bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Bergeron David M.
Published: May 2018

This conclusion peers into the early days of 1614, including the birth of the first royal grandchild, Elizabeth’s first son, in early January, confirming the ‘German connection’ for the British royal family. The failure of the ‘Addled Parliament’ in 1614, gets discussed. Against good advice, King James summoned the parliament and spoke to it on three occasions, all to no avail. Infighting and intransigence doomed the legislative attempts. The narrative arc of 1613 plausibly ends with the Accession Day Tilt on 24 March 1614, a spectacular display in the Whitehall Tiltyard, led by the Duke of Lennox, a fitting end to the exploration of cultural life.
Mechanisms of persuasion: when and how are advocacy campaigns effective?
Authors: Noakes Stephen
Published: May 2018

This chapter establishes a framework for understanding how transnational activist networks interact with China’s government. It consists of two main parts. The first explores what each of three IR paradigms—one realist, one liberal, one constructivist—have to say about when and why activists are effective in changing state policy. The second half derives from each paradigm a cluster of variables. These variable cluster structure, and are tested in, the book’s empirical chapters.
State-directed advocacy: the ‘drift’ phenomenon in the ‘free Tibet’ and global warming campaigns
Authors: Noakes Stephen
Published: May 2018

The cases explored here, namely the campaign to establish a sovereign Tibetan homeland and to reduce China’s greenhouse gas emissions, represented a third type of causal process—‘advocacy drift.’ In the former case, Beijing’s refusal to countenance the prospect of a ‘free Tibet’ and drive to protect its own territorial integrity created conditions under which the TAN splintered into a variety of factions. Some of these espoused the use of ‘any means necessary’ to effect the goal of an independent Tibetan state, while others, including the Dalai Lama himself, retreated from the original mission of the TAN and have instead sought greater cultural protection for Tibetans within a more multinational China. In the case of the global arming campaign, advocates of emissions trading abandoned that means of reducing China’s carbon outputs, and chose instead to work with an assortment of state agencies and NGOs to combat global warming on China’s terms. While the mechanisms at play in the intra-campaign changes described in this chapter differ, both call attention to the way in which states shape advocacy campaigns just as campaigns may influence state behaviour.
State power as reality
Authors: Noakes Stephen
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter explores the implications of the varied patterns and pathways taken by TANs engaging with China. A key lesson is that foreign activists rarely succeed in persuading China to follow a course of action it does not favour for its own reasons. China’s leaders are not insensitive to external pressures for change, but base their policy actions on the domestic legitimacy implications of a given issue. This means that much rides on the quality of information the state receives—the results of a miscalculations could have grave consequences for the survival of the CCP. However, it also means that activists targeting China need to maintain a healthy perspective on what they can reasonably achieve. Given the power of China to alter the core mission and message of TANs, those wishing to deepen engagement with China need to make a clear-eyed assessment of the risks, and consider how far they are willing to go to accommodate the preference of a new world power.
Brunias’s tarred brush, or painting Indians black: race-ing the Carib divide
Authors: Bagneris Mia L.
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers how Brunias’s Carib pictures visually reinforced the insistent – and largely imagined – distinction between so-called ‘Red’ and ‘Black’ Carib Indians made by British colonialists. Though there were certainly genotypic and phenotypic differences among various Carib communities, the British exaggerated the substance and significance of these differences in order to serve their own colonial interests. Brunias’s pictures supported these exaggerations, fuelling perceptions of Black Caribs as a problematic entity in the colonial world and creating a visual narrative to justify the solutions the British used to deal with them. However, careful analysis reveals the extent to which these works simultaneously underscore the problematic nature of the racial and cultural distinctions they aim to reify, pointing to deeply felt cultural anxieties about the hybrid character of colonial life.
Public instruction: a new pedagogy for a new politics
Authors: O'Connor Adrian
Published: May 2018

The coming of the French Revolution led to a dramatic reconsideration of what was possible and what was practical in eighteenth-century France and, with that, a rejuvenation of the debates over education. Intertwined with debates about the nature, legitimacy, and efficacy of representative government, the revolutionary debates over education gave rise to the ideal of “public instruction.” Public instruction transcended the Ancien Régime’s distinction between moral education and technical instruction, aiming instead to integrate the acquisition of skills, the cultivation of habits, and the development of politically-virtuous sentiments. This ideal underwrote ideas about active and contributory citizenship and reflected the ambitions and expectations of the constitutional regime being designed by the National Assembly.
Constitutional principles and concrete proposals: reconsidering Talleyrand and Condorcet on public instruction
Authors: O'Connor Adrian
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 examines the proposals for educational reform presented in September 1791 and April 1792 by the philosophes-statesmen Talleyrand and Condorcet, on behalf of the National Assembly’s constitutional committee and the committee of public instruction, respectively. Both Talleyrand and Condorcet sought to integrate the spread of knowledge and the cultivation of civic sentiments, and each of them tried to translate the dynamics of representative and participatory politics into new institutional practices and social norms. Recognizing the role of “sentiment” and sociability in their proposals allows us to understand better how each sought to fulfill the constitutional promise of a free, public, and national system of education and to realize the political and social ambitions represented by that promise. As Talleyrand noted when presenting his plan, “it is impossible to have understood the essence of the constitution without recognizing that all of its principles demand the support of a new system of education,” a point that makes a fuller understanding of these proposals all the more important.
Revolutionary politics à la plume: the public on education and politics
Authors: O'Connor Adrian
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes the letters related to education sent to the National Assembly by citizens across France between spring 1789 and autumn 1792. It argues that this correspondence reveals a debate over public instruction and participatory politics that extended in meaningful ways beyond the Assembly and far beyond those arenas considered in most histories of education and the French Revolution. These letters also illustrate how people believed the new politics and new models of citizenship would work. Letter-writing allowed citizens an opportunity to intervene in political deliberations and disputes and to help realize the participatory promise of article 6 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. With that in mind, this chapter analyzes the letters sent to the Assembly as attempts to imagine and articulate new models of education and of political society and as practical expressions of the sort of politics for which education was supposed to be preparing French citizens.
Identification, disidentification and the imaginative reconfiguration of identity
Authors: Petersen Anne Ring
Published: May 2018

Chapter 5 seeks to contribute to the development of more dynamic and complex understandings of ‘identity’ by turning to Stuart Hall’s, Amelia Jones’s and José Esteban Muñoz’s theories of identity as identification. Chapter 5 puts an intersectional approach to the test by examining works by three artists whose works can be read as artistic ‘answers’ to the same challenge as Jones, Muñoz and Hall have sought to meet: that of developing a dynamic notion of identity beyond classic identity politics grounded in Western binary thinking. Examining works by London-based Nigerian expatriate Yinka Shonibare, Delhi-based British expatriate Bharti Kher, and Mexico City-based Vietnamese Danh Vo, who grew up in Denmark, the chapter explores art’s potential to chart how identifications and disidentifications can shift dynamically as one navigates across cultures. The analyses focus on the artists’ insistence on circulation, movement and cultural contamination as the ‘ground’ of their works, and seek to substantiate the hypothesis that their works articulate a vision of the subject as a subject that comes into being through processes of translation and transculturation, which eventually constitute its hybrid identity.
Conclusion
Authors: Petersen Anne Ring
Published: May 2018

The Conclusion briefly sums up the findings of the preceding chapters and points towards the future relevance of studies in contemporary art and migration. In continuation of the last chapter, it emphasises art’s ability to address difficult political and humanitarian issues related to the current refugee situation in Europe and the Middle East, which will undoubtedly continue to preoccupy the minds of people in these regions and elsewhere for many years to come.
Same difference: post-Troubles contexts and contradictions
Authors: Long Declan
Published: May 2018

Chapter one concentrates on the social and political developments pertinent to a study of post-Troubles art — asking what it means to talk in ‘post’ Troubles terms at all — and examines relevant contemporary art examples that offer distinctive, ambivalent perspectives on post-Troubles realities. Fundamental background details on the peace process and the Good Friday Agreement are combined with questions regarding the political and theoretical framing of this process of negotiation — keeping in mind the broader international contexts of a notional ‘post-Troubles’ situation. This widening of the frame (acknowledged globalisation as a factor in the peace process) is also vital in developing an adequate account of the art of this era, but diverse local outcomes of the Agreement are nonetheless acknowledged: from ongoing political problems caused by the ambiguities and inconsistencies of the Agreement itself, to material manifestations of ‘peace’ in architecture and the wider built environment of Belfast.
That which was: histories, documents, archives
Authors: Long Declan
Published: May 2018

Chapter four begins by further discussing the haunted spaces of Doherty’s practice as the starting point for a reflection on artists’ approaches to time and history. This part of the book highlights artists who have adapted conventional forms of documenting and archiving in order to speculate on alternative temporalities and histories of Troubles and post-Troubles life. In addition to analyses of artworks by artists such as Duncan Campbell (winner of the 2014 Turner Prize) and Miriam de Búrca, who both adapt documentary processes in an art context, attention is paid to art that studies the history of Belfast through psychogeographic urban wandering and to some curatorial attempts to historicise Northern Ireland’s art.
Poetry with purpose and the journey to Kes
Authors: Forrest David , Vice Sue
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the roots of Barry Hines’s poetic realist style in those examples of his writing which appeared before A Kestrel for a Knave (1968). These include the 1965 play Billy’s Last Stand, which gives an absurdist form to its social-realist content, and Hines’s first novel The Blinder (1966), in which his abiding theme of the battle between intellectual and sporting prowess is first introduced. It was on the strength of the promise shown in The Blinder that A Kestrel for a Knave was filmed as Kes, and we argue that Hines’s best-known novel anticipates its own cinematic realisation in its use of visual technique and description.
Imagining post-industrial Britain
Authors: Forrest David , Vice Sue
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores Hines’s conception of Britain after the miners’ strike, and the difficulty he experienced in fictionalising those divisive events. While his 1994 novel The Heart of It is a metafictional account of a writer’s coming retrospectively to understand the strike through his father’s experience, three plays Hines wrote about it remain in draft form and never appeared in the public realm. Both Shooting Stars (1990) and Born Kicking (1992), take unexpected views on Hines’s staple subject of football and its social role, in relation respectively to the effect of unexpected wealth on a working-class man, and what happens if the footballer is a woman. Elvis Over England (1998), Hines’s last published novel, is a road journey undertaken by an unemployed steelworker who starts to confront his past by means of Elvis’s songs. Although critics and Hines himself predicted that Elvis Over England would end up on the screen, it was never filmed.
Introduction
Authors: Keane David , Waughray Annapurna
Published: May 2018

The United Nations exists not merely to preserve the peace but also to make change – even radical change – possible.

–Ralph Bunche, Nobel Lecture (1950)1

On 21 December 1965, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)2 was adopted in the United Nations General Assembly in plenary session by 106 votes to none....
Extending the rule of law
Authors: Banton Michael
Published: May 2018

The chapter opens the collection with a tour d’horizon of the origins, lifetime and experience of implementing the treaty from the perspective of a CERD member. It argues that the treaty ought to be considered a significant step forward in the extension of the rule of law.
Racial discrimination and gender justice
Authors: January-Bardill Nozipho
Published: May 2018

The chapter represents a discussion of racial discrimination and gender justice, or the link between the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination and the furtherance of gender justice via the UN treaty system.
ICERD in the post-conflict landscape: towards a transitional justice role
Authors: Nkansah Lydia A.
Published: May 2018

The chapter highlights the potential of ICERD to contribute to the process of transitional justice in post-conflict societies. In particular it identifies truth commissions as having largely ignored the potential for ICERD as a transitional tool, and calls on CERD, States Parties and other actors to better understand and carve out a role for ICERD in the truth and reconciliation process.
Introduction
Authors: McGhie Henry A.
Published: May 2018

The introduction sets out the aims of the book, in terms of introducing Henry Dresser’s life and contributions, and the book’s wider relevance in terms of illustrating shifts in natural history. It introduces Dresser as one of the most remarkable ornithologists of the nineteenth century, giving an outline of his life and achievements before asking the questions ‘who was he? What did he do? How? Why?’ The answers to these questions require an understanding of his working life as a businessman, of scientific society activities, which were related to social class and opportunities, and of the geopolitical situation in terms of colonialism, formal and informal empire. It gives a brief outline of ornithology as a hobby for the wealthy, with links to hunting and shooting, and an outline of bird collecting and preservation methods.
A central figure: society life in the 1870s
Authors: McGhie Henry A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores how Dresser consolidated his position in scientific society through the 1870s, when he was working on A History of the Birds of Europe. He and his colleagues ‘ran’ English ornithology, being an elite club of wealthy, ambitious and immensely able ornithologist–collectors. Many of the leading figures lived together in a London townhouse as a kind of bachelor club, before they married and settled down. The chapter explores the power relationships that existed between ornithologists in London and those in far-flung places, taking Dresser’s relationship with Edwin Brooks as an example. Dresser’s ongoing contribution to bird conservation is explored. Some notable debates and disagreements in which Dresser was involved are explored, notably disputes over what scientific names bird should be known by, and relationships with Sharpe at the British Museum (Natural History). The chapter concludes with discussion of Dresser’s marriage and settling down.
The grand finale: producing Eggs of the Birds of Europe
Authors: McGhie Henry A.
Published: May 2018

During 1905–10, Dresser brought out his last major book, on the eggs of the birds of Europe. His Russian collaborators were making important discoveries in Central Asia and Siberia, and provided him with many specimens. Dresser publicised these discoveries in the book and in presentations at the Zoological Society of London. The Eggs of the Birds of Europe was illustrated using colour photography of eggs, mostly from Dresser’s collection. It was possibly the first natural history book to be illustrated using colour photography, based on the ‘three-colour process’. There was a further dispute with the British Museum (Natural History) as Dresser acquired some bird skins from an ‘official’ expedition, the British Expedition to Tibet of 1903–04, which the museum’s curators felt should go to the museum.
Time for a change
Authors: McGhie Henry A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter reveals how ornithology had become divided into factions, with Dresser occupying a distinctive position as one of the last independent naturalists. The British Ornithologists Union had its 50th anniversary in 1909; this showed how the BOU had become rather left behind in the face of competition from the American school of ornithology. Bird and egg collecting were the source of a great debate that ran for some time in the Times. Dresser took part in the commemorations of Darwin’s birth and the publication of On the Origin of Species through his friendship with Alfred Russel Wallace. He was again accused of theft by the British Museum (Natural History). Dresser took part in one last book project, to standardise the names of the birds that had occurred in Britain in line with more modern naming practices.
Churchill, women and the politics of gender
Authors: Toye Richard
Published: May 2018

This chapter investigates how Churchill related to women at the political level, and how women voters in turn related to him. Churchill had a blurred Conservative-Liberal identity, and this affected his approach to ‘the woman question’. Hostile to female enfranchisement at the start of his career, he became a reluctant convert during his Edwardian Liberal phase, provided that it could be done in such a way as to benefit his own party electorally. As a renegade Tory during the 1930s he drew on the services of a range of female anti-appeasers such as Shiela Grant Duff. During World War II, however, he controversially opposed equal pay for women teachers. It is well-established that, in the post-war years, the Conservative Party benefitted from its gendered approach to rationing and austerity, Churchill himself did little to appeal explicitly to women voters. Although he did accept a role for a limited number of ‘exceptional’ women in the public sphere, he was never an enthusiast for substantive gender equality.
‘The statutory woman whose main task was to explore what women … were likely to think’: Margaret Thatcher and women’s politics in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Cowman Krista
Published: May 2018

After Margaret Thatcher's death much was made of her opposition to feminism, most of it self-expressed.  Nevertheless, particularly in her early years in politics, Thatcher was less keen to distance herself from all women's causes or groups.  This chapter explores some instances where she worked in tandem with other women in support of causes that many would see as feminist or woman-centred despite her later stance on such issues.
Conserving Conservative women: a view from the archives
Authors: McIlwaine Jeremy
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the issues affecting the acquisition and preservation of archival material relating to Conservative women, and how this necessarily impacts on our understanding of the role of women and gender within the Conservative Party. It looks at the difficulties affecting archivists particularly with regard to changing cultural attitudes towards record-keeping, the financial constraints in which special collections libraries operate, and the lack of protection afforded to modern records within the UK. Finally, it proposes some ways in which, jointly, archivists and academics can work together to prevent further loss of potentially useful archival material and identify possible alternatives to material formerly available, within the context of a rapidly changing record-keeping environment.
Ecocriticism extends its boundaries
Authors: Barry Peter , Welstead William
Published: May 2018

This chapter maps out the richness of ecocriticism as it has extended its boundaries during the past decade from environmental literary texts to the wider environmental humanities. The still growing sense of environmental crisis and climate change is significantly influencing both creative methodologies and outputs, and critical responses, in the humanities and beyond. In particular, there is an increasing trend towards collaboration between the creative arts and the sciences, and between writers and artists in different media. At the same time, disciplines from social science and heritage interpretation are finding common cause with the creative arts. These themes are further explored in the introduction to subsequent chapters.
‘I am not afraid to die’: contemporary environmental crisis fiction and the post-theory era
Authors: Squire Louise
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, Louise Squire introduces the idea that the human ‘denial’ of death has in part contributed to our approach to environmental crisis. She considers the possibilities for literary critique to account for these difficulties, focussing on contemporary environmental crisis fiction. The novels discussed are the three books of Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam Trilogy (2003, 2009, 2013), Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide (2004), and Jeanette Winterson’s The Stone Gods (2007). Each of these books explores the notion of ‘death-facing’ as an ecological imperative. She reads this fiction as being in dialogue with the questions posed by today’s environmental challenges. Squire argues that ecocriticism is a developing field in that the crisis and its literatures are still unfolding, so attention must continue to be directed at reformulating thought in the (also) still unfolding aftermath of high theory.
The word among stones
Authors: Barry Peter
Published: May 2018

In this chapter Peter Barry explores poems about stones, on stones and as stones. He shows how our ancestors had a special regard for stones particularly those that seemed out of place, such as glacial erratics. The Ringing Stone on Tiree is one such, bearing numerous cup marks from Neolithic times. He considers how poems have been placed in the environment on trails and paths, sometimes with a didactic purpose as part of an environmentalist interpretive scheme. Some of these have taken advantage of the expressive potential of the stones themselves, and of letter carvers who blend this with their own artistic heritage. Collaborations between carver and poet can make best use of the space between the words that come closest to Barry’s interest in avant-gardeorneo-modernist poetry(especially ‘concrete’ and ‘visual’ poetries). Barry also considers poems in urban settings, in projects involving close collaboration with councils, NGOs and communities, where the words have been incised on bridges, monuments, paths, or pavements, as by Alyson Hallett in Bath, Lemn Sissay in Manchester, Bill Herbert near Darlington, and Menna Elfyn and Gillian Clarke in Tonypandy.
On-site natural heritage interpretation: an ecocritical reading
Authors: Welstead William
Published: May 2018

One of the most ubiquitous features of the official countryside is the proliferation of interpretation boards that inform and enhance our experience of the natural world. Writers, artists, performers and story tellers will often play an active role in this interpretation process. The products of heritage interpretation can be considered as cultural objects in their own right. In this chapter, William Welstead makes the case for an ecocritical eye to be turned towards the practice and products of heritage interpretation, which is big business whose practitioners have their own professional organisation. The chapter looks at how interpretive practice constructs a way of looking at the natural world, and shows how the narratives of interpretation are influenced by inputs from the creative arts. Further work might usefully seek to establish whether this is a two-way process in which the works studied by ecocritics have themselves been influenced by on-site interpretation narratives.
Seminary colleges, converts and religious change in post-Reformation England, 1568–1688
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: May 2018

This essay will look at one of the principal functions of the seminary colleges founded by English exiles and the place they occupy in debates about what happened to Catholicism in England after the Reformation, i.e. after 1559, currently still in something of a deadlock between those who argue for a slow-decline thesis and, on the other hand, those who want to say that there was, across the British Isles, a surge in and after the 1570s of Counter-Reformation zeal. It will ask: what were those who enrolled at these colleges supposed to do once they returned to their native country and started to minister to the faithful? In particular, in the context of the powerful rhetoric of conversion which framed the founding of the seminaries at Douai and Rome, how far were ordained clergy supposed to evangelise outside the confines of the separated Catholic community? And if they did so, to what end? How seriously were they supposed to take the rhetoric of national conversion that some Catholics in this period used? We might imagine that individual conversions to Catholicism, in the sense of explicit, overt and public changes of “religion”, were rather limited in number, not least because of the development of a statutory legal code which inflicted severe penalties on those who decided to go into separation from the national Church. However, this paper will also look at what conversion means more generally in this context, in other words – not just as a transfer from one confession or Church to another but also as the understanding of the purpose of the Catholic clerical estate in the English national Church. Finally, it will attempt to do this with an eye to the conflicting approaches and interpretations in the current historiography of the post-Reformation Catholic community in England and Britain in the later sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries.
Greece and the Euro
Authors: Angeletos George-Marios , Dellas Harris
Published: May 2018

This chapter studies the implications of Greece's membership in the Eurocurrency area for her macroeconomic performance and welfare. It first discusses the perceived economic benefits and costs from participation in Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) at the time of the original entry decision. It then argues that it made good economic sense for Greece to join. The chapter then describes what proved to be the actual main benefits and costs. Finally, attention is turned to the issue of the implications of continued membership in the eurozone. It asks what opportunities are associated with the two alternative scenarios of staying or exiting and how the two scenarios matter for Greece's macroeconomic performance and welfare. The chapter also examines the possible cost—for Greece—of default against official creditors.
Financial Development and the Credit Cycle in Greece1
Authors: Haliassos Michael , Hardouvelis Gikas , Tsoutsoura Margarita , Vayanos Dimitri
Published: May 2018

This chapter reviews the developments in Greece's financial system since the beginning of the crisis. The chapter places them in a broader context by (i) evaluating the long-term performance of Greece's financial system in comparison to other countries, and (ii) reviewing the credit boom-and-bust cycle that Greece has experienced since Euro entry. Risks in the Greek economy remain overly concentrated to those originating them and are not well diversified. By raising the cost of equity capital for firms, this impedes investment. It also drives up corporate leverage, thus making the economy more vulnerable to shocks. These vulnerabilities manifested themselves even before the sovereign crisis hit. Strengthening investor protection, through improvements in the justice system and financial regulation, is an important part of the solution. In the shorter run, the debt overhang problem in the private sector should be addressed. The chapter discusses policy options to achieve these goals.
Reforming Health Care in Greece: Balancing Fiscal Adjustment with Health Care Needs1
Authors: Kanavos Panos , Souliotis Kyriakos
Published: May 2018

The Greek health care system relies on expensive medical inputs to deliver basic health care services, and is characterized by a lack of primary care focus, which disallows care integration and coordination, particularly in chronic care management. Consequently, care delivery remains fragmented and disjointed and often results in access to care disparities. This chapter proposes three areas where structural reform is essential to address budgetary constraints, improve coverage, and deliver better quality of care. First, the health care financing and contracting model and reimbursement mechanisms need to be overhauled. Transitioning to a funding system through general taxation would be advantageous in increasing levels of coverage over the short- to medium-term, but needs to be accompanied by significant changes in the provision and contracting of services to improve efficiency and quality. Second, the role of primary health care needs to be strengthened so that it becomes the backbone of health service delivery. And, finally, pharmaceutical policy needs fundamental review, including a re-alignment of the different incentives on the supply and the demand side. These reforms require a mix of structural and tactical interventions by decision-makers.
Thinking about Corruption in Greece1
Authors: Azariadis Costas , Ioannides Yannis M.
Published: May 2018

The chapter addresses the issue of corruption, which appears to be endemic in Greece. It reviews the facts about corruption as a multifaceted phenomenon and its relationship to tax evasion, by comparing Greece to its EU partners as well as internationally. The chapter looks at corruption as an example of anti-social behavior through the prism of modern theories of social interactions and property rights. This offers both bad and good news. Corruption is rampant in Greece, and with a much higher incidence than in other EU countries. One way to deal with it is by means of zero tolerance and relentless vigilance. A second way to deal with corruption is to design institutions that encourage honest behavior and facilitate reporting of abuses. However, an outcome thoroughly permeated by corrupt practices is not the only possible social and economic outcome. Taste for proper social behavior can be taught and learned, and adverse practices discussed in the chapter may be altered by suitable reforms and retraining of public servants.
Introduction
Authors: Giraldeau Luc-Alain , Kosfeld Michael
Published: May 2018

Why do some individuals invest in making a resource available, while others simply wait and exploit the fruits of this effort? Why do some people cooperate in joint production and public goods provision while others free ride and abstain from contributing to aggregate welfare? The phenomenon of exploitation or free riding is studied in many disciplines along separate research traditions. Certainly understanding this phenomenon could be deepened through interdisciplinary exchange. This chapter sets forth the rationale for the joint examination conducted by evolutionary ecologists, economists, anthropologists, and public health scientists. It initiates the collective examination into whether some generality exists across a broad range of species and systems, and posits how new insights might be used to tackle problems related to renewable resource management, public health, and institutional design.
Explaining Variation in Cooperative Behavior
Authors: Mengel Friederike , Weele Joël van der
Published: May 2018

Casual observation and controlled experiments show that humans display great heterogeneity in their tendency to exploit others or invest in mutual cooperation. This chapter reviews models in the economics literature that can explain the coexistence of free riders (exploiters) and cooperators (investors). A distinction is made between models of full and bounded rationality. Although some models provide tentative explanations, there is a large gap between the empirical and theoretical literature, and there has been little effort to integrate long- and short-run models.
Producer–Scrounger Models and Aspects of Natural Resource Use
Authors: Barta Zoltán
Published: May 2018

Humans are using natural resources at unprecedented rates, a situation that could lead to various global catastrophes. To mitigate eventual consequences, the processes involved must be better understood. Resource use frequently involves groups; thus free-riding behavior must be expected. Exploitation of others’ efforts can dramatically alter how resources are utilized. This chapter argues that exploitation of harvesting efforts can be analyzed as a producer–scrounger evolutionary game. The presence of scroungers (exploiters) in a group usually decreases overall use of resources by the group. Factors that increase the proportion of scroungers can further decrease resource use. By contrast, aggression and the compatibility of scrounger and producer strategies elevate resource use. Encouraging scrounging may lower resource use, but this raises a moral dilemma: individual scrounging is bad, reduced resource overuse by the population is good. The consequences of cheating in natural resource management demands attention in future research.
Interventions to Control Damage from Infectious Disease
Authors: Ewald Paul W. , Herrmann Markus , Thomas Frédéric , Brown Sam P. , Heeb Philipp , Lotem Arnon , Roche Benjamin
Published: May 2018

Human infectious disease results from many factors (e.g., human behavior, disease organisms, institutions) that often interact as opposing agents in accordance to the investor–exploiter dichotomy. Directing interventions to influence these opposing roles may improve human health by differentially influencing the success of exploiters and investors. Alterations made on one level may change outcomes on other levels and affect the impact of disease on states of health. These interactions need to be incorporated into economic models to inform the assessments of interventions to improve health.
Challenges for Market and Institutional Design when Countering Exploitation Strategies
Authors: Foster Gigi , Frijters Paul , Greiner Ben
Published: May 2018

Cooperation within larger groups is often endangered by incentives to free ride. One goal of market and institutional design is to create environments in which socially efficient cooperation can be achieved. The main point in this chapter is that only considering first-order incentives to cooperate within a larger group may not be sufficient, as subcoalitions display reciprocal behavior despite the incentives to renege. Three related complications are discussed: (a) exploitative behavior is often coordinated in subgroup coalitions, (b) natural within-group resistance to exploitation already exists, and (c) the actions of group members can often only be imperfectly monitored. Given these realities, implications of current research for applied market and institutional design are outlined.
Behavioral Consequence of Exploitation
Authors: Dubois Frédérique , Heeb Philipp , Dall Sasha R. X. , Giraldeau Luc-Alain
Published: May 2018

In behavioral ecology, the behavioral consequences of individuals (exploiters) using the investments of others (investors), rather than investing time or effort in procuring a resource themselves, has been traditionally studied using the producer–scrounger (PS) model—a simple evolutionary game theoretic model in which producers (investors) search for resources while scroungers (exploiters) use the resources found by producers. A key assumption in the PS model is that the producer remains passive toward scroungers. As the presence of scroungers is costly, evidence is reviewed that one major consequence of having exploiters is the adoption by producers of strategies that reduce the benefits of scroungers, giving rise to countermeasures by scroungers. Scroungers also affect population structure by generating consistent differences among individuals and affecting spatial preferences within groups. Reviewing the impact of scrounging on populations should help generate parallels to explore the consequences of exploitative behavior in economics and public health.
The Politics of Networked Individualism
Authors: Dotson Taylor
Published: May 2018

This chapter outlines the politics of networked individualism as a social phenomenon, locating the lack of attention to these politics within the discourse surrounding networked individualism in the tendency to naturalize technological change. The theory of networked individualism frames individuals as liberated social entrepreneurs, free to assemble their own portfolios of ties, obscuring how that ability to network and satisfaction gained from it are unequally distributed. Within network discourses, moreover, network technologies are depicted as simply spreading through populations rather than as the result of contingent socio-political factors. The resulting discourse, perhaps inadvertently, is biased toward justifying reverse adapation: The process by which people’s expectations for social life are adapted to what current technologies offer, rather than altering technologies to align with citizens’ view of the good life. Such discourse, if widely accepted, threatens to conserve networked individualism as the status quo mode of being for the foreseeable future.
From Thick to Thin: The Seven Dimensions of Communality
Authors: Dotson Taylor
Published: May 2018

This chapter attempts to break away from the narrow and vague definitions of community that plague scholarship as much as popular thought. Rather than reduce community to a single facet of social reality, whether networks of ties or shared symbols, or begin with the dichotomizing frame of authentic/inauthentic community, this chapter depicts community as a seven dimensional social phenomenon. Different instantiations of community vary with regard to the thickness of their webs of social ties, practices of exchange and mutual aid, frequency and depth of talking, production of a symbolic or psychological sense of belonging, degree of economic interdependence, extent to which politics and justice reaffirm rather than sever relationships, and strength of a moral order emphasizing collective rather than private interests. While networked individualism, as a result, can be understood as a genuine instance of community, it remains relatively thin with respect to several of the dimensions of communality.
Imagining More Communitarian Infrastructures and Organizations
Authors: Dotson Taylor
Published: May 2018

This chapter investigates the possibilities for better supporting more communitarian infrastructure and organizations. Community energy progresses too slowly because of an uncertain policy environment. More communal retail is lacking in part due to the various subsidies provided to large chains and online stores. Public transit is slowed by both inappropriate expectations that they have little effect on automobile traffic and the wrongheaded insistence that they support themselves primarily through fares. Other barriers are cultural. For example, transit authorities tend go for grand projects rather than incremental changes; potential synergies between different cooperative retail arrangements remain unrealized; the insistence that information be “free” stands in the way of communally governed Internets. Budgeting practices that privilege dollars saved over community benefit, moreover, leads to inappropriately scaled organizations: community buildings and schools too large to center community life. Anxieties over performance stifle the development of democratic schools. Finally, tax laws do too little to distinguish non-profits that provide broad community benefits from those that serve the needs of small, isolated, and relatively privileged populations.
Intelligently Steering Toward More Communitarian Technological Societies
Authors: Dotson Taylor
Published: May 2018

This chapter applies the intelligent trial-and-error framework developed by Edward Woodhouse and David Collingridge to technologies that impact community life. The framework has generally been used to analyse technologies with environmental, physiological, and financial – rather than psychocultural – risks. This chapter explores how technological innovation related to driverless cars and social robots would proceed if important decision makers were to take their potential social and communal risks seriously. Next, intelligent trial-and-error is proposed as a set strategies to make attempts to deploy communitarian technologies more effective, considering the cases of residential development and cooperative grocery stores. Finally, this chapter examines the barriers to getting intelligent trial-and-error applied more of the time and to already existing, rather than only emerging, technologies.
Measuring Green: The Generation of the Information
Authors: Bullock Graham
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 uses the differences between LEED, Green Globes, the Living Building Challenge, and ENERGY STAR to highlight the methodological issues associated with information-based governance. The chapter introduces the concepts of replicability, reliability, and validity, and applies them in an analysis of the transparency and quality of the data and methods used in existing information-based initiatives. The importance of life cycle approaches to developing valid environmental information about products and companies is also discussed. With a few important exceptions, data from 245 cases of these initiatives demonstrates their general lack of methodological transparency and validity, and highlight the challenges associated with developing robust metrics of sustainability. The chapter discusses several important tradeoffs between different dimensions of validity, and suggests several strategies for managing these tradeoffs. It also identifies the most promising and problematic information generation practices found in the database and the lessons learned from these examples.
Fred Forest, Troublemaker
Authors: Leruth Michael F.
Published: May 2018

The Introduction establishes Forest’s artistic identity as a trickster and troublemaker through some of his most famous publicity stunts and subversive public interventions. Works discussed in the Introduction include 150 cm2 of Newspaper (1972), The City Invaded by Blank Space (1973), The Artistic Square Meter (1977), The Golden Mean and the Force Field of 14,000 Hertz (1987), Fred Forest for President of Bulgarian National Television (1991), and Forest’s unauthorized protest performance at the Centre Pompidou’s Vidéo Vintage exhibition (2012). The Introduction also discusses Forest’s contributions as a theorist and educator, his ties to leading intellectuals and critics like Vilém Flusser and Pierre Restany, and his tense relations with French art institutions, including his epic legal battle with the Centre Pompidou (1994-97).
Aesthetics of Communication
Authors: Leruth Michael F.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 examines Forest’s work from the 1980s through the mid-1990s, which was characterized by greater emphasis on simulation, symbolism, and the sensory; a more varied “palette” of artistic production ranging from more conventional multimedia installations to ambitious attempts to create temporary alternative channels of networked mass communication; and a series of conceptual experiments in metacommunication as defined in the Aesthetics of Communication movement. Works discussed in Chapter 2 include The Territory of the Square Meter (1980), The
Stock Exchange of the Imaginary (1982), Here and Now (1983), Press Conference of Babel (1983), Learn How to Watch TV with Your Radio (1984), In Search of Julia Margaret Cameron (1988), The Electronic Bible and the Gulf War (1991), Telephonic Faucet (1992), and The Watchtowers of Peace (1993). Chapter 2 also discusses Forest’s greater interest in ecological themes, the ramifications of globalization, and more explicitly political subjects (e.g., the collapse of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, the Gulf War, and the Yugoslav Wars) in the late 80s and early 90s.
Interface as Utopia
Authors: Leruth Michael F.
Published: May 2018

The Conclusion looks more closely at the utopian thread that runs through Forest’s artistic practice beginning with an overview of his lifelong preoccupation with immaterial forms of territoriality and his personal preference for more “realistic” forms of utopia. After outlining the symptoms of a postmodern crisis in western utopian thinking in its dominant perspectival form emphasizing visual projection, collective projects, and social-technological progress, it goes on to examine the ways in which Forest’s art represents a fundamental reconfiguration of the notion of utopia that differs from the enfeebled western paradigm in several important respects. Foremost among these differences is that Forest puts utopia in reverse by making utopia (i.e., the everyday pseudo-utopia of the modern mediascape, which he subjects to defamiliarizing realism) the mundane starting point rather than the ideal culmination of his utopian artistic practice. The Conclusion closes with a retrospective look at Forest’s body of work through the lens of the four main types of utopian interfaces he creates: the specular interface, the subversive interface, the metacommunicational interface, and the liminal interface.
The Power of the Context
Authors: Kagan Jerome
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses contextual constraints on brain profiles. The laboratories that measure brain activity contain uncommon combinations of physical features and incentives that prime some brain sites and suppress others. Despite these possibilities, neuroscientists continue to speculate about the implications of the brain patterns they record as if the context has a minimal influence on their observations. This position is difficult to defend given the fact that the parahippocampal cortex binds objects and events to the context in which they appear. Adults lying supine and still in the narrow tube of a magnetic scanner in an unfamiliar room are in an unusual psychological and bodily state. The compromised sense of agency, awareness of being evaluated, confinement in a narrow space, and the demand to suppress all movement affect brain and psychological processes.