bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on an MMPI-2 Scale of Early Sexual Abuse
Authors: Brophy Alfred L.
Published: August 2011

The mean of 191 female psychiatric inpatients on the Griffith, Myers, and Tankersley (1996) MMPI-2 scale of childhood sexual abuse was compared with means of 2 community samples (58 sexually abused women and 57 nonabused women). The mean of the patients was substantially larger than that of the nonabused women but slightly larger than that of the abused women. The scale may measure general maladjustment or psychopathology instead of, or in addition to, specific sequelae of sexual abuse. Further investigation is necessary to cross-validate the scale in community samples and to examine whether scores differentiate abused and nonabused women in clinical samples. This note illustrates use of an archival data set with results of recent research.
Relationship of Construct Relation and Optimism
Authors: Hinze Travis , Doster Joseph
Published: August 2011

Landfield and Epting (1987) theorized that low construct relation may suggest a fragmentation process within one's construct system which, in turn, will be manifest in excessive doubt and uncertainty, forms of low optimism. Present results with 81 undergraduates were consistent with this contention and indicated that individuals with low scores on construct relation also report low scores on dispositional optimism. Continued research is recommended to define the relationship between scores on construct relation and optimism.
Permutation Covariate Analyses of Residuals Based on Euclidean Distance
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Berry Kenneth J.
Published: August 2011

A new procedure to analyze the results of experimental designs is introduced. A permutation procedure based on Euclidean distance is used to evaluate residuals obtained from least sum of absolute deviations regression. Applications include completely randomized and randomized block configurations including one-way, factorial, split-plot, and Latin square designs, with or without covariates. Parametric assumptions of homogeneity of variance, compound symmetry, and normality are eliminated with this procedure.
Students' Beliefs about Animal Researchers as a Function of Researchers' Sex
Authors: Martasian Paula J. , Goldstein Susan B.
Published: August 2011

Students responded to one of four written descriptions of professors who varied by sex and type of research (human or animal). A 2 (sex of target) × 2 (type of research) × 2 (sex of participant) analysis of variance was computed for an agentic scale and a communal scale. These scales assessed, respectively, orientation toward tasks and orientation toward relationships. The researchers of human behavior were rated as more communal than the animal researchers. The female researchers were rated as more agentic than the male researchers. No interaction between research area and sex of target was found. A content analysis of open-ended responses to the four stimulus descriptions supported the finding that the human researcher was rated as more communal than the animal researcher. This study suggests that students' beliefs about professors are influenced by the professors' area of research. The discussion addresses the implications of this finding for students' evaluations of animal researchers as instructors.
Correlations of the MMPI-2 Low Self-Esteem Scale with Two Self-Esteem Measures
Authors: McCurdy Bruce A. , Kelly David B.
Published: August 2011

Scores on the Low Self-esteem Scale of the MMPI-2 for 33 men and 82 women correlated significantly with scores on the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory.
Is Sex of Fetus Associated with Duration of Labor in Nulliparas?
Authors: Frank Jennifer M. , Durm Mark W.
Published: August 2011

In a post facto study to examine whether sex of fetus was related to duration of nulliparas' labor 30 nulliparous (had not given birth previously) women who delivered boys and 30 others who delivered girls were matched according to the criteria that they were nulliparous, received an epidural for analgesia during labor, and their labors were either induced or augmented. All delivered vaginally. Duration of labor was not statistically significantly related to sex of the fetus.
Definition and Measurement of Affective Variables: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations
Authors: Lamon Susan J.
Published: August 2011

Research in the affective domain is handicapped by the absence of a theory to guide empirical work. Without a theoretical framework to guide the selection of variables, to design appropriate measures, and to interpret results, research consists of a set of discrete studies that have no collective impact.
Testing the McBeath Hypothesis: Relation of Sexual Orientation and Belief in the Paranormal
Authors: Thalbourne Michael A.
Published: August 2011

According to McBeath, the incidence of homosexuality among experients of paranormal phenomena exceeds that which would be expected by chance. Therefore, 50 homosexual men and 50 heterosexual men were administered the forced-choice version of the 18-item Australian Sheep-Goat Scale as a measure of belief in and alleged experience of the paranormal. As no differences were found in scores on belief/experience, there was no evidence for McBeath's hypothesis.
Anxiety and Confidence in Using a Library by College Freshmen and Seniors
Authors: Mech Terrence F. , Brooks Charles I.
Published: August 2011

The first study using a measure of library anxiety showed that 180 college freshmen have significantly higher scores than college seniors. A second study found that among freshmen students, those with high scores on Library Anxiety reported less confidence in using the library than those with low scores, even though the students were equal on several indices of academic ability and performance.
Responses to Gift-Giving in a Business Context: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Dorsch Michael J. , Grove Stephen J. , Pickett Gregory M. , Kelley Scott W.
Published: August 2011

This study compared ratings of discomfort on the receipt of gifts and intentions to repay gifts between male and female purchasing executives. Significant main effects of sex and years of purchasing experience on discomfort ratings were found. In addition, no significant main effect of sex on intention to repay scores was uncovered. These results suggest that in a business context the giving of gifts to male or female purchasing executives may not be an effective method for influencing future commerce. At the very least, business decision makers need to consider carefully the efficacy of gift-giving as a form of persuasion.
A Validity Study of the MMPI-TRI Acting-Out Scale
Authors: Schill Thomas
Published: August 2011

49 college men and 45 women were administered the 1995 MMPI-TRI by Swanson, Templer, Thomas-Dobson, Cannon, Streiner, Reynolds, and Miller and a short form of the MMPI with scales for Subjective Distress, Acting-out, and Psychosis. To test the validity of the Acting-out scale respondents also took measures of sexual and aggressive acting out as well as a measure of alcohol use. They were asked about their use of drugs. Women had significant correlations between scores on the Acting-out Scale and scores on measures of Sexual Sensation Seeking .57, Sexual Compulsion .54, Anger Control –.40, Anger-out .50, Anger-in .32, and Drug Use .40. Men had significant correlations for scores on measures of Sexual Compulsion .51, Anger Control –.39, Anger-in .37, and Alcohol Use .35 but not Anger-out. Results suggest the Acting-out scale is more valid for college women than for men.
An Informational versus Monetary Incentive in Increasing Physicians' Response Rates
Authors: Easton Alyssa N. , Telljohann Susan K. , Price James H. , Boehm Kathryn
Published: August 2011

This study examined return rates for a cancer prevention survey by pediatricians in relation to an informational booklet versus a monetary incentive in the first of a three-wave mailing. Of the 300 surveys sent which included an informational booklet incentive, 189 (64%) were returned. Of the 300 surveys sent which included a $1.00 incentive 227 (79%) were returned, indicating the $1.00 incentive was more effective than the informational incentive in increasing return rates in this sample of physicians.
Religiosity and Psychological Disturbance
Authors: Rife Julie , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 102 college students, religiosity was not associated with measures of irrational thinking or measures of obsessive-compulsive or manic and depressive tendencies.
Threats and Anti-Semitic Blaming
Authors: Berdiansky Charles S.
Published: August 2011

A strategy for efficiently and effectively reducing anti-Semitic stereotyping was presented, supported by the results of a questionnaire responded to by 15 randomly selected students between the ages of 18 and 32 years, at L.I.F.E. Bible College (associated with the Pentacostal Four-Square Church) in San Dimas, CA in 1993. Relationships predicted among stereotypic blaming and related threats were supported by the data—principally, that very negative combinations of common blamings called compound blamings, e.g., “Jews are rich because Jews are more dishonest,” correlated significantly with a large group of far less negative anti-Semitic Warnings and related threats. It was argued that a single compound blaming when deconditioned in a classroom, would be more effective in reducing over-all anti-Semitic blaming than deconditioning any other blaming or by using the more traditional group discussion or lecture methods for reducing prejudicial attitudes.
Using the Internet in Instruction: A Homepage for Statistics
Authors: Couch James V.
Published: August 2011

Educational uses of the Internet are expanding at a rapid rate. This article describes the use of a homepage for a course in psychological statistics from which students could download most of the information germane to the class. 42 of 51 students' evaluations of the homepage were positive.
Age Differences in Locus of Control and Self-Monitoring in China
Authors: Li Feng
Published: August 2011

Locus of control and self-monitoring were measured in three age groups in Changchun, northeastern China: 164 junior high school students (12–15 yr.), 121 college students (16–26 yr.), and 46 adults (29–57 yr.). Analysis indicated that adults and college students scored higher on locus of control ( Ms = 10.0 and 9.2, scores indicating the number of external control beliefs affirmed) than high school students ( M = 6.1) and that adults scored lower on self-monitoring ( M = 8.7) than college and high school students ( Ms = 11.6 and 10.6). Such differences seem attributable to the interaction between individual development and some societal factors that are believed to foster external control beliefs and propensity to self-monitoring.
A Paradox of Diminishing Expectations and Increasing Value for Money
Authors: Johnstone David
Published: August 2011

Investments made in the form of a succession of nonrefundable cash payments, with payoff at completion and no obligation at any stage to complete, have the characteristic of becoming more attractive as more payments are made. This is on the condition that any decline in the investor's expectations occurs at a slower rate than the reduction between installments in the cost-to-complete. Decision makers involved in such investments have rational grounds for completion despite their possibly much diminished expectations. Interestingly, however, the reasons for completion cited by students in informal surveys have more generally to do with the cost already incurred and liable to be “wasted” than the cost remaining to completion. This is further evidence of the so-called “sunk cost effect.”
Professional Psychology in Portugal
Authors: Fagulha Teresa , Dana Richard H.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the history and current status of professional psychology in Portugal where a unique perspective combines training, research, and practical contributions from Europe and the Americas with their own history of psychological tradition and expertise. Training in professional psychology includes Social Psychology and Educational and Vocational Guidance specializations in addition to Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Counseling for the professional degree, Licenciatura. Advanced degrees are offered in Environmental Psychology, Career Development, Social Cognition, and other areas, primarily for academic positions. Research in all of these areas is expected to have applied outcomes that contribute to individual well being and an improved quality of life for the entire population. The result has been a rapid development of an indigenous professional psychology to address mental health, social, and environmental concerns that compel psychological attention and resources worldwide as well as those problems of local and national origins.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Relationships of Self-Ratings and Actigraphy
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Tryon Warren W. , Frankenberry Erin , King Caroline
Published: August 2011

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is a baffling disease potentially affecting millions of Americans. Self-rating scales were developed to assess this condition but have yet to be validated with objective measures of activity. The present study of a 45-yr.-old man evaluated the relationships between scores on self-rating scales used to measure Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and actigraphy. Measured activity was related to predictors of fatigue but not to fatigue. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Individuation of Self and Stereotyping of others
Authors: Humphreys Connie N. , Davidson William B.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated whether people who present themselves as individuated tend not to see others in stereotyped ways. 106 undergraduates completed a measure of self-individuation and a measure of stereotyping others. The measure of self-individuation, the Individuation scale, has 12 items on which respondents rate their willingness to engage in individuating behavior such as self-disclosure and attention-getting. The measure of stereotyping has 40 items on which respondents rate the likelihood that certain types of people would engage in certain types of actions. Analysis showed scores on the measures of individuation and stereotyping were internally reliable (83 and 85 respectively), and significantly negatively correlated (−.33) with each other Respondents who scored high on the Individuation scale tended to rate the likelihood of others' actions in a manner different from common stereotypes.
Self-Monitoring and Image Appeals in Advertising
Authors: Browne Beverly A. , Kaldenberg Dennis O.
Published: August 2011

Two studies with samples of young adults ( n = 130 and n = 168) were conducted to examine the effect of self-monitoring and susceptibility to interpersonal influence on preferences for image-oriented advertising. Although subjects scoring high on self-monitoring did tend to seek advertising information more than subjects scoring low on self-monitoring, the results generally did not support a relationship between self-monitoring with increased liking image-oriented advertisements. Relationships between susceptibility to interpersonal influence, self-monitoring, and preferences for image-oriented advertising were not consistent; however, women were more likely than men to prefer image-oriented advertising and were also more susceptible to interpersonal influence.
The Ideal and the Feared Self as Predictors of Psychological Symptoms among Geriatric Care Nurses
Authors: Eells Tracy D. , Leavenworth Susan
Published: August 2011

Following the 1987 work of Higgins and of Ogilvie, we investigated whether discrepancies between one's actual self and ideal self predict psychological symptoms better than discrepancies between the actual and feared self. We also examined Ogilvie's 1987 finding that the feared self is a more concrete cognitive representation than is the ideal self. 51 geriatric nurses completed the SCL-90–R and a questionnaire designed to measure actual self, ideal self, and feared self. Discrepancies between scores for actual and ideal self predicted severity of reported depressive and global symptoms and discrepancies between the actual and feared self were correlated negatively only with scores on Hostility. Further, clinical judges rated the nurses' memories representing their feared self as more concrete than memories depicting their ideal self. Results are discussed in terms of self-discrepancy theory and how the ideal and feared selves might be studied further.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: CIX. Note on an Oral History of C. Kermit Phelps: An 89-Year-Old African American Clinical Psychologist
Authors: McCoy Arlene , Fried Stephen B.
Published: August 2011

During late 1996 and early 1997, the authors conducted four structured interviews with C. Kermit Phelps, an 89-year-old black psychologist who spent his professional career at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Kansas City, Missouri. Interview topics cover Dr. Phelps' personal and professional history, the evolution of clinical psychology and issues surrounding minorities in the profession of psychology. This brief article provides an overview of some findings as a comprehensive account of the interviews will require considerable time to prepare.
Association of Home Language with School Involvement among Mexican-American Parents
Authors: Sánchez Virginia V. , López Linda C. , Rodríguez Richard F.
Published: August 2011

Mexican-American parents of children attending a K-6 public elementary school in Texas were surveyed to examine the association of parental use of language at home with the extent of the parents' involvement with the school. A sample of 403 parents represented 317 who spoke only Spanish at home, 33 who spoke both Spanish and English, and 53 parents who primarily spoke English at home. Parents who spoke English at home volunteered at school significantly more often than parents who spoke Spanish at home, and more often than parents who spoke both Spanish and English at home. Conversely, parents who spoke Spanish and English at home attended school board meetings more frequently than did parents who spoke only Spanish at home.
Computing Sum of Products about the Mean with Pairwise Algorithms
Authors: Molina J. Gabriel , Valero Pedro M. , Sanmartín Jaime
Published: August 2011

We discuss pairwise algorithms, a kind of computational algorithm which can be useful in dynamically updating statistics as new samples of data are collected. Since test data are usually collected through time as individual data sets, these algorithms would be profitably used in computer programs to treat this situation. Pair-wise algorithms are presented for calculating the sum of products of deviations about the mean for adding a sample of data (or removing one) to the whole data set.
An Exploratory Study of Sex Differences in Orientation to Clinical Practice
Authors: Pardeck John T. , Skibinski Gregory J.
Published: August 2011

Few statistically significant sex differences were found in orientation to clinical practice of a randomly selected sample of 300 licensed clinical social workers. 28 male and 69 female licensed clinical social workers had very similar attitudes, philosophies, and behaviors toward clinical practice. These findings add to the limited research available.
A Profile of Sexual Health Behaviors among College Women
Authors: Gilbert Lisa , Alexander Linda
Published: August 2011

This study examined the risk taking and preventive behaviors related to sexually transmitted diseases among sexually active college women. Self-report questionnaires were distributed at two mid-Atlantic universities yielding a final sample of 556 students. Data were collected regarding frequencies of pelvic examinations, numbers of vaginal, oral, and anal sex partners, and number of partners who had forced sex against their will. Also, frequencies of tests for sexually transmitted disease and HIV before having sex with new partners, methods of protection and birth control, and types of relationships were assessed. Finally, subjects reported the types of questions asked before having sex with a new partner and diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases. Because most college-aged women are sexually active and vulnerable to a host of short- and long-term complications from sexually transmitted infections, educational interventions, in addition to promoting condom use, must focus on the need for regular pelvic examinations, screenings for sexually transmitted disease/HIV (self and partner), and lower risk sexual activity.
Differential Staff Perceptions of Service Organization and Management in Drug Treatment
Authors: Isralowitz Richard E. , Telias Darwin
Published: August 2011

Dissonance among 23 professional and 7 paraprofessional staff of drug service agencies toward case record management of addicts was investigated. Analysis showed that these paraprofessionals, former drug addicts now in a treatment role, tend to be more critical of how case records are dealt with than professional staff. The data favour the hypothesis that the greater the diversity of staff's background characteristics, the greater are the chances for disagreement and discord in organization and management.
Relations among Measures of Job Satisfaction, Role Conflict, and Role Ambiguity for a Sample of Greek Teachers
Authors: Koustelios Athanasios , Kousteliou Ioanna
Published: August 2011

Scores on a measure of job satisfaction and their relation with scores on role conflict and role ambiguity were examined among 100 teachers (60 in primary schools and 40 in secondary schools) in Greece. Correlations for scores on Job Satisfaction with Role Conflict, and Ambiguity were inverse. In particular, scores on Role Conflict were correlated (–.45 with those on Supervision, –.37 with Working Conditions, and –.47 with Organization as a Whole), while scores on Role Ambiguity were correlated –.37 with scores on Work Itself and –.45 with those on Supervision.
The Course of Relapse across 36 Months for Smokers from a Smoking-Cessation Program
Authors: Becoña Elisardo , Vázquez Fernando L.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study is to examine relapse of 72 smokers who stopped smoking with a behavioral smoking cessation program and relapse in the period from the end-of-treatment to the 36-mo. follow-up. The relapse occurred fundamentally between the end-of-treatment and the 6- (53.7% relapse) and the 12-mo. follow-up (61.1% relapse), and more slowly beyond 12-mo. follow-ups with 72.2% and 70.4% relapse at the 24- and 36-mo. follow-up.
Cognitive Processes Associated with Gambling Behaviour
Authors: Kweitel Ruth , Allen Felicity C. L.
Published: August 2011

Gambling behaviours can be pathological if positive response is extreme, but very little is known about the psychological precursors of pathological gambling in Australia. This study examined the relationships between self-reported gambling behaviours and scores on locus of control measures. The sample of 80 male and 75 female undergraduate students completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen and Levenson's multidimensional Locus of Control Scale. No significant association was found for the self-reported gambling behaviours with scores on the Internal scale but a positive one obtained between scores on the Powerful Others subscale. Self-reported gambling behaviours differed significantly for men reported that they gambled more than women. For these Australian undergraduates an additional question on borrowing money increased the apparent frequency of pathological gambling. Thus an avenue for further research is the development of a valid and reliable measure of gambling behaviours in an Australian sample.
Gender Effects and Marital Satisfaction: A Brief Report from a Sample of Dual Military Couples from the 1992 Department of Defense Worldwide Survey of Members and Spouses
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Resnick Gary , Bollman Stephan R. , Jurich Anthony P.
Published: August 2011

Among 1,320 dual military couples who responded to the 1992 Department of Defense Worldwide Survey of Military Members and Spouses, female spouses reported lower marital satisfaction than male spouses (effect size = .14), a result comparable to previous research on sex differences in marital quality. However, no differences were observed for parental satisfaction, but female spouses were more satisfied with time their partners had available for family, although both spouses were much less satisfied with the latter than with either marital or parental relationships.
Attitudes toward Gun Control and Personality
Authors: Bernard Melanie , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 65 undergraduates, a negative attitude toward guns was associated with lower scores on Psychoticism.
Psychosocial Predictors of Interest in Prenatal Genetic Screening
Authors: Furr L. Allen , Seger Rachelle E.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to identify psychosocial predictors of interest in prenatal genetic testing. Analysis of data from 886 responses in the 1996 Louisville Metropolitan Survey indicate that factors such as demographic characteristics and scores on health locus of control that predict utilization of other preventive health care are less applicable to predicting attitudes toward genetic testing. Regression analyses indicated that political orientation, identification with religion, and attitudes against abortion predicted less favorable responses to a question about prenatal genetic testing. Abortion attitudes were particularly strong indicators of respondents' stated interests in testing. The findings have practical implications in terms of promoting preventive health care. Personal values may lead individuals to believe that prenatal testing leads to the intention of abortion.
Male and Female Differences in Anxiety about Statistics are Not Reflected in Performance
Authors: Bradley Drake R. , Wygant Catherine R.
Published: August 2011

In two introductory statistics courses (consisting of 70 women and 28 men over-all), women indicated significantly more anxiety about taking the course than men, but performed as well as the men in both courses.
Members' Changes in Attitude toward Cooperative and Antagonistic Leaders in a Competitive Intergroup Situation
Authors: Lundgren David C.
Published: August 2011

In an experimental study of intergroup competition, group members ( N = 68) became more negative toward leaders who acted cooperatively toward their out-group peers and more positive toward leaders who acted antagonistically.
A Review of the Literature and a Preliminary Study of Family Compliance in a Developmental Disabilities Clinic
Authors: Brasić James Robert , Will Michael V. , Ahn Seok Cheol , Nadrich Robert H. , McNally Geralyn
Published: August 2011

To investigate the compliance of family members with the treatment recommended for patients, three child and adolescent psychiatrists assessed the charts of all active outpatients in a developmental disabilities clinic in the psychiatric department of a tertiary care municipal hospital utilizing a Family Compliance Checklist, a survey form for chart review, in October, 1993 ( n = 40), and in April, 1994 ( n = 41). Almost no clients missed appointments over a 6-mo. period. Only one family refused to permit the use of medication. Three families refused to make appointments. The majority of the patients were Hispanic and almost half were Roman Catholic. We conclude that most families of patients in a developmental disabilities clinic comply with recommended treatment plans including scheduled appointments and prescribed medications.
Right-Wing Authoritarianism Relative to Traditional Western Thinking and Locus of Control
Authors: Diakonova Nadezhda , Gilgen Albert R.
Published: August 2011

The relationships among scores on right-wing authoritarianism, locus of control, and beliefs relative to traditional Eastern and Western thinking were examined. Eastern thinking is defined as the monistic perspective common to Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism, while Western thinking reflects the dualism intrinsic to the Judeo-Christian and ancient Greek underpinnings of European and American thought. Among 72 male and 130 female undergraduate students, women scoring high on the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale tended to score more Western on the East-West Questionnaire. Subjects scoring high on the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale, especially the men, tended to score internal on locus of control. Performance on the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale could be used as a weak predictor of the scores obtained on the Locus of Control Scale. Duckitt's conceptualization of authoritarianism as an aspect of group cohesiveness served as the theoretical framework.
Use of Progressive Relaxation Training for Chronic Alcoholics with Insomnia
Authors: Greeff Abraham P. , Conradie Willem S.
Published: August 2011

To assess the effect of progressive relaxation training on insomnia in institutionalised chronic alcoholic men, 22 subjects between the ages of 20 and 60 years, were randomly allocated to treatment and control groups. The treatment group received 10 sessions of progressive relaxation training over a 2-wk. period after which both groups completed a postexperimental questionnaire. Analysis showed a significant improvement in the sleeping patterns of the treated group, but no changes in the sleeping patterns of the control group. In addition, a distribution-free two-sample permutation test to compare mean differences of the groups confirmed that a significantly greater change occurred in the quality of the sleeping patterns of the treated group.
Self-Reported Control over Decision-Making and its Relationship to Intimate Relationships
Authors: Zak Ann , Collins Christine , Harper Lisa , Masher Michele
Published: August 2011

After making decisions designed to prime perceptions of interpersonal control, data from 178 heterosexual couples indicated that intimates classified as having unequal control blamed their partners more for conflicts and reported less trust and satisfaction than those intimates reporting equal control.
Role Dimensions of Patient and Physician in Medical Interviews: Relationship to Patients' Satisfaction
Authors: Anderson Lynda A. , Hinckley Jacqueline J.
Published: August 2011

We applied the Verbal Response Mode coding system to 80 medical interviews to characterize role dimensions of patient and physician and to assess the relation between physicians' role dimensions and patients' satisfaction. Role dimensions conformed closely to prior work Physicians' acquiescence was positively correlated with satisfaction. This study suggests that the role dimensions generated by the Verbal Response Mode taxonomy are a useful measure of patients' and physicians' relationships.
Control of Understanding in a Task Involving Medical Assistance Given by Telephone
Authors: Minondo Brigitte , Navarro Claude
Published: August 2011

This paper addresses the control of understanding in a task involving medical assistance given by phone. This situation was described and analyzed in two previous papers with different goals. Here we focus on activity carried out by the operator in charge of emergency calls (injuries, suicides, medical problems,…) in which the operator must control data given by the caller. We assume that the quality of data in the very first message (by the caller) influences the nature of control (by the operator). Methodology for assessing quality of information and type of control is presented. Nature of control is categorized by “validation” or “checking.” Quality of information is assessed by an “informational rate” and some actual verbal exchanges illustrate this point. Findings show that control in the course of dialogues is determined by the quality of information sent by the caller initially.
Lethal vs Nonlethal Suicide Attempts in Jail
Authors: McKee Geoffrey R.
Published: August 2011

The rate of suicide in jails has been found to be 11 to 14 times greater than suicide within the general population. The purpose of the present study is to compare the demographic, offense, and situational characteristics of 665 adult male and 89 female jail inmates who attempted suicide by either hanging (lethal) or wrist or arm-cutting (nonlethal). Hanging attempts occurred at twice the rate of cutting attempts. Further, the mortality rate of inmates' attempts by hanging (52 deaths in 602 attempts) was 19 times greater than inmates who cut themselves (1 death in 275 attempts). Of all hanging suicide deaths 63% occurred on the inmate's first day of jail. The inmate's race, condition at arrest, hours after booking, type of charge, and size of jail differentiated lethal from nonlethal suicide attempts. Implications of these data for assessment of jail suicide risk and prevention are discussed.
Response to Hofstede's Observations on the “Preliminary Development of the Intercultural Tolerance Scale”
Authors: Mendleson Jack L. , Bures Allen L. , Champion Donald L. , Lott J. Kendall
Published: August 2011

This paper is a response to Hofstede's review of our description of work on an intercultural tolerance scale. Responses to Hofstede's concerns about the need for input from other cultures, validity, and citation issues are made. We encourage further study, refinement, and testing of the validity of the scale.
Assumptions of Students and Psychotherapists about Memory
Authors: Merckelbach Harald , Wessel Ineke
Published: August 2011

The present study explored assumptions about memory in a Dutch sample consisting of 27 psychotherapists and 50 undergraduate students. Participants completed a questionnaire about memory and repression. Analysis indicated that a substantial proportion of the participants held assumptions about memory that are unrealistic in the sense that they do not meet a generally accepted standard among memory scientists. Although most respondents said that memory is not an accurate reflection of reality, metaphors provided by students and psychotherapists suggest that the reconstructive nature of memory was less well acknowledged.
Japanese Psychology Students as Psychiatric Diagnosticians: Application of Criteria of Mood and Anxiety Disorders to Written Case Vignettes Using the RDC and DSM-IV
Authors: Sugiura T. , Hasui C. , Aoki Y. , Sugawara M. , Tanaka E. , Sakamoto S. , Kitamura T.
Published: August 2011

It is commonly believed in Japan that only psychiatrists are capable of providing reliable psychiatric diagnosis. The present study, therefore, examined using a case vignette design, how well Japanese psychology students agreed with a psychiatrist on the diagnoses of mood disorders (major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder) and anxiety disorders (panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder). The results suggest that appropriately trained Japanese psychology students can apply reliably the diagnostic criteria for these disorders, except for generalized anxiety disorder. It appeared that the students did not identify symptoms of restlessness and nervous tension, which may explain the relatively low reliability of the diagnosis for generalized anxiety disorder. The cross-cultural variation in the experience of anxiety is suggested as an explanation. The present study argues that it is feasible that Japanese nonmedical mental health professionals become familiar with the psychiatric diagnoses.
An Evaluation of the Conditional Probability Strategy and Rule-Analysis Methodology in Judgments of Covariation
Authors: Richard Francis D. , McGahan Joseph R.
Published: August 2011

The current study investigated whether college students specifically have the prerequisite knowledge to use reciprocal information in their reasoning about covariation. Primacy effects on sequential processing tasks provided an opportunity to compare the use of single-cell information versus the use of reciprocal information in judgments about covariation. To investigate these issues, 72 students sequentially processed 25 slides containing dichotomous information about two variables pertaining to the performance of an imaginary tennis player, time of season and quality of performance. Participants received blocks of information (consisting of either identical or reciprocal information) either at the beginning or at the end of the slide sequence. Judgments about covariation, assessed using a conditional statement procedure as opposed to the traditional “rule analysis” methodology were not significantly different between identical and reciprocal conditions. In addition, frequency estimates provided for reciprocal cells were highly correlated. Although the primacy block was more powerful than the recency block, judgments between identical and reciprocal groups were similar despite the primacy bias. Results further substantiate the claim that people are capable of using reciprocal information in judgments about covariation.
HIV/AIDS Education Survey for Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A. , Grimes Richard M. , O'Boyle Michael , Wagner Karen D. , Tan Victor L. , Lew Angela S.
Published: August 2011

A total of 6804 mental health professionals, e.g., licensed and certified psychologists, licensed professional counselors, in Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas were mailed a questionnaire regarding HIV/AIDS topics professionals might recommend for educational programs. Participants were asked to rate how strongly they would recommend each topic. The return rate was 31% (2121). The percentage of participants who did not recommend the topics was low (0.7%–10.9%). Most topics were either recommended (6.5%–50.2%) or strongly recommended (29.0%–92.8%). Topics with ratings of 80% of participants endorsing the strongly recommended rating included psychological crises associated with learning one is HIV positive, psychosocial issues, and counseling dying clients regarding grief, loss, and legal issues. The results are discussed in terms of continuing to develop educational programs targeting mental health professionals.
Criterion-Related Validity of the Arabic Children's Depression Inventory
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: August 2011

The Arabic Children's Depression Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to 109 Kuwaiti school students whose ages ranged from 14 to 18 years. Pearson correlations for total score on the two scales were .57, .83, and .75 for boys, girls, and the combined group, respectively, denoting the convergent validity of the new Arabic inventory against the Beck Depression Inventory as criterion.
Encoding, Metacognitive, Autoattributional Processes and Memory in Mentally Retarded Adolescents
Authors: Baldi Pier Luigi
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the improvement of the capability to retain sets of names after a training programme administered to 38 (20 men, 18 women) mentally retarded adolescents aged 14–19 years (mean IQ = 57) who underwent training for 31 weeks. A single-case research design was used because the subjects varied in age, IQ, and pathological origin of retardation. Data confirm the results of a 1994 study and demonstrate the utility of systematic, diversified training in improving information-processing strategies on the one hand, and raising meta-mnemonic and autoattributional awareness on the other.
Manic-Depressive Tendencies and Belief in Life after Death
Authors: Andrews Lori , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 80 undergraduates, rated belief in life-after-death was associated with ratings of beliefs in God and other paranormal phenomena, but not with manic or depressive tendencies.
Belief Systems and Attitudes toward the Workplace
Authors: Harvey O. J. , Juhasz Joseph B. , Griffin George H. , Gore Edward J.
Published: August 2011

Belief systems as discussed by Harvey and colleagues provide a summary description of individual differences across a variety of psychological characteristics in combination with people's assumptions as to how the world operates. Here we provide a brief report as to how individuals' belief systems related to their attitudes toward workplace issues which were defined in the course of the study. The data on which these conclusions were based were collected in two stages of a pilot study. The second stage used a refinement of the inventory which measured attitudes toward the workplace in the first stage, both stages used the same inventory for measuring belief systems. People with different belief systems had divergent concerns in the workplace. The most prominent finding was that “cynics” tend to express negative attitudes toward the same issues which “extrapersonalists” (who are more likely to be managers) tend to favor.
Family Members' Agreement on Memories of Shared Experiences
Authors: Remer Rory , Gorman Kimberly S. , Derrickson-Beake Dana , Pinto William A.
Published: August 2011

Agreement of family members' recollections of shared events was explored. Mothers, fathers, and eldest children from 32 families were assessed through both free recall and specific questions. Comparison of 24 usable accounts indicated few points of similarity from the content analysis but somewhat greater agreement on specifics, except for emotional reactions. Results suggest terming families' memories, particularly affective attributes, as “shared” is questionable, except where traumatic events are concerned.
Validation of an Inventory to Measure Attributes of Strategic Management
Authors: Budd James L. , Carraher Shawn M.
Published: August 2011

234 managers' perceptions of how certain attributes are associated with a particular strategy are important to some research in strategic management. An inventory is validated to match attributes to strategic management processes.
Sample Attrition and Cronbach Alpha: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Bernardi Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Conventional wisdom indicates that as attrition in a field sample occurs, the remaining sample becomes more similar, e.g., homogeneous. This narrowing of the differences in the sample will cause a decrease in reliability as measured by Cronbach alpha. The current research is a 5-yr. longitudinal study that involved a group of auditors from five Big Six firms. The initial sample (Bernardi, 1994a) of 494 auditors was followed for a period of five years to assess the effect of attrition on Cronbach alpha for the Defining Issues Test (Rest, 1979a). At the beginning of the research, alpha was .348; however, by the end of Year five, alpha had decreased to .309. When the sample was stratified by sex and geographic location, the data indicate that, while alpha increased for the majority of the sample, it dramatically decreased for women in the New York City Metropolitan area. This study should assist other researchers who are examining data on a longitudinal basis when the sample is presumed to become more similar over time.
Assertiveness and Aggressiveness as Potential Moderators of Consumers' Verbal Behavior following a Failure of Service
Authors: Swanson Scott R. , McIntyre Roger P.
Published: August 2011

49 men and 37 women participated in a study of the relationships among assertiveness, aggressiveness, and verbal intentions. Findings suggest that as a person's social network extends out from family to others, Nonassertive and Aggressive persons are less likely to discuss a problem with service and their response. However, more assertive consumers are significantly more likely to discuss these same circumstances with acquaintances and others. The nature of intended verbal communications was positive for Assertive relative to Nonassertive consumers. Sex of the subject did not appear to be of importance.
Smokeless Tobacco Use by Secondary Students in a Mexican Bordertown
Authors: Lopez Linda C. , Sanchez Virginia V. , Hamilton Minami
Published: August 2011

Of secondary students living in a Mexican bordertown, 67 boys and 45 girls aged 13 to 18 years, 5 boys reported trying chewing tobacco, but none reported current use, and 61 students believed such use could cause cancer. Low prevalence may be related to low exposure to advertising.
Early Memories and Maladjustment: Comment on Spirrison, et al. and Recalled Age of Earliest Memory
Authors: Bruhn Arnold R.
Published: August 2011

Spirrison, Schneider, Hartwell, Carmack, and D'Reaux (1997) argued that onset prior to age 4 of reported first memory is linked to maladjustment based on a study of 60 undergraduates; however, the literature suggests that sex, age, socioeconomic status, and Verbal IQ are likely to affect age of first recall. Responses of three previously unanalyzed samples were then reviewed for age of first recall. The first two samples yielded a 3-year earlier age of first recall for the female university student sample (3.2 vs 3.5 yr. for men); however, Spirrison, et at.'s prediction of maladjustment is probably better explained by various personal and demographic variables. A third sample—incarcerated male prisoners—was handpicked for specific demographic measures to test the notion that late age of first recall is linked with somatic complaints. Their average age of first recall was 6.2 yr. or “late onset.” Spirrison, et al.'s results would predict “somatic concerns”—extremely unlikely for this group. First recall at a later age is likely linked to a variety of psychological and demographic variables, including but not limited to low Verbal IQ, low education, low socioeconomic status, male, and a criminal background. Similarly, early age of first recall is probably linked to a high Verbal IQ, high education, middle-class socioeconomic status or higher, female, and an interest in reflection, among other variables. More research is needed on what affects age of first recall to avoid questionable attributions of pathology.
The Jackson County Missouri Drug Diversion Court: Preliminary Evaluation
Authors: Peterson N. Andrew , Lubin Bernard , Van Whitlock Rod
Published: August 2011

Preliminary evaluation of the first year of the Jackson County Missouri Drug Diversion Court suggests that the program is on track in terms of the Court's objectives.
Preliminary Development of an Alternative Measure of Isolation: The Construct of Institutional Isolation
Authors: Smith Janice Witt
Published: August 2011

The Perceptions of Inclusion and Exclusion scale was administered to a sample of 152 university faculty and was used to develop the construct of Institutional Isolation. Preliminary estimates of reliability, factorial, and discriminant data suggest better psychometric characteristics than those of Dean's (1961) General Alienation scale. Institutional isolation reflects employees' sense of adjustment to and acceptance by the organization and is conceptually needed as a precursor to the study of socialization and mentorship. Indeed, further refinement of the scale may provide additional insight into the experiences of particular racial and ethnic groups whose workplace experiences may be less favorable than those of their Euro-American peers.
Internal-External Dimension of Epistemic and Personality Factors and a Measure of Achievement Motivation
Authors: Hill Oliver W. , Huntley Lisa
Published: August 2011

This study examined associations among measures of epistemic orientation, field dependence-independence, locus of control, and the achievement motive. Subjects were assessed using the Psycho-Epistemological Profile, the Portable Rod and Frame Test, Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and the Mehrabian Achieving Scale. Analysis of the correlation matrix indicated significant relations among Internal Epistemic Orientation, Field Independence, and Achievement Motive. A subsequent principal components factor analysis showed that the measure of achievement motive had a significant negative loading on the factor for an external locus of control. The implications were discussed.