bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ERF54 regulates cold tolerance in Rosa multiflora through DREB/COR signalling pathways
Authors: Chen Linmei , Chen Yeni , Zhang Huanyu , Shen Yuxiao , Cui Yongyi , Luo Ping
Published: January 2024

Ethylene‐responsive factors (ERFs) participate in a wide range of physiological and biological processes. However, many of the functions of ERFs in cold stress responses remain unclear. We, therefore, characterised the cold responses of RmERF54 in Rosa multiflora, a rose‐related cold‐tolerant species. Overexpression of RmERF54, which is a nuclear transcription factor, increases the cold resistance of transgenic tobacco and rose somatic embryos. In contrast, virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) of RmERF54 increased cold susceptibility of R. multiflora. The overexpression of RmERF54 resulted in extensive transcriptional reprogramming of stress response and antioxidant enzyme systems. Of these, the levels of transcripts encoding the PODP7 peroxidase and the cold‐related COR47 protein showed the largest increases in the somatic embryos with ectopic expression of RmERF54. RmERF54 binds to the promoters of the RmPODP7 and RmCOR47 genes and activates expression. RmERF54‐overexpressing lines had higher antioxidant enzyme activities and considerably lower levels of reactive oxygen species. Opposite effects on these parameters were observed in the VIGS plants. RmERF54 was identified as a target of Dehydration‐Responsive‐Element‐Binding factor (RmDREB1E). Taken together, provide new information concerning the molecular mechanisms by which RmERF54 regulates cold tolerance.
Soluble humic acid suppresses plant immunity and ethylene to promote soybean nodulation
Authors: Li Dongmei , Wang Wenqian , Peng Yaqi , Qiu Xiaoqian , Yang Jinshui , Zhang Chunting , Wang Entao , Wang Xuelu , Yuan Hongli
Published: January 2024

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is a crucial process for nitrogen geochemical cycling and plant‐microbe interactions. Water‐soluble humic acid (WSHM), an active component of soil humus, has been shown to promote SNF in the legume‐rhizobial symbiosis, but its molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. To reveal the SNF‐promoting mechanism, we conducted transcriptomic analysis on soybean treated with WSHM. Our findings revealed that up‐ and downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in plant cell‐wall/membrane formation and plant defence/immunity in the early stage, while the late stage was marked by the flavonoid synthesis and ethylene biosynthetic process. Further study on representative DEGs showed that WSHM could inhibit GmBAK1d‐mediated immunity and BR signalling, thereby promoting rhizobial colonisation, infection, and nodulation, while not favoring pathogenic bacteria colonisation on the host plant. Additionally, we also found that the ethylene pathway is necessary for promoting the soybean nodulation by WSHM. This study not only provides a significant advance in our understanding of the molecular mechanism of WSHM in promoting SNF, but also provides evidence of the beneficial interactions among the biostimulator, host plant, and soil microbes, which have not been previously reported.
Spontaneous clinical remission of Nagashima‐type palmoplantar keratoderma in a patient of Korean descent with a heterozygous SERPINB7 mutation
Authors: Thakker Sach , Owusu‐Agyei Mariah , Marchalik Rachel , Kang Jun Kevin
Published: January 2024

Nagashima‐type palmoplantar keratoderma (NPPK) is an autosomal recessive form of diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) characterized by thickening and redness of palms and/or soles. In this report, we describe a female patient of Korean descent who had clinical remission of her adult‐onset NPPK. To our knowledge, she is the first reported heterozygous SERBINB7 mutation carrier to present with classic NPPK who achieved spontaneous clinical remission.
The potential of Nordic microalgae in nutrient removal from anaerobic digestion effluents
Authors: Mohammadkhani Ghasem , Mahboubi Amir , Plöhn Martin , Funk Christiane , Ylitervo Päivi
Published: January 2024

Anaerobic digestion is a promising method for organic waste treatment. While the obtained digestate can function as fertilizer, the liquid fraction produced is rather problematic to discharge due to its high nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand contents. Microalgae have great potential in sustainable nutrient removal from wastewater. This study aimed at evaluating native Swedish microalgae cultivation (batch operation mode, 25°C and continuous light of 80 μmol m−2 s−1) on anaerobic digestion effluent of pulp and paper sludge (PPS) or chicken manure (CKM) to remove ammonium and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). While algal strains, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum sp., Coelastrella sp., Scotiellopsis reticulata and Desmodesmus sp., could assimilate VFAs as carbon source, acetic acid was the most preferred. Higher algal biomass and cell densities were achieved using PPS compared to CKM. In PPS, Coelastrella sp. and Chlorella vulgaris reached the highest cell densities after 15 days, about 79 × 106 and 43 × 106 cells mL−1, respectively. Although in PPS, ammonium was completely assimilated (195 mg L−1), this was only 46% (172 mg L−1) in CKM. Coelastrella sp. produced the highest biomass concentration independently of the medium (1.84 g L−1 in PPS and 1.99 g L−1 in CKM). This strain is a promising candidate for nutrient removal and biomass production in the aforementioned media, followed by Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorococcum sp. They have great potential to reduce the environmental impact of industrial anaerobic digestion effluents in Nordic countries.
Evaluating the effectiveness of artifact correction and rejection in event‐related potential research
Authors: Zhang Guanghui , Garrett David R. , Simmons Aaron M. , Kiat John E. , Luck Steven J.
Published: January 2024

Eyeblinks and other large artifacts can create two major problems in event‐related potential (ERP) research, namely confounds and increased noise. Here, we developed a method for assessing the effectiveness of artifact correction and rejection methods in minimizing these two problems. We then used this method to assess a common artifact minimization approach, in which independent component analysis (ICA) is used to correct ocular artifacts, and artifact rejection is used to reject trials with extreme values resulting from other sources (e.g., movement artifacts). This approach was applied to data from five common ERP components (P3b, N400, N170, mismatch negativity, and error‐related negativity). Four common scoring methods (mean amplitude, peak amplitude, peak latency, and 50% area latency) were examined for each component. We found that eyeblinks differed systematically across experimental conditions for several of the components. We also found that artifact correction was reasonably effective at minimizing these confounds, although it did not usually eliminate them completely. In addition, we found that the rejection of trials with extreme voltage values was effective at reducing noise, with the benefits of eliminating these trials outweighing the reduced number of trials available for averaging. For researchers who are analyzing similar ERP components and participant populations, this combination of artifact correction and rejection approaches should minimize artifact‐related confounds and lead to improved data quality. Researchers who are analyzing other components or participant populations can use the method developed in this study to determine which artifact minimization approaches are effective in their data.
Subjective economic insecurity and attitudes toward immigration and feminists among voters on the Right in Canada
Authors: Polacko Matthew , Graefe Peter , Kiss Simon
Published: January 2024

The recent success of far‐right populism has led to a wave of public attention to its causes. Drawing on novel survey items from the Canadian Election Study, we investigate how economic insecurity, mediated by immigration and feminist attitudes, affects voting behavior. While economic distress has been linked to far‐right voting in Europe, we find support that subjective measures of economic distress are significantly associated with voting for the Right in Canada, when interacting with immigration and feminist attitudes. However, the association only holds for men. The findings suggest that Canada, despite its comparatively weak nativist cleavage, is not immune to tensions arising from globalization and economic insecurity.
Mining public behavior patterns from social media data during emergencies: A multidimensional analytical framework considering spatial–temporal–semantic features
Authors: Han Xuehua , Wang Juanle , Zhang Xiaodong , Wang Liang , Xu Dandan
Published: January 2024

Studying human behavioral patterns from social media data is an important part of emergency management. However, the multidimensional characteristics of social media data have rarely been fully utilized. This study proposes a multidimensional analytical framework for social media user behavior that integrates time–geographic–semantic features. The framework defines the spatiotemporal semantic multidimensional relationship of social media user behavior and maps it into a time–geographic–semantic (TGS) cube, based on which a TGS‐weighted similarity measure was created. We then applied a spectral clustering algorithm to cluster the trajectories of the user behavior. Subsequently, a prefix‐projected pattern growth algorithm was used to mine frequent semantic patterns from the clustering results and analyze their spatiotemporal distribution characteristics. Taking the COVID‐19 pandemic as a case study, we analyzed Weibo user behavior in China from January 9 to March 10, 2020. The results showed that the clustering of TGS similarity was better than that of the commonly used edit distance on real and longest common subsequences. Five semantic patterns of public responses were identified during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The semantic patterns of categories 1, 2, 4, and 5 were “spindle‐shaped,” meaning that their core semantics were stable and concentrated on one or several topics despite the frequent semantic changes in the middle stage. Category 3 was “wave‐shaped,” indicating that their semantics fluctuated between serval topics during the pandemic. This discovery shows that the framework is suitable for analyzing and comprehensively understanding public behavior during pandemic emergencies. This framework has good universality and great potential for extension to other emergencies.
The neuromodulatory role of dopamine in improved reaction time by acute cardiovascular exercise
Authors: Ando Soichi , Fujimoto Toshihiko , Sudo Mizuki , Watanuki Shoichi , Hiraoka Kotaro , Takeda Kazuko , Takagi Yoko , Kitajima Daisuke , Mochizuki Kodai , Matsuura Koki , Katagiri Yuki , Nasir Fairuz Mohd , Lin Yuchen , Fujibayashi Mami , Costello Joseph T. , McMorris Terry , Ishikawa Yoichi , Funaki Yoshihito , Furumoto Shozo , Watabe Hiroshi , Tashiro Manabu
Published: January 2024

Acute cardiovascular physical exercise improves cognitive performance, as evidenced by a reduction in reaction time (RT). However, the mechanistic understanding of how this occurs is elusive and has not been rigorously investigated in humans. Here, using positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]raclopride, in a multi‐experiment study we investigated whether acute exercise releases endogenous dopamine (DA) in the brain. We hypothesized that acute exercise augments the brain DA system, and that RT improvement is correlated with this endogenous DA release. The PET study (Experiment 1: n = 16) demonstrated that acute physical exercise released endogenous DA, and that endogenous DA release was correlated with improvements in RT of the Go/No‐Go task. Thereafter, using two electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) studies (Experiments 2 and 3: n = 18 and 22 respectively), we investigated what triggers RT improvement. The EMS studies indicated that EMS with moderate arm cranking improved RT, but RT was not improved following EMS alone or EMS combined with no load arm cranking. The novel mechanistic findings from these experiments are: (1) endogenous DA appears to be an important neuromodulator for RT improvement and (2) RT is only altered when exercise is associated with central signals from higher brain centres. Our findings explain how humans rapidly alter their behaviour using neuromodulatory systems and have significant implications for promotion of cognitive health.

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Key points

Acute cardiovascular exercise improves cognitive performance, as evidenced by a reduction in reaction time (RT). However, the mechanistic understanding of how this occurs is elusive and has not been rigorously investigated in humans.

Using the neurochemical specificity of [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography, we demonstrated that acute supine cycling released endogenous dopamine (DA), and that this release was correlated with improved RT.

Additional electrical muscle stimulation studies demonstrated that peripherally driven muscle contractions (i.e. exercise) were insufficient to improve RT.

The current study suggests that endogenous DA is an important neuromodulator for RT improvement, and that RT is only altered when exercise is associated with central signals from higher brain centres.
Brass and Bronze Castings
Authors: Bierbaum Christopher H.
Published: January 2024

Following a short discussion regarding the terminology employed in designating alloys of copper, tin, zinc and lead, the author states certain precautions which an engineer should take when specifying an alloy for a given service, and then deals briefly with the various deoxodizers and fluxes used in the brass foundry. The latter half of the paper is devoted to an enumeration of the more important bronzes and copper alloys, their compositions, properties and uses being set forth in considerable detail.
Cylindrical Grinding in 1920
Authors: Chapman W. H.
Published: January 2024

This paper comprises a study of the laws involved in cylindrical grinding and an analysis of grinding action (1) for draw-in cuts and (2) for traversed cuts.

Grinding efficiency is usually considered as (production) ÷ (wheel wear). Accordingly formulas are derived for wheel wear in terms of grain size of wheel, work speed, wheel speed, feed, etc. By calculating values for wheel wear for different conditions and comparing them with production figures calculated under the same conditions, a proper selection of wheels may be made.

The fact that wheel wear is a comparatively unimportant item in the total cost of grinding, however, frequently leads to wrong conclusions if this is made the controlling factor. The all-important factor is the rate at which the wheel may be made to cut and still not get out of truth. Assuming wheel cost to be, for example, 7 cents per cu. in. and other production costs 5 cents per minute, it is shown that production efficiency is materially increased by increasing production at the expense of wheel wear within limits which are defined. The paper concludes with a discussion of production costs on this basis and with a series of practical conclusions, one of the most important of which is that increase of traverse speed increases production without increase of wheel-wearing action.
Calibration of Nozzles for the Measurement of Air Flowing into a Vacuum
Authors: De Baufre Wm. L.
Published: January 2024

The following paper is a discussion of the flow of an elastic fluid through nozzles having well-rounded entrances. The effects of frictional resistance and of moisture in the atmosphere when the fluid is atmospheric air are presented and it is shown that the rate of flow of dry air decreases with increase of moisture. This result is based upon a series of tests on metal nozzles. The paper also includes a description of the nozzles, the method of calibrating them, and the results obtained. Formulœ employed in the calculations are also derived and the theory involved is outlined.
Organization and Construction of Dye Houses
Authors: Benoit A. W.
Published: January 2024

The machinery organization, location, construction, ventilation and piping of dye houses are topics treated in the following paper in a general way from the engineer’s viewpoint. The fundamental principles which are laid down can be applied to individual cases according to the conditions which surround them. Dye houses are of two kinds: the converting plant, which does dyeing and finishing for the trade; and the plant dye house, which dyes and finishes for one mill only. The operation of dyeing enters largely into the four great branches of the textile industry, cotton, worsted, woolen and silk. The author lists the machinery used in dye houses and describes the processes followed in cotton, worsted, and woolen dye houses. The location of the dye house is discussed in a very general way because it is largely influenced by the particular conditions of each house. Dye-house construction and dye-house ventilation are discussed more in detail. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of dye-house piping.
The Necessity for Improvement in the Design and Operation of Present–Day Locomotives
Authors: Snyder H. W.
Published: January 2024

In view of the demands of constantly growing passenger and freight traffic, the most urgent problems confronting locomotive designers and operating officials are, in the opinion of the author, those of increasing the capacity and efficiency of the present-day locomotives. As the limit of size of cylinders and of boilers due to road clearances has practically been reached, it is evident that any increase in the hauling capacity of a locomotive without increasing its size must come about through the employment of special devices. The superheater, brick arch, and mechanical stoker have all shown their desirability in this respect. Two other devices yet to be adopted in this country are the feedwater heater and the variable exhaust, both of which have given satisfaction in Europe.

After a brief discussion of engine problems, the paper proceeds to the consideration of the design of main and side rods and crankpins to withstand the tremendous piston thrust to which they are subjected in large engines; the difficult problem of counterbalancing; frame design and cross-bracing; driving-box brasses; means for temporarily increasing tractive power on critical grades and for starting heavy loads; ash-pan design; and lubrication.

In conclusion, it is stated that the present need is to apply the many laborsaving and capacity-increasing devices which have already been worked out and are giving satisfactory service, and at the same time look forward to the possibilities of applying other devices which have already proved that they are well worth consideration and are of sufficient importance to warrant their adoption.
Some Notes on Railway Refrigerator Cars
Authors: Winterrowd W. H.
Published: January 2024

An efficient and economical railway refrigerator car is one which provides adequate air circulation, adequate protection to the lading, adequate quantity and degree of refrigeration, quick initial cooling, uniform temperature, dry air, space to permit proper methods of loading, and good car construction to minimize maintenance and increase time in service.

The literature of this subject being to some extent scattered, this paper is an attempt to include under one heading some of the most interesting and important facts regarding principles and methods involved in railway-refrigerator-car operation, as well as to present some information regarding the types of cars and methods of construction used by various railways and private-car owners.

The data were collected directly from the railways and private-car owners in an endeavor to sense the general trend of design and construction, and as there are signs on the horizon which indicate a renewed activity in the construction of railway equipment, this information is presented in the hope that it will serve to re-emphasize the great importance to the railways of efficient and well-maintained cars of the refrigerator type.
Stresses in Cylindrically Shaped Rotors of Uniform Diameter
Authors: Laffoon C. M.
Published: January 2024

The author develops a general theory and analyzes mathematically the stresses in cylindrical rotors of uniform diameter such as are commonly associated with different classes of electrical machinery. The derivation of the fundamental equations is based upon the method used by Stodola in analyzing stresses in rotating disks of steam turbines. The general equations are derived and applications to seven different types of cylindrical rotors are analyzed and the formulas for these cases derived.
Steam Utilization in a Modern Newsprint Mill
Authors: Slater S. W. , Warner J. E. A.
Published: January 2024

The paper is a detailed study of the conditions found in a modern paper mill, with which the authors have been associated, for the purpose of determining the heat required. The mill and the paper machines are described. An analysis is made of the conditions existing in the drying operations and the results of tests on the drier together with the theoretical heat requirements are given. The amount of heat necessary for heating and ventilating the machine room is investigated and figures for the amount of heat involved are given.
The Design and Operation of Underfeed Stokers
Authors: Lawrence H. F.
Published: January 2024

This paper describes briefly the distinctive features of the single- and multiple-retort types of underfeed stokers, giving illustrations of a number of each type as well as particulars regarding their operation and results that have been obtained. Emphasis is laid on the importance of proper adjustment of the secondary coal feed, to prevent clinker and ash depositing at the lower end of the retorts, and on draft control not too responsive to momentary variations in boiler conditions. Underfeed stokers are said to be particularly adapted to bituminous and semi-bituminous coals, and for carrying sudden overloading. Clinkers are a necessary result of the high temperatures secured, and different means for preventing their adhesion to the side walls are discussed. The relative merits of various fans are considered, and a table of setting heights is given.
Design of Flywheels for Motor-Driven Impulse Wheels
Authors: Rhys C. O.
Published: January 2024

The author investigates the problem of the design of flywheels for motor-driven impulse machines. He analyzes the characteristics of torque and speed curves of such machines and derives expressions by which the characteristics of these curves may be determined. A method of drawing such curves by means of a transmission dynamometer and steam-engine indicator is described. In appendices the author gives the derivation of the fundamental equations involved and of the working formulas which he presents, and makes calculations for an actual case. He also makes use of the Fourier development of the torque-time diagram as one method of solution.
High-Temperature and High-Pressure Steam Lines
Authors: Broido B. N.
Published: January 2024

The pronounced tendency of modern power-plant designers to use high superheat and high pressure, as well as the recent extensive use of highly superheated steam in process work, lead the author to make a review of the available data and formulas on radiation and friction losses in pipe lines. All tests to determine the radiation losses of pipe lines carrying high temperature steam made in this country have been practically exclusively with electrically heated pipes. This paper gives results and analysis of tests made with superheated steam flowing through a pipe line. The heat-transmission coefficients of bare and covered pipes at different steam velocities, various superheats, and pressures are given. Suggestions are made regarding steam velocities to be selected in order to transmit steam more economically.

The formulas available at present for figuring the friction losses of steam in pipe lines are limited to the range for which they were established, or for comparatively low pressures. Corrections of these formulas are shown in this paper, based on observations of a pipe line carrying high-pressure steam, which corrections may be used by designers of high-pressure power plants in dimensioning their pipe mains.

The paper further treats of pipe lines carrying superheated steam for other purposes than power. Recommendations as to the velocities or pipe sizes to be chosen are given, as well as a few examples from practice to show how those velocities were advantageously applied.
Endurance–Test Data and Their Interpretation
Authors: Heindlhofer K. , Sjövall H.
Published: January 2024

The determination of the endurance of different products is a subject that hitherto has been neglected, yet it is important. It is a general characteristic of products of nature as well as manufactured products that their life varies within wide limits, and it is thus impossible to judge the life of a certain type of product by a single observation.

The average life determined by repeated endurance tests is a valuable characteristic of comparison as it shows the general magnitude of life, but taken alone it is insufficient to define durability. It must be amended by a second quantity expressing the dispersion or range of variation of the individual lives, which is an indication of reliability. Since the number of available test data is limited, its average is approximate, and its precision will depend on the number of data.

The object of the authors in preparing this paper was to develop methods for computing the probable error of the average life of an object or product depending on the number of repeated tests. This error is a measure of the reliability of the average. The results are presented in the form of a diagram which shows this probable error at a glance. Finally, it is suggested that endurance curves may be employed to determine whether an elimination test will be advantageous in the case of products made in quantity.
Steel–Car Construction at the Angus Shops of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Montreal
Authors: Naylor H. R.
Published: January 2024

In 1909 the Canadian Pacific Railway, to meet the increasing severity of modern traffic requirements, originated a box car having its entire frame built of steel. The production of such equipment in quantity necessitated the erection of an additional shop for the fabrication of the steelwork, and the structure built embodied in its arrangement many novel features for the rapid handling of material to and from the machines and also during the various stages of assembly.

The present paper describes this shop very completely, giving particulars regarding its layout, crane facilities, machine equipment, etc. The various machining operations and the jig method of car assembly, first put into practice at the Angus shops, are presented in detail, and the methods used in the final erection and finishing of cars are dealt with at some length.
The Salt Velocity Method of Water Measurement
Authors: Allen Charles M. , Taylor Edwin A.
Published: January 2024

This paper describes a new method of water measurement called the Salt Velocity Method. The authors outline the theory and development of the method, describe the apparatus and methods of computation used in laboratory and field tests, give an account of several commercial tests, and present for discussion the claims of the method for a high degree of accuracy and reliability.
The Gibson Method and Apparatus for Measuring the Flow of Water in Closed Conduits: As Applied in Testing the Efficiencies of Water Wheels in Hydroelectric Power Plants
Authors: Gibson Norman R.
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this paper is to explain a new method of determining the rate of discharge or quantity of water flowing in a pipe or other closed conduit and to describe the apparatus used for the practical application of this method in testing the efficiencies of water wheels in hydroelectric power plants.

The theory of this method of measurement is based on Newton’s second law governing the relation between the mass and motion of bodies, and on the principles attributed to Joukovsky relating the rise of pressure in a column of water to the retardation of its velocity.

The paper explains the procedure in the field and describes the apparatus employed and the manner of recording, delineating, and measuring the pressure-time diagram from which the discharge is calculated. The fundamental principles and theory are briefly discussed and a complete typical numerical example is computed. In conclusion, the results of tests made at Cornell University to determine the accuracy of the method are given.
A Graphical Study of Journal Lubrication
Authors: Howarth H. A. S.
Published: January 2024

This paper visualizes the characteristics of the oil film and the pressures within it for a journal completely surrounded by its bearing. The influences of clearance and viscosity upon the journal friction are quantitatively shown by means of a chart that can readily be used for designing bearings. Several interesting examples are solved by means of this chart.

A few of the characteristics of the journal partially surrounded by the bearing are also shown by curves. The study of partial bearings is not yet completed.
Principles of Long–Distance Air Navigation
Authors: Willson Robert W. , Hersey Mayo D.
Published: January 2024

This paper contains a general account of the scientific principles of long-distance air navigation, including dead reckoning, astronomical observations, and radio methods. It has been prepared at the invitation of the Aeronautic Division and is addressed to those who may be interested in a broad way in the problems and possibilities of commercial aeronautics. Hence it has not been thought necessary to enter into detail except where the methods presented are believed to be new. As a guide to those who will wish to pursue the subject farther, the paper concludes with a fairly complete outline of the most recent sources of technical information.
The Emmet Mercury-Vapor Process
Authors: Emmet W. L. R.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author first gives an account of the early experiments made, after which the thermodynamic possibilities of the process are taken up. The 1800-kw. installation in the plant of the Hartford (Conn.) Electric Light Co. is then described, following which boiler problems, leakage, packing, and related topics are discussed, as well as the question of mercury supply. An appendix to the paper includes a table of the properties of mercury vapor at absolute pressures ranging from 0.4 to 180 lb. per sq. in. abs., a Mollier chart for mercury, and a chart showing the available energy of mercury vapor in watt-hours per lb. for expansions from absolute pressures of from 20 to 85 lb. per sq. in. to back pressures of from 0.4 to 1.6 lb. abs.
The Temperatures of Evaporation of Water into Air: An Experimental Determination of the Laws Governing the Deviation of the Actual Temperature of Evaporation From the Theoretical
Authors: Carrier W. H. , Lindsay Daniel C.
Published: January 2024

This paper contains a report of experiments carried on at Cornell and at the Case School of Applied Science to show that under ideal conditions permitting true adiabatic saturation the wet-bulb temperature is actually the temperature of equilibrium represented in the heat-equilibrium equation, and also to show how and to what extent the wet-bulb temperature observed under ordinary conditions varies from the theoretical equilibrium temperature.

Appendices deal with the process of adiabatic saturation, an approximation of the effect of radiation in raising the wet-bulb temperature above the theoretical, a description of the adiabatic saturator and the experimental methods, and a description of the apparatus and experimental methods used in determining the variation of error in the wet-bulb temperature with variation in air velocity and wet-bulb temperature.
Radiation in the Pulverized-Fuel Furnace
Authors: Wohlenberg Walter J. , Morrow Donald G.
Published: January 2024

This paper deals with the fundamentals concerning radiation in the pulverized-fuel furnace. It is shown that the radiating power through the flame surface depends primarily on the size of the particle and that based on the flame-surface area, its magnitude relative to black radiation is low. The heat-absorption intensity at the cold surface, however, may be considerably higher than the relative radiance of the flame. This factor depends on both the amount and the disposition of the refractory furnace lining. Application of the method outlined enables, by an analytical process, quantitative evaluation of the furnace energy process, and the data yielded are of such a nature as to indicate by comparison which furnace proportions will give the best results.
Comparative Performance of Air Preheaters
Authors: Funk Nevin E.
Published: January 2024

This paper gives the results of tests on a number of boiler units equipped with air preheaters and one unit using unheated air. All of the boilers are of approximately the same size, are of the same type, and have furnaces and stoker equipments which are similar. Some are equipped with economizers. Different types of air preheaters are used and the areas of the heaters are not the same. The curves which are presented show the comparative performances of the units, the relation between coal fed and flue-gas temperature, the relations between gas-temperature drop and air-temperature rise and percentage of rating, and the relation between the percentage of combustible in the ash and the coal fed.
The Influence of Radiation in Coal-Eired Furnaces on Boiler-Surface Requirements, and a Simplified Method for its Calculation
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J. , Lindseth E. L.
Published: January 2024

This paper includes a simplified method of dealing with the energy problem of the boiler furnace. Its application yields information concerning that division of total surface between cold furnace walls and convection zone which results in the greatest overall energy absorption. The influences of fuel type, air preheat, and certain other factors on furnace conditions and surface requirements are also discussed.
The Development of Large Commercial Rigid Airships
Authors: Arnstein Karl
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author discusses the safety of the airship, which he considers to be very high because of the multiplicity and overlap of various means of achieving the same end. He then analyzes the various types of load, aerostatic and aerodynamic, which an airship experiences, and makes well-based recommendations for methods of structural analysis, and for load factors. On the basis, partly of past experience, partly of careful investigation of many projects, he studies the variation in weight with volume of various structural elements. He finds that the specific dead-weight still decreases for airships up to 15,000,000 cu. ft. capacity, although only slightly beyond this point. From the point of view of transportational efficiency, the improvement with larger sizes continues almost indefinitely, at any rate well beyond the 15,000,000 cu. ft., which is the largest volume contemplated at present. The author’s final conclusion is that it is possible to construct airships of any size which may be required to meet transportation problems; and that economy will improve from every point of view with larger sizes.
Gluing Wood in Aircraft Work
Authors: Truax T. R.
Published: January 2024

The author discusses the glues used in aircraft, and describes the gluing operation and its application to different species of wood. He also makes recommendations for the gluing of different woods with both animal and casein glues, giving data on glue-water proportions, glue spread, temperature of wood, pressure to be applied to joint, and time the joint should remain under pressure.
An Investigation of the Performance of Waste-Packed Armature Bearings
Authors: Karelitz G. B.
Published: January 2024

Some of the observations made while experimenting with full-size armature bearings are recorded in this paper. The importance of taking care in the packing of bearings is brought forth. The advantages of a constant oil lift are pointed out, while the effect of grooving is discussed. Bearing-shell temperatures for varying loads and speeds are given. The data collected may be of interest to designers as well as to engineers in charge of maintenance of railway motors.
The Effect of Entrance and Discharge Angles on the Performance of a Centrifugal Fan
Authors: Wilson Georges Samuel , Dudley William Lyle , McIntyre Harry John
Published: January 2024

In this paper the authors discuss tests conducted by them to determine the variations in the operating characteristics of a back-ward-curved-blade fan as affected by (a) blade entrance angles, (b) blade discharge angles, and (c) fixed entrance and discharge angles but with different wheel diameters. A brief discussion of static pressure in a centrifugal fan, with the development of equations, opens the paper. Then follows a description of the test unit, and the method of conducting the tests. A discussion of observed results, in which several sets of curves are introduced, forms the body of the paper. The authors reach the conclusion that loss by shock at entrance is influenced by the entrance angle. With constant entrance blade angles and diameter of wheel, the pressure and capacity are increased with increase in the value of the blade discharge angle. The shape of the passage way through the wheel is recognized as a factor in fan losses. Increasing diameter of symmetrical wheels, used in the same housing and operated at constant tip speed, was found to increase the pressure-capacity characteristics and greatly improve the efficiency.
Vibration of Frames of Electrical Machines
Authors: Den Hartog J. P.
Published: January 2024

In connection with the attempts to reduce the noise of electrical machinery in general, and more especially of small motors for domestic use, it is of importance to be able to calculate the natural frequency of the vibration. It is shown that the frame, which usually emits a large portion of the total noise, can, in many cases, be regarded as a part of a ring with rigid ends. Formulas and curves are given in the paper for the calculation of this fundamental frequency. The derivation of these formulas is not given in the body of the paper, but in an appendix.
Higher Steam Pressures
Authors: Funk Nevin E.
Published: January 2024

In the following study of cycle efficiencies the author shows that the point is being rapidly approached where it is possible that the large additional investment cost necessary to go to higher steam pressure may not be warranted in obtaining high operating efficiencies. Hitherto it has been possible to obtain greater economy with so small an increase in investment cost that systems were warranted in building new stations for base-load operation and in using the older ones only on the peak-load periods. However, as the limit of economy is approached the differential between new and old station economy becomes so small that it does not pay to drop load from the old stations in order to carry base load on the new. In this case the building of peak-load stations, of small investment cost, might be warranted at intervals as an alternative to the present policy of base-load installations.
Pulverized-Coal Firing of Marine Water-Tube Boilers: Following Upon an Appreciation of the Results Secured in the Stationary Power-Plant Field With Pulverized Coal, a Series of Tests Were Conducted to Determine the Value of This Method of Firing to Marine Boilers
Authors: Stillman T. B.
Published: January 2024

Tests tend to indicate that if satisfactory operating results are to be secured in using pulverized coal in the smaller furnaces available in marine practice, it is imperative that the fusing point of the ash in the coal burned be above the flame temperatures existing near the walls and boiler tubes and that the coal be finely pulverized.
An Accurate Method for Measuring Steam
Authors: Härlin Axel
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author shows that when measuring the quantity of steam flowing through a pipe by means of a diaphragm, the method deduced and theoretically established by Odqvist is in regard to accuracy far superior to any other method.

However, as Odqvist’s method requires that the pressure be taken out in a manner that makes the method difficult to use and jeopardizes the desired accuracy, a simple modification is indicated which, without appreciably affecting the accuracy, allows a convenient and reliable arrangement for the pressure connections. With this modified method a mean error of only about 1 per cent has to be reckoned with.

The relatively complicated formulas for steam flow are transformed by means of a diagram into a number of factors which, multiplied by each other, give the steam quantity. An approximate diagram is also given which, without further calculation, can be used in making rough estimates.

The paper concludes with a few instructions for carrying out the measurements.
Ball-Bearing Machine-Tool Spindles
Authors: Barish Thomas
Published: January 2024

This paper is a review of the three types of ball-bearing machine-tool spindles now in use, showing how rigidity is obtained in each type and what results are secured. There is also a historical review of the first type, which was originally put into service over ten years ago and has since received minor improvements. The three main groups are:

(a) Two-bearing, manually adjusted spindles

(b) Automatically spring-adjusted spindles

(c) Three-bearing spindles, adjustable and non-adjustable.

Comparisons are made between the various types for their rigidity, and some deflection curves and actual measurements of rigidity are quoted.
The Piston-Crosshead Motion of the Oilgear Pump
Authors: Benedek Elek
Published: January 2024

The Oilgear pump is a variable-delivery radial pump which converts mechanical power into hydraulic power in the form of an oil stream under pressure. An oil motor is used to reconvert the power into mechanical form and apply it to the work to be done. For services requiring greater power than the applications so far made, improvements are needed which will reduce noise and vibration. The present paper derives equations for determining the path, velocities, and accelerations of any point in the piston-crosshead unit of the Oilgear pump, as investigation has shown that an accurate knowledge of the accelerations of the mechanical parts and of the oil in the cylinders and ports is necessary as a basis for further improvements in design.
Stress Distribution and Hysteresis Losses in Springs: Progress Report No. 4 of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committe on Mechanical Springs (Technological)
Authors: Sayre M. F. , Hoadley Anthony
Published: January 2024

The present report covers the first year of investigations carried on by the Committee at Union College, Schenectady, New York. The purpose of these investigations is to examine more closely than heretofore the fundamental characteristics of spring action in order that more reliable constants for a code of design on mechanical springs (see Bibliography, No. 18) might ultimately be established. The experiments were conducted by Anthony Hoadley under the direct supervision of M. F. Sayre. Certain of the results were covered in Progress Report No. 3, which report was not published. It should be considered as a progress report, in that, while a number of valuable results have been obtained, the field opened up is so wide that much of the work must be considered as preliminary only.

Particular points of interest are: (1) A study of distribution of stresses in bending in spring steel, at the very high unit stresses often used in practice. This has practical importance in furnishing a partial explanation of the large discrepancy between theory and practice as to allowable unit stresses, in furnishing a theoretical guide as to the amount of recoil to be expected when winding a spring about a mandrel of a given size, and in determining the effect of the initial stresses induced in a spring during the winding operation, upon the future behavior of the spring. (2) A comparison of proportional limit and of modulus of elasticity for the same material in bending and in tension at high and at low stresses, both in virgin condition and after a cyclical state has been reached. This has a possible importance in determining what weight should be attached to tensile tests in measuring the suitability of a proposed spring material. It also was done in order to investigate certain theoretical and practical discrepancies between properties in bending and tension. (3) A study of the comparative internal friction in spring material in bending and in tension, for varying stress ranges, up to very high loads. This has a bearing in its effect on the possible accuracy of spring-controlled measuring instruments, and a smaller bearing on the energy losses in power springs. It is also highly desirable to know accurately how this internal friction or hysteresis varies with the load range and the position of the load range in order to determine what relation may exist between it and both the proportional limit and the fatigue limit of the material, as governing allowable safe loads. An unexpected result of the investigation is that the hysteresis in tension was found to be far less in proportion to that in bending than was expected. This result should be considered as tentative only. Every effort is being made to discover any instrumental defects which may have contributed to this result, and lacking this, to find satisfactory theoretical reasons.
Studies of Moisture at High Rates of Evaporation
Authors: Mumford A. R.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author gives particulars of studies made in an attempt to reduce or eliminate the moisture in steam from boilers operated at the high evaporative rate of 25 lb. per sq. ft. of boiler and furnace surface, using 90 per cent make-up and full chemical treatment in the boiler for scale elimination. From these studies he concludes that:

1 The concentration of the hydroxyl radical is a factor in the production of wet steam which acts independently of the rate of evaporation, or of the concentration of other solid or dissolved chemical substances, and which has a critical value varying with the boiler design.

2 The production of dry steam at high rates of evaporation is partly a problem of reentrainment of the separated water due to inadequate drainage.

3 If it is assumed that the physical condition of the water-steam mixture on any boiler heating surface varies only with the rate at which heat is being absorbed by that surface, then the problem of moisture elimination is reduced to one of steam-path design applicable to boilers in general.
The Executive Function in Industry
Authors: Kent Robert T.
Published: January 2024

This paper is a plea for the more general adoption of budget control in manufacturing industry. It outlines the method of making up a budget, and the relations of the sales, production, purchasing, and financial functions, and their coordination through the budget. It also shows how the budget may be used to expose inefficiencies in the operation of an industry.
Materials Handling in the Foundry
Authors: Pardee L. W.
Published: January 2024

Methods used to double the production of a foundry are described in this paper. As floor space was limited the mechanical-handling equipment selected differs from what would be used if buildings and equipment were designed at the same time. Conveyors were installed for handling castings, for continuous moulding, pouring, and sand handling, and for taking raw materials from the yard to the cupolas.
Materials Handling in General Assembly
Authors: Febvre Gordon Le
Published: January 2024

In assembly work sufficient parts must be provided at the proper time and place. The conveyor systems for accomplishing this at the Oakland plant are described by the author. A major manufacturing schedule is based on the forecast of sales. Monthly manufacturing schedules are made up for the large units, and a daily schedule provides for immediate requirements. The policy of the Oakland Motor Company is to use the most modern types of materials-handling equipment.