bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Livestock displace European mouflon from optimal foraging sites
Authors: Brivio Francesca , Ciuti Simone , Pipia Anna , Grignolio Stefano , Apollonio Marco
Published: April 2022

The conflict between free-ranging livestock and wildlife is a serious conservation concern across rural communities worldwide. Livestock may affect wild herbivores via direct competition for resources due to spatial and diet overlap or via behavioural interference. It is imperative that we disentangle the effects of livestock on wildlife behaviour to obtain an empirical basis able to stir management and conservation decisions. Here, we studied the effect of livestock presence on the habitat selection in a free-ranging European mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) population in Sardinia, where the species is under strict protection. We collected spatial data on mouflon and livestock during two consecutive years to investigate whether the mouflon selection of key feeding grassland sites was negatively impacted by the livestock presence. We found that mouflon preferably selected grassland, and its selection significantly increased when grass was of better quality (greener). We showed that livestock presence led to the displacement of mouflon from such preferred feeding sites, an effect clearly exacerbated by livestock proximity. We indeed found that the selection of grassland by mouflon dropped significantly when the distance between livestock and mouflon was below ~ 650 m, providing a useful management threshold indication. Livestock presence in close proximity displaced mouflon to sub-optimal habitat, and its effects may have negative impact on the population dynamic of this species which is already characterized by low female productivity within harsh Mediterranean environment. Our results give clear management indications aimed at better managing livestock grazing within natural areas to ultimately improve wildlife conservation.
Simulation-based training as a continuous means of vascular surgical education—a roadmap
Authors: Siegl Gregor , Ott Thomas , Cohnert Tina
Published: April 2022

Background

Simulation-based training has become an important part of the educational approach in many professions. Over the past decades it has slowly found recognition in the medical field and in surgery in particular. Research has clearly shown the advantages of learning and honing skills on simulators in safe environments, especially for junior doctors. For this purpose, a number of models and methods have been developed to enable open vascular surgery training.

Methods

Extensive research was performed for the development of simulation-based training for vascular surgery. Different types of models and techniques were investigated. Aspects of specific theoretical and practical means of education and training were considered. This initiated the development of a simulation center for open vascular surgery.

Results

Perfused simulators and necessary surgical instruments were acquired for open vascular surgery training at the Simulation Center of the Styrian state hospitals, located at the University Hospital, Graz Medical University, in Graz. A fully equipped mock operating room is available for simulation. In-house junior and senior doctors from the Department of Vascular Surgery have the monthly opportunity to perform simulation-based training. Courses for all state hospitals are planned twice per year.

Conclusion

Simulation-based training is a safe, efficient, and well-manageable possibility for improving the education of future experts in open vascular surgery. It can help hone simple skills such as suture techniques as well as prepare for complex surgical procedures. In time we hope to further integrate simulation-based training in the existing curriculum.
Simplification of genetic programs: a literature survey
Authors: Javed Noman , Gobet Fernand , Lane Peter
Published: April 2022

Genetic programming (GP), a widely used evolutionary computing technique, suffers from bloat—the problem of excessive growth in individuals’ sizes. As a result, its ability to efficiently explore complex search spaces reduces. The resulting solutions are less robust and generalisable. Moreover, it is difficult to understand and explain models which contain bloat. This phenomenon is well researched, primarily from the angle of controlling bloat: instead, our focus in this paper is to review the literature from an explainability point of view, by looking at how simplification can make GP models more explainable by reducing their sizes. Simplification is a code editing technique whose primary purpose is to make GP models more explainable. However, it can offer bloat control as an additional benefit when implemented and applied with caution. Researchers have proposed several simplification techniques and adopted various strategies to implement them. We organise the literature along multiple axes to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of simplification techniques and to identify emerging trends and areas for future exploration. We highlight design and integration challenges and propose several avenues for research. One of them is to consider simplification as a standalone operator, rather than an extension of the standard crossover or mutation operators. Its role is then more clearly complementary to other GP operators, and it can be integrated as an optional feature into an existing GP setup. Another proposed avenue is to explore the lack of utilisation of complexity measures in simplification. So far, size is the most discussed measure, with only two pieces of prior work pointing out the benefits of using time as a measure when controlling bloat.
The Process Linking Child-Invested Contingent Self-Esteem and Conditional Regard: The Roles of Maternal Anger and its Regulation
Authors: Steffgen Sarah Teresa , Otterpohl Nantje , Wessing Franziska , Schwinger Malte , Assor Avi , Kanat-Maymon Yaniv , Gueta Bat El , Stiensmeier-Pelster Joachim
Published: April 2022

Parents whose self-esteem is contingent on their children’s achievements tend to exert more control over their children by displaying decreased affection and regard after failure in school (parental academic conditional negative regard). The current study examined parental anger and dysregulated anger expression as possible mechanisms in the respective association. In total, 221 mothers reported their child-invested contingent self-esteem, habitual dysregulated anger expression, anticipated anger after child failure, and their explicit use of conditional negative regard; their 12- to 14-year-old adolescent children reported perceived conditional negative regard. The moderated mediation analysis revealed that anger after child failure partially mediated the effect of child-invested contingent self-esteem on maternal explicit use of conditional negative regard, which, in turn, predicted adolescents’ perception of conditional negative regard. The effect of anger was moderated by dysregulated anger expression, and anger was only positively related to conditional negative regard when expressed as medium- to highly-dysregulated. The results support our hypotheses and provide an explanation for parental application of conditional negative regard apart from socialization goals or a lack of knowledge about its suboptimal nature. Furthermore, our results underscore the importance of parents’ self-esteem concerns and strategies for anger regulation. We discuss the practical implications of an anger-driven, reactive type of conditional regard.
Development of two common dragonfly species with diverging occupancy trends
Authors: Hogreve Jolan , Suhling Frank
Published: April 2022

The two sibling and syntopic odonate species Sympetrum striolatum and Sympetrum vulgatum are common and widespread in Central Europe. While S. striolatum has strong positive population trends, declines of S. vulgatum are observed. The aim of this study was to identify possible drivers of these diverging trends. We presumed that differences in egg development may lead to differences in survival until hatching. First, eggs laid in non-permanent or shrinking waterbodies may suffer of increasing drought periods. Second, differences in developement may cause increased size-mediated intraguild predation, a common cause of reduced survival in odonate larvae. Egg development time and hatching rates were recorded of eleven egg clutches of S. vulgatum and ten clutches of S. striolatum under simulated drought vs. water and direct vs. delayed development treatments. Hatching rates were reduced under drought conditions, and particularly so in S. vulgatum. We did not observe obligate winter diapause in any of the egg clutches. But, S. vulgatum varied widely in development between clutches, while the eggs of S. striolatum developed much faster and hatched highly synchronously. This would provide S. striolatum with a temporal advantage that may lead to a size-advantage over most S. vulgatum. We also found that S. vulgatum grew faster. Faster larval growth would only compensate for those S. vulgatum with fast egg development. The current population trends may be partly attributed to lowered survival of S. vulgatum under drought and by phenological and, thus, size benefits of S. striolatum.

Implications for insect conservation

Our results show that population dynamics of two closely related dragonfly species can be explained by climatically induced changes in their interactions. Understanding the causes and processes of behavioural changes resulting in differing population trends is fundamental for the protection of species.
Inequalities in Tobacco Retailer Compliance Violations Across the State of Oklahoma, 2015–2019
Authors: Sedani Ami E. , Chen Sixia , Beetch Jessica E. , Martinez Sydney A. , Dao Hanh Dung N. , Campbell Janis E.
Published: April 2022

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between compliance check violations, and characteristics of the tobacco retailer and neighborhood social vulnerability in Oklahoma.

Design

This cross-sectional study utilized the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Compliance Check Inspections of Tobacco Product Retailers database for 2015–2019. These data were combined with Neighborhood social vulnerability variables using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Social Vulnerability Index.

Setting

The setting of this study is the state of Oklahoma, USA.

Outcome measures

The outcome variable for this analysis was whether a sale was made to the youth during the compliance check (e.g., violation; yes/no) regardless of the outcome of the violation, and number of violations per a retailer.

Results

We observed a strong association between having a violation and retailer store type, after controlling for socioeconomic vulnerability and percentage of mobile homes. The proportion of a tobacco retailer’s violations also varied by store type.

Conclusions

More targeted enforcements and retailer education by store type may be necessary to increase compliance.
Reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS) in practice: a software tutorial
Authors: Haunschild Robin , Bornmann Lutz
Published: April 2022

In course of the organization of Workshop III entitled “Cited References Analysis Using CRExplorer” at the International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI2021), we have prepared three reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS) analyses: (i) papers published in Journal of Informetrics; (ii) papers regarding the topic altmetrics; and (iii) papers published by Ludo Waltman (we selected this researcher because he received the Derek de Solla Price Memorial Medal during the ISSI2021 conference). The first RPYS analysis has been presented live at the workshop and the second and third RPYS analyses have been left to the participants for undertaking after the workshop. Here, we present the results for all three RPYS analyses. The three analyses have shown quite different seminal papers with a few overlaps. Many of the foundational papers in the field of scientometrics (e.g., distributions of publications and citations, citation network and co-citation analyses, and citation analysis with the aim of impact measurement and research evaluation) were retrieved as seminal papers of the papers published in Journal of Informetrics. Mainly papers with discussions of the deficiencies of citation-based impact measurements and comparisons between altmetrics and citations were retrieved as seminal papers of the topic altmetrics. The RPYS analysis of the paper set published by Ludo Waltman mainly retrieved papers about network analyses, citation relations, and citation impact measurement.
Structuralism, indiscernibility, and physical computation
Authors: Doherty F. T. , Dewhurst J.
Published: April 2022

Structuralism about mathematical objects and structuralist accounts of physical computation both face indeterminacy objections. For the former, the problem arises for cases such as the complex rootsiand$$-i$$-i, for which a (non-trivial) automorphism can be defined, thus establishing the structural identity of these importantly distinct mathematical objects (see e.g. Keränen in Philos Math 3:308–330, 2001). In the case of the latter, the problem arises for logical duals such as AND and OR, which have invertible structural profiles (see e.g. Shagrir in Mind 110(438):369–400, 2001). This makes their physical implementations indeterminate, in the sense that their structural profiles alone cannot establish whether a given physical component is an AND-gate or an OR-gate. Doherty (PhilPapers,https://philpapers.org/rec/DOHCI-3, 2021) has recently shown both problems to be analogous, and has argued that computational structuralism is threatened with the absurd conclusion that computationaldigitsmight be indiscernible, such that, if structural properties are all that we have to go on, the binary digit 0 must be treated as identical to the binary digit 1 (rendering pure structuralism absurd). However, we think that a solution to the indiscernibility problem for mathematical structuralists, drawing on the work of David Hilbert, can be adapted for the analogous problem in the computational case, thereby rescuing the structuralist approach to physical computation.
User-centred design of clinical dashboards for guided iCBT
Authors: Dugstad Wake Jo , Rabbi Fazle , Inal Yavuz , Nordgreen Tine
Published: April 2022

As Internet-based technology spreads to most areas of life, it becomes a challenge to grasp opportunities arising from enormous amounts of data being generated from various sources such as smart homes, smart cities, health care systems and industries. Efficient utilization of these data can enable us to improve many human practices, including those connected to health care. In the present study, we focus on the health care sector, as it consists of large-scale organizations that rely on the processing of big data and complex processing of information. Due to the dynamic nature and complexity of this domain, it is essential to develop sophisticated technologies for the efficient processing of vast amounts of information. There is, for example, a need for interactive tools that can visualise actual care processes being executed in the hospital. A tool visualising real-time data could give a dynamic view of the processes, with accurate quantitative information, which can be used to improve the quality and efficiency of health care provision. These tools should be built on the requirements of practitioners needs and requirements, to ensure their relevance and practical utility. In this paper, we present a user-driven design process for developing therapy data visualisation components of guided Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy (iCBT) and their evaluation. In order to ensure the reusability of the visual components, we propose to utilise a model-based approach which allows data analysts to adapt domain models by means of model transformation and transform them into visualization.
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) as a high-potential agent for bioconversion of municipal primary sewage sludge
Authors: Arnone Silvia , De Mei Massimiliano , Petrazzuolo Francesco , Musmeci Sergio , Tonelli Lorenzo , Salvicchi Andrea , Defilippo Francesco , Curatolo Michele , Bonilauri Paolo
Published: April 2022

The treatment of municipal wastewater produces clean water and sewage sludge (MSS), the management of which has become a serious problem in Europe. The typical destination of MSS is to spread it on land, but the presence of heavy metals and pollutants raises environmental and health concerns. Bioconversion mediated by larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL) Hermetia illucens (Diptera, Stratiomyidae: Hermetiinae) may be a strategy for managing MSS. The process adds value by generating larvae which contain proteins and lipids that are suitable for feed and/or for industrial or energy applications, and a residue as soil conditioner. MSS from the treatment plant of Ladispoli (Rome province) was mixed with an artificial fly diet at 50% and 75% (fresh weight basis) to feed BSFL. Larval performance, substrate reduction, and the concentrations of 12 metals in the initial and residual substrates and in larval bodies at the end of the experiments were assessed. Larval survival (> 96%) was not affected. Larval weight, larval development, larval protein and lipid content, and waste reduction increased in proportion the increase of the co-substrate (fly diet). The concentration of most of the 12 elements in the residue was reduced and, in the cases of Cu and Zn, the quantities dropped under the Italian national maximum permissible content for fertilizers. The content of metals in mature larvae did not exceed the maximum allowed concentration in raw material for feed for the European Directive. This study contributes to highlight the potential of BSF for MSS recovery and its valorization. The proportion of fly diet in the mixture influenced the process, and the one with the highest co-substrate percentage performed best. Future research using other wastes or by-products as co-substrate of MSS should be explored to determine their suitability.
Internet, Big Data und digitale Plattformen: Politische Ökonomie – Kommunikation – Regulierung
Authors: Dolata Ulrich , Schrape Jan-Felix
Published: April 2022

In diesem einleitenden Beitrag stellen die Herausgeber des Sonderheftes 2022 derKölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologiedessen inhaltliche Ausrichtung und Themenfelder vor. Die Beiträge des Heftes befassen sich aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln – empirisch, theoretisch und historisch rekonstruierend – mit den organisationalen, sozioökonomischen und regulativen Eigenheiten des plattformbasierten Internets, analysieren dessen Auswirkungen auf die politische Kommunikation und Öffentlichkeit, untersuchen die Lebenszyklen und Ausprägungen von vorderhand offen strukturierten Online-Gemeinschaften und diskutieren zentrale methodologische Herausforderungen für die empirische Sozialforschung, die mit dem rasant anwachsenden Bestand an (oft in privatwirtschaftlichen Kontexten generierten) digitalen Daten verbunden sind. Zusammengenommen liefern die hier versammelten Beiträge einen profunden Überblick über wesentliche Bereiche der aktuellen soziologischen Internetforschung, ohne dabei der Versuchung zu unterliegen, auf griffige Hypes aufzuspringen oder schnelle Generalisierungen auf schmaler empirischer Basis vorzunehmen.
Risk-stratified papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: post-operative management and treatment outcome in a single center
Authors: Kanokwongnuwat Wasit , Larbcharoensub Noppadol , Sriphrapradang Chutintorn , Suppasilp Chaiyawat , Thamnirat Kanungnij , Sakulpisuti Chaninart , Kositwattanarerk Arpakorn , Utamakul Chirawat , Sritara Chanika , Chamroonrat Wichana
Published: April 2022

Purpose

This article aims to review and assess the post-operative management and treatment outcomes of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) in risk-stratified patients.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data of PTMC patients who underwent thyroid surgery with or without radioactive iodine treatment (RAI) in a single center between January 2011 and December 2017. Demographic and clinicopathologic data were collected. Risk stratification according to the 2015 American Thyroid Association guideline was applied.

Results

Three hundred forty PTMC patients were included. Post-operative RAI was performed in 216/340 (63.53%) patients. In the non-RAI scenario, there were 122 low-risk and two intermediate-risk patients. In total, 261 (76.77%), 57 (16.76%), and 22 (6.47%) patients were classified as low, intermediate, and high risk, respectively. With a median follow-up time of 36 months (interquartile range: 23, 52), we found unfavorable outcomes (evidenced by imaging or out-of-range serum tumor marker levels: high thyroglobulin [Tg] or rising Tg antibody [TgAb] levels) in 8/340 (2.35%) patients, all of which received RAI. PTMC patients with unfavorable outcomes were stratified as low risk (4/261 [1.53%]), intermediate risk (1/57 [1.75%]), or high risk (3/22 [13.64%]). One death occurred in a patient with initial distant metastasis in the high-risk group. Initial high-risk stratification and initial stimulated Tg (of at least 10 ng/mL) were demonstrated as independent predictors for PTMC unfavorable outcomes (persistent or recurrent disease). Five patients with unfavorable outcomes (four with persistent disease and one with recurrent disease) had abnormal Tg or TgAb values despite unremarkable imaging findings. Moreover, 79/124 (63.71%) patients in the non-RAI scenario were only followed up with neck ultrasound.

Conclusions

In general, at least 98% of low-risk and intermediate-risk PTMC patients showed favorable outcomes without persistent or recurrent disease, defined by either imaging or serum tumor markers. Nevertheless, aggressive disease could occur in few PTMC patients. Decisions on post-operative management and follow-up may be guided by initial high-risk stratification and initial stimulated Tg levels (≥10 ng/mL) as independent predictors for PTMC unfavorable outcomes. Monitoring using both imaging and serum tumor markers is crucial and should be implemented for patients with PTMC.
Long-term Olfactory Functions in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Decline and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Novotny D. , Stögmann E. , Lehrner J.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Olfactory function is known to be impaired in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as well as in subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which are generally considered at-risk states for developing AD. The aim of the study at hand was to identify predictors of self-reported olfaction capability (SOC), self-reported capability of perceiving specific odors (SRP), olfaction-related quality of life (ORQ), and odor identification (OIT) in patients with SCD, naMCI, and aMCI.

Methods

The sample consisted of 33 patients with SCD, 88 with naMCI, and 43 with aMCI who consulted the Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, due to memory complaints between January 2001 and May 2018. Olfactory function was assessed objectively by means of the Sniffin’ Sticks odor identification test (OIT) and subjectively by means of the ASOF-scores SOC, SRP, and ORQ at two to three points in time, with an average time interval of 39 months between the first and second examination, and 24 months between the second and third examination. Linear mixed models were used in order to identify clinical and demographic variables as predictors of mean SOC, SRP, ORQ, and OIT throughout the observation period.

Results

There was a statistically significant — albeit small — time-related decline of SOC and ORQ in the SCD group but not in other groups. Throughout the observation period, estimated ORQ was significantly higher in the SCD group than in the naMCI and estimated OIT was significantly higher in the naMCI group than in the aMCI group after adjusting for time of measurement and other covariates. Positive relationships between OIT and all three ASOF-scores, negative relationships between BDI-II and SOC and ORQ, and a positive relationship between WST-IQ and SRP were identified.

Conclusion

There is a statistically significant, albeit small, time-related decline of uncertain clinical relevance in subjective measures of olfactory capability and olfaction-related quality of life in patients with SCD.

Implications

In all subgroups, objectively measured odor-identification scores have a significant impact on subjective scores over time. The study at hand confirms previous observations regarding the negative influence of depression on subjective perception of olfactory capabilities known from cross-sectional studies.
Biomedical engineering in low- and middle-income settings: analysis of current state, challenges and best practices
Authors: De Maria Carmelo , Díaz Lantada Andrés , Jämsä Timo , Pecchia Leandro , Ahluwalia Arti
Published: April 2022

Supporting the expansion of best practices in Biomedical Engineering (BME) can facilitate pathway toward the providing universal health coverage and more equitable and accessible healthcare technologies, especially in low- and middle-income (LMI) settings. These best practices can act as drivers of change and may involve scientific-technological issues, human intervention during technology development, educational aspects, social performance management for improved interactions along the medical technology life cycle, methods for managing resources and approaches for the establishment of regulatory frameworks.

The aim of our study was to identify weaknesses and strengths of the scientific, technological, socio-political, regulatory and educational landscape in BME in LMI resource settings. We thus analysed the current state-of-the-art through six dimensions considered fundamental for advancing quality and equity in healthcare: 1) relevant and 2) emergent technologies, 3) new paradigms in medical technology development, 4) innovative BME education, 5) regulation and standardization for novel approaches, and 6) policy making. In order to evaluate and compare their relevance, maturity and implementation challenges, they were assessed through a questionnaire to which 100 professionals from 35 countries with recognized experience in the field of BME and its application to LMI settings responded.

The results are presented and discussed, highlighting the main challenges and pinpointing relevant areas where intervention, including local lobbying and international promotion of best practices is necessary. We were also able to identify areas where minimal effort is required to make big changes in global health.
Climatology of developing and nondeveloping disturbances for tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific
Authors: Gu Yaru , Wu Liang , Zhan Ruifen , Wen Zhiping
Published: April 2022

Tropical disturbances play an important role in the formation of tropical cyclones (TCs), but their climate characteristics are still poorly understood. The present study investigated the characteristics of tropical disturbances over the western North Pacific (WNP) for the period 1965–2020 using the reanalysis datasets. An algorithm based on the threshold of synoptic-scale vorticity and convection was developed to identify and track tropical disturbances. Approximately 116 tropical disturbances were detected primitively in the WNP from June to November each year, and about 13.1% of them subsequently developed into TCs. These developing disturbances contributed to the formation of 80.9% TCs in the WNP. Compared with nondeveloping disturbances, the position of developing disturbances is more eastward and southward, whereas the majority of their lifetimes and propagation speeds are similar. The annual numbers of developing disturbances exhibit significant interannual (interdecadal) variability. The percentage of TCs associated with disturbances also experiences a significant inverse interdecadal relationship with the number of TC genesis in the WNP, indicating that the formation probability of TCs is inconsistent with the transition probability from disturbances to TCs. In addition, the long-term trends of developing and nondeveloping disturbances suggest that global warming might be responsible for more tropical disturbances in the WNP instead of higher transition probability from disturbances to TCs.
Republican Citizenship in French Colonial Pondicherry, 1870-1914
Authors: Raffin Anne
Published: April 2022

This work of historical sociology revisits and analyses the earlier part of the Third Republic (1870-1914), when France granted citizenship rights to Indians in Pondicherry. It explores the nature of this colonial citizenship and enables comparisons with British India, especially the Madras Presidency, as well as the rest of the French empire, as a means of demonstrating how unique the practice of granting such rights was.

The difficulties of implementing a new political culture based on the language of rights and participatory political institutions were not so much rooted in a lack of assimilation into the French culture on the part of the Indian population; rather, they were the result of political infighting and long-term conflicts over status, both in relation to caste and class, and between inclusive and exclusive visions of French citizenship.
Robert C. Dunnell's Systematics in prehistory at 50
Authors: Riede Felix , Araujo Astolfo , Marwick Ben
Published: April 2022

The year 2021 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Robert C. Dunnell's (Free Press, 1971) diminutive yet dense Systematics in prehistory. At the height of the debate between Culture History and New Archaeology, Dunnell's work sought to address a more fundamental issue that was and still is relevant to all branches of prehistoric archaeology, and especially to the study of the Palaeolithic: systematics. Dunnell himself was notorious and controversial, but the importance of his work remains underappreciated. Like other precocious works of that tumultuous time, Systematics in prehistory today remains absent from most course reading lists and gathers dust on library shelves. In this contribution we argue for a greater appreciation of its as yet unfulfilled conceptual and analytical promise. In particular, we briefly chart its somewhat delayed impact via evolutionary archaeology, including how it has also influenced non-Anglophone traditions, especially in South America. The obstinate persistence of classification issues in palaeoanthropology and palaeoarchaeology, we argue, warrants a second look at Dunnell's Systematics.
Linear stability analysis of Taylor bubble motion in downward flowing liquids in vertical tubes
Authors: Abubakar H.A. , Matar O.K.
Published: April 2022

Taylor bubbles are a feature of the slug flow regime in gas–liquid flows in vertical pipes. Their dynamics exhibits a number of transitions such as symmetry breaking in the bubble shape and wake when rising in downward flowing and stagnant liquids, respectively, as well as breakup in sufficiently turbulent environments. Motivated by the need to examine the stability of a Taylor bubble in liquids, a systematic numerical study of a steadily moving Taylor bubble in stagnant and flowing liquids is carried out, characterised by the dimensionless inverse viscosity

$( N_f )$

, Eötvös

$( Eo )$

and Froude numbers

$( U_m )$

, the latter being based on the centreline liquid velocity, using a Galerkin finite-element method. A boundary-fitted domain is used to examine the dependence of the steady bubble shape on a wide range of

$N_f$

,

$Eo$

and

$U_m$

. Our analysis of the bubble nose and bottom curvatures shows that the intervals

$Eo = [ 20,30 )$

and

$N_f=[60,80 )$

are the limits below which surface tension and viscosity, respectively, have a strong influence on the bubble shape. In the interval

$Eo = (60,100 ]$

, all bubble features studied are weakly dependent on surface tension. A linear stability analysis of the axisymmetric base states shows that there exist regions of

$(N_f,Eo,U_m)$

space within which the bubble is unstable and assumes an asymmetric shape. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the instability, an energy budget analysis is carried out which reveals that perturbation growth is driven by the bubble pressure for

$Eo \geq 100$

, and by the tangential interfacial stress for

$Eo < 100$

. Examples of the asymmetric bubble shapes and their associated flow fields are also provided near the onset of instability for a wide range of

$N_f$

,

$Eo$

and

$U_m$

.
Entrainment and dilution in a fountain top
Authors: Talluru K.M. , Williamson N. , Armfield S.W.
Published: April 2022

Experiments are carried out on a turbulent fountain to investigate the entrainment of ambient fluid and the dilution of scalar concentration in the fountain top (also referred to as the ‘cap’). The source Froude number (

$Fr_o$

), defined based on the density difference between the source and the ambient fluids, is varied between 10 and 30, while the Reynolds number (

$Re_o$

) is set to a minimum of 3000 to ensure a fully turbulent flow at the source. High-fidelity velocity and concentration measurements are obtained using particle image velocimetry and planar laser induced fluorescence techniques, respectively. The mean concentration field indicates that the cap is approximately hemispherical and its base is characterised by the local Froude number

$Fr_z \approx 1.5$

. It is observed that the ratio of the entrained (

$Q_{top}$

) volume flux in the fountain top and the volume flux supplied (

$Q_{in}$

) at the base of the cap varies between 1.5 and 3.5 at different

$Fr_o$

, exceeding the values of

$Q_{top}/Q_{in} (= 0.5\text {--}0.8)$

for a fountain developing across a density interface (Lin & Linden, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 542, 2005, pp. 25–52). The present experimental results for

$Q_{top}/Q_{in}$

are in excellent agreement with published numerical simulations of turbulent fountains at similar

$Fr_o$

. Lastly, a robust metric to estimate the dilution of scalar in the fountain top has been proposed. The results clearly indicate that dilution is not equal to the entrainment ratio; however, the self-similarity of non-dimensional dilution profiles at different

$Fr_o$

suggests that the phenomenological model for entrainment in the fountain top put forth by Debugne & Hunt (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 796, 2016, pp. 195–210), can also be effectively used to model the dilution of scalar concentration in the cap. Further, it is found that the variation of the dilution ratio is closely linked to the local Reynolds number (

$Re_z$

) at the base of the cap. This is verified using an analytical model that describes the dependency of

$Re_z$

on the local and source parameters –

$Fr_z$

,

$Re_o$

and

$Fr_o$

.
The Fire Inside: Women Protesting AIDS in Prison since 1980
Authors: Day Emma
Published: April 2022

In the late twentieth century, the American prison system expanded in ways that denied women, and especially working-class and women of color, adequate medical care with regard to HIV-AIDS and their reproductive, chronic, and other illnesses. The experience of living within a racist, misogynistic, and privatized prison system shaped women's organizing on the inside, inspiring forms of mutual aid among prisoners and compelling the formation of inside–outside alliances. Activists not only addressed HIV-AIDS, but also the absence of all the healthcare that incarcerated women failed to receive. Their efforts highlight the systemic and cyclical problems diverse groups of women have faced within the HIV-AIDS epidemic in the United States, as well as women's interpersonal, organizational, and legal efforts to overcome them.
FRESHWATER RESERVOIR EFFECTS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS OF SIBERIA AND THE EURASIAN STEPPE
Authors: Svyatko Svetlana V , Reimer Paula J , Schulting Rick J , Shevnina Irina , Logvin Andrei , Voyakin Dmitriy , Stobbe Astrid , Merts Ilya V , Varfolomeev Viсtor , Soenov Vasilii , Tsydenova Natalia
Published: April 2022

In this paper we evaluate the extent of freshwater reservoir effects (37 samples across 12 locations) and present new data from various archaeological sites in the Eurasian Steppe. Together with a summary of previous research on modern and archaeological samples, this provides the most up-to-date map of the freshwater reservoir offsets in the region. The data confirm previous observations highlighting that FREs are widespread but highly variable in the Eurasian Steppe in both modern and archaeological samples. Radiocarbon dates from organisms consuming aquatic sources, including humans, dogs, bears, aquatic birds and terrestrial herbivores (such as elk feeding on water plants), fish and aquatic mammals, as well as food crusts, could be misleading, but need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
RADIOCARBON CONSTRAINTS ON PERIODS OF POSITIVE CAVE ICE MASS BALANCE DURING THE LAST MILLENNIUM, JULIAN ALPS (NW SLOVENIA)
Authors: Racine Tanguy M F , Spötl Christoph , Reimer Paula J , Čarga Jana
Published: April 2022

Caves containing perennial ice deposits make up a little-known, but emerging part of the cryosphere under increasing scrutiny from the scientific community. M-17, a sag-type ice cave opening at 1879 m asl in the Tolminski Migovec massif of the Julian Alps (NW Slovenia) contains a perennial underground ice deposit whose paleoclimate sensitivity is poorly understood and whose longevity under current climate change is at risk. The past mass balance of this cave is constrained using wood macro-remains embedded in ice. Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating of 18 wood samples embedded in ice provides the largest currently available dataset for a subterranean ice deposit in the southern European Alps. The reconstructed chronostratigraphy reveals three main phases of likely positive ice balance around 900–1100 AD, 1200–1300 AD, and 1700–1800 AD, as well as a period of negative mass balance around 1300–1400 AD. The onset of cave glaciation is deemed to have occurred no later than about 900 AD, with evidence of overall positive ice mass balance during multi-decadal periods characterized by cooler-than-average summers and wetter-than-average springs. Conversely, negative mass balance is recorded during a period warmer-than-average summers and dry springs. The cave has experienced ice mass loss since its discovery in the 1980s.
Dietary l-carnitine regulates liver lipid metabolism via simultaneously activating fatty acid β-oxidation and suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress in large yellow croaker fed with high-fat diets
Authors: Li Jia-Min , Zhang Zhou , Kong Adong , Lai Wencong , Xu Wenxuan , Cao Xiufei , Zhao Manxi , Li Jinbao , Shentu Jikang , Guo Xiaohua , Mai Kangsen , Ai Qinghui
Published: April 2022

Dietary l-carnitine (LC) is a nutritional factor that reduces liver lipid content. However, whether dietary LC can improve lipid metabolism via simultaneous activation of mitochondrial fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation and suppression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is still unknown. Large yellow croaker were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with dietary LC at 0, 1·2 or 2·4 ‰ for 10 weeks. The results indicated that a HFD supplemented with LC reduced the liver total lipid and TAG content and improved serum lipid profiles. LC supplementation administered to this fish increased the liver antioxidant capacity by decreasing serum and liver malondialdehyde levels and enhancing the liver antioxidant capacity, which then relieved the liver damage. Dietary LC increased the ATP dynamic process and mitochondrial number, decreased mitochondrial DNA damage and enhanced the protein expression of mitochondrial β-oxidation, biogenesis and mitophagy. Furthermore, dietary LC supplementation increased the expression of genes and proteins related to peroxisomal β-oxidation and biogenesis. Interestingly, feeding fish with LC-enriched diets decreased the protein levels indicative of ER stress, such as glucose-regulated protein 78, p-eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2a and activating transcription factor 6. Dietary LC supplementation downregulated mRNA expression relative to FA synthesis, reduced liver lipid and relieved liver damage through regulating β-oxidation and biogenesis of mitochondria and peroxisomes, as well as the ER stress pathway in fish fed with HFD. The present study provides the first evidence that dietary LC can improve lipid metabolism via simultaneously promoting FA β-oxidation capability and suppressing the ER stress pathway in fish.
Comparative molecular and morphological study of Stenoponia tripectinata tripectinata (Siphonaptera: Stenoponiidae) from the Canary Islands and Corsica
Authors: Zurita Antonio , García-Sánchez Ángela María , Cutillas Cristina
Published: April 2022

Stenoponia tripectinata tripectinata (Tiraboschi, 1902) is the most prevalent subspecies, within the genus Stenoponia, in the Mediterranean area. This rodent flea is widely distributed throughout southwestern Europe and the North of Africa including Mediterranean islands and the Canary Islands. Nevertheless, from a taxonomical and systematic point, this flea group has been neglected over the years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to carry out a comparative morphometric, phylogenetic, and molecular study of two populations of S. t. tripectinata isolated from rodents collected from different islands from the Canary Archipelago and from Corsica to clarify the taxonomic status of these two isolated populations and to assess the morphological and molecular differentiation between them. For this purpose, we have analyzed several morphological traits and sequenced five molecular markers (EF1-α, ITS2, cox1, cox2, and cytb). We observed slight differences in the overall body size between females of both populations, and two well-defined geographical genetic lineages. This suggests the existence of two cryptic subspecies within S. t. tripectinata corresponding to two different island groups. Furthermore, we bring to light the necessity to provide new and updated morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic data to clarify the taxonomic status of S. tripectinata.
Microscopic Findings in the Cardiac Muscle of Stranded Extreme Deep-Diving Cuvier's Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris)
Authors: Câmara Nakita , Fernández Antonio , Herráez Pedro , Arbelo Manuel , Andrada Marisa , Suárez-Santana Cristian M , Sierra Eva
Published: April 2022

Considerable information has been gained over the last few decades on several disease processes afflicting free-ranging cetaceans from a pathologist's point of view. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of studies on the hearts of these species. For this reason, we aimed to improve our understanding of cardiac histological lesions occurring in free-ranging stranded cetaceans and, more specifically, in deep-diving Cuvier's beaked whales. The primary cardiac lesions that have been described include vascular changes, such as congestion, edema, hemorrhage, leukocytosis, and intravascular coagulation; acute degenerative changes, which consist of contraction band necrosis, wavy fibers, cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, and perinuclear vacuolization; infiltration of inflammatory cells; and finally, the presence and/or deposition of different substances, such as interstitial myoglobin globules, lipofuscin pigment, polysaccharide complexes, and intra- and/or extravascular gas emboli and vessel dilation. This study advances our current knowledge about the histopathological findings in the cardiac muscle of cetaceans, and more specifically, of Cuvier's beaked whales.
Rautavaara'sCantus Arcticus: National Exoticism or International Modernism?
Authors: BURTON OWEN
Published: April 2022

Einojuhani Rautavaara's international fame rests largely on pieces celebrated for their apparently non-modernist accessibility.Cantus Arcticus – Concerto for Birds and Orchestra(1972) is greeted with suspicion on account of its wide appeal. This article reconsiders this piece in the context of his complicated and original stylistic development and re-evaluates its relation to Finnish nature and culture. By examining the intersections of nationalism, landscape, and modernism in a late twentieth-century piece, this discussion builds upon established research on early twentieth-century Nordic repertoire, applying it to this contemporary context. It also finds a new perspective by supplementing that approach to include more recent scholarship on post-war tonality. As a result, new insights into musical form and a post-serial renewal of tonal thinking emerge, and through its unique synthesis of seemingly diverse elements,Cantus Arcticuscan be seen as a milestone work within Rautavaara's stylistic evolution.
THE LOGIC OF HYPERLOGIC. PART A: FOUNDATIONS
Authors: KOCUREK ALEXANDER W.
Published: April 2022

Hyperlogic is a hyperintensional system designed to regiment metalogical claims (e.g., “Intuitionistic logic is correct” or “The law of excluded middle holds”) into the object language, including within embedded environments such as attitude reports and counterfactuals. This paper is the first of a two-part series exploring the logic of hyperlogic. This part presents a minimal logic of hyperlogic and proves its completeness. It consists of two interdefined axiomatic systems: one for classical consequence (truth preservation under a classical interpretation of the connectives) and one for “universal” consequence (truth preservation under any interpretation). The sequel to this paper explores stronger logics that are sound and complete over various restricted classes of models as well as languages with hyperintensional operators.
Recognizing IPED Use in Clinical Practice
Authors: Iff Samuell , Gähwiler Roman , Butzke Ingo , Quednow Boris B. , Claussen Malte Christian
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The non-medical use of image- and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) is widespread in the fitness and bodybuilding scene. The reasons for IPED use are often hedonistic in nature and they are used in so-called “cycles” over several weeks. The most common side effects are: testicular atrophy, acne, hypersexuality, hypertension, gynecomastia, lipid metabolism disorders, mood swings, hair loss, and policythemia. Common consequences following IPED use are: decreased libido, oligo- or azoospermia, and erectile dysfunction. To reduce undesirable side effects and consequences, IPED users often take medications for self-treatment; occasionally IPED users also mention such medications and ask for them in the general medical practice.
Interpersonal violence against athletes
Authors: Schmidt Ralph E. , Schneeberger Andres Ricardo , Claussen Malte Christian
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The mediatization of several high-profile cases of sexual abuse in sports has sensitized a larger public for the problem of interpersonal violence against athletes. This article provides an overview of what is already known on the prevalence of different forms of interpersonal violence in sports, associated personal, organizational and cultural risk factors, and the psychopathological consequences of interpersonal violence. Throughout the article, areas where more research is needed are highlighted. It is concluded that evidence-based psychiatric and psychotherapeutic prevention, intervention and care programs that are tailored to the specific needs of athletes are needed to safeguard mental health in sports.