bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial intentions and behaviours of South African University Students
Authors: Viviers Suzette , Solomon Goosain , Venter Chanel
Published: March 2016

The entrepreneurial intentions and behaviours of South African university students are important factors to consider when developing entrepreneurship offerings at local universities. This article reports on pertinent findings from a study which set out to determine South African students’ career choice intentions and entrepreneurship behaviours as well as their knowledge and utilisation of, demand for and satisfaction with entrepreneurship offerings of local universities relative to international universities. A survey, using a 15-question structured web-based instrument was used to capture the responses from university students across 26 nations in the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey (GUESSS) conducted in 2011. Key findings are that few South Africa university students intend to enter into an entrepreneurship career immediately after completion of their studies, whereas close to a third of respondents were interested in doing so five years after graduation. The vast majority of students were satisfied with entrepreneurship offerings at South African universities. More physical support such as network access platforms are however needed as well as awareness of and access to small business funding mechanisms. Better marketed and focussed entrepreneurship offerings are essential to foster an environment at South African universities to promote entrepreneurship as career choice.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial intentions, Entrepreneurial behaviours, Global financial crisis, South African university students
Entrepreneurship in motion: Towards an interdisciplinary and an eclectic perspective
Authors: Mahadea Darma
Published: March 2016

During the past two decades there has been a heightened policy and research interest in the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship in South Africa and other countries. The recent focus on entrepreneurship has made an understanding that the nature or role of entrepreneurs is essential for economic growth and business development. Without entrepreneurs, there cannot be any entrepreneurship, whether in a large or small venture. It is increasingly realized that SMME entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship are critical to the generation of output growth, employment creation, wealth expansion, revenue generation and poverty alleviation for individual and national prosperity, when many large firms are downsizing and retrenching labour, amidst a background of recessionary circumstances and fiscal stress. Entrepreneurship has been conceptualized by different schools of thought, stressing different functions, under diverse circumstances in different historical times. This paper critically examines the nature of entrepreneurship by selectively drawing from the economic, management and psychological schools. It then presents an eclectic view of entrepreneurship related to decision-making ability under conditions of uncertainty by individuals who have access to and can control the utilization of resources in response to opportunities. The paper offers some pointers for enhancing the supply of effective entrepreneurship at the national level in South Africa, and suggests that an interdisciplinary approach is needed to gain a better understanding of entrepreneurship.
Development model for family business successions evaluation with a South African Case Study
Authors: Emuze Fidelis , Adendorf Chris , Ward Graham
Published: March 2016

Family businesses (FB) contribute between 45 and 90% to global gross domestic product (GDP). However, empirical research has raised the alarm pertaining to the need to prolong the longevity of such businesses. Findings indicate that within the next 5 years, over 50% of FB executives could retire from day to day running of such businesses. This highlights the significance of successful business successions. The dynamics around the succession process and the criteria influencing successful successions have thus engaged the attention of researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to better understand the development of successors in FB. The study began with a literature survey through which a development model was identified. The study then went on to evaluate the model through an FB case study. The single qualitative case study was used to test whether the six (6) prepositions proposed in the model applied to the case that was studied. Through one-on one interviews and a qualitative data analysis, it was observed that the 6 prepositions were applicable to the FB. In other words, FB grappling with succession planning can be advised to endeavour to understand and take actions aligned with the prepositions.
Keywords: Family businesses, Small businesses, Shareholders, Succession
Constraints on decision making regarding post-commencement finance in Business rescue
Authors: Pretorius Marius , Du Preez Wanya
Published: March 2016

Since its introduction, business rescue has become a critical consideration in business strategy decision making. One of the critical components of business rescue, which appears largely unsuccessful to date, involves securing post-commencement finance (PCF) to restore the company’s financial health. Despite extensive theory in the literature on failure, there is a void regarding post-commencement finance. Specialist practitioners and financiers with extensive experience in rescue and turnaround were interviewed in this study. Findings showed that many critical factors and reasons for lack of interest are due to the newness of the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008 (introduced May 2011). These include business rescue filing being left too late; the poor financial state of the business that files for rescue; and the significant impact on the outcome by some of the key players (especially the financiers and business rescue practitioners). Better understanding of this aspect would be beneficial for creditors, rescue practitioners, shareholders, government regulators, court officials and educators alike.

Key words: business rescue, post-commencement finance, turnaround, decision making
Stakeholder expectations of the Business Rescue Plan from a South African perspective
Authors: Rosslyn-Smith Wesley , Pretorius Marius
Published: March 2016

Background: A business rescue plan has to comply with a new and vague set of obligations regulated by South African legislation. Expectations of the plan are largely unknown, yet crucial in determining compliance. Establishing an effective benchmark for the plan is essential for the growth and success of the industry.

Purpose: The study set out to answer these questions: What are the most crucial elements needed to fill the gap between the specifics of the Companies Act (2008) and the further elements needed to meet the plan’s primary objective of providing adequate information to stakeholders? What are the international principles applicable to rehabilitation plans and what elements underpin them?

Method: Thirteen industry experts were selected and interviewed to identify the most crucial elements of the business rescue plan. Sampling was a combination of convenience and purposive sampling. Data collection obtained data on subjects’ opinions, rankings, agreement and ratings.

Results: The study was able to confirm that there is indeed a gap between the mandatory elements prescribed in section 150(2) and the provision of sufficient information required by section 150(1) of the Companies Act No. 71 of 2008. The survey revealed that in the subjects’ expert opinion, the international principles are applicable to the business rescue plan.

Conclusion: The crucial elements of the rehabilitation plan selected by the experts offer insight and clarity in terms of what is expected of the plan.

 

Key words: Business Rescue, Companies Act, Business Plans, Measurement, Insolvency, Turnaround, Reorganisation
The entrepreneurial orientation - Performance relationship: A South African small business perspective
Authors: Matchaba-Hove Tony , Farrington Shelley , Sharp Gary
Published: March 2016

The high failure rate among small businesses in South Africa has created an urgent need to identify strategies that will improve their levels of performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurially orientated strategies implemented by small businesses in the Eastern Cape and the influence of these strategies on business performance. Entrepreneurial orientated strategies were assessed in terms of the five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, namely innovativeness, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, risk-taking and autonomy. Business performance was assessed in terms of profitability and growth. A measuring instrument was developed based on valid and reliable items. Statistical techniques including descriptive statistics, Pearson’s product moment correlations and structural equation modelling, were performed on data gathered from 317 small business enterprises. The results of this study showed that the more small businesses implement the strategies of proactive innovativeness, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy, and the less risk-taking their strategies are, the more likely their businesses are to be successful.

Key words: Small business, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial orientation
La reivindicación democrática a través de las viñetas. Las temáticas del humor gráfico en el periódico vasco Egin (1977)
Authors: Castañeda Zumeta Aitor , Pineda-Martínez Paula
Published: March 2016

El estudio pretende identificar las temáticas empleadas en las tiras cómicas del periódico vasco Egin (1977/98) durante el primer año de su existencia. El diario, de tendencia “abertzale”, resultó de gran impacto en la sociedad vasca de la Transición por ser el primero en encuadrarse plenamente en aquel espectro social de la izquierda, y por dedicar toda una página al humor gráfico. Metodología. Se lleva a cabo un análisis temático de las tiras cómicas que se encuentran en la página de entretenimiento del diario durante todo 1977. Del mismo modo, se emplean técnicas cuantitativas para medir la frecuencia de las temáticas identificadas. Resultados y conclusiones. Los resultados muestran una clara preferencia de los autores por los temas relacionados con la reivindicación democrática, así como la muestra de un contrapunto entre las tesis del nacionalismo vasco tradicional contra un nuevo nacionalismo que se está gestando a través de la izquierda.
The Development of International Law through the Unauthorised Conduct of International Institutions
Authors: Van der Vyver JD (Johan)
Published: March 2016

The law, including international law, is subject to continuous change. It can be adapted to changing circumstances through formal amendments of or additions to existing norms and practices. It can also be changed through the conduct of international institutions that is not within their legally defined competencies, provided - it will be argued - that the unauthorised conduct (a) is not expressly forbidden by existing rules of international law, and (b) is accepted or condoned by a cross-section of the international community of states. The creation by the Security Council of the United Nations of ad hoc international criminal tribunals, for example, cannot even with a stretch of the imagination be justified on the basis of the powers of the Council stipulated in the UN Charter. However, their creation was applauded by the nations of the world as a feasible and practical way of responding to the atrocities of the early 1990's in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The creation of international criminal tribunals by the Security Council has thus come to be accepted as a new rule of international law. The same reasoning is applied to the newly acquired competence of NATO forces to intervene militarily on humanitarian grounds as exemplified by the NATO bombing campaign of 1999 in Serbia, while not one of the NATO countries was being attacked or under threat of an attack, and the competence of States to attack terrorist groups in a foreign country if the government of that country is either unwilling or unable to prevent the ongoing acts of terror violence.
Anti-Money Laundering Regulations and the Effective Use of Mobile Money in South Africa – Part 2
Authors: Kersop M , Du Toit SF
Published: March 2016

Mobile financial services, specifically mobile money, has the potential to expand access to financial services to millions of unbanked people in South Africa. As such, it looks very promising in terms of financial inclusion. However, concerns exist that mobile money can be detrimental to financial integrity since there are several proven risk factors linked to mobile financial services. These risk factors make mobile money very susceptible to money laundering. The potential for abuse and the need for appropriate controls is therefore something which cannot be ignored. While the South African legislator has made provision for comprehensive anti-money laundering preventative measures by means of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001, there exists no South African legislation explicitly concerned with mobile money. It is therefore difficult to determine what the regulatory stance is in terms of mobile money in South Africa. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is, however, currently focusing attention on the effect which mobile money may have on financial integrity. The latest FATF Recommendations make provision for several anti-money laundering controls which are specifically applicable to mobile money, including controls regarding money or value transfer services and new technologies. While it is always difficult to balance financial integrity and financial inclusion, the risk-based approach makes it possible for governments to implement effective antimoney laundering measures, thereby preserving financial integrity, without the need to compromise on financial inclusion objectives. The fact that South Africa has not fully adopted a risk-based approach is a problem which needs to be addressed if mobile money is to deliver on its promises for financial inclusion, without being detrimental to financial integrity.
Finding Property in New Places – Property in Cyber and Outer Space
Authors: Erlank W
Published: March 2016

The fields of virtual property and property in space are both new areas of property law that could not have been envisaged a hundred years ago. In both of these new fields, things and other objects of property are located in places that have not previously been considered capable of harbouring property in the traditional sense. New technological and societal developments have resulted in both the creation of property (in virtual worlds) and the ability to get to property (in space), and questions have to be asked about how property law can and will function in these new areas. This article discusses some of the important property questions posed by the creation of these new fields of property law. Although there is some correlation between the unique questions posed by the environments that these new areas of law deal with, each of the fields has some idiosyncrasies that are influenced to a large degree by the location of the property objects in each area. This article highlights these similarities, while simultaneously pointing out some of the main differences between them and traditional (Earth-based) property law.
A Few South African Cents' Worth on Bitcoin
Authors: Nieman A
Published: March 2016

This article is aimed at augmenting current awareness of virtual currencies ("VCs") in the South African legal community. To this end, it introduces the reader to VCs in general and decentralised convertible VCs ("DCVCs") in particular. Due to their design and interaction with the real economy and currency, DCVCs are on the radar of many financial regulators worldwide. As Bitcoin is considered the leading type of DCVC in terms of value and volume, its early beginnings in South Africa are probed. Although regulation should follow innovation, awareness of the VC ecosystem will not only warrant appropriate regulatory intervention when the time comes, but will also enable the growth and development opportunities associated with VCs. South Africa has not promulgated any legislation pertaining to VCs. The potential applicability of all current legislation and regulations relevant to VCs calls for in-depth research. This article aspires to serve as an appetiser to do so.
Urban stress-induced biogenic VOC emissions and SOA-forming potentials in Beijing
Authors: Ghirardo Andrea , Xie Junfei , Zheng Xunhua , Wang Yuesi , Grote Rüdiger , Block Katja , Wildt Jürgen , Mentel Thomas , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid , Hallquist Mattias , Butterbach-Bahl Klaus , Schnitzler Jörg-Peter
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Trees can significantly impact the urban air chemistry by the uptake and emission of reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which are involved in ozone and particle formation. Here we present the emission potentials of "constitutive" (cBVOCs) and "stress-induced" BVOCs (sBVOCs) from the dominant broadleaf woody plant species in the megacity of Beijing. Based on the municipal tree census and cuvette BVOC measurements on leaf level, we built an inventory of BVOC emissions, and assessed the potential impact of BVOCs on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in 2005 and 2010, i.e., before and after realizing the large tree-planting program for the 2008 Olympic Games. We found that sBVOCs, such as fatty acid derivatives, benzenoids, and sesquiterpenes, constituted a significant fraction ( ∼  40 %) of the total annual BVOC emissions, and we estimated that the overall annual BVOC budget may have doubled from  ∼  4.8  ×  109 g C year−1 in 2005 to  ∼  10.3  ×  109 g C year−1 in 2010 due to the increase in urban greening, while at the same time the emission of anthropogenic VOCs (AVOCs) decreased by 24 %. Based on the BVOC emission assessment, we estimated the biological impact on SOA mass formation potential in Beijing. Constitutive and stress-induced BVOCs might produce similar amounts of secondary aerosol in Beijing. However, the main contributors of SOA-mass formations originated from anthropogenic sources (> 90 %). This study demonstrates the general importance to include sBVOCs when studying BVOC emissions. Although the main problems regarding air quality in Beijing still originate from anthropogenic activities, the present survey suggests that in urban plantation programs, the selection of low-emitting plant species has some potential beneficial effects on urban air quality.
The role of dew as a nighttime reservoir and morning source for atmospheric ammonia
Authors: Wentworth Gregory R. , Murphy Jennifer G. , Benedict Katherine B. , Bangs Evelyn J. , Collett Jr. Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Several field studies have proposed that the volatilization of NH3 from evaporating dew is responsible for an early morning pulse of ammonia frequently observed in the atmospheric boundary layer. Laboratory studies conducted on synthetic dew showed that the fraction of ammonium (NH4+) released as gas-phase ammonia (NH3) during evaporation is dependent on the relative abundances of anions and cations in the dew. Hence, the fraction of NH3 released during dew evaporation (Frac(NH3)) can be predicted given dew composition and pH. Twelve separate ambient dew samples were collected at a remote high elevation grassland site in Colorado from 28 May to 11 August, 2015. Average [NH4+] and pH were 26 μM and 5.2, respectively, and were on the lower end of dew [NH4+] and pH observations reported in the literature. Ambient dew mass (in g m−2) was monitored with a dewmeter, which continuously measured the mass of a tray containing artificial turf representative of the grass canopy to track the accumulation and evaporation of dew. Simultaneous measurements of ambient NH3 indicated that a morning increase in NH3 was coincident in time with dew evaporation, and that either a plateau or decrease in NH3 occurred once the dew had completely evaporated. This morning increase in NH3 was never observed on mornings without surface wetness (neither dew nor rain, representing one-quarter of mornings during the study period). Dew composition was used to determine an average Frac(NH3) of 0.94, suggesting that nearly all NH4+ is released back to the boundary layer as NH3 during evaporation at this site. An average NH3 emission of 6.2 ng m−2 s−1 during dew evaporation was calculated using total dew volume (Vdew) and evaporation time (tevap), and represents a significant morning flux in a non-fertilized grassland. Assuming a boundary layer height of 150 m, the average mole ratio of NH4+ in dew to NH3 in the boundary layer at sunrise is roughly 1.6 ± 0.7. Furthermore, the observed loss of NH3 during nights with dew is approximately equal to the observed amount of NH4+ sequestered in dew at the onset of evaporation. Hence, there is strong evidence that dew is both a significant night-time reservoir and strong morning source of NH3. The possibility of rain evaporation as a source of NH3, as well as dew evaporation influencing species of similar water solubility (acetic acid, formic acid, and HONO) is also discussed. If release of NH3 from dew and rain evaporation is pervasive in many environments, then estimates of NH3 dry deposition and NHx (≡NH3 + NH4+) wet deposition may be overestimated by models that assume that all NHx deposited in rain and dew remains at the surface.
UV and Infrared Absorption Spectra, Atmospheric Lifetimes, and Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Potentials for CCl2FCCl2F (CFC-112), CCl3CClF2 (CFC-112a), CCl3CF3 (CFC-113a), and CCl2FCF3 (CFC-114a)
Authors: Davis Maxine E. , Bernard François , McGillen Max R. , Fleming Eric L. , Burkholder James B.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The potential impact of the recently observed CCl2FCCl2F (CFC-112), CCl3CClF2 (CFC-112a), CCl3CF3 (CFC-113a), and CCl2FCF3 (CFC-114a) (chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs), on stratospheric ozone and climate are presently not well characterized. In this study, the UV absorption spectra of these CFCs were measured between 192.5–235 nm over the temperature range 207–323 K. Precise parameterizations of the UV absorption spectra are presented. A 2-D atmospheric model was used to evaluate the CFC atmospheric loss processes, lifetimes, ozone depletion potentials (ODPs), and the associated uncertainty ranges in these metrics. The CFCs are primarily removed in the stratosphere by short wavelength UV photolysis with calculated global annually averaged steady-state lifetimes (years) of 63.6 (61.9–64.7), 51.5 (50.0–52.6), 55.4 (54.3–56.3), and 105.3 (102.9–107.4) for CFC-112, CFC-112a, CFC-113a, and CFC-114a, respectively. The range of lifetimes given in parentheses where obtained by including the 2σ uncertainty in the UV absorption spectra and O(1D) rate coefficients in the model calculations. The 2-D model was also used to calculate the CFC ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) with values of 0.98, 0.86, 0.73, and 0.72 obtained for CFC-112, CFC-112a, CFC-113a, and CFC-114a, respectively. Using the infrared absorption spectra and lifetimes determined in this work, the CFCs global warming potentials (GWPs) were estimated to be 4260 (CFC-112), 3330 (CFC-112a), 3650 (CFC-113a), and 6510 (CFC-114a) for the 100-year time-horizon.
Toward autonomous surface-based infrared remote sensing of polar clouds: Cloud height retrievals
Authors: Rowe Penny M. , Cox Christopher J. , Walden Von P.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Polar regions are characterized by their remoteness, making measurements challenging, but an improved knowledge of clouds and radiation is necessary to understand polar climate change. Infrared radiance spectrometers can operate continuously from the surface and have low power requirements relative to active sensors. Here we explore the feasibility of retrieving cloud height with an infrared spectrometer that would be designed for use in remote locations, for single-layer, mixed-phase polar clouds, using the CO2 slicing/sorting and the Minimum Local Emissivity Variance (MLEV) methods. In the absence of imposed errors and for clouds with optical depths greater than ∼0.3, cloud height retrievals from simulated spectra using CO2 slicing/sorting and MLEV are found to have roughly equivalent, high accuracies: at an instrument resolution of 0.5 cm−1, mean biases are found to be ∼0.2 km for low clouds (bases below 2 km) and −0.2 km for medium-to-high clouds (hereafter “high clouds”). Accuracy is found to decrease with decreasing cloud signal and increasing cloud height (independent of signal). Accuracy also decreases with coarsening resolution and becomes worse overall for MLEV than for CO2 slicing/sorting; however, the two methods have differing sensitivity to different sources of error, suggesting an approach that combines them. In the presence of errors, the dependence of retrieval accuracy on resolution is weakened. Further, errors have a small effect on retrievals of low clouds but a large effect on high clouds. Expected errors in the atmospheric state indicate that at a resolution of 0.5 cm−1, instrument noise level and bias of 0.1 mW/(m2 sr cm−1) would permit a retrieval accuracy of −2 ± 2 km for high clouds and ∼0.2 ± 0.5 km for low clouds, for both methods. This study highlights the sensitivity of surface-based infrared spectrometers to low clouds prevalent in polar regions.
Effects of ocean acidification on pelagic carbon fluxes in a mesocosm experiment
Authors: Spilling Kristian , Schulz Kai G. , Paul Allanah J. , Boxhammer Tim , Achterberg Eric P. , Hornick Thomas , Lischka Silke , Stuhr Annegret , Bermúdez Rafael , Czerny Jan , Crawfurd Kate , Brussaard Corina P. D. , Grossart Hans-Peter , Riebesell Ulf
Published: March 2016

Abstract. About a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions are currently taken up by the oceans decreasing seawater pH. We performed a mesocosm experiment in the Baltic Sea in order to investigate the consequences of increasing CO2 levels on pelagic carbon fluxes. A gradient of different CO2 scenarios, ranging from ambient (~ 370 µatm) to high (~ 1200 µatm), were set up in mesocosm bags (~ 55 m3). We determined standing stocks and temporal changes of total particulate carbon (TPC), dissolved organic (DOC), dissolved inorganic (DIC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) of specific plankton groups. We also measured carbon flux via CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and sedimentation (export); and biological rate measurements of primary production, bacterial production and total respiration. The experiment lasted for 44 days and was divided into three different phases (I: t0–t16; II: t17–t30; III: t31–t43). Pools of TPC, DOC and DIC were approximately 420, 7200 and 25 200 mmol C m−2 at the start of the experiment, and the initial CO2 additions increased the DIC pool by ~ 7 % in the highest CO2 treatment. Overall, there was a decrease in TPC and increase of DOC over the course of the experiment. The decrease in TPC was lower, and increase in DOC higher, in treatments with added CO2. During Phase I the estimated gross primary production (GPP) was ~ 100 mmol C fixed m−2 d−1; from which 75–95 % were respired, ~ 1 % ended up in the TPC (including export) and 5–25 % added to the DOC pool. During Phase II, the respiration loss increased to ~ 100 % of GPP at the ambient CO2 concentration, whereas respiration was lower (85–95 % of GPP) in the highest CO2 treatment. Bacterial production was ~ 30 % lower, on average, at the highest CO2 concentration compared with the controls during Phases II and III. This resulted in a higher accumulation DOC standing stock and lower reduction in TPC in the elevated CO2 treatments at the end of Phase II extending throughout Phase III. The "extra" organic carbon at high CO2 remained fixed in an increasing biomass of small-sized plankton and in the DOC pool, and did not transferred into large, sinking aggregates. Our results revealed a clear effect of increasing CO2 on carbon production and mineralization, in particular under nutrient limited conditions. Lower carbon loss processes (respiration and bacterial remineralization) at elevated CO2 levels resulted in higher TPC and DOC pools compared with the ambient CO2 concentration. These results highlight the importance to address not only net changes in carbon standing stocks, but also carbon fluxes and budgets to better disentangle the effects of ocean acidification.
Modeling the diurnal cycle of conserved and reactive species in the convective boundary layer using SOMCRUS
Authors: Lenschow Donald H. , Gurarie David , Patton Edward G.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. We have developed a one-dimensional second-order closure numerical model to study the vertical turbulent transport of trace reactive species in the convective (daytime) planetary boundary layer (CBL), which we call the Second-Order Model for Conserved and Reactive Unsteady Scalars (SOMCRUS). The temporal variation of the CBL depth is calculated using a simple mixed-layer model with a constant entrainment coefficient and zero-order discontinuity at the CBL top. We then calculate time-varying continuous profiles of mean concentrations and vertical turbulent fluxes, variances, and covariances of both conserved and chemically reactive scalars in a diurnally varying CBL. The set of reactive species is the O3–NO–NO2 triad. The results for both conserved and reactive species are compared with large-eddy simulations (LES) for the same free-convection case using the same boundary and initial conditions. For the conserved species, we compare three cases with different combinations of surface fluxes, and CBL and free-troposphere concentrations. We find good agreement of SOMCRUS with LES for the mean concentrations and fluxes of both conserved and reactive species except near the CBL top, where SOMCRUS predicts a somewhat shallower depth, and has sharp transitions in both the mean and turbulence variables, in contrast to more smeared-out variations in the LES due to horizontal averaging. Furthermore, SOMCRUS generally underestimates the variances and species–species covariances. SOMCRUS predicts temperature–species covariances similar to LES near the surface, but much smaller magnitude peak values near the CBL top, and a change in sign of the covariances very near the CBL top, while the LES predicts a change in sign of the covariances in the lower half of the CBL. SOMCRUS is also able to estimate the intensity of segregation (the ratio of the species–species covariance to the product of their means), which can alter the rates of second-order chemical reactions; however, for the case considered here, this effect is small. The simplicity and extensibility of SOMCRUS means that it can be utilized for a broad range of turbulence-mixing scenarios and sets of chemical reactions in the planetary boundary layer; it therefore holds great promise as a tool to incorporate these processes within air quality and climate models.
Linking biogeochemistry to hydro-geometrical variability in tidal estuaries: a generic modeling approach
Authors: Volta Chiara , Laruelle Goulven Gildas , Arndt Sandra , Regnier Pierre
Published: March 2016

Abstract. This study applies the Carbon-Generic Estuary Model (C-GEM) modeling platform to simulate the estuarine biogeochemical dynamics – in particular the air–water CO2 exchange – in three idealized tidal estuaries characterized by increasing riverine influence, from a so-called "marine estuary" to a "riverine estuary". An intermediate case called "mixed estuary" is also considered. C-GEM uses a generic biogeochemical reaction network and a unique set of model parameters extracted from a comprehensive literature survey to perform steady-state simulations representing average conditions for temperate estuaries worldwide. Climate and boundary conditions are extracted from published global databases (e.g., World Ocean Atlas, GLORICH) and catchment model outputs (GlobalNEWS2). The whole-system biogeochemical indicators net ecosystem metabolism (NEM), C and N filtering capacities (FCTC and FCTN, respectively) and CO2 gas exchanges (FCO2) are calculated across the three idealized systems and are related to their main hydrodynamic and transport characteristics. A sensitivity analysis, which propagates the parameter uncertainties, is also carried out, followed by projections of changes in the biogeochemical indicators for the year 2050. Results show that the average C filtering capacities for baseline conditions are 40, 30 and 22 % for the marine, mixed and riverine estuary, respectively, while N filtering capacities, calculated in a similar fashion, range from 22 % for the marine estuary to 18 and 15 % for the mixed and the riverine estuaries. Sensitivity analysis performed by varying the rate constants for aerobic degradation, denitrification and nitrification over the range of values reported in the literature significantly widens these ranges for both C and N. Simulations for the year 2050 suggest that all estuaries will remain largely heterotrophic, although a slight improvement of the estuarine trophic status is predicted. In addition, our results suggest that, while the riverine and mixed systems will only marginally be affected by an increase in atmospheric pCO2, the marine estuary is likely to become a significant CO2 sink in its downstream section. In the decades to come, such a change in behavior might strengthen the overall CO2 sink of the estuary–coastal ocean continuum.
Local impact analysis of climate change on precipitation extremes: are high-resolution climate models needed for realistic simulations?
Authors: Tabari Hossein , De Troch Rozemien , Giot Olivier , Hamdi Rafiq , Termonia Piet , Saeed Sajjad , Brisson Erwan , Van Lipzig Nicole , Willems Patrick
Published: March 2016

Abstract. This study explores whether climate models with higher spatial resolution provide higher accuracy for precipitation simulations and/or different climate change signals. The outputs from two convection-permitting climate models (ALARO and CCLM) with a spatial resolution of 3–4 km are compared with those from the coarse scale driving models or reanalysis data for simulating/projecting daily and sub-daily precipitation quantiles. The high-resolution ALARO and CCLM models reveal an added value to capture sub-daily precipitation extremes during summer compared to the driving GCMs and reanalysis data. Further validation of historical climate simulations based on design precipitation statistics derived from intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves shows a better match of the convection-permitting model results with the observations-based IDF statistics. Results moreover indicate that one has to be careful in assuming spatial scale independency of climate change signals for the delta change downscaling method, as high-resolution models may show larger changes in extreme precipitation. These larger changes appear to be dependent on the climate model, since such intensification is not observed for the ALARO model.
Indian Ocean Dipole modulated wave climate of eastern Arabian Sea
Authors: Anoop T. R. , Sanil Kumar V. , Shanas P. R. , Glejin J. , Amrutha M. M.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Intrinsic modes of variability have a significant role in driving the climatic oscillations in the oceanic processes. In this paper, we investigate the influence of an inter-annual mode of variability, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), on the wave climate of the eastern Arabian Sea (AS). Using measured, modeled and reanalysis wave data and reanalysis wind data, we show that the IOD plays a major role in the variability of wave climate of the study region. Due to the IOD-induced changes in equatorial sea surface temperature and sea level pressure, the winds from the northern AS gets modified and cause inter-annual variability in the wave climate over the eastern AS. The changes in wind field over the AS due to the IOD influence the generation or dissipation of the wave field and hence cause a decrease in northwest short-period waves during positive IOD and an increase during negative IOD.
English in Brazil: Insights from the Analysis of Language Policies, Internationalization Programs and the CLIL Approach
Authors: Finardi Kyria , Leao Roberta , Pinheiro Livia Melina
Published: March 2016

The paper proposes a reflection on the role of English in the globalized world and its teaching/learning in Brazil. With that aim, the study reviews language policies and internationalization programs in Brazil regarding the role of foreign languages in general and of English in particular. The theoretical framework includes a review of an English language teaching (ELT) approach used mainly in Europe, as a result of globalization and internationalization, the Content and Language Integrated Approach (CLIL). In order to support this reflection, a case study was carried out to examine pre-service English teachers’ beliefs on the use of CLIL in Brazil. The results of study show that pre-service English teachers understand the importance of the CLIL approach though they are aware of the various obstacles to its implementation in that context. The study suggests a review of language policies in Brazil so as to ensure a convergence between them and internationalization policies and approaches, at all levels of education. Regarding the ELT approach analyzed, the study concludes that despite the difficulties associated with the implementation of CLIL in Brazil, it represents a relevant alternative in that context.
Perfumes, Aromatics, and Purple Dye: Phoenician Trade and Production in the Greco-Roman Period
Authors: Frangié-Joly Dina
Published: March 2016

This article examines the Phoenician contribution to the aromatic, perfume, and purple dye industries and resultant commerce during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Although the archaeological record is still limited, many other sources—mainly textual—show that both Phoenicia and the Phoenicians were active participants in the production and trade of these commodities.
A Demythologized Auto/Biography: Beginnings and Evolution of Metabiography in Feminine Postmodern Fiction
Authors: Zekri Souhir
Published: March 2016

The postmodern features of English fiction like fragmentation and metafictionality seem to find an equivalent in life writing and metabiography. Such instances of metabiography either expose the protagonist in the process of writing a biography or memoir, and/or include extracts of life writings which are textually incorporated in their original format. The aim of this paper is first to explore the structural characteristics of metabiography and its evolution from a theme to a structure/form, through Henry James’s The Aspern Papers (1888), A.S. Byatt’s The Biographer’s Tale (2000) and Marina Warner’s fiction. As Richard Holmes explains, “the boundaries between fact and fiction have become controversial and perilous” (16), boundaries which are crossed by Warner and Byatt, both postmodern female novelists who rely on the plurality of voices and textual collage instead of the conventional omniscient narrator and the linear narrative represented by James. Second, the focus will be on the strategies combining the aesthetic with the ethical, or “the political desire to write the histories of the marginalised, the forgotten, the unrecorded” (Byatt On Histories 10-11) through metabiographical autobiographies and diaries in Warner’s Indigo and The Lost Father. The life writing themes treated in these novels are also studied in relation to the modernist and postmodernist views of reality, history and representation which they reflect. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on April 27th 2016, and published on February 21st 2016.
The Stranger in the Self. Hofmannsthal’s Relationship to Jewishness
Authors: Osterle David
Published: March 2016

This articles examines Hugo von Hofmannsthal’s changing view on his own Jewish origins from a biographical perspective. In his youth Hofmannsthal not only repeatedly expressed sympathy for the Jews and their plights but also antipathy towards Roman Catholicism. However, the poet’s views got increasingly skeptical towards his great grandfather’s religion from the mid-1890s onwards. This shift of opinion needs to be seen in the context of continued migration of ethnic groups within the multi-ethnic Habsburg empire, especially of Jews and Slavs from Galicia, who were perceived as a threat by large parts of the rest of the population. With recourse to Michel Foucault (Of Other Spaces) Hofmannsthal’s increasing identification with the Catholic culture of the Habsburg monarchy and the suppression of his Jewish heritage can be interpreted as a dialectical process of appropriation and resistance. This article discusses the question, if the poet’s creative biographical engagement with prominent figures of the Habsburg monarchy such as Prince Eugen and Empress Maria Theresa became a surrogate for Hofmannsthal’s own troubled and therefore unwritten history. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on March 6th 2015, and published on February 21st 2016.
The Impact of the Activity Based Costing System (A.B.C.) in the Pricing of Services Banks in the Jordanian commercial Banks: A Field Study
Authors: Al-Bawab Atef Aqeel , Al-Rawashdeh Hani
Published: March 2016

This study aims to identify the impact of the application of Activity Based Costing (A.B.C.) in the pricing of banking services in the Jordanian commercial banks, and to achieve the objectives of this study a questionnaire was designed and analyzed by (SPSS) program, was used descriptive statistics mean, standard deviation and percentages, as well as use the T-test to test the hypothesis of the study. One of the most important results of the study that the (A.B.C.) system helps in pricing and in compute cost of the banks services.

The study recommended that it has to update the hardware and software to suit the (A.B.C.) system, as well as the need to train workers in the Jordanian commercial banks in supervisory positions for the application and implementation of the (A.B.C.) system to help in operations costing and pricing of banking services.
Literature Review of Customer Service Value and Building Customer Value Model under the Internet Service Situation
Authors: Wang Xin , Xu Ming
Published: March 2016

The paper summarizes the study of customer service value at home and abroad, including the connotation of customer service value, analysis of the development history and research content, stage division. Through literature analysis, find out the new research hotspot. On the basis of previous research, the paper build customer value model under the situation of Internet service. In order to carry out further research in academic circles of our country to provide reference and reflection.
Sales Promotion Effectiveness: The Impact of Culture on Demographic Level
Authors: Huynh Kim T.
Published: March 2016

Sales promotion is an essential tool which leads to real increase in sales and profit. According to previous studies, sales promotions are effective at a cross cultural level when they provide benefits that go hand in hand with those of the promoted product. However, there is no literature state about the different sales promotion consumer benefits influences on its effectiveness at the demographic level (urban verses rural). To address this concern, this paper seeks to explore the congruence framework by analyzing how culture at a demographic group level impacts sales promotion. The objective is to investigate whether cultural differences at this level will have an impact at the effectiveness of sales promotion. This conceptual paper sheds light on the influence of culture in demographic group level in determining the response of consumers to sales promotions. The findings will contribute to the understanding of products and promotion types in the Vietnam retailers. It will also allow manufacturing companies to focus better on their strategies for marketing their products towards the Vietnamese consumer.
Effect of Representative Leadership Styles on the Composition of Organization Commitment with the Facilitating Role of Organizational Maturity
Authors: Hassan Hamid , Asad Sarosh , Hoshino Yasuo
Published: March 2016

This study proposes a framework to explore the effect of leadership styles in defining the composition of Organizational Commitment (OC) along effective, normative and continuance dimension. To bring in a more logical choice of leadership styles, limited numbers of representative leadership styles are derived from the long list of styles presented in the contemporary literature. Higher level of organizational maturity is proposed to facilitate the role of leadership style in shaping the composition of OC in three different dimensions. Organizational Maturity is measured by Capability Maturity Model (CMM), stage of Organization Life Cycle and specificity of Organizational Culture. Results support that a more persuasive and participative leadership style enhance the affective and normative commitment while continuance dimension of commitment is maintained under authoritative and unilateral style of leadership.
An Investigation of Factors Affecting Brand Advertising Success and Effectiveness
Authors: Ansari Azarnoush , Riasi Arash
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that affect advertising effectiveness and to investigate the effects of these factors on advertising success. Using a sample of 252 customers the study identified seven factors that affect brand advertising success and effectiveness, namely, advertising message and creativity, advertising media selection, market research, competitiveness, market share, uniqueness, and customer relationship. Path analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used in order to test the proposed conceptual model of the study. The results revealed that advertising media selection has the strongest relationship with brand advertising success and effectiveness and can be considered as the most important factor affecting advertising effectiveness. The second and the third most important factors affecting advertising success were found to be advertising message/creativity and customer relationship. The results also indicated that although competitiveness impacts brand advertising success and effectiveness it is the least important factor among the seven factors identified in this study. Establishing appropriate relationships with customers and other stakeholders in order to understand their needs and demands is an important step toward improving the chances of brand advertising success and effectiveness. These relationships will also help the organizations to design their promotional campaigns according to the characteristics of their target customers which will contribute to the cumulative effectiveness of their brand advertisements.
The Impact of Attitude, Consumer Innovativeness and Interpersonal Influence on Functional Food Consumption
Authors: Bekoglu Filiz Bozkurt , Ergen Ahu , Inci Burcu
Published: March 2016

There is a growing demand towards functional foods which give the consumers a chance to have a healthier diet without changing their current habits. Due to this appealing benefit, functional food market is rapidly growing and there is a raising interest in consumer research regarding functional foods. The main purpose of this study is to explore the impact of attitude towards the necessity of functional food, interpersonal influence and consumer innovativeness on functional food consumption. The secondary purpose is to find out whether functional food consumption varies according to demographic variables. The study covers 695 consumers living in İstanbul. The results show that people who believe functional foods are necessary, who are influenced by other people and who are innovative, are more likely to consume functional foods. It is also found that functional food consumption is higher among single and lower among educated people. Developing a new functional food is an expensive process and the companies need to have detailed knowledge on the products, consumer expectations and motives. So, it is believed that this study will contribute to explore functional food market and consumers in Turkey.