bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
French Adaptation of the Shortened Version of the Profile of Mood States
Authors: Fillion L. , Gagnon P.
Published: August 2011

The French adaptation and validation of the short version of the Profile of Mood States is examined. A sample of 110 women diagnosed with breast cancer and 50 men with prostate cancer were administered the French Canadian adaptation of the shortened version of the profile (37 items). Means, test-retest correlations, and internal consistency coefficients (alpha) replicated the English initial validation. These results support the reliability of the French Canadian version. In addition, significant decrease from initial to retest testing for Anxiety, Depression, and Confusion subscales also supported construct validity.
Use in 1992 of Tranquilizers and Smokeless Tobacco among MIAMI's Public School Students
Authors: Yarnold Barbara M.
Published: August 2011

This analysis examined tranquilizer use by 466 adolescents in Dade County, Florida public schools in 1992. Significant factors which increased the probability of use include that the adolescents were female, older students, peers' use of tranquilizers, ready access, and they lived alone. Smokeless tobacco use among 468 students was positively and significantly linked to peer influence, students being male, younger, living alone, and the availability of smokeless tobacco.
Effect of Restriction of Working Memory on Reported Paranormal Belief
Authors: Dudley R. Thomas
Published: August 2011

56 college students completed Tobacyk's 1988 Revised Paranormal Belief Scale and Watson, Clark, and Tellegen's 1988 Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Experimental group participants, but not control group participants, rehearsed a five-digit number while completing the Paranormal Belief Scale. Analysis showed higher reported paranormal belief for experimental group participants but no differences on the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Results are discussed in terms of the effect of restriction in working memory on the critical evaluation of paranormal phenomena.
Receptivity to Racial and Ethnic Diversity
Authors: Baker Ann C.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes a study of receptivity to diversity suggesting that in three groups ( ns = 9, 10, and 6) the graduate students who showed more receptive behavioral patterns tended to take more initiative and to be more engaged in networking relationships and also may show more empathetic behavior and more self-control. Opportunities for education and training programs are suggested if data from larger samples are consistent.
Black South African Students' Use of Counseling Service
Authors: Naidoo Anthony
Published: August 2011

This paper reports the demographic and summative annual data for presenting concerns of students seeking counseling at a Black South African university. Rankings of the major presenting concerns identified by the clients are presented.
High School Students' Perceptions of Nursing Homes: Before and after Experience
Authors: Lawrence Frances C. , Moser E. Barry , Broussard Sherry T. , Collier Michael W.
Published: August 2011

86 high school students considering entering a health care profession indicated that they would not likely choose to work in a nursing home even though they found them in general to be more pleasant than expected.
Significant others: Italian Adolescents' Rankings Compared with Their Parents'
Authors: Lanz Margherita , Iafrate Raffaella , Marta Elena , Rosnati Rosa
Published: August 2011

In a study of social context in which adolescents live from an inter-generational perspective, the purpose was comparison of significant others of the generation of Italian adolescents ( n = 595) and their parents' recalled others significant during adolescence (397 fathers and 416 mothers). Analysis showed the predominance of parents and above all the mother as the most significant others for both generations during adolescence. Further, today's adolescent generation attributed less importance to other unrelated adults than their parents recalled.
Personality Characteristics in Unemployed Australian Males—Implications for “Drift” Hypothesis in Unemployment
Authors: Creed Peter A.
Published: August 2011

This paper contrasts the personality characteristics of a sample of 171 unemployed males with comparative data drawn from a normative sample of 1,930 employed males, using the Gordon Personal Profile–Inventory. Significant differences were identified on dimensions of Ascendancy, Responsibility, Cautiousness, and Personal Relations. Implications for the “drift” versus “social causation” models of unemployment are examined.
Ginkgo Biloba and Memory for a Maze
Authors: Gajewski Ann , Hensch S. A.
Published: August 2011

A number of sources suggest that the natural herb ginkgo biloba enhances mental sharpness by increasing blood flow to the brain. A preliminary study was designed to examine whether memory for a maze would be enhanced in 5 mice who received a dietary supplement containing ginkgo biloba. The mice showed an improved memory for the maze as evidenced by a decrease in the number of errors in reaching the goal box when they received gingko biloba as a dietary supplement.
Sex Differences on the MMPI–2 Substance Abuse Scales in Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Wong Jane L. , Besett Tricia M.
Published: August 2011

Sex differences on the MMPI–2 addiction scales (MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale–Revised, Addiction Acknowledgement Scale, Addiction Potential Scale) and their ability to distinguish between substance-abusing and nonabusing psychiatric inpatients were examined. Men obtained higher mean raw scores than women on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale–Revised and the Addiction Acknowledgement Scale, and substance abusers scored higher on all three scales. Even relatively low cutoff scores, however, on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale–Revised resulted in false negative rates of 37 to 39%. The results support the utility of the MMPI–2 substance abuse scales; however, lower cutoff scores should be used with women and within a psychiatric population.
Filial Therapy: Effects on Two Children's Behavior and Mothers' Stress
Authors: Athanasiou Michelle Schicke , Gunning Michael P.
Published: August 2011

Due to parents' continual and natural contact with their children, as well as shortages of professionals, parents are increasingly being asked to play a significant role in treatment for the children's emotional and behavior problems. Filial therapy is a treatment that involves parents by teaching parents to conduct child-centered play therapy sessions with their children. The current study sought to examine filial therapy effectiveness by measuring changes in children's behavior and parental stress in parenting. Mothers of two preschool children were administered the Behavior Assessment for Children and the Parenting Stress Index prior to, following completion of, and 2 mo. after participating in a 10-wk. filial therapy training program. Results suggest significant decreases in externalizing behaviors and decreased parenting stress for one parent of the two children. Informal parental reports of changes suggest that parents saw improved relationships with their children, their own confidence increased, generalization of skills, and improvements with regard to behavior problems.
Education, Gender, and Educational Goals
Authors: Räuty Hannu
Published: August 2011

A survey showed that the goals of 936 Finnish parents for their children's education—“self-goals” and “instrumental goals”—were related to their education and gender.
Peer Acceptance and Cognitive Development
Authors: Sisto F. F. , Urquijo S. , Souza M. T. C. C.
Published: August 2011

To verify whether development of cognitive skills and peer acceptance are necessarily linked, 212 students of low socioeconomic status in the first, second, and third grades of a public school in Brazil were studied. A sociometric evaluation of peer group acceptance in play and study situations was conducted. The cognitive tasks were the mental imaging and conservation of mass and length (operative casks) as well as location of dice and equidistancing arrangements (creation of possibilities tasks). Analysis showed the children identified as desirable study companions had highly developed general cognitive abilities, and those chosen as desirable for both study and play not only had highly developed general cognitive abilities but also highly developed operativeness. Children who were socially isolated, however, had even higher mean cognitive assessment score in relation to both creation of possibilities and general cognitive development than did those with ratings of negative or positive salience.
Economic and Social-Psychological Factors as a Function of Social Functioning Status among Low-Income Women in Kansas
Authors: Steffens Patricia Delange , Schumm Walter R.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 148 homemakers from a population of 835 low-income families from three counties in a midwestern U.S. state were studied in terms of their level of risk for community intervention, economic condition, social-psychological variables, and coping responses. One-way analyses of variance indicated that high risk, marginal, and effective, low-risk families differ mostly on economic factors rather than social-psychological factors.
Empirically Derived Factor Indices for the Beck Depression Inventory
Authors: Killgore William D. Scott
Published: August 2011

Factor analytic studies of the Beck Depression Inventory routinely yield a small number of factors that parsimoniously summarize the 21 items of the inventory. To improve the utility of such factor data within clinical or applied research settings, the present study aimed to develop a set of empirically derived depression indices based on the factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory. In Study 1, principal-axis factor analysis of the responses of 303 undergraduate students yielded a 2-factor solution that accounted for 33% of the common variance. Easily calculated factor indices were developed to reflect individual performance on each factor, and normative data from the sample were used to establish preliminary guidelines for evaluating severity on each index. In Study 2, analyses of the factor-index scores obtained from a clinical sample of 55 medical patients supported the utility of the index scores for discriminating among various aspects of dysphoric experience.
Predicting Newspaper Readership on the Campus Community
Authors: Lipschultz Jeremy H. , Hilt Michael L.
Published: August 2011

The objective of this study was to examine newspaper readership on one college campus. Use of other media, too busy with work or class, and usefulness of local talk radio were significant predictors of daily newspaper readership for 313 students, 48 faculty, and 41 staff.
Risk Perception: Unrealistic Optimism or Realistic Expectancy
Authors: Todesco Paolo , Hillman Stephen B.
Published: August 2011

The current study investigated risk perception and Unrealistic Optimism as a function of involvement in risk. 74 undergraduate students were asked to rate how likely they were to encounter various negative consequences relative to various comparison targets (child, peer, and parent) and specified their actual involvement in risk-taking. Over-all, 37 High and 37 Low Risk-takers rated harmful events similarly, adding support for disputing the hypothesis that risk-takers consider themselves to be invulnerable. When these older adolescents compared themselves with children, they rated their personal risk of engaging in the health threatening behaviors as higher. Adolescents can realistically appraise the differences between themselves and children and view themselves as more likely to encounter the negative outcomes of risk-taking behaviors. Implications are discussed.
Homosexual Parents and Questions of Character: A Response to Cameron and Cameron
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

Cameron and Cameron introduced appellate court decisions as a new data source for content analyses. In using this source they have shown praiseworthy clarity in describing their methods. Their report, however, appears to show an over-weaning bias against homosexuals which is the fatal flaw of this study.
Objective and Projective Personality Assessment: The Temas and the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Self-Report of Personality
Authors: Flanagan Rosemary
Published: August 2011

The TEMAS and Self-report of Personality of the Behavior Assessment System for Children were administered to 71 youngsters aged 8 to 13 years. Preliminary data suggest that, although the two measures assess several similarly named constructs, the data are complementary. This appears to reflect the fact that the TEMAS Personality Functions measure children's skills in coping with emotionally laden situations, whereas the Behavior Assessment System for Children measures the emotion or skill in question independent of situational context.
Towards a Psychological Model of Midlife Crisis
Authors: Oles Piotr K.
Published: August 2011

Midlife crisis in men is seen as a process of intensive and subjectively difficult transition of the self dealing with a reinterpretation of time perspective, the confrontation with death as a future personal event, the re-evaluation of life values and goals, and planning the second half of life. Midlife crisis arises on the relationships between the changing sociopsychological situation and internal predispositions. This study was conducted in Poland, using a sample of 144 men (aged 35–45 years). Measures were the Midlife Crisis Questionnaire, the Time Orientation Scale, the Adjective Check List, the modified version of the Ways of Coping Checklist, and the Value Crisis Questionnaire. The findings indicated that the midlife crisis consists of three relatively independent dimensions, extracted by factor analysis, namely, (i) intensity of symptoms focused on changes in the self-concept, (ii) psychological maturity, and (iii) acceptance of time passing and death. Necessary and sufficient conditions of the crisis appeared to be (1) value crisis, understood as difficulties in hierarchization, integration, and realization of values, (2) emotion-focused coping versus problem-focused coping, (3) past versus future time orientation and lack of goals for the future, (4) sense of time pressure, (5) some conscientiousness, introversion, and openness to experience.
An Attribution—Emotion Model of Helping Behavior
Authors: Yamauchi Hirotsugu , Lee Kana
Published: August 2011

To investigate the help-giving judgment of the attribution–emotion model further, data from five manifest variables of controllability, responsibility, anger, sympathy, and help-giving, were subjected to path analysis, which provided an easy interpretation of the model. Participants were 90 men and 81 women in an introductory psychology course.
The Misery Index and Suicide
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1958–1992, the original misery index predicted the American suicide rate better than did a revised misery index.
Depressive Symptomatology and Specificity of Social Support
Authors: Hawkins Wesley E. , Tan P. Philip , Hawkins Michele J. , Smith Elizabeth , Ryan Ellen
Published: August 2011

Psychosocial interventions should be based on research which reflects the multidimensionality of psychosocial constructs. This study investigated six categories of social support which were associated with depressive symptomatology in a sample of 531 college students. The Social Provisions Scale was used to measure social support while the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale was used to measure depressive symptomatology. Standard multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the variance contributed by each of the six categories of social support found on the Social Provisions Scale to depressive symptomatology. Specifically, the following categories of social support were significantly associated with depressive symptomatology: Reassurance of Worth (for male and female respondents) and Attachment (for females only). Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Attitudes toward Illegal Immigration in Scandinavia and United States
Authors: Ommundsen Reidar , Larsen Knud S.
Published: August 2011

531 undergraduate students ( M age = 23.4 yr.) from the universities of Copenhagen, Oslo, and Oregon State participated in a survey on attitudes toward illegal immigrants, radicalism–conservatism, Machiavellianism, and anomie. Also, a scale on relative optimism–pessimism, past, present, and future, was included. The range of coefficients alpha for the Attitudes Toward Illegal Immigration Scale was .92 to .93. Pearson product-moment correlations for the over-all sample were significant for these scores and on radicalism–conservatism, Machiavellianism, and anomie. Correlational and regression analysis identify radicalism–conservatism as a primary predictor. National sample differences are discussed.
Knowledge of Laws Regulating Issues Related to HIV and AIDS: Development of the HIV/AIDS and the Law Scale
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A. , Black Sandra A. , O'Boyle Michael , Jones Pamela
Published: August 2011

42 middle-aged and older adults, ranging in age from 51 to 85 years, completed 10 items dealing with the assessment of knowledge regarding laws regulating issues related to HIV and AIDS. Participants also completed 40 items involving knowledge of risks for HIV infection. The Cronbach coefficient alpha and test-retest reliability coefficient on the HIV/AIDS and the Law Scale were .74 and .83, respectively. Over-all, the grand mean for correct answers was 46.9%, whereas the grand means for incorrect answers and “don't know” responses were 13.6% and 39.5%, suggesting substantial lack of knowledge of laws regulating issues related to HIV and AIDS. Women (50%) and younger participants (51 to 66 years old; 48.2%) showed more of this knowledge (50%) than men (43.0%) and older participants (46.2%). The sample reported a substantial amount of knowledge regarding HIV transmission assessed with factual (92.2% correct) and misconception (87.5% correct) items. The correlation between this knowledge and knowledge of laws regulating issues related to HIV and AIDS was .42 ( p <.01). Research with this scale using adolescents and young adults as well as the utility of the scale in areas of clinical, legal, and policy development are discussed.
An Exploratory Study of Predicting Perceived Success and Survival of Small Businesses
Authors: Goldenberg Sheldon , Kline Theresa
Published: August 2011

This study examined a variety of predictors as they related to survival of small businesses and their perceived success. Specifically, we assessed the relationships of perceptions of success and survival of small businesses with the motivational sources to begin the business, the four requirements cited by Drucker (1985), marketing and business planning activity, financial base, handling of business problems and identified sources of assistance with those problems, and demographics or business backgrounds of the small business owners. 128 small business owners representing the service, manufacturing, and retail sectors were interviewed. The marketing variables were the only ones that were predictive of success, suggesting the need for a more comprehensive framework to assess success of small businesses.
Factors That May Discourage Annual Mammography among Low-Income Women with Access to Free Mammograms: A Study Using Multi-Ethnic, Multiracial Focus Groups
Authors: Bobo Janet Kay , Dean Denita , Stovall Christina , Mendez Margaret , Caplan Lee
Published: August 2011

Age-eligible women enrolled in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program can obtain free or low-cost mammograms annually, but many do not routinely complete rescreening. This study investigated the rescreening behavior of low-income women by conducting 8 focus groups in Texas with enrollees who had access to free mammograms. Concerns mentioned in the focus groups included fear of radiation, anxiety that the test might not find a cancer that was there, and worries that cancer might be detected. In all groups, some women mentioned the embarrassment, discomfort, or pain they experienced during a prior mammogram, although no one indicated they would refuse to have another mammogram because of these concerns. Findings highlight the useful insights that can be obtained from focus groups and underscore the need for more research on aspects of the experience of mammography that may affect rescreening.
Rorschach Findings for Patients with Pseudoseizures
Authors: Ferracuti Stefano , Burla Franco , Lazzari Renato
Published: August 2011

This study used the Rorschach test to investigate the possible differences between a carefully selected group of 16 patients with pseudoseizures, defined as spontaneous behavior resembling partial complex epilepsy and with or without tonic clonic generalization, and a group of 12 epileptic patients with partial complex seizures. Analysis of the structural data of protocols does not support a significant difference in the Rorschach findings between the two groups.
Comment on “Manic—Depressiveness and its Correlates”
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Data from a sample of 612 college students showed that the Depression subscale of the Manic–Depressiveness Scale had greater internal reliability than the Mania subscale. Furthermore, correlates of the total scale score did nor appear to provide as useful information as use of the Depression and Mania subscales separately.
A Delphi Study of Motivational Profile of Scientists in Research and Development Organisations
Authors: Kamalanabhan T. J. , Uma J. , Vasanthi M.
Published: August 2011

A delphi study was conducted to analyse the motivational profile of scientists working in research and development organisations using need hierarchy theory. The hierarchy of need and the concepts of basic motivation proposed by Maslow have received wide acceptance for the understanding they provide for organisational research. In this study an attempt was made to find out whether the scientists are motivated primarily by higher needs or not. 82 scientists representing four different research and development organisations in India took part. The results of two rounds show that the potential for self-accomplishment is neutralised by hurdles due to nonfulfilment or partial fulfilment of lower-order needs.
Psychosocial Factors Associated with Peptic Ulcer in Aged Persons
Authors: Furuse Midori , Yoshiuchi Kazuhiro , Kumano Hiroaki , Yamauchi Yuichi
Published: August 2011

The relationship between psychosocial factors and the occurrence and aggravation of peptic ulcer was studied in elderly people Thirty nine (14 male) ulcer patients and 79 (30 male) elderly people aged 65 years and over and living in the community were tested. Information on health status, medication, lifestyle, and psychosocial status was obtained by means of interviews using a questionnaire and from the clinical records of the ulcer patients. The same questionnaire was distributed to the residents. Logistic regression analysis adjusting for age disclosed that peptic ulcer was significantly associated with having an occupation and low exercise practice in men. However, the relationship weakened below statistical significance after adjusting for some physical risk factors besides age. Low education was significant but low instrumental support fell short of statistical significance with peptic ulcer in women even after adjustment for several physical risk factors besides age. Thus, the specific psychosocial factors might be independently associated with the occurrence and aggravation of peptic ulcer in at least elderly women.
Genre, Content, and Organization of Kindergarten Children's Oral Story Inventions
Authors: Geist Eugene A. , Aldridge Jerry
Published: August 2011

This pilot investigation focused on the genre, content, and organization used in the oral story inventions of 10 African-American children from a kindergarten class in an urban school system in the southeastern United States. After four days of instruction in storytelling through the use of fairy tales, the researcher asked each child to make up a story and tell it. The 10 children's stories were tape-recorded and transcribed. Content analysis indicated the children told fantasy stories based on familiar themes, with a parent often playing a role. The organization of the stories was a disjointed collection of juxtaposed sentences. Questions are raised as to the developmental, individual, and cultural variables which contributed to these results.
Chronological Age and Performance of Persons with Mental Retardation on Verbal Subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, French Version
Authors: Facon Bruno , Facon-Bollengier Therese
Published: August 2011

The influence of chronological age on verbal intelligence of persons with mental retardation was studied using the French version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Participants were 1,101 children and adolescents divided into two groups according to the severity of mental retardation. The first group included 551 participants with moderate mental retardation, the second 550 participants with mild mental retardation. Analyses indicated a significant association between chronological age and raw scores on the four Verbal Comprehension subtests, even with performance on Perceptual Organization and Freedom from Distractibility subtests held constant. This finding suggests the relationship between chronological age and verbal intelligence is valid for persons with moderate mental retardation as well as for those with mild mental retardation.
Panel-Touch Behavior of Horses Established by an Autoshaping Procedure
Authors: Miyashita Yukako , Nakajima Sadahiko , Imada Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

Panel-touch behavior of 3 geldings was successfully established by a response-termination type of autoshaping procedure. An omission or negative contingency introduced after the training of an animal, however, decreased the response rate to a near-zero level.
Use of the MMPI and MMPI–2 in Patients Being Evaluated for Cardiac Transplant
Authors: Trunzo Joseph J. , Petrucci Ralph J. , Carter Anne , Donofrio Nancy
Published: August 2011

The MMPI and MMPI–2 have been used extensively in the study of personality correlates in various coronary populations. It has been hypothesized that personality variables are associated with various clinical outcomes, such as quality of life, morbidity, and mortality; however, no data are available in a cardiac transplant sample. This study presents descriptive MMPI and MMPI–2 data for male and female patients awaiting cardiac transplant. Analyses of differences in MMPI–2 depression scales between cardiomyopathy groups for 366 men and 99 women were performed. Significant differences were found between ischemic and nonischemic male patients.
Answering Reading Comprehension Items without the Passages on the SAT–I
Authors: Katz Stuart , Johnson Christopher , Pohl Erika
Published: August 2011

Research has shown that many items on the old SAT reading task are answered correctly when the accompanying passages are missing. The purpose of this study was to find out if the new SAT (SAT–I) is similarly flawed. Reading tasks from two parallel forms of the SAT–I were administered with and without the passages. Analysis showed that, without the passages, examinees performed much better than would be expected by chance. Also, over-all scores in the without-passage condition were strongly correlated with SAT Verbal score. Finally, an item analysis showed that more than 60% of all items were flawed. It appears that performance on the SAT–I reading task, like that on its predecessor, is primarily associated with factors unrelated to reading the passage.
Laboratory Measurement of Aggression in High School Age Athletes: Provocation in a Nonsporting Context
Authors: Huang David B. , Cherek Don R. , Lane Scott D.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between aggression and type of sports involvement in high school age boys. Athletes (16 boys), ages 15 to 18 years, were separated into two groups, one of 8 athletes who participated in sports with high physical contact, e.g., football and basketball, and the other of 8 athletes who participated in low contact sports, e.g., track and baseball. Students participated in six 25-min. Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm sessions. The paradigm is an established laboratory model of aggression with three response options: (1) a point-maintained response, (2) an aggressive response, and (3) an escape response. Analysis indicated that the only difference between the groups was that individuals who participated in high contact sports emitted significantly more aggressive responses than individuals who participated in low contact sports. Similarly, psychometric measures of aggression indicated that individuals in the former group self-reported more behavioral incidents of aggression than those in the latter group.
Influence Tactics Used by Subordinates: An Empirical Analysis of the Kipnis and Schmidt Subscales
Authors: Blickle Gerhard
Published: August 2011

It was the purpose of this research to analyze the factorial and construct validity of the Profile of Organizational Influence Strategies, Form M of Kipnis and Schmidt, which assesses attempts to influence a manager and also attempts when the manager has resisted doing what the employee wants. 254 German employees from various organizations participated. The Profile of Organizational Influence Strategies and the Blickle Inventory assessed upward influencing strategies over 2 wk. Data were analyzed with confirmatory factor analyses in a multitrait-multimethod design. All items loaded significantly on the expected factors. The results support the factorial and convergent validity of the subscales In addition, the data show that initial attempts to influence and attempts after resistance should be assessed separately.
Male Entertainment Award Winners are Older than Female Winners
Authors: Gilberg Michael , Hines Terence
Published: August 2011

It has been said that in the entertainment industry after a certain age women have a harder time being as successful as men. Four analyses of the ages of male and female Oscar winners, Oscar nominees, Emmy winners, and Grammy winners over the past 25 years showed that in all four groups women were, on the average, younger than the men. Two interpretations of these differences are delineated.
Locus of Control and Attitudes toward Large Carnivores
Authors: Bjerke Tore , Vittersø Joar , Kaltenborn Bjørn P.
Published: August 2011

It has been hypothesized that the negative attitudes toward carnivores found among rural groups is only one element embedded in a larger sociopolitical complex of disputes over resource use and rural development. Negative attitudes may reflect a protest against increased control of land use by central political authorities. In a survey among sheep farmers, wildlife managers, and research biologists in Norway we found that the sheep farmers expressed an external locus of control, indicating a belief that external forces control events, relative to the two other groups. Among sheep farmers and research biologists a positive association was found between an external locus of control and negative attitudes toward large carnivores.
An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Test of Reading Performance Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Sideridis Georgios D. , Padeliadu Susana
Published: August 2011

The present purpose was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Test of Reading Performance, a new scale designed to evaluate the reading performance of Greek elementary school students. The sample consisted of 181 elementary school students, attending Grades 1–6 at two elementary schools in the area of Thessaloniki. The Test of Reading Performance was hypothesized to measure six constructs, namely, letter knowledge, phoneme blending, word identification, morphology knowledge, syntactic knowledge, and passage comprehension. Each construct was defined by two to four measured variables. The chosen structural model supported the multidimensional nature of reading and the relationship between the measured variables and constructs. Estimates of discriminant and convergent validity using confirmatory factor analytic procedures were satisfactory although these was multicollinearity for the measures morphology-syntax and morphology-comprehension. Internal consistency was also satisfactory for the full scale (α = .83).
Relations between Hope and Graduate Students' Coping Strategies for Studying and Examination-Taking
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Snyder C. R.
Published: August 2011

In 1998, Onwuegbuzie reported a negative relationship between scores on hope and anxiety about statistics among graduate students who were enrolled in statistics classes. In 1999, Snyder posited that hope theory provides a useful framework for assessing students' coping strategies. In support of the utility of hope theory for identifying students with debilitating test-related anxieties, lower scores on the Pathways and Agency subscales which assess hope were related to 87 graduate students' problematic coping strategies for studying and taking statistics examinations. After a brief review of other recent data linking hope to academic performance at both public school and college levels, further research seems appropriate.
Item Response Biases on the Logical Memory Delayed Recognition Subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale—III
Authors: Killgore William D. Scott , Dellapietra Lynn
Published: August 2011

We hypothesized that the wording and sequential order of the WMS–III Logical Memory recognition questions may bias subjects toward correct or incorrect responses on specific items. Therefore, we classified each item according to one of three potential sources of bias (yeasaying to proper names, priming of “yes” responses by previous items with similar content, naysaying to unlikely occurrences) and administered the items to 31 subjects who were completely naïve to the story content. The items predicted to have correct endorsement biases were answered correctly at greater than chance frequencies, while items predicted to be biased toward incorrect answers were missed more frequently than expected by chance. The same sources of bias were tested in an independent clinical sample of 36 neurological patients who were administered the WMS–III in the standard manner. In these patients biases appeared robust enough to be detected in the performances of clinical patients during a neuropsychological evaluation. With further research, such biases may provide avenues for detecting malingerung.
Does Logic Moderate the Fundamental Attribution Error?
Authors: Stalder Daniel R.
Published: August 2011

The fundamental attribution error was investigated from an individual difference perspective. Mathematicians were compared with nonmathematicians (Exp. 1; n: 84), and undergraduates who scored high on a test of logical reasoning ability were compared with those who scored low (Exp. 2; n: 62). The mathematicians and those participants scoring higher on logic appeared less prone to the fundamental attribution error, primarily using a measure of confidence in attributions.
Survey of Elementary Education Students' Reading Instructional Beliefs
Authors: Knudson Ruth E. , Anderson Kaye
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop an inventory to measure elementary education students' beliefs about teaching reading. A 21-item survey for students was constructed, based on responses of 254 majors at the beginning of their coursework.
Differential Functioning of Outpatients and Residents of a Domestic Violence Shelter on the Abuse Disability Questionnaire
Authors: McNamara John R. , Fields Scott A.
Published: August 2011

Consistent with prediction, scores on the Abuse Disability Questionnaire were significantly greater for 64 residents than 80 outpatients at a domestic violence shelter. This finding lends additional support to the questionnaires' validity.
Sociomoral Reflection and Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior: Two Italian Studies
Authors: Comunian Anna Laura , Gielen Uwe P.
Published: August 2011

Two Italian studies on the development of moral judgment based on the 1992 Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form of Gibbs, Basinger, and Fuller were performed. In Study 1, 49 male and female adolescent volunteers involved in prosocial activities and a control group of 60 nonvolunteers completed the form. In Study 2, 60 male drug abusers in a drug-rehabilitation community were compared with a matched group of 60 nondrug abusers. Analysis showed that involvement in prosocial activities was associated with higher stages of moral judgment and Type B responses, while drug abuse was associated with lower stages of moral judgment and more Type A responses. The moral type scores were less closely associated with behavioral outcomes than the moral stage scores, perhaps reflecting the interplay between universal sociocognitive processes and specific real-life situations.
Effect on Tipping of Barman Drawing a Sun on the Bottom of Customers' Checks
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas , Legoherel Patrick
Published: August 2011

Previous research has demonstrated that a pleasant drawing (a smiling face) on a restaurant bill increased the number of tips left by clients. A similar experiment was carried out using a drawing of the sun since it is known that tips increase on sunny days. The experiment was carried out in local bars and involved clients who have ordered an espresso coffee. Analysis showed that the drawing of the sun led clients to leave a tip more frequently than when this drawing is not present. The size of the tip left was also higher. The hypothesis of the creation of a positive frame of mind by this stimulus is discussed.
Construct Validity of Repression: A Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Poppell Charles D. , Farmer Richard F.
Published: August 2011

This study explored the construct validity of repression through an examination of the interrelations among indicators identified in previous research as being associated with the construct. Three behavioral tasks, i.e., dichotic listening task, recall of past events task, and Stroop task, modified in accordance with previous research to tap into repressive tendencies, and one questionnaire (Byrne Repression-Sensitization Scale) were administered to a sample of 62 university undergraduates. A series of correlational analyses provided weak to moderate support for the construct validity of repression.
Illusion of Control Relative to Chance Outcomes
Authors: Rudski Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2011

Participants were engaged in a computer game in which outcomes occurred independently of responses. Depending upon group assignment, positive outcomes occurred randomly on either 33% or 66% of trials. Outcome relative to chance was manipulated by varying the number of response alternatives from which participants could choose (two, three, or six). After 50 and 100 trials, participants rated the control they had over accruing points and were asked to suggest specific rules as to how points were obtained. Illusion of control was related to percentage of trials producing favorable outcomes but was insensitive to performance relative to chance. Thus, participants ignored basic statistical probabilities in assessing their control, relying solely on the likelihood of positive outcomes. Furthermore, illusion of control was not related to participants' scores on Burger and Cooper's 1979 Desirability of Control scale.
Rated Satisfaction with Salary and Promotion by Secondary School Teachers in Transkei
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

Among 114 secondary school teachers there was no significant difference between the 55 who were satisfied with their salary and the 59 who were not, but the difference was significant between 37 who were satisfied with promotion and 73 who were not. There was no sex difference for either measure.
Flashbulb Memories for a Negative and a Positive Event: News of Desert Storm and Acceptance to College
Authors: Tekcan Ali İ.
Published: August 2011

37 college students answered questions regarding the circumstances in which they first heard about two events that took place approximately two years prior: the beginning of Operation Desert Storm and the news of their acceptance to college. The number of details recalled about their own circumstances for both events was very high and not different for the two events. However, they reported having stronger emotional reactions (as measured by a 5-point rating scale) for the news of acceptance to college. Only for the news of Desert Storm was rated intensity of emotional reaction related to the number of details recalled. Sex differences were found in the intensity of emotional reactions and frequency of rehearsal but not in recall.
Measuring Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Tapia Martha
Published: August 2011

The purposes of this study were (a) to develop a measure of emotional intelligence, the Emotional Intelligence Inventory and (b) to find the underlying dimensions of the inventory by testing 111 high school students at a bilingual college preparatory school. The inventory has 45 items. After excluding the four weakest items, the reliability coefficient α was .83. Subsequently, 319 junior and senior high school students at the same school were administered the 41 items. The reliability coefficient was .81. A maximum likelihood factor analysis with a varimax rotation yielded four factors of empathy, utilization of feelings, handling relationships, and self-control. Psychometric properties were sound, and the revised Emotional Intelligence Inventory can be recommended for use in the investigation of emotional intelligence.
Buzzwords in Campaign 2000 as Possible Rank Index of Contemporary Social Issues: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

Frequencies from a 3-mo. sample of words heard in TV speeches are applied as a ranking index to identify current public policy issues.
Teaching with Symbols Tangentially Related to Topic: Using a Linked Multimedia Approach to Enhance Learning
Authors: Giannini A. James , Bowman Rachel K. , Giannini Juliette N. , Giannini Jocelyn D.
Published: August 2011

40 undergraduate students, none of whom were history or literature majors, attended a lecture on Medieval literature. For half the students the lecture was supplemented by two sets of slides. One set summarized course content while the second set contained slides of paintings or other forms of visual art which were only tangentially related to the topic. For the other half of the student-group, the lecture was supplemented by course content slides only. Students viewing symbolic slides had significantly higher test scores on a written 20-question multiple-choice test given immediately after the lecture.
Diagnosing Fictional Diseases: Age and Variability of Training Content in Concept Formation
Authors: Bertsch Sharon , Sanders Raymond E. , Hall Rosalie
Published: August 2011

This experiment had two purposes: investigation of the effect of variability in the content used during training on concept learning, retention, and transfer and the extent to which this training manipulation interacts with age Participants were 27 older adults ( M = 68.2 yr., SD = 7.4) and 54 younger adults ( M = 20.6 yr., SD = 4.0) who were asked to learn an imaginary disease by reviewing the symptoms of fictional patients. Participants were assigned to one of two variability groups in training, which were defined by how much patient cases resembled each other. Dependent measures were classification accuracy over eight blocks of training, followed by retention and transfer (“diagnosing new patients”) two days later. Analysis of variance yielded only one significant interaction of age and training variability (on retention), but none of the paired comparisons were significantly different. There were no main effects of training group on any dependent variable.
Old Age from an Existential-Analytical Perspective
Authors: Längle Alfred
Published: August 2011

Aging confronts humans with specific existential issues. They frequently cause suffering in old age. Not dealing with or insufficiently dealing with these existential themes may result in crisis, psychological disorders, and illness. By integrating existential themes of aging into the understanding of one's own life, the process of aging contributes to personal maturity.
Development of Reading Proficiency in English by Bilingual Children and Their Monolingual Peers
Authors: O'Toole Sarah , Aubeeluck Aimée , Cozens Bob , Cline Tony
Published: August 2011

The semantic, syntactic, and graphophonic cueing techniques employed by 55 bilingual children and 39 monolingual peers when reading aloud in English were identified through miscue analysis. In contrast to earlier research in 1999 by Cline and Cozens no significant differences were found between the two groups on any of the techniques. Both bilingual and monolingual readers consistently used more graphophonic cues than syntactic or semantic cues but not significantly so. The authors discuss possible extraneous variables which may account in part for this unexpected result.
Blocking the Box: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

Data for 32 1-hr. observations in a residential community showed about 200 violations of a traffic regulation requiring motorists to keep intersections clear. Women driving vans were the least compliant—accounting for approximately 40% of the total.
Raising the Graduation Bar for the Schools: Expectations vs Outcomes
Authors: Schimmel Janis , Langer Philip
Published: August 2011

Educational reform is an ongoing concern of parents, educators, policy makers, and the public at large. The past 50 years have ushered in a new era of reform, whose major objective was to improve students' performance based on the use of statewide standardized testing and changes in graduation requirements. This study examined one such reform movement, initially developed during the late 1970s, which developed minimum competency testing standards as well as increased course demands to specify graduation requirements for public high school students. The outcomes for this reform model, both in terms of students' achievement and failure, did not meet expectations.
Tuberculosis and Suicide
Authors: Kondrichin Sergei , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Formerly eastern European nations had higher rates of mortality from suicide and tuberculosis in 1990 and 1995 and a greater increase in these rates over the 5-yr. period than western European nations.
Diversity and the Handicapped: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

Data for viewings of 58 television game shows suggests none of the 157 observed contestants to be physically handicapped.