bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Justice pénale internationale pour la paix et la réconciliation
Authors: Ayat Mohammed
Published: July 2007

International criminal justice has made a tremendous leap forward since the mid-1990s. Gradually, it tends to reacting more and more to situations of armed conflict with declared objectives aiming at restoring peace and bringing about reconciliation among people. To what extent have these objectives been achieved?This article is revolves around this important question. The analysis is particularly focused on the case of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, where the author has been working for the past ten years. Ad hoc international tribunals have helped formalizing the judicial recognition by the international community of crimes that go against the conscience of the entire mankind. They consecrate their disapproval of the commission of such offences. In so doing, they contribute towards fighting impunity, which has for long been associated with those offences. They function in an environment where conventional national jurisdictions would have found it difficult to operate with efficiency. The author is neither overestimating nor underestimating their contribution. It is presented as one of the components in a reply that is inescapably of a multiple nature, to some complex situations where a remedy is as difficult as the illness to be cured. It is in this perspective that such contribution is indeed appreciated.
Monthly Forecast of the Madden–Julian Oscillation Using a Coupled GCM
Authors: Vitart Frédéric , Woolnough Steve , Balmaseda M. A. , Tompkins A. M.
Published: July 2007

A set of five-member ensemble forecasts initialized daily for 48 days during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment period are performed with the ECMWF monthly forecasting system in order to assess its skill in predicting a Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) event. Results show that the model is skillful in predicting the evolution of the MJO up to about 14 days, but the amplitude of the MJO is damped after a few days of integration. In addition, the model has some deficiencies in propagating the MJO through the Maritime Continent. The same experiment framework is used to quantify the impacts of changing the model physics, the ocean model, the atmospheric horizontal resolution, and the initial conditions on the skill of the monthly forecasting system. Results show that there is a scope for extending the skillful range of the operational monthly forecasting system to predict the evolution of the MJO by at least a week. This is achieved by using an improved cloud parameterization together with a better representation of the mixing of the upper ocean. An additional set of experiments suggests that degrading the quality of the initial conditions (by using the 15-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis instead of the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis) significantly degrades the skill of the model to predict an MJO event and that increasing the horizontal resolution of the atmospheric mode had only a minor impact on the MJO forecasts. In addition, results show that there is a significant sensitivity to the initial perturbations of the ensemble members, and therefore, targeting perturbations on the MJO could improve the skill of the monthly forecasting system. While the propagation of the MJO was sensitive to most of the changes described in this paper, only the change in cloud parameterization improved the strength of the MJO. The propagation of the MJO over the Maritime Continent remains an issue.
Mountain-Wave-Like Spurious Waves Associated with Simulated Cold Fronts due to Inconsistencies between Horizontal and Vertical Resolutions
Authors: Iga Shin-ichi , Tomita Hirofumi , Satoh Masaki , Goto Koji
Published: July 2007

A newly developed global nonhydrostatic model is used for life cycle experiments (LCEs) of baroclinic waves, and the resolution dependency of frontal structures is examined. LCEs are integrated for 12 days with horizontal grid intervals ranging from 223 to 3.5 km in a global domain. In general, fronts become sharper and corresponding vertical flow strengthens as horizontal resolution increases. However, if the ratio of vertical and horizontal grid intervals is sufficiently small compared to the frontal slope s, the overall frontal structure remains unchanged. In contrast, when the ratio of horizontal and vertical grid intervals exceeds 2s − 4s, spurious gravity waves are generated at the cold front. A linear model for mountain waves quantitatively explains the mechanism of the spurious waves. The distribution of the basic wind is the major factor that determines wave amplitude and propagation. The spurious waves propagate up to a critical level at which the basic wind speed normal to the front is equal to the propagation speed of the front. Results from the linear model suggest that an effective way to eliminate spurious waves is to choose a stretched grid with a smaller vertical grid interval in lower layers where strong horizontal winds exist.
A Stability Analysis of Finite-Volume Advection Schemes Permitting Long Time Steps
Authors: Lauritzen Peter Hjort
Published: July 2007

Finite-volume schemes developed in the meteorological community that permit long time steps are considered. These include Eulerian flux-form schemes as well as fully two-dimensional and cascade cell-integrated semi-Lagrangian (CISL) schemes. A one- and two-dimensional Von Neumann stability analysis of these finite-volume advection schemes is given. Contrary to previous analysis, no simplifications in terms of reducing the formal order of the schemes, which makes the analysis mathematically less complex, have been applied. An interscheme comparison of both dissipation and dispersion properties is given. The main finding is that the dissipation and dispersion properties of Eulerian flux-form schemes are sensitive to the choice of inner and outer operators applied in the scheme that can lead to increased numerical damping for large Courant numbers. This spurious dependence on the integer value of the Courant number disappears if the inner and outer operators are identical, in which case, under the assumptions used in the stability analysis, the Eulerian flux-form scheme becomes identical to the cascade scheme. To explain these properties a conceptual interpretation of the flux-based Eulerian schemes is provided. Of the two CISL schemes, the cascade scheme has superior stability properties.
Analysis of Paul Butler's Race-Based Jury Nullification and His Call to Black Jurors and the African American Community
Authors: Collins-Chobanian Shari
Published: July 2007

Paul Butler argues that due to disparate impact on African Americans in the criminal justice system, African American jurors ought to exercise their right of nullification when there are African American defendants of nonviolent crimes. That is, they should refuse to convict these defendants in part to redress the racism and discrimination experienced by Blacks, and in part because Butler argues that these defendants should be addressed in the African American community instead. In this article I summarize Butler's call to nullify and critically review Leipold's and Marder's critiques of Butler's proposal. I argue that Butler's call is a principled tool to use while also working to change disparate treatment and impact due to discrimination in the criminal justice system, while also exploring the problematic issue of returning offenders to the community.
Preparation and Characterization of Composite Magnetic Microspheres
Authors: Zhang Ji , Zhang Shengtang , Wang Yunpu , Zeng Jiayu
Published: July 2007

In this study, composite magnetic microspheres of tamarind gum and chitosan were prepared in a well-shaped spherical form with a size range of 230—46 0 μm by the suspension cross-linking technique for use in the application of magnetic carrier technology. The magnetic material used in the preparation of the microspheres was prepared by precipitation from FeCl3 and FeSO4 solutions in basic medium. The morphological, magnetic properties and the functional groups of the microspheres were characterized by different techniques (i.e., Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), magnetometry, and FT-IR). The results demonstrated that the stirring rate of the suspension and the Fe3O4/chitosan ratio are the most effective parameters for the size/size distribution and the magnetic quality of the microspheres, while the amount of tamarind gum has no significant effect on these properties. The best magnetic quality of the microspheres is around 4.11 emu/g microspheres at 8 KG magnetic field intensity. The thermal stability was measured by using DSC methods.
Fragmentation in a Model Two-Component Fibrous Structure
Authors: Godfrey Thomas A. , Bosselman Suzanne E.
Published: July 2007

A simple micromechanical model for the deformation of an isolated fiber fragment embedded within a bundle of continuous filaments is used to study progressive fragmentation of the low elongation-to-break (LE) fiber component during extension of a model two-component fibrous structure. The model structure, representing a blended yarn or cord, is realized in experimental specimens by helically wrapping a number of high elongation-to-break (HE) components around a straight central LE component; polyester sewing thread and cotton sewing thread are used is this work as the HE and LE components, respectively. The concept of a characteristic fragment length, involving the failure statistics of a fragment as influenced by the interaction forces between the fragment and the surrounding fibrous medium, is used to interpret the fragmentation experiments and calibrate a dimensionless parameter in the micromechanical model. The calibrated model is shown to provide insight into force interactions between the fragment and the surrounding structure. Bounds are established on the force interaction behavior associated with possible variations in the value of a constitutive parameter.
A Multicriteria Decision Aid Approach on Navel Selection Problem for Rotor Spinning
Authors: Kaplan Sibel , Araz Ceyhun , Göktepe Özer
Published: July 2007

In studies about optimization of rotor spinning machine parameters, generally classical statistical methods have been used; the priorities and preferences of the yarn producer about yarn properties to get the desired end product characteristics have not been taken into consideration. However, machine part selection from possible alternatives with different properties and performance levels about yarn quality is a difficult task and inherently a multicriteria decision-making problem. In this study, it is proved that application of a multicriteria decision aid method, ELECTRE III, can provide valuable assistance in reaching acceptable solutions in order to select the appropriate navel for Ne 12 rotor yarn spun to weave denim fabric. In experimental part of the study, Ne 12 rotor yarns were spun by using ten navels having different technical properties and their quality parameters were analysed with ELECTRE III.
Effects of Synthesis Conditions on Chemically Initiated Oil-swellable Suspension Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Acid and Acrylamide onto Solid-state Chlorinated Polyethylene
Authors: He Peixin , Zhang Yuhong , Feng Dong Dong , Hu Rong
Published: July 2007

Graft polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and acryl amide (AM) onto solid-state chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) has been carried in oil-swellable suspension using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator and ethyl acetate (EA) as a sweller. The effects of polymerization conditions on graft degree (GD) and graft efficiency (GE), including volume of sweller, monomer amount, volume of water and reaction time, have been investigated. The graft polymers have been characterized by means of IR. The results show that EA as a sweller, can improve GD obviously, GD of CPE-g-AA is more than 77% when V(EA)/ V(H 2O) = 7/50, GD of CPE-g-AM is more than 96% when V(EA)/V(H2O) = 8/50. With the increase of monomer amount, GE decreases but GD increases, and GD of mixed monomer is more than that of pure AA or AM monomer.
What's the problem with teenage parents? And what's the problem with policy?
Authors: Duncan Simon
Published: July 2007

Public discourse in Britain sees teenage motherhood as a pernicious social problem where mothers, their children and society generally will all suffer. Fathers are seen as feckless. This is reflected in New Labour's teenage pregnancy strategy, which understands teenage parents as victims of ignorance, mis-information, and low expectations. But a review of the research evidence finds that the age at which pregnancy occurs has little effect on social outcomes. Many teenage mothers describe how motherhood makes them feel stronger, and marks a change for the better. Many fathers seek to remain connected with their children. For both, parenting seems to provide an impetus to take up education, training and employment. Teenage parenting may be more of an opportunity than a catastrophe, and often makes sense in the life worlds inhabited by young mothers. The paper ends by asking how we can explain this yawning gulf between the experience of teenage parenting and policy, and concludes that this largely rests on assumptions of rational choice, in turn creating a `rationality mistake'.
Building Futures or Stealing Secrets?
Authors: Mcadam Maura , Marlow Susan
Published: July 2007

Business incubator units are an effective support mechanism for new entrepreneurial firms in that they provide basic facilities, office space, administrative staff and expert managers during the volatile start-up and growth process. This enables entrepreneurs to reduce operating costs and focus their attention upon product development.There are also many intangible benefits to incubator placement such as enhanced firm credibility, access to established business networks and the opportunity to share the challenges of entrepreneurship with peers. From this study of such a unit in the Republic of Ireland however, it became apparent that as the firms grew and sought to enhance credibility and protect market share, disadvantages emerged regarding incubator placement. Firm proximity created tensions concerning privacy, the protection of intellectual property and competitive strategies. It was also evident that as the firms became more mature, the need to develop independent, secure internal systems could be impeded by the ready availability of support and advice from the incubator management team.
New Deal for Old? Exploring the Psychological Contract in a Small Firm Environment
Authors: Nadin Sara , Cassell Catherine
Published: July 2007

The aim of this article is to explore the ways in which small firm size impacts upon psychological contracts in the workplace, from the perspective of the owner-manager.While the study of the psychological contract has attracted much research interest of late, the majority of this research is located within the context of large firms. Debates concerning the impact of the new deal, which have provided the rationale for much contemporary research into the psychological contract, have not questioned the relevance of such changes to small firms and there has been a general failure to consider how the characteristics of small firms and the conditions they face affect the role, content and dynamics of psychological contracts.The research is based on in-depth qualitative interviews with owner-managers of 10 small firms from a variety of sectors.The findings suggest that small firm size affects psychological contracts in a number of significant ways, and that the changes associated with the so-called `new deal' have had little impact on small businesses. The implications of the findings are outlined, first with regard to enhancing understanding of the dynamics of employment relationships within small firms, and second for our further understanding of the psychological contract.
Shifting to conscious control: psychosocial and dietary management of anorexia by patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Shragge Jeremy E , Wismer Wendy V , Olson Karin L , Baracos Vickie E
Published: July 2007

The psychosocial strategies used by advanced cancer patients to manage anorexia are poorly described. A greater understanding of them may guide clinicians to provide appropriate interventions to patients and caregivers. Methods: Glaserian Grounded Theory was used to recruit and analyse data from two women and seven men with advanced cancer suffering from anorexia. They were interviewed about the emotional and social impact of appetite loss and the strategies that they used to compensate for reduced food intake. Results: Shifting to conscious control (overeating) was the basic social psychological process employed by participants to manage the emotional and social consequences of declining intake. Although a number of symptoms were found to contribute, nausea or the anticipation of emesis provoked by food was most commonly named as the ultimate barrier to eating. Discussion: Participants retained the motivation and ability to eat without appetite, providing the intake of food did not provoke nausea or the anticipation of emesis. Nutritional interventions must be tailored around patients' eating capabilities. Counselling and education programmes that assist family members in understanding the shift to conscious control over eating are required. Palliative Medicine 2007; 21: 227—233
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency in a Patient With Spastic Paraplegia and Recurrent Infections
Authors: Ozkinay Ferda , Pehlivan Sacide , Onay Huseyin , van den Berg Paul , Vardar Fadil , Koturoglu Guldane , Aksu Guzide , Unal Durisehvar , Tekgul Hasan , Can Sema , Ozkinay Cihangir
Published: July 2007

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disease. The characteristic features of the disease include severe T cell immune defects with recurrent infections, a failure to thrive, and progressive neurological findings. To date, 35 cases of purine nucleosidase phosphorylase deficiency have been reported worldwide. A 2-year-old female patient was hospitalized due to recurrent infections starting from 6 months and a fever that had continued for a month. The parents were first cousins. Physical examination showed a failure to thrive, herpetic lesions around the lips, painful lesions on the tongue and the buccal mucosa, lung infection, and spastic paraparesis in the lower extremities. She had motor and mental retardation. Laboratory tests revealed lymphopenia; low CD3, CD4, and CD8 counts; normal immunoglobulin levels; low uric acid; and very low purine nucleoside phosphorylase enzyme activity (1.4 nmol/h/mg; normal range, 490-1530). DNA sequencing of the purine nucleosidase phosphorylase gene revealed a missense homozygous mutation, a G to A transition at exon 4 position 64 (349G>A transition), which led to a substitution of alanine by threonine at codon 117 (Ala117Thr). Both parents were heterozygous for the mutation. This is the second purine nucleosidase phosphorylase deficient case to have been presented and carrying this mutation worldwide. Various antibiotics, antifungal drugs, and intravenous immunoglobulin were used to treat the infections during her 3 months. This form of treatment proved to be unresponsive, resulting in her subsequent death at 26 months of age.
Peripheral Neuropathy in a Child With Cree Leukodystrophy
Authors: Huntsman R.J. , Seshia S. , Lowry N. , Lemire E.G. , Harder S.L.
Published: July 2007

The authors describe peripheral nerve involvement in a 12-month-old boy with Cree leukodystrophy. Nerve conduction and genetic studies were performed during investigation of his leukodystrophy. Mutation analysis of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B5 gene detected homozygosity of the R195 mutation, confirming the diagnosis of Cree leukodystrophy. Median and posterior tibial motor nerve conduction study results were normal, but sensory responses in the median nerves were unobtainable bilaterally, in keeping with a sensory axonal neuropathy. Somatosensory-evoked potentials were absent in the upper extremities and delayed in the lower extremities, confirming sensory nerve involvement. This degree of sensory nerve involvement has not been previously reported in patients with eukaryotic initiation factor 2B5—related disorders. Peripheral neuropathy should be looked for both clinically and with electrodiagnostic studies in patients with eukaryotic initiation factor 2B—related disorders.
Bilateral Temporal Arachnoid Cysts Associated With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Tatli Mehmet , Guzel Aslan
Published: July 2007

The association between tuberous sclerosis complex and intracranial abnormalities such as hemimegalencephaly, schizencephaly, intracranial arterial aneurysms, and corpus callosum agenesis/dysplasia has been reported in the recent literature. However, the association between tuberous sclerosis complex and bilateral temporal arachnoid cysts has not been reported. A case of an 8-year-old boy with a mental impairment and epileptic seizures that began 5 years earlier is presented. The neuro-radiological findings are consistent with tuberous sclerosis complex associated with bitemporal arachnoid cysts. His epileptic seizures were treated with antiepileptic medications. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of tuberous sclerosis complex associated with bilateral arachnoid cysts of the temporal region. In such cases, arachnoid cysts may exacerbate the clinical picture.
Embedded Activism and Political Change in a Semiauthoritarian Context
Authors: Ho Peter
Published: July 2007

This article provides a theoretical introduction to the other contributions in this special issue. The emergence of social movements is generally seen as an indicator of democratization. The article argues that such a view overlooks the nature of political change in China, which entails a more gradual transition. In this light, the collection of articles is organized around several questions. What does the limited political space imply for the development of a social movement in China? Is the possibility for a social movement a precondition for the development of civil society? What are the prospects for the emergence of a social movement in China, and how would it relate to international forces? These questions are explored by focusing on one of the most active areas of civil society in contemporary China: the environmental realm. The argument linking the articles in this special issue is that China's semiauthoritarian political setup in association with increased social spaces for civic action has created a milieu for embeddedness in social movement. Contrary to totalitarian control, the semiauthoritarian environment is restrictive, but paradoxically, it is also conducive to nationwide, voluntary collective action.
Early cultivated wheat and broadening of agriculture in Neolithic China
Authors: Li Xiaoqiang , Dodson John , Zhou Xinying , Zhang Hongbin , Masutomoto Ryo
Published: July 2007

Evidence for cultivated wheat at 4650 cal. yr BP, as part of a broadening agricultural-based society (4650—4300 cal. yr BP), is presented from Xishanping in northwest China. This was established from archaeobotanical evidence and radiocarbon dating. Crops from SW Asia had therefore been adopted in China about 2500 years earlier than previously thought, and long before the `Silk Road' route was known to be used. The data show that the early infiltration and blending of agriculture involving rice, buckwheat, barley, millet and wheat occurred in this region. This raises questions as to why crops from China do not appear further westward at this time and how the blending of agricultural practices contributed to the development of Chinese civilization.
Six millennia of atmospheric dust deposition in southern South America (Isla Navarino, Chile)
Authors: Sapkota Atindra , Cheburkin Andriy K. , Bonani Georges , Shotyk William
Published: July 2007

To characterize dust deposition in southern South America for the Holocene, a 542 cm long core from a peat bog in southern Chile (Oreste bog, Isla Navarino) was studied. Peat formation started ~11 160 14C yr before present (BP). The titanium (Ti) concentration in bulk peat, combined with dry bulk density, and peat accumulation rate, were used to calculate the mineral accumulation rate (MAR) in the Oreste bog. The distribution of calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and titanium (Ti) showed that mineral accumulation for the last c. 6000 yr was predominantly atmospheric with a record of effectively constant deposition (0.43 ± 0.12 g/m2 per yr). Similarly, Ti and zirconium (Zr) concentrations in the acid insoluble ash (AIA) were also effectively constant and agreed well with the MAR for the last six millennia, except at c. 4200 cal. yr BP, where Zr was enriched relative to Ti. Here, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs showed that the AIA was dominated by volcanic particles (>20—40 μm), with the Mt Burney eruption identified as the most likely source. In contrast with this anomalous zone, SEM studies showed that the mineral particles found in the majority of the sample were predominantly fine grained (<20 μm) and rounded. Derived from surficial sediment and supplied by long-range atmospheric transport, they reflect the climate stability for the past 6000 yr.
Pollen representation in surface samples of the Juniperus, Picea and Juglans forest belts of Kyrgyzstan, central Asia
Authors: Beer Ruth , Tinner Willy , Carraro Gabriele , Grisa Ennio
Published: July 2007

Surface pollen deposition at five sites (Kichikol, Karakol, Nishneye and Verkhneye Ozero, and Bakaly) in four different forest types ( Juniperus , Picea, Juglans and mixed forests) in Kyrgyzstan have been investigated to assess the relationship between modern vegetation and pollen composition in order to calibrate the pollen representation. Vegetation surveys with an estimation of the tree-crown cover (%) were made in 10 m × 10 m plots to relate the vegetation to surface pollen of moss polsters. Correlation calculations show a close relationship between vegetation (tree-crown cover) and pollen for the Juniperus site (eg, r2 = 0.76 between crown cover and arboreal pollen, AP) and the Picea site ( r2 = 0.85), whereas the linkage is weaker at the Juglans site ( r 2 = 0.35) and in mixed forests ( r2 = 0.32). The results of the surface samples of moss polsters are compared and discussed with surface samples of lake sediments that were taken at the same locations. We use vegetational maps from around the lakes to discuss the link between vegetation and pollen at extra-local scales (800 m around the sites). These comparisons show that AP underestimates the effective tree cover around all sites, with in extreme cases densely forested areas corresponding to AP values as low as <60; 30%. We explain this finding by the prevalent background pollen load that derives from the dry lowland and slope steppes ( Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae). Our investigation may improve the reconstruction of Quaternary vegetation and climate history of these forest belts in Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia) on the basis of fossil pollen assemblages from mire and lake sediments. It provides new insights into the pollen reflection of forest isles (eg, on humid slopes or mountain tops) that are surrounded by continental steppes; a vegetational situation that may be used as an analogue for the conditions during the full glacial in Eurasia and Northern America.
The declining quality of late-Holocene ombrotrophic communities and the loss of Sphagnum austinii (Sull. ex Aust.) on raised bogs in Wales
Authors: Hughes P.D.M. , Lomas-Clarke S.H. , Schulz J. , Jones P.
Published: July 2007

The modern floristic composition of the principal raised bogs of Wales is significantly altered compared with their histories of development from the early to mid Holocene. This paper uses pollen and plant macrofossil records from two raised bogs together with previously published data from a further two sites to explore the key factors contributing to the present condition of Welsh ombrotrophic plant communities. Results show Betula and Molinia invasion is a recent feature of bog development in Wales. Previous Holocene `dry-phases' were characterized by Ericaceae and Pinus establishment, supporting recent experimental evidence that Betula and Molinia encroachment is primarily a response to nitrogen (N) loading rather than desiccation on intact bogs. Several of the bogs featured in this study also show severe signs of structural damage, not only from peat cutting but, in the case of Cors Caron, from channel processes in the adjacent River Teifi. Radiocarbon dating and inter-site comparisons of peat accumulation rates show that Rhos Goch Common in particular has been heavily impacted by peripheral peat cutting, leading to dewatering, significant subsidence of its peat dome and the spread of hummock and high dry ridge communities. Finally, the decline and local extinction of Sphagnum austinii in bogs across Europe represents one of the most significant changes in ombrotrophic community composition in the late Holocene. Co-registered pollen and macrofossil evidence from Cors Caron demonstrates that increases in landuse intensity over the last 2000 years are temporally associated with reductions in the abundance of S. austinii and ultimately its local disappearance from the palaeoecological record.
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of coastal aeolian sand accumulation in Sanday, Orkney Islands, Scotland
Authors: Sommerville A.A. , Hansom J.D. , Housley R.A. , Sanderson D.C.W.
Published: July 2007

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sand has been used to identify periods of enhanced aeolian activity at two coastal archaeological sites in Orkney that coincide with periods of Holocene climatic deterioration recorded elsewhere in both Scotland and W Europe. Areas of Tofts Ness, Sanday were settled from the Neolithic, abandoned in the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age, reoccupied and permanently abandoned in the Iron Age. Sand layers above the Neolithic soils have been OSL dated to about 4000 BP, correlating well with a period of increased aeolian activity elsewhere in W Europe. OSL dating of aeolian sands above midden deposits and a Bronze Age burial at Lopness on Sanday suggest dune development by 3000 BP, although both sites also contain sand that was deposited during the `Little Ice Age'. Several possible mechanisms may have contributed to an increase in aeolian activity during the Holocene that led to the abandonment of these sites. Although volcanic eruptions in Iceland cannot be discounted as a contributory factor, a more likely driver of change in sand dune systems is the enhanced N Atlantic storminess suggested by ice core records from Greenland. During periods of climatic deterioration the declining productivity of other agricultural land places enhanced demands on agriculturally marginal sand dunes, leading to further destabilization and the potential for enhanced sand transport events.
The Effects of Guided Written Disclosure on Psychological Symptoms Among Parents of Children With Cancer
Authors: Duncan Elaine , Gidron Yori , Rabin Eyal , Gouchberg Liza , Moser Asher M. , Kapelushnik Josef
Published: July 2007

This study examines whether structured writing about receiving a diagnosis and treatment for pediatric cancer reduces distress among highly distressed parents of children with cancer (PCWC). Eight PCWC completed measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms at two baselines, and again after writing, with 1-month gaps between assessments. Using a guided disclosure protocol (GDP), parents were asked to write about receiving the diagnosis first in a chronological manner, then to explicitly label their emotions at the time of diagnosis and explain the impact of the child's illness on their life. Finally, they were asked to reflect on current feelings, future coping ability, and personal growth. Although symptoms of distress did not change between baselines, significant reductions were found in PTSS from the first baseline to postwriting, but not in depression. This preliminary study suggests that the GDP may reduce PTSS in distressed PCWC.
Revisiting Confucianism as a Conceptual Framework for Asian Family Study
Authors: Park Mijung , Chesla Catherine
Published: July 2007

Confucianism is the central philosophic background for much of the culture in East Asia (EA), particularly for understanding family and social context. The purpose of this article is to examine more fully Confucianism as a conceptual framework for understanding EA family processes and health practices. Confucianism stresses the traditional boundaries of ethical responsibility and the ideal of good human life as a whole. Embedded within Confucian values are five principal relationships, through which each person defines a sense of identity, duty, and responsibility. Current studies of EA families that consider Confucianism as a theoretical base focus almost exclusively on filial piety and collectivism. Focusing only on these two aspects prevents scholars from exploring more complex interpretations of EA family life. A broader inclusion of multiple concepts from Confucianism can provide guidance in exploring the complex and multidimensional aspects of EA family life and allow for broader articulation of family processes.
A Job with No Boundaries
Authors: Degiuli Francesca
Published: July 2007

In recent years a number of important studies have explored the new international division of reproductive labor, but those works have concentrated, for the most part, on one end of the life cycle: nannies and childcare. This article focuses on the other end of it, home eldercare work. Jobs falling under this label encompass a variety of work situations but the title suggests a job that is more homogeneous than the occupation actually is. This article explores, through the narratives of the workers and the exploration of this 24-hour job, what it means to work as a home eldercare assistant.
Les Infirmières Exclusives and Migrant Quasi-Nurses in Greece
Authors: Lazaridis Gabriella
Published: July 2007

The article explores the complex experiences and positions of migrant women in the `nursing profession' in a southern European country, Greece. It looks at ways in which a rudimentary welfare state and a large informal economy have created the demand for les infirmières exclusives and for `quasi-nurses'. The supply and use of their services, on the one hand, helps perpetuate this informal welfare system and, on the other, has implications for migrant women themselves as, inter alia, it contributes to their deskilling, exploitation, marginalization and exclusion. The multifarious degrees and forms that these processes take, to a large extent, depend on the cross-cutting of gender, ethnicity and class, as sexism intersects with different forms of `othering' and racialization processes in the destination country. The position of these women is also located in terms of ethnic and national boundaries.
Translating Policy and Practice
Authors: McCabe Louise
Published: July 2007

Global influences and demographic changes are leading policy makers in less developed countries to look to more developed regions for policy and service ideas. Policy and services ideas may then be `borrowed' via processes such as policy transfer (Dolowitz and Marsh, 1996). This article explores the establishment of day care for people with dementia in Kerala, India. During the development of this service policy, information and practice ideas were transferred from different countries, particularly the UK. During the transfer of information and also within the following processes of implementation and enactment of policy, translation processes take place. In order to understand these translation processes, this article describes the development of day care in Kerala and compares its current functioning with that of similar day care centres in the UK. The concept of translation is found to illuminate and explain the process of service development in Kerala and could be used elsewhere to explain examples of policy and practice development.
A sense of tourism: new media and the dialectic of encapsulation/decapsulation
Authors: Jansson André
Published: July 2007

The efficiency and lightness of new media problematize the experiential division between being at home and going away. This article presents an approach for studying these conditions. The dialectic of encapsulation/decapsulation is introduced as a framework for understanding how the liminal (encapsulated) sense of tourism is always haunted by its double (decapsulation). It is also shown that the mediatized threat of decapsulation in itself generates certain ritual attitudes among tourists, as well as new strategies among travel organizers, for maintaining the sense of tourism. The article explores how technological potentials are either rejected or integrated among touristic practices as cultural forms.
The economic inefficiencies of market liberalization
Authors: Davis Aeron
Published: July 2007

This article returns to the long-running public service versus free market debate in media and communications but from a rather unconventional perspective. Critics of the steady, globally driven marketization of national public media and information services tend to object on social and political grounds. Market advocates, in contrast, make their case on economic grounds. Greater competition in markets, including media markets, brings economic efficiencies which, in turn, are a `public good'. This economic assertion is rarely scrutinized within media studies. The study presented here, which looks at financial media and communications in the London Stock Exchange (LSE), does just this. In recent decades the LSE has been opened up to accommodate the needs of international financial institutions and international capital flows. This has had a detrimental impact on its media and information systems. Such liberalization, it is argued, has made the LSE less economically efficient, not more, and with quite negative economic (as well as social) consequences.
Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma
Authors: González David , van der Burg Mirjam , García-Sanz Ramón , Fenton James A. , Langerak Anton W. , González Marcos , van Dongen Jacques J. M. , San Miguel Jesus F. , Morgan Gareth J.
Published: July 2007

The ability to rearrange the germ-line DNA to generate antibody diversity is an essential prerequisite for the production of a functional repertoire. While this is essential to prevent infections, it also represents the “Achilles heal” of the B-cell lineage, occasionally leading to malignant transformation of these cells by translocation of protooncogenes into the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci. However, in evolutionary terms this is a small price to pay for a functional immune system. The study of the configuration and rearrangements of the Ig gene loci has contributed extensively to our understanding of the natural history of development of myeloma. In addition to this, the analysis of Ig gene rearrangements in B-cell neoplasms provides information about the clonal origin of the disease, prognosis, as well as providing a clinical useful tool for clonality detection and minimal residual disease monitoring. Herein, we review the data currently available on both Ig gene rearrangements and protein patterns seen in myeloma with the aim of illustrating how this knowledge has contributed to our understanding of the pathobiology of myeloma.
The BH3-only protein Puma plays an essential role in cytokine deprivation–induced apoptosis of mast cells
Authors: Ekoff Maria , Kaufmann Thomas , Engström Maria , Motoyama Noboru , Villunger Andreas , Jönsson Jan-Ingvar , Strasser Andreas , Nilsson Gunnar
Published: July 2007

Mast cells play critical roles in the regulation of inflammation. One characteristic feature of mast cells is their relatively long lifespan in vivo. Members of the Bcl-2 protein family are regulators of cell survival and apoptosis, where the BH3-only proteins are critical proapoptotic proteins. In this study we investigated the role of the BH3-only proteins Noxa, Bad, Bim, Bmf, Bid, and Puma in apoptosis of mucosal-like mast cells (MLMCs) and connective tissue–like mast cells (CTLMCs). We demonstrate that Puma is critical for the induction of mast-cell death following cytokine deprivation and treatment with the DNA-damaging agent etoposide in MLMCs and CTLMCs. Using p53−/− mast cells, we found that cytokine deprivation–induced apoptosis, in contrast to that elicited by etoposide, is p53-independent. Interestingly, mast cells deficient in FOXO3a, previously proposed as a transcription factor for Puma induction in response to growth factor deprivation, were markedly resistant to cytokine withdrawal compared with wild-type cells. Moreover, overexpression of phosphorylation-deficient, constitutively active FOXO3a caused an up-regulation of Puma. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a pivotal role for Puma in the regulation of cytokine deprivation–induced mast-cell apoptosis and suggest a plausible role for Puma in the regulation of mast cell numbers in vivo.
Lymphocyte contributions to altered endometrial angiogenesis during early and midgestation fetal loss
Authors: Tayade Chandrakant , Fang Yuan , Hilchie David , Croy B Anne
Published: July 2007

Peri-implantation and midgestational fetal losses reduce potential litter sizes up to 40% in commercial swine. Peri-implantation studies [gestation days (gd)15–23] of porcine RNA from laser capture microdissected uterine lymphocytes and biopsies of mesometrial endometrium and trophoblast previously linked gd21–23 fetal arrest with transcriptional deficits in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its regulatory factor, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and with elevations in IFN-γ and TNF-α and suggested endometrial lymphocytes played a pivotal, proangiogenic role in fetal survival. Here, we address more comprehensively porcine endometrial angiogenesis by comparing transcription between endometrial endothelium and lymphocytes during early (gd20) and midgestation (gd50) losses and by incorporation of histopathology and protein immunolocalization of VEGF, placenta growth factor (PlGF), VEGF receptor I (VEGFRI), and VEGFRII. In healthy sites, endometrial lymphocytes transcribed more VEGF at gd50 than gd20, and transcripts were more abundant in lymphocytes than in endothelium or trophoblast. Arterial endothelial cells showed the most abundant transcription of PlGF. With fetal arrest, maternal transcripts for VEGF but not PlGF dropped, and fetal transcripts remained relatively stable. Maternal and fetal HIF-1α transcription declined. Lymphocytes preferentially transcribed VEGFRI over VEGFRII, and endometrial arterial endothelium and trophoblast preferentially transcribed VEGFRII. IFN-γ and TNF-α transcripts were present in gd20 and gd50 healthy- and arresting-implantation sites. gd20 arrest was associated with greater transcription of IFN-γ than TNF-α in maternal and fetal tissues. At gd50, this was reversed. Endometrial, vascular pathology was evident only at gd50. These data suggest the critical importance for lymphocyte-driven endometrial angiogenesis, which extends to midgestation.
Dormant and Self‐Renewing Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Their Niches
Authors: WILSON ANNE , OSER GABRIELA M. , JAWORSKI MAIKE , BLANCO‐BOSE WILLIAM E. , LAURENTI ELISA , ADOLPHE CHRISTELLE , ESSERS MARIEKE A. , MACDONALD H. ROBSON , TRUMPP ANDREAS
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  In the mouse, over the last 20 years, a set of cell‐surface markers and activities have been identified, enabling the isolation of bone marrow (BM) populations highly enriched in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These HSCs have the ability to generate multiple lineages and are capable of long‐term self‐renewal activity such that they are able to reconstitute and maintain a functional hematopoietic system after transplantation into lethally irradiated recipients. Using single‐cell reconstitution assays, various marker combinations can be used to achieve a functional HSC purity of almost 50%. Here we have used the differential expression of six of these markers (Sca1, c‐Kit, CD135, CD48, CD150, and CD34) on lineage‐depleted BM to refine cell hierarchies within the HSC population. At the top of the hierarchy, we propose a dormant HSC population (Lin−Sca1+c‐Kit+ CD48−CD150+CD34−) that gives rise to an active self‐renewing CD34+ HSC population. HSC dormancy, as well as the balance between self‐renewal and differentiation activity, is at least, in part, controlled by the stem cell niches individual HSCs are attached to. Here we review the current knowledge about HSC niches and propose that dormant HSCs are located in niches at the endosteum, whereas activated HSCs are in close contact to sinusoids of the BM microvasculature.
Spitting Images in Montaigne and Bataille: For a Heterological Counterhistory of Sovereignty
Authors: Richman Michèle H
Published: July 2007

In response to Walter Benjamin's caveat that every image of the past not recognized by the present as one of its own concerns threatens to disappear irretrievably, this essay examines images of spitting in the work of Michel de Montaigne and Georges Bataille. By resisting insertion within codified cycles of exchange-especially those of institutionalized violence-their images exemplify a defiance to servitude that can be generalized to a theory of sovereignty. An archaeological inventory indicates possibilities provided by the montage of images for the construction of a heterological counterhistory, where spit and spitting challenge the dominance of spirit in Western culture.
“Dixie is No Longer in the Bag”: South Carolina Republicans and the Election of 1960
Authors: Gifford Laura Jane
Published: July 2007

Oh, Dixie is No longer in the Bag

Oh, Dixie is No longer in the Bag

It's a hundred odds to ten

That the South will rise again

For Dixie is No longer in the Bag.
From Empire to Europe: Evolving British Policy in Respect of Cross-Border Crime
Authors: Harfield Clive
Published: July 2007

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed the metamorphosis of Britain from a global, imperial power to a full (if sometimes ambivalent) member of the modern regional partnership that is the European Union (EU). During the same period, transnational criminal activity was transformed from an arena in which criminal fugitives sought merely to evade domestic justice through self-imposed exile to an environment in which improved travel and communication facilities enabled criminals to commute between national jurisdictions to commit crime or to participate in global criminal enterprises run along modern business lines. This development is so serious that it is considered in some quarters a threat to national security and the very fabric of society.
Mahatma Gandhi on Violence and Peace Education
Authors: Allen Douglas
Published: July 2007

Gandhi can serve as a valuable catalyst allowing us to rethink our philosophical positions on violence, nonviolence, and education. Especially insightful are Gandhi's formulations of the multidimensionality of violence, including educational violence, and the violence of the status quo. His peace education offers many possibilities for dealing with short-term violence, but its greatest strength is its long-term preventative education and socialization. Key to Gandhi's peace education are his ethical and ontological formulations of means-ends relations; the need to uncover root causes and causal determinants and to free oneself from entrapment in escalating cycles of violence; and the dynamic complex relation between relative and absolute truth that includes analysis of situated embodied consciousness, tolerant diversity and inclusiveness, and an approach to unavoidable violence.