bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Resolution Non-Linear Spectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Nowak DB , Lawrence AJ , Sánchez EJ
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Domain Structures in Multiferroic BiFeO3 Thin Films
Authors: Nelson CT , Zhang Y , Folkman CM , Eom CB , Pan X
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Multifunctional and Multimodal Plasmonic Nanoparticles in Imaging and Therapy
Authors: Sokolov K
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Nanostructural Correlation between Layers in a Magnetic Recording Medium
Authors: Hossein-Babaei F , Sinclair R
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Atomic and Electronic Structure of Polar Fe2O3/MgO Interface
Authors: Pande K , Lazarov VK , Weinert M , Gajdardziska-Josifovska M
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
High-Speed Optical Microscopy of Spin-Like Reactions in Exothermic Nanolaminates
Authors: McDonald JP , Jones ED , Hodges VC , Adams DP
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
High-Speed Direct-Detection Electron Detector for the TEAM Project
Authors: Denes P , Battaglia M , Contarato D , Doering D , Giubilato P , Gnani D , Krieger B , Radmilovic VR
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
In situ Structural Studies of Paramyxovirus Glycoproteins by Cryo-Electron Tomography
Authors: Holl J , Guerrero-Ferreira R , Williams G , Brindley M , Plemper R , Wright E
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
On Almost Double Resolution Improvement for Off-Axis Electron Holography
Authors: Volkov VV , Schofield MA , Zhu YM
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Imaging and energy-loss characteristics for in vitro TEM analysis of nanoparticles
Authors: Klein KL , de Jonge N , Anderson IM
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
5.4 nm Spatial Resolution Obtained from an Aberration-Corrected Photoemission Electron Microscope Utilizing an Electrostatic Mirror
Authors: Word RC , Rempfer G , Almaraz L , Dixon T , Witham P , Könenkamp R
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
TEM Characterization and Optical Properties of Hetero-Structured ZnO/CdS Quantum Dots with Long Exciton Lifetime
Authors: Volkov VV , Zhu Y , Kuskovski I , Shuvayev V , Xu F , Matsui H
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Imaging Bacterial Cell Death Induced by Antimicrobial Peptides in Real Time Using High Speed AFM
Authors: Fantner GE , Barbero RJ , Gray DS , Belcher AM
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Low to Very-High Frequency Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of Cell Death
Authors: Czarnota GJ
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Methodologies for Quantifying Milling Acuity in Focused Ion Beam Systems
Authors: Rue C , Young R
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Application of Novel Techniques to the Three-dimensional Characterization of Microstructural Features in α+β Titanium Alloys
Authors: Sosa JM , Koduri S , Dixit V , Collins PC , Niezgoda S , Kalidindi SR , Fraser HL
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Combined STEM/STXM Elemental Quantification for Cometary Particles
Authors: Gainsforth Z , Butterworth A , Ogliore R , Westphal A , Tyliszczak T
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Imaging Kinesin-mediated Transport in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Kaech S , Huang C-F , Fang C , Jenkins B , Banker G
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Dark Field Imaging of Isolated Heavy Atoms in a Transition Metal Matrix
Authors: Shannon MD , Shannon GB
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
ZnO Epitaxy on (111) Silicon Using Intervening Bixbyite Oxide Buffer Layers
Authors: Katz M , Guo W , Allenic A , Chen Y , Zhang Y , Nelson CT , Heeg T , Tian W , Adamo C , Schlom D , Pan X
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Ultra-small and Monodisperse Pt Nanoparticles Supported on Gamma-Al2O3
Authors: Li L , Zhang Z , Croy JR , Mostafa S , Cuenya BR , Frenkel AI , Yang JC
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Nuclear Sequestration of Virion Capsids in PML Cages is a Cellular Defense Against a Neurotropic Herpesvirus
Authors: Reichelt M , Sommer M , Wang L , Perrino J , Sen N , Nour A , Zerboni L , Arvin AM
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
In Situ Observation of Damage Structure in Fe-Cr Alloys by Means of HVEM-Ion Accelerator Facility
Authors: Ohnuki S , Hashimoto N , Seto H , Yamaguchi N , Kinoshita H , Watanabe S
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Microcharacterization of Core Shell Nanocrystallites
Authors: Stevens-Kalceff MA , Riesen H , Liu Z , Badek K , Massil T
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
TEM Analysis of Pulse Laser Deposited BaFe12O19 Films on SiC
Authors: Lazarov VK , Cai Z , Yoshida K , Hasnip P , Ziemer KS
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Repeatability of Automated FIB Prepared TEM Samples with Low keV Cleaning
Authors: Moriarty M , Blackwood J , Arjavac J
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Multi-modal Imaging of Cell-Biomaterial Interactions Under Dynamic Chemical and Mechanical Environments
Authors: Tan W
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Direct-write Focused Ion Beam Lithography
Authors: Joshi-Imre A , Ocola L , Klingfus J
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
In-Situ TEM Observations of Colloidal Particles in Liquids
Authors: Zheng H , Minor AM , Alivisatos AP , Dahmen U
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
TEM Analysis of EuS/CdSe Nano Heterostructures
Authors: Rossouw D , Mirkovic T , Scholes GD , Botton GA
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
In situ High Resolution Electron Microscopy
Authors: Zandbergen HW , Song B , Rudneva M , van Huis MA
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Zernike Phase Contrast Cryo-electron Tomography of Flagellar-hook Basal Bodies from Vibrio alginolyticus
Authors: Hosogi N , Shigematsu H , Terashima H , Homma M , Nagayama K
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Higher harmonics and phase contrast in liquid environment dynamic atomic force microscopy – tools for observing material property contrast in biological samples at high resolution and speed
Authors: Raman A
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
An Overview of Chemometric Methods for Analysis of Multivariate Images
Authors: Wise BM
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
A Low Error Reconstruction Method for Confocal Holography using Limited View Tomography to Determine 3-Dimensional Properties
Authors: Jacquemin PB , Herring RA
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Measurements Validating the Confocal Scanning Laser Holography Microscope
Authors: Jacquemin PB , Herring RA
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Microcharacterization of Tribo Layers on Al–Steel
Authors: Lingala SJ , Sharghi-Moshatghin R , Jayne D , Ernst F
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
The Microscopy of Materials for Interfacing Bionic Devices with Humans
Authors: Martin DC
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Progress in Dynamic EBSD Pattern Simulation
Authors: Nolze G , Winkelmann A
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Future Prospects for SEM-based Defect Analysis using Fast Electrons
Authors: Picard YN , Kamaladasa RJ , Kumar N , Trager-Cowan C , Jiang W , Skowronski M , Salvador PA , Behmemburg H , Giesen C , Day AP , England G
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Limits to ‘thinking space relationally’
Authors: Jones Martin
Published: August 2010

This paper is written by a geographer and discusses the importance of ‘thinking space relationally’ in, and for, the social sciences. According to its advocates, relational thinking insists on an open-ended, mobile, networked and actor-centred geographic becoming. I position relational space within the lineage of philosophical approaches to space, drawing on examples taken mainly from human geography. Following this, the paper highlights some silences and limits, namely factors that constrain, structure and connect space. I acknowledge relationality but insist on the connected, sometimes inertial, and always context-specific nature of spatiality. The paper then considers the normative implications of this for politics, thinking first about regions, and then about policy.
Reimei observation of highly structured auroras caused by nonaccelerated electrons
Authors: Ebihara Y. , Sakanoi T. , Asamura K. , Hirahara M. , Thomsen M. F.
Published: August 2010

We present observations of highly structured, thin auroras cased by precipitation of nonaccelerated electrons on the basis of optical and particle measurements performed by the Reimei satellite near the equatorward edge of the main auroral oval. The aurora has the following characteristics: (1) A full width at half maximum (FWHM) value is as low as only ∼1.8 km from optical measurements, and ∼0.6 km from particle measurements at the ionospheric altitude, which is much smaller than previously determined. (2) The FWHM value of 0.6 km corresponds to 9 km in the equatorial plane, which is ∼10 times smaller than the gyroradius of typical protons trapped in the near‐Earth plasma sheet. (3) At high energies greater than ∼1 keV, the velocity distribution function of precipitating electrons is comparable to that of the trapped ones and does not demonstrate any plateau or positive gradient in the distribution. (4) The aurora was observed in geomagnetically quiet condition. (5) A geosynchronous satellite observed a significant increase in the plasma pressure of hot electrons in comparison with that of hot ions. The structuring of the aurora may be attributed to scattering processes of hot electrons. If this were the case, hot electrons would be scattered by whistler mode chorus, or electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves, and the structured aurora would be a visual manifestation of the highly structured, cold plasma that determines the growth of the waves scattering the hot electrons.
Dynamical and magnetic field time constants for Titan's ionosphere: Empirical estimates and comparisons with Venus
Authors: Cravens T. E. , Richard M. , Ma Y.‐J. , Bertucci C. , Luhmann J. G. , Ledvina S. , Robertson I. P. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Ågren K. , Cui J. , Muller‐Wodarg I. , Waite J. H. , Dougherty M. , Bell J. , Ulusen D.
Published: August 2010

Plasma in Titan's ionosphere flows in response to forcing from thermal pressure gradients, magnetic forces, gravity, and ion‐neutral collisions. This paper takes an empirical approach to the ionospheric dynamics by using data from Cassini instruments to estimate pressures, flow speeds, and time constants on the dayside and nightside. The plasma flow speed relative to the neutral gas speed is approximately 1 m s−1 near an altitude of 1000 km and 200 m s−1 at 1500 km. For comparison, the thermospheric neutral wind speed is about 100 m s−1. The ionospheric plasma is strongly coupled to the neutrals below an altitude of about 1300 km. Transport, vertical or horizontal, becomes more important than chemistry in controlling ionospheric densities above about 1200–1500 km, depending on the ion species. Empirical estimates are used to demonstrate that the structure of the ionospheric magnetic field is determined by plasma transport (including neutral wind effects) for altitudes above about 1000 km and by magnetic diffusion at lower altitudes. The paper suggests that a velocity shear layer near 1300 km could exist at some locations and could affect the structure of the magnetic field. Both Hall and polarization electric field terms in the magnetic induction equation are shown to be locally important in controlling the structure of Titan's ionospheric magnetic field. Comparisons are made between the ionospheric dynamics at Titan and at Venus.
Relationship between the summer mesopause and polar mesospheric cloud heights
Authors: Russell James M. , Rong Pingping , Bailey Scott M. , Hervig Mark E. , Petelina Svetlana V.
Published: August 2010

Satellite data analyses indicate that variations of daily mean polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) height and mesopause height correlate on a range of intraseasonal time scales both short and long (i.e., ∼4 days to 2 months). The average of a multiyear analysis from OSIRIS/Odin, SNOE, AIM, and SABER/TIMED data sets in the polar regions north (south) of 65°N (°S) shows that on a daily basis the mean PMC height (max) is located 3.5 km ± 0.5 km below the mean mesopause height (mes) in both hemispheres throughout the season and for all years examined. The data show that the relationship persists over multiple PMC seasons. This is a robust result that has also been verified with thermodynamic equilibrium and microphysical modeling. Model results from a large number of ensemble simulations show that max remains ∼3.5 km below mes as long as the vertical average of the ambient temperature minus the frost point temperature difference over the supersaturated region is about ‐10 K or less for all the individual simulations. max is located less than 3.5 km below mes for warmer supersaturated region temperatures. The distance between the cloud and the mesopause heights (Zmes − Zmax or ΔZ) is controlled by the corresponding temperature structure in the supersaturated region. It is concluded that the variation of ΔZ is mostly driven by the variation of the temperature structure instead of the H2O mixing ratio magnitude or vertical distribution.
The earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa stimulates abundance and activity of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide degraders
Authors: Liu Ya-Jun , Zaprasis Adrienne , Liu Shuang-Jiang , Drake Harold L , Horn Marcus A
Published: August 2010

2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is a widely used phenoxyalkanoic acid (PAA) herbicide. Earthworms represent the dominant macrofauna and enhance microbial activities in many soils. Thus, the effect of the model earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) on microbial MCPA degradation was assessed in soil columns with agricultural soil. MCPA degradation was quicker in soil with earthworms than without earthworms. Quantitative PCR was inhibition-corrected per nucleic acid extract and indicated that copy numbers of tfdA-like and cadA genes (both encoding oxygenases initiating aerobic PAA degradation) in soil with earthworms were up to three and four times higher than without earthworms, respectively. tfdA-like and 16S rRNA gene transcript copy numbers in soil with earthworms were two and six times higher than without earthworms, respectively. Most probable numbers (MPNs) of MCPA degraders approximated 4 × 105 gdw−1 in soil before incubation and in soil treated without earthworms, whereas MPNs of earthworm-treated soils were approximately 150 × higher. The aerobic capacity of soil to degrade MCPA was higher in earthworm-treated soils than in earthworm-untreated soils. Burrow walls and 0–5 cm depth bulk soil displayed higher capacities to degrade MCPA than did soil from 5–10 cm depth bulk soil, expression of tfdA-like genes in burrow walls was five times higher than in bulk soil and MCPA degraders were abundant in burrow walls (MPNs of 5 × 107 gdw−1). The collective data indicate that earthworms stimulate abundance and activity of MCPA degraders endogenous to soil by their burrowing activities and might thus be advantageous for enhancing PAA degradation in soil.
Subunit composition of an energy-coupling-factor-type biotin transporter analysed in living bacteria
Authors: Finkenwirth Friedrich , Neubauer Olivia , Gunzenhäuser Julia , Schoknecht Janna , Scolari Silvia , Stöckl Martin , Korte Thomas , Herrmann Andreas , Eitinger Thomas
Published: August 2010

BioMNY, a bacterial high-affinity biotin transporter, is a member of the recently defined class of ECF (energy-coupling factor) transporters. These systems are composed of ABC (ATP-binding-cassette) ATPases (represented by BioM in the case of the biotin transporter), a universally conserved transmembrane protein (BioN) and a core transporter component (BioY), in unknown stoichiometry. The quaternary structure of BioY, which functions as a low-affinity biotin transporter in the absence of BioMN, and of BioMNY was investigated by a FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer) approach using living recombinant Escherichia coli cells. To this end, the donor–acceptor pair, of Cerulean and yellow fluorescent protein respectively, were fused to BioM, BioN and BioY. The fusion proteins were stable and the protein tags did not interfere with transport and ATPase activities. Specific donor–acceptor interactions were characterized by lifetime-based FRET spectroscopy. The results suggest an oligomeric structure for the solitary BioY core transporter and oligomeric forms of BioM and BioY in BioMNY complexes. We surmise that oligomers of BioY are the functional units of the low- and high-affinity biotin transporter in the living cell. Beyond its relevance for clarifying the supramolecular organization of ECF transporters, the results demonstrate the general applicability of lifetime-based FRET studies in living bacteria.
Nanosecond x-ray Laue diffraction apparatus suitable for laser shock compression experiments
Authors: Suggit Matthew , Kimminau Giles , Hawreliak James , Remington Bruce , Park Nigel , Wark Justin
Published: August 2010

We have used nanosecond bursts of x-rays emitted from a laser-produced plasma, comprised of a mixture of mid-Z elements, to produce a quasiwhite-light spectrum suitable for performing Laue diffraction from single crystals. The laser-produced plasma emits x-rays ranging in energy from 3 to in excess of 10 keV, and is sufficiently bright for single shot nanosecond diffraction patterns to be recorded. The geometry is suitable for the study of laser-shocked crystals, and single-shot diffraction patterns from both unshocked and shocked silicon crystals are presented.
Accurate carrier-type determination of nonhomogenously doped diamond
Authors: Yom-Tov N. , Saguy C. , Bolker A. , Kalish R. , Yaish Y. E.
Published: August 2010

Electrical properties of B-doped homoepitaxialy grown diamond are characterized with and without mesa structures by Hall effect measurements as function of temperature in the as-grown state and following oxygen reactive ion etching (RIE). The extracted carrier type, concentration, and mobility are found to depend on the measurement contact configuration. For measurements performed without mesa major differences, even in carrier type, are found following the RIE treatment, however no changes what so ever are observed when measuring with a mesa structure. Finite element simulation confirms that carrier concentration or/and mobility inhomogeneities in the regions surrounding the contacts in Hall effect measurements using the Van der Pauw configuration can result in wrong assignments of carrier type, concentration and mobility.
Splitting of the m=n=1 modes in hybrids with qmin<1
Authors: Marchenko V. S. , Reznik S. N.
Published: August 2010

The frequency splitting between m=n=1 eigenmodes in tokamak discharges with two q=1 surfaces and sheared toroidal rotation has been calculated. The instability domain of the “doublet” in the parameter space has been established for the first time. The results are consistent with observations of the frequency splitting in ASDEX Upgrade [O. Gruber et al., Nucl. Fusion 39, 1321 (1999)] and DIII-D [J. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] tokamaks.
Traveling-waves consistent with turbulence-driven secondary flow in a square duct
Authors: Uhlmann Markus , Kawahara Genta , Pinelli Alfredo
Published: August 2010

We present numerically determined traveling-wave solutions for pressure-driven flow through a straight duct with a square cross section. This family of solutions represents typical coherent structures (a staggered array of counter-rotating streamwise vortices and an associated low-speed streak) on each wall. Their streamwise average flow in the cross-sectional plane corresponds to an eight-vortex pattern much alike the secondary flow found in the turbulent regime.
The measured dependence of the lateral ambipolar diffusion length on carrier injection-level in Stranski-Krastanov quantum dot devices
Authors: Naidu D. , Smowton P. M. , Summers H. D.
Published: August 2010

Using the segmented contact method we separate and numerically evaluate the components making up the threshold current density dependence of quantum dot ridge waveguide lasers. An increasing internal optical mode loss and an increasing lateral out-diffusion current are the significant processes in ridges of widths between 4 and 10 μm, with no significant contribution from a deteriorating gain-mode overlap. By fitting a diffusion length model to the lateral out-diffusion process, we extract the ambipolar diffusion length, Ld, as a function of intrinsic carrier injection-level which covers carrier densities appropriate for functioning light-emitting diode and laser devices. The measured dependence fits a diffusion mechanism involving the thermal redistribution of carriers via the wetting-layer and most significantly leads to two regimes where Ld can be reduced in self-assembled quantum-dot systems. Only one of these is shown to be beneficial to the overall efficiency of the device, while the other is at the expense of undesired high-order nonradiative recombination processes at high injection-levels. Covering a peak modal gain range of approximately 5 to 11 cm−1 over injection-levels of 65 to 122 meV at 350 K, this dependence caused Ld to change from 0.75 to 1.50 μm, with the maximum occurring at 84 meV where the peak modal gain is 6 cm−1. Decreasing the temperature to 300 K reduced Ld to <0.75 μm over approximately the same injection-level range.
Core level photoionization on free sub-10-nm nanoparticles using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Meinen Jan , Khasminskaya Svetlana , Eritt Markus , Leisner Thomas , Antonsson Egill , Langer Burkhard , Rühl Eckart
Published: August 2010

A novel instrument is presented, which permits studies on singly charged free nanoparticles in the diameter range from 1 to 30 nm using synchrotron radiation in the soft x-ray regime. It consists of a high pressure nanoparticle source, a high efficiency nanoparticle beam inlet, and an electron time-of-flight spectrometer suitable for probing surface and bulk properties of free, levitated nanoparticles. We show results from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study near the Si L3,2-edge on 8.2 nm SiO2 particles prepared in a nanoparticle beam. The possible use of this apparatus regarding chemical reactions on the surface of nanometer-sized particles is highlighted. This approach has the potential to be exploited for process studies on heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry.
Strong light-matter coupling in bulk GaN-microcavities with double dielectric mirrors fabricated by two different methods
Authors: Réveret F. , Bejtka K. , Edwards P. R. , Chenot S. , Sellers I. R. , Disseix P. , Vasson A. , Leymarie J. , Duboz J. Y. , Leroux M. , Semond F. , Martin R. W.
Published: August 2010

Two routes for the fabrication of bulk GaN microcavities embedded between two dielectric mirrors are described, and the optical properties of the microcavities thus obtained are compared. In both cases, the GaN active layer is grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (111) Si, allowing use of selective etching to remove the substrate. In the first case, a three period Al0.2Ga0.8N/AlN Bragg mirror followed by a λ/2 GaN cavity are grown directly on the Si. In the second case, a crack-free 2 μm thick GaN layer is grown, and progressively thinned to a final thickness of λ. Both devices work in the strong coupling regime at low temperature, as evidenced by angle-dependent reflectivity or transmission experiments. However, strong light-matter coupling in emission at room temperature is observed only for the second one. This is related to the poor optoelectronic quality of the active layer of the first device, due to its growth only 250 nm above the Si substrate and its related high defect density. The reflectivity spectra of the microcavities are well accounted for by using transfer matrix calculations.
Design and characterization of 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance plasma source with magnetron magnetic field configuration for high flux of hyperthermal neutral beam
Authors: Kim Seong Bong , Kim Dae Chul , Namkung Won , Cho Moohyun , Yoo Suk Jae
Published: August 2010

A 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source with a magnetron magnetic field configuration was developed to meet the demand of a hyperthermal neutral beam (HNB) flux on a substrate of more than 1×1015 cm−2 s−1 for industrial applications. The parameters of the operating pressure, ion density, electron temperature, and distance between the neutralization plate and the substrate for the HNB source are specified in a theoretical analysis. The electron temperature and the ion density are measured to characterize the ECR HNB source using a Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy. The parameters of the ECR HNB source are in good agreement with the theoretically specified parameters.
Investigations on emission characteristics of the pongamia biodiesel–diesel blend fuelled twin cylinder compression ignition direct injection engine using exhaust gas recirculation methodology and dimethyl carbonate as additive
Authors: Pandian M. , Sivapirakasam S. P. , Udayakumar M.
Published: August 2010

Experiments were carried out on a twin cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using pongamia biodiesel–diesel blend as fuel with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as additive. The experimental results showed that pongamia biodiesel–diesel blend fuelled engine with EGR and DMC can simultaneously reduce smoke and nitric oxide (NOx) emission. The NOx emission was reduced by about 17.68% for 10% of EGR introduction and about 13.55% increase in smoke emission. When dimethyl carbonate was added with EGR, the engine emits lower smoke with lesser NOx emission, and it showed that the smoke reduction rate had a linear relationship with DMC percentage. The carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions also decreased when DMC was added. However, the addition of DMC with EGR caused an increase in both BSEC and BTE.
Growth of superconducting Sr2RuO4 thin films
Authors: Krockenberger Y. , Uchida M. , Takahashi K. S. , Nakamura M. , Kawasaki M. , Tokura Y.
Published: August 2010

Sr 2 RuO 4 is a superconductor with a low transition temperature (Tc∼1 K), but has a unique character of p-wave symmetry of the order parameter, demanding epitaxial thin films for Josephson junction studies. We have grown c-axis oriented epitaxial films by a pulsed laser deposition technique on (001) surfaces of (LaAlO3)0.3(SrAl0.5Ta0.5O3)0.7 substrates. Careful tuning of growth conditions yielded in a layer-by-layer growth of high crystallinity films. The films show a residual resistivity ratio (ρ300 K/ρ2 K) as large as 82 and a superconducting transition with a zero resistivity at 0.6 K.
Semiconductor optical amplifier-based heterodyning detection for resolving optical terahertz beat-tone signals from passively mode-locked semiconductor lasers
Authors: Latkowski Sylwester , Maldonado-Basilio Ramón , Carney Kevin , Parra-Cetina Josué , Philippe Séverine , Landais Pascal
Published: August 2010

An all-optical heterodyne approach based on a room-temperature controlled semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) for measuring the frequency and linewidth of the terahertz beat-tone signal from a passively mode-locked laser is proposed. Under the injection of two external cavity lasers, the SOA acts as a local oscillator at their detuning frequency and also as an optical frequency mixer whose inputs are the self-modulated spectrum of the device under test and the two laser beams. Frequency and linewidth of the intermediate frequency signal (and therefore, the beat-tone signal) are resolved by using a photodiode and an electrical spectrum analyzer.
Magnetically tunable self-assembly of colloidal rings
Authors: Li Kwan H. , Yellen Benjamin B.
Published: August 2010

We present a technique using ferrofluid to induce bidisperse suspensions of superparamagnetic and diamagnetic beads to assemble into colloidal ring configurations. The separation distance between particles within the ring can be tuned by adjusting the ferrofluid concentration, which has the effect of enhancing the effective dipole moment of one of the components while screening the dipole moment of the other, leading to a wealth of different ring configurations.
Photoluminescence spectroscopy and lifetime measurements from self-assembled semiconductor-metal nanoparticle hybrid arrays
Authors: Haridas M. , Basu J. K. , Gosztola D. J. , Wiederrecht G. P.
Published: August 2010

We present results of photoluminescence spectroscopy and lifetime measurements on thin film hybrid arrays of semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles embedded in a block copolymer template. The intensity of emission as well as the measured lifetime would be controlled by varying the volume fraction and location of gold nanoparticles in the matrix. We demonstrate the ability to both enhance and quench the luminescence in the hybrids as compared to the quantum dot array films while simultaneously engineering large reduction in luminescence lifetime with incorporation of gold nanoparticles.
Annular aperture-detected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy for high contrast vibrational imaging
Authors: Lin Jian , Lu Fake , Zheng Wei , Huang Zhiwei
Published: August 2010

We report on a unique annular aperture detection scheme for effective suppression of nonresonant background in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy imaging. The results show that the resonant CARS signal to nonresonant background ratio (SBR) varies with both the scatterers’ sizes and the annular aperture diameters used, and an approximately 20-fold improvement in SBR can be obtained when an annular aperture size of 0.9 (related to the objective diameter) is selected for imaging the scatterers with diameters close to the excitation wavelength. We demonstrate this technique by imaging 300 to 1100 nm polystyrene beads and human epithelial cells in aqueous environments.
Extremely low surface recombination velocities on crystalline silicon wafers realized by catalytic chemical vapor deposited SiNx/a-Si stacked passivation layers
Authors: Koyama Koichi , Ohdaira Keisuke , Matsumura Hideki
Published: August 2010

Catalytic chemical vapor deposition (Cat-CVD), also called hot-wire CVD, yields silicon-nitride/amorphous-silicon (SiNx/a-Si) stacked layers with remarkably low surface recombination velocities (SRVs) of lower than 1.5 cm/s for n-type crystalline Si (c-Si) wafers, and lower than 9.0 cm/s for p-type wafers. The temperature throughout the formation of stacked layers is lower than 250 °C. The usage of a-Si films significantly enhances the effective carrier lifetime of c-Si wafers, and SiNx films are also essential for reducing SRVs to such low levels.
The impact of nurses on patient morbidity and mortality - the need for a policy change in response to the nursing shortage
Authors: Twigg Di , Duffield Christine , Thompson Peter L. , Rapley Pat
Published: August 2010

Context.Workforce projections indicate that by 2012 there will be a shortfall of 61 000 registered nurses in Australia. There is a growing body of evidence that links registered nurse staffing to better patient outcomes.
Purpose.This article provides a comprehensive review of the research linking nurse staffing to patient outcomes at a time of growing shortages, highlighting that a policy response based on substituting registered nurses with lower skilled workers may have adverse effects on patient outcomes.
Method.An electronic search of articles published in English using the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Journals @ OVID and Medline was undertaken.
Findings.Robust evidence exists nationally and internationally that links nurse staffing to patient outcomes. Recent meta-analyses have found that there was a 3–12% reduction in adverse outcomes and a 16% reduction in the risk of mortality in surgical patients with higher registered nurse staffing. Evidence confirms that improvements in nurse staffing is a cost-effective investment for the health system but this is not fully appreciated by health policy advisors.
Conclusions.An appropriate policy response demands that the evidence that patient safety is linked to nurse staffing be recognised. Policy makers must ensure there are sufficient registered nurses to guarantee patient safety.
What is known about the topic?Projections indicate that by 2012 there will be an estimated shortfall of 61 000 registered nurses in Australia. However, research demonstrates the number of registered nurses caring for patients is critically important to prevent adverse patient outcomes. Evidence also confirms that improvements in nurse staffing is a cost-effective investment for the health system.
What this paper adds?The paper exposes the lack of an appropriate policy response to the evidence in regard to nurse staffing and patient outcomes. It argues that patient safety must be recognised as a shared responsibility between policy makers and the nursing profession.
What are the implications for practitioners?Policy makers, health departments, Chief Executives and Nurse Leaders need to ensure that adequate nurse staffing includes a high proportion of registered nurses to prevent adverse patient outcomes.
Motivation and SLA
Authors: Ushioda Ema
Published: August 2010

Motivation has been a major research topic within SLA for over four decades, yet has endured a marginalized position within the field, remaining somewhat isolated from its more mainstream linguistic traditions. The analysis of motivation and its role in SLA has largely been at the level of global learning outcomes, and research has had little to say about how motivational factors relate to the interim processes of linguistic development. Thus while motivation is recognized as a prerequisite for successful SLA, the relevance of motivation research to understanding the finer detail of how SLA happens has been unclear. This paper discusses some studies that have attempted to integrate the analysis of motivation with more linguistic approaches in SLA. It proposes an agenda for bridging the gap between motivation and mainstream SLA research, and suggests how motivation research may contribute to the development of major lines of thinking within the field
Corpus data
Authors: Ayoun Dalila
Published: August 2010

The present corpus study analyzes 5,016 contextualized DPs drawn from 34 current newspaper and magazine articles to test the so-far unsubstantiated claim that the input provides abundant and clear evidence of the grammatical gender of French nouns. Findings show that 49.76% of noun tokens are not gender-marked; 9.01% of nouns lack a gender-marked determiner, but are modified by a gender-marked adjective; while 41.22% of nouns have a gender-marked determiner. Detailed qualitative and quantitative analyses provide a descriptive and explanatory account of gender-marked contexts and second language learnability implications are discussed. The lack of readily available word-external clues explains why the acquisition of French grammatical gender is notoriously difficult (e.g., Ayoun 2007).
The influence of Chinese Focused Cleft wh-constructions on Chinese speakers’ L2 knowledge of English wh-movement
Authors: Wu Fuyun
Published: August 2010

Previous studies of Mandarin speakers’ intuitions about grammatical and ungrammatical wh-movement constructions in L2 English have produced mixed results. Some studies show that such speakers neither fully accept grammatical wh-constructions, nor fully reject constructions that violate locality constraints. The present study examines the possibility that learners may be transferring the Chinese Focused Cleft wh-construction (FCW) into their English grammars, and that transfer is persistently influential. It is argued that the FCW, which produces structures superficially similar to English wh-movement questions, does not involve movement. Two experimental studies are reported. The first tests native Mandarin Chinese speakers’ intuitions about the FCW in order to provide evidence bearing on lack of movement in the FCW. The second tests the intuitions about grammatical and ungrammatical English wh-movement of advanced L2 learners of English whose L1 was Mandarin. The results support the claim that advanced Chinese learners of English interpret English wh-constructions like Chinese FCWs.
Acquisition of English articles in early bilingualism
Authors: Mede Enisa , Gürel Ayşe
Published: August 2010

It has been suggested that child L1 learners overuse the definite article in indefinite contexts due to maturational/pragmatic factors such as egocentricity and an inability to differentiate common ground contexts from speaker beliefs-only contexts (Maratsos 1976; Schaeffer & Matthewson 2005). Knowledge of semantic features such as specificity and definiteness is also implicated in L1 learners’ (in)correct article use (Ionin et al. 2004; 2009). In the context of child bilingualism, on the other hand, difficulties in acquisition of articles are expected to be doubled when one of the languages of the child does not have a corresponding article system. To address these issues and to identify parallels between monolingual and bilingual language acquisition, we examine the use of English articles by a Serbo-Croatian-English simultaneous bilingual child and two monolingual English-speaking children. The results reveal qualitative and quantitative differences between monolingual and bilingual children’s use of English articles, possibly due to the influence of Serbo-Croatian (an article-less language). The findings suggest that in simultaneous child bilingualism, cross-linguistic transfer overrides maturational/pragmatic or semantic factors that are tied to incorrect article use (cf. Zdorenko & Paradis 2008).
Comparing child and adult development of a visual phonological system
Authors: Ortega Gerardo , Morgan Gary
Published: August 2010

Research has documented systematic articulation differences in young children’s first signs compared with the adult input. Explanations range from the implementation of phonological processes, cognitive limitations and motor immaturity. One way of disentangling these possible explanations is to investigate signing articulation in adults who do not know any sign language, but have mature cognitive and motor development. Some preliminary observations are provided on signing accuracy in a group of adults using a sign repetition methodology. Adults make the most errors with marked handshapes and produce movement and location errors akin to child signers. Secondly, there are both positive and negative influences of iconicity on sign repetition in adults. Possible reasons are discussed for these iconicity effects based on gesture.
High-performance Fe/SiO2 soft magnetic composites for low-loss and high-power applications
Authors: Yang Bai , Wu Zhangben , Zou Zhiyu , Yu Ronghai
Published: August 2010

High-performance Fe/SiO2 soft magnetic composites (SMCs) by coating pure iron particles with amorphous SiO2 layers have been fabricated by controlled hydrolysation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Microstructural studies show that the pure iron particles are uniformly and entirely coated with the SiO2 insulating layers to form Fe/SiO2 core–shell structure. The dielectric SiO2 layers lead to the electrical insulation behaviour of the SiO2-coated iron particles, which results in low core loss of the compacted Fe/SiO2 SMCs in application of alternating current. The core loss measured at a frequency of 50 Hz and an induction level of 1 T is 3.5 W kg−1, which is much lower than that of the commercial SMCs prepared by coating iron particles with phosphate layers. The Fe/SiO2 SMCs exhibit nearly the same coercivity as that of pure iron, and saturation magnetization of 18.2 kG, a little lower than that of pure iron due to the nonmagnetic SiO2 layers. The low core loss and high saturation magnetization promise the great potential of Fe/SiO2 SMCs in high-power applications. High-frequency measurements reveal that the working frequency of the Fe/SiO2 SMCs can reach up to 20 MHz.
Liquid crystal droplet array for non-contact electro-optic inspections
Authors: Ren Hongwen , Xianyu Haiqing , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: August 2010

We report a high density liquid crystal (LC) droplet array for non-contact inspection. The incident light is modulated by changing the shape of each droplet using a dielectric force even though the electrode and droplet array are separated by a fairly large air gap. The reshaped LC droplets cause colour change which is easily inspected by the human eye. In a sample with 30 µm thick polymer cavity and 130 µm air gap, LC droplet surface reshaping is clearly observed as the applied voltage exceeds 40 Vrms. Potential application of such a LC droplet array for inspecting the defected thin-film-transistor pixels is emphasized.
A study of the glass transition in the amorphous interlamellar phase of highly crystallized poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Sellarès J , Diego J A , Belana J
Published: August 2010

The glass transition of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) crystallized for 4 h at temperatures between 413 and 453 K was studied. Secondary crystallization processes were monitored by differential scanning calorimetry and the glass transition of the remaining interlamellar amorphous phase was studied by thermally stimulated depolarization currents measurements. Non-isothermal window polarization is employed to resolve the relaxation in modes with a well-defined relaxation time that is subsequently adjusted to several standard models. An analysis of experimental results reveals that cooperativity can be disregarded in the modelization of data. The evolution of modes during secondary crystallization, once primary crystallization has been completed, gives more weight to lower energy modes. As a consequence, secondary crystallization tends to lower the glass transition temperature of the amorphous interlamellar phase, although remaining noticeably higher than in amorphous samples. The evolution of calorimetric scans of the glass transition is simulated from the obtained results and shows the same behaviour. Regarding the glass transition temperature of the material, it can be concluded that primary and secondary crystallization act in opposite directions even though the effect of secondary crystallization is much smaller. The interpretation of these results in terms of current views about secondary crystallization is discussed.
TFInfer: a tool for probabilistic inference of transcription factor activities
Authors: Asif H. M. Shahzad , Rolfe Matthew D. , Green Jeff , Lawrence Neil D. , Rattray Magnus , Sanguinetti Guido
Published: August 2010

Summary: TFInfer is a novel open access, standalone tool for genome-wide inference of transcription factor activities from gene expression data. Based on an earlier MATLAB version, the software has now been extended in a number of ways. It has been significantly optimised in terms of performance, and it was given novel functionality, by allowing the user to model both time series and data from multiple independent conditions. With a full documentation and intuitive graphical user interface, together with an in-built data base of yeast and Escherichia coli transcription factors, the software does not require any mathematical or computational expertise to be used effectively.

Availability:  http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/gsanguin/TFInfer.html

Contact:  gsanguin@staffmail.ed.ac.uk

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.