bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TheEPFL–ERf–SERKsignaling controls integument development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Meizhen , Lv Minghui , Wang Xiaojuan , Cai Zeping , Yao Hongrui , Zhang Dongyang , Li Huiqiang , Zhu Mingsong , Du Wenbin , Wang Ruoshi , Wang Zhe , Kui Hong , Hou Suiwen , Li Jia , Yi Jing , Gou Xiaoping
Published: December 2022

As the seed precursor, the ovule produces the female gametophyte (or embryo sac), and the subsequent double fertilization occurs in it. The integuments emerge sequentially from the integument primordia at the early stages of ovule development and finally enwrap the embryo sac gradually during gametogenesis, protecting and nursing the embryo sac. However, the mechanisms regulating integument development are still obscure.

In this study, we show that SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR‐LIKE KINASES (SERKs) play essential roles during integument development inArabidopsis thaliana. Theserk1/2/3triple mutant shows arrested integuments and abnormal embryo sacs, similar defects also found in the triple loss‐of‐function mutants ofERECTAfamily (ERf) genes. Ovules ofserk1/2/3 er erl1/2show defects similar toer erl1/2andserk1/2/3.

Results of yeast two‐hybrid analyses, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analyses, and co‐immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that SERKs interact with ERf, which depends on EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR‐LIKE (EPFL) family small peptides. The sextuple mutantepfl1/2/3/4/5/6shows integument defects similar to both ofer erl1/2andserk1/2/3.

Our results demonstrate that ERf–SERK‐mediated EPFL signaling orchestrates the development of the female gametophyte and the surrounding sporophytic integuments.
Noncell‐autonomous HSC70.1 chaperone displays homeostatic feedback regulation by binding its own mRNA
Authors: Yang Lei , Zhou Yuan , Wang Shuangfeng , Xu Ying , Ostendorp Steffen , Tomkins Melissa , Kehr Julia , Morris Richard J. , Kragler Friedrich
Published: December 2022

The HSC70/HSP70 family of heat shock proteins are evolutionarily conserved chaperones involved in protein folding, protein transport, and RNA binding. Arabidopsis HSC70 chaperones are thought to act as housekeeping chaperones and as such are involved in many growth‐related pathways. Whether Arabidopsis HSC70 binds RNA and whether this interaction is functional has remained an open question.

We provide evidence that the HSC70.1 chaperone binds its own mRNA via its C‐terminal short variable region (SVR) and inhibits its own translation.

The SVR encoding mRNA region is necessary for HSC70.1 transcript mobility to distant tissues and that HSC70.1 transcript and not protein mobility is required to rescue root growth and flowering time of hsc70 mutants. We propose that this negative protein‐transcript feedback loop may establish an on‐demand chaperone pool that allows for a rapid response to stress.

In summary, our data suggest that the Arabidopsis HSC70.1 chaperone can form a complex with its own transcript to regulate its translation and that both protein and transcript can act in a noncell‐autonomous manner, potentially maintaining chaperone homeostasis between tissues.
Pectin modifications at the symbiotic interface
Authors: Su Chao
Published: December 2022

Plant cells are surrounded by a structured cell wall, which not only defines cell shape but also provides a structural barrier for protection against pathogen infection. However, the presence of this barrier does not impede the establishment of mutualistic symbioses between plants and several microbes (e.g. ectomycorrhizal fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and rhizobia). To establish such beneficial associations, symbiotic microbes need to colonize the plant tissues via intercellular and/or intracellular infection, a process that requires cell wall modifications. Although cell wall composition and changes during this process have interested researchers for years, the functional characterization of the molecular players involved is still limited. In this viewpoint, based on several new studies, I discuss how the PME‐PL/PG pathway mediates cell wall pectin modifications at the symbiotic interface and highlight further research directions which can broaden our understanding of how beneficial root symbioses are established.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of submandibular gland: Emphasis on locoregional metastasis and prognosis
Authors: Liu Shengwen , Yang Jian , Lu Hao , Wu Yifan , Yang Wenjun , Xu Wanlin , Zhang Chenping
Published: December 2022

Objectives

To analyze the clinicopathological features, locoregional or distant metastasis, and prognosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma of submandibular gland (SMG‐AdCC).

Methods

The clinicopathological data of 80 patients with SMG‐AdCC from January 2005 to December 2017 were analyzed retrospectively, and the relationships between different parameters of SMG‐AdCC and its locoregional or distant metastasis or prognosis were analyzed.

Results

As of December 2019, 41 patients (51.25%) were tumor‐free, while 20 patients were found to be living with tumors. The locoregional metastasis rate of grade II‐III SMG‐AdCC were found to be significantly higher than that of grade I. The five‐year DFS and OS rates were 70.8% and 87.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that clinical size, extraglandular extension, pathological grade, pathological node (pN) status, and perineural invasion were correlated with DFS. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that pathological grade and extraglandular extension were independent prognostic factors for DFS; pN status and extraglandular extension were independent prognostic factors impacting OS.

Conclusion

The pathological grade is a risk factor for locoregional metastasis of SMG‐AdCC. Pathological grade, pN status, and status of extraglandular extension are independent prognostic factors for DFS/OS in SMG‐AdCC patients.
Healthcare priorities in patients with chronic facial pain of temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Taimeh Dina , Riordain Richeal Ni , Fedele Stefano , Leeson Rachel
Published: December 2022

Objectives

To explore the experiences of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) with the National Health Service and to discover their healthcare priorities when seeking treatment.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were used. They were directed using a topic guide covering subjects such as initial visits in primary care, referrals to secondary care, and the effect on symptoms. The discussions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was utilised to analyse the data.

Results

In total, 15 participants took part in three focus groups. Six themes were identified: “access to appropriate care”, “organised and coordinated care”, “receiving a diagnosis and enough information”, “interaction with the clinical staff”, “treatment strategies and having an ‘action plan’” and “support and social networks”.

Conclusions

The participants gave accounts of the difficulties encountered in healthcare in general terms and specific to TMD. Most notable was the struggle to access appropriate care, receive a diagnosis and be understood. Our findings suggest that delays in delivering appointments with people of expertise may have caused the worsening of symptoms. However, when a pleasant experience was encountered, access to care was fast, the clinician was understanding and communication with the clinical team was good. These provided positive experiences and were appreciated by the patients.
When the cat is away: How institutional autonomy, low salience, and issue complexity shape administrative action
Authors: Carelli Daniel , Pierre Jon
Published: December 2022

Political issues sometimes display an intriguing combination of high degrees of complexity, low political saliency, and high levels of administrative autonomy. This article investigates how this type of issues shapes the relationship between politicians and the public service. More specifically, we advance the notion of “administrative action space” to describe the emergence of collaborative governance when directives from the political level are intermittent or absent. Using an illustrative case on the administration of measures to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a transnational public health issue in Europe, we find that senior public servants nested in epistemic communities play a leading role in driving agency and facilitating governance of complex but low‐salient issues when administrative autonomy is extensive.
Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula in an infant mimicking an arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Magaletsky Kharachko Kiril , Feito Rodríguez Marta , Buitrago Sánchez Nelson M. , López Gutiérrez Juan Carlos
Published: December 2022

We report the case of a 12‐month‐old infant who presented with progressive lower limb enlargement associated with erythema mimicking an arteriovenous malformation. Computed tomography confirmed an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) between the deep femoral artery and the common femoral vein. This case describes the unique clinical and imaging findings of iatrogenic AVF and contrasts them with other congenital vascular entities.
Impact of hurricanes on US insurance stocks
Authors: Schuh Frederick , Jaeckle Tanja
Published: December 2022

This paper analyzes the impact of hurricanes on insurance stock returns in the United States. The objective is to assess the reaction of insurance stock prices caused by hurricanes using an extensive data sample consisting of the costliest hurricanes since 2004. We aim to understand the insurance stock price reactions and provide possible explanations for the observed results. The main outcome is a negative abnormal return for all examined time windows. Analyses of impact factors show that high‐category hurricanes have more negative abnormal returns in comparison to low‐category hurricanes. The latter category is even positively correlated with the cumulative abnormal return. The regression model indicates a statistically significant negative correlation between the cumulative abnormal return and the damage caused by the hurricane.
The effects of state legal environments on automobile insurance claims and compensation: Evidence from the Royal Globe doctrine
Authors: Richman Brian , Tennyson Sharon
Published: December 2022

This paper uses the historic 1979 California Supreme Court decision in Royal Globe Insurance Company v. Superior Court to examine the effects of expanding insurers' legal liability in claims disputes. The decision expanded insurers' good‐faith duty to settle liability claims to the injured third‐party claimant, extending the set of eligible plaintiffs to those with the greatest incentive to sue. The legal environment created by this decision changed payoffs for insurers and claimants in third‐party claims negotiations with potential effects for insurance claiming and compensation. Using data on automobile bodily injury liability claims, we make use of the quasi‐experimental nature of this decision to examine these effects. We find that Royal Globe led to larger claimed amounts of loss and higher claim payments for claims involving only minor strain injuries. Such claims were also more likely to involve attorney representation and were less likely to be closely examined by insurers after Royal Globe.
Supply, demand, and selection in insurance markets: Theory and applications in pictures
Authors: Rothschild Casey , Thistle Paul D.
Published: December 2022

This paper recapitulates and extends the Einav, Finkelstein, and Cullen (EFC) approach to modeling equilibrium in insurance markets. After describing the basic EFC model and showing that it can be understood as a supply–demand model, we show how it can be extended to: markets featuring nonexclusive contracting and linear pricing; markets featuring selection on ex‐ante moral hazard; and multiple‐margin markets with price competition over two coverage tiers. In markets with nonexclusive‐contracting‐cum‐linearly pricing, we show that the EFC model, graphs, and lessons all go through, essentially unchanged. In markets with selection on moral hazard, we show that two natural notions of adverse selection—notions that coincide in the basic EFC framework—may diverge. This divergence is a result of the fact that, with moral hazard, the average cost curve measured by EFC can no longer be interpreted as a supply curve. Finally, in a two‐tier market, we show that the lessons depend on whether contracts are offered “simultaneously” or “sequentially,” where coverage is purchased in layers.
Development of a three‐point cantilever bending technique to study the mechanical properties of hair styling ingredients
Authors: McMullen Roger L. , Gillece Tim
Published: December 2022

Background

The mechanical properties of hair treated with styling ingredients is an important aspect to determine if products will be efficacious when used by the consumer. Measurement techniques have been proposed in earlier work; however, these are mostly aimed at hairspray systems and not the myriad of styling products available to the modern‐day consumer.

Aim

In this article, experimental and data analysis guidelines are proposed for the evaluation of styling ingredients using a three‐point cantilever bending technique. Most of the experiments were carried out on polysaccharide‐based ingredients—guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (Guar HPTC) and cassia hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (Cassia HPTC)—to establish basic characterization concepts of the polymer‐fiber assemblies.

Methods

A three‐point cantilever bending technique was developed using a texture analyzer housed in a temperature and humidity‐controlled chamber. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were conducted to monitor the fracture mechanics of polymer‐fiber assemblies.

Results

Fundamental studies were carried out to determine the effect of concentration, molecular weight (MW), and chemistry of the polysaccharides on the calculated indices, which characterize the stiffness, flexibility, elasticity, and plasticity of the treated hair. Experiments were conducted in a controlled temperature and humidity environment, which allowed us to monitor the behavior of the polymer‐treated hair from 40–90% RH. Studies were also conducted on polymer blends and conventional styling polymers to provide guidance of the performance of naturally‐derived polymers to their synthetic counterparts.

Conclusions

A detailed description is provided for a user‐friendly, quick method to measure the mechanical properties of styling ingredients on hair. We provide guidelines for three‐point cantilever bending tests of straight hair tresses treated with conventional and naturally‐derived styling polymers. Indices were developed to characterize the force‐distance curves and were designated as E1, F1, position of F1, post‐fracture gradient, toughness, E10/E1, and F10/F1. These indices provide an overall characterization of the stiffness, flexibility, elasticity, and plasticity of polymer‐treated hair.
Dermoscopy and reflection confocal microscope features of pigmented prurigo
Authors: Wang Hui‐fen , Zhou Xiao‐fang , Deng Xiang‐fen , Li Yuan‐chao , Zhang Lian , Gu Hong‐Zhi , Zhai Zhi‐fang
Published: December 2022

Background

Pigmented prurigo (PP) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease. PP is not common clinically, but it is easily misdiagnosed because of its diversified clinical manifestations in different stages.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical, histopathological, dermoscopy, and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) features of 20 patients diagnosed as PP.

Results

The female predominance ratio was revealed with male to female of 1:4. Seven female patients were on a diet (without staple food) and one patient had a history of diabetes. Eight cases were suffered in spring, six cases in winter, three cases in summer, and three cases in autumn. Multiple sites were involved in 13 cases. Four patients had urticarial papules and plaques. Nineteen patients had erythematous papules with reticular distribution, of which 14 cases accompanied reticulate hyperpigmentation, four cases with papulovesicle, and two cases accompanied with pustules. One patient only showed reticulate hyperpigmentation. In the early lesions, dermatoscopy showed pink oval lesions, punctate or linear vessels, and pale yellow rings around the skin lesions. RCM is characterized by spongiosis, spongy vesicle, neutrophils scattered in the epidermis, which was consistent with epidermis spongiosis, neutrophils infiltrating into the upper epidermis and necrotic keratinocytes in histopathology. In the fully developed lesions, dermatoscopy showed pink lesions with brown pigment granules in the center and linear vessels in the edge. RCM showed that demarcation of epidermis and dermis is not clear, and inflammatory cells can be seen in the upper dermis and histopathologically lesions assumed a patchy lichenoid pattern, and the inflammatory cells infiltrating the dermis were dominated by lymphocytes. In the late lesions, dermatoscopy showed grainy grayish‐brown or yellowish‐brown pigmentation surrounding the hair follicle merging with each other. RCM showed that pigment granules were increased on the ring of basal cells, inflammatory cells were sparsely infiltrated in the dermal papilla and superficial layer, and epidermis slightly hyperplastic, with melanophages and a few lymphocytes infiltrating the superficial dermis in histopathology.

Conclusion

PP is easily misdiagnosed and not always occurs in those on a restrictive diet. A combination of dermatoscopy and RCM is helpful for its diagnosis of PP.
Mapping soil pH levels across Europe: An analysis of LUCAS topsoil data using random forest kriging (RFK)
Authors: Xiao Shancai , Ou Minghao , Geng Yajun , Zhou Tao
Published: December 2022

Soil pH affects food production, pollution control and ecosystem services. Mapping soil pH levels, therefore, provides policymakers with crucial information for developing sustainable soil use and management policies. In this study, we used the LUCAS 2015 TOPSOIL data to map soil pH at a European level. We used random forest kriging (RFK) to build a predictive model of spatial variability of soil pH, as well as random forest (RF) without co‐kriging and boosted regression trees (BRT) modelling techniques. Model accuracy was evaluated using a ten‐fold cross‐validation procedure. While we found that all methods accurately predicted soil pH, the accuracy of the RFK method was best with regression performance metrics of: R2 = 0.81 for pH (H2O) and pH (CaCl2); RMSE = 0.59 for pH (H2O) and RMSE = 0.61 in pH (CaCl2); MAE = 0.41 for pH (H2O) and MAE = 0.43 in pH (CaCl2). Dominant explanatory variables in the RF and BRT modelling were topography and remote sensing variables, respectively. The generated maps broadly depicted similar spatial patterns of soil pH, with an increasing gradient of soil pH from north to south Europe, with the highest values mainly concentrated along the Mediterranean coast. The mapping could provide spatial reference for soil pH assessment and dynamic monitoring.
Optimization of irrigation management and environmental assessment using the water cycle algorithm
Authors: Rafiee Mohammad Rafie , Mahmoodi‐Eshkaftaki Mahmood
Published: December 2022

Obtaining high crop yields with limited water consumption requires optimal irrigation strategies based on comprehensive studies of the parameters of plant–environment interactions. Here, we used a structural equation modelling (SEM) to assess the relationships among input irrigation factors and moderate factors to find an optimum water use efficiency (WUE) response factor, for outdoor and greenhouse cultivation of eggplant (Solanum melongena). The input irrigation factors (including irrigation interval, water salinity and environment) and the moderate factors (evapotranspiration, soil salinity, plant parameters, fruit parameters and crop yield) were used in water cycle algorithm (WCA) and genetic algorithm (GA) methods to optimize the water use efficiency. The optimization process included finding the best combination of irrigation factors and optimized eggplant cultivation. The structural equation modelling results indicate that irrigation interval negatively affected water use efficiency with a more dominant effect on plant parameters. Water salinity negatively affected the water use efficiency with a more dominant effect on soil salinity, crop yield and fruit parameters. Low salinity water was more effective than full irrigation to optimize the water use efficiency. The water cycle algorithm revealed that for outdoor cultivation, the optimal range of irrigation interval was 2–5 days and water salinity in the range of 0.8–2.2 ds/m. These factors optimized evapotranspiration (346.23–738.19 mm), soil salinity (4.16–9.45 ds/m), fruit parameters (33.81–35.12 cm) and crop yield (1715.7–2190.8 g/plant), as well as increasing the water use efficiency (3.08–4.89 g/(plant‐mm)). Both the water cycle algorithm and genetic algorithm yielded very close to optimal values. Two years of repeated experiments and the closeness of the optimal values using the algorithms confirmed that the optimal amounts are reliable.
DcWRKY33 promotes petal senescence in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by activating genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and abscisic acid and accumulation of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Wang Teng , Sun Zheng , Wang Siqi , Feng Shan , Wang Ruiming , Zhu Chunlin , Zhong Linlin , Cheng Yunjiang , Bao Manzhu , Zhang Fan
Published: December 2022

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most famous and ethylene‐sensitive cut flowers worldwide, but how ethylene interacts with other plant hormones and factors to regulate petal senescence in carnation is largely unknown. Here we found that a gene encoding WRKY family transcription factor, DcWRKY33, was significantly upregulated upon ethylene treatment. Silencing and overexpression of DcWRKY33 could delay and accelerate the senescence of carnation petals, respectively. Abscisic acid (ABA) and H2O2 treatments could also accelerate the senescence of carnation petals by inducing the expression of DcWRKY33. Further, DcWRKY33 can bind directly to the promoters of ethylene biosynthesis genes (DcACS1 and DcACO1), ABA biosynthesis genes (DcNCED2 and DcNCED5), and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation gene DcRBOHB to activate their expression. Lastly, relationships are existed between ethylene, ABA and ROS. This study elucidated that DcWRKY33 promotes petal senescence by activating genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and ABA and accumulation of ROS in carnation, supporting the development of new strategies to prolong the vase life of cut carnation.
How to escape from the debt trap: Lessons from the past
Authors: Mayer Thomas , Schnabl Gunther
Published: December 2022

Rising public debt everywhere has raised the question of how to reduce debt again in the future. High public debt also seems to be an impediment for the exit of central banks from ultra‐low interest rates and quantitative easing. Historical precedents and proposals have included austerity, haircuts and the generation of inflation. Each way has advantages and disadvantages, including uncertainty about effects and side effects. We approach the issue from an historical perspective, based on case studies of prominent approaches to debt reduction. We analyse debt reduction through economic austerity in Italy, hyperinflation in Germany after World War I, inflation in Argentina since the 1980s, currency reform in Germany after WW II, and financial repression in the United States and the United Kingdom after WW II. Finally, we discuss Ronald McKinnon's order of economic and financial liberalisation as well as the Chicago Plan combined with the introduction of central bank digital currencies as an option for the future.
Extending the Frame
Authors: Grimshaw Anna
Published: December 2022

For a century or more, ethnographic filmmakers have been expected to produce discrete, bounded films of a length that conforms to established conventions. But over the last decade, changes in viewing patterns and the proliferation of web‐based screening sites have brought new possibilities into view. This essay explores what these changes might mean in terms of moving beyond the limitations of the self‐standing film. How might a multipart approach allow filmmakers to broaden the scope of their inquiry and articulate more complex interpretive perspectives? What does extending the frame of ethnographic film offer to anthropological research and teaching?
The Use of Informal Learning in the Resocialization of Convicts in Open Prison Conditions
Authors: Kříž Jaroslav
Published: December 2022

In recent years, thanks to international conventions and the humanization of prisons, great importance has been attributed to the education of individuals serving prison sentences. However, not every prisoner can undertake formal and non-formal educational activities. That is due, for example, to a low sentence or lack of capacity. Therefore, the possibility for the application of informal learning and self-education opens up. This study examines the possibilities of anew innovative prison in Czech conditions, which, through a specific environment and a change in approaches, influences convicts and prepares them for life after release. The research investigation was carried out in a qualitative form, using semi-structured interviews focused on: a) the perception of informal learning in prison sentences, b) the perception of the influence of the environment of an open prison on learning, c) the perception of the influence of informal learning on their preparation for release. In total, sixteen men serving prison sentences participated in the research investigation, and grounded theory was used to analyse the data obtained. From the research results, we can conclude that respondents perceive great differences in possibilities and approaches to learning in the conditions of an open prison. Specifically, a better social climate allowed them to focus more on self-development in different areas. The results of the study confirm that regular prison facilities are incentive-poor, and convicts encounter several problems that fundamentally influence their learning. This study highlights the importance of these innovative prisons in the context of resocialization and reintegration efficiency.
Inovácie v edukácii seniorov
Authors: Šerák Michal
Published: December 2022

KRYSTOŇ, Miroslav, SELECKÝ, Erik, 2021. Inovácie v edukácii seniorov. Praha: Česká andragogická společnost, 2021. Edice Česká a slovenská andragogika, svazek 24. 121 stran. ISBN 978-80-907809-9-6.
Construction of the Ukrainian identity in a neighbourhood: the role of the host society. Example of the Parc de l’Ukraine in Rosemont, Montreal.
Authors: Pawliw Kim , Berthold Étienne
Published: December 2022

The Parc de l’Ukraine (Ukraine Park) located in the neighbourhood of Rosemont, Montreal, acquired its Ukrainian toponym in 1981 and began its replanning in 2017 which consisted of the upgrading of equipment and of the addition of Ukrainian symbols. These symbols were chosen to bring out the Ukrainian identity of the park and of the neighbourhood. During the replanning, relations were established between the Ukrainian community of Montreal and municipal governing bodies who each enunciated discourses in this context. Based on discourse analysis and using the Ukrainian community of Montreal as an example, this article will focus on the role of the host society at a municipal scale, meaning municipal governing bodies, in immigrant identity construction processes. It will look at the interrelationships between ethnic associations and the representatives and professionals of a city, during the replanning of an urban park. This article will demonstrate that the host society (municipal governing bodies) can instrumentalize immigrant communities to promote a specific identity of the city that varies according to various spatiotemporal contexts and more specifically that the neighbourhood of Rosemont has been at the centre of construction processes through which it has acquired a symbolic value as the Ukrainian neighbourhood of Montreal. Such processes have relied on the one hand, on Ukrainian associations, and on the other hand, on Montreal’s governing bodies.
Results From Finland’s 2022 Para Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents With Disabilities
Authors: Asunta P. , Kämppi K. , Ng K. , Saari A. , Tammelin T.
Published: December 2022

Finland’s 2022 Para Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents With Disabilities includes a summary of results and grades for 10 physical activity indicators and highlights how these grades are interpreted by stakeholders. The disability classification was based on the UNICEF/Washington Group on Disability Statistics measure, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD7) measure, or education status. Data between 2017 and 2021 were reviewed by 24 physical activity specialists using benchmarks adapted for data on disabilities from the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance. The grades were assigned as follows: Overall Physical Activity, C+; Organized Sport, C; Active Play, D; Active Transportation, B; Family and Peers, C+; School, B; Community and Environment, C−; Government, A−; sedentary behavior and physical fitness were graded as incomplete. Stakeholder focus-group discussions highlighted the need for multidisciplinary cooperation and increasing competence of specialists working with children to promote a physically active lifestyle for all children.
Efficacy of Helmet Use on Head Injury Reduction in Snow Sports: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Agar Kaelin , DeMedal Spencer , Delmonte Abbigail , Bell Lauren , Fisher Kyle , Beidler Erica
Published: December 2022

Context: Review articles published in 2010 concluded that there was strong evidence to support the use of helmets as a way to decrease the risk of sustaining a head injury during snow sport participation. However, new research published over the last decade on this relationship warrants revisiting this primary injury prevention approach. Clinical Question: What is the effect of helmet use on the occurrence of head injuries in snow sports? Clinical Bottom Line: The results from the included studies did not consistently find a reduction in head injury occurrence with helmet use in snow sports. Rather, the collective findings were more supportive of a neutral relationship between helmet use and head injuries. Therefore, these heterogeneous findings indicate there is SORT Level B evidence to support the use of helmets as a primary head injury prevention approach in snow sports. Future initiatives should acknowledge the multifaceted nature of injury occurrence and seek to educate the public more clearly on the limitations of helmet use during skiing and snowboarding.
How the Lack of Content Validity in the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy Is Undermining Quality Physical Education
Authors: Dudley Dean , Cairney John
Published: December 2022

Since 2015, the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization has posited physical literacy as a central tenet and pedagogical reform initiative of quality physical education. An assessment of physical literacy is, therefore, becoming an increasingly important aspect of physical education in schools. Internal and external threats to assessment instrument validity are always important considerations in assessment tool development, but this paper identifies why particular attention needs to be paid to the content validity of one such instrument being used by physical educators and researchers. Specifically, this paper interrogates the content validity claims of the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy—Version 2 and discusses why greater attention needs to be paid to the content validity of this instrument if pedagogical reform in physical education is not to be undermined.
Biggest shake-up in health and social care leadership in a generation to improve patient care: comment from report coauthor Dame Linda Pollard
Authors: Claxton Ben , Barlett Sophie
Published: December 2022

The Health and Social Care Secretary Sajid Javid has welcomed the publication of an independent review of health and adult social care leadership, led by General Sir Gordon Messenger and Dame Linda Pollard—and, in what will be the biggest shake-up in health and social care leadership in a generation, is accepting all seven transformative recommendations they have put forward.
Changes in product labelling practices and the use of flavouring chemical additives in vaping products after enactment of statewide flavour legislation
Authors: Page Michelle K , Block Ashleigh C , Santiago Angel L , Leigh Noel J , Kaiser Lisa M , Martin Connor D , Schurr Bradley E , O'Connor Richard J , Goniewicz Maciej L
Published: December 2022

Introduction

On 18 May 2020, New York State enacted legislation banning the sale of vaping products with distinguishable flavours (other than tobacco). According to this new statute, vaping products are deemed flavoured if they include a statement, whether expressed or implied, that have distinguishable tastes or aromas other than tobacco. This study aimed to determine how manufacturers responded.

Methods

We collected 555 vaping products from daily vapers (238 preban and 317 postban). We compared preban and postban labelling of products for expressed and implied flavour descriptions, graphics and colours. Flavouring chemicals and concentrations were identified using chromatography methods and were compared preban and postban.

Results

Analysis of the labels preban and postban did not reveal a change in products with expressed flavoured descriptors (45.8% vs 44.2%) and a minimal decrease in implied descriptors (22.3% vs 14.5%). An increase in products without any descriptors was observed (28.2% vs 37.2%) notably within products from a popular pod brand. The average concentration of eight popular flavourings identified preban was 1.4±2.7 compared with 2.3±3.5 mg/mL (p<0.001) postban. No significant changes between individual flavouring concentrations in the most popular refill solutions and pods were found.

Conclusion

While a majority of products appeared to remain non-compliant, this study suggests that enactment of legislation on vaping products making expressed or implied flavour claims may result in some manufacturer changes to product labelling including removal of flavour descriptors. However, use of flavouring additives in vaping products appeared not to be impacted by the ban.
Flavour loyalty may predict cessation or substitution following a cigarillo flavour ban among young adults in the USA
Authors: Pike Moore Stephanie , Osborn Catherine , Koopman Gonzalez Sarah , Quisenberry Amanda , Klein Elizabeth G , Kaur Manpreet , Suratkal Jessica , Trapl Erika
Published: December 2022

Significance

The purpose of this research was to measure flavour loyalty and identify how current cigarillo users may respond to a hypothetical flavour ban in the USA.

Methods

Cigarillo users aged 21–28 (n=531) were recruited between October 2020 and April 2021 to participate in an online survey. Respondents categorised their preferred, usual and current cigarillo flavours. Individuals who preferred tobacco flavours were compared with individuals who preferred any other flavours. Strength of preferences, or flavour loyalty, was defined when an individual’s preferred flavour matched what they use both usually and currently creating a spectrum of individuals with a strong tobacco preference (n=34), weak tobacco preference (n=20), weak flavour preference (n=162) and strong flavour preference (n=315). Those preferring tobacco were aggregated into any tobacco preference (n=54).

Results

Individuals who preferred any flavour scored higher on a scale of nicotine dependence. There was a dose–response relationship in those who said they would discontinue cigarillos if flavoured options were not available: 11.4% of individuals with any tobacco flavour preference, 27.8% of those with a weak flavour preference and 38.1% of those with a strong flavour preference. A similar trend was noted among those who would switch to another product: 19.2% of those with tobacco flavour preference, 34.3% of those with a weak flavour preference and 43.2% of those with a strong flavour preference.

Conclusion

Individuals who display strong flavour preferences were more likely to say they would discontinue use or seek out alternative flavoured products following a ban on flavoured cigarillos.
Impact of the FDA flavour enforcement policy on flavoured electronic cigarette use behaviour changes
Authors: Li Dongmei , Ossip Deborah J , Bansal-Travers Maansi , Xie Zidian
Published: December 2022

Introduction

This study aims to investigate electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use behaviour changes after the implementation of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) restriction on the sale of all unauthorised flavoured cartridge-based e-cigarettes other than tobacco and menthol flavour on 6 February 2020, as well as factors associated with these changes.

Methods

Through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk service, 3533 current adult flavoured e-cigarette users (who were not exclusive tobacco-flavoured or menthol-flavoured e-cigarette users) were recruited for an online survey from 8 July to 29 July 2021. Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify significant factors associated with quitting e-cigarette use, switching to other flavoured electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products, switching to combustible tobacco products, switching to menthol-flavoured e-cigarettes and switching to tobacco-flavoured e-cigarettes.

Results

Resulting from the FDA flavour enforcement policy, the top four e-cigarette use behaviour changes were: (1) switching to other flavoured ENDS products such as the tank system or disposable e-cigarettes (29.24%), (2) switching to menthol-flavoured pod systems (18.09%), (3) switching to combustible tobacco products (14.12%) and (4) switching to tobacco-flavoured pod systems (12.03%). There were 4.9% participants who indicated that they quit e-cigarette use. Overall, multiple factors, especially past 30-day use of certain flavours, were associated with different behaviour changes.

Conclusions

The implementation of the FDA flavour enforcement policy on cartridge-based e-cigarette was associated with significant e-cigarette behaviour changes, with multiple factors being associated with these changes. These results provide important information for future regulations of flavoured e-cigarette products.
Assessing toxicant emissions from e-liquids with DIY additives used in response to a potential flavour ban in e-cigarettes
Authors: El-Hellani Ahmad , Soule Eric K , Daoud Mohammad , Salman Rola , El Hage Rachel , Ardati Ola , El-Kaassamani Malak , Yassine Amira , Karaoghlanian Nareg , Talih Soha , Saliba Najat , Shihadeh Alan
Published: December 2022

Significance

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) aerosolise liquids that contain nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerol and appealing flavours. In the USA, regulations have limited the availability of flavoured e-cigarettes in pod-based systems, and further tightening is expected. In response, some e-cigarette users may attempt to make their e-liquids (do-it-yourself, DIY). This study examined toxicant emissions from several aerosolised DIY e-liquids.

Methods

DIY additives were identified by reviewing users’ responses to a hypothetical flavour ban, e-cigarette internet forums and DIY mixing internet websites. They include essential oils, cannabidiol, sucralose and ethyl maltol. E-liquids with varying concentrations and combinations of additives and tobacco and menthol flavours were prepared and were used to assess reactive oxygen species (ROS), carbonyl and phenol emissions in machine-generated aerosols.

Results

Data showed that adding DIY additives to unflavoured, menthol-flavoured or tobacco-flavoured e-liquids increases toxicant emissions to levels comparable with those from commercial flavoured e-liquids. Varying additive concentrations in e-liquids did not have a consistently significant effect on the tested emissions, yet increasing power yielded significantly higher ROS, carbonyl and phenol emissions for the same additive concentration. Adding nicotine to DIY e-liquids with sucralose yielded increase in some emissions and decrease in others, with freebase nicotine-containing e-liquid giving higher ROS emissions than that with nicotine salt.

Conclusion

This study showed that DIY additives can impact aerosol toxicant emissions from e-cigarettes and should be considered by policymakers when restricting commercially available flavoured e-liquids.
The full set of polarized deep inelastic scattering structure functions at NNLO accuracy
Authors: Borsa Ignacio , Florian Daniel de , Pedron Iván
Published: December 2022

We present the second order contributions to the coefficient functions for the parity violating polarized structure functions $$g_L$$

g
L

and $$g_4$$

g
4

, thus completing the $${\mathcal {O}}(\alpha _S^2)$$

O
(

α
S
2

)

knowledge on DIS structure functions. We obtain the missing $${\mathcal {O}}(\alpha _S^2)$$

O
(

α
S
2

)

pieces from the known parity conserving unpolarized coefficient functions. We also present a phenomenological analysis for the phase space region the future Electron-Ion Collider is set to explore.
A class of anomalous diffusion epidemic models based on CTRW and distributed delay
Authors: Lu Zhenzhen , Ren Guojian , Chen Yangquan , Meng Xiangyun , Yu Yongguang
Published: December 2022

In recent years, the epidemic model with anomalous diffusion has gained popularity in the literature. However, when introducing anomalous diffusion into epidemic models, they frequently lack physical explanation, in contrast to the traditional reaction–diffusion epidemic models. The point of this paper is to guarantee that anomalous diffusion systems on infectious disease spreading remain physically reasonable. Specifically, based on the continuous-time random walk (CTRW), starting from two stochastic processes of the waiting time and the step length, time-fractional space-fractional diffusion, time-fractional reaction–diffusion and fractional-order diffusion can all be naturally introduced into the SIR (S: susceptible, I: infectious and R: recovered) epidemic models, respectively. The three models mentioned above can also be applied to create SIR epidemic models with generalized distributed time delays. Distributed time delay systems can also be reduced to existing models, such as the standard SIR model, the fractional infectivity model and others, within the proper bounds. Meanwhile, as an application of the above stochastic modeling method, the physical meaning of anomalous diffusion is also considered by taking the SEIR (E: exposed) epidemic model as an example. Similar methods can be used to build other types of epidemic models, including SIVRS (V: vaccine), SIQRS (Q: quarantined) and others. Finally, this paper describes the transmission of infectious disease in space using the real data of COVID-19.
GC‐MS Analysis, Antioxidant and Antifungal Studies of Different Extracts of Chaetomium globosum Isolated from Urginea indica
Authors: Kumari Shailja , Kumari Swati , Attri Chandrika , Sharma Ruchi , Kulshreshtha Sourabh , Benali Taoufiq , Bouyahya Abdelhakim , Gürer Eda Sönmez , Sharifi-Rad Javad
Published: December 2022

To discover new natural resources with biological effects, the chemical investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extract’s Chaetomium globosum isolated from roots of Urginea indica. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis demonstrated the presence of the major chemical constituents present in the methanol extract (1,3‐oxathiolane, 1,3‐cyclopentadiene, 5‐(1‐methylethylidene), 5,9‐hexadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, decane), chloroform extract (acetic acid, diethoxy‐, ethyl ester, 2,2‐bis(ethylsulfonyl)propane, 3‐methyl‐2‐(2‐oxopropyl) furan), and hexane extract (3‐hexanone, 4,4‐dimethyl, decane,2,6‐dimethyldecane, decane, 2,4,6‐trimethyl, decane, 2,4,6‐trimethyl, 1‐butanesulfinamide, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4‐nonafluoro‐N‐methyl, decane). The total compound identified (56.2%) in chloroform extract, (54.72%) in hexane extract, and (65%) in methanol extract. The antioxidant effects were performed using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that the methanol extract showed significantly the highest anti‐DPPH with an IC50 value of 37.61 ± 1.37 μg/mL, followed by chloroform and hexane extracts with IC50 values of 40.82 ± 3.60 and 45.20 ± 2.54 μg/mL, respectively. The antifungal activity of extracts was evaluated against pathogens fungi including Fusarium oxysporum, Rosellinia necatrix, Cladosporium xanthochromaticum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Methanolic and chloroform extracts showed maximum inhibition against all test pathogens, while hexane extract showed minimum inhibition.
Bayesian Prediction Intervals Based on Type‐I Hybrid Censored Data from the Lomax Distribution under Step‐Stress Model
Authors: Rabie Abdalla , Ahmad Abd EL-Baset A. , Fawzy Mohamad A. , Aloafi Tahani A.
Published: December 2022

The Bayesian prediction of future failures from Lomax distribution is the subject of this research. The observed data is censored using a Type‐I hybrid censoring scheme under a step‐stress partially accelerated life test. There are two types of sampling schemes considered: one‐sample and two‐sample. We create predictive intervals for failure observations in the future. Bayesian prediction intervals are constructed using MCMC algorithms. After all, two numerical examples, simulation study and a real‐life example are provided for both one‐sample and two‐sample methods for the purpose of illustration.
A Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Presenting as a Mixed Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
Authors: Cojuc-Konigsberg Gabriel , Natera-Comte Isabel , López Graciano Blanca E. , Mosqueda López Luis Gerardo , Ávila-Rojo José Alonso , Martínez Braulio , Ramírez-Sandoval Juan C.
Published: December 2022

Background. Mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome (MCS) is a rare entity with a variety of causes but has not been associated with testicular germ cell tumors. We present here a case of a patient with a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) presenting as a type III mixed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Case Presentation. A 58-year-old male exhibited typical clinical features of vasculitis, including weakness, fatigue, palpable purpura, multiple mononeuropathy, and a low C4 level. An MCS diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of cryoglobulins (6%) with polyclonal IgM and IgG components and biopsy proven leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Concomitantly, a stage IIIC (TxNxM1bS1) germ tumor with marked elevation of serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (2764 mUI/mL) was diagnosed. An aggressive treatment was needed, including methylprednisolone pulses, plasmapheresis, rituximab, followed by orchiectomy, and chemotherapy (bleomycin/etoposide/cisplatin). After tumor resection and treatment, cryoglobulins decrease to 0%, suggesting a paraneoplastic origin of the vasculitis. Conclusion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of MCS possibly attributable to a NSGCT. This case further elaborates on the presentation of mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis and adds to the published literature on the topic.
Hopf Bifurcation of a Standing Cantilever Pipe Conveying Fluid with Time Delay
Authors: Feng Cheng , Li Yun-dong , Ou Gui-yu
Published: December 2022

In this article, the dynamical behavior of a standing cantilever pipe conveying fluid is investigated with time

−

delay. By applying piezoelectric materials and considering the time delay of voltage, the motion equation is built with motion-limiting constraints and elastic support. The motion equation is discretized into ordinary differential equations by the Galerkin method. A stability analysis of the equilibrium point with three parameters is obtained. The system will lose stability at the equilibrium point and generate Hopf branches. The central manifold theorem and the canonical type theory are used to study the stability of Hopf branching directions and branching period solutions. Finally, numerical results validate the theoretical analysis.