bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employee Preferences
Authors: Daum Diane L. , Stoll Jennifer A.
Published: May 2020

Understanding and delivering on employee preferences results in real business outcomes, such as more effective hiring, decreased attrition, and stronger customer service. The authors begin with an introduction to the literature on employee preferences, especially as related to the employee value proposition (EVP), employer branding, and person–organization and person–job fit. They advocate using direct preference measurement techniques such as ranking, point-allocation exercises, and conjoint surveys that require respondents to make trade-offs that reveal what matters most to them and supplementing these with qualitative techniques such as interviews, focus groups, and open-ended comments to provide additional context. The authors emphasize the importance of using the information collected to ensure that the EVP supports the organization’s strategy and will be credible to employees and candidates, while conveying what differentiates them from talent competitors.
Data Visualization
Authors: Sinar Evan F.
Published: May 2020

Data visualization—a set of approaches for applying graphical principles to represent quantitative information—is extremely well matched to the nature of survey data but often underleveraged for this purpose. Surveys produce data sets that are highly structured and comparative across groups and geographies, that often blend numerical and open-text information, and that are designed for repeated administration and analysis. Each of these characteristics aligns well with specific visualization types, use of which has the potential to—when paired with foundational, evidence-based tenets of high-quality graphical representations—substantially increase the impact and influence of data presentations given by survey researchers. This chapter recommends and provides guidance on data visualization techniques fit to purpose for survey researchers, while also describing key risks and missteps associated with these approaches.
Creating and Delivering the Executive Presentation
Authors: Johnson Sarah R.
Published: May 2020

Presentations of survey results to key audiences are a critical step in communicating insights from the survey, influencing leaders and driving change. There are four fundamental steps to creating executive presentations that create conversation, inspire insight, and lead to actions. First, clarify the objective. Determine what is most important to share and why. Focus on the most essential findings. Second, create the story. Write a narrative that takes into account who (is the audience), what (do they need to know), when (must they act), where (do the issues exist), and why (is the issue important). Tailor the right information to the right audience at the right time. Next, find the right format, whether that is a presentation, workshop, or discussion; slide-based or using a live report; virtually or in person. Finally, successful delivery of the presentation is impacted by choice of presenter and the construction of the session.
Action Taking Augmented by Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Weiner Sara P. , McMahan Melissa
Published: May 2020

Taking action is unequivocally the most important aspect of any employee survey program. Many organizations struggle to achieve adoption and accountability and, in turn, to realize meaningful change. In our rapid-cycle economy, organizations need solutions to nimbly respond to the changing expectations and needs of customers, employees, and managers. Advances in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) have the power to be a game changer if coupled with evidence-based and forward-thinking industrial and organizational psychology practices. We propose an action-taking approach summarized as take action that matters, communicate, and repeat frequently. AI has greatly facilitated our ability to quickly determine the actions that will matter most and empower managers and employees toward real-time action taking. AI can deliver real-time prescriptive and predictive analytics, provide greater insights and guidance to managers, leverage natural language processing, and free human resources departments to focus on coaching and systemic issues, which together drive agile practices to achieve meaningful change.
Employee Survey Research
Authors: Garrad Lewis K. , Hyland Patrick K.
Published: May 2020

Surveys have become a mainstay of organizational research. When surveys are efficient, targeted, and theory-driven and predict useful outcomes, they provide a valuable data set for decision-making. Yet many organizational researchers and human resources practitioners overlook the dark side of studying employees at work, especially when it comes to challenging ontological and epistemological assumptions. Gathering, analyzing, and using employee survey data are often fraught with complexity, which limits action and change. This chapter outlines how the emergence and establishment of employee survey research led to modern assumptions about what survey administrators seek to learn from people at work and how those assumptions help and hinder progress toward improving organizational performance and employee well-being. The authors then make recommendations for the future development of survey research in the broader context of social and technological development.
Managing Workplace Job Attitudes and Performance in Organizations with Labor Unions
Authors: Harter James K. , McLain Denise R.
Published: May 2020

While union membership has been in decline in recent decades, still 11% of the US workforce belong to unions. The job attitudes of both union and non-union employees are important to organizational success. Various studies suggest that union employees are as satisfied as non-union employees with benefits, wages, and job security. Non-union employees have more favorable attitudes toward the type of work they’re asked to do, autonomy, opportunities for advancement, and supervision. But job attitudes for both union and non-union employees vary widely by the team they are on, according to a summary of Gallup’s employee engagement global database. In this chapter, the authors summarize opinions from within highly unionized organizations, including 239,459 union-member and 42,053 non-union-member employees. They outline key challenges in engaging unionized employees and practical advice compiled from the study of successful organizations across industries.
The Struggle for a Multilingual Future
Authors: Davis Christina P.
Published: May 2020

The Struggle for a Multilingual Future examines the tension between the ethnic conflict and multilingual education policy in the linguistic and social practices of Sri Lankan Tamil and Muslim girls in Kandy, a city in central Sri Lanka. Postindependence language and education policies were part of the complex and multifaceted causes of the Sri Lankan civil war (1983 to 2009). However, in the last two decades the government has sought to promote interethnic integration by instituting trilingual language policies in the nation’s co-official languages, Sinhala and Tamil, as well as English, in government schools. Integrating ethnographic and linguistic research inside and outside two schools in Kandy during the last phase of the war, this book investigates the efficacy of the national reforms in mitigating ethnic conflict in relation to the way linguistic, ethnic, religious, and class differences are reinforced and challenged in schools, homes, buses, and streets. The author’s research shows how, despite the national reforms, policies and practices in Kandy schools instantiate language-based models of ethnicity. In reaction, Tamil-speaking girls aspire to a cosmopolitan notion of Kandy that is less about being integrated into broader society than drawing on the symbolic resources of the city for social mobility. It also analyzes how the efficacy of the reforms is imperiled by interactional practices in Sinhala-majority public spaces that reinforce ethnic divisions and power inequalities. Davis demonstrates the difficulties of using language policy to ameliorate conflict if it does not also address how that conflict is produced and reproduced in everyday talk.
English and the Imagining of a Cosmopolitan City
Authors: Davis Christina P.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 considers the role of English in how the Girls’ College grade 10 Tamil-medium students navigated inequalities in the school as a whole and the Tamil-medium stream and claimed status as cosmopolitan Kandy or Sri Lankan girls. The use of full English in the classroom risked making them seem uppity, but the girls skillfully used English-inflected Tamil to articulate desired identities and stake claims in the future. Despite their multilingualism, the girls’ identities as predominantly Tamil speakers shaped how they interacted in school and in their home and neighborhood settings. This chapter argues that while their representation of themselves as Kandy girls avoided ethnicity-based models of identity, inconsistent with ideologies present in the national language and education reforms, they did not view Kandy as ethnically integrated so much as associate the city with their potential for upward social mobility.
Tamil Speech and Ethnic Conflict in Public Spaces
Authors: Davis Christina P.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 6 investigates the performative force of speaking Tamil in public spaces in Kandy and Colombo. It shows how Tamils used Sinhala and avoided Tamil to conceal or mitigate their ethnic identity. This chapter further analyzes the ideological weight of Tamil by looking at Sinhalas’ Tamil-as-a-second-language (TSL) practices at training programs administrators and police officers, as well as at a peacebuilding NGO that promotes trilingual communication. TSL classes provide a sphere of practice in which Sinhalas could comfortably speak Tamil, but on the street their use of Tamil was fraught because of its ideological association with Tamil ethnic identity and because it was perceived as a threat to the dominance of Sinhala. When Sinhala members of the NGO spoke Tamil, they used a mocking variety that reinforced negative stereotypes about Tamil people. This chapter demonstrates how ideologies and practices around speaking Tamil reflect and produce ethnic divisions.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis Christina P.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 7 discusses the processes by which language-based models of ethnic identity in Sri Lanka spread across institutional and noninstitutional settings. Tamil and Muslim students’ identity as ethnic minorities was foregrounded in their schooling experience, but it was in the public sphere that ethnic differences around language were the most consequential. Tamil-speaking girls’ imagining of a cosmopolitan Kandy enabled them to cope with the ethnic conflict as well as to aim for a comfortable future and be open to opportunities. This chapter concludes by discussing Sri Lanka’s political landscape since the end of the war in May 2009 and the importance of language rights to the reconciliation process. It argues that despite the fluidity of Sri Lankans’ sociolinguistic identifications, the very act of speaking Tamil, Sinhala, or English in public spaces enacts and preserves power relations and historically produced inequalities.
Time’s Passage and the Narrative Self
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 explores the metaphor of life as a story and shows how it serves as a corrective for midlife bias by keeping attention directed to the whole of human life. It delineates epistemological, ontological, and normative components of narrative. Narrative framing of medical decisions incorporates the whole story of a person’s life (integrity); manages claims of the self at distinct time slices to serve the whole, temporally extended self (prudence); and lends itself to treating each life stage equally (fairness). In cases involving surrogate decision-making for people with dementia, narrative understanding directs us to a person’s complete life. It avoids basing decisions on a single moment (time slice) when an advance directive was executed. Rather than equating personal identity with a mature, midlife self, narrative conceptions of personal identity regard all life stages as constitutive of identity.
What Cares?
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 8 imagines future challenges of designing and deploying carebots for eldercare and related artificial intelligence (AI) applications. We examine the objection that sociable robots cannot function adequately as caregivers because they do not care about care recipients. We show that what matters most is that care gets expressed, and we defend a version of care ethics which holds that the form care takes varies, depending on the capacities, contexts, and needs of those who give and receive care. While robotics literature stresses using machines to extend autonomy, we stress extending care and supporting not only autonomy but a range of human capabilities. We evaluate the goal of aligning machine behavior with human values (values alignment) and argue that this leads to algorithmic biases. We consider whether sophisticated AI should be trusted, since it operates as a black box, and address concerns about the ethics of robot deception.
Future People
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 11 explores the future of population aging, asking if aged societies will become a permanent fixture or are fleeting and unique to our time. It approaches this question by looking at the effects of controlling fertility rates by means of reproductive policies designed to balance ratios between young and old age groups. Using historical examples of China’s one-child policy and Romania’s Decree 770, the chapter argues that both pro- and antinatalist policies produce population aging and can exact a heavy toll on individuals’ capabilities to be healthy, have bodily integrity, and determine a plan of life. The chapter examines future societies with aged, super-aged, and extremely aged populations and gives guidance for intergenerational justice that is dignity-based. It considers the objection that reproductive choices do not make future persons worse off because they change the identities of future persons (the nonidentity problem). We counter this objection by drawing on the dignity framework developed throughout the book. After examining evidence of the effects of pro- and antinatalist reproductive policies, the chapters conclude that the longer-term effects on population aging must temper any assessment of the putative shorter-term good of raising or lowering fertility rates.
The Coming of Age of Old Age
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 12 takes stock of the book’s central arguments and findings about the life stage relativity of values; midlife bias; human dignity; age group justice principles of capability sufficiency, relational equality, and reparations; narrative identity values of integrity, fairness, and prudence; geriatric and pediatric bioethics; ageism; fair subject selection; age-based rationing of life-saving medical care; mandatory retirement; duties to the dying, newly dead, and long gone; rational suicide; meeting the need for long-term care through family caregiving, migrant caregivers, and robotic caregivers (carebots); designing AI and sociable robots for older adults; duties to future people; and the prospects for future population aging. To remain relevant in aged societies, moral philosophers must tackle these concerns, end midlife bias, and contribute an account of the moral life that makes sense to people at each stage of life.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: May 2020

Reinhold Niebuhr was perhaps the preeminent American intellectual of the twentieth century. He was at once teacher, preacher, philosopher, social critic, public intellectual and ethicist, applying his brand of human nature Realism in both the secular and religious worlds. He was a highly influential thinker, especially at the height of the Cold War, addressing the economic, spiritual, social, and political issues of his day. He profoundly influenced the early classical Realists such as Hans Morgenthau, Henry Kissinger, and George F. Kennan. While Niebuhr has been forgotten by some, indeed there has been a marked resurgence of interest in Niebuhr’s work both in the United States and abroad in recent years, particularly in the wake of the 911 attacks and the invasion of Iraq. As we look forward, it is helpful to look backward to Niebuhr, for his views on international relations may well guide us as we attempt to deal with the many intractable problems of the present age.
Niebuhr on Human Nature
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on Niebuhr’s views of human nature, the intellectual foundation on which his worldview is grounded. A dualistic view of human nature (a predisposition toward self-interest/evil, a potential for good) underlies all of his work. First is a discussion of the biblical conception of human nature which he embraced, starting with the notion of pride (which he viewed as the root of all human folly), which leads to insecurity (the consequence of pride), which results in will-to-power (a flawed attempt to address insecurity), from which, for Niebuhr, flow all the conflicts and wars in human history. The discussion then moves to the classical and modern conceptions of human nature, which Niebuhr ultimately rejected. In Niebuhr’s view, all of this leads to the inability of science, law, institutions, education, and rationality (among other things) to tame human nature and eradicate evil and/or ultimately conflict.
Niebuhr on Collective Society, Nations, and International Relations
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter follows Niebuhr’s logic to a discussion of collective society, the state, and international relations. Niebuhr believed that moral dualism is necessary because while moral conduct such as pacifism might be possible for individuals, it is difficult to find between human collectivities (groups, states) because groupism (nationalism in the context of states) is fundamental for any group. From this flows collective pride, which the group depends on to maintain group unity, then conflict, because groups depend on groupism and pride to maintain group cohesion. Niebuhr concluded that power is the primary motivating force in international relations (IR), key to order at home and abroad, that there must by necessity be a measure of moral ambiguity in IR because what morality we might espouse at the individual level may not be practicable at the national or international level (“turning the other cheek” is plausible with Aunt Mary, but not with Hitler).
Niebuhr on the UN, Globalization, and the Potential for National Transcendence
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, we consider Niebuhr’s views of the nature of the world community, the United Nations, globalization, and the potential for national transcendence, or the likelihood of nations laying down their interests for a higher international good. Niebuhr would have viewed globalization positively, as a way to advance functional cooperation between nations. A strong supporter of the United Nations, he viewed the UN Security Council veto as an important tool, allowing cooperation among the powers but blocking forward movement on issues the great powers could not agree on. Despite his liberal internationalism, he did not believe national transcendence was likely given all he said about power, moral dissonance, and groupism, nor would he have found world government attractive given the fallibility of human nature, particularly if one considers dystopian tales such as Orwell’s 1984 or Rand’s Atlas Shrugged.
Niebuhr on U.S. Policy in the Cold War
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: May 2020

Although at one time a Marxian thinker, Niebuhr was in his Christian Realist phase an ardent anticommunist, and his views of communism (assessed here) led naturally to his view that Washington should pursue a policy of containment and nuclear deterrence against the communist bloc. Though rather hawkish, he saw moral tension in the maintenance of nuclear weapons. He stood with a number of other Realists in energetically opposing the U.S. war in Vietnam, concluding that U.S. policymakers had succumbed to the folly of group pride and will-to-power run amok. His position cost him his status as darling of the Washington foreign policy establishment, but he had the courage to speak his mind and was more concerned about the cost of U.S. folly than he was about his reputation.
Niebuhrian Takeaways on the Just War Tradition and the U.S. Invasion of Iraq
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter situates Niebuhr in the world of the just war theory, while offering an assessment of his likely views of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 and whether or not it was consistent with a Niebuhrian/just war approach to jus ad bellum (considerations of whether it is just to launch a war). While most writers consider Niebuhr a firm Augustinian and solidly in the camp of the just warriors (as do I), some controversy has arisen around his consequentialism, coupled with his relative lack of attention to jus in bello considerations (considerations of justice in how a war is fought). If Niebuhr had been alive in 2003, this study concludes that he would have been firmly against the Iraq War because of what he would have seen as U.S. hubris, U.S. assumptions of American exceptionalism, and the fact that the war did not accord with just war theory’s jus ad bellum standards.
Conclusions
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: May 2020

The conclusion argues that the time is right for a reappraisal and renewal of interest in Niebuhr’s approach to IR and U.S. foreign policy. It reviews the importance of dialectics to his work, and from a Niebuhrian perspective, comments on Putin’s Russia, the politics of Donald Trump, and the rise of the post-truth era. One of the most important aspects of Niebuhr’s contributions to IR was his recognition of the importance of dialectics. Dialectics found its way into much of Niebuhr’s writing, from his views on human nature to his views on the potential for realizing a peaceful, mutually tolerable global community, which he concluded was the “final possibility and impossibility of human life” and “will be in actuality the perpetual problem as well as the constant fulfillment of human hopes.”
Nashville Cats
Authors: Stimeling Travis D.
Published: May 2020

Nashville Cats: Record Production in Music City, 1945–1975 is the first history of record production during country music’s so-called Nashville Sound era. This period of country music history produced some of the genre’s most celebrated recording artists, including Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Patsy Cline, Jim Reeves, and Floyd Cramer, and marked the establishment of a recording industry that has come to define Nashville in the national and international consciousness. Yet, despite country music’s overwhelming popularity during this period and the continued legacy of the studios that were built in Nashville during the 1950s and 1960s, little attention has been given to the ways in which recording engineers, session musicians, and record producers shaped the sounds of country music during the time. Drawing upon a rich array of previously unexplored primary sources, Nashville Cats: Record Production in Music City, 1945–1975 is the first book to take a global view of record production in Nashville during the three decades that the city’s musicians established the city as the leading center for the production and distribution of country music.
Musical Labor and the Nashville Studio System
Authors: Stimeling Travis D.
Published: May 2020

Many of the most iconic recordings of the Nashville Sound era gained popularity not simply because of the recording artist whose name appeared on the labels of the singles and albums that contained them, but because of the contributions of Nashville’s session musicians who crafted arrangements and “hook” motifs. Yet, for the most part, these session musicians were never credited and received only a seemingly small one-time fee for their efforts. This chapter considers the creative impact of Nashville’s session musicians through a careful examination of several chart-topping Nashville Sound–era recordings, exploring the ways that the arrangements and “hook” motifs that they created shaped the works. Moreover, this chapter suggests that, although session musicians were seldom credited for their work, many of them presented clear artistic identities that are anonymously visible across a wide spectrum of recordings.
Afterword
Authors: Stimeling Travis D.
Published: May 2020

The Afterword briefly considers the impacts of the Nashville Sound era’s recording industry on the city’s role as a major center for the production of not only country music, but a wide range of commercial popular musics, in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. These impacts were felt not only as new generations of session musicians took the reins from the Nashville veterans, but as other emergent country music scenes—as well as the artists associated with the so-called “Outlaw country” movement—worked to distinguish themselves from the Nashville music industry. This chapter closes with a discussion of the value of engaging meaningfully with session musicians in the study of popular music, more generally.
Playing by the Rules
Authors: Cordray Richard
Published: May 2020

In the runup to the 2008 financial crisis, lenders were offering reckless “no doc” mortgages, consumers were making unsustainable choices, and the effects were devastating not only for those lenders and consumers but also for everyone around them. Many unsound practices that lenders engaged in were entirely legal, and Congress directed the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to write new rules to rein in irresponsible practices to safeguard consumers and the entire economy. Congress gave the bureau only eighteen months to complete major regulations reshaping the mortgage market. This chapter describes how the bureau created these rules, the data-driven approach it used, the role that economists and market analysts played in helping make key choices, and the political climate in which it all occurred.
Teaming Up for Consumers
Authors: Cordray Richard
Published: May 2020

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau partnered with other federal and state officials to increase consumer protections. It worked with the Department of Defense and the Judge Advocate General’s Corps to investigate and stop predatory lenders from targeting servicemembers. It worked with the Department of Education and state attorneys general to halt fraudulent practices at for-profit colleges and cancel hundreds of millions of dollars in debts where students were defrauded. It worked with the Education and Treasury Departments to rein in student loan servicers using sloppy and abusive practices. This chapter describes those efforts, as well as other partnerships—with the Federal Communications Commission to crack down on companies cramming bogus charges on mobile phone bills and to simplify mobile phone and internet bills, with banks to make credit scores available to customers for free, and with financial technology companies seeking to extend credit and financial services to people who lack access to them.
Under Fire from All Sides
Authors: Cordray Richard
Published: May 2020

With the Wells Fargo case reaffirming the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s mission, its future seemed assured. But a few weeks later in October 2016, Judge (soon-to-be Justice) Kavanaugh wrote an opinion that leveled a direct blow to the bureau’s independence. His ruling for the court of appeals held that the Constitution requires the president to have the power to replace the bureau’s director anytime, for any reason. In November, Donald Trump was elected president. Inauguration Day was only two and a half months away, and the bureau would be under fire from all three branches of the government. With renewed calls from the financial industry for Cordray to be fired, the bureau was at a crossroads. This chapter chronicles the steps that the bureau and Cordray himself took to stave off and, if necessary, contest his firing.
The Last Big Fights
Authors: Cordray Richard
Published: May 2020

At the start of the Trump administration, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau had three unfinished projects that represented years of work to protect consumers. First, the bureau had adopted a rule protecting consumers who increasingly use prepaid cards as a substitute for traditional bank accounts. Second, the bureau was finalizing a rule preventing financial companies from using arbitration clauses to strip consumers of their right to band together to sue a company in court. Third, the bureau was straining to finish its work on a rule reining in predatory payday loans that trap consumers in a ruinous and repeating cycle of high-cost borrowing. This chapter describes the urgent need for these rules and the fierce political battle that followed the bureau’s completion of each rule, with industry sometimes winning and sometimes losing its push to undo the rules.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Cordray Richard
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau presents a model for how government can serve all Americans, helping remedy individual injustices and correct larger distortions in our market economy. Providing support to consumers—ranging from financial education to law enforcement to setting regulations that reform dysfunctional practices in the marketplace—contributes to individual well-being and strengthens families. As fully two-thirds of our economic output is consumer driven, shoring up consumers and imposing sensible regulations to curb excesses of corporate power make the economy sounder and more resilient. People are anxious about the future, and they feel the indignity of corporate indifference when their legitimate concerns are ignored or dismissed. If people lose faith in government’s ability to stand up to powerful special interests, their alienation threatens to destabilize a broad and empowered middle class. Promoting and safeguarding a marketplace that serves consumers—all Americans—is essential to our democracy.
Troeltsch's Eschatological Absolute
Authors: Kuehn Evan F.
Published: May 2020

This study argues that the core of Ernst Troeltsch’s theological project is an eschatological conception of the Absolute. Troeltsch developed his idea of the Absolute from post-Kantian religious and philosophical thought and applied it to the Christian doctrine of eschatology. Troeltsch’s eschatological Absolute must be understood in the context of questions being raised at the turn of the twentieth century by research on New Testament apocalypticism, as well as by modern critical methodologies in the historical sciences. The study is a revisionist response to common approaches to Troeltsch that read him as introducing problematic historicist and immanentist assumptions into Christian theology. Instead it argues that Troeltsch’s theological modernism presents a compelling account of the meaningfulness of history while retaining a commitment to divine transcendence that is unconditioned by history. As such, his theology remains relevant to theological research today, well beyond theological circles that normally take Troeltsch’s legacy to contribute in a constructive way to their work.
An Eschatology of the Absolute
Authors: Kuehn Evan F.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 examines how Troeltsch “eschatologized” the Absolute in key theological texts. Troeltsch’s eschatological Absolute was a keystone to his theory of religion and was rooted in nineteenth-century idealism and romanticism. The chapter compares his notion of the Absolute with Kant’s critical project, Fichte’s post-Jena work on the Wissenschaftslehre, the work of Schelling and Hegel, and recent research on the early German romantic tradition. It then explains Troeltsch’s idea of a “chain of reasons” sought by human understanding toward a receding absolute end characterizing a uniquely modern religious mentality, as well as his idea of a “yearning” for the Absolute that is related to eschatological expectation.
Conclusion
Authors: Kuehn Evan F.
Published: May 2020

In concluding this study of Troeltsch’s eschatological Absolute, two possible applications of his theology are discussed. First, Troeltsch can lead the way in working out an eschatology that is adequate for engagement with scientific research on the eventual death of the universe. Work by John Polkinghorne and Kathryn Tanner is exemplary and offers a point of contact between current work and Troeltsch’s key insights. Second, the idea of the eschatological Absolute offers a promising possibility of rapprochement between the liberal theological tradition and apocalyptic theology. Although these two traditions of modern theology are probably not fully amenable to one another, there is significant room for a recognition of common ground, and for learning to occur between them.
Criminalizing Sex
Authors: Green Stuart P.
Published: May 2020

Starting in the latter part of the twentieth century, the law of sexual offenses, especially in the West, began to reflect a striking divergence. On the one hand, the law became significantly more punitive in its approach to sexual conduct that is nonconsensual, as evidenced by a major expansion in the definition of rape and sexual assault and the creation of new offenses such as sex trafficking, child grooming, and revenge porn. On the other hand, it became markedly more permissive in how it dealt with conduct that is consensual, a trend that can be seen, for example, in the legalization or decriminalization of sodomy, adultery, and adult pornography. This book explores the conceptual and normative implications of this divergence. In doing so, it assumes that the proper role of the criminal law in a liberal state is to protect individuals in their right not to be subjected to sexual contact against their will, while also safeguarding their right to engage in (private, consensual) sexual conduct in which they do wish to participate. Although consistent in the abstract, these dual aims frequently come into conflict in practice. The book develops a framework for harmonizing these goals in the context of a wide range of nonconsensual, consensual, and aconsensual sexual offenses (hence the “unified” nature of the theory)—including rape as nonconsensual sex, rape by deceit, rape by coercion, rape of a person who lacks capacity to consent, statutory rape, abuse of position, sexual harassment, voyeurism, indecent exposure, incest, sadomasochistic assault, prostitution, bestiality, and necrophilia.
Sexual Offense and Sexual Conduct
Authors: Green Stuart P.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the concepts of sexual offense and sexual conduct. An offense is sexual under my account if sex plays a role in how it is defined in a statute (i.e., as a type), rather than how it is carried out in a particular case (i.e., at the level of a token). There are three overlapping means by which sex can play a role in defining a criminal offense: it can prohibit sexual conduct directly (as in rape and adult incest), prohibit conduct that is preparatory to future illicit sexual conduct (e.g., the English offense of administering an involuntary intoxicant with the intention of subjecting a person to sex), or prohibit conduct that infringes on another’s right to sexual autonomy (e.g., indecent exposure). Sexual conduct, in turn, is defined “phenomenologically,” meaning that an act will be regarded as sexual if it is the kind of act that tends to fulfill an agent’s desire for sexual pleasure and is typically accompanied by physiological indicators of sexual desire.
Criminalization and Liberalism
Authors: Green Stuart P.
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the concepts of criminalization and liberalism. Criminal sanctions are just one of a range of means by which society can respond to sexual misconduct, but they are a particularly important method in light of their stigmatizing effects and potential to deprive persons of liberty. The theory developed here assumes that it is intrinsically wrong to punish criminal offenders who are blameless and also wrong to punish blameworthy offenders more harshly than they deserve. One of the most important elements of blameworthiness is wrongfulness, which is understood to involve a violation of a victim’s rights. The approach followed here is liberal in the sense that it emphasizes the freedom of the individual. It recognizes that the government has an obligation to protect individuals from being harmed by others but also that government itself can pose a threat to liberty. A key feature of this approach is liberal neutrality, the idea that the state should not reward or punish particular conceptions of the good life but should instead provide a neutral framework within which citizens can pursue their own conception of the good.
Rape Law Commonalities
Authors: Green Stuart P.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on a range of issues common to all six of the rape paradigms that are described in subsequent chapters. It begins with a brief historical overview of rape law, observing a significant expansion in the definition of rape and sexual assault along two axes, namely, the kinds of sexual contact covered and the means by which nonconsent is manifested. It then considers the disparate ways in which the labels rape and sexual assault have been used, and makes an argument for retaining the term rape in the criminal law. Next, it considers how the physical act requirement in rape and sexual assault has been defined in a range of criminal codes, finally touching on some of the challenges of offense grading.
Sadomasochistic Assault
Authors: Green Stuart P.
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers sadomasochistic assault. Although no offense in the criminal law is specifically labeled as such, this kind of conduct has been prosecuted under general (nonsexual) assault and battery provisions. Consent normally is allowed as a defense to charges of assault involving other kinds of (nonsexual) consensual pain infliction, such as occurs in surgery, sports, tattooing, and religious flagellation. Sadomasochistic assault prosecutions differ in that the consent or volenti defense is generally disfavored. The chapter offers an argument for why consensual sadomasochistic sex is more wrongful than these others kinds of consensual harm causing, based on the doctrine of double effect (the idea that it is permissible to cause harm as a side effect of bringing about a good result, even though it would not be permissible to cause such harm as a means to bringing about the same good end). But even if that argument is correct, it would not necessarily justify SM’s criminalization. Also considered here is the problem of how to distinguish between SM that is truly consensual and that which is not. Given the role playing it sometimes involves, there exists a possibility that without appropriate safeguards, SM might serve as a cover for what is essentially rape and sexual assault.
The Phenomenon of Vagueness
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: May 2020

The theory outlined in Chapter 2 is applied to three problems: the sorites puzzle; the Luminosity of mental states; and personal identity in the face of fission. We attempt to solve the sorites puzzle by distinguishing the principle of Tolerance from the Cut-Off principle and we argue that the plausibility of the sorites argument arises from a sort of transcendental illusion. We attempt to defend the Luminosity of the mental by showing that it is compatible with the Margin for Error principle, once that principle is properly formulated. Finally, we deal with the case of fission by taking the original person to be weakly identical, i.e. not distinct, from his offspring. This then enables us to reconnect the notions of survival and what matters to the identity of a person over time. None of these solutions would be possible without the adoption of our distinctive logic of vagueness.
Presbyterianism in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England
Authors: Ha Polly
Published: May 2020

English Presbyterianism emerged as a subversive tradition of dissent by its sustained attempt to dismantle the Church of England’s episcopal hierarchy. This chapter explains why it exercised a wider influence on religious, political, and literary culture in proportion to its size. It presents a broader context for the evolution of Presbyterianism from early reformation impulses, to principled and pragmatic attempts to solve the Church of England’s problems, to its acerbic assault on episcopacy. Closer connections between English Presbyterianism and wider confessional conflict on the European continent are drawn, including the emergence of its literature alongside leading resistance tracts. Challenging historical narratives that tend to assign a largely theoretical status to Presbyterianism following the formal suppression of the movement by the crown in the early 1590s, this chapter argues that it continued to play an active and formative role in defining conformist and dissenting traditions in late Elizabethan and early Stuart England.
The Print Culture of Early Nonconformity
Authors: Keeble N.H.
Published: May 2020

The production, dissemination, and reading of printed texts were essential to the development of early nonconformity. This chapter examines the importance of print culture through a discussion of: the religious output of the press, its volume and generic range; the homiletic, confessional, experiential, educational, doctrinal, apologetical, and controversial incentives to authorship and publication; the various means by which government agencies sought to control or censor its production; and the expedients adopted by authors and by printers to circumvent these efforts. Evidence is drawn from a number of little-known texts and authors, as well as from such canonical writers as John Bunyan, Richard Baxter, Andrew Marvell, and John Milton.
Women and Gender
Authors: Adcock Rachel
Published: May 2020

The proliferation of nonconformist groups during the English Revolution facilitated an unprecedented level of female involvement in religio-political activity and debate. Women negotiated, and re-negotiated, a number of important roles in the organization and encouragement of dissenting communities, whether that was as prophets, petitioners, church officers, devotional writers, patrons, or dispensers of pastoral care. Such activities were not limited to the brief period 1640–60, despite the moves towards institutionalization of more ‘radical’ groups post-1660. Indeed, while this chapter charts various ways in which women’s authoritative roles were curtailed as the century wore on, it also seeks to highlight various ways in which women adapted to these changing circumstances. Overall, it contributes to a broader historiography arguing for a tradition of female dissent uninterrupted by the Restoration.
Introduction
Authors: Seymour Mark
Published: May 2020

Opening with an account of the 1878 murder in Rome that gave rise to the trial on which the book is based, the introduction presents the key figures of a local emotional drama replayed on a national stage. It contextualizes these figures’ stories within Italy’s recent history, and outlines their geographical origins in the newly unified peninsula. Viewing the episodes of social life revealed by the criminal investigation through an emotions-history lens, the introduction surveys the analytical tools currently available for historians of emotion—such as regimes, communities, and practices—then proposes a new paradigm that conveys a stronger sense of boundaries and human scale: the ‘emotional arena’. These are the social spaces that can be seen to have influence over both the experience and expression of emotions—whether bedrooms, theatres and churches, or legal courtrooms. The introduction then lays out the book’s structure, outlining the way each subsequent chapter explores an example of such an emotional arena. These are the marital home, a nomadic circus based on an extended family, the imaginary arenas created by writers of secret love letters, arenas of grief and mourning, forensic investigations of death, plans for a murder, and finally, the courtroom in Rome where the story culminated.
Intimate Arenas
Authors: Seymour Mark
Published: May 2020

Beginning with their wedding in Naples in 1871, this chapter examines the emotional relationship between Giovanni Fadda, a captain of the Italian army originally from Sardinia, and his wife Raffaella Saraceni, daughter of a well-to-do Calabrian family. Based on family correspondence and eye-witness accounts, the argument is that the couple represented an emerging model of a marital emotional arena, one that represented united Italy’s modernizing vision. Fadda’s work as a military official required postings in remote parts of the new nation, and the couple needed to be more emotionally self-sufficient than those whose lives were embedded within stable networks of extended families. The realities of modern married life were particularly difficult for Raffaella, who was repeatedly drawn back to the older style of emotional arena represented by her family of origin in Calabria. Effectively, she rarely lived with her husband, despite his efforts to create emotionally secure domestic spaces as a framework for their marriage. Sexual difficulties are also hinted at by the battle-wound which earned Fadda a medal, and local gossip. The chapter traces the eventual breakdown of the relationship, and analyses the couple’s emotional responses through their letters. Ideas of sentiments within marriage expressed by the couple, close relations (particularly Raffaella’s mother and Giovanni’s brother), as well as a range of local observers, give a sense of how Italians saw marriage and the family as an emotional arena undergoing change during a time of cultural and political transition in the nation’s early history.
Arenas of Mortality
Authors: Seymour Mark
Published: May 2020

Grief and other reactions to death—among the most profound emotions humans ever experience—are inevitably mediated by cultural and official structures. This chapter explores responses to deaths encompassed by the book’s narrative, setting them against historical dynamics such as the Italian state’s need for public emotional ‘investment’, tension between the state and the Catholic Church, and the rise of scientific, forensic approaches to death. These dynamics led to the development of novel emotional arenas for the shaping and staging of emotions provoked by death. The chapter begins with the demise of Italy’s king, Victor Emanuel II, which gave rise to the nation’s first state funeral. Already closely analysed by historians, the event is re-examined as part of the book’s argument, with the suggestion that Rome became a distinctively secular emotional arena on the occasion of the funeral: officials made conscious use of social spaces to shift popular associations of death away from the Church and towards the state. Fadda’s presence at the funeral links the king’s death to his own, nine months later. The violence of the crime that took his life, excogitated and executed by Pietro Cardinali and others, resulted in very specific contexts for emotional responses. These include journalistic discussions, the morgue in which the autopsy on Fadda’s body took place, and the funeral, which resembled a miniature version of the king’s state funeral. In addition to grief, the funeral was also the scene of bitterness, indignation, and subtly expressed desires for judicial ‘revenge’.