bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assimilation of geodetic data for volcanic hazard assessment in near-real time by means of a particle filter
Authors: Zuccali Léa , Pinel Virginie , Yan Yajing
Published: March 2024

In a perspective of volcanic hazard assessment, it is fundamental to be able to determine as early as possible whether, where and when the magma that has started to propagate from the storage zone will reach the surface. The propagation phase is generally rapid, lasting from a few hours to a few months, but it induces seismicity and deformation signals recorded by continuous sensors and InSAR data. Furthermore, dynamic numerical models can be used to calculate the trajectory and the velocity of magma propagation as a function of the physical properties of the magma and the crust, and the initial conditions (local stress field and magma reservoir location).Data assimilation is a method that combines a dynamic model with current and past observations based on error statistics and predicts the future state of the observed system.This method therefore appears to be an appropriate tool for addressing the need to predict the position and timing of a volcanic eruption based on available models and observations.The particle filter is particularly noteworthy for its ability to handle nonlinear models and non-Gaussian error statistics. This method is based on a representation of the probability density of the dynamic model by a discrete set of model states (particles) and relies on Bayes' theorem.In order to assess the potential of the particle filter for tracking magma propagation at depth, we implemented this assimilation strategy by considering, in two dimensions, the case of magma propagating beneath a caldera in an extensional stress field. The input parameters of the propagation model are the initial position of the magma at depth, its viscosity and driving pressure, the volume of magma injected, the crustal rigidity, and the local stress field characterized by the balance between tectonic extension and caldera unloading. Surface displacements induced by magma propagation are estimated using an Okada dislocation model. We first validate our assimilation strategy with synthetic data in order to take into account geodetic data recorded on volcanic systems in the future.
The role of the Global Groundwater Monitoring Network (GGMN) in advancing a global groundwater assessment based on in-situ data
Authors: Ruz Vargas Claudia , Sterckx Arnaud , Gerges Elie
Published: March 2024

Groundwater, a critical component of the Earth's hydrological cycle, plays a pivotal role in sustaining ecosystems, supporting agriculture, and ensuring water security worldwide. Understanding the dynamics of groundwater is crucial for effective water resource management, especially in addressing the interconnected challenges of water scarcity and climate change impacts.Groundwater monitoring data, including levels, are frequently dispersed among institutions, even within a single country, presenting challenges in accessibility and availability. The process of harmonizing this data is intricate and often demands a substantial investment of time. Moreover, the data quality is dependent on the particular source and may exhibit considerable variability.The Global Groundwater Monitoring Network (GGMN) Programme, managed by the International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC), is dedicated to collecting and disseminating updated groundwater level data from national authorities. The mission of GGMN is to facilitate the accessibility of groundwater monitoring data and information, supporting IGRAC’s efforts to provide valuable insights into the global groundwater status and trends.In 2023, data from GGMN played a pivotal role in assessing the status and trends of groundwater in ten countries, contributing for the first time to a preliminary assessment of groundwater for the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) "State of Global Water Resources 2022" report. In 2024, these efforts continue with an enhanced methodology to understand trends, encompassing a broader range of countries for a more comprehensive assessment.The collective effort of collecting data for GGMN and utilizing it for the WMO report aims to produce a robust global groundwater assessment based on in-situ data. This assessment will serve as a valuable benchmark for comparison against global models and other products, such as those derived from satellite data like GRACE. The in-situ data also holds immense utility for the scientific community, providing a means to validate and strengthen existing models, ultimately contributing to a more accurate understanding of global groundwater dynamics.
WebGIS for Marine Coastal Ecosystems: A Dynamic Interface for Communicating and Collaborating on Nature-Based Solutions in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Authors: Uchôa Jéssica , Fonseca Catarina , Tiengo Rafaela , Almeida Bruna , Gil Artur
Published: March 2024

As the global community grapples with the complex challenges of climate change, the integration of nature-based solutions (NBS) has emerged as a critical strategy. This work introduces a Web Geographic Information System (WebGIS) designed to showcase and communicate the results of initiatives focused on NBS within the scope of the Marine Coastal Ecosystems Biodiversity and Services in a Changing World (MaCoBioS) project. The platform serves as an interface for decision-makers and stakeholders, providing a spatially contextualized visualization of geospatial data related to marine and coastal ecosystems, climate risks, and adaptation. The MaCoBioS webGIS is based on an open-source platform, using JavaScript and the Leaflet map library to showcase key scenarios developed for case study ecoregions. The platform allows remote access to data irrespective of geographical constraints and is capable of integrating multidisciplinary data, ensuring a comprehensive and up-to-date view of evolving climate-related scenarios. The MaCoBioS webGIS not only facilitates the identification, evaluation, and direction of potential solutions to extant and emergent issues but also affords public access and participation. It serves as a foundational platform for prospective local and regional areas monitoring and management. By integrating qualitative information with scientific data, the aim is to present the results clearly and in a straightforward language, to reach a broader audience, including those who may not have specialized expertise. In so doing, it establishes the groundwork for future initiatives, promoting collaboration and leveraging cutting-edge technology for the betterment of coastal communities and ecosystems. In summary, the webGIS not only serves as a powerful tool for visualizing geospatial data but also acts as an effective means of communication and collaboration. By promoting informed decision-making, and supporting initiatives related to climate change and NBS, the platform contributes to the collective effort in addressing the complexities of our changing climate.
Morphology, structure and gravitational instability of the steep caldera walls of Tambora (Indonesia) influenced by hydrothermal alteration.
Authors: Walter Thomas R. , Harnett Claire E. , Troll Valentin R. , Heap Michael J.
Published: March 2024

Calderas are steep morphological and collapse basins that continue to reshape long after initial structural collapse. While large landslides are associated with caldera collapse and widen the basin, little is known about the morphological and structural changes that occur long after caldera formation. Here, we investigate the shape and slope of the Tambora caldera in Indonesia, which formed in 1815 during one of the most devastating eruptions of the past  centuries. The release of over 150 cubic kilometers of volcanic ash created a caldera 6 kilometers wide and 1250 meters deep, causing climatic effects worldwide. Here we explore an ultra-high-resolution dataset we generated from Pleiades, a tri-stereo satellite, that now allows us to apply computer vision approaches to study the morphology and geometry of the Tambora caldera. We generated a 12 million pixel point cloud resampled to a 1 m resolution Digital Elevation Model and a 0.5 m orthomosaic. We explore the dimension, slope, and outline of the caldera and find localized open fissures, tension cracks, and morphological scars. We also apply an unsupervised image classification approach to the stereo multispectral data and find locations of fumarole activity and hydrothermal alteration in close proximity to these structural features. Hydrothermal alteration sites are commonly located in the caldera wall below the scars and open fissures. We explore this proximity of alteration, scarring, and faulting using newDistinct Element Method models, emphasizing that caldera morphology and structure is strongly influenced by hydrothermal weakening that causes flank instability, localized shedding of material, and large-scale morphological changes.
Global Snowfall as Revealed by High Resolution Satellite Precipitation Products
Authors: Milani Lisa , Tan Jackson , Huffman George J.
Published: March 2024

The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) product and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) product are two global precipitation datasets that also provide a diagnostic estimate of the probability of precipitation phase, thus enabling a quantification of snowfall rates. With recent improvements to the latest versions of the two algorithms, IMERG V07B and GPCP V3.2 represent a unique opportunity to study the global snowfall rates at an unprecedented resolution.This presentation examines the distribution of snowfall in IMERG V07B and GPCP V3.2 both globally and regionally. By leveraging IMERG’s high resolution and GPCP’s consistent record, we investigate the climatology not just from a snowfall volume point of view but also from peak snowfall intensity and snow event duration perspectives that only high-resolution data can provide. To assess the reliability of the results, we compare the IMERG and GPCP snowfall against global observations from CloudSat. For example, the comparison revealed deficiencies in passive microwave retrievals of snowfall rates in IMERG over Greenland and Antarctica. Furthermore, we leverage IMERG’s half-hourly resolution to demonstrate its unprecedented potential in tracking snowfall events around the globe.With the latest advances in the algorithms, IMERG V07 and GPCP V3.2 represent a unique opportunity to study snowfall globally using a combination of fine resolution, complete global coverage, and long record.
4D visualisation and analysis of fluid-rock interactions in a caprock for the implication of carbon sequestration and storage
Authors: Hao Jingyue , Ma Lin , Shende Takshak , Hollis Cathy , Taylor Kevin
Published: March 2024

The assessment of caprock sealing capability is a crucial component for the safety evaluation of geological carbon storage. This study imaged and modelled acid-rock interactions in a mudstone utilising time-lapse X-ray 3D imaging techniques and direct simulation at micro-scale, providing a unique perspective to comprehend the reality and predict the outcome of this topic. Different acid concentrations were used to mimic a range of possible acid concentrations during CO2 injection and storage. Changes observed in samples subjected to acid interaction include initial closure of pre-existing fractures, followed by growth of existing-fractures and slight sample swelling. Due to the heterogeneity of mudstone, acid migration and dissolution followed preferential pathways such as along laminations or fractures. The reactive transport models demonstrate that the majority of dissolution occurs in close proximity to the inlet, while downstream of the fracture, primarily owing to the reduction of H+ concentration along the fluid pathways. The distribution of dissolved areas is primarily controlled by carbonate distribution within the sample. Carbonates located near fractures dissolved first and contribute to the connection of individual fractures. Both the experimental and numerical data indicate that calcite dissolution rate and dissolution front migration rate decrease with time. Numerical results demonstrate a significant decrease in shear stress after acid injection, especially with low-pH acids, resulting in slower fluid flow behaviour. Consequently, the mobile and immobile zones of fluid flow were predicted based on image and modelling results. The acid moved slowly and stayed longer in immobile zones, leading to more extensive calcite dissolution than in mobile zones. The study of fluid-rock interaction provides a valuable analogue for predicting the microstructural changes that may occur in a caprock after CO2 injection. It is worth noting that the risk of leakage is likely exacerbated by the development of fractures induced by acidic interaction.
A parameterization for the closure rate of canals incised in subglacial till
Authors: Jung Simon , Werder Mauro A. , Damsgaard Anders , Farinotti Daniel
Published: March 2024

Many of Antarctica’s ice streams reside on deformable beds. The description of their basalconditions is a major source of uncertainty in modeling studies attempting to predict theirresponse to a changing climate. The mechanics at the glacier bed, often divided into glaciersliding and deformation of the subglacial sediments (so-called till), depend on the subglacialwater pressure and thus on the subglacial drainage. To understand the drainage system atthe ice-till interface, past works modeled the stability of channels incised in the till (so-calledcanals). Such canals open due to erosion by water flow and close due to till creep and fluvialdeposition. Till rheology is a central point of discussion in these models.The original description by Walder and Fowler (1994) of canals assumed a viscous rheology ofthe subglacial till. Lab and field experiments show the subglacial till to be better described bya plastic rheology. A recent study by one of the co-authors of this contribution implemented aplastic rheology and showed that this leads to plastic behaviour of the canals’ closure, such asrapid canal collapse when their size is too large for prevailing effective pressure.In this contribution, we extend this latter model to parameterize the effect of till deformationinduced by glacier sliding on canal dynamics. Our results show the glacier sliding to drivecanal closure at all effective pressures. We describe this process with a closure rate that scaleslinearly with the basal sliding velocity and is increasing non-linearly with both the effectivepressure and the canals size.By controlling the canals’ closure, basal sliding thus impacts the drainage capacity, and inturn, the subglacial water pressure. Thus the positive relation between the basal sliding speedand canal closure could potentially be a mechanism leading to high sliding speeds, such asfound in ice streams.
Harmonizing Data Across Continents and Networks to Address Ecological Drought
Authors: Loescher Henry W. , SanClements Michael , Bäck Jaana , Borman Tommy , Feig Gregor , Grant Mark , Kutsch Werner L. , Laney Christine , Mabee Paula , Mirtl Michael , Morris Beryl , Ohlert Timothy , Ruddell Benjamin , Siggers Alex , Smith Melinda , Sullivan Pamela , Yu Xiubo , Zacharias Steffen
Published: March 2024

Despite the influence of drought on ecosystem functions and human well-being, there are significant uncertainties in our understanding of the impacts of drought for ecosystems and humanity. Over the past decade, large Environmental Research Infrastructures (ERIs) have been implemented around the world to advance our understanding in the responses of the biosphere to environmental change. These emergent ERIs now provide a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of ecological processes, such as drought, across continents, decades, and disciplinary boundaries. Against this backdrop, 6 ERIs (SAEON/South Africa, TERN/Australia, CERN/China, NEON/USA, ICOS/Europe, eLTER/Europe) have established an international network-to-network collaboration – the Global Ecosystem Research Infrastructure (GERI). To date, GERI activities have focused on garnering support, establishing baseline pathways for communications across continents and cultures and an initial mapping of each ERI’s data availability to facilitate future research. With recent funding from a U.S. National Science Foundation AccelNet award, GERI is poised to begin harmonizing key drought-related data. Working with stakeholder partners in the The Drought-Net Research Coordination Network’s and International Drought Experiment, we have identified key baseline data products for harmonization capable of driving new discoveries across continents. These data include soil moisture, precipitation, soil texture, and aboveground biomass, water balance, etc. As we advance this project, these harmonized data will be open, findable, searchable, and accessible, and made available to the broader community for research and discovery and stakeholder networks including the International Drought- Network to test and model. Data contributions from these new and emerging networks will be encouraged and streamlined through accessible metadata and standards. Lessons learned from the intersection of global drought data will be applied to the expanding set of environmental data collected by research networks around the world.
The representation of tropical cyclones in high resolution coupled climate simulations
Authors: Ghinassi Paolo , Davini Paolo
Published: March 2024

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are one of the most impactful weather phenomena on Earth. Their formation and development depends on small-scale processes like air-sea interaction and convection. These processes pose challenges for climate models since they are often misrepresented and act as sources of uncertainty. Additionally, TCs interact with both tropical and extratropical large-scale circulation, contributing to the upscale error propagation. The accurate representation of such physical processes in climate models therefore is crucial for the correct simulation not only of TCs but of the entire climate system. Until a few years ago, these small scale processes could not be resolved explicitly in traditional state-of-the-art coupled climate simulations due to a too coarse horizontal resolution. Nowadays that we are able to run climate simulations at a very high resolution (less than 10 km) and explicitly resolve such processes we expect to have a much more realistic representation of the intensity, frequency, and structure of TCs in climate models.For this study, we consider data from the nextGEMS and Climate Digital Twin (part of the Destination Earth initiative) experiments (with an horizontal resolution up to 2.5 km), assessing model performance comparing them with both ERA5 reanalysis and with observational data sets such as IBTrACS to detect model biases. An algorithm for the detection and tracking of TCs based on the TempestExtremes library is used to detect and track TCs at first on a coarser resolution grid on a single time step (e.g., every 6 hours). Then, a series of variables at the original model resolution are saved in the vicinity of the TC centres, to allow examining their finer structure with an unprecedented level of detail. This diagnostic is part of the Application for Quality assessment and Uncertainty quAntification (AQUA) model evaluation framework developed within the Destination Earth project. Our analysis considers the TCs intensity (e.g. cyclones classification, wind pressure relationship), TCs structure (e.g. examining wind gusts and rain bands) and TCs temporal and spatial distribution (computing and analysing TCs trajectories). Preliminary results enlight the ability of these very high-resolution climate simulations to represent TCs features in a much more realistic way, especially close to the smallest resolved scales. Moreover, an increased horizontal resolution is beneficial to reduce model biases, enabling climate models to simulate TCs with a magnitude comparable to the observations.
Understanding Systematic Errors in Simulation of the Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation in Weather and Climate Models through a Multi-Model Intercomparison with a Hierarchical Modeling Framework 
Authors: Xie Shaocheng , Tao Cheng , Tang Shuaiqi , Ma Hsi-Yen , Bechtold Peter , Neelin David
Published: March 2024

This presentation reports the WCRP GEWEX GASS multi-model intercomparison study on diurnal cycle of precipitation, which is aimed to understand the processes that control the diurnal variation of precipitation over different climate regimes. The study focuses on the interaction between convection and its environments, afternoon and nocturnal convection over land, and convection transition. It used a hierarchy of models with different levels of complexity to diagnose and investigate the associated processes and model biases in simulation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation. Confronting models with detailed observations allowed to identify the deficiencies and missing physics in current weather and climate models and gain insights for further improving the parameterization of convection in General Circulation Models (GCMs).Results from the recently completed long-term single-column model intercomparison and GCM intercomparison studies indicate that most of the participating models share common model biases in simulating the diurnal cycle of precipitation, as already illustrated in previous studies, such as the precipitation peak occurring too early during the day, a lack of nocturnal precipitation and transition from shallow to deep convection. The issues are primarily related to deficiencies in cumulus parameterizations. Sensitivity tests with different cumulus parameterizations suggest that a unified treatment of shallow and deep convection could better capture the transition from shallow to deep convection and help delay the daytime precipitation peak to late afternoon over land. However, this does not improve the simulation of nocturnal precipitation that is often caused by elevated convection associated with the passage of meso-scale convective systems. The key to capture the observed nocturnal peak is to allow elevated convection to be captured by incorporating a mid-level convection parameterization or removing the restriction of the source layer for launching air parcel within the boundary layer. Including convective memory in cumulus parameterizations acts to suppress light-to-moderate rain and promote intense rainfall, however, it weakens the diurnal variability of precipitation and does not show an improvement in the simulation of the diurnal cycle. Results also suggest that simply increasing model resolution cannot fully resolve the biases the diurnal cycle of precipitation in low-resolution models as long as cumulus parameterizations are needed. The hierarchical modeling framework is useful in identifying missing physics in GCMs and testing new developments of model physical parameterizations over different convective regimes.
On the improvement of runoff and glacier mass balance modelling by performing an undercatch correction on gridded precipitation data sets based on independent station data
Authors: Maier Philipp , Ehrendorfer Caroline , Lücking Sophie , Lehner Fabian , Koch Franziska , Herrnegger Mathew , Formayer Herbert
Published: March 2024

Models like the conceptual hydrological model COSERO and the physically-based mountain surface process model Alpine3D are highly sensitive to meteorological inputs, especially precipitation. Gridded precipitation data sets usually originate from spatially interpolated weather station data, which are not corrected for precipitation undercatch. The term precipitation undercatch describes the deviation of measured precipitation in rain gauges to the actual amount in a given area due to several factors like instrument design or effects of splash, evaporation and especially wind. Specifically solid precipitation is prone to wind drag. Because of these effects, models or model chains fail to simulate observations for discharge, reservoir inflow, snow and ice melt as well as glacier mass balance due to the lack of realistic precipitation input into the system in high-alpine regions. However, correcting the undercatch directly within the gridded data set leads to an overestimation of precipitation, which has two main reasons: First, undercatch correction functions are not derived for alpine temperatures and wind speeds. Second, stations at lower elevations, where the undercatch is comparatively small, are usually over-represented in gridded data sets.Therefore, we composed a method to perform a precipitation undercatch correction in high-alpine areas by using a gridded precipitation data set and quality-controlled, representative station data in the vicinity of snow-dominated and glacierized catchments as well as their altitude and exposure to generate spatial undercatch correction fields for three selected catchments in Austria (Maltatal, Zillertal and Vernagtferner) on a monthly basis. These correction factors are a function of elevation and the month and result from a stepwise linear interpolation with elevation, whereas the highest factors are obtained in the winter months due to low temperatures. Using the topography and averaging over whole catchments, the highest (lowest) correction factors are obtained in February (August), ranging from 2.16 to 1.04, depending on the catchment and season.The meteorological data (with and without the undercatch corrected precipitation) was used as an input for a coupled snow-glacier-discharge simulation with the models COSERO and Alpine3D on the selected catchments. The output was validated against reservoir inflow, observed glacier mass balances and satellite derived snow depth maps. With the undercatch corrected precipitation, the models perform substantially better in simulating observations for glacier mass balance as well as reservoir inflow.Acknowledgements: We thank VERBUND AG for fruitful discussions and providing us with data.
3D Structure of the Magnetosheath Jets: Global Hybrid-Kinetic Simulations.
Authors: Fatemi Shahab , Hamrin Maria , Krämer Eva , Gunell Herbert , Nordin Gabriella , Karlsson Tomas , Goncharov Oleksandr
Published: March 2024

Over the past 25 years, several spacecraft have observed localized, high-pressure regions that sporadically appear in Earth’s magnetosheath, known as the “magnetosheath jets”. Despite previous analyses, the nature of these transient events remains elusive, marked by a range of uncertainties. These uncertainties mainly stem from the fact that oversimplified assumptions have been made in earlier analyses, where the jets are often portrayed as basic cylinder-like structures. This simplification is primarily because of two reasons: First, spacecraft observations in specific magnetosheath locations couldn't comprehensively cover and explore large spatial areas, providing only a limited perspective on the jets. Second, previous models used to study magnetosheath jets were either two-dimensional (2D) spatial models or three-dimensional (3D) with reduced scales of the Earth's magnetosphere to minimize computational complexity when dealing with Earth.In this study, we use Amitis, a high-performance, three-dimensional (3D in both configuration and velocity spaces), time-dependent hybrid-kinetic plasma model (kinetic ions, fluid electrons) that runs in parallel on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). We present, for the first time, the global kinetic interaction between the solar wind and the entire magnetosphere of Earth using its true scales. Achieving this level of accuracy in kinetic modeling of the solar wind plasma interaction with Earth has been a long-standing challenge. Our 3D, time-dependent hybrid-kinetic simulations dispel the notion that the magnetosheath jets are simple cylinders. Instead, our simulations show that the magnetosheath jets exhibit complex and interconnected structures with dynamic 3D characteristics. As they move through the magnetosheath, they wrinkle, fold, merge, and split in complex ways before a subset reaches the magnetopause. Our findings are pivotal in advancing our understanding of magnetosheath jets and their significance in coupling between the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere.
The Radial Distribution of Ion-scale Waves in the Inner Heliosphere
Authors: Wen Liu , Jinsong Zhao
Published: March 2024

Determining the mechanism responsible for plasma heating and particle acceleration is a fundamental problem inthe study of the heliosphere. Due to effificient wave–particle interactions of ion-scale waves with charged particles,these waves are widely believed to be a major contributor to ion energization, and their contribution considerablydepends on the wave occurrence rate. By analyzing the radial distribution of quasi-monochromatic ion-scale wavesobserved by the Parker Solar Probe, this work shows that the wave occurrence rate is signifificantly enhanced in thenear-Sun solar wind, specififically 21%–29% below 0.3 au, in comparison to 6%–14% beyond 0.3 au. The radialdecrease of the wave occurrence rate is not only induced by the sampling effect of a single spacecraft detection, butalso by the physics relating to the wave excitation, such as the enhanced ion beam instability in the near-Sun solarwind. This work also shows that the wave normal angle θ, the absolute value of ellipticity ò, the wave frequency fnormalized by the proton cyclotron frequency fcp, and the wave amplitude δB normalized by the local backgroundmagnetic fifield B0 slightly vary with the radial distance. The median values of θ, ò, f, and δB are about 9°, 0.73,3fcp, and 0.01B0, respectively. Furthermore, this study proposes that the wave mode natures of the observed left-handed and right-handed polarized waves correspond to the Alfvén ion cyclotron mode wave and the fastmagnetosonic whistler mode wave, respectively.
Implementation and Evaluation of the Land Surface Model JSBACH in the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry Model
Authors: Martin Anna , Gayler Veronika , Steil Benedikt , Klingmüller Klaus , Jöckel Patrick , Tost Holger , Lelieveld Jos , Pozzer Andrea
Published: March 2024

We present the integration and evaluation of the land surface model JSBACH (Jena Scheme for Biosphere-Atmosphere Coupling in Hamburg) in EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry General Circulation Model). JSBACH replaces the former simplistic SURFACE submodel, introducing a five-layer diffusive hydrological transport model for soil water and a five-layer snow scheme accounting for phase changes of water. It encompasses various land cover types, forest age structures, phenology, and introduces a range of new vegetation and soil-related features, including processes like photosynthesis, plant carbon uptake, and feedback mechanisms linked to surface energy and moisture fluxes. Additionally, JSBACH provides a three-layer canopy scheme, incorporating photosynthesis and solar radiation absorption within the canopy layers. The newly coupled model is evaluated based on ERA5 reanalysis datasets, observations of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), and MODIS satellite data. We Evaluate land surface temperature, terrestrial water storage, surface albedo, precipitation, top-of-atmosphere radiation flux, fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation, leaf area index and gross primary productivity, representing a selection of the most important drivers within the Earth System. We show that, despite the many newly included processes and features, the coupled model performance is not significantly degraded and the run time increase using the new submodel is negligible. The coupling of JSBACH extends the capabilities and versatility of EMAC, taking it a step closer to a comprehensive Earth system model. Additionally, we discuss future work, including the investigation of land-atmosphere interactions, with a particular focus on the feedback of water stress on biogenic organic compound emissions and related changes in atmospheric composition. 
Increased fresh groundwater extraction from wells in coastal aquifers by simultaneous extraction of brackish groundwater: a numerical modeling study
Authors: van Dooren Teun , Bakker Mark , Hartog Niels , Raat Klaasjan , Zwolsman Gertjan
Published: March 2024

In coastal areas, freshwater availability is often limited to fresh groundwater lenses that are fed by natural recharge. Overexploitation causes these freshwater reserves to shrink, resulting in increased seawater intrusion and salinization of groundwater wells. This will only intensify by the increasing freshwater demand in coastal urban areas resulting from rapid population growth and economic development. Simultaneously, the vulnerability of coastal regions to saltwater intrusion increases by ongoing climate change through sea level rise and changes in natural recharge patterns. Hence, proper management is required to extract fresh groundwater sustainably in coastal areas and to prevent saltwater intrusion.Targeted extraction of brackish groundwater underneath freshwater lenses may be an effective measure to prevent salinization of fresh groundwater extraction wells in coastal aquifers. Moreover, it can increase the potential for freshwater infiltration, minimize freshwater losses by lateral outflow, and subsequently cause the volume of the freshwater lens to increase. But there is also a drawback, as extraction of brackish groundwater underneath freshwater lenses may result in the loss of a portion of the fresh groundwater. On the other hand,  the extracted brackish groundwater may provide an attractive alternative to seawater for desalination.In this generic numerical modeling study, the dynamics of fresh, brackish and saline groundwater were studied for the case that fresh and brackish groundwater are extracted simultaneously. The wells are placed in an unconsolidated island aquifer that hosts a freshwater lens that is fed by recharge. A radial symmetric variable-density groundwater flow and transport model was constructed with SEAWAT. The performance of the brackish groundwater extraction well was assessed by investigating its effect on the potential fresh groundwater extraction and the associated freshwater losses. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine how hydrogeological characteristics and operational parameters affect the performance of the brackish groundwater extraction.Results so far indicate that the extraction of brackish groundwater increases the volume of fresh groundwater that can be extracted by the freshwater well without salinization, due to the mitigation of upconing of brackish groundwater and the reduction of freshwater losses towards the coast. Placement of the brackish groundwater extraction well right below the freshwater well results in a more effective protection of the freshwater well, as reflected by a lower required brackish groundwater extraction rate. On the other hand, the volume of the freshwater lens may increase when the brackish groundwater extraction well is placed deeper below the fresh groundwater extraction, which may be beneficial for freshwater availability on a regional scale.
Magnetosheath dynamic pressure enhancements associated with a solar wind rotational discontinuity: Results from a hybrid-Vlasov simulation
Authors: Suni Jonas , Palmroth Minna , Turc Lucile , Battarbee Markus , Pfau-Kempf Yann , Dubart Maxime , Ganse Urs , Kotipalo Leo , Tarvus Vertti , Workayehu Abiyot
Published: March 2024

When plasma and magnetic field discontinuities in the solar wind interact with Earth’s magnetic field, they can significantly alter the properties and dynamics of Earth’s bow shock, magnetosheath, and magnetopause. In this study, we investigate magnetosheath dynamic pressure enhancements generated by the interaction between a solar wind rotational discontinuity with Earth’s bow shock in a 2D simulation run of the global magnetospheric hybrid-Vlasov model Vlasiator. We find that as the discontinuity is advected into the bow shock, several fast-mode pulses associated with enhanced dynamic pressure are launched toward the Earth. In addition, the interaction between discontinuity and shock generates transient enhancements of dynamic pressure at the bow shock that move Earthward together with the discontinuity. We find that the fast-mode pulses are able to traverse the magnetosheath and disturb the magnetopause. This finding differs from the results of previous studies using 2D and 3D MHD simulations as well as spacecraft measurements, which concluded that magnetopause disturbances should be caused by the rotational discontinuity itself and the dynamic pressure enhancement associated with it.
Mediterranean extreme wave sediments preserved in karst solution pockets in cliff-top sites on the island of Malta
Authors: Terry James , Bellanova Piero , Feist Lisa , Mathes-Schmidt Margret , Micallef Aaron , Mottershead Derek , Reicherter Klaus
Published: March 2024

The Mediterranean Sea has experienced extreme waves (including large tsunamis) in the past.  However, the pattern of timing, frequency and magnitudes of these events, and the relative importance of possible storm and tsunamigenic mechanisms (undersea earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, major landslides) are not so well understood.  The Maltese archipelago is uniquely situated for extreme wave  research in the Mediterranean Sea, since this group of small islands is exposed to waves approaching from any direction.  Previous studies in Malta investigating sediment deposits from Holocene palaeotsunamis have tended to focus on the hydrodynamic characteristics of large coastal boulders.  This study adopts an alternative approach.  In the Aħrax area on the northernmost peninsula of Malta Island, we examined ‘karst pockets’ (solution hollows) that pockmark the exposed limestone terrain at elevations of up to 10-12 m asl.  Deposited in the pockets are shelly marine sands.  Lined by insoluble terra rossa soils, the pockets act as sediment traps during inundation by wave flow and are excellent repositories from which the accumulated marine sands cannot easily be removed.This presentation describes the sampling methods, some challenges and results of subsequent laboratory analysis.  Findings show the moderately-sorted sands contain a rich microfossil assemblage of mostly benthic species, comprising foraminifera, gastropods, echinoidea, serpulidae and bryozoa.  Wave-abraded forms occur alongside well-preserved forms.  Sediment stratigraphy within the karst pockets suggests various depositional episodes, contrasted by differing grain sizes, microfossil contents, colours and erosional contacts, while the cliff-top elevations of 10-12 m require consideration of the potential of both storm waves and tsunamis and their respective capabilities with regard to the exposed coastal geomorphology.
Unveiling the Hidden Depths: Insights in Intermediate Depth Compaction from 50 years of Extensometer Data in the Netherlands
Authors: Verberne Manon , Koster Kay , de Bresser Hans , Fokker Peter
Published: March 2024

Subsidence research in the Netherlands primarily focusses on anthropogenic processes, specifically in the shallow and deep subsurface, resulting from land use, water management, and resource extraction. However, the 'intermediate' depth range, spanning hundreds of meters, has been relatively underexplored due to limited economic activities within this range. To accurately disentangle the overall human-induced subsidence, however, understanding the contribution from intermediate depth processes is essential.We analyzed data from 20 extensometers monitoring subsurface movements between 1970 and 2021, at depth intervals ranging from ~10 to 400 meters. The extensometers were located in the hydrocarbon extraction areas operated by NAM (Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij) in Groningen, Friesland and Rotterdam.Our findings highlight that secondary compaction, or creep, induced by overburden weight is the main driver of subsidence at intermediate depths. We found that subsidence rates of up to 0.6 mm/year in Groningen and 0.8 mm/year in Rotterdam account for over 10% of total measured subsidence in these regions. In Groningen, creep is attributed to Tertiary marine and Pleistocene eolian/fluvial deposits, whereas in Rotterdam, it is associated with Pleistocene shallow marine deposits. In all locations, the overburden weight of the Holocene deposits also affects the compaction at intermediate depth range.Moreover, our analysis reveals cyclic responses in the extensometer data, including seasonal and tidal patterns. The strength of the seasonal signal corresponds to the inland salt-brackish groundwater boundary, while the tidal response is prominent near the coastline. Unexplained trend breaks, potentially linked to phreatic groundwater management, were observed in both regions.Our analysis emphasizes the crucial role of intermediate depth contributions in obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the overall subsidence signal. Neglecting these contributions can lead to an incomplete interpretation subsidence, potentially overestimating the impact of mitigation measures. The intricate interplay of cyclic trends, salinity, water management measures, and secondary compaction emphasizes the necessity to expand monitoring efforts in the intermediate depth range. In response to the complexities identified in intermediate depth compaction analysis, we propose a monitoring setup with supplementary data sources, which maximizes the utility of the extensometer data. This setup is applicable to coastal plains and deltas worldwide, where a thorough understanding of subsurface processes is crucial for maintaining a sustainable living environment. Only with this comprehensive understanding can the total subsidence signal be accurately interpreted, ensuring that mitigation measures achieve their full effectiveness and avoid overestimation of other contributing sources.
Investigating NO2 processing in power plant plumes from TROPOMI
Authors: Beirle Steffen , Wagner Thomas
Published: March 2024

The divergence, i.e. the spatial derivative of the horizontal flux, yields the local balance of sources of sinks. Strong positive divergence is observed for (and allows to quantify) NOx emissions from point sources like power plants. Within the downwind plume, NO2 changes due to (a) further NO to NO2 conversion (NO2 source, positive divergence) and (b) NO2 reaction with OH (NO2 sink, negative divergence).In this study we aim to disentangle and quantify these competing effects based on the divergence of the observed NO2 flux. We focus on large and isolated power plants where additional sources are negligible. Goal is to determine the time scales for the NO to NO2 conversion and the NO2 lifetime for power plant plumes.
The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) recharge oscillator conceptual model : past achievements, future prospects.
Authors: Vialard Jérôme ,   CLIVAR ENSO conceptual model Working Group
Published: March 2024

The Recharge Oscillator (RO) is a simple mathematical model of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is based on two ordinary differential equations that describe the evolution of eastern Pacific sea surface temperature and western Pacific oceanic heat content. These equations are based on physical principles that operate in nature: (i) the air-sea interaction loop known as the Bjerknes feedback, (ii) a delayed negative feedback arising from the slow oceanic response to near-equatorial winds, (iii) state-dependent stochastic forcing from intraseasonal wind variations known as Westerly Wind Events, and (iv) nonlinearities such as those related to deep atmospheric convection and oceanic advection. These elements can be combined in different levels of RO complexity. The RO reproduces the ENSO key properties in observations and climate models: its amplitude, dominant timescale, seasonality, warm/cold phases asymmetries, and the seasonal predictability decrease known as the “spring barrier”. We then discuss the RO in view of timely research questions. First, the RO can be extended to account for pattern ENSO diversity (with events that either peak in the central or eastern Pacific). Second, the core RO hypothesis that ENSO is governed by tropical Pacific dynamics is discussed under the perspective of research suggesting an influence from other basins. Finally, we discuss the RO relevance for studying ENSO response to climate change, and underline that accounting for diversity and better linking the RO parameters to the long term mean state are important research avenues. We end by proposing a list of ten important RO-based research problems.
Unseen heat, a story about the potential heat extremes in the Netherlands
Authors: Klok Lisette , Anker Jan-Willem , van der Horst Sophie , Kelder Timo , Staal Daniël
Published: March 2024

Recent years have seen record-shattering extreme heat all over the world. Outliers have even surprised climate scientists. In the Netherlands too, it could get extremely hot in the near future. What could the impacts be if intense temperatures hit the Netherlands? For such a scenario, we developed the climate story ‘Unseen heat’ (unseenheat.com). With this story, about a young family in the Dutch city of Eindhoven, we want to depict what could happen if we face an unprecedented heat crisis.The target audience of the story are professionals. With storytelling, matching pictures and sound, we want to make professionals aware of the possible risks of extreme heat. The aim is to start the conversation about how to prepare for a heat crisis.In this presentation we would like to share our experiences regarding the developement of the storyline. The story is based on the latest scientific insights on exceptional weather events and impacts in the Netherlands, and numerous interviews. We will also explain how the story is currently being used by professionals, and we will present our lessons learned  on how the climate story can help to prepare for a heat crisis.
The data streaming in the Climate Adaptation Digital Twin: a fundamental piece to transform climate data into climate information
Authors: Roura-Adserias Francesc , Gaya i Avila Aina , Arriola i Mikele Leo , Andrés-Martínez Miguel , Beltran Mora Dani , Gonzalez Yeregui Iker , Grayson Katherine , De Paula Kinoshita Bruno , Ahmed Rohan , Lacima-Nadolnik Aleksander , Castrillo Miguel
Published: March 2024

In the context of advancing towards high resolution climate projections (1km, sub-hourly) and the consequently large memory requirements, we are reaching the point that not all of the data produced can be stored. In this work, we present the technical infrastructure developed in the context of the Destination Earth ClimateDT project, in order to consume the data produced by the core engines as soon as it is available,  a method known as “data streaming”. This mechanism consists of three main steps that are included in an integrated workflow: the run of the climate models themselves , the applications (which convert the model output to actionable information) and the mechanism that links both sides. This solution is designed to be scalable; different applications can be run simultaneously and with as many different variables and statistics as needed,  in order to fully utilize the output  from the digital twin. The flexibility of the workflow allows different applications to run at their optimal frequency in a seamless way. Last but not least,  the workflow integrates statistical streaming   algorithms, allowing integrated applications to generate on-demand online statistics from streamed data, minimizing the memory footprint. 