bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TBAI/TBHP‐Promoted Generation of Malonyl Radicals: Oxidative Coupling with Styrenes Leads to γ‐Keto Diesters
Authors: Chowdhury Soumyadeep Roy , Hoque Injamam Ul , Maity Soumitra
Published: July 2018

A metal‐free protocol for oxidative coupling of malonic esters with styrenes to form γ‐keto diesters has been developed. Key to the success of this process is the generation of malonyl radicals from unfunctionalized malonic esters under organo‐catalysis conditions with TBAI and TBHP. This process tolerates both terminal and internal olefins with diverse malonic esters. It provides a new green metal‐free alternative to traditional metal mediated process for generation of malonyl radicals and there by γ‐keto diesters.
Influence of Nitrogen‐Doping for Carbide‐Derived Carbons on the Supercapacitor Performance in an Organic Electrolyte and an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Krüner Benjamin , Odenwald Christina , Quade Antje , Kickelbick Guido , Presser Volker
Published: July 2018

We investigated the influence of nitrogen groups on the electrochemical performance of carbide‐derived carbons by comparing materials with a similar pore structure with and without nitrogen‐doping. These materials were tested in a half‐cell and full‐cell supercapacitor setup with a conventional organic electrolyte (1 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile) and an ionic liquid (1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate). Varying the nitrogen content in the range of 1–7 mass % had no systematic influence on the energy storage capacity but a stronger impact on the rate handling ability. The highest specific capacitance in a half‐cell supercapacitor at a negative potential was 215 F/g in EMIM‐BF4. Using the best‐performing carbide‐derived carbon with and without nitrogen‐doping (i. e., by applying a synthesis temperature of 800 °C), the full‐cell performance was 174 F/g, which results in a high specific energy of 61 Wh/kg in EMIM‐BF4. For the same materials, the corresponding specific energy was about 30 Wh/kg when using the organic electrolyte.
Artificial Self‐Sufficient Cytochrome P450 Containing Multiple Auxiliary Proteins Demonstrates Improved Monooxygenase Activity
Authors: Haga Tomoaki , Hirakawa Hidehiko , Nagamune Teruyuki
Published: July 2018

Most bacterial cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) do not work alone because their active species is generated by two electrons supplied through two separate auxiliary proteins. Artificial “self‐sufficient” P450s, in which one molecule each of the two auxiliary proteins is arranged close to the P450s, have been developed but have not achieved the maximum catalytic turnover numbers of the P450s. In this study, the Pseudomonas putida P450 (P450cam) is assembled with multiple molecules of its auxiliary proteins, putidaredoxin (PdX) and putidaredoxin reductase (PdR), by fusion to a heterotrimeric protein. In the assembled P450cam containing one PdX and one PdR, kinetic analysis reveales that the catalytic cycle of P450cam is suspended twice awaiting the reduction of PdX by PdR. An increase in the number of PdR molecules stimulated the PdX reduction process. Assembly with two PdXs allows one PdX to be reduced during the binding of the other PdX to P450cam for the first electron transfer, eliminating one waiting step. Finally, P450cam assembled with two PdXs and three PdRs showes 92% of the maximum activity of free P450cam. Therefore, assembly with multiple molecules of auxiliary proteins will facilitate in vitro biotechnological applications of the P450s.
Development of a shake tube‐based scale‐down model for perfusion cultures
Authors: Wolf Moritz K.F. , Lorenz Veronika , Karst Daniel J. , Souquet Jonathan , Broly Hervé , Morbidelli Massimo
Published: July 2018

The use of benchtop bioreactors (BRs) for the development of mammalian cell perfusion cultures is expensive and time consuming, given its complexity in equipment and operation. Scale‐down models, going from liter to milliliter scale, are needed to support the rapid determination of suitable operating conditions in terms of viable cell density (VCD), perfusion rate, and medium composition. In this study, we compare the performance of steady‐state perfusion cultures in orbitally shaken tube and BR systems for a given Chinese hamster ovary cell line. The developed scale‐down model relied on a daily workflow designed to keep the VCD constant at specific target values. This includes: cell count, removal of excessive cells (bleeding), spin down of remaining cells, harvest of cell‐free supernatant, and resuspension in fresh medium. Steady‐state cultures at different VCD values, medium exchange rates and working volumes were evaluated. Shake‐tube perfusion cultures allowed the prediction of cell‐specific growth, glucose consumption, ammonia, and monoclonal antibody production rates for much larger BRs, but not lactate (LAC) production rates. Although charge variant profiles remained comparable, different glycosylation patterns were obtained. The differences in LAC production and glycosylation probably resulted from the discontinuous medium exchange, the poor carbon dioxide removal, and the deficient pH control. Therefore, if requested by the specific process to be developed, product quality has to be fine‐tuned directly in the BR system. Altogether, the developed strategy provides a useful scale‐down model for the design and optimization of perfusion cultures with strong savings in time and media consumption.
Interferon gamma in cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Ni Ling , Lu Jian
Published: July 2018

Immune system can recognize self vs transformed self. That is why cancer immunotherapy achieves notable benefits in a wide variety of cancers. Recently, several papers reported that immune checkpoint blockade therapy led to upregulation of IFNγ and in turn clearance of tumor cells. In this review, we conducted an extensive literature search of recent 5‐year studies about the roles of IFNγ signaling in both tumor immune surveillance and immune evasion. In addition to well‐known functions, IFNγ signaling also induces tumor ischemia and homeostasis program, resulting in tumor clearance and tumor escape, respectively. The yin and the yang of IFNγ signaling are summarized. Thus, this review helps us to comprehensively understand the roles of IFNγ in tumor immunity, which contributes to better design and management of clinical immunotherapy approaches.
Implicit communication of food product healthfulness through package design: A content analysis
Authors: Festila Alexandra , Chrysochou Polymeros
Published: July 2018

How do food companies use package design to communicate healthfulness? The present study addresses this question by investigating the most typical implicit package design elements used by food companies for their health‐positioned food products. Using a content analysis on the packaging design of 12 food product categories across two countries (Denmark and the United States), our findings indicate that (a) implicit package design elements (colors, imagery, material, and shape) differ between health‐positioned and regular products, and (b) these differences are product category specific rather than universal. Our results contribute to knowledge on how package design is used as a health communication tool.
The mRNA‐binding protein Serbp1 as an auxiliary protein associated with mammalian cytoplasmic ribosomes
Authors: Muto Akiko , Sugihara Yoshihiko , Shibakawa Minami , Oshima Kenzi , Matsuda Tsukasa , Nadano Daita
Published: July 2018

While transcription plays an obviously important role in gene expression, translation has recently been emerged as a key step that defines the composition and quality of the proteome in the cell of higher eukaryotes including mammals. Selective translation is supposed to be regulated by the structural heterogeneity of cytoplasmic ribosomes including differences in protein composition and chemical modifications. However, the current knowledge on the heterogeneity of mammalian ribosomes is limited. Here, we report mammalian Serbp1 as a ribosome‐associated protein. The translated products of Serbp1 gene, including the longest isoform, were found to be localized in the nucleolus as well as in the cytoplasm. Subcellular fractionation indicated that most of cytoplasmic Serbp1 molecules were precipitated by ultracentrifugation. Proteomic analysis identified Serbp1 in the cytoplasmic ribosomes of the rodent testis. Polysome profiling suggested that Serbp1, as a component of the small 40S subunit, was included in translating ribosomes (polysomes). Cosedimentation of Serbp1 with the 40S subunit was observed after dissociation of the ribosomal subunits. Serbp1 was also included in the ribosomes of human cancer cells, which may lead to a mechanistic understanding of an emerging link between Serbp1 and tumour progression.

Significance of the study

In mammalian cells, the final protein output of their genetic program is determined not only by controlling transcription but also by regulating the posttranscriptional events. Although mRNA‐binding proteins and the cytoplasmic ribosome have long been recognized as central players in the posttranscriptional regulation, their physical and functional interactions are still far from a complete understanding. Here, we describe the intracellular localization of Serbp1, an mRNA‐binding protein, and the inclusion of this protein in actively translating ribosomes in normal and cancer cells. These findings shed a new light into molecular mechanisms underlying Serbp1 action in translational gene regulation and tumour progression.
A New Method for the Precise and Complete Correction of Distortion on Cineangiographic Image: Its Effect on Left Ventricular Measurements
Authors: Bonard P. , Tremblay G. , LeBlanc A.-R. , Bertrand M. , Roberge F. A.
Published: July 2018

Some of the problems associated with the precise evaluation of left ventricular volumes from angiographic images are due to the magnification and distortion of the pictures obtained from X‐ray equipment. Magnification errors can be evaluated easily but the distortion (due to pincushion effect) are more difficult to measure. A mathematical method is proposed for a complete point‐by‐point correction of errors due to magnification and X‐ray distortion. This method is applicable to most currently used angiographic equipment. Since more and more angiographic images are processed with local or remote digital computers, the applicability of the proposed technique becomes realistic. Results from this study show that a 5–30% overestimation of usual geometric ventricular parameters is encountered if no correction is made for distortion. End‐diastolic measurements are more affected than end‐systolic ones because of the greater degree of spherical distortion at the periphery of the picture area.
Submitral Annular Left Ventricular Aneurysm—Unusual Echocardiographic and Angiographic Features
Authors: Thadani Udho , Lynn R. Beverly , Parker John O.
Published: July 2018

A submitral annular left ventricular aneurysm in a Nigerian patient is described. The features consisted of an abnormal bulge on the left heart border with curvilinear calcification, an echo‐free space behind the posterior left ventricular wall, and unusual angiographic appearance of the left circumflex coronary artery. The diagnosis was confirmed by pulmonary artery and left ventricular angiography. The patient underwent open heart surgery and a multiloculated submitral annular left ventricular aneurysm which was adherent to the pericardium was successfully resected.
Late Right Ventricular Failure After Mustard Operation for Transposition of the Great Arteries
Authors: Nixon J. V. , Atkins James M. , Curry George C. , Buja L. Maximilian , Miller William W.
Published: July 2018

The clinical course and postmortem findings of an unusual case of complete transposition of the great arteries, in which the Mustard operation was not performed until the patient was 12 years of age, are documented with serial catheterizations showing adequate repair. The clinical course of the patient was uneventful for 8 years after surgery, when right (systemic) ventricular failure occurred, resulting in the patient's death at 20 years of age. Late cardiac failure, the cause of death, is not a commonly described problem after successful surgical repair of transposition of the great arteries.
Radionuclide Scintigraphy in the Evaluation of Ventricular Septal Defect Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Wynne Joshua , Fishbein Michael C. , Holman B. Leonard , Alpert Joseph S.
Published: July 2018

A 67‐year‐old man with an autopsy‐proven ventricular septal defect (VSD) following an acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction underwent bedside evaluation by radionuclide imaging techniques. The presence of the VSD was confirmed, and the size of the shunt determined by qualitative and quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. In addition, radionuclide ventriculography permitted assessment of global as well as regional left ventricular function.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by salicylate intoxication
Authors: Otani Yuichiro , Kanno Keishi , Toh Yoon Ezekiel Wong , Tazuma Susumu
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

Salicylate‐induced acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS) is a well‐known entity occurring in 35% of salicylate‐intoxicated patient. Careful history taking, physical examination, arterial blood gas analysis, and measurement of serum salicylate concentration will lead to early recognition to initiate appropriate treatment.
Immobilization of β‐Glucosidase BglC on Decanedioic Acid‐Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Nuo , Wu Rina , Fu Qiang , Wang Hongling , Zhang Zheng , Haji Ze , Li Xiutong , Lian Xinglong , An Yingfeng
Published: July 2018

β‐Glucosidase BglC from Thermobifida fusca was efficiently immobilized on decanedioic acid‐modified magnetic nanoparticles (DMNP). Interestingly, the immobilized BglC showed much higher organic solvent stability than the free enzyme, indicating that this enzyme immobilized on DMNP should be especially suitable for catalyzing reactions in organic solvents. Additionally, the immobilized BglC also showed better thermal stability, storage stability, and mechanical stability than the free counterpart. Moreover, the reuse times were satisfactory and even crude plant materials (e.g., rice husk and corn cob) were used as substrates, which should be valuable for the decomposition of natural organic materials and the full utilization of bioresources.
Advantage of Low‐Cost Predictive Control: Study Case on a Train of Distillation Columns
Authors: Muresan Cristina I. , Ionescu Clara M. , Dulf Eva H. , Rusu-Both Roxana , Folea Silviu
Published: July 2018

The process of enriching the 13C isotope, performed in trains of cryogenic distillation columns, exhibits large settling times, nonlinearities, large dead‐times, and are difficult to model precisely. Such equipment has been developed in Romania, with concentration increasing up to 70 %. A control analysis for a single unit has already been done including a decentralized multivariable PI controller and two decoupling control algorithms based on the internal model control (IMC) approach. Here, a multivariable predictive controller, the extended prediction self‐adaptive controller is proposed. The simulation results, considering significant modeling errors, demonstrate that this represents a more suitable choice than the previously designed strategies. Comparisons are included to support this idea.
Hierarchically Multiporous Carbon Nanotube/Co3O4 Composite as an Anode Material for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Xiao , Tian Xiaodong , Yang Tao , Song Yan , Liu Zhanjun
Published: July 2018

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and porous Co3O4 nanorod (Co3O4 p‐NR) composites are self‐assembled to form a hierarchical porous structure through a facile hydrothermal method to meet the requirements of long cycle life, high capacity, and excellent rate capability for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. CNTs are embedded in Co3O4 p‐NR clusters to form a 3D conductivity network, which reduces the transportation resistance of electrons and ions. Co3O4 p‐NRs are assembled from nanoparticles, which enlarge the contact area between electrode and electrolyte to provide more space to buffer the large volumetric changes associated with repeated electrochemical reactions and maintain the structural integrity. The obtained samples exhibit a high reversible capacity (1083 mA h g−1 after 140 cycles at 0.5 Ag−1), superior rate capability (521 mA h g−1 at 8 Ag−1), and excellent cyclic stability, with a capacity decay of 0.57 mA h g−1 per cycle at a high current of 1 Ag−1 over 200 cycles. The specific heterodimensional structure gives rise to a new approach to exploit high‐performance electrode materials.
Ho‐Mediated Alkyne Reactions at Low Temperatures on Ag(111)
Authors: Hellwig Raphael , Uphoff Martin , Paintner Tobias , Björk Jonas , Ruben Mario , Klappenberger Florian , Barth Johannes V.
Published: July 2018

Low‐temperature approaches to catalytic conversions promise efficiency, selectivity, and sustainable processes. Control over certain coupling reactions can be obtained via the pre‐positioning of reactive moieties by self‐assembly. However, in the striving field of on‐surface synthesis atomistic precision and control remains largely elusive, because the employed coupling reactions proceed at temperatures beyond the thermal stability of the supramolecular templates. Here, utilizing scanning tunneling microscopy, we demonstrate terminal alkyne on‐surface reactions mediated by Ho atoms at a weakly reactive Ag(111) substrate at low‐temperatures. Density functional theory calculations confirm the catalytic activity of the involved adatoms. Pre‐deposited Ho induces alkyne dehydrogenation starting at substrate temperatures as low as 100 K. Ho arriving at molecularly pre‐covered surfaces held at 130 and 200 K produces covalent enyne‐linked dimers and initiates cyclotrimerization, respectively. Statistical product analysis indicates a two‐step pathway for the latter, whereby the enyne intermediates influence the distribution of the products. High chemoselectivity results from the absence of cyclotetramerization and diyne‐forming homocoupling. Our analysis indicates that mainly the arriving Ho adatoms enable the coupling. These findings support the concept of dynamic heterogeneity by single‐atom catalysts and pave the way for alternative means to control on‐surface reactions.
A risk score assessment tool for peripheral arterial disease in women: From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Mansoor Hend , Elgendy Islam Y. , Williams Renessa S. , Joseph Verlin W. , Hong Young‐Rock , Mainous Arch G.
Published: July 2018

Background

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) carries a significant morbidity and mortality. Women are more commonly affected with this condition and are mostly asymptomatic, and undertreated. The objective of the study was to develop and validate a simple risk score to identify women with PAD.

Hypothesis

Identifying those at early stage of the disease could help reduce the risk of complications.

Methods

Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999‐2004, we identified women who had data on ankle brachial index. The cohort was divided into development (70%) and validation (30%) groups. Using variables that are self‐reported or measured without laboratory data, we developed a multivariable logistic regression to predict PAD, which was evaluated in the validation cohort.

Results

A total of 150.6 million women were included. A diagnosis of PAD was reported in 13.7%. Age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, non‐oral contraceptive pill usage, and parity were all independently associated with PAD. The C‐statistics was 0.74, with good calibration. The model showed good stability in the validation cohort (C‐statistics 0.73).

Conclusion

This parsimonious risk model is a valid tool for risk prediction of PAD in women, and could be easily applied in routine clinical practice.
Rational Design of Superior, Coking‐Resistant, Nickel‐Based Anodes through Tailoring Interfacial Reactions for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operated on Methane Fuel
Authors: Qu Jifa , Wang Wei , Chen Yubo , Li Haidong , Zhong Yijun , Yang Guangming , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping
Published: July 2018

The reaction between a Ni−Y2O3‐stabilized ZrO2 (Ni‐YSZ) cermet anode and La5.4WO12−δ (LW) during cell fabrication is utilized to reduce carbon deposition in solid oxide fuel cells operated on methane fuel. The effect of the phase reactions on the microstructure, electrical conductivity, chemical interactions, and coking resistance of the anodes are systematically investigated. NixWy and La‐doped YSZ are formed by phase reactions and the synergistic effect between them increases the coking resistance dramatically. 2 wt % is demonstrated to be the optimal amount of LW to modify Ni‐YSZ to achieve best coking resistance. The cell with Ni‐YSZ‐2 wt % LW anode demonstrates a superior peak power density of 943 mW cm−2 at 800 °C with humidified methane as fuel, which is 10 % higher than that of Ni‐YSZ (859 mW cm−2). Furthermore, the cell is stable for 200 h in methane fuel with no clear performance degradation while the cell with unmodified anode fails after 0.5 h's operation. In summary, we provide a new way to rationally design Ni‐based cermet anode with high electrocatalytic activity and excellent coking resistance.
Relationships between plant drought response, traits, and climate of origin for green roof plant selection
Authors: Du Pengzhen , Arndt Stefan K. , Farrell Claire
Published: July 2018

The ideal species for green or vegetated roofs should have high water use after rainfall to maximize stormwater retention but also survive periods with low water availability in dry substrates. Shrubs have great potential for green roofs because they have higher rates of water use, and many species are also drought tolerant. However, not all shrub species will be suitable and there may be a trade‐off between water use and drought tolerance. We conducted a glasshouse experiment to determine the possible trade‐offs between shrub water use for stormwater management and their response to drought conditions. We selected 20 shrubs from a wide range of climates of origin, represented by heat moisture index (HMI) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). Under well‐watered (WW) and water‐deficit (WD) conditions, we assessed morphological responses to water availability; evapotranspiration rate (ET) and midday water potential (ΨMD) were used to evaluate species water use and drought response. In response to WD, all 20 shrubs adjusted their morphology and physiology. However, there were no species that simultaneously achieved high rates of water use (high ET) under WW and high drought tolerance (low ΨMD) under WD conditions. Although some species which had high water use under WW conditions could avoid drought stress (high ΨMD). Water use was strongly related to plant biomass, total leaf area, and leaf traits (specific leaf area [SLA] and leaf area ratio [LAR]). Conversely, drought response (ΨMD) was not related to morphological traits. Species’ climate of origin was not related to drought response or water use. Drought‐avoiding shrubs (high ΨMD) could optimize rainfall reduction on green roofs. Water use was related to biomass, leaf area, and leaf traits; thus, these traits could be used to assist the selection of shrubs for stormwater mitigation on green roofs. The natural distribution of species was not related to their water use or drought response, which suggests that shrubs from less arid climates may be suitable for use on green roofs. Selecting species based on traits and not climate of origin could both improve green roof performance and biodiversity outcomes by expanding the current plant palette.
Compound‐specific isotope analysis of benthic foraminifer amino acids suggests microhabitat variability in rocky‐shore environments
Authors: Tsuchiya Masashi , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Nomaki Hidetaka , Sasaki Yoko , Tame Akihiro , Uematsu Katsuyuki , Ohkouchi Naohiko
Published: July 2018

The abundance and biomass of benthic foraminifera are high in intertidal rocky‐shore habitats. However, the availability of food to support their high biomass has been poorly studied in these habitats compared to those at seafloor covered by sediments. Previous field and laboratory observations have suggested that there is diversity in the food preferences and modes of life among rocky‐shore benthic foraminifera. In this study, we used the stable nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids to estimate the trophic position, trophic niche, and feeding strategy of individual foraminifera species. We also characterized the configuration and structure of the endobiotic microalgae in foraminifera using transmission electron microscopy, and we identified the origin of endobionts based on nucleotide sequences. Our results demonstrated a large variation in the trophic positions of different foraminifera from the same habitat, a reflection of endobiotic features and the different modes of life and food preferences of the foraminifera. Foraminifera did not rely solely on exogenous food sources. Some species effectively used organic matter derived from endobionts in the cell cytoplasm. The high biomass and species density of benthic foraminifera found in intertidal rocky‐shore habitats are thus probably maintained by the use of multiple nitrogen resources and by microhabitat segregation among species as a consequence.
Laboulbeniales hyperparasites (Fungi, Ascomycota) of bat flies: Independent origins and host associations
Authors: Haelewaters Danny , Page Rachel A. , Pfister Donald H.
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to explore the diversity of ectoparasitic fungi (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) that use bat flies (Diptera, Hippoboscoidea) as hosts. Bat flies themselves live as ectoparasites on the fur and wing membranes of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera); hence this is a tripartite parasite system. Here, we collected bats, bat flies, and Laboulbeniales, and conducted phylogenetic analyses of Laboulbeniales to contrast morphology with ribosomal sequence data. Parasitism of bat flies by Laboulbeniales arose at least three times independently, once in the Eastern Hemisphere (Arthrorhynchus) and twice in the Western Hemisphere (Gloeandromyces, Nycteromyces). We hypothesize that the genera Arthrorhynchus and Nycteromyces evolved independently from lineages of ectoparasites of true bugs (Hemiptera). We assessed phylogenetic diversity of the genus Gloeandromyces by considering the LSU rDNA region. Phenotypic plasticity and position‐induced morphological adaptations go hand in hand. Different morphotypes belong to the same phylogenetic species. Two species, G. pageanus and G. streblae, show divergence by host utilization. In our assessment of coevolution, we only observe congruence between the Old World clades of bat flies and Laboulbeniales. The other associations are the result of the roosting ecology of the bat hosts. This study has considerably increased our knowledge about bats and their associated ectoparasites and shown the necessity of including molecular data in Laboulbeniales taxonomy.
Food quality and quantity are more important in explaining foraging of an intermediate‐sized mammalian herbivore than predation risk or competition
Authors: Weterings Martijn J. A. , Moonen Sander , Prins Herbert H. T. , van Wieren Sipke E. , van Langevelde Frank
Published: July 2018

During times of high activity by predators and competitors, herbivores may be forced to forage in patches of low‐quality food. However, the relative importance in determining where and what herbivores forage still remains unclear, especially for small‐ and intermediate‐sized herbivores. Our objective was to test the relative importance of predator and competitor activity, and forage quality and quantity on the proportion of time spent in a vegetation type and the proportion of time spent foraging by the intermediate‐sized herbivore European hare (Lepus europaeus). We studied red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as a predator species and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a competitor. We investigated the time spent at a location and foraging time of hare usingGPSwith accelerometers. Forage quality and quantity were analyzed based on hand‐plucked samples of a selection of the locally most important plant species in the diet of hare. Predator activity and competitor activity were investigated using a network of camera traps. Hares spent a higher proportion of time in vegetation types that contained a higher percentage of fibers (i.e.,NDF). Besides, hares spent a higher proportion of time in vegetation types that contained relatively low food quantity and quality of forage (i.e., high percentage of fibers) during days that foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were more active. Also during days that rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were more active, hares spent a higher proportion of time foraging in vegetation types that contained a relatively low quality of forage. Although predation risk affected space use and foraging behavior, and competition affected foraging behavior, our study shows that food quality and quantity more strongly affected space use and foraging behavior than predation risk or competition. It seems that we need to reconsider the relative importance of the landscape of food in a world of fear and competition.
Design of an I‐PD control system with low‐pass filter and its application
Authors: Aridome Hokuto , Nakamoto Masayoshi , Wakitani Shin , Yamamoto Toru
Published: July 2018

Low‐pass filters are effective for noise reduction in control systems. This article treats an integral‐proportional derivative‐type PID (I‐PD) control system with low‐pass filter. First, we show a closed‐loop transfer function from reference value to the output of the system. The I‐PD controller is designed based on the pole placement method. Second, we introduce several conditions of the controller to be satisfied. Finally, we present that the proposed methods have obtained a good result by a simulation example and an experimental result of speed control for a DC motor.
Optimizing the choice of a spatial weighting matrix in eigenvector‐based methods
Authors: Bauman David , Drouet Thomas , Fortin Marie‐Josée , Dray Stéphane
Published: July 2018

Eigenvector‐mapping methods such as Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) are derived from a spatial weighting matrix (SWM) that describes the relations among a set of sampled sites. The specification of the SWM is a crucial step, but the SWM is generally chosen arbitrarily, regardless of the sampling design characteristics. Here, we compare the statistical performances of different types of SWMs (distance‐based or graph‐based) in contrasted realistic simulation scenarios. Then, we present an optimization method and evaluate its performances compared to the arbitrary choice of the most‐widely used distance‐based SWM. Results showed that the distance‐based SWMs generally had lower power and accuracy than other specifications, and strongly underestimated spatial signals. The optimization method, using a correction procedure for multiple tests, had a correct type I error rate, and had higher power and accuracy than an arbitrary choice of the SWM. Nevertheless, the power decreased when too many SWMs were compared, resulting in a trade‐off between the gain of accuracy and the loss of power. We advocate that future studies should optimize the choice of the SWM using a small set of appropriate candidates. R functions to implement the optimization are available in the adespatial package and are detailed in a tutorial.
Encapsulation of Fish Oil Into Low‐Cost Alginate Beads and EPA‐DHA Release in a Rumino‐Intestinal In Vitro Digestion Model
Authors: Olloqui Enrique J. , Castañeda‐Ovando Araceli , Contreras‐López Elizabeth , Hernandez‐Sanchez David , Tapia‐Maruri Daniel , Piloni‐Martini Javier , Añorve‐Morga Javier
Published: July 2018

Fish oil‐origin eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are encapsulated with formulated alginate to prevent biohydrogenation in the rumen. Beads are formulated with 0.3%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of alginate. Bead surface pore‐formation is characterized by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Observed pore sizes according to alginate concentration are 17–33 μm (0.3%), 10–18 μm (1.0%), and 5–10 μm (2.0%). Release of EPA and DHA is evaluated during ruminal, abomasal, and intestinal simulated digestion. Beads shows high percentage of encapsulation efficiency (91.39% from EPA and 93.51% from DHA). Beads designed (1.0%) allows to obtain EPA release of 13.65% (ruminal digestion), 29.07% (abomasal digestion), and 28.21% (intestinal digestion); while, DHA releases under the same conditions are: 18.55%, 26.78%, and 43.16%, respectively. Beads with 1.0% of alginate had the best release pattern during ruminal simulated digestion allowing an increased intestinal availability of EPA and DHA.

Practical Applications: Fish oil encapsulation into alginate beads is a good alternative for ruminant diets supplementation, which will allow to get animal origin food (milk and meat, mainly) enriched with essential fatty acids such as EPA and DHA.

Alginate beads are used as encapsulating material to prevent the biohydrogenation of EPA and DHA fatty acids during simulated ruminal digestion. The encapsulated efficiency and the release are calculated by GC
Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis
Authors: Malá Zdena , Gebauer Petr
Published: July 2018

This review brings a survey of studies on analytical ITP published since 2016 until the first quarter of 2018 and includes chapters about theory and principles, instrumentation and techniques, and analytical applications of ITP. It shows the position of analytical ITP among contemporary separation techniques, where particularly its unique concentrating capabilities keep the interest to include it into novel high‐sensitivity analytical procedures. The reviewed papers are considered according to their nature, techniques used, and instrumentation employed. The significance of electrolyte system composition is emphasized by providing explicit values where possible.
Transferability of a calibrated numerical model of rock avalanche run‐out: Application to 20 rock avalanches on the Nuussuaq Peninsula, West Greenland
Authors: Benjamin J. , Rosser N.J. , Dunning S.A. , Hardy R.J. , Kelfoun K. , Szczuciński W.
Published: July 2018

Long run‐out rock avalanches are one of the most hazardous geomorphic processes, and risk assessments of the threat they pose are often reliant on numerical modelling of their potential run‐out distance. The development of such models requires a thorough understanding of past flow behaviour inferred from deposits emplaced by previous events. Despite this, few records exist of multiple rock avalanches that occurred in conditions sufficiently consistent to develop a set of more generalised, and hence transferrable, rules. We conduct field and imagery‐based mapping and use numerical modelling to investigate the emplacement of 20 adjacent rock avalanches on the southern flanks of the Nuussuaq peninsula, West Greenland. The rock avalanches run out towards the Vaigat Strait, and are sourced from a range of coastal mountains of relatively uniform geology. We calibrate a three‐dimensional continuum dynamic flow code, VolcFlow, with data from a modern, well‐constrained event that occurred at Paatuut (ad 2000). The best‐fit model assumes a constant retarding stress with a collisional stress coefficient, simulating run‐out to within ±0.3% of that observed. This calibration was then used to model the emplacement of deposits from five other neighbouring rock avalanches before simulating the general characteristics of a further 14 rock avalanche deposits on simplified topography. Our findings illustrate that a single calibration of VolcFlow can account for the observed deposit morphology of a uniquely large collection of rock avalanche deposits, emplaced by a series of events spanning a large volume range. Although the prevailing approach of tuning models to a specific case may be useful for detailed back‐analysis of that event, we show that more generally applied models, even using a single pair of rheological parameters, can be used to model potential rock avalanches of varied volumes in a region and, therefore, to assess the risks that they pose. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Palaeozoic accretionary tectonics of West Kunlun Orogen: Insights from Datong granitoids, mafic–ultramafic complexes, and Silurian–Devonian sandstones, Xinjiang, NW China
Authors: Li Yongchen , Xiao Wenjiao , Tian Zhonghua
Published: July 2018

The Datong area is located in the western part of the Western Kunlun Orogen (WKO), occupying a key area of the Tethyan domain. Our new SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages from the Datong area provide new information about the Palaeozoic evolution of the Western Kunlun Orogen. A 473.0 ± 2.8 Ma granite with 493.6 ± 4.8 Ma inherited zircons from the Kusilafu extrusive rocks is interpretation as an A‐type granite formed in a fore‐arc tectonic setting. The 485.5 ± 1.9 Ma granitoid of the Datongdong pluton combined with the 452.7 ± 7 Ma granitoid of the Datong pluton indicate that the Datong pluton is an intra‐oceanic arc complex formed by the southern subduction of the Proto‐Tethyan ocean crust. Zircons from gabbros of the Datong mafic–ultramafic complex have a 499.2 ± 2.1 Ma U–Pb crystallization age. Combined with its complicated whole‐rock geochemistry, we propose that there may have existed a Datong seamount in the early Palaeozoic. The detrital zircon results of Silurian–Devonian sandstones reveal that the Late Silurian sandstones have the characteristic zircons both from the Tarim Block and Datong Arc, suggesting that the Datong arc collided with the Tarim Block in the Late Silurian. The tectonic history of the WKO was characterized by a southern subduction of Proto‐Tethys terminated in the Late Silurian.
Depositional facies controls on the diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Messinian Qawasim and Abu Madi formations, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: Leila Mahmoud , Moscariello Andrea , Šegvić Branimir
Published: July 2018

The Messinian Qawasim and Abu Madi formations are the main hydrocarbon exploration targets in the onshore Nile Delta. Qawasim Formation constitutes prograditional deltaic system from prodelta and distal delta‐front (distal deltaic facies) to proximal delta‐front and delta‐plain (proximal deltaic facies). Abu Madi sediments on the other hand change upward from continental subaerial gravity‐flow and fluvial facies to marginal‐marine estuarine facies. The seismic attribute (RMS amplitude) and petrophysical analyses revealed that solely the Qawasim proximal deltaic and Abu Madi fluvial facies define the potential reservoir targets. The reservoir quality of the Qawasim distal deltaic and the Abu Madi estuarine facies was completely deteriorated during eodiagenesis by calcite and glauconite cementation (mean > 7.3% and 4.5%, respectively). Conversely, the depositional setting of the Qawasim proximal deltaic and Abu Madi fluvial facies favoured a precipitation of scattered eodiagenetic calcite (mean < 2.5%), which supported the facies framework against mechanical compaction and preserved the intergranular volume (IGV). Chemical compaction, smectite infiltration, quartz cementation, and clay minerals authigenesis were more pronounced in the relatively deeper Abu Madi fluvial facies. These burial attributes caused a large‐scale reservoir heterogeneity. Therefore, the relatively shallower Qawasim proximal deltaic facies presents the best reservoir target in the Messinian sequence of the Nile Delta. This study reveals that in analogous systems, the depositional environment largely controls the diagenetic pathways and, hence, the reservoir quality.
Zircon U–Pb dating, geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopes of the subvolcanic intrusion from Beina Pb–Zn–(Ag) deposit in the southern Lhasa terrane, Tibet: Implications for petrogenesis and mineralization
Authors: Liu Jun , Zheng Youye , Gao Shunbao , Jiang Junsheng , Cao Huawen
Published: July 2018

The Beina Pb–Zn–(Ag) deposit is a newly discovered deposit situated in the southern Lhasa terrane, Tibet. LA‐ICP‐MS U–Pb dating for the ore‐bearing rhyolite porphyry indicates that it was emplaced at 64.6 Ma. The Beina rhyolite porphyry displays high SiO2 (74.31–76.52 wt%), K2O + Na2O (6.99–8.05 wt%), and A/CNK (0.97–1.33), similar to the peraluminous S‐type granites related to Pb–Zn–(Ag) mineralization in the central Lhasa terrane. The Beina rhyolite porphyry is strongly depleted in Nb, Ta, Ti, P, Sr, and Ba, enriched in Rb, K, Th, U, and Pb, enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs), slightly depleted in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) (LaN/YbN = 6.52–9.28), and has moderate negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.38–0.48), showing an arc affinity. It also shows high CaO/Na2O ratios (0.21–0.73), low Rb/Ba (0.30–0.46), and Rb/Sr ratios (1.17–4.01), indicating that it was mainly derived from partial melting of a clay‐poor, plagioclase‐rich metapsammitic source. The samples have relatively high 87Sr/86Sr(i) (0.7084–0.7092) and Pb isotopes (206Pb/204Pb = 18.61–18.74, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.65–15.68, 208Pb/204Pb = 38.99–39.14) and low εNd(t) (−8.6 to −7.2) and εHf(t) (−8.6 to −4.8) values, yielding ancient two‐stage Nd model ages (1,459–1,569 Ma) and two‐stage Hf model ages (1,433–1,684 Ma), respectively. The Beina rhyolite porphyry was formed at relatively high temperatures (average 817°C) according to zircon saturation thermometer. These results reveal that Beina rhyolite porphyry was generated by partial melting of ancient crustal materials (dominated by metapsammite) heated by mantle‐derived magma during rollback of the Neo‐Tethyan oceanic slab. In addition, our research suggests that both I‐ and S‐type granites related to Pb–Zn mineralization are believed to exist in the Lhasa terrane. Similar to the central Lhasa terrane, the middle segment of the southern Lhasa terrane (83°E–87°E) is also an ancient block, large‐scaled silicic volcanic rocks of the Linzizong Group, and coeval plutons are widely exposed and several Pb–Zn deposits have recently been discovered in the Nuocang–Chazi area. All these facts indicate that there is a great potential for prospecting of intrusions‐related Pb–Zn deposits in the middle segment of the southern Lhasa terrane.
First tetrapod footprints from the Permian of Sardinia and their palaeontological and stratigraphical significance
Authors: Citton Paolo , Ronchi Ausonio , Maganuco Simone , Caratelli Martina , Nicosia Umberto , Sacchi Eva , Romano Marco
Published: July 2018

The Torre del Porticciolo palaeontological locality (Alghero, north‐west Sardinia, Italy) is important for having provided the skeletal remains of the first Permian basal synapsid from Italy, Alierasaurus ronchii, the largest late early Permian to early middle Permian non‐therapsid synapsid known to date. Recently, other skeletal remains preliminarily attributed to a carnivorous non‐therapsid synapsid were described from a second site, approximately from the same stratigraphic level within the Cala del Vino Fm. During the excavation of this second site, tetrapod tracks were found near Cala Viola, about 1 km from the first two sites. The new find represents the first ichnological record from the Permian of Sardinia. The ichnological analysis allowed the recognition of tetrapods presently not recognized, just on the base of skeletal remains. This new evidence sheds more light on the faunal diversity within the Cala del Vino Fm., which is one of the few examples in the Permian of Europe of a combined ichno‐ and body‐fossil record. The tracks have been referred to as Merifontichnus, an ichnotaxon established from the uppermost portion of the Permian succession of the Lodève Basin in southern France. The new material is the first reliable occurrence of this ichnotaxon from Italy and would represent, to date, the oldest occurrence of the ichnogenus.
Impacts of environmental stressors on the water resources of intensively managed hydrologic systems
Authors: Botero‐Acosta Alejandra , Chu Maria L. , Stumpf Andrew J.
Published: July 2018

Watersheds are complex systems due to their surface and subsurface spatially connected water fluxes and biochemical processes that shape Earth's critical zone. In intensively managed landscapes, the implementation of watershed management practices (WMPs) regulate their short‐term responses, whereas climate variability controls the long‐term processes. Understanding their responses to anthropogenic and natural stressors requires a holistic approach that takes into account their multiscale spatio‐temporal linkages. The objective of this study was to simulate the impacts of spatially and temporally varying WMPs and projected climate changes on the surface and groundwater resources in the Upper Sangamon River Basin (USRB), a watershed in central Illinois greatly impacted by agricultural and industrial operations. The physically based hydrologic model MIKE‐SHE was used to simulate the hydrologic responses of the basin to different WMPs and climatic conditions. The simulation of a WMP was varied spatially across the basin to determine the spectrum of responses and critical conditions. In general, the wetlands and forested riparian buffer scenarios were found to cause a reduction in the average streamflow, whereas crop rotation had varied responses depending on the location of implementation and the climate condition assumed. Reductions of up to 30% in the average streamflow were found for the forested riparian buffer under the ESM 2M climate projections, whereas an increase of up to 13% with the crop rotation schemes under CM3 climate was predicted. The model results showed that the installation of tile drains across the USRB increased the water table depth (from ground level) by up to 56%, making crop production possible. Groundwater level in USRB appeared to be more sensitive to future climatic conditions than to WMP implementation. The impacts of WMPs are determined to depend on the climate conditions under which they are applied. Investigating individual and combined stressors' effects over the critical zone at a watershed scale can lead to a more comprehensive analysis of the risk and trade‐offs in every managerial decision that will enable an efficient use of resources.
The impact of cell fixation on coherent anti‐stokes Raman scattering signal intensity in neuronal and glial cell lines
Authors: Levchenko Svitlana M. , Peng Xiao , Liu Liwei , Qu Junle
Published: July 2018

A number of studies require sample fixation, aimed to preserve cells in a physiological state with minimal changes of morphology and intracellular molecular content. Sample fixation may significantly distort experimental data, which makes the data interpretation process more challenging. It is particularly important for study of lipid‐related diseases, where the biochemical and morphological characteristics of the cells need to be well preserved for an accurate data analysis. This study investigates the effects of formaldehyde and ethanol (EtOH) fixatives on coherent anti‐stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signal of proteins and lipids in major cellular compartments of neuronal and glial cells. We found that both fixatives induce alteration of proteins and lipids signal in studied cell lines. Furthermore, the impact of sample preservation methods on CARS signal varies between cell lines. For instance, our data reveals that EtOH fixation induces ~45% increase of CARS signal of proteins in the nucleolus of neuronal cells and ~35% decrease of CARS signal in glial cells. The results indicate that aldehyde fixation is a preferable method for preservation of neuronal and glial cells prior to CARS imaging, as it less affects both CARS signal and intracellular distribution of proteins and lipids.