bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serological relatedness of mouse-virulent Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Doyle M P , Hugdahl M B , Chang M T , Beery J T
Published: January 2020

An antiserum (WA-SAA) was produced which agglutinated specifically with mouse-virulent but not with avirulent strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Expression of the antigenic determinant(s) reaction with WA-SAA was temperature dependent; for growth temperatures of 20 to 40 degrees C, agglutination titers were lowest for cultures grown at 20 degrees C and highest for cultures grown at 35 to 40 degrees C. Addition of Ca2+ (2.5 to 10 mM) to the growth medium had little effect on the agglutination titer, and gel diffusion studies with monospecific anti-V serum indicated that V antigen was not likely to be the determinant reacting with WA-SAA. Immunohistological studies of Peyer's patches of mice infected with Y. enterocolitica WA revealed that the antigenic determinant(s) reacting with WA-SAA was expressed in vivo. The strong correlation of agglutination titer with mouse virulence and the expression in vivo of the antigenic determinant(s) reacting with WA-SAA suggest that the antigen(s) may be associated with the pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitica.
Interleukin 2 Induction in Lyt 1
+
23
−
T Cells from
Listeria monocytogenes
-Immune Mice
Authors: Kaufmann Stefan H. E. , Hahn Helmut , Simon Markus M. , Röllinghoff Martin , Wagner Hermann
Published: January 2020

Peritoneal exudate T lymphocytes from mice experimentally infected with the intracellular bacterium
Listeria monocytogenes
secreted high interleukin 2 activities after interaction with syngeneic normal macrophage presenting listerial antigen in vitro.
L. monocytogenes
-immune cells secreting IL 2 were radioresistant and bore the phenotype Thy 1
+
Lyt 1
+
23
−
.
Role of temperate phage in determining lytic phage sensitivity and serotype of Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Siddiqui K A , Bhattacharyya F K
Published: January 2020

The effect of lysogenization with five temperate phages from various sources on serotype and lytic phage sensitivity was investigated in six cultures of Vibrio cholerae of both classical and El Tor biotypes. No changes in serotype or in classical phage sensitivity in the classical biotype were observed. Four of the temperate phages were homoimmune and induced resistance to one of the El Tor typing phages, E3, thereby causing a type change in El Tor strains. The sensitivity to the other phages was not changed. In 14 natural isolates too, E3 (group III) phage resistance correlated with the presence of temperate phage. Postadsorption exclusion was found to be the mechanism of resistance involved. The fifth phage, VcA-1, had a unique immunity profile. It could infect the El Tor biotype of V. cholerae but caused no change in the host properties investigated.
Early interactions of herpes simplex virus with mouse peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Svennerholm B , Vahlne A , Lycke E
Published: January 2020

Adsorption of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) to resident peritoneal macrophages (PM) of 4-week-old Swiss albino (SA) and GR/AFib mice was studied. A significantly (P less than 0.05) higher HSV-2 adsorption rate was found with PM of SA mice than with PM of GR/AFib mice. Of added HSV-2 65% bound to the cells of SA mice over a 120-min period versus 15% to PM of GR/AFib mice. Only 15 to 20% of added HSV-1 bound to PM regardless of the mouse strain. These patterns of adsorption were found with all four HSV-1 and four HSV-2 strains tested. Pretreatment of PM with an HSV-2 mutant blocked the adsorption of added HSV-2. Thus, the receptors for HSV attachment seemed to be virus type selective. To avoid masking of adsorption by phagocytotic activity, the adsorption studies had to be performed at 4 degrees C. Transport of attached HSV-1 and HSV-2 to the nuclei of SA PM was studied with purified virus labeled with 32Pi and [3H]thymidine. In double-isotope experiments, only transport of HSV-2 was detected. The possible importance of differences in density or avidity of virus-binding receptors on the plasma membrane of PM is discussed in relation to macrophage-dependent focal liver necrosis, which was only demonstrable after intraperitoneal inoculation of HSV-2, not HSV-1, only in SA, not GR/AFib, mice.
Factors Influencing Adherence of
Staphylococcus aureus
to Influenza A Virus-Infected Cell Cultures
Authors: Davison Vee E. , Sanford Barbara A.
Published: January 2020

A quantitative radioassay was used to study the factors affecting the adherence of
3
H-labeled
Staphylococcus aureus
1071 to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, either uninfected or infected with the human FM1 strain of influenza A virus. Enhanced adherence to virus-infected cell cultures was independent of nonspecific factors—hydrophobicity, surface charge, and monolayer cell density. Viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase did not act as the cell receptors for
S. aureus
because the growth of virus-inoculated monolayers in tunicamycin (an inhibitor of glycosylation) and the pretreatment of virus-infected cells with trypsin or virus-specific antiserum, which inhibit hemadsorption, had no effect on staphylococcal adherence. In contrast, adherence to uninfected and virus-infected cells was significantly reduced by protease treatment of either monolayers or staphylococci and by heat treatment of staphylococci. UV irradiation and treatment of bacteria with 0.1 M EDTA enhanced adherence. Pretreatment of monolayers with a thermal extract of
S. aureus
decreased adherence by 89 to 97%. The staphylococcal adhesin, which blocks adherence to virus-infected cells, appears to be a remarkably heat-stable, protease- and trypsin-sensitive macromolecule which is distinct from protein A, clumping factor, and teichoic acid. Lastly, pretreatment of
S. aureus
with human fibrinogen significantly enhanced adherence to virus-infected cells (
P
< 0.005) compared with binding with untreated
S. aureus.
The treated bacteria also adsorbed virus out of suspension. These results suggest that fibrinogen forms a bridge between
S. aureus
and receptors present on virus-infected cells and free virus.
Effect of Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin on human peripheral leukocyte function in vitro
Authors: Cavalieri S J , Snyder I S
Published: January 2020

To gain further evidence for the role of the Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin in pathogenesis, its in vitro effects on human peripheral leukocyte function were studied. Leukocytes exposed to low doses of alpha-hemolysin responded with a marked chemiluminescence response, indicating activation of oxidative metabolism. This response was time and dose dependent. Pretreatment of leukocytes with doses of alpha-hemolysin at which nearly 80% of the cells survived decreased the ability of the cells to phagocytize bacteria and particles and to undergo chemotaxis. Premature activation of leukocytes and inhibition of phagocytosis and chemotaxis by alpha-hemolysin, if they occur in vivo, would greatly enhance the survival of an invading E. coli strain.
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced immunosuppression: evidence for viral interference with T-cell maturation
Authors: Thomsen A R , Bro-Jørgensen K , Jensen B L
Published: January 2020

Acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection is associated with general immunosuppression which develops during the second week of the infection and persists for several weeks. In the present study, the ability of LCMV-infected mice to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response was investigated in a transplantation assay, using LCMV-immunized mice as recipients. By this means it was possible to evaluate the T-cell responsiveness of the acutely infected mice separately. Our results revealed a marked depression of the T-cell function temporally related to immunosuppression in the intact mouse. Furthermore, this hyporesponsiveness could not be explained as an effect of suppressor cells. Occurring shortly before these changes were a drastic decrease in cortical thymocytes and a reduction in T-cell progenitors in the bone marrow and spleen. Our findings are consistent with the assumption that a numerical deficiency of immunocompetent T-cells due to viral interference with T-cell maturation plays an important role in LCMV-induced immunosuppression.
Effect of C-reactive protein on the complement-mediated stimulated of human neutrophils by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 3 and 6
Authors: Mold C , Edwards K M , Gewurz H
Published: January 2020

C-reactive protein (CRP) has long been known to appear in the sera of individuals with inflammatory processes, but its role in host defense against bacterial infection is unclear. We have recently demonstrated that CRP in the presence of the classical complement pathway markedly enhances the opsonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 27 by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Edwards et al., J. Immunol. 128:2493-2496). In this report we have extended these studies to characterize the role of CRP in the opsonization of other S. pneumoniae serotypes. Two clinically important serotypes, 3 and 6, were tested along with the nonpathogenic rough strain R36a. All strains were found to bind radiolabeled CRP in the presence of calcium and to activate the classical complement pathway in normal human serum. However, the opsonophagocytic response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the strains, measured by chemiluminescence, was quite different. In contrast to the marked enhancement by CRP of the chemiluminescent response to serotype 27 in normal human serum, CRP had no effect on the opsonization of serotype 6 or R36a and inhibited opsonization of serotype 3 in normal serum. In serum from a hypogammaglobulinemic patient, CRP enhanced the lowered chemiluminescent response to serotype 3 and 6 organisms but did not restore the response to normal. The greater opsonic effect of CRP on serotype 27 may be related to the ability of CRP to bind to the capsule as well as to the cell wall of this serotype or to differences in the amount of CRP bound to the different strains.
Direct and indirect effects of soluble extracts of Schistosoma mansoni eggs on fibroblast proliferation in vitro
Authors: Wyler D J , Tracy J W
Published: January 2020

The possibility that soluble products of Schistosoma mansoni eggs might participate in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis was investigated. Both crude saline extracts of eggs (soluble egg antigen [SEA]) and a partially purified SEA fraction contained activity which stimulated guinea pig and human dermal fibroblasts to proliferate in vitro, as measured by uptake of [3H]thymidine. Maximum activity was present in fractions which eluted from Sephacryl S-200 with an apparent molecular weight of less than or equal to 12,500 and in fractions which had an estimated pI 8, as determined by preparative isoelectric focusing of partially purified SEA. Activity in crude SEA was not removed by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. When concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins lacking intrinsic fibroblast-stimulating activity were incubated with spleen cells from infected or uninfected mice, fibroblasts-stimulating activity was detected in the culture supernatants. Thus, SEA contains two functionally distinct molecular species. One of these directly stimulates fibroblasts, whereas the other induces the release of a fibroblast-stimulating activity from lymphocytes or macrophages or both. Since these fibroblast-stimulating factors might be elaborated in the livers of infected individuals, these observations suggest a potential role of soluble schistome products in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis.
Methylprednisolone inhibits the alternative and amplification pathways of complement
Authors: Weiler J M , Packard B D
Published: January 2020

Methylprednisolone sodium succinate limited the ability of zymosan or lipopolysaccharide to activate complement in normal serum by the alternative amplification pathways. Methylprednisolone limited B consumption in a reaction mixture which contained purified C3b, D, and B, indicating that soluble steroid directly inhibited the amplification pathway. The ability of soluble steroid to inhibit events in the alternative and amplification pathways of complement may provide a partial explanation for the effectiveness of steroids in treating gram negative septic shock.
Streptococcus mutans
Genes That Code for Extracellular Proteins in
Escherichia coli
K-12
Authors: Holt Robert G. , Abiko Yoshimitsu , Saito Shigeno , Smorawinska Maryla , Hansen Jeffrey B. , Curtiss Roy
Published: January 2020

Chromosomal DNA from
Streptococcus mutans
6715 (serotype
g
) was cloned into
Escherichia coli
K-12 by using the cosmid pJC74 cloning vector and a bacteriophage λ in vitro packaging system. Rabbit antiserum against
S. mutans
extracellular proteins was used for immunological screening of the clone bank. Twenty-one clones produced weak to strong precipitin bands around the colonies, but only after the λ
c
1857 prophage was induced by being heated to lyse the
E. coli
cells. None of the clones expressed enzyme activity for several known
S. mutans
extracellular enzymes. One of these clones contained a 45-kilobase recombinant plasmid designated pYA721. An 8.5-kilobase fragment of
S. mutans
DNA from pYA721 was isolated and recloned into the
Bam
HI restriction site of the plasmid vector pACYC184 to construct pYA726. pYA726 contained all, or nearly all, of the gene for a surface protein antigen (the
spaA
protein) of
S. mutans
6715. This was deduced from immunological studies in which extracts of cells harboring pYA726 reacted with antisera against both purified 6715
spaA
protein (about 210,000 daltons) and the immunologically similar antigen I/II of serotype
c
strains of
S. mutans.
In addition, the
S. mutans spaA
protein was found to possess at least one antigenic determinant not present on the protein specified by pYA726. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of
E. coli
clone extracts revealed that pYA726 produced a polypeptide with a molecular mass of about 180,000 daltons which was predominantly found in the periplasmic space of
E. coli
cells. Antisera to the
spaA
protein of
S. mutans
reacted with extracellular protein from representative strains of
S. mutans
serotypes
a, c, d, e, f
, and
g
, but not
b.
Murine malaria: blood clearance and organ sequestration of Plasmodium yoelii-infected erythrocytes
Authors: Smith L P , Hunter K W , Oldfield E C , Strickland G T
Published: January 2020

This study examined the mechanisms of clearance of Plasmodium yoelii-infected erythrocytes (RBC) from the peripheral circulation of mice. Parasitized RBC labeled with 51Cr were cleared from the blood of normal C57BL/6 mice at a much more rapid rate than were nonparasitized RBC, and preincubation of parasitized RBC in antiplasmodial antibody failed to significantly enhance clearance. This apparent antibody-independent clearance mechanism was markedly abrogated by splenectomy, indicating a major role for the spleen in parasitized RBC clearance. Macrophage inactivation by silica treatment also impaired parasitized RBC clearance, but to a lesser extent than splenectomy. Although abrogation of phagocytic function by silica treatment had little effect on splenic sequestration of parasitized RBC, hepatic sequestration was significantly depressed. Schizont- and late trophozoite-infected RBC were rapidly removed from the circulation, whereas RBC containing rings and early trophozoites showed less clearance over time. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the architecture of the spleen serves as a sieve to entrap RBC that contain malarial parasites, particularly the more mature developmental forms.
Transduction of the genetic determinant for streptolysin S in group A streptococci
Authors: Skjold S A , Maxted W R , Wannamaker L W
Published: January 2020

The genetic determinant for streptolysin S production (SLS+) was successfully transduced to two naturally occurring nonhemolytic strains of group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes), an M-type 18 strain associated with an outbreak of rheumatic fever and an M-negative variant of a type 49 strain isolated from a skin lesion. Attempts to transduce this determinant to a nonhemolytic M-type 68 strain and a nonhemolytic T-type 12 strain were not successful. Transduction was accomplished with a double temperature-sensitive mutant bacteriophage. Cellular antigenic characters and the phage sensitivity of the transductants remained unaltered. The donor strain also transduced streptomycin resistance well when the nonhemolytic type 49 strain was used as a recipient. There was no evidence of cotransduction of the determinants for streptolysin S and streptomycin resistance.
Effect of chemical and heat inactivation on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Cryz S J , Fürer E , Germanier R
Published: January 2020

The effects of heat and chemical inactivation on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of Vibrio cholerae 1418 in rabbits were studied. V. cholerae 1418 was inactivated with heat and chemical inactivants (phenol or Formalin) alone or in combination. Enzyme-linked immunoassay systems employing whole cells of V. cholerae 1418, lipopolysaccharide, or flagella as immobilized antigens were used to measure the antibody response (immunoglobulins G and M) after parenteral immunization of rabbits with various inactivated whole-cell preparations. The "classical" whole-cell vaccine, produced by phenol treatment, was found to be a comparatively poor immunogen. When Formalin was used instead of phenol, the antibody response to all three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigens was greatly increased. Immunoglobulin G titers to intact V. cholerae cells were as much as 100-fold higher in rabbits immunized with the Formalin-inactivated preparation as compared to the classical phenol-inactivated vaccine. Furthermore, antibody produced against the Formalin-inactivated preparation was capable of recognizing antigenic determinants expressed on the cell surface of several heterologous strains of V. cholerae. These results indicate that the antigenicity and immunogenicity of V. cholerae are greatly affected by the inactivation conditions employed for vaccine production and that Formalin is much superior to phenol as an inactivant under the conditions employed in the present study.
Killing of measles virus-infected cells by human cytotoxic T cells
Authors: Lucas C J , Biddison W E , Nelson D L , Shaw S
Published: January 2020

Lymphocytes from normal individuals were tested for the capacity to generate measles virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses after in vitro stimulation with measles virus. Approximately 12% (5 of 40) of the normal adults tested produced significant cytotoxic responses. The cytotoxic response was measles virus specific both at the level of stimulation and at the effector level. Studies of the specificity of cytotoxic effectors from five normal donors by direct lysis or cold target inhibition or both indicated that most, if not all, of the virus-specific activity was self-specific. A detailed analysis of one donor (W6) indicated that measles-specific cytotoxicity was largely HLA-A and -B restricted; unexplained cross-reactive lysis was observed with some targets, but this lysis appeared to be HLA related, since all of the targets expressed HLA-B12. An analysis of the cellular requirements for the production of measles-immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes demonstrated that T cells and macrophages (depleted of natural killer and K cells) were sufficient for the generation of killer cells. Most of the cytotoxic effector activity was mediated by OKT3+ OKT4- OKT8+ cells.
Polyclonal B-cell response to stimulation with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in dietary protein restriction
Authors: Malavé I , Pocino M
Published: January 2020

The polyclonal B-cell response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide was studied in C57BL/6 mice maintained after weaning on either a moderate protein-restricted diet with 8% casein or a normal diet. After in vitro or in vivo stimulation with the endotoxin, autoreactive and anti-hapten antibody-producing cells were quantitated by direct plaque assay, using bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes and trinitrophenylated sheep erythrocytes as targets. Larger numbers of plaque-forming cells were generated in cultures of spleen cells from dietary-restricted than from normal mice stimulated with various doses of lipopolysaccharide. The number of background plaque-forming cells was also higher in nonstimulated spleen cell cultures from restricted animals. After injection of lipopolysaccharide in vivo, the number of cells producing antibodies to bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes per 10(7) spleen cells was significantly increased in dietary-deficient mice. The results are discussed in relation to the different sensitivities of lymphocyte populations to protein deficiency and to the possible presence of high levels of endogenous polyclonal B-cell activators in the restricted mice.
Characterization of canine neutrophil granules
Authors: O'Donnell R T , Andersen B R
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this study was to isolate distinct populations of canine neutrophil granules and to compare them with neutrophil granules from other species. Size, shape, density, and content of canine neutrophil granules were determined. Neutrophils obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque sedimentation were homogenized, and granule populations were separated by isopycnic centrifugation on a linear sucrose gradient (rho, 1.14 to 1.22 g/ml). The most dense granule population (rho, 1.197 g/ml) contained all of the myeloperoxidase, beta-glucuronidase, and elastase, more than half of the acid beta-glycerophosphatase, and most of the lysozyme. The population with intermediate density (rho, 1.179 g/ml) contained lactoferrin, vitamin B12-binding protein, and the remainder of the acid beta-glycerophosphatase and lysozyme. The least dense granule population did not contain a major peak of any of the enzymes or binding proteins tested but was distinguished by density and morphology. The size and shape of the granules were determined from scanning electron micrographs and assessment of shape was aided by transmission electron micrographs. By these methods three populations of canine neutrophil granules were characterized and named: myeloperoxidase granules, vitamin B12-binding protein granules, and low-density granules.
Chemotaxis of human neutrophils and monocytes induced by Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Diamond R D , Erickson N F
Published: January 2020

Chemotaxis of human neutrophils and monocytes was stimulated by sera activated with greater than or equal to 1.25 x 10(6) Cryptococcus neoformans. Leukocytes from five renal transplant recipients had depressed chemotactic responses to C. neoformans-activated sera when compared with normal subjects (P less than 0.05). Concentrations of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide less than 1 mg/ml failed to generate chemotactic factors from sera.
Proliferative Responses of Rabbit Lymphocytes to
Pasteurella multocida
Decrease with Prolonged Immunization
Authors: Skaletsky Eileen , Corbeil Lynette B. , Wunderlich Annette , Sell Stewart , Strayer David S.
Published: January 2020

Peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes from rabbits immunized with
Pasteurella multocida
by various schedules were stimulated to undergo blast transformation in vitro in response to this antigen. Repeated immunizations suppressed this response.
Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin: characterization of the amino-terminal region
Authors: Duffy L K , McDonel J L , McClane B A , Kurosky A
Published: January 2020

The amino-terminal region of the enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens was investigated by automated sequence analysis. The primary structure results revealed that the enterotoxin is composed of a single polypeptide amino acid sequence. Computer comparison of a 20-residue sequence with a sequence library of reported proteins revealed no significant chemical similarities, indicating that the enterotoxin represents a unique polypeptide primary structure.
Sialic Acid Residues Mediate
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Attachment to Human and Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Baseman J. B. , Banai M. , Kahane I.
Published: January 2020

The adherence of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
to human and sheep erythrocytes was directly related to the presence of sialyl residues on the erythrocytes. Competitive binding studies between
M. pneumoniae
and
M. gallisepticum
, known to bind to human erythrocytes via glycophorin, further reinforced the role of sialic acid in this recognition event.
Retrovirus antigens in brains of mice with scrapie- and murine leukemia virus-induced spongiform encephalopathy
Authors: Hoffman P M , Pitts O M , Rohwer R G , Gajdusek D C , Ruscetti S K
Published: January 2020

Wild mouse ecotropic virus-induced spongiform encephalomyelopathy pathologically similar to scrapie was associated with the expression of retrovirus antigens in mouse brains. However, scrapie-infected mice with spongiform encephalopathy showed no increased expression of retrovirus antigens in brain. Thus, the pathogenesis of the scrapie spongiform lesion does not appear to involve activation of endogenous retrovirus.
Different sugar compositions of lipopolysaccharides isolated from phase I and pure phase II cells of Coxiella burnetii
Authors: Schramek S , Mayer H
Published: January 2020

The compositions of lipopolysaccharides I and II, isolated from Coxiella burnetii phase I and pure phase II cells, respectively, showed drastic and clear-cut differences. Lipopolysaccharide II exhibited a comparatively simple composition. It contained, in addition to glucosamine (from lipid A) and a 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid-related, thiobarbituric acid-positive substance, only two aldoses in high amounts, namely D-mannose and D-glycero-D-mannoheptose. Lipopolysaccharide I contained the same components, but it also contained at least eight other constituents including neutral sugars, e.g., an unusual branched sugar (3-C-methyl-6-deoxy-hexose) and unusual aminohexoses. Some components were characterized by a very high retention time in gas-liquid chromatography. The similarity of the phase variation in C. burnetii to the well-known smooth-to-rough mutation found in Enterobacteriaceae is discussed. Cells of phase I correspond to enterobacterial smooth forms, whereas cells of phase II might be compared to the rough forms.
Adjuvant activity of purified peptidoglycan of Listeria monocytogenes in mice and guinea pigs
Authors: Saiki I , Kamisango K , Tanio Y , Okumura H , Yamamura Y , Azuma I
Published: January 2020

The immunological properties of peptidoglycan (L-PG) purified from the cell wall skeleton (L-CWS) of Listeria monocytogenes strain EGD were investigated and compared with the properties of L-CWS. L-PG consisted of alanine, glutamic acid, alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, muramic acid, and glucosamine. L-PG showed potent adjuvant activities for circulating antibody formation and development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to bacterial alpha-amylase in vivo and for the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro, as well as L-CWS. Both L-PG and L-CWS enhanced the generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in allogeneic mice and activated thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages and macrophage cell line RAW 264 to kill tumor target cells in vitro. We also found that L-PG acted on normal spleen cells as a mitogen. Both L-PG and L-CWS had tumor (Meth A)-suppressive and -regressive activities in syngeneic mice. Our results suggest that the L-PG moiety retains the adjuvant and antitumor activities of L-CWS.
Stimulation of chemiluminescence by synthetic muramyl dipeptide and analogs
Authors: Masihi K N , Azuma I , Brehmer W , Lange W
Published: January 2020

The effect on respiratory burst of murine splenic cells after in vitro exposure to synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and 6-O-acyl and quinonyl derivatives was studied at an early phase of interaction by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) in response to stimulation by zymosan. The MDP molecule enhanced CL, but the degree of CL response varied with the kinds of fatty acids introduced in the chemical structure of synthetic glycopeptide analogs. A 6-O-acyl derivative possessing an alpha-branched fatty acid chain, B30-MDP, stimulated maximum levels of CL activity. High CL responses were obtained with L8-MDP having a short chain of linear fatty acids and with QS-10-MDP-66 containing a ubiquinone compound. CL was also stimulated by MDP and its analogs in the spleen cells of nude mice lacking mature T lymphocytes, but the extent of stimulation was decreased compared with that of normal spleen cells.
Binding of human fibronectin to group A, C, and G streptococci
Authors: Myhre E B , Kuusela P
Published: January 2020

A total of 387 bacterial strains belonging to 35 species were tested in direct binding experiments for the uptake of purified radiolabeled human fibronectin. Positive binding was found in group A, C, and G streptococci and in Staphylococcus aureus. The group C streptococcal species Streptococcus equisimilis, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Streptococcus equi, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae were uniformly reactive with fibronectin. Beta-hemolytic bovine group G streptococci showed the same degree of reactivity as human group G strains. In contrast, only 4 out of 15 alpha-hemolytic bovine group G strains were able to bind fibronectin. The uptake of fibronectin measured at room temperature with a human group G streptococcus was a slow, time-dependent process with maximum binding after approximately 1 h. Human polyclonal immunoglobulin G and serum albumin tested in inhibition experiments did not affect the fibronectin binding. Fibronectin seems, therefore, to interact with a surface component that is different from the specific binding sites previously described for human immunoglobulin G and serum albumin.
Correlation between in vivo and in vitro studies of modulation of resistance to experimental Candida albicans infection by cyclophosphamide in mice
Authors: Bistoni F , Baccarini M , Blasi E , Marconi P , Puccetti P , Garaci E
Published: January 2020

Mice receiving a single injection of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) 1 to 6 days before inoculation with viable Candida albicans showed an increased susceptibility to the challenge accompanied by a reduction in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes as well as in spleen cellularity. Several immunological in vitro functions also appeared to be dramatically depressed. Most of these hematological and functional parameters returned to control values by day 9 after cyclophosphamide administration, at a time when resistance to C. albicans infection appeared to be unchanged. However, when exposure to cyclophosphamide occurred 12 to 21 days before inoculation with the live yeast, enhanced resistance was observed with the majority of the animals surviving challenge. To gain some insight into the mechanisms underlying this late increase in resistance to C. albicans infection after cyclophosphamide administration, we analyzed a series of immunological functions, including the in vitro candidacidal activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and plastic-adherent and nonadherent spleen cells as well as the activity of natural killer cells and alloreactive T lymphocytes. The results show that a numerical rebound of blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils and the appearance of a highly candidacidal cell population in the spleen may be among the factors underlying the late increase in resistance to C. albicans after administration of cyclophosphamide.
Hydrogen peroxide excretion by oral streptococci and effect of lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Carlsson J , Iwami Y , Yamada T
Published: January 2020

Approved type strains of Streptococcus sanguis, S. mitis, S. mutans, and S. salivarius were grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The rate of hydrogen peroxide excretion, oxygen uptake, and acid production from glucose by washed-cell suspensions of these strains were studied, and the levels of enzymes in cell-free extracts which reduced oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, or hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) in the presence of NADH or NADPH were assayed. The effects of lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide on the rate of acid production and oxygen uptake by intact cells, the activity of glycolytic enzymes in cell-free extracts, and the levels of intracellular glycolytic intermediates were also studied. All strains consumed oxygen in the presence of glucose. S. sanguis, S. mitis, and anaerobically grown S. mutans excreted hydrogen peroxide. There was higher NADH oxidase and NADH peroxidase activity in aerobically grown cells than in anaerobically grown cells. NADPH oxidase activity was low in all species. Acid production, oxygen uptake, and, consequently, hydrogen peroxide excretion were inhibited in all the strains by lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide. S. sanguis and S. mitis had a higher capacity than S. mutans and S. salivarius to recover from this inhibition. Higher activity in the former strains of an NADH-OSCN oxidoreductase, which converted OSCN- into thiocyanate, explained this difference. The change in levels of intracellular glycolytic intermediates after inhibition of glycolysis by OSCN- and the actual activity of glycolytic enzymes in cell-free extracts in the presence of OSCN- indicated that the primary target of OSCN- in the glycolytic pathway was glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Comparative Study of
Streptococcus mutans
Laboratory Strains and Fresh Isolates from Carious and Caries-Free Tooth Surfaces and from Subjects with Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Authors: Vadeboncoeur Christian , Trahan Luc
Published: January 2020

This study was undertaken to investigate and compare some biochemical and physiological properties related to sugar metabolism of 4 laboratory strains and 13 freshly isolated strains of
Streptococcus mutans
from carious and caries-free tooth surfaces and from subjects with hereditary fructose intolerance. Growth in Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems)-yeast extract in the presence of various sugars was almost the same for all of the fresh isolates, which grew generally better than the laboratory strains. This was especially noticeable on sucrose where the fresh isolates (including those isolated from hereditary-fructose-intolerant patients) grew two to four times more rapidly than the laboratory strains. The rate of acid production by the fresh isolates, measured with resting cells in the presence of glucose, was quite comparable to the rate of the laboratory strains. The glucose analog, 2-deoxyglucose, inhibited the acid production from glucose by two laboratory strains (6715 and ATCC 27352), but none of the fresh isolates was affected by its presence. The antibiotic, gramicidin D, which allows free diffusion of H
+
across the cell membrane, inhibited the acid production of all of the strains. Phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase activity toward α-methylglucoside was found in all of the laboratory and freshly isolated strains. 2-Deoxyglucose phosphotransferase activity was detected in all of the laboratory strains, but many clinical strains, especially those from hereditary-fructose-intolerant patients, contained very low or almost undetectable 2-deoxyglucose phosphotransferase activity. In one strain, the activity was restored after repeated culturing in Trypticase-yeast extract medium supplemented with glucose. Glucokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were detected in all of the strains tested. No marked differences were observed for these two enzymes between the fresh isolates and the laboratory strains except for three clinical strains which possessed low levels of glucokinase. The growth of all of the strains in a broth containing 4 mM glucose and 4 mM lactose was studied. Various patterns were observed: diauxie, glucose utilized before lactose but without diauxie, both sugars consumed concurrently, and lactose consumed more rapidly than glucose.
Occurrence of antigenic (species-specific?) partially 3-O-methylated heteromannans in cell wall and soluble cellular (nonwall) components of Coccidioides immitis mycelia
Authors: Wheat R W , Woodruff W W , Haltiwanger R S
Published: January 2020

Skin test-active, phenol-soluble, water-soluble (PSWS) extracts of Coccidioides immitis whole, defatted mycelia were compared with skin test-active, alkali-soluble, water-soluble (ASWS) extracts of mycelial cell walls. Both PSWS and ASWS extracts contained partially 3-O-methylated mannan. Composition analysis of both PSWS and ASWS extracts indicated mannose and glucose as major components, whereas 3-O-methylmannose and galactose were minor constituents. These heteromannans and glucans could be obtained from cell walls by extraction with either mild acid or alkali, but not with aqueous phenol. We therefore conclude that the PSWS extracts which were obtainable from whole mycelia but not from cell walls represent cellular (i.e., periplasmic, membrane associated, or cytoplasmic), nonwall polymers. Both PSWS and ASWS mycelial extracts and their gel filtration fractions reacted with rabbit antispherule serum, but with little cross-reactivity. However, alkali treatment of higher-molecular-weight PSWS extract polymers yielded products that cross-reacted with serological identity with low-molecular-weight components of ASWS extracts of mycelial walls, indicating that cell walls and cellular polymers share antigenic determinants. Finally, gel filtration of PSWS extracts on Sephacryl S-200 and Sepharose CL 4B yielded fractions that reacted with serological identity with one or more components of mycelial cytosol, mycelial culture filtrate and autolysate coccidioidins, and spherulin.
Virus-induced diabetes mellitus in ICR Swiss mice is age dependent
Authors: Giron D J , Cohen S J , Lyons S P , Trombley M L , Gould C L
Published: January 2020

Adult male ICR Swiss mice develop diabetes mellitus when infected with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus. It was determined that the disease syndrome caused by the virus in this mouse strain is dependent upon the age of the animals. Mice younger than 7 weeks developed lethal encephalitis, whereas those past this age developed diabetes. The susceptibility of young mice to the diabetogenic effects of encephalomyocarditis virus was enhanced by testosterone.
Virulence characteristics of murine cytomegalovirus in cell and organ cultures
Authors: Jordan M C , Takagi J L
Published: January 2020

Murine cytomegalovirus infection was studied in cell and organ cultures. Regardless of the virulence characteristics of input virus, all cultures produced attenuated murine cytomegalovirus. Virulent murine cytomegalovirus has been recovered only from salivary glands of infected mice. In vivo the maintenance of murine cytomegalovirus in a virulent state is apparently due to factors other than virus replication in epithelial cells.
Production of monoclonal antibody against a glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans 6715
Authors: Furuta T , Nisizawa T , Chiba J , Hamada S
Published: January 2020

A mouse hybrid cell line secreted monoclonal antibody which reacted specifically with Streptococcus mutans 6715 (serotype g) glucosyltransferase (GTase)-synthesizing water-insoluble glucan and inhibited with enzyme reaction. The antibody was cross-reactive with GTase of serotype d but not with GTase of other serotypes of S. mutans when an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used.
Isolation, propagation, and characterization of a second equine rotavirus serotype
Authors: Hoshino Y , Wyatt R G , Greenberg H B , Kalica A R , Flores J , Kapikian A Z
Published: January 2020

A rotavirus designated strain H-2 was isolated in primary African green monkey kidney cells from a foal with diarrhea. This cell culture-adapted strain was found to be similar, if not identical, to simian rotavirus (strains MMU18006 and SA-11) and canine rotavirus (strain CU-1) and, in addition, demonstrated a one-way antigenic relationship with five human rotavirus strains (P, B, no. 14, no. 15, and YO) of the third human rotavirus serotype by the plaque reduction neutralization test. This is the fifth example of an animal rotavirus which shares serotypic specificity with a human rotavirus. The H-2 strain is distinct from the H-1 strain (Y. Hoshino et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., in press) of equine rotavirus not only in serotypic specificity by neutralization but also in subgroup specificity, hemagglutinating activity, and RNA electrophoretic migration pattern, thus establishing the existence of a second equine rotavirus serotype. This H-2 isolate is also distinct by neutralization from three other human rotavirus serotypes, 1 (Wa), 2 (DS-1), and 4 (St. Thomas no. 4), as well as bovine (NCDV), and porcine (OSU) rotaviruses.
Blastogenic response of human lymphocytes to early antigen(s) of human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Waner J L , Kong N , Biano S
Published: January 2020

The lymphocytes of asymptomatic, seropositive donors demonstrated blastogenic responses to early antigens of human cytomegalovirus whether or not antibodies to early antigens were detectable. The lymphocytes of six of nine patients with active cytomegalovirus infections gave stimulation indexes of greater than or equal to 2.00 with antigens of productively infected cells, whereas only two patients demonstrated comparable stimulation indexes with early antigens. Four patients with stimulation indexes of greater than or equal to 2.00 to productively infected antigens had stimulation indexes of less than or equal to 2.00 to early antigens. Viral polypeptides with molecular weights of 83,000, 72,000, 62,000, 56,000, and 40,000 were identified in early antigen preparations.
Serological evaluation of O fever in humans: enhanced phase I titers of immunoglobulins G and A are diagnostic for Q fever endocarditis
Authors: Peacock M G , Philip R N , Williams J C , Faulkner R S
Published: January 2020

Serological parameters were compared in 15 cases of Coxiella burnetii infection comprising 5 cases each of primary Q fever, chronic granulomatous hepatitis, and endocarditis. The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical history and serology and on the isolation of C. burnetii phase I from biopsy specimens of liver and bone marrow from two patients with granulomatous hepatitis and from the aortic valve vegetations of five patients with endocarditis. The temporal sequences of immunoglobulin levels, rheumatoid factor, and specific antibody responses to phase II and phase I antigens of C. burnetii were evaluated as predictive correlates of the three Q fever entities. Serum levels of immunoglobulin classes G, M, and A were variable in all the entities of Q fever. Increased mean levels (in milligrams per deciliter) of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA were noted with chronic disease in the sera of some patients, whereas IgM levels were not significantly different from normal values. Rheumatoid factor was significantly elevated in chronic disease but not in primary Q fever. The temporal sequence of C. burnetii phase II and phase I antibodies were compared by microagglutination, complement fixation, and indirect microimmunofluorescence tests. All of these serological tests were useful in distinguishing primary from chronic disease. Thus, the ratio of anti-phase II to anti-phase I antibodies was greater than 1, greater than or equal to 1, and less than or equal to 1 for primary Q fever, granulomatous hepatitis, and Q fever endocarditis, respectively. Moreover, the high phase-specific IgA antibody titers in the indirect microimmunofluorescence test were diagnostic for endocarditis.
Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus in newborn calves fed colostrum supplements from immunized or nonimmunized cows
Authors: Saif L J , Redman D R , Smith K L , Theil K W
Published: January 2020

Colostrum was collected and pooled from each of five cows in three experimental groups: group I cows received intramuscular and intramammary inoculations of adjuvanted modified live Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center rotavirus vaccine; group II cows were injected intramuscularly with a commercial modified-live rota-coronavirus vaccine; and group III cows were uninoculated controls. Pooled colostrum from group I cows had higher (P less than 0.05) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunoglobulin G (IgG1) and virus neutralization (VN) rotavirus antibody titers (ELISA IgG1 = 2,413,682; VN = 360,205) than did colostrum from group II (ELISA IgG1 = 8,192; VN = 4,395) or group III cows (ELISA IgG1 = 5,916; VN = 2,865). The antibody titers of these last two colostrum pools did not differ (P greater than 0.05). Samples of these colostrum pools were fed as daily supplements (percent [vol/vol] in cow's milk infant formula) to 28 newborn, unsuckled, antibody-seronegative, male Holstein calves. Eight calves received no supplemental colostrum. The calves were orally challenged with virulent bovine rotavirus and monitored daily for diarrhea and fecal rotavirus shedding. Diarrhea and rotavirus shedding occurred in the eight calves fed no supplemental colostrum and persisted longest in this group. The pooled colostrum from group I cows protected eight of eight calves from both rotavirus diarrhea and shedding when fed as a 1% supplement. The pooled colostrum from neither group II nor group III cows protected 12 other calves against rotavirus diarrhea or shedding when fed at the same concentration (1%). Six rotavirus-challenged calves fed 0.1% supplemental colostrum from group I cows and two calves fed 10 and 50% supplemental colostrum from control cows displayed partial passive immunity, exemplified by delayed onset and shortened duration of rotavirus-associated diarrhea and virus shedding.
Comparative hydrophobicities of oral bacteria and their adherence to salivary pellicles
Authors: Gibbons R J , Etherden I
Published: January 2020

Oral bacteria were found to differ in their surface hydrophobicities as determined by their ability to adsorb to hexadecane. Strains of Actinomyces viscosus, A. naeslundii, Streptococcus sanguis, S. mitis, and Bacteroides gingivalis proved highly hydrophobic. Strains of B. intermedius, S. salivarius, S. mutans, and B. melaninogenicus were less hydrophobic, whereas strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were hydrophilic. An overall correlation was noted between the adsorption of bacteria to hexadecane and their numbers which attached to experimental salivary pellicles formed on hydroxyapatite surfaces. This suggests that hydrophobic bonding plays an important role in this process. Pellicles prepared from saliva which had been extracted with chloroform-methanol to remove lipids adsorbed comparable numbers of S. sanguis and A. viscosus and increased numbers of S. mutans. Analyses of adsorption isotherms indicated that pellicles formed from lipid-depleted saliva contained increased numbers of binding sites for the S. mutans strains studied, and this likely accounts for their enhanced adsorption. Absorption of saliva with 10% octyl or phenyl Sepharose reduced the protein content of saliva by almost half, but the numbers of bacteria which attached to pellicles prepared from such absorbed saliva were similar to or higher than those which attached to control pellicles. These observations suggest that saliva does not contain unique highly hydrophobic salivary macromolecules which serve as essential pellicle receptors for the bacteria studied. The data obtained are consistent with the view that hydrophobic bonding together with interactions between complementary molecules are involved in bacterial attachment to salivary pellicles on teeth.
Precipitating cross-reactions among pneumococcal types
Authors: Heidelberger M
Published: January 2020

Data accumulated over many years are brought together on cross-reactions of 46 among the more than 80 pneumococcal serological types, with the idea of correlating cross-reactions with the structures of the relevant type-specific capsular polysaccharides, insofar as these have been determined. The precipitin reaction was carried out with the polysaccharides and antibodies raised in horses, rabbits, and a mule. Quantitative values (micrograms of antibody nitrogen per milliliter of antiserum at 0 to 1 degree C) are given in many instances and discussed, together with arbitrary qualitative data, in terms of the known structures of the polysaccharides. Some precise relationships are uncovered, and an attempt is made to determine why some of the cross-reactions are reciprocal and why others are only unilateral.