bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for publishing in Cell Methods
Authors: Sidibé Adama
Published: August 2024

Publishing in Cell Methods requires that the authors provide information that are re-lated to the format of the type of article they want to publish. Guidelines are provided in this article to guide authors through the manuscript preparation for next submis-sions to Cell Methods following the editorial requirements.
The Role of Large Competitive Countries Versus Political Rent on Business
Authors: Lordkipanidze Revaz
Published: August 2024

Using the methodology of laws of physics, article has developed an understanding of perfect competition and according to the new integral index of the force of economic competition, it turns out that homogeneous markets of large countries, if all other factors are eliminated, are more competitive. One of the factors of the integral index of the force of economic competition is directly expressed in the growth of the force of competition with the growth of market capacity, by analogy with the voltage of an electric current. Based on the above, hidden monopolies operate more easily in small countries and political dictatorships are more often expressed in small countries. Political dictatorships create such preconditions for the so-called political rent that without political power and or mafia connections with political leaders, success in business or any other field of human activity is impossible to achieve. Since large scales are more resistant to the evil of hidden monopolies, we must strengthen global anti-monopoly structures and fight crime together. JEL Classification: A10, P10, P17.
Strategic Leadership in the Nigerian Telecommunication Industry: Case Study Analysis
Authors: Agbai Edward , Okey Udo
Published: August 2024

This article explores the dynamics of strategic leadership within the Nigerian telecommunications industry. As one of the fastest-growing sectors in Nigeria, telecommunications plays a pivotal role in the country’s economic development. Strategic leadership is not just a management buzzword, but a necessity for telecommunication companies to navigate the complex and competitive landscape of the industry. This study examines the critical elements of strategic leadership, including vision, innovation, and organizational culture, and their impact on the performance and success of telecommunication firms in Nigeria using case studies. Findings from the research questions that were answered by the case studies indicate that the telecom industry exhibited key characteristics of vision and innovation and its leaders at the inception had a clear vision of the future of telecommunications. The leaders perceive the role of strategic leadership as crucial in achieving organizational goals by aligning resources and actions with strategic goals to make them competitive. Findings further revealed that the regulatory environment governed by the Nigerian Communication Commission plays a crucial role in shaping the strategic decisions of telecommunication companies and the heavily regulated environment created challenges for leaders trying to implement strategic initiatives. Policy recommendations include enhancing the regulatory framework to promote fair competition, innovation, investment, and robust infrastructure. Encourage research and development in telecom technologies to drive innovation and competitiveness and collaborate with government, industry players, and other stakeholders to address common challenges to drive industry growth.
The Most Important Types of Cyber Attacks that France is Expected to Face in the Future and the Cyber Security Measures it Must Implement to Protect Critical Infrastructure, Telecommunication Networks and Personal Data
Authors: P. Beretas Dr. Christos
Published: August 2024

As the digital landscape continues to evolve, nations like France find themselves on the frontline of an escalating cyber warfare scenario. This abstract provides an insightful overview of the most significant types of cyber attacks that France is expected to face in the future, offering a comprehensive analysis based on current trends and emerging technologies. The research delves into the realm of advanced persistent threats (APTs), examining the sophisticated techniques employed by state-sponsored actors and cybercriminal organizations to compromise critical infrastructure, sensitive data, and national security. It explores the evolving landscape of ransomware attacks, focusing on the potential impact on both public and private sectors, and the looming threat of extortion campaigns that could cripple essential services. Furthermore, the abstract sheds light on the rising concern of supply chain attacks, as interconnected global networks make businesses and government entities vulnerable to malicious actors seeking to exploit weaknesses in third-party systems. The research also explores the nuances of social engineering attacks, recognizing the human element as a critical vulnerability that threat actors may exploit through targeted phishing campaigns and manipulation tactics. In addition, the abstract touches upon the growing menace of Internet of Things (IoT) vulnerabilities, acknowledging the increased interconnectivity of devices and the potential for large-scale disruptions. It also considers the implications of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and quantum computing in shaping the future threat landscape. By examining these diverse aspects of cyber threats, this abstract aims to provide a forward-looking perspective on the challenges France is likely to encounter in the digital realm. As Cyber security becomes an integral component of national defense, understanding these anticipated threats is crucial for policymakers, security experts, and technology professionals seeking to fortify France’s resilience against the evolving nature of cyber attacks.
High Quality Development and Innovation of Current Financial Mechanism
Authors: Xu Run
Published: August 2024

The high quality finance innovation will be able to be proceeded according to the latest study in China by president with central political bureau this year of 2024. The main topic has indicated the risky and security for financial mechanism of enterprises where it is going to be discussed many times. For ensuring that it proceeded in these institutions the detailed methods enable to be narrated here for guaranteeing this one to do smoothly. The bank will be responsible for the entity one who is going to invest their loan for enlarging enterprise with macro controlling the policies and strategy support where they can instruct for better utilization and less risky for continuing the their investment. Tax national bureau should regulate some money to bank with privileged intelligence policy. Meanwhile, they monitor the money flow route and give to advise to them in terms of legislating procedure. For the sake of utilizing bilateral strategy policy commonly mutual beneficial one mechanism is going to be made. At the same time the stock market will enable financial innovation reformation to become high quality developing through stabilizing and creating the new stock exchange behaviour. It will be able to control and monitor the financial healthy developing under new innovation mechanism.
Adaptasi 5-item subskala kekerasan seksual pada instrumen Multidimensional Scale Dating Violence (MSDV)
Authors: Natanael Yonathan
Published: August 2024

Research studies using the short version of the MSDV still need to be widely carried out by psychology researchers. To prove the validity of the MSDV in its use in Indonesia, this study aims to conduct a more in-depth investigation of the quality of psychometric properties, especially in the five items of the sexual violence subscale on the MSDV instrument. The research method used is a survey research design. The participants in this study were 171 female students with the criteria of having experienced dating violence, studying at universities, and being domiciled in Jakarta, which were obtained by convenience sampling. This study found that the five items of the sexual violence subscale on the MSDV had the appropriate factor structure, had good reliability values, met the convergence-discriminant validity requirements with the DASS-21 and PMH-Scale instruments, and detectable one item is not invariance. This study implies that the four of five items of the sexual violence subscale are appropriate to use as an instrument for screening dating violence in Indonesia.
Impactos da atualização da norma ABNT NBR 15.215-4 na consideração do ciclo circadiano do ser humano na elaboração de projetos de iluminação
Authors: Casagrande Cristiano Gomes , Borges Marcos Martins , Moreira Felipe Duarte , Guimarães Tuanny Cristinny da Cunha
Published: August 2024

Este artigo analisa as atualizações da NBR 15.215-4, visando destacar como a incorporação de novos métodos de verificação das condições de iluminação natural em ambientes internos podem impactar no ciclo circadiano dos ocupantes. Sendo assim, o presente artigo tem por objetivo fazer uma breve análise acerca das atualizações da norma referente à iluminação dos sistemas que combinam a iluminação natural e artificial em ambientes. Para esta pesquisa de caráter descritivo, foi empregado como método na condução deste artigo a revisão bibliográfica e documental, a fim de compreender os conceitos de ciclo circadiano e entender sua relação com a luz natural e o bem-estar do indivíduo, com foco na atualização da NBR 15.215-4, intitulada: Iluminação natural - Parte 4, referente à iluminação natural e o ambiente construído. O principal resultado desta pesquisa se concentra na análise de métricas para quantificar o potencial circadiano do ambiente e auxiliar o profissional na análise e escolha da melhor iluminação, de forma a preservar o máximo possível o ritmo do corpo humano. Este artigo tem como principal contribuição permitir compreender que existe uma evolução significativa na relação entre iluminação, bem-estar dos usuários e projetos arquitetônicos. A busca por soluções na área de iluminação, seja natural ou artificial, é cada vez mais evidente, com a prioridade de adaptar-se às necessidades específicas de cada ambiente, sempre com foco no bem-estar dos usuários.
Inovação em design residencial: proposta de linha de móveis
Authors: Locatelli Carolina Santana , Mazzini Júnior Edu Grieco
Published: August 2024

O presente documento aborda o desenvolvimento da linha de mobiliários residenciais "Jobim", com especial destaque para a sala de estar. A linha é composta por um porta-revistas, duas poltronas (a primeira de caráter estético e a segunda com um viés mais funcional) e uma mesa de centro montável, direcionada ao comércio eletrônico. O objetivo principal é harmonizar ambientes de maneira contemporânea e funcional, incorporando a essência da bossa carioca ao cotidiano dos usuários. Além disso, destaca-se por seu design inovador e pelo uso de materiais sustentáveis e resistentes à maresia. O projeto atende rigorosamente às exigências antropométricas estabelecidas e demais normas pertinentes. De maneira global, busca-se proporcionar conforto significativo à rotina do usuário, integrando elementos estéticos e práticos de forma equilibrada.
GCMS Analysis of Curry Leaf (Murraya koenigii Linn.)
Authors: Devanand P. S. , Sivakumar B. , Vijayan R. , Kumar P. , Kiruba M. , Raja N. , Radha P. , Hemaprabha K. , Utharasu S. , Mangammal P. , Anand G.
Published: August 2024

Curry leaves, or Murraya koenigii, are a valuable plant with Indian origins that are frequently used in the Ayurvedic medical system. They are a part of the Rutaceae family. This plant contains large amounts of carbazole alkaloids, which have potent pharmacological and biological effects, in its roots, bark, and leaves. Murraya koenigii has a long history of strengthening hair roots. This study assessed the potential of dried leaf parts of Lawsoniainermis, Hibiscus rosasinensis, and Murraya koenigii to be an effective topical formulation for action that promotes hair development. The leaves were then converted into herbal hair oil. Tests were conducted on the assessment patterns, which included physical appearance, pH testing, viscosity, determining the refractive index, and saponification value. The generated Kadi patta hair oil was submitted to qualitative chemical analysis using a variety of techniques in order to identify many plant major components, including sulphur, ascorbic acid, and saponins. The findings demonstrated that the herbal hair oil was stable at room temperature, had a decent pH, and had an acceptable viscosity. It follows that the herbal plant could be a better choice for upcoming formulations. The optimal organoleptic conditions for making curry leaf paste were discovered to be oil-roasted fresh curry leaves combined with a 1:1 ratio of spices and 10% salt. The curry leaf edible paste's sensory score revealed alterations in appearance, colour, flavour, taste, and general quality over the course of the storage periods of one, three, five, and seven days.
Optimizing Insecticide Application: Evaluating Frequency and Timing for Effective Management of Pink Bollworm Infestation
Authors: S. Rakhesh, , S. G. Hanchinal, , M. Bheemanna, , Hosamani Arunkumar , J. M Nidagundi,
Published: August 2024

The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), a significant pest affecting cotton crops, necessitates an optimized approach to insecticide application. This study investigates the critical factors of frequency and timing in insecticide application to enhance the efficacy of pest control measures. An experiment conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences Raichur, focused on managing pink bollworm in Bt cotton using newer insecticides registered for cotton. Various spray frequencies and intervals were tested as part of an ETL (Economic Threshold Level) and prophylactic spray regimen. The results indicated that the treatment T1, which involved four sprays of profenofos 50 EC, chlorantraniliprole 18.50 SC, emamectin benzoate 5 SG, and bifenthrin 10 EC at 65, 80, 95, and 110 days after sowing (DAS), respectively, showed the lowest incidence of pink bollworm larvae, green boll damage, bad boll opening, locule damage, and the highest rate of good boll opening. This performance was comparable to treatment T5, which followed the same spraying schedule but with spinetoram 11.70 SC and fenpropathrin 10.00 EC instead of emamectin benzoate and bifenthrin, and treatment T9, which employed an ETL-based spray schedule using chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + lambda-cyhalothrin 4.6 ZC. Similarly, the highest yield of seed cotton was obtained from treatment T1 (18.10 q/ha), which was statistically equivalent to treatments T5 (18.12 q/ha) and T9 (18.10 q/ha). Additionally, the cost-benefit analysis revealed the highest benefit-cost ratio in treatment T1 (1.55), followed by treatments T9 (1.46) and T5 (1.44).
Study on Character Association and Deciphering the Direct and Indirect Effects thorough Path Coefficient Analysis in Cucumber
Authors: H R Impa , Mulge Ravindra , Cholin Sarvamangala S , Evoor Shashikanth , Mesta Raghavendra K , Hadlageri Ramangouda , K H YashavantaKumar , K Chitra
Published: August 2024

Important information on the mutual association between the traits is of para amount importance for the successful plant-breeding program. Fifty-five cucumber genotypes were evaluated during 2022 at College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka in RCBD to evaluate the association between traits further to determine the direct and indirect effects. The results of correlation estimation implied that yield/plot observed significant desiarble correlation with No. of branches/plant, last harvest duration, fruit length, No. of fruits/plant and fruit yield/plant at genotypic level. No. of branches/plant, inter-nodal length, No. of nodes/plant, days taken to first harvest, fruit length, No. of fruits/vine and fruit yield/vine showed desirable direct effect on yield/plot at genotypic level. The present study suggested that selection ideology based on these parameters will be effective for improving yield/plot trait in cucumber.
Bio-Efficacy of Seed Dressing Fungicide Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP against Important Fungal Diseases of Groundnut
Authors: M. Mahesh , P. Venkataravana , Reddy Naveen Chandra , Devaraja  , Holkar Priyanka , G Narasareddy,
Published: August 2024

Groundnut is an important legume and oil seed crop and oil seed crop in world, which is prone to many soil borne diseases viz., Collar rot (Aspergillus niger), Dry root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) and foliar disease like tikka leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) causes major economic losses in yield. The field experiment was conducted on bio efficacy of carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP as a seed treatment against collar rot, dry root rot and tikka leaf spot in groundnut at college of Sericulture, Chintamani during Kharif 2019-20. The seed treatment of Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 3.0 g/kg of seeds treated plot recorded 95.17% seed germination with minimum early leaf spot, (PDI 7.18) dry root rot incidence (2.20%) and collar rot incidence (1.98%) having highest pod yield of 27.23 q/ha and fodder yield of 41.72 q/ha with cost to benefit ratio of 1:4.05 which was on par with Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 2.5 g /kg of seeds treated plot with 94.17% seed germination with least severity of early leaf spot (PDI 8.22), dry root rot (2.42%) and collar rot (2.18%) incidence having pod yield of 26.90 q/ha and fodder yield of 41.13 q/ha with cost to benefit ratio of 1:4.01.
Agri-inputs Sourcing Networks of Rice Farmers in Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, India
Authors: Reddy Suddamalla Manoj Kumar , Bonny Binoo P.
Published: August 2024

Agricultural inputs are the underlying elements that are vital for agricultural production. Timely availability and quality of the inputs also have a significant impact on production. Thereby, the study aims to investigate the structure and dynamics of agricultural input sourcing networks among rice farmers in two districts each of Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Kerala. A total of 120 farmers were randomly selected and surveyed. Social network analysis was deployed for the analysis and to delineate the network maps. The results revealed that commercial banks were the major source of financial resources among all four districts. Cooperative banks with an eigen-centrality value of 0.96 were on par with the commercial banks in providing credit to the farmers in Palakkad region of Kerala. In seeds, private dealers were major players in Kurnool, while neighbouring farmers were the major source in East Godavari of AP. In Kerala, Krishi Bhavan was the major source of seeds for farmers in both districts. For other inputs such as fertilisers and plant protection chemicals, farmers in Kurnool sourced majorly from private dealers while East Godavari farmers sourced primarily from both private dealers and cooperatives. In Kerala, farmers sourced other inputs primarily from cooperatives in Thrissur and in Palakkad, farmers sourced them from a farmer producer organisation.
The effect of hydrostatic pressure up to 1.61 GPa on the Morin transition of hematite‐bearing rocks: Implications for planetary crustal magnetization
Authors: Bezaeva Natalia S. , Demory François , Rochette Pierre , Sadykov Ravil A. , Gattacceca Jérôme , Gabriel Thomas , Quesnel Yoann
Published: November 2015

We present new experimental data on the dependence of the Morin transition temperature (TM) on hydrostatic pressure up to 1.61 GPa, obtained on a well‐characterized multidomain hematite‐bearing sample from a banded iron formation. We used a nonmagnetic high‐pressure cell for pressure application and a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device magnetometer to measure the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) under pressure on warming from 243 K to room temperature (T0). IRM imparted at T0 under pressure in 270 mT magnetic field (IRM270mT) is not recovered after a cooling‐warming cycle. Memory effect under pressure was quantified as IRM recovery decrease of 10%/GPa. TM, determined on warming, reaches T0 under hydrostatic pressure 1.38–1.61 GPa. The pressure dependence of TM up to 1.61 GPa is positive and essentially linear with a slope dTM/dP = (25 ± 2) K/GPa. This estimate is more precise than previous ones and allows quantifying the effect of a pressure wave on the upper crust magnetization, with special emphasis on Mars.
Acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons during small geomagnetic storms
Authors: Anderson B. R. , Millan R. M. , Reeves G. D. , Friedel R. H. W.
Published: November 2015

Past studies of radiation belt relativistic electrons have favored active storm time periods, while the effects of small geomagnetic storms (Dst > −50 nT) have not been statistically characterized. In this timely study, given the current weak solar cycle, we identify 342 small storms from 1989 through 2000 and quantify the corresponding change in relativistic electron flux at geosynchronous orbit. Surprisingly, small storms can be equally as effective as large storms at enhancing and depleting fluxes. Slight differences exist, as small storms are 10% less likely to result in flux enhancement and 10% more likely to result in flux depletion than large storms. Nevertheless, it is clear that neither acceleration nor loss mechanisms scale with storm drivers as would be expected. Small geomagnetic storms play a significant role in radiation belt relativistic electron dynamics and provide opportunities to gain new insights into the complex balance of acceleration and loss processes.
Weekly cycles of global fires—Associations with religion, wealth and culture, and insights into anthropogenic influences on global climate
Authors: Earl Nick , Simmonds Ian , Tapper Nigel
Published: November 2015

One approach to quantifying anthropogenic influences on the environment and the consequences of those is to examine weekly cycles (WCs). No long‐term natural process occurs on a WC so any such signal can be considered anthropogenic. There is much ongoing scientific debate as to whether regional‐scale WCs exist above the statistical noise level, with most significant studies claiming that anthropogenic aerosols and their interaction with solar radiation and clouds (direct/indirect effect) is the controlling factor. A major source of anthropogenic aerosol, underrepresented in the literature, is active fire (AF) from anthropogenic burning for land clearance/management. WCs in AF have not been analyzed heretofore, and these can provide a mechanism for observed regional‐scale WCs in several meteorological variables. We show that WCs in AFs are highly pronounced for many parts of the world, strongly influenced by the working week and particularly the day(s) of rest, associated with religious practices.
A sporadic sodium layer event detected with five‐directional lidar and simultaneous wind, electron density, and electric field observation at Tromsø, Norway
Authors: Tsuda T. T. , Nozawa S. , Kawahara T. D. , Kawabata T. , Saito N. , Wada S. , Hall C. M. , Tsutsumi M. , Ogawa Y. , Oyama S. , Takahashi T. , Ejiri M. K. , Nishiyama T. , Nakamura T. , Brekke A.
Published: November 2015

A sporadic sodium layer (SSL) was detected with five‐directional lidar observation on 15 December 2012 at Tromsø, Norway. We have derived the horizontal velocity of the SSL front from the SSL onset times at the five positions and compared it with the background wind velocity from the collocated meteor radar and European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radar. As a result, both velocities were fairly consistent. The increase rate in the height‐integrated sodium density around the SSL onset was 3–6 ×1010 m−2 s−1, which was comparable to relatively large cases in the previous studies. However, the EISCAT‐observed electric field was too small to induce such a rapid sodium atom production. In addition, the amounts of the sodium atom increases at the five positions were mostly same. Thus, there were no clear signatures for the sodium atom production. These results strongly indicate that the observed SSL was just advected by the background wind.
Scaling of maximum observed magnitudes with geometrical and stress properties of strike‐slip faults
Authors: Martínez‐Garzón Patricia , Bohnhoff Marco , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Dresen Georg
Published: November 2015

We test potential scaling between observed maximum earthquake magnitudes along 27 strike‐slip faults with various properties including cumulative displacement, mapped fault length, seismogenic thickness, slip rates, and angle between fault strike and maximum horizontal stress. For 75–80% of the data set, the observed maximum scalar moment scales with the product of seismogenic thickness and either cumulative displacement or mapped fault length. Most faults from this population have slip rates >5 mm/yr (interplate faults), cumulative displacement >10 km, and relatively high angles to the maximum horizontal stress orientation. The remaining 20–25% population involves events at some distance from a plate boundary with slip rate <5 mm/yr, cumulative displacements <10 km, and ≈ 45° to the maximum horizontal stress. These earthquakes have larger magnitudes than the previous population, likely because of larger stress drops. The most likely interpretation of the results is that the maximum rupture length, and hence earthquake magnitudes, correlates with the cumulative displacement and the fault surface length. The results also suggest that progressive fault smoothing may lead to decreasing coseismic stress drops.
Hall and finite Larmor radius effects on the dipolarization fronts associated with interchange instability
Authors: Lu H. Y. , Cao J. B. , Ge Y. S. , Zhang T. L. , Nakamura R. , Dunlop M. W.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we established a Hall‐finite Larmor radius (FLR) MHD model by including Hall and finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects to study the dipolarization fronts (DFs) produced by the interchange instability in the magnetotail. The results indicate that the Hall effect on the scale of inertial length determines the distributions of electric field at DFs. The FLR effect can not only cause a dawn‐dusk asymmetry of the DF structure but also can make the DF drift dawnward. The dawnward drifting of DF can be attributed to the ion diamagnetic velocity, which also causes alteration in the direction of the high‐speed flow near the DF.
Elevated shear strength of sediments on active margins: Evidence for seismic strengthening
Authors: Sawyer Derek E. , DeVore Joshua R.
Published: November 2015

Earthquakes are a primary trigger of submarine landslides, yet some of the most seismically active areas on Earth show a surprisingly low frequency of submarine landslides. Here we show that within the uppermost 100 m below seafloor (mbsf) in previously unfailed sediment, active margins have elevated shear strength by a factor of 2–3 relative to the same interval on passive margins. The elevated shear strength is seen in a global survey of undrained shear strength with depth as well as a normalized analysis that accounts for lithology and stress state. The enhanced shear strength is highest within the uppermost 10 mbsf. These results indicate that large areas of modern day slopes on active margins have enhanced slope stability, which may explain the relative paucity of landslides. These findings lend support to the seismic strengthening hypothesis that the repeated exposure to earthquake energy gradually increases shear strength by shear‐induced compaction.
Crustal seismic structure beneath the source area of the Columbia River flood basalt: Bifurcation of the Moho driven by lithosphere delamination
Authors: Gao Haiying
Published: November 2015

The source area of the ~16 Ma Columbia River flood basalt eruptions originated beneath the Wallowa Mountains in northeast Oregon, with a distinct circular pattern of topographic uplift. Teleseismic receiver functions reveal two layers between latitude 45.5° and 46.5° beneath north of the Wallowas, one at 25 km depth and the other one at 45 km depth. A new full‐wave ambient noise tomography model shows a circular anomaly, which is seismically fast in the upper crust and slow from lower crust to uppermost mantle in comparison with the surroundings, coincident with the circular pattern of the Wallowas. The seismic structures suggest that delamination of the Farallon lithosphere initiated the basalt eruptions and, consequently, modified the lowermost crust, forming a new shallow Moho. The Farallon slab is probably detached directly beneath the Wallowas while being maintained at the northern edge of the Wallowas, corresponding to the deeper interface.
A definition for rapid weakening of North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones
Authors: Wood Kimberly M. , Ritchie Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2015

Periods of 24 h over‐water weakening during 1982–2013 for North Atlantic (NAL) and eastern North Pacific (ENP) tropical cyclones (TCs) are examined to determine a threshold for rapid weakening (RW). These periods are defined by consistent weakening while the TC center remained more than 50 km from land. Weakening thresholds of 25, 30, and 35 kt represent the 87th (69th), 94th (80th), and 97th (89th) percentile in the NAL (ENP). Based on these statistics, the 30 kt threshold is chosen to define RW. Compared to all weakening periods, RW events are generally associated with greater 24 h official forecast errors, and these errors tend to be overestimates in both basins. These events usually occur as the TC crosses a sharp sea surface temperature gradient, encounters greater vertical wind shear, and entrains drier air. These metrics may be useful to forecasters assessing the likelihood of RW.
An analytical model for relating global terrestrial carbon assimilation with climate and surface conditions using a rate limitation framework
Authors: Yang Yuting , Donohue Randall J. , McVicar Tim R. , Roderick Michael L.
Published: November 2015

We develop an analytical model for estimating mean annual terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) based on a rate limitation framework. Actual GPP (climatological mean from 1982 to 2010) is calculated as a function of the balance between two GPP potentials defined by the climate (i.e., precipitation and solar radiation) and a third parameter that encodes other environmental variables and modifies the GPP‐climate relationship. The model was tested using observed GPP from 94 flux sites and modeled GPP (using the model tree ensemble approach) at 48,654 (0.5°) grid cells globally. Results show that the model could account for the spatial GPP patterns, with a root‐mean‐square error of 0.70 and 0.65 g C m−2 d−1 and R2 of 0.79 and 0.92 for the flux site and grid cell scales, respectively. This analytical GPP model shares a similar form with the Budyko hydroclimatological model, which opens the possibility of a general analytical framework to analyze the linked carbon‐water‐energy cycles.
Peculiarities of magnetic barrier formation for southward and northward directions of the IMF
Authors: Slivka K. Yu. , Semenov V. S. , Erkaev N. V. , Dmitrieva N. P. , Kubyshkin I. V. , Lammer H.
Published: November 2015

The magnetic barrier is a region which is formed in the course of the solar wind flow around the Earth's magnetosphere and is characterized by depleted plasma and an enhanced magnitude of the magnetic field. There is a general point of view that the magnetic barrier can persist only for the northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), whereas it is practically absent if the IMF is southward directed. We studied the presence of the magnetic barrier for low‐shear (predominantly northward IMF) and high‐shear (predominantly southward IMF) magnetopause conditions and analyzed 74 events of low‐latitude dayside magnetopause crossings by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellites. We used the superposed epoch analysis to study variations of magnetic field and plasma parameters near the magnetopause. Results of Phan et al. (1994) that the magnetic barrier is well pronounced for low‐shear magnetopauses and practically absent for high‐shear events have been confirmed by our analysis. However, 5 from 49 high‐shear events show clear signatures of a magnetic barrier. Hence, we conclude that the magnetic barrier is formed in the same manner for all direction of IMF but for high‐shear events it is destroyed by reconnection much faster than it accumulates. Ratio of the events with and without magnetic barrier signatures (5/44) is approximately equal to the ratio of characteristic times of disruption due to reconnection (1–2 min) and the formation of a magnetic barrier (10 min). The reduction of the magnetic field due to reconnection can be used to estimate reconnection rate which turns out to be rather high of the order of 0.3 in 19 from 31 cases.
Statistical study of midlatitude E region echoes observed by the Hokkaido SuperDARN HF radar
Authors: Yakymenko K. N. , Koustov A. V. , Nishitani N.
Published: November 2015

Statistical characteristics of short‐range coherent echoes observed by the Hokkaido Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) high‐frequency (HF) radar (geographic/geomagnetic latitude = 43.5°N/37.3°N) at midlatitudes are investigated. We show that the echo occurrence is increased during nighttime and, especially strongly, during winter and summer. During summer, the occurrence rates are still large during morning‐prenoon hours; for these periods, strong sporadic E layers are observed by the Wakkanai ionosonde (geographic/geomagnetic latitude = 45.2°N/39.1°N) located in the vicinity of the radar field of view. Echo occurrence rate does not increase with the planetary magnetic activity characterized by the Kp and Dst magnetic indices and, seasonally, anticorrelates with variations of the Ap index. With respect to the magnetic L shells, echoes are seen more frequently in beams oriented almost perpendicular to L shells during summer, in beams at intermediate angles during equinoxes and winter, and sometimes in beams at the smallest available angles (~45°) during winter. Midlatitude echoes are of about the same power as at high latitudes but narrower by a factor of ~5. Power and spectral width of nighttime echoes increases with Doppler velocity, consistent with high‐latitude observations. The Doppler velocity shows a clear semidiurnal variation. The local time of these maxima changes with season. It is hypothesised that many Hokkaido echoes are received at high magnetic aspect angles of several degrees, and they are coming from the lower part of the E region where the irregularity phase velocity is affected by both E × B plasma drifts and neutral winds.
Age‐dependent forest carbon sink: Estimation via inverse modeling
Authors: Zhou Tao , Shi Peijun , Jia Gensuo , Dai Yongjiu , Zhao Xiang , Shangguan Wei , Du Ling , Wu Hao , Luo Yiqi
Published: November 2015

Forests have been recognized to sequester a substantial amount of carbon (C) from the atmosphere. However, considerable uncertainty remains regarding the magnitude and time course of the C sink. Revealing the intrinsic relationship between forest age and C sink is crucial for reducing uncertainties in prediction of forest C sink potential. In this study, we developed a stepwise data assimilation approach to combine a process‐based Terrestrial ECOsystem Regional model, observations from multiple sources, and stochastic sampling to inversely estimate carbon cycle parameters including carbon sink at different forest ages for evergreen needle‐leaved forests in China. The new approach is effective to estimate age‐dependent parameter of maximal light‐use efficiency (R2 = 0.99) and, accordingly, can quantify a relationship between forest age and the vegetation and soil C sinks. The estimated ecosystem C sink increases rapidly with age, peaks at 0.451 kg C m−2 yr−1 at age 22 years (ranging from 0.421 to 0.465 kg C m−2 yr−1), and gradually decreases thereafter. The dynamic patterns of C sinks in vegetation and soil are significantly different. C sink in vegetation first increases rapidly with age and then decreases. C sink in soil, however, increases continuously with age; it acts as a C source when the age is less than 20 years, after which it acts as a sink. For the evergreen needle‐leaved forest, the highest C sink efficiency (i.e., C sink per unit net primary productivity) is approximately 60%, with age between 11 and 43 years. Overall, the inverse estimation of carbon cycle parameters can make reasonable estimates of age‐dependent C sequestration in forests.
Impact of Treatment With Biologic Agents on the Use of Mechanical Devices Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in a Large US Patient Registry
Authors: Strand Vibeke , Greenberg Jeffrey D. , Griffith Jenny , Bao Yanjun , Saunders Katherine C. , Garg Vishvas , Li Guo , Ganguli Arijit
Published: November 2015

Objective

To assess trends and predictors of mechanical devices/aids use by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients since the introduction of biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

Methods

Sociodemographic characteristics, disease characteristics, and mechanical aid use (assessed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire) were compared among RA patients ages >17 years at diagnosis, enrolled in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry during January 2001 to December 2003 and January 2010 to December 2012. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of mechanical aid use among patients in both cohorts.

Results

Sociodemographic characteristics were similar between 1,096 patients in the 2001–2003 cohort and 11,140 patients in the 2010–2012 cohort. Disease activity was significantly lower among patients in the 2010–2012 cohort (mean ± SD Clinical Disease Activity Index score 10.1 ± 11.1 versus 17.0 ± 13.8; P < 0.001). A greater proportion of patients in the 2010–2012 cohort received biologic DMARDs (50.7% versus 32.5%; P < 0.001) and fewer were biologic‐naive (39.1% versus 61.6%; P < 0.001). Fewer patients in the 2010–2012 cohort used any mechanical devices/aids (31.1% versus 40.8%; P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, patients in the 2010–2012 cohort and those with a history of biologic agent use were less likely to use devices/aids (odds ratio [OR] 0.77 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.66–0.90] and OR 0.68 [95% CI 0.62–0.75], respectively). Predictors of greater devices/aids usage included older age, female sex, higher disease activity, and less employment. Effect sizes were greatest for disease activity and employment.

Conclusion

Mechanical devices/aids use among patients with RA was significantly lower during 2010–2012 versus 2001–2003 and among biologic‐experienced patients, suggesting reduced disability.
Predictors of Fatigue in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Remission or in a Low Disease Activity State
Authors: Olsen Christin L. , Lie Elisabeth , Kvien Tore K. , Zangi Heidi A.
Published: November 2015

Objective

Fatigue is a frequently occurring symptom in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aims were to assess the level of reported fatigue in RA patients who had achieved remission or low disease activity after 6 months of treatment with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and to explore associations between fatigue and demographics, disease activity, and other patient‐reported outcomes in this patient group.

Methods

A total of 2,193 RA patients (ages ≥18 years) starting either methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy or a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor in combination with MTX were retrieved from the Norwegian Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs Register (NOR‐DMARD). At the 6‐month followup, 699 patients (31.9%) were in remission or in a low disease activity state. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted, with the fatigue visual analog scale (VAS) at 6 months as the dependent variable. Age, sex, disease duration, treatment group, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the swollen and tender joint count in 28 joints, the pain VAS score, and disability at baseline and at 6 months were tested as predictors of fatigue at 6 months.

Results

At 6 months, the median (25th, 75th percentile) level of fatigue was 20.0 mm (6.0, 43.0), and a fatigue VAS score of ≥40 mm was reported by 27.9% of patients. In the multivariate analysis, lower ESR and higher pain at baseline were statistically significant predictors of higher levels of fatigue (P < 0.001). In the multivariate cross‐sectional analysis at 6 months, younger age and greater pain were significantly associated with higher levels of fatigue (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Pain levels at baseline and at 6 months were associated with a higher level of fatigue. Patients in remission or in a low disease activity state may need nonpharmacologic interventions to manage their pain and fatigue.
Robust adaptive iterative learning control for discrete‐time nonlinear systems with both parametric and nonparametric uncertainties
Authors: Yu Miao , Huang Deqing , He Wei
Published: November 2015

A new robust adaptive iterative learning control approach is proposed for discrete‐time nonlinear systems with both parametric and nonparametric uncertainties. By virtue of a well‐designed dead‐zone function, the learning of the parametric and nonparametric uncertainties can be performed concurrently. Rigorous Lyapunov function‐based analysis ensures that the effect of system uncertainties can be fully compensated, and the tracking error will converge to zero asymptotically in the iteration domain, even under random initial conditions and iteration‐varying reference trajectories. The efficacy of the proposed controller is demonstrated by simulating a single‐link robot manipulator with unknown frictions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Hybridized ZnO Nanoparticles as a Cathode Interfacial Layer for Efficient Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Kyungmok , Suh Minwon , Choi Jihae , Lee Dongchan , Kim Youngsun , Cheong Sang Hun , Kim Donghyuk , Jeon Duk Young
Published: November 2015

Alkoxy side‐chain tethered polyfluorene conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE), poly[(9,9‐bis((8‐(3‐methyl‐1‐imidazolium)octyl)‐2,7‐fluorene)‐alt‐(9,9‐bis(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethyl)‐fluorene)] dibromide (F8imFO4), is utilized to obtain CPE‐hybridized ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) (CPE:ZnO hybrid NPs). The surface defects of ZnO NPs are passivated through coordination interactions with the oxygen atoms of alkoxy side‐chains and the bromide anions of ionic pendent groups from F8imFO4 to the oxygen vacancies of ZnO NPs, and thereby the fluorescence quenching at the interface of yellow‐emitting poly(p‐phenylene vinylene)/CPE:ZnO hybrid NPs is significantly reduced at the CPE concentration of 4.5 wt%. Yellow‐emitting polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) with CPE(4.5 wt%):ZnO hybrid NPs as a cathode interfacial layer show the highest device efficiencies of 11.7 cd A−1 at 5.2 V and 8.6 lm W−1 at 3.8 V compared to the ZnO NP only (4.8 cd A−1 at 7 V and 2.2 lm W−1 at 6.6 V) or CPE only (7.3 cd A−1 at 5.2 V and 4.9 lm W−1 at 4.2 V) devices. The results suggest here that the CPE:ZnO hybrid NPs has a great potential to improve the device performance of organic electronics.
Thermally Stable Silver Nanowire–Polyimide Transparent Electrode Based on Atomic Layer Deposition of Zinc Oxide on Silver Nanowires
Authors: Chen Dustin , Liang Jiajie , Liu Chao , Saldanha Gillian , Zhao Fangchao , Tong Kwing , Liu Jiang , Pei Qibing
Published: November 2015

The performance of a flexible transparent conductive electrode with extremely smooth topography capable of withstanding thermal processing at 300 °C for at least 6 h with little change in sheet resistance and optical clarity is reported. In depth investigation is performed on atomic layer deposition (ALD) deposited ZnO on Ag nanowires (NWs) with regard to thermal and atmospheric corrosion stability. The ZnO coated nanowire networks are embedded within the surface of a polyimide matrix, and the <2 nm roughness freestanding ­electrode is used to fabricate a white polymer light emitting diode (PLED). PLEDs obtained using the ZnO‐AgNW‐polyimide substrate exhibit comparable performance to indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass based devices, verifying its efficacy for use in optoelectronic devices requiring high processing temperatures.
Understanding the Origin of Li2MnO3 Activation in Li‐Rich Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ye Delai , Zeng Guang , Nogita Kazuhiro , Ozawa Kiyoshi , Hankel Marlies , Searles Debra J. , Wang Lianzhou
Published: November 2015

Li‐rich layered cathode materials have been considered as a family of promising high‐energy density cathode materials for next generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, although activation of the Li2MnO3 phase is known to play an essential role in providing superior capacity, the mechanism of activation of the Li2MnO3 phase in Li‐rich cathode materials is still not fully understood. In this work, an interesting Li‐rich cathode material Li1.87Mn0.94Ni0.19O3 is reported where the Li2MnO3 phase activation process can be effectively controlled due to the relatively low level of Ni doping. Such a unique feature offers the possibility of investigating the detailed activation mechanism by examining the intermediate states and phases of the Li2MnO3 during the controlled activation process. Combining powerful synchrotron in situ X‐ray diffraction analysis and observations using advanced scanning transmission electron microscopy equipped with a high angle annular dark field detector, it has been revealed that the subreaction of O2 generation may feature a much faster kinetics than the transition metal diffusion during the Li2MnO3 activation process, indicating that the latter plays a crucial role in determining the Li2MnO3 activation rate and leading to the unusual stepwise capacity increase over charging cycles.
Ultrahigh‐Performance Pseudocapacitor Electrodes Based on Transition Metal Phosphide Nanosheets Array via Phosphorization: A General and Effective Approach
Authors: Zhou Kai , Zhou Weijia , Yang Linjing , Lu Jia , Cheng Shuang , Mai Wenjie , Tang Zhenghua , Li Ligui , Chen Shaowei
Published: November 2015

In this study, a general and effective phosphorization strategy is successfully demonstrated to enhance supercapacitor performance of various transition metals oxide or hydroxide, such as Ni(OH)2, Co(OH)2, MnO2, and Fe2O3. For example, a 3D networked Ni2P nanosheets array via a facile phosphorization reaction of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets is grown on the surface of a Ni foam. The Ni foam‐supported Ni2P nanosheet (Ni2P NS/NF) electrode shows a remarkable specific capacitance of 2141 F g−1 at a scan rate of 50 mV s−1 and remains as high as 1109 F g−1 even at the current density of 83.3 A g−1. The specific capacitance is much larger than those of Ni(OH)2 NS/NF (747 F g−1 at 50 mV s−1). Furthermore, the electrode retains a high specific capacitance of 1437 F g−1 even after 5000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1, in sharp contrast with only 403 F g−1 of Ni(OH)2 NS/NF at the same current density. The similar enhanced performance is observed for Ni2P powder, which eliminates the influence of nickel foam. The enhanced supercapacitor performances are attributed to the 3D porous nanosheets network, enhanced conductivity, and two active components of Ni2+ and Pδ− with rich valences of Ni2P.