bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of fear on performance monitoring and attentional allocation
Authors: Moser Jason S. , Hajcak Greg , Simons Robert F.
Published: June 2005

Evidence from event‐related potential (ERP) studies indicates abnormal error processing and attentional allocation in “trait”‐anxious individuals. However, few studies have been conducted that evaluate relevant ERP components during the induction of an anxious state (i.e., fear). In the present study, ERPs were measured in 16 undergraduates during control and fear induction conditions to examine the effects of fear on error processing and attentional allocation. Despite comparable performance in both experimental conditions, the ERP data indicated reductions in attentional allocation and error salience during fear induction. Fear did not appear to directly alter early error processing, as indicated by the error‐related negativity, however. The implication of these results for understanding how trait and state anxiety may affect error processing and attentional allocation are discussed.
Time's arrow and pupillary response
Authors: Nuthmann Antje , Van Der Meer Elke
Published: June 2005

The psychological arrow of time refers to our experience of the forward temporal progression of all natural processes. To investigate whether and how time's arrow is mentally coded in individual everyday events, a relatedness judgment task was used. The items each consisted of a verb (probe) and an adjective or participle (target). The temporal orientation between probe and target was varied either corresponding to the chronological orientation (e.g., shrinking—small) or corresponding to the reverse orientation (e.g., shrinking—large). Reaction times, error rates, and pupillary responses were recorded. Chronological items were processed faster than reverse items. These findings suggest that time's arrow is mentally coded in single everyday events. Pupil dilation and results of principal component analyses suggest top‐down influences in the processing of temporally related items.
Cross‐modal generality of the gating deficit
Authors: Edgar J. Christopher , Miller Gregory A. , Moses Sandra N. , Thoma Robert J. , Huang Ming‐Xiong , Hanlon Faith M. , Weisend Michael P. , Sherwood Andrea , Bustillo Juan , Adler Larry E. , Cañive José M.
Published: June 2005

Auditory P50/M50 paired‐click studies have established an association between schizophrenia and impaired sensory gating in the auditory modality. However, the presumed cross‐modal generality of the gating deficit has received little study. The present study examined gating in area 3b of primary somatosensory cortex to evaluate patients' somatosensory gating at this first stage of cortical processing. One hundred twenty‐two channels of magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were collected from 27 subjects with chronic schizophrenia and 21 controls during a somatosensory paired‐pulse paradigm with a 75‐ or 500‐ms interstimulus interval. M20 somatosensory responses were localized using magnetic source imaging, and a gating ratio was calculated. In a subset of these subjects, MEG was also done for the standard auditory paradigm to assess M50 gating. Patients showed abnormal auditory M50 gating but normal somatosensory M20 gating. Results argue against a cross‐modal gating deficit in primary somatosensory cortex.
Effects of background noise on the human startle reflex and prepulse inhibition
Authors: Flaten Magne Arve , Nordmark Eirik , Elden Åke
Published: June 2005

Three experiments investigated whether background noise modified the startle blink reflex and prepulse inhibition (PPI). In Experiment 1 background noise was about 28 (ambient), 40, and 60 dB; in Experiments 2 and 3 background noise was ambient and 60 dB. Prepulses were 70‐dB tones (Experiments 1 and 3) or a tactile stimulus (Experiment 2). Startle‐eliciting stimuli were 94‐dB noise (Experiments 1 and 2) or an airpuff to the face (Experiment 3). Prepulses were presented at stimulus onset asynchronies of 30, 60, 120, 240, and 2000 ms relative to the startle‐eliciting stimulus. Background noise of 60 dB had no effect on control reflexes, whereas 40‐dB background noise increased control reflexes. Background noise decreased PPI, but only when an acoustic stimulus was used as prepulse. In sum, the findings show that background noise reduces the signal‐to‐noise ratio of acoustic prepulses and decreases their modulatory effect on the startle reflex.
Ethnicity, sex, trait anger, and nocturnal blood pressure decline
Authors: Bishop George D. , Pek Jolynn , Ngau Francis
Published: June 2005

This study examined the relationship of trait anger to nocturnal blood pressure decline among Singaporean young adults. One hundred forty‐nine participants (51 Chinese, 51 Malays, 47 Indians, 49.7% men) participated in 24‐h ambulatory monitoring for blood pressure and hemodynamic measures. Significant interactions were obtained between ethnicity and trait anger for systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure such that trait anger was significantly and negatively related to nocturnal blood pressure decline for Indians whereas this was not true for Chinese or Malays. Significant sex × trait anger interactions were obtained for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure in which trait anger was negatively related to blood pressure decline for men but not for women. Overall the results suggest that trait anger is a significant factor affecting nocturnal blood pressure decline particularly among Indians and men.
Research relevance, ‘knowledge transfer’ and the geographies of CASE studentship collaboration
Authors: Demeritt David , Lees Loretta
Published: June 2005

The Co‐operative Awards in Science and Engineering (CASE) studentship programme of the UK Research Councils provide one example of wider efforts internationally to encourage so‐called ‘knowledge transfer’ and thereby harness publicly supported university research more closely to the goals of national competitiveness, regional economic development and local regeneration. In this paper we describe the implications of how the various UK research councils have interpreted the objectives and beneficiaries of ‘knowledge transfer’, both for the relative opportunities available to human and physical geographers for collaboration through CASE and for the sorts of values that their research must serve. Then, we draw on unpublished data from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) to explore the geographies of CASE studentship allocation and participation. The broad regional and institutional patterns of participation we describe have important implications for ongoing debates in the UK about research selectivity and the role of the university as an engine of local development, while the striking disciplinary patterns of CASE participation, and in particular the overwhelming success of geographers in this competitive programme, provide an opportunity to reassess claims about whether and for whom geographical research is relevant.
Interlocking directorships and trans‐national linkages within the British Empire, 1900–1930
Authors: Brayshay Mark , Cleary Mark , Selwood John
Published: June 2005

Recent research has highlighted the value of employing the idea of networks to describe the interrelatedness of today's globalizing economy. Networks facilitate flows of knowledge, ideas, managerial techniques and capital between firms both within and across political borders. This paper argues that the reconstruction of social connections through which information is created, given value and exchanged is fundamental to an understanding of not only contemporary but also historical patterns of economic globalization. We focus on the networks of the capitalist elite running 12 major multinational enterprises, active across British imperial territories, between c.1900 and c.1930. An examination is made of the economic and spatial interlocks between firms created by board members who were multiple directors. Social underpinnings of multiple directorates are examined by exploring the common, overlapping social spheres within which individuals engaged. A clearer grasp of the ways in which corporate activity operated in the early 1900s can provide a better understanding of the social context of global economic operations.
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of an Axial Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device: The Influence of the Diffuser on Overall Pump Performance
Authors: Untaroiu Alexandrina , Throckmorton Amy L. , Patel Sonna M. , Wood Houston G. , Allaire Paul E. , Olsen Don B.
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Thousands of adult cardiac failure patients may benefit from the availability of an effective, long‐term ventricular assist device (VAD). We have developed a fully implantable, axial flow VAD (LEV‐VAD) with a magnetically levitated impeller as a viable option for these patients. This pump's streamlined and unobstructed blood flow path provides its unique design and facilitates continuous washing of all surfaces contacting blood. One internal fluid contacting region, the diffuser, is extremely important to the pump's ability to produce adequate pressure but is challenging to manufacture, depending on the complex blade geometries. This study examines the influence of the diffuser on the overall LEV‐VAD performance. A combination of theoretical analyses, computational fluid (CFD) simulations, and experimental testing was performed for three different diffuser models: six‐bladed, three‐bladed, and no‐blade configuration. The diffuser configurations were computationally and experimentally investigated for flow rates of 2–10 L/min at rotational speeds of 5000–8000 rpm. For these operating conditions, CFD simulations predicted the LEV‐VAD to deliver physiologic pressures with hydraulic efficiencies of 15–32%. These numerical performance results generally agreed within 10% of the experimental measurements over the entire range of rotational speeds tested. Maximum scalar stress levels were estimated to be 450 Pa for 6 L/min at 8000 rpm along the blade tip surface of the impeller. Streakline analysis demonstrated maximum fluid residence times of 200 ms with a majority of particles exiting the pump in 80 ms. Axial fluid forces remained well within counter force generation capabilities of the magnetic suspension design. The no‐bladed configuration generated an unacceptable hydraulic performance. The six‐diffuser‐blade model produced a flow rate of 6 L/min against 100 mm Hg for 6000 rpm rotational speed, while the three‐diffuser‐blade model produced the same flow rate and pressure rise for a rotational speed of 6500 rpm. The three‐bladed diffuser configuration was selected over the six‐bladed, requiring only an incremental adjustment in revolution per minute to compensate for and ease manufacturing constraints. The acceptable results of the computational simulations and experimental testing encourage final prototype manufacturing for acute and chronic animal studies.
INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS AND HEADACHE
Authors: Waltimo O. , Hokkanen E. , Pirskanen R.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Twenty‐nine males and 19 females with intracranial arteriovenous malformation were questioned about migraine and headache. Fifteen (31.2%) had a long history of migraine, 23 (48%) suffered from other headaches, and 10 (20.8%) were headache free. The frequency of headache was similar to that in the general population, but the frequency of migraine was higher. Migraine was more common with small malformations when the malformation had bled or when it was occipital. Unilateral headache was nearly always on the side of the malformation. Thermography was asymmetric in 56%, the warm side coincided with that of malformation in 3/4 of these patients.
CONCENTRATION OF SEROTONIN IN BLOOD PLATELETS: EFFECT OF RESERPINE IN MIGRAINEURS
Authors: Genefke I. Kemp , Dalsgaard‐Nielsen T. , Bryndum B. , Fog‐Møller F. , Jensen J. A. P.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Twenty‐three migraineurs and 7 controls were given intramuscular injections of reserpine. Platelets 5‐HT(serotonin) was measured 4–6 hours after injection and in migraineurs at weekly intervals for six weeks. Platelet 5‐HT fell to comparable levels in migraineurs and controls but 20 migraineurs had vascular headache within six hours after reserpine injection. No control had vascular headache after reserpine administration. Decreased platelet 5‐HT levels were found for 4–6 weeks after injection of reserpine. During the period of low 5‐HT levels there was a decreased frequency and intensity of migrainous attach in patients.
ESTROGEN THERAPY FOR MIGRAINE
Authors: Chaudhuri Tapan K. , Chaudhuri Sudha T.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Two patients with long standing, incapacitating migraine were found to have premature ovarian failure. Administration of 1.25 mg of conjugated estrogen daily for 23 days of every month caused almost complete disappearance of the headaches. Attempts to reduce the dose to 0.625 mg daily were followed by recurrences which were controlled by increasing the dose to previous levels. A trial of estrogen therapy seems to be warranted in some patients with migraine, where estrogen deficiency is suspected.
CASE REPORT – EFFORT HEADACHE WITH CEREBRAL INFARCTION
Authors: Seelinger Don F. , Coin Gene C. , Carlow Thomas J.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A 26 year old man ran a distance of 11/2 miles in 12 minutes. Soon after this effort he developed visual disturbances in the right field of vision and left‐sided clumsiness associated with left frontal headache, nausea and vomiting. Four vessel arteriography and skull x‐rays were normal but examination of the visual fields showed a right superior quadrantic field defect and the electroencephalogram a left posterior temporal slow focus. EMI scan performed a few days later showed an infarct in the left inferior occipital pole. No known risk factors for stroke were present. It is suggested that the cerebral infarction associated with headache was related to effort at altitude and most importantly to lack of physical training.
TRANSIENT ABNORMALITY ON RADIONUCLIDE CEREBRAL DYNAMIC STUDY DURING A MIGRAINE ATTACK
Authors: Szikals John J. , Spencer Richard P.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A 26 year old man ran a distance of 11/2 miles in 12 minutes. Soon after this effort he developed visual disturbances in the right field of vision and left‐sided clumsiness associated with left frontal headache, nausea and vomiting. Four vessel arteriography and skull x‐rays were normal but examination of the visual fields showed a right superior quadrantic field defect and the electroencephalogram a left posterior temporal slow focus. EMI scan performed a few days later showed an infarct in the left inferior occipital pole. No known risk factors for stroke were present. It is suggested that the cerebral infarction associated with headache was related to effort at altitude and most importantly to lack of physical training.
AN UNEXPECTED EFFECT OF SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS ON THE CANINE NASAL CIRCULATION
Authors: Schönbaum E. , Vargaftig B.B. , Lefort J. , Lamar J.C. , Hasenack T.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The effects of several drugs usually considered as serotonin (5HT) ‐antagonists were studied in a model of the external carotid circulation, the canine nasal vascular bed. 1. It was confirmed that 5‐HT constricts this vascular bed but that after administration of a large dose of ergotamine (10–2 mg/kg i.v.), 5‐HT dilates the nasal vessels. 2. All drugs studied (Org GB 94, Org GC 94, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, methysergide, pizotifen, cyproheptadine and clonidine) at relatively low concentrations can potentiate 5‐HT induced vasoconstriction. 3. At higher doses of these drugs the 5‐HT response is inhibited.4. The vasodilator response to 5‐HT obtained in erotamine‐treated dogs is inhibited by all other agents investigated.
FOOD INTAKE PRIOR TO A MIGRAINE ATTACK ‐STUDY OF 2,313 SPONTANEOUS ATTACKS
Authors: Dalton Katharina
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Sandler, Youdim and Hannington noted an inability to oxidise tyramine and phenylethylamene in dietary and non dietary migraine sufferers‐l,883 female volunteers in Britain completed questionnaires detailing food intake during the 24 hours prior to spontaneous migraine attacks. Analysis of 2,313 attacks are reported. This revealed consumption of chocolate in 33%, cheese 40%, citrus fruits 21% and alcohol 23%. Fasting (5 hours day or 13 hours overnight) occurred in 67%. No dietary factors were isolated in 5%. Only 14% thought food caused their attacks and 2% blamed fasting. Sensitising factors analysed included age, time in menstrual cycle, pill taking and hysterectomy. The findings suggest that in double blind trials designed to elucidate dietary factors, one needs to consider the patient's intake during the 24 hours prior to the administration of the test capsule. A new approach to treatment is suggested with elimination of specific foods and avoidance of fasting.
HEADACHES IN PATIENTS WITH TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS
Authors: Medina Jose L. , Diamond Seymour , Rubino Frank A.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Thirty‐four patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) have been followed for 1 to 24 months. Twenty‐two patients had TIA in the anterior and 12 in the posterior circulation. Episodic and late onset vascular headaches occurred. Four patients had episodic headaches, 7 patients had late onset vascular headaches and 11 patients had both types of headaches. Episodic headaches preceded, occurred during, or immediately after TIA. These headaches were present in 15 of the patients (44%). Late onset vascular headaches started in middle or late life, occurred independently of TIA and were observed in 18 patients (52.9%). In 13 patients the headaches began 1 month to 15 years prior to TIA and in 5 cases, 2 days to 1year after the onset of TIA. Late onset vascular headaches preceded TIA in 38.2% of patients. These headaches might be of prognostic significance in some patients for the development of TIA and stroke.
HEADACHE IN SMALL VESSEL DISEASE OF THE BRAIN: A STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: Atkinson Ruth A. , Appenzeller Otto
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Seventy‐two records of patient with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed retrospectively. Sixty‐one fulfilled the criteria for the disease. Forty‐six percent had clinical evidence of central nervous system involvement. The incidence of headache was compared in those with and without central nervous system lupus. No difference in the frequency of headache in the two groups were found and the incidence of hypertension, renal disease and steroid therapy was equally distributed among those with and without headache. A significantly higher incidence of hypertension was found in patients with central nervous system lupus erythematosus. We conclude that headache in systemic lupus erythematosus in the absence of neurologic symptoms or signs is no indication of central nervous system involvement by the process and that small vessel disease of the brain is not a cause of headache.
DOUBLE BLIND STUDY OF CLONIDINE AND PLACEBO FOR THE PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE
Authors: Ryan Robert E. , Diamond Seymour , Ryan Robert E.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Clonidine was evaluated in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. The results were compared with those obtained with placebo in the same patients.

Identical protocols were used at headache centers in St. Louis and Chicago. There were similar results though evaluations were completely independent.

Clonidine was not superior to placebo in preventing migraine attacks.
SEVERE HEADACHE AFTER CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY
Authors: Leviton Alan , Caplan Louis , Salzman Edwin
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A woman developed severe recurrent headache associated with transient neurologic dysfunction while recuperating from carotid endarterectomy performed for transient ischemic attacks. She had severe carotidstenosis preoperatively, but when studied during the period of severe headache had an angiographically normal carotid artery territory. The headaches and neurologic dysfunction appeared after a postoperative headache free period of 72 hours, were self limited, and had characteristics of migraine. Migrainous post‐endarterectomy headache may be a manifestation of disordered autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.
ISOMETHEPTENE‐A NON‐ERGOT DRUG IN THE TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE
Authors: Diamond Seymour , Medina Jose L.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Thirty‐six patients participated in a double‐blind, two‐way crossover study of isometheptene (Octin) and placebo. Seventeen had a better response on isometheptene than on placebo. Placebo was superior to isometheptene in eight cases. Of 72 courses of treatment with each drug, isometheptene produced good or complete relief of pain in 30 courses of treatment (42%) while placebo produced a similar response in 21courses of treatment (29%) (p<0.05). When the severity of pain and the degree of relief were considered, the superiority of isometheptene did not reach statistical significance at the 5% level. Side effects due to isometheptene were few and mild or of moderate severity. Isometheptene may be an alternative treatment when ergotamine is contraindicated.
MIGRAINE AND ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Dalton Katharina
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

To ascertain the effect of oral contraceptives on migraine, an analysis was made of self administered questionnaires from 886 non‐pregnant migraine sufferers aged 15‐45 years (241 Pill takers, 290 ex‐takers and 355 non‐takers), together with a 3 months record of migraine attacks in 416 women covering 1,239 menstruations.

Migraine was worse on the Pill in 34% of takers and 60% of ex‐takers. On stopping the Pill 39% of ex‐takers improved. During menstruation 35% of attacks occurred in takers, 32% of attacks in ex‐takers and 27% of attacks in non‐takers. A significant increase in migraine at mid‐cycle was most marked among those whose migraine increased on the Pill and those with severe attacks. Other significant differences are reported relating to length of menstrual cycle. Deterioration of migraine on Pill related to age, parity, cycle length, menstrual attacks, relief of migraine in late pregnancy and onset after pregnancy.
HEAD PAIN: CONGENITAL, ANATOMICAL, PATHOLOGICAL AND NEUROSURGICAL CORRELATES
Authors: TRUPP MASON
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The neurosurgical findings and neuropathological confirmation of symptomatic congenital constriction of the superior sagittal sinus 4 cm rostral to the torcular Herophili is reported. This was caused by infantile occipital parietal overlap in 21 cases of intractable migraine. The constriction of the superior sagittal sinus is initiated during parturition and results in an atresia and post stenotic dilatation of the sinus which leaves its specific imprint in man's occiput. Turbulence within this segment of the sinus is perceived in the trigeminal sensory nerve distribution. Fontanel craniectomy appears to yield relief of head pain in intractable migraine and in persistent pseudotumor cerebri.
REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF VASCULAR HEADACHE
Authors: Mathew Ninan T. , Hrastnik Franc , Meyer John S.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Potential availability of a reliable non‐invasive system for measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)prompted measurement of rCBF in patients with vascular headache in order to assess its diagnostic value.

The rCBF in migraine varied with the clinical phase. During the prodrome phase the blood flow was reduced; whereas during the headache phase, a striking cortical hyperperfusion was noted. Patients who continued to have neurologic symptoms of the prodrome in the headache phase showed a mixed pattern of reduced and increased blood flow.

The rCBF was found normal in the headache phase in patients with muscle contraction and psychogenic headache.

In patients with headache as a prominent symptom of cerebrovascular insufficiency, rCBF was reduced but was not significantly different from rCBF in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency without headache.
“CEPHALGIC” SPASM OF HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES
Authors: Pozniak‐Patewicz Ewa
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Electromyographic examinations of neck and temporal muscles were performed in 132 patients with various types of headaches and in 51 controls. No muscle action potentials were found provided control subjects were voluntarily relaxed. The majority of headache patients though voluntarily relaxed showed continous electrical activity in muscles resulting from sustained spasm. This phenomenon seems to be characteristic for headache patients. It is named “cephalgic” spasm of head and neck muscles. “Cephalgic” spasm is thought to be a consequence rather than the cause of headache.
AUTOGENIC FEEDBACK TRAINING IN MIGRAINE: A TREATMENT REPORT
Authors: Mitch Paul S. , McGrady Angele , Iannone Anthony
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Twenty migraine patients were treated with a Biofeedback technique termed “Autogenic Feedback Training.” This involved offering patients a method by which they could raise their hand temperature using Autogenic Phrases combined with temperature feedback via an electronic thermometer. Headache duration, frequency, intensity and medication need were evaluated. Half the patients were evaluated six months after the end of treatment. The treatment period was compared with the prior six months. Patients with uncomplicated migraine were successful and those with mixed migraine and tension headaches were not. At follow‐up improvement was maintained. Autogenic Feedback training is an effective technique for migraine but in presence of tension headache EMG feedback and/or counseling may also be necessary.
MIGRAINE AND ATOPY
Authors: Medina Jose L. , Diamond Seymour
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The relation of migraine to atopy was studied. 89 cases of migraine and 27 muscle contraction headache has serum IgE levels determined. In addition, 504 patients were questioned about personal and family history of atopy. There were 73 muscle contraction headache, 55 cluster headache, 70 classical migraine, 189 common migraine and 117 mixed muscle contraction and migraine headache in this group. Elevated serum IgE levels were found in 5.7% of migraine and 3.7 % of muscle contraction headache patients. The incidence is not significantly different from non‐atopic general population. The prevalence of atopic disorders in migraine patients and their relatives did not differ from that found in patients with muscle contraction headache. This study does not support the concept that migraine is an IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity state.
THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF RESERPINE ON MIGRAINE SYNDROME: RELATIONSHIP TO BLOOD MINE LEVELS
Authors: Fog‐Míller F. , Bryndum B. , Dalsgaard‐Nielsen T. , Genefke I. Kemp , Nattero G.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Ten migraineurs volunteered for intravenous in actions of reserpine over a period of six weeks. The clinical effects were noted and blood specimens were analyzed for norepinephrine, epinephrine and erotonin for twelve weeks.

The frequency and intensity of migrainous attacks was decreased in this open trial. A marked decrease in concentration of blood amines which accompanied clinical improvement was found.
RESERPINE FOR MIGRAINE PROPHYLAXIS
Authors: Nattero G. , Lisino F. , Brandi G. , Gastaldi L. , Genefke I. Kemp
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Because of the role of monoamines in the genesis of migraine and the pharmacologic action of reserpine, we have used this substance in prophylactic treatment of migraine for 10 years on 300 patients.1Intravenously administered reserpine in a dose of 0.2 mg every second or third day for a period of 6‐8 weeks was employed. Statistically significant improvement in severe migraine was obtained. A double blind clinical trail of this method of therapy carried out in Turin and Copenhagen confirmed the efficacy of reserpine in the treatment of severe migraine if given in appropriate doses. No side effects were observed. It is suggested that the intravenous administration at regular intervals of small doses of reserpine depletes norepinephrine and/or serotonin, these vasoactive substances are not released at the time of a migrainous attack.
TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE WITH ISOMETHEPTENE, ACETAMINOPHEN, AND DICHLORALPHENAZONE COMBINATION: A DOUBLE‐BLIND, CROSSOVER TRIAL
Authors: Diamond Seymour
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Forty female and 16 male adult migraineurs were subjects in a double‐blind, three‐way crossover trial to compare the effectiveness and safety of isometheptene mucate, acetaminophen, and dichloralphenazone combination (Midrin) with that of acetaminophen alone and of placebo. Forty‐three patients had common migraine and 13 had classic migraine. Each subject and the investigator evaluated the effectiveness of medication in 6 headache episodes (two replications of each test medication); subjects also rated peak headache severity for each of the six episodes. For subjects' evaluations of relief and headache severity and investigator's assessments of relief, the isometheptene combination proved superior (P<0.05). The least number of capsules was taken during episodes for which the isometheptene combination was the test medication. Other known headache medications were also taken least during isometheptene combination tests. This suggests greater effectiveness of isometheptene combination therapy. Nausea and vomiting occurred in association with ten isometheptene combination, 7 acetaminophen and 18 placebo episodes. Other untoward effects of test meditation were mild and reversible and were also frequently associated with placebo medication.
PREVALENCE OF MIGRAINE AND OTHER HEADACHE IN FINNISH CHILDREN STARTING SCHOOL
Authors: Sillanpåå Matti
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The prevalence of migraine and other headaches are assessed in Finnish seven year old school children. Four thousand two hundred thirty‐five children were examined. 37.7% had headaches before starting school. Initially headaches occurred occasionally and were most often associated with febrile episodes. 3.2% of children had migraine.
HEADACHE RESEMBLING CLUSTER HEADACHE (HORTON'S HEADACHE), WITH RECURRING BOUTS OF HOMOLATERAL RETROBULBAR NEURITIS, PARTIAL FACTOR XII DEFICIENCY, BLEEDING TENDENCY AND A HETEROLATERAL CONVULSIVE EPISODE
Authors: Sjaastad O. , Hørven I. , Vennerød Anne Marie
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A 42 year old woman had 3 cluster epidoses which were associated with longlasting ipsilateral retro‐bulbar neuritis. The temporal and spatial relationship between cluster headache and retro‐bulbar neuritis in this patient suggests a casual relationship between these phenomena. One cluster headache paroxysm was associated with a convulsive episode in the contralateral lower extremity.

The patient, her father, and her 3 sons had an increased bleeding tendency. In each a lowered factor XII level was present, but only the patient had headache and slightly reduced plasma pre kallikrein levels. The headache reported might be distinct from cluster headache.
CLUSTER HEADACHE AND BRADYCARDIA
Authors: Bruyn G.W. , Bootsma B.K. , Klawans H.L.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A case of classic cluster headaches associated with paroxysmal bradycardia and hypertension is presented. This case suggests that dysfunction in the medulla oblongata is the primary event in cluster headache. A preliminary hypothesis is discussed which attributes the pathogenesis of cluster headache to a burst of increased central a‐adrenergic activity while migraine involves an analogous burst of b‐adrenergic activity.
SEROTONIN (5HT) IN MIGRAINE: LEVELS IN WHOLE BLOOD IN AND BETWEEN ATTACKS
Authors: Rydzewski Wladyslaw
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Fluorimetric estimations of total 5HT in blood of 11 migrainous patients during an untreated migraine attack were made. Total blood 5HT dropped during a migraine attack to about 68% of its former level returning to preheadache values by the time the pain ceased. Mean values for total blood serotonin (ng/ml) were 65.1 at the beginning of a migraine attack, 57.9 at the peak, 61.0 at the end, and 91.2 in the headache free period (p<0.05). No correlation between the intensity of the headache and the concentration of 5HT during a migraine attack was found (p>0.5). The influence of some drugs upon fluorescence in blood of migraineurs was tested.
WHAT IS PSYCHOGENIC HEADACHE?
Authors: Packard Russell C.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The purpose of this study was to explore the question of "What is psychogenic headache?" The literature was reviewed and a survey was conducted among physicians at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, asking them to define psychogenic headache. There were 105 responses, representing a wide consensus of opinion about definition. From the literature and data from this survey it is concluded that the term "psychogenic headache" is not precise nor diagnostic. A definition is proposed based on criteria of the American Medical Association Ad Hoc Commitee on Classification of Headache.
DOUBLE BLIND STUDY OF PROPRANOLOL FOR MIGRAINE PROPHYLAXIS
Authors: Diamond Seymour , Medina Jose L.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Eighty‐three migraine patients were admitted to a double‐blind, single cross‐over, propranolol vs. placebostudy. Sixty‐two patients completed the trial. The daily dosage was either 80 or 160 mg. propranolol, or an equivalent number of placebo capsules, for 4 to 8 weeks for the first medication and 8 weeks for the second one. At the end of the trial, 32 patients preferred propranolol and 18 placebo. Those who preferred propranolol had greater reduction in severity and frequency of headaches and less consumption of analgesics and ergotamine than patients who preferred placebo. Side effects were benign. Propranolol issafe and effective for the prophylaxis of migraine if patients are carefully selected.
PLASMA TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN CLUSTER HEADACHE PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Kudrow Lee
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Plasma testosterone values were obtained by the RIA method from two groups of cluster headache male patients in separate laboratories. In each group testosterone levels were compared between controls and cluster patients in active and remission periods. Significantly lower values were found in active cluster patients when compared to either cluster‐remission or controls. The results are preliminary and suggest a possible association of lowered plasma testosterone levels with active cluster period in cluster headache male patients.
MIGRAINE, TYRAMINE AND BLOOD SEROTONIN
Authors: Ziegler Dewey K. , Hassanein Ruth Stephenson , Ward Daniel F.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Whole blood serotonin levels and headache symptoms were studied in 26 migrainous patients during a three day period with administration of tyramine the first day, reserpine the second day. No significant changes in serotonin occurred after tyramine; headache severity was not associated with change in blood serotonin, which dropped to low levels after a small dose of reserpine without precipitating migraine in most patients.
PLASMA FREE FATTY ACIDS AND PROSTAGLANDIN E1 IN MIGRAINE AND STRESS
Authors: Anthony Michael
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The relationship of plasma FFA, plasma PGE1 and platelet serotonin changes were investigated in migrainous patients and in patients subjected to stressful procedures.

Plasma FFA levels rose and platelet serotonin content fell during the migrainous episode in the majority of patients. These changes were statistically significant. Plasma FFA levels and platelet serotonin changed reciprocally in 60% of cases. No statistically significant change in plasma FFA levels were observed in patients subjected to stressful procedures or during cluster headache.

Plasma levels of PGE1 showed no significant change during migraine. No difference in PGE1 between venous and arterial plasma was found in normal subjects and in patients with various neurologic diseases. Plasma levels of natural PGE1 do not accurately reflect the rate of PGE1 synthesis in the body and this may account for these negative results.

The migraine attack is accompanied by a rise in plasma FFA. However, this rise is not necessarily the cause for serotonin release which occurs during migraine. Both the amine and PGE1 could release FFA from body stores. Identification of the individual FFA released would be necessary to resolve the problem. The role of PGE1 in migraine, might be assessed by estimation of its more stable 15‐keto‐dihydro metabolite which reflects more accurately its rate of synthesis. This could demonstrate whether PGE 1 plays a part in the biochemical process of headache.
BIOFEEDBACK‐ALLEVIATED HEADACHES: A FOLLOW‐UP
Authors: Montgomery Penelope S. , Ehrisman Wayne J.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Twenty‐two follow‐up questionnaires were sent to persons who completed a program of biofeedback and relaxation for the relief of headache. Thirteen questionnaires were returned. The follow‐up ranged from six months to three years. Frequency, severity and duration of headaches were assessed before training, at the end of training and at follow‐up. Statistically significant symptom reduction endured although some increase in symptoms occurred in the period between the end of treatment and follow‐up.
PREVALENCE OF MIGRAINE, PEPTIC ULCER, CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND HYPERTENSION IN CLUSTER HEADACHE
Authors: Kudrow Lee
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The prevalence of migraine, peptic ulcer disease, coronary heart disease and hypertension was compared in 140 patients with cluster headache and in two control groups.

Cluster headache women have a significantly higher incidence of migraine than controls. Migraine was more common among cluster headache males, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Peptic ulcer in males with cluster headache was significantly more prevalent than in controls, but this difference was not significant statistically for women.

Coronary heart disease was more common in cluster males but this was not statistically significant. None of the cluster women had evidence of coronary heart disease.

The incidence of hypertension in cluster patients was less than in controls though the difference was not statistically significant.
RELATIVE POTENCY SCALE FOR ANALGESIC DRUGS: USE OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL PROCEDURES WITH CLINICAL JUDGMENTS
Authors: Coyne Lolafaye , Sargent Joseph , Segerson Jack , Obourn Robert
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A clinically useful scale to measure differences in effectiveness between various commonly used analgesics in the treatment of migraine headache is described. Except for oral Demerol, which is not often used for the treatment of migraine, other analgesics can be compared numerically in their potency with each other.
HUMAN PLASMA LEVELS OF SOME ANTI‐MIGRAINE DRUGS
Authors: Meier J. , Schreier E.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Four compounds of therapeutic value in the treatment of migraine attacks or for the prophylaxis of migraine and other vascular headaches, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, methysergide and pizotifen are given in low dosages and achieve low in vivo concentration. Human plasma levels were determined by measurement of radioactivity after oral administration of the corresponding radioactively labeled compounds. The labeling of the four compounds with tritium or carbon‐14 is briefly described. The procedure to measure radioactivity of the blood samples is given. The values from single dose experiments in healthy volunteers were analysed based on a compartment model which allows for the formation of metabolites. The calculated pharmacokinetic constants have been used for simulations and predictions of plasma levels after different therapeutic dosages.
RAT FUNDUS STRIP AND UTERUS CONTRACTING ACTIVITY OF SERA: RELATIONSHIP TO MIGRAINE ATTACKS
Authors: Nattero G. , Lisino F. , Brandi G. , Bisbocci D. , Bernardi V. , Bottini A. , Griffa G. , Ramella M.R. , Scalabrino M.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Sera from ten migraineurs were examined in headache free periods and during spontaneous attacks for their capacity to contract the rat fundus and uterus in vitro. Sera from two controls were similarly tested.

A “pool” of vasoactive substances which contracted the rat uterus in vitro was always present in the pre attack stage, during the attack and immediately after the migrainous attack.

The contracting activity of sera from migraineurs was also confirmed on the rat fundus strip in vitro. These sera contained serotonin or a serotonin‐like substance. The level of this contracting substance in the sera from migraineurs was lowest during migraine attacks.

Control sera also induced rat uterus contractions in vitro. However, this contracting activity was not always present, whereas sera from migraineurs always contracted rat uterus preparations during migraine headache.
BROMOCRIPTINE IN MIGRAINE
Authors: Hockaday Judith M. , Peet Katherine M.S. , Hockaday T.D.R.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Seven women with early menstrual or premenstrual migraine were given CB154 (Bromocriptine) over 15 menstrual cycles. In 12 menstrual cycles only one migraine attack occurred. Bromocriptine in a dose of 1 mg tid. at 4 day intervals was effective in relieving menstrual migraine and major symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome in these patients. However, the observations are preliminary but they suggest that a controlled trial of the drug in selected patients is justified.
BIOFEEDBACK THERAPY FOR MIGRAINE
Authors: Medina Jose L. , Diamond Seymour , Franklin Mary A.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Objective evaluation of biofeedback for vascular headache has not been carried out. We report on a retrospective study of twenty‐seven patients with migraine or mixed migraine and muscle contraction headache. They were followed for a mean of 10.9 months before training in skin‐temperature and electromyogram biofeedback. After training, they were under our care for an average of 14.2 months. The severity and frequency of headaches and the amount of medication token during the post‐biofeedback period was compared with the last two months prior to biofeedback. A significant improvement was obtained in thirteen patients. Biofeedback is important in the treatment of migraine.
THE IMPORTANCE OF REFERRED PAIN IN MYOGENIC HEADACHE
Authors: Lous Inger
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Fifty‐five patients with myogenic headache were evaluated for trigger points and referred pain. Referred pain contributes to the pain in myogenic headache. This is important in the initial evaluation of patients for proper diagnosis and management.
BIOCHEMICAL COMPARISON OF MIGRAINE AND STROKE
Authors: Welch K.M.A. , Chabi Eva , Nell Janet H. , Bartosh K. , Chee A.N.C. , Mathew N.T. , Achar V.S.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 3′, 5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with stroke and vascular headache of migraine type. GABA was elevated in CSF of patients with recent onset of thromboembolic occlusive cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and within 48 hours of an attack of vertebrobasilar ischemia (VBI). Similarly, GABA was elevated in CSF of all patients studied during a migraine attack but not in asymptomatic migraine patients or patients with muscle contraction (tension) headache. CSF cyclic AMP was also elevated in patients with recent onset of thromboembolic occlusive CVD and in patients studied during or within 48 hours of a migraine attack.

Since biochemical abnormalities reported herein were common to occlusive CVD and migraine headache, it seems probable that they are due to ischemia associated with both conditions and possibly related to the resultant disorder of cerebral energy metabolism.
RENIN RESPONSE DURING HEMODIALYSIS HEADACHE
Authors: Bana Dhirendra S. , Graham John R.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Of thirteen patients on chronic hemodialysis, nine had headache during dialysis and four did not. Plasma renin levels were low in patients with headaches and even lower when the sample was obtained during headache. There was one exception to this general trend (described in the text). Patients with no history of headache at all had normal or high plasma renin values.
EFFECTS OF BIOFEEDBACK UPON SUPPRESSION OF MIGRAINE SYMPTOMS AND PLASMA DOPAMINE‐β‐HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Kentsmith D. , Strider F. , Copenhaver J. , Jacques D.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

This study demonstrates symptomatic improvement of migraine achieved by combined methods of concentrative meditation, biofeedback, and relaxation training. As a correlate of this treatment, the plasma levels of dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase activity decreased. An identical treatment regime in a control subject produced only transient minimal decreases in blood levels of DBH activity.
CONTROL OF MIGRAINE HEADACHE BY BEHAVIORAL SELF‐MANAGEMENT: A CONTROLLED CASE STUDY
Authors: Mitchell Kenneth R. , White Ronald G.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The reactive effects of self‐recording and self‐monitoring of behavior on the frequency of migraine headaches were examined over a period of 75 weeks and were compared with two stages of semiautomated training in behavioral self‐management. Stage One included training in and application of problem analysis, goal setting, self‐recording, self‐monitoring, environmental planning and manipulation, muscle, mental and differential relaxation, self‐desensitization and self‐evaluation of change. Stage Two continued with training in 13 additional self‐change skills. The results suggest that self‐recording and self‐monitoring alone were not effective in reducing the frequency of migraine headaches. The training for Stage One of behavioral self‐management resulted in a 52% reduction in headaches, while for Stages One and Two, 72% reduction was noted. Over an eight month follow‐up period the incidence of migraine was reduced to zero.
FENFLURAMINE HEADACHE
Authors: Sicuteri F. , Del Bene E. , Anselmi B.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Drug acting on brain monoamines (5HT) were tested on EH sufferers. Fenfluramine, an anorectic agent, acts principally on brain 5HT. This drug, when given to EH sufferers, precipitates and aggravates pain. The headache provoked by fenfluramine is tachyphylactic, suggesting involvement of central transmitters. Therapeutic doses of fenfluramine do not affect blood vessel diameter. This further supports a biochemical mechanism for fenfluramine headache. A reversible systemic pain syndrome has been observed in two EH sufferers, treated chronically with fenfluramine. This syndrome appears indistinguishable from that previously observed in EH sufferers, given parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of 5HT synthesis. The effect of fenfluramine supports the hypothesis that established and other experimental anti‐migraine drugs act centrally by correcting abnormalities in the 5HT nociceptive system.
BIOFEEDBACK‐PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEADACHES: A 5‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP
Authors: Adler Charles Spencer , Adler Sheila Morrissey
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A psychodynamic approach to the use of biofeedback with chronically disabled headache patients was effective in 86% causing a 75‐100% reduction of headache frequency which has persisted over a 5‐year period.
VASCULAR REACTIVITY OF MIGRAINEURS AND NON‐MIGRAINEURS: A COMPARISON OF RESPONSES TO SELF‐CONTROL PROCEDURES
Authors: Price Kenneth P. , Tursky Bernard
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The responses to training of an autonomic relaxation response (peripheral vasodilatation) were studied. Forty migraine sufferers and forty controls were assigned to one of four treatments: (1) binary and analog feedback, (2) yoked (false) feedback, (3) relaxation‐tape induction, and (4) neutral‐tape control. The integral change of digital and extracranial blood volume was measured during one session. Responses of migraine sufferers were markedly different from normal subjects. No incremental utility of biofeedback over a simple relaxation procedure in the production of peripheral vasodilatation was found. High positive correlations were found between digital and extracranial blood volume changes.