bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Geographies of Industrial Change
Authors: Panitz Robert , Glückler Johannes
Published: September 2022

Industrial and geographical dynamics are interrelated. This chapter focuses on how scholars in the field of economic geography analyse the spatial dynamics of industrial change. Whereas traditional approaches have analysed industrial change through static and cyclical frameworks, contemporary theory endorses the evolutionary and institutional nature of the spatial processes that characterizes industrial dynamics. These processes range from local agglomeration and specialization to global connectivity and interdependence regarding particular divisions of labour in production and trade. The comparative case studies on global stock photography and the effect of Brexit on financial services in Europe are used to assess whether and how seemingly disruptive changes, such as digital technology or political and regulatory reforms, transform the underlying economic geographies of these industries. The almost unpredictable nature of industrial change underscores the need for context-sensitive, path-dependent, and contingent relational approaches to capture current industrial shifts due to globalization, digitization, sustainabilization, and servitization.
“Here, Performance Art is Performance Art”
Authors: Sasse Sylvia
Published: September 2022

The chapter provides an overview of the emergence of performance art, action art, and happenings in the Soviet underground since the 1960s. The main question is how a genre that was considered Western and aesthetically suspect was able to arise in the first place. The chapter shows how acting in the underground led, on the one hand, to an art of subversive action that worked primarily with techniques of subversive mimicry, camouflage, and reutilization. On the other hand, the chapter argues thar the work in the underground produced a high degree of self-reflection, which had as its object the “appearance” of the genre and the self-presentation of the artists themselves.
A Picaresque Parrot and Decent Domesticity
Authors: Sommer Doris
Published: September 2022

Latin America fell in love with itself after the Revolutions of Independence, thanks to self-liberated heroes who courted heroines of various colors and classes and became mutually authorizing citizens. As new countries took shape and constructed institutions, the intense engagement and optimism created, among other foundations, a canon of national romances. Authors of national novels were typically founding fathers who helped to consolidate their new republics during the promising generation for democratic institutions, roughly between the 1850s and 1880s. Legislators, generals, or diplomats by day, they were creative writers by night. The novels projected a path toward harmony and growth through the language of love. Old World tyranny had ended, and people were free to husband the land. Husbands needed equally admirable wives to produce new generations of citizens. But before the passionate military and marital conquests, before romance named the mood and the genre of novel experiments, an ironic Baroque adventure story captured the folly of colonial posturing that passed for elegance; it also indicted the passionate resistance that would soon erupt.
Jane Addams and Richard Rorty
Authors: Voparil Chris
Published: September 2022

This chapter places the ideas of Jane Addams and Richard Rorty into constructive dialogue revealing common appeals to sentiment, sympathetic knowledge, and meliorism in their ethics. When read together a distinctive contribution to pragmatist social ethics emerges. Specifically, they merge the epistemic and ethical, holding that knowledge of others is predicated on a sympathetic affective orientation, and focus their melioristic practices toward the marginalized. They align in advocating a suite of melioristic practices that remains attentive to the limits and barriers all projects of social ethics face: forging democratic relations with those who have been marginalized or excluded from our community, mitigating egotism and its attendant self-certitude, and advancing mechanisms for deprivileging those at the top of undemocratic relational hierarchies. Taken together, Addams and Rorty help us better orient the practice of social justice to overcome the ethical and epistemic obstacles faced in this quest. For them, social justice is unattainable without both extending ethical ties via sympathy and fostering epistemic resources of shared knowledge and understanding. Putting Addams and Rorty into constructive dialogue also offers crucial remedies for problems of echo chambers and the fragmentation of communities that currently beset democratic communities in our “post-truth” condition.
Jane Addams and William James on Sport and Recreation
Authors: Tarver Erin C. , Sullivan Shannon
Published: September 2022

This chapter contrasts Jane Addams’s analysis of the social significance of recreation and sport with William James’s examination of sport and physical activity to bring out the value of their accounts for philosophy of sport. Synthesizing Addams’s writings on recreation and practice of sports at Hull House with James’s essays “The Gospel of Relaxation” and “The Energies of Men,” this contribution argues that Addams’s theory and practice of recreation provide an important corrective to James’s assessment of the moral and psychological value of physical activity. In particular, it argues that Addams’s emphasis on the social goods of sport and her concern about the lack of sporting opportunities for young women illuminate the limitations of James’s advocacy of an individually focused relaxation via sport as the cure for what ails contemporary Americans. The chapter also demonstrates the different values that Addams and James allot to sport. Although both appear to speak positively of sport, its value for James is merely to eliminate a negative form of energy, whereas its value for Addams is to build positive interpersonal connections and communities.
Dialogue, Liminality, and a Spatial Ethic of Reciprocity in Difference
Authors: Banerjee Amrita
Published: September 2022

This chapter demonstrates the cross-fertilization of feminist and pragmatist philosophies in Jane Addams by focusing on her social ethics and her work in the social settlement movement. The contours of a unique conceptual framework for dialogue in Addams is drawn up, which is called “dialogic reciprocity.” An associated concept, namely “liminal spatiality,” is also proposed as an integral aspect of Addamsian social ethics. Dialogic reciprocity emphasizes a certain responsive interplay between people across difference and calls for a framing of moral agency as interactive rather than individualistic. Liminal spatiality highlights the importance of blurred or in-between spaces within the framework of dialogic ethics. While dialogic reciprocity is proposed as a way of conceptualizing moral agency in our relationship to the Other, the concept of liminal spatiality contributes to the formulation of a spatial ethics across difference. The chapter not only enables the reader to develop a somewhat unifying framework for reading the feminist pragmatism of Jane Addams, but also develops readings of Addams’s social ethics in relation to work on liminality in Latin American feminist philosophy, on the one hand, and philosophical work on care ethics, space, and agency in feminist philosophy from India, on the other. Such engagements ultimately allow us to generate a non-white-stream reading of the feminist pragmatism of Jane Addams.
Astrology and Astral Magic in Tantric Japan
Authors: Kotyk Jeffrey
Published: September 2022

Japanese Buddhism received and implemented a kind of Sinicized form of astrology from the ninth to tenth centuries. This type of astrology differed from the type of court omenology that had earlier been received from the mainland and was based on ancient Chinese concepts of astroterrestrial correspondences and related chiefly to concerns of the country as a whole, rather than to individuals. The new form of astrology, originating from Indian and Indo-Iranian sources in Chinese translation, could be used for timing rituals to maximize their efficiency or to predict the fate of an individual. The planets, now viewed as deities, also entered the Buddhist pantheon in Japan and became an important object of worship. New ritual forms were also received and developed, in which one could negotiate one’s fate as it might be predicted based on astrology.
The Right to Social Security
Authors: Goldblatt Beth
Published: September 2022

The chapter considers the origins and purpose of the right to social security and its status in international law, regional human rights instruments, and national constitutions. It discusses the developing interpretation of the right in international law and in national jurisprudence and examines the right in relation to welfare cutbacks in the context of increasing austerity in the Global North and the growth in social security provision in the Global South as a response to poverty, including with regard to the ILO’s recommendation for social protection floors. The chapter gives particular consideration to the relationship between the right to social security and equality. It also focuses on two further issues that touch on core questions regarding the interpretation of the right to social security: conditionality and a basic income. All three discussions point to central considerations of access to the right, its scope, and its purpose. It should be noted that, since the time of writing, the COVID-19 pandemic has presented an extreme new context in which to consider how the right to social security links with vulnerability, equality, and solidarity. While this analysis, especially in relation to conditionality, basic income, and equality, is pertinent to the response to the health and economic crisis that has followed COVID-19, this chapter does not incorporate a discussion of international and national responses.
AI and Structural Injustice
Authors: Himmelreich Johannes , Lim Désirée
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues for a structural injustice approach to the governance of AI. Structural injustice has an analytical and evaluative component. The analytical component consists of structural explanations that are well known in the social sciences. The evaluative component is a theory of justice. Structural injustice is a powerful conceptual tool that allows researchers and practitioners to identify, articulate, and perhaps even anticipate, AI biases. The chapter begins with an example of racial bias in AI that arises from structural injustice. The chapter then presents the concept of structural injustice as introduced by the philosopher Iris Marion Young. The chapter moreover argues that structural injustice is well suited as an approach to the governance of AI and compares this approach to alternative approaches that start from analyses of harms and benefits or from value statements. The chapter suggests that structural injustice provides methodological and normative foundations for the values and concerns of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). The chapter closes with a look into the idea of “structure” and responsibility. The idea of structure is central to justice. An open theoretical research question is to what extent AI is itself part of the structure of society. Finally, the practice of responsibility is central to structural injustice. Even if they cannot be held responsible for the existence of structural injustice, every individual and every organization has some responsibility to address structural injustice going forward.
An Ecosystem Framework of AI Governance
Authors: Wirtz Bernd W. , Langer Paul F. , Weyerer Jan C.
Published: September 2022

The development of artificial intelligence brings great challenges. How can the potential opportunities be used in the best sense for the benefit of society and how can potential dangers be avoided? First applications already show challenges and point accordingly to the problem of governance. Some aspects of AI development are unpredictable and the technology is dynamic and complex. AI is therefore not easy to grasp: especially due to its diverse applications, it can be assumed that it will evolve into an AI ecosystem in which different processes interact dynamically. This chapter describes the concept of an AI ecosystem and, against this background, presents a five-level framework that describes different levels of governance of how an ecosystem can be managed for the benefit of society.
Watching the Watchtower
Authors: Caines Stephen
Published: September 2022

The ever-expanding global use and development of Surveillance AI (SAI) by governments and municipalities has resulted in a new frontier of digital surveillance and precarious situations for privacy and human rights. Two useful lenses for assessing the evolution of SAI are mission creep and function creep. This chapter uses these dual lenses, a novel framework for assessing any SAI deployment (the Seven Axes of Surveillance), landscape observations, and oversight mechanisms to enable readers to evaluate actual and prospective government use cases for SAI. As the sophistication, nuances, and considerations of SAI are rapidly developing, responsibility for evaluating, limiting, and regulating this disruptive technology must diffuse to all members in society. This chapter attempts to democratize knowledge of the various components and considerations of SAI systems to empower readers to counteract poorly designed, unethical, or poorly managed deployments.
Pan-Africanism and Development in Africa
Authors: Aniche Ernest Toochi , Alumona Ikenna Mike , Mlambo Victor H.
Published: September 2022

This chapter deals with the relevance of Pan-Africanism for African development trajectories and prognoses. Pan-Africanism has historically evolved from being a liberation movement to eradicate oppression, slavery, and colonialism to an ideology of achieving continental unity, interdependence, self-sufficiency, and economic transformation. In other words, the traditional Pan-Africanism served as a strategy of decolonization, anticolonial struggle, and “Black” unity, whereas modern Pan-Africanism emerged as a strategy of neocolonial struggle and collective self-reliance, and a development framework or an ideology of economic transformation. Therefore, modern Pan-African developmental regionalism derives from the Pan-Africanist philosophical postulations of Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, and Nnamdi Azikiwe. African scholarship concerning Pan-African developmental regionalism has been dominated by Afro-pessimism and Afro-optimism. This chapter departs from both outlooks by embracing the emerging Afro-realism.
Property Rights in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Alston Lee J. , Mueller Bernardo
Published: September 2022

Countries are not equally developed in large part because most countries face sets of property rights that do not foster growth, despite the aggregate gains that would result from changing property rights. The difference in rents to society between the extant set of property rights and some seemingly better alternative is defined here as a “Demsetz” wedge. This chapter explores the forces that sustain the status quo as well the forces that prompt property rights to change.
Job Quality in High-Touch Services
Authors: Gatta Mary
Published: September 2022

While much has been written about the low wages and benefits in high-touch services, less has been focused on how workplace practices such as schedule control, leave options and workplace inflexibility impacts economic security opportunities. This is an issue particularly important to women, as they bear a disproportionate amount of the caring labour—childcare, elder care, and other care work—in families and communities. The lack of access to flexible work options for low-wage workers is symptomatic of the inherent segmentation of the US labour market. Low-wage jobs are characterized by highly structured work environments such as in retail, hospitality, restaurant, and tourism industries. These jobs include the semi-skilled service trades where employers see low-wage workers as more ‘easily replaceable’ than their higher paid counterparts. As women and people of colour have higher rates of employment in these jobs, this situation reinforces gender and racial inequality with regard to the availability of flexible work options. Using a case study of restaurant workers and focusing on workplace practices, the chapter highlights the challenges that high-touch workers face, along with the connections between workplace flexibility and economic security. This case is then used to inform both the workplace practices and public policies that can help address workplace flexibility for the larger, low-wage labour market, especially in high-touch services.
Neoliberalism’s Impact on Public-Sector Job Quality
Authors: Sauer Carsten , Valet Peter , Roscigno Vincent J. , Wilson George
Published: September 2022

Public-sector reforms over the last three decades have fundamentally changed working conditions in almost all OECD countries. This chapter compares the consequences for public-sector workers in the US, where reforms took hold in the 1980s, and Germany, where reforms began unfolding in the 1990s and early 2000s. After a short description of the pre-reform and post-reform structure of the public-sector work in these two poignant cases, we investigate the consequences for public-sector job security and pressure across countries and over time. Our analyses of part-time work, contractual protections, and overtime hours draw on data of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). Results show a remarkable and nearly parallel shift from full to part-time work in both countries in the last 30 years, albeit time-delayed in the case of Germany. Contractual insecurity measured by at-will (US) and fixed-term (Germany) contracts increased in both countries, with somewhat steeper increases in the US. The share of public-sector workers working overtime hours has increased, again in nearly parallel fashion, in the US and Germany since the mid-1990s owing to public-sector reforms. We conclude by discussing the broader implications of such changes and future trajectories.
The Swedish Contribution to Job Quality
Authors: Hampson Ian , Sandberg Åke
Published: September 2022

What is distinctive about the Swedish contribution to progressive work–life reform, and what does it contribute to the current job quality literature? Sweden has produced a disproportionate share of the world’s research into social and organizational aspects of work, and for a time led work democratization research and practice. In the late 1980s and 1990s work design at Volvo Uddevalla was a counterpoint to lean production. We argue that institutional and political characteristics of Sweden, partially registered as the ‘Swedish model’ underpinned these developments. In the ‘golden age’ of work-life reform from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, an unusual degree of employer support for job quality complemented trade union activism and supportive government research policies. The chapter argues that Sweden’s key contribution to current discussions around job quality lay in exploring the limits of work democratization by developing teamwork with high levels of autonomy, interacting with action-oriented research and design.
Encounters with Modernity
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: September 2022

Spanning the entire twentieth century, this essay explores the German encounter with modernity. In broad strokes it argues that the authoritarian modernization of the Empire claimed to be different and superior to the West. The loss of the First World War opened the door to Weimar’s democratization which was ended by the Great Depression. The organic modernity of Hitler’s Third Reich led into another World War and the Holocaust. The anti-fascist welfare dictatorship of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) turned out to be a dead end, since the German Democratic Republic (GDR) became a repressive Soviet satellite. Only the second attempt to create a democracy in the Federal Republic was so attractive that it overcame even the German division. Tired of such extremes, most Germans finally accepted liberal self-government and a social market economy, becoming a pillar of European integration. From this perspective, German history in the twentieth century can therefore be read as a partly failed and ultimately successful search for a humane form of modernity.
Germany in the EU
Authors: Daehnhardt Patricia
Published: September 2022

The European Union (EU) is Germany’s institutional anchor for external policy-making and European integration remains its most relevant framework for exerting political influence in Europe and beyond. During the EU’s crises of the 2010s, Germany played a pivotal role, and emerged as a primus inter pares. In this role it remains, by choice as much as by domestic politics, a deliberate status quo power, pursuing an interest-driven strategy in an assertive manner geared towards maintaining the EU order, from which Germany has been one of the biggest beneficiaries. As the key member state, Germany’s support for further EU integration, however, has become more conditional and it no longer sees the EU striving towards further supranational integration only. Berlin has shifted its preferences for EU policy-making towards national and intergovernmental institutions as this ensures control of state core powers and sidesteps distrust that can emerge towards supranational institutions.
German Multilateralism After the Cold War
Authors: Sperling James
Published: September 2022

Most analyses of German multilateralism concern Berlin’s use of multilateral fora to ensure the uploading of German preferences and the country’s normative preference for multilateral action that sets Germany apart from its peers. German multilateralism within the European Union (EU) alone would neither provide a rigorous test of German multilateralism with respect to the implementation stage of commonly agreed upon policies nor provide much insight into the kind of multilateralism Germany practises. The empirical investigation of German multilateralism considers German policy in institutions—NATO, the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the G-20—across three issue dimensions: security-related economic objectives and global infrastructure; global macroeconomic crisis management; and participation in stabilization and peace-keeping operations. That analysis provides the foundation for answering three questions: Is German foreign policy consistently multilateral in institutional frameworks other than the EU? Does it act multilaterally in a way that differentiates it from its European peer states? Does Germany treat its commitment to multilateralism as a contract or a covenant?
Emotional Styles in Post-War German Politics
Authors: Frevert Ute
Published: September 2022

Max Weber once spoke of the unstoppable triumph of modern rationalization. However, it has long become clear that emotions continuously shaped both the development of European societies and how they resolved conflict throughout the twentieth century. In the modern age of mass participation, politicians across different parties and systems have deliberately appealed to people’s emotions in order to promote their politics and garner support. After 1945, the passionate politics and emotional demagogy practised during the ‘Third Reich’ could not continue in the new German state(s), which, as a result, had to develop their own emotional style—a major component of state-building—that reflected an appropriate balance between reason and emotion. Against this background, the chapter outlines the role of old and new passions on a political mass market that was navigating between the social emotions of sobriety (Sachlichkeit), collective pathos, and personal consternation (Betroffenheit).
Germany and the Soviet Union during the Cold War Era
Authors: Ruggenthaler Peter
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the important relations of both German states with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during the Cold War years. Once victory over Nazi Germany had been achieved, Stalin wanted to ensure that it would be impossible for Germany to launch yet another war against the Soviet Union. One means of weakening Germany were large territorial cessions. Another way was to turn Germany into a communist country. But it became clear that communism could be implemented only with the help of the Soviet Army. This chapter traces the conflicts among the great powers regarding Germany which led to the Cold War and the division of Germany. The Soviet occupation zone was soon turned into the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which became a cornerstone of the Soviet Empire. The suppression of the popular East German uprising in 1953 revealed that Stalin’s successors would continue to insist on upholding Soviet interests in Germany with all their might. Only the construction of a wall and the complete sealing off of West Berlin could stop the enormous population drain from the GDR to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In 1961, the status quo was thus cemented in the truest sense of the word; yet legally, the German question remained open throughout the Cold War. Mikhail Gorbachev’s reform policy laid the foundation for the changes in Eastern Europe in 1989. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Chancellor Kohl decisively pushed the reunification process—yet, against the will of most European governments.
Emotion, affective practice, and the taking of Indigenous Ancestral Remains
Authors: Fforde Cressida , Andrews Jilda , Halealoha Ayau Edward , Grant Madalyn , Smith Laurajane , Turnbull Paul
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the emotions that have historically underlined and driven the collecting of Indigenous Ancestral Remains and argues that engaging with the emotional content of collecting and repatriation is integral to understanding both the impact of this history and the contemporary importance of repatriation. The ethical case for repatriation has been refuted by Science as being outweighed by the universal good of the preservation of remains in collections—a claim strongly rebutted by Indigenous peoples and their supporters. This stance is characteristic of a tendency to evade discussion of the colonial contexts of Ancestral Remains acquisition, or claims that this past has no relevance in deciding their future. There has been an unwillingness to reflect on what the archives of museums might disclose and what those archives might reveal about the emotions and ambitions through which the intellectual products of scientific research on Indigenous Ancestral Remains were created.
Cooperative platforms for curating and managing digitally recorded finds data
Authors: Rohiola Ville , Kuitunen Jutta
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on archaeological collection management and the curation of digital information through a case study of the practices that lie behind FindSampo, an open-access service under development for archaeological finds made by the public in Finland. Citizen science is at the centre of this study. It reflects the importance of cooperation with metal detectorists and others and the potential that it entails for archaeology and heritage management. FindSampo, developed by the multidisciplinary SuALT project, introduces innovative solutions to enhance the research and management of archaeological find data. The solutions of FindSampo concern semantic computing and Linked Open Data, and, for example, ontology work on archaeological objects and the validation process of reported finds. In conclusion, the chapter emphasizes the importance of the democratization of archaeological information in the management of archaeological collections.
Museum replicas
Authors: Reynolds-Kaye Jennifer
Published: September 2022

Despite their importance as stand-ins for authentic artworks in museums and World’s Fairs, plaster casts of non-Western objects have not received their due attention within scholarship. Instead, publications have historically focused on plaster casts of Classical and other European sculptures. With a recent shift towards studying plaster casts from world archaeology, museum professionals and scholars need to refine the guiding questions and methodology to consciously challenge the Western perspective. This chapter reads archival materials against the grain to recover the lost voices of the labourers who contributed to producing the replicas and foregrounds entrepreneurs from the source country. By using plaster casts of pre-Columbian art in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and the British Museum as case studies, this chapter encourages scholars to acknowledge the Western imperialist rhetoric and motivations, while recognizing the efforts and impact of actors in Latin America.
Recreating context for museum collections using digital technologies as a form of curation
Authors: Holdaway Simon J. , Emmitt Joshua , Phillipps Rebecca
Published: September 2022

While the objects retained from archaeological investigations provide some information in their own right, it is the contexts and relationships among objects that offer the greatest potential for inferring the actions of past peoples. Here we report on a series of studies that combine observations obtained from museum artefact collections, information gained from published reports, and records of artefacts observed in the field but not collected. When combined and examined with contemporary methods and technologies, these show new types of patterns considerably enhancing the interpretative potential of any one data source. Digital technologies enable the integration of diverse data sets, raising questions about the goal of archaeological curation. A century of archaeological investigation in the Fayum north shore, Egypt, focusing on the early use of domestic species provides a case study with artefact collections from multiple studies in the region dispersed in multiple museums around the world.
The Archaeology of Qatar Gallery at the National Museum of Qatar
Authors: Exell Karen
Published: September 2022

The chapter explores how the diverse global network of actors involved in the production of the Archaeology of Qatar gallery in the newly opened National Museum of Qatar (NMoQ) has resulted in a multi-layered artistic and immersive presentation of the object-rich archaeological displays that foregrounds the production of wonder and emotion. This approach is made possible by Qatar’s global position, which allows access to acclaimed international designers, artists, and specialists, and is highly effective in engaging the diverse and predominantly non-Western audiences that comprise Qatar’s national and resident population. The archaeological narrative also emphasizes Qatar’s cosmopolitan past as a precursor of its present identity, a move towards an inclusive conception of belonging to the nation.
Transcending and expanding the walls of the museum
Authors: Pett Daniel
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses how digital technology, methods, theory, and practice could transcend the physical limitations of museum and archaeological spaces. This chapter will consider how the digital realm, including social media and multimedia, can bring to life the collections and narratives for audiences on and off site. It will not be exhaustive as the panoply of digital experiences is beyond the space and scope of this handbook. What it does highlight is how low-cost, reproducible technology could be used to enable multi-vocality, democratic co-creative tools and platforms, immersive experiences, and new ways of working which can transcend the digital divide and be available to institutions of varying levels of digital maturity. One of the major challenges in presenting such initiatives is the rate of technological change and the pace of platform attrition and churn, meaning that many of the projects presented here will be superseded.
Telling stories at the Ashmolean Museum
Authors: Collins Paul
Published: September 2022

Permanent galleries in museums often receive less focus and investment than temporary exhibitions but, in order to meet the needs of modern museum visitors, their displays need to be equally responsive to changing demographics and the political landscape. An opportunity to refurbish the Ashmolean Museum’s Ancient Near East gallery (renamed as the Ancient Middle East gallery) provides a test case for implementing a Museum-wide policy for enabling greater inclusion and diversity with its displays, audiences, and staff. The display of archaeological collections has historically been shaped by chronological and typological considerations. In order to make these objects more accessible to a non-specialist audience, a method of display is suggested based on contextualized object/label groupings for storytelling. This includes a focus on emotional and sensory engagement as well as decolonizing the collections. Such approaches require institutional commitment to invest in permanent displays as well as in new work procedures and improvisatory practice.
Victims or victors
Authors: Abungu George Okello
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins with a critique of the ‘universal museum’ concept, developed by European and North American museums without due consideration for other parts of the world. It places this critique in the context of colonialism in Africa, as well as ongoing antiquities looting, which enabled the extraction of material now held in these ‘universal museums’. The nature of restitution is discussed and a brief history of African calls for heritage return presented before examining the increased intensity of restitution debates that emerged in the late 2010s, with focuses upon the Sarr–Savoy Report and Benin Bronzes. The chapter emphasizes the significance of restitution for African societies as part of restorative justice. It is argued that restitution should embrace decoloniality and centre African knowledge and traditions of collections care as valid means of heritage care. Such an approach can encourage a shift in the debate from blame and denial, toward sustainable partnerships.
Finding space to store archaeological collections
Authors: Childs S. Terry
Published: September 2022

The United States has been in a serious ‘crisis’ regarding the storage and curation of archaeological collections since the 1970s when a number of federal, state, and tribal laws and regulations were issued to protect archaeological resources. As collections accumulated, repositories to curate and store them usually lacked space, trained staff, necessary funding, security, and research access. This chapter outlines the development of the curation crisis and its challenges, including costs, repository closures, ownership, orphan collections, creation and management of digital associated records, professional curation standards, and attitudes. The last section discusses the progress made to overcome these challenges through improved awareness, more use of collections, and cooperation among many stakeholders who have worked to create sustainable management practices.
Relational Approaches to the Study of Political Participation
Authors: Diani Mario
Published: September 2022

Abstract: Relational mechanisms play different roles in accounts of political processes. This chapter illustrates three of them. First, it shows how data on networks and participation may be incorporated as additional variables into standard, variable-based analyses of political behavior. Then it illustrates how the social networks in which individual agents are embedded combine to affect patterns of collective action in larger fields and arenas, thus affecting not only individual behavior but also coalitions and inter-organizational networks. Finally, it summarizes approaches which emphasize how actors themselves are constituted through relational processes, somehow overcoming the distinction between actors and networks.
Survey Data and Methods for the Study of Political Participation
Authors: Anduiza Eva , Tormos Raül
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews some key aspects of the analysis of political participation using surveys. The first section focuses on the challenges related to conceptualization and measurement. The standardization pursued by survey methods is challenged by the changing reality of political participation, which is permanently redefining its conceptual boundaries and including new repertoires. Measurement needs to balance different objectives: tapping on detailed and updated repertoires of action, reducing potential sources of bias such as social desirability or recall error, and maximizing the possibilities for comparison both across space and along time. A second section presents alternative research designs including cross-sectional surveys, panel surveys, surveys to specific groups (including minorities and protesters) and recent innovative research designs. Their potential contributions and limitations in terms of description, generalization, and the identification of causal relations are examined. A final section discusses some of the pending matters for future research.
Visual Analysis and the Study of Political Participation
Authors: Milman Noa , Doerr Nicole
Published: September 2022

Studying visual types of data, including physical, representational, and public visibility elements of political participation, we analyze recent case studies of Black Lives Matter protest worldwide and immigration activism in Europe. Our empirical examples cover the visual dynamics of political participation across a wide array of political events. We include historic and contemporary “visibility” acts of citizenship in which minorities, migrants, and people struggling for civic rights perform visual gestures of protest, including kneeling, toppling of statues, or fist-raising as symbols of resistance. We discuss the theory and methods of multimodal visual analysis, and argue that visual analysis offers researchers in social movements and political participation, as well as media scholars and discourse analysts, a unique and rich angle for analysis.
Linking Electoral and Partisan Participation
Authors: Franklin Mark N.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores a mechanism at the party level of analysis that ties party choice at the individual level to election-level turnout rates. It employs survey and election data from 14 countries over 20-50 years. It builds on past findings that used error correction models to confirm the role of negative feedback in maintaining an equilibrium rate of support. On that foundation it proposes a parallel mechanism that helps to maintain an equilibrium rate of turnout, through voter reactions to evolving rates of electoral competition. It finds that party-level competitive processes are complemented by an individual-level evolutions of partisanship differences. The chapter treats voter turnout, policy congruence, and party support as aspects of a single dynamic process at the party level of aggregation and investigates the individual-level and election-level concomitants of this process, also validating the dynamic account of turnout processes suggested in earlier work.
Intersectionality and Political Participation
Authors: Slaughter Christine M. , Brown Nadia E.
Published: September 2022

Intersectionality situates the nexus of multiple marginalized identities, and this chapter argues its importance to the study of political participation. Intersectionality lessens the extent that differences are essentialized across groups, by examining the intersection of relevant identities. Grounded in Black feminist theory, this chapter examines how gender, race, ethnicity, and class influence women of color’s participation compared to their male counterparts. The chapter demonstrated how political participation research must consider how multiple identities—not just in isolation, but constitutive, and proximity to institutional access and power among women shape their engagement in the political process. Examining political participation and social movements must be historically and contextually informed by the group’s unique characteristics and the conclusions one seeks to draw about their engagement in the political process. Incorporating and intersectional framework is best suited to capture the distinctiveness in political participation of marginalized groups.
The Effectiveness of Different Forms of Political Participation
Authors: Oser Jennifer
Published: September 2022

In an era marked by concerns about democratic legitimacy, the question of whether citizens’ political actions are effective in achieving intended outcomes is of utmost importance. Although a core idea in democratic theory is that democratic governance should be responsive to the will of the people, most empirical research on this topic has focused on the opinion–representation connection, with less focus on the participation–representation connection. This chapter reviews three key areas of research that inform this topic, namely the categorizations used to distinguish between different forms of participation, including institutionalized and non-institutionalized participation; recent empirical studies that investigate the participation–representation connection; and the main attitudinal measure related to effectiveness of political efficacy. The concluding section includes a brief analysis of cross-national data on these topics from the European Social Survey, with a focus on providing insights into the challenges and opportunities for advancing future research.
Changing Media Landscapes and Political Participation
Authors: Santos Marcelo , Valenzuela Sebastián
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses how a constantly changing media landscape affects political participation. After pointing out the affordances brought forward by digital media and communication technologies, six game changers are identified in the realms of media consumption, production and circulation: information overload, changing audiences’ media use habits, crisis of news media business, the shift from audiences to content creators, the emergence of new agents of information sharing and user cues. The chapter then discusses how and to what extent such game changers influence the different dimensions of political activity, from electoral to protest participation and then discusses the public role of private platforms. The final section concludes the chapter by highlighting the importance of critically assessing changes in media communication when examining political participation. Specifically, a call is made for adopting an innovative, dynamic attitude towards digital media research, while maintaining the focus on political deliberation.
Political Inequality and the Democratic Process
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: September 2022

A foundation of democracy is the equal participation of its citizens in the political process. Equal voice is a prerequisite of equal democratic influence. This chapter argues that two trends are increasing the social status biases in political voice across most established democracies—and discusses the implications of this trend. The general decrease in voting turnout is occurring disproportionately among the less educated and lower social classes. At the same time, increased participation in direct or contentious forms of political action is disproportionately occurring among upper social status groups. Both forces are widening the social status gap in political participation, which diminishes the representation of the unheard citizens, distorts policy outcomes, and feeds political alienation. The chapter closes by discussing ways that democracies can address this topic.
Comparing Mass Political Participation in Democratic and Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: September 2022

The structure of opportunities for citizen activism in democratic or autocratic regime diverge sharply, such as in freedom of expression, association, and assembly. These contextual differences can be expected to have major consequences for the risks and rewards of becoming politically engaged—and the incentives driving this process. Survey data is derived from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey/European Values Survey (WVS/EVS), with fieldwork conducted from 2017 to 2020, covering 75 diverse countries. Participation is measured by 18 survey items which are collapsed into standardized composite. Nation-states are clustered into four types of regimes—liberal democracies, electoral democracies, electoral autocracies, and absolute autocracies, based on the Varieties of Democracy classification. Overall reported levels of mass participation are confirmed to be significantly lower in autocracies, as expected, especially protest activism in more repressive states.
Political Psychology and Political Participation
Authors: Renström Emma A. , Bäck Hanna
Published: September 2022

This chapter describes and integrates different psychological perspectives on the topic of political participation. Political participation is broadly defined, ranging from peaceful actions to violence, and includes both online and offline processes. After an introduction of the field of political psychology, the chapter discusses the role of social identity and social influence in political participation. The chapter also examines how personality features influence political participation, with a particular focus on a broadening of the theories dominant in the field by including personality features relating to belongingness needs in research on participation. In addition, the role of emotions in political participation is discussed, focusing specifically on how anger, fear, and anxiety influence political behavior. The chapter concludes by discussing the benefit of integrating different psychological perspectives and broadening the constructs currently often used in political psychological research on participation, and provides suggestions for future research.
Othering and otherness in CAT
Authors: Emilion Jessie
Published: September 2022

Racism and ‘othering’ are reciprocal relational concepts. This chapter discusses race and racism both within the current and the historical context, highlighting the presence of a ‘racial self’ in us. It draws widely on the vast literature in the subject area, placing the discussion firmly within a relational cognitive analytic framework. Sharing professional expertise, the author highlights the fact that racial dialogues and procedures are much more than skin deep. They are structurally and politically rooted in unconscious bias. Experiential exercises in the chapter highlight and decode the usual arguments around the subject matter, offering a deeper perspective and a different hypothesis in understanding race and racism. It discusses the need for racialization and the underpinning power base in society. The main theme of this chapter and the key points indicate that racism is a psychosocial, political, historical, relational phenomenon and addressing just one part of the procedure does not resolve the challenges. Because racial identity goes through stages of development, one cannot achieve integrative awareness and psychological maturity without the compassionate acceptance of self and other identities. This is a timely and much needed insight in the current societal context.