bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To Crie Alarme Spiritual: Evelyn Waugh and the Ironic Community
Authors: Dale Alan
Published: May 2010

Alan Dale accounts for the spiritual dimensions of Waugh's satire in the early, ultra-modern novels, “Vile Bodies” (1930) and “A Handful of Dust” (1934). Behind Waugh's façade of hyper-drollery, Dale suggests, are the convictions of a spiritual absolutist whose comic fury is all the more intense because the position of religious faith from which it issues remains unveiled. Placing Waugh's novels in the decidedly non-modern ambit of medieval Catholic satire, Dale argues that the modernity of Waugh's novels inheres in their post-consensus context, in which a stable theological ground can no longer be taken for granted.
Cannibals and Catholics: Reading the Reading of Evelyn Waugh's Black Mischief
Authors: Greenberg Jonathan
Published: May 2010

Jonathan Greenberg (Montclair State University) explores satire's unstable dynamic of enjoyment and identification, one always threatening to careen out of the author's control. As an example of this instability, Greenberg offers the messy public debate in which Waugh attempted to defend himself from the Catholic press's charge that his novel “Black Mischief” was an immoral book, and Greenberg uses this debate as a point of departure to explore satire's dialectical nature: the structural inextricability of morality and sadistic pleasure, outrage and amusement, anger and blasé indifference.
Garbo Laughs!
Authors: Morrison Paul
Published: May 2010

Through a witty close reading of Ernst Lubitsch's film “Ninotchka” (1939) - a Greta Garbo comedy explicitly marketed through the promise that in it the infamously impassive ‘face of the century’ would, in fact, laugh - Paul Morrison (Brandeis University) reads Lubitsch's film as a parable of the descent of Garbo's gestural excess to bourgeois intelligibility, and thus, of the domestication of her very modernism.
Slapstick Modernism: Charley Bowers and Industrial Modernity
Authors: Solomon William
Published: May 2010

William Solomon (SUNY-Buffalo) asks us how vernacular and avant-garde comic practice might function as twinned responses to standardised mass-production and the rationalisation of the workplace. Returning us to the recently rediscovered comic films of Charley Bowers - a pioneer of animated silent film and a proto-surrealist bricoleur lionised by André Breton, Solomon demonstrates how Bowers' absurd machinic assemblages “generate laughter at the expense of the ethos of productive rationalism, in the process of opening up an alternative understanding of machinery as the locus of exuberantly unsettling bursts of joy”.
Truth and Lies in the Stravinskyan Sense: Oedipus Rex
Authors: Albright Daniel
Published: May 2010

Daniel Albright argues that Stravinsky's opera “Oedipus Rex” is about the subjugation of Dionysus by Apollo. Stravinsky accomplishes this subjugation through a kind of thanatography that extends the logic of death to the opera's words, music and drama. Albright situates his analysis of “Oedipus Rex” against Adorno's disparaging comments about Stravinsky, finding within the logic of Adorno's critique that Stravinsky has given us the death-head of opera itself.
Obscure(d) Modernism: The Aesthetics of the Architect Pal Ligeti
Authors: Heynickx Rajesh
Published: May 2010

On an old picture, taken in Budapest in the early 1930s, a little girl is leaning on the wall around the Halaszbastya or Fisherman's Bastion. From this mock fortification, built for the Hungarian Millennium celebrations of 1896, she had a marvellous view of the skyline of the Hungarian capital which was dominated by one building: the parliament (fig. 1). It is quite possible that the little girl was counting the number of white neo-gothic turrets and arches of the parliament that was, just as the fortress on which she was standing, built at the turn of the century, to express the sovereignty of the nation. Maybe she tried to decipher some of the sculptures on the walls of the parliament which represented Hungarian rulers and famous military people.
What Matters Who Hears? Edmund Wilson and the Pragmatics of Literary Critical Discourse
Authors: Kates Joshua
Published: May 2010

Attention to literature, it is commonly believed, is attention to how what is said is said, along with what is said. Whether understood as New Critical irony, deconstructive textuality, the referential density of literary discourse in the new historicism, or the overdetermined signifier of cultural studies and ideology critique, the foregrounding of the way in which discourse comes to expression - to the point of breaking the confines of the volume and surmounting the identity of the author - distinguishes literature as an object, and literary studies as a discipline, from all others, such as philosophy or history.
A different war landscape: Lee Miller's war photography and the ethics of seeing
Authors: Sim Lorraine
Published: May 2010

This essay examines the war photography of Lee Miller in terms of the ways it negotiates ethical challenges integral to the visual documentation of war, and the means by which her photography achieves what Susan Sontag terms an “ethics of seeing” (On Photography). In often eschewing, or figuring in unconventional ways, the horrors of war and directing the viewer's attention to typically unprivileged scenes and moments, I argue that the moral tone and sensibility of Miller's war photography is a function of her complex engagement with ideas, and the subject matter of, the ordinary and everyday. The essay focuses on two bodies of work: Miller's photographs of London during the Blitz which were published in Britain and America in 1941 in the book Grim Glory: Pictures of Britain Under Fire, and some of the photographs she took on the Continent when working as a U.S. accredited war correspondent for British Vogue in 1944 and 1945.
Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Dioxin Exposure through Foods in a Dioxin Hot Spot—Bien Hoa City, Vietnam
Authors: Tuyet-Hanh Tran Thi , Vu-Anh Le , Ngoc-Bich Nguyen , Tenkate Thomas
Published: May 2010

This study used the Australian Environmental Health Risk Assessment Framework to assess the human health risk of dioxin exposure through foods for local residents in two wards of Bien Hoa City, Vietnam. These wards are known hot-spots for dioxin and a range of stakeholders from central government to local levels were involved in this process. Publications on dioxin characteristics and toxicity were reviewed and dioxin concentrations in local soil, mud, foods, milk and blood samples were used as data for this risk assessment. A food frequency survey of 400 randomly selected households in these wards was conducted to provide data for exposure assessment. Results showed that local residents who had consumed locally cultivated foods, especially fresh water fish and bottom-feeding fish, free-ranging chicken, duck, and beef were at a very high risk, with their daily dioxin intake far exceeding the tolerable daily intake recommended by the WHO. Based on the results of this assessment, a multifaceted risk management program was developed and has been recognized as the first public health program ever to have been implemented in Vietnam to reduce the risks of dioxin exposure at dioxin hot-spots.
Neuroprotective Herbs and Foods from Different Traditional Medicines and Diets
Authors: Iriti Marcello , Vitalini Sara , Fico Gelsomina , Faoro Franco
Published: May 2010

Plant secondary metabolites include an array of bioactive constituents form both medicinal and food plants able to improve human health. The exposure to these phytochemicals, including phenylpropanoids, isoprenoids and alkaloids, through correct dietary habits, may promote health benefits, protecting against the chronic degenerative disorders mainly seen in Western industrialized countries, such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we briefly deal with some plant foods and herbs of traditional medicines and diets, focusing on their neuroprotective active components. Because oxidative stress and neuroinflammation resulting from neuroglial activation, at the level of neurons, microglial cells and astrocytes, are key factors in the etiopathogenesis of both neurodegenerative and neurological diseases, emphasis will be placed on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity exerted by specific molecules present in food plants or in remedies prescribed by herbal medicines.
Characterization of Aromatase Binding Agents from the Dichloromethane Extract of Corydalis yanhusuo Using Ultrafiltration and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Shi Jing , Zhang Xiaoyu , Ma Zhongjun , Zhang Min , Sun Fang
Published: May 2010

Aromatase represents an important target for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. In the present study, nine alkaloids from the dichloromethane extract of Corydalis yanhusuo were identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and tested for their aromatase binding activities using an ultrafiltration LC-MS method by investigating the differences of peak areas of compounds before and after incubations with aromatase. It was demonstrated that the quaternary protoberberine alkaloids and the tertiary protoberberine alkaloids exhibited potent aromatase binding activities. The quaternary ammonium group and the methyl group at C-13 position of tertiary protoberberine alkaloids might be necessary for the activity. The findings should provide guidance for the discovery of potential aromatase inhibitors from natural products.
Building Cell Selectivity into CPP-Mediated Strategies
Authors: Martín Irene , Teixidó Meritxell , Giralt Ernest
Published: May 2010

There is a pressing need for more effective and selective therapies for cancer and other diseases. Consequently, much effort is being devoted to the development of alternative experimental approaches based on selective systems, which are designed to be specifically directed against target cells. In addition, a large number of highly potent therapeutic molecules are being discovered. However, they do not reach clinical trials because of their low delivery, poor specificity or their incapacity to bypass the plasma membrane. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are an open door for cell-impermeable compounds to reach intracellular targets. Putting all these together, research is sailing in the direction of the design of systems with the capacity to transport new drugs into a target cell. Some CPPs show cell type specificity while others require modifications or form part of more sophisticated drug delivery systems. In this review article we summarize several strategies for directed drug delivery involving CPPs that have been reported in the literature.
Critical Overview on the Benefits and Harms of Aspirin
Authors: Kwok Chun Shing , Loke Yoon
Published: May 2010

Aspirin is widely used internationally for a variety of indications, with the most prominent one being that of cardiovascular disease. However, aspirin has also been proposed as a treatment option in a diverse range of conditions such as diabetes mellitus, cancer prevention, and obstetrics. In our overview, we critically appraise the current evidence from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses covering the benefits of aspirin across these conditions. We also look at evidence that some patients may not derive benefit due to the concept of aspirin resistance. Aspirin is also associated with the potential for significant harm, principally from haemorrhagic adverse events. We critically appraise the threat of haemorrhagic complications, and weigh up these risks against that of any potential benefit.
Fostering Relationships to Increase Teacher Retention in Urban Schools
Authors: Waddell Jennifer
Published: May 2010

Wong (2003) purports that it takes between five and seven years to develop an effective teacher, yet the attrition rate of teachers in urban schools implies that over half the teachers leave before they are fully developed. Consequently, many students in urban schools are denied the opportunity to learn from master teachers. This study examines critical components that cause teachers to remain teaching in urban schools past the five year attrition mark. The results of this qualitative study indicate the need for school leaders to draw from occupational research and provide environments in which teachers are supported and regarded as valued decision-makers in their schools. The results reveal the importance of human relationships in the retention and growth of urban teachers.
Manuel San Juan de Santa Cruz: gobernador, latifundista y capitán de guerra de la frontera norte
Authors: Álvarez Salvador
Published: May 2010

Por medio del análisis de los papeles personales de un poderoso hacendado y hombre de armas, combinado con el estudio del funcionamiento de un gran latifundio, en este caso, Manuel de San Juan de Santa Cruz y la hacienda de Encinillas, vemos cómo la conformación de estos grandes dominios territoriales no puede explicarse solamente como producto de la «necesidad de prestigio» o de una simple «inclinación» hacia un «modo de vida aristocrático» por parte de sus propietarios.
Herejías y disidencias en la frontera de Rioverde: los Barragán en el siglo XVIII
Authors: Rangel Silva José Alfredo
Published: May 2010

Gracias a los conocimientos adquiridos como bandido y arriero, el español Gabriel Fernández de Lima, alias Rufino Barragán, amasó una gran fortuna tras instalarse en Rioverde, una zona de guerra poblada desde finales del siglo XVII por hidalgos españoles. Sus opiniones heréticas y vida licenciosa fueron analizadas por la Inquisición, quien también tuvo problemas con su hijo y nieto. La documentación reunida en diversos archivos permite reconstruir la vida de los integrantes de una singular familia de pioneros en el Norte, conocida por sus manifestaciones poco ortodoxas.
Un mecenazgo fronterizo: El protector de indios Juan de Gándara y los ópatas de Opodepe (Sonora) a principios del siglo XIX
Authors: De la Torre Curiel José Refugio
Published: May 2010

Este trabajo analiza las relaciones entre el protector de indios Juan de Gándara y los pueblos sonorenses ubicados bajo su protección. Para ello, dicha vinculación se entiende aquí como un efectivo mecanismo de reorganización social que permitió a los indios hacer frente a la desarticulación de sus comunidades en el contexto del colapso misional, al tiempo que se le sitúa como parte fundamental de la consolidación del capital político de nuevas élites regionales. A la larga, esta respuesta contribuiría de manera decisiva a la conformación de las facciones políticas que dominaron la escena sonorense de mediados del siglo XIX, cuya existencia no podría explicarse sin este tipo de alianzas.
Analysis and design of networked control systems using the additive noise model methodology
Authors: Goodwin Graham C. , Silva Eduardo I. , Quevedo Daniel E.
Published: May 2010

Networked Control has emerged in recent years as a new and exciting area in systems science. The topic has many potential applications in diverse areas ranging from control of microrobots to biological and economic systems. The supporting theory is very rich and combines aspects of control, signal processing, telecommunications, and information theory. In this paper, we give a partial overview of recent developments in Networked Control with an emphasis on the additive noise model methodology. We also point to several open problems in this emerging area.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
On the optimality of two‐stage Kalman filtering for systems with unknown inputs
Authors: Hsieh Chien‐Shu
Published: May 2010

This paper is concerned with the optimal solution of two‐stage Kalman filtering for linear discrete‐time stochastic time‐varying systems with unknown inputs affecting both the system state and the outputs. By means of a newly‐presented modified unbiased minimum‐variance filter (MUMVF), which appears to be the optimal solution to the addressed problem, the optimality of two‐stage Kalman filtering for systems with unknown inputs is defined and explored. Two extended versions of the previously proposed robust two‐stage Kalman filter (RTSKF), augmented‐unknown‐input RTSKF (ARTSKF) and decoupled‐unknown‐input RTSKF (DRTSKF), are presented to solve the general unknown input filtering problem. It is shown that under less restricted conditions, the proposed ARTSKF and DRTSKF are equivalent to the corresponding MUMVFs. An example is given to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed results.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Study on adsorption characteristic of macroporous resin to phenol in wastewater
Authors: Chao Li , Hong Zhong , Li Zhou , Gang Zhao
Published: May 2010

The removal of phenol from solution was investigated using macroporous resin. The effects of initial concentration, pH, and temperature on phenol removal were studied. The experimental results indicated that the adsorption capacity reached equilibrium state within 20 min and adsorption followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Langmuir isotherm model could be better to describe the isothermal adsorption of phenol, the maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) and Langmuir constant (KL) were 103.64 mg/g and 0.2719. Macroporous resin after reached to saturation has a high desorption percentage, indicating that H‐103 is an excellent reusing adsorption material. It provided theoretical references for practical application in phenolic wastewater treatment.
Evaluation of the half‐power bandwidth method to estimate damping in systems without real modes
Authors: Olmos Bertha A. , Roesset Jose M.
Published: May 2010

The objective of this work was to assess the significance of the values of damping obtained applying the half‐power bandwidth method to the frequency response records of the steady‐state response of a system that does not possess real modes either because the damping matrix does not satisfy the orthogonality condition or because its parameters are functions of frequency. A multi‐degree of freedom system with real modes and different types of damping is considered first. A two degree of freedom system with an arbitrary damping matrix, a rigid mass on an elastic foundation subjected to vertical and coupled horizontal/rocking vibrations, and a single degree of freedom model of a building accounting for inertial soil structure interaction effects are considered next in more detail. The results show that the predictions of the method, when applicable compare very well with those provided by approximate formulae and procedures used in practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic behavior of ductile rectangular composite bridge piers
Authors: Chen S. J. , Yang K. C. , Lin K. M. , Wang C. D.
Published: May 2010

The seismic resistance characteristics of a newly developed composite bridge pier system are examined via a series of experimental studies. In this innovative bridge pier system, the shear strength is provided by the steel tube and the concrete confined by the steel tube. No transverse shear reinforcement is used in this system. Axial and flexural strengths of the bridge pier are exerted by the longitudinal reinforcements and the concrete. A gap between the end of steel tube and the reinforced concrete foundation contributes to the steel tube providing shear resistance only without sharing the flexural moment. From the experimental results of this study, it is found that the flexural strength of the proposed composite bridge pier can be predicted accurately by the conventional method that was used in the reinforced concrete structures. Shear strength of the composite bridge pier can be obtained by summing up shear strengths of the concrete and the steel tube. Excellent deformation capacities are also found from the experimental studies. The proposed composite bridge pier system not only simplifies the construction work greatly, but also provides superior seismic resistance as compared with that of the conventional method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occurrence and geochemistry of metamafic rocks from the Forquilha Eclogite Zone, central Ceará (NE Brazil): geodynamic implications
Authors: Amaral Wagner Da Silva , Santos Ticiano José Saraiva , Wernick Eberhard
Published: May 2010

In the northern region of the Borborema Province, a 30 km‐long mafic/ultramafic belt of high pressure (HP) rocks called the Forquilha Eclogite Zone has been recently discovered in the Central Domain of Ceará State. The belt comprises three groups of rocks: (1) garnet amphibolites, (2) retrograded eclogites and (3) clinopyroxene–garnet amphibolites, all of them being hosted in garnet ± kyanite + sillimanite schists and orthogneisses which are often migmatized. The geochemical analyses of 30 representative samples confirm differences among the three groups that were initially classified by petrography. The garnet amphibolites are the most depleted rocks, with relatively flat rare earth element (REE)PM pattern and (SPIDER)PM pattern with negative Rb, Th, Nb, Sr and Zr anomalies. It is the most fractionated group, ranging from picrobasalts to andesites. Fractional crystallization and mineral accumulation are indicated by Eu and Sr anomalies. The data show geochemical affinities with island‐arc basalts. The retrograded eclogites display flat (REE)PM, but without Eu anomalies. Nb/La ratios are low and variable, as for slightly enriched MORB from ocean floor or intra‐oceanic back‐arc environments. However, a genetic link with the Group 1 rocks cannot be completely discarded. The clinopyroxene–garnet amphibolites are the most enriched group. (REE)PM and (SPIDER)PM patterns show many features of alkaline basalts. In the Nb/Yb versus Th/Yb diagram the data cluster near the E‐MORB standard. Several geochemical aspects of these rocks fit well those from the HP/UHP Pan‐African/Brasiliano Suture Zone in the Dahomeyides/Hoggar regions of West Africa. However, differences in their extent and lack of alignment preclude a direct correlation among these zones. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
10th international symposium on the synthesis and applications of isotopes and isotopically labelled compounds—Professor John R. Jones memorial lectures, Monday, June 15, 2009
Authors: Hesk David
Published: May 2010

The first Session of the Conference was dedicated to the memory of Professor John R. Jones. Labelling with Deuterium and Tritium was the common theme. William J.S. Lockley, Frank Tang and Shuiyu Lu gave presentations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
10th international symposium on the synthesis and applications of isotopes and isotopically labelled compounds—WBA–new methods and applications and WBA–instrumentation and regulatory, Sessions 5 & 6: Monday, June 15, 2009
Authors: Schweitzer Alain , Waddell William
Published: May 2010

Predicting human radiation Dosimetry for clinical radiolabelled drug development studies was discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
10th international symposium on the synthesis and applications of isotopes and isotopically labelled compounds—applications of isotopes in pharmacology, clinical and medical research Session 16, Wednesday, June 17, 2009
Authors: Elmore Chad , Maxwell Brad
Published: May 2010

Diverse topics, with a central theme are discussed. On the one hand, the preparation of an anti‐epidermal growth factor MAB, labelled with 177Lu is detailed. In addition, traditional syntheses of isotopically labelled small molecules are also highlighted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
10th international symposium on the synthesis and applications of isotopes and isotopically labelled compounds—synthesis of compounds labelled with long‐lived isotopes Session 17, Thursday, June 18, 2009
Authors: Cable Karl , Easter John
Published: May 2010

This session is a continuation of Session 1. A number of methods detailing the synthesis of tritiated compounds as well as a discussion on the handling of tritium on a multi‐Curie scale are presented. In addition, the descriptions of a number of preparations of individual isotopically labelled compounds are detailed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sub‐picosecond Raman spectrometer for time‐resolved studies of structural dynamics in heme proteins
Authors: Kruglik Sergei G. , Lambry Jean‐Christophe , Martin Jean‐Louis , Vos Marten H. , Negrerie Michel
Published: May 2010

We describe a pump–probe Raman spectrometer based on a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser, an optical parametric generator and two optical parametric amplifiers for time‐resolved studies, with emphasis on the structural dynamics in heme proteins. The system provides a 100‐fs pump pulse tunable in the range 500–600 nm and a transform‐limited sub‐picosecond probe pulse tunable in the range 390–450 nm. The spectrometer has spectral (25 cm−1) and temporal (∼0.7 ps) resolutions which constitute an effective compromise for identifying transient heme protein species and for following their structural evolution by spontaneous Raman scattering in the time range 0.5 ps to 2 ns. This apparatus was applied to time‐resolved studies of a broad range of heme proteins, monitoring the primary dynamics of photoinduced heme coordination state and structural changes, its interaction with protein side‐chains and diatomic gaseous ligands, as well as heme vibrational cooling. The treatment of transient Raman spectra is described in detail, and the advantages and shortcomings of spontaneous resonance Raman spectroscopy for ultrafast heme proteins studies are discussed. We demonstrate the efficiency of the constructed spectrometer by measuring Raman spectra in the sub‐picosecond and picosecond time ranges for the oxygen‐storage heme protein myoglobin and for the oxygen‐sensor heme protein FixLH in interaction with the diatomic gaseous ligands CO, NO, and O2. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated algorithm for baseline subtraction in spectra
Authors: Rowlands Christopher , Elliott Stephen
Published: May 2010

A method for the automatic removal of a baseline in various types of spectra is proposed. The local values of the second derivative are used to distinguish between peaks and background, and the algorithm requires no user input. The performance is arguably better than all others tested in low‐noise environments with varying baseline intensities, and comparable with the best routines in the case of spectra with a low signal‐to‐noise ratio. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A joint use of Raman and infrared spectroscopies for the identification of natural organic media used in ancient varnishes
Authors: Daher Céline , Paris Céline , Le Hô Anne‐Solenn , Bellot‐Gurlet Ludovic , Échard Jean‐Philippe
Published: May 2010

Various natural organic film‐making media from several chemical families have been used as varnishes. An improvement in the identification of these materials by a combination of Raman and infrared spectroscopies is presented here. Fourteen unaged reference samples representative of resins, glues, gums and oils were analyzed. FT‐Raman and infrared spectra were all compared in order to discriminate the different classes of organic media by considering their spectroscopic features. It led to a flowchart for material discrimination based on simple, notable and specific criteria. It appears that the different families (gums, glues, oils and resins) and subfamilies (di/triterpenoids resins) are easily differentiated thanks to their specific structural composition. However, differentiating between compounds from a same subgroup, for example diterpenoid resins, could be ambiguous because the spectra depend on the sample aspect, age and degradations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐shot CARS thermometry of high‐pressure hydrocarbon flames using simultaneous intensity and linewidth measurements
Authors: Vereschagin K. A. , Smirnov V. V. , Stel'makh O. M. , Fabelinsky V. I. , Clauss W. , Oschwald M.
Published: May 2010

We demonstrate the feasibility of single laser shot coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering thermometry with simultaneous measurement of intensities of hydrogen Q‐branch lines and their linewidths in a pulsed CH4/O2 combustion chamber operating at 20 MPa pressure and 3000 K temperature—parameters that are typical for full‐scale rocket engines. The measurements were done by means of a spectrograph combined with an interferometer having orthogonal directions of dispersions. This approach allows correct temperature evaluation that takes into account the directly measured linewidths. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enthesopathies and activity patterns in the Early Medieval Great Moravian population: Evidence of division of labour
Authors: Havelková P. , Villotte S. , Velemínský P. , Poláček L. , Dobisíková M.
Published: May 2010

Bone remodelling in the areas of entheses is frequently supposed to be associated with physical stress and the activity patterns of ancient populations. The main aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of enthesopathies among individuals living in different life conditions. A total of 197 individuals from the Early Medieval (9th century) Mikulčice site were analysed for enthesopathies ‐ 117 adult individuals from Mikulčice castle and 80 individuals from its hinterland. While the inhabitants of the castle were probably ranked among the higher echelons of society, the hinterland was predominantly inhabited by a farming population. It is hypothesized that individuals from the castle were exposed to lower physical stress than individuals from the hinterland. 9 fibrocartilaginous entheses of the upper and lower limbs were evaluated. Enthesopathies occurred in at least one enthesis in 76% of individuals younger than 50 years of age. Significant differences were observed in the occurrence of enthesopathies between castle and hinterland. Males from the agricultural hinterland show the highest prevalence of enthesopathies of all the population groups, while the lowest prevalence of the marker was recorded in males from the castle. Females in the castle were more affected by entheseal changes than females from the hinterland. Sexual dimorphism was more evident in the hinterland. The present study confirmed presumptions based on the archaeological finds, especially for males. This hypothesis cannot be accepted for females. We may suppose that in the 9th century, women living in Mikulčice castle did not represent a privileged social class. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spondylolysis and lifestyle among prehistoric coastal groups from Brazil
Authors: Lessa A.
Published: May 2010

Southern Brazilian prehistoric coastal series were examined for the presence of spondylolysis. All defects occurred at the pars interarticularis, most at L5 (51%), with the vast majority bilateral and complete (86.2%). Frequencies decreased from young adulthood (54.2%) through mid‐adulthood (33.3%) to older adulthood (12.5%), suggesting differential mortality among affected individuals. The high overall prevalence (29.6%) demonstrates that these groups experienced a strenuous lifestyle, with activities that required repetitive and vigorous movements of lumbar hyperextension and rotation. Archaeological data provide support to interpret this pattern. Throwing harpoons, rowing and wrestling fishing nets were likely the main activities associated with the defect among men. Continuous loading of weight, including plant resources, mollusks and nursing children, were probably the tasks associated with spondylolysis in women. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dirty teeth and ancient trade: Evidence of cotton fibres in human dental calculus from Late Woodland, Ohio
Authors: Blatt S. H. , Redmond B. G. , Cassman V. , Sciulli P. W.
Published: May 2010

Analysis of ancient human dental calculus for the presence of inclusions related to diet and dental health has been overlooked in anthropological literature. Small particles of archaeobotanical debris, which would otherwise not be preserved in the archaeological record, can become incorporated into unmineralised plaque on teeth during mastication and oral manipulation. When plaque mineralises into calculus, debris is preserved in situ. Samples of dental calculus (n = 18) were collected from the Danbury site (33OT16) in Ottawa County, Ohio and viewed under a scanning electron microscope for inclusions. Analysis yielded a variety of noticeable inclusions, including mineralised bacteria, calcium‐phosphate crystalline structures and numerous phytoliths. Here we report the first evidence of fibres consistent with cotton (Gossypium spp.) embedded in the dental calculus from the Late Woodland component (900–1100 AD) of the Danbury site. Prehistoric cotton has not been previously documented in Ohio. The distinct morphology of the Danbury cotton and its presence in the Late Woodland component at Danbury suggests long‐distance interaction at a time in Ohio when movement of exotic goods appeared to have diminished. These microscopic remains provide insight into paleoethnobotanical history of ancient Ohioans and attest to how analysis of dental calculus could be used to supplement other paleodietary and archaeological analyses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Tayside Stroke Cohort: exploiting advanced regional medical informatics to create a region‐wide database for studying the pharmacoepidemiology of stroke
Authors: Flynn Robert W. V. , MacDonald Thomas M. , Murray Gordon D. , Ferguson Cameron , Shah Kanishk , Doney Alexander S. F.
Published: May 2010

Purpose

Observational studies can provide valuable information where data from randomised controlled trials is lacking. We aimed to generate a region‐wide longitudinal register of stroke patients using record‐linkage of existing clinical and research datasets.

Methods

The population were residents of Tayside, Scotland from 1994–2005. Stroke cases were identified from hospital inpatient admission records, death certificates and prescribing data. These were augmented with data derived from free‐text CT‐brain scan reports. Strokes were classified as intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) or ischaemic stroke (IS). The methodology was validated by audit of patient case‐records. The incidence was calculated using direct standardisation to the standard European population for ages 45–84. Twenty‐eight day case‐fatality rates were calculated as percentages.

Results

There were 12 620 all‐cause incident strokes (ICH 1057; SAH 511; IS 6257; undetermined 4795). Standardised incidences per 100 000 by subtypes of stroke were: ICH 35 (95%CI 33–38), SAH 19 (17–22) and IS 210 (205–217). The 28‐day case‐fatality rates were: ICH 49% (95%CI 46–52), SAH 38% (34–43) and IS 19% (18–20). Comparisons with previous studies were favourable for ICH and SAH. For IS the incidence was lower and fatality rate higher than elsewhere. Three hundred and three sets of patient case records were audited. The positive predictive value (PPV) for identifying cases of stroke was 94.7% (95%CI 91.6–96.7).

Conclusions

The case ascertainment in the TSC compares favourably to established stroke cohorts. This cost effective resource can now be linked with multiple other clinical and research datasets in Tayside to further understanding of stroke and its treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased risk of hospitalization for acute hepatitis in patients with previous exposure to NSAIDs
Authors: Lee Chang‐Hsing , Wang Jung‐Der , Chen Pau‐Chung
Published: May 2010

Background

Epidemiological studies related to hospitalization due to the hepatotoxicity of traditional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are infrequent, and case reports of hepatotoxicity of nimesulide, celecoxib, and rofecoxib seem to be increasing. The reimbursement database of National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan provided an opportunity for post‐marketing surveillance. We conducted this study to determine the association between the use of hepatoxic NSAIDs and increased hospitalizations related to acute hepatitis.

Methods

We included hospitalized subjects with a major diagnosis of acute or sub‐acute necrosis of liver or toxic hepatitis and excluded viral and other causes of hepatobiliary diseases from the NHI database from 1 April 2001 to 31 December 2004. We applied two kinds of models to analyze by uni‐directional and bi‐directional case‐crossover designs during the 28 days exposure periods and performed conditional logistic regression models.

Results

There were 4519 cases of hospitalization relating to acute hepatitis, and the odds ratios of celecoxib, nimesulide, dicofenac, ibuprofen, and other hepatoxic NSAIDs were significantly increased. Compared with the adjusted odds ratios of other hepatoxic NSAIDs (OR = 2.13, 95%CI = 2.00, 2.28), celecoxib (OR =1.92, 95%CI = 1.38, 2.69) was similar during the 28 days by our uni‐directional case‐crossover design.

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence for an increased risk of hospitalization with acute hepatitis among hepatoxic NSAIDs including celecoxib users. Further mechanistic research is warranted in order to document celecoxib's hepatotoxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk of intracerebral hemorrhage associated with phenprocoumon exposure: a nested case–control study in a large population‐based German database
Authors: Behr Sigrid , Andersohn Frank , Garbe Edeltraut
Published: May 2010

Purpose

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most serious complication of oral anticoagulation. This study investigated the risk of ICH for phenprocoumon which is the most widely used oral anticoagulant in Germany.

Methods

We conducted a nested case–control study in a cohort of 13.4 million insurants of 4 German statutory health insurances (SHIs) who were continuously enrolled for 6 months prior to cohort entry. Cases were patients hospitalized for ICH. Ten controls were matched to each case by SHI, birth year, and sex using incidence density sampling. Rate ratios (RR) of ICH for current phenprocoumon use as compared to non‐use were estimated from odds ratios calculated by conditional logistic regression analyses considering multiple risk factors.

Results

Analysis of the full cohort revealed a strong increase in incidence of ICH with increasing age. In the nested case–control study including 8138 cases of ICH and 81 373 matched controls, we observed an increased risk of ICH for current phenprocoumon exposure that varied with age. The phenprocoumon‐associated risk of ICH was lower in older age groups with RRs from 4.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.44–7.21) for phenprocoumon users less than 55 years of age to 2.43 (95%CI, 1.81–3.27) for those older than 85 years. Our study confirmed known risk factors of ICH.

Discussion

Phenprocoumon exposure was associated with an increased risk of ICH. The interaction of risk for phenprocoumon with age was unexpected and needs further study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliding mode parameter adjustment for perturbed linear systems with actuators via invariant ellipsoid method
Authors: Davila J. , Poznyak A.
Published: May 2010

A methodology for the design of sliding mode controllers for perturbed quasi‐linear systems in the presence of actuators is presented. This technique is based on the invariant ellipsoid method and given in terms of the solution of a set of linear matrix inequalities. The provided methodology allows the design of the controller parameters ensuring global convergence of the states to a suboptimal ellipsoidal region around the origin even in the presence of both matched and unmatched uncertainties/disturbances. A benchmark example illustrates a good workability of the suggested technique. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Satellite component of NGN: Integrated and hybrid networks
Authors: Kota Sastri , Giambene Giovanni , Kim Sooyoung
Published: May 2010

Future mobile networks are expected to involve systems that are based on different technologies, such as WiFi, WiMAX, 2G/3G/3G+, LTE, and satellite. To address this scenario, ITU has defined integrated and hybrid networks in the framework of Next‐Generation Networks. The interest is to exploit the cooperation of different wireless communication systems (segments) to provide service to mobile users in the most efficient way, taking into account signal quality (coverage), traffic congestion conditions, and cost issues. Integrated and hybrid networks have the potential to be an efficient and cost‐effective solution to employ satellite communications for mobile users. In the view of this, our paper focuses on the design of integrated/hybrid systems taking into account physical, MAC, and network layers issues. System examples and standards are described as well. Then, cooperative diversity techniques and traffic engineering issues for overflow traffic are discussed. This paper concludes identifying some possible future trends. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Together we are strong—cell wall integrity sensors in yeasts
Authors: Rodicio Rosaura , Heinisch Jürgen J.
Published: May 2010

The integrity of the fungal cell wall is ensured by a signal transduction pathway, the so‐called CWI pathway, which has best been studied in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this context, environmental stress and other perturbations at the cell surface are detected by a small set of plasma membrane‐spanning sensors, viz. Wsc1, Wsc2, Wsc3, Mid2 and Mtl1. This review covers the recent advances in sensor structure, sensor mechanics, their cellular distribution and their in vivo functions, obtained from genetic, biochemical, cell biological and biophysical investigations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least‐Squares Regression for Determination of Arachidonic Acid in Powdered Oil
Authors: Yang Meiyan , Nie Shaoping , Li Jing , Xie Mingyong , Xiong Hua , Deng Zeyuan , Zheng Weiwan , Li Lin , Zhang Xiaoming
Published: May 2010

Near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was evaluated as a rapid method of predicting arachidonic acid content in powdered oil without the need for oil extraction. NIR spectra of powdered oil samples were obtained with an NIR spectrometer and correlated with arachidonic acid content determined by a modification of the AOCS Method. Partial Least‐Squares regression was applied to calculate models for the prediction of arachidonic acid. The model developed with the raw spectra had the best performance in cross‐validation (n = 72) and validation (n = 21) with a correlation coefficient of 0.965, and the root mean square error of cross‐validation and prediction were both 0.50. The results show that NIR, a well‐established and widely applied technique, can be applied to determine the arachidonic acid content in powdered oil.
AristocraticEigensinnand the Fight to Save theRitterakademie am Dom, 1935–1945
Authors: Lansing Charles B.
Published: May 2010

In the early morning of May 26, 1935, some residents of the eastern German city of Brandenburg an der Havel awoke to shouts of “We Want Our Kaiser Back” and “We Want Back the Black-White-Red” emanating from the dormitory of the storied and elite Prussian secondary school, theRitterakademie am Dom zu Brandenburg. A small number of students had thrown an illegal party during which, emboldened by alcohol, at least one student had called for the restoration of the monarchical order, to the audible delight of others present. Informed of the night's events on the following Monday, school authorities quickly investigated the matter and decided that the episode represented neither a genuine act of political subversion nor a reflection of possible “reactionary” attitudes held by the students. The utterances were instead an act of foolishness (Dummheit) committed by immature pupils, the consequence of the more serious and perennial problem of students' drinking parties, concluded the Ritterakademie administration. In response, school principal Georg Neuendorf punished several older pupils by removing them from their position atop the student hierarchy and revoking several privileges. He also wrote to all parents of students boarding at the Ritterakademie, asking them no longer to send their sons money, food, and alcohol. Satisfied with his response, the principal ended his report on the incident to his superiors in Berlin, theOberpräsidiumof Brandenburg Province, by noting optimistically that the episode would be of pedagogical use in the continued “Nazification” of the school. In what must have seemed to those involved to signal the end of the affair, regional authorities approved of Neuendorf's actions three days later, concluding that the drunken utterances were a “foolish youth's prank” (dumm[es] junge Streich).
The Pluralization of Protestant Politics: Public Responsibility, Rearmament, and Division at the 1950sKirchentage
Authors: Pearson Benjamin
Published: May 2010

In the aftermath of World War II, Christian leaders in Germany embraced the political ideology of Christian Democracy. Viewing Nazism as a form of materialism and atheism, which they blamed on the ongoing secularization and moral decay of German society, both Protestant and Catholic leaders argued that only the society-wide renewal of Christian faith and Christian values could provide a solid foundation for the future. Enjoying a privileged position in the eyes of the western Allies (particularly the Americans), the churches took on a leading role in the reconstruction of German society. And, working to overcome the postwar disillusionment of many of their members, church leaders urged their followers to take active, personal responsibility for political life in the new German states.
Direct numerical simulation of hypersonic turbulent boundary layers. Part 2. Effect of wall temperature
Authors: DUAN L. , BEEKMAN I. , MARTÍN M. P.
Published: May 2010

In this paper, we perform direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent boundary layers at Mach 5 with the ratio of wall-to-edge temperature Tw/Tδ from 1.0 to 5.4 (Cases M5T1 to M5T5). The influence of wall cooling on Morkovin's scaling, Walz's equation, the standard and modified strong Reynolds analogies, turbulent kinetic energy budgets, compressibility effects and near-wall coherent structures is assessed. We find that many of the scaling relations used to express adiabatic compressible boundary-layer statistics in terms of incompressible boundary layers also hold for non-adiabatic cases. Compressibility effects are enhanced by wall cooling but remain insignificant, and the turbulence dissipation remains primarily solenoidal. Moreover, the variation of near-wall streaks, iso-surface of the swirl strength and hairpin packets with wall temperature demonstrates that cooling the wall increases the coherency of turbulent structures. We present the mechanism by which wall cooling enhances the coherence of turbulence structures, and we provide an explanation of why this mechanism does not represent an exception to the weakly compressible hypothesis.
Knowledges, resources and legal regimes: the new geopolitics of the polar regions
Authors: Powell Richard , Dodds Klaus
Published: May 2010

The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) of the United Kingdom will fund, from January 2010 onwards, a series of four seminars on the theme of ‘Knowledges, resources and legal regimes: the new geopolitics of the polar regions’. Details are provided of the seminars and the outputs including the creation of a database outlining British based expertise in the humanities and social sciences. In the aftermath of the International Polar Year, the series should not only be timely but also strategic in the sense of clarifying the disciplinary and geographical range and extent of that expertise.