bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juxtacellular recordings from identified neurons in the mouse locus coeruleus
Authors: Zouridis Ioannis S. , Schmors Lisa , Fischer Kathrin Maite , Berens Philipp , Preston‐Ferrer Patricia , Burgalossi Andrea
Published: June 2024

The locus coeruleus (LC) is the primary source of noradrenergic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. This small pontine nucleus consists of a densely packed nuclear core—which contains the highest density of noradrenergic neurons—embedded within a heterogeneous surround of non‐noradrenergic cells. This local heterogeneity, together with the small size of the LC, has made it particularly difficult to infer noradrenergic cell identity based on extracellular sampling of in vivo spiking activity. Moreover, the relatively high cell density, background activity and synchronicity of LC neurons have made spike identification and unit isolation notoriously challenging. In this study, we aimed at bridging these gaps by performing juxtacellular recordings from single identified neurons within the mouse LC complex. We found that noradrenergic neurons (identified by tyrosine hydroxylase, TH, expression; TH‐positive) and intermingled putatively non‐noradrenergic (TH‐negative) cells displayed similar morphologies and responded to foot shock stimuli with excitatory responses; however, on average, TH‐positive neurons exhibited more prominent foot shock responses and post‐activation firing suppression. The two cell classes also displayed different spontaneous firing rates, spike waveforms and temporal spiking properties. A logistic regression classifier trained on spontaneous electrophysiological features could separate the two cell classes with 76% accuracy. Altogether, our results reveal in vivo electrophysiological correlates of TH‐positive neurons, which can be useful for refining current approaches for the classification of LC unit activity.
Oxidation protection of tri‐layer La2Zr2O7/Yb2Si2O7/SiC‐coated Cf/SiC composites at high temperature
Authors: Chen Pengju , Xiao Peng , Tian Tian , Li Yang
Published: June 2024

Ytterbium silicate (Yb2Si2O7) and lanthanum zirconate (La2Zr2O7) ceramic powders were synthesized by the sol–gel method. A novel tri‐layer La2Zr2O7/Yb2Si2O7/SiC environmental barrier coating was prepared on the surface of C/SiC composites to improve the service temperature of the coating (above the Si melting point, 1683 K). Results show that both Yb2Si2O7 and La2Zr2O7 ceramic powders had extremely high purity and were accompanied by a large number of nanoparticles. The tri‐layer La2Zr2O7/Yb2Si2O7/SiC coating can efficiently prevent the oxidation failure of C/SiC composites in 1773 K air environment for more than 100 h with slight weight loss of 5.71 × 10−3 g·cm−2 and the matching weight loss rate of 5.71 × 10−5 g·cm−2·h−1. No significant chemical reaction was observed between Yb2Si2O7 middle and La2Zr2O7 outer coatings during the oxidation process at 1773 K, indicating that the tri‐layer La2Zr2O7/Yb2Si2O7/SiC coating had better oxidation stability in 1773 K air environment.
Equivalence between direct and indirect measures of psychological capital
Authors: Alessandri Guido , Filosa Lorenzo
Published: June 2024

Psychological Capital (PsyCap) represents an individual's positive and resourceful state, defined by high levels of self‐efficacy, optimism, hope, and resiliency. Since its inception, extensive research has focused on exploring the factors influencing and outcomes associated with PsyCap within organizational contexts. Consequently, there has been a growing demand for reliable assessment tools to measure PsyCap accurately. The present multi‐study investigation aimed to examine whether the two main measures of Psychological Capital, namely the Psychological Capital Questionnaire and the Implicit‐Psychological Capital Questionnaire, show convergence in measuring the same underlying construct. In Study 1, using data from 327 employees from whom we obtained both self‐ and coworker reports on both explicit and implicit Psychological Capital, we evaluated the degree of convergence between measures using a Multitrait‐Multimethod approach. In Study 2, we used six‐wave longitudinal data from 354 employees, gathered every week for 6 consecutive weeks, to test a series of STARTS models, to decompose the proportions of variance of all the components (i.e., trait, state and error) of both Psychological Capital measures, and to compare their magnitude and similarity. In this second study, we also compared their longitudinal predictive power with respect to important organizational outcomes (i.e., work engagement and emotional exhaustion). All in all, results provided empirical evidence for the high degree of convergence of explicit and implicit measures of Psychological Capital. Implications and potential applications of our findings are discussed.
The need for “Considered Estimation” versus “Conservative Estimation” when ranking or comparing predictors of job performance
Authors: Bobko Philip , Roth Philip L. , Huy Le , Oh In‐Sue , Salgado Jesus
Published: June 2024

A recent attempt to generate an updated ranking for the operational validity of 25 selection procedures, using a process labeled “conservative estimation” (Sackett et al., 2022), is flawed and misleading. When conservative estimation's treatment of range restriction (RR) is used, it is unclear if reported validity differences among predictors reflect (i) true differences, (ii) differential degrees of RR (different u values), (iii) differential correction for RR (no RR correction vs. RR correction), or (iv) some combination of these factors. We demonstrate that this creates bias and introduces confounds when ranking (or comparing) selection procedures. Second, the list of selection procedures being directly compared includes both predictor methods and predictor constructs, in spite of the substantial effect construct saturation has on validity estimates (e.g., Arthur & Villado, 2008). This causes additional confounds that cloud comparative interpretations. Based on these, and other, concerns we outline an alternative, “considered estimation” strategy when comparing predictors of job performance. Basic tenets include using RR corrections in the same manner for all predictors, parsing validities of selection methods by constructs, applying the logic beyond validities (e.g., ds), thoughtful reconsideration of prior meta‐analyses, considering sensitivity analyses, and accounting for nonindependence across studies.
The immune checkpoint TIGIT is upregulated on T cells during bacterial infection and is a potential target for immunotherapy
Authors: McCulloch Timothy R , Rossi Gustavo R , Miranda‐Hernandez Socorro , Valencia‐Hernandez Ana Maria , Alim Louisa , Belle Clemence J , Krause Andrew , Zacchi Lucia F , Lam Pui Yeng , Nakamura Kyohei , Kupz Andreas , Wells Timothy J , Souza‐Fonseca‐Guimaraes Fernando
Published: June 2024

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health threat, and alternatives to antibiotic therapy are urgently needed. Immunotherapy, particularly the blockade of inhibitory immune checkpoints, is a leading treatment option in cancer and autoimmunity. In this study, we used a murine model of Salmonella Typhimurium infection to investigate whether immune checkpoint blockade could be applied to bacterial infection. We found that the immune checkpoint T‐cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) was significantly upregulated on lymphocytes during infection, particularly on CD4+ T cells, drastically limiting their proinflammatory function. Blockade of TIGIT in vivo using monoclonal antibodies was able to enhance immunity and improve bacterial clearance. The efficacy of anti‐TIGIT was dependent on the capacity of the antibody to bind to Fc (fragment crystallizable) receptors, giving important insights into the mechanism of anti‐TIGIT therapy. This research suggests that targeting immune checkpoints, such as TIGIT, has the potential to enhance immune responses toward bacteria and restore antibacterial treatment options in the face of antibiotic resistance.
Prevention of anthracycline and trastuzumab‐induced decline in left ventricular ejection fraction with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blocker: a narrative systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Lee Simon , Alsamarrai Ammar , Xiao Amy , Wang Tom K. M.
Published: June 2024

Cancer therapy‐related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) is a complication of selected cancer therapy agents associated with decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have established benefits in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, but their efficacy for preventing CTRCD remains controversial. This narrative systematic review assessed the efficacy and safety of ACEI/ARB in the prevention of cancer therapy LVEF decline. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane from January 1980 to June 2022. Studies of interest were randomised controlled trials of patients with normal LVEF and active malignancy receiving cancer therapy, randomised to receive either an ACEI or ARB compared with a control group. The outcome was the change in LVEF from baseline to the end of the follow‐up period. Death, clinical heart failure and adverse drug reactions were recorded. A total of 3731 search records were screened and 12 studies were included, comprising a total of 1645 participants. Nine studies assessed the prevention of anthracycline‐induced LVEF decline, of which five showed a beneficial effect (1%–14% higher LVEF in treated groups), whereas four studies showed no effect. Three studies assessed the prevention of trastuzumab‐induced LVEF decline, of which one showed a beneficial effect (4% higher LVEF) in a subset of participants. There are mixed data regarding the efficacy of ACEI/ARB in preventing the LVEF decline in patients undergoing anthracycline or trastuzumab therapy, with evidence suggesting no clinically meaningful benefit observed in recent studies.
Effect of different instrumental techniques and clinical experience on shade matching
Authors: Saygılı Sina , Albayrak Berkman , Sülün Tonguç
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Many factors can affect the aesthetics of dental restorations, including the instrumental techniques used in shade matching, and can lead to clinical failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using the cross‐polarization digital photograph technique and intraoral scanners for shade matching, and also evaluate the effect of the level of clinical experience on shade matching success.

Materials and Methods

Color analysis was performed on the maxillary right central incisors of 10 subject models with Vita Easyshade. Intraoral scanning was performed 10 times on each model using TRIOS 3 and color analysis was performed from the same spot. Then cross‐polarized and non‐polarized photographs of the models were taken with standard settings using a gray reference card. Each shade tab of the Vita System 3D‐Master scale was also photographed with two different polarization techniques. Four groups (n = 12), including prosthodontics faculty staff, postgraduate students in prosthodontics, undergraduate students, and dental technicians matched the shade tabs and the model photographs obtained with both techniques on a standardized computer screen. Finally, the color differences between the shade tabs and maxillary central incisors matched by observers from four different groups were recorded using a colorimeter, Classic Color Meter, in accordance with the CIELAB system and CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) values were calculated. The data were compared with the acceptability threshold of 1.80 for ΔE00. The data obtained from the observers were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 Release Notes program. Independent Samples t‐test was used to compare normally distributed data according to binary groups. The level of significance was 0.05.

Results

A statistically significant difference was found in the shade matching on photographs taken with different techniques in postgraduate students (p = 0.02). Also, there was a statistically significant difference in success between the groups that made shade matching based on photographs obtained with the non‐polarization technique (p = 0.00). The undergraduate students achieved statistically significantly lower results than all other groups (ΔE00 = 5.57 ± 1.07). The kappa value between the intraoral scanner and spectrophotometer results was 0.10, and this value was not statistically significant (p = 0.32).

Conclusions

The cross‐polarization technique used especially for shade matching is not superior to the non‐polarization technique. Academic and clinical experience might be correlated with shade‐matching success with the non‐polarization technique. The clinical acceptability threshold could not be achieved in the shade matchings made on digital photographs taken with both techniques. Shade matching performed with an intraoral scanner did not yield reliable results.
Pythium tracheiphilum causing leaf rot and wilting in lettuce in Brasília‐DF, Brazil
Authors: Barboza Elenice Alves , Lopes Luiz Henrique Rocha , Pires‐Zottarelli Carmen Lidia Amorim , Cabral Cléia Santos , dos Santos Vieira Willie Anderson , Rossato Maurício , Ribeiro Fabiana Helena Silva , Reis Ailton
Published: June 2024

Pythium tracheiphilum is a narrow host range oomycete first described infecting lettuce in Italy. Subsequently, the pathogen was reported in many other countries. From 2015 to 2019, Pythium isolates were recovered from lettuce plants with symptoms of leaf rot, wilting and vascular necrosis, collected from commercial fields in different rural localities of Brasilia‐DF, Brazil. The isolates were identified as P. tracheiphilum based on morphological and molecular genetic analysis. Pathogenicity tests conducted with four P. tracheiphilum isolates confirmed that the isolates were pathogenic to detached leaves of a loose‐hearted lettuce cultivar. This is the first report of P. tracheiphilum infecting lettuces in Brazil.
What does ‘co‐production’ look like for food system transformation? Mapping the evidence across Transforming UK Food Systems (TUKFS) projects
Authors: Shaw Naomi , Hardman Charlotte A. , Boyle Neil Bernard , Craven Joanne , Dooley John , Mead Bethan R. , Morgans Lisa , Mumby Hannah , Pettinger Clare
Published: June 2024

Co‐production is a collaborative way of working which emphasises the exchange of diverse forms of knowledge in an equal partnership for equal benefits. Co‐produced research is a key strategic aim of the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Transforming UK Food Systems (TUKFS) Strategic Priorities Fund; this research programme brings together researchers, policymakers, industry and communities to create positive change in the way food is produced, accessed and consumed. However, more generally, there are diverse understandings of co‐production and a lack of consensus on what ‘good practice’ looks like. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and map examples of co‐production methods employed across the TUKFS programme. Two creative workshops (n = 15 participants), conversations with TUKFS researchers and stakeholders (n = 15), and systematic analysis of project documents were used to critically explore co‐production activities within six TUKFS projects. A range of co‐production activities were identified. Findings highlighted areas of ‘messiness’ and complexity, challenges associated with applying co‐production approaches and practical solutions. Four key shared principles for co‐production were identified: (1) Relationships: developing and maintaining reciprocity‐based partnerships; (2) Knowledge: recognising the contribution of diverse forms of expertise; (3) Power: considering power dynamics and addressing imbalances; and (4) Inclusivity: ensuring research is accessible to all who wish to participate. Opportunities for reflection and reflexivity were considered crucial across all these areas. Findings contribute important insights towards a shared conceptual understanding of co‐production for food system transformation research. This paper makes recommendations for researchers, practitioners, academic institutions and funders working in this area of research and practice.
Do the expected heatwaves pose a threat to lichens?: Linkage between a passive decline in water content in thalli and response to heat stress
Authors: Osyczka Piotr , Myśliwa‐Kurdziel Beata
Published: June 2024

Being poikilohydric, lichens are inherently exposed to alternating desiccation and hydration cycles. They can exhibit extraordinary resistance to extreme temperatures in a dehydrated state but thermal thresholds for hydrated lichens are lower. The ability of the lichen Cetraria aculeata to recovery after high temperature treatment (40°C, 60°C) at different air humidity levels (relative humidity [RH]: <15%, 25%, 50%, 75%, ≅100%) was examined to find a linkage between passive dehydration of the lichen and its physiological resistance to heat stress. The response to heating was determined by measuring parameters related to photosynthesis and respiration after 2‐ and 24‐h recovery. A higher RH level resulted in a slower decline in relative water content (RWC) in hydrated thalli. In turn, the stress resistance of active thalli depended on the ambient humidity and associated RWC reduction. Elevated temperature had a negative impact on bioenergetic processes, but only an unnatural state of permanent full hydration during heat stress resulted in a lethal effect. Hydrated lichen thalli heated at 40°C and 50% relative humidity (RH) tended to be least susceptible to stress‐induced damage. Although atypical climatic conditions may lead lichens to lethal thresholds, the actual likelihood of deadly threat to lichens due to heat events per se is debatable.
Symmetries and Measurements
Authors: Murgueitio Ramírez Sebastián
Published: June 2024

According to the orthodox view, one can appeal to the symmetries of a theory in order to show that it is impossible to measure the properties that are not invariant under such symmetries. For example, it is widely believed that the fact that boosts are symmetries of Newtonian mechanics entails that it is impossible to measure states of absolute motion in a Newtonian world (these states vary under boosts). This paper offers an overview of the various ways by which philosophers have spelled out the connection between the symmetries of a theory and the alleged impossibility of measuring some properties (the variant ones). The paper will use the case of absolute motion as a case study, and will discuss a recent unorthodox view according to which this kind of motion can actually be measured in Newtonian mechanics. The paper ends by considering some avenues by which the discussion can be further developed.
Publication guidelines for human heart rate and heart rate variability studies in psychophysiology—Part 1: Physiological underpinnings and foundations of measurement
Authors: Quigley Karen S. , Gianaros Peter J. , Norman Greg J. , Jennings J. Richard , Berntson Gary G. , de Geus Eco J. C.
Published: June 2024

This Committee Report provides methodological, interpretive, and reporting guidance for researchers who use measures of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in psychophysiological research. We provide brief summaries of best practices in measuring HR and HRV via electrocardiographic and photoplethysmographic signals in laboratory, field (ambulatory), and brain‐imaging contexts to address research questions incorporating measures of HR and HRV. The Report emphasizes evidence for the strengths and weaknesses of different recording and derivation methods for measures of HR and HRV. Along with this guidance, the Report reviews what is known about the origin of the heartbeat and its neural control, including factors that produce and influence HRV metrics. The Report concludes with checklists to guide authors in study design and analysis considerations, as well as guidance on the reporting of key methodological details and characteristics of the samples under study. It is expected that rigorous and transparent recording and reporting of HR and HRV measures will strengthen inferences across the many applications of these metrics in psychophysiology. The prior Committee Reports on HR and HRV are several decades old. Since their appearance, technologies for human cardiac and vascular monitoring in laboratory and daily life (i.e., ambulatory) contexts have greatly expanded. This Committee Report was prepared for the Society for Psychophysiological Research to provide updated methodological and interpretive guidance, as well as to summarize best practices for reporting HR and HRV studies in humans.
Engel curves on outsourcing and foreign environmental taxes: A valued‐added approach
Authors: Li Ailun , Shen Leilei , Silva Peri
Published: June 2024

This paper estimates Engel curves on the foreign content (outsourcing) and the foreign environmental taxes embedded in the consumption of final goods and services in the United States (U.S.). We estimate Engel curves using U.S. household income and consumption information from 1996 to 2011 and find that they are concave and shift down over time. Importantly, our results suggest a coherent picture where the foreign content and the foreign environmental taxes in U.S. household consumption bundles decreased on average over time primarily because of a composition effect where the significant income increase has led to a shift in consumption towards goods and services with lower foreign content and lower foreign environmental taxes. Both effects represent a movement along their respective Engel curves. Consequently, other effects besides income changes play a minor role in the evolution of consumer decisions and their relationship with foreign content and environmental taxes.
An analytical and numerical study of the Diaz–Solovchuk–Sheu acoustic model: How does it compare with Blackstock's in approximating the Euler system?
Authors: Jordan Pedro M.
Published: June 2024

Employing primarily numerical methods, and working in 1D, we seek to determine which of two competing finite‐amplitude acoustic models, specifically, those of Blackstock and Diaz et al, best approximates the acoustic special case of the Euler system. Working in the context of the classical signaling problem with sinusoidal input, we perform our assessment using not only velocity profile plots, but also a number of metrics. Our findings show, without equivocation, that the simpler Diaz et al model outperforms Blackstock's vis‐à‐vis all comparisons performed and metrics considered.
Inhibitory actions of melanin‐concentrating hormone in the lateral septum
Authors: Payant Mikayla A. , Spencer C. Duncan , Ly Nikita K. Koziel , Chee Melissa J.
Published: June 2024

Melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons can co‐express several neuropeptides or neurotransmitters and send widespread projections throughout the brain. Notably, there is a dense cluster of nerve terminals from MCH neurons in the lateral septum (LS) that innervate LS cells by glutamate release. The LS is also a key region integrating stress‐ and anxiety‐like behaviours, which are also emerging roles of MCH neurons. However, it is not known if or where the MCH peptide acts within the LS. We analysed the projections from MCH neurons in male and female mice anteroposteriorly throughout the LS and found spatial overlap between the distribution pattern of MCH‐immunoreactive (MCH‐ir) fibres with MCH receptor Mchr1 mRNA hybridization or MCHR1‐ir cells. This overlap was most prominent along the ventral and lateral border of the rostral part of the LS (LSr). Most MCHR1‐labelled LS neurons lay adjacent to passing MCH‐ir fibres, but some MCH‐ir varicosities directly contacted the soma or cilium of MCHR1‐labelled LS neurons. We thus performed whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings from MCHR1‐rich LSr regions to determine if and how LS cells respond to MCH. Bath application of MCH to acute brain slices activated a bicuculline‐sensitive chloride current that directly hyperpolarized LS cells. This MCH‐mediated hyperpolarization was blocked by calphostin C, which suggested that the inhibitory actions of MCH were mediated by protein kinase C‐dependent activation of GABAA receptors. Taken together, these findings define potential hotspots within the LS that may elucidate the contributions of MCH to stress‐ or anxiety‐related feeding behaviours.

image

Key points

Melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons have dense nerve terminals within the lateral septum (LS), a key region underlying stress‐ and anxiety‐like behaviours that are emerging roles of the MCH system, but the function of MCH in the LS is not known.

We found spatial overlap between MCH‐immunoreactive fibres, Mchr1 mRNA, and MCHR1 protein expression along the lateral border of the LS.

Within MCHR1‐rich regions, MCH directly inhibited LS cells by increasing chloride conductance via GABAA receptor activation in a protein kinase C‐dependent manner.

Electrophysiological MCH effects in brain slices have been elusive, and few studies have described the mechanisms of MCH action. Our findings demonstrated, to our knowledge, the first description of MCHR1 Gq‐coupling in brain slices, which was previously predicted in cell or primary culture models only. Together, these findings defined hotspots and mechanistic underpinnings for MCH effects such as in feeding and anxiety‐related behaviours.
Streamlining System Assurance Program Objectives and Compliance With Both European and American Standards by Early Integration
Authors: Torabi Keivan , Gonzales Nancy Gene
Published: June 2024

The extent of System Assurance (SA) program complexity changes from one transit project to another, considering the fact that the levels and the types of regulation of safety and security requirements for public transit systems varies significantly in different jurisdictions, states, and countries, depending on the public’s perception of the acceptable (tolerable) risks in using a technology. This paper discusses some of the key SA challenges in new urban rail transit systems being built in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, specifically in terms of the system safety and security assurance compliance with European and American standards, and also explains steps and approaches to help circumvent unnecessary burdens that would negatively impact the cost, the schedule and the effectiveness of the system safety and security assurance programs. A key step in streamlining the SA program in leniently regulated environments, that transit safety and security authorities primarily focus on establishing a “process”, without defining “measurable goals”, is early engagement of the SA program developers with the stakeholders to reach agreement on what constitutes a safe-enough and secure-enough public transit system for passenger service, at the beginning of project, perhaps prior or during the conceptual design phase.
Enhancing Railway Safety Through Satellite-Based Monitoring for Rockfall Potential
Authors: Byrraju Sumanth varma , Rizos Dimitris , Sutton Michael , Li Ning
Published: June 2024

Rockfalls pose significant challenges and hazards to railways and recognizing and monitoring landslide-prone areas is crucial for effective disaster mitigation. Small Baseline and Subset (SBAS), is an advanced subset of the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique, that can measure small displacements and effectively detect landslides. However, relying solely on a single-point deformation reading increases result uncertainty and the potential for incorrect judgments in landslide recognition. This paper introduces two novel approaches to address this concern: SBAS threshold stacking and SBAS timeline analysis. SBAS threshold stacking involves stacking multiple SBAS analyses that exceed a displacement threshold, thereby identifying areas with substantial activity. SBAS timeline analysis, which monitors regions using a set number of satellite images, this approach provides effective tools for rockfall recognition.

These approaches were tested in a rockfall event in Sandstone, WV, and validated in a rockfall event in Maupin, OR. In both cases, the SBAS threshold stacking technique identified two distinct clusters highlighting areas with significant activity leading to the rockfall. The SBAS timeline analysis showed a sudden increase in displacement activity before the rockfall event. Results from both sites showed consistent results demonstrating the potential of satellite-based monitoring for rockfall early warning systems.
Evaluating the Use of Surface Wave Ultrasonics for Near-Surface Rolling Contact Fatigue Depth Characterization
Authors: Li Zhen (Lisa) , Oldknow Kevin , Brunskill Henry
Published: June 2024

Identifying and accurately characterizing shallow-depth rolling contact fatigue (RCF) in railway systems remains challenging with existing measurement technologies in widespread use such as bulk wave ultrasonics, eddy current, and magnetic flux leakage. The ability to accurately estimate RCF depth is important, for example for determining the risk of the damage feature, and for optimizing metal removal for rail reprofiling operations such as grinding and milling. Recently, surface wave ultrasonic inspection has demonstrated good potential for shallow depth RCF damage characterization based on low attenuation, long detection distances, high sensitivity to surface defects, and low susceptibility to changes in surface conditions. This paper reports proof of concept testing to further evaluate the potential use of surface wave ultrasonic measurement for shallow depth RCF characterization. A prototype benchtop system developed by Peak to Peak Measurement Solutions is used to conduct fundamental tests with a range of transducer frequencies and geometric arrangements on a steel test block with machined features intended to represent surface damage at suitable depths. The basic feasibility, sensitivity, and correlation of measured signals is reported and analyzed to assess the technology at a proof of concept level, setting the stage for future testing and practical evaluation.
Historical Implications of Wayside Detector Systems and Their Ability to Detect Hot Bearing Derailments
Authors: Tarawneh Constantine , Wilson Brent , Porter Byron
Published: June 2024

The train derailment that occurred in East Palestine, OH, on February 3, 2023, has been the subject of a lot of national press surrounding the railroad industry, and has focused on the limitations of the detectors currently used in the industry that can often miss bearing burn-offs of this type. While the rail industry made tremendous progress from 1980–2010 in reducing derailments caused by hot bearings, derailment prevention has long since stagnated. Considerable effort has been expended by the AAR, its member railroads, and research institutions to make the most of wayside defect detectors. But, with such little progress over the past decade, it does not appear that this existing technology can provide any further improvement to the overall safety of the rail network. Moreover, the existing practice of running equipment to failure and then relying on both wayside systems to flag the failing bearing AND train crews to respond appropriately before a derailment occurs is an unnecessary risk. Condition-based, or even time-based maintenance practices, can remove problematic bearings from service in a safe and controlled environment, rather than running equipment to failure. Additionally, extensive research has shown that temperature is a last stage indication of a problematic bearing. Other forms of mechanical condition monitoring, such as vibration-based solutions, have been used in industrial practice for decades and form the basis of regular mechanical reliability and maintenance programs across industries and geographies. Unless the rail industry embraces new methods and technologies, such as onboard monitoring of the North American rail fleet, hazardous material derailments like East Palestine will likely occur again and again. The aim of this paper is to provide the necessary context, data, and pertinent information related to this type of derailment that will highlight some historical observations on the use of wayside detector methods, i.e., their inception, their usefulness, their limitations, and the fact that they can no longer move the industry forward in reducing derailments of this type.
System Integration Testing in the Factory for Train Control and Signaling Systems
Authors: Lakshminarayanan Sridevi , Tadanki Sravani Rao
Published: June 2024

Complex and large brownfield or greenfield signaling projects require a robust test regime to mitigate deployment risks, reduce delays to migration and reduce operational risks. Specifically, tightly coupled wayside and onboard signaling systems like CBTC signaling systems require a test regime that focuses on resolution of all major non-conformances, a.k.a., software/hardware defects, prior to deployment at site. While the technology has been advancing and agencies are ready to adapt, the contractors and suppliers who provide this technology are constantly persevering to improve their system integration approach. Integration risks increase when new functionality and / or new hardware are introduced. In addition, absence of a robust productization strategy by the supplier results in the supplier integrating the entire signaling system on every project, leading to additional time and cost for the agency.

To achieve a robust integration approach and test regime, the factory test setup and integration test setup must mimic the real-world system as closely as possible. This includes integration of:

1. The signaling subsystems that make up the core signaling system,

2. The core signaling system with external interfaces, e.g., the existing railway infrastructure, and

3. The core signaling system with types of rolling stock the agency uses for operations and maintenance.

Factory testing begins with validating that the hardware is built to specification, followed by validation of software and interfaces. System integration and functional testing may be performed using a virtualized environment instead of target hardware. In fact, some signaling system suppliers have moved from using the target machine factory setup to using Virtual Machine (VM) environment for their factory testing.

There are several advantages with utilizing the virtualized environment for factory testing and software interface integration. To mitigate the risks involved with a purely virtualized environment for system integration, a mix of target and VMs for system integration may also be considered. This paper will discuss the different approaches to system integration, while considering the advantages, disadvantages, risks, and mitigations for these approaches, ultimately resulting in a smooth migration to the new/upgraded signaling system, highly desired by agencies, and safe operations at site. This paper will also touch upon the advantages of integrating the signaling system hardware and functionality as a product, to be deployed on multiple projects, and the advantages of product integration for projects and hence to the agencies.
Electronic structure orientation as a map of in-plane antiferroelectricity in β′-In
2
Se
3
Authors: Spellberg Joseph L. , Kodaimati Lina , Joshi Prakriti P. , Mirzajani Nasim , Liang Liangbo , King Sarah B.
Published: June 2024

Antiferroelectric (AFE) materials are excellent candidates for sensors, capacitors, and data storage due to their electrical switchability and high-energy storage capacity. However, imaging the nanoscale landscape of AFE domains is notoriously inaccessible, which has hindered development and intentional tuning of AFE materials. Here, we demonstrate that polarization-dependent photoemission electron microscopy can resolve the arrangement and orientation of in-plane AFE domains on the nanoscale, despite the absence of a net lattice polarization. Through direct determination of electronic transition orientations and analysis of domain boundary constraints, we establish that antiferroelectricity in β′-In
2
Se
3
is a robust property from the scale of tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers. Ultimately, the method for imaging AFE domain organization presented here opens the door to investigations of the influence of domain formation and orientation on charge transport and dynamics.
Antimalarial activity of cecropin antimicrobial peptides derived from
Anopheles
mosquitoes
Authors: Lou Junchao , Zhang Dongying , Wu Jingyao , Zhu Guoding , Zhang Meihua , Tang Jianxia , Fang Yaqun , He Xiaoqin , Cao Jun
Published: June 2024

The emergence of clinically drug-resistant malaria parasites requires the urgent development of new drugs. Mosquitoes are vectors of multiple pathogens and have developed resistance mechanisms against them, which often involve antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). An-cecB is an AMP of the malaria-transmitting mosquito genus
Anopheles
, and we herein report its antimalarial activity against
Plasmodium falciparum
3D7, the artemisinin-resistant strain 803, and the chloroquine-resistant strain Dd2
in vitro
. We also demonstrate its anti-parasite activity
in vivo
, using the rodent malaria parasite
Plasmodium berghei
(ANKA). We show that An-cecB displays potent antimalarial activity and that its mechanism of action may occur through direct killing of the parasite or through interaction with infected red blood cell membranes. Unfortunately, An-cecB was found to be cytotoxic to mammalian cells and had poor antimalarial activity
in vivo
. However, its truncated peptide An-cecB-1 retained most of its antimalarial activity and avoided its cytotoxicity
in vitro
. An-cecB-1 also showed better antimalarial activity
in vivo
. Mosquito-derived AMPs may provide new ideas for the development of antimalarial drugs against drug-resistant parasites, and An-cecB has potential use as a template for antimalarial peptides.
Symptomatic pseudoprogression in metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Hutchings Kasen , Al Zaki Ajlan , Bhadkamkar Nishin , Willis Jason
Published: June 2024

A man in his 70s with metastatic colorectal cancer presented with worsening clinical symptoms and imaging studies concerning for disease progression. He had received two cycles of pembrolizumab, but due to his symptomatic presentation and significant decline in performance status, there was concern for worsening disease. Transitioning to hospice was briefly considered, given his clinical decline and the notable increase in tumour size. Despite the presence of clinical symptoms and radiographic findings, pseudoprogression—defined as an increase in the size(s) of and/or visual appearance of new lesion(s), followed by a response—was also considered as part of the diagnostic possibilities. Consequently, the decision was made to proceed with a third cycle of pembrolizumab. During his subsequent outpatient follow-up, the patient showed significant symptomatic improvement and reported a decrease in his palpable right flank mass. With further immunotherapy, the patient continued to demonstrate symptomatic and radiological improvement.
Marathon pancreatitis: a case of acute pancreatitis caused by distance running
Authors: Coskun Emily , Yang Allison L
Published: June 2024

Marathon running or other forms of strenuous exercise have been reported as a rare cause of acute pancreatitis. Theories as to the mechanism of acute pancreatitis include microvascular ischaemia due to dehydration or repetitive trauma to the pancreas. We report a case of a healthy woman in her 30s who developed abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting after a 32 km marathon training run. She was found to have elevated lipase and inflammation of the pancreatic tail with associated pericolic and pelvic free fluid on CT scan. Workup including abdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) did not reveal biliary or pancreatic duct pathology. She improved with conservative management. These findings support the hypothesis of exercise-induced pancreatitis from long-distance running.
Immunotherapy in a case of low titre GAD65 antibody-associated spectrum neurological disorders
Authors: Wei Miao , Bannout Firas , Dastjerdi Mohammad , Phan Cattien , Batarseh Sanad , Guo Xiaofan , Baker Nancy
Published: June 2024

We present a rare case of low titre GAD65 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis and status epilepticus in a young woman. She initially presented with left arm dystonic movements, contractures and status epilepticus. Due to the concern of autoimmune encephalitis and seizures, the patient received intravenous immunoglobulin empirically. After the detection of low serum GAD65 antibodies, the patient underwent immunomodulation therapy with significant improvement. This case demonstrated that in autoimmune encephalitis, it is important to monitor serum GAD65 antibodies levels and consider immunotherapy, despite mildly elevated serum levels. The patient’s history of left arm dystonic movements without impaired awareness may have been due to limb dystonia, a presenting symptom of stiff person syndrome (SPS), despite SPS more commonly affecting axial muscles. This case further demonstrates that GAD65 antibody-related syndromes can manifest with different neurological phenotypes including co-occurrence of epilepsy with possible focal SPS despite low GAD65 antibodies titres.
Periprosthetic giant cell tumour of the tibia: en bloc resection and megaprosthesis revision
Authors: Panos Athanasios , Agathangelidis Filon , Givissis Panagiotis , Samoladas Efthimios
Published: June 2024

We present a case detailing the diagnosis and management of a periprosthetic giant cell tumour in a female patient in her 70s, who had undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for primary osteoarthritis in her right knee 7 years prior. The patient reported 4 months of painful weight-bearing. Various imaging modalities, including plain radiographs, CT scans and MRI, revealed a sizeable lytic lesion beneath the TKA prosthesis, along with loosening of the tibial component.

Blood tests and analyses of synovial fluid ruled out periprosthetic joint infection, and a biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of a giant cell tumour of the bone. Treatment entailed en bloc resection of the tumour and revision of the TKA using a hinged, oncological-type megaprosthesis. Surgical procedures involved careful resection of the proximal tibia, preservation of vasculature and the creation of a medial gastrocnemius muscle flap. Following surgery, the patient underwent supervised rehabilitation with a functional brace.
Study protocol: optical coherence tomography angiography for the detection of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a comprehensive multicentre diagnostic accuracy study in the UK—the ATHENA study
Authors: Niestrata Magdalena , Deeks Jonathan J , Takwoingi Yemisi , Sivaprasad Sobha , Patel Praveen J , Keane Pearse A , Kernohan Ashleigh , Vale Luke , Denniston Alastair K , Gale Richard , Khan Adam R , McKinnon William , Agarwal Ridhi , de Salvo Gabriella , Minos Evangelos , Barbeiro Paulo , Chakravarthy Usha , Waheed Nadia K , Madhusudhan Savita , Peto Tunde , Balaskas Konstantinos
Published: June 2024

Introduction

The diagnosis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), the leading cause of visual impairment in the developed world, relies on the interpretation of various imaging tests of the retina. These include invasive angiographic methods, such as Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) and, on occasion, Indocyanine-Green Angiography (ICGA). Newer, non-invasive imaging modalities, predominately Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA), have drastically transformed the diagnostic approach to nAMD. The aim of this study is to undertake a comprehensive diagnostic accuracy assessment of the various imaging modalities used in clinical practice for the diagnosis of nAMD (OCT, OCTA, FFA and, when a variant of nAMD called Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy is suspected, ICGA) both alone and in various combinations.

Methods and analysis

This is a non-inferiority, prospective, randomised diagnostic accuracy study of 1067 participants. Participants are patients with clinical features consistent with nAMD who present to a National Health Service secondary care ophthalmology unit in the UK. Patients will undergo OCT as per standard practice and those with suspicious features of nAMD on OCT will be approached for participation in the study. Patients who agree to take part will also undergo both OCTA and FFA (and ICGA if indicated). Interpretation of the imaging tests will be undertaken by clinicians at recruitment sites. A randomised design was selected to avoid bias from consecutive review of all imaging tests by the same clinician. The primary outcome of the study will be the difference in sensitivity and specificity between OCT+OCTA and OCT+FFA (±ICGA) for nAMD detection as interpreted by clinicians at recruitment sites.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the South Central—Oxford B Research Ethics Committee with reference number 21/SC/0412.

Dissemination of study results will involve peer-review publications, presentations at major national and international scientific conferences.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN18313457.
Investigating the use of actor-network theory in healthcare: a protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Ryan Tadhg , Hynes Briga , Ryan Nuala , Finucane Aisling
Published: June 2024

Healthcare systems are confronted with constant challenges and new crisis waves necessitating a transformation of current approaches to healthcare delivery. Transformation calls for integration, partnerships, interprofessional teamwork and collaboration between all healthcare stakeholders to create improved access and more personalised healthcare outcomes for patients. However, healthcare organisations are complex systems, comprising multiple stakeholders, and the existence of professional silos and functions which have varying degrees of interaction hampering the delivery of effective integrated healthcare. Research investigating the underpinning operations of how the various healthcare stakeholders integrate is lacking. To address this gap, the use of actor-network theory (ANT) can provide insight into underlying dynamics, interactions, interdependencies, governance processes and power dynamics of stakeholders in healthcare. ANT represents a suitable theoretical lens as it helps to appreciate the dynamics and underpinning behaviours of complex organisations and explains how networks are developed and how actors join networks and form associations. Our systematic review will identify and evaluate available evidence to understand the interplay between stakeholders and all associated entities that impact collaboration and integration in healthcare delivery.

Methods and analysis

Using the Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome framework, the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, SCOPUS, PubMed, APA PsycINFO, Business Source Complete and Academic Search Complete will be searched using Boolean terms to identify peer-reviewed literature concerning ANT in healthcare. All relevant articles published between January 2013 and September 2023 will be eligible for inclusion. A thematic approach will be employed to appraise and analyse the extracted data to assess the various definitions of ANT and the use of ANT in healthcare settings, interactions and collaboration.

Ethics and dissemination

Given that no primary data will be captured, ethical approval will not be required for this study. Findings will be shared and ultimately published through open access peer-reviewed journals and reports.

PROSPERO registration number

455283.