bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resting heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: CODE-AF registry
Authors: Park H , Yu HT , Kim TH , Park J , Park JK , Kang KW , Shim J , Kim JB , Kim J , Choi EK , Park HW , Lee YS , Joung B
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

The prognostic significance of resting heart rate and its therapeutic target in atrial fibrillation (AF) is uncertain.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between resting heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AF.

Methods

A total of 8,886 patients with AF was included from the COmparison study of Drugs for symptom control and complication prEvention of AF (CODE-AF) registry. Patients were categorized according to baseline heart rate, and cardiovascular outcomes were accessed during a median follow-up of 30 months. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, hospitalization due to heart failure, and myocardial infarction/critical limb ischemia.

Results

Compared to heart rate ≥100 beats per minute (bpm), heart rate 80-99 bpm was associated with the lowest risk of primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40-0.79, p=0.001). In subgroup of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), heart rate between 80-99 bpm was associated with reduced risk of primary outcome compared to heart rate ≥100 bpm (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.16-0.98, p=0.045). However, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), there was no association between resting heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes (P for interaction 0.001).

Conclusion

Resting heart rate was associated with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AF, and those with a resting heart rate between 80-99 bpm had the lowest risk of adverse events. The impact of resting heart rate on adverse events persisted in patients with concomitant HFpEF but was not apparent in those with concomitant HFrEF.
Biventricular versus conduction system pacing after atrioventricular node ablation in heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Ivanovski M , Zupan Meznar A , Mrak M , Antolic B , Klemen L , Stublar J , Jan M , Pernat A , Zizek D
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Atrioventricular node ablation (AVNA) with biventricular (BiV) pacing is an established treatment option for heart failure (HF) patients with drug refractory atrial fibrillation (AF) (1). However, compared to conduction system pacing (CSP) modalities, including His bundle pacing (HBP) and left bundle branch pacing (LBBP), BiV pacing delivers non-physiological ventricular activation (2).

Purpose

To compare clinical outcomes of BiV pacing and both CSP modalities in HF patients with symptomatic AF who underwent AVNA.

Methods

Consecutive AF patients with LV ejection fraction (LVEF <50%) who received either BiV pacing or CSP in conjunction with AVNA between May 2015 and July 2021 were retrospectively analysed. Procedural characteristics, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and clinical parameters were assessed at baseline and 6 months after the procedure.

Results

Fifty-five patients (male 43.6%, age 71 years (IQR 10), LVEF 39% (IQR 14)) were included. Thirteen patients (23.6%) received BiV pacing, 30 patients (54.5%) HBP and 12 patients (21.8%) LBBP. All groups had similar baseline characteristics, acute success rate and adverse events. Post-procedural QRS duration was significantly shorter (p<0.01) in CSP (118 ms (IQR 28)) than in BiV pacing (172 ms (IQR 18)). While NYHA class improved in both HBP (p<0.01) and LBBP (p=0.01), it did not improve in BiV group (p=0.1) At follow-up, end systolic volume (ESVi) decreased in both HBP (48±20 to 32±12 mL/m2, p<0.01) and LBBP (62±22 to 52±22 mL/m2, p=0.02), but did not differ in BiV pacing group (51±12 to 53±14 mL/m2, p=0.6). Similarly, LVEF increased in HBP (form 39% (IQR 16) to 53% (IQR 14), p<0.01) and LBBP (from 41% (IQR 23) to 40% (IQR 25), p=0.04), but did not change in BiV group (from 38% (IQR 5) to 37% (IQR 6), p=0.9). Significantly lower (p<0.01) pacing thresholds were achieved in LBBP (0.75 V at 0.5 ms (IQR 0.3)) than in HBP group (1.0 V at 0.5 ms (IQR 1)). Two patients in HBP group were switched to right ventricular pacing due to rise in HBP threshold. In the remaining patients threshold remained stable during follow-up.

Conclusion

Conduction system pacing modalities showed superior symptomatic and echocardiographic improvement compared to BiV pacing after AVNA. While LBBP offered lower and more stable pacing parameters, there were no differences in clinical outcomes and echocardiographic remodelling when compared to HBP.
Short-term outcomes of catheter ablation in atrial fibrillation in patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Uzokov J , Alyavi BA , Payziev DD , Mukhitdinova OY , Orziev DZ
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Metabolic syndrome is widely discussed lately and it is consists of several components, which in turns exaggerates the development of the cardiovascular disease and rhythm disorders. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is considered one of the common type of heart rhythm disorders. Effects of metabolic syndrome components on outcomes of catheter ablation in AF remain poorly understood.

Purpose

Assess the influence of metabolic syndrome and its components on short-term outcomes of catheter ablation on atrial fibrillation.

Methods

We carried out a retrospective analysis of 120 patients who underwent atrial fibrillation ablation for the first time. 60 out of them were diagnosed with concomitant MetS (Group I) whereas 60 without MetS (Group II). Clinical outcomes, cardiovascular and all caused hospitalizations, procedural complications, AF recurrence, ischemic stroke were assessed. All endpoints were assessed at least 12 months after the catheter ablation.

Results

Median CHA2DS2-VASc were higher in Group I than Group II (2.2 (1-4) vs. 1.9 (1-3), P<0.05). Patients with MetS tended to have larger median diameter of left atrial than those without it (4.3 vs. 4.0, P<0.05). Cardiovascular and all cause hospitalizations did not differ in two groups (P>0.05). Median total radiofrequency duration (59.0 min vs. 61 min, P>0.05) and procedural complications (P>0.05) did not significantly differ between groups. AF recurrence in 12 months tended to be higher in Group I than Group II (9.0 vs.5.0, P>0.05). There were not statistically significant changes between groups in terms of ischemic stroke (1.0 vs. 1.0, P>0.05). Using multivariate regression analysis, among MetS components abdominal obesity (1.7 (1.1-2.1), P<0.05) hypertension (1.5 (1.1-1.9), P<0.05) were positively correlated with AF recurrence whilst median left atrial diameter was only correlated with hypertension (1.6 (1.1-2.0), P<0.05) after adjusting other risk factors.

Conclusion

AF recurrence in short-term period of catheter ablation in AF higher in patients with MetS. Further studies with large amount of patients are required along with assessment in long-term period.
Persistent phrenic nerve palsy after atrial fibrillation ablation: follow-up data from the Netherlands Heart Registration
Authors: Mol D , Renskers L , De Groot JR , De Jong JSSG
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Persistent phrenic nerve palsy (PNP) is an established complication of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, especially during cryoballoon and thoracoscopic ablation. Data on persistent PNP reversibility is limited because most patients recover <24hours.

Purpose

This study aims to investigate persistent PNP recovery, freedom of PNP-related symptoms after AF ablation and identify baseline variables associated with the occurrence and early PNP recovery in a large nationwide registry study.

Methods

In this study, we used data from the Netherlands Heart Registration, comprising data from 9,549 catheter and thoracoscopic AF ablations performed in 2016 and 2017. PNP data was available of 7,433 procedures, and additional follow-up data were collected for patients who developed persistent PNP.

Results

Overall, mean age was 62±10 years, and 67.7% were male. Fifty-four (0.7%) patients developed persistent PNP and follow-up was available in 44 (81.5%) patients. PNP incidence was 0.07%, 0.29%, 1.41%, and 1.25% for patients treated with conventional-RF, phased-RF, cryoballoon, and thoracoscopic ablation respectively. Seventy-one percent of the patients fully recovered, and 86% were free of PNP-related symptoms after a median follow-up of 203[113 – 351] and 184[82 – 359] days, respectively (Figure 1A/C). In addition, in 20/28 (71.4%) patients recovery was confirmed with imaging (Figure 1B). Female sex, cryoballoon, and thoracoscopic ablation were associated with a higher risk to develop PNP, with corresponding adjusted OR of 2.32 95% CI 1.07 – 5.06, OR 21.12 95% CI 6.49 – 129.75, and 18.93 95% CI 4.86 – 124.41, respectively. Patients with PNP recovering ≤180 days had a larger left atrium volume index than those with late or no recovery.

Conclusion

After AF ablation, persistent PNP recovers in the majority of patients, and most are free of symptoms. Female patients and patients treated with cryoballoon or thoracoscopic ablation are more prone to develop PNP.
Strategies for repeat ablation for atrial fibrillation: a multicentre comparison of non-pulmonary vein versus pulmonary vein target ablation
Authors: Mol D , Mulder MJ , Veenstra R , Allaart CP , Hof IE , Kemme MJB , Khan M , Kimman GP , Mairuhu G , De Ruiter GS , Tahapary GJM , De Groot JR , De Jong JSSG
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Introduction

Approximately 18% of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergo a repeat ablation within 12 months after their index ablation. Despite the high prevalence, comparative studies on non-pulmonary vein (PV) target strategies in repeat AF ablation are scarce.

Purpose: This study aims to describe 12 months efficacy of non-PV and PV target ablations as a repeat ablation strategy.

Methods

A multicentre retrospective, descriptive study was conducted with data of 280 patients who underwent repeat AF ablation. Ablation strategy for repeat ablation was at the operators’ discretion. Non-PV target ablation (n=140) included posterior wall isolation, mitral line, roofline and/or complex fractionated atrial electrogram ablation. PV target ablation (n=140), included re-isolation and/or wide atrium circumferential ablation. Patients’ demographics and rhythm outcomes during 12-months follow-up were analysed.

Results: Overall, the mean age was 63 ± 9 years, 64% were male, and body mass index was 27.1 ± 4.2. Patients undergoing non-PV target ablation had more frequently persistent AF (47.9% vs 14.3%, p < 0.001), and had a higher CHA2DS2 VASc (2.0 vs 1.3, p < 0.001). At 12 months, more atrial tachyarrhythmias were observed in the non-PV target group (48.6%) compared to the PV target group (29.3%, p=0.001). Similarly, a significantly higher AF and atrial tachycardia (AT) recurrence rate was observed after non-PV target ablation compared to PV target ablation (36.4% versus 22.1% and 22.9% versus 10.7%). After adjusting for several associated covariates, a significantly higher AT recurrence risk remained in the non-PV target group (adjusted OR 2.19 95% CI 1.18 – 4.42, p = 0.023) (Figure 1C). Sensitivity analysis was performed with inverse propensity weighting to assess the robustness of the multivariate model and demonstrated comparable outcomes. Both groups significantly de-escalated anti-arrhythmic drug use, de-escalation was more profound after PV target ablation. Patients with isolated PVs during non-PV target ablation had a significantly higher risk for AF recurrence than those with reconnected PVs (Figure 1B).

Conclusion: Compared to PV target ablation, non-PV target repeat ablation did not improve outcomes after 12 months and was independently associated with a higher risk for AT recurrences.
Repeat cryoablation as a redo procedure for atrial fibrillation ablation: Is it a good choice?
Authors: Alvarez-Ortega C , Solorzano C , Barrera A , Toquero J , Martinez-Alday JD , Grande C , Rodriguez A , Garcia-Alberola A , Perez L , Ferrero A , Hernandez J , Cozar R , Cano O , Trucco E , Peinado R
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Medtronic Inc.

Introduction

Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation, both cryoablation and radiofrequency pulmonary vein isolation, have demonstrated to be safe and effective techniques for treating symptomatic atrial fibrillation as a first procedure. However, about one in three patients may face a redo procedure due to AF recurrence. The most suitable technique for redo is unknown.

Purpose

The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of cryoballoon AF ablation as a redo technique in patients with prior cryoballoon or radiofrequency AF ablation.

Methods

We analyzed a nation-wide real-world cryoablation registry (RECABA) and compared patients who were referred for a first cryoballoon AF ablation procedure with those who had previously undergone cryoballoon or radiofrequency pulmonary vein isolation. The primary endpoint was AF recurrence during the first year after a 3-month blanking period. We performed survival analysis and built univariate and multivariate cox regression models.

Results

From 1742 patients, 1625 had a 12-month follow-up visit. 1551 (95.45%) underwent a first cryoballoon ablation, whereas 33 (2.03%) had a previous CB ablation performed and 41 (2.52%) a previous RF ablation.

Mean age was 58.6 ±10.4 years and 511 (31.5%) were women. 463 (28.5%) had persistent atrial fibrillation and there were no major clinical differences between groups.

Prior-CB group had a higher share of veins without electrogram visualization, with a median of 100% (IQR 75%-100%), compared to prior-RF group (median 67%, IQR 25%-75%) and first procedure group (median 25%, IQR 0%-50%). Kruskal-Wallis test Chi2=54.35, p<0.0001.

12-month Kaplan–Meier estimate of freedom from AF recurrence after the blanking period was 78.5% (95% CI 76.2% - 80.7%) in the first procedure group, 61.0% (95% CI 41.4% - 75.8%) in the prior-CB and 89.2% (95% CI 73.6% - 95.9%) in the prior-RF group. Log-rank test Chi2=17.49, p<0.0001.

Multivariate cox regression analysis pointed female sex, persistent AF, and prior-CB ablation as independent predictors of AF recurrence. The adjusted HR for AF recurrence of prior-CB ablation vs first-CB ablation was 3.13 (95% CI 1.82 -5.40) and for prior-RF vs first CB-ablation was 1.01 (95% CI 0.51 – 1.97).

Conclusion

Repeat cryoballoon AF ablation shows higher rates of AF recurrences compared to first CB procedures or after prior RF ablation. These data suggest that patients with AF recurrence after CB-ablation have worse arrhythmic outcomes and may benefit from other ablation techniques after a recurrence.
Validation of a multipolar pulsed field ablation catheter for endpoint assessment in pulmonary vein isolation procedures
Authors: Kueffer T , Baldinger SH , Servatius H , Madaffari A , Seiler J , Muehl A , Franzeck F , Thalmann G , Asatryan B , Haeberlin A , Noti F , Tanner H , Roten L , Reichlin T
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): FP7/2007-2013, №602299, EU-CERT-ICD

Objective

To validate the performance of a multipolar PFA catheter compared to a standard pentaspline 3D-mapping catheter for endpoint assessment of PVI.

Background

Pulsed field ablation (PFA) for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using single-shot devices combines the benefits of high procedural efficacy and safety. A newly available multipolar PFA catheter allows real-time recording of pulmonary vein (PV) signals during PVI.

Methods

Patients undergoing first PVI using PFA with the standard ablation protocol (8 applications per PV) were studied. Entrance- and exit-block (10V/2ms) were assessed using the PFA catheter. Subsequently, a high-density bipolar voltage 3D electro-anatomical map (3D-EAM) was constructed using a standard pentaspline 3D-mapping catheter. Additional PFA applications were delivered only after confirmation of residual PV-connection by 3D-EAM.

Results

In 56 patients, 213 PVs were targeted for ablation. Acute PVI was achieved in 100% of PVs: in 199/213 (93%) PVs with the standard ablation protocol alone and in the remaining 14 PVs after additional PFA applications. Accuracy of PV assessment with the PFA catheter after the standard ablation protocol was 91% (194/213 veins). In 5/213 (2.3%) PVs, the PFA catheter incorrectly indicated PV-isolation. In 14/213 (6.6%) the PFA catheter incorrectly indicated residual PV-conduction due to high-output pace-capture. When the output was reduced to 5V/1ms, pace-capture was reduced to 0.9% (2/213).

Conclusion

A novel multipolar PFA catheter allows reliable endpoint assessment for PVI. Due to its design, far-field sensing and high-output pace-capture can occur, which may require adjustment of standard pacing outputs for verification of exit-block.
Long term outcome after ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with postprocedurally unmasked sinus node disease
Authors: Martini E , Kantenwein V , Haller B , Telishevska M , Bourier F , Reents T , Kottmaier M , Popa M , Risse E , Lengauer S , Lennerz C , Hessling G , Deisenhofer I , Kolb C
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

About three percent of patients with persistent atrial fibrillation [AF] additionally suffer from a concealed sinus node disease [SND]. We sought to determine the ablation success one year after ablation of persistent AF in patients with postprocedurally unmasked SND.

Methods and Results

In total 2239 patients with an ablation of persistent AF at our center were screened for a postprocedurally unmasked SND, which made cardiac pacing necessary within one week after ablation. In a propensity score matched case control study, the longterm ablation success of 51 patients (mean age 73±8years, 58% male) with postprocedurally unmasked SND after ablation of persistent AF was compared to that of 102 patients without SND after ablation of persistent AF. Controls were matched to cases based on the propensity score considering age, body mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction, gender, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, atrial low voltage, previous number of ablations and method of ablation.

One year after ablation of persistent AF, 20 (39%) patients with postprocedurally unmasked SND and 61 (60%) patients without postprocedurally unmasked SND were in sinus rhythm (p=0.025). The number of repeat ablation procedures within the follow up year did not differ significantly between cases and controls (0.60±0.68 vs 0.53±0.80, p=0.574).

Conclusion

In patients with a postprocedurally unmasked SND after ablation of persistent AF, longterm ablation success seems to be worse compared to patients without postprocedurally unmasked SND.
Benefit of atrial fibrillation ablation on symptoms and quality of life does not differ between patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Huntelaar MJ , Mulder MJ , Kemme MJB , Hopman LHGA , Hauer HA , Tahapary GJM , Allaart CP
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Indications for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in current ESC and ACC/HRS guidelines are different for paroxysmal and persistent AF patients. Although previous research has established that the AF recurrence rate after AF ablation is lower in paroxysmal AF patients, there is little data on differences in post-ablation improvement of quality of life (QoL) and AF-related symptoms.

Purpose

This study aimed to determine whether QoL and symptom improvement differ between patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF after AF ablation.

Methods

From December 2017 to June 2020, patients undergoing first AF ablation at a medical center were included in a prospective registry. Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) was performed using radiofrequency ablation with a contact force-sensing catheter. Patient reported outcomes were assessed at baseline, 4 months follow-up, and 1 year follow-up using the Toronto Atrial Fibrillation Severity Scale (AFSS). The AFSS was used to quantify global well-being (scale 1-10), patient-perceived AF burden (scale 3-30), and AF symptom severity (scale 0-35). AF symptom severity was based on 7 questions (scale 0-5) leading to a 0-35 scale. AF recurrence was defined as any documented episode of AF or atrial flutter after a blanking period of 3 months.

Results

The study population consisted of 306 AF patients (66% paroxysmal AF, 68% male, mean age 64±8 years). AF recurrence during 1 year follow-up occurred in 29% of paroxysmal AF patients and in 42% of persistent AF patients (p=0.021). At baseline, patient perceived AF burden was lower in paroxysmal AF patients than in persistent AF patients (18.4±3.7 vs. 20.2±5.0, p=0.001), whereas symptom severity (10.6±6.5 vs. 9.9±6.7, p=0.384) and global well-being (7.1±1.5 vs. 7.3±1.4, p=0.327) were similar. Paroxysmal AF patients reported more palpitations (2.4±1.3 vs. 1.6±1.5, p<0.001) and less shortness of breath during physical activity (1.9±1.6 vs. 2.3±1.7, p=0.048) than patients with persistent AF.

Significant improvements in global well-being (0.5±1.7, p<0.001), symptom severity (3.8±7.2, p<0.001), and patient-perceived AF burden (7.2±7.5, p<0.001) were found in the entire study cohort between baseline and 1 year follow-up, without differences between paroxysmal and persistent patients (Figure).

Conclusion

Although persistent AF patients have a higher chance of recurrent AF after AF ablation, symptom severity and QoL improve equally in paroxysmal and persistent AF patients. These results suggest that different recommendations for AF ablation to improve symptoms in paroxysmal and persistent AF patients may not be justified.
Radiation dose reduction in the setting of cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Velagic V , Prepolec I , Pasara V , Percin L , Posavec J , Bogdanic J , Nekic A , Pezo-Nikolic B , Puljevic M , Puljevic D , Milicic D
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Introduction

Cryoballoon (CB) isolation of pulmonary veins (PVI) has become the standard of care for patients suffering from atrial fibrillation (AF). PVI could be achieved by radiofrequency ablation with 3D mapping technology omitting the use of fluoroscopy, so called "0 fluoro" approach. However, CB still requires radiation use. Minimization of radiation exposure is important both for patients and operators.

Purpose

We aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of radiation dose reduction in the setting of CB ablation for AF.

Methods

We have performed a retrospective study on patients that have undergone CB ablation since the beginning of the AF ablation program in our institution. Procedures were performed under conscious sedation. Both femoral veins were punctured and a single introducer was placed in each vein. A single transseptal puncture was performed guided by intracardiac ultrasound and a 28 mm cryoballoon was used. A single 180 seconds freeze strategy was employed. We analyzed 3 groups of 50 consecutive patients. First group (G1) consisted of subjects at the beginning of our AF program in 2015. In that time, we systematically used 3D rotation angiography for left atrium imaging and higher frame rates both for fluoro (4-10 frames per second - (fps)) and cine (7.5-10 fps) modes of diascopy. Second group (G2) consisted of 50 consecutive patients in 2018 when we stopped using rotational angiography and lowered frame rates (fluoro 4-6 fps, cine 4-6 fps). The third group (G3) consisted of the last 50 patients that we performed in 2021 when we stopped using grid for X ray scatter reduction, lowered fluoroscopy to 2-3 fps, and almost completely abandoned the use of cine mode.

Results

We have analyzed in total 150 patients (73% male, 59.4±12.6 years old), 50 in each group. There was a significant decrease of procedure and fluoroscopy time that could be attributed to growing operators’ experience and abandoning the use of 3D rotational angiography. More importantly, there was a major decrease in radiation doses applied during the course of the study. Recently, we are using only 2% of radiation doses applied in the beginning of our study (Table).

Conclusion

By following a few relatively simple steps (omitting the preprocedural imaging, removing grid from the X ray detector and using very low frame rates) CB ablation could be performed with ultralow radiation exposure. However, a certain level of experience is required to be able to perform CB ablation with relatively low X ray image quality and without preprocedural imaging of left atrium.
Anatomical accuracy of the KODEX-EPD novel 3D mapping system of the left atrium during pulmonary vein isolation: a correlation with computer tomography imaging
Authors: Tovia Brodie O , Rav-Acha M , Wolak A , Ilan M , Abuhatzera S , Glikson M , Michowitz Y
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

A novel 3D mapping system (KODEX - EPD, EPD Solutions, Best, The Netherlands) enables catheter localization and real-time 3D cardiac mapping.

Purpose

To evaluate left atrium (LA) anatomical mapping accuracy created by the KODEX-EPD system during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) compared with gold standard computed tomography (CT) images acquired from the same patients prior to the procedure.

Methods

In 15 consecutive patients who underwent PVI, 3D mapping of the LA was created on the KODEX-EPD system using the Achieve catheter. Pulmonary vein (PV), posterior wall, and appendage anatomy and diameters, were compared to the CT 3D reconstruction measured on the CARTO 3 system. Measurements were done independently by 2 physicians in each method. Linear correlation and agreement between CT and EPD measurements were assessed by Spearman correlation and Bland-Altman plot.

Results

Mean LA mapping time was 7.7± 3.6 min. Very high interobserver correlation was found for both EPD and CT measurements (Spearman-r=0.9). High correlation (r=0.75) was found between CT and EPD measurements. Bland-Altman plot method revealed that measurements assessed by EPD were slightly higher than those assessed by CT. Mean difference was 3.5mm, p<0.01. In 2 (13.5%) patients each, disagreement regarding the presence of a left common PV and a right middle accessory vein anatomy was seen.

Conclusion

The new KODEX-EPD mapping system allows quick and accurate mapping of the LA with high correlation to CT imaging. Some differences in left common and accessory right middle vein anatomy were seen.

Central illustration: An example of the anatomy created by the KODEX- EPD system compared with the CT image of the same patient. A standard 4 vein anatomy is demonstrated by both modalities, with early branching of the right inferior pulmonary vein. A: KODEX- EPD pre-CRYO map during atrial fibrillation demonstrating connected pulmonary veins. B: 3D CT image viewed on the CARTO auto-segmentation module. C,D: KODEX- EPD posterior-anterior and PANO images post-CRYO map during sinus rhythm demonstrating pulmonary vein isolation with the same anatomy. E: Spearman correlation demonstrating a high correlation (r 0.75) between CT and KODEX-EPD measurements, p<0.01.
Feasibility of a novel algorithm for automated reconstruction of the left atrial anatomy based on intracardiac echocardiography
Authors: Akerstrom F , Drca N , Wekselman G , Bugauisan G , Holmstrom L , Jensen-Urstad M , Braunschweig F
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is frequently used to guide electrophysiology procedures. The novel pre-commercial automated algorithm is a model-based algorithm, developed using machine learning methodology, which reconstructs a 3D anatomy of the left atrium (LA) and its structures based on a set of 2D ultrasound (US) frames, without the need to manually annotate US contours. Potential advantages are shortening of mapping time and better anatomy resolution when compared to conventional anatomical mapping techniques.

Purpose

Determine the early feasibility of the automated LA anatomy algorithm in routine clinical setting.

Methods

We included 16 patients (64±9 years, 88% males, body mass index 27±3, parasternal long axis LA diameter 40±3mm) undergoing LA mapping/catheter ablation (conscious sedation in 56% and general anaesthesia in the remaining cases). 2D US frames were acquired from three ICE-positions: superior vena cava/high right atrium (RA) junction, RA and right ventricular outflow tract. The automated LA anatomy map was validated in two steps: 1) identification of anatomical structures (pulmonary veins [PV] and left atrial appendage) by alignment of the ablation catheter to the automated map; and 2) assessment of PV anatomical accuracy by analysing the relationship with the automated lesion tags (3mm lesion radius, 3mm for 8sec stability criteria and 5-20g average contact force) and the PV antrum of the automated map in 9 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation undergoing first time point-by-point radiofrequency PV isolation (PVI). In step 2, PV pairs were divided into 6 segments (total of 12 segments per patient) and were classified as accurate, insufficient ("floating" lesion tags), or excessive anatomy (invisible lesion tags).

Results

Mean 2D US frames per patient was 29±6 and acquisition time was 16±4 min. In the step 1 validation, all anatomical structures were correctly identified in the 16 patients by the automated algorithm. The step 2 validation showed anatomical accuracy in 76% of all 108 PV segments analysed. There was a range of 0-2 and 0-5 of the total 12 segments per patient with insufficient and excessive anatomy, respectively. In all cases with PV segment anatomical discrepancy, this was corrected with standard anatomy collection with the ablation catheter in ≤2min. In the whole patient group, catheter ablation was successfully performed on the automated map without complications.

Conclusions

The automated ICE-based 3D LA map algorithm performed overall well and correctly identified the LA anatomical structures in all patients. Anatomical PV antrum accuracy was high, and the majority of PV segments needed no manual correction before proceeding to PVI.
Electrophysiological differences of deep sedation with dexmedetomidine versus propofol
Authors: Servatius H , Kueffer T , Baldinger SH , Asatryan B , Seiler J , Tanner H , Novak J , Noti F , Haeberlin A , Madaffari A , Muehl A , Branca M , Duetschler S , Reichlin T , Roten L
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Dexmedetomidine and propofol are commonly used drugs for deep sedation during cardiovascular interventions. Patients undergoing these interventions often have impaired sinus node function or atrioventricular (AV) conduction disease. Anesthetics used for deep sedation may further compromise sinus node function and AV nodal conduction, and thereby interfere with the intervention.

Purpose

To compare the electrophysiological effects of dexmedetomidine and propofol on the function of the sinus node and AV conduction.

Methods

We randomized patients undergoing first atrial fibrilation ablation 1:1 to deep sedation by dexmedetomidine (DEX group) versus propofol (PRO group), according to a standardized protocol. At the end of the ablation procedure with the patients still deeply sedated and hemodynamically stable, we conducted a standard electrophysiological study and assessed sinus node function, properties of AV conduction and atrial refractoriness.

Results

Of 160 patients (65±11 years old; 32% female) included into the study, 80 patients were randomized to the DEX and PRO group each. Procedure duration (128±59 minutes) and sedation depth, as assessed by the "Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation" score (median 3; interquartile range 2, 3), was not different among groups. DEX group patients received a mean of 231±111 mcg of dexmedetomidine and PRO group patients a mean of 657±356 mg of propofol. The table shows the results of the electrophysiological study. DEX group patients had lower sinus rate and longer unadjusted sinus node recovery time (SNRT) at pacing cycle lengths of 600, 500 and 400 ms. However, both corrected (SNRT-RR) and normalized (SNRT/RR) SNRT did not differ among groups. Compared to PRO group patients, AV nodal conduction was slower in DEX group patients as evidenced by longer PR and AH intervals, and a higher Wenckebach cycle length and AV node effective refractory period (ERP) was observed. Conduction properties in the His-Purkinje system were not different among groups, as QRS width and HV interval were similar. An arrhythmia, mainly atrial fibrillation, was induced in 33 patients (21%) during the electrophysiological study, without differences among groups.

Conclusions

Sinus rate and AV conduction are slower during deep sedation with dexmedetomidine compared to propofol. These differences in electrophysiological effects need to be taken into account when using these anesthetics during cardiovascular interventions.
Development and validation of a fully automatic algorithm to align 3D MRI and electro-anatomical mapping anatomies of the left atrium
Authors: Hermans BJM , Bijvoet GP , Holtackers RJ , Mihl C , Luermans JGLM , Vernooy K , Linz D , Chaldoupi SM , Schotten U
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

The role of pre-procedural cardiac imaging in the guidance and planning of ablation procedures is becoming increasingly important. Emerging non-invasive techniques such as late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE MRI) and electrocardiographic imaging (ECGi) can potentially help to locate ablation targets prior to the ablation procedure. To be able to integrate LGE MRI and ECGi information into targeted ablation procedures, a reliable alignment between cardiac imaging and electro-anatomical mapping (EAM) is required.

Purpose

To develop and evaluate a fully automatic technique to align pre-procedural MRI anatomies with EAM anatomies of the left atrium (LA).

Methods

Twenty-one patients scheduled for a (re-do) pulmonary vein (PV) isolation with a 3D pre-procedural LGE MRI were enrolled in this study. LA anatomy was segmented from the MRI dataset using ADAS-AF. During the ablation procedure LA anatomy was recorded with an HD-grid (Ensite) or Pentaray catheter (CARTO). The MRI segmentation and EAM were performed by different cardiologists blinded for each other’s results. Anatomies of both MRI and EAM were aligned using an iterative closest point-to-plane algorithm in custom-made software in Matlab 2021a. With this algorithm, the distance between MRI anatomy voxels (=points) and the surface of the EAM anatomy (=plane) is minimized by translating and rotating the MRI anatomy until the total residual distance is minimized. The result of the alignment is quantified by calculating the Euclidian distance between the aligned anatomies after excluding PVs and the mitral anulus.

Results

The algorithm was successfully applied in 18/21 patients (n=11 CARTO, n=7 Ensite). In the remaining 3 patients, the algorithm could not align the anatomies because of a large difference in LA volume or PV anatomy between the two techniques. In the analysed patients, the average distance between anatomies was 2.7±0.77mm. The top of Figure 1 shows the alignment of the anatomies with the smallest (patient A) and the largest (patient B) residual distances as well as the distances between these anatomies for both patients (right) with purple ≤2.5mm and red ≥5.0mm. The distributions of distances (bottom left) show that, after alignment most of the MRI anatomy is closer than 5mm from the EAM anatomy in every patient. On average, 87.6±10.4% of the atrial surfaces showed distances below 5.0mm between the two anatomies and 55.1±13.2% of the surfaces was within 2.5mm from each other. Results did not differ between Ensite and CARTO anatomies.

Conclusion

LA anatomy obtained from 3D LGE MRI can automatically and reliably be aligned with LA anatomy recorded during an ablation procedure with an EAM system using an iterative closest point-to-plane algorithm.
Pulmonary vein isolation by pulsed-field ablation induces smaller neurocardiac damage than cryoballoon ablation
Authors: Lemoine M , Mencke C , Schleberger R , Muenkler P , Wieboldt H , Scherschel C , Dinshaw L , Reissmann B , Ouyang F , Fabritz L , Zeller T , Meyer C , Rillig A , Metzner A , Kirchhof P
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): FARAPULSE, Inc.

Introduction

Thermal energy sources damage the entire atrial tissue during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) including cardiac nerves and ganglia. This induces a postinterventional increase in heart rate. Pulsed-field ablation (PFA), a new non-thermal energy source for PVI, primarily damages cardiomyocytes by electroporation. Whether use of PFA reduces damage to cardiac nerves and ganglia and influences postinterventional increase of heart rate is not known.

Purpose

We compared the acute effects of PFA with a pentaspline catheter and cryoballoon ablation (CBA) on secretion of circulating biomolecules reflecting cardiomyocyte and neuronal injury and postinterventional increase in heart rate to estimate damage to the cardiac autonomic nervous system and autonomic dysfunction after PVI.

Methods

Blood samples were taken before and after PVI in consecutive patients undergoing PFA and CBA. All patients participated in the TRUST registry. Serum concentrations of high-sensitive Troponin I (hsTropI, Immunoassay) and S100b (ELISA), a surrogate marker for neuronal injury, were quantified in blood samples taken prior to PVI and directly after PVI. Pre- and postinterventional heart rates were measured in ECGs and Holter-ECGs.

Results

Fifty-six patients underwent PVI, either by PFA (n=28, age 63 [54; 75] y, 64% males, 57% persistent AF) or CBA (n=28, age 71 [62; 78] y, 61% males, 54% persistent AF). All 112 blood samples were analyzable. Acute success of PVI was 100% in both groups without major complications, especially, no TIA and no stroke. After CBA, one patient suffered from phrenic palsy, which reversed after 3 months. HsTropI increased 3.3-fold more after PFA compared to CBA (625±138 vs. 185±42 pg/ml; p=0.004) suggesting more damage to cardiomyocytyes. S100b increased 2.9-fold less after PFA compared to CBA (21.1±3.7 vs. 61.2±8.1 pg/ml; p<0.001). The ratio of ∆S100b/∆hsTropI was five-fold smaller after PFA compared to CBA (0.19±0.1 vs. 0.98±0.3; p=0.007), suggesting a lower neurocardiac injury in comparison to lesion size. Concomitantly, increase in heart rate at the postinterventional day was smaller in PFA (-0.2±3.0 bpm; n=45) than in CBA (+6.1±2.7 bpm, n=15; p=0.024).

Conclusion

This study in patients validates the experimental concept that PFA-based AF ablation leads to more specific damage to cardiomyocytes than to cardiac nerves and ganglia, reflected by lower S100B concentrations and no post-interventional heart rate increase compared to CBA.
Personalized persistent atrial fibrillation ablation guided by left atrial wall thickness: a multicenter study
Authors: Falasconi G , Penela D , Jauregui B , Soto-Iglesias D , Teres C , Ordonez A , San Antonio R , Viveros D , Bellido A , Scherer C , Marti J , Sabate X , Matiello M , Berruezo A
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has been proven to be effective in treating persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF), although long-term ablation outcomes have been significantly less satisfactory than in paroxysmal AF (1). A recent personalized PVI approach, aiming for contiguous lesions with ablation index (AI) titration according to the local left atrial wall thickness (LAWT) as per multidetector cardiac tomography (MDCT), has demonstrated to achieve an arrhythmia-free survival > 95% at 12 months in patients with paroxysmal AF (2).

Purpose

We sought to investigate the safety and clinical outcomes of this personalized PVI approach guided by LAWT in patients with PeAF.

Methods

Consecutive patients referred for PeAF first ablation were prospectively enrolled from three referral centers. PeAF was defined in the presence of at least one AF episode sustained beyond 7 days. LAWT three-dimensional maps were obtained from MDCT and integrated into the navigation system. LAWT was categorized into 1 mm layers and AI was titrated to the LAWT. The ablation line was personalized to avoid thicker regions (Figure 1) while encircling PV antrum. Follow-up was scheduled at 1, 3, 6, and every 12-months thereafter.

Results

One hundred twenty-seven patients [89 (70.6%) male, age 64 ± 10 years] were included. 68 (60.7%) patients were hypertensive, 10 (18%) patients suffered of type 2 diabetes, and mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 2.3 ± 2.1. Mean procedure time was 61 ± 20 minutes and mean fluoroscopy time was 1.3 ± 2.2 minutes. Radiofrequency (RF) time was 9.0 ± 2.3 minutes for the right pulmonary veins with a first-pass isolation in 109 (85.8%) patients and 7.6 ± 1.9 minutes for the left pulmonary veins with first-pass in 110 (86.6%). No major complication occurred. The rate of survival free from AF recurrences at a mean follow-up of 12 ± 6 months was 82% (Figure 2).

Conclusions

Personalized Persistent AF ablation by wide circle PV isolation guided by LAWT, proved to be safe and highly efficient, requiring a low amount of RF delivery, procedure time, and fluoroscopy use, while obtaining a high rate of first-pass isolation and of freedom from AF recurrences.
Cryoballoon versus radiofrequency catheter ablation: insights from Norwegian randomized study of persistent atrial fibrillation (NO-PERSAF study)
Authors: Shi LB , Rossvoll O , Tande P , Schuster P , Solheim E , Chen J
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Helse Vest, Norway (LBS)

Background

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is still regarded as a cornerstone for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Both radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and cryoballoon ablation (CBA) are frequently employed to achieve PVI.

Purpose

This randomized study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PVI performed with CBA in comparison with RFA in patients with persistent AF.

Methods

A total of 101 patients with symptomatic persistent AF were enrolled and randomized (1:1) to CBA or RFA groups and followed up for 12 months. The primary endpoint was any documented recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) lasting longer than 30 s following a 3-month blanking period. Secondary endpoints were procedure-related complications, procedure and ablation duration, and fluoroscopy time. The ATA-free survival curves were estimated by Kaplan–Meier method and analyzed by log-rank test.

Results

According to intention-to-treat analysis, freedom from ATA was achieved in 36 out of 52 patients in the CBA group and 30 out of 49 patients in the RFA group (69.2% vs. 61.2%, P=0.393). No difference of AF recurrence was found between the two groups (27.5% in CBA vs. 38.0% in RFA, P=0.258), and less atrial flutter recurrence was documented in the CBA group compared with the RFA group (3.9% vs. 18.0%, P=0.020). The procedure and ablation duration were significantly shorter in the CBA group (160±31 vs. 197±38 minutes, P<0.0001; 36.7±9.5 vs. 55.3±16.7 minutes, P<0.0001). There was no difference regarding fluoroscopy time (21.5±7.8 vs. 23.4±11.2 minutes, P>0.05).

Conclusions

Compared with RFA, PVI performed by CBA led to shorter procedure and ablation duration, with less atrial flutter recurrence and similar freedom from ATA at 12-month follow-up.
Shortened fluoroscopy duration and reduced use of contrast dye in cryoballoon-based pulmonary vein isolation procedures using KODEX-EPD’s novel occlusion tool
Authors: Obergassel J , Rottner L , Schleberger R , Moser F , Moser J , Dinshaw L , Lemoine MD , My I , Kirchhof P , Reissmann B , Metzner A , Rillig A
Published: May 2022

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Study grant by EPD Solutions, Philips, Netherlands

Background

The occlusion tool was recently introduced for KODEX-EPD which is a novel dielectric high-resolution cardiac imaging system. The occlusion tool provides information about level of pulmonary vein occlusion by the cryoballoon (CB) in CB-based pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation (AF).

Purpose

Assess effects of the introduction of the occlusion tool on procedural parameters during CB-PVI such as feasibility, acute efficacy and periprocedural safety of KODEX-EPD in different software versions.

Methods and Results

173 consecutive patients (60/173 (35%) paroxysmal AF, 64±12 years, 66/173 (38%) female) underwent CB-PVI with EPD imaging between 08/2019 and 10/2021. 38/173 (22%) of all patients were treated using software version 1.4.6, 33/173 (19%) patients with version 1.4.6a, 41/173 (24%) patients with version 1.4.7 and 61/173 (35%) patients with the latest version 1.4.8. Acute PVI was achieved in all patients. No major periprocedural complications were documented. Software version showed significant effects on procedure duration, fluoroscopy duration and dose area product in ANOVA testing (Figure 1A-C). The largest effect in post-hoc testing was observed for fluoroscopy duration (Figure 1B). Tobit regressions were fitted to model effects of software version on the censored variable contrast volume. All software versions predicted used contrast volume (p<0.00748, Figure 1D). Modelling only effects of procedure date on contrast volume was less accurate than for software version (r²=0.057, p for procedure date = 0.0031) and also a Likelihood-Ratio-Test between different regression models underlined significant effects of software version (p<0.0001).

Conclusion

CB-based PVI in combination with its PV-occlusion tool is feasible and safe. The present data strongly suggests a steady positive development of the novel wide-band dielectric imaging and mapping system towards a fluoroscopy- and dye-reduced CB-based AF-ablation. Software versions were introduced sequentially. Therefore time (procedure date) needs to be considered as the most relevant confounder of the described results (e.g. due to a learning curve using the system). However, differentiated statistical testing could show that the results are mainly explained by software version and only much weaker by procedure date.