bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Model Analysis of the Northern Ionospheric Structure Observed with the MAVEN/ROSE at Mars
Authors: Majeed Tariq , AlSuwaidi Hessa , Bougher Stephen W. , Morschhauser Achim
Published: March 2022

The northern hemispheric electron density (Ne) data acquired by the Radio Occultation Science Experiments (ROSE) onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) have indicated more complicated ionospheric structure of Mars than previously thought.  Large variations in the topside Ne scale heights are observed presumably in response to the outward flow of the ionospheric plasma or changes in plasma temperatures.   We use our 1-D chemical diffusive model coupled with the Mars - Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (M-GITM) to interpret the northern upper ionospheric structure at Mars.  The primary source of ionization in the model is due to solar EUV radiation. Our model is a coupled finite difference primitive equation model which solves for plasma densities and vertical ion fluxes.  The photochemical equilibrium for each ion is assumed at the lower boundary of the model, while the flux boundary condition is assumed at the upper boundary to simulate plasma loss from the Martian ionosphere.  The crustal magnetic field at the measured Ne locations is weak and mainly horizontal and does not allow plasma to move vertically.   Thus, the primary plasma loss from the topside ionosphere at these locations is most likely caused by diverging horizontal fluxes of ions, indicating that the plasma flow in the upper ionosphere of Mars is controlled by the solar wind dynamic pressure.  We find that the variation in the topside Ne scale heights is sensitive to magnitudes of upward ion fluxes derived from ion velocities that we impose at the upper boundary to explain the topside ionospheric structure.  The model requires upward velocities ranging from 50 ms-1 to 90 ms-1 for all ions to ensure an agreement with the measured Ne profiles. The corresponding outward fluxes in the range 1.1 x 106 – 5.8 x 106 cm-2 s-1 are calculated for O2+ compared to those for O+ in the range 3.8 x 105 – 6.7 x 105 cm-2 s-1.  The model results for the northern Ne profiles will be presented in comparison with the measured Ne profiles.  
Large Microwave Flare Sources with multi-loop Magnetic Reconnection observed by EOVSA Imaging Spectroscopy
Authors: Shaik Shaheda Begum , Gary Dale E , White Stephen M
Published: March 2022

We present the imaging spectroscopy of C-class flare SOL2017-04-04 observed by Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA) to investigate the source morphology and the behavior of the accelerated particles through the low-frequency microwave emission. Unlike the usually observed flare emission that neatly fit the “standard solar model” from a simple, straightforward loop system/arcade, we report that the low-frequency sources have shown an extended emission over the flaring active region and are spatially almost ten times as large as the other associated observations. These sources cannot be entirely explained by a standard two-dimensional model but with a “three-dimensional loop-loop interaction” scenario as observed from the contributions of multiple loop systems with different sizes. This scenario leads to observational evidence for a more realistic flare model consisting of a multi-polar magnetic field configuration with the accelerated particles having large access to travel over the flaring region, where other wavelength emissions are almost invisible. Thus, the study highlights the diagnostic potential of the observed microwave frequencies through which the physical conditions of the secondary emission observed in the low-frequency sources are presented.
Navigation in the ice conditions in Arctic basin in September-October 2021 
Authors: Timofeeva Anna
Published: March 2022

In September-October 2021 during NABOS-2021 expedition specialized shipborne ice observations were carried following methodological principles developed in AARI. The overall research area for the cruise included Arctic basin area toward north of Laptev and East Siberian seas within 73-82°N 125°E-170°W. Ice conditions were generalized and analyzed along the oceanographic cross-sections in accordance with the ice conditions homogeneousness. Hard ice conditions were unforeseen during the planning period, which made adjustments to the initial expedition plans and several minor northern cross-sections were canceled.

The route fragment with the hardest ice conditions was observed within 78-82°N 160°-172°E. Sea ice concentration was 10 tenths totally, concentration of residual ice varied from 5-7 to 10 tenths directly on the route of the vesse. Prevailing forms of the sea ice were big (500m-2000m) and often vast (2000-10000m) floes with strongly smoothed hummock formations covered with snow 10-15 cm high. The thickness of the residual ice on the route was mainly 50-70 cm (17%), often over 100 cm (6%), in hummocks over 2-3 meters. The water area between the ice fields was captured by young ice, grey and grey-white (3-4 up to 9 tenths).

Several areas were crossed by vessel twice in a time difference of one month. Sea ice formation process during the month long was fixed and analyzed by changes in distribution of ice with different stages of development. In general, 66% of the ship track within the ice during expedition had sea ice concentration of 10 tenths, the residual ice on the route accounted for 26%, young ice was observed for 38%, nilas and new ice 36%.The residual ice thickness varied from 30-50 cm to 160 cm and above, in some cases (hummock formations) over 300 cm. Ice thickness of 30-50 and 50-70 cm accounts for 9% each, thicknesses over 70 cm account for 8% of all thickness ranges observed throughout the entire route of the vessel in the ice.

Key words: shipborne observations, ice conditions of navigation, ice thickness, ice concentration, stage of development of ice.
An effect of mesoscale and submesoscale eddies on sea ice processes in the Marginal Ice Zone
Authors: Pryakhin Sergey , Bashmachnikov Igor , Kozlov Igor , Wekerle Claudia
Published: March 2022

The early study of eddy properties in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) and of their influence on the ice regime in the Greenland Sea, based on the results of the MIZEX project (Johannessen et al., 1987), revealed that eddies may capture and transport a significant amount of ice, enhancing its ablation. Estimates suggest that eddies may provoke the ice edge retreat as fast as 1–2 km per day during summer. However, up to present, the mesoscale dynamics in polar regions, as well as the effect of eddies on ice edge ablation are poorly understood. This is due to sparse in situ observations and to an insufficient spatial resolution of numerical models, typically not resolving the mesoscale processes due to a relatively small Rossby deformation radius in polar regions.
This study aims to better understand the ways eddies affect the sea ice edge and their relative effect on the MIZ position in the East Greenland Current (75-78°N and 20°W-10°E). Pronounced local water temperature gradients and the importance of thermodynamics ablation in the ice dynamics in the Greenland Sea, derived in previous studies (Selyuzhenok et al., 2020), suggest a possibly strong eddy effect on the MIZ. This effect was noted in several case studies, when eddies were observed to trap and transport a significant amount of ice away from the MIZ (see, for example, von Appen et al., 2018). 
We base our results on the output of the very high-resolution Finite Element Sea ice-Ocean Model (FESOM), tested against the remote sensing observations from ENVISAT. We investigate only the warm period of 2007, when ice is actively melting and during which period a data on eddies, detected in SAR data, is available. Comparison of the location and dynamics of the ice edge in FESOM, AMSR-E-based ice concentration products and ENVISAT ASAR data, as well as of eddy properties in FESOM and in SAR satellite images, suggest that the model is in good agreement with the observations and can be used to study mesoscale dynamics of the MIZ in the region.
The analysis showed that eddies affect the ice edge position through an enhanced horizontal exchange across the MIZ. The sea-ice is trapped by eddies and transported east, in the area of a warmer water, while the warmer water is entrained by eddies and transported west, towards the MIZ. Both effects contribute to the accelerated sea ice melt and destruction. The highest temperature gradients, as well as the largest concentration of eddies in the MIZ were detected in the northern part of the study area, adjacent to the Fram Strait. Here eddies were found to play a particular important role in the MIZ dynamics.
This research was financed by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) project N 21-17-00278.
Restoration of temporal dependence in post-processed ensemble forecasts
Authors: Lakatos Mária , Baran Sándor
Published: March 2022

An influential step in weather forecasting was the introduction of ensemble forecasts in operational use due to their capability to account for the uncertainties in the future state of the atmosphere. However, ensemble weather forecasts are often underdispersive and might also contain bias, which calls for some form of post-processing. A popular approach to calibration is the ensemble model output statistics (EMOS) resulting in a full predictive distribution for a given weather variable. However, this form of univariate post-processing may ignore the prevailing spatial and/or temporal correlation structures among different dimensions. Since many applications call for spatially and/or temporally coherent forecasts, multivariate post-processing aims to capture these possibly lost dependencies.

Our main objective is the comparison of different nonparametric multivariate approaches to modeling temporal dependence of ensemble weather forecasts with different forecast horizons. We investigate two-step methods, where after univariate post-processing, the EMOS predictive distributions corresponding to different forecast horizons are combined to a multivariate calibrated prediction using an (empirical) copula (Lerch et al, 2020). Based on global ensemble predictions of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts from January 2002 to March 2014 we investigate the forecast skill of different versions of Ensemble Copula Coupling and Schaake Shuffle. In general, compared with the raw and independently calibrated forecasts, multivariate post-processing substantially improves the forecast skill; however, there is no unique winner, the best-performing approach strongly depends on the weather variable at hand. 

Reference

Lerch, S., Baran, S., Möller, A., Groß, J., Schefzik, R., Hemri, S., Graeter, M., Simulation-based comparison of multivariate ensemble post-processing methods. Nonlinear Process. Geophys. 27 (2020), 349-371.

 
3D fault plane SGR calculation for fault sealing in Petrel software: An example from Wenchang 9/8 area of the Pear River Mouth Basin, China
Authors: Xu Lili , Wu Zhiping , Cheng Yanjun , Xu Bin
Published: March 2022

The Wenchang 9/8 area is one of the most promising hydrocarbon accumulation zones in the Pear River Mouth Basin, China. In this area, oil and gas are mainly accumulated in the Zhuhai and Zhujiang formations and their hydrocarbon reservoirs are generally related to faults, which are mainly located at the intersection area between NW-striking faults and NE-striking faults. Furthermore, previous petroleum exploration indicates that oil and gas are mainly sealed by faults. Therefore, high-resolution fault sealing calculation like shale-gauge-ratio (SGR) has a significant influence on further petroleum production. Present methods can only calculate single or discontinuous points of SGR for one fault and does not provide the SGR for the entire fault plane, which could impact future petroleum exploration. Testing several methods, we established the 3D fault plane SGR calculation method, which is based on the Petrel software platform. We then used this method on proven oil-bearing structures and target structures in the Wenchang 9/8 area. The results show that: (1) the 3D fault plane SGR of the fault, which controls the Wenchang 9-3 oil-bearing structure, reaches 35%-45%; the 3D fault plane SGR of the fault, which controls the Wenchang 9-7 oil-bearing structure, reaches 40%-55%. Therefore, the 3D fault plane SGR in Wenchang 9-3 and 9-7 oil-bearing structures are consistent with petroleum production; (2) For the target structures the 3D fault plane SGR in target 1 reaches 35%-55%. This is very high and supposed to be the next promising area in the study area, while the 3D fault plane SGR in target 2 is just 20-25%, which indicates high exploration risk at this target. Accordingly, we will promote this method for exploration targets in other petroliferous basins.
Improving the Arrival Time Prediction of Coronal Mass Ejections using Magnetohydrodynamic Ensemble Modeling, Heliospheric Imager data and Machine Learning
Authors: Singh Talwinder , Benson Bernard , Raza Syed , Kim Tae , Pogorelov Nikolai
Published: March 2022

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are responsible for extreme space weather which has many undesirable consequences to our several space-based activities. The arrival time prediction of CMEs is an area of active research. Many methods with varying levels of complexity have been developed to predict CME arrival. However, the mean absolute error in the predictions have remained above 12 hours even with the best methods. In this work, we develop a method for CME arrival time prediction that uses magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a data constrained flux rope-based CME model which is introduced in a data driven solar wind background. We found that for 6 CMEs studied in this work, the mean absolute error in arrival time was 8 hours. We further improved the arrival time predictions by using ensemble modeling and comparing the ensembles with STEREO A and B heliospheric imager data by creating synthetic J-maps from our simulations. A machine learning method called lasso regression was used for this comparison. Our mean absolute error was reduced to 4.1 hours after using this method. This is a significant improvement in the CME arrival time prediction. Thus, our work highlights the importance of using machine learning techniques in combination of other models for improving space weather predictions.
Role of the nonlinear Landau resonance in intense precipitations of sub-relativistic electrons
Authors: Vainchtein Dmitri , Artemyev Anton V. , Zhang Xiaojia
Published: March 2022

Precipitations of energetic electrons into the Earth's atmosphere are important factor of radiation belt dynamics and the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Microbursts, which are the most intense of such precipitations, are short-living bursts of precipitating fluxes detected by low-altitude spacecraft. Due to wide energy ranges of observed microbursts and their transient nature, they are generally associated with energetic electron scattering into the loss-cone via cyclotron resonance with field-aligned intense whistler-mode chorus waves. In this study, we show that intense sub-relativistic precipitations may be generated via the nonlinear Landau resonance of electrons with very oblique whistler-mode waves. Such precipitations are not associated with electron flux decrease in the radiation belts, but rather indicate the rapid electron acceleration up to 100-200 keV around the equator. We combine theoretical model of the nonlinear Landau resonances and equatorial observations of very oblique intense whistler-mode waves. The proposed scenario of intense sub-relativistic precipitations demonstrate the importance of very oblique whistler-mode waves for the radiation belt dynamics.
Modelled dynamic retreat of Kangerlussuaq Glacier, southeast Greenland, strongly influenced by the consecutive absence of an ice mélange in Kangerlussuaq Fjord
Authors: Barnett Jamie , Holmes Felicity , Kirchner Nina
Published: March 2022

Mass loss at the Greenland Ice Sheet is influenced by atmospheric processes controlling its surface mass balance, and by submarine melt and calving where glaciers terminate in fjords. There, an ice mélange – a composite matrix of calved ice bergs and sea ice – may provide a buttressing force on a glacier terminus, and control terminus dynamics as a function of mélange dynamics and strength. Kangerlussuaq Glacier is a major outlet of the Greenland Ice Sheet, for which recent major retreat events in 2004/2005 and 2016-2018 coincided with the absence of an ice mélange in Kangerlussuaq Fjord. To better understand the response of Kangerlussuaq Glacier to climatic and oceanic drivers, a 2D flowline model is employed. Results indicate that an ice mélange buttressing force exerts a major control on calving frequency and rapid retreat: when an ice mélange forms in Kangerlussuaq Fjord, it provides stabilizing forces and conditions favorable for winter terminus re-advance. When it fails to form during consecutive years, modeled retreat of Kangerlussuaq Glacier occurs into the large overdeepenings in Kangerlussuaq Fjord, and to terminus positions more than 30 km farther inland, necessitating to anticipate excessive mass loss from Kangerlussuaq Glacier by the year 2065.
Improving satellite-based evaporation estimates by incorporating plant access to groundwater
Authors: Hulsman Petra , Koppa Akash , Schellekens Jaap , Miralles Diego G.
Published: March 2022

Evaporation is one of the major fluxes in the hydrological cycle, yet there are still unresolved issues in its estimation. As a result, many different land surface models and satellite-based algorithms currently exist, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. One major assumption typically applied in these models/algorithms is that groundwater levels are deep enough so that there is free vertical drainage across the root zone. As a result, it is assumed that groundwater dynamics do not influence evaporation. However, in many regions, the groundwater table is shallow, such that vegetation does have access to the groundwater system. This interaction with the groundwater system may increase evaporation, particularly during dry seasons and in some regions more significantly than in others. Therefore, the common assumption of a deep groundwater system may result in underestimated evaporation estimates. This applies to land surface models and satellite-based algorithms relying on plant available water for the computation of evaporative stress. In this study, the inclusion of a groundwater module is explored in a commonly used satellite-based algorithm, namely the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), by assuming that the groundwater system can be represented with a linear reservoir. This simple approach was selected for its limited data requirements, global applicability and for being compatible with the structure of GLEAM. To assess the reliability of this new groundwater model, analyses were carried out for The Netherlands due to groundwater data availability. For this purpose, groundwater level predictions were compared to in situ data and a national groundwater model based on MODFLOW (Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow Model). In addition, the new evaporation estimates were compared to those by the original GLEAM and to in situ eddy covariance data. This study sets a new step towards understanding the impact of groundwater on evaporation using satellite data at a global scale.
Experimental drought increased the forest’s belowground sink strength towards temporarily increased topsoil carbon stocks
Authors: Brunn Melanie , Hafner Benjamin , Zwetsloot Marie , Sayer Emma , Ruehr Nadine , Weikl Fabian , Pritsch Karin , Hikino Kyohsuke , Krüger Jaane , Lang Friederike , Bauerle Taryn
Published: March 2022

Reduced carbon assimilation by plants and increased net ecosystem exchange are often considered to reduce the overall carbon sink function of drought-stressed ecosystems. However, plants and soil may respond differently under drought, leading to imprecise predictions of carbon sequestration in soil. We determined the net carbon assimilation and related it to soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks as well as to root exudate production to measure belowground carbon investment in mature trees (F. sylvatica and P. abies) exposed to experimental drought for five growing seasons. Despite more than 50 % reduction in net carbon assimilation under drought, SOC stocks increased on average by more than 30 %. The proportion of carbon allocated as root exudates increased two- to threefold under drought. Increasing amounts of carbon in organo-mineral associations suggest increased carbon stability under water-limited P. abies but not under F. sylvatica. Our data indicate that the belowground sink strength increased rapidly for the ecological and economic most relevant tree species in Europe. However, evaluating the ecosystem´s carbon sink strength by using the net ecosystem exchange alone neglects belowground SOC accumulation under drought. Although belowground-invested carbon could contribute to reducing the soil carbon-climate feedback temporarily and may support ecosystem resilience, SOC accumulated primarily in dry mineral topsoil may be vulnerable upon exposure to rewetting events.
Quantifying generational and geographical inequality of climate change
Authors: Hadré Emma , Küpper Jonas , Tschirschwitz Janina , Mengert Melissa , Labuhn Inga
Published: March 2022

Global warming caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) triggers a variety of related mechanisms including rising sea levels, heatwaves, and changes in weather regimes. The effects of global warming are not spatially homogenous; Low-income countries of the global south are more severely affected than the industrialized nations of the global north. In addition, large discrepancies between birth cohorts can be observed regarding their GHG emissions as well as exposure to the effects of climate change. Globally, calls for climate justice are emerging, and courts see an increase in so-called climate cases.

In a novel approach, we directly relate per-capita GHG emissions to the global temperature increase experienced by individual birth cohorts over their lifetime, in different world regions, and for different scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways; SSPs). Bridging the gap between emissions scenarios, temperature projections, and climate change impact, we quantify the geographical and generational inequality of climate change. This provides much-needed quantitative evidence to support the increasing number of climate cases and highlights the benefits, of staying within a low-emission scenario (1.5°C warming).

Our results suggest a grouping of world regions into high-, and low-emission regions, revealing clear geographic patterns between the global north and south when projected onto a world map. The geographic inequality regarding per-capita emissions intensifies under SSP3 and SSP5, whereas generational inequality is largest under SSP1.

We calculate an index of the ratio of GHG emissions to experienced global warming, to quantify inequality on a standardized scale, revealing the same geographic patterns and grouping of world regions observed above. Unexpectedly, the observed geographical inequality of the index is largest under SSP1 among the most recent birth cohorts, an observation that additionally pushes the debate about global justice of climate change and mitigation.
3D geophysical and thermal modelling of the northeast Carpathian lithosphere: Implications for geothermal potential of the Baia Mare region
Authors: Minakov Alexander , Gaina Carmen , Matenco Liviu , Neukirch Maik , Panea Ionelia
Published: March 2022

The presented study is part of an international multidisciplinary project aiming to investigate the geothermal potential of the Baia Mare volcanic province in north-western Romania. We integrate existing geological, geochemical, hydrogeological, and geophysical data into a 3D lithospheric temperature model. In addition, new seismic reflection and broadband magnetotelluric data, acquired in the study region, provide additional constraints on the crustal-scale structures possibly controlling the transport of deep heat to the surface.

The study area is located within the Neogene Inner Carpathian volcanic arc and includes the area of the recent crustal uplift between the north-eastern part of the Pannonian Basin and the Transylvanian Basin. Borehole temperature measurements showed a geothermal gradient of 45-55 oC km-1 and temperatures higher than 150 oC at depths of 3000 m, the highest values of heat flow recorded to date in Romania. The region is known for surface hot springs and hydrothermal and epithermal volcanic ore deposits.

The heterogeneous pre-Neogene basement contains metamorphic and igneous rocks deformed or emplaced during Precambrian to Paleozoic orogenic cycles and a Triassic-Paleogene sedimentary cover with a variable radioactive heat production rate. The Miocene magmatic plumbing system within the Neogene sedimentary sequence includes intrusive bodies of 1-10s of km size. Crustal hydraulic properties and associated hydrothermal systems are possibly controlled by the regional Bogdan Voda – Dragos Voda strike-slip faults system, which provided pathways for the Miocene volcanic emplacement and sub-volcanic intrusions.

The knowledge of deep lithospheric structure is important for the characterisation of sedimentary basins with a geothermal exploration potential. In this contribution, we present geophysical and geological data and describe the construction of a regional 3D lithospheric temperature model. The structural model includes sedimentary successions, crystalline crustal layers and lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary constrained by gravity, seismic tomography and magnetotelluric data. The temperature modelling is performed by solving 3-D steady state heat conduction equation using a finite element method. We compare the model responses with available surface heat flow and borehole temperature measurements and discuss the role of local crustal heterogeneities, transient heat transfer and fluid circulation on the thermal state of the Baia Mare region.
Shift to efficient leaf cooling through sensible heat revealed by detailed energy budget in mature pine trees in drought manipulation field experiment
Authors: Muller Jonathan D. , Rotenberg Eyal , Tatarinov Fyodor , Yakir Dan
Published: March 2022

Efficient leaf-scale temperature control is instrumental to vegetation functioning and ecosystem-scale resilience to a drying and warming climate. When evaporative cooling is suppressed during drought, leaf thermal regulation requires modulation of the leaf energy budget and the balance between sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) fluxes.

We obtained rare leaf energy budgets under field conditions by combining measurements using a new methodology and theoretical estimates in naturally droughted and artificially irrigated plots of a dry Mediterranean pine forest, with low and high evapotranspiration rates, respectively.

The measurements revealed that under the same radiative load, leaf cooling shifted from equal contributions to heat dissipation of H and LE in irrigated trees to almost exclusively through H in droughted ones while maintaining comparable leaf-to-air temperature differences.

The results demonstrate that an assessment of the leaf energy budget in the field provides the means to identify effective leaf temperature control in pine trees under drought, enhancing their resilience to current drying trends. The shift from LE to H provides an ‘air cooling’ mechanism that equals the efficiency of evaporative cooling. It also provides a leaf-scale basis for the large ecosystem-scale ‘convector effect’ identified in semi-arid forests.
Dam Removal in Austria – Current status, lessons learned from implementation, and potential contribution of the measure in climate change adaptation
Authors: Höfler Sarah , Pilz Irene , Gumpinger Clemens
Published: March 2022

Dam removals are currently experiencing a hype as a measure to restore water bodies to a more natural and thus more resilient state. Following the implementation of major projects in North America and some EU countries in particular, an inventory regarding planned and implemented projects has been carried out in Austria for the first time. A total of 53 cross barriers are known to have been removed to date. The characteristics and also problems in the definition of these projects will be presented.

The second part will deal with the challenges in the practical implementation of such measures. Case studies on the Maltsch and the Aschach show which resistances of the local population, hydraulic considerations and practical implementation risks are to be expected.

Finally, the significance of such measures will be evaluated in the overall consideration of river restoration measures and solutions in terms of climate change adaptation.
The value of solar forecasting for energy-related applications: a treasure box of literature yet to be opened
Authors: Amaro e Silva Rodrigo , Verbois Hadrien
Published: March 2022

The solar forecasting literature is rich and diverse; to navigate it, practitioners can rely on review papers, or on recent papers’ introduction sections. In a considerable share of the literature, however, the focus is put almost exclusively on model design and statistical assessment aspects. The economic value of solar forecasting research, on the other hand, is seldom discussed. Looking, for example, at two prominent review works [1,2], only 5-10% of their references address this issue. However, it is important not to assume from this that there is a lack of research done on this topic.
The present work aims to share the preliminary results of the analysis of an abundant and diverse amount of literature addressing the economic value of solar forecasts for energy-related applications. The goal is to better understand how that value depends on the accuracy of a given forecasting model, and how much it varies from one application to another. It is also of relevance to discuss how researchers infer such value.

References
1. Notton, G.; Nivet, M.L.; Voyant, C.; Paoli, C.; Darras, C.; Motte, F.; Fouilloy, A. Intermittent and stochastic character of renewable energy sources: Consequences, cost of intermittence and benefit of forecasting. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 87, 96–105, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.007.
2. Antonanzas, J.; Osorio, N.; Escobar, R.; Urraca, R.; Martinez-de-pison, F.J.; Antonanzas-torres, F. Review of photovoltaic power forecasting. Sol. Energy 2016, 136, 78–111, doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.069.
Shear-Sheltering and Its Impact on Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Leclerc Monique Y. , Zhang Gengsheng
Published: March 2022

The present paper explores the role that nocturnal low-level jets exert on the lower nocturnal boundary layer. In particular, this paper investigates their role in the modulation of surface turbulence near the surface. This presentation also discusses the controversy regarding the existence of atmospheric shear sheltering over contrasting surfaces. In a seminal experiment aimed at validating the Hunt and Durbin (1999) theory, Smedman (2004) reported the existence of shear sheltering in real atmospheric conditions. However, other existing studies did not find any evidence of eddy blocking in the presence of a low-level jet near the ground despite the use of large datasets and contrasting environmental conditions. In this present presentation, an explanation is offered in the present study which reconciles all three experimental studies, thus elucidating the apparent contradiction. Furthermore, this paper conclusively supporting the presence of shear-sheltering in the presence of low-level jet. Implications for surface-atmosphere exchange in contrasting surfaces and atmospheric stabilities are discussed.
A scale-independent model for the analysis of geomorphodiversity index
Authors: Melelli Laura , Burnelli Martina , Alvioli Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

The World Urbanization Prospects (ONU) estimates that within 2050 about 70% of the world's population will live in urban areas. The use of GIS and spatial analysis are essential tools for proper land use planning, which takes into account the geomorphological characteristics of the territory, as the starting point for the safeguard of urban ecosystems.

Several geological and environmental approaches have been proposed, albeit they usually lack a new objective, quantitative and scale independent model. At variance with common approaches, recently a new geomorphodiversity index was proposed which aims at an objective classification of joint geological, hydrological, biotic and ... features, in Italy.

In this work, we show results of a study performed in urban areas in Italy, where we apply systematic spatial analysis for the identification of the geomorphodiversity index. The approach proposed a quantitative assessment of topographic features (i.e., slope and landforms classification) is a spatial analysis in GRASS GIS through the use of geomorphon method and additional morphometric quantities. We aim at the definition of a new scale-independent approach, analyzing all of the morphometric quantities calculated at different scales (i.e., within moving windows of different sizes). We shown that scale- and model-independent selection of such features is possible for most of the considered quantities.

We argue that our work is relevant for the objective selection of quantities to define a geomorphodiversity index, and its calculation in  areas of arbitrary size and geomorphological properties, provided the same input data is available.
FID GEO: Promoting Open Science in the Geosciences
Authors: Lorenz Melanie , Elger Kirsten , Achterberg Inke , Meistring Marcel , Pfurr Norbert , Semmler Malte
Published: March 2022

The change towards Open Science practices is increasingly demanded by science policy and affects the publication culture as well as the information infrastructures. This includes the transition to Open Access for journals and publishers (including the development of new business models), as well as the growing need to make data, scientific software and samples underlying scientific results available for the general public.  

The DFG-funded Specialised Information Service for Geoscience FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), aims at (1) reducing structural deficits in the area of electronic information and (2) promoting Open Science throughout the research life cycle. The service is hosted at the Göttingen State and University Library in Lower Saxony (SUB Göttingen) and the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. The FID GEO team is made up of highly connected librarians, data publishing professionals, and geoscientists. Over the past five years, FID GEO has become a key player for the promotion of Open Science in the geosciences and occupies a central position for connecting researchers, data repositories, information infrastructures, German geosciences societies and publishers. FID GEO actively offers data and text publication services via their associated repositories GFZ Data Services and GEO-LEOe-docs as well as digitisation on demand of print-only geoscience literature and maps.

FID GEO aims at informing the geoscientific community about all aspects of Open Science on one hand, and is available for questions and support, e.g., during data publications, the transition to an Open Access model for journals of geosciences societies or getting a DOI for an article in the Green Open Access model. An online questionnaire in 2021 revealed that there is a high demand for information. This regards particularly topics such as licenses, persistent identifiers (ORCID, ROR, IGSN) and measures to ensure data quality and integrity in order to enable high quality, citable data publications. In the first funding phases of the project, workshops and talks have proven to be very successful tools to meet the large need for discussion, as they allow to directly address questions or uncertainties regarding practical aspects. Information events are prepared specifically for the individual target groups: researchers, German geosciences societies and members of infrastructural support units, like libraries (e.g., while societies are more interested in the development of guidelines, librarians have specific interest in licensing and copyright issues). To intensify the open information culture in the geosciences, FID GEO collaborates with strategic (inter)national initiatives, such as NFDI4Earth, COPDESS and OneGeochemistry.
Advanced seasonal predictions for vine management based on bioclimatic indicators tailored to the wine sector
Authors: Chou Chihchung , Marcos-Matamoros Raül , Palma Garcia Lluís , Pérez-Zanón Núria , Teixeira Marta , Silva Sara , Fontes Natacha , Graça Antonio , Dell'Aquila Alessandro , Calmanti Sandro , González-Reviriego Nube
Published: March 2022

To strengthen the seasonal forecast adoption on the vine management, this work introduces an observation-forecast blending approach to wine-sector indicators over the Iberian Peninsula. Five bioclimatic indicators (temperature and precipitation based) were considered as highly important from the perspective of wine-sector users, and the predictions were prepared for each month of the growing season by combining with previous observations as the indicator period progressed. The performance of this approach was then assessed, for each initialization date throughout the entire growing season, with Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Fair Ranked Probability Skill Score. The results show a marked increase in the skill metrics during the growing season from the early combinations for all the indicators. This progressive improvement of the forecasting skill provides the users with an opportunity to ponder anticipation and confidence when finding the best moment to make a specific decision and, thus, to improve their management. Meanwhile, the environmental impact could be reduced with the thoughtful application derived from the customised knowledge of climate information
Containing Englacial Attenuation in the Absence of Continuous Reflecting Interfaces
Authors: Schroeder Dustin , Culberg Riley
Published: March 2022

The attenuation experienced by ice penetrating radar sounding signals within glaciers, ice sheets, or planetary ice shells is an expression of the temperature and chemistry of the ice through which it propagates. As a result, placing observational constraints on the amount and spatial variation of englacial attenuation can reveal the thermophysical and chemical configuration of planetary and terrestrial ice masses. In terrestrial radioglaciology, there are well-established techniques for estimating attenuation using continuous reflecting interfaces such as englacial layers or the glacier bed. However, for the most challenging and resource-constrained observing scenarios (e.g. the sounding of Jovian icy moons) such interfaces may be rare, unusable, or absent. In these scenarios, established approaches are unlikely to yield useful attenuation - and therefore thermal or compositional - estimates. To address this challenge, we develop, demonstrate, and discuss alternative analysis approaches to constrain ice-sheet and/or ice-shell attenuation in the absence of continuous reflecting interfaces by exploiting volume scattering, shadowing, iso-attenuation horizons, and isolated reflectors in radar sounding data.
Relationships Between Building Features and Wildfire Damage in California, USA and Pedrógão Grande, Portugal
Authors: Dossi Simona , Messerschmidt Birgitte , Ribeiro Luis Mario , Almeida Miguel , Rein Guillermo
Published: March 2022

Inhabited areas adjacent to wildland, known as the wildland-urban interface (WUI), often experience wildfire damage. Although knowledge on external fire protection of buildings has greatly advanced through post-fire inspections and experimental studies, the intercomparison between studies in different regions is lacking. Here we quantitatively compare two large post-fire building damage inspection databases: the 2013-2017 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection damage inspection in the USA, and the 2017 Pedrógão Grande Fire Complex post-fire investigation in Portugal. We compare the relationship between different building features and wildfire damage, and propose the Wildfire Resistance Index (WRI), a preliminary wildfire risk index applied to rural buildings. Results indicate that exterior walls, windows, and vent screens have the strongest correlation to damage level in California, and exterior walls and preservation level in Portugal. The correlation strength indicates each feature’s relative importance in protecting the building from wildfire damage. The WRI value corresponds to the building’s net number of fire-resistant features and has an inversely proportional relationship to the percent of destroyed buildings. In California 93% of buildings with a WRI of -0.4 were destroyed, compared to 73% of buildings with WRI of 1; in Portugal 75% of buildings with WRI of 0.5 were highly damaged or destroyed, decreasing to 44% of buildings with a WRI of 1. Results indicate that the amount of fire-resistant building features directly relates to the building’s damage probability, and that the WRI can be used to quantify building wildfire resistance.
Heat vulnerability assessment and mapping for a bucolic town in the UK 
Authors: Sahani Jeetendra , Debele Sisay E. , Kumar Prashant
Published: March 2022

With ongoing climate change, the number, frequency, and intensity of events of extremely hot days during summers called heatwaves are progressing. Vulnerability of the population is one aspect responsible for the risk induced by such heatwaves. In society, certain characteristics make one group of people more vulnerable to heatwaves than others, such as poverty, access to cooling facilities, age, gender etc. The current research identifies such vulnerability factors or indicators of population to help in devising heat management strategies. This research focuses on a small bucolic region (Guildford) in Surrey county of the United Kingdom as mostly risk or vulnerability factors are underestimated and ignored in such regions compared to city population. Twelve heat vulnerability factors or indicators (house type, sex, age, ethnicity, place density, access to central heating, residence type: communal, health condition, household composition, disability, accommodation tenure i.e. rented or owned, and education level) were selected after reviewing several literatures to include in the study based on their data availability. Census data on such vulnerability indicators at lower output scale were collected. Principal component analysis was performed, and four major principal components were identified from these 12 factors which explained most of the variance (82 %) in the data. The corresponding loading value of each of these factors were utilised to find heat vulnerability indices for each lower output area and these indices were mapped using QGIS. It was noted that not only people living in town centre which is generally considered hotter and so are highly vulnerable, but outskirt regions were also significantly vulnerable compared to other lesser vulnerable regions. Such a vulnerability map can help authorities for site focused heat mitigation strategies application, early warnings, and preparation during summers, particularly during excessively hot days i.e., heatwaves. Nature-based permanent solution can be encouraged in regions of such highly vulnerable identified regions. 
Identification of Desulfuromonas carbonis sp. nov. Metabolites that are Secreted in Response to Different Electron Acceptors
Authors: Tik Zohar , Vigderovich Hanni , Sivan Orit , Meijler Michael M.
Published: March 2022

Anaerobic respiration is being observed in many aquatic environments as an outcome of oxygen depletion. Chemical profiles in porewater of organic-rich sediments indicate that various microbes use several electron acceptors in the anaerobic dissimilatory respiration. These electron acceptors are used in the order of decreasing chemical potential, beginning with nitrate, then manganese and iron oxides, then sulfate and finally carbon dioxide .1 During respiration, organisms consume and produce metabolites and thus are changing their environment. 
Some bacteria are capable of using various compounds as final electron acceptors (EA). One of those bacteria is Desulfuromonas carbonisis sp. nov., a Gram-negative, obligatory anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. This bacterium is closely related to bacteria from the Geobacter genus, which is well known as a major iron reducer through dissimilatory anaerobic respiration. Species from this genus are found in natural anaerobic systems and are capable of reducing Fe(III)-oxides, S0, and Mn(IV)-oxides. Here we investigated the change in Desulforomonas metabolites as a result of available EA. 
Bacterial cultures were extracted, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) data were analyzed using the global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS) online platform.2 Our results indicate that unique metabolites are produced by the bacteria depending on the presence of different EA in the culture, while some of the metabolites were shared by two groups or more. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (I3C) was found almost exclusively in the iron-oxide containing cultures. This compound is known as part of tryptophan metabolism and is known to affect chemical communication of bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, I3C was not identified in the Desulfuromonas genus until now. 
We were able to detect this compound not only in pure cultures but also in cultures containing the bacterium, natural anoxic lake sediment and iron oxides. That establishes the potential of I3C to be involved in natural processes specific to dissimilatory iron reduction. We will continue to investigate these processes and the connection between I3C signaling and iron. 

1. Froelich, P. N. et al. Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43, 1075–1090 (1979). 
2. Wang, M. et al. Sharing and community curation of mass spectrometry data with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking. Nature Biotechnology vol. 34 828–837 (2016). 
Mercury in atmospheric precipitation of Eastern Siberia: seasonal and interannual variability of concentrations and fluxes
Authors: Shol Liliya , Eyrikh Stella
Published: March 2022

The samples of atmospheric precipitation were taken at the monitoring site on the roof of the Institute for Water and Environmental Problems, located within Barnaul city, at the height of 25 meters. Totally 578 samples of unfiltered atmospheric precipitation were analyzed. All sample preparation and analysis procedures were performed in a "clean room" using purified reagents to avoid pollution. The total mercury concentrations were determined in unfiltered samples by US EPA method 1631 using the analyzer "Mercur DUO Plus" (Analytik Jena, Germany). The limit of detection was 0.4 ng/L.

The widest range of Hg concentrations was observed in snow, the most narrow – in the rain. Comparison of average annual volume-weighted concentrations (VWC) demonstrated that minimum Hg concentrations were detected in 2015/2016; the maximum one – in 2018/19. Annual deposition fluxes ranged from 2.3 to 5.1 µg/m2; the average value for 5 years was 3.8 µg/m2. Average VWCs of Hg in atmospheric precipitation of Barnaul are on a comparable level with other urbanized areas of the world. However, annual Hg fluxes are lower than in other regions. There is a high positive correlation (0.87) of Hg fluxes with the amount of precipitation in cold periods, which indicates the constant pollution, primarily the emissions from coal combustion, one of the largest sources of Hg released into the atmosphere. In the warm periods, the correlation coefficient is 0.24 due to a wide variety of sources of mercury in these periods.

Keywords: mercury; atmospheric wet precipitation; deposition fluxes.