system. A rather more in-depth discussion of that most basic of social units, the family, will use the example of abusive adult relationships to address the issue of one-on-one brainwashing. Finally, I will consider one of the most malignant of social practices: torture.
Taking a stand
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Influence attempts, from the mildest persuasion to the most coercive brainwashing, are as much a part of human existence as light and decay. To live with each other we have to change each other. From socializing children to punishing criminals, humans and their cultures provide a myriad inescapable sources of influence: ideas which alter the cogwebs spun in skulls. Some are harmless, some irritating, some beneficial. Some, gloriously inspiring, have driven the creation of mesmerizing wonders, from the music of Bach to the theory of general relativity. Some, like the dream of mind control, can be lethally malign.
Happiness
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

Everybody wants it. But what exactly is happiness? The pursuit of happiness has been recognized by everyone from poets to politicians as what makes the world go round. The world ‘s largest and fastest-growing industries - alcohol, pharmaceuticals, mind altering drugs, self-help books, counselling, travel and tourism - all profit heavily from our intent to become completely happy with our lives. In the first comprehensive book to address this most basic of human desires, Daniel Nettle explores why we want to be happy, how we assess our levels of happiness, and the different ways that happiness is interpreted in different cultures. Using statistical information from the National Child Development Study, a project that has collected social and emotional data from thousands of people since 1958, Nettle shows the ways in which definitions and sources of happiness have changed over time.
Comfort and joy
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

At first glance, happiness seems a little like love: if you have to ask whether you are in it or not, you are probably not. Few of us much care to define it, but by heaven, we know it when we see it. The subjective, fuzzy, vague feel of the concept meant that happiness was neglected in psychology for many decades. For example, the 1985 Penguin dictionary of psychology moves unfalteringly from haploid to haptic without any signs of regret (hedonic tone gets three lines a few pages later).
Love and work
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

Sigmund Freud is reputed to have said that the basis of well-being was ‘love and work’. Freud was a happiness pessimist who had also written that the best that could be hoped for in life was ‘the transformation of hysteric misery into common unhappiness’. In light of this, asking the good doctor for his prescription for good living seems a bit like, as the Nigerian proverb has it, asking a bald person for advice on your hairstyle. Nonetheless, his answer seems a reasonable one and worthy of further investigation.
Functions
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

The Mathematical use of the term function has been adopted also in common life. For example, ‘His temper is a function of his digestion,’ uses the term exactly in this mathematical sense. It means that a rule can be assigned which will tell you what his temper will be when you know how his digestion is working. Thus the idea of a ‘function’ is simple enough, we only have to see how it is applied in mathematics to variable numbers.
Trigonometry
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

Trigonometry DID not take its rise from the general consideration of the periodicity of nature. In this respect its history is analogous to that of conic sections, which also had their origin in very particular ideas. Indeed, a comparison of the histories of the two sciences yields some very instructive analogies and contrasts. Trigonometry, like conic sections, had its origin among the Greeks. Its inventor was Hipparchus (born about 160 B.c.), a Greek astronomer, who made his observations at Rhodes.
Geometry
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

Geometry, Like the rest of mathematics, is abstract. In it the properties of the shapes and relative positions of things are studied. But we do not need to consider who is observing the things, or whether he becomes acquainted with them by sight or touch or hearing. In short, we ignore all particular sensations. Furthermore, particular things such as the Houses of Parliament, or the terrestrial globe are ignored. Every proposition refers to any things with such and such geometrical properties. Of course it helps our imagination to look at particular examples of spheres and cones and triangles and squares. But the propositions do not merely apply to the actual figures printed in the hook, but to any such figures.
The Relation Between Anxiety and Pretend Play
Authors: Watson Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

One of the reasons that children’s play is so fascinating yet paradoxical is the frequent observation of children enacting some theme that seems to be traumatic or negative for them. Common examples are a child playing out the anxious anticipation of beginning kindergarten or reenacting a recent hospitalization or a frightening movie that the child recently viewed. Why would anyone want to engage voluntarily in an activity that was painful or anxiety-provoking? Of course, we know that adults sometimes relive anxiety-provoking situations, often by talking about them. Indeed, play therapists base their therapy techniques and the interpretations that they make on the assumption that children use play, as adults use talk, to work through anxieties (Axline, 1947; Schaefer & O’Connor, 1983).
Development of Symbolic Play in Deaf Children Aged 1 to 3
Authors: Blum Elsaj , Fields Barbara C , Scharpman Helen , Silber Diana
Published: November 2023

Over a number of years, we have had the opportunity to observe deaf infants and their hearing and deaf parents in a therapeutic nursery at the Lexington School for the Deaf in New York City. When the project began, we were generally interested in understanding the unfolding of developmental processes in deaf infants and in parent-child relationships that were doubly burdened by the child’s congenital deaf ness and parents’ responses to the diagnosis of deafness in their children. We wanted to understand more fully how parents adapted to and coped with the unique issues involved in rearing a deaf child and to help and support them in their efforts to foster their child’s development (Fields, Blum, & Scharfman, in press). This study of the symbolic play of deaf children was undertaken as a means of exploring the formation of their symbolic capacities.
Debacle at the Beachhead
Authors: Vandenbroucke Lucien S
Published: November 2023

On January 20, 1961, John F. Kennedy took the oath as the thirty-fifth president of the United States. Eight days later, the CIA briefed the new administration in depth on the Cuban project. Attending were the president, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, JCS Chairman General Lyman L. Lemnitzer, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Paul H. Nitze, and Special Assistant for National Security Affairs McGeorge Bundy. CIA Director Dulles and Bissell’s deputy Tracy Barnes outlined a detailed operational plan, which called for the Brigade, now over eight hundred men strong, to stage a daylight amphibious and airborne assault on the Cuban coastal city of Trinidad. While the Brigade landed, its air wing would destroy Castro’s air force and other strategic targets throughout the island. As soon as the exiles secured a beachhead, they would proclaim a Cuban provisional government, which the United States could then recognize.
Chronology of postnatal human brain development: event-related potential, positron emission tomography, myelinogenesis, And synaptogenesis studies
Authors: Courchesne Eric
Published: November 2023

Human brain development is a progressive process that involves gradual anatomical and physiological changes that take place over 20 years. These progressive changes consist of numerous processes, such as neurogenesis, myelinogenesis, synaptogenesis, naturally occurring cell death, and functional differentiation.
Theory And Parameterization Of Thermal Infrared Radiative Transfer
Authors: Liou K N
Published: November 2023

We shall confine our discussion to the condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) under which Kirchhoff’s law is applicable. In the localized portion, the atmosphere absorbs radiation of a particular wave number (or wavelength), and at the same time also emits radiation of the same wavenumber. Because there is equilibrium, the amount of radiation absorbed must be equal to that emitted. Otherwise, equilibrium would not be possible as to define a uniform temperature, and this would violate the second law of thermodynamics. A blackbody absorbs the maximum possible radiation, and it has to emit that same amount of radiation. The rate at which emission takes place is a function of temperature and wave number in accord with Eq. (2.0.1). A gray body is characterized by incomplete absorption and emission, and is said to have emissivity less than unity. It is in the context of LTE that we begin our discussion on the thermal infrared (also referred to as ir or Jong-wave) radiative transfer.
Theory, Observation, And Modeling Of Cloud Processes In The Atmosphere
Authors: Liou K N
Published: November 2023

Clouds are conventionally classified in terms of their position and appearance in the atmosphere. Clouds with base heights above ˜6 km are designated as high clouds, a category that includes cirrus (Ci), cirrostratus (Cs), and cirrocumulus (Cc). The group of middle clouds with base heights between ˜2 and 6 km consists of altocumulus (Ac) and altostratus (As). Stratus (St), stratocumulus (Sc), and nimbostratus (Ns) constitute the group of low clouds with base heights below ˜2 km. Cumulus (Cu) and cumulonimbus (Cb) belong to the classification of vertically developed clouds.
Light and Life: An Introduction
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

Life as we know it on Earth is dependent on the Sun and solar radiation. Ancient civilizations throughout the world worshipped the Sun long before the advent of Western culture. The Sun was central to their religious beliefs. References to Sun worship are found in the hieroglyphics and written records of the ancient Chinese, Babylonians, Egyptians, and Native Americans. They recognized that the Sun was a source of energy, that its true color was blue—a color signifying one of the highest energies—and that blue light was intimately related to life.
Emergence of an Imaging Eye
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

How did the eye evolve? In examining the evolutionary phylogenetic scheme of animals from protozoa to vertebrates (Figure 7.1), where among these phyla did an eye evolve? In search for the evolutionary development of an eye Walls (1942), Duke-Elder (1958), Willmer (1960), and Eakin (1965) have reviewed its structural development along phylogenetic lines. The evolutionary biochemical synthesis of visual pigment were investigated by Wald (1952) and Crescitelli (1972). These classical studies have contributed significantly to the understanding of how the eye and visual system have evolved.
Polarized Light in Nature: Detection by Animals
Authors: Wolken Jerome J
Published: November 2023

There are several optical phenomena in the sky that animals can use as compass cues. One is the direct light from the sun (a point source). In addition, the scattered light from the sky provides various kinds of information: light intensity gradients, spectral gradients, and a pattern of linearly polarized light. The main sources of linearly polarized light are sunlight, scattered by air molecules within the Earth’s atmosphere, and light reflected from surfaces of water. Underwater light is also polarized, due to scattering by water molecules and particulate matter (Waterman, 1975).
Adrenergic Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: Parkinson D
Published: November 2023

The early history of adrenergic receptors, encompassing the first half of this century, is closely associated with the adrenal gland and the investigation of the effects of its major catecholamine, adrenaline. Although the high concentration of adrenaline facilitated its chemical identification, this focus on the chromaffin issue of the adrenal gland diverted attention from the rest of the sympathetic nervous sys tem. It was not until 1948 that it was shown that sympathetic nerves released noradrenaline rather than adrenaline.
Corporate Industrialization, Collectivism, and the New Intellectuals: Historical Context in the Formation of Du Bois’s Thought
Authors: Reed Adolph L
Published: November 2023

The Early Years of Du Bois’s life were also the early years of the development of industrial capitalism as the dominant cultural force in the United States and in much of Europe. Those were the years of European colonial expansion into Africa and Asia and of American experimentation with and uncertainty about resolution of the “Negro Problem.” Du Bois was born in 1868, the year of the Fourteenth Amendment’s ratification. He began his studies at Fisk University in 1885, the year of the Berlin conference that divided Africa into spheres of influence for the European colonial powers, and he married and undertook his Philadelphia study in 1896, the year of the Plessy decision. He joined the faculty at Atlanta University at the crest of popularity of the ideology of the New South, of which Atlanta was considered the capital, and he joined the debate with Booker T. Washington over industrial education at the high point of the corporate merger movement. Perhaps most important for Du Bois’s development, though, was his matriculation at college just as the social role and focus of the university were being redefined. He matured, moreover, in a critical intellectual environment dominated by three ideological responses to the consolidation of corporate industrialism: collectivism, the cooperative commonwealth (the font of a homegrown American socialism), and antimodernism.
Stratification, Leadership, and Organization: The Role of the Black Elite
Authors: Reed Adolph L
Published: November 2023

It Is Generally Known that Du Bois-at least in his early years-embraced an elitist program for Afro-American racial strategy. This aspect of his views may be, in fact, too well known. Because it has been so widely recognized, all too often his elitism is mentioned offhandedly, without critical examination or careful description of its substantive characteristics. As a consequence, especially among those who find it to be a blemish on an otherwise agreeable corpus of ideas, even scholars have tended to collapse that elitism into one of its historically specific artifacts-the famous “Talented Tenth” concept. That perspective is attractive because it helps to salvage a view of Du Bois that is neatly reconcilable with egalitarian values. Joseph DeMarco, for example, in striving to make Du Bois a consistent egalitarian, falls back on a claim that the “role of the Talented Tenth was dropped, by and large, from his writing” shortly after 1907. Similarly, Gerald Home sidesteps the elitism issue by contending that Du Bois “altered” his views on the Talented Tenth by the l940s and by repeating the latter’s claim that he had never advocated “building of an aristocracy with neglect of the masses.”
Du Bois’s “Double Consciousness” :Race and Gender in Progressive-Bra American Thought
Authors: Reed Adolph L
Published: November 2023

The Epigraph to this chapter is probably-excepting perhaps his statement designating the “color line” as the twentieth century’s distinctive problemthe most widely known and most frequently cited statement of any in Du Bois’s entire corpus. Indeed, it is quite likely one of the most familiar in all of AfroAmerican letters. The passage’s enduring resonance derives from its verisimilitude in expressing a core lament of the Afro-American condition. It has been a distinctly attractive template for the articulation of both interpretive and substantive, academic and hortatory arguments concerning the race’s status. For that reason, Du Bois’s double-consciousness construct and the ways it has figured into subsequent intellectual work warrant special attention. In this chapter I shall consider the significance of the two-ness theme by examining the main approaches that scholars and other commentators have taken to it and by proposing a different, more richly contextualized perspective that situates Du Bois within the matrix of Progressive-era intellectual life.
Factors Controlling the Onset of Puberty in Primates
Authors: Cameron Judy L
Published: November 2023

There has been considerable debate over the years regarding how to define puberty, in that it is a stage of development that spans an ex­ tended period of time (in humans and higher primates a period of years) and encompasses a large variety of morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes. However, this chapter will specifically focus on the maturational changes in the reproductive system that occur during puberty. In this context, puberty can be defined as the period of transition from a state of reproductive immaturity to a state of full reproductive competence.
Cultural Influences on Adolescents’ Reproductive Behavior
Authors: Forrest Jacqueline Darroch
Published: November 2023

There can be little question that the reproductive behavior of adolescents and adults not only is a function of biology and individual personality but is strongly influenced by sociocultural factors as well. Even among industrialized countries, there is wide variation across societies and over time in the many facets of behavior that culminate in reproduction. Much research and interest has been focused on the levels of adolescent sexual activity, pregnancy, birth, and abortion in the United States. There has been general agreement that the high level of teen pregnancy in the United States is a problem, but this has been accompanied by the notion that this state of affairs is a common characteristic of modern, developed countries.
Equations of State from the Interatomic Potential
Authors: Anderson Orson L
Published: November 2023

In principle, the pressure can be exactly determined if the interatomic potential can be exactly determined. Recently much progress has been made to in realizing adequate interatomic potentials for geophysically important solids having low crystal symmetry and large cell sizes. This has yielded reasonably good EoS’s starting from first principles. A brief summary of these advances was covered in Chapter 5. Here we will approach the subject of interatomic potentials heuristically, using approximations appropriate for simple cubic solids. This approach is appealing because of its simplicity and because aspects of the interatomic potential expose parameters in the EoS that have physical meaning.
Totally Positive Linear Programming Problems
Authors: Prékopa András
Published: November 2023

One of the most important scientific contributions of Kantorovich was the initiation of linear programming (LP) in 1939. Since then many important LP classes have been discovered and solved numerically. The most efficient method for the general problem was given by Dantzig in 1947 and published in 1951.
Currents of Thought in American Social Psychology
Authors: Collier Gary , Minton Henry L , Reynolds Graham
Published: November 2023

In this intriguing study, two social psychologists and an intellectual historian describe the people and intellectual currents which have given rise to the complex discipline of American social psychology. The authors examine the influence of British evolutionary theory, French social theory, American pragmatism, and the ideas of Freud, Marx, and Lewin on the evolution of social psychological theory, and explain how these traditions contributed to later developments such as group dynamics, cognitive social psychology, and symbolic interaction. American social psychology during this century has shifted back and forth from a focus on individual psychological processes to a concern with the role of the broader social context and social interaction. This has resulted in the development of several quite distinct social psychologies, which are all valid rather than mutually exclusive, and it should be possible to build a discipline in which all aspects of social psychology, sociology, and related areas, as well as those interested in the history of the social sciences, will find this important and comprehensive appraisal of the field useful.
The U.S. Geological Survey
Authors: Drew Lawrence J
Published: November 2023

The long-awaited call from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) came on June 8, 1972. A government hiring freeze was off, and a new branch was being formed to study assessment methods to estimate the quantity and quality of the nation ‘s undiscovered mineral and mineral-fuel resources. A pleasant part of adapting to the way of life at the USGS in Washington, D.C., was learning that there had been a long history of scientific contribution to the field of resource assessment. In earlier years, these achievements were mainly the work of scientists who had other responsibilities and worked away at resource-assessment techniques and their application as parallel efforts or as special assignments. Some of these individuals were Foster Hewitt, Tom Nolan, Sam Lasky, Tom Hendricks, Al Zapp, Vince McKelvey, and King Hubbert.
Discovery Rate Forecasting, Part 1: The Permian Basin
Authors: Drew Lawrence J
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the application of discovery process modeling to the Permian basin for the purpose of forecasting the future rates of oil and gas discovery in this very large region of the United States. This project was initiated in 1976 to fulfill one of the requirements specified by an interagency task force commissioned to estimate how much oil and gas might be available in the future at various prices from all potential sources in the United States. Although the USGS was designated as the lead agency, a large part of the total effort to complete the report was made by personnel in several other U.S. government bureaus. Before describing the details of how the forecasting of future discovery rates in the Permian basin was accomplished, we will go back in time and set the historical stage that led up to the commissioning of the interagency study.
Quantitative Mineral-Resource Assessment
Authors: Drew Lawrence J
Published: November 2023

In March 1982, I became chief of the Branch of Resource Analysis in the Office of Mineral Resources at the USGS. Early in my tour as branch chief, which is a rotational administrative position, I was told by Alexander Thomas Ovenshine, the chief of the Office of Mineral Resources, to steer the branch toward a specific objective-to develop quantitative methods of performing mineral-resource assessments on the various packages and tracts of land owned by the federal government. He believed that we should develop procedures to estimate the number of undiscovered mineral deposits as we had done with the oil and gas fields. He saw numerical assessments as a big step toward producing meaningful summaries of the quantity and quality of undiscovered mineral resources.
The Presecretarial Dulles
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

Eisenhower had voted for Dulles in New York’s 1949 special senatorial election primarily because he respected the Republican candidate’s lengthy involvement in and study of foreign affairs and his commitment to U.S. internationalism and collective security.2 The general harmony between their diagnoses and prescriptions, nevertheless, was not as foreordained as might at first appear. They had traveled in very different milieus and had little contact prior to 1952. Indeed, Dulles’s formative experiences could not have been more different from Eisenhower’s. Yet as president and secretary of state, they cooperated and collaborated to an exceptional degree. Eisenhower made the decisions, but never unilaterally. As will emerge in this study, he sought the counsel of all his advisors, but he valued Dulles’s most of all, taking it fully into account. An assessment of the Eisenhower administration strategy, therefore, must examine the beliefs and contributions of both men.
Campaigning for Security with Solvency
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

By 1952 the nation was in a deeply frustrated and divided state. During Truman’s last two years, a succession of events had contributed to this increasingly bitter political climate. General Douglas MacArthur had been fired as the military commander in Korea. The negotiations at Panmonjon were dragging on while fighting continued. The public anxieties about disloyal and subversive activities at home, fanned by the convictions of Klaus Fuchs and Alger Hiss, were being viciously exploited by the demagoguery of Joseph McCarthy and his supporters. Further, the Truman administration was being racked by serious scandals in the Internal Revenue Service, the Justice Department, and elsewhere.