bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural networks for abstraction and reasoning
Authors: Bober-Irizar Mikel , Banerjee Soumya
Published: November 2024

For half a century, artificial intelligence research has attempted to reproduce the human qualities of abstraction and reasoning - creating computer systems that can learn new concepts from a minimal set of examples, in settings where humans find this easy. While specific neural networks are able to solve an impressive range of problems, broad generalisation to situations outside their training data has proved elusive. In this work, we look at several novel approaches for solving the Abstraction & Reasoning Corpus (ARC). This is a dataset of abstract visual reasoning tasks introduced to test algorithms on broad generalization. Despite three international competitions with $100,000 in prizes, the best algorithms still fail to solve a majority of ARC tasks. The best solvers today rely on complex hand-crafted rules, without using machine learning at all. We revisit whether recent advances in neural networks allow progress on this task, or whether an entirely different class of models are required. First, we adapt the DreamCoder neurosymbolic reasoning solver to ARC. DreamCoder automatically writes programs in a bespoke domain-specific language to perform reasoning, using a neural network to mimic human intuition. We present the Perceptual Abstraction and Reasoning Language (PeARL) language, which allows DreamCoder to solve ARC tasks, and propose a new recognition model that allows us to significantly improve on the previous best implementation. We also propose a new encoding and augmentation scheme that allows large language models (LLMs) to solve ARC tasks, and find that the largest models can solve some ARC tasks. LLMs are able to solve a different group of problems to state-of-the-art solvers, and provide an interesting way to complement other approaches. We perform an ensemble analysis, combining systems to achieve better results than any system alone and analysing individual strengths. However, it is sobering to see that approaches based on neural networks still lag behind existing hand-crafted solvers, and we suggest avenues for future improvements. Our findings with the ensemble model may indicate that a diversity of methods might be necessary to solve problems in ARC. Humans likely employ diverse strategies to solve ARC. Studies involving human participants to identify the strategies they employ to solve ARC could provide valuable insights for future AI approaches. Finally, we publish the Python library to make future research on ARC easier.
Evolution of a laser wake cavity in a MCF plasma
Authors: Bierwage Andreas , Esirkepov Timur Zh. , Koga James K. , Pirozhkov Alexander S. , Aiba Nobuyuki , Huang Kai , Kando Masaki , Kiriyama Hiromitsu , Matsuyama Akinobu , Shinohara Kouji , Yagi Masatoshi , Yun Gunsu S.
Published: November 2024

A laser pulse focused to relativistic intensity inside a magnetically confined fusion (MCF) plasma plows away all electrons in its path. The ensuing Coulomb explosion of the ions leaves behind a cavity of microscopic size, with gradients in the electric potential and plasma density orders of magnitude stronger than anything the plasma could generate spontaneously. When posing questions concerning the practical utility of such an exotic perturbation, the life time and structural evolution of the cavity are of interest. Our simulations in a simplified 1D + 2D setting and otherwise realistic parameters suggest that a sub-mm wide seed cavity (meant to resemble the laser wake channel) collapses or disintegrates within 10 ns. The dynamics are sensitive to the relative scales of the cavity, Debye shielding and gyration. We find evidence for the possibility that the collapsing seed cavity spawns solitary micro-cavities. It remains to be seen whether such structures form and survive long enough in a 3D setting to alter the local plasma conditions (e.g., as micro-cavity clusters) in ways that may be utilized for practical purposes such as plasma initiation, diagnostics or control.
Highly conducting Laser-Induced Graphene-Ag nanoparticle composite as an effective supercapacitor electrode with anti-fungal properties
Authors: Prakash Abhishek , Holla Sowmya R. , Selvaraj Subbalaxmi , Nayak Ramakrishna , De Shounak , Saquib Mohammad , Selvakumar M.
Published: November 2024

This study presents a simple and an environmentally friendly approach to make Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) based supercapacitor electrodes anchored with abundant Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs). LIG, was synthesized using a CO2 laser writing technique on polyimide substrate. The LIG-Ag composite was prepared using two techniques, drop-coating, and screen-printing. Ag nanoparticles prepared using the plant extract of Swietenia Macrophylla was utilized to drop-coat AgNP on LIG substrate. Screen-printing was done by using a commercial Ag-ink and a suitable mesh. The supercapacitor made from screen-printed electrodes and supercapacitor made form drop-coated electrodes showed a high specific capacitance of 118 mF/cm2, 38 mF/cm2, and a high energy density of 2.42 mWh/cm2, 0.05 mWh/cm2 respectively. The screen-printed composite of LIG and AgNP was further studied for its anti-fungal properties and proved to be effective against Candida sp.
On the directionality of membrane coupled Helmholtz resonators under open air conditions
Authors: Domingo-Roca R. , Feeney A. , Windmill J. F. C. , Jackson-Camargo J. C.
Published: November 2024

Controlling the absorption and diffusion of sound in the audible range constitutes an exciting field of research. Acoustic absorbers and diffusers perform extraordinarily well at high frequencies with sizes comparable to the wavelength of the working frequency. Conversely, efficient low-frequency attenuators demand large volumes leading to unpractical sizes, and there is now interest in determining whether the size of the resonator can be reduced while not compromising – or perhaps even decreasing – the working frequency. One viable approach is through the use of metamaterials to enable the control of device dynamics such that heavy sub-wavelength attenuation can be efficiently realised. To achieve this goal, the theoretical (including a mathematical model and the use of finite element analysis) and experimental characterisation of 3D-printed membrane-coupled Helmholtz resonator (HR) acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) is explored. The results reveal good agreement between theory and experiments, and show that membrane-coupled HR AMMs feature heavy sub-wavelength acoustic attenuation (λ/55) while also showcasing directional responses under open air conditions. These features are explained by the interplay between resonator size, membrane characteristics, and the presence of two acoustic ports. It is anticipated that, together with recent advances on smart AMMs, these systems will foster new progress in the development of dynamic AMMs for wideband attenuation.
Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in bioaerosols using digital droplet polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Guan Yuhong , Li Song , Deng Yan , Wu Yanqi , Chen Hui
Published: November 2024

In the present study, we simulated human passive breathing, sampled severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) bioaerosols, and compared the detection abilities of three modes of amplification.
Boosted reverse water-gas shift activity via exsolved Cu and Ni in silicalite-1
Authors: Prameswari Jedy , Chou Pei-Tung , Hung Ming-Yuan , Peng Po-Yang , Lu Ying-Rui , Chen Chi-Liang , Tian Hong-Kang , Lin Yu-Chuan
Published: November 2024

Exsolved Cu- and Ni-encapsulated silicalite-1 catalysts demonstrate higher activity in the reverse water-gas shift reaction than their impregnated counterparts.
Synergistic effect of hydrogen-bond interaction and interface regulation for stable aqueous sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Du Lingyu , Xie Miaomiao , Liu Zizhen , Cao Weiyu , Sun Jianchao , Kang Litao
Published: November 2024

The synergism of intermolecular H-bond interaction and interfacial chemistry endows NaFeMnPBAs‖NaTi2(PO4)3 cells with superior cycling stability in hybrid electrolytes.
Preference for excited state imine–amine isomerisation over enol–keto isomerisation: spectroscopic exploration and quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Santra Souvik , Mondal Rintu , Panja Atanu , Guchhait Nikhil
Published: November 2024

A spectroscopic and theoretical analysis on the preference of imine–amine isomerization over keto–enol isomerization in two molecular systems.
First principles study of photocatalytic activity in ZnO-Janus van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Wahab Tahir , Cammarata Antonio , Polcar Tomas
Published: November 2024

Design of novel ZnO/Janus heterostructures as promising photocatalysts via quantum mechanical simulations.
A self-adsorption molecule passivated interface enables efficient and stable lithium metal batteries
Authors: Lu Gongxun , Wu Xinru , Huang Miaofei , Zhang Mengtian , Piao Zhihong , Zhong Xiongwei , Li Chuang , Song Yanze , Chang Chengshuai , Yu Kuang , Zhou Guangmin
Published: November 2024

Self-adsorbing molecules stabilize electrode interfaces and inhibit solvent decomposition to ensure high-voltage stability of lithium metal batteries.
Randomized controlled trials of the effects of capsaicin or menthol on irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fang Qingying , Yu Leilei , Tian Fengwei , Chen Wei , Zhai Qixiao , Zhang Hao
Published: November 2024

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to examine the analgesic effects of capsaicin and menthol on abdominal pain scores in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Only placebo-controlled clinical RCTs were included.
Synthesis and evaluation of photoaffinity labeling reagents for identifying binding sites of sulfated neurosteroids on NMDA and GABAA receptors
Authors: Qian Mingxing , Xu Yuanjian , Shu Hong-Jin , Chen Zi-Wei , Wang Lei , Zorumski Charles F. , Evers Alex S. , Mennerick Steven , Covey Douglas F.
Published: November 2024

Photoaffinity labels (PALs) for sulfated steroid binding sites on GABAA and NMDA receptors. The PALs have varying profiles of positive and negative modulatory (PAM and NAM) actions.
A biocompatible cellulose gum based CMC/PVA/SBA-15 film as a colloidal antibacterial agent against MRSA
Authors: Pakzad Shiva , Taghavi Reza , Hasanzadeh Amir , Rostamnia Sadegh
Published: November 2024

The development of biocompatible antibacterial films plays a crucial role in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains.
DEUFormer: High‐precision semantic segmentation for urban remote sensing images
Authors: Jia Xinqi , Song Xiaoyong , Rao Lei , Fan Guangyu , Cheng Songlin , Chen Niansheng
Published: November 2024

Urban remote sensing image semantic segmentation has a wide range of applications, such as urban planning, resource exploration, intelligent transportation, and other scenarios. Although UNetFormer performs well by introducing the self‐attention mechanism of Transformer, it still faces challenges arising from relatively low segmentation accuracy and significant edge segmentation errors. To this end, this paper proposes DEUFormer by employing a special weighted sum method to fuse the features of the encoder and the decoder, thus capturing both local details and global context information. Moreover, an Enhanced Feature Refinement Head is designed to finely re‐weight features on the channel dimension and narrow the semantic gap between shallow and deep features, thereby enhancing multi‐scale feature extraction. Additionally, an Edge‐Guided Context Module is introduced to enhance edge areas through effective edge detection, which can improve edge information extraction. Experimental results show that DEUFormer achieves an average Mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 53.8% on the LoveDA dataset and 69.1% on the UAVid dataset. Notably, the mIoU of buildings in the LoveDA dataset is 5.0% higher than that of UNetFormer. The proposed model outperforms methods such as UNetFormer on multiple datasets, which demonstrates its effectiveness.
Pseudorandom high‐frequency injection synchronous reluctance motor sensorless control with parameter variation consideration
Authors: Wang Jianyuan , Jing Hanghui , Zhang Yanping , Yin Zhonggang , Guo Yupeng
Published: November 2024

The sensorless control of synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) in the zero and low‐speed domain using the traditional high‐frequency injection method has the problems of audible noise caused by the high‐frequency injection and high‐frequency loss caused by the change of working conditions, which limits the practical application of SynRM in the industrial field. To solve the problem of high‐frequency noise and loss, a pseudo‐random high‐frequency injection method considering parameter variation is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the signal injection form was adjusted to expand the power spectral density of the high‐frequency current, and the current energy spike was suppressed to reduce high‐frequency noise. Secondly, the current demodulation was combined with the flux map model to complete the injection voltage amplitude adjustment, so that the response current was kept constant under multiple operating conditions to reduce the high‐frequency loss. At the same time, the flux map model is applied to the observer to reduce the rotor position estimation error caused by the cross‐coupling effect. Under the condition of satisfying the dynamic and steady performance requirements of sensorless control, the high‐frequency loss and sharp noise caused by the high‐frequency injection method are effectively suppressed. Finally, experiments were carried out on a 1.5 kW SynRM drive platform to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the sensorless control scheme in this paper.
Wie sind die Auswirkungen der Wiederaufnahme der Einnahme nach Absetzen auf Nieren und Mortalität?
Authors: van der Giet Markus
Published: November 2024

Während Renin-Angiotensin-System-Hemmer (RASi) die gängige Behandlung für Patienten mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung sind, werden sie häufig aufgrund von Nebenwirkungen wie Hyperkaliämie und akute Nierenschädigung (AKI) abgesetzt. Es ist nicht bekannt, ob die Wiederaufnahme von RASi nach Absetzen die klinischen Ergebnisse verbessert.
Diuretika bei Patienten mit Bluthochdruck
Authors: Babic Milen
Published: November 2024

Diuretika, allen voran die Thiazide und seine Abkömmlinge Chlorthalidon und Indapamid, sind neben Kalzium-Kanal-Blockern, ACE-Hemmern (ACE: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) und Angiotensin-Rezeptor-Blockern (ARB) Mittel der ersten Wahl zur Behandlung von Bluthochdruck. Insbesondere die thiazidartigen Diuretika senken das Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse vergleichbar effektiv wie die übrigen empfohlenen Erstlinientherapien und bieten dabei ein gutes Sicherheitsprofil. Besonders gut auf Diuretika ansprechende Patienten sind solche mit einem Hypertonus, der adipositasassoziiert, salzsensitiv, isoliert systolisch oder therapieresistent ist. Hyponatriämie und Hypokaliämie stellen relevante Risiken dar und bedürfen einer besonderen Sorgfalt in der Betreuung der Patienten; dabei hilft eine Kombination mit kaliumsparenden Diuretika, Hypokaliämien zu vermeiden. Metabolische Nebenwirkungen, wie eine Blut-Zucker-Verschlechterung, sind hingegen bei einer kaliumreichen, herzgesunden ­Ernährungsform nicht relevant.
Incidence of New, Nonphysiologic Maternal Findings on Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Shao Shirley J. , Grimes Andrew , Rashad Marley , Poder Liina , Shum Dorothy , Sobhani Nasim C.
Published: November 2024

Objective Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for evaluation of fetal anomalies, and rates of incidental maternal findings are not well characterized. Our objective was to evaluate the rate of incidental maternal findings at the time of antenatal MRI performed for fetal indications.

Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study that included all fetal MRIs performed between 2018 and 2023 at a single tertiary care institution with a multidisciplinary fetal diagnosis and treatment center. The electronic medical record was reviewed to identify all documented maternal findings and any new, nonphysiologic maternal findings. The latter was defined as previously unknown abnormalities of maternal structures unrelated to normal physiology.

Results Our study included 834 imaging events, performed at an average gestational age of 23 weeks. The most common indication for imaging was fetal anomaly (81.1%). The most common imaging type was fetal brain MRI (81.4%). Overall, 16.2% reported a maternal finding and 7% reported a new, nonphysiologic finding. The most common new, nonphysiologic findings were renal cysts (n = 11), liver cysts (n = 6), and gallstones or gallbladder sludge (n = 5). Compared with imaging events that included a fetal brain MRI, imaging events that included a fetal body MRI had a significantly higher rate of any maternal findings (53.0 vs. 10.4%, p < 0.001) and new, nonphysiologic maternal findings (26.9 vs. 3.7%, p < 0.001).

Conclusion Our results suggest that the risk of identifying new, nonphysiologic maternal findings on fetal MRI is low. The rate of any maternal and new, nonphysiologic maternal findings may differ by fetal MRI type due to differences in imaging depth and extent of radiology subspecialist review. These data should be incorporated into pretest counseling for patients planning to have fetal MRI.

Key Points
Study of soft X-ray radiation of plasma produced by interaction of laser radiation with copper targets at the “Kanal-2” facility
Authors: Sahakyan A. T. , Vergunova G. A. , Kologrivov A. A. , Gus'kov S. Yu , Puzyrev V. N. , Zakharchuk M. M. , Grushin A. S. , Kim D. A. , Solomyannaya A. D. , Vichev I. Yu
Published: November 2024

As part of the work on creating an x-ray microscope, experimental and theoretical studies of laser plasma of solid copper targets in the soft x-ray range were carried out. With a laser pulse duration of 2.5 ns (FWHM), the power density of the Nd:glass laser on the target is varied in the range 0.8 × 1013–4.2 × 1013 W/cm2. Experimental results demonstrated the presence of intense plasma emission in spectral ranges of water and carbon windows, and the number of photons of the most intense lines was calculated. Spatio-temporal studies of copper plasma have demonstrated intense emission in the wavelength range shorter than 15 Å, and the images of plasma emission in time-integrated and linear sweep modes are shown. The simulations of the interaction of the specified laser radiation flux with copper targets were carried out taking into account the transfer of self-radiation in plasma. The non-local thermodynamic equilibrium optical properties of the plasma were used. As a result of calculations, profiles of density, temperature, electron thermal conductivity flux, emissivity of plasma, and self-radiation flux were obtained. The calculated spectrum of the outgoing radiation is consistent with that obtained at the experiment.
Characterization of low sodium type II silicon clathrate film spin dynamics
Authors: Briggs Joseph P. , Liu Yinan , Taylor P. Craig , Singh Meenakshi , Collins Reuben T. , Koh Carolyn A.
Published: November 2024

Type II Si clathrate is a Si-based, crystalline alternative to diamond silicon with interesting optoelectronic properties. Here, a pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance study of the spin dynamics of sodium-doped, type II NaxSi136 silicon clathrate films is reported. Focusing on the hyperfine lines of isolated Na atoms, the temperature dependence of the electron spin dynamics is examined from 6 to 25 K. The measurements exhibit multi-exponential decay, indicating multiple spin relaxation rates in the system. As expected, spin relaxation time (T1) increases rapidly with decreasing temperature, reaching ∼300 μs at 6.4 K. The phase memory (TM) shows less temperature dependence with a value of ∼3 μs at the same temperature. The temperature dependence of T1 exhibits Arrhenius behavior in the measurement range consistent with an Orbach pathway. There are strong similarities to the spin behavior of other defect donors in diamond silicon. The results provide insights into the potential of Si clathrates for spin-based applications.
On the available free energy in drift wave turbulence
Authors: Sun Qi , Meng Cong , Guo Zhibin
Published: November 2024

We report a variational formalism to calculate how much free energy can be released in a drift wave turbulence system, through which estimating the upper limit of the zonal flow intensity becomes possible. This formalism is rooted in the same structure between the wave kinetic equation and the particle kinetic equation, i.e., both following a Liouville equation. The minimal energy state is approached by rearranging the “quasi-particles” (i.e., wave packets) in their phase space. Taking the Charney–Hasegawa–Mima system as a prototype, we analytically derived an upper limit of the available free energy for a Gaussian initial distribution of the wave action. For more general scenarios, by developing an algorithm of rearrangement, we numerically calculated the available free energy. Through direct numerical simulations, it is further verified that the total energy of the zonal flow does not exceed the upper bound set by the variational principle.
Switchable-magnetization planar probe MFM sensor for imaging magnetic textures of complex metal oxide perovskite
Authors: Verhage Michael , Çiftçi H. Tunç , Reul Michiel , Cromwijk Tamar , van Stralen Thijs J. N. , Koopmans Bert , Kurnosikov Oleg , Flipse Kees
Published: November 2024

We introduce an alternative method for switching-magnetization magnetic force microscopy that utilizes planar tip-on-chip probes. Unlike conventional needle-like tips, the planar probe technique incorporates a microdevice near the tip apex on a 1×1mm2 chip, which allows for thin-film engineering and micro/nano-customization aimed at application-specific tip functionalization. In this study, we establish a microscale current pathway near the tip end to manage the tip magnetization state. This planar probe was used to investigate the intricate disordered magnetic domain structure of an epitaxial thin film of the transition metal oxide perovskite LaMnO3, a material previously demonstrated to exhibit complex domains related to superparamagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferromagnetism. We successfully visualized an inhomogeneous distribution of magnetic islands near the Curie temperature, with a resolution exceeding 10nm.
Hot carrier solar cells by adiabatic cooling
Authors: Markvart Tom
Published: November 2024

Hot carrier solar cell is proposed where charge carriers are cooled adiabatically in the charge transport layers adjoining the absorber. The device resembles an ideal thermoelectric converter where thermopower and therefore also carrier entropy are maintained constant during cooling from the temperature attained in the absorber to the temperature at contacts.
Effects of rotor squealer tip with non-uniform heights on heat transfer characteristic and flow structure of turbine stage
Authors: Cheng Hongzhi , Liang Haoqian , Wang Dong , Zhou Shuyu , Xu Quanyong , Zhu Zihao , Duan Penghao
Published: November 2024

Squealer tip has a significant influence on both aerodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the high-pressure turbine. Among the geometric parameters of the squealer, squealer height is one of the essential parameters in the tip design. However, due to the complexity of parameterization and meshing of the squealer, the related research is usually carried out on the squealer with a constant height. In this paper, a parameterization strategy generates squealer of assigned heights at four key positions of the blade, the leading edge-pressure side, the leading edge-suction side, the trailing edge-pressure side, and the trailing edge-suction side. An in-house mesh generation platform (NuFlux) is adopted to automatically generate the structured meshes. The aerothermal performance of a transonic turbine stage is assessed using steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations with the k−ω shear stress transport model for the turbulence closure. The main purpose is to obtain the squealer tip configuration with the lowest heat transfer coefficient. The results show that non-uniform squealer further reduces the cavity floor heat transfer on the basis of uniform squealer by changing the interaction process between the asymmetric vortex pair (the pressure-side corner vortex and the casing-driven scraping vortex), which provides a valuable reference for the design of the squealer tip of advanced high-pressure turbines.
Demonstration of normally OFF beta-gallium oxide monolithic bidirectional switch for AC switching applications
Authors: Chettri Dhanu , Mainali Ganesh , Salcedo Juan Huerta , Kumar Mritunjay , Khandelwal Vishal , Yuvaraja Saravanan , Li Xiaohang
Published: November 2024

In this work, we report on the beta-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) monolithic bidirectional switch. The as-fabricated switch works on enhancement mode operation with a threshold voltage of ∼4 V. Maximum drain current density of 1.93 mA/mm is obtained with a drain voltage of 5 V. The bidirectional switch in a bidirectional mode has an ON/OFF current ratio of ∼107 with ON-resistance of 1.11 and 1.09 kΩ · mm in forward and reverse direction, respectively. However, in diode mode, the device shows an ON/OFF current ratio of 1.6 × 108 and 1.4 × 108 in forward and reverse conduction modes, respectively. The fabricated β-Ga2O3 monolithic bidirectional switch is then used to chop a 60 Hz Alternating Current signal at a chopping frequency of 1 kHz, indicating its potential applications in a range of converters.
Investigations on the near-wall bubble dynamic behaviors in a diverging channel
Authors: Zhao Liang , Huang Jiang , Chen Caozhi , Gao Jianan
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the movement characteristics and causes of the dramatic deceleration of individual bubbles as they enter a diverging channel near the wall, an important phenomenon for understanding fluid dynamics in the Venturi-type bubble generator. The use of a modified volume of fluid model with a user defined source method based on van der Geld’s drag theory improves the accuracy of bubble velocity predictions. Visualization experiments were conducted to observe air bubble motion in water, focusing on deceleration near the wall, while numerical simulations were employed to complement these observations. The results reveal the identification of forces governing bubble deceleration, such as pressure gradient, drag, added mass, and lateral force (lift and wall lubrication). Pressure gradient and added mass forces of magnitudes of 106 N/m3 were found to dominate the deceleration process, with drag and lift forces contributing to bubble acceleration and lateral motion in low-speed liquid flow, respectively. In addition, simulations revealed the formation of a faster-moving liquid region downstream of the bubble during rapid deceleration, highlighting the critical role of added mass on the bubble dramatic deceleration process.
Pt/β-Ga2O3 Schottky devices enabling 60 Hz half-wave rectification for power-efficient pixel display
Authors: Jin Hye-Jin , Bae Heesun , Im Jaeho T. , Im Seongil
Published: November 2024

Beta-phase gallium oxide, β-Ga2O3, in transistors and diodes has been reported due to its distinctive electrical characteristics, such as wide bandgap, low leakage current, and high breakdown electric field. However, besides such conventional basic devices, more advanced device applications using β-Ga2O3 are always necessary. Here, we report on the dynamic behavior of Pt/β-Ga2O3-based Schottky diode for power-efficient organic light emitting display (OLED). Two Schottky diodes are back-to-back connected in series to form a half-wave rectifier circuit and finally integrated with an OLED diode pixel. When AC voltage is applied to the circuit at a frequency greater than 60 Hz, blinking of the OLED light is indistinguishable to human eyes. By way of the rectifier circuit, the OLED pixel efficiently saves more than 35% of the power that should be consumed by applying DC voltage.
Ultra-security optical image encryption using speckles through a multi-mode fiber
Authors: Hu Junbao , Lei Yu , Wang Dong , Mo Xutao , Feng Fu
Published: November 2024

To realize optical image encryption for long-distance transmission while considering its security performance, an optical image encryption scheme is proposed in this paper. In the scheme, the pixel information of the plaintext image is first encoded by orbital angular momentum (OAM) holograms; then, the information-coded OAM beam is transmitted through a 1 km multimode fiber to generate speckles as ciphertexts for encryption; and finally, a pre-trained deep learning model capable of learning the relationship between the output speckles and the input information-coded OAM modes is used for decryption. The proposed scheme is not only able to achieve high fidelity recovered image but also a remarkable level of security. The high security stems from the combined use of three keys: the order key, the model key, and the coder key, during optical encryption. The image can therefore only be decrypted by authorized users who simultaneously know the three keys. We have experimentally demonstrated the high fidelity and high security encryption/decryption capabilities. Our work can provide a promising avenue for further research into long-distance optical image transmission and encryption with ultra-high security.
Recurrent change in pronouns
Authors: Dalle Ceste Carlo
Published: November 2024

The reconstruction of Western Oceanic subject markers points to a recurrent history of grammaticalisation
and paradigm (re)formation. With the notable exception of Ross & Lithgow (1989),
this topic has received little attention. Yet subject markers are relevant grammatical markers in Oceanic languages, in that
they not only index the subject on the VP but may also carry the additional function of expressing TAM distinctions. Both the
pronominal and TAM-marking formatives in Western Oceanic subject markers point to a variety of sources (e.g., free pronouns,
possessive pronouns, etc.), and different processes of formation that often result in segmentation asymmetries. Despite
hindering a sound reconstruction, these factors may tell us more about the dynamics of change reshaping such relevant functors
in Western Oceanic languages.
The diachronic development of postverbal dé 得 in Chinese
Authors: Meisterernst Barbara
Published: November 2024

The modal dé 得 is one of the modal verbs of possibility in Late
Archaic Chinese (LAC) and Early Middle Chinese (EMC). Different from other modals verbs of possibility, which are confined to
preverbal position, dé 得 ‘obtain, get, manage to, can’ occurs in two
different positions in Modern Chinese and other Sinitic languages: preverbal and postverbal. This chapter argues that the two
different functions of de in modern Sinitic languages reflect two syntactic instantiations of de in LAC and
EMC. The preverbal modal auxiliary developed from the modal auxiliary verb dé ‘manage to, can’, which only
allows a vP complement, and the postverbal de developed from the lexical verb dé
‘get, obtain’, which allows a CP complement.
A cognitive-typological perspective on the origins of causative‑applicative polysemy
Authors: Van Gysel Jens E. L.
Published: November 2024

In many languages, one morpheme functions both as a causative and as an applicative. Researchers such as
Croft (1991) and Tuggy (1988) have
noted the conceptual similarities between these functions, but the origins and conceptual mechanisms of change which
cross-linguistically lead towards such polysemies have not been studied. This study investigates 88 languages, in which 11
polysemous causative-applicative morphemes were found. Extensions from etymological applicatives towards a causative function,
and vice versa, are attested, although no etymological causatives which have become productive as applicatives were found. I
argue that the conventionalisation of implicatures and other mechanisms of change allow such extensions to advance gradually
over a continuum of valency-increasing functions, or more directly between conceptually further removed causatives and
benefactive applicatives.
La ortografía en la enseñanza de ELE
Authors: Díez Plaza César L.
Published: November 2024

El objetivo de este trabajo es explicar el papel de la ortografía en el aprendizaje de la
pronunciación del español y proponer maneras de integrarla en el aula de ELE. Para ello, partimos de la idea de que la
ortografía es una técnica que ayuda a componer textos escritos valorados como correctos y que debe aprenderse
conscientemente; además, puede informar sobre la pronunciación de algunos segmentos, lo que ayuda a recomponer la
forma fónica de un texto. Para facilitar su adquisición se necesita secuenciar la presentación de sus problemáticas
— grafías con distintos valores o el uso de la tilde y los signos de puntuación — a lo largo de los diferentes niveles
del currículo. No se puede reducir el trabajo sobre la ortografía a la corrección de errores, sino que se tiene que
incluir una reflexión sobre su relación con la pronunciación, tal como hacemos a lo largo de estas páginas.
Finalizamos con algunas propuestas para integrar la ortografía con la pronunciación en el aula de español como lengua
adicional.
Demotivation while learning Spanish pronunciation
Authors: Méndez Santos María del Carmen
Published: November 2024

Demotivation has recently become a focus of language learning research. This chapter explores the
underrepresented connection between demotivation and pronunciation instruction with the objectives of (1) assessing
the link between pronunciation teaching and demotivation, (2) identifying potential demotivating factors, and (3)
analyzing student feedback to offer pedagogical recommendations. Qualitative methodology, involving semi-structured
interviews with 40 adult students of Spanish as an additional language from diverse countries was used to achieve
these goals. The findings indicate that students wish to have pronunciation instruction and value-corrective feedback
that bridges the gap between their spoken and desired language skills, and that they prefer this feedback to be
supportive and kind.
La enseñanza de la pronunciación del español en la clase con hablantes de herencia
Authors: Galindo Merino Mª Mar
Published: November 2024

Este capítulo se centra en la enseñanza de la pronunciación a un grupo de estudiantes muy
específico: los hablantes de herencia, cada vez más presentes en las aulas de español como lengua adicional, pero con
unas necesidades diferenciadas del resto. A partir de diversas caracterizaciones de los hablantes de herencia, que a
menudo son considerados hablantes nativos o bilingües de español pero cuya competencia es variable, presentamos sus
necesidades educativas en el aula atendiendo específicamente a su pronunciación, que suele corresponder a una de las
diferentes variedades del español, y revisamos la investigación reciente al respecto. Igualmente, establecemos una
serie de consideraciones pedagógicas y buenas prácticas sobre la enseñanza de la pronunciación a hablantes de
herencia, y también su papel en las aulas mixtas con otros aprendices de ELE.
Chapter 6. Transcription as ethics
Authors: Bernstein Katie , Bhattacharya Usree , Johnson Jennifer
Published: November 2024

What are a researcher’s ethical obligations when creating transcripts that represent young children’s complex communicative repertoires? How do those obligations shape transcription choices, such as which codes and modes are represented and how? In this chapter, we draw on our collective years of ethnographic research with young children in diverse language settings to argue for viewing transcription choices as ethical considerations. We share three vignettes from our own research with young children with complex communicative repertoires, including multilingualism, signed languages, and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices. In each case, we share our transcription dilemmas, the decisions we ultimately made, and the ideas that informed those decisions. We end with guiding questions to help researchers make transcription decisions that are not just technically and theoretically sound, but also ethically sound.
Chapter 12. Ethical research considerations in classroom and online spaces with bilingual students and their teachers
Authors: Wright Wayne E.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter I discuss the macro- and micro-ethical ethical dilemmas I have faced in four past and current research projects with bilingual students in physical and online learning spaces. These include obtaining IRB approval, securing informed consent, ensuring participant confidentiality, addressing unanticipated ethical issues in the field, and making decisions about appropriate public uses of the data. I discuss how research in online learning spaces can introduce new macro- and micro-ethical issues. To illustrate macro-ethical issues, I will provide two examples from studies in heritage language programs to demonstrate challenges related to following IRB protocols. Next, to illustrate micro-ethical issues, I discuss a series of ethical questions which arose during a study of newcomer ELL students. Finally, I will discuss both macro- and micro-ethics issues myself and members of our larger research team have addressed or continue to grapple with in a large-scale longitudinal study of ELL and dual language bilingual education (DLBE) teachers. The chapter concludes by reaffirming the need for ethical reflexivity and responsible decision making during all phases of the research process, and offers suggestions for doing so.
Chapter 17. Ethical dilemmas of graduate students negotiating new roles and responsibilities
Authors: Cinaglia Carlo , Rabie-Ahmed Amr
Published: November 2024

Ethics can be understood as a set of virtues guiding human behavior to ensure that an individual’s actions respect and positively impact both the self and greater society. In academic research, discussions of ethics are often associated with ensuring that a study’s procedures affect research participants in humane ways. In this chapter, we reflect inward and consider the importance of applying ethical principles to the broader experience of being graduate students in applied linguistics. We consider this important since graduate students engage in different activities as part of their academic and professional development, all of which have the potential to affect themselves and others both positively and negatively. We begin by discussing three specific challenges graduate students face that pose ethical dilemmas. Next, we share examples from our own experience as graduate students in the United States, illustrating how we faced and attempted to respond to these challenges in our practice. Finally, we offer suggestions and highlight resources for graduate students to adopt a stance of reflexivity as an ethical practice to engage mindfully with their work and advocate for their own wellbeing.
Type or descent?
Authors: Sériot Patrick
Published: November 2024

Either science aims at universal validity, or it is no science. The idea that science can be
culturally or nationally determined is unanimously considered as an outdated Romantic cliché. Nonetheless, it is usual
to speak of the Western thought, without wondering where its Eastern limit is to be found. In the history of
linguistics, Russian science of language is often proclaimed by Russian thinkers as being “fundamentally different”
from Western linguistics. This paradox is examined here after R. Jakobson’s works in the interwar period and their
links to Goethe’s and Naturphilosophie research in biology: idealistic morphology appears to be a way
towards typology.
Le futur antérieur des linguistes (fin 19e–début 20e siècle)
Authors: Savatovsky Dan
Published: November 2024

Cette contribution porte sur la notion de projection disciplinaire, en vigueur en
histoire/épistémologie de la linguistique. On s’attache d’abord à la distinguer des notions de
prévision, prédiction et accommodation (cf. Horkheimer, Hempel
et/ou Popper). On montre que la projection implique la linguistique comme discipline et pas seulement
comme savoir. Puis on cherche à comprendre ce que Saussure entendait par “la tâche” à réaliser en linguistique
(Cours de linguistique générale, chapitre II). On s’intéresse enfin au corpus constitué par les
Actes des cinq premières sessions du Congrès international de
linguistes (1928–1939) pour rendre compte de la manière dont
ceux-ci ont conçu les développements à venir de leur discipline, s’agissant notamment des échanges et de la
délimitation des frontières avec les disciplines connexes ; des interventions dans le champ de la politique de la
langue ; de l’adoption de méthodologies communes dans l’enquête linguistique et l’exposé de ses résultats.
Ethics and language in (and around) Philipp Wegener
Authors: Tenchini Maria Paola , Cattaruzza Serena
Published: November 2024

In the logical-psychological-linguistic contributions of the German area between the nineteenth and
the twentieth century, Philipp Wegener is the scholar who stresses the role of ethics as the precondition for the
acquisition and use of language. His considerations are embedded in a theoretical framework that focuses on the
concrete acts of speech in situational context, as well as on the active interaction between speaker and hearer for
the construction of meaning. Within this dialogical approach, sympathy should be considered as the “most fundamental
prerequisite” for understanding speech (Wegener 1885: 68). Wegener’s view
never gained unanimous coeval fame either in linguistics or in the psychology of language; nonetheless he was
appreciated later by scholars of the caliber of Karl Bühler and Alan Gardiner. Our paper investigates the attention
Wegener pays to the connection between language, speech, and ethics and considers how this concept may have paved the
way for a social notion of language.
Constituent-order in Sanskrit Bahuvrīhi compounds
Authors: Candotti Maria Piera , Pontillo Tiziana
Published: November 2024

Modern and ancient interpreters contrast karmadhārayas, made up of two co-referential constituents,
i.e. a qualifier and a qualificand, with bahuvrīhis, in an attempt to understand “where” the “adjective” occurs. They
concentrate on the fact that, unlike in karmadhārayas, in bahuvrīhis the qualifier unexpectedly occupies the
right-hand slot. Pāṇini’s compounding rules are indeed targeted on singling out the non-head of the compounds which is
attributed the first place by default, mirroring the natural order of the alternating syntagm. In particular cases
some different principles govern their constituent-order: one of them, illustrated in Aṣṭādhyāyi
2.2.35, is based on the concept of viśeṣaṇa which shares several features with the modern notion of
qualifier. The present inquiry aims at showing how in Pāṇini’s system the concept of upasarjana as
the constituent whose syntax is frozen is kept separated from that of qualifier, with the consequent re-appraisal of
his role within the history of linguistics.
The classification of general affine connections in Newton–Cartan geometry: towards metric-affine Newton–Cartan gravity
Authors: Schwartz Philip K
Published: November 2024

We give a full classification of general affine connections on Galilei manifolds in terms of independently specifiable tensor fields. This generalises the well-known case of (torsional) Galilei connections, i.e. connections compatible with the metric structure of the Galilei manifold. Similarly to the well-known pseudo-Riemannian case, the additional freedom for connections that are not metric-compatible lies in the covariant derivatives of the two tensors defining the metric structure (the clock form and the space metric), which however are not fully independent of each other.
A magnetic pendulum for demonstrating Mathieu-type parametric resonance
Authors: Wang Qing , Zhu Xinyi , Shi Yujun
Published: November 2024

We describe a magnetic pendulum apparatus designed for studying and demonstrating Mathieu-type parametric resonance. The apparatus features a T-shaped rigid arm with a neodymium (NdFeB) magnet bob, suspended by double V-shaped thread suspensions. It is parametrically driven by an alternating uniform magnetic field produced by Helmholtz coils. The pendulum is structurally simple and easy to implement, and its parameter-driven mechanism is transparent in terms of physics. The use of electromagnetic driving allows for precise control over both the frequency and amplitude of parameter modulation, enabling quantitative studying on parametric resonance. We have observed the first and second instability region of parametric resonance. We also theoretically analyze the impact of non-uniformity in the Helmholtz coils’ magnetic field on the pendulum motion, revealing that the non-uniformity can significantly alter the pendulum’s nonlinearity, influencing both the magnitude and the sign of the coefficients of the nonlinear terms. However, under the parameters of our experimental setup, the nonlinearity effect is mainly manifested in large swing angle motions. For small swing angle within 5°, the impact of magnetic field non-uniformity on parametric resonance is negligible. The experiment reported here is appropriate for undergraduates to carry out experimental research, helping them develop a more intuitive and quantitative understanding of parametric resonance.
Interface phonon transport in nanomaterials: numerical methods and modulation strategies
Authors: Yao Yuan , Chen Hao , Ding Zhong-Ke , Xiao Wei-Hua , Luo Nannan , Zeng Jiang , Tang Li-Ming , Chen Ke-Qiu
Published: November 2024

The thermal properties of interfaces in nanomaterials are critical for various technological applications, including thermal management in electronic and photonic devices, thermoelectric conversion and thermal insulation. Recent advancements in numerical simulation tools (the non-equilibrium Green’s approach, the Boltzmann transport equation and the Monte Carlo method, molecular dynamics simulations) have significantly enhanced our understanding of phonon transport and scattering processes in nanomaterials. These advances have led to the discovery of new thermal interfacial materials and enabled precise modulation of phonon thermal conductance to achieve desired thermal performance. This review summarizes recent research progress in interface thermal transport, focusing on intriguing heat phenomena such as finite size effect and phonon coherent property. Additionally, it discusses strategies for modulating thermal conductance through disorder and roughness. Finally, the review proposes the opportunities and challenges associated with modulating interface thermal transport.
Uniqueness of glasses prepared via x-ray induced yielding
Authors: Baglioni Jacopo , Martinelli Alessandro , Sun Peihao , Dallari Francesco , Westermeier Fabian , Sprung Michael , Grübel Gerhard , Monaco Giulio
Published: November 2024

The yield point marks the beginning of plastic deformation for a solid subjected to sufficient stress, but it can alternatively be reached by x-ray irradiation. We characterize this latter route in terms of thermodynamics, structure and dynamics for a series of GeSe3 chalcogenide glasses with different amount of disorder. We show that a sufficiently long irradiation at room temperature results in a stationary and unique yielding state, independent of the initial state of the glass. The glass at yield is more disordered and has higher enthalpy than the annealed glass, but its properties are not extreme: they rather match those of a glass instantaneously quenched from a temperature 20% higher than the glass-transition temperature. This is a well-known, key temperature for glass-forming liquids which marks the location of a dynamical transition, and it is remarkable that different glasses upon irradiation head all there.