bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relaxation of dusty plasmas in plasma crystals
Authors: CHUTOV Yu. I. , KRAVCHENKO O. Yu. , SMIRNOV R. D. , SCHRAM P. P. J. M.
Published: July 2002

Relaxation phenomena in two-dimensional (2D) plasma crystals
have been investigated, including both the self-consistent electric charge of dust
particles and the electron and ion velocity distribution functions, by means of
a modified 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) method. The results obtained show that the
mutual interaction of dust particles in such crystals leads to special properties
of the background electrons and ions due to their selective collection by dust
particles during the relaxation. These electrons and ions can behave as non-ideal components of dusty plasmas in plasma crystals even in cases where their
numbers in the Debye cube are large. This effect is caused by their intensive
charge exchange with dust particles, which provides dusty plasmas with the
status of open statistical systems. The selective collection of electrons and ions
by dust particles also causes their deviation from the initial equilibrium as well
as the non-equilibrium evolution of the self-consistent electric charge of the
dust particles. Relaxation phenomena in plasma crystals have to be taken into
account in all cases of strong changes of plasma parameters, for example due to
strong oscillations and waves in these crystals.
Gods, Groves and the Culture of Nature in Kerala
Authors: Freeman J. R.
Published: July 2002

The substantive aim of this essay is to document popular attitudes towards the forest and its biotic resources through time as I have encountered these in the northernmost areas of the modern Indian state of Kerala. The interviews and folk-lore I have drawn upon in the present, however, are very much a legacy of Kerala's past. And since, sadly, most of the forests themselves have become a rapidly fading memory, my approach must be not only anthropological, but also folkloric and ethnohistorical.
Natural Lyme disease cycles maintained via sheep by co-feeding ticks
Authors: OGDEN N. H. , NUTTALL P. A. , RANDOLPH S. E.
Published: July 2002

We present observational and experimental evidence that cycles
of the

Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.,

can be maintained by sheep in the virtual absence of alternative hosts.

A 2-year field study in upland moorland habitats

of northwest UK established that sheep feed up to 80% of larval, >99%
of

nymphal and all of the adult female tick

(Ixodes ricinus) population. Infection prevalence of B.

burgdorferi in questing ticks reaches over 20%, but amplification

of infection occurs principally as nymphs (20- to 30-fold), rather than

larvae (4- to 7-fold), feed on sheep, and transmission

from sheep to ticks occurred only during peak tick abundance in May

and September. Experimental transmission studies

confirmed that sheep, previously exposed to infected ticks on the moorland

site, do not support systemic infections of B.

burgdorferi, but they can transmit localized infections from infected
to

uninfected ticks co-feeding at the same site on the sheep's body.
Time-course of antibody response in mice against oral
infection with eggs of Echinococcus multilocularis
Authors: MATSUMOTO J. , YAGI K. , NONAKA N. , OKU Y. , KAMIYA M.
Published: July 2002

The kinetics of serum antibody response against infection with

Echinococcus multilocularis eggs was evaluated in AKR
mice. The animals were infected by oral inoculation with 300 parasite eggs,

and necropsied at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 16 weeks
post-infection (p.i.), respectively. The parasite formed the laminated
layer
at 4 weeks p.i., the brood capsule with a massive
proliferation of germinal cells at 9 weeks p.i. and protoscoleces at
16 weeks p.i. Serum antibody responses of the mice to
antigen preparations from metacestodes of different stages and protoscoleces

were evaluated by ELISA, immunoblotting
and immunohistochemistry. In ELISA, the antibody responses began to
increase at 4 weeks and became more apparent
at 9 weeks p.i. and thereafter. Immunoblots using sera collected at
16 weeks p.i. showed some common bands among the
3 different antigen preparations. In addition to this, the germinal cells

and brood capsules of mature metacestodes were
stained strongly in an immunohistochemical study. From above, it is suggested

that some antigen molecules are expressed
in the parasite through these stages and stimulated host antibody responses.
Vector competence of 7 rhipicephalid tick stocks in
transmitting 2 Theileria parva parasite stocks from Kenya
and Zimbabwe
Authors: OCHANDA H. , YOUNG A. S. , MEDLEY G. F. , PERRY B. D.
Published: July 2002

The competence of 7 different stocks of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus

and R. zambeziensis to transmit 2 different stocks of
Theileria parva was compared by feeding nymphae of each tick stock

simultaneously on infected cattle and assessing the
infections in the salivary glands of the resultant adult ticks. There
were significant differences in the patterns of infection
of the 2 stocks (T. parva Muguga and T. parva Boleni)

in the different stocks of ticks, and these differences were shown
to be reproducible. The Muguga tick stock from Kenya and the Zambia tick

stock from Eastern Province had the highest
infections of T. parva Muguga and T. parva Boleni
respectively. The Zambia Southern Province tick stock and the
Zimbabwe Mashonaland West tick stock had the lowest infections of
T. parva Muguga and T. parva Boleni respectively.
The difference in mean abundance of infection between the most and least

efficient vector for T. parva Muguga was 63·3
while that for T. parva Boleni was 54·4 infected acini.

The implications of these results for laboratory transmission of T.

parva and for the epidemiology of theileriosis are discussed.
Neospora caninum-associated abortion in cattle:
the time of experimentally-induced parasitaemia during
gestation determines foetal survival
Authors: WILLIAMS D. J. L. , GUY C. S. , McGARRY J. W. , GUY F. , TASKER L. , SMITH R. F. , MacEACHERN K. , CRIPPS P. J. , KELLY D. F. , TREES A. J.
Published: July 2002

The parasite, Neospora caninum is an important cause of abortion in cattle. It is transmitted vertically or horizontally and
infection may result in abortion or the birth of a live, healthy but infected calf at full-term. Only a proportion of infected
cattle abort and the pathogenesis of abortion is not understood. Groups of cattle were infected with 107N. caninum
tachyzoites intravenously at different times relative to gestation. Intravenous inoculation was chosen to reproduce the
putative haematogenous spread of N. caninum following either recrudescence of endogenous infection or de novo infection.
In all cattle, infection was accompanied by high γ-interferon and lymphoproliferative responses, and a biased IgG2
response indicating that N. caninum infection is accompanied by a profound Th1 helper T cell-like response. Infection
at 10 weeks gestation resulted in foetopathy and resorption of foetal tissues 3 weeks after infection in 5 out of 6 cows.
Infection at 30 weeks gestation resulted in the birth of asymptomatic, congenitally-infected calves at full term in all 6 cows,
whereas the 6 cows infected before artificial insemination gave birth to live, uninfected calves. These results suggest that
the reason some cows abort is related to the time during gestation when they become infected or an existing infection
recrudesces.
Post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being
Authors: CREAMER M. , BURGESS P. , MCFARLANE A. C.
Published: July 2002

Background. We report on the epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Australian community, including information on lifetime exposure to trauma, 12-month prevalence of PTSD, sociodemographic correlates and co-morbidity.

Methods. Data were obtained from a stratified sample of 10641 participants as part of the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. A modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to determine the presence of PTSD, as well as other DSM-IV anxiety, affective and substance use disorders.

Results. The estimated 12-month prevalence of PTSD was 1·33%, which is considerably lower than that found in comparable North American studies. Although females were at greater risk than males within the subsample of those who had experienced trauma, the large gender differences noted in some recent epidemiological research were not replicated. Prevalence was elevated among the never married and previously married respondents, and was lower among those aged over 55. For both men and women, rape and sexual molestation were the traumatic events most likely to be associated with PTSD. A high level of Axis 1 co-morbidity was found among those persons with PTSD

Conclusions. PTSD is a highly prevalent disorder in the Australian community and is routinely associated with high rates of anxiety, depression and substance disorders. Future research is needed to investigate rates among other populations outside the North American continent.
An electrophysiological investigation of semantic priming with pictures of real objects
Authors: McPherson W. Brian , Holcomb Phillip J.
Published: July 2002

Event‐related potentials were recorded using color pictures of real objects. Participants made relatedness judgments for pictures that were highly, moderately, or unrelated to a picture of a preceding prime object (Experiment 1) or object identification decisions for related/easily identified, unrelated/easily identified, and unrelated/unidentifiable objects preceded by prime objects (Experiment 2). Unrelated pictures elicited larger event‐related potential negativities between 225 and 500 ms than did related pictures, although the first portion of this epoch had a more frontal distribution than did the later portion. The later epoch differentiated the unrelated from the moderately related and the moderately related from the highly related pictures (Experiment 1), but the early epoch produced differences only between the unrelated and related pictures (Experiments 1 and 2). This pattern supports the existence of two separate components, an anterior, image‐specific N300 and a later, central/parietal amodal N400.
Synchronization, binding, multiscale dynamic processing, and neuron sociology
Authors: Nunez Paul L.
Published: July 2002

Well-posed questions about information processing may require
physiologically based, quantitative models of large scale neocortical
dynamic function. “Synchronization” of this dynamics can
be viewed in different contexts of the binding problem.
Dominance runs deep
Authors: Grant Valerie J.
Published: July 2002

Seen in its historical context, Mazur & Booth's
(M&B's) target article may come to be viewed as a
turning point in the study of the biological basis of human behavior
in general, and dominance in particular. To facilitate further
research, suggestions are offered for making the definition of
dominance more precise. From an evolutionary point of view, the
testosterone-dominance link may be as important in women as it
is in men.
Words in the brain's language
Authors: Pulvermüller Friedemann
Published: July 2002

If the cortex is an associative memory, strongly connected
cell assemblies will form when neurons in different cortical areas are
frequently active at the same time. The cortical distributions of
these assemblies must be a consequence of where in the cortex
correlated neuronal activity occurred during learning. An assembly
can be considered a functional unit exhibiting activity states such as
full activation (“ignition”) after appropriate sensory
stimulation (possibly related to perception) and continuous
reverberation of excitation within the assembly (a putative memory
process). This has implications for cortical topographies and activity
dynamics of cell assemblies forming during language acquisition, in
particular for those representing words. Cortical topographies of
assemblies should be related to aspects of the meaning of the
words they represent, and physiological signs of cell assembly
ignition should be followed by possible indicators of reverberation.
The following postulates are discussed in detail: (1) assemblies
representing phonological word forms are strongly lateralized and
distributed over perisylvian cortices; (2) assemblies representing
highly abstract words such as grammatical function words are also
strongly lateralized and restricted to these perisylvian regions;
(3) assemblies representing concrete content words include additional
neurons in both hemispheres; (4) assemblies representing words
referring to visual stimuli include neurons in visual cortices; and
(5) assemblies representing words referring to actions include neurons
in motor cortices. Two main sources of evidence are used to evaluate
these proposals: (a) imaging studies focusing on localizing word
processing in the brain, based on stimulus-triggered event-related
potentials (ERPs), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and (b) studies of the temporal
dynamics of fast activity changes in the brain, as revealed by
high-frequency responses recorded in the electroencephalogram
(EEG) and magnetoencephalogram (MEG). These data provide evidence
for processing differences between words and matched meaningless
pseudowords, and between word classes, such as concrete content
and abstract function words, and words evoking visual or motor
associations. There is evidence for early word class-specific
spreading of neuronal activity and for equally specific high-frequency
responses occurring later. These results support a neurobiological
model of language in the Hebbian tradition. Competing large-scale
neuronal theories of language are discussed in light of the data
summarized. Neurobiological perspectives on the problem of serial
order of words in syntactic strings are considered in
closing.
The affiliative playfulness and impulsivity of extraverts may not be dopaminergically mediated
Authors: Panksepp Jaak
Published: July 2002

A major dopaminergic role for extraversion is compromised
by the fact that affiliation and impulsivity tend to be reduced by
psychostimulants. Also, the large clinical literature on the treatment
of ADHD with drugs that promote dopamine activity provides little or
no support for a major role for dopamine in human extraversion.
Dopamine facilitation of agency may be more evident for inanimate
rather than animate rewards.
Extraversion, sexual experience, and sexual emotions
Authors: Townsend John Marshall
Published: July 2002

Sex differences in motivation and emotional reactions
to casual sex suggest that the links to extraversion, constraint,
impulsivity-sensation seeking, and sexual behavior differ for men
and women. Because both testosterone and dominance, and dominance
and number of sex partners appear to correlate in men but not in
women, it is plausible that testosterone is involved in the creation
and maintenance of these sex differences in linkage among the
behavioral subsystems involved in sexuality and
extraversion.
Quasi-Markovian transformations
Authors: KOWALSKI ZBIGNIEW S.
Published: July 2002

Let $(f,\alpha)$ be the process given by an endomorphism $f$ and
by a finite partition $\alpha=\{A\}_{i=1}^{s}$ of a Lebesgue space.
Let $E(f,\alpha)$ be the set of densities of absolutely continuous
invariant measures for skew products with the base $(f,\alpha)$.
We prove that a process $(f,\alpha)$ is Markovian if and only if
$E(f,\alpha)\subset \{g: g=\sum_{i=1}^{s} 1_{A_{i}}\otimes
g_{i}\}$. If $f$ is the Lasota–Yorke or Misiurewicz type map with
the Markovian partition $\alpha$, then $(f,\alpha)$ is quasi-Markovian,
i.e. $E(f,\alpha)\subset \{g:\supp g=\bigcup_{i=1}^{s}
A_{i}\times B_{i}\}$. Moreover, we give the characterization of
quasi-Markovian processes.
Tiling representations of ${\Bbb R}^{\bf 2}$ actions and $\balpha$-equivalence in two dimensions
Authors: ŞAHIN AYŞE ARZU
Published: July 2002

We study ${\Bbb Z}^2$ actions arising as base point actions of tiling representations of ${\Bbb R}^2$ flows. We cast an equivalence relation between such actions in terms of a simple arithmetic condition on an orbit equivalence. Stated as such, our equivalence class is easily seen to be a restricted even Kakutani equivalence, as we well as a higher-dimensional generalization of $\alpha$-equivalence, defined by Fieldsteel, del Junco and Rudolph for ${\Bbb Z}$ actions.
Realism, ideology, and the end of the Cold War: a reply to William Wohlforth
Authors: KRAMER MARK
Published: July 2002

William Wohlforth has provided a clear, concise response to the final section of my article on ‘Ideology and the Cold War’. Because Wohlforth's own research on the end of the Cold War has been so stimulating and valuable, I had to devote special attention to his work. I welcome the opportunity to reply to his latest comments. Although I agree with him on some points, I disagree on others. In what follows, I will explain why.
Religion, gossip, narrative conventions and the construction of meaning in Hindi film songs
Authors: Booth Gregory
Published: July 2002

Introduction

The commercial Hindi language cinema is among the largest and oldest music film traditions on the planet. One of the most widely remarked and inflexible conventions of this highly stylised popular film genre is the regular appearance of song and dance scenes in almost every commercial Hindi film. A huge body of over 40,000 film songs (filmī gīt, as they are known in Hindi) has grown along with the thousands of Hindi sound films produced since 1931; unlike the more recent development of music video in the west, Hindi film songs have been intimately connected with larger narrative traditions and visual images from their very inception. Filmī gīt comprise one of the most intensely consumed popular music repertoires on the planet. Across the range of visual and sound media and on into live performance, the audience for film song must be numbered in the hundreds of millions throughout the South Asian subcontinent and diaspora.
A GOLD-MINING PROBLEM
Authors: Sakaguchi Minoru , Hamada Toshio
Published: July 2002

We study an example of R. Bellman's gold-mining
problem related to a programming job on the computer. The
problem is formulated by dynamic programming and the optimal
strategy is explicitly derived. The Bayesian version when
the parameter involved is unknown is also solved by the
same method. It is shown that the optimal strategy in each
of two versions has the “no-island” (or, in
other words, “control-limit”) property.
LITERACY DEVELOPMENT IN A MULTILINGUAL CONTEXT:
CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES.Aydin Durgunoglu and Ludo Verhoeven
(Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. xviii + 308. $29.95 paper.
Authors: Ramanathan Vai
Published: July 2002

Simultaneously theoretical and data-rich, this volume explores ways in which ethnic
minorities grapple with conflicts related to the literacy practices of their home culture as well as
those practices demanded by the dominant culture. Truly multicultural in nature, the book offers
in-depth glimpses into a variety of teaching and learning contexts: how young Gujarati teenagers
in England learn Gujarati (chapter 3), how Hmong parents wish their children to retain fluency in
Khmer while also insisting that they attend “English only” schools (chapter 4),
how Finns in Sweden and Karelias in Russia grapple with the literacy demands of the majority
culture (chapter 1), how “usefulness” becomes the most crucial variable in
determining the language of schooling in bi- and multilingual contexts (chapter 2), and how
Vietnamese people wrestle with learning their mother tongue in Norway (chapter 8).
FRENCH SECOND LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN CANADA: EMPIRICAL
STUDIES. Sharon Lapkin (Ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.
Pp. xxx + 350. $75.00 cloth.
Authors: Ranta Leila
Published: July 2002

This volume offers the reader a potpourri of papers relating to many different aspects of the
teaching of French as a Second Language (FSL) in English Canada. The collection emerged from
a course taught by Sharon Lapkin at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education and makes
accessible empirical studies that had previously existed only as unpublished manuscripts or
research reports.
Sources of support for learning words in
conversation: evidence from mealtimes
Authors: BEALS DIANE E.
Published: July 2002

This study examines mealtimes of preschoolers'
families to determine
whether rare words are used in informative ways so that a
child could
learn their meanings. Is there an association between
informative use of
rare words and the child's later vocabulary? Each
use of rare words in
160 transcripts was coded for whether it was informative
or uninformative. Each informative exchange was coded for
type of strategy used to
provide support: physical or social context, prior knowledge, and
semantic support. There were 1,631 exchanges around rare words.
About two-thirds of these exchanges were informative uses
from which the child could learn the word's meaning. The most
frequent strategy
used was semantic support, accounting for two-thirds of
strategies used. The frequency of use of rare words was positively
correlated with age-five and age-seven PPVT scores.
Effects of semantic predictability on children's
preservation of a phonemic voice contrast
Authors: CHARLES-LUCE JAN , DRESSLER KELLY M. , RAGONESE ELVIRA
Published: July 2002

We investigated the effects of semantic predictability on children's
preservation of the /t/-/d/ phonemic voice contrast in American
English. In Experiment 1, a total of 36 seven-, nine-, and twelve-year-olds produced minimal pairs differing in intervocalic /t/ and /d/ in
semantically biasing and semantically neutral passages. The seven-year-olds preserved the phonemic contrast in both passage types. However,
for the nine- and twelve-year-olds, total word duration and preceding
vowel duration preserved the /t/-/d/ contrast, but this interacted with
semantic predictability. The contrast was preserved in the biasing and
not in the neutral passages. The production results from the older
children replicated previous findings from adults, demonstrating that
semantic predictability influences speech production at both a lexical
and a segmental level. In Experiment 2, listeners identified the tokens
produced in Experiment 1. The identification results suggested that
differences produced by speakers may not necessarily have a functional
role for listeners. An interactive activation framework is proposed to
account for the semantic effects on older children's and adults' production.
For the youngest children, however, we suggest that pragmatic
compensation and task demands interact with the effects of interactive
activation.
The shift of genetic subtypes of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7
isolates from cattle
Authors: AKIBA M. , SAMESHIMA T. , NAKAZAWA M.
Published: July 2002

A total of 46 Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 isolates were obtained from sequential faecal samples
from seven cattle collected over periods of 2 months. Nine closely related genetic subtypes,
determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types using three kinds of restriction
endonuclease were observed among the isolates. Distinguishable, but closely related genetic
subtypes can be isolated from one farm, or from one cow, should be considered when
undertaking an epidemiological survey.
Measles resurgence in Argentina: 1997–8 outbreak
Authors: BILKIS M. D. , BARRERO P. R. , MISTCHENKO A. S.
Published: July 2002

Epidemiological and clinical findings from 1162 serologically confirmed measles cases occurring
in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1997 and 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. From 90
hospitalized children, measles virus was detected by direct RT–PCR from nasopharyngeal
secretions. Patients were grouped as follows: (i) not vaccinated: infants < 12 months; (ii)
regularly vaccinated: children 1–4 years not covered by the last catch-up; (iii) catch-up
vaccinated: patients 5–19 years immunized during the 1993 campaign. Most cases were
recorded in non-vaccinated infants (54%), and the lowest in catch-up vaccinated children
(16%). Mean age of the 90 hospitalized children was 11·3 months. Pneumonia was the major
hospitalization cause followed by pneumonitis. Two children required intensive care and one
died. The 1993 catch-up campaign seemed to reduce the number of cases in the 5- to 19-year-old group. Lack of timely follow-up probably led to the accumulation of susceptible
individuals allowing measles re-emergence. Direct viral detection by RT–PCR proved to be a
sensitive tool for molecular epidemiology surveillance.
Movements of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) in South‐east Asian waters as determined by satellite telemetry
Authors: Eckert Scott A. , Dolar Louella L. , Kooyman Gerald L. , Perrin William , Rahman Ridzwan Abdul
Published: July 2002

Management of whale shark Rhincodon typus populations is hampered by a lack of information on the range travelled by individual whale sharks. This applies particularly in South‐east Asia where the whale shark is increasingly used in commercial trade and for ecotourism. In this study an investigation of the movements of individual whale sharks from the greater Sulu Sea region was initiated using satellite telemetry. The movements of six sharks were monitored from 7 to 128 days. Two sharks travelled distances of 4567 and 8025 km. Both sharks moved through multiple political jurisdictions, confirming the need to manage the populations on a multilateral or regional level.
Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: Relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma,
parental PTSD, and cortisol excretion
Authors: YEHUDA RACHEL , HALLIGAN SARAH L. , GROSSMAN ROBERT
Published: July 2002

Among the adverse mental health consequences of childhood trauma is the risk related to the
development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. Other risk factors for PTSD,
including parental trauma exposure and parental PTSD, can also contribute to the experience of
child trauma. We examined associations between childhood trauma and PTSD in 51 adult children
of Holocaust survivors and 41 comparison subjects, in consideration of parental trauma exposure
and parental PTSD. We also examined these variables in relation to 24-hr urinary cortisol levels.
Adult offspring of Holocaust survivors showed significantly higher levels of self-reported
childhood trauma, particularly emotional abuse and neglect, relative to comparison subjects. The
difference was largely attributable to parental PTSD. Self-reported childhood trauma was also
related to severity of PTSD in subjects, and emotional abuse was significantly associated with
24-hr mean urinary cortisol secretion. We conclude that the experience of childhood trauma may
be an important factor in the transmission of PTSD from parent to child.
Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization
Authors: FONAGY PETER , TARGET MARY
Published: July 2002

The paper traces the relationship between attachment processes and the development of the

capacity to envision mental states in self and others. We suggest that the ability to mentalize, to

represent behavior in terms of mental states, or to have “a theory of mind” is a key

determinant of self-organization which is acquired in the context of the child's early social

relationships. Evidence for an association between the quality of attachment relationship and

reflective function in the parent and the child is reviewed and interpreted in the context of current

models of theory of mind development. A model of the development of self-organization is

proposed which has at its core the caregiver's ability to communicate understanding of the

child's intentional stance. The implications of the model for pathological self-development

are explored, with specific reference to the consequences of maltreatment.
Variables that initiate and maintain an
early-onset trajectory for juvenile offending
Authors: PATTERSON GERALD R. , FORGATCH MARION S. , YOERGER KAREN L. , STOOLMILLER MIKE
Published: July 2002

A trajectory defined by three
time-ordered events was offered as a useful adjunct to building a development theory about
antisocial behaviors. A sequence was defined with significant linkages between antisocial
childhood behavior and early arrest and between early arrest and chronic offending. The majority
of chronic offenders traveled through all three events in the sequence. Each event in the sequence
shared a common process of disrupted family process plus frequent family transitions and
marked social disadvantage. The findings support the hypothesis that the process that leads to
antisocial behaviors at grade four may also maintain the entire sequence. The level of disrupted
process at initiation and a time-based measure of involvement with deviant peers predicted which
individuals moved forward in the sequence and which did not. The findings are consistent with
the idea that the majority of chronic offending juveniles follow a trajectory that can be explained
by a single theory.
Rehabilitating rehabilitation: an exploration of initiatives which strengthen discharge options
Authors: Kershaw Betty
Published: July 2002

Over the past several years health care policies ‘have created a lack of NHS recuperative care beds. As a result, elderly patients have been discharged too early, or kept in acute care - blocking these beds.’ A King’s Fund discussion
paper stated: ‘There is a group of people who have health care needs which, while not requiring the facilities of the acute hospital sector, do demand considerable support to regain a maximum level of health’.
Birds of the Lobéké Faunal Reserve, Cameroon, and its regional importance for conservation
Authors: Dowsett-Lemaire F. , Dowsett R. J.
Published: July 2002

The Faunal Reserve of the Lobéké area of south-eastern Cameroon is an important area for forest conservation. One day, it is hoped, it will be part of an international unit, in association with two protected areas in neighbouring countries (Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic and Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Congo). With a view to assessing the status of its avifauna in particular, 24 days were spent in three short surveys from 1997 to 1999. The main forest type is semi-evergreen, with an open canopy; the only natural savannas are small saline swamps. The total of 305 species of bird recorded includes a forest nightjar not yet identified (but more likely to be the rare Itombwe Nightjar Caprimulgus prigoginei than a new species) and the Dja River Warbler Bradypterus grandis. The latter is a species confined to Rhynchospora swamps and had not been re-located in Cameroon since it was first collected in 1914 west of the Dja river; the extent of suitable habitat in Lobéké makes this site the most important to date for its conservation. Other rare or little-known forest species recorded include Olive Ibis Bostrychia olivacea, Sandy Scops Owl Otus icterorhynchus, Zenker's Honeyguide Meligomon zenkeri, Tessmann's Flycatcher Muscicapa tessmanni and Yellow-capped Weaver Ploceus dorsomaculatus. Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense is locally common in open-canopy forest: this population was only recently discovered in central Africa and its taxonomic relationships have yet to be determined. We include a brief comparison with the avifauna of adjacent Dzangha-Ndoki National Park and Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park. A feature of the Lobéké avifauna is the presence of a few species normally associated with forest at higher altitudes (such as White-headed Wood Hoopoe Phoeniculus bollei, Uganda Woodland Warbler Phylloscopus budongoensis, Black-throated Apalis Apalis jacksoni), and perhaps absent from lower-lying Nouabalé-Ndoki.
OBSERVATIONS ON SOME SAUSSUREA (COMPOSITAE–CARDUEAE) OF W KUNLUN, KARAKORUM AND W HIMALAYA
Authors: DICKORÉ W. B.
Published: July 2002

Three rare alpine, short-stemmed or stemless species of Saussurea DC. subgen. Saussurea are treated: S. ovata Bentham (W Kunlun Shan), S. elliptica C. B. Clarke (S. kuschakewiczii C. Winkler, syn. nov.; Tian Shan, Pamir, Karakorum, Zanskar) and S. atkinsonii C. B. Clarke (W Himalaya). The species are not closely interrelated and morphologically rather isolated. They are confined to different chains or mountain sections of Western High Asia, with their possible close relatives found in geographically far distant areas. Putative relationships of the taxa are discussed, revealing conflicts with the infrageneric classification proposed by Lipschitz (1979). Saussurea candolleana (DC.) Schultz Bip. (S. clarkei Hook. f., syn. nov.) is briefly discussed.
Foreword
Authors: HEYWOOD VERNON
Published: July 2002

..
Organization Ethics in Healthcare
Authors: Werhane Patricia H. , Rorty Mary V.
Published: July 2002

Bioethics, clinical ethics, and professional ethics
are mature, well-developed fields of applied ethics that
focus on medical research, patient autonomy and patient
care, patient–healthcare professional relationships,
and issues that arise in clinical and other medical settings.
However, despite these developments, little attention has
been paid to the organizational aspects of healthcare in
these fields. This is surprising, because in the last 30
years healthcare has become more and more institutionalized
in provider, management, and insurer organizations. Despite
JCAHO's preoccupation with organizational ethics during
the last decade, the philosophical underpinnings of their
requirements have been less explored in the literature.
Clinical ethics remains preoccupied with clinical patient
care and professional ethics with individual professional
guidelines; even the American College of Healthcare Executives
focuses primarily on healthcare managers, not on healthcare
organizations.
Commentary
Authors: Pierucci Robin Lynne
Published: July 2002

The patient in this case does not have enough small
bowel to be compatible with life. Given this prognosis
the decisions to establish a DNR status and discontinue
TPN are both appropriate. However, by not attempting an
earlier extubation or withdrawing the hydration as well
as the TPN, the attending physician set the stage for the
ensuing disaster.
A Sufficient Condition for a Graph to be the Core of a Class 2 Graph
Authors: DUGDALE J. K. , HILTON A. J. W.
Published: July 2002

The core of a graph G is the subgraph
GΔ induced by the vertices of maximum degree.
We define the deleted core D(G) of G.
We extend an earlier sufficient condition due to
Hoffman [7] for a graph H to be the core of a Class 2 graph, and thereby provide a
stronger sufficient condition. The new sufficient condition is in terms of D(H). We show
that in some circumstances our condition is necessary; but it is not necessary in general.
Mappings on Decomposable
Combinatorial Structures:
Analytic Approach
Authors: MANSTAVIČIUS E.
Published: July 2002

On the class of labelled combinatorial structures called assemblies we define complex-valued
multiplicative functions and examine their asymptotic mean values. The problem reduces
to the investigation of quotients of the Taylor coefficients of exponential generating series
having Euler products. Our approach, originating in probabilistic number theory, requires
information on the generating functions only in the convergence disc and rather weak
smoothness on the circumference. The results could be applied to studying the asymptotic
value distribution of decomposable mappings defined on assemblies.
Trust and virtue in English banking: the assessment of borrowers by bank managements at the turn of the nineteenth century
Authors: NEWTON LUCY
Published: July 2002

Lucy Newton, Trust and virtue in English banking: the assessment of borrowers by bank managements at the turn of the nineteenth century

Much has been made of the relationships between English banks and their customers. This article aims to examine the
perceptions of banks' managements and their procedures in the assessment of English and Welsh borrowing customers at the turn of the century. During this period, as banks assumed the modern corporate form, their managements attempted to impose a more formalised structure for lending decisions – one that could be standardised and applied throughout an organisation. The article examines the impact of such changes upon lending decisions, together with the information utilised in making them. It focuses upon the use of ‘subjective’ information and criteria in order to shed light upon a transitional period in banking organisation. It also considers related issues such as
customer reputation; the transition from personalised to transaction banking; and the respective roles of local branches and London head offices in decision-making.
A review of methods to calculate extreme wind speeds
Authors: Palutikof J P , Brabson B B , Lister D H , Adcock S T
Published: July 2002

Methods to calculate extreme wind speeds are described and reviewed, including ‘classical’ methods based on the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution and the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), and approaches designed specifically to deal with short data sets. The emphasis is very much on the needs of users who seek an accurate method to derive extreme wind speeds but are not fully conversant with up‐to‐date developments in this complex subject area. First, ‘standard’ methods are reviewed: annual maxima, independent storms, r‐largest extremes with the GEV distribution, and peak‐over‐threshold extremes with the GPD. Techniques for calculating the distribution parameters and quantiles are described. There follows a discussion of the factors which must be considered in order to fulfil the criterion that the data should be independent and identically distributed, and in order to minimize standard errors. It is commonplace in studies of extreme wind speeds that the time series available for analysis are very short. Finally, therefore, the paper deals with techniques applicable to data sets as short as two years, including simulation modelling and methods based on the parameters of the parent distribution. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Numbers, models, and understanding of natural intelligence:
Computational neuroscience in the service of clinical neuropsychology
Authors: KOCH PAUL , LEISMAN GERALD
Published: July 2002

What we call computational neuroscience involves construction
of mathematical and numerical models for understanding
cognitive phenomena. This issue is devoted to showing how
it can also be used to help in the analysis of cognitive
defects. Although the models may seem abstract to clinicians,
they are based on the reality of brain anatomy. The theoretical
papers presented here are connectionist: They
posit a network of cells connected by synapses
whose weights are modified during learning.
Architecture of connectionist models has progressed and
ramified considerably since they were first introduced,
and we include some examples of the current state of the
art. The final work presented here is concerned with the
connection of the constructed models with clinical experience
and experiment.
Crucial importance of pack size in the African wild dog Lycaon pictus
Authors: Courchamp Franck , Macdonald David W.
Published: July 2002

Although the massive organized slaughter of African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus, largely ended several decades ago, this endangered canid continues to decline and faces extinction. Several lines of evidence suggest that this arises from obligate cooperative breeding, which makes Lycaon more sensitive to anthropogenic mortality. A number of behaviours in this species are characterized by a reliance on helpers. These include cooperative hunting, defence from kleptoparasitism, pup feeding and baby‐sitting. As a result, there are strong, positive relationships between pack size and the production and survival of pups, and pairs of wild dogs are often unsuccessful at raising offspring without the assistance of helpers. Consequently, a pack in which membership drops below a critical size may be caught in a positive feedback loop: poor reproduction and low survival further reduce pack size, culminating in failure of the whole pack. Here, we review the literature to reveal the importance of pack size in the African wild dog. Most importantly, we argue that there is a critical minimum threshold, below which packs face an increasing probability of extinction ‐ an Allee effect with consequences for the conservation of this species, and of other obligate cooperators.
Targets of AtWRKY6 regulation during plant senescence and pathogen defense
Authors: Robatzek Silke , Somssich Imre E.
Published: July 2002

In Arabidopsis, WRKY factors comprise a large gene family of plant-specific transcriptional regulators controlling several types of plant stress responses. To understand the regulatory role of WRKY proteins during such processes, we identified targets of the senescence- and defense-associated WRKY6 factor. WRKY6 was found to suppress its own promoter activity as well as that of a closely related WRKY family member, indicating negative autoregulation. On the other hand, WRKY6 positively influenced the senescence- and pathogen defense-associated PR1 promoter activity, most likely involving NPR1 function. One novel identified target gene, SIRK, encodes a receptor-like protein kinase, whose developmental expression is strongly induced specifically during leaf senescence. The transcriptional activation of SIRK is dependent on WRKY6 function. Senescing leaves of wrky6 knockout mutants showed a drastic reduction, and green leaves of WRKY6 overexpression lines showed clearly elevated SIRK transcript levels. Furthermore, the SIRK gene promoter was specifically activated by WRKY6 in vivo, functioning very likely through direct W-box interactions.
Drosophilastem loop binding protein coordinates accumulation of mature histone mRNA with cell cycle progression
Authors: Sullivan Eileen , Santiago Carlos , Parker Emily D. , Dominski Zbigniew , Yang Xiaocui , Lanzotti David J. , Ingledue Tom C. , Marzluff William F. , Duronio Robert J.
Published: July 2002

Replication-associated histone genes encode the only metazoan mRNAs that lack polyA tails, ending instead in a conserved 26-nt sequence that forms a stem–loop. Most of the regulation of mammalian histone mRNA is posttranscriptional and mediated by this unique 3′ end. Stem–loop–binding protein (SLBP) binds to the histone mRNA 3′ end and is thought to participate in all aspects of histone mRNA metabolism, including cell cycle regulation. To examine SLBP function genetically, we have cloned the gene encodingDrosophilaSLBP (dSLBP) by a yeast three-hybrid method and have isolated mutations indSLBP. dSLBPfunction is required both zygotically and maternally. StrongdSLBPalleles cause zygotic lethality late in development and result in production of stable histone mRNA that accumulates in nonreplicating cells. These histone mRNAs are cytoplasmic and have polyadenylated 3′ ends like other polymerase II transcripts. HypomorphicdSLBPalleles support zygotic development but cause female sterility. Eggs from these females contain dramatically reduced levels of histone mRNA, and mutant embryos are not able to complete the syncytial embryonic cycles. This is in part because of a failure of chromosome condensation at mitosis that blocks normal anaphase. These data demonstrate that dSLBP is required in vivo for 3′ end processing of histone pre-mRNA, and that this is an essential function for development. Moreover, dSLBP-dependent processing plays an important role in coupling histone mRNA production with the cell cycle.
Eleven Densely Clustered Genes, Six of them Novel, in 176 kb of Mouse t-complex DNA
Authors: Kargul George J. , Nagaraja Ramaiah , Shimada Tokihiko , Grahovac Marija J. , Lim Meng K. , Nakashima Hiroshi , Waeltz Paul , Ma Peter , Chen Ellson , Schlessinger David , Ko Minoru S.H.
Published: July 2002

Targeted sequencing of the mouse t-complex has started with a 176-kb, gene-rich BAC localized with six PCR-based markers in inversion 2/3 of the highly duplicated region. The sequence contains 11 genes recovered primarily as cDNAs from early embryonic collections, including Igfals (previously placed on chromosome 17),Nubp2 (a fully characterized gene), Jsap1 (a JNK-binding protein), Rsp29 (the mouse homologue of the rat gene), Ndk3 (a nucleoside diphosphate kinase), and six additional putative genes of unknown function. With 50% GC content, 75% of the DNA transcribed, and one gene/16.0 kb (on average), the region may qualify as one of the most gene-dense segments in the mouse genome and provides candidates for dosage-sensitive phenotypes and mouse embryonic lethals mapped to the vicinity.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession no. AF220294.]
Construction and Transposition of a 100-kilobase Extended P Element in Drosophila
Authors: Ring Brian C. , Bass Hank W. , Garza Dan
Published: July 2002

We have used P element deletion derivatives at defined locations in the Drosophila genome to construct a 100-kb extended P element more than twice the size of any previously available. We demonstrate that this prototypical extended Pelement is capable of transposition to new sites in the genome. The structural and functional integrity of a transposed extended Pelement was confirmed using molecular, genetic, and cytogenetic criteria. This is the first method shown to be capable of producing large, unlinked transpositional duplications in Drosophila. The ability to produce functional transposable elements from half-elements is novel and has many potential applications for the functional analysis of complex genomes.
Serotonin Depletion Does Not Prevent Intrinsic Sensitization in the Leech
Authors: Burrell Brian D. , Sahley Christie L.
Published: July 2002

Intrinsic sensitization is a form of behavioral facilitation that is distinct from the extrinsic sensitization normally studied. To examine whether intrinsic and extrinsic sensitization are mediated by different physiological processes, the effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced serotonin (5-HT) depletion on intrinsic sensitization of the leech whole-body shortening response were observed. Previous experiments have shown that 5-HT depletion disrupts dishabituation and extrinsic sensitization of this behavior in the leech. Intrinsic sensitization was observed in preparations from both control and 5-HT-depleted animals, indicating that this form of behavioral facilitation was not affected by 5-HT depletion. The differences in the effects of 5-HT depletion on intrinsic versus extrinsic sensitization suggest that there are distinct neurophysiological processes mediating these two forms of behavioral facilitation. In addition, 5-HT depletion appeared to disrupt a putative extrinsic form of habituation of the shortening reflex. These data support the hypothesis that both intrinsic and extrinsic processes of neuromodulation mediate habituation and sensitization.
Dishabituation of the Tritonia Escape Swim
Authors: Mongeluzi Donna L. , Frost William N.
Published: July 2002

When repeatedly elicited, the oscillatory escape swim of the marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea undergoes habituation of the number of cycles per swim. Although similar in most respects to habituation observed in vertebrates and other invertebrates, one key feature, dishabituation, has been surprisingly difficult to demonstrate. Here we evaluate the hypothesis that this is due to interference from short-term sensitization, which is manifested as a reduction in swim onset latency, that occurs simultaneously during habituation training. Robust dishabituation was obtained using a multisession habituation protocol designed to allow this sensitization to dissipate before the dishabituatory stimulus was applied. These results extend the similarity of habituation in Tritonia to that described in other species, strengthening the usefulness of this preparation as a model system for studies of the cellular basis of habituation.