bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Weak Hip Abductors or External Rotators on Knee Valgus Kinematics in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cashman Glenn E.
Published: August 2016

Context:

It has been postulated that subjects with weak hip abductors and external rotators may demonstrate increased knee valgus, which may in turn raise risk of injury to the lower extremity. Recent studies have explored the potential link between hip strength and knee kinematics, but there has not yet been a review of this literature.

Objective:

To conduct a systematic review assessing the potential link between hip-abductor or external-rotator strength and knee-valgus kinematics during dynamic activities in asymptomatic subjects.

Evidence Acquisition:

An online computer search was conducted in early February 2011. Databases included Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were English language, asymptomatic subjects, dynamometric hip-strength assessment, single or multicamera kinematic analysis, and statistical analysis of the link between hip strength and knee valgus via correlations or tests of differences. Data were extracted concerning subject characteristics, study design, strength measures, kinematic measures, subject tasks, and findings with regard to correlations or group differences.

Evidence Synthesis:

Eleven studies were selected for review, 4 of which found evidence that subjects with weak hip abductors or external rotators demonstrated increased knee valgus, and 1 study found a correlation to the contrary.

Conclusions:

There is a small amount of evidence that healthy subjects with weak hip abductors and perhaps weak external rotators demonstrate increased knee valgus. However, due to the variation in methodology and lack of agreement between studies, it is not possible to make any definitive conclusions or clinical recommendations based on the results of this review. Further research is needed.
Effects of a 4-Week Dynamic-Balance-Training Program Supplemented With Graston Instrument-Assisted Soft-Tissue Mobilization for Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Schaefer Jessica L. , Sandrey Michelle A.
Published: August 2016

Context:

A dynamic-balance-training (DBT) program supplemented with the Graston instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilization (GISTM) technique has not been evaluated collectively as a treatment in subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI).

Objective:

To examine the effects of GISTM in conjunction with a DBT program on outcomes associated with CAI, including pain and disability, range of motion (ROM), and dynamic postural control.

Design:

Pretest/posttest, repeated measures.

Setting:

High school and a Division I mid-Atlantic university.

Participants:

Thirty-six healthy, physically active individuals (5 female, 31 male; age 17.7 ± 1.9 y; height 175.3 ± 14.6 cm) with a history of CAI as determined by an ankle-instability questionnaire volunteered to be in this study.

Interventions:

Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention groups: both treatments (DBT/GISTM, n = 13), DBT and a sham GISTM treatment (DBT/GISTM-S, n = 12), or DBT and control—no GISTM (DBT/C, n = 11). All groups participated in a 4-wk DBT program consisting of low-impact and dynamic activities that was progressed from week to week. The DBT/GISTM and DBT/GISTM-S groups received the GISTM treatment or sham treatment twice a week for 8 min before performing the DBT program. Pretest and posttest measurements included the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), FAAM Sport, the visual analog scale (VAS), ankle ROM in 4 directions, and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in 3 directions.

Main Outcome Measures:

FAAM and FAAM-Sport scores, VAS, goniometric ROM (plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion), and SEBT (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral).

Results:

Subjects in all groups posttest demonstrated an increase in FAAM, FAAM Sport, ROM, and SEBT in all directions but not in VAS, which decreased. No other results were significant.

Conclusion:

For subjects with CAI, dynamic postural control, ROM, pain and disability improved pretest to posttest regardless of group membership, with the largest effects found in most measures in the DBT/GISTM group.
Psychological Predictors of Injury Occurrence: A Prospective Investigation of Professional Swedish Soccer Players
Authors: Ivarsson Andreas , Johnson Urban , Podlog Leslie
Published: August 2016

Context:

Athletes participating in sport are exposed to a high injury risk. Previous research has found a great number of risk factors (both physiological and psychological) that could increase injury risk.1 One limitation in previous studies is that few have considered the complex interaction between psychological factors in their research design.

Objective:

To study whether personality, stress, and coping predicted injury occurrence in an elite soccer population based on a hypothesized model.

Design:

Prospective.

Participants:

56 (n = 38 male, n = 18 female) Swedish Premiere League soccer players were selected based on convenience sampling.

Intervention:

Participants completed 4 questionnaires including the Swedish Universities Scales of Personality,2 Life Events Survey for Collegiate Athletes,3 and Brief COPE4 during the initial questionnaire administration. Subsequent to the first meeting, participants also completed the Hassle and Uplift Scale5 once per wk for a 13-wk period throughout the competitive season.

Main Outcome Measures:

A path analysis was conducted examining the influence of personality traits (ie, trait anxiety), state-level stressors (ie, negative-life-event stress and daily hassles), and coping on injury frequency.

Results:

Results of the path analysis indicated that trait anxiety, negative-life-event stress, and daily hassle were significant predictors of injury among professional soccer players, accounting for 24% of the variance.

Conclusion:

The findings highlight the need for athletes, coaches, and medical practitioners to attempt to reduce state-level stressors, especially daily hassles, in minimizing injury risk. Educating and training athletes and coaches in proactive stress-management techniques appears warranted.
The Effect of Sex and Age on Isokinetic Hip-Abduction Torques
Authors: Brent Jensen L. , Myer Gregory D. , Ford Kevin R. , Paterno Mark V. , Hewett Timothy E.
Published: August 2016

Context:

As high school female athletes demonstrate a rate of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury 3–6 times higher than their male counterparts, research suggests that sagittal-plane hip strength plays a role in factors associated with ACL injuries.

Objective:

To determine if gender or age affect hip-abductor strength in a functional standing position in young female and male athletes.

Design:

Prospective cohort design.

Setting:

Biomechanical laboratory.

Participants:

Over a 3-y time period, 852 isokinetic hip-abduction evaluations were conducted on 351 (272 female, 79 male) adolescent soccer and basketball players.

Intervention:

Before testing, athletes were secured in a standing position, facing the dynamometer head, with a strap secured from the uninvolved side and extending around the waist just above the iliac crest. The dynamometer head was positioned in line with the body in the coronal plane by aligning the axis of rotation of the dynamometer with the center of hip rotation. Subjects performed 5 maximum-effort repetitions at a speed of 120°/s. The peak torque was recorded and normalized to body mass. All test trials were conducted by a single tester to limit potential interrater test error.

Main Outcome Measure:

Standing isokinetic hip-abduction torque.

Results:

Hip-abduction torque increased in both males and females with age (P < .001) on both the dominant and nondominant sides. A significant interaction of gender and age was observed (P < .001), which indicated that males experienced greater increases in peak torque relative to body weight than did females as they matured.

Conclusions:

Males exhibit a significant increase in normative hip-abduction strength, while females do not. Future study may determine if the absence of similar increased relative hip-abduction strength in adolescent females, as they age, may be related to their increased risk of ACL injury compared with males.
Effects of Task-Specific Augmented Feedback on Deficit Modification During Performance of the Tuck-Jump Exercise
Authors: Stroube Benjamin W. , Myer Gregory D. , Brent Jensen L. , Ford Kevin R. , Heidt Robert S. , Hewett Timothy E.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are prevalent in female athletes. Specific factors have possible links to increasing a female athlete’s chances of suffering an ACL injury. However, it is unclear if augmented feedback may be able to decrease possible risk factors.

Objective:

To compare the effects of task-specific feedback on a repeated tuck-jump maneuver.

Design:

Double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Sports-medicine biodynamics center.

Patients:

37 female subjects (14.7 ± 1.5 y, 160.9 ± 6.8 cm, 54.5 ± 7.2 kg).

Intervention:

All athletes received standard off-season training consisting of strength training, plyometrics, and conditioning. They were also videotaped during each session while running on a treadmill at a standardized speed (8 miles/h) and while performing a repeated tuck-jump maneuver for 10 s. The augmented feedback group (AF) received feedback on deficiencies present in a 10-s tuck jump, while the control group (CTRL) received feedback on 10-s treadmill running.

Main Outcome Measures:

Outcome measurements of tuck-jump deficits were scored by a blinded rater to determine the effects of group (CTRL vs AF) and time (pre- vs posttesting) on changes in measured deficits.

Results:

A significant interaction of time by group was noted with the task-specific feedback training (P = .03). The AF group reduced deficits measured during the tuck-jump assessment by 23.6%, while the CTRL training reduced deficits by 10.6%.

Conclusions:

The results of the current study indicate that task-specific feedback is effective for reducing biomechanical risk factors associated with ACL injury. The data also indicate that specific components of the tuck-jump assessment are potentially more modifiable than others.
Incidence of Decreased Hip Range of Motion in Youth Soccer Players and Response to a Stretching Program: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: de Castro Jacqueline Vieira , Machado Karina Costa , Scaramussa Kelly , Gomes João Luiz Ellera
Published: August 2016

Context:

After years of focusing on the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, the most common soccer-related injuries, the orthopedic community has concluded that soccer players have a wide range of variation in joint biomechanics and has thus started to focus research efforts on the morphological factors that might contribute to ACL trauma. One such factor is decreased hip-rotation range of motion (ROM), which may be due to compensatory musculoskeletal changes occurring in response to longstanding soccer practice since childhood.

Objective:

This study sought to assess decreased hip rotation and the influence of stretching exercises on the behavior of the hip joint in players of the youth soccer categories of a Brazilian soccer team.

Design:

Randomized clinical trial.

Setting:

University hospital.

Patients:

262 male soccer players.

Interventions:

Subjects were randomly allocated into 2 groups—control or a stretching program.

Main Outcome Measures:

Subjects were reassessed after 12 wk.

Results:

The findings suggest that hip-rotation ROM decreases over the years in soccer players. In the study sample, adherence to a stretching program improved only external hip-rotation ROM in the nondominant limb.

Conclusion:

Playing soccer can restrict rotation ROM of the hip, and adherence to stretching exercises may decrease the harmful effects on the hip joints.
Change in Glenohumeral Rotation and Scapular Position After a Division I Collegiate Baseball Season
Authors: Thomas Stephen John , Swanik Charles B. , Swanik Kathleen , Kelly John D.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Pathologies such as anterior instability and impingement are common in baseball and have been linked to decreases in internal-rotation (IR) motion and concurrent increases in external-rotation (ER) motion. In addition, alterations to scapular upward rotation have been identified in this population.

Objective:

To measure glenohumeral (GH) IR and ER rotation, total range of motion (ROM), and scapular upward rotation throughout the course of a Division I collegiate baseball season.

Design:

Pretest to posttest study.

Setting:

Controlled laboratory setting.

Participants:

Thirty-one collegiate baseball players with no current shoulder or elbow injury completed this study.

Intervention:

Participants were measured for all dependent variables at preseason and postseason.

Main Outcome Measures:

GH IR and ER were measured supine with the scapula stabilized. Total GH ROM was calculated as the sum of IR and ER measures. Scapular upward rotation was tested at rest, 60°, 90°, and 120° of GH abduction in the scapular plane.

Results:

Overall, the dominant arm had significantly less GH IR and significantly more ER than the nondominant arm. The total motion on the dominant arm was significantly less than on the nondominant arm. No significant differences were observed from preseason to postseason for IR, ER, or total motion. Dominant-arm scapular upward rotation significantly decreased at 60°, 90°, and 120° of abduction from preseason to postseason.

Conclusion:

Collegiate baseball players presented with significant GH-motion differences (decreases in IR and increases in ER) in their dominant arm compared with their nondominant arm. There was also significantly less total motion on the dominant arm. After 12 wk of competitive Division I collegiate baseball, there were significant decreases in upward rotation over the season.
Return to Play in Elite Rugby Union: Application of Global Positioning System Technology in Return-to-Running Programs
Authors: Reid Laura C. , Cowman Jason R. , Green Brian S. , Coughlan Garrett F.
Published: August 2016

Global positioning systems (GPS) are widely used in sport settings to evaluate the physical demands on players in training and competition. The use of these systems in the design and implementation of rehabilitation and return-to-running programs has not yet been elucidated.

Objective:

To demonstrate the application of GPS technology in the management of return to play in elite-club Rugby Union.

Design:

Case series.

Setting:

Professional Rugby Union club team.

Participants:

8 elite Rugby Union players (age 27.86 ± 4.78 y, height 1.85 ± 0.08 m, weight 99.14 ± 9.96 kg).

Intervention:

Players wore GPS devices for the entire duration of a club game.

Main Outcome Measures:

Variables of locomotion speed and distance were measured.

Results:

Differences in physical demands between playing positions were observed for all variables.

Conclusions:

An analysis of the position-specific physical demands measured by GPS provides key information regarding the level and volume of loads sustained by a player in a game environment. Using this information, sports-medicine practitioners can develop rehabilitation and return-to-running protocols specific to the player position to optimize safe return to play.
Test–Retest Reliability of Biodex System 4 Pro for Isometric Ankle-Eversion and -Inversion Measurement
Authors: Tankevicius Gediminas , Lankaite Donata , Krisciunas Aleksandras
Published: August 2016

Context:

The lack of knowledge about isometric ankle testing indicates the need for research in this area.

Objective:

to assess test–retest reliability and to determine the optimal position for isometric ankle-eversion and -inversion testing.

Design:

Test–retest reliability study. Isometric ankle eversion and inversion were assessed in 3 different dynamometer foot-plate positions: 0°, 7°, and 14° of inversion. Two maximal repetitions were performed at each angle. Both limbs were tested (40 ankles in total). The test was performed 2 times with a period of 7 d between the tests.

Setting:

University hospital.

Participants:

The study was carried out on 20 healthy athletes with no history of ankle sprains.

Main Outcome Measures:

Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1); minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated using a 95% confidence interval. Paired t test was used to measure statistically significant changes, and P <.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Eversion and inversion peak torques showed high ICCs in all 3 angles (ICC values .87–.96, MDC values 3.09–6.81 Nm). Eversion peak torque was the smallest when testing at the 0° angle and gradually increased, reaching maximum values at 14° angle. The increase of eversion peak torque was statistically significant at 7 ° and 14° of inversion. Inversion peak torque showed an opposite pattern—it was the smallest when measured at the 14° angle and increased at the other 2 angles; statistically significant changes were seen only between measures taken at 0° and 14°.

Conclusions:

Isometric eversion and inversion testing using the Biodex 4 Pro system is a reliable method. The authors suggest that the angle of 7° of inversion is the best for isometric eversion and inversion testing.
Effect of Ankle Taping or Bracing on Creating an Increased Sense of Confidence, Stability, and Reassurance When Performing a Dynamic-Balance Task
Authors: Simon Janet , Donahue Matt
Published: August 2016

Clinical Scenario:

Ankle taping and bracing are commonly used to reduce the risk of sports-related ankle sprains. Mechanical- and neuromuscular-control facilitation has been the focus of their effectiveness. Another potential advantage to using ankle taping or bracing is an increased sense of confidence, stability, and reassurance that the individual may experience when performing a dynamic-balance activity. Since ankle sprains are one of the most common sport-related injuries treated by clinicians, treatment and prevention of these injuries is a priority for many health care providers. However, the psychological effects of taping or bracing on athletes are still unknown. Researchers have described athletes’ emotional responses and psychological reactions after athletic injuries. However, athlete reactions related to adhesive taping or bracing are limited. There is anecdotal evidence showing that football players stated they would tape a body part even if it was not injured as part of a superstitious pregame ritual. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to determine if individuals who have had their ankle taped or braced experience an increased sense of confidence, stability, or reassurance when performing a dynamic-balance activity.

Focused Clinical Question:

Does ankle taping or bracing create an increased sense of confidence, stability, and reassurance when performing dynamic-balance activity in physically active people?
Dynamic Ankle Stability: Mechanical and Neuromuscular Interrelationships
Authors: Wilkerson Gary B. , Nitz Arthur J.
Published: August 2016

Ankle proprioception is widely regarded as an important factor that affects susceptibility to ankle sprain, but the precise mechanisms by which proprioceptive abilities may enhance ankle stability are not well understood. Pertinent literature is reviewed and theoretical interrelationships among factors that may affect dynamic ankle function are discussed. Topics addressed include mechanoreceptor function, muscle spindle function, postural balance, ankle edema, joint capsule distension, synovial hypertrophy, capsuloligamentous laxity, anterolateral rotary instability, ankle giving way, reflexive muscle splinting, articular deafferentation, neurogenic inflammation, muscular de-efferentation, and enhancement of compensatory neuromuscular mechanisms. Recommendations for future research are presented in the form of questions that cannot be adequately answered at present concerning the role of proprioceptively mediated mechanisms in the maintenance of dynamic ankle stability.
Functional Assessment and Rehabilitation of Shoulder Proprioception for Glenohumeral Instability
Authors: Borsa Paul A. , Lephart Scott M. , Kocher Mininder S. , Lephart Susan P.
Published: August 2016

Following injury to the articular ligaments, disruption of mechanoreceptors results in partial deafferentation of the joint. This has been shown to inhibit normal neuromuscular joint stabilization, and it contributes to repetitive injuries and the progressive decline of the joint. Assessment of proprioception is valuable in identification of proprioceptive deficits and subsequent planning of the rehabilitation program. A shoulder rehabilitation program must address both the mechanical and sensory functions of articular structures by incorporating a proprioceptive training element within the normal protocol. The objective of proprioception rehabilitation is to enhance cognitive appreciation of the respective joint relative to position and movement, and to enhance muscular stabilization of the joint in the absence of structural restraints. If these objectives are properly addressed, the restoration of the proprioceptive mechanism will prevent further disability of the shoulder joint.
Treatment of infrapatellar Tendinitis: A Combination of Modalities and Transverse Friction Massage versus Iontophoresis
Authors: Pellecchia Geraldine L. , Hamel Holly , Behnke Peter
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare an established protocol of modalities and transverse friction massage (MOD & TFM) with iontophoresis of dexamethasone and lidocaine (IONTO) in the treatment of patients with infrapatellar tendinitis. Thirty cases with infrapatellar tendinitis were randomly assigned to either the MOD & TFM or the IONTO intervention. Subjects still symptomatic after six sessions of intervention received the alternate treatment protocol. Four measures were used to assess patient status: a functional index questionnaire, a visual analog pain scale, a rating of tenderness with palpation of the involved tendon, and the number of step-ups needed to elicit pain. In response to the MOD & TFM intervention, only the number of step-ups performed to elicit pain showed significant improvement. All status measures improved significantly with the IONTO intervention. The results suggest that iontophoresis may be more effective and efficient in decreasing pain, reducing inflammation, and promoting healing in patients with infrapatellar tendinitis.
Cognitive Appraisal, Emotional Adjustment, and Adherence to Rehabilitation Following Knee Surgery
Authors: Daly Joanne M. , Brewer Britton W. , Van Raalte Judy L. , Petitpas Albert J. , Sklar Joseph H.
Published: August 2016

Cognitive appraisal models of adjustment to sport injury hold that cognitive appraisals of the injury determine emotional responses to the injury, which in turn influence behavioral responses (e.g., adherence to rehabilitation). To test this model, recreational and competitive athletes undergoing rehabilitation following knee surgery (N = 31) appraised their ability to cope with their injury and completed a measure of mood disturbance. Adherence to rehabilitation was measured in terms of attendance at rehabilitation sessions and physical therapist/athletic trainer ratings of patient behavior during rehabilitation sessions. As predicted, cognitive appraisal was associated with emotional disturbance. Emotional disturbance was inversely related to one measure of adherence (attendance) but was unrelated to the other measure of adherence (physical therapist/athletic trainer ratings). The results of this study provide support for cognitive appraisal models and suggest that emotional disturbance may be a marker for poor adherence to sport injury rehabilitation regimens.
Reliability of Lower Extremity Girth Measurements and Right- and Left-Side Differences
Authors: Whitney Susan L. , Mattocks Larry , Irrgang James J. , Gentile Pamela A. , Pezzullo David , Kamkar Abdulazeem
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this two-part study was to determine if lower extremity girth measurements are repeatable. Sixteen males and 14 females participated in the intra- and intertester reliability portion of this study. Girth was assessed at five different lower extremity sites by two physical therapists using a standard tape measure. Thirty measures (15 by each examiner) were collected on the subject's right leg, and a mean of the three measures was used in the analysis. The measurements were repeated 7 days later. It was found that by using a simple standardized procedure, girth measurements in the clinic can be highly repeatable in experienced clinicians. Part 2 of the study involved testing the right and left legs of 22 subjects to determine if girth of the right and left legs was similar. All subjects had their girth assessed at five sites on their right and left legs during one session. It was found that girth measures on the right and left lower extremities are comparable. In an acutely injured lower extremity, it might be assumed that the girth of both lower extremities is similar.
Scientific Rationale and Physiological Basis for the Use of Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise in the Lower Extremity
Authors: Snyder-Mackler Lynn
Published: August 2016

Closed kinetic chain exercise is a common component of lower extremity rehabilitation. It has virtually replaced open kinetic chain exercise in the treatment of some conditions. In this paper, anatomy and physiology as they relate to closed chain exercise are examined to elucidate its unique contributions to rehabilitation. Claims made about the specificity, functionality, and safety of closed kinetic chain exercise are discussed. Muscle action, the stretch–shortening cycle, joint position sense, and clinical cases are used to illustrate the distinct role of closed kinetic chain exercise in rehabilitation.
The Effect of Ankle Bracing and Taping on Joint Position Sense in the Stable Ankle
Authors: Heit Eric J. , Lephart Scott M. , Rozzi Susan L.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the proprioceptive effects of ankle bracing and taping. Proprioception was assessed in 26 subjects by evaluating ankle joint position sense, which was determined by the subjects' ability to actively reproduce a passively positioned joint angle. Testing was performed at positions of 30° of plantar flexion and 15° of inversion. Each subject underwent four trials at each test angle under three conditions: braced, taped, and control. For the plantar flexion test, both the braced condition and the taped condition significantly enhanced joint position sense when compared to the control condition. There was no significant difference between the braced and taped conditions. For the inversion test, the taped condition significantly enhanced joint position sense compared to the control condition. There was no significant difference between the braced and the control conditions or between the braced and the taped conditions. This study demonstrates that ankle bracing and taping improve joint position sense in the stable ankle.
Normative Data for Range of Motion and Single-Leg Hop in High School Athletes
Authors: De Carlo Mark S. , Sell Kecia E.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to derive normative values for range of motion and single-leg hop tests on athletes with no history of knee injury. Subjects measured for range of motion included 578 healthy males (mean age, 14.5 years) and 311 healthy females (mean age, 14.0 years). Subjects performing single-leg hop included 1,635 healthy males (mean age, 14.5 years) and 873 healthy females (mean age, 14.2 years). Measurements were taken during preseason athletic physicals. Mean range of motion was 5-0-140 for males and 6-0-143 for females. Mean single-leg hop for both legs was 155 cm for males and 121 cm for females. The paper discusses the importance of measuring terminal hyperextension as well as the importance of normal side-to-side variations in ROM and the single-leg hop test. The results of the single-leg hop test should not be used exclusively but rather in conjunction with other information gathered during the clinical visit.
Comparison of Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Conditions on Knee Joint Reposition Sense
Authors: Higgins Michael J. , Perrin David H.
Published: August 2016

In this study, joint reposition sense of the knee in a non-weight-bearing (NWB) state and that in a weight-bearing (WB) state were compared, and it was determined whether a significant relationship existed between knee displacement (KD) and joint reposition sense. The dominant knees of 8 male and 12 female subjects (age 19–26 years, M ± SD = 21.5 ± 2.06) who had no previous history of knee dysfunction were tested for accuracy of angular reproduction in the WB and NWB states. There was a significant difference in the accuracy of angular repositioning between the two conditions, with the WB test having less deviation from the predetermined angle. There was a weak relationship between KD and the ability to reproduce specific angles of the knee. These results suggest that the WB or closed chain state of the knee was more accurate in the determination of joint position sense than the NWB or open chain condition.
Effect of Ankle Position on EMG Activity and Peak Torque of the Knee Extensors and Flexors during Isokinetic Testing
Authors: Miller John P. , Catlaw Kerriann , Confessore Robert
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ankle position on the electromyographic (EMG) activity, peak torque, and peak knee flexion to extension torque ratio during isokinetic testing of the knee. Twelve healthy female athletes performed six maximal knee extension and flexion repetitions with their dominant legs at 60 and 180°/s with the ankle in a plantar flexed position and again in a dorsiflexed position. Root mean square EMG (rmsEMG) activity was determined by placing bipolar surface electrodes on the quadriceps and the hamstrings. Ankle position had no effect on the rmsEMG activity of the quadriceps or the hamstrings at either 60 or 180°/s. Significant differences were noted for peak flexor torque at 607s (p < .001) and 180°/s (p <.01) and for peak torque flexor/extensor ratio (p < .01), with higher values observed with ankle dorsiflexion. This suggests that ankle position affects knee flexor torque and flexor/extensor ratio but not hamstring activity during isokinetic testing of the knee.
Intertester and Intratester Reliability of a Dynamic Balance Protocol Using the Biodex Stability System
Authors: Schmitz Randy , Arnold Brent
Published: August 2016

Evaluating balance can be an important part of the rehabilitation protocol of an athletic injury. One purpose of this study was to determine the intertester and intratester reliability scores of single-leg stability on a platform of gradually decreasing stability using the Biodex Stability System (BSS). The second purpose was to determine intertester and intratester reliability scores of subject foot placement on the BSS. Subjects (N = 19) underwent a familiarization session on Day 1 that included five 30-s balance tests on the BSS. In each of the five tests, platform stability gradually decreased over the 30 s. Subjects were tested without footwear at all times. On the second day, each subject was tested twice by the same investigator and once by a second investigator using the same 30-s test. Investigator tests were counterbalanced to eliminate order effects. Intertester intraclass correlations (ICCs) ranged from .70 to .42 for stability index and from .93 to .54 for foot placement. Intratester ICCs ranged from .82 to .43 for stability index and from .81 to .55 for foot placement. The overall stability index scores were the most reliable stability scores (.82 for intratester and .70 for intertester). A 30-s, single-leg, gradually decreasing platform stability test appears to be highly reliable when performed on the BSS.
The Context of Emotional Responses to Athletic Injury: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Johnston Lynne Halley , Carroll Douglas
Published: August 2016

This study used grounded theory to describe the emotional responses of athletes following injury and their situational and temporal contexts. Sixteen seriously injured athletes were interviewed. The NUD*IST (Nonnumerical Unstructured Data Indexing Searching and Theorizing) computer program was used to search, store, explore, and organize the qualitative material. The main emotional responses, appraisals, events, and behaviors that emerged from the analysis were represented diagrammatically. Frustration and depression were the prevalent emotional responses throughout rehabilitation, although the situational corollaries differed as recovery progressed. In the early phase of rehabilitation, frustration and depression resulted from disruption to normal function, in the middle phase they were provoked by a negative appraisal of rehabilitation progress, and. at the end of rehabilitation the main instigator was impatience to return to sport. Whether to risk returning prematurely to sport emerged as a key theme, as did the confounding effects of exercise withdrawal. symptoms in extremely committed athletes. The results were considered in terms of both cognitive appraisal and risk models.
Examination of a Clinical method of Assessing Postural Control during a Functional Performance Task
Authors: Riemann Bryan L. , Caggiano Nancy A. , Lephart Scott M.
Published: August 2016

Postural control and functional performance tests are often used separately during orthopedic postinjury assessments. The purpose of this investigation was to examine a clinical method of assessing postural control during a functional performance task. Thirty participants were divided into two groups. The first group was tested three times, the second group only once. The same tester evaluated each participant's performance during all testing sessions, and during the first two testing sessions (Group 1) two additional testers evaluated each performance. Intraclass correlational coefficients between the three testers ranged from .70 to .92. Session 1 (Group 1) scores were pooled with Group 2 scores, and correlational analyses were conducted between participant height and performance; no significant relationships were revealed. The scores from Group 1 were analyzed using between-days repeated-measures ANOVAs. Results revealed significant improvement between Sessions 1 and 3 for the static portion of the test. The results suggest that the multiple single-leg hop-stabilization test offers a method of assessing postural control during a functional performance task.
Effects of Static and Hold-Relax Stretching on Hamstring Range of Motion Using the FlexAbility LE1000
Authors: Gribble Phillip A. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Prentice William E. , Shields Edgar W.
Published: August 2016

The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of static and hold-relax stretching on hamstring range of motion and to examine the reliability of the FlexAbility LE1000 compared with the goniometrically measured active knee-extension test. Forty-two participants (18–25 years old) were assigned to either a control, static, or hold-relax training group. Participants were stretched four times a week over a 6-week period, with four 30-s stretches per session using a straight-leg-raise method on the FlexAbility LE1000. It was determined that both static and hold-relax techniques significantly improved hamstring flexibility (ISLR: +33.08° ± 9.08° and +35.17° ± 10.39°, respectively). Participants of both techniques reached a plateau in flexibility improvement between Weeks 4 and 5. Thus, static and hold-relax stretching are equally effective in improving hamstring ROM. The FlexAbility LE1000 and the goniometer were both found to be highly reliable. Therefore, either measurement technique could be used successfully to measure hip-flexion ROM.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test: A Clinical Field Test
Authors: Goldbeck Todd G. , Davies George J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Functional testing of patients is essential to clinicians because it provides objective data for documentation that can be used for serial reassessment and progression through a rehabilitation program. Furthermore, new tests should require minimal time, space, and money to implement.

Purpose:

To determine the test-retest reliability of the Closed Kinetic Chain (CKC) Upper Extremity Stability Test.

Participants:

Twenty-four male college students.

Methods:

Each subject was tested initially and again 7 days later. Each subject performed 1 submaximal test followed by 3 maximal efforts. A 45-second rest was given after each 15-second test. The 2 maximal-test scores were averaged and compared with those from the retest.

Results:

The intraclass correlation coefficient was .922 for test-retest reliability. A paired-samples t test (.927) was conducted, and the coefficient of stability was .859. The results indicate that the CKC Upper Extremity Stability Test is a reliable evaluation tool.
The Relationship between Isokinetic Open and Closed Chain Lower Extremity Strength and Functional Performance
Authors: Negrete Rodney , Brophy Jay
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To determine (1) correlations between isokinetic lower extremity strength and functional performance and (2) correlations among different modes of isokinetic testing.

Design and Setting:

A correlational design with 6 measures. A series of strength, power, and agility tests was performed at a hospital-based outpatient physical therapy clinic.

Participants:

A volunteer sample of 29 male and 31 female, college-age subjects participated.

Measurements:

All subjects were tested in the following isokinetic tests: reciprocal leg press, single-leg squat, and knee extension. Performance tests included single-leg hop and vertical jump and a speed/agility test.

Results:

Analysis showed isokinetic knee extension, leg press, and single-leg squat strength significantly correlated to all functional tests. There were significant correlations among the 3 different isokinetic strength measures, as well.

Conclusions:

These results suggest a significant relationship between lower extremity open and closed chain isokinetic strength and functional performance testing.
Arthrogenic Muscle inhibition: A Limiting Factor in Joint Rehabilitation
Authors: Hopkins J. Ty , Ingersoll Christopher D.
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To define the concept of arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), to discuss its implications in the rehabilitation of joint injury, to discuss the neurophysiologic events that lead to AMI, to evaluate the methods available to measure AM1 and the models that might be implemented to examine AMI, and to review therapeutic interventions that might reduce AMI.

Data Sources:

The databases MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CIHNAL were searched with the termsreflex inhibition, joint mechanoreceptor, Ib interneuron, Hoffmann reflex, effusion, andjoint injury. The remaining citations were collected from references of similar papers.

Conclusions:

AMI is a limiting factor in the rehabilitation of joint injury. It results in atrophy and deficiencies in strength and increases the susceptibility to further injury. A therapeutic intervention that results in decreased inhibition, allowing for active exercise, would lead to faster and more complete recovery.
A Review of the Relationship among Knee Effusion, Quadriceps Inhibition, and Knee Function
Authors: Bolgla Lori A. , Keskula Douglas R.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To provide information on research investigating the relationship between a knee effusion and quadriceps inhibition

Data Sources:

Peer-reviewed publications from 1965 to 1997 that investigated the effect of a knee effusion on quadriceps strength.

Study Selection:

The studies reviewed involved human subjects. Researchers have used active motion, electromyographic equipment, and isokinetics to measure changes in quadriceps strength after a knee effusion.

DataSynthesis:

Most studies reported that a knee effusion resulted in quadriceps inhibition and inferred that quadriceps inhibition would impair knee function.

Conclusions:

The authors believe that additional research is needed to better understand the effect of a knee effusion on knee function. Although a knee effusion might lead to quadriceps inhibition, other factors contribute to normal knee function and might allow enough compensation so that knee function is not affected significantly in the presence of certain effusions.
Factors Affecting Reliability of the Biodex Balance System: A Summary of Four Studies
Authors: Hinman Martha R.
Published: August 2016

Purpose:

To describe differences in test-retest reliability of balance measures produced by the Biodex Balance System.

Methods:

Subjects performed balance tests in 4 studies, each involving two 30-second tests under varying conditions. Test-retest reliability coefficients were calculated for the overall stability index (SI) under each condition. Test-retest reliability was computed for subjects' limits of stability (LOS).

Results:

Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) ranged from .44 to .89 for static balance tests; variability between the 2 tests ranged from 21% to 37%. Tests at lower stability levels or without visual input produced the highest ICCs. ICCs for the LOS tests ranged from .64 to .89. These measures were less variable (6% to 8%) than the static measures of balance.

Conclusions:

Test-retest reliability of the SI produced by the Biodex Balance System is acceptable for clinical testing and is comparable to other balance measures currently in use.
The Effects of External Bracing on Joint Position Sense Awareness for the Chronically Unstable Ankle
Authors: Hartsell Heather D.
Published: August 2016

Context:

The effect of externally bracing chronically unstable ankles on joint position sense awareness has had limited study yet is clinically relevant.

Objective:

To determine active joint position sense awareness, effects of bracing, and differences between flexible and semirigid braces.

Design:

Between-ankle-group (chronic and healthy), repeated-measures, including brace condition for the joint position of 15° inversion from subtalar neutral. Setting: Research laboratory.

Participants:

24 subjects with healthy and 12 with chronically unstable ankles.

Main Outcome Measures:

Blindfolded subjects attempted to find a passively placedjoint position under conditions of unbraced, flexible, and semirigid braced. A 3-way repeated-measures ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test for significant interaction effects were conducted.

Results:

Significant main effects were observed for ankle status, brace, and gender, but no significant interaction effects.

Conclusion:

Chronically unstable ankles have greater error in joint position sense awareness. However, this deficit might be reduced by using an external semirigid brace.
The Use of Imagery by Athletes during Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Sordoni Carla , Hall Craig , Forwell Lorie
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To determine whether athletes use motivational and cognitive imagery during injury rehabilitation and to develop an instrument for measuring imagery use.

Design:

A survey concerning imagery use during rehabilitation was administered to injured athletes.

Setting:

The Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic in London, Ontario, Canada.

Participants:

Injured athletes (N = 71) receiving physiotherapy.

Main Outcome Measure:

The Athletic Injury Imagery Questionnaire (AIIQ).

Results:

As hypothesized, 2 distinct factors emerged from the items on the AIIQ: motivational and cognitive imagery. Motivational imagery was used more often than cognitive imagery in this context, yet less frequently than in other sport situations (eg, training and competition).

Conclusions:

The study indicates that the AIIQ is a potentially useful tool through which physiotherapists and sport psychologists can examine athletes' use of imagery in injury rehabilitation.
Future Research on Physical Education Teacher Education Professors
Authors: Lawson Hal A.
Published: August 2016

Conceptual and methodological limitations are evident in the previous research on physical education teacher education (PETE) professors. The developing literature on professors in all fields, career theory, and occupational socialization theory may be blended to build a conceptual framework for future research. This framework illuminates influences on and questions about PETE professors’ work lives, role orientations, productivity, and affiliations. It also invites autobiographical, developmental, longitudinal, and action-oriented research perspectives. Several benefits may be derived from research on PETE professors, including improved career-guidance and faculty-development systems.
Teacher Socialization from a Dialectical Perspective: Pretraining through Induction
Authors: Schempp Paul G. , Graber Kim C.
Published: August 2016

Recent attention has focused on examining the process of becoming a teacher. Researchers have begun studying the stages of socialization that influence the beliefs, behaviors, and perspectives of those who choose to teach. The purpose of this article is to explore the earlier stages of professional socialization, focusing on four periods (pretraining, preservice, field experiences, and induction) that have the potential to significantly impact teacher development. The authors maintain that prospective teachers participate in a dialectical process, determining to some degree which beliefs they will acquire and which they will ignore. Specifically, this article supports the notion that a dialectical process exists during all four selected periods of socialization—a contest between societal expectations and the individual inclinations of prospective teachers.
Curriculum Work in Physical Education: Beyond the Objectives Approach?
Authors: Kirk David
Published: August 2016

Objectives are widely used in physical education curriculum work, though the effectiveness of their use varies. Specific and behavioral objectives continue to be advocated by physical education curriculum writers despite many wide-ranging criticisms. A particular criticism is that objectives trivialize educational processes and celebrate convergent learning outcomes. In this essay, a range of advocacies on how best to approach physical education curriculum work is reviewed. A number of limitations of the objectives approach are identified. These limitations are highlighted through a review of literature and through a case study, which examines some of the practical consequences of institutionalizing an objectives approach. It is suggested that the notion of curriculum work as craft presents an alternative to the use of objectives. Curriculum work as craft involves systematic and reflective processes promoting individuality and personal involvement in teaching and learning. This approach also creates the possibility of divergent learning outcomes.