bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformations in Byzantine Society in the Eleventh Century, Particularly in Constantinople
Authors: Cheynet Jean-Claude
Published: October 2020

The historiography of the last half-century has changed our vision of the Byzantine economy during the eleventh century. Urban growth, especially that of Constantinople, is better understood. Prosopography, which has been revivified with the information provided by seals, offers the best instrument of investigation. The civil and military aristocracies meshed together thanks to matrimonial alliances, and settled more systematically in Constantinople, where the highest functions were allocated by the crown. The emperors favoured civil servants, more numerous after the conquests of the tenth and early eleventh centuries. It is indisputable that novi homines, distinguished by their education, appeared within the circles of power, but the traditional families of the civil aristocracy joined by families formerly working for the army and now present in the civil administration still occupied the highest posts. The opening of the Senate does not seem to have concerned merchants and artisans, who, however, were not completely separated from the aristocracy. The ‘people of the agora’ were interested in governmental success, because they contributed, through massive investments in the purchase of dignities, to the intensification of monetary circulation. Under Alexios Komnenos, they were victims not of imperial hostility towards them, but of the bankruptcy of the financial system. At the same time, the number of civil servants was decreasing due to the shrinkage of imperial territory and to new forms of provincial government.
What Went Wrong? Decline and Ruralization in Eleventh-Century Anatolia
Authors: Niewöhner Philipp
Published: October 2020

Much of eleventh-century Anatolia seems to have been short on prosperity and ambitious building projects, although palynological evidence indicates an intensification of agriculture and an increase of rural population. Rural affluence appears to have been paired with, and outweighed by, urban decline. As the occasional rural buildings were relatively small, insignificant, and undistinguished, they seem to have been ill-suited to compensate for the general lack of large, important, and trend-setting urban constructions. This chapter considers the evidence of churches, templon epistyles, and fortifications, before asking, ‘What went wrong?’ Why did eleventh-century Anatolia fare worse than the contemporary Aegean, Greece, and more generally the Balkan part of the Byzantine Empire?
Deep-sea mining
Authors: Jones Daniel O. B. , Amon Diva J. , Chapman Abbie S. A.
Published: October 2020

Mining the extensive accumulations of minerals on the seafloor of the deep ocean might provide important resources, but it also has the potential to lead to widespread environmental impacts. Some of these impacts are unknown, and some may differ for the three main resource types: polymetallic nodules, seafloor massive sulphides, and polymetallic (cobalt-rich) crusts. Here, we detail the mining processes and describe the ecosystems associated with the minerals of interest. We then explain the expected impacts of mining, and discuss their potential effects on deep-ocean ecosystems. We also highlight the missing evidence needed to underpin effective environmental management and regulation of the nascent deep-sea mining industry.
A Project Delivery Subsystem (PDS)
Authors: Raydugin Yuri G.
Published: October 2020

This chapter comes up with a high-level description of a project delivery subsystem (PDS) that is supposed to match the project structure subsystem (PSS). If PDS has long-term ‘chronic’ system issues that serve as causes of project risks, the static PSS–PDS mismatch is inevitable leading to internal risk amplifications of corresponding risks. Additional dynamic PSS–PDS mismatches can result from risk interactions and even from standalone unamplified project risks. Two primary PDS factors are considered: adopted project development procedures and consistency of their implementation. Procedures related to opportunity shaping, project team design/shaping, engineering, contracting, construction, stakeholder management, and change and risk management are overviewed. Factors influencing procedure’s implementation—available skills and realizations of bias are discussed. The importance of risk quantification, scheduling, and estimating procedures and their implementation is accentuated. Various realizations of relevant bias—from strategic misrepresentation, to the Hiding Hand, to 10% syndrome—are revealed.
Non-linear Monte Carlo Modelling Requirements
Authors: Raydugin Yuri G.
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to finalize requirements to undertake non-linear Monte Carlo modelling. Besides mathematical aspects (Chapter 13), additional requirements to identification and addressing of risk interactions should be put forward. All relevant instances of risk interactions should be identified. Identification of ‘chronic’ project system issues that serve as additional causes of risks is required to pin down internal risk amplifications. Identification of cross-risk interactions can be undertaken by visualization of dynamic risk patterns (cross-risk interaction mapping). Principles of risk interaction calibration are introduced keeping in mind two challenges. First, a calibration of aggregated risk interactions at the project level. Second, evaluation of individual instances of risk interactions based on the overall calibration. Methods to address identified risk interactions are discussed. In the case of intra-risk interactions, the ‘chronic’ issues should be addressed. In the case of cross-risk interactions, the dynamic risk patterns should be disrupted.
Deliberation Naturalized
Authors: Tanasoca Ana
Published: October 2020

Democratic theory’s deliberative turn has hit a dead end. It is unable to find a good way to scale up its small-scale, formally organized deliberative mini-publics to include the entire community. Some turn to deliberative systems for a way out, but none have found a credible way to deliberatively involve the citizenry at large. Deliberation Naturalized offers an alternative way out—one we have been using all along. The key sites of democratic deliberation are everyday political conversations among people networked across the community. Informal networked deliberation is how all citizens deliberate together, directly or indirectly. That is how public opinion emerges in civil society. Networked deliberation satisfies the classic deliberative desiderata of inclusion, equality, and reciprocity reasonably well, albeit differently than standard mini-publics. Reconceptualizing democratic deliberation in this way highlights some real threats to the networked mode of deliberative democracy, such as polarization, message repetition, and pluralistic ignorance. Deliberation Naturalized assesses the extent of each of those threats and proposes ways of protecting real existing deliberative democracy against them. By focusing on the mechanisms underpinning every democratic deliberation among citizens, Deliberation Naturalized offers a truly novel approach to deliberative democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Tanasoca Ana
Published: October 2020

Deliberative democracy has experienced several ‘turns’. This chapter reflects critically on them, situating the book’s main arguments within the academic landscape. By its focus on mechanisms at work in a real existing deliberative democracy, and its support for informal networked deliberation as its main platform, Deliberation Naturalized aims to tackle some important shortcomings associated with the last ‘turns’ of deliberative theory.
Mechanisms of Deliberation in the Formal Political System
Authors: Tanasoca Ana
Published: October 2020

Chapter 2 examines the mechanisms of deliberation at work in the empowered space. The chapter discusses several institutions, such as legislatures, executive cabinets, and courts. It points out that the nature, structure, and function that these institutions fulfil in a democracy makes them poor sites for genuine democratic deliberation. Instead, the public sphere, which does not exhibit the same limitations, can better accommodate genuine democratic deliberation. Coupled with periodic accountability mechanisms to ensure it is consequential, mass citizen deliberation must be the currency of a deliberative democracy.
Williamson on the Distinction between the A Priori and the A Posteriori Once Again1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

This essay responds to Williamson’s reformulated argument against the feasibility of a top-down characterization of the a priori–a posteriori distinction, arguing that Williamson fails to show that sense experience plays an irreducibly epistemic role in his new Mathematician example. Williamson’s example turns on the problematic claim that there is something intermediate between reading a proof lazily, deferring to the authority of its author, and reading it while checking its soundness for oneself. Furthermore, it is argued that Williamson’s defense of his Central argument is vitiated by a serious misreading of Boghossian’s initial criticism: that criticism was not meant to supply an alternative account of the way in which certain a priori propositions are known.
Knowing by Imagining1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

This chapter explains the cognitive role of the imagination as a means to knowledge, permitting the offline use of cognitive faculties in both mental and non-mental simulation to assess counterfactual conditionals, in an analogue of online updating and prediction on the basis of new information. Other modal claims can be assessed similarly. This role involves the context of justification as well as the context of discovery. It substantiates the examples in Chapter 10, where imagination is treated as a means to knowledge. An analogy is sketched between the development of hypotheses in the imagination and the tableau method in deductive logic, which casts light on our ability to imagine an F when there is no F that we are imagining. It is suggested that such an overall cognitive role for the imagination makes sense on evolutionary grounds, including the distinction between voluntary and involuntary uses of the imagination.
Reply to Boghossian on Intuition, Understanding, and the A Priori1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

This chapter is a response to Boghossian’s arguments in Chapter 13. The first part explains the failure of his objections to the author’s counterexamples to inferentialism, involving unorthodox experts who retain linguistic understanding of a term by ordinary standards while rejecting a rule associated with it by an inferentialist possession condition. The key point is that although one can retain a disposition (e.g. to accept a rule) while inhibiting it, one can also gradually lose the disposition itself. The second part argues that Boghossian’s account of intuitions fails to distinguish them adequately from conscious inclinations to believe, lacks a convincing basis in phenomenology, and will not properly serve the purposes of his account of a priori justification.
Closing Reflections
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy
Published: October 2020

The author reflects on the origin of his interest in, and the evolution of his views on, the a priori, including its role in characterizing philosophical activity itself. The author also muses about the extent to which his debate about the a priori with Williamson has been shaped by divergent background philosophical commitments. In particular, the author argues that many of Williamson’s detailed positions on the a priori are traceable back to his largely unspoken allegiance to externalist views about epistemic justification and his endorsement of lax externalist criteria for concept attribution in the theory of understanding and meta-semantics.
Ever-Expanding Circles
Authors: Bleakley Chris
Published: October 2020

Chapter 2 looks at the development of algorithms for estimating the value of Pi and analysing waveforms. Early estimates for Pi – the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter – were produced in Babylonia. The ancient Greek mathematian, Archimedes, produced improved estimates by means of a clever algorithm which used polygons to approximate the dimensions of a circle. Later, the Chinese mathematician Zu Chongzhi and his son used a similar method to produce an estimate that would stand as the most accurate for 900 years. With the decline of ancient Greece, Persia took on the mantel of leadership in mathematics from the 8th to 11th centuries. Al-Khawrzmi’s texts ultimately propagated knowledge of algorithms to the West. In 18th century France, Joseph Fourier proposed that waveforms could be decomposed into their constituent simple harmonics. The resulting algorithm became the key to signal analysis in today’s electronic communication systems.
Needles in Haystacks
Authors: Bleakley Chris
Published: October 2020

Chapter 6 examines one of the greatest unsolved challenges in mathematics - the problem of finding the best solution from a large number of possibilities. The Traveling Salesman Problem requires that the shortest tour of a group of cities is determined. Surprisingly, the only way to guarantee finding the shortest tour is to measure the length of all possible tours. Exhaustive search such as this is very slow. For centuries, mathematicians have sought to find fast algorithms for solving combinatorial search problems. The most famous was invented by Edsger Dijkstra in 1956. Dijkstra’s algorithm finds the shortest route between cities on a roadmap and is now used in all satellite navigation apps. The Gale-Shapley algorithm solves the problem of matching pairs of items according to user preferences. John Holland took the radical step of accelerating combinatorial search by mimicking natural evolution in a computer.
America’s Favourite Quiz Show
Authors: Bleakley Chris
Published: October 2020

Chapter 11 tells the tale of the IBM Jeopardy! Challenge. Jeopardy! is America’s favourite television quiz show. Three players compete on the buzzer to respond to clues provided by the host. The twist is that the clues are “answers” and the player’s guesses are phrased as “questions”. In 2011, the two all-time greatest Jeopardy! players played IBM’s Watson computer for a US$1 million prize. IBM had been working on Watson for almost six years. The IBM team developed an array of new AI algorithms, each dealing with a different clue type. The computer’s memory was packed with libraries of books and even entire encyclopaedias. At the end of the first episode, Watson was neck-and-neck with Brad Rutter. The second episode was a landslide for Watson. The finale was an emphatic victory for the computer. Ken Jennings raised the white flag for humanity: “I, for one, welcome our new computer overlords”.
Exploring Classical Mechanics
Authors: Kotkin G. L. , Serbo V. G.
Published: October 2020

This book was written by the working physicists for students and teachers of physics faculties of universities. Its contents correspond roughly to the corresponding course in the textbooks Mechanics by L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz (1976) and Classical Mechanics by H. Goldstein, Ch. Poole, and J. Safko (2000). As a rule, the given solution of a problem is not finished with obtaining the required formulae. It is necessary to analyse the results, and this is of great interest and by no means a mechanical part of the solution. The authors consider classical mechanics as the first chapter of theoretical physics; the methods and ideas developed in this chapter are literally important for all other sections of theoretical physics. Thus, the authors have indicated wherever this does not require additional amplification, the analogy or points of contact with the problems in quantum mechanics, electrodynamics, or statistical mechanics. The first English edition of this book was published by Pergamon Press in 1971 with the invaluable help by the translation editor D. ter Haar. This second English publication is based on the fourth Russian edition of 2010 as well as the problems added in the publications in Spanish and French. As a result, this book contains 357 problems instead of the 289 problems that appeared in the first English edition.
Album Verses and Romantic Literary Culture
Authors: Matthews Samantha
Published: October 2020

‘Will you write in my album?’ Many Romantic poets were asked this question by women who collected contributions in their manuscript books. Those who obliged included Byron, Scott, Wordsworth, and Lamb, but also Felicia Hemans, Amelia Opie, and Sara Coleridge. Album Verses and Romantic Literary Culture presents the first critical and cultural history of this forgotten phenomenon. It asks a series of questions. Where did 1820s ‘albo-mania’ come from, and why was it satirized as a women’s ‘mania’? What was the relation between visitors’ books associated with great institutions and country houses, personal albums belonging to individuals, and the poetry written in both? What caused albums’ re-gendering from earlier friendship books kept by male students and gentlemen on the Grand Tour to a ‘feminized’ practice identified mainly with young women? When albums were central to women’s culture, why were so many published album poems by men? How did amateur and professional poets engage differently with albums? What does album culture’s privileging of ‘original poetry’ have to say about attitudes towards creativity, poetic practice, and the print marketplace? Album Verses recovers a distinctive subgenre of occasional poetry composed to be read in manuscript, with its own characteristic formal features, conventions, themes, and cultural significance. Unique albums examined include that kept at the Grande Chartreuse, those owned by Regency socialite Lady Sarah Jersey, and those kept by the Lake poets’ daughters. Album Verses and Romantic Literary Culture shows that album poetry reflects changing attitudes to identity, gender, class, politics, poetry, family dynamics, and social relations between 1780 and 1850.
Introduction
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: October 2020

While mergers and acquisitions are a multistaged and cross-functional process, too often corporate leaders view M&A as a financial exercise to expedite their growth strategy. This approach increases the likelihood that results-destroying implementation problems will arise in the subsequent post-transaction stages. Combining M&A experience with a systemized and documented M&A process has been found to improve success. Despite evidence that a systematized M&A process improves deal success, other research has found that almost two-thirds (60%) of surveyed executives indicated their firms do not have a comprehensive end-to-end M&A process model. Therefore, this chapter presents a management-oriented “Deal Flow Model” providing an integrated and actionable end-to-end view of the M&A process, consisting of ten stages across three phases.
Valuate to Determine a Realistic Price
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: October 2020

When valuing target companies, carefully scrutinizing the assumptions that go into creating valuation models is equally as important as, if not more important than, “crunching the numbers.” While valuation is about numbers, because of the tendency for management to overpay for companies they buy, this chapter focuses on behaviors more than numbers, while providing an overview of commonly used valuation techniques. This chapter addresses why buyers overpay, the damaged caused by overpayment, key predictors of overpayment, enterprise versus equity value, accretive versus dilutive acquisitions, and fairness opinions. The tools, templates, best practices, potential pitfalls, and a case example of how to produce a realistic valuation are also addressed, along with the main participants, core activities, buyer’s and seller’s perspectives, and key cross-border considerations.
The Documentary Imagination in Twentieth-Century French Literature
Authors: James Alison
Published: October 2020

This book studies the documentary impulse that plays a central role in twentieth-century French literature. Focusing on nonfiction narratives, it analyzes the use of documents—pieces of textual or visual evidence incorporated into the literary work to relay and interrogate reality. It traces the emergence of an enduring concern with factual reference in texts that engage with current events or the historical archive. Writers idealize the document as a fragment of raw reality, but also reveal its constructed and mediated nature and integrate it as a voice within a larger composition. This ambivalent documentary imagination, present in works by Gide, Breton, Aragon, Yourcenar, Duras, and Modiano (among others), shapes the relationship of literature to visual media, testimonial discourses, and self-representation. Far from turning away from realism in the twentieth century, French literature often turns to the document as a site of both modernist experiment and engagement with the world.
Introduction
Authors: James Alison
Published: October 2020

The introduction challenges prevalent accounts that see French literature turning away from realist concerns in the twentieth century. While the realist and naturalist novels of the nineteenth century give an increasingly central place to documentary materials, they integrate these documents into autonomous fictional worlds. Both continuing and breaking with this tradition, many twentieth-century writers make the document into the nexus of their experiments in nonfiction form. Also shaped by developments in photography and cinema, literature reflects on the referential status of images versus text, as well as questioning the ontological status of facts. The twentieth century sees the emergence in French literature of a documentary imagination that simultaneously idealizes documents as fragments of reality that speak for themselves (the “speaking fact”) and reveals their mediated and constructed nature (facts must be spoken).
Modelling Roman Concepts of Copper-Alloy Recycling and Mutability
Authors: Bray Peter
Published: October 2020

The potential of copper-alloy objects to be re-melted and recast is a powerful property, allowing them to be reused, reshaped, merged, split, and re-contextualized almost without limit. This profound mutability has significant implications:. identifying and quantifying recycling is a notorious and significant challenge, at least within the framework of the ‘provenance hypothesis’, which aims to establish a direct link between a chemical or isotopic signature of an artefact and its original ore source. This chapter proposes alternative approaches to chemical data—a ‘characterization hypothesis’. Rather than chemically identifying a separate block of ‘recycled metal’, we can instead define a series of overlapping processes of metal melting, mixing, and manipulation. Instead of replacing the search for a provenance signal with one for a recycling signal, we should instead embrace the intricacies of the archaeological and chemical record. This complexity more accurately represents the multifaceted Roman relationship with copper and its alloys.
Recycling and Roman Silver Coinage
Authors: Ponting Matthew J.
Published: October 2020

One of the great advantages of non-ferrous metals over most other materials, with the exception of glass, is the fact that artefacts that are broken or otherwise no longer of use can be melted down and remade into something else. For Roman coinage, this characteristic would have been particularly useful, enabling frequent changes of both emperor and coin type without the need for large amounts of freshly mined metal and incurring the associated costs of smelting. Furthermore, it also means that objects already made of metals of the correct composition can be converted into coin relatively easily. Evidence of both trace elements and lead isotopes is reported, presenting a complex picture of mixing, recycling, refining, and episodic use of stored resources that are occasionally supported by references in historical documents and stylistic features of the coins themselves.
Elements, Isotopes, and Glass Recycling
Authors: Degryse Patrick
Published: October 2020

This chapter is partly based upon the results of the ARCHGLASS project, which analysed samples dating from the middle of the first millennium BC to the ninth century AD. With the introduction of Greco-Roman translucent glass, colour separation and control over the properties of a re-molten batch become much easier. Once the benefits of glass recycling in terms of raw material procurement, energy expenditure, and waste management are clear, the collection and reuse of cullet becomes common in the Roman world. It is estimated here that upwards from a quarter of the glass circulating in the Roman to early Byzantine economy at any time constitutes recycled glass. It is hypothesized that, apart from the possible addition of cullet to tank furnaces, glass recycling would have been a small-scale process, at the level of the individual workshop.
A Regional Economy of Recycling over Four Centuries at Spolverino (Tuscany) and Environs
Authors: Sebastiani Alessandro , Derrick Thomas J.
Published: October 2020

The Roman settlement at Spolverino (Grosseto, Tuscany) was a centre of recycling and reuse. Excavation has revealed a long sequence of occupation, from the late first to the late fifth century AD. Part of a larger assemblage of Roman sites in this part of the coastal ager Rusellanus, it may initially have been a farm or medium-scale villa, but was repurposed for manufacturing activities in the late Antonine period; archaeological research undertaken from 2010–13 has demonstrated the remains of a series of workshops for creating metal ingots, objects from secondary bone reuse, and organizing glass cullet for melting. It is suggested that, as the importance of the agrarian economy of this part of the region waned, Spolverino served the regional and wider economy of the western Tyrrhenian coast by creating a central hub for recycling and reuse, revealing an economic investment and social involvement in recycling across four centuries.
The Organized Recycling of Roman Villa Sites
Authors: Munro Beth
Published: October 2020

Recycling and reusing architectural glass, metal, and stone at villas was a circumstantially specific productive activity. The circumstances are an increasingly recognized archaeological phase in both the rural and the urban settings: when buildings were abandoned or left uninhabited from the third century AD onwards, desired building materials were removed, and in many cases reprocessed directly on site. The on-site nature of villa recycling has seemed unusual, especially because of the establishment of workshops in formerly residential rooms. The initial supposition in early twenty-first-century scholarship on the ‘end of the villa’ was that the workshops were installed by squatters at abandoned sites, but the work presented here challenges this. This chapter takes a broad view of villa recycling and reuse, considering three factors (chronology, setting, and afterlife) to explore the economic motivations for on-site villa recycling, and discussing the logistics that made it an economically viable activity.
The Roots of Solomonic ‘Wisdom’ in the Pre-exilic Period (Focusing on Proverbs)
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: October 2020

The concern of this chapter is to explore the possibility of a vibrant and living wisdom tradition in the pre-exilic period. Whilst this used to be a ‘given’ of scholarship, the tendency towards later and later dating in recent scholarship has led to the need to reaffirm such ideas. Three approaches are taken—first a literary-historical one; second a theological one, and finally a comparative one. The focus is on the book of Proverbs, since it is arguments on the relative dating of parts of Proverbs that are of major concern, as well as the wider issue of whether the thought-world of wisdom was in the consciousness of early Israelites. It is found that there is a closer relationship of ‘wisdom literature’ to mainstream Yahwism than has often been thought with the key theological theme of God as creator providing an essential link. Links of the theological outlook of Proverbs with other parts of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and with the ancient cultures of the ancient Near East confirm these conclusions.
‘By me kings reign and rulers declare what is just’ (Prov 8:15)
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: October 2020

Whedbee’s idea of Isaiah as a wise man seems entirely overstated in the light of the paucity of direct wisdom forms in Isaiah. But this is to follow an entirely form-critical line. There are two traditional issues raised—the first is social context. Was Isaiah part of an administration that were ‘schooled’ in wisdom? Here though, he seems to mount a critique and express an ideal. The second is Isaiah’s key themes. A look at a selection of texts reveals that kingship is a prime concern—although there is criticism of the king it is followed by idealization. Ethics in terms of natural law (Barton) is also a key subject for Isaiah. A social context at the royal court in circles of the wise would seem a likely one for this book given these emphases and despite the critique.
Diffraction in the Static Approximation
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T.
Published: October 2020

The basic principles of crystallography are reviewed, including the lattice, basis and reciprocal lattice. The Bragg diffraction law and Laue equation, which describe coherent scattering from a crystalline material, are derived, and the structure factor and differential cross-section are obtained in the static approximation. It is explained how the presence of defects, short-range order, and reduced dimensionality causes diffuse scattering. For non-crystalline materials, such as liquids and glasses, the pair distribution function and density-density correlation function are introduced, and their relation to the static structure factor established. For molecular fluids, the form factor is defined and calculated for a diatomic molecule, and the separation of intra- and inter-molecular scattering is discussed. The principles of small-angle neutron scattering are described.
Magnetic Excitations
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T.
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, the neutron inelastic scattering spectrum is calculated for a variety of magnetic systems. A number of isolated magnetic systems are considered, including single-ion crystal field and intermultiplet excitations, and magnetic clusters. Linear spin-wave theory, a method for calculating the collective spin dynamics in magnetically ordered systems, is outlined and applied to ferromagnets and antiferromagnets both with and without anisptropy. The Random Phase Approximation (RPA) method for the generalized susceptibility is presented and applied to calculate the spectrum of crystal field excitons in praseodymium. The nature of the spin excitations in itinerant magnets is described, and the generalized susceptibility is calculated in the RPA for itinerant electrons with echange correlations. General features of the spin dynamical response in quantum magnets are described, and illustrated by the magnetic spectra of quantum spin chains.
Novel Phases at Domain Walls
Authors: Farokhipoor S. , Magen C. , Rubi D. , Noheda B.
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses how the intense stress fields generated at the ferroelastic domain walls in some epitaxially strained oxide layers introduce selective chemical modifications. This gives rise to novel 2D crystal structures at the walls. The chapter also describes a route for the stabilization of novel two-dimensional phases at structural domain walls that self-assembled during growth, driven by the large stresses present at the ferroelastic twin boundaries. In the case of strained TbMnO3 films presented here, the substitution of Tb by Mn creates a net magnetic moment at each domain wall. This makes them distinct from the bulk-like antiferromagnetic domains. The possibility to tune the domain wall density with the film thickness brings forward a way to tailor the materials' response at the nanoscale.
Photoelectric Effects at Domain Walls
Authors: Yang M.-M. , Alexe M.
Published: October 2020

This chapter reviews the history and the state-of-the-art research of the ferroelectric photovoltaic effect, in particular the role of DWs. Over the last decade, the field of ferroelectric photovoltaic effect has been experiencing a significant revival. Ferroelectrics can spontaneously generate a short-circuit current under uniform illumination owing to the asymmetric momentum distribution of the nonequilibrium photo-excited carriers in the k-space, termed the bulk photovoltaic effect. In contrast to the conventional photovoltaic effect based on a gradient of the chemical potential, the ferroelectric photovoltaic effect exhibits distinctive features. Although the solar energy harvesting based on ferroelectric materials suffers a low power conversion efficiency due to their poor light absorption in the visible range and high resistance, the progress in oxide thin film growth has significantly promoted the efficiency of ferroelectric solar cells in recent years. Meanwhile, the coupling of light with intrinsic degrees of freedom offers a fertile and rich playground to explore the new functionalities of (multi-)ferroelectrics and to develop related applications. In this regard, light-induced reversible ferroelectric switching and domain wall motion have been recently achieved.
Cryptographic Primitives
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

This chapter provides a very detailed introduction to cryptography. It first explains the cryptographic basics and introduces the concept of public-key encryption which is based on one-way and trapdoor functions, considering the three major public-key encryption families like integer factorization, discrete logarithm and elliptic curve schemes. This is followed by an introduction to hash functions which are applied to construct Merkle trees and digital signature schemes. As modern cryptoschemes are commonly based on elliptic curves, the chapter then introduces elliptic curve cryptography which is based on the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP). It considers the hardness of the ECDLP and the possible attacks against it, showing how to find suitable domain parameters to construct cryptographically strong elliptic curves. This is followed by the discussion of elliptic curve domain parameters which are recommended by current standards. Finally, it introduces the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), the elliptic curve digital signature scheme.
Photons as population changers
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 5 presents the views of photons that have accompanied experimental uses of lasers to manipulate the quantum states of atoms and other systems. It discusses not only the Einstein rate equations appropriate for incoherent radiation but also the Rabi oscillations that accompany coherent excitation, and the Jaynes-Cummings model that demonstrates the discreteness of photons.
Michael Young, Social Science, and the British Left, 1945-1970
Authors: Butler Lise
Published: October 2020

In the mid-twentieth century the social sciences significantly expanded, and played a major role in shaping British intellectual, political, and cultural life. Central to this shift was the left-wing policy maker and sociologist Michael Young. In the 1940s Young was a key architect of the Labour Party’s 1945 election manifesto, Let Us Face the Future. He became a sociologist in the 1950s, publishing a classic study of the London working class, Family and Kinship in East London, with Peter Willmott in 1957, and the 1958 dystopian satire, The Rise of the Meritocracy, about a future society in which status was determined entirely by intelligence. Young also founded dozens of organizations, including the Institute of Community Studies, the Consumers’ Association, and the Open University. Moving between politics, academia, and activism, Young believed that the social sciences could help policy makers and politicians understand human nature and build better social and political institutions. This book examines the relationship between social science and public policy in left-wing politics between the end of the Second World War and the end of the first Wilson government through the figure of Michael Young. It shows how Young and other researchers and policy makers challenged Labour values like full employment and nationalization, and argued that the Labour Party should put more emphasis on relationships, family, and community. Showing that the social sciences were embedded in the politics of the post-war left, this book argues that historians and scholars should take their role in British politics and political thought seriously.
Introduction
Authors: Butler Lise
Published: October 2020

The introduction outlines Michael Young’s biography and numerous contributions to British politics, social science, and social activism. It explains how historians have frequently used the concept of an ‘ethical socialist’ tradition to describe aspects of British progressive politics concerned with fellowship, community, and quality of life, and argues that in the period after the Second World War this ethical tradition was expressed through the social sciences. While Young’s ideas have received attention from political historians and policy makers, the introduction argues that they have not been properly understood in the context of mid-twentieth-century social science. Discussing a recent movement amongst historians of modern Britain to critically re-examine social scientific understandings of twentieth-century British society, I argue that scholars should treat the social sciences as an important influence on the history of the British left.
The Institute of Community Studies, 1953–1958
Authors: Butler Lise
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 turns to the Institute of Community Studies, the Bethnal Green-based social research organization where Young and his colleague Peter Willmott published probably their best-known work, the 1957 Family and Kinship in East London. This and other Institute of Community Studies publications, such as Peter Townsend’s The Family Life of Old People, suggested that the family and extended family were crucial sources of mutual aid and social support for working-class communities, and that this aspect of working-class life had been overlooked by middle-class policy makers and urban planners who thought in terms of a more isolated and conventionally middle-class ‘nuclear’ family of parents and young children. This chapter shows that while Young and his colleagues did detect strong kinship networks in the communities they studied, their emphasis on the extended family was informed by a variety of contemporary developments in anthropology, psychology, and sociology, and by a political project to challenge the Labour Party’s emphasis on male labour and suggest that the extended family could provide an alternative to the workplace as a site of social solidarity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of women in Young’s dystopian satire The Rise of the Meritocracy, which argues that Young idealized women, and the relationships between them, for being less defined by work and professional status.
Debauched, Desperate, Deranged
Authors: Conley Carolyn A.
Published: October 2020

Contemporary studies have concluded that women are far less likely to kill than men and that when women do kill, they do so within the family. This book examines the evolution of this pattern in homicide trials in London from the late seventeenth century until just before the First World War. Obviously, the number of prosecutions for homicide is not the same as the number of homicides committed. Which deaths were considered homicides and in what circumstances women were culpable illustrate profound changes in the prevailing assumptions about women. The outcomes of trials and the portrayals of these women in the press illuminate changes in perceptions of women’s status and their physical and mental limitations. This book breaks new ground in that the existing studies of gender and homicide have been narrowly focused chronologically. Though the scholarship for the early modern period is rich, the divide between early modern and modern is rarely crossed. A longer time frame makes it possible to discern which trends are brief anomalies and which represent significant change or continuity. Rather than a simple matter of patriarchal control, gender expectations fluctuated widely over time. Early modern women who killed were wicked, eighteenth-century female killers had succumbed to passion, nineteenth-century women were vulnerable to external threats to their roles as wives and mothers, while early twentieth-century women were most often seen as victims of their own biological shortcomings.
1874–1913: Incapable of Forming a Sound Judgement
Authors: Conley Carolyn A.
Published: October 2020

By the late nineteenth century, women were often assumed to be biologically incapable of making a rational, independent decision to kill. The women who were executed had all killed children other than their own. Children were the only victims considered more vulnerable than women themselves. Neonaticide was less common, but the courts were prosecuting abortions more often and several abortionists were prosecuted for murder when clients died from complications. Women who killed men who had jilted them or women whom they viewed as romantic rivals were viewed sympathetically as they were assumed to be the victims of manipulation by men. Women’s crimes were often attributed to mental weaknesses associated with the onset of menses, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause. The change in perceptions of women’s autonomy and rationality, however condescending, meant that women accused of homicide were treated more leniently than ever before.
Patriotism by Proxy
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney
Published: October 2020

Patriotism by Proxy develops a new understanding of the connections between American literature and American lives by focusing on a historic moment when the military transformed both. At the height of the Civil War in 1863, the Union instated the first-ever federal draft. Paired with the Emancipation Proclamation, the draft inaugurated new relationships between the nation and its citizens. A massive bureaucratic undertaking, the draft redefined the American people as a population. Equitable as the system was in theory, the draft laid bare social divisions, as wealthy draftees could hire substitutes to serve in their stead. A unique feature of the Civil War draft, substitutes reflect the transformation of how the state governed American life: the draft is the context in which American politics met and also transformed into a new kind of biopolitics. Replicating the core assumption of representative democracy that enables one person to stand in as a political proxy for another, the substitute took the place of the draftee and stood in uneasy relationship to the volunteer. Censorship and the suspension of habeas corpus prohibited free discussions over the draft’s significance, making literary devices and genres the primary means for deliberating over the changing meanings of political representation and citizenship. Assembling an extensive textual and visual archive, Patriotism by Proxy examines the draft as a cultural formation that operated at the nexus of political abstraction and embodied specificity, where the definition of national subjectivity was negotiated in the interstices of what it means to be a citizen-soldier.
Introduction
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney
Published: October 2020

This introduction provides a critical framework for re-evaluating a tacit assumption in the field of American literary scholarship, namely that its objects of study are civilian. While scholars have examined how texts negotiate the relationship between subjects and citizens, such considerations have overwhelmingly overlooked the importance of the military for shaping both. The Civil War draft transformed the content of citizenship for Americans, and embedded the military in the structures of representative democracy. Because the draft drew on yet unsettled norms of representation established as far back as the Constitutional Convention, a vast outpouring of texts not only thematized the draft but made textual representation itself a crucial domain for thinking through the draft’s promises of metaphoric equality and pitfalls of synecdochical rendering. Identifying substitutes as a particularly important subset of the draft, this book traces a cultural history of the connections between the symbolic nation and its body politics.
Public Reading and the Civil War Draft Lottery
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney
Published: October 2020

Establishing a methodology for the book as a whole, this first chapter argues that the draft connected the abstractly political and concretely biopolitical via acts of public reading that occurred at the site of the draft lottery, when names were drawn that were then further disseminated in print. A popular literary trope, reading the names generated a citizenry that could be individuated (to the level of the subject) and function as a collective (generate populations), with the draft operating as an important hinge between these two scales of biopower. The draft lottery and its depictions in images and poetry, including Herman Melville’s, formed an assemblage that connected embodied with imagined communities and linked American lives to national ideology. Wartime print periodicals did not merely report on but actively participated in practices of public reading that drew on a range of gestures to facilitate military subject formations.
“We Are Coming, Father Abraham”
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney
Published: October 2020

This chapter traces changing attitudes towards the draft, and examines the oppositional power parody took on under governmental regulations of speech (when it became treasonous to criticize the draft) and of bodies (when the Lincoln administration suspended the writ of habeas corpus). This chapter pairs the deliberations over the draft that occur in historical archives, specifically in newspaper editorials and personal letters, with the poetry and prose repertoires that express the voices those archives silence. Tracking the relationship between voluntary enlistment, conscription, and substitution as these ramify at the level of trope (metaphor/metonymy/synecdoche), the chapter analyzes how deliberations over draft substitution engaged and fundamentally reshaped the politics of representation established in the Constitutional Convention and developed in Walt Whitman’s antebellum celebrations of democratic equivalences. The draft’s provisions for physical substitution undercut and reshaped familiar structures of political representation, as Abraham Lincoln’s hiring of a “representative recruit” makes clear.
Conclusion
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney
Published: October 2020

As soldiers returned from the battlefield with horrific injuries, the cultural formation of citizen-soldiers came to orient itself around the disability of veterans whose “impaired state” (in Henry James’s evocative phrase) called forth new relations of physical substitution around an ethics of care, but also became the site for the cultural reconstruction of the state. Claiming the injured veteran as a figure of whiteness, racialized biopower reoriented itself around the abandonment of metaphoric equality and came to embrace metonymic suture as the fraught conjunction of reconstructed bodies and the reconstructed nation. Drawing on categories of exemption inaugurated by the draft, the injured veteran was able to offer a unifying figure for all whites to claim a privileged relation to the nation.