bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outward Bound
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
The first section of the voyage, first from Sheerness to Portsmouth, and then on to Lisbon, Cape St Vincent and Madeira. The first samples from deep water are taken and contain many animals.
First Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
The ship sails across the North Atlantic from the Canary Islands to the Caribbean, identifying the mid-Atlantic Ridge as a prominent feature of the ocean for the first time. The zonation of the sea floor by depth begins to become apparent.
Second Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
The Challenger sails north up the coast of North America from the Sargasso Sea to Halifax, crossing the Gulf Stream before returning south to Bermuda.
Fourth Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
Challenger runs south from the Cape Verde Islands, round the bulge of West Africa, and across to the coast of Brazil, calling at St Paul’s Rocks and crossing the Equator for the first time.
Sixth Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
In this chapter, Challenger heads for the Southern Ocean and the ice pack off the coast of Antarctica. She anchors off Kerguelen and the men spend time exploring the island. The dredging is exceptionally successful and hundreds of new animals are caught. Challenger is the first steam-powered ship to cross the Antarctic Circle, but has a narrow escape from collision with an iceberg before reaching harbour in Melbourne.
Seventh Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
In this chapter, scientists explore Sydney harbour and mount an expedition inland. The ship makes for New Zealand but stays there only briefly before heading out into the Pacific. She reaches Tonga and Fiji before travelling through the Coral Sea to Cape York, and from there through the shallow Arafura Sea between Australia and New Guinea.
Eleventh Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
Challenger moors in Honolulu for three weeks before crossing the central Pacific on the way to Tahiti. On the way, Willemoes-Suhm dies of blood poisoning. The ship sails from Tahiti across the South Pacific and finds an immense graveyard of whales and innumerable tiny meteorites on its way to the coast of South America.
Twelfth Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
Challenger threads her way down the western coast of South America towards Tierra del Fuego. She passes through the Magellan Strait and heads for the Falkland Islands before anchoring off Montevideo.
What Happened to the Ship
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
The subsequent history of the Challenger and her namesakes.
What Happened to the People
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
The varying fortunes of Wyville Thomson, John Murray and the other naturalists. The Challenger Medal is issued to commemorate the voyage.
Daring to Struggle
Authors: Gill Bates
Published: June 2022

Increasingly powerful, prosperous, and authoritarian, China under the leadership of Xi Jinping has become a more intense competitor across the globe—economically, technologically, diplomatically, militarily, and in seeking to influence people’s hearts and minds. But what does China ultimately want in the world? This timely and illuminating book explains the fundamental motivations driving the country’s more dynamic, assertive, and risk-taking approach to the world under Xi Jinping. With original and perceptive analysis, Daring to Struggle focuses on six increasingly important interests for today’s China—legitimacy, sovereignty, wealth, power, leadership, and ideas—and details how the determined pursuit of them at home and abroad profoundly shapes its foreign relationships, contributing to a more contested strategic environment in the Indo-Pacific and beyond. The book offers rich insights on the increasing role of the Chinese Communist Party in the country’s international affairs, the looming risks of conflict in areas of contested sovereignty around China’s periphery, Beijing’s dramatically changing approach to foreign economic relations, its expanding use of economic leverage and military coercion, China’s aspirations to greater leadership in global governance, and the well-resourced promotion of its ideas, image and influence across the world. This lively and accessible perspective on China’s global ambitions draws from authoritative Chinese-language sources. The resulting analysis will inform policymakers, executives, China watchers, students, and other globally engaged citizens seeking to understand China’s ambitions and how our governments and societies can respond.
Legitimacy正当性
Authors: Gill Bates
Published: June 2022

Chapter 2 addresses the most important objective driving the People’s Republic of China’s foreign policy: maintaining and bolstering the legitimacy and survival of the Chinese Communist Party. This effort means seeking the acceptance, appreciation, and even approbation of foreign governments and societies for the People’s Republic of China’s system of governance, domestic policies, and pursuit of overseas interests. The chapter explains how the Chinese Communist Party legitimates and strengthens its rule through certain foundational foreign policy narratives concerned with ideological foresight, aggrieved nationalism, performative success, and cultural stewardship. The chapter goes on to show how, under Xi Jinping, the pursuit of legitimacy has assumed a much more prominent place in People’s Republic of China external relations, including through a more active role for the Party in the development and execution of the country’s foreign policy.
Challenges挑战
Authors: Gill Bates
Published: June 2022

Chapter 8 takes each of the six key foreign policy drivers in turn—legitimacy, sovereignty, wealth, power, leadership, ideas—and assesses the challenges China faces in pursuing them. The chapter makes the point that in spite of China’s outward confidence in world affairs, the country increasingly confronts a range of problems for its foreign relations. Indeed, the very pursuit of its foreign policy ambitions—while often bolstering national confidence—creates problems both at home and abroad which will hold China back and could derail Xi’s vision for national rejuvenation. These challenges include increasing intolerance toward unwelcome and illegal PRC influence activities abroad, growing unhappiness with China’s unfair economic practices, increasing concerns over Beijing’s use of economic and military coercion, intensifying criticism of China’s increasingly authoritarian political system, and mounting discomfort with China’s effort to shape international institutions and norms in ways which favor PRC interests.
Introduction
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter gives an overview of how “visibly” Muslim women are treated and regulated in the United States by exploring the racial-cultural aesthetics of power through the ontopolitics and technologies of race such as court opinions, anti-discrimination, and judicial procedures. Women’s bodies are always read and judged, but in the case of dark, foreign, or marginalized women, these judgments are made in light of a prior history of colonialism and globalism. On this understanding, the sartorial aesthetic that reflects the cultural hegemony of Europe or the United States demarcates and highlights the backwardness of the sartorial aesthetic of Muslim women, through an enduring culture of neocolonialism and liberatory liberal discourse.
The Hijab and the Sari
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter illuminates the racial aesthetic that is at work in vilifying the hijab while glorifying the sari. The history of colonialism and the forced domestication of the sari helps to facilitate its reception as an acceptably “sexy” garment. By contrast, the hijab has not been subjected to colonial modification and is still experienced as strange by observers—culturally, racially, and aesthetically. In order to explore the role that political and cultural authority plays in shaping “acceptable” and “unacceptable” racial aesthetics as linked to the hijab and the sari, this chapter explores the regulation of the sari and the sartorial strategies enacted by Mohandas Gandhi in his political resistance to British rule over India.
Reversing the Gaze
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter reverses the Orientalist lens that Edward Said and other critics of cultural imperialism have explored. It evaluates the judgments of colonizing societies with regard to the standards that they impose upon women’s bodies. This approach identifies the racial-cultural aesthetic of power that operates in the aftermath of colonialism but without acknowledging that aftermath. Civilizing narratives that haunt the afterlife of colonialism produce a differential expectation for the cultural/social comportment of women of color, whether they remain in the geopolitical regions that were colonized or whether they are located in Western societies. These narratives are explored through dress codes for various companies and the model United Nations, as well as Frantz Fanon’s ruminations on Algerian women.
Transparency and the Deceptive Conceit of Liberalism
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

Beginning with a court case in which a Muslim woman is banned from the courtroom for refusing a judge’s order to remove her niqab, this chapter explores the ways in which the judge’s demand resembles a demand for transparency. Transparency as a norm, a mode of discourse, and a kind of comportment betrays the explicit ethos of secular-liberal political norms and practices as being purely procedural. Drawing on early immigration law, the PATRIOT Act, and other laws, this chapter argues that transparency is a demand for “unfamiliar” strangers to make themselves familiar to the dominant, homogenous population—not merely through sincerity and collegiality, but through submission and obedience. The demand for transparency is also often an impossible demand for a gendered racial and cultural recomportment, that is, to transform onself into someone familiar—a neutral, vaguely feminist, liberal subject. It concludes that transparency remains in excess of liberal political and civic culture’s explicit scope.
Dismissal
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

The phenomenon of hijabis has been mostly treated as an issue having to do with the compatibility of one’s religious beliefs with a secular society. However, there is another dimension of the regulation of the hijab that has rarely been discussed, namely the differential ways that Muslim women are treated by race—specifically Black Muslim women. Because of their Blackness, Black Muslim women are received negatively in a way that is singularly, if ineffably distinct from non-Black Muslim women. This chapter explores, through a range of transcripts and judicial opinions, how the courts engage in a racial dismissal of Black women hijabis. Given the racial and political history of the United States, along with the U.S. publicly legislated Islamophobic public policies (from the War on Terror to national security policies), there are few ways for Muslim hijabis—Black or non-Black—to be acceptable in the public spotlight. Moreover, the cumulative effect of being Black, visibly Muslim, and publicly assertive often results in visceral and violent responses from a neocolonial public that resists the visible, flourishing presence of women of color.
The perspectival nature of scientific representation
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces the notion of perspectival representation with an analogy between art and science. It presents two varieties of perspectival representations in art. A representation can be said to be perspectival1 because the representation is from a specific vantage point and it is about the very vantage point from which the representation takes place. But a representation can also be said to be perspectival2 because it has a clear direction. It is towards one or more vanishing points and is not (self-referentially) about the vantage point from which the representation takes place. The chapter illustrates these two different ways of understanding perspectival representations with examples. Next it looks at a particular way in which perspectival representation has often been understood in philosophy of science as mainlyperspectival1. Namely, it has often been suggested that the vantage point from which the representation is drawn affects the content. For example, one can think of different scientific models as predicating different and incompatible properties of the same target system (via the notion of representing-as). A problem arises out of this widespread perspectival1 way of thinking about representation in science. Realism about science seems to be jeopardized when there are multiple models for the same target system that are deemed to represent-it-as x or y or z, where x, y, and z are incompatible properties. The problem is genuinely epistemic and cannot be eschewed by appealing to pragmatic factors, namely by invoking the use that epistemic agents make of perspectival1 representations for various purposes.
A tale from the atomic nucleus, ca. 1930s–1950s
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2022

This chapter presents a first case study: nuclear models around the 1930s–1950s. It introduces a number of scientific perspectives at play around 1900–1924 and shows how this plurality of intersecting perspectives made it possible to establish a modally robust phenomenon concerning the stability of some nuclides with special or ‘magic’ numbers, as they became known. The inference from data about abundances in meteorites, ores, rocks, silicate melts, and so forth, to the phenomenon of nuclear stability was perspectival in distinctive ways. It required a number of experimental, theoretical, and technological resources spread out across a number of scientific communities at the time. This plurality of scientific perspectives allowed reliable scientific knowledge claims about, for example, the percentages of particular elements in rocks, alloys in meteorites, and gases in the atmosphere. The methodological-epistemic principles that justified the reliability of the knowledge claims so advanced were themselves perspectival and ranged from principles of normative petrology to those of crystal structure, chemistry, and nuclear physics. The exploratory nature of the 1930s–1950s nuclear models is rooted in their historical evolution in response to new data (e.g. neutron-capture cross-sections, large quadrupole moments) becoming available and new phenomena (e.g. nuclear fission, nuclear prolate shape) being inferred from these data over time. The nuclear models enabled a variety of epistemic communities to make relevant and appropriate inferences to explore what is possible about the nucleus, its internal structure, isotopic stability, and so forth.
A tale from the development of language in children
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2022

This chapter presents a third case study, from developmental psychology and studies on dyslexia. It introduces four scientific perspectives on dyslexia: behavioural psychology, education studies, neurobiology, and developmental psychology. Then it delves into the role these play in understanding the complex behavioural phenomenon that I shall refer to as ‘difficulties with reading’. It contends that ‘difficulties with reading’ is a modally robust phenomenon that can be evinced via a number of data-to-phenomena inferences that are perspectival in two interesting ways: (1) the data in each case are sourced from experimental, theoretical, and technological resources available to distinct epistemic communities to reliably advance their knowledge claims; and (2) the methodological-epistemic principles at play to justify the reliability of the knowledge claims are also distinctive of different scientific perspectives. Section 4.c.3 briefly discusses the semantic nature of those inferences and the perspectival modelling that enables them: the so-called Developmental Contingency Modelling (DCM) for dyslexia developed by Uta Frith and John Morton. DCM enables a particular kind of inferential reasoning necessary to explore how learning to read and write might be affected by a number of contingent setbacks during the critical early years of development.
Inferential blueprints and windows on reality
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2022

This chapter unpacks the idea that perspectival modelling is modelling possibilities as presented in Chapter 4. How do perspectival models contribute to it? This chapter argues they do so by acting as ‘inferential blueprints’. It starts with an historical interlude on what blueprints are and clarifies the analogy with perspectival drawing in architecture. Perspectival models support a particular kind of inferential reasoning that takes the form of indicative conditionals. The antecedent of these conditionals invites us to imagine—or, better, physically conceive—a certain scenario. The consequent expresses the main claim of knowledge under the supposition of the physically conceived scenario in the antecedent. The notion of physical conceivability is introduced by latching onto the literature on the epistemology of modality. Perspectival models invite us to physically conceive particular scenarios as constrained by laws of nature. The chapter teases out a number of roles that laws of nature play in this context, draws a distinction between lawhood and lawlikeness (where the latter is key to perspectival realism) and responds to possible objections. Finally, the chapter returns to the inferential reasoning supported by perspectival models and highlights a division of modal labour between indicative conditionals and subjunctive conditionals with the former capturing epistemic conditionals with a covert epistemic modal (à la Kratzer) and the latter latching onto lawlike dependencies in phenomena.
Natural Kinds with a Human Face
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2022

This chapter lays the ground for and motivates a novel way of thinking about natural kinds that is elucidated in detail over the next three chapters. To do so, it delves into the details of a number of past and present scientific practices and examples with two main goals in mind. First, in Section 7.2, it identifies four main functions typically associated with natural kinds in the philosophical literature: (A) naturalism, (B) unanimity, (C) projectibility, and (D) nomological resilience. It briefly reviews some philosophical views about natural kinds, which have traditionally emphasized one or more of these four functions. The second goal is to highlight some examples from scientific practice that in various ways invite us to pause and think about what natural kinds really are for. In particular, it draws attention to what is here called engineered kinds (Section 7.3), evolving kinds (Section 7.4), empty kinds (Section 7.5), and in-the-making kinds (Section 7.6). The bulk of the chapter is dedicated to spelling out these varieties of kinds and urging for a perspectival realist stance on natural kinds that is malleable enough to accommodate them. It will be the task of the next three chapters to substantiate and elaborate the details of this stance on natural kinds, ‘Natural Kinds with a Human Face’ (NKHF). All the natural kinds we know and love are ultimately ‘evolving kinds’ that have survived and adapted across scientific perspectives over time.
The inferentialist view of natural kinds
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2022

This chapter begins to unpack the view of Natural Kinds with a Human Face (NKHF). Chapter 6 placed phenomena rather than properties centre-stage, while Chapter 7 gave the reasons for introducing a more liberal account of natural kinds that can shed light on engineered kinds, empty kinds, kinds in-the-making, and ultimately treat all bona fide natural kinds as evolving kinds. This chapter begins to lay out an inferentialist view of natural kinds that is akin to Neurath’s Boat in being anti-foundationalist and anti-essentialist. Section 8.2 clarifies the Neurathian spirit of the strategy and locates it in the wider context of the rise of inferentialism in philosophy of science, philosophy of physics and philosophy more generally. Section 8.3 discusses the naturalism inherent in this approach to natural kinds: historical naturalism. Section 8.4 illustrates it with an example from ethnobotany, which shed light on the ability of a plurality of situated epistemic communities to historically identify groupings of modally robust phenomena and to fine-grain or coarse-grain associated descriptions of natural kinds in a perspectivalist and thoroughgoingly anti-foundationalist way. Finally, Section 8.4 elucidates some of the details in this inferentialist story, namely how phenomena display (causal or non-causal) lawlike dependencies among relevant features, and how epistemic communities with their respective situated knowledges learn over time to rely on these lawlike dependencies in order to distinguish between in-the-making kinds that are in fact empty kinds and those that instead become evolving kinds.
Sorting phenomena into kinds
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2022

This chapter fills in the details of the broadly inferentialist view of kinds introduced in Chapter 8. Namely, what holds together open-ended groupings of historically identified phenomena? To answer this question, the anti-foundationalist Neurathian strategy has to steer a clear path between two main philosophical views: essentialism and conventionalism. Section 9.1 lays the ground for the Neurathian strategy. Section 9.2 articulates some of the reasons for doing away with ‘deep essentialism’ about natural kinds. Section 9.3 starts from historicist criticisms of scientific realism and elaborates the particular brand of contingentism about kinds that I advocate here. Section 9.4 spells out the positive proposal of sorting phenomena into kinds. It sees natural kinds as sortal concepts, taking loosely inspiration from the way in which Spinoza originally envisaged the notion of a ‘sortal’. It reviews some of the recent literature in experimental philosophy and developmental psychology to elucidate how natural kinds qua sortal concepts can help us make sense of a wealth of studies concerning children’s acquisition of natural kind concepts. Section 9.5 answers the question of what holds open-ended groupings of phenomena together.
Multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism in science
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2022

The final chapter broadens the discussion about perspectival realism by considering the underlying tension between the particular multicultural situatedness of scientific perspectives and their collective cosmopolitan ability to contribute to scientific knowledge. Section 11.2 clarifies the role of multiculturalism in science by introducing the notion of ‘interlacing’ scientific perspectives and offering some normative pointers for it. Section 11.3 teases out two ways of understanding the situatedness of scientific perspectives with a particular focus on historical lineages, and Section 11.4 illustrates this with an example from the early history of magnetism. Section 11.5 warns against two varieties of epistemic injustice affecting scientific narratives: epistemic severing and epistemic trademarking. It discusses ‘reinstatement remedies’ required for these injustices. The argument goes from the value of multiculturalism for science to a non-classist, non-elitist form of scientific cosmopolitanism for which a final plea is made in Section 11.6.
Somānanda’s Philosophical Interlocutors
Authors: Nemec John
Published: June 2022

This chapter situates the voices of 1960s young women pop singers in a broader landscape of representations of young, white femininity and the historiography of 1960s British pop, Swinging London, and British girlhood. Drawing primarily on music magazines and fashion and entertainment magazines produced for young women in the 1960s (including titles such as Boyfriend, Fabulous, Honey, Mirabelle, and Petticoat) it shows how music was construed as a key element of modern, youthful, white femininity and self-expression. The chapter connects stories told about girl pop singers and popular narratives about young women seeking independence and shows how these stories are ultimately about attaining access to voice.
Chapter Four of the Śivadṛ ṣ ṭ i and Śivadṛṣṭivṛtti
Authors: Nemec John
Published: June 2022

Sandie Shaw’s singing was inconsistent: often breathy, out of tune, and uncertain. Reception of her performances reveals that, to listeners and critics, these qualities made her seem like an ordinary girl navigating the path to adulthood. For Shaw, ordinariness was a selling point, a crucial part of her performing persona. This chapter examines what it meant for Sandie Shaw to sound “ordinary,” and how the sound of ordinariness was part of a performance of whiteness. The chapter opens with discussion of the sound of Shaw’s voice in the context of adolescent vocal change and the conflicting implications of emotional expression. This discussion then informs readings of a series of episodes in Shaw’s career: her early career appearance on the TV program Shindig!, her 1967 Eurovision performances and the controversy regarding her respectability that informed them, her 1968 TV program The Sandie Shaw Supplement, and, finally, her 1969 self-produced cover record Reviewing the Situation.
Chapter Four of the Śivadṛṣṭi and Śivadṛṣṭivṛtti
Authors: Nemec John
Published: June 2022

This chapter situates the voices of 1960s young women pop singers in a broader landscape of representations of young, white femininity and the historiography of 1960s British pop, Swinging London, and British girlhood. Drawing primarily on music magazines and fashion and entertainment magazines produced for young women in the 1960s (including titles such as Boyfriend, Fabulous, Honey, Mirabelle, and Petticoat) it shows how music was construed as a key element of modern, youthful, white femininity and self-expression. The chapter connects stories told about girl pop singers and popular narratives about young women seeking independence and shows how these stories are ultimately about attaining access to voice. These narratives about young women’s voices shaped music industry attitudes toward young women as consumers and producers of music, in turn shaping the kinds of musical opportunities that were available to girl and young woman singers.
Quantum International Relations
Authors: Derian James Der , Wendt Alexander
Published: June 2022

Undertaking a collaborative inquiry into a convergence of quantum theory, science, and technology, the chapter makes the case for a new human science for International Relations (IR). As new scientific discoveries and technological applications suggest large-scale quantum phenomena, near-simultaneous interconnectivity creates global entanglements, and ubiquitous media produce profound observer effects of uncertainty, IR theory needs to “quantize” if it is to retain relevancy in the twenty-first century. The central concepts of quantum mechanics that inform a quantized IR are introduced, and the heuristic advantages of quantum over traditional approaches are presented.
Quantum Technology Hype and National Security
Authors: Smith III Frank L.
Published: June 2022

Technology hype is an important concept in business, marketing, and science and technology studies. But it is rarely related to security studies. What is technology hype, and how does it relate to national security? This chapter examines rational and performative perspectives on hype. Adopting the latter view, the chapter compares and contrasts hype cycles with threat inflation and securitization theory. It then sketches the author’s theory of technology hype as common in national security with variable acceptance, familiar content, and significant consequences. A case study on quantum technologies provides proof of concept. The chapter finds ample evidence of hype over quantum computers, communications, and sensors; audience acceptance in the national security community varies with familiarity; and consequential decisions appear to follow. While cyclical expectations suggest caution when citing quantum technologies in support of quantum approaches to International Relations, a middle-range theory about technology hype provides useful insight into security practice.
On Quantum Social Theory and Critical International Relations
Authors: Murphy Michael P. A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter discusses how so-called critical approaches to International Relations (IR) theory can engage with quantum social theory (as well as existing approaches to quantum IR). Because many descriptions of critical IR exist, the chapter begins with a practice-based definition of the theoretical tradition before outlining three strategies for bringing together quantum and critical approaches. The first approach, quantizing as critique, describes frameworks that critique existing approaches by applying a quantum framework. The second approach, quantizing critique, specifically applies a quantum framework to strengthen existing approaches to critical IR. The third approach, quantized critique, develops new critical frameworks based on quantum social theory. The conclusion discusses the importance of pluralism in quantum IR.
Quantum and Systems Theory in World Society
Authors: Albert Mathias , Bathon Felix M.
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores substantive overlaps between quantum and systems theory. It is based on the observation that while quantum theory is “nonclassical” in its entire worldview, there is a danger that when it comes to the social world it is simply laid on a worldview of that world, which remains at its core “classical.” This situation calls for engaging quantum with existing nonclassical social theories. Resemblances between quantum and systems theory are obviously given through similarities around the concepts of observation and meaning, whose status and function in both bodies of theory are explored. The chapter then probes the degree to which obvious analogies in fact could be read as overlaps and similarities that could be put to complementary analytical use: in a sense, it argues that systems theory “does” quantum theory, and vice versa. The chapter concludes with some vistas of this discussion for the field of International Relations.
To “See” Is to Break an Entanglement
Authors: Fierke K. M. , Mackay Nicola
Published: June 2022

This chapter seeks to explore the quantum notion that to “see” an entanglement is to break it in the context of an “experiment” regarding the ongoing impact of traumatic political memory on the present. The analysis is a product of collaboration over the past four years between the two authors, one a scholar of International Relations, the other a therapeutic practitioner with training in medical physics. The chapter’s focus is the conceptual claim that “seeing” breaks an entanglement rather than the experiment itself. The first section explores a broad contrast between classical and quantum measurement, asking what this might mean at the macroscopic level. The second section categorizes Wendt’s claim about language as a form of expressive measurement and explores the relationship to discourse analysis. The third section explores the broad contours of the experiment and the role of a somewhat different form of nonlinear expressive measurement. The final section elaborates on the relationship between redemptive measurement and breaking an entanglement, which involves a form of “seeing” that witnesses to unacknowledged past trauma.
The Moral Failure of the Quest for Certainty
Authors: Zanotti Laura
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the relevance of ontological assumptions for justifications of agency and ethics. It critiques Kantian ethics’ reliance on the substantialist ontological imaginary of Newtonian physics. Through critiquing the substantialist, anthropocentric, and colonial implications of that ontology, the chapter argues that Kantian criteria are not only insufficient to make good choices but also conducive making to wrong ones. For instance, they elicit self-appeasement in international interventions. The chapter proposes that an ontology of entanglements opens possibilities to overcome the shortcomings of an ethos based upon abstractions and possibly for correcting its moral failures. A quantum ontological imaginary validates ethical choices through contextual evaluation and an interrogation of the apparatuses selected. Specific practices, rather than an abstract humanity, are the referents for devising such ethos.
What Should We Do?
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: June 2022

Active and responsible citizens form or join and sustain functional groups in which they ask the fundamental civic question: What should we do? In these groups, they characteristically face problems of collective action (such as free-riding), of discourse (e.g., propaganda and ideology), and of exclusion. Elinor Ostrom and the Bloomington School of political economy demonstrate that collective-action problems can be solved and suggest “design principles” that increase the odds of success. Jürgen Habermas argues that people can deliberate; experiments with deliberative democracy offer insights about what makes these conversations go well. Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. offer models of nonviolent social movements that indicate how to address problems of exclusion. Good civic action requires insights from these three traditions of theory and practice. This book concludes with a synthesis of the three traditions that also addresses the challenge of scale: how to preserve intentional, ethical, collective action when millions or billions of people are involved. The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955–1956 and the current Black Lives Matter movement provide detailed examples. This book also proposes an alternative approach to political theory that focuses on individuals in voluntary groups rather than governments or whole societies.
Three Traditions in Search of Solutions
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: June 2022

Effective civic action requires learning from iterative traditions of theory and practice. The Bloomington School of political economy, the second generation of the Frankfurt School, and nonviolent social movements offer particularly relevant insights. These three theory/practice traditions are alternatives to positivist social science, to policy research, and to both ideal and nonideal political philosophy. All three focus on means rather than ends, arguing that it is more important to decide how to act together well than to define the objective or end-state precisely. The thought of John Dewey and Hannah Arendt and the concept of phronesis (or phronetic social science) are also helpful but do not offer as much depth.
Nonviolent Social Movements and the Citizen as Bearer of Soul Force
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: June 2022

Social movements are defined as polycentric campaigns that use direct actions (e.g., boycotts, strikes, or occupations) to compel responses from target authorities. They typically impose limits on themselves, and one such limitation is nonviolence. Mohandas K. Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. argue in overlapping ways for nonviolent social movements that demand sacrifice from their participants. Nonviolence offers both ethical and pragmatic advantages. It also produces characteristic challenges: many people must take costly actions simultaneously; the sacrifices demanded of participants may be unreasonable; and movements may choose the wrong objectives. Healthy social movements combine scale, pluralism, unity, and depth (SPUD).
Synthesis
Authors: Levine Peter
Published: June 2022

An adequate theory of civic life must combine insights about collective action, deliberation, and confronting exclusion. Many actual groups, including some firms and religious bodies, address these issues reasonably well. Common-pool resource regimes, deliberative assemblies, and social movements present particularly clear examples of success. Any group deserves loyalty to the extent that it is cooperative and deliberative and relates ethically to outsiders, although these virtues may be in tension. This conclusion is compatible with John Dewey’s understanding of the “democratic idea in its generic social sense.”
Live Music in America
Authors: Waksman Steve
Published: June 2022

When the Swedish concert singer Jenny Lind toured the US in 1850, she became the prototype for the modern pop star. Meanwhile, her manager, P.T. Barnum, became the prototype for another figure of enduring significance: the pop culture impresario. Starting with Lind’s fabled US tour, Live Music in America surveys the ongoing impact and the changing conditions of live music performance in the US into the twenty-first century. It covers a range of historic performances, from the Fisk Jubilee Singers expanding the sphere of African American music in the 1870s, to Benny Goodman bringing swing to Carnegie Hall in 1938, to 1952’s Moondog Coronation Ball in Cleveland—arguably the first rock ‘n’ roll concert—to Beyoncé’s boundary-shattering performance at the 2018 Coachella festival. More than that, it details the roles played by performers, audiences, media commentators, and a variety of live music producers (promoters, agents, sound and stage technicians) in shaping what live music means and how it has evolved. Live Music in America connects what occurs behind the scenes to what takes place on the stage to highlight the ways in which live music is something that is very deliberately produced and does not just spontaneously materialize. Along the way, previously unstudied archival materials shed new light on the origins of jazz, the emergence of rock ‘n’ roll, and the rise of the modern music festival.
Remaking Liveness
Authors: Waksman Steve
Published: June 2022

Jazz, in the years of its emergence, assumed meaning in large part through the places where it was played. The cabaret was an especially noteworthy type of place, a small-scale public setting where music and other sorts of theatrical attractions were offered alongside fine dining, consumption of alcohol, dancing, and a kind of sociability between men and women (or men and men, or women and women) that was sexualized to a greater or lesser degree. The cabaret was, in effect, the prototype for the nightclub and ultimately for the jazz club, the performance setting most identified with jazz as a genre throughout its history. Yet that evolution from cabaret to jazz club happened only gradually, from the 1910s to the 1930s; and only constitutes one element in the larger story of how jazz performance entered American life in the first decades of the twentieth century. Jazz inhabited a diverse array of spaces during these years, from public parks to dance halls to low dives to vaudeville theaters, in each of which the musicians adapted the music to fit the contours of the performance situation and to meet the expectations of the audiences who listened and the people that hired them. This chapter explores some of the variety of venues and practices through which jazz assumed public prominence from the 1900s to the 1920s, seeking to understand throughout the kinds of larger changes that the music brought to the performance and presentation of live music in the US in these years.
The Perfect Package
Authors: Waksman Steve
Published: June 2022

Rock ‘n’ roll concerts, like the jazz concerts of an earlier era, played a vital role throughout the 1950s in defining the genre. Radio DJ Alan Freed’s concert promotion activities were especially significant in this light. There was arguably no other place in American culture where the phrase “rock ‘n’ roll”—which he began applying to his concerts in 1955—appeared with such visibility and such consistency; and the artists who played on the package bills assembled by Freed served as an index for the emergent genre, marking its changes and continuities as it evolved. The concerts promoted by Freed and others such as Irvin Feld, Tommy Smalls, and Georgie Woods, also made a significant contribution to the racial integration of musical entertainment. Black and white artists nearly always appeared alongside one another in the package shows assembled by Freed and his peers; just as crucially, audiences were also often integrated to greater or lesser degrees, which posed a challenge to the segregationist practices that remained in place in many parts of the US. Rock ‘n’ roll concerts did not sweep away the barriers to racial integration, but instead became one of the primary sites in the culture of the 1950s where the boundaries drawn around race in the public sphere were contested and revised.
The Politics of Scale
Authors: Waksman Steve
Published: June 2022

The economy that grew around arena and stadium concerts sought to impose a level of predictability upon the staging of large-attendance music events that was lacking in the festival economy as it existed in the early 1970s. Arena rock was the cornerstone of a move to industrialize the production of live music that was unprecedented in its scope. This chapter seeks to understand how arena and stadium concerts worked, how such events were produced and how they exemplify a crucially important stage in the evolution of live music in the US. The sheer dollar amounts at stake in arena concerts of this era far surpassed anything that been generated before, one result of which was a particular set of entangling relationships within which promoters, artists, managers, agents, and other figures all negotiated to gain what they believed to be their fair share. If money was at the root of a charged mode of competitive enterprise, it also underpinned peculiar efforts to give the “people”—that is, the audience—a performance that somehow matched the value of a ticket price. Thus, the imperative to put on a “show” intensified throughout the 1970s and forward, which manifested in a whole other set of complex relationships between sound engineers, stage designers, and others who worked in collaboration with the artists to make concerts that were visually and sonically compelling but could also be transported and re-created at every stop along the way.
Staging Hip-Hop
Authors: Waksman Steve
Published: June 2022

Hip-hop histories rarely give concert performances or tours more than passing attention. More so than other twentieth-century genres, hip-hop has been considered a medium in which the record is the thing above all. This chapter seeks to tell the history of hip-hop as a live medium, guided by the understanding that the genre has much to say about the larger state of American live music in the last decades of the twentieth century and the early years of the twenty-first. In strictly commercial terms, the success of hip-hop on the record charts has never fully been matched by its success as a concert medium. The very difficulties that hip-hop faced in becoming established as a broad-based concert medium reveal the degree to which the upper ranks of the live music industry remained uniquely exclusionary regarding black music artists. Despite the anxieties that surrounded live hip-hop in large venues, something like “arena rap” did become an established reality by the mid-1980s. Meanwhile, starting in the early 1990s with the Lollapalooza tours, hip-hop figured significantly in the rejuvenation of the American music festival that gained further momentum with the founding of the Coachella and Bonnaroo festivals in 1999 and 2002, respectively. If anything, the festival scene even more than the arena concert realm exemplified the paradoxes of live hip-hop into the twenty-first century: at once central and peripheral, the presence of hip-hop was considered integral to the staging of a successful event but dedicated hip-hop festivals could hardly be found.