bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The many roles of dystroglycan in nervous system development and function
Authors: Jahncke Jennifer N. , Wright Kevin M.
Published: June 2022

The glycoprotein dystroglycan was first identified in muscle, where it functions as part of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex to connect the extracellular matrix to the actin cytoskeleton. Mutations in genes involved in the glycosylation of dystroglycan cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy termed dystroglycanopathy. In addition to its well‐defined role in regulating muscle integrity, dystroglycan is essential for proper central and peripheral nervous system development. Patients with dystroglycanopathy can present with a wide range of neurological perturbations, but unraveling the complex role of Dag1 in the nervous system has proven to be a challenge. Over the past two decades, animal models of dystroglycanopathy have been an invaluable resource that has allowed researchers to elucidate dystroglycan's many roles in neural circuit development. In this review, we summarize the pathways involved in dystroglycan's glycosylation and its known interacting proteins, and discuss how it regulates neuronal migration, axon guidance, synapse formation, and its role in non‐neuronal cells.
The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge during a fine sediment disturbance event
Authors: Milner Victoria S. , Jones J. Iwan , Maddock Ian P. , Bunting George C.
Published: June 2022

Subsurface sediments offer an important refuge that support the survival and persistence of river invertebrates during adverse surface conditions. Access to refuges for invertebrates varies with differing hydrological and substrate characteristics, especially the proportion of fine sediment. This study examines whether substrate characteristics influence the use of the hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge during a fine sediment disturbance event. We used 12 outdoor stream mesocosms to examine the vertical migration of benthic and hyporheic invertebrates to fine sediment loading. Each mesocosm was filled with coarse or experimentally colmated sediments. After 69 days, a fine sediment pulse of three varying fine sediment concentrations was added to the stream mesocosms. Both before and after the fine sediment pulse, a distinct gradient in the abundance and richness of hyporheic invertebrates was apparent with depth. Hyporheic abundance and taxonomic richness decreased at 5 cm and increased at 18 cm during fine sediment loading, indicating vertical migration of invertebrates from the benthic to hyporheic zone. Our study provides support for the hyporheic zone as a refuge for benthic invertebrates during fine sediment disturbance events. We also found evidence that movement pathways within subsurface sediments were still accessible and permitted bidirectional migration of individuals between the benthic and hyporheic zone in the coarse and colmated sediments during fine sediment loading. Understanding how increased fine sediment deposition affects streambed porosity will be increasingly important with ongoing climate change and anthropogenic sedimentation.
Ameliorative potential of vitamin C and E against Roundup‐glyphosate induced genotoxicity triggering apoptosis in caprine granulosa cells
Authors: Bhardwaj Jitender Kumar , Mittal Meenu , Saraf Priyanka , Sharma Sanjeev
Published: June 2022

The present study was aimed to investigate the genotoxic and apoptotic effects of glyphosate (GLP) in Roundup formulation along with mitigation of two potent antioxidants that is, vitamin C and E in caprine granulosa cells in vitro. The entire work was done in a dose and time dependent manner where different concentrations of GLP (0.1, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/ml) in Roundup and antioxidants (0.5 and 1.0 mM) were employed to culture of granulosa cells for exposure durations of 24, 48, and 72 h. Analysis of GLP‐induced geno‐toxicity was accomplished by using single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) assay. Results have shown increased incidences of DNA fragmentation, evidenced by presence of different types of comets (Type 1–Type 4) in Roundup‐GLP‐ exposed groups in contrast to the control group (Type 0 comet). However, mitigation by both vitamin C and E was significant (p < .05) in combating the GLP‐induced genotoxicity in granulosa cells in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. The results of our study provide a clear indication of the ameliorative actions of vitamin C and E against Roundup‐GLP‐induced genotoxicity that instigate apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells of caprine.
Biofortification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with iron and zinc: Achievements and challenges
Authors: Huertas Raul , Karpinska Barbara , Ngala Sophia , Mkandawire Bertha , Maling'a Joyce , Wajenkeche Elizabeth , Kimani Paul M. , Boesch Christine , Stewart Derek , Hancock Robert D. , Foyer Christine H.
Published: June 2022

Micronutrient deficiencies (hidden hunger), particularly in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), remain one of the most serious public health challenges, affecting more than three billion people globally. A number of strategies are used to ameliorate the problem of micronutrient deficiencies and to improve the nutritional profile of food products. These include (i) dietary diversification, (ii) industrial food fortification and supplements, (iii) agronomic approaches including soil mineral fertilisation, bioinoculants and crop rotations, and (iv) biofortification through the implementation of biotechnology including gene editing and plant breeding. These efforts must consider the dietary patterns and culinary preferences of the consumer and stakeholder acceptance of new biofortified varieties. Deficiencies in Zn and Fe are often linked to the poor nutritional status of agricultural soils, resulting in low amounts and/or poor availability of these nutrients in staple food crops such as common bean. This review describes the genes and processes associated with Fe and Zn accumulation in common bean, a significant food source in Africa that plays an important role in nutritional security. We discuss the conventional plant breeding, transgenic and gene editing approaches that are being deployed to improve Fe and Zn accumulation in beans. We also consider the requirements of successful bean biofortification programmes, highlighting gaps in current knowledge, possible solutions and future perspectives.
Can strontium replace calcium in bioactive materials for dental applications?
Authors: Pelepenko Lauter Eston , Marciano Marina Angelica , Francati Tamires Melo , Bombarda Gabriela , Bessa Marconato Antunes Thiago , Sorrentino Francois , Martin Richard A. , Boanini Elisa , Cooper Paul Roy , Shelton Richard Michael , Camilleri Josette
Published: June 2022

The substitution of calcium with strontium in bioactive materials has been promising but there has been some concern over the material instability and possible toxicity. The aim of this research was the synthesis and characterization of calcium and strontium substituted bioactive materials and assessment of interactions with local tissues and peripheral elemental migration in an animal model. A bioactive glass, hydroxyapatite and hydraulic calcium silicate with 50% or 100% calcium substitution with strontium were developed and the set materials were characterized immediately after setting and after 30 and 180‐days in solution. Following subcutaneous implantation, the local (tissue histology, elemental migration) and systemic effects (elemental deposition after organ digestion) were assessed. The strontium‐replaced silicate cements resulted in the synthesis of partially substituted phases and strontium leaching at all‐time points. The strontium silicate implanted in the animal model could not be retrieved in over half of the specimens showing the high rate of material digestion. Tissue histology showed that all materials caused inflammation after 30 days of implantation however this subsided and angiogenesis occurred after 180 days. Strontium was not detected in the local tissues or the peripheral organs while all calcium containing materials caused calcium deposition in the kidneys. The tricalcium silicate caused elemental migration of calcium and silicon in the local tissues shown by the elemental mapping but no deposition of calcium was identified in the peripheral organs verified by the assessment of the digested tissues. Strontium can substitute calcium in bioactive materials without adverse local or systemic effects.
Risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma associated with carriage of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: McGarry Jennifer L. , Creavin Ben , Kelly Michael E. , Gallagher Tom K.
Published: June 2022

Germline BRCA1/2 mutations lead to malfunction of DNA damage repair pathways and predispose to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The aim of this study is to synthesise the available research on this topic. Four studies reporting risk ratio (RR) were included in the final meta‐analysis to minimise misrepresenting our results by combining separate risk estimates. Our meta‐analysis revealed a statistically significant increased risk of PDAC in BRCA carriers overall (RR: 2.65, 95% confidence interval: 1.43–4.91, p = 0.002).
Evaluation of substance P and bradykinin levels in nasal secretions of patients with nasal polyposis with and without sensitivity to non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: Perić Aleksandar , Matković Svjetlana , Barać Aleksandra , Vukadinović Tijana , Čvorović Ljiljana , Vojvodić Danilo
Published: June 2022

Objective

The role of neurogenic inflammation in pathogenesis of chronic rhinitis is well known. However, very little is known about its importance in pathogenesis of nasal polyposis (NP), especially in form of NP which appears as a part of aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). The aim of this study was to examine the concentrations of neuropeptides substance P (SP) and bradykinin (BK) in nasal secretions of patients with NP.

Methods

Fourteen patients with NP as a part of AERD with mild persistent asthma, 14 patients with NP without aspirin sensitivity, and 14 control subjects without nasal inflammation (C) entered this cross‐sectional study. Clinical parameters (symptoms, endoscopic, and radiological findings) were assessed. The concentrations of SP and BK were measured in the nasal secretion samples using commercial human enzyme immunoassay kits.

Results

The concentration of SP in nasal secretions was significantly higher in NP patients without aspirin sensitivity and AERD patients compared to controls (p = .022; p < .0001, respectively), but higher in AERD than in non‐AERD patients (p = .018). The level of BK in nasal fluid was higher in non‐AERD and AERD NP patients than in controls (p < .0001; p < .0001, respectively), but also higher in AERD than in non‐AERD patients (p < .0001). We found high positive correlations between BK in nasal fluid and Lund–Mackay computed tomography (CT) score in both non‐AERD and AERD groups of NP patients.

Conclusion

Our results suggest more intense release of SP and BK from the nasal mucosa in patients with AERD than in patients with NP who do not have aspirin sensitivity. The strong correlation between concentration of BK in nasal secretions and CT score suggests that BK in nasal fluid could be used as a marker for disease severity as measured by the Lund–Mackay score.
Bacillus subtilis produces (p)ppGpp in response to the bacteriostatic antibiotic chloramphenicol to prevent its potential bactericidal effect
Authors: Yang Jin , Barra Jessica T. , Fung Danny K. , Wang Jue D.
Published: June 2022

Antibiotics combat bacteria through their bacteriostatic (by growth inhibition) or bactericidal (by killing bacteria) action. Mechanistically, it has been proposed that bactericidal antibiotics trigger cellular damage, while bacteriostatic antibiotics suppress cellular metabolism. Here, we demonstrate how the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of the antibiotic chloramphenicol can be attributed to an antibiotic‐induced bacterial protective response: the stringent response. Chloramphenicol targets the ribosome to inhibit the growth of the Gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Intriguingly, we found that chloramphenicol becomes bactericidal in B. subtilis mutants unable to produce (p)ppGpp. We observed a similar (p)ppGpp‐dependent bactericidal effect of chloramphenicol in the Gram‐positive pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. In B. subtilis, chloramphenicol treatment induces (p)ppGpp accumulation through the action of the (p)ppGpp synthetase RelA. (p)ppGpp subsequently depletes the intracellular concentration of GTP and antagonizes GTP action. This GTP regulation is critical for preventing chloramphenicol from killing B. subtilis, as bypassing (p)ppGpp‐dependent GTP regulation potentiates chloramphenicol killing, while reducing GTP synthesis increases survival. Finally, chloramphenicol treatment protects cells from the classical bactericidal antibiotic vancomycin, reminiscent of the clinical phenomenon of antibiotic antagonism. Taken together, our findings suggest a role of (p)ppGpp in the control of the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of antibiotics in Gram‐positive bacteria, which can be exploited to potentiate the efficacy of existing antibiotics.
A broadband bifocal conformal transmitarray antenna with wide scanning angles
Authors: Fan Yu Lu , Lin Xian Qi , Liu Shi Lin
Published: June 2022

Transmitarray (TA) antenna has great research value based on its unique advantages of low profile, high gain, and flexible performance, especially in the field of spaceborne, airborne, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Unfortunately, traditional TA antennas are usually of flat structures, which lack conformal flexibility and installation simplicity in certain complex application scenarios. In this letter, a broadband bifocal conformal TA antenna is proposed based on a designed concave‐cylindrical‐shaped triple‐layer TA surface with phase modulation capability. The broadband bifocal conformal TA antenna is simulated, fabricated, and measured by assembling the TA surface with a dual‐mode conical horn as a feed antenna. To better demonstrate the beam scanning stability of the bifocal TA antenna, a monofocal TA antenna is designed and simulated as a comparison. Simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed bifocal conformal TA antenna can achieve a high gain of 24.4 dBi at 30 GHz and a 3‐dB gain bandwidth of 13.3% (27.4–31.3 GHz) under normal incidence. Antenna peak gain fluctuation is less than 1 dB with a maximum beam scanning range of , which is much more stable than that of the monofocal TA antenna (3.6 dB). The proposed design can be a promising candidate in many military and civilian application scenarios.
Pflanzenölalternative: CO2‐neutral aus Hefen
Authors: Heuer Jonas
Published: June 2022

Vier Hamburger Forscher erschließen als das Unternehmen Colipi eine nachhaltige Ölquelle basierend auf einem Fermentationsprozess. Wie auf diese Weise Schmierstoffe entstehen und welche Schwierigkeiten ein Start‐up in der Biotechnik erwarten.
Blickpunkt Nachwuchs: Redoxsysteme und neue stabile Verbindungsklassen
Authors: Hansmann Max
Published: June 2022

Aduc‐Preisträger Max Hansmann erforscht neuartige organische Redoxsysteme und wie sie sich in Photokatalyse und Energiespeicherung anwenden lassen. Zudem interessieren ihn ungewöhnliche kohlenstoffbasierte Verbindungen wie polarisierte Olefine, Diazoalkene und Vinylidene.
Neuer Name für renommierten Preis
Authors: Schmitz Karin J.
Published: June 2022

Der GDCh‐Vorstand hat die Namensänderung des bisherigen Alfred‐Stock‐Gedächtnispreises beschlossen.
Wasserstoff vor Ort
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: June 2022

Wasserstoff, dezentral mit regenerativen Energiequellen erzeugt, kann regional den Energiebedarf von Industrie und Schwerverkehr decken.
Anti‐Bullying Laws and Suicidal Behaviors Among Teenagers
Authors: Rees Daniel I. , Sabia Joseph J. , Kumpas Gokhan
Published: June 2022

The CDC reports that the association between bullying and suicides among teenagers has generated “concern, even panic,” but policies aimed at combatting bullying have received little attention from researchers. Using a difference‐in‐differences estimation strategy, we find that state‐level anti‐bullying laws (ABLs) reduce bullying victimization, depression, and suicidal ideation, with the largest estimated effects for female teenagers and teenagers who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning. In addition, ABLs are associated with a 13 to 16 percent reduction in the suicide rate of female 14‐ through 18‐year‐olds. Event‐study analyses and falsification tests provide evidence that these estimates can be interpreted causally.
Buckling performance of co‐cured and stiffened composite structure with embedded multilayer damping membranes
Authors: Wang Shaoqing , Zhang Junling , Guo Anfu , Liang Sen
Published: June 2022

This research aims to explore the buckling performance of a co‐cured and stiffened composite structure with embedded multilayer damping membranes (CSCSEMDM) under static load. A buckling model of this structure is established theoretically by using the principle of minimum potential energy and first‐order shear deformation theory. Then, the governing equation of the structure is obtained. The critical buckling load of the structure is solved, and the finite element method is used to verify the correctness of the theoretical model and theoretical methods. Finally, the effects of various parameters on the critical buckling load are discussed on the basis of the validated model.
Surface modification of polyurethane nanocomposite films via nonsolvent‐induced phase separation accelerated by graphene nanoplatelets
Authors: Mirzadeh Salman , Asefnejad Azadeh , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Jafari Seyed Hassan
Published: June 2022

Polyurethane (PU) nanocomposite films were prepared through a solution casting technique slightly modified by individual and simultaneous additions of a proper nonsolvent (ethanol) and graphene nanoplatelets. To this end, different nonsolvent contents and graphene functionalizations (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) were used to modify the surface properties of PU to make it more biocompatible. X‐ray diffraction patterns revealed that both types of graphene had a hampering effect on crystallization of PU from solution, while nonsolvent enhanced the PU crystallinity. According to morphological results, hydrophobic graphene showed a low dispersion quality. In contrast, the hydrophilic graphene was better dispersed and mainly localized at the bulk of the film due to its association with polar urethane groups in the hard segments. Wettability analysis, performed by water and diiodomethane, was employed to demonstrate a higher surface localization of hard segments for the samples loaded with hydrophilic graphene. Cytotoxicity analysis also showed a greater extent of cell viability for the samples loaded with hydrophilic graphene, demonstrating a direct correlation between biocompatibility and polar hydrophilic groups enriching the surface. This study shows the great potential of graphene in improving the nonsolvent‐induced phase separation to achieve a more biocompatible material.
Preparation of LLM‐105‐Based Explosive Ink and Its Detonating Transfer Performance in Explosive Network
Authors: Cai Jialin , Luo Guan , Huang Hui , Liu Yousong , Di Xin , Gao Han
Published: June 2022

A new explosive ink based on 2,6‐diamino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazine‐1‐oxide (LLM‐105) was designed and prepared. The explosive ink was deposited into micro‐size grooves by using direct ink writing (DIW) technology and its detonation properties in an explosive network were explored. The properties of impact sensitivity, detonation velocity and critical size of detonation were determined and analyzed. The results show that this explosive has a good impact safety. When the LLM‐105 content is 88 % and the density is 95 % TMD, the detonation velocity and critical size of detonation values are 7,771 m/s and 0.5×0.5 mm respectively. Moreover detonation velocity results indicated the explosive ink in micro‐size grooves loaded by DIW was uniform.
Radiation-Induced Morphea of the Breast—A Case Series
Authors: Finnegan Paula , Kiely Lisa , Gallagher Catriona , Mhaolcatha Sarah Ni , Feeley Linda , Fitzgibbon Jim , White Jessica , Bourke John , Murphy Lesley Ann
Published: June 2022

Radiation-induced morphea (RIM) is a rare but recognized late complication of radiotherapy. It was first described in 1905, not long after the initial discovery of X-rays by Roentgen. Characterized by the deposition of excess collagen in the dermis, it results in thickening of the skin. Its frequency is approximately 2 in 1000. We present a series of three cases involving patients receiving radiotherapy treatment for breast cancer, each of which subsequently developed RIM. Because of its rarity, RIM is often misdiagnosed as infection or metastatic disease. This can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, leading to poorer outcomes such as chronic pain issues. Early dermatological involvement and tissue sampling to examine histopathological features can avoid this, leading to better care and improved results. A variety of treatment options are available, ranging from topical to systemic, with early induction more likely to result in a positive response.
Using supervised machine learning for large‐scale classification in management research: The case for identifying artificial intelligence patents
Authors: Miric Milan , Jia Nan , Huang Kenneth G.
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Research Summary

Researchers increasingly use unstructured text data to construct quantitative variables for analysis. This goal has traditionally been achieved using keyword‐based approaches, which require researchers to specify a dictionary of keywords mapped to the theoretical concepts of interest. However, recent machine learning (ML) tools for text classification and natural language processing can be used to construct quantitative variables and to classify unstructured text documents. In this paper, we demonstrate how to employ ML tools for this purpose and discuss one application for identifying artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in patents. We compare and contrast various ML methods with the keyword‐based approach, demonstrating the advantages of the ML approach. We also leverage the classification outcomes generated by ML models to demonstrate general patterns of AI technological innovation development.

Managerial Summary

Text‐based documents offer a wealth of information for researchers and business analysts. However, researchers often need to find a way to classify these documents to use in subsequent research projects. In this paper, we demonstrate how supervised ML methods can be used to automate the process of classifying textual documents into pre‐defined categories or groups. We provide an overview of when such techniques may be used in comparison to other methods, and the considerations and tradeoffs associated with each method. We apply these methods to identify AI‐based technologies from all patents in the United States, based on patent abstract text. This allows us to show interesting patterns of AI innovation development in the United States. We also provide the code and data used in this paper for future research.
Multifunctional Surface Construction for Long‐Term Cycling Stability of Li‐Rich Mn‐Based Layered Oxide Cathode for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yan Chenhui , Shao Qinong , Yao Zhihao , Gao Mingxi , Zhang Chenyang , Chen Gairong , Sun Qianwen , Sun Wenping , Liu Yongfeng , Gao Mingxia , Pan Hongge
Published: June 2022

Li‐rich Mn‐based layered oxides (LMLOs) are promising cathode material candidate for the next‐generation Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) of high energy density. However, the fast capacity fading and voltage decay as well as low Coulombic efficiency caused by irreversible oxygen release and phase transition during the electrochemical process hinder their practical application. To solve these problems, in the present study, a multifunctional surface construction involving a coating layer, spinel‐layered heterostructure, and rich‐in oxygen vacancies is successfully conducted by a facile thermal reduction of the LMLO particles with potassium borohydride (KBH4) as the reducing agent. The multifunctional surface structure plays synergistic effects on suppressing the interface side reaction, reducing the dissolution of transition metal, increasing electron conductivity and lithium diffusion rate. As a result, electrochemical performances of the LMLO cathode are effectively enhanced. With optimization of the addition of KBH4, the electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 280 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, which maintains after 100 cycles. The capacity retention with respect to the initial capacity is as high as 98% at 1 C after 400 cycles. The present work provides insights into designing a highly effective functional surface structure of LMLO cathode materials for high‐performance LIBs.
Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Upgrade of n‐Valeraldehyde to Octane over Au SACs–NiMn2O4 Spinel Synergetic Composites
Authors: Qin Meichun , Fan Shiying , Li Xinyong , Niu Zhaodong , Bai Chunpeng , Chen Guohua
Published: June 2022

In this work, electrocatalytic upgrade of n‐valeraldehyde to octane with higher activity and selectivity is achieved over Au single‐atom catalysts (SACs)–NiMn2O4 spinel synergetic composites. Experiments combined with density functional theory calculation collaboratively demonstrate that Au single‐atoms occupy surface Ni2+ vacancies of NiMn2O4, which play a dominant role in n‐valeraldehyde selective oxidation. A detailed investigation reveals that the initial n‐valeraldehyde molecule preferentially adsorbs on the Mn tetrahedral site of NiMn2O4 spinel synergetic structures, and the subsequent n‐valeraldehyde molecule easily adsorbs on the Ni site. Specifically, Au single‐atom surficial derivation over spinel lowers the adsorption energy (Eads) of the initial n‐valeraldehyde molecule, which will facilitate its adsorption on the Mn site of Au SACs–NiMn2O4. Furthermore, the single‐atom Au surficial derivation not only alters the electronic structure of Au SACs–NiMn2O4 but also lower the Eads of subsequent n‐valeraldehyde molecule. Hence, the subsequent n‐valeraldehyde molecules prefer adsorption on Au sites rather than Ni sites, and the process of two alkyl radicals originating from Mn–C4H9 and Au–C4H9 dimerization into an octane is accordingly accelerated. This work will provide an avenue for the rational design of SACs and supply a vital mechanism for understanding the electrocatalytic upgrade of n‐valeraldehyde to octane.
Effect of Microwave Treatment on the Properties of Starch in Millet Kernels
Authors: Zhi Wenli , Zhou Yu , Wang Ruobing , Wang Meng , Wang Wei , Hu Aijun , Zheng Jie
Published: June 2022

The microwave is widely applied to process cereals and grains. However, its effects on their chemical components are still not explored clearly. In this study, millet kernels are treated by microwave. The physical and chemical properties of starch in microwave‐treated millet kernels (SMM) are investigated and compared to those in untreated millet kernels (SUM). The experimental results indicate that the peak viscosity of SMM reduces with the increase of microwave time and initial moisture content of millet kernels (IMM). The peak viscosity of SUM is 831.00 BU. Compared with that of SUM, the peak viscosity of SMM decreases after microwave treatment (MT). When the IMM is 35%, the peak viscosity of SMM decreases by 66.23%. MT significantly increases (p < 0.05) the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and slowly digestible starch (SDS) content of SMM, which reduces its resistant starch (RS) content. Under MT time of 150 s, the SDS of SMM is up to 35.92%. When the IMM is 35%, after MT, the RDS content of SMM reaches 52.10%. Additionally, the relative crystallinity and short‐range order of SMM are both decreased after MT. Therefore, the microwave is a useful tool for improving the properties of the starch in millet.
Family Resemblance in Variations of Contemporary Religiosity and Spirituality: Findings from a Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Nynäs Peter , Kontala Janne , Lassander Mika , Novis-Deutsch Nurit , Sjö Sofia , Stenner Paul
Published: June 2022

How can we make sense of religion and spirituality in a cross-cultural perspective? Is it at all possible to compare what we are used to calling ‘religion’ across different cultures? In this chapter we use findings from Faith Q-studies (FQS) in 12 different countries to investigate variance of religion and spirituality from an international perspective. Our results shed light on themes and variations and show the capacity of the FQS to systematically recognize recurring themes while also remaining sensitive to unique but significant nuances across samples. We further propose that the termfamily resemblancecatches well how to comprehend the complexity of variation and provides a conceptual contribution to the debate on universalism vs. particularism.
Searching for Uncommon Worldviews: ‘Idiosyncratic’ and ‘Divided’ Outlooks in a Global Sample of Young Adults
Authors: Kontala Janne , Lassander Mika , Novis-Deutsch Nurit
Published: June 2022

In this chapter, we explore uncommon worldviews, meaning that we take a closer look at outlier respondents in a larger international sample from 12 countries. These outliers are the ones whose personal outlooks did not match any of the major worldview types found in the national case studies. First, we identify shared patterns amongst these respondents. Second, we place these outlier outlook types on a broader worldview map. Juxtaposing the outlier outlooks with the results from other case studies allows us to identify idiosyncratic worldviews. Certain outlooks would not stand out in analyses of single case studies, but bringing them together in a cross-cultural comparison enables us to see patterns shared by individuals across different national contexts. This also reveals better such worldviews that incorporate those elements, which normally are distributed amongst opposing viewpoints. The emergence of these outlook types can support the development of a nuanced theory of religious subjectivities.
Human-Nature Relationships for the Flathead Wild and Scenic River System: Analyzing Diversity, Synergies, and Tensions in a Mountainous Region of Montana, USA
Authors: Armatas Christopher A. , Borrie William T. , Watson Alan E.
Published: June 2022

Significance Statement

Natural resource planners face the challenging task of sustaining the diverse range of human-nature relationships supported by mountain systems. Planners of the Flathead Wild and Scenic River system cannot reasonably consider and communicate each individual human-nature relationship in the planning process. We present a social science approach that facilitates public engagement by having members of the interested public prioritize human and ecological meanings and services. Statistical analysis distills the diverse range of human-nature relationships into a limited number to be considered by river planners. Six typified human-nature relationships are explored, and through an understanding of synergies and tensions, planners gain knowledge to support both decision-making and communication for sustaining the integrated mountain system.
Resilience and Sustainability of the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountain System: A Case Study on the Upper uThukela Catchment
Authors: Mathinya Neo V. , Clark Vincent Ralph , van Tol Johan J. , Franke Angelinus C.
Published: June 2022

Significance Statement

The chapter describes the conflicting interests of water users in the uThukela catchment of the Maloti-Drakensberg (MD) mountain system, including the implications of poor management on ecosystem health and livelihoods. As this is a strategic water resource area for both Lesotho and South Africa, effective management towards sustainability is critical, but is currently retarded by the complexities of shared but disputed boundaries, and competing land uses. Improved rangeland management practices, backed by education and awareness, can improve the resilience of the system. However, this requires the buy-in of all stakeholders to reduce degradation and invest in improvement of the catchment. Otherwise, degradation will exacerbate water shortages in an already water scarce region – especially during El Nino-linked droughts, predicted to become more intense with climate change.
Invasive Alien Plants in the Montane Areas of South Africa: Impacts and Management Options
Authors: Canavan Kim , Canavan Susan , Clark Vincent Ralph , Gwate Onalenna , Mapaura Anthony , Richardson David M. , Steenhuisen Sandy-Lynn , Martin Grant D.
Published: June 2022

Significance Statement

Invasive alien plants (IAPs) in South African mountains are both threatening and supporting ecosystem services and human well-being for local communities, as well as those in nearby lowland areas. Higher elevation mountain areas have distinct IAP compositions compared to lower elevation mountains due to their unique climatic conditions. Management of IAPs in these montane settings presents many challenges and needs to work on multi-value-based approaches that ensure the inclusion of communities in the decision making. We advocate for more mountain-specific research that can guide and upscale National Resource Management to implement programmes that are relevant to the socio-ecological circumstances in these high elevation areas.
Can Local Knowledge of Small-Scale Fishers Be Used to Monitor and Assess Changes in Marine Ecosystems in a European Context?
Authors: Piñeiro-Corbeira Cristina , Barrientos Sara , Barreiro Rodolfo , Aswani Shankar , Pascual-Fernández José J. , De la Cruz-Modino Raquel
Published: June 2022

Significance Statement

In the last decades, many coastal areas have observed dramatic changes in marine ecosystems, due to anthropogenic and environmental alterations. The general absence of long-term data sets in the marine environment and, more specifically, on benthic and demersal communities represents a severe issue for management and conservation. We propose to incorporate the small-scale fishers’ knowledge and science for better policy recommendations, both in terms of fisheries optimization and resource conservation. Based on two different cases of study with diverse ecosystems, we explore the combination of quantitative and qualitative tools, and participative techniques used to incorporate fishers’ local ecological knowledge. The results highlight fishers’ capacity to identify coastal and marine landscapes resources and changes, reinforcing and complementing the scientific assessment.
A Nature-Based Solution for Coastal Foredune Restoration: The Case Study of Maghery, County Donegal, Ireland
Authors: Lawlor Paul , Jackson Derek W. T.
Published: June 2022

Significance Statement

Climate change has many negative impacts on coastal areas with sea level rise and more frequent and intense storms leading to higher rates of coastal flooding and erosion. Natural coastal features such as beaches and sand dune systems can boost resilience to climate change and provide an effective buffer against negative impacts. This case study from Maghery in Ireland demonstrates how a partnership of stakeholders comprising Local Government, Ulster University and the coastal community implemented a Nature-based Solution to regenerate a coastal foredune system in a Special Area of Conservation. The Nature-based Solution also proved to be a more effective and a more appropriate adaptation response than constructing a hard engineering scheme to protect the coastline.
Development of BIM Management System
Authors: Pavan Alberto , Caffi Vittorio , Valra Alessandro , Madeddu Davide , Farina Diego , Chiappetti Jacopo , Mirarchi Claudio
Published: June 2022

With BS 1192:2007 and even more so with BS PAS 1199-2:2013 and 1192-3:2014, the concept of Common Data Environment (CDE) of the order (project, construction or management that is). Originating from a standard dedicated to design (BS 1192:2007) and although its concept has been extended to information management in general: Capex (strategy, project, construction: PAS 1192-2) and Opex (exercise: PAS 1192-3), the CDE, as it is understood today in common practice, is still very much affected by the original link with the design and the design phase (and in particular the design in the new building). All this according to an information flow that is still very linear and sequential: client, designer, builder, manager, user; more than circular, as the so-called BIM methodology would like. The risk, therefore, is that the commercial software market is affected by this CDE approach, which is also useful for the very rich real estate market of the emerging economies, neglecting the construction market of the more consolidated economies (Europe for before), very built up, and aimed more at housing quality, sustainability, reuse, and renewal of the existing heritage rather than the new one. It is consequently necessary to define new information flows and a new type of information management environment (CDE) for the phases of use, conservation, and renovation of buildings for the European market. The need arises for a specific BIM Management System (BIMMS, overcoming the classic CDE) for asset management and their enhancement that collects information from the buildings themselves and its users (Digital Twins, IoT, sensors, etc.). A new CDE / BIMMS that uses semantics and open dialogue, via API, with multiple Tools rather than acting as a repository of files and models. BIMMS is a new concept of CDE created for the operation/renovation phases in mature real estate markets (such as the European one).
Data, Methods and Comparisons
Authors: Schneider Jens , Schnell Philipp , Eve Michael
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces the Pathways to Success and ELITES projects and explains the decision to focus on children of migrants who have achieved steep social mobility compared to their parents, and the connection with the earlier TIES project, a quantitative comparison of the second generation in several European countries. The first part of the chapter analyses background data from the TIES study: comparative data on the educational and occupational trajectories of children of migrants from Turkey in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Sweden. These show that, even though the socio-economic backgrounds and migration histories of the first generation were similar in these four nations, the educational and occupational trajectories of their children were widely different, both in terms of the percentages of the second generation who attained ‘success’, and the specific ‘pathways’ used (e.g. through the education system or in the labour market). To give readers a clear conception of the type of problems the Pathways and ELITES projects first encountered, the chapter then continues with an explanation of the methods used by the various national research teams in the Pathways to Success consortium and the ELITES project to investigate the social mechanisms underlying these kinds of differences, found in diverse national – but also occupational – ‘integration contexts’. The sampling criteria used for the qualitative interviewees are described, and basic data is provided on who was interviewed by the various research teams. Without overlapping with methodological information given in individual chapters, the topics covered by all the teams’ interviews are listed. The final part of the chapter touches on some of the problems involved in making qualitative comparisons of ‘integration contexts’ (whether taking nations, cities or occupations as the units of comparison).
Teachers of Immigrant Origin: Contextual Factors and Resource Mobilization in Professional Life
Authors: Fibbi Rosita , Aparicio Gómez Rosa
Published: June 2022

This chapter analyses the professional choices, access to the professional field and professional experiences of tertiary-educated descendants of labour immigrants who have embraced the teaching profession. While a number of studies of socially mobile immigrant-origin adults concentrate on the resources mobilized to override the laws of social reproduction, this chapter embeds its analysis in the theoretical frame of integration context theory, which postulates that meso and macro contextual factors are of crucial importance for mobility. These factors range from general, historically evolved country-specific institutional arrangements, such as the civil service system, to targeted migrant integration policies, such as measures to recruit teachers. These dimensions are combined and synthesized in a typology of contexts. A typology of institutional opportunity structure based on these dimensions allowed us to build a comparative grid for the analysis of the rich qualitative interviews of 46 teachers of immigrant origin (TIOs) in five countries. The study emphasizes how institutional opportunity structures do or do not allow resources such as professional and ethnic networks to be relevant. By defining which attributes can be effectively mobilized by educationally successful descendants of immigrants, institutional opportunity structures shape their professional trajectory and delineate leeway for the interpretation of the professional role of TIOs.
High Performance Parallel LOBPCG Method for Large Hamiltonian Derived from Hubbard Model on Multi-GPU Systems
Authors: Yamada Susumu , Imamura Toshiyuki , Machida Masahiko
Published: June 2022

The physical property of the Hubbard model can be understood by solving the eigenvalue problem for the Hamiltonian derived from the model. Since the Hamiltonian is a large sparse matrix, an iteration method is usually utilized for solving the problems. One of effectual solvers for this problem is the LOBPCG (Locally Optimal Block Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient) method. The tuning strategies of the method on GPU systems when all iteration vectors are stored in device memory have been proposed. In this research, we propose tuning strategies for parallel LOBPCG method on multi-GPU system when the Hamiltonian is large and some iteration vectors are stored in host memory. When the LOBPCG method is used for solving multi eigenpairs (eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors), the number of iteration vectors, whose size is the same as the dimension of the Hamiltonian, is proportional to the number of the eigenpairs. On the other hand, the memory consumption for the non-zero elements of the Hamiltonian can be significantly reduced by considering the regular arrangement of the elements. Therefore, when we execute the LOBPCG method for a large Hamiltonian on GPUs, some of the vectors have to be stored on host memory and have to be transferred between host and device memory as needed. Since the cost of the data transfer is very large, we also propose the optimization for it. The simulation result on a multi-GPU system shows that the optimization of the data transfer is very effective for high performance computing.
Vapor Condensation Under Electric Field: A Study Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Wang Pengyu , Chen Zhong
Published: June 2022

The condensation of water vapor on the substrate surface under electric field is studied by molecular dynamics simulation, and a series of behaviors of water molecules during condensation were studied, such as nucleation, growth and coalescence. In the process of condensation, there will be some small clusters, whose size increases with the increase of time, and under the action of the movement of water molecules in vapor, the clusters move irregularly on the substrate surface and coalesced into larger clusters. And the droplets will be stretched along the direction of the electric field. Interestingly, the condensation will decrease with the increase of the electric field strength under the electric field perpendicular to the surface. The results also show that the orientations of water molecule dipole are closely related to the direction of electric field, indicating that the electric field causes the realignment of water molecules. The research shows that the electric intensity will have great impact on vapor condensation, which provides guidance for reversible adjustment of vapor condensation and the design of intelligent surface.
Promoting the use of the PI-QUAL score for prostate MRI quality: results from the ESOR Nicholas Gourtsoyiannis teaching fellowship
Authors: Giganti Francesco , Cole Alexander P. , Fennessy Fiona M. , Clinton Timothy , Moreira Pedro Lopes Da Frota , Bernardes Mariana Costa , Westin Carl-Fredrik , Krishnaswamy Deepa , Fedorov Andriy , Wollin Daniel A. , Langbein Bjoern , Frego Nicola , Labban Muhieddine , Badaoui Joy S. , Chang Steven L. , Briggs Logan G. , Tokuda Junichi , Ambrosi Alessandro , Kirkham Alex , Emberton Mark , Kasivisvanathan Veeru , Moore Caroline M. , Allen Clare , Tempany Clare M.
Published: June 2022

Objectives

The Prostate Imaging Quality (PI-QUAL) score is a new metric to evaluate the diagnostic quality of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate. This study assesses the impact of an intervention, namely a prostate MRI quality training lecture, on the participant’s ability to apply PI-QUAL.

Methods

Sixteen participants (radiologists, urologists, physicists, and computer scientists) of varying experience in reviewing diagnostic prostate MRI all assessed the image quality of ten examinations from different vendors and machines. Then, they attended a dedicated lecture followed by a hands-on workshop on MRI quality assessment using the PI-QUAL score. Five scans assessed by the participants were evaluated in the workshop using the PI-QUAL score for teaching purposes. After the course, the same participants evaluated the image quality of a new set of ten scans applying the PI-QUAL score. Results were assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. The reference standard was the PI-QUAL score assessed by one of the developers of PI-QUAL.

Results

There was a significant improvement in average area under the curve for the evaluation of image quality from baseline (0.59 [95 % confidence intervals: 0.50–0.66]) to post-teaching (0.96 [0.92–0.98]), an improvement of 0.37 [0.21–0.41] (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

A teaching course (dedicated lecture + hands-on workshop) on PI-QUAL significantly improved the application of this scoring system to assess the quality of prostate MRI examinations.

Key Points

• A significant improvement in the application of PI-QUAL for the assessment of prostate MR image quality was observed after an educational intervention.

• Appropriate training on image quality can be delivered to those involved in the acquisition and interpretation of prostate MRI.

• Further investigation will be needed to understand the impact on improving the acquisition of high-quality diagnostic prostate MR examinations.