bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The aerodynamic interference between a flapped tanker aircraft and a receiver aircraft during air-to-air refuelling
Authors: Bloy A. W. , Trochalidis V. , West M. G.
Published: March 2023

Wind tunnel data have been obtained from a flapped tanker wing and receiver aircraft model at varying vertical separation and the results compared with theory. In the aerodynamic model, the tanker wing is represented by a pair of horseshoe vortices from the wing and flap tips and an allowance is made for the self-induced vertical displacement of the trailing vortices at the receiver aircraft position. The aerodynamic loads on the receiver are determined by the vortex-lattice method and lifting-line theory, although an approximate method is used to determine the side force on the fin. Data were obtained from open and closed test sections in order to estimate the wind tunnel boundary interference effect. In the longitudinal case, significant differences were obtained between theory and experiment. Two reasons for the differences are the assumption that the trailing vortices are fully rolled up and the neglect of viscous decay of the vortices. The lateral aerodynamic interference was determined by banking the tanker wing and displacing it sideways and by yawing the receiver aircraft model. In the case of the rolling moment due to sideways displacement, which is the most significant lateral aerodynamic interference term, the wind tunnel boundary interference is highly significant and the difference between theory and experiment is large due to incomplete roll up of the trailing vortices. The theoretical and experimental trends are similar although the theory overpredicts the rolling moment due to bank and sideways displacement while the corresponding side force and yawing moment are underpredicted. As in previous tests using an unflapped tanker wing, the effect of the sidewash due to the tanker wing on the receiver in yaw is found to be relatively insignificant.
Distribution of inadvertently excised parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery and the link with post-surgical hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Mayer A W , Sharp A , Aziz S , Balasubramanian S P
Published: March 2023

Objectives

To evaluate the incidence of inadvertent parathyroidectomy, identify risk factors, determine the location of inadvertently excised glands, review pathology reporting in inadvertent parathyroidectomy, and explore relationships between inadvertent parathyroidectomy and post-surgical hypoparathyroidism or hypocalcaemia.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 899 thyroidectomies between 2015 and 2020 was performed. Histopathology slides of patients who had an inadvertent parathyroidectomy and a random sample of patients without a reported inadvertent parathyroidectomy were reviewed.

Results

Inadvertent parathyroidectomy occurred in 18.5 per cent of thyroidectomy patients. Central neck dissection was an independent risk factor (inadvertent parathyroidectomy = 49.4 per cent with central neck dissection, 12.0 per cent without central neck dissection,p< 0.001). Most excised parathyroid glands were extracapsular (53.3 per cent), followed by subcapsular (29.1 per cent) and intrathyroidal (10.9 per cent). Parathyroid tissue was found in 10.2 per cent of specimens where no inadvertent parathyroidectomy was reported. Inadvertent parathyroidectomy was associated with a higher incidence of six-month post-surgical hypoparathyroidism or hypocalcaemia (19.8 per cent who had an inadvertent parathyroidectomy, 7.7 per cent without inadvertent parathyroidectomy).

Conclusion

Inadvertent parathyroidectomy increases the risk of post-surgical hypoparathyroidism or hypocalcaemia. The proportion of extracapsular glands contributing to inadvertent parathyroidectomy highlights the need for preventative measures.
Transmitting white monolingual Anglo-American norms: A concept analysis of “quality of language” in parent-child interactions
Authors: MacLeod Andrea A.N. , Demers Catrine
Published: March 2023

White monolingual Anglo-American values permeate language acquisition research, which extends into public health and educational policies. “Quality of language” in parent-child interactions is often called upon to explain weaknesses in the language development of children who are racialized, experiencing poverty, or bilingual. Indeed, many early intervention approaches build on this premise by aiming to improve the “quality of language” used by parents. We aimed to understand the conceptualizations of “quality of language” in studies of parent-child interaction through the critical lens of Community Cultural Wealth Theory and perspectives from development research across cultures. We completed a Systematic Concept Analysis of articles published from 2010 to 2022 and focused on parent-child interactions in the home environment. Our search identified 972 articles and 78 met the inclusion criteria, but only 45 papers provided a definition. These definitions covered eight conceptualizations but only three were previously described. We also found inequity in the use of this terminology, which focused on children who were bilingual, had disability, or experiencing poverty. Informed by a critical lens, we recommend the use of four new terms to encompass “quality of language.” We also recommend refraining from using this term as it is value-laden, poorly defined, and diminishes culturally sustaining language transmission practices.
Post-malnutrition growth and its associations with child survival and non-communicable disease risk: a secondary analysis of the Malawi ‘ChroSAM’ cohort
Authors: Lelijveld Natasha , Cox Sioned , Anujuo Kenneth , Amoah Abena S , Opondo Charles , Cole Tim J , Wells Jonathan CK , Thompson Debbie , McKenzie Kimberley , Abera Mubarek , Berhane Melkamu , Kerac Marko ,   CHANGE study collaborators group
Published: March 2023

Objective:

To explore patterns of post-malnutrition growth (PMGr) during and after treatment for severe malnutrition and describe associations with survival and non-communicable disease (NCD) risk 7 years post-treatment.

Design:

Six indicators of PMGr were derived based on a variety of timepoints, weight, weight-for-age z-score and height-for-age z-score (HAZ). Three categorisation methods included no categorisation, quintiles and latent class analysis (LCA). Associations with mortality risk and seven NCD indicators were analysed.

Setting:

Secondary data from Blantyre, Malawi between 2006 and 2014.

Participants:

A cohort of 1024 children treated for severe malnutrition (weight-for-length z-score < 70 % median and/or MUAC (mid-upper arm circumference) < 110 mm and/or bilateral oedema) at ages 5–168 months.

Results:

Faster weight gain during treatment (g/d) and after treatment (g/kg/day) was associated with lower risk of death (adjusted OR 0·99, 95 % CI 0·99, 1·00; and adjusted OR 0·91, 95 % CI 0·87, 0·94, respectively). In survivors (mean age 9 years), it was associated with greater hand grip strength (0·02, 95 % CI 0·00, 0·03) and larger HAZ (6·62, 95 % CI 1·31, 11·9), both indicators of better health. However, faster weight gain was also associated with increased waist:hip ratio (0·02, 95 % CI 0·01, 0·03), an indicator of later-life NCD risk. The clearest patterns of association were seen when defining PMGr based on weight gain in g/d during treatment and using the LCA method to describe growth patterns. Weight deficit at admission was a major confounder.

Conclusions:

A complex pattern of benefits and risks is associated with faster PMGr. Both initial weight deficit and rate of weight gain have important implications for future health.
The Mixed Impact of Care Work on the Finances of Low-income Canadians: Insights from the Canadian Financial Diaries Research Project
Authors: Buckland Jerry , Nur Wendy , Dueck-Read Jodi
Published: March 2023

Family and community care work – mentoring, feeding, and nurturing – is a critical activity in any society. It is, and it enables, productive and reproductive acts that hold society together and enable economies to function. Its importance is magnified for people with low income in that their economic options, outside the home, are more limited than for people with higher incomes. We conducted a year-long financial diaries project with twenty-eight mainly low-income Canadians and found that care work was critically important for them and their families and communities. However, we found that this work was often stigmatised: it is not well paid (if at all;, it involves costs to the provider; and it can lead people to become dependent on predatory loans. We argue that Canadian social policy must broaden its conception of care work and expand support for persons, particularly women, who have older children, and community commitments.
Beratung und Therapie bei Erwachsenen mit Lernschwierigkeiten
Authors: Hermes Veronika
Published: March 2023

Der systemische Ansatz kann gewinnbringend in der Beratung und Therapie bei Menschen ohne und mit Lernschwierigkeiten eingesetzt werden. Für Letztere sind jedoch manche Anpassungen hilfreich, um den kognitiven Fähigkeiten entsprechend zu agieren. 
Veronika Hermes bereitet in diesem Praxisbuch systemische Methoden für diese Zielgruppe auf. Menschen mit Lernschwierigkeiten werden dabei konsequent in den Mittelpunkt gestellt; das Vorgehen ist in der Praxis erprobt und in supervisorischen Kontexten evaluiert. 
Für die zweite Auflage wurde das Buch grundlegend überarbeitet: 
•Der Begriff „geistige Behinderung“ wurde gemäß aktuellen Fachpublikationen durch „Lernschwierigkeiten“ ersetzt. 
•Die Entwicklungen im deutschen Psychotherapeutengesetz in Bezug auf die Therapie mit Erwachsenen mit Lernschwierigkeiten werden skizziert. 
•Ausgewählte Methoden wurden in Einfache Sprache übersetzt. Diese richten sich explizit an Menschen mit Lernschwierigkeiten, die selbst beratend tätig sind (beispielsweise in Werkstattrat oder Bewohnervertretung oder als Frauenbeauftragte oder Peer Counseler). So nimmt das Buch Menschen mit Lernschwierigkeiten nicht nur als Ratsuchende, sondern auch als Ratgebende in den Blick.
Intercomparison of Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide (TransCom‐COS; Part One): Evaluating the Impact of Transport and Emissions on Tropospheric Variability Using Ground‐Based and Aircraft Data
Authors: Remaud Marine , Ma Jin , Krol Maarten , Abadie Camille , Cartwright Michael P. , Patra Prabir , Niwa Yosuke , Rodenbeck Christian , Belviso Sauveur , Kooijmans Linda , Lennartz Sinikka , Maignan Fabienne , Chevallier Frédéric , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Pope Richard J. , Harrison Jeremy J. , Vimont Isaac , Wilson Christopher , Peylin Philippe
Published: March 2023

We present a comparison of atmospheric transport model (ATM) simulations for carbonyl sulfide (COS), within the framework of the atmospheric tracer transport model intercomparison project “TransCom‐COS.” Seven ATMs participated in the experiment and provided simulations of COS mixing ratios over the years 2010–2018, using state‐of‐the‐art surface fluxes for various components of the COS budget: biospheric sink, oceanic source, sources from fire and industry. The main goal of TransCom‐COS is to investigate the impact of the transport uncertainty and emission distribution in simulating the spatio‐temporal variability of tropospheric COS mixing ratios. A control case with seasonal surface fluxes of COS was constructed. The results indicate that the COS mixing ratios are underestimated by at least 50 parts per trillion (ppt) in the tropics, pointing to a missing tropical source. In summer, the mixing ratios are overestimated by at least 50 ppt above 40°N, pointing to a likely missing sink in the high northern latitudes. Regarding the latitudinal profile, the model spread is greater than 60 ppt above 40°N in boreal summer. Regarding the seasonal amplitude, the model spread reaches 50 ppt at 6 out of 15 sites, compared to an observed seasonal amplitude of 100 ppt. All models simulated a too late minimum by at least 2–3 months at two high northern‐latitude sites, likely owing to errors in the seasonal cycle in the ocean emissions. This study highlighted the shortcomings in the COS global budget that need to be resolved before using COS as a photosynthesis tracer.
QBO/Solar Influences on the Tropical Madden‐Julian Oscillation: A Mechanism Based on Extratropical Wave Forcing in Late Fall and Early Winter
Authors: Hood Lon L. , Trencham Natasha E. , Galarneau Thomas J.
Published: March 2023

Possible sources of the observed modulation of the tropical Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) by the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and the 11‐year solar cycle are investigated using 41 years of reanalysis data and archived climate model data. Larger upward fluxes of extratropical planetary‐scale waves, leading in some cases to sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), are observed in late fall and early winter during the easterly phase of the QBO than during the westerly phase (the “Holton‐Tan effect”). A similar but smaller increase occurs, on average, during solar minima relative to solar maxima. In addition to the warming at high latitudes, extratropical wave forcing events produce cooling and reduced static stability in the tropical lower stratosphere. Here, it is found that if SSWs occur in early winter (before ∼mid‐January), the reduced static stability produces, on average, a statistically significant, lagged strengthening of the MJO. This therefore represents a possible mechanism for producing, or at least enhancing, the observed QBO and solar modulations of the MJO in boreal winter. An initial analysis of archived climate model data shows that at least one model version with realistic QBO and solar forcing and with 4 CO2 forcings partly simulates both of these characteristics (QBO/solar modulation of early winter wave forcing and lagged strengthening of the MJO following early winter SSWs). However, the modeled MJO is insufficiently sensitive to QBO‐induced static stability reductions, precluding simulation of the QBO‐MJO connection.
Rifting Venus: Insights From Numerical Modeling
Authors: Regorda Alessandro , Thieulot Cedric , van Zelst Iris , Erdős Zoltán , Maia Julia , Buiter Susanne
Published: March 2023

Venus is a terrestrial planet with dimensions similar to the Earth, but a vastly different geodynamic evolution, with recent studies debating the occurrence and extent of tectonic‐like processes happening on the planet. The precious direct data that we have for Venus is very little, and there are only few numerical modeling studies concerning lithospheric‐scale processes. However, the use of numerical models has proven crucial for our understanding of large‐scale geodynamic processes of the Earth. Therefore, here we adapt 2D thermomechanical numerical models of rifting on Earth to Venus to study how the observed rifting structures on the Venusian surface could have been formed. More specifically, we aim to investigate how rifting evolves under the Venusian surface conditions and the proposed lithospheric structure. Our results show that a strong crustal rheology such as diabase is needed to localize strain and to develop a rift under the high surface temperature and pressure of Venus. The evolution of the rift formation is predominantly controlled by the crustal thickness, with a 25 km‐thick diabase crust required to produce mantle upwelling and melting. The surface topography produced by our models fits well with the topography profiles of the Ganis and Devana Chasmata for different crustal thicknesses. We therefore speculate that the difference in these rift features on Venus could be due to different crustal thicknesses. Based on the estimated heat flux of Venus, our models indicate that a crust with a global average lower than 35 km is the most likely crustal thickness on Venus.
Analysis of Large Geomagnetically Induced Currents During the 7–8 September 2017 Storm: Geoelectric Field Mapping
Authors: Wawrzaszek Anna , Gil Agnieszka , Modzelewska Renata , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Wawrzaszek Roman
Published: March 2023

High temporal and high spatial resolution geoelectric field models of two Mäntsälä, Finnish pipeline geomagnetically induced current (GIC) intervals that occurred within the 7–8 September 2017 geomagnetic storm have been made. The geomagnetic measurements with 10 s sampling rate of 28 IMAGE ground magnetometers distributed over the north Europe (from 52.07° to 69.76° latitude) are the bases for the study. A GeoElectric Dynamic Mapping (GEDMap) code was developed for this task. GEDMap considers 4 different methods of interpolation and allows a grid of 0.05° (lat.) × 0.2° (lon.) spatial scale resolution. The geoelectric field dynamic mapping output gives both spatial and temporal variations of the magnitude and direction of fields. The GEDMap results show very rapid and strong variability of geoelectric field and the extremely localized peak enhancements. The magnitude of geoelectric fields over Mäntsälä at the time of the two GIC peaks were 279.7 and 336.9 mV/km. The comparison of the GIC measurements in Mäntsälä and our modeling results show very good agreement with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.8. It is found that the auroral electrojet geoelectric field has very rapid changes in both magnitude and orientation causing the GICs. It is also shown that the electrojet is not simply oriented in the east‐west direction. It is possible that even higher time resolution base magnetometer data of 1 s will yield even more structure, so this will be our next effort.
Enhanced Variability and Declining Trend of Soil Moisture Since the 1880s on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Lu , Liu Hongyan , Grießinger Jussi , Chen Deliang , Sun Changfeng , Fang Congxi
Published: March 2023

Historical soil moisture (SM) variations, trends, and their driving factors remain scarce for the area of Tibetan Plateau (TP), which hinders putting a sensible assessment of the current and future ecological drought risk into perspective. Here, we report the first three century‐long regional summer (July–August) SM reconstruction for the southeastern TP during 1691–2007 CE using a paleoclimate proxy, that is, tree‐ring δ18O. The SM reconstruction, which explained 60.9% of the actual variance, revealed that an abrupt wet‐to‐dry change occurred in 1884. After 1884, SM exhibited a decreasing trend and enhanced variability, and dry summers occurred more frequently. In particular, the variability in SM reached an unprecedented level after the 1950s relative to that during the past three centuries. A structural equation model and running correlation analysis revealed that SM variation was mainly controlled by precipitation rather than temperature. This indicates that the anthropogenic‐related weakening of the Indian summer monsoon played a more dominant role in SM changes after 1884 than the increase in temperature. If the SM variability is to be further increased in the future, it may undermine ecosystem stability and forest health. The results of this study are significant for predicting ecological drought in ecologically vulnerable regions such as the High Asia.
Unique Banded Structures of Plasmaspheric Hiss Waves in the Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Ni Binbin , Summers Danny , Xiang Zheng , Dou Xiankang , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Meredith Nigel P. , Dong Junhu , Chen Lunjin , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Liu Xu , Tao Xin , Gu Xudong , Ma Xin , Yi Juan , Fu Song , Xu Wei
Published: March 2023

Plasmaspheric hiss is an electromagnetic wave mode that occurs ubiquitously in the high‐density plasmasphere and contributes crucially to the dynamic behavior of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts. While plasmaspheric hiss is commonly considered to be a broadband emission with frequencies from ∼100 Hz to several kHz, here we report Van Allen Probes measurements of unambiguous banded signatures of plasmaspheric hiss, uniquely characterized by an upper band above ∼200 Hz, a lower band below ∼100 Hz and a power gap in between. Banded plasmaspheric hiss occurs with the probability ∼8% in the postnoon sector within 2.5–5.0 Earth radii, showing strong dependence on geomagnetic and solar wind conditions. Observations also suggest that banded hiss waves result possibly from two combined sources, the upper band originating from the transformation of chorus waves propagating from outside the plasmasphere, and the lower band from localized excitation inside the plasmasphere, which however requires future investigation. The banded hiss waves shed new light on the evolution of the Earth's radiation belts and have implications for understanding whistler‐mode waves in planetary magnetospheres.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Impactites and a Machine Learning Approach to Determine the Oxidation State of Iron in Glass‐Bearing Materials
Authors: Bruschini E. , Carli C. , Skogby H. , Andreozzi G. B. , Stojic A. , Morlok A.
Published: March 2023

We investigated a suite of impact glass‐bearing rocks using a multi‐analytical approach including visible‐near‐infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and powder X‐ray diffraction. In order to better understand and interpret the obtained results, we built a database containing physical, chemical, and spectroscopic information on glasses and glass‐bearing materials using new results from this study and published works. We used the database to explore systematic relationships between parameters of interest and finally we applied several machine learning algorithms (support vector machine, random forests, and gradient boosting) to test the possibility to regress the oxidation state of iron from chemical and spectroscopic information. Our results show that even small amounts of mafic crystalline phases have a big influence on the spectral features of glass‐bearing rocks. Samples without mafic crystalline inclusions show the typical spectrum of glasses (two broad and shallow bands roughly centered around 1,100 and 1,900 nm) with minor variations due to bulk chemistry. We described a non‐linear relationship between average reflectance (average reflectance value between 500 and 1,000 nm), FeO + TiO2 content, grain size, and Fe3+/FeTOT. We tested the relation for the finer grain size (0–25 μm), and we qualitatively assessed how it is affected by grain size, Fe3+/FeTOT, and crystal content. Finally, we developed a machine learning pipeline to regress the Fe3+/FeTOT of glass‐bearing materials using the proposed database. Our machine learning calculations give satisfactory results (MAE: 0.0321) and additional data will enable the application of our computational strategy to remotely acquired data to extract chemical and mineralogical information of planetary surfaces.
First large-scale genomic prediction in the honey bee
Authors: Bernstein Richard , Du Manuel , Du Zhipei G. , Strauss Anja S. , Hoppe Andreas , Bienefeld Kaspar
Published: March 2023

Genomic selection has increased genetic gain in several livestock species, but due to the complicated genetics and reproduction biology not yet in honey bees. Recently, 2970 queens were genotyped to gather a reference population. For the application of genomic selection in honey bees, this study analyzes the accuracy and bias of pedigree-based and genomic breeding values for honey yield, three workability traits, and two traits for resistance against the parasite Varroa destructor. For breeding value estimation, we use a honey bee-specific model with maternal and direct effects, to account for the contributions of the workers and the queen of a colony to the phenotypes. We conducted a validation for the last generation and a five-fold cross-validation. In the validation for the last generation, the accuracy of pedigree-based estimated breeding values was 0.12 for honey yield, and ranged from 0.42 to 0.61 for the workability traits. The inclusion of genomic marker data improved these accuracies to 0.23 for honey yield, and a range from 0.44 to 0.65 for the workability traits. The inclusion of genomic data did not improve the accuracy of the disease-related traits. Traits with high heritability for maternal effects compared to the heritability for direct effects showed the most promising results. For all traits except the Varroa resistance traits, the bias with genomic methods was on a similar level compared to the bias with pedigree-based BLUP. The results show that genomic selection can successfully be applied to honey bees.
Divergent vertebral formulae shape the evolution of axial complexity in mammals
Authors: Li Yimeng , Brinkworth Andrew , Green Emily , Oyston Jack , Wills Matthew , Ruta Marcello
Published: March 2023

Complexity, defined as the number of parts and their degree of differentiation, is a poorly explored aspect of macroevolutionary dynamics. The maximum anatomical complexity of organisms has undoubtedly increased through evolutionary time. However, it is unclear whether this increase is a purely diffusive process or whether it is at least partly driven, occurring in parallel in most or many lineages and with increases in the minima as well as the means. Highly differentiated and serially repeated structures, such as vertebrae, are useful systems with which to investigate these patterns. We focus on the serial differentiation of the vertebral column in 1,136 extant mammal species, using two indices that quantify complexity as the numerical richness and proportional distribution of vertebrae across presacral regions and a third expressing the ratio between thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. We address three questions. First, we ask whether the distribution of complexity values in major mammal groups is similar or whether clades have specific signatures associated with their ecology. Second, we ask whether changes in complexity throughout the phylogeny are biased towards increases and whether there is evidence of driven trends. Third, we ask whether evolutionary shifts in complexity depart from a uniform Brownian motion model. Vertebral counts, but not complexity indices, differ significantly between major groups and exhibit greater within-group variation than recognized hitherto. We find strong evidence of a trend towards increasing complexity, where higher values propagate further increases in descendant lineages. Several increases are inferred to have coincided with major ecological or environmental shifts. We find support for multiple-rate models of evolution for all complexity metrics, suggesting that increases in complexity occurred in stepwise shifts, with evidence for widespread episodes of recent rapid divergence. Different subclades evolve more complex vertebral columns in different configurations and probably under different selective pressures and constraints, with widespread convergence on the same formulae. Further work should therefore focus on the ecological relevance of differences in complexity and a more detailed understanding of historical patterns.
Oxygenation of the Earth aided by mineral–organic carbon preservation
Authors: Zhao Mingyu , Mills Benjamin J. W. , Homoky William B. , Peacock Caroline L.
Published: March 2023

Photosynthesis produces molecular oxygen, but it is the burial of organic carbon in sediments that has allowed this O2 to accumulate in Earth’s atmosphere. Yet many direct controls on the preservation and burial of organic carbon have not been explored in detail. For modern Earth, it is known that reactive iron phases are important for organic carbon preservation, suggesting that the availability of particulate iron could be an important factor for the oxygenation of the oceans and atmosphere over Earth history. Here we develop a theoretical model to investigate the effect of mineral–organic preservation on the oxygenation of the Earth, supported by a proxy compilation for terrigenous inputs and the burial of reactive iron phases, and find that changes to the rate of iron input to the global ocean constitute an independent control on atmosphere–ocean O2 and marine sulfate levels. We therefore suggest that increasing continental exposure and denudation may have helped fuel the rise in atmospheric O2 and other oxidants over Earth history. Finally, we show that inclusion of mineral–organic preservation makes the global marine O2 reservoir more resilient to changes in nutrient levels by breaking the link between productivity and organic carbon burial. We conclude that mineral–organic preservation is an important missing process in current assessments of Earth’s long-term carbon cycle.
Simultaneous ground-state cooling of two mechanical modes of a levitated nanoparticle
Authors: Piotrowski Johannes , Windey Dominik , Vijayan Jayadev , Gonzalez-Ballestero Carlos , de los Ríos Sommer Andrés , Meyer Nadine , Quidant Romain , Romero-Isart Oriol , Reimann René , Novotny Lukas
Published: March 2023

The quantum ground state of a massive mechanical system is a stepping stone for investigating macroscopic quantum states and building high fidelity sensors. With the recent achievement of ground-state cooling of a single motional mode, levitated nanoparticles have entered the quantum domain. To overcome detrimental cross-coupling and decoherence effects, quantum control needs to be expanded to more system dimensions, but the effect of a decoupled dark mode has so far hindered cavity-based ground-state cooling of multiple mechanical modes. Here, we demonstrate two-dimensional ground-state cooling of an optically levitated nanoparticle. Utilizing coherent scattering into an optical cavity mode, we reduce the occupation numbers of two separate centre-of-mass modes to 0.83 and 0.81, respectively. By controlling the frequency separation and the cavity coupling strengths of the nanoparticle’s mechanical modes, we show the transition from 1D to 2D ground-state cooling. This 2D control lays the foundations for quantum-limited orbital angular momentum states for rotation sensing and, combined with ground-state cooling along the third motional axis shown previously, may allow full 3D ground-state cooling of a massive object.
Moral reasoning and moral competence as predictors of cooperative behavior in a social dilemma
Authors: Miranda-Rodríguez Rubén Andrés , Leenen Iwin , Han Hyemin , Palafox-Palafox Germán , García-Rodríguez Georgina
Published: March 2023

The level of moral development may be crucial to understand behavior when people have to choose between prioritizing individual gains or pursuing general social benefits. This study evaluated whether two different psychological constructs, moral reasoning and moral competence, are associated with cooperative behavior in the context of the prisoner's dilemma game, a two-person social dilemma where individuals choose between cooperation or defection. One hundred and eighty-nine Mexican university students completed the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2; measuring moral reasoning) and the Moral Competence Test (MCT) and played an online version of the prisoner’s dilemma game, once against each participant in a group of 6–10 players. Our results indicate that cooperative behavior is strongly affected by the outcomes in previous rounds: Except when both participants cooperated, the probability of cooperation with other participants in subsequent rounds decreased. Both the DIT-2 and MCT independently moderated this effect of previous experiences, particularly in the case of sucker-outcomes. Individuals with high scores on both tests were not affected when in previous rounds the other player defected while they cooperated. Our findings suggest that more sophisticated moral reasoning and moral competence promote the maintenance of cooperative behaviors despite facing adverse situations.
Exploring consumers’ environmental ethical preferences in the context of unmanned aerial vehicle utilization for plant protection
Authors: Wu Baoshu , Lu Jinlian , Zhou Bo , Song Zhenjiang
Published: March 2023

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has increased agricultural productivity, achieved food security, and eased the pressure associated with environmental degradation and population growth. However, consumer sentiment remains unclear. The results show that pressures regarding food safety, production safety, and ecological safety have different degrees of positive impact on perceived benefits but no significant impact on perceived barriers. They strongly influence both perceived benefits to the adoption of UAV plant protection agricultural products. Perceived benefits demonstrated a mediating role between the three safety pressures and the adoption of UAVs. Lay beliefs showed a positive moderating effect on perceived benefits and obstacles to the adoption of UAV-based plant protection products. Based on these findings, this paper concludes that consumers are developing new consumer ethics that integrate concepts of food safety, safe production, and regional environmental protection with their acceptance of new technology, which is directly dependent on the combined effect of environmental and consumer ethics. To promote sustainable development, policies must be further optimized on this original basis.
Falcaria vulgaris leaves extract as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid media
Authors: Alimohammadi Mohammadreza , Ghaderi Mohammad , Ramazani S.A. Ahmad , Mahdavian Mohammad
Published: March 2023

Undoubtedly, metal corrosion is one of the most challenging problems faced by industries. Introducing corrosion inhibitors is a reasonable approach to protecting the metal surface. Due to environmental concerns and the toxicity of industrial organic corrosion inhibitors, researchers are continually exploring acceptable replacements. The current study focused on the application of Falcaria Vulgaris (FV) leaves extract to mitigate mild steel (MS) corrosion in a 1 M HCl environment. The polarization findings demonstrated that the corrosion current density decreased from 264.0 µA/cm2 (for the sample submerged in the blank solution) to 20.4 µA/cm2 when the optimal concentration of 800 ppm of FV leaves extract was added to the acid solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis revealed an inhibition efficiency of 91.3% at this concentration after 6 h of immersion. It was determined by analyzing several adsorption isotherms that this corrosion inhibitor obeys the Frumkin isotherm. AFM, FE-SEM, and GIXRD surface analyses also supported the findings that adding FV leaves extract can reduce metal damage by adsorption on the metal surface.
Effects of fermented soybean meal supplementation on the growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility by modulating the gut microbiome of weaned piglets
Authors: Muniyappan Madesh , Shanmugam Sureshkumar , Park Jae Hong , Han Kyudong , Kim In Ho
Published: March 2023

This study investigates the effects of soybean meal fermented by Enterococcus faecium as a replacement for soybean meal on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, blood profile and gut microbiota of weaned pigs. Eighty piglets (weaned at 21 days) [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with average body weight of 6.52 ± 0.59 kg) were selected and assigned to 4 treatments/4 replicate pens (3 barrows and 2 gilts). The four diets (SBM, 3, 6 and 9% FSBM) were formulated using fermented soybean meal to replace 0, 3, 6 and 9% of soybean meal, respectively. The trial lasted for 42 days phase 1, 2 and 3. Result showed that supplemental FSBM increased (P < 0.05) the body weight gain (BWG) of piglets at day 7, 21 and 42 and ADG at days 1–7, 8–21, 22–42 and 1–42, and ADFI at days 8–21, 22–42 and 1–42 and G: F at days 1–7, 8–21 and 1–42, and crude protein, dry matter, and gross energy digestibility at day 42, and lowered (P < 0.05) diarrhea at days 1–21 and 22–42. The concentration of glucose levels, WBC, RBC, and lymphocytes were increased while, concentration of BUN level in the serum was lowered in the FSBM treatment compared to the SBM group (P < 0.05). Microbiota sequencing found that FSBM supplementation increased the microbial Shannon, Simpsons and Chao indexs, (P < 0.05) and the abundances of the phylum Firmicutes, and genera prevotella, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae and Lachnoclostridium (P < 0.05), lower in the abundances of the phylum bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, genera Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium sensu stricto1, Bacteroides and Parabacteroides (P < 0.05). Overall, FSBM replacing SBM improved the growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, and blood profiles; perhaps via altering the faecal microbiota and its metabolites in weaned pigs. The present study provides theoretical support for applying FSBM at 6–9% to promote immune characteristics and regulate intestinal health in weaning piglets.
The prevalence and risk factors for anxiety and depression symptoms among migrants in Morocco
Authors: Essayagh Firdaous , Essayagh Meriem , Essayagh Sanah , Marc Ikram , Bukassa Germain , El otmani Ihsane , Kouyate Mady Fanta , Essayagh Touria
Published: March 2023

Humanitarian migration can result in mental health issues among migrants. The objective of our study is to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among migrants and their risk factors. A total of 445 humanitarian migrants in the Orientale region were interviewed. A structured questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews to collect socio-demographic, migratory, behavioral, clinical, and paraclinical data. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression symptoms. Risk factors for anxiety and depression symptoms were identified using multivariable logistic regression. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 39.1%, and the prevalence of depression symptoms was 40.0%. Diabetes, refugee status, overcrowding in the home, stress, age between 18 and 20 years, and low monthly income were associated with anxiety symptom. The associated risk factors for depression symptoms were a lack of social support and a low monthly income. Humanitarian migrants have a high prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms. Public policies should address socio-ecological determinants by providing migrants with social support and adequate living conditions.
Optical coherence tomography in healthy human subjects in the setting of prolonged dark adaptation
Authors: Su Erin H. , Kesavamoorthy Niranjana , Ameri Hossein
Published: March 2023

Human studies have established that short periods of dark adaptation can induce outer retinal thinning and various band intensity changes that can be detected with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Similar findings were observed in mice, including a positive correlation between the degree of outer retinal changes and dark adaptation duration. We decided to assess potential retinal structural changes following prolonged dark adaptation in humans. 40 healthy subjects without any ocular diseases participated in this study. For each subject, one eye was covered for dark adaptation for four hours, and the other eye was left uncovered as a control. Before and after the dark adaptation period, both eyes were assessed with OCT. Using the Heidelberg Spectralis system, basic statistical functions, and qualitative and quantitative analysis, we were able to compare retinal layer thicknesses and band intensities between covered (dark adapted) versus uncovered (control) eyes. Prolonged dark adaptation did not induce any significant thickness, volume, or intensity changes in the outer retina or in the inner or overall retina. These observations thus alter our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying dark adaptation’s neuroprotective effects in preventing blindness and require further study.
Smoke dispersion test and emergency control plan of fire in mine roadway during downward ventilation
Authors: Hu Dongjie , Li Zongxiang , Wang Haiwen , Xu Haoyu , Miao Chuntong
Published: March 2023

To explore the wind flow turbulence and smoke flow diffusion law during the mine downward ventilation fire, two similar experimental platforms of a inclined single pipe test device and a loop system multiple pipe test device were built. The change data of the air flow in the pipeline during the fire period under different air volumes were measured. The evolution process of downward ventilation fire in the whole roadway network domain in Dayan Mine was simulated, and the emergency plan was put forward. The results show that in the experiment, the combustion intensity of the fire source is positively correlated with the ventilation power, and the fire wind pressure increases with the increase of the inclination angle of the pipeline. The throttling effect of the fire area and the combustion of the fire source together make the air volume in the pipeline change rapidly. The critical wind speed that makes the downward ventilation flow fire wind pressure equal to the fan power is 1.8 m s−1. The stronger the fan capacity, the stronger the ability of the main air path to overcome the resistance of the fire zone and maintain the original state. In the simulation, the most dangerous place when the downward ventilation fire smoke is reversed is the area (weak flow area) in the mine tunnel network where the ventilation power is weaker than the fire wind power. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of emergency plans for mine fire accidents.
Risk factors and prediction model for inadvertent intraoperative hypothermia in patients undergoing robotic surgery: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Hu Zhouting , Li Wangyu , Liang Chen , Li Kai
Published: March 2023

This study explored the risk factors and established a prediction model for intraoperative hypothermia (IOH) in patients undergoing robotic surgery. We conducted a retrospective survey of patients undergoing elective robotic surgery at the China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University during June 2020–October 2021 using institutional medical records. Intraoperative core temperatures and potential influencing factors were collected, and regression analyses were used to assess the risk factors for IOH and establish a prediction model for the incidence of IOH. Overall, 833 patients who underwent robotic surgery were included in the final analysis; IOH was observed in 344 patients (incidence, 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38–0.45). A higher body mass index (BMI) and baseline core temperature were protective factors for IOH. A final prediction model for IOH was developed based on the determining factors with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.85 under fivefold cross validation (95% CI 0.83–0.88). Accordingly, a lower BMI and baseline core temperature, thoracic surgeries, morning surgeries, and surgeries with longer durations were risk factors for IOH during robotic surgeries. Our prediction model has an excellent discrimination ability for predicting IOH in robotic surgeries.
Long-term outcomes and quantitative radiologic analysis of extracranial–intracranial bypass for hemodynamically compromised chronic large artery occlusive disease
Authors: Jo Hyunjun , Lee Si Un , Jeong Han-Gil , Kim Young-Deok , Kim Tackeun , Sunwoo Leonard , Ban Seung Pil , Bang Jae Seung , Kwon Oki , Oh Chang Wan
Published: March 2023

This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of nonemergent extracranial-to-intracranial bypass (EIB) in symptomatic chronic large artery atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusive disease (LAA) through quantitative analysis of computed tomography perfusion (CTP) parameters using RAPID software. We retrospectively analyzed 86 patients who underwent nonemergent EIB due to symptomatic chronic LAA. CTP data obtained preoperatively, immediately postoperatively (PostOp0), and 6 months postoperatively (PostOp6M) after EIB were quantitatively analyzed through RAPID software, and their association with intraoperative bypass flow (BF) was assessed. The clinical outcomes, including neurologic state, incidence of recurrent infarction and complications, were also analyzed. The time-to-maximum (Tmax) > 8 s, > 6 s and > 4 s volumes decreased significantly at PostOp0 and up through PostOp6M (preoperative, 5, 51, and 223 ml (median), respectively; PostOp0, 0, 20.25, and 143 ml, respectively; PostOp6M, 0, 7.5, and 148.5 ml, respectively; p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The postoperative improvement in the Tmax > 6 s and > 4 s volumes was significantly correlated with the BF at PostOp0 and PostOp6M (PostOp0, r = 0.367 (p = 0.001) and r = 0.275 (p = 0.015), respectively; PostOp6M r = 0.511 (p < 0.001) and r = 0.391 (p = 0.001), respectively). The incidence of recurrent cerebral infarction was 4.7%, and there were no major complications that produced permanent neurological impairment. Nonemergent EIB under strict operation indications can be a feasible treatment for symptomatic, hemodynamically compromised LAA patients.
Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing identifies T cell marker genes score to predict the prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zheng Haoran , Li Yimeng , Zhao Yujia , Jiang Aimin
Published: March 2023

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the lethal malignancies, with limited biomarkers identified to predict its prognosis and treatment response of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). This study aimed to explore the predictive ability of T cell marker genes score (TMGS) to predict their overall survival (OS) and treatment response to ICB by integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA-seq data. Multi-omics data of PDAC were applied in this study. The uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) was utilized for dimensionality reduction and cluster identification. The non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm was applied to molecular subtypes clustering. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)-Cox regression was adopted for TMGS construction. The prognosis, biological characteristics, mutation profile, and immune function status between different groups were compared. Two molecular subtypes were identified via NMF: proliferative PDAC (C1) and immune PDAC (C2). Distinct prognoses and biological characteristics were observed between them. TMGS was developed based on 10 T cell marker genes (TMGs) through LASSO-Cox regression. TMGS is an independent prognostic factor of OS in PDAC. Enrichment analysis indicated that cell cycle and cell proliferation-related pathways are significantly enriched in the high-TMGS group. Besides, high-TMGS is related to more frequent KRAS, TP53, and CDKN2A germline mutations than the low-TMGS group. Furthermore, high-TMGS is significantly associated with attenuated antitumor immunity and reduced immune cell infiltration compared to the low-TMGS group. However, high TMGS is correlated to higher tumor mutation burden (TMB), a low expression level of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, and a low immune dysfunction score, thus having a higher ICB response rate. On the contrary, low TMGS is related to a favorable response rate to chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapy. By combining scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data, we identified a novel biomarker, TMGS, which has remarkable performance in predicting the prognosis and guiding the treatment pattern for patients with PDAC.