bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of non-resonant vibration based energy harvesters for wireless sensor nodes
Authors: Khan Farid Ullah
Published: August 2016

Advancement in technology has reduced the size and power consumption of wireless sensor nodes (WSNs), which leads to the possibility of a battery's replacement with alternative power sources, such as energy harvesters. For WSNs, harvesting energy from ambient vibration has great promise. This paper reports on the recent advancements in the development of vibration-based, non-resonant energy harvesters (NR-EHs). Based on the transduction mechanism, non-resonant electromagnetic energy harvesters (NR-EMEHs), non-resonant electrostatic energy harvesters (NR-ESEHs), and non-resonant piezoelectric energy harvesters (NR-PEEHs) have been successfully developed and reported. The frequency band of NR-EMEHs, NR-ESEHs, and NR-PEEHs is 0.5 to 140 Hz, 85 to 100 Hz, and 5 to 120 Hz, respectively. Moreover, these NR-EHs are subjected from low to high acceleration levels (0.102 to 16.1 g) during characterization. The overall size of the produced NR-EHs is in meso scale. The power generation of the reported NR-EMEHs is in the range from 0.75 to 2200 μW. NR-ESEHs are reported to produce power from 0.7 to 35.3 μW; however, the power production by the developed NR-PEEHs ranges from 3 to 18.5 μW. These NR-EHs are shown to produce power densities from 0.01103 to 8461.54 μW/cm3 which are reasonably sufficient to operate most of the commercially available wireless acceleration sensor nodes.
Two-dimensional vibronic spectroscopy of molecular aggregates: Trimers, dimers, and monomers
Authors: Keß M. , Worth G. , Engel V.
Published: August 2016

The two-dimensional (2D) vibronic spectroscopy of molecular trimers is studied theoretically. The solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is carried out with the multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) method which allows for an efficient propagation of the multi-component wave functions. 2D-spectra are calculated for H- and J-type aggregates incorporating one or two vibrational modes for each monomer. In performing calculations for monomer, dimer, and trimer systems, it is documented how the vibronic structure of the 2D-spectrum changes upon aggregation. This is of importance for the characterization of aggregation behavior being influenced by experimental conditions such as temperature or concentration.
Coupled-cluster interpretation of the photoelectron spectrum of Ag3−
Authors: Bauman Nicholas P. , Hansen Jared A. , Piecuch Piotr
Published: August 2016

We use the scalar relativistic ionized equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (IP-EOMCC) approaches to investigate the photoelectron spectrum of Ag3−, examining the effects of basis set, number of correlated electrons, level of applied theory including up to 3-hole-2-particle terms, and geometry relaxation. By employing an IP-EOMCC-based extrapolation scheme, we are able to provide an accurate interpretation and complete assignment of peaks and other key features in the experimentally observed spectra, including electron binding energies as high as about 6.5 eV.
New x-ray pink-beam profile monitor system for the SPring-8 beamline front-end
Authors: Takahashi Sunao , Kudo Togo , Sano Mutsumi , Watanabe Atsuo , Tajiri Hiroo
Published: August 2016

A new beam profile monitoring system for the small X-ray beam exiting from the SPring-8 front-end was developed and tested at BL13XU. This system is intended as a screen monitor and also as a position monitor even at beam currents of 100 mA by using photoluminescence of a chemical vapor deposition-grown diamond film. To cope with the challenge that the spatial distribution of the photoluminescence in the vertical direction is too flat to detect the beam centroid within a limited narrow aperture, a filter was installed that absorbs the fundamental harmonic concentrated in the beam center, which resulted in “de-flattening” of the vertical distribution. For the measurement, the filter crossed the photon beam vertically at high speed to withstand the intense heat flux of the undulator pink-beam. A transient thermal analysis, which can simulate the movement of the irradiation position with time, was conducted to determine the appropriate configuration and the required moving speed of the filter to avoid accidental melting. In a demonstration experiment, the vertically separated beam profile could be successfully observed for a 0.8 × 0.8 mm2 beam shaped by an XY slit and with a fundamental energy of 18.48 keV. The vertical beam centroid could be detected with a resolution of less than 0.1 mm.
Synthetic diagnostics platform for fusion plasmas (invited)
Authors: Shi L. , Valeo E. J. , Tobias B. J. , Kramer G. J. , Hausammann L. , Tang W. M. , Chen M.
Published: August 2016

A Synthetic Diagnostics Platform (SDP) for fusion plasmas has been developed which provides state of the art synthetic reflectometry, beam emission spectroscopy, and Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) diagnostics. Interfaces to the plasma simulation codes GTC, XGC-1, GTS, and M3D-C1 are provided, enabling detailed validation of these codes. In this paper, we give an overview of SDP’s capabilities, and introduce the synthetic diagnostic modules. A recently developed synthetic ECE Imaging module which self-consistently includes refraction, diffraction, emission, and absorption effects is discussed in detail. Its capabilities are demonstrated on two model plasmas. The importance of synthetic diagnostics in validation is shown by applying the SDP to M3D-C1 output and comparing it with measurements from an edge harmonic oscillation mode on DIII-D.
The unexpected stability of multiwall nanotubes under high pressure and shear deformation
Authors: Pashkin E. Y. , Pankov A. M. , Kulnitskiy B. A. , Perezhogin I. A. , Karaeva A. R. , Mordkovich V. Z. , Popov M. Y. , Sorokin P. B. , Blank V. D.
Published: August 2016

The behavior of multiwall carbon nanotubes under a high pressure (up to 55 GPa) combined with shear deformation was studied by experimental and theoretical methods. The unexpectedly high stability of the nanotubes' structure under high stresses was observed. After the pressure was released, we observed that the nanotubes had restored their shapes. Atomistic simulations show that the hydrostatic and shear stresses affect the nanotubes' structure in a different way. It was found that the shear stress load in the multiwall nanotubes' outer walls can induce their connection and formation of an amorphized sp3-hybridized region but internal core keeps the tubular structure.
Micro glow plasma for localized nanostructural modification of carbon nanotube forest
Authors: Sarwar Mirza Saquib us , Xiao Zhiming , Saleh Tanveer , Nojeh Alireza , Takahata Kenichi
Published: August 2016

This paper reports the localized selective treatment of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, or CNT forests, for radial size modification of the nanotubes through a micro-scale glow plasma established on the material. An atmospheric-pressure DC glow plasma is shown to be stably sustained on the surface of the CNT forest in argon using micromachined tungsten electrodes with diameters down to 100 μm. Experiments reveal thinning or thickening of the nanotubes under the micro glow depending on the process conditions including discharge current and process time. These thinning and thickening effects in the treated nanotubes are measured to be up to ∼30% and ∼300% in their diameter, respectively, under the tested conditions. The elemental and Raman analyses suggest that the treated region of the CNT forest is pure carbon and maintains a degree of crystallinity. The local plasma treatment process investigated may allow modification of material characteristics in different domains for targeted regions or patterns, potentially aiding custom design of micro-electro-mechanical systems and other emerging devices enabled by the CNT forest.
Enhancement of photovoltaic effects and photoconductivity observed in Co-doped amorphous carbon/silicon heterostructures
Authors: Jiang Y. C. , Gao J.
Published: August 2016

Co-doped amorphous carbon (Co-C)/silicon heterostructures were fabricated by growing Co-C films on n-type Si substrates using pulsed laser deposition. A photovoltaic effect (PVE) has been observed at room temperature. Open-circuit voltage Voc = 320 mV and short-circuit current density Jsc = 5.62 mA/cm2 were measured under illumination of 532-nm light with the power of 100 mW/cm2. In contrast, undoped amorphous carbon/Si heterostructures revealed no significant PVE. Based on the PVE and photoconductivity (PC) investigated at different temperatures, it was found that the energy conversion efficiency increased with increasing the temperature and reached the maximum at room temperature, while the photoconductivity showed a reverse temperature dependence. The observed competition between PVE and PC was correlated with the way to distribute absorbed photons. The possible mechanism, explaining the enhanced PVE and PC in the Co-C/Si heterostructures, might be attributed to light absorption enhanced by localized surface plasmons in Co nanoparticles embedded in the carbon matrix.
Optical properties of graphene-based materials in transparent polymer matrices
Authors: Bayrak Osman , Ionita Mariana , Demirci Emrah , Silberschmidt Vadim V.
Published: August 2016

Different aspects of graphene-based materials (GBMs) and GBM-nanocomposites have been investigated due to their intriguing features; one of these features is their transparency. Transparency of GBMs has been of an interest to scientists and engineers mainly with regard to electronic devices. In this study, optical transmittance of structural, purpose-made nanocomposites reinforced with GBMs was analyzed to lay a foundation for optical microstructural characterization of nanocomposites in future studies. Two main types of GBM reinforcements were studied, graphene oxide (GO) and graphite nanoplates (GNPs). The nanocomposites investigated are GO/poly(vinyl alcohol), GO/sodium alginate, and GNP/epoxy with different volume fractions of GBMs. Together with UV-visible spectrophotometry, image-processing-assisted micro and macro photography were used to assess the transparency of GBMs embedded in the matrices. The micro and macro photography methods developed were proven to be an alternative way of measuring light transmittance of semi-transparent materials. It was found that there existed a linear relationship between light absorbance and a volume fraction of GBMs embedded in the same type of polymer matrices, provided that the nanocomposites of interest had the same thicknesses. This suggests that the GBM dispersion characteristics in the same type of polymer are similar and any possible change in crystal structure of polymer due to different volumetric contents of GBM does not have an effect on light transmittance of the matrices. The study also showed that the same types of GBMs could display different optical properties in different matrix materials. The results of this study will help to develop practical microstructural characterization techniques for GBM-based nanocomposites.
Epitaxial growth and physical properties of ternary nitride thin films by polymer-assisted deposition
Authors: Enriquez Erik , Zhang Yingying , Chen Aiping , Bi Zhenxing , Wang Yongqiang , Fu Engang , Harrell Zachary , Lü Xujie , Dowden Paul , Wang Haiyan , Chen Chonglin , Jia Quanxi
Published: August 2016

Epitaxial layered ternary metal-nitride FeMoN2, (Fe0.33Mo0.67)MoN2, CoMoN2, and FeWN2 thin films have been grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by polymer-assisted deposition. The ABN2 layer sits on top of the oxygen sublattices of the substrate with three possible matching configurations due to the significantly reduced lattice mismatch. The doping composition and elements affect not only the out-of-plane lattice parameters but also the temperature-dependent electrical properties. These films have resistivity in the range of 0.1–1 mΩ·cm, showing tunable metallic or semiconducting behaviors by adjusting the composition. A modified parallel connection channel model has been used to analyze the grain boundary and Coulomb blockade effect on the electrical properties. The growth of the high crystallinity layered epitaxial thin films provides an avenue to study the composition-structure-property relationship in ABN2 materials through A and B-site substitution.
Star formation through thermal instability of radiative plasma with finite electron inertia and finite Larmor radius corrections
Authors: Kaothekar Sachin
Published: August 2016

I have studied the effects of finite electron inertia, finite ion Larmor radius (FLR) corrections, and radiative heat-loss function on the thermal instability of an infinite homogeneous, viscous plasma incorporating the effect of thermal conductivity for star formation in interstellar medium (ISM). A general dispersion relation is derived using the normal mode analysis method with the help of relevant linearized perturbation equations of the problem. The wave propagation is discussed for longitudinal and transverse directions to the external magnetic field and the conditions of modified thermal instabilities and stabilities are discussed in different cases. We find that the thermal instability criterion is get modified into radiative instability criterion by inclusion of radiative heat-loss functions with thermal conductivity. The viscosity of medium removes the effect of FLR corrections from the condition of radiative instability. Numerical calculation shows stabilizing effect of heat-loss function, viscosity and FLR corrections, and destabilizing effect of finite electron inertia on the thermal instability. Results carried out in this paper shows that stars are formed in interstellar medium mainly due to thermal instability.
Investigation on Ge surface diffusion via growing Ge quantum dots on top of Si pillars
Authors: Jiang Yuwen , Mo Delin , Hu Xiaofeng , Wang Shuguang , Chen Yulu , Lin Dongdong , Fan Yongliang , Yang Xinju , Zhong Zhengyang , Jiang Zuimin
Published: August 2016

We report on a simple and intuitionistic experimental method to quantitatively measure surface diffusion lengths of Ge adatoms on Si(001) substrates and its activation energy Ea, which is achieved by growing Ge quantum dots (QDs) on top surfaces of Si pillars with different radii and taking an advantage of preferential nucleation and growth of Ge QDs at the top surface edge of the pillars. Diffusion length of Ge adatom can directly be measured and determined by the radius of the pillar below which no QDs will nucleate and grow at the central region of the top surface of the Si pillar. With a growth rate v fixed at 0.1 Å/s, by changing the growth temperature, the diffusion lengths at different temperatures would be obtained. Arrhenius plot of diffusion length as a function of growth temperature gives the value of Ea of 1.37 eV. Likewise, with a growth rate v fixed at 0.05 Å/s, the Ea value is obtained to be 1.38 eV. Two Ea values agree well with each other, implying that the method is reliable and self-consistent. Moreover, for a fixed growth temperature, the surface diffusion lengths are found to be directly proportional to 1/ν. It also agrees well with the theoretical prediction, further demonstrating the reliability of the method.
Identification of an orthologous clade of peroxidases that respond to feeding by greenbugs (Schizaphis graminum) in C4 grasses
Authors: Scully Erin D. , Donze-Reiner Teresa , Wang Haichuan , Eickhoff Thomas E. , Baxendale Frederick , Twigg Paul , Kovacs Frank , Heng-Moss Tiffany , Sattler Scott E. , Sarath Gautam
Published: August 2016

Knowledge of specific peroxidases that respond to aphid herbivory is limited in C4 grasses, but could provide targets for improving defence against these pests. A sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) peroxidase (SbPrx-1; Sobic.002G416700) has been previously linked to biotic stress responses, and was the starting point for this study. Genomic analyses indicated that SbPrx-1 was part of a clade of five closely related peroxidase genes occurring within a ~30 kb region on chromosome 2 of the sorghum genome. Comparison of this ~30-kb region to syntenic regions in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) identified similar related clusters of peroxidases. Infestation of a susceptible sorghum cultivar with greenbugs (Shizaphis graminum Rondani) induced three of the five peroxidases. Greenbug infestation of switchgrass and foxtail millet plants showed similar inductions of peroxidases. SbPrx-1 was also induced in response to aphid herbivory in a greenbug-resistant sorghum line, Cargill 607E. These data indicate that this genomic region of C4 grasses could be valuable as a marker to assess potential insect resistance in C4 grasses.
Prediction of multidimensional drug dose responses based on measurements of drug pairs
Authors: Zimmer Anat , Katzir Itay , Dekel Erez , Mayo Avraham E. , Alon Uri
Published: August 2016

Significance

We present a mechanism-free formula that predicts effects of multiple drugs at all doses based on measurements of drug pairs at a few doses. The formula bypasses the combinatorial explosion problem by greatly reducing the number of measurements needed to design optimal cocktails for cancer and infection.
Zinc-sensitive MRI contrast agent detects differential release of Zn(II) ions from the healthy vs. malignant mouse prostate
Authors: Clavijo Jordan M. Veronica , Lo Su-Tang , Chen Shiuhwei , Preihs Christian , Chirayil Sara , Zhang Shanrong , Kapur Payal , Li Wen-Hong , De Leon-Rodriguez Luis M. , Lubag Angelo J. M. , Rofsky Neil M. , Sherry A. Dean
Published: August 2016

Significance

The normal prostate gland contains the most Zn(II) of all mammalian tissues, and there are marked differences in Zn(II) content between the healthy, malignant, and benign hyperplastic prostate. Given that multiparametric MRI does not always reliably distinguish between these tissue conditions, the release of Zn(II) ions from the prostate in response to an external stimulus may prove valuable as a specific biomarker of prostate cancer progression. In this work, we show that glucose stimulates the release of Zn(II) from intracellular stores in healthy prostate tissue and that Zn(II) secretion is reduced in a transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model.
Highly photostable, reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent protein with high contrast ratio for live-cell superresolution microscopy
Authors: Zhang Xi , Zhang Mingshu , Li Dong , He Wenting , Peng Jianxin , Betzig Eric , Xu Pingyong
Published: August 2016

Significance

To understand the cell, it is necessary to study its dynamics at high resolution in space and time in a way that does not adversely affect it. Superresolution microscopy offers the requisite spatial resolution but usually at the cost of slow imaging speed and excessive damage. In this work, a fluorescent protein is described that enables substantial improvements in the speed, duration, and noninvasiveness of live-cell superresolution microscopy.
Spanglish
Authors: Zentella Ana Celia
Published: August 2016

Puerto Rico has been linked to Spanglish – both the style of speaking and the label – since the term was coined by a famous island detractor in 1948. More recently, Puerto Rican poets and linguists have been in the vanguard against purported “friends” unaware of the linguistic facts, against the Real Academia Española’s definition of “espanglish”, and the damaging views of the North American Academy of the Spanish language. An anthro-political linguistic analysis explains how the racialization of Puerto Ricans and other Latin@s is at the root of these attacks, and why the Spanglish label itself must be defended; supporting data include the attitudes of 115 U.S. Spanish speakers. Implications for linguistic tolerance, language loss, and education are addressed.
Codeswitching among African-American English, Spanish and Standard English in computer-mediated discourse
Authors: Clachar Arlene
Published: August 2016

This chapter examines codeswitching (CS) behaviors among African-­American English, Spanish and Standard English by Puerto Rican Return Migrant (PRRM) students as they develop academic writing in Spanish and English and use their writing to create websites. The students exchange e-mail messages which highlight the covert manner in which racialized discourses are negotiated. The chapter investigates the extent to which computer-mediated discourse (through e-mail messages) shapes PRRM students’ negotiations of identities in CS. In doing so, the chapter analyzes CS in naturally occurring discourses to show how PRRMs enact the notion of resistance/solidarity by creating social boundaries between the prestige accorded the dominant code of whiteness, i.e., Standard English and resistance/solidarity accorded African-American English and Spanish in urban America and Puerto Rico.
The role of unintentional/involuntary codeswitching
Authors: Lipski John M.
Published: August 2016

Most research on codeswitching (CS), especially in intrasentential contexts, has focused on fluent bilinguals, implicitly assumed to have enough competence in each language so that CS is voluntary (even if not always carefully planned). There are other forms of bilingual CS that are not consistent with the ability to voluntarily sustain a conversation in a single language. The present study compares fluent and low-fluency Spanish-English switching from bilinguals of varying degrees of competence in Spanish. The study devotes special attention to unintended and apparently involuntary lapses into the L1 involving configurations larger than simple lexical insertions. An analysis reveals qualitative differences between fluent and low-fluency Spanish-English switching, and tentatively suggests that different mechanisms underlie each type of language switching.
The stratification of English-language lone-word and multi-word material in Puerto Rican Spanish-language press outlets
Authors: Bullock Barbara E. , Serigos Jacqueline Larsen , Toribio Almeida Jacqueline
Published: August 2016

This chapter considers the presence of English in a 3.3-million-word corpus of Puerto Rican news press addressed to distinct social classes: El Vocero, published for a working-class population, El Nuevo Día for a mainstream market, and 80grados for an intellectual readership. Statistical models reveal no significant differences between sub-corpora with respect to the frequency of English unigram and bigram tokens. However, significant differences are returned for English 3+grams sequences: 80grados presents longer, more diverse and complex English spans than do El Nuevo Día and El Vocero. Interpreting the results in view of the social context, we suggest that, in Puerto Rico, the use simplex and compound anglicisms might not signal prestige; it could be code-switching that is linked with status.
Tú y yo can codeswitch, nosotros cannot
Authors: González-Vilbazo Kay , Koronkiewicz Bryan
Published: August 2016

Pronouns have been generally reported to be ungrammatical in intrasentential codeswitching (CS) (Gumperz, 1977; Lipski, 1978; Timm, 1975; among others). However, pronouns can be found in a variety of syntactic, prosodic and/or phonological contexts, the full breadth of which has yet to be investigated systematically in Spanish-English CS. It is uncertain whether the inability to be codeswitched is generalizable to all Spanish and English pronouns regardless of context. To test this, an acceptability judgment task including pronouns in varied contexts was conducted with Spanish-English bilinguals in the United States. The results provide evidence that not all pronouns are unacceptable in intrasentential Spanish-English CS. Specifically, four different contexts are found to enable pronouns to be codeswitched: coordination, modification, prosodic stress and cleft constructions.
On the productive use of ‘hacer + V’ in Northern Belize bilingual/trilingual codeswitching
Authors: Balam Osmer , de Prada Pérez Ana
Published: August 2016

We examine bilingual light verb constructions (BLVCs) in Northern Belize codeswitching by analyzing clause type, syntactic verb type, pronoun type and number of syllables in both switched and non-switched utterances. Results revealed that BLVCs appear in a rich variety of syntactic, lexical and phonological contexts. Although there were distributional trends that were similar across switched and monolingual data, BLVCs were noted for their structural complexity in terms of nominal and adverbial subordination. Also salient in these hybrid constructions was the skillful integration of Spanish pronominal features. The Northern Belize data reveal that these syntactic innovations do not only exhibit productivity and language creativity, but the optimal use of linguistic resources as well.
El idioma, construcción social e ideológica de la lengua / Language, social and ideological construction of the tongue
Authors: Álvarez Alfredo
Published: August 2016

It is useful to preserve the dichotomy between Spanish terms lengua and idioma as this will enable us to understand some of the old controversial arguments such as the existence of an Argentinian idioma, the perception of historic languages like Asturiano or Aragonés as being vulgar dialects, or the acknowledgement of an idioma valenciano which is different from the idioma catalán. While the term lengua refers to a linguistic system, the term idioma works as a positive image for the representation of one particular community. This is an intuitive image, which does not have much in common with a linguistic analysis, but rather is deeply rooted in ideological and affective reasons. Therefore, the idioma is built around a form of “folk” thinking, in which the linguists participate as well.
Tra imperi e leggerezza: l’italiano lingua illustre? / Among empires and lightness: Italian, illustrious language?
Authors: Bruni Francesco
Published: August 2016

Intellectual achievements, which were barely conceivable until very recently, are now possible in our contemporary global society. However, the world of Internet and its digital inhabitants raise new issues in several fields. In this paper, I will focus on the role written language plays on the social and educational stage dominated by cell phones, computers, and other electronic devices. This new human framework, strongly ego-centered and deictic (i.e. the emphasis is on I-here-now) poses questions related to the role of reading, writing, and thinking.
Proposing a new approach to European humanistic tradition should be, in my opinion, the main target at this time in schools and universities. So far, the bulk of linguistic research has been devoted to oral communication as the foremost or unique subject worth studying. Writing competence and more generally the “superior” functions of human language (written communication, fluency in projecting and writing professional texts, adequate comprehension of written texts and, last but not least, so-called critical thinking), deserve greater attention from linguistic research as well as a new approach to teaching at all levels of instruction.
For many years, the Girona School has devoted special attention to language in a cultural dimension. The historical development of Catalan or Italian is, needless to say, different. Furthermore, in Italian culture literary and, more precisely, intellectual language played a fundamental role in literature, politics, court life in early modern society, artistic and musical terms, and so on. However, as we are now in a global deictic society, poor in meanings and ideas (what would involve a ruthless dictatorship), conveying meanings and the values of humanistic culture is a major task for education.
Codification and prescription in linguistic standardisation
Authors: Ayres-Bennett Wendy
Published: August 2016

This paper aims to contribute to the field of “comparative standardology”, arguing that it is only through the adoption of a comparative perspective that certain myths about the process of standardisation can be dispelled. In particular, I will consider what light recent work on English and German sheds on the case of French, typically portrayed as the European language which has been most subjected to prescriptive influences. Focussing on the interrelation between description, codification, prescription and purist activity, I will start by considering how the dominant models of standardisation (Haugen, Milroy & Milroy) have treated codification and prescription. I will then examine how far the so-called prescriptive and purist grammarians in France merit this reputation and compare this analysis with the situation in England and Germany. I will conclude by looking at the difference between intention and effect, and the diverse roles played by individuals, private institutions and official bodies.
Language myths and the historiography of French
Authors: Lodge R. Anthony
Published: August 2016

Sociolinguists in the UK have recently come to recognise the importance of language mythologies (shared assumptions about language whose factual status is not established, but which are widely prevalent and support and reinforce each other), for they can be shown to have a significant effect on the way speakers use their language on a day-to-day basis. Richard Watts has recently explored the effect of such myths, not on ordinary speakers but on writers of histories of English. He has shown that certain fundamental language myths have hardened into ideology and have had a profound effect on the historiography of English. This paper looks at the historiography of French from a similar perspective and shows how profoundly language myths via standard ideology have shaped the way histories of French have traditionally been written. Although the overt effects of this ideology have weakened in recent decades, contemporary histories of the language still show the effects of this ideology in their treatment of the vernacular and in their underlying approach to language change.
Nommer l’ennemi: la “question de la langue” en Grèce et les termes désignant les variétés linguistiques / Naming the enemy: the “language issue” in Greece and the terms denoting linguistic varieties
Authors: Delveroudi Rea
Published: August 2016

During the consecration process of vernacular languages, contrary to the European scholars’ emancipatory stance towards Latin, Greek scholars adopt an attitude of adulation towards the past, which is closely related to the prestige of the classical tradition and its influence on the Enlightened European countries. This attitude of adulation will lead to the prevailing view both in the historiography of Greek and in the collective linguistic sentiment, considering Ancient and Modern Greek as the same language. The unity of language in the diachronic dimension, with its strong and weak version, can be regarded as the founding myth of the Greek language.
This paper tries to demonstrate that, in early linguistic discussions in Greece, a unifying approach is submitted by modern language defenders (a variety designated then through such terms as: γραικική, ρωμαίικη, κοινή, etc.), while archaists adopt a schismatic attitude. For instance, it appears that the “modernists” introduce a “meronymic” theory according to which, Modern Greek represents one of the “parts” (gr. meros), more specifically, a dialect, of Greek language. Subsequently, the paper focuses on the term Hellenic (gr. ελληνική), reserved at that time, exclusively, for Ancient Greek, and on its usage by Daniil Philippidis, in 1801, as one of its earliest occurrences as a term designating Modern Greek. This innovative and provocative act does not only express and concretize a unifying design approach, but it also constitutes a clear and concise argument, which in long run will prove to be a decisive one against modern language depreciators.
The role of narrative in shaping the semantic structure of certain expressions that belong to terminology as to one of the most important lexical groups
Authors: Kalezic Maja
Published: August 2016

The treatise deals with the particular Slavic naming units designating the plant species of the genus Artemisia motivated by religious belief contents that have not been discussed in previous phytonomastical research.
Factors emocionals en la formació de teories lingüístiques: el cas romànic / Emotional factors in the formation of linguistic theories: The Romanic case
Authors: Mascaró Joan
Published: August 2016

I examine four cases which are instances of the interference of emotional factors in the formulation of linguistic analyses: the determination of the primeval language, the chronology of the “birth” of Romance languages, the interpretation of two glottonyms in a 9th century Arabic text, and some ideas from Menéndez Pidal about the history of Spanish. In each of these four cases an illegitimate object is “invented” by transferring the positive subjective evaluations of the object, as if they are objective properties, to the object, and a fallacious argumentation is provided.
“El valencià no se pedrà mai”: la manipulació mediàtica de les emocions col·lectives en l’anticatalanisme valencià durant la transició (1976-1982) / “El valencià no se pedrà mai”: Media manipulation of collective emotions in Valencian Anti-Catalanism during the Transition (1976-1982)
Authors: Nicolàs Miquel
Published: August 2016

Political identities reflect social inequalities and are rewritten at every historical conjuncture with symbolic materials, arguments and states of consciousness that prevail. Languages that use a human group in this context are vehicles for such reconstruction and act simultaneously as a reflection and a mental space where tensions generated by the socio-political struggle are crystallized. In this dual role, languages are powerful catalysts for group emotions. They incorporate these emotions into to socio-communicative dynamism and express them as a complement to other systems of social semiosis. Furthermore, language is quite a malleable material that infiltrates social practices, shapes ideological enunciation and lends itself to political manipulation, triggered by the media.
However, for political manipulation to exist, certain conditions for the receptivity of such messages must also exist. The breeding ground of emotions has to be rich enough and respond to external stimuli in an intelligible way.
Under these assumptions, we consider three interdependent objectives: (a) to make a provisional balance of academic research on the so-called phenomenon of blaverisme, (b) to consider the problems in the method inherent to understanding the conflict and (c) to analyze the historical and cultural substrate of fear towards the other and fear of linguistic impersonation, emotions, in our opinion, that are the genesis of Valencian anti-Catalanism.
La representació nord-catalana de la llengua: entre refús del patuès i llengua de segona / The representation of Northern Catalan language: Between patois rejection and second-class language
Authors: Baylac Alà
Published: August 2016

Northern Catalans, because of their particular position in the interface of the Catalan and French worlds, have a specific representation of Catalan language: they are reluctant to accept the French view that any other languages not the “language of the Republic” are patois. However, in the prevailing linguistic ideology in France and its sociolinguistic situation, do they really perceive Catalan as a second category language? The present contribution aims to balance the deficit of research into the history of the language in Northern Catalonia and indicates possibilities to investigate its language regarding to myths, norms and emotions.
Amor, emoció i artifici de la llengua catalana a la Catalunya del Nord avui / Love, emotion and artifice of Catalan language in Northern Catalonia today
Authors: Peytaví Joan
Published: August 2016

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the individual processes of a few northern Catalans who have had a special relationship with the Catalan language, as it is vernacular of their territory. To date, very few people have analysed them from an introspective point of view. Personal stories of the “keepers” of Catalan in the more contemporary Northern Catalonia are eloquent to regard evolutionary processes of their languages, but also the involutionary ones.
Catalan language in this context is a sign of a complex identity, confused and hard to define, experiencing uncertain moments and a time of mutation. These personal stories can help us to understand Catalan in a much more distinct manner unlike the matter-of-fact sociolinguistic surveys. In particular these stories will be complements, enrichments and new approaches to those so often cold statistics we have today.
Individual life courses help to understand the mechanisms that have made possible that there are still people who speak Catalan in that area, people who actually seem to go against subjective laws of the history of languages.
World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Percillier Michael
Published: August 2016

Bridging the gap between the fields of World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition, this volume offers an in-depth comparative analysis of two postcolonial varieties of English (Singapore and Malaysian English) and neighbouring Indonesian learner English in order to examine the Outer/Expanding Circle distinction and shed light on the genesis of postcolonial varieties of English. The study identifies and analyses more than thirty linguistic features in the categories phonology, morphology, syntax, and discourse, concluding that in spite of clear syntactic differences, the distinction between the Outer and Expanding Circles is gradual rather than strictly categorical, and should rely on current sociolinguistic realities rather than on historical criteria. The volume will be highly relevant for researchers interested in the dynamics of Outer Circle and Expanding Circle Englishes, the structural and sociolinguistic aspects of English in Southeast Asia, or the integration of the paradigms of World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition.

World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition received honourable mention at the 2018 ESSE Book Awards.
Growth-Increment Formation Using Otoliths and Scales for Age-0 Chinook Salmon
Authors: Walker Brian M. , Sutton Trent M.
Published: August 2016

Retrospective analysis is used to reconstruct fish body size at previous ages, with size and growth assumed to be accurately reflected by scale circuli and otolith increments. Using a 122-d laboratory experiment, this study validated the relationship between fish body size and growth with scale circuli and otolith daily growth increments for age-0 Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Somatic growth was accurately reflected by growth in scale radius and growth in otolith diameter, indicating that growth in these two measures was proportional to growth in fish length. Although the width between scale circuli reflected somatic growth, daily growth was not accurately reflected by the width between corresponding otolith daily increments. Study results showed that fish deposited new otolith increments on a daily basis, but that new scale circuli were deposited at each successive increase of 5 to 6 mm in total length. These findings provide a foundation for future retrospective growth analyses involving Chinook Salmon and allow for the conversion of otolith and scale measurements into fish lengths, which are meaningful in studies of growth and survival.

Received November 5, 2015; accepted April 8, 2016 Published online August 26, 2016
Daily consumption of tea catechins improves aerobic capacity in healthy male adults: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial
Authors: Ota Noriyasu , Soga Satoko , Shimotoyodome Akira
Published: August 2016

Our previous studies demonstrated that dietary supplementation with tea catechins combined with exercise improved endurance capacity in mice. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of daily tea catechin consumption on aerobic capacity in humans. Sixteen Japanese non-athlete male subjects (aged 25–47 years) took 500 mL of a test beverage with or without tea catechins (570 mg) daily for 8 weeks and attended a training program twice a week. Aerobic capacity was evaluated by indirect calorimetry and near-infrared spectroscopy during graded cycle exercise. Catechin beverage consumption was associated with a significantly higher ventilation threshold during exercise and a higher recovery rate of oxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin levels after graded cycle exercise when compared to subjects receiving the placebo beverage. These results indicate that daily consumption of tea catechins increases aerobic capacity when combined with semiweekly light exercise, which may be due to increased skeletal muscle aerobic capacity.
Reversible changes of canavalin solubility controlled by divalent cation concentration in crude sword bean extract
Authors: Nishizawa Kaho , Arii Yasuhiro
Published: August 2016

Canavalin is a vicilin-class (7S) storage protein found in sword bean (Canavalia gladiata). Our previous report indicated that canavalin is precipitated by the addition of 20 mM MgCl2 to crude sword bean extract. Here, we examined the solubility changes induced by the addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ at various concentrations. Canavalin tended to be insolubilized at relatively low concentrations of MgCl2 (< 20 mM) and solubilized at relatively high concentrations (> 20 mM). In addition, canavalin was slightly insolubilized in the presence of NaCl. Overall, the results revealed that solubility changes are reversible and depend on the concentration of divalent cations. Therefore, we suggested a reaction scheme that describes the effects of divalent cations on the solubility of canavalin, which would facilitate the study of its physiological function and the application of canavalin in the food processing industry.
The Evolutionary Culture Concepts
Authors: Driscoll Catherine
Published: August 2016

Most attempts to define culture as used in the cultural evolution literature treat culture as a single phenomenon that can be given a single nondisjunctive definition. In this article I argue that, really, cultural evolutionists employ a variety of distinct but closely related concepts of culture. I show how the main prominent attempts to define a culture concept fail to properly capture all the uses of “culture” employed in cultural evolutionary work. I offer a description of some of the most important culture concepts used by cultural evolutionists.
Prediction of nucleosome positioning by the incorporation of frequencies and distributions of three different nucleotide segment lengths into a general pseudo k-tuple nucleotide composition
Authors: Awazu Akinori
Published: August 2016

Motivation

Nucleosome positioning plays important roles in many eukaryotic intranuclear processes, such as transcriptional regulation and chromatin structure formation. The investigations of nucleosome positioning rules provide a deeper understanding of these intracellular processes.

Results

Nucleosome positioning prediction was performed using a model consisting of three types of variables characterizing a DNA sequence—the number of five-nucleotide sequences, the number of three-nucleotide combinations in one period of a helix, and mono- and di-nucleotide distributions in DNA fragments. Using recently proposed stringent benchmark datasets with low biases for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Homo sapiens, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, the present model was shown to have a better prediction performance than the recently proposed predictors. This model was able to display the common and organism-dependent factors that affect nucleosome forming and inhibiting sequences as well. Therefore, the predictors developed here can accurately predict nucleosome positioning and help determine the key factors influencing this process.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Chloroplast Genomes in Low Light: A Case Study of the Endolithic Green Alga Ostreobium quekettii
Authors: R. Marcelino Vanessa , Cremen Ma Chiela M. , Jackson Chistopher J. , Larkum Anthony A. W. , Verbruggen Heroen
Published: August 2016

Some photosynthetic organisms live in extremely low light environments. Light limitation is associated with selective forces as well as reduced exposure to mutagens, and over evolutionary timescales it can leave a footprint on species’ genomes. Here, we present the chloroplast genomes of four green algae (Bryopsidales, Ulvophyceae), including the endolithic (limestone-boring) alga Ostreobium quekettii, which is a low light specialist. We use phylogenetic models and comparative genomic tools to investigate whether the chloroplast genome of Ostreobium corresponds to our expectations of how low light would affect genome evolution. Ostreobium has the smallest and most gene-dense chloroplast genome among Ulvophyceae reported to date, matching our expectation that light limitation would impose resource constraints reflected in the chloroplast genome architecture. Rates of molecular evolution are significantly slower along the phylogenetic branch leading to Ostreobium, in agreement with the expected effects of low light and energy levels on molecular evolution. We expected the ability of Ostreobium to perform photosynthesis in very low light to be associated with positive selection in genes related to the photosynthetic machinery, but instead, we observed that these genes may be under stronger purifying selection. Besides shedding light on the genome dynamics associated with a low light lifestyle, this study helps to resolve the role of environmental factors in shaping the diversity of genome architectures observed in nature.
Seeding the Galactic Centre gas stream: gravitational instabilities set the initial conditions for the formation of protocluster clouds
Authors: Henshaw J. D. , Longmore S. N. , Kruijssen J. M. D.
Published: August 2016

Star formation within the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) may be intimately linked to the orbital dynamics of the gas. Recent models suggest that star formation within the dust ridge molecular clouds (from G0.253+0.016 to Sgr B2) follows an evolutionary time sequence, triggered by tidal compression during their preceding pericentre passage. Given that these clouds are the most likely precursors to a generation of massive stars and extreme star clusters, this scenario would have profound implications for constraining the time-evolution of star formation. In this Letter, we search for the initial conditions of the protocluster clouds, focusing on the kinematics of gas situated upstream from pericentre. We observe a highly regular corrugated velocity field in {l, vLSR} space, with amplitude and wavelength A = 3.7 ± 0.1 km s−1 and λvel,i = 22.5 ± 0.1 pc, respectively. The extremes in velocity correlate with a series of massive (∼104 M⊙) and compact (Req ∼ 2 pc), quasi-regularly spaced (∼8 pc), molecular clouds. The corrugation wavelength and cloud separation closely agree with the predicted Toomre (∼17 pc) and Jeans (∼6 pc) lengths, respectively. We conclude that gravitational instabilities are driving the condensation of molecular clouds within the Galactic Centre gas stream. Furthermore, we speculate these seeds are the historical analogue of the dust-ridge molecular clouds, representing the initial conditions of star and cluster formation in the CMZ.
Phase I cancer clinical trials†
Authors: Cabrera Juan R. , Taylor Jennie W. , Molinaro Annette M.
Published: August 2016

An efficient phase I trial is a crucial step in developing a new drug in a safe and timely manner. The main objective of a phase I trial is to determine the maximum tolerated dose in order to recommend the dose for a phase II trial. There are many designs that are implemented in phase I trials. Rule-based designs such as the traditional 3 + 3 method and rolling six design are easy to implement and assess for safety using a conservative approach. Model-based designs such as the continual reassessment method and the time-to-event continual reassessment method use mathematical models to increase the precision of dose estimation. The advantages and shortcomings of these designs, along with other designs, are reviewed.