bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations between Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy, Age, and Obesity in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Talukder Debesh Chandra , Aich Mani Lal , Alam Mohd Rafiul , Islam Md Shahriar , Mahmud Sharfuddin , Biswas Dipali , Saha Kanol , Rahman Farhana
Published: November 2018

Objective: To investigate the contributions of adenoid and tonsil size to childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the interactions between adenotonsillar hypertrophy, age, and obesity in children with OSA.Methods: In total, 215 symptomatic patients were recruited. The patients were assigned to four groups according to age: toddler (age 1-3), preschool (age 3-6), school (age 6-12), and adolescence (age 12-18). All subjects had tonsil size graded by otolaryngologists, adenoid size determined on lateral radiographs and a full-night polysomnography. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), adenoid size, and tonsil size were compared in obese and non-obese children in the four age groups.Results: The AHI was positively related to tonsil grade and adenoid size in all patients. Tonsil grade was positively related to AHI in all four age groups. Adenoid size was positively related to AHI in the toddler, preschool, school groups, but not in the adolescent group. Tonsil grade and adenoid size were both positively related to AHI in obese and non-obese children.Conclusions: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy and obesity are the major determinants of OSA in children. However, the influence of adenoid size decreases in adolescence.J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 26, No.2, October, 2017, Page 167-172
Effect of Postharvest LED Application on Phenolic and Antioxidant Components of Blueberry Leaves
Authors: Routray Winny , Orsat Valerie , Lefsrud Mark
Published: November 2018

Light from red (661 nm) and blue (417 nm) LEDs were applied for 12, 24, and 48 h on freshly harvested blueberry leaves of different cultivars mixed together. The extracts obtained through microwave extraction of these leaves were analysed in terms of total phenolic content, total monomeric anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity as measured by % scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP). It was observed that although the content of total phenolic content was high in the untreated leaves, there was an increase in the phenolic content and monomeric anthocyanin content of the leaves treated with blue light. DPPH inhibition activity and FRAP for all the samples were high; however, there was an increase in the FRAP of samples treated with light for different durations, which varied with type of light and the time of application of the LED light.
Liquid Phase Separation in High-Entropy Alloys—A Review
Authors: Derimow Nicholas , Abbaschian Reza
Published: November 2018

It has been 14 years since the discovery of the high-entropy alloys (HEAs), an idea of alloying which has reinvigorated materials scientists to explore unconventional alloy compositions and multicomponent alloy systems. Many authors have referred to these alloys as multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) or complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) in order to place less restrictions on what constitutes an HEA. Regardless of classification, the research is rooted in the exploration of structure-properties and processing relations in these multicomponent alloys with the aim to surpass the physical properties of conventional materials. More recent studies show that some of these alloys undergo liquid phase separation, a phenomenon largely dictated by low entropy of mixing and positive mixing enthalpy. Studies posit that positive mixing enthalpy of the binary and ternary components contribute substantially to the formation of liquid miscibility gaps. The objective of this review is to bring forth and summarize the findings of the experiments which detail liquid phase separation (LPS) in HEAs, MPEAs, and CCAs and to draw parallels between HEAs and the conventional alloy systems which undergo liquid-liquid separation. Positive mixing enthalpy if not compensated by the entropy of mixing will lead to liquid phase separation. It appears that Co, Ni, and Ti promote miscibility in HEAs/CCAs/MPEAs while Cr, V, and Nb will raise the miscibility gap temperature and increase LPS. Moreover, addition of appropriate amounts of Ni to CoCrCu eliminates immiscibility, such as in cases of dendritically solidifying CoCrCuNi, CoCrCuFeNi, and CoCrCuMnNi.
A Review of Roofing Methods: Construction Features, Heat Reduction, Payback Period and Climatic Responsiveness
Authors: Abuseif Majed , Gou Zhonghua
Published: November 2018

The roofs of buildings play an essential role in energy efficiency because a significant amount of solar radiation is absorbed by roofs in hot weather and a significant amount of heat is lost through roofs in cold weather. This paper is a systematic literature review about roofing methods for flat roofs. Ten roofing methods are reviewed in this paper. They are concrete roof, cool roof, insulated roof, roof garden, photovoltaic panels’ roof, biosolar roof, double-skin roof, roof ponds, skylight roof, and wind catcher. The review covers each roof’s main features, heat flux reductions, payback periods, and the appropriate climate for its implementation. Furthermore, the basic principles for selecting appropriate roofing methods are discussed and future studies for integrating these roofing methods are suggested. Some of these methods can eliminate the need of installing HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning) systems and others can achieve a high percentage of heat reduction if they are the right choice and they are implemented in the right circumstances. An incorrect selection could result in mild to severe energy penalties. The review contributes to the increasing knowledge about sustainable roofing and helps designers to increase building energy efficiency by selecting the appropriate roofing method.
Measures to Remove Geothermal Energy Barriers in the European Union
Authors: Colmenar-Santos Antonio , Palomo-Torrejón Elisabet , Rosales-Asensio Enrique , Borge-Diez David
Published: November 2018

This article examines the main market barriers that hamper the introduction of geothermal energy at local, national, and European levels as well as the necessary steps that need to be taken to eradicate them, thus contributing to the general use of this renewable source of energy. The novelty of this study lies in the detailed description of four different scenarios: the European Union (EU), Spain, the Canary Islands, and the agricultural sector for the three types of geothermal energies and their uses: Low-enthalpy or thermal uses, high-enthalpy or electrical uses and renewable energy mix. The results are expected to differ in terms of level of introduction, barriers, and measures to be taken. We have selected Spain within the European context due to its meagre 0.1% geothermal market share in primary demand for renewable energy, and the Canary Islands in particular, given its insular nature. We have likewise picked the agricultural sector due to its underdevelopment as far as renewable energies are concerned, including geothermal energy.
Decentralized and Collaborative Scheduling Approach for Active Distribution Network with Multiple Virtual Power Plants
Authors: Li Xiangyu , Zhao Dongmei , Guo Baicang
Published: November 2018

In order to build an active distribution system with multi virtual power plants (VPP), a decentralized two-stage stochastic dispatching model based on synchronous alternating direction multiplier method (SADMM) was proposed in this paper. Through the integration of distributed energy and large-scale electric vehicles (EV) in the distribution network by VPP group, coordinative complementarity, and global optimization were realized. On the premise of energy autonomy management of active distribution network (AND) and VPP, after ensuring the privacy of stakeholders, the power of tie-line was taken as decoupling variable based on SADMM. Furthermore, without the participation of central coordinators, the optimization models of VPPs and distribution networks were decoupled to achieve fully decentralized optimization. Aiming at minimizing their own operating costs, the VPPs aggregate distributed energy and large-scale EVs within their jurisdiction to interact with the upper distribution network. On the premise of keeping operation safe, the upper distribution network formulated the energy interaction plan with each VPP, and then, the global energy optimization management of the entire distribution system and the decentralized autonomy of each VPP were achieved. In order to improve the stochastic uncertainty of distributed renewable energy output, a two-stage stochastic optimization method including pre-scheduling stage and rescheduling stage was adopted. The pre-scheduling stage was used to arrange charging and discharging plans of EV agents and output plans of micro gas turbines. The rescheduling stage was used to adjust the spare resources of micro gas turbines to deal with the uncertainty of distributed wind and light. An example of active distribution system with multi-VPPs was constructed by using the improved IEEE 33-bus system, then the validity of the model was verified.
Taste Perception and Water Swallow Screen Results in Old-Old Women
Authors: Mulheren Rachel W. , Humbert Ianessa A. , Cappola Anne R. , Fried Linda P. , González-Fernández Marlís
Published: November 2018

Changes in both swallowing and taste commonly occur in advanced age, though the relationship between the two is unknown. This study examined the association between a water swallow screen test and taste identification and intensity rating. Participants included 47 community-dwelling women aged 85–94 years. Participants completed three trials of a water swallow screen and were observed for signs of aspiration, which, if present, indicated failure. Four pure taste stimuli at low and high concentrations and water were presented, and participants selected one of five taste labels and rated their intensity on the generalized Labeled Magnitude Scale. Ratios of intensity ratings were computed for each taste stimulus to compare the perception of low and high concentrations. The association between water swallow screen failure, correct taste identification, and taste intensity ratio was evaluated with logistic regression modeling, with mediating factors of frailty and number of comorbidities. Failure of three water swallow screen trials was associated with a higher taste intensity ratio for caffeine (bitter) and a lower taste intensity ratio for sucrose (sweet). Correct identification of taste, frailty, and number of comorbidities were not associated with failure of any number of water swallow screen trials. Intensity ratings of certain tastes may be associated with swallowing in old-old women. Heightened vigilance in this population may be necessary to prevent complications related to dietary intake.
Mathematical Analysis and Treatment for a Delayed Hepatitis B Viral Infection Model with the Adaptive Immune Response and DNA-Containing Capsids
Authors: Danane Jaouad , Allali Karam
Published: November 2018

We model the transmission of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) by six differential equations that represent the reactions between HBV with DNA-containing capsids, the hepatocytes, the antibodies and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) cells. The intracellular delay and treatment are integrated into the model. The existence of the optimal control pair is supported and the characterization of this pair is given by the Pontryagin’s minimum principle. Note that one of them describes the effectiveness of medical treatment in restraining viral production, while the second stands for the success of drug treatment in blocking new infections. Using the finite difference approximation, the optimality system is derived and solved numerically. Finally, the numerical simulations are illustrated in order to determine the role of optimal treatment in preventing viral replication.
Needle-Free Immunization with Chitosan-Based Systems
Authors: Singh Bijay , Maharjan Sushila , Sindurakar Princy , Cho Ki-Hyun , Choi Yun-Jaie , Cho Chong-Su
Published: November 2018

Despite successful use, needle-based immunizations have several issues such as the risk of injuries and infections from the reuse of needles and syringes and the low patient compliance due to pain and fear of needles during immunization. In contrast, needle-free immunizations have several advantages including ease of administration, high level of patient compliance and the possibility of mass vaccination. Thus, there is an increasing interest on developing effective needle-free immunizations via cutaneous and mucosal approaches. Here, we discuss several methods of needle-free immunizations and provide insights into promising use of chitosan systems for successful immunization.
Effects of Enhanced Hydrophilic Titanium Dioxide-Coated Hydroxyapatite on Bone Regeneration in Rabbit Calvarial Defects
Authors: Lee Ji-Eun , Bark Chung Wung , Quy Hoang Van , Seo Seung-Jun , Lim Jae-Hong , Kang Sung-A , Lee Youngkyun , Lee Jae-Mok , Suh Jo-Young , Kim Yong-Gun
Published: November 2018

The regeneration of bone defects caused by periodontal disease or trauma is an important goal. Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) is an osteoconductive graft material. However, the hydrophobic properties of HA can be a disadvantage in the initial healing process. HA can be coated with TiO2 to improve its hydrophilicity, and ultraviolet irradiation (UV) can further increase the hydrophilicity by photofunctionalization. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of 5% TiO2-coated HA on rabbit calvarial defects and compare it with that of photofunctionalization on new bone in the early stage. The following four study groups were established, negative control, HA, TiO2-coated HA, and TiO2-coated HA with UV. The animals were sacrificed and the defects were assessed by radiography as well as histologic and histomorphometric analyses. At 2 and 8 weeks postoperatively, the TiO2-coated HA with UV group and TiO2-coated HA group showed significantly higher percentages of new bone than the control group (p < 0.05). UV irradiation increased the extent of new bone formation, and there was a significant difference between the TiO2-coated HA group and TiO2-coated HA with UV group. The combination of TiO2/HA and UV irradiation in bone regeneration appears to induce a favorable response.
Endothelial Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthetase-1 Upregulates Vascularity and Endothelial Interleukin-1β in Deteriorative Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Takemiya Takako , Kawakami Marumi , Takeuchi Chisen
Published: November 2018

Microsomal prostaglandin E synthetase-1 (mPGES-1) is an inducible terminal enzyme for the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, mPGES-1 is induced in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) around inflammatory foci and facilitates inflammation, demyelination, and paralysis. Therefore, we investigated the role of CD31-positive VECs in mPGES-1-mediated EAE aggravation using immunohistochemical analysis and imaging of wild-type (wt) and mPGES-1-deficient (mPGES-1−/−) mice. We demonstrated that EAE induction facilitated vascularity in inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord, and this was significantly higher in wt mice than in mPGES-1−/− mice. In addition, endothelial interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production was significantly higher in wt mice than in mPGES-1−/− mice. Moreover, endothelial PGE2 receptors (E-prostanoid (EP) receptors EP1–4) were expressed after EAE induction, and IL-1β was induced in EP receptor-positive VECs. Furthermore, IL-1 receptor 1 expression on VECs was increased upon EAE induction. Thus, increased vascularity is one mechanism involved in EAE aggravation induced by mPGES-1. Furthermore, mPGES-1 facilitated the autocrine function of VECs upon EP receptor induction and IL-1β production, modulating mPGES-1 induction in EAE.
The Regulation of JNK Signaling Pathways in Cell Death through the Interplay with Mitochondrial SAB and Upstream Post-Translational Effects
Authors: Win Sanda , Than Tin Aung , Kaplowitz Neil
Published: November 2018

c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity plays a critical role in modulating cell death, which depends on the level and duration of JNK activation. The kinase cascade from MAPkinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) to MAPkinase kinase (MAP2K) to MAPKinase (MAPK) can be regulated by a number of direct and indirect post-transcriptional modifications, including acetylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and their reversals. Recently, a JNK-mitochondrial SH3-domain binding protein 5 (SH3BP5/SAB)-ROS activation loop has been elucidated, which is required to sustain JNK activity. Importantly, the level of SAB expression in the outer membrane of mitochondria is a major determinant of the set-point for sustained JNK activation. SAB is a docking protein and substrate for JNK, leading to an intramitochondrial signal transduction pathway, which impairs electron transport and promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) release to sustain the MAPK cascade.
Ginsenoside Rg1 Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through the Inhibition of Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice
Authors: Xu Zhi-Meng , Li Cheng-Bin , Liu Qing-Ling , Li Ping , Yang Hua
Published: November 2018

Ginsenoside Rg1, a saponin that is a primary component of ginseng, has been demonstrated to protect hearts from diverse cardiovascular diseases with regulating multiple cellular signal pathways. In the present study, we investigated the protective role of ginsenoside Rg1 on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and its effects on endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. After pre-treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 (50 mg/kg i.g.) for 7 days, male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of doxorubicin (6 mg/kg) every 3 days for four injections. Echocardiographic and pathological findings showed that ginsenoside Rg1 could significantly reduce the cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin. Ginsenoside Rg1 significantly inhibited doxorubicin-induced formation of autophagosome. At the same time, ginsenoside Rg1 decreased the doxorubicin-induced cardiac microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3 and autophagy related 5 expression. Ginsenoside Rg1 can reduce endoplasmic reticulum dilation caused by doxorubicin. Compared with the doxorubicin group, the expression of cleaved activating transcription factor 6 and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 decreased in group ginsenoside Rg1. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 reduces the expression of TIF1 and increases the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78. In the ginsenoside Rg1 group, the expression of p-P70S6K, c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and Beclin1 declined. These results indicate that ginsenoside Rg1 may improve doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy.
Programming of Vascular Dysfunction in the Intrauterine Milieu of Diabetic Pregnancies
Authors: Sallam Nada A. , Palmgren Victoria A. C. , Singh Radha D. , John Cini M. , Thompson Jennifer A.
Published: November 2018

With the rising global tide of obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) burgeoned into one of the most common antenatal disorders worldwide. Macrosomic babies born to diabetic mothers are more likely to develop risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) before they reach adulthood. Rodent studies in offspring born to hyperglycemic pregnancies show vascular dysfunction characterized by impaired nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation and increased production of contractile prostanoids by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Vascular dysfunction is a key pathogenic event in the progression of diabetes-related vascular disease, primarily attributable to glucotoxicity. Therefore, glucose-induced vascular injury may stem directly from the hyperglycemic intrauterine environment of GDM pregnancy, as evinced by studies showing endothelial activation and inflammation at birth or in childhood in offspring born to GDM mothers. This review discusses potential mechanisms by which intrauterine hyperglycemia programs dysfunction in the developing vasculature.
It’s Hard to Avoid Avoidance: Uncoupling the Evolutionary Connection between Plant Growth, Productivity and Stress “Tolerance”
Authors: Maggio Albino , Bressan Ray A. , Zhao Yang , Park Junghoon , Yun Dae-Jin
Published: November 2018

In the last 100 years, agricultural developments have favoured selection for highly productive crops, a fact that has been commonly associated with loss of key traits for environmental stress tolerance. We argue here that this is not exactly the case. We reason that high yield under near optimal environments came along with hypersensitization of plant stress perception and consequently early activation of stress avoidance mechanisms, such as slow growth, which were originally needed for survival over long evolutionary time periods. Therefore, mechanisms employed by plants to cope with a stressful environment during evolution were overwhelmingly geared to avoid detrimental effects so as to ensure survival and that plant stress “tolerance” is fundamentally and evolutionarily based on “avoidance” of injury and death which may be referred to as evolutionary avoidance (EVOL-Avoidance). As a consequence, slow growth results from being exposed to stress because genes and genetic programs to adjust growth rates to external circumstances have evolved as a survival but not productivity strategy that has allowed extant plants to avoid extinction. To improve productivity under moderate stressful conditions, the evolution-oriented plant stress response circuits must be changed from a survival mode to a continued productivity mode or to avoid the evolutionary avoidance response, as it were. This may be referred to as Agricultural (AGRI-Avoidance). Clearly, highly productive crops have kept the slow, reduced growth response to stress that they evolved to ensure survival. Breeding programs and genetic engineering have not succeeded to genetically remove these responses because they are polygenic and redundantly programmed. From the beginning of modern plant breeding, we have not fully appreciated that our crop plants react overly-cautiously to stress conditions. They over-reduce growth to be able to survive stresses for a period of time much longer than a cropping season. If we are able to remove this polygenic redundant survival safety net we may improve yield in moderately stressful environments, yet we will face the requirement to replace it with either an emergency slow or no growth (dormancy) response to extreme stress or use resource management to rescue crops under extreme stress (or both).
Point-of-Care Testing for G6PD Deficiency: Opportunities for Screening
Authors: Anderle Athena , Bancone Germana , Domingo Gonzalo J. , Gerth-Guyette Emily , Pal Sampa , Satyagraha Ari W.
Published: November 2018

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, an X-linked genetic disorder, is associated with increased risk of jaundice and kernicterus at birth. G6PD deficiency can manifest later in life as severe hemolysis, when the individual is exposed to oxidative agents that range from foods such as fava beans, to diseases such as typhoid, to medications such as dapsone, to the curative drugs for Plasmodium (P.) vivax malaria, primaquine and tafenoquine. While routine testing at birth for G6PD deficiency is recommended by the World Health Organization for populations with greater than 5% prevalence of G6PD deficiency and to inform P. vivax case management using primaquine, testing coverage is extremely low. Test coverage is low due to the need to prioritize newborn interventions and the complexity of currently available G6PD tests, especially those used to inform malaria case management. More affordable, accurate, point-of-care (POC) tests for G6PD deficiency are emerging that create an opportunity to extend testing to populations that do not have access to high throughput screening services. Some of these tests are quantitative, which provides an opportunity to address the gender disparity created by the currently available POC qualitative tests that misclassify females with intermediate G6PD activity as normal. In populations where the epidemiology for G6PD deficiency and P. vivax overlap, screening for G6PD deficiency at birth to inform care of the newborn can also be used to inform malaria case management over their lifetime.
P(N-Phenylmaleimide-Alt-Styrene) Introduced with 4-Carboxyl and Its Effect on the Heat Deflection Temperature of Nylon 6
Authors: Liu Yufei , He Min , Zhang Daohai , Zhao Qian , Li Yang , Qin Shuhao , Yu Jie
Published: November 2018

P(N-phenylmaleimide-alt-styrene) (P(NPMI-alt-St)) and P(N-(4-carboxyphenyl)maleimide-alt-styrene) (P(CPMI-alt-St)) were designed and synthesized via free radical copolymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR and 13C NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to confirm the structure of P(NPMI-alt-St) and P(CPMI-alt-St). Next, the effect of P(CPMI-alt-St) on the heat deflection temperature (HDT) of nylon 6 was studied. In comparison to the PA6/P(NPMI-alt-St) blend, with the addition of 10 wt %, the HDT value of the PA6/P(CPMI-alt-St) blend increased by 15.7 °C, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) by Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) increased 2.3 °C. According to the analysis of DMA, dynamic viscosity, and the SEM of PA6 and its blends, P(CPMI-alt-St) promoted its compatibility with PA6, and promoted the storage modulus and dynamic viscosity of the blends. Thus, the introduction of 4-carboxyl can significantly improve the effect of P(CPMI-alt-St) on the heat resistance modification of nylon 6.
Optical Trapping and Manipulation of Superparamagnetic Beads Using Annular-Shaped Beams
Authors: Oliveira Leandro , Campos Warlley H. , Rocha Marcio S.
Published: November 2018

We propose an optical tweezers setup based on an annular-shaped laser beam that is efficient to trap 2.8 μ m-diameter superparamagnetic particles. The optical trapping of such particles was fully characterized, and a direct absolute comparison with a geometrical optics model was performed. With this comparison, we were able to show that light absorption by the superparamagnetic particles is negligible for our annular beam tweezers, differing from the case of conventional Gaussian beam tweezers, in which laser absorption by the beads makes stable trapping difficult. In addition, the trap stiffness of the annular beam tweezers increases with the laser power and with the bead distance from the coverslip surface. While this first result is expected and similar to that achieved for conventional Gaussian tweezers, which use ordinary dielectric beads, the second result is quite surprising and different from the ordinary case, suggesting that spherical aberration is much less important in our annular beam geometry. The results obtained here provide new insights into the development of hybrid optomagnetic tweezers, which can apply simultaneously optical and magnetic forces on the same particles.
Design of a Pre-Bunched THz Free Electron Laser
Authors: Huang Ruixuan , Li Weiwei , Zhao Zhouyu , Li Heting , Wang Jigang , Ma Tian , Huang Qiuping , He Zhigang , Jia Qika , Wang Lin , Lu Yalin
Published: November 2018

Terahertz (THz) radiation has attracted much attention in new scientific and industrial applications. There has been significant recent progress in generating THz with accelerators. To investigate the collective behavior of electron dynamics, we have proposed a new high throughput material characterization system, which supplies a multiple light source. The system includes a pre-bunched THz free electron laser (FEL), which is a high-power narrow-band THz source with a wide tuning range of frequency. The physical design with the main components of the facility is introduced, and the simulation results are illustrated. Radiation of 0.5–3.0 THz is obtained by the fundamental wave of the pre-bunched beam, and radiation covering 3.0–5.0 THz is realized by second harmonic generation. As the simulation shows, intense THz radiation could be achieved in a frequency from 0.5–5.0 THz, with a peak power of several megawatts (MWs) and a bandwidth of a few percent.
Tyrannie et soumission dans les liens avec le sujet âgé dément
Authors: Louchard Chardon Christine , Morhain Yves
Published: November 2018

À son entrée ou au cours de sa vie en institution gériatrique, le sujet âgé atteint de démence éprouve, dans bien des cas, le sentiment d’une perte d’identité, d’une dépossession ou d’un exil. L’aliénation vécue par le résident rencontre, en certaines circonstances, l’impuissance des professionnels. Ces derniers peinent à trouver sens à ses agirs et à ses mouvements d’agressivité. Ils sont au final confrontés à la mise en échec de leurs capacités soignantes. Les auteurs mettent en évidence, au travers d’une situation clinique, les sources et les impasses d’une relation instaurée sur le mode tyrannique. La relation est interrogée à la lumière des processus démentiels, notamment la perte du lien aux objets internes. Cette contribution vise à saisir ce qui est en jeu dans ce type de relation et à ouvrir à de nouveaux positionnements professionnels.
Vie quotidienne en institution : la danse du temps présent
Authors: Brioul Michel
Published: November 2018

Chaque jour se renouvelle la même performance artistique qui mêle rythmes immuables et improvisations créatives pour construire l’harmonie de la vie. L’auteur montre, en appui sur des observations cliniques, qu’en institution, c’est dans l’intersubjectivité avec les patients psychotiques, blessés dans leur narcissisme, autistes et/ou handicapés, que peut se constituer l’essence thérapeutique des actes quotidiens. Il s’agit d’orchestrer la rencontre, le partage, de tisser les liens sur le canevas de l’ensemble des éléments de la réalité quotidienne, des espaces et des temps de son déroulement. Sur cette trame se dessinent les fonctions corporelles et leurs avatars, articulés avec les mots pour dire les joies et les peines, et les projections imaginaires qui mettent l’avenir en perspective dans la jouissance du présent.
Politique de réforme et matérialité de la prison au Cameroun
Authors: Morelle Marie , Awondo Patrick , Birwe Habmo , Eyenga Georges Macaire
Published: November 2018

Depuis 2014, l’ONG Amnesty international n’a cessé de critiquer la gestion des détenus liée à la « lutte contre le terrorisme » dans les régions du Nord et de l’Extrême-Nord du Cameroun. Se greffant à d’autres actualités locales (« crise anglophone », arrestation de personnalités publiques accusées de détournement de deniers publics, mais aussi réformes du Code pénal et du Code de procédure pénale), cette nouvelle médiatisation des lieux de détention a relancé le timide débat sur la pénalité et l’enfermement dans ce pays affichant un taux d’incarcération élevé (115 personnes pour 100 000 habitants). Dans cet article, nous proposons de discuter de la question carcérale à partir des enjeux qui se jouent dans sa réforme. Cette entrée permet d’éclairer la dynamique de l’emprisonnement au Cameroun depuis les années 1990, analysée au double prisme des pratiques et des discours des acteurs de la réforme (agences de développement, organisations internationales, organisations non gouvernementales, États) et de ceux qui font l’expérience de la prison autant qu’ils la produisent au jour le jour (gardiens, directeurs, détenus et leurs proches).
« Gouvernement perpétuel » et démocratisation janusienne au Cameroun (1990-2018)
Authors: Owona Nguini Mathias Éric , Menthong Hélène-Laure
Published: November 2018

Entre les années 1990 et 2010, la démocratisation passive au Cameroun a été capturée par la stratégie dirigeante de ce que nous appelons dans cet article le « gouvernement perpétuel ». Cette démarche de pérennisation du pouvoir central étatique, contrôlé par le président Paul Biya et son régime du Renouveau national, a restreint les possibilités de libéralisation et de démocratisation au Cameroun. C’est pourquoi la démocratie camerounaise est un régime ambivalent et hybride qui oscille entre pluralisme et autoritarisme. Elle prend la forme d’une démocratisation janusienne.
Utopie et dystopie ambazoniennes : Dieu, les dieux et la crise anglophone au Cameroun
Authors: Machikou Nadine
Published: November 2018

Penser la crise anglophone au Cameroun fondée sur la dénonciation de la marginalisation d’une minorité à travers un détour par le religieux, c’est reconstituer deux dynamiques à l’œuvre. D’une part, il s’agit de la structuration d’une configuration actorielle faite d’autorités politico-administratives (le trône) et religieuses (l’autel), autour d’invocations du divin éclatées entre un « Dieu de paix » et un « Dieu de justice ». D’autre part, il se forme une grammaire protestataire qui, pour se légitimer, s’ancre dans les cieux à travers des prophéties, des appels à prier et à observer des rituels religieux autour de thèmes majeurs tels que la paix, la justice, le salut, la délivrance, le combat, etc. Le présent article met en lumière ce mouvement en soulignant la façon dont les formes symboliques se sont constituées en un appareil de capture de l’attention, d’homogénéisation transcendantale des publics et de sacralisation de la lutte.
Les lieux et les non-lieux du don et de la religion
Authors: Singleton Michael
Published: November 2018

Dans cet article, Michael Singleton, unique docteur formé par l’anthropologue britannique E. E. Evans-Pritchard, retrace son parcours d’anthropologue, de théologien, de missionnaire puis, résolument, d’ethnologue. D’où il ressort qu’il n’ a vu ni don ni religion dans les sociétés africaines dans lesquelles il a vécu et sur lesquelles il a travaillé. Alain Caillé objecte à Michael Singleton que, s’il ne veut voir ni religieux ni don (ou « donner ») dans les sociétés africaines qu’il a pratiquées, c’est peut-être parce qu’il en a une conception trop grandiose, trop lévinassienne.
L’agonistique sociale du don/contre-don
Authors: Ferrié Christian
Published: November 2018

L’institution sociale du don/contre-don implique une dimension agonistique mise en avant par Mauss à partir de la kula mélanésienne et du potlatch nord-américain : au sein de cette lutte de prestige entre les protagonistes, la contre-prestation s’apparente à un coup rendu. Loin d’être irénique, la relation sociale constitue une compétition loyale qui recèle néanmoins une confrontation potentiellement conflictuelle pouvant dégénérer en affrontement violent. Il s’agit de montrer, à partir des Guayaki étudiés par Clastres et des Kabyles analysés par Bourdieu, que l’agonistique sociale, au sein du groupe et entre les groupes alliés, travaille à contenir son potentiel polémique afin d’éviter le développement d’un antagonisme antisocial qui se déchaîne, en revanche, dans les sociétés stratifiées en classes.
Ne dites plus « premiers de cordée », mais « passeurs de témoin » !
Authors: Villain-Carapella Florian
Published: November 2018

Dans son article « Le lien entre les générations et la dette du temps » ( Esprit , avril 2018), Marcel Hénaff nous livre une clé essentielle pour comprendre la raison profonde des ruptures intergénérationnelles dans nos sociétés modernes. Parce qu’elle a substitué la linéarité au temps cyclique, la modernité occidentale a produit une éternité immaîtrisable et s’est par là même privée de la vertueuse circularité du don constitutif entre les générations, que l’on ne retrouve guère que dans les sociétés traditionnelles.
« Ce bateau, c’est l’argent de mon père » : la transaction monétaire comme condition de circulation et de transmission des bateaux
Authors: Daffe Laurie
Published: November 2018

Ce sont les transactions marchandes (achat et vente), rythmant la circulation d’un bateau de 38 mètres au cours du temps, qui nous intéresseront dans cet article. Nous y montrons que le passage par une métrique monétaire est une des conditions pour que le bateau change de main, étape qui implique des stratégies de mise en valeur spécifiques. Qui plus est, cet échange entre particuliers ne peut en réalité exister sans l’intervention d’argents intimes, différenciés, issus notamment de dons et de prêts entre proches. Finalement, nous observons que c’est également le passage par la transaction marchande qui permet à l’habitant fluvial de donner à son tour, et de résoudre des conflits liés à des transmissions autrement impossibles à recevoir.
Petit potlatch au sommet du Forez : tableautin ethnographique désabusé
Authors: Bucaille Richard
Published: November 2018

En haut du Forez, la communauté rurale vit – mal – d’un petit élevage laitier d’altitude produisant la fourme ; là subsistent quelques derniers Mohicans, exploitant les nombreuses ressources spontanées de leurs forêts de pente, lesquelles fournissent un appoint économique non négligeable. Ces prélèvements quasi gratuits font l’objet, entre autochtones, d’échanges continus de biens et de services non monétaires . Mieux : présentés comme des dons, ils offrent à ces dominés un sûr moyen de valorisation sociétale, voire de souligner sans jamais le dire que le donataire devient un obligé  ; pris dans le réseau d’échanges, l’ethnographe participant en sait quelque chose. Conclusion : s’il y a potlatch quelque part, alors il doit y en avoir partout – ne serait-ce que sous forme atténuée, mais ordinaire .
La publicación en Linked Data de registros bibliográficos: modelo e implementación
Authors: Senso Jose A. , Arroyo Machado Wenceslao
Published: November 2018

Las bibliotecas se encuentran muy vinculadas a Linked Data (LD) debido al alto nivel de estructuración de sus datos, aunque los proyectos relacionados con ello son elaborados principalmente por grandes bibliotecas. En el presente trabajo se ha determinado su estado de la cuestión, analizando algunos de los proyectos referentes, ciclos de vida y herramientas que intervienen durante el proceso, estableciendo tras ello una metodología y llevando acabo su implementación al completo, convirtiendo registros bibliográficos en Linked Data, enriqueciéndolos por medio de otros conjuntos de datos y poniéndolos al alcance de todo el mundo. De este modo, se ha realizado un estudio de caso usando para ello un conjunto de registros extraídos de la Biblioteca Universitaria de Granada con el fin de conocer, de primera mano, algunos de los problemas que se puede encontrar cualquier centro que desee convertir sus registros a Linked Data sin necesidad de tener que cambiar de sistema de automatización de bibliotecas.
Análisis de la materia Trabajos de Fin de Grado (TFG) en los grados de Ciencias de la Comunicación en España
Authors: Sierra Sánchez Javier , Liberal Ormaechea Sheila , Luceño Ramos Beatriz
Published: November 2018

El Plan Bolonia introdujo como novedad la obligatoriedad de elaborar un Trabajo Fin de Grado, en adelante, TFG. El desarrollo normativo que regula el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) en España es escueto y deja a las universidades la responsabilidad de la organización de las modalidades y criterios académicos de esta materia. En el presente trabajo se ha llevado a cabo un estudio exploratorio en el que se analizan las normativas de las diferentes universidades que albergan grados de Ciencias de la Comunicación (Periodismo, Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad y Relaciones Públicas). Se ha podido contrastar que la autonomía universitaria para regular el TFG ha provocado una heterogeneidad de criterios en algunas de las variables analizadas: naturaleza del trabajo, modalidades, peso crediticio en el plan de estudios. Del mismo modo, se ha comprobado que son escasas las normativas de las universidades que prestan especial atención y protección a este tipo de trabajos en lo que a temas de propiedad intelectual y derechos de autor se refiere.
Waste Management in Thermal Power Plants
Authors: Satapathy Suchismita
Published: November 2018

Environmental pollution and clean energy is the main challenge faced by all over world. The thermal power sector is famous as the highest creator of energy, but still it is blamed for creating Environmental pollution. So, they are trying their best to help themselves on sustainability issues. Basically, Indian powerplants are not only focusing on Sustainable Issues but also trying to develop a sustainable supply chain strategy to carry out their operations while respecting social as well as environmental issues. Sustainable supply chain management(SSCM) practices of thermal power plants mostly dependent on the practice of utilizing waste, water, energy, ash, and taking care of environment in such a manner that social, environmental, and economic factors should not be affected. So, in this chapter sustainable supply chain management practices of Indian thermal power sectors are focused, analyzed, and ranked by Maut method. Simultaneously, their interrelation and correlation are found.
Arctic Regional Security
Authors: Sergunin Alexander
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines an emerging regional security system in the Arctic. There was a significant shift in the Arctic powers' threat perceptions and security policies in the High North. In contrast with the Cold War era when the Arctic was a zone for the global confrontation between the USSR and the U.S./NATO, now this region is seen by international players as a platform for international cooperation. The Arctic countries now believe that there are no serious hard security threats to them and that the soft security agenda is much more important. The military power now has new functions, such as ascertaining coastal states' sovereignty over their exclusive economic zones and continental shelves in the region; protecting the Arctic countries' economic interests in the North, and performing some symbolic functions. The Arctic states believe that the regional cooperative agenda could include climate change mitigation, environmental protection, maritime safety, Arctic research, indigenous peoples, cross- and trans-border cooperative projects, culture, etc.
Non-Arctic Countries of Asia and Russia
Authors: Khudzhatov Mikail
Published: November 2018

The Arctic is characterized by a significant potential in terms of mineral resources, raw materials, hydrocarbons, and energy. In the North, mining and extractive industries are booming, but the expansion of exploration in the severe climate conditions requires the use of advanced technologies, many of which have not been developed and adopted in Russia. For this reason, there is a need to promote investment activity in the Arctic. This chapter discusses the most effective customs instruments for the attraction of foreign investments, identifies critical problems in the sphere of development of investment collaboration between Russia and non-Arctic countries of Asia (China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea), and offers practical solutions in the field of investment collaboration in the High North.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids as an Essential Nutritional Element in the High North
Authors: Nadtochii Liudmila , Kuznetcova Daria , Lepeshkin Artem , Ostrovskaya Mariya , Veber Anna
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers specific nutritional factors of indigenous peoples in Russia's Arctic zone. The authors have identified the prerequisites for the optimization of the diets of indigenous peoples in the light of existing environmental and medical-biological problems. A low level of self-sufficiency of local population with basic food products (meat, dairy, and egg products) was identified. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the chemical composition of chia seeds as a promising ingredient of the northern diet, in particular the biological value of a product based on protein, lipid, carbohydrate, mineral, and vitamin components. The authors proposed considering chia seeds as a part of the composition of various food products for functional purposes. Potentially, the inclusion of scientifically based food recipes in the diets let providing the indigenous people with balanced food products.
An Analysis of Negotiation of Meaning Functions of Advanced EFL Learners in Second Life
Authors: Akayoğlu Sedat , Seferoğlu Gölge
Published: November 2018

As the developments occurred in terms of technology, new tools and platforms started to be used in classroom settings. However, there is a need for discourse analysis of these tools and environments in order to better understand the flow of communication. This chapter aimed to determine discourse patterns in terms of negotiation of meaning functions observed in a course carried out in a 3D environment, Second Life. At the end of the study, it was found that the most frequently used negotiation of meaning functions were confirmation, elaboration request and clarification request, respectively; the least frequently used negotiation of meaning functions were reply vocabulary, reply comprehension, and vocabulary check. It could be claimed that the findings of this study were in parallel with the findings of the previous studies in the literature. This study might be helpful for researchers, educators, and students in order to better understand the contexts created in 3D virtual worlds.
Modeling the Skunkworks Technology
Authors: Mupepi Sylvia C. , Mupepi Kuda B. , Mupepi Tatenda
Published: November 2018

Management view the skunkworks approach as an enriched environment composed of individuals possessing the required experience critical in the formulation of strategy to advance efficiency and effectiveness in the firm. It is a purpose-built forum where learning happens by sharing experiences to design and implement new products in at least four modalities. The first is its capability to ignite the company's mission by co-construction a shared vision. Organizations need to appreciate what the future may look like. The second is the collective experience of its membership where new ideas can lead to the design and implementation of the technology to progress the job. A company must do all it can to differentiate itself to compete successfully. The third is its ability to create diffuse and distribute knowledge to cognitive areas where it will be put into organizational context. The fourth is the need to sustain change by continuing to learn and improve. This chapter models the skunkworks technology.
Developing Healthcare Leaders for the Future
Authors: Beeman Thomas E. , Dean Genevieve Mak
Published: November 2018

Irrespective of the healthcare delivery mechanisms that have endured to this day, consumers expect value in their healthcare, which implies high quality, reasonable cost, and an excellent patient experience. Physicians will need to not only participate in effecting this change, but also lead it, or risk losing credibility as a patient's most critical healthcare advocate. In anticipation of these needs, Lancaster General Health (LG Health) embarked on a unique, decade-long physician leadership development journey that culminated in the graduation of 21 physicians and administrators from St. Joseph's Haub School of Business Executive MBA program. Collectively, the group constitutes a priceless network of professionals who are helping to lead healthcare change in their community.