bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global spectrologies: Contemporary Thai horror films and the globalization of the supernatural
Authors: Ancuta Katarzyna
Published: July 2012

If we agree that globalization translates into a quick and massive flow of capital, people, products, services and ideas across borders then cinema has been a global enterprise since its very beginnings. While local film industries may not share the global distributing potential of
Hollywood, this does not mean that their production and post-production methods lag behind. The case of Thai film is not so different here, negotiating the dynamics of the global (e.g. filming equipment, skilled crew, or distribution formats) and the local (e.g. conceptualization, scriptwriting,
or narrative formation). Contemporary Thai horror film has long been Thailand's calling card on international film markets. Known in Thai as nung phii (ghost films), the films remain faithful to their narrow supernatural formula focusing most commonly on the figure of a vindictive phii
tai hong (a spirit of the violently dead). Recently, however, the familiar anthropomorphic renditions of ghosts known from older Thai horror films seem to undergo the steady process of de-materialization and de-literalization, challenged through the intervention of technology and reappearing
as critically constructed metaphors. This article argues that this change in the way these ghosts are portrayed on film can be seen as a result of the increasing globalization of Thai film industry per se, as well as a reflection on the broader economic, political and social transformations
brought about by the powers of globalization in Thailand.
Music, madness and modernity in Karl Freund's Mad Love (1935)
Authors: Reichardt Sarah
Published: July 2012

Music and musical instruments play a significant role in the 1935 film Mad Love. Dimitri Tiomkin provided the score for Mad Love. The score lacks the level of sophistication of the composer's later scores, and he makes significant use of pre-existing music in this early
work. By using pre-existing music, the music, its composers and their history help to create a network of meaning in which the characters of Mad Love can be interpreted. More than merely accompanying and emphasizing the plot, music, instruments, compositions and their historical entailments
enhance and even create narrative layers in the film. This article focuses on the historical musical elements of the film's score and narrative, and discusses how they bring depth and breadth to the film's characters, augmenting the hermeneutic web in which we can interpret the work.
'We Dare You to See This!': Ballyhoo and the 1970s horror film
Authors: Kattelman Beth
Published: July 2012

In the 1970s, several young, innovative directors released horror films that benefited from the techniques of exploitation marketing. These films became infamous not only because they delivered a level of violence and brutality that had rarely been seen by audiences before, but also
because they were attached to brilliant marketing schemes hearkening back to the ballyhoo techniques used in vaudeville and the sideshows of the early twentieth century. This article examines the marketing campaigns for The Last House on the Left (1972), The Exorcist (1973) and
The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) exploring how these campaigns helped to drive the controversy surrounding the films, and also how they influenced audience reception.
Targeting Angiogenesis in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Reddy Sangeetha , Raffin Michael , Kaklamani Virginia
Published: July 2012

Angiogenesis has become an important target in the treatment of several solid tumors, including breast cancer. As monotherapy, antiangiogenic agents have demonstrated limited activity in metastatic breast cancer (MBC); therefore, they have generally been developed for use in combination with chemotherapies. Thus far, the experience with antiangiogenic agents for MBC has been mixed. The results from one study assessing addition of the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab to paclitaxel led to approval of bevacizumab for MBC. However, the modest improvement of progression-free survival rates in subsequent MBC studies has led to reappraisal of bevacizumab. Phase III studies have not produced evidence supporting use of the multikinase inhibitor sunitinib alone or in combination with MBC chemotherapy. Experience with sorafenib in a phase IIb program indicates potential when used in select combinations, particularly with capecitabine; however, phase III confirmatory data are needed. Although antiangiogenic therapies combined with chemotherapy have increased progression-free survival rates for patients with MBC, increases in overall survival times have not been observed. Some studies have tried to combine antiangiogenic agents such as bevacizumab and sunitinib or sorafenib, but that approach has been limited because of toxicity concerns. Sequential use of antiangiogenic agents with differing mechanisms of action may be an effective approach. Despite setbacks, angiogenesis will likely remain an important target of treatment for selected patients with MBC.
Neurosurgical management of frontal lobe epilepsy in children
Authors: Vachhrajani Shobhan , de Ribaupierre Sandrine , Otsubo Hiroshi , Ochi Ayako , Weiss Shelly K. , Donner Elizabeth J. , Widjaja Elysa , Kerr Elizabeth , Smith Mary Lou , Drake James , Snead O. Carter , Rutka James T.
Published: July 2012

Object

Pediatric frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) remains a challenging condition for neurosurgeons and epileptologists to manage. Postoperative seizure outcomes remain far inferior to those observed in temporal lobe epilepsies, possibly due to inherent difficulties in delineating and subsequently completely resecting responsible epileptogenic regions. In this study, the authors review their institutional experience with the surgical management of FLE and attempt to find predictors that may help to improve seizure outcome in this population.

Methods

All surgically treated cases of intractable FLE from 1990 to 2008 were reviewed. Demographic information, preoperative and intraoperative imaging and electrophysiological investigations, and follow-up seizure outcome were assessed. Inferential statistics were performed to look for potential predictors of seizure outcome.

Results

Forty patients (20 male, 20 female) underwent surgical management of FLE during the study period. Patients were an average of 5.6 years old at the time of FLE onset and 11.7 years at the time of surgery; patients were followed for a mean of 40.25 months. Most patients displayed typical FLE semiology. Twenty-eight patients had discrete lesions identified on MRI. Eight patients underwent 2 operations. Cortical dysplasia was the most common pathological diagnosis. Engel Class I outcome was obtained in 25 patients (62.5%), while Engel Class II outcome was observed in 5 patients (12.5%). No statistically significant predictors of outcome were found.

Conclusions

Control of FLE remains a challenging problem. Favorable seizure outcome, obtained in 62% of patients in this series, is still not as easily obtained in FLE as it is in temporal lobe epilepsy. While no statistically significant predictors of seizure outcome were revealed in this study, patients with FLE continue to require extensive workup and investigation to arrive at a logical and comprehensive neurosurgical treatment plan. Future studies with improved neuroimaging and advanced invasive monitoring strategies may well help define factors for success in this form of epilepsy that is difficult to control.
Dramatic Structural Enhancement of Chirality in Photopatternable Nanocomposites of Chiral Poly(fluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) (PFBT) in Achiral SU‐8 Photoresist
Authors: Oh Heong Sub , Jee Hongsub , Baev Alexander , Swihart Mark T. , Prasad Paras N.
Published: July 2012

Materials with large optical activity at visible wavelengths are of great interest in photonics, particularly as one of the routes towards optical metamaterials. Here, dramatic structural enhancement of the optical activity of chiral poly(fluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) (PFBT) when dispersed in SU‐8 to form a nanocomposite is reported. The supramolecular helical organization of PFBT chains in these optically clear nanocomposite films produces specific rotation at visible wavelengths that is 68 times that of a pure chiral PFBT film of the same optical absorbance. Photopatterning and development under standard conditions for SU‐8 leave behind a residual film of dispersed PFBT/SU‐8 aggregates in the nominally unexposed regions where the SU‐8 matrix is removed. After annealing, the patterned film exhibits specific rotation 58 times that of a pure chiral PFBT film of the same optical absorbance. Photopatterned and annealed films have a dissymmetry ratio as high as |gabs| = 0.32. This dramatic enhancement is attributed to supramolecular helical organization of the aggregates within the nanocomposites and of the aggregates liberated from the SU‐8 matrix in the exposed regions.
Genotype–phenotype analysis of 4q deletion syndrome: Proposal of a critical region
Authors: Strehle Eugen‐Matthias , Yu Linbo , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Donkervoort Sandra , Zhou Yulin , Chen Tian‐Jian , Martinez Jose E. , Fan Yao‐Shan , Barbouth Deborah , Zhu Hongbo , Vaglio Alicia , Smith Rosemarie , Stevens Cathy A. , Curry Cynthia J. , Ladda Roger L. , Fan Zheng (Jane) , Fox Joyce E. , Martin Judith A. , Abdel‐Hamid Hoda Z. , McCracken Elizabeth A. , McGillivray Barbara C. , Masser‐Frye Diane , Huang Taosheng
Published: July 2012

Chromosome 4q deletion syndrome (4q‐ syndrome) is a rare condition, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 100,000. Although variable, the clinical spectrum commonly includes craniofacial, developmental, digital, skeletal, and cardiac involvement. Data on the genotype–phenotype correlation within the 4q arm are limited. We present detailed clinical and genetic information by array CGH on 20 patients with 4q deletions. We identified a patient who has a ∼465 kb deletion (186,770,069–187,234,800, hg18 coordinates) in 4q35.1 with all clinical features for 4q deletion syndrome except for developmental delay, suggesting that this is a critical region for this condition and a specific gene responsible for orofacial clefts and congenital heart defects resides in this region. Since the patients with terminal deletions all had cleft palate, our results provide further evidence that a gene associated with clefts is located on the terminal segment of 4q. By comparing and contrasting our patients' genetic information and clinical features, we found significant genotype–phenotype correlations at a single gene level linking specific phenotypes to individual genes. Based on these data, we constructed a hypothetical partial phenotype‐genotype map for chromosome 4q which includes BMP3, SEC31A, MAPK10, SPARCL1, DMP1, IBSP, PKD2, GRID2, PITX2, NEUROG2, ANK2, FGF2, HAND2, and DUX4 genes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IVR: Its Coherent and Incoherent Dynamics
Authors: Zewail Ahmed H.
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we discuss the dynamics of intramolecular vibrational‐energy redistribution (IVR) in two limits: the coherent and incoherent limits. These descriptions are introduced to account for experiments done in time and frequency domains. We present a more general model for IVR, namely the model of overlapping resonances, which describes coherence (quantum beats), congestion and nonexponentional decays.
First and Second Overtone Absorption of Pure Carbon Monoxide to High Pressures and Temperatures
Authors: Buback M. , Schweer J. , Tups H.
Published: July 2012

The first and second overtone absorption of pure carbon monoxide was measured at supercritical temperatures between 293 K and 500 K in an extended pressure range up to 2.8 kbar. The near infrared bandshape, almost up to the critical density, is adequately represented by summing up over individual rotation‐vibration lines with half‐widths proportional to density. Band maximum positions and vibrational intensities between gaseous and liquid‐like states are reported and discussed. The molar integrated absorptivity is independent of temperature and, in the first overtone, varies by less than 2% with density which enables direct and precise measurements of CO concentrations in fluid phase equilibria and reactions via high‐pressure near infrared Spectroscopy.
The Influence of Helical Orientation on the Tricritical Behaviour of the Liquid Crystal Phase Transition Cholesteric/Smectic‐A. — Thermodynamic and Optical Measurements on Cholesteryl Myristate and Its Binary Mixtures with p‐Pentylphenyl‐2‐chloro‐4‐(p‐pentylbenzoyloxy)benzoate or Cholesteryl Benzoate up to 2 kbar and 120°C
Authors: Pollmann P. , Schulte K.
Published: July 2012

At 1 bar the phase transition cholesteric (Ch)/smectic‐A (SA) of the Cholesteryl myristate (CM) is associated with a change in volume. Volume measurements at 1 bar reveal a discontinuous part ΔVdand a pretransition effect in the cholesteric phase. — By admixing an appropriate component to CM first ΔVd, then the remaining volume effect in the pretransition region vanishes. — The helical orientation of the cholesteric phase can be observed by the experimental determination of the wavelength of maximum light reflection, which is proportional to the pitch of the helix. It is shown for the first time that the vanishing of ΔVdis accompanied by an entire untwisting of the cholesteric helix at the transition point Ch/SA. This transition behaviour of CM in mixtures at 1 bar can be applied to that of the pure CM at elevated pressures and temperatures respectively: From the untwisting of the helix at the transition pressurept= 0.82 kbar and the transition temperatureTt= 98.6°C, determined also by means of the above optical measuring method, a vanishing of ΔVdat these coordinates can be concluded. Thep‐V‐Tmeasurements performed in this pressure and temperature range exhibit only the total change in volume in the transition region. — The remaining volume effect in the pretransition region above 0.82 kbar should approach zero not beforept= 3 kbar.
Photochemistry of Colloidal Semiconductors 10. Exclusion Chromatography and Stop Flow Experiments on the Formation of Extremely Small CdS Particles
Authors: Fischer CH.‐H. , Weller H. , Fojtik A. , Lume‐Pereira C. , Janata E. , Henglein A.
Published: July 2012

A solution of Q‐CdS (particles of extremely small size, prepared by precipitation in the presence of hexametaphosphate, separated as solid, and redissolved) was fractionated by exclusion chromatography. The various fractions had absorption spectra, in which the maximum of the exciton transition is shifted to shorter wavelengths with increasing elution time. This result proves that the various absorption maxima in the spectrum of Q‐CdS are caused by particles of different size. ‐ The development of the absorption spectrum of CdS at different times after the mixing of NaSH and Cd(ClO4)2 solutions in the presence of hexametaphosphate was observed with a stop flow apparatus. As the particles grow, the beginning of absorption is shifted to longer wavelengths. Spectra with several absorption maxima are observed in a certain range of hexametaphosphate concentration. The rate and structure of size distribution are dependent on whether precipitation occurs in bulk solution or on the Cd2+ loaded metaphosphate matrix.
Additivity Rule of the Partial Molal Volume. 4. Its Proof Based on the Postulate of Independent Volume Changes for Unit Reactions
Authors: Yoshimura Y. , Nakahara M.
Published: July 2012

The additivity rule of the partial molal volume is proved to be equivalent to the postulate of independent volume changes for unit reactions which states that the (configurational) volume changes are determined by the reaction sites and not affected by the other sites in the composite molecule. The postulate of independent volume change leads to the reduction of the multiple body distribution function to the product of the pair distribution functions between the nearest‐neighbor sites in the composite molecule. The postulate is applied to the model system of n‐alkane solution composed of hard spheres. The calculated result based on a proper pair cavity distribution function well reproduces the characteristics of the additivity rule of the partial molal volume of n‐alkanes, and predicts molecular dimensions of n‐alkane in a reasonable manner.
Deuterium Isotope Effect in the Photophysics of Chromium (III) Alkylamine Complexes
Authors: Ditze Alexander , Wasgestian F.
Published: July 2012

The photophysical properties of a series of chromium alkylamines with CrN6 skeletons were studied in a mixture of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and water (1:1 vv). For the analogous N‐deuterated compounds DMSO/D2O (1:1 vv) was used as the solvent Absorption spectra, phosphorescence quantum yields, and phosphorescence decay times were measured. At low temperatures the protonated complexes were found to decay mainly nonradiatively with NH stretching modes accepting the excitation energy. In the deuterated species the radiative decay became important. Phosphorescence quantum yields as high as 0.42 were obtained. ND stretching modes did not significantly contribute to the nonradiative deactivation in agreement with Kupka's theory. At higher temperatures (250–295 K) a smaller isotope effect was observed. The apparent activation energies of the high temperature decay increased on deuteration.
Periodic Precipitation During Internal Oxidation of Iron‐Doped Magnesium Oxide Crystals
Authors: Ricoult D. L. , Schmalzried H.
Published: July 2012

(Mg,Fe)O single‐crystals have been oxidized in air, at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1150°C. The oxidation occurs internally and yields spinel precipitates (MgFe2O4) dispersed in a matrix of almost pure MgO. In several samples annealed at 900°C, periodical precipitation could be observed. This first observation in a ceramic material of a phenomenon long reported in colloidal systems is discussed in terms of point defect transport properties.
Excess Properties of Liquid Cyclohexane/Hydrocarbon Mixtures III. Application of an Extended Prigogine‐Flory‐Patterson‐Theory
Authors: Wagner H. , Heintz A. , Lichtenthaler R. N.
Published: July 2012

Experimental results ofHEandGEfor mixtures of cyclohexane with saturated and unsaturated alkanes are interpreted by an extended version of thePrigogine‐FIory‐Patterson‐Theory (PFP‐theory) which accounts for the effect of theCorrelation ofMolecularOrder (CMO) observed for longer n‐alkanes in the liquid state. Theoretically based expressions of the enthalpic and the entropic contribution to the CMO are presented and tested. The results show that the theoretical predictions are in principal correct, i. e. all the approximations made are reasonable. In case of mixtures containing unsaturated hydrocarbons a qualitätive and sometimes even quantitative description of the excess properties within the framework of the PFP‐theory is possible.
Interfaces in Solid‐State Reactions
Authors: Carter C. B.
Published: July 2012

Illustrations of the structure of phase boundaries involved in solid‐state reactions in ceramic oxides and of the formation of grain boundaries by the movement of phase boundaries are presented. Examples of experimental studies have been chosen to emphasise how both the cations and anions can influence the structure of the phase boundaries and the manner in which the reaction proceeds. In the oxide systems discussed here, the phase boundaries tend to facet parallel to certain planes even in the case where the anion sublattice is effectively undisturbed. This observation emphasises that, although the anion sublattice often determines the interface structure, the influence of the cations on the selection of the boundary plane cannot be neglected. The discussion is focused here on the growth of spinel in three different oxide matrices, namely in a wustite phase (NiO), a rhombohedral sesquioxide (Al2O3) and an olivine ((FeMg)2SiO4).
Structure and Thermodynamics of H‐Insertion in Mo(W)‐Oxides
Authors: Hibble S. J. , Dickens P. G.
Published: July 2012

Hydrogen insertion compounds HxMOn are formed from many transition oxides by the reaction of dissociated hydrogen at ambient temperature. Well known examples are provided by WO3 (ReO3 like structure) and MoO3 (layer structure).—In the present work hydrogen insertion compounds formed by the simple and mixed oxides in the (Mo, W)O3 system are discussed. Structural information has been obtained for a number of compounds using elastic and inelastic neutron scattering and the bonding of the inserted hydrogen is discussed. Thermochemical measurements have been made and the enthalpies of hydrogen insertion into the oxides determined; these are compared with the Gibbs free energies determined from electrochemical measurements.
Exsolution and Phase Transformations in Synthetic Pyroxenes X‐Ray and TEM‐Studies at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Fuess H. , Schröpfer L. , Feuer H.
Published: July 2012

Many important pyroxene minerals undergo subsolidus reactions during their formation process between ∼ 700°C and ∼ 1200°C. The nature of these reactions depends on chemical composition, temperature and pressure. As a reaction result various microtextures may be observed by transmission electron microscopy. These include stacking sequence faults, twinning and antiphase domains which may be related to structural phase transitions.—Exsolution in clinopyroxenes produces lamellae of Ca‐rich (augite) and Ca‐poor (pigeonite) pyroxenes parallel to (100) and (001). The exsolution may result from fluctuations in chemical composition (spinodal decomposition) or from nucleation and growth. The appearance of the final lamellae does not reflect the original process.—Direct in‐situ heating experiments give some indication for the subsolidus reactions. By precession photographs a simultaneous occurrence of lamellae parallel to (001) and (100) is observed. Attempts are made to classify the observations, determine a time‐temperature‐transformation (TTT)‐diagram, and to correlate the observed microstructure with the thermal history of the mineral. The experiments described were carried out on synthetic samples with known cooling rates.
An Equation of State for Binary Fluid Mixtures to High Temperatures and High Pressures
Authors: Christoforakos M. , Franck E. U.
Published: July 2012

An equation of state has been constructed which can describe and predict phase equilibria and critical curves of fluid binary systems. The equation is particularly suitable for regions of elevated temperatures and pressures and for systems with molecules of high polarity, for example for aqueous systems. The computer simulation based Carnahan‐Starling term with temperature dependent particle diameter describes the repulsion. The attraction term uses a square well potential. The values of the parameters in the equation are derived from critical data of the pure mixture partners or have a defined relation to the chosen model of molecular interaction. Thus predictions are possible. The experimental critical curve of the H2O‐N2system to 250 MPa could be well represented with two adjusted parameters. With the same set of adjusted parameter values critical curves of the systems H2O‐CH4and H2O‐Xe have been calculated to 220 MPa. Critical curve and the binodal (phase‐equilibrium) surface in the pressure‐temperature‐composition diagram could be calculated for H2O‐CO2above about 500 K to 200 MPa with a different pair of mixture parameters. A comparison with other equations is made. The possibility to predict excess molar volumes of supercritical dense H2O‐CH4‐mixtures to 400°C and 150 MPa is demonstrated.
Electronegativities and Hardnesses of the Main Group Elements from Density Functional Theory: Dependence on the Hybridization of the Chemical Bond
Authors: Böhm Michael C. , Schmidt Peter C.
Published: July 2012

Atomic electronegativities χa are calculated for all main group elements (besides the rare gas atoms) as a function of both the partial atomic charge q and the hybridization (relative s and p character) of the valence orbital srp1‐r·χa(q,r) is calculated by studying the total atomic energy Ea as a function of q and r using the Iczkowski and Margrave definition for χa. Within a good approximation it is found that χa can be fitted by a polynominal χa(q,r) = A0 + B0r)+(A1+B1r)q + (A2 + B2r)q2. The Ai and Bi are given for all atoms considered here. From the principle of equalization of electronegativity partial charges and group electronegativities are calculated. The results are compared with data available from the literature.
Helical Twisting Power of Induced Twisted Smectic C* Phases
Authors: Stegemeyer H. , Kersting H.‐J. , Kuczynski W.
Published: July 2012

The helically structured cholesteric and smectic C* phases have been induced by chiral guest molecules in liquid crystalline host systems exhibiting nematic as well as Scphases. The helical twisting power δ has been measured for those systems: i) In all cases values of δchol> δc*were obtained; ii) in the induced Sc* but not in the cholesteric phases there exists a threshold mole fraction x0Gof the chiral guest molecules below which no helical twist will be induced.—These experimental results are discussed in terms of the layer structure of the Scphase. By means of a simple structure model of the induces S*cphase the occurance of a threshold guest concentration can be understood. A relation between the ratio δchol/δc*and x0Ghas been derived from the model in good agreement with the experimental data.
1H NMR studies of the system Ti3SbHx
Authors: Rajalakshmi Natarajan , Rama Rao K. V. S. , Weiss Alarich
Published: July 2012

Proton magnetic resonance measurements were carried out on hydrogenated samples Ti3SbHx, at different hydrogen concentrations in the range 0.3 ≤x≤ 1.74. From a comparison of the experimental second moment of the1H NMR line with the calculated one it was inferred that hydrogen occupies the tetrahedral interstitial sites surrounded by Ti atoms in the Ti3Sb lattice. The influence of temperature in the range 100 ≤T/K≤ 300 on the1H NMR in some of the hydrides showed the occurrence of motional narrowing from which the correlation frequency (vc), activation energy (Ea) and diffusion coefficient (D) were evaluated as 104Hz, 0.10 eV, and 10−12cm2/s, respectively. It was found that the hydrogen diffusion is easier in the Ti3Sb lattice compared to other Ti based alloys.
Electrochemical on line mass spectrometry on a rotating electrode inlet system
Authors: Tegtmeyer D. , Heitbaum J. , Heindrichs A.
Published: July 2012

A rotating inlet system was constructed in order to combine the rotating disc technique with on line mass spectrometry. The quantitative correlation between the Faradaic current by which a species is formed and the ion current at the detector of the mass spectrometer is used to calculate collection efficiencies on two different types of electrodes and for different types of reactions. On the basis of these results transport to and from and inside the porous catalyst layer is discussed.
Scattering of Light, X‐rays and Neutrons in Solutions of Biological Macromolecules
Authors: Eisenberg Henryk
Published: July 2012

It is shown that the forward scattering of light, X‐rays and neutrons conceptually relates to osmotic pressure and ultracentrifugation, allowing the correct determination of molecular masses, hydration and solvent interactions in multicomponent and polyelectrolyte systems. Combination of neutron scattering length and mass density increments in contrast variation experiments is shown to be particularly useful for the calculation of interaction parameters and partial specific volumes. Whereas static size, shape and other parameters may be derived from the angular dependence of the intensities of scattering, quasi‐elastic laser light scattering yields dynamic information about motion and internal dynamics of biological macromolecules. —Application to nucleic acids and to proteins from extremely halophilic enzymes is briefly indicated.
Ionic Dynamics in [(CH3)4N]SbF6 Crystals as Studied by the Temperature Dependence of 1H and 19F NMR Spin‐Lattice Relaxation Times
Authors: Sato Setsuko , Kondo Miyuki , Nakamura Daiyu , Ikeda Ryuichi
Published: July 2012

The temperature dependence studies of 1H and 19F NMR spin‐lattice relaxation times (T1) as well as differential thermal analysis measurements were carried out for [(CH3)4N]SbF6 crystals. A phase transition assignable to the second order one was located at 200 K, above which temperature the temperature gradient of 1H T1 and 19F T1 curves became slightly gentler. The appearance of the 1H T1 curve was BPP like one although a maximum was detected at ca. 110 K. The 1H T1 minimum was explained as resulting from the CH3 C3 reorientation and the overall reorientation of the cation activated at almost the same temperature. The 19F T1 curves observed at 19.5 and 32 MHz were somewhat complicated. On the high temperature region above ca. 120 K, 19F T1 was determined mainly by the motion of the cation activated at higher temperatures than that of the anion through 1H‐19F magnetic dipolar interactions. On the other hand, 19F T1 observed below 120 K have a broad minimum attributable to the overall reorientation of the complex anion. The motional parameters for the above motions were derived. On the analysis of the T1 curves observed, cross relaxation mechanism operative between 1H and 19F nuclei is fully considered.
Effects of aripiprazole and its active metabolite dehydroaripiprazole on the activities of drug efflux transporters expressed both in the intestine and at the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Nagasaka Yasuhisa , Oda Kazuo , Iwatsubo Takafumi , Kawamura Akio , Usui Takashi
Published: July 2012

The inhibition potencies of aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydroaripiprazole, on the activities of human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1/ABCB1; P‐glycoprotein), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) and multidrug resistance‐associated protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4), that are drug efflux transporters expressed both in the intestine and at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), were investigated. Aripiprazole and dehydroapripiprazole showed relatively strong inhibitory effects on human MDR1 with IC50 values of 1.2 and 1.3 µm in human MDR1‐transfected Mardin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCKII‐MDR1) cells, respectively. The inhibition potencies of other atypical antipsychotics (risperidone, paliperidone, olanzapine and ziprasidone) for human MDR1 were also evaluated using the same in vitro experimental system and IC50 values were more than 10‐fold higher than those of the two compounds. Aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole also had inhibition potencies against human BCRP with IC50 values of 3.5 and 0.52 µm, respectively. The ratios of steady‐state unbound concentrations of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole to their IC50 values against human MDR1 and BCRP activities were less than 0.1, whereas the theoretically maximum gastrointestinal concentration of aripiprazole ([I]2) to its IC50 values was much higher than the cut‐off value of 10, proposed by the International Transporter Consortium (ITC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In contrast, aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole showed almost no inhibitory effect against the activity of human MRP4. These findings indicate that aripiprazole is unlikely to cause drug–drug interactions (DDIs) at the BBB when co‐administered with substrate drugs of these drug transporters investigated. However, interactions at the intestinal absorption process may be of concern. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of pH, mucin and bovine serum on rifampicin permeability through Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Gonçalves José Eduardo , Ballerini Fernandes Mariane , Chiann Chang , Gai Maria Nella , De Souza Jacqueline , Storpirtis Sílvia
Published: July 2012

Rifampicin, a poorly soluble drug, has great importance in therapeutics as it is the main drug used to treat tuberculosis. The characterization of its permeability and the factors that influence it represent an important tool for predicting its bioavailability. Caco‐2 cell monolayers were used as models of the intestinal mucosa to assess the uptake and transport of rifampicin and the effects of various experimental conditions were investigated, in order to establish the influence of these variables on rifampicin permeability. Different pHs (5.8, 6.8 and 7.4) in the apical medium, the presence or absence of mucin (3.0% w/v) in the donor site and the presence or absence of bovine serum albumin (4.0% v/v) in the receptor chamber were the evaluated conditions. The quantification of rifampicin in the apical or basolateral chambers was performed by a validated HPLC‐UV method. The change in the donor chamber pH showed that permeability values were greater at pH 6.8, although this increase does not result in an alteration of the qualitative classification of rifampicin, which has high permeability. Mucin and bovine serum showed no effects on the permeability of rifampicin at the concentration tested. Overall, the current study suggests that pH, artificial mucin and bovine serum proteins have no influence on rifampicin permeability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic analysis of solute transport in an in vitro physiological two‐phase dissolution apparatus
Authors: Mudie Deanna M. , Shi Yi , Ping Haili , Gao Ping , Amidon Gordon L. , Amidon Gregory E.
Published: July 2012

In vitro dissolution methodologies that adequately capture the oral bioperformance of solid dosage forms are critical tools needed to aid formulation development. Such methodologies must encompass important physiological parameters and be designed with drug properties in mind. Two‐phase dissolution apparatuses, which contain an aqueous phase in which the drug dissolves (representing the dissolution/solubility component) and an organic phase into which the drug partitions (representing the absorption component), have the potential to provide meaningful predictions of in vivo oral bioperformance for some BCS II, and possibly some BCS IV drug products. Before such an apparatus can be evaluated properly, it is important to understand the kinetics of drug substance partitioning from the aqueous to the organic medium. A mass transport analysis was performed of the kinetics of partitioning of drug substance solutions from the aqueous to the organic phase of a two‐phase dissolution apparatus. Major assumptions include pseudo‐steady‐state conditions, a dilute aqueous solution and diffusion‐controlled transport. Input parameters can be measured or estimated a priori. This paper presents the theory and derivation of our analysis, compares it with a recent kinetic approach, and demonstrates its effectiveness in predicting in vitro partitioning profiles of three BCS II weak acids in four different in vitro two‐phase dissolution apparatuses. Very importantly, the paper discusses how a two‐phase apparatus can be scaled to reflect in vivo absorption kinetics and for which drug substances the two‐phase dissolution systems may be appropriate tools for measuring oral bioperformance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of context‐specific versus nonspecific subconscious goals on employee performance
Authors: Latham Gary P. , Piccolo Ronald F.
Published: July 2012

We investigated the effect of context‐specific versus general subconscious goals on job performance in a call center. Employees (n = 54) were randomly assigned to a condition where they were primed by (a) a photograph of people making telephone calls in a call center, (b) a woman winning a race, or (c) a control group. Job performance was measured by the (1) number of and (2) monetary value of pledges from donors. None of the participants in the two experimental conditions showed conscious awareness of a prime. Analysis of variance indicated that both a subconscious context‐specific and a subconscious general goal aroused the implicit need for achievement as assessed by a projective measure, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Both types of primed goals led to a significant increase in the number of pledges during a four‐day workweek. Consistent with goal‐setting theory, employees in the context‐specific condition raised more money than those in the general achievement (one‐tailed t‐test) and control (two‐tailed t‐test) conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blockade of JNK and NFAT pathways attenuates orthopedic particle‐stimulated osteoclastogenesis of human osteoclast precursors and murine calvarial osteolysis
Authors: Yamanaka Yasuhiro , Clohisy John C.F. , Ito Hiroshi , Matsuno Takeo , Abu‐Amer Yousef
Published: July 2012

Particles released from orthopedic implants attract immune host defense cells to the bone‐implant interface and contribute to development of inflammation. The inflammatory microenvironment supports recruitment and differentiation of osteoclasts, the primary culprit of osteolysis. Therefore, understanding the complex signals that contribute to osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis is a sensible approach to design strategies to inhibit bone loss. The signaling cascades that coordinate osteoclastogenesis have been widely investigated. These include MAP kinases, Akt/PI3K pathway, NF‐κB signal transduction pathway, and NFAT pathway. We have recently reported that polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles activate the NFAT pathway in murine osteoclast precursors and that NFAT inhibitors dose‐dependently block PMMA‐induced osteoclastogenesis. In the current study, we examined the role of JNK and NFATc1 in mice in response to PMMA particles using murine calvaria model. We show that locally administered MAPK/JNK inhibitor SP600125 and calcineurin/NFAT inhibitor cyclosporine‐A effectively blocked PMMA‐induced osteolysis in murine calvaria. To buttress the clinical relevance of JNK/NFATc1‐based regulation of PMMA‐induced osteoclastogenesis, we evaluated the effect of PMMA using human macrophages. We demonstrate that SP600125 and cyclosporine‐A abolished particle‐induced osteoclastogenesis in human osteoclast progenitors retrieved from patients undergoing total hip replacement. Thus JNK and NFATc1 appear to act as significant mediators of orthopedic particle‐induced osteolysis in humans. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:67–72, 2012
The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and overactive bladder (OAB) by racial/ethnic group and age: Results from OAB‐POLL
Authors: Coyne Karin S. , Sexton Chris C. , Bell Jill A. , Thompson Christine L. , Dmochowski Roger , Bavendam Tamara , Chen Chieh‐I , Quentin Clemens J.
Published: July 2012

Aims

To estimate the prevalence of LUTS and OAB in a large, ethnically diverse US study.

Methods

This cross‐sectional, population‐representative survey was conducted via the Internet in the US among 10,000 men and women aged 18–70 (2,000 African‐Americans [AA], 2,000 Hispanics, 6,000 whites). The LUTS tool assessed how often participants experienced LUTS during the past 4 weeks on a five‐point Likert scale. OAB was defined by the presence of urinary urgency ≥ “sometimes” or ≥ “often,” and/or the presence of urgency urinary incontinence (UUI). Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate group differences. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the impact of racial/ethnic group on OAB.

Results

Response rate, 56.7%. Prevalent LUTS included terminal dribble and nocturia across gender, post‐micturition leaking (men), and stress incontinence (women). Prevalence of OAB ≥ “sometimes” and ≥ “often” were 17% and 8% in men and 30% and 20% in women—with significantly higher rates among AA men and women. A similar trend was found for UUI among men (AA, 10%; Hispanic and whites, 6%), while AA and white women had higher prevalence of UUI (19%) as compared to Hispanic women (16%). In logistic regression analyses, AA and Hispanic men and women were significantly more likely than whites to have OAB despite having lower prevalence of self‐reported comorbid conditions and risk factors.

Conclusions

LUTS and OAB are highly prevalent in both men and women and increase with advancing age. Further, racial/ethnic group is a robust predictor of OAB in men and women. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 230–237, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Determinants of Customer Trust in Buyer–Seller Relationships: An Empirical Investigation in Rural India
Authors: Kareem Abdul Waheed , Gaur Sanjaya S. , Peñaloza Lisa N.
Published: July 2012

This paper conceptualised a model of customer trust in buyer–seller relationships in rural India by integrating variables studied in developed counties with the emphasis of social aspects of market exchange by including generalised trust sources. We have applied Fishbein's model of behavioural intention and Fafchamps's (2002) trust theory in developing countries and proposed that the customer trust is not only based on often-studied personalised trust sources only but also through generalised trust sources. In the model, we have included normative and informational social influences as generalised trust sources and product quality, service quality and customer dependence as personalised trust sources. We empirically validated our model with the survey data collected from farmers who buy chemical fertilisers from rural traders in India. We found that the generalised trust sources significantly impact customer trust for traders. Furthermore, we also found that the personalised trust sources impact customer trust for traders in a different way in rural India.
Phenotypic regional functional imaging patterns during memory encoding in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Browndyke Jeffrey N. , Giovanello Kelly , Petrella Jeffrey , Hayden Kathleen , Chiba‐Falek Ornit , Tucker Karen A. , Burke James R. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A.
Published: July 2012

Background

Reliable blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) phenotypic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are likely to emerge only from a systematic, quantitative, and aggregate examination of the functional neuroimaging research literature.

Methods

A series of random‐effects activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analyses were conducted on studies of episodic memory encoding operations in AD and MCI samples relative to normal controls. ALE analyses were based on a thorough literature search for all task‐based functional neuroimaging studies in AD and MCI published up to January 2010. Analyses covered 16 fMRI studies, which yielded 144 distinct foci for ALE meta‐analysis.

Results

ALE results indicated several regional task‐based BOLD consistencies in MCI and AD patients relative to normal control subjects across the aggregate BOLD functional neuroimaging research literature. Patients with AD and those at significant risk (MCI) showed statistically significant consistent activation differences during episodic memory encoding in the medial temporal lobe, specifically parahippocampal gyrus, as well superior frontal gyrus, precuneus, and cuneus, relative to normal control subjects.

Conclusions

ALE consistencies broadly support the presence of frontal compensatory activity, medial temporal lobe activity alteration, and posterior midline “default mode” hyperactivation during episodic memory encoding attempts in the diseased or prospective predisease condition. Taken together, these robust commonalities may form the foundation for a task‐based fMRI phenotype of memory encoding in AD.
Influence of different implant materials on the primary stability of orthodontic mini‐implants
Authors: Pan Chin‐Yun , Chou Szu‐Ting , Tseng Yu‐Chuan , Yang Yi‐Hsin , Wu Chao‐Yi , Lan Ting‐Hsun , Liu Pao‐Hsin , Chang Hong‐Po
Published: July 2012

This study evaluates the influence of different implant materials on the primary stability of orthodontic mini‐implants by measuring the resonance frequency. Twenty‐five orthodontic mini‐implants with a diameter of 2 mm were used. The first group contained stainless steel mini‐implants with two different lengths (10 and 12 mm). The second group included titanium alloy mini‐implants with two different lengths (10 and 12 mm) and stainless steel mini‐implants 10 mm in length. The mini‐implants were inserted into artificial bones with a 2‐mm‐thick cortical layer and 40 or 20 lb/ft3 trabecular bone density at insertion depths of 2, 4, and 6 mm. The resonance frequency of the mini‐implants in the artificial bone was detected with the Implomates® device. Data were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α = 0.05). Greater insertion depth resulted in higher resonance frequency, whereas longer mini‐implants showed lower resonance frequency values. However, resonance frequency was not influenced by the implant materials titanium alloy or stainless steel. Therefore, the primary stability of a mini‐implant is influenced by insertion depth and not by implant material. Insertion depth is extremely important for primary implant stability and is critical for treatment success.
Introduction: Institutional Analysis and Economic History
Authors: North Douglass C. , Weingast Barry R.
Published: July 2012

The three articles that follow this introductory essay reflect a rapidly growing effort in the social sciences to integrate institutional analysis with more traditional theory. In economic history, institutional analysis attempts to expand and enrich our understanding by modeling the ways in which the “rules of the game”–specifically, political and economic institutions–have affected economic behavior. By drawing on the literature of political economy, for example, economic historians can explore how institutions have interacted to affect economic performance over time.
Institutions, Reforms, and Country Risk: Lessons from Japanese Government Debt in the Meiji Era
Authors: Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay
Published: July 2012

We investigate the effect of the establishment of modern institutions on the risk premium associated with Japanese government bonds traded in London between 1870 and 1914. While most institutional innovations failed to elicit an immediate market response, the adoption of the gold standard did significantly reduce the perceived risk associated with Japanese bonds. In addition, some geopolitical events, especially the military victory over Russia, improved Japan's debt capacity.
The Decline of Apprenticeship in North America: Evidence from Monetreal
Authors: Hamilton Gillian
Published: July 2012

Apprenticeship was, at one time, the foremost means of acquiring skill in North America and Europe. Today it is rare in North America for reasons that are not well understood. I draw on the population of apprentice contracts signed in Montreal over a 50-year period to pinpoint the start of the decline and explore its origins. I find that the decline began around 1815. During its first phase masters responded to greater difficulties in contract enforcement. A direct effect of the rise of larger establishments on the market for apprentices appears later, in the late 1820s and 1830s.
The Geography of Invention in the American Glass Industry, 1870–1925
Authors: Lamoreaux Naomi R. , Sokoloff Kenneth L.
Published: July 2012

Geographic clustering in inventive activity has often been attributed to clustering in production. For the glass industiy, we find that despite a general association between location of invention and production, there were significant deviations. Centers of production were not always centers of invention, and some of the most inventive areas, such as southern New England, had very limited production. We hypothesize that the growth of a market for technology facilitated a geographic division of labor between invention and commercial exploitation and stimulated inventive activity in places where there were institutions capable of mediating among inventors, suppliers of capital, and firms seeking new technologies.