bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Development for the Discovery of Novel Heterocyclic Agrochemicals
Authors: Sanemitsu Yuzuru , Kawamura Shinichi
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Triggering Cryptic Natural Product Biosynthesis in Microorganisms
Authors: Scherlach Kirstin , Hertweck Christian
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Biochemistry of Drug Metabolism — An Introduction. Part 5. Metabolism and Bioactivity
Authors: Testa Bernard , Kraemer Stefanie D.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Plant Cytochrome CYP74 Family: Biochemical Features, Endocellular Localisation, Activation Mechanism in Plant Defence and Improvements for Industrial Applications
Authors: Hughes Richard K. , De Domenico Stefania , Santino Angelo
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Non‐Heme Iron‐Mediated Chemical Demethylation in DNA and RNA
Authors: Yi Chengqi , Yang Cai‐Guang , He Chuan
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Surface Modifications to Influence Adhesion of Biological Cells and Adsorption of Globular Proteins
Authors: Norde Willem
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments on Rotaxane‐Based Shuttles
Authors: Rescifina Antonio , Zagni Chiara , Iannazzo Daniela , Merino Pedro
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fine Chemical Synthesis Through Supported Bases
Authors: Maggi R. , Sartori G. , Oro C. , Soldi L.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Electronic Couplings in Electron Transfer and Excitation Energy Transfer
Authors: Hsu Chao‐Ping
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Free‐Radical Mechanisms of Formation of Polysaccharides Radiation Destruction Products
Authors: Sharpatyi V. A.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Steric and Electronic Effects in SN2 Reactions
Authors: Uggerud Einar
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: From Simplicity to Complexity via Subcomponent Self‐Assembly
Authors: Hutin Marie , Schultz David , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Aspects of Polymer Network Formation upon Curing of Oligomer Systems
Authors: Irzhak V. I. , Mezhikovskii S. M.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Enantiodiscrimination of methamphetamine by circular dichroism using a porphyrin tweezer
Authors: Anderson Marcus , Wilcox Katie , Guericke Mike , Chu Han , Wilson Mark V. , Wilson Erin , Lucas Kerry , Holmes Andrea E.
Published: July 2009

Using exciton‐coupled circular dichroism (ECCD) spectroscopy, our lab was able to differentiate between the two enantiomers of methamphetamine using a commercially available porphyrin tweezer as an achiral host. The host–guest complex formed with (+)‐(S)‐methamphetamine produced a negative bisignate‐shaped ECCD spectrum, whereas the complex formed with (−)‐(R)‐methamphetamine produced a positive one. This sensitive technique could serve as an alternative method for the enantiodiscrimination of chiral methamphetamine, a commonly abused drug in the United States. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereoselective transport and uptake of propranolol across human intestinal Caco‐2 cell monolayers
Authors: Wang Yi , Cao Jiang , Wang Xiaodan , Zeng Su
Published: July 2009

The transport and uptake of individual propranolol (PPL) enantiomers were studied in human intestinal Caco‐2 cell monolayers, and a reversed‐phase HPLC‐UV assay was used for quantitative analysis. S‐PPL and R‐PPL across Caco‐2 cell monolayers was determined in the concentrations range of 10–500 μM in both apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) and BL to AP directions. S‐PPL exhibited greater permeability than R‐PPL in the AP to BL direction, whereas in the BL to AP direction S‐enantiomer transported less than R‐enantiomer. Uptake of R‐PPL was significantly higher than that of S‐PPL either from AP side or from BL side. The statistically significant differences in uptake were observed at the concentrations range from 10 to 50 μM. Furthermore, the apparent Michaelis constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax) also showed significant difference between the two enantiomers. Moreover, the AP to BL transport of PPL enantiomer was markedly decreased by lowering the pH of the apical side but it did not affect the stereoselectivity of PPL across Caco‐2 cell monolayers. The transport and uptake of PPL in the BL to AP direction was not influenced by several protein inhibitors. The results suggest that PPL enantiomers showed stereoselective transport and uptake across the Caco‐2 cell monolayers. A special transport mechanism capable of directing the PPL enantiomers might be present in the Caco‐2 monolayers. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rieselbettreaktoren unter Filtrationsbedingungen – Mechanismus der Ablagerung, Hydrodynamische Folgen, Methoden zur Begrenzung der Filterwirkung
Authors: Hamidipour M. , Schubert M. , Larachi F.
Published: July 2009

Schüttungen in Rieselbettreaktoren wirken gegenüber Feinpartikeln als Filter. Sowohl in Festbettbioreaktoren als auch bei petrochemischen Anwendungen wird durch die reduzierte Permeabilität und die damit verbundenen Druckverluste die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Prozesse stark beeinträchtigt. Obwohl den Anwendern das Problem bewusst ist, sind die Kenntnisse zur Filterwirkung von Rieselbettreaktoren bisher nicht intensiv erforscht. Die Mechanismen der Ablagerung und die Auswirkungen auf die Hydrodynamik wurden am Beispiel von Kaolin‐Feinpartikeln, die ein dominierender Bestandteil in den nachgelagerten Behandlungsstufen bei der Verarbeitung von Athabasca‐Ölsanden sind, untersucht. Zusätzlich werden effektive technische Lösungen und operative Methoden zur Begrenzung der Ablagerungen vorgestellt.
Konzeptstudie: Strukturierter Rieselbettreaktor
Authors: Bauer T. , Haase S. , Lange R.
Published: July 2009

Das Konzept eines strukturierten Rieselbettreaktors kombiniert eine wabenförmige Grundstruktur mit geraden Strömungskanälen und darin eingebrachten kugelförmigen Katalysatorpartikeln. Damit verbindet die neuartige katalytisch aktive Reaktorpackung Vorteile konventioneller Rieselbetten mit denen strukturierter Packungen. Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert charakteristische Kenngrößen strukturierter Rieselbetten und befasst sich mit einer ersten experimentellen Leistungsevaluation des Konzeptes am Beispiel der Hydrierung von alpha‐Methylstyrol.
Computational Investigation of 1,3‐H and 1,5‐H Shifts in Isomerization of Enol Acetate of 2‐Aceto‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione
Authors: WANG Yanhua , CHEN Xuesong , LI Li , ZOU Jianwei
Published: June 2009

The mechanism of the isomerization of the enol acetate of 2‐aceto‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione has been discussed in detail. The possible 1,3‐H and 1,5‐H shifts in isomerization were investigated systematically. It seems that this mechanism includes two successive 1,5‐sigmatropic shifts, i.e. 1,5‐acetyl and 1,5‐H shifts. Density functional theory calculations have been performed to evaluate the reasonability of the proposed mechanisms. The effect of the solvent upon the rate‐determining steps has been also considered. In addition, the relative stabilities of the reactant, the product as well as the intermediates in the proposed mechanism have been examined and discussed.
Efficient Synthetic Route to Carbopyronine Fluorenscent Dye Intermediate
Authors: GU Lijun , YANG Bingqin , LIU Feilong , BAI Yinjuan
Published: June 2009

An efficient synthesis of 2,7‐bis(dimethylamino)‐9,10‐dihydro‐9,9‐dimethylanthracene via a non‐protic Lewis acid assisted cyclization reaction in a high yield was described. The key step was a Lewis acid assisted cyclization reaction. Several non‐protic Lewis acids were investigated and the optimal condition of cyclization reaction was determined to be 2.5 equiv. of Lewis acid at 0°C for 6 h and at room temperature for 10 h.
Downregulation of Peroxisome Proliferator‐activated Receptor‐γ Expression in Hypertensive Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Chen Xiaoping , Bing Ziyi , He Jiyun , Jiang Lingyun , Luo Xiaojia , Su Yanling , Kan Bing , Huang Dejia , Wei Yuquan
Published: June 2009

Background

Numerous evidence has suggested that either hypertension or atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with systemic inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ) has been proved to have anti‐inflammatory effects and is implicated as a molecular pathway involved in many cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. The correlation between PPARγ inflammation and AF is still unknown.

Methods

Using a case‐control study design, 57 patients with hypertensive AF (persistent AF: 32, paroxysmal AF: 25) were included into the study groups. A total of 32 age‐matched patients with hypertension, but without AF were selected as the control group. The expressions of PPARγ, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) mRNA in monocytes were detected by using a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) was measured by immunoenzymetric methods.

Results

The PPARγ mRNA was markedly decreased in the hypertensive AF group as compared with the hypertensive non‐AF group, and it was significantly lower in persistent AF than paroxysmal AF (0.222 ± 0.0702 vs 0.564 ± 0.0436, P<0.01). TNF‐α mRNA, IL‐6 mRNA, and IL‐1 were increased in patients with hypertensive AF compared to the non‐AF group and it was even higher in persistent AF than in paroxysmal AF (0.721 ± 0.0541 vs 0.530 ± 0.0496, 0.567 ± 0.044 vs 0.457 ± 0.0505, 325.61 ± 88.10 vs 190.65 ± 59.38, respectively, P<0.01). TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1 were in negative correlation with PPARγ, the correlation coefficient was − 0.854, − 0.769, and − 0.702, respectively (P<0.01).

Conclusions

In hypertensive patients, increased inflammatory cytokines were associated with increased incidence of AF and atrial remodeling; PPARγ may be involved in the pathogenesis of AF by regulation of inflammation. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Renovation Work on Air Quality and Occupants Health in University Buildings
Authors: Hasegawa Asako , Schleibinger Hans , Nong Gang , Lusztyk Ewa
Published: June 2009

This study aimed to prevent chemical air pollution and reduce its influence on occupants' health in a university building under renovation. Since starting the renovation work, the occupants' health status was monitored using questionnaires every summer and winter. According to a first questionnaire collected before the renovation, subjective symptoms were not observed. However, some occupants complained about odor after moving into their new rooms. Therefore, all interior materials used for the construction work were examined in small chambers to obtain their chemical emission characteristics. The assembled floor, which was a polyvinyl chloride floor sheet combined with a concrete slab by adhesive, was predicted to be the main source of odor in the renovated rooms. Two strategies were implemented individually in rooms to remove these odorous chemicals; a chemical filter in indoor air conditioning units and forced ventilation with hot‐humid outdoor air. The performance of each technique was validated by measuring the indoor concentration before and after operation. These results showed that both strategies had a significant effect on reducing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in a practical way.
Two‐group classification using the Bayesian data reduction algorithm
Authors: Kline Douglas M.
Published: July 2009

The Bayesian data reduction algorithm (BDRA) is compared to traditional classification methods as well as feed forward artificial neural networks through a rigorous experiment. The BDRA performs comparably to alternative techniques and approaches theoretical optimal classification rates. Furthermore, it has a fundamentally different method for determining class membership. This study is novel in that it explores how the BDRA relates to established techniques, how it might be used in an explanatory manner, and how best to use it. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2010
Harmonization of light scatter and fluorescence flow cytometry profiles obtained after staining peripheral blood leucocytes for cell surface‐only versus intracellular antigens with the Fix & Perm™ reagent
Authors: da Costa Elaine Sobral , Peres Rodrigo Tosta , Almeida Julia , Lécrevisse Quentin , Arroyo María Elena , Teodósio Cristina , Pedreira Carlos Eduardo , van Dongen Jacques J. M. , Orfao Alberto
Published: July 2009

Staining for intracellular markers with the Fix & Perm™ reagent is associated with variations in the scatter properties of leucocytes, limiting automated analysis of flow cytometry (FCM) data. Here, we investigated those variables significantly contributing to changes in the light scatter, autofluorescence, and bcl2 staining characteristics of peripheral blood (PB) leucocytes, after fixation with Fix & PermTM. Our major aim was to evaluate a new mathematical approach for automated harmonization of FCM data from datafiles corresponding to aliquots of a sample treated with cell‐surface‐only versus Fix & Perm intracellular staining techniques. Overall, neither the anticoagulant used nor sample storage for <24 h showed significant impact on the light scatter and fluorescence properties of PB leucocytes; similarly, the duration of the fixation period (once >15 min were used) had a minimum impact on the FCM properties of PB leucocytes. Conversely, changes in cell/protein concentrations and the fixative/sample (vol/vol) ratio had a clear impact on the light scatter features of some populations of leucocytes. Accordingly, lower cell/protein concentrations were associated with lower scatter values, particularly for the neutrophils. Such changes could be partially corrected through the use of higher fixative to sample volume ratios. Despite the variable changes detected between aliquots of the same sample treated with cell surface‐only versus intracellular staining procedures, the new mathematical approach here proposed and evaluated for automated harmonization of common parameters in both datafiles, could correct the FCM profiles of leucocytes derived from cells undergoing conventional fixation/permeabilization procedures, and made them indistinguishable from those corresponding to aliquots of the same sample treated with cell‐surface‐only staining techniques. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society
Rare‐Earth Tetrel Antimonides RE5TtxSb3–x (RE = La–Nd; Tt = Si, Ge)
Authors: Bie Haiying , Mar Arthur
Published: July 2009

Ternary rare‐earth tetrel antimonides RE5TtxSb3–x (RE = La–Nd; Tt = Si, Ge) have been prepared by arc‐melting of the elements and annealing at 800 °C. Their crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction methods. These ternary antimonides adopt a structure (β‐Yb5Sb3‐type, orthorhombic, space group Pnma, Z = 4) that is different from those of the parent binary phases RE5Sb3 (Mn5Si3‐type), RE5Si3 (Cr5B3‐type), or RE5Ge3 (Mn5Si3‐type) for RE = La–Nd. The range of solid solubility determined for a representative series, La5GexSb3–x, is relatively wide, 0.9 ≤ x ≤ 1.6. The disorder arises largely from the partial substitution of Tt atoms into Sb sites centred within RE6 trigonal prisms. Columns of confacial RE6 trigonal prisms are connected to each other through edge‐sharing to form a three‐dimensional framework outlining hexagonal channels filled by ribbons of [RE2Tt2] rhombs. Band‐structure calculations provided support for these site preferences and the range of solid solubility in La5GexSb3–x, which can be related largely to changes in the heteroatomic La–Ge and La–Sb bonding interactions. Magnetic measurements on RE5TtxSb3–x (RE = La, Pr, Nd) revealed Pauli paramagnetic behaviour for the La members and multiple low‐temperature transitions (likely involving ferromagnetic ordering) for the Pr and Nd members. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Towards Molecular Wires Based on Metal‐Organic Frameworks (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 20/2009)
Authors: Mas‐Ballesté Rubén , Castillo Oscar , Sanz Miguel Pablo J. , Olea David , Gómez‐Herrero Julio , Zamora Félix
Published: June 2009

The cover picture shows an Atomic Force Microscopy image of single chains based on a one‐dimensional oxalato‐bridged manganese(II) complex with 4‐aminotriazole isolated on a graphite surface. The inset shows the height profile of two of these chains. This is an example of the results obtained in the adsorption of coordination polymers on surfaces. The Microreview by F. Zamora et al. on p. 2885 ff focuses on the state‐of‐the‐art experimental procedures for the isolation of single chains of these supramolecules and on different pathways to obtain molecular assemblies. Potential applications of these compounds as molecular wires are also presented.
Performance of very‐high‐order upwind schemes for DNS of compressible wall‐turbulence
Authors: Gerolymos G. A. , Sénéchal D. , Vallet I.
Published: July 2009

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate very‐high‐order upwind schemes for the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of compressible wall‐turbulence. We study upwind‐biased (UW) and weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) schemes of increasingly higher order‐of‐accuracy (J. Comp. Phys. 2000; 160:405–452), extended up to WENO17 (AIAA Paper 2009‐1612, 2009). Analysis of the advection–diffusion equation, both as Δx→0 (consistency), and for fixed finite cell‐Reynolds‐number ReΔx (grid‐resolution), indicates that the very‐high‐order upwind schemes have satisfactory resolution in terms of points‐per‐wavelength (PPW). Computational results for compressible channel flow (Re∈[180, 230]; M̄CL∈[0.35, 1.5]) are examined to assess the influence of the spatial order of accuracy and the computational grid‐resolution on predicted turbulence statistics, by comparison with existing compressible and incompressible DNS databases. Despite the use of baseline O(Δt2) time‐integration and O(Δx2) discretization of the viscous terms, comparative studies of various orders‐of‐accuracy for the convective terms demonstrate that very‐high‐order upwind schemes can reproduce all the DNS details obtained by pseudospectral schemes, on computational grids of only slightly higher density. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solution of the two‐phase expansion of a metastable flashing liquid jet using the dispersion‐controlled dissipative scheme
Authors: Avila J. A. J. , Pimenta M. M. , Simões‐Moreira J. R.
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a study of the stationary phenomenon of superheated or metastable liquid jets, flashing into a two‐dimensional axisymmetric domain, while in the two‐phase region. In general, the phenomenon starts off when a high‐pressure, high‐temperature liquid jet emerges from a small nozzle or orifice expanding into a low‐pressure chamber, below its saturation pressure taken at the injection temperature. As the process evolves, crossing the saturation curve, one observes that the fluid remains in the liquid phase reaching a superheated condition. Then, the liquid undergoes an abrupt phase change by means of an oblique evaporation wave. Across this phase change the superheated liquid becomes a two‐phase high‐speed mixture in various directions, expanding to supersonic velocities. In order to reach the downstream pressure, the supersonic fluid continues to expand, crossing a complex bow shock wave. The balance equations that govern the phenomenon are mass conservation, momentum conservation, and energy conservation, plus an equation‐of‐state for the substance. A false‐transient model is implemented using the shock capturing scheme: dispersion‐controlled dissipative (DCD), which was used to calculate the flow conditions as the steady‐state condition is reached. Numerical results with computational code DCD‐2D v1 have been analyzed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sibunit Carbon‐Based Cathodes for Proton‐Exchange‐Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Lebedeva N. P. , Booij A. S. , Voropaev I. N. , Simonov P. A. , Romanenko A. V.
Published: July 2009

Preparation, characterisation and evaluation of a novel cathode catalyst for H2/O2 PEMFC – 40 wt.‐% Pt/Sibunit 1562P carbon – is presented. The performance of the cathodes based on the latter material is compared to that of a widely used commercially available reference material – 40 wt.‐% Pt/Vulcan XC 72R – Hispec 4000 (Johnson Matthey, UK). It has been found that the mass activity of the 40 wt.‐% Pt/Sibunit 1562P catalyst exceeds that of a commercial benchmark by a factor of 2 due to a better dispersion of the Pt metal realised in the Sibunit – supported catalyst. Mass transport properties of the two catalysts studied are virtually equal.
Pharmacological inhibition of integrin αvβ3 aggravates experimental liver fibrosis and suppresses hepatic angiogenesis #
Authors: Patsenker Eleonora , Popov Yury , Stickel Felix , Schneider Vreni , Ledermann Monika , Sägesser Hans , Niedobitek Gerald , Goodman Simon L. , Schuppan Detlef
Published: July 2009

The vitronectin receptor integrin αvβ3 promotes angiogenesis by mediating migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, but also drives fibrogenic activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro. Expecting antifibrotic synergism, we studied the effect of αvβ3 inhibition in two in vivo models of liver fibrogenesis. Liver fibrosis was induced in rats by way of bile duct ligation (BDL) for 6 weeks or thioacetamide (TAA) injections for 12 weeks. A specific αvβ3 (αvβ5) inhibitor (Cilengitide) was given intraperitoneally twice daily at 15 mg/kg during BDL or after TAA administration. Liver collagen was determined as hydroxyproline, and gene expression was quantified by way of quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Liver angiogenesis, macrophage infiltration, and hypoxia were assessed by way of CD31, CD68 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α immunostaining. Cilengitide decreased overall vessel formation. This was significant in portal areas of BDL and septal areas of TAA fibrotic rats and was associated with a significant increase of liver collagen by 31% (BDL) and 27% (TAA), and up-regulation of profibrogenic genes and matrix metalloproteinase-13. Treatment increased gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in both models, while other serum markers remained unchanged. αvβ3 inhibition resulted in mild liver hypoxia, as evidenced by up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible genes. Liver infiltration by macrophages/Kupffer cells was not affected, although increases in tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-18, and cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA indicated modest macrophage activation. Conclusion: Specific inhibition of integrin αvβ3 (αvβ5) in vivo decreased angiogenesis but worsened biliary (BDL) and septal (TAA) fibrosis, despite its antifibrogenic effect on HSCs in vitro. Angiogenesis inhibitors should be used with caution in patients with hepatic fibrosis. (Hepatology 2009.)
Efficacy of Entecavir in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Resistant to Both Lamivudine and Adefovir or to Lamivudine Alone†
Authors: Shim Ju Hyun , Suh Dong Jin , Kim Kang Mo , Lim Young-Suk , Lee Han Chu , Chung Young-Hwa , Lee Yung Sang
Published: July 2009

Entecavir (ETV) is currently recommended as a rescue therapy purely for adefovir (ADV)-resistant chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. We evaluated the efficacy of ETV in patients who were resistant to lamivudine (LAM)/ADV sequential therapy and in those resistant to LAM monotherapy. Fifty LAM/ADV-resistant and 38 LAM-resistant patients who received ETV 1 mg/day for at least 48 weeks were enrolled. Mean baseline serum HBV DNA and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly lower in the LAM/ADV-resistant group, compared with the LAM-resistant group (6.90 versus 7.62 log10 copies/mL and 102.6 versus 160.2 IU/L; both

P <

0.05); hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status and LAM-resistant mutation patterns were similar in the two groups. At week 48, mean reductions in HBV DNA and ALT levels were significantly less in the LAM/ADV-resistant group (−2.96 versus −4.86 log10 copies/mL and −68.3 versus −128.9 IU/L; both

P <

0.05). Achievement of undetectable HBV DNA was also less common in the LAM/ADV-resistant group (10.0% versus 34.2%;

P

= 0.006), although the rates of HBeAg loss and ALT normalization did not differ between the two groups. Resistance to both LAM and ADV was an independent risk factor for failure of HBV DNA negativity at week 48 (odds ratio, 0.138;

P

= 0.019). In both LAM/ADV-resistant and LAM-resistant groups, primary responders (≥1 log decline in HBV DNA at week 12) achieved a significantly greater decrease in HBV DNA levels over the 48-week period, compared with primary nonresponders (−4.18 versus −0.97 and −5.37 versus −2.15 log10 copies/mL, respectively; both

P <

0.05).

Conclusion:

The 48-week ETV treatment was less effective in LAM/ADV-resistant than in LAM-resistant patients. Continuing ETV monotherapy could be determined based on the virological response at 12 weeks in LAM/ADV-resistant patients. (Hepatology 2009.)
HuR regulates gap junctional intercellular communication by controlling β-catenin levels and adherens junction integrity #
Authors: Ale-Agha Niloofar , Galban Stefanie , Sobieroy Christiane , Abdelmohsen Kotb , Gorospe Myriam , Sies Helmut , Klotz Lars-Oliver
Published: July 2009

Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) plays a critical role in the regulation of tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis and is modulated by the levels, subcellular localization, and posttranslational modification of gap junction proteins, the connexins (Cx). Here, using oval cell-like rat liver epithelial cells, we demonstrate that the RNA-binding protein HuR promotes GJIC through two mechanisms. First, HuR silencing lowered the levels of Cx43 protein and Cx43 messenger RNA (mRNA), and decreased Cx43 mRNA half-life. This regulation was likely due to the direct stabilization of Cx43 mRNA by HuR, because HuR associated directly with Cx43 mRNA, a transcript that bears signature adenylate-uridylate-rich (AU-rich) and uridylate-rich (U-rich) sequences in its 3′-untranslated region. Second, HuR silencing reduced both half-life and the levels of β-catenin mRNA, also a target of HuR; accordingly, HuR silencing lowered the levels of whole-cell and membrane-associated β-catenin. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed a direct interaction between β-catenin and Cx43. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of β-catenin recapitulated the effects of decreasing HuR levels: it attenuated GJIC, decreased Cx43 levels, and redistributed Cx43 to the cytoplasm, suggesting that depletion of β-catenin in HuR-silenced cells contributed to lowering Cx43 levels at the membrane. Finally, HuR was demonstrated to support GJIC after exposure to a genotoxic agent, doxorubicin, or an inducer of differentiation processes, retinoic acid, thus pointing to a crucial role of HuR in the cellular response to stress and in physiological processes modulated by GJIC. Conclusion: HuR promotes gap junctional intercellular communication in rat liver epithelial cells through two related regulatory processes, by enhancing the expression of Cx43 and by increasing the expression of β-catenin, which, in turn, interacts with Cx43 and is required for proper positioning of Cx43 at the plasma membrane. (Hepatology 2009.)
Nitrate concentration changes at the groundwater‐surface water interface of a small Cumbrian river
Authors: Krause Stefan , Heathwaite Louise , Binley Andrew , Keenan Patrick
Published: July 2009

For an experimental field site at the River Leith, United Kingdom, the spatial and temporal distribution of nitrate was observed along the upwelling flow path from groundwater to surface water. The study was carried out during baseflow conditions for two successive years. For two contrasting stream reaches, the physical and chemical characteristics of streambed sediment cores were analysed together with observations of hydraulic head, dissolved oxygen, redox and nitrogen speciation using an array of nested streambed piezometers.

Pressure head gradients in the streambed piezometers showed that upwelling flows dominated the exchange between groundwater and surface water throughout the observation period. Infiltration of surface water into the streambed was not evident at depths below 10 cm. Pore water collected from sediment cores and streambed piezometers showed spatially variable redox conditions and nitrogen speciation within up to 100 cm depth in the streambed. In particular, nitrate concentrations along upwelling flow paths appeared to follow two opposite trends, with both decreasing and increasing nitrate concentrations being observed at different points in the experimental reach. The observed changes of nitrate concentrations in the upwelling groundwater are restricted to the loose superficial sediments that overlay the sandstone bedrock and do not appear to coincide with surface water–groundwater mixing in the streambed. The magnitude of variation in nitrate concentration along the upwelling flow path to the streambed appears to be governed by the sediment structure and characteristics in the two contrasting field sites.

The results suggest that changes in redox status and pore water nitrate concentrations in the hyporheic may occur at depths greater than surface water infiltration into the streambed and may call for new conceptual understanding of hyporheic nutrient transformations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building channel networks for flat regions in digital elevation models
Authors: Zhang Hua , Huang Guohe
Published: July 2009

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are data sources for distributed rainfall–runoff modelling in terms of providing the channel network for a watershed of interest. Assigning flow directions over flat regions is an important issue in the field of DEM processing and extraction of drainage features. Existing methods cannot fully incorporate the information of known drainage features and terrain surrounding the flat region. This study presented a hydrological correction method that integrates topographic information from different sources to interpolate a convergent surface. It employs radial basis function interpolation to determine elevation increment at every position, utilizes data of digital channel network, incorporates elevation in the surrounding terrain, and ensures a convergent channel network while minimizing the impact of correction on the original DEM. The method can be easily implemented in geographic information system (GIS) environment. It was applied to the DEM of the Heshui Watershed, China. The extracted channel network was visually inspected and quantitatively assessed through analysing the flow direction raster. Results showed that the channel network generated by the hydrological correction was consistent with the known drainage features and contained less parallel channels comparing with the results from two existing methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of HPV16 E6 variants with diagnostic severity in cervical cytology samples of 354 women in a US population
Authors: Zuna Rosemary E. , Moore William E. , Shanesmith Rebecca P. , Dunn S. Terence , Wang Sophia S. , Schiffman Mark , Blakey Gregory L. , Teel Travis
Published: June 2009

It has been suggested that DNA sequence variants of HPV16 contribute to differences in the behavior of individual cervical lesions. To address this question, we have analyzed the association of HPV16 variants with diagnostic severity in 354 HPV16‐positive Oklahoman women. HPV16 variant status was determined by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the E6 open reading frame. European sequences were identified in 86% of samples and 14% were non‐European. Of the 51 non‐European cases, 61% were Asian‐American, 23% African and 16% were Native American variants. European prototype and related variants were present in comparable numbers (43% each) but the relative proportion of each differed with diagnostic category. In general, the proportion of European variants and non‐European variants increased with diagnostic severity while the European prototype decreased. When adjusted for age and race (white, black or Hispanic), the increased risk for carcinoma/severe dysplasia for non‐European variants was statistically significant with an odds ratio of 3.8 (1.3–10.7). However, the analogous comparison for the European variants, although also showing increased association with carcinoma/severe dysplasia, did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.6 (95% CI 0.7–3.6). Overall, HPV16 European sequences (both prototype and related variants), were predominant in Oklahoman women including those with cancers. This suggests that while there appear to be differences among the HPV16‐variant categories in risk for progression to invasive cancer, all variant categories are associated with the development of invasive cancer. © 2009 UICC
Investigation of multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis by three‐dimensional high‐penetration optical coherence tomography
Authors: Yasuno Yoshiaki , Okamoto Fumiki , Kawana Keisuke , Yatagai Toyohiko , Oshika Tetsuro
Published: July 2009

A single case of multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis (MFCPU) was investigated by a three‐dimensional (3‐D) high‐penetration optical coherence tomography. The HP‐OCT is based on a swept‐source OCT technology, uses a probe beam with a center wavelength of 1060 nm, and possesses a depth resolution of 10.4 μ min tissue. Two eyes of an MFCPU patient were involved in this study. The eyes were also examined by color fundus photograph, fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). Findings in these four modalities are comparatively discussed. The OCT scans revealed the following characteristic properties of the lesion sites. Thinning of the retina, destructuring of the retinal layers, and disappearance of the junction of the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor (IS/OS). Due to the high penetration of this OCT system, the following characteristic properties of the lesions were also observed: localized thinning of the choroid, occlusion of the choroidal vessels, and localized hyper‐reflectivity that may represent hyper‐pigmentation of the choroid. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CHARMM general force field: A force field for drug‐like molecules compatible with the CHARMM all‐atom additive biological force fields
Authors: Vanommeslaeghe K. , Hatcher E. , Acharya C. , Kundu S. , Zhong S. , Shim J. , Darian E. , Guvench O. , Lopes P. , Vorobyov I. , Mackerell A. D.
Published: July 2009

The widely used CHARMM additive all‐atom force field includes parameters for proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. In the present article, an extension of the CHARMM force field to drug‐like molecules is presented. The resulting CHARMM General Force Field (CGenFF) covers a wide range of chemical groups present in biomolecules and drug‐like molecules, including a large number of heterocyclic scaffolds. The parametrization philosophy behind the force field focuses on quality at the expense of transferability, with the implementation concentrating on an extensible force field. Statistics related to the quality of the parametrization with a focus on experimental validation are presented. Additionally, the parametrization procedure, described fully in the present article in the context of the model systems, pyrrolidine, and 3‐phenoxymethylpyrrolidine will allow users to readily extend the force field to chemical groups that are not explicitly covered in the force field as well as add functional groups to and link together molecules already available in the force field. CGenFF thus makes it possible to perform “all‐CHARMM” simulations on drug‐target interactions thereby extending the utility of CHARMM force fields to medicinally relevant systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Brief report of community ownership of local coalitions: community members' perspectives
Authors: Cox Pamela J.
Published: July 2009

Although community ownership has been described as critical to the long‐term effectiveness of local coalitions, a lack of consensus exists regarding what community ownership is and what exactly is being owned. This exploratory study examined community ownership of coalitions that address domestic violence from the perspective of community members who initiated and operated these coalitions. Qualitative data collection methods included interviews, observations, and archival review of coalition records. Findings expand current conceptualizations of what community ownership is and how it develops. Results may inform future research regarding how community ownership affects the effectiveness of a coalition's programs and how researchers and government agencies partner with coalitions to address health problems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frameworks: a community‐based approach to preventing youth suicide
Authors: Baber Kristine , Bean Gretchen
Published: July 2009

Few youth suicide prevention programs are theory based and systematically evaluated. This study evaluated the pilot implementation of a community‐based youth suicide prevention project guided by an ecological perspective. One hundred fifty‐seven adults representing various constituencies from educators to health care providers and 131 ninth‐grade students received training and participated in the evaluation. Analysis of questionnaire data collected before and after the trainings indicated significant increases in knowledge about youth suicide and belief in the usefulness of mental health care among adults and students. Adults' preparedness to help youth also increased. Students' sense of responsibility to help their peers who might be at risk for suicide increased from pre‐ to posttraining, as well as the likelihood that these trained students would seek adult assistance immediately if they were concerned about a peer. The results of these analyses are discussed in the context of qualitative information collected through individual interviews with key community contacts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving middle school climate through teacher‐centered change
Authors: Rhodes Jean E. , Camic Paul M. , Milburn Michael , Lowe Sarah R.
Published: July 2009

A collaborative school‐based intervention aimed at modifying relationships among administrators and teachers was implemented in three middle and junior high schools. Across the intervention schools, teachers were active collaborators in identifying problems and then articulating and implementing customized interventions to redress those problems. Analyses of both teacher (N=180) and student (N=2,631) data provide support for positive outcomes. Teachers' perceptions of school climate improved, and longitudinal models suggested that these improvements mediated the impact of treatment on teacher reports of affiliation and academic focus. In addition, the treatment had a positive impact on teachers' perceptions of principal support, which led to improvements in teacher attitudes. Furthermore, students in the intervention schools reported improvements in school climate relative to students in the comparison schools. Taken together, these results suggest that a strategy of encouraging and supporting teacher‐led interventions, customized to the needs and circumstances of each particular school, can successfully revitalize school settings, leading to improvements not only in school's climate, but also in the quality of interactions within the settings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neighborhood‐specific and general social support: which buffers the effect of neighborhood disorder on depression?
Authors: Kim Joongbaeck , Ross Catherine E.
Published: July 2009

Is neighborhood‐specific social support the most effective type of social support for buffering the effect of neighborhood disorder on depression? Matching theory suggests that it is. The authors extend the research on neighborhood disorder and adult depression by showing that individuals who have higher levels of both general and neighborhood‐specific social relationships, measured by social support and neighborhood social ties, are less vulnerable to negative effects of neighborhood disorder. Using the Community, Crime, and Health Survey, the authors found that neighborhood disorder's association with depression is lower for people with supportive social ties with neighbors and for people with more general social support. The latter conditional effect is stronger than the former, indicating that support in which the source of support matches the source of strain is not more effective than general support at buffering the effects of neighborhood strain. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Academic achievement among adolescents in Cambodia: does caregiver trauma matter?
Authors: Eng Sothy , Mulsow Miriam , Cleveland Harrington , Hart Sybil L.
Published: July 2009

How will hostilities occurring around today's world influence future generations in affected areas? Cambodia may be one place where this question can be answered, and academic achievement is one way to measure these effects. Cambodian adolescent/caregiver dyads (n=288) were examined for links between caregiver trauma history and adolescent academic achievement, using self reports of adolescents' relationships with caregivers, caregivers' reports of trauma history and symptoms (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire), and school records of adolescents' academic achievement. Fourteen percent of caregivers met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Overall, caregiver trauma predicted caregiver education, which then predicted caregiver warmth, but not adolescents' academic achievement. Adolescents' academic achievement was predicted by caregivers' brain‐related trauma, child gender, hours taking extra classes, and father's education. Implications for community health professionals are offered. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Separation and divergence: The untold story of James Robertson's and John Bowlby's theoretical dispute on mother–child separation
Authors: van der Horst Frank C. P. , van der Veer René
Published: July 2009

The work of Robertson and Bowlby is generally seen as complementary, Robertson being the practically oriented observer and Bowlby focusing on theoretical explanations for Robertson's observations. The authors add to this picture an “untold story” of the collaboration between Robertson and Bowlby: the dispute between the two men that arose in the 1960s about the corollaries of separation and the ensuing personal animosity. On the basis of unique archival materials, this until now little known aspect of the history of attachment theory is extensively documented. The deteriorating relationship between Robertson and Bowlby is described against the background of different currents in psychoanalysis in Britain in the interbellum. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
(±)‐1,2‐Dialkyl‐5‐nitro‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indoles by a tandem reductive amination‐SNAr reaction
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Nago Takahiro , White Brian
Published: July 2009

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A tandem reductive amination‐SNAr reaction has been applied to the synthesis of (±)‐1,2‐dialkyl‐5‐nitro‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indoles. Treatment of a series of 2‐fluoro‐5‐nitrobenzyl ketones with primary amines and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol at room temperature provided good yields of the target heterocycles. The reaction is sensitive to steric hindrance and proceeds best with less hindered ketone substrates using primary amines that are unbranched at the α carbon. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Regiospecific synthesis of 3H‐pyrido[2,3‐b][1,4]diazepin‐4(5H)‐ones viahaloform reaction with the isolation of N3‐[3‐oxo‐4,4,4‐trichloroalk‐1‐en‐1‐yl]‐2,3‐diaminopyridine intermediates
Authors: Bonacorso Helio G. , Lourega Rogério V. , Porte Liliane M. F. , Deon Everton D. , Zanatta Nilo , Flores Alex F. C. , Martins Marcos A. P.
Published: July 2009

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The synthesis of a novel series of analogous intermediates N3‐[1‐alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)‐3‐oxo‐4,4,4‐trichloroalk‐1‐en‐1‐yl]‐2,3‐diaminopyridines and N2‐(methanesulfonyl) [Cl3CC(O)CHCRNH(C5H3N)NHY], where R = H, Me, C6H5, 4‐FC6H4, 4‐ClC6H4, 4‐BrC6H4, 4‐CH3C6H4, 4‐OCH3C6H4, 4,4′‐biphenyl, 1‐naphthyl, 2‐thienyl, 2‐furyl, and Y = H, SO2Me, is reported. A new corresponding series of 2‐aryl/heteroaryl‐3H‐pyrido[2,3‐b][1,4]diazepin‐4(5H)‐ones obtained from intramolecular cyclization reaction of the first series of trichloroacetyl enamines or from the direct cyclocondensation reaction of 4‐methoxy‐1,1,1‐trichloalk‐3‐en‐2‐ones with 2,3‐diaminopyridine, under mild conditions, is also demonstrated. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).