bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Pig Carcasses in Hong Kong
Authors: Ho J. , O’Donoghue M. , Guardabassi L. , Moodley A. , Boost M.
Published: March 2012

This study describes the isolation and characterization of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from slaughtered pigs sampled from local markets in Hong Kong. The nares of 400 slaughtered pigs were cultured and MRSA isolates characterized for the presence of antibiotic‐resistance determinants, toxins and SCCmec and spa types using PCR. Clonality was investigated using PFGE and MLST. The prevalence of MRSA colonization of slaughter pigs was 39.3%, the majority (92%) harbouring SCCmec type IVb. Of the 157 samples yielding MRSA, 13 had two distinct MRSA strains present. Spa type t899 was predominant, with only 5/170 isolates displaying closely related types (t4474, t1939, t2922 and t5390). PFGE with sma1 and MLST confirmed the strains as ST9. Most isolates were multidrug resistant. Tetracycline resistance (97%) was mainly attributable to tet(K) with only 3% of isolates additionally harbouring tet(M). Resistance to erythromycin (89%) and chloramphenicol (71%) was associated with the presence of erm(C), and fex(A), respectively. No strains carried cfr and there was no resistance to linezolid, although minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) were close to the resistance break point. Resistance to clindamycin (99%), ciprofloxacin(78%), quinopristin–dalfopristin (44%) and cotrimoxazole (32%) was common, but remained low for fusidic acid (4%) and rifampicin (2%). All strains were negative for PVL, exfoliative, and enterotoxins. This survey confirmed the uniformity of MRSA isolates in pigs from several regions of China, in contrast to more diversified characteristics reported in European studies. Colonization rates were higher than previously reported. Isolates were resistant to a wide range of antibiotics, but resistance was not detected to linezolid, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin or tigecycline. Although the clinical importance of ST9 in humans is uncertain, continued surveillance, in particular of those occupationally‐exposed, is recommended.
Should an OEM Retain Component Procurement when the CM Produces Competing Products?
Authors: Chen Ying‐Ju , Shum Stephen , Xiao Wenqiang
Published: March 2012

We consider a large original equipment manufacturer (OEM) who relies on a contract manufacturer (CM) to produce her product. In addition to the OEM's product, the CM also produces for a smaller OEM. Both the larger OEM and the CM can purchase the component from the supplier, but their purchase prices may differ and remain unknown to each other. The main question we address is whether the larger OEM should retain component procurement by purchasing components from the supplier and reselling to the CM (buy–sell), or outsource component procurement by letting the CM purchase directly from the supplier (turnkey). We show that, under buy–sell, the larger OEM's optimal strategy is to resell components at the highest possible component purchase price of the CM (i.e., the street price). By comparing buy–sell and turnkey, we find that a CM with low component price is better off under turnkey, even though under buy–sell he receives more profits through the products sold to the smaller OEM. Furthermore, the larger OEM's preference between buy–sell and turnkey depends on her component price, the volatility of the CM's component price and substitutability between the two products.
Competition and Coordination in Online Marketplaces
Authors: Ryan Jennifer K. , Sun Daewon , Zhao Xuying
Published: March 2012

Online marketplaces, such as those operated by Amazon, have seen rapid growth in recent years. These marketplaces serve as an intermediary, matching buyers with sellers, whereas control of the good is left to the seller. In some cases, e.g., the Amazon marketplace system, the firm that owns and manages the marketplace system will also sell competing products through the marketplace system. This creates a new form of channel conflict, which is a focus of this article. We consider a setting in which a marketplace firm operates an online marketplace through which retailers can sell their products directly to consumers. We consider a single retailer, who currently sells its product only through its own website, but who may choose to contract with Amazon to sell its product through the marketplace system. Selling the product through the marketplace expands the available market for the retailer, but comes at some expense, e.g., a fixed participation fee or a revenue sharing requirement. Thus, a key question for the retailer is whether she should choose to sell through the marketplace system, and if so, at what price. We analyze the optimal decisions for both the retailer and the marketplace firm and characterize the system equilibrium.
Stardust impact analogs: Resolving pre‐ and postimpact mineralogy in Stardust Al foils
Authors: WOZNIAKIEWICZ Penelope J. , ISHII Hope A. , KEARSLEY Anton T. , BURCHELL Mark J. , BRADLEY John P. , PRICE Mark C. , TESLICH Nick , LEE Martin R. , COLE Mike J.
Published: March 2012

Abstract– The grains returned by NASA’s Stardust mission from comet 81P/Wild 2 represent a valuable sample set that is significantly advancing our understanding of small solar system bodies. However, the grains were captured via impact at ∼6.1 km s−1 and have experienced pressures and temperatures that caused alteration. To ensure correct interpretations of comet 81P/Wild 2 mineralogy, and therefore preaccretional or parent body processes, an understanding of the effects of capture is required. Using a two‐stage light‐gas gun, we recreated Stardust encounter conditions and generated a series of impact analogs for a range of minerals of cometary relevance into flight spare Al foils. Through analyses of both preimpact projectiles and postimpact analogs by transmission electron microscopy, we explore the impact processes occurring during capture and distinguish between those materials inherent to the impactor and those that are the product of capture. We review existing and present additional data on olivine, diopside, pyrrhotite, and pentlandite. We find that surviving crystalline material is observed in most single grain impactor residues. However, none is found in that of a relatively monodisperse aggregate. A variety of impact‐generated components are observed in all samples. Al incorporation into melt‐derived phases allows differentiation between melt and shock‐induced phases. In single grain impactor residues, impact‐generated phases largely retain original (nonvolatile) major element ratios. We conclude that both surviving and impact‐generated phases in residues of single grain impactors provide valuable information regarding the mineralogy of the impacting grain whilst further studies are required to fully understand aggregate impacts and the role of subgrain interactions during impact.
Inhibition of thrombin-induced Ca2+ influx in platelets by R59949, an inhibitor of diacylglycerol kinase
Authors: Marumo Mikio , Nakano Tomoyuki , Takeda Yuji , Goto Kaoru , Wakabayashi Ichiro
Published: March 2012

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine whether diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) is involved in transplasmalemmal Ca2+ influx of platelets.

Methods

Effects of R59949, an inhibitor of diacylglycerol kinase, on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and mRNA expression of DGK isozymes were investigated using washed human platelet suspensions.

Key findings

Thrombin-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of platelets with R59949, while thapsigargin-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was comparable in platelets with and without R59949 pretreatment. Thapsigargin-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was markedly attenuated in the presence of SKF-96365. In the presence of SKF-96365, thrombin-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was significantly attenuated, and additional treatment with R59949 caused a further decrease in [Ca2+]i. Pretreatment of platelets with 1-butanol significantly attenuated thrombin-induced increase in [Ca2+]i, while thrombin-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was augmented in the presence of propranolol. mRNA expression of DGK-α and DGK-γ, which are known to be inhibited by R59949, in platelets was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis.

Conclusions

R59949 inhibited a store-depletion-insensitive component of transplasmalemmal Ca2+ entry induced by thrombin, while store-operated Ca2+ entry was not affected by R59949. The results of this study suggest that phosphatidic acid is involved in thrombin-induced Ca2+ influx of platelets.
Engineered PLGA nano- and micro-carriers for pulmonary delivery: challenges and promises
Authors: Ungaro Francesca , d' Angelo Ivana , Miro Agnese , La Rotonda Maria I , Quaglia Fabiana
Published: March 2012

Objectives

The aim of this review is to summarize the current state-of-the-art in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) carriers for inhalation. It presents the rational of use, the potential and the recent advances in developing PLGA microparticles and nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery. The most promising particle engineering strategies are discussed, highlighting the advantages along with the major challenges for researchers working in this field.

Key findings

Biodegradable polymer carriers, such as PLGA particles, may permit effective protection and long-term delivery of the inhaled drug and, when adequately engineered, its efficient transport to the target. The carrier can be designed for inhalation on the basis of several strategies through the adequate combination of available particle technologies and excipients. In so doing, the properties of PLGA particles can be finely tuned at micro-size and nano-size level to fulfill specific therapeutic needs. This means not only to realize optimal in vitro/in vivo lung deposition of the formulation, which is still crucial, but also to control the fate of the drug in the lung after particle landing.

Although many challenges still exist, PLGA carriers may be highly beneficial and present a new scenario for patients suffering from chronic lung diseases and for pharmaceutical companies working to develop novel inhaled products.
Fabrication of top-gated epitaxial graphene nanoribbon FETs using hydrogen-silsesquioxane
Authors: Hwang Wan Sik , Tahy Kristof , Nyakiti Luke O. , Wheeler Virginia D. , Myers-Ward Rachael. L. , Eddy C. R. , Gaskill D. Kurt , (Grace) Xing Huili , Seabaugh Alan , Jena Debdeep
Published: March 2012

Top-gated epitaxial graphene nanoribbon (EGNR) field effect transistors (FETs) were fabricated on epitaxial graphene substrates which demonstrated the opening of a substantial bandgap. Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) was used for the patterning of 10 nm size linewidth as well as a seed layer for atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a high-k dielectric aluminum oxide (Al2O3). It is found that the resolution of the patterning is affected by the development temperature, electron beam dose, and substrate materials. The chosen gate stack of HSQ followed by Al2O3 ALD permits stable device performance and enables the demonstration of the EGNR-FET.
Validation of continuously tagged MRI for the measurement of dynamic 3D skeletal muscle tissue deformation
Authors: Moerman Kevin M. , Sprengers Andre M. J. , Simms Ciaran K. , Lamerichs Rolf M. , Stoker Jaap , Nederveen Aart J.
Published: March 2012

Purpose:

Typically spatial modulation of the magnetization (SPAMM) tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requires many repeated motion cycles limiting the applicability to highly repeatable tissue motions only. This paper describes the validation of a novel SPAMM tagged MRI and post‐processing framework for the measurement of complex and dynamic 3D soft tissue deformation following just three motion cycles. Techniques are applied to indentation induced deformation measurement of the upper arm and a silicone gel phantom.

Methods:

A SPAMM tagged MRI methodology is presented allowing continuous (3.3–3.6 Hz) sampling of 3D dynamic soft tissue deformation using non segmented 3D acquisitions. The 3D deformation is reconstructed by the combination of three mutually orthogonal tagging directions, thus requiring only three repeated motion cycles. In addition a fully automatic post‐processing framework is presented employing Gabor scale‐space and filter‐bank analysis for tag extrema segmentation and triangulated surface fitting aided by Gabor filter bank derived surface normals. Deformation is derived following tracking of tag surface triplet triangle intersections. The dynamic deformation measurements were validated using indentation tests (∼20 mm deep at 12 mm/s) on a silicone gel soft tissue phantom containing contrasting markers which provide a reference measure of deformation. In addition, the techniques were evaluatedin vivo for dynamic skeletal muscle tissue deformation measurement during indentation of the biceps region of the upper arm in a volunteer.

Results:

For the phantom and volunteer tag point location precision were 44 and 92 μm, respectively resulting in individual displacements precisions of 61 and 91 μm, respectively. For both the phantom and volunteer data cumulative displacement measurement accuracy could be evaluated and the difference between initial and final locations showed a mean and standard deviation of 0.44 and 0.59 mm for the phantom and 0.40 and 0.73 mm for the human data. Finally accuracy of (cumulative) displacement was evaluated using marker tracking in the silicone gel phantom. Differences between true and predicted marker locations showed a mean of 0.35 mm and a standard deviation of 0.63 mm.

Conclusions:

A novel SPAMM tagged MRI and fully automatic post‐processing framework for the measurement of complex 3D dynamic soft tissue deformation following just three repeated motion cycles was presented. The techniques demonstrate dynamic measurement of complex 3D soft tissue deformation at subvoxel accuracy and precision and were validated for 3.3–3.6 Hz sampling of deformation speeds up to 12 mm/s.
Robust calculation of effective atomic numbers: The Auto‐Zeff software
Authors: Taylor M. L. , Smith R. L. , Dossing F. , Franich R. D.
Published: March 2012

Purpose:

The most appropriate method of evaluating the effective atomic number necessitates consideration of energy‐dependent behavior. Previously, this required quite laborious calculation, which is why many scientists revert to over‐simplistic power‐law methods. The purpose of this work is to develop user‐friendly software for the robust, energy‐dependent computation of effective atomic numbers relevant within the context of medical physics, superseding the commonly employed simplistic power law approaches.

Method

: Visual Basic was used to develop a GUI allowing the straightforward calculation of effective atomic numbers. Photon interaction cross section matrices are constructed for energies spanning 10 keV to 10 GeV and elementsZ = 1–100. Coefficients for composite media are constructed via linear additivity of the fractional constituents and contrasted against the precalculated matrices at each energy, thereby associating an effective atomic number through interpolation of adjacent cross section data. Uncertainties are of the order of 1–2%.

Results

: Auto‐Zeff allows rapid (∼0.6 s) calculation of effective atomic numbers for a range of predefined or user‐specified media, allowing estimation of radiological properties and comparison of different media (for instance assessment of water equivalence). The accuracy of Auto‐Zeff has been validated against numerous published theoretical and experimental predictions, demonstrating good agreement. The results also show that commonly employed power‐law approaches are inaccurate, even in their intended regime of applicability (i.e., photoelectric regime). Furthermore, comparing the effective atomic numbers of composite materials using power‐law approaches even in a relative fashion is shown to be inappropriate.

Conclusion

: Auto‐Zeff facilitates easy computation of effective atomic numbers as a function of energy, as well as average and spectral‐weighted means. The results are significantly more accurate than normal power‐law predictions. The software is freely available to interested readers, who are encouraged to contact the authors.
Cellular plasticity: the good, the bad, and the ugly? Microenvironmental influences on progenitor cell therapy
Authors: Moonen Jan-Renier A.J. , Harmsen Martin C. , Krenning Guido
Published: March 2012

Progenitor cell based therapies have emerged for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular diseases where there is insufficient endogenous repair. However, clinical success has been limited, which challenges the original premise that transplanted progenitor cells would orchestrate repair. In this review, we discuss the basics of endothelial progenitor cell therapy and describe how microenvironmental changes (i.e., trophic and mechano-structural factors) in the damaged myocardium influence progenitor cell plasticity and hamper beneficial therapeutic outcome. Further understanding of these microenvironmental clues will enable optimization of cell therapy at all levels. We discuss current concepts and provide future perspectives for the enhancement of progenitor cell therapy, and merge these advances into a combined approach for ischemic tissue repair.
The regenerative potential of angiotensin AT2 receptor in cardiac repair
Authors: Ludwig Marion , Steinhoff Gustav , Li Jun
Published: March 2012

Angiotensin II, the main effector peptide of the renin–angiotensin system, interferes with cardiac remodeling and repair through its receptors, including AT1 and AT2 receptor (R). The functional relevance of the previously neglected AT2R is currently intensively studied. Pharmacological therapies with AT1R blockers have improved outcomes in patients with ischemic heart injury, probably involving an indirect stimulation of AT2R. Previous experimental studies have clearly shown a protective action of AT2R in tissue repair and regeneration. We have recently identified the c-kit+AT2R+ progenitor cell population in rat heart and bone marrow, which increases after induction of myocardial infarction. Further experimental evidence demonstrates that AT2R mediates cardiac homing and repair process of the c-kit+ progenitor cells. AT2R stimulation through AT1R blockers or directly by AT2R agonist or both in combination may potentially offer the translational options to improve the regenerative potentials of stem/progenitor cells derived from patients with cardiovascular disease.
From tendon to nerve: an MSC for all seasons
Authors: Jamnig Angelika , Lepperdinger Günter
Published: March 2012

The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to regenerate damaged tissue is well documented, as this specialized progenitor cell type exhibits superior cellular properties, and would allow medical as well as ethical limitations to be overcome. By now, MSCs have been successfully introduced in manifold experimental approaches within the newly defined realm of Regenerative Medicine. Advanced methods for in vitro cell expansion, defined induction of distinct differentiation processes, 3-dimensional culture on specific scaffold material, and tissue engineering approaches have been designed, and many clinical trials not only have been launched, but recently could be completed. To date, most of the MSC-based therapeutic approaches have been executed to address bone, cartilage, or heart regeneration; further, prominent studies have shown the efficacy of ex vivo expanded and infused MSCs to countervail graft-versus-host disease. Yet more fields of application emerge in which MSCs unfold beneficial effects, and presently, therapies that effectively ameliorate nonhealing conditions after tendon or spinal cord injury are, courtesy of scientific research, forging ahead to the clinical trial stage.
Cell therapy in the heart
Authors: Abdelli Latifa S. , Merino Hilda , Rocher Crystal M. , Singla Dinender K.
Published: March 2012

Cell therapy is emerging as a new strategy to circumvent the adverse effects of heart disease. Many experimental and clinical studies investigating the transplantation of cells into the injured myocardium have yielded promising results. Moreover, data from these reports show that transplanted stem cells can engraft within the myocardium, differentiate into major cardiac cell types, and improve cardiac function. However, results from clinical trials show conflicting results. These trials demonstrate significant improvements in cardiac function for up to 6 months. However, these improved functions were diminished when examined at 18 months. In this review, we will discuss the current literature available on cell transplantation, covering studies ranging from animal models to clinical trials.
Reelin regulates differentiation of neural stem cells by activation of notch signaling through Disabled-1 tyrosine phosphorylation
Authors: Keilani Serene , Healey DeLacy , Sugaya Kiminobu
Published: March 2012

We have previously reported the cross-talk between Reelin and Notch-1 signaling pathways, which are 2 major pathways that regulate brain development. We found that Reelin activated Notch-1 signaling, leading to the expression of brain lipid binding protein (BLBP) and the formation of radial glial cells in human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs). In the current study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which Reelin activates Notch-1. We show that Reelin-stimulated Notch-1 activation is dependent on Reelin signaling. The induction of Disabled-1 (Dab-1) tyrosine phosphorylation, and the subsequent activation of Src family kinases, were found to be essential steps for the activation of Notch-1 signaling by Reelin. Reelin treatment increased the interaction between Dab-1 and Notch-1 intracellular domain (NICD), and enhanced NICD translocation to the nucleus. This study advances our knowledge of the regulation of Notch-1 activation by Reelin signaling in hNPCs, as an approach to understanding cell fate determination, differentiation, and neurogenesis during brain development.
Stem cells and regenerative medicine — future perspectives
Authors: Brunt Keith R. , Weisel Richard D. , Li Ren-Ke
Published: March 2012

Stem cell research has expanded at an exponential rate, but its therapeutic applications have progressed much more slowly. Currently, the research focuses on understanding embryonic, adult, and inducible pluripotent stem cells. Translation of adult stem cell research has established a definitive benefit that is greater than that of the current standard of care in the field of cardiovascular medicine. The future of stem cell research and therapy will continue to provide novel avenues of diagnostics, therapeutics, and tissue regeneration. Here we discuss a brief history of stem cell research as it transitioned from the 20th to the 21st century. We address lessons learned in the first decade of the new millennium that could help guide others to translate research into therapy across disciplines. Finally, we highlight future goals and challenges that must be overcome and offer some perspective on the bright future of stem cell research and therapy.
Stem cell mediated cardiovascular repair
Authors: Durdu Serkan , Deniz Gunseli Cubukcuoglu , Dogan Arin , Zaim Cagin , Karadag Aynur , Dastouri Mohammad Reza , Akar Ahmet Ruchan
Published: March 2012

Recent increase in the interest in stem and progenitor cells may be attributed to their behavioural characteristics. A consensus has been reached that embryonic or adult stem cells have therapeutic potential. As cardiovascular health issues are still the major culprits in many developed countries, stem and progenitor cell driven approaches may give the clinicians a new arsenal to tackle many significant health issues. However, stem and progenitor cell mediated cardiovascular regeneration can be achieved via complex and dynamic molecular mechanisms involving a variety of cells, growth factors, cytokines, and genes. Functional contributions of transplanted cells on target organs and their survival are still critical problems waiting to be resolved. Moreover, the regeneration of contracting myocardial tissue has controversial results in human trials. Thus, moderately favourable clinical results should be interpreted carefully. Determining the behavioural programs, genetic and transcriptional control of stem cells, mechanisms that determine cell fate, and functional characteristics are the primary targets. In addition, ensuring the long-term follow-up of cells with efficient imaging techniques in human clinical studies may provide a resurgence of the initial enthusiasm, which has faded over time. Here, we provide a brief historical perspective on stem cell driven cardiac regeneration and discuss cardiac and vascular repair in the context of translational science.
A NOVEL BITTER DETECTION BIOSENSOR BASED ON LIGHT ADDRESSABLE POTENTIOMETRIC SENSOR
Authors: WU CHUNSHENG , DU LIPING , MAO LIHUI , WANG PING
Published: March 2012

This paper presents a novel biosensor for bitter substance detection on the basis of light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). Taste receptor cells (TRCs) were used as sensitive elements, which can respond to different bitter stimuli with extreme high sensitivity and specificity. TRCs were isolated from the taste buds of rats and cultured on the surface of LAPS chip. Due to the unique advantages such as single-cell recording, light addressable capability, and noninvasiveness, LAPS chip was used as secondary transducer to monitor the responses of TRCs by recording extracelluar potential changes. The results indicate LAPS chip can effectively record the responses of TRCs to different bitter substances used in this study in a real-time manner for a long-term. In addition, by performing principal component analysis on the LAPS recording data, different bitter substances tested can be successfully discriminated. It is suggested this TRCs–LAPS hybrid biosensor could be a valuable tool for bitter substance detection. With further improvement and novel design, it has great potentials to be applied in both basic research and practical applications related to bitter taste detection.
Exponential Stabilization of Neutral‐Type Neural Networks with Interval Nondifferentiable and Distributed Time‐Varying Delays
Authors: Weera W. , Niamsup P.
Published: March 2012

The problem of exponential stabilization of neutral‐type neural networks
with various activation functions and interval nondifferentiable and distributed time‐varying
delays is considered. The interval time‐varying delay function is not required
to be differentiable. By employing new and improved Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional
combined with Leibniz‐Newton’s formula, the stabilizability criteria are formulated in
terms of a linear matrix inequalities. Numerical examples are given to illustrate and show the
effectiveness of the obtained results.
DopamineD2Receptor-Mediated Heterologous Sensitization of AC5 Requires Signalosome Assembly
Authors: Ejendal Karin F. K. , Dessauer Carmen W. , Hébert Terence E. , Watts Val J.
Published: March 2012

Chronic dopamine receptor activation is implicated in several central nervous system disorders. Although acute activation ofGαi-coupled D2dopamine receptors inhibits adenylyl cyclase, persistent activation enhances adenylyl cyclase activity, a phenomenon called heterologous sensitization. Previous work revealed a requirement forGαsin D2-induced heterologous sensitization of AC5. To elucidate the mechanism ofGαsdependency, we expressedGαsmutants inGαs-deficientGnasE2−/E2−cells. NeitherGαs-palmitoylation norGαs-Gβγ interactions were required for sensitization of AC5. Moreover, we found that coexpressing βARKct-CD8 or Sar1(H79G) blocked heterologous sensitization. These studies are consistent with a role forGαs-AC5 interactions in sensitization however, Gβγ appears to have an indirect role in heterologous sensitization of AC5, possibly by promoting proper signalosome assembly.
Double Sampling with Ranked Set Selection in the Second Phase with Nonresponse: Analytical Results and Monte Carlo Experiences
Authors: Agarwal Gaajendra K. , Allende Sira M. , Bouza Carlos N.
Published: March 2012

This paper is devoted to the study of the behavior of the use of double sampling for dealing with nonresponses, when ranked set sample is used. The characteristics of the sampling strategies are derived. The structure of the errors generated the need of studying of the optimality of the strategies by performing a set Monte Carlo experiments.
Improved Activation toward Primary Colorectal Cancer Cells by Antigen-Specific Targeting Autologous Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells
Authors: Schlimper Claudia , Hombach Andreas A. , Abken Hinrich , Schmidt-Wolf Ingo G. H.
Published: March 2012

Adoptive therapy of malignant diseases with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells showed promise in a number of trials; the activation of CIK cells from cancer patients towards their autologous cancer cells still needs to be improved. Here, we generated CIK cellsex vivofrom blood lymphocytes of colorectal cancer patients and engineered those cells with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) with an antibody-defined specificity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CIK cells thereby gained a new specificity as defined by the CAR and showed increase in activation towards CEA+colon carcinoma cells, but less in presence of CEA−cells, indicated by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Redirected CIK activation was superior by CAR-mediated CD28-CD3ζ than CD3ζ signaling only. CAR-engineered CIK cells from colon carcinoma patients showed improved activation against their autologous, primary carcinoma cells from biopsies resulting in more efficient tumour cell lysis. We assume that adoptive therapy with CAR-modified CIK cells shows improved selectivity in targeting autologous tumour lesions.
Hopf Bifurcation Analysis on General Gause‐Type Predator‐Prey Models with Delay
Authors: Guo Shuang , Jiang Weihua
Published: March 2012

A class of three‐dimensional Gause‐type predator‐prey model with delay is
considered. Firstly, a group of sufficient conditions for the existence of Hopf bifurcation is obtained via employing the polynomial theorem by analyzing the distribution of the roots of the associated characteristic equation. Secondly, the direction of the Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcated periodic solutions are determined by applying the normal form method and the center manifold theorem. Finally, some numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the obtained results.
Oligonucleotide and Parylene Surface Coating of Polystyrene and ePTFE for Improved Endothelial Cell Attachment and Hemocompatibility
Authors: Schleicher Martina , Hansmann Jan , Elkin Bentsian , Kluger Petra J. , Liebscher Simone , Huber Agnes J. T. , Fritze Olaf , Schille Christine , Müller Michaela , Schenke-Layland Katja , Seifert Martina , Walles Heike , Wendel Hans-Peter , Stock Ulrich A.
Published: March 2012

In vivoself-endothelialization by endothelial cell adhesion on cardiovascular implants is highly desirable. DNA-oligonucleotides are an intriguing coating material with nonimmunogenic characteristics and the feasibility of easy and rapid chemical fabrication. The objective of this study was the creation of cell adhesive DNA-oligonucleotide coatings on vascular implant surfaces. DNA-oligonucleotides immobilized by adsorption on parylene (poly(monoaminomethyl-para-xylene)) coated polystyrene and ePTFE were resistant to high shear stress (9.5 N/m2) and human blood serum for up to 96 h. Adhesion of murine endothelial progenitor cells, HUVECs and endothelial cells from human adult saphenous veins as well as viability over a period of 14 days of HUVECs on oligonucleotide coated samples under dynamic culture conditions was significantly enhanced (P<0.05). Oligonucleotide-coated surfaces revealed low thrombogenicity and excellent hemocompatibility after incubation with human blood. These properties suggest the suitability of immobilization of DNA-oligonucleotides for biofunctionalization of blood vessel substitutes for improvedin vivoendothelialization.
A New Discrete Integrable System Derived from a Generalized Ablowitz‐Ladik Hierarchy and Its Darboux Transformation
Authors: Wu Xianbin , Rui Weiguo , Hong Xiaochun
Published: March 2012

We find an interesting phenomenon that the discrete system appearing in a reference can be reduced to the old integrable system given by Merola, Ragnisco, and Tu in another reference. Differing from the works appearing in the above two references, a new discrete integrable system is obtained by the generalized Ablowitz‐Ladik hierarchy; the Darboux transformation of this new discrete integrable system is established further. As applications of this Darboux transformation, different kinds of exact solutions of this new system are explicitly given. Investigatingthe properties of these exact solutions, we find that these exact solutions are not pure soliton solutions, but their dynamic characteristics are very interesting.
Where Do AQP4 Antibodies Fit in the Pathogenesis of NMO?
Authors: Kinoshita Makoto , Nakatsuji Yuji
Published: March 2012

Recent advances in the field of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) research provided convincing evidence that anti-AQP4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) not only serves as a highly specific disease marker, but also plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Although it is now widely recognized that AQP4-Ab induces astrocytic necrosis in a complement-dependent manner, additional triggers are also suspected as a prerequisite for the development of the disease. Unraveling these unresolved aspects of the disease will provide substantial insight into still controversial issues in the pathogenesis of NMO.
A Decade of Digital Arts and Sciences at the University of Florida
Authors: Fishwick Paul A.
Published: March 2012

The advent of cinematic special effects and console gaming since the late 1990s suggests an increasing and sustained emphasis on combining elements from the arts and computer science. The author presents a 10-year synopsis of a degree program created in 2000 to build an undergraduate curriculum using this emphasis as a catalyst. The degree program has resulted in steady student enrollment over the past decade as well as a significantly higher female student participation compared with the university's other three computer science degree programs. The article presents an overview of the program, qualitative and quantitative assessments, lessons learned and recommendations for continued improvement.
Moon Vehicle: Reflections from an Artist-Led Children's Workshop on the Chandrayaan-1 Spacecraft's Mission to the Moon
Authors: Griffin Joanna
Published: March 2012

This article reflects on the journey to the Moon of the spacecraft Chandrayaan-1 as it was interpreted through an artist-led workshop. The workshop participants were a group of children who lived close to where Chandrayaan was built and some of the engineers and scientists responsible for creating the spacecraft. Insights from the workshop show how a mission to the Moon draws on both the technological and the imaginative; they also have bearing on the relative agency of these individuals to contribute to the Moon missions in ways that are personally meaningful to them.
Pursuing the Work of Jacques Bertin
Authors: Riche Nathalie Henry
Published: March 2012

Representing networks is a major interest of researchers in information visualization. In this article, The authors present novel visualization techniques based on Jacques Bertin's reorderable matrices.
Network Science: A New Method for Investigating the Complexity of Musical Experiences in The Brain
Authors: Wilkins Robin W. , Hodges Donald A. , Laurienti Paul J. , Steen Matthew R. , Burdette Jonathan H.
Published: March 2012

Network science is a rapidly emerging analysis method for investigating complex systems, such as the brain, in terms of their components and the interactions among them. Within the brain, music affects an intricate set of complex neural processing systems. These include structural components as well as functional elements such as memory, motor planning and execution, cognition and mood fluctuation. Because music affects such diverse brain systems, it is an ideal candidate for applying network science methods. Using as naturalistic an approach as possible, the authors investigated whether listening to different genres of music affected brain connectivity. Here the authors show that varying levels of musical complexity affect brain connectivity. These results suggest that network science offers a promising new method to study the dynamic impact of music on the brain.
The Making of Sixty-Nine Days of Close Encounters at the Science Gallery
Authors: Van den Broeck Wouter , Quaggiotto Marco , Isella Lorenzo , Barrat Alain , Cattuto Ciro
Published: March 2012

The SocioPatterns sensing platform uses wearable electronic badges to sense close-range proximity among individuals. It was used in an experiential exhibit that simulated a virtual epidemic among the visitors of the INFECTIOUS: STAY AWAY exhibition in the Science Gallery in Dublin, Ireland. The collected data was used to generate a high-resolution visualization that illustrates the variation in contact activity over the course of the exhibition.
Rainwire: Environmental Sonification of Rainfall
Authors: Burraston Dave
Published: March 2012

The Rainwire project forms part of an art/science initiative to investigate environmental sonification of land-based natural rainfall using large-scale long wire instruments.
Voce voco. Some Text Linguistic Observations on Ovid Heroides 10
Authors: Kroon Caroline
Published: March 2012

Abstract

In his articleVoce voco. Ariadne in Ovids Heroides und die ‘weibliche Stimme’(Mnemosyne, this issue), Christoph Pieper proposes a metapoetic interpretation of OvidHeroides10 in terms of a gradual awakening (and subsequent faltering) of Ariadne’s literary voice. The present contribution serves as a supplement to this article, in that it provides some text linguistic support for this metapoetic reading. In a linguistically and narratologically oriented discussion of the structure ofHeroides10, it is shown how epic and elegy literally merge in this poem, for instance by means of an ingenious mixing of discourse modes and time frames, and a subtle play with the inherent ambiguity of the present tense. The analysis reveals by which formal means the poet manages to reconcile all of Ariadne’s different roles and perspectives in the poem (epistolary speaker, epic speaker, elegiac speaker, narrative character), and integrate them, by way of literary experiment, in one coherent text.
Interrogative Nam in Early Latin
Authors: Holmes Nigel
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The article examines the use of nam in close association with a question word (e.g. quisnam, nam quis) in early Latin. As Kroon (1995, 165-5) observes, the use mirrors explicative nam, in that it is found when a speaker seeks supplementary information, while explicative nam is used to provide it. If interrogative nam arose from a sarcastic use of explicative nam to comment on a dialogue partner’s failure to supply information, this could account for several nuances that commentators have found in nam questions.
Divorce Trends in Asia
Authors: Dommaraju Premchand , Jones Gavin
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This paper presents and discusses recent trends in divorce for countries in Asia, highlighting both wide variations in divorce patterns and recent changes in divorce trends for countries in the region. Three broad regional patterns are evident: an East Asian pattern characterised by increasing divorce rates, though there are signs of stabilisation in some countries in the last few years; an Islamic Southeast Asian pattern characterised by declining divorce rates until recently; and a South Asian pattern with relatively stable and low divorce rates. The paper also discusses divorce in international marriages in some East Asian countries and Singapore.
Explaining the Recent Upturn in Divorce in Indonesia: Developmental Idealism and the Effect of Political Change
Authors: Heaton Tim , Cammack Mark
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Divorce trends in Indonesia during the latter half of the 20th century provide an interesting contrast to Western societies. While the social forces associated with modernisation resulted in a dramatic rise in divorce in Western societies, the process of modernisation produced an equally dramatic decline in divorce in Indonesia. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the divorce trends have reversed direction in Indonesia, and the divorce rate has begun to rise. The purpose of this paper is to present both statistical evidence of a possible rise in divorce and qualitative evidence of possible changes in reasons for divorce. The statistical evidence is based on five rounds of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1987 and 2007. Qualitative evidence comes from interviews with marriage registrars, court officials, and other informed community members.
The Islamic Divorce Contract and a Flawed Axiom of Masculine Protectionism
Authors: Mohamad Maznah
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The Islamic marital contract is based on an ideal of masculine protectionism, with males assuming power over those presumed to be vulnerable, namely, women and children. Greater rights are accorded to males in accordance with their bigger obligation towards the security and prosperity of the family. In illustrating these dynamics, I trace the historical development of the Family Syariah in Malaysia, and analyse the provisions on marital dissolution contained within it. The notion of either protectionist or dominative masculinity is then explored by examining the litigious experiences of men and women, as revealed from case law files on divorce of the various Syariah courts in Malaysia. In these cases, many men do not live up to their religious obligation as family head and provider, but often given the court mandate to imagine that they can. Hence, when they fail to see to their families’ maintenance, despite being religiously entrusted to be the source of women’s and children’s well-being, a social cost to society is exacted. In this situation, the manufacture of the submissive female is seldom successful as material conditions (such as wealth and social safety nets) do not always exist for obedience to be exchanged with protection. The article explores the extent to which an Islamic divorce contract can be sustained given that the axiom of male-protectionism can often be proven false in present day socio-economic context.
Living Arrangements of the Divorced and Separated in the Philippines
Authors: Abalos Jeofrey B.
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This paper aims to present a brief profile of divorced and separated Filipino men and women and examine their living arrangements across selected characteristics. Results show that those who experienced marital dissolution at younger ages are more likely to live in an extended household, while divorced and separated Filipinos who are in the middle age groups tend to live in a single-parent household. At older ages, divorced and separated Filipinos are more likely to live in an extended household. Moreover, divorced and separated men, those with low level of education, those in the labour force, those living in non-city and who are non-migrants are more likely to live in a one-person household or a single-parent household. On the other hand, divorced and separated women, those with higher level of education, those not in the labour force, those who are migrants and non-Muslims are more likely to live in an extended household. In addition, households with large number of own children are more likely to be single-parent households rather than extended households.
Fresh Cut Flowers and Exploitation
Authors: Miller Christina M.
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Our lives are filled with goods, from food to clothes to cars and everything in between. We purchase almost everything we use on a daily basis. Everywhere one turns there is talk of globalization and capitalism. These forces are significant factors in the daily lives of people all over the world. The availability of fresh cut flowers in the United States, Canada, and Europe is intimately tied to exploitation of workers in the third world. In this article I look at two case studies on different hemispheres, Colombia and Kenya, and show the exploitation of workers, especially women and children.
South Korea’s Sunshine Policy, Reciprocity and Nationhood
Authors: Hogarth Hyun-key Kim
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This article is an anthropological study of South Korea’s ‘Sunshine Policy’ towards North Korea, through analyzing the much debated issue of reciprocity between the divided yet one nation. The Sunshine Policy was first instigated in 1998 by South Korean President Kim Dae Jung, to soften the belligerent attitude of North Korea towards the South by promoting interaction through the prosperous South’s economic aid to the nearly bankrupt North. The policy initially seemed to work, leading to some communications between the two Koreas, and President Kim Dae Jung was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000. However, as the North ‘jettisoned’ the principle of reciprocity, and the financial aid aimed to help the starving North Korean masses was used to develop weaponry including nuclear bombs and long-range missiles, the South Korean public began to question its validity. Since March 2008, the new South Korean President Lee Myung-bak has taken a harsher stance towards the North, and the Sunshine Policy has somewhat faded. According to some it is doomed to fail. This is an analyses of nation, state and reciprocity, and the reasons why the Sunshine Policy has encountered so many problems.
Critical Literacy in East Asian Literacy Classrooms
Authors: Kim So Jung
Published: March 2012

Abstract

In this non-empirical study I examine the significance of implementing a critical literacy curriculum into East Asia literacy classrooms, focusing on the Korean and the Vietnamese context. Although critical literacy is not a new issue in most countries, no study has been published about critical literacy in East Asia countries. The fundamental goal of this study is to provide a more democratic vision for literacy teaching and learning to teachers, educators and policymakers, especially in East Asia countries. This study will be beneficial not only for teachers in East Asia, but also for Western countries that still need more knowledge to develop appropriate usage of critical literacy throughout the world.
Globalizing Research Ethics: Justice & Biomedical Research in Developing Countries
Authors: Neitzke Alex B.
Published: March 2012

Abstract

A variety of factors are pushing biomedical research (e.g. pharmaceutical drug trials) to be increasingly performed in developing countries by foreign sponsors from wealthier nations. However, research takes on unique ethical dimensions when studies are performed in developing countries. Factors like poverty, imbalance of power, and cultural difference between sponsors/researchers and participants combine to increase possibilities for research abuses. Biomedical research in developing countries must therefore be given informed ethical analysis to ensure that research may be performed without exploiting developing nations. In this article I argue that an ethical framework for research in developing countries should be formulated through the adoption of four important conceptual changes: i) accounting for the vulnerability of subjects, ii) acknowledging contextual factors including social structures, culture, and political climate, iii) challenging ‘reasonable availability’ and other narrow concepts of benefit to research subjects, and iv) forging and utilizing lasting relationships with institutions already established in developing nations.