bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Puroindoline Alleles in Chinese Winter Wheats
Authors: Xia Lanqin , Chen Feng , He Zhonghu , Chen Xinmin , Morris Craig F.
Published: June 2007

Grain hardness is one of the most important characters that determine the end‐use quality of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mutations in genes encoding either puroindoline a (Pina) or b (Pinb) have been associated with hard grain texture, i.e., Pina null at Pina‐D1 or seven mutations at Pinb‐D1. In this study, the diversity of puroindoline alleles in 251 Chinese winter wheat cultivars and advanced lines from four major autumn‐planted wheat regions were investigated. Among the examined cultivars, 79 were classified as soft, while 53 were mixed in hardness, and 119 were uniformly hard. Of these hard winter wheats, three of the seven reported mutation types were observed, with Pina‐D1a/Pinb‐D1b being the dominant type for hard texture; 91 genotypes carried this allele. Sixteen genotypes had the Pina‐D1b allele, and two genotypes had the Pinb‐D1d allele. A new mutation, designated as Pinb‐D1p, was detected in 10 hard genotypes, with a single nucleotide (A) deletion corresponding to position 42 in the amino acid sequence of puroindoline b, involving a lysine (K) to asparagine (N) change, and leading to a shift in the open reading frame (ORF). This deletion disrupts the last part of the tryptophanrich domain, changing it from KWWK to NGGR, which is considered essential for the lipid‐binding activity of this protein, and results in a stop codon corresponding to position Pro‐60 in the amino acid sequence. The characterization of different hardness alleles provides useful information in understanding the mechanism underlying the formation of endosperm hardness while providing breeders the means of manipulating this important trait.
Metabolic Responses to Venezuelan Corn Meal and Rice Bran Supplemented Arepas (Breads)
Authors: Schnell Mercedes , de Delahaye Emperatriz Pacheco , Mezones Yudistira
Published: June 2007

The metabolic responses to South American foods remain to be determined. Using glycemic index (GI) and insulinemic index (II) values as references for therapeutic potential of foods, this study investigated the glucose responses to a typical Venezuelan corn bread (arepa) and to an arepa supplemented with rice bran. Adding rice bran to the bread increased the content of resistant starch and dietary fiber measured as total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber. It also increased the protein content of the arepa. Three meals, white wheat bread, 100% corn meal arepa, and an arepa supplemented with 20% rice bran, were administered within a one‐week period. Available starch in the foods was determined to provide 50 g of available carbohydrate per meal. To calculate the indices, bread was used as the reference. The GI and II of the two arepa meals were significantly smaller than the GI and II of white wheat bread, although the differences between the two types of arepas were not significant. It is concluded that Venezuelan arepas (corn meal bread) may have potential health benefits and that the presence of 20% rice bran in the arepa meal did not produce a significant improvement in the glucose response. Due to the presence of antioxidant elements in the supplemented arepa and its higher protein, dietary fiber, and resistant starch content, it may have a potential preventive effect against the development of other pathologies.
Differences in the Aleurone Layer Fate Between Hard and Soft Common Wheats at Grain Milling
Authors: Greffeuille V. , Abecassis J. , L'Helgouac'h C. Bar , Lullien‐Pellerin V.
Published: June 2007

In the milling process, efficient separation between the starchy endosperm and the other grain tissues is a key parameter estimated by ash measurement. Because this separation occurs near the aleurone layer interface, better understanding of this tissue fractionation is critical for a better analysis of the wheat milling behavior. Samples from hard and soft common wheat cultivars that had the same protein content were processed on a pilot mill, and whole grain meals or flour streams were analyzed for ash content. The para‐coumaric acid (p‐CA) and phytic acid flour contents were compared with ash measurement and used as markers of the aleurone cell walls or aleurone cell content, respectively. A greater amount of phytic acid in hard wheat flour compared with soft wheat flour was found and reveals a distinct milling behavior between those wheat classes, mainly at the breaking step. Therefore simple ash content measurement is not sufficient to analyze flour purity. At the reduction stage, quantity of phytic acid increases with the other markers and may result from the overall mechanical resistance of the aleurone tissue. As a consequence, wheat hardness not only determines grain milling behavior but also affects flour composition.
Preparation and Properties of Starch Phosphates Using Waxy, Common, and High‐Amylose Corn Starches. II. Reactive Extrusion Method
Authors: Landerito Nel Anterson , Wang Ya‐Jane
Published: June 2007

The structure and physicochemical properties of extruded waxy, common, and high‐amylose corn starch phosphates prepared using slurry and dry‐mixing treatments were studied. Extrusion parameters including moisture content and zone temperatures were optimized. All phosphorylated starches showed improved freeze‐thaw stability, decreased retrogradation, and improved water binding relative to their parent starches. The extrusion process greatly increased the degree of phosphorylation compared with the conventional oven‐heating method. The extrusion parameters of high pressure, temperature, and shear enhanced the efficiency of phosphorus incorporation. The slurry treatment was more effective than dry mixing in incorporating phosphate groups because its higher moisture content allowed for better mixing under the reaction conditions studied. The phosphorylated starches prepared by the slurry treatment exhibited a lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy, a higher pasting viscosity profile, and improved swelling and freeze‐thaw stability compared with those prepared by the dry‐mixing treatment. The amount and location of phosphorus incorporated into starches by extrusion varied with starch composition and sample treatment before extrusion. Waxy starch was more prone to phosphorylation, followed by common and high‐amylose starches, respectively.
Pizza Dough Differentiation by Principal Component Analysis of Alveographic, Microbiological, and Chemical Parameters
Authors: Formato Andrea , Pepe Olimpia
Published: June 2007

We contrast two types of pizza dough produced in Naples. One was prepared in accordance with pizza dough regulations drawn up by the Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione (UNI). Different pizza doughs were studied using a set of parameters linked to mechanical, microbiological, and chemical properties. The pizza doughs were analyzed by alveographic tests following Approved Methods of AACC International. In particular, alveographic values of parameters ΔPmax, Vr, ΔPmax/Vr, Er1, Er2, ErT, as well as the nondimensional ratios Er1/ErT and Er2/ErT were obtained. Microbial counts of bacteria and yeast were determined and the bacteria‐to‐yeast ratio was also calculated. Total titratable acidity (TTA) and pH were determined by standard methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to some technological parameters (Vr, Er1, Er1/ErT, bacteria‐to‐yeast ratios, pH, and TTA), preliminarily selected on the basis of the variance explained by the components, allowed us to discriminate typical pizza dough of Naples from the other types considered in the study, demonstrating that PCA could help recognize different types of pizza dough. Hence, this method could be used to reduce the empirical component of the pizza‐making process to produce pizza dough with standardized quality.
Endosperm Structural Changes in Wheat During Drying of Maturing Caryopses
Authors: Bechtel D. B. , Wilson J. D.
Published: June 2007

A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) study was conducted on maturing wheat to determine the sequences of events involved during the drying of preripe starchy endosperm. Field‐grown hard red winter wheat Karl and soft red winter wheat Clark were harvested at 21 days after flowering (DAF) and air‐dried in the spike at 20°C for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hr and until completely air‐dried (7 days). Fresh samples of Karl and Clark were also harvested and prepared immediately for microscopy. Both wheat cultivars underwent similar changes during drying. Few changes were observed during the first 8 hr of drying. By 12 hr after the start of drying, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was distended and circularized. Protein bodies were irregular in shape and small autophagic vacuoles were found in the cytoplasm. An amorphous material was first observed in areas of the cytoplasm after 24 hr of drying. RER was typically associated with those regions. Endosperm tissue looked nearly mature after 48 hr of drying. Artificially induced senescence caused by harvesting wheat spikes prematurely caused the endosperm tissue to undergo a number of changes that resulted in the tissue looking normal when compared with wheat that was not prematurely harvested. This suggests that the wheat plant has great capacity to develop normally when subjected to environmental stresses. The methods used in this study can be used to investigate endosperm structural changes caused by adverse environmental stress.
Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Pearled Wheat and Roller‐Milled Fractions
Authors: Beta Trust , Nam Shin , Dexter Jim E. , Sapirstein Harry D.
Published: June 2007

Wheat contains phenolic compounds concentrated mainly in bran tissues. This study examined the distribution of phenolics and antioxidant activities in wheat fractions derived from pearling and roller milling. Debranning (pearling) of wheat before milling is becoming increasingly accepted by the milling industry as a means of improving wheat rollermilling performance, making it of interest to determine the concentration of ferulic acid at various degrees of pearling. Eight cultivar samples were used, including five genotypes representing four commercial Canadian wheat classes with different intrinsic qualities. Wheat was pearled incrementally to obtain five fractions, each representing an amount of product equivalent to 5% of initial sample weight. Wheat was also roller milled without debranning. Total phenolic content of fractions was determined using the modified Folin‐Ciocalteau method for all pearling fractions, and for bran, shorts, bran flour, and first middlings flour from roller milling. Antioxidant activity was determined on phenolic extracts by a method involving the use of the free radical 2,2‐diphenyl‐l‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Total phenolics were concentrated in fractions from the first and second pearlings (>4,000 mg/kg). Wheat fractions from the third and fourth pearlings still contained high phenolic content (>3,000 mg/kg). A similar trend was observed in antioxidant activity of the milled fractions with ≈4,000 mg/kg in bran and shorts, ≈3,000 mg/kg in bran flour, and <1,000 mg/kg in first middlings flour. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were highly correlated (R2 = 0.94). There were no significant differences between red and white wheat samples. A strong influence of environment (growing location) was indicated. Pearling represents an effective technique to obtain wheat bran fractions enriched in phenolics and antioxidants, thereby maximizing health benefits associated with wheat‐based products.
Quality Prediction of Rice Flour by Multiple Regression Model with Instrumental Texture Parameters of Single Cooked Milled Rice Grains
Authors: Okadome Hiroshi , Toyoshima Hidechika , Shimizu Naoto , Suzuki Keitaro , Ohtsubo Ken'ichi
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop highly accurate regression models with texture parameters of cooked milled rice grains for predicting pasting properties in terms of quality index of rice flour. Two methods were adopted as the texture measurement to acquire predictors for the models. In the calibration set, all the multiple regression models by a single‐grain method exhibited a higher R2 than those by a three‐grain method. Each of the former models also showed a lower SEP and a higher RPD in the validation set. The prediction performance was best for consistency (RPD = 2.4). The single‐grain method was more advantageous for the pasting prediction. These results suggest that the models based on grain texture could predict rice flour quality.
Effect of Steeping with Sulfite Salts and Adjunct Acids on Corn Wet‐Milling Yields and Starch Properties
Authors: Yang P. , Haken A. E. , Niu Y. , Chaney S. R. , Hicks K. B. , Eckhoff S. R. , Tumbleson M. E. , Singh V.
Published: June 2007

Two corn hybrids (3394 and 33R87) were steeped with three sulfite salts and five acids to test the effect of sulfur dioxide (SO2) source and acid sources on wet‐milling yields and starch properties. Milling yields from each treatment were compared with a control sample that was steeped with 2,000 ppm of SO2 (using sodium metabisulfite) and 0.55% lactic acid. Sulfur dioxide sources were potassium sulfite, sodium sulfite, and ammonium sulfite; acids were acetic, hydrochloric, oxalic, phosphoric, and sulfuric. Starch yields were affected by the SO2 source and steep acids but the effects were hybrid‐dependent. Different steep acids gave different starch yields when wet milled at the same pH. Among the acids tested, weak acids (lactic and acetic) tended to give higher starch yields compared with strong acids (hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, and oxalic). Some differences were observed with different sulfite salts and acids on starch pasting properties; however, there were no clear trends.
Effect of Composition of Feed Model Systems on Pellet Quality: A Mixture Experimental Approach. I
Authors: Cavalcanti Walker B. , Behnke Keith C.
Published: June 2007

Formulation is said to be the single most important variable affecting the physical quality of pelleted feeds. Previous investigations have usually focused on the influence of a single ingredient at one time and few have attempted to devise predictive models for pellet quality based on the composition of the rations. A study was conducted to investigate the functional properties of the compositional fractions of corn (starch, protein, fiber, fat) as related to the quality of pellets produced. Overall, a quadratic effect was observed for starch, with a positive response at lower‐ to midrange of inclusion, then assuming a downward curvature as the starch levels approached the higher end of the experimental region. Corn protein and especially fat appeared to have a negative influence on pellet quality. Empirical models were created that partially enabled the prediction of the response when ground yellow dent corn was substituted in the model systems. However, overestimation of the negative effects of fat in some of the models led to lower predicted values compared with actual observations.
Empirical Modeling of Die Pressure, Shaft Torque, SME, and Product Temperature of Rice Flour in a Corotating Twin‐Screw Extruder
Authors: Lei Hanwu , Fulcher R. Gary , Ruan Roger , van Lengerich Bernhard
Published: June 2007

Empirical models for predicting die pressure, product temperature, shaft torque, and specific mechanical energy (SME) input based on rice flour extrusion using a DNDL‐44/28D Buhler twin‐screw extruder are presented. The models incorporate the effects of shear rate, barrel temperature, moisture content, flow rate, and screw geometry. The models were tested using rice flour at various screw configurations and extrusion conditions. Die pressure is a function of moisture content, product temperature, and flow rate. By testing the die pressure model, we found that, within the experimental range tested, die pressure was not significantly affected by barrel temperatures and screw configurations. Product temperature and shaft torque are functions of shear rate, moisture content, flow rate, barrel temperature, and screw configuration. Introducing the effect of screw configuration into the models for temperature and shaft torque resulted in an overall improved model performance. Predictions of various models gave good results. Validations of various models were verified using different screw geometries and other processing variables with reasonable accuracy. Extrusion tests indicated that the developed predictive models can be of use for extrusion processing.
Flour Protein Composition and Functional Properties of Transgenic Rye Lines Expressing HMW Subunit Genes of Wheat
Authors: Wieser Herbert , Seilmeier Werner , Kieffer Rolf , Altpeter Fredy
Published: June 2007

Flours from nonsprouted (ns) kernels and dried sprouted (s) kernels of transgenic rye expressing HMW glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) 1Dy10 (L10) or 1Dx5+1Dy10 (L5+10) from wheat were compared with flours from the corresponding wildtype rye (Lwt). The crude protein content of nonsprouted flours ranged from 9.2% (Lwt) to 10.4% (L5+10) and was lowered by ≈1% due to sprouting. Flour proteins were separated into albumins/globulins, prolamins, and glutelin subunits by a modified Osborne fractionation and into SDS‐soluble and insoluble fractions. Portions of the prolamin fractions were reduced in the same manner as glutelins. The different fractions were then characterized and quantified by RP‐HPLC on C8 silica gel. The proportion of albumins/globulins did not significantly differ between transgenic lines and wildtype. The proportions of alcohol‐insoluble glutelins and SDS‐insoluble proteins drastically increased in transgenic rye due to a shift of HMW and γ‐75k secalins into the polymeric fractions. Significant differences in the proportion of highly polymeric proteins between nonsprouted and sprouted flours could not be detected. The quantitative data demonstrated that the expression of HMW‐GS led to a higher degree of polymerization of storage proteins in rye flour. The HMW‐GS combination 1Dx5+1Dy10 showed stronger effects than 1Dy10 alone. The analyzed flours contained two HMW secalins (R1, R2), whose amino acid compositions were closely related to those of 1Dy10 and 1Dx5, respectively. The amounts of R1 in Lwt flours determined by RP‐HPLC were 221 mg (ns) and 186 mg (s) per 100 g and those of R2 were 344 mg (ns) and 298 mg (s), respectively. These amounts increased to 240 mg (ns)/201 mg (s) (R1) and 479 mg (ns)/432 mg (s) (R2) in L10 flours. In L5+10 flours, the amount of R1 decreased to 150 mg (ns)/132 mg (s) while R2 increased to 432 mg (ns)/338 mg (s). The amount of HMW‐GS 1Dy10 was almost the same as that of R2 in L10 flours but was strongly increased in L5+10 flour (633 mg [ns]/538 mg [s]). HMW‐GS 1Dx5 was, by far, the major subunit in L5+10 flours (987 mg 7[ns]/896 mg [s]). The summarized amounts of all HMW subunits increased from ≈0.5 g (Lwt) to ≈1.1 g (L10) and ≈2.0 g (L5+10). Thus only L10 flours were similar to wheat flours in HMW subunit content. The baking performance of L10 flour determined by a microbaking test was improved compared with Lwt flour, whereas L5x10 flour showed very poor properties obviously due to the strongly increased proportion of highly cross‐linked glutelins. The breadmaking quality of flours from 1Dy10 seeds and wildtype seeds was reduced by the same degree when flours from sprouted seeds were analyzed.
NIR‐FT/Raman Spectroscopy for Nutritional Classification of Cereal Foods
Authors: Sohn Miryeong , Himmelsbach David S. , Kays Sandra E. , Archibald Douglas D. , Barton Franklin E.
Published: June 2007

The classification of cereals using near‐infrared Fourier transform Raman (NIR‐FT/Raman) spectroscopy was accomplished. Cereal‐based food samples (n = 120) were utilized in the study. Ground samples were scanned in low‐iron NMR tubes with a 1064 nm (NIR) excitation laser using 500 mW of power. Raman scatter was collected using a Ge (LN2) detector over the Raman shift range of 202.45~3399.89 cm‐1. Samples were classified based on their primary nutritional components (total dietary fiber [TDF], fat, protein, and sugar) using principle component analysis (PCA) to extract the main information. Samples were classified according to high and low content of each component using the spectral variables. Both soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression based classification were investigated to determine which technique was the most appropriate. PCA results suggested that the classification of a target component is subject to interference by other components in cereal. The Raman shifts that were most responsible for classification of each component were 1600~1630 cm‐1 for TDF, 1440 and 2853 cm‐1 for fat, 2910 and 1660 cm‐1 for protein, and 401 and 848 cm‐1 for sugar. The use of the selected spectral region (frequency region) for each component produced better results than the use of the entire region in both SIMCA and PLS‐based classifications. PLS‐based classification performed better than SIMCA for all four components, resulting in correct classification of samples 85~95% of the time. NIR‐FT/Raman spectroscopy represents a rapid and reliable method by which to classify cereal foods based on their nutritional components.
Optimization of a Laboratory Dehulling Process for Lentil (Lens culinaris)
Authors: Wang N.
Published: June 2007

Red lentil (Lens culinaris) is mainly processed into dehulled and split forms before human consumption and characteristics such as dehulling efficiency (DE), which is the sum of percent dehulled whole seed (PDW) and percent dehulled split seed (PDS), are important to lentil breeders, processors, and exporters. A laboratory Satake dehuller was used to evaluate the dehulling characteristics of red lentil. The effects of dehulling conditions (abrasive wheel speed, dehulling time, and seed moisture content) were investigated using response surface methodology. Increasing dehulling time and seed moisture content decreased DE. Increasing seed moisture content decreased powder and broken fractions but increased the undehulled whole seed fraction. PDW was decreased but PDS was increased as dehulling time was increased. Percent hull removed during dehulling process decreased as seed moisture content was increased but increased as abrasive wheel speed or dehulling time was increased. The optimum dehulling conditions for the laboratory dehuller, based on maximizing DE and percent hull removed while minimizing powder fraction (loss), were established. Good agreement was found between experimental values for dehulling characteristics (DE, PDW, PDS, hull removed, and powder produced) obtained at optimum dehulling conditions and predicted values for those characteristics obtained using the models developed.
Degradation of Secalins During Rye Sourdough Fermentation
Authors: Tuukkanen Kristiina , Loponen Jussi , Mikola Markku , Sontag‐Strohm Tuula , Salovaara Hannu
Published: June 2007

Rye sourdough (RSD) gives rye bread mildly acidic taste and desired flavor. Flavor precursors (amino acids and small peptides) are generated in the proteolytic breakdown of rye proteins. Our aim was to study the protein degradation during RSD fermentations. Two sourdoughs were prepared of flours derived from two rye cultivars (Amilo and Akusti). RSD samples were collected during fermentations. Three protein fractions were obtained by sequential protein extraction and these were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Free amino nitrogen (FAN) was measured with a ninhydrin method. In addition, two rye incubations without starter microorganisms (with antibiotics) were made at pH 3.6 and 6.1, and proteinase profiles of the rye cultivars were analyzed at pH 4.3. SDS‐PAGE analysis showed that during RSD fermentations, rye proteins, especially the alcohol‐soluble secalins, were degraded. Secalins also evidently degraded during the incubation without starter microorganisms at pH 3.6. Aspartic proteinases were in the major proteinase group in both rye cultivars. This study confirms that endogenous proteinases of rye, mainly aspartic proteinases, hydrolyze rye proteins, especially secalins, during RSD fermentation. Protein degradation in rye sourdoughs may thus be enhanced by selecting rye flours with high proteolytic activity toward secalins.
High‐Starch and High‐β‐Glucan Barley Fractions Milled with Experimental Mills
Authors: Flores Rolando A. , Hicks Kevin B. , Eustace Dale W. , Phillips John
Published: June 2007

This study focused on the performance of two hulless barley cultivars (Doyce and Merlin) and one commercial husked (hulled) sample using experimental milling. The purpose was to use experimental milling as a preliminary indicator of the milled streams with potential use for fuel ethanol production and fractions that could be used in food products. Experimental mills designed for flour production evaluation from wheat were Chopin CD1 Auto, Quadrumat Sr, Buhler, and an experimental Ross roller mill walking flow. Results indicate that the shorts had the highest levels of β‐glucan from all the mills. However, the β‐glucan content in the break flours was highest with the roller mill walking flow and the Chopin CD1 for the hulless cultivars. The lowest β‐glucan content in the break flour was found with the Buhler for Doyce. Break flour and, to a slightly lesser extent, reduction flour from all cultivars tested on all mills contained the highest starch content (up to 83%) and are therefore most appropriate for use as feedstock for fuel ethanol production. Conversely, bran and shorts from all cultivars and mills were lowest in starch (as low as 25%), making them ideal as low‐starch food ingredients.
Effect of Laboratory Batch Steeping pH on Starch Yield and Pasting Properties of Selected Corn Hybrids
Authors: Cabrales L. , Niu Y. X. , Buriak P. , Eckhoff S. R.
Published: June 2007

This study evaluated the effect of initial pH on percent of starch yield and pasting characteristics for a laboratory wet‐milling procedure. Four commercial hybrids, selected because they have significantly different starch yield values, were laboratory wet‐milled, and the pasting properties of the starch fractions were evaluated using a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). Percent starch yield (db) decreased when initial pH values were >4.0 but was unaffected by any lower initial pH values. The pasting properties of some of the selected hybrids were more sensitive to steepwater pH than others. There was an overall increase in peak, trough, and final viscosity as pH increased.
Effect of Growth Location in the United States on Amylose Content, Amylopectin Fine Structure, and Thermal Properties of Starches of Long Grain Rice Cultivars
Authors: Aboubacar Adam , Moldenhauer Karen A. K. , McClung Anna M. , Beighley Donn H. , Hamaker Bruce R.
Published: June 2007

Starch was isolated from kernels of 27 rice samples consisting of nine U.S. long grain rice cultivars grown in three different locations (Missouri, Arkansas, Texas). Amylose (AM) content of the starches and the fine structure of the respective amylopectin (AP) were determined and used to explain differences observed in gelatinization properties. The AM content of rice cultivars grown at the lower temperature Missouri location increased 0.4–3% and 0.5–4% when compared with the same rices grown in Arkansas and Texas, respectively. AP values of the rice samples were isolated, debranched, and separated by low‐pressure size‐exclusion chromatography. The eluted AP linear chains were divided into three fractions to represent extra long (FrI), long (FrII), and short chains (FrIII). The corresponding average degree of polymerization (DPn) at the peaks of fractions FrI, FrII, and FrIII were 100, 39, and 16, respectively. Total carbohydrate analysis of the fractions indicated that cultivars grown in Missouri had a consistently higher proportion of FrIII and lower proportion of FrII as the same cultivars grown in Arkansas and Texas. Furthermore, the Missouri samples showed a shift toward shorter DPn in FrII and FrIII and had more of the shortest chain components (DPn < 6) of AP. The proportion of FrI did not follow a trend and varied depending on the cultivar and across location. Thermal analysis indicated that the higher temperature growth environments (Arkansas and Texas) resulted in higher onset, peak, and heat of gelatinization for the starches, suggesting longer cooking time and higher heat requirement. Overall, the data support the nonfield findings of other researchers that higher growing temperature results in AP with more DPn short chains that are within a range of DP >10 to form consistent crystallites, and thus results in higher gelatinization temperatures and enthalpies.
Interaction Between Sorghum Protein Extraction and Precipitation Conditions on Yield, Purity, and Composition of Purified Protein Fractions
Authors: Bean S. R. , Ioerger B. P. , Park S. H. , Singh H.
Published: June 2007

Sorghum proteins have the potential to be used as a bio‐industrial renewable resource for applications such as biodegradable films and packaging. This project was designed to evaluate the effect of interactions between sorghum protein extraction and precipitation conditions on the yield, purity, and composition of sorghum protein fractions. Proteins were extracted with 70% ethanol under nonreducing conditions, with ultrasound, or under reducing conditions using either sodium metabisulfite or glutathione as the reducing agent. Several conditions were used to isolate the extracted proteins through precipitation, including lowering ethanol concentrations alone or in combination with lowering to pH 2.5, or by adding 1M NaCl to the extract. Combinations of these conditions were also tested. All precipitation conditions effectively precipitated proteins and lowering the pH and adding 1M NaCl to the extracts enhanced precipitation in some cases. However, the conditions that precipitated the maxium amount of protein or highest purity of protein varied according to how the proteins were initially extracted. Precipitated proteins were characterized by RP‐HPLC, SEC, HPCE, and SDS‐PAGE to compare the protein fractions composition. Nonreduced and sonicated samples had a much wider Mw distribution than reduced extracts. Thus, extraction and precipitation conditions influenced the isolated proteins yield, purity, and composition. Because the extraction and purification processes influenced the composition, purity, and biochemical properties, it may be possible to prepare protein fractions with unique functionalities for specific end‐uses.
A Novel Modified Endosperm Texture in a Mutant High‐Protein Digestibility/High‐Lysine Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
Authors: Tesso Tesfaye , Ejeta Gebisa , Chandrashekar Arun , Huang Chia‐Ping , Tandjung Agung , Lewamy Mamadou , Axtell John D. , Hamaker Bruce R.
Published: June 2007

Development of high‐protein digestibility (HPD)/high‐lysine (hl) sorghum mutant germplasm with good grain quality (i.e., hard endosperm texture) has been a major research objective at Purdue University. Progress toward achieving this objective, however, has been slow due to challenges posed by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In this article, we report on the identification of a sorghum grain phenotype with a unique modified endosperm texture that has near‐normal hardness and possesses superior nutritional quality traits of high digestibility and enhanced lysine content. These modified endosperm lines were identified among F6 families developed from crosses between hard endosperm, normal nutritional quality sorghum lines, and improved HPD/hl sorghum mutant P721Q‐derived lines. A novel vitreous endosperm formation originated in the central portion of the kernel endosperm with opaque portions appearing both centrally and peripherally surrounding the vitreous portion. Kernels exhibiting modification showed a range of vitreous content from a slight interior section to one that filled out to the kernel periphery. Microstructure of the vitreous endosperm fraction was dramatically different from that of vitreous normal kernels in sorghum and in other cereals, in that polygonal starch granules were densely packed but without the typically associated continuous protein matrix. We speculate that, due to the lack of protein matrix, such vitreous endosperm may have more available starch for animal nutrition, and possibly have improved wet‐milling and dry‐grind ethanol processing properties. The new modified endosperm selections produce a range that approaches the density of the vitreous parent, and have lysine content and protein digestibility comparable to the HPD/hl opaque mutant parent.
Modeling Selected Properties of Extruded Rice Flour and Rice Starch by Neural Networks and Statistics
Authors: Ganjyal G. , Hanna M. A. , Supprung P. , Noomhorm A. , Jones D.
Published: June 2007

Rice flour and rice starch were single‐screw extruded and selected product properties were determined. Neural network (NN) models were developed for prediction of individual product properties, which performed better than the regression models. Multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) models were developed to simultaneously predict five product properties or three product properties from three input parameters; they were extremely efficient in predictions with values of R2 > 0.95. All models were feedforward backpropagation NN with three‐layered networks with logistic activation function for the hidden layer and the output layers. Also, model parameters were very similar except for the number of neurons in the hidden layer. MIMO models for predicting product properties from three input parameters had the same architecture and parameters for both rice starch and rice flour.
Moisture Distribution and Diffusion in Cooked Spaghetti Studied by NMR Imaging and Diffusion Model
Authors: Horigane Akemi K. , Naito Shigehiro , Kurimoto Mamoru , Irie Kentaro , Yamada Masaharu , Motoi Hirofumi , Yoshida Mitsuru
Published: June 2007

Moisture diffusion in spaghetti during boiling and holding after boiling was analyzed with a cylinder diffusion model based on moisture content mapped by magnetic resonance imaging. The images showed water penetrating concentrically in the cross section of a cooked spaghetti strand. The moisture profiles calculated from the images refracted near the central part in undercooked spaghetti due to the presence of ungelatinized starch. The moisture profiles of the samples with different holding times intersected around one‐third of the radius from the surface. The slope of the moisture profile decreased along with the holding time while the moisture content at the intersection remained unchanged. The diffusion coefficients were determined statistically for the fully gelatinized region with a cylinder model. The theoretical moisture profiles calculated using such coefficients fitted very well to experimental data. The diffusion coefficients of dried spaghetti were smaller than those of fresh spaghetti at both boiling and holding periods, suggesting that the moisture transport property had been reduced by the drying process during manufacture of spaghetti. The diffusion coefficients decreased with increases in boiling and holding times. The diffusion model with a constant diffusion coefficient is, therefore, valid in a limited boiling or holding time.
Relationship of Dough Extensibility to Dough Strength in a Spring Wheat Cross
Authors: Nash D. , Lanning S. P. , Fox P. , Martin J. M. , Blake N. K. , Souza E. , Graybosch R. A. , Giroux M. J. , Talbert L. E.
Published: June 2007

A negative relationship between dough strength and dough extensibility would pose a problem for breeding hard wheats, as both dough strength and dough extensibility are desirable. We derived 77 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a cross between hard red spring wheat cultivars McNeal and Thatcher. McNeal produces flour with stronger dough and lower extensibility than does Thatcher. RIL were evaluated for strength‐related properties using mixograph analysis and extensibility parameters using the Kieffer attachment to the TA.XT2 texture analyzer. Additionally, the RIL were test baked. Measurements using the mixograph and the Kieffer attachment were highly heritable. Maximum dough extensibility (Extmax) was negatively correlated with resistance to extension (Rmax) (r = ‐0.74) and with mixograph tolerance (r = ‐0.45). Loaf volume was correlated with both Rmax (r = 0.42) and area under the extensigraph curve (r = 0.44) based on partial correlation analysis adjusted for protein differences. Extmax was negatively correlated with loaf volume (r = ‐0.26). The McNeal allele for polymorphism at the Gli1‐B1 locus on chromosome 1BS caused high dough‐mixing tolerance and low dough extensibility. Our results suggest that traditional selection criteria in hard red spring wheat, including tolerance to dough mixing and high loaf volume, may result in reduced dough extensibility.
Measurement of Wheat Starch Granule Size Distribution Using Image Analysis and Laser Diffraction Technology
Authors: Wilson J. D. , Bechtel D. B. , Todd T. C. , Seib P. A.
Published: June 2007

Starch was isolated from flour of four wheats representing hard red winter (Karl), hard red spring (Gunner), durum (Belfield 3), and spelt (WK 86035‐8) wheat classes. Digital image analysis (IA) coupled with light microscopy was used to determine starch size distributions where the volume of granules was calculated as spherical particles or oblate spheroids. Starch granules were classified into three size ranges: A‐type granules (> 15 μm), B‐type granules (5–15 μm), and C‐type granules (<5 μm). An error was noted in using digital image analysis because the perimeter of some granules touch the edge (PTE) of the field being analyzed. To correct for this error, the PTE granules were manually replaced into the field by measuring their diameters and entering them into the database. The results showed differences in the starch size distributions between the classes of wheat evaluated, as well as the method of analysis. Four laser diffraction sizing (LDS) instruments were used to measure granule distributions of the four classes of wheat. LDS compared with IA resulted in a ≈40% underestimation of the A‐type granule diameter and a ≈50% underestimation of the B‐type granule diameter. A correction factor (adjustment) was developed from IA data to correct LDS analysis. LDS data correlations before adjustments to IA data were R2 = 0.02ns to 0.55***. After adjustment, these correlations improved to R2 = 0.81*** to 0.93*** depending on the class of wheat starch evaluated.
Wet‐Milling and Dry‐Milling Properties of Dent Corn with Addition of Amylase Corn
Authors: Singh Vijay , Batie Christopher J. , Rausch Kent D. , Miller Carl
Published: June 2007

A transgenic corn (amylase corn) has been developed that produces an endogenous α‐amylase that is activated in the presence of water and elevated temperature (>70°C). Wet‐ and dry‐milling characteristics of amylase corn were evaluated using laboratory wet‐ and dry‐milling procedures. Different amounts of amylase corn (0.1–10%) were added to dent corn (with the same genetic background as the amylase corn) as treatments. Samples were evaluated for wet‐ and dry‐milling fraction yields using 1‐kg laboratory procedures. Milling yields for all amylase corn treatments were compared with the control treatment (0% amylase corn or 100% dent corn). No significant differences were observed in wet‐ and dry‐milling yields between the control and the 0.1, 1, and 10% amylase corn treatments. Most of the amylase activity (77%) in wet‐milling fractions was detected in the protein fraction. In dry‐milling, amylase activity (68.8%) was detected in endosperm fractions (fines, small grits, and large grits).
Wavelength Selection for Classifying Paddy Rice by Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Chang‐Chun , Shaw Jai‐Tsung , Poong Keen‐Yik , Hong Mei‐Chu , Shen Ming‐Lai
Published: June 2007

Using five paddy rice cultivars grown in Central, Eastern, and Southern Taiwan and harvested in the summers of 1997, 1998, and 1999, eight calibrated models were established by discriminant analysis and back‐propagation neural network with four wavelength selection methods. Randomly adding 80 samples of the 2000 year crop in the three‐crop‐year calibrated models for annual recalibration, eight models were used to classify paddy rice harvested in the summer of 2000. With 351 wavelengths of models 1 and 2, the average classification rates by discriminant analysis and backpropagation neural network were 98.1 and 92.5%, respectively. With 69 wavelengths selected by stepwise discrimination of models 3 and 4, the average classification rates by discriminant analysis and backpropagation neural network were 98.5 and 85.5%, respectively. With 69 wavelengths selected by correlation matrix of models 5 and 6, the average classification rates by discriminant analysis and neural network were 72.0 and 72.2%, respectively. With 69 wavelengths from loading values in the first and second principal components of models 7 and 8, the average classification rates by discriminant analysis and neural network were 69.1 and 60.6%, respectively. Model 3 would be recommended for classifying paddy rice to set trading prices because of its highest classification rate (98.5%).
Starch Pasting Properties and Amylose Content from 17 Waxy Barley Lines
Authors: Yanagisawa T. , Domon E. , Fujita M. , Kiribuchi‐Otobe C. , Takayama T.
Published: June 2007

Starch pasting properties and amylose content from 17 waxy barley lines (waxy gene originating from indigenous lines and an artificial mutant) were analyzed using rapid viscosity analysis (Rapid Visco Analyser [RVA]). Amylose contents varied from 0% (Shikoku‐hadaka 97) to 9.5% (Shikoku‐hadaka 96) compared with 30% for normal barley. Eight parameters were obtained from RVA profiles of these lines and correlation between each of these parameters and amylose content were evaluated. These parameters include pasting temperature (PT), peak viscosity (PV), temperature at PV, minimum viscosity (MV), final viscosity (FV), breakdown (BD), setback (SB), and time maintained at >80% PV (hot paste stability [HPS]). Significant correlations (0.64 and 0.61) were found between amylose content and FV and SB, respectively. High correlation (0.72) was found between amylose content and temperature at PV. HPS calculated from RVA profiles showed the highest correlation (0.79) to amylose content. Outer part of barley grains contained higher amounts of amylose than the inner part. There was a tendency that both PT and FV positively correlated to the amylose content of these parts.
Chemical, Physicochemical, and Nutritional Evaluation of Plantago (Plantago ovata Forsk)
Authors: Romero‐Baranzini A. L. , Rodriguez O. G. , Yanez‐Farias G. A. , Barron‐Hoyos J. M. , Rayas‐Duarte P.
Published: June 2007

Plantago ovata F. are small tan‐colored seeds with ≈30% weight husk. Plantago's husk high content of soluble fiber makes it a good lubricant of the intestinal track with demonstrated effects in lowering plasma cholesterol levels in humans and experimental animals. Plantago seeds grown in Northern Mexico were analyzed for proximate composition, combustion heat, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, fatty acids, amino acids, and protein fractionation. In vitro digestibility and digestibility of dry matter, apparent and true digestibility, and net protein ratio (in vivo) were also analyzed. Plantago seeds had 17.4% protein, 6.7% fat, 24.6% total dietary fiber, 19.6% insoluble fiber, 5.0% soluble fiber, and a combustion heat of 4.75 kcal/g. Osborne fractionation (based on solubility) yielded albumin 35.8%, globulin 23.9%, and prolamin 11.7%. The oil from plantago seeds had a high percentage of linoleic acid (40.6%) and oleic acid (39.1%) and a minor proportion of linolenic acid (6.9%). In vitro protein digestibility of the plantago seed was 77.5%, suggesting a highly digestible protein. Lysine content was 6.82 g/100 g of protein, higher than wheat and oats (2.46 and 4.20 g/100 g of protein, respectively). Rat bioassays showed values of 89.6% digestibility of dry matter, 86.0% apparent digestibility, 88.1% true digestibility, and 4.40 net protein ratio corrected (NPRc). The importance of these findings is that plantago whole grain shows favorable nutritional quality when compared with cereals and legumes.
Buckwheat
Authors: Wijngaard H. H. , Arendt E. K.
Published: June 2007

Buckwheat has major potential as food ingredient, especially for the functional food industry. Buckwheat, a pseudo‐cereal, contains protein of high nutritional value, dietary fiber, resistant starch, rutin, D‐chiro‐inositol, vitamins, and minerals. D‐Chiro‐inositol, fagopyritols (galactosyl derivatives of D‐chiro‐inositol), resistant starch, and buckwheat protein product exhibited positive health effects on rats, but more studies should be undertaken to establish effects on humans. Rutin and quercetin are the main antioxidants in buckwheat and have been mentioned in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. The main nutritional value of buckwheat groats (dehulled seeds) is similar to that of cereals. Starch and fiber are present in similar amounts, and buckwheat also contains a high level of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid. Several vitamins (B1, C, and E) are present, whereas minerals are present in abundance. In comparison to cereals, buckwheat protein is of high nutritional quality due to its relatively high level of lysine. On the other hand, a low digestibility has been recorded, possibly due to tannins, phytic acid, and protease inhibitors. Some protease inhibitors can also cause allergic reactions in humans. Malting may enhance the nutritional and functional properties of buckwheat by increasing protein digestibility and the level of nutritional and functional components.
Levels of Protein and Protein Composition in Hard Winter Wheat Flours and the Relationship to Breadmaking
Authors: Park S. H. , Bean S. R. , Chung O. K. , Seib P. A.
Published: June 2007

Protein and protein fractions were measured in 49 hard winter wheat flours to investigate their relationship to breadmaking properties, particularly loaf volume, which varied from 760 to 1,055 cm3 and crumb grain score of 1.0–5.0 from 100 g of flour straight‐dough bread. Protein composition varied with flour protein content because total soluble protein (SP) and gliadin levels increased proportionally to increased protein content, but albumins and globulins (AG), soluble polymeric proteins (SPP), and insoluble polymeric protein (IPP) levels did not. Flour protein content was positively correlated with loaf volume and bake water absorption (r = 0.80, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.45, P < 0.01, respectively). The percent SP based on flour showed the highest correlation with loaf volume (r = 0.85) and low but significant correlation with crumb grain score (r = 0.35, P < 0.05). Percent gliadins based on flour and on protein content were positively correlated to loaf volume (r = 0.73, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.46, P < 0.001, respectively). The percent IPP based on flour was the only protein fraction that was highly correlated (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001) with bake water absorption followed by AG in flour (r = 0.30, P < 0.05). Bake mix time was correlated positively with percent IPP based on protein (r = 0.86) but negatively with percent SPP based on protein (r = ‐0.56, P < 0.0001).