bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New perspectives on vitamin D food fortification based on a modeling of 25(OH)D concentrations
Authors: Brown Jonathan , Sandmann Arne , Ignatius Anita , Amling Michael , Barvencik Florian
Published: November 2013

Background

In Germany, vitamin D intake from food and synthesis in the skin is low, which leads to low 25(OH)D serum concentrations. In contrast to many other countries, general vitamin D food fortification is still prohibited in Germany, although the European Commission published a regulatory framework to harmonize addition of vitamins to foods. Thus the purpose of our study was to develop a vitamin D fortification model, taking into account all vitamin D sources with the goal to fulfill requirements of intake recommendations or preferable 25(OH)D serum concentrations. Finally, the aim was to assess the suitability of different carriers and associated risks.

Methods

We developed a mathematical bottom-up model of 25(OH)D serum concentrations based on data about vitamin D sources of the German population such as sunlight, food and supplements for all federal states taking seasonal and geographical variations into account. We used this model to calculate the optimal fortification levels of different vitamin D carriers in two approaches. First we calculated required fortification levels based on fixed intake recommendations from e.g. the IOM or the DGE and second based on achieving certain 25(OH)D serum concentrations.

Results

To lift 25(OH)D serum concentration in Germany to 75 nmol/L, e.g. 100 g bread has to be fortified with 11.3 μg during winter, resulting in a daily vitamin D intake of 23.7 μg. Bread seems to be a suitable carrier for base supply. However, overdose risk with a single fortified product is higher than the risk with several fortified carriers.

Conclusions

With the model in hand, it is possible to conceive vitamin D fortification strategies for different foodstuffs and model its impact on 25(OH)D serum concentrations.
High mitochondria content is associated with prostate cancer disease progression
Authors: Grupp Katharina , Jedrzejewska Karolina , Tsourlakis Maria Christina , Koop Christina , Wilczak Waldemar , Adam Meike , Quaas Alexander , Sauter Guido , Simon Ronald , Izbicki Jakob Robert , Graefen Markus , Huland Hartwig , Schlomm Thorsten , Minner Sarah , Steurer Stefan
Published: November 2013

Background

Mitochondria are suggested to be important organelles for cancer initiation and promotion. This study was designed to evaluate the prognostic value of MTC02, a marker for mitochondrial content, in prostate cancer.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry of using an antibody against MTC02 was performed on a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 11,152 prostate cancer specimens. Results were compared to histological phenotype, biochemical recurrence, ERG status and other genomic deletions by using our TMA attached molecular information.

Results

Tumor cells showed stronger MTC02 expression than normal prostate epithelium. MTC02 immunostaining was found in 96.5% of 8,412 analyzable prostate cancers, including 15.4% tumors with weak, 34.6% with moderate, and 46.5% with strong expression. MTC02 expression was associated with advanced pathological tumor stage, high Gleason score, nodal metastases (p < 0.0001 each), positive surgical margins (p = 0.0005), and early PSA recurrence (p < 0.0001) if all cancers were jointly analyzed. Tumors harboring ERG fusion showed higher expression levels than those without (p < 0.0001). In ERG negative prostate cancers, strong MTC02 immunostaining was linked to deletions of PTEN, 6q15, 5q21, and early biochemical recurrence (p < 0.0001 each). Moreover, multiple scenarios of multivariate analyses suggested an independent association of MTC02 with prognosis in preoperative settings.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates high-level MTC02 expression in ERG negative prostate cancers harboring deletions of PTEN, 6q15, and 5q21. Additionally, increased MTC02 expression is a strong predictor of poor clinical outcome in ERG negative cancers, highlighting a potentially important role of elevated mitochondrial content for prostate cancer cell biology.
High performance of graphene oxide-doped silicon oxide-based resistance random access memory
Authors: Zhang Rui , Chang Kuan-Chang , Chang Ting-Chang , Tsai Tsung-Ming , Chen Kai-Huang , Lou Jen-Chung , Chen Jung-Hui , Young Tai-Fa , Shih Chih-Cheng , Yang Ya-Liang , Pan Yin-Chih , Chu Tian-Jian , Huang Syuan-Yong , Pan Chih-Hung , Su Yu-Ting , Syu Yong-En , Sze Simon M
Published: November 2013

In this letter, a double active layer (Zr:SiO
x
/C:SiO
x
) resistive switching memory device with outstanding performance is presented. Through current fitting, hopping conduction mechanism is found in both high-resistance state (HRS) and low-resistance state (LRS) of double active layer RRAM devices. By analyzing Raman and FTIR spectra, we observed that graphene oxide exists in C:SiO
x
layer. Compared with single Zr:SiO
x
layer structure, Zr:SiO
x
/C:SiO
x
structure has superior performance, including low operating current, improved uniformity in both set and reset processes, and satisfactory endurance characteristics, all of which are attributed to the double-layer structure and the existence of graphene oxide flakes formed by the sputter process.
Complementary PLS and KNN algorithms for improved 3D-QSDAR consensus modeling of AhR binding
Authors: Slavov Svetoslav H , Pearce Bruce A , Buzatu Dan A , Wilkes Jon G , Beger Richard D
Published: November 2013

Multiple validation techniques (Y-scrambling, complete training/test set randomization, determination of the dependence of R2teston the number of randomization cycles, etc.) aimed to improve the reliability of the modeling process were utilized and their effect on the statistical parameters of the models was evaluated. A consensus partial least squares (PLS)-similarity based k-nearest neighbors (KNN) model utilizing 3D-SDAR (three dimensional spectral data-activity relationship) fingerprint descriptors for prediction of the log(1/EC50) values of a dataset of 94 aryl hydrocarbon receptor binders was developed. This consensus model was constructed from a PLS model utilizing10 ppm x 10 ppm x 0.5 Åbins and 7 latent variables (R2testof 0.617), and a KNN model using2 ppm x 2 ppm x 0.5 Åbins and 6 neighbors (R2testof 0.622). Compared to individual models, improvement in predictive performance of approximately 10.5% (R2testof 0.685) was observed. Further experiments indicated that this improvement is likely an outcome of the complementarity of the information contained in 3D-SDAR matrices of different granularity. For similarly sized data sets of Aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) binders the consensus KNN and PLS models compare favorably to earlier reports. The ability of 3D-QSDAR (three dimensional quantitative spectral data-activity relationship) to provide structural interpretation was illustrated by a projection of the most frequently occurring bins on the standard coordinate space, thus allowing identification of structural features related to toxicity.
Simulating propagation of separated wave modes in general anisotropic media, Part I: qP-wave propagators
Authors: Cheng Jiubing , Kang Wei
Published: November 2013

Wave propagation in an anisotropic medium is inherently described by elastic wave equations with P- and S-wave modes intrinsically coupled. We present an approach to simulate propagation of separated wave modes for forward modeling, migration, waveform inversion, and other applications in general anisotropic media. The proposed approach consists of two cascaded computational steps. First, we simulate equivalent elastic anisotropic wavefields with a minimal second-order coupled system (that we call here a pseudo-pure-mode wave equation), which describes propagation of all wave modes with a partial wave mode separation. Such a system for qP-wave is derived from the inverse Fourier transform of the Christoffel equation after a similarity transformation, which aims to project the original vector displacement wavefields onto isotropic references of the polarization directions of qP-waves. It accurately describes the kinematics of all wave modes and enhances qP-waves when the pseudo-pure-mode wavefield components are summed. The second step is a filtering to further project the pseudo-pure-mode wavefields onto the polarization directions of qP-waves so that residual qS-wave energy is removed and scalar qP-wave fields are accurately separated at each time step during wavefield extrapolation. As demonstrated in the numerical examples, pseudo-pure-mode wave equation plus correction of projection deviation provides a robust and flexible tool for simulating propagation of separated wave modes in transversely isotropic and orthorhombic media. The synthetic example of a Hess VTI model shows that the pseudo-pure-mode qP-wave equation can be used in prestack reverse-time migration applications.
Adaptive sampling of potential-field data: A direct approach to compressive inversion
Authors: Foks Nathan Leon , Krahenbuhl Richard , Li Yaoguo
Published: November 2013

Compressive inversion uses computational algorithms that decrease the time and storage needs of a traditional inverse problem. Most compression approaches focus on the model domain, and very few, other than traditional downsampling focus on the data domain for potential-field applications. To further the compression in the data domain, a direct and practical approach to the adaptive downsampling of potential-field data for large inversion problems has been developed. The approach is formulated to significantly reduce the quantity of data in relatively smooth or quiet regions of the data set, while preserving the signal anomalies that contain the relevant target information. Two major benefits arise from this form of compressive inversion. First, because the approach compresses the problem in the data domain, it can be applied immediately without the addition of, or modification to, existing inversion software. Second, as most industry software use some form of model or sensitivity compression, the addition of this adaptive data sampling creates a complete compressive inversion methodology whereby the reduction of computational cost is achieved simultaneously in the model and data domains. We applied the method to a synthetic magnetic data set and two large field magnetic data sets; however, the method is also applicable to other data types. Our results showed that the relevant model information is maintained after inversion despite using 1%–5% of the data.
Seismic study of the low-permeability volume in southern France karst systems
Authors: Galibert Pierre-Yves , Valois Rémi , Mendes Manuela , Guérin Roger
Published: November 2013

Locating groundwater in deep-seated karst aquifers is inherently difficult. With seismic methods, we studied the upper epikarst and the underneath low-permeability volume (LPV) of several karst systems located in the southern Quercy and Larzac regions of France and found that refraction tomography was effective only in the epikarst and not in the LPV. We evaluated a 3D case study using a combination of surface records and downhole receivers to overcome this limitation. This 3D approach unveiled a set of elongated furrows at the base of the epikarst and identified heterogeneities deep inside the LPV that may represent high-permeability preferred pathways for water inside the karst. To achieve the same result when no borehole was available, we studied seismic amplitudes of the wavefield, recognizing that wave-induced fluid flow in low-permeability carbonates is a driving mechanism of seismic attenuation. We developed a workflow describing the heterogeneity of the LPV with spectral attributes derived from surface-consistent decomposition principles, and we validated its effectiveness at benchmark locations. We applied this workflow to the 3D study and found a low-amplitude signal area at depth; we interpreted this anomaly as a water-saturated body perched above the aquifer.
Transdifferentiation and remodeling of post-embryonic C. elegans cells by a single transcription factor
Authors: Riddle Misty R. , Weintraub Abraham , Nguyen Ken C. Q. , Hall David H. , Rothman Joel H.
Published: November 2013

Terminally differentiated post-mitotic cells are generally considered irreversibly developmentally locked, i.e. incapable of being reprogrammed in vivo into entirely different cell types. We found that brief expression of a single transcription factor, the ELT-7 GATA factor, can convert the identity of fully differentiated, highly specialized non-endodermal cells of the pharynx into fully differentiated intestinal cells in intact larvae and adult Caenorhabditis elegans. Stable expression of intestine-specific molecular markers parallels loss of markers for the original differentiated pharynx state; hence, there is no apparent requirement for a dedifferentiated intermediate during the transdifferentiation process. Based on high-resolution morphological characteristics, the transdifferentiated cells become remodeled to resemble typical intestinal cells at the level of both the cell surface and internal organelles. Thus, post-mitotic cells, though terminally differentiated, remain plastic to transdifferentiation across germ layer lineage boundaries and can be remodeled to adopt the characteristics of a new cell identity without removal of inhibitory factors. Our findings establish a simple model to investigate how cell context influences forced transdifferentiation of mature cells.
Live cell fluorescence imaging reveals high stoichiometry of Grb2 binding to the EGF receptor sustained during endocytosis
Authors: Fortian Arola , Sorkin Alexander
Published: November 2013

Activation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) leads to its interaction with Grb2, a dual-function adapter mediating both signaling through Ras and receptor endocytosis. We used time-lapse three-dimensional imaging by spinning disk confocal microscopy to analyze trafficking of EGFR and Grb2 in living HeLa cells stimulated with low, physiological concentrations of EGFR ligands. Endogenous Grb2 was replaced in these cells by Grb2 fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). After transient residence in the plasma membrane, rhodamine-conjugated EGF (EGF-Rh) and Grb2-YFP were rapidly internalized and accumulated in endosomes. Quantitative image analysis revealed that on average two Grb2-YFP molecules were co-localized with one EGF-Rh in cells stimulated with 2 ng/ml EGF-Rh, and the excess of Grb2-YFP over EGF-Rh was even higher when a receptor-saturating concentration of EGF-Rh was used. Therefore, we hypothesize that a single EGFR molecule can be simultaneously associated with functionally distinct Grb2 interaction partners during and after endocytosis. Continuous presence of Grb2-YFP in endosomes was also observed when EGFR was activated by transforming growth factor-α and amphiregulin, suggesting that endosomal EGFRs remain ligand-occupied and signaling-competent, despite that these growth factors are thought to dissociate from the receptor at acidic pH. The prolonged localization and activity of EGFR-Grb2 complexes in endosomes correlated with the sustained activation of extracellular stimulus-regulated kinase 1/2, suggesting that endosomal EGFRs significantly contribute to this signaling pathway. We propose that endosomal EGFRs function to extend signaling in time and space to compensate for rapid down-regulation of surface EGFRs in cells with low receptor expression levels.
How parrots see their colours: novelty in the visual pigments ofPlatycercus elegans
Authors: Knott Ben , Davies Wayne I. L. , Carvalho Livia S. , Berg Mathew L. , Buchanan Katherine L. , Bowmaker James K. , Bennett Andrew T. D. , Hunt David M.
Published: November 2013

Intraspecific differences in retinal physiology have been demonstrated in several vertebrate taxa and are often subject to adaptive evolution. Nonetheless, such differences are currently unknown in birds, despite variations in habitat, behaviour and visual stimuli that might influence spectral sensitivity. The parrot Platycercus elegans is a species complex with extreme plumage colour differences between (and sometimes within) subspecies, making it an ideal candidate for intraspecific differences in spectral sensitivity. Here, the visual pigments of P. elegans were fully characterised through molecular sequencing of five visual opsin genes and measurement of their absorbance spectra using microspectrophotometry. Three of the genes, LWS, SW1 and SWS2, encode for proteins similar to those found in other birds; however, both the RH1 and RH2 pigments had polypeptides with carboxyl termini of different lengths and unusual properties that are unknown previously for any vertebrate visual pigment. Specifically, multiple RH2 transcripts and protein variants (short, medium and long) were identified for the first time that are generated by alternative splicing of downstream coding and non-coding exons. Our work provides the first complete characterisation of the visual pigments of a parrot, perhaps the most colourful order of birds, and moreover suggests more variability in avian eyes than hitherto considered.
Toward the Creation of Functionalized Metal Nanoclusters and Highly Active Photocatalytic Materials Using Thiolate-Protected Magic Gold Clusters
Authors: Negishi Yuichi
Published: November 2013

Advances in developments in nanotechnology have encouraged the creation of highly functionalized nanomaterials. Thiolate-protected gold clusters (Aun(SR)m) less than 2 nm in size exhibit size-specific physical and chemical properties not observed in bulk metals. Therefore, they have attracted attention as functional units or building blocks in nanotechnology. The highly stable, magic Aun(SR)m clusters possess great potential as new nanomaterials. We are studying the following subjects related to magic Aun(SR)m clusters: (1) establishing methods to enhance their functionality, (2) developing high-resolution separation methods, and (3) utilizing the clusters as active sites in photocatalytic materials. Through these studies, we aim to create highly functional metal nanoclusters and apply them as highly active photocatalytic materials. The results of our efforts to date are summarized in this paper.
Water Splitting over CaTa4O11 and LaZrTa3O11 Photocatalysts with Laminated Structure Consisting of Layers of TaO6 Octahedra and TaO7 Decahedra
Authors: Matsui Motoki , Iwase Akihide , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Kudo Akihiko
Published: November 2013

CaTa4O11, Ca1−xSrxTa4O11 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3), and LaZrTa3O11 with laminated structure consisting of MO6 and MO7 (M = Ta and/or Zr) layers were prepared by a polymerized complex method. These tantalates showed photocatalytic activities for water splitting without cocatalysts. The photocatalytic activity of CaTa4O11 was drastically improved by loading RuO2, Ni, and NiO cocatalysts and by partial substitution of Ca with Sr. The apparent quantum yield of the NiO(0.5 wt %)/Ca0.7Sr0.3Ta4O11 photocatalyst for water splitting was 5.8% at 254 nm.
Contribution of Fibroblasts Cultured on 3D Silica Nonwoven Fabrics to Cocultured Hepatocytes Function
Authors: Otsuka Hidenori , Sasaki Kohei , Okimura Saya , Nagamura Masako , Watanabe Rie , Kawabe Masaaki
Published: November 2013

It is worth investigating heterotypic cell–cell interactions by mimicking their in vivo environment. In the present study, the mechanism of functional enhancement was investigated in a hepatocyte–fibroblast coculture with respect to the contributions of soluble factors. The enhanced hepatic functions through heterotypic interactions are effective by increasing fibroblast proliferation separately cocultured in 3D silica fabrics. The important roles of active soluble factors in heterotypic cell communications were suggested by this study using 3D proliferated tissues with satisfactory physiological morphologies in silica fabrics.
Rola etymologii w rekonstrukcji językowego obrazu świata
Authors: Bartmiński Jerzy
Published: November 2013

The role of etymology in the reconstruction of the linguistic world view

The author assumes that etymological analyses are “ethnolinguistically relevant” because by reconstructing the motivation of names, etymology allows one to reach the methods of linguistic conceptualization of phenomena and objects. He discusses the words świat ‘world’, kwiat ‘flower’, and gwiazda ‘star’ (endorsing Brückner’s and Sławski’s thesis that they all belong to a single etymological nest), and adduces examples of proverbs, riddles, and folk songs where the semantics of ‘world’, ‘flower’, and ‘star’ are joined, to demonstrate the benefits of directing etymological analyses to historically documented texts. Apart from phonetic arguments, the common element is the connotation of ‘brightness’, i.e. what makes it possible to look and to see.
Stadtgeschichten: Rumor, Gossip, and the Making of Classical Weimar
Authors: Tautz Birgit
Published: November 2013

This essay considers rumor and gossip in the making of Weimar Classicism (1786-1805). By linking rumor and gossip to Weimar's built environment around 1800, I demonstrate how the ideal of cultural capital arose from Weimar's urban limitations: they aided the circulation of gossip and gave rise to persistent rumors that helped negotiate differences between court and town, Weimar and the outside world. As rumor and gossip helped elevate Weimar above material restrictions and into the realm of national significance, they proved to be instrumental, not adversarial, to the emergence of Classical Weimar's iconic status in German cultural history.
(Re)considering the Role Familismo Plays in Latina/o High School Students' College Choices
Authors: Martinez Melissa A.
Published: November 2013

This qualitative study examines the role familismo (Marín & Marín, 1991) played in 20 Latina/o high school seniors' college choices. Familismo is the tendency to hold the wants and needs of family in higher regard than one's own and has been considered a common trait of Latina/o families. Interviews with students and secondary school counselors revealed this trait may be a common value upheld by Latina/o families but is also a reflection of structural forces outside the family unit. Findings highlight ways students negotiated the options of attending a university close to home to benefit from familial support and/or financially contribute to the family; leaving the region for college in order to ensure a "better life" for themselves and their families; or compromising by beginning at a regional institution and later transferring to another university. High school personnel, and others assisting Latina/os with their college choices should consider such findings.
Acts of Assimilation: The Invention of Jewish American Literary History
Authors: Kramer Michael P.
Published: November 2013

Taking as its point of departure Irving Howe’s much maligned prediction of the inevitable demise of Jewish American literature after his own celebrated generation, this essay asks us to not to disprove Howe by looking forward to the current crop of talented writers, as has been the tendency in Jewish American literary criticism, but rather to look back to establish the literary tradition that Howe constructed and eulogized. The essay identifies two competing narratives of Jewish American writing--the long one identified by historians and some literary critics that goes back to the earliest waves of Jewish immigration to America, and the short one identified by Howe’s cohort, a narrative that begins (and ends) with this cohort and reflects their resistance to being identified as members of a conformist Jewish American community whose sensibilities they rejected. The essay thus questions the dominant narrative of Jewish American literary history that was given force by the power of Howe’s, Alfred Kazin’s, and Leslie Fiedler’s landmark works.
Chamacos en el sur global
Authors: Manzor Lillian
Published: November 2013

Chamaco - Boy at the Vanishing Point is a play by Cuban playwright Abel González Melo. The playtext thematically and formally borrows elements from classical tragedy and transforms them with a contemporary theatrical language. The characters, all heroes and antiheroes, like the postmodern citizen-spectator, find themselves at the vanishing point that results from the strictest laws of patriarchy in their colonial versions, from heteronormativity, and from savage capitalism. Informed by cultural and human geographers’ theorization of the Global South, this essay analyzes comparatively how three different stagings performatively construct transgender identities and queer desires in three cities of the Global South: Havana, Istanbul, and Miami. Through a transnational reading of queer desires, this play, in its interaction with its different live audiences, the repurposing of different artistic currents, and the restructuring of public and private spaces, intervenes in the discourse of the nation by creating local / global sites of community formation.
Perras , marginalidad y violencia en el teatro argentino del siglo XXI
Authors: Zalba Rocío
Published: November 2013

In this essay I examine the play Perras (2002), a joint work by Néstor Caniglia, Enrique Federman, Mauricio Kartun, and Claudio MartÍnez Bel, which demonstrates in a crude and bestial way the degeneration and transformation of the marginalized in post-crisis Argentina (2001). It is in the private sphere, where domestic abuse and bestiality occur, that we observe the play’s aggressors unravel in a process of reflexive nostalgia. This nostalgia, as described by Svetlana Boym in The Future of Nostalgia , is a process of personal reflection that meanders through multiple narratives and temporalities, both real and fictitious. The subversive nature of the marginalized being, together with the egocentric and ludic qualities of this introspective nostalgia, leads these aggressors to fail to recognize the violence and perversion of their actions, thereby making them transform into beasts themselves.
Grupo de Teatro Popular de Sansinena. Nuevos abordajes posibles para su análisis
Authors: Fernández Clarisa
Published: November 2013

This article presents a series of reflections on Argentine community theatre. An examination of Sansinena’s Popular Theatre Group will analyze the strengths and conceptual limitations of this collective experience and address categories of community experience constructed mainly in the field of cultural studies. This includes a consideration of works from social movements, as well as different ways of understanding the dialogue that occurs between “political” and collective action. The article will also take into account the characteristics of the rural territory in which the practice of community theatre takes place and the influence of those characteristics on theatrical production and collective experience.
Implicative Criticism, or The Display of Thinking
Authors: Miller Andrew H.
Published: November 2013

This essay establishes a distinction between two different modalities of criticism, which it calls "conclusive" and "implicative." The former reports on conclusions previously reached and invites verification or refutation from the reader; the latter displays the writer's process of thinking and invites continuation. Discussing criticism by Eve Sedgwick, Stanley Cavell, Neil Hertz, Raymond Williams, and D.A. Miller, and drawing on the writing of J.L. Austen, the essay turns from recent spatial discussions of close and distant criticism to conceive of criticism as a temporal matter of finished and unfinished writing.
American Memory in Black Elk Speaks
Authors: McGann Jerome
Published: November 2013

Black Elk Speaks is now generally understood to be John Neihardt's highly idiosyncratic representation of his interviews with Black Elk. While this is certainly the case, Black Elk's worldviews nonetheless can be recognized if we carefully track the patterns of misrecognition that pervade Neihardt's book. For it can be shown that as Neihardt works to channel Black Elk, Black Elk is channeling Neihardt. When that reciprocal process is critically exposed, the dark historical import of Black Elk Speaks shifts from a Native American to a non-Native American frame of reference. The "dream" that "died" in the mud of Wounded Knee is not the Great Vision of Black Elk.
Staking a Claim on Learning: What We Should Know about Learning in Higher Education and Why
Authors: Neumann Anna
Published: November 2013

Researchers can deepen investigations of college teaching and learning by attention on how students construe a lesson’s subject matter and on how teachers make sense of and respond to their students’ subject-matter thinking in the moment. While it is possible to examine teaching and learning minus subject-matter depth, doing so obscures the dynamics that define education. My illustrative example captures teaching and learning about the idea of Cartesian doubt in an introductory philosophy class. I analyze students’ struggles with this new (and to most, startling) idea in light of their prior knowledge. I also examine the instructor’s efforts to grasp and respond to students’ evolving conceptions of Cartesian doubt.
Jane Austen, the Prose Shakespeare
Authors: Pollack-Pelzner Daniel
Published: November 2013

This essay explores the connection between Shakespearean drama and the novel’s representation of interiority. Jane Austen’s celebrated use of free indirect discourse, I argue, is linked to Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare , which turned dramatic soliloquies into prose narration, rendering a character’s thought and idiom in a third-person voice. Heralded as a “prose Shakespeare” by nineteenth-century critics, Austen also developed an inverse free indirect discourse, the infusion of the narrative voice into characters’ dialogue. Scenes from Mansfield Park, Emma, and Persuasion offer mini-Shakespearean plays of attention, for Shakespearean technique and quotation script Austen’s dramas of reading.
Dispersive mirror technology for ultrafast lasers in the range 220–4500 nm
Authors: Pervak Vladimir , Razskazovskaya Olga , Angelov Ivan B. , Vodopyanov Konstantin L. , Trubetskov Michael
Published: November 2013

Nowadays, dispersive mirrors are able to cover the wavelength range of 4.5 optical octaves and can be used from 220 nm up to 4500 nm. Various design approaches to dispersive mirrors in visible and near IR are briefly discussed. We consider in more detail two dispersive mirrors representing extreme cases. The first one is a mirror working in the range of 290−360 nm and providing group delay dispersion of -75 fs2. The second one is a mirror working in the range of 2500−4500 nm and providing +500 fs2 of group delay dispersion.
In situ remediation of leaks in potable water supply systems
Authors: Tang Min , Triantafyllidou Simoni , Edwards Marc
Published: November 2013

Water leaks in distribution system mains and premise plumbing systems have very high costs and public health implications. The possible in situ remediation of leaks while a pipeline is in service could reduce leaking at costs orders of magnitude lower than conventional pipe repair, rehabilitation, or replacement. Experiences of Roman engineers and recent field observations suggest that such processes can occur naturally or may even be engineered to ameliorate leaks, including those caused by metallic corrosion. Three mechanisms of in situ leak remediation (i.e., metallic corrosion, physical clogging, and precipitation) are described in this paper, in an effort to understand the role of physical factors (e.g., temperature, pressure, and leak size) and water chemistry (e.g., pH, alkalinity, corrosion inhibitors, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity) in controlling in situ remediation for both inert (plastic and aged concrete) and chemically reactive (new concrete, copper, and iron) pipe materials. Although there are possible limitations and uncertainties with the phenomenon, including the fraction of pipeline leaks to which it might apply and the durability/longevity of remediation, such approaches may prove useful in economically sustaining some aging drinking water infrastructure assets and reducing future failure rates.
Acute Effects of Contract-Relax Stretching vs. TENS in Young Subjects With Anterior Knee Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Valenza Marie C. , Torres-Sánchez Irene , Cabrera-Martos Irene , Valenza-Demet Gerald , Cano-Cappellacci Marcelo
Published: November 2013

Valenza, MC, Torres-Sánchez, I, Cabrera-Martos, I, Valenza-Demet, G, and Cano-Cappellacci, M. Acute effects of contract-relax stretching vs. TENS in young subjects with anterior knee pain: A randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2271–2278, 2016—The aim of this study was to examine the immediate effects on pressure point tenderness, range of motion (ROM), and vertical jump (VJ) of contract-relax stretching vs. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy in individuals with anterior knee pain (AKP). Eighty-four subjects with AKP were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 different intervention groups: a contract-relax stretching group (n = 28), a TENS intervention group (n = 28), and a control group (n = 28). The participants included in the sample were both sex (37.5% men vs. 62.5% women) at a mean age of 21 years, with mean values of height and weight of 169 cm and 64 kg, respectively. The main outcome measures were knee ROM, pressure pain threshold (PPT), and VJ. The participants were assessed at baseline and immediately after treatment. In the case of VJ, at baseline, immediately after the intervention, at 3 and at 6 minutes posttreatment. The data analysis showed that PPT scores of participants in the stretching and TENS group significantly increased from pretest to posttest (p ≤ 0.05). A significant increase pre- to posttreatment in ROM (p < 0.001) was also observed in both treatment groups. In VJ measures, TENS and stretching groups showed significant differences between preintervention and all postintervention values (p ≤ 0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in the control group. In conclusion, the results show significant pre-to-post-treatment effects in PPT, ROM, and VJ from both contract-relax stretching and TENS in young subjects with AKP.
School Quality and the Vulnerability of the Black Middle Class: The Continuing Significance of Race as a Predictor of Disparate Schooling Environments
Authors: Davis Tomeka M. , Welcher Adria N.
Published: November 2013

Scholarship discussing the impact of class on black disadvantage centers around three general claims: (1) higher socioeconomic status (SES) curtails the disadvantages associated with race, (2) class does little to mitigate racial disadvantage because of the persistence of racism, and (3) race and class interact to produce different outcomes for persons from different race-class groups. Despite the abundance of research in the area, few studies explicitly examine whether race and class interact to influence school quality. Using data from the eighth grade wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study and other sources, the authors find significant racial disparities in school quality that class and residential context cannot account for. However, neighborhood poverty rates did increase the probability of private school enrollment for higher SES blacks compared to lower SES blacks and higher SES whites. The authors conclude that race remains an enduring obstacle to educational equity for poor as well as nonpoor blacks.
Cultivating Success: Youth Achievement, Capital and Civic Engagement in the Contemporary United States
Authors: Morimoto Shauna A. , Friedland Lewis A.
Published: November 2013

Amidst current research on the positive impact of rising rates of youth civic participation, but also indications of a shift in the underlying forms of civic life and increasing socioeconomic disparities in levels of participation, the authors investigate the meaning of civic engagement from the perspective of high-school-aged youth. The authors inductively develop a typology of engagement based on in-depth interviews with a purposive stratified sample of eighty-nine high school students in a Midwestern city. The authors find that youth link civic engagement with ambition and achievement as a means to build capital in a Bourdieuian field of youth achievement. While civic engagement is informed by structural position, youth are actively involved in navigating their positions and choices. Civic engagement emerges primarily through volunteerism as youth struggle to assemble and deploy capital in the achievement field and thus compound class-based disparities in civic involvement.
Reconceptualizing the Association between Food Insufficiency and Body Weight: Distinguishing Hunger from Economic Hardship
Authors: Ross Catherine E. , Hill Terrence D.
Published: November 2013

What is the association between food insufficiency and body weight? Although common sense would suggest a negative association, research often finds the opposite. The authors contrast commodity theories of material privation with stress theories, proposing that the seemingly counterintuitive association results from the suppressing influence of economic hardship. Because it is a chronic stressor, economic hardship may be associated with increased body weight. Data from the Welfare, Children, and Families study of 2,402 disadvantaged women in Chicago, Boston, and San Antonio show that people who experience economic hardship weigh more; and that the true negative association between body weight and food insufficiency—especially going hungry because one cannot afford food—is revealed only after adjustment for economic hardship.
Work‐related Risk Factors for Workplace Violence among Korean Employees
Authors: Lee Hye‐Eun , Kim Hyoung‐Ryoul , Park Jung Sun
Published: November 2013

Work‐related Risk Factors for Workplace Violence among Korean Employees: Hye‐Eun LEE, et al. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea—

Objectives

The aim of this study was to identify work‐related risk factors for workplace violence in a representative sample of Korean employees.

Methods

We analyzed the associations between work‐related factors and workplace violence in 29,171 employees using data from the 2011 Korean Working Conditions Survey. The survey included questions about verbal abuse, unwanted sexual attention, threats and behavior that humiliated the victim, physical violence, bullying/harassment and sexual harassment, and a respondent who answered yes to any of these 6 items was considered a victim of workplace violence.

Results

The prevalences of verbal abuse, unwanted sexual attention and threats/ behavior that humiliated victims in the month preceding the study were 4.8, 1.0 and 1.5%, respectively. The prevalences of physical violence, bullying/harassment and sexual harassment in the year preceding the study were 0.7, 0.3 and 0.4%, respectively. Service workers had higher prevalences of overall workplace violence. Non‐regular workers (OR=2.38, 95% CI=2.01−2.84), working more than 60 hours per week as opposed to 40−48 hours per week (OR=1.83, 95% CI=1.45−2.31) and night shift work (OR=1.88, 95% CI=1.54−2.30) were significant risk factors associated with workplace violence.

Conclusions

Long working hours, job insecurity and night shift work were associated with a significant increase in workplace violence among Korean employees.
The Effectiveness of Applying Different Permissible Exposure Limits in Preserving the Hearing Threshold Level: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sayapathi Balachandar S. , Su Anselm Ting , Koh David
Published: November 2013

The Effectiveness of Applying Different Permissible Exposure Limits in Preserving the Hearing Threshold Level: A Systematic Review; Balachandar S. SAYAPATHI, et al. Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Malaya, Malaysia—

Objectives

A systematic review was conducted to identify the effectiveness of different permissible exposure limits in preserving the hearing threshold level. This review compared the limits of the US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health with those of the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The prevalence of occupational noise induced hearing loss is on an increasing trend globally. This review was performed to reduce the prevalence of noise‐induced hearing loss.

Methods

We searched 3 major databases, i.e., PubMed, Embase and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Journals@Ovid, for studies published up until 1May 2013 without language restrictions. All study designs were included in this review. The studies were identified and retrieved by two independent authors.

Results

Of 118 titles scanned, 14 duplicates were removed, and a total of 13 abstracts from all three databases were identified for full‐text retrieval. From the full text, eight articles met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. These articles showed acceptable quality based on our scoring system. Most of the studies indicated that temporary threshold shifts were much lower when subjects were exposed to a noise level of 85 dBA or lower.

Conclusions

There were more threshold shifts in subjects adopting 90 dBA compared with 85 dBA. These temporary threshold shifts may progress to permanent shifts over time. Action curtailing noise exposure among employees would be taken earlier on adoption of 85 dBA as the permissible exposure limit, and hence prevalence of noise‐induced hearing loss may be reduced.
Similar Sealability Between Bioceramic Putty Ready-To-Use Repair Cement and White MTA
Authors: Leal Fernanda , De-Deus Gustavo , Brandao Claudia , Luna Aderval , Souza Erick , Fidel Sandra
Published: November 2013

This study was designed to assess the ability to prevent glucose penetration of a bioceramic putty ready-to-use repair cement comparing to white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA). After root canal instrumentation, the apical 3 mm of maxillary incisors were resected and root-end cavities with depth of 3 mm were prepared with ultrasound and filled with the tested materials (15 roots per group). All roots were mounted in a double chamber system to assess glucose penetration using 15 psi pressure application. After 1 h, glucose concentrations in the lower chamber were measured following an enzymatic reaction. Four roots were used as controls. The Mann-Whitney test verified differences in glucose leakage between groups and the Tukey's test was used for multiple comparisons. Significance level was set at 5%. There was no significant difference in glucose leakage between iRoot BP Plus and White MTA groups. iRoot BP Plus had a similar ability to that of white MTA in preventing glucose leakage as a root-end filling material.
Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma in Brazilian Children and Adolescents
Authors: Bregagnolo Livia Aguiar , Bregagnolo Janete Cinira , Silveira Fernando da , Bergamo Andre Luiz , Santi Liliane Nascimento de , Watanabe Marlivia Goncalves de Carvalho
Published: November 2013

Children and adolescents are frequently victims of oral and maxillofacial trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of oral and maxillofacial trauma that resulted in police records, in children and adolescents aged between 0 and 16 years during a period of 5 years. Among the 28,200 reports analyzed, 463 were included in the study. The men:women ratio observed was 1.6:1 and the most prevalent age range was between 15-16 years (44.40%). Most trauma cases resulted from physical assault (64.50%) and culminated in soft-tissue lesion (80.36%). Excoriations (28.64%) leaded as the most frequent type of lesion, and the maxillary region (22.63%) was the most common location of injury. The most common type of dental lesion was dental trauma (54.76%), and bone fractures prevailed in the nasal region (36.7%). The findings of this survey may contribute to plan and execute preventive measures as well as to guide curative measures aimed at this population group.
Effect of Replacing a Component of a Self-Etch Adhesive by Chlorhexidine on Bonding to Dentin
Authors: Pomacondor-Hernandez Cesar , Antunes Alberto Nogueira de Gama , Hipolito Vinicius di , Goes Mario Fernando de
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing a component of the self-etch adhesive Adper Scotchbond SE (liquid A + liquid B) by 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) on bond strength to dentin after 1 day, 3 months or 6 months of water storage. Eight human teeth were sectioned to expose a flat dentin surface and were then randomly assigned to 2 groups. In the control group, the dentin surfaces were treated with the adhesive according to the manufacturer's instructions. In the experimental group, liquid A was replaced by 2% CHX. Next, a 6-mm-high resin composite block was incrementally built on the bonded surfaces. The restored teeth were then sectioned to produce stick-shaped specimens (cross-sectional area - 0.8 mm2). The microtensile bond strength (µTBS) was recorded, and the failure modes were assessed. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA (α=0.05). Four additional teeth were processed in order to conduct a micromorphological analysis of the resin-dentin interface. The µTBS values did not significantly decrease after water storage in either the control or the experimental group, whose values did not differ significantly irrespective of storage time. The morphological aspect of the bonding interface appears not to have been affected by CHX. A higher incidence of cohesive failures within the adhesive and mixed failures (cohesive within adhesive and resin composite) was observed for both groups. It may be concluded that dentin pre-treatment with 2% CHX did not influence significantly the bonding performance of the evaluated adhesive.
An analysis of mobile phone use by car drivers in Greece
Authors: Yannis George , Laiou Alexandra , Vardaki Sophia , Papadimitriou Eleonora , Dragomanovits Anastasios , Kanellaidis George
Published: November 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the rate of mobile phone use among car drivers in Greece and its association with drivers' characteristics and other parameters. Data collected through an observation survey were used in a binary logistic regression model which highlighted the explanatory factors of using a mobile phone while driving. Pseudo-elasticities quantified the impact of each variable on mobile use. The observation survey showed that 9% of car drivers in Greece use a hand-held mobile phone. The dependent variable with the greatest impact was the driver's age being between 16 and 24 years. The results will assist the development of targeted intervention strategies to decrease mobile phone use while driving and will act as a baseline against which the effect of these interventions can be measured. Education and information campaigns have a key role in increasing public awareness regarding the risks involved in using a mobile phone in traffic.