bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unveiling the Superior Optical Properties of Novel Melamine‐Based Nonlinear Optical Material with Strong Second‐Harmonic Generation and Giant Optical Anisotropy
Authors: Bai Zhiyong , Lee Jihyun , Kim Heewon , Hu Chun‐Li , Ok Kang Min
Published: March 2023

Two melamine‐based metal halides, (C3N6H7)(C3N6H6)HgCl3 (I) and (C3N6H7)3HgCl5 (II), are synthesized by incorporating the heavy d10 cation, Hg2+, and the halide anion, Cl−. The noncentrosymmetric structure of I results from two unique attributes: large asymmetric secondary building units produced by direct covalent coordination of melamine to Hg2+ and a small dihedral angle between melamine molecules. The former makes inorganic modules locally acentric, while the latter prevents planar organic groups from forming deleterious antiparallel arrangement. The unique coordination in I results in an enlarged band gap of 4.40 eV. Due to the large polarizability of the heavy Hg2+ cation and the π‐conjugated system of melamine, I exhibits a strong second‐harmonic generation efficiency of 5 × KH2PO4, larger than any reported melamine‐based nonlinear optical materials to date. Density functional theory calculations indicate that I possesses giant optical anisotropy, with a birefringence of 0.246@1064 nm.
Cell death mediated by nanotechnology via the cuproptosis pathway: A novel horizon for cancer therapy
Authors: Wei Chuang , Fu Qinrui
Published: March 2023

Cuproptosis, the current form of regulated cell death characterized by copper overload, oligomerization of lipoacylated proteins, and loss of Fe–S cluster proteins, has been proposed to function closely with human diseases, including cancer. Since its first identification in 2022, many strategies have been developed to induce cuproptosis for cancer therapy, such as small‐molecule drugs and nanomaterials. Although many reviews related to cuproptosis have been reported, they remain at a basic mechanism level, and a summary covering recent progress in the field of nanotechnologies in cuproptosis‐based cancer therapy has not yet been presented. Therefore, it is time to fill the gap and shed light on future directions for the application of this promising tool to fight against cancer. In this minireview, we first expounded the mechanism of action of cuproptosis and emphasized the feasibility of triggering cuproptosis for cancer therapy. The recent progress of cancer treatments based on nanoparticle‐induced cuproptosis was then described. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of the emerging field of cuproptosis are also discussed.
Smart MXene‐based bioelectronic devices as wearable health monitor for sensing human physiological signals
Authors: Han Sancan , Zou Mingchen , Pu Xinxin , Lu Yifei , Tian Yuecheng , Li Huijun , Liu Yi , Wu Fangyu , Huang Ningge , Shen Meihua , Song Enming , Wang Ding
Published: March 2023

Biosafe wearable healthcare monitor has attracted significant attention owing to their applicability to wearable electronics. However, the narrow sensing range and poor response limit the application of flexible devices for comprehensive monitoring of human health‐related physiological signals (i.e., pulse diagnosis). Critical challenges remain in the development of biocompatible materials and the design of flexible bio‐integrated platforms for these purposes, targeting performance approaching those of conventional wafer‐based technologies and long‐term operational stability. In this context, this work presents a robust and flexible MXene/polydopamine (PDA)‐composite‐film‐based pressure sensor in a portable/wearable fashion, which establishes a unique intercalated spherical‐like PDA molecules structure, thereby resulting in excellent sensing performance. The MXene/PDA‐based pressure sensor has sensitivity of up to 138.8 kPa−1 in the pressure range of 0.18–6.20 kPa with fast response and recovery speed (t1 < 100 ms; t2< 50 ms). Associated embodiment involves real‐time precise measurements of a variety of health‐related physiological signals, ranging from wrist pulse, to finger motions, to vocalization and to facial expressions, with high sensitivity and accuracy. Studies on human subjects establish the clinical significance of these devices for future opportunities of health monitoring and intelligent control to predict and diagnose diseases.
Methods for Learning to Quantify
Authors: Esuli Andrea , Fabris Alessandro , Moreo Alejandro , Sebastiani Fabrizio
Published: March 2023

This chapter is possibly the central chapter of the book, and looks at the various supervised learning methods for learning to quantify that have been proposed over the years. These methods belong to two main categories, depending on whether they have an aggregative nature (i.e., they require the classification of all individual unlabelled items as an intermediate step) or a non-aggregative nature (i.e., they perform no classification of individual items). In turn, the aggregative methods may be seen as belonging to two main sub-categories, depending on whether the classification of individual unlabelled items is performed by classifiers trained via general-purpose learners or via special-purpose, quantification-oriented learners.
Targeting Molecular Residual Disease Using Novel Technologies and Clinical Trials Design in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer
Authors: Sanz-Garcia Enrique , Siu Lillian L.
Published: March 2023

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-related and most cases of HPV-negative locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC) have substantial risks of relapse despite definitive therapy, and thus represent conditions of unmet clinical need. The ability now exists to detect molecular residual disease (MRD) in these patients post-definitive treatment such as surgery or (chemo)radiotherapy using novel and highly sensitive and specific technologies to measure cancer-derived circulating biomarkers. The positive and negative predictive values of these assays to forecast cancer recurrence, as well as the lead time of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection before clinical relapse, are relevant as these parameters rationalize the design of clinical trials for cancer interception in the MRD setting. Currently, there is evidence that interception in the MRD setting yields benefit in clinical outcome in some cancers, but such data do not yet exist in LA-HNSCC and will require prospective testing via clinical trials.
Animal Models of Tuberculosis
Authors: Li Huoming , Li Hao
Published: March 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) is an important zoonotic disease caused by infection withMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) complex and has a significant impact on public health. Animal models are suitable tools to mimic the clinical symptoms observed in human TB and provide an opportunity to understand immune responses to infection and the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of TB. In this chapter, we summarize the animal models that are used in Mtb research, including common models such as the mouse, rat, guinea pig, non-human primates, rabbit, cattle and zebrafish, as well as discuss some newly established animal models.
Protection
Authors: Şahin-Mencütek Zeynep , Gökalp-Aras N. Ela , Kaya Ayhan , Rottmann Susan Beth
Published: March 2023

Turkey has a highly complex structure with stratified legal statuses and multiple actors in migration and refugee governance. The chapter shows how temporality is the key encompassing characteristic of Turkey’s refugee governance, which is the basis for its response to Syrian mass migration and multilevel refugee governance. In this regard, the chapter asks how strategic temporality is used as a tool for international protection in Turkey and what the consequences are in terms of the legal, political and institutional frameworks at the macro level, as well as perceptions, experiences, and strategies of policy implementers and policy beneficiaries at both meso and micro levels.
Plasma free amino acid profiles are associated with serum high molecular weight adiponectin levels in Japanese medical check-up population without type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tokunaga Kengo , Nakamura Hidehiro , Toue Sakino , Kato Yumiko , Ida Yosuke , Miyoshi Sawako , Yoneyama Rika , Ohnishi Hiroaki , Hisamatsu Tadakazu , Okamoto Susumu
Published: March 2023

To prevent the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), early detection and intervention are important. Several studies have already shown that the serum adiponectin level could be useful for evaluating the future risk of T2DM. Recently, plasma free amino acid (PFAA) concentrations have also emerged as potential biomarkers that predict the future onset of T2DM. In this study, we aimed to further characterise PFAA profiles by elucidating the association with the serum high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin level in this cross-sectional study. A total of 1000 Japanese subjects who underwent medical check-ups were enrolled, and their plasma concentrations of 21 amino acids and clinical parameters were measured. The subjects without T2DM were divided into quartiles (Q1-4) by serum HMW adiponectin level, and the association with between PFAA concentrations was analysed. Concentrations of glutamate, alanine, proline, tyrosine, histidine, methionine, lysine, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and tryptophan varied significantly according to the adiponectin quartile. Furthermore, serum adiponectin levels showed significant inverse correlations with these amino acids. The change in the PFAA profile in the group with the lowest adiponectin concentrations (Q1) was similar to that of T2DM patients. Although both adiponectin levels and PFAA concentrations are known to be altered by the accumulation of visceral fat and insulin resistance, the levels of glutamate, BCAA, lysine and tryptophan remain significantly associated with adiponectin level after adjustment for age, body mass index and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, showing the direct association between PFAA concentrations and the serum HMW adiponectin level. Registration number: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) UMIN000029920, registered on Nov 13th 2017 (prospectively registered).
Spatial–temporal variation and temperature effect of urbanization in Guangdong Province from 1951 to 2018
Authors: Zhong Runfei , Song Song , Zhang Jianxin , Ye Ziqiang
Published: March 2023

In this paper, we focus on Guangdong province, which is a frontier area of Reform and Opening up, and analyze the variation of urban and rural temperature to detect the urbanization warming effect from 1951 to 2018, based on the daily temperature data of 85 weather stations. We classified the metrological stations into urban and rural stations according to the urbanization population size, population density and urban built-up area data. The combined methodology of mathematical statistics, trend analysis, urban/rural station comparison and spatial analysis was adopted to reveal the urbanization warming and its spatial–temporal heterogeneity. The results show that the warming process in Guangdong Province is very complex and has high temporal and spatial heterogeneity. From 1951 to 2018, the average temperature in the coldest month in Guangdong Province increased with the fastest (0.27 °C/10a) rate, and the annual average temperature increased slightly faster than the average temperature in the warmest month (0.15 °C/10a vs. 0.12 °C/10a). The comparative study on the temperature of urban and rural stations shows that the temperature increase rate of urban stations is faster than that of rural stations (0.30 °C/10a vs. 0.23 °C/10a), especially the average temperature in the coldest month, which is most significantly driven by urbanization, and the contribution rate of urbanization is about 24.09% in general. Affected by the background climate and the stages of urbanization, the warming effect of urbanization fluctuates obviously in different periods. Stronger urbanization effect can be witnessed during 1980–2000, when the urbanization developed into mid-level with highest rate. The spatial differentiation of urbanization warming effect is prominent. The temperature of urban stations in Eastern Guangdong increases most rapidly. The urbanization contribution rates to the coldest month average, annual average and the warmest month average temperature reach 33.86%, 25.70% and 17.64%, respectively, which are around 1.69, 1.50 and 1.19 times that of the Pearl River Delta. The average temperature of the warmest month in Western Guangdong shows a weak cooling effect. Multi-faceted, multi-level regulation of sustainable urbanization is the key to mitigating the warming caused by urbanization.
Enhancing vehicle re-identification via synthetic training datasets and re-ranking based on video-clips information
Authors: Moral Paula , García-Martín Álvaro , Martínez José M. , Bescós Jesús
Published: March 2023

Vehicle re-identification (ReID) aims to find a specific vehicle identity across multiple non-overlapping cameras. The main challenge of this task is the large intra-class and small inter-class variability of vehicles appearance, sometimes related with large viewpoint variations, illumination changes or different camera resolutions. To tackle these problems, we proposed a vehicle ReID system based on ensembling deep learning features and adding different post-processing techniques. In this paper, we improve that proposal by: incorporating large-scale synthetic datasets in the training step; performing an exhaustive ablation study showing and analyzing the influence of synthetic content in ReID datasets, in particular CityFlow-ReID and VeRi-776; and extending post-processing by including different approaches to the use of gallery video-clips of the target vehicles in the re-ranking step. Additionally, we present an evaluation framework in order to evaluate CityFlow-ReID: as this dataset has not public ground truth annotations, AI City Challenge provided an on-line evaluation service which is no more available; our evaluation framework allows researchers to keep on evaluating the performance of their systems in the CityFlow-ReID dataset.
STEM and Non-STEM Misconceptions About Evolution: Findings from 5 Years of Data
Authors: Archila Pablo Antonio , Restrepo Silvia , Truscott de Mejía Anne‑Marie , Molina Jorge
Published: March 2023

Even though it is widely held that the theory of evolution is one of the pillars of the biological sciences, as we begin the third decade of the twenty-first century, it is alarming how little we know about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors and non-STEM majors’ misconceptions about evolution in countries such as Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Greece, to name a few. The situation is even more complicated if we acknowledge that contemporary educational approaches (e.g., student-centered learning) mean that students’ misconceptions are one of the multiple aspects that influence the construction of meaningful learning. Here, we present a picture of Colombian STEM/non-STEM majors’ misconceptions about evolution. Participants were 547 students from different STEM/non-STEM majors (278 females and 269 males, 16–24 years old). During 5 years (10 academic semesters), data were collected from students’ responses to an 11-item questionnaire administered in a Colombian university. We hypothesized that the academic semester within these 5 years in which each student completed the instrument as well as respondents’ age, gender, and/or major may influence their misconceptions about evolution. Results reveal that participants had a moderate understanding of evolution. Also, we found a limited understanding of microevolution among participants. Furthermore, cross-sectional analyses of differences in undergraduates’ responses across demographic variables showed that despite apparent differences, these were not reliable since the differences were not statistically significant. Implications for evolution education are discussed.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescent small molecule sensitized fluorescent polymers with reduced concentration-quenching for efficient electroluminescence
Authors: Xue Qin , Huo Mingfang , Xie Guohua
Published: March 2023

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) small molecule bis-[3-(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)-phenyl]-sulfone (m-ACSO2) was used as a universal host to sensitize three conventional fluorescent polymers for maximizing the electroluminescent performance. The excitons were utilized via inter-molecular energy transfer and the non-radiative decays were successfully refrained in the condensed states. Therefore, the significant enhancement of the electroluminescent efficiencies was demonstrated. For instance, after doping poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) into m-ACSO2, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) was improved by a factor of 17.0 in the solution-processed organic light-emitting device (OLED), as compared with the device with neat F8BT. In terms of the other well-known fluorescent polymers, i.e., poly (para-phenylene vinylene) copolymer (Super Yellow, SY) and poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV), their EQEs in the devices were respectively enhanced by 70% and 270%, compared with the reference devices based on the conventional host 1,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) benzene (mCP). Besides the improved charge balance in the bipolar TADF host, these were partially ascribed to reduced fluorescence quenching in the mixed films.

Graphical abstract
Piezoelectric fibers for flexible and wearable electronics
Authors: Qian Shengtai , Wang Xingbei , Yan Wei
Published: March 2023

Flexible and wearable electronics represent paramount technologies offering revolutionized solutions for medical diagnosis and therapy, nerve and organ interfaces, fabric computation, robot-in-medicine and metaverse. Being ubiquitous in everyday life, piezoelectric materials and devices play a vital role in flexible and wearable electronics with their intriguing functionalities, including energy harvesting, sensing and actuation, personal health care and communications. As a new emerging flexible and wearable technology, fiber-shaped piezoelectric devices offer unique advantages over conventional thin-film counterparts. In this review, we survey the recent scientific and technological breakthroughs in thermally drawn piezoelectric fibers and fiber-enabled intelligent fabrics. We highlight the fiber materials, fiber architecture, fabrication, device integration as well as functions that deliver higher forms of unique applications across smart sensing, health care, space security, actuation and energy domains. We conclude with a critical analysis of existing challenges and opportunities that will be important for the continued progress of this field.

Graphical Abstract
Determination of Parameters Affecting the Estimation of Iceberg Draft
Authors: Azimi Hamed , Mahdianpari Masoud , Shiri Hodjat
Published: March 2023

Recent offshore oil and gas loading facilities developed in the Arctic area have led to a considerable awareness of the iceberg draft approximation, where deep keel icebergs may gouge the ocean floor, and these submarine infrastructures would be damaged in the shallower waters. Developing reliable solutions to estimate the iceberg draft requires a profound understanding of the problem’s dominant parameters. As such, the dimensionless groups of the parameters affecting the iceberg draft estimation were determined for the first time in the present study. Using the dimensionless groups recognized and the linear regression (LR) analysis, nine LR models (i.e., LR 1 to LR 9) were developed and then validated using a comprehensive dataset, which has been constructed in this study. A sensitivity analysis distinguished the premium LR models and important dimensionless groups. The best LR model, as a function of all dimensionless parameters, was able to estimate the iceberg draft with the highest level of precision and correlation along with the lowest degree of complexity. The ratio of iceberg length to iceberg height as the “iceberg length ratio” and the ratio of iceberg width to iceberg height as the “iceberg width ratio” was detected as the important dimensionless groups in the estimation of the iceberg draft. An uncertainty analysis demonstrated that the best LR model was biased towards underestimating the iceberg drafts. The premium LR model outperformed the previous empirical models. Ultimately, a set of LR-based relationships were derived for estimating the iceberg drafts for practical engineering applications, e.g., the early stages of the iceberg management projects.
Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Three-Bucket Jacket Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines During the Lowering Process
Authors: Zhang Pu-yang , Qi Xin , Wei Yu-mo , Zhang Sheng-wei , Le Cong-huan , Ding Hong-yan
Published: March 2023

The three-bucket jacket foundation is a new type of foundation for offshore wind turbine that has the advantages of fast construction speed and suitability for deep water. The study of the hoisting and launching process is of great significance to ensure construction safety in actual projects. In this paper, a new launching technology is proposed that is based on the foundation of the three-bucket jacket for offshore wind turbine. A complete time domain simulation of the launching process of three-bucket jacket foundation is carried out by a theoretical analysis combined with hydrodynamic software Moses. At the same time, the effects of different initial air storage and sea conditions on the motion response of the structure and the hoisting cable tension are studied. The results show that the motion response of the structure is the highest when it is lowered to 1.5 times the bucket height. The natural period of each degree of freedom of the structure increases with the increase of the lowering depth. The structural motion response and the hoisting cable tension vary greatly in the early phases of Stages I and III, smaller in Stage II, and gradually stabilize in the middle and late phases of Stage III.
A Cross-Country Policy-Maker Perspective on Corporate Restructuring Laws Under Stress
Authors: Menezes Antonia , Lawless Harry
Published: March 2023

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic saw a period of rapid experimentation with insolvency law settings, designed to prevent a wave of insolvencies. Although governments acted quickly to keep debtors out of insolvency processes, they did not alter high levels of underlying indebtedness. In this worsening economic climate characterized by low growth, high inflation, fiscal tightening and high indebtedness, it appears, in certain countries, that these measures may have deferred, rather than prevented, high insolvency levels. A key economic legacy of the COVID-19 pandemic is the extensive fiscal stimulus and the resulting budgetary constraints this has placed on governments. In this context, there is increasing evidence of the importance of frameworks for out-of-court debt workouts as a complement to formal corporate restructuring frameworks.
Governmental Measures in Switzerland Against Mass Bankruptcies During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Rodriguez Rodrigo , Ulli Jasmin
Published: March 2023

This article examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on debt enforcement and insolvency law in Switzerland. Despite the absence of strict lockdown measures, many sectors of the Swiss economy suffered significant losses. The government responded by introducing generous public support schemes to keep businesses afloat. The article focuses on the modifications made to Swiss law during the pandemic to avoid mass bankruptcies and facilitate restructurings. The government first introduced a general stay of proceedings, preventing debt collection but not affecting the underlying obligation to pay, and later the Covid-19 Ordinance on Insolvency Law, which provided relief to companies, especially SMEs, to implement the necessary restructuring measures. Some unsuccessful initiatives, such as a special moratorium introduced for SMEs, are also discussed. Finally, the article considers the limited take-up of some of the insolvency measures and discusses the possible consequences of the obligation to repay Covid-19 loans in the future. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of the pandemic on debt enforcement and insolvency law in Switzerland and the measures taken to mitigate its effects.
Numerical investigation of vertical borehole heat exchanger heat transfer under coupled conditions of groundwater seepage and layered subsurface
Authors: Zhao Peng , Li Xiaozhao , Zhang Donghai , Lin Yungzhi , Zhang Ye , Ji Yukun
Published: March 2023

Vertical borehole heat exchangers (VBHEs) have been considered to be one of the best sustainable geotechnical technologies for building heating or cooling. In most of the current numerical models for the analysis of VBHE heat transfer, the assumption of subsurface homogeneity is considered. However, the actual subsurface presents a layered structure, and some aquifer groups have groundwater seepage. An improved numerical model is proposed that takes into account not only the coupled condition of groundwater seepage and the layered subsurface but also the heat transfer of VBHEs at different locations, including inside the borehole, borehole wall and outside the borehole. The heat transfer characteristic at these different locations under groundwater seepage and layered subsurface coupled condition is investigated. Moreover, the model is applied to investigate the thermal behaviors of VBHE arrays in two typical arrangements (matrix and staggered arrangement). Furthermore, the influence of groundwater seepage in different layers on the heat transfer ability of the VBHE is discussed. The results demonstrate that the seepage can effectively improve the average heat transfer performance of VBHEs array, and the relative improvement rate is about 62.0%, Compared with the matrix arrangement, the average heat flow of staggered arrangement is about 0.09 kW higher, and the relative increase rate is about 3.3%.
Dynamic tests as a language-free method for assessing reading in a multilingual setting
Authors: Pye Rachel E. , Chan Huey Hwa
Published: March 2023

It is difficult to assess reading ability or diagnose dyslexia in Malaysia due to its complex linguistic background of simultaneous multilingualism and multiliteracy. Low scores on traditional reading tests could be explained by language and contextual factors rather than indicating reading difficulty. One method shown to be less sensitive to specific language factors is the Dynamic Testing paradigm (Elbro et al., 2012). Fifty-nine Malaysian adult readers of English and Bahasa Melayu and/or Chinese were recruited and their performances on the dynamic test assessed. Scores on the Dynamic Test significantly predicted potential reading difficulty as measured by the Adult Reading History Questionnaire (Lefly & Pennington, 2000) but not reading proficiency measured by a Lexical Decision Task (LDT). Participants were then grouped by language of first literacy: alphabetic (English and Bahasa Melayu) or morphosyllabic (Chinese). No significant differences were found between those reading morphosyllabic versus alphabetic orthographies for the Dynamic Test. The Dynamic Test was a significant predictor of potential reading difficulty in the alphabetic group only. Thus, it was concluded that the dynamic format could be a suitable assessment tool for multilinguals, but that further research is required to determine its utility, especially in non-alphabetic languages.
Impact of COVID-19 on Neuro-Ophthalmology in the United States: A National Survey
Authors: Waisberg Ethan , Ong Joshua , Zaman Nasif , Kamran Sharif Amit , Tavakkoli Alireza , Lee Andrew G.
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To evaluate the impacts of the COVID-19 on neuro-ophthalmology practice in the United States.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Methods:

The North American Neuro-ophthalmology Society distributed a survey on the impact of COVID-19 on neuro-ophthalmic practice to its members. The survey consisted of 15 questions regarding the impact of the pandemic on neuro-ophthalmic practice and perspectives.

Results:

Twenty-eight neuro-ophthalmologists practicing in the United States responded to our survey. In this survey, 64% of survey respondents were male (n = 18), while 36% were female (n = 10). The average age of a respondent was 55 years old. According to 77% of survey respondents, various neuro-ophthalmic diseases were reported to have worsened during the pandemic including idiopathic intracranial hypertension, compressive optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, and giant cell arteritis.

Conclusions:

This survey represents one of the largest studies to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic of neuro-ophthalmology. Given the underrepresentation of neuro-ophthalmology in the United States as described in the literature, this study strengthens the need for more neuro-ophthalmologists to provide timely care, particularly during the pandemic. Further interventions to incentivize the pursuit of neuro-ophthalmology training may help combat the effects of COVID-19 on neuro-ophthalmic conditions.
The Charitability Gap: Misuses of Interpretive Charity in Academic Philosophy
Authors: Lockard Claire A.
Published: March 2023

In this article, I explore some harms that emerge from the call for charity in academic philosophy. A charitability gap, I suggest, exists both between who we tend to read charitably and who we tend to expect charitability from. This gap shores up the disciplinary status quo and (re)produces epistemic oppression, which helps preserve philosophy's status as a discipline that is, to use Charles Mills's language, conceptually and demographically dominated by whiteness and maleness (Mills 1998, 2). I am particularly interested in calls for charity made in response to critiques of racist or sexist authors/texts. I suggest that in these cases, interpretive charity perpetuates epistemic violence by creating conditions for testimonial smothering (Dotson 2011); that it functions as an orientation device (Ahmed 2006) designed to bring “unruly” philosophers back in line with disciplinary practices and traditions; and that it requires resistant philosophers to remain in oppressive worlds (Lugones 2003a; Pohlhaus 2011). Although charitability is risky—and charity is disproportionately demanded from already marginalized philosophers—I am hesitant to abandon charity entirely. The outright rejection of charitable orientations toward texts or others commits philosophers to a purity politics that, following Alexis Shotwell, I suggest we resist (Shotwell 2016).
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii load in patients and their environment: the importance of detecting carriers
Authors: Schechner Vered , Lerner Anat Or , Temkin Elizabeth , Carmeli Yehuda
Published: March 2023

The environment surrounding 30 of 31 carriers of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) was contaminated by CRAB. The environmental CRAB loads were similar whether carriers were identified only by surveillance cultures (nonclinical carriers) or also had positive clinical cultures. Screening to detect and isolate nonclinical CRAB carriers may be important to prevent CRAB transmission.
The final step effect
Authors: Zeng Jianmin , Yuan Yujie , Gao Ziyun , He Ying , Wang Tao , Xu Jie
Published: March 2023

Suppose you need to complete a task of 5 steps, each of which has equal difficulty and pass rate. You somehow have a privilege that can ensure you pass one of the steps, but you need to decide which step to be privileged before you start the task. Which step do you want to privilege? Mathematically speaking, the effect of each step on the final outcome is identical, and so there seems to be no prima facie reason for a preference. Five studies were conducted to explore this issue. In Study 1, participants could place the privilege on any of steps 1–5. Participants were most inclined to privilege step 5. In Study 2, participants needed to pay some money to purchase the privilege for steps 1–5, respectively. Participants would pay most money for step 5. Study 3 directly reminded participants that the probability of success of the whole task is mathematically the same, no matter on which step the privilege is placed, but most of the participants still prefer to privilege the final step. Study 4 supposed that the outcomes of all steps were not announced until all steps were finished, and asked how painful participants would feel if they passed all steps but one. People thought they would feel most painful when they failed at the final step. In Study 5, an implicit association test showed that people associated the first step with easy and the final step with hard. These results demonstrated the phenomenon of the final step effect and suggested that both anticipated painfulness and stereotype may play a role in this phenomenon.
The Lure of the Law for the Formerly Convicted: Pursuing the Legal Profession as a Resistance Strategy
Authors: Denver Megan , Binnall James M.
Published: March 2023

Despite prior negative experiences with the law and licensure barriers, individuals with conviction histories are increasingly seeking entry into the legal profession. To understand their unique educational journeys from a joint stigma and legal consciousness perspective, we conducted in-depth interviews with prospective, current, and former law students with criminal convictions. Findings reveal that early disadvantage and subsequent system involvement provided them with valuable insights into their place in the carceral system. This realization prompted empathy for similarly situated others, a desire to pursue social justice reform, and the deliberate choice to access the power of law to that end. Thus, rather than averting people from the profession, a conviction history can serve as a driving force for pursuing a career in law.
The Map/Territory Relationship in Game-Theoretic Modeling of Cultural Evolution
Authors: Feiten Tim Elmo
Published: March 2023

The cultural red king effect occurs when discriminatory bargaining practices emerge because of a disparity in learning speed between members of a minority and a majority. This effect has been shown to occur in some Nash Demand Game models and has been proposed as a tool for shedding light on the origins of sexist and racist discrimination in academic collaborations. This article argues that none of the three main strategies used in the literature to support the epistemic value of these models—structural similarity, empirical confirmation, and how-possibly explanations—provide strong support for this modeling practice in its present form.
“By the application of power”
Authors: Edwards John L.
Published: March 2023

Sir George Cayley was a great man, many years in advance of his time and with a grasp of fundamentals which must be the envy of many people, even today. Consider the mental prowess of a man who in the technical environment of 170 years ago, where a 12 hp engine was as shown in Fig. 1, could make the statement that, “The whole problem is confined within these limits, namely, to make a surface support a given weight by the application of power to the resistance of air”; it is truly remarkable. It seems to me that the phrase I have extracted from that statement as a title to this lecture epitomises both the man and the subject.
The fixed shaft constant speed variable torque turbine
Authors: Szydlowski Joseph
Published: March 2023

Since 1946 I have been convinced, from the viewpoints of safety, economy and simplicity (facilitating calculations and development) that the most rational solution to nearly all aircraft propulsion problems is the Fixed Shaft Constant Speed Variable Torque Turbine.

But as the engine manufacturer is not the only judge of the propulsion systems adopted by the airframe manufacturers, I have been and still am therefore obliged to manufacture engines, the technical and commercial success of which I do not deny, while being convinced that more rational solutions exist. Because of this Turbomeca has manufactured, and continues to manufacture—alone or in co-operation with other engine manufacturers—free turbines, pure jets and twin shaft by-pass jets, engines which I do not propose to discuss today.
The requirements and opportunities for space systems
Authors: Pardoe G. K. C.
Published: March 2023

Many of the problems we have experienced in Europe in this field so far are attributable to the lateness and difficulties of establishing with users, what systems they would like to see in an operational role. These remarks, of course, relate particularly to the application satellites, and not to the scientific sector of the work, which has enjoyed a great degree of interest by the scientific community in calling for various experiments to be incorporated in spacecraft. As a result of this in Europe, we have seen through ESRO and through national programmes, a considerable degree of achievement in spacecraft which have been orbited, and which in nearly all cases have been very successful and have met or exceeded their design life. Through this work, therefore, there exists an extremely valuable baseline of experience, both in the establishments and the institutions concerned with specifying, planning, and managing the programmes on behalf of the scientists, and also in industry that has developed the equipment for these programmes.
“Time is energy”
Authors: Stamper J. T.
Published: March 2023

It is naturally a great privilege to have been asked to give the 20th Henson and Stringfellow Memorial Lecture here at the Yeovil branch, within a few miles of the place where Henson and Stringfellow worked together and performed some of their historic experiments.

It is perhaps equally natural that, Yeovil having become the home of rotary wing VTOL in the UK and my own Company having pioneered high speed wing VTOL that I should have been asked to make some aspect of VTOL the subject of my paper.
Structural design considerations of man-powered aircraft
Authors: Wimpenny J. C.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to record the structural design experience obtained during the construction of the Puffin aircraft. The paper starts with some fundamental considerations, follows by outlining the specific solutions adopted on the Mk I and Mk II versions of the Puffin, and concludes with some suggestions on future structural development possibilities.
Probabilistic design and structural fatigue
Authors: F. H. Hooke
Published: March 2023

Probabilism is the 16th century philosophical doctrine that certainty is unattainable but that belief and action must be governed by probability. As long as the existence, interpretation or application of a law remains doubtful, one may follow his own inclination, on the ground that a doubtful law cannot impose a certain obligation. But the subject “probabilistic design” embraces the idea of conceiving or planning of a thing so as to be fit for its purpose, more likely than not, but with less than absolute certainty. The designed “thing” is to be reliable. The lay meaning of “reliable” is trustworthy, predictable and good, and carries an implication that at successive points in time the “thing” will or could be somehow exposed to its purposed use and will successfully fit its purpose every time or most times.
Some measurements of the dynamic properties of mixed, carbon fibre reinforced, plastic beams and plates
Authors: White R. G.
Published: March 2023

The search for new materials for use in high performance structures, such as aircraft, has resulted in the development of carbon fibre reinforced plastics, CFRP. Parts of aircraft have been manufactured from CFRP, particularly in areas where high acoustic loads are experienced. The acoustic fatigue resistance of fibre reinforced structures is therefore of considerable interest. If the acoustic fatigue problem is to be studied, the response of such structures to acoustic excitation must be predicted and for this, knowledge of material characteristics is essential.

The first stage in the investigation of structural materials is to obtain measured values of the dynamic properties. Data of interest to structural dynamicists are moduli of elasticity and damping information.
Why the airship failed
Authors: Brooks Peter W.
Published: March 2023

During the past few years there has been a surprising amount of discussion about the possibility of reviving airships. A number of schemes for new designs of rigid airship have been canvassed, all of them postulating important advances in lighter-than-air technology as compared with the ‘state-of-the-art’ at the time rigid airship development was abandoned just before the Second World War. Consideration of the factors responsible for the airship's failure may throw useful light on the validity of some of the assumptions made in recent proposals.
Post-war development in non-destructive testing
Authors: H. Tyrer
Published: March 2023

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is not a new procedure and it is not intended that, by choosing the thirty odd years since the War, the impression should be given that before 1945 little or no attention was paid to determining component, system or structural quality by non-destructive means.

Archimedes, having discovered the principle of flotation, applied it as a means of determining whether his King's new crown had been unduly alloyed with silver. He is therefore probably the first on record to practise what is now known as NDT.
The concept of the WG-13
Authors: Austin R. G.
Published: March 2023

After the merging of the British helicopter industry under the Westland banner in early 1960, the three larger constituent parts continued on a semi-autonomous basis putting into service such aircraft as the Wessex, Belvedere and Wasp. Future thinking was still contained within the separate groups with activities related principally to the Westminster, Bristol 194 and the Rotodyne. All three of these projects had merit but were in competition and obviously could not all continue. In the event, however, all were unfortunately abandoned and in 1963 the Group's project activities were centralised at Yeovil. The first task of this new Project Group was to attempt to make proposals for a rational range of future products particularly with respect to the future requirements of our major customer—the British Armed Forces.
Adventures and ventures in the Italian aircraft industry
Authors: Jona Alberto
Published: March 2023

It is a great honour for me to speak to such a distinguished and competent audience. Needless to say, I was pleased to receive the invitation from the Royal Aeronautical Society but was also concerned with the responsibility of treating a subject involving dramatic aspects, which require understanding, and the selection of a certain number of events for presenting a reasonably effective picture of the subject.

I know that it will be impossible for me—for lack of ability and also time—to give a full story of these adventures and ventures and 1 apologise for the omissions. In fact I will only briefly mention some of the facts which have more deeply impressed me or in which I have been directly concerned.
The contribution of civil aviation to the economic strength and well-being of the UK
Authors: Boyd-Carpenter Lord
Published: March 2023

I must begin with a confession which, but for the current high price of eggs and tomatoes, would probably have involved me in a bombardment of those agreeable, if messy, missiles. I approach this topic very much from the standpoint of one who served for two substantial terms at the Treasury.
Westland design philosophy on the Lynx for instrument and all-weather flying
Authors: Moxam L. R.
Published: March 2023

Although this paper is entitled “Design Philosophy” it is my intention to show how this philosophy has influenced the design and construction of the Westland Lynx helicopter, with particular attention to those aspects which directly relate to all weather operation.

To set the scene I would like to give you a very brief description of the aircraft.
Aerodynamics for formula 1
Authors: Wright P. G.
Published: March 2023

To anyone involved in aeronautics, Formula I cars must seem to be pretty weird devices and so, in order to explain some of the rather unorthodox aspects of FI aerodynamic design, I shall start by retracing the history of aerodynamics in FI a few years to 1968, when it was realised that greater gains could be made by increasing the tyre loads than by trying to reduce the drag. It was the tyre manufacturers who influenced this development more than anyone else, as the width of tyre being developed to generate cornering loads greater than 10 g was making any attempts to reduce drag pretty fruitless. On the average circuit only about one-fifth of the time is spent at around maximum speed and four-fifth is spent cornering, braking and accelerating, when adhesion is far more important than drag.
Structural optimisation by an impulse response method
Authors: Bellamy N. W. , West M. J.
Published: March 2023

Two papers by Dixon described a digital computing technique for the structural optimisation of a cantilever beam. This technique applied Pontryagin's Principle to the problem, and computation was effected using a modified Kutta-Simpson integration technique and the Rosenbrock hill-climbing method. Dixon's second paper, in which he revised his earlier work, cited the hybrid solutions of the authors for comparison with his own results. This comparison of the results obtained from the digital and hybrid methods showed a slight, but significant, difference which indicated the need for further verification.
Small gas turbines for helicopters
Authors: Lucas R. M.
Published: March 2023

Despite it being 19 years since Major Halford died, his influence is still felt at Rolls-Royce Small Engine Division, (formerly the de Havilland Engine Co Ltd) which indicates the stature of the man. One way that his influence is felt is that we still have some 3000 Gipsy engines in service. Considering that the first were delivered in 1926 and production stopped in 1964, he certainly had hit upon a good formula. As Mr. Perkins said at the last Halford Lecture, Halford was really as keen on doing the biggest engine in the world as on the smallest, so we cannot claim to be following a trail blazed in that direction. He was, however, very keen on the demonstration method of launching engines, and was good at getting something together very quickly to prove if he was on the right track and to “cut the cackle”.
A device for generating an artificial boundary layer in a short axial distance in a supersonic flow
Authors: Philpot P.
Published: March 2023

When a powerplant air intake is mounted close to an aircraft wing or body the possibility exists of it ingesting part of the boundary layer formed on the adjacent surface. Even if the boundary layer is not ingested directly, the spillage flow from a boundary layer diverter may under some conditions affect the main intake flow. In full-scale free-jet tests of an intake or powerplant it would be desirable to represent any adjacent surfaces, but usually the size of the test facility is insufficient to allow this.

This note describes the first tests of a device, developed at NGTE, which at supersonic speeds generates in a short axial distance a layer of low energy air with a pressure distribution approximating to that of a “natural” turbulent boundary layer.
A method of obtaining sub-critical compressible velocities for two-dimensional aerofoils from an exact inviscid incompressible solution
Authors: Probert B.
Published: March 2023

Numerical nominally-exact solutions of the full equations describing the inviscid compressible flow about two-dimensional aerofoils have been given by Nieuwland and Sells. However, these methods are not readily extendible to include such effects as viscosity and finite aspect ratio. Thus there is a general need for rapid approximate solutions. approximate solutions.

One such method is described in Ref. 3. The inviscid first-order (or pseudo first-order) solution given in Ref. 3 forms the basis of a standard, widely used, approximate method. It combines the small perturbation theory of Ref. 4 with an extended semi-empirical compressibility law originally derived for symmetrical aerofoils at zero incidence by Wilby. A detailed evaluation of the method is given in Ref. 6