bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost‐Effective and Scalable Approach for the Separation and Direct Cathode Recovery from End‐of‐Life Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lipson Albert L. , Macholz Jessica D. , Dai Qiang , Melin Peyton , Gallagher Sabine M. , LeResche Michael , Polzin Bryant J. , Spangenberger Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2025

Li‐ion battery recycling presents a promising opportunity to decrease dependence on foreign sources of materials and harvest precious materials within the United States. Herein, a superior complete direct recycling process on individual end‐of‐life cells is reported where the recovered high‐purity cathode active material, as well as electrolyte salt Li hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) can be reused without significant processing. This new process utilizes a series of mechanical separation steps that enable the separation of the cathode and anode active materials while they are still attached to their current collectors. Using this type of process can significantly reduce metal contamination and enable a clean cathode that can be directly recycled. The process if implemented commercially can greatly reduce the environmental burden of batteries as the greenhouse gas emissions of 8.25 kg CO2e kg−1 from the direct recycling process are 64% lower compared to those from virgin production of cathode material. During electrochemical testing of the recovered LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 a discharge capacity of ≈160 mAh g−1 and good cyclability of over 250 cycles at 0.33C are achieved. This success paves a new pathway to explore and optimize existing Li‐ion battery recycling procedures.
Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity in BiFeO3 Nanoparticles through Electrical Polarization
Authors: Wu Jhen‐Yang , Jin Xinyu , Wang Junan , Hu Zhitao , Chen Chun‐Yi , Kurioka Tomoyuki , Llandro Justin , Gibbons Andrew H. , Sone Masato , Hsu Yung‐Jung , Okamoto Satoshi , Chang Tso‐Fu Mark
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the enhancement of photocatalytic properties in BiFeO3 nanoparticles through an additional electrical polarization (poling) pretreatment process. BiFeO3, a promising multiferroic material with a narrow bandgap of ≈2. 12 eV, is well‐suited forvisible light‐driven photocatalysis. However, its photocatalytic efficiency isoften limited by insufficient photogenerated charge availability. To address this, a poling process was employed to align the ferroelectric domains within BiFeO3 nanoparticles, improving charge separation and enhancing photocatalytic activity. The findings reveal that the poling process preserves the intrinsic bandgap of BiFeO3, maintaining its visible light absorption capability. Steady‐state photoluminescence spectroscopy shows a marked increase in the intensity in poling‐treated samples, indicating enhanced charge carrier generation. Photo degradation experiments using Indigo dye as a model pollutant demonstrate that poling‐treated BiFeO3 achieves a remarkable photodegradation efficiency of 99%, compared to 56% for untreated BiFeO3. Additionally, the poling‐treated BiFeO3 retains 65% of its initial efficiency after four cycles, highlighting its durability for sustained environmental applications. This study underscores the effectiveness of poling in enhancing the photocatalytic performance of BiFeO3 nanoparticles, providing valuable insights into the development of efficient photocatalysts via domain engineering for environmental purification technologies.
Hybrid Composite With Natural and Synthetic Fibers in the Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: Ivanova Ivelina , Assih Jules , Diagana Cheikhna , Titeux‐Peth Isabelle
Published: January 2025

Many concrete structures, such as buildings, civil structures, or transport facilities, have an enormous need for rehabilitation. The defects have a critical influence on the resistance and durability of these structures. This study evaluates the effectiveness of strengthening reinforced concrete structures by bonding natural fiber composite materials (hemp fiber fabrics [HFF]) mixed with synthetic fibers (carbon fiber reinforced polymer [CFRP] or Glasse fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites) using epoxy‐based adhesives to increase their mechanical strength and extend the lifespan of the structures. This strengthening consists of bonding a composite sheet based on natural fiber fabric to the judiciously targeted outer surface of the reinforced concrete structure. From a sustainable development perspective, replacing synthetic fibers as reinforcement with vegetal fiber plants is the first step in respecting environmental issues. This paper focuses on experimental investigations on reinforced concrete specimens (33 in all) considered strengthened by different composite mixes between natural and synthetic composite fibers. The crack propagation behavior and the influence of adhesive thickness were investigated. Considering that the adhesively bonded composite materials reduce the stress intensity at the crack tip and, therefore, increase the remaining lifetime of the concrete structure. In fact, the experimental results showed an increase in ultimate load in flexural strength from 65% to 104% of strengthened concrete specimens with hybrid (hemp and glass fiber fabrics) composite plate and from 117% to 163% of strengthened concrete specimens with hybrid (hemp and carbon fiber fabrics) composite plate, compared to the control concrete specimen without strengthening.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fe‐Phthalocyanine‐Based Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Oi Hiroto , Isobe Momoka , Kishikawa Riko , Abe Fumiya , Morishita Norihiro , Takagi Shunsuke , Nakayama Shota , Kanai Kaname
Published: January 2025

This paper reports the successful synthesis of Fe‐phthalocyanine‐based metal‐organic framework (FePc‐MOF) by simple thermal polymerization. FePc‐MOF is a promising candidate for Lieb lattice, which is a type of Dirac materials with two independent sites in a square unit cell, and it is theoretically predicted to have a unique electronic structure featuring both a Dirac band and a flat band near the Fermi level. The prepared samples exhibit the structure of FePc‐MOF, as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The FePc‐MOF pellet demonstrates electrical conductivity approximately a thousand times higher than that of its precursor, octacyano‐Fe‐phthalocyanine. This significant increase in electrical conductivity compared to the precursor indicates that FePc‐MOF has a 2D π‐electron system with a FePc‐based framework and is consistent with the prediction that FePc‐MOF is a semiconductor with a narrow energy gap due to its Lieb lattice‐like structure. The synthesis method developed in this study is expected to advance fundamental research on Lieb lattices as new electronic and magnetic functional materials.
Pareto in Prison
Authors: Morgan Mark A. , Long Joshua S. , Logan Matthew W. , Benton Frank
Published: January 2025

The Pareto principle is based on the concept that roughly 80% of outcomes are generated by 20% of inputs, efforts, or contributors within a group. Using a national sample of U.S. prison inmates, we examined various percentile rankings of self‐reported institutional misconduct to determine how much disorder is created behind bars by the most prolific offenders. Findings revealed that, regardless of sex, the top 20% of inmates were responsible for approximately 90% of all rule violations and write‐ups received. These general patterns remained similar even after adjusting infractions for time served in prison. Further analyses indicated that membership within these high‐rate groups was often significantly predicted by those who were younger, black, had more extensive criminal histories, committed violent crimes, resided in state facilities, anticipated being released, used drugs prior to their arrest, were diagnosed with a personality disorder or ADHD, and exhibited worse negative affect. Some sex‐specific effects were also observed. The disproportionate impact these chronic offenders have on the prison environment is detrimental to all individuals who live and work around them. Future research should investigate specific types of misconduct, distinct time intervals of incarceration, and facility effects such as management style, security levels, or offender composition.
Prevent, address cyberbullying of student‐athletes
Authors: Romano Robert J.
Published: January 2025

Cyberbullying on social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, can involve sending abusive messages to someone directly, tagging an individual in a derogatory social media post, posting embarrassing photos, or sharing videos that include disparaging comments about the individual. No matter the platform or format, research has shown that cyberbullying can cause extreme harm to the targeted individual.
The opposite effect of ELP4 and ZEB2 on TCF7L2‐mediated microglia polarization in ischemic stroke
Authors: Min Xiao‐li , Lin Sixian , Hu Jia‐yi , Jing Rui , Zhao Qing , Shang Fei‐fei , Zeng Yong
Published: January 2025

Microglia M1 polarization plays important role in the development of ischemic stroke (IS). This study explored the role of transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2) in regulating microglia M1 polarization during IS. TTC staining was used to determine the cerebral infarction, and Nissl staining was applied to examine neuronal injury. The secretion levels of cytokines were measured using ELISA. The interaction between Zinc finger E‐Box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) and TCF7L2 was analyzed by Co‐IP, and H3K27ac enrichment in the TCF7L2 promoter was detected by ChIP assay. TCF7L2 knockdown reduced MCAO/R‐induced mice cerebral injury. TCF7L2 silencing or TAK‐242 (TLR4 antagonist) injection inhibited OGD/R‐induced microglia M1 polarization by repressing the TLR4/NF‐κB signal, and TCF7L2 knockdown combined with TAK‐242 treatment further inhibited microglia M1 polarization. TCF7L2 promoted transcriptional activation of TLR4. ELP4 enhanced H3K27ac‐mediated transcriptional activation of TCF7L2, and ZEB2 promoted the K48‐linked ubiquitination of TCF7L2. TCF7L2 overexpression abolished the inhibitory effect of ELP4 knockdown or ZEB2 overexpression on OGD/R‐induced microglia M1 polarization. TCF7L2 exacerbated cerebral injury by promoting microglia M1 polarization during IS progression. Mechanistically, ELP4 promoted TCF7L2 expression by promoting H3K27ac enrichment in the TCF7L2 promoter, while ZEB2 promoted TCF7L2 ubiquitination degradation.
Space Charge Improved Poly(Aryl Ether Sulfone) Composite Membrane for Osmotic Energy Conversion
Authors: Zhong Jundong , Qi Hongyan , Xu Tingting , Sun Weibo , Zhao Zhe , Zhang Haibo , Zhu Xuanbo , Jiang Zhenhua
Published: January 2025

Comprehensive Summary

The ion‐selective porous membrane is the key component in osmotic energy conversion, and optimizing its permeability and selectivity is crucial for improving output performance. Here, to construct a permeability and selectivity synergistically enhanced osmotic energy generator, the surface and space charge synergistically enhanced 3D composite membrane is prepared by inserting sulfonated hydrogels into the 3D ion channels with tunable surface charge. The membrane's selectivity is improved from 0.66 to 0.94 by increasing the charge density on the membrane surface and the spatial charge density of the membrane. The experimental and simulation results showed that the synergistic enhancement of the spatial and surface charges significantly improved the electrostatic interactions between the ions and the ion channels, which led to the enhancement of selectivity, net ionic fluxes, and output performance. The space charge improved composite membrane presents an advanced power density of about 6.4 W·m–2 under a 50‐fold concentration gradient, which is nearly 2 times that of the phase inversion membrane without hydrogels. Our study provides a promising solution for constructing high‐performance osmotic energy generators.
Hospitalization outcomes among older adults living undiagnosed or unaware of dementia
Authors: Amjad Halima , Sekhon Vishaldeep K. , Wolff Jennifer L. , Samus Quincy M. , Roth David L.
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

Many persons with dementia are undiagnosed or unaware of dementia, which may affect hospitalization outcomes.

METHODS

We evaluated differences in length of stay, days not at home, discharge destination, and 30‐day readmissions over 1 year in 6296 older adults in the National Health and Aging Trends Study with linked Medicare claims. Multivariable‐adjusted models compared outcomes across no dementia, undiagnosed dementia, unaware but diagnosed with dementia, and aware and diagnosed with dementia.

RESULTS

Persons with undiagnosed dementia had longer length of stay and were more likely to be discharged to a facility (44.8% vs. 19.3%) compared to no dementia; differences persisted in multivariable models. Persons undiagnosed or unaware experienced outcomes similar to persons aware and diagnosed except for more 30‐day readmissions in the undiagnosed (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 2.05 [1.01, 4.16]).

DISCUSSION

Persons undiagnosed or unaware of dementia experience worse hospitalization outcomes, suggesting potential clinically significant implications of unrecognized dementia.

Highlights

Persons with undiagnosed versus no dementia have worse hospitalization outcomes.

Persons with undiagnosed dementia have more 30‐day readmissions compared to persons diagnosed.

Lack of clinician or family recognition of dementia may adversely affect hospitalization outcomes.
BDNF expression mediates verbal learning and memory in women in a cohort enriched with risk for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Edmunds Kyle J. , Pandos Alyssa A. , Hoang Isabella , Mamlouk Gabriella M. , Motovylyak Alice , Lose Sarah R. , Asthana Sanjay , Stremlau Matthew , Johnson Sterling C. , van Praag Henriette , Okonkwo Ozioma C.
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

This study examined whether sex differences in verbal learning and memory (VLM) are mediated by plasma brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression.

METHODS

In a sample of n = 201 participants (63.81 ± 6.04 years, 66.2% female, 65.7% family history of Alzheimer's disease [AD], 38% apolipoprotein E [APOE] ε4+) from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention, VLM was measured using trials 3 through 5 and delayed recall from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Plasma BDNF was measured using a Human BDNF Quantikine Immunoassay. Mediation analysis used bootstrapping, and stratified mediation models tested the conditional dependence of APOE ε4 carriage.

RESULTS

BDNF partially mediated the sex–VLM relationship (β = −0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.18, −0.01). Female APOE ε4 carriers had higher VLM scores (β = −0.53; p = 0.03), while female non‐carriers had both higher BDNF levels (β = −0.68; p < 0.01) and VLM scores (β = −1.06; p < 0.01); BDNF was again a significant mediator (β = −0.18; 95% CI: −0.37, −0.05).

DISCUSSION

This study found that circulating BDNF mediates higher verbal memory scores in females—particularly in APOE ε4 non‐carriers.

Highlights

Sex differences in verbal learning and memory (VLM) were mediated by plasma brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels.

Women exhibited higher VLM scores and plasma BDNF levels compared to men.

The protective effect of BDNF in women was attenuated by apolipoprotein E ε4 carriage.

Findings suggest sex‐specific mechanisms against verbal memory decline in aging.
Older US adults’ experiences with and views about cognitive screening and blood biomarker testing for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Cox Chelsea G. , Kirch Matthias , Singer Dianne , Solway Erica , Malani Preeti N. , Kullgren Jeffrey T. , Roberts J. Scott
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

Dementia is underdiagnosed in the United States. Understanding of older adults’ experiences with screening is needed to optimize diagnosis.

METHODS

US adults ages 65 to 80 (N = 1298) were surveyed on experiences with cognitive screening and blood biomarker (BBM) testing. Regression models estimated associations between characteristics and screening use.

RESULTS

Most older adults were aware of screening (71%); 41% reported ever being screened. Older age, higher education, retirement, poorer health, and family history of dementia were associated with higher odds of screening; Hispanic and non‐Hispanic Asian race/ethnicity were associated with lower odds (p < .05). Most older adults were unaware of BBM (81%); few wanted testing immediately (9%). Although older adults held positive views about screening and BBM, half reported concerns about distress or stigma if tests indicated risk.

DISCUSSION

Cognitive screening rates remain low. Older adults view screening and BBM as useful to inform health decisions but have concerns about potential harms.

Highlights

Only one in five older US adults report having cognitive screening in the past year.

Sociodemographic and health factors may influence whether older adults receive cognitive screening.

Most older adults have positive views about cognitive screening and BBM testing.

Many older adults would be concerned about distress or stigma if test result indicated dementia risk.
Blood phosphorylated Tau181 reliably differentiates amyloid‐positive from amyloid‐negative subjects in the Alzheimer's disease continuum: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Antonioni Annibale , Raho Emanuela Maria , Manzoli Lamberto , Koch Giacomo , Flacco Maria Elena , Di Lorenzo Francesco
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

Blood‐based biomarkers seem promising for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODS

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis on the potential of blood phosphorylated Tau181 (p‐tau181) to differentiate amyloid‐positive (A+) and amyloid‐negative (A−) subjects. Two meta‐analyses were conducted, showing the mean p‐tau values in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the A+ and A− group, and the second comparing the mean p‐tau concentrations in blood and CSF among A+ versus A‐ participants, by laboratory assessment method.

RESULTS

Eighteen studies (2764 A+ and 5646 A− subjects) were included. The single‐group meta‐analysis showed mean higher blood p‐tau181 values in the A+ than in the A− group. In the head‐to‐head meta‐analysis, blood p‐tau reliably differentiated A+ patients from A− participants.

DISCUSSION

Regardless of the laboratory technique, blood p‐tau181 reliably differentiates A+ and A− subjects. Therefore, it might have important applications for early diagnosis and inclusion in clinical trials for AD patients.

Highlights

The role of blood‐based biomarkers in discriminating AD patients is still uncertain.

Blood p‐tau181 distinguishes among amyloid‐positive and amyloid‐negative subjects.

Blood p‐tau181 might allow early diagnosis and inclusion in clinical trials.
Association between choroidal microvasculature in the eye and Alzheimer's disease risk in cognitively healthy mid‐life adults: A pilot study
Authors: Burke Jamie , Gibbon Samuel , Low Audrey , Hamid Charlene , Reid‐Schachter Megan , Muniz‐Terrera Graciela , Ritchie Craig W. , Dhillon Baljean , O'Brien John T. , King Stuart , MacCormick Ian J. C. , MacGillivray Thomas J.
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

We explored associations between measurements of the ocular choroid microvasculature and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.

METHODS

We measured the choroidal vasculature appearing in optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of 69 healthy, mid‐life individuals in the PREVENT Dementia cohort. The cohort was prospectively split into low‐, medium‐, and high‐risk groups based on the presence of known risk factors (apolipoprotein E [APOE] ε4 genotype and family history of dementia [FH]). We used ordinal logistic regression to test for cross‐sectional associations between choroidal measurements and AD risk.

RESULTS

Choroidal vasculature was progressively larger between ordinal risk groups, and significantly associated with risk group prediction. APOE ε4 carriers had thicker choroids and larger vascularity compared to non‐carriers. Similar trends were observed for those with a FH.

DISCUSSIONS

Our results suggest a potential link between the choroidal vasculature and AD risk. However, these exploratory findings should be replicated in a larger sample.

Highlights

Ocular choroidal microvasculature is of interest in relation to neurodegeneration due to its autonomic response to systemic, pathophysiological change.

Choroidal changes in the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are unexplored.

The PREVENT Dementia cohort offers a unique, non‐invasive study of the microvasculature in mid‐life individuals at increased risk for developing AD.

Significantly increased ocular choroidal vasculature was associated with increased risk (apolipoprotein E carrier and/or family history of dementia) for AD.

These exploratory results suggest a potential association between the ocular choroidal vasculature and AD risk. However, findings should be replicated in a larger sample.
Warming‐induced changes in seasonal priority effects drive shifts in community composition
Authors: Dawson‐Glass Emma , Schiafo Rory , Kuebbing Sara E. , Stuble Katharine L.
Published: January 2025

Shifting community assembly dynamics are an underappreciated mechanism by which warming will alter plant community composition. Germination timing (which can determine the order in which seedlings emerge within a community) will likely shift unevenly across species in response to warming. In seasonal environments where communities reassemble at the beginning of each growing season, changes in germination timing could lead to changes in seasonal priority effects, and ultimately community composition. We test this expectation by assembling mesocosms of 15 species in one of two orders—“ambient” assembly order or “warmed” assembly order—based on the order in which the constituent species germinated under ambient and warmed conditions. Community composition differed significantly between mesocosms assembled in ambient versus warmed orders. The impact of assembly order on species mean biomass was largely explained by how much earlier (or later) a species arrived in the warmed‐order treatment relative to the ambient‐order treatment. Species whose germination phenology advanced more under warmed conditions relative to ambient conditions showed greater relative increases in biomass under the warmed assembly treatment. These findings demonstrate that warming can drive community assembly and shape community composition by reordering the relative timing of germination among species. These findings enhance our ability to predict which species are likely to benefit from warming and which may decline based on how warming may shift assembly order, ultimately informing how warming may alter plant communities.
A seasonal matrix population model for ixodid ticks with complex life histories and limited host availability
Authors: Vindenes Yngvild , Mysterud Atle
Published: January 2025

Many vector‐borne diseases are sensitive to changes in land use and climate; hence, it is important to understand the factors that govern the vector populations. Ixodid ticks, which serve as vectors for multiple diseases, have a slow life cycle compared with many of their hosts. The observable questing population represents only a fraction of the total tick population and may include overlapping cohorts in each stage. The duration of each life stage (larvae, nymph, and adult) is variable and depends on factors such as the seasonal timing of questing, development, and host availability. Mathematical models are therefore essential to mediate how complex life cycle transitions and host interactions underpin the seasonal dynamics of the questing tick population. In this study, we develop a seasonal matrix population model for ixodid ticks feeding on a small and large host. The model has 17 stages representing the main life history stages (eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults) combined with status of feeding, seasonal timing of feeding, and overwintering. The probability of finding a host depends on tick instar and host type, and density regulation is incorporated through limited host capacity. Using a life history representing Ixodes ricinus in Northern Europe as a baseline, we extract seasonal numbers of different parts of the tick population and calculate life history outcomes such as generation time and mean and variance of lifespan and of lifetime reproductive output. These results are compared with an alternative scenario of a southern life history. Secondly, we investigate (1) effects of seasonality in the small host availability on the seasonal numbers of tick stages and (2) effects of varying host availability and utilization of small versus large hosts by larvae and nymphs, on the seasonal numbers of questing ticks. Our results suggest that the small host availability is an important regulating factor through the feeding of larvae. Our model incorporates complex mechanisms underlying the seasonal composition of the tick population. It can be applied to different ixodid tick species and provides a framework for future investigations into intra‐ and interspecific variation in life history and population dynamics.
Enzymatically Formed Fatty Acid Hydroperoxides Determined Through GC‐MS Analysis of Enantiomeric Excess of Hydroxy Fatty Acids After Reduction and Ibuprofen Derivatization
Authors: Hotz Lisa , Zartmann Anne , Noack Isabelle , Drees Luca J. , Kuschow Meret K. , Heinrich Markus R. , Janssen Hans‐Gerd , Hammann Simon
Published: January 2025

Unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to lipid oxidation through autoxidation, photooxygenation or enzymatical oxidation. A characteristic feature of enzyme‐catalyzed oxidation is the high regio‐ and stereospecificity of the formed fatty acid hydroperoxides. In this study, we present a method to quantify enzymatic lipid oxidation through reducing hydroperoxy fatty acid methyl esters to hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters and derivatizing them with enantiopure (S)‐ibuprofen, allowing the resolution of the enantiomer pairs as diastereomers via achiral GC‐MS. After application to enantiopure reference fatty acids, the approach was applied to autoxidation products of linoleic acid, and the expected racemic mixtures of the 9‐ and 13‐hydroperoxide derived hydroxy fatty acids were detected. On the other hand, when linoleic acid was oxidized using soybean lipoxygenase, clear enantiomeric excess of the (13S) enantiomer could be detected, proving the applicability of this method to detect enzymatic oxidation through enantiomeric excess.
Altered Sensorimotor Striatal Network Connectivity in Women With Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Wang Yu‐ping , Chu Min‐Yi , Wang Yi , Lei Xiaoxia , Kang Qing , Yue Ling , Chen Yan , Lui Simon S. Y. , Wang Zhen , Chan Raymond C. K. , Chen Jue
Published: January 2025

Objective

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with disturbances in reward processing, cognitive control, and body image perception, implicating striatal dysfunction. Evidence suggests that underweight may modulate brain function in AN. We aimed to investigate whole‐brain resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the striatum in patients with AN while controlling for the acute effects of underweight.

Method

Using theoretically selected striatal sub‐regions, whole‐brain rsFC patterns of the striatum were compared among patients with AN (n = 39, BMI = 16.19 ± 1.48 kg/m2), normal weight healthy controls (NHC) (n = 31, BMI = 20.98 ± 1.72 kg/m2), and underweight healthy controls (UHC) (n = 22, BMI = 16.68 ± 0.69 kg/m2). Correlation analysis between rsFC and clinical measures was conducted for the patients with AN.

Results

Compared with the NHC group, AN patients showed increased striatal rsFC with the fronto‐parietal network (FPN) and reduced striatal rsFC with sensorimotor and visual regions. Compared with the UHC group, AN patients exhibited reduced striatal rsFC solely with sensorimotor and visual regions. No significant correlations were found between striatal rsFC and clinical variables in the patients with AN.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that decreased striatal rsFC with sensorimotor and visual areas may represent illness‐specific neural correlates in patients with AN.
Amauroderma rugosum Extract Improves Brain Function in d‐Galactose‐Induced Aging Mouse Models via the Regulatory Effects of Its Polysaccharides on Oxidation, the mTOR‐Dependent Pathway, and Gut Microbiota
Authors: Rangsinth Panthakarn , Zheng Chengwen , Shiu Polly Ho‐Ting , Wang Wen , Kwong Tsz Ching , Choy Chi Tung , Leung Susan Wai‐Sum , Tencomnao Tewin , Chuchawankul Siriporn , Prasansuklab Anchalee , Cheung Timothy Man‐Yau , Kwan Yiu‐Wa , Kannan Priya , Li Jingjing , Leung George Pak‐Heng
Published: January 2025

The pharmacological effects of Amauroderma rugosum (AR), an edible mushroom found mainly in Southeast Asia, are not well studied, particularly its neuroprotective properties. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of AR aqueous extract (ARW) in a d‐galactose‐induced accelerated aging mouse model and senescent SH‐SY5Y neuronal cells. Behavioral tests (open field, Morris water maze, Y‐maze, and rotarod) demonstrated that d‐galactose‐induced aging mice exhibited impaired cognitive function, memory loss, anxiety, and reduced locomotor ability, all of which were alleviated by ARW treatment. Histological analysis showed that ARW reduced neuropathological lesions in the hippocampus. In SH‐SY5Y neuronal cells, ARW and AR polysaccharide extract (ARP) enhanced cell viability and decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in a concentration‐dependent manner. ARW and ARP also reduced cellular senescence and apoptosis in d‐galactose‐treated cells. Western blot analysis indicated that ARW and ARP upregulated the phosphorylation of mTOR and increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase 1 and heme‐oxygenase‐1. Additionally, ARW altered the gut microbiota, increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus reuteri and decreasing harmful bacteria like Clostridium scindens. These findings suggest that AR exerts neuroprotective effects primarily through its polysaccharides by modulating oxidative stress, activating the mTOR‐dependent pathway, and influencing the gut microbiota. Consequently, AR could serve as a potential dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Muscle and Metabolic Genes Are Differentially Expressed During Thermal Acclimation by the Brook Trout Myotome
Authors: Coughlin David J. , Dutterer Madeline D. , LaMonica Zachary D. , Peyton Evelyn M. , Kwon Elizabeth S. , Hittle Kathleen A.
Published: January 2025

Cold‐water fishes, such as Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), are being challenged by the consequences of climate change. The ability of these fish to acclimate to warmer environmental conditions is vital to their survival. Acclimation to warmer water may allow brook trout to reduce the metabolic costs of higher temperatures. Previous work has shown that brook trout display a significant thermal acclimation response in their myotomal muscle, with slower contractile properties observed in warm acclimated fish. In this study, gene expression was examined in hatchery brook trout acclimated to a range in temperatures (4, 10 or 20°C). Brook trout displayed variations in gene expression in their myotomal muscle in accordance with acclimation temperature. Genes important for muscle function, cellular metabolism, protein degradation, and stress response showed variation to both warm (20°C) and cold (4°C) acclimation. The warm acclimated fish also showed decreased expression of genes associated with aerobic metabolism and increased expression of genes for heat shock proteins, while the cold acclimated fish showed increased expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and protein turnover. α‐tubulin displayed a close association with thermal acclimation, increasing in expression with acclimation temperature. The patterns of muscle gene expression were the opposite of what was expected. Although warm acclimated fish have previously been shown to display slow muscle contractile properties, this study found that warm acclimation is associated with increased expression of genes for kinetically faster isoforms of important muscle proteins. Collectively, the results demonstrate a robust response to elevated temperature in the hatchery fish greater than 10,000 genes showing differential expression with temperature. These results provide a roadmap for the analysis of the acclimation response of native populations of brook trout encountering climate change.
From Dry to Temperate: How Climate Change Alters Growing Seasons?
Authors: Khodamorad Pour Mehraneh , Hessami Negin , Varshavian Vahid
Published: January 2025

The thermal growing season, which represents a plant's theoretical growth season, is a key indicator of phenology's response to climate change. Using thermal growing season indices (start, end and length) and their sensitivity to air temperature, this study examines how climate change impacts them. For various climate types of Iran, Mann–Kendall and Sen's slope tests were applied to examine trends in thermal growing season indices at two temperature thresholds: 5°C (for cold‐season plants) and 10°C (for tropical plants) between 1995 and 2020. Using a novel heuristic algorithm, multiple linear regressions were used to determine the most influential seasonal air temperature indices including mean, range and extreme on thermal growth indices as well. Plants in cold and temperate climates experienced significant early onset and lengthening of their growing seasons, with tropical plants on northern coasts experiencing the earliest onset (14.7 days/decade) and the lengthening growing season (16 days/decade). For plants in cold climates, the end of the growing season was also delayed (5 days/decade). The onset growth season was most sensitive to spring minimum and average temperatures in cold and temperate climates, while it was most sensitive to winter average temperatures in dry climates. In cold climates, changing spring and winter temperature ranges also affected the onset of the growing season, while in dry climates, changing autumn temperature ranges affected the end of the growing season. However, extreme temperatures only affect the end of the growing season in temperate climates. Furthermore, the early onset of the growing season is the primary factor contributing to the lengthening of the growing season in all climates. The findings of this study can assist in developing and implementing agriculture and water resource management strategies that mitigate climate change's adverse effects.
Efficacy of low FODMAP diet in pediatric patients with disorders of gut–brain interaction
Authors: Raja Snigdha , Teitelbaum Jonathan E. , Pereira Kimberly , Guli Katelyn , Schosheim Alexander
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs), including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are common among children. Although a diet that is low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) has been proven to help adults with IBS, there is conflicting evidence of its efficacy in pediatric patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients with DGBIs diagnosed by a pediatric gastroenterologist between December 2018 and April 2022 and referred to a dietician for low FODMAP diet (LFD). The diagnosis was based on Rome IV criteria, and the chart review was based on International Classification of Diseases 10 diagnosis codes for DGBIs. Subjective historical assessment was used to define symptom improvement. The causative FODMAP Monash group(s) were identified during the reintroduction phase based on a symptom diary.

Results

A total of 58 patients were initially identified (38 females), 47 of whom completed the LFD and followed up. This included 24 patients with IBS‐diarrhea predominant (IBS‐D), 10 patients with IBS‐mixed type (IBS‐M), 6 patients with IBS‐constipation predominant (IBS‐C), and 7 patients with functional abdominal pain (FAP) or functional dyspepsia (FD). Symptom improvement occurred in 22 (91.6%) of IBS‐D, 7 (70%) of IBS‐M, 3 (50%) of IBS‐C, and 3 (42.8%) of FAP/FD. Fructans, garlic, onions, and lactose were the most common offenders.

Conclusion

LFD improves symptoms in most patients with DGBIs, particularly those with IBS‐D.
Techno‐functionality of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) protein concentrate: a comparative study with soy and pea proteins
Authors: Costa Juliana Eloy Granato , Matos Jessica da Silva , Azevedo Paula Zambe , Souza Francisca das Chagas do Amaral , Rodrigues Sueli , Fernandes Fabiano André Narciso , da Silva Vanelle Maria , Bezerra Jaqueline de Araújo , Sanches Edgar Aparecido , Lamarão Carlos Victor , Vidigal Márcia Cristina Teixeira Ribeiro , Stringheta Paulo César , Martins Evandro , Campelo Pedro Henrique
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

With the growing human awareness of the environmental and animal stress caused by the meat industry, the consumption of plant‐based products has expanded. Plant proteins have gained market prominence due to their sustainable origin, economic value and health benefits. Well‐established plant proteins in the market, such as those of soy and pea, have various applications as ingredients in the food industry. However, given the wide variety of protein sources, it is necessary to conduct studies on the chemical and techno‐functional characterization of other raw materials to further diversify their properties. In this context, the present study introduces jack bean protein concentrate (JBPC) as a potential alternative to proteins already established in the market. Techno‐functional properties such as surface hydrophobicity, solubility, zeta potential, water‐ and oil‐holding capacity, foam capacity and stability, emulsion stability and gel formation and rheology were analyzed.

RESULTS

The protein content obtained from the extraction of the JBPC was 73 g (100 g)−1 on a dry weight basis, with an extraction yield of approximately 10% (w/w). Least gelation concentration for JBPC was 20%. JBPC exhibited a predominantly hydrophobic nature, with good oil retention capacity and emulsion and foam stabilization properties. The structure of JBPC was more linear, stable and rigid, which primarily influenced gel stiffness.

CONCLUSION

Based on the study of techno‐functional properties, JBPC proved to be an excellent alternative to soy protein isolate and pea protein concentrate in various applications, with potential for becoming an innovative ingredient in the food industry. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
18F‐FDG PET/CT for Surveillance in Salivary Gland Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ajit‐Roger Emily , Richardson Keith , Mlynarek Alex Marcin , Sadeghi Nader , Hier Michael P. , Mascarella Marco A.
Published: January 2025

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT compared to conventional imaging modalities (CIM) to detect recurrence of primary salivary gland cancers (SGCs).

Data Sources

Review performed on December 26, 2024, using Embase, CINHAL, MEDLINE, and PubMed.

Review Methods

Two blinded reviewers selected studies reporting diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT in identifying locoregional recurrence and/or metastasis in patients with SGCs. The analysis was performed adhering to PRISMA guidelines using R 4.3.3. Pooled analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were analyzed.

Results

A total of 12 studies were retained from the systematic review, including 264 patients evaluated in the meta‐analysis. For local recurrence, there was a pooled sensitivity of 0.86 (95% CI 0.73–0.93) and a pooled specificity of 0.95 (95% CI 0.92–0.97) for PET/CT, and a pooled sensitivity of 0.89 (95% CI 0.80–0.94) and a pooled specificity of 0.91 (95% CI 0.79–0.97) for CIM (p = 0.90). For regional metastasis, there was a pooled sensitivity of 0.90 (95% CI 0.73–0.97) and a pooled specificity of 0.96 (95% CI 0.92–0.98) for PET/CT, and a pooled sensitivity of 0.80 (95% CI 0.62–0.91) and a pooled specificity of 0.95 (0.90–0.98) for CIM (p = 0.26). For distant metastasis, there was a pooled sensitivity of 0.96 (95% CI 0.90–0.99) and a pooled specificity of 0.95 (95% CI 0.85–0.98) for PET/CT, and a pooled sensitivity of 0.80 (95% CI 0.71–0.86) and a pooled specificity of 0.97 (95% CI 0.87–0.99) for CIM (p = 0.018).

Conclusions

18F‐FDG‐PET/CT imaging is accurate for the detection of SGC recurrence, particularly for the detection of regional and distant metastases.

Level of Evidence

Not applicable Laryngoscope, 2025
Clinical Judgment Model‐Based Critical Reflection Program for Newly Graduated Nurses: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kim Ae Ran , Hong Jeong Hee , Kim Kyeongsug , Kim Yuna , Lee Jung Min , Lee Heejin , Yoon Ji Hyun , Kim Mi Soon
Published: January 2025

This study evaluated the effects of a critical reflection program utilizing the Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LCJR) reflective questions based on the Clinical Judgment Model (CJM) on newly graduated nurses' clinical judgment skills. A total of 153 newly graduated nurses scheduled for on‐site training in a ward nursing unit were divided into a control group (receiving only the usual on‐site training with preceptorship) and an experimental group (receiving the developed program with the same on‐site training with preceptorship as the control group). Data were collected at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3 months after the intervention. A comparison of the scores of the two groups at each measurement time point revealed that the experimental group showed significantly higher scores than the control group in clinical judgment (z = 3.25, p = 0.003) and stage of noticing (z = 2.78, p = 0.015) at 6 weeks postintervention. Clinical reasoning competence (experimental χ2 = 24.57, p < 0.001; control χ2 = 41.12, p < 0.001) and clinical judgment (experimental χ2 = 12.74, p = 0.002; control χ2 = 10.54, p = 0.005) significantly improved scores across the three time points in both groups. The change in scores in the responding stage of clinical judgment from preintervention to 6 weeks postintervention showed a significant difference between the two groups (z = −2.44, p = 0.045). A critical reflection program based on the CJM can help newly graduated nurses enhance their clinical judgment over a short period during the early stages of clinical adaptation.
Investigation of the structural performance and failure mechanisms of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber‐based composites
Authors: Komal Ujendra Kumar , Siddiqui Amir Hamza , Tewari Asim
Published: January 2025

Additive manufacturing of continuous fiber‐based polymeric composites has attracted global attention. This contemporary technology enables the flexibility of manufacturing customized, partially and fully functional, and advanced composite components for numerous semi‐structural and structural applications. The current study investigates the structural performance of 3D‐printed carbon fiber‐based composites in the context of tensile, flexural, and high‐cycle fatigue. The crucial S‐N curves for the unidirectional (UD) (0°) and cross‐ply (CP) (0, 90) composites have been plotted. The dominating failure mechanisms responsible for the failure of 3D printed composites under tensile, flexural, and high cycle fatigue loading at the micro‐scale have been thoroughly investigated. The influence of fiber orientation on the failure mechanisms under different structural loading has been rigorously studied. The current findings conclude that cross‐ply (0, 90) composites exhibited superior fatigue performance than the unidirectional composites when investigated at 70% of their ultimate tensile strength. The current investigation reveals that the formation of voids during 3D printing and majorly during loading is one of the leading causes of the failure of additively manufactured composites under mechanical and cyclic loads. The fiber pull‐out, fiber breakage, de‐bonding, and voids are the dominating failure mechanisms observed under tensile loading. In addition to the failure mechanisms listed under tensile loading, matrix fractures have also been observed under flexural loading. The dominating failure mechanisms differed for UD, CP (0, 90), and CP (45, −45) composites.

Highlights

Investigated tensile, flexural, and fatigue properties of continuous fiber 3D‐printed composites.

Examined failure mechanisms under tensile, bending, and fatigue loading.

Developed test coupons with built‐in tabs for tensile and fatigue testing.

Cross‐ply composites showed better fatigue performance than unidirectional.
Buckling behaviour for advance cylindrical shells (COPV) subjected to extreme pressure conditions: A comprehensive review
Authors: Khan Samid , Kumar Ajay
Published: January 2025

Hemispherical end caps cover cylindrical pressure vessels mid‐surfaces for oil and gas, subsea vacuum enclosures, and automobile, and aerospace hydrogen carriers globally. This review discusses the importance of composite overwrapped cylindrical pressure vessel design characteristics like external pressures. The analysis of composite material properties and their resistive behavior on the cylindrical section is used to ensure accurate, safe, and effective pressure vessel operation at high pressures. Composite materials are popular for lightweight and end‐use performance in pressure vessel carriers for diverse applications. Current fibers include carbon, glass, and carbon/glass hybrid composite pressure vessels that employ less heavy material. Composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) need accurate lamina sequence, laminate thickness, and fiber winding angles. Mandrel (liner) material, is also examined and suggested for metallic composite high‐pressure vessels (MC‐HPVs) including metal liners or circular rings circumferentially to decrease buckling and reinforce (Type‐III) COPV shells. The focus is on designing cylindrical components to prevent buckling in space rockets and automobiles under high‐pressure conditions, using stiffeners and holes for various stress scenarios. Genetic algorithm (GA) optimizes worst defects in composite cylinder shape on buckling, circular cutting holes on the shell for optimum stacking sequence lamination of fiber over the liner, and snap‐through reactions to support against buckling factors under pressure. The importance of autofrettage pressure and vibration on composite cylinder buckling was also analyzed. Liner‐less (Type‐V) composite pressure vessels represent the future of lightweight high‐performance pressure vessels, yet (Type IV) composite cylinders with plastic liners are light and strong and have numerous uses.

Highlights

Buckling of cylindrical shells with mandrel material (liner) transition.