bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imre József a magyar nyelőcsősebészet megalapitója
Authors: Kosits Lajos
Published: July 2021

József Imre as a member of Surgical Clinic personnel of Szeged University spent several months at the surgical department of the world-known R. Belsey in Leeds in the 6th decade of the last century. After returning home he introduced such operations in the domestic surgical practice as the Belsey-Mark IV antireflux fundoplication, fundoplication combined with myotomy, diverticulectomy + myotomy in Zenker diverticula, the Belsey type long left colonic graft for replacement of esophageal corrosive strictures and the monofil suture of oesophagal anastomosis. He prepared Tygon prosthesis for palliative oesophagal intubation. J. Imre was the author of the oesophagus chapter in Imre Littman’s monography of surgery. A large number of oesophagus operations was performed in his professional life. He left a total body of work behind. Cut in stone, his exceptional personality is commemorated in the pantheon of Surgical Clinic at Szeged University.
Életfa, világfa
Authors: S. Nagy Katalin
Published: July 2021

The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol, important in all cultures. It has a significant role in the Eastern religions as well as from early Christian art to our present days. There are multiple connotations also in the Old and New Testament like diverse interpretations by theologians of specific religions. The symbol is also present in our modern era, especially in the environmental culture and applied arts. Skilled craftsmen of folk and traditional arts preserved this archaic design down to the present day.
Botanikus kertek kialakulása, tervezése, építése, és használatuk a gyógyításban
Authors: Sipos Laura
Published: July 2021

The main purpose of this study is to demonstrate the past way of gardens’ development throughout the men’s history. The onset was the creation of the first gardens, later on, their evolution related to their type and purpose, finally there are concerns about the external factors that instigated the flourishing of horticulture. Monastic medicine is one of the key issues thus this study contains a dedicated chapter about this topic since it is really important how the medical use of herbs evolved throughout the past times. There is also presented the botanical garden⁠—one of the main garden types⁠—using the specific example of this country’s greatest Füvészkert (Herbal Garden) in Hungary. Since ever, there was fiercely debated the therapeutic classification of herbal medicines, if their safety and efficacy were proven, and whether there were needed legislation about their administration. A specific chapter is concerning these issues too. There are also presented outcomes of online questionnaire-based research answered by 700 responders.
Beteg és sebesült vallon és francia zsoldosok ellátása Pozsonyban 1597. szeptember 11-e és november 29-e között
Authors: Bagi Zoltán Péter
Published: July 2021

On the suggestion of Pedro de Illanes, a field hospital was set up during the military campaign 1597 in Pressburg to care for wounded and sick mercenaries. In a recently turned up list, we found the titles of all cost items the city arranged for supplying the accommodated43 Walloon and French infantry and cavalry.
Születésszabályozás. Fogamzásgátlás, abortusz, szexuális nevelés
Authors: Konrád Flóra
Published: July 2021

These issues are strongly interrelated since without proper sex education there is a lack of knowledge about contraceptive methods and the consequences of unwanted pregnancies are often artificial abortions. However, if we get ahead of the process and develop an education system, that includes the spreading of correct sexual behaviour and enlightenment may be a significant rate of abortions could be prevented. The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of sexual education in our accelerated social environment. There are presented diverse methods of contraception and their correct application from the very beginning. Proper knowledge about these methods is essential, thus everybody will find the most suitable personal techniques. While discussing the current legislation of artificial abortion, it is necessary to point out that this is a very complex issue, because abortion laws of many countries mirror social and economical interests thus overshadowing the very strong ethical nature of the topic. There are detailed also psychological impacts of abortion and types of social exclusion since without these aspects it is impossible to draw a realistic picture of the subject.
A tumormarker-kutatás rövid története. A PSA, mint legismertebb urológiai tumormarker felfedezésének története
Authors: Váradi Melinda
Published: July 2021

There are a number of tumour markers available today enabling the early detection of malignancies thus saving the lives of many thousands of people worldwide. By definition, tumour markers are substances in tissues, blood, bone marrow or other body fluids that appear in cancer patients’ samples or are present at significantly elevated levels compared to normal conditions. The first marker of malignant disease in modern medicine was identified in 1846 by the English physician-chemist Henry Bence-Jones. Yet, at that time, of course, he was not aware that the protein (named as Bence-Jones) he discovered, was a pathogenic indicator of multiple myeloma. The classic era of tumour markers started in the 1960s with the discovery of two leading oncofetal antigens, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). AFP was published in 1944 by Swedish scientist Kai O. Pedersen, while the discovery of CEA is associated with two Canadian physicians, Phil Gold and Samuel O. Freedman. One of the most widely known tumour markers indicating prostate cancer is the prostate-specific antigen or PSA. The discovery of PSA as a clinically useful marker of prostate cancer and its translation into clinical practice can be attributed to Ming C. Wang, who described the molecule in 1979. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved PSA in 1986 as a molecule for monitoring the disease, and in 1994 it licenced the measuring of PSA levels as a screening test, thus facilitating the early detection of prostate cancer and enabling more effective treatment.
Geopolitics as an “Arbitrator” in the Economic Competition of Trans-Baikal Cities (Mid 19th - Early 20th Century)
Authors: Kalmina Lilia
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the economic rivalry of two Trans-Baikal cities, such as the chief town of the district Verkhneudinsk and the regional town Chita, for the leadership in the region which began with the foundation of the Trans-Baikal region and the appointment of Chita as its capital. Unspoken competition was manifested in determining the status and role in the Trans-Baikal economic area, the place in the regional market system, and the development of banking and railway infrastructure. Despite the fact that Verkhneudinsk had better starting opportunities (a higher level of economic and cultural development), it was almost always in the role of the one which catches up. The status of the administrative center of the Trans-Baikal Region gave Chita the opportunity to «work ahead of the curve». However, the victory in the final round of the competition remained with the chief town of the district, which, however, did not manage to take advantage of its fruits. The author's task is to reconstruct the stages of this peculiar competition and determine the factors that influenced its outcome. The analysis of the sources, first of all, the documents of the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia, allowed to make the conclusion that the decisions made by the imperial center in relation to both cities were based on the geopolitical factor. It was the task of strengthening Russian influence in the Far East that dictated the deployment of infrastructure facilities in Trans-Baikal cities, which increased their economic status.
On the Relevance of the Application of Online Translating Recourses in Technical Universities
Authors: Ivanova Viliya , Gazizova Venera
Published: July 2021

Today, there is a large number of electronic resources that translate quickly words and sentences into an unlimited number of languages. They are united by the speed of online translation. However, the criterion of translation accuracy remains important, especially in the field of technical documentation. Therefore, this paper attempts to create an online translating resource for students, teachers and employees of technical specialties. The development of a web-dictionary or application-dictionary of standardized terms and definitions in the relevant field of technology is relevant in connection, as mentioned above, with the need for accurate translation and semantic load, and with the need for unambiguity in defining technical terms according to standards. The suggested online translating resource «TechTranslate» will have a simple interface with easy navigation, available to users for 24 hours. The main task of this application is to help organize work on professional texts, read and translate scientific literature, original texts.
The paper describes the relevance of the online dictionary-translator creation, provides a detailed analysis of existing online translators of technical literature, describes their advantages and disadvantages, identifies the main criteria for creating a popular dictionary-translator, considers the possibilities of optimizing and promoting the website and advertising campaigns, and describes the further improvements of the site.
Evaluation of the Level of Production Concentration in Russian Processing Industry in the Contex of Economy Digitalization
Authors: Tagarov Bato
Published: July 2021

The significant difference in the level of economic development of Russian regions allows us to consider their interaction as a relationship between the «center» and «periphery». The article highlights the factors that contribute to and hinder from production density in the «center». The author defines how economy digitalization influences these factors. To analyze the process of manufacturing industry density in Russia, we used regional data on employment and production volume in this industry from 2000 to 2016. The concentration level was estimated using the Herfindahl-Hirschman, Krugman, and CRN indices. The article demonstrates that there is an increase in geographical density of people employed in manufacturing industry in Russia. It is noted that labor productivity in manufacturing industry in the «center» consistently exceeds this indicator in the «periphery».
Adapted Management in the Agricultural Sector: Practical Necessity and Fundamentals of Arrangement
Authors: Polyanskaya Natalya , Kolesnyak Antonina
Published: July 2021

In recent years, the agri-food market has become increasingly globalized, which is accompanied by the contradictory phenomena. Thus, opportunities are created to attract optimal resources, at the same time, the era of total competition is coming, when an agro-industrial enterprise can maintain itself and continue to operate sustainably and efficiently only if it provides guaranteed demand for its products, uses high-performance, environmentally-oriented production technologies and modern, flexible management technologies that allow it to compete successfully in the market. The article justifies the need to apply adapted technologies in the practice of agricultural management to improve the efficiency of management processes, strengthen the competitiveness of agricultural and processing enterprises, and, as a result, increase the level of food supply to territories. The authors set out the organizational-methodical aspects such as a generalized scheme of the process of adapted management, a reflexive principle as an extra stage of the adapting process, and also relating processes and procedures being significant functional steps of the adaption activity. The authors represent the structural-logical scheme of the adapting process arrangement of agricultural producers to the effects of the environment. Thus, a general description of sub-processes and procedures is represented in the context of such stages as environmental monitoring, reflection, situation analysis, assessment of adaptive capabilities and decision-making.
Natural Capital Accounting in Accordance with Public Sector Accounting Reforms
Authors: Arbatskaya Tatyana
Published: July 2021

Faithful information reporting on natural resources is essential for the formation of macroeconomic indicators, including such an important socio-economic indicator as domestic wealth. The new Federal Accounting Standard of Government Finance on Non-Production Assets, which became law on January 1, 2021, establishes uniform requirements for accounting and disclosure of information on natural resources in financial statements. The article considers the requirements for natural resources accounting, including their estimation in accordance with the new federal standard. The article reveals some theoretical and methodological problems of natural resources accounting and makes proposals for its further improving in public sector organizations. The article proposes a non-produced assets classification on the basis of their form — tangible and intangible non-produced assets. The author also suggests using the key rate of the Bank of Russia for discounting when determining a fair value of natural resources in an inactive market or in its absence.
The Impact of Foreign Trade Policy on China's Economic Development
Authors: Ike Shi , Epova Natalia
Published: July 2021

The importance of foreign trade and its impact on the level of economic development of both individual states and the world economy as a whole is steadily increasing. The successful or unsuccessful development of foreign trade relations is largely determined by the state's policy in this area, the use of various tools and methods. China, having begun to reform the economic system, pursued the goal of increasing the competitiveness of the national economy. For this purpose, foreign trade relations with other countries were actively developed in accordance with the interests of China and the priorities of economic development. Over a long period in China was dominated by autarkic tendencies in the sphere of foreign relations, which contradict the idea of integration for joint solutions to existing problems and the liberalization of foreign trade. Since the late 70s, China has realized the need to connect the country to the processes taking place in the world economy and carry out reforms, an important part of which was the implementation of a strategy for the development of foreign economic relations. The new policy assumed the extraction of maximum benefits from cooperation with foreign partners, the modernization of the economy using best practices in the economic, scientific and technical spheres, the diversification of production, the introduction of effective management models. China's foreign trade policy is implemented through a variety of regulatory, control and incentive methods. This makes it possible to take into account the characteristics of specific territories and use the most appropriate tools to achieve the best result. Relevance and insufficient knowledge of the impact of trade on economic development of China in the development of global value chains and the trend towards a multipolar world system, the development of the prospects of transformation of China's foreign trade, led to the selection of topics for articles.
The Manchurian Strategic Operation of the Soviet Forces in 1945: Questions of Historiography and Conceptual Rationale
Authors: Kuzmin Yuri
Published: July 2021

The Soviet-Japanese war of 1945 is an important part of the Second World war, a heroic page in the military history of Russia. The Manchurian strategic operation of August, 1945 is actively studied in Russian and world historical science and considerable number of historical sources and memoirs are published. However, the theoretical and geopolitical aspect of the Soviet-Japanese war requires additional research. The place of war in national and world history, the causes and consequences of hostilities, and diplomatic history need further understanding and generalization. The article focuses on controversial issues in the study of the Soviet-Japanese war of 1945.
Talep Birleştiricilerin Rol Aldığı Elektrik Piyasa Mekanizmaları ve Türkiye’deki Mevcut Durum Analizi
Authors: TÖR Osman Bülent , OĞUZ Hüseyin , KISAKÜREK Murat , KURŞUNCU Elif Naz , KÖKSAL Ali Osman
Published: July 2021

Son yıllarda yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına (YEK) dayalı elektrik üretim tesislerinin maliyetlerinin azalması ve yenilenebilir enerji üretimini teşvik eden mekanizmalar ile birlikte, yenilenebilir enerjinin elektrik şebekelerindeki payı hızla artmaya başlamıştır. YEK’lerin miktarının artması, elektrik sistemlerinin talep ve arzdaki değişime yanıt verme kabiliyeti olarak tanımlanan şebeke işletme esnekliğine olan ihtiyacı arttırmaktadır. Elektrik dağıtım şebekesine bağlı üretim ve tüketim noktalarında şebeke esneklik hizmeti, talep birleştiriciler tarafından sağlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, talep birleştiricilerin hizmet verdiği elektrik piyasa mekanizmalarına ve bu piyasalardaki oyuncuların rollerine odaklanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda uluslararası öne çıkan mekanizmalar ve genel trend açıklanmış ve farklı mekanizmalarda iletim sistemi operatörleri (İSO) ve dağıtım sistemi operatörleri (DSO) arasında gerekli olan koordinasyon ihtiyacı açıklanmıştır. Son yıllarda dağıtım şebekesinde sayıları önemli oranda artış gösteren ve artmaya devam eden fotovoltaik (PV) güneş santralleri sonrası önemi daha da artmış olan bu koordinasyon ihtiyacı bilgisayar simülasyon analizleri ile vurgulanmıştır. Son olarak, talep tarafı katılımında Türkiye’deki mevzuat ve uygulamalar irdelenmiş ve öneriler sunulmuştur.
Coloniality in the German Higher Education System: Implications for Policy and Institutional Practice
Authors: Unangst Lisa , Martínez Alemán Ana M.
Published: July 2021

This article focuses on the public German higher education sector as a site upon and through which coloniality is enacted. This status quo indicates exclusionary effects and merits interrogation. We briefly discuss the history of German colonialism to understand how coloniality pervades higher educational structures in the German context today. Two proposals addressing coloniality in German higher education are made: the development of structures centering diverse faculty and the support of ethnic and identity studies.
Inclusive Higher Education Access for Underrepresented Groups: It Matters, But How Can Universities Measure It?
Authors: Veidemane Anete , Kaiser Frans , Craciun Daniela
Published: July 2021

Measuring access to higher education for underrepresented groups is a relevant yet challenging task. The article shows that while social inclusion is recognised as a priority, policymakers, academics, and institutional leaders struggle to define, operationalise, and measure it. This makes answering the question of what constitutes a socially inclusive higher education institution quite difficult. While the answer to this question may be context‐specific, there is a clear need for a set of commonly defined indicators that allow higher education institutions to measure their progress throughout time and in relation to others. The article synthesises insights from policy, practise, and scientific research to identify which indicators are the most promising for assessing the access of under‐representative students to higher education. By discussing indicator relevance, validity and feasibility, the article contributes to the quest for internationally comparable social inclusion indicators of underrepresented student groups.
Subsidy and its effects
Authors: Mehtiyev Jalil , Magda Róbert
Published: July 2021

Governments follow a subsidy policy to encourage the use of certain goods by some consumers. Subsidy can be explained as also that firms-producers sell the determined goods at a cheaper price than the market price and subsidizing government collects the difference. They are tools which are widely used in the hands of governments and can be allocated to various economic issues. In general, it is used as a policy of price policy and anti-inflationary policy in the classical sense. In the modern sense, it used for the purpose of general equilibrium, in other words, to equalize trade balance such as lowering prices and controlling inflation, preventing the long-term decline of industries. However, there are many significant negative effects of subsidies such as increase in taxes, leading to inefficiency of local industries, increase in borrowing, and disruption of identity between buyer and vendor prices in markets. One of rules set on subsidies is SCM Agreement. In the Agreement, subsidies were identified and rules were set on subsidies which could impact international trade. Since there are many types of subsidies, there should be more strict rules and policies about their implementation in order to eliminate and avoid potential barriers in international trade.
THE REPUBLIC NORTH MACEDONIA IN THE RESEARCH OF UKRAINIAN HISTORIANS
Authors: Yarovyi V. , Malatsai I.
Published: July 2021

The emergence of a sovereign state of the Republic of Macedonia in the early 90's of the twentieth century. revived interest in issues related to the population, history, culture and name of the state itself. The article analyzes the works of Ukrainian researchers devoted to the problems of the history of the modern republic of Northern Macedonia. The main scientific achievements of domestic historians who study problems that are of great scientific interest not only in Ukraine are analyzed. It is emphasized that only at the end of the twentieth century. In Ukraine, researchers began to pay active attention to the study of the historical past of Macedonia. Today we can identify the most researched issues of Macedonian history in domestic historiography. The first scientific works were devoted to the study of cultural relations between the Russian Empire and the population of the Macedonian lands in the second half of the nineteenth century. XX century, the study of the attitude of Western Europe and Russia to the situation of the Slavic population in the Macedonian lands at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. In the works of Ukrainian researchers, much attention is paid to the study of problems that are important for Ukraine – the process of formation of the national liberation movement. The preconditions for the emergence of Macedonian revolutionary organizations in the early twentieth century are studied. Ukrainian researchers are very interested in issues related to the proclamation and formation of an independent state, socioeconomic life and the development of interethnic relations in Macedonia in the second half of the twentieth century. Actively is investigate the causes, course and consequences of ethnic and political conflict in the early XXI century. At the beginning of the XXI century. a new stage in the development of the study of Macedonia in Ukraine began. As a result of cooperation between scientists of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Macedonia, scientific collections were published. The similar historical destiny of the Macedonian and Ukrainian peoples is important in the study of Macedonian issues in the historical science of Ukraine.
THE POLISH QUESTION IN MYKHAILO KOLODZINSKY'S "UKRAINIAN MILITARY DOCTRINE"
Authors: Kryminskyi V.
Published: July 2021

The vision of the Polish question is analyzed on the base of M. Kolodzinsky's "Ukrainian military doctrine". The nature of the radical intellectual constructs of the early twentieth century in the OUN environment was studied. The general historical context is analyzed, which allows a deeper understanding ofthis phenomenonand reveals a broad picture of the development of contemporary political and social thought. The Ukrainian nationalists in the interwar period were particularly keen on the future strategy and tactics of gaining the Ukrainian state. A detailed review of the concepts and understanding of Ukrainian history in the "Military Doctrine" was made. The main features of the ideological convictions of M. Kolodzinskyi and the most radical wing of OUN members are determined.
History of the Scottish and welsh independence movements: comparison and analysis
Authors: Pavlenko Valerii , Polovin Mykola
Published: July 2021

The article addresses the history of the Scottish and Welsh approaches towards nationalism within the United Kingdom and features inherent in them. Similarities and differences between the Scottish and Welsh independence movements have been shown. Analysis of historical underpinnings of the creation of the Scottish National Party and the Party of Wales has been conducted. Influence of the Scottish and Welsh nationalism’s unique characteristics on the parties’ electoral performance has been analyzed.
Research on the Scottish and Welsh independence movements from the perspective of Anglo–Scottish and Anglo–Welsh relations has been carried out. Influence of the British colonial empire on the suppression of the nationalistic tendencies in Scotland in Wales has been demonstrated. Scottish and Welsh societies’ special features concerning the differences between the independence movements in these countries have been analyzed. Causes of the relative success of the Scottish independence movement and reasons behind the relatively low popularity of nationalism in Wales have been identified. Based on the tendencies in the Scottish and Welsh societies, an analysis of future outlook of the Scottish National Party and the Party of Wales has been conducted.
Special attention is paid to the 1979 and 1997 referendums on the restoration of the Scottish Parliament and creation of the National Assembly of Wales. Research on the causes of the referendums has been carried out, electoral preferences have been demonstrated, differences between the Scottish and Welsh national movements and different levels of home rule support among the Scottish and Welsh have been shown.
It is argued that independence movements in Scotland and Wales are different in their nature, from which stem the Scottish national party’s and Plaid Cymru’s contrasting electoral results. It is demonstrated that the causes of such electoral performances are not only the historical underpinnings that have shaped both countries throughout centuries, but also the differences in Scotland’s and Wales’ economic development and the ideological distinctions within the Scottish and Welsh independence movements.
Pharmacological predictors of heart rate and conductivity disorders in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
Authors: Shnayder N. A. , Petrova M. M. , Petrov K. V. , Nasyrova R. F.
Published: July 2021

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is the most common form of genetic generalized epilepsy. Patients with JME are at risk of life-threatening heart rhythm and conduction disorders as well as sudden death syndrome due to several potential mechanisms: genetic, clinical, neuroanatomical, pharmacological, psychological, comorbid. This lecture reviews important elements of knowledge about the pharmacological predictors of cerebral-cardiac syndrome and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. The arrhythmogenic potential of antiepileptic drugs most often used in JME (valproic acid, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, topiramate and zonisamide) is considered, none of which can be classified as class A (drug without risk of QT interval prolongation or TdP) regarding a risk of QT interval prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias. Patients with JME require dynamic video-electroencephalographic monitoring and 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring to reduce a risk of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
Compliance in epileptology. How to change the situation for better
Authors: Maslova N. N. , Litvinova A. A. , Yuryeva N. V. , Kovalev P. S.
Published: July 2021

The problem of low adherence to therapy in patients with epilepsy is one of the most pressing public health problems. Failure to follow the doctor's instructions leads to an increased risk of hospitalization and sudden death. Knowing the main predictors of non-compliance, the doctor is able to develop appropriate strategies to increase adherence. There are methods of improving compliance that should be actively implemented in the clinical practice of epileptologists. The article presents a review of the literature on this problem, clinical examples from the authors' practice are given.
Mechanical properties of TiO2 nanotubes investigated by AFM and FEM
Authors: Wang Zuozhang , Zhou Ji , Jiang Yunhong , Yang Zhongmei , Ding Yanhuai
Published: July 2021

The mechanical measurements of nanostructures are crucial to the development and processing of novel nanodevices. In this study, TiO2 nanotubes were synthesised using an electrospinning method combined with subsequent heat treatment. A simple experimental method is established
to measure the elastic modulus of a single nanotube based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) technology. Subsequently, the finite element method (FEM) is employed to evaluate the effect of the elastic modulus of TiO2 and dimensional size on the mechanical behaviours of the TiO2
nanotubes. The results show that, by combining AFM with FEM technology, the mechanical behaviour of a single TiO2 nanotube can be predicted efficiently in the linear elastic region.
Multivariate non-destructive evaluation for tensile strength of steel based on neural network
Authors: Tan Junyang , Xia Dan , Dong Shiyun , Zhu Honghao , Xu Binshi
Published: July 2021

Tensile strength (TS) is an important mechanical property of a material. The conventional mechanical measurement method destroys the object under investigation; hence, the non-destructive evaluation of tensile strength of materials has become a research hotspot in recent years. Currently,
there are some accuracy problems associated with evaluating the tensile strength of materials on the basis of single non-destructive testing (NDT) methods such as ultrasonic or electromagnetic methods. In this study, 45 steel is used as an example to study various non-destructive testing methods.
First, seven different heat treatment systems are used to prepare standard specimens with different tensile strengths, which are measured by tensile tests. Second, non-destructive testing signals for each specimen are obtained as ultrasonic signals, magnetic Barkhausen noise and magnetic hysteresis
signals, and the characteristic parameters of the signals are extracted. Then, single-parameter non-destructive evaluation (SNE) models of tensile strength with three different non-destructive testing methods are developed. Furthermore, a multivariate non-destructive evaluation (MNE) method
based on ultrasonic signals, magnetic Barkhausen noise and magnetic hysteresis is proposed to improve the accuracy of the tensile strength measurements obtained from non-destructive testing. A deep residual network (ResNet) is used to combine the features of the three non-destructive testing
parameters and an MNE model of tensile strength is developed. Moreover, a data pretreatment method based on the fuzzy mapping relationship is applied to train the MNE model successfully and enhance the stability, accuracy and reliability of the obtained results. Finally, the accuracies of
the above four tensile strength evaluation models are confirmed by verification using the specimens. The results show that the MNE model has higher accuracy than the SNE models.
Ambient Noise Level in Eastern North China from ChinArray and Its Response to COVID-19
Authors: Wang Weilai , Cai Guangyao , Lai Guijuan , Chen Mingfei , Zhang Long
Published: July 2021

High-frequency (>1  Hz) ambient noise is usually closely related to anthropogenic activities. During the outbreak and spread of the COVID-19, as various anthropogenic activities are restricted, high-frequency ambient noise level has been observed to be reduced on a worldwide scale. The continuous waveform data at dense broadband seismic stations from ChinArray in eastern North China provides a good opportunity to study the temporal and spatial patterns of the ambient noise level in the region, and to further study the influencing factors, such as the topography and the population density. In this study, we calculated the average power spectral density of ambient noise at each station ±90 days around the Spring Festival in 2019 and in 2020, analyzed the noise level at different stations through normal times, Spring Festivals, epidemic control period, and recovery period, and studied the influencing factors of the noise level. We found that normally high-frequency (1–10 Hz) ambient noise correlates well with the surrounding sedimentary thickness: The noise level is higher when the surrounding sedimentary layer is thicker and vice versa. It correlates moderately with local population density and is time-varying due to anthropogenic activities. During the Spring Festival in 2019 and in 2020, and the epidemic control period after the Spring Festival in 2020, the reduction extent of the noise level correlates moderately with both the sedimentary thickness and population density; the ambient noise level reduces more significantly to the south of 40° N than to the north of it in the study region. Considering that the sedimentary thickness beneath each station is not time-varying, the variation in ambient noise level due to anthropogenic activities is clearly amplified by the sedimentary layer.
Development of a Compact Broadband Ocean-Bottom Seismometer
Authors: Shinohara Masanao , Yamada Tomoaki , Shiobara Hajime , Yamashita Yusuke
Published: July 2021

Studies of very-low-frequency earthquakes and low-frequency tremors (slow earthquakes) in the shallow region of plate boundaries need seafloor broadband seismic observations. Because it is expected that seafloor spatially high-density monitoring requires numerous broadband sensors for slow earthquakes near trenches, we have developed a long-term compact broadband ocean-bottom seismometer (CBBOBS) by upgrading the long-term short-period ocean-bottom seismometer that has seismic sensors with a natural frequency of 1 Hz and is being mainly used for observation of microearthquakes. Because many long-term ocean-bottom seismometers with short-period sensors are available, we can increase the number of broadband seafloor sensors at a low cost. A short-period seismometer is exchanged for a compact broadband seismometer with a period of 20 or 120 s. Because the ocean-bottom seismometers are installed by free fall, we have no attitude control during an installation. Therefore, we have developed a new leveling system for compact broadband seismic sensors. This new leveling system keeps the same dimensions as the conventional leveling system for 1 Hz seismometers so that the broadband seismic sensor can be installed conveniently. Tolerance for leveling is less than 1°. A tilt of up to 20° is allowed for the leveling operation. A microprocessor controls the leveling procedure. Some of the newly developed ocean-bottom seismometers were deployed in the western Nankai trough, where slow earthquakes frequently occur. The data from the ocean-bottom seismometers on the seafloor were evaluated, and we confirmed that the long-term CBBOBS is suitable for observation of slow earthquakes. The developed ocean-bottom seismometer is also available for submarine volcanic observation and broadband seafloor observation to estimate deep seismic structures.
Гуманитаризация мировой политики
Authors: Лебедева Марина
Published: July 2021

В статье вводится понятие гуманитаризации мировой политики по аналогии с идеей секьюритизации, предложенной представителями Копенгагенской школы международных отношений в конце ХХ столетия для сферы безопасности. Процесс гуманитаризации мировой политики начался во второй половине ХХ в. и интенсивно развивается в начале ХХI в. Он заключается, во-первых, в бурном развитии социальной и гуманитарной составляющей, в том числе появлении новых предметных областей в мировой политике, например, мирополитических аспектов высшего образования. Во-вторых, социально-гуманитарный компонент проникает фактически во все сферы мировой политики. Автор демонстрирует, что особенностью социально-гуманитарной составляющей мировой политики в ХХI в. стало не просто сопровождение военно-политической, экономической и других сфер, как было ранее. Социально-гуманитарные составляющие начинают инкорпорироваться во все другие области международных отношений и мировой политики. В результате оказывается, что та или иная деятельность, непосредственно не связанная с социально-гуманитарной сферой, не может осуществляться без этого компонента. При этом социально-гуманитарное воздействие осуществляется как с помощью мягкой силы, так и с помощью технологий манипулирования, пропаганды и т.п. Подчеркивается, что понятие “гуманитаризация мировой политики” не тождественно понятию “гуманизация мировой политики”. Обсуждаются причины возрастания значения социально-гуманитарной составляющей мировой политики. Показывается, что это обусловлено рядом причин, таких как увеличение ценности человеческой жизни, несмотря на наличие примеров прямо противоположного характера. Кроме того, использование военного и экономического ресурсов в мире ХХI в. имеет свои ограничения. Наконец, сегодня, как результат усложнения современного мира, наблюдается значительное проникновение различных сфер друг в друга. По этим причинам гуманитаризация мировой политики предполагает возможность как гуманных действий, так и использования социального и гуманитарного компонентов в политических интересах. Делается предположение, что в дальнейшем значение социальной и гуманитарной составляющей мировой политики будет возрастать, а значит, будет усиливаться и ее гуманитаризация.
Обнуление законопроектов: дисконтинуитет как технология блокирования политических решений
Authors: Помигуев Илья , Алексеев Дмитрий
Published: July 2021

В статье рассматривается процедура дисконтинуитета как политическая технология отклонения законодательных инициатив без принятия парламентом публичного решения по истечении заранее установленного срока. Теоретико-методологической базой исследования послужила дополненная и расширенная неоинституциональная концепция вето-игроков Дж. Цебелиса. В частности, предлагается изучать не только институциональных и партийных вето-игроков, но и других участников законодательного процесса – вето-акторов (аналог англ. gatekeeper). Авторы концептуализируют понятие “вето-технологии”, позволяющее расширить аналитический потенциал концепции за счет изучения технологий блокирования инициатив, таких как процедура дисконтинуитета. В статье рассматриваются исследования дисконтинуитета в политической науке, особенности его влияния на повестку дня парламента и время рассмотрения законодательных инициатив. В ходе анализа случаев применения дисконтинуитета в 14 странах выявлены универсальные характеристики, определяющие конфигурацию и значение этой технологии в законодательном процессе: период вступления в действие (сессия, созыв, календарный год); условия, при которых дисконтинуитет не применяется; документ, закрепляющий процедуру обнуления. Проанализирован опыт реализации указанной технологии в Российской империи. Возможности применения дисконтинуитета в современной России рассмотрены в трех измерениях работы правительства с Госдумой: институциональном, партийном и позиционном. Дисконтинуитет потенциально способен устранить риски принятия непопулярных внутри- и внешнеполитических решений парламента и, как следствие, укрепить его позиции в отношениях с другими органами государственной власти. Негативным последствием введения дисконтинуитета может стать дальнейшее развитие непубличных и неформальных процедур согласования позиций заинтересованных сторон, а также уменьшение политического веса обычных депутатов в сравнении с вето-акторами, устанавливающими парламентскую повестку дня.
Patterns and diagnostic criteria of necrotizing fasciitis
Authors: Muhammad Muhammed Ihsan , Alsaeed Mezzher Mohammad , Alhayek Ali Abdulghalib , Alnosair Layla Hassan , Alkhazal Aqeel Salman Al , Alhaji Amar Mustafa , Mersil Mohammed Abdullah , Hamid Amina Mohamed , Alfoudari Abdulaziz Hussain , AlGossadi Huda Ayedh , Asiri Aisha Jaber , Al-Fodari Fatma Abdulla
Published: July 2021

Although the condition is not common, if the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis was established late, many life-threatening complications might develop as sepsis and septic shock, which might lead to multiorgan damage. In the present literature review, we aim to discuss the classification and clinical patterns of necrotizing fasciitis, in addition to the diagnostic criteria and modalities that were reported among studies in the literature to evaluate such cases. Two main types of necrotizing fascitis were reported in the literature, including the poly and monomicrobial types, however, the diagnostic criteria for each are usually similar. Establishing an early diagnosis is essential to achieve better management and reduce the potential development of complications and death. The clinical patterns are the cornerstone for establishing the diagnosis, however, laboratory investigations might also be used as valid approaches to confirm the diagnosis. Many laboratory models have been proposed to establish the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis with variable sensitivities and specificities, and the laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) remains the commonest most efficacious modality. A tissue biopsy can also be used within the clinical settings for indicating the infection, however, it should not hinder the intended surgical interventions. Studies also show that magnetic resonance imaging can adequately detect liquefactive necrosis and is reported with a higher sensitivity than computed tomography. Although the condition is not very common, it might lead to severe consequences, and therefore, early extensive treatment and interventional approaches are encouraged.
Determining the frequency of microbial growth “in?use” detergent products in various dental clinics: A microbiological research
Authors: R Divyashree , Raj Kirthi
Published: July 2021

Clean hands are hands and as a part of dental clinic infection control measure hand washing by a dental health professional before having contact with a patient’s oral cavity becomes a fundamental duty. Most detergents claim a 99.99% efficacy in killing bacteria however, there is paucity in literature if there will be a microbial growth “in use” detergents. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate bar soap and liquid soap from liquid soap from dental clinics for microbial contamination while it was in use.

The study period was 2- month, dentists and dental assistants were the participants of the study. A total of 25 handwashing place samples from 12different dental clinics were collected. All the test tube samples of bar soap and liquid soap were all transferred to the microbiology laboratory for microbiological analysis.   

data was analyzed using a one- sample paired t-test and independent students t-test.

6 different microbial species were identified. The abundance of staphylococcus aureus was highest compared to other microorganisms in both soaps. Further, the mean number of microorganisms was found similar (P > 0.05) in liquid soap.

the microbial load of a mixed flora of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, aerobes, and fungi were found in both the in-use bar soap and liquid soap. Thus, the results indicate that the bar soap ‘in-use’ condition harbors a greater number of microorganisms as compared to that of liquid soap.
Confocal laser scanning microscopic evaluation of depth of penetration and Sealer/Dentin interface between endodontic sealers - An in-vitro study
Authors: Balaji Lakshmi , Kanaga Raj Sukanya , V Preethi , Deivanayagam Kandaswamy
Published: July 2021

An endodontic sealer contributes in obtaining an appropriate seal for the root canal system by establishing an association between the root canal walls and coronal restoration thereby promoting healing. This present research intended to compare the penetrating capacity and to determine sealer/dentin interface among various endodontic sealers.

Horizontally sectioned tooth samples were obtained at 3 and 5mm and randomly divided into three groups: Group I - Chemically cured (AH Plus) sealer; Group II - Dual cured (EndoREZ) sealer; Group III – BioCeramic Nano sealer (iRoot SP). All three groups were coated with their respective sealers and obturated using cold lateral compaction technique. The samples were observed using Confocal Microscope for penetrating capacity evaluation and reviewing of sealer/dentin junction at 3 and 5mm depth. The results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's Post-Hoc method.

On depth of penetration evaluation, one-way ANOVA analysis showed Group II exhibited maximum depth of penetration in contrast to Group III and Group I. Group I showed the least average depth of penetration among the other two groups at both 3 and 5mm. On sealer/dentin interface evaluation at 3mm, Group II showed increased interface in comparison with to Group III and Group I. No statistical significance evident among the groups at 5mm.

EndoREZ showed maximum depth of penetration in comparison with iRoot SP and AH Plus sealer at both 3 and 5mm. EndoREZ also showed significant sealer/dentin interface at the level of 3mm when compared to other sealers used.
New Employment Technologies: The Benefits of Implementing Services within an Enterprise Architecture Framework: Executive Summary
Authors: Urquidi Manuel , Ortega Gloria , Arza Víctor , Ortega Julia
Published: July 2021

Public employment services (PES) offer tools through different channels to both employers and job seekers. The multiplicity of services and channels, paired with processes that are sometimes inadequately mapped, creates challenges when implementing digital systems. This document discusses how using enterprise architecture can provide a framework for defining and representing a high-level view of the organizations processes and its information technology (IT) systems, as well as their relationship with different parts of the organization and external entities. Having a strategic vision and a high-level design allows implementing systems in phases and modules to organize services to improve their efficiency and effectiveness. This document aims to support policy makers, managers and officials working with employment policies in understanding the benefits of implementing a comprehensive digital transformation in institutions within the framework of a strategic tool such as enterprise architecture.
Katolik jako świadek sakramentu chrztu św.
Authors: Trojanowski Bartosz
Published: July 2021

Podczas udzielania sakramentu chrztu św. Kościół wymaga obecności przynajmniej jednego chrzestnego. Jednak w pewnych sytuacjach może nie być takiej możliwości, dlatego wtedy należy zatroszczyć się o przynajmniej jednego wiarygodnego świadka. Takim świadkiem może być nie tylko niekatolik ze wspólnoty kościelnej niekatolickiej, ale również katolik, który nie będzie pełnił zadania chrzestnego. Obecność takiego świadka może okazać się bardzo potrzebna w późniejszym czasie tak, aby można było udowodnić fakt przyjęcia sakramentu chrztu św., gdy będzie taka konieczność. Jednakże zarówno brak chrzestnego, jak i brak świadka chrztu, nie może stanowić przeszkody do udzielenia tego sakramentu.