bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Time Efficiency, Fit, and Wear of Conventionally- versus Digitally-Fabricated Occlusal Splints
Authors: Patzelt Sebastian Berthold Maximilian , Krügel Marei , Wesemann Christian , Pieralli Stefano , Nold Julian , Spies Benedikt Christopher , Vach Kirstin , Kohal Ralf-Joachim
Published: January 2022

The purpose of the study was to compare conventional to digital workflows of occlusal splint production regarding time efficiency, overall fit, and wear. Fifteen Michigan splints were fabricated with a conventional and digital method. The duration for the dentist’s and the dental technician’s workload was recorded. Subsequently, the overall fit was examined with a four-level score (1–4). Paired t-tests were used to compare the time results for the conventional and digital workflows and the sign test to compare the overall fit. The mean time (16 min 58 s) for computerized optical impressions was longer than for conventional impressions (6 min 59 s; p = 0.0001). However, the dental technician needed significantly less mean time for the digital splint production (47 min 52 s) than for the conventional (163 min 32 s; p = 0.001). The overall fit of the digitally-fabricated splints was significantly better compared to the conventionally-fabricated splints (p = 0.002). There was no impact of the different materials used in the conventional and digital workflow on the wear (p = 0.26). The results suggest that the digital workflow for the production of occlusal splints is more time efficient and leads to a better fit than the conventional workflow.
Research on Preparation and Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Zinc-Based Aluminum Rich Alloy Composite
Authors: Zhong Bin , Hu Shuaibang , Yu Zhengyang , Qiang Xuanxuan , Yang Hui
Published: January 2022

Aiming at the problems of poor bonding between the carbon fiber and the metal matrix and the friction and wear performance of the composite material during the preparation of carbon fiber reinforced zinc-based aluminum rich alloy composites, the carbon fiber surface metallization process was studied. Taking ZA27 as the research object, a new type of zinc-based aluminum rich alloy composite material was prepared by using surface metallized chopped carbon fibers with different contents as reinforcement materials. The microscopic morphology, element distribution and phase composition of the surface metallized carbon fiber and composite materials were characterized, and the hardness and friction and wear properties of the composite materials were tested. The results show that: the surface metallization of carbon fiber effectively reduces the diffusion of carbon elements into the matrix material during the sintering process, and improves the interface bonding between the carbon fiber and the matrix material; Compared with ZA27 alloy, the hardness of 6vt% carbon fiber is increased by 29.6%, and the average friction coefficient and wear rate are reduced by about 18.4% and 96%, respectively, indicating that the carbon fiber reinforced zinc-based aluminum rich alloy composite material optimizes the friction and wear performance of traditional materials.
Electromagnetic Shielding and Flame Retardancy of Composite Films Constructed with Cellulose and Graphene Nanoplates
Authors: Fan Zuwei , Yu Yuanyuan , Cheng Xiaojie , Liu Rangtong
Published: January 2022

Aimed at improving the electromagnetic (EM) shielding and flame retardancy of cellulose materials, graphene (GE) nanoplates were introduced into cellulose matrix films by blending in1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The structure and performance of the obtained composite films were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, EM shielding effectiveness (SE), and combustion tests. GE introduction formed and stacked laminated structures in the films after drying due to controlled shrinkage of the cellulose matrix. The lamination of GE nanoplates into the films was beneficial for providing EM shielding due to multiple internal reflection of EM radiation; furthermore, they also increased flame resistance based on the “labyrinth effect.” The SE of these composite films increased gradually with increased GE content and reached 22.3 dB under an incident frequency of 1500 MHz. TG analysis indicated that these composite films possessed improved thermal stability due to GE addition. Reduced flammability was confirmed by their extended times to ignition or inability to be ignited, reduced heat release rates observed in cone calorimetry tests, and increased limiting oxygen index values. These films with improved EM shielding and flame retardancy could be considered potential candidates for multipurpose materials in various applications, such as electronics and radar evasion.
Fe-Doped Barium Lanthanum Titanate as a Competitor to Other Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics
Authors: Wodecka-Duś Beata , Kozielski Lucjan , Makowska Jolanta , Bara Mateusz , Adamczyk-Habrajska Małgorzata
Published: January 2022

Multiferroic solid solutions of Ba1−xLaxTi1−x/4O3 and iron (BLFT) were synthesized using the conventional mixed oxide method. The dependence of the piezoelectric coefficients on Fe content in BLFT ceramics was determined by the quasi-static and resonance method. The results indicate that 0.3 mol% addition of Fe3+ ions to the ceramic structure increased the value of the piezoelectric parameter d33 to the maximum of 159 pC/N. This puts BLFT ceramics among other good-quality and lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. A major enhancement of dielectric properties related to the manipulation of Fe content in the barium lanthanum titanate (BLT) ceramics system is reported as well.
Mapping Bone Marrow Cell Response from Senile Female Rats on Ca-P-Doped Titanium Coating
Authors: Faverani Leonardo P. , Silva William P. P. , de Sousa Cecília Alves , Freitas Gileade , Bassi Ana Paula F. , Shibli Jamil A. , Barão Valentim A. R. , Rosa Adalberto L. , Sukotjo Cortino , Assunção Wirley G.
Published: January 2022

Chemical and topographical surface modifications on dental implants aim to increase the bone surface contact area of the implant and improve osseointegration. This study analyzed the cellular response of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), derived from senile rats’ femoral bone marrow, when cultured on a bioactive coating (by plasma electrolytic oxidation, PEO, with Ca2+ and P5+ ions), a sandblasting followed by acid-etching (SLA) surface, and a machined surface (MSU). A total of 102 Ti-6Al-4V discs were divided into three groups (n = 34). The surface chemistry was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Cell viability assay, gene expression of osteoblastic markers, and mineralized matrix formation were investigated. The cell growth and viability results were higher for PEO vs. MSU surface (p = 0.001). An increase in cell proliferation from 3 to 7 days (p < 0.05) and from 7 to 10 days (p < 0.05) was noted for PEO and SLA surfaces. Gene expression for OSX, ALP, BSP, and OPN showed a statistical significance (p = 0.001) among groups. In addition, the PEO surface showed a higher mineralized matrix bone formation (p = 0.003). In conclusion, MSC from senile female rats cultured on SLA and PEO surfaces showed similar cellular responses and should be considered for future clinical investigations.
Investigation of Weld Root Defects in High-Power Full-Penetration Laser Welding of High-Strength Steel
Authors: Zhang Hengquan , Jiang Meng , Chen Xi , Wei Lianfeng , Wang Shizhong , Jiang Yumo , Jiang Nan , Wang Zhiyuan , Lei Zhenglong , Chen Yanbin
Published: January 2022

The currently available high-power laser shows promising opportunities for the welding of thick plates in a single pass. However, weld-root defect frequently occurs when a high-power laser is used to join thick plates in a full-penetration mode, which has a significantly adverse effect on the serviceability of the weld joint. The purpose of this work is to understand the defect formation mechanism and reduce these defects through controlling welding parameters. In this study, the characteristics of weld root defects were investigated using a 10 kW fiber laser using a program of experiment and theoretical analysis. The corresponding defect formation mechanisms were discussed based on the bottom molten pool behaviors observed by the high-speed camera. The results showed that there were four types of weld-root appearances as follows with an increase of linear heat input from 300 J/mm to 1000 J/mm: weld-root humping (30 mm/s), sound weld (25 mm/s), weld sagging (20 mm/s) and excessive weld sagging. The remedies for reducing weld-root defects were also presented to obtain sound weld bead by optimizing welding parameters. Weld-root humping was formed due to the quasi-full-penetration keyhole. Weld sagging resulted from the imbalance of the hydrostatic pressure and surface tension in the condition of a through keyhole. It was also found that the sound weld was formed when a through keyhole and a proper molten pool size were obtained. Thus, the state of the keyhole and molten pool geometry were the major factors that affect weld-root defects.
Preliminary Cleaning Approach with Alginate and Konjac Glucomannan Polysaccharide Gel for the Surfaces of East Asian and Western String Musical Instruments
Authors: Lee Chaehoon , Volpi Francesca , Fiocco Giacomo , Weththimuni Maduka L. , Licchelli Maurizio , Malagodi Marco
Published: January 2022

The cleaning of string musical instruments is challenging due to the traditional finishing treatments used by the makers. Multilayered coating systems were applied to Western musical instruments, while the Nakdong technique was applied in East Asia. Furthermore, by restorations and performance, dust and grime were overlapped together with polishes, adhesives, and varnishes. Gel cleaning is important in the field of conservation because of the ability to selectively remove chemical and biological degradation products from the surface, minimizing the interactions with the inner layers. In this study, hydrogels based on sodium alginate (SA) and konjac glucomannan (KG) polysaccharides were applied on laboratory mock-ups of East Asian and Western instruments to test their ability to remove synthetic soiling and sweat from the surface. In particular, SA cross-linked with calcium cations and KG cross-linked with borate gels were used. To control the exposure of the cleaning solvent on the surface of mock-ups, the moisture content of the gels was determined. The effectiveness of removing synthetic contaminants was investigated by noninvasive analytical methods. Stereomicroscopy and colorimetry, together with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in reflection mode and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), were used to evaluate the cleaning efficacy. Overall, polysaccharide hydrogels resulted in promising cleaning systems on both smooth and rough surfaces of wood.
Biodegradable Thermoplastic Starch/Polycaprolactone Blends with Co-Continuous Morphology Suitable for Local Release of Antibiotics
Authors: Gajdosova Veronika , Strachota Beata , Strachota Adam , Michalkova Danuse , Krejcikova Sabina , Fulin Petr , Nyc Otakar , Brinek Adam , Zemek Marek , Slouf Miroslav
Published: January 2022

We report a reproducible preparation and characterization of highly homogeneous thermoplastic starch/pol(ε-caprolactone) blends (TPS/PCL) with a minimal thermomechanical degradation and co-continuous morphology. These materials would be suitable for biomedical applications, specifically for the local release of antibiotics (ATB) from the TPS phase. The TPS/PCL blends were prepared in the whole concentration range. In agreement with theoretical predictions based on component viscosities, the co-continuous morphology was found for TPS/PCL blends with a composition of 70/30 wt.%. The minimal thermomechanical degradation of the blends was achieved by an optimization of the processing conditions and by keeping processing temperatures as low as possible, because higher temperatures might damage ATB in the final application. The blends’ homogeneity was verified by scanning electron microscopy. The co-continuous morphology was confirmed by submicron-computed tomography. The mechanical performance of the blends was characterized in both microscale (by an instrumented microindentation hardness testing; MHI) and macroscale (by dynamic thermomechanical analysis; DMTA). The elastic moduli of TPS increased ca four times in the TPS/PCL (70/30) blend. The correlations between elastic moduli measured by MHI and DMTA were very strong, which implied that, in the future studies, it would be possible to use just micromechanical testing that does not require large specimens.
Investigations of Structural, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of MnSe under High Pressure
Authors: Zhao Jing , Zhang Hanxing , Niu Caoping , Wang Xianlong
Published: January 2022

Properties of pressurized MnSe were investigated based on the first-principles methods using exchange–correlation functionals of the local density approximation (generalized gradient approximation) with and without the Hubbard U correction. Our results show that the Hubbard U (U = 4 eV) correction is necessary to correctly describe the phase transition behaviors of MnSe. We found that at the static condition, phase transitions from the low-temperature phase with a NiAs-type structure (P63/mmc) to the P4/nmm phase at 50.5 GPa and further to the Pnma phase at 81 GPa are observed. However, if the transition starts from the room-temperature phase with a NaCl-type structure (Fm-3m), the transition-sequences and -pressures will be different, indicating that temperature can strongly affect the phase transition behaviors of MnSe. Furthermore, we found that pressure-induced negative charge transfer will promote spin crossover. The calculated superconducting properties of the Pnma phase indicate that it may be an unconventional superconductor.
FEM-Based Thermogram Correction for Inconel 625 Joint Hardness Clustering
Authors: Jamrozik Wojciech , Górka Jacek , Wyględacz Bernard , Kiel-Jamrozik Marta
Published: January 2022

Assessing the temperature of the joint in on-line mode is a vital task that is demanded to characterize the formations of terns formations that are taking place in a joint and result in reaching necessary properties of the joint. Arc welding generates a high amount of heat that is reflected by the metallic surface of the welded object. In the paper, a temperature measurement credibility increase method is described and evaluated. The proposed method is used to reduce the influence of the reflected temperature of the hot torch and the arc on the temperature distribution observed on the surface of the welded joint using an infrared camera. The elaborated approach is based on comparison between infrared observation of the solidifying weld and precisely performed finite element method (FEM) simulation. The FEM simulations were calibrated according to the geometry of the fusion zone. It allows to precisely model heat source properties. The best-reflected temperature correction map was selected and applied to obtain a temperature representation that differs from the FEM baseline by less than 10 °C. Precise temperature values allowed us to cluster welded joints in 3D feature space (temperature, hardness, linear energy). It was found that by using the k-means clustering method it is possible to distinguish between correct and faulty (in terms of too low mechanical properties) joints.
Poplar Sawdust Stack Self-Heating Properties and Variations of Internal Microbial Communities
Authors: Yuan Zitao , Xu Wenbin , He Zili , Shen Hao
Published: January 2022

The heat accumulation generated by microbial metabolic activities during the storage of the sawdust may lead to spontaneous combustion accidents. This paper studied the Critical Ambient Temperature (CAT) variation of poplar sawdust at different stack dimensions and investigated the physicochemical properties as well as microbial community dynamics during the self-heating process of poplar sawdust stacks. From the self-heating substances test experiments and Frank-Kamenetskii (FK) theory, it was found that the CAT of poplar sawdust stacks would decrease from 158.27 °C to 102.46 °C with the increase of stack size from 0.1 m to 3.2 m. From the sawdust stack self-heating experiments, microbial metabolic activities were enhanced with the increasing moisture content (by watering) and oxygen (by turning over), which led to a remarkable increase of the sawdust stack temperature and the rapid decomposition of biochemical components (especially cellulose and hemicellulose). From the microbiological community analysis, at the thermophilic stage (around 60 °C, large amounts of heat release in compost bin), the existence of thermostable bacteria (such as Brevibacillus thermoruber, Bacillus thermoamylovorans and Paenibacillus barengoltzii belonging to Firmicutes) played an important role in degrading organic substances. The heat generated by the microbial metabolic activities might lead to spontaneous combustion eventually if sawdust stack is large enough. Therefore, the sawdust should be stacked in a cool and dry area while avoiding large amounts of storage in high humidity environments.
Blue Whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) Protein Hydrolysates Increase GLP-1 Secretion and Proglucagon Production in STC-1 Cells Whilst Maintaining Caco-2/HT29-MTX Co-Culture Integrity
Authors: Heffernan Shauna , Nunn Leo , Harnedy-Rothwell Pádraigín A. , Gite Snehal , Whooley Jason , Giblin Linda , FitzGerald Richard J. , O’Brien Nora M.
Published: January 2022

Inducing the feeling of fullness via the regulation of satiety hormones presents an effective method for reducing excess energy intake and, in turn, preventing the development of obesity. In this study, the ability of blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BWSPHs) and simulated gastrointestinal digested (SGID) BWSPHs, to modulate the secretion and/or production of satiety hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY), was assessed in murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cells. All BWSPHs (BW-SPH-A to BW-SPH-F) (1.0% w/v dw) increased active GLP-1 secretion and proglucagon production in STC-1 cells compared to the basal control (Krebs–Ringer buffer) (p < 0.05). The signaling pathway activated for GLP-1 secretion was also assessed. A significant increase in intracellular calcium levels was observed after incubation with all BWSPHs (p < 0.05) compared with the control, although none of the BWSPHs altered intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations. The secretagogue effect of the leading hydrolysate was diminished after SGID. Neither pre- nor post-SGID hydrolysates affected epithelial barrier integrity or stimulated interleukin (IL)-6 secretion in differentiated Caco-2/HT-29MTX co-cultured cells. These results suggest a role for BWSPH-derived peptides in satiety activity; however, these peptides may need to be protected by some means to avoid loss of activity during gastrointestinal transit.
Roles of Sulfites in Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plants and Adverse Effects in RO Operation
Authors: Maeda Yasushi
Published: January 2022

More than 60 years have passed since UCLA first announced the development of an innovative asymmetric cellulose acetate reverse osmosis (RO) membrane in 1960. This innovation opened a gate to use RO for commercial use. RO is now ubiquitous in water treatment and has been used for various applications, including seawater desalination, municipal water treatment, wastewater reuse, ultra-pure water (UPW) production, and industrial process waters, etc. RO is a highly integrated system consisting of a series of unit processes: (1) intake system, (2) pretreatment, (3) RO system, (4) post-treatment, and (5) effluent treatment and discharge system. In each step, a variety of chemicals are used. Among those, sulfites (sodium bisulfite and sodium metabisulfite) have played significant roles in RO, such as dechlorination, preservatives, shock treatment, and sanitization, etc. Sulfites especially became necessary as dechlorinating agents because polyamide hollow-fiber and aromatic thin-film composite RO membranes developed in the late 1960s and 1970s were less tolerable with residual chlorine. In this review, key applications of sulfites are explained in detail. Furthermore, as it is reported that sulfites have some adverse effects on RO membranes and processes, such phenomena will be clarified. In particular, the following two are significant concerns using sulfites: RO membrane oxidation catalyzed by heavy metals and a trigger of biofouling. This review sheds light on the mechanism of membrane oxidation and triggering biofouling by sulfites. Some countermeasures are also introduced to alleviate such problems.
Geometrical Optimization and Transverse Thermoelectric Performances of Fe/Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 Artificially Tilted Multilayer Thermoelectric Devices
Authors: Zhou Hongyu , Liu Huang , Qian Guoping , Yu Huanan , Gong Xiangbing , Li Xi , Zheng Jianlong
Published: January 2022

Transverse thermoelectric performance of the artificially tilted multilayer thermoelectric device (ATMTD) is very difficult to be optimized, due to the large degree freedom in device design. Herein, an ATMTD with Fe and Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 (BTS) materials was proposed and fabricated. Through high-throughput calculation of Fe/BTS ATMTD, a maximum of calculated transverse thermoelectric figure of merit of 0.15 was obtained at a thickness ratio of 0.49 and a tilted angle of 14°. For fabricated ATMTD, the whole Fe/BTS interface is closely connected with a slight interfacial reaction. The optimizing Fe/BTS ATMTD with 12 mm in length, 6 mm in width and 4 mm in height has a maximum output power of 3.87 mW under a temperature difference of 39.6 K. Moreover the related power density per heat-transfer area reaches 53.75 W·m−2. This work demonstrates the performance of Fe/BTS ATMTD, allowing a better understanding of the potential in micro-scaled devices.
Demonstration of Fully Integrable Long-Range Microposition Detection with Wafer-Level Embedded Micromagnets
Authors: Gojdka Björn , Cichon Daniel , Lembrecht Yannik , Bodduluri Mani Teja , Lisec Thomas , Stahl-Offergeld Markus , Hohe Hans-Peter , Niekiel Florian
Published: January 2022

A fully integrable magnetic microposition detection for miniaturized systems like MEMS devices is demonstrated. Whereas current magnetic solutions are based on the use of hybrid mounted magnets, here a combination of Hall sensors with a novel kind of wafer-level integrable micromagnet is presented. 1D measurements achieve a precision <10 µm within a distance of 1000 µm. Three-dimensional (3D) measurements demonstrate the resolution of complex trajectories in a millimeter-sized space with precision better than 50 µm in real time. The demonstrated combination of a CMOS Hall sensor and wafer-level embedded micromagnets enables a fully integrable magnetic position detection for microdevices such as scanners, switches, valves and flow regulators, endoscopes or tactile sensors.
Research on Direction of Arrival Estimation Based on Self-Contained MEMS Vector Hydrophone
Authors: Zhu Shan , Zhang Guojun , Wu Daiyue , Liang Xiaoqi , Zhang Yifan , Lv Ting , Liu Yan , Chen Peng , Zhang Wendong
Published: January 2022

A self-contained MEMS vector hydrophone with a scalar–vector integrated design is proposed in this paper. Compared with traditional MEMS vector hydrophones, this design solves the problem of ambiguity in the port and starboard during orientation, and also realizes the self-contained storage of acoustic signals. First, the sensor principle and structural design of the self-contained MEMS hydrophone are introduced, and then the principle of the combined beamforming algorithm is given. In addition to this, the amplitude and phase calibration method based on the self-contained MEMS vector hydrophone is proposed. Then, the sensitivity and phase calibrations of the sensor are carried out in the standing wave tube. The sensitivity of the vector channel is −182.7 dB (0 dB@1 V/μPa) and the sensitivity of the scalar channel is −181.8 dB (0 dB@1 V/μPa). Finally, an outdoor water experiment was carried out. The experimental results show that the self-contained MEMS vector hydrophone can accurately pick up and record underwater acoustics information. It realizes the precise orientation of the target by combining beamforming algorithms. The direction of arrival (DOA) error is within 5° under the outdoor experimental conditions with an SNR of 13.67 dB.
A Thermoelectric MEMS Microwave Power Sensor with Inline Self-Detection Function
Authors: Liu Jiaqi , Hong Yang , Wang Jutao , Cai Chunhua , Zhang Zhiqiang
Published: January 2022

In this paper, the design, fabrication and measurement of a thermoelectric MEMS microwave power sensor with the terminal load inline self-detection function is proposed. The structure of the sensor mainly includes a coplanar waveguide, a thermopile, two terminal load resistors and two calibration resistors. In order to realize the inline self-detection function, the load and calibration resistors are designed to form a voltage divider circuit. The fabrication of this sensor is compatible with the GaAs MMIC technology. The on-chip performance is tested by using a microwave experimental platform. The measured reflection loss is less than −10 dB at 0.1–10 GHz. When the bias voltage is not applied, the sensitivity of the sensor is 47.39 μV/mW@5 GHz and 32.58 μV/mW@10 GHz, respectively, and when the bias voltage is applied, the sensitivity is 47.50 μV/mW@5 GHz and 32.73 μV/mW@10 GHz, respectively. The difference between the two cases is less than 0.5% at the same frequency, which indicates that whether or not to apply the bias voltage has little effect on the sensitivity. In addition, when the calibration resistance is increased from 50 to 100 Ω, the current flowing through the load resistance is decreased under the same bias voltage. Therefore, the DC power consumed on the load resistance will be significantly reduced. This makes the measured and theoretical results show better agreement, thus verifying the validity of the design.
Resonant Raman Scattering in Boron-Implanted GaN
Authors: Peng Yi , Wei Wenwang , Saleem Muhammad Farooq , Xiao Kai , Yang Yanlian , Yang Yufei , Wang Yukun , Sun Wenhong
Published: January 2022

A small Boron ion (B-ion) dose of 5 × 1014 cm−2 was implanted in a GaN epilayer at an energy of 50 keV, and the sample was subjected to high-temperature rapid thermal annealing (RTA). The resonant Raman spectrum (RRS) showed a strong characteristic of a photoluminescence (PL) emission peak associated with GaN before B-ion implantation and RTA treatment. The PL signal decreased significantly after the B-ion implantation and RTA treatment. The analysis of temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy data indicated the activation of two transitions in B-ion-implanted GaN in different temperature ranges with activation energies of 66 and 116 meV. The transition energies were estimated in the range of 3.357–3.449 eV through calculations. This paper introduces a calculation method that can be used to calculate the activation and transition energies, and it further highlights the strong influence of B-ion implantation on the luminesce of GaN.
GPR56 mRNA Expression Is Modulated by Acute and Chronic Training Variable Manipulations in Resistance-Trained Men
Authors: Angleri Vitor , Damas Felipe , Stotzer Uliana Sbeguen , Selistre-de-Araujo Heloisa Sobreiro , Santanielo Natalia , Soligon Samuel Domingos , Riani Costa Luiz Augusto , Lixandrão Manoel Emílio , Conceição Miguel Soares , Vechin Felipe Cassaro , Roberts Michael D. , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Libardi Cleiton Augusto
Published: January 2022

Background: Skeletal muscle adaptations are affected by resistance training (RT)-induced acute and chronic transcriptional responses. An under-explored gene target involved in mechanotransduction is the expression of the G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56). However, studies investigating the acute and chronic effects of RT manipulations on GPR56 mRNA are scarce. Methods: Twenty subjects had each leg randomly assigned to a standard ((CON) no specific manipulation) or a variable RT (manipulations in load, volume, muscle action, and pause in a session-by-session fashion (VAR)). GPR56 mRNA expression was assessed before and after 16 training sessions (chronic effect) and 24 h after a 17th session (acute effect). Results: Acute GPR56 mRNA expression increased at 24 h (p < 0.01) without differences between CON and VAR (p > 0.05). No differences were found in GPR56 mRNA expression when comparing each VAR condition (load vs. sets vs. eccentric actions vs. pause) nor with CON at 24 h (p > 0.05). Chronic GPR56 mRNA expression increased at Post compared with Pre (p < 0.02) for VAR only, with a tendency (p = 0.058) toward higher expression for VAR as compared with CON. Conclusion: GPR56 mRNA expression is acutely and chronically modulated by RT. Additionally, chronic GPR56 mRNA expression is modulated by RT variable manipulations.
Plumeria alba-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Exhibits Antimicrobial Effect and Anti-Oncogenic Activity against Glioblastoma U118 MG Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Rudrappa Muthuraj , Rudayni Hassan Ahmed , Assiri Rasha Assad , Bepari Asmatanzeem , Basavarajappa Dhanyakumara Shivapoojar , Nagaraja Shashiraj Kariyellappa , Chakraborty Bidhayak , Swamy Pallavi Sathyanarayana , Agadi Shekappa Ningappa , Niazi Shaik Kalimulla , Nayaka Sreenivasa
Published: January 2022

Plumeria alba (P. alba) is a small laticiferous tree with promising medicinal properties. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and non-hazardous compared to chemical and physical synthesis methods. Current research aiming to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the leaf extract of P. alba (P- AgNPs) has described its physiochemical and pharmacological properties in recognition of its therapeutic potential as an anticancer and antimicrobial agent. These biogenic synthesized P-AgNPs were physiochemically characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and zeta potential analysis. Antimicrobial activity was investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. Anticancer activity against glioblastoma U118 MG cancer lines was investigated using an MTT assay, and apoptosis activity was determined by flow cytometry. UV–visible spectroscopic analysis portrayed surface plasmon resonance at 403 nm of synthesized P-AgNPs, and FTIR suggested the presence of amines, alkanes, and phenol molecules that could be involved in reduction and capping processes during AgNPs formation. Synthesized particles were spherical in shape and poly-dispersed with an average particle size of 26.43 nm and a poly-dispersity index (PDI) of 0.25 with a zeta potential value of −24.6 mV, ensuring their stability. The lattice plane values confirm the crystalline nature as identified by XRD. These P-AgNPs exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against selected human pathogenic microbes. Additionally, the in vitro MTT assay results showed its effective anticancer activity against the glioma U118 MG cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 9.77 µg/mL AgNPs by initiating apoptosis as identified by a staining study with flow cytometric Annexin V–Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) and Propidium Iodide (PI). Thus, P. alba AgNPs can be recommended for further pharmacological and other biological research. To conclude, the current investigation developed an eco-friendly AgNPs synthesis using P. alba leaf extract with potential cytotoxic and antibacterial capacity, which can therefore be recommended as a new strategy to treat different human diseases.
Effect of Spatial Distribution of nZVI on the Corrosion of nZVI Composites and Its Subsequent Cr(VI) Removal from Water
Authors: Li Yixuan , Huang Shuangqiu , Song Yaqin , Zhang Xinfang , Liu Sijia , Du Qiong
Published: January 2022

There have been many studies on contaminant removal by fresh and aged nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), but the effect of spatial distribution of nZVI on the corrosion behavior of the composite materials and its subsequent Cr(VI) removal remains unclear. In this study, four types of D201-nZVI composites with different nZVI distributions (named D1, D2, D3, and D4) were fabricated and pre-corroded in varying coexisting solutions. Their effectiveness in the removal of Cr(VI) were systematically investigated. The results showed acidic or alkaline conditions, and all coexisting ions studied except for H2PO4− and SiO32− enhanced the corrosion of nZVI. Additionally, the Cr(VI) removal efficiency was observed to decrease with increasing nZVI distribution uniformity. The corrosion products derived from nZVI, including magnetite, hematite, lepidocrcite, and goethite, were identified by XRD. The XPS results suggested that the Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species coexisted and the Cr(III) species gradually increased on the surface of the pre-corroded D201-nZVI with increasing iron distribution uniformity, proving Cr(VI) removal via a comprehensive process including adsorption/coprecipitation and reduction. The results will help to guide the selection for nZVI nanocomposites aged under different conditions for environmental decontamination.
Different Alterations in Gut Microbiota between Bifidobacterium longum and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Treatments in Propionic Acid Rat Model of Autism
Authors: Abujamel Turki S. , Al-Otaibi Norah M. , Abuaish Sameera , AlHarbi Rahaf H. , Assas Mushref B. , Alzahrani Saleha Ahmad , Alotaibi Sohailah Masoud , El-Ansary Afaf , Aabed Kawther
Published: January 2022

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) consist of a range of neurodevelopmental conditions accompanied by dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Therefore, a number of microbiota manipulation strategies were developed to restore their balance. However, a comprehensive comparison of the various methods on gut microbiota is still lacking. Here, we evaluated the effect of Bifidobacterium (BF) treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation (FT) on gut microbiota in a propionic acid (PPA) rat model of autism using 16S rRNA sequencing. Following PPA treatment, gut microbiota showed depletion of Bacteroidia and Akkermansia accompanied by a concomitant increase of Streptococcus, Lachnospiraceae, and Paraeggerthella. The dysbiosis was predicted to cause increased levels of porphyrin metabolism and impairments of acyl-CoA thioesterase and ubiquinone biosynthesis. On the contrary, BF and FT treatments resulted in a distinct increase of Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Marvinbryantia, Butyricicoccus, and Dorea. The taxa in BF group positively correlated with vitamin B12 and flagella biosynthesis, while FT mainly enriched flagella biosynthesis. In contrast, BF and FT treatments negatively correlated with succinate biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, beta-Lactam resistance, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that BF and FT treatments restored the PPA-induced dysbiosis in a treatment-specific manner.
Non-Targeted Dried Blood Spot-Based Metabolomics Analysis Showed Rice Bran Supplementation Effects Multiple Metabolic Pathways during Infant Weaning and Growth in Mali
Authors: Pfluger Brigitte A. , Smith Hillary V. , Weber Annika M. , Ibrahim Hend , Doumbia Lassina , Bore Abdoulaye , Cissoko Alima , Douyon Seydou , Kone Karim , Sangare Lansana , Maiga Ababacar , Koita Ousmane A. , Goodman Kelli , Evans Anne M. , Ryan Elizabeth P.
Published: January 2022

Rice bran contains essential nutrients, antioxidants, and bioactives with anti-inflammatory and diarrheal protective properties important for infants. This 6-month randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of heat-stabilized rice bran supplementation during Malian infant weaning. Fifty healthy 6-month-old infants were randomized to a rice bran intervention (N = 25) or non-intervention control group (N = 25). Intervention infants received dose-escalating rice bran supplementation for 6 months (1–5 g/day). Monthly infant dried blood spot and anthropometric measurements were collected. Dried blood spot metabolite abundances were compared monthly according to diet for six months. Supplementation resulted in favorable weight-for-age and weight-for-length z-score changes. Non-targeted dried blood spot-based metabolomics identified 796 metabolites, of which 33% had significant fold differences between groups (7–12 months). Lipids and amino acids represented 70.6% of the metabolites identified. Rice bran supplementation during infant weaning significantly modulated the metabolites involved in antioxidant defenses and with neuroactive properties including reduced glutathione, glycine, glutamate, cysteinylglycine, tryptophan betaine, and choline. These findings support rice bran as a weaning ingredient to meet infant nutritional requirements and with the potential to reduce oxidative stress and improve cognitive outcomes. This study provides evidence for dried blood spots as a cost-effective tool to detect infant biomarkers of nutritional and metabolic status.
The Influence of Obesity and Weight Loss on the Bioregulation of Innate/Inflammatory Responses: Macrophages and Immunometabolism
Authors: Gálvez Isabel , Navarro María Carmen , Martín-Cordero Leticia , Otero Eduardo , Hinchado María Dolores , Ortega Eduardo
Published: January 2022

Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation and more susceptibility to infection, particularly viral infections, as clearly demonstrated in COVID-19. In this context, immunometabolism and metabolic flexibility of macrophages play an important role. Since inflammation is an inherent part of the innate response, strategies for decreasing the inflammatory response must avoid immunocompromise the innate defenses against pathogen challenges. The concept “bioregulation of inflammatory/innate responses” was coined in the context of the effects of exercise on these responses, implying a reduction in excessive inflammatory response, together with the preservation or stimulation of the innate response, with good transitions between pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages adapted to each individual’s inflammatory set-point in inflammatory diseases, particularly in obesity. The question now is whether these responses can be obtained in the context of weight loss by dietary interventions (low-fat diet or abandonment of the high-fat diet) in the absence of exercise, which can be especially relevant for obese individuals with difficulties exercising such as those suffering from persistent COVID-19. Results from recent studies are controversial and do not point to a clear anti-inflammatory effect of these dietary interventions, particularly in the adipose tissue. Further research focusing on the innate response is also necessary.
Ascorbic Acid Reduces Neurotransmission, Synaptic Plasticity, and Spontaneous Hippocampal Rhythms in In Vitro Slices
Authors: Heruye Segewkal H. , Warren Ted J. , Kostansek IV Joseph A. , Draves Samantha B. , Matthews Stephanie A. , West Peter J. , Simeone Kristina A. , Simeone Timothy A.
Published: January 2022

Ascorbic acid (AA; a.k.a. vitamin C) is well known for its cellular protection in environments of high oxidative stress. Even though physiological concentrations of AA in the brain are significant (0.2–10 mM), surprisingly little is known concerning the role of AA in synaptic neurotransmission under normal, non-disease state conditions. Here, we examined AA effects on neurotransmission, plasticity and spontaneous network activity (i.e., sharp waves and high frequency oscillations; SPW-HFOs), at the synapse between area 3 and 1 of the hippocampal cornu ammonis region (CA3 and CA1) using an extracellular multi-electrode array in in vitro mouse hippocampal slices. We found that AA decreased evoked field potentials (fEPSPs, IC50 = 0.64 mM) without affecting V50s or paired pulse facilitation indicating normal neurotransmitter release mechanisms. AA decreased presynaptic fiber volleys but did not change fiber volley-to-fEPSP coupling, suggesting reduced fEPSPs resulted from decreased fiber volleys. Inhibitory effects were also observed in CA1 stratum pyramidale where greater fEPSPs were required for population spikes in the presence of AA suggesting an impact on the intrinsic excitability of neurons. Other forms of synaptic plasticity and correlates of memory (i.e., short- and long-term potentiation) were also significantly reduced by AA as was the incidence of spontaneous SPW-HFOs. AA decreased SPW amplitude with a similar IC50 as fEPSPs (0.65 mM). Overall, these results indicate that under normal conditions AA significantly regulates neurotransmission, plasticity, and network activity by limiting excitability. Thus, AA may participate in refinement of signal processing and memory formation, as well as protecting against pathologic excitability.
Effects of Perioperative Oral Nutrition Supplementation in Malaysian Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery for Breast and Colorectal Cancers—A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Wong Ting Xuan , Wong Wei Xiang , Chen Seong Ting , Ong Shu Hwa , Shyam Sangeetha , Ahmed Nurzarina , Hamdan Khairul Hazim , Awang Raflis Ruzairee , Ibrahim Mohd Razali , Palayan Kandasami , Chee Winnie Siew Swee
Published: January 2022

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of preoperative and an extended 90-days postoperative use of ONS among patients undergoing elective surgery for breast and colorectal cancers. Ninety-one patients were randomised into (i) Group SS received ONS up to 14 days preoperatively and postoperatively up to discharge, (ii) Group SS-E received ONS up to 14 days preoperatively, postoperatively up to discharge and for an extended 90-days after discharge and (iii) Group DS received ONS postoperatively up to discharge. Preoperatively, SS had significantly higher body weight (66.1 ± 15.3 kg vs. 62.5 ± 12.0 kg, p = 0.010) and BMI (26.8 ± 6.8 kg/m2 vs. 26.1 ± 6.7 kg/m2, p = 0.022) than DS when adjusted for baseline values. Postoperatively, SS-E had significantly higher handgrip strength (26 ± 9 kgF vs. 24 ± 6 kgF, p = 0.044) than DS at 90-days post-discharge after adjusted for preoperative values. At 90-days post-discharge, the proportions of patients in SS with albumin < 35 g/d, CAR ≥ 0.1, mPINI ≥ 0.4, mGPS score 1 or 2 were significantly reduced while in SS-E, the reduction in proportions of patients with high hsCRP and mPINI ≥ 0.4 was significant compared to upon discharge. Preoperative ONS had modest benefits in attenuating weight loss whilst postoperative supplementation up to 90-days post-discharge improved handgrip strength and inflammatory prognostic markers.
Probiotic Consumption Boosts Thymus in Obesity and Senescence Mouse Models
Authors: Balcells Florencia , Martínez Monteros María José , Gómez Alba Lorena , Cazorla Silvia Inés , Perdigón Gabriela , Maldonado-Galdeano Carolina
Published: January 2022

The ability of the immune system to respond to different pathogens throughout life requires the constant production and selection of T cells in the thymus. This immune organ is very sensitive to age, infectious processes and nutrition disorders (obesity and malnutrition). Several studies have shown that the incorporation of some probiotic bacteria or probiotic fermented milk in the diet has beneficial effects, not only at the intestinal level but also on distant mucosal tissues, improving the architecture of the thymus in a malnutrition model. The aim of the present study was to determine whether supplementation with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 and/or its cell wall could improve body weight, intestinal microbiota and thymus structure and function in both obese and aging mice. We evaluated probiotic administration to BALB/c mice in 2 experimental mouse models: obesity and senescence, including mice of different ages (21, 28, 45, 90 and 180 days). Changes in thymus size and histology were recorded. T-lymphocyte population and cytokine production were also determined. The consumption of probiotics improved the cortical/medullary ratio, the production and regulation of cytokines and the recovery of mature T-lymphocyte populations of the thymus in obese and old mice. Probiotic incorporation into the diet could not only modulate the immune system but also lead to thymus function recovery, thus improving quality of life.
The Associations of Erythrocyte Fatty Acids with Whole Blood Mineral Elements in Children
Authors: Huang Zhi , Liu Xing , Li Ziming , Cui Luwei , Liu Candi , Wang Weifeng , Hu Yuming , Chen Bo
Published: January 2022

Background. Minerals play important biological roles in lipid metabolism. The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationships between erythrocyte fatty acids (FAs) levels with whole blood mineral elements concentrations among Chinese children. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 435 children aged 4–7 years were recruited. Whole blood mineral elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and erythrocyte FAs composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Results. There were direct correlations between Zn and C18:2n-6 (FDR corrected p = 0.019), total n-6 PUFAs (FDR corrected p = 0.034), and total PUFAs (FDR corrected p = 0.034). Direct correlations were found between whole blood Zn and C18:1n-9 (FDR corrected p = 0.035), C24:1n-9 (FDR corrected p = 0.023), total MUFAs (FDR corrected p = 0.023), and C18:2n-6 (FDR corrected p = 0.048) in the Cu < P50 group. In the Cu ≥ P50 group, Mg was inversely related to most FAs (All FDR corrected p < 0.05). In the Zn < P50 group, Cu was directly related to C24:1n-9, total MUFAs, C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, total n-3 PUFAs, C20:4n-6, total n-6 PUFAs, total PUFAs, and total FAs (All FDR corrected p < 0.05). Conclusions. Whole blood Cu and Zn levels were directly linked to several FAs levels in the erythrocytes of children. The interactions of Mg, Cu, and Zn with fatty acids may affect FA metabolism, in which Mg influences FA absorption.
Oleanolic Acid: Extraction, Characterization and Biological Activity
Authors: Castellano José M. , Ramos-Romero Sara , Perona Javier S.
Published: January 2022

Oleanolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid ubiquitously present in the plant kingdom, is receiving outstanding attention from the scientific community due to its biological activity against multiple diseases. Oleanolic acid is endowed with a wide range of biological activities with therapeutic potential by means of complex and multifactorial mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting that oleanolic acid might be effective against dyslipidemia, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, through enhancing insulin response, preserving the functionality and survival of β-cells and protecting against diabetes complications. In addition, several other functions have been proposed, including antiviral, anti-HIV, antibacterial, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic activities, as well as interfering in several stages of the development of different types of cancer; however, due to its hydrophobic nature, oleanolic acid is almost insoluble in water, which has led to a number of approaches to enhance its biopharmaceutical properties. In this scenario, the present review aimed to summarize the current knowledge and the research progress made in the last years on the extraction and characterization of oleanolic acid and its biological activities and the underlying mechanisms of action.