bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of Beaver–Salmonid Relationships and History of Management Actions in the Western Great Lakes (USA) Region
Authors: Johnson-Bice Sean M. , Renik Kathryn M. , Windels Steve K. , Hafs Andrew W.
Published: August 2018

Within the western Great Lakes (WGL) region of the USA (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin), the ecological impact that the North American beaver Castor canadensis (hereafter, “beaver”) has on coldwater streams is generally considered to negatively affect salmonid populations where the two taxa interact. Beavers are common and widespread within the WGL region, while coldwater streams that support salmonid populations are scarcer landscape features; as such, all three states currently prioritize the habitat needs of salmonids in portions of each state by conducting beaver control in coldwater tributaries. In this paper, we review the history of beaver–salmonid interactions within the WGL region, describe how this relationship and management actions have evolved over the past century, and review all published studies from the region that have evaluated beaver–salmonid interactions. Our review suggests that beavers’ impact varies spatially and temporally depending on a variety of local ecological characteristics (e.g., stream gradient and prevalence of groundwater inputs). We found that beaver activity is often deleterious to salmonids in low-gradient stream basins but is generally beneficial in high-gradient basins and that ample groundwater inputs can offset the potential negative effects of beavers by stabilizing the hydrologic and thermal regimes within streams. However, there was an obvious lack of empirical data and/or experimental controls within the reviewed studies, which we suggest emphasizes the need for more data-driven beaver–salmonid research in the WGL region. Resource managers are routinely faced with an ecological dilemma between maintaining natural environmental processes within coldwater ecosystems and conducting beaver control for the benefit of salmonids; this dilemma is further complicated when the salmonids in question belong to nonnative species. We anticipate that future beaver–salmonid research will lead to a greater understanding of this ecologically complex relationship, allowing managers to be better informed of when and where beaver control is necessary to achieve the desired management objectives.
Impact of Maternal BMI on Rubella Nonimmunity at Antenatal Screening
Authors: Hui Shuk Yi Annie , Sahota Daljit S. , Lao Terence T.
Published: August 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between BMI and the incidence of rubella nonimmunity among pregnant women with regard to the World Health Organization categories.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of 117,063 eligible gravidas, managed between 1998 and 2015 in a university hospital of Hong Kong, China. BMI at antenatal booking was banded using the following World Health Organization definitions: < 18.5 kg/m2, 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2, and ≥30.0 kg/m2. Maternal rubella nonimmunity status by BMI was assessed. Incidence rates were also assessed after adjusting for maternal advanced age, short stature < 151 cm, mothers’ birthplace, and postobstetric history covariates.

Results

Rubella nonimmunity incidence increased as the BMI increased (P < 0.001). Gravidas with high BMI were more likely to be nonimmune if born in Hong Kong (odds ratio [OR], 1.234; 95% CI: 1.159‐1.315; P < 0.001) compared with those born outside of Hong Kong (OR, 1.066; 95% CI: 0.997‐1.141; P = 0.063). After adjusting for covariates, women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 had 1.127 (P < 0.001; 95% CI: 1.074‐1.182) greater odds of being nonimmune.

Conclusions

High maternal BMI (≥ 25.0 kg/m2) is associated with reduced rubella immunity, an effect confined to gravidas with almost complete vaccine coverage in childhood.
Classifying antimicrobial and multifunctional peptides with Bayesian network models
Authors: Barrett Rainier , Jiang Shaoyi , White Andrew D.
Published: August 2018

Bayesian network models are finding success in characterizing enzyme‐catalyzed reactions, slow conformational changes, predicting enzyme inhibition, and genomics. In this work, we apply them to statistical modeling of peptides by simultaneously identifying amino acid sequence motifs and using a motif‐based model to clarify the role motifs may play in antimicrobial activity. We construct models of increasing sophistication, demonstrating how chemical knowledge of a peptide system may be embedded without requiring new derivation of model fitting equations after changing model structure. These models are used to construct classifiers with good performance (94% accuracy, Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.87) at predicting antimicrobial activity in peptides, while at the same time being built of interpretable parameters. We demonstrate use of these models to identify peptides that are potentially both antimicrobial and antifouling, and show that the background distribution of amino acids could play a greater role in activity than sequence motifs do. This provides an advancement in the type of peptide activity modeling that can be done and the ease in which models can be constructed.
Current and Investigational Agents Targeting the Phosphoinositide 3‐Kinase Pathway
Authors: Tang Laura A. , Dixon Brianne N. , Maples Kathryn T. , Poppiti Kristen M. , Peterson Tim J.
Published: August 2018

Prevalent molecular alterations of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway are found on solid tumors and are expressed in leukocytes, making it a desirable target in both solid and hematologic malignancies. In recent years, two agents targeting this pathway have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, idelalisib and copanlisib, with many others under investigation. Due to the off‐target effects seen with these agents, those under development have varying isoform specificity that mitigates toxicity. In this review, we attempt to illustrate the varying differences among these agents, both mechanistically as well as highlight differences in their respective adverse effect profiles.
Impact of Serum Cystatin C–Based Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimates on Drug Dose Selection in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Peters Bradley J. , Rule Andrew D. , Kashani Kianoush B. , Lieske John C. , Mara Kristin C. , Dierkhising Ross A. , Barreto Erin F.
Published: August 2018

Study Objective

Serum creatinine (Scr) concentration is used to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for medication dosing. Serum cystatin C (CysC) concentration has been proposed as an adjunct or alternative to Scr. This study sought to evaluate the possible impact of using CysC in eGFR equations on drug dose recommendations in hospitalized patients with infections.

Design

Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.

Setting

Large academic tertiary care medical center.

Patients

A total of 308 adults with suspected or documented infections and stable kidney function who were hospitalized between 2012 and 2015.

Measurements and Main Results

Standardized Scr and CysC measured at the time of antibiotic dosing were used to estimate GFR from the three Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaborative (CKD‐EPI) equations using Scr (eGFRCr), CysC(eGFRCysC), or a combination of Scr and CysC (eGFRCr‐CysC), and these values were compared with estimated creatinine clearance (eClcr) from the Cockcroft‐Gault equation (standard of care for drug dosage adjustments). The eGFRs were categorized into five common dosage adjustment strata (lower than 20, 20–49, 50–79, 80–130, and higher than 130 ml/min), and agreement between equations was tested with the weighted κ statistic. Recommended drug doses varied considerably between the eClcr and the CKD‐EPI equations (weighted κ [95% confidence interval]: eGFRCr 0.73 [0.68–0.79], eGFRCysC 0.42 [0.35–0.5], eGFRCr‐CysC 0.65 [0.6–0.71]). If eGFRCr, eGFRCysC, or eGFRCr‐CysC were used instead of eClcr to dose drugs, 11%, 12%, and 8% of doses, respectively, would be higher, and 12%, 38%, and 24% of doses, respectively, would be lower.

Conclusion

Significant discordance in drug doses was observed when the CKD‐EPI equations were used in place of eClcr. When CysC was included in eGFR equations, recommended doses were often lower. Further study is needed to develop and test drug‐specific dosing guidelines that incorporate alternate renal biomarkers and/or more contemporary eGFR equations.
Psychosocial outcomes in cancer‐bereaved children and adolescents: A systematic review
Authors: Hoffmann Rahel , Kaiser Julia , Kersting Anette
Published: August 2018

Objective

Due to the unique importance of parental and sibling relationships and concurrently existing developmental challenges, the loss of a parent or sibling due to cancer is a highly stressful event for children and adolescents. This is the first systematic review that integrates findings on psychosocial outcomes after parental or sibling cancer bereavement.

Methods

A systematic search of Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and PubPsych was conducted, last in December 2017. Quantitative studies on psychosocial outcomes of children and adolescents who lost a parent or sibling due to cancer were included.

Results

Twenty‐four studies (N = 10 parental and N = 14 sibling bereavement), based on 13 projects, were included. Ten projects had cross‐sectional designs. Only 2 projects used large, population‐based samples and nonbereaved comparison groups. Outcomes were partially measured by single‐item questions. Bereaved children and adolescents showed similar levels of depression and anxiety compared with nonbereaved or norms. Severe behavioral problems were found rarely. However, in 2 large, population‐based studies, about half of the bereaved individuals reported unresolved grief. Bereaved adolescents had a higher risk for self‐injury compared with the general population in one large, population‐based study. Communication with health‐care professionals, family, and other people; social support; distress during illness; age; gender; and time because loss were associated with psychosocial bereavement outcomes.

Conclusions

Results indicate a high level of adjustment in cancer‐bereaved children and adolescents. A modifiable risk factor for adverse psychosocial consequences is poor communication. Prospective designs, representative samples, and validated instruments, eg, for prolonged grief, are suggested for future research.
Molybdenum‐ and tungsten‐containing formate dehydrogenases and formylmethanofuran dehydrogenases: Structure, mechanism, and cofactor insertion
Authors: Niks Dimitri , Hille Russ
Published: August 2018

An overview is provided of the molybdenum‐ and tungsten‐containing enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of formate and CO2, focusing on common structural and mechanistic themes, as well as a consideration of the manner in which the mature Mo‐ or W‐containing cofactor is inserted into apoprotein.
Noncovalent interactions in inorganic supramolecular chemistry based in heavy metals. Quantum chemistry point of view
Authors: Barrientos Lorena , Miranda‐Rojas Sebatian , Mendizabal Fernando
Published: August 2018

Complexity is a concept that is being considered in chemistry as it has shown potential to reveal interesting phenomena. Thus, it is possible to study chemical phenomena in a new approach called systems chemistry. The systems chemistry has an organization and function, which are regulated by the interactions among its components. At the simplest level, noncovalent interactions between molecules can lead to the emergence of large structures. Consequently, it is possible to go from the molecular to the supramolecular systems chemistry, which aims to develop chemical systems highly complex through intra‐ and intermolecular forces. Proper use of the interactions previously mentioned allow a glimpse of supramolecular system chemistry in many tasks such as structural properties reflecting certain behaviors in the chemistry of materials, for example, electrical and optical, processes of molecular recognition and among others. In the last time, within this area, inorganic supramolecular systems chemistry has been developed. Those systems have a structural orientation which is defined by certain forces that predominate in the associations among molecules. It is possible to recognize these forces as hydrogen bonding, π‐π stacking, halogen bonding, electrostatic, hydrophobic, charge transfer, metal coordination, and metallophilic interactions. The presence of these forces in supramolecular system yields certain properties such as light absorption and luminescence. The quantum theoretical modeling plays an important role in the designing of the supramolecular system. The goal is to apply supramolecular principles in order to understand the associated forces in many inorganic molecules that include heavy metals for instance gold, platinum, and mercury. Relevant systems will be studied in detail, considering functional aspects such as enhanced coordination of functionalized molecular self‐assembly, electronic and optoelectronic properties.
Monitoring of glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity by mitochondrial oxygen consumption
Authors: Kumagai Ayako , Sasaki Tsutomu , Matsuoka Kenta , Abe Masayoshi , Tabata Toshihide , Itoh Yumi , Fuchino Hiroyuki , Wugangerile Sartagul , Suga Mika , Yamaguchi Tomoko , Kawahara Hidehisa , Nagaoka Yasuo , Kawabata Kenji , Furue Miho Kusuda , Takemori Hiroshi
Published: August 2018

Dysfunction of mitochondrial activity is often associated with the onset and progress of neurodegenerative diseases. Membrane depolarization induced by Na+ influx increases intracellular Ca2+ levels in neurons, which upregulates mitochondrial activity. However, overlimit of Na+ influx and its prolonged retention ultimately cause excitotoxicity leading to neuronal cell death. To return the membrane potential to the normal level, Na+/K+‐ATPase exchanges intracellular Na+ with extracellular K+ by consuming a large amount of ATP. This is a reason why mitochondria are important for maintaining neurons. In addition, astrocytes are thought to be important for supporting neighboring neurons by acting as energy providers and eliminators of excessive neurotransmitters. In this study, we examined the meaning of changes in the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in primary mouse neuronal populations. By varying the medium constituents and using channel modulators, we found that pyruvate rather than lactate supported OCR levels and conferred on neurons resistance to glutamate‐mediated excitotoxicity. Under a pyruvate‐restricted condition, our OCR monitoring could detect excitotoxicity induced by glutamate at only 10 μM. The OCR monitoring also revealed the contribution of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor and Na+/K+‐ATPase to the toxicity, which allowed evaluating spontaneous excitation. In addition, the OCR monitoring showed that astrocytes preferentially used glutamate, not glutamine, for a substrate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This mechanism may be coupled with astrocyte‐dependent protection of neurons from glutamate‐mediated excitotoxicity. These results suggest that OCR monitoring would provide a new powerful tool to analyze the mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity and protection against it.
The new νMSM (ννMSM): radiative neutrino masses, keV-scale dark matter and viable leptogenesis with sub-TeV new physics
Authors: Baumholzer Sven , Brdar Vedran , Schwaller Pedro
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We study the scenario in which the Standard model is augmented by three generations of right-handed neutrinos and a scalar doublet. The newly introduced fields share an odd charge under a ℤ2parity symmetry. This model, commonly known as “Scotogenic”, was designed to provide a mechanism for active neutrino mass generation as well as a viable dark matter candidate. In this paper we consider a scenario in which the dark matter particle is at the keV-scale. Such particle is free from X-ray limits due to the unbroken parity symmetry that forbids the mixing between active and right-handed neutrinos. The active neutrino masses are radiatively generated from the new scalars and the two heavier right-handed states with ∼$$ \mathcal{O} $$O(100) GeV masses. These heavy fermions can produce the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe through the combination of Akhmedov-Rubakov-Smirnov mechanism and recently proposed scalar decays. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that these two mechanisms are shown to be successful in any radiative model. We identify the parameter space where the successful leptogenesis is compatible with the observed abundance of dark matter as well as the measurements from the neutrino oscillation experiments. Interestingly, combining dark matter production and successful leptogenesis gives rise to strict limits from big bang nucleosynthesis which do not allow the mass of dark matter to lie above ∼ 10 keV, providing a phenomenological hint for considered low-scale dark matter. By featuring the keV-scale dark matter free from stringent X-ray limits, successful baryon asymmetry generation and non-zero active neutrino masses, the model is a direct analogue to theνMSM model proposed by Asaka, Blanchet and Shaposhnikov. Therefore we dub the presented framework as “The newνMSM” abbreviated asννMSM.
The decay h → γγ in the Standard-Model Effective Field Theory
Authors: Dedes A. , Paraskevas M. , Rosiek J. , Suxho K. , Trifyllis L.
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Assuming that new physics effects are parametrized by the Standard-Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) written in a complete basis of up to dimension-6 operators, we calculate the CP-conserving one-loop amplitude for the decay h → γγ in general R

ξ
- gauges. We employ a simple renormalisation scheme that is hybrid between on-shell

$$ \overline{\mathrm{SM}} $$

S
M

¯

-like renormalised parameters and running MS Wilson coefficients. The resulting amplitude is then finite, renormalisation scale invariant, independent of the gauge choice (ξ) and respects SM Ward identities. Remarkably, the S-matrix amplitude calculation resembles very closely the one usually known from renormalisable theories and can be automatised to a high degree. We use this gauge invariant amplitude and recent LHC data to check upon sensitivity to various Wilson coefficients entering from a more complete theory at the matching energy scale. We present a closed expression for the ratio ℛ
h→ γγ
, of the Beyond the SM versus the SM contributions as appeared in LHC h → γγ searches. The most important contributions arise at tree level from the operators Q

φB

, Q

φW

, Q

φW B
, and at one-loop level from the dipole operators Q

uB

, Q

uW
. Our calculation shows also that, for operators that appear at tree level in SMEFT, one-loop corrections can modify their contributions by less than 10%. Wilson coefficients corresponding to these five operators are bounded from current LHC h → γγ data — in some cases an order of magnitude stronger than from other searches. Finally, we correct results that appeared previously in the literature.
Undergraduate Student Perceptions and Awareness of Genetic Counseling
Authors: Gerard Amanda , Noblin Sarah , Hashmi S. Shahrukh , Bean Andrew J. , Bergstrom Katie , Hurst Christina B. , Mattox William , Stevens Blair
Published: August 2018

Genetic counseling is a rapidly expanding field, and the supply of certified genetic counselors is currently unable to keep up with job demand. Research is fairly limited regarding the awareness and perceptions that prospective genetic counseling students have on the field and what factors most influence their interest. The current study includes data collected from 1389 undergraduate students in the sciences at 23 universities across the United States who were surveyed regarding information related to their awareness, perceptions, knowledge, and interest in genetic counseling. The majority of participants had heard of genetic counseling (78.0%), many from a high school course (37.3%), college course (28.1%), or online (11.5%). Familiarity was associated with factors such as female gender (p = 0.003) and length of time in school (p < 0.001). After taking the survey, participant interest was positively associated with several factors including female gender (p < 0.001) and Asian and Hispanic ethnicity (p = 0.012). Factors commonly reported as attractive about the field included direct patient care, the variety of roles available, cultural competency and psychosocial training, and helping others. Discussion elaborates upon specific factors related to student awareness and interest in genetic counseling and potential ways to tailor recruitment strategies for maximum benefit to the field.
Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: a Retrospective Analysis of a Community Oncology Database
Authors: Fisher Maxine D. , Pulgar Sonia , Kulke Matthew H. , Mirakhur Beloo , Miller Paul J. , Walker Mark S. , Schwartzberg Lee S.
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (mNETs) are rare, heterogeneous tumors that present diagnostic and treatment challenges, with limited data on the management of mNETs in clinical practice. The present study was designed to identify current diagnostic and treatment patterns in mNET patients treated in the US community oncology setting.

Methods

Patient-level data was collected from medical records of adults with mNETs from the Vector Oncology Data Warehouse, a comprehensive US community oncology network database.

Results

Of the 263 patients included (median follow-up, 22 months; range, 0.1–193.9), 30.4% (80/263) had intestinal tumors, 11.0% (29/263) had pancreatic, and 58.6% (154/263) had tumors of other or unknown location. Progression-free survival (PFS) from the start of first-line therapy differed significantly by tumor grade (log rank P = 0.0016) and location (P = 0.0044), as did overall survival (OS) (grade, P < 0.0001; location, P = 0.0068). Median PFS and OS for patients with undocumented tumor grade were shorter than for patients with G1/G2 tumors and longer than patients with G3 tumors. Median PFS and OS for patients with other or unknown tumors were shorter than for patients with intestinal tumors.

Conclusions

While potentially confounded by the high number of patients with other or unknown tumor locations, this retrospective study of patients in a US community oncology setting identified the importance of awareness of tumor grade and tumor location at diagnosis, as these were direct correlates of PFS and OS.
The cost of debt capital revisited
Authors: Baule Rainer
Published: August 2018

We propose a method to estimate the cost of debt in a continuous-time framework with an infinite time horizon. The approach builds on the class of well-known earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)-based models. It extends other approaches based on option-pricing theory with a finite one-period horizon. The model is capable of splitting the observed yield spread of a corporate bond into the risk premium, which adds to the expected return of bondholders, and the default premium, which accounts for expected losses. The model can easily be calibrated for non-public firms, since most of its input parameters are readily observable, while the output, the model-implied cost of debt, proves to be very insensitive with respect to the remaining non-observable parameters, the EBIT growth rate, and the bankruptcy costs of the firm. We demonstrate the applicability of the cost of debt to calculate an approximate weighted average cost of capital for the purpose of firm and project valuation, and its usage and limitations.
Multiagent Modelling and Simulation of a Physical Internet Enabled Rail-Road Intermodal Transport System
Authors: Sun Yan , Zhang Chen , Dong Kunxiang , Lang Maoxiang
Published: August 2018

Simulation-based analysis has been used for planning, control, and decision-making support of physical internet enabled logistics networks. However, multiagent modelling and simulation based on micro-level interactions have been rarely developed for the pre-studies of digital transformation of urban rail transit systems. This hinders a wider industrial deployment of agent technology in the physical internet enabled transport infrastructure. To fill in this knowledge gap, this work presents an agent-based simulation that explicitly models the micro-level protocols of mobile recourse units and their interaction with the physical infrastructure in a rail-road intermodal transport network. Parameterisation of the simulation model is changeable to examine the influences of different efficiency factors. This allows understanding of which structural functions and resource configuration would make an impact system-wide. Through a practical application, a multiagent system is developed for modelling and analysis of sustainable logistics with individually operated mobile resource units. An agent-based simulation assessment is performed to quantify the improvement options. The results reveal that the physical internet can prevent trucks from empty driving, which has a positive effect on the sustainable logistics operations. The proposed model can be used to support the deployment and planning of digital transformation that could be implemented in urban rail transit systems serving urban distribution and passenger transport.
Disciplinary slapping is associated with bullying involvement regardless of warm parenting in early adolescence
Authors: Fujikawa Shinya , Ando Shuntaro , Nishida Atsushi , Usami Satoshi , Koike Shinsuke , Yamasaki Syudo , Morimoto Yuko , Toriyama Rie , Kanata Sho , Sugimoto Noriko , Sasaki Tsukasa , Furukawa Toshiaki A. , Hiraiwa‐Hasegawa Mariko , Kasai Kiyoto
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Bullying among adolescents can cause depression and suicidality. Identifying the risk factors for bullying in early adolescence, when its prevalence tends to increase, would assist in its prevention. Although certain parenting styles are known to be associated with bullying, the association of slapping as a parental disciplinary practice with early adolescent bullying is not sufficiently understood. Furthermore, little is known about how warm parenting modifies this association although slapping and warm parenting are not mutually exclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of slapping with the experience of early adolescent bullying––categorized in terms of victims, bullies, and bully‐victims––while considering how warm parenting modifies this association.

Methods

This study used data from the Tokyo Early Adolescence Survey, a cross‐sectional survey of 4478 children aged 10 from the general population. Data were collected from both children and their primary parent using self‐administered questionnaires and face‐to‐face interviews. Responses from 4326 participants with no missing data were usable for the current analysis (mean age,  10.2 ± 0.3 years; 53 % boys).

Results

Frequent and occasional slapping was associated with increased odds of youth being identified as bullies or bully‐victims, even after adjusting for warm parenting. The likelihood of being victims, bullies or bully‐victims increased as the frequency of slapping increased.

Conclusion

Disciplinary slapping was associated with increased odds of bullying in early adolescence, regardless of whether warm parenting was present or not.
Early childhood aggressive behaviour: Negative interactions with paternal antisocial behaviour and maternal postpartum depressive symptoms across two international cohorts
Authors: Lambregtse-van den Berg Mijke P. , Tiemeier Henning , Verhulst Frank C. , Jaddoe Vincent , Tindall Elizabeth , Vlachos Haido , Aumayer Katie , Iles Jane , Ramchandani Paul G.
Published: August 2018

Background:

Early childhood aggressive behaviour is a predictor of future violence. Therefore, identifying risk factors for children’s aggressive behaviour is important in understanding underlying mechanisms. Maternal postpartum depression is a known risk factor. However, little research has focused on the influence of paternal behaviour on early childhood aggression and its interaction with maternal postpartum depression.

Methods:

This study was performed in two cohorts: the Fathers Project, in the United Kingdom (n = 143) and the Generation R Study, in The Netherlands (n = 549). In both cohorts, we related paternal antisocial personality (ASP) traits and maternal postpartum depressive (PPD) symptoms to childhood aggressive behaviour at age two (Fathers Project) and age three (Generation R Study). We additionally tested whether the presence of paternal ASP traits increased the association between maternal PPD–symptoms and early childhood aggression.

Results:

The association between paternal ASP traits and early childhood aggressive behaviour, corrected for maternal PPD-symptoms, was similar in magnitude between the cohorts (Fathers Project: standardized β = 0.12, p = 0.146; Generation R: β = 0.14, p = 0.001), although the association was not statistically significant in the Fathers Project. Strikingly, and in contrast to our expectations, there was evidence of a negative interaction between paternal ASP traits and maternal PPD-symptoms on childhood aggressive behaviour (Fathers Project: β = −0.20, p = 0.020; Generation R: β = −0.09, p = 0.043) in both studies. This meant that with higher levels of paternal ASP traits the association between maternal PPD-symptoms and childhood aggressive behaviour was less and vice versa.

Conclusions:

Our findings stress the importance of including both maternal and paternal psychopathology in future studies and interventions focusing on early childhood aggressive behaviour.
Stakeholder Theory
Authors: Freeman R. Edward , Harrison Jeffrey S. , Zyglidopoulos Stelios
Published: August 2018

The stakeholder perspective is an alternative way of understanding how companies and people create value and trade with each other. Freeman, Harrison and Zyglidopoulos discuss the foundation concepts and implementation of stakeholder management as well as the advantages this approach provides to firms and their managers. They present a number of tools that managers can use to implement stakeholder thinking, better understand stakeholders and create value with and for them. The Element concludes by discussing how managers can create stakeholder oriented control systems and by examining some of the important stakeholder-related issues that are worthy of future scholarly and managerial attention.
Petrological and Geochemical Constraints on the Origin of Early Cretaceous Volcanic Rocks in the Central‐East Asia: Implications for Crustal Growth and Evolution
Authors: Qian Sheng‐Ping , Ren Zhong‐Yuan , Zhang Le , Zhang Lei , Wu Ya‐Dong , Mei Sheng‐Wang , Xu Xiao‐Bo , Luo Qing‐Chen
Published: August 2018

New petrological and geochemical data for Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the North China Craton (NCC) combined with published data of cotemporaneous volcanic rocks in the NCC and eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (ECAOB) are used to understand their petrogenesis and crustal growth and evolution. Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the NCC show characteristics typical of continental crust, with negative Nb and Ta anomalies, and enrichment of K and Pb. The εNd of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the NCC correlate with indices of differentiation (e.g., Mg#), implying that mantle‐derived magmas were modified by open‐system processes. The high‐Mg clinopyroxene and melt inclusions hosted by high‐Fo olivine in Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the NCC have lower 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios than low‐Mg clinopyroxene and melt inclusions hosted by low‐Fo olivine, which can be explained by the interaction between lower crust and basaltic magmas (magma mixing or assimilation). Unlike contemporaneous counterparts in the NCC, Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the ECAOB have high εNd values. Such features can also be produced by crustal assimilation and/or magma mixing, given the juvenile lower crust beneath the ECAOB. The “adakitic” signature of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks is most likely inherited from the lower continental crust. Large‐scale partial melting of the lower crust may have been related to continuous magmatic underplating in an extensional environment. This work suggests that Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the Central‐East Asia represent a nonnegligible contribution to crustal growth, despite having “crust‐like” trace element and isotopic characteristics.
Integration of Geochemical and Geophysical Data to Characterize and Map Lateritic Regolith: An Example in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Iza E. R. H. F. , Horbe A. M. C. , Castro C. C. , Herrera I. L. I. E.
Published: August 2018

In tropical regions like the Amazon, there are extensive lateritic covers that have not been properly mapped, despite their economic‐bearing minerals and their importance related to denudation and regolith landscape studies. To consolidate tools for regolith cartography, geochemical and geophysical data (airborne gamma ray spectrometry and magnetometry) were integrated. Regional indexes (including the weathering intensity index, WII; lateritic index, LI; and mafic index, MI) were generated and applied, which allowed for the identification of regolith properties. The WII highlighted areas with high weathering levels located between 149 and 300 m and between 500 and 627 m of altitude that are related to the lower planation surface and upper planation surfaces, respectively. The LI ratified the WII and highlighted areas with high Th/K and U/K ratios, associated with lateritic duricrusts. The correlation between LI and MI showed lateritic duricrusts related to mafic and felsic substrates, especially on altitudes below 300 m, which confirmed the geochemical data. All of these results lead to the reinterpretation of areas previously considered to be sedimentary as residuals associated with oxisols and lateritic duricrusts, and this allows us to propose that the regolith mapping techniques and model generation (weathering intensity and lateritic indexes) have a good level of reliability.
Carbon Isotopic Fractionation via Diffusion in a Coarse Material
Authors: Schulte M. , Jochmann M. A. , Gehrke T. , Denecke M. , Schmidt T. C.
Published: August 2018

Methane oxidation is a major environmental process in different types of soil. Due to its global warming potential, exact fluxes of methane from soil to the atmosphere are relevant for atmospheric and carbon flux modeling. In this context the investigation of the methane oxidation turnover rates is often carried out by measuring the isotopic fractionation during the involved biodegradation processes. Unfortunately, isotopic fractionation can be a result of both biodegradation and diffusion. Therefore, a thorough estimation of the diffusion‐related isotopic fractionation is mandatory for a correction of biotransformation relevant kinetic isotope effects. Here for the first time, we investigated the isotopic fractionation of methane by diffusion in a coarsely mixed crushed stone and soil material. Determined isotopic fractionations by diffusion in terms of enrichment factors were −0.0212 ± 0.005 at 22.5 °C and −0.0218 ± 0.003 at 30 °C. When estimating biotransformation of methane from stable isotope measurements, the fractionation by diffusion has to be subtracted for estimating correct biotransformation rates. The obtained data are relevant not only for the investigation of oxidation processes in landfills but can also be adapted to other coarse materials such as arctic and tundra as well as wetland and volcanic soils. As a consequence, including the isotopic fractionation by diffusion within calculations of biotransformation will allow determining more exact values under well‐known conditions for methane flux calculations.
Investigating Relationships Between Australian Flooding and Large‐Scale Climate Indices and Possible Mechanism
Authors: Liu Jianyu , Zhang Yongqiang , Yang Yuting , Gu Xihui , Xiao Mingzhong
Published: August 2018

Flooding is one of the most severe natural disasters in Australia. While flood spatial and temporal variability in the Australian continent has been well documented in the literature, the relationship between seasonal flood magnitude and frequency (FMF) and climatic driving forces influence, and the possible physical mechanism behind the relationship remain unclear. This study attempts to quantify relationships between four climatic indices (Niño‐Southern Oscillation [ENSO], Indian Ocean Dipole [IOD], Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation [IPO], and Southern Annular Mode [SAM]) and seasonal FMF across 413 unregulated Australian catchments during 1975–2010. Results indicate that the climate indices have noticeable impacts on flood variability across Australia. Specifically, ENSO plays a dominant role in influencing summer and spring flood variability. However, IOD and IPO tend to have larger effects on autumn and winter floods, respectively. Relationships between the climate indices and FMF can be well interpreted by atmospheric circulation related to the dominant climate index. Our results provide relevant information for flood risk management and have implications for mitigating flood hazards.
10Be/9Be Ratios Reflect Antarctic Ice Sheet Freshwater Discharge During Pliocene Warming
Authors: Valletta Rachel D. , Willenbring Jane K. , Passchier Sandra , Elmi Chiara
Published: August 2018

Along glaciated margins, ratios of meteoric cosmogenic beryllium‐10, 10Be, normalized to its stable isotope, 9Be, reflect an environmental signal, driven ultimately by climatic change. We explore the application of this isotopic pair as a proxy for East Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics. We analyze 10Be/9Be in middle Pliocene glaciomarine sediments offshore the Wilkes Land Region (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1361A) and examine our new record alongside existing biochemical/geochemical records (Ba/Al, opal %wt, εNd, and 87Sr/86Sr). 10Be/9Be ratios reach local maxima during pulsed, mild warming events and are strongly correlated with existing records that indicate concurrent ice sheet retraction and increased bioproductivity. We suggest climate change as the primary driver of the 10Be/9Be record near glaciated margins, whereby increased warming drives ice sheet retraction, discharging freshwaters and diluting the open ocean 10Be/9Be signal recorded in authigenic minerals.
The Role of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake in Topographic Evolution: Seismically Induced Landslides and the Associated Isostatic Response
Authors: Ren Zhikun , Zhang Zhuqi , Zhang Huiping , Zheng Wenjun , Zhang Peizhen
Published: August 2018

The widely held notion about the relationship between reverse‐faulting earthquakes and mountain building has been challenged by recent studies suggesting a net coseismic lowering of surface height due to the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. We calculate the long‐term isostatic response to the removal of coseismic landslide mass produced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, using re‐estimated coseismic landslide volumes. The total isostatic response volume is associated with the input landslide volumes and ranges from ~1.0 to 2.7 km3, which did not change much with the varied input value of the effective elastic thickness (Te); however, the rebound distribution changes with Te. Consequently, the net uplift volume will be ~1.2–2.9 km3, taking into account the total landslide volume of 2.8 + 0.9/−0.7 km3 and the coseismic uplift of 2.6 ± 1.2 km3. The isostatic response due to Wenchuan earthquake is ~0.3 m but may vary from 0.15 to 0.6 m (input minimum and maximum landslide volumes from the combined scaling parameters, respectively) in the central Longmen Shan. We also find that the average net uplift is ~0.11–0.26 m, which resulted from the imbalance between earthquake‐caused uplift and the isostasy within the landslide region due to the Wenchuan earthquake. The total isostasy could reach ~550–1,300 m during the past 10–15 Ma, in the corridor bounding the coseismic surface ruptures. Our findings reveal that the evolution of local topography in the Longmen Shan region is inevitably related to the repeated tectonic events, especially the strong earthquakes similar to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.
Restored Wetlands Could Lower Local Surface Temperatures
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: August 2018

A 3-year study of wetlands and cropland in a major California delta highlights the need to consider the physical effects of vegetation when planning land use changes.
How Forecasting Models Are Changing the Way We Fight Fires
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: August 2018

Eos speaks with Andy Edman, western region chief of the Science and Technology Infusion Division at the National Weather Service, about how the agency is helping wildfire crews fight fires from space.
No Measurable Calcium Isotopic Fractionation During Crystallization of Kilauea Iki Lava Lake
Authors: Zhang Hongming , Wang Yang , He Yongsheng , Teng Fang‐Zhen , Jacobsen Stein B. , Helz Rosalind T. , Marsh Bruce D. , Huang Shichun
Published: August 2018

In order to investigate possible Ca isotopic fractionation during basaltic magma differentiation, we measured Ca isotopic compositions of lavas recovered from Kilauea Iki lava lake at Hawaii. This set of lavas record the whole crystal fractionation history of basaltic magma, ranging from olivine accumulation/fractionation to multiple phase crystallization, including plagioclase and clinopyroxene. Our results show no detectable Ca isotopic variation in all measured Kilauea lavas at a precision of ±0.07‰ for 44Ca/40Ca (δ44/40Ca = 0.80 ± 0.08, 2 SD, n = 19). Using such observation and published intermineral Ca isotopic fractionation factors, a Monte Carlo approach is used to estimate the mineral‐melt 44Ca/40Ca fractionation factors. We found that Ca isotopic fractionation between clinopyroxene and basaltic melt is small, with Δ44/40Cacpx‐melt = 0.04 ± 0.03 at 1200 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first estimated mineral‐melt Ca isotopic fractionation factor reported. We use this estimated Δ44/40Cacpx‐melt and intermineral Ca isotopic fractionation factors to investigate Ca isotopic effects during mantle partial melting under 1–2 GPa. Our simulations show that the largest 44Ca/40Ca effect, up to +0.3‰, is achieved in large degree melting residues during fractional and dynamic melting. In contrast, partial melts show negligible 44Ca/40Ca isotopic effect, <0.07‰.
Irregular Transition Layer Beneath the Earth's Inner Core Boundary From Observations of Antipodal PKIKP and PKIIKP Waves
Authors: Attanayake Januka , Thomas Christine , Cormier Vernon F. , Miller Meghan S. , Koper Keith D.
Published: August 2018

Standard Earth models assume a simple uniform inner core boundary (ICB) separating the liquid iron outer core from the solid iron inner core. Metallurgical and geodynamic experiments, however, predict lateral variations along this boundary originating from thermochemical and geodynamic instabilities during solidification. We search for evidence of this lateral heterogeneity by exploiting the sensitivity of antipodal PKIIKP waveforms to the shear wave velocity structure of the uppermost inner core beneath their reflection points on the underside of the ICB. Measuring PKIIKP/PKIKP energy ratios from 33 rare antipodal seismograms in the 178o to 180o distance range, we find this ratio varying between 0.1 and 1.1. Synthetic seismograms demonstrate that a laterally homogeneous liquid‐solid ICB cannot account for this variability. Observations instead support a spatially variable ICB transition consisting of either (1) gradients in seismic velocities and density in which they smoothly increase from those at the outer core to those in the bulk of the inner core over a maximum depth of 10 km or (2) a layered transition with localized double discontinuities in velocities and densities separated by 4–10 km. A layered transition can generate a coda following PKIKP if shear velocity is small (<2 km/s) in the transition. Our results imply that the ICB is not uniform and might appear patchy with lateral rigidity variations. Nonuniform small‐scale structural features that we infer to be present at the ICB are consistent with nonlinear solidification mechanisms driven by small‐scale outer core convection in the lowermost outer core.
Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment of Natural Lake Sediment Prior to Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotope Analysis of Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Falster Georgina , Delean Steven , Tyler Jonathan
Published: August 2018

The carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) of authigenic and biogenic lacustrine carbonates are commonly used as past climate proxies, and these carbonates are often preserved within organic‐rich bulk sediment. We measured the δ13C and δ18O of carbon dioxide evolved from fine‐grained crystalline calcite and biogenic aragonite, mixed with natural organic‐rich lake sediment. We found that if the ratio of total inorganic carbon (TIC) to total organic carbon (TOC) in lacustrine bulk sediment is low, then organic compounds evolve detectable CO2 during phosphoric acid digestion, leading to an “organic bias” in the measured δ13C and δ18O. We tested the effect of oxidative pretreatment of the bulk sediment with acidic or alkaline hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), at a range of temperatures. Pretreatment with acidic H2O2 not only had a negligible effect on the TIC/TOC but also resulted in dissolution and reprecipitation of carbonate, and a consequent “treatment bias” that was particularly strong for δ18O. Oxidation with alkaline H2O2 removed a greater proportion of organic material, with no evidence for carbonate dissolution at temperatures of ≤50 °C. The δ13C and δ18O values obtained from sediment treated with alkaline H2O2 at 50 °C were both accurate and precise, even for sediment with very low initial TIC/TOC. Our results show that it is possible to obtain accurate δ13C and δ18O values from carbonates preserved within organic‐rich lacustrine sediment, suitable for use in paleoclimate reconstructions.
Ocean Crustal Seismic Layer 2C
Authors: Carlson R. L.
Published: August 2018

Normal oceanic crust is chiefly defined by a seismic structure consisting of layers 2 and 3. Houtz and Ewing (1976, 10.1029/JB081i014p02490) further subdivided layer 2 into layers 2A, 2B, and 2C. Though it has been associated with the dike sections sampled in Holes 504B and 1256D, layer 2C is often not observed; whether it is a distinguishable feature of the seismic structure is a question of importance to interpretations of the seismic structure and depends particularly on the defining characteristics of layers 2C and 3. A review and analysis of existing data reveal that the defining characteristic of layer 3 is a gradient of 0.1 ± 0.1/s, with a velocity at the transition to layer 3 of 6.85 ± 0.20 km/s. Layer 2C is observed in about half of seismic profiles examined. It can be recognized as a transition of the average velocity gradient from >1 above to <1 but more than 0.2/s below. The characteristic gradient is 0.64 ± 0.22/s, and the velocity at the transition to layer 2C is 6.06 ± 0.26 km/s, a value in excellent agreement with the layer 2C velocities reported by Houtz and Ewing. Model travel time curves calculated from sonic logs and seismic profiles from Sites 504 and 1256 show that layer 2C would have been observed in airgun‐sonobuoy profiles at these sites, where layer 2C is composed almost entirely of dikes, whereas layer 2B is composed chiefly of lavas.