bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sub-chronic lead exposure alters kidney proteome profiles
Authors: Chen Jing , Mercer Greg , Roth Sarah R. , Abraham Linu , Lutz Paula , Ercal Nuran , Neal Rachel E.
Published: January 2011

The current study examined the impact of sub-chronic lead (Pb)-exposure upon global protein profile in rodent kidney (blood Pb levels ~50 μg/dL; 5 weeks oral Pb-acetate exposure). Utilizing 2D SDS-PAGE for kidney protein separation, greater than 500 protein spots were analyzed by densitometry following background noise removal, spot alignment, and intensity filtering. Approximately 100 protein spots were identified by ESI-MS/MS with mitochondrial, chaperone, antioxidant, and Pb-binding proteins included. Forty-eight protein spots exhibited significant alterations in abundance (18 identified by ESI-MS/MS) including the increased protein abundance of ketohexokinase, enolase, protein disulfide-isomerase, lamda crystallin, lactamase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Decreased protein abundances were observed for α-2 microglobulin, glutamate cysteine ligase, prohibitin, homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, alpha-ETF, argininosuccinate synthetase and ATP synthase (H+ transporting). These data support the hypothesis that protein profiles in the kidney are altered following sub-chronic physiologically relevant Pb-exposure.
Levels of select organophosphates in human colostrum and mature milk samples in rural region of Faizabad district, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Srivastava S , Narvi SS , Prasad SC
Published: January 2011

Introduction: Human colostrum and mature milk samples from rural mothers were separately screened for organophosphate pesticides (OPPs). The samples were assessed for the pollution load they are transmitting to the nursing infant to determine potential toxicity. The role of colostrum for toxicity monitoring was assessed in comparison to mature milk as it is the very first infant food. Materials and methods: The pesticides were quantified using a Gas Chromatograph equipped with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) and the results were further validated on GC linked with Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Results: A total of 33 samples were analyzed out of 40 samples collected. These samples were from 33 mothers. Out of these, 25 were colostrum samples and 8 were mature milk samples. Frequency percentage (N%) of organophosphates analyzed was highest for ethion (23.1% or 6/26) in colostrum and chlorpyrifos (50% or 4/8) in mature milk samples. Frequency percentage in colostrum was 19.2% (5/26) for chlorpyrifos and 3.8% (1/26) for dimethoate; 25.0% (2/8) mature milk samples carried dimethoate and 12.5% (1/8) carried ethion. Mean OPPs in colostrum: dimethoate (85.888 ng/g fat) > ethion (48.000 ng/g fat) > chlorpyrifos (4.003 ng/g fat); and mature milk: ethion (744.925 ng/g fat) > chlorpyrifos (37.274 ng/g fat) > dimethoate (26.752 ng/g fat). MS data revealed the presence of methyl parathion, which was not quantitated. None of the samples exceeded acceptable daily intake standards set by Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). The study will pave way for further analysis on pesticide toxicology.
Dual effects of erdosteine on hemostasis via its different metabolites in young rats
Authors: Arica Vefik , Tutanc Murat , Ozturk Oktay Hasan , Arica Secil , Basarslan Fatmagul , Erden Ersin Sukru , Oktar Suleyman , Kaya Hasan
Published: January 2011

Aim: In the study, we examined erdosteine’s effects on platelet functions and coagulation. Materials and methods: A total 29 young albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Control rats ( n = 6) were given saline; Group 1 rats ( n = 7) were given 3 mg/kg erdosteine by oral gavage for 3 days; Group 2 rats ( n = 7) were given 10 mg/kg erdosteine by oral gavage for 3 days; and Group 3 rats ( n = 9) were given 30 mg/kg erdosteine for 3 days. Twenty-four hours after the final dose, blood samples were drawn from a portal vein. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and international normalized ratio (INR) were measured, and platelet counts were examined in a peripheral blood smear by light microscopy. Results: PT and INR values of Group 1 increased compared to the controls but did not change in Group 3. Hemostatic parameters were not measured in Group 2 because the blood samples in Group 2’s tubes clotted rapidly. Platelet counts of the peripheral blood from Group 2 were low but were normal in other groups. Conclusion: We have concluded erdosteine may disrupt hemostasis parameters by its different metabolites in patients. Erdosteine has dual effects on hemostasis via its different metabolites, which occur in different doses.
Genotoxic effects of aluminum, iron and manganese in human cells and experimental systems: A review of the literature
Authors: Lima PDL , Vasconcellos MC , Montenegro RC , Bahia MO , Costa ET , Antunes LMG , Burbano RR
Published: January 2011

There is considerable evidence indicating an increase in neurodegenerative disorders in industrialized countries. The clinical symptoms and the possible mutagenic effects produced by acute poisoning and by chronic exposure to metals are of major interest. This study is a review of the data found concerning the genotoxic potential of three metals: aluminum (Al), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), with emphasis on their action on human cells.
Protective effect of Cassia fistula fruit extract on bromobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity in mice
Authors: Kalantari Heibatullah , Jalali Mohammadtaha , Jalali Amir , Salimi Abobakr , Alhalvachi Foad , Varga Balazs , Juhasz Bela , Jakab Anita , Kemeny-Beke Adam , Gesztelyi Rudolf , Tosaki Arpad , Zsuga Judit
Published: January 2011

The efficacy of a crude hydro-alcoholic extract of Cassia fistula (golden shower tree) fruit to protect the kidney against bromobenzene-induced toxicity was studied. Negative control mice received normal saline; positive control mice were given 460 mg/kg of bromobenzene; Cassia fistula treated mice received 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg of Cassia fistula fruit extract followed by 460 mg/kg bromobenzene (daily by oral gavage for 10 days). On the 11th day, the mice were sacrificed, blood samples were obtained to assess blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, and kidneys were removed for histological examination. We found that bromobenzene induced significant nephrotoxicity reflected by an increase in levels of BUN and creatinine that was dose dependently prevented by the Cassia fistula fruit extract. The nephroprotective effect of the Cassia fistula fruit extract was confirmed by the histological examination of the kidneys. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the protective effect of Cassia fistula in nephrotoxicity.
Therapeutic management of neonatal hemochromatosis: Report of four cases and literature review
Authors: Annagür Ali , Altunhan Hüseyin , Yüksekkaya Hasan Ali , Örs Rahmi
Published: January 2011

Neonatal hemochromatosis (NH) is a rare disease of iron metabolism that starts at intrauterine period causing liver failure and extrahepatic siderozis. The etiology of NH has not been understood exactly, yet it is accepted that a maternofetal alloimmune disorder that leads to liver failure in fetus causes the illness. The prognosis of NH is generally bad and death is inevitable if left untreated. The efficiency of chelation–antioxidant coctail used in medical treatment is between 10% and 20% and these patients frequently need liver transplantation. In our study, we presented four newborn cases diagnosed as NH and treated medically. Of the four patients, one died of pulmonary hemorrhage and another died of multiorgan failure in the first week of hospitalization. The other two patients' clinical status and laboratory parameters recovered with medical treatment. However, since liver transplantation was not carried out, one of these patients died at the age of two and a half months and the other at eighth month due to sepsis. In this study, we would like to emphasize the importance of early liver transplantation in patients recovered with medical treatment.
Leadership in Multiplayer Online Gaming Environments
Authors: Lisk Timothy C. , Kaplancali Ugur T. , Riggio Ronald E.
Published: January 2011

With their increased popularity, games open up possibilities for simultaneous learning on multiple levels; players may learn from contextual information embedded in the narrative of the game and through the risks, benefits, costs, outcomes, and rewards of the alternative strategies that result from fast-paced decision making. Such dynamics also contribute to building relationships and sharing/delegating authority with others, in other words, acquiring leadership skills. Games and simulations have long histories as tools to facilitate learning and training, especially in formats such as board games, role-playing games, and real-life simulations. However, multiplayer online games are rarely used outside military training for leadership development. With its emphasis on transformational leadership skills in distributed teams (DTs), this study presents several findings on leadership in multiplayer online environments, such as INFINITEAMS and EVE ONLINE. To cope with globalization, technological change, and highly competitive environments, leaders of DTs must have a better understanding of the contextual variables in online environments, and massively multiplayer online video games provide robust platforms to test their skills.
Just Running Around: Some Reminiscences of Early Simulation/Gaming in the United Kingdom
Authors: van Ments Morry
Published: January 2011

The article begins with an abbreviated CV of the author and then recounts the formation of Society for the Advancement of Games and Simulation in Education and Training (SAGSET) and the early days of simulation and gaming in the United Kingdom. Four strands of elements of development are described together with the key events of the 1970s and 1980s. The author draws attention to the way in which simulation and gaming have moved from loosely directed events based on fun and interaction toward a more academic and analytical approach but speculates that these trends may be starting to be reversed.
Does Individual Development Account Participation Help the Poor? A Review
Authors: Richards Kristin V. , Thyer Bruce A.
Published: January 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to review the current empirical research regarding the financial effects of participation in Individual Development Account (IDA) programs. Methods: Peer-reviewed outcome studies identified through electronic bibliographic databases and manual searches of article reference lists are reviewed. A total of 1 randomized controlled trial, 1 quasi-experimental study involving a comparison group, and 13 preexperimental 1-group pretest—posttest studies, were found. Results: Findings suggest IDA participants are capable of saving; however, total amount of savings is limited and may simply represent a reallocation of assets. Additionally, there is little evidence that the poor are enabled to achieve one of the three primary purposes of IDA programs (e.g., home ownership, postsecondary education, and microenterprise). Conclusion: It is premature to conclude that IDAs are an effective means of assisting low-income individuals in the development of assets. A stronger evidentiary foundation is needed, consisting of randomized controlled trials and cost-effectiveness and cost—benefit studies.
The Development of an Online Practice-Based Evaluation Tool for Social Work
Authors: Regehr Cheryl , Bogo Marion , Regehr Glenn
Published: January 2011

Objective: This paper describes the development of a practice-based evaluation (PBE) tool that allows instructors to represent their student’s clinical performance in a way that is sufficiently authentic to resonate with both instructors and students, is psychometrically sound, and is feasible in the context of real practice. Method: A new online evaluation tool was designed to address several of the problems associated with previous methods of evaluation, and was tested on 190 field instructor—student pairs. Results: Results demonstrated feasibility of the tool, high acceptability from students and faculty, high internal consistency, and clearly reduced ceiling effect, when compared with a traditional competency-based evaluation (CBE) tool. It did, however, continue to result in a strong skew toward positive evaluation and did not increase the identification of students at risk. Conclusions: The online PBE tool demonstrates promise in redressing some of the evaluation issues posed by the previous CBE model of evaluation.
Applying a Cohesive Set of Comprehension Strategies to Content-Area Instruction
Authors: Swanson Elizabeth , Edmonds Meaghan S. , Hairrell Angela , Vaughn Sharon , Simmons Deborah C.
Published: January 2011

Upper elementary content-area teachers often face the challenge of how to make content-area text more accessible and learnable for their students. Whereas there exists a range of comprehension strategies that can be applied to informational text, the premium on instructional time leaves teachers in search of a cohesive, efficient, and effective set of comprehension strategies that can be applied to existing textbook materials. In this article, a set of reading comprehension strategies designed for informational readings in social studies textbooks will be described. A description of each strategy is followed by a timeline for introduction and techniques for increasing task difficulty over time.
Understanding Diversity Management Practices: Implications of Institutional Theory and Resource-Based Theory
Authors: Yang Yang  , Konrad Alison M.
Published: January 2011

Diversity management practices consist of the set of formalized practices developed and implemented by organizations to manage diversity effectively among all organizational stakeholders. We review the extant literature on antecedents and outcomes of diversity management practices. Applying institutional and resource-based theories, we develop a research model outlining several possible avenues for future research. We also identify ways that research on diversity management practices has the potential to advance the two theoretical perspectives.
Congenital Bleeding Disorders in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Borhany Munira , Shamsi Tahir , Naz Arshi , Khan Asif , Parveen Kousar , Ansari Saqib , Farzana Tasneem
Published: January 2011

Objective: To determine the frequency of inherited bleeding disorders, its complications, and treatment modalities available for its treatment. Design: Cross-sectional study. Patients and Methods: Patients with a history of bleeding tendency were tested for confirmation of the diagnosis. History and clinical findings were recorded. Laboratory analysis included prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), bleeding time (BT), and fibrinogen assay. Patients with prolonged APTT were tested for factors VIII (FVIII) and IX (FIX). If FVIII was low, von Willebrand factor: antigen (vWF:Ag) and von Willebrand factor:ristocetin cofactor (vWF:RCo) were performed. When PT and APTT both were prolonged, FV, FX, and FII were tested. Platelet aggregation studies were done when there was isolated prolonged BT. Urea clot solubility test was done when all coagulation tests were normal. All patients with hemophilia A and B were evaluated for inhibitors. Results: Of the 376 patients, inherited bleeding disorder was diagnosed in 318 (85%) cases. Median age of patients was 16.4years. Hemophilia A was the commonest inherited bleeding disorder that was observed in 140 (37.2%) followed by vWD 68 (18.0%), platelet function disorders 48 (12.8%), and hemophilia B in 33 (8.8%) cases. We also found rare congenital factor deficiencies in 13 (3.4%), low VWF in 11 (3.0%) participants and 5 (1.3%) in female hemophilia carriers. Hemarthrosis was the most frequent symptom in hemophilia A and B (79.7%) involving knee joint. Inhibitor was detected in 21 (15%) cases. Fresh frozen plasma/cryoprecipitate were the most common modality of treatment. In 58 patients, no abnormality was detected in coagulation profile. Conclusion: Hemophilia A and vWD are the most common congenital bleeding disorders in this study. Hemarthrosis involving knee joint was the most common complication. Inhibitor was detected in a significant number of patients. Plasma is still the most common modality of treatment.
Is there a benefit to having a clinical oncology pharmacist on staff at a community oncology clinic?
Authors: Ruder Aimee Danette , Smith Douglas Lamont , Madsen Michael Thornton , Kass Frederic Henry
Published: January 2011

Background. The John Marsh Cancer Center is an ambulatory oncology clinic located in Hagerstown, MD. In 2004, a clinical oncology pharmacist was hired to help manage therapies and control cost. The objective was to evaluate clinical interventions, consultations and cost savings by the clinical oncology pharmacist.

Methods. This was a retrospective descriptive analysis of clinical interventions by the clinical oncology pharmacist from September 4, 2004 to October 27, 2006. Interventions were categorized as either drug-related or consultative. Drug-related interventions included medication reconciliation, dosing, and adverse effect management and prevention. Consultations incorporated drug information questions, patient visits, and patient education sessions. Information was extracted from an online documentation program linked to medical charts.

Results. A total of 583 clinical interventions were documented among 199 patients. Average time spent per intervention was 10 minutes. Drug-related and consultative interventions accounted for 35% and 65%, respectively. Included among the drug-related interventions were adverse events (131), medication reconciliation (52) and dosing (22). Consultation services consisted of patient education (143), patient visits (124) and drug information (25). The on-site pharmacist saved $210,000 by admixing chemotherapy. Patient and colleague surveys evaluated pharmacist services with positive ratings of 95% and 98%, respectively.

Conclusion. Analysis of clinical interventions, cost-savings, and feedback from patients and colleagues confirmed beneficial services provided by a clinical pharmacist in this outpatient oncology center.
Newer developments in the therapeutics of the transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis
Authors: Dasanu Constantin A , Ong-Bacay Aileen , Codreanu Ion
Published: January 2011

Many of the risk factors and pathogenesis of urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis are similar to the ones of the more common urothelial bladder cancer. In addition, two endemic nephropathies and two inherited syndromes have been linked with the development of upper urologic cancer. Multiple synchronous or metachronous lesions throughout urinary tract are rather common and should always be sought in the management of this entity. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in early-stage tumors. The role of adjuvant radiation and chemoradiation for carcinoma of the renal pelvis remains to be redefined, given the advent of conformal approaches and intensity modulation. In non-surgical candidates, chemotherapy remains the mainstay. Metastatic urothelial renal pelvic cancer is usually treated with combination platinum-based chemotherapy. Definitive radiation therapy should be considered in persons with locally advanced/unresectable disease, multiple comorbidities, and/or severely compromised performance status. Recently, the antifolate agent pemetrexed has demonstrated an overall response rate of circa 30% in urothelial carcinoma. New targeted agents, alone or in combination with cytotoxic drugs, are currently being tested in clinical trials and may lead to new and exciting avenues for the therapy of this disease.
Adult Wilms’ tumor: Review of literature
Authors: Ali Elsayed Mostafa , Elnashar Afaf T
Published: January 2011

Background. The most common renal tumors in adults is renal cell carcinoma. Wilms’ tumor in subjects older than 16 years is rare; only 3% of Wilms’ tumors are reported in adults, which explain the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment of this tumor entity in this age group.

Methods. Patient with stage IV adult nephroblastoma with favorable histology was described, current treatment modalities were discussed, and the literature was reviewed.

Results. Nineteen year old female patient is presented with renal mass, abdominal lymphadenopathy, and bilateral pulmonary deposits. Sonar guided biopsy from the renal mass was taken and pathology revealed nephroblastoma. Right nephrectomy was performed and the pathological examination revealed classic histology of nephroblastoma. The case diagnosed as stage IV adult Wilms’ tumor with favorable histology. According to National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group (NWTS-3), multimodal therapy was initiated immediately after surgery. The patient failed to respond to the first line therapy and died due to disease progression.

Conclusion. Adult Wilms’ tumor has no specific guidelines and this may lead to improper or incorrect treatment.
Leucovorin-induced hypersensitivity reaction
Authors: Damaske Avni , Ma Nichole , Williams Reba
Published: January 2011

Leucovorin is a reduced form of folic acid, which has multiple uses.1 In this case report, it is used in combination with fluorouracil in the treatment of colon cancer. We describe a 53-year-old male, who was started on FOLFOX 6 + bevacizumab who experienced a hypersensitivity reaction to leucovorin. There have been very few cases of leucovorin hypersensitivity reactions reported in the literature. In this case, symptoms include flushing, hives, body pain, headaches, elevated blood pressures, and general discomfort. Although leucovorin reactions are considered rare, one should be aware of the types of reactions that can occur with leucovorin.
Patterns and scripts: The revision of feminine heterosexuality in feminist theory and literature
Authors: Voela Angie
Published: January 2011

In a recent article in Sociology, Diane Richardson contends that rather than focusing on theorizing the specific relationship between sexuality and gender, researchers should focus on developing frameworks that capture the complex and dynamic nature of that relationship. Towards that end, Richardson proposes ‘patterned fluidities’ as a working metaphor for feminine sexuality. This article explores the potential of the metaphor as a focal point for bringing together different strands of feminist thought on heterosexuality. It discusses if and how ‘patterned fluidities’ are supported by empirical evidence and how they interact with areas of thought that do not fall within the scope of Richardson’s article, namely feminist views on postmodernity. Three contemporary Greek novels are used as examples.
Intersectionality as multi-level analysis: Dealing with social inequality
Authors: Winker Gabriele , Degele Nina
Published: January 2011

The concept of intersectionality is on its way to becoming a new paradigm in gender studies. In its current version, it denominates reciprocities between gender, race and class. However, it also allows for the integration of other socially defined categories, such as sexuality, nationality or age. On the other hand, it is widely left unclear as to which level these reciprocal effects apply: the level of social structures, the level of constructions of identity or the level of symbolic representations. This article advocates an intersectional multi-level analysis which takes into account reciprocal effects between the various levels. This approach includes an analytical grasp of and methodical reflection on these reciprocal effects as well as making them empirically accessible.
White migrations: Swedish women, gender vulnerabilities and racial privileges
Authors: Lundström Catrin , Twine France Winddance
Published: January 2011

This article examines Swedish migrant women to the United States. It asks how racially privileged European migrants adapt to US racial and gender hierarchies that require them to relinquish their economic security and gender autonomy in a neoliberal state? Drawing upon interviews and focus group discussions with 33 Swedish women and three of their spouses, and participant observation between 2006 and 2008 in a network for Swedish speaking women living in the US, the article discusses how a group of ‘white’ migrant women who arrive in the US with an ideology of gender egalitarianism negotiate a more socially conservative and economically vulnerable lifestyle, as the wives (and potential ex-wives) of upper-middle-class men. The article argues that while Swedish women benefit from their racial and social privileges in the US they lose their sense of economic security, acquiring new anxieties that make them reluctant to renounce their Swedish citizenship which they conceive of as a ‘flexible’ resource.
Geysers and ‘girls’: Gender, power and colonialism in Icelandic tourist imagery
Authors: Alessio Dominic , Jóhannsdóttir Anna Lisa
Published: January 2011

This article examines shifts in the image of Iceland created for international tourism. It argues that at the beginning of the 21st century the more traditional spotlight on the country’s natural attractions was altered, giving an additional, new focus on the nation’s beautiful, and apparently sexually promiscuous, women. Such a development deserves further comment for a variety of reasons. First, an examination of the importance of women to Iceland’s national marketing, especially their depiction visually, underlines the need to reconsider the substantial role of gender and imagery representation in tourism studies, two themes that have been underexamined by scholars working in the discipline. Second, as a Nordic nation with a reputation for gender equality, this focus on women as sexual objects readily available for male tourist consumption raises a serious contradiction. Last but not least, the use of sexually alluring female images by a developed nation has intriguing implications for postcolonial scholars interested in representations of ‘the Other’. While shying away from implying that ideologies of ‘race’ are not important to discussions of international sex tourism, this article suggests that gender should be considered an equally important contributing factor in such analyses.
Theorizing the image for Security Studies
Authors: Hansen Lene
Published: January 2011

This article provides a framework for the study of visual securitization, that is, when images constitute something or someone as threatened and in need of immediate defense or when securitizing actors argue that images ‘speak security’. To study security politics is to focus on the public constitution of threats and dangers; to study visual securitization, therefore, requires an analysis not just of the image as a free-standing entity, but of the ways it is constituted through spoken and written discourse. To analyze the process of visual securitization, this article advances an inter-visual/intertextual model consisting of four components: the visual itself, its immediate intertextual context, the wider policy discourse, and the constitutions of the image. Three additional sets of theoretical arguments deepen this model by pointing to the specificity of the image as comprised through immediacy, circulability, and ambiguity, the strategies of depiction that images employ, and the genres through which images are brought to the audience. The applicability of the theoretical framework is illustrated through a case study of one of the most conspicuous cases of visual securitization: the Muhammad Cartoon Crisis.
One-party rule or multiparty competition? Chinese attitudes to party system alternatives
Authors: Harmel Robert , Tan Alexander C.
Published: January 2011

This article tests multifactor explanations for variance among Chinese citizens' attitudes to two related but separable party system concepts: the appropriateness of the current one-party system for China today, and the more abstract notion that multiple parties lead to chaos. Using data from The China Survey, conducted with a nationwide sample in 2008, the authors find that feelings of satisfaction with life and with the government contribute more to the explanation of support for China’s current one-party system, while more general attitudes concerning competition relate more strongly to judgments directed at the abstraction of multipartyism. The data also reveal that while a bare majority of those expressing an opinion accept the argument that multiple parties necessarily bring chaos, the vast majority support the one-party regime for China, suggesting that even if Chinese citizens were to adopt more pro-democratic attitudes, rejection of the current one-party rule would not necessarily follow.
Mortality and causes of death among homeless women and men in Stockholm
Authors: Beijer Ulla , Andreasson Sven , Ågren Gunnar , Fugelstad Anna
Published: January 2011

Aim: To study the mortality and causes of death among homeless men and women in relation to the risk indicators, previous treatment for alcohol and drug abuse, previous treatment for mental disorders and non-Swedish citizenship. Methods: The mortality was studied in a cohort comprising 1,757 men and 526 women compared with the general population and persons with inpatient treatment for alcohol- and drug-related disorders. The follow-up period was from 1995 to 1997 until the end of 2005. The causes of death were analyzed. Results: 421 deaths occurred during the follow-up period. The relative risk of death was 3.1, with no difference in mortality between homeless men and homeless women. Previous treatment for alcohol and drug abuse disorders was related to excess mortality and previous treatment for mental disease to lower mortality. Homeless people with inpatient treatment for alcohol or drug use disorders had no higher mortality than the general population in Stockholm with a similar history. There was a dominance of alcohol- and drug-related causes of death. Discussion: Compared with previous studies of homeless people in Stockholm the excess mortality among men found in this study is of the same magnitude. Mortality among women is lower. The mortality rate in homeless people with previous treatment for an alcohol and illicit drug use disorder did not differ from those treated for these disorders in the general population. Conclusions: The most important finding is that excess mortality among homeless men and women in Stockholm is entirely related to alcohol and drug abuse.
The effect of COPD health forecasting on hospitalisation and health care utilisation in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD
Authors: Bakerly N.D. , Roberts June A , Thomson Anna R , Dyer Matthew
Published: January 2011

Exacerbations are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as having a large impact on health care utilisation (HCU). They are more frequent during periods of cold weather with a corresponding increase in hospital admissions. It has been hypothesised that COPD exacerbations and admissions can be reduced by predicting periods of cold weather coupled with patients’ alerts and education. Healthy Outlook® service provided by the Meteorological Office, UK, was used in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD who consented to participate from three primary care practices. Outcome measures included data relating to hospital admissions for acute exacerbations as well as HCU for these patients during the intervention period (1 Nov 2008-31 Mar 2009) and compared for the same patients and same period 12 months earlier (1 Nov 2007-31 Mar 2008). A cost analysis comparing treatment cost per patient for the two periods was also conducted. A total of 157 (34% of target COPD population) patients took part in the project, with five weather alerts generated (first alert reached 150 patients; second reached 146; third reached 138 patients; fourth reached 137 patients; and the fifth reached 125 patients) during the intervention period. There was a non-statistically-significant increase in hospital admissions per patient (0.07-0.076; p = 0.83). The number of general practice visits per patient dropped from 4.9 to 3.8 (p = 0.001), with drop in average number of visits to patients by out-of-hours services from 0.52-0.14 (p = 0.013). The average number of home consultations provided by general practice increased from 0.05 to 0.92 (p = 0.001). Cost per patient increased by an average of £142 (95% CI -£128 to £412). This anticipatory care model was not associated with reduction in admissions from COPD exacerbations. Further research is required to fully understand its role in the management of patients with COPD.
The Prevalence of Sexual Assault Against People Who Identify as Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual in the United States: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rothman Emily F. , Exner Deinera , Baughman Allyson L.
Published: January 2011

This article systematically reviews 75 studies that examine the prevalence of sexual assault victimization among gay or bisexual (GB) men, and lesbian or bisexual (LB) women, in the United States. All studies were published between 1989 and 2009 and report the results of quantitative research. The authors reviewed the reported prevalence of lifetime sexual assault victimization (LSA), and where available, childhood sexual assault (CSA), adult sexual assault (ASA), intimate partner sexual assault (IPSA), and hate crime-related sexual assault (HC). The studies were grouped into those that used a probability or census sampling technique (n = 25) and those that used a non-probability or ‘‘community-based’’ sampling technique (n = 50). A total of 139,635 gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) respondents participated in the underlying studies reviewed. Prevalence estimates of LSA ranged from 15.6-85.0% for LB women and 11.8—54.0% for GB men. Considering the median estimates derived from the collective set of studies reviewed, LB women were more likely to report CSA, ASA, LSA, and IPSA than GB men, whereas GB men were more likely to report HC than LB women. Across all studies, the highest estimates reported were for LSA of LB women (85.0%), CSA of LB women (76.0%), and CSA of GB men (59.2%). With some exceptions, studies using non-probability samples reported higher sexual assault prevalence rates than did population-based or census sample studies. The challenges of assessing sexual assault victimization with GLB populations are discussed, as well as the implications for practice, policy, and future research.
Measuring Parity in Sports Leagues With Draws
Authors: Owen P. Dorian
Published: January 2011

This article reexamines the calculation of the relative standard deviation (RSD) measure of competitive balance in leagues in which draws are possible outcomes. Some key conclusions emerging from the exchange between Cain and Haddock and Fort are reversed. There is no difference, for any given points assignment scheme, between the RSD for absolute points compared to percentages of points. However, variations in the points assignment that change the ratio of points for a win compared to a draw do result in different RSD values, although the numerical differences are minor.
Use of Healthcare Access Models to Inform the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Authors: Karikari-Martin Pauline
Published: January 2011

Health policy findings on access to care provide more substantive information if linked to a theory that provides meaningful structure and standard definitions. Three theories of access are reviewed here because they have been used to inform health policy: Penchansky’s Model, The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Model of Access Monitoring, and The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use. Penchansky’s model is useful when subjective experiences with health care access are needed to inform policy makers. The IOM model is used for monitoring quality of health care services provided. The Behavioral Model identifies explanatory/predictive factors associated with utilization of services. Each model uniquely evaluates different health policies. Given the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010, researchers and policy makers must agree on the model that best monitors and evaluates these new policy initiatives.
Sim-PETEK: A Parallel Simulation Execution Framework for Grid Environments
Authors: Bozağaç Doruk , Karaduman Gülşah , Kara Ahmet , Alpdemir M Nedim
Published: January 2011

In this paper we introduce a framework for parallel and distributed execution of simulations (Sim-PETEK), a middleware for minimizing the total run time of batch runs and Monte Carlo trials. Sim-PETEK proposes a generic solution for applications in the simulation domain, which improves on our previous work done to parallelize simulation runs in a single node, multiple central processing unit (CPU) setting. Our new framework aims at managing a heterogeneous computational resource pool consisting of multiple CPU nodes distributed on a potentially geographically dispersed network, through a service-oriented middleware layer that is compliant to Web Services Resource Framework standard, thereby providing a scalable and flexible architecture for simulation software developers. What differentiates Sim-PETEK from a general-purpose, Grid-based job-distribution middleware is a number of simulation-specific aspects regarding the specification, distribution, monitoring, result collection and aggregation of simulation runs. These aspects are prevalent in the structure of the messages and in the protocol of interaction both among the constituent services of the framework and within the interfaces exposed to the external clients.
Role of Chemoembolization as a Rescue Treatment for Recurrence of Resected Hepatoblastoma in Adult Patients
Authors: Di Benedetto Fabrizio , Di Sandro Stefano , D'Amico Giuseppe , De Santis Mario , Gerunda Giorgio Enrico
Published: January 2011

Introduction: Hepatoblastoma is the most common malignant liver tumor in children, but it is extremely rare in adults. Materials and methods: A 33-year-old man was admitted with nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and right upper quadrant pain. A preoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed a nodular hepatic lesion infiltrating the lesser curvature of the stomach. A left hepatectomy and a subtotal gastrectomy were performed. The histological diagnosis was hepatoblastoma. A recurrence in the right lobe was seen. Results: Three cycles of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) were performed 40, 70, and 130 days after surgery. No sign of recurrence was present at the time of the second chemoembolization. Conclusion: The TACE was well tolerated by the patient and controlled the recurrence. The patient survived 11 months after recurrence of disease and died 1 year after the liver resection. The use of TACE to treat the hepatic recurrence was never described.
V-Loc, a New Wound Closure Device for Peritoneal Closure—Is It Safe? A Comparative Study of Different Peritoneal Closure Systems
Authors: Patri Philipp , Beran Claudia , Stjepanovic Josipa , Sandberg Simone , Tuchmann Albert , Christian Hollinsky
Published: January 2011

Background: Transabdominal laparoscopic hernia repair is a safe and commonly used procedure for groin hernias. Failure of peritoneal closure is rare but can lead to herniation and bowel obstruction. A new wound closure device named V-Loc was tested in this study. It consists of a barbed absorbable thread that is self-anchoring and eliminates the need to tie a knot. The efficacy of this device in achieving secure peritoneal closure was investigated. Methods: In 10 recently deceased patients, peritoneal incisions were set and closed with 5 different devices including V-Loc. Peritoneal thickness was measured prior to testing. A tensiometer was used to apply tensile loads on the peritoneal closure. Tensile loads were measured in Newton at the time of peritoneal rupture or failure of the suture or knot. Results: Peritoneal thickness had a significant impact on the results ( P < .0001). A mean tensile load of 7.41 N was tolerated when the peritoneal thickness was ≤0.25 mm and 15.38 N when the peritoneal thickness was >0.25 mm. Peritoneal rupture was observed more often than failure of closure. The latter occurred more often at high tension and in experiments with tacking or stapling devices than with sutures. While testing V-Loc, peritoneal rupture occurred at 19.85 N, mean, showing significantly better results than AbsorbaTack, extracorporally knotted running suture, or Multifire Endo Hernia Stapler ( P < .05). Conclusions: The new wound closure device V-Loc is a feasible and promising alternative to common peritoneal closure techniques but is yet to be evaluated in clinical studies.
Laparoscopic Revisional Hepaticojejunostomy for Biliary Stricture After Open Repair Following Common Bile Duct Injury: A Case Report
Authors: Palermo Mariano , Trelles Nelson , Gagner Michel
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Incidence of bile duct injury has been reported more frequently following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Case Report. A 43-year-old female with a past medical history of laparoscopic cholecystectomy that was converted to open because of a common bile duct injury now presents with a stenosis at the hepaticojejunostomy that is causing recurrent cholangitis episodes. After the lysis of adhesions and dissection of the anastomotic area, a stricture was identified. The authors exposed and redid the hepaticojejunostomy with 4-0 Monocryl sutures without tension. The follow-up period was unremarkable. No leaks were documented, and the patient was discharged home on postoperative day 3. Conclusion. After percutaneous or endoscopic procedure failure for the treatment of hepaticojejunostomy strictures, the laparoscopic redo anastomosis is safe and feasible when performed by surgeons who are strongly trained in advanced laparoscopic surgery.
Leader toxicity: An empirical investigation of toxic behavior and rhetoric
Authors: Pelletier Kathie L.
Published: January 2011

This paper provides empirical support for the behavioral and rhetorical constructs associated with toxic leadership in organizational contexts. Two exploratory studies were conducted that examined behavior and rhetoric of leaders through the lenses of abusive, bullying, destructive, toxic, and tyrannical leadership theories. In a qualitative study, participants expressed their direct experiences with leader toxicity. Eight behavioral dimensions emerged. Integrating those findings, a 51-item leader behavior assessment was developed to assess agreement of the severity of harmfulness of these dimensions. Based on the results of these studies, a typology of toxic leader behaviors and rhetoric was developed. Organizational implications are discussed.
Leadership and the more-important-than-average effect: Overestimation of group goals and the justification of unethical behavior
Authors: Hoyt Crystal L. , Price Terry L. , Emrick Alyson E.
Published: January 2011

This research investigates the empirical assumptions behind the claim that leaders exaggerate the importance of their group’s goals more so than non-leaders and that they may use these beliefs to justify deviating from generally accepted moral requirements when doing so is necessary for goal achievement. We tested these biased thought processes across three studies. The results from these three studies established the more-important-than-average effect, both for real and illusory groups. Participants claimed that their group goals are more important than the goals of others, and this effect was stronger for leaders than for non-leading group members. In Study 3, we demonstrated the justification bias and connected this bias to beliefs about the importance of group goals. Participants indicated that they would be more justified than others in engaging in unethical behaviors to attain their group’s goals; leaders reported being more justified in such deviations than non-leaders; and the more highly leaders evaluated their group’s goals, the greater justification bias they reported.
Placing self: How might we place ourselves in leadership studies differently?
Authors: Sinclair Amanda
Published: January 2011

In this contribution to ‘Leading Questions’, I explore ‘place’ in leadership studies experimenting with a bifurcated textual presentation. I suggest that our writing about leadership comes from a mixture of internal and external, personal and geographic, places: ‘real’ and current as well as remembered and reconstructed. Making these places more explicit, I argue, is a form of identity work, facilitating reflexivity in leadership writing. It prompts us to ask questions. ‘Why am I interested in these aspects of leadership?’ ‘How do the places I have been inform and limit what I argue for?’ While the ‘top’ story/text in this piece makes these arguments in a formal academic discourse, the ‘bottom’ story seeks to enact it. The two stories come from different places (in me) and bring with them different voices. In their co-existence I seek to experiment with writing leadership differently, to reveal the dualities and duplicities in discourses, as well as the power and vulnerabilities that may be in play or repressed when we write about leadership.
Do We Know When Our Impressions of Others Are Valid? Evidence for Realistic Accuracy Awareness in First Impressions of Personality
Authors: Biesanz Jeremy C. , Human Lauren J. , Paquin Annie-Claude , Chan Meanne , Parisotto Kate L. , Sarracino Juliet , Gillis Randall L.
Published: January 2011

Do people have insight into the validity of their first impressions or accuracy awareness? Across two large interactive round-robins, those who reported having formed a more accurate impression of a specific target had (a) a more distinctive realistically accurate impression, accurately perceiving the target’s unique personality characteristics as described by the target’s self-, parent-, and peer-reports, and (b) a more normatively accurate impression, perceiving the target to be similar to what people generally tend to be like. Specifically, if a perceiver reported forming a more valid impression of a specific target, he or she had in fact formed a more realistically accurate impression of that target for all but the highest impression validity levels. In contrast, people who generally reported more valid impressions were not actually more accurate in general. In sum, people are aware of when and for whom their first impressions are more realistically accurate.
Antireflective Coating on Polyethylene Terephthalate by Thermionic Vacuum Arc
Authors: Pat Şuat , Özmumcu Murat , Ekem Naci , Özkan Mehmet , Korkmaz Şadan , Balbağ M. Zafer
Published: January 2011

Transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates were coated with SiO2 and ZrO2 using thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) method for the first time. The melting point of PET is approximately 260°C. Transmittances, thickness, reflectance, and refractive indices of coated PET samples were measured by ultraviolet—visible spectrophotometer and interferometry to characterize their optical properties. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the coated PET surface morphologies. Our results show that the SiO2- and ZrO2-coated PET samples had lower reflection when the TVA method was used; so, they show antireflective (AR) properties. Moreover, the coating homogeneity and surface roughness are proper for multi-layer AR coatings.