bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low back pain
Authors: Hoa Jacques Hui Bon
Published: September 2006

Nux vomica turning in bed agg., motion amel. Sulphur standing agg. rising from sitting agg. rising from stooping agg. pain in sacral region extending to groin Rhus tox. prescribed on its modalities only Carcarea fluor. when Rhus tox. fails Calcarea carb. special type local sweats, especially head sweat coldness of local part (vertex); subjectively respiration difficult on least exertion Sepia pressure amel. varices leucorrhoea Sepia symptom complex Colocynthis stitching pain in lumbar region intermittent pain pain confined to a small spot (Kali bich.) contracture Cobaltum pain in lumbosacral region, sitting agg. Berberis pain extending around abdomen Hypericum after spinal injury Kali carb. lumbago after parturition Phosphorus in a typical Phosphorus patient. Difficult cases Antimonium tart. in very acute cases. The slightest effort to move causes retching and cold clammy sweat. Bryonia pain agg. slightest motion Variolinum in very acute cases
Diagnosis: By induction or intuition?
Authors: Dudley Staunton M.
Published: September 2006

The logic of diagnosis receives little attention. Induction and hypothetico-deduction provide two differing methods. The former would appear to be used by most doctors; the latter exhibits theoretical advantages which require testing. A disease classification based on clinical findings would aid doctors.
The similimum and Hahnemann's delayed reaction
Authors: Hoa Jacques Hui Bon
Published: September 2006

“Les mots signifient, mais ne saisissent point” (Words have meaning but no grasp) Antoine de Saint Exupéry
Plant responses to homœopathic remedies
Authors: Jones Raynor L. , Jenkins Michael D.
Published: September 2006

Over the past 50 years several experiments to demonstrate the biological effects of homœopathic potencies have been devised. All of them have had short-comings: mainly in terms of reproducibility of the method itself and the analysis of the results. This paper describes a simple biological model using the growth responses of wheat coleoptiles to various homœopathic potencies. The results described show that the method is reproducible and that biological activity can be detected at extremely high dilutions. Succussion appears to be an essential part of the preparation of a homœopathic potency. A theoretical basis for this observation is discussed.
The amazing Tree of Heaven
Authors: Munro C.K.
Published: September 2006

Although, to date, only six cases were recorded it was considered importantenough to mention them because of the dramatic response in 100% of patients.

Three main symptoms were present in all cases, but the only criterion for inclusionin the trial was a positive Paul Bunnell test (thus confirming the diagnosis).

Most homœopaths, including myself, would most likely have used 6x potencyor even 30th, but might not have considered a higher one in such a case. It was fortuitous that I used the 10M. It does confirm the usefulness of very high potencies. I suspect that the lower potency would have worked, I hazard a guess probably not as well and not so permanently.

I would be more than keen for other homœopaths to gather such cases undersimilar conditions (all must have the positive test) and I shall be happy to receive such attested cases.

If we can gather, say, 50 cases, then I shall write a paper for the medicaljournals…then, let us see the reaction! Meantime, I suggest, we have a cure for this very unpleasant condition.
Provings—Planning and protocol
Authors: Nagpaul V.M.
Published: September 2006

Provings provide knowledge about the instruments that we, as homœopaths, use in combating human sickness.

A vast amount of pre-planning and laying of protocols is necessary in conducting the provings for the purposes of achieving scientific validity of the work. The author has therefore dwelt only upon various stages of planning and protocols necessary in conducting successful provings.
Controlled double-blind trial with Baryta carbonica 15 CH versus placebo in a group of hypertensive subjects confined to bed in two old people's homes
Authors: Bignamini M. , Bertoli A. , Consolandi A.M. , Dovera N. , Saruggia M. , Taino S. , Tubertini A.
Published: September 2006

Taking into account the toxicology of soluble barium salts, the authors treated 32 hypertensive subjects who were confirned to bed in two old people's homes with Baryta carbonica 15 CH versus placebo in a randomized double-blind study. Seventeen patients were given Baryta carbonica and 15 placebo. Taking the groups as a whole, no statistically significant differences were found between the effects of placebo and active drug on the blood pressure. But the four subjects who had been prospectively considered sensitive and were treated with Baryta carbonica gave strongly positive results. Some interesting conclusions were arrived at both from the general medical and the homœopathic point of view.
A case of tuberous sclerosis treated with Artemisia vulgaris
Authors: Jack R.A.F.
Published: September 2006

A two-year-old boy suffering from tuberous sclerosis is described. His salaam spasms had not been controlled by a combination of sodium valporate and nitrazepam, but decreased and finally ceased after medication with Artemisia 30, despite nitrazepam having been discontinued during this treatment.
A brief history of potentizing machines
Authors: Winston Julian
Published: September 2006

From 1850 to 1920, coinciding with the rise of the science and technology of the industrial revolution, a number of homœopaths attempted to construct labour-saving machines by which they could create high potencies. This article1 describes these inventions, of which we have heard so much and yet, generally, know so little.
Cholera 1854: update
Authors: Leary Bernard
Published: September 2006

In October 1987 a paper was published in this journal1 attempting to assess the claims made by the British Homœopathic Society concerning the efficacy of the treatment of cholera at Golden Square during the 1854 epidemic. Details of the treatment were not available at that time and had to be deduced. This paper fills in those details. The view expressed then that homœopathy played a major part in bringing about substantially better results than the allopaths is reinforced. For background information the reader is referred to the original paper.
Stochastic resonance and the homoeopathic effect
Authors: Ruiz Ma Guadalupe , Torres José-Leonel
Published: September 2006

Potentization of homoeopathic medicines by successive dilutions and succussion at each step is interpreted in terms of stochastic resonance, a non-linear response of certain systems when perturbed by noise and a weak periodic signal, which increasingly enhanced at the output as the magnitude of the noise grows towards an optimal value for maximum signal amplification. The possible relevance of stochastic resonance in other physiological phenomena like the kindling effect, where epileptic convulsions are induced in rats and other animals by periodic stimulation of the brain with weak electric signals, is also considered.
Medorrhinum
Authors: Mercaldo Mauro
Published: September 2006

A review of the provenance, key symptoms and clinical uses of Medorrhinum. Listing of the drug in Kent's Repertory is discussed.
Homoeopathy and the US primary care physician
Authors: Berman Brian M. , Hartnoll Susan M. , Singh Betsy B. , Singh B. Krishna
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess US primary care physicians' levels of knowledge of and attitudes towards homoeopathy, as well as their practice and referral patterns, and desire for training in this field. Previous studies indicate low practice and referral rates, but high interest in training has been suggested by an earlier regional study. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a hierarchical, stratified, random sample of physicians drawn from the American Medical Association membership of primary care specialists. Results of this study show a high degree of interest in training (49%) in homoeopathy despite current low practice (5.9%) and referral rates (13.8%). In addition, a total of one third of the physicians said they either would use or have used homoeopathy in their own practices. A shortfall exists between the knowledge and desire for knowledge about homoeopathy among primary care physicians and the availability or amount of information and training accessible in the United States.
Some questions and thoughts on research in homoeopathy
Authors: Eskinazi Daniel
Published: September 2006

Despite extensive research there are still some fundamental questions about homoeopathy that need answering. This paper highlights these questions and discusses possible answers and a future research agenda for homoeopathy.
Case taking in homoeopathy in the 19th and 20th centuries
Authors: Jütte Robert
Published: September 2006

There has been a lack of research into the effect alternative medicine's comprehensive taking of patient histories has had on practice. Significant practitioners who influenced homoeopathic case taking are discussed and the continuity and tradition of taking patient histories emphasised.
Understanding and Explaining Civil Service Reform: A Reply to Dowding and James
Authors: MARSH DAVID , RICHARDS DAVID , SMITH MARTIN J.
Published: September 2006

Dowding and James's response to our critique of the bureau-shaping model makes some important criticisms that we welcome. However, we suggest that they ignore the empirical evidence we presented in our original article (because of their narrow definition of acceptable data) and we believe that they misunderstand our arguments because of the positivist paradigm within which they operate. Our response covers three main issues – epistemology, methods and evidence.
The History of Science as European Self-Portraiture
Authors: DASTON LORRAINE
Published: September 2006

Since the Enlightenment, the history of science has been enlisted to show the unity and distinctiveness of Europe. This paper, written on the occasion of the award of the 2005 Erasmus Prize to historians of science Simon Schaffer and Steven Shapin, traces the intertwined narratives of the history of science and European modernity from the 18th century to the present. Whether understood as triumph or tragedy (and there have been eloquent proponents of both views), the Scientific Revolution has been portrayed as Europe's decisive break with tradition – the first such break in world history and the model for all subsequent epics of modernization in other cultures. The paper concludes with reflections on how a new history of science, exemplified in the work of Shapin and Schaffer, may transform the self-image of Europe and conceptions of truth itself.
Everyday memory functioning in obsessive– compulsive
disorder
Authors: JELINEK LENA , MORITZ STEFFEN , HEEREN DEIKE , NABER DIETER
Published: September 2006

Memory performance in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is
discussed as a pathogenetic risk factor for the emergence of OCD,
particularly checking compulsions. At present, however, findings are mixed
and little is known about memory performance in tasks relevant to everyday
functioning in patients with OCD. For the present study, memory
performance was assessed in 31 patients diagnosed with OCD and 33 healthy
controls with the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), which covers a
wide range of verbal and nonverbal memory components as well as
prospective memory. OCD patients performed comparably to healthy controls
on the memory task for verbal, nonverbal, and prospective memory
(p > .1). According to norm values, memory performance was
unimpaired in most OCD patients. The present findings further challenge a
broad account of the “memory deficit” hypothesis of OCD and
compulsive checking, respectively (JINS, 2006, 12,
746–749.)
C:N stoichiometry of the biological pump in the North Atlantic: Constraints from climatological data
Authors: Koeve W.
Published: September 2006

Recently and independently published estimates of global net community production which were based on seasonal changes of either nutrients (NO3 and PO4 (Louanchi and Najjar, 2000)) and salinity normalized dissolved inorganic carbon (NCt (Lee, 2001)) in the surface ocean indicate that the stoichiometry of new production strongly differs from the well‐established remineralization ratios in the deep ocean (the Redfield ratio). This difference appears to be most pronounced in the North Atlantic Ocean. Data quality issues as well as methodological differences in the data analysis applied in the published studies, however, make this comparison of nutrient‐ and carbon‐based estimates ambiguous. Here I present an analysis based on a combination of historical data (World Ocean Atlas and Data 1998) and empirical approaches and provide a reassessment of the C:N elemental ratio of new (export) production in the North Atlantic. It is found that the estimate of winter nutrient fields is the most crucial step in estimating basin‐scale, time‐integrated C:N ratios of new production. An approach is developed which allows an estimate of winter nitrate and total CO2 concentrations which are consistent with estimates from an isopycnal outcrop analysis where these are available. Regional trends in the spring + summer integrated C:N ratio of new production suggest an increase from high latitudes toward the subtropics. The basin‐integrated C:N ratio of new production between 40°N and 65°N is 11.4 ± 1.4, far exceeding the Redfield ratio. The bulk Corg:Cinorg rain ratio estimated for the same region is 7.7. The fate of organic carbon produced in excess of the Redfield equivalent of nitrate uptake is discussed. It is suggested that a considerable fraction of excess carbon is remineralized above the depth of the winter mixed layer.
Understanding the saturation state of argon in the thermocline: The role of air‐sea gas exchange and diapycnal mixing
Authors: Ito T. , Deutsch C.
Published: September 2006

Using a hierarchy of models, we develop a theoretical framework for understanding the physical processes controlling the magnitude and patterns of the saturation state of dissolved argon (δAr) in the ocean. A conceptual box model of the argon cycle demonstrates that the saturation state of argon in the thermocline can be considered a linear combination of a preformed disequilibrium (δArpre) governed by surface processes and mapped into the ocean interior, and a supersaturation driven by diapycnal mixing in the interior ocean (δArmix). The magnitude of δArmix is determined by the relative strength of isopycnal ventilation and diapycnal mixing in the thermocline. We extend the simple theory to a three‐dimensional, continuously stratified ocean by deriving a mathematical relationship between diapycnal mixing, air‐sea heat fluxes and the saturation state of argon. This relationship predicts that the δAr of a water parcel increases following its flow path at a rate that is proportional to the diapycnal diffusivity (κ). The theoretical predictions are evaluated with a numerical ocean basin model showing reasonable agreement between simulated argon distribution and the theory. We find three distinctive regimes in which different dynamical balances determine the saturation state of argon in the thermocline. First, newly ventilated water in the subtropical gyre is dominated by δArpre, reflecting the balance between air‐sea heat transfer and the gas exchange rates. Second, the saturation state of argon in the tropical thermocline is primarily determined by δArmix, reflecting the important roles of diapycnal mixing there. Third, at the transition between the ventilated gyre and the poorly ventilated tropics, δArpre and δArmix together control the saturation state of argon. In this region, δAr is sensitive to model diffusivity, which can be estimated from the simulated distribution of δAr with an error of less than 50%. Thus noble gas concentrations may provide a unique constraint on the basin‐scale diapycnal diffusivity of the subtropical thermocline.
Testing climate models using GPS radio occultation: A sensitivity analysis
Authors: Leroy S. S. , Anderson J. G. , Dykema J. A.
Published: September 2006

We survey the IPCC AR4 models' responses to SRES A1B forcing in order to evaluate a prediction of climate change common to all models and testable using GPS radio occultation data over the coming decades. Of the IPCC AR4 models that submitted runs of the SRES A1B forcing scenario, we select twelve because of the timeliness of their submission. Trends in the global average surface air temperature show better overall agreement over the first 50 years than in the IPCC Third Assessment Report, but the patterns of global surface air temperature trends show little improvement in intermodel agreement. These same twelve models show qualitatively better agreement in their patterns of upper air temperature trends. All show maintenance of a moist adiabatic temperature profile in the tropics, making tropospheric temperature trends the greatest at 200 hPa in the tropics. We test the climate models' predictions using optimal fingerprinting. In order to do so, we use long preindustrial control runs of four of the IPCC AR4 models. Simulating trends in the log of the vertically integrated microwave refractivity, or “dry” pressure, of the atmosphere is nearly the same as measuring trends in geopotential heights of constant pressure surfaces. The first four EOFs of interannual variability of log‐dry pressure, as determined by two independent climate models, are ENSO, modes closely associated with the southern and northern annular modes, and a previously unidentified symmetric jet migration EOF. The latter is characterized by poleward migration of the eddy‐driven midlatitude jet correlated between hemispheres. The ENSO mode and especially the symmetric jet migration EOF contribute most to optimal detection and are similarly predicted by the IPCC AR4 models. The common prediction of all climate models will be tested with 95% confidence with GPS radio occultation data in 7 to 13 years. The fingerprint is dominated by symmetric poleward migration of the eddy‐driven midlatitude jets.
Practical measures for combating communication system impairments caused by large magnetic storms
Authors: Goodman John M. , Ballard John W. , Patterson John D. , Gaffney Brian
Published: September 2006

HF communication circuits, on an individual basis, may perform poorly during ionospheric disturbances associated with geomagnetic storms. This is especially true at middle and high latitudes. To achieve a greater degree of reliability, it is necessary to exploit various forms of diversity. The most powerful forms of diversity at HF must exploit multiple communication paths and frequencies. The most reliable communication with an individual entity (e.g., aircraft) will involve a star network involving several independent paths. Moreover, these (redundant) communication paths must have a wide range of communication bands at their disposal. Much of the paper deals with the process by which such diversity systems may provide acceptable communication reliability, even under adverse propagation conditions. A significant portion of the paper will deal with a particular system during a very realistic scenario. The specific system of interest is the GLOBALink™/HF system, a unique data communication network.
Statistical validation of a technique for estimating total electron content from bottomside ionospheric profiles
Authors: Belehaki Anna , Kersley L.
Published: September 2006

Digisonde sounders provide routine estimates of an ionosonde total electron content (ITEC) parameter that is taken to represent the vertical electron content of the ionosphere. The procedure involves integration under a profile, extrapolated to the topside from the measured bottomside by assuming an alpha Chapman layer with a constant scale height appropriate to that found just below the layer peak. The validity of the resultant ITEC parameter has been investigated here using measured height profiles of electron density from an incoherent scatter radar operated at a middle latitude site in the United Kingdom for several years around 1970. The data set of some 4000 profiles of electron density up to 700 km was used to determine statistically the relationship between the ITEC estimate and the measured total electron content calculated from the electron density observations. The results confirm that the ITEC method yields a generally reliable measure of the total content below 700 km, especially during nighttime, while in the daytime hours there is an overall tendency toward a small underestimate. An investigation of the differences between the modeled and measured densities with height in the topside, which are probably linked to the transition from O+ to H+ plasma, shows that during the day, excesses immediately above the peak may be compensated for at greater heights in the integration of the ITEC content.
Substorm associated magnetotail energetic electrons pitch angle evolutions and flow reversals: Cluster observation
Authors: Wu P. , Fritz T. A. , Larvaud B. , Lucek E.
Published: September 2006

The Cluster satellites observed a distinct pattern in the evolution of energetic electron pitch angle distributions on November 13, 2003, in the mid‐tail (radius >10RE) associated with intensifications of these electron fluxes that accompanied an observed local dipolarization of the magnetic field. The intensity of electrons (20–200 keV) were first observed to increase for perpendicular pitch angles (pancake distribution), then evolve into isotropic distributions, then further evolve into mixed distributions ‐ a combination of perpendicularly peaked distributions and beamlike distributions (cigar distribution), and at the end of each of three episodes always evolved into a beamlike or field‐aligned distribution. This evolution pattern seen at a relative fixed observing (satellite) location usually developed within the locally observed dipolarization time scale. We have interpreted this pattern to indicate that electrons were coming from different regions along the magnetotail and have gotten accelerated differently. This has led us to suggest and present a model in which Fermi acceleration dominates for electrons that are accelerated from the reconnection region, while betatron acceleration dominates for electrons that are accelerated from the mid‐tail region that is very close to the satellite location.
Characterization of singlet ground and low-lying electronic excited states of phosphaethyne and isophosphaethyne
Authors: Ingels Justin B. , Turney Justin M. , Richardson Nancy A. , Yamaguchi Yukio , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: September 2006

The singlet ground (X̃Σ+1) and excited (Σ−1,Δ1) states of HCP and HPC have been systematically investigated using ab initio molecular electronic structure theory. For the ground state, geometries of the two linear stationary points have been optimized and physical properties have been predicted utilizing restricted self-consistent field theory, coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations (CCSD), CCSD with perturbative triple corrections [CCSD(T)], and CCSD with partial iterative triple excitations (CCSDT-3 and CC3). Physical properties computed for the global minimum (X̃Σ+1HCP) include harmonic vibrational frequencies with the cc-pV5Z CCSD(T) method of ω1=3344cm−1, ω2=689cm−1, and ω3=1298cm−1. Linear HPC, a stationary point of Hessian index 2, is predicted to lie 75.2kcalmol−1 above the global minimum HCP. The dissociation energy D0[HCP(X̃Σ+1)→H(S2)+CP(XΣ+2)] of HCP is predicted to be 119.0kcalmol−1, which is very close to the experimental lower limit of 119.1kcalmol−1. Eight singlet excited states were examined and their physical properties were determined employing three equation-of-motion coupled cluster methods (EOM-CCSD, EOM-CCSDT-3, and EOM-CC3). Four stationary points were located on the lowest-lying excited state potential energy surface, Σ−1→A″1, with excitation energies Te of 101.4kcalmol−1(A″1HCP), 104.6kcalmol−1(Σ−1HCP), 122.3kcalmol−1(A″1HPC), and 171.6kcalmol−1(Σ−1HPC) at the cc-pVQZ EOM-CCSDT-3 level of theory. The physical properties of the A″1 state with a predicted bond angle of 129.5° compare well with the experimentally reported first singlet state (ÃA″1). The excitation energy predicted for this excitation is T0=99.4kcalmol−1(34800cm−1,4.31eV), in essentially perfect agreement with the experimental value of T0=99.3kcalmol−1(34746cm−1,4.308eV). For the second lowest-lying excited singlet surface, Δ1→A′1, four stationary points were found with Te values of 111.2kcalmol−1 (2A′1 HCP), 112.4kcalmol−1 (Δ1HPC), 125.6kcalmol−1(2A′1HCP), and 177.8kcalmol−1(Δ1HPC). The predicted CP bond length and frequencies of the 2A′1 state with a bond angle of 89.8° (1.707Å, 666 and 979cm−1) compare reasonably well with those for the experimentally reported C̃A′1 state (1.69Å, 615 and 969cm−1). However, the excitation energy and bond angle do not agree well: theoretical values of 108.7kcalmol−1 and 89.8° versus experimental values of 115.1kcalmol−1 and 113°.
Stability of rare gas structure H clathrate hydrates
Authors: Alavi Saman , Ripmeester J. A. , Klug D. D.
Published: September 2006

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the stability of structure H (sH) clathrate hydrates with the rare gases Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. Simulations on a 3×3×3sH unit cell replica are performed at ambient pressure at 40 and 100K temperatures. The small and medium (s+m) cages of the sH unit cell are assigned rare gas guest occupancies of 1 and for large (l) cages guest occupancies of 1–6 are considered. Radial distribution functions for guest pairs with occupancies in the l-l, l-(s+m), and (s+m)-(s+m) cages are presented. The unit cell volumes and configurational energies are studied as a function of large cage occupancy for the rare gases. Free energy calculations are carried out to determine the stability of clathrates for large cage occupancies at 100K and 1bar and 20kbar pressures. These studies show that the most stable argon clathrate has five guests in the large cages. For krypton and xenon the most stable configurations have three and two guests in the large cages, respectively.
Electrically controlled surface plasmon resonance frequency of gold nanorods
Authors: Chu K. C. , Chao C. Y. , Chen Y. F. , Wu Y. C. , Chen C. C.
Published: September 2006

We have presented the voltage-controlled tuning of plasmonic response of absorption spectra of gold nanorods in liquid crystals. We observe that gold nanorods can be aligned along the rubbed polyimide substrate before applying external voltage. It is found that the transverse mode of gold nanorods shows a blueshift or a redshift when rotating the analyzer parallel or perpendicular to the rubbing direction, respectively, while all longitudinal modes display a redshift behavior. This work offers an easy way to tune the transverse and longitudinal modes of gold nanorods simultaneously, which makes it feasible to establish the color tunable devices.
Modeling electroosmotic and pressure-driven flows in porous microfluidic devices: Zeta potential and porosity changes near the channel walls
Authors: Scales Nathan , Tait R. Niall
Published: September 2006

This work presents analytical solutions for both pressure-driven and electroosmotic flows in microchannels incorporating porous media. Solutions are based on a volume-averaged flow model using a scaling of the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid flow. The general model allows analysis of fluid flow in channels with porous regions bordering open regions and includes viscous forces, permitting consideration of porosity and zeta potential variations near channel walls. To obtain analytical solutions problems are constrained to the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation and a variation of Brinkman's equation [Appl. Sci. Res., Sect. A 1, 27 (1947); 1, 81 (1947)]. Cases include one continuous porous medium, two adjacent regions of different porosities, or one open channel adjacent to a porous region, and the porous material may have a different zeta potential than that of the channel walls. Solutions are described for two geometries, including flow between two parallel plates or in a cylinder. The model illustrates the relative importance of porosity and zeta potential in different regions of each channel.
Design and characterization of a movable emittance meter for low-energy electron beams
Authors: Catani Luciano , Chiadroni Enrica , Cianchi Alessandro , Tazzari Sergio , Boscolo Manuela , Castellano Michele , Di Pirro Giampiero , Ferrario Massimo , Fusco Valeria , Filippetto Daniele , Palumbo Luigi , Vaccarezza Cristina , Vicario Carlo , Ronsivalle Concetta
Published: September 2006

In order to characterize and optimize the beam emittance compensation scheme [L. Serafini and J. B. Rosenzweig, Phys. Rev. E 55, 7565 (1997)] of the Sorgente Pulsata Autoamplificata di Radiazione Coerente project [D. Alesini et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 507, 345 (2003)] high brightness preinjector a system to accurately measure the beam rms emittance evolution downstream of the rf gun has been developed. Since in a space charge dominated beam the quadrupole-scan method is not applicable, a movable emittance measurement device has been built based on the pepper-pot technique. The device consists of a double system of horizontal and vertical slit arrays and a downstream screen, all installed on a longitudinally movable support equipped with bellows and spanning the ≈1.2m long drift space between gun and first accelerating section. The system allows the measuring of the beam rms emittance all along the spanned region so as to accurately reconstruct its evolution along the beam trajectory. More than a simple improvement over more conventional beam emittance measurement tools this device defines a new strategy for characterizing high performance photoinjectors as it allows a detailed analysis of the beam behavior over a section of the accelerator where crucial beam shaping takes place. Numerical simulations of the measurement, mainly based on PARMELA [J. Billen, PARMELA Report No. LA-UR 96-1835, 1996 (unpublished)], have been used to estimate the achievable accuracy and to optimize the experimental setup. Wake field effects induced by the beam propagation through the bellows have also been investigated with HOMDYN [M. Ferrario et al., LCLS Report No. SLAC-PUB 84000, 1999 (unpublished)]. A series of laboratory tests to evaluate its performance has been carried out at LNF in Frascati. The system was then moved to DESY Zeuthen and installed on the Photo Injector Test Facility PITZ, for further testing with beam. Design criteria and tests carried out to evaluate the device performance are discussed.
Absolute energy distribution of hard x rays produced in the interaction of a kilohertz femtosecond laser with tantalum targets
Authors: Gobet F. , Hannachi F. , Aléonard M. M. , Chemin J. F. , Claverie G. , Gerbaux M. , Malka G. , Scheurer J. N. , Tarisien M. , Blasco F. , Descamps D. , Dorchies F. , Fedosejevs R. , Fourment C. , Petit S. , Méot V. , Morel P. , Hanvey S. , Robson L. , Liesfeld B.
Published: September 2006

Previous reports have indicated the anomalous excitation rate for the 6.2keV nuclear level of Ta181 in a plasma produced with a femtosecond laser. A detailed characterization of the electrons and x-ray sources produced in such a plasma is required to interpret these results. In a preliminary work, the continuous energy distribution of hard x rays (10–500keV) produced in the interaction of a kilohertz femtosecond laser beam with a tantalum solid target is investigated in the 3×1015–6×1016W∕cm2 range of intensity. A sodium iodide detector with appropriate shielding is used. Strong collimation and absorption filters are used to avoid the pileup of photons in the detector. The response function of this setup is calculated with the GEANT3 simulation code. We demonstrate the necessity to quantify the Compton scattered events in the raw spectra in order to restore the absolute x-ray energy distribution.
Spectral shaping of a 10W diode laser-Yb-fiber amplifier system
Authors: Adhimoolam B. , Lindsay I. D. , Lee C. J. , Gross P. , Boller K. J. , Klein M. E.
Published: September 2006

We describe a continuous-wave master-oscillator power-amplifier system based on a distributed Bragg reflection diode laser and an Yb doped fiber amplifier. The observed optical spectrum of the amplified seed source can be tailored to arbitrary shapes and widths between 30MHz and greater than 1GHz by controlling the radio frequency modulation wave form of the injection current.
Molecular diffusion in liquid crystals and chiral discrimination. II. Model calculations
Authors: Frezzato Diego , Zannoni Claudio , Moro Giorgio J.
Published: September 2006

We perform model calculations of the macroscopic diffusion coefficient for a solute moving in a chiral nematic (cholesteric) liquid crystal (LC) phase applying the methodology developed by Frezzato et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 122, 164904 (2005)]. Three types of solutes with different features are studied: ellipsoid [roto-translational coupling (RTC) absent], bent rod (RTC present), and two-blade propeller (with RTC and chiral shape). For each prototype molecule we estimate the effect of cholesteric helix pitch and local order on the diffusion along the helix axis. For the ellipsoidal particle we find that translational diffusion is slowed down by rotation around the short axis. For the chiral solute we show that the enantiomer with shape chirality opposite to that of the LC phase is slowed down more than the other. This provides a proof of principle of the possibility of separating the two enantiomers via transport in a suitable chiral medium.
University of Toronto’s balloon-borne Fourier transform spectrometer
Authors: Wunch Debra , Midwinter Clive , Drummond James R. , Thomas McElroy C. , Bagès Anne-Flore
Published: September 2006

A commercial ABB-Bomem DA5 Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) was refitted with new software and electronics to create a FTS that is appropriate for both ground-based and balloon-based measurements. Nearly all the electronics were replaced, and new control software was written that allows the instrument to run remotely, provides access to all housekeeping information, and permits considerable freedom in data processing approaches. A “delta” tracker was used for fine tracking of the sun over a small tracking range, using the main gondola pointing system for coarse azimuth tracking. This facilitated a simple, effective method of instrument integration onto the payload. The new design reduced the mass of the FTS from 90to55kg and reduced the power consumption from 145to65W.
In situ mechanical spectroscopy of laser deposited films using plasma plume excited reed
Authors: Scharf Thorsten , Krebs Hans-Ulrich
Published: September 2006

We show a new approach to in situ measure the mechanical properties of pulsed laser deposited thin films by plasma plume excited reed with high accuracy. A vibrating reed, consisting of a Si substrate, is mounted into a pulsed laser deposition chamber. After deposition of the polymer film for investigation, the Si substrate is excited by the energy of the expanding laser plasma coming from a Ag target. The oscillations of the reed and their damping are measured using a diode laser reflected at the back side of the substrate, by observing the reflections with a position sensitive detector. Data collection as well as the coordination with the deposition setup are done computer controlled. Temperature dependent measurements of the damping of the reed oscillations then allow us to perform mechanical spectroscopy investigations of laser deposited polymer films.
On the use of a capacitive diaphragm gauge for dust detection in next-step fusion devices
Authors: Counsell G. , de Vere A. P. C. , St. J. Braithwaite N. , Hillier S. , Bjorkman P.
Published: September 2006

The technology underlying a ceramic capacitive diaphragm gauge (CDG) manometer has been investigated for use as a microbalance for measurement of dust accumulation in next-step fusion devices such as ITER. Initial trials have confirmed in principle the use of CDG devices as dust microbalances and both the gauge head and electronics have been adapted to address the environmental constraints. Remote electronics, capable of controlling the gauge at a distance of 30m, have been developed and a prototype device has been tested in the laboratory, where a sensitivity of 500μg∕cm2 and dynamic range of at least 103 were demonstrated. The work shows that this approach is a promising contender to measure dust accumulation in next-step fusion devices.
Features of amplification of dipole magnetic field with linear ferromagnetic concentrator
Authors: Bondarenko S. I. , Shablo A. A. , Koverya V. P. , He Yusheng , Zhang Fenghui , Ding Hongsheng
Published: September 2006

Amplification of a low frequency magnetic field from a dipole source by means of linear ferromagnetic concentrator of different dimensions (permalloy micro wire) has been investigated experimentally. The results obtained strengthen the validity of the analytical relation for amplification which allows for nonlinear dependence of the magnetic permeability upon the value and distribution of the dipole field over concentrator length.
Fabrication of multilayered oxide thermoelectric modules by electrophoretic deposition under high magnetic fields
Authors: Okamoto Taichi , Horii Shigeru , Uchikoshi Tetsuo , Suzuki Tohru S. , Sakka Yoshio , Funahashi Ryoji , Ando Naoko , Sakurai Masayuki , Shimoyama Jun-ichi , Kishio Kohji
Published: September 2006

The authors report the fabrication of grain-aligned [Ca2CoO3−δ]0.62CoO2 (Ca349) thick films and a multilayered thermoelectric unicouple of Ca349 and Ca0.9La0.1MnO3−δ (Mn113) using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and magnetic alignment methods. Strongly c-axis-oriented Ca349 thick films were obtained by EPD performed under magnetic fields. In addition, the c axis of grains was found to always align parallel to the direction of field, independently of the EPD cell configuration. The required conditions for magnetic grain alignment of fine Ca349 powders were quantitatively discussed based on magnetization anisotropy. An α-Al2O3∕Mn113∕α-Al2O3∕Ca349∕α-Al2O3 multilayered thick film was successfully developed.
Evaluation of integrity and barrier performance of atomic layer deposited WNxCy films on plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited SiO2 for Cu metallization
Authors: Kim Ki-Su , Lee Moon-Sang , Yim Sung-Soo , Kim Hyun-Mi , Kim Ki-Bum , Park Hyung-Sang , Koh Wonyong , Li Wei-Min , Stokhof Maarten , Sprey Hessel
Published: September 2006

The nucleation and growth of WNxCy films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) SiO2 is characterized as a function of the number of ALD cycles using transmission electron microscopy analysis. The island growth of isolated WNxCy nanocrystals is directly observed at the early stages of film growth. The nucleation of the WNxCy film can be significantly enhanced by NH3 plasma treatment before the deposition of WNxCy. The capacitance-voltage measurements conducted after bias-temperature stressing reveals that an ALD-WNxCy film deposited with a thickness of approximately 5.2nm on the NH3 plasma-treated PECVD SiO2 shows good diffusion barrier performance against Cu migration.
Plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 moisture permeation barriers on polymers
Authors: Langereis E. , Creatore M. , Heil S. B. S. , van de Sanden M. C. M. , Kessels W. M. M.
Published: September 2006

Thin Al2O3 films of different thicknesses (10–40nm) were deposited by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition on substrates of poly(2,6-ethylenenaphthalate) (PEN), and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) values were measured by means of the calcium test. The permeation barrier properties improved with decreasing substrate temperature and a good WVTR of 5×10−3gm−2day−1 (WVTRPEN=0.5gm−2day−1) was measured for a 20nm thick Al2O3 film deposited at room temperature using short purging times. Such ultrathin, low-temperature deposited, high-quality moisture permeation barriers are an essential requirement for the implementation of polymeric substrates in flexible electronic and display applications.
Geometric and electronic properties of endohedral Si@C74
Authors: Tang Chunmei , Yuan Yongbo , Deng Kaiming , Liu Yuzhen , Li Xiangyin , Yang Jinlong , Wang Xin
Published: September 2006

The generalized gradient approximation based on density functional theory is used to analyze the geometric and electronic properties of Si@C74. It is found that among the five possible optimized geometries of Si@C74, the most favorable endohedral site of Si atom is under the center of a pentagon ring on the σh plane, i.e., Si@C74-5, which is different from the center stable site for Si in C74 calculated by the semiempirical molecular orbital calculations and molecular mechanics calculations, and it is also different from the stable site, i.e., under a [6, 6] bond along the C2 axis on the σh plane in C74 for metal atoms Ba, Ca, and Eu. The deformation charge density on the σh plane reveals that the Si–C bonds in Si@C74-5 have covalent character, while the Mulliken charge analysis together with a longer Si–C bond length reveals that the Si–C bonds in Si@C74-5 have ionic character. Therefore, we infer that Si–C bonds in Si@C74-5 contain both covalent and ionic characters.
Electrically addressed and thermally erased cholesteric cells
Authors: Geng Jun , Dong Chen , Zhang Lipei , Ma Zheng , Shi Lin , Cao Hui , Yang Huai
Published: September 2006

A new electrically addressed and thermally erased cholesteric cell has been investigated. The helical pitch of the cholesteric mixture becomes longer with increasing temperature. After an electric field is applied to the mixture, a focal conic texture is formed. When being heated, the cholesteric phase has a tendency to adopt a planar texture. This is because the planar texture is stabler than the focal conic one when the pitch is longer. Both textures are stable at room temperature without external fields.
Polarization fatigue in ferroelectric vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer films
Authors: Zhu Guodong , Zeng Zhigang , Zhang Li , Yan Xuejian
Published: September 2006

In this letter polarization fatigue in ferroelectric polymers has been reported. Experimental results indicate that the driving voltages with lower frequency and higher amplitude should correspond to higher fatigue rates. A universal scaling behavior with N∕f, where N is the number of switching cycles and f is the frequency, is found in the frequency dependence of polarization fatigue. The profile of driving voltages is also found to affect the fatigue behavior. It is believed that the trapped charges, injected from electrodes into films, should make the major contribution to polarization fatigue.
Investigation of dark line defects induced by catastrophic optical damage in broad-area AlGaInP laser diodes
Authors: Bou Sanayeh M. , Jaeger A. , Schmid W. , Tautz S. , Brick P. , Streubel K. , Bacher G.
Published: September 2006

The authors present a detailed investigation of defects generated during catastrophic optical damage (COD) in high-power 650nm AlGaInP lasers using microphotoluminescence (μ-PL) mapping, focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy, and deep-etching techniques. High-resolution μ-PL images demonstrated that during COD, nonradiative dark line defects (DLDs) originate from the front mirror of the laser and propagate in several branches into the laser perpendicular to the output facet. Furthermore, FIB microscopy identified the epitaxial layers affected by COD, revealing that DLDs are confined to the active region. In addition, deep etching confirmed that these defects have a noncrystalline nature.
Temperature dependence of transient and steady-state gate currents in HfO2 capacitors
Authors: Monzio Compagnoni Christian , Spinelli Alessandro S. , Bianchini Andrea , Lacaita Andrea L. , Spiga Sabina , Scarel Giovanna , Wiemer Claudia , Fanciulli Marco
Published: September 2006

The authors investigated the temperature dependence of transient and steady-state gate currents in HfO2 capacitors from 300to75K. They show that transient currents measured on very thin (5nm) HfO2 layers keep a power-law time dependence when temperature decreases to 75K, with only a small reduction in the current amplitude. Instead, the static gate leakage strongly decreases when temperature is reduced, also showing a change in the conduction mechanism. These results clearly demonstrate that transient currents in HfO2 dielectrics do not depend on the steady-state conduction mechanisms and are an issue that must be considered even at low temperatures.
Photonic crystal thin films of GaAs prepared by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Povey I. M. , Whitehead D. , Thomas K. , Pemble M. E. , Bardosova M. , Renard J.
Published: September 2006

Photonic crystal thin films were fabricated via the self-assembly of a lattice of silica spheres on silicon (100) substrates. Progressive infilling of the air spaces within the structure with GaAs was achieved using trimethylgallium and arsine under atomic-layer-deposition conditions. Samples with the highest levels of GaAs infill were subsequently inverted using selective etching. Reflectance spectra are interpreted via the Bragg expression and calculated photonic band structure diagrams. For GaAs infilled and inverted samples, the relative positions of the first and second order Bragg reflections are strongly influenced by the wavelength dependent refractive index.
High resolution spectra and conformational analysis of 2-butoxy radical
Authors: Stakhursky Vadim L. , Zu Lily , Liu Jinjun , Miller Terry A.
Published: September 2006

We have recorded five high resolution (200MHz), rotationally resolved, vibrational bands of the B̃–X̃ electronic transition of 2-butoxy. Two bands of the 2-butoxy spectrum have been rotationally analyzed and assigned to two different geometrical conformers of the molecule. The analyses allow the determination of the six experimental rotational constants defined by the geometry of the species in the ground (X̃) and excited (B̃) electronic states and also four spin-rotation constants for the X̃ electronic state of the conformers. Comparison of the experimental rotational constants with the results of ab initio computations provides unambiguous conformational assignment of these bands. This approach can be extended to assign two other spectral bands to the third 2-butoxy conformer.
Enhanced light emission from one-layered organic light-emitting devices doped with organic salt by simultaneous thermal and electrical annealing
Authors: Yim Youn Chan , Park Jin Ho , Kim Sun Woong , Choi Eun Ha , Cho Guang Sup , Seo Yoon Ho , Kang Seung Oun , Park Byoungchoo , Cho Sang Hee , Kim In Tae , Han S. H. , Lim Jongsun , Takezoe Hideo
Published: September 2006

The authors studied the effect of thermal and electrical annealing on light emission of fluorescent one-layered organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) doped with organic salts. From the annealed OLEDs, we clearly observed homogeneous and enhanced electroluminescent (EL) emission over the whole active area with fast responses. Moreover, improved efficiency was also observed from annealed phosphorescent OLEDs. These improved EL characteristics indicate that simultaneous annealing can induce proper adsorption of charged salt ions at the electrode surfaces, leading to enhanced electroluminescence of one-layered OLEDs due to increased and balanced injection of carriers.