bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 5‐equation, transient, hyperbolic, 1‐dimensional model for slug capturing in pipes
Authors: Ferrari Marco , Bonzanini Arianna , Poesio Pietro
Published: April 2017

A novel numerical scheme for slug capturing in pipes using a 1‐dimensional transient hyperbolic 5‐equation 2‐fluid model is presented. Previous work has shown that 1‐dimensional 2‐fluid models are able to capture slug flow automatically. In this work, a similar approach is further developed using a new numerical scheme, applied to a hyperbolic 5‐equation 2‐fluid model. Starting from a finite volume discretisation of a 5‐equation 2‐fluid hyperbolic model and adding appropriate closure relations, a second‐order code is implemented and applied to air‐water flows in horizontal pipes, simulating the 2‐phase to 1‐phase flow process. The code is evaluated in some common standard test cases. A slug capturing application is also discussed. We show, in an air/water horizontal pipe, slug initiation, growth, and development. Moreover, a grid refinement analysis is performed showing that the method is grid independent and we show the code capability to take into account eventual surface tension effects, through the instantaneous pressure relaxation process. Finally, a prediction of flow regime transitions is shown and compared with a well‐known theoretical flow pattern map in addition to a preliminary comparison of computed slug characteristics against well‐known empirical correlations.
Performance‐based financing in the heath sector in low‐ and middle‐income countries: Is there anything whereof it may be said, see, this is new?
Authors: Paul Elisabeth , Renmans Dimitri
Published: April 2017

Whereas performance‐based financing (PBF) is now developing fast in the health sector in low‐ and middle‐income countries and is presented an innovative approach—concomitantly, subject to a separate research stream—it shares many features of the “managing for results” (MfR) and performance‐based budgeting (PBB) currents that have existed for decades. In this paper, we first argue that PBF as currently developed in the health sector in low‐ and middle‐income countries shares many features and thus can be viewed as an avatar of MfR and more precisely PBB. Secondly, we draw lessons from the literature on MfR and PBB so as to (1) better apprehend PBF conceptually and (2) avoid pitfalls and better design PBF schemes in practice. We argue that the lessons from the theoretical and empirical literature on MfR and PBB offer interesting insights to feed into a “theory of change” of PBF, enabling to analyse critical aspects and better design PBF schemes. Moreover, it is hoped that just like MfR processes have been demonstrated as having the potential to boost individual performance not only through links with financial incentives but also through acting on other sources of motivation, one can demonstrate more accurately by which mechanisms the various elements of the PBF package can help improve health sector results.
Effects of different loads on structure deformation of “L”‐type large‐diameter buried pipe network based on flow–heat–solid coupling
Authors: Xu Qian , Feng Jun‐Xiao
Published: April 2017

Large‐diameter buried pipelines are widely used because of their energy‐saving advantages and high efficiency. In this paper, an “L”‐type heat pipe network was taken as the research object and was studied using the flow–heat–solid coupling method. The ANSYS Workbench platform was used to simulate heat transfer and the flow of the medium in the pipe network. The pressure and temperature of the flow field and the temperature and deformation of the solid structure under different conditions were calculated. Additionally, the deformation characteristics of the pipe network under coupled and noncoupled loads were compared. Results show that the maximum deformation was located at the corner of the elbow near the long‐arm region. The deformation of the inner wall was larger than that of the outer wall at the same position. The deformation of the pipe network was mainly affected by the pressure of the fluid. The deformation of the pipe network was influenced by the temperature and pressure loads coupled, and the coupling effect was stronger with the higher pressure and temperature of the medium. However, the coupling effect had limits.
Risk stratification in cervical cancer screening by complete screening history: Applying bioinformatics to a general screening population
Authors: Baltzer Nicholas , Sundström Karin , Nygård Jan F. , Dillner Joakim , Komorowski Jan
Published: April 2017

Women screened for cervical cancer in Sweden are currently treated under a one‐size‐fits‐all programme, which has been successful in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer but does not use all of the participants' available medical information. This study aimed to use women's complete cervical screening histories to identify diagnostic patterns that may indicate an increased risk of developing cervical cancer. A nationwide case‐control study was performed where cervical cancer screening data from 125,476 women with a maximum follow‐up of 10 years were evaluated for patterns of SNOMED diagnoses. The cancer development risk was estimated for a number of different screening history patterns and expressed as Odds Ratios (OR), with a history of 4 benign cervical tests as reference, using logistic regression. The overall performance of the model was moderate (64% accuracy, 71% area under curve) with 61–62% of the study population showing no specific patterns associated with risk. However, predictions for high‐risk groups as defined by screening history patterns were highly discriminatory with ORs ranging from 8 to 36. The model for computing risk performed consistently across different screening history lengths, and several patterns predicted cancer outcomes. The results show the presence of risk‐increasing and risk‐decreasing factors in the screening history. Thus it is feasible to identify subgroups based on their complete screening histories. Several high‐risk subgroups identified might benefit from an increased screening density. Some low‐risk subgroups identified could likely have a moderately reduced screening density without additional risk.
VERIFICATION & VALIDATION; AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH
Authors: Elich Erik , Schreinemakers Paul , Vullings Maarten
Published: April 2017

This paper addresses several inconveniences regarding the proper use of verification and validation. We address the inconvenient truth by discussing reality in projects and domains, versus the widely accepted definition of verification and validation, versus the way we think both projects and developments should be managed and versus the aim to achieve transparency in the relationship between principals and contractors.
Biosensors for the Detection of Environmental and Urban Pollutions
Authors: Hashemi Goradel Nasser , Mirzaei Hamed , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Poursadeghiyan Mohsen , Masoudifar Aria , Malekshahi Ziba Veisi , Negahdari Babak
Published: April 2017

Release of harmful pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals to the environment is a global concern. Rapid and reproducible detection of these pollutants is thus necessary. Biosensors are the sensitive and high specific tools for detection of environmental pollutants. Broad range various types of biosensors have been fabricated for this purpose. This review focuses on the feature and application of biosensors developed for environmental and urban pollutants detection. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 207–212, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vitro T lymphocyte proliferation by carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester method is helpful in diagnosing and managing primary immunodeficiencies
Authors: Azarsiz Elif , Karaca Neslihan , Ergun Birgul , Durmuscan Mehmet , Kutukculer Necil , Aksu Guzide
Published: April 2017

Background

Functional studies besides routine laboratory tests for the definitive diagnosis of T lymphocyte disorders with isolated T or combined T/B‐cell immunodeficiencies are important. We hereby summarized our experience with a carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)‐based assay for the assessment of mitogenic T‐cell proliferation responses in primary immunodeficiency (PID) patients who have not been diagnosed yet or genetically analyzed, but classified as probably having T‐cell defects.

Methods

Unclassified patients (n=46) and controls (n=25) were evaluated for T‐cell disorders with CFSE‐based assay.

Results

CD3+ blast cells after PHA‐L stimulation were significantly lower in patients (31.1±28.8) than controls (67.9±8.79; P<.001). Nine patients with low and four patients with normal CD3 values had severely decreased blastic transformation. The proliferation response decreased mostly in combined immunodeficiency group. Sixteen of them had impaired proliferation responses. Appropriate molecular genetical analyses were planned after thorough evaluation of each patient.

Conclusions

In vitro lymphocyte cell proliferation analysis by CFSE method is a reliable and practical choice for the assessment of mitogenic T lymphocyte responses in yet unclassified PID patients for targeting further genetical analyses.
Different free prostate‐specific antigen to total prostate‐specific antigen ratios using three detecting systems
Authors: Huang Hui‐Qing , Zhang Yan , Xu Hua‐Guo
Published: April 2017

Background

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is used as an indicative marker of a pathologic condition of the prostate, and the ratio of free PSA (fPSA) to total PSA (tPSA) helps to distinguish benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, we present some reversed ratios of fPSA to tPSA and analyze the possible mechanism.

Methods

Using the UniCel DxI800 Access Immunoassay System, eight reversed fPSA to tPSA ratios were obtained, and then these samples were retested with an Abbott Architect i2000 Immunoassay Analyser and Cobas e602.

Results

Four of the eight reversed ratios kept a ratio >1 using Abbott Architect i2000, and seven of them turned into a ratio <1 using Cobas e602.

Conclusion

In consideration of the assay these three detecting systems apply, the possible reason of the reversed ratios can be heterophile antibodies. To get accurate reason, further study is required.
Polydatin impairs mitochondria fitness and ameliorates podocyte injury by suppressing Drp1 expression
Authors: Ni Zheng , Tao Liang , Xiaohui Xu , Zelin Zhao , Jiangang Liu , Zhao Song , Weikang Huo , Hongchao Xu , Qiujing Wang , Xin Li
Published: April 2017

Polydatin (PD), a resveratrol glycoside, has been shown to protect renal function in diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study demonstrates that PD stabilize the mitochondrial morphology and attenuate mitochondrial malfunction in both KKAy mice and in hyperglycemia (HG)‐induced MPC5 cells. We use Western blot analysis to demonstrate that PD reversed podocyte apoptosis induced by HG via suppressing dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1). This effect may depend on the ability of PD to inhibit the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, we demonstrate that PD may be therapeutically useful in DN, and that, podocyte apoptosis induced by HG can be reversed by PD through suppressing Drp1 expression.
Role of adenosine signaling in the pathogenesis of breast cancer
Authors: Bahreyni Amirhossein , Samani Seyed Sattar , Rahmani Farzad , Behnam‐Rassouli Reihane , Khazaei Majid , Ryzhikov Mikhail , Parizadeh Mohammad Reza , Avan Amir , Hassanian Seyed Mahdi
Published: April 2017

The plasma level of adenosine increases under ischemic and inflamed conditions in tumor microenvironment. Adenosine elicits a range of signaling pathways in tumors, resulting in either inhibition or enhancement of tumor growth depending upon different subtypes of adenosine receptors activation and type of cancer. Metabolism of adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP) and its derivatives including adenosine is dysregulated in the breast tumor microenvironment, supporting the role of this metabolite in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Adenosine regulates inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and metastasis in breast cancer cells. This review summarizes the role of adenosine in the pathogenesis of breast cancer for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
HSF1 phosphorylation by ERK/GSK3 suppresses RNF126 to sustain IGF‐IIR expression for hypertension‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
Authors: Huang Chih‐Yang , Lee Fa‐Lun , Peng Shu‐Fen , Lin Kuan‐Ho , Chen Ray‐Jade , Ho Tsung‐Jung , Tsai Fu‐Jen , Padma Vijaya V. , Kuo Wei‐Wen , Huang Chih‐Yang
Published: April 2017

Hypertension‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis are major characteristics of early‐stage heart failure (HF). Inhibition of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) efficaciously suppressed angiotensin II (ANG II)‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis by blocking insulin‐like growth factor II receptor (IGF‐IIR) signaling. However, the detailed mechanism by which ANG II induces ERK‐mediated IGF‐IIR signaling remains elusive. Here, we found that ANG II activated ERK to upregulate IGF‐IIR expression via the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R). ERK activation subsequently phosphorylates HSF1 at serine 307, leading to a secondary phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase III (GSK3) at serine 303. Moreover, we found that ANG II mediated ERK/GSK3‐induced IGF‐IIR protein stability by downregulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase of IGF‐IIR RING finger protein CXXVI (RNF126). The expression of RNF126 decreased following ANG II‐induced HSF1S303 phosphorylation, resulting in IGF‐IIR protein stability and increased cardiomyocyte injury. Inhibition of GSK3 significantly alleviated ANG II‐induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that HSF1 phosphorylation stabilizes IGF‐IIR protein stability by downregulating RNF126 during cardiac hypertrophy. ANG II activates ERK/GSK3 to phosphorylate HSF1, resulting in RNF126 degradation, which stabilizes IGF‐IIR protein expression and eventually results in cardiac hypertrophy. HSF1 could be a valuable therapeutic target for cardiac diseases among hypertensive patients.
Arterial spin labeling MRI is able to detect early hemodynamic changes in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Mora‐Gutiérrez José María , Garcia‐Fernandez Nuria , Slon Roblero M. Fernanda , Páramo Jose A. , Escalada F. Javier , Wang Danny JJ. , Benito Alberto , Fernández‐Seara María A.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

To investigate whether arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI could detect renal hemodynamic impairment in diabetes mellitus (DM) along different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Materials and Methods

Three Tesla (3T) ASL‐MRI was performed to evaluate renal blood flow (RBF) in 91 subjects (46 healthy volunteers and 45 type 2 diabetic patients). Patients were classified according to their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as group I (eGFR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), group II (60 ≥ eGFR>30 mL/min/1.73 m2), or group III (eGFR ≤ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2), to determine differences depending on renal function. Studies were performed at 3T using a 12‐channel flexible body array combined with the spine array coil as receiver.

Results

A 28% reduction in cortical RBF was seen in diabetics in comparison with healthy controls (185.79 [54.60] versus 258.83 [37.96] mL/min/100 g, P < 3 × 10−6). Differences were also seen between controls and diabetic patients despite normal eGFR and absence of overt albuminuria (RBF [mL/min/100 g]: controls=258.83 [37.96], group I=208.89 [58.83], P = 0.0018; eGFR [mL/min/1.73 m2]: controls = 95.50 [12.60], group I = 82.00 [20.76], P > 0.05; albumin‐creatinine ratio [mg/g]: controls = 3.50 [4.45], group I = 17.50 [21.20], P > 0.05). A marked decrease in RBF was noted a long with progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) through the five stages of CKD (χ2 = 43.58; P = 1.85 × 10−9). Strong correlation (r = 0.62; P = 4 × 10−10) was obtained between RBF and GFR estimated by cystatin C.

Conclusion

ASL‐MRI is able to quantify early renal perfusion impairment in DM, as well as changes according to different CKD stages of DN. In addition, we demonstrated a correlation of RBF quantified by ASL and GFR estimated by cystatin C.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1810–1817.
Analysing the variability and trends of precipitation extremes in Finland and their connection to atmospheric circulation patterns
Authors: Irannezhad Masoud , Chen Deliang , Kløve Bjørn , Moradkhani Hamid
Published: April 2017

Ten precipitation indices recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices were used to analyse spatial distribution and temporal changes in annual amount, intensity, frequency and duration of precipitation statistics based on daily data with a focus on extremes in Finland during 1961–2011. Also, the connections between these high resolution (10 km) precipitation indices and six influential atmospheric circulation patterns (ACPs) for climate variability in Finland were studied. On the country scale, the results suggest significant increases in the amount and intensity of precipitation extremes, more precipitation days, and no clear changes in wet and dry spells. Both intensity and frequency of precipitation extremes over Finland decrease from south and southwest to north. The only exception is the distribution of precipitations days which is generally more frequent over eastern and upper areas of northern Finland. Wet (dry) spells were typically longer in the western (eastern) part of Finland. Significant increases in annual total wet‐day precipitation, very wet days precipitation and simple daily intensity index were found over most parts of Finland during 1961–2011. Increasing trends in both extremely wet days and maximum 1‐day precipitation were mostly observed in western, eastern, central and northern Finland. Such spatial pattern was also identified for significant increases in the frequency of heavy and very heavy precipitation days. The precipitation days increased over small parts of western, eastern and northern Finland. Wet spells showed lengthening trends in several grids over southwestern Finland, while dry spells lengthened in some areas over the entire country except southern parts. These variations in precipitation statistics were found to be significantly correlated with the East Atlantic/West Russia, East Atlantic, Scandinavia and Polar patterns.
Impact of mass human migration during Chinese New Year on Beijing urban heat island
Authors: Dou Jingjing , Miao Shiguang
Published: April 2017

The Chinese New Year (CNY, also called Spring Festival), which officially lasts for 7 days, is the most important festival in China. Chinese people in large cities usually return to their hometowns for family reunions before the CNY holiday and return afterward. Nearly half of Beijing's population has been reported to leave the city for family reunions before the CNY holidays in the past several years. Hourly automatic weather station data during CNY 2010–2015 were used to analyze the changes in temporal and spatial distribution of Beijing urban heat island intensity (UHII) and the impact of mass human migration on urban temperature. Soil moisture, 10‐m wind speed, and cloud cover were considered and indicated nearly no change during the pre‐CNY period (2–4 weeks before CNY) and CNY week, which means that UHII variation was mainly affected by the mass human migration. Daily UHII during CNY week was lower than during pre‐CNY period. UHII for daily maximum temperature decreased by 55% during CNY week than the pre‐CNY period (0.6 °C during pre‐CNY period versus 0.27 °C during CNY week) due to mass human migration, which was much larger than the relative reduction in UHII for the daily minimum temperature (5%, 4.34 °C during the pre‐CNY period versus 4.11 °C during the CNY week). The spatial distribution of the UHII difference between CNY week and the pre‐CNY period is closely related to the locations of functional population zones. UHII for daily maximum temperature decreases most (80%, 0.40 °C during the pre‐CNY period versus 0.08 °C during the CNY period) between the Third and Fourth Ring Roads (RRs), an area which experiences high frequency human activities and has high floating population percentage. This study can provide suggestions for optimizing the layout of urban space and land‐use structures.
The origin of aliphatic hydrocarbons in olive oil
Authors: Pineda Manuel , Rojas María , Gálvez‐Valdivieso Gregorio , Aguilar Miguel
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

There are many substances that can interfere with olive oil quality. Some of them are well characterized, but many others have an unknown origin. Saturated hydrocarbons make an extraordinary complex family of numerous molecules, some of them present naturally in vegetable oils. When major natural saturated hydrocarbons are analyzed by standard chromatographic methods, this complex mixture of saturated hydrocarbons appears as a hump in the chromatogram and is commonly named as unresolved complex mixture (UCM), whose origin remains unknown.

RESULTS

In this work we studied the occurrence and the origin of aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons in olive oil. Hydrocarbons were analyzed in olive oil and along the industrial process of oil extraction. We also analyzed n‐alkanes and the UCM fraction of hydrocarbons in leaf, fruit and oil from different varieties and different locations, and we also analyzed the soils at these locations.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that the hydrocarbons present in olive oil do not necessarily have their origin in a contamination during olive oil elaboration; they seem to have a natural origin, as a result of olive tree metabolism and/or as the result of an intake and accumulation by the olive tree directly from the environment during its entire life cycle. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant and anticancer effects of functional peptides from ovotransferrin hydrolysates
Authors: Lee Jae Hoon , Moon Sun Hee , Kim Hyun Suk , Park Eunju , Ahn Dong Uk , Paik Hyun‐Dong
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Egg white is a good source for making functional peptides that can be used in the food industry. Ovotransferrin (OTF) is one of the major egg white proteins, with many functional properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. However, enzymatic hydrolysis of ovotransferrin is known to further improve the functional activities of OTF. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer activities of functional peptides produced by two‐step enzyme hydrolysis of OTF.

RESULTS

OTF hydrolysates were prepared using promod 278P, thermolysin and a combination of the two enzymes. OTF and OTF hydrolysates showed strong antioxidant activities when analyzed using the DPPH assay. However, only OTF hydrolysates showed a strong free radical scavenging activity when NO‐ or ABTS‐scavenging activity was measured. OTF hydrolysates showed stronger cytotoxic activities than the natural OTF against human cancer cell lines. Furthermore, OTF hydrolysates prepared with promod 278P + thermolysin combination showed the strongest cytotoxic activity, and their IC50 values were 0.79, 0.78, 0.92 and 0.78 mg mL−1 against AGS, LoVo, HT‐29 and HeLa, respectively.

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that the two‐step enzyme hydrolysates of OTF have great potential for use as a food ingredient with antioxidant and anticancer activities. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Risk factors for anastomotic leakage following esophagectomy: Impact of thoracic epidural analgesia
Authors: Wang Wen , Zhao Gefei , Wu Linxin , Dong Yanpeng , Zhang Chaobin , Sun Li
Published: April 2017

Background and Objectives

Anastomotic leakage (AL) is one of common complications after esophageal cancer surgery. Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is often recommended in patients undergoing esophagectomy. However, the impact of TEA on AL is still controversial. Thus, we conducted this study to evaluate the effect of TEA on the occurrence of AL and identify risk factors for the development of AL following esophagectomy.

Methods

Our retrospective study identified patients who underwent elective esophagectomy between July 2013 and July 2016. Univariate and multivariate logistics analyses and propensity score matching analysis were conducted to identify the risk factors for AL occurring within 30 days after operation.

Results

Overall 30‐day AL was 7.9%. Multivariate analysis revealed that surgical procedure (Sweet: referent; Ivor‐Lewis: OR 2.854; 95%CI 1.726‐4.718; Three‐incision: OR 4.837; 95%CI 3.457‐6.768) and surgeon (high‐volume: referent; low‐volume: OR 1.740; 95%CI 1.269‐2.384) were independent risk factors for AL after esophagectomy. No statistically significant difference was observed in the incidences of AL between the epidural analgesia group and the intravenous analgesia group either before or after propensity score matching (9.1% vs 7.7%, P = 0.359; 8.3% vs 9.2%, P = 0.683).

Conclusions

TEA does not affect the AL risk after esophagectomy.
A combination of salinity and pH affects the recruitment of Gladioferens pectinatus (Brady) (Copepoda; Calanoida)
Authors: Hemraj Deevesh A. , Allais Laetitia , Leterme Sophie C.
Published: April 2017

Carbon dioxide levels in many estuaries fluctuate and, in several cases, reach extremes much higher than those predicted for oceans by the end of the century. Moreover, estuaries are characterized by natural fluctuations in salinity, and reduced pH, from increased pCO2, exposes estuarine organisms to multiple stresses. Although the effects of low pH on the reproduction of several marine copepod species have been assessed, studies examining effects of pH in estuarine copepod species are extremely scarce. Here, we aim at understanding the reproductive response of Gladioferens pectinatus to the stress posed by both salinity and pH. G. pectinatus was exposed to salinities 2 and 10, at four different pH levels each. Our results show no impairment in the brood size, embryonic development time and hatching success under low pH levels at either salinities. However, at salinity 2, the percentage of nauplii growing into adults significantly decreased at low pH, whereas at salinity 10, no major effect was observed. We argue that the combination of osmoregulation and acidity induced stress response can affect the development of nauplii and copepodites, as well as adult recruitment, likely due to energy reallocation and molting impairment. We also argue that resilience and phenotypic plasticity highly influence the ability of different copepod species and populations to reproduce and grow under stressful combinations of environmental parameters. This study points out the importance of understanding the effects of multiple stresses or parameters on the adaptability of organisms to water acidification.
Poly (Ethylene Glycol)‐Based Hydrogels as Self‐Inflating Tissue Expanders with Tunable Mechanical and Swelling Properties
Authors: Jamadi Mahsa , Shokrollahi Parvin , Houshmand Behzad , Joupari Mortaza Daliri , Mashhadiabbas Fatemeh , Khademhosseini Ali , Annabi Nasim
Published: April 2017

Tissue expansion is used by plastic/reconstructive surgeons to grow additional skin/tissue for replacing or repairing lost or damaged soft tissues. Recently, hydrogels have been widely used for tissue expansion applications. Herein, a self‐inflating tissue expander blend composition from three different molecular weights (2, 6, and 10 kDa) of poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel with tunable mechanical and swelling properties is presented. The in vitro results demonstrate that, of the eight studied compositions, P6 (PEGDA 6 kDa:10 kDa (50:50)) and P8 (PEGDA 6 kDa:10 kDa (35:65)) formulations provide a balance of mechanical property and swelling capability suitable for tissue expansion. Furthermore, these expanders can be compressed up to 60% of their original height and can be loaded and unloaded cyclically at least ten times with no permanent deformation. The in vivo results indicate that these two engineered blend compositions are capable to generate a swelling pressure sufficient to dilate the surrounding tissue while retaining their original shape. The histological analyses reveal the formation of fibrous capsule at the interface between the implant and the subcutaneous tissue with no signs of inflammation. Ultimately, controlling the PEGDA chain length shows potential for the development of self‐inflating tissue expanders with tunable mechanical and swelling properties.

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Clarification of linear low‐density polyethylene using Bis‐oxalamide compounds
Authors: Wang Lin , Santos Nestor , Banks Andrew , Huang Ye , Hart Kyle , Keaton Richard , He Yiyong , Keene Ellen , Hill Martin
Published: April 2017

The clarifying effect of using bis‐oxalamide compounds on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) has been investigated for the first time. It was demonstrated that the haze of a commercial LLDPE resin, DOWLEX™ 2045G, can be reduced up to 50% by adding 0.2 wt % of a bis‐oxalamide clarifying agent. The investigations on the crystalline morphology revealed that the density of spherulite cores increased with increasing concentration of bis‐oxalamide N5. Through an investigation of structure‐property relationships based on the tunable bis‐oxalamide structure, it was demonstrated that the combination of linear alkyl core and cyclohexyl pendant groups showed the best clarification. The interactions of clarifying molecules were simulated using dynamic molecular simulation. The simulation suggested that the rigidity of the core functionality played a role on the hydrogen bonding in the intermolecular network, which may contribute to the macroscopic clarification performance. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:142–149, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Insight into the remarkable affinity and selectivity of the aminobenzosuberone scaffold for the M1 aminopeptidases family based on structure analysis
Authors: Peng Guanya , McEwen Alastair G. , Olieric Vincent , Schmitt Celine , Albrecht Sebastien , Cavarelli Jean , Tarnus Celine
Published: April 2017

Aminopeptidases are ubiquitous hydrolases that cleave the N‐terminal residues of proteins and oligopeptides. They are broadly distributed throughout all kingdoms of life and have been implicated in a wide variety of physiological processes, including viral infection, parasite metabolism, protein processing, regulation of peptide hormones, and cancer cell proliferation. Members of the M1 family, also termed gluzincins, are defined by two highly conserved motifs in the catalytic domain: a zinc‐binding motif, HEXXH‐(X18)‐E; and an exopeptidase motif, GXMEN. We report the high‐resolution X‐ray structures of E. coli aminopeptidase N (PepN) in complex with three aminobenzosuberone scaffolds that display various Ki values (50, 0.33, and 0.034 µM) and provide a compelling view of the outstanding selectivity of these chemical entities for the M1 aminopeptidases. This series of inhibitors interacts as transition state mimics with highly conserved residues of the catalytic machinery and substrate recognition sites. Structural comparisons and model‐building studies allowed a deep interpretation of the SAR observed for bacterial, as well as mammalian enzymes. Proteins 2017; 85:1413–1421. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of wurtzite GaN/AlN and ZnO/MgO short‐period superlattices: Calculation of band gaps and built‐in electric field
Authors: Gorczyca I. , Teisseyre H. , Suski T. , Christensen N. E.
Published: April 2017

The group‐III nitride and the group‐II oxide semiconductors have direct band gaps, which cover the ultraviolet to infrared energy range. In this work we calculate the band gaps and built‐in electric field of the polar wurtzite GaN/AlN and ZnO/MgO Short Period Superlattices (SPSLs). In many respects GaN and AlN are similar to ZnO and MgO, respectively, especially regarding the band gaps and the lattice parameters. To realize the wider band gap based materials the superlattices (SLs) with GaN and ZnO as quantum wells and AlN and MgO as quantum barriers, that is, GaN/AlN and ZnO/MgO, are created. We found similar evolution of the GaN/AlN and ZnO/MgO band gaps with varying number of atomic layers constituting these SPSLs. Band gap bowings and strength of the internal electric field existing in these two families of SPSLs differ significantly.
Exploring the electronic and optical properties of Cu2Sn1−xGexS3 and Cu2Sn1−xSixS3 (x = 0, 0.5, and 1)
Authors: Chen Rongzhen , Persson Clas
Published: April 2017

To accelerate environmental friendly thin‐film photovoltaic technologies, earth‐abundant, non‐toxic, and low‐cost materials are demanded. We study the compounds of Cu2Sn1−xGexS3 and Cu2Sn1−xSixS3 (x = 0, 0.5, and 1) employing first‐principles method within the density functional theory. The compounds have comparable band dispersions. The band‐gap energies Eg can be tailored by cation alloying the Sn atoms with Ge or Si. The gap energies of Cu2Sn1−xGexS3 and Cu2Sn1−xSixS3, with x = 0, 0.5, and 1, vary almost linearly from 0.83 to 1.43 eV and 2.60 eV, respectively. However, the gap energy of Cu2SiS3 does not follow the linear relation for x > 0.8. The effective electron masses at the Γ‐point of the lowest conduction band are almost isotropic for all materials, which are between 0.15m0 and 0.25m0. On the other hand, the effective hole masses of the topmost valence band show very strong anisotropy for all compounds. In the (010) direction, the hole masses are estimated to be between 1.01m0 and 1.85m0, while between 0.11m0 and 0.41m0 in the (001) direction. Calculations reveal that all compounds have high absorption coefficients that are comparable with that of Cu2ZnSnS4. The absorptions in the energy region from Eg + 0.5 eV to Eg + 1.0 eV are even higher for Ge‐ and Si‐alloying of Cu2SnS3, compared with Cu2ZnSnS4. The high‐frequency dielectric constants of the compounds are between 6.8 and 8.9. Cu2Sn1−xGexS3 and Cu2Sn1−xSixS3 can be considered as potential candidates for absorber materials in thin‐film solar cells.
Fabrication of Micropatterned Self‐Oscillating Polymer Brush for Direction Control of Chemical Waves
Authors: Homma Kenta , Masuda Tsukuru , Akimoto Aya Mizutani , Nagase Kenichi , Itoga Kazuyoshi , Okano Teruo , Yoshida Ryo
Published: April 2017

The propagation control of chemical waves via a pentagonal patterned structure in a self‐oscillating polymer brush composed of N‐isopropylacrylamide and a metal catalyst for the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction is reported. The patterned self‐oscillating polymer brush is prepared by combining surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and maskless photolithography. Surface modification is confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 3D measuring laser microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The polymer brush patterns are fabricated with gaps between the pentagonal regions, and investigations on the effect of the gap distance on the BZ reaction reveal that at the appropriate distance, chemical waves propagate across the array from the plane to the corner between the patterns. Unidirectional control is achieved not only in the 1D array, but also in a 2D curved array. This patterned self‐oscillating polymer brush is a novel and advantageous approach for creating an autonomous dynamic soft interface.
Continuous software engineering—A microservices architecture perspective
Authors: O'Connor Rory V. , Elger Peter , Clarke Paul M.
Published: April 2017

From its earliest days, software development has been beset with challenges in relation to timely delivery, appropriateness of features, and quality of deliverables. Many advances in software development processes have helped to address these concerns. For example, agile software development has helped to deliver working software more frequently, and capability maturity frameworks have brought about improved consistency in quality levels. However, the age‐old challenge of better, cheaper, faster software has continued to beguile developers. In this paper, we discuss an emerging approach to software development, continuous software engineering (CSE), wherein software of operational quality may be delivered on a very frequent basis, up to many times in a given day. This approach uses a complex set of independent tools that together reduce the lead time in delivering commercial‐grade software. Having examined the situational context of one industrial organization applying CSE, we conclude that the approach may not presently be appropriate to all manners of software development. Nonetheless, the authors are of the view that CSE represents a significant progression in software engineering and that software development settings of all types stand to gain from aspects of the CSE approach.
Gold nanoparticles in cardiovascular imaging
Authors: Varna Mariana , Xuan Hoa V. , Fort Emmanuel
Published: April 2017

Although originally applied in the field of oncology, recent results have illustrated the considerable potential of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in the imaging of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs represent the leading cause of mortality and disability in the world. The principal cause underpinning CVDs is atherosclerosis, which develops into mid and large blood vessels, often leading to severe complications. Thanks to their unique physicochemical properties, GNPs have drawn much attention from the research community in cardiovascular imaging. Thus, the optical properties of GNPs have led to their utilization as contrast agents for optical or X‐ray imaging modalities allowing the detection of atherosclerotic plaques, intravascular thrombus, or fibrotic tissue. In this study, we detail the most promising preclinical scientific progresses based on the use of GNPs for imaging in cardiovascular field and their improvements for a potential clinical application. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2018, 10:e1470. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1470

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease
Comparing morphological and molecular diet analyses and fecal DNA sampling protocols for a terrestrial carnivore
Authors: Gosselin Elyce N. , Lonsinger Robert C. , Waits Lisette P.
Published: April 2017

Analyzing predator scats for the presence of prey is a common noninvasive approach to understanding trophic interactions. Morphological analysis of prey remains has been the prevailing method of diet analysis, but molecular methods are becoming more widely used. Previous analyses suggest molecular methods detect target prey species more frequently than morphological methods. We compared these methods by analyzing coyote (Canis latrans) scats—collected in Tooele County, Utah, USA, in the winter of 2014—for leporids, a taxonomic group for which a molecular species identification test has been developed. We included 25 scats in which leporids were detected and 25 scats in which leporids were not detected by morphological methods. Additionally, because few studies have explored the effect of fecal sampling protocols on prey DNA detection, we analyzed subsamples taken from 5 locations on each scat to compare prey detection frequencies. We found that molecular analysis detected leporid prey in scats at a rate similar to or greater than morphological analysis, depending on the number of fecal sampling locations considered. Of the single samples, the homogenized (46%) and side (44%) samples provided the greatest rates of leporid prey DNA detection, followed by the ends (mean across both ends = 35%) and center (38%) of scats. When multiple sampling locations were considered, the homogenized‐side combination (70%) had a detection rate similar to when all sampling locations were considered (76%). Our results indicate that molecular analysis detected prey more frequently than morphological analysis, but that prey detection was not equitable among fecal sampling locations and multiple sampling locations may be required. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
High Order Inverse Function Theorems
Authors: Frankowska H.
Published: April 2017

We prove several first order and high order inverse mapping theorems for maps defined on a complete metric space and provide a number of applications.
Moreau’s Decomposition Theorem Revisited
Authors: Hiriart-Urruty J.B. , Plazanet Ph.
Published: April 2017

Given two convex functions

\mathrm{g}

and

\mathrm{h}

on a Hilbert space, verifying

\mathrm{g} + \mathrm{h} = \frac{1}{2}\left\|.\right\|^{2}

, we show there necessarily exists a lower‐semicontinuous convex function

\mathrm{F}

such that

\mathrm{g} = \mathrm{F}\:□\:\frac{1}{2}\left\|.\right\|^{2}

and

\mathrm{h} = \mathrm{F}^*□\:\frac{1}{2}\left\|.\right\|^{2}

. An explicit formulation of

\mathrm{F}

is given as a deconvolution of a convex function by another one. The approach taken here as well as the way of factorizing

\mathrm{g}

and

\mathrm{h}

shed a new light on what is known as Moreau’s theorem in the literature on Convex Analysis.
Proto-Differentiability of Set-Valued Mappings and its Applications in Optimization
Authors: Rockafellar R.T.
Published: April 2017

Proto-differentiability of a set-valued mapping (multifunction)
G
from one Euclidean space to another is defined in terms of graphical convergence of associated difference quotient multifunctions. The nature and consequences of the property are investigated in considerable detail to provide a basis for applications. Applications are demonstrated for the theory of optimization by verifying the proto-differentiability of some of the most important multifunctions in that theory, specifically multifunctions giving the set of solutions to a parameterized system of constraints or to a parameterized variational inequality or collection of optimality conditions. The fact that such multifunctions are actually differentiable in this a generalized sense has not previously been detected.
Epigraphical Analysis
Authors: Attouch H. , Wets R.J.-B.
Published: April 2017

We provide a succinct overview of the basic tools of epigraphical analysis, and of the accompanying calculus. We show that it provides a very rich and unified tool to study a large class of problems that includes variational problems, generalized equations, differential inclusions and limit problems.
Selectorate Theory in Hybrid Regimes: Comparing Hong Kong and Singapore
Authors: Wong Mathew Y. H.
Published: April 2017

This article investigates public and private goods provision in two hybrid regimes: Hong Kong and Singapore. We build on the selectorate theory, which analyses all regimes in terms of the size of their leaders’ support coalitions. This research follows a differences-in-differences design, with the exogenous political change in Hong Kong in 1997 as a treatment and Singapore as a control case. This study contributes to the literature in two ways. First, as the aim of the selectorate theory is to transcend traditional regime typologies, a focus on hybrid regimes provides another test of the theory beyond the democratic–authoritarian divide. Second, the distinctive comparative set-up allows us to disentangle the effects of the size of the winning coalition from those of supporter loyalty. The empirical results demonstrate that whilst public goods increase with the winning coalition size, private goods provision is not affected unless accompanied by a change in supporter loyalty.
Values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for some dairy and plant proteins may better describe protein quality than values calculated using the concept for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS)
Authors: Mathai John K. , Liu Yanhong , Stein Hans H.
Published: April 2017

An experiment was conducted to compare values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for four animal proteins and four plant proteins with values calculated as recommended for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS), but determined in pigs instead of in rats. Values for standardised total tract digestibility (STTD) of crude protein (CP) and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) were calculated for whey protein isolate (WPI), whey protein concentrate (WPC), milk protein concentrate (MPC), skimmed milk powder (SMP), pea protein concentrate (PPC), soya protein isolate (SPI), soya flour and whole-grain wheat. The PDCAAS-like values were calculated using the STTD of CP to estimate AA digestibility and values for DIAAS were calculated from values for SID of AA. Results indicated that values for SID of most indispensable AA in WPI, WPC and MPC were greater (P<0·05) than for SMP, PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat. With the exception of arginine and tryptophan, the SID of all indispensable AA in SPI was greater (P<0·05) than in soya flour, and with the exception of threonine, the SID of all indispensable AA in wheat was less (P<0·05) than in all other ingredients. If the same scoring pattern for children between 6 and 36 months was used to calculate PDCAAS-like values and DIAAS, PDCAAS-like values were greater (P<0·05) than DIAAS values for SMP, PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat indicating that PDCAAS-like values estimated in pigs may overestimate the quality of these proteins.
Adding a reward increases the reinforcing value of fruit
Authors: De Cock Nathalie , Vervoort Leentje , Kolsteren Patrick , Huybregts Lieven , Van Lippevelde Wendy , Vangeel Jolien , Notebaert Melissa , Beullens Kathleen , Goossens Lien , Maes Lea , Deforche Benedicte , Braet Caroline , Eggermont Steven , Van Camp John , Lachat Carl
Published: April 2017

Adolescents’ snack choices could be altered by increasing the reinforcing value (RV) of healthy snacks compared with unhealthy snacks. This study assessed whether the RV of fruit increased by linking it to a reward and if this increased RV was comparable with the RV of unhealthy snacks alone. Moderation effects of sex, hunger, BMI z-scores and sensitivity to reward were also explored. The RV of snacks was assessed in a sample of 165 adolescents (15·1 (sd 1·5) years, 39·4 % boys and 17·4 % overweight) using a computerised food reinforcement task. Adolescents obtained points for snacks through mouse clicks (responses) following progressive ratio schedules of increasing response requirements. Participants were (computer) randomised to three experimental groups (1:1:1): fruit (n 53), fruit+reward (n 60) or unhealthy snacks (n 69). The RV was evaluated as total number of responses and breakpoint (schedule of terminating food reinforcement task). Multilevel regression analyses (total number of responses) and Cox’s proportional hazard regression models (breakpoint) were used. The total number of responses made were not different between fruit+reward and fruit (b −473; 95 % CI −1152, 205, P=0·17) or unhealthy snacks (b410; 95 % CI −222, 1043, P=0·20). The breakpoint was slightly higher for fruit than fruit+reward (HR 1·34; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·79, P=0·050), whereas no difference between unhealthy snacks and fruit+reward (HR 0·86; 95 % CI 0·62, 1·18, P=0·34) was observed. No indication of moderation was found. Offering rewards slightly increases the RV of fruit and may be a promising strategy to increase healthy food choices. Future studies should however, explore if other rewards, could reach larger effect sizes.