bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tratamento da Obesidade: Modelo de Grupo Baseado em Terapia Cognitivo Comportamental
Authors: Guimarães Júlia Berger , Tavares Mário Roberto Garcia , Neumann Cristina Rolim
Published: January 2019

Introdução: o tratamento da obesidade em grupos (GO) tem um resultado variável conforme a metodologia utilizada, chegando a se obter uma perda ponderal (PP) de até 10% em 3-6 meses. Embora muito utilizada na atenção primária, esta abordagem tem sido pouco estudada. Objetivo: avaliar a evolução dos pacientes em acompanhamento em um GO, correlacionando seu perfil com sua permanência no grupo e a PP obtida. Também se buscou comparar os resultados com a literatura. Materiais e Métodos: estudo não controlado, quase-experimento, com intervenção. Foram avaliados os pacientes que freqüentaram pelo menos uma reunião do GO na Unidade Básica de Saúde HCPA no período de outubro de 2007 a outubro de 2008. A busca ao GO foi por demanda espontânea ou por indicação do médico na consulta. Em encontros semanais, com duração de 90 minutos, foram utilizadas técnicas de educação cooperativa, cognitivo-comportamentais e motivacionais para PP, adesão à dieta e atividade física, aferido peso semanalmente, discutidos os resultados em grupo e fornecida dieta hipocalórica. Os pacientes foram classificados em: não aderentes (NA) e aderentes (A) conforme tenham participado de ? 2 ou ? 3 encontros, respectivamente. Foram avaliados a PP e possíveis fatores relacionados a isso. Os resultados são descritivos e em comparações utilizando Teste T, Mann Whitney, Qui-quadrado e correlação de Spearmann. Nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: foram avaliados 69 pacientes, 62 (89,9%) do sexo feminino, idade de 49,2±13,2; 33 classificados como NA e 36 como A. Comparando estes dois grupos, observamos a diferença quanto ao peso inicial: NA= 98,7 ± 24,7 e A= 88,4 ± 16,8, p< 0,05; e quanto ao percentual de mulheres: NA= 26 (81,3%) e A= 35 (97,2%), p< 0,05; e semelhança quanto idade, escolaridade, cor e estado civil. Houve correlação entre o número de reuniões e a PP (r= (-)0,61, p< 0,0001). Nos 20 participantes com permanência ? 12 semanas observou-se PP média de 6,63 Kg. Conclusões: o GO obteve um bom resultado para os pacientes mais aderentes e parece ser mais adequado ao tratamento das mulheres e indivíduos com menores graus de obesidade. O ideal será a inclusão de um grupo controle em um próximo estudo.
'Making Forms with Remarks': The Prose
Authors: Sheppard Robert
Published: January 2019

Chapter five, written by Robert Sheppard, focuses on Fisher’s work in prose. The chapter describes the reasons for Fisher’s renunciation of the use of lyric in his poetry from the mid-1950s, and explains the origins of his use of daring and experimental ‘freedom forms’. The chapter concentrates in particular on ‘Starting to Make a Tree’, Interiors with Various Figures, The Ship’s Orchestra, The Cut Pages, and the sixteen passages of prose in City. On the whole, the chapter pays close attention to Fisher’s ability to de-familiarise and de-Anglicise in order to find freedom from the constraints of British lyric poetry.
Settlement
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Settlement’ defines the impact of Kru settlement on the development of shipping in both Liverpool and Freetown, and examines the communities of Liverpool and Freetown and the varying impact of power relations on each community. The chapter also provides an assessment of the political and social organisations present in these communities.
Art and Mortality
Authors: Kirkham Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter six discusses new concerns and emphases emerging in the 1980s, whilst looking closely at Tomlinson’s poetic performance during the 80s. The chapter seeks to provide some conclusions about the character of his art and make a note of the building sense of relaxation in Tomlinson’s later poetry.
A Peculiarly British Phenomenon?
Authors: McKechnie Jim
Published: January 2019

Chapter eight, written by Jim McKechnie, offers a cross-cultural comparison of child employment by looking at the existence of child labour in the USA, a country with an advanced economy. McKechnie uses this comparison to stand out from other child labour literature that report only on child labour in countries with under-developed economies. Using major work and research from US psychologists, McKechnie examines research on the developmental impact of employment on children and describes the effectiveness of USA’s control of child labour.
Deconstructing the Starships
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

Gwyneth Jones’s Deconstructing the Starships: Science Fiction and Reality is a collection of critical essays, speeches and reviews, split into three sections: ‘All Science is Description’, ‘Science, Fiction and Reality’, and ‘The Reviews’.
The book looks at 20th century science fiction through a feminist lens and explores the evolution of science fiction and fantasy writing during an era of scientific and technological development. From a feminist point of view, Jones discusses the relationships between men and women in science fiction and unpacks the significance of the power imbalances that come out of those relationships. Jones also addresses the increasing closeness in the barriers between science fiction and reality and offers insightful predictions towards the future.
Introduction: Deconstructing The Starships
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

‘Deconstructing The Starships’ references a speech originally given at the June 1988 presentation of the Arthur C. Clarke Award, at the Institute of Contemporary Arts. The speech discusses science fiction’s penetration into popular culture and its inclusion in 20th century mainstream fiction. It also analyses the structure and methodology of a science fiction novel, looking at the characterisation, narrative and literary conventions used in order to develop an understanding of the requirements of a science fiction text. The chapter references Star Wars and Star Trek throughout, and uses the two franchises to associate the Starship Enterprise with US Navy nuclear submarines in the Cold War, thus mirroring science fiction with reality.
Fools: The Neuroscience of Cyberspace
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

This essay is the first in the book’s Science, Fiction and Reality section. It was originally a paper read at a conference held at the University of Teesside in April 1995 and was later published in The Governance of Cyberspace. The essay talks about the evolution of science fiction and how it’s easy to spot when it has been overtaken by the development of technology; specifically in computers, artificial intelligence, robotics, and cybernetics. In her discussion of technology and cyberspace, Jones alludes to the possibility of consciousness, self-awareness and freedom of information, and makes reference to the science fiction novels of William Gibson and Pat Cadigan.
Good and Lawful Prize
Authors: Kert Faye Margaret
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the origins of maritime law, the development of the English High Court of Admiralty, and the administration of the international law of prize in North America. It examines the significance of colonial expansion and the historical role of colonial English Vice-Admiralty Courts in handling piracy cases, and the United States Admiralty Courts that operated during the War of 1812.
Public Service, Private Profits
Authors: Kert Faye Margaret
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the role and financial appeal of prizemaking and privateering during the War of 1812. It details the legal prerequisites for privateering during the war, such as Letters of Marque; Affidavits of Sureties, and Articles of Agreement. The chapter primarily focuses on a case study of the Liverpool Packet, the famous privateering society of the port of Liverpool, Nova Scotia. It also considers the perils of privateering - prisoners of war and cartels. It concludes by asserting that privateering during the war was a precarious, yet relatively profitable role, and an expression of disenchantment with the War of 1812.
Conclusion
Authors: Kert Faye Margaret
Published: January 2019

When the Treaty of Ghent brought the War of 1812 to an official close on Christmas Eve, 1814, it marked the end of privateering as an international weapon of war. Over the centuries privateering, also known as commerce raiding and guerre de course, had evolved well-understood procedures for seizing prizes and legally securing them through the courts. Seventeenth-century English jurisdictional wrangling had clarified the authority of the High Court of Admiralty and colonial vice-admiralty courts to adjudicate questions of prize. By the early nineteenth century prizemaking had become an accepted weapon in the naval arsenal, while privateering played a vital role in the war against trade. In examining the development of private armed warfare from its earliest known records to its role in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812, this study has compared the prizemaking role of privateers from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia with that of Royal Navy vessels stationed along the American coast....
The Trade Makers
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This journal reprints the history of the Elder Dempster company by Peter N. Davies, from 1852-1972, originally published in 1973. It includes an additional chapter, also by Peter Davies, on the history of the company from 1973-1989, covering its decline and final years. The purpose is to describe and analyse the economic history of the Elder Dempster shipping company and its predecessors, and provide an account of West African and British economic backgrounds. The journal is divided into five parts, each concerning a different era in the company’s history. Part 1 covers the formation of the African Steam Ship Company, which would eventually merge and become Elder Dempster; Part 2 covers the expansion of Elder Dempster and the partnership with Alfred Lewis Jones; Part 3 explores major historical events and their impact on Elder Dempster, including the Great War, the transition from war to peace, and the end of the Royal Mail group; Part 4 concerns the establishment of Elder Dempster Lines Limited, the emergence of successful rival companies, the Second World War and post-war reconstruction, and prediction for the company for the 1970s and beyond, as this part concluded the first edition of the history; Part 5 is a retrospective look at the 1970s and 1980s, and tracks the decline of Elder Dempster and the evolution of the Ocean Group.
Alexander Elder and John Dempster
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the lives of Alexander Elder and John Dempster, two men whose work, power and influence changed the whole of Britain’s shipping and commercial relationship with West Africa. It discusses the pair’s impact on the British West African shipping trade in general and on Elder Dempster and Company in particular. The chapter details the rivalry between the African Steam Ship Company and the British and African Steam Navigation Company and presents the eventual negotiation and agreements made between the two. It concludes with the abrupt ending of the agency of the African Steam Ship Company.
Expansion and Diversification
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter studies the expansion of the network of activities built up by Elder Dempster and explores the ways in which Alfred Lewis Jones extended his power and reach across the shipping, trade and banking markets in West Africa and the United Kingdom. It examines the steps taken by Jones in order to maintain a foothold in the West African shipping business and discusses the methods used when approached with limitations on his authority, in the form of rivals, government regulation and criticism from the press and public opinion. The chapter also features a commentary of the personal and professional relationship between Jones and John Holt, and old colleague and friend.
The Effects of the Conference System
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter reports Elder Dempster’s increasing activity and finances and discusses the conference system and the larger merchants unsatisfied with it. It addresses the reorganisation of the British and African Steam Navigation Company in 1900 and examines the financing of the Elder Dempster fleet. The chapter acknowledges that precise details of amounts of income are not available, yet provides research on Jones’ mode of living and the transformation of the value of Elder Dempster by exploring the sources of profit. Also discussed is the development and economic advancement of British West Africa between 1852 and 1910 as a result of investment, the invention of the steamship, and advances in medical science.
The Great War
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the First World War’s effect on British shipping and West African trade. It discusses shipping losses and incidents, and describes the consequences of the end of trade with Germany and Austria; the closure of the Baltic and Black seas; congestion at ports; and the strain and depletion of ships. The chapter also reports the collapse of the West African Shipping Conference at the beginning of the war and describes the ways in this affected Elder Dempster and the Lever Brothers.
Reconstruction and Change
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the effects of the First World War on the shipping and West African trade market. It outlines Elder Dempster’s financial and trading position after the war and details the difficulties that came as a result of reduced freight rates, loss of vessels, and a fall in the value of West African produce. It juxtaposes Elder Dempster’s losses with the progress of Dutch and German lines and presents the two rival countries as a threat to the British shipping industry. The chapter concludes with the re-establishment of the West African Lines Conference.
The Reorganisation of the Company
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter documents the establishment of Elder Dempster Lines Limited, a company under the control of Richard Holt, and follows the fluctuations in West African imports and exports in the 1930s. It examines the successes and failures of Elder Dempster in this period by assessing shipping tonnage and financial results, and comparing the data to the growth of rival lines. The chapter concludes with an introduction of Elder Dempster’s entry into commercial aviation as Elders Colonial Airways Limited, a venture that came to an end in the 1940s due to the outbreak of the Second World War.
The Second World War
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the effects of the Second World War on the British shipping industry. It provides an analysis of the loss of seamen and vessels in comparison to the previous world war, and describes the subsequent trading conditions of West Africa. It also presents the establishment of the West African Co-Ordination Committee, formed by Elder Dempster, John Holt and the United Africa Company and comments on their actions made on behalf of the Ministry of War Transport in 1940.
Post-War Reconstruction
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the reconstruction of Elder Dempster’s company structure and development after the Second World War. It states the company’s losses in terms of vessels and staff, and assesses the changes made in management and head office accommodation in order to allow Elder Dempster to meet the level of success it had achieved in the early 20th Century. The chapter also addresses the changing composition of the West African trade after the war, which included alterations in the determination of freight rates; the extension of the West African Lines Conference; and the intrusion of Scandinavian lines into the West African trade market. The chapter concludes with Elder Dempster’s purchase of the British and Burmese Steam Navigation Company Limited.
Historical Approaches to the Northern California Current Ecosystem
Authors: Francis R.C. , Field J. , Holmgren D. , Strom A.
Published: January 2019

R. C. Francis, J. Field, D. Holmgren and A. Strom traces the historical record of the west coast North American marine ecosystem through historical, paleoclimatological, and environmental disciplines in order to understand its development over centuries of change. The results show that large-scale climate forcing is a core factor in the fluctuating stock of coastal species over the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.
The South African Fisheries: A Preliminary Survey of Historical Sources
Authors: van Sittert Lance
Published: January 2019

Lance van Sittert explores the historical records concerning the exploitation of marine resources along the West Coast of Africa, using them to provide evidence of the commerical importance of the West Coast over the East or South. The date demonstrates a boom-bust cycle along the West Coast, pertaining to whales, snoek, guano, rock lobster, hake, and pilchard.
Epilogue
Authors: Holm Poul , Starkey David J. , Smith Tim D.
Published: January 2019

The workshop at which the papers that comprise this volume were presented also generated a research agenda for the "History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP)" project. This agenda, in turn, formed the basis of a proposal that subsequently attracted financial support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (New York City). Having commenced in January 2001, the HMAP initiative provides an historical dimension to the "Census of Marine Life," a decade-long research program designed to assess and explain the diversity, distribution and abundance of marine life in the world's oceans....
Consular Services of the Nordic Countries during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: Did They Really Work?
Authors: Müller Leos , Ojala Jari
Published: January 2019

Undoubtedly the Lordships has been informed of the miss usage of strangers in this place, as several Swedes have experienced in being obliged to pay 14 & 16 Rixdollars courtage to person[s], no ways qualified, nor in capacity to give them satisfaction, by reason in first place he understands no language but his mother tongue; in the next place, an entire stranger to trade or commerce pay even to honesty....
Fishing Rights in the Postwar Period: The Case of North Sea Herring
Authors: Karlsdóttir Hrefna
Published: January 2019

”He’s been coming out here for years, stealing our squid…

Whose squid are they, Dad?…

Ours!

What, even before we’ve caught them?”1

1Terry Pratchett, Jingo (London, 1998), 26.

Disagreements over marine resources are not new. Disputes over ocean fisheries date back at least to the late sixteenth century, and their causes have been both political and economic....
Centralised Port Planning: An Evaluation of the British and New Zealand Experience
Authors: Reveley James , Tull Malcolm
Published: January 2019

To secure as much of the advantages of centralised power and intelligence as can be had without turning into governmental channels too great a proportion of the general activity – is one of the most difficult and complicated questions in the art of government.

J.S. Mill, ...
Intangible Infrastructures and their Components
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This section explores the intangible infrastructures of maritime economies and the shipping industry through analysis of three separate components. The first sub-section explores the role of shipping agents in the twentieth century by analysing the varieties of agencies, their changing functions, the impact of both World Wars, and, in particular, the impact of containerisation. It determines that by the end of the century, technological, geopolitical, and managerial transformations rendered the role of the shipping agent all but obsolete. The second sub-section examines the consular services of Nordic countries during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in order to determine whether or not they were successful, and discovers that the assumption that consular services lowered maritime transaction costs cannot be wholly verified. The final sub-section explores the Mediterranean narrow-sea nexus and the way in which the Mediterranean region served as a ‘strategic corridor’ for European colonial activity.
A Concept and its Realisation
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2019

This chapter serves as a conceptual introduction to containerism. It follows a concise, linear route through the development of the industry, and discusses the relevant factors and technologies that enabled its rise to prominence within the shipping industry. It summarises the industry’s growth by claiming the rapid improvement of technologies and the global demand for the service created a tremendous momentum brought the industry into prominence
The First Revolution
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses the first two stages of the process of containerisation. The first is the early impact of the industry on the domestic trades of the United States and of Australia. The second is the impact containerisation had on liner shipping and its expansion into North Atlantic, Transpacific (United States-Japan), and Australian trade routes. The chapter argues that these two factors, occuring during the 1950s and 1960s, provided a framework for the eventual dominance of containerisation on global shipping that occured during the 1970s. The chapter ends by detailing the readying of container terminals in all major ports, and the first Japan-Europe container voyage, the 1971 embarkment of the Kamakura Maru.
Ports, Port Systems and Liner Networks
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses the impact of containerisation on the port systems of the world, in particular the increase in competition and rivalry due to the presence of markets and growing necessity of profitability. The following subdivisions are explored in detail, and punctuated with partinent graphs and statistics:- Global Port Rankings; Container Ports and Terminals; Port Industrialisation; Port Authorities and Terminal Operators; and Container Networks and Regional Port Systems. It concludes by suggesting port rivalry will continue on a regional scale.
Maritime Labour
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the social impact that containerisation - and the drastic topographical and economic changes to the shipping industry - had upon the livliehoods of maritime labourers. It explores the challenges and consequences of new technologies faced by labourers and maritime communities within the shipping industrythe drastic shifts in skillsets necessary for maritime labourers in order to keep up with technological development; and the reduction of labour force within the shipping industry. The chapter is divided into sections as follows: Seafarers; Flags of Convenience; Training; Down-sizing and Multi-skilling; Safety and Accidents at Sea; Port Workers; Decimation of the Work Force; Social Consequences of Containerism; Industrial Conflicts and Port Workers’ Unions; The International Transport Workers’ Federation; and Resugent Militancy and Political Protest. It concludes by suggesting the only way forward is to approach modernisation, globalisation, and privatisation with a humane outlook.
Negotiating Technological Change
Authors: Reveley James
Published: January 2019

This chapter details the introduction of containerism to the shipping industry and the tremendous effect of rapid technological change that it brought about within the industry and the running of ports. It documents the disputes over the use of new cargo-handling equipment and the subsequent nationwide agreement to accomodate container ships at New Zealand ports. The conclusion demonstrates that though watersiders managed to secure favourable terms during the process, the terms were inherently unsustainable and counter-productive to the efficiency, and lower labour requirements, of the container industry.
Waterfront Labour Reform
Authors: Reveley James
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the process of labour reform as a result of the preceeding events, plus the 1984 election that ensured a Labour government in New Zealand. It details the following processes: firm-based employment; intensified competition; the shift to non-standard employment; working conditions; and the Employment Relations Act 2000. It concludes by speculating over the formation of new unions in the wake of labour reforms, claiming that it cannot be discerned whether these unions represent employee or employer interests. Reveley maintains that waterfront unionism in New Zealand remains a complex and ever-shifting environment.
Owners and Masters: Management and Managerial Skills in the Finnish Ocean-Going Merchant Fleet, c. 1840-1880
Authors: Scholl Lars U. , Hinkkanen Merja-Liisa
Published: January 2019

This chapter assesses the role of shipmasters and ship-owners in the Age of Sail and describes the division of responsibilities between the two. It discusses the overall management system of long-distance Finnish shipping, which was similar to the management systems of other European countries including Sweden, Norway and elsewhere, and presents a study of the skills and characteristics of owners in comparison to the skills of shipmasters. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the effectiveness of the system in place.
Baltic Timber-Trade under Sail: An Example of the Persistence of Old Techniques
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the survival of traditional shipping despite the emergence of revolutionary changes in the shipping world during the late nineteenth century. It examines the reasons for the persistence of tradition in sailing vessels and assesses the old-fashioned and, arguably, inefficient transportation system. The chapter also details the technical developments of the twentieth century and notes the ways they drastically affected the old logistic model. It concludes with a discussion of the eventual decline of Baltic and coastal ships under sail.
Dutch Shipping and the Swedish Navigation Act (1724): A Case Study
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a study on The Swedish Navigation Act, and offers an explanation on why Sweden wanted to limit the number of foreign ships’ exports and imports. The chapter later details the economic reaction to the act’s prohibitions and requirements, namely the impact the act had on Finland and what it meant for the imports of tobacco, sugar, salt and other colonial goods.
Wreck-Plundering by East Finnish Coastal People - Criminal Tradition or Popular Culture?
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a study on wreck-plundering carried out by East Finnish coastal people. It offers several historical examples of wreck-plundering, spanning from 1745 to 1808 and includes the detail of the murder and further crimes that took place in the plunder. The chapter’s main focus is on the criminality of the act, and discusses the interference of religion, tradition and the belief in the inherent right to “hunt treasure”.
From Days and Knots to Pounds and Dollars: Some Problems in the Study of the Economics of Late Nineteenth Century Merchant Shipping
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter advances ideas about macro and micro-studies on the economics of Finnish shipping. It emphasises the difficulties in attaining and measuring accurate data within incomplete accounts, and discusses the national accounting and business economics concerns of Finnish shipping companies by assessing reports of labour costs, wages, depreciation, gross revenue, capital costs and profitability.
International Freight Markets in the 1830s and 1840s: The Experience of a Major Finnish Shipowner
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the international freight markets in the 1830s and 1840s and uses case studies and source materials to conduct a micro-level approach on research into everyday shipping business practises. The chapter concerns itself with freight markets in the Mediterranean, the Baltic, West Europe, South America and East Asia, and provides an insight into the impact of Peter Malm’s ships on foreign freight markets.
Yrjö Kaukiainen: A Maritime Bibliography
Authors: Hinkkanen Merja-Liisa
Published: January 2019

This bibliography lists Yrjö Kaukiainen's books and articles in English and Swedish on maritime history up to 30 September 2003. His book and Roundtable reviews, maritime publications in other languages, as well as his publications on non-maritime topics, are excluded. For these, please refer to the earlier bibliography in his Finnish ...
The British Whaling Trade
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: January 2019

This book provides a comprehensive economic history of the British Whaling Trade, divided into two eras of significant technological difference. The first part concerns the traditional whaling trades that structured the industry for three centuries, from 1604-1914. The second part concerns the modern whaling trade between the years 1904-1963, characterised by technological advance and tremendous international competition. Gordon Jackson approaches the enormous subject of British Whaling from the perspectives of both the national economy of Britain, and the international whaling industry as a whole. The book consults official statistical material to determine the size and performance of various whaling fleets; eye-witness accounts and state papers for the early history of the trade; log books, and trade and customs records for the eighteenth century; and the documents of the Southern Whaling Company, Salvesen, and Unilever for insights into the modern whaling period. The book concludes with appendices containing statistical data concerning whale oil, whale stocks, and the price of goods, two bibliographies of further reading, and a conclusion that free competition and market demand simply exhausted whale stocks beyond any possibility of restoration.
Chapter 1 Northern Adventures and the Spitsbergen Trade, c. 1604-1670
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: January 2019

The origins of whaling are hidden in the mists of mythology and are, perhaps, best left there. When and where man first realised the economic potential of the world's largest animals, and how he was first able to catch them, is a matter for speculation based on inadequate texts....
Chapter 3 The Rise of the Greenland Trade, 1750-1783
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: January 2019

By the mid-eighteenth century politicians were well accustomed to arguments about the advantages derived from trade. Pitt's famous dictum, "When trade is at stake you must defend it or perish," echoed views that had inspired the Navigation Laws a century earlier. Since the sum of world trade was limited, trade warfare was necessary to increase the British share of world prosperity, a prosperity which could only come about, according to the "bullionist" theory that still held sway, when Britain imported more gold than she exported. Matthew Decker put the matter succinctly in his ...
Chapter 11 Advances in Oil Technology
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: January 2019

The rapid expansion of whaling in the decade before the First World War occurred because, after a century in which whale oil had been gradually ousted from its traditional uses, modern science gave it a new lease of life. Whale oil creased to be an elementary product, fit only for burning and other lowly uses, and became, under the influence of chemical technology, a multi-purpose raw material for modern industry. As a consequence whaling was faced with quite unprecedented demands for oil (output, for instance, rose from 47,387 tons in 1909/1910 to 134,000 in 1913/1914)...
Chapter 13 Crisis and Contraction, 1929-1932
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: January 2019

"We should get as large a share as possible for ourselves and this country by greatly extending our operations now without licences," Harold Salvesen wrote in his report on the viability of pelagic fishing in 1928, and so the firm rebuilt their fleet. The immediate result - an increase in their Antarctic oil production of seventy-four percent between 1928/1929 and 1929/1930 - certainly appeared to justify investment, and Southern Whaling and Hector Whaling were no less pleased with the performance of their new expeditions (...
Chapter 14 Regulated Recklessness, 1932-1939
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: January 2019

The great slump of 1929-1931 may have aggravated the difficulties in the whaling trade, but it did not cause them. They sprang, rather, from a reckless investment in relatively cheap shipping which produced too much oil and killed too many whales. The ships could be laid up and the investment written off, but only slowly did it dawn upon consumers and producers alike that the whales could not be replaced. Whales are not a wasting resource like coal or mineral oil; given sensible exploitation they would reproduce themselves for ever. But exploitation was not sensible and whales were being wasted. They were slaughtered in unprecedented numbers less because the additional oil was needed, than because additional ships went out to take them; and competition that was ruinous for whalermen was equally ruinous for whales!...
The Traditional Whaling Trades, 1604-1914
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: January 2019

This section of the journal provides a detailed history of the traditional whaling industry. Over the course of three centuries the techniques and technologies associated with whaling changed very little, the only variety came from the levels of intensity of whaling. The primary purpose of whaling was to obtain whale oil and whale bone, for domestic purposes. This section is further subdivided into the northern and southern whale fisheries, which operated in different oceans, with different whales, and under different organisational systems. The topics covered in this section include: the Spitsbergen trade; the ramifications of failure; the rise of the Greenland trade; the boom in the northern fishery; the expansion south of the Arctic Sea; the decline of the north in the early nineteenth-century; the expansion and failure of the southern fishery; and the end of the northern fishery in the late nineteenth century.
The Modern Whaling Trade, 1904-1963
Authors: Jackson Gordon
Published: January 2019

This section of the journal provides a detailed history of the modern whaling industry, between 1904 and 1963. New techniques, new equipment, and new ships led to the complete overhaul of the traditional industry. The rapid expansion of the trade is linked to the shift in oil technology, and the repurposing of oil for soap and margarine. The section explores, in depth, new whaling techniques; new whaling areas; advances in oil technology; expanding fleets and new fishing grounds; crisis and contraction of the industry; and the sharp decline in the final years of the industry in the wake of the Second World War.
The Road to Nationalisation, 1970-1977
Authors: Johnman Lewis , Murphy Hugh
Published: January 2019

This chapter charts the process of nationalisation that followed on the heels of the Scott Lithgow merger. It examines the history of the newly merged company in order to identify its increasing inability to compete globally; the move into giant tanker construction, which failed to deliver what it intended; the necessity of entering into sophisticated offshore markets; inherited losses; the actions of the 1970 Conservative Government; the shift in Scott Lithgows’ interest to the oil trade; and the financially disastrous submarine cable fault - where Scott Lithgows’ cable insulation failed catastrophically on Chilean submarines. It concludes by summarising the poor situation Scott Lithgow had ended up in over the course of the century so far, and considers the nationalisation efforts a small injection of life into an otherwise struggling company.
Déjà vu All over Again: Trafalgar House, 1984-1988
Authors: Johnman Lewis , Murphy Hugh
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the Trafalgar House ownership of Scott Lithgows; the disastrous Ocean Alliance contract; and the accusations of negligence Trafalgar House made against British Shipbuilders (BS) that resulted in a saga of claim and counterclaim over culpability for the Ocean Alliance. It states that nationalisation and subsequent privatisation preserved employment in the area for a number of years, but that Trafalgar House resoundingly failed to transform Scott Lithgow’s prospects. They failed to break even and the shipyard closed for good in 1990.
Conclusion
Authors: Johnman Lewis , Murphy Hugh
Published: January 2019

The conclusion cites management failure as the core reason for the decline of Scott Lithgow, a combination of the inaccurately perceived superiority of British ships; reluctance to modernise; and inability to fend off intense foreign competition. Present across the entire industry, these factors caused the widespread collapse British shipbuilding. Scott Lithgows is merely one example amongst many.
The "Popular Story"
Authors: Gleicher David
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the concept of the “popular story”, a combination of the dramatisations of the Titanic’s fate in literature and film, and survivor accounts that fail to include representations of the third class. It defines the popular story as an impressionistic narrative of events patched together from first class passengers and top officers, offering no voice to the third class or control over their own representation. The author applies Foucault’s theory of “Dangerous Individuals” - where danger is implicit to social status - to the treatment and representation of third class men in Titanic narratives. It questions the authenticity of the popular story by scrutinising the British Inquiry testimonies, and examines the open racism of naval officers; the depiction of class in Walter Lord’s 1955 novel ‘A Night to Remember’; the lack of third class testimonies in the British Inquiry, and the dubious testimony of John Edward Hart - which nevertheless was absorbed into the narrative, to conclude that the third class passengers are pervasively portrayed in both history and popular culture as both intrinsically helpless and intrinsically dangerous - who, after being released from gated corridors, swarmed the top deck seeking rescue and causing havoc.
The Nature Theatre of Oklahoma
Authors: Gleicher David
Published: January 2019

This chapter aims to delineate a timeline of events in order to provide an accurate account of the movement of third class passengers during the sinking. The timeline is broken down into 5 phases ranging between 11:40pm on the 14th April 1912 and 2:20am on the 15th. It explores these first two phases in detail, spanning 11:40pm and 1:00am, covering the initial impact and the evacuation attempts that followed. It includes tables detailing survival rates by class, gender, and region; survival by class, gender and age; survival of third class members by location of their quarters; figures detailing both the area of impact and damage; and the escape routes taken by third class passengers. By examining testimonies from the British Inquiry, it concludes that third class passengers took a difficult route the top deck due to misdirection from the ship’s authorities.
Departures
Authors: Gleicher David
Published: January 2019

This chapter continues the study of the period 1:00-1:40am, and concerns the preparing, loading, and launching of lifeboats in relation to the third class passengers. It analyses the authority and responsibility of those in charge of the lifeboats and the capacity to evacuate. It pays particular attention to the discrepancies surrounding the departure time of the first four lifeboats, and aims to prove that the first three lifeboats were launched between 12:20 and 12:35, suggesting the lifeboat departure times as stated by the Mersey Commission Report are inaccurate.
Like Wild Beasts Ready to Spring
Authors: Gleicher David
Published: January 2019

This chapter studies the movement of third class men and their portrayal in the inquiries. It returns to Foucault’s theory of dangerous individuals and pays particular attention to the shooting incident at Lifeboat 14 - an acute example of the officers’ fear of third class men. It concludes by stating there were no eyewitness accounts of either a large crowd of men trying to fit onto two boats, or any shots fired during the loading of Lifeboat 4. It suggests the existing evidence for both events is insufficient.
Loose Ends
Authors: Gleicher David
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the time period 1:40-2:05am, from the launch of Collapsible C to the launch of Collapsible D. During this period the ship began to sink at an accelerated rate and the chances of survival dropped sharply, affecting the survival rates of the primarily third class passengers still aboard. It reiterates that OlausAbelseth’s testimony detailing a rush of third class men to overwhelm the lifeboats is inaccurate, and instead demonstrates that the rush of men arose as the boat broke up, and that there were no lifeboats in their vicinity to rush to.
Tankers in Trouble
Authors: Tenold Stig
Published: January 2019

This book analyses the causes and effects of the shipping market crisis in the 1970s and 1980s - the most severe of the twentieth century. It approaches the subject from three viewpoints. The first is the tanker sector, where the crisis began, spread, and caused the most damage. The second is from a national perspective - focusing on the impact on Norwegian shipping and shipowners. The third, narrowed further in scope, analyses the crisis from the business perspective of four individual tanker owners - taking into account their business strategies and eventual fates. The aim of the journal is to add to the knowledge of recent maritime history by examining the transformation of the industry during a period of rapid change. One distinct conclusion is that shipowners, to their detriment, assumed that the demand for tankers would continue to increase as it had consistently done so throughout the century thus far. The overall conclusion is that shipping is a cyclical industry, and that the oversupply of ships produced during the 1970s took its toll toward the end of the century. By 2004 and 2005, however, the industry began to bounce back, offering hope for the future. The book consists of an introductory chapter, seven chapters of analysis, a concluding chapter, select bibliography, and three appendices tabling Norwegian tanker statistics.
Introduction
Authors: Tenold Stig
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the aims and structure of the journal. The aims are twofold:- to demonstrate the causes and effects of the shipping crisis that gripped the international shipping community during the 1970s and 1980s, and to determine why this crisis affected the Norwegian shipping industry more severely than other nations.
The Shipping Market after World War II
Authors: Tenold Stig
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a history of the shipping market between the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the shipping crisis of 1973. It documents the major changes to shipping and shipbuilding practices that occurred during this period, including the increase in technological advancement, a steady growth of the oil trade, and the rise of container shipping. It concludes in 1973 after a misleadingly strong growth in shipping demand, and cites the short but consequential Yom Kippur War as a crucial shift in international power structure and the world economy, deeming it the beginning of the shipping crisis.
The Basis of the Tanker Crisis
Authors: Tenold Stig
Published: January 2019

This chapter uses a supply and demand framework to analyse the cause of the rapid decline of the tanker sector. The increase in the price of oil, plus the spatial shifts in oil production and changes to the chartering policies of oil companies worked to both spread and prolong the crisis. Another core contributing factor was the failure of shipowners to recognise the imbalance of supply and demand as a lasting rather than cyclical concern. The chapter concludes by asserting that shipowners, financial institutions, and government intervention all played significant roles in escalating the crisis further.
Stage Two of the Crisis and the Long-term Changes
Authors: Tenold Stig
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the second stage of the shipping crisis and the long-term effects that it evoked. It traces the crisis from the mid-seventies low, through a brief flourish in 1978, to the plummet in shipping trade in the early 1980s, ten years after the first oil price hike. It analyses the response within the industry to the depression, noting in particular the emergence of Asian flags of convenience (FOCs). It also analyses the situation in 1970s Norway, considering the heavy presence of Norway in the international shipping industry and their deadweight tonnage numbers to demonstrate the economic impact of the crisis on a national level.
Structural Transformations in Norwegian Shipping
Authors: Tenold Stig
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses the structural transformations within the Norwegian shipping industry as a result of the shipping crisis. It focuses on the spatial dispersion of both tonnage and shipping companies. The transformations are analysed using a purpose-built database which demonstrates the decline of Norwegian shipping companies by two thirds during the crisis. It also demonstrates that the size of a company and its geographic location played a part in survival rates during the crisis. The traditional methods of measuring fleet size - Deadweight Tons (DWT) and Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) - are eschewed in this chapter’s statistical analysis in favour of Compensated Gross Register Tons (CGRT), in order to more accurately reflect the Norwegian fleet’s losses. This leads to the conclusion that mammoth tankers and bulk carriers were replaced by smaller, sophisticated vessels that held more per-ton value.
Conclusion
Authors: Tenold Stig
Published: January 2019

This final chapter concludes the findings of the journal by claiming the crisis of the 1970s and 1980s fundamentally altered the shipping market. It reiterates the causes and effects of the crisis and the reasons for the drastic impact felt by Norwegian shipowners. It asserts that the shipping industry is highly cyclical, but the low point of the cycle during the ‘70s and ‘80s was particularly harsh and industry-altering. The modern-day industry only overcame the lingering effects of the crisis, including the prevalent problem of oversupply, in 2004-2005.
Introduction
Authors: Dickinson A.B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the structure and aim of the volume. It begins with an overview of the history and topography of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, then discusses the sources of revenue on the islands, and confirming that sealing no longer occurs within the jurisdiction. It then introduces the development of commercial sealing: fishing locations; seal products - primarily meat, skin, fur, and oil; costs and profits; and the conditions aboard sealing vessels. It also provides a detailed description of different seal breeds - listing individually their habitats, features, region, uses, and profitability. The species of Falklands seals detailed are the Fur Seal; Bull and Cow Elephant Seal; Elephant Seal; Sea Lion; Leopard Seal; Weddell Seal; and Crabeater Seal. It concludes that all of the species of seals listed now enjoy protection in the Falklands, before lamenting that contemporary data concerning population figures is imprecise.