bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CUSP-SHAPED STRUCTURE OF A JET OBSERVED BY IRIS AND SDO
Authors: Zhang Yuzong , Zhang Jun
Published: January 2017

On 2014 August 29, the trigger and evolution of a cusp-shaped jet were captured in detail at 1330 Å by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph. At first, two neighboring mini-prominences arose in turn from the low solar atmosphere and collided with a loop-like system over them. The collisions between the loop-like system and the mini-prominences lead to the blowout, and then a cusp-shaped jet formed with a spire and an arch-base. In the spire, many brightening blobs originating from the junction between the spire and the arch-base moved upward in a rotating manner and then in a straight line in the late phase of the jet. In the arch-base, dark and bright material simultaneously tracked in a fan-like structure, and the majority of the material moved along the fan's threads. At the later phase of the jet's evolution, bidirectional flows emptied the arch-base, while downflows emptied the spire, thus making the jet entirely vanish. The extremely detailed observations in this study shed new light on how magnetic reconnection alters the inner topological structure of a jet and provides a beneficial complement for understanding current jet models.
EVIDENCE FOR REDUCED SPECIFIC STAR FORMATION RATES IN THE CENTERS OF MASSIVE GALAXIES AT z = 4
Authors: Jung Intae , Finkelstein Steven L. , Song Mimi , Dickinson Mark , Dekel Avishai , Ferguson Henry C. , Fontana Adriano , Koekemoer Anton M. , Lu Yu , Mobasher Bahram , Papovich Casey , Ryan Russell E. , Salmon Brett , Straughn Amber N.
Published: January 2017

We perform the first spatially resolved stellar population study of galaxies in the early universe (z = 3.5–6.5), utilizing the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey imaging data set over the GOODS-S field. We select a sample of 418 bright and extended galaxies at z = 3.5–6.5 from a parent sample of ∼8000 photometric-redshift-selected galaxies from Finkelstein et al. We first examine galaxies at 3.5 ≲ z ≲ 4.0 using additional deep K-band survey data from the HAWK-I UDS and GOODS Survey which covers the 4000 Å break at these redshifts. We measure the stellar mass, star formation rate, and dust extinction for galaxy inner and outer regions via spatially resolved spectral energy distribution fitting based on a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. By comparing specific star formation rates (sSFRs) between inner and outer parts of the galaxies we find that the majority of galaxies with high central mass densities show evidence for a preferentially lower sSFR in their centers than in their outer regions, indicative of reduced sSFRs in their central regions. We also study galaxies at z ∼ 5 and 6 (here limited to high spatial resolution in the rest-frame ultraviolet only), finding that they show sSFRs which are generally independent of radial distance from the center of the galaxies. This indicates that stars are formed uniformly at all radii in massive galaxies at z ∼ 5–6, contrary to massive galaxies at z ≲ 4.
OGLE-2015-BLG-0196: GROUND-BASED GRAVITATIONAL MICROLENS PARALLAX CONFIRMED BY SPACE-BASED OBSERVATION
Authors: Han C. , Udalski A. , Gould A. , Zhu Wei ,   and, Szymański M. K. , Soszyński I. , Skowron J. , Mróz P. , Poleski R. , Pietrukowicz P. , Kozłowski S. , Ulaczyk K. , Pawlak M. ,   (The OGLE Collaboration), Yee J. C. , Beichman C. , Novati S. Calchi , Carey S. , Bryden C. , Fausnaugh M. , Gaudi B. S. , Henderson Calen B. , Shvartzvald Y. , Wibking B. ,   (The Spitzer Microlensing Team)
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we present an analysis of the binary gravitational microlensing event OGLE-2015-BLG-0196. The event lasted for almost a year, and the light curve exhibited significant deviations from the lensing model based on the rectilinear lens-source relative motion, enabling us to measure the microlens parallax. The ground-based microlens parallax is confirmed by the data obtained from space-based microlens observations using the Spitzer telescope. By additionally measuring the angular Einstein radius from the analysis of the resolved caustic crossing, the physical parameters of the lens are determined up to the twofold degeneracy, u
0 < 0 and u
0 > 0, solutions caused by the well-known “ecliptic” degeneracy. It is found that the binary lens is composed of two M dwarf stars with similar masses, M
1 = 0.38 ± 0.04 M
⊙ (0.50 ± 0.05 M
⊙) and M
2 = 0.38 ± 0.04 M
⊙ (0.55 ± 0.06 M
⊙), and the distance to the lens is D
L = 2.77 ± 0.23 kpc (3.30 ± 0.29 kpc). Here the physical parameters outside and inside the parentheses are for the u
0 < 0 and u
0 > 0 solutions, respectively.
NO OVERDENSITY OF LYMAN-ALPHA EMITTING GALAXIES AROUND A QUASAR AT z ∼ 5.7
Authors: Mazzucchelli C. , Bañados E. , Decarli R. , Farina E. P. , Venemans B. P. , Walter F. , Overzier R.
Published: January 2017

Bright quasars, observed when the universe was less than one billion years old (z > 5.5), are known to host massive black holes (∼109
M
⊙) and are thought to reside in the center of massive dark matter overdensities. In this picture, overdensities of galaxies are expected around high-redshift quasars. However, observations based on the detection of Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) around these quasars do not offer a clear picture: this may be due to the uncertain redshift constraints of LBGs, which are solely selected through broadband filters. To circumvent such uncertainties, we here perform a search for Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies (LAEs) in the field of the quasar PSO J215.1512–16.0417 at z ∼ 5.73, through narrowband deep imaging with FORS2 at the Very Large Telescope. We study an area of 37 arcmin2, i.e., ∼206 comoving Mpc2 at the redshift of the quasar. We find no evidence of an overdensity of LAEs in the quasar field with respect to blank-field studies. Possible explanations for these findings may be that our survey volume is too small, or that the strong ionizing radiation from the quasar hinders galaxy formation in its immediate proximity. Another possibility is that these quasars are not situated in the dense environments predicted by some simulations.
CHALLENGING SOME CONTEMPORARY VIEWS OF CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS. II. THE CASE FOR ABSENT FILAMENTS
Authors: Howard T. A. , DeForest C. E. , Schneck U. G. , Alden C. R.
Published: January 2017

When a coronal mass ejection (CME) appears in a coronagraph it often exhibits three parts. This “classic” three-part configuration consists of a bright leading edge, a dark circular- or teardrop-shaped cavity, and a bright core within the cavity. It is generally accepted that these are manifestations of coronal plasma pileup, the driving magnetic flux rope, and the associated eruptive filament, respectively. The latter has become accepted by the community since coronagraph CMEs have been commonly associated with eruptive filaments for over 40 years. In this second part of our series challenging views on CMEs, we present the case that the inner core of the three-part coronagraph CME may not be, and in the most common cases is not, a filament. We present our case in the form of four exhibits showing that most of the CMEs in a broad survey are not associated with an eruptive filament at the Sun, and that the cores of those CMEs that are filament-associated do not geometrically resemble or consist of material from the associated filament. We conclude with a discussion on the possible causes of the bright CME core and what happens to the filament material postlaunch. We discuss how the CME core could arise spontaneously from the eruption of a flux rope from the Sun, or could be the result of a mathematical caustic produced by the geometric projection of a twisted flux rope.
PRIMUS: ONE- AND TWO-HALO GALACTIC CONFORMITY AT 0.2 < z < 1
Authors: Berti Angela M. , Coil Alison L. , Behroozi Peter S. , Eisenstein Daniel J. , Bray Aaron D. , Cool Richard J. , Moustakas John
Published: January 2017

We test for galactic conformity at

to a projected distance of 5 Mpc using spectroscopic redshifts from the PRism MUlti-object Survey (PRIMUS). Our sample consists of ∼60,000 galaxies in five separate fields covering a total of ∼5.5 square degrees, which allows us to account for cosmic variance. We identify star-forming and quiescent “isolated primary” (i.e., central) galaxies using isolation criteria and cuts in specific star formation rate. We match the redshift and stellar mass distributions of these samples to control for correlations between quiescent fraction and redshift and stellar mass. We detect a significant (>3σ) one-halo conformity signal, or an excess of star-forming neighbors around star-forming central galaxies, of ∼5% on scales of 0–1 Mpc and a 2.5σ two-halo signal of ∼1% on scales of 1–3 Mpc. These signals are weaker than those detected in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and are consistent with galactic conformity being the result of large-scale tidal fields and reflecting assembly bias. We also measure the star-forming fraction of central galaxies at fixed stellar mass as a function of large-scale environment and find that central galaxies are more likely to be quenched in overdense environments, independent of stellar mass. However, we find that environment does not affect the star formation efficiency of central galaxies, as long as they are forming stars. We test for redshift and stellar mass dependence of the conformity signal within our sample and show that large volumes and multiple fields are required at intermediate redshift to adequately account for cosmic variance.
NEW EVIDENCE FOR CHARGE-SIGN-DEPENDENT MODULATION DURING THE SOLAR MINIMUM OF 2006 TO 2009
Authors: Di Felice V. , Munini R. , Vos E. E. , Potgieter M. S.
Published: January 2017

The PAMELA space experiment, in orbit since 2006, has measured cosmic rays (CRs) through the most recent period of minimum solar activity with the magnetic field polarity as A < 0. During this entire time, galactic electrons and protons have been detected down to 70 MV and 400 MV, respectively, and their differential variation in intensity with time has been monitored with unprecedented accuracy. These observations are used to show how differently electrons and protons responded to the quiet modulation conditions that prevailed from 2006 to 2009. It is well known that particle drifts, as one of four major mechanisms for the solar modulation of CRs, cause charge-sign-dependent solar modulation. Periods of minimum solar activity provide optimal conditions in which to study these drift effects. The observed behavior is compared to the solutions of a three-dimensional model for CRs in the heliosphere, including drifts. The numerical results confirm that the difference in the evolution of electron and proton spectra during the last prolonged solar minimum is attributed to a large extent to particle drifts. We therefore present new evidence of charge-sign-dependent solar modulation, with a perspective on its peculiarities for the observed period from 2006 to 2009.
LAMOST OBSERVATIONS OF FLARING M DWARFS IN THE KEPLER FIELD
Authors: Chang H.-Y. , Song Y.-H. , Luo A.-L. , Huang L.-C. , Ip W.-H. , Fu J.-N. , Zhang Y. , Hou Y.-H. , Cao Z.-H. , Wang Y.-F.
Published: January 2017

A sample of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope spectra of early-type M0–M3 dwarfs is compared with Kepler observations. It is found that M dwarfs with strong chromospheric emission in

have large flare activity in general. The rotational periods derived from the Kepler measurements have close correlations with the sizes of the flares, the power-law distribution index, and the equivalent widths of the

emission. A clear trend exists for higher magnetic activities being detected in faster-rotating M dwarfs (rotation periods < 20 days).
DIFFERENTIALLY ROTATING WHITE DWARFS. I. REGIMES OF INTERNAL ROTATION
Authors: Ghosh Pranab , Wheeler J. Craig
Published: January 2017

Most viable models of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) require the thermonuclear explosion of a carbon/oxygen white dwarf that has evolved in a binary system. Rotation could be an important aspect of any model for SNe Ia, whether single or double degenerate, with the white dwarf mass at, below, or above the Chandrasekhar limit. Differential rotation is specifically invoked in attempts to account for the apparent excess mass in the super-Chandrasekhar events. Some earlier work has suggested that only uniform rotation is consistent with the expected mechanisms of angular momentum transport in white dwarfs, while others have found pronounced differential rotation. We show that if the baroclinic instability is active in degenerate matter and the effects of magnetic fields are neglected, both nearly uniform rotation and strongly differential rotation are possible. We classify rotation regimes in terms of the Richardson number, Ri. At small values of Ri

0.1, we find both the low-viscosity Zahn regime with a nonmonotonic angular velocity profile and a new differential rotation regime for which the viscosity is high and scales linearly with the shear, σ. Employment of Kelvin–Helmholtz viscosity alone yields differential rotation. Large values of Ri ≫ 1 produce a regime of nearly uniform rotation for which the baroclinic viscosity is of intermediate value and scales as

. We discuss the gap in understanding of the behavior at intermediate values of Ri and how observations may constrain the rotation regimes attained by nature.
ERRATUM: “UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF STELLAR MULTIPLICITY ON THE DERIVED PLANET RADII FROM TRANSIT SURVEYS: IMPLICATIONS FOR KEPLER, K2, AND TESS” (2015, ApJ, 805, 16)
Authors: Ciardi David R. , Beichman Charles A. , Horch Elliott P. , Howell Steve B.
Published: January 2017

There was an error in the published version of Equation (6); the equation should read as

The calculations and results presented in the paper utilized the correct form of the equation and are unaffected by the error in the equation. The authors sincerely regret the error.
BRIGHT TIMES FOR AN ANCIENT STAR
Authors: Fuhrmann K. , Chini R.
Published: January 2017

Field stars of Population II are among the oldest sources in the Galaxy. Most of their solar-type dwarfs are non-single and, given their extreme age, a significant fraction is accompanied by stellar remnants. Here we report the discovery of the bright F7V star 49 Lib as a massive and very metal-rich Population II field blue straggler, along with evidence for a white dwarf as its dark and unseen companion. 49 Lib is known as a relatively fast-rotating, single-lined spectroscopic binary in a 3 year orbit and with an apparent age of about τ ≃ 2.3 Gyr. Its chemistry and kinematics, however, both consistently imply that 49 Lib must be an ancient Population II star at τ ≃ 12 Gyr. With reference to the inclination from the astrometric orbit, leading to a

M
⊙ low-mass white dwarf, and in view of the

M
⊙ massive, evolved F-type blue straggler star, we demonstrate that 49 Lib must have been the subject of a mostly conservative mass transfer with a near-equal-mass M ≃ 1.06 + 1.00 M
⊙ G-type binary at birth. For its future evolution, we point to the possibility as a progenitor system toward a type Ia supernova. Most importantly, however, we note that the remarkable metal enrichment of 49 Lib at [Mg/H] = +0.23 and [Fe/H] = −0.11 has principally very relevant implications for the early epoch when the Milky Way came into being.
PLANETARY ENGULFMENT AS A TRIGGER FOR WHITE DWARF POLLUTION
Authors: Petrovich Cristobal , Muñoz Diego J.
Published: January 2017

The presence of a planetary system can shield a planetesimal disk from the secular gravitational perturbations due to distant outer massive objects (planets or stellar companions). As the host star evolves off the main sequence to become a white dwarf, these planets can be engulfed during the giant phase, triggering secular instabilities and leading to the tidal disruptions of small rocky bodies. These disrupted bodies can feed the white dwarfs with rocky material and possibly explain the high-metallicity material in their atmospheres. We illustrate how this mechanism can operate when the gravitational perturbations are due to the KL mechanism from a stellar binary companion, a process that is activated only after the planet has been removed/engulfed. We show that this mechanism can explain the observed accretion rates if: (1) the planetary engulfment happens rapidly compared to the secular timescale, which is generally the case for wide binaries (

au) and planetary engulfment during the asymptotic giant branch; (2) the planetesimal disk has a total mass of

. We show that this new mechanism can provide a steady supply of material throughout the entire life of the white dwarfs for all cooling ages and can account for a large fraction (up to nearly half) of the observed polluted white dwarfs.
MASSIVE STAR FORMATION IN THE LMC. I. N159 AND N160 COMPLEXES
Authors: Gordon Michael S. , Jones Terry J. , Gehrz Robert D. , Helton L. Andrew
Published: January 2017

We present images and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of massive young stellar objects (YSOs) in three star-forming H ii regions of the Large Magellanic Cloud: N159A, N159 Papillon, and N160. We use photometry from SOFIA/FORCAST at 25.3–37.1 μm to constrain model fits to the SEDs and determine luminosities, ages, and dust content of the embedded YSOs and their local environments. By placing these sources on mid-infrared color–magnitude and color–color diagrams, we analyze their dust properties and consider their evolutionary status. Since each object in the FORCAST images has an obvious bright near-infrared counterpart in Spitzer Space Telescope images, we do not find any evidence for new, very cool, previously undiscovered Class 0 YSOs. Additionally, based on its mid-infrared colors and model parameters, N159A is younger than N160 and the Papillon. The nature of the first extragalactic protostars in N159, P1, and P2, is also discussed.
THE EFFECT OF VARIABILITY ON X-RAY BINARY LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS: MULTIPLE-EPOCH OBSERVATIONS OF NGC 300 WITH CHANDRA
Authors: Binder B. , Gross J. , Williams B. F. , Eracleous M. , Gaetz T. J. , Plucinsky P. P. , Skillman E. D.
Published: January 2017

We have obtained three epochs of Chandra ACIS-I observations (totaling ∼184 ks) of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 300 to study the logN–logS distributions of its X-ray point-source population down to ∼2 × 10−15 erg s−1 cm−2 in the 0.35–8 keV band (equivalent to ∼1036 erg s−1). The individual epoch logN–logS distributions are best described as the sum of a background active galactic nucleus (AGN) component, a simple power law, and a broken power law, with the shape of the logN–logS distributions sometimes varying between observations. The simple power law and AGN components produce a good fit for “persistent” sources (i.e., with fluxes that remain constant within a factor of ∼2). The differential power-law index of ∼1.2 and high fluxes suggest that the persistent sources intrinsic to NGC 300 are dominated by Roche-lobe-overflowing low-mass X-ray binaries. The variable X-ray sources are described by a broken power law, with a faint-end power-law index of ∼1.7, a bright-end index of ∼2.8–4.9, and a break flux of

erg s−1 cm−2 (∼4 × 1036 erg s−1), suggesting that they are mostly outbursting, wind-fed high-mass X-ray binaries, although the logN–logS distribution of variable sources likely also contains low-mass X-ray binaries. We generate model logN–logS distributions for synthetic X-ray binaries and constrain the distribution of maximum X-ray fluxes attained during outburst. Our observations suggest that the majority of outbursting X-ray binaries occur at sub-Eddington luminosities, where mass transfer likely occurs through direct wind accretion at ∼1%–3% of the Eddington rate.
The Repeating Fast Radio Burst FRB 121102 as Seen on Milliarcsecond Angular Scales
Authors: Marcote B. , Paragi Z. , Hessels J. W. T. , Keimpema A. , Langevelde H. J. van , Huang Y. , Bassa C. G. , Bogdanov S. , Bower G. C. , Burke-Spolaor S. , Butler B. J. , Campbell R. M. , Chatterjee S. , Cordes J. M. , Demorest P. , Garrett M. A. , Ghosh T. , Kaspi V. M. , Law C. J. , Lazio T. J. W. , McLaughlin M. A. , Ransom S. M. , Salter C. J. , Scholz P. , Seymour A. , Siemion A. , Spitler L. G. , Tendulkar S. P. , Wharton R. S.
Published: January 2017

The millisecond-duration radio flashes known as fast radio bursts (FRBs) represent an enigmatic astrophysical phenomenon. Recently, the sub-arcsecond localization (∼100 mas precision) of FRB 121102 using the Very Large Array has led to its unambiguous association with persistent radio and optical counterparts, and to the identification of its host galaxy. However, an even more precise localization is needed in order to probe the direct physical relationship between the millisecond bursts themselves and the associated persistent emission. Here, we report very-long-baseline radio interferometric observations using the European VLBI Network and the 305 m Arecibo telescope, which simultaneously detect both the bursts and the persistent radio emission at milliarcsecond angular scales and show that they are co-located to within a projected linear separation of ≲40 pc (≲12 mas angular separation, at 95% confidence). We detect consistent angular broadening of the bursts and persistent radio source (∼2–4 mas at 1.7 GHz), which are both similar to the expected Milky Way scattering contribution. The persistent radio source has a projected size constrained to be ≲ 0.7 pc (≲0.2 mas angular extent at 5.0 GHz) and a lower limit for the brightness temperature of

T

b

≳
5
×

10

7

K

. Together, these observations provide strong evidence for a direct physical link between FRB 121102 and the compact persistent radio source. We argue that a burst source associated with a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus or a young neutron star energizing a supernova remnant are the two scenarios for FRB 121102 that best match the observed data.
Les citations des dirigeants dans les communiqués de presse diffusés lors d’OPA/OPE : Une analyse lexicale
Authors: Nègre Emmanuelle
Published: January 2017

La présente recherche s’intéresse aux citations de dirigeants présentes dans les communiqués de presse diffusés dans le contexte particulier des OPA/OPE. Plus précisément, 35 offres publiques d’acquisitions visées par l’AMF entre décembre 2006 et juin 2011 ont été étudiées et une analyse lexicale de 95 citations a été effectuée. Les résultats révèlent l’utilisation, par les dirigeants, d’un discours non standardisé axé sur les conséquences des opérations. Ces discours semblent varier selon le type d’offre (amical ou hostile ; volontaire ou obligatoire) ainsi que selon le type de porte-parole (dirigeant de la cible et/ou de l’acquéreuse). Une discussion est aussi opérée autour du public visé par ces discours.
La perception et l’utilisation des conseillers virtuels en ligne : Proposition d’un cadre intégrateur
Authors: Cherif Emma
Published: January 2017

Cet article a pour objectif de proposer un modèle intégrateur permettant une meilleure compréhension des réponses des consommateurs face aux conseillers virtuels. Pour ce faire, nous avons mobilisé d’une part les théories d’adoption des nouvelles technologies à savoir le modèle TAM et le modèle TTF. D’autre part, nous avons recouru aux modèles de perception notamment le modèle de Brunswik et le modèle I-PEFiC. Le modèle proposé met l’accent sur la complémentarité de ces modèles et offre une meilleure vision sur le processus de perception et d’évaluation du conseiller virtuel et son impact sur l’utilisation et les intentions comportementales de consommateur.
3D LASER SCANNING FOR PRESERVATION AND STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF HISTORIC CALIFORNIA ADOBE MISSIONS
Authors: Böttger H. M. , Arce Bazán C. J. , Saarman N. P.
Published: January 2017

INTRODUCTION

At the University of San Francisco Architecture & Community Design Program, the Architectural Engineering curriculum utilizes a Leica ScanStation C10 3D Laser Scanner to document historic structures and monitor their structural behavior. Some of the oldest structures in the State of California are the historic adobe missions built by Native Americans and Spanish Catholic missionaries between 1769 and 1833. California is a region of very high seismic activity, and the adobe structures have withstood significant earthquakes and other erosive or destructive forces over their lifetime. However, they are sensitive structures in need of active preservation and very few original adobe buildings remain. Working together with local structural engineers who specialize in seismic restoration of historic adobe structures, USF students have conducted laser scanning at Mission Santa Cruz and Mission San Miguel Arcángel, creating extensive 3D point cloud records, and developing architectural drawings which establish the current state of these structures for the purposes of historic preservation and structural study. Because of the delicate and irregular nature of these structures, the 3D laser scanner is the most appropriate tool for detailed yet non-invasive documentation.

Completed in 1821, Mission San Miguel Arcángel suffered significant damage in the nearby 2003 San Simeon earthquake. The original adobe structure has undergone partial repairs such as banding at the top of the walls of the Sacristy. Using the 3D laser scanner, thorough scans are stitched together to create full interior and exterior 3D point cloud files, which are processed in Leica Cyclone and Autodesk Recap, and then imported into AutoCAD to create detailed line drawings of plans, elevations and sections of significant areas. Wall lean and other indicators of crack progress and deterioration are areas of special focus. With these records, a structural monitoring program has begun to document the condition of the buildings in wet seasons and dry seasons, and to determine the long-term effect of seismic restorations which have been implemented. This paper presents a detailed account of the process, pedagogical value and structural and architectural lessons learned over the course of the 3D scanning of these valuable heritage landmarks.
PERFORMANCE OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN COLDER CLIMATES
Authors: Gorgolewski Mark , Brown Craig , Chu Anne-Mareike , Turcato Adrian , Bartlett Karen , Ebrahimi Ghazal , Hodgson Murray , Mallory-Hill Shauna , Ouf Mohamed , Scannell Leila
Published: January 2017

Building performance evaluations (BPEs) were carried out for nine Canadian green buildings using a standardised assessment framework. The aim was to explore and measure the discrepancies between the operational performance of the buildings and their predicted performance, as well as to identify lessons for their owners, design teams and the construction industry. The objective of this paper is not to report individual buildings in detail (we refer the reader to the individual building reports) but to report on some general lessons that came from doing this study.

Overall these buildings performed well compared to benchmarks. However, the findings suggest that occupancy is not well understood and often incorrectly predicted during design, and that this affects various aspects of performance, including energy and water use. Also energy and water use modelling is often undertaken principally for building code/green rating compliance purposes and does not necessarily represent an accurate prediction of likely operational use. Combined with variations in occupancy this can lead to considerable discrepancies in performance from the modelled values. This may be understood by experts but is often misleading to building owners and others. Water use is often not well predicted and also not carefully managed in buildings and there is a lack of understanding of what constitutes good water performance.

Overall, it is important to recognise that each building has its own individual “story” that provides necessary context for effective management and improvement of the building during its ongoing life. It is proposed that a BPE process allows that context to be better understood, and enables more effective decision making about building management, improvements, occupant satisfaction, energy use, etc.
IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION RISKS ON COSTS IN LEED-CERTIFIED PROJECTS
Authors: Gurgun Asli Pelin , Arditi David , Vilar Pablo Casals
Published: January 2017

Construction according to green principles rather than traditional methods poses a new set of risks to project participants. These risks should be appropriately identified and managed in order to prevent cost overruns. This study aims to identify construction risks and their cost impacts in LEED-certified projects. For this purpose, thirteen risks were identified based on a literature survey and were categorized under four groups of issues: (i) consultant, contractor and subcontractor, (ii) material, product and process, (iii) legal, regulatory and contractual, and (iv) financial and economic. A survey was then administered to green building design and construction practitioners in the U.S. to assess the likelihood of occurrence of these risks and their respective impacts on project cost. According to the survey results, the risks associated with consultant, contractor and subcontractor issues have the highest expected impact on costs. The top five risk factors were determined as (1) contractors and subcontractors agreeing to standards that are not within their expertise and competence, (2) high cost of certification, (3) lack of expertise in new products/technologies, (4) doubts about the long-term viability and performance of new and untested products, materials and technologies, and (5) inadequate definition of project parties' contractual roles and responsibilities. Mitigating the cost impact of risks is of great value to owners and designers and contractors. Recognizing the risks associated with LEED-certified projects and their cost impacts can be of benefit to all practitioners.
OFF-GRID TINY HOUSE SMART RESIDENTIAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Alexander David G.
Published: January 2017

INTRODUCTION

Students at California State University (CSU), Chico designed, built, and tested an off-grid solar powered tiny house and competed in the 2016 Sacramento Municipal Utility District's (SMUD) Tiny House Competition. Top tier research institutions, predominantly undergraduate universities, and community colleges from all over California competed against one another in a variety of performance and aesthetic events in SMUD's first ever competition. One of the main goals of the CSU, Chico's Tiny House was to design and implement an autonomous energy management system to maximize energy capture, use, and efficiency and provide a seamless, comfortable, and uninterrupted indoor living environment. This system, smart residential energy management system (SREMS), was designed to monitor and sense solar energy collected and stored, indoor heating and cooling loads, occupant cooking and personal water heating needs, and electrical outlets and to determine and allow energy related activities given the amount of stored energy. Thermodynamic and heat transfer models were developed to predict heating, cooling, and appliance requirements. These models were used to size the solar array, battery storage, and appliances. SREMS was installed in the tiny house and its performance was tested and validated during the week long SMUD Tiny House competition. Results showed close correlation with the predicted energy requirements of the models, and the tiny house maintained net-zero energy use even during overcast and rainy skies throughout the three-day event. The CSU, Chico team won best control system and best technology at the statewide event. This paper describes the design, installation and testing results of CSU, Chico's Tiny House SREMS.
Impact of hospital and sociodemographic factors on utilization of drug-eluting stents in 2011-2012 Medicare cohort
Authors: Tuliani Tushar A , Shenoy Maithili , Parikh Milind , Cohen Mauricio G , Grines Cindy , Jutzy Kenneth , Hilliard Anthony
Published: January 2017

Objective: Insurance status is a predictor of drug-eluting stent (DES) usage. Our study sought to determine the effect of hospital and sociodemographic characteristics on utilization of DES in nationwide inpatient discharges with uniform insurance (Medicare). Methods: We linked data from the 2011 to 2012 Medicare discharges, 2011 Medicare hospital referral region (HRR) report (racial composition of each HRR), American Hospital Association (number of beds, rural/urban location, public/private status, and academic affiliation of hospitals), and American Community Survey 2011 (median income using zip code). We analyzed diagnosis-related group (DRG) codes 249 (bare metal stent without complications), 246, and 247 (DES with and without complications, respectively). Univariate and multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine odds ratios (OR) for utilization of DES. Results: There were 322,002 discharges with DRG codes 246 (54,279), 247 (209,365), and 249 (58,358) in our database. Higher odds of DES usage was observed in Hispanic dominant HRR(s) (OR: 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33-1.42, P < 0.001) compared to Caucasian dominant HRR(s). DES utilization was similar in African-American and Caucasian dominant HRR (s). Higher odds of DES use was observed in median household income groups ≥$20,001 (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.13, P - 0.03). Lower DES usage was observed in hospitals with higher total stent volume (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.63-0.69, P < 0.001) and for-profit hospitals (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.85-0.92, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study findings suggest that there are significant differences in DES utilization in a national cohort of individuals with uniform insurance.
A High-Efficient Algorithm for Parabolic Problems with Time-Dependent Coefficients
Authors: Chen Chuanmiao , Wang Xiangqi , Hu Hongling
Published: January 2017

A high-efficient algorithm to solve Crank-Nicolson scheme for variable coefficient parabolic problems is studied in this paper, which consists of the Function Time-Extrapolation Algorithm (FTEA) and Matrix Time-Extrapolation Algorithm (MTEA). First, FTEA takes a linear combination of previous l level solutions as good initial value of Un(see Time-extrapolation algorithm (TEA) for linear parabolic problems, J. Comput. Math., 32(2) (2014), pp. 183–194), so that Conjugate Gradient (CG)-iteration counts decrease to 1/3~1/4 of direct CG. Second, MTEA uses a linear combination of exact matrix values in level L, L+s, L+2s to predict matrix values in the following s–1 levels, and the coefficients of the linear combination is deduced by the quadric interpolation formula, then fully recalculate the matrix values at time level L+3s, and continue like this iteratively. Therefore, the number of computing the full matrix decreases by a factor 1/s. Last, the MTEA is analyzed in detail and the effectiveness of new method is verified by numerical experiments.
Evapotranspiration seasonality across the Amazon basin
Authors: Maeda Eduardo Eiji , Ma Xuanlong , Wagner Fabien , Kim Hyungjun , Oki Taikan , Eamus Derek , Huete Alfredo
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) of Amazon forests is a main driver of regional climate patterns and an important indicator of ecosystem functioning. Despite its importance, the seasonal variability of ET over Amazon forests, and its relationship with environmental drivers, is still poorly understood. In this study, we carry out a water balance approach to analyse seasonal patterns in ET and their relationships with water and energy drivers over five sub-basins across the Amazon basin. We used in-situ measurements of river discharge, and remotely sensed estimates of terrestrial water storage, rainfall, and solar radiation. We show that the characteristics of ET seasonality in all sub-basins differ in timing and magnitude. The highest mean annual ET was found in the northern Rio Negro basin (~ 1497 mm year−1) and the lowest values in the Solimões River basin (~ 986 mm year−1). For the first time in a basin-scale study, using observational data, we show that factors limiting ET vary across climatic gradients in the Amazon, confirming local-scale eddy covariance studies. Both annual mean and seasonality in ET are driven by a combination of energy and water availability, as neither rainfall nor radiation alone could explain patterns in ET. In southern basins, despite seasonal rainfall deficits, deep root water uptake allows increasing rates of ET during the dry season, when radiation is usually higher than in the wet season. We demonstrate contrasting ET seasonality with satellite greenness across Amazon forests, with strong asynchronous relationships in ever-wet watersheds, and positive correlations observed in seasonally dry watersheds. Finally, we compared our results with estimates obtained by two ET models, and we conclude that neither of the two tested models could provide a consistent representation of ET seasonal patterns across the Amazon.
Numerical Framework for the Computation of Urban Flux
Footprints Employing Large-eddy Simulation and Lagrangian
Stochastic Modeling
Authors: Auvinen Mikko , Järvi Leena , Hellsten Antti , Rannik Üllar , Vesala Timo
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Conventional footprint models cannot account for the heterogeneity of the urban landscape imposing a pronounced uncertainty on the spatial interpretation of eddy-covariance (EC) flux measurements in urban studies. This work introduces a computational methodology that enables the generation of detailed footprints in arbitrarily complex urban flux measurements sites. The methodology is based on conducting high-resolution large-eddy simulation (LES) and Lagrangian stochastic (LS) particle analysis on a model that features a detailed topographic description of a real urban environment. The approach utilizes an arbitrarily sized target volume set around the sensor in the LES domain, to collect a dataset of LS particles which are seeded from the potential source-area of the measurement and captured at the sensor site. The urban footprint is generated from this dataset through a piecewise post-processing procedure, which divides the footprint evaluation into multiple independent processes that each yield an intermediate result that are ultimately selectively combined to produce the final footprint. The strategy reduces the computational cost of the LES-LS simulation and incorporates techniques to account for the complications that arise when the EC sensor is mounted on a building instead of a conventional flux tower. The presented computational framework also introduces a result assessment strategy which utilizes the obtained urban footprint together with a detailed land cover type dataset to estimate the potential error that may arise if analytically derived footprint models were employed instead. The methodology is demonstrated with a case study that concentrates on generating the footprint for a building-mounted EC measurement station in downtown Helsinki, Finland, under neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer.
The Enviro-HIRLAM online integrated meteorology–chemistry modelling system: strategy, methodology, developments, and applications
Authors: Baklanov Alexander , Korsholm Ulrik Smith , Nuterman Roman , Mahura Alexander , Nielsen Kristian Pagh , Sass Bent Hansen , Rasmussen Alix , Zakey Ashraf , Kaas Eigil , Kurganskiy Alexander , Sørensen Brian , González-Aparicio Iratxe
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The Environment – HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model (Enviro-HIRLAM) is developed as a fully online integrated numerical weather prediction (NWP) and atmospheric chemical transport (ACT) model for research and forecasting of joint meteorological, chemical and biological weather. The integrated modelling system is developed by DMI in collaboration with several European universities. It is the baseline system in the HIRLAM Chemical Branch and used in several countries and different applications. The development was initiated at DMI more than 15 years ago. The first version was based on the DMI-HIRLAM NWP model with online integrated passive pollutant transport and dispersion, chemistry, aerosol dynamics, deposition and indirect effects. To make the model suitable for chemical weather forecasting (CWF) in urban areas the meteorological part was improved by implementation of urban parameterizations. The dynamical core was improved by implementing a locally mass conserving semi-Lagrangian numerical advection scheme, which improves forecast accuracy and model performance. The latest developing version is based on HIRLAM reference v7.2 with a more advanced and effective chemistry, aerosol multi-compound approach, aerosol feedbacks (direct and semi-direct) on radiation and (first and second indirect effects) on cloud microphysics. Since 2004 the Enviro-HIRLAM is used for different studies, including operational pollen forecasting for Denmark since 2009. Following main research and development strategy the further model developments will be extended towards the new NWP platform – HARMONIE. Different aspects of online coupling methodology, research strategy and possible applications of the modelling system, and fit-for-purpose model configurations for the meteorological and air quality communities are discussed.
An Examination of Self-Esteem and Empowerment of African American Female Youth in an After School Program
Authors: Unroe Taylor , Barnett Rosemary V. , Payne-Purvis Caroline
Published: January 2017

This study investigated self-esteem and empowerment in three African American female cohort groups in an after school program. A sample of 136 students in the after school program comprised the three one-year female and male cohort groups. For this study, 71 African American females in the female cohort groups were analyzed. Social Cognitive Theory and Resiliency Theory were used to explore factors potentially influencing self-esteem and empowerment of an at-risk African American female population, with the after school program serving as a protective factor. Participants completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Developmental Assets Profile (DAP), but only DAP empowerment items were analyzed. No significant differences were found in self-esteem levels for the three separate female cohort groups. However, evidence was found for a positive correlation between self-esteem and empowerment. Study conclusions identify implications for after school program staff as they identify needs and conduct youth programs accordingly.
Potential Success and Barrier Factors for Implementation of the Transition to Independence (TIP) Model
Authors: Kalinyak Christopher M. , Gary Faye A. , Killion Cheryl M. , Suresky M. Jane
Published: January 2017

In this qualitative study, 28 key stakeholders who work with transition-aged youth participated in focus group discussions addressing success and barrier factors regarding implementation of a transition to independence process (TIP) program for youth, ages 14–29, in three Midwestern cities. All participants had prior knowledge of TIP. The paradigm shift to client-oriented goals and services was acknowledged by respondents as the prime benefit of TIP; youth are more motivated to follow through on self-determined goals. Barrier factors for providers involved collaboration with agencies adhering to provider-oriented interventions, provision of TIP methods training, and reallocation of time and money. Barrier factors for youth involved mistrust of service providers, overcoming maturational deficits, and acquiring and maintaining relationships, reputations, and social supports.
Using the AGsploration: the Science of Maryland Agriculture Curriculum as a Tool to Increase Youth Appreciation and Understanding of Agriculture and Science
Authors: Barczewski April Hall , Bennett Sheryl , Gordon David , Hutson Thomas , BhaduriHauck Sara Meagher
Published: January 2017

AGsploration: The Science of Maryland Agriculture is a 24-lesson, peer-reviewed curriculum that includes experiential hands-on activities and built-in pre-/post-evaluation tools. Lesson topics include production agriculture, the environment and nutrition with emphasis on how science relates to each topic. Student pre-/post- evaluation data reflects participation in AGsploration positively affects students’ attitudes about agriculture and science. Separate evaluations were developed to survey two groups of trained teen teachers about the curriculum immediately following their training, 1-2 years after using the curriculum and another 3-4 years post involvement. The results demonstrated that teen teachers were an effective way to disseminate the curriculum and these same teens increased their agriculture knowledge, life skills and interest in agriculture science education and careers. A similar evaluation was conducted with adult educators following a training session and another 1-2 years after actively using the curriculum. This data suggests that the curriculum is well received and valued.
The Necessity and Importance of Leisure, Analysis of Factors That Affect Recreating Time, Case Study - Isfahan
Authors: Shahbazi Amir Hamzeh , Zarabi Asghar , Taghvaei Masood , Sargazi Zeinab , Shahbazi Ashkan
Published: January 2017

This paper aims to study general kinds of leisure time and to analyze their relation with some relevant variables (Demographic, social & neighborhood Situation). The Necessity of this study is in relation with the role of leisure time on mental and psychic restoring in our todays life. Especially need for intervention and planning on private, Semipublic and public spaces. The goal of the study is to assess and understand the ways that people spent their free time, in their modern life (or nontraditional). The Research method is survey. Data is gathered,by random sampling trough questionnaire that was closed end and was designed and evaluated by the author. Data analysis is based on nonparametric statistic model. The study is an applied research and limited to Isfahan city and Study is conducted based on the hypothesis of the study which is: the ways that people spend their leisure time is regarding their personal, social and neighborhood physical characteristics.
Children ‘Think Aloud’ and ‘Talk About’ Vocabulary Strategies in an Integrated Memory-based Text Framework
Authors: Rachanioti Lena , Griva Eleni , Alevriadou Anastasia
Published: January 2017

The present study aimed at recording and comparing the vocabulary strategies employed by Greek students and bilingual immigrants in an integrated memory-based text framework. Moreover, an effort to correlate the language strategies employed by the participants with their academic performance was attempted. The sample consisted of 20 monolingual and 20 bilingual students of Albanian origin, who attended the 5th and 6th grade of three primary schools in Eastern Thessaloniki, Greece. The monolingual and bilingual students were matched according to their mark reports on academic performance. Qualitative techniques were used for data collection: a) an instrument for recording students' profiles and their difficulties in acquiring vocabulary and memorizing a text b) ‘think aloud’ protocols and retrospective interviews. The identification of the strategies, employed by monolingual and bilingual children in an integrated text framework resulted in the compilation of a strategy model: a) exploration strategies, b) process strategies, c) memory strategies and d) confirmation/consolidation strategies. The correlation of the process strategies with the academic performance was statistically significant in monolingual students, as well as in bilinguals. A stronger positive correlation was found between the memory strategies and the monolinguals’ academic performance, while a positive trend also emerged for bilinguals. Although the study is limited in scope, the strategies resulted from the analysis of the collected data, constitute a holistic process/approach of vocabulary acquisition in an integrated memory-based text framework.