bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The scaling of social interactions across animal species
Authors: Rocha Luis E. C. , Ryckebusch Jan , Schoors Koen , Smith Matthew
Published: June 2021

Social animals self-organise to create groups to increase protection against predators and productivity. One-to-one interactions are the building blocks of these emergent social structures and may correspond to friendship, grooming, communication, among other social relations. These structures should be robust to failures and provide efficient communication to compensate the costs of forming and maintaining the social contacts but the specific purpose of each social interaction regulates the evolution of the respective social networks. We collate 611 animal social networks and show that the number of social contactsEscales with group sizeNas a super-linear power-law$$E=CN^\beta$$E=CNβfor various species of animals, including humans, other mammals and non-mammals. We identify that the power-law exponent$$\beta$$βvaries according to the social function of the interactions as$$\beta = 1+a/4$$β=1+a/4, with$$a \approx {1,2,3,4}$$a≈1,2,3,4. By fitting a multi-layer model to our data, we observe that the cost to cross social groups also varies according to social function. Relatively low costs are observed for physical contact, grooming and group membership which lead to small groups with high and constant social clustering. Offline friendship has similar patterns while online friendship shows weak social structures. The intermediate case of spatial proximity (with $$\beta =1.5$$β=1.5and clustering dependency on network size quantitatively similar to friendship) suggests that proximity interactions may be as relevant for the spread of infectious diseases as for social processes like friendship.
Adjoint traveltime tomography unravels a scenario of horizontal mantle flow beneath the North China craton
Authors: Dong Xingpeng , Yang Dinghui , Niu Fenglin , Liu Shaolin , Tong Ping
Published: June 2021

The North China craton (NCC) was dominated by tectonic extension from late Cretaceous to Cenozoic, yet seismic studies on the relationship between crust extension and lithospheric mantle deformation are scarce. Here we present a three dimensional radially anisotropic model of NCC derived from adjoint traveltime tomography to address this issue. We find a prominent low S-wave velocity anomaly at lithospheric mantle depths beneath the Taihang Mountains, which extends eastward with a gradually decreasing amplitude. The horizontally elongated low-velocity anomaly is also featured by a distinctive positive radial anisotropy (VSH > VSV). Combining geodetic and other seismic measurements, we speculate the presence of a horizontal mantle flow beneath central and eastern NCC, which led to the extension of the overlying crust. We suggest that the rollback of Western Pacific slab likely played a pivotal role in generating the horizontal mantle flow at lithospheric depth beneath the central and eastern NCC.
Elucidating causal effects of type 2 diabetes on ischemic heart disease from observational data on middle-aged Swedish women: a triangular analytical approach
Authors: Sundquist Kristina , Johansson Sven-Erik , Memon Ashfaque A. , Calling Susanna , Ohlsson Henrik , Szulkin Robert , Jimenez Eladio , Sundquist Jan
Published: June 2021

The association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) is well established but the potential causal association needs further studying. In an attempt to elucidate the causal effect of T2D on IHD, we used three different analytical approaches in two different datasets. A well-defined cohort of 6047 women aged 50–59 years were included at baseline (1995 to 2000) and followed until 2015 for IHD. The median follow-up was 16.3 years. We used a Marginal Structural Cox model (MSM Cox) to account for time-varying exposure (time at onset of T2D) and for ten confounders (using inverse probability weighting, IPW). We also compared the MSM-Cox models with traditional Cox regression modelling in the cohort. Finally, we analyzed information on individuals from Swedish population-based registers with national coverage in a comprehensive co-relative design and extrapolated the results to MZ twins. The Hazard Ratio (HR) for IHD in relation to T2D at baseline and T2D occurring during the follow-up in the MSM Cox model weighted by IPW (based on the ten included confounders) was 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–1.92). The corresponding HR from the traditional Cox regression model was of similar effect size. The average extrapolated MZ twin estimate from our co-relative model was 1.61 (95% CI 1.48–1.86). Our findings, based on a triangular approach, support the existence of a causal association between T2D and IHD and that preventive long-term measures in order to avoid or postpone IHD should include monitoring and treatment of both the T2D itself as well as other cardiovascular risk factors.
Lévy walk dynamics explain gamma burst patterns in primate cerebral cortex
Authors: Liu Yuxi , Long Xian , Martin Paul R. , Solomon Samuel G. , Gong Pulin
Published: June 2021

Lévy walks describe patterns of intermittent motion with variable step sizes. In complex biological systems, Lévy walks (non-Brownian, superdiffusive random walks) are associated with behaviors such as search patterns of animals foraging for food. Here we show that Lévy walks also describe patterns of oscillatory activity in primate cerebral cortex. We used a combination of empirical observation and modeling to investigate high-frequency (gamma band) local field potential activity in visual motion-processing cortical area MT of marmoset monkeys. We found that gamma activity is organized as localized burst patterns that propagate across the cortical surface with Lévy walk dynamics. Lévy walks are fundamentally different from either global synchronization, or regular propagating waves, because they include large steps that enable activity patterns to move rapidly over cortical modules. The presence of Lévy walk dynamics therefore represents a previously undiscovered mode of brain activity, and implies a novel way for the cortex to compute. We apply a biophysically realistic circuit model to explain that the Lévy walk dynamics arise from critical-state transitions between asynchronous and localized propagating wave states, and that these dynamics yield optimal spatial sampling of the cortical sheet. We hypothesise that Lévy walk dynamics could help the cortex to efficiently process variable inputs, and to find links in patterns of activity among sparsely spiking populations of neurons.
Beyond pairwise network similarity: exploring mediation and suppression between networks
Authors: Lacasa Lucas , Stramaglia Sebastiano , Marinazzo Daniele
Published: June 2021

Network similarity measures quantify how and when two networks are symmetrically related, including measures of statistical association such as pairwise distance or other correlation measures between networks or between the layers of a multiplex network, but neither can directly unveil whether there are hidden confounding network factors nor can they estimate when such correlation is underpinned by a causal relation. In this work we extend this pairwise conceptual framework to triplets of networks and quantify how and when a network is related to a second network (of the same number of nodes) directly or via the indirect mediation or interaction with a third network. Accordingly, we develop a simple and intuitive set-theoretic approach to quantify mediation and suppression between networks. We validate our theory with synthetic models and further apply it to triplets (multiplex) of real-world networks, unveiling mediation and suppression effects which emerge when considering different modes of interaction in online social networks and different routes of information processing in the nervous system.
Correction: Empirical study on the effects of acquisition parameters for FTIR hyperspectral imaging of brain tissue
Authors: Sacharz J. , Perez-Guaita D. , Kansiz Mustafa , Nazeer Shaiju S. , Wesełucha-Birczyńska A. , Petratos S. , Wood B. R. , Heraud P.
Published: June 2021

Correction for ‘Empirical study on the effects of acquisition parameters for FTIR hyperspectral imaging of brain tissue’ by J. Sacharz et al., Anal. Methods, 2020, 12, 4334–4342, DOI: 10.1039/C9AY01200A.
Mesoporous (101)-TiO2 nanocrystals with tailored Ti3+ and surface oxygen vacancies for boosting photocatalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzenes
Authors: Xu Fengxia , Wang Jinguo , Li Dianfeng , Zhang Nianchen , Men Yong
Published: June 2021

Mesoporous (101)-TiO2 nanocrystals with tailored Ti3+ and surface oxygen vacancies showed significantly enhanced activity for photocatalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzenes to anilines in water medium under visible-light irradiation.
Curcumin-loaded high internal phase emulsions stabilized with lysine modified lignin: a biological agent with high photothermal protection and antibacterial properties
Authors: Chen Kai , Yuan Shengrong , Wang Dan , Qi Dongming , Chen Fengfeng , Qiu Xueqing
Published: June 2021

The UV-blocking and antioxidant properties of lysine modified enzymatic hydrolysis lignins (EHL-Lys) based high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) for curcumin and their synergistic antibacterial activity were investigated.
Dynamic interactions and intracellular fate of label-free, thin graphene oxide sheets within mammalian cells: role of lateral sheet size
Authors: Chen Yingxian , Rivers-Auty Jack , Crică Livia Elena , Barr Katie , Rosano Vinicio , Arranz Adrián Esteban , Loret Thomas , Spiller David , Bussy Cyrill , Kostarelos Kostas , Vranic Sandra
Published: June 2021

This study reveals the dependence of GO uptake mechanism on its lateral dimensions. The main uptake mechanism of s-GO shifts from macropinocytosis (4 h) to clathrin-dependent endocytosis (24 h), mediated by upregulation of mTORC1/2 pathway.
Heterogeneous nanozymatic activity of Hf oxo-clusters embedded in a metal–organic framework towards peptide bond hydrolysis
Authors: Moons Jens , Loosen Alexandra , Simms Charlotte , de Azambuja Francisco , Parac-Vogt Tatjana N.
Published: June 2021

A Hf-based NU-1000 metal organic framework as a hydrolytic nanozyme for peptide bonds in dipeptides and hen egg white lysozyme protein showed greater stability and better recyclability than previous Zr-/Hf-based nanozymes.
Intramolecular difunctionalization of methylenecyclopropanes tethered with carboxylic acid by visible-light photoredox catalysis
Authors: Wei Hao-Zhao , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: June 2021

We have developed a visible-light photoredox catalyzed intramolecular difunctionalization of MCPs to access spiro[cyclopropane-1,2-indan]one from easily prepared methylenecyclopropanes tethered with carboxylic acid.
Spontaneous alloying of ultrasmall non-stoichiometric Ag–In–S and Cu–In–S quantum dots in aqueous colloidal solutions
Authors: Stroyuk Oleksandr , Raievska Oleksandra , Solonenko Dmytro , Kupfer Christian , Osvet Andres , Batentschuk Miroslaw , Brabec Christoph J. , Zahn Dietrich R. T.
Published: June 2021

The effect of spontaneous alloying of aqueous glutathione-capped Ag–In–S and Cu–In–S quantum dots (QDs) into quaternary Cu(Ag)–In–S QDs is reported.
Tuning the synergistic effects of MoS2and spinel NiFe2O4nanostructures for high performance energy storage and conversion applications
Authors: Shinde Pratik V. , Babu Shyam , Mishra Shrawan Kr , Late Dattatray , Rout Chandra Sekhar , Singh Manoj Kumar
Published: June 2021

Energy storage and water splitting applications of MoS2/NiFe2O4nanocomposites are explored.
Alignment of Au nanorods along de novo designed protein nanofibers studied with automated image analysis
Authors: Yaman Muammer Y. , Guye Kathryn N. , Ziatdinov Maxim , Shen Hao , Baker David , Kalinin Sergei V. , Ginger David S.
Published: June 2021

In this study, we focus on exploring the directional assembly of anisotropic Au nanorods along de novo designed 1D protein nanofiber templates using automated image analysis tool.
Decisive influence of amorphous PbI2−x on the photodegradation of halide perovskites
Authors: Lu Yue , Hu Jingcong , Ge Yang , Tian Bohai , Zhang Zeyu , Sui Manling
Published: June 2021

Amorphous PbI2−x is the critical intermediate phase during the step-by-step decomposition from MAPbI3 to metallic Pb0, and it dominates the interfacial-controlled photodegradation pathway of the perovskite film.
Excellent energy storage properties and superior stability achieved in lead-free ceramics via a spatial sandwich structure design strategy
Authors: Yan Fei , He Xia , Bai Hairui , Shen Bo , Zhai Jiwei
Published: June 2021

A sandwich structure design strategy was presented in this work to optimize the polarization and electric breakdown strength of lead-free ceramics, resulting in superior energy storage properties (Wrec = 6.3 J cm−3 and PD = 215 MW cm−3).
Recent advances in doped ruthenium oxides as high-efficiency electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Sun Hainan , Jung WooChul
Published: June 2021

Recent progress in doped ruthenium oxides as high-efficiency electrocatalysts for the OER, in which various types of dopants and design strategies are summarized, with an emphasis on the establishment of the structure–activity relationship.
Phase modulation of 1T/2H MoSe2 nanoflowers for highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysis in rechargeable Li–O2 batteries
Authors: Xia Qing , Zhao Lanling , Li Deyuan , Wang Jun , Liu Lili , Hou Chuanxin , Liu Xiaomeng , Xu Haoran , Dang Feng , Zhang Jintao
Published: June 2021

Nanoflower-like 1T/2H MoSe2 nanosheets were prepared by a two-step hydrothermal method, which combines the advantages of 1T and 2H phase to deliver superior bifunctional electrocatalytic activities in Li–O2 batteries.
A pyridinium salt with crystalline phase transformation under water vapor and reversible mechanochromic luminescent properties
Authors: Chen Yi , Li Xiaoning , Che Weilong , Tu Liangjing , Xie Yujun , Li Zhen
Published: June 2021

The pyridinium salt of CPBBr undergoes crystalline phase transformation under water vapor, accompanied by emission turn-on from deep blue to green. The reversible mechanochromism luminescence indicates the formation of a charge transfer excimer.
All-inorganic tin-doped Cs2BiAgCl6 double perovskites with stable blue photoluminescence for WLEDs
Authors: Huang Dayu , Xiao Hui , Liu Dongjie , Ouyang Qiuyun , Kong Youchao , Wang Bo , Lian Hongzhou , Lin Jun
Published: June 2021

A highly efficient and stable blue-emitting Cs2BiAgCl6:Sn2+ with double perovskites.
SIRT7 restricts HBV transcription and replication through catalyzing desuccinylation of histone H3 associated with cccDNA minichromosome
Authors: Yu Hai-Bo , Cheng Sheng-Tao , Ren Fang , Chen Yong , Shi Xiao-Feng , Wong Vincent Kam Wai , Law Betty Yuen Kwan , Ren Ji-Hua , Zhong Shan , Chen Wei-Xian , Xu Hong-Mei , Zhang Zhen-Zhen , Hu Jie-Li , Cai Xue-Fei , Hu Yuan , Zhang Wen-Lu , Long Quan-Xin , He Lin , Hu Zhong-Wen , Jiang Hui , Zhou Hong-Zhong , Huang Ai-Long , Chen Juan
Published: June 2021

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant public health burden worldwide. HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) organized as a minichromosome in nucleus is responsible for viral persistence and is the key obstacle for a cure of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Recent studies suggest cccDNA transcription is epigenetically regulated by histone modifications, especially histone acetylation and methylation. In the present study, we identified transcriptionally active histone succinylation (H3K122succ) as a new histone modification on cccDNA minichromosome by using cccDNA ChIP-Seq approach. Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 7 (SIRT7), as an NAD+-dependent histone desuccinylase, could bind to cccDNA through interaction with HBV core protein where it catalyzed histone 3 lysine 122 (H3K122) desuccinylation. Moreover, SIRT7 acts cooperatively with histone methyltransferase, suppressor of variegation 3–9 homolog 1 (SUV39H1) and SET domain containing 2 (SETD2) to induce silencing of HBV transcription through modulation of chromatin structure. Our data improved the understanding of histone modifications of the cccDNA minichromosome, thus transcriptional silencing of cccDNA may represent a novel antiviral strategy for the prevention or treatment of HBV infection.
α-synuclein pathogenesis in hiPSC models of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Baena-Montes Jara M. , Avazzadeh Sahar , Quinlan Leo R.
Published: June 2021

α-synuclein is an increasingly prominent player in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects mainly the dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Typical of PD pathology is the finding of protein aggregations termed ‘Lewy bodies’ in the brain regions affected. α-synuclein is implicated in many disease states including dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer’s disease. However, PD is the most common synucleinopathy and continues to be a significant focus of PD research in terms of the α-synuclein Lewy body pathology. Mutations in several genes are associated with PD development including SNCA, which encodes α-synuclein. A variety of model systems have been employed to study α-synuclein physiology and pathophysiology in an attempt to relate more closely to PD pathology. These models include cellular and animal system exploring transgenic technologies, viral vector expression and knockdown approaches, and models to study the potential prion protein-like effects of α-synuclein. The current review focuses on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models with a specific focus on mutations or multiplications of the SNCA gene. iPSCs are a rapidly evolving technology with huge promise in the study of normal physiology and disease modeling in vitro. The ability to maintain a patient’s genetic background and replicate similar cell phenotypes make iPSCs a powerful tool in the study of neurological diseases. This review focuses on the current knowledge about α-synuclein physiological function as well as its role in PD pathogenesis based on human iPSC models.
From electrons to Janskys: Full stokes polarized radiative transfer in 3D relativistic particle-in-cell jet simulations
Authors: MacDonald N. R. , Nishikawa K.-I.
Published: June 2021

Context.Despite decades of dedicated observation and study, the underlying plasma composition of relativistic extragalactic jets remains largely unknown.

Aims.Relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) models are able to reproduce many of the observed macroscopic features of these outflows (e.g., recollimation shocks, jet sheaths and spines, bow shocks, and enshrouding jet cocoons). The nonthermal synchrotron emission detected by very long baseline interferometric arrays, however, is a by-product of the kinetic-scale physics occurring within the jet, physics that is not modeled directly in most RMHD codes. This paper attempts to discern the radiative differences between distinct plasma compositions within relativistic jets using small-scale 3D relativistic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations.

Methods.We made use of a polarized radiative transfer scheme to generate full Stokes imaging of two PIC jet simulations, one in which the jet is composed of an electron-proton (e− − p+) plasma (i.e., a normal plasma jet), and the other in which the jet is composed of an electron-positron (e− − e+) plasma (i.e., a pair plasma jet). We examined the differences in the morphology and intensity of the linear polarization and circular polarization (CP) emanating from these two jet simulations.

Results.Our PIC simulations, when scaled into physical units, are ∼150 cubic kilometers in size. We find that the fractional level of CP (measured relative to integrated total intensity) emanating from thee− − p+plasma jet is orders of magnitude larger than the level emanating from ane− − e+plasma jet of a similar speed and magnetic field strength. In addition, we find that the morphology of both the linearly and circularly polarized synchrotron emission is distinct between the two jet compositions. These results highlight the following: (i) the potential of high-resolution full-Stokes polarimetric imaging to discern between normal plasma and pair plasma jet emission in larger scale systems and (ii) the challenges faced by kinetic simulations in modeling this emission self-consistently. We also demonstrate the importance of slow-light interpolation and we highlight the effect that a finite light-crossing time has on the resultant polarization when ray-tracing through relativistic plasma. Placing a firm constraint on the plasma content of relativistic extragalactic jets will help to advance our understanding of jet feedback.
Optimization Analysis on Layout of 220kV Outdoor Substation for Noise Control at the Boundary
Authors: Mengyao Lu
Published: June 2021

The noise in substations has become one of the most concerning problems in the field of power grid. In this paper, the principle of substation layout optimization based on the maximum acoustic ray shielding method is established in the premise of the sound wave propagation rule in complicated air medium to meet the requirements of relevant national environmental standards for noise at the boundary of the substation. By establishing the acoustic simulation analysis model of the 220kV outdoor substation, the noise level at the boundary of the substation before and after the layout optimization is compared and analysed, and the distribution rule of the sound field inside and outside the substation is obtained. The analysis results show that the optimized layout of the substation can effectively reduce the noise at the boundary of the substation, which provides a control method for the noise optimization design of the substation.
The Current Status of EMG Signals on Kinematics Needed for Precise Online Myoelectric Control and the Development Direction
Authors: Kang Tong
Published: June 2021

Widely accepted idea is the prosthetic control problem could be regarded as the pattern recognition problem. The prosthetic control means there are several differences such as distinguishable electric signals between different activation of muscle. However, this conventional method could not provide proper control of the artificial limbs. Kinematics behavior is continuous and needs the coordination of multiple physiological degrees of freedom (DOF) among various joints. Currently, a huge challenge is achieving precise, coherent and elegant coordination protheses which needs many DOFs to rehabilitation of patients with limb deficiency. This article analyzed the principles of control of bionic limbs from the aspect of EMG and traditional pattern recognition. According to the research results, the following conclusions can be given. Since the quantum amplitudes are complex numbers generally, different parameter should be included and analyzed together during the quantum information processing. Besides, the quantum control scheme could be combined with the classic one. What is more, other sensor modes should be applied for robust control instead of the EMG signal only.
Research and Analysis on Present Situation of Desert Sand Concrete
Authors: Yanjun Ji , Chuang Liu , Zhichao Ding
Published: June 2021

Due to the rapid development of civil engineering industry, natural medium and coarse sand resources are increasingly scarce. If desert sand is studied and applied in the field of civil engineering, the shortage of sand resources and high unit price can be greatly solved.Therefore, it is very important to study desert sand instead of ordinary sand. Although the application of desert sand in engineering has made rapid development, many engineers and researchers have done a lot of experiments and in-depth research on the physical and chemical properties, mechanical properties and compaction characteristics of desert sand, and also made a lot of experimental research results. However, at present, because of the different engineering properties, different deserts are used and the test methods are different. Generally speaking, the understanding of this special material with engineering properties is not mature at home and abroad, and it is not widely used in civil engineering.
Oridonin, an AKT1 Inhibitor, Suppresses the Growth of Breast Cancers with Hyperactivation of PI3K/AKT Signaling
Authors: Liu Xin-Yu , Zhang Lizi
Published: June 2021

Purpose: The study investigates the therapeutic effect of Oridonin on PTEN loss and HER2 amplification PI3K/AKT signaling hyper-activated (p-AKTHigh) breast cancer. Methods: The experiment uses MDAMB231, MCF-10A, SKBR3 (HER2 amplification), MDAMB468 (PTEN loss) cells, and Xenograft Murine Models. Cell viability is assessed by MTT, Clonogenic growth, CCK-8 assays. The inhibition of phosphorylation is tested by Western blot. Xenograft studies are used to test tumor growth blockage.The most possible result: Oridonin inhibits phosphorylation of AKT1 substrates and downstream proteins instead of AKT1. Also, it blocks the growth of PTEN loss and HER2 amplification p-AKTHigh breast cancer. Conclusion: This study provides important information for the clinical trial of Oridonin. Future experiments should focus on its toxicity and efficacy.
Neurodegenerative diseases and their related treatment
Authors: Xin Ziyan
Published: June 2021

Aging is a phenomenon related to every person and has a tremendous impact on people’s life quality. During aging, some people may get neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease. These diseases can vastly impair patient’s life quality and cause problems to their families. This review investigates and concludes many recent findings to find the symptoms, pathways, and possible cures for such diseases. The passage shows that changes happen at people’s gene, special protein function, and brain structure are closely related to such diseases. Consistent with such opinions, this review concludes what symptoms patients may have, such as Aβ’s accumulation and tau protein’s hyperphosphorylation, degeneration of basal ganglia. This review also focuses on the possible ways to cure the diseases or release their symptoms. At last, in light of the knowledge we have about neurodegenerative diseases, a more comprehensive understanding of the critical parts involved in these diseases can be obtained, indicating possibilities of producing more closely targeted medicine and treatment.
Research progress of hyperuricemia on kidney damage
Authors: Cheang Chonin, , Chan Wengtong,
Published: June 2021

Urea is the main product secreted in normal human urine, which will contain a small amount of uric acid.Uric acid is the end product of purines known as trioxypurines, which have a weakly acidic alcoholic form, and if purines are metabolized, the risk of hyperuricemia will be increased. It has been shown that the risk of developing CKD in patients with increased serum uric acid levels is 2.21 times that of normal patients. There are experimental data to divide patients into two groups, one is patients with hyperuricemia and the other is patients with normal serum uric acid, the results of the study show that patients with hyperuricemia have a significantly greater probability of developing acute kidney injury than patients with normal serum uric acid, and most of them need kidney replacement therapy. This review focuses on the development of kidney damage in hyperuricemia.
Comparison of Nusinersen and Evrysdi in the Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Zhu Xiaoying
Published: June 2021

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic neuromuscular disease that commonly affects children, and usually worsens with age that often leads to permanent disability and death for many of the SMA patients. Recently, two drugs are developed to improving the quality of life of SMA sufferers: Evrysdi and Nusinersen. This study is identified by a systematic literature review to compare two treatments. The comparison attempts to focus on mechanism, administration and clinical trials. The trials include the ENDEAR study for Nusinersen, and the FIREFISH study for Evrysdi. Due to the different baselines of two trials, matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) is used to “weighted” baseline characteristics to match each other across all the studies. Each of the trials highlighted the effectiveness for comparison. Both Nusinersen and Evrysdi have had a major and positive impact on improving the quality of life of SMA, and both therapies have been shown to be highly effective. Moreover, the indirect comparison with Matching Adjustment Indirect Comparison shows that Risdiplam is more effective as compared to Nusinersen. Nonetheless, the comparison is still inaccurate due to lack of real-world evidence from patients.
Art Therapy: Intervention Study of Immersive Interaction Animation on Children with ADHD
Authors: Tang Yunpeng
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children and the ineffective traditional treatment methods have become difficult social problems nowadays. From the perspective of art therapy, this paper has put forward the concept of interaction, and considering the clinical experience related to the pathology of children with ADHD, focused on the analysis of the requirements, design and implementation methods of immersive interactive animation in the treatment of ADHD, so as to provide theoretical basis for interdisciplinary research of animation arts in the field of ADHD treatment.
Serum hsa-miR-98-5p and RORC may be new biomarkers related to esophageal cancer
Authors: Zhou Zheyu , Wang Yinyu , Li Wenwen , Xia Haoyang , Han Gaohua
Published: June 2021

This study aims to use bioinformatics methods to discover new serum miRNA markers for esophageal cancer, and provide a theoretical basis for early diagnosis of esophageal cancer. We used GEO2R to analyze the differential serum miRNAs in esophageal cancer based on GSE112264 from the GEO database. Then target genes of top 10 differential miRNAs were predicted. Obtain RNA-Seq data of esophageal cancer from the TCGA database, and use R software for analysis of differential expression. Overlap the predicted target genes with the differentially down-regulated genes, then perform analysis of GO and KEGG enrichment. Use GEPIA and UALCAN databases to perform verification of expression and prognostic analysis of key genes in the pathway. The results showed there are 2565 differential miRNAs in the serum of esophageal cancer patients. The top 10 up-regulated miRNAs predicted 1676 target genes, then 63 overlapped genes were obtained from target genes and 1642 down-regulated genes. GO enrichment obtained 14 biological processes, and KEGG enrichment obtained the circadian rhythm pathway. Only RORC is related to the poor prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer. Our study concluded serum hsa-miR-98-5p and its target gene RORC may be new biological markers for early diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer.
The comparison of limma and DESeq2 in gene analysis
Authors: Tong Yihan
Published: June 2021

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. With the development of techniques, many methods to analyze the differentially expressed (DE) genes have emerged, especially the downstream analysis approaches, such as limma, DESeq2, and edgeR. However, it is unclear whether using different methods leads to different results. This article has compared the results gained from DESeq2 and limma when conducting downstream analysis for RNA sequencing data. Evidently, the number of genes they found is different from each other. DESeq2 found more genes than limma. But more than 90% of the genes detected by the two methods are overlapped, which means both methods are reliable. If precise results are needed, limma has a better ability to find the accurate DE genes. In the end, we analyzed the reason of the difference and summarized when it is better to use limma than DESeq2.
Rapid Diagnosis of HIV-1 virus by Near Infrared Spectroscopy: based on Partial least squares regression
Authors: He Xiaohong , Song Zhihong , Shang Haifei , Yang Silang , Wu Lujing , Ma Yan , Sun Yu , Xia Xuejiao , Wang Quangui , Luo Bei , Gu Chaojiang
Published: June 2021

Currently, the laboratory diagnostic tests available for HIV-1 viral infection are mainly based on serological testing which relies on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood HIV antigen detection and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for HIV specific RNA sequence identification. However, these methods are expensive and time-consuming, and suffer from false positive and/or false negative results. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing a cost effective, rapid and accurate diagnostic method for HIV-1 infection. In order to reduce the barriers for effective diagnosis, a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) method was used to detect the HIV-1 virus in human serum, specifically, three absorption peaks with dose-dependent at 1582nm, 1810nm and 2363nm were found by multiple FBiPLSR test analysis for HIV-nano and HIV-EGFP, but not for MLV. Therefore, we recommend the use of 1582nm, 1810nm and 2363nm as the characteristic spectrum peak, for early screening and rapid diagnosis of serum HIV.
Exploring the Solution of Bionic Prosthesis Lacking Perceptual Feedback System: Using Invasive and Non-invasive Techniques
Authors: Hong Xiaohan
Published: June 2021

The bionic prosthesis is a more advanced research direction in the prosthesis, but there are still many shortcomings. One of them is the lack of an effective perceptual feedback system, which included the feedback of position, force, texture, roughness, temperature, and other environmental information, as well as the information perception ability of the prosthesis itself[1]. This defect limits the normal operation of the prosthesis and endanger the safety of users. By analyzing the sensory feedback mechanism of the human body, it is found in this paper, the main reason for the lack of an effective perceptual feedback system of the bionic prosthesis is that there is no structure connected with the internal nerves of the human body in the mechanical prosthesis. Therefore, the perceptual signals collected by artificial sensors cannot be transmitted to the cerebral cortex by invasive method, or lack specific in vitro devices to stimulate patients to produce specific perceptual feedback by non-invasive methods. At present, through the use of invasive and non-invasive technology, we have mastered the form of electrical stimulation, vibration stimulation, and other forms of perceptual feedback. Due to the larger amount of feedback information, shorter training time than other methods, non-invasive electrical stimulation feedback has become a promising research area in this field.
No Clinically Meaningful Differences in 1-Year Patient-Reported Outcome Measures between Hip Resurfacing and Total Hip Arthroplasty: An Age-Matched Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Siqueira Marcelo ,   Cleveland Clinic OME Arthroplasty Group
Published: June 2021

This study compared patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), readmissions, and reoperations between hip resurfacing (HR) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) in a matched prospective cohort. Between 2015 and 2017, 4,268 patients underwent HR or THA at a single institution. A prospective cohort of 2,147 patients were enrolled (707 HRs, 1,440 THAs). PROMs were collected at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Exclusion criteria: females (n = 2,008), inability/refusal to complete PROMs (n = 54), and diagnosis other than osteoarthritis (n = 59). Each HR patient was age-matched to a THA patient. Multivariate regression models were constructed to control for race, body mass index, education, smoking status, Charlson Comorbidity Index, mental health, and functional scores. A significance threshold was set at p = 0.017. A total of 707 HRs and 707 THAs were analyzed and 579 HRs (81.9%) and 490 THAs (69.3%) were followed up at 1 year. There was no statistically significant difference for Hip Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (HOOS) Pain subscale (p = 0.129) and HOOS-Physical Function Shortform (HOOS-PS) (p = 0.03). HR had significantly higher median University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA) activity scores (p = 0.004). Ninety-day readmissions for HR and THAs were 1.8 and 3.5%, respectively (p = 0.06), and reoperations at 1 year were 1.2 and 2.3%, respectively (p = 0.24). For male patients, differences in medians for UCLA activity scores were 0.383 points, which were statistically significant but may not be clinically relevant. No differences exist in 90-day readmissions, reoperations, and HOOSpain and HOOS-PS scores. Because patients undergoing HR are advised to return to full activity at 1-year postoperative, follow-up is required. Metal ion levels were not obtained postoperatively for either group.
The Current Role of Platelet Function Testing in Clinical Practice
Authors: Mason George A. , Rabbolini David J.
Published: June 2021

Platelet dysfunction, whether hereditary or acquired, may increase an individual's risk of spontaneous, posttraumatic, or postoperative bleeding. Conversely, increased platelet reactivity on antiplatelet agents following vascular (in particular, coronary vascular) intervention may increase the risk of thrombosis and adverse vascular events. The aim of platelet function testing is to identify and characterize platelet dysfunction in these settings to inform bleeding/ thrombosis risk and guide perioperative prophylactic management strategies. A vast array of screening and diagnostic tests is available for this purpose. The successful clinical application of platelet function tests depends on the knowledge of their analytical strengths and limitations and the correct extrapolation of derived results to a particular clinical scenario. This review critically appraises traditional and contemporary platelet function testing focusing on their role in clinical practice.
What Factors Reduce the Incidence of Early Dislocations in Aseptic Total Hip Revisions with Stem Retention?
Authors: Villa Jesus M. , Pannu Tejbir S. , Patel Preetesh D. , Barsoum Wael K. , Higuera Carlos A. , Riesgo Aldo M.
Published: June 2021

It is unclear which factors are the most important protectors for early postoperative dislocation in aseptic total hip arthroplasty (THA) revisions with stem retention. Therefore, we sought to determine what factors reduce the incidence of dislocations among these patients. Single institution retrospective review was made of 83 consecutive aseptic THA revisions of the head/liner and/or cup performed by five surgeons between 2017 and 2020. Periprosthetic infections and femoral component revisions were excluded. Demographics, preoperative diagnosis, revision type, surgical approach, use of dual mobility systems, length of stay, skin-to-skin time, transfusions, complications, and dislocations were assessed. Pearson correlation/logistic regression analyses were used to determine association/independent predictors of dislocation; α was set at 0.05. The overall dislocation rate was 12%. In Pearson correlation, only preoperative diagnosis (instability vs. other, −0.241, p = 0.028) and revision type (only liner vs. cup, −0.304, p = 0.005) were significantly associated with dislocations. In logistic regression, only preoperative diagnosis other than instability (odds ratio [OR] = 0.235, p = 0.038) and cup revision (OR = 0.130, p = 0.014) were found significant protectors against dislocation. Surgical approach and dual mobility systems were not independent predictors of dislocations (p = 0.184 and p = 0.083, respectively). Dislocation rates were significantly different between those cases that had the cup revised (4.0%) and those that did not (24.2%; p = 0.012). Preoperative diagnosis other than instability and cup revision seemed to be protective against early dislocation. Revision of the cup, in particular, seemed to be the most important factor to avoid dislocations while use of dual mobility liners per se did not significantly reduce that risk. The role of isolated liner exchanges in revision THA continues to evolve and should be reserved for appropriately selected patients.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib Delays Platelet-Induced Coagulation: Additive Effects of Aspirin
Authors: Fernández Delia I. , Veninga Alicia , Tullemans Bibian M. E. , Baaten Constance C. F. M. J. , Peters Linsey J. F. , Aarts Maureen J. B. , Eble Johannes A. , Campello Elena , Spiezia Luca , Simioni Paolo , van der Vorst Emiel P. C. , van der Meijden Paola E. J. , Heemskerk Johan W. M. , Kuijpers Marijke J. E.
Published: June 2021

Background Sunitinib is a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) used for cancer treatment. In platelets, sunitinib affects collagen-induced activation under noncoagulating conditions. We investigated (1) the effects of sunitinib on thrombus formation induced by other TK-dependent receptors, and (2) the effects under coagulating conditions. Cardiovascular disease is a comorbidity in cancer patients, resulting in possible aspirin treatment. Sunitinib and aspirin are associated with increased bleeding risk, and therefore we also investigated (3) the synergistic effects of these compounds on thrombus and fibrin formation.

Methods Blood or isolated platelets from healthy volunteers or cancer patients were incubated with sunitinib and/or aspirin or vehicle. Platelet activation was determined by TK phosphorylation, flow cytometry, changes in [Ca2+]i, aggregometry, and whole blood perfusion over multiple surfaces, including collagen with(out) tissue factor (TF) was performed.

Results Sunitinib reduced thrombus formation and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure under flow on collagen type I and III. Also, sunitinib inhibited glycoprotein VI-induced TK phosphorylation and Ca2+ elevation. Upon TF-triggered coagulation, sunitinib decreased PS exposure and fibrin formation. In blood from cancer patients more pronounced effects of sunitinib were observed in lung and pancreatic as compared to neuroglioblastoma and other cancer types. Compared to sunitinib alone, sunitinib plus aspirin further reduced platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, and PS exposure on collagen under flow with(out) coagulation.

Conclusion Sunitinib suppresses collagen-induced procoagulant activity and delays fibrin formation, which was aggravated by aspirin. Therefore, we urge for awareness of the combined antiplatelet effects of TKIs with aspirin, as this may result in increased risk of bleeding.
Power production of the hybrid Wavestar point absorber mounted around the Hywind spar platform and its dynamic response
Authors: Ghafari Hamid Reza , Neisi Atefeh , Ghassemi Hassan , Iranmanesh Mehdi
Published: June 2021

This article presents the novel hybrid Wavestar–Hywind concept that combines a floating wind turbine with a number of Wavestar point-absorbers on a shared OC3-Hywind spar platform. The effect of increasing Wavestar number on the wave power production and platform motions has been investigated using both time and frequency domains. Simulations were carried out with the boundary element method using the three-dimensional diffraction/radiation theory, which is employed by the ANSYS AQWA software. Regular Airy wave under different wave periods from 4 to 16 s and constant wave height (1.2 m) was considered as an environmental condition. The results of the response amplitude operator (RAO) motions of the platform show that increasing wave periods cause an increase on the surge, heave, and pitch RAO. Moreover, in higher periods as Wavestar numbers increase, the heave motion decreases, while it does not significantly affect the surge and pitch motions. Due to Wavestar resonance, the maximum capture width ratio occurs in wave periods 5 and 6 s for all case studies, that means higher Wavestar power and lower platform motion due to increasing radiation damping force. Furthermore, the result shows that the angle between Wavestar arm and wave direction and its location are two main factors that influence the power production. The maximum power absorbed by Wavestar occurs in the wave periods 6 s and makes 46, 103, 160, and 210 kW power for 3, 6, 9, and 12 WS, respectively.
Exploring the effects of low-level-jets on the energy entrainment of vertical-axis wind turbines
Authors: Siguenza-Alvarado Diego , Doosttalab Ali , Cheng Shyuan , Bocanegra Evans Humberto , Cal Raúl Bayoán , Chamorro Leonardo P. , Castillo Luciano
Published: June 2021

We experimentally explored the effect of a series of low-level-jet (LLJ) velocity profiles on the energy entrainment of a single and a pair of counter-rotating Giromill–Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) models under two types of rotations. Planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to obtain the mean flow and turbulence statistics in the wake of the model wind turbines. Incoming LLJ profiles had peaks coincident with the turbines midspan and top tip; complementary flow characterization with a canonic turbulent boundary layer is also included for comparison. Results show that the positive shear region of the LLJ velocity profiles increased the wake asymmetry due to higher vertical velocity gradients. The positive shear of the LLJ contributed to the enhancement of energy entrainment in the wake compared with a standard turbulent boundary layer profile by increasing the mean kinetic energy advection into the wake in the single and a pair of counter-rotating VAWTs. Comparatively, high vertical velocity gradients may be responsible for this phenomenon; it promoted stronger cross-flow and counter-rotating vortices in the wake.
Electronic structure regulations of single-atom site catalysts and their effects on the electrocatalytic performances
Authors: Meng Ge , Zhang Jian , Li Xinyuan , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: June 2021

In recent years, single-atom site catalysts (SACs) have achieved great advancements in heterogeneous and electrochemical catalysis due to the merits of maximal atom utilization, unique electronic and geometric structures, low costs, and high catalytic performances. The electronic structures of the isolated metal centers can greatly influence the adsorption energies of reactants and intermediates, thus determining the catalytic activities of SACs. Especially, the electronic structure regulation of the metal sites has been advanced to the atomic level and proven a powerful strategy to enhance their electrocatalytic performances, which provides great opportunities for the further development of SACs. Based on the reported synthesis and structural modulation methods, in this review, the experimental and computational advances in the electronic structure regulation strategies for SACs, including coordination adjustment, electronic metal-support interaction, oxidation state modulation, and strain engineering, will be summarized. Then, the effects of electronic structures on the adsorption behaviors and, thus, the electrocatalytic activities of water splitting and O2/CO2 reduction reactions will be emphatically exemplified and discussed. In the end, a brief conclusion of this paper and the existing challenges and future opportunities in this research direction will be proposed. This review aims to highlight the understanding of electronic structure in association to the electrocatalytic activity for SACs and provide guidance for their further development in electrochemical applications.
US-China trade negotiation discourses in the press
Authors: Li Jiayu
Published: June 2021

This article studies trade negotiation discourses during the US-China tariff truce, aiming at investigating the difference of ideologies of the U.S. and China journalists towards trade negotiation. Through integration of theories and methods of corpus linguistics and critical discourse studies and the use of the corpus linguistic software, the study finds that U.S. reports to some extent make itself appear as a victim of the trade, and hope to end unfair trade practices and reduce the chronic trade deficit, while China press focuses more on the harm of raising tariffs not just to each other but the global economy, through communication and dialogue rather than unilateral measures to peacefully resolve trade tensions. Perceived differences in culture have an important influence in the theoretical formation of the differences. The article concludes that the discourse patterns of the coverage imply a rising China and a new level of equilibrium in international politics.