bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors of Peyronie’s Disease. What Does Our Clinical Experience Show?
Authors: Casabé Adolfo , Bechara Amado , Cheliz Germán , De Bonis Walter , Rey Horacio
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a localized fibrosis that affects the tunica albuginea of the penis. Its origin can be associated with coital penile trauma in men with autoimmune hypersensitivity and a presumed genetic predisposition.

Aim

To identify clinical and traumatic risk factors in a patient population with PD, when compared to a control group.

Methods

From November 2007 to March 2010, 317 patients sought medical attention for PD. As control group, 147 consecutive patients, who came for a prostate exam, were studied. Clinical, traumatic, and sexual history of these patients was gathered. Risks factors were considered only if they had been present before the onset of PD symptoms.

Main Outcome Measure

The International Index of Erectile Function and the International Prostate Symptoms Score. A univariate logistic regression model (chi-square) (odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals [CI] ) was used to estimate the association of risk factors with PD; and the Student’s t-test was implemented for age.

Results

The mean age of patients with PD and control group was 56.7 and 58.8, respectively (P < 0.923). The mean evolution time of the disease was 17.7 months (2–48). Erectile dysfunction (ED) and coital trauma constituted the only two independent risk factors for PD compared to the control group (P < 0.05 and 0.002, respectively) with an OR of 1.5 (95% CI 1.0–2.3) and 2.69 (95% CI 1.41–5.21), respectively. Patients with ED and diabetes mellitus and with a mild-to-moderate ED also presented a higher predisposition (P = 0.008 and 0.00001), with an OR of 3.64 (95% CI 1.33–10.79) and 5.58 (95% CI 3.03–10.42), respectively.

Conclusion

Erectile dysfunction and coital trauma have proven to be independent risk factors for the development of PD.
Farnesoid X Receptor Activation Improves Erectile Function in Animal Models of Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
Authors: Vignozzi Linda , Morelli Annamaria , Filippi Sandra , Comeglio Paolo , Chavalmane Aravinda K. , Marchetta Matilde , Toce Mariateresa , Yehiely-Cohen Ravit , Vannelli Gabriella B. , Adorini Luciano , Maggi Mario
Published: October 2010

Introduction

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is critically involved in the regulation of the hepato-biliary system. Recent data suggest a role for FXR in modulating other metabolic pathways and vascular function.

Aim

To investigate whether long-term administration of the selective FXR agonist INT-747 ameliorates erectile function, we tested it in two animal models of metabolic derangements: a rabbit model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes.

Methods

HFD rabbit or STZ rats with or without chronic INT-747 dosing (10 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks). INT-747 addition to rabbit penile smooth muscle cells (rpSMCs).

Main Outcome Measure

Effects of INT-747 on metabolic features and erectile function in animal models and clarification of mechanism of action in isolated cells.

Results

INT-747 dosing normalized visceral adiposity and glucose intolerance in HFD rabbits. INT-747 increased penile FXR expression and partially restored endothelial nitric oxide synthase and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 expression as well as impaired nitric oxide (NO)-dependent relaxation (improved responsiveness to acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation). INT-747 was also effective in regulating NO downstream events, as shown by increased sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation. Because phosphodiesterase type 5 and protein kinase G (PKG) were unaltered by INT-747, we analyzed the calcium-sensitizing RhoA/ROCK pathway. HFD increased, and INT-747 normalized, RhoA membrane translocation/activation. RhoA/ROCK signaling inhibition by INT-747 was confirmed in rpSMCs by confocal microscopy, MYPT1-phosphorylation, cytoskeleton remodeling, cell migration, and smooth muscle-related genes expression. In STZ rats, FXR penile expression was not altered but was significantly upregulated by INT-747 dosing. In this model, INT-747 improved penile erection induced by electrical stimulation of cavernous nerve and hypersensitivity to intracavernous injection of a ROCK-inhibitor, Y-27632, without improving hyperglycemia.

Conclusion

In HFD rabbits, INT-747 dosing improved glucose sensitivity and MetS-associated erectile dysfunction, via upregulation of NO transmission and inhibition of RhoA/ROCK pathway. In STZ rats, INT-747 restored in vivo penile erection and sensitivity to ROCK inhibition, independently of effects on glycemia.
The High Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea—An Independent Risk Factor of Erectile Dysfunction in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Szymanski Filip M. , Filipiak Krzysztof J. , Hrynkiewicz-Szymanska Anna , Grabowski Marcin , Dabrowska-Kugacka Alicja , Opolski Grzegorz
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Sleep-related breathing disorders are highly prevalent in patients with established cardiovascular disease. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with several cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, and erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the prevalence of ED in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients at high risk of OSA, and to evaluate the leading factors that increase the risk of ED.

Methods

We prospectively studied 90 consecutive male STEMI patients.

Main Outcome Measures

A risk of OSA was assessed using the Berlin questionnaire (BQ) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Erectile function was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF).

Results

Thirty-two (35.6%) patients were at high risk of OSA. Patients were at high risk of OSA who on admission had significantly higher mean ESS score, and abnormal BQ, higher incidence of hypertension, and higher body mass index. They were also found to have significantly higher mean C-reactive protein level and higher incidence of ED. The mean IIEF score was significantly lower in patients at high risk of OSA (16.2 ± 5.4 vs. 20.5 ± 6.4; P =0.004). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, high risk of OSA was strong and an independent risk factor of ED in STEMI patients (odds ratio 55.71, 95% confidence interval 3.36–923.81; P =0.005).

Conclusion

ED was highly prevalent in STEMI patients at high risk of OSA. High risk of OSA was strong, independent risk factor for developing ED.
The Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus and Female Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Burrows Lara J. , Creasey Alia , Goldstein Andrew T.
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Women with lichen sclerosus (LS) are more likely to have dyspareunia, decreased orgasm, and decreased coital frequency as compared to unaffected women. It is unknown whether standard medical therapy to treat LS results in improved sexual functioning.

Aims

To describe sexual function in women with LS and to assess if LS-associated sexual dysfunction decreases after appropriate medical therapy.

Methods

Women enrolled in a double-blind trial 12-week trial comparing clobetasol vs. pimecrolimus for the treatment of LS were administered the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS) upon enrollment and at the end of the trial. The difference in the total score on the FSDS between the two groups before and after treatment was assessed with a paired t-test.

Main Outcome Measures

The change in mean FSDS score from baseline to 12 weeks.

Results

A total of 31 out of 36 enrolled women had adequate treatment of LS as determined by a dermatopathologist’s evaluation of pre and post-treatment biopsy specimens. The mean baseline FSDS score for the clobetasol group was 29 and, post-treatment, it was 15 (P = 0.001). In the pimecrolimus group, the mean baseline FSDS score was 27 and, post–treatment, it was 21 (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Despite adequate treatment, women with LS continue to have significant sexual dysfunction as assessed by the FSDS.
In the light of new greenhouse technologies: 1. Plant‐mediated effects of artificial lighting on arthropods and tritrophic interactions
Authors: Vänninen I. , Pinto D.M. , Nissinen A.I. , Johansen N.S. , Shipp L.
Published: October 2010

This review describes the effects of the current and emerging lighting technologies on plants, and the plant‐mediated effects on herbivorous and beneficial arthropods in high‐technology year‐round greenhouse production, where light quality, quantity and photoperiod differ from the natural environment. The spectrum provided by the current lighting technology, high‐pressure sodium lamp (HPSL), differs considerably from that of solar radiation. The major plant‐mediated effects on arthropods were predicted to result from (a) extended photoperiods and lower light integrals, (b) the attenuation of ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, particularly UV‐B, (c) the high red: far‐red (R : FR) ratio and lower blue : red (B : R) in comparison with solar radiation and (d) the high proportion of yellow wavelengths during winter months. Of these light factors (a–d) (ceteris paribus), (a) and (b) were hypothesised to result in increased performance of herbivores in winter months, whereas the high R : FR ratio decreased herbivore performance or not affected it, at least when interlights are used. The predictions obtained on the basis of this review are also discussed in relation to the modifying factors prevailing in these production environments: enriched CO2 levels, high nutrient amounts, optimised irrigation and temperatures optimal for plants' needs. Based on the carbon/nitrogen and growth/differentiation balance theories, these modifying factors tend to produce plants that allocate most resources to growth at the expense of defensive secondary metabolism and physicochemical defensive structures. At the end, this review discusses knowledge gaps and future research prospects, in which light‐emitting diodes, the emerging lighting technology, play an important role by enabling the targeted manipulation of plant responses to different wavelengths.
Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in children: how reliable are clinical and radiological signs in the diagnosis?
Authors: Orji F.T. , Akpeh J.O.
Published: October 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 479–485

Objectives:  To evaluate the yield of clinical and radiological features in the diagnosis of suspected foreign body aspiration in children and to assess factors associated with delayed diagnosis of foreign body aspiration.

Study design and setting:  Retrospective review of 10 years of experience in tertiary referral centre.

Participants:  Data were extracted from clinical records of children who underwent rigid bronchoscopy for suspected foreign body aspiration at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu from 2000 to 2009.

Main outcome measures:  Clinical features and radiological findings were validated against bronchoscopic findings.

Results:  Data of 103 children, (mean = 2.7 years, range =7 months to 14 years; 64% boys and 36% girls, were analysed. Majority (73%) were under 3 years of age. Foreign body aspiration was proven bronchoscopically in 85 (83%) patients. The most common symptoms were sudden choking crisis (74%) and paroxysms of cough (73%). Independent predictors of proven foreign body aspiration were witnessed aspiration, choking crisis and unilateral decreased breath sounds in univariate (P = 0.001, <0.001, and 0.001 respectively) and multivariable analyses (P = 0.02, 0.001, and <0.001 respectively). The most sensitive and specific clinical features were choking (86%) and witnessed aspiration episode (89%), respectively. Available chest radiographs revealed radio‐opaque objects in 27% of patients. Delayed diagnosis of foreign body aspiration (>72 h) was significantly more in younger children (t = 3.29; P = 0.001), as well as in children with no history of witnessed aspiration, negative chest examination and radiological signs (P < 0.001, P = 0.02 and P = 0.04 respectively).

Conclusion:  To prevent the delayed diagnosis, witnessed aspiration, choking crisis, unilateral decreased breath sounds and radiopaque objects should be checked in all suspected cases. When history is doubtful, regardless of radiological findings, bronchoscopy can be strongly recommended in the presence of two factors.
Improvement in cerebral function with treatment of posttraumatic stress disordera
Authors: Roy Michael J. , Francis Jennifer , Friedlander Joshua , Banks‐Williams Lisa , Lande Raymond G. , Taylor Patricia , Blair James , McLellan Jennifer , Law Wendy , Tarpley Vanita , Patt Ivy , Yu Henry , Mallinger Alan , Difede Joann , Rizzo Albert , Rothbaum Barbara
Published: October 2010

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are signature illnesses of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, but current diagnostic and therapeutic measures for these conditions are suboptimal. In our study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to try to differentiate military service members with: PTSD and mTBI, PTSD alone, mTBI alone, and neither PTSD nor mTBI. Those with PTSD are then randomized to virtual reality exposure therapy or imaginal exposure. fMRI is repeated after treatment and along with the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores to compare with baseline. Twenty subjects have completed baseline fMRI scans, including four controls and one mTBI only; of 15 treated for PTSD, eight completed posttreatment scans. Most subjects have been male (93%) and Caucasian (83%), with a mean age of 34. Significant improvements are evident on fMRI scans, and corroborated by CGI scores, but CAPS scores improvements are modest. In conclusion, CGI scores and fMRI scans indicate significant improvement in PTSD in both treatment arms, though CAPS score improvements are less robust.
Virtual reality exposure therapy for combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O. , Rizzo Albert “Skip” , Difede JoAnn
Published: October 2010

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic, debilitating, psychological condition that occurs in a subset of individuals who experience or witness life‐threatening traumatic events. PTSD is highly prevalent in those who served in the military. In this paper, we present the underlying theoretical foundations and existing research on virtual reality exposure therapy, a recently emerging treatment for PTSD. Three virtual reality scenarios used to treat PTSD in active duty military and combat veterans and survivors of terrorism are presented: Virtual Vietnam, Virtual Iraq, and Virtual World Trade Center. Preliminary results of ongoing trials are presented.
A trauma‐like model of political extremism: psycho‐political fault lines in Israel
Authors: Laor Nathaniel , Yanay‐Shani Alma , Wolmer Leo , Khoury Oula
Published: October 2010

This study examines a trauma‐like model of potentially violent political extremism among Jewish Israelis. We study the psychosocial characteristics of political extremists that may lie at the root of sociopolitical instability and assess personal (gender, stressful life events, Holocaust family background, and political activism) and psychological parameters (self‐ and political transcendence, perceived political threats, in/out‐group identification ratio) that may predict readiness to engage in destructive political behavior. We examine the ideological zeal of various political groups, the relationship between the latter and perceived political threats, and the predictors of extreme political activism. Results showed that the extreme political poles displayed high level of ideological and morbid transcendence. Right extremists displayed higher perceived threats to physical existence and national identity. Left extremists scored highest on perceived moral integrity threat. Higher perceived threats to national identity and moral integrity, risk, and self‐transcendence statistically explain morbid transcendence. When fear conjures up extremely skewed sociopolitical identifications across political boundaries, morbid transcendence may manifest itself in destructive political activity.
“When hatred is bred in the bone:” the social psychology of terrorism
Authors: Post Jerrold M.
Published: October 2010

Terrorists are not crazed fanatics. Indeed, terrorist groups screen out emotionally unstable individuals—they would be a security risk. Rather it is group, organizational, and social psychology, with particular emphasis on collective identity that motivates terrorist behavior. There is a diverse spectrum of terrorist psychologies and motivations. In terms of generational provenance, nationalist–separatist terrorists are carrying on the mission of their parents—they are loyal to families who have been damaged by the regime. In contrast, social–revolutionary terrorists are disloyal to families who are loyal to the regime. Religious fundamentalist terrorists are “killing in the name of God.” Suicide, proscribed by the Koran, has been reframed as martyrdom, which is highly valued. The new media, especially the Internet, have played an increasingly prominent role in radicalizing individuals, creating a virtual community of hatred. Understanding terrorist psychology is crucial to formulating effective counter‐terrorist strategy. Key elements include inhibiting potential terrorists from joining the group, creating tension within the group, facilitating exit from the group, reducing support for the group, and delegitimating its leader.
Buddy‐to‐Buddy, a citizen soldier peer support program to counteract stigma, PTSD, depression, and suicide
Authors: Greden John F. , Valenstein Marcia , Spinner Jane , Blow Adrian , Gorman Lisa A. , Dalack Gregory W. , Marcus Sheila , Kees Michelle
Published: October 2010

Citizen soldiers (National Guard and Reserves) represent approximately 40% of the two million armed forces deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq. Twenty‐five to forty percent of them develop PTSD, clinical depression, sleep disturbances, or suicidal thoughts. Upon returning home, many encounter additional stresses and hurdles to obtaining care: specifically, many civilian communities lack military medical/psychiatric facilities; financial, job, home, and relationship stresses have evolved or have been exacerbated during deployment; uncertainty has increased related to future deployment; there is loss of contact with military peers; and there is reluctance to recognize and acknowledge mental health needs that interfere with treatment entry and adherence. Approximately half of those needing help are not receiving it. To address this constellation of issues, a private–public partnership was formed under the auspices of the Welcome Back Veterans Initiative. In Michigan, the Army National Guard teamed with the University of Michigan and Michigan State University to develop innovative peer‐to‐peer programs for soldiers (Buddy‐to‐Buddy) and augmented programs for military families. Goals are to improve treatment entry, adherence, clinical outcomes, and to reduce suicides. This manuscript describes training approaches, preliminary results, and explores future national dissemination.
Effects of psychological and biomechanical trauma on brain and behavior
Authors: McAllister Thomas W. , Stein Murray B.
Published: October 2010

The current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have resulted in a large cohort of military personnel exposed to combat‐related psychological trauma as well as biomechanical trauma, including proximity to blast events. Historically, the long‐term effects of both types of trauma have been viewed as having different neural substrates, with some controversy over the proper attribution of such symptoms evident after each of the major conflicts of the last century. Recently, great effort has been directed toward distinguishing which neuropsychiatric sequelae are due to which type of trauma. Of interest, however, is that the chronic effects of exposure to either process are associated with a significant overlap in clinical symptoms. Furthermore, similar brain regions are vulnerable to the effects of either psychological or biomechanical trauma, raising the possibility that shared mechanisms may underlie the clinically observed overlap in symptom profile. This paper reviews the literature on the neural substrate of biomechanical and psychological injury and discusses the implications for evaluation and treatment of the neuropsychiatric sequelae of these processes.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic stress: from bench to bedside, from war to disaster
Authors: Ursano Robert J. , Goldenberg Matthew , Zhang Lei , Carlton Janis , Fullerton Carol S. , Li He , Johnson Luke , Benedek David
Published: October 2010

War is a tragic event and its mental health consequences can be profound. Recent studies indicate substantial rates of posttraumatic stress disorder and other behavioral alterations because of war exposure. Understanding the psychological, behavioral, and neurobiological mechanism of mental health and behavioral changes related to war exposure is critical to helping those in need of care. Substantial work to encourage bench to bedside to community knowledge and communication is a core component of addressing this world health need.
Psychiatric and neurologic aspects of war: concluding comments on the ARNMD conference
Authors: Silbersweig David A.
Published: October 2010

These concluding remarks address some of the main disorders that were described during the 89th Annual Conference of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease entitled “Psychiatric and Neurologic Aspects of War,” held December 16, 2009 at The Rockefeller University, New York, New York. Brief remarks are also made on the roles of clinical scientists to consider some of the diagnostic, therapeutic, and societal elements that were discussed at the conference.
DNA barcodes of Philippine accipitrids
Authors: ONG PERRY S. , LUCZON ADRIAN U. , QUILANG JONAS P. , SUMAYA ANNA MAE T. , IBAÑEZ JAYSON C. , SALVADOR DENNIS J. , FONTANILLA IAN KENDRICH C.
Published: October 2010

DNA barcoding is a molecular method that rapidly identifies an individual to a known taxon or its closest relative based on a 650‐bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). In this study, DNA barcodes of members of the family Accipitridae, including Haliastur indus (brahminy kite), Haliaeetus leucogaster (white‐bellied sea eagle), Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus (grey‐headed fish eagle), Spilornis holospilus (crested serpent‐eagle), Spizaetus philippensis (Philippine hawk‐eagle), and Pithecophaga jefferyi (Philippine eagle), are reported for the first time. All individuals sampled are kept at the Philippine Eagle Center in Davao City, Philippines. Basic local alignment search tool results demonstrated that the COI sequences for these species were unique. The COI gene trees constructed using the maximum‐likelihood and neighbour‐joining (NJ) methods supported the monophyly of the booted eagles of the Aquilinae and the sea eagles of the Haliaeetinae but not the kites of the Milvinae.
Zonal Metamorphic Complex in the Tongulack Mountain Ridge, Altai, Russia, and Explanation of Its Origin with the Help of Thermal Modelling
Authors: Lepezin G.G. , Reverdatto V.V.
Published: October 2010

Abstract A moderate pressure/high temperature zonal metamorphic complex in the Tongulack Mountain Ridge, Altai, Russia, is described, and the applicability of the models of magmatic intrusion and fluid flow to explanation of its origin discussed. The Precambrian complex was formed at 500–700°C and 3.0–5.5 kbars; it is a linear, 25–30 km wide, thermal anticline with a curved axis showing symmetric metamorphic zoning. The metamorphism was isochemical by its nature, as is corroborated by the chemical compositions of the rocks. Four zones can be recognized within the metamorphic complex: chloritic (on the peripheries), cordieritic, sillimanitic and staurolite‐out (in the centre). The zones are separated by successive isograds: cordierite, staurolite‐in or sillimanite and staurolite‐out. It is argued that the origin of the metamorphic zoning can be explained best by a combined fluid‐magmatic model; conductive heat flow from the intrusion predominated considerably over the fluid flux in heat transfer: the fluid flow rate was estimated as about 3 • 10−9g/cm2, • s. The modern position of the axial region of the metamorphic belt is predicted to be lying roughly about 1.5 km above the roof of the intrusive body.
Distribution and Significance of Carbazole Compounds in Palaeozoic Oils from the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim
Authors: Luofu LIU
Published: October 2010

Abstract  Carbazole compounds in crude oils from the Tazhong uplift of the Tarim basin have been fractionated and detected and successfully used to study petroleum migration and trace source rocks in the study area. Alkylcarbazoles have been found in large amounts in the oil samples analyzed and alkylbenzocarbazoles detected in a small concentration only in part of the samples, but alkyldibenzocarbazoles have not been found in oils. Based on the distribution of G1, G2 and G3 of C2‐alkylcarbazoles, the ratio of C3‐carbazoles to C2‐carbazoles and the relative amounts of alkylcarbazoles and alkylbenzocarbazoles, one can know that the vertical oil migration in the Tazhong uplift is generally from below upward, i.e. from the Ordovician through the Silurian to the Carboniferous. Evidently, source rocks in the uplift should be lower Palaeozoic strata (Ordovician and Cambrian). This study shows that carbazoles are of great importance in the study of petroleum migration and source rocks.
Reform of Carbonate Rock Subsurface by Crustose Lichens and Its Environmental Significance
Authors: Jianhua CAO , Fuxing WANG
Published: October 2010

Abstract  Crustose lichens are distributed extensively in karst areas in Southern China. They can be found on the surface of carbonate rocks. Through biophysical and biochemical processes, crustose lichens reform the subsurface of carbonate rocks and in the meanwhile change their physical and chemical properties: (1) the mechanical strength decreases by 17.04° on average (up to 33.2°); (2) the chemical solution surface area increases from 28.26% to 75.36% (lichen microholes considered only); and (3) the water‐holding capacity is greatly improved. Comparative field experiments between biokarst samples underneath crustose lichens and fresh rock samples with the same composition and texture show that the corrosional rate of carbonate rocks of the former is 1.264–1.643 times higher than that of the latter. Crustose lichens are considered as an activator of the surface corrosion of carbonate rocks.
A Simulation Study on the Evolution of Groundwater Circulation Systems in Cenozoic Basins of Northern China
Authors: Dehong SHI , Xia YIN , Jichao SUN , Zhengzhou YIN
Published: October 2010

Abstract  Three Cenozoic basins—the Qaidam basin, the Weihe graben‐type basin and the North China plain—which are different in climatic conditions, geological settings and run—off types, are selected for the study. Based on an analysis of background information of the transect along the middle‐latitude region, studies of groundwater dynamics, geochemistry, simulation of water circulation of the main elements as well as isotopic chronology, the information on global changes is collected, the formation of groundwater circulation systems and their evolution under stacked impacts of natural conditions and human activities are discussed, and a correlation is made between the evolutionary features of the above systems in these basins since 25 ka B.P. All these have laid a good foundation for further generalizing the evolutionary model of land water in northern China.
The Palaeoclimate Variations in the Central Plains Since the Interstade of the Last Glacial Stage
Authors: Huaguo XIAO , Xihao WU , Fuchu JIANG , Bin XUE , Guoqiang TIAN , Ke LIU
Published: October 2010

Abstract  Through the study of a high‐resolution loess record in the Central Plains, the short—term palaeoclimatic variations since the interstade of the last glacial stage have been discussed in this paper. The palaeoclimate in the East Asian monsoon areas shows different variation patterns in summer and winter. A correlation of the palaeomonsoon records of loess with the δ18O records of the ice core and deep sea is made, and some of the causes for their differences are also discussed.
Meso‐Cenozioc Tectonic Attribute of Southern China and Folding of the Nanhua (South Cathay) Orogenic Belt
Authors: Fuxiang GUO
Published: October 2010

Abstract  The Meso‐Cenozoic tectonic attribute of southern China is a continental tridirectional orogenic belt formed by subsynchronous interaction among the Tethys, Northwest Pacific and Kunlun‐Qinling tectonic domains. It was created by superimposition of repeated orogenies since the Late Permian. The Indosinian folds therein are gentle and localized.
Thoughts on the Jiaodong Gold Province of China: Towards a Tectonic Model
Authors: Chen YUAN , FYFE William S. , ZANG Weisheng , Guangyuan CHEN , Daisheng SUN
Published: October 2010

Abstract The Jiaodong gold province is situated in the eastern Sino‐Korean Platform within the so‐called Jiaoliao Uplift. The basement rocks are Archaean and Proterozoic metamorphic rocks. Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic cover occur within extensional basins. Intrusive rocks are dominated by Mesozoic granitoid, with intermediate‐acid and basic dyke swarms. The structures form an E‐W‐trending anticlinorium in the basement complex, and large‐scale NE‐SW‐ and NNE‐SSW‐trending fault zones of Mesozoic age. The gold mineralization is associated with the Mesozoic faults and related secondary fractures in the granites or granite‐basement contacts. The mineralization types are quartz‐vein type and wall‐rock alteration type. Wall‐rock alteration is very well developed around the ore zones. Alteration minerals include quartz, sericite (and fuchsite), pyrite, calcite, chlorite, hematite, rutile and graphite. The ore assemblage is uniform in all deposits, including pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, gold, electrum, hessite, petzite, magnetite, molybdenite, tetrahedrite and wolframite. Mesozoic collision and subduction between the South China and North China continental blocks contributed to formation of the Mesozoic granitoid intrusions. The granitic magma is considered to be derived from partial melting of the crust through underplating processes. Gold was remobilised from basement rocks and deposited in fracture zones by the high‐temperature fluids associated with these processes.
Geology, Geochemistry and Origin of the Hongshan Porphyry‐Cryptoexplosive Breccia Type Copper Deposit in Huichang County, Jiangxi Prvince
Authors: Jiyuan ZHOU , Bingfang CUI , Shizhong CHEN
Published: October 2010

Abstract The Hongshan porphyry‐cryptoexplosive breccia type copper deposit occurs in a metamorphic rock series of the Mesoproterozoic Zhongcun Group. Orebodies are distributed inside and outside porphyry‐cryptoexplosive breccia pipes. The deposit involves five ore‐forming types, i.e the porphyry type, cryptoexplosive breccia type, contact‐zone veinlet‐disseminated type, in‐pipe fracture‐zone filling‐replacement type and out‐of‐pipe fracture‐zone filling‐replacement type, forming an ore‐forming system of “five ore‐forming types within a single rock body”. Fluid inclusion and isotope geochemical studies indicate the following: S, Pb, O and Sr were derived from the lower crust, Nd was derived from the continental crust or depleted mantle and rare earth elements (REE) and trace elements have the crustal source characters; fluids consist dominantly of formation water, metamorphic water and ***meteoric water with a part of magmatic mater, heat came from porphyry while the latter originated from partial melting caused by shear heating in the lower crust and upper mantle. According to its origin the deposit is classified as the hypabyssal and near‐surface, meso‐ and hypothermal copper deposit associated with the late Yanshanian porphyry‐cryptoexplosive breccia.
Geochemical Tracing of Ore‐forming Material Sources of Carlin‐type Gold Deposits in the Yunnan‐Guizhou‐Guangxi Triangle Area—A Case Study of the Application of the Combined Silicon Isotopes Geochemistry and Siliceous Cathodoluminescence Analysis
Authors: Xianfan LIU , Shijun NI , Qiuxia LU , Jingfu JIN , Laimin ZHU
Published: October 2010

Abstract This paper deals with characteristics of silicon isotope compositions and siliceous cathodoluminescence of host rocks, ores and hydrothermal silicified quartz of the Carlin‐type ore deposits in the Yunnan‐Guizhou‐Guangxi triangle area. The study shows that primary silicified quartz is nonluminescent but quartz in host rocks and secondary silicified quartz are luminescent by the action of cathode rays. Correspondingly, silicon isotope compositions of host rocks, ores and hydro6thermal quartz veins are clearly distinguished. In strata from the Middle Triassic to the “Dachang” host bed, δ30Si of the host rocks ranges from 0.0% −0.3%, while that of primary ore‐forming silicified fluids from −0.1% to −0.4%; in the Upper Permian and Lower Carboniferous strata and Indosinian diabase host beds, δ30Si of the host rocks is from −0.1% to −0.2% and that of the primary silicified quartz veins from 0.3 % −0.5 %. This pattern demonstrates the following geochemical mineralization process, primary ore‐forming siliceous fluids migrated upwards quickly along the main passages of deep‐seated faults from mantle to crust and entered secondary faults where gold deposits were eventually formed as a result of permeation and replacement of the siliceous ore‐forming fluids into different ore‐bearing strata. This gives important evidence for the fact that ore‐forming fluids of this type of gold deposits were mainly derived from upper mantle differentiation and shows good prospects for deep gold deposits and geochemical background for large and superlarge gold deposits.
A Study of High‐Temperature and High‐Pressure Experiment of Correlativity between Deformational System of Au‐Bearing Rocks and Element Adjustment
Authors: Faxian DONG , Zhongjian LI , Bailin CHEN , Jianping WANG
Published: October 2010

Abstract Modelling of migration and accumulation of elements Au and Ag in rocks under temperatures of 350–450°C and a confining pressure of 300 MPa and axial pressure of 100–150 MPa is conducted. It is found that the contents of gold and silver get higher in metallic sulphides such as pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite as well as in quartz and muscovite, and get lower in chlorite, biotite, seriate, albite and calcite, showing that tectono‐dynamics is one of the important factors for petrogenesis and metallogenesis.
Experimental Observation of the Ore‐Forming Fluid NaCl‐H2O System in the Earth Interior
Authors: Ronghua ZHANG , Shumin HU
Published: October 2010

Abstract The NaCl‐H2O binary system is a major component of solutions coexisting with ores. Observation of saturated solutions of NaCl‐H2O by using the method of hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) is a new approach to the study of ore‐forming fluids. The salinities of NaCl‐H2O solutions in experimental observation are in a range of 32–55%. The observed temperature range is 25°C–850°C, and the pressure range 1 atm‐10 kb. In this temperature‐pressure range, the supercritical single phase, two phases (L,V) close to the critical state and two‐phased (L+V) immiscible region were observed. And for the salinity of 35% the two phase L+V immiscible region of NaCl‐H2O solution was observed in a range of 253–720°C. Another temperature range, 400–817°C, was observed for the immiscible two‐phased region of 50% salinity solution. In the high‐temperature part of the two‐phased immiscible region, the phase nature is very unstable. A “critical phenomenon” was observed when the heating path was very close to the critical state. It is possible to observe a ‘critical phenomenon’: an “explosion” occurred almost constantly at the interface between the liquid and vapour and the interface is rather obscure. A continuous transition between phases L and V could be found in the immiscible L+V phase while heating continuously. Moreover, as the NaCl‐H2O solution was separated into liquid and vapour phases, static charges surrounding each vapour bubble could be seen, and these bubbles were attracted together by the static charges to form a special solution structure. Besides, critical states of different salinities of NaCl‐H2O were observed in order to study the properties of the fluids occurring in the rocks in the earth interior, the origin of ore‐bearing fluids and the significance of supercritical fluid with respect to the ore formation. The comparison of the salinity data of the fluid inclusions in the minerals of ore deposits with observations of NaCl‐H2O under HDAC in the conditions of high temperatures and pressures, combined with further thermodynamic analysis of ore‐formation conditions would explain in depth the factors determining the ore formation.
Characteristics of Coal Accumulation of Transform‐Extensional Basins in Linear Fracture Zones: A Case Study of the Meihekou Basin
Authors: Xinguo ZHUANG
Published: October 2010

Abstract This paper discusses the characteristics of coal accumulation of transfor‐extensional basins in linear fracture zones on the basis of an analysis of tectonic evolution and sequence stratigraphy in the Meihekou basin. Coal accumulation of the basin occurred mainly in the accelerated rifting period of the transtentional regime and in the late period of tectonic transformation of the transpressional regime. In the former period, swamps developed in shallow lakes. The thickness of coal seams was controlled by the activity of fault block. Thick coal was formed in a downfaulted trough. In the latter period, swamps developed in a braided fan delta plain. The coal seams are thin and have poor lateral continuity. The thickness of coal seams was controlled by the migration of water channels in the braided plain.
A Carbon Isotopic Stratigraphic Pattern of the Late Palaeozoic Coals in the North China Platform and Its Palaeoclimatic Implications
Authors: Hong ZHANG , Guanglong SHEN , Zonglian HE
Published: October 2010

Abstract This paper gives the stable carbon isotopic data in coals from the Late Namurian to Kazanian stages in the Serteng Mt., Xishan and Huainan coalfields of the North China Platform. Its stratigraphic pattern shows that several isotopic shifts are apparent, and the large δ13C negative shifts (approximately 2.5 to 3.0 %%) occurred during the Stephanian, Artinskian and Kazanian are observed in three Permo‐Carboniferous coalfields. Those negative shifts are neither related to the coal rank and coal macerals, nor caused by the variety of peat‐forming plants. The general decrease in the δ13C values of the Stephanian, Artinskian and Kazanian coals is consistent with an overall decrease in the δ13C values of ambient atmospheric CO2 and/or a relative increase in atmospheric Pco2 during the coal‐forming periods. Therefore the authors postulate that the oxidation of peat, and the δ13C‐depleted CO2 flux into the atmosphere during the above stages may have contributed to coeval palaeoclimatic warming by way of the greenhouse effect.
Lithospheric Evolution and Geodynamic Process of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau: An Inspiration from the Yadong‐Golmud‐Ejin Geoscience Transect
Authors: Tingdong LI , Rui GAO , Gongjian WU
Published: October 2010

Abstract The Tibet Geoscience Transect (Yadong‐Golmud‐Ejin) has revealed the basic structures, tectonic evolution and geodynamic process of the lithosphere of the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau. The evidence of northward thrusting of the Indian plate beneath the Himalayans on the southern margin and to southward compression of the Alxa block on the northern margin has been found. They were the driving forces causing the plateau uplift. The plateau is a continent resulting from amalgamation of eight terranes. These terranes are separated by sutures or large‐scale faults, and different terranes have different lateral inhomogeneities and multi‐layered lithospheric structures. At depths of about 20–30 km of the crust in the interior of the plateau there commonly exists a low‐velocity layer. It is an uncoupled layer of the tectonic stress; above the layer, the upper crustal slices were thrust and overlapped each other and the rocks underwent brittle deformation, thus leading to shortening and thickening of the upper crust. Below the layer, the lateral change of the structure of the lower crust varies most greatly and ductile deformation occurs. The lower crust velocity of southern Tibet shows the reversed feature; whereas the lower crust velocity of northern Tibet increases and displays strong gradient variation and the character of the double Moho. On the whole, the Moho of the plateau is greatly undulatory. Although the crust of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau has a great thickness, the lithosphere does not thicken markedly. The plateau is in a state of bi‐directional compression. The unstable change of the Moho, the interaction between the crust and mantle and between the lithosphere and asthenosphere caused by the sinking of the lithospheric mantle and the strike slip and extension of the crust are the major dynamic factors for maintaining the present height and scope of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau.
On Geophysical Background of Superlarge Deposits in the Chinese Continent
Authors: Cong PENG , Rongfu PEI , Rui GAO
Published: October 2010

Abstract Based on the study of tens of geophysical profiles (seismic, geothermal flow and magnetotelluric sounding profiles) and 3‐D shear wave velocity structures of the Chinese continent and its neighbouring regions, this paper describes the 3‐D crustal and upper mantle structures and discusses briefly the deep geophysical background of superlarge ore deposits in the Chinese continent. Superlarge deposits are usually very few in number, but they are distributed still in certain forms such as “point”, “zone” and “area”. Most of the large‐, medium‐ and small‐sized deposits occur near the margins of different tectonic units; while the superlarge endogenic polymetallic deposits occur mostly in thinned mantle lithosphere, uplifts of the asthenosphere (vertical low‐velocity zones) and the transformation zones of lateral inhomogeneity (weak zones) in the upper mantle. The superlarge endogenic polymetallic deposits are almost unevenly distributed in three major ore zones in China, corresponding to the boundaries of inhomogeneous regions in the asthenosphere.

The authors argue that the lithospheric structure is to some extent in agreement with the geotectonic units, suggesting that the crust structure is influenced and restricted by the lithosphere, and that the crust and upper mantle both exhibit low‐velocity nature. Therefore, vertical low‐velocity zones of seismic waves are considered to be a favourable environment for endogenic polymetallic ore belts.
Characteristics of Element Migration in the Process of Wall‐Rock Alteration in the Shibangou Gold Deposit, Western Henan
Authors: Junhao WEI , Jianwei LI , Yanbin YUAN
Published: October 2010

Abstract The Shibangou gold deposit in western Henan is associated with irregular quartz veinlets occurring in altered shear zones dissecting a dioritic intrusion. The altered shear zones are characterized by silicification, pyritization, sericilization, chloritization and K‐feldspar alteration. Zoning of altered rocks adjacent to the Au‐bearing quartz veins is obviously exhibited. Fine‐grained sulphides and quartz veinlets of different ages and small‐scale fissures are widely distributed in the central part of the altered zones. Major mineralization types in this gold deposit are Au‐bearing quartz veinlets and altered rocks in the shear zones. Samples were collected from drilling cores according to the alteration zoning and mineralization type and all samples were analyzed for major and trace elements. Mass balance, volume change (fv=97.3–71.9%) and major element variation sequences are studied in terms of major elements. The changes of mobile components (SiO2, K2O, Fe2O3) and CaO) and immobile component (Al2O3) in the wall‐rock alteration are discussed. The gold mineralization is associated with the enrichment of As, Ag, Hg and Pb and depletion of Cu and Zn. The study of compositional variation of altered rocks proves to be a very efficient method for defining the extent of wall‐rock alteration, fluid activity and mineralization and enrichment.
ESR Dating of the Evolution of the Shuanghu Basin in the Northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhenhan WU , Wan JIANG , Blisniuk Peter , Siwen BI , Shukun ZHANG , Kuchel Olaf , Yi MAO
Published: October 2010

The Shuanghu basin is a NE‐trending rift basin bounded by NE‐striking normal faults and NW‐striking shear‐extensional faults of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Four samples from calcite veins in marginal faults and one sample from mudstone (S‐3) were collected for dating the evolution of the Shuanghu basin by using the ESR spectrograph of EXM‐type. Ages were calculated according to the close‐equilibrium model on the basis of the measured ESR signal spectra of samples, providing good chronological information. It is known from the ESR dating that the extensional faulting and rifting of the Shuanghu area began at 4.92 Ma B.P., followed by regional folding in 3.56–1.36 Ma, NW‐striking faulting in 0.60 Ma and normal faulting in 0.024 Ma in the Shuanghu basin.
High‐ and Ultrahigh‐pressure Metamorphism and Retrogressive Textures of Gneiss in the Donghai Area
Authors: Fulai LIU , Zhiqin XU , Huifen XU , Jingsui YANG
Published: October 2010

In the gneisses from the drillhole ZK2304 of the Donghai area, there have been preserved high‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic mineral assemblages, a series of complicated retrogressive textures and relevant metamorphic reactions. In addition to garnet, jadeititic‐clinopyroxene and rutile, other peak stage (M2) minerals in some gneisses include phengite, aragonite and coesite or quartz pseudomorphs after coesite. The typical peak‐stage mineral assemblages in gneisses are characterized by garnet + jadeitic‐clinopyroxene + rutile + coesite, garnet + jadeitic‐clinopyroxene + phengite + rutile ± coesite and garnet + jadeitic‐clinopyroxene + aragonite + rutile ± coesite. The grossular content (Gro) in garnet is high and may reach 50.1 mol%. The SiO2 content of phengite ranges from 54.37% to 54.84% with 3.54–3.57 p.f.u. Quartz pseudomorphs after coesite occur as inclusions in garnet.

The gneisses of the Donghai area have been subjected to multistage recrystallization and exhibit a closewise P‐T evolutional path characterized by the near‐isothermal decompression. The inclusion assemblage (Hb+Ep+Bi+Pl+Qz) within garnet and other minerals has recorded a pre‐peak stage (M1) epidote amphibole fades metamorphic event. High‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure peak metamorphism (M2) took place at T=750–860°C and P>2.7 GPa. The symplectitic assemblages after garnet, jadeitic‐clinopyroxene and rutile imply a near‐isothermal decompression metamorphism (M3, M4) during the rapid exhumation. Several lines of evidence of petrography and metamorphic reactions indicate that both gneisses and eclogites have experienced ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism in the Donghai area. This research may be of great significance for an in‐depth study of the metamorphism and tectonic evolution in the Su‐Lu ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic belt.
Fluids and Melts in the Upper Mantle
Authors: Linqi XIA , Zuchun XIA , Xueyi XU
Published: October 2010

This paper presents a direct study of the fluids and melts in the upper mantle by examining the fluid inclusions, melt inclusions and glasses trapped in the mantle lherzolite xenoliths entrained by Cenozoic alkali basalts (basanite, olivine‐nephelinite and alkali‐olivine basalt) from eastern China. The study indicates that the volatile components, which are dissolved in high‐pressure solid mineral phases of mantle peridotite at depths, may be exsolved under decompressive conditions of mantle plume upwelling to produce the initial free fluid phases in the upper mantle. The free fluid phases migrating in the upper mantle may result in lowering of the mantle solidus (and liquidus), thereby initiating partial melting of the upper mantle, and in the meantime, producing metasomatic effects on the latter.