bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermoformable Automotive Composites Containing Kenaf and Other Cellulosic Fibers
Authors: Parikh D.V. , Calamari T.A. , Sawhney A.P.S. , Blanchard E.J. , Screen F.J. , Myatt J.C. , Muller D.H. , Stryjewski D.D.
Published: March 2008

Currently, there is a major upsurge in research on the use of recyclable and biodegrad able materials in manufactured products. This has triggered a need for biodegradable nonwovens for nearly forty automotive interior components, which currently contain traditional materials such as glass and other manufactured fibers and foams that are difficult to recycle. By incorporating agricultural lignocellulosic (bast) fibers such as kenaf, jute, hemp, and flax in the manufacture of automotive nonwovens, their biode gradability can be enhanced. Because of the different densities of kenaf and glass fibers, kenaf-based nonwovens may be lighter than those containing glass fibers, which may lead to lightweight, "green" automotive interiors. Furthermore, preliminary research has shown that several cellulosic-based (kenaf, jute, and other less expensive vegetable/bast fibers) nonwovens are efficient sound absorbers and reduce the noise level in cars. Overall, these nonwovens meet or exceed industry specifications of flammability, odor, mildew, bond strength, drapeability and tensile strength, elongation, and compression properties. In this paper, we briefly describe the fabrication and physical, mechanical, and acoustical properties of needlepunched thermoformable nonwoven fabrics for certain automotive interior applications. These nonwoven fabrics were developed using optimally retted kenaf and jute fibers in various blends with greige cotton, recycled polyester, and off-quality polypropylene. Successful use of kenaf fibers in automotive nonwovens would be environmentally benign and should lead to a considerable expansion in kenaf cultiva tion.
Improving Carpet Through-Air Drying by Means of Increased Air Permeability 1
Authors: Lee H. Stephen , Carr Wallace W. , Laroche Jason K.
Published: March 2008

Air permeability is an important parameter in through-air drying of unbacked tufted carpet. The primary backing of tufted carpet is the dominant parameter determining carpet air permeability. Carpets of identical construction are tufted using woven and nonwoven primary backings, and the effects of primary backing type on air permeability and drying are studied. The carpet tufted with the nonwoven backing has significantly higher air permeability and significantly lower drying time for a constant pressure drop drying process.
Restitution Characteristics of Yarns in the Axial Direction
Authors: Bao L. , Sakurai M. , Takatera M. , Nakazawa M. , Shrohara A.
Published: March 2008

The restitution characteristics of a fiber racket string in the axial direction are analyzed by considering the viscoelasticity of yams. An impact test apparatus is developed so that one side of the string is fixed on a load cell and the other side is fixed on a hammer. The hammer moves along the slide rail. When it strikes, the impact speed of the hammer is measured with a laser sensor, and the coefficient of restitution is obtained. In the experimental range for all samples, the coefficient of restitution decreases as the impact speed increases. A dynamic restitution model considering the tensile nonlinear viscoelasticity of materials is proposed. Good agree ment is obtained between the experimental and theoretical values. Also, the repulsion of tennis racket strings can be evaluated with the parameters of this model.
Differentiating Fine Hairs from Wild and Domestic Species: Investigations of Shatoosh, Yangir, and Cashmere Fibers
Authors: Tonin Claudio , Bianchetto Michela , Vineis Claudia , Festa Bianchet Marco
Published: March 2008

The fine undercoat fibers removed from wild goats hunted for meat and trophy, principally belonging to subspecies of Capra ibex, are used as an alternative to Shatoosh, the hair of the endangered Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii). Although currently legal, the large-scale use of these fibers (known as "Yangir"), and hybridization of ibex with domestic goats to improve fiber fineness and yield, would severely threaten the conservation of wild ibex. A SEM investigation shows morphological differences in the cuticle cell patterns of fine fibers from the domestic Cashmere goat, the wild Yangir goat, and the Tibetan antelope. A study of the DSC traces reveals differences in the enthalpy of denaturation of the crystallites. This information enables identification of these fibers, including those from lots submitted to dehairing processes, such as are commonly found in the animal fiber trade.
Experimental and Theoretical Characterization of the Geometry of Two-Dimensional Braided Fabrics
Authors: Lomov S.V. , Parnas R.S. , Bandyopadhyay Ghosh S. , Verpoest I. , Nakai A.
Published: March 2008

A model of the geometry of flat braids is proposed, based on coding of the braid topology and on the minimum energy principle for the yams. The description of the geometry also takes into account minor effects, such as side crimp and yam twisting induced by skewness of the structure. The model is compared with results of an experi mental investigation of flat glass braids used as composite reinforcements. Experimental data include both optical and x-ray cross sections of the composite as well as 3D x-ray computer tomography images.
Image Analysis for Cotton Fibers
Authors: Huang Y. , Xu B.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the image analysis algorithms developed for a microscopy system that specifically evaluates cotton properties from longitudinal views. The system uses a motorized stage to transport a sample slide to grab sequential images of fiber segments, transversely scans the detected fibers in the images, and outputs both fineness and maturity measurements of cotton based on the statistical data of the massive scans across fibers. The experiments show that the longitudinal data are repeatable and consistent with the data obtained from other testing methods.
Transfer Wicking Mechanisms of Knitted Fabrics Used as Undergarments for Outdoor Activities
Authors: Zhuang Q. , Harlock S.C. , Brook D.B.
Published: March 2008

This study investigates liquid transfer from fabric layer to layer and liquid interaction between different fabrics in clothing systems. A higher external pressure leads to an early onset of transfer wicking. There exists an optimum value of external pressure for the maximum water transfer. The greater the water content initially held in wet fabric, the greater the amount of water transferred. For fleece fabrics, no significant transfer wicking occurs if the raised side of the dry layer contacts either side of a wet fleece fabric layer. If the smooth side of the dry layer contacts either side of the wet fleece fabric layer, the amount of water transferred from layer to layer is greater when the fabric setting is face to face rather than face to back. An investigation of liquid interaction within clothing systems shows that the amount of liquid transferred largely depends on the performance of individual fabrics as well as the way in which they contact each other. Integrated double-sided Aquator fabrics, which serve as the first layer in the clothing system, transfer more liquid from the wet layer to the clothing system than other fabrics. Introducing a fleece fabric into the clothing system where the Aquator fabrics serve as the first layer promotes liquid transfer into the clothing system, but if polyester eyelet knit fabric serves as the first layer, introducing a fleece fabric decreases the amount of liquid transfer from the wet layer to the clothing system.
Analysis of Fluid Flow Through Fibrous Structures
Authors: Zhong W. , Ding X. , Tang Z.L.
Published: March 2008

A two-dimensional Ising's model is used to study in-plane fluid flow through fibrous structures under pressure, a situation that is both general and more complicated than what is observed in the phenomenon of wicking in fibrous structures. The pressure drop between an inlet and the flow front is expressed in such mechanical energy terms as friction loss during flow, and thus the influence of pressure can be added to the total energy of the system derived from the fluid and the fibrous structure. A coefficient a is introduced and determined experimentally to denote the frictional effect of fibrous structures in the fluid flow path. A set of experiments illustrates fluid flow through a group of isotropic PET fiber mats with different fiber volume fractions and different influxes. Both experiments and simulation are in good agreement and show that the velocity of the fluid tends to decrease with the increased fiber volume fraction.
Determining Diffusion and Convective Mass Transfer Coefficients in Dyeing a Thin Flat Film
Authors: McFarland Elizabeth Gramling , Carr Wallace W. , Michielsen Stephen
Published: March 2008

A method based on laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) has been developed for simultaneously obtaining the diffusion coefficient D and the ratio of the convection mass transfer coefficient hm and the partition coefficient K. This new method, which is demonstrated for a nylon film dyed with a disperse dye, is nondestructive and much faster than previously used methods for obtaining D that neglect the boundary layer effects. Although based on the fluorescence of dyes, this technique is successfully used with real dyes (not model dyes) at industrially relevant concentrations. LSCM is used to quantita tively measure the relative concentration profiles of a dye through a film, and corrections are made for the strong absorption of the incident laser light as it passes through the film. The data are then modeled using known mass transfer relationships to simultaneously obtain D and the ratio hm/K. Since K is measured in a separate experiment, all three mass transfer parameters are determined.
Stretching and Slipping of Fibers in Isothermal Draw Processes
Authors: Bechtel S.E. , Vohra S. , Jacob K.I.
Published: March 2008

We model the drawing of fibers and films on a roller with equations of motion in which centrifugal acceleration and acceleration due to stretching are retained in the momentum equations. An important distinction is that our new solution fundamentally couples fiber tension to fiber stretch, in contrast to all existing solutions, which either neglect stretching acceleration or neglect both centrifugal acceleration and stretching acceleration. We find that the tension and draw ratios between the point of exit to the point of attachment of fibers with the roller depend on three nondimensional parameters. For certain values of these parameters, the exact solution can be approximated either by the quasistatic solution. neglecting both acceleration terms in the momentum equation, or by the solution including only the centrifugal acceleration. The quasistatic approximation underpredicts the tension magnification and draw ratio when the stiffness k of the fibers is less than the initial tension T o, and overpredicts when k is greater than To. The solution including only centrifugal acceleration always underpredicts tension magnification and the amount of draw.
Three-Dimensional Flow Calculation in a Textile Dyeing Process
Authors: Scharf S. , Cleve E. , Bach E. , Schollmeyer E. , Naderwitz P.
Published: March 2008

Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation software provides deeper insight into dye liquor flow through a yarn bobbin and a dyeing vessel in a textile dyeing machine. In these calculations, the flow model is based on the Navier-Stokes equations for turbulent incompressible liquids, in which the yam package is described by a porosity model with the assumption of linear flow through the bobbins. The simulation results provide information on the static pressure and velocity distribution at every part of the dyeing vessel, which agrees with the experimental data obtained from static pressure measurements and from flow profiles in a polyester yam bobbin after treatment in a high temperature water dyeing plant.
Effect of Mercerization on the Crosslinking of Ramie Fabric Using 1,2,3,4- Butanetetracarboxylic Acid: Physical Properties and Crosslink Distribution
Authors: Zhou L.M. , Yeung K.W. , Yuen C.W.M. , Zhou X.
Published: March 2008

Ramie, tension-mercerized ramie, slack-mercerized ramie, and cotton fabrics are treated with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) to obtain wrinkle-resistant properties, and their physical properties are compared. Tension mercerization slightly enhances the loss of both tensile and tearing strengths of the crosslinked ramie fabric, while slack-mercerized crosslinked ramie fabric has severe mechanical strength loss mainly due to the destruction of fiber orientation during mercerization. Both the tension- and slack-mercerized crosslinked ramie fabrics show increased moisture and water retention, as well as a very rigid handle. Both tension and slack mercerization minimize surface migration of the crosslinking agent.
A Comparison of Yarn Evenness and Imperfection Data
Authors: Price John B. , Calamari Timothy A. , Meredith William R.
Published: March 2008

The results of testing a large number of rotor yam samples for evenness and imper fections by an instrument operating on capacitance principles are compared with like data produced by a yam monitoring system based on optical methods. The yams vary in the cotton used, type, and linear density. While there is a reasonably good correlation between measures of non-uniformity (CV%), correlations between measures of thick places are improved by accounting for yarn type. The yam diameter data from the monitoring system show that the increase in yarn bulk by using a different combination of machine parameters is constant for a range of yam linear densities. In this study, knitting yarns are 12% more bulky than weaving yarns.
Chemical Analysis of 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic Acid
Authors: Yang Charles Q. , Yiping Lu  , Lickfield Gary C.
Published: March 2008

Polycarboxylic acids have been the most promising durable press finishing agents for cotton to replace traditional formaldehyde-based reagents. Among the various polycarboxylic acids investigated in recent years, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) has been the most effective crosslinking agent. Cottons treated with BTCA have shown superior durable press performance with high levels of laundering durability. In this research, we analyze a reagent grade and an industrial grade BTCA using elemental analysis and acid-base titration. The titration data indicate that the industrial grade product contains approximately 95% BTCA. The two BTCA products are studied by FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), and liquid chromatography/mass spectros copy (LC/MS). All the instrumental analysis data indicate the low level of impurities in the industrial BTCA. Cotton fabrics treated with the two products show similar durable press performance, indicating that the differences in effectiveness for crosslinking cotton between these two BTCA products are insignificant. The data also show that the impurity in the industrial grade BTCA does not cause fabric yellowing.
Single Cotton Fiber Properties of Low, Ideal, and High Micronaire Values
Authors: Foulk Jonn A. , Mcalister David D.
Published: March 2008

The Favimat, a single fiber testing machine, is used to quantify the affects of cotton crimp on fibers from three samples consisting of cottons containing low, high, and ideal micronaire values for textile processing. In order to get a better representation of all fibers within these samples, the cotton is further divided into the Suter-Webb array length groups. Following cotton crimp image capturing, fiber fineness is determined by the vibroscope method. The mean values for these samples indicate that cotton containing more crimp in the fibers leads to larger elongation, force to break, linear density, tenacity. and work to rupture. The seven length groups from these cottons indicate that longer cotton fibers appear to contain more crimps per cm. The results suggest that the Favimat is satisfactory for measuring current and future cotton properties.
Effects of Repeated Laundering on the Performance of Garments with Wrinkle-Free Treatment
Authors: Lau L. , Fan J. , Siu T. , Siu L.Y.C.
Published: March 2008

This paper reports an experimental investigation of the effect of repeated laundering on the comfort-related and low stress mechanical properties of polo shirt fabrics with and without wrinkle-free treatments. Comparisons are made of untreated fabrics, fabrics treated with a hydrophobic wrinkle-free treatment, and fabrics treated with a hydrophilic wrinkle-free treatment. The results show that a wrinkle-free treatment can reduce the adverse effects of washing on many low stress mechanical properties. In general, the surface water absorption rate, warm/cool feeling. and low-stress mechanical properties of wrinkle-free treated fabrics are more stable against repeated laundering, because untreated fabrics tend to shrink and become more compact. The extensibility of a wrinkle-free treated fabric decreases significantly after twelve washing cycles. Application of a hydrophilic softener in the wrinkle-free finish can improve the surface water absorption rate, but the durability of the hydrophilic softener to repeated laundering should be further improved to prevent deterioration of fabric properties after washing.
Objective and Subjective Analysis of Knitted Fabric Bagging
Authors: Uçar N. , Realff M.L. , Radhakrishnaiah P. , Ucar M.
Published: March 2008

In this study, fabric bagging tests are performed on a set of knitted fabrics that vary in design, tightness factor, and blend ratio. The relationships between residual bagging height ( Rresidual) obtained from the fabric bagging test and the mechanical characterization determined from the KES-FB system are presented and discussed. The work shows that it is possible to predict R residual for knitted fabrics by using the standard KES-FB test and without performing fabric bagging fatigue tests.
Constrained Dynamic Yarn Modeling
Authors: Ngo Ngoc C. , Bruniaux P. , Castelain J.M.
Published: March 2008

This paper addresses the problem of yarn modeling for fabric simulation using differ ential algebraic equations in order to account for nonlinear phenomena. To this end, we propose a theorical yam model for motion control and study the system from a symbolic and numerical point of view. From a Lagrangian approach, we describe the yarn's behavior and develop a solution. Thus, it is possible to simulate the yam under different situations and constraints and to identify some characteristic parameters.
Wash-and-Wear Finishing of Silk Fabrics with a Water-Soluble Polyurethane
Authors: Cheng Hu  , Yejuan Jin
Published: March 2008

A water-soluble bifunctional polyurethane WPU200 is prepared and used for wash-and- wear finishing of silk fabrics. The wet resiliency of the finished silks greatly improves, and dry resiliency drops a little. Anionic and nonionic softeners, which can improve the dry crease recovery angle and handle of finished silk fabrics, can be used in a single bath with WPU200. Factors that have a great influence on the resiliency of the finished fabrics include WPU200 concentration, curing temperature and time, and pH of the finishing bath. All these factors have been optimized. Changes in the physical properties of the finished silk fabrics are reported, such as breaking strength, elongation, moisture regain, whiteness, and stiffness. Finished silk fabrics have good laundry durability after twenty washing cycles.
Net-Shape Knitting for Complex Composite Preforms
Authors: Van Vuure Aart W. , Ko Frank K. , Beevers Claire
Published: March 2008

Net-shape weft knitting is used to produce preforms for complex shape composite parts, as illustrated by the wheel wells of the Sunrise all-composite electric ehicle. An integrated design for the manufacturing methodology links mechanical performance to cloth and stitch design. The use of drapable net-shape fabrics with tailored fiber rein forcement produced on automated knitting machines allows for a significant reduction in preform manufacturing costs. Net-shape two-dimensional knitted fabrics for the wheel wells are achieved by a combination of shaping techniques: holding, narrowing, widening. and binding off. An interlock stitch is chosen to uarantee sufficient mechanical perfor mance and to protect the brittle knitting yarn. The mechanical properties of the composites are studied, and the strength in the weak warp direction where only loope fibers are present is optimized by choosing a sufficiently larg loop size. In the weft direction, lay-in yams are tucked in to increase production speed.
Forming Shaped/Molded Structures by Integrating Meltblowing and Robotic Technologies
Authors: Farer Raoul , Seyam Abdelfattah M. , Ghosh Tushar K. , Batra Subhash K. , Grant Eddie , Lee Gordon
Published: March 2008

A novel system is described that forms three-dimensional (3D) molded nonwoven structures through proper integration of a laboratory scale meltblown unit with a small die and a six-axis robot. The 3D fiberweb structures can be formed by deposition of fibers from the die of the meltblown unit, which is manipulated by the robot, on any desired 3D mold. The mold rotational and surface speeds can be controlled by an additional external axis. The die is connected by two flexible hoses to the melt extruder of the meltblown unit and a hot air supply system. This system directly sprays fibers onto a 3D mannequin mold to produce structures from polypropylene polymers. With varying degrees of success. several robot manipulation algorithms of fiber deposition on the mold are developed to accurately control the basis weight uniformity the fiberwebs. A rule-based control algorithm using a linear variable differential transducer to map the mold contour results in the greatest fiberweb basis weight uniformity.
Phosphorylation of Cellulose with Some Phosphonic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Blanchard Eugene J. , Graves Elena E.
Published: March 2008

Cellulose is readily phosphorylated with phosphonic acid derivatives upon heating at elevated temperatures. In this paper, various properties of cotton fabrics phosphorylated with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, phenyl phosphonic acid, 2-carboxyeth ylphosphonic acid. and N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid are investigated. Phos phorylation occurs only in the presence of urea as expected. Without urea, there is discoloration as well as severe degradation of the fabric, as indicated by tensile strength reduction. Good reactivity is achieved by curing at 170°C for 2-4 minutes, and reaction efficiency is determined by phosphorus analysis. The best overall results are achieved with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid. Although there is fabric discoloration upon curing with this agent, it is much less than that with the other derivatives. Discoloration upon curing of phosphorylated cottons is reduced by incorporating 1-4% dicyandiamide in the treatment formulation. Physical properties of the phosphorylated fabrics are dis cussed, along with thermogravimetric analyses of the substrates.
Properties of Specialty Yarns Based on Raw and Dyed Cotton
Authors: Koo Ja-Gil , Park Jung-Woo , An Seung-Kook , Koo Young-Seok
Published: March 2008

During the manufacture of specialty yams by blending dyed cotton and raw cotton, fibers damaged by the dyeing process degrade the physical properties of the specialty yams. For a raw cotton blended with a large amount of dyed cotton, the spinnability of the specialty yarn worsens due to the disparity of the raw materials, which makes fine count specialty yarns. difficult to manufacture. The basic properties of the component fibers of a specialty yarn, such as strength, elongation, unevenness, and spinnability, are analyzed as a function of the blending ratio of the dyed cotton to provide reference properties for fine count specialty yams.
Weaving Method of 3D Woven Preforms for Advanced Composite Materials
Authors: Chiu Chang-Hsuan , Cheng Chao-Chuan
Published: March 2008

A weaving method 'for three-dimensional (3D) I-shaped and dou e-cross-shaped woven preforms for advanced composites is presented in this study. Special heddles are designed to sort the warps into three sections that form the mainframe and flanges of the 3D woven preforms. The preforms are woven into a plane construction and then unfolded to form a near-net-shape construction. This paper demonstrates weaving mechanisms for single-layer and tri-layer I-shaped and double-cross-shaped woven fabrics.
Using an Aqueous Epoxide in Bombyx mori Silk Fabric Finishing
Authors: Zaisheng Cai  , Yiping Qiu
Published: March 2008

In order to increase the performance of silk fabrics, especially their c ease resistance, an epoxy silicone crosslinking agent A (EPSIA) is synthesized and applied to silk fabrics. The physical properties of EPSIA and those of the silk fabrics treated with it are examined. After 240 days' storage, the specific gravity, viscosity, and performance of EPSIA do not change signif icantly. After EPSIA treatment, the dry and wet crease recovery angles of the silk fabric increase 14% and 39%, respectively. Tensile strength, whiteness index, moisture regain, water absorp tion, solubility in a solvent mixture, and contact angle of the treated fabric are either slightly lower or remain unchanged. In dyeing tests, there is a 25% improvement of percent exhaustion of Polar Red 10 B at equilibrium for the treated fabric. In addition, for Lanaset dyes such as Red G, Yellow 2R, and Grey G, the KIS values of the silk fabrics increase after EPSIA treatment, with little change in color, staining, and rubbing fastness.
Elliptic Integral Solutions of the Large Deflection of a Fiber Cantilever with Circular Wavy Crimp
Authors: Jae Ho Jung  , Tae Jin Kang  , Kyung Woo Lee
Published: March 2008

Solutions for the two-dimensional deflection of a crimped fiber cantilever with circular wavy crimp are obtained for a one-end clamped boundary under a conc ntrated inclined load direction. The fiber is regarded as a linear elastic material. and crimp is described as a combination of semicircular arcs smoothly connected with each other with a constant curvature of the same magnitude and alternative sign. The inclined load direction is also taken into account. Consequently, the solutions are expressed as the recursive forms of elliptic integrals transformed in two different ways. These solutions contain two different transformed parameters involved with material and geometric parameters. We validate the accuracy of our model by comparing it with former results for one-element straight and semicircular beams, calculate a two-element solution, and obtain the shapes. Our results have both technical and mathematical significance. They are directly applicable to cable applications, reinforcing fibers in textile composites, and wavy fabrics or yarns. Our mathematical techniques also enable us to consider three further research topics-the multiplicity of solutions, stability evaluations of our model, and ext ensible elastica problems.
Dynamic Control of a Cross-Lapper
Authors: Jeffrey Kuo Chung-Feng , Chiang Waider
Published: March 2008

In the textile industry, a cross-lapper is used to produce uniform layers of fibers with suitable widths and thicknesses. In this paper, first, Hamilton's principle is used to formulate a mathematical model of a cross-lapper, then the nonlinear model is linearized to get is corresponding open loop transfer function. Next, the root-locus technique is employed to design the controller for the system. Finally, the designed controller is verified by the original system nonlinear model. The designed controller can have not only very good tracking properties, but can also eliminate the effect of system disturbance.
Lattice Model for the Drape and Bending Properties of Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Termonia Yves
Published: March 2008

A discrete lattice model is presented to study the factors controlling the bending stiffness of nonwoven fabrics. The approach lends itself very easily to a detailed study of the importance of bonding pattern, laydown nonuniformities, fiber length, and orientation distribution. We find that nonwovens with a three-dimensional fiber orientation distribu tion have a much lower bending stiffness that those with a planar distribution. Variations in fiber density across the fabric thickness are also of great importance. Thus, random variations due to nonuniformities in the laydown process typically increase the bending stiffness, whereas the latter can be considerably decreased by concentrating most of the fiber weight within the neutral (or mid-) plane of a fabric. Our results in the limit of full bonding are in good quantitative agreement with those obtained from Freeston and Platt's classic model.
Integrated Approach to Dynamic Analysis of Yarn Twist Distribution in Rotor Spinning
Authors: Bin Gang Xu  , Xiao Ming Tao
Published: March 2008

This paper is the first part of a series investigating yarn twist propagation in rotor spinning and methods to produce modified rotor spun yarns. Here. an integrated mechan ical approach is presented for dynamic twist distribution in the yarn-forming process from fibers collected in the rotor groove to the twisted yarn at the twist stopper. Equations of equilibrium in different yarn-forming regions are established in terms of dimensionless variables. Yarn tension and twist distribution under steady spinning conditions are then numerically simulated, where the influences of various dimensionless parameters of rotor spinning on yarn tension and twist distribution are discussed in detail.
Anaerobic Microbial Cultures in Cotton Desizang: Efficient Combination of Fabric and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Feitkenhauer Heiko , Meyer Ulrich
Published: March 2008

The aim of our proposed microbial desizing process is to combine production (cotton desizing) and wastewater treatment in one process and to replace auxiliary chemicals with a mixed microbial culture. Cotton fabric desizing is integrated in the acidic phase bioreactor of a wastewater treatment system. The mixed culture removes the size from tht fabric and converts it into volatile fatty acids, which are eliminated in a second (biogas) reactor. The effluent of this reactor is recycled to the desizing reactor to close the water cycle. A starch-based product is selected as a model compound for polysaccharide sizing agents. Experiments demonstrate the high potential of this biotechnology to replace problematic auxiliaries. High activities of important enzymes (α-amylase) during fabric treatment are detected. Data on the efficiency of microbial desizing at different temperatures and a mass balance for size degradation are presented, as well as details on intermediates accumulation.
Hydrolytic Degradation of Nylon 66 Pile Carpet Fibers
Authors: Cribbs Danny , Ogale Amod A.
Published: March 2008

Hydrolytic degradation of nylon 66 fibers for sculpturing pile carpets is investigated in this study. Applying an aqueous solution of para-toluenesulfonic acid catalyzes the hydrolysis of nylon 66 and degrades the fibers. The reduced strength of the fibers enables sculpturing of pile carpets. The morphology of the degraded fiber tips is reported as a function of treatment conditions. Insufficient steamer residence time leads to an agglom eration of fiber tips within a tuft rather than fiber degradation, and results in a rougher tactile feel. The first-order kinetic parameters reported in the literature are used in conjunction with a simple, one-dimensional, unsteady-state heat conduction model to represent the sculpturing process. The extents of degradation predicted for the longer treatment times agree with experimentally measured values.
A Genetic Algorithm for Searching Weaving Parameters for Woven Fabrics
Authors: Lin Jeng-Jong
Published: March 2008

In this study, an intelligent R&D design system is used to obtain the best combination of weaving parameters for woven fabric designs. The searching mechanism, developed in the Turbo C programming environment, and the theory, based on a genetic algorithm, can find several desired solutions of weaving parameters to produce woven fabrics within controlled costs. In addition, the system can simultaneously calculate the fractional cover of the fabric for each set of surveyed solutions in order to provide the designer with options for the functionality of these fabrics. With this system, the weaving mill can integrate the resources of different divisions (e.g., design, production, and financial divisions) to achieve perfect designs for woven fabrics and enhance the enterprise's competitive power.
Novel Technology for 3D Nonwovens
Authors: Gong R.H. , Dong Z. , Porat I.
Published: March 2008

Nonwovens are widely used in technical applications and for composite preforms. The current technology of forming 3D shapes from flat webs is inefficient and results in uneven final products due to joints. The technology presented in this paper enables the production of 3D preforms directly from fibers, thus eliminating the conversion processes required for many applications. The 3D fibrous web is formed by air-laying and is then consolidated by hot through-air bonding. This paper describes the novel process and examines the properties of the 3D product and the effects of bonding temperature and dwell time.
Modeling the Influence of Dye Distribution on the Perceived Color Depth of a Filament Array
Authors: Motamedian Farid , Broadbent Arthur D.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a model of the reflection, refraction, and absorption of light rays by a dyed cylindrical filament according to classical laws of optics. Overall light transmit tance and reflectance of a single filament are then assumed to apply to a complete layer of such filaments. The optical behavior of the entire filament array is derived by adding successive filament layers with the same or different amounts and distributions of dye. Each filament contains a light-absorbing dye that may be evenly distributed throughout it, or located in a ring close to the filament periphery (ring dyed). The model also considers the case where only filaments near the surface of the array are colored, while those in the interior are not. The calculations predict how the various different distributions of the dye in the filament array influence the perceived color depth. The results are discussed in relation to previous work and to practical dyeing experience.
Evaluating and Comparing the Physical Properties of Spliced Yarns by Regression and Neural Network Techniques
Authors: Cheng K.P.S. , Lam H.L.I.
Published: March 2008

Different spliced yam properties (strength, bending, abrasion, and appearance) are merged into a single score, also known as the total score, which is then used to analyze the overall performance of the yarns. A regression model and neural network model are set up according to the total score to predict the performance of the spliced yams, and the two analysis techniques are compared. According to the analytical results. the neural network model gives a more accurate prediction than the regression model.
Slow Penetration of Ballistic Fabrics
Authors: Erlich D.C. , Shockey D.A. , Simons J.W.
Published: March 2008

A quasistatic penetration test is designed and implemented to provide insight into the evolution and phenomenology of fabric deformation and failure during penetration. The results are needed to guide development of a physics-based computational model of fabric response to projectile impact. The test involves slowly pushing a rigidly held fragment simulator into and through a single ply fabric specimen. The stroke and load on the penetrator are recorded during the test, and a videocamera and microphone enable the fabric failure phenomena to be time-correlated with the load-stroke history. The three distinct modes of fabric failure observed in these tests—local yarn rupture, remote yarn failure, and yarn pullout—are the same modes observed in impact tests, although the extent to which each mode occurs is different in static and dynamic tests. The conditions under which the different failure modes occur and the effects on the load-stroke curve and the energy absorbed are determined.
Mechanics of Disk-Type False Twisting
Authors: Endo Tetsuhiko , Shintaku Sukenori , Kinari Toshiyasu
Published: March 2008

A triple-stack multiple-disk spindle unit is used widely in actual draw texturing processes. In this kind of friction false twisting process, the angle of inclination (angle between yarn path and disk axis) is an important factor that determines yarn tension and twisting torque over the disk surface. This paper proposes a new theory that will give a more precise angle of inclination using differential geometry. The basic assumptions are that the disk profile is represented as an outer surface of a torus, and the yarn path over the disk surface forms a geodesic line. The angle of inclination is calculated by this theory in the actual range of the disk diameter, the radius of the disk edge, and the distance between two neighboring disk axes. The inclination angle obtained by this theory gives smaller values than the angles obtained by previous studies, but the experimental data agree best with the value calculated by this theory. We also explain how to calculate the entry angle (the angle of wrap) and the limiting value of the angle of wrap to guarantee smooth contact of the yarn with the disk periphery. The effect of the profile represented by the radius of the disk on the angle of inclination, and the angle of wrap is also investigated.
Changes in the Superstructure and Surface Morphology of Cotton During Spinning
Authors: Sarna Ewa , Włochowicz Andrzej
Published: March 2008

Cottons from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are studied to learn whether damage to their fiber structures occurs during opening, cleaning, carding, and open-end spinning. Powder x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that the crystallite size and degree of crystallinity decrease and the primary wall is visibly damaged.
Predicting the Handle and Comfort of Military Clothing Fabrics from Sensory and Instrumental Data: Development and Application of New Psychophysical Methods
Authors: Cardello Armand V. , Winterhalter Carole , Schutz Howard G.
Published: March 2008

Sensory and instrumental fabric characteristics that contribute to military clothing comfort are analyzed in a series of studies. A standardized hand evaluation methodology is checked for its sensitivity and reliability and used to characterize thirteen military fabrics. A labeled magnitude scale of comfort is developed using consumer magnitude estimates of the semantic meaning of verbal phrases denoting different levels of comfort/ discomfort. The sensitivity and reliability of this "CALM" scale is assessed in two studies, and the scale is then used by consumers to rate the handle and comfort of the thirteen test fabrics. The descriptive sensory data and comfort data are combined with Kawabata data obtained on a subset of the fabrics, and the data are analyzed with a principal components analysis. Multiple regression analyses are performed using the component scores to predict consumer comfort from the sensory and instrumental data. The results show a high degree of predictability of comfort responses from a combination of sensory and Kawa bata parameters.
Relationship Between Appearance and Physical Properties of Raw Cotton
Authors: Cheng K.P.S. , Cheng Y.S.J.
Published: March 2008

Raw cotton appearance, expressed as the degree of yellowness and the amount of trash, is analyzed. Physical properties of cotton fibers such as micronaire, length, strength, length uniformity, short fiber content, and elongation are determined. The correlation between the appearance and the physical properties of raw cotton is evaluated. The results indicate that the higher the degree of yellowness or the more trash in raw cotton, the more desirable its physical properties.
"Mercerization" of Cotton with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide
Authors: Tóth T. , Borsa J. , Reicher J. , Sallay P. , Sajó I. , Tanczos I.
Published: March 2008

Bleached cotton fabric is treated with an aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) or with sodium hydroxide in various concentrations with or without tension. The degree of "mercerization" is characterized by the crystallinity, iodine sorp tion capacity, water retention values before and after drying, dye uptake, and color strength. The shrinkage of the slack mercerized fabrics is also measured. The "mercer izing" effect of TMAH is higher than that of NaOH, and all changes caused by swelling are significantly reduced by tension.
Compression and Thermal Properties of Recycled Fiber Assemblies Made from Industrial Waste of Sweater Products
Authors: Sukigara S. , Yokura H. , Fujimoto T.
Published: March 2008

Two kinds of recycled fiber assemblies made from knitted sweaters fabrics are exam ined by measuring compression, thermal, and air resistance properties, and they are compared with a pure wool assembly and a wool-blend assembly. For recycled fiber assemblies, the initial volume for a constant weight and stiffness to compression process are smaller than those of other samples at the same apparent fiber density. The effective thermal conductivities of recycled fiber assemblies are smaller than those of wool fiber assemblies. Recycled fiber assemblies show larger specific air resistance than the other samples when the volume fraction is the same. A recycled fiber mass has a unique structure, that is, some yams extracted from fabrics remain in the fiber mass. These yams do not show any decrease in compression, thermal, and air permeability properties compared with commercial fiber assemblies. These crimped yams in the fiber mass contribute to softness at the high fiber density apparent in compression.
One-Step Processing and Bleaching of Mechanically Separated Kenaf Fibers: Effects on Physical and Chemical Properties
Authors: Jinhua Wang  , Ramaswamy Gita N.
Published: March 2008

Kenaf is an important bast fiber because it is biodegradable and has other ecofriendly characteristics. In this study, chelators, including ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA); surfactants, including phosphate ester (Silvatol), alkylaxylsulfonates (Conco), cationic quaternary amine (Atlas), and modified polyglycol ether (Tanapon); and bleaching enhancers, including sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium metasilicate, along with hydrogen peroxide bleaching, are evaluated for their efficiency in processing me chanically separated kenaf fibers. Treatment conditions, such as processing temperature, solution pH, processing time and chemical concentrations, are evaluated based on the resulting fiber strength and appearance. Gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy are also used to study fiber chemical composition (syringyl and guaiacyl lignins) as affected by processing. The results indicate that the treatments can substantially remove lignin from bast fibers. The best whiteness and strength results are obtained with fibers processed with 5% sodium pyrophosphate + 5% Silvatol + 1.5% H2O2 at pH 10.5 and a temperature of 96°C for 60 minutes.
A Study of Compact Spun Yarns
Authors: Cheng K.P.S. , Yu C.
Published: March 2008

This study investigates the working principle of compact spinning technology and the structural differences between Com4® yams spun by a Rieter ComforSpin® K40 compact spinning machine and conventional ring spun yarns. Differences in yam quality are observed. The higher tensile strengths and lower hairiness of the Com4 yarns are the key achievements of the compact spinning technology. However, limitations of the new technology are also revealed by investigating the quality of yams with different counts.
Tensile Strength Loss of Mercerized and Crosslinked Ramie Fabric
Authors: Zhou L.M. , Yeung K.W. , Yuen C.W.M. , Zhou X.
Published: March 2008

Ramie fabric subjected to a wrinkle-free treatment experiences severe losses mechan ical properties, which is the main obstacle to developing wrinkle-free ramie goods. In this study, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) is used as the crosslinking agent on ramie fabric to acquire wrinkle-free properties. Tensile strength losses in treated ramie, tension- mercerized ramie, slack-mercerized ramie, and cotton fabrics are investigated for acid degradation and the crosslinking reaction of cellulose molecular chains. Tensile strength loss in the treated fabrics are closely associated with the fine structure of the fibers, such as the degree of polymerization, crystallinity, accessibility, and orientation. The high crystallinity and low accessibility of ramie fibers lead to a non-uniform distribution of crosslinks, resulting in severe tensile strength loss.
Yarn Property Control on a Twist Drafting Frame1
Authors: Takemura H. , Nakazawa M. , Kawamura T.
Published: March 2008

Twist drafting has desirable properties for small-scale production of functional yams. In twist drafting, a yarn is directly spun out from a large mass of fibers, and the withdrawal tension in the yarn is used to maintain steady-state conditions of yam forming and yarn evenness. This work presents a mechanical analysis of twist drafting and a related experiment. The analytical results reveal the relation between the yarn properties of linear density and twist rate and the operational parameters for spinning of withdrawal tension in the yarn being spun out and the porosity ratio in the mass. The relation permits control of the linear density and twist rate of the yarn independently to a certain extent and systematically, which is impossible with conventional twist drafting.I
Influence of Pretreatment on Physical Properties of Oxidized Rayon Fabrics
Authors: Su Ching-Iuan , Peng Chao-Chun , Huang Po-Hsiung , Wang Chi-Hsian
Published: March 2008

Strips of polynosic rayon cloth, pretreated with inorganic salts that act as catalysts in pyrolysis, are pyrolyzed in air by a continuous process to a desired temperature (250°C). TGA thermograms of selected samples are examined and reveal that inorganic salts alter the course of decomposition and form more residues. Variations in char yield, breaking strength, and filling shrinkage of charred rayon fabrics are examined, and the results indicate that the physical properties of charred fabrics are determined by the species and concentration of inorganic salts. Nevertheless, it is almost impossible for a single inor ganic salt to achieve all the desirable physical properties of charred fabrics. Therefore. there appears to be a potential for developing mixtures of inorganic salts to be applied in pretreatment to improve most of these properties. For instance, a rayon precursor impreg nated with a solution containing a mixture of NH4Cl (3% w/v) plus ZnCl2 (7% w/v) produces better results than one impregnated with single inorganic salts.
Developing a Polymeric Human Finger Sensor to Study the Frictional Properties of Textiles
Authors: Ramkumar S.S. , Wood D.J. , Fox K. , Harlock S.C.
Published: March 2008

A novel method is developed to objectively evaluate the frictional feel of textiles. A polymeric artificial human finger sensor fabricated from polyvinylsiloxane material em ulates the feeling mechanism of the fingers. This polymeric sensor is conveniently converted into a friction sledge that can be used to measure the frictional properties of fabrics.