bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on Body Weight
Authors: Sabia Joseph J. , Swigert Jeffrey , Young Timothy
Published: November 2015

This study is the first to examine the effects of medical marijuana laws (MMLs) on body weight, physical wellness, and exercise. Using data from the 1990 to 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and a difference‐in‐difference approach, we find that the enforcement of MMLs is associated with a 2% to 6% decline in the probability of obesity. We find some evidence of age‐specific heterogeneity in mechanisms. For older individuals, MML‐induced increases in physical mobility may be a relatively important channel, while for younger individuals, a reduction in consumption of alcohol, a substitute for marijuana, appears more important. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that MMLs may be more likely to induce marijuana use for health‐related reasons among older individuals, and cause substitution toward lower‐calorie recreational ‘highs’ among younger individuals. Our estimates suggest that MMLs induce a $58 to $115 per‐person annual reduction in obesity‐related medical costs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrinsic membrane properties determine hippocampal differential firing pattern in vivo in anesthetized rats
Authors: Kowalski Janina , Gan Jian , Jonas Peter , Pernía‐Andrade Alejandro J.
Published: November 2015

The hippocampus plays a key role in learning and memory. Previous studies suggested that the main types of principal neurons, dentate gyrus granule cells (GCs), CA3 pyramidal neurons, and CA1 pyramidal neurons, differ in their activity pattern, with sparse firing in GCs and more frequent firing in CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons. It has been assumed but never shown that such different activity may be caused by differential synaptic excitation. To test this hypothesis, we performed high‐resolution whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings in anesthetized rats in vivo. In contrast to previous in vitro data, both CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons fired action potentials spontaneously, with a frequency of ∼3–6 Hz, whereas GCs were silent. Furthermore, both CA3 and CA1 cells primarily fired in bursts. To determine the underlying mechanisms, we quantitatively assessed the frequency of spontaneous excitatory synaptic input, the passive membrane properties, and the active membrane characteristics. Surprisingly, GCs showed comparable synaptic excitation to CA3 and CA1 cells and the highest ratio of excitation versus hyperpolarizing inhibition. Thus, differential synaptic excitation is not responsible for differences in firing. Moreover, the three types of hippocampal neurons markedly differed in their passive properties. While GCs showed the most negative membrane potential, CA3 pyramidal neurons had the highest input resistance and the slowest membrane time constant. The three types of neurons also differed in the active membrane characteristics. GCs showed the highest action potential threshold, but displayed the largest gain of the input‐output curves. In conclusion, our results reveal that differential firing of the three main types of hippocampal principal neurons in vivo is not primarily caused by differences in the characteristics of the synaptic input, but by the distinct properties of synaptic integration and input‐output transformation. © 2015 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spiro[3H‐pyrazole‐3,3′‐oxindoles] Derived from 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroquinoline
Authors: Mazaheri Fatemeh , Saatluo Bahman Ebrahimi , Baradarani Mehdi M. , Joule John A.
Published: November 2015

Aldol condensation of 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]quinoline‐1,2‐dione with aryl methyl ketones generates 3‐(aroylmethylidene)oxindoles, which react with hydrazine to generate tricyclic spiro[3H‐pyrazole‐3,3′‐oxindoles].
An Efficient Synthesis for Some New Heterocyclic Compound‐fused Oxindole Derivatives
Authors: Ahdenov R. , Mohammadi A. A. , Taheri S. , Ghaderi P. , Saadat M.
Published: November 2015

An efficient and rapid procedure for the synthesis of novel oxindole derivatives is described. The process employs a condensation reaction of 3‐(bis(methyl thio)methylene)indolin‐2‐one and dinucleophiles such as 1,2‐phenylene diamine, propylene diamine, 2‐aminoethanol, ethylene‐1,2‐dithiol, 2‐mercaptoethanol, (1S,2S)‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine, 2‐aminoethanthiol, 2,3‐diaminomaleonitrile, 2‐aminobenzenethiol, (3,4‐diaminophenyl)(phenyl)methanone, and ethane‐1,2‐diole in the presence of triethylamine under solvent‐free conditions at 60°C.
T2* relaxation time in Achilles tendinosis and controls and its correlation with clinical score
Authors: Gärdin Anna , Rasinski Pawel , Berglund Johan , Shalabi Adel , Schulte Helene , Brismar Torkel B.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To investigate if the T2* of Achilles tendons can discriminate between chronic Achilles tendinosis and healthy controls; to correlate with clinical score; to evaluate its short‐term repeatability; and to estimate minimal detectable change.

Materials and Methods

Twenty patients, with chronic mid‐portion Achilles tendinosis, and 10 controls without history of Achilles tendon symptoms, were examined with a 3T MR scanner with a 3D flash ultrashort time to echo sequence with five different echo times. The sequence was run twice to test repeatability. The tendon border was delineated on axial slices at three different levels in the calculated T2* maps. The clinical severity of Achilles tendinosis was measured by a VISA‐A questionnaire.

Results

There was a significant difference in mean T2* between symptomatic and control tendons (P < 0.001). In patients with unilateral symptoms no significant difference in T2* was found between symptomatic and contralateral asymptomatic tendons (P = 0.19). There was no significant correlation between clinical severity and T2* (r = –0.28, P = 0.22). The short‐term repeatability of T2* showed a coefficient of variation of 18%, a least significant change of 50%, and the intraclass correlation coefficient had an average consistency of 0.99.

Conclusion

T2* may help to differentiate between chronic Achilles tendinosis and healthy controls but was not associated with the clinical score. However, and notably, the reproducibility of the method was low and the number of patients was small. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:1417–1422.
Threshold voltage modeling for dual‐metal quadruple‐gate (DMQG) MOSFETs
Authors: Samoju Visweswara Rao , Tiwari Pramod Kumar
Published: November 2015

In this paper, a three‐dimensional (3D) model of threshold voltage is presented for dual‐metal quadruple‐gate metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field effect transistors. The 3D channel potential is obtained by solving 3D Laplace's equation using an isomorphic polynomial function. Threshold voltage is defined as the gate voltage, at which the integrated charge (Qinv) at the ‘virtual‐cathode’ reaches to a critical charge Qth. The potential distribution and the threshold voltage are studied with varying the device parameters like gate metal work functions, channel cross‐section, oxide thickness, and gate length ratio. Further, the drain‐induced barrier lowering has also been analyzed for different gate length ratios. The model results are compared with the numerical simulation results obtained from 3D ATLAS device simulation results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal variations in phosphorus fractions and phosphatase activities in rhizosphere and bulk soil during the development of Larix olgensis plantations
Authors: Chen Lixin , Zhang Chao , Duan Wenbiao
Published: November 2015

Many studies have well reported nutrient deficiency and soil degradation focusing on soil N in pure plantations. However, few papers focused on soil P deficiency during pure plantation afforestation. We examined the variations in P fractions and phosphatase (P‐ase) activities in the rhizosphere and bulk soils in Larix olgensis plantations of 16, 23, 34, and 49 y. Correlation analysis was applied to identify the relationships between available P and other P fractions and P‐ase activities in the rhizosphere soil at different developmental stages. The stepwise regression models were established to explore their relationships with tree growth. The results showed that the deficiency of available P occurred in the rhizosphere micro‐region relative to the bulk soil in the 34‐ and 49‐y‐old stands, which was related to the lower acid phosphatase activity, the deficient Fe‐bound P, and occluded phosphate, as well as to soil pH in the rhizosphere soil during these periods. In addition, tree growth in the young and near‐mature stands was significantly correlated with soil P fractions, and the main P fractions closely related to tree growth were total P, organic P, available P and inorganic P, followed by Ca‐bound P and Fe‐bound P. The decreases in average DBH and average height growth in the near‐mature stand were related to the deficiency of available P in this period. Our results indicate that the development of Larix olgensis plantations affects the bioavailability of P through dynamic changes of P fractions and P‐ase activities, which provides a theoretical base in future afforestation with Larix olgensis plantations.
Effect of physicochemical parameters on the polygalacturonase of an Aspergillus sojae mutant using wheat bran, an agro‐industrial waste, via solid‐state fermentation
Authors: Demir Hande , Tari Canan
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Polygalacturonases (PGs) are valuable enzymes of the food industry; therefore it is of great importance to discover new and GRAS PG‐producing microbial strains. In this study, PG enzyme produced from a high PG activity producer mutant Aspergillus sojae using wheat bran at the flask scale under pre‐optimized conditions of solid‐state fermentation (SSF) was biochemically characterized.

RESULTS

The crude PG enzyme showed optimum activity in the pH range 4.0–5.0 and was stable in the pH range 3.0–7.0. The optimum temperature for the PG was 40 °C and it retained 99% of its activity at 50 °C. The mutant A. sojae PG could preserve more than 50% of its stability between 25 and 50 °C, both for 30 and 60 min, and was found to be stable in the presence of most of the tested compounds and metal ions. The inactivation energy (Ed) was determined as 125.3 kJ mol−1. The enthalpy (ΔH*), free energy (ΔG*) and entropy (ΔS*) of inactivation were found to be stable with increasing temperature.

CONCLUSION

The mutant A. sojae PG could be suitable for the clarification (depectinization) of orange and grape juices and wine. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
A phase II study of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with S‐1 and cisplatin for stage III gastric cancer: KUGC03
Authors: Okabe Hiroshi , Hata Hiroaki , Ueda Shugo , Zaima Masazumi , Tokuka Atsuo , Yoshimura Tsunehiro , Ota Shuichi , Kinjo Yousuke , Yoshimura Kenichi , Sakai Yoshiharu ,   On behalf of the Kyoto University Surgical Oncology Group (KUSOG)
Published: November 2015

Objectives

A multi‐center phase II study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with S‐1 plus cisplatin for advanced gastric cancer.

Methods

The eligibility criteria were clinical T3/T4 or N2, not Stage IV. Patients received two 35‐day cycles of S‐1 plus cisplatin, and then underwent D2 gastrectomy. The primary endpoint was 3‐year progression free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints were ratio of R0 resection, response rate, adverse events, and overall survival. A sample size of 49 was determined to have 80% power for detecting 15% improvement in the 3‐year PFS over 55% at a one‐sided alpha of 0.1.

Results

Among 53 patients enrolled, 44 patients completed two cycles of NAC (83%), and 48 patients underwent R0 resection (91%). Postoperative complications occurred in 13 patients (26%). A pathological response was confirmed in 24 patients (45%), including four complete responses. The 3‐year PFS was 50.7%, while the 3‐year OS was 74.9%.

Conclusions

Although the observed 3‐year PFS rate was worse than expected, NAC with S1 plus cisplatin was safe and led to a high rate of R0 resection. A randomized controlled trial is needed to make conclusions about the effectiveness of NAC in Japanese patients undergoing D2 resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:36–41. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Models of : when two elements are necessarily order automorphic
Authors: Shelah Saharon
Published: November 2015

We are interested in the question of how much the order of a non‐standard model of can determine the model. In particular, for a model M, we want to characterize the complete types of non‐standard elements such that the linear orders and are necessarily isomorphic. It is proved that this set includes the complete types such that if the pair realizes it (in M) then there is an element c such that for all standard n, , , , and . We prove that this is optimal, because if holds, then there is M of cardinality ℵ1 for which we get equality. We also deal with how much the order in a model of may determine the addition.
Dual Gate Tunable and High Responsivity Graphene‐Based Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Soni Mahesh , Sharma Satinder Kumar , Soni Ajay
Published: November 2015

The output characteristics of a dual gated depletion mode, n‐channel graphene field effect transistor (n‐Gr‐FET) are simulated to understand the unipolar Ids–Vds behavior for different values of gate voltages, (Vback and Vtop). In our results, the saturated drain‐source current (Ids) varies from 0.001 to 100 µA/µm, 9 to 125 µA/µm and 16 to 135 µA/µm as Vback is varied from 5 to 40 V with correspondingly Vtop of 0, 2 and 10 volts. Consequently, there is four to eight times enhancement in estimated mobility for varying Vback from 5 to 40V. The unipolar saturation in Ids at higher values of Vds can be understood from the compensation of parallel Vds and transverse (Vback−Vtop) electric fields. Furthermore, the channel length modulation (increase in Ids for Vtop > 0) supported by the increase in mobility, is observed because of reverse junction formation at the vicinity of the drain and gate terminal. The results signify that the dual gated n‐Gr‐FET, at optimum Vback, modulates the unipolar characteristics in channel region. Thus, making n‐Gr‐FET a potential candidate to stipulate the demand of low power, high performance functionalities in nano‐electronic applications.
Electronic Properties of Cu‐Pd Ordered Alloys
Authors: Sharma Ramesh , Dwivedi Shalini , Sharma Yamini
Published: November 2015

The Cu‐Pd alloy, for Pd concentration greater than 50 at% has a distorted FCC structure, while for Pd less than 18 at%, has a L12 type structure. The electronic structure of Cu3Pd and CuPd3, which are the ordered alloys of the Cu‐Pd system are investigated by the FP‐LAPW method based on the density functional theory. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficients has been interpreted in terms of band structures and density of states.
Phase Transition and Electro‐Optic Studies in Polymer Stabilized Blue Phase Liquid Crystal
Authors: Singh Arshdeep , Malik Praveen
Published: November 2015

In the present work, polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal have been prepared by mixing blue phase liquid crystal, mono‐functional monomer, bifunctional monomer and photo initiator in a weight ratio of 93.5:3:3:0.5 respectively. Blue phases, BP‐I and BP‐II were observed during heating and cooling cycles. Polymer stabilized blue phase having a temperature range of 14.8°C and Kerr constant 1.23 nm/V2 was observed. Hysteresis effect measured in the polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal was almost negligible.
Synthesis and Characterization of PVA/GO Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Gahlot Swati , Kulshrestha Vaibhav , Agarwal Garima , Jha Prafulla K.
Published: November 2015

Nanocomposite films of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) with GO (graphene oxide) as organic filler have been synthesized successfully. GO was prepared through modified Hummers method and confirmed by SEM and XRD. Nanocomposites were prepared containing various weight amount of GO (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5%) within PVA matrix. Filmss are casted on clean glass plate through solution casting method and dried followed by. Further the investigation of thermal and mechanical as well as physicochemical properties of nanocomposites are done using respective analysis techniques. Electronic conductivity of the prepared Films are also measured. The value of electronic conductivity enhances as the GO content increases within polymer matrix. Thermal and mechanical analysis shows increment in stability with increasing GO content. Maximum electronic conductivity e.g. 1.95 × 10−2 Scm−1 was found for G‐5 (0.5%) films.
Silver Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes Induced DNA Damage in Mice Evaluated by Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Awasthi Kumud Kant , Awasthi Anjali , Verma Rajbala , Soni Inderpal , Awasthi Kamlendra , John P. J.
Published: November 2015

The broad applications of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) increase human exposure and thus the potential risk associated to their toxicity. Therefore, the genotoxic effects of these nanomaterials toward hepatic cells of mice were investigated. Ag NPs of size 10.0 ± 2.0 nm having spherical shape and acid functionalized MWCNTs of diameter 20–30 nm and length 5–50 μm were solubilized with water. This aqueous solution applied orally to mouse at two dose levels 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for 28 days led to DNA damage in liver cells as comet tail length, tail moment and percent DNA in tail were found to be increased in dose dependent manner in both the nanomaterial groups. In summary, the results suggest that Ag NPs and MWCNTs of smaller size at low concentration cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity leading to damage to DNA and other cellular components.
Predictive Models for Halogen‐bond Basicity of Binding Sites of Polyfunctional Molecules
Authors: Glavatskikh Marta , Madzhidov Timur , Solov'ev Vitaly , Marcou Gilles , Horvath Dragos , Graton Jérôme , Le Questel Jean‐Yves , Varnek Alexandre
Published: November 2015

Halogen bonding (XB) strength assesses the ability of an electron‐enriched group to be involved in complexes with polarizable electrophilic halogenated or diatomic halogen molecules. Here, we report QSPR models of XB of particular relevance for an efficient screening of large sets of compounds. The basicity is described by pKBI2, the decimal logarithm of the experimental 1 : 1 (B : I2) complexation constant K of organic compounds (B) with diiodine (I2) as a reference halogen‐bond donor in alkanes at 298 K. Modeling involved ISIDA fragment descriptors, using SVM and MLR methods on a set of 598 organic compounds. Developed models were then challenged to make predictions for an external test set of 11 polyfunctional compounds for which unambiguous assignment of the measured effective complexation constant to specific groups out of the putative acceptor sites is not granted. At this stage, developed models were used to predict pKBI2 of all putative acceptor sites, followed by an estimation of the predicted effective complexation constant using the ChemEqui program. The best consensus models perform well both in cross‐validation (root mean squared error RMSE=0.39–0.47 logKBI2 units) and external predictions (RMSE=0.49). The SVM models are implemented on our website (http://infochim.u‐strasbg.fr/webserv/VSEngine.html) together with the estimation of their applicability domain and an automatic detection of potential halogen‐bond acceptor atoms.
Targeting pancreatic cancer using a combination of gemcitabine with the omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid emulsion, Lipidem™
Authors: Haqq Jonathan , Howells Lynne M. , Garcea Giuseppe , Dennison Ashley R.
Published: November 2015

Scope

Pancreatic cancer remains a disease of poor prognosis, with alternate strategies being sought to improve therapeutic efficacy. Omega‐3 fatty acids have shown clinical benefit, and mechanisms of action are under investigation.

Methods and results

Proliferation assays, flow cytometry, invasion assays, ELISA and western blotting were used to investigate efficacy of omega‐3 fatty acids alone and in combination with gemcitabine. The docosahexanoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) combination, Lipidem™, in combination with gemcitabine inhibited growth in pancreatic cancer and pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) lines, with PSCs exhibiting greatest sensitivity to this combination. Invasion of pancreatic cancer cells and PSCs in a 3D spheroid model, was inhibited by combination of gemcitabine with Lipidem™. PSCs were required for cancer cell invasion in an organotypic co‐culture model, with invasive capacity reduced by Lipidem™ alone. Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) is a key cytokine in pro‐proliferative and invasion signalling, and thus a critical regulator of interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and adjacent stroma. Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF‐BB) secretion was completely inhibited by the combination of Lipidem™ with gemcitabine in cancer cells and PSCs.

Conclusion

Lipidem™ in combination with gemcitabine, has anti‐proliferative and anti‐invasive efficacy in vitro, with pancreatic stellate cells exhibiting the greatest sensitivity to this combination.
Development and validation of a brief version of the Stigmatizing Situations Inventory
Authors: Vartanian Lenny R.
Published: November 2015

Objective

The Stigmatizing Situations Inventory (SSI) is one of the most commonly used measures of weight stigma experiences but may be impractical for some researchers because of its length (50 items). The present report describes the development and validation of a brief version of the SSI that could be used as a more efficient tool for assessing experiences with weight stigma.

Methods

In stage 1, data from three existing studies (total n = 257) were used to create two 10‐item versions of the SSI. One version was primarily based on items that showed the highest item‐total correlations, and the second version maintained the content coverage of the original measure by including one item (the one with the highest item‐total correlation) from each of 10 subscales of the SSI. Stage 1 also provided a test of the convergent validity of these brief measures. In stage 2, four new samples (total n = 832) provided an independent test of the reliability and validity of the brief measures.

Results

The brief SSIs showed good reliability across all samples. Furthermore, the magnitude of the correlations between the brief versions of the SSI and other associated constructs was comparable with the magnitude of the correlations between those constructs and the full SSI.

Conclusions

The brief versions of the SSI are reliable and valid measures of stigmatizing experiences that provide a more efficient means of capturing stigma experiences without sacrificing the reliability and validity of the original measure.
Regulating elastic bandgaps in two‐dimensional lattice grid by periodical cut‐off operations
Authors: Zhang Yan , Han Lin , Li Xiao‐Mei , Jiang Lin‐Hua , Chen Da
Published: November 2015

From periodically cutting off rods in two‐dimensional lattice grids, we find an easy and feasible way to control elastic bandgaps (BGs) in them. Due to the periodical cut‐off (PCO) operations, the exposed cantilevers lose the static load‐supporting ability; however, their mass distribution and inertia significantly affect the propagation of elastic waves. We first give several PCO types for square and triangular lattice grids. Then a detailed finite‐element method for the calculation of elastic BGs is described. The BGs in the hexagonal‐type PCO triangular lattice grid are studied for example. Localized resonant BGs are found and predicted. Frequency responses of the finite specimen are also analyzed to support our conclusions.

Sketches of three kinds of PCO lattice grids: the PCO square lattice grid (left), the hex‐type PCO triangular lattice grid (center), and the Kagomé‐type PCO triangular lattice grid (right).
Availability Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis of a Mobile Backend‐as‐a‐service Platform
Authors: Costa Igor , Araujo Jean , Dantas Jamilson , Campos Eliomar , Silva Francisco Airton , Maciel Paulo
Published: November 2015

Performance evaluation of mobile applications has received considerable attention as a prominent activity for improving services quality. Because many data stored on mobile device are synchronized with distributed data centers, the system availability is a critical attribute that requires investigation. Mobile backend‐as‐a‐service (MBaaS) allows developers to link the backend of their applications to cloud storage, as well as providing device management and integration with social networking services. The OpenMobster platform offers a complete synchronization service for mobile applications, but its availability is an inherent critical issue, because one failure can result in losses for companies that use this environment. Analytical models can be used to assess availability of this type of environment and perhaps mitigate downtimes. This paper proposes a hierarchical model to assess the availability of the MBaaS OpenMobster platform focusing on two scenarios: the basic architecture and the automatic recovery process. The designed models were validated through testbed measurements by automatically injecting and repairing the infrastructure. Taking into account the three layers: hardware, operating system, and the MBaaS OpenMobster, we observed OpenMobster being the most critical service component. We have applied failover strategy on the Java virtual machine, and we obtained 10% of reduction in annual downtime. This work may guide systems' administrators in planning their maintenance policies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community‐based adaptation research in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Ford James D. , Stephenson Ellie , Cunsolo Willox Ashlee , Edge Victoria , Farahbakhsh Khosrow , Furgal Christopher , Harper Sherilee , Chatwood Susan , Mauro Ian , Pearce Tristan , Austin Stephanie , Bunce Anna , Bussalleu Alejandra , Diaz Jahir , Finner Kaitlyn , Gordon Allan , Huet Catherine , Kitching Knut , Lardeau Marie‐Pierre , McDowell Graham , McDonald Ellen , Nakoneczny Lesya , Sherman Mya
Published: November 2015

Community‐based adaptation (CBA) has emerged over the last decade as an approach to empowering communities to plan for and cope with the impacts of climate change. While such approaches have been widely advocated, few have critically examined the tensions and challenges that CBA brings. Responding to this gap, this article critically examines the use of CBA approaches with Inuit communities in Canada. We suggest that CBA holds significant promise to make adaptation research more democratic and responsive to local needs, providing a basis for developing locally appropriate adaptations based on local/indigenous and Western knowledge. Yet, we argue that CBA is not a panacea, and its common portrayal as such obscures its limitations, nuances, and challenges. Indeed, if uncritically adopted, CBA can potentially lead to maladaptation, may be inappropriate in some instances, can legitimize outside intervention and control, and may further marginalize communities. We identify responsibilities for researchers engaging in CBA work to manage these challenges, emphasizing the centrality of how knowledge is generated, the need for project flexibility and openness to change, and the importance of ensuring partnerships between researchers and communities are transparent. Researchers also need to be realistic about what CBA can achieve, and should not assume that research has a positive role to play in community adaptation just because it utilizes participatory approaches. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:175–191. doi: 10.1002/wcc.376

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies
Theoretical analysis on caching effects in urban vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Bian Chaoyi , Zhao Tong , Li Xiaoming , Du Xiaojiang , Yan Wei
Published: November 2015

Most applications in urban vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) rely on information sharing, such as real‐time traffic information queries, and advertisements. However, existing data dissemination techniques cannot guarantee satisfactory performance when amounts of information requests come from all around the network. Because these pieces of information are useful for multiple users located in various positions, it is beneficial to spread the cached copies around. Existing work proposed caching mechanisms and conducted simulations for validation, but there is a lack of theoretical analysis on the explicit caching effects. Because of the complex urban environment and high mobility of vehicles, quantifying the caching effects on the VANET performance is quite challenging. We present the cache coverage ratio as the metric to measure the caching effects, and theoretical analysis is given based on reasonable assumptions for urban VANETs, through which we find the affecting factors include vehicle density, transmission range, and ratio of caching vehicles. We deduce the quantitative relationship among them, which have similar forms as the cumulative density function of an exponential distribution. We also consider the impact of vehicle mobility to predict the future cache effect on surrounding roads of the caching area. We conduct intensive simulations, which verify that the theoretical analysis results match quite well with the simulated reality under different scenarios. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions that involve tunneling by carbon and the role that calculations have played in their study
Authors: Borden Weston Thatcher
Published: November 2015

Chemical reactions can proceed either by passage of the reactants over the reaction barrier or by tunneling through the barrier. During the past 40 years, it has become clear that tunneling, not only by hydrogen but also by carbon, can occur, provided that the reaction barrier is narrow and that tunneling occurs at energies that are not too far below the top of the barrier. This review discusses those reactions in which tunneling by carbon has been predicted to occur by calculations and/or been found to occur by experiments. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:20–46. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1235

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Broken Systems: The 2014 Humanitarian Crisis in the Us and Policy Insights for Europe
Authors: Ziebarth Astrid
Published: November 2015

Both the US and Europe are grappling with migration systems in need of reform and repair. The US has made several attempts towards a comprehensive reform of its immigration system, but partisan divides stand in the way. With large numbers of migrants and asylum seekers coming to Europe, EU leaders have been forced to address the broken Dublin system. It has become clear that the current refugee crisis is not just a European crisis. The US has also been facing a humanitarian crisis, one less noticed by Europeans. With an unprecedented number of unaccompanied minors trying to make their way to the US from Central American countries, the US–-like Europe–-is tasked with balancing humanitarian protection and border control requirements. In response, the US has employed policy responses to bring down the number of unaccompanied minors. These measures can provide insights for Europe.
Reconstructing the Lost Beginning of Suetonius’Divus Iulius
Authors: Garrett Phoebe
Published: November 2015

It appears that the beginning of Suetonius’Divus Iuliusis now lost. C.L. Roth, in 1865, argued that the work was acephalous by setting out the four things that were missing from theDivus Iulius:first, the title of the work; second, the dedication to Septicius Clarus, which is known to us only from John Lydus’ sixth-century workDe Magistratibus2.6.4; third, the family tree of the Caesars; fourth, the beginning of theDivus Iuliuswith the details about its Trojan and Alban origins, the origin and name of the Caesars, the omens of future greatness, his education, and his first offices. These were, as Roth saw it, all things Suetonius was in the habit of giving in the extantLives.1These things are indeed absent from the text as we have it. It remains to test whether those things are all really standard inclusions in a Suetonian introduction.

This paper approaches the lost beginning of theDivus Iuliusby comparing the constructions of Suetonius’ extant openings, in particular the family trees, with Philemon Holland’s reconstruction of 1606. The comparative study will consider how the lost part of theDivus Iuliusmight reflect what Suetonius includes in other beginnings, and how it might have differed from those others. The study will also set out the elements that Suetonius appears to have considered essential to an introduction, thereby bringing into focus the places where the interests of renaissance authors differed from his own.
To Err is Human; to Self-Regulate After Brain Injury, Divine
Authors: Ownsworth Tamara
Published: November 2015

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can reduce people's ability to monitor their own actions and identify and correct errors on everyday tasks. This usually occurs because of damage to neural pathways that support ‘metacognition’ or the higher-order capacity to reflect upon and regulate one's own behaviour. This paper initially reviews the neuro-cognitive mechanisms underlying error self-regulation. An overview of assessment approaches is provided which emphasises how approaches to measuring error self-regulation following TBI have been extended from the laboratory to people's real life environments. Over the last few decades, the evidence base supporting the efficacy of error-based learning or metacognitive approaches in rehabilitation has advanced considerably. An overview of the theory underpinning rehabilitation approaches and evidence supporting the efficacy of error-based learning is provided. Finally, the paper briefly describes the protocol for a randomised controlled trial that aims to determine whether people with severe TBI benefit from making errors when they learn new complex tasks.
Space- and time-resolved diagnostics of the ENEA EUV discharge-produced-plasma source used for metrology and other applications
Authors: Bollanti S. , Di Lazzaro P. , Flora F. , Mezi L. , Murra D. , Torre A.
Published: November 2015

A discharge-produced-plasma (DPP) source emitting in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral region is running at the ENEA Frascati Research Centre. The plasma is generated in low-pressure xenon gas and efficiently emits 100-ns duration radiation pulses in the 10–20-nm wavelength range, with an energy of

$20~\text{mJ}/\text{shot}/\text{sr}$

at a 10-Hz repetition rate. The complex discharge evolution is constantly examined and controlled with electrical measurements, while a ns-gated CCD camera allowed observation of the discharge development in the visible, detection of time-resolved plasma-column pinching, and optimization of the pre-ionization timing. Accurately calibrated Zr-filtered PIN diodes are used to monitor the temporal behaviour and energy emission of the EUV pulses, while the calibration of a dosimetric film allows quantitative imaging of the emitted radiation. This comprehensive plasma diagnostics has demonstrated its effectiveness in suitably adjusting the source configuration for several applications, such as exposures of photonic materials and innovative photoresists.
THE MASKS OF ORTHIA: FORM, FUNCTION AND THE ORIGINS OF THEATRE
Authors: Lloyd Rosenberg Jonah
Published: November 2015

The British School excavations in Laconia from 1905 to 1910 unearthed terracotta masks from the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, just east of Sparta, right on the Eurotas river. Buried in two pits adjacent to the archaic temple, the masks were made between c.615 and c.450bce. Description and analysis of the material and technique of the masks reveal their diverse character and the impracticalities of their being worn. The masks’ function is related to the presence of linen or wood originals that the terracotta versions reproduced, though not uniformly. Difficulty in explaining the (original) masks’ use is predicated on vague approximations of the nature of Orthia's origins and cult. The linguistic clusters proposed by the excavators as early as 1906 as descriptors of the masks or their use are scrutinised for possible illumination of the (original) masks’ use; the burial of the masks some centuries before the descriptions of Pollux, Hesychius and Pausanias begs the question of their applicability to the excavated masks. On the basis of theories of masking from Classics as well as from Japanese Noh theatre and neuroscience, the ‘grotesques’ and ‘caricatures’ proposed by the excavators are recast as comic and satiric figures. Like Aristotle's pre-urban drama, the ‘Orthian drama’ does not correspond to a single theatrical genre, but contains risible figures whose facial expressions are naturalistic and often negative (pain, worry). Given Aristotle's firm assertion that the roots of Greek theatre are Dorian, and the uniqueness of the Orthia material, it is proposed that these masks point us towards the origins of theatre.
Measuring active ageing among older adults in Singapore
Authors: LIM EMILY Z. K. , THOMPSON CLAIRE L.
Published: November 2015

Active Ageing is conceptualised to measure the extent to which older people remain actively engaged with life. However, there is no evidence that the concept of Active Ageing is actually associated with the activity levels of older persons. Influences of age, ethnicity and spirituality on Active Ageing are also unexplored. Using the Active Ageing Index (AAI), this study examines whether the level of Active Ageing predicted the actual activity level of 120 Singaporeans of Chinese, Malay and Indians ethnicities, aged 55–64 years old or 65 years and above. Spirituality, measured by the Spirituality Index of Well-Being, was added to the AAI, to see if the predictive power of AAI improved. Hierarchical multiple regression showed that the AAI alone (controlling for age) did not significantly predict the activity level of older persons. The predictive power of the AAI improved significantly with spirituality included. Two-way between-groups Analysis of Variance revealed main effects of age and ethnicity, with higher AAI in those aged 55–64 and in Indian-Singaporeans. These findings suggest that the theoretical construct of Active Ageing needs further examination to identify the domains that distinguish it from chronological age, and support broadening the construct by including spirituality in Active Ageing.
Benchmarking and blame games: Exploring the contestation of the Millennium Development Goals
Authors: CLEGG LIAM
Published: November 2015

Benchmarking has long been a central component of the global development industry, with the most prominent recent initiative being the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) framework. However, within existing scholarship, the agent-level interactions surrounding the MDG framework remain under-explored. Here, on the back of an analysis of interactions that took place within and around key MDG review summits, I develop a typology to clarify the intersection of benchmarking and blame games. Overall, I demonstrate that despite the efforts of the MDG architects to insulate the initiative, blame games have permeated policymakers’ engagements with the framework. Moreover, the content of these blame games have been carried over into the recently outlined Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A pattern of strategic clarification has seen the emergence within this follow-on SDG framework of more precise responsibilities on higher-income states to meet aid targets, and on lower-income states to meet governance reform targets. Given the deeply-embedded cleavages that were evident in UN review summits, similar blame games seem likely to follow the periodic evaluations within the SDGs’ lifespan.
Marker Detection in Electron Tomography: A Comparative Study
Authors: Trampert Patrick , Bogachev Sviatoslav , Marniok Nico , Dahmen Tim , Slusallek Philipp
Published: November 2015

We conducted a comparative study of three widely used algorithms for the detection of fiducial markers in electron microscopy images. The algorithms were applied to four datasets from different sources. For the purpose of obtaining comparable results, we introduced figures of merit and implemented all three algorithms in a unified code base to exclude software-specific differences. The application of the algorithms revealed that none of the three algorithms is superior to the others in all cases. This leads to the conclusion that the choice of a marker detection algorithm highly depends on the properties of the dataset to be analyzed, even within the narrowed domain of electron tomography.
Normative Vorgaben zum Personaleinsatz in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie statt Preisfindung anhand von Mittelwerten unter Konvergenzbedingungen
Authors: Barufka Steffi , Heller Michael , Prayon Valeria , Fegert Jörg M.
Published: November 2015

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: In den letzten Jahren ist nach der grundsätzlichen Entscheidung im Krankenhausfinanzierungsgesetz (KHG), zum Teil gegen erheblichen Widerstand in der Praxis, das sogenannte PEPP-System als neues Kalkulationsmodell auch in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie eingeführt worden. Ein zweijähriges Moratorium mit Verschiebung der Aufhebung der Psychiatrie-Personalverordnung und der Konvergenzphase soll vom Bundesministerium für Gesundheit für einen strukturierten Dialog mit den Fachgesellschaften genutzt werden. Unklar ist derzeit vor allem die Perspektive in Bezug auf den ordnungspolitischen Rahmen. Methodik: Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Debatte wird in diesem Artikel im realen §21-KHEntgG-Datensatz der 22 Kliniken für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universitätsklinika in Deutschland mit insgesamt 7712 Fällen und 263694 Berechnungstagen im Jahr 2013 eine Überführung bisheriger Personalvorgaben ins PEPP-System rechnerisch dargestellt. Ergebnisse, Kostenstrukturen, Berechnungstage und Minutenwerte für einzelne Berufsgruppen nach beiden Systemen (Psych-PV und PEPP) werden auf der Basis der Zahlen von 2013 und in Bezug auf der InEK-Auswertung der Kalkulationsdatensätze ( Institut für das Entgeltsystem im Krankenhaus GmbH 2014 ) herangezogen, um einen notwendigen Basisentgeltwert zu ermitteln, der gleichbleibende Versorgungs- und Beziehungsqualität garantieren würde. Schlussfolgerungen: Vorgeschlagen wird die normative Setzung eines Basisentgeltwerts zwischen 270 und 285 EUR, unter der Berücksichtigung der seit der Einführung der Psych-PV erfolgten Verdichtungsphänomene und Leistungsausweitung. Eine solche normative Setzung der Strukturqualität könnte überprüfbare Rahmenbedingungen für den Personaleinsatz entsprechend den bisherigen Vorgaben aus der Psych-PV oder auch darüber hinaus bieten.
Expressed Emotion, Mutter-Kind-Beziehung und ADHS-Symptome im Vorschulalter
Authors: Schloß Susan , Schramm Magdalena , Christiansen Hanna , Scholz Kristin-Katharina , Schuh Lioba Carmen , Döpfner Manfred , Becker Katja , Pauli-Pott Ursula
Published: November 2015

Zusammenfassung. Störungen der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung wie Feindseligkeit, geringe Wärme und mangelnde Responsivität/Feinfühligkeit der Bezugspersonen gehen oftmals mit externalisierenden Störungen des Kindes und einem ungünstigen Entwicklungsverlauf einher. Das Preschool Five Minute Speech Sample (PFMSS) wurde zur ökonomischen Messung von Aspekten einer gestörten Eltern-Kind-Beziehung speziell im Vorschulalter entwickelt. Wir untersuchen Validitätsaspekte der deutschsprachigen Version des PFMSS und gehen der Frage nach, ob die Skalen dieser Version mit einer Verhaltensbeobachtung elterlicher Feinfühligkeit, mit Symptomen der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS), oppositionellen Symptomen sowie mütterlicher Depressivität assoziiert sind. Die Stichprobe besteht aus n = 114 Familien mit 4 bis 5-jährigen Kindern; davon n = 65 (57 %) mit erhöhter ADHS-Symptomatik. Die Rekrutierung erfolgte über Kindergärten/-tagesstätten nach einem Fragebogen-Screening. Mütterliche Feinfühligkeit wurde in einer Verhaltensbeobachtung der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion während eines Hausbesuchs gemessen. ADHS- und oppositionelle Symptome sowie mütterliche Depressivität wurden durch ein klinisches Interview respektive per Fragebogen erfasst. Die PFMSS-Skalen zeigten überwiegend die erwarteten signifikanten Zusammenhänge mit mütterlicher Feinfühligkeit, ADHS- und oppositionellen Symptomen des Kindes. Mit dem deutschsprachigen PFMSS liegt somit eine ökonomische und valide Methode zur Erfassung von Störungen der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung im Kontext externalisierender Verhaltensauffälligkeiten im Vorschulalter vor.
Kardiale Rehabilitation 2015
Authors: Hoffmann Andreas
Published: November 2015

Zusammenfassung. Die kardiale Rehabilitation hat einerseits die (Re-)Konditionierung und anderseits die Sekundärprophylaxe bei Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder ausgeprägtem Risikoprofil zum Ziel. Sie basiert auf Information und Motivation, Risikobeurteilung, angepasster körperlicher Aktivität, Vermittlung von Entspannungstechniken, psychologischer Unterstützung und optimierter Medikation. Sie kann ambulant oder stationär durchgeführt werden, vorzugsweise in Gruppen und in einer den Strukturen der Arbeitsgruppe für kardiale Rehabilitation (SAKR) angehörenden Institution. Die Resultate grosser Studien belegen eine Reduktion von Mortalität und Morbidität bei Absolventen von strukturierten, Qualitäts-kontrollierten Programmen. Während die Mehrheit der herzoperierten Patienten in den Genuss einer formellen Rehabilitation kommt, wird diese im Anschluss an Katheter-Revaskularisationen deutlich zu wenig beansprucht.
Zwangsstörungen vom 20.–50. Altersjahr: Prävalenz, Komorbidität und Remission
Authors: Angst Jules , Rufer Michael , Fineberg Naomi , Ajdacic-Gross Vladeta , Rössler Wulf
Published: November 2015

Zusammenfassung. Die Zwangsstörung ist durch wiederkehrende Zwangsgedanken und/oder Zwangshandlungen gekennzeichnet, unter denen die Betroffenen leiden und durch die sie in ihrem täglichen Leben deutlich beeinträchtigt sind. Der Verlauf gilt als chronisch, mit tiefen Remissionsraten, wobei diese Befunde ganz überwiegend aus klinischen Gruppen stammen. In der psychiatrischen Epidemiologie hingegen existieren nur ganz wenige longitudinale Studien. In diesem Artikel werden einige Ergebnisse einer solchen, der «Zürich Studie», zu Zwangsstörungen zusammengefasst. Es fand sich eine hohe Prävalenz von Zwangsstörungen entsprechend DSM-5-Kriterien, der Verlauf war häufig chronisch, aber langfristig war die Remissionsrate mit fast 60% höher als bisher angenommen. In Bezug auf die Komorbidität fanden sich generell hohe Raten an komorbiden Störungen und ein besonders enger Zusammenhang mit der sozialen Phobie.
Purple Hearts Honor Four Meteorologists Killed in World War II
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2015

Seventy-three years after they died in a German U-boat attack, a ceremony posthumously honors the U.S. Weather Service workers and highlights the importance of weather forecasting during the war.