bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Psychometric Assessment of a Human Resources Practice Measure for Temporary Agency Workers
Authors: Sobral Filipa , Chambel Maria José , Castanheira Filipa , Cesário Francisco
Published: April 2019

Studies have proposed and validated several measures that evaluate employee’s perceptions of the human resources practices (HRP). However, given the changes occurring in the labor market, there is a need to develop a measure specially adapted to the contingent workers specific employment relationship. Thus, this study assesses an HRP system scale that was administered to temporary agency workers (TAW) to examine the scale’s response process, internal structure and relation to other variables (i.e., affective commitment). The measure was administered to 4,551 Portuguese TAW. The Messick’s validation framework (1995) was use and two sectors were compared. Descriptive analyses, scale reliabilities, item characteristics, exploratory, confirmatory, and multiple group analyses demonstrated that the measure had good psychometric properties. Moreover, there were positive correlations between the HRP scale and affective commitment. The results contribute to a better understanding of managing TAW’s in agencies and client companies. HRP are a valuable method for “communicating” with these workers, who are then able to recognize and respond to the investment. This is the first study to develop and assess the psychometric properties of an HRP system measure for TAW and to cross-validate it with workers’ affective commitment towards both companies that are involved in this employment relation.
A High‐Resolution Geomagnetic Relative Paleointensity Record From the Arctic Ocean Deep‐Water Gateway Deposits During the Last 60 kyr
Authors: Caricchi Chiara , Lucchi Renata Giulia , Sagnotti Leonardo , Macrì Patrizia , Di Roberto Alessio , Del Carlo Paola , Husum Katrine , Laberg Jan Sverre , Morigi Caterina
Published: April 2019

We present a paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data set from two long sediment cores collected from Bellsund and Isfjorden contourite drifts located on the eastern side of the Fram Strait (western Spitsbergen margin). The data set gave the opportunity to define the behavior of the past geomagnetic field at high latitude and to constrain the palaeoclimatic events that occurred in a time framework spanning marine isotope stage 3 to the Holocene. A high‐resolution age model was reconstructed by coupling 26 radiocarbon ages and high‐resolution relative paleointensity and paleosecular variation of the geomagnetic field records for the last 60 kyr. We show the variation of the geomagnetic field at high latitudes, pointing out variability during periods of regular paleosecular variation (normal polarity) as well as during the most recent geomagnetic excursions, and we provide a high‐resolution record of the Laschamps excursion. Cross‐cores correlation allowed us to outline major, climate‐related, sedimentary changes in the analyzed stratigraphic sequence that includes the meltwater events MWP‐1a and MWP‐19ky, and the Heinrich‐like events H1, H2, H4, and H6. This contribution confirms that rock magnetic and paleomagnetic analysis can be successfully used as a correlation and dating tool for sedimentary successions at high latitudes, where accelerator mass spectrometry dates and oxygen isotope analyses are often difficult to obtain for the scarcity of calcareous microfossils and the uncertainties related to data calibration may be significant, as well as the complexity of water mass characteristics and dynamics through climate changes.
Surface Flux Drivers for the Slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a High‐Resolution Global Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Putrasahan D. A. , Lohmann K. , von Storch J.‐S. , Jungclaus J. H. , Gutjahr O. , Haak H.
Published: April 2019

This paper investigates the causation for the decline of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) from approximately 17 Sv to about 9 Sv, when the atmospheric resolution of the Max Planck Institute‐Earth System Model is enhanced from ∼1° to ∼0.5°. The results show that the slowdown of the AMOC is caused by the cessation of deep convection. In most modeling studies, this is thought to be controlled by buoyancy fluxes in the convective regions, for example, by surface freshwater flux that is introduced locally or via enormous input from glacier or iceberg melts. While we find that freshwater is still the key to the reduction of AMOC seen in the higher‐resolution run, the freshening of the North Atlantic does not need to be directly caused by local freshwater fluxes. Instead, it can be caused indirectly through winds via a reduced wind‐driven gyre circulation and salinity transport associated to this circulation, as seen in the higher‐resolution run.
Degradation of Endeavour Crater Based on Orbital and Rover‐Based Observations in Combination With Landscape Evolution Modeling
Authors: Hughes M. N. , Arvidson R. E. , Grant J. A. , Wilson S. A. , Howard A. D. , Golombek M. P.
Published: April 2019

Exploration of Endeavour crater's Shoemaker formation rim rocks by the Opportunity rover, combined with extensive observations from the Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiters, provides unique and quantitative insights into the processes that have degraded this 22‐km diameter Noachian age impact crater. These insights are informed by comparisons between Endeavour and the relatively young, and morphologically fresh appearing, 19‐km diameter Bopolu crater located 65 km to the southwest. Analyses of rover and orbiter data, combined with landscape evolution modeling using Bopolu topography as a starting point, demonstrate that significant weathering and fluvial degradation of Endeavour occurred during the Noachian Period, with ~0.3 km of vertical rim removal, ~0.9‐km backwasting of the rim, and deposition of ~0.5 km of fluvial‐deltaic‐lacustrine sediments on the crater floor, sourced from rim erosion. Pediments formed on external rim segments, with characteristic thin regolith covers over graded bedrock. Late Noachian to Early Hesperian age Grasberg formation draping sediments, and Burns formation sulfate‐rich sandstones, subsequently embayed all but high standing Shoemaker formation rocks. Burns formation strata accumulated in the crater interior up to a depth of ~0.8 km. Subsequent wind erosion of the interior deposits is indicated by an interior mound and moat, together with yardangs carved into Shoemaker formation rocks, and graded topographic profiles from Grasberg and Burns formation rocks up and through the interior rim Shoemaker formation outcrops. Up to ~0.4 km of Burns formation rocks were exhumed from within the crater by wind erosion to produce the mound and moat.
Investigation of a granule structure that focused on reducing NOx emissions in sintering process
Authors: Qie Junmao , Zhang Chunxia , Wang Haifeng , Guo Yuhua , Wu Shengli
Published: April 2019

The pressure to reduce NOx emissions in iron ore sintering process is enlarging increasingly. The paper proposed a sintering granulation method to reduce NOx emissions. The main character of the method was to wrap all fuel on the surface of the pellet, and also increased the contact between iron ore and fluxes. The sinter-pot test results showed that NOx emissions of the method reduced by 19.9% and sinter quality improved, while SO2 emissions increased by 17.7% compared with that of the conventional method. The increase in the reducing atmosphere of the sinter bed and the development of calcium ferrite in sinter were the main causes of NOx emissions reduction and the improvement of the sinter quality. In addition, the promotion of the combustion of fuel resulted in the increase in SO2 emissions. The improvement of the sinter quality and the control of the sintering flue gas pollutants can also be realized through adjusting the distribution of fuel, fluxes and iron ore in the pellet reasonably.
Les « enfants » de Roger Misés
Authors: Wacjman Claude
Published: April 2019

Dans le courant des années 1960-1970, le Pr Roger Misés met en œuvre à la Fondation Vallée une méthode de soins institutionnelle qui permet de considérer la plurifactorialité des troubles psychiques de l’enfance. Il écarte ainsi la notion de débilité mentale. Il jette les bases de la psychothérapie institutionnelle dans les structures pédopsychiatriques accueillant des enfants à plein temps et/où en externat suivant des modalités diverses permettant des approches séquentielles généralement en liaison avec les liens nécessaires à l’évolution sociale et à l’inclusion scolaire des enfants, dans et hors de l’institution de soins. Les références psychanalytiques de ce travail sont privilégiées, ainsi que le travail en pluridisciplinarité des différents professionnels.
Hypertonie bei Dialysepatienten
Authors: Schanz Moritz
Published: April 2019

Die Hypertonie bei Dialysepatienten ist eine besondere Herausforderung, die zuletzt durch eine uneinheitliche Definition verkompliziert wurde. Eine optimale Hypertoniekontrolle wird bisher nur bei wenigen Patienten erreicht. Therapeutisch sollten primär nicht pharmakologische Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, hierbei dient der Salz- und Volumenstatus als zentraler und fundamentaler Angriffspunkt. Eine medikamentöse Therapie scheint sich positiv auf die kardiovaskuläre Prognose auszuwirken; eine überlegene Substanz als primäre Wahl konnte jedoch bisher noch nicht eindeutig identifiziert werden. Zukünftig braucht es mehr Studien, um Ziel-Blutdruck-Werte festlegen zu können und die Wirksamkeit von nicht medikamentösen und medikamentösen Maßnahmen hinsichtlich der kardiovaskulären Prognose zu überprüfen.
Das Gehirn in den Sport integrieren – Neuroathletiktraining im Leistungssport
Authors: Herz Mona
Published: April 2019

Das Neuroathletiktraining beschäftigt sich mit neuronalen Vorgängen, die nötig sind, um eine gute Leistung zu erbringen. Athleten aus unterschiedlichen Sportarten schwören auf die Methode.
Introduction: The Imagined Garden
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: April 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the book and the project on which it is based. It places the closure of the Guinness brewery within a wider context of the process of plant closure and deindustrialization in the United Kingdom and North America. It shows how the story of one plant, from its beginnings in the 1930s through its closure in 2005, can tell a much bigger story about contemporary capitalism. It outlines and explains the project and the methods, theories, and concepts used in the book. The chapter places the interview material collected here within other examples of oral history. In particular, it examines the notion of image and imagination developed by Humphrey Jennings.
The Garden in the Machine
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: April 2019

This chapter on the landscape of the Park Royal brewery explores the tension between modernity and tradition, rural and urban, and the natural and human-made environment. It looks at how Guinness management extensively landscaped the brewery grounds and the ways in which it saw its role as cultivating a beautiful environment for business and its workers. The chapter contextualizes the Guinness example within wider debates about corporate landscapes in the United Kingdom and North America in the postwar period. It draws on ideas and concepts from geography and landscape studies to understand Guinness’s “estate in factoryland.” It emphasizes how different corporate assumptions about investment were during this period
The Ghost in the Machine
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at the process of closing the Guinness Park Royal Brewery, from the announcement by management in 2004 through the actual last brew, which was made in the summer of 2005. It looks at how the workers experienced this process and how they reflected on not just the closure announcement but also their wider feelings about work at Guinness. The oral histories contain moving reflections on the meaning of work for Guinness workers and for their children, who face an increasingly uncertain work future. It puts what happened at Park Royal in the wider context of deindustrialization and rationalization.
San Esteban del Rey, Acoma Pueblo
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: April 2019

The punitive expedition ordered by Juan de Oñate and commanded by Vicente de Zaldívar is summarized, following documents from the subsequent trials. The construction and current situation of San Esteban del Rey, including the convento and courtyard complex, is then detailed, following historical sources and interviews with gaugashti (church caretakers) and others. Of particular interest is the decline of tradition and the lack of volunteer labor for traditional church workdays. The chapter then analyzes how Catholic churches at the pueblos are often dissociated from Catholicism and reinterpreted in Indian terms. The experience of visiting the church on Christmas Eve is then discussed, including votive offerings made by Acomas to the Christ child. The chapter’s last section explores Acoma v. Laguna, a lawsuit regarding the disputed ownership of a miraculous painting of St. Joseph. The chapter concludes with a visiting guide.
Dueling Facts in Political Science
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

The polarization of fact perceptions has become a manifest feature of American politics. Many prominent scholars have addressed the role of facts in politics, and the pace has accelerated. However, just as fact perceptions are disputed in American politics, the study of factual disputes is characterized by core disagreements yet to be resolved. Chapter 3 discusses some of the dominant perspectives and highlights the ways in which the authors’ approach is different and more comprehensive. It moves from classical philosophy to a review of contemporary political science and communication scholarship. It offers a broad treatment of what others have learned about the nature and origins of dueling fact perceptions, misinformation/misperceptions, rumors, conspiracy theories, and related concepts. It argues that the dynamics of dueling political fact perceptions are much broader and consequential than the current literature reveals.
Dueling Facts in American Politics
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 4 culminates the Concepts section of the book. It provides a detailed treatment of three of the most salient factual controversies in American politics, on which many of the empirical analyses that follow in later chapters focus: the reality of anthropogenic climate change, the enduring consequences of racism, and the origins of sexuality. The chapter also provides a brief overview of the various other dueling fact perceptions that the empirical chapters analyze in a more limited way: the harmfulness of the national debt, the prevalence of false convictions, the trajectory of violent crime, the efficacy of gun control and minimum wage increases, the consequences of undocumented immigration, and the danger of vaccines.
The Psychology of Fact Perceptions II
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Competing core values are one of the strongest influences on fact perceptions. The combined mechanisms of personal knowledge, selective cognitions, social conformity, and motivated reasoning discussed in the previous chapter all contribute to the projection of preferred values onto perceived facts. The consensus view seems to be that values are standing judgments of better or worse priorities or, in more psychological terms, trans-situational evaluative predispositions. In common language, they are deep understandings of what is right and wrong. Chapter 6 argues that value projection is likely to be a major source of dueling fact perceptions, reviewing the expanse of psychological and political scholarship that demonstrates the power of values as drivers of beliefs and perceptions.
Polarized Leaders Versus Polarized Values
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 7 draws upon the literature reviewed in Chapters 5 and 6 and uses four years of data to analyze the degree to which core value projection explains differences in fact perceptions—relative to the explanatory power of partisan leadership, social identity consciousness, and partisan media. The authors find that value projection accounts for fact perceptions more consistently than does any other mechanism, which contradicts the narrative presumed by most previous studies of misinformation. Given that value projection does not depend on external forces in the way that partisanship and media effects do, the authors’ findings suggest that reforms aimed at media or parties will not succeed at quelling the dueling fact perception epidemic.
Disdain and Disengagement
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

The studies in Chapter 11 examine the social and professional consequences of dueling fact perceptions. Through a series of novel experiments, the authors take a look at how citizens react to peers whom they perceive to be factually misguided. Chapter 11 uses survey experiments (designed to mimic a Twitter feed) to investigate how people react to political statements they consider factually inaccurate. The experiments demonstrate that such tweets invite intense social and professional disdain, and they encourage moderate citizens to disengage from politics (thereby warping the electorate in favor of ideologues). Collectively, these results suggest that dueling fact perceptions do not just manifest polarization; they may nurture it as well, with social media serving as an important vehicle.
Political Knowledge and Fractured Perceptions
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 12 begins Part IV, Correctives, by examining the role of political knowledge and education in addressing dueling fact perceptions. Contrary to many hopes, both political knowledge and education only increase the prevalence of dueling facts and the abilities of citizens to project their values onto their perceptions. The contemporary university in particular may be limited in its ability to bring fact perceptions into consensus because of the distrust of the institution held by many citizens. Provocative data from 2014 illustrate the deep degree of distrust of university knowledge and its origins in perceptions of the ideology of university faculty. This suggests a realignment of authority and rejection of the university as a provider of consensus facts.
Citizen Reponses to Fact-Checking
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C. , Nalder Kim L. , Martin Danielle Joesten
Published: April 2019

Chapter 14 describes a survey experiment conducted ahead of the 2016 California Democratic presidential primary, which examines the manner and extent to which perspective-threatening information from a reputable fact checker might influence mass perceptions of candidates, as well as perceptions of fact checkers themselves. The focus is on how such influence is (or is not) conditioned by (a) partisanship (intra- vs. interpartisan candidate comparisons), (b) intellectual elitism/populism, and (c) education. We find that a candidate’s detractors tend to remain steadfast in the face of evidence painting the candidate in a more positive light but that such evidence dramatically damages people’s evaluations of the fact-checking industry. This is especially, but not exclusively, the case among Republicans. Not only does education fail to temper such resistance to fact-checking; it actually enhances it to a significant degree.
Conclusion
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 16 summarizes the book’s main conclusions about dueling fact perceptions: the concept is broad, the causes deep, the consequences severe, and the potential correctives ineffective. The book examines a broader range of fact perceptions than previous studies of verifiable misperceptions. It demonstrates that the causes are internal (values) as well as external (partisan leadership and media) and that the consequences are social as well as political—fostering interpersonal disdain and political disengagement. Perhaps most disheartening, the book finds that the most discussed correctives of greater education and more extensive fact-checking are not effective. Citizens employ greater education to cement the connections between values and perceptions more firmly, and the university has lost its status as a bipartisan provider of consensus facts. Not only have facts and values become hopelessly intertwined, but the relationship between education and democracy has become corrupted. The psychology of ordinary citizens, who project their priors onto their perceptions, has created a realignment of trust and a fracturing of facts, which no known reform is likely to repair.
Falling in Love with a Tree
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

Communication in its deepest form is rooted in a shared vulnerability. This is especially true of humans and the world of nature today. The threat of climate change and habitat destruction make us all increasingly vulnerable. The threat to natural wilderness forces us into the inner wilderness of the human psyche. There, the power of shared grief opens us to the possibility of loving the “others” and not simply using them as disposable things. The author speaks of a shared vulnerability as the basis for his communication with Grandfather, the cottonwood tree. He goes on to speak of four stages in the development of their relationship—moving from being a user to becoming an explorer to evolving into a celebrant and finally emerging as a lover.
Wildfire
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

Catherine of Siena thought that fire was the best image for describing God’s nature, as well as the longing within her for union with God’s fiery love. Fire, says Bachelard, is both a domestic element (symbolic of warmth, love, and the hearth) and an unruly element (wild, threatening, attacking from without). In alchemy, fire is that catalyst for change. In religious symbolism, it signifies the transformative power of the divine and the flaming passion of human desire. Both can be as dangerous as they are life-changing. The author explores this nature archetype as he backpacks through a recently burned forest in Wyoming. He points the reader to Catherine’s “fire of holy desire” continually burning within her. Fire was her favorite element—full of life, intensity, brilliance, death, and danger. She knew God above everything else to be a fire of love. This is what set her aflame. “If you are what you should be,” she wrote to a friend, “you will set the world on fire.”
Islands
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

Islands have a way of reconfiguring the center. Off on the edge, away from the mainland, they speak of difference, resilience, and self-reliance. Islands can symbolize the heart of human darkness, reminding us of what happens in insolated places when law and morality break down. Think of the schoolboys in The Lord of the Flies or the mutineers of the Bounty on Pitcairn Island. Yet islands are also symbols of paradise and the highest human aspirations as well. In Greek mythology, access to the Elysian Fields came by way of the Fortunate Isles lying in the mists off the West African coast. St. Augustine thought the Garden of Eden continued to exist on a remote, inaccessible island. Saint Brendan, the Celtic navigator, claimed to have discovered a thickly wooded island paradise shrouded in the fog off the western sea. The writings of Nikos Kazantzakis draw their power from the life he knew on the island of Crete. When the call for wildness, passion, and resistance is strong in your life—when you have to stop playing it safe—his novels strike a rich chord. The author reflects on the mystery of “islandness” and the teachings of Kazantzakis in connection with a trip he made to Monhegan Island off the coast of Maine.
Wolves
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

The story of Francis and the wolf of Gubbio occasions the author’s trek into the Absaroka Mountains near Yellowstone, entering a territory where gray wolves have thrived since being reintroduced the 1990s. The inordinate hatred of wolves in Western thought is contrasted with Francis’s concern not to kill (or even to tame) the wolf, but to welcome it into a larger family where all species can thrive. Over the centuries the wolf’s stealthy elusiveness has led us to project a sinister quality onto these extraordinary animals. Barry Lopez speaks of our theriophobia, our irrational, deep-seated fear of the “beast.” It evokes an impulse to kill what we don’t understand. Yet gradually we’re learning to appreciate wolves without demonizing (or romanticizing) them. By the time Aldo Leopold wrote his Sand County Almanac, you could discern a shift in societal perceptions of apex predators. He spoke of grieving as he knelt beside a wolf he had shot, watching “a fierce green fire dying in her eyes.” He also noticed how the absence of wolves allowed the deer population to explode, with every edible tree stripped of its leaves.
Addicted to Lust
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: April 2019

Few other cultural issues alarm conservative Protestant families and communities more than the seemingly ubiquitous threat of pornography. Thanks to widespread access to the internet, conservative Protestants now face a reality in which every Christian man, woman, and child with a smartphone can access limitless pornography in his or her bathroom, at work, or at a friend’s sleepover. Once confident of their victory over pornography in society at large, conservative Protestants now fear that “porn addiction” is consuming even the most faithful. How are conservative Protestants adjusting to this new reality? And what are its consequences in their lives? Drawing on over 130 interviews, as well as numerous national surveys, Addicted to Lust shows that, compared to other Americans, pornography shapes the lives of conservative Protestants in ways that are uniquely damaging to their mental health, spiritual lives, and intimate relationships. Samuel Perry demonstrates how certain pervasive beliefs within the conservative Protestant subculture unwittingly create a context in which those who use pornography are often overwhelmed with shame and discouragement, sometimes to the point of depression or withdrawal from faith altogether. Conservative Protestant women who use pornography feel a “double shame,” both for sinning sexually and for sinning “like a man,” while conflicts over pornography in marriages are escalated with patterns of lying, hiding, blowing up, or threats of divorce. Addicted to Lust shines new light on one of the most talked-about problems facing conservative Christians.
Pastors
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie
Published: April 2019

Chapter 2 serves as a companion piece to its predecessor. It examines the pastoral and liturgical roles and responsibilities assumed by abbesses and prioresses, underscoring the authority they exercised in and outside of their communities. Identifying the nuns known to have held these offices and detailing how they fulfilled them set the stage for the following three chapters because abbesses and prioresses were most often charged with reading the gospel liturgically, hearing confessions, and leading their consorors in offering intercessory prayers. This chapter contextualizes these ministries by associating them with some of the other acts abbesses and prioresses performed as pastors: raising spiritual daughters, grooming successors, and instructing those entrusted to their care, including affiliated and visiting laity. To gain access to these officers’ lived experiences, this chapter gives special consideration to sources addressing how they, their consorors, their admirers, and even their detractors viewed their roles and responsibilities.
Eco-Labels and the Credibility Puzzle in Transnational Governance
Authors: van der Ven Hamish
Published: April 2019

This chapter introduces eco-labels, explains where and how they differ, and establishes their empirical and theoretical importance. The book’s central puzzle is set up through an example of how two well-known eco-labeling schemes vary in credibility. The chapter then argues that variation in the credibility of eco-labels can be partly explained by the types of firms and markets eco-labeling organizations choose to target for governance. After briefly previewing the book’s thesis, the chapter summarizes why eco-labels matter, offering empirical examples of their impact on global value chains and situating them in the broader context of transnational new governance. It then introduces the dependent variable for the study—the Index of Best Practice in eco-labeling—which serves as a proxy measure of credibility. It concludes by describing the book’s methodology and offering a roadmap for the remaining chapters.
The Correlates of Procedural Credibility in Transnational Eco-Labeling
Authors: van der Ven Hamish
Published: April 2019

`This chapter uses an original dataset comprising information on 123 transnational eco-labeling organizations to probe a series of hypotheses on the conditions for procedurally credible eco-labeling. The hypotheses are divided into three categories that focus on who is governing, where the governance takes place, and what sector or issue area the governance targets. The dataset includes information on best practice adherence across the full population of transnational eco-labeling organizations in 2013. The ensuing statistical analysis casts doubt on neo-Gramscian and rationalist arguments that ownership or sectoral competition are the primary determinants of procedural credibility in eco-labeling. Instead, the regression analyses show eco-labels that are industry sponsored or operating in highly competitive sectors are just as likely to craft credible eco-labels as their independently owned or less competitive counterparts. The statistical results also present a new puzzle, namely, that an eco-label’s presence in multiple markets is strongly and positively correlated with credibility.
A Targets-of-Governance Approach to Explaining Procedural Credibility
Authors: van der Ven Hamish
Published: April 2019

This chapter argues that the targets of governance condition the procedural credibility of eco-labeling organizations. Eco-labeling organizations that target large firms and seek global market presence—those that aim big—are more likely to follow best practices than those with narrower ambitions. The chapter details three causal mechanisms through which this relationship occurs. First, the heightened critical scrutiny that accompanies aiming big leads ELOs to demonstrate concern for procedural credibility out of a fear of reputational damages from negative media or NGO attention. Second, as ELOs expand their market presence, they seek legitimacy by including a growing community of stakeholders in decision-making. This heightened inclusiveness socializes key decision-makers in a way that reinforces a commitment to procedural credibility. Third, the increased revenues derived from targeting large firms helps ELOs competently perform the various dimensions of best practice. The chapter outlines a number of testable implications.
Credibility in Sustainable Aquaculture Eco-Labeling
Authors: van der Ven Hamish
Published: April 2019

This chapter tests the aiming big hypothesis by tracing the origin and evolution of four eco-labeling organizations in sustainable aquaculture: the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC), Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP), Friend of the Sea (FOS), and Naturland. The chapter argues that stronger adherence to best practices in the ASC and BAP programs is a direct result of their decision to target large multinational retailers for certification. Conversely, the comparatively poor performance of the other two eco-labeling organizations can be traced to their decisions to target smaller firms in domestic markets. The chapter uses comparative case studies and within-case process tracing to reveal how decisions about who to target for certification impacted best practice adherence through the causal mechanisms outlined in chapter 3. The four cases analyzed in this chapter cast further doubt on alternate theories of credibility, such as the relevance of ownership or geographic location to credibility.
Drawing Big Lessons from Small Labels
Authors: van der Ven Hamish
Published: April 2019

After reviewing the book’s thesis and the evidence in support of it, this chapter outlines a number of key implications for transnational governance scholarship and practice. It suggests a fundamental rethinking of the sources of rigor and credibility in transnational governance, moving away from a focus on the owners or sponsors of governance and toward an emphasis on the interaction between the governors and the governed community. It then offers practical solutions for making eco-labels more impactful by encouraging them to defy the small is beautiful ethos and expand aggressively outward. The chapter ends by considering the ability of eco-labels to address mounting environmental crises. It concludes that they are inadequate as a freestanding solution given that they do not address rising levels of consumption and are plagued by implementation problems. However, they can, and should, form part of the broader toolbox of governance instruments for addressing transnational environmental problems.
Introduction
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren
Published: April 2019

The central topic of the present study is to offer a new perspective on perhaps the best-known types of transcategorial shift, commonly referred to as nominalization and verbalization. As explained in this introductory chapter, the ultimate aim of this study is to present the first elaborate attempt to determine what it “means” to nominalize or to verbalize. This chapter sets out the specificalities of the aims (both theoretical and methodological/descriptive) of this study and briefly introduces the construction that lies at the heart of the empirical chapters (i.e., the English gerund), followed by an overview of the chapter contents.
The English Gerund
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren
Published: April 2019

This chapter gives an overview of the history of the English gerund, describing the attested morphosyntactic developments and assessing the functional explanations that have been provided to explain the observed changes in its structural makeup. It gives an overview of the remaining lacunae in our understanding of how the English gerund developed, and suggests how these lacunae can be addressed. At the end of this chapter, a different functional approach to the history of the English gerund is presented, which is based on the functional-semantic model of categoriality presented in Chapter 2. Here, it is set out how the abstract nominal and verbal/clausal functional values can be defined as testable symptomatic usage patterns. These “symptomatic usage patterns” serve as the underlying basis for the hypothesis tested in the empirical chapters.
Reference Types
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren
Published: April 2019

The first case study, presented in this chapter, investigates how nominal and clausal constructions differ in terms of their reference and grounding strategies. In earlier stages of English, both nominal and verbal gerunds could rely on so-called “indirect clausal grounding” to establish their referent, receiving a specified subject as well as a temporal location from the matrix clause in which they are embedded (e.g., both He closed the deal [by signing the contract] as well as [by signing of the contract] were possible). While present-day verbal gerunds still frequently rely on indirect clausal grounding, nominal gerunds lost this grounding strategy in Modern English and presently exclusively use nominal grounding mechanisms (i.e., (in)definite articles, possessives, demonstratives) to establish reference (e.g., [The/His] signing of the contract).
Conclusions
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren
Published: April 2019

The concluding chapter synthesizes the results of the preceding analyses. It highlights that the most important functional-semantic categorial shift that has taken place within the English gerundive system did not affect the morphosyntactically verbalizing component; instead, it affected the “original” nominal gerund, which started to functionally assimilate to more prototypical members of the nominal class. It is explained that in earlier stages, the English gerund exhibited functional hybridity, using an exclusively nominal form to realize more nominal as well as more clausal functions; but with the rise of the verbalized gerund, this functional hybridity started to be gradually sorted out. What emerges from the discussions of the case studies is that adopting a model of functional-semantic categoriality allows one to tackle the remaining lacunae in understanding this history of the English gerund, and perhaps, in the not-so-distant future, of “categoriality in language change” more generally.
The Iraq War, 2003–2011
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: April 2019

The George W. Bush administration showed signs of biased decision-making before and after the 2003 Iraq invasion, which it claimed was necessary because Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. With Donald Rumsfeld as secretary of defense, the administration focused narrowly on regime change and failed to plan for the aftermath of war. With the fall of Baghdad, the administration expanded US goals under the Coalition Provisional Authority without the capabilities to pursue them. Although the administration adjusted course in 2007, its new “surge” strategy, based on counterinsurgency principles, had the US military pursuing modest goals to suit available capabilities. Then the administration benefited unexpectedly from an alliance with Sunni insurgents (the Anbar Awakening) and the stand-down of the principal Shiite militia opposing US forces. US strategy finally amounted to staying the course through 2011, when the Obama administration chose to leave Iraq rather than seek a negotiated compromise.
The Afghanistan War, 2001–?
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: April 2019

With the September 11, 2001 attack by al-Qaeda terrorists on the World Trade Center, the Bush administration conceded to decisional bias. It committed to Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan without duly assessing the implications of a Taliban defeat or how it might serve the administration’s “global war on terrorism.” Once engaged, the administration defined the US mission in Afghanistan broadly yet remained detached from harsh realities—including Afghan government corruption and ineptitude, finite alliance resources (in the International Security Assistance Force), and a Taliban resurgence—that hampered the achievement of these goals. The Obama administration capped US involvement in pursuing the limited goal of “reversing” the Taliban’s momentum. Although the administration increased US force levels in Afghanistan, it did so modestly and temporarily and then pursued a troop exit despite the country’s ongoing violence and instability. The administration stuck to its plan, slowing, not reversing, the withdrawal as the country’s security conditions worsened.
Core Europe and the United States
Authors: Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: April 2019

Core Europe and North America have often imagined themselves to be invulnerable to the Russian influence campaigns that have affected smaller, weaker countries in the lands in between. However, in recent years, that perception has broken down as Russia regularly hacks democratic elections in the West, sponsors extremists, spreads disinformation, and may have tipped the US 2016 presidential election to Donald Trump. The West now exhibits a similar politics to what we observe in the lands in between—with growing political extremism and polarization on the one hand and the rise of cynical power brokers on the other who seek to profit from both sides of an intensifying divide. Increasingly, democratic elections seem to pose a “civilizational choice” between the forces of liberal democracy and authoritarian nationalism on the Russian model.
The New Politics of Hybrid War
Authors: Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: April 2019

At base, what Russia hopes to achieve with its hybrid war on the West is the destruction or degradation of today’s EU Europe and the creation of a great-power Europe in which Russia would be a key player and US influence would be diminished. For Russia, it means first and foremost that Russia should be allowed a sphere of influence in Europe, undermining the sovereignty of its neighbors. For most Europeans, however, a great-power Europe is a 19th century model that failed. The West has a number of options to counter Russia’s hybrid war on the West in addition to sanctions. Perhaps the most effective would be to disrupt Russia’s ability to launder money through Western countries, thus limiting its ability to finance its foreign interventions. The problem is that the West has yet to take many of these measures because Russian influence campaigns have disabled Western institutions from within.
Introduction
Authors: Kloes Andrew
Published: April 2019

This chapter introduces the topic of the book, the “Awakening movement” (Erweckungsbewegung) in German Protestantism, by discussing the claims that were made by many German and other European church leaders and university professors in the mid-nineteenth century that a major religious awakening had occurred at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It then discusses the existing historiography of the Awakening movement, almost all of which has been written in German. Whereas the previous scholarship on the Awakening has been characterized by its focus on various specific regions of German-speaking Europe, this chapter concludes by outlining how this book adopts a thematic approach to the Awakening. This chapter describes how subsequent chapters will analyze the Awakening movement through how it appeared within four distinct areas of Protestant religious life: preaching, academic theology, organized evangelism, and caritative initiatives.
The Awakening and Theology
Authors: Kloes Andrew
Published: April 2019

This chapter analyzes how new developments within early nineteenth-century, university-based, academic theology were expressions of religious awakenings that had occurred in Protestant communities in Germany. The respective schools of thought reflected many university theologians’ own personal religious experiences of awakening. These considerably shaped the aims and methods of their scholarship. Recognizing how university professors were influential leaders in the Awakening movement through their lecturing, writing, and roles in new religious voluntary societies underscores an important point about the social composition of the movement. It was not simply a phenomenon of popular religious culture. Rather, different theological varieties of awakened Protestantism were fostered by some of the most learned members of the Protestant churches of Germany. They used their status and authority to promote such beliefs and assumed doing so was a responsibility of the academic and ecclesiastical offices that they held.
The Awakening and New Religious Societies for Social Reform
Authors: Kloes Andrew
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines how the Awakening became a modern, popular religious movement through the foundation of hundreds of new religious voluntary societies to ameliorate the living conditions of those in poverty. Such efforts were related to awakened Protestants’ holistic understanding of evangelism, in which the physical needs of those in difficult circumstances had to be addressed in order to remove them as obstacles to their hearing of the gospel message. This chapter examines new societies and institutions that awakened Protestants created to provide care for the unemployed, orphans, and those in need of medical care. In particular, it analyzes the principal roles that Protestant women played in such new organizations. In establishing these new religious institutions to alleviate social problems, awakened Protestants rationalized the church’s historic task of charity by creating administrative bureaucracies to operate these new institutions.
Pathologies of Probability Assessment
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2019

This chapter describes how foreign policy analysts often avoid assessing uncertainty in a manner that supports sound decision making. This aversion to probabilistic reasoning can take three forms: imprecise judgments that do not establish clear meaning; judgments of relative probability, which frame assessments of uncertainty against unspecified baselines; and conditioning, a practice that identifies the assumptions that must hold for a statement to be true but says nothing about the probability that a conclusion is actually correct. The chapter shows how official doctrine for intelligence analysis and military planning encourages foreign policy analysts to assess uncertainty in these problematic ways. It then shows how these problematic methods of assessing uncertainty shaped the highest levels of U.S. decision making during the Vietnam War, focusing on how senior leaders crafted military strategies without carefully assessing the chances that they would succeed.
The Founding and Evolution of the Electoral College
Authors: Alexander Robert M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the formulation and evolution of the Electoral College. Determining how the chief executive would be selected was among the most difficult tasks facing the Framers. They sought to balance geographic interests with concerns over popular sovereignty and legitimacy. Delegates debated whether the president should be selected by the legislature, by popular vote, or by state legislatures. Consensus rather than political principle drove much of the deliberation regarding the presidential selection process. Once established, the Electoral College changed considerably in a short while. The emergence of political parties (and party tickets) necessitated the passage of the 12th Amendment. This also changed the role of electors from one of independence to one of obedience. The widespread use of the unit rule further altered how the Electoral College functioned. Recognizing whether one is discussing the original body or the evolved body is essential in order to properly debate the institution.
Undue Influence and Exploitation
Authors: Saprai Prince
Published: April 2019

This chapter distinguishes two contexts in which promises might be made: in situations of ‘thick’ trust where the parties are in a pre-existing close or intimate relationship with one another, and cases of ‘thin’ trust where the relationship between the parties is more like that between what Lon Fuller called ‘friendly strangers’. Typically, contracts take place in the context of thin trust. However, ‘promise theorists’ have tended to lose sight of this distinction—assuming that contract must reflect the morality of promises that take place in close relationships. This chapter relies on this distinction to explain the undue influence doctrine, which applies in those much less common cases where contracts take place in the context of close relationships. Such cases create a risk of relational exploitation by the promisee, and this chapter argues that this normative concern plays an essential normative role in explaining the undue influence doctrine. The promise theory has tended to downplay the role of exploitation at the cost of explaining the doctrine. Undue influence is an example of what is described here as a ‘composite’ doctrine’, that is, it is the product of the interaction of a multiplicity of moral principles or values and cannot adequately be explained by a single value like promise alone.