bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining the route for the purpose light vehicles testing in Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test
Authors: GIS Wojciech , PIELECHA Jacek , MERKISZ Jerzy , KRUCZYŃSKI Stanisław , GIS Maciej
Published: March 2021

In the regulations concerning approval of light vehicles starting from September 2019 it will be necessary to conduct exhaust emis-sions tests both on a chassis dynamometer and for real driving emissions. It is a legislative requirement set forth in EU regulations for the purpose of the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) procedure. To decide on the RDE route for the purpose of the LV exhaust emissions tests many requirements must be fulfilled, regarding for ex-ample external temperature and the topographic height of the tests, driving style (driving dynamic parameters), trip duration, length of respective test sections (urban, rural, motorway, etc.). The works on outlining RDE routes are continued across the country in various research centres. Specifying the RDE route for test purposes, i.e. works in which the authors of this article are actively involved, has become a major challenge for future approval surveys concerning the assessment of hazardous emissions from light vehicles and for development studies focusing on – for example – the consumption of energy in electric and hybrid vehicles. The vehicle load was consistent with the requirements of the standard and included the aforesaid measurement device, the driver and the operator of PEMS. The tests were carried out on working days. The streets and roads used for the tests were hard-surfaced. Meas-urements were performed in accordance with the requirements of RDE packages (Package 1–4), i.e. taking into account – among others the engine cold start. The article discusses the method of outlining the test route fulfilling the specific requirements for RDE testing. Chosen results of ex-haust emissions from a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine along the defined RDE test route have been provided. The tests discussed in the article are introductory in the area of RDE tests and provide an introduction into further studies of exhaust emissions and energy consumption in real driving conditions in conventional vehicles and vehicles with alternative engines, e.g. hybrid and electric vehicles.
Evaluation of the effect of the addition of bioethanol to gas oil on coking diesel engine injector terminals
Authors: ORLIŃSKI Piotr , WOJS Marcin K. , BEDNARSKI Mateusz , SIKORA Mieczysław
Published: March 2021

The article presents the results of empirical research and their analysis regarding the impact of diesel oil and diesel oil mixture with bioethanol on coking the test injector nozzles of the XUD9 engine from PSA. The research included three fuel deals: diesel fuel as the base fuel and diesel oil mix with ONE10 bioethanol (10% bioethanol plus diesel oil (V/V)), ONE20 (20% bioethanol plus diesel oil (V/V)). They were conducted on the basis of CEC PF-023 developed by CEC (Coordinating European Council). Each of the above-mentioned fuels was tested using a new set of injectors. The propensity of the fuel for coking the injector tips was expressed as a percentage reduction in the air flow through the nozzles of each injector for the given sheer increments. The test result was the average percentage of airflow reduction for all nozzles at 0.1 mm spike increments and was measured according to ISO 4010 "Diesel engines. Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type”. The test results for individual atomizers of the above-mentioned test engine in the area of sediment formation from flowing fuel shown a lower tendency to coke the injectors using diesel fuel-bioethanol in comparison to the use of pure diesel oil. Based on the CEC PF-023 test, it can be noticed that the level of contamination of the tested injectors for ONE10 fuel is about 3% lower, and for ONE20 fuel is about 4% lower than the level of pollution for diesel fuel.
Modern drive systems of rail vehicles
Authors: ANDRZEJEWSKI Maciej , PIELECHA Ireneusz , MERKISZ Jerzy , ŚWIECHOWICZ Robert , NOWAK Mateusz
Published: March 2021

Rail vehicles are one of the sources of environmental pollution in the transport sector. Therefore, it is necessary to equip these vehi-cles with modern drive systems. This article concerns the issues of contemporary and future-oriented solutions of drive systems used in rail vehicles. The article analyzes energy storage possibilities including: electrochemical, mechanical and hydraulic accumulators. The conducted analyzes have taken into account the importance of how frequently they charge up, which dictates their possible applications. Characteristics of hybrid drive systems were presented, with particular emphasis on parallel systems of: hydrostatic, flywheels and electrochemical batteries. The analysis of energy flow control strategies in hybrid drive systems of railway vehicles has been made. In the summary, a solution was chosen that resulted in high conversion efficiency of the energy extracted from the vehicles wheels.
Comparison of exhaust emission from Euro 3 and Euro 6 motor vehicles fueled with petrol and LPG based on real driving conditions
Authors: JAWORSKI Artur , LEJDA Kazimierz , LUBAS Janusz , MĄDZIEL Maksymilian
Published: March 2021

Constantly increasing requirements regarding emission limits for harmful exhaust components force vehicle manufacturers to im-prove the construction of vehicle engines as well as exhaust gas cleaning systems. In addition to modifications in the field of technology of motor vehicles themselves, it is also important to study the impact of alternatives to petrol or diesel fuels. One of the most popular fossil fuel is liquid petroleum gas. In the paper, the results of comparative studies on the emission of harmful exhaust components of vehicles meeting the Euro 3 and Euro 6 standards in the field of petrol and LPG fuel use are presented. Emission measurement was performed using a portable emission measurement system from Horiba OBS-2200 under real traffic conditions. The presented results show the differences between the tested vehicles and the fuels used.
Emissions of e-mobility
Authors: SITNIK Lech J.
Published: March 2021

E-mobility is treated as emission-free. Generally, this sentence can only be true in a very small range. Namely, about selected pa-rameters and in a very limited area. An example of this is the measurement of CO2 emissions in the immediate vicinity of BEV (battery electric vehicle) . The situation can change dramatically if you take into account the emissions in the energy production necessary for car traffic. This work presents this issue taking into account the energy mix in the various countries of the European Union. Simulation research shows that there are already countries in the EU where the operation of electric vehicles makes sense. Especially when it con-cerns CO2 emissions. Emissions below the standards for 2025 can be obtained there. Unfortunately, in most EU countries, the operation of BEV is associated with increased (in relation to present-day) CO2 emissions. Without changing the energy policy, and in particular the energy mix, introducing e-mobility is problematic.
Investigation of a new concept of hydrogen supply for a spark-ignition engine
Authors: BRZEŻAŃSKI Marek , RODAK Łukasz
Published: March 2021

The article presents the results of conceptual and research works of an internal combustion engine adapted for hydrogen supply. The engine was equipped with a direct injection of hydrogen into the combustion chamber, allowing the control of the heat release rate. The developed concept of the power supply system and the fuel injection strategy were presented. Initial results of bench tests were also presented.
The development status of electric (BEV) and hydrogen (FCEV) passenger cars park in the world and new research possibilities of these cars in real traffic conditions
Authors: GIS Wojciech , MERKISZ Jerzy
Published: March 2021

Major markets across the European Union (EU) are concentrated on rapid development of electromobility. This policy is demon-strated – among others – by recent sales of electric cars: within the past 3 quarters of 2018 – 24.7 thousand electric cars have been registered in Germany, 20.3 thousand in France, 15.3 thousand in the Netherlands and 31.4 thousand in Norway. Unfortunately, only 867 EVs have been registered in Hungary, 469 in the Czech Republic, 468 in Romania, 411 in Poland and 348 in Slovenia. Unit energy consumption of electric cars was often defined in NEDC cycle. In real conditions of road traffic, it may differ from val-ues recorded in a drive cycle. The article presents results of a study on energy consumption of electric cars in Poland along RDE (Real Driving Emissions) testing route in terms of vehicle energy consumption per drive unit (km, 100 km). The use of fuel cells in cars may bring a change in the type of used vehicles in the long run. Both globally and in the EU wide-ranging actions are undertaken to imple-ment fuel cell technology. Also, the infrastructure of hydrogen filling stations is developed. At present the most rapidly developing coun-try in this area is Japan. The article addresses the issue of energy consumption per drive unit by cars equipped with fuel cells as both type of vehicles, i.e. EV and FCV use electric motors. The article also discusses infrastructure development in the EU and Poland, charg-ing and fuelling of the said vehicles, respectively.
Experts forecasts on the demand for energy carriers in motor vehicle transport in Poland up to year 2035
Authors: GIS Wojciech , WAŚKIEWICZ Jerzy , MENES Maciej
Published: March 2021

Presentation of the number of passenger cars, vehicles other than passenger cars with GVM up to 3.5 tons and above 3.5 tons (trucks, buses and special vehicles), registered in Poland as at the end of 2015, with types of energy carriers. Forecasts of transport performance of the vehicle fleet and the forecast of the fleet volume in Poland by year 2035. Expert forecasts of energy carriers con-sumption (petrol, diesel oil, LPG, CNG, electric power, hydrogen) up to year 2035.
Improvement of the compression ignition behaviour and combustion efficiency of the second generation biofuel BIOXDIESEL
Authors: STRUŚ Mieczysław , POPRAWSKI Wojciech
Published: March 2021

Biodiesel fuel is covering more and more place in the market. The reason is a limited fossil fuels resources and the need to reduce emission of harmful substances by application of the fuel made of renewable resources. Currently in Poland and in Europe, the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters are used as biocomponent of the biodiesel fuel or it is used as pure biodiesel fuel. This paper presents the research on the biofuel, which contains mainly Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters, (the energetic value of FAEE is higher than FAME) and mineral Diesel fuel is a small addition. This paper presents research on the improvement of the compression ignition behaviour and combustion effectiveness of the second generation biofuel BIOXDIESEL, which contains up to 75% of biocomponents (FAEE with bioethanol) with addition of mineral Diesel fuel. Improvement of the auto-ignition properties is achieved through the multi-component composition of Bioxdiesel fuel and dosing of enriching additives. The quality of the fuel has been evaluated during engine testing and during laboratory measurement of fuel parameters. Whereas satisfactory results show that it is appropriate to supplement the composition of biofuels produced from waste vegetable and animal fats and alcohol with the refining additive.
Comparative analysis of combustion engine and hybrid propulsion unit in aviation application in terms of emission of harmful compounds in the exhausts emitted to the atmosphere
Authors: ORKISZ Marek , WYGONIK Piotr , KUŹNIAR Michał , KALWARA Maciej
Published: March 2021

Comparative analysis of combustion and hybrid propulsion unit in aviation application in terms of emission of harmful compounds in the exhausts emitted to the atmosphere. For the propulsion of the AOS 71 motor glider, two types of propulsion were planned as de-velopment versions. The first analysed propulsion is based on a combustion engine, but of the Wankel type (LCR 814 engine with the power of 55 kW). The second designed propulsion is an hybrid based on a LCR 407 combustion engine with a power of 28 kW, which is connected in series with an electric generator propelling the engine (Emrax 228 engine), total power of the propulsion is 55 kW. The comparison of emissions of harmful compounds emitted to the atmosphere generated by the combustion and hybrid power unit intended for assembly in the AOS 71 motor glider, assuming various loads and methods of hybrid propulsion control, was made. The tests were conducted in laboratory conditions. Several different programs were designed to simulate different energy management methods in a hybrid system, depending on the predicted mission and load of the motor glider. On the basis of laboratory tests, exhaust emission was determined from both propulsions as a function of rotational speed and load. Then, based on the assumed flight trajectory and collected test data, the emission for both propulsions variants was determined. The values of emission parameters were compared and the results were presented in diagrams and discussed in the conclusions
Analysis of the ecological effectivness of passenger transport by jets of various sizes
Authors: KARDACH Monika , GALANT Marta , FUĆ Paweł
Published: March 2021

The article’s aim was to compare an ecological effectiveness of a common jetliner with 189 passenger capacity flying on two CFM engines and a very light jet business aircraft designed to carry up to 8 people on board. The carried-out analysis showed that the NOx emission per passenger in Very Light Jet (VLJ) is three times higher than in common jet airliner, furthermore there is 15 times difference in CO emission. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be stated that it is appropriate to extend the certification of engines to smaller units, as well as to adjust the LTO test beyond laboratory conditions.
Influence of piston ring profiles and oil temperature distribution on cylinder liner lubrication of a marine two-stroke engine
Authors: WOLFF Andrzej
Published: March 2021

In the paper a comprehensive model of a piston-ring-cylinder (PRC) system has been presented. The local thickness of the oil film can be compared to height of the combined surface roughness of a cylinder liner and piston rings. Equations describing the mixed lubri-cation problem based on the empirical mathematical model formulated in works of Patir, Cheng and Greenwood, Tripp have been ap-plied. The main parts of the model have been experimentally verified abroad by the author at the marine engine designing centre. In contrast to the previous papers of the author concerning the PRC system of combustion engines, new calculation results for a ma-rine two-stroke engine have been presented. Firstly the right selection of barrel-shaped sliding surface of piston rings has been analysed. Secondly the influence of oil temperature distribution along the cylinder liner on the lubrication of the PRC system has been assessed. The developed model and software can be useful for optimization of the PRC system design.
Methodology of determining the input data of control algorithms for a compression-ignition engine
Authors: PIETRAS Dariusz , PRASZKIEWICZ Marek , CZARNIECKI Konrad
Published: March 2021

The engine control process is usually carried out based on array control algorithms with a fixed mesh size. Modification of control algorithms based on experimental test data requires the use of programs that make it possible to determine the control algorithm param-eters. The article presents the methodology of determining the compression-ignition engine control algorithms. A custom computer pro-gram was presented, which was used to determine the control algorithm parameters. These control algorithms values were determined based on the results of experimental engine tests, and using the presented program. The parameters were introduced into the laboratory compression-ignition engine controller. The experimental tests performed on the engine, whose operation was managed by the pro-grammed laboratory controller, confirmed the usefulness of the proposed methodology for determining input data of control algorithms.
A comparison of thermogravimetric characteristics of fresh and used engine oils
Authors: KOZAK Miłosław
Published: March 2021

The requirements set for engine oils are nowadays very high, varied, often contradictory and significantly go beyond the classic functions of engine oils. Also for the testing of engine oils, many different and advanced research methods are currently used. This arti-cle describes tests of fresh and used oil from a diesel engine using thermogravimetric analysis. This method was also used to determine the soot content of the used oil. The tests showed that the thermograms of fresh and used oil are similar, however in the oil used in the diesel engine the soot content increases.
Assessment methods of the basic parameters of the combustion process in reciprocating internal combustion engines
Authors: LEJDA Kazimierz , WARIANEK Michał
Published: March 2021

The article presents selected methods of assessing the basic parameters of the combustion process, as well as assessing the usability and limitations of the methods used to determine the initiation and the end of the combustion process in reciprocating internal combustion engines. The methods considered are based on data contained in real, developed indicator diagrams. Basic thermodynamic assumptions and the scope of application of the combustion process evaluation method based on the actual work cycle of a combustion engine prepared in a double logarithmic scale were discussed. The article also mentions the application of the following methods: a direct pressure comparison method in the cylinder, the comparison of the first pressure derivative in the cylinder, logarithmic derivative method of pressure change in the cylinder, the method of the polytropic index, method of the first derivative of the polytropic index and the method of constant values of the polytropic index. The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of the research of our methods.
Application of biogas to supply the high compression ratio engine
Authors: BIENIEK Andrzej , MAMALA Jarosław , GRABA Mariusz , PRAŻNOWSKI Krzysztof , ŚMIEJA Michał , WERESZCZYŃSKI Dariusz
Published: March 2021

The study concerns the use of biogas as a fuel for supplying a modified self-ignition engine. As a result of the modifications made, the compression ratio was reduced and the engine was equipped with an ignition system and an electronically activated engine throttle. The changes have made it possible to burn biogas in a high compression ratio engine. The paper presents the results of research conducted on a low power cogeneration system with engine that drives an electrical machine cooperating with a 380/400 V network. The analysis includes, among other things, the possibility of producing electricity using biogas. The paper presents the influence of regulatory parameters such as the volume and composition of the supplied gas mixture and the degree of throttle opening on the obtained engine operation indicators and the driven electric machine. The tests were carried out in relation to the obtained ecological indicators depending on the concentration in the exhaust of such substances as: HC, CO, NOx.
The potential of thermoelectric energy harvesting in vehicles equipped with ICE
Authors: BUCHALIK Ryszard , ROGOZIŃSKI Krzysztof , NOWAK Grzegorz
Published: March 2021

The paper deals with an issue of waste heat recovery in a selected configuration of an internal combustion engine. A possibility of using thermoelectric cells (currently available on the market) for production of electricity with heat extracted from the exhaust gas was considered. The calculations were made using specialized software. Features and design assumptions of the heat recovery system were presented and their influence on parameters of the entire system was investigated (efficiency of the internal combustion engine, power, etc.). An assessment of the applicability of the energy recovery system based on thermoelectric effects and characteristic of the proposed configuration was performed. Some issues that require further research have been highlighted.
Pyrolysis oil combustion in the CI engine
Authors: CHWIST Mariusz , GRAB-ROGALIŃSKI Karol , SZWAJA Stanisław
Published: March 2021

Pyrolysis oil obtained from thermal biomass processing (torrefaction and pyrolysis) was used as an additional fuel for the compression-ignition engine equipped with a classic (non-common rail) injection system. The basic fuel used to the engine was regular diesel fuel. The tests were carried out with two content of pyrolysis oil in diesel fuel as follows: 10 and 20% by volume. In addition, the combustion process was investigated in the engine operating only on pyrolysis oil. The test results were based on a comparative analysis, where the diesel fuel was used as the reference fuel. The obtained results indicate that is a real possibility of co-combustion of pyrolysis oil with diesel fuel in the CI engine. On the other hand, a decrease in engine power resulting from the lower calorific value of pyrolysis oil and a greater unrepeatability of engine consecutive work cycles were observed.
Research and analysis of the results from the goniometer and tribotester using the diamond – derivating coating on piston ring
Authors: BORKOWSKA Joanna , KAŹMIERCZAK Andrzej
Published: March 2021

The elements creating friction pairs are described to be very difficult in terms of determining all optimal parameters in an unambiguous manner. The nowadays research on stability of friction pairs is focused on the surface and the top layer of surface. The main goal is find new design solutions and materials, achieving a lot of kilometers to main repair in combustion engines. The biggest structural difficulties are noticeable in friction pairs where can be observed sliding and returning motion, what is connected with sealing function. A typical example of such pair is piston ring – cylinder. Engineers work on defining an additional factor that would be able to gain the reduction of tangential force by reducing the friction coefficient in elements of friction pair. Molecular structure and nature of the bonds between the molecules presented in the material, result that the free surface energy may be such a factor, because determines the tribological properties of the material, what is reflected in the stability of the units. The work carries out of an analysis after research on the goniometer in the presence of water and diododomethane that allowed to measure wetting drops on the surface, thanks to which can be calculated surface energy. Within this work will be performed study of the energy state of the surface of piston rings with a coating including a diamond powder. After analysis on the basis of the collected measurements will be developed conclusion regarding the potential relationship between the free surface energy and wearing of the material.
Researches on a photocatalytic device for toxic hydrocarbons removal from IC engine exhausts
Authors: GÓRNIAK Aleksander , JANICKA Anna , MICHNIEWICZ Daniel , MOLSKA Justyna , SKRĘTOWICZ Maria , ŚWIEŚCIAK Joanna , WŁOSTOWSKI Radosław , ZAWIŚLAK Maciej
Published: March 2021

Hydrocarbons, especially aromatic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), emitted by IC engines, indisputably have a negative impact on the environment and public health. Even though current legislation strongly impacts on their low concentration in the exhausts, not quantity but the quality of those substances determines fumes toxicity. The paper presents results of the researches on a photocatalytic device dedicated to BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) removal from IC engine exhausts, which can be applied in a vehicle cabin ventilation system. According to the results, the system is able to decrease toxic compounds concentration (caused by mobile emission sources) in inlet-air delivered to the vehicle interior. In effect, the system application reduces the users of a vehicle to exposure on contaminants.
The comparison of harmful substances emission from flex-fuel vehicle during NEDC and WLTC test cycles
Authors: KRUCZYŃSKI Stanisław W. , GIS Wojciech , ZIN Dariusz
Published: March 2021

The beginning of this article describes the NEDC and WLTC test cycles and basic differences between them. The following presents, the test stand and test objects, which were bioethanol fuels E10, E40 and E85. At the end were presented and discussed results of tests of these fuels in the flex-fuel vehicle in NEDC and WLTC test cycles.
Experimental study of carbon nanotubes in high viscosity lubricants
Authors: KAŁUŻNY Jarosław , KINAL Grzegorz , STEPANENKO Aleksander , MERKISZ Jerzy
Published: March 2021

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) beneficial tribological properties were reported in numerous studies performed mostly in idealized tribometer conditions, previously described full engine tests confirmed that CNTs added to the lubricating oil reduced friction significantly. Apparently the engine application requires low CNT concentration in oil, otherwise when increasing the CNT concentration beyond a certain level oil viscosity increases, rapidly forming a greasy substance not suitable for engine lubrication. In this paper we report a study of tribological properties of such a high viscosity lubricant performed in Amsler tribometer in comparison to high quality commercially available lithium grease. The CNT based high viscosity lubricant in its current formulation turned out as not reliable for general application due to its low adhesion to the metal surface. In contrary to some samples made of a polymer widely used in industry as a friction component, we observed wear reduction reaching nearly 50% when replacing the best suitable lithium grease by a CNT based lubricant. This effect was first observed after 30 min into a friction test, suggesting a CNT related mechanism of anti-wear protection which still need to be explained.
Influence of cetane-detergent additives into diesel fuel with RME content increased to 10% on the parameters of indicator diagrams and rate of heat release in a diesel engine
Authors: STANIK Winicjusz , CISEK Jerzy
Published: March 2021

This publication is the next part of the article “The influence of cetane-detergent additives in diesel fuel increased to 10% of RME content on energy parameters and exhaust gas composition of a diesel engine”. The cause-effect analysis of the phenomena related to the impact of 3 additive packages used in diesel oil with RME content increased to 10% (compare to standard diesel fuel with 7% of RME) was described. The basis for the analysis of the impact of the tested fuels on energy parameters and composition of exhaust gases were the parameters of indicator diagrams and heat release parameters. It was found that the first set of additives affects the delay of auto-ignition of fuel and kinetic fuel combustion speed only at low engine loads. In this range of engine operation the NOx concentration in the exhaust gas is low and besides there is a large of EGR.The second additive package was operated at high engine loads but its impact on the lower self-ignition delay was quantitatively small. Therefore, in the third packet of additives, the amount of additives used in the second packet was doubled. Then a satisfactory shortening of the self-ignition delay and reduction of the max rate of kinematic heat release was achieved as a reason of a reduction of NOx concentration in the exhaust up to 8% (compared to the reference fuel).
Predesign of a cylinder head of compression ignition engine
Authors: NOWAKOWSKI Jacek , SIKORA Krzysztof , CYPCER Szymon
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the initial design of the four-cylinder CI engine head and the analysis of the strength of the head with the use of FEM. The article covers: general assumptions of the designed head, analytical design calculations, three-dimensional head model and timing system components using CAD. The scope of calculations using the head calculation model includes strength calculations and determination of the amount of strain caused by the given load.
Stress analysis of the cylinder block of a small compression ignition engine
Authors: WAWRZYCZEK Jerzy , KNEFEL Tomasz
Published: March 2021

The work contains calculations to determine the deformation and stress in the block of a currently produced small displacement compression ignition engine. It is also an attempt to introduce some modifications to reduce the mass of the calculated component. In the first step, based on measurements, the model of the engine block was developed. The Autodesk Inventor 2016 software was used. Two additional components were also designed to provide the block closure: a simplified cylinder head and an integrated main bearing support. All elements were imported to the Siemens NX 12 program. The calculations were carried out for different cylinders and different values of the combustion pressure. An attempt was made to introduce some modifications to reduce the weight of the calculated element.
Relations between ion signal and flame propagation in cylinder of a rapid compression machine
Authors: FIEDKIEWICZ Łukasz , PIELECHA Ireneusz
Published: March 2021

Internal combustion engine diagnostics using traditional methods of cylinder pressure signal processing limits the amount of information available about the combustion process. It is necessary to conduct research in order to obtain more precise information – increasing the combustion process diagnosis potential. One such suggestion is the use of an ionization signal and an attempt to link it to the flame development during combustion of gaseous fuels. The article attempts to identify such a relationship using a rapid compression machine due to optical access it provides to the combustion chamber. As a result of the research, the relationships between the ionization voltage (chemical and thermal) of the first combustion phase and the corresponding flame development rates were determined. A relatively high coefficient of determination value was obtained for both relations, which indicates the possibility of obtaining diagnostic information about the combustion process from the ionization signal.
Analysis of charge exchange in a single-cylinder of spark ignition engine
Authors: DRABIK Dawid , MAMALA Jarosław , PRAŻNOWSKI Krzysztof
Published: March 2021

The article presents the results of tests carried out on a single-cylinder of spark-ignition engine. The charge exchange process in the combustion chamber is very important to determine the possibility of improving the overall efficiency of the engine. Describes of impact modifications engine on open indicator diagrams. Open indicator diagrams show that the higher compression ratio is assumed, the higher the pressure in the system is. First parts of the research describes analysis of charge exchange on not working engine. Results of research presents different open indicators diagrams. Then the pressure results were obtained on the working engine. The possibilities of improving the overall efficiency of the engine by reducing the pumping loss, associated with the replacement of the air fuel mixture, were presented. The article describes the modification of a spark-ignition engine that affects the pressure change in the combustion chamber. The use of innovative methods of regulating the compression pressure gives a lot of positive effects.
Overview of the light-duty vehicles tailpipe emissions regulations in the European Union: status and upcoming type-approval and market surveillance schema
Authors: VALVERDE-MORALES Víctor
Published: March 2021

In order to curb pollutant emissions from light-duty vehicles in the European Union, a set of complex regulations have been ap-proved in the recent years (2016-2018) including more stringent emissions tests, independent in-service conformity checks, and a novel type-approval framework which includes market surveillance provisions to complement the type-approval requirements. Tailpipe emissions will need to meet stringent emission limits before entering the market at type-approval and at the end of the production line, as well as during their normal life under normal conditions of use. This contribution aims at providing a comprehensive but synthetic analysis of the current regulatory context in the EU.
Simulation of the oil supply through the connecting rod to the piston cooling channels in medium speed engines
Authors: JASKIERNIK Maciej , BUCZEK Konrad , WALKOWIAK Jędrzej
Published: March 2021

The importance of the oil flow simulation in connecting rod oil channels during the engine development process is recently increasing. This can be observed either in medium speed engines, where, as one of the traditional solutions, the oil for piston cooling is supplied through the connecting rod, or in automotive engine VCR (variable compression ratio) connecting rods, where engine oil is used to change the compression ratio of the engine. In both cases, precise numerical results are necessary to shorten the prototyping period and to reduce the overall development cost.
The multi-physics character of the simulation problem basically consists of the interaction between the dynamics of the crank train components and the oil flow. For the oil supply to the piston cooling channels through the connecting rod in medium speed engines, being the objective of this paper, a major influencing factor is the oil pressure behavior in the piston cooling gallery providing periodical interaction with its supply. At the same time, the connecting rod elastic deformation during engine operation can be regarded as negligible and the planar motion of the connecting rod can be reproduced by combination of translational and rotational acceleration fields in the CFD solver.
The paper includes the description of the applied simulation approach, the results and a comparison with the state-of-the art calculation without consideration of the above-mentioned influencing factors.
The impact of parameter modifications in the Diesel engine power system on the emissions of harmful compounds
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , BAJERLEIN Maciej , ZIELIŃSKI Bartłomiej
Published: March 2021

The article presents the results of emission tests and vehicle operation indicators fueled with diesel oil. The tests were carried out for a passenger vehicle equipped with a diesel engine meeting Euro 3 emissions standard, moving in urban traffic. The measurements were carried out using modern PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) enabling the emission of gaseous components from exhaust systems of the tested object. On the basis of the conducted tests, the load characteristics were determined using the torque values obtained along with the engine speeds. The measurement route included two cycles: urban driving and fast acceleration. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of modifications to the control maps on CO, CO2, PM and NOx exhaust gas emissions under real operating conditions.
Compression-ignition engine fuelled with diesel and hydrogen engine acceleration process
Authors: LONGWIC Rafał , WOŹNIAK Gracjana , SANDER Przemysław
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the results of research consisting in acceleration of a diesel engine powered by diesel and hydrogen. The test stand included a diesel engine 1.3 Multijet, hydrogen cylinders and measuring equipment. Empirical tests included engine testing at idle and at specified speeds on a chassis dynamometer, vehicle acceleration in selected gears from specified initial values of engine revolutions was also tested.. Selected parameters of the diesel fuel combustion and injection process were calculated and analyzed. The paper is a preliminary attempt to determine the possibility of co-power supply to diesel and hydrogen engines.
Numerical investigation of lambda-value prechamber ignition in heavy duty natural gas engine
Authors: PIELECHA Ireneusz
Published: March 2021

Turbulent Jet Ignition systems are mainly dedicated to the combustion of lean mixtures of natural gas in heavy duty engines. The use of such a system in combination with lean mixtures leads to an increase in its overall efficiency. The article presents simulation analyzes of the impact of the excess air coefficient occurring in prechamber on the combustion process: combustion indicators and emission indicators. Tests on a single-cylinder engine with a displacement of about 4 dm3 at medium mixture (IMEP = 1.0 MPa) were carried out using the AVL Fire software. It was found that the incineration of global lean mixtures (lambda = 2) is effective when initiating this process (in the prechamber) with a charge of a stoichiometric composition. A strong relationship was found between the thermodynamic indicators in both prechamber and main chamber and the excess air coefficient initiating combustion.
Temperature estimating method for exhaust gases in valveless pulsejet engine
Authors: Trzeciak Adrian Marek , Gieras Marian
Published: March 2021

The article describes the problem of measuring the temperature in a pulse combustion chamber. The object of the study is a valveless pulsejet. The problem is analysed on the example of exhaust gases temperature measurement. The measurement in these conditions requires the use of a sensor resistant to large changes in gas velocity and temperature and at the same time with adequatly low inertia. This excludes the use of fast and precise yet thin, resistant wire sensors or ultrafast thin film thermocouples. Finally, a temperature measurement system based on sheated thermocouples was chosen. During each test the thermocouple has its own temperature which is different from the medium temperature. In order to properly determine the measured temperature of flowing media it is necessary to take the sensor time characteristics into account. In this article the iteration method is proposed to solve this problem.
Ecological comparative assessment of selected materials used for the construction of spark ignition engines
Authors: Mrozik Małgorzata
Published: March 2021

The aim of the article is to present the environmental effects of changes in material composition in selected internal combustion engines used in passenger cars using LCA analysis. The levels of energy consumption and emissions of pollutants related to material inputs occurring at the stage of engine production have been determined. The simplified LCA model presented in the paper shows the energy consumption and total CO2 and SO2 emissions on the basis of the mass of materials from which the engine is made. The research results presented in the paper give a picture of a modern passenger car engine on the basis of wear and the degree of recovery of materials used for its construction.
Simulation tests of selected gas flow parameters through combustion engine valves
Authors: Andrych-Zalewska Monika
Published: March 2021

The article presents the numerical analysis of a single-cylinder gasoline engine with indirect injection and spark ignition. The goal is to recognize and analyze gas flow through inlet and outlet valves and channels. These data were obtained from the simulation of a four-cycle engine cycle without combustion of the fuel-air mixture. The simulation was carried out in ANSYS, using a dedicated IC Engine module. After the simulation, the result was analyzed on the cross-sectional plane of both the valves and the combustion chamber. This method provided the necessary and concise representation of the flow characteristics. Five separate stages are presented - two describing the different displacement of the valve for each inlet and exhaust stroke and one representing the phenomenon of overlapping. The type of flow, its speed and tendency to create turbulence are described
Overview of low emission combustors of aircraft turbine drive units
Authors: Fąfara Jean-Marc
Published: March 2021

It is important to notice that aircraft turbine drive units are commonly used in the modern aviation. The piston engines are often reserved for small and/or sportive aircraft. The turbine drive units are also combustion engine. This paper presents the most popular combustors used in the aeronautical turbine engines. Firstly there are listed the requirements that a combustor has to achieve. Then are presented the combustor designs that permit to achieve the firstly presented requirements. In this work are presented the LPP, TAPS, RQL, graduated combustion zone, VGC, exhaust recirculation system combustors. For each combustor design is enlighten its principle of work, described the etymology of the given name to this design and shown a scheme. The work is closed by a briefly conclusion about the described combustor.
The impact of particulate filter substrate type on the gaseous exhaust components emission
Authors: Sokolnicka-Popis Barbara , Szymlet Natalia , Siedlecki Maciej , Gallas Dawid
Published: March 2021

The article presents ceramic and metal substrate filtration efficiency in the particulate filter of a spark-ignition engine with direct fuel injection. Gaseous exhaust components were taken into account. There are many publications on the solid particles mass and number reduction, so the authors examined the effect of catalytic carriers on gaseous compounds, such as CO, NOx, THC, whose content also poses a threat to human health and life, and this issue is not often described in the literature dedicated to measurements of modern internal combustion engines. During the tests, the length and carrier material effect on the emission of harmful substances in exhaust gases was determined.
Risks Associated with Threats Related to Disruptive Technologies in the Current Financial Systems Context
Authors:   The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, CRISTEA Lavinia Mihaela
Published: March 2021

The subject of the study is the analysis of the risks associated with threats generated by disruptive technologies in the context of current financial information systems of the entities. The phenomenon of cybercrime, facilitated by the development of Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning and the disruptive frequency of security incidents represents the foundation of this paper. The aim of the article is to integrate, compare and investigate the impact of disruptive technologies, current security risks and incidents, and to design measures in order to manage risk. The results of this paper highlight Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), malware, ransomware, sabotage of external actors, third-party threats in the top 5 most common security incidents. The paper acknowledges the complexity of digitization and transposes a practical model of risk management. The paper contributes to informing stakeholders about the forced penetration of hackers into victims' devices, under the pretext of COVID-19.
The Implications of the Audit Committee in the Financial Reporting of the Entities Listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange
Authors:   West University Timisoara, Romania, DUMITRESCU Alin-Constantin , BUNGET Ovidiu-Constantin ,   West University of Timisoara, Romania, BURCA Valentin ,   West University of Timisoara, Romania, BOGDAN Oana ,   West University of Timisoara, Romania
Published: March 2021

Over time social and economic events have reflected that the role of supervisory committees and especially of audit committees within entities is essential for ensuring sustainable development, increasing transparency and confidence. The purpose of the paper is to study the role of the audit committee in the financial reporting process of the companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange in the period 2015-2019. The proposed econometric model shows that the management of the entity is oriented towards reducing deficiencies and non-compliances with internal policies and procedures, giving internal control a central role in the decision-making process.
Un diálogo entre épocas para interpretar el mundo actual
Authors: Travé Molero Raúl
Published: March 2021

Reseña del libro de Ricardo Sanmartín De Job a Kafka. El sentido en nuestro tiempo (2020).
Preschool Language Development of Children Born to Opioid-Dependent Mothers
Authors: Kim Hyun Min , Bone Reisha , McNeill Brigid , Lee Samantha , Gillon Gail , Woodward Lianne
Published: March 2021

Increasing evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to opioids can adversely influence brain development, yet, limited data exists on the effects of opioid-exposure on preschool language development. Our study aimed to characterize the nature and prevalence of language problems in children prenatally exposed to opioids, and the factors that support or hinder language acquisition. A sample of 100 children born to pregnant women in methadone maintenance treatment and 110 randomly identified non-exposed children were studied from birth to age 4.5 years. At 4.5 years, 89 opioid-exposed and 103 non-exposed children completed the preschool version of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF-P) as part of a comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessment. Children prenatally exposed to opioid had poorer receptive and expressive language outcomes at age 4.5 years compared to non-exposed children. After adjustment for child sex, maternal education, other pregnancy substance use, maternal pregnancy nutrition and prenatal depression, opioid exposure remained a significant independent predictor of children’s total CELF-P language score. Examination of a range of potential intervening factors showed that a composite measure of the quality of parenting and home environment at 18 months and early childhood education participation at 4.5 years were important positive mediators.
Gait Parameters Measured From Wearable Sensors Reliably Detect Freezing of Gait in a Stepping in Place Task
Authors: Diep Cameron , O'Day Johanna , Kehnemouyi Yasmine , Burnett Gary , Bronte-Stewart Helen
Published: March 2021

Freezing of gait (FOG), a debilitating symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), can be safely studied using the stepping in place (SIP) task. However, clinical, visual identification of FOG during SIP is subjective and time consuming, and automatic FOG detection during SIP currently requires measuring center of pressure on dual force plates. This study examines whether FOG elicited during SIP in 10 individuals with PD could be reliably detected using kinematic data measured from wearable inertial measurement unit sensors (IMUs). A general, logistic regression model (AUC = 0.81) determined that three gait parameters together were overall the most robust predictors of FOG during SIP: arrhythmicity, swing time coefficient of variation, and swing angular range. Participant-specific models revealed varying sets of gait parameters that best predicted FOG for each participant, highlighting variable FOG behaviors, and demonstrated equal or better performance for 6 out of the 10 participants, suggesting the opportunity for model personalization. The results of this study demonstrated that gait parameters measured from wearable IMUs reliably detected FOG during SIP, and the general and participant-specific gait parameters allude to variable FOG behaviors that could inform more personalized approaches for treatment of FOG and gait impairment in PD.