bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The form of uncertainty affects selection for social learning
Authors: Turner Matthew A. , Moya Cristina , Smaldino Paul E. , Jones James Holland
Published: May 2023

Social learning is a critical adaptation for dealing with different forms of variability. Uncertainty is a severe form of variability where the space of possible decisions or probabilities of associated outcomes are unknown. We identified four theoretically important sources of uncertainty: temporal environmental variability; payoff ambiguity; selection-set size; and effective lifespan. When these combine, it is nearly impossible to fully learn about the environment. We develop an evolutionary agent-based model to test how each form of uncertainty affects the evolution of social learning. Agents perform one of several behaviours, modelled as a multi-armed bandit, to acquire payoffs. All agents learn about behavioural payoffs individually through an adaptive behaviour-choice model that uses a softmax decision rule. Use of vertical and oblique payoff-biased social learning evolved to serve as a scaffold for adaptive individual learning – they are not opposite strategies. Different types of uncertainty had varying effects. Temporal environmental variability suppressed social learning, whereas larger selection-set size promoted social learning, even when the environment changed frequently. Payoff ambiguity and lifespan interacted with other uncertainty parameters. This study begins to explain how social learning can predominate despite highly variable real-world environments when effective individual learning helps individuals recover from learning outdated social information.
One Size Fits All? Handling Public Health and Environmental Risks in French Whistleblowing Legislation
Authors: Leclerc Olivier
Published: May 2023

French whistleblower legislation establishes a unified legal regime for the treatment of reports and for the protection of whistleblowers. Drawing on French whistleblower law, recently amended by the transposition of Directive 2019/1937 of 23 October 2019, this article examines whether the specific features of whistleblowing in relation to public health and environmental risks are adequately addressed by this unified regime. The article identifies four key factors for the effective handling of whistleblowing relating to public health and the environment: (1) the possibility of protecting whistleblowers who report facts gathered outside the workplace; (2) the possibility of protecting legal persons as whistleblowers; (3) the possibility of carrying out in-depth investigations to characterise the reality of the risks reported; and (4) the possibility of archiving whistleblowing in order to detect weak signals of risks over the long term. In these four areas, the article provides a nuanced diagnosis of the situation in French law and offers suggestions for improvement.
Extraterritorial Enforcement Jurisdiction in Cyberspace: Normative Shifts
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric
Published: May 2023

The most eye-catching effect of digitalization on the law of enforcement jurisdiction is the fading into irrelevance of territoriality. Insofar as the “physical” location of digital data—on a server—may be entirely fortuitous and may in fact not be known by the territorial state, it appears unreasonable for that state to invoke its territorial sovereignty as a shield against another state’s claims over such data. To prevent a jurisdictional free-for-all, however, it is key that the exercise of extraterritorial enforcement jurisdiction in cyberspace becomes subject to a stringent test weighting all relevant connections and interests in concrete cases. Introducing such a weighting test means that extraterritorial enforcement jurisdiction is no longer governed by binary rules (allowed and not allowed), but becomes a matter of degree, requiring a granular, contextual assessment. It remains the case that such a flexible attitude towards extraterritorial enforcement jurisdiction is not universally shared, and that relevant state practice and expert opinion in favor of the “un-territoriality of data” has a particular Western slant.
International Law and Digital Disease Surveillance in Pandemics: On the Margins of Regulation
Authors: Villarreal Pedro A.
Published: May 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic elicited a surge in the use of digital tools to replace “classic” manual disease tracking and contact tracing across individuals. The main technical reason is based on the disease surveillance needs imposed by the magnitude of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus since 2020, particularly how these needs overwhelmed governments around the world. Such developments led to stark variations across countries in terms of legal approaches towards the use of digital tools, including self-reporting software and mobile phone apps, for both disease tracking and contact tracing. Against this backdrop, in this article I highlight some of the normative challenges posed by the digitalization of disease surveillance, underscoring its almost non-existent regulation under international law. I look back at the historical emergence of the epidemiological principles underlying this procedure, by referring to John Snow’s trailblazing work in cholera control. I emphasize how the COVID-19 pandemic prompted both technical and normative shifts related to the digitalization of these procedures. Furthermore, I refer to some of the overarching obstacles for deploying international law to tackle future tensions between the public health rationale for digitalized disease tracking and contact tracing, on the one hand, and normative concerns directly related to their legality, on the other hand. Lastly, I put forward conclusions in light of the current juncture of international health law reforms, and how they so far display limited potential to herald structural changes concerning the legality of the use of digital tools in disease surveillance.
Digitalization and its Systemic Impact on the Use of Force Regime: Legal Uncertainty and the Replacement of International Law
Authors: Tsagourias Nicholas
Published: May 2023

This article explores the systemic impact of digitalization on the use of force regime. It identifies two types of impact: (i) legal uncertainty; and (ii) the replacement of international law. The article discusses legal uncertainty in relation to the content of the rules on the use of force and their application to digital uses of force as well as in relation to the facts that underpin digital uses of force. It then goes on to discuss the replacement of international law as a regulatory tool of the use of force by considering the impact of digitalization on the creation of customary law, legal personhood, and international law’s regulatory modality. The article’s findings are not limited to the impact of digitalization on the use of force regime but extend to international law in general.
Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae urine isolates from a national sample of home-based primary care patients with dementia
Authors: Datta Rupak , Pirruccio Gabrielle , Fried Terri R. , O’Leary John R. , Zullo Andrew R. , Cohen Andrew
Published: May 2023

Annual prevalences of antimicrobial resistance among urine isolates (3,913 Escherichia coli isolates and 1,736 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates) from home-based primary care patients with dementia were high between 2014 and 2018 (ciprofloxacin, 18%–23% and 5%–7%, respectively; multidrug resistance, 9%–11% and 5%–6%, respectively). Multidrug resistance varied by region. Additional studies of antimicrobial resistance in home-care settings are needed.
Internal solitary waves generated by a moving bottom disturbance
Authors: Zhao Binbin , Zhang Tianyu , Duan Wenyang , Wang Zhan , Guo Xinyu , Hayatdavoodi Masoud , Ertekin R. Cengiz
Published: May 2023

The strongly nonlinear Miyata–Choi–Camassa model under the rigid lid approximation (MCC-RL model) can describe accurately the dynamics of large-amplitude internal waves in a two-layer fluid system for shallow configurations. In this paper, we apply the MCC-RL model to study the internal waves generated by a moving body on the bottom. For the case of the moving body speed

$U=1.1c_{0}$

, where

${c_0}$

is the linear long-wave speed, the accuracy of the MCC-RL results is assessed by comparing with Euler's solutions, and very good agreement is observed. It is found that when the moving body speed increases from

$U=0.8c_{0}$

to

$U=1.241c_{0}$

, the amplitudes of the generated internal solitary waves in front of the moving body become larger. However, a critical moving body speed is found between

$U=1.241c_{0}$

and

$U=1.242c_{0}$

. After exceeding this critical speed, only one internal wave right above the body is generated. When the moving body speed increases from

$U=1.242c_{0}$

to

$U=1.5c_{0}$

, the amplitudes of the internal waves become smaller.
Health Care Capitalism and the Precarious Right to Bodily Autonomy in the United States since the Rights Revolutions
Authors: Bell Jonathan
Published: May 2023

In May 1990, in the first case of its kind, the National Gay Rights Advocates (NGRA) secured a California court judgment prohibiting an insurance company from discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation. Great Republic Insurance Company had been using a supplemental questionnaire to screen out “occupations that do not require physical exertion … such as florists, interior decorators, and fashion designers,” as well as to use applicants’ marital status, “living arrangements,” and medical history to assess the likely risk of their exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) when denying health care coverage.1 That same year, Moblization for Youth (MFY) Legal Services in New York filed a class action lawsuit on behalf of women living with HIV who had been denied access to Social Security benefits because the government did not recognize their HIV-related conditions as qualifying for state health care coverage under the Medicaid program.2 In one sense, the cases were starkly different: one sought to protect the privately insured from discriminatory scrutiny on the basis of their sexuality while the other attempted to bring a protected class of people into public view to make a claim to health care. Yet both reveal an important truth about the concept of rights in an American context. The structure of the U.S. health care system, one based on private insurance for most and a threadbare, convoluted system of categorical assistance and public insurance for children, the disabled, and the elderly, has shaped Americans’ experience of their own sexuality and bodily autonomy in ways arguably unique to the United States. The public/private hybrid in health care has dramatically curtailed the capacity of those outside the heteronormative family structure to realize their demands for full equality in the wake of the rights revolutions. Efforts to secure a right to sexual or gender identity have foundered on the rocks of the health care system when faced, for example, with a public health crisis like HIV or a lack of health insurance plans willing to fund gender-affirming health care.
CONSTITUTIONALISM AT COMMON LAW: THE RULE OF LAW AND JUDICIAL REVIEW
Authors: Allan T.R.S.
Published: May 2023

UK public law is often viewed as a sophisticated power struggle between rival institutions, an approach encouraged by the assumption that the law is ultimately dependent on such contingencies as the existence of an official consensus about its sources. From that perspective, legal judgments should be read as strategic moves within the political power-game. We can make better sense of public law if, instead, we interpret it as the articulation and enforcement of standards of legitimate governance, inspired by universal ideals of individual freedom and human dignity. The rule of Law denies the legal validity of arbitrary, unjustified assertions of power inimical to those ideals. Positive law is, at root, an instantiation of natural law, as the interplay of legal rule and underlying principle, characteristic of common law reasoning, confirms. There are important implications for our understanding of the constitutional foundations of judicial review, the limits of parliamentary sovereignty, the nature of the principle of legality, and the scope and content of fundamental rights.
Intimate partner violence as a determinant of pregnancy termination among women in unions: evidence from the 2016–2018 Papua New Guinea Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Agyemang-Duah Williams , Asare Bernard Yeboah-Asiamah , Adu Collins , Agyekum Amma Kyewaa , Peprah Prince
Published: May 2023

There is a demonstrated link between intimate partner violence (IPV) and pregnancy termination, and this association has received much attention in developed settings. Despite the high prevalence of IPV in Papua New Guinea (PNG), little is known about the association between these experiences and pregnancy termination. This study examined the association between IPV and pregnancy termination in PNG. The present study used population-based data from the PNG’s first Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 2016–2018. The analysis involved women aged 15–49 years who were in intimate unions (married or co-habiting). We used binary logistic regression modelling to analyse the association between IPV and pregnancy termination. Results were reported as crude odds ratios (cOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Overall, 6.3% of women involved in this study had ever terminated a pregnancy, and 6 in 10 women (61.5%) reported having experienced IPV in the last 12 months preceding the survey. Of those women who experienced IPV, 7.4% had ever terminated a pregnancy. Women who had experienced IPV had a 1.75 higher odds of reporting pregnancy termination (cOR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.29–2.37) than women who did not experience IPV. After controlling for theoretically and empirically relevant socio-demographic and economic factors, IPV remained a strong and significant determinant of pregnancy termination (aOR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.22–2.30). The strong association between IPV and pregnancy termination among women in intimate unions in PNG calls for targeted policies and interventions that address the high prevalence of IPV. The provision of comprehensive sexual reproductive health, public education, and awareness creation on the consequences of IPV, regular assessment, and referral to appropriate services for IPV may reduce the incidence of pregnancy termination in PNG.
Phenotypic associations of medical polypectomy and revision surgery following endoscopic sinus surgery: a retrospective study of a single-centre experience in Scotland
Authors: Misirovs Rasads , Chan Rory , Stewart Kirsten , Lipworth Brian
Published: May 2023

Background

Some chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps patients undergo revision surgery at some point following initial functional endoscopic sinus surgery. This review aimed to identify the predictive factors for recurrence of nasal polyps requiring oral corticosteroids or revision surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps following functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Method

A retrospective analysis of 221 patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in a tertiary rhinology centre, between January 2015 and December 2018, was undertaken.

Results

Forty-four (21.6 per cent) patients underwent medical polypectomy, 19 (9 per cent) underwent revision surgery and 51 (24.3 per cent) underwent combined polypectomy during the mean follow-up time of 5.3 years. Patients aged less than 55 years of age, with a history of previous functional endoscopic sinus surgery, peripheral blood eosinophil counts of 300 cells/μl or higher, a Lund–Mackay score of more than 17 and concomitant aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease had significantly increased odds for medical polypectomy, revision surgery and combined polypectomy.

Conclusion

Knowing these predictive factors, clinicians can better identify patients with an increased likelihood of severe polyp recurrence and therefore arrange closer follow-up to optimise therapy.
Surviving revolution and democratisation: the Sudan armed forces, state fragility and security competition
Authors: Verhoeven Harry
Published: May 2023

Sudan has for decades been one of Africa's most fragmented polities. Yet arguably the single most consequential actor in its recent history is among the least well studied: the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF). For most of post-independence statehood, Khartoum has been ruled by generals. This article places SAF in a longitudinal context of the expansion and contraction of state power and the functions of the coercive apparatus in these processes. It situates SAF in institutional logics, driven by historically contingent ideas about the nature of the polity, the role of the army within it and its likely partners and enemies. Doing so historicises the strategic calculus of SAF during the 2018–2019 December Revolution which mobilised millions but ended with a new coup in October 2021. I underscore how institutionalised rivalry between SAF and other security services has moulded patterns of regime change and consolidation: from Ja'afar Nimeiri and Omar Al-Bashir to Abdelfatah Al-Burhan today, anxieties over security competition and state fragility shape SAF's willingness to break with regimes it once dominated and its subsequent subversion of revolutionary change and democratisation.
First record of the epiphyte sea anemone Bunodeopsis pelagica in the Mexican Atlantic
Authors: González-Muñoz Ricardo , Sánchez-Rodríguez Judith , Simões Nuno , Tello-Musi José Luis , Acuña Fabián H.
Published: May 2023

Bunodeopsis pelagica is one of the few species of sea anemones known to be found in the floating algae of Sargassum spp. It has been reported in the North Atlantic, particularly in the Canary Islands and the coast of Jamaica. The present study is the first to report the occurrence of B. pelagica in the Mexican Atlantic, found as epiphyte on Sargassum natans off Alacranes reef (southern Gulf of Mexico) and in Puerto Morelos reef (Mexican Caribbean), revealing that this species is much more widespread than has been reported. Bunodeopsis pelagica is mainly distinguished from other species of Bunodeopsis by having simple minute protuberances on its column, while its congeners have larger and much more developed vesicular projections. With the record of B. pelagica, the number of known species of actiniarian sea anemones from the Mexican Atlantic increases to 23.
Montaignean Happiness and Tocqueville's Americans
Authors: Callanan Keegan
Published: May 2023

The Storeys have undoubtedly written a splendid book. Its excellence lies not only in the authors’ ability to bring to light the thoughts of their subjects but in their own powerful social criticism folded into the analysis throughout.
TWO SIZES TOO SMALL: TWO CATEGORIES OF MINIATURE POTTERY IN MINOAN CRETE
Authors: Dewan Rachel
Published: May 2023

Often assumed to be ritual votives or toys for children, miniature ceramic vessels in the Bronze Age Aegean have been afforded little thorough study. Their presence at peak sanctuaries, sacred caves and shrines on Crete has led to their uncritical association with ritual activity, even outside of sacred areas. When miniature pots are found in domestic spaces, they are often dismissed as objects of household ritual or simple toys. Yet miniature vessels, diverse in form and context, are so common in archaeological investigations of Minoan settlements that they merit further comprehensive study. Considered alongside the abundance of small-scale Minoan material culture, including figurines, seals, miniature wall paintings, and models, miniature pottery appears to be one facet of a larger semiotic ideology – one well-versed in the language and power of the miniature. By analysing 504 miniature pots from 13 sites in central and east Crete, this paper explores the wide range of miniature vessel types used in the Protopalatial and Neopalatial periods and applies contextual analysis to draw out their meanings. Contextualisation and data analysis reveal two distinct categories within the corpus of miniature pots: ‘micro-miniatures’ and ‘small miniatures’. While micro-miniatures were indeed inherently cultic, small miniatures served a variety of practical functions within the world of Minoan Crete and should not be assumed to relate to ritual. To differentiate between the categories, the relationship between the miniature and its prototype, as well as its semiotic meaning are considered. By applying Peircean understandings of iconicity and indexicality to these two categories, the use and significance of Bronze Age miniature vessels are further illuminated, in ritual and beyond.
The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?
Authors: Corten Olivier , Koutroulis Vaios
Published: May 2023

This article examines the precedential value of Russia’s ‘special military operation’ against Ukraine in February 2022 for the purpose of interpreting the rules of jus contra bellum. Following the methodology set down by the ICJ in its Nicaragua judgment, self-defence is identified as the legal basis explicitly invoked by Russia in order to justify its operation in Ukraine. The authors then examine closely the reactions by third states with respect to the legality of Russia’s military operation and establish that the legal arguments put forth by Russia – including, more specifically, an innovative reading of the right to self-defence of entities unilaterally recognized as states – have been overwhelmingly rejected by third states. On that basis, the authors conclude that this precedent does not challenge the established understanding of the prohibition to use force in international relations and of its exceptions.
-coupling mechanisms are sufficient to obtain exponential decay in strain gradient elasticity
Authors: Fernández Jose R. , Quintanilla Ramón
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we consider the time decay of the solutions to some problems arising in strain gradient thermoelasticity. We restrict to the two-dimensional case, and we assume that two dissipative mechanisms are introduced, the temperature and the mass dissipation. First, we show that this problem is well-posed proving that the operator defining it generates a contractive semigroup of linear operators. Then, assuming that the function involving the coupling terms is elliptic, the exponential decay of the solutions is concluded as well as the analyticity of the solutions. Finally, we describe how to obtain the exponential stability in the case of hyperbolic dissipation.
Mixed-language input and infant volubility: Friend or foe?
Authors: Ruan Yufang , Byers-Heinlein Krista , Orena Adriel John , Polka Linda
Published: May 2023

Language mixing is a common feature of many bilingually-raised children's input. Yet how it is related to their language development remains an open question. The current study investigated mixed-language input indexed by observed (30-second segment) counts and proportions in day-long recordings as well as parent-reported scores, in relation to infant vocal activeness (i.e., volubility) when infants were 10 and 18 months old. Results suggested infants who received a higher score or proportion of mixed input in one-on-one social contexts were less voluble. However, within contexts involving language mixing, infants who heard more words were also the ones who produced more vocalizations. These divergent associations between mixed input and infant vocal development point for a need to better understand the causal factors that drive these associations.
Sociodemographic disparities in purchases of fruit drinks with policy relevant front-of-package nutrition claims
Authors: Duffy Emily , Ng Shu Wen , Hall Marissa G , Bercholz Maxime , Rebolledo Natalia , Musicus Aviva , Taillie Lindsey Smith
Published: May 2023

Objective:

Our objectives were to describe sociodemographic characteristics associated with the purchase of (1) any fruit drinks and (2) fruit drinks with specific front-of-package (FOP) nutrition claims.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

USA

Participants:

We merged fruit drink purchasing data from 60 712 household-months from 5233 households with children 0–5 years participating in Nielsen Homescan in 2017 with nutrition claims data. We examined differences in predicted probabilities of purchasing any fruit drinks by race/ethnicity, income and education. We constructed inverse probability (IP) weights based on likelihood of purchasing any fruit drinks. We used IP-weighted multivariable logistic regression models to examine predicted probabilities of purchasing fruit drinks with specific FOP claims.

Results:

One-third of households with young children purchased any fruit drinks. Non-Hispanic (NH) Black (51·6 %), Hispanic (36·3 %), lower-income (39·3 %) and lower-educated households (40·9 %) were more likely to purchase any fruit drinks than NH White (31·3 %), higher-income (25·8 %) and higher-educated households (30·3 %) (all P < 0·001). In IP-weighted analyses, NH Black households were more likely to purchase fruit drinks with ‘Natural’ and fruit or fruit flavour claims (6·8 % and 3·7 %) than NH White households (4·5 % and 2·7 %) (both P < 0·01). Lower- and middle-income (15·0 % and 13·8 %) and lower- and middle-educated households (15·4 % and 14·5 %) were more likely to purchase fruit drinks with ‘100 % Vitamin C’ claims than higher-income (10·8 %) and higher-educated households (12·9 %) (all P < 0·025).

Conclusions:

We found a higher likelihood of fruit drink purchases in lower-income, lower-educated, NH Black and Hispanic households. Experimental studies should determine if nutrition claims may be contributing to disparities in fruit drink consumption.
“Building A Great Organization for War”: The Associational State and Woman’s War Work in North Carolina, 1917–1919
Authors: Finney Nathan K.
Published: May 2023

The entry of the United States into the First World War and the integration of women into mobilization expanded women-run private initiatives and integrated their associational efforts into the war effort. This created greater visibility of women and children to state and federal governments. In the end, however, the increased attention and mobilization of private organizations by the state around women’s issues was fleeting. The alacrity with which North Carolina dispensed with these mechanisms for mobilization is an example of their purpose as associational measures to manage the dynamics of wartime and maintain pre-war hierarchies of power. Throughout the war, the bifurcation of work based on gender and the unfixed status of women created a situation in which their participation required constant negotiation. The need to negotiate participation in the mobilization was itself an outgrowth of the conflicted relationship between American government and civil society over women’s issues. After the war, these issues again became the purview of private organizations and other systems of extra-governmental governance that leveraged a more associational relationship with federal and state governments.
Performance of unoccupied aerial application systems for aquatic weed management: Two novel case studies
Authors: Howell Andrew W. , Leon Ramon G. , Everman Wesley J. , Mitasova Helena , Nelson Stacy A.C. , Richardson Robert J.
Published: May 2023

Unoccupied aerial application systems (UAAS) are gaining popularity for weed management to increase applicator safety and to deliver herbicide treatments where treatment sites limit ground-based spray equipment. Several studies have documented UAAS application strategies and procedures for weed control in terrestrial settings, yet literature describing remote spray technology for use in aquatics remains limited. Currently, applicators seek guidance for UAAS deployment for aquatic weed management to overcome site access restrictions, deal with environmental limitations, and improve ground-based applicator safety in hazardous treatment scenarios. In the present case studies, we evaluate a consumer-available UAAS to deliver the herbicide, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, as both foliar and directed in-water spray applications. The first case study showed that the invasive floating-leaved plant, yellow floating heart, was controlled 80% to 99% by 6 wk after treatment (WAT) following UAAS foliar herbicide treatments. The second case study demonstrated that UAAS directed in-water herbicide application reduced variable-leaf watermilfoil visible plant material by 94% at 5 WAT. Likewise, directed in-water applications from UAAS eliminated the need to deploy watercraft, which improved overall operational efficiency. Data from both case studies indicate that UAAS can provide an effective and efficient treatment strategy for floating-leaved and submersed plant control among common herbicide treatment scenarios. Future integration of UAAS in aquatic weed control programs is encouraged, especially among smaller treatment sites (≤4 ha) or where access limits traditional spray operations.
Konversionsstörungen mit funktionellen neurologischen Symptomen
Authors: Noeker Meinolf
Published: May 2023

Störungen mit funktionellen neurologischen Symptomen, besser bekannt unter dem traditionellen Begriff der Konversionsstörungen, reichen weit in die Geschichte der Psychotherapie zurück und haben bis heute nichts von ihrer Rätselhaftigkeit verloren. Sie präsentieren sich mit neurologisch imponierenden Symptomen, die jedoch ohne biomedizinischen Befund und Erklärung bleiben. Drei Gruppen stehen im Vordergrund: Bewegungsstörungen (z.B. Gangstörungen oder Lähmungen), sensorische Störungen (z.B. Sehschwäche bis hin zu funktioneller Blindheit) sowie dissoziative Anfälle, die an eine Epilepsie denken lassen, jedoch ein vollständig normales EEG zeigen. Die Abgrenzung pädiatrischer und neurologischer Differenzialdiagnosen ist medizinisch komplex.
Der Leitfaden informiert zunächst über den Stand der Forschung zu Symptomatik, Klassifikation und Differenzialdiagnose. Diagnostische Verfahren legen den Fokus auf eine strukturierte Anamnese des Symptomverlaufs, die vorausgehenden individuellen und familiären Entwicklungsbedingungen, aktuelle Auslösefaktoren und die psychosozialen Folgebelastungen. Die Leitlinien zur Therapie eröffnen ein breites Spektrum verhaltensmedizinischer und psychotherapeutischer Interventionen. Ausgehend von einem für die Familie schlüssigen Störungskonzept umfasst die individualisierte Therapie eine Kombination aus symptomzentrierten und konfliktorientierten Ansätzen. Dazu zählen u.a. die Diagnosemitteilung, Psychoedukation, die Bearbeitung exzessiver Krankheitsangst, Aktivierung und Mobilisierung, Kontingenzmanagement, Interventionen bei Schulabsentismus, Imagination und Mentales Training, Achtsamkeitsbasierte Verfahren, Selbstkontrollverfahren bei Anfällen, Physiotherapie sowie konfliktorientierte Verfahren der Teilearbeit und Stuhltechniken. Verschiedene Praxismaterialien und Fallbeispiele erleichtern die Umsetzung der Leitlinien im klinischen Alltag
Harm Reduction Treatment for Substance Use
Authors: Collins Susan E. , Clifasefi Seema L.
Published: May 2023

Harm reduction approaches are effective, patient-driven alternatives to abstinence-based treatment for people who are not ready, willing, or able to stop using substances. This volume outlines the scientific basis and historical development of these approaches, and reviews why abstinence-based approaches often do not work. The authors then share their expertise about harm reduction treatment (HaRT), an empirically based approach co-developed with community members impacted by substance-related harm – a first of its kind. The reader learns in detail about the pragmatic mindset and compassionate heartset of HaRT and the three treatment components: measurement and tracking of patient-preferred substance-related metrics, harm-reduction goal setting and achievement, and discussion of safer-use strategies. This volume walks practitioners through all components, provides example scripts for use in daily practice, and illustrates the work through case studies and input from community members. Handouts are available for use in daily practice. This is essential reading for clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, and researchers who encounter people who have substance-use problems.
Dynamic Rupture Models, Fault Interaction and Ground Motion Simulations for the Segmented Húsavík‐Flatey Fault Zone, Northern Iceland
Authors: Li Bo , Gabriel Alice‐Agnes , Ulrich Thomas , Abril Claudia , Halldorsson Benedikt
Published: May 2023

The Húsavík‐Flatey Fault Zone (HFFZ) is the largest strike‐slip fault in Iceland and poses a high seismic risk to coastal communities. To investigate physics‐based constraints on earthquake hazards, we construct three fault system models of varying geometric complexity and model 79 3‐D multi‐fault dynamic rupture scenarios in the HFFZ. By assuming a simple regional prestress and varying hypocenter locations, we analyze the rupture dynamics, fault interactions, and the associated ground motions up to 2.5 Hz. All models account for regional seismotectonics, topo‐bathymetry, 3‐D subsurface velocity, viscoelastic attenuation, and off‐fault plasticity, and we explore the effect of fault roughness. The rupture scenarios obey earthquake scaling relations and predict magnitudes comparable to those of historical events. We show how fault system geometry and segmentation, hypocenter location, and prestress can affect the potential for rupture cascading, leading to varying slip distributions across different portions of the fault system. Our earthquake scenarios yield spatially heterogeneous near‐field ground motions modulated by geometric complexities, topography, and rupture directivity, particularly in the near‐field. The average ground motion attenuation characteristics of dynamic rupture scenarios of comparable magnitudes and mean stress drop are independent of variations in source complexity, magnitude‐consistent and in good agreement with the latest regional empirical ground motion models. However, physics‐based ground motion variability changes considerably with fault‐distance and increases for unilateral compared to bilateral ruptures. Systematic variations in physics‐based near‐fault ground motions provide important insights into the mechanics and potential earthquake hazard of large strike‐slip fault systems, such as the HFFZ.
El Niño‐Related Stratification Anomalies Over the Continental Slope Off Oregon in Summer 2014 and 2015: The Potential Vorticity Advection Mechanism
Authors: Kurapov Alexander L.
Published: May 2023

Over the continental slope off Oregon at the US West Coast, at 44.6°N, vertical stratification is found to be anomalously weak in July–August of 2014 and 2015 both in a regional ocean circulation model and conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) profile observations. To understand the responsible mechanism, we focus on the layer between the isopycnal surfaces σθ = 26.5 and 26.25 kg m−3 that is found between depths 100 and 300 m and represents material properties characteristic of the slope poleward undercurrent and shelf‐slope exchange. This layer thickness, about 50 m on average, can be twice as large during the above‐mentioned periods. In the 2009–2018 model analysis, this anomaly is revealed over the continental slope only in summers 2014 and 2015 and only off the Oregon and Washington coasts (40°–47°N). The stratification anomaly is explained as the effect of advection of the seasonal along‐slope potential vorticity (PV) gradient by an anomalously strong poleward slope current. In the annual cycle, the zone of strong along‐slope PV gradient is found between 40° and 47°N, supported by the local upwelling that results in the injection of the large PV in the bottom boundary layer over the shelf followed by its offshore transport in the slope region. The positive along‐slope current anomaly propagates to Oregon with coastally trapped waves as part of the El Niño oceanic response and can be up to 0.1 m s−1. Advection by this anomalous poleward current results in transporting the seasonal PV gradient earlier in the season than on average.
Changes in the Size Distributions of Oxalic Acid and Related Polar Compounds Over Northern Japan During Spring
Authors: Deshmukh Dhananjay Kumar , Kawamura Kimitaka , Kobayashi Minoru , Gowda Divyavani
Published: May 2023

Size distributions of chemical species provide evidence for their sources and formation mechanisms. Size‐segregated aerosols with 12 sizes were collected over Northern Japan (Sapporo: 43.07°N and 141.35°E) during the spring (9 April–21 May) of 2001 and analyzed for water‐soluble organic and inorganic species. The dominances of SO42– and NH4+ in submicron (Da < 1.1 μm) and Na+ and Ca2+ in supermicron (Da > 1.1 μm) aerosols suggest substantial contributions from anthropogenic sources, sea‐salt and dust particles via long‐range atmospheric transport. Oxalic acid (C2) is the dominant organic species followed by malonic (C3) and succinic (C4) acid. A supermicron mode enrichment of C2 is heavily involved with the long‐range transport of dust particles, whereas submicron mode C2 was influenced by anthropogenic sources from the East Asian continent. The size distributions of shorter‐chain diacids (C3–C6), phthalic (Ph) and glyoxylic acid are consistent with those of C2, whereas azelaic acid (C9) is enriched in submicron and supermicron modes by the influences of continental and marine air masses. The mass concentration ratios of C3/C4 in submicron (1.5–2.3) and supermicron (1.2–1.8) mode demonstrated that water‐soluble organic aerosols in Sapporo were photochemically processed during long‐range transport. The Ph/C9 ratios show that the influence of anthropogenic sources on 9–28 April samples was pronounced in supermicron (2.5–2.9) than the submicron (1.1–1.2) particles, and vice‐versa on 6–21 May samples. These contrast distributions suggest that the continental air masses from East Asia and marine air masses from the surrounding ocean likely control the chemical composition of aerosols over Northern Japan.
On Clustering of Floating Tracers in Random Velocity Fields
Authors: Meacham Jamie , Berloff Pavel
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we investigate the aggregation of a floating tracer into clusters. Motivated by observations of dense patches of buoyant material in the real ocean (e.g., microplastic pollutants, plankton, and sargassum), we develop an idealized model that can reproduce the clustering process. A stochastic, kinematic 2D velocity field is chosen to represent turbulent oceanic surface currents, with a weakly divergent component. Lagrangian particles are introduced and we track their concentrations. We differ from delta‐correlated fields used in previous studies by including finite time correlations. Clustering in these fields can be compared to the traditional setting, through global measures and cluster detection algorithms. The enhanced velocity fields can be deformed using various interpolation methods. We can then investigate the sensitivity of clustering to the representation of temporal/spatial velocity structure to inform future studies of this phenomenon. We find coherency of time‐correlated velocities leads to significantly faster rates of clustering, causing a larger number of longer lived/more populated clusters to form. Clustering is likely relevant to a host of biogeochemical processes of urgent interest, such as phytoplankton blooms and the ecological risk of microplastic pollutants. This work aims to establish an accurate basis for clustering simulations, to enable further exploration.
Ice Freeze‐Up and Break‐Up in Arctic Rivers Observed With Satellite L‐Band Passive Microwave Data From 2010 to 2020
Authors: Podkowa A. , Kugler Z. , Nghiem S. V. , Brakenridge G. R.
Published: May 2023

The timing of ice freeze‐up and break‐up in the Arctic may be responding to climate change. Passive microwave remote sensing is a powerful technique for monitoring this timing. We processed low‐frequency microwave time series from the European Space Agency Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission for a set of 31 satellite gauging reaches (SGRs) above 65°N between 2010 and 2020 to determine timing of freeze‐up and break‐up and annual river ice durations. We found indication of progressive ice cover reduction over more than half of the monitored river reaches, with possibly the fastest rate occurring over northeast Russia. Some rivers in high‐latitude North America experienced a slight increase in ice cover. Across the data set, we observed an average 2.2 days shift toward later ice freeze‐up in autumn and an average 0.6 days shift toward earlier ice break‐up in spring, resulting in an average decrease of 3.4 days in ice duration between 2010 and 2020. River reaches with the longest duration of ice cover appeared to have experienced the fastest rate of decrease. A possible reduction of the time lag between air temperature rise or fall and corresponding river ice break‐up and freeze‐up was also observed. Yet results on variability are carefuly interpreted given the short length of the time series (2010–2020) and the low statistical confidence rates calculated for the decadal tendency. Still outcomes are consistent with increases in global and Arctic surface air temperature. Following these time series over the next decade using passive microwave satellite sensors can monitor ice cover duration in the Arctic and will further determine temporal and regional trends.
Controls on the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Rainfall‐Runoff Event Characteristics—A Large Sample of Catchments Across Great Britain
Authors: Zheng Yanchen , Coxon Gemma , Woods Ross , Li Jianzhu , Feng Ping
Published: May 2023

This study reveals the spatiotemporal variability of event characteristics and their controls from 290,743 rainfall‐runoff events across 431 Great Britain catchments. Metrics characterizing event runoff coefficient, event timescale and normalized peak discharge and their mean, variability and seasonality statistics are extracted to quantify event characteristics. Using random forest models, we find climate attributes are most influential in controlling the spatial pattern, with land cover, geology and soil properties also playing a critical role especially for explaining the variability of event runoff response. Rainfall characteristics (particularly rainfall depth) exhibit dominant controls on the temporal dynamic at event scale, while catchment initial state (antecedent soil moisture) determines its seasonal variations. Clear regional patterns of event characteristics are observed in Great Britain, while the influences of geology and anthropogenic activities on local differences are detected. Extremely low runoff coefficient values (<0.05) but with high variability are typical in Chalk catchments in Southeast region. Flashy events with short event timescale (<10 hr) and less seasonality of runoff response are observed in urban catchments. A large reservoir close to a gauge leads to the reduction of peak flows, yet the deviation is relatively small in summer. The impact of surface water abstractions is not obvious in our data set, whereas the impact of groundwater abstractions largely reflects the geology. This study provides the basis for regionalization studies by revealing the (dis)similarities of catchment runoff response and emphasizes the need for further research into the role of geology and human activities on rainfall‐runoff characteristics.
Global Sensitivity Analysis of a Dam Breaching Model: To Which Extent Is Parameter Sensitivity Case‐Dependent?
Authors: Schmitz V. , Arnst M. , El Kadi Abderrezzak K. , Pirotton M. , Erpicum S. , Archambeau P. , Dewals B.
Published: May 2023

Failure of dams and dikes often leads to devastating consequences in protected areas. Numerical models are instrumental tools to assess flood risk and guide emergency management, but numerous uncertainties affect model outcomes. Identifying uncertain model input parameters that induce high uncertainties in model outputs is essential. This paper focuses on two model outputs: the maximum breach discharge and the time to reach this peak. Using our implementation of a simplified physically based dam breaching model developed by Wu (2016), a global sensitivity analysis was conducted based on Sobol indices of total order. Unlike in most previous studies, many different configurations (twenty‐seven), both at laboratory and field scales, were considered. For each of them, input variables were ranked according to the significance of the contribution of their uncertainty to the output variability, and the dependency between reference configurations and sensitivity analysis results was highlighted. Depending on the considered case study, input parameter uncertainties with the largest impact on output variability were different, and so was the magnitude of output uncertainties. We demonstrate that sensitivity analysis results obtained for a specific configuration cannot be transferred as it to other configurations. Finally, sensitivity and uncertainty quantification results were combined in a decision tree to determine which input parameter uncertainty is the most critical in each configuration and what standard deviation in the output variables is expected. The global sensitivity analysis procedure presented here may apply to a wide variety of models in environmental sciences.
Assessing Outcomes in Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Scenarios Shortly After Deployment
Authors: Hueholt Daniel M. , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Hurrell James W. , Richter Jadwiga H. , Sun Lantao
Published: May 2023

Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) is a proposed form of climate intervention that would release reflective particles into the stratosphere, thereby reducing solar insolation and cooling the planet. The climate response to SAI is not well understood, particularly on short‐term time horizons frequently used by decision‐makers and planning practitioners to assess climate information. We demonstrate two framings to explore the climate response in the decade after SAI deployment in modeling experiments with parallel SAI and no‐SAI simulations. The first framing, which we call a snapshot around deployment, displays change over time within the SAI scenarios and applies to the question “What happens before and after SAI is deployed in the model?” The second framing, the intervention impact, displays the difference between the SAI and no‐SAI simulations, corresponding to the question “What is the impact of a given intervention relative to climate change with no intervention?” We apply these framings to annual mean 2 m temperature, precipitation, and a precipitation extreme during the 10 yr after deployment in two large ensembles of Earth system model simulations that comprehensively represent both the SAI injection process and climate response, and connect these results to implications for other climate variables. We show that SAI deployment robustly reduces changes in many high‐impact climate variables even on these short timescales where the forced response is relatively small, but that details of the climate response depend on the model version, greenhouse gas emissions scenario, and other aspects of the experimental design.