bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das Geschlecht der Staatenlosen. Staatenlosigkeit in der BundesrepublikDeutschland nach 1945
Authors: Rürup Miriam
Published: August 2016

What's the Sex of the Stateless? Statelessness in Post-war West-Germany

The stateless person is a central figure of the twentieth century. It developed as a result of the confluence of nationalism, the emergence of new nation states, the dissolution of former empires and the two World Wars. Of all the major causes of statelessness, one had particularly affected women. Even long into the twentieth century – and in international law, until 1957 – a woman's nationality was based on the principle of «derivative citizenship». This meant that her citizenship depended on the person to whom she «belonged», be it her father in her country of origin or her husband of a different nationality. This article focuses on international judicial, diplomatic and humanitarian discussions in the preliminary stages of resolutions such as the 1957 UN Convention on the Nationality of Married Women. The discussions on the supranational level were echoed by the West-German claim of equality of the sexes, which was laid out in national legislation such as the Basic Law. By looking at this example, we can find out how both the nation states as well as women's rights groups acted as players in an international field of diplomatic discourse, and how they employed a human rights language in order to make themselves heard and to convey their claims. While the «right to have a nationality» was part of the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights, the question of how to deal with stateless people on an everyday basis of political and social practice within the framework of the nation state still remained unanswered. My interest is to show how women's rights groups and German national legislation discovered and defined statelessness as a humanitarian problem and tried to solve it in the political realm.
El virus del Zika, sus consecuencias en la calidad de vida de la población y en el sistema de salud y seguridad social de Colombia
Authors: Pérez Cárdenas Jorge Enrique
Published: August 2016

Un artículo reciente de la revista New England Journal of Medicine (1), confirmó que el virus del Zika es el productor de microcefalia en niños. La asociación directa entre el virus del Zika y el sistema nervioso central era lo que faltaba para respaldar esta aseveración.

El reporte fue realizado en una mujer embarazada de origen europeo que trabajó en una zona con presencia del Zika en Brasil. La paciente presentó las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad al finalizar el primer trimestre de embarazo. Posteriormente viajó a Europa, donde mediante examen ecográfico del feto encontraron retardo en el desarrollo y microcefalia. Por indicación médica y con el consentimiento de la madre se decidió practicar la terminación del embarazo.
Prevalencia de sífilis en una población de gestantes de dos comunidades de un municipio de Colombia
Authors: Giraldo-Ospina Beatriz , Henao-Nieto Daniel Eduardo , Flórez-Salazar Mateo , Parra-Londoño Fernando , Gómez-Giraldo Ermin Leandro , Mantilla-Moreno Omar Jahir
Published: August 2016

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de sífilis de una población de gestantes habitantes de las comunidades de La Badea y Frailes del municipio de Dosquebradas (Colombia), intervenidas a través de las prácticas académicas de la Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de la Américas. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, con muestreo no aleatorio con ajustes por efecto de diseño, de gestantes pertenecientes a un programa de control prenatal. La presencia de sífilis gestacional se determinó mediante pruebas no treponémicas VDRL modificada (Wiener) y pruebas treponémicas (FTA-ABS) confirmatorias para pacientes reactivas. Cada gestante diligenció una encuesta con propósitos de una caracterización social, demográfica y económica. Resultados: De las 101 muestras analizadas, tres gestantes resultaron reactivas a las pruebas no treponémicas (2,97%), dos de ellas confirmadas con pruebas treponémicas. La edad promedio fue de 24 años y el promedio de edad gestacional fue de 20 semanas. Se logró demostrar que el antecedente de sífilis es un factor de riesgo asociado a la sífilis gestacional (OR: 2,8 - IC95: 1,8-7,2). Finalmente, se encontraron Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) asociadas, se reportaron dos casos de condilomas, dos casos de gonorrea y un caso de herpes genital. Conclusión: Se encontró una prevalencia de 3% en la población estudiada, la cual se relacionó con el antecedente personal de sífilis. Otras ITS podrían acompañar el diagnóstico de sífilis gestacional, por lo que se recomienda su búsqueda activa ante una paciente con esta enfermedad. No se conoce la real magnitud del problema dado que se presentan múltiples casos de subregistro y subnotificación. La sífilis gestacional aún continúa siendo un problema de salud pública.
Métodos de tipificación y epidemiología molecular de Staphylococcus aureus con resistencia a la meticilina
Authors: Chávez Mónica , Erazo Natalia C. , Reina Daniel A. , Esparza Mario
Published: August 2016

El interés actual del estudio de Staphylococcus aureus deriva de su elevada frecuencia de cepas resistentes a los antibióticos que causa frecuentes brotes de infección, especialmente, el S. aureus con resistencia a meticilina (SARM). El objetivo de esta revisión fue estudiar la estructura genética poblacional y el origen de los aislamientos de SARM. La tipificación del cassette cromosómico mec estafilocócico es el método más importante para identificar y definir la naturaleza clonal del S. aureus con resistencia a meticilina. Los estudios de epidemiología molecular evidencian un patrón de diseminación de unas pocas cepas que son las responsables del importante problema mundial. Existe el predominio de clones pandémicos de SARM asociado a infecciones hospitalarias (SARM-AH), que ha han sido reemplazados en la actualidad por clones de origen comunitario (SARM-AC). En Colombia, predomina el clon pediátrico y el chileno entre los aislamientos hospitalarios. Sin embargo, en la actualidad una variante del clon comunitario USA300 prevalece en las infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad y en el hospital, desplazando los clones hospitalarios como ocurre en el resto de mundo. El entendimiento de la epidemiología y clonalidad de las infecciones por S. aureus tiene importantes implicaciones en el control de la emergencia de cepas con multirresistencia y el esparcimiento de clones resistentes y sensibles a meticilina.
Detección de leptospiras patógenas en tejido renal de ratón casero (Mus musculus) en Sincelejo, Colombia
Authors: Castellar M. Anaís , Arrieta B. Plácido , Caraballo B. Libardo , Torres P. María Paulina , Ríos M. Linda
Published: August 2016

La leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica de distribución mundial, con mayor frecuencia en los países tropicales. Algunos roedores, y entre ellos Mus musculus o ratón casero, son portadores crónicos asintomáticos de Leptospira spp. patógenas, debido a que alojan la bacteria en sus riñones y la diseminan al ambiente a través de la orina. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo detectar molecularmente Leptospira spp. patógenas en riñones extraídos de M. musculus en el municipio de Sincelejo (Sucre, Colombia). La captura de los roedores se realizó en el área urbana del municipio; se instalaron trampas tipo Sherman® intra y peridomicilio en el segundo periodo de 2010 y el primero de 2011 por un lapso de 14 y 15 horas. Durante la necropsia se retiró los riñones de los individuos para la extracción de ADN y análisis de PCR para la amplificación del segmento génico de 423pb entre las posiciones 270 y 692 de la región codificante LipL32. Se capturaron 154 individuos, de los cuales 5 fueron positivos para Leptospira spp. patógenas. El análisis de correspondencias mostró que los ratones positivos se encuentran mayoritariamente en la comuna 2, seguido por la comuna 4 del municipio. El estudio sugiere que el saneamiento básico establece ambientes propicios para que se presente el proceso epidemiológico de la bacteria, y se demuestra la circulación de Leptospira spp. patógenas en M. musculus en el municipio de Sincelejo. Por lo que se infiere que la infestación de roedores en la zona de estudio es fuente potencial de transmisión de leptospiras patógenas para el ser humano, que es susceptible a todas las especies patógenas del género.
Aislamiento de Cryptococcus neoformans en heces de palomas (Columba livia) en el casco urbano del municipio de Pasto, Colombia
Authors: Vallejo Timarán Darío Antonio , Benavides Melo Carmenza Janneth , Chaves Velásquez Carlos Alberto , Morillo Caicedo María Isabel , Castillo Ceballos Angie María
Published: August 2016

El hongo Cryptococcus neoformans es el causante de criptococosis en humanos y animales. La enfermedad se ha relacionado con la exposición de los pacientes a excretas de aves, de las cuales la paloma urbana (Columba livia) es la más importante como reservorio del hongo. Objetivo: Aislar C. neoformans en heces de palomas en el casco urbano del municipio de Pasto (Colombia). Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, en zonas con alta densidad de palomas y afluencia de personas. Las zonas correspondieron a iglesias ubicadas dentro del casco urbano que cumplieron con el criterio de inclusión. Se realizó cultivo de 128 muestras de excretas de palomas en agar Sabouraud dextrosa con cloranfenicol. Posteriormente se realizó un extendido de capa fina del cultivo donde hubo crecimiento del patógeno y se le agregó una gota del colorante tinta china para visualizar el agente en el microscopio. Las variables analizadas fueron: presencia del hongo en heces de palomas y prevalencia en las zonas de muestreo, características de la muestra y características de las áreas en las que se aisló el agente. Resultados: La prevalencia de C. neoformans en el casco urbano del municipio de Pasto es del 90%.El 26,56% de las muestras fueron positivas. Se encontró relación significativa entre la presencia del agente y las variables de la muestra en suelo (p = 0,0025), muestra fresca (p = 0,004), muestra húmeda (p = 0,031), muestra seca (p = 0,001), sin contaminación (p = 0,01), alta exposición a la luz (p = 0,016), baja humedad de la zona (p = 0,001), y densidad de palomas (p = 0,007). El estudio permitió establecer la presencia de C. neoformans en excretas de paloma en el municipio de Pasto. Se encontraron características particulares en la zona y la muestra que aumentan la probabilidad de aislamiento.
La Terminología Anatómica en Colombia y el uso de epónimos en la enseñanza en Medicina
Authors: Duque Parra Jorge Eduardo , Barco Ríos John , Aldana Rueda Julio Enrique
Published: August 2016

El objetivo de este trabajo es fundamentar el uso en el campo de la Medicina de un lenguaje anatómico para el ser humano que no se base en epónimos, pues estos no tienen ningún valor descriptivo ni informativo. El uso rutinario de epónimos que emplea una alta proporción de médicos en Colombia para referirse a estructuras anatómicas, posiblemente se deba al desconocimiento de la existencia de una Terminología Anatómica de carácter internacional, la cual propende por una comunicación más clara y precisa entre los profesionales de la salud y facilitar el aprendizaje. Es necesario fomentar en las nuevas generaciones de médicos el uso de la terminología anatómica correcta, lo que redundará más adelante en una mejor comunicación y facilitará el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.
Fenomenología del daño: el “mal aire” y los rasgos del no-mundo para los habitantes de el placer
Authors: Botero Ángela Uribe
Published: August 2016

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar cómo ciertos procesos de victimización condenan a quienes los padecen a una suerte de destierro del mundo y de la realidad. El caso de la larga presencia paramilitar en El Placer (Putumayo, Colombia) es un ejemplo de lo anterior. Con el uso que hacen los sobrevivientes en El Placer de los términos “el mal aire” y “los aires de la muerte” se expresan nítidamente dichas formas de destierro. El propósito general del texto se cumple, en primer lugar, recurriendo al término ‘mundo’ tal como este es usado por Hannah Arendt y por Edmund Husserl y, en segundo lugar, al término ‘realidad’ propuesto por Arendt y por Somogy Varga. Para concluir, intento establecer una relación entre la pérdida de mundo, la pérdida del sentido de la realidad y lo que se conoce en fenomenología como‘despersonalización’. AbstractThe purpose of this article is to show how certain forms of victimization condemn those who suffer them to a sort of exile from the world and from reality. The case of the long paramilitary presence in the town El Placer (Putumayo, Colombia) is a good example of this. The use its survivors make of the words “bad air” and “the airs of death” neatly expresses the mentioned forms of exile. To accomplish this purpose, firstly, I appeal, to the term ‘world’ as used by Hannah Arendt and Edmund Husserl, and secondly, to the term ‘reality’ as usedby Arendt and Somogy Varga. I conclude weaving a relationship between the terms “no-world”, “loss of the sense of reality”and what in phenomenology is known as ‘depersonalization’.
A Remark on the Heat Equation and Minimal Morse Functions on Tori and Spheres
Authors: Cadavid Carlos , Vélez Juan Diego
Published: August 2016

Let (M, g)be a compact, connected riemannian manifold that is homogeneous, i.e. each pair of pointsp, q∈M have isometric neighborhoods. This paper is a first step towards an understanding of the extent to which it is true that for each “generic” initial condition f0, the solution to∂f /∂t= ∆gf, f (·,0) =f0is such that for sufficiently larget, f(·, t) is a minimal Morse function, i.e., a Morse function whose total number of critical points is the minimal possible on M. In this paper we show that this is true for flat tori and round spheres in all dimensions.
Evaluación de la corrosión del acero embebido en concreto AAS, expuesto a carbonatación mediante un experimento factorial con medidas repetidas
Authors: Aperador Chaparro W , Gordillo M , Bautista Ruiz J H
Published: August 2016

En este artículo se presentan las técnicas de evaluación de la corrosión, tales como potencial de corrosión, resistencia lineal a la polarización y pulso galvanostático a los concretos de activación alcalina (AAS) y Portland tipo I (OPC). El estudio se realizó por medio de modelos de análisis de varianza, aplicando un experimento factorial con tres factores, uno de ellos medida repetida, debido a que sobre la misma unidad experimental (concreto armado AAS y OPC) se ensayaron varias muestras para medirlas en el tiempo (0 h=1, 350 h=2, 700 h=3, 1050 h=4, 1700 h=5 y 2600 h=6), lo que hace que las observaciones no sean independientes; los otros dos factores corresponden al cementante (ce: 1=escoria activada alcalinamente [AAS] y 2=concreto Portland ordinario [OPC]) y la condición de exposición (ca: 1=exposición ambiente y 2=carbonatación acelerada), los cuales se discutieron en función de los resultados de las propiedades electroquímicas, donde se establecieron las diferencias en los materiales usados como recubrimiento del acero, concretos OPC y AAS. Los especímenes de concreto OPC exhibieron un potencial de reposo, y una resistencia de polarización y óhmica (condición CO2), superiores a los obtenidos en el concreto armado AAS.
Sistema de navegación tubular para vías digestivas altas
Authors: Casallas Mora Andrea Del Mar , Amaris Serrato Lerly Yulieth , Carvajal Gaitán Cindy Lizeth , Rojas Cifuentes Camilo Andrés
Published: August 2016

La endoscopia actual es una experiencia incómoda ya que su instrumental es de gran tamaño y magnitud, generando sensación de molestia al paciente durante el manejo que realiza el especialista de los dispositivos que se operan en el proceso. Se diseña un dispositivo a escala, que permita contrarrestar tal efecto mejorando el mecanismo de endoscopia; siendo éste un sistema más efectivo y ágil, comparado con la cápsula endoscópica y el equipo actual, por lo cual incluirá un sistema de toma de biopsias para analizar enfermedades gastroenterológicas o cánceres, con comunicación Bluetooth para la visualización del espacio digestivo en tiempo real.
The Influence of Camiella sinesis, Matricaria chamomilla and their Blend Teas Infusion on Serum Lipids of Wistar Rats
Authors: Akinseye Olanrewaju Roland , Yetunde Aladenika
Published: August 2016

Green tea (GT) and Chamomile tea (CT) are one of the most important beverages which is used worldwide. They have become a subject of interest because of the beneficial effects on human health in recent years. In this study which was to demonstrate the cholesterol reducing-effects ofCamiellasinesis,Matricariachamomillaand their blend teas on serum lipids of Wistar rats. The animals were divided into control group (CG) and nine treated groups: GT1, GT3, GT5 treated with green tea; CT1, CT3, CT5 treated with Chamomile tea and GT+CT1, GT+CT3, GT+CT5 treated with blended green tea and chamomile tea of 10 mg/kg.BW/ml, 30 mg/kg.BW/ml and 50 mg/kg.BW/ml concentrations respectively. The teas were administered orally once in a day for 30 days. GT3, GT5; CT3, CT5 and GT+CT3, GT+CT5 animals showed significant decrease in triglycerides and total cholesterol and slight increase in HDL-c levels. The levels of LDL-c decreased in the treated groups compared to control group. The results of this study say that the individual tea samples have a significant effect on lipid profile and the teas are capable of improving the cardiovascular health.
Strategy to achieve biomarker-driven immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation by an academic-industry partnership within the European BIO-DrIM consortium
Authors: Volk Hans-Dieter , Banas Bernhard , Bemelman Frederike , Bestard Oriol , Brouard Sophie , Cuturi Cristina , Grinyó Josep M , Hernandez-Fuentes Maria , Koch Martina , Nashan Björn , Rebollo-Mesa Irene , Sanchez-Fueyo Alberto , Sawitzki Birgit , Ten Berge Ineke JM , Viklicky Ondrej , Wood K Kathryn , Reinke Petra
Published: August 2016

Solid organ transplantation has emerged as the “gold standard” therapy for end-stage organ failure as it improves both quality of life and survival. Despite the progress in short-term graft survival, that is closely associated with the impressive reduction of acute rejections within the first year, long-term graft and patient survival remain almost un-changed and unsatisfactory. Incomplete control of chronic allograft injury but particularly the adverse effects of long-term immunosuppression, such as graft toxicity, diabetes, cardiovascular events, infections, and tumours continue to challenge the long-term success. In general, immunosuppression is applied as one-size-fits-all strategy. This can result in over- and under-immunosuppression of patients with low and high alloresponsiveness, respectively. Trial- and -error strategies to minimize or even completely wean of immunosuppression have a high failure rate. Consequently, there is an unmet medical need to develop biomarkers allowing objective risk stratification of transplant patients. To achieve this goal, we engaged in an academic-industrial partnership. The central focus of the European-wide BIO-DrIM consortium (BIOmarker-Driven IMmmunosuppression) is the implementation of biomarker-guided strategies for personalizing immunosuppression to improve the long-term outcome and to decrease the adverse effects and costs of chronic immunosuppression in solid organ transplant patients. The concept includes four innovative investigator-driven clinical trials designed by the consortium.
Collaboration for success: the value of strategic col-laborations for precision medicine and biomarker discovery
Authors: Landeck Lilla , Lessl Monika , Reischl Joachim , Busch Andreas , Carrigan Patricia , Gottwald Matthias , Reinke4 Petra , Asadullah Khusru
Published: August 2016

Precision medicine aims to provide the precise treatment for the patient with the right dose at the right point of time. Biomarkers (BM) are vital for the identification of patients who would benefit the most from individualized treatment. In addition, they help to enable the prediction of prognosis, the detection of early therapeutic and adverse effects, and may serve as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. BM are becoming essential tools to increase productivity in drug discovery and impressively enhance the way medicine is practiced. However, the identification, sufficient validation and implementation of such BM are challenging. This process requires expertise from different areas and high resource investments. Collaborations of different partners may be helpful to overcome these challenges. In the past decade, collaborations between diagnostics and pharmaceutical companies as well as industrial–academic collaborations have been increasingly pursued. Moreover, public funding may offer support and open new opportunities to form such consortia. Herein we give an overview of the different types of collaborations, their opportunities and challenges, and describe experiences in forming strategic partnerships with other companies.
Advances in precision medicine — time for a new journal
Authors: Landeck Lilla , Holland Robert L , Asadullah Khusru
Published: August 2016

N/A
Prioritization of COPD protein biomarkers, based on a systematic study of the literature
Authors: Ongay Sara , Klont Frank , Horvatovich Peter , Bischoff Rainer , Ten Hacken Nick HT
Published: August 2016

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease mostly due to smoking and until now diagnosed by spirometry (post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <70%). However, in spite of the usefulness of FEV1 as diagnostic and prognostic tool, it has proven to be a weak indicator of future exacerbations, unable to predict lung function decline within COPD patients, as well as unable to identify the smokers “susceptible” to developing COPD at an early stage. Thus, there is an urgent need for biomarkers that address these questions and support clinical decision making in the diagnosis and treatment of (early) COPD. In this respect, considerable efforts have been devoted to identifying protein biomarkers that enable a better understanding of this complex disease and leading to better diagnostic and prognostic tools. However, in spite of the wide range of candidates that have been suggested as potentially useful COPD biomarkers, most remained at the level of the initial discovery, and only fibrinogen has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as predictor for all-cause mortality and COPD exacerbations. There is thus a need for future investigations of these biomarkers in large-scale and well characterized studies in order to prove their usefulness as surrogate endpoints. Based on this, the aim of the present review is to advance COPD biomarker development by providing a comprehensive overview of protein biomarker candidates which have been evaluated in clinical studies and prioritize them according to their potential of becoming valid, clinically useful COPD biomarkers.
Fókuszban az alkalmazottak
Authors: Csapóné Riskó Tünde
Published: August 2016

Napjainkban igen gyakran hallhatunk a vállalatok társadalmi felelősségvállalásáról (CSR), vállalatok felelős vagy éppen felelőtlen üzleti magatartásáról. Mi is valójában a CSR, milyen tevékenységeket takar, PR vagy marketing eszköz, vagy éppen menedzsment szemlélet, és mi állhat egy-egy vállalat esetében a hangzatos CSR tevékenységek hátterében? A CSR vizsgálható vállalaton belül és kívül, valamint holisztikus megközelítésben. A tanulmány a vállalaton belüli dimenzióra fókuszál, vizsgálva a CSR alkalmazottakra irányuló gyakorlati megvalósulását.
Nemzeti közgyűjteményi honlapok nyelvi támogatásának elemzése
Authors: Losonczi György
Published: August 2016

Az Európai Unió egy igazi „multi nyelvű” intézmény, amely támogatja az „egy közösség több eltérő kultúra/nyelv” eszméjét, vagyis a multikulturalizmust. Tanulmányomban megvizsgálom, hogy a hivatalos nyelven kívül milyen nyelveket támogatnak a közgyűjteményi intézmények honlapjai? Van-e összefüggés az adott ország etnikai, idegenforgalmi adataival a honlapokon használt nyelveknek. Vagyis kísérletet teszek a multikulturalizmus nyelvi és közgyűjteményi aspektusának tranzakciós adatokból való aggregált levezetésére országonként annak érdekében, hogy a multikulturalizmus kifejezés objektív tartalommal legyen megtölthető.
Risk management in the system of internal quality assurance of higher education institutions
Authors: Maciejczak Mariusz
Published: August 2016

The concept of risk management is present in quality assurance of higher education institutions in different scope and scale, seeking the rationality of its use in effectiveness and innovation in internal quality assurance systems. The paper argues that the risk management in internal quality assurance could be introduced in different ways, including: top down and bottom up approaches. Based on the case study from Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW it also explains how risk management could be implemented as the innovative tool.
Synovial Chondromatosis of the Knee in a 2-Year-Old Child
Authors: Temponi Eduardo Frois , Mortati Rafael Borghi , Mortati Giselle Mayumi Hayashi , Mortati Lucas Borghi , Sonnery-Cottet Bertrand , de Carvalho Júnior Lúcio Honório
Published: August 2016

Case:

We describe a rare case of synovial chondromatosis of the knee of a 2-year-old child. The diagnosis was based on the history, physical examination, and complementary examinations (radiography and magnetic resonance imaging). Anterior and posterior approaches were used for total synovectomy and resection of loose bodies.

Conclusion:

Physicians should keep this condition in mind, even in young children, because early identification prevents future secondary degenerative changes in the knee joint. As far as we know, this is the youngest child with synovial chondromatosis of the knee reported in the English-language literature.
THE FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY OF RICE DRYERS: A Case Study in Subang District, West Java
Authors: Swastika Dewa Ketut Sadra
Published: August 2016

Drying is a critical activity in rice postharvest handling. Any delay in drying will result in quality and quantity losses. Farmers and traders prefer to sell wet grain rather than dried grain of unhulled rice due to less attractive incentive for them to do drying. The study was conducted in Subang District, West Java, during March-June 2011 using survey method to analyze the financial feasibility of rice dryers. The respondents interviewed were 15 rice millers who have either sun-drying floor or mechanical dryer, or both. The main collected data were the investment cost, operational cost, maintenance cost, and the revenue of the dryers. The data were analyzed by using shortterm and long-term financial analyses to assess the profitability and feasibility of some drying technologies. The results showed that there were at least three drying technologies in the study area, namely sun-drying floor, flatbed dryer using gas fuel (gas dryer), and flatbed dryer using rice husk fuel (husk dryer). Under the mean capacity, the short-run MBCR of technological change from sun dryer to gas dryer was 1.29, while from sun dryer to husk dryer was 1.45. The long-run analysis showed that the IRRs were 44.44% for sun dryer, 233.47% for gas dryer, and 260.49% for husk dryer. These results showed that among the three drying technologies, husk dryer is the most profitable, most feasible, and most prospective to be adopted. Therefore, this type of dryer should be intensively promoted to the farmers’ group associations, rice traders, and rice millers. The government support in terms of rice dryers for farmers’ group associations should be focused on husk dryer.
MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS AS A CONSIDERATION FOR ESTABLISHING SUSTAINABLE SOIL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Authors: Anda Markus , Mulyani Anny , Suparto Suparto
Published: August 2016

Problems of soil limiting factors affecting crop growth were not fully understood owing to little attention has been given to soil mineralogy and its association to soil chemical properties. The objective of the study was to assess soil  mineralogical and chemical properties of seven soils derived from different parent
materials as an integrated strategic consideration to establish soil management. Field study was carried out in 2009. Soils were sampled from each horizon of profiles. Results showed that primary and secondary minerals had a strong effect on soil chemical properties. The sand fraction of soils derived from basalt, gabbro, mica schist and serpentinite was dominated by resistant minerals (quartz or opaques), leading to very limited, if any, nutrients released from parent  materials. The clay fraction was dominated by kaolinite for soils derived from
basalt, mica schist and gabbaro, and by amorphous materials for the soil derived from serpentinite resulting in low soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). For other three soils derived from volcanic tuff, volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash, the easily weatherable minerals (feldspar and ferromagnesian) were dominant, suggesting the high reserved nutrients. The presence of halloysite and smectite minerals in the soil derived from volcanic tuff resulted in high soil CEC, while the dominance of amorphous materials in soils derived from volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash was responsible for the low CEC. For
soils derived from basalt, serpentinite, mica schist and gabbro, therefore, the strategic management should be directed to restore soil CEC, pH, exchangeable cations and P content. For soils derived from volcanic tuff, volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash, the presence of easily weatherable minerals indicated many reserved nutrients; hence the soil management is directed for  replenishment of nutrients removed by crops.
EFFECTS OF LATE BLIGHT RESISTANT POTATO CONTAINING RB GENE ON THE SOIL MICROBES, PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES
Authors: Riyanti Eny Ida , Listanto Edy , Ambarwati Alberta Dinar
Published: August 2016

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is an important disease on potato.  Several potato hybrids have been generated by crossing local varieties (Atlantic and Granola) with Katahdin SP951 which contains late blight resistance gene RB.  Prior to release, these hybrids need to be evaluated for their environ-mental effects on non-target organisms and natural pests and diseases. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effect of LBR potato hybrids on beneficial soil microbes, pests and diseases. The trial was conducted in the confined field trial (CFT) in Lembang, West Java. The parental non-transgenic (NT) clones (Granola, Atlantic and Katahdin) and LBR hybrids (four clones of Atlantic x Katahdin SP951 hybrids; 10 clones of Granola x Katahdin SP951) were planted at a plant spacing of 30 cm x 70 cm. Fungicide applications were used as treat-ments (no spray, five and twenty times sprays). The experi-ment was arranged in a randomized completely block design with three replications. The parameters determined were popula-tions of N2 fixing and P solubilizing bacteria, soil C/N ratio as well as natural pests and diseases. The results showed that the transgenic LBR potato hybrids did not have negative effect on N fixing bacteria. The bacterial populations were around 1010-11 cells g-1 soil before planting, 1012 cells at 1.5 months after planting (MAP) and 108 cells after harvest. For P- solubilizing bacteria, their populations were 1010 cells before planting, 1012 cells at 1.5 MAP and 1011 cells g-1  soil after harvest. The soil C/N ratio of the transgenic plot was not statistically different compared to non-transgenic plot, i.e. 12-15 before planting, 10-11 at 1.5 MAP, and 10 after harvest in non-spray plot. Pests and diseases such as Alternaria solani, Liriomyza, potato tubber moth, aphid and mites on the transgenic and non-transgenic plots were statistically not different. The resistance score for A. solani was 7.2 (parental tansgenic) and 7.6 (parental non-transgenic); for Liriomyza it was 2.07 (parental transgenic) and 2.32 insect per plant (parental non-transgenic), the PTM was 0.63 (parental transgenic) and 0.73 insect per plant (parental non-transgenic), aphid and mites were 0.75 (parental transgenic) and 1.68 insects per plant (parental non-transgenic). The study indicated that LBR potato hybrids did not have any negative impacts on non-target organisms.
THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CITRUS DERIVED FROM SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS PLANTLET AND SCION STOCK
Authors: Devy Nirmala Friyanti , Yenni Yenni , Hardiyanto Hardiyanto
Published: August 2016

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) of callus culture in vitro is one of citrus propagation ways for producing free virus and genetically true-to-type plantlets. To induce growing of plantlets derived from this technology, they should be grafted ex vitro onto a citrus rootstock. The research aimed to evaluate the growth performance of citrus plants cv. Siam Kintamani (Citrus nobilis L.) that used both plantlets and scions as their stocks. The research was conducted at Tlekung Research Station, Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute from June 2011 to December 2012. The treatments were done at nursery house by grafting a plantlet and budding a scion onto an eight-month-old Japanese Citroon (JC) rootstock plant. The grafted and budded plants of one-year old were maintained at nursery house then transplanted into the field. In the field, the research was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications and used 15 plants as unit samples. The results showed that the vegetative growth of Siam Kintamani seedling derived from SE or grafted plant was faster than that of budded plant started from 10 to 12 months after treatment in the nersery house. In the field, the growth of SE grafted plant was only significantly different up to 6 months after transplanting. Plantlets produced from SE in vitro propagation can be used as a good alternative stock material for producing healthy citrus plants. Therefore, a further research is required especially on varieties used, reproductive growth and massive planlets production.
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF UPLAND RICE LANDRACES FROM JAVA ISLAND AS REVEALED BY SSR MARKERS
Authors: Sutoro Sutoro , Lestari Puji , Kurniawan Hakim
Published: August 2016

Java Island is one of origins of a large number of indigenous upland rice accessions, which may serve as valuable plant genetic resources for future crop improvement in Indonesia. However, these landraces especially non-glutinous and glutinous rice are rapidly being lost because of land-use, agricultural practices and other factors. A better understanding of genetic diversity of local upland rice is important for crop improvement program, crop management and conservation strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of upland rice landraces originating from Java Island. A total of 82 upland rice accessions comprising of 55 non-glutinous rice and 27 glutinous type were genotyped using the 16 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The result showed that a total of 74 alleles were found with major allele frequency found on RM431 (0.96). Most of the SSR markers (56.3%) showed high discriminating power as represented by polymorphic informa-tion content (PIC) value higher than 0.5. A moderate genetic diversity index was detected in all landraces, which was 0.55. Genetic diversity index of non-glutinous and glutinous rice were 0.54 and 0.53, respectively. Their genetic distance was about 0.057. The phylogenetic tree generated two main clusters that demonstrated discrimination among landraces according to the individual genetic properties rather than their geographical origins and grain types (non-glutinous and glutinous type). The levels of genetic diversity were varied across rice types and geographical origins. According to the regions, the closest genetic distance was found between upland rice landraces from Central Java and West Java (0.040). The information derived from this study is important, in combination with phenotypic data, to identify desired useful traits came from different origins of the gene pool to be used for breeding purposes.
EVALUATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN CACAO COLLECTED FROM KOLAKA, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI, USING SSR MARKERS
Authors: Rubiyo Rubiyo , Izzah Nur Kholilatul , Sulistiyorini Indah , Tresniawati Cici
Published: August 2016

Kolaka, which is located in Southeast Sulawesi, has long been known as one of cacao production centers in Indonesia. Therefore, many different cacao germplasms can be found in this region. The study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity and relationships of 12 cacao genotypes collected from Kolaka. Genomic DNA was extracted by using a modified CTAB method. Meanwhile, genetic diversity was analyzed based on 16 SSR markers, which then separated by 6% non-denaturing polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. The result showed that all of those markers, 14 markers exhibited polymorphism and subsequently used for data analysis using NTSYS and PowerMarker program. About 70 different alleles were generated from 12 cacao genotypes analyzed with an average of 5 alleles per locus. Average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) resulted in this study was 0.59. The cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on the genetic similarity coefficient revealed that all cacao genotypes were separated into three major groups. The first group consisted of five cacao genotypes, the second one held four cacao genotypes, whereas the third group contained three genotypes. This result indicates that three genotypes that clustered separately from the others could be used as a good clonal candidate for cacao breeding program. The information resulted from this present study would be useful for future cacao breeding program, especially in efforts to release a new variety.
The concept of “Comprehensive security” as a draft for reconstructing security in a system of international relations
Authors: Arifi MSc. Dritëro
Published: August 2016

To explain how applicable the concept of "comprehensive secu-rity" is in Kosovo, at first, I will try to analyze the term of security, and development of international relations in relation to the phe-nomenon of "Security". Initially the term “security” is to be elabo-rated, in theoretical terms, the impact "national security" had du-ring the Cold War, and the development of the international rela-tions system, especially after "the fall of the Berlin Wall,” and the fall of communism. In the broadest sense, the post- modern securi-ty is characterized by many threats, such as terrorism, failing sta-tes, climate change etc. The elements of comprehensive security will be part of the analysis of developments in Kosovo after the war and briefly transformation of the security sector after inde-pendence.
The role of theory of international relations in explicating global political events
Authors: Bashota Mr.Sc. Bardhok
Published: August 2016

It is rather obvious that different developments in the international relations scene are so dynamic that a theory of international relations cannot elaborate alone the ways they begin, develop and eventually end. Therefore, one must underline that using a theoretical framework of wi-der extent becomes almost indispensable. In this sense, one must underli-ne that IR theories are paths or means used by scholars to provide expla-nation on these developments. Among numerous IR theories, those app-lied the most are the three key ones: liberalism, realism and rationalism.These three theories, depending on the manner and logic of approach and effort in trying to elaborate an IR event, they gain labels in a specific form, for instance – positivist theories. They are called positivist, because they aim to pursue the example of natural science to be more accurate in their work, at least in a metaphorical sense. Therefore, the contents of this paper provide an example of physics, to adapt to the nature of theory elaborated herein.The reason and objective of this paper is to argue our thesis that “li-beral theory alone cannot elaborate on all IR developments, and more theories are required”. The two other theories, realism and ratio-nalism help build a more wholesome understanding of IR developments. Also, the two other theories are used to support or counter the arguments of liberals and liberalism in relation to interpretation, explication and forecast of IR developments, which are tasks of an IR theory.This research is realized in a temporal context of post Cold War. This period is more suitable for study, and has attracted our interest. Otherwise, the three theoretical traditions had existed even before, and any effort to elaborate in details would be historical. Also, the focus in only three main IR theories, Liberalism, Realism and Rationalism, narrow down the field of study and make it more tangible. Nevertheless, to have an easier job in reaching a scientific and statistically measurable scientific conclusion, we have analysed only the views of authors consi-dered to be the key representatives of the three main theories. Hence, only in a narrow context of time, theory and author, can we reach more accurate con-clusions. For the purposes of this paper, Fukuyama is the “Liberalist”, Huntington is “Realist” and Brzezinski is a “Rationalist”.
Global financial crisis
Authors: Qarkaxhija MSc. Jusuf , Hashani MSc. Labinot
Published: August 2016

The most recent developments in economy are a clear indicator of many changes, which are a result of this high rate pacing, which also demonstrates as such. Market economy processes occur as a result of intertwining of many potential technological and human factors, thereby creating a system of numerous diver-gences and turbulences. Economics, a social science, is characteri-sed with movements from a system to another system, and is har-monized with elements or components which have impacted the development and application of economic policies as a result. This example can be illustrated with the passing from a commanded system (centralized) to a self-governing (decentrali-zed) system, while the movement from a system to another is known as transi-tion. Such transition in its own nature bears a number of problems of almost any kind (political, economic, social, etc.), and is charac-terised with differences from a country to another.Financial crisis is a phenomenon consisting of a perception of economic policies and creation of an economic and financial stabi-lity in regional and global structures. From this, one may assume that each system has its own changes in its nature, and as a result of these changes, we have the crisis of such a system. Even in the economic field, if we look closely, we have such a problem, where development trends both in human and technological fields have created a large gap between older times and today, thereby crea-ting dynamics with a high intensity of action. If we dwell on the problem, and enter into the financial world, we can see that the so-called industrialized countries have made giant leaps in deve-lopment, while countries in transition have stalled in many fields, as a result of a high rate of corruption and unemployment in these countries, and obviously these indicators are directly connected, thereby stroking the financial system in these countries.Corruption is an element, which directly and indirectly influences the pro-cess of attracting foreign investment, and further influencing the growth of unemployment, and in turn expanding the financial crisis, where finances are already fragile.In the following sections, we will elaborate on the financial crisis in a global aspect, the impacts of this crisis in economic development, and the role of stock exchange in finance, thereby creating a multi-dimensional horizon of the problem.
Internationalization of Higher Education: Trends and Strategies
Authors: Mulliqi MSc. Arta
Published: August 2016

Within the context of broad literature on higher education, this paper discusses some of the issues of the international dimension of higher education. Higher education is becoming increasingly international, as more students are willing to study overseas, enrol in international programmes in their home country, or take cour-ses at universities in other countries by using the internet. Interna-tional higher education has become an issue of negotiation on liberalizing trade in services through GATS, and an important issue for policy makers. Because of its importance on capacity bui-lding, income generation, skilled migration and mutual unders-tanding, many countries have already established strategies to encourage the mobility of students, teachers and programmes.
Institute of legacy in the testament
Authors: Ibrahimi MSc. Shpresa
Published: August 2016

Globalization as the new world order has brought to a more planned human life. This planning not only entails the individual life, but it must plan for a longer term future as well. When we talk about long terms, we immediately think about analytical skills of Roman lawyers in creating the mortis causa institute (effec-ting upon death).A characteristic of this paper comes with the latin term “leg”. The testament is a statement of will, which defines the heirs and the inheritance. While the Testament is a rather more elaborated work, the Legacy is a special provision, an order in the testament, addressed to the heirs, to submit an item or a material value to the privileged persons, called the Legatar. The Legatar, as the benefi-ciary of this provision is only a beneficiary, and does not take res-ponsibility for the debts of the inherited property.Planning of wealth may serve various functions or purposes. The Legacy represents a balance between the freedom of disposing inheritance in a free manner, and limitation of a part called nece-ssary fortune. The money or the values we decide to give away with the Institute of Legacy are not about their material value, but the significance of their investment, the goal and the best reminis-cence of the testators’ contribution in generations.
Study of several potato cultivars from EU countries in agro-ecological conditions of Kosovo
Authors: Begolli Mr.Sc. Bardh , Berisha Mr.Sc. Dëfrime , Kelmendi Dr.Sc. Bakir , Alixhiku Ing. I.
Published: August 2016

19 potato cultivars were studied in the stage of vegetation in 2010, on two agro-ecological regions of Kosovo. The points of re-search were the vegetation period, rudiment per hectare, dry ma-tter and others. Results analysed have shown differences between cultivars in all parameters analysed in comparison with the indi-cating standard.
Degradation of land in the territory of the municipality of Lipjan
Authors: Gashi Mr.Sc. Semir
Published: August 2016

Formation and development of soil and land began since the geological history of creation of earth core under the impact of climate, rocks, flora and fauna, flowing waters, while the human beings later became a soil modification factor.Soil is the superficial raked layer of earth core, which has changed and continues to change under the influence of biological and atmospheric factors, and is different from the other parts (rocky areas) with fertility as its attribute[1].The composition of soil is the following: more than 45% is ma-de of minerals, while the remaining part is a mix of air 25%, water 25%, and 5% organic matter of plants and remains of live beings.Under the influence of natural factors (erosion, flooding, land slides, earthquakes, etc.) and social factors (inadequate use of natural resources, unplanned construction, illicit landfills, waste water discharge without treatment, fires, etc.), the soil is subject to destruction, pollution and occupation of rather fertile soil, which would otherwise be used for development and cultivation of flora and fauna.[1] Dr. Mustaf Dauti, Paedology and Basics of Geology, Faculty of Agriculture, pg. 7 (Pedologjia me Bazat e Gjeologjisë),.