bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional flow of upper‐convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid
Authors: Hayat T. , Awais M.
Published: February 2010

An analysis has been carried out for three‐dimensional fluid over a stretching surface. Similarity transformations are invoked for the conversion of nonlinear partial differential equations to the ordinary differential equations. Computations for the series solution are made by using homotopy analysis method. Graphical results are obtained. Attention has been particularly given to the influence of Deborah number. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular analysis of gastric differentiated‐type intramucosal and submucosal cancers
Authors: Sugai Tamotsu , Habano Wataru , Endoh Masaki , Konishi Yasuhiro , Akasaka Risaburo , Toyota Minoru , Yamano Hiroo , Koeda Keisuke , Wakabayashi Go , Suzuki Kazuyuki
Published: February 2010

Identification of the molecular characteristics of intramucosal (IMCs) and submucosal cancers (SMCs) is essential to our understanding of early gastric carcinogenesis. However, little is known regarding the differences between the 2 lesions. One hundred and forty‐eight patients with primary early gastric cancer [IMC, 106; SMC, 42] were characterized for expression of cell cycle‐related proteins and loss of heterozygosity (LOH). We also examined microsatellite instability (MSI) and methylation status. For LOH and methylation studies, we used a panel of 17 microsatellite markers (3p, 4p, 5q, 9p. 13q, 17p, 18q and 22q) and promoter regions of 9 genes (MLH‐1, RUNX3, p16, HPP1, RASSF2A, SFRP1, DKK‐1, ZFP64 and SALL4) that are frequently altered or methylated in gastric cancers. Overexpression of p53 and cyclin D1 was observed in SMC. In addition, low expression of p27 was more frequent in SMC than in IMC. Frequencies of 4p, 9p, 13q and 22q were significantly higher in SMC than in IMC. The SALL4 gene was frequently methylated in SMC compared with IMC. However, other gene methylations were common in both IMC and SMC. The frequency of LOH‐high status/methylation‐low status was significantly higher in SMC than in IMC. However, LOH‐low status/methylation‐high status in SMC was more frequently found in IMC. Our data confirm that methylation of cancer‐related genes plays a major role in the development of IMCs. Importantly, the results also show that gastric submucosal progression is characterized by the accumulation of specific genetic alterations. In addition, changes of cell cycle‐related proteins are associated with cancer progression.
Promoter DNA hypermethylation in gastric biopsies from subjects at high and low risk for gastric cancer
Authors: Schneider Barbara G. , Peng Dun‐Fa , Camargo M. Constanza , Piazuelo M. Blanca , Sicinschi Liviu A. , Mera Robertino , Romero‐Gallo Judith , Delgado Alberto G. , Bravo Luis E. , Wilson Keith T. , Peek Richard M. , Correa Pelayo , El‐Rifai Wael
Published: February 2010

Gene promoter CpG island hypermethylation is associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and may be an important initiator of gastric carcinogenesis. To examine factors influencing methylation, we utilized bisulfite Pyrosequencing® technology for quantitative analysis of promoter DNA methylation in RPRM, APC, MGMT and TWIST1 genes using DNA from 86 gastric biopsies from Colombian residents of areas with high and low incidence of gastric cancer. H. pylori colonies were cultured from the same subjects, and gastric pathology was evaluated. Virulence factors cagA (including segments of the 3′ end, encoding EPIYA polymorphisms) and vacA s and m regions were characterized in the H. pylori strains. Using univariate analysis, we found significantly elevated levels of RPRM and TWIST1 promoter DNA methylation in biopsies from residents of the high‐risk region compared to those from residents of the low‐risk region. The presence of cagA and vacA s1m1 alleles were independently associated with elevated levels of promoter DNA methylation of RPRM and MGMT. Using multivariate analysis, DNA methylation of RPRM was associated with location of residence, cagA and vacA s1m1 status and methylation of TWIST1. We conclude that cagA and vacA virulence determinants are significantly associated with quantitative differences in promoter DNA methylation in these populations, but that other as yet undefined factors that differ between the populations may also contribute to variation in methylation status.
Depletion of the human Nα‐terminal acetyltransferase A induces p53‐dependent apoptosis and p53‐independent growth inhibition
Authors: Gromyko Darina , Arnesen Thomas , Ryningen Anita , Varhaug Jan Erik , Lillehaug Johan R.
Published: February 2010

The human protein Nα‐terminal acetyltransferase A complex (hNatA), composed of the catalytic hNaa10p (hArd1) and auxiliary hNaa15p (hNat1/NATH/Tubedown) subunits, was reported to be important for cell survival and growth of various types of cancer. However, little is known about the mechanisms mediating growth inhibition and apoptosis following loss of hNatA function. Here, we have screened 11 different thyroid cell lines for hNAA10 RNAi phenotypes and observed mostly growth inhibition, which was independent of TP53 functional status and developed by several different mechanisms involving (i) downregulation of cyclin D1, (ii) increase in p27/Kip1 and (iii) inactivation of Rb/E2F pathway. hNatA depletion in aggressive thyroid cancer cell lines (8305C, CAL‐62 and FTC‐133) with mutated TP53 increased sensitivity to drug‐induced cytotoxicity, but in a cell type specific manner: 8305C (TRAIL), CAL‐62 (daunorubicin) and FTC‐133 (troglitazone). Cells harboring wild‐type TP53 were also prone to apoptosis via the p53 pathway after hNatA downregulation. Importantly, in hNatA‐depleted cells DNA‐damage signaling was activated in the absence of exogenous DNA damage independent on TP53 status. Our findings indicate that several mechanisms of growth inhibition and apoptosis may be induced by hNatA knockdown and that hNatA knockdown could be exploited for use in combinatorial chemotherapy.
Controlled release of dexamethasone from subcutaneously‐implanted biosensors in pigs: Localized anti‐inflammatory benefit without systemic effects
Authors: Ward W. Kenneth , Hansen Jillian C. , Massoud Ryan G. , Engle Julia M. , Takeno Marc M. , Hauch Kip D.
Published: February 2010

Chronically implanted biosensors typically lose sensitivity 1–2 months after implantation, due in large part to the development of a collagen‐rich capsule that prevents analytes of interest from reaching the biosensor. Corticosteroids are likely candidates for reducing collagen deposition but these compounds have many serious side effects when given over a prolonged period. One method of assessing whether or not locally released corticosteroids have a systemic effect is to measure cortisol concentrations in venous serum. We hypothesized that a very low release rate of the potent corticosteroid, dexamethasone, would lead to a localized anti‐inflammatory effect without systemic effects. We found that reduction in subcutaneous granulocytes (primarily eosinophils), and to a lesser extent, reduction of macrophages served as a good local indicator of the steroid effect. When released over a 28‐day period, a total dexamethasone dose of ≤0.1 mg/kg led to a consistent reduction in the number of granulocytes and macrophages found in the local vicinity of the implant without a reduction of these cells at distant tissue locations. The lack of suppression of serum cortisol with these doses confirmed that low‐release rates of dexamethasone can lead to consistent local anti‐inflammatory effects without distant, systemic effects. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Repair of large cranial defects by hBMP‐2 expressing bone marrow stromal cells: Comparison between alginate and collagen type I systems
Authors: Chang Sophia Chia Ning , Chung Hui‐Ying , Tai Ching‐Lung , Chen Philips Kuo Ting , Lin Tsung‐Min , Jeng Long‐Bin
Published: February 2010

Despite a wide range of available sources for bone repair, significant limitations persist. To bioengineer bone, we have previously transferred adenovirus‐mediated human BMP‐2 gene into autologous bone marrow stromal cells (MSC). We have successfully repaired large, full thickness, cranial defects using this approach. We report now the effectiveness of various hydrogels as the scaffold for this type of bone regeneration, comparing specifically alginate with Type I collagen. Cultured MSC of miniature swine were infected with BMP‐2 or β‐gal adenovirus 7 days before implantation. These cells were mixed with alginate, ultrapure alginate, alginate‐RGD, or type I collagen to fabricate the MSC/biomaterial constructs. The results of cranial bone regeneration were assessed by gross examination, histology, 3D CT, and biomechanical tests at 6 weeks and 3 months after implantation. We found that the BMP‐2 MSC/collagen type I construct, but not the β‐gal control, effectively achieved nearly complete repair of the cranial defects. No bone regeneration was observed with the other hydrogels. Biomechanical testing showed that the new bone strength was very close and only slightly inferior to that of normal cranial bone. Controlling for the integration of stem cells and ex vivo gene transfer, the alginate scaffolds has a significant negative impact on the success of the construct. Our study demonstrates better bone regeneration by collagen type I over alginate. This may have therapeutic implications for tissue engineered bone repair. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
An improved collagen scaffold for skeletal regeneration
Authors: Oliveira Serafim M. , Ringshia Rushali A. , Legeros Racquel Z. , Clark Elizabeth , Yost Michael J. , Terracio Louis , Teixeira Cristina C.
Published: February 2010

Bone repair and regeneration is one of the most extensively studied areas in the field of tissue engineering. All of the current tissue engineering approaches to create bone focus on intramembranous ossification, ignoring the other mechanism of bone formation, endochondral ossification. We propose to create a transient cartilage template in vitro, which could serve as an intermediate for bone formation by the endochondral mechanism once implanted in vivo. The goals of the study are (1) to prepare and characterize type I collagen sponges as a scaffold for the cartilage template, and (2) to establish a method of culturing chondrocytes in type I collagen sponges and induce cell maturation. Collagen sponges were generated from a 1% solution of type I collagen using a freeze/dry technique followed by UV light crosslinking. Chondrocytes isolated from two locations in chick embryo sterna were cultured in these sponges and treated with retinoic acid to induce chondrocyte maturation and extracellular matrix deposition. Material strength testing as well as microscopic and biochemical analyzes were conducted to evaluate the properties of sponges and cell behavior during the culture period. We found that our collagen sponges presented improved stiffness and supported chondrocyte attachment and proliferation. Cells underwent maturation, depositing an abundant extracellular matrix throughout the scaffold, expressing high levels of type X collagen, type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase. These results demonstrate that we have created a transient cartilage template with potential to direct endochondral bone formation after implantation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Solvent‐free biodegradable scleral plugs providing sustained release of vancomycin, amikacin, and dexamethasone—An in vivo study
Authors: Peng Yi‐Jie , Kau Yi‐Chuan , Wen Chin‐Wei , Liu Kuo‐Sheng , Liu Shih‐Jung
Published: February 2010

Delivering effective drugs at sufficiently high concentrations to the area of infection is a standard treatment for infectious disease, such as endophthalmitis. This is currently done by empirical trans pars plana intravitreal injection of both antibiotics directed against gram‐positive and gram‐negative microorganisms and steroids. However, injections by needles repeatedly may increase the risks of intraocular infection and hemorrhage, as well as retinal detachment. This article explores the alternative of using biodegradable polymers as scleral plugs for a long‐term drug release in vivo. To manufacture plugs, poly(lactide‐glycolide) copolymers were first mixed with vancomycin, amikacin, and dexamethasone. The mixture was compressed and sintered at 55°C to form scleral plugs 1.4 mm in diameter. Biodegradable scleral plugs released high concentrations of antibiotics (well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations, MIC) and steroids in vivo for the period of time needed to treat intraocular infection. In addition, no major complications such as infectious or sterile endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, ocular phthisis, or uvea protrusion at sclerotomy site were observed throughout the experiment. The sclerotomy wound healed after total degradation of the scleral implants without leakage or local necrosis. Antibiotic/steroid‐impregnated biodegradable scleral plugs may have a potential role in the treatment of various intraocular infections. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Multifunctional implant surfaces: Surface characterization and bone response to acid‐etched Ti implants surface‐modified by fibrillar collagen I
Authors: Morra M. , Cassinelli C. , Cascardo G. , Bollati D. , Rodriguez y Baena R.
Published: February 2010

The goal of the study was the evaluation of the effect of biochemical surface modification by collagen on the bone response to acid‐etched titanium surfaces. Fibrillar type I porcine collagen was adsorbed and covalently linked to acid‐etched Ti disks and implants. Adhesion, growth, and specific alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of osteoblast‐like SaOS2 cells were evaluated. Implants in the femur and tibia of rabbit were performed for 2 and 4 weeks and relevant bone to implant contact (BIC) was evaluated by histomorphometry. Results show that cell morphology and growth are controlled by the rough acid‐etched implants topography. Specific metabolic activity (ALP) is significantly increased by the collagen overlayer. Importantly, surface modification by collagen increases the speed of periimplant bone formation, resulting in significantly higher BIC both in femur and tibia at 2 weeks. These results suggest that morphological (surface topography) and biochemical (surface linking of bioactive molecules) cues can cooperate and yield multifunctional implant surfaces. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Characterization of formulation parameters affecting low molecular weight drug release fromin situforming drug delivery systems
Authors: Patel Ravi B. , Carlson Angela N. , Solorio Luis , Exner Agata A.
Published: February 2010

In situforming implants (ISFI) have shown promise in delivering adjuvant chemotherapy following minimally invasive cancer therapies such as thermal ablation of tumors. Although ISFI systems have been thoroughly investigated for delivery of high molecular weight (Mw) therapeutics, little research has been conducted to optimize their design for delivery of low Mw drugs. This study examined the effect of varying the formulation components on the low Mw drug release profile from a ISFI consisting of poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA), fluorescein (model drug), and excipient dissolved in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP). Effects of varying PLGA Mw, excipient concentration, and drug loading were studied. Additionally, solubility studies were conducted to determine the critical water concentration required for phase inversion. Results demonstrated that PLGA Mw was the most significant factor in modulating low Mw drug release from the ISFI systems. ISFI formulations comprised of a low Mw (16 kDa) PLGA showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower burst release (after 24 h), 28.2 ± 0.5%, compared with higher Mw PLGA (60 kDa), 55.1 ± 3.1%. Critical water concentration studies also demonstrated that formulations with lower Mw PLGA had increased solubility in water and may thus require more time to phase invert and release the drug. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Calcium phosphate cement reinforcement by polymer infiltration and in situ curing: A method for 3D scaffold reinforcement
Authors: Alge Daniel L. , Chu Tien‐Min Gabriel
Published: February 2010

This study describes a novel method of calcium phosphate cement reinforcement based on infiltrating a pre‐set cement with a reactive polymer and then cross‐linking the polymer in situ. This method can be used to reinforce 3D calcium phosphate cement scaffolds, which we demonstrate using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as a model reinforcing polymer. The compressive strength of a 3D scaffold comprised of orthogonally intersecting beams was increased from 0.31 ± 0.06 MPa to 1.65 ± 0.13 MPa using PEGDA 600. In addition, the mechanical properties of reinforced cement were characterized using three PEGDA molecular weights (200, 400, and 600 Da) and three cement powder to liquid (P/L) ratios (0.8, 1.0, and 1.43). Higher molecular weight increased reinforcement efficacy, and P/L controlled cement porosity and determined the extent of polymer incorporation. Although increasing polymer incorporation resulted in a transition from brittle, cement‐like behavior to ductile, polymer‐like behavior, maximizing polymer incorporation was not advantageous. Polymerization shrinkage produced microcracks in the cement, which reduced the mechanical properties. The most effective reinforcement was achieved with P/L of 1.43 and PEGDA 600. In this group, flexural strength increased from 0.44 ± 0.12 MPa to 7.04 ± 0.51 MPa, maximum displacement from 0.05 ± 0.01 mm to 1.44 ± 0.17 mm, and work of fracture from 0.64 ± 0.10 J/m2 to 677.96 ± 70.88 J/m2 compared to non‐reinforced controls. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our novel reinforcement method, as well as its potential for fabricating reinforced 3D calcium phosphate cement scaffolds useful for bone tissue engineering. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Peering into cost layers for pricing products
Authors: Deo Prakash , Penkar Sam
Published: February 2010

Firms tend to develop layered cost structures, reveal the authors. And executives who understand this cost structure have opportunities to make competitive pricing innovations – badly needed during this economic downturn. The authors explain what you need to know to ensure your firm's long‐term profitability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
It's coming: M&As under IFRSs
Authors: Cheng Kang , Finney Sharon G.
Published: February 2010

The authors predict that by 2014 – if not sooner – U.S. companies will find themselves reporting under international financial reporting standards, not generally accepted accounting principles. How will this affect your firm's merger‐and‐acquisition strategy and compliance? The authors explain that, and also offer some practical suggestions on how to prepare for the change. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The promise and perils of the balanced scorecard
Authors: Cokins Gary
Published: February 2010

There is lack of consensus as to what a balanced scorecard is. Many organizations develop a balanced scorecard without first developing a strategy map, from which key performance indicators (KPIs) for the balanced scorecard should be derived. In addition, many organizations confuse strategic KPIs, which belong in a balanced scorecard, with operational performance indicators (PIs), which belong in a dashboard. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emotional awareness in substance‐dependent patients
Authors: Carton Solange , Bayard Sophie , Paget Virginie , Jouanne Céline , Varescon Isabelle , Edel Yves , Detilleux Michel
Published: February 2010

We explored emotional awareness in substance‐dependent patients and its relationships to self‐reported alexithymia. Sixty‐four outpatients with drug dependence or alcohol dependence were evaluated before the beginning of treatment with the Hamilton Depressive Scale and the Covi Anxiety Scale, and they completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20) and the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS). Subjects exhibited low levels of emotional awareness and TAS‐20 scores were high. Both measures were not related to depressive and anxious symptomatology. This research is the first to provide LEAS results with substance‐dependent patients and highlights their deficits in emotions' differentiation and complexity. The lack of a relationship between LEAS and TAS‐20 is discussed from the methodological and theoretical points of view. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66:1–12, 2010.
Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and related illnesses: a clinical model of assessment and intervention
Authors: Friedberg Fred
Published: February 2010

A clinically informative behavioral literature on chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) has emerged over the past decade. The purpose of this article is to (a) define these conditions and their less severe counterparts, i.e., unexplained chronic fatigue (UCF) and chronic widespread pain; (b) briefly review the behavioral theory and intervention literature on CFS and FM; and (c) describe a user‐friendly clinical model of assessment and intervention for these illnesses. The assessments described will facilitate understanding of the somewhat unusual and puzzling somatic presentations that characterize these patients. Using an individualized cognitive‐behavioral approach the mental health clinician can offer significant help to these often stigmatized and medically underserved patients. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66:1–25, 2010.
Measurement issues in the sonographic assessment of tennis elbow
Authors: Poltawski Leon , Jayaram Vijay , Watson Tim
Published: February 2010

Sonography is increasingly being used for assessment in tennis elbow research and clinical practice, but there are a lack of data regarding its validity, reliability, and responsiveness to change for this application. Studies using the modality were reviewed to establish current levels of evidence for these measurement properties. There is reasonable evidence regarding its validity for identifying tennis elbow tendinopathy, but a lack of data addressing its reliability and responsiveness. Practical issues affecting image quality are discussed, and recommendations for further investigation are suggested, to enhance the credible use of sonography with this debilitating condition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Reconstruction of river runoff to the Baltic Sea, AD 1500–1995
Authors: Hansson Daniel , Eriksson Christin , Omstedt Anders , Chen Deliang
Published: February 2010

In this paper we reconstructed river runoff to the Baltic Sea since 1500 using temperature and atmospheric circulation indices, showing the important atmospheric processes for river runoff in different regions. Runoff appears to be strongly linked to temperature, wind and rotational circulation components in the northern region and Gulf of Finland, but more associated with rotational and deformation circulation components in the south. No significant long‐term change has been detected in total river runoff to the Baltic Sea for 500 years, although decadal and regional variability is large. Analysis of runoff sensitivity to temperature shows that the south region may become drier with rising air temperatures. This is in contrast to the north region and Gulf of Finland where warmer temperatures are associated with more river runoff. Over the past 500 years the total river runoff to the Baltic Sea has decreased by 3% (450 m3/s) per degree Celsius increase. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Role of myostatin (GDF‐8) signaling in the human anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Fulzele Sadanand , Arounleut Phonepasong , Cain Matthew , Herberg Samuel , Hunter Monte , Wenger Karl , Hamrick Mark W.
Published: February 2010

Myostatin, also referred to as growth and differentiation factor‐8 (GDF‐8), is expressed in muscle tissue where it functions to suppress myoblast proliferation and myofiber hypertrophy. Recently, myostatin and its receptor, the type IIB activin receptor (ActRIIB), were detected in the leg tendons of mice, and recombinant myostatin was shown to increase cellular proliferation and the expression of type 1 collagen in primary fibroblasts from mouse tendons. We sought to determine whether myostatin and its receptor were present in human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tissue, and if myostatin treatment had any effect on primary ACL fibroblasts. ACL tissue samples were obtained from material discarded during ACL reconstruction surgery. Real‐time PCR and immunohistochemistry demonstrate that both myostatin and its receptor are abundant in the human ACL. Primary fibroblasts isolated from human ACL specimens were treated with recombinant myostatin, and myostatin treatment increased fibroblast proliferation as well as the expression of tenascin C (TNC), type 1 collagen, and transforming growth factor‐β1. Real‐time PCR analysis of TNC and type 1 collagen expression in ACL specimens from normal mice and mice lacking myostatin supported these findings by showing that both TNC and type 1 collagen were downregulated in ACL tissue from myostatin‐deficient mice. Together, these data suggest that myostatin is a pro‐fibrogenic factor that enhances cellular proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis by ACL fibroblasts. Recombinant myostatin may therefore have therapeutic applications in the area of tendon and ligament engineering and regeneration. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1113–1118, 2010
Simultaneous determination of seven main alkaloids of Chelidonium majus L. by ultra‐performance LC with photodiode‐array detection
Authors: Gu Yue , Qian Dawei , Duan Jin‐ao , Wang Zhenzhong , Guo Jianming , Tang Yuping , Guo Sheng
Published: February 2010

A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of seven isoquinoline alkaloids, protopine, chelidonine, coptisine, stylopine, sanguinarine, berberine, and chelerythrine, in Chelidonium majus L. (Ch. majus) samples by ultra‐performance LC method with photodiode array detection is described. The baseline separation of these compounds was performed with (A) acetonitrile–(B) ammonium acetate (10 mM, adjusted to pH 3.0 with acetic acid) as the mobile phase using a C18 RP column (2.1×100 mm, 1.7 μm). Optimized conditions resulted in excellent peak shapes. The seven alkaloids were completely separated within 20 min. Good linear behaviors (r≥0.9992) over the investigated concentration ranges were observed for all the analytes. Validation proved the repeatability of the method was good and recovery was satisfactory. The validated method was successfully applied for 20 batches of Ch. majus. These results demonstrated that the ultra‐performance LC photodiode array method proposed was very useful in the analysis and quality control of Ch. majus.
Optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction followed by RP‐HPLC for the simultaneous determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis
Authors: Fang Xinsheng , Wang Jianhua , Yu Xiaoliang , Zhang Guohui , Zhao Jinpeng
Published: February 2010

An optimized microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) method and an efficient HPLC analysis method were developed for fast extraction and simultaneous determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the fruit of Chaenomeles sinensis. The open vessel MAE process was optimized by using a central composite experimental design. The optimal conditions identified were microwave power 600 W, temperature 52°C, solvent to material ratio 32 mL/g and extraction time 7 min. The results showed that MAE is a more rapid extraction method with higher yield and lower solvent consumption. The HPLC–photodiode array detection analysis method was validated to have good linearity, precision, reproduction and accuracy. Compared with conventional extraction and analysis methods, MAE–HPLC–photodiode array detection is a faster, convenient and appropriate method for determination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the fruits of C. sinensis.
Hydrophilic stationary phases: A practical approach for the co‐analysis of compounds with varying polarity in biological matrices
Authors: Goucher Edward , Kicman Andrew , Wolff Kim , Smith Norman , Jickells Sue
Published: February 2010

The aim was to simultaneously extract, separate and detect not only the opioid methadone and its primary metabolites (2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine and 2‐ethyl‐5‐methyl‐3,3‐diphenyl‐1‐pyrroline), but also creatinine from urine, plasma and fingerprints. Creatinine is highly polar and analysis by RP chromatography using conventional stationary phases such as silica‐bonded C8 and C18 is unsuitable. Hydrophilic stationary phases are increasingly being applied for the analysis of highly polar analytes, this chemistry being investigated as a suitable alternative. A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography phase column successfully retained creatinine and permitted the co‐analysis of methadone and its metabolites by LC‐MS/MS. Prior to analysis, an extraction protocol for urine and plasma was required but for fingerprint deposits this was not necessary. Alteration of sample pH, necessary to extract methadone, and its metabolites led to difficulties associated with the extraction of creatinine. This problem was addressed by first performing an SPE incorporating a hydrophilic interaction phase to extract creatinine, and the eluent then combined with the opioid extract from a mixed‐mode cation exchange phase. The assay for creatinine, methadone and its primary phase I metabolites met validation criteria. LC‐MS/MS analysis of creatinine and drug compounds together offers considerable advantages over traditional approaches that necessitate the quantification of creatinine using spectrophotometric approaches.
Evaluation of various HILIC materials for the fast separation of polar compounds
Authors: Chauve Bénédicte , Guillarme Davy , Cléon Philippe , Veuthey Jean‐Luc
Published: February 2010

In recent years, numerous works have been reported on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) columns, but there is a growing demand for fast separations with improved resolution. Such analyses can only be obtained with the new generation of columns and instrumentation. In the present study, HILIC columns packed with porous sub‐2 μm particles or with superficially porous particles of 2.7 μm were evaluated. A set of 15 compounds with diverse physicochemical properties was selected. The aim of this study was to compare the chromatographic behavior of three selected columns. Concerning kinetic performance, the fused‐core column offers a backpressure two times lower than the sub‐2‐μm particle columns. However, these superficially porous particles also generated a 30% lower efficiency. The complex mechanism of HILIC was also investigated on bare silica columns, confirming that the mechanism is a mixture of partitioning, adsorption and ion exchange in different proportions according to the nature of the analytes, the composition of the mobile phase and the characteristics of the analytical support. Finally, a rapid separation of three drugs and their corresponding metabolites was carried out. The analysis time was reduced to less than 4 min while maintaining acceptable backpressure and sufficient resolution.
Getting an education: Schools leaders need specialized development
Authors: Dyer Karen M. , Renn Michael T.
Published: February 2010

The unique elements in the public school setting in the United States demand a more customized approach to the development of its leaders. It is important to articulate how leader development affects student learning and achievement, the particular skills and capabilities that are critical for success in educational settings, and development strategies and tactics that support skill attainment and application and that equip participants with the means to develop capacity in others.
A seasonal forecast scheme for spring dust storm predictions in Northern China
Authors: Gao Tao , Xuebin Zhang , Wulan
Published: February 2010

The theme discussed in the present study is that of spring dust storm seasonal forecasts in Northern China. A comprehensive investigation of observations collected from 65 stations in Northern China, which studied strong winds for 35 years (1971–2005) and dust storms for 48 years (1961–2008), concluded that strong winds, which are recognized as a crucially dynamic factor, have unsurprisingly proven to be strongly related to dust storm activity. Therefore, determining effective predictors for strong winds should be helpful in spring dust storm forecasts. By employing this idea, comprehensive correlation analyses among the strong winds, dust storms and other influential elements from the oceans and the atmospheric circulations can be seen. From the spatial correlation fields between prior sea surface temperatures and the strong winds, four regions with higher oceanic coefficiencies are confirmed. The method of EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) decomposition is adopted to extract forecast signals from prior precipitation in Northern China and sea surface temperatures of those regions. The multivariable step‐regression model is employed to select efficient predictors and the multivariable regression model is used to create forecast equations. With the cross validation approach, six series of 48 year hindcasts with six different predictor sets are conducted. Furthermore, the three‐classification forecast method is used to judge successful or failed dust storm forecasts. Together, forecast skills of probability of detection and skill score suggest that series forecasts are better than random forecasts. The best forecast skill is gained from using the predictor set selected by the multivariable step‐regression model. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Diet‐induced obesity regulates the galanin‐mediated signaling cascade in the adipose tissue of mice
Authors: Kim Ahreum , Park Taesun
Published: February 2010

Galanin is a neuropeptide that regulates the food intake, neurogenesis, memory, and gut secretion. This study was conducted to evaluate the high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced regulation of the galanin receptors (GalRs) and the associated signaling molecules in the adipose tissues of mice. Twenty C57BL/6J mice were given either an HFD or a normal diet for 12 wk. The results of the semiquantitative RT‐PCR analyses indicated that the HFD upregulated the expression of GalR1, GalR2, GalR3, resistance to audiogenic seizures, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptorγ2, adipocyte protein 2, and protein kinase Cδ and downregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor γ coactivator 1α and uncoupling protein 1 in the adipose tissues. The immunoblot results showed that the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptorγ2 and adipocyte protein 2, and the phosphorylation of c‐Raf and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 were increased, while the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐responsive element‐binding protein, which regulates peroxisome proliferative activated receptor γ coactivator 1α and uncoupling protein 1, was decreased in the epididymal adipose tissues of the HFD‐fed mice. These results suggest the possible association of the galanin‐mediated signaling pathways in the manifestation of the HFD‐induced activation of adipogenesis along with the suppression of thermogenesis in the adipose tissues of mice.
Structural characterization of silver dialkylphosphite salts using solid‐state 109Ag and 31P NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and DFT calculations
Authors: Chen Fu , Wasylishen Roderick E.
Published: February 2010

High‐resolution solid‐state 109Ag and 31P NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate a series of silver dialkylphosphite salts, Ag(O)P(OR)2 (R = CH3, C2H5, C4H9 and C8H17), and determine whether they adopt keto, enol or dimer structures in the solid state. The silver chemical shift, CS, tensors and |J(109Ag, 31P)| values for these salts were determined using 109Ag (Ξ = 4.652%) NMR spectroscopy. The magnitudes of J(109Ag, 31P) range from 1250 ± 10 to 1318 ± 10 Hz and are the largest reported so far. These values indicate that phosphorus is directly bonded to silver for all these salts and thus exclude the enol structure. All 31P NMR spectra exhibit splittings due to indirect spin–spin coupling to 107Ag (I = 1/2, NA = 51.8%) and 109Ag (I = 1/2, NA = 48.2%). The 1J(109Ag, 31P) values measured by both 109Ag and 31P NMR spectroscopy agree within experimental error. Analysis of 31P NMR spectra of stationary samples for these salts allowed the determination of the phosphorus CS tensors. The absence of characteristic PO stretching absorption bands near 1250 cm−1 in the IR spectra for these salts exclude the simple keto tautomer. Thus, the combination of solid‐state NMR and IR results indicate that these silver dialkylphosphite salts probably have a dimer structure. Values of silver and phosphorus CS tensors as well as 1J(109Ag, 31P) values for a dimer model calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) method are in agreement with the experimental observations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite lightweight traffic classification system for network management
Authors: Li Jun , Zhang Shunyi , Li Cuilian , Yan Junrong
Published: February 2010

Accurate and real‐time classification of network traffic is significant to a number of network operation and management tasks such as quality of service differentiation, traffic shaping and security surveillance. However, with emerging P2P applications using dynamic port numbers, IP masquerading techniques and payload encryption, accurate and intelligent traffic classification continues to be a big challenge despite a wide range of research work on the topic. Since each classification method has its disadvantages and hardly could meet the specific requirement of Internet traffic classification, this paper innovatively presents a composite traffic classification system. The proposed lightweight system can accurately and effectively identify Internet traffic with good scalability to accommodate both known and unknown/encrypted applications. Furthermore, It promises to satisfy various Internet uses and is feasible for use in real‐time line speed applications. Our experimental results show the distinct advantages of the proposed classification system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of polysiloxane grafting multi‐walled carbon nanotubes/polycarbonate nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Mi , Li Bin , Wang Jing , Bai Peng
Published: February 2010

Carboxyl multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs‐COOH) were grafted by diaminopropyl terminated dimethylpolysiloxane (DPD) to the modified MWNTs‐COOH (MWNTs‐DPD). The surface structure and thermal stability of MWNTs‐DPD and MWNTs‐COOH were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Then PC/MWNTs‐COOH and PC/MWNTs‐DPD nanocomposites were prepared by the solution method and melt extrusion method. The mechanical properties, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), TGA, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, and permittivity test were used to evaluate the properties of the composites. The results showed that the MWNTs‐DPD was dispersed well in the PC matrix, and its tensile strength, flexual strength, flexural modulus, and flame retardancy were better than that of PC/MWNTs‐COOH. MWNTs‐DPD can improve the electrical properties of the nanocomposites at the low loading in PC. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plant‐extract‐induced changes in the proteome of the soil‐borne pathogenic fungus Thielaviopsis basicola
Authors: Coumans Joëlle V. F. , Moens Pierre D. J. , Poljak Anne , Al‐Jaaidi Samiya , Pereg Lily , Raftery Mark J.
Published: February 2010

Thielaviopsis basicola is a hemibiotroph fungus that causes black root rot disease in diverse plants with significant impact on cotton production in Australia. To elucidate how T. basicola growth and proteome are influenced by interactions with natural sources, this fungus was cultured in the presence of root extracts from non‐host (wheat, hairy vetch) and susceptible host (cotton, lupin) plants. We found that T. basicola growth was significantly favored in the presence of host extracts, while hierarchical clustering analysis of 2‐DE protein profiles of T. basicola showed plant species had a larger effect on the proteome than host/non‐host status. Analysis by LC‐MS/MS of unique and differentially expressed spots and identification using cross‐species similarity searching and de novo sequencing allowed successful identification of 41 spots. These proteins were principally involved in primary metabolism with smaller numbers implicated in other diverse functions. Identification of several “morpho” proteins suggested morphological differences that were further microscopically investigated. Identification of several highly expressed spots suggested that vitamin B6 is important in the T. basicola response to components present in hairy vetch extract, and finally, three spots, induced in the presence of lupin extract, may correspond to malic enzyme and be involved in lipid accumulation.
Proteomics uncovers extreme heterogeneity in the Staphylococcus aureus exoproteome due to genomic plasticity and variant gene regulation
Authors: Ziebandt Anne‐Kathrin , Kusch Harald , Degner Marco , Jaglitz Sarah , Sibbald Mark J. J. B. , Arends Jan P. , Chlebowicz Monika A. , Albrecht Dirk , Pantuček Roman , Doškar Jiri , Ziebuhr Wilma , Bröker Barbara M. , Hecker Michael , van Dijl Jan Maarten , Engelmann Susanne
Published: February 2010

Sequencing of at least 13 Staphylococcus aureus isolates has shown that genomic plasticity impacts significantly on the repertoire of virulence factors. However, genome sequencing does not reveal which genes are expressed by individual isolates. Here, we have therefore performed a comprehensive survey of the composition and variability of the S. aureus exoproteome. This involved multilocus sequence typing, virulence gene, and prophage profiling by multiplex PCR, and proteomic analyses of secreted proteins using 2‐DE. Dissection of the exoproteomes of 25 clinical isolates revealed that only seven out of 63 identified secreted proteins were produced by all isolates, indicating a remarkably high exoproteome heterogeneity within one bacterial species. Most interesting, the observed variations were caused not only by genome plasticity, but also by an unprecedented variation in secretory protein production due to differences in transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation. Our data imply that genomic studies on virulence gene conservation patterns need to be complemented by analyses of the extracellular protein pattern to assess the full virulence potential of bacterial pathogens like S. aureus. Importantly, the extensive variability of secreted virulence factors in S. aureus also suggests that development of protective vaccines against this pathogen requires a carefully selected combination of invariably produced antigens.
A proteomic approach to the bilirubin‐induced toxicity in neuronal cells reveals a protective function of DJ‐1 protein
Authors: Deganuto Marta , Cesaratto Laura , Bellarosa Cristina , Calligaris Raffaella , Vilotti Sandra , Renzone Giovanni , Foti Rossana , Scaloni Andrea , Gustincich Stefano , Quadrifoglio Franco , Tiribelli Claudio , Tell Gianluca
Published: February 2010

Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) is a powerful antioxidant and a modulator of cell growth through the interaction with several signal transduction pathways. Although newborns develop a physiological jaundice, in case of severe hyperbilirubinemia UCB may become neurotoxic causing severe long‐term neuronal damages, also known as bilirubin encephalopathy. To investigate the mechanisms of UCB‐induced neuronal toxicity, we used the human neuroblastoma cell line SH‐SY5Y as an in vitro model system. We verified that UCB caused cell death, in part due to oxidative stress, which leads to DNA damage and cell growth reduction. The mechanisms of cytotoxicity and cell adaptation to UCB were studied through a proteomic approach that identified differentially expressed proteins involved in cell proliferation, intracellular trafficking, protein degradation and oxidative stress response. In particular, the results indicated that cells exposed to UCB undertake an adaptive response that involves DJ‐1, a multifunctional neuroprotective protein, crucial for cellular oxidative stress homeostasis. This study sheds light on the mechanisms of bilirubin‐induced neurotoxicity and might help to design a strategy to prevent or ameliorate the neuronal damages leading to bilirubin encephalopathy.
Differential proteomic analysis of lymphatic, venous, and arterial endothelial cells extracted from bovine mesenteric vessels
Authors: Nguyen Vicky P. K. H. , Hanna George , Rodrigues Natalie , Pizzuto Katerina , Yang Eric , Van Slyke Paul , Kim Harold , Chen Stephen H. , Dumont Daniel J.
Published: February 2010

Differential protein profiling by 2‐D PAGE is generally useful in biomarker discovery, proteome analysis and routine sample preparation prior to analysis by MS. The goal of this study was to compare 2‐D PAGE‐resolved protein profile of lymphatic endothelial cells to those of venous, and arterial endothelial cells isolated from lymphatic and blood vessels of bovine mesentery (bm). Three 2‐D PAGE electrophoretograms were produced for each of the three cell types and quantitatively analyzed. Protein identification by LC‐MS/MS was performed to identify 39 proteins found to be present at statistically significantly different levels in the three cell types (p<0.05). Most of the 39 proteins have not been previously reported in EC proteomic studies of 2‐D PAGE electrophoretograms. Three proteins, HSPA1B (HSP70 family member), HSPB1 (HSP27 family member), and UBE2D3 (a member of E2 ubiquitin‐conjugating enzymes) found to be at highest levels in bm arterial endothelial cells, bm venous endothelial cells, and bm lymphatic endothelial cells, respectively, were validated by immunoblotting with appropriate antibodies. The lack of substantial overlap between our results and those of other groups' comparative studies are discussed. Functional implications of differences in levels of various proteins identified in the three cell types are also discussed.
The impact of miR‐34a on protein output in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells
Authors: Cheng Jun , Zhou Lin , Xie Qin‐Fen , Xie Hai‐Yang , Wei Xu‐Yong , Gao Feng , Xing Chun‐Yang , Xu Xiao , Li Lan‐Juan , Zheng Shu‐Sen
Published: February 2010

MicroRNAs are small non‐coding RNA molecules that play essential roles in biological processes ranging from cell cycle to cell migration and invasion. Accumulating evidence suggests that miR‐34a, as a key mediator of p53 tumor suppression, is aberrantly expressed in human cancers. In the present study, we aimed to explore the precise biological role of miR‐34a and the global protein changes in HCC cell line HepG2 cells transiently transfected with miR‐34a. Transfection of miR‐34a into HepG2 cells caused suppression of cell proliferation, inhibition of cell migration and invasion. It also induced an accumulation of HepG2 cells in G1 phase. Among 116 protein spots with differential expression separated by 2‐DE method, 34 proteins were successfully identified by MALDI‐TOF/TOF analysis. Of these, 15 downregulated proteins may be downstream targets of miR‐34a. Bioinformatics analysis produced a protein–protein interaction network, which revealed that the p53 signaling pathway and cell cycle pathway were two major hubs containing most of the proteins regulated by miR‐34a. Cytoskeletal proteins such as LMNA, GFAP, MACF1, ALDH2, and LOC100129335 are potential targets of miR‐34a. In conclusion, abrogation of miR‐34a function could cause downstream molecules to switch on or off, leading to HCC development.