bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Albert” de Saussure y el Curso de Lingüística General: a cien años de la muerte de Ferdinand
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Quezada Gaponov Camilo
Published: April 2014

Albert Sechehaye es conocido casi exclusivamente como uno de los dos editores del Curso de Lingüística General. Sin embargo, tenía también una visión propia del lenguaje y la lingüística que sistematizó en diversos trabajos. Este artículo se centrará en uno de ellos: Programme et méthodes de la linguistique théorique. Publicado en 1908, el libro contiene disquisiciones que anticipan y preceden nociones como sincronía/ diacronía, valor y sistema, habitualmente consideradas como aportes saussurianos. Para poder calibrar adecuadamente el pensamiento de Sechehaye y su relación con el de Saussure, se revisará el contexto histórico de la lingüística en el que ambos se formaron y se entregarán algunos detalles biográficos relevantes. En vista de las discrepancias observables entre el Curso de Lingüística General y los escritos de Saussure, la revisión de las ideas de Sechehaye aporta matices a la lectura de uno de los textos más importantes de la lingüística moderna.
Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Schubert E. Fred
Published: April 2014

Light‐emitting diodes (
LEDs
) are the most common light source. They are used in a myriad of applications including general lighting and back‐lighting for displays.
LEDs
are based on pn junctions, usually made of
III
‐
V
semiconductors, which emit light when a forward current is injected. This chapter discusses the fundamental properties and performance metrics of
LEDs
. Particular attention is given to the efficiency of
LEDs
and the various mechanisms that reduce the efficiency. The chapter also discusses white
LEDs
that consist of a blue
LED
chip that is coated with a yellow phosphor. The phosphor absorbs some of the blue light and converts it to broadband yellow light. White
LEDs
are very suitable replacement light sources for conventional sources such as incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
Schottky Barriers, Measurement and Modeling
Authors: Ashok S.
Published: April 2014

The Schottky barrier, one of the earliest and simplest semiconductor of interfaces studied, consists of a metal in contact with a semiconductor. It is named after Walter Schottky, who in the 1930s developed a comprehensive theory of such contacts, and traced their properties to the electrical barrier that forms at the metal–semiconductor (MS) interface. If the barrier height is relatively large, the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics exhibit an asymmetrical rectifying behavior, while a symmetrical linearI–Vresponse results from a low barrier. The rectifyingMScontact is called the Schottky diode, whereas the non‐rectifying device is simply referred to as an ohmic contact.
Traveling Wave Tubes
Authors: Kory Carol L.
Published: April 2014

The traveling wave tube (TWT) is a vacuum device invented in the early 1940s for amplification of radio frequency (RF) power. The TWT amplifies by converting kinetic energy from an electron beam to an RF electromagnetic wave. Because of their high power, broad bandwidth, compact size, and high efficiency, TWTs are used in communications, radar, jamming, decoy applications, spectroscopy, remote sensing and materials processing. Although solid state devices are used almost universally in low power, low frequency electronic applications, particularly in digital electronics, vacuum electron devices retain an important niche where high power, reliability, and efficiency are required in high frequency applications.
Peltier Effect in Semiconductors
Authors: GUREVICH YU. G. , VELAZQUEZ‐PEREZ J. E.
Published: April 2014

In recent years, devices based on the Peltier effect, which is the basis for solid‐state thermoelectric cooling, have evolved rapidly to meet the fast‐growing electronic industry. The Peltier effect corresponds to the heat extraction or absorption occurring at the contact between two different conducting media when a direct current (DC) electric current flows through this contact. A comprehensive study of the mechanisms of heating and cooling originated by an electrical current in semiconductor devices is reported. The thermoelectric cooling inn‐n,p‐p, andp‐njunction contacts, as well as inhomogeneous bulk semiconductors, are analyzed. Both degenerate and nondegenerate electron and hole gases are considered. The role of recombination and nonequilibrium charge carriers in the contact cooling (heating) effect is discussed. Along with the above, special attention is paid to several aspects of nonequilibrium thermodynamics of thermoelectric phenomena involved in Peltier effect in semiconductors that demand a careful examination. The formulation of an adequate self‐consistent theoretical model describing the Peltier effect is also presented.
Analysis of fluid injection‐induced fault reactivation and seismic slip in geothermal reservoirs
Authors: Gan Quan , Elsworth Derek
Published: March 2014

We explore the issue of fault reactivation induced in enhanced geothermal systems by fluid injection. Specifically, we investigate the role of late stage activation by thermal drawdown. A Thermal‐Hydrological‐Mechanical simulator incorporating a ubiquitous joint constitutive model is used to systematically simulate the seismic slip of an embedded critically stressed strike‐slip fault. We examine the effects of both pore pressure perturbation and thermal shrinkage stress on the magnitude of the resulting events and timing. We analyze the sensitivity of event magnitude and timing to changes in the permeability of the fault and fractured host, fracture spacing, injection temperature, and fault stress obliquity. From this we determine that (1) the fault permeability does not affect the timing of the events nor their size, since fluid transmission and cooling rate are controlled by the permeability of the host formation. (2) When the fractured medium permeability is reduced (from 10−13 to 10−16 m2), the timing of the event is proportionately delayed (by a corresponding 3 orders of magnitude). (3) Injection temperature only influences the magnitude but not the timing of the secondary thermal event. The larger the temperature differences between that of the injected fluid and the ambient rock, the larger the magnitude of the secondary slip event. (4) For equivalent permeabilities, changing the fracture spacing (10 m‐50 m‐100 m) primarily influences the rate of heat energy transfer and thermal drawdown within the reservoir. Smaller spacing between fractures results in more rapid thermal recovery but does not significantly influence the timing of the secondary thermal rupture.
An investigation of seismicity clustered near the Cordel Field, west central Alberta, and its relation to a nearby disposal well
Authors: Schultz Ryan , Stern Virginia , Gu Yu Jeffrey
Published: April 2014

Historically, seismicity documented in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin has been relatively quiescent and earthquakes are usually restricted to the foreland belt of the Rocky Mountains. However, exceptional clusters of events, which have remained active for decades, are recognized in Alberta. In this study we investigate the seismicity in this region using data obtained from recently established regional arrays, emphasizing the relationship between a disposal well in the Cordel Field and a nearby cluster of previously reported earthquakes. We explore temporal correlations of wastewater pumping rates and local seismic activity dating back to 1960. We find that the first statistically significant increase in seismicity lags the onset of wastewater injection (October 1991) by ~3.33 years. In particular, the waveform similarity of 32 events are analyzed from continuous data recorded at NOR, a nearby (~30 km) station operated by the University of Alberta starting in September of 2006. Results from this analysis suggest that many events are well correlated in the characteristics of the waveforms and thus are likely to share a similar origin and source mechanism. The most prolific of these multiplets repeats more than 10 times sporadically throughout the entire duration of recorded data from October 2006 to March 2012. Despite the limited availability of nearby stations, which adversely affects the resolution of our analysis, hypocenter depths could be relatively accurately determined from waveform synthesis and double difference methods. The results of our analysis provide first‐order evidence that the seismicity is consistent with fluid injection‐induced events.
Macrophysical and microphysical properties of monsoon clouds over a rain shadow region in India from ground‐based radiometric measurements
Authors: Harikishan G. , Padmakumari B. , Maheskumar R. S. , Pandithurai G. , Min Q. L.
Published: March 2014

The important radiative properties of clouds such as cloud optical depth (COD) and droplet effective radii (Re) are retrieved from the simultaneous measurements by ground‐based multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) and microwave radiometric profiler (MWRP), colocated at Mahabubnagar, a rain shadow region in southern Indian peninsula. Min and Harisson's (1996) retrieval algorithm is used for the first time to derive monsoon cloud properties in India. COD and liquid water path (LWP) retrieved from two independent instruments of MFRSR and MWRP showed reasonably good correlation. During monsoon (July to September) and postmonsoon (October) months, the maximum probability of occurrence of COD for overcast sky is 20. The maximum probability of occurrence of LWP is 100 gm−2 for water clouds during monsoon months, while October showed maximum occurrence at a lower value of 50 gm−2, where most of the times the cloud bases are above freezing level indicating mixed phase clouds. Maximum Re varied from 14–16 µm (10–12%) to 12 µm (9%) during monsoon to postmonsoon transition with very less probability of occurrence indicating the characteristic feature of this region. A case study showed that the mean Re from ground‐based and aircraft measurements are 12.0 ± 3.7 µm and 8.14 ± 1.4 µm, respectively, indicating a fairly good agreement within the experimental constraints. Intercomparison of ground‐based and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)‐Terra and MODIS‐Aqua‐derived COD, LWP and Re over the observational site for overcast and warm clouds indicates that on an average, MODIS‐retrieved mean COD and LWP are underestimated, while mean Re is overestimated as compared to ground retrievals.
Precipitation and air pollution at mountain and plain stations in northern China: Insights gained from observations and modeling
Authors: Guo Jianping , Deng Minjun , Fan Jiwen , Li Zhanqing , Chen Qian , Zhai Panmao , Dai Zhijian , Li Xiaowen
Published: March 2014

We analyzed 40 year data sets of daily average visibility (a proxy for surface aerosol concentration) and hourly precipitation at seven weather stations, including three stations located on the Taihang Mountains, during the summertime in northern China. There was no significant trend in summertime total precipitation at almost all stations. However, light rain decreased, whereas heavy rain increased as visibility decreased over the period studied. The decrease in light rain was seen in both orographic‐forced shallow clouds and mesoscale stratiform clouds. The consistent trends in observed changes in visibility, precipitation, and orographic factor appear to be a testimony to the effects of aerosols. The potential impact of large‐scale environmental factors, such as precipitable water, convective available potential energy, and vertical wind shear, on precipitation was investigated. No direct links were found. To validate our observational hypothesis about aerosol effects, Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations with spectral‐bin microphysics at the cloud‐resolving scale were conducted. Model results confirmed the role of aerosol indirect effects in reducing the light rain amount and frequency in the mountainous area for both orographic‐forced shallow clouds and mesoscale stratiform clouds and in eliciting a different response in the neighboring plains. The opposite response of light rain to the increase in pollution when there is no terrain included in the model suggests that orography is likely a significant factor contributing to the opposite trends in light rain seen in mountainous and plain areas.
Latest Quaternary paleoseismology and evidence of distributed dextral shear along the Mohawk Valley fault zone, northern Walker Lane, California
Authors: Gold Ryan D. , Briggs Richard W. , Personius Stephen F. , Crone Anthony J. , Mahan Shannon A. , Angster Stephen J.
Published: April 2014

The dextral‐slip Mohawk Valley fault zone (MVFZ) strikes northwestward along the eastern margin of the Sierra Nevada in the northern Walker Lane. Geodetic block modeling indicates that the MVFZ may accommodate ~3 mm/yr of regional dextral strain, implying that it is the highest slip‐rate strike‐slip fault in the region; however, only limited geologic data are available to constrain the system's slip rate and earthquake history. We mapped the MVFZ using airborne lidar data and field observations and identified a site near Sulphur Creek for paleoseismic investigation. At this site, oblique dextral‐normal faulting on the steep valley margin has created a closed depression that floods annually during spring snowmelt to form an ephemeral pond. We excavated three fault‐perpendicular trenches at the site and exposed pond sediment that interfingers with multiple colluvial packages eroded from the scarp that bounds the eastern side of the pond. We documented evidence for four surface‐rupturing earthquakes on this strand of the MVFZ. OxCal modeling of radiocarbon and luminescence ages indicates that these earthquakes occurred at 14.0 ka, 12.8 ka, 5.7 ka, and 1.9 ka. The mean ~4 kyr recurrence interval is inconsistent with slip rates of ~3 mm/yr; these rates imply surface ruptures of more than 10 m per event, which is geologically implausible for the subdued geomorphic expression and 60 km length of the MVFZ. We propose that unidentified structures not yet incorporated into geodetic models may accommodate significant dextral shear across the northern Walker Lane, highlighting the role of distributed deformation in this region.
Partner Characteristics and Social Contagion: Does Group Composition Matter?
Authors: Andrews Jessica J. , Rapp David N.
Published: April 2014

People's incorrect recalls can contaminate their collaborators' performance on subsequent tasks, referred to as the social contagion of memory. Research investigating how expectations about group members' abilities and affiliations relate to such contagion has given little attention to the mechanisms underlying any differential reliance on collaborators' contributions. In two experiments, we investigated whether expectations about a collaborative partner influence social contagion and whether source monitoring was related to any differential reliance. Contagion was reduced, for both accurate and inaccurate information, when participants worked with a partner perceived to be of low as compared with high credibility. Participants also showed reduced contagion after working with an out‐group as compared with an in‐group partner. These findings indicate that partner characteristics influence whether the information generated during a collaborative task is encoded and/or relied upon later. Expectations about potentially problematic sources can motivate resistance to misinformation through careful monitoring of partner contributions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mortality among a cohort of U.S. commercial airline cockpit crew
Authors: Yong Lee C. , Pinkerton Lynne E. , Yiin James H. , Anderson Jeri L. , Deddens James A.
Published: April 2014

Background

We evaluated mortality among 5,964 former U.S. commercial cockpit crew (pilots and flight engineers). The outcomes of a priori interest were non‐chronic lymphocytic leukemia, central nervous system (CNS) cancer (including brain), and malignant melanoma.

Methods

Vital status was ascertained through 2008. Life table and Cox regression analyses were conducted. Cumulative exposure to cosmic radiation was estimated from work history data.

Results

Compared to the U.S. general population, mortality from all causes, all cancer, and cardiovascular diseases was decreased, but mortality from aircraft accidents was highly elevated. Mortality was elevated for malignant melanoma but not for non‐chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CNS cancer mortality increased with an increase in cumulative radiation dose.

Conclusions

Cockpit crew had a low all‐cause, all‐cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality but elevated aircraft accident mortality. Further studies are needed to clarify the risk of CNS and other radiation‐associated cancers in relation to cosmic radiation and other workplace exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:906–914, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do hearing protectors protect hearing?
Authors: Groenewold Matthew R. , Masterson Elizabeth A. , Themann Christa L. , Davis Rickie R.
Published: April 2014

Background

We examined the association between self‐reported hearing protection use at work and incidence of hearing shifts over a 5‐year period.

Methods

Audiometric data from 19,911 workers were analyzed. Two hearing shift measures—OSHA standard threshold shift (OSTS) and high‐frequency threshold shift (HFTS)—were used to identify incident shifts in hearing between workers' 2005 and 2009 audiograms. Adjusted odds ratios were generated using multivariable logistic regression with multi‐level modeling.

Results

The odds ratio for hearing shift for workers who reported never versus always wearing hearing protection was nonsignificant for OSTS (OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.92–1.64) and marginally significant for HFTS (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.00–1.59). A significant linear trend towards increased risk of HFTS with decreased use of hearing protection was observed (P = 0.02).

Conclusion

The study raises concern about the effectiveness of hearing protection as a substitute for noise control to prevent noise‐induced hearing loss in the workplace. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1001–1010, 2014. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Second International Conference on a classification of ectodermal dysplasias: Development of a multiaxis model
Authors: Salinas Carlos F. , Irvine Alan D. , Itin Peter H. , Di Giovanna John J. , Schneider Holm , Clarke Angus J. , McGovern Laura Sternesky , Fete Mary
Published: April 2014

Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) comprise a large clinically and etiologically heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by abnormalities in tissues derived from the embryonic ectoderm. Controversy exists over which syndromes should be classified as EDs and which should be excluded from the classification. The challenge will be to balance comprehensiveness within the classification with usability and accessibility so that the benefits truly serve the needs of researchers, health‐care providers, and ultimately the individuals and families directly affected by EDs. The overarching goal of the Second International Conference was to develop a consensus on EDs classifications, with the ultimate goal of creating a system that integrates clinical and molecular knowledge, using an interactive Internet‐based database that clinicians, researchers, and laymen can use. The Conference, brought together a group of experts from around the world, including a diverse health‐care providers, researchers, patient advocate representatives, and administrators. The Conference was modeled after the 2008 conference, with plenary sessions, scientific updates, and small group discussions. Based on the present clinical knowledge, new molecular advances and both coupled with new bioinformatics developments, the participants agree to develop a multi‐axis system approach for the classification of EDs. The multi‐axis approach will include a clinical/phenotype axis, a gene‐based axis, and a functional/pathways axis. The significance of the conference outcomes includes, a new classification approach that will foster a better understanding of EDs, open new fields of research and develop a nosologic approach that may have broad implications for classifying other hereditary conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compound heterozygous microdeletion of chromosome 15q13.3 region in a child with hypotonia, impaired vision, and global developmental delay
Authors: Prasun Pankaj , Hankerd Michael , Kristofice Melissa , Scussel Lindsey , Sivaswamy Lalitha , Ebrahim Salah
Published: April 2014

Homozygous or compound heterozygous microdeletion of 15q13.3 region is a rare but clinically recognizable syndrome manifested by profound intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, intractable seizures, and visual impairment. We identified a compound heterozygous 15q13.3 microdeletion in a 23‐month‐old girl with global developmental delay, generalized muscular hypotonia, and visual dysfunction. The larger deletion was approximately 1.28 Mb in size and contained seven genes including the TRPM1 and CHRNA7, while the smaller deletion was estimated to be 410 Kb in size and contained only CHRNA7. Compound heterozygous 15q13.3 microdeletion is extremely rare and to the best of our knowledge only two such patients have been reported in literature thus far. The findings in our patient suggest that the pathogenesis of visual dysfunction, which is a consistent finding in homozygous/compound heterozygous 15q13.3 microdeletion depends upon the size of microdeletion. Homozygous loss of TRPM1 likely causes retinal dysfunction while homozygous loss of CHRNA7 alone may lead to visual impairment by cortical mechanisms. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The genetic population structure of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) living in continuous rain forest
Authors: Fünfstück Tillmann , Arandjelovic Mimi , Morgan David B. , Sanz Crickette , Breuer Thomas , Stokes Emma J. , Reed Patricia , Olson Sarah H. , Cameron Ken , Ondzie Alain , Peeters Martine , Kühl Hjalmar S. , Cipolletta Chloe , Todd Angelique , Masi Shelly , Doran‐Sheehy Diane M. , Bradley Brenda J. , Vigilant Linda
Published: April 2014

To understand the evolutionary histories and conservation potential of wild animal species it is useful to assess whether taxa are genetically structured into different populations and identify the underlying factors responsible for any clustering. Landscape features such as rivers may influence genetic population structure, and analysis of structure by sex can further reveal effects of sex‐specific dispersal. Using microsatellite genotypes obtained from noninvasively collected fecal samples we investigated the population structure of 261 western lowland gorillas (WLGs) (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from seven locations spanning an approximately 37,000 km2 region of mainly continuous rain forest within Central African Republic (CAR), Republic of Congo and Cameroon. We found our sample to consist of two or three significantly differentiated clusters. The boundaries of the clusters coincided with courses of major rivers. Moreover, geographic distance detoured around rivers better‐explained variation in genetic distance than straight line distance. Together these results suggest that major rivers in our study area play an important role in directing WLG gene flow. The number of clusters did not change when males and females were analyzed separately, indicating a lack of greater philopatry in WLG females than males at this scale. Am. J. Primatol. 76:868–878, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantioselektive Addition von Siliciumnukleophilen an Aldimine mit einem präformierten NHC‐Kupfer(I)‐Komplex als Katalysator
Authors: Hensel Alexander , Nagura Kazuhiko , Delvos Lukas B. , Oestreich Martin
Published: April 2014

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit einer noch verbliebenen, bedeutenden Herausforderung der asymmetrischen Addition von Siliciumnukleophilen an typische prochirale Akzeptoren, der enantioselektiven 1,2‐Addition an Aldimine. Die Aktivierung der Si‐B‐Bindung des Siliciumpronukleophils durch ein Kupfer(I)‐Alkoholat mit McQuades chiralem sechsgliedrigen N‐heterocyclischen Carben als Ligand setzt das Siliciumnukleophil frei, das mit hohen Enantioselektivitäten an verschiedenartige Aldimine addiert. Die neue Methode bietet einen katalytischen asymmetrischen Zugang zu α‐silylierten Aminen.
Short glass fiber reinforced radiation crosslinked shape memory SBS/LLDPE blends
Authors: Yongkun Wang , Guangming Zhu , Yusheng Tang , Tingting Liu , Jianqiang Xie , Fang Ren
Published: April 2014

The poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) triblock copolymer (SBS) and linear low density polyethylene(LLDPE) were blended and irradiated by γ‐rays to prepare shape memory polymer(SMP). Various amounts of short glass fiber (SGF) were filled into SMP to form a novel shape memory SGF/SBS/LLDPE composite. The effect of SGF on the shape memory SGF/SBS/LLDPE composite was studied in terms of mechanical, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and shape memory effects. It is found that the SGF act as reinforcing fillers and significantly augment the glassy and rubbery stated moduli, tensile strength and shape memory properties. When SGF content is <2.0 wt %, full recovery can be observed after only several minutes at different temperatures and shape recovery speed reduces as the SGF content increases. The shape recovery time decreases as the temperature of the shape memory test increases and the shape recovery rate decreases with increment of cycle times. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40691.
Preparation of a new superhydrophobic nanofiber film by electrospinning polystyrene mixed with ester modified silicone oil
Authors: Song Yan , Wang Lige , Wang Xiuling , Bian Kun , Yang Qingbiao , Li Yaoxian
Published: April 2014

A new superhydrophobic nanofiber membrane with certain mechanical strength was prepared by electrospinning the polystyrene (PS) with ester modified silicone oil (EMSO). To increase the roughness and tensile strength, the EMSO with low energy as hydrophobic macromolecular substance was added into PS precursor solution. Then during the process of electrospinning, some of the ester modified silicone oil was distribution on the surface of substrate (PS) fiber films to generate double structure which leaded to the superhydrophobicity. We probed into the relationship between the surface wettability, morphologies, mechanical property, and the mass ratios of ester modified silicone oil /PS, and with the increasing of EMSO, the water CA value increased from 135 ± 0.5° to 152 ± 0.2°and the tensile strength grown from 0.23 MPa to 0.92 MPa. The film shows a network structure consisting of numerous randomly oriented fibers, the diameters of which changed from 0.5 μm to 2.0 μm belong to relatively big diameter fibers, which has great significance to the research of superhydrophobic membrane with big diameter fibers and also this method is easy, convenient and environment friendly. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40718.
Dust aerosol drives upward trend of surface solar radiation during 1980–2009 in the Taklimakan Desert
Authors: Fei Ye , Xia Xiangao , Che Huizheng
Published: April 2014

Long‐term trend of surface solar radiation (SSR) in the Taklimakan Desert (TD) during 1980–2009 and its relationship to total cloud cover (TCC), low cloud cover (LCC), water vapor content (WVC) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) were investigated. Annual mean SSR has increased by 1.21 W m−2 decade−1. Upward SSR trends were observed in seasons except winter. TCC, LCC and WVC have increased, however, AOD and occurrences of severe dust storms have decreased, which indicates that dust aerosol rather than cloud cover and water vapor drive long‐term upward trend of SSR in the TD.
The Violent True Believer as a “Lone Wolf” – Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Terrorism
Authors: Reid Meloy J. , Yakeley Jessica
Published: April 2014

The existing research on lone wolf terrorists and case experience are reviewed and interpreted through the lens of psychoanalytic theory. A number of characteristics of the lone wolf are enumerated: a personal grievance and moral outrage; the framing of an ideology; failure to affiliate with an extremist group; dependence on a virtual community found on the Internet; the thwarting of occupational goals; radicalization fueled by changes in thinking and emotion – including cognitive rigidity, clandestine excitement, contempt, and disgust – regardless of the particular ideology; the failure of sexual pair bonding and the sexualization of violence; the nexus of psychopathology and ideology; greater creativity and innovation than terrorist groups; and predatory violence sanctioned by moral (superego) authority. A concluding psychoanalytic formulation is offered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child Protection in Islamic Contexts: Identifying Cultural and Religious Appropriate Mechanisms and Processes Using a Roundtable Methodology
Authors: Hutchinson Aisha Jane , O'Leary Patrick , Squire Jason , Hope Kristen
Published: April 2014

This paper reports on a piece of research which brought together eight Islamic scholars, four child protection academics and two international development agencies to identify mechanisms and processes which safeguard children from harm that are congruent with Islamic scholarship and practices. Roundtable methodology was used to share knowledge, build networks and increase engagement with child protection by bringing together different stakeholders to share experiences and encourage collaboration in a relatively cost‐effective manner. Four key themes were identified following initial qualitative data analysis of the roundtable discussion: (1) The convergence and divergence in Islamic thought on issues of child protection; (2) knowledge sharing and partnership working; (3) individual and collective wellbeing; and (4) mechanisms and tools for intervention. Findings from the roundtable indicate that a reliance on solely Western‐based models does not allow for the trust and credibility that enable intervention at a deeper level in Islamic communities. Critically, the roundtable highlighted a significant gap in how Islamic knowledge and principles are practically applied to child protection policy and practice in international development contexts. Next steps are identified for building a knowledge base that can be practised in Islamic communities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Bringing together different stakeholders to share experiences and encourage collaboration in a relatively cost‐effective manner’

Key Practitioner Messages

Religious communities are invaluable partners for protecting children and enhancing wellbeing.

Despite clear guidance from the Quran and the Sunna about the principles of child protection in Muslim communities, local customs and socio‐political contexts can challenge their application.

Mutual learning and shared knowledge between child protection actors and religious actors is key.

Community harmony needs to be considered alongside individual experiences within families.

Mistrust of ‘outsiders’ is a significant barrier to engaging with organic child protection mechanisms in Islamic contexts.
Modeling of Screening Processes with the Discrete Element Method Involving Non‐Spherical Particles
Authors: Kruggel‐Emden Harald , Elskamp Frederik
Published: April 2014

Phenomena related to sieving of non‐spherical particles are investigated numerically in two batch apparatuses and on a horizontally aligned continuous sieve by particle‐based simulation approaches in the framework of the discrete element method. The feed material is approximated by complex‐shaped particles composed of clustered spheres. Comparisons are made with regard to the passage through the screen as well as the segregation and transportation on the screen. Results for passage are compared to data from literature, where simulations with spherical particles were performed of a laboratory‐scale sieve operated with non‐spherical quarry rock particles. Additionally, variations in screen inclination are investigated. Experimental results are matched by the simulations. A distinctive influence of particle shape on flow rates and residence times is identified.
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Knoevenagel Condensation in Planetary Ball Mills
Authors: Burmeister Christine F. , Stolle Achim , Schmidt Robert , Jacob Katharina , Breitung‐Faes Sandra , Kwade Arno
Published: April 2014

The influence of several process parameters like milling time, ball‐to‐beaker volume ratio, diameter of milling balls, and rotation frequency on the Knoevenagel condensation of vanillin and barbituric acid in planetary ball mills was investigated. These parameters determine the amount of energy provided for the reaction. Additionally, numerical simulations were carried out to describe the stress conditions in detail and to compute the drive power and energy transfer which cannot be measured directly. The mill and experimental parameters were modeled by the discrete element method with adequate coefficients of friction and restitution required to describe the powder behavior in the system. The coefficients were determined by correlation of experiments and simulations.
Hydroxo‐Bridged Dimers of Oxo‐Centered Ruthenium(III) Triangle: Synthesis and Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigations
Authors: Upadhyay Apoorva , Rajpurohit Jitendrasingh , Kumar Singh Mukesh , Dubey Richa , Kumar Srivastava Anant , Kumar Ashutosh , Rajaraman Gopalan , Shanmugam Maheswaran
Published: April 2014

The homometallic hexameric ruthenium cluster of the formula [RuIII6(μ3‐O)2(μ‐OH)2((CH3)3CCO2)12(py)2] (1) (py=pyridine) is solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Magnetic susceptibility measurements performed on 1 suggest that the antiferromagnetic interaction between the RuIII centers is dominant, and this is supported by theoretical studies. Theoretical calculations based on density functional methods yield eight different exchange interaction values for 1: J1=−737.6, J2=+63.4, J3=−187.6, J4=+124.4, J5=−376.4, J6=−601.2, J7=−657.0, and J8=−800.6 cm−1. Among all the computed J values, six are found to be antiferromagnetic. Four exchange values (J1, J6, J7 and J8) are computed to be extremely strong, with J8, mediated through one μ‐hydroxo and a carboxylate bridge, being by far the largest exchange obtained for any transition‐metal cluster. The origin of these strong interactions is the orientation of the magnetic orbitals in the RuIII centers, and the computed J values are rationalized by using molecular orbital and natural bond order analysis. Detailed NMR studies (1H, 13C, HSQC, NOESY, and TOCSY) of 1 (in CDCl3) confirm the existence of the solid‐state structure in solution. The observation of sharp NMR peaks and spin‐lattice time relaxation (T1 relaxation) experiments support the existence of strong intramolecular antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between the metal centers. A broad absorption peak around 600–1000 nm in the visible to near‐IR region is a characteristic signature of an intracluster charge‐transfer transition. Cyclic voltammetry experiments show that there are three reversible one‐electron redox couples at −0.865, +0.186, and +1.159 V with respect to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode, which corresponds to two metal‐based one‐electron oxidations and one reduction process.
Exploring the Potential Energy Surface of E2P4 Clusters (E=Group 13 Element): The Quest for Inverse Carbon‐Free Sandwiches
Authors: Castro Abril C. , Osorio Edison , Cabellos José Luis , Cerpa Erick , Matito Eduard , Solà Miquel , Swart Marcel , Merino Gabriel
Published: April 2014

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Gabriel Merino and Marcel Swart at Cinvestav, Unidad Mérida (Mexico) and the Universitat de Girona (Spain). The image depicts the HOMO of the Al2P4 cluster. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201304685.
Yoctowell Cavities on Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles for pH Stimuli‐Responsive Controlled Release of Drug Molecules
Authors: Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: April 2014

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Sheshanath V. Bhosale at RMIT University (Australia). The image depicts the use of yoctowells in drug delivery systems. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201400279.
Versuche zu Lithium‐Ionen‐Akkus
Authors: Hasselmann Martin , Oetken Marco
Published: April 2014

In diesem Beitrag werden völlig neuartige Experimente zum Themenfeld Lithium‐Ionen‐Akkumulatoren in Theorie und Praxis vorgestellt. Über eine einfache Lithium‐Ionen‐Batterie mit Graphitminen im Mikro‐Maßstab bis zu einem leistungsfähigen “Lithium‐Ionen‐Power‐Pack” werden verschiedene Typen von Akkumulatoren präsentiert. Erste elektrochemische Kenndaten dieser Akkus lassen sich mit einfachen Mitteln bestimmen. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, wie sich die elektrochemisch erzwungene Intercalation von Ionen mit einfachen Experimenten eindrucksvoll nachweisen lässt.
Improved Rate Control Reduces Cardiac Troponin T Levels in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Ulimoen Sara R. , Enger Steve , Norseth Jon , Pripp Are H. , Abdelnoor Michael , Arnesen Harald , Gjesdal Knut , Tveit Arnljot
Published: April 2014

Background

Detectable levels of troponins are often found in serum of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and recent reports suggest that Tn concentrations are independently related to patient prognosis.

Hypothesis

We hypothesized that treatment with common rate‐reducing drugs might lower the levels of cardiac troponin T (TnT) in patients with permanent AF. We also wanted to investigate whether the different drugs would impact the Tn levels differently.

Methods

Sixty patients were included (mean age 71 ± 9 years, 18 women) in this randomized crossover study. All patients had stable, permanent AF without ischemic heart disease or congestive heart failure. Diltiazem 360 mg, verapamil 240 mg, metoprolol 100 mg, and carvedilol 25 mg were administered once daily for 3 weeks, in a randomized sequence. At baseline and on the last day of each treatment period, TnT concentrations were measured at rest and after a maximal exercise test.

Results

TnT was detectable in all patients. In 22% of the patients, TnT concentrations were above the threshold normally used for diagnosing myocardial infarction. All drugs reduced the levels of TnT significantly compared with baseline (P < 0.001 for all), but there were no significant differences between the treatments. Levels of TnT increased significantly in response to exercise testing (P < 0.001 for all).

Conclusions

Elevated TnT was demonstrated in a large proportion of stable patients with permanent AF without ischemic heart disease. A moderate reduction of heart rate by the study drugs was associated with a significant reduction in levels of TnT.
Phosphinic Acid Functionalized Polyazacycloalkane Chelators for Radiodiagnostics and Radiotherapeutics: Unique Characteristics and Applications
Authors: Notni Johannes , Šimeček Jakub , Wester Hans‐Jürgen
Published: April 2014

Given the wide application of positron emission tomography (PET), positron‐emitting metal radionuclides have received much attention recently. Of these, gallium‐68 has become particularly popular, as it is the only PET nuclide commercially available from radionuclide generators, therefore allowing local production of PET radiotracers independent of an on‐site cyclotron. Hence, interest in optimized bifunctional chelators for the elaboration of 68Ga‐labeled bioconjugates has been rekindled as well, resulting in the development of improved triazacyclononane‐triphosphinate (TRAP) ligand structures. The most remarkable features of these ligands are unparalleled selectivity for GaIII, rapid GaIII complexation kinetics, extraordinarily high thermodynamic stability, and kinetic inertness of the respective GaIII chelates. As a result, TRAP chelators exhibit very favorable 68Ga‐labeling properties. Based on the scaffolds NOPO (1,4,7‐triazacyclononane‐1,4‐bis[methylene(hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acid]‐7‐[methylene(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphinic acid]) and TRAP‐Pr, tailored for convenient preparation of 68Ga‐labeled monomeric and multimeric bioconjugates, a variety of novel 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals have been synthesized. These include bisphosphonates, somatostatin receptor ligands, prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA)‐targeting peptides, and cyclic RGD pentapeptides, for in vivo PET imaging of bone, neuroendocrine tumors, prostate cancer, and integrin expression, respectively. Furthermore, TRAP‐based 68Ga‐labeled gadolinium(III) complexes have been proposed as bimodal probes for PET/MRI, and a cyclen‐based analogue of TRAP‐Pr has been suggested for the elaboration of targeted radiotherapeutics comprising radiolanthanide ions. Thus, polyazacycloalkane‐based polyphosphinic acid chelators are a powerful toolbox for pharmaceutical research, particularly for the development of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals.
Liposome‐encapsulated superoxide dismutase mimetic: theranostic potential of an MR detectable and neuroprotective agent
Authors: Shazeeb Mohammed Salman , Feula Giancarlo , Bogdanov Alexei
Published: April 2014

Endogenous manganese based superoxide dismutase (Mn–SOD) provides the primary defense against excess production of potentially toxic superoxide anion (O2–). M40401 is a synthetic enzyme mimetic that has a catalytic activity rate exceeding that of the native SOD enzymes. The presence of a paramagnetic Mn(II) cation in M40401 suggests that the delivery and spatial distribution of this enzyme mimetic in vivo may be directly detectible using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, the cardiotoxicity of Mn(II) severely limits the use of free M40401 in living systems. To deliver M40401 in vivo in amounts sufficient for MRI detection and to limit potential cardiotoxicity, we encapsulated M40401 into 170 nm liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine and PEGylated phosphatidylethanolamine to achieve extended circulation in the bloodstream. The obtained liposomes efficiently catalyzed superoxide dismutation in vitro. Using 3 T MRI we investigated the biokinetics of liposome‐encapsulated M40401 in mice and found that, in addition to catalyzing superoxide dismutation in vitro, M40401 caused differential and region‐specific enhancement of mouse brain after systemic administration. Thus, liposome encapsulated M40401 is an ideal candidate for development as a theranostic compound useful for simultaneous MRI‐mediated tracking of delivery as well as for neuroprotective treatment of ischemic brain. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural proliferation in the dorsal root ganglia of the adult rat following capsaicin‐induced neuronal death
Authors: Gallaher Zachary R. , Johnston Stephen T. , Czaja Krzysztof
Published: April 2014

Glial proliferation is a major component of the nervous system's response to injury. In addition to glial proliferation, injury may induce neuronal proliferation in areas of the adult nervous system not considered neurogenic. We have previously reported increased neural proliferation within adult nodose ganglia following capsaicin‐induced neuronal death. However, proliferation within the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) remains to be characterized. We hypothesized that capsaicin‐induced neuronal death would increase proliferation of satellite glial cells (SGCs) within the DRG. To test this hypothesis, 6‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats received a neurotoxic dose of capsaicin, and proliferation was quantified and characterized at multiple time points thereafter. Proliferation of satellite glial cells expressing the progenitor cell marker nestin was increased at 1 and 3 days following capsaicin administration as shown by BrdU incorporation. In addition to SGCs was a large population of proliferating resident macrophages, as shown by retrovirally mediated expression of GFP. SGC proliferation at these early time points was followed by recovery of neuronal numbers after a loss of 40% of the neuronal population in the DRG. This recovery in neuronal number correlated with recovery of function as shown by paw withdrawal from a noxious heat source. Further understanding of the role that glial proliferation plays in the recovery of neuronal numbers and function may lead to the development of therapeutic treatments for neurodegenerative conditions. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3295–3307, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Excavated Fe‐N‐C Sites for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Jeong Beomgyun , Shin Dongyoon , Jeon Hongrae , Ocon Joey D. , Mun Bongjin Simon , Baik Jaeyoon , Shin Hyun‐Joon , Lee Jaeyoung
Published: April 2014

Platinum (Pt) is the best electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in hydrogen fuel cells, but it is an extremely expensive resource. The successful development of a cost‐effective non‐Pt ORR electrocatalyst will be a breakthrough for the commercialization of hydrogen‐air fuel cells. Ball milling has been used to incorporate metal and nitrogen precursors into micropores of carbon more effectively and in the direct nitrogen‐doping of carbon under highly pressurized nitrogen gas in the process of the preparation of non‐noble ORR catalysts. In this study, we first utilize ball milling to excavate the ORR active sites embedded in Fe‐modified N‐doped carbon nanofibers (Fe‐N‐CNFs) by pulverization. The facile ball‐milling process resulted in a significant enhancement in the ORR activity and the selectivity of the Fe‐N‐CNFs owing to the higher exposure of the metal‐based catalytically active sites. The degree of excavation of the Fe‐based active sites in the Fe‐N‐CNFs for the ORR was investigated with cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and pore‐size distribution analysis. We believe that this simple approach is useful to improve alternative ORR electrocatalysts up to the level necessary for practical applications.
Fitness dynamics within a poplar hybrid zone: I.Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers impacting a native poplar hybrid stand
Authors: Roe Amanda D. , MacQuarrie Chris J. K. , Gros‐Louis Marie‐Claude , Simpson J. Dale , Lamarche Josyanne , Beardmore Tannis , Thompson Stacey L. , Tanguay Philippe , Isabel Nathalie
Published: April 2014

Hybridization and introgression are pervasive evolutionary phenomena that provide insight into the selective forces that maintain species boundaries, permit gene flow, and control the direction of evolutionary change. Poplar trees (PopulusL.) are well known for their ability to form viable hybrids and maintain their distinct species boundaries despite this interspecific gene flow. We sought to quantify the hybridization dynamics and postzygotic fitness within a hybrid stand of balsam poplar (Populus balsamiferaL.), eastern cottonwood (P. deltoidesMarsh.), and their natural hybrids to gain insight into the barriers maintaining this stable hybrid zone. We observed asymmetrical hybrid formation withP. deltoidesacting as the seed parent, but with subsequent introgression biased towardP. balsamifera. Native hybrids expressed fitness traits intermediate to the parental species and were not universally unfit. That said, native hybrid seedlings were absent from the seedling population, which may indicate additional selective pressures controlling their recruitment. It is imperative that we understand the selective forces maintaining this native hybrid zone in order to quantify the impact of exotic poplar hybrids on this native system.