bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vehicle Charging as a Source of Grid Frequency Regulation
Authors: Brooks Alec N.
Published: May 2018

Electric power grids require that power generation and loads are in balance in order to keep the grid frequency constant. When there is an imbalance between the generation and load, the grid frequency will change. Grid frequency regulation is usually a service performed by powerplants that are controlled to vary their generation output up and down from a nominal value. Plug-in vehicles can provide a similar function by varying their charging rate based on locally-measured grid frequency. As plug-in vehicles reach large scale adoption, there is the potential for all frequency regulation to be provided through charging of plug-in vehicles.
Having a Cutting Point - Testing and Development Environment at TU Dortmund University
Authors: Aldejohann Christoph , Horenkamp Willi , Fritz Rettberg Jan , Rehtanz Christian
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the technology and testing platform for interoperable e-mobility, infrastructure and power grids at TU Dortmund University. That environment allows to emulate several power grid states and to analyse the behaviour of charging station and EV regarding to both electrical and ICT aspects. Using this technology platform we developed an alternative method for Residual Current Detection with DC components in electrical vehicle charging. Standard methods are not very well suited for these requirements, because they are very expensive and need a manual reset. The method which is presented in this paper detects the fault current by using an AC/DC summation current transformer in the electric vehicle. The fault current is announced by a fault state. A control unit in the charging station detects the fault state which is transmitted by using the control pilot. The cut-off is done by the already existing charging contactor which is included in the charging station. The fault state is transmitted by using the control pilot. The here presented protection method has a comparable security level to typically used protection devices. It allows cost savings by a factor up to 50. It can be used also for cut-off by detecting an isolation failure.
Modelling customer choice and market development for future automotive powertrain technologies
Authors: Redelbach Martin , Sparka Michael , Schmid Stephan , Friedrich Horst E.
Published: May 2018

The paper introduces an innovative utility-based approach to model customer choice for alternative powertrain technologies within a dynamic scenario tool. The study covers a wide portfolio of different powertrain concepts from conventional combustion engines to advanced hybrid and electric cars. The assessment of their economic and technical attributes builds on a large set of vehicle simulation data and detailed cost models. In contrast to previous cost-based studies the applied methodology maps the observed diversity of user characteristics more realistically. Therefore, the driving behaviour and preferences of car buyers are analysed empirically based on major representative surveys and the resulting distribution functions are integrated in the model. After testing and validation with historic data the model is applied to the German vehicle market and a potential scenario for the prospective composition of the new passenger car fleet by 2030 is presented. The scenario simulation shows that a significant reduction of CO2 emissions is feasible especially by the introduction of plug-in hybrids and range extended electric vehicles. However, the growing technical complexity and the additional effort for efficiency improvements also result in increasing total costs of ownership for the customer.
Using dynamic scenario analyses to evaluate how market factors could shape San Diego California New Car buyer’s interest in purchasing a Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV)
Authors: Davies Jamie
Published: May 2018

This analysis creates three temporally sequential hypothetical future time periods for a PEV market. In these scenarios, we present six factors which are likely to influence PEV ownership. These factors are the incremental cost of PEVs, the size of vehicles available for purchase, the vehicle manufacturers producing PEVs, vehicle turnover, the cost to install home charging infrastructure and the authority to install charging infrastructure at a primary residence. In each time period the characteristics of the vehicle and consumer market change to capture the dynamics of vehicle supply and new car buyers. Results from a mixed-method questionnaire of 470 San Diego California residents is matched with the hypothetical scenarios created for this analysis, which provides a baseline measure of how interest in PEVs might evolve over time for San Diego CA new car buyers. Incremental changes from the baseline conditions in each of the factors illustrate how different strategies such as: price reduction, larger vehicles offered for sale, introduction of new makes producing PEVs, and workplace charging infrastructure, might play a role in changing the pool of San Diego CA new car buyers who are interested in purchasing a PEV.
The EV Everywhere Grand Challenge
Authors: Miller James F. , Howell David
Published: May 2018

In March 2012, President Obama announced the EV Everywhere Grand Challenge—to produce plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) as affordable and convenient for the American family as gasoline-powered vehicles by 2022. The U.S. Department of Energy developed a framing document and conducted a series of public workshops to obtain input on the plan, leading to an EV Everywhere Blueprint issued in January 2013. DOE released a funding opportunity announcement for up to $50 million of R&D to support EV Everywhere in March 2013. The solicitation sought projects on advanced batteries, electric motors and power electronics for electric drive systems, vehicle lightweighting, climate control technologies, and charging infrastructure. This paper describes the specific technical targets set forth and describes the areas of research to be undertaken to achieve the targets and goals.
Conflicting interests in defining an 'optimal' battery size when introducing the PHEV?
Authors: Kullingsjö Lars-Henrik , Karlsson Sten , Sprei Frances
Published: May 2018

The PHEV is an interesting option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transport or to increase energy security without losing performance in car operation. However finding an optimal battery size is of great importance for the overall economic and environmental performance of the PHEVs. This study investigates the resulting vehicle design, and fleet composition and performance when optimising the PHEV battery with respect to different objective functions possibly reflecting different actors’ interest: number of PHEVs, cumulative cost savings and share of electric driving respectively under various assumptions concerning policies and costs. A recently available data set of car movements, containing 445 privately driven Swedish cars that have been measured with GPS-equipment for 1-2 months each is utilized to get a representative car fleet. We find that the battery size and fleet performance are heavily influenced by not only the choice of objective function for the optimization but also by its interaction with the cost structure and performance requirement in the transition from an energy efficient fuel-driven car to a PHEV. The effect of different policies may also vary depending on these conditions and may favour various actors’ interests differently. We conclude that these aspects are important to consider both when designing vehicles and when formulating policies for the introduction of PHEVs.
Understanding the automotive industry: German OEM behaviour during the last 20 years and its implications
Authors: Mazur Christoph , Contestabile Marcello , Offer Gregory J. , Brandon N.P.
Published: May 2018

This work presents a study of how the automotive industry has responded in the last 20 years to pressures driven by economic and environmental issues, and by the transition towards electric mobility. Timelines for the major German automotive OEMs are presented to understand the industry’s behaviour in the past in order to design suitable policies that are appropriate to reach future goals around the electrification of road transport. Based upon a comparison of the pressures arising in the automotive sector and the companies’ behaviour with regard to technology choice and R&D, a set of hypotheses concerning this behaviour is then presented.
EVs and post 2020 CO2 targets for passenger cars
Authors: Smokers Richard T.M. , Verbeek Maarten , Van Zyl Stephan
Published: May 2018

This paper analyses what post 2020 targets may be necessary for the European CO2 legislation for passenger cars in order to reach the overall sectoral goal of 60% reduction of transport’s greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 relative to 1990, as defined in the European Commission’s White Paper. The required target levels are found to depend strongly on the contribution that passenger cars need to make to reaching the overall target, on the assumed growth of passenger car mobility, and on the extent to which biofuels could be available for fuelling passenger cars. To what extent electric vehicles and other low emission vehicles such as plug-in hybrids and fuel cell electric vehicles are needed to meet the post-2020 targets depends on the target level and on the minimum CO2 emissions that can be reached in conventional vehicles. Almost all assessed scenarios, require significant amounts of low emission vehicles to be sold from 2030 or 2035 onwards. Electric and plug-in vehicles are in the early stage of market introduction now, but developments are fragile could end up in a “valley of death”. Defining a sufficiently low passenger car CO2 target for 2025 may be an effective instrument to motivate manufacturers to continue their efforts in the marketing and further development of these vehicles. This is important for maintaining the momentum of the transition towards large-scale application of low CO2 emitting vehicles.
Living Lab Electric vehicles Flanders (Belgium): The influence of testing an EV on the general appreciation of electric mobility
Authors: Heyvaert S. , Coosemans T. , Van Mierlo J. , Macharis C.
Published: May 2018

Numerous studies have already demonstrated the benefits and social relevance of electric vehicles. But why EVs are not yet visible in our streets? To provide an answer to this question the Flemish government has set up five living labs for the deployment of electric vehicles in 2011. Several studies presented in literature are focused on the consumer and his/her perception, but rarely take into account whether the consumer actually drove an EV. Therefor the iMove- and EVA-platform, as part of The Living Labs, form the ideal environment to investigate the perception of test users. Test drivers were asked to fill-in a same questionnaire before and after the test. Questions included inter alia judging the possible advantages and disadvantages, purchase potential. Many people were interested to test an electric car, although there basic knowledge about EVs was poor. Consumers confirm that the lower cost per kilometer is an important advantage, although it became less crucial after testing. Charging at home is perceived as an important advantage. The limited electric range still remains the main disadvantage, followed by the high purchase price. Consumers clearly underestimated the effect of a limited range. The willingness to purchase an EV within the future is related to the consumer’s idea of when an EV will be a full alternative. The majority consider buying an electric car in the near future (within 4 years). Related to this, one-third of the test population is willing to pay more for an electric car.
Experimental Setup to Explore the Drives of Battery Electric Vehicles
Authors: Rassõlkin Anton , Vodovozov Valery
Published: May 2018

This paper describes an experimental setup for research and exploring the drives of battery-fed electric vehicles. Effective setup composition and its components are discussed. With experimental setup described in this paper, durability and functional tests can be procured to the customers. Multiple experiments are performed in the form of steady-state system exploring, acceleration programs, multi-step tests (speed control, torque control), load collectives or close-to-reality driving tests (driving simulation). Main focus of the functional testing is on the measurements of power and energy efficiency and investigations in driving simulation mode, which are used for application purposes. In order to enable the examination of the drive trains beyond standard modes of operation, different other parameters can be studied also.
Impact of a Smart Grid to the Electric Vehicle Ecosystem From a Privacy and Security Perspective
Authors: Jouvray Christophe , Pellischek Gloria , Tiguercha Mourad
Published: May 2018

In intelligent transport systems, connectivity of vehicle is the main feature for improving services to the driver and passengers. In Electric Vehicle domain, permanent connectivity is paramount in order to compensate both the limited range and to achieve an effective grid inclusion enabling the availability of electric energy everywhere anytime. The objective of this paper is to present the risk on privacy due to the continuous connectivity between EVs and a smart grid. Privacy is composed of different viewpoints such as technical but also legal and socio-ethical.
Synergies between electric vehicles and solar electricity penetrations in Portugal
Authors: Nunes Pedro , Brito Miguel C , Farias Tiago
Published: May 2018

The aim of this research is to evaluate the complementarity between the electric vehicle (EV) penetration and large scale grid integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) in Portugal in the following decades. The Portuguese electricity system in 2050 is simulated with and without EV incorporation. Different EV charging scenarios are considered, allowing the determination of the maximum PV penetration feasible for the different EV charging profiles. Results show that EPIA PV scenarios can only be achieved by mid-day EV charging.
Characterising Li-ion battery degradation through the identification of perturbations in electrochemical battery models
Authors: Uddin Kotub , Perera Surak , Widanage Widanalage , Marco James
Published: May 2018

Lithium ion batteries undergo complex electrochemical and mechanical degradation. This complexity is pronounced in applications such as electric vehicles where highly demanding cycles of operation and varying environmental conditions lead to non-trivial interactions of ageing stress factors. This work presents the framework for an ageing diagnostic tool based on identifying the physical parameters of a fundamental electrochemistry-based battery model from non-invasive voltage/current cycling tests. Exploiting the embedded symbolic manipulation tool and global optimiser in MapleSim, computational cost is reduced, significantly facilitating rapid optimisation. The diagnostic tool is used to study the degradation of a 3Ah LiC6/LiNiCoAlO2 battery stored at 45℃ at 50% State of Charge for 202 days; the results agree with expected battery degradation.
Toyota Fuel Cell System (TFCS)
Authors: Yumiya Hiroyuki , Kizaki Mikio , Asai Hisao
Published: May 2018

In December, 2014, Toyota Motor Corporation started public sale of FCV "MIRAI" ahead of the world. Toyota Fuel Cell System (TFCS) was aimed to realize the world’s first truly practical FCV, which would be capable of demonstrating the potential of FCVs. TFCS was adopted in MIRAI, enhanced the excellence of FCV, which had the reputation remarkably so far and Toyota drastically reduced the cost of the FC system, which is one of the largest obstacles to the commercialization of FCVs. This paper describes the development of the TFCS and its components, focusing on the approaches taken to accomplish this reduction in cost.
An Accessible Pre-design Calculation Tool to Support the Definition of EV Components
Authors: Roche Marina , Sabrià Dídac , Mammetti Marco
Published: May 2018

The new freedoms in design that electric powertrains offer lead to a wide variety of configurations to consider when developing an electric vehicle (EV) from scratch. Furthermore, the strong relation of the battery size with vehicle weight, range and performances leads to a set of interrelated dependencies that can result in many design loops to fulfil the targets and regulations simultaneously. The paper presents a tool that integrates the main relations regarding vehicle targets, market and regulations constraints and plots them as restrictions for vehicle development. As a result, the tool depicts a set of feasible vehicle configurations that could fulfil the targets. Furthermore, to better assist selection, it also provides a sensitivity analysis of the performances and the user can introduce a cost function depending on vehicle weight and battery size. The tool is aimed at providing an overview of specifications for component selection avoiding detailed vehicle modelling in the early pre-design phase in which vehicle characteristics and even powertrain architecture are unknown. Finally, the tool is evaluated by modelling one of its solutions for passenger car for three different architectures in the simulation software vemSim. Furthermore, for one of the architectures, two control strategies were simulated, leading to a total of four simulations. The results of the simulations are compared to the solution of the pre-design tool to evaluate the level of fidelity and the deviations in the final result that can appear depending on the architecture, components and control strategy.
“Measurement and Analysis of Indian Road Drive Cycles for Efficient and Economic Design of HEV Component”
Authors: Parekh Vishal , Shah Varshaben
Published: May 2018

Drive cycle pattern is different for different countries which depends on their traffic density, road condition and driver discipline. Drive cycle influences HEV`s components design, sizing and their ratings. Standard drive cycle data doesn't reveal much information to determine efficient and economic design of HEV`s components. In this research paper measurement and analysis of real time Indian road drive cycles (IRDC) are carried out for urban roads, state highway, national highway and express Highway where vehicles have their most run. Real time drive cycle data will expose impact of driver’s skills, traffic, road conditions and short acceleration / deceleration period, which can be represented on drive cycle chart. Analysis of IRDC in terms of rate of acceleration and deceleration, top speed, average speed with road length and analysed mathematically to find energy and power required for acceleration, normal operation and energy harvested during deceleration. Based on information from IRDC HEV`s components initial size are estimated. Initial estimated size is optimized to make HEV`s components design more efficient and economic. Teaching and learning based optimization algorithm (TLBO) and Multi objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) are used to optimize HEV`s components. Constraint of optimization algorithm are like engine and motor rating should be selected such that it has effective top speed with enough acceleration capability and can run enough distance to reach destination according to Indian urban, state, national and express highway pattern where cities are very closed compared with other countries and its regeneration component design should able to harvest maximum deceleration energy. For economic operation of HEV’s, running cost in terms of Rs. / Km. should be minimum.
Chevrolet Volt On-Road Test Programs in Canada Part 1: Effects of Drive Cycle, Ambient Temperature and Accessory Usage on Energy Consumption and Electric Range
Authors: Loiselle-Lapointe Aaron , Conde Aaron , Ribberink Hajo
Published: May 2018

Environment Canada (EC) and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) separately tested two 2012 Chevrolet Volts between 2013 and 2014 in Ottawa, Ontario on public roads in the summer and winter months using realistic cabin-climate control settings. More than 1300 trips were conducted over nine routes: three city, one congested, two arterial, one highway and two expressway routes. EC tests recorded cabin conditioning, traction battery and 12V accessory power, select vehicle component temperatures, regulated emission rates and exhaust flow, and DC charge energy. Both NRCan and EC tests measured cumulative electric distance, select CANbus signals and AC grid supply charge energy. Results from these studies were analysed to evaluate the overall performance of the Chevrolet Volt on public roads in climates representative of most of Canada (-27°C to 37°C) using realistic accessory settings. At warm temperatures (~25°C) the Chevrolet Volt’s on-road all-electric range generally exceeded the U.S. EPA sticker rating (57.9km), while at cold (<0°C) and hot temperatures (>25°C) the all-electric range decreased to as low as 27.5km and 47.3km, respectively. Cabin conditioning energy was found to be directly related to the difference between ambient and cabin temperature, except at low temperatures (<0°C) when the 1.4L engine activates to assist the thermal management system. On average, heating the cabin in the winter months consumed significantly more electric energy than cooling the cabin in the summer months. Summer city and highway driving resulted in the lowest energy consumption (Wh/km), while congested and expressway driving cycles resulted in the highest. In the winter months, many differences between the drive cycles were not discernible due to the high cabin conditioning energy consumptions.
Chevrolet Volt On-Road Test Programs in Canada. Part 2: Evaluation of Gasoline Displacement and Extreme Weather Performance in Comparison with Other Vehicles Types
Authors: Ribberink Hajo , Loiselle-Lapointe Aaron , Conde Aaron
Published: May 2018

Two test programs were conducted to investigate the on-road performance of model year 2012 Chevrolet Volts in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Specific testing routes were defined for various types of city and highway driving. Data loggers and additional instrumentation were installed in the vehicles to accurately monitor variables indicating the use of electricity for driving, as well as the use of fuel by the gasoline engine. The vehicles were tested during various seasons of the year to record their performance over the full range of climate conditions representative for a large part of Canada (from -27 °C to +37 °C). The test results were subsequently processed and analysed to compare the Volt’s performance in charge depletion mode (electric drive) to its operation in charge sustaining mode (hybrid drive). A ‘Gasoline Displacement Factor’ was introduced, which reflects the amount of grid electricity needed to replace one litre of gasoline used for driving the Volt. Test results show very low Gasoline Displacement Factors of 2 – 3.5 kWh/L for summer driving, while values of 3 – 9 kWh/L were observed for winter driving. The test results were also used to evaluate the additional amount of energy that the vehicles would need for driving, and cabin conditioning (heating in winter, air conditioning in summer) under conditions different from the more optimal 20-25 °C temperature range used for most standard performance tests. The Volt’s relative performance under extreme temperature conditions was compared to those of conventional gasoline vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles. Additionally, recommendations for a more optimal use of the Volt under extreme temperature conditions are provided.
Noise emissions on switched reluctance motors: evaluation of different structural models
Authors: Faria Cassio , Santos Fabio , Chauvicourt Fabien , Orlando Stefano
Published: May 2018

The mass production of electric vehicles can pressure some specific natural resources that are needed for the production of the motors utilized in such vehicles. In those lines an alternative to the use of rare-earth magnets in the propulsion system is to substitute permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) by switched reluctance motors (SRM). One of the main drawbacks of SRMs is the torque ripple and consequently the noise and vibration that it can cause in the driveline. The further development of this motor technology needs to properly understand and address the mechanical vibrations caused by the magnetic forces in the stator. The goal of this paper is to investigate the effects of increased complexity of structural modelling in capturing the physical phenomena that governs this system. By comparing the modal parameters of structures modelled by 2D analytical techniques, finite elements (FE) with isotropic material and FE with orthotropic properties, it is possible to discuss the limitations and applicability of each technique.
Assessment of Axial Flux Motor Technology for Hybrid Powertrain Integration
Authors: Lampérth Michael , Malloy Adam , Mlot Adrian , Cordner Mark
Published: May 2018

Axial flux (AF) motors and generators have been used in niche automotive applications for many years. Given their disk like shape they offer distinct advantages for integration into hybrid powertrains where available length is limited. An overview of axial machine topologies is given and the design and performance laws that govern the sizing of axial flux permanent magnet machines are presented. Based on the analytical laws described it is shown that an axial machine can achieve significantly more torque than a size comparable radial machine. 3D finite element analysis is used to fine-tune designs and to investigate loss mechanisms. A P2 hybrid module case study is used to show the benefits and challenges of the axial topology when compared to the radial one. The cooling system of the machine is presented in order to show how the integration of coolant passages could be achieved. The possibility of introducing heat barriers into a hybrid powertrain, decoupling the hybrid module from the rest of the powertrain, is also presented. The predicted performance of the machine is presented and compared to the initial test results.
Vibration reduction Design of Permanent Magnet Motor Using Level Set Based Shape Optimization Method
Authors: Lim Sunghoon , Min Seungjae , Hong Jung-Pyo
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a new optimization method to design a rotor structure for a permanent magnet motor that can reduce vibration. The optimization problem is formulated with a multi-objective function to minimize the fluctuation of the radial magnetic force and the torque ripple. To obtain the optimal rotor shape consisting of a permanent magnet and ferromagnetic material, a multiple level set model is employed to express the structural boundaries and magnetic properties of each material. The updating process of the level set function based on the adjoint sensitivity and the time evolutional equation makes it possible to obtain a novel rotor configuration of the motor. To verify the usefulness of the proposed method, a rotor design example of the surface-mounted permanent magnet motor for electric power steering system is performed.
Control Strategies and Functional Safety for the Intelligent Stator Cage Drive (ISCAD)
Authors: Bachheibl Florian , Dajaku Gurakuq , Patzak Adrian , Gerling Dieter
Published: May 2018

The novel Stator Cage Drive marks a paradigm shift in electrical machine design by substituting layers of windings with stator bars that are short-circuited on one end of the machine. Those bars are individually fed from the opposite end of the machine, utilizing dedicated power electronic switches. Instead of being limited to one fixed MMF-distribution in the air gap, it is now possible to incorporate new degrees of freedom into the control strategy for such a machine, e.g. pole-switching during operation with an asynchronous rotor and the creation of selected harmonics. Compared to conventional designs of traction drives for HEVs or BEVs, this drive architecture achieves a better efficiency, both in peak operation and using common drive cycles, it is cheaper in manufacturing and it also provides better fail-safety. In order to obtain a high-quality MMF-distribution, a number of individually fed stator bars as high as 60 is preferable, which also implies a higher complexity of the control of this machine than for three-phase counterparts. If for example an induction type rotor is chosen, it is possible to vary the number of poles during operation, thus allowing the machine to always operate in the region of highest efficiency, which usually lies in the field weakening region for induction machines. An overview of the capabilities of the ISCAD-Drive is given, the applicability of well-known control methods is investigated and matters of functional safety in current measurement for a high number of phases are discussed.
Lateral Handling Improvement with Dynamic Curvature Control for an Independent Rear Wheel Drive EV
Authors: Jang Young-Jin , Lee Min-Young , Suh In-Soo , Nam Kwang
Published: May 2018

The integrated longitudinal and lateral dynamic motion control is important for four wheel independent drive (4WID) electric vehicles. Under critical driving conditions, direct yaw moment control (DYC) has been proved as effective for vehicle handling stability and maneuverability by implementing optimized torque distribution of each wheel, especially with independent wheel drive electric vehicles. The intended vehicle path upon driver steering input is heavily depending on the instantaneous vehicle speed, body side slip and yaw rate of a vehicle, which can directly affect the steering effort of driver. In this paper, we propose a dynamic curvature controller (DCC) by applying a newly-defined parameter, the dynamic curvature of the path, derived from vehicle dynamic state variables; yaw rate, side slip angle, and speed of a vehicle. The proposed controller, combined with DYC and wheel longitudinal slip control, is to utilize the dynamic curvature as a target control parameter for a feedback, avoiding estimating the vehicle side-slip angle. The effectiveness of the proposed controller, in view of stability and improved handling, has been validated with numerical simulations and a series of experiments during cornering engaging a disturbance torque driven by two rear independent in-wheel motors of a 4WD micro electric vehicle.
Improvement on Driving Comfort and Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicle through Throttle Signal Control
Authors: Zhang Kun , Weigl Joerg
Published: May 2018

An electric vehicle conversion project often faces the problem of a sudden and non-smooth acceleration. From this, we see a great demand in improving the throttle control to have a better human-machine interface and better controllability and safe operation of an electric vehicle. Additional improvement on throttle control also helps to reduce energy consumption during acceleration which prolongs the driving range of the vehicle. This work presents a practical method to provide a smooth start for an electric vehicle with brushless DC (BLDC) motor using arduino microcontroller. Additional control algorithms between the throttle and motor controller are implemented with the microcontroller. Two sets of algorithm, which can be used at the same time, have been developed in order to reach the goal of smoother acceleration, better controllability, and lower energy consumption. Tests have been carried out on our in-house developed vehicle, Electric Caterham, to validate the effectiveness of different algorithms. We expect a 10% reduction in energy consumption during acceleration. This paper presents the change in acceleration performance after implementing the proposed feedback control system.
Power semiconductor and packaging trends in vehicle electrification
Authors: Strass Achim
Published: May 2018

Since road traffic currently contributes 23% to CO2 emission, the European Union forces car makers to reduce the average CO2 emission of their fleet to 95g CO2/km by 2021. This can only be achieved by electrification of vehicles. It is obvious that the market requires electrified vehicles to be comparable to combustion engine cars in price, driving range, maintenance effort, lifetime and safety. The main inverter, also called HPCU (hybrid control unit), with the power module as its core component plays a key role because it is a major lever for CO2 reduction. The strict rules of the EC requires future power modules with highest power density, high voltage and high current rating, high temperature capability and cooling, sufficient lifetime, low weight and small size. The article describes how Infineon will meet the requirements of power modules for the coming years. On the power semiconductor technology side, a new IGBT generation will be introduced as well as a very thin IGBT technology. On the packaging side, two new packages will be introduced: a very compact low-cost generator module, and a high power motor module with significant improvements in power density and size, cost, stray inductance and efficiency. It will also be discussed how to further increase the robustness of such packages to allow operation at even higher operating temperatures. An insight into wide bandgap power semiconductor switches will also be given. The new technologies will reduce Vce and switching losses at the same time and thereby increase inverter efficiency and power density.
Development of Performance Simulator for a HEV with CVT and Validation with Dynamometer Test Data
Authors: Son Hanho , Kim Namdoo , Ko Sungyeon , Aymeric Rousseau , Kim Hyunsoo
Published: May 2018

In this paper, control analysis was performed for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with a continuously variable transmission (CVT) under various driving conditions. First, a dynamic CVT model was developed by considering hydraulic and mechanical losses. The hydraulic loss accounts for the majority of the total losses at low vehicle speeds, whereas the mechanical loss accounts for the majority at high speeds. In addition, CVT ratio control and clamping force control strategies were developed, including manipulation of the CVT shift dynamics. On the basis of the dynamic model of the CVT, an HEV performance simulator was developed using Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)’s model-based simulation program, Autonomie. Second, by analysing the test results from ANL, an engine optimal operating line was constructed on the basis of the engine brake-specific fuel consumption. Third, the battery state-of-charge range and the battery characteristics of the maximum charging and discharging power were investigated. Using the analysis results, vehicle operation control strategies were developed for the acceleration, cruising, deceleration and idling modes. Also, control algorithms were developed for each vehicle operation mode. Finally, the control algorithms were verified by comparing the simulation results with the test results.
Development of a New Concept Electric Vehicle for Last Mile Transportations
Authors: Andaloro L. , Napoli G. , Sergi F. , Micari S. , Agnello G. , Antonucci V.
Published: May 2018

Within European cities, where 68% of the EU population lives using 70% of the energy, an integrated and sustainable urban approach is needed. In order to meet the increasingly complex challenges of urban areas new, efficient, and user-friendly technologies and services, in particular in areas of energy, transport, and ICT are required. In the transport sector electric urban mobility and synergy between different transport systems (ITS) and infrastructures must be supported strongly in order to improve life conditions of citizens in terms of i) emissions, ii) services, iii) traffic congestion (an ambitious challenge is reduction of journey times). With the aim of improving the city logistic more efficient peopletransport and freight-distribution systems have to be used, so electro-mobility for transport in the “last mile” must be supported. In the i-NEXT (Innovation for greeN Energy and eXchange in Transportation) project, in which CNR ITAE is directly involved as coordinator, activities are addressed to implementation of new concept modular electric vehicles having different upper-bodies able to be used both for people (public transport) and freight in urban areas. The project aims to develop a not commercial vehicle characterized by new design in which the challenge is to reach the lowest ratio between total weight and load capacity (europallet for freight and seats for people). Other important aspects are to define specific mission of use, range of autonomy, recharge times and cost in terms of batteries and recharge systems technologies. In conclusion synergy of electro-mobility with renewable energy plants and smart grids is essential for sustainability of smart city concept.
Analysis of Regenerative Braking Effect to Improve Fuel Economy for E-REV Bus Based on Simulation
Authors: Choi Jongdai , Jeong Jongryeol , Park Yeong-il , Cha Suk
Published: May 2018

Emission regulations are strict globally and oil price goes up continuously. There are many researches for eco-friendly vehicle to solve these problems. Among them, extended-range electric vehicle (E-REV) utilizes electric energy directly and can drive extended range by generating additional energy. It has characteristics of both an electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). According to state of charge (SOC) for battery, E-REV can drive either EV mode or HEV mode. In this study, effect of regenerative braking is analysed to improve fuel economy for the E-REV bus when vehicle drives as EV mode. In advance, sizing of components is conducted to develop forward simulator for calculating fuel economy. The forward simulator is developed using Matlab/Simulink. Considering performance for battery, limited regenerative braking is applied in the forward simulator and the effect of regenerative braking is analysed when driving cycles are determined. And then effect of coast driving is analysed by comparing to constant speed driving. Effect of regenerative braking when vehicle is coasting is verified and this result can be utilized to develop control logic for regenerative braking in further research.
Preliminary Modular Design for Electric Personal Mobility with Design-Engineering Collaboration
Authors: Yim Hyunjune , Lee Keun
Published: May 2018

Electrically powered personal mobility is expected to emerge as a new mode of transportation, in response to impending socioeconomic issues such as urbanization, global climate changes, demographic changes, and increasing number of single-person households. Yet, in the transition, the market for each usage of personal mobility such as passenger transportation, delivery of goods, assisting the less abled, or pastime recreation is not big enough for mass production of each model. This may preclude most enterprises from entering the market. The paper presents a prospective, and realistic solution: modular design to produce a number of variant models based on a common platform, and further modularization of the platform itself, to achieve a high degree of the economies of size. It is shown that using this extended modular design strategy, threewheeled vehicles with two front wheels or those with two rear wheels, for example, can be developed based on a common mid-portion of the platform. Such extensive modular design is relatively easy for electric personal mobility because of its small number of components, simple architecture, and easily separable groups of components. Furthermore, the paper illustrates the collaborative roles of industrial designers (ID) and engineering designers (ED) in each step of the preliminary design process adopted here. Personal mobility designs developed in this work demonstrate the importance of such collaborative efforts; for example, engineering design for dynamic stability and package layout design affect each other, so clear communication and compromise between ID and ED is crucial. Overall, the paper sheds light on a prospective direction for electric personal mobility to become one of the major mobility means in the near future.
Early Hydrogen Station Economics Analysis
Authors: Liu Changzheng , Lin Zhenhong
Published: May 2018

Deployment of the hydrogen supply infrastructure is one of most critical issues that must be addressed for a successful market transition to fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). Not only must hydrogen refuelling infrastructure be constructed, it must also be commercially viable and sell hydrogen to customers at retail prices that will encourage the continued expansion of the vehicle market. The objective of this study is to develop a station deployment optimization model and analyze station network economics and risk of investment. The model optimizes key deployment decisions to meet fuel demand by trading off infrastructure cost and fuel accessibility cost. Decision variables are when, where to build and the size of stations. Fuel accessibility cost is relative to gasoline, measured by additional detour time in order to access hydrogen refuelling stations. A case study is conducted for the City of Santa Monica in California. Deployment schemes generated from the optimization model are relatively robust to assumed level of fuel inconvenience cost, suggesting that the importance of station scale economy outweighs fuel convenience, subject to the caveats of model limitations. The model does not capture the dynamic interaction between vehicle demand and refuelling convenience. If vehicle demand was modelled endogenously, the importance of refuelling convenience would be valued higher by the model. Another factor might be that the area of study is small, which limits potential detour time savings that could be achieved from adding more stations. Cash flow analysis results suggest that the station network at the study area (the city of Santa Monica) may endure negative cash flows for about a decade. Driving patterns of early FCEV adopters matter to the economics of city station network. If FCEV users on average have long annual driving distance and trips are concentrated within the region, the profitability of local station networks would be improved.
On the energy efficiency of quick DC vehicle battery charging
Authors: Genovese Antonino , Ortenzi Fernando , Villante Carlo
Published: May 2018

Paper deals with an extensive experimental activity carried out in Italy by ENEA Research Lab on Low impact vehicles and by the Energy engineering group of the University of L'Aquila about the energy efficiency of quick vehicle battery charging using a DC CHAdeMO compliant recharging 50 kW infrastructure. Both the charger and the vehicle (a Nissan Leaf) battery were fully monitored to gather detailed information about their behaviour at different power loads. The performances of the battery pack equipping the vehicle have also been monitored and evaluated through an extensive campaign, both on typical urban and extra-urban uses, and on vehicle rolling test bench.
Local measures to encourage the widespread uptake of low emission vehicles: learning from the UK and global good practice
Authors: Anderton Karen , Beeton David
Published: May 2018

A range of local assets and powers can be harnessed to encourage the take up of low emission vehicles. These typically fall outside the direct control of national governments, being managed by local authorities and linked local and regional actors from both the public and private sector. This paper discusses the major findings from a recent project to understand the measures available to local authorities in the United Kingdom to encourage the use of low emission vehicles. The project developed a framework guidance document to support the planning and implementation of local measures and coordinate actions to avoid a patchwork of approaches being adopted by local authorities across the UK. The framework has been developed through interviews, surveys and a comprehensive review of measures being implemented in the UK, North America and across Europe. This considers measures that have been successful, had limited impact and which hold significant promise. It also recognises the need to consider unique local conditions and the priorities of individual local authorities in implementing such measures. The study also investigated major barriers and provided insights as to how these may be removed or overcome. Measures considered in the study include: access to priority lanes, planning and development frameworks, infrastructure provision, parking, taxis, car sharing and procurement. A number of different measures have been identified in each of these areas with corresponding recommendations for implementation and examples of good practice.
Early adopters of electric vehicles in Germany unveiled
Authors: Trommer Stefan , Jarass Julia , Kolarova Viktoriya
Published: May 2018

The socioeconomic characteristics of early adopters of electric vehicles (EVs) differ from those of buyers of conventional vehicles, as do their attitudes towards new technologies, their mobility, and their awareness of ecological issues. They are found to have a higher average income, a higher level of education and more cars at their disposal per household. However, most of the existing studies are based on small samples, or used stated preference surveys which attempted to describe potential purchasers of EVs. Furthermore, when it comes to the kind of EV, most of the studies analyse the adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) only, with just a few looking at the adoption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). An analysis of representative data collected from more than 3,000 owners of BEVs and PHEVs in Germany partially confirms the findings mentioned, but finds that aspects such as socioeconomic characteristics and their attitudes vary greatly among EV users. First the paper gives an overview of the socioeconomics of EV drivers in Germany, and key facts about their driving and charging behaviour. Subsequently, the main factors motivating people to buy an EV are identified and analysed for owners of BEVs and PHEVs. This is complemented by an analysis of general attitudes of EV owners towards factors such as the image of EVs, environmental awareness and mode choice. To conclude, the willingness to pay for technologies such as fast-charging, inductive charging and battery size selection is analysed.
Market Diffusion of Second-life Electric Vehicle Batteries: Barriers and Enablers
Authors: Jiao Na , Evans Steve
Published: May 2018

Repurposing retired electric vehicle (EV) batteries provides a potential way to reduce EV cost hurdles. Embedded in energy storage systems, second-life EV batteries could unlock the energy storage market and generate synergic value for the energy sector. From case studies with various stakeholders, this paper presents key factors that impact the market development for second-life batteries and explains why some stakeholders are more capable for the market diffusion. The results provide practical implications for both industrial players and policy makers.
Patents and progress; intellectual property showing the future of electric vehicles
Authors: Schmitt Gilles , Scott Jeremy , Davis Alan , Utz Tilman
Published: May 2018

This paper uses patenting activity to shed light on worldwide innovation trends in the electric vehicle industry. Using the patent publication collection of the European Patent Office (EPO), the authors present an analysis of worldwide patenting activity covering technologies in and around electric vehicles. They confirm that Europe is an important market for electric vehicle technologies and present options for gaining high-quality patent protection in the region.
Energy Independent Electric Vehicle Technology Roadmap
Authors: Harrop Peter
Published: May 2018

Energy independent electric vehicles (EIV) are EVs that have almost unlimited range because they never need to pick up electricity. They make their own electricity from on-board solar cells etc. They should now be taken seriously as a potentially huge business and technology generator. EIVs already exist as land, water and airborne vehicles, some needing no energy storage. Investment in them is at the billion dollar level and they are already spinning off technology startups exploiting their inventions into wider markets.