bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes
Authors: Lewis Paul B. , Parameswaran A. Dushi , Rue John-Paul H. , Bernard R. Bach
Published: August 2008

Background

There is increasing interest in comparing the efficacy of single-bundle versus double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Challenging this comparison, however, has been the lack of an established consensus on the success of single-bundle reconstruction.

Hypothesis

The current outcomes of single-bundle reconstruction can be clarified from a large unbiased body of evidence for future comparisons with double-bundle reconstructions.

Study Design

Systematic review.

Methods

A systematic review of 11 randomized, controlled trials comparing patellar tendon and hamstring tendon grafting is reported. The respective outcomes of each group were combined to assist the orthopaedic surgeon in assessing the current success of single-bundle reconstruction. The primary factors assessed were tibial subluxation and side-to-side differences in laxity. Secondary outcomes included concomitant injuries and treatments, complications, graft failure, range of motion, and radiographic evidence of degenerative changes.

Results

In this review of 1024 single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, 495 concomitant meniscal tears, 95 chondral injuries, and 2 posterior cruciate ligament tears were noted. The complication rate was 6%, and graft failure 4%. Reported pivot-shift test results were negative in 81 % of cases; reported Lachman tests were negative in 59% cases; and KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side differences were ≤5 mm in 86% of cases. Flexion and extension deficits were reported in 9 of 11 studies through mean range of motion or deficit ranges. Radiographic changes of articular surface abnormalities were observed in 7% of the knees at follow-up investigation.

Conclusion

Systematic review of a significant body of unbiased outcome data on single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction demonstrates it to be a safe, consistent surgical procedure affording reliable results.

Clinical Relevance

These results may be used to assist orthopaedic surgeons in evaluating the benefit and practicality of pursuing new anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques over standard single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Multiple Confinements of Concrete Columns by Various Embedded Composite Grids
Authors: Ghernouti Y. , Ait Tahar K.
Published: August 2008

This study exhibits the experimental results of axial compression tests on concrete cylinders, circumferentially confined by the set-up of the composite grids arranged inside the cylinder, according to several combinations of circumscribed grids. The main aim is to verify the applicability of this method and then to quantify the contribution to strength improvement due to confinement as well as its influence on the rupture mode under axial compression. The test results of loading carried out on cylindrical concrete specimens, confined by alveolus composite grids arranged inside the section, show that it is possible to substantially increase the ductility of the columns, and in certain cases, their strength. It is also noted that the rupture of confined concrete is highly influenced by the presence of the grids depending on the configuration and the shape of the cells (rhombus or hexagonal) constituting the composite grid. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical model data.
Low Cost Polymer Composites with Rural Resources
Authors: Mishra S.C.
Published: August 2008

The natural fiber composites can be very cost-effective materials, especially for the building and construction industry (e.g., panels, false ceilings, partition boards, etc.), packaging, automobile, and storage devices, etc. They can also be a potential candidate for partial replacement of high cost glass/Kevlar fibers to make polymer composites used for low cost applications. From the point of view of wood substitution, natural fiber composite boards could offer an excellent eco-friendly solution, considering ever-depleting forest reserves and corresponding premiums on wood. Composites based on locally available resources are poised to penetrate the market. Any value-added application avenues for these fiber composites would directly contribute to the economic benefit of their growers. With increasing emphasis on fuel efficiency, natural fiber-based composites are finding wider application in the transport industries. Hence, the value-added application of natural fiber-based composites made from rural industries will ensure the international market has cheaper substitution materials.

Keeping the above in view, this research work has been undertaken to process polymer composites using naturally available resources such as bamboo strips, coconut leaf sticks, etc. The strength property relationships of these composites are evaluated, after subjection to different environments. This study will enable the manufacturer to select these materials for suitable applications.
Comparison of Inelastic Behaviors of Lead-Free and Sn—Pb Solder Joints
Authors: Tsai Hsin-Chun , Jong Wen-Ren , Chang Hsiu-Tao
Published: August 2008

In this study, finite element analysis is used to investigate the inelastic behaviors of lead-free solders, 96.5Sn—3.5Ag and 95.5Sn—3.9Ag—0.6Cu, and classical 63Sn—37Pb solder-bumped wafer level chip scale package (WLCSP) on printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies subjected to four different temperature cycle tests. The behaviors of equivalent strain range and strain energy density at the outmost corner solder joint adjoining to the upper pad are examined. It is found that: (1) the 95.5Sn—3.9Ag—0.6Cu solder has the best performance on the effect of plastic behavior among these three solder alloys, but it accumulates more plastic strain while the number of temperature cycling increased; (2) the 96.5Sn—3.5Ag solder alloy can sustain more creep than others; (3) the difference exists between using the equivalent total strain range and the strain energy density, respectively, to assess the thermo-mechanical behaviors of the solder-bumped WLCSP on PCB assemblies.
Comparison of Stress Distributions of Dental Woven and Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composite Crowns Under Different Loadings
Authors: Gungor Mehmet Ali , Artunc Celal , Akan Ender , Benli Semih , Sayman Onur
Published: August 2008

The aim of this numerical study was to investigate and compare the stresses occurring in dental woven and unidirectional experimental fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) crowns under different thermal and singular force loading conditions. For this reason, finite element models of FRC crown and tooth systems were performed by using the ANSYS program. Stress analyses of the models were carried out under thermal loading conditions heated from 37 to 55°C, cooled from 37 to 5°C, and 450 N singular force loading conditions at different angles. The results indicated that high stresses occurred in both woven and unidirectional FRC crowns under horizontal loadings because of bending moment. Thermal stresses exhibited small values that did not cause any damage. It can also be concluded that since the stress component of σ z in the woven type FRC was smaller than that of unidirectional type FRC, use of the woven FRC might be beneficial in comparison with the unidirectional composite.
Ultrasonic Oscillations Effect on Extrusion Processing, Structure, and Properties of Blends of Propylene Based Plastomer and Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymer
Authors: Guo Wen-Yu , Peng Bo , Ruan Qi-Ping
Published: August 2008

The effects of ultrasonic oscillations on extrusion processing, phase morphology, and compatibility as well as mechanical properties for blends of propylene based plastomer (DP) and ethylene/1-octene copolymer (EOC) were examined. The results show that introduction of ultrasonic oscillations into polymer melts in extrusion can in situ improve their processability, including the reduction of die pressure and shear viscosity under a constant shear rate (flow rate) and the increase of throughput under the same shear stress (die pressure). Scanning electron microscopy observation reveals that with ultrasonic oscillations, morphology of reduced disperse phase (EOC) size and good interfacial adhesion between EOC and DP matrix are formed in DP/EOC blends. The interfacial tension between DP and EOC melts obtained from the Palierne emulsion model decreases with applying ultrasonic oscillations. FTIR and GPC analysis indicate that in situ copolymer formation between DP and EOC happens with ultrasonic oscillations and copolymer consequently acts as compatibilizer for the blends. Accordingly, it leads to an elevation of stress at break and elongation at break of the blends.
Effect of Cellulose Fiber Reinforcement on the Temperature Dependent Mechanical Performance of Nylon 6
Authors: Tajvidi Mehdi , Feizmand Mokhtar , Falk Robert H. , Felton Colin
Published: August 2008

In order to quantify the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of pure nylon 6 and its composite with cellulose fibers (containing 25 wt% cellulose fibers), the materials were sampled and tested at three representative temperatures of 256, 296, and 336 K. Flexural and tensile tests were performed and the reductions in mechanical properties were evaluated. The highest reductions were observed in stiffness (modulus) values and the cellulose fibers remarkably enhanced the high temperature resistance of nylon. The reductions in mechanical properties were well explained by a simple quadratic curve fitting procedure applied to experimental data. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was also performed to study the effect of temperature on mechanical performance. No shifting in glass transition temperature was observed, but the composite material showed less viscous behavior as seen by its lower mechanical loss factor (tan δ) values in the rubbery state. The results of the present study will be helpful in determining the end-use application of these composite materials.
Correlated Rules between Complex Structure of Composite Components and Manufacturing Defects in Autoclave Molding Technology
Authors: Wang Xueming , Zhang Zuoguang , Xie Fuyuan , Li Min , Dai DI , Wang Fei
Published: August 2008

Based on statistical analysis, considerable defect information obtained by nondestructive identification (NDI) techniques for composite components, different type defects which often form in autoclave molding of composites were summarized, and the effect rules of complex structure in composite components on manufacturing defects were also revealed. Combined with statistical results and defect micrographs, the strong correlation between geometric characteristics (for instance, thickness, gradient of thickness variation, curvature radius) in composite components and controllability of manufacturing defects was discussed in detail. It was found that delamination, pore, void, and rich resin were the four main defects in autoclave molding, and that the ratio of defect appearance was remarkably influenced by complex structure of composite components. Especially, geometric characteristics of composite components had a significant influence on the defect type and defect ratio. For example, too thin or too thick components, too small radius and abrupt change of thickness in components would obviously increase the ratio of defect production. Thickness, curvature radius, and gradient of thickness variation would probably lead to the defects of delamination and void, and gradient of thickness variation would also result in rich resin around the overlap region of long fiber and short fiber in the thickness transition zone.
Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Panels
Authors: Chaharmahali Majid , Mirbagheri Jamal , Tajvidi Mehdi , Najafi Saeed Kazemi , Mirbagheri Yaser
Published: August 2008

In this research wood-plastic composite (WPC) panels were produced from high density polyethylene, MDF, and particle-board waste at 60, 70, and 80 wt% fiber loadings using the dry blend/hot press method. Physical and mechanical properties of the panels were studied and compared with conventional MDF and particle-board panels.

The results indicated that the studied properties of the composites were strongly affected by the kind and proportion of the wood fiber and polymer. Maximum values of the flexural modulus of the WPC panels were reached at 70% fiber content. The flexural strength and impact strength of the WPC panels declined when fiber content increased from 60 to 80%. The flexural modulus of the WPC panels was lower than that of the virgin MDF panels but the flexural modulus of the composites with 70% fibers was close to that of particle-board panels. Flexural strength of MDF panels was noticeably higher than those of wood-plastic composites whereas the flexural modulus of particle-board panels was comparable to that of the wood-plastic composites at 80% fiber content. Furthermore, water uptake of wood-plastic samples increased with the increase in fiber content; however, it was relatively low compared with virgin MDF and particle-board panels.
Evaluation of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Medium Density Fiberboard Made from Old Newsprint Fibers
Authors: Nourbakhsh Amir , Ashori Alireza , Jahan-Latibari Ahmad
Published: August 2008

The goal of this study was to investigate the use of old newsprint (ONP) fiber as raw material for laboratory made medium density fiberboard (MDF). Effect of ONP fiber mixed with virgin aspen (Populus deltoides) fiber and the press time (3, 4, and 5 min) on the properties of MDF panels were determined. Panels were produced using aspen fibers in surface layer and combination of aspen fibers and ONP fibers in core layer. Physical (thickness swelling) and mechanical properties of the panels were determined according to the procedure of EN standards. This study showed reduction in bending strength and internal bond strength of the panels as ONP fiber was loaded from 35 to 70% in core layer. Thickness swelling of MDF panels was drastically increased with addition of ONP fiber to the panels’ furnishes. Based on the findings of this study, it appears that ONP can be considered as a potentially suitable raw material for manufacturing MDF products without having any significant adverse influence on the panel properties.
A Nanosilica/Nylon-12 Composite Powder for Selective Laser Sintering
Authors: Chunze Yan , Yusheng Shi , Jinsong Yang , Jinhui Liu
Published: August 2008

Nanosilica was used to reinforce the selective laser sintering (SLS) parts of nylon-12. A dissolution—precipitation process was successfully developed to prepare a nanosilica/nylon-12 composite powder (containing 3 wt% nanosilica) for SLS process. The dispersion of nanosilica in the SLS specimens of the composite powder was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the effects of nanosilica on the thermal and mechanical properties of the SLS parts were investigated. The results show that: nanosilica disperses uniformly on a nano-scale level in the SLS parts of the composite powder; nanosilica has a heterogeneous nucleation effect on nylon-12; the composite powder has much higher thermal stability than neat nylon-12; the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact strength of the SLS specimens made from the composite powder are 20.9, 39.4, and 9.54% higher than those of neat nylon-12 SLS specimens, respectively, and the elongation at break decreases by about 3.65%.
Predictors of Satisfaction for African-American and White Family Caregivers of Adult Care Home Residents
Authors: Wallace Williams Sharon , Desai Tejas , Rurka Jeffrey T. , Mutran Elizabeth J.
Published: August 2008

This study examines satisfaction with care for African-American and White family caregivers of assisted living (adult care and family care homes) residents. Demographic factors, particularly race, caregiving experiences, and structural characteristics, were analyzed. A regression model correcting for design effects was analyzed. Because of the number of significant interactions, separate analyses for each race were completed. Results support the conceptualization of satisfaction with long-term care as a multidimensional process, incorporating demographic characteristics of family caregivers, the caregiving experience, and structural characteristics of the facility. Findings also suggest that predictors of satisfaction with care differ by race. A focus by long-term care administrators and staff on aspects highlighted in this study could improve relationships with family members and marketability of their facility. Findings can also benefit potential residents of adult care homes and/or their family members who need to select a long-term care facility.
Synthesis of Bioactive HEMA—MPS—CaCl2 Hybrid Gels: Effects of Catalysts in the Sol—Gel Processing on Mechanical Properties and in vitro Hydroxyapatite Formation in a Simulated Body Fluid
Authors: Uchino Tomohiro , Ohtsuki Chikara , Kamitakahara Masanobu , Miyazaki Toshiki , Hayakawa Satoshi , Osaka Akiyoshi
Published: August 2008

We investigated synthetic conditions for the fabrication of bioactive hybrid gels from monomers of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) in combination with CaCl2, at a starting molar ratio of HEMA: MPS : CaCl2 of 9 : 1 : 1. Hydroxyapatite formation, essential to show bone bonding, was observed on the HEMA— MPS—CaCl 2 hybrid gels with the added catalysts NH3 or HCl with a molar ratio to MPS of 0.1, but not on the hybrid gel with HCl at a molar ratio to MPS of 1. The mechanical properties of the gels were dependent on the catalysts, which may affect the microstructures that develop during sol—gel processing.
Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Osteoblasts within 3D printed Poly-Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid Scaffolds
Authors: Zigang Ge  , Lishan Wang  , Boon Chin Heng  , Tian Xian-Feng , Kai Lu  , Tai Weng Fan Victor , Jin Fei Yeo  , Tong Cao  , Tan Eunice
Published: August 2008

Bone repair and regeneration can be enhanced through implantation of biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds, which serve primarily as osteoconductive moieties. In this study, the mechanical properties and microenviroment of 3D printed poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffolds are examined. Additionally, the proliferation and differentiation of human fetal osteoblasts are evaluated after 3 weeks of in vitro culture on the scaffolds. The results showed that the PLGA scaffolds examined had mechanical properties similar to that of trabecular bone, but was still much weaker compared to cortical bone. In addition to general porosity, the PLGA scaffolds also had micropores within macropore walls. Cultured human osteoblasts could proliferate upon seeding on the PLGA scaffolds. Alkaline phosphatase activity and osteonectin expression of the osteoblasts cultured on the PLGA scaffolds remained stable over three weeks, whilst expression of collagen type I and osteopontin decreased. The alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblasts cultured on PLGA scaffolds is comparable with that from two commercially-available scaffolds — OPLA and collagen scaffolds (Becton—Dickinson (BD) Inc., Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Hence, the results suggested that the PLGA scaffolds examined are conducive for promoting osteogenesis.
Compatibility of Embryonic Stem Cells with Biomaterials
Authors: Handschel Jörg , Berr Karin , Depprich Rita , Naujoks Christian , Kübler Norbert R. , Meyer Ulrich , Ommerborn Michelle , Lammers Lydia
Published: August 2008

Periodontal bone defects and atrophy of the jaws in an aging population are of special concern. Tissue engineering using embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and biomaterials may offer new therapeutic options. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the compatibility of ESCs with biomaterials and the influence of biomaterials on the osteogenic gene expression profile.

Therefore, ESCs are cultured with various biomaterials. The cytocompatibility of murine ESCs is measured regarding the proliferation of the cells on the materials by CyQUANT ® assay, the morphology by scanning electron microscopy, and the influence on the gene expression by real time PCR.

The results show that insoluble collagenous bone matrix, followed by β-tricalciumphosphate, is most suitable for bone tissue engineering regarding cell proliferation, and phenotype. The gene expression analysis indicates that biomaterials do influence the gene expression of ESCs.

Our results provide new insight into the cytocompatibility of ESCs on different scaffolds.
Should the Language and Legislation of Women's Rights be Implemented in the Arguments for Consecrating Women as Bishops in the Church of England?
Authors: Wood Rachel
Published: September 2008

This article explores some of the benefits and pitfalls of applying rights language and legislation to the debate over whether to consecrate women as bishops in the Church of England. Secular feminists have pointed out tensions between the concept of women's rights and religious freedom which highlight conflicts in law between religious and gender identities. Women priests have not, as yet, used equal opportunities legislation as a tool to allow women to be consecrated as bishops and faith communities are exempt (by choice) from this legislation. Wood argues that this exemption is not entirely `safe' due to the established status of the Church of England but the question remains as to whether equal opportunities legislation is the best basis for consecrating women as bishops.
`Zākhār and nĕqêvāh He created them': Sexual and Gender Identities in the Bible
Authors: Pazeraite Aušra
Published: September 2008

The Vatican's Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Collaboration of Men and Women in the Church and in the World, issued in 2004 to reinterpret biblical creation accounts, were not as successful as they might have been. Instead of focusing attention on social structures of gender domination, the document criticizes feminist theories, which, supposedly, lead to tensions between sexes or tend to destroy family values. I have tried to reinterpret the same cardinal biblical creation accounts by means of an historical-critical approach, etymological interpretation and hermeneutics, and to show how sexual and gender identities are unintentionally constructed by the authors of these accounts and how structures, appearing in these accounts as `structures of (primordial) sin' have affected the interpretation of these identities in the same Bible and in the world of formation of the New Testament. The story of `primordial sin' in this case is a metaphor of socialization, for the metaphor of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, is to be understood as the tree of knowledge of opinions, rooted in society, tradition, culture, concerning what is good and what is evil, acceptable and unacceptable.
Sleep Problems in Chinese School-Aged Children with a Parent-Reported History of ADHD
Authors: Shenghui Li  , Xinming Jin  , Chonghuai Yan  , Shenghu Wu  , Fan Jiang  , Xiaoming Shen
Published: August 2008

Objective: The objective was to survey the prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and to assess its associations with sleep problems among urban school-aged children in China. Method: A random sample of 20,152 school-aged children participated in a cross-sectional survey in eight cities of China. A parent-administered questionnaire and the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire were completed to quantify history of ADHD diagnosis and sleep problems, respectively. Results: Slightly more than 4% of Chinese school-aged children were reported to have a history of ADHD diagnosis. The multivariate regression models revealed that, after controlling for some confounders—such as gender, parents' educational level, family income, family structure, and stimulant medication—there was a higher prevalence of sleep problems, especially parasomnias, sleep-disordered breathing, and daytime sleepiness, in children with a history of ADHD diagnosis. Conclusion: The results emphasized the importance of incorporating screens of sleep problems into the evaluation of ADHD.
The Impact of Childhood ADHD on Dropping Out of High School in Urban Adolescents/ Young Adults
Authors: Trampush Joey W. , Miller Carlin J. , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Halperin Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2008

Objective: To examine cognitive and psychosocial factors associated with high school dropout in urban adolescents with and without childhood ADHD. Method: In a longitudinal study, 49 adolescents/young adults with childhood ADHD and 44 controls who either dropped out or graduated from high school are included. Risk factors examined as potential correlates of dropout were intelligence, reading skills, socioeconomic status, marijuana use, and paternal contact. Results: Lower IQ, reading ability, socioeconomic status, frequent marijuana use, and limited paternal contact significantly differentiated dropouts from graduates, irrespective of childhood ADHD. Follow-up analyses determined that IQ, marijuana use, and paternal contact independently contribute to the likelihood of dropout. Conclusion: Selected cognitive and psychosocial factors appear independently associated with the likelihood of high school dropout irrespective of ADHD. Notably, childhood ADHD did not increase this risk, suggesting that previous reports of increased dropout because of ADHD may become negated in urban areas when matched with similar community controls. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(2) 127-136)
The Green Acres Effect: The Need for a New Colorectal Cancer Screening Campaign Tailored to Rural Audiences
Authors: Campo Shelly , Askelson Natoshia M. , Routsong Tracy , Graaf Lorrie J. , Losch Mary , Smith Holly
Published: August 2008

National health communication campaign developers have ignored rural audiences in campaign development and testing, despite the health disparities that exist for this group. Researchers in a rural Midwestern state tested the appropriateness of CDC's national colorectal cancer screening campaign, Screen for Life. Based on focus groups and a quasiexperimental design evaluation, researchers determined that the national campaign did not adequately address the needs of the rural audience. A new print and radio campaign was developed based on previous findings, grounded in social marketing and the health belief model. New tailored campaign materials were refined in focus groups. Final versions were tested in two quasiexperimental designs. Results support the campaign's reach and efficacy. Those in the intervention county were significantly more likely than the unexposed to (a) report recent exposure to ads, (b) plan to seek out information regarding screening, and (c) plan to get screened in the near future.
Sonographic Imaging of a Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Salivary Gland
Authors: Shepherd George William
Published: August 2008

A patient presented with a painless palpable mass located just below the right ear. This mass was examined with sonography, and the appearance suggested the presence of a pleomorphic adenoma. Pleomorphic adenomas are common benign neoplasms of the major salivary glands. Fine-needle aspiration of the tumor was performed with sonographic guidance, and cytology confirmed its identification as a pleomorphic adenoma.
Cervical Carcinoma
Authors: Shenavai Farnoush Jadali
Published: August 2008

Cervical carcinoma or cancer of the cervix (a canal connecting the uterus to the vagina) is the second most common cancer in women ages 35 to 55. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), also known as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), does not develop from the uterine cells like cervical carcinoma; it is an abnormal trophoblastic proliferation inside the uterus. Cervical cancer can be a very serious disease, yet if it is detected early, it can be treated. Through the use of a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test, abnormal cells of the cervix can be detected. Over the years, normal cervical cells can turn into precancerous cells and later change into cancer cells. If the cells are invasive, they can become cancerous in less than a year. In some cases, sonography can be used to better delineate the extent of the disease . Cervical cancer can be caused by a human papillomavirus through sexual intercourse. As the woman's age of her first intercourse decreases, the chance of cervical cancer increases, especially with multiple partners and no regular Pap smears.
Mineral phases and element composition of the copper hyperaccumulator lichen Lecanora polytropa
Authors: Purvis O. W. , Pawlik-Skowrońska B. , Cressey G. , Jones G. C. , Kearsley A. , Spratt J.
Published: September 2008

Mineral phases and element localization were investigated in the vivid turquoise-coloured lichen, Lecanora polytropa, sampled from a psammite boulder in a wall supporting mine spoil at the abandoned copper mine, Riddarhyttan Kopparverke, southern Sweden. Normally pale yellowish (usnic acid), the lichen is turquoise coloured internally with bluish inclusions. X-ray mapping shows that Cu occurs on and within the lichen and does not coincide with P or S, suggesting that it is indeed associated with carbon or other elements not detected (or reported) using X-ray mapping. Scanning electron microscopy in back-scatter mode confirmed that the greatest Cu concentrations occur in the form of crystalline aggregates in coloured inclusions below the major internal turquoise layer with smaller Cu contents. X-ray diffraction with a position-sensitive detector (XRD-PSD) confirmed coloured crystalline aggregates consisted of the copper oxalate, moolooite. The study confirms the value of XRD-PSD as a non-destructive tool to characterize small (~50 μm) metal oxalate inclusions obtained from within lichen samples.
Kinetics of high-pressure mineral phase transformations using in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction in the Paris-Edinburgh cell: a practical guide for data acquisition and treatment
Authors: Perrillat J. P.
Published: September 2008

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful technique to study in situ and in real-time the structural and kinetic processes of pressure-induced phase transformations. This paper presents the experimental set-up developed at beamline ID27 of the ESRF to perform time-resolved angle dispersive XRD in the Paris-Edinburgh cell. It provides a practical guide for the acquisition of isobaric-isothermal kinetic data and the construction of transformation-time plots. The interpretation of experimental data in terms of reaction mechanisms and transformation rates is supported by an overview of the kinetic theory of solid-solid transformations, with each step of data processing illustrated by experimental results of relevance to the geosciences. Reaction kinetics may be affected by several factors such as the sample microstructure, impurities or differential stress. Further high-pressure kinetic studies should investigate the influence of such processes, in order to acquire kinetic information more akin to natural or technological processes.
Rhesus macaque rhadinovirus-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: animal model for KSHV-associated malignancies
Authors: Orzechowska Beata U. , Powers Michael F. , Sprague Jerald , Li He , Yen Bonnie , Searles Robert P. , Axthelm Michael K. , Wong Scott W.
Published: August 2008

Rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV) is closely related to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and is associated with the development of B-cell hyperplasia and persistent lymphadenopathy resembling multicentric Castleman disease in rhesus macaques (RMs) coinfected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Here we investigated whether RMs experimentally infected with SIV and RRV can develop other disease manifestations observed in HIV- and KSHV-infected patients. As reported earlier, inoculation of SIV-infected RMs with RRV results in persistent RRV infection, whereas immunocompetent animals infected with RRV exhibit viremia 2 weeks after infection, followed by a period of no virus detection until they are subsequently made immunodeficient by SIV infection. A subset of animals developed abnormal cellular proliferations characterized as extranodal lymphoma and a proliferative mesenchymal lesion. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry analysis indicate RRV is present in both malignancies, and DNA microarray analysis detected viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6) and viral FLICE-like inhibitory protein (vFLIP) transcripts. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed vIL-6 and vFLIP expression, and that of RRV open reading frames 72 and 73, homologs of KSHV open reading frames shown to be expressed in primary effusion lymphoma. These data support the utility of the RRV-/SIV-infected RM as an excellent animal model to investigate KSHV-like pathogenesis.
Positron emission tomography has a high negative predictive value for progression or early relapse for patients with residual disease after first-line chemotherapy in advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Kobe Carsten , Dietlein Markus , Franklin Jeremy , Markova Jana , Lohri Andreas , Amthauer Holger , Klutmann Susanne , Knapp Wolfram H. , Zijlstra Josee M. , Bockisch Andreas , Weckesser Matthias , Lorenz Reinhard , Schreckenberger Mathias , Bares Roland , Eich Hans T. , Mueller Rolf-Peter , Fuchs Michael , Borchmann Peter , Schicha Harald , Diehl Volker , Engert Andreas
Published: August 2008

In the HD15 trial of the German Hodgkin Study Group, the negative predictive value (NPV) of positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose in advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) was evaluated. A total of 817 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive BEACOPP-based chemotherapy. After completion of chemotherapy, residual disease measuring more than or equal to 2.5 cm in diameter was assessed by PET in 311 patients. The NPV of PET was defined as the proportion of PET− patients without progression, relapse, or irradiation within 12 months after PET review panel. The progression-free survival was 96% for PET− patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 94%-99%) and 86% for PET+ patients (95% CI, 78%-95%, P = .011). The NPV for PET in this analysis was 94% (95% CI, 91%-97%). Thus, consolidation radiotherapy can be omitted in PET− patients with residual disease without increasing the risk for progression or early relapse compared with patients in complete remission. The impact of this finding on the overall survival at 5 years must be awaited. Until then, response adapted therapy guided by PET for HL patients seems to be a promising approach that should be further evaluated in clinical trials. This trial is registered at http://isrctn.org study as #ISRCTN32443041.
TLRs and innate immunity
Authors: Beutler Bruce A.
Published: August 2008

One of the most fundamental questions in immunology pertains to the recognition of non-self, which for the most part means microbes. How do we initially realize that we have been inoculated with microbes, and how is the immune response ignited? Genetic studies have made important inroads into this question during the past decade, and we now know that in mammals, a relatively small number of receptors operate to detect signature molecules that herald infection. One or more of these signature molecules are displayed by almost all microbes. These receptors and the signals they initiate have been studied in depth by random germline mutagenesis and positional cloning (forward genetics). Herein is a concise description of what has been learned about the Toll-like receptors, which play an essential part in the perception of microbes and shape the complex host responses that occur during infection.
Muscle invasive bladder cancer in Upper Egypt: the shift in risk factors and tumor characteristics
Authors: Zarzour Ali H , Selim Mohie , Abd-Elsayed Alaa A , Hameed Diaa A , AbdelAziz Mohammad A
Published: August 2008

Background

In Egypt, where bilharziasis is endemic, bladder cancer is the commonest cancer in males and the 2nd in females; squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the commonest type found, with a peculiar mode of presentation. The aim of this study is to identify and rank the risk factors of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) in Upper Egypt and describe its specific criteria of presentation and histopathology.

Methods

This is an analytical, hospital based, case controlled study conducted in south Egypt cancer institute through comparing MIBC cases (n = 130) with age, sex and residence matched controls (n = 260) for the presence of risk factors of MIBC. Data was collected by personal interview using a well designed questionnaire. Patients' records were reviewed for histopathology and Radiologic findings.

Results

The risk factors of MIBC were positive family history [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 7.7], exposure to pesticides [AOR = 6.2], bladder stones [AOR = 5], consanguinity [AOR = 3.9], recurrent cystitis [AOR = 3.1], bilharziasis [odds ratio (OR) = 5.8] and smoking [OR = 5.3]. SCC represented 67.6% of cases with burning micturition being the presenting symptom in 73.8%.

Conclusion

MIBC in Upper Egypt is usually of the SCC type (although its percentage is decreasing), occurs at a younger age and presents with burning micturition rather than hematuria. Unlike the common belief, positive family history, parents' consanguinity, exposure to pesticides and chronic cystitis seem to play now more important roles than bilharziasis and smoking in the development of this disease in this area.
Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonium Ions with Nitrite Ions in Water over Metallic Platinum Supported on Titanium Dioxide at a Mild Reaction Temperature
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshinori , Wang Chengkai , Okuhara Toshio , Kamiya Yuichi
Published: September 2008

Titanium dioxide-supported platinum catalyst, which was pretreated with H2 at 353 K in a reactor just before the reaction, exhibited extremely high activity toward the oxidation of ammonium ions with nitrite ions into nitrogen in water at 353 K.
A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for the Reconstruction of a Molecular Recognition Region
Authors: Murakami Sachiko , Yamamoto Ken-ichi , Shinmori Hideyuki , Takeuchi Toshifumi
Published: September 2008

Cofactor-binding protein mimics were prepared by metalloporphyrin-based covalent molecular imprinting of amino acid derivatives, where an apo-type scaffold was obtained by removing the template and the porphyrin moieties from the resulting polymer after the imprinting process, and when the porphyrin derivative was incorporated as the cofactor to yield the holo-type binding sites, enantioselectivity was induced and the chirality of the target amino acids was recognized.
Preparation of FePt Nanoparticles with a Narrow Size Distribution in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Osaka Tetsuya , Hachisu Takuma , Sugiyama Atsushi , Kawakita Izumi , Nakanishi Takuya , Iida Hironori
Published: September 2008

Nanoparticles of FePt were prepared in two different ionic liquids (ILs). Because IL serves not only as a solvent but also as a surfactant, the particles prepared could be dispersed stably in hexane without adding other surfactants. The size distribution of the particles was found to be narrow without depending on a size-selection process such as centrifugation. In addition, the particle sizes and composition were found to depend on the kind of IL employed.
Mir-302 reprograms human skin cancer cells into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state
Authors: Lin Shi-Lung , Chang Donald C. , Chang-Lin Samantha , Lin Chun-Hung , Wu David T.S. , Chen David T. , Ying Shao-Yao
Published: August 2008

Renewal of stem cells differs from cancer cell growth in self-controlled cell division. The mir-302 microRNA (miRNA) family (mir-302s) is expressed most abundantly in slow-growing human embryonic stem (ES) cells, and quickly decreases after cell differentiation and proliferation. Therefore, mir-302s was investigated as one of the key factors essential for maintenance of ES cell renewal and pluripotency in this study. The Pol-II-based intronic miRNA expression system was used to transgenically transfect the mir-302s into several human cancer cell lines. The mir-302 – transfected cells, namely, miRNA-induced pluripotent stem (mirPS) cells, not only expressed many key ES cell markers, such as Oct3/4, SSEA-3, SSEA-4 ,Sox2, and Nanog, but also had a highly demethylated genome similar to a reprogrammed zygotic genome. Microarray analyses further revealed that genome-wide gene expression patterns between the mirPS and human ES H1 and H9 cells shared over 86% similarity. Using molecular guidance in vitro, these mirPS cells could differentiate into distinct tissue cell types, such as neuron-, chondrocyte-, fibroblast-, and spermatogonia-like primordial cells. Based on these findings, we conclude that mir-302s not only function to reprogram cancer cells into an ES-like pluripotent state but also to maintain this state under a feeder-free cultural condition, which may offer a great opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
The Clinical Scaphoid Fracture: Early Computed Tomography as a Practical Approach
Authors: Nguyen Q , Chaudhry S , Sloan R , Bhoora I , Willard C
Published: August 2008

INTRODUCTION

Up to 40% of scaphoid fractures are missed at initial presentation as clinical examination and plain radiographs are poor at identifying scaphoid fractures immediately after the injury. Avoiding a delay in diagnosis is essential to prevent the risk of non-union and early wrist arthritis. We demonstrate the use of CT scanning for the early confirmation of a scaphoid fracture.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective, chronological review of patients who attended an upper limb fracture clinic from January 2001 to October 2003 in a small district general hospital. We performed a CT scan on all ‘clinical scaphoid’ patients who had negative plain X-ray films.

RESULTS

Overall, 70% of patients had a CT scan within 1 week of injury and not from date of accident and emergency attendance; 83% of patients had a CT scan within 2 weeks of injury. Of 118 patients identified, 32% had positive findings and 22% of ‘clinical scaphoid’ patients had scaphoid fractures. The proportion of positive findings for an acute scaphoid fracture was 68%. Additional pathologies identified on CT were capitate, triquetral and radial fractures.

CONCLUSIONS

Our audit shows that it is practical to perform CT on suspicious scaphoid fractures in a small district general hospital. We identified an extremely high false-negative rate for plain X-rays and demonstrate that the appropriate use of CT at initial fracture clinic attendance with ‘clinical scaphoid’ leads to an earlier diagnosis and reduces the need for prolonged immobilisation and repeated clinical review.
The Use of Warfarin as Thromboprophylaxis for Lower Limb Arthroplasty
Authors: Dunbar Mark R , Upadhyay Piyush K , Karthikeyan Shanmugam
Published: August 2008

INTRODUCTION

Most orthopaedic surgeons in the UK use some form of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolic events. Warfarin has been recommended as one of the preferred methods to use. The period of in-hospital postoperative rehabilitation has reduced significantly since lower limb arthroplasty was introduced. We sought to identify and quantify any delay in discharge associated in using warfarin as chemical prophylaxis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

During a 12-week period, all patients undergoing a lower limb arthroplasty procedure were identified and any delay in discharge related to their warfarin prophylaxis was recorded.

RESULTS

Of the 25 arthroplasties performed in this time period, 17 (68%) were subject to a delay. The total delay in discharge was 39 days. When the standard warfarin dosing protocol was followed, 33% of patients were still delayed. When the protocol was not followed, only 23% were delayed. The majority of deviations from the protocol led to a shorter hospital stay.

DISCUSSION

Patients using warfarin prophylaxis generate an additional cost of £417 related to bed occupancy. There is considerable scope for significantly reducing this cost by moving the early postoperative anticoagulation monitoring into the community. Delayed discharge is an important consideration in the economic issues that surround the choice of thromboprophylaxis.
Telephone Follow-Up following Office Anorectal Surgery
Authors: Fallaize Rebecca C , Tinline-Purvis Christine , Dixon Anthony R , Pullyblank Anne-Marie
Published: August 2008

INTRODUCTION

Patients with minor anorectal conditions are frequently reviewed at an 8-week out-patient appointment (OPA). This study was designed to assess whether telephone follow-up could reduce OPA numbers whilst maintaining patient satisfaction.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Over an 11-month period, 46 patients (23 male) underwent banding of haemorrhoids and 14 were prescribed medical treatment for fissure-in-ano (3 male). All were telephoned at 6 weeks and were offered an 8-week OPA if they had continuing problems. Patients were telephoned at a later date by a member of the hospital's patient panel to assess satisfaction.

RESULTS

Overall, 88% were contacted at 6 weeks, 60% at the first attempt; 40% required two or more attempts. Of those who underwent banding, 68% were asymptomatic, 17% requested an OPA for re-banding and 15% requested an OPA for a different problem. Of fissure patients, 25% were cured; the remainder were prescribed either second-line medical treatment (8%), anorectal physiology (42%) or surgery (25%). All avoided an OPA. Of a potential 60 OPAs, 47 were saved by telephone follow-up. None of 7 non-contactable patients accepted a written offer of an OPA. Overall, 89% of patients were contacted by the patient panel; of these patients, 93% reported a high level of satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS

Telephone follow-up can reduce the number of OPAs following out-patient treatment of minor anorectal conditions whilst maintaining a high level of patient satisfaction. However, it requires considerable consultant time. This process could be developed into either a nurse-led service with booked telephone appointments or a patient-led service to a dedicated hotline.
Oswestry Disability Index Scoring Made Easy
Authors: Mehra A , Baker D , Disney S , Pynsent PB
Published: August 2008

INTRODUCTION

Low back pain effects up to 80% of the population at some time during their active life. Questionnaires are available to help measure pain and disability. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is the most commonly used outcome measure for low back pain. The aim of this study was to see if training in completing the ODI forms improved the scoring accuracy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The last 100 ODI forms completed in a hospital's spinal clinic were reviewed retrospectively and errors in the scoring were identified. Staff members involved in scoring the questionnaire were made aware of the errors and the correct method of scoring explained. A chart was created with all possible scores to aid the staff with scoring. A prospective audit on 50 questionnaires was subsequently performed.

RESULTS

The retrospective study showed that 33 of the 100 forms had been incorrectly scored. All questionnaires where one or more sections were not completed by the patient were incorrectly scored. A scoring chart was developed and staff training was implemented. This reduced the error rate to 14% in the prospective audit.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinicians applying outcome measures should read the appropriate literature to ensure they understand the scoring system. Staff must then be given adequate training in the application of the questionnaires.