bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criticism of Identity Fetishism in Hanif Kureishi’s The Buddha of Suburbia
Authors: EL FIDA Brahim
Published: September 2023

This paper seeks to unravel how Hanif Kureishi’s novel, The Buddha of Suburbia (1990), reflects issues related to immigration after the upheavals of the 1960s and the wave of independence in what were once the colonized lands and territories of the British Empire. The article shows how the novel succeeds in raising the thorny questions of identity and imagined native homelands as they are well-known today. The latter questions also result in scenes of identity fetishism and strict-mindedness that the novel openly challenges. Through the use of satire, Kureishi exposes the dangers of exclusive identity and strict clinging to one’s homeland and heritage in a globalized, metropolitan space of London. The novel is also critical of the legacies of Orientalism, an ideology and a prism that views ‘Others’ as backward, uncivilsed and threat to a deemed pure identity. The article also stresses that questions of immigration and immigrants will remain an enduring concern for coming decades in metropolitan spaces and contexts. This attests to the fact that novels are not simply works of pure imagination without any reflection of actual problems and phenomena.
Ta’zir Punishment and Delegated Authority in Accordance with Islamic Jurisprudence and Afghanistan’s Enacted Laws
Authors: Rahimzai Hisamudin , Mushfiq Naqibulla
Published: September 2023

Ta’zir punishment is the punishment of acts that do not have certain legal penalties, whether it is violating the rights of Allah (SWT), the rights of others, or the public interest. The legal basis of Ta’zir punishment is from the Holy Qur’an, the Prophetic Hadiths, the consensus of the Muslim community, and personal reasoning.
In Islamic Sharia, there are many types of Ta’zir punishments, which range from advice up to execution, in consideration of the public order and interests of the community. In Ta’zir punishments, the determination of a sentence for the offender is subject to the authority and ability of the judge, and is specified in consideration of the interests and support of the community, along with the circumstances of the offense, the corrective effect of the sentence, and the character and criminal record of the offender. Many philosophies to legitimize disciplinary punishments, such as protecting humanity’s life and interests, reducing the magnitude of crime in society, and the correction and punishment of offenders are also incorporated.
Ta’zir punishment has some unique characteristics, which include the indefiniteness of penalties, whereby the lawmaker’s authority and ability to punish is delegated to judges. Not only may the judge forgive the offender, but the personality and criminal record of the offender are also considered in determining the punishment. Because many people in Afghan society do not understand the concept of Ta’zir punishment, how they are applied, and how they are specified, so this Article is designed to help resolve these issues.
Toplumsal ve Zihinsel Dönüşümün Deizme Etkileri
Authors: Şahin Bekir
Published: September 2023

Individuals who believe in deism in society naturally experience some changes and transformations in themselves, in their views of the world and their social environment. Although movements such as deism have been a situation faced by the majority of the world for a long time, they continue to increase in volume, intensity and specific reactive dimensions as well as being more visible. In this paper, our problem is to understand the effect of social and mental transformation on the tendency of individuals to believe of deism. Before technological and scientific developments, societies sought to solve the questions that they could not find an answer through religion. It is inevitable for individuals who accept science as the only reference to have hesitations and doubts on sensitive issues such as religion when they cannot find reasonable and logical answers. Our study aims to understand the social and cultural integration of deist individuals and their adaptation to social norms in this era of rapid development that modern life offers to society. Examining the theological arguments of deist individuals, who see religions as the biggest obstacle in front of humanity’s access to the level of civilization, in the light of social and mental progress, increases the importance of our research in terms of contributing to the sociological dimensions of the subject. In our study, the data we obtained using the documentation method based on the literature review were reflected in the text. The aspects of the language of religion that are incompatible with its delayed discourse and content cause it to be imprisoned in the shadow of discourses and phenomena, the nature and depth of which we cannot fully perceive. Therefore, we must justify these discourses and facts with an analysis appropriate to today’s conditions. Just as every geography has different perceptions and assumptions, every age has its reactivity and presuppositions. For this reason, we should try to follow the social experienced social reflexes and follow the development line by evaluating each period according to its acceptance and conditions.
Dinamik Bir İlmi Anlayışın İnşası Açısından Niçin Ebû Hanife’den Başlanılmalı?
Authors: Yılmaz Mustafa Selim
Published: September 2023

Abū Ḥanīfah (d. 150/767) is one of the foremost founders of the history of Islamic thought. For the reason that he was accepted as the undisputed leader of the tradition of Ahl al ra’y, which is an umbrella name for rational thought with all different varieties. The roots of this recognition have to be traced back to the era in which he lived. That is to say that this period is the era of the tābi’ūn, which the methodologies of Islamic thought began to form. Moreover, Abū Ḥanīfah is one of the leading scholars of the generation of the tābi’ūn. What gives prominence to him is the target that he wanted to meet. It could be said that this target is an effort to create a systematic discourse in terms of constructing the identity of the Muslim community rather than a cherry-picking approach. With respect to the conditions of that time, this effort is remarkable. For the reason that Muslims, who participated in the history of the world civilization as a new actor and ruled over a vast amount of territories where most ancient civilizations flourished, needed to build a coherent worldview in order to make them permanent. Abū Ḥanīfah was aware of this reality and established his viewpoint to meet this need. As a result, his methodology has been paid more attention both for and against throughout centuries. Considering contemporary conditions, his methodology has a distinguishing and eye-opening feature. In this paper, the most prominent points of his systematic discourse and how to be benefit from it today will be evaluated.
Beş Vakit Namazın Öğretimiyle İlgili Ders İçeriklerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Yiğit Yasin
Published: September 2023

Curriculum and textbooks prepared by the Ministry of National Education are among the educational materials used in education and training activities in our country. When the curricula and textbooks related to religious education are examined, it is seen that an essential part of the course content is related to the worship principles of the religion of Islam. Prayer has a special place in the principles of worship in Islam. There are different types of prayer in Islam. One of them is the five daily prayers. According to the religion of Islam, five daily prayers are one of the obligatory acts of worship for Muslims, intelligent and adolescent individuals. Since it is daily worship, it is of great importance for individuals to obtain accurate information about the five daily prayers. For this reason, it is expected that a qualified education will be given to the students about the wisdom of the five daily prayers, their individual or social benefits, and how to pray in the process of religious education. At the beginning of the factors that determine the quality of teaching, there are factors such as the knowledge and skills of the teachers responsible for religious education, the interests and potentials of the students. However, it can be said that the materials used in the lessons are also an important factor affecting the quality of teaching. This research aims to evaluate the content related to the teaching of prayer in the textbooks, which is one of the materials used in religious teaching. In this context, the content of the five daily prayers in the textbooks was analyzed by applying document analysis, which is one of the qualitative research methods. As a result of the analysis, suggestions were made about the deficiencies seen in the textbooks. The study is critical because it contributes to the updating and development of the contents of the five daily prayers in the textbooks, taking into account the advances in the science of religious education.
Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî ile Ebû İshak es-Saffâr’ın İmanın Mahlukiyeti Hakkındaki Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Çekiç Sümeyye
Published: September 2023

This study discusses the views of Abū al-Mu’īn al-Nasafī (d. 508/1115) and Abū Isḥāq al-Ṣaffār (d. 534/1139) on the debate over whether faith is created or not. First of all, the place of this debate in the history of kalām is discussed, particularly the approaches adopted by Ahl al-Ḥadīth, Ashʿarī, and Māturīdite scholars to the subject. The study then determines the approach, preferred by al-Nasafī and al-Ṣaffār, to the creation of faith. The question of the creation of faith manifests itself as a follow-up of the debate over whether the Qurʾān was created or not. At the center of the discussion is the verse about Allah’s calling himself a believer and testifying that there is no god but Him. The Ahl al-Hadīth and Ashʿarī scholars, who interpret the verse in relation to Allah’s attribute of speech, believe that Allah is the first believer to affirm His own unity and, therefore, belief is not created. The Māturīdite theologians, including Abū Isḥāq al-Ṣaffār who do not find this interpretation accurate, consider faith as an act done by the servant himself. They think that, since all human actions are created, belief is also created. On the other hand, Abū al-Mu’īn al-Nasafī explains the issue of the creation of faith through the concept of hidāyat. Hidāyat means that Allah creates the right path for His servant. There is no one who can guide people except for Allah Himself. In other words, hidāyat is an act that occurs as a result of the attribute of takwīn. While the attribute of takwīn is eternal, the actions that it gives birth to are accepted as hadith. From this point of view, according to al-Nasafī, faith is eternal in relation to Allah’s act of guidance, and it is something created in relation to human beings. In this discussion, there are those who believe that faith is created under any circumstance, those who see faith as absolutely eternal, and those who adopt a midway between the two. This study discusses the subject in relation to al-Nasafī and al-Ṣaffār.
Ferîdüddin Attâr’ın Mantıku’t-Tayr Adlı Eserinde Er/Eren Olgusuna Sembolik Yaklaşımının Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Sarıyüce Aysel
Published: September 2023

The word “er (man)” in daily use in Turkish refers to “a male person,” but without reference to gender, it is often used to express a person who performs his/her job perfectly well. In Sufism, the concept of “er” is used to refer to al-insān al-kāmil (the perfect human being), who possesses the quality of being an exemplary servant. Although “er” denotes masculinity in its dictionary form, in mystical terms without reference to gender, the word includes all men and women who have the qualifications of a perfect human being and who gain Allah’s approval. Such Sufis as Aḥmad Yasawī (d. 562/1166), Mawlānā (d. 672/1273) and Yunus Emre (d. 720/1320) also used the concept of “er” in their works. In Sufism, this concept indicates maturity in religious and moral life. Farīd al-Dīn ʿAttār (d. 618/1221) is one of the leading mystics and poets of Persian and Classical Turkish Literature. He often used the concept of er in a symbolic way in his work Mantiq al-Tayr. The aim of the present study is to unearth and analyze what mystical concepts ʿAttār emphasizes through the symbolic meanings that he attributes to the concept of er. ʿAttār often uses the notion of er to mean al-murshid al-kāmil, al-insān al-kāmil, a saint, holy person or devotee. Furthermore, he uses the concept of er not only as a characteristic of humans but also that of some inanimate beings and animals. In his works, ʿAttār addresses this notion within Allah-servant relationships. He also uses the term for the Prophet, who is the master of every business and the goal of every human being in being a er. When considering the notion of er within the concepts of disciple/devotee, ʿAttār uses it to define people who are determined and patient on the way to the truth and who show a strong will in the face of the difficulties encountered. While emphasizing the importance of knowledge of marifāt, which is a special knowledge that Allah gives His servants so that they know themselves in their journey to wuslat, he emphasizes that the devotee should be a er of knowledge. In line with the intention to which people are attached and in which they put effort, ʿAttār uses metaphors, such as a man of path, a man of truth, a man of knowledge, a soldier of God, a man of journey; when they are attached to worldly things and serve for them, he uses the metaphor of "the man of the self". By using the concept of man, as used in daily life, ʿAttār tries to simplify meaning of the terms that are difficult to understand in Sufism, such as unity, abundance, non-existence, marifāt, al-sayr al-sulūk, fana, nafs for the reader so that they could comprehend them with ease. From this point of view, the concept of man in ʿAttār’s usage is far from a gender-specific meaning that denotes masculinity but has a usage that refers to a virtuous person.
Alevi-Sünni Evliliklerindeki Çocukların Din Eğitimine İlişkin Ebeveyn Görüşlerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: Aşlamacı Mehtap
Published: September 2023

Today, homogeneous family structures are increasingly being replaced by heterogeneous family structures formed by individuals from different beliefs, understandings, or cultures. One of such heterogeneous marriages in Turkey is Alevi - Sunni marriages, which are more common with the urbanization process. Although it is possible to say that Alevis and Sunnis who have married share common beliefs in many respects, it is also a fact that they have some religious understanding and cultural differences. It is necessary to investigate the effects of these differences on the religious development and education of the children born from these marriages. In this study, which was prepared as a master’s thesis at the Social Sciences Institute of Ondokuz Mayıs University in 2013, parental views on children’s religious education in such marriages were examined. The research aims to examine the views/attitudes of parents regarding the religious education of children born in such marriages. The research was structured in the phenomenology pattern, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 32 spouses from 21 families residing in Malatya who had this type of marriage. The content analysis method was used in the analysis of the data. Some of the important results of the research are as follows: While some of the interviewed couples consider religious education necessary with a holistic approach, emphasizing the belief, worship, and moral aspects of religion, others consider religious education necessary by considering only the moral dimension of religion. The majority of the interviewed spouses want their children to receive religious education so that they have the right knowledge about religion. Parents or experts are usually specified as to who should provide religious education. It is understood that the interviewed spouses did not talk to each other about the religious education of their children before they got married. The majority of the interviewed spouses consider themselves sufficient to answer questions about the religion their children lead. In the majority of the family environment of interviewed spouses, religious activities such as visiting to mosque or cemevi, attending to any religious rituals, and promoting reading religious books are not enough. It is understood that there is no any denominational pressure on children, and the wishes of the child to acquire religious knowledge are not turned down in the majority of family environments. Since children who grow up in such families may be directly or indirectly affected by different sectarian cultures, it would be beneficial to provide support to the candidates who will get married before marriage and their immediate environment to raise awareness about this situation.
Şehitlik Olgusunun Arkeolojik Bir Analizi
Authors: Dikmen Fatmanur , Ataman Kemal
Published: September 2023

The concept of martyrdom (shahāda) has been used and discussed in various cases and situations in the media and academia today. Different definitions of martyrdom are encountered in the meantime, with a new addition almost in every new case such as "martyr of homeland," "martyr of democracy," "martyr of revolution," "martyr of fire," even "martyr of football." However, when the literature, especially Western literature, on martyrdom is analyzed, it becomes clear that the concept is studied in the context of terrorism and suicide attacks in relation to jihād. Therefore, it is essential to reveal the context in which the concept (shahīd) was coined and the process through which it has gained its various current meanings to shed light on the usage areas mentioned above. However, when examining the origin of the phenomenon of martyrdom in the relevant literature, it is possible to have precise and sufficient knowledge about the origin of the word "martyrdom" and the trajectory of its current meaning. In contrast, the ambiguity about the origin of the phenomenon of Islamic martyrdom (shahāda) still obtains. There may be two explanations for this: First, the concept of martyrdom in Western literature was borrowed from the Greko-Roman and Judeo-Christian traditions, and the term "martyr" was translated from the Latin equivalent of "martus." Second, similar research on the origin of the concept is wanting in Turkish/Islamic literature; scholars seem to have been content with only the lexical definitions of the word "shahīd" and how it occurred in verses and hadiths. The purpose of this presentation is to figure out the trajectory of the concepts (shahīd and shahāda) and determine the meanings it has assumed over time and to analyze how it can be related to contemporary situations and cases in which the concept is used. Paying specific attention to the historical dimension of the subject matter, we used a descriptive method whose aim is to make intelligible the meaning of particular text-like events as they appeared in the literature. They include the primary sources of Islamic history, Arabic poetry reflecting the-then Arab culture and social structure, and verses and hadiths about martyrdom. We conclude that Western scholars’ argument that Muslims borrowed the concept of martyrdom from other cultures is not based upon any concrete and credible historical evidence because the ideal of fighting and dying at wars was perceived as a noble act even in pre-Islamic Arab society; that the root of the verb "sh-h-d" forming the word martyr (shahīd) has been used in the sense of "joining the war" in Arabic poetry; and that the concept, as used today, was coined as "mustashhedīn" by Hassan Ibn Thabit to honor those who died at the Battle of Mu’ta.
İlahiyat Araştırmalarında Çağdaş İmkanların Değerlendirilmesi: el-Mektebetü’ş-şamile Örneği
Authors: Aydın Osman
Published: September 2023

The literature on Islamic sciences is expanding every year due to both current issues and the re-examination of previous works from different perspectives. For this reason, Miftah" and Etraf type works, which have been written from past to present in order to obtain information quickly and systematically, have gained a different dimension today. In our age, reaching information in the fastest way is a bigger problematic area than reaching information. In this context, although there were different examples before it, al-Maktaba al-Shamela, which is the most comprehensive online study at the moment, was released for the first time with approximately one thousand books in twenty-five topics. In each subsequent year, it has become more comprehensive by improving itself and its database. In this paper, the use of this program, which has reached a very useful level at the moment, the possibilities and conveniences it offers and the problems that can be encountered if it is not used correctly will be discussed. First, the installation of the program and the introduction of shortcuts will be made; Subsequently, each chapter’s own sub-headings will be discussed. Especially; Special search methods, search saving options, creating special folders, chronological lists of works and authors, and importing and exporting works will be introduced. In addition, intellectual problems arising from the minds of producers who are likely to be present in such programs and reflected in the selection of books, software problems related to the program itself, problems with writing during the transfer of works to the program, and most importantly, academic problems that such applications detach one from the holistic view of the works and push them to a fragmentary approach will be discussed. Because learning the program superficially can lead to both obtaining wrong results and misinterpreting the results obtained. Therefore, the aim of such a study is to prevent the problematic issues in question and to channel the researchers to the right methodological elements in this way. The importance of research is that it offers clues to do this in the fastest and most effective way, without forgetting the fact that the main thing is to access the right information. As a result; In scientific studies, all kinds of systems and applications that will facilitate the search are becoming increasingly necessary. al-Maktaba al-Shamela program is an extremely important and valuable work that cannot be ignored when used correctly.
Cevâhiru’l-Belâğa Kitabı Özelinde Me‘ânî İlmi Bağlamında Günümüz Belâgat Kitaplarındaki Örneklerde Benzerlik Olgusu
Authors: Gezek Ahmet
Published: September 2023

In the modern period, which started after the Arabs came into contact with Europe in scientific and intellectual fields at the end of the 19th century; New studies have been carried out in the field of rhetoric as well as in language fields such as syntax (Al-Naḥw) and morphology (Al-Ṣarf). However, a significant part of these new studies resembled the classical period rhetoric books in terms of title and content. The book Jawāhir al-Balāgha, written by the Egyptian linguist, litterateur, and educator Aḥmad al-Hāshimī (d. 1943), has been used as a textbook for many years in Arab countries and in various countries that provide education on the Arabic language. The author, who started his book by explaining what eloquence (faṣāḥa) and rhetoric (balāgha) are; examined the situations of musnad ilayh, muṭlaq-taqyīd, qaṣr-faṣl-waṣl, īcāz-iṭnāb-musāwāt in the science of ma‘ānī, and then discussed tashbīh, majāz, istiʿāra, kināya in ʿIlm al-bayān. In ʿIlmal-badī‘, the author evaluated the rhetorical arts that beautify the meaning, such as tawriya, ṭıbāq, and muqābala, under the title of muḥassināt al-maʿnawiyya; He mentioned the rhetorical arts such as jinās, sajiʿ, muwāzana under the heading of muḥassināt lafẓiyya. In this book, the author has divided the science of rhetoric into three parts: ma‘ānī, bayān, and badī‘. He followed the theology-philosophy school in rhetoric, which became systematic with Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sakkākī (d. 626/1229) and Khaṭīb al-Qazwīnī (d. 739/1338). This system is not unique to Hāshimī, but those who continue the same system are as follows: Aḥmad Muṣṭafā al-Marāghī’s ʿUlūm al-balāgha book ʿAbdul‘azīz ʿAtīq’s fī al-Balāgha al-ʿArabiyya: ʿIlm al-maʿānī, fī al-Balāgha al-ʿArabiyya: Ilm al-bayān, fī al-Balāgha al-ʿArabiyya: ʿIlm  al-badīʿ books, ʿAlī al-Jārim and Muṣṭafā Emīn’s al-Balāgha al-Wāḍiḥa book, Aḥmad Maṭlūb’s Asālīb balāghiyya: al-Faṣāḥa, al-balāgha, al-maʿānī book, Muḥammad Aḥmad Qāsim and Muḥyiddīn Dīb’s ʿUlūm al-balāgha: al-badīʿ al-bayān, al-maʿānī book, Ḥāmid ʿAvnī’s al-Minhāj al-Wāḍiḥ li al-Balāgha book, Ḥasan ʿIsmāʿīl ʿAbdürrāziq’s al-Naẓm al-balāghī bayn naẓariyya wa al-taṭbīq book, Muḥammad Abū Mūsā’s Khaṣāiṣ al-Tarākīb book, Muṣṭafā al-Ṣāwī al-Juwaynī’s al-Balāgha al-ʿArabiyya Ta’ṣīl wa tajdīd  book, ʿAbdurraḥmān Ḥasan Ḥabannaka al-Maydānī’s al-Balāgha al-ʿArabiyya Ususuhā wa afnānuhā book, Faḍl Ḥasan ʿAbbās’s al-Balāgha funūnuhā: ʿİlm al-maʿānī, ʿİlm al-bayān, ʿİlm al-badīʿ books. In this study, the examples in the maʿānī section of Aḥmad al-Hāshimī’s Jawāhir al-Balāġa book were examined, and comparisons were made on whether the Qur’anic verses and Arabic poems brought by the author in the narratives are the same with the examples used by Sakkākī and Qazwīnī. In the comparisons made, it has been determined that some examples in ʿIlm al-maʿānī were used by many authors in the classical period and today, and the last period rhetoric authors who used the same examples as Hāshimī were pointed out with footnotes.
Kurtubî’nin Morfolojik Temelli Anlam Arayışı
Authors: Erken İsmail
Published: September 2023

Morphology, “sarf” as an Arabic term, is the science of generating another structure in a new or the same form with affixes and affixes that are suitable for the root, context of meaning, and targeted expression, and examining the formed structures. Since the Qurʾān is a book sent in Arabic for understanding, it is also within the scope of the study of Arabic linguistics and morphology. Exegetes and linguistics scholars mention morphology issues in their studies to understand and explain the Qurʾān. For this purpose, Abū Abdallah Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Qurtubī (d. 671/1273) wrote the interpretation " al-Jamī' li-'Aḥkām al-Qurʾān". One of the general features of the tafsīr is that there are primarily philological explanations when explaining almost every ayah. Like other commentators, he also includes morphology in his tafsīr to understand/explain the Qurʾān. While making morphological analyzes of the words, he states their features. In addition, it sometimes explains some details and exceptional situations. He tries to explain the morphological characteristics and the meanings of the words. The remarkable point is that the exegete also uses the rules of morphology to reach or explain the meanings, even though those rules can not give the meaning within a superficial level. Qurtubī's effort is based on the characteristics of the wording, the differences in the recitation, the context, excessiveness (zaeed), reduction, etc., shown by reasons. This study is based on his evaluations of some subjects of morphology by scanning the information he gave to understand. Considering that the study is a presentation and has a time limitation, topics are limited to singular-dual-plural, masculinity-femininity, and definite-indefinite. Interpretations were scanned about the mentioned issues. By choosing some examples, the subject was explained, and comparisons were made with the evaluation. The samples were examined in depth, and the matter was conveyed on a meaning-oriented base.
* This study was produced from the Ph.D. dissertation: Philological analysis of Al-Jamī li Ahkam al-Qurʾān (İzmir: Dokuz Eylul University, Ph.D. Thesis, 2020)
İbn Sînâ Felsefesinde Nedensellik ve Olağanüstü Hadiselerin Sırları
Authors: Bayır Taşdemir Sümeyye
Published: September 2023

This paper aims to discuss Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)'s claim that extraordinary events can also be explained by nature, as opposed to a world of meaning inherited from Aristotle and based on sensible qualities and the tradition that excludes events that take place in this world but cannot be explained by nature. In this direction, the secrets of causality and extraordinary states in the philosophy of Avicenna were examined separately. Our study, which is shaped by the text analysis method, focuses on the works of Avicenna and secondary academic studies written about Avicenna. The relationship of the events that are thought to have no place in nature, called extraordinary events, with nature has been evaluated. In this context, the paper consists of two parts and an evaluation part. In the first part, causality, and nature in the philosophy of Avicenna, in the second part, the secrets of extraordinary events in the philosophy of Avicenna, and in the last part, an evaluation of the rational explanations presented by the philosophy of Avicenna to scientific reality in the light of these explanations. In the research, the causality section in the philosophy of Avicenna is explained based on the Physics and Metaphysics works. In addition, secondary sources were also used. The relationship between nature and the context of extraordinary events is shaped by the claims of Ibn Sīnā in his work al-Isharat wa’l-tanbihat. In the work, Avicenna examines this subject under a specific title. The claim that extraordinary events can be explained in the context of natural causation is also emphasized in this section. However, considering the terms that Ibn Sīnā used to explain extraordinary events and the chapter he included in his work, different results are obtained from his claim. Ibn Sīnā emphasizes that it is one of the known ways of nature that even the savant can stay hungry for a long time. It is claimed that the subject proceeds through the wise and that every situation has a natural way. Based on this, it is thought that the research will contribute to the interpretations of whether Avicenna is a mystical or rational philosopher. As a result of the research, although Ibn Sīnā states that he explained extraordinary events with reason, it is seen that he also bears traces of a mystical understanding. While the parts of Ibn Sīnā's works in which he examines explicitly the issue of causality are shaped by existence, explanations are made according to the characteristics of the soul in extraordinary events. He uses the relationship between soul and body to explain extraordinary events. It is thought that the extraordinary events we deal with concerning causality should be handled and examined in different subjects such as revelation, prophecy, miracle, and dream.
Yabancılara Türkçe Öğretiminde Web 2.0 Araçlarının Kullanımı: Sistematik Alanyazın Taraması
Authors: Başpınar Yörük Naciye
Published: September 2023

Technology has accumulated and changed over time. Students and every individual with learning qualifications frequently benefit from internet technologies in their daily lives. Information technologies have become a part of life in every field and have also started to be used in language teaching. Teachers' use of these technologies during language teaching activities can make positive contributions to the lesson and increase their motivation to teach. In addition, students' interest and motivation in the lesson may increase in lessons where information technologies are used. Benefiting from the opportunities offered by technology in foreign language education is increasing in parallel with the development of technology. With the establishment of TÖMER, teaching Turkish as a foreign language has become systematic, and teaching Turkish as a foreign language has become more widespread in the last ten years. In this context, the use of technology in Turkish foreign language teaching has the potential to make serious contributions to making foreign language education more effective. One of these technologies is Web 2.0 tools. The current study aims to identify Web 2.0 tools used in teaching Turkish to foreigners and have the potential to use them and to present suggestions for teachers and students. A systematic literature review was conducted based on the qualitative research paradigm to achieve this aim. In the last ten years, studies on internet technologies in teaching Turkish to foreigners were included in the study. The research was carried out through SCI and ULAKBİM indexes; first of all, web 2.0 tools used in language teaching were determined, those related to mother tongue teaching were excluded, and those with the content of teaching Turkish to foreigners were transferred to the study. For the research, 35 articles, 8 books, and book chapters with the content of teaching Turkish to foreigners, more than 100 language teaching, and a website containing information about web 2.0 tools were scanned. Document analysis was performed on the study set obtained in the light of the criteria determined in the research. The web 2.0 tools are used to develop the vocabulary of the data obtained, and to gain basic language skills; They are categorized as web 2.0 tools used in measurement and evaluation. The numerical data obtained on Web 2.0 tools were tabulated, and the tools were briefly introduced.
Max Weber Sosyolojisi: Anlama Yöntemi Üzerine Tartışmalar
Authors: Özalp Ahmet
Published: September 2023

Weber, who systematized the science of sociology, brought the understanding method that can be used in social action research to sociology. Influenced by German idealism during the period when the methodologies of positive sciences dominated social sciences, Weber made the method of understanding suitable for sociological research based on the ideas of William Dilthey. This research is essential in providing a new perspective to the literature by analyzing the method of understanding, which has many disagreements based on the debates. The main purpose of this study is to try to make the understanding method more comprehensible sociologically by referring to the analyzes in the literature. The research was prepared following the literature review method and expanded by scanning the Weberian literature. Due to the richness of the literature, this study is limited to several works in which Weber uses the method of understanding. The works selected for the research were determined as "Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism", "Methodology of social sciences", and "Sociology of religion". The reason for choosing these works is that they are accepted in the sociology literature as the main sources for which Weber's understanding method is used. As a result of the research, it was found that Weber's understanding method was divided into two types such as direct observational and explanatory understanding. In addition, two basic definitions are used for the understanding method. These definitions have been interpreted as an empathic analysis of human behavior and directing the researcher's work by putting himself in someone else's shoes. The main reasons for Weber's choosing to use the understanding method are to criticize the scientific methods dominated by the positive sciences, to create his research path of the social sciences, to bring the interpretive and observational research method to sociology, and to put Dilthey's philosophical approach on a scientific plane. In addition, it is the search for a method that can be used in analyzing historical studies in terms of social action. Weber used the understanding method over certain ideal types and chose the understanding method as the main way to create ideal types. As a result, in addition to the fact that the method of understanding should set a path for sociological studies, it has also been reached that the method of understanding does not only express the understanding of the subject through the mind. While the method of understanding offers a wide range of methods to the researchers in this respect, it has also been effective in breaking the effect of positive sciences on social sciences.
Keşfü’z-Zunûn Adlı Eserde Adı Geçen Siyer ve Megāzî Eserleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme
Authors: Benzer Merve
Published: September 2023

Kātib Çelebi, also known as Hajji Khalifa, whose real name is Mustafa b Abdullah, was born in Istanbul in 1017/1609 and died here in 1069/1659. Kashf al-ẓunūn is Kātib Çelebi's great bibliographic work that he prepared in twenty years. Kātib Çelebi also mentions the name of this book in his narration in Mīzān al-Haqq. He states that the scholars who saw the scribblings of the work wanted this work to be cleared. In Kashf al-ẓunūn, the author gives the works in alphabetical order; the language of the work is Arabic, and it has been translated into Turkish. When we read about the history of Islam or want to learn about its sources, the studies of Sīrah and Maghāzī  attract attention. Sīrah is a term used for works that describe and examine the life of the Prophet Muhammad. Maghāzī, on the other hand, is the name given to the books that deal with the battles of the Prophet Muhammad. The words sīrah and maghāzī are also used interchangeably. As a matter of fact, these two words sometimes appear together and sometimes separately as the names of the works written about the life of the Prophet Muhammad. In this study, the Sīrah and Maghāzī works in the bibliographic work of Kātib Çelebi named Kashf al-ẓunūn were examined. The content analysis technique was used in this study. In this context, the works about Sīrah and Maghāzī mentioned in Kashf al-ẓunūn were scanned, classified, and tabulated. While tabulating the works under the titles of Sīrah and Maghāzī; Sīrah, refers to the life of Prophet Muhammad; Maghāzī, on the other hand, is considered as His wars. However, at the end of the scanning and study analysis, it has been determined that the titles of the works do not give precise preliminary information about the content. For this reason, studies that do not include the concepts of sīrah and maghāzī in their names; but whose content is on these subjects; have also been identified. As a result of the study, eighty-eight Sīrah and twenty-four Maghāzī works were identified and tabulated. There is no information about the language of all of these works, but it has been determined that the language of four of the studied works is Turkish, and the language of four of them is Persian. We included the information of the works we identified in our table in line with the explanations given by Kātib Çelebi. In our study, it has been determined that while the Maghāzī works were talking about the wars of the Prophet Muhammad in the early periods, but the Maghāzī works written in later times were expanded in content to encompass all aspects of his life.
Osmanlı Arşiv Vesikalarında Muzır Musiki Kavramı
Authors: Yiğit İrfan
Published: September 2023

Egyptian, Greek/Greek philosophers and systemist school musicians such as Farabi, İbn-i Sina, Safiyyüddin Urmevi, Abdulkadir Meragi, who created the first works on music, tried to create a system by making various classifications in the field of music. The classifications made by these scholars in their works started with the "formation of sound" and continued with different concepts over time. Later, many distinctions such as traditional Turkish music, art music, folk music, religious music, and non-religious music determined the boundaries of classification of music within itself. In our paper, we have examined the concept of “muzır music”, which is in the history of music but has been excluded from the classifications made in the field of music until now. We used the qualitative data analysis method in our study. We made the catalogue scans at the Presidency of the State Archives, and we reached forty documents that the dates of these documents are between 1892-1909, and those documents belonging to the reigns of Sultan V. Murad Han (1840-1904), II. Abdulhamid and Sultan V. Mehmet Reşat (1844-1918) We analyzed the reasons for the events mentioned in the documents. In addition, by examining on different subjects, including those that were taken into the category of muzır for ethnic, moral, and political reasons, and songs that were seen as muzır because they contain some concepts that were banned in "Pictured Kamus-u Osmanî" published by Ali Seydi between 1908-1914, he examined the events in the documents. We analyzed the reasons. In our statement, we tried to answer the following questions: What was meant in the period when the concept of ‘muzır music/song’ was used? Has a classification such as muzır music/song and Non-muzır music/song took place in the music literature? What are the criteria for restrictions on muzır songs? Was it applied for political, religious, ethnic, and moral reasons? Was the muzır song characterization made as a result of restrictions in different areas? Are the Ottoman subjects interested in muzır music/song composed of a certain ethnic structure or religious group? Why did the government feel the need to ban these songs? Why did he keep the performers under constant control and follow them? Our main purpose in our statement is to discover the basic sub-dynamics that make up the concept of muzır music and that affect the formation of prohibitions made for this reason. In this context, along with the prohibitions made on moral and religious grounds, the effect of the political atmosphere of the period on the prohibitions was tried to be revealed with case studies. Our other aim is; according to events we have examined in the documents, the concept of ‘muzır music' has been defended on the grounds that it is included in the categorizations made in the field of music. As a result of our examinations and analyses, we concluded that the concept of malicious music has a political content rather than religious, moral, and ethnic reasons and that the concept of malicious music should be included in the music categories.
Güney Afrika’daki İlk Muvazzaf Osmanlı Başkonsolosu: Ohannes Majakyan Bey (1867-1941)
Authors: Gençoğlu Halim
Published: September 2023

The first active-duty diplomat of the Ottoman Empire in South Africa, Ohannes Majakyan Bey, showed how an Ottoman diplomat of Armenian origin can successfully represent the last Turkish-Islamic empire in his diplomatic services. Of course, it was the Ottoman Empire that gave him this confidence ; however, adaptation of Armenian minorities to the state was also about the loyality of Armenians, whom was called Millet-i Sadiqa in the Ottoman society. The donations that Ohannes Majakyan Bey collected from South African Muslims for the Turkish soldiers who fought against the Italians in the Tripoli War was a manifestation of the respect for the Ottoman Caliphate in Africa. Another important point was here is how a diplomat of Armenian origin properly represented the Ottoman State regardless etnich and religious differences. The activities of Ohannes Majakyan, which were reflected in the newspaper headlines in South Africa, were best examples of serving his country with a merit-based approach above the Armenian identity. The Ottoman Empire took advantage of the non-Muslim diplomats like Ohannes Majakyan Bey, who served in the Sub-Saharan region, and rewarded him repeatedly. This paper aims to enlight the activities of Ouannes Majakyan Bey in the light of the archival documents in Turkey and South Africa.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr’ın İman Anlayışı Bağlamında Mu‘tezilî Kelâm Düşüncesinin Farklılaşması
Authors: Karahüseyin Samet
Published: September 2023

Our study has aimed to focus on the theological views of Qādī Abd al-Jabbār (d. 415/1025) within the scope of the differentiation of Mu‘tazilite thought. In this context, Qādī Abd al-Jabbār, whose conception of faith we have examined as an example under the principle of al-manzilah bayna al-manzilatayn of his school, differs from his Salaf scholars in some aspects, and most important of all, he is in the comments that try to restatement his school’s conception of faith. In addition to the books of al-Mughnī, al-Mukhtasar fī Usūl al-Dīn, Fadl al-I‘tizāl, Kitāb Usūl al-Khamsah, Sharh al-Usūl al-Khamsah besides Mutashabih al-Qur’ān and Tanzīh al-Qur’ān ‘an al-Maṭāin whom he wrote about the field of Kalām and while the role of the school of conveying his theological knowledge is obvious, what his work named as al-Amalī, which is referred to himself, but gives weight to the evidence of hadiths in the explanation of his theological views, includes different perspectives. In this context, in the definition of faith, Qādī Abd al-Jabbār’s opinions on issues such as confession with language, doing with limbs, and the belief of the heart, his putting supererogatory practices into play in the nature of faith, mentioning the relationship between faith and doing at every opportunity, explanations regarding the possibility of increase or decrease in faith, an exception in faith and the faith of muqallid are generally understood. It can be revealed and examined from the works of Kalām. In this paper, we dedicate to the study of the narrations about faith in the work called al-Amalī, which emphasizes on the importance of hadiths and supports the five principles of his school (al-Usūl al-Khamsah) with the comments he brought to some selected hadiths. It is understood that in the context of worship and obedience within the scope of the definition of faith, Qādī Abd al-Jabbār differed from the Jubbāis and turned to the line of Abū al-Huzayl al-Allāf. In our opinion, the most important example of differentiation is the hadith narrations that he used as evidence for his definition of faith and their explanation. Accordingly, Qādī’s views on the definition and nature of faith seem to be adorned with mystical interpretations rather than theological depth and competence. This is a situation that we care about to express the original value of our work. It is understood that he adopted a holistic understanding of faith with an emphasis on belief, worship, and morality. The effect of al-Amalī on the conception of faith of Qādī Abd al-Jabbār, and thus the potential to offer new perspectives on the relationship between Mu‘tazilite theology and thought of Sufism, points to the points where it differs from its Salaf scholars. Thus, not only theology but also the accumulation of Sufism of Mu‘tazilite thought will be re-examined from some aspects. During our study, after the views of Qādī Abd al-Jabbār were presented with a descriptive and objective attitude, his ideas were examined with comparative and analytical methods.