bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapamycin Improves Palmitate‐Induced ER Stress/NFκB Pathways Associated with Stimulating Autophagy in Adipocytes
Authors: Yin Jiajing , Gu Liping , Wang Yufan , Fan Nengguang , Ma Yuhang , Peng Yongde
Published: January 2015

Obesity‐induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation lead to adipocytes dysfunction. Autophagy helps to adapt to cellular stress and involves in regulating innate inflammatory response. In present study, we examined the activity of rapamycin, a mTOR kinase inhibitor, against endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in adipocytes. An in vitro model was used in which 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were preloaded with palmitate (PA) to generate artificial hypertrophy mature adipocytes. Elevated autophagy flux and increased number of autophagosomes were observed in response to PA and rapamycin treatment. Rapamycin attenuated PA‐induced PERK and IRE1‐associated UPR pathways, evidenced by decreased protein levels of eIF2α phosphorylation, ATF4, CHOP, and JNK phosphorylation. Inhibiting autophagy with chloroquine (CQ) exacerbated these ER stress markers, indicating the role of autophagy in ameliorating ER stress. In addition, cotreatment of CQ abolished the anti‐ER stress effects of rapamycin, which confirms the effect of rapamycin on ERs is autophagy‐dependent. Furthermore, rapamycin decreased PA‐induced nuclear translocation of NFκB P65 subunit, thereby NFκB‐dependent inflammatory cytokines MCP‐1 and IL‐6 expression and secretion. In conclusion, rapamycin attenuated PA‐induced ER stress/NFκB pathways to counterbalance adipocytes stress and inflammation. The beneficial of rapamycin in this context partly depends on autophagy. Stimulating autophagy may become a way to attenuate adipocytes dysfunction.
The Diophantine Equation 8x + py = z2
Authors: Qi Lan , Li Xiaoxue
Published: January 2015

Let p be a fixed odd prime. Using certain results of exponential Diophantine equations, we prove that (i) if p ≡ ±3(mod  8), then the equation 8x + py = z2 has no positive integer solutions (x, y, z); (ii) if p ≡ 7(mod  8), then the equation has only the solutions (p, x, y, z) = (2q − 1, (1/3)(q + 2), 2, 2q + 1), where q is an odd prime with q ≡ 1(mod  3); (iii) if p ≡ 1(mod  8) and p ≠ 17, then the equation has at most two positive integer solutions (x, y, z).
Tetrahydrocannabinol Induces Brain Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Dysfunction and Increases Oxidative Stress: A Potential Mechanism Involved in Cannabis-Related Stroke
Authors: Wolff Valérie , Schlagowski Anna-Isabel , Rouyer Olivier , Charles Anne-Laure , Singh François , Auger Cyril , Schini-Kerth Valérie , Marescaux Christian , Raul Jean-Sébastien , Zoll Joffrey , Geny Bernard
Published: January 2015

Cannabis has potential therapeutic use but tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), its main psychoactive component, appears as a risk factor for ischemic stroke in young adults. We therefore evaluate the effects of THC on brain mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, key factors involved in stroke. Maximal oxidative capacitiesVmax(complexes I, III, and IV activities),Vsucc(complexes II, III, and IV activities),Vtmpd(complex IV activity), together with mitochondrial coupling (Vmax/V0), were determined in control conditions and after exposure to THC in isolated mitochondria extracted from rat brain, using differential centrifugations. Oxidative stress was also assessed through hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, measured with Amplex Red. THC significantly decreasedVmax(−71%;P<0.0001),Vsucc(−65%;P<0.0001), andVtmpd(−3.5%;P<0.001). Mitochondrial coupling (Vmax/V0) was also significantly decreased after THC exposure (1.8±0.2versus6.3±0.7;P<0.001). Furthermore, THC significantly enhanced H2O2production by cerebral mitochondria (+171%;P<0.05) and mitochondrial free radical leak was increased from0.01±0.01to0.10±0.01% (P<0.001). Thus, THC increases oxidative stress and induces cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction. This mechanism may be involved in young cannabis users who develop ischemic stroke since THC might increase patient’s vulnerability to stroke.
Self-Regulation and Rubrics Assessment in Structural Engineering Subjects
Authors: Sáiz Manzanares María Consuelo , Sánchez Báez Miguel Ángel , Ortega-López Vanesa , Manso Villalaín Juan M.
Published: January 2015

Present-day university systems need to educate graduates who are confident and highly independent, attributes that are especially relevant to engineering. We need to develop active methods that can analyze the prior knowledge of students and that impart teaching based on self-regulation and self-assessment by the student. In this study, we work with a sample of 116 students of architecture following a Structural Engineering subject module (61 in the experimental group and 55 in the control group). The objectives of the investigation are (1) to test whether significant differences exist in the knowledge of students after a training program in self-regulation and (2) to test whether the use of rubrics will improve the perceptions of students with regard to their own knowledge. We found that students trained in self-regulation methodologies improved their procedural knowledge in the field of structural engineering. Likewise, student self-perceptions of their own knowledge increased in relation to the design and expert assessment of structural elements and the graphic representation of constructive elements.
The Health Monitoring Method of Concrete Dams Based on Ambient Vibration Testing and Kernel Principle Analysis
Authors: Cheng Lin , Yang Jie , Zheng Dongjian , Li Bo , Ren Jie
Published: January 2015

The ambient vibration testing (AVT) measurement of concrete dams on full-scale can show the practical dynamic properties of structure in the operation state. For most current researches, the AVT data is generally analyzed to identify the structural vibration characteristics, that is, modal parameters. The identified modal parameters, which can provide the global damage information or the damage location information of structure, can be used as the basis of structure health monitoring. Therefore, in this paper, the health monitoring method of concrete dams based on the AVT is studied. The kernel principle analysis (KPCA) based method is adopted to eliminate the effect of environmental variables and monitor the health of dam under varying environments. By taking full advantage of the AVT data obtained from vibration observation system of dam, the identification capabilities and the warning capabilities of structural damage can be improved. With the simulated AVT data of the numerical model of a concrete gravity dam and the measured AVT data of a practical engineering, the performance of the dam health monitoring method proposed in this paper is verified.
Cannabinoid Receptor CB2 Is Involved in Tetrahydrocannabinol‐Induced Anti‐Inflammation against Lipopolysaccharide in MG‐63 Cells
Authors: Yang Lei , Li Fei-Fei , Han Yu-Chen , Jia Bin , Ding Yin
Published: January 2015

Cannabinoid Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in treating osteoarthritis (OA), and the mechanism, however, is still elusive. Activation of cannabinoid receptor CB2 reduces inflammation; whether the activation CB2 is involved in THC‐induced therapeutic action for OA is still unknown. Cofilin‐1 is a cytoskeleton protein, participating in the inflammation of OA. In this study, MG‐63 cells, an osteosarcoma cell‐line, were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic the inflammation of OA. We hypothesized that the activation of CB2 is involved in THC‐induced anti‐inflammation in the MG‐63 cells exposed to LPS, and the anti‐inflammation is mediated by cofilin‐1. We found that THC suppressed the release of proinflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐ (IL‐) 1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8, decreased nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) expression, and inhibited the upregulation of cofilin‐1 protein in the LPS‐stimulated MG‐63 cells. However, administration of CB2 receptor antagonist or the CB2‐siRNA, not CB1 antagonist AM251, partially abolished the THC‐induced anti‐inflammatory effects above. In addition, overexpression of cofilin‐1 significantly reversed the THC‐induced anti‐inflammatory effects in MG‐63 cells. These results suggested that CB2 is involved in the THC‐induced anti‐inflammation in LPS‐stimulated MG‐63 cells, and the anti‐inflammation may be mediated by cofilin‐1.
Operational Modal Identification of Time-Varying Structures via a Vector Multistage Recursive Approach in Hybrid Time and Frequency Domain
Authors: Zhou Si-Da , Liu Li , Yang Wu , Ma Zhi-Sai
Published: January 2015

Real-time estimation of modal parameters of time-varying structures can conduct an obvious contribution to some specific applications in structural dynamic area, such as health monitoring, damage detection, and vibration control; the recursive algorithm of modal parameter estimation supplies one of fundamentals for acquiring modal parameters in real-time. This paper presents a vector multistage recursive method of modal parameter estimation for time-varying structures in hybrid time and frequency domain, including stages of recursive estimation of time-dependent power spectra, frozen-time modal parameter estimation, recursive modal validation, and continuous-time estimation of modal parameters. An experimental example validates the proposed method finally.
Decision Fusion System for Bolted Joint Monitoring
Authors: Liang Dong , Yuan Shen-fang
Published: January 2015

Bolted joint is widely used in mechanical and architectural structures, such as machine tools, industrial robots, transport machines, power plants, aviation stiffened plate, bridges, and steel towers. The bolt loosening induced by flight load and environment factor can cause joint failure leading to a disastrous accident. Hence, structural health monitoring is critical for the bolted joint detection. In order to realize a real-time and convenient monitoring and satisfy the requirement of advanced maintenance of the structure, this paper proposes an intelligent bolted joint failure monitoring approach using a developed decision fusion system integrated with Lamb wave propagation based actuator-sensor monitoring method. Firstly, the basic knowledge of decision fusion and classifier selection techniques is briefly introduced. Then, a developed decision fusion system is presented. Finally, three fusion algorithms, which consist of majority voting, Bayesian belief, and multiagent method, are adopted for comparison in a real-world monitoring experiment for the large aviation aluminum plate. Based on the results shown in the experiment, a big potential in real-time application is presented that the method can accurately and rapidly identify the bolt loosening by analyzing the acquired strain signal using proposed decision fusion system.
Native Oils from Apple, Blackcurrant, Raspberry, and Strawberry Seeds as a Source of Polyenoic Fatty Acids, Tocochromanols, and Phytosterols: A Health Implication
Authors: Pieszka Marek , Migdał Władysław , Gąsior Robert , Rudzińska Magdalena , Bederska-Łojewska Dorota , Pieszka Magdalena , Szczurek Paulina
Published: January 2015

The oils from strawberry, blackcurrant, raspberry, and apple seeds were characterized by a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (90.8%, 88.6%, 94.0%, and 86.9%, resp.). Strawberry and raspberry oils had high levels of C18:2 (45.4% and 49.0%) andαC18:3 (29.0% and 33.0%, resp.). Blackcurrant oil was the richest source ofγC18:3 (18.5%) and C18:4 (3.6%). Apple oil had high levels of C18:2 (55.5%) and C18:1 (29.4%). Blackcurrant oil had 229.5 mg/100 g of tocochromanols, predominantlyγ-tocopherol (117.8 mg/100 g) andα-tocopherol (84.3 mg/100 g). Raspberry oil was rich inγ-,α-, andδ-tocopherol (193.5; 65.6; and 32.2 mg/100 g, resp.). Strawberry oil containedγ- andδ-tocopherol, 49.0 and 6.1 mg/100 g, respectively. Apple contained all isomers ofα-,β-,γ-, andδ-tocopherols at 41.7, 62.7, 13.6, and 21.8 mg/100 g, respectively. The level of tocotrienols in the analysed oils ranged from 0.85 to 6.73 mg/100 g. Ten different phytosterols were found in the tested oils. The richest sources of phytosterols were blackcurrant oil (6824.9 μg/g) followed by raspberry (5384.1 μg/g), strawberry (4643.1 μg/g), and apple oil (3460.0 μg/g). The dominant compound in the analysed oils was sitosterol, from 2630 μg/g in apple oil to 3630 μg/g in blackcurrant oil.
Data Transformation Technique to Improve the Outlier Detection Power of Grubbs’ Test for Data Expected to Follow Linear Relation
Authors: Adikaram K. K. L. B. , Hussein M. A. , Effenberger M. , Becker T.
Published: January 2015

Grubbs test (extreme studentized deviate test, maximum normed residual test) is used in various fields to identify outliers in a data set, which are ranked in the order ofx1≤x2≤x3≤⋯≤xn  (i=1,2,3,…,n). However, ranking of data eliminates the actual sequence of a data series, which is an important factor for determining outliers in some cases (e.g., time series). Thus in such a data set, Grubbs test will not identify outliers correctly. This paper introduces a technique for transforming data from sequence bound linear form to sequence unbound form(y=c). Applying Grubbs test to the new transformed data set detects outliers more accurately. In addition, the new technique improves the outlier detection capability of Grubbs test. Results show that, Grubbs test was capable of identifing outliers at significance level 0.01 after transformation, while it was unable to identify those prior to transforming at significance level 0.05.
Acoustic-Gravity Waves Interacting with a Rectangular Trench
Authors: Kadri Usama
Published: January 2015

A mathematical solution of the two-dimensional linear problem of an acoustic-gravity wave interacting with a rectangular trench, in a compressible ocean, is presented. Expressions for the flow field on both sides of the trench are derived. The dynamic bottom pressure produced by the acoustic-gravity waves on both sides of the trench is measurable, though on the transmission side it decreases with the trench depth. A successful recording of the bottom pressures could assist in the early detection of tsunami.
Severe Psychomotor Delay in a Severe Presentation of Cat-Eye Syndrome
Authors: Jedraszak Guillaume , Receveur Aline , Andrieux Joris , Mathieu-Dramard Michèle , Copin Henri , Morin Gilles
Published: January 2015

Cat-eye syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome of chromosomal origin. Individuals with cat-eye syndrome are characterized by the presence of preauricular pits and/or tags, anal atresia, and iris coloboma. Many reported cases also presented with variable congenital anomalies and intellectual disability. Most patients diagnosed with CES carry a small supernumerary bisatellited marker chromosome, resulting in partial tetrasomy of 22p-22q11.21. There are two types of small supernumerary marker chromosome, depending on the breakpoint site. In a very small proportion of cases, other cytogenetic anomalies are reportedly associated with the cat-eye syndrome phenotype. Here, we report a patient with cat-eye syndrome caused by a type 1 small supernumerary marker chromosome. The phenotype was atypical and included a severe developmental delay. The use of array comparative genomic hybridization ruled out the involvement of another chromosomal imbalance in the neurological phenotype. In the literature, only a few patients with cat-eye syndrome present with a severe developmental delay, and all of the latter carried an atypical partial trisomy 22 or an uncharacterized small supernumerary marker chromosome. Hence, this is the first report of a severe neurological phenotype in cat-eye syndrome with a typical type 1 small supernumerary marker chromosome. Our observation clearly complicates prognostic assessment, particularly when cat-eye syndrome is diagnosed prenatally.
A Wireless Pressure Microsensor Fabricated in HTCC Technology for Dynamic Pressure Monitoring in Harsh Environments
Authors: Gao Ronghui , Hong Yingping , Zhang Huixin , Liu Wenyi , Liang Ting , Zhang Wendong , Xiong Jijun
Published: January 2015

The partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) ceramic has wide applications due to its excellent mechanical toughness and chemically inert and electrical properties for fabricating various devices. In this paper, a novel high temperature pressure sensor with the PSZ was designed and fabricated. The sensor was designed based on the small deflection theory, which enables its theoretic pressure-capacitance capability up to 60 bar. HTCC process technology was used to fabricate the sensor, which would realize a completely passive LC resonant circuit integrated on the ceramic substrate. According to the coupling principle, noncontact testing is achieved using the designed readout system, with average sensitivity up to 38 kHz Bar−1 presented. Compared to the fabrication and measurement of traditional sensors, excellent packaging process is demonstrated, and the sensor can be completely tested from 0 to 60 bar.
Premature Immunosenescence Is Associated with Memory Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Petersen Laura Esteves , Grassi-Oliveira Rodrigo , Siara Talita , Ribeiro dos Santos Suyan Gehlm , Ilha Mariana , de Nardi Tatiana , Keisermann Mauro , Bauer Moisés Evandro
Published: January 2015

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been associated with premature immunosenescence and an increased prevalence of age-related morbidities including poor cognitive function. Objective: We explored the relationships among lymphocyte subsets and memory in RA. Methods: Thirty patients with RA and 19 age-matched healthy controls took part in this study. Cognitive function stress and depression scores were evaluated by structured clinical questionnaires. Lymphocytes were isolated and immunophenotyped by flow cytometry to investigate the following subsets: B cells, activated and naïve/memory T cells, regulatory FoxP3+ T (Treg) cells, Th17+ cells, NK cells and senescence-associated CD28- T cells. Results: RA patients were more depressed than controls, but stress levels were similar in the 2 groups. Patients had impaired memory performance compared to controls, demonstrated by lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores and logical and working memories (all p < 0.0001). These group effects remained significant after correcting for depression and age. Patients had expansion of regulatory T cells, naïve CD4+ T cells and CD8+CD28- cells but reduced percentages of B cells and memory CD8+CD45RO+ T cells compared to controls. CD8+CD28- and CD8+CD45RO+ T cells were found to be negatively associated with memory. Conclusion: RA patients had reduced memory performance compared to healthy controls. Expansion of activated and senescence-associated T cells was correlated with poor memory performance.
Heme Oxygenase-1 Restores Impaired GARP+CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells from Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome by Upregulating LAP and GARP Expression on Activated T Lymphocytes
Authors: Liu Yuzhou , Zhao Xiaoqi , Zhong Yucheng , Meng Kai , Yu Kunwu , Shi Huairui , Wu Bangwei , Tony Hasahya , Zhu Jianghao , Zhu Ruirui , Peng Yudong , Mao Yi , Cheng Peng , Mao Xiaobo , Zeng Qiutang
Published: January 2015

Background: Accumulating evidence shows that the pathological autoreactive immune response is responsible for plaque rupture and the subsequent onset of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells (nTregs) are indispensable in suppressing the pathological autoreactive immune response and maintaining immune homeostasis. However, the number and the suppressive function of glycoprotein-A repetitions predominant (GARP) + CD4+ CD25+ activated nTregs were impaired in patients with ACS. Recent evidence suggests that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can regulate the adaptive immune response by promoting the expression of Foxp3. We therefore hypothesized that HO-1 may enhance the function of GARP+ CD4+ CD25+Tregs in patients with ACS and thus regulate immune imbalance. Methods: T lymphocytes were isolated from healthy volunteers (control, n=30) and patients with stable angina (SA, n=40) or ACS (n=51). Half of these cells were treated with an HO-1 inducer (hemin) for 48 h, and the other half were incubated with complete RPMI-1640 medium. The frequencies of T-helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17 and latency-associated peptide (LAP) +CD4+ T cells and the expression of Foxp3 and GARP by CD4+CD25+T cells were then assessed by measuring flow cytometry after stimulation in vitro. The suppressive function of activated Tregs was measured by thymidine uptake. The levels of transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-β1) in the plasma were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of the genes encoding these proteins were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Patients with ACS exhibited an impaired number and suppressive function of GARP+ CD4+ CD25+Tregs and a mixed Th1/Th17-dominant T cell response when compared with the SA and control groups. The expression of LAP in T cells was also lower in patients with ACS compared to patients with SA and the control individuals. Treatment with an HO-1 inducer enhanced the biological activity of GARP+ CD4+ CD25+Tregs and resulted in increased expression of LAP and GARP by activated T cells. Conclusions: The reduced number and impaired suppressive function of GARP+ CD4+ CD25+Tregs result in excess effector T cell proliferation, leading to plaque instability and the onset of ACS. HO-1 can effectively restore impaired GARP+ CD4+ CD25+Tregs from patients with ACS by promoting LAP and GARP expression on activated T cells.
DIDS Reduces Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Myocardial Injury in Rats
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Cao Yanan , Shen Mingzhi , Wang Bo , Zhang Weiwei , Liu Yan , He Xiaole , Wang Lin , Xia Yuesheng , Ding Mingge , Xu Xihui , Ren Jun
Published: January 2015

Background/Aims: Anion channels such as chloride channel are known to participate in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular processes including development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and regeneration. This study was designed to examine the effect of the non-selective anion channel blocker 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) on cardiac function and apoptosis using a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Methods: Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into the following groups including sham, I/R and I/R+DIDS (7, 14 or 28 mg/kg). In DIDS group, rats received DIDS treatment (4 ml/kg/hr) at the beginning of reperfusion for 2 hrs using a programmed micro-pump. Cardiac function was evaluated including left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) as well as positive and negative maximal derivatives of left ventricular pressure (± dP/dtmax). Myocardial infarct size was detected using the double staining with 2, 3, 5-triphenyl-2H-tetra-zolium chloride (TTC) and Evan's blue dye. DNA ladder, TUNEL assay, Bax and Bcl-2 protein levels were evaluated. Levels of ROS and Akt phosphorylation were detected. Results: I/R injury compromised cardiac function as manifested by reduced LVSP and ± dP/dtmax as well as pronounced apoptosis. I/R-induced cardiac anomalies were markedly ameliorated by DIDS. DIDS retarded I/R-induced myocardial infarct and apoptosis. In addition, DIDS ameliorated I/R-induced ROS production and Akt dephosphorylation in the heart. Conclusion: Taken together, our data revealed that DIDS may protect cardiomyocytes against I/R injury as evidenced by improved cardiac function, Bcl-2, Akt phosphorylation, and reduced myocardial apoptosis, Bax expression, ROS production and myocardial infarct size.
Social Interaction and Cocaine Conditioning in Mice Increase Spontaneous Spike Frequency in the Nucleus Accumbens or Septal Nuclei as Revealed by Multielectrode Array Recordings
Authors: Kummer Kai K. , El Rawas Rana , Kress Michaela , Saria Alois , Zernig Gerald
Published: January 2015

Both cocaine and social interaction place preference conditioning lead to increased neuronal expression of the immediate early gene EGR1 in the nucleus accumbens, a central region of the reward pathway, suggesting that both drug and natural rewards may be processed in similar brain regions. In order to gain novel insights into the intrinsic in vitro electrical activity of the nucleus accumbens and adjacent brain regions and to explore the effects of reward conditioning on network activity, we performed multielectrode array recordings of spontaneous firing in acute brain slices of mice conditioned to either cocaine or social interaction place preference. Cocaine conditioning increased the spike frequency of neurons in the septal nuclei, whereas social interaction conditioning increased the spike frequency in the nucleus accumbens compared to saline control animals. In addition, social interaction conditioning decreased the amount of active neuron clusters in the nucleus accumbens. Our findings suggest that place preference conditioning for both drug and natural rewards may induce persistent changes in neuronal network activity in the nucleus accumbens and the septum that are still preserved in acute slice preparations.
Conflicting Results Between Randomized Trials and Observational Studies on the Impact of Proton Pump Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Events When Coadministered With Dual Antiplatelet Therapy
Authors: Melloni Chiara , Washam Jeffrey B. , Jones W. Schuyler , Halim Sharif A. , Hasselblad Victor , Mayer Stephanie B. , Heidenfelder Brooke L. , Dolor Rowena J.
Published: January 2015

Background—

Discordant results have been reported on the effects of concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for cardiovascular outcomes. We conducted a systematic review comparing the effectiveness and safety of concomitant use of PPIs and DAPT in the postdischarge treatment of unstable angina/non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients.

Methods and Results—

We searched for clinical studies in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, from 1995 to 2012. Reviewers screened and extracted data, assessed applicability and quality, and graded the strength of evidence. We performed meta-analyses of direct comparisons when outcomes and follow-up periods were comparable. Thirty-five studies were eligible. Five (4 randomized controlled trials and 1 observational) assessed the effect of omeprazole when added to DAPT; the other 30 (observational) assessed the effect of PPIs as a class when compared with no PPIs. Random-effects meta-analyses of the studies assessing PPIs as a class consistently reported higher event rates in patients receiving PPIs for various clinical outcomes at 1 year (composite ischemic end points, all-cause mortality, nonfatal MI, stroke, revascularization, and stent thrombosis). However, the results from randomized controlled trials evaluating omeprazole compared with placebo showed no difference in ischemic outcomes, despite a reduction in upper gastrointestinal bleeding with omeprazole.

Conclusions—

Large, well-conducted observational studies of PPIs and randomized controlled trials of omeprazole seem to provide conflicting results for the effect of PPIs on cardiovascular outcomes when coadministered with DAPT. Prospective trials that directly compare pharmacodynamic parameters and clinical events among specific PPI agents in patients with unstable angina/non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction treated with DAPT are warranted.
Effect of a Computer-Guided, Quality Improvement Program for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Management in Primary Health Care
Authors: Peiris David , Usherwood Tim , Panaretto Kathryn , Harris Mark , Hunt Jennifer , Redfern Julie , Zwar Nicholas , Colagiuri Stephen , Hayman Noel , Lo Serigne , Patel Bindu , Lyford Marilyn , MacMahon Stephen , Neal Bruce , Sullivan David , Cass Alan , Jackson Rod , Patel Anushka
Published: January 2015

Background—

Despite effective treatments to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, their translation into practice is limited.

Methods and Results—

Using a parallel arm cluster-randomized controlled trial in 60 Australian primary healthcare centers, we tested whether a multifaceted quality improvement intervention comprising computerized decision support, audit/feedback tools, and staff training improved (1) guideline-indicated risk factor measurements and (2) guideline-indicated medications for those at high cardiovascular disease risk. Centers had to use a compatible software system, and eligible patients were regular attendees (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged ≥35 years and others aged ≥45 years). Patient-level analyses were conducted using generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. Median follow-up for 38 725 patients (mean age, 61.0 years; 42% men) was 17.5 months. Mean monthly staff support was <1 hour/site. For the coprimary outcomes, the intervention was associated with improved overall risk factor measurements (62.8% versus 53.4% risk ratio; 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.50;
P
=0.02), but there was no significant differences in recommended prescriptions for the high-risk cohort (n=10 308; 56.8% versus 51.2%;
P
=0.12). There were significant treatment escalations (new prescriptions or increased numbers of medicines) for antiplatelet (17.9% versus 2.7%;
P
<0.001), lipid-lowering (19.2% versus 4.8%;
P
<0.001), and blood pressure–lowering medications (23.3% versus 12.1%;
P
=0.02).

Conclusions—

In Australian primary healthcare settings, a computer-guided quality improvement intervention, requiring minimal support, improved cardiovascular disease risk measurement but did not increase prescription rates in the high-risk group. Computerized quality improvement tools offer an important, albeit partial, solution to improving primary healthcare system capacity for cardiovascular disease risk management.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=336630
. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry No. 12611000478910.
Endocardial Fibroelastosis Is Caused by Aberrant Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Xu Xingbo , Friehs Ingeborg , Zhong Hu Tachi , Melnychenko Ivan , Tampe Björn , Alnour Fouzi , Iascone Maria , Kalluri Raghu , Zeisberg Michael , del Nido Pedro J. , Zeisberg Elisabeth M.
Published: January 2015

Rationale:

Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a unique form of fibrosis, which forms a de novo subendocardial tissue layer encapsulating the myocardium and stunting its growth, and which is typically associated with congenital heart diseases of heterogeneous origin, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Relevance of EFE was only recently highlighted through the establishment of staged biventricular repair surgery in infant patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, where surgical removal of EFE tissue has resulted in improvement in the restrictive physiology leading to the growth of the left ventricle in parallel with somatic growth. However, pathomechanisms underlying EFE formation are still scarce, and specific therapeutic targets are not yet known.

Objective:

Here, we aimed to investigate the cellular origins of EFE tissue and to gain insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms to ultimately develop novel therapeutic strategies.

Methods and Results:

By utilizing a novel EFE model of heterotopic transplantation of hearts from newborn reporter mice and by analyzing human EFE tissue, we demonstrate for the first time that fibrogenic cells within EFE tissue originate from endocardial endothelial cells via aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition. We further demonstrate that such aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition involving endocardial endothelial cells is caused by dysregulated transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic proteins signaling and that this imbalance is at least in part caused by aberrant promoter methylation and subsequent transcriptional suppression of bone morphogenetic proteins 5 and 7. Finally, we provide evidence that supplementation of exogenous recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins 7 effectively ameliorates endothelial to mesenchymal transition and experimental EFE in rats.

Conclusions:

In summary, our data point to aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition as a common denominator of infant EFE development in heterogeneous, congenital heart diseases, and to bone morphogenetic proteins 7 as an effective treatment for EFE and its restriction of heart growth.
“Tossing a Match into Dry Hay”: Nuclear Weapons and the Crisis in U.S.-Canadian Relations, 1962–1963
Authors: Stevenson Michael D.
Published: January 2015

Newly declassified archival sources allow a reassessment of U.S.-Canadian diplomacy during the final months of John Diefenbaker's government concerning Canada's prospective acquisition of nuclear weapons in the wake of the October 1962 Cuban missile crisis. Scholars have traditionally argued that Canadian proposals for U.S. nuclear warheads to be supplied to Canada after the outbreak of an international emergency were unworkable. Diefenbaker has been deemed primarily responsible for his government's collapse after personally fumbling the bilateral nuclear weapons talks. Drawing on previously unavailable primary documents, this article shows that the U.S. decision to reject Ottawa's proposals was rooted in political, not military, imperatives. The article also demonstrates that U.S. officials waged a concerted campaign to undermine the Canadian government, most notably through the State Department's unprecedented public rebuke of Diefenbaker's nuclear weapons policy in late-January 1963.
Chinese–North Korean Relations and China's Policy toward Korean Cross-Border Migration, 1950–1962
Authors: Shen Zhihua , Xia Yafeng
Published: January 2015

Making use of Chinese Foreign Ministry archives and provincial and municipal archives, this article traces the history of cross-border migration of ethnic Koreans from 1950 to 1962, especially the illegal migration of ethnic Koreans to North Korea (DPRK) in 1961. A historical examination of Koreans in northeast China demonstrates that the Chinese Communist Party attempted to achieve a workable policy toward Korean border crossers as well as a disposition to accommodate the DPRK's concerns and imperatives in defining nationality, handling cases of Sino-Korean marriages and exit procedures for ethnic Koreans, receiving Korean nationals to visit China, and dealing with cases of illegal border crossings. To this end, the Chinese authorities were pursuing larger Cold War interests, specifically the desire to keep the DPRK aligned with China during the Sino-Soviet split.
Gymnosporia swazica (Celastraceae), a new species from southern Africa
Authors: Jordaan Marie , Van Wyk Abraham E.
Published: January 2015

Gymnosporia swazica, a new restricted-range southern African species, is described and illustrated here. Known from only a few localities in Swaziland and bordering parts of South Africa (Mpumalanga and northeastern KwaZulu-Natal), G. swazica grows as an understorey shrub or small tree in forest, often among granite boulders. Diagnostic characters for G. swazica include chartaceous leaves, usually shorter than 25 mm, 3-valved capsules usually 6–7 mm long, which are smooth, green turning yellow, and a white aril partially covering the brownish seed. Its closest relative appears to be G. buxifolia (capsules rugose, mottled white-and-brown), one of the most widespread members of the genus in southern Africa, but it can also be confused with G. maranguensis (capsules red, 2-valved) and G. harveyana (capsules pink to red, 3-valved; aril orange, completely covering the seed).
Reinstatement and redescription of Lebbeus armatus (Owen, 1839), long synonymized with L. groenlandicus (Fabricius, 1775), and description
of one new species from the southwestern Sea of Okhotsk, Hokkaido, Japan (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Thoridae)
Authors: KOMAI TOMOYUKI
Published: January 2015

The caridean shrimp species Lebbeus armatus (Owen, 1839) (Thoridae), originally described from Kamchatka, is reinstated from the synonymy of L. groenlandicus (Fabricius, 1775) and redescribed. It is easily distinguished from L. groenlandicus by having dense covering of short setae on the carapace and lateral parts of the pleon (versus only sparse setae are present), the clearly delimited branchial ridge on the carapace (versus at most a trace of a branchial ridge being discernible), the postrostral dorsal teeth noticeably becoming stronger and higher anteriorly (versus the anteriormost postrostral tooth is not the strongest), the higher number of ventral teeth of the second pleuron (three to five versus one) and of the third and fourth pleura (three or four versus one or two), and the usual presence of one or two spines on the carpi of the third to fifth pereopods (versus unarmed). A new species, L. magnificus, is described and illustrated on the basis of five specimens from the Kitami-Yamato Bank, southwestern Sea of Okhotsk, Hokkaido, Japan. The new species appears closest to L. groenlandicus, but is easily distinguished from the latter by having five postrostral teeth in females (versus four), more numerous ventral teeth on the fifth pleuron (three or four versus two), the stouter inner flagellum of the antennule in males, and the more numerous meral spines on the third to fifth pereopods. Previous records of L. groenlandicus from East Asian waters are referred to L. armatus. Records of L. groenlandicus from the northeastern Pacific remain to be reassessed, because specimens reported from the area do not agree in some characters with any of the three species treated in this study.
A new species of the genus Capsus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae) from the Korean Peninsula, with a key to the Korean Capsus species
Authors: KIM JUNGGON , PARK HAECHUL , HEISS ERNST , JUNG SUNGHOON
Published: January 2015

A new species of the genus Capsus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae) from the Korean Peninsula is reported, and congeners in the Korean Peninsula are reviewed. Biological information such as host plants and distributions with a key to the Korean species are also provided.
The interference by HbF on HbA1c (BM Test HbA1c) measurement in enzymatic method
Authors: Nitta Takenori , Yamashiro Yasuhiro , Hattori Yukio , Ezumi Tomoko , Nishioka Mituaki , Nakamura Junji
Published: January 2015

Background

High performance liquid chromatography and immunological and enzymatic methods are known as the methods for HbA1c measurement. However, the differences in the principles of the methods may cause slight discrepancies, which become problems especially in the regions where hemoglobinopathies that have high HbF concentrations are commonly seen. In this report, we discuss the effect of HbF on the HbA1c measurement by the enzymatic method (BM Test HbA1c) which can be applied to automatic analyzer of high sample throughput.

Methods

Thirty-five samples (HbF concentration: between 1.4 and 90.1%) and 68 samples (HbF concentration: <1.0%) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (Tosoh G8) and BM Test HbA1c. The results by BM Test HbA1c were compared with those by the high performance liquid chromatography and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry reference method.

Results

The high and positive correlation coefficient was demonstrated between the enzymatic and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry methods for the samples with normal HbF concentration. The samples with high HbF concentration exhibited high and positive correlation coefficient, although the figure is lower than that of the normal HbF concentration group.

Conclusions

BM Test HbA1c revealed a high and positive correlation with high performance liquid chromatography and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry reference methods. However, the HbA1c values by BM Test HbA1c and high performance liquid chromatography method were lower than those by International Federation of Clinical Chemistry reference method when the HbF concentration was high. BM Test HbA1c had some deviation from the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry reference method, while no significant interference was seen when the HbF values were less than 15%. When HbF is higher than 15%, however, the interpretation of HbA1c by BM Test may require some special consideration.
The role of anger and ongoing stressors in mental health following a natural disaster
Authors: Forbes David , Alkemade Nathan , Waters Elizabeth , Gibbs Lisa , Gallagher Colin , Pattison Phillipa , Lusher Dean , MacDougall Colin , Harms Louise , Block Karen , Snowdon Elyse , Kellet Connie , Sinnott Vikki , Ireton Greg , Richardson John , Bryant Richard A
Published: January 2015

Objective:

Research has established the mental health sequelae following disaster, with studies now focused on understanding factors that mediate these outcomes. This study focused on anger, alcohol, subsequent life stressors and traumatic events as mediators in the development of mental health disorders following the 2009 Black Saturday Bushfires, Australia’s worst natural disaster in over 100 years.

Method:

This study examined data from 1017 (M = 404, F = 613) adult residents across 25 communities differentially affected by the fires and participating in the Beyond Bushfires research study. Data included measures of fire exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol abuse, anger and subsequent major life stressors and traumatic events. Structural equation modeling assessed the influence of factors mediating the effects of fire exposure on mental health outcomes.

Results:

Three mediation models were tested. The final model recorded excellent fit and observed a direct relationship between disaster exposure and mental health outcomes (b = .192, p < .001) and mediating relationships via Anger (b = .102, p < .001) and Major Life Stressors (b = .128, p < .001). Each gender was compared with multiple group analyses and while the mediation relationships were still significant for both genders, the direct relationship between exposure and outcome was no longer significant for men ( p = .069), but remained significant (b = .234, p < .001) for women.

Conclusions:

Importantly, anger and major life stressors mediate the relationship between disaster exposure and development of mental health problems. The findings have significant implications for the assessment of anger post disaster, the provision of targeted anger-focused interventions and delivery of government and community assistance and support in addressing ongoing stressors in the post-disaster context to minimize subsequent mental health consequences.
Unilateral subretinal fibrosis and uveitis syndrome
Authors: Rehan S , Javaid Z , Al-Bermani A
Published: January 2015

Subretinal fibrosis and uveitis syndrome is a rare, potentially devastating, posterior uveitis of unknown aetiology, characterised bilaterally by initial multifocal choroiditis with later progressive subretinal fibrosis. We report a rare case of unilateral subretinal fibrosis and uveitis syndrome. To date, there are only two case reports of unilateral disease. Our patient presented with unilateral blur and was found to have reduced visual acuity. A Bartonella profile was positive and a diagnosis of Bartonella posterior uveitis was made. Several positive ocular findings in the anterior chamber and on fundoscopy consistent with the syndrome were found. When steroid therapy alone could no longer control active inflammation, the immunosuppressive agent mycophenolate was added. Over time subretinal fibrosis became established sparing the macula and associated complications occurred, but with mycophenolate, at four years, our patient’s visual acuity had improved and remains stable. Moreover, four years after her initial presentation, her condition remains strictly unilateral.
Regional house price convergence in Spain during the housing boom
Authors: Blanco Francisco , Martín Victor , Vazquez Guillermo
Published: January 2015

The aim of this paper is to identify convergence clubs in house prices among Spanish regions over the period 1995:Q1 to 2007:Q4 and to investigate which factors are responsible for club formation. Employing a novel regression-based convergence test proposed by Phillips and Sul (2007) we find that regional house prices do not converge to a common trend, which confirms the existence of some degree of segmentation in the Spanish housing market. The research results support the existence of convergence clubs, indicating that Spanish regions form four separate groups that converge to different house price levels. Results of an ordered logit model suggest that differences in population growth, size of the rental market, initial house supply and geographical situation have played a crucial role in determining club membership.
The Empowering Schools Project
Authors: Kirk Chris Michael , Lewis Rhonda K. , Brown Kyrah , Karibo Brittany , Scott Angela , Park Elle
Published: January 2015

In an education system marred by inequity, urban schools in the United States are faced with the challenge of helping students from marginalized groups succeed. While many strategies have been tried, most are built on deficit-based models that blame students and teachers for a lack of achievement and ignore the role of power within the school setting. Building on the body of research on school climate, critical pedagogy, and empowering settings, the present study developed a model of student empowerment using a case study of an ethnically diverse urban high school in the midwestern United States. Participant observation, focus groups, and interviews were utilized to identify classroom and school characteristics related to student empowerment. Students reported equitable teacher–student relationships, integrated student leadership, and shared decision making. Similarly, school staff reported high staff empowerment and sense of community. The Student Empowerment Model is a useful framework for school improvement, adding “power” to the broader literature on school climate and extending the work on empowering settings to schools.
Social Media Use During Disasters
Authors: Liu Brooke Fisher , Fraustino Julia Daisy , Jin Yan
Published: January 2015

This study provides insights that can inform disaster communication management, policymaking, and theory building through a nationally representative field experiment ( N = 2,015 U.S. adults) grounded in media richness theory, information and communication technologies (ICTs) succession theory, and the social-mediated crisis communication (SMCC) model. Key findings include the following: (1) Significant main effects of disaster information source were detected on how likely participants were to seek further disaster information from TV, local government websites, and federal government websites; (2) regardless of information form and source, participants reported strongest intentions to immediately communicate about the disaster predominately via offline interpersonal forms rather than through online organizational and personal forms; and (3) regardless of information source, participants reported strong intentions to evacuate if instructed to do so by the government. These findings call for developing crisis communication theory that is more focused on how publics communicate with each other rather than with organizations about disasters and predict a wider variety of crisis communication outcomes.
Migration and Occupational Changes during Periods of Economic Transition: Women and Men in Vietnam
Authors: Djamba Yanyi K. , Goldstein Sidney , Goldstein Alice
Published: January 2015

This paper examines the impact of internal migration on gender differences in occupational mobility after the introduction of economic reform ( Doi Moi) in Vietnam. Data derived from a survey conducted in 1997 in six provinces of Vietnam provide the basis for comparing the experience of permanent migrants, temporary migrants, and non-migrants. The results show that migration reduces gender differences in occupational distribution by increasing women's participation in traditionally male occupations. But men's relative advantage in occupational mobility over women's remains. The multivariate analysis showed that permanent male migrants were more likely to be upwardly mobile than females if their move occurred in the later Doi Moi. Such findings suggest that the freedom of movement and the ability to engage in private enterprise, while allowing women more autonomy, have not yet successfully promoted female upward occupational mobility.