bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An estimate of the economic effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation on Queensland dairy farms
Authors: JONSSON NN , DAVIS R , De WITT M
Published: March 2008

Objective To establish the cost to the Queensland dairy industry of cattle tick infestation and its control, excluding the costs incurred from control measures directed specifically at tick fever and morbidity and mortality arising from tick fever.

Study design Economic models are described that have been based on empirical data relating to liveweight and milk yield loss, and on a survey of control practices and tick infestation. The first two models were designed to estimate costs of control and losses resulting from tick infestation on a single dairy farm. The third model developed estimates of the cost of tick infestation for each of four regions within the tick‐infested area of Queensland.

Results The overall cost to the Queensland dairy industry of the cattle tick (excluding the costs associated specifically with tick fever) and based on 1998 management practices, was $4,096,000 per annum. About 49% of this cost was related to the costs of control and 51% to losses in production.

Conclusion Cattle tick infestation represents a significant impost on dairy producers in Queensland, and although the actual cost will change as deregulation results in economic changes in the industry, infestations of ticks will continue to be expensive to control.
Immunity following use of Australian tick fever vaccine: a review of the evidence
Authors: BOCK RE , DE VOS AJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To review the evidence available on the degree and duration of immunity provided by Australian tick fever vaccines against Babesia bovis, B bigeminaand Anaplasma marginale infections in Australia and overseas.

Background Vaccines containing attenuated strains of B bovis and B bigemina as well as A centrale grown in splenectomised calves have been used in Australia since 1964 to immunise cattle against tick fever. About 800,000 doses of vaccine are supplied annually and much of the evidence for protection is field evidence rather than conventional immunological measures or pen trials.

Conclusions Immunity to Babesia bovis and B bigemina – A single inoculation generally provides sound, long‐lasting protection both in Australia and overseas. No evidence was found of a loss of immunity with time. Vaccine failures to B bovis d o occur, but are uncommon and evidently caused by a number of factors, including immune responsiveness of the vaccinated animals, and immunogenicity of the vaccine strain.

Immunity to Anaplasma marginale– The vaccine containing A centrale provides partial, variable protection against A marginale. Protection against challenge in Australia is adequate in most cases to prevent disease and use of the vaccine in this country appears to be justified. Protection against antigenically diverse, highly virulent stocks of A marginale i n other countries is, at times, clearly inadequate and better vaccines are required in situations where the challenge is severe.
Veterinary practitioners in rural Australia: a national survey
Authors: HEATH TJ , NIETHE GE
Published: March 2008

Objectives To assess the attitudes of Australian veterinarians to issues related to rural veterinary practice.

Methods A questionnaire was completed by 1367 AVA members, and the data were analysed using the SAS System for Windows 7.0.

Results The country lifestyle and the type of work were seen as major advantages for rural practitioners, and long working hours and after hours demands coupled with sexist attitudes in the case of women, were seen as the main disadvantages. Remuneration, the tiring and often dangerous nature of the work, and social and professional isolation were also seen as major disadvantages. Personal qualities, including the ability to relate to rural people and to fit into rural communities were seen as the most important qualities for a veterinarian in rural practice. The future of rural practitioners was seen to be closely linked to their ability to contribute to the financial viability of the whole animal enterprise and to the fortunes of the rural industries. Companion animals were also seen as a key part of the future work of rural practitioners.

Conclusions Rural practitioners are characterised by a strong commitment to rural life and work, and they will increasingly be required to contribute to the financial viability of the whole animal enterprise. The full range of professional skills required are likely to be beyond the scope of the undergraduate veterinary course, but the internet and other modern forms of distance education should help practitioners to acquire relevant skills.
Calcinosis circumscripta following an injection of proligestone in a Burmese cat
Authors: OBRIEN CR , WILKIE JS
Published: March 2008

A 9‐month‐old speyed Burmese cat was presented with a cutaneous lesion in the dorsal thoracolumbar region. The lesion was characterised by alopecia and whitish deposits within the subcutis and had occurred at the site of a previous progestogen injection (Covinan; Intervet). Excisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of calcinosis circumscripta. Recovery of the cat following surgical excision was excellent, with no recurrence of the lesion detected 12 months later. The classification of tissue calcification and the proposed aetiology of calcinosis circumscripta is reviewed.

It is concluded that further work is required to determine any link between subcutaneous injections, especially of progesto‐gens, and calcinosis circumscripta.
Reproductive disease and congenital malformations caused by Menangle virus in pigs
Authors: LOVE RJ , PHILBEY AW , KIRKLAND PD , ROSS AD , DAVIS RJ , MORRISSEY C , DANIELS PW
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe a new syndrome characterised by embryonic mortalities, stillbirths, mummified foetuses and congenital malformations in a herd of intensively farmed pigs.

DesignField observations, laboratory investigations and examination of breeding records.

ProcedurePathology examinations were performed on mummified and congenitally deformed piglets during an outbreak of reproductive disease at a 2600 sow intensive piggery in New South Wales from April to October 1997. Reproductive performance was monitored during the outbreak and breeding records were examined retrospectively. Serum and tissue samples from pigs were tested for evidence of infection with known porcine pathogens and for a new virus, Menangle virus, isolated from stillborn piglets with deformities from the affected piggery in August 1997.

ResultsReproductive disease occurred sequentially in all four breeding units at the affected piggery over a period of 21 weeks. The farrowing percentages in each unit decreased from 80 to 82% before the outbreak to 63 to 78% during the outbreak and the number of live piglets per litter declined from a mean of 9.6 to 9.8 before the outbreak to 7.2 to 8.9 during the outbreak. The proportion of affected litters (litters with less than six liveborn piglets) was highest (64%) in the sixth week of the outbreak. Mummified foetuses, stillborn piglets with arthrogryposis, craniofacial deformities and degeneration of the brain and spinal cord, were observed along with occasional abortions. Sera from sows that produced affected litters contained neutralising antibodies against Menangle virus and there was evidence that this virus had been introduced to the piggery in February 1997.

ConclusionsReproductive disease in pigs due to Menangle virus was characterised by stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death and infertility, along with abortions, skeletal deformities and degeneration of the brain and spinal cord in affected foetuses and stillborn piglets.
Epidemiology and control of Menangle virus in pigs
Authors: KIRKLAND PD , LOVEB RJ , PHILBEY AW , ROSS AD , DAVIS RJ , HART KG
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the epidemiology and eradication of Menangle virus infection in pigs.

Design Field observations and interventions, structured and unstructured serological surveys, prospective and cross‐sectional serological studies and laboratory investigations.

Procedure Serum samples were collected from pigs at a 2600‐sow intensive piggery in New South Wales that experienced an outbreak of reproductive disease in 1997. Serum samples were also collected from piggeries that received pigs from or supplied pigs to the affected piggery and from other piggeries in Australia. Serum and tissue samples were collected from pigs at piggeries experiencing reproductive disease in New South Wales. Sera and faeces were collected from grey‐headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) in the region of the affected piggery. Serum samples were tested for neutralising antibodies against Menangle virus. Virus isolation was attempted from faeces.

Results Following the outbreak of reproductive disease, sera from 96% of adult pigs at the affected piggery, including sows that produced affected litters, contained neutralising antibodies against Menangle virus. Neutralising antibodies were also detected in sera from 88% of finisher pigs at two piggeries receiving weaned pigs from the affected piggery. No evidence of Menangle virus infection was found in other piggeries in Australia. In cross‐sectional studies at the affected piggery, colostral antibodies were undetectable in most pigs by 14 to 15 weeks of age. By slaughter age or entry to the breeding herd, 95% of pigs developed high antibody titres (A 128) against Menangle virus in the virus neutralisation test. Menangle virus was eradicated from the affected piggery following a program of serological testing and segregation. Neutralising antibodies against Menangle virus were also detected in P poliocephalusfrom two colonies in the vicinity of the affected piggery. Two piggery workers were infected with Menangle virus. There was no evidence of infection in cattle, sheep, birds, rodents, feral cats and a dog at the affected piggery.

Conclusions Serological evidence of infection with Menangle virus was detected in pigs at a piggery that had experienced reproductive disease, in pigs at two associated piggeries and in fruit bats in the region of the piggery. Two humans were infected. The mode of transmission between pigs is unknown, but spread by faecal or urinary excretion is postulated. This virus can be eradicated by the segregation of pigs into discrete age groups.
Acrylic cranioplasty and axial pattern flap following calvarial and cerebral mass excision in a dog
Authors: MOUATT JG
Published: March 2008

A 4 kg Chihuahua was presented with seizures and a large mass on his dorsal cranium. The mass had regrown after two previous attempts to remove it. Histological examination had shown the mass to be a multilobular osteochondroma (osteo‐chondrosarcoma). A CT scan revealed destruction of the dorsal cranial bones by the mass and compression of cerebral cortex. A craniotomy was performed to excise the mass and attached skin, leaving a large deficit of calvarial bone and skin. A cranioplasty was performed in situ, using polypropylene mesh and polymethyl methacrylate. A caudal auricular axial pattern flap was placed directly over the cranioplasty to fill the skin defect. This unusual reconstruction resulted in good recovery, function and cosmetic effect, although tumour regrowth was seen within the cerebral cortex.
A comparison of catecholamine and cortisol responses of young lambs and calves to painful husbandry procedures
Authors: MELLOR DJ , STAFFORD KJ , TODD SE , LOWE TE , GREGORY NG , BRUCE RA , WARD RN
Published: March 2008

Aim To compare the changes in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline and cortisol in lambs after ring castration plus tailing and in calves after dehorning with or without prior local anaesthesia.

Methods Male lambs were castrated and tailed with rings and calves were dehorned by amputation using a scoop with or without prior local anaesthesia. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment and plasma concentrations of noradrena‐line, adrenaline and cortisol were determined.

Results Castration plus tailing of lambs resulted in a rapid increase in noradrenaline concentrations, a lack of an adrenaline response and a marked increase in cortisol concentration. There were similar changes in catecholamine concentrations in calves that were dehorned both with and without local anaesthetic, with adrenaline being elevated within 5 min of treatment and noradrenaline exhibiting a more protracted response. Dehorning caused a marked cortisol increase which was reduced to control concentrations by local anaesthesia for as long as the associated nerve blockade lasted.

Conclusions The very short‐lived adrenaline responses in calves were attributed to dehorning‐induced nociceptor input leading to sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla. The longer lasting noradrenaline responses in lambs and calves were thought be due to ‘wash‐out’ of noradrenaline from damaged tissue associated with rings and amputation wounds, respectively.
Malignant oedema associated with blood‐sampling in sheep
Authors: MORRIS WE , UZAL FA , FATTORINI FR , TERZOLO H
Published: March 2008

Malignant oedema is a fatal disease of several animal species, produced by one or more members of the Clostridium genus. We report here a case of malignant oedema in a 1‐year‐old Friesian sheep after a blood sample was collected from the jugular vein. Clostridium septicum and Clostridium sordellii were isolated from the lesions and also demonstrated by a fluorescent antibody test. This report stresses the need for maintaining a clean environment for animals and for strict hygienic measures during procedures that generate wounds, together with immunity acquired by proper vaccination, for prevention of malignant oedema.
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in Merino sheep
Authors: COOK RW , JOLLY RD , PALMER DN , TAMMEN I , BROOM MF , McKINNON R
Published: March 2008

Objective To characterise neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) in Merino sheep.

Design A prospective clinical, pathological, biochemical and genetic study.

Procedure NCL cases were studied from a medium‐wool Merino flock, the stud of origin of its replacement rams, and an experimental flock established at the University of Sydney.

Results Behavioural changes and visual impairment were first detected at 7 to 12 months of age and progressed, with associated motor disturbances and at later stages seizures, to premature death by 27 months of age. At necropsy there was severe cerebrocortical atrophy associated with neuronal loss, astrocytosis and the presence in neurons of eosinophilic intra‐cytoplasmic storage bodies with the characteristics of a lipopigment. In the retina there was progressive loss of photoreceptor cells. Storage bodies isolated from fresh brain, liver and pancreas formed electron‐dense aggregates and coarse multilamellar and fine fingerprint profiles ultrastruc‐turally, and consisted mainly of the hydrophobic protein, subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase. A homozygosity mapping approach localised the gene causing the disease in Merino sheep to the chromosomal region (OAR7q13–15) associated with NCL in South Hampshire sheep.

Conclusion NCL in Merino sheep is a subunit c‐storing disease, clinically and pathologically similar to NCL in South Hampshire sheep. We propose that the disease in both breeds represents mutation at the same gene locus in chromosomal region OAR7q13–15.
Pea mania: deranged behaviour in cattle grazing a pea crop (Pisum sativum var arvense)
Authors: REARDON CJ , McKENZIE RA
Published: March 2008

Hypersensitivity to external stimuli, progressing in some animals to manic behaviour, occurred in a cattle herd that grazed a crop of field peas (Pisum sativumvar arvense) in the pre‐flowering stage. Haematological and biochemical analyses eliminated hypomagnesaemia and ketosis as diagnoses. Other than two steers euthanased due to injuries sustained during manic episodes, all affected animals survived, recovering over 3 days when moved to alternative pasture. No necropsies were conducted. No microbial pathogens or endophytes were found on or in the plants. A previously reported incident in Victoria in 1987 in cattle grazing peas appeared to be of a similar nature. Environmental factors leading to these incidents were not clearly identified.
Metastatic sclerosing mesothelioma in a cow
Authors: BEYTUT E
Published: March 2008

Metastatic sclerosing mesothelioma in a crossbred cow is described. Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity and solitary or coalesced nodules on the peritoneum, hepatic capsule and visceral pleurae, were observed after slaughter. Histological examination of the nodules revealed that they were composed of tubular structures supported by massive connective tissue. The lumina of the tubules were lined by solitary neoplastic mesothelial cells, or occasionally small groups of such cells were observed in the lumen. Identification of the mesothelial character of the tumours was dependent upon the histopathological and cytological characteristics of the nodules and histochemical stainings.
Use of medetomidine for capture and restraint of cassowaries (Casuarius casuaris)
Authors: WESTCOTT DA , REID KE
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine the use of medetomidine for the sedation of captive and wild cassowaries (Casuarius casuarius).

Design Clinical evaluation after administration of medetomidine by IM injection.

Procedure Nine captive and two wild birds were chemically restrained, with the drug being administered by dart to 10 birds and hand injected to one. Doses of 0.26 to 0.31 mg/kg IM provided light sedation sufficient to allow approach and limited handling. Doses of 0.38 to 0.54 mg/kg IM provided heavy sedation adequate for full clinical examination. Body weights were estimated in six birds and measured in five birds and ranged from 40 to 66 kg. Sternal recumbency occurred in six birds, three in each dose range. In nine birds sedation was reversed with atipamezole at a dose of 15 to 80 mg/kg IM, which produced a return to alertness in 40 to 139 min. Forceful sneezing occurred during recovery in three birds.

ConclusionMedetomidine is a safe and reliable alternative to manual restraint in cassowaries.
Hiatal hernia controversies ‐ a review of pathophysiology and treatment options
Authors: SIVACOLUNDHU RK , READ RA , MARCHEVSKY AM
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo provide a detailed discussion of the aetiology and pathophysiology of hiatal hernia in both humans and small animals, and review current medical and surgical treatments.

DesignReview article.

SummaryHiatal hernia is not completely understood in humans or animals. It has a complex multifactorial aetiology and pathophysiology. A primary disturbance of the lower oesophageal sphincter has not been shown in humans or animals. Knowledge of pathophysiology is necessary to institute appropriate treatment.

Medical and/or surgical therapy is not indicated in asymptomatic cases. Medical treatment should be used for up to 1 month in stable cases of sliding hiatal hernia. Paraoesophageal hiatal hernias and any large sliding hiatal hernia should be considered for prompt surgical treatment. Surgical techniques used depend on the type of hiatal hernia present.

Surgical treatment of hiatal hernia cases should be performed by experienced surgeons, and must include hiatal closure and gastropexy. The Nissen fundoplication procedure has been discontinued in the veterinary field due to poor success rates, coupled with the published view that there is a marked difference in pathophysiology between humans and dogs. Reported complications associated with the original Nissen fundoplication technique are identical in the human and veterinary literature. There have been no complications reported with use of the modified or ‘floppy’ Nissen fundoplica‐tion in dogs. Both oesophagopexy and Nissen fundoplication require further evaluation in small animals.
Assessment of the potential of dogs and cats as urban reservoirs of Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses
Authors: BOYD AM , KAY BH
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether dogs and cats are potential reservoirs of Ross River (RR) and Barmah Forest (BF) viruses

Method Young seronegative female dogs and cats were experimentally exposed to the viruses using Ochlerotatus vigilax(Skuse) mosquitoes.

Results Only one of the 10 dogs and one of the 10 cats exposed to RR developed neutralising antibody. None of the animals developed detectable viraemia or clinical signs. One dog and three cats exposed to BF developed neutralising antibody. In addition, a serological survey of sera obtained from domestic dogs and cats residing in the Brisbane region indicated that 23.7% and 1.3% of dogs, and 14% and 2% of cats, had neutralising antibodies to RR and BF respectively.

Conclusions Although dogs and cats are exposed naturally to these viruses, and can become infected, they are unlikely to be important urban reservoirs of either virus.
Longitudinal study of veterinarians from entry to the veterinary course to 10 years after graduation: attitudes to work, career and profession
Authors: HEATH TJ
Published: March 2008

Objective

To describe the attitudes of veterinarians to their work, career and profession during the 10 years after graduation.

Design

Longitudinal study of students who started their course at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986, and who completed questionnaires in their first and fifth year as students, and after one, five and 10 years as veterinarians.

Methods

Data from 129 (96%) questionnaires completed after 10 years as a veterinarian were coded numerically then analysed, together with data from previous questionnaires, with SAS System 7 for Windows 95.

Result

After 10 years, almost all respondents were either very glad they had done the veterinary course (57%) or gener‐ally glad, though with some misgivings (37%). Despite this,

Conclusions

Most veterinarians were glad to have done the veterinary course, but for about one‐quarter their career had not lived up to expectations and almost half would not do
Synchronisation of oestrus and reproductive performance of dairy cows following administration of oestradiol benzoate or gonadotrophin releasing hormone during a synchronised pro‐oestrus
Authors: CAVALIERI J. , MACMILLAN KL
Published: March 2008

Objective

To compare the use of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and oestradiol benzoate (ODB) administered following a synchronised pro‐oestrus on reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows and the submission rates of non‐pregnant cows following resynchronisation.

Design

Procedure

Lactating Holstein cows enrolled in a controlled breeding program were first treated with an intravaginal progesterone releasing insert (IVP4) for 8 days, 2.0 mg of ODB intramuscular (IM) at device insertion (Day 0), an analogue of PGF2a at device removal and either 1.0 mg of ODB IM, 24 h after device removal (ODB group, n = 242), or 0.25 mg of a GnRH agonist (GnRH group, n = 152) injected IM approximately 34 h after device removal. Every cow was artificially inseminated between 49 and 56 h after removal of its insert (Day 10). Cows detected in oestrus 1 day after artificial insemination (AI) that were not detected in oestrus on the previous day were re‐inseminated on that day. All cows treated on Day 0 were resynchronised for reinsemination by insertion of a used IVP4 device on Day 23. Oestradiol benzoate at a dose of 1.0 mg was administered IM at the time of device insertion. Inserts were removed 8 days later (Day 31) and 1.0 mg of ODB was injected IM 24 h later. Those cows detected in oestrus between Days 31 and 35 were artificially inseminated. On Day 46 these cows were resynchronised for a third round of AI by insertion of an IVP4 device, used previously to synchronise cows for the first and second rounds of AI, and administration of 1.0 mg of ODB IM. Eight days later inserts were removed. Cows detected in oestrus between Days 54 and 58 were artificially inseminated. Bulls were run with the herd between rounds of AI and removed after 21 weeks of mating.

Results

Treatment with ODB or GnRH at the first synchronised pro‐oestrus did not significantly alter the reproductive performance over three rounds of AI or over a 21‐week breeding period. Treatment also did not alter submission rates at the second round of AI or the proportion of non‐pregnant and non‐return cows ('phantomapos; cows) detected and did not result in significant differences in concentrations of progesterone in plasma 10 and 18 days after removal of inserts at the first round of AI. Treatment with GnRH reduced the proportion of cows detected in oestrus at the first round of AI (36.2 vs 97.5%; P <0.001).

Conclusion

Administration of GnRH compared to ODB at a synchronised pro‐oestrus results in similar reproductive performance. Treatment with GnRH reduced the proportion of cows detected in oestrus following treatment. This may offer advantages to the way AI is managed by enabling insemination at a fixed‐time and removing the need for the detection of oestrus.
Clinical skills and knowledge used by veterinary graduates during their first year in small animal practice
Authors: CLARK WT , KANE L. , ARNOLD PK , ROBERTSON ID
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the clinical skills and areas of knowledge used by veterinarians in small animal practice during their first year after graduation and the degree of assistance and supervision they received while developing these skills.

Design A postal survey was sent in December 1999 to 59 veterinarians who completed their training at Murdoch University in December 1998.

ProcedureThe first part of the survey asked for information on veterinary work patterns since leaving university. The second part consisted of a list of diagnostic and therapeutic skills of varying complexity and the graduates were asked to indicate whether they had used these skills in practice and whether they had been assisted or supervised while doing them. The respondents were also asked if they had had the opportunity to practise these skills as undergraduates at university or during extramural experience. In the third part the areas of knowledge used in practice were assessed by analysis of a series of consecutive cases.

ResultsForty replies were received but since three graduates had done no small animal work the analysis of the skills section is based on 37 responses. Thirty graduates supplied information on 994 canine cases and 308 feline cases. The distribution of the mean work time was dogs and cats 69%, horses 13%, farm animals 11%, birds 3% and others 4%. Skills used by over 90% of graduates included general anaesthesia, examination of the tympanic membrane, taking and interpreting an abdominal radiograph, catheterising a male cat, fine needle aspiration of a mass, neutering dogs and cats, tooth scaling and extraction and treating an aural haematoma. The survey also identified the opportunities for undergraduates to practise some of these skills during extramural experience and the extent of assistance given to new graduates during their first year in practice. The areas of knowledge used in over 10% of the cases included vaccination, anaesthesia/sedation, skin/coat problems, general advice on pet health, neutering and musculoskeletal diseases.

ConclusionVeterinarians, in their first year after graduation, use a wide range of complex diagnostic and therapeutic skills. Although many of these skills are acquired during the undergraduate training, a significant contribution is made by extramural practical work undertaken during the clinical years of the undergraduate course and in the first year following graduation. Practising veterinarians play an important role in providing opportunities and supervision for clinical training.
Pyothorax associated with a Mycoplasma sp and Arcanobacterium pyogenes in a kitten
Authors: GULBAHAR MY , GURTURK K.
Published: March 2008

Pyothorax associated with aMycoplasmas p andArcanobacterium pyogeneswas diagnosed at necropsy in a 1‐month‐old female Van kitten. The pleural cavity contained approximately 50 mL of blood‐tinged, reddish‐brown, non‐odourous fluid bilaterally. Gram positive coccobacilli were seen in the exudate from necrotic plaques on the pleurae.Mycoplasmas p andA pyogeneswere isolated from a sample of the fluid in the pleural cavity. The concomitant presence ofMycoplasmas p andA pyogenescould be considered another variation on the polymicrobial nature of pyothorax and associated pleural lesions in cats.
Transposition of first digital pad for reconstruction of a palmar antebrachial soft tissue defect in a cat
Authors: FEARNSIDE SM , STRAW RC
Published: March 2008

An 8‐year‐old female neutered Siamese cat was presented with a recent history of incomplete excision of an apocrine gland adenocarcinoma from the palmar aspect of the right antebrachium, just proximal to the carpal joint. There was no evidence of metastasis. Wide surgical excision of the previous surgery site was performed resulting in a soft tissue defect. Partial reconstruction was achieved using digital pad transposition of the first digit (dewclaw), forming a local axial pattern flap that was transposed into the adjacent defect. The remaining defect was closed by primary apposition. The skin flap healed successfully. Some breakdown of the skin closed by primary apposition necessitated open wound management. The cosmetic and functional result of the first digital pad transposition was considered excellent, rendering it a useful means to reconstruct soft tissue defects in the carpal region.
Echinococcus granulosus in wildlife in and around the Kosciuszko National Park, south‐eastern Australia
Authors: JENKINS DJ , MORRIS B
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the distribution of Echinococcus granulosusi n wild dogs and foxes and hydatidosis in wildlife coexisting with foxes and wild dogs in and around Kosciuszko National Park.

Design Prospective and ad hoc surveys by necropsy of definitive and intermediate hosts.

Procedure Wild dogs and foxes were trapped at one location in the Kosciuszko National Park and at 7 locations around the periphery of the Park. Feral pigs, macropodid marsupials, wombats, and feral goats were collected at some of the same locations. The animals were humanely killed, their small intestines removed in the field, the contents collected, preserved and examined microscopically. All internal organs of intermediate hosts were examined for hydatid cysts. Unidentified lesions were examined histologically.

Results
Echinococcus granulosustapeworms were found in wild dogs from all locations. Prevalence ranged up to 100% with worm burdens up to 300,000 worms.

Prevalence in foxes ranged up to 50% in animals recovered from 5 locations. The worm burdens were usually less than 50 E granulosusper fox. Hydatid cysts were found in all macrop‐odid species. Prevalence (69%) and cyst fertility (100%) were highest in swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolour). Prevalence of cysts in feral pigs ranged up to 49%. Less than 22% of the cysts were fertile. No cysts were found in any of the wombats or feral goats.

Conclusion
Echinococcus granulosus occurs commonly in wildlife in and around the Kosciuszko National Park. High numbers of fertile cysts in swamp wallabies, a favoured dietary item for wild dogs in this region, suggests swamp wallabies are pivotal in maintaining transmission. Physical contact with wild dogs and foxes or accidental contact with wild canid faeces is a public health risk.
Stereotypies and behavioural medicine: confusions in current thinking
Authors: LOW M
Published: March 2008

Stereotypies are defined as being repetitive, unvarying behaviours that appear to have no goal or function. This group of behaviours presents itself commonly in clinical behavioural practice. In recent companion animal behaviour literature the nomenclature has been changed to obsessive‐compulsive disorder without considering the confusion this may create. Theories about the role endorphins play as a cause of stereotypies and an assumption about stereotypies playing a ‘coping’ role have been presented as scientific fact with little evidence supporting them. A failure to consider changes associated with stereotypy maturation and a reliance on anecdotal treatment success has lead to confusion regarding certain aspects of the development, diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. In this paper I present the idea that much of our confusion surrounding stereotypies is created by attempts to oversimplify a complex phenomenon.
Chrysomya bezziana in pet dogs in Hong Kong: a potential threat to Australia
Authors: CHEMONGES‐NIELSEN S
Published: March 2008

The Old World Screwworm fly (Chrysomya bezziana) has recently been causing aggressive myiasis in pet dogs in Hong Kong, and the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department of Hong Kong has confirmed the presence of Chrysomya bezziana in the territory. This report describes screwworm infestation in pet dogs presented for treatment at our clinic in the past year. Screwworm fly larvae were found in typically punched out round wounds or embedded in exposed or neglected wounds. Infested wounds had a characteristic strong offensive smell and oozed a sero‐sanguineous exudate or frank blood. Removal of the larvae, wound treatment, continuous monitoring for re‐infestation, application of insect repellants and protective housing were essential for successful treatment. Because Hong Kong is a source of pet migration or a transit point to Australia, the fly could threaten Australia.
Field evaluations of safety and efficacy of an Australian Marek's disease vaccine
Authors: KARPATHY RC , FIRTH GA , TANNOCK GA
Published: March 2008

Objective To demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the Marek's Disease Virus‐1 vaccine (strain BH 16) from field studies in comparison with the CVI 988 Rispens vaccine currently available in Australia.

Study design A small field trial was carried out on nine breeder flocks and a larger trial on 21 breeder flocks. All chickens were obtained from a commercial hatchery and each was vaccinated at hatch with cell‐associated Herpes Virus of Turkeys vaccine. A group of chickens vaccinated with BH 16 vaccine was placed in one shed per property and the remainder were vaccinated with the Rispens vaccine and placed in the remaining sheds. At 25, 30, 35, and 40 weeks after hatch, the field veterinarian or farm manager examined all birds dying on two consecutive days in the designated placement sheds.

Results In the small trial there was a significantly lower incidence of MD in birds vaccinated with the MDV‐1 vaccine compared with the Rispens vaccine (P < 0.001). In a larger trial there was no difference in the incidence of MD between the treatment groups, due possibly to a lower rate of natural challenge. Egg production results and average weekly mortality results for both groups were similar.

Conclusion The present study describes an attenuated type 1 MD vaccine which is at least equivalent to a vaccine derived from the CVI 988 Rispens strain in terms of safety and efficacy when used in combination with HVT vaccine.
Isolation of Ross River virus from mosquitoes and from horses with signs of musculoskeletal disease
Authors: AZUOLAS JK , WISHART E , BIBBY S , AINSWORTH C
Published: March 2008

Objective To report clinical and clinicopathological findings in horses naturally infected with Ross River virus (RRV) and identify likely mosquito arbovirus vector species.

Procedures Veterinarians submitted serum samples from 750 horses because they suspected Ross River virus (RRV) infection. The samples were tested for the presence of IgM and IgG antibody to RRV and for the presence of virus. Mosquitoes were trapped, differentiated to species level and tested for the presence of RRV by virus isolation.

Results RRV was isolated from six species of mosquitoes (Ochlerotatus camp‐torhyncus, Culex globocoxitus Cx australicus, Cx annulirostris, Cx quinquefasciatus, Anopheles annulipes) and from 13 horses with clinical signs of musculoskeletal disease. Antibody to RRV was detected in 420 of the 750 serum samples; 307 contained IgG only; 76 contained both IgM and IgG and 37 contained only IgM antibody to RRV Virus was isolated from horses with IgM antibody only.

Conclusions RRV can be isolated from infected horses during the short time period when there is an overlap of clinical signs, positive IgM serology and viraemia. Early spring infections of horses may occur if RRV infected mosquito vectors are present. RRV has not been shown to cause clinical disease in horses. This is the first report of isolation of RRV from Oc camptorhyncus in the Murray region and indicates a potential for infection of humans and animals in autumn as well as in spring.
Suspected white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) toxicity in horses and cattle
Authors: CARMALT JL , ROSEL KP , BURNS T. , JANZEN ED
Published: March 2008

Thirty‐four mixed breed horses from two separate farms showed signs of abdominal discomfort, pyrexia and dehydration after being exposed to a new batch of 14% complete horse feed. A new batch of cattle feed from the same manufacturer resulted in dairy cows showing depression, a drop in milk production and diarrhoea. Examination of both diets revealed the presence of white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Inclusion of raw beans of this genus in animal feeds is to be avoided.
Effect of mulesing and shearing on the prevalence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae arthritis in lambs
Authors: PATON MW , ROSE IR , SUNDERMAN FM , MARTIN M HOLM
Published: March 2008

Objective

To examine the effects of management practices and environment on the prevalence of arthritis in lambs.

Design and population

A case‐control study was conducted on groups of lambs from 122 Western Australian sheep flocks.

Method

Arthritis was diagnosed by visual assessment of lambs at abattoirs by qualified meat inspectors. The prevalence was estimated from data collected from producers on culling practices for arthritis. Data on management practices and environmental variables were collected by personal interview. Stepwise logistic regression was used to measure the effects of the most important factors on the prevalence of arthritis.

Results

Mulesing and shearing lambs increased the odds of high prevalence of arthritis by 7 (95% CI 1.9 ‐ 25.6) and 4.3 (95% CI 0.9 ‐ 19.6) times, respectively compared to unmarked and unshorn lambs. Lambs slaughtered between December and June had 3.7 (95% CI 0.8 ‐ 16.6) times greater odds of having a high prevalence of arthritis than lambs slaughtered in the remainder of the year.

Conclusions

This study indicates that, to decrease the risk of high prevalence of arthritis, lambs raised for meat production should not be mulesed or shorn. Recommended improvements to hygiene at mulesing such as the use of portable yards had little effect on the prevalence of arthritis.
Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from environmental samples collected from farms before and after destocking sheep with paratuberculosis
Authors: WHITTINGTON RJ , MARSH IB , TAYLOR PJ , MARSHALL DJ , TARAGEL C. , REDDACLIFF LA
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis could be isolated from soil‐pasture, faecal, water and sediment samples on farms before and after removal of sheep with paratuberculosis.

Design A feasibility study and subsequent field survey.

Procedure First the analytical sensitivity of radiometric culture of the organism from two types of soil was determined relative to faeces. Then soil‐pasture, faecal, water and sediment samples were collected for culture from a range of sites from 6 farms with paratuberculosis affected sheep and goats. Similar samples were collected from 20 farms at least 9 months after removal of infected stock.

Results The analytical sensitivity of culture of M a para‐tuberculosisfrom soil samples was 2 orders of magnitude less than that from faeces, and environmental samples required longer incubation periods to yield significant growth in radio‐metric culture (BACTEC) medium. However, the organism was recovered from approximately 20% of 163 soil‐pasture, water and sediment samples from 6 properties with clinically‐affected animals with paratuberculosis. The positive samples were from a range of topographic sites, including open exposed and dry areas, however, low lying areas tended to have larger numbers of organisms. When the same sites were sampled again about 5 months later, only 1 was culture positive, and none were culture positive > 12 months later. Of 17 water and dam sediment samples collected from farm 6, which had long‐standing high prevalence OJD infection, only one water sample and one sediment from the same dam were culture positive. None of the 5 water samples from the other farms were culture positive. Of 96 water samples, 90 sediment samples and 93 soil samples from farms that had been destocked of infected sheep/goats for 9 to 24 months, one sediment sample from a farm in Victoria (destocked for 12 months) and two sediment samples from a farm in New South Wales (10, 19 months) were culture positive. Recontamination from cattle or water could not be excluded as a cause of the positive cultures from the second farm.

Conclusion M a paratuberculosis can be detected by radiometric culture in environmental samples from farms grazed by sheep or goats with paratuberculosis. There is a relatively low likelihood of recovery of the organism from water samples from such farms, and at 5 or more months after removing stock with paratuberculosis the likelihood of positive cultures from environmental samples is very low. Although the analytical sensitivity of culture from environmental samples is less than that from faeces, surveys of environmental sites are nevertheless feasible. However, improved culture methods are needed for critical surveys and to study the movement and fate of the organism in the environment.
A retrospective study of unilateral arytenoid lateralisation in the treatment of laryngeal paralysis in 100 dogs (1992–2000)
Authors: SNELLING SR , EDWARDS GA
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of unilateral arytenoid lateralisation as a surgical treatment for laryngeal paralysis in dogs.

DesignThe case records of 100 dogs that received a unilateral arytenoid lateralisation for laryngeal paralysis between 1992 and 2000 were reviewed. The results of questionnaires on surgical outcome, formulated for the animal owner and the referring veterinarian, were analysed. Information obtained for dogs under 10 kg and dogs over 10 kg was analysed separately.

ResultsThe Labrador Retriever was the most commonly affected breed. The male:female ratio was 1.56:1 and the average age of presentation was 9.9 years. The most common month in which surgery was performed was October.

The majority of owners (87.7%) felt that their dog's quality of life was improved in the 6 months after surgery. Thirty‐three percent of dogs revisited the referring clinic with a respiratory problem following unilateral arytenoid lateralisation, and 10.7% of dogs were reported as having a post‐surgical complication associated with the procedure.

Following surgery, dogs under 10 kg revisited the referring veterinarian with a respiratory complication more often than dogs over 10 kg. Significantly fewer owners of dogs under 10 kg than owners of dogs over 10 kg felt that their dogs quality of life was improved by surgery (55% versus 93%).

ConclusionThe majority of owners surveyed reported that unilateral arytenoid lateralisation had improved the quality of their dog's life during the first 6 postoperative months. Owner dissatisfaction with the results of surgery and the reported rate of re‐presentation (for respiratory disease) may be higher for small (<10 kg) dogs. A prospective study comparing the results of unilateral arytenoid lateralisation surgery in large and small dogs may be worthwhile in the future.
Coracoid fractures in wild birds: repair and outcomes
Authors: HOLZ PH
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the surgical repair of the fractured avian coracoid and compare release rates back to the wild for birds treated surgically with those treated conservatively.

Design Medical records of 17 birds presented to Healesville Sanctuary with fractured coracoids were examined retrospectively. Nine birds were treated conservatively and eight birds were treated surgically. Release rates back to the wild were compared between the two groups.

Results Of the nine birds treated conservatively two were released back to the wild. Of the eight birds treated surgically six were released back to the wild.

Conclusions In this study greater success at returning birds with fractured coracoids to the wild was achieved with surgical repair than conservative treatment. Surgical repair is recommended for birds intended to be released back into the wild.
Monensin toxicity in preruminant dairy heifers
Authors: GABOR LJ , DOWNING GM
Published: March 2008

Four‐to six‐week‐old calves from a seasonal dairy herd in North Western Tasmania were presented for veterinary attention due to the occurrence of sudden deaths. Necropsy examination of one of the calves revealed several small pale foci of 1cm diameter on the epicardium. Mortalities were found to be caused by monensin that was added to the milk diet as part of a vitamin/mineral commercial premix that also controlled coccidiosis.

No cases of monensin toxicity in preruminant calves have been previously documented, although there have been numerous reports in older cattle and other species.
Comparison of effects of GnRH and prostaglandin in combination, and prostaglandin on conception rates and time to conception in dairy cows
Authors: LEAN IJ , PORTER JA , RABIEE AR , MORGAN WF , TRANTER WP , MOSS N , RHEINBERGER RJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the effectiveness of a gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) / prostaglandin program (GnRH‐PG‐GnRH, Ovsynch) on conception rates and time to conception of lactating dairy cows compared with a PG program (double prostaglandin injection).

Design A randomised multi‐centre cohort study was conducted with 778 cows from nine dairy herds. Cows at different stages of lactation were randomly assigned, after matching for days open at the time of treatment, to either the PG or Ovsynch program.

Procedure Cows on the PG program received two intramuscular injections of prostaglandin (2 mL, Prosolvin) 11 days apart. The Ovsynch program consisted of two intramuscular injections of GnRH (1 mL, Fertagyl) 9 days apart, separated by one injection of prostaglandin 40 h before the second GnRH injection. Milk samples were taken at the time of artificial insemination and assayed for progesterone by radioim‐munoassay.

Results The Ovsynch program was not significantly different to PG in achieving conception, with overall conception rates of 37.6% and 41.4%, respectively, for each program. There was, however, a significant interaction between the effects of parity and treatment (P = 0.03), because conception rates were higher in older cows (parity 5 or more) on the PG program than for older cows on the Ovsynch program. There was no significant effect of treatment (P > 0.5) on time to conception after treatment, but older cows were slower to conceive (P < 0.0001). Conception rates differed (P <0.0001) among herds.

Conclusion The median days to conception for both groups was 22 and mean days from treatment to conception were 36.3 ± 3.3 and 31.6 ± 2.7 for the Ovsynch and PG programs respectively, indicating that reproductive performance of cows was not significantly different with Ovsynch program or PG program. There appears to be a need to evaluate causes of reproductive failure in older cows.