bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Policy and Wheat Market in Pakistan
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Halder , Cornelisse Peter A.
Published: August 2018

Drawing upon a series of country-wide surveys undertaken in
1986, the study addresses the micro and macro policy issues related to
the operations of the wheat market in Pakistan. It focuses on the
relative roles of the private traders and the government in determining
the prices received by the primary producers and the final consumers of
wheat. It finds that the government occupies the "commanding heights" in
the wheat market. To regulate the market it employs, as policy
instruments, voluntary procurement, storage and transportation of wheat,
milling of, wheat into flour, and supplying wheat and flour to the
consumers through both ration shops and the open market. The study
recommends that while the scope of private traders' activities needs to
be widened, the government must continue to operate effectively and more
selectively. In particular, the present policy of the voluntary
procurement of wheat should be used, though at a reduced level, to
stabilize farmers' income, and a (restructured) rationing system must
function to subsidize the consumption of wheat and wheat flour by the
poorer section of the society.
Higher Education and the Markets for Educated Labour in LDCs:
Theoretical Approaches and Implications (The Quaid-i-Azam
Lecture)
Authors: Blomqvist Ake
Published: August 2018

Education policy is a fascinating and controversial subject.
Part of the reason is that it is an area where jurisdiction is divided.
The analysis and recommendations of professional educators are often
quite different from those of economists, and purely political factors
also playa major role, both because large amounts of public funds are
used, and because access to education appears to be an important
determinant of the distribution of income. Furthermore, as I will
discuss below, even if we confine attention to the economic analysis of
educational issues, there are different approaches with substantially
different policy conclusions. Given what is at stake, in terms of
resource use and the fundamental importance of education for the future
of a society, it is very important that we "get it right" in studying
educational issues. And for the policy-maker, "getting it right" doesn't
just mean making sure that our conclusions are consistent with the
assumptions of our models; making sure that we are using the right model
in the first place is even more important. There is, therefore, a strong
need for empirical work that would enable us to discriminate between
competing analytical approaches. Yet, as I will discuss later, education
is an area where it has proved particularly difficult to use empirical
observation for this purpose.
Health Policies and Human Capital: The Case of Pakistan (Invited
Lecture)
Authors: Bjorkman J. W.
Published: August 2018

All countries of the world confront complex dilemmas when
dealing with their respective health sectors. In the industrialized
democracies a seemingly insatiable demand for health care is
outstripping supply, despite a relentless increase in the latter's share
of national budgets and family incomes. Yet, there is little
corresponding rise in general health indices, or even in human happiness
about the quality of medical services. The inability of health services
to deliver greater health for more money has ironically not blunted the
public's appetite for them; rather, it has perversely increased it. Some
of the evident reasons for this paradox are the following: (a) affluent
humanity is less prepared than ever before to suffer minor ailments
without drugs or other medical help; (b) demand for health care has been
further stimulated by both new treatments for curable diseases and
expanded coverage throughout the poorer levels of society; (c) new cures
for old diseases come with ever higher price tags for their
sophisticated technology so that much additional spending still saves
few lives; and (d) the elderly, whose relative numbers in society are
growing, require more routine medical care than the young. Clearly,
health services in the developed North are victims of their own
successes.
Exchange Rate Policies of Developing Countries in the Context of
External Shocks (Invited Lecture)
Authors: Khan Mohsin S.
Published: August 2018

In the past decade a combination of events caused the
international economic climate to become increasingly inimical to the
growth and current account prospects of most developing countries.
Worsening terms of trade, falling growth rates in industrial countries,
and sharp changes in the availability of foreign financing that were
accompanied by a dramatic increase in real interest rates on external
borrowing, made the problem of economic management very difficult for
policy-makers in the developing world. Adjusting to these shocks would
have typically called for fiscal and monetary restraint to control both
public and private spending, and more flexible exchange rate policy.
Such a strategy, for one reason or another, was not followed by a number
of developing countries, and consequently these countries experienced
falling growth rates, rising inflation, and current account deficits
that over time became unsustainable.
Optimum Resource Utilization in Pakistan's Agriculture
Authors: Khilji Nasir M.
Published: August 2018

Despite the great promise that increased industrialization has
held for rapid growth and labour absorption in the developing countries,
industrialization has produced no such results in many of the LDCs. And,
yet, the agriculture sector has generally been relegated to a secondary
place in the economic plans of these countries. Pakistan provides an
interesting example of one of these developing countries where
industrialization and development were considered synonymous at one time
and economic policies were geared to bringing about rapid
industrialization. However, at the commencement of the Sixth Five-Year
Plan, Pakistan had achieved an annual growth rate of about 4 percent
over the 1955-82 period, yielding a paltry one-percent increase in per
capita income, a gain not worth cheering about. What went wrong? Were
the policies ill-conceived? Was rapid industrialization really the same
as development? Was the promise illusory? These and similar other
questions are generally asked. But one is hard put to come up with
satisfactory answers, even though there is no dearth of answers.
Delayed Marriages in Pakistan
Authors: Sathar Zeba A. , Kiani M. Framurz K.
Published: August 2018

Delayed marriages played a very important role in slowing down
population growth during the European Demographic Transition. Similarly,
some developing countries have recently undergone even more rapid
changes in marriage patterns, leading to declining levels of fertility.
Curtailing marriage or entry into sexual unions is one of the "positive"
checks posited by Malthusian theory and is worthy of some renewed
attention because of the lack of decline in marital fertility in
Pakistan. Several researchers have identified changes in nuptiality
behaviour in Pakistan, in terms of a rise in both the average age at
marriage [8; 11; 12] and changes in cohort nuptiality [7]. One
researcher observed a slight decline in fertility and attributed it to a
rise in the age at marriage in the late Seventies [1], but his
observation was found to be an artefact of data and was, therefore,
refuted (18] . Thus, nuptiality behaviour has been noted to have changed
in Pakistan since the Fifties with no notable accompanying changes in
marital fertility. This paper's primary objective is to explore the
impact of modernization, particularly of expansion of education and
modern sector employment, urbanization and migration, on proportions
never married in various age groups.
Migration and Development in Pakistan: Some Selected Issues
Authors: Irfan Mohammad
Published: August 2018

Economic progress entails various shifts in resource
allocations. A progressive deployment of factors of production from the
primary-goods-producing sector to secondary and tertiary sectors is
regarded as a vital concomitant of economic transformation. This
inter-sectoral transfer of resources, both human and capital, very often
involves geographic transfer because of imbalances which manifest
themselves u shortages or surpluses. Viewed in this context, migration
performs a useful role by transferring excess labour from the
agricultural (rural) to the modem industrial sector in urban areas. In
fact, a vast amount of literature, under the rubric of the 'labour
Surplus' models, has evolved, especially during the 1950s, in which
migration is seen as an equilibrating and growth-promoting mechanism
leading to reductions in wage differentials, equitable income
distribution and elimination of surpluses and shortages. Evidence
accumulated during the 1960s and 1970s has also shown that migration
could lead to worsening geographic and socio-economic in~ ties. This has
led quite a few scholars to characterize migration as a
dis-equilibrating rather than an equilibrating mechanism. Not only are
the theoretical possibilities Varied, but the empirical evidence is also
mixed and inconclusive .
Pakistan Society of Development Economists: Secretary's Report
Authors: Secretary's Report
Published: August 2018

On this occasion last year, I had reviewed the history, and aims and objectives of the Society. I had also outlined at some length the major activities undertaken by the Society since its inception. I feel no need to repeat what I had reported last year, especially because its account has been published in the 1985 Proceedings issue of the Pakistan Development Review. I would only submit that the Society, in the four short years since its creation, has grown from strength to strength and that by now it is a fully grown organization effectively achieving the objectives for which it was created. I am happy to report that the state of the Society is excellent with all time records set this year in membership, in attendance at the Annual Meetings and in the breadth and scope of the issues addressed both in the Lecture Series in Development Economics and in the Annual Meetings. We now have a rich experience and a routine has been established which should be helpful in an efficient conduct of the activities of the Society in future years.
Estimation of Elasticities of Substitution for CES Production
Functions using Data on Selected Manufacturing Industries in
Pakistan
Authors: Battese George E. , Malik Sohail J.
Published: August 2018

Firm-level stochastic CES production functions are specified
for large and Small-scale firms in twelve manufacturing industries in
Pakistan. Assuming that firms within specified asset-size categories for
which aggregative data are available have the same levels of productive
inputs, the elasticities of substitution of labour for capital are
estimated, using weighted least-squares regression. For large-scale
firms, the estimated elasticities are generally not significantly
different from one, whereas for small-scale firms the elasticities are
significantly smaller than one but greater than zero. These results
indicate that there may exist more possibilities for the substitution of
labour for capital in manufacturing industries in Pakistan than were
claimed by earlier researchers. This finding has important policy
implications for Pakistan's economic development.
Impact of Inflation on Fiscal Deficits in the Bangladesh
Economy
Authors: Hossain Md. Akhtar
Published: August 2018

This paper investigates the two-way relationship between
fiscal deficits and inflation in Bangladesh's economy. A dynamic model
containing inflation and equations concerning government revenue and
development expenditures has been constructed and estimated, using
quarterly data over the 1974(11)-1983(11) period. Estimates of
adjustment parameters support the basic hypothesis that in Bangladesh
government expenditures adjust themselves to inflation more rapidly than
government revenues and increase the size of fiscal deficits during
inflation. An implication of this result is that inflation-induced
fiscal deficits (if financed by money creation) may generate a
self-sustaining inflationary process in a developing country like
Bangladesh.
Stabilization and Economic Growth in Developing Countries (Invited Lecture)
Authors: Mohsin S. Khan
Published: August 2018

The need for stabilization typically arises when a country experiences an imbalance between domestic aggregate demand and aggregate supply, which is reflected in a worsening of its external payments position and an increase in the rate of inflation. To combat these twin problems, policies are required that restrain domestic demand and, at the same time, expand the production of tradeable goods, thereby easing the balance of payments constraint. Policies to influence the aggregate level or rate of growth of domestic demand and absorption, generally labelled as "demand side policies", include the whole range of monetary and fiscal measures, while the shifting of resources towards the production of tradeables involves altering the country's real exchange rate through devaluation. In general, monetary and fiscal policies and exchange rate action are considered an integral, if not an indispensable component of any stabilization programme.
Agrarian Transition in Sind: An Analysis of Interlinked Rural
Factor Markets
Authors: Majid Nomaan , Nadvi Khaud M.
Published: August 2018

The process of change in the tenurial structure of Punjab's
agriculture from sharecropping tenancy to an owner-cultivation with a
wage-labour system of production has been well-documented in. [Alavi
(1976); Hamid (1980); Hussain (1980); Khan (1981); Khan (1983); and
Mahmood (1977)] . It has been argued that this has come about through
the induction of the new technologies (firstly in the form of tube well
irrigation and subsequently followed by the biological and mechanical
technologies) associated with the "Green Revolution". In Sind, however,
in spite of the use of modern technology, the tenancy-based system of
production still predominates. According to the 1980 Census of
Agriculture, tenant farms were the largest single category of farms in
Sind (with 49 percent of all farms). This study, which reports
preliminary findings from lower Sind, uses the framework of interlinked
factor markets [Bardhan and Rudra (1978); and Bardhan (1980)] to see if
mutually desirable interlinkages for tenants and landlords in their
access to land, labour and capital markets can explain the retention of
tenancy in the face of exogenous forces of modernization.
Monetary Anticipations and the Demand for Money: An Application
for the South Asian Region
Authors: Ahmed Ather Maqsood , Rafiq Mohammad
Published: August 2018

While there are a number of issues in economics which are
frequently scrutinized, the most important of them probably is the
determination of a stable money demand function. Other issues in this
regard relate to the choice between (i) broad vs. narrow definition of
money; (ii) measured vs. permanent income; (iii) short-term vs.
long-term interest rate; and (iv) inclusion of a variable for inflation
or expected inflation. Quite recently, a new dimension has been added to
the demand for money function. It is now argued that unanticipatory
changes in the nominal money supply also affect the real demand for
money. Darby (1972) has proposed that unanticipatory nominal money
supply behaves as a shock-absorber in the money demand function.
Initially, Laidler (1980) and then Carr and Darby (1981) formulated a
shock-absorber model in which they have shown empirically that
unanticipatory shocks in money supply positively affect the demand for
money. Inclusion of this shock variable was justified by Darby (1972) on
the ground that money balances serve as a buffer stock or shock-absorber
which temporarily absorbs unexpected variations in income, especially
the transitory income, until an adjustment is reached in adjusting the
portfolio of securities and in consumer durable goods. The shock
absorber model of Carr and Darby is based on the following two
hypotheses:
Rural-Urban Differences and the Stability of Consumption
Behaviour: An Inter-temporal Analysis of the Household Income and
Expenditure Survey Data for the Period 1963-64 to 1984-85
Authors: Malik Sohail J. , Abbas Kalbe , Ghani Ejaz
Published: August 2018

Several studies have been undertaken in the past to analyse
consumption behaviour in Pakistan. These studies have ranged from the
fairly simple single equation estimations to complex, extended linear
expenditure systems and analyses based on the Almost Ideal Demand
System. These included the studies by Aziz-ur Rehman (1%3); Bussink
(1970); Ranis (1961); Khan (1970); Ali (1981, 1986); Malik (1982);
Siddiqui (1982); Mukhtar (1985); Cheema and Malik (1985); Ahmad et al
(1986); and Alderman (1987). Most of these studies are based on the
Household Income and Expenditure Survey data. These Surveys provide the
single most important source of data on consumption behaviour in
Pakistan. However, the analysis in the studies mentioned above are
generally confined to single years only. The present study is an attempt
to econometrically establish the existence, or otherwise, of rural-urban
differences in consumption behaviour in each year for the years in which
these survey data are available in published form. 1 Tests are also
conducted on appropriately deflated data to establish the existence or
otherwise of differences in yeady functions. The former hypothesis has
obvious implications for the possibility of estimating overall, or
Pakistan-level functions, while the latter has obvious implications for
estimating marginal propensities or elasticities based on time-series
data.
Remigration and Social Change - Prospects for the Migrant Worker
Sending Countries of the Middle East
Authors: Stauth Georg
Published: August 2018

This study is about culture. It suggests that migrants adopt,
collectively, new cultural attitudes which they will attempt to maintain
after getting re-settled back home. Here, migrants are not seen as "mere
actors of social change", nor as abstract rational fulfillers of the
logic of capitalist accumulation. Migrants are individuals who have
shared a collective cultural experience which will influence their
re-integration into their native societies. Given the case of peasants,
migrating as low-skilled workers to the oil-producing countries of the
Gulf, we face a specific and, in many ways, a unique type of migration:
Export-promoting Protection: Endogenous Monopoly and Price
Disparity
Authors: Bhagwati Jagdish
Published: August 2018

This note shows that protection induced export promotion can
arise even in the absence of economies of scale , which have been long
analysed as factors sliding an import substituting industry up the scale
of comparative advantage and turning it into an exporter eventually.
Even with an upward-sloping marginal-cost curve, a domestic monopolist
can be protected and could then charge discriminatory prices in domestic
and export markets, thus becoming an exporter whereas; free trade would
have destroyed the monopoly and led to imports instead.
Money Growth, Inflation, and Causality (Empirical Evidence for
Pakistan, 1973-1985)
Authors: Jones Jonathan D. , Khilji Nasir M.
Published: August 2018

This paper uses the Granger direct test to evaluate the causal
relationship between growth in money supply and inflation in Pakistan.
The historical period investigated extends from 1973 to 1985. The
results of the test show that money growth had a significant impact on
inflation during the period considered. In addition, there is some
evidence at hand showing that inflation, too, affected money growth over
the 1973- 1985 period. The empirical issue of the impact of money supply
on rate of inflation continues to be a much debated topic. For example,
Tumovsky and Wohar (1984) do not find any identifiable relationship
between money supply and prices over the 1929- 1978 period in the U.S.,
while Benderly and Zwick (1985) find money supply affecting prices in
the U,S, over the 1955-1982 period. Jones and Uri (1986) also find
evidence of money supply influencing price level in the U.S. during the
1953- 1984 period. Studies• for other countries, e,g. Driscoll, Ford,
and Mullineux (1985) for the U.K., invariably report similar conflicting
results about the relationship between money supply and prices. While
there are numerous empirical studies that have examined the causal
relationship .between money supply and prices in developed countries,
there are also several recent studies that have addressed this
particular issue for developing countries. In one such study, Aghevli
and Khan (1978) use the Haugh-Pierce test to investigate the causal
relationship between money growth and inflation in Brazil, Colombia. the
Dominican Republic, and Thailand. t The results of the tests show a
feedback or bidirectional causality between money and inflation in all
the four developing countries over the 1964-1974 period.
Inflation in Pakistan: Empirical Evidence on the Monetarist and
Structuralist Hypotheses
Authors: Bilquees Faiz
Published: August 2018

In the light of the debate between the monetarists and the
structuralists regarding the explanation of inflation- in the LOCs this
paper tests the monetarist and structuralist hypotheses to determine the
possible factors affecting the inflationary process in Pakistan. After
examining the two hypotheses the study concludes that in addition to
monetary factors, the structural factors peculiar to the economy of
Pakistan also have to be considered for a better understanding of this
phenomenon.
Na.a M. Shah and M. Anwar. Basic Needs, Women and Development. A
Survey of Squatters in Lahore, Pakistan. Ottawa: International
Development Research Center and honolulu: East-West Center. 1986.
163pp.
Authors: Sathar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

This book is essentially the report of a survey carried out to
investigate the basic needs of Katchi Abadi populations in Lahore city.
Given that about 25-30 percent of Pakistan 's population is estimated 10
be Jiving in such squatter settlements and with the ever increasing
migration to urban areas, this proportion is only likely to rise. Thus,
this research is most invaluable for urban planners and demographers in
particular, and social scientists in general. Whereas previous studies
have concentrated on examining levels of urban and rural poverty by
using macro-level data, this study is based on an originally designed
empirical investigation of low income areas. The major aim of the
research seems to be the question of whether or not the fruits of
development are in fact "trickling down" to the poorest classes in the
urban areas. By implication, the answer if in the positive, means that
recent development plans in Pakistan have been successful, if negative ,
the answer draws attention to the failure of development planning to
carry out redistributive justice.
Demand Response in Pakistan: A Modification of the Linear
Expenditure System for 1976
Authors: Ahmad Ehtisham , Ludlow Stephen , Stern Nicholas
Published: August 2018

While demand estimates are used in policy making in a number
of areas, there has not been a substantial literature on demand patterns
and responses in Pakistan. We present estimates for thirteen classes of
goods, based on a complete demand system, a modification of the Unear
Expenditure System, using maximum likelihood techniques and observations
at the household level for Pakistan and urban and rurll areas for
1976.
Regional Distribution of Agricultural Incomes in Pakistan : An
Intertemporal Analysis
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghaffar , Iqbal Zafar
Published: August 2018

The stagnant agriculture sector of the Fifties was transformed
into a dynamic one in Pakistan by the technological breakthroughs made
in the early Sixties. The installation of private tube wells,
introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) for various crops, the
rising use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides and the
mechanization of tillage operations have ensured growth rates of
agricultural output unknown in the Indo- Pakistan subcontinent. Although
the desirability of these technological changes in terms of growth
cannot be doubted, it was argued in many studies that the technology
would likely lead to increasing rural income disparities in Pakistan
thus thwarting the desired impact of growth on economic development
(AlaVi (1976); Falcon (1970); Gotsch (1976); Gotsch (1976a): Griffin
(1974); and Hamid (i974))
Agricultural Prices in Pakistan: A Multimarket Analysis
Authors: Mohammad Faiz , Tahir Sayyid
Published: August 2018

This paper attempts to analyse the effects of changes in
agricultural prices on different segments of the society. Taking the
cases of two major crops; namely wheat and rice, and of agricultural
inputs in general, it works out the 'own-price effects' and 'cross-price
effects' of price changes on producers, consumers, and the government in
Pakistan.1 In this way the paper provides a broad (multimarket)
framework which could be used to evaluate the government's agricultural
price policy.2 The paper is divided into three sections_ Section I
discusses the methodological framework. The empirical analysis is
provided in Section II. Section III deals with some tentative
Conclusions inferable from this study.
Education and Technical Efficiency in Pakistan’s
Agriculture
Authors: Azhar Rauf A.
Published: August 2018

It is now well recognized that education expedites the process
of growth in an economy. In agriculture, leaving aside the external
effects, it affects productivity in two quite distinct ways known as the
allocative effect and the worker effect (Welch, 1970). The former
centres on beller allocation decisions including adoption and diffusion
of new technology whereas the latter relates to a more efficient use of
given inputs, i.e. the technical efficiency aspect of production. While
the allocative effect is inherently predicated on disequilibrium
(created, for example, by a change in technology) (Nelson and Phelps
1966), there is some evidence to suggest that even the worker effect of
education is more likely to arise in disequilibrium resulting from
technical change (Maack 1981). This is because technical change renders
the cultural practices learnt over generations obsolete or inadequate
and calls for an adjustment. A more educated farmer is supposed to make
the required adjustment more quickly. In this paper I have attempted to
test this hypothesis for Pakistan during the green revolution period
when the introduction of new crop varieties disturbed the prevailing
equilibrium. For this purpose I have used production function analysis
and have conducted the analysis for not only the new but also the
traditional crops. The results lend support to the hypothesis by showing
that the worker effect is more pronounced in the case of new crop
varieties as compared to the traditional ones. The paper is divided into
three sections. In Section II, I have presented the hypothesis and
discussed the methodology used for the analysis. Section III concludes
the paper with a discussion of the results.
Financial Repression , Financial Development and Structure of
Savings in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Ashfaque H.
Published: August 2018

The mobilization of domestic resources is one of the key
determinants of sustained economic growth. Improving domestic resource
mobilization involves raising the level of national savings to enable a
higher level of investment, hence a faster rate of economic growth.
Pakistan's saving performance and its overall economic performance
appear to be incongruous. Over the past several years, Pakistan has
maintained an economic growth of more than 6 percent which is laudable,
but her performance with regard to savings has been poor. In fact,
saving as a fraction of the Gross National Product (GNP) is one of the
lowest among the developing countries. The current saving rate of about
14 percent of GNP fares badly with 23 percent for other low-income
developing countries. 1 What are the reasons for such a poor performance
of savings in Pakistan? This paper attempts to provide some explanations
for the causes of low savings in Pakistan.
Consumption Patterns of Major Food Items in Pakistan: Provincial,
Sectoral and Inter-temporal Differences 1979 - 1984-85
Authors: Malik Sohail J. , Mushtaq Mohammao , Ghani Ejaz
Published: August 2018

Two studies were presented at the Fourth Annual General
Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists that dealt
with the regional and intertemporal differences in .consumption
behaviour in Pakistan. The first study by Ahmad and Ludlow (1987)
presented a sophisticated analysis using the modified LES method and
household-level observations, based on the 1979 Household Income and
Expenditure Survey. Based on the disaggregated estimates of the demand
response for the rural and urban areas of Pakistan's four provinces the
study concluded that there were significant differences in consumption
patterns between rural and urban areas and across provinces for the 17
commodities studied. However, the analysis did not present any rigorous
econometric testing of these differences. The second study by Malik et
of. (1987) while studying the rural-urban differences and the stability
of consumption behaviour for six aggregate commodity groups presented
fairly rigorous tests to conclude that for the commodity groups studied,
although there were statistically significant differences in consumption
behaViour over time, there were no rural-urban differences in the two
largest categories considered i.e. food and drinks and clothing and
footwear in any of the years from 1963•64 to 1984•85 for which the
aggregate Household Income and Expenditure Survey data were available in
published form. This obvious difference in the results from the two
studies could in fact have resulted from the aggregation of the
commodities analyzed in the second study. This apparent contradiction in
the results needs to be evaluated further.
For Morality's Sake! (Presidential Address)
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider
Published: August 2018

After much wandering in the woods, the key exponents and
practitioners of the discipline seem to have rediscovered that
development economics is a worthy discipline in its own right. The
general climate seems to be one of homecoming celebrations. This is odd
because 'rational' behaviour should not have led development economists
to cutting down, in the first place, the bough on which they had rested
so comfortably. But, looking back, this self-sacrificing posture was
indeed assumed for a time by some distinguished votaries of the
subdiscipline who could well have wound up their shop. To cut losses,
such development economists even sought to arrange a happy reunion of
the 'prodigal' son (development economics) with the somewhat annoyed
parents (neoclassical economics). They meant well, thinking that the
subdiscipline would gain in union what it lost in estrangement and that
it would thus live happily ever after, aglow with the halo of scientific
rectitude, though far removed from the 'madding crowd'! [Schultz {I
964); Chenery (1983)].
Comparative Health Policies: A World of Difference (Invited
Lecture)
Authors: Bjorkman James Warner
Published: August 2018

The political elements in health care policy derive from an
observation that the health sector has historically been a "private
government". With few exceptions (confined to European countries in the
last several decades), the provision of medical services has been a
private matter between supplier and consumer, between doctor and
patient. Power lover ''well-being'' or personal health status was
exercised by an active agent with specialized knowledge over a passive
recipient without such knowledge or expertise. The concept of self-care
obviously lies outside this political framework, although one might
argue that the very act of removing oneself from a dyadic relationship
is itself a political act. The novel change in recent history has been
the willingness, the readiness of governments to enter the domain of
hitherto private relationships in order to regulate behaviour of both
providers and patients. The political mandate of proactive governments
(howsoever they are selected) is exercised through their administrative
machinery. Government agencies take the form of bureaucracies comprised
of specialized roles based on the division of labour, which in turn are
hierarchically arranged and accountable both within the organization
and, sometimes, externally to political leaders.
Selected Correlates of Morbidity in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Zubeda
Published: August 2018

The study of morbidity from the point of view of demographic
analysis refers to the incidence and prevalence of sickness in the
population during a certain reference period. Morbidity being the state
of condition from which people may return to normal health or, subject
to the seriousness of illness, may in some cases die. Though from the
point of view of medical discipline any deviation from normal health
i.e. a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, is of
direct concern for research. The morbidity statistics for which data
have become available for a national level statistical or demographic
analysis, refers to inability to perform the usual daily routine,
inability to take normal food and requiring bed rest for a specific
period of time.
Arrtile front page not scanned
Authors: Manzoor Khaleda
Published: August 2018

The study clearly supports the argument that if parents are
provided better facilities for education and health, they would
certainly prefer to utilise these for MeR! leading to better chances of
child survival. Educated mothers particularly have shown that given the
resources at their control, their preference is certainly for better
health care. This suggests that mothers when able to make independent
decisions do emphasise child health care. The majority of the rural
popUlation which is nearly 70 percent of the total popUlation have the
highest child mortality. This may not only reflect maldistribution of
trained manpower and other facilities, but may also be due to low levels
of literacy, poor sanitation, low incomes and lack of access of relevant
health facilities. The factors such as, post delivery maternal -care,
prenatal care, postnatal care were also analysed and showed that child
risks were substantially less particularly for urban educated mothers.
Thus, the differential, in the urban vs rural health care can be reduced
further by improving overall living conditions rather than further
advances in medical care [Rohde (1983)]. The mortality transition that
the developed countries experienced in the past was characterised by
socio-economic progress [Palloni (1981)].
Interest Free Banking and Economic Stability
Authors: Zuberi Habib A.
Published: August 2018

Since the end of World War II most colonial and semi-colonial
countries have regained their political independence. These countries
are now in the process of reorganising and restructuring their economic
systems based on their religious, historical and cultural values. Today,
there are approximately 50 countries with roughly one billion
inhabitants that profess Islam as their religion. During the past two
decades an attempt has been made, in varying degrees, in many of these
countries to reconstruct the economic structure within the framework of
an Islamic system. The economic system, in an Islamic society, is not
significantly different than a welfare state in a capitalist system.
Such an economic system is based on the principle of justice (AI Adl) in
which the means of production are privately owned, freedom of domestic
and international trade is emphasised and one is required to part with
2.5 percent of savings each year to support the needy. The Islamic
system differs from the modern capitalist system in a significant way in
that borrowing and lending money, based on a predetermined interest
rate, is strictly prohibited in Islam, while interest rates have played
a major role in the development of the modern banking system and the
development of other financial intermediaries.
Determinants of Income Tax Base in Pakistan: A Policy
Review
Authors: Khan Ahmad
Published: August 2018

This paper is divided into six parts. Following this
introduction a reivew of the fiscal policies pursued by the Government
of Pakistan is presented in the second section. The third section
contains an assessment of the performance of different taxes while the
fourth presents the reasons for low revenue performance. The key issues
in tax policy reform are discussed in the fIfth section. The final
section presents the recommendations for future policy directions. The
taxation structure of Pakistan is both Federal and Provincial in nature.
This structure was derived from the revenue-sharing provisions of the
Government of India Act, 1935 and has been incorporated into successive
constitutions delineating the respective revenue powers of the Federal
and Provincial Governments. Under the present constitution, the Federal
Government has the constitutional right to levy a wide range of direct
and indirect taxes [Government of Pakistan (1973)]. Federal direct taxes
comprise of personal and corporate income tax (excluding tax on
agriculture income), and capital taxes (excluding tax on immovable
property). Since the abolition of estate duties and gift taxes, the
latter include wealth tax and Capital Value Tax. One time Capital Assets
Tax on companies was levied in 1991. Income of small businesses is
subject to fixed tax. Minimum tax at the rate of 0.5 percent of turnover
applies to Corporate and Registered Firm taxpayers. Presumptive tax
regime applies to dividends and interest, prizes on prize bonds,
lotteries and raffles, payments for contract execution and supply of
goods, and value of imported and exported goods [Government of Pakistan
(1991)].
Wheat Price Policy in Pakistan: A Welfare Economics
Approach
Authors: Barkley Andrew P.
Published: August 2018

The production of wheat is vital to the economy of Pakistan;
wheat accounts for over one-third of planted acreage, contributes
roughly one-third of the agricultural sector's value added, and is the
major staple in the nation's diet. The growth rate of wheat production
in Pakistan over the past thirty years has been phenomenal: nearly five
percent per year [Cornelisse and Kuijpers (1987)]. This outstanding
performance in the growth of wheat output is remarkable considering that
it has occurred in spite of government intervention that has reduced
incentives to wheat production. Economists have devoted much time and
effort to the analysis of the divergence between domestic and
international prices for agricultural commodities. Wheat prices that
prevail in world markets represent the opportunity cost of agricultural
resources, reflecting the scarcity value of the inputs used in the
production of wheat. Economic efficiency occurs when domestic prices for
both producer and consumers equals world prices. Government intervention
often occurs for reasons other than economic efficiency; governments may
distort domestic agricultural prices to increase revenues, promote
industrialisation, maintain low food prices for industrial workers or
low-income consumers, or insulate domestic producers from fluctuations
in world commodity market prices. Government intervention that maintains
the domestic price of wheat at levels lower than the world price results
in decreased output levels and higher rates of consumption than would
occur in a free market, free trade regime. This form of price
intervention results in a transfer of income from wheat producers to
wheat consumers, efficiency losses that represent foregone opportunities
for agricultural resources, and an increase in government
expenditures.
Trends in Intersectoral Wages in Pakistan
Authors: Bilquees Faiz
Published: August 2018

In Pakistan intersectoral wage trends have been analysed by
Guisinger and Hicks (1978); Irfan (1982) and Irfan and Ahmed (1985). The
studies show that over the period 1970 to 1984 real wages of the
large-scale manufacturing, construction and agriculture sectors
increased while that of the government employees declined significantly.
The study shows international migration to be one of the major
determinants of the rise in real wages, in addition to important policy
interventions. The present study is an extension of Irfan and Ahmed's
work. It has been undertaken for two reasons. First there is great
scarcity of empirical evidence on this very important issue. Second, the
more important factor is the sharp reversal in one of the major
variables - out migration. Since 1981 there has been net return
migration. This phenomenon a priori is expected to upset the labour
market and the wage rates in the opposite direction. The study is
planned as follows: Section II describes the trends in real wages
between the formal and informal sectors.! Section III describes the
factors behind the observed trends in real wages, and finally Section IV
gives the conclusions of the study.
Female Participation in Housing Activities: Some Assessment of
the Socio-economic and Cultural Impact
Authors: Mujahid Muklitar Eshy A. , . Noor-Ul-Hassan
Published: August 2018

The economic and social importance of shelter provision is
universally wellestablished. For an individuaVfamily the acquisition of
shelter is, on the basis of its financial magnitude, among the most
critical economic decisions. This decision is usually permanent and in
most cases made once-in-a-lifetime. The importance of housing decision
is even more pronounced for women in Pakistan, as a vast majority of
them are classified as 'housewives' and thus considered responsible for
the up-keep of the house. The quality of housing, therefore, is taken as
being reflective of their competence and, hence, social status. It is in
view of the foregoing that one expects an extensive and willing
participation of women in housing activities. However, a number of
socio-economic and cultural factors constrain this participation. The
purpose of this paper is to assess the impact (positive and negative) of
socio-economic and cultural factors upon female participation in housing
activities in Pakistan. The study is divided into the following
sections: Section I highlights the role of women in the housing
activities, emphasising the types of participation, the nature of
activities in which women generally participate and the various
socio-cultural and economic factors which influence this participation.
Section II presents the methodology and data. Section III contains the
results and the conclusion.
Population Change in the Wake of Agricultural Improvement:
Lessons for Pakistan
Authors: Vorn Stephen A. , Lipton Michael
Published: August 2018

Since the early 1960s, the mandates of agricultural
researchers have been rooted in a "neo-Malthusian" theory of
"demographic transition". Population increase in rural South Asia, in
particular, had by 1960--63 reached the point where food supply per
person could no longer be maintained simply by increases in cultivated
area. Food supply was therefore to be raised through higher-yielding
varieties of staples. Such HWs were to increase food availability enough
to keep ahead of population increase. Extra food availability per person
was supposed to reduce population-induced risks of undernutrition and
famine, creating a "breathing space" while general socioeconomic
development brought about lower fertility. HYV s have raised food output
substantially in many parts of Asia and Latin America, and many advocate
HYVs as the main approach to agricultural development in Africa. Surely,
many poor people's lives have been saved by the extra employment income,
and perhaps by the cheaper food, generated by HYVs. Yet the incidence of
poverty in South Asia has probably not changed much since 1960, and the
underpinnings of the original HYV strategy have been largely
discredited.
Foreign Trade Regime and Savings in Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Zafar , Qasim Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2018

Without generating high growth rates of national income, a
country cannot make a sustained attack on poverty, unemployment, and
other economic problems. Developing countries have, generally, pursued
the goal of rapid economic growth with the help of industrialisation. In
this regard, an optimal structure of the industries enables a country to
experience 'sustainable' economic growth. Countries adopt various trade
strategies to allocate resources to their optimal use in order to
exploit their industrial potential. Developing countries, including
Pakistan, have adopted the import -substituting (IS) trade strategy to
foster industrialisation.1 But the disillusionment with the IS strategy
and its results is increasing over time. Contributing to this trend is
the remarkable increases in growth rates by many countries that have
shifted to an export-promoting (EP) trade strategy. At the same time
came a fundamental question of the adequacy of economic growth itself.
That is to what extent the economic growth under the IS strategy has
given rise to the unfavourable results with respect to employment,
capital accumulation, and income distribution. Analysis of these effects
presents a tall order and we do not go that far in their evaluation. In
this study we restrict ourselves to the question how various trade
regimes are related with savings. The nature of this relation is
somewhat complex.
Foreign Aid, Defence Expenditure and Public Investment in
Pakistan
Authors: Chishti Salim , Hasan M. Aynul
Published: August 2018

The government schemes in many develqping economies are, in
general, financed through internal borrowings, generating taxes
domestically and increased foreign capital resources from public or
private donor agencies. While the need for the public sector in
planning, operation and implementations process of the government
schemes, in developing economies is now well recognised [e.g., Weisskopf
(1972); Papanek (1973); Heller (1974, 1975)], there still seems to be
some controversy prevailing, at least for some developing nations, so
far as, the ability of the public sector in channelling these scarce
resources to the most productive use is concerned. In this context,
[Heller (1975), p. 429] writes: ... the effectiveness of the govemment's
development efforts have been cast in doubt. {It has been] argue{d] that
foreign capital inflows have resulted in increased public or private
consumption rather than increased investment, and contributed less to
growth than was anticipated... the higher tax burden has been squandered
on non-productive fonns of public consumption. It is also important to
note that foreign inflows come under two dominant categories, namely,
grants and loans. The first type (grants) can be viewed as inflows
intended to provide temporary and immediate relief of the developing
economy in situations of emergencies. On the other hand, the second
category of transfers by the donor agencies are for long-term
developmental purposes and are expected to be used for public
investments. Based on a panel data on developing countries, [Levy
(1987), p. 456] argued that:
Food Demand Elasticities by Income Group by Urban and Rural
Populations for Pakistan
Authors: Bouis Howartii E.
Published: August 2018

This paper presents food demand elasticity estimates for the
Pakistan by urban and rural populations by income quartile for thirteen
food groups. Income and price elasticities are estimated using a new
food demand estimation technique based on demand for characteristics.
This new technique requires far less data than the usual econometric
approaches and so may be implemented relatively quickly and
costeffectively. However, the resulting demand elasticity estimates
depend directly on strong a priori assumptions made concerning food
demand behaviour, but assumptions which do not depend on assumptions of
weak or strong separability. Rather quite the opposite assumption is
made - that the marginal rate of substitution'> between two foods
depends directly on the levels of consumption of all other foods. The
paper is organised as follows. The first section provides a brief
overview of the methodology used for undertaking the demand estimations.
The second section discusses the-data used for these estimations and
food consumption patterns. The third section presents the demand
elasticity estimates.