bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of in-cloud aqueous processes on the chemical compositions and morphology of individual atmospheric aerosols
Authors: Fu Yuzhen , Lin Qinhao , Zhang Guohua , Yang Yuxiang , Yang Yiping , Lian Xiufeng , Peng Long , Jiang Feng , Bi Xinhui , Li Lei , Wang Yuanyuan , Chen Duohong , Ou Jie , Wang Xinming , Peng Ping'an , Zhu Jianxi , Sheng Guoying
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The composition, morphology, and mixing structure of
individual cloud residues (RES) and interstitial particles (INT) at a
mountaintop site were investigated. Eight types of particles were
identified, including sulfate-rich (S-rich), S-organic matter (OM), aged
soot, aged mineral dust, aged fly ash, aged metal, refractory, and aged
refractory mixture. A shift of dominant particle types from S-rich (29 %)
and aged soot (27 %) in the INT to aged refractory
mixture (23 %) and S-OM (22 %) in the RES is observed. In particular, particles with
organic shells are enriched in the RES (27 %) relative to the INT
(12 %). Our results highlight that the formation of more oxidized organic
matter in the cloud contributes to the existence of organic shells after
cloud processing. The fractal dimension (Df), a morphologic parameter to
represent the branching degree of particles, for soot particles in the RES
(1.82 ± 0.12) is lower than that in the INT (2.11 ± 0.09), which
indicates that in-cloud processes may result in less compact soot. This
research emphasizes the role of in-cloud processes in the chemistry and
microphysical properties of individual particles. Given that organic
coatings may determine the particle hygroscopicity, activation ability, and
heterogeneous chemical reactivity, the increase of OM-shelled particles upon
in-cloud processes should have considerable implications.
A thermal-dissociation–cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-CRDS) for the detection of organic nitrates in gas and particle phases
Authors: Keehan Natalie I. , Brownwood Bellamy , Marsavin Andrey , Day Douglas A. , Fry Juliane L.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. A thermal-dissociation–cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-CRDS)
was developed to measure NO2, peroxy nitrates (PNs), alkyl nitrates
(ANs), and HNO3 in the gas and particle phase, built using a commercial Los Gatos Research NO2 analyzer. The detection limit of the TD-CRDS is 0.66 ppb for ANs, PNs, and HNO3 and 0.48 ppb for NO2. For all four classes of NOy, the time resolution for separate gas and particle measurements is 8 min, and for total gas + particle measurements it is 3 min. The accuracy of the TD-CRDS was tested by comparison of NO2 measurements with a chemiluminescent NOx monitor and aerosol-phase ANs with
an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). N2O5 causes significant
interference in the PN and AN channel under high oxidant concentration
chamber conditions, and ozone pyrolysis causes a negative interference in
the HNO3 channel. Both interferences can be quantified and corrected for but must be considered when using TD techniques for measurements of organic nitrates. This instrument has been successfully deployed for chamber measurements at widely varying concentrations, as well as ambient measurements of NOy.
Surfaces of silver birch (Betula pendula) are sources of biological ice nuclei: in vivo and in situ investigations
Authors: Seifried Teresa M. , Bieber Paul , Felgitsch Laura , Vlasich Julian , Reyzek Florian , Schmale III David G. , Grothe Hinrich
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Silver birch (Betula pendula) is known to contain ice-nucleating
macromolecules (INMs) to survive in harsh environments. However, little is
known about the release and transport of INMs from birch trees into the
atmosphere. In this study, we conducted in situ and in vivo investigations on INMs from
nine birches growing in an alpine valley (Ötztal, Austria). A detailed
analysis of drill cores showed that INM concentration increases towards
outer layers, reaching its maximum near the surface. Aqueous extracts from
the surfaces of leaves, bark, primary wood and secondary wood contained INMs
(34∕36) with concentrations ranging from 9.9×105 to
1.8×109 INMs cm−2. In a field study, we analysed the
effect of precipitation on the release of these INMs attached to the surface
of the trees. These experiments showed that INMs are splashed and
aerosolized into the environment during rainfall events, at concentrations
and freezing temperatures similar to in vivo samples. Our work sheds new light on
the release and transport of INMs from birch surfaces into the troposphere.
Birches growing in boreal and alpine forests should be considered an
important terrestrial source of INMs.
Recent above-ground biomass changes in central Chukotka (Russian Far East) using field sampling and Landsat satellite data
Authors: Shevtsova Iuliia , Herzschuh Ulrike , Heim Birgit , Schulte Luise , Stünzi Simone , Pestryakova Luidmila A. , Zakharov Evgeniy S. , Kruse Stefan
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Upscaling plant biomass distribution and dynamics is essential for estimating carbon stocks and carbon balance. In this respect, the Russian Far East is among the least investigated subarctic regions despite its known vegetation sensitivity to ongoing warming. We representatively harvested above-ground biomass (AGB, separated by dominant taxa) at 40 sampling plots in central Chukotka. We used ordination to relate field-based taxa projective cover and Landsat-derived vegetation indices. A general additive model was used to link the ordination scores to AGB. We then mapped AGB for paired Landsat-derived time-slices (i.e. 2000/2001/2002 and 2016/2017), in four study regions covering a wide vegetation gradient from closed-canopy larch forests to barren alpine tundra. We provide AGB estimates and changes in AGB that were previously lacking for central Chukotka at a high spatial resolution and a detailed description of taxonomical contributions. Generally, AGB in the study region ranges from 0 to 16 kg m−2, with Cajander larch providing the highest contribution. Comparison of changes in AGB within the investigated period shows that the greatest changes (up to 1.25 kg m−2 yr−1) occurred in the northern taiga and in areas where land cover changed to larch closed-canopy forest. As well as the notable changes, increases in AGB also occur within the land cover classes. Our estimations indicate a general increase in total AGB throughout the investigated tundra-taiga and northern taiga, whereas the tundra showed no evidence of change in AGB.
Impact of dust in PMIP-CMIP6 mid-Holocene simulations with the
IPSL model
Authors: Braconnot Pascale , Albani Samuel , Balkanski Yves , Cozic Anne , Kageyama Masa , Sima Adriana , Marti Olivier , Peterschmitt Jean-Yves
Published: November 2020

Abstract. We investigate the impact of reduced dust during mid-Holocene using simulations with the IPSL model. We consider simulations where dust is either prescribed from an IPSL PI simulation or from CESM simulations (Albani et al., 2015). In addition, we also consider an extreme mid Holocene case where dust is suppressed. We focus on the estimation of the dust radiative effects and the relative responses of the African and Indian monsoon, showing how local dust forcing or orography affect atmospheric temperature profiles, humidity and precipitation. Compared to previous simulations with the IPSL model the results show only minor improvements for the mid Holocene simulation over large regions despite the fact that the IPSLCM6-LR version of the IPSL model is in better agreement with modern observations. The effect of dust has little impact on the model-data comparisons. Our analyses confirm the peculiar role of dust radiative effect over bright surfaces such as African deserts compared to other regions due to the change of sign of the dust radiative effect at the top-of-atmosphere for high surface albedo. We also highlight a strong dependence on the dust pattern. In particular the relative dust forcing between West Africa and the middle east impacts the relative climate response between India and Africa and between Africa, the western tropical Atlantic and the Atlantic meridional circulation. Dust patterns should thus receive a wider attention to fully understand the changes in the dust cycle and forcing during mid Holocene.
Erosional response of granular material in landscape models
Authors: Reitano Riccardo , Faccenna Claudio , Funiciello Francesca , Corbi Fabio , Willett Sean D.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Tectonics and erosion–sedimentation are the main processes responsible for shaping the Earth's surface. The link between these processes has a strong
influence on the evolution of landscapes. One of the tools we have for investigating coupled process models is analog modeling. Here we contribute
to the utility of this tool by presenting laboratory-scaled analog models of erosion. We explore the erosional response of different materials to
imposed boundary conditions, trying to find the composite material that best mimics the behavior of the natural prototype. The models recreate
conditions in which tectonic uplift is no longer active, but there is an imposed fixed slope. On this slope the erosion is triggered by precipitation
and gravity, with the formation of channels in valleys and diffusion on hillslope that are functions of the analog material. Using digital elevation
models (DEMs) and a laser scan correlation technique, we show model evolution and measure sediment discharge rates. We propose three main components of
our analog material (silica powder, glass microbeads and PVC powder; PVC: polyvinyl chloride), and we investigate how different proportions of these components affect the
model evolution and the development of landscapes. We find that silica powder is mainly responsible for creating a realistic landscape in
the laboratory. Furthermore, we find that varying the concentration of silica powder between 40 wt % and 50 wt % (with glass microbeads and PVC
powder in the range 35 wt %–40 wt % and 15 wt %–20 wt %, respectively) results in metrics and morphologies that are comparable with
those from natural prototypes.
Heteronuclear and Homonuclear Finite Pulse Radio
Frequency Driven Recoupling
Authors: Nimerovsky Evgeny , Xue Kai , Movellan Kumar Tekwani , Andreas Loren
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Homonuclear finite-pulse radio frequency driven recoupling (fp-RFDR) has been broadly used in multi-dimensional magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR experiments over the past 20 years. The theoretical and the simulated descriptions of this method were presented during that time, resulting in an understanding of the influence of chemical shift offset, finite pulse effects, and dipolar truncation. Here we present an operator analysis of both heteronuclear and homonuclear fp-RFDR. By numerical simulation, we show which operators are involved in the longitudinal exchange for both heteronuclear and the well-known homonuclear sequences. This results in a better understanding of the influence of phase cycling of the fp-RFDR pulses, which is typically a variant of XY cycling. We investigate the heteronuclear and homonuclear fp-RFDR signals and evolution of the operators through the fp-RFDR block. We show the convergence of the evolutions of the heteronuclear and homonuclear fp-RFDR signals at even numbers of rotor periods and completely different evolution between them. We demonstrate heteronuclear 1H- 13C and 1H-15N fp-RFDR magnetization transfer using a microcrystalline SH3 sample at 100 kHz MAS.
Significant mass loss in the accumulation area of the Adamello
glacier indicated by the chronology of a 46 m ice core
Authors: Festi Daniela , Schwikowski Margit , Maggi Valter , Oeggl Klaus , Jenk Theo Manuel
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Dating glaciers is an arduous yet essential task in ice core studies, which becomes even more challenging when dating glaciers suffering from mass loss in the accumulation zone as result of climate warming. In this context, we dated a 46 m deep ice core from the Central Italian Alps retrieved in 2016 from the Adamello glacier in the locality Pian di Neve (3100 m a.s.l.). Here we present a timescale for the core obtained by integrating results from the analyses of the radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs with annual layer counting derived from pollen and refractory black carbon concentrations. Our results clearly indicate that the surface of the glacier is older than the drilling date of 2016 by about 20 years and that the 46 m ice core reaches back to around 1944. Despite the severe mass loss affecting this glacier even in the accumulation zone, we show that it is possible to obtain a reliable timescale for such a temperate glacier. Our results are therefore very encouraging and open new perspectives on the potential of such glaciers as informative palaeoarchives.
DYNAMICS OF PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN CUSHING’S SYNDROME
Authors:   Department of psychiatry and medical psychology, Medical University - Varna, Bulgaria,, Telbizova Tatyana , Aleksandrov Ivan ,   Department of Health Care, Sliven Affiliate, Medical University - Varna, Bulgaria., Arnaoudova Mariana ,   Department of psychiatry and medical psychology, Medical University - Varna, Bulgaria,
Published: November 2020

Cushing’s syndrome may present with various psychiatric disorders which can lead to a misdiagnosis at the beginning, deterioration of the course of the disease and life-threatening complications. The most common psychiatric disorder is atypical depression. During the initial stages of the disease, the somatic symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome can be subtle, difficult to identify, especially when the psychiatric symptoms are dominant. Objective: The aim of the present article is to report a case of a 24-year-old woman with a Cushing’s syndrome, caused by the adrenal adenoma. The onset of the disease is a suicidal attempt. Family history is significant for psychiatry disorder. The belated diagnosis led to somatic and psychiatry complications of the disease – sepsis and persisting high suicidal risk. The dynamic change in the patient’s mental state – from a severe depressive episode with atypical symptoms to psychosis with single catatonic symptoms – correlated well with the gradual increase of the plasma cortisol levels. The antidepressant and subsequent antipsychotic medication turned out to be ineffective. The surgical treatment, followed by a normalization of the cortisol levels was a key to the successful outcome and the reduction of self-aggression risk. Conclusion: The early diagnosis and timely treatment of Cushing’s syndrome decrease the risk of multiple complications. The shift from atypical depression to psychosis with catatonic symptoms correlates with the worsening of the hormonal imbalance. The signs of atypical depression in Cushing's syndrome, resistant to the antidepressant medication, could be considered as relatively specific symptoms, guiding specialists to its somatogenic origin for the proper diagnosis.
Ensuring the Protection of Whistleblowers in Public Administration: The Experience of Georgia
Authors: Gogidze Shalva (Lasha)
Published: November 2020

This article reviews the role of the institute of whistleblowers in modern system of public administration and its connections to fighting corruption and detecting violations of legislative and ethical norms in public and private sectors. In this context, the article discusses the experience of Georgia, post-Soviet country that is in democratic transition with nascent norms and mechanisms for whistleblower protection. Specifically, the article analyzes Georgia’s legislative norms and their practical application by bringing specific examples from within the country and abroad. This is complemented by the analysis of international norms and mechanisms the adoption of which would improve the status quo in the field and encourage more people in the Georgian state and civil service and beyond to raise their voices against injustices and unlawful and corrupt behavior. The article ends with the conclusion and a list of recommendations tailored to the Georgian context.
Desinformação no contexto da pandemia do Coronavírus (COVID-19)
Authors: Nemer David
Published: November 2020

O professor Dr. David Nemer responde questões sobre o conceito de desinformação, os elementos que contribuem para a disseminação de desinformação e o seu impacto no contexto da pandemia do Coronavírus.
Intellectual Quotient and Social Cognition in Young Offenders: A Relational Analysis
Authors: Quintero-Lopez Catalina Quintero-Lopez , Gil-Vera Victor Daniel , Velez-Vásquez Andrés Felipe , Zapata-Lopez Elizabeth , Sepulveda Luisa Fernanda , Martinez Luis Eduardo de Angel
Published: November 2020

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) showed a broad executive function, as well as visual short-term, working memory (WM), and attention deficits. The inhibitory control and WM deficits may distinguish ASPD from other personality disorders. People with ASPD structure have deficiencies in the maturation of the prefrontal cortex which is evident in various neurocognitive problems, mainly in WM and social cognition (SC). In Colombia there is a high incidence of ASPD in young offenders, which makes the process of rehabilitation and resocialization more difficult. The aim of this paper was to develop a structural equation model (SEM) to identify the relationship between SC and intellectual quotient (IQ) in offenders with ASPD and make a comparative analysis by gender. A representative sample of 120 offenders was used (60 men and 60 women) of a Specialized Attention Center (SAC) in Medellin, Colombia. This paper concludes that there is a higher correlation between SC and IQ in women offenders with ASPD (σxy = 0.62) than in male offenders with ASPD (σxy = 0.54). Epidemiologists suggest that women have a high prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders, which can be explained by internalized behavioral management. In general, men show a higher prevalence of disorders associated with impulse control through externalizing behavioral management. This shows that ASPD has been studied more in men and that ASPD profiles in women are lacking due to its low prevalence. Based on the results of the model developed, a neurocognitive profile of men and women with ASPD is presented.
Lessen en valkuilen voor wethouders
Authors: Bouwmans Henk
Published: November 2020

Lessons and pitfalls for aldermen

This article is about how the number of downfalls of aldermen can be controlled or reduced. Behind this main question are two sub-questions: should the alderman, who is now filling his office increasingly professionally, professionalize even more? Or should the alderman take a pause for reflection by thinking about how to hold the office in a more politicizing way, so that it remains accessible to untrained administrators? The answers to these questions are based on the research conducted on the downfalls of aldermen in four consecutive board periods from 2002 to 2018 in the Netherlands. The investigation shows that, for at least half of the downfalls, the alderman directly influenced his fall through his own behaviour or omissions. Better preparation, sharper selection and more professional implementation and guidance during the aldermanship is desirable to reduce the large number of downfalls that are detrimental to the image, role and position of the office of alderman. At the same time, more professionalization of the office because of the desire for efficient and effective implementation, as well as simultaneous decentralization and regionalization, is turning the alderman more and more into a manager. That could mean the end of political aldermanship. The relevance for practitioners is that this article shows that (a) the early departure and the political downfall of aldermen in the period 2002-2018 shows a stable pattern; (b) for at least half of the downfalls the alderman fall through his own behaviour or neglect of influence; (c) better preparation, sharper selection and more professionalization may limit the number of political downfalls of aldermen.
Digitaal leiderschap
Authors: Branderhorst Martiene
Published: November 2020

Digital leadership. Exploration of the changing role of municipal clerks in the information society

Rapid technological change and the information society have consequences for the role and duties of municipal clerks. To increase understanding of the implications of digital technologies for the role of municipal clerk (town clerk), this article presents an exploration of the ‘digital leadership’ of municipal clerks, i.e. leadership that suits a time when digital technologies are growing explosively. By using the four leadership perspectives of Bolman and Deal and the public value thinking of Moore, it was investigated which leadership themes are mentioned in the literature. In this way, this article aims to contribute to the leadership role of the municipal clerk so that he gives shape and direction to the organization from a vision on this change task and leads this transition instead of seeing it as a collection of smart gadgets or an issue concerning the IT department. This means that he will have to be aware of technological developments, can think critically about their significance and acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to be able to lead the municipal organization in the information society. This article shows practitioners that: (a) municipal clerks play an important role when it comes to the structure of the municipal organization in the information society; (b) the way in which municipalities innovate digitally has an impact on society and people’s lives; and (c) it is therefore important to shape the leadership of municipal clerks based on public values in order to realize legitimate applications of digital technologies with added social value.
Analysis of the safety situation in Polish General Aviation
Authors: Linka Anita , Galant Marta , Wróblewska Agnieszka
Published: November 2020

Every year there is an increase in the number of aircraft operations in the General Aviation (GA). This is, among other things, as a result of the greater availability and popularity of this method of transportation. The paper presents the number of general aviation operations performed on Polish territory (included data for every sector of the Flight Information Service). Then the safety situation in Poland is assessed on the basis of National Commission for Aviation Accidents Investigation (PKBWL) and referenced to the data of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Article also presents the main directions of development of the GA in Poland and Europe. The summary takes into consideration the future of general aviation in Poland.
Economically significant pests of vegetable crops in Smederevska Palanka
Authors: Jovanović Bojana , Petrović-Obradović Olivera , Zečević Bogoljub , Pavlović Suzana , Damnjanović Jelena
Published: November 2020

The aim of this research was to determine insect pests on vegetable crops in Smederevska Palanka area. By using standard methods, equipment and tools, insect pests that caused significant and less significant damages have been determined on vegetable crops: pepper, tomato, cucumber, melon, zucchini, cabbage, pea, bean, spinach and beet at the arable area at the Institute for Vegetable Crops. The most significant insect pests, causing the most damages were Frankliniella occidentalis and Tuta absoluta, and also several species of aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis fabae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae), stink bugs (Nezara viridula, Eurydema spp.) and flea beetle (Phyllotreta spp.). These insects caused direct and indirect damages. The most significant damages have been noted in green houses due to favourable conditions for insect reproduction and sufficient food supplies.
Hematological status and functional abilities of the cardiorespiratory system of physically active female vegans
Authors: Ilić Vladimir , Dobrijević Slobodanka , Rebić Nemanja
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of vegan diet on hematological parameters, and to compare the functional abilities of the cardiorespiratory system of vegans and counterparts on a standard diet. The sample consisted of 24 females, divided into two groups: 11 vegans and 13 women on a standard diet. Assessment of the level of physical activity of the participants was estimated by the standard IPAQ questionnaire. Hematological analysis included: complete blood count, blood lipid profile, vitamin B12 and iron. Basic anthropometric variables were monitored, and a submaximal Astrand test on a bicycle ergometer was used to estimate maximal oxygen consumption. The RAMP continuous protocol was used to measure the maximum values of heart rate and blood pressure. The results showed that active vegans have a significantly lower body weight and body mass index compared to active women on a standard diet. The number of erythrocytes and platelets, as well as LDL - cholesterol show lower values in vegans compared to the control group (p<0.01). Indicators of the functional abilities of the cardiorespiratory system do not differ between active vegans and women on a standard diet.
The estimate of agreement between the three different classification systems for determining students nutritional status
Authors: Pajkić Aleksandar , Dobraš Radenko , Lepir Duško
Published: November 2020

The aim of this paper is to determine the agreement in assessing the nutritional status of adolescents using the classification systems of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Non-experimental observation was performed on a sample of 213 first grade high school students from Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an average age of 15.67 years, of which 89 (41.8%) were male and 124 female (58.2%). Each of the subjects was categorized according to a unique scale, as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese, using IOTF, CDC and WHO reference values. The Cohen kappa coefficient (k) was used to estimate the agreement of the three classification systems in determining nutritional status. The prevalence of underweight was found to be highest according to IOTF standards in both sexes, while the prevalence of overweight was highest according to WHO references. The differences between analyzed three systems are not large for the obese category, especially in girls. In boys, CDC references show a slightly higher percentage of obese compared to the other two systems. The agreement between the classification systems ranges from 0.83 to 0.86 on the total sample of respondents based on all nutritional status categories, which can be considered a reliable parameter for further monitoring, comparison and prescribing of measures.
Recycling of flap pedicle in complex lower extremity reconstruction: A proof of free muscle flap neovascularization
Authors: Pafitanis Georgios , Vris Alexandros , Reissis Dimitris , Sadri Amir , Alamouti Reza , Myers Simon , Sadigh Parviz
Published: November 2020

This article portrays the authors’ clinical experience of a complex case of lower extremity reconstruction using a recycled pedicle from 10 years old free latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap to supply a new free anterolateral thigh flap for proximal tibia wound defect reconstruction. It provides clinical evidence that muscle neovascularization occurs and supports the dogma peripheral tissue neovascularization. This case stipulates that recycling of pedicle is feasible, when used with appropriate strategy and safety and also provides evidence for the long-term survival of greater saphenous vein grafts in lower extremity reconstruction.
A modified method for corner mouth lift in scar-prone patients
Authors: Min Kyung Hee , Lee Hyun Jic , Jeong Chang Ho , Jeong Tae Kwang
Published: November 2020

Corner mouth lift is in increasing demand among young patients in East Asia. Although various surgical methods exist for corner mouth lift, many patients are reluctant to undergo surgery due to fears of postsurgical scarring. We present a new technique aimed at reducing postoperative scarring. The technique involves triangular excision of the corner of the mouth and incision of the commissure with transposition of a lateral vermilion flap to lift the corner of the mouth. The muscle around the corner of the mouth is dissected to release tension. The corner mouth lift was successfully performed in all patients. It can be effectively used even in patients, such as young Asian women, who are susceptible to hypertrophic scars.
Clinical interventions and speech outcomes for individuals with submucous cleft palate
Authors: Jung Seung Eun , Ha Seunghee , Koh Kyung S. , Oh Tae Suk
Published: November 2020

Background This study aimed to identify the initial diagnostic characteristics and treatment status of children with submucous cleft palate (SMCP) and to examine the relationship between the timing of surgical correction and the degree of articulation and resonance improvement.

Methods This retrospective study included 72 children diagnosed with SMCP between 2008 and 2016. The evaluation criteria were the age of the initial visit, total number of visits, age at the end of treatment, speech problems, resonance problems, and speech therapy.

Results Children with SMCP first visited the hospital at an average age of 34.32 months, and speech problems were identified at an average age of 48.53 months. Out of 72 children, 46 underwent surgery at an average age of 49.74 months. Four of these children required secondary surgery at an average age of 83.5 months. Among the children who underwent surgery before 3 years of age, 70% exhibited articulation improvements, with mild-to-moderate hypernasality. Articulation improvements showed no statistically significant differences according to age at the time of surgery. However, children who underwent surgery before 4 years had a better hypernasality rating than those who underwent surgery after 4 years of age.

Conclusions Children with SMCP tend to undergo delayed treatment because the anatomical symptoms in some children with SMCP are unclear, and surgical interventions are considered only after speech problems are clarified. Starting interventions as early as possible reduces the likelihood of receiving secondary surgery and speech therapy, while increasing expectations for positive speech function at the end.
Comparison of breast volume change between oncoplastic breast-conserving surgery with radiation therapy and a simultaneous contralateral balancing procedure through the inverted-T scar technique
Authors: Kim Min Wook , Oh Won Seok , Lee Jae Woo , Kim Hyun Yul , Jung Youn Joo , Choo Ki Seok , Nam Kyung Jin , Bae Seong Hwan , Kim Choongrak , Nam Su Bong , Joo Ji Hyeon
Published: November 2020

Background Reduction mammoplasty or mastopexy is performed as an additional balancing procedure in patients with large or ptotic breasts who undergo breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Radiation therapy on breasts that have undergone surgery may result in changes in the volume. This study presents a comparative analysis of patients who received post-BCS balancing procedures to determine whether volume changes were larger in breasts that received radiation therapy than on the contralateral side.

Methods Thirty-six participants were selected among patients who received BCS using the inverted-T scar technique between September 2012 and July 2017, were followed up for 2 or more years, and had pre-radiation therapy computed tomography images and post-radiation therapy images taken between 12 and 18 months after completion. The average age of the participants was 53.5 years, their average body mass index was 26.62 kg/m2.

Results The pre- and post-radiation therapy volumes of the breasts receiving BCS were 666.08±147.48 mL and 649.33±130.35 mL, respectively. In the contralateral breasts, the volume before radiation therapy was 637.69±145.72 mL, which decreased to 628.14±166.41 mL after therapy. The volume ratio of the affected to the contralateral breasts was 1.05±0.10 before radiation therapy and 1.06±0.12 after radiation therapy.

Conclusions The ratio of the volume between the two breasts immediately after surgery and at roughly 18 months postoperatively was not significantly different (P=0.98). For these reasons, we recommend a simultaneous single-stage balancing procedure as a reasonable option for patients who require radiation therapy after BCS without concerns regarding volume change.
Partial second toe pulp free flaps in early childhood
Authors: Hong Min Ki , Lee Dong Chul , Choi Min Suk , Koh Sung Hoon , Kim Jin Soo , Roh Si Young , Lee Kyung Jin
Published: November 2020

Background The introduction of the partial second toe pulp free flap has enabled superior aesthetic and functional results for fingertip reconstruction in adults. Children undergoing fingertip amputation for various reasons have limited options for reconstruction. Conventional treatment could shorten the finger, leading to poor cosmesis and function. We report 18 years of our experiences with fingertip reconstruction using partial second toe pulp free flaps in patients in early childhood.

Methods Medical charts of children who had undergone fingertip reconstruction using partial second toe pulp free flaps from 2001 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The surgical procedures were identical to those for adults, except for the usage of 11-0 nylon sutures. Patients’ demographic data, vessel size, flap dimensions, length of the distal phalanx, and functional outcomes over the course of long-term follow-up were documented. The statistical analysis was performed with the Student t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson correlation analysis.

Results Eighteen toe pulp flaps in 17 patients (mean age, 3.0 years) were identified. All the flaps survived without any major complications. In long-term follow-up, the flap-covered distal phalanges showed growth in line with regular development. There was no donor-site morbidity, and all children adapted to daily life without any problems. In two-point discrimination tests, the fingertip sensation recovered to almost the same level as that in the contralateral finger.

Conclusions Partial second toe pulp free flaps are an excellent option for fingertip reconstruction in young children, as well as in adults.
Cadaveric study of deep temporal fascia for autologous rhinoplasty grafts: Dimensions of the temporal compartment in Asians
Authors: Chi Daekwan , Kim Jae-Hee , Kim Taek-Kyun , Jeong Jae Yong , Shin Chungmin , Kim Sunje , Oh Sang-Ha
Published: November 2020

Background Due to the anatomical complexity of the deep temporal fascia (DTF), practical guidelines for its safe harvest are lacking. However, since the upper temporal compartment (UTC) contains no vital structures, it may provide safe access for DTF harvest. This study aimed to identify the anatomical structures of the temporal compartment in Asian cadavers and to measure their dimensions to enable safe DTF harvest.

Methods The anatomical structures surrounding the temporal compartment were identified in 27 hemifaces from 15 Korean cadavers. After dissection, digital images were acquired and craniometric landmarks were placed upon them to identify the boundaries of the temporal compartment. The horizontal and vertical lengths of the temporal compartment were measured and their surface areas were computationally assessed. Subsequently, differences in the results by sex were evaluated.

Results The five-layer anatomical structure of the UTC was clearly visualized. The UTC was bounded by the temporal septa superiorly and inferiorly, the innominate fascia laterally, and the DTF medially. No vital structures were present within the UTC. The vertical and horizontal lengths of the UTC were 6.41±0.67 cm and 10.44±0.83 cm, respectively, and the surface area of the UTC was 48.52±5.65 cm2. No statistically significant differences were observed in any dimensions between male and female patients.

Conclusions During rhinoplasty, DTF can be harvested as an autologous graft material from the UTC. An anatomical understanding of the UTC will aid in the safe and simple harvest of a sufficient amount of DTF.
Outcome of complete acellular dermal matrix wrap with polyurethane implant in immediate prepectoral breast reconstruction
Authors: Neamonitou Foteini , Mylvaganam Senthurun , Salem Fathi , Vidya Raghavan
Published: November 2020

Background Polyurethane implants have been used on and off in breast reconstruction since 1991 while prepectoral breast reconstruction has gained popularity in recent times. In this study, we present our outcomes from the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) complete wrap with polyurethane implants in prepectoral breast reconstruction.

Methods This is a retrospective review of prospectively maintained database from 41 patients receiving complete ADM wrap with prepectoral polyurethane implants over a 3-year period. Selection criteria were adapted from a previous study (4135 Trust Clinical Audit Database) evaluating prepectoral reconstruction with Braxon matrices. Patient demographics, operative data, surgical complications, and outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Results A total of 52 implant reconstructions were performed in 41 patients with a mean follow-up of 14.3 months (range, 6–36 months). The overall reported complication rates including early (less than 6 weeks) and late complications. Early complications included two patients (4.9%) with wound dehiscence. One of which had an implant loss that was salvageable. Another patient (2%) developed red-breast syndrome and two women (4.9%) developed with seroma treated conservatively. Late complications included one patient (2%) with grade II capsular contraction, 12 patients with grade I-II rippling and two patients (4.9%) with grade III rippling.

Conclusions We present our experience of prepectoral polyurethane implant using complete ADM wrap. This is one of the few papers to report on the outcome of the prepectoral use of polyurethane in immediate implant-based breast reconstruction. Our early observational series show satisfactory outcome and long-term results are warranted by a large multicenter study.
Multifactorial analysis of the surgical outcomes of giant congenital melanocytic nevi: Single versus serial tissue expansion
Authors: Kim Min Ji , Lee Dong Hwan , Park Dong Ha
Published: November 2020

Background Giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) is a rare disease, for which complete surgical resection is recommended. However, the size of the lesions presents problems for the management of the condition. The most popular approach is to use a tissue expander; however, single-stage expansion in reconstructive surgery for GCMN cannot always address the entire defect. Few reports have compared tissue expansion techniques. The present study compared single and serial expansion to analyze the risk factors for complications and the surgical outcomes of the two techniques.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of patients who underwent tissue expander reconstruction between March 2011 and July 2019. Serial expansion was indicated in cases of anatomically obvious defects after the first expansion, limited skin expansion with two more expander insertions, or capsular contracture after removal of the first expander.

Results Fifty-five patients (88 cases) were analyzed, of whom 31 underwent serial expansion. The number of expanders inserted was higher in the serial-expansion group (P<0.001). The back and lower extremities were the most common locations for single and serial expansion, respectively (P=0.043). Multivariate analysis showed that sex (odds ratio [OR], 0.257; P=0.015), expander size (OR, 1.016; P=0.015), and inflation volume (OR, 0.987; P=0.015) were risk factors for complications.

Conclusions Serial expansion is a good option for GCMN management. We demonstrated that large-sized expanders and large inflation volumes can lead to complications, and therefore require risk-reducing strategies. Nonetheless, serial expansion with proper management is appropriate for certain patients and can provide aesthetically satisfactory outcomes.
Correction of the deviated tip and columella in crooked nose
Authors: Suh Man-Koon
Published: November 2020

The primary procedural components of deviated nose correction are as follows: osteotomy to correct bony deviation, septal deviation correction, manipulation of the dorsal septum to correct upper lateral cartilage deviation, and correction of functional problems (manipulation for correction of internal valve collapse and hypertrophy of the inferior turbinate). The correction of tip and nostril asymmetry cannot be overemphasized, because if tip and nostril asymmetry is not corrected, patients are unlikely to provide favorable evaluations from an aesthetic standpoint. Tip asymmetry, deviated columella, and resulting nostril asymmetry are primarily caused by lower lateral cartilage problems, which include deviation of the medial crura, discrepancy in the height of the medial crura, and asymmetry or deformity of the lateral crura. However, caudal and dorsal septal deviation, which is a more important etiology, should also be corrected. A columellar strut graft, correction of any discrepancy in the height of the medial crura, or lateral crural correction is needed to correct lower lateral cartilage deformation depending on the type. In order to correct caudal septal deviation, caudal septal shortening, repositioning, or the cut-and-suture technique are used. Surgery to correct dorsal septal deviation is performed by combining a scoring and splinting graft, a spreader graft, and/or the clocking suture technique. Moreover, when correcting a deviated nose, correction of asymmetry of the alar rim and alar base should not be overlooked to achieve tip and nostril symmetry.
Extending the Principle of Economic Continuity to Private Enforcement of Competition Law. What Lies Ahead for Corporate Restructuring and Civil Damages Proceedings after Skanska? Case Comment to the Judgement of the Court of Justice of 14 March 2019 Skanska Industrial Solutions and others (Case C-724/17)
Authors: Fasoula Vasiliki
Published: November 2020

In the tradition of civil law Member States, civil liability issues are linked to the legal entity that caused a damage, with the exception of lifting the corporate veil. The Finnish competition authority imposed fines to Finnish companies that participated in an asphalt cartel. Following that decision, an action for damages was lodged for infringement of Article 101 TFEU that ultimately led to the Skanska ruling. The European judge completes and specifies some ambiguities of the Damages Directive. From a holistic point of view of the objective pursued by both public and private enforcement of European competition law rules, the economic entity of an ‘undertaking’, as it is defined by European law rather than the legal entity as it is defined by national law, must be a substantive criterion, and not a procedural one, in civil liability procedures before national courts awarding damages for European law infringements. Introducing the principle of economic continuity to national civil liability procedures is a creeping harmonisation of national civil law in order to serve the effectiveness of European competition law. The scope of Skanska could also extent to Article 102 TFEU infringements. Corporate restructuring must follow from now on a lengthy and complex due diligence as the acquirers could be liable for their predecessors’ infringements in any Member State.
Independence of National Competition Authorities – Problem Solved by Directive 2019/1? Example of the Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic
Authors: Patakyová* Mária T.
Published: November 2020

This paper analyses the independence of National Competition Authorities under legislation before Directive 2019/1 and after Directive 2019/1. The aim of the paper is to find out whether Directive 2019/1 addresses the problem of independence properly or not. In order to answer the question, it discusses what does the term ‘independence’ actually mean, especially in the view of scholars. Several aspects of independence are identified. Subsequently, this paper zooms in on what are current imperfections when it comes to the independence of National Competition Authorities. The Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic (AMO) is discussed in particular. The paper then finds out what are the requirements set out by Directive 2019/1 and whether these requirements address the imperfection identified above. The paper confirms that these imperfections are covered only partially
“The Old Village”: Yup’ik Precontact Archaeology and Community-Based Research at the Nunalleq Site, Quinhagak, Alaska
Authors: Knecht Rick , Jones Warren
Published: November 2020

Centred on the underresearched precontact archaeology of southwest coastal Alaska, the Nunalleq project is a decade-long collaboration between the Yup’ik village of Quinhagak and the University of Aberdeen. The Nunalleq archaeological site, like countless others in the Arctic, is being rapidly destroyed by the combined effects of global warming. Newly thawed permafrost soils are extremely vulnerable to rapid marine erosion from rising sea levels and decreases in seasonal ocean ice cover. Organic artifacts at the site have been preserved in remarkably intact condition, revealing an extraordinary record of precontact Yup’ik culture. But with the disappearing permafrost, this archaeological and ecological record is gradually decomposing, and recovery and analysis has become time critical. The Nunalleq project is a community-based response to locally identified needs to both recover threatened archaeological heritage and to find new ways to reconnect young people to Yup’ik culture and tradition. The results of the project have far exceeded our original expectations. Similar collaborative efforts may be the best hope for addressing threatened archaeological heritage in the North and beyond.
Les lettres insérées narrativement dans les Actes des apôtres
Authors: Bélanger Steeve
Published: November 2020

Il n’est pas rare de trouver des lettres insérées narrativement dans les récits historiographiques antiques. Loin d’être de simples ornements littéraires, ces lettres doivent être considérées comme des causes historiques des événements narrés, car elles contribuent de manière significative au déroulement de l’intrigue. Pionnier de l’historiographie chrétienne, l’auteur de Luc-Actes a également recours aux lettres insérées narrativement dans le second volet de son diptyque. En reprenant le dossier des lettres insérées narrativement dans les Actes des apôtres, cette contribution interrogera leurs fonctions et leur crédibilité narratives.
Bus Fleet Management – A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Orošnjak Marko , Jocanović Mitar , Gvozdenac-Urošević Branka , Šević Dragoljub , Duđak Ljubica , Karanović Velibor
Published: November 2020

The research on Bus Fleet Management (BFM) has undergone significant changes. It is unclear whether these changes are accepted as technological change or as a paradigm shift. Perhaps unintentionally, BFM is still perceived as routing and scheduling by some, and by others as maintenance and replacement strategy. Therefore, the authors conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to overview the existing concepts and school of thoughts about how stakeholders perceive the BFM. The SLR post-study exposed that BFM should be acknowledged as a multi-realm system rather than a uniform dimension of fulfilling timely service. Nonetheless, the work encapsulates BFM evolution which shows the need for the multi-realm research abstracted as "Bus Fleet Mobility Management" and "Bus Fleet Asset Management". The difficulties of transport agencies and their ability to switch from conventional to Zero-Emission Buses (ZEBs) illustrates why we propose such an agenda, by which the research is validated through needs both in academia and in practice.