bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Microvascular Pericyte Basement Membrane Remodeling Regulates Neutrophil Recruitment
Authors: Sava Parid , Cook Ian O. , Mahal Rajwant S. , Gonzalez Anjelica L.
Published: September 2014

Objective

Neutrophil extravasation at post‐capillary venules, consisting of EC, PC, and the shared ECM, increases following fibrotic remodeling in the lung, liver, and skin. The role of fibrotic pericyte‐derived ECM in regulating EC activation and neutrophil recruitment remains unexplored.

Methods

To elucidate the role of human pericyte‐derived ECM in EC activation, we characterized PC‐derived ECM following transforming growth factor‐β1, IL‐1β, CCL2, or bleomycin activation, and examined surface adhesion molecule expression and neutrophil recruitment by EC cultured on PC‐ECM.

Results

Pro‐inflammatory activation of PC‐induced deposition of compositionally distinct ECM compared with non‐activated control. Bleomycin activation induced fibronectin‐rich and collagen‐poor ECM remodeling by PC, facilitating increased neutrophil transendothelial migration when compared with non‐activated pericyte ECM (49.9 ± 3.4% versus 29.7 ± 1.4%). Increases in fibronectin compared to collagen I, are largely responsible for ECM‐regulated neutrophil recruitment, as EC cultured on fibronectin supported increased neutrophil transmigration compared to collagen I (51.6 ± 6.2% versus 28.0 ± 4.8%). We attribute this difference to increased expression of ICAM‐1 and its redistribution to EC borders.

Conclusions

This is the first demonstration of human pericyte sensitivity to inflammatory stimuli, inducing fibrotic matrix deposition that regulates EC adhesion molecule expression and neutrophil recruitment.
Host specific variation in photosynthesis of an obligate xylem‐tapping mistletoeDendrophthoe curvatain a Bornean heath forest
Authors: Le Quang‐Vuong , Tennakoon Kushan U. , Metali Faizah , Lim Linda B. L. , Bolin Jay F.
Published: September 2014

Most mistletoe–host ecophysiological studies have paid attention to the influence of parasites on host performance. This paper explored the impact of varying hosts on the photosynthesis of a single mistletoe species. Here, we studied an obligate xylem‐tapping tropical mistletoe (Dendrophthoe curvata(Blume) Miquel) parasitizing four different hosts (Acacia auriculiformisA. Cunn. Ex Benth,Andira inermis(W. Wright) DC.,Mangifera indicaL. andVitex pinnataL.) in a homo geneous tropical heath forest patch in Brunei Darussalam. We compared photosynthetic capacity and photosynthesis‐related characteristics of the mistletoe on four different hosts to evaluate the overall impact of hosts on the parasite. Results showed that the mistletoe–host patterns of CO2assimilation rates, transpiration rates and water use efficiency varied significantly based on the host. In theD. curvata–Vitex pinnataassociation, the mistletoe exhibited significantly lower CO2assimilation rates but showed no significant variations in transpiration rates and water use efficiency when compared to the host. InD. curvata–Andira inermisandD. curvata–Mangifera indicaassociations, the mistletoe showed significantly higher photosynthetic rates than the hosts, whereas in theD. curvata–Acacia auriculiformisassociation, there was no significant difference in photosynthetic rates between the counterparts. Host specificity also significantly influenced some mistletoe photosynthetic parameters such as light saturated photosynthesis, specific leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, CO2assimilation rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates and water use efficiency. Different tree hosts intrinsically offer different resources to their obligate mistletoe parasites based on their physiology and environmental parameters. We argue that host‐specific responses have driven these intra‐specific variations in mistletoe physiology. This study provides background for future investigation on potential host‐regulated mechanisms that drive functional changes in host‐dependent mistletoes.
First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2
Authors: Field Katie J. , Rimington William R. , Bidartondo Martin I. , Allinson Kate E. , Beerling David J. , Cameron Duncan D. , Duckett Jeffrey G. , Leake Jonathan R. , Pressel Silvia
Published: September 2014

The discovery that Mucoromycotina, an ancient and partially saprotrophic fungal lineage, associates with the basal liverwort lineage Haplomitriopsida casts doubt on the widely held view that Glomeromycota formed the sole ancestral plant–fungus symbiosis. Whether this association is mutualistic, and how its functioning was affected by the fall in atmospheric CO2 concentration that followed plant terrestrialization in the Palaeozoic, remains unknown.

We measured carbon‐for‐nutrient exchanges between Haplomitriopsida liverworts and Mucoromycotina fungi under simulated mid‐Palaeozoic (1500 ppm) and near‐contemporary (440 ppm) CO2 concentrations using isotope tracers, and analysed cytological differences in plant–fungal interactions. Concomitantly, we cultured both partners axenically, resynthesized the associations in vitro, and characterized their cytology.

We demonstrate that liverwort–Mucoromycotina symbiosis is mutualistic and mycorrhiza‐like, but differs from liverwort–Glomeromycota symbiosis in maintaining functional efficiency of carbon‐for‐nutrient exchange between partners across CO2 concentrations. Inoculation of axenic plants with Mucoromycotina caused major cytological changes affecting the anatomy of plant tissues, similar to that observed in wild‐collected plants colonized by Mucoromycotina fungi.

By demonstrating reciprocal exchange of carbon for nutrients between partners, our results provide support for Mucoromycotina establishing the earliest mutualistic symbiosis with land plants. As symbiotic functional efficiency was not compromised by reduced CO2, we suggest that other factors led to the modern predominance of the Glomeromycota symbiosis.
A case report of a primary synovial chondromatosis of temporomandibular joint, producing medial displacement of the articular disc
Authors: Droguett C. , Fumeaux J.E. , Skármeta N.P.
Published: September 2014

Synovial chondromatosis in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a rare benign cartilaginous metaplasia characterized by the formation of loose bodies within the synovial joint space. This condition presents a specific triad of semiological characteristics featuring pain, swelling, and limitation of function. We will present a clinical case of a 49 years‐old female patient who presented to the clinica Davila's maxillofacial service with severe functional alterations in her right TMJ. Clinically, the patient had a maximum aperture of 15 mm wide, alteration of mandibular dynamics and preauricular pain. Posterior conducting a complete clinical examination and conclusive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings it was decided to perform surgery on the joint. Articular cavity was exposed through a preauriclar approach, where the joint capsule presented no evident alteration. After opening the capsule, we were able to identify and extract multiple cartilaginous bodies both above and below the disc space. The articular surfaces were in good condition, while the articular disc was shifted to the medial portion of the cavity. The removal of the loose bodies was held the meniscopexy of the articular disc with a small joint anchor. The immediate post‐operative period was uneventful, and the patient did not present any alteration with respect to motor function of facial expression. At the 6‐week control, we recorded an increase in maximum mouth opening of 30 mm and a reduction of the pain. Six months later, we recorded an even wider mouth opening with no signs or evidence of recurrence.
Bilateral kissing molars involving a dentigerous cyst: report of a case and discussion of terminology
Authors: Nedjat‐Shokouhi B. , Webb R.M.
Published: September 2014

Kissing molars are a rarely reported form of impacted teeth, in which two molars have contacting occlusal surfaces in a single follicular space, with roots pointing in opposite directions. In this article we present a case of bilateral kissing molars with one side involving a dentigerous cyst; there have been no such previously reported cases in the literature. In this article we also discuss some of the aetiological and clinical implications of kissing molars, as well as the controversy over the precise use of this term. To enable simpler and more accurate reporting of such cases, we propose the use of the terms ‘true’ and ‘pseudo‐’ kissing molars, whereby the former should be used to classify impacted molars as originally described, and the latter to be used for any case of a similar nature but which does not completely fulfil these criteria.
Is There a Need for Including Spiritual Care in Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation of Chronic Pain Patients? Investigating an Innovative Strategy
Authors: Garschagen Alexander , Steegers Monique A.H. , van Bergen Alfonsus H.M.M. , Jochijms Johannes A.M. , Skrabanja Titus L.M. , Vrijhoef Hubertus J.M. , Smeets Rob J.E.M. , Vissers Kris C.P.
Published: September 2014

Objective

Chronic noncancer pain influences patient's quality of life and their ability to cope. Pain relieving medication and other specific treatments commonly integrated in biopsychosocial rehabilitation demonstrate modest benefits in pain relief and improved functioning of individuals. Spiritual care, covering the fourth dimension provides insight, inspires hope and purpose, and is thought to mediate mental and physical health for patients. This study explores the need for its inclusion in interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation and describes the requirements and test environment for evaluation.

Methods

Outcomes of spiritual care and interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation in follow‐up studies of randomized controlled trials contained in systematic reviews were summarized. Pubmed, Cochrane, and PsycINFOwere searched, citation tracking was applied, articles of follow‐up studies therein were located. Literature was searched for insights pertaining to requirements for an assessment of including this fourth dimension.

Results

No systematic reviews for spiritual care were identified. Five systematic reviews of biopsychosocial rehabilitation containing 14 studies describing long‐term outcomes were retrieved. The importance of coping in maintaining long‐term outcomes was empirically illustrated. The required test environment is provided by a structured multidimensional care pathway separating spirituality from well‐being and mental health, with measures of treatment outcome installed enabling a comparison with benchmarks.

Conclusions

Active coping seems beneficial for maintaining positive long‐term outcomes of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation Spiritual care may be conducive to active coping. Further research is warranted to explore the additive value of this spiritual care in the context of a multidimensional care pathway.
Tailoring lignin biosynthesis for efficient and sustainable biofuel production
Authors: Liu Chang‐Jun , Cai Yuanheng , Zhang Xuebin , Gou Mingyue , Yang Huijun
Published: September 2014

Increased global interest in a bio‐based economy has reinvigorated the research on the cell wall structure and composition in plants. In particular, the study of plant lignification has become a central focus, with respect to its intractability and negative impact on the utilization of the cell wall biomass for producing biofuels and bio‐based chemicals. Striking progress has been achieved in the last few years both on our fundamental understanding of lignin biosynthesis, deposition and assembly, and on the interplay of lignin synthesis with the plant growth and development. With the knowledge gleaned from basic studies, researchers are now able to invent and develop elegant biotechnological strategies to sophisticatedly manipulate the quantity and structure of lignin and thus to create economically viable bioenergy feedstocks. These concerted efforts open an avenue for the commercial production of cost‐competitive biofuel to meet our energy needs.
The role of forest trees and their mycorrhizal fungi in carbonate rock weathering and its significance for global carbon cycling
Authors: THORLEY RACHEL M. S. , TAYLOR LYLA L. , BANWART STEVE A. , LEAKE JONATHAN R. , BEERLING DAVID J.
Published: September 2014

On million‐year timescales, carbonate rock weathering exerts no net effect on atmosphericCO2concentration. However, on timescales of decades‐to‐centuries, it can contribute to sequestration of anthropogenicCO2and increase land–ocean alkalinity flux, counteracting ocean acidification. Historical evidence indicates this flux is sensitive to land use change, and recent experimental evidence suggests that trees and their associated soil microbial communities are major drivers of continental mineral weathering. Here, we review key physical and chemical mechanisms by which the symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi of forest tree roots potentially enhance carbonate rock weathering. Evidence from our ongoing field study at theUK's national pinetum confirms increased weathering of carbonate rocks by a wide range of gymnosperm and angiosperm tree species that form arbuscular (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal partnerships. We demonstrate that calcite‐containing rock grains underEMtree species weather significantly faster than those underAMtrees, an effect linked to greater soil acidification byEMtrees. Weathering and corresponding alkalinity export are likely to increase with rising atmosphericCO2and associated climate change. Our analyses suggest that strategic planting of fast‐growingEMangiosperm taxa on calcite‐ and dolomite‐rich terrain might accelerate the transient sink for atmosphericCO2and slow rates of ocean acidification.
Heat stress in grapevine: the pros and cons of acclimation
Authors: CARVALHO LUÍSA C. , COITO JOÃO L. , COLAÇO SILVANA , SANGIOGO MAURÍCIO , AMÂNCIO SARA
Published: September 2014

Heat stress is a major limiting factor of grapevine production and quality. Acclimation and recovery are essential to ensure plant survival, and the recovery mechanisms can be independent of the heat response mechanisms. An experimental set up with and without acclimation to heat followed by recovery [stepwise acclimation and recovery (SAR) and stepwise recovery (SR), respectively] was applied to two grapevine varieties, Touriga Nacional (TN), and Trincadeira (TR), with different tolerance to abiotic stress. Major differences were found between leaves of SAR and SR, especially after recovery; in SAR, almost all parameters returned to basal levels while in SR they remained altered. Acclimation led to a swifter and short‐term antioxidative response, affecting the plant to a lesser extent than SR. Significant differences were found among varieties: upon stress, TN significantly increased ascorbate and glutathione reduction levels, boosting the cell's redox‐buffering capacity, while TR needed to synthesize both metabolites, its response being insufficient to keep the redox state at working levels. TR was affected by stress for a longer period and the up‐regulation pattern of antioxidative stress genes was more obvious. In TN, heat shock proteins were significantly induced, but the canonical heat‐stress gene signature was not evident probably because no shutdown of the housekeeping metabolism was needed.
Harlequin Color Change after Abdominal Paracentesis in a Newborn with Neonatal Hemochromatosis
Authors: Cizmeci Mehmet N. , Alagoz Demet , Avsar Mehmet I. , Alis Gulten , Tutanc Murat
Published: September 2014

Harlequin color change is a distinctive cutaneous phenomenon presenting as a well‐demarcated color change, with half of the body displaying erythema and the other half pallor. Only a few cases have been reported, possibly because of under‐recognition. Recognition of this benign, self‐limited condition may enable physicians to avoid unnecessary interventions. Herein we describe a neonate with nonimmune hydrops fetalis due to neonatal hemochromatosis who developed Harlequin color change after abdominal paracentesis.
Hereditary Angioedema: Children Should be Considered for Training in Self‐Administration
Authors: Abdel‐Karim Omar , Dizdarevic Adis , Bygum Anette
Published: September 2014

Hereditary angioedema is an inherited disease that causes periodic swelling attacks, which can be life threatening and have a major effect on a patient's life. Studies have shown that home therapy for angioedema reduces disease severity, leads to faster relief of symptoms, and improves quality of life. Most studies have been conducted in adults. We report a 13‐year‐old boy who quickly learned self‐administration, which resulted in reduced frequency and severity of attacks. The aim of this report is to emphasize that children should be considered for self‐administration training and that the process does not have to be long or complicated.
Child Abuse Masquerading as a Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: Strazzula Lauren , Greenlaw Sheila , Vargas Sara O. , Belazarian Leah
Published: September 2014

Pediatric fasciitides are rare benign lesions that may clinically mimic a malignant sarcoma. Nodular fasciitis, the most common of these fasciitides, rarely occurs in children younger than 5 years of age. Often there is a history of preceding trauma. Herein, we report the case of a 5‐month‐old boy diagnosed with nodular fasciitis in the setting of nonaccidental trauma.
Survey of delivery room resuscitation practices at tertiary perinatal centers in Japan
Authors: Hosono Shigeharu , Tamura Masanori , Kunikata Tetsuya , Wada Masaki , Kusakawa Isao , Ibara Satoshi
Published: September 2014

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the current neonatal resuscitation practices for term infants in Japan, immediately before the 2010 publication of the international neonatal resuscitation consensus.

Methods

In January 2010, a 26‐question survey was mailed to neonatal department directors.

Results

A total of 287 neonatal departments were identified. Four surveys were returned as undeliverable. A total of 191 surveys were returned completed, but four departments had no labor and delivery rooms (66.6% response rate, 65.2% survey available response rate). Flow‐inflating bags were most commonly used (63.2%), followed by self‐inflating bags (35.8%), and T‐piece resuscitators (1.0%). Among the participants, 42.1% used oxygen blenders, 56.2% used pure oxygen for initial resuscitation, and 79.5% used a pulse oximeter to change the fraction of inspired oxygen. Among the participants, 45.3% used carbon dioxide detectors to confirm intubation, 42.5% routinely used the detectors, and 55.2% used them when confirming a difficult intubation. In addition, 42.5% of the participants used continuous positive airway pressure to treat breathing problems, most commonly with flow‐inflating bags (93.2%).

Conclusions

The equipment and techniques used in Japanese perinatal center delivery room resuscitation practices are highly varied. Further research is required to determine which devices and techniques are appropriate for this important and common intervention.
A detailed analysis of the leaf rolling mutant sll2 reveals complex nature in regulation of bulliform cell development in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Zhang J. ‐J. , Wu S. ‐Y. , Jiang L. , Wang J. ‐L. , Zhang X. , Guo X. ‐P. , Wu C. ‐Y. , Wan J. ‐M.
Published: September 2014

Bulliform cells are large, thin‐walled and highly vacuolated cells, and play an important role in controlling leaf rolling in response to drought and high temperature. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating bulliform cell development have not been well documented. Here, we report isolation and characterisation of a rice leaf‐rolling mutant, named shallot‐like 2 (sll2). The sll2 plants exhibit adaxially rolled leaves, starting from the sixth leaf stage, accompanied by increased photosynthesis and reduced plant height and tiller number. Histological analyses showed shrinkage of bulliform cells, resulting in inward‐curved leaves. The mutant is recessive and revertible at a rate of 9%. The leaf rolling is caused by a T‐DNA insertion. Cloning of the insertion using TAIL‐PCR revealed that the T‐DNA was inserted in the promoter region of LOC_Os07 g38664. Unexpectedly, the enhanced expression of LOC_Os07 g38664 by the 35S enhancer in the T‐DNA is not responsible for the leaf rolling phenotype. Further, the enhancer also exerted a long‐distance effect, including up‐regulation of several bulliform cell‐related genes. sll2 suppressed the outward leaf rolling of oul1 in the sll2oul1 double mutant. We conclude that leaf rolling in sll2 could be a result of the combined effect of multi‐genes, implying a complex network in regulation of bulliform cell development.
Electrical potential oscillations – movement relations in circumnutating sunflower stem and effect of ion channel and proton pump inhibitors on circumnutation
Authors: Kurenda Andrzej , Stolarz Maria , Zdunek Artur
Published: September 2014

The physiological control and molecular mechanism of circumnutation (CN) has not yet been fully understood. To gain information on the CN mechanism, the relationship between the changes of electrical potential and movement in the circumnutating sunflower stem and effect of ion channels and proton pump inhibitors on CN parameters were evaluated. Long‐term electrophysiological measurements and injection of solutions of ion channel inhibitors (ICI) into sunflower stem with the simultaneous time‐lapse recording of the movement were made. The oscillations of electrical potential (OEP) – movement relations – consist of cells depolarization on the deflected side of the stem and, at this same time, cells hyperpolarization on the opposite side of the stem. The delay of organ movement in relation to electrical changes of approximately 28 min (22% of the period) may indicate that the ionic fluxes causing the OEP are the primary phenomenon. The biggest decrease of CN period was observed after injection of proton pump (approximately 26%) and cation channel (approximately 25%) inhibitors, while length and amplitude were reduced mainly by calcium channel inhibitors (approximately 67%). Existence of OEP only in circumnutating part of sunflower stem and reduction of CN parameters and OEP amplitude after application of ICI prove that the CN cellular mechanism is associated with transmembrane ion transport.
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome in Japan and independent determinants of arterial carbon dioxide levels
Authors: Harada Yuka , Chihara Yuichi , Azuma Masanori , Murase Kimihiko , Toyama Yoshiro , Yoshimura Chikara , Oga Toru , Nakamura Hiroshi , Mishima Michiaki , Chin Kazuo ,   Japan Respiratory Failure Group
Published: September 2014

Background and objective

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) prevalence was previously estimated at 9% in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in Japan. However, the definition of OSA in that study was based on an apnoea‐hypopnoea index (AHI) of ≥ 20/h rather than ≥ 5/h. Therefore, the prevalence of OHS in OSA was not measured in the same way as for Western countries. Our study objectives were to investigate the characteristics of Japanese patients with OHS.

Methods

Nine hundred eighty‐one consecutive patients investigated for suspected OSA were enrolled. At least 90% of them were from urban areas, including 162 with obese OSA (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 and AHI ≥ 5/h).

Results

The prevalence of OHS (BMI 36.7 ± 4.9 kg/m2) in OSA and that in obese OSA were 2.3% and 12.3%, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that independent of age and BMI, arterial oxygen pressure (contribution rate (R2) = 7.7%), 4% oxygen desaturation index (R2 = 8.9%), carbon monoxide diffusing capacity/alveolar volume (R2 = 8.3%), haemoglobin concentration (R2 = 4.9%) and waist circumference (R2 = 4.9%) were independently associated with arterial carbon dioxide pressure. After 12.3 ± 4.6 months of CPAP treatment, more than 60% of OHS patients no longer had hypercapnia.

Conclusions

The prevalence of OHS in OSA in Japan was 2.3%. The mean BMI of patients with OHS in Japan was lower than that in Western countries (36.7 kg/m2 vs 44.0 kg/m2).
Development and psychometric validation of a cystic fibrosis knowledge scale
Authors: Balfour Louise , Armstrong Michael , Holly Crystal , Gaudet Ena , Aaron Shawn , Tasca George , Cameron William , Pakhale Smita
Published: September 2014

Background and objective

Well‐developed and validated measures of cystic fibrosis (CF) knowledge are scarce. The purpose of the present study is to develop and validate a CF knowledge scale that is brief, easy to use, self‐administered and demonstrates clinical utility.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search generated a pool of scale items; an expert panel of CF team members reviewed and provided recommendations for item inclusion. A focus group of CF patients and family members (n = 12) then reviewed the items for face validity and reading clarity. To evaluate the validity and reliability of the newly developed CF knowledge scale, it was administered to several different samples including CF patients (n = 45), respirology patients (n = 100), health‐care providers (n = 74) and university student samples (psychology students, n = 71; medical students, n = 36).

Results

Internal consistency of the scale was high, with an alpha coefficient for the overall sample of .95 (n = 326). The scale also demonstrated excellent construct validity.

Conclusions

This study is an important first step in a line of research that aims to develop and empirically validate a psycho‐educational adherence intervention for improving quality of life and treatment outcomes among adult CF patients. The CF knowledge scale has potential applications as a clinical teaching tool with patients and health‐care providers and could be used as an outcome measure in CF educational intervention studies aimed at optimizing CF treatment knowledge, adherence and quality of life among CF patients.
The “Business Climate” and Economic Inequality
Authors: Neumark David , Muz Jennifer
Published: September 2014

“Business climate indexes” characterize state economic policies, and are often used to try to influence economic policy debate. However, they are also useful in research as summaries of a large number of state policies that cannot be studied simultaneously. Prior research found that business climate indexes focused on productivity and quality of life do not predict economic growth, while indexes emphasizing taxes and costs of doing business indicate that low‐tax, low‐cost states have faster growth of employment, wages, and output. In this paper, we study the relationship between these two categories of business climate indexes and the promotion of equality or inequality. We do not find that the productivity/quality‐of‐life indexes predict more equitable outcomes, although some of the policies underlying them suggest they might. We do find, however, that the same tax‐and‐cost‐related indexes that are associated with higher economic growth are also associated with increases in inequality.
Re‐Visiting Financial Development and Economic Growth Nexus: The Role of Capitalization inBangladesh
Authors: Shahbaz Muhammad , Rehman Ijaz Ur , Muzaffar Ahmed Taneem
Published: September 2014

This paper revisits the relationship between financial development and economic growth inBangladesh by incorporating trade openness in production function using quarter frequency data over the period of 1976‐2012. We applied combined Bayer–Hanck cointegration approach to examine cointegration among the series. Our empirical evidence suggests that development of financial sector facilitates economic growth but capitalization impedes it. In addition, trade openness stimulates economic growth. Labour is also positively linked to economic growth. The vector error correction model Granger causality results divulge that financial development causes real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth, and resultantly, real per capitaGDPgrowth causes financial development in a Granger sense. The results also show that trade and labour Granger cause economic growth. The findings of the paper provide insights for policymakers to use financial development and trade openness as a tool for sustained economic growth in the long run. The paper also suggests policymakers to utilise capitalization in a way that is beneficial for economic growth ofBangladesh.
‘Our bones are made of Iron’: the political ecology of Garhwali women's activism
Authors: Drew Georgina
Published: September 2014

In the Garhwal Himalaya of India's Uttarakhand State, a series of social movements emerged in the late 2000s to contest hydroelectric dams on a tributary of the sacred River Ganga. Within these opposition movements, men often took high‐profile leadership roles whereas women from a range of socio‐economic backgrounds formed the overwhelming base of participation at meetings, assemblies, and rallies. This article draws from event‐based participation and semi‐structured interviews to explore the diverse concerns that women gave to explain their engagements with opposition efforts. I counter essentialist frames and employ a feminist political ecology approach to argue that the gendered dynamics are attributable to historical, cultural, religious, and political‐economic influences. The article contributes to anthropologies of gender, environment, and social movements by taking an approach focused on disparities of practice and power that helps situate Garhwali women's roles in development contestations.
‘It was all about independence’: loss, division and rejuvenation amongst the East Timorese in Melbourne
Authors: Askland Hedda Haugen
Published: September 2014

In this article I explore some of the changes that have occurred in the East‐Timorese community in Melbourne following independence. The focus of the paper is on the process of identification and how there has been a move from a collective identity towards social identity. Through contemporary anthropological conceptualisations of (collective) identity and Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of habitus and social field, I explore how divergence in pre‐independence activism has led to parallel experiences of lost community and renewed feelings of belonging, and how the community is gradually moving from a focus on the homeland towards an emphasis on the community in exile.
Retention and risk factors for attrition among adults in antiretroviral treatment programmes in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia
Authors: Koole Olivier , Tsui Sharon , Wabwire‐Mangen Fred , Kwesigabo Gideon , Menten Joris , Mulenga Modest , Auld Andrew , Agolory Simon , Mukadi Ya Diul , Colebunders Robert , Bangsberg David R. , van Praag Eric , Torpey Kwasi , Williams Seymour , Kaplan Jonathan , Zee Aaron , Denison Julie
Published: September 2014

Objectives

We assessed retention and predictors of attrition (recorded death or loss to follow‐up) in antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinics in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among adults (≥18 years) starting ART during 2003–2010. We purposefully selected six health facilities per country and randomly selected 250 patients from each facility. Patients who visited clinics at least once during the 90 days before data abstraction were defined as retained. Data on individual and programme level risk factors for attrition were obtained through chart review and clinic manager interviews. Kaplan–Meier curves for retention across sites were created. Predictors of attrition were assessed using a multivariable Cox‐proportional hazards model, adjusted for site‐level clustering.

Results

From 17 facilities, 4147 patients were included. Retention ranged from 52.0% to 96.2% at 1 year to 25.8%–90.4% at 4 years. Multivariable analysis of ART initiation characteristics found the following independent risk factors for attrition: younger age [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.30 (1.14–1.47)], WHO stage 4 ([aHR (95% CI): 1.56 (1.29–1.88)], >10% bodyweight loss [aHR (95%CI) = 1.17 (1.00–1.38)], poor functional status [ambulatory aHR (95%CI) = 1.29 (1.09–1.54); bedridden aHR1.54 (1.15–2.07)], and increasing years of clinic operation prior to ART initiation in government facilities [aHR (95%CI) = 1.17 (1.10–1.23)]. Patients with higher CD4 cell count were less likely to experience attrition [aHR (95%CI) = 0.88 (0.78–1.00)] for every log (tenfold) increase. Sites offering community ART dispensing [aHR (95%CI) = 0.55 (0.30–1.01) for women; 0.40 (0.21–0.75) for men] had significantly less attrition.

Conclusions

Patient retention to an individual programme worsened over time especially among males, younger persons and those with poor clinical indicators. Community ART drug dispensing programmes could improve retention.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant–associated thrombotic microangiopathy: review of pharmacologic treatment options
Authors: Kim Sara S. , Patel Monank , Yum Kendra , Keyzner Alla
Published: September 2014

Background

Transplant‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA‐TMA) is a multifactorial disorder, which occurs as a result of treatment‐related endothelial injury and underlying disease process after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The reported incidence of TA‐TMA after HSCT is 0% to 74% and has shown to be associated with mortality rate of up to 100%. TA‐TMA is often diagnosed late in the disease progression, and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has not been shown to produce a high response rate.

Study Design and Methods

All English‐language articles describing pharmacologic treatments for TA‐TMA were identified using Ovid in the Medline database (1966‐May 2014). Search was limited to the HSCT population.

Results

Approximately 50% to 63% of patients with TA‐TMA respond to withdrawal of the offending agent (calcineurin inhibitors) and TPE, and many will require additional treatment to better control the disease. Unfortunately, there is no established treatment strategy for TA‐TMA. A number of pharmacologic agents that have been explored for the treatment of TA‐TMA include rituximab, vincristine, defibrotide, pravastatin, and eculizumab. The overall response rates of these agents were similar (69%‐80%); however, the differences in the treatment costs vary significantly between these agents. Defibrotide is an investigational agent in the United States; therefore, it is not readily available for use.

Conclusion

Larger studies are warranted to validate the role of these pharmacologic agents in TA‐TMA as upfront therapy and in TPE‐refractory patients. Recently suggested predictive biomarkers for TA‐TMA, such as neutrophil extracellular traps and circulating endothelial cells, deserve more attention in future studies.
Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in blood donors from Veracruz State, Mexico
Authors: Hernández‐Romano Pablo , Cámara‐Contreras Mireya , Bravo‐Sarmiento Elidé , López‐Balderas Nayali
Published: September 2014

Background

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causal agent of Chagas disease. Of the Mexican states, Veracruz is among the most affected by this sickness. However, the actual epidemiologic situation of this disease is not well understood. This study sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors for Chagas disease among Veracruzan blood donors.

Study Design and Methods

Blood donors from Centro Estatal de la Transfusion Sanguinea de Veracruz were included. Blood units were serologically scrutinized for T. cruzi antibodies using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. To identify risk factors, demographic data were collected from the medical records of positive donors and a representative sample of healthy donors.

Results

A total of 87,232 donations were analyzed, and the mean prevalence of T. cruzi was found to be 0.5%. The identified risk factors were living as a couple and in a rural area, having a low level of education, being a farmer, dwelling in a house with earthen or wooden walls and a tile or thatch roof, living with domestic animals, recognition of or exposure to triatomine bugs, and residing in the Huasteca region. An increase of rural‐living donors infected with T. cruzi was observed in the past 3 years of the study period.

Conclusion

The prevalence to Chagas disease has not decreased in the past decade and the disease appears to be spreading in rural areas of Veracruz. This increases the risk of T. cruzi transfusion‐transmitted infection, not only in Veracruz and Mexico, but also in other nonendemic countries that receive immigrants from Veracruz State.
A Highly Efficient Semiphenomenological Model of a Half-Sarcomere for Real-Time Prediction of Mechanical Behavior
Authors: Chen Xing , Yin Yue Hong
Published: September 2014

With existent biomechanical models of skeletal muscle, challenges still exist in implementing real-time predictions for contraction statuses that are particularly significant to biomechanical and biomedical engineering. Because of this difficulty, this paper proposed a decoupled scheme of the links involved in the working process of a sarcomere and established a semiphenomenological model integrating both linear and nonlinear frames of no higher than a second-order system. In order to facilitate engineering application and cybernetics, the proposed model contains a reduced number of parameters and no partial differential equation, making it highly concise and computationally efficient. Through the simulations of various contraction modes, including isometric, isotonic, successive stretch and release, and cyclic contractions, the correctness and efficiency of the model, are validated. Although this study targets half-sarcomeres, the proposed model can be easily extended to describe the larger-scale mechanical behavior of a muscle fiber or a whole muscle.
Stability and Bifurcation Analysis of an Asymmetrically Electrostatically Actuated Microbeam
Authors: Madinei Hadi , Rezazadeh Ghader , Azizi Saber
Published: September 2014

This paper deals with the study of bifurcational behavior of a capacitive microbeam actuated by asymmetrically located electrodes in the upper and lower sides of the microbeam. A distributed and a modified two degree of freedom (DOF) mass–spring model have been implemented for the analysis of the microbeam behavior. Fixed or equilibrium points of the microbeam have been obtained and have been shown that with variation of the applied voltage as a control parameter the number of equilibrium points is changed. The stability of the fixed points has been investigated by Jacobian matrix of system in the two DOF mass–spring model. Pull-in or critical values of the applied voltage leading to qualitative changes in the microbeam behavior have been obtained and has been shown that the proposed model has a tendency to a static instability by undergoing a pitchfork bifurcation whereas classic capacitive microbeams cease to have stability by undergoing to a saddle node bifurcation.
Design and Manufacture of Injection Mold Inserts Using Electron Beam Melting
Authors: Rochman Arif , Kate Borg Althea
Published: September 2014

The capability of producing injection tool inserts using an additive manufacturing (AM) technology was investigated. Using electron beam melting (EBM), the restriction of drilling straight cooling channels could be eliminated and freeform channels with sufficient powder removal were achieved. EBM parameters and the design of the cooling channels strongly influence the sintering degree of the powder trapped in the channels and thus the ease of the powder removal. Despite the low heat conductivity of the new inserts made from Ti6Al4V, the cooling performance was the same as for the conventional inserts. However, the use of Ti6Al4V is advantageous, since the expanding agent used in injection molding is very corrosive.
Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Electron-Phonon Coupling in Gold
Authors: Guo Liang , Xu Xianfan
Published: September 2014

Transient reflectance of gold was measured using ultrafast spectroscopy by varying the wavelength of the probe laser beam in the visible range. Based on the band structure of gold, the influence of the probe beam wavelength on the signal trend is analyzed in terms of sensitivity, effect of nonthermalized electrons, and relaxation rate. It is found that probing around 490 nm renders the best sensitivity and a simple linear relation between the transient reflectance and the electron temperature. The two-temperature model (TTM) is applied to calculate the electron-phonon coupling factor by fitting the transient reflectance signal. This work clarifies the ultrafast energy transfer dynamics in gold and the importance of using proper probe laser wavelength for modeling the transient heat transfer process in metal.
Large-Eddy Simulations of Wall Bounded Turbulent Flows Using Unstructured Linear Reconstruction Techniques
Authors: Amirante Dario , Hills Nicholas J.
Published: September 2014

Large-eddy simulations (LES) of wall bounded, low Mach number turbulent flows are conducted using an unstructured finite-volume solver of the compressible flow equations. The numerical method employs linear reconstructions of the primitive variables based on the least-squares approach of Barth. The standard Smagorinsky model is adopted as the subgrid term. The artificial viscosity inherent to the spatial discretization is maintained as low as possible reducing the dissipative contribution embedded in the approximate Riemann solver to the minimum necessary. Comparisons are also discussed with the results obtained using the implicit LES (ILES) procedure. Two canonical test-cases are described: a fully developed pipe flow at a bulk Reynolds number Reb = 44 × 103 based on the pipe diameter, and a confined rotor–stator flow at the rotational Reynolds number ReΩ = 4 × 105 based on the outer radius. In both cases, the mean flow and the turbulent statistics agree well with existing direct numerical simulations (DNS) or experimental data.
Structural Efficiency Measures for Sections Under Asymmetric Bending
Authors: Buckney Neil , Pirrera Alberto , Weaver Paul M.
Published: September 2014

Shape factors evaluate the efficiency of material usage in a structure. Previously, they have been developed for simple bending but, in practice, beams often have a more complicated bending response. Therefore, shape factors that account for asymmetric bending are introduced. The shape factors are applied to six example beam sections to demonstrate the effect of shape and load on structural efficiency. The shape factors are also enhanced for inclusion in a more general measure of structural efficiency, the performance index, comprising elements of both geometry and material. Next, a study is performed to show how the asymmetry of a beam section affects structural efficiency. The shape factors can quantitatively evaluate the structural efficiency of beam sections, demonstrating the effect of asymmetric bending on the structural response. Therefore, these shape factors can be used for concept selection and to provide insight into optimal structural design.
An information theoretic perspective on e-beam direct-write as complementary lithography
Authors: Savari Serap A.
Published: September 2014

The semiconductor industry is pursuing unidirectional and gridded layouts as an approach to enable high-volume manufacturing for advanced technology nodes. Complementary lithography is a two-step scheme for fabricating such layouts where optical lithography produces unidirectional lines at a fixed pitch and electron-beam direct-write (EBDW) lithography cuts those lines. Since low throughput and high data volumes in the patterning of wafers are challenges facing EBDW lithography, the author considers theoretical and practical aspects of lossless data compression for the transfer of cut images.
Density-tunable non–close-packed monolayer of silica nanospheres prepared by single-step freeze-drying
Authors: Feng Cong , Choi Hoi Wai
Published: September 2014

The formation of density-tunable non–close-packed (ncp) monolayers of silica nanospheres via freeze drying is demonstrated. Monolayers of silica spheres with diameters of 120, 490, and 990 nm are achieved through a single-step freeze dry process. The densities of the spheres can be tuned by adjusting either the volume fraction of the spheres or the settling time before freezing. Issues involving defect-formation and defect-reduction are investigated. The experimental data suggest that this freeze drying method represents an efficient and robust way for achieving ncp monolayers of nanoparticles.
On the theory of magnetoviscous effect in magnetorheological suspensions
Authors: Zubarev A. , Iskakova L. , López-López M. T. , Kuzhir P. , Bossis G.
Published: September 2014

A theoretical model of magnetoviscous effect in a suspension of nonBrownian linearly magnetizable particles is suggested. A simple shear flow in the presence of an external magnetic field aligned with the velocity gradient is considered. Under the action of the applied field, the particles are supposed to form dense highly elongated droplike aggregates. Two different scenarios of the aggregates' destruction under shearing forces are considered, namely, a “bulk” destruction of aggregates into pieces and an “erosive” destruction connected to the rupture of individual particles from the aggregate surface. Both models are based on a balance of forces acting either on the whole aggregate or on individual particles. The two approaches lead to qualitatively different Mason number (Ma) behaviors of the magnetic suspensions: The suspension viscosity scales as either Ma−2/3 for the bulk destruction of aggregates or Ma−4/5 for the erosive destruction. In any case, we do not recover Bingham behavior (Ma−1) often predicted by chain models of the magneto- or electrorheology. Our theoretical results are discussed in view of comparison with existing theories and experimental results in the wide range of Mason numbers.
Ability of RT3 Accelerometer Cut Points to Detect Physical Activity Intensity in Ambulatory Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Ryan Jennifer , Walsh Michael , Gormley John
Published: September 2014

This study investigated the ability of published cut points for the RT3 accelerometer to differentiate between levels of physical activity intensity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Oxygen consumption (metabolic equivalents; METs) and RT3 data (counts/min) were measured during rest and 5 walking trials. METs and corresponding counts/min were classified as sedentary, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) according to MET thresholds. Counts were also classified according to published cut points. A published cut point exhibited an excellent ability to classify sedentary activity (sensitivity = 89.5%, specificity = 100.0%). Classification accuracy decreased when published cut points were used to classify LPA (sensitivity = 88.9%, specificity = 79.6%) and MVPA (sensitivity = 70%, specificity = 95–97%). Derivation of a new cut point improved classification of both LPA and MVPA. Applying published cut points to RT3 accelerometer data collected in children with CP may result in misclassification of LPA and MVPA.