bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It Pays to Switch? Consequences of Changing Answers on Multiple-Choice Examinations
Authors: Foote Russell , Belinky Charles
Published: September 2011

Common observation indicates a widely held folk-admonition among students and teachers that it is unwise to switch answers to questions on multiple-choice tests because the first response selected is more apt to be correct than a subsequently selected alternative answer. With Ss from two introductory college psychology courses which differed in terms of instructors, format of tests used, and enrollment (222 vs 162), it was found that across four examinations in each of the courses: (a) about 55% of all changes of answers made were positive (i.e., from an incorrect to the correct alternative), (b) approximately 24% of all changes made were neutral (i.e., from one wrong alternative to another such answer), and (c) less than 22% of all changes made were negative (i.e., from an initially correct answer to an erroneous response). In addition, to provide this information—which clearly invalidates the folk-admonition to students—did not alter the average rate at which they switched answers.
Consistency in Crises and Responses
Authors: Pollack Donald
Published: September 2011

154 Ss were asked to describe severe crises in their lives and subsequent responses. Three a priori hypotheses were then tested by a three-way chi-square analysis. Frustration accounted for more than the predicted 50% of severest crises. Response flexibility rather than the predicted consistency was found, which has implications for personality theory. There was no evidence of consistency in a series of crises. Frustration appears to sensitize people to perceive subsequent crises similarly when, in fact, they may be different. The data suggest that psychotherapy should focus on new perceptions rather than new responses.
The Repression-Sensitization Dimension and Emotional Response to Stimuli
Authors: Lewinsohn Peter M. , Bergquist William H. , Brelje T.
Published: September 2011

The results of two experiments concerned with differential reaction patterns of repressors and sensitizers to threatening stimuli are reported. Contrary to expectation differences in duration of looking at unpleasant pictures between repressors and sensitizers did not attain statistical significance. Nor were there any systematic differences in autonomic, or other covert, response patterns found. Female Ss turned the unpleasant pictures off more quickly, gave larger GSRs during the word-association test and female repressors gave larger GSRs to the threatening words and had a higher incidence of “labile” GSR records. It is suggested that sex may be important in studying the effects of aversive stimuli.
Internal vs External Locus of Control and the Use of Self-Reinforcement
Authors: Bellack Alan
Published: September 2011

All Ss received training on a verbal discrimination task with E reinforcing correct responses. After training to a 60% criterion E ceased administering reinforcement and Ss were instructed to reinforce themselves after correct responses. Ss were divided into internal and external locus of control groups; during the self-reinforcement phase, half of each group received the same stimuli as during training and half received a generalization set. There were no differences between internals and externals in total self-reinforcement used or in its correctness. Internals made fewer correct responses and gave more incorrect self-reinforcement despite a lack of differences in initial learning. Results and implications were discussed in terms of the identification and establishment of reinforcement contingencies by the two locus of control types.
Effect of Long-Term Treatment on Personality Change of High-Risk Alcoholics
Authors: Nelson Paul C. , Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

The Differential Personality Inventory was administered 6 wk. after admission to 40 male high-risk alcoholics. Participants in a long-term special treatment program were characterized by a high recidivism rate. Retests were obtained 16 wk. later and Ss scored significantly lower on 5 of the 27 clinical scales. The reliability coefficient of the individual scales ranged from 0.57 to 0.92. Data show that high-risk alcoholics change relatively little over a 16-wk. period. It was suggested that certain alcoholics needed long-term treatment because they repeatedly failed to respond to treatment and were unable to control their drinking. It was also hypothesized that repeated, uncontrolled drinking might be due to a lack of social stability.
Father's Absence, Psychopathology, and Poetic Eminence
Authors: Martindale Colin
Published: September 2011

Ratings of degree of psychopathology and of probability of cross-sexual identification were made on temporally stratified samples of 42 eminent English and French poets. 55% of Ss had life histories indicating some possibility of cross-sexual identification; of these, 30% came from father-absent homes. 48% exhibited some symptoms of psychopathology; of these, 15% were rated as psychotic. Psychopathology and cross-sexual identification were highly related. Reasons why temporally stratified samples should yield high incidence rates on the variables were explored.
Behavioral Correlates of the Mmpi Paranoia Scale
Authors: Vestre Norris D. , Watson Charles G.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the behavioral correlates of the Paranoia scale of the MMPI. Behavior ratings were made on 112 psychiatric patients using the Hostile Belligerence and Paranoid Projection scales from the Psychotic Inpatient Profile. Product-moment correlations obtained were not statistically significant. Analyses testing an hypothesized curvilinear relationship between Paranoia scale scores and paranoid symptomatology also were not statistically significant.
Effects of Shock Intensity on Shuttlebox Avoidance Conditioning in Goldfish
Authors: Gallon Robert
Published: September 2011

40 goldfish were subjected to shuttlebox avoidance acquisition at 4 shock intensity levels from 3 V to 9 V. The results showed an inverted U-shaped curve, similar to that found in dogs, with an optimum at 7 V. The curve for intertrial responding was similar to the acquisition function. Conditioning at 10 V was unsuccessful, so that 9 V may approach the physical limit to which the fish can withstand shock. The response decrement at 9 V may be due to the debilitating effects of shock.
The Luna I Moon Colony: A Programmed Simulation for the Analysis of Individual and Group Decision Making
Authors: Driver Michael J. , Hunsaker Phillip L.
Published: September 2011

The Luna I Moon Colony Simulation is described, and its possible uses as an instructional and research instrument in the areas of individual and group behavior are discussed. The need for such a simulation which resembles reality, motivates participants, minimizes role behavior, and allows for experimental control is posited, and the Luna I's previous use in experiments concerning goal setting, perception, risk taking, decision making, group organization, and creativity is elaborated on. Suggestions for experimental designs, procedures, scenarios, and data collection are included.
The Purdue Elementary Problem-Solving Inventory
Authors: Feldhusen John F. , Houtz John C. , Ringenbach Susan
Published: September 2011

The Purdue Elementary Problem-solving Inventory was designed to measure problem-solving abilities of socioeconomically disadvantaged children of different ethnic backgrounds in Grades 1 to 6 using real-life tasks. The test consists of 49 problems which are presented as slides portraying children in cartoon form in real-life situations. Ss respond by listening to a tape recording of directions, problem descriptions, and alternatives and then drawing an “X” in a test booklet over the alternative of their choice which may be a picture or a verbal description. The inventory was designed to measure the following abilities: sensing that a problem exists, defining the problem, asking questions, guessing causes, clarifying the goal of the problem situation, judging if more information is needed, analyzing details, redefining familiar objects for unusual uses, seeing implications, solving single- and multiple-solution problems, and verifying solutions. Reliability (KR-20) of the inventory is .79. Analyses of variance demonstrated that ethnic background accounted for only 3% of the variance and SES only 5% while grade level accounted for 37% A principal factor analysis demonstrated that six of the cognitive operations are indeed assessed.
Survey of 504 Cases of Transvestism
Authors: Prince Virginia , Bentler P. M.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 504 nonpatient male transvestites was obtained through the subscription list of a magazine for heterosexual cross-dressers. Individuals filled out a questionnaire, providing data regarding physical and sociological characteristics, related conditions such as transsexualism and homosexuality, recall of the childhood history of their condition, marital relations, dressing patterns, as well as a number of attitudes. Correlations among these variables were also assessed.
Rule Utilization in Solutions of Abstract Picture-Analogy Problems
Authors: Powell Arnold , Love Larry E. , Vega Manuel
Published: September 2011

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that rules are generated and applied in solving analogy problems by providing one group of Ss with the appropriate rules. Analogy problems from the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test were employed in Exp. I, and problems from the Raven Progressive Matrices were employed in Exp. II. The results from both experiments did not support the hypothesis. It was suggested that the possibility, that the cognitive processes involved in comprehending E-generated rules may be as complex as those involved in generating rules from the stimulus materials, should be investigated further.
Attitude Similarity and Evaluation of Potential Counselors
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that attitudinally similar, potential counselors would be evaluated more positively than attitudinally dissimilar ones. Each S received a 12-item Survey of Attitudes (which evidenced either 17% or 83% agreement with S's own attitudes) purportedly filled out by another undergraduate who was planning to enter the field of guidance and counseling. S then evaluated this stimulus person for his probable level of sympathy, understanding, and effectiveness in dealing with psychological problems and indicated the degree to which he would likely be willing to discuss with this potential counselor whatever academic, family, heterosexual, and emotional problems he might have. More favorable evaluations were elicited by the attitudinally similar, potential counselors on all of the dependent variables.
Group Time-Out from Rock and Roll Music and Out-of-Seat Behavior of Handicapped Children While Riding a School Bus
Authors: Ritschl Carlo , Mongrella John , Presbie Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Out-of-seat behavior, a universal and potentially dangerous problem among children while riding school buses, was reduced under a group timeout procedure from rock and roll music. Ss were 6- to 15-yr.-old children from mentally retarded-educable classes. Their classroom teachers acted as observers, recorders, and implementers of the contingencies. Music was played while the bus was moving, as long as all children were sitting in their bus seats and shut-off for 5 sec. for each out-of-seat observed. Reversals to baseline were introduced to assess the effects of the music and group time-out. A marked reduction of out-of-seats occurred with each introduction of the music and group time-out contingency. The results demonstrated the applicability of reinforcement procedures in modifying these behaviors in a moving environment and were consistent with research on reinforcement procedures in modifying out-of-seat behaviors in the closed environment of the classroom.
Mnemonic Techniques Used by College Students in Serial Learning
Authors: Blick Kenneth A. , Buonassissi Joseph V. , Boltwood Charles E.
Published: September 2011

College students reported 8 categories of memory aids that they would employ in learning a serial task. Although no significant differences were found between males and females by category of memory aids reported, there was a significant difference among categories. First letters and simple repetition accounted for 48% of all memory aids, while the remaining 52% were divided almost evenly among imagery, descriptive story, mediation, other, phonetic clustering, and semantic clustering. Clearly, the first-letter technique was the most popular mnemonic associated with the serial task.
Maternal Separation and Emotional Reactivity in Balb/C Mice
Authors: La Barba Richard C. , Hibbs Stanley E. , White Jerry L.
Published: September 2011

9 litters of BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups: (a) a maternal separation group placed in an incubator during separation, (b) a non-incubated separation group, and (c) a non-separated control group. Beginning 24 hr. after birth, the mothers of the separation groups were removed from their pups for 20 hr. per day for 18 consecutive days. At 50 days of age, all Ss were tested in an automated open field on 3 dependent measures, activity level, quadrants traversed, and defecation. The results were inconsistent with those of previous studies. It was concluded that no effect of maternal separation on adult patterns of emotional reactivity was demonstrated.
Test Anxiety and Cheating on College Examinations
Authors: Bronzaft Arline L. , Stuart Irving R. , Blum Barbara
Published: September 2011

To determine the relationship between test anxiety and college cheating, 117 Ss who had completed the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test were subsequently asked to grade their own classroom examination papers. Although Ss with low grades were more likely to cheat and to have greater debilitating test anxiety, no relationship between cheating and test anxiety was found.
A Questionnaire Survey of Rochdale College—“An 18-Storey Flophouse”
Authors: Solursh Lionel P.
Published: September 2011

This report summarizes results of a questionnaire survey of Rochdale College in June, 1971. Rochdale College is an 18-storey building used primarily for residential purposes, viewed from within as a community and thought of from without as a haven for long-haired, drug-using, unwashed, welfare-receiving American draft-dodgers. Approximately 31% of the known residents returned the questionnaire. The responses help clarify questions about age, sex, and marital distribution, education, place of birth, income, activities in Rochdale, non-medical drug use, and health habits.
Inter-Related Effects of Experimental Set and External Reinforcement on Self-Reinforcement
Authors: Ginn Roger O.
Published: September 2011

Using 3 levels of pre-experimental set (high, low, none) and 3 levels of noncontingent external E reinforcement (75%, 25%, none), 2 types of self-reinforcement were investigated. 90 students responded to problem statements and then were asked to indicate those responses which they felt were helpful (self-reinforcement) and those which would be particularly helpful and deserving of reward. No differences were found in either self-reinforcement or “deserving of reward” rate for the 3-set groups. E-reinforcing rate produced significance in self-reinforcing rate with those receiving 75% E-reinforcement giving the greatest number of self-reinforcement and those receiving 75% E-reinforcement the least. There was no sex difference for self-reinforcement. The only significant difference in the “deserving of reward” rate was for sex, with males feeling more of their responses were deserving of reward than did females.
Sex and Grade Differences in Children's Manifest Anxiety
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 452 4th- and 6th-grade boys and girls to the individual dichotomous items of the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale were analyzed by factorial sex-by-grade analyses of variance. Sex and/or grade differences were obtained on 22 items. Girls manifested greater anxiety on items expressing fear, hurt feelings, being lonesome, nervous, having bad dreams. More boys could not keep their minds on schoolwork. Fourth graders expressed more anxiety on items suggesting physiological or psychosomatic areas such as fast heart beat, difficulty in swallowing, going to sleep, sick at stomach, etc. The significant grade difference in total score was attributed to greater maturity of 6th graders.
Flag Choices of Elite American and Canadian Children
Authors: Statt David
Published: September 2011

Following E. D. Lawson's work (1963, 1965) on the flag preferences of lower and middle-class public school children in the U.S. and Canada, a similar study was carried out with elite private school children. As previously found, responses to the U.N., U.S., Russian, and Canadian flags were very similar for both national samples. In addition, the choice patterns of the elite children in the present study and the non-elites of previous studies were also very similar.
Density of Reinforcement: I. Effect on Instrumental Response Vigor
Authors: Spelt Philip F. , Crowley Charles E.
Published: September 2011

This experiment assessed the effect of density of reinforcement (the distribution of food pellets over time) on the instrumental running speed of 48 albino rats. Generally, lower density tended to produce faster run speeds, with magnitude of reward and goal-box detention time held constant. The results are consistent with recent research which showed that consummatory response “consistency” is more important than “vigor” in determining run speed. In addition, 10- and 20-sec. delay of reinforcement produced the slower running speeds typical of delayed reward conditions.
Replication Report: Age and Open-Field Activity of Rats
Authors: Bronstein Paul M.
Published: September 2011

Female albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, 31, 70, and 110 days of age, received 10 tests in an open field. The youngest animals increased their locomotor activity during successive tests; there was no increase among the older groups. Results demonstrate the hyperreactivity of immature rats and the possible role of this age-related effect on learning and memory is discussed.
Sources of Information in Child Psychology Literature
Authors: Vockell Edward L. , Bennett S. Blair
Published: September 2011

Citations from the bibliographies in the Third Edition of Carmichael's Manual of Child Psychology were examined to determine the nature and age of the sources. The results indicate greater emphasis on older research sources than is found in specified other fields of research. In addition, the 15 most frequently cited journals are listed and trends in references in these journals are analyzed.
Effects of Prior and Interpolated Shock Exposures on Subsequent Avoidance Learning by Goldfish
Authors: Padilla A. M.
Published: September 2011

7 groups ( N = 10) of goldfish, Carassius auratus, were treated with either prior or interpolated unsignaled-inescapable shocks or escape training (i.e., CS-omission) to assess the effects on subsequent avoidance performance. Both prior and interpolated inescapable shock exposures interfered with avoidance performance. Only the prior CS-omission training condition resulted in a similar effect. The relevance of these results to an interpretation of learned helplessness is discussed.
The Adjective Generation Technique: An Alternative to Adjective Check Lists
Authors: Potkay Charles R. , Allen Bem P.
Published: September 2011

A recently developed Adjective Generation Technique for evaluating favorability of self-description was introduced as an alternative to standardized adjective check lists. Preliminary estimates of test-retest reliability ( r = .74) and construct validity ( r = .53) for the technique were reported. The comparative utility of the procedure over that of the Gough Adjective Check List was discussed.
Validity of the Revised Beta as a Screening Instrument with Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Kolk Charles Vander
Published: September 2011

An initial validity study of the Revised Beta used with 59 psychiatric patients was completed, with the WAIS as a criterion measure. High and significant correlations suggest the usefulness of the Revised Beta as an estimator of intelligence.
Factor Structure of a Goal Checklist for Clients
Authors: Miller Adam , Thompson Andrew
Published: September 2011

A 39-item Goal Checklist was factor analyzed separately for two large client samples. The four common factors identified were Social-Personal Security, Vocational-Educational, Academic Skills, and Marital-Close Relationships. The checklist has usefulness for therapy and research.
Effects of Faking Instructions on the Psychological Screening Inventory
Authors: Gayton William F. , Ozmon Kenneth L. , Wilson Winston T.
Published: September 2011

Effects of two faking instructions on Psychological Screening Inventory scores were investigated. With both faking instructions, scores on all five scales were significantly different from those obtained under regular instructions. The defensiveness scale shows promise in being able to detect faking.
Effects of Motivation upon Performance of an Operant Heart-Rate Control Task
Authors: Guenther Charles R. , McFarland Richard A.
Published: September 2011

The effect of potential monetary reward upon performance of a heart-rate control task was evaluated. There were no significant differences in average heart-rate control between Ss who were offered payment for successful control and those who were not offered payment. Greater variability in performance was found among Ss who were offered payment as opposed to those who were not. This finding is discussed in relation to verbal reports made by Ss following experimental sessions. Some additional data on changes in performance over time on the heart-rate control task are presented.
Developmental Analysis of Schedule-Induced Polydipsia
Authors: King Glen D. , Schaeffer Robert W.
Published: September 2011

In a developmental analysis of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), 8 female, albino rats were exposed to either a FI-60-sec. or a VI-60-sec. reinforcement schedule with 4 Ss in each group. Results indicated that the adventitious reinforcement explanation for SIP is not tenable, since licks did not occur with equal probability in all periods of the interpellet interval during SIP development; lick bursts coming in contact with pellet deliveries were a result rather than a cause of SIP; and SIP developed more slowly on the VI than on the FI schedule.
Equalitarianism and Creativity: A Tentative Relationship
Authors: Joesting Joan , Joesting Robert
Published: September 2011

Low to moderate positive correlations were reported for college women on tests of creativity, anti-sexism and equalitarianism.
Factor Analytic Study of Something about Myself
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of 662 responses to Something About Myself, a 50-item inventory of self-reports of creativity, yielded six orthogonal factors: Environmental sensitivity, Initiative, Self-strength, Intellectuality, Individuality, and Artistry. The analysis further supports the construct validity of the measure and provides a means for more sensitive appraisal of the creative individual and comparisons among various subgroups.
Changes in Relative Frequencies of Behaviors in Pigtail Monkeys (Macaca Nemistrina) following Dorsolateral Frontal Ablations
Authors: Buchanan Denton C. , Weber Roseann , Kamback Marvin
Published: September 2011

2 pigtail monkeys with dorsolateral frontal lesions and 2 control Ss were observed pre- and postoperatively in social and isolation conditions. Behavior was exhaustively classified into 10 discrete categories. In both observation situations the distribution of behavior was consistent over time for controls. In the social observation condition, however, frontals increased slow locomotion and decreased behaviors involving visual stimulation. No changes in behavior patterns were produced by the isolation condition.
Comment on Willner's Paper on Abstraction, Associative Focusing, and Similarities Tests
Authors: Blaney Paul H.
Published: September 2011

Willner's (1971) findings leave it uncertain whether or not schizophrenics' difficulty on the Willner Instance Similarities Test in fact represents an abstraction deficit. His data regarding the association-foil hypothesis are incorrectly analyzed but, when reanalyzed, still contradict the association-foil hypothesis. These results are inconsistent with those of a number of other studies.
Effect of CS Duration on Trace Conditioning of Mental Retardates
Authors: Carruthers Benjamin C. , Lobb Harold
Published: September 2011

The importance of CS duration in concurrent trace conditioning of the GSR and eyelid response was investigated with 32 retardates. Four treatment groups completed a 2-day training procedure involving habituation, acquisition, and extinction. Irrespective of response class, a long CS (1000 msec.) resulted in better conditioning than did a CS with a shorter duration (100 msec.). This finding could not be accounted for by either interstimulus or trace interval differences.
Note on Familywise Error Rates
Authors: Williams John D.
Published: September 2011

An alternative procedure to the use of familywise error rates is described that retains an experimentwise error rate for the entire experiment. The procedure uses Dunn's (1961) test, considering each source of variation as a planned contrast and testing for significance with Dunn's tables.
Latent Inhibition as a Means of Behavior Prophylaxis
Authors: Lubow R. E.
Published: September 2011

The evidence for the utility of a latent inhibition procedure, namely, nonreinforced preexposure of the to-be conditioned stimuli, for behavioral prophylaxis, is examined The phenomenon has wide representation in a variety of species and learning tasks. Although it is only found under very restricted conditions in adult human Ss, it is more easily demonstrated in children. It is concluded that there may indeed be a useful clinical application of latent inhibition but additional research is required both to validate the approach and to identify critical parameters.
Sex Differences in Self-Concept: Fact or Artifact?
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Responsss of 400 4th- and 6th-grade boys and girls to individual items of a 30-adjective Self-concept scale were treated by analysis of variance. 20 items favored girls; 1 item (brave) favored boys; no differences were found on 9 items. Because most items favoring girls connoted goodness reflecting possible cultural bias, the over-all sex difference favoring girls was judged to be probably an artifact of measurement.
Serial Recall and Position Cue in the Verbal Maze
Authors: Staats Sara R. , Beattie Nancy
Published: September 2011

2 verbal mazes differing in number of alternatives per choice were employed in Exp. I. The number of alternatives significantly affected acquisition but not retention. In Exp. II, 3 groups of Ss learned a 4-alternative, 8-choice maze. Retention was tested under conditions of recognition, serial recall, or cued serial recall. Results indicated that cues including the position of the correct alternative did not provide an advantage over serial recall. Some methodological advantages of the verbal maze such as that of manipulating the stimulus phase while holding the response task constant, were mentioned.
Influence of Changes in Adrenergic and Cholinergic Activity upon Acquisition of Operant Discrimination in Albino Rats
Authors: Houser Vincent P.
Published: September 2011

The effect of adrenergic and cholinergic drugs upon two discrete-trial fixed-interval reinforcement schedules that generate either high or low rates of unreinforced (SΔ) responding was investigated. Amphetamine and scopolamine decreased high SΔ rates while having no effect on low SΔ rates. Withdrawal of amphetamine after acquisition under the drug led to a dramatic increase in SΔ rates under both reinforcement schedules. Alpha methyl-p-tyrosine reduced high SΔ rates, while pilocarpine had no effect on behavior. These results suggest that the similarities between the behavioral effects of amphetamine and scopolamine on appetitive schedules may primarily reflect their motivational properties. Furthermore, these data indicate that withdrawal from chronic amphetamine administration can produce dramatic alterations in response rate even in cases where the acquisition of behavior is unaltered by chronic drug treatment.
Birth Order and Social Facilitation of Humor
Authors: McGhee Paul E.
Published: September 2011

College Ss were shown cartoons either alone with E or with 4 other Ss. While firstborns showed greater appreciation of humor in the group, later borns found the cartoons funnier in the individual condition. Overt signs of appreciation of humor are interpreted as resulting from firstborn Ss affiliative concerns and the lack of such concerns among later born Ss.
Reactive Effects of Pretesting and Test Length in Attitude Research
Authors: Jones James Marc
Published: September 2011

160 Ss participated in a study employing an extension of the Solomon (1949) four-group design to investigate influences of attitude pretesting (pretested vs unpretested), treatment conditions (experimental vs control), and test length (long vs short) upon attitude responses. Two different length tests were constructed which had equal reliabilities, based on earlier research. For pretested groups t tests showed no significant differences between pretest mean scores; therefore, subsequent analyses were performed on mean posttest attitude scores. Results of a 2 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance indicated significant main effects ( p < .01) for treatment conditions and test length and a significant three-way interaction ( p < .05). A simple-effects analysis (Winer, 1962) indicated a general tendency for pretested groups responding to a short test to demonstrate inhibition of attitude change. Ss responding to the long measure demonstrated general facilitation of attitude change. Further analysis suggests that explanations in terms of commitment are not appropriate and speculations regarding the role of demand characteristics are advanced.
Behavioural Aspects of Cigarette Smoking in Relation to Arousal Level
Authors: Fuller R. G. C. , Forrest D. W.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that cigarette smokers use smoking to control arousal level 160 habitual light and heavy cigarette smokers of both sexes smoked a standard cigarette and simulated smoking under conditions eliciting either low or high arousal. Under high arousal heavy smokers exhibited a significant reduction in rate of smoking but not in simulating smoking. From other evidence it was argued that, although this group may use smoking as a means of arousal control, it appears that smokers in general smoke at a faster rate when there is little else to do.
Components of Trust: Note on Use of Rotter's Scale
Authors: Kaplan Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The Rotter Trust Scale was administered to 97 college students whose responses were subjected to factor analysis. Results indicated that the scale measures several discrete components of trust including: (a) trust toward institutions, (b) perceived sincerity of others, and (c) need to be cautious of others. It was suggested that a previous observation indicating college students had become less trusting between 1964 and 1970 might largely be accounted for by changes in trust toward institutions.
Opposite Responding as a Measure of Creativity
Authors: Rothenberg Albert
Published: September 2011

A proposal for using rapid opposite responding to the Kent-Rosanoff Word Association list as a measure of creativity is presented. Although a complex matter, this measure has the advantage of using a well standardized test as its basis. The proposed scoring system is based on the difference between the number of opposite and primary responses and the difference between mean response latency in those categories. This measure correlates significantly with assessed creativity in a group of successful executives.
Correlations among Stanford Achievement Test Scores, Intelligence, and Age by Level of Intelligence in Grades 3 and 6
Authors: Wozencraft Marian
Published: September 2011

Magnitudes of correlations of achievement and IQ within levels of intelligence and between ages for elementary school children show that these factors must be considered in research and in evaluations.
Differentiation of Simulated and Genuine Suicide Notes
Authors: Arbeit Susan A. , Blatt Sidney J.
Published: September 2011

Ss were asked to distinguish genuine from simulated suicide notes and the criteria they used in making these judgments were investigated. The 93 Ss were in 6 groups of varied levels of clinical training, ranging from undergraduates to practicing clinicians. Though there was no significant relationship between level of training and the ability to discriminate between the notes, 13 of the 93 Ss made the distinction with accuracy greater than that expected by chance ( p < .05). None of these 13 Ss came from the undergraduate sample, even though it was a substantially larger group than any other in the study. The specific criteria used by the 13 successful clinicians were compared with the criteria used by the remaining Ss. Differences were noted particularly in criteria involving affective expression, interpersonal relations, and practical issues concerning the future of survivors. Comparison between accurately judged and inaccurately judged notes indicated that accuracy of judgment is more a function of the clinical sensitivity and ability of the judges than any inherent characteristics of the notes.
Several Measures of Expectancy of Vocational Counseling
Authors: Ullrich Maureen Fleming
Published: September 2011

The internal-external (I-E) control scale was used as a measure of expectancies about vocational counseling. There were no significant differences among high, medium, or low I-E control clients in terms of their certainty about a vocation or their satisfaction with a vocation. In general, clients became more certain about their vocational choice after counseling, but they did not become more satisfied about their choice. A short counseling expectancy scale showed that clients not expecting counselor intervention were more satisfied with non-directive counseling. The number of interviews for vocational counseling did not affect clients' amount of change during counseling.
Critique of “Accuracy of Prediction of Own Performance as a Function of Locus of Control”
Authors: Wolfe Raymond , Egelston Richard
Published: September 2011

A study (Steger, et al., 1973) has important weaknesses in design and method, and suffers further from incomplete presentation and a slightly erroneous interpretation of results.
Effects of Type of Recall Test and Spaced Presentations of Stimulus Terms, Response Terms and Stimulus-Response Terms on Retention in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: McAllister Edward W. C.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment tested the effects of reinforcement type (stimulus term, response term, and stimulus-response pairs) and type of recall-retention test (stimulus type or response type) as between- S variables and delay-of-reinforcement interval as a within- S variable on retention in paired-associate learning. The analysis showed that type of reinforcement and delay-of-reinforcement interval resulted in significant effects. Type of recall-retention test was not significant and interactions were nonsignificant.
Comparison of Retarded and Non-Retarded Adolescents on Need-Approval
Authors: Talkington Larry W. , Riley Jim
Published: September 2011

Age and sex matched groups of normal, institutionalized and non-institutionalized mentally retarded adolescents were compared on need-approval as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Scale. All groups appeared significantly different from one another with the strength of need-approval following a non-institutionalized, institutionalized, and normal order from high to low respectively. Because previous data would predict a greater need for approval in retarded than normal, the higher scores of non-institutionalized Ss appear somewhat inconsistent. A competitive community interpretation was presented and discussed.
Accuracy of Prediction of Own Performance as a Function of Locus of Control
Authors: Steger Joseph A. , Simmons William L. , Lavelle Steven
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that Ss with some years of college would differ in their ability to predict their scores on a classroom examination according to how they scored on the Locus of Control scale. Results supported the hypothesis, indicating that internals are more accurate predictors of their own academic performance than are externals. Discussion focused on the interaction between locus of control and the nature of the prediction of behavior required of Ss.
Change in Marine Recruits' Attitudes Related to Recruit Characteristics and Drill Instructors' Attitudes
Authors: Booth Richard F. , Hoiberg Anne
Published: September 2011

Mariαe recruits' attitudes toward the toughness of Marines, spirit among Marines, affiliation with the Marine Corps, and authority in the Marine Corps were assessed on four occasions during basic training. All 4 of these attitudes became more favorable, with the most significant changes having occurred during the first 3 wk. of training. Recruit-characteristic variables such as age, education, and aptitude were not related to individual differences in attitude changes but were related to the initial attitudes of recruits. Further, the pattern of these correlations varied significantly across the attitudes. Discrepancies and similarities between these results and those of a similar study conducted 2 yr. before were noted and discussed. In addition, this study showed recruits' attitudes toward spirit and affiliation, as hypothesized, changed in a direction of greater similarity with drill instructors' attitudes. Recruits' attitudes toward toughness and authority did not change in the predicted direction but became more favorable than drill instructors' attitudes during basic training.
Feeling Good and Helping: How Quickly Does the Smile of Dame Fortune Fade?
Authors: Schellenberg James A. , Blevins Gregory A.
Published: September 2011

Two field studies are reported which investigated a previously reported positive relationship between receiving a non-contingent reward and subsequent helping behavior. For both studies there was no apparent relationship between the person requesting aid and the reward giver; furthermore, possible modeling effects of other participants were controlled. Study A used a help—no help dichotomy for the dependent variable, while Study B included 3 degrees of helping behavior varying primarily in terms of time delay. The results did not support a relationship between receiving the reward and subsequent helping. Several possible explanations of the relation of these results to previous research are suggested.
Patterns of College Student Drug Use: A Longitudinal Social Learning Study
Authors: Sadava S. W.
Published: September 2011

A repeated-measures study over a Canadian academic year (6 mo.) examined personal and social predictors of patterns of college freshman drug use among 151 users. Frequency of use, stage of use, and self-reported significant adverse consequences of use were predicted by high social support for use, low expectations for goal attainment, high personal functions of use, and high attitudinal tolerance of use. Changes in personal and social variables over an academic year were related to heavy use patterns. The predictive power was increased by combining personal and social variables in a multivariate field theory.
Approach-Avoidance Reactions by Repressors and Sensitizers to Ambiguity in a Structured Free-Association Task
Authors: Haney Jack N.
Published: September 2011

8 repressors and 8 sensitizers were administered a free-association task consisting of ambiguous stimulus sentences with positive and negative response alternatives. Sensitizers chose significantly more negative associations than repressors. Ambiguous sentences were associated with differential group responding.
Testing Specific Hypotheses in Contingency Tables: Chi-Square Partitioning and other Methods
Authors: Shaffer Juliet Popper
Published: September 2011

Exact methods for the partitioning of Pearson's chi-square are criticized on the grounds that they lead to tests of a set of hypotheses in which, in general, each test is appropriate only on the assumption that other hypotheses in the set are true. The specific case of a 4 × 2 contingency table is examined in detail, and an alternative partitioning of the likelihood ratio chi-square is shown to lead to a more appropriate set of tests. Additive partitions in general lead to a set of tests in which some tests are valid only on the condition that hypotheses other than the one being tested are true. Alternative ways of obtaining unconditional tests of hypotheses are described.
Effect of Peer-Induced Anxiety on a Problem-Solving Task
Authors: Tomasini Jerry
Published: September 2011

The Institute for Personality and Ability Testing (IPAT) anxiety scale questionnaire was administered to college students from whom 40 were selected and divided into four equal groups by sex and anxiety score. One-half of the Ss in each group were required to solve 25 anagrams individually in 15 min., either with or without a confederate who was instructed to leave after 7 min., thereby providing the anxiety-inducing condition. (1) Over-all, Ss with a confederate made more errors than Ss without one. (2) Women made more errors without the anxiety-inducing agent than with the agent; the trend was reversed for men. (3) The presence of an anxiety-inducing agent reduced the number of errors for Ss of low anxiety.
Massed Group Desensitization in Reduction of Test-Anxiety
Authors: Dawley Harold H. , Wenrich W. W.
Published: September 2011

30 test-anxious nursing students were randomly assigned to either a massed desensitization, placebo, or control group. All treatment was applied in 3 2-hr. and 20-min. sessions over an 8-day period. The massed group desensitization sessions began with 20 min. of recorded relaxation instructions. The remainder of the sessions consisted of Ss visualizing items from a test-anxiety hierarchy while concentrating on remaining relaxed. The placebo group sessions began with 20 min. of a recorded presentation on the merits of good study techniques, concentration, learning, and personal efficiency. Lectures on these topics comprised the remainder of the sessions. The control Ss merely received the pre- and post-treatment measures. A significant difference ( p.01) was obtained on the posttest measure between the massed desensitization group and the placebo group and between the massed desensitization and control groups. The results of this study agree with earlier studies which indicate that massed group desensitization is an efficient and efficacious procedure for the reduction of anxiety based disorders.
George Washington University Volunteer Hotline, a Descriptive Study
Authors: Berman Peter J. , Davis Anne W. , Phillips E. Lakin
Published: September 2011

Telephone calls from Rap Id Rescue, a volunteer hotline, were consolidated into 4 major categories and analyzed. The results indicate the distribution of calls in each category for each month, the time of day the calls were received, and the day of the week the calls were made. A comparison between the number of Rap Id Rescue calls per month and the number of new clients coming into the Counseling Center each month was made in order to discover the relationship, if any, between the 2 services.
Status Congruency and Mental Health
Authors: Erickson Jeanne , Edwards Darrel , Gunderson E. K. Eric
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated a status-congruency model in relationship to effective military performance after psychiatric contact and compared the status-congruency score distributions for psychiatric outpatients with those for non-psychiatric controls. The congruency scores contributed uniquely to the prediction of post-outpatient-contact performance, accounting for a significant amount of the criterion variance beyond a linear combination of its components. The outpatients who were congruent or who exhibited accelerated promotions were more effective than their underachieving, outpatient peers. Score distribution comparisons indicated that the outpatient-contact group had fewer accelerated achievers and more negatively incongruent members than non-psychiatric controls.
Psychological Market Segmentation: An Empirically Derived Typological Approach
Authors: Alpert Mark I. , Witt Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Traditional approaches to psychological market segmentation were evaluated and an alternative two-stage model described. The first stage of the model adopted a holistic perspective in the empirical derivation of a personality typology while the second stage involved evaluation of variation in the purchase decision importance of product attributes across Stage I personality types. 88 male undergraduates completed the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and test instruments which measured the determinance of various product-attributes in selection of a place of residence. Product-attribute determinance varied significantly across the empirically derived personality types.
Effect of Response Set on a Test of Unlearning
Authors: Epstein Michael L.
Published: September 2011

Relearning of only the responses of a list of paired-associates followed acquisition of a second list in order to determine whether the “unlearning” of the first list associations in an A-B, A-D transfer paradigm was due chiefly to a change in response set. A modified free recall test indicated that response relearning did not facilitate recall when performance was scored stringently, but improved recall significantly when leniently scored. This finding is inconsistent with recent evidence that first-list forgetting results from a loss of response set.
Physical Encounter and Self-Disclosure
Authors: Cooper Cary L. , Bowles David
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the hypothesis that physical and body contact exercises within an encounter group reduce barriers between people and increase their willingness to self-disclose. Ss participating in these exercises ( n = 18), in contrast to 9 controls, showed a significant increase in self-disclosure following the group session.
Synonyms, Antonyms and Retroactive Inhibition with Meaningful Material
Authors: Weiss-Shed Ethel
Published: September 2011

In the paired-associate literature negative transfer paradigms, e.g., (A—B, A—C), impede List 1 recall. Positive transfer paradigms, e.g., (A—B, A—B synonym), do not contribute to List 1 forgetting. In this study poems (Haiku) were manipulated to be analogous to paired-associate paradigms. Similar to the paired-associate findings for mixed-lists (several conditions present in one list), List 2 synonyms did not contribute to List 1 forgetting, but, contrary to expectations, neither did antonyms. With meaningful materials Ss may attach discriminating tags to the synonyms and antonyms permitting the application of appropriate transfer rules.