bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Does One Do Narrative Ethics?
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

In the anecdote at the beginning of the previous chapter, Dr. B. appeared to reason directly from narratives in dealing with the moral dilemma he faced. Skeptics have noted that one could go back after the fact and show that the conclusion was in accord with certain principles, but that move gives rise to two questions. First, if the actual work of coming to the moral conclusion was done through an appeal to the story rather than to principles, how plausible is it to say that the accord with the principle is what demonstrates the correct­ ness of the conclusion? Second, even if accord with principle is one reason to view the conclusion as correct, a thorough mining of the details of the story may well show that there are other compelling reasons that are not well accounted for by the bare-bones view that the principle engenders.
The Oral Heritage of Written Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert
Published: November 2023

No one knows how long man has had speech. Language is prob ably even older than man himself, having been invented by some “missing link,” a creature in the phylogenetic chain somewhere between man and the gibbon. It may have been as many as a million years ago that man first repeated an utterance which had given pleasure to himself or to someone else and thereby invented literature. In a sense, that was the beginning of Western narrative art. But we shall avoid tracing our subject to its origins. None of the assumptions that one is trained to bring to the study of narrative since Homer would be relevant to the appreciation of primitive literature. Even if the language should be intelligible, the works themselves, often concerned with the doings of only vaguely anthropomorphic creatures, produce baffiement or dis gust in the untrained audience. Inevitably the critic’ seeks to impuse such familiar categories as myth, legend, and folktale on a body of texts which defies classification in such terms.
Four Ways of “Biologicizing” Ethics ( 1993)
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

In 1975, E. O. Wilson invited his readers to consider “the possibility that the time has come for ethics to be removed temporarily from the hands of the philosophers and biologicized.” There should be no doubting Wilson’s seriousness of purpose. His writings from 1975 to the present demonstrate his conviction that nonscientific, humanistic approaches to moral questions are indecisive and uninformed, that these questions are too important for scholars to neglect, and that biology, particularly the branches of evolutionary theory and neuroscience that Wilson hopes to bring under a sociobiological umbrella, can provide much-needed guidance. Nevertheless, I believe that Wilson’s discussions of ethics, those that he has ventured alone and those undertaken in collaboration first with the mathematical physicist Charles Lumsden and later with the philosopher Michael Ruse, are deeply confused through failure to distinguish a number of quite different projects. My aim in this chapter is to separate those projects, showing how Wilson and his co-workers slide from uncontroversial truisms to provocative falsehoods.
Virtue and the Skills of Ordinary Life
Authors: Homiak Marcia
Published: November 2023

Surely one reason that Plato’s Republic endures as a central text in undergraduate philosophy classes is that it asks and answers questions that remain critical for us today. Like Plato and his students, we and our students want to know why it’s better to be just than to be unjust. Why, asks the Republic’s Glaucon at 365b–c, are n’t most people right to think it’s better merely to appear to be just and virtuous? Perhaps justice is for fools and simpletons, as Thrasymachus suggests at Re-public 343c–e.
Self-Constitution in the Ethics of Plato and Kant
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M
Published: November 2023

Nothing is more usual in philosophy, and even in common life, than to talk of the combat of passion and reason, to give the preference to reason, and to assert that men are only so far virtuous as they conform themselves to its dictates. Every rational creature, ‘tis said, is oblig’d to regulate his actions by reason; and if any other motive or principle challenge the direction of his conduct, he ought to oppose it, ‘till it be entirely sub du’d, or at least brought to a conformity with that superior principle.
The poisoned weed
Authors: Crosby Donald G
Published: November 2023

Over-two thirds of the U.S. population is allergic to poison oak, poison ivy, or a related plant. These and many other common plants in our homes, fields, and gardens are irritants that cause misery to many. But surprisingly, there has never been a general guide to help raise awareness of them--and to help avoid them. This new book reviews the history, occurrence, classification, toxicity, and health aspects of all the major allergenic and irritant species.
Other Plant Allergens
Authors: Crosby Donald G
Published: November 2023

Certainly not all plant allergens are urushioids—far from it. Many other structural types are represented, including quinones, lactones, acetylenes, terpene alcohols, aldehydes, and esters (table 6.1). However, like urushiol, they all serve as haptens and, to an extent, react with skin proteins to form allergens. Many kinds of plant constituents cause ACD in humans (Mitchell and Rook, 1979), and a review of their structures (figs. 6.1 and 6.2) reveals that, improbable as it may seem, they all appear capable of Michael additions. The significance of this will be discussed in section 9.8.
Landscape Architecture for the Third Millennium
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L
Published: November 2023

The pocket mice did it.

Pocket mice are wild rodents of North American deserts and semi-arid landscapes. Seeds form a very important part of their diets. These mice look for seeds on the desert floor and then cram their winnings into furlined pockets inside their cheeks. Their name comes from these pockets. After accumulating a good-sized stash, they return home to their burrows and deposit the seeds into a storage chamber. Some also dig special pits all over the desert floor for storing the seeds.
The Brain as a Renewable Resource
Authors: Black Ira B
Published: November 2023

Ms. Leah Sokoloff, a warm, energetic, soft-spoken woman, immediately instilled a sense of relief in Sally. Enoch seemed interested enough, without reacting effusively or indifferently. Leah sat on thtc love seat, opposite Sally and Enoch, across the coffee table, opened a worn spiral notebook and started an easy conversation about her trip crosstown, the approaching summer, and their attractively decorated home. The conversation gradually shifted to Enoch’s interests, activities, and plans for the summer.
Epilogue: Enoch’s Endgame
Authors: Black Ira B
Published: November 2023

Enoch entered Broome Senior Care Home on a cloudy, humid July third, an ironic preamble to Independence Day. Sally couldn’t decide whether the transition signaled a new phase of independence for her, for Enoch or for both. The last six months had been a disorienting, downward nightmare.
Airway and Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Maintenance of a patent, unobstructed airway and normal gas exchange are two priorities and although each depends on the other, they are separate concerns. The tongue significantly contributes to airway obstruction when the oropharyngeal muscles lose their tone in impaired consciousness. Besides respiratory drive, ventilation depends on normal mechanics of the rib cage and includes a coordinated effort by respiratory muscles. Interruption of the neuronal control of breathing can occur at any level, inhibiting in-put to the medullary central pattern generator. Abnormal respiratory muscle function is most frequently seen in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and myasthenia gravis. Mechanical support is required, but respiratory function is completely reversible after therapeutic intervention.
Volume Status and Blood Pressure
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Intravascular volume and pressure reflect hemodynamic status and are tightly correlated. Intensive care allows physiologic monitoring of these parameters—most on a continuous basis. Changes in volume and pressure must be interpreted in light of the underlying neurologic disorder. Hypovolemia is a potential clinical concern in virtually all patients with acute central nervous system injury. The paradigm of current fluid management—that is, aggressive fluid intake with crystalloids or colloids—has taken shape.
Nutrition
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Nutritional support in the NICU has distinctive characteristics. Daily care is focused on countering the effects of hypermetabolism and acute gastroparesis and to keep off complications associated with enteral nutrition.40,44,46 Early feeding of the gut to guarantee adequate nutrition may seem fundamental in patients with any type of acute neurologic illness, but there is a dilemma. To be more precise, feeding prevents gastrointestinal mucosal atrophy, whereas a lag in nutritional support may create a situation in which patients become too weak to effectively cough up secretions, and they may not maximally fend off looming bacterial infections.
Anticoagulation and Thrombolytic Therapy
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Two major issues can be emphasized in summarizing the use of anticoagulation and, more recently, thrombolytic agents in the clinical practice of critical care neurology. First, anticoagulants for patients with acute neurologic illness can be divided into prevention of deep venous thrombosis (and its obviously more relevant potential complication of pulmonary embolization) and prevention of further clot formation or propagation in acute embolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery. Appropriate use of anticoagulants is of importance in only a few acute neurologic conditions.
Monitoring Devices
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Patients in NICUs are monitored differently from those in other medical or surgical intensive care units. The emphasis should remain on the clinical neurologic examination and knowledge of the causes of clinical deterioration in any acute central nervous system injury. Monitoring of critically ill neurologic patients requires correct interpretation of changes in brain stem reflexes and motor responses to pain and awareness of the early signs of brain herniation. Any of these changes may have immediate clinical relevance.
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis remains a potentially devastating neurologic disorder prone to fatal outcome. Not only is meningitis at times difficult to control, but, in some patients, pathogens (Neisseria meningitidis) continue to pose a threat to close contacts. Overall survival has improved, but major risks for persistent neurologic sequelae remain, predominantly from complications or late recognition and delayed initiation of antibiotic therapy.20,28Some introductory remarks on epidemiology are appropriate. Acute bacterial meningitis can be community-acquired or nosocomial, and the circumstances are different (Table 19–1). Many patients have otogenic meningitis or had surgery for cholesteatoma causing chronic otitis.
Pulmonary Complications
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Acute pulmonary disease is a complicating factor in acutely ill neurologic patients, whereas in other medical intensive care units, exacerbation of long-standing pulmonary disease is often the primary reason for admission. Acute respiratory distress in the NICU can be due to aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary emboli, and nosocomial pneumonia. In fact, outcome from critical neurologic illness may be determined in many patients by whether or not pulmonary complications arise. Better outcomes can be expected with closer attention to prevention, recognition, and management of potentially fatal pulmonary com-plications.
Ethical and Legal Matters
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

We can assume, ipso facto, that the neurointensivist or any attending neurologist will be confronted with ethical quandaries and legal challenges. Decisions that are ethically strained commonly involve the futility of care. Because of the profoundly altered consciousness of the patient—more often so than in other intensive care units—resigned acceptance of a devastating neurologic condition is transferred to the family. However, the patient, if consciously involved in decisions, may hold different views. Any of these judgments should give full weight to a person’s right to live.
Introduction: Why I Wrote This Book
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

There are many recent introductory books on the philosophy of mind. Several give a more or less comprehensive survey of the main positions and arguments currently in the field. Some, indeed, are written with great clarity, rigor, intelligence, and scholarship. What then is my excuse for adding another book to this glut? Well, of course, any philosopher who has worked hard on a subject is unlikely to be completely satisfied with somebody else’s writings on that same subject, and I suppose that I am a typical philosopher in this respect. But in addition to the usual desire for wanting to state my disagreements, there is an overriding reason for my wanting to write a general introduction to the philosophy of mind. Almost all of the works that I have read accept the same set of historically inherited categories for describing mental phenomena, especially consciousness, and with these categories a certain set of assumptions about how consciousness and other mental phenomena relate to each other and to the rest of the world. It is this set of categories, and the assumptions that the categories carry like heavy baggage, that is completely unchallenged and that keeps the discussion going. The different positions then are all taken within a set of mistaken assumptions. The result is that the philosophy of mind is unique among contemporary philosophical subjects, in that all of the most famous and influential theories are false. By such theories I mean just about anything that has “ism” in its name. I am thinking of dualism, both property dualism and substance dualism, materialism, physicalism, computationalism, functionalism, behaviorism, epiphenomenalism, cognitivism, eliminativism, pan psychism, dual-aspect theory, and emergentism, as it is standardly conceived. To make the whole subject even more poignant, many of these theories, especially dualism and materialism, are trying to say something true. One of my many aims is to try to rescue the truth from the overwhelming urge to falsehood. I have attempted some of this task in other works, especially The Rediscovery of the Mind,1 but this is my only attempt at a comprehensive introduction to the entire subject of the philosophy of mind.
The Turn to Materialism
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

We now skip forward in time to the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Because of the failures of Cartesian-style dualism, especially the failure to get an adequate or even coherent account of the relationship between the mind and the body, it is widely assumed that substance dualism in any form is out of the question. This is not to say that no serious professionals are substance dualists. But in my experience most substance dualists I know are people who hold this view for some religious reasons, or as part of a religious faith. It is a consequence of substance dualism that when our body is destroyed our soul can continue to survive; and this makes the view appealing to adherents of religions that believe in an afterlife. But among most of the professionals in the field, substance dualism is not regarded as a serious possibility. A prominent exception is the defense of dualism offered by Karl Popper and J. C. Eccles. They claim that there are two quite distinct worlds, World 1 of physical objects and states and World 2 of states of consciousness. Each is a separate and distinct world that interacts with the other. Actually they go Descartes one better and also postulate World 3, a world of “culture in all its manifestations.”
Green Solvents for Chemistry
Authors: Nelson William M
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to introduce the use of green solvents throughout chemistry and to provide a comprehensive reference for solvents currently applicable in green chemistry. The first section covers solvents in chemical perspective, and the second section is a guide to green solvents. Overall, this volume defines characteristics of green solvents and their current usage, and explores their importance ecologically and economically. It includes a full range of commercial, industrial, and academic green solvents, and discusses solvents in specific commercial and non-commercial practices. Green Solvents for Chemistry differs from other works on solvents in that only solvents for green chemistry are included along with their chemical properties and toxicological issues.
Correcting the Political: Interpretation as Mind Control
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

As Justice Brennan's arguments in Paris Adult Theatre and Texas v.Johnson reveal, it is intensely uncomfortable to recognize the extent to which we have a common interest in the attitudes, beliefs, and character traits of our fellow citizens. But this interest is a fact, and it is as unavoidable as it is dangerous. Many, like Brennan, who deny that it matters much whether society is permeated with pornographic materials believe that it is crucial for our culture to be suffused with courage and tolerance. Others, often on university campuses, deny the importance of a shared core of affection and respect for our country but propose “hate codes” and various forms of “sensitivity training” to assure that we all possess enlightened views about race, gender, disability, or sexual preference. To admit as a general principle that we do have a significant stake in the moral character of the community opens each of us to the possibility of domination by groups whose values and objectives we distrust. However, in pursuing our own moral visions, we necessarily attempt to inflict on others the very types of controls that we tend to think would be illegitimate if inflicted by others on us.
Aristotle on Fatalism
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

The Irish writer Lord Dunsany was fond of chess. He devised chess problems that convey insight without presupposing anything more than competence at the game. In my favorite problem, White is to play and checkmate in four moves (fig. 9.1). Since Black has all his pawns, he looks far more powerful than White. But something is awry; the black queen is not on a black square as required for the start of a legal chess game. The black king and queen must have moved. That means some of the pawns must have moved. Since pawns can only move forward, the black pawns must have reached their present positions by advancing to the seventh rank. So the only black pieces that can move are the knights. Black has far less liberty than it seems! The white knight can checkmate by first jumping in front of the king, then in front of the queen and finally to either side of the black king for checkmate. Black can only delay the inevitable by one move: he can move his knight to the bishop file.
Sextus Empiricus and the Infinite Regress of Justification
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

We know almost nothing—about Sextus Empiricus. We do not know when this codifier of Greek skepticism was born or when he died. We do not know where he was born or taught or even if he was Greek rather than a barbarian. He appears to have been a physician and the head of some school of philosophy. Most scholars place him in the second century. But they are guessing.
Buridan’s Sophisms
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

Jean Buridan (1295-1356) practiced what William of Ockham preached. He abstained from theology and concentrated on semantics, optics, and mechanics. In the case of insolubles, his secular focus on details led to an understanding of the “paradoxes of self-reference” that was only matched in the twentieth century. Buridan’s career follows the pattern encouraged by Ockham. He enrolled in the University of Paris, which was then the most prestigious school in Europe. He was later hired as an instructor and rose through the ranks. Buridan did not pursue the usual master of arts degree and so was not licensed to teach theology. He was a “secular cleric,” a priest who did not affiliate with an order. Consequently, his work was not promoted in the way Dominicans perpetuate Thomas Aquinas and Franciscans advance Duns Scotus. Buridan’s fame and influence came from research and administrative service. Buridan served as university rector in 1328 and again in 1340.
Wittgenstein and the Depth of a Grammatical Joke
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

The problems arising through a misinterpretation of our forms of language have the character of depth. They are deep disquietudes; their roots are as deep in us as the forms of our language and their significance is as great as the importance of our language.—Let us ask ourselves: why do we feel a grammatical joke to be deep? (And that is what the depth of philosophy is.) (Wittgenstein 1958, 111) The logician and mathematician, Reverend Charles Dodgson, better known by his pseudonym, Lewis Carroll, is famous for his linguistic humor. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, the Duck inquires in vain for the referent of “it” in the Mouse’s lecture: “Stigand, the patriotic archbishop of Canter-bury, found it advisable . . . to go with Edgar Atheling. . . . “ The Duck assumes the “it” should be something particular such as a frog or a worm.
Consciousness in Psychology
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R
Published: November 2023

There can be no doubt, to my mind, that Watson is right when he argues that there is no place in contemporary scientific psychology for concepts that cannot readily be integrated into the fabric of scientific thinking as a whole (see Notes­ Eds).

Where I do not agree with him is in supposing that there is any necessary incompatibility between the assumption that behavior is in part causally determined by conscious processes and the assumption “that there are no causal processes antecedent to behaviour which could not be described within the range of the concepts of physiology, chemistry, engineering and so on.” I have argued elsewhere (Place, 1956) that the view that consciousness, in the sense in which we are using it for the purposes of this symposium, is a process in the brain is a reasonable scientific hypothesis, which cannot be dismissed on logical grounds alone. It is not clear whether Watson thinks there is some logical contradiction in supposing consciousness to be a process in the brain. But if he does, the only argument he gives that can conceivably be construed as supporting this conclusion is the argument in which he maintains that consciousness is an intervening process quite different from those postulated by psychologists, because its occurrence is directly ascertained.
Thirty Years On­ Is Consciousness Still a Brain Process1
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R
Published: November 2023

Thirty years ago a paper of mine titled “Is consciousness a brain process?” was published in the British Journal of Psychology (Place, 1956). This paper together with Herbert Feigl’s paper “The ‘Mental’ and the ‘Physical,’” which appeared in volume 2 of the Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Feigl, 1958), and Jack Smart’s paper “Sensations and Brain Processes,” which appeared in Philosophical Review (Smart, 1959), are generally held to be the three primary sources in recent philosophical literature for the materialist or identity view of the mind-brain relationship. There is therefore some justice in the claim that these three, and my own in particular as the first to be published, may be regarded as ancestral to the materialism that has become a widely accepted establishment view in contemporary philosophy, particularly in the United States. These days whenever the broadcasting media in the United Kingdom do a feature on the mind-body problem, it is a virtual certainty that it will be a philosopher, such as Dan Dennett or John Searle, who presents the materialist position. The only thoroughgoing dualist they seem to be able to find is the brain physiologist Sir John Eccles, with the psychologist, if there is one, sitting as usual on the fence. Truly a remarkable transformation from the situation that existed thirty years ago, when every philosopher you met was quite convinced that whatever answer to the mind-body problem, if there is one, is true, materialism must be false.
Linguistic Behaviorism as a Philosophy of Empirical Science
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R
Published: November 2023

B. F. Skinner (1969; 1974) used to maintain that his radical behaviorism is a philosophy of science. It is a philosophy of science, however, that is restricted in its application to the science of psychology conceived as the empirical and experimental study of the behavior of living organisms. I shall argue in this chapter that what I call “linguistic behaviorism” is a philosophy of science that has application to every empirical science from physics to sociology.
Erich Wolfgang Korngold: A Meditation
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

On a gray Vienna morning in 1954, Erich Wolfgang Korngold sits in a hotel room, trying to figure out what went wrong. He is fiftyseven—too old to be a Wunderkind, as he said when he left Warner Brothers. Twenty-five years ago a newspaper survey of Viennese music lovers named him one of the two greatest living Austrian composers, along with Arnold Schoenberg. Last night he attended the world premiere of his Symphony in F-sharp. He had worked on it for five years, and to hear its first performance here, in the city that had nurtured and adored him, should have been the crowning moment of his career. Now he is writing to the Austrian Radio network, requesting that the tape recording of the performance be suppressed—a request that will be ignored. He had expected better and had thought he had a right to. But five years ago, when he had returned to Vienna for the first time since before the war, he had been through the same thing. The Staatsoper premiere of his opera Die Kathrin had filled him with high hopes, but Die Kathrin was withdrawn after only six performances, performances as poorly attended as the rehearsals were unfriendly. “Unfriendly” was a gentleman’s word, and he was a gentleman in everything but his music, which was the work of a man whose honesty would allow him to say nothing but what he believed, for better or worse. He had learned his manners, along with his art, in another era. Maybe that was part of the problem.
Tchaikovsky’s Mozart (and Others’)
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

Driving on Route 101 south of San Francisco, I picked up on my car radio something by Mozart that I could not at first identify. Before long, a couple of strange bass notes made me suspicious, and then I realized I was making a mistake that I had made before: this was not Mozart at all, but the Mozartian pastiche in the masquerade scene of Tchaikovsky’s The Queen of Spades. I thought how delighted Tchaikovsky would have been at taking someone in at his own ballo in maschera, so to speak, and I tried to imagine the joy he must have had writing this substantial patch of “eighteenthcentury music.”
Isaac Stern—On Music and Life
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

In 1987 Isaac Stern played the Brahms Violin Concerto with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, conducted by that orchestra’s then favorite guest conductor, Kurt Sanderling. The opportunity to visit both these musicians was too good to miss, and wanting to ask Stern some questions about his early years in San Francisco, I called on him at the Beverly Hills house of his friend Richard Colburn, a generous patron of the arts with whom he was staying. I had hit, it turned out, on a topic especially dear to him. So here, from that sunny morning, is a bit of Stern on Stern.
Introduction
Authors: Slobodkin Lawrence B
Published: November 2023

Ecology studies interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment in nature and is also concerned with the effects that organisms have on the inanimate environment. It is concerned with not only what kind of air a species must have but also what effect that species has on the air. This book is not an elementary ecology textbook. A textbook would be longer and more didactic. Ideally it would present a survey of what is being done by the 7,600 members of the American Ecological Society and their students and collaborators, and it would prepare students for more advanced, specialized books covering one or more of the sixteen subdivisions of the science of ecology that are listed by the society.
The Big Picture
Authors: Slobodkin Lawrence B
Published: November 2023

Before we look at any specific ecological systems it will help to understand two fundamental facts that are basic for under standing everything else. These are:• Water is enormously important for all life and is an extremely peculiar compound.• Organisms are local accumulations of energy. Energy is cru cially important for all organisms.Life could never have begun if water were not so peculiar. The peculiar properties of water have been seen as a demonstration of divine providence or as an extremely fortunate accident without which life would be impossible.1 Water and mercury are the only common inorganic materials that are liquid at the earth’s surface temperature. Some compounds, such as alcohol, gasoline, ether, and toluene, are also liquid at the earth’s temperature, but these are all organic. They are ultimately products of organisms.*
Two Major Current Problems: Global Warming and Endangered Species
Authors: Slobodkin Lawrence B
Published: November 2023

We have considered great global aspects of ecology, such as life in the oceans, and small aspects, such as how individual organ isms survive and maintain themselves. We also have seen how populations grow and species are defined, why they are important, and how individual organisms, populations, and species may interact. I have assumed that most ecological change is dangerous or at least inconvenient and unaesthetic. None of this is controversial. Human history, until recently, simply rolled on without seriously worrying about ecological changes. Humans are now numerous enough, and each of us is making sufficiently heavy demands on our environment, that we are, in the aggregate, a global force. We will make serious, permanent, and probably deleterious changes to the world even if we are extremely careful.
Writing Alone and with Others
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

For more than a quarter of a century, Pat Schneider has helped writers find and liberate their true voices. She has taught all kinds--the award winning, the struggling, and those who have been silenced by poverty and hardship. Her innovative methods have worked in classrooms from elementary to graduate level, in jail cells and public housing projects, in convents and seminaries, in youth at-risk programs, and with groups of the terminally ill. Now, in Writing Alone and with Others, Schneider’s acclaimed methods are available in a single, well-organized, and highly readable volume. The first part of the book guides the reader through the perils of the solitary writing life: fear, writer’s block, and the bad habits of the internal critic. In the second section, Schneider describes the Amherst Writers and Artists workshop method, widely used across the U.S. and abroad. Chapters on fiction and poetry address matters of technique and point to further resources, while more than a hundred writing exercises offer specific ways to jumpstart the blocked and stretch the rut-stuck. Schneider’s innovative teaching method will refresh the experienced writer and encourage the beginner. Her book is the essential owner’s manual for the writer’s voice.
Voice
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

You must trust your own voice. You cannot write in the voice of various characters until you accept and trust your own voice. Writers often ask me, “How do I find my voice?” It is a sad question—as sad as if the question were, “How do I find my face?” The answer is so clear, so transparent, we can easily miss it altogether. Listen. Listen to yourself. Listen to your own voice telling your own stories to the listener you most trust— to your best friend, to your lover, to someone with whom you relax, or perhaps to your siblings in a session of “remember when.” You have a voice, just as surely as you have a face, and it is already full of character, passionate and nuanced and beautiful.
Growing as a Writer
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

How do I grow as a writer? Beyond the hard and lonely work of applying my derriere to the chair at my writing desk, and beyond the psychological work of embracing my own voices and freeing myself to use them, how can I develop my craft?

“Craft is the work of writing clearly,” my son, Paul, wrote in the margin of this manuscript. Perhaps craft is as simple as that. Perhaps that’s what Hemingway was trying to do when he said all he wanted was to write one true sentence. I agree with my son; craft is the work of writing clearly. But it is also the work of writing with courage, and with the grace of an assurance that comes to an artist through long practice. The ability to write well regularly and dependably is the reward of practice, as it is in every other art form.
Basic Principles of a Healthy Workshop
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

The Amherst Writers & Artists method for writing classes, groups, and workshops has developed in a community of writers that had its origin in 1979. Teachers, workshop leaders, and several thousand workshop participants have helped create these practices. They are deeply rooted in the writing process movement whose pioneers have called for and have brought about reform in teaching writing since the 1930s. That reform has been most fully articulated by Peter Elbow.
Creating Your Own Workshop or Writing Group
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

In 1973 Oxford University Press published a groundbreaking book titled Writing Without Teachers, by Peter Elbow. It powered a revolution that was already simmering. From a childs first year in school all the way through graduate MFA programs, teachers and students of writing began to focus on the creative process. How does art happen? What is needed to make good writing happen?

It was a shocking suggestion, that writers might write without teachers. Perhaps it is now a shocking suggestion that you might start your own workshop or writing group. It’s an idea whose time has come.

A workshop or a writing group? What is the difference? Usually the term “workshop” implies that the leader has either professional training as a teacher of writing or professional experience as a published writer. He or she has knowledge of literature and an ability to guide others through manuscript development and the process of submission of manuscripts for possible publication.
Hermit Beetle (Osmoderma eremita) in a Fragmented Landscape: Predicting Occupancy Patterns
Authors: Ranius Thomas , Hedin Jonas
Published: November 2023

Trunk hollows in old, deciduous trees harbor a specialized insect fauna that consists mainly of beetles and flies (Dajoz 2000). Today, this fauna is threatened in Europe due to habitat loss (Speight 1989). To enable efficient conservation work in order to preserve this fauna, there is a need for detailed knowledge about habitat requirements of the species. Field inventories of presence or absence suggest that the spatial structure of the habitat is important for several beetle species, as they are absent or occur in lower frequencies in individual hollow trees or in small stands (Ranius 2000, 2002a). The decrease of old, hollow trees has taken place during the past 200 years, and perhaps for that reason the metapopulations of inhabiting species are not in equilibrium; in many landscapes we expect the extinctions from small stands to be more frequent than the colonizations. To understand how the present occupancy patterns have arisen, detailed studies on the population dynamics are needed. Therefore, we have carried out more thorough studies on one species, Osmoderma eremita (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), within the framework set by metapopulation ecology (Ranius and Nilsson 1997; Ranius 2000, 2001, 2002a, 2002b; Ranius and Hedin 2001; Hedin and Ranius 2002).
Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi ) in Florida: Influence of Edge Effects on Population Viability
Authors: Breininger David R , Legare Michael L , Smith Rebecca B
Published: November 2023

The eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi) is threatened with extinction because of direct mortality caused by humans and rapid urbanization in Florida, which comprises most of the current range (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998). The eastern indigo snake is the longest nonvenomous snake in the United States; it eats a variety of prey such as snakes, small mammals, birds, and frogs. There is little published regarding its population ecology, and there is no reliable method to survey populations because the species is a wide-ranging habitat generalist that occurs in low densities and which uses gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows, debris piles, or dense vegetation for its cover. The killing of snakes by humans is a worldwide concern (Dodd 1987). Rudolph et al. (1999) reported that densities of large snakes were low, within 450 m of roads, and increased steeply up to 850 m from roads without evidence of an asymptote. The population viability of wide-ranging animals that undergo conflicts with people along edges of conservation areas is not just a function of population size (Woodroffe and Ginsberg 1998). Increased mortality along boundaries and emigration of animals into human-dominated landscapes that are ecological traps can diminish population persistence (Stamps et al. 1987).
Snowshoe Hares (Lepus americanus) in the Western United States: Movement in a Dynamic Managed Landscape
Authors: Griffin Paul C , Mills L Scott
Published: November 2023

Since the listing of the Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, as threatened in the coterminous United States (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2000), the effect of landscape-scale forest management on populations of snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus, has been a concern. Snowshoe hares are the central prey species of lynx (Aubry et al. 2000). Because snowshoe hare densities vary widely across different types of forested vegetation structure (Adams 1959, Dolbeer and Clark 1975, Wolff 1980, Wolfe et al. 1982), changes in forest vegetation structure through natural disturbance, succession, and silviculture can have dramatic impacts on populations. Snowshoe hare populations cycle with a regular 9-to 11-year period in the northern portion of the species range (Keith 1990), but evidence of a cycle to the south is mixed (Hodges 2000). Vegetative succession complicates population models (Johnson 2000). In western Montana, we have found highest snowshoe hare densities in regenerating forest stands with high sapling density and in uncut, late-seral-stage forest stands also with abundant saplings. This high-quality snow-shoe hare habitat in Montana can be thought of as having a bimodal distribution relative to forest stand age, with only young and much older stands providing the “closed” understories with abundant cover and browse (Buskirk et al. 2000). The layer of abundant shrubs and saplings that regenerates following clearcuts or large fires later disappears as the lower limbs die on growing trees, but this layer may reappear when large trees die, creating canopy gaps (Oliver and Larson 1986). The potentially long period when the stand understory becomes and remains comparatively “open” is a time of lower habitat quality. Anthropogenic canopy gaps in partially harvested stands can also stimulate growth of a dense understory layer under an established canopy (DeBell et al. 1997, Tappeiner et al. 1997).
Chromaticity: An Overlooked English Grammatical Category Distinction
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

This essay argues for the existence of an English grammatical category distinction that, as far as I know, has not been previously recognized. This distinction bifurcates the class of nominals into subtypes I will refer to as chromatic and nonchromatic. Instances of these are seen in (1) and (2): Most DPs belong to the chromatic class, which is open. The nonchromatic class consists, though, of a restricted, if not tiny, group of forms. The choice of the terminology adopted is based on the fact that systematically the nonchromatic forms have extremely general and nonspecific meanings, ones, as it were, that lack ‘color’. Kishimoto (2000: 563) approaches the same meaning property by speaking of the nouns that underlie nonchromatic DPs as “semantically light” and claiming they are “devoid of lexical meaning.”
The Structure of One Type of American English Vulgar Minimizer
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

In naming these expressions as I have, I intend to bring out what I take to be a genuine connection with other minimizers, a standard category of negation studies; see Horn (2001: 452—453). Generally, a minimizer is a type of DP that denotes minimal elements on some scale One key difference between vulgar minimizers and others such as those in (4) is that mostly the former are not narrowly restricted to particular dimensions but can express minimality along many dimensions not specifically invoking animate things, because, like most minimizers, all those of (1) form exclusively inanimate nominals.
Junk Reasoning 2: ‘(Virtually) Conceptually Necessary’
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

A good move internal to junk linguistics if you want to advance a proposal P about some NL or NL in general but have no genuine evidence or factual argument for P is to say that it is (virtually) conceptually necessary for P to hold. First of all, this is pretty deep-sounding, the more so since nobody can be sure what ‘conceptually necessary’ means and it makes it seem like you really have a good reason to assume P. Second, once you have said P is necessary, even modifying it with the modifier ‘conceptually’, the likelihood is high of bluffing many readers since a lot of people are going to be reluctant to argue with P. After all, who wants to put themselves in the position of arguing against something that is necessary? Hedging with ‘virtually’ is also a fine idea because it covers you in case someone suggests that the relevant NL or all of NL is such that P doesn’t hold. Most likely, no one is going to care that, given the meaning of virtually (see chapter 12), a claim that P is ‘virtually conceptually necessary’ admits that it is not conceptually necessary. But if some negative and malevolent person, not lacking in our profession, does attack you, an excellent defense is thereby always available: You can simply observe that since you yourself said it was only virtually necessary, of course a small-minded, petty individual could waste people’s time by focusing on the trivial aspect in which it isn’t.
Postdoctoral Studies
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

In mid-July 1927, Oppenheimer sailed again for the United States, where a National Research Council Fellowship was awaiting him. That autumn he went back to Harvard. A graduate student, who attended his colloquium there on the Born-Oppenheimer paper, has recalled: “I never could figure out whether his sibylline declarations were just a form of one-upmanship or whether he really did see a lot more in the theory than I did. Some of both, I finally decided.’ While at Harvard he produced three interesting papers, one on the polarization of light excited by electronic impact on atoms, another on a further elaboration of his work on continuous spectra, and a third on the quantum mechanics of electron capture.
Personal Life In The 1930s
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

I turn to the great changes in Robert’s life in the 1930s other than those in science.
“The Shatterer Of Worlds”
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

On January 6, 1939, it was announced by Otto Hahn (1879-1968) and Fritz Strassmann (1902-1980) that they had made a discovery that must be called staggering. Among the byproducts of neutron-uranium collisions they had identified three isotopes of barium, which have nuclear charge roughly half that of uranium! Up till that time nuclear reactions never had produced changes in nuclear charge larger than two units. It was the first observation of nuclear fission. (The first explanation, and the name “fission,” came from Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch.)
Of The Superbomb And Of Spy Stories Varia: 1947–1949
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

In this section I record a variety of topics from the years 1947 to 1949 that led up to October 1949, the time that marks the beginning of Oppenheimer’s serious involvement with the issue: shall the United States build a super, a hydrogen bomb, or shall it not? Already before the Russians had exploded their first A-bomb, Oppenheimer had become known for his hard-headedness and strongly anti-Soviet attitude, a viewpoint that resulted from his reactions to repeated Soviet obstruction of the internationalization of atomic control and disarmament under United Nations’ auspices. Speaking to those scientists who were content with the United States’ superiority in atomic weapons, Oppenheimer said: “No Government can adequately meet its responsibilities for defense if it rests content with wartime results of this project [Los Alamos].” He had warned the administration in 1944 of Soviet designs in the Far East, and disagreed with those scientists who felt that the international control of the atom would bring complete security. His attitude toward Soviet obstruction of the international control of atomic energy at the United Nations evolved from a mild distrust to a deep resentment. He even went so far as to advise the Truman administration to abandon the United Nations’ negotiations on atomic energy control because of the Soviet refusal to adopt the Baruch Plan.
Cloaked Mountain Peak
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

By the beginning of 1966, Robert Oppenheimer was looking thin and frail. Official records often pegged him at 6 feet tall and 100 lbs, though in later years he was shortened by an increasing stoop and the three figure weight had always been an upper bound. His face looked, one journalist wrote, like “that of a moon-man, with eyes that were like craters,” photographs of which were haunting and made one “pause and wince.”1 Once, friends and colleagues had described Oppenheimer as attractive, beautiful-even angelic. Now he was haggard.
Doing and Saying: Some Words on Womens Silence
Authors: Meyerhoff Miriam
Published: November 2023

To a linguist, whenever a person is silent it is always superficially the same —silence is, after all, by definition, the absence of speech or phonetic content —but that hardly means all silence is the same. In Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975), Robin Lakoff brought many aspects of talk by and about women to our attention (see also Holmes, this volume). Linguists have understandably focused mainly on the overt, spoken-aloud aspects of talk discussed in LWP, but it is worth remembering that Lakoff was interested not only in what was said of and by women but also in the constraints or restrictions on what might be said. Indeed, since LWP was published she has often returned to explore the realm of what is not said (Lakoff 1996, 2003).