bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adapting TESLA technology for future cw light sources using HoBiCaT
Authors: Kugeler O. , Neumann A. , Anders W. , Knobloch J.
Published: July 2010

The HoBiCaT facility has been set up and operated at the Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin and BESSY since 2005. Its purpose is testing superconducting cavities in cw mode of operation and it was successfully demonstrated that TESLA pulsed technology can be used for cw mode of operation with only minor changes. Issues that were addressed comprise of elevated dynamic thermal losses in the cavity walls, necessary modifications in the cryogenics and the cavity processing, the optimum choice of operational parameters such as cavity temperature or bandwidth, the characterization of higher order modes in the cavity, and the usability of existing tuners and couplers for cw.
Roughening of porous SiCOH materials in fluorocarbon plasmas
Authors: Bailly F. , David T. , Chevolleau T. , Darnon M. , Posseme N. , Bouyssou R. , Ducote J. , Joubert O. , Cardinaud C.
Published: July 2010

Porous SiCOH materials integration for integrated circuits faces serious challenges such as roughening during the etch process. In this study, atomic force microscopy is used to investigate the kinetics of SiCOH materials roughening when they are etched in fluorocarbon plasmas. We show that the root mean square roughness and the correlation length linearly increase with the etched depth, after an initiation period. We propose that: (1) during the first few seconds of the etch process, the surface of porous SiCOH materials gets denser. (2) Cracks are formed, leading to the formation of deep and narrow pits. (3) Plasma radicals diffuse through those pits and the pore network and modify the porous material at the bottom of the pits. (4) The difference in material density and composition between the surface and the bottom of the pits leads to a difference in etch rate and an amplification of the roughness. In addition to this intrinsic roughening mechanism, the presence of a metallic mask (titanium nitride) can lead to an extrinsic roughening mechanism, such as micromasking caused by metallic particles originating form the titanium nitride mask.
Photon scattering in geometrical optics
Authors: von Waldenfels Wilhelm
Published: July 2010

A quasimonochromatic wave packet is scattered by a system of two level atoms. The transition frequency of atoms coincides with the frequency of the wave packet, their distances are proportional to that frequency. The time evolution can be calculated explicitly. Using Fourier–Weyl transform and after some renormalization, we establish the limit of geometrical optics. Applying the singular coupling limit, we arrive at the result: the main part of the wave packet is unperturbed, and the scattered part yields an intensity distribution in the six dimensional space of positions and wave numbers. This distribution contains all interferences. The Huygens–Fresnel theory yields an approximation of our result.
Temperature-dependent dielectric relaxation in bismuth zinc niobate thin films
Authors: Booth James C. , Orloff Nathan D. , Cagnon Joel , Lu Jiwei , Stemmer Susanne
Published: July 2010

We apply broadband measurement techniques to determine the dielectric permittivity of Bi1.5Zn1.0Nb1.5O7 (BZN) thin films over the frequency range 1 kHz to 40 GHz. At room temperature, the permittivity function shows relaxation at high frequencies (∼1 GHz), and as the temperature is reduced, the onset of relaxation rapidly moves to lower frequencies, reaching ∼1 kHz at 100 K. The observed frequency-dependent dielectric response of BZN thin films is quantitatively similar to the response of bulk ceramics, which suggests that the intrinsic disorder in the BZN material system can be conveniently explored via measurements on thin films.
A simple hard x-ray “nanoslit” for measuring wavefront intensity
Authors: Takano Hidekazu , Hashimoto Takuto , Tsuji Takuya , Koyama Takahisa , Tsusaka Yoshiyuki , Kagoshima Yasushi
Published: July 2010

A new method is proposed for nanoscale hard x-ray measurements. This method uses a reflection on a heavy-metal wire that functions as a single slit with a nanoscale aperture for a parallel x-ray beam. This “nanoslit” can be used to perform high-spatial-resolution measurements of the intensity distribution of a wavefront that diverges from an aperture. In experiments, Fresnel fringes generated by a rectangular aperture were measured using a 300-μm-diameter platinum wire as the nanoslit. In these experiments, the finest fringes with a period of 26 nm could be successfully resolved.
Patterned piezo-, pyro-, and ferroelectricity of poled polymer electrets
Authors: Qiu Xunlin
Published: July 2010

Polymers with strong piezo-, pyro-, and ferroelectricity are attractive for a wide range of applications. In particular, semicrystalline ferroelectric polymers are suitable for a large variety of piezo- and pyroelectric transducers or sensors, while amorphous polymers containing chromophore molecules are particularly interesting for photonic devices. Recently, a new class of polymer materials has been added to this family: internally charged cellular space-charge polymer electrets (so-called “ferroelectrets”), whose piezoelectricity can be orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional ferroelectric polymers. Suitable patterning of these materials leads to improved or unusual macroscopic piezo-, pyro-, and ferroelectric or nonlinear optical properties that may be particularly useful for advanced transducer or waveguide applications. In the present paper, the piezo-, pyro-, and ferroelectricity of poled polymers is briefly introduced, an overview on the preparation of polymer electrets with patterned piezo-, pyro-, and ferroelectricity is provided and a survey of selected applications is presented.
Microstructure and electrical properties of Aurivillius phase (CaBi2Nb2O9)1−x(BaBi2Nb2O9)x solid solution
Authors: Zhang Hongtao , Yan Haixue , Reece Michael J.
Published: July 2010

The microstructures and electrical properties of Aurivillius phase ferroelectric solid solutions of (CaBi2Nb2O9)1−x(BaBi2Nb2O9)x (0≤x≤1) have been studied. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed a bismuth layered structure for all compositions. Scanning electron microscope images showed randomly oriented and platelike grain morphology. The Curie point Tc or the maximum permittivity temperature Tm decreased with increasing x. The (CaBi2Nb2O9)1−x(BaBi2Nb2O9)x ceramics exhibited a ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition at small x values (x≤0.5), whereas a relaxor behavior was observed at high x values (x≥0.8). The d33 value of CaBi2Nb2O9 ceramics was enhanced by Ba2+ doping on the A-sites (x≤0.3). A combination of high d33 values and high Tc points (>700 °C) suggests that compositions with x≤0.3 could be good candidates for high-temperature piezoelectric applications. The composition with x=0.8 is a relaxor ferroelectric with Tm around 320 °C at 1 MHz.
Laser initiated thermal tuning of a cholesteric liquid crystal
Authors: Natarajan Lalgudi V. , White Timothy J. , Wofford Jeremy M. , Tondiglia Vincent P. , Sutherland Richard L. , Siwecki Stephen A. , Bunning Timothy J.
Published: July 2010

We report on the large wavelength range and light-initiated thermal tuning of the reflection of a liquid crystal (LC) formulation (S811/ZLI-2806) near a smectic (SmA) to cholesteric (CLC) phase transition enabled by the use of a high order parameter heat transfer dye (anthraquinone, AQ). Upon irradiation with a 647 nm Krypton ion (Kr+) laser line, absorption by AQ generates heat that is transferred to the surrounding LC host. In the S811/ZLI-2806 formulation examined here, the optically generated increase in temperature serves to transition the phase from SmA to CLC. As has been documented, the SmA→CLC transition is typified by a pitch contraction that blueshifts the position of the CLC reflection, in this case a shift from 2500 to 700 nm that can occur in less than 100 s. The tuning range and speed are dependent on the laser power and the amount of dye in the cell.
204% enhanced efficiency of ZrO2 nanofibers doped dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Park Kyung-hee , Jin En-mei , Gu Hal-bon , Yoon Soon-do , Han Eun-mi , Yun Je-jung
Published: July 2010

Zirconia (ZrO2) nanofibers added mesoporous titania (TiO2) photoelectrode has been synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells to enhance the efficiency of cell. The ZrO2 nanofibers had reduced the resistance of the photoelectrode as well as enhancement of the absorption spectra in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near infrared (IR) region. The internal resistance of the photoelectrode is one of the important factor to affects the power conversion efficiency directly. The ZrO2 nanofibers provide the more photon harvest and optimal electron pathway. Finally, about 200% increases in conversion efficiency has been achieved.
Highly-directional emission patterns based on near single guided mode extraction from GaN-based ultrathin microcavity light-emitting diodes with photonic crystals
Authors: Lai Chun-Feng , Kuo Hao-Chung , Yu Peichen , Lu Tien-Chang , Chao Chia-Hsin , Yen Hsi-Hsuan , Yeh Wen-Yung
Published: July 2010

This study investigates the distribution of highly-directional far-field emission on GaN-based ultrathin microcavity light-emitting diodes (uMCLEDs) with photonic crystals (PhCs). The ultrathin 550 nm cavity, PhC lattice constant of 370 nm, and hole depth of 250 nm in the GaN PhC uMCLED provide near single guided mode extraction and a pattern of high directionality radiation. Angular-spectral-resolved electroluminescence measurements reveal photon-band structure agreement with the fundamental mode effective refractive index dispersion curve. In addition, GaN PhC uMCLED increase the output power extraction efficiency by 145.9% (∼2.46×) compared with GaN non-PhC uMCLED, and a directional far-field emission pattern at half intensity of nearly ±15°.
Magnetostatic control of vortex chirality in Co thin film rings
Authors: Nam Chunghee , Mascaro M. D. , Ross C. A.
Published: July 2010

The vortex chirality in an elliptical Co ring spaced 60 nm from a circular ring has been controlled by magnetostatic interaction. One of the two domain walls (DWs) in the elliptical ring interacts with a neighboring wall in the circular ring, while the other is unaffected by the stray field of the circular ring. The direction of motion of the DWs, and the chirality of the resulting vortex state in the elliptical ring, can be selected by the field direction and history.
Characterization of sensing capability of optofluidic ring resonator biosensors
Authors: Li Hao , Fan Xudong
Published: July 2010

The sensing capability of the capillary-based optofluidic ring resonator in bulk refractive index (RI) detection and label-free small molecule detection is investigated. In bulk RI detection, a sensitivity of 570 nm/refractive index units (RIU) is achieved with a Q-factor of 1.2×105. A change of 2.8×10−7 RIU is observed with the noise equivalent detection limit (NEDL) of 3.8×10−8 RIU. In small molecule detection, 10 nM biotin is detected with surface mass density of 1.6 pg/mm2. The NEDL is approximately 0.14 pg/mm2. These results set the benchmark for ring resonator sensing performance and compare very favorably with those obtained with other label-free optical sensors.
Graphene spin capacitor for magnetic field sensing
Authors: Semenov Y. G. , Zavada J. M. , Kim K. W.
Published: July 2010

An analysis of a magnetic field sensor based on a graphene spin capacitor is presented. The proposed device consists of graphene nanoribbons on top of an insulator material connected to a ferromagnetic source/drain. The time evolution of spin polarized electrons injected into the capacitor can be used for an accurate determination at room temperature of external magnetic fields. Assuming a spin relaxation time of 100 ns, magnetic fields on the order of ∼10 mOe may be detected at room temperature. The observational accuracy of this device depends on the density of magnetic defects and spin relaxation time that can be achieved.
Elastocapillary fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures
Authors: van Honschoten J. W. , Berenschot J. W. , Ondarçuhu T. , Sanders R. G. P. , Sundaram J. , Elwenspoek M. , Tas N. R.
Published: July 2010

We describe the fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures by means of capillary forces. Using an origami-like technique, planar silicon nitride structures of various geometries are folded to produce three-dimensional objects of 50–100 μm. Capillarity is a particularly effective mechanism since surface tension forces dominate over bulk forces at small scales. The spontaneous evaporation of water forms the driving mechanism for this microfabrication technique. Therefore the actuating liquid disappears in the final structure. A model describing the elastocapillary interaction of the folding process is compared with experiments. By tailoring the elastic and capillary properties a variety of three-dimensional micro-objects can be realized.
Piezoelectric conversion and energy harvesting enhancement by initial energy injection
Authors: Lallart Mickaël , Guyomar Daniel
Published: July 2010

This letter reports a concept for enhancing the conversion abilities of piezoelectric materials based on initial energy injection, as well as its application to energy harvesting. Unlike conventional energy conversion approaches, this concept considers a pulsed bidirectional energy flow between the source and the storage stages. The presented technique shows an “energy resonance” effect that can bring up the gain in terms of harvested energy up to 40 (20 using typical components) compared to standard energy harvesting methods. Such a system thus allows a significant reduction in active materials required for the conception of autonomous devices supplied by ambient energy.
Experimental determination of the principal dielectric functions in silver nanowire metamaterials
Authors: Kanungo Jyotirmayee , Schilling Joerg
Published: July 2010

The polarization dependent optical properties of silver nanowire arrays are investigated by angular resolved transmission measurements. The corresponding spectra show clear Fabry–Perot oscillations, which exhibit an unusual shift toward longer wavelengths for the extraordinary waves. From the peak shift both principal dielectric functions of the metamaterial are determined and compared with effective medium theories. Their different signs lead to a hyperbolic wave vector surface for the extraordinary waves and cause the observed peculiar peak shift.
Calculating glass-forming ability in absence of key kinetic and thermodynamic parameters
Authors: Xu Donghua , Wirth Brian D. , Schroers Jan , Johnson William L.
Published: July 2010

Glass-forming ability (GFA) as defined by a critical cooling rate Rc to vitrify a liquid upon solidification is a complex function of many parameters. Some of the parameters, such as liquid-crystal interfacial energy, temperature-dependent liquid viscosity, and influence of heterogeneities, are crucial but their accurate experimental determination is challenging. Here, instead of relying on the experimental data, we draw random values for the difficult parameters and use the classical theory to examine probabilistic distributions of Rc for two well-known metallic glasses. Direct random parameterization produces extremely broad distributions spanning tens of orders of magnitude. Dramatically sharpened distributions are obtained around experimental Rc upon guiding the random parameterization with limited calorimetric data. The results suggest that it is plausible to determine GFA even in absence of data for crucial parameters.
Metal-oxide-high-k-oxide-silicon memory structure incorporating a Tb2O3 charge trapping layer
Authors: Pan Tung-Ming , Jung Ji-Shing , Chen Fa-Hsyang
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we proposed a metal-oxide-high-k-oxide-silicon (MOHOS)-type memory structure fabricating a high-k Tb2O3 charge trapping layer for flash memory applications. The high-k Tb2O3 MOHOS-type memories annealed at 800 °C exhibited large threshold voltage shifting (memory window of ∼1.41 V operated at Vg=8 V at 0.1 s), excellent data retention (charge loss of ∼10% measured time up to 104 s and at 85 °C), and good endurance characteristics (program/erase cycles up to 105) because of the high probability and deep trap level for trapping the charge carrier due to the formation of the crystallized Tb2O3 with a high dielectric constant of 11.8.
Ion versus pH sensitivity of ungated AlGaN/GaN heterostructure-based devices
Authors: Podolska Anna , Kocan Martin , Cabezas Alex M. Garces , Wilson Timothy D. , Umana-Membreno Gilberto A. , Nener Brett D. , Parish Giacinta , Keller Stacia , Mishra Umesh K.
Published: July 2010

We have investigated the pH and ion sensitivity of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure devices; these devices are sensitive to the ion concentration rather than to the pH of the solution. Sheet resistance as a function of pH for calibrated pH solutions and dilute NaOH, HCl, KOH, and NaCl showed an increase as a function of ionic concentration, regardless of whether the pH was acidic, basic, or neutral. An increase in resistance corresponds to accumulation of negative ions at the AlGaN surface, indicating device selectivity toward the negative ions. We attribute this to the formation of a double layer at the liquid/semiconductor interface.
Photoluminescence emission in deep ultraviolet region from GaN/AlN asymmetric-coupled quantum wells
Authors: Sun Guan , Ding Yujie J. , Liu Guangyu , Huang G. S. , Zhao Hongping , Tansu Nelson , Khurgin Jacob B.
Published: July 2010

We have investigated the photoluminescence spectra from GaN/AlN asymmetric-coupled quantum wells grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Deep ultraviolet photoluminescence peaks with photon energies up to 5.061 eV and dramatically improved intensities at low temperatures are identified due to recombination of electrons in the AlN coupling barrier with heavy holes in the GaN quantum wells. Photoluminescence quenching caused by relocation of photogenerated electrons under large internal electric fields, inherent in GaN/AlN asymmetric-coupled quantum wells, is observed.
Effect of noncollinear spin structure on magnetic entropy change and its field dependence in Fe90Sc10 amorphous alloy
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Bi Xiaofang
Published: July 2010

Temperature-dependent magnetic entropy change (ΔSm) in Fe90Sc10 shows a sign conversion due to field-driven metamagnetic transition from spin-glass-like to ferromagnetic state. It further reveals a clear correlation between spin-glass structure and field-dependent −ΔSm. The exponent n as in |−ΔSm|=αHn reaches a minimum value of 1.01 at spin-glass freezing onset temperature, followed by an increase with further decreasing temperature. The coefficient α shows an opposite temperature dependence with respect to the n. Variations of high-field susceptibility with temperature evidence association of the n with existence of the noncollinear spin structure, which in turn affects the field-dependent behavior of −ΔSm.
Clinical Management of Parasuicides: Critical Issues in the 1990s
Authors: Cantor Christopher H.
Published: July 2010

In view of recent rises in suicide rates of males aged 15–29 years, the literature on the specialised clinical management of parasuicides presenting at hospital is reviewed. Few studies demonstrate reduction in suicidal behaviour with such services, although substantial psychosocial benefits have been shown. These negative results with respect to suicidal behaviour partly relate to methodological problems such as small sample sizes, the exclusion of high risk subjects, short follow-up and confusing outcome measures. We cannot be confident that existing clinical practices have been effective in reducing suicide. Hence this paper focuses on selected issues of critical importance. Clinically, risk assessment is a problematic area worthy of clear understanding. There is a continuing confusion over the nature of affective disturbance associated with parasuicide and whether it might benefit from pharmacotherapy. Recent studies on the prevalence of psychological disorder in suicidal youth are discussed. Child abuse might usefully be screened for in parasuicidal patients, although this may be overlooked because of un-familiarity with the association. New developments in cognitive and pharmacotherapies offer hope for suicidal rate reduction. There is a pressing need for further intervention studies. In particular, community and inpatient care of high risk patients require urgent evaluation. Further study of the role of depression and its appropriate management is needed. Although depression seems a significant factor, the recent rise in youth suicide remain largely unexplained.
Differences According to Recruitment Method in Subjects who Care for a Relative with Schizophrenia
Authors: Winefield Helen R. , Harvey Eileen J.
Published: July 2010

With growing emphasis on community mental health care, there is increased research interest in the needs of people who care for a relative suffering from chronic mental illness. This methodological note examines the differences between two samples of caregivers for schizophrenia sufferers. The two samples were recruited by different methods from different sources: one a mail survey of a self-help group and the other through patients at psychiatric hospitals and outreach clinics. Differences were minimal and recruitment through self-help groups is advocated as the more cost effective method.
Effectiveness of an Assertive Outreach Community Treatment Program
Authors: Dharwadkar Nitin
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this paper is to describe an Adult Community Treatment (ACT) program in Dandenong, Victoria, and its effect upon admission rates and time in hospital for 50 of the serviceapos;s most disturbed patients. The implementation of the program was associated with a reduction in the annual re-admission rate from 38% (1989–90) to 21% (1990–91); the total length of hospital stay was also significantly reduced. The results support the value of community support programs in the management of the seriously mentally ill.
Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Hafner R. Julian , Holme Gwili
Published: July 2010

This study reviewed all patients (N = 37) treated with ECT in a psychiatric intensive care unit during 1989–91. Diagnoses were: psychotic depression (8); bipolar disorder, manic phase (13); schizoaffective disorder (14); and schizophrenia (2). All patients were very severely disturbed and had failed to respond to medication given at highest levels judged to be safe, usually over 3–4 weeks. Response to ECT was generally rapid and marked, allowing substantial reductions in medication. To achieve the same clinical outcome for each course of ECT, 50% more unilateral than bilateral treatments were required, suggesting that bilateral ECT has a more rapid effect in this highly disturbed population.
Depression and Somatic Symptoms: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Marmanidis H. , Holme G. , Hafner R. J.
Published: July 2010

The study was carried out by the same research team in two metropolitan hospitals, one in Greece (N = 60) and one in Australia (N q 56). Subjects comprised patients consecutively admitted with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of depressive disorder, all of whom completed questionnaire measures of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms. Clinical concepts and practices in the two hospitals were very similar. Overall levels of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in the two samples were almost identical, but there were differences in the pattern of somatic complaints: Greeks scored significantly higher on dizziness, paraesthesiae and masticatory spasms, and Australians scored significantly higher on drowsiness, hypersomnia and non-refreshing sleep, with the latter two items being the best discriminators of the two samples using discriminant function analysis. These findings, combined with factor analysis, suggested that symptoms associated with hyperventilation in the Greek sample, and with sleep disturbance in the Australian sample, explained most of the differences between them.
The Elderly Admitted to a General Hospital Psychiatry Ward
Authors: Draper Brian
Published: July 2010

In this retrospective study of 489 consecutive elderly admissions to a general hospital psychiatry ward, the main aim was to describe the stressors precipitating admission, psychiatric and medical diagnoses, physical treatments used, length of hospitalisation, and clinical and social outcome. Depression was the predominant diagnosis, with length of stay being correlated with depression severity. The main stressor associated with admissions was a change in medical status of the patient. At least two medical diagnoses were present in 70% of admissions, with many new physical illnesses being diagnosed. Significant improvement was found in 81% of admissions at discharge. Two thirds of admissions were discharged into independent living arrangements. While these outcomes suggested effective interventions, management difficulties were noted with the mix of elderly and young patients. It is recommended that acute psychogeriatric wards be developed in the general hospital and be located near geriatric medical wards.
The Influence of Spinal Cord Injury on Coping Styles and Self-Perceptions Two Years after the Injury
Authors: Craig A. R. , Hancock K , Chang E
Published: July 2010

This study is a two year follow-up of previous longitudinal research which investigated the effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) on perceptions of control, self-esteem and coping styles over the first year of SCI. Persons with SCI and a demographically matched able-bodied control group completed standardised questionnaires on four occasions over two years. The instruments included the Locus of Control of Behaviour Scale (LCB), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, and an adapted Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (MAC), which measures coping styles, including fighting spirit, helplessness/hopelessness and fatalism. Results obtained in the first year were replicated in the two year data, except for the LCB Scale. After one year, the SCI group were found to perceive their life to be externally controlled, to be lower in self-esteem, and have more helpless/hopeless and fatalistic attitudes than the controls. There were no differences in self esteem and coping styles after two years for the SCI group. However, locus of control fluctuated over the two years, though there was a trend for the SCI group to be more externally focussed. There were no significant interactions between group and time. Implications for the adjustment of SCI persons are discussed.
Phenothiazine-Associated Supraventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Durst R. , Rosca-Rebaudengo P. , Admon D.
Published: July 2010

Psychotropic medications, mainly phenothiazines, are known to be associated with cardiac insult. The case report presented here describes nearly fatal arrhythmia (sustained supraventricular tachycardia) consequent to phenothiazine treatment. The authors aim to alert psychiatrists to the possible adverse, and even fatal, effects of phenothiazines.
Self-Inflicted Enucleation of Both Eyes
Authors: Buhrich Neil , Hayman John
Published: July 2010

Categories of self-injurious behaviour are briefly reviewed. Serious and bizarre self injurious behaviour is usually psychotic in origin. The literature concerning self-inflicted enucleation of the eyes is reviewed and two additional patients, both with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, are reported. The lack of pain and the lack of concern shown by the patients and their management are discussed.
Neural Networks and Psychiatry: Candidate Applications in Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Florio Tony , Einfeld Stewart , Levy Florence
Published: July 2010

Neural networks comprise a fundamentally new type of computer system inspired by the functioning of neurons in the brain. Such networks are good at solving problems that involve pattern recognition and categorisation. An important difference between a neural network and a traditional computer system is that in developing an application, a neural network is not programmed; instead, it is trained to solve a particular type of problem. This ability to learn to solve a problem makes neural networks adaptable to solving a wide variety of problems, some of which have proved intractable using a traditional computing approach. Neural networks are particularly suited to tasks involving the categorisation of patterns of information, such as is required in diagnosis and clinical decision making. In the last three years reports of applications involving neural networks have begun to appear in the medical literature, and these are described in this paper. However, a comprehensive search of the literature has shown that there have not as yet been reports of any applications in psychiatry. This paper discusses the nature of clinical decision making, outlines the sorts of problems in psychiatry which neural networks applications might be developed to address, and gives examples of candidate applications in clinical decision making.
Tarp regulates earlyChlamydia-induced host cell survival through interactions with the human adaptor protein SHC1
Authors: Mehlitz Adrian , Banhart Sebastian , Mäurer André P. , Kaushansky Alexis , Gordus Andrew G. , Zielecki Julia , MacBeath Gavin , Meyer Thomas F.
Published: July 2010

Many bacterial pathogens translocate effector proteins into host cells to manipulate host cell functions. Here, we used a protein microarray comprising virtually all human SRC homology 2 (SH2) and phosphotyrosine binding domains to comprehensively and quantitatively assess interactions between host cell proteins and the early phase Chlamydia trachomatis effector protein translocated actin-recruiting phosphoprotein (Tarp), which is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated upon host cell entry. We discovered numerous novel interactions between human SH2 domains and phosphopeptides derived from Tarp. The adaptor protein SHC1 was among Tarp’s strongest interaction partners. Transcriptome analysis of SHC1-dependent gene regulation during infection indicated that SHC1 regulates apoptosis- and growth-related genes. SHC1 knockdown sensitized infected host cells to tumor necrosis factor–induced apoptosis. Collectively, our findings reveal a critical role for SHC1 in early C. trachomatis–induced cell survival and suggest that Tarp functions as a multivalent phosphorylation-dependent signaling hub that is important during the early phase of chlamydial infection.
Uniformly reflexive structures: On the nature of gödelizations and relative computability
Authors: Wagner Eric G.
Published: July 2010

In this paper we present an axiomatic theory within which much of the theory of computability can be developed in an abstract manner. The paper is based on the axiomatically defined concept of a Uniformly Reflexive Structure (U.R.S.). The axioms are chosen so as to capture what we view to be the essential properties of a “gödelization” of a set of functions on arbitrary infinite domain. It can be shown that (with a “standard gödelization") both the partial recursive functions and the meta-recursive functions satisfy the axioms of U.R.S. In the first part of this paper, we define U.R.S. and develop the basic working theorems of the subject (e.g., analogues of the Kleene recursion theorems). The greater part of the paper is concerned with applying these basic results to (1) investigating the properties of gödelizations, and (2) developing an intrinsic theory of relative computability. The notion of relative computability which we develop is equivalent to Turing reducibility when applied to the partial recursive functions. Applied to appropriate U.R.S. on arbitrary domains, it provides an upper-semi-lattice ordering on the set of all functions (both total and partial) on that domain.
Tensor products of polynomial identity algebras
Authors: Berman Elizabeth
Published: July 2010

We investigate matrix algebras and tensor products of associative algebras over a commutative ring R with identity, such that the algebra satisfies a polynomial identity with coefficients in R. We call A a P. I. algebra over R if there exists a positive integer n and a polynomial f in n noncommuting variables with coefficients in R, not annihilating A, such that for all

a
1

,
…
,

a
n

{a_1}, \ldots ,{a_n}

in A,

f
(

a
1

,
…
,

a
n

)
=
0

f({a_1}, \ldots ,{a_n}) = 0

. We call A a P-algebra if f is homogeneous with at least one coefficient of 1. We define the docile identity, a polynomial identity generalizing commutativity, in that if A satisfies a docile identity, then for all n,

A
n

{A_n}

, the set of n-by-n matrices over A, satisfies a standard identity. We similarly define the unitary identity, which generalizes anticommutativity. Claudio Procesi and Lance Small recently proved that if A is a P. I. algebra over a field, then for all n,

A
n

{A_n}

satisfies some power of a standard identity. We generalize this result to P-algebras over commutative rings with identity. It follows that if A is a P-algebra, A satisfies a power of the docile identity.
Conjugacy separability of certain free products with amalgamation
Authors: Stebe Peter F.
Published: July 2010

Let G be a group. An element g of G is called conjugacy distinguished or c.d. in G if and only if given any element h of G either h is conjugate to g or there is a homomorphism

ξ
\xi

from G onto a finite group such that

ξ
(
h
)

\xi (h)

and

ξ
(
g
)

\xi (g)

are not conjugate in

ξ
(
G
)

\xi (G)

. Following A. Mostowski, a group G is conjugacy separable or c.s. if and only if every element of G is c.d. in G. In this paper we prove that every element conjugate to a cyclically reduced element of length greater than 1 in the free product of two free groups with a cyclic amalgamated subgroup is c.d. We also prove that a group formed by adding a root of an element to a free group is c.s.
Generalized interpolation spaces
Authors: Williams Vernon
Published: July 2010

In this paper we introduce the notion of “generalized” interpolation space, and state and prove a “generalized” interpolation theorem. This apparently provides a foundation for an axiomatic treatment of interpolation space theory, for subsequently we show that the “mean” interpolation spaces of Lions-Peetre, the “complex” interpolation spaces of A. P. Calderón, and the “complex” interpolation spaces of M. Schechter are all generalized interpolation spaces. Furthermore, we prove that each of the interpolation theorems established respectively for the above-mentioned interpolation spaces is indeed a special case of our generalized interpolation theorem. In §III of this paper we use the generalized interpolation space concept to state and prove a “generalized” duality theorem. The very elegant duality theorems proved by Calderón, Lions-Peetre and Schechter, respectively, are shown to be special cases of our generalized duality theorem. Of special interest here is the isolation by the general theorem of the need in each of the separate theorems for certain “base” spaces to be duals of others. At the close of §II of this paper we employ our generalized interpolation theorem “structure” to construct new interpolation spaces which are neither complex nor mean spaces.
Supports of continuous functions
Authors: Mandelker Mark
Published: July 2010

Gillman and Jerison have shown that when X is a realcompact space, every function in

C
(
X
)

C(X)

that belongs to all the free maximal ideals has compact support. A space with the latter property will be called

μ
\mu

-compact. In this paper we give several characterizations of

μ
\mu

-compact spaces and also introduce and study a related class of spaces, the

ψ
\psi

-compact spaces; these are spaces X with the property that every function in

C
(
X
)

C(X)

with pseudocompact support has compact support. It is shown that every realcompact space is

ψ
\psi

-compact and every

ψ
\psi

-compact space is

μ
\mu

-compact. A family

F

\mathcal {F}

of subsets of a space X is said to be stable if every function in

C
(
X
)

C(X)

is bounded on some member of

F

\mathcal {F}

. We show that a completely regular Hausdorff space is realcompact if and only if every stable family of closed subsets with the finite intersection property has nonempty intersection. We adopt this condition as the definition of realcompactness for arbitrary (not necessarily completely regular Hausdorff) spaces, determine some of the properties of these realcompact spaces, and construct a realcompactification of an arbitrary space.
On the inertia group of a product of spheres
Authors: Schultz Reinhard
Published: July 2010

In this paper it is proved that the smooth connected sum of a product of ordinary spheres with an exotic combinatorial sphere is never diffeomorphic to the original product. This result is extended and compared to certain related examples.
The Brauer-Wall group of a commutative ring
Authors: Small Charles
Published: July 2010

Let k be a commutative ring (with 1). We work with k-algebras with a grading

mod

2

\bmod \;2

, and with graded modules over such algebras. Using graded notions of tensor product, commutativity, and morphisms, we construct an abelian group

B
W

(
k
)

{\rm {BW}}(k)

whose elements are suitable equivalence classes of Azumaya k-algebras. The consruction generalizes, and is patterned on, the definition of the Brauer group

B
r

(
k
)

{\rm {Br}}(k)

given by Auslander and Goldman.

B
r

(
k
)

{\rm {Br}}(k)

is in fact a subgroup of

B
W

(
k
)

{\rm {BW}}(k)

, and we describe the quotient as a group of graded quadratic extensions of k.
Representations of free metabelian 𝒟_{𝜋}-groups
Authors: Ledlie John F.
Published: July 2010

For

π
\pi

a set of primes, a

D

π

{\mathcal {D}_\pi }

-group is a group

G
G

with the property that, for every element

g
g

in

G
G

and every prime

p
p

in

π
,
g

\pi ,g

has a unique

p
p

th root in

G
G

. Two faithful representations of free metabelian

D

π

{\mathcal {D}_\pi }

-groups are established: the first representation is inside a suitable power series algebra and shows that free metabelian

D

π

{\mathcal {D}_\pi }

-groups are residually torsion-free nilpotent; the second is in terms of two-by-two matrices and is analogous to W. Magnus’ representation of free metabelian groups using two-by-two matrices. In a subsequent paper [12], these representations will be used to derive several properties of free metabelian

D

π

{\mathcal {D}_\pi }

-groups.
Inner ideals in quadratic Jordan algebras
Authors: McCrimmon Kevin
Published: July 2010

The inner ideals play a role in the theory of quadratic Jordan algebras analogous to that played by the one-sided ideals in the theory of associative algebras. In particular, the Jordan algebras with descending chain condition on inner ideals are intimately related to the Artinian associative algebras. In this paper we will completely characterize all inner ideals in the semisimple Jordan algebras with descending chain condition. It is well known that any left or right ideal

B

\mathfrak {B}

in a semisimple Artinian

A

\mathfrak {A}

is determined by an idempotent,

B

=

A

f

\mathfrak {B} = \mathfrak {A}f

or

B

=
e

A

\mathfrak {B} = e\mathfrak {A}

. We show that any inner ideal in the quadratic Jordan algebra

A

+

{\mathfrak {A}^ + }

has the form

B

=
e

A

f

\mathfrak {B} = e\mathfrak {A}f

, and if

A

\mathfrak {A}

has involution

∗

^\ast

the inner ideals of the Jordan algebra

H

(

A

,
∗

)

\mathfrak {H}(\mathfrak {A}, ^ \ast )

of

∗

^ \ast

-symmetric elements are “usually” of the form

B

=

e
∗

H

e

\mathfrak {B} = {e^ \ast }\mathfrak {H}e

. We also characterize the inner ideals in the Jordan algebras

J

(
Q
,
c
)

\mathfrak {J}(Q,c)

or

J

(
N
,
c
)

\mathfrak {J}(N,c)

determined by a quadratic or cubic form.
Analytic continuation of the series ∑(𝑚+𝑛𝑧)^{-𝑠}
Authors: Lewittes Joseph
Published: July 2010

The series

Σ

(
m
+
n
z

)

−
s

,
m
,
n

\Sigma {(m + nz)^{ - s}},m,n

ranging over all integers except both zero, for

s
s

an integer greater than two is well known from the theory of elliptic functions and modular forms. In this paper, we show that this series defines an analytic function

(
z
,
s
)

(z,s)

for

Im
⁡
z
>
0

\operatorname {Im} z > 0

and

Re
⁡
s
>
2

\operatorname {Re} s > 2

which has an analytic continuation to all values of

s
s

. It is then shown that

G
G

satisfies a functional equation under the transformation

z
→
−
1

/

z

z \to - 1/z

, and finally as an application some numerical results are obtained.
Γ-compact maps on an interval and fixed points
Authors: Boyce William M.
Published: July 2010

We characterize the

Γ
\Gamma

-compact continuous functions

f
:
X
→
X

f:X \to X

where

X
X

is a possibly-noncompact interval. The map

f
f

is called

Γ
\Gamma

-compact if the closed topological semigroup

Γ
(
f
)

\Gamma (f)

generated by

f
f

is compact, or equivalently, if every sequence of iterates of

f
f

under functional composition

(
∗
)

(\ast )

has a subsequence which converges uniformly on compact subsets of

X
X

. For compact

X
X

the characterization is that the set of fixed points of

f
∗
f

f\ast f

is connected. If

X
X

is noncompact an additional technical condition is necessary. We also characterize those maps

f
f

for which iterates of distinct orders agree (

Γ
(
f
)

\Gamma (f)

finite) and state a result on common fixed points of commuting functions when one of the functions is

Γ
\Gamma

-compact.
Critical Markov branching processes with general set of types
Authors: Hering H.
Published: July 2010

This paper is concerned with the asymptotic behaviour of critical, quasi-positively regular Markov branching processes. Several results which have been established with restrictions on the set of types or on the parameter are proven on slightly different moment assumptions for an arbitrary set of types and continuous as well as discrete parameter. The methods employed are analytic and rest upon the properties of probability-generating functionals constructed from the given transition function.
*-taming sets for crumpled cubes. III. Horizontal sections in 2-spheres
Authors: Cannon James W.
Published: July 2010

We prove that a 2-sphere S in

E
3

{E^3}

is tame if each horizontal section of S has at most four components. Since there are wild spheres in

E
3

{E^3}

whose horizontal sections have at most five components, this result is, in a sense, best possible. Much can nevertheless be said, however, even if certain sections have more than five components; and we show that the wildness of a 2-sphere S in

E
3

{E^3}

is severely restricted by the requirement that each of the horizontal sections of S have at most finitely many components that separate S.
On the concentration and extension of cylinder measures
Authors: de Acosta Alejandro D.
Published: July 2010

It is shown that with respect to certain set-theoretic operations— directed decreasing or even arbitrary intersections of certain families of convex, balanced, weakly closed sets—cylinder measures behave almost as regular Borel measures do. A refinement is proved when the cylinder measure satisfies a scalar concentration condition. These results are applied to obtain stronger versions of Prohorov’s theorem and an extension theorem for complete Hausdorff locally convex spaces generalizing a result of Dudley, Feldman, and Le Cam.
Ramsey’s theorem for 𝑛-parameter sets
Authors: Graham R. L. , Rothschild B. L.
Published: July 2010

Classes of objects called

n
n

-parameter sets are defined. A Ramsey theorem is proved to the effect that any partitioning into

r
r

classes of the

k
k

-parameter subsets of any sufficiently large

n
n

-parameter set must result in some

l
l

-parameter subset with all its

k
k

-parameter subsets in one class. Among the immediate corollaries are the lower dimensional cases of a Ramsey theorem for finite vector spaces (a conjecture of Rota), the theorem of van der Waerden on arithmetic progressions, a set theoretic generalization of a theorem of Schur, and Ramsey’s Theorem itself.
Almost-arithmetic progressions and uniform distribution
Authors: Niederreiter H.
Published: July 2010

In a recent paper, P. E. O’Neil gave a new criterion for uniform distribution modulo one in terms of almost-arithmetic progressions. We investigate the relation between almost-arithmetic progressions and uniformly distributed sequences from a quantitative point of view. An upper bound for the discrepancy of almost-arithmetic progressions is given which is shown to be best possible. Estimates for more general sequences are also obtained. As an application, we prove a quantitative form of Fejér’s theorem on the uniform distributivity of slowly increasing sequences.
Bounds on the nilpotency class of certain semidirect products
Authors: Morley Larry
Published: July 2010

Gilbert Baumslag has shown that the standard wreath product of

A
A

by

B
B

is nilpotent if and only if

A
A

and

B
B

are

p
p

-groups for the same prime

p
,
A

p, A

is nilpotent of bounded exponent and

B
B

is finite. L. Kaloujnine and Marc Krasner have shown that the standard (unrestricted) wreath product of

A
A

by

B
B

contains an isomorphic copy of every group

G
G

which is an extension of

A
A

by

B
B

. Thus it follows that any extension subject to the above condition on

A
A

and

B
B

is nilpotent. In this paper, the author gives an explicit characterization of the terms of the lower central series of a semidirect product

W
W

of an abelian group by an arbitrary group. He then establishes a formula for an upper bound on the nilpotency class of

W
W

when

W
W

is a semidirect product of an abelian

p
p

-group

X
X

of bounded exponent by a finite

p
p

-group

B
B

. This new bound is given in terms of the exponent of

X
X

and the cycle structure of the factor groups of the lower central series of

B
B

.
Expandibility and collectionwise normality
Authors: Smith J. C. , Krajewski L. L.
Published: July 2010

In 1958 M. Katětov proved that in a normal space

X
,
X

X,X

is expandable if and only if

X
X

is collectionwise normal and countably paracompact. This result has since been used to answer many questions in various areas of general topology. In this paper Katětov’s theorem is generalized for nonnormal spaces and various characterizations of collectionwise normality are shown. Results concerning metrization, paracompactness, sum theorems, product theorems, mapping theorems and

M
M

-spaces are then obtained as applications of these new theorems.
Closure theorems with applications to entire functions with gaps
Authors: Anderson J. M. , Binmore K. G.
Published: July 2010

In this paper we consider questions of completeness for spaces of continuous functions on a half line which satisfy appropriate growth conditions. The results obtained have consequences in the theory of entire functions with gap power series. In particular we show that, under an appropriate gap hypothesis, the rate of growth of an entire function in the whole plane is determined by its rate of growth along any given ray.
Finitely generated nilpotent groups with isomorphic finite quotients
Authors: Pickel P. F.
Published: July 2010

Let

F

(
G
)

\mathcal {F}(G)

denote the set of isomorphism classes of finite homomorphic images of a group

G
G

. We say that groups

G
G

and

H
H

have isomorphic finite quotients if

F

(
G
)
=

F

(
H
)

\mathcal {F}(G) = \mathcal {F}(H)

. In this paper we show that if

G
G

is a finitely generated nilpotent group, the finitely generated nilpotent groups

H
H

for which

F

(
G
)
=

F

(
H
)

\mathcal {F}(G) = \mathcal {F}(H)

) lie in only finitely many isomorphism classes. This is done using some finiteness results from the theory of algebraic groups along with some heretofore unpublished results of A. Borel.
Metric properties of transformations of 𝐺-spaces
Authors: Thomas R. K.
Published: July 2010

The measure-preserving transformation

T
T

acts on a Lebesgue space

(
M
,

B

,
μ
)

(M,\mathcal {B},\mu )

which is also a

G
G

-space for a compact separable group

G
G

. It is proved that if the factor-transformation on the space of

G
G

-orbits has completely positive entropy and a certain condition regarding the relations between the actions of

G
G

and

T
T

is satisfied, then

T
T

weakly mixing implies

T
T

has completely positive entropy.