bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excited‐State Carrier Dynamics in Semiconducting Heterostructures from Self‐Sorted NIR Active Dyes
Authors: Bhavani Botta , Ahmed Md Soif , Pravallika Nagadatta , Nenavath Swathi , Raavi Sai Santosh Kumar , Soma Venugopal Rao , Giribabu Lingamallu , Prasanthkumar Seelam
Published: January 2025

Heterostructures comprise two or more different semiconducting materials stacked either as co‐assemblies or self‐sorted based on their dynamics of aggregates. However, self‐sorting in heterostructures is rather significant in improving the short exciton diffusion length and charge separation. Despite small organic molecules being known for their self‐sorting nature, macrocyclic are hitherto unknown owing to unrestrained assemblies from extended π‐conjugated systems. Herein, two near infrared region (NIR) active molecules comprised of porphyrin appended D‐π‐D (1) and A‐π‐A (2) have been reported to show the self‐assembled 0D and 2D nanostructures via J‐aggregates. Interestingly, the mixture of 1 and 2 reveals self‐sorting at the molecular level promoting nanosphere and sheet structures which further rolled over to spheres through π–π stacking leading to core–shell type heterostructure. Consequently, electrical conductivity is 10 times higher than the individual assemblies due to excited state electron transfer from 1 to 2 in a mixture, confirmed by femto second‐transient absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These results suggest that controlling the self‐sorted heterostructures fosters refining the electronic properties which pave the way for designing novel NIR‐absorbed molecules for organic solar cells (OSCs).
Synergistically Boosted Na+ Migration and Deep Desodiation Stability of NASICON Cathode via High Entropy Regulation
Authors: Long Tao , Li Ruotong , Kong Xueling , Feng Bin , Wang Kairong , Wang Yulei , Chen Can , Wang Yaping , Yu Qinqin , Wu Meng , Ding Yuan‐Li
Published: January 2025

Mn‐containing sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) compounds have shown considerable potential as cathode for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) owing to higher working voltage (V5+/V4+: 3.9 V), lower cost, and lower toxicity compared to full vanadium‐based NASICON Na3V2(PO4)3. Taking Na3.3V1.7Mn0.3(PO4)3 (NVMP) as an example, its practical application is still restricted by poor electronic conductivity, sluggish intrinsic Na+ diffusion, and poor high‐voltage stability. In this work, a high entropy strategy is proposed to develop Na3.3V1.613Mn0.3(Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zr)0.1(PO4)3 (HE‐NVMP) cathode for not only enabling more and rapid Na+ migration but also significantly improving deep desodiation stability. Based on theoretical calculations and experimental findings, such high entropy modification can efficiently alter the coordination environments of both V/Mn and Na sites for reducing Na+ diffusion energy barrier, increasing the occupancy of Na+ at Na(2) sites, and consolidating the structure stability. Thus, the obtained HE‐NVMP delivers superior high‐rate capability (91.7 mAh g−1) up to 50 C and excellent cycling performance (capacity retention: 81.2%) after 10 000 cycles at 20 C at the cutoff voltage of 4.1 V. More importantly, such cathode also exhibits superior sodium storage properties at a higher cutoff voltage (4.5 V) with electrochemical polarization with 75% reduction at 1 C and higher capacity retention of 80.3% after 2000 cycles at 20 C compared to pristine counterpart, indicating a great potential for practical rechargeable batteries with excellent overcharge resistance capability.
Anatomical and Embryological Development of the Chick Cerebrum in Different Embryonic Periods
Authors: Selcuk Muhammet Lutfi , Kayikci Fatma
Published: January 2025

The objective of this study is to assess the embryological and morphometric development of the chick cerebrum during specific incubation periods. The cerebrums of 24 Babcock White Leghorn chicks, six each from the 10th, 13th, 16th and 21st days of the incubation period, were used in the study. After removing the heads of fixed embryos from the upper edge of the atlas, the brains were taken out of the cranial cavity. Morphometric measurements were performed on the removed brains, and paraffin blocks were prepared following the routine histological procedure. Sections 5 µm thick were taken from the blocks, with an additional 10 µm thick section taken every 50th section. The slides were then stained using Crossmon's triple stain and Klüver–Barrera staining methods and photographed. The sectional images were transferred to the ImageJ programme, brain volume was calculated using stereological methods, and histological measurements were performed. The development of brain parts in selected embryonic periods was examined in detail, focusing on anatomical and histological aspects. According to the results, it was determined that all measured parameters, except the third ventricle width, increased and were statistically significant (p < 0.05). It is believed that the findings of this study will enhance the understanding of the region's anatomy. The new morphometric data can serve as reference data in neurotoxicity and embryotoxicity studies.
High‐Sensitive Cardiac Troponin I and Th1/Th2 Polarization in Queens With Pyometra
Authors: Safak Tarik , Saat Nevzat , Yilmaz‐Koc Oznur , Turanli Mert , Ayalp‐Erkan Aslıhan , Risvanli Ali
Published: January 2025

Objectives

To determine T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cytokine polarization, as well as high‐sensitive cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI) levels, in cats with pyometra.

Methods

We used 40 queens in the study. A total of 20 out of these 40 queens were diagnosed with the pyometra group (PYO) and the other 20 made up the healthy group (control; CTR). We measured concentrations of hs‐cTnI, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and l‐lactate in queens from both groups. Additionally, we measured cytokine concentrations in all queens.

Results

The hs‐cTnI concentration in the PYO group (26.95 ± 5.08 ng/L) was significantly higher than that of the CTR group (7.00 ± 0.82 ng/L) (p < 0.000). Furthermore, the PYO group had a higher CK concentration (344.50 ± 39.63 U/L) than the CTR group (191.00 ± 15.44 U/L) (p = 0.002). The PYO group also demonstrated higher concentrations of TNF‐α (9.77 ± 0.81 ng/mL), IFN‐γ (25.37 ± 2.09 ng/mL), IL‐2 (4.37 ± 0.39 ng/mL), IL‐4 (245.64 ± 15.83 pg/mL), IL‐5 (63.13 ± 1.65 pg/mL) and IL‐10 (123.58 ± 4.30 ng/mL) compared to the CTR group (p < 0.000).

Conclusions

Overall, it is suggested that changes in cytokine concentrations increase in queens with pyometra, potentially causing harm to the heart muscle. It is crucial to consider that the heart muscle may also be affected in queens with pyometra during the treatment process.
Investigation of the Presence of Papillomavirus in Bovine Testicles and Determination of γH2AX and Cytochrome C in Testicular Tissues Determined to be Infected
Authors: Karatas Ozhan , Ozkaraca Mustafa , Atasoy Mustafa O.
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to detect the presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) in the testicular tissue of bulls over 1‐year old by immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence and molecular assay targeting methods. In addition, γH2AX and cytochrome c expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent methods in samples positive for BPV agent. In this study, 100 testicular specimens that did not show any macroscopic papilloma findings were collected. Testicular tissues were collected and examined using histologically and molecularly methods. In the present study, immunopositivity was detected in 6 (6%) samples with the IHC method and in 11 (11%) samples with the IF method. In addition, BPV positivity was detected in four (4%) samples by the PCR method and four (4%) samples determined to be BPV positive by PCR also showed immunopositivity in IHC and IF methods. γH2AX immunopositivity was seen in two of the BPV‐positive samples by the IHC method, and γH2AX immunopositivity was observed in four of the samples determined to be positive for the BPV agent by the IF method. Cytochrome c immunopositivity was found in all the samples determined positive for the BPV agent. When the findings were evaluated, the presence of the BPV agent in the testicular tissues of cattle that did not have macroscopic papillomas was revealed for the first time. It was thought that the BPV agent caused double‐stranded DNA breaks and increased cytochrome c expression.
Effects of Formula Product Injection on Hatching Parameters, Small Intestinal Development and Ileum Histology in Breeder Chicken Eggs
Authors: Eray Oğuzhan , Filik Gökhan
Published: January 2025

Background and Objective

This study aimed to determine the effects of in ovo formula product injection on hatching parameters, chick quality, small intestinal development and ileum histology of breeder hen eggs.

Methods

A total of 400 fertilised eggs were obtained from the Atak‐S parent flock at 42 weeks of age for the experiment. The experiment was designed in two groups: a control group (C), in which no injection was performed, and the other group in which a solution containing formula products at concentrations of 1.25% (F1), 2.5% (F2) and 5% (F3) was injected into 0.5 mL/egg air sac. The hatching rate, embryonic mortality and discard chick rate were examined at the end of the trial.

Results

The best result of the hatching rate was found in the Group F2, while there was no difference between the control and Group F1 regarding these parameters. The weight and length of the quality chicks were promoted in the Group F1. In Group F3, the injection of the formula product at a rate of 5% had a negative effect on parameters such as hatchability, embryonic mortality, chick length, Pasgar score and yolk sac weight compared to the other groups. Otherwise, in Group F2, there was a significant increase in villus height, crypt depth and lamina muscularis mucosa thickness compared to the other groups (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

As a result, it has been concluded that the appropriate rates for the formula product application on chicks are 1.25% and 2.5%, considering the positive effects of the 1.25% and 2.5% rates and the negative effects of the 5% rate.
Comparison of Freestyle Optium Neo H and Centrivet GK Device in the Diagnosis of Hypoglycaemia and Hyperketonaemia in Dairy Goats: A Field Study
Authors: Uztimür Murat , Ünal Cennet Nur , Deniz Abdülkerim , Pekmezci Aytaç
Published: January 2025

Background

There is a lack of data on the validation and diagnostic performance of the Freestyle Optium Neo‐H (Freestyle) and Centrivet GK (Centrivet) devices for the diagnosis of hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperketonaemia in goats.

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to validate the Freestyle and Centrivet for the analysis of whole blood beta‐hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and to validate the Freestyle for the analysis of whole blood glucose concentrations using the reference method (RM) in goat blood collected from the jugular and ear veins.

Methods

Venous blood samples were utilised to assess glucose and BHBA concentrations using the Freestyle, Centrivet and RM. The cut‐off point of BHBA was ≥ 0.8 mmol/L for hyperketonaemia. A total of 198 paired blood samples (vena jugularis and ear vein) were collected from 99 hair goats. The cut‐off point for hypoglycaemia diagnosis was < 49 mg/dL.

Results

There were proportional but no constant errors between RM and Freestyle and Centrivet for BHBA, and both proportional and constant errors were observed for glucose analysis. The mean bias for BHBA analysis was 0.14 and 0.06 mmol/L (Freestyle‐RM) 0.51 and 0.16 mmol/L (Centrivet‐RM) for jugular and ear veins, respectively. The mean bias for blood glucose analysis was 0.0 and 5.6 mg/L between Freestyle and RM in the jugular and ear veins, respectively. The sensitivity (Centrivet: 50%–61.3%; Freestyle: 93.6%–75.8%) and specificity (Centrivet GK: 75.7%–73%; Freestyle: 37.8%–70.3%) were determined in jugular and ear vein blood for hyperketonaemia diagnostics, respectively. The AUC of Freestyle was 0.89 and 0.95 in the jugular and ear vein for hypoglycaemia, respectively. The sensitivity of Freestyle was 60.3% and 96.8% in the jugular and ear vein for hypoglycaemia. The specificity of Freestyle was 100.0% and 76.7% for hypoglycaemia in jugular and ear veins, respectively.

Conclusions

Freestyle demonstrated acceptable diagnostic performance for hypoglycaemia in ear veins, but neither Freestyle nor Centrivet showed sufficient diagnostic performance for hyperketonaemia. Both analysers were not interchangeable with RM in BHBA and glucose analysis.
The Effect of Cholesterol‐Loaded Cyclodextrin and Resveratrol Compounds on Post‐Thawing Quality of Ram Semen
Authors: Ahmet Eser , Ramazan Arıcı , Selin Yağcıoğlu , İzem Sandal Asiye , Nur Ersoy , Kamber Demir , Mithat Evecen , Kemal Ak
Published: January 2025

Ram sperm are more vulnerable to freezing than those of most other farm animals. During sperm freezing, the cell membrane loses some of its cholesterol, which regulates signalling mechanisms and prevents premature capacitation. Resveratrol (RES) increases the fluidity of the cell membrane, which becomes peroxidized during freezing and reduces free radicals. In this study, the effectiveness of RES, cholesterol‐loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) and their combinations in ram sperm cryopreservation were investigated. The collected semen was divided into two equal volumes: One was diluted with tris‐citric acid‐glucose medium (TCG) containing CLC, whereas the other was diluted with a CLC‐free TCG solution. After examining motility, both groups were further divided into two equal volumes, forming the following working groups: control (no RES, no CLC); RES (20 µg/mL); CLC (2 mg CLC/120 × 106 sperm); and RES + CLC (RES 20 µg/mL + 2 mg CLC/120 × 106 sperm). These groups were diluted with media containing their respective additives. Post‐thawing, the samples were analysed for motility, acrosome and membrane integrity, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, capacitation status, oxidative stress and DNA integrity. CLC preserved sperm total motility, acrosome and plasma membrane integrity and decreased the rate of early capacitation (p < 0.05). RES had no significant effect on sperm quality before freezing and post‐thawing (p > 0.05). However, RES + CLC increased mitochondrial activity post‐thawing (p < 0.05). In conclusion, CLC minimized sperm membrane damage caused by cryopreservation in ram sperm. RES alone was ineffective, and the combination of RES and CLC did not yield a positive synergistic effect on ram spermatological parameters.
Unraveling Antimicrobial Resistance Dynamics in Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Insights Into Antibiotic and Disinfectant Interactions
Authors: Kamal Mohamed A. , Salem Heba M. , Alhotan Rashed A. , Hussein Elsayed O. , Galik Branislav , Saleh Ahmed A. , Kaoud Hussein A.
Published: January 2025

A major risk to the poultry industry is antimicrobial resistance (AMR), specifically with regard to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections. The sensitivity patterns of 100 MG isolates to biocides and antibiotics were examined in this study to clarify the interactions between antimicrobial agents and resistance mechanisms. The antimicrobial activity against MG was assessed using broth microdilution, and the results are shown as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each strain, the MIC distribution (range), the MIC50, and/or the MIC90. The statistical associations between the MICs of the antibiotics and biocides were investigated using regression model analysis and correlation coefficients. The absence of a cell wall in MG inherently confers resistance to beta‐lactams, thereby necessitating the utilization of enrofloxacin, difloxacin, flumequine, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, tylosin, tilmicosin, tylvalosin, erythromycin, spiramycin, tiamulin, lincomycin, spectinomycin and dihydrostreptomycin. These antibiotics exhibited MIC50 values of 0.5, 0.5, 0.12, 0.062, 0.12, 0.031, 0.016, 0.016, 0.062, 16, 1, 0.008, 2, 0.5 and 32, respectively. In addition to antibiotics, disinfectants have garnered attention for their contribution to the development of AMR in MG. Notably, formalin, phenol, NADES, Halamid, Virkon‐S, MicroSet and SteriSet exhibited MIC50 values of 125, 500, 31.25, 15.63, 15.63, 7.81 and 62.5, respectively. Significant positive correlations and direct associations were identified between various biocides and the development of antibiotic resistance, with coefficients ranging from 0.098 to 1.176. This research highlights the intricate nature of resistance profiles in MG and underscores the necessity for a thorough understanding of antimicrobial interactions. This finding emphasizes the importance of managing emerging AMR stemming from disinfectant misuse in the poultry farms to prevent additional constraints on antibiotic treatment options.
The M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization and Hepatoprotective Activity of Quercetin in Cyclophosphamide‐Induced Experimental Liver Toxicity
Authors: Seker Ugur , Uyar Emre , Gokdemir Gul Sahika , Kavak Deniz Evrim , Irtegun‐Kandemir Sevgi
Published: January 2025

Background

Chemotherapy drugs may lead to hepatic injury, which is considered one of the limitations of these drugs.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of quercetin (QUE) on M1/M2 macrophage polarization and hepatoprotective effect in cyclophosphamide (CTX)‐induced liver toxicity.

Methods

Twenty‐four mice were divided into four groups (Control, QUE, CTX, CTX + QUE). The CTX and CTX + QUE groups received 200 mg/kg CTX. The animals in the QUE and CTX + QUE groups received 50 mg/kg QUE. All animals were sacrificed, and serum and liver samples were used for laboratory analyses.

Results

Examinations indicated that CTX exposure led to disruption of liver functions and morphological degenerations. Tissue pro‐apoptotic Bax and caspase 3, pro‐inflammatory TNF‐α and IL‐1β, transcription factor NF‐κB, and M1 macrophage polarization marker CD86 were upregulated significant (p < 0.05) in this group. In addition, CTX exposure led to significantly (p < 0.05) upregulation of the Bax/Bcl‐2 mRNA ratio and DNA fragmentations. The PCNA‐positive hepatic cell ratio and anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 expression are remarkably suppressed (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analyses are also indicated that M2 macrophage polarization marker CD163 is slightly but remarkably (p < 0.05) downregulated in the CTX group compared to the Control and QUE groups. The morphological and biochemical disruptions were alleviated in QUE‐treated animals in the CTX + QUE group. Liver function test results, apoptosis, inflammatory, transcription factor NF‐κB, regeneration/proliferation, and apoptotic index results in this group were similar (p > 0.05) to the control and QUE groups. The M1 cell surface marker expression of CD86 is significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated, and M2 macrophage polarization marker expression of CD163 is upregulated significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the CTX group.

Conclusions

This study indicates that QUE has the potential to downregulate CTX‐induced hepatic injury and regulate M1/M2 macrophage polarization to the M2 side, which indirectly demonstrates activation of anti‐inflammatory signalling and tissue repair.
Comparison of the Inhibitory Effects of Flunixin Meglumine and Meloxicam on the Smooth Muscles Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle
Authors: Mushtaq Saima , Das Yavuz Kursad , Aksoy Abdurrahman
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to compare the inhibitory effect of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam on the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract in male cattle. Tissue samples, including the abomasum, ileum, proximal loop and centripetal gyri of the ascending colon, were collected from routinely slaughtered male cattle. These samples were sectioned into strips and mounted in an isolated tissue bath system. Smooth muscle contractions were evoked using carbachol, and cumulative doses of atropine, flunixin meglumine and meloxicam were administered to assess smooth muscle activity. Atropine, used as a positive control, did not abolish contractions in the abomasum and centripetal gyri tissues, even at a high concentration of 10 µM. Based on area‐under‐curve values, flunixin meglumine demonstrated a greater inhibitory effect than meloxicam by factors of 8.57, 4.28, 12.44 and 3.93 in the abomasum, ileum, proximal loop and centripetal gyri tissues, respectively. For beats‐per‐minute values, flunixin meglumine exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect than meloxicam by factors of 7.22, 3.88, 7.03 and 3.35 in the abomasum, ileum, proximal loop and centripetal gyri tissues, respectively. Finally, based on peak maximum values, flunixin meglumine's inhibitory effect was 6.13, 4.43, 7.07 and 7.02 times greater than that of meloxicam in the abomasum, ileum, proximal loop and centripetal gyri tissues, respectively. In conclusion, flunixin meglumine was more potent than meloxicam in inhibiting smooth muscle activity. Conversely, meloxicam is associated with fewer adverse effects due to its selective action on the cyclooxygenase‐2 enzyme. However, flunixin meglumine may be more advantageous than meloxicam for applications in beef and milk production due to its shorter residue elimination time.
Beyond Serology: A Meta‐Analysis of Advancements in Molecular Detection of Brucella spp. in Seronegative Animals and Biological Samples
Authors: Islam Md. Sadequl , Habib Md. Ahsan , Tonu Nasrin Sultana , Haque Md. Samiul , Rahman Md. Mostafizer
Published: January 2025

Background

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp., affecting various animals and humans, leading to significant economic and public health impacts. Traditional diagnostic methods, mainly serological, often fail to detect seronegative carriers, which continue to spread the infection.

Objective

This review aims to highlight advancements in molecular diagnostics that address these limitations.

Methods

A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted, focusing on studies using seronegative, PCR, qPCR and biosensor‐based techniques. Data extraction and meta‐analyses were performed, evaluating pooled detection rates and heterogeneity.

Results

Through analysis of existing studies, we review key molecular techniques, including PCR, LAMP and biosensor‐based assays, which offer high sensitivity and specificity by detecting bacterial DNA directly, thus overcoming the challenges of antibody‐based tests. Meta‐analysis of detection rates across different studies showed significant variability, with rates ranging from 0.96% to 100%, highlighting differences in sample types, animal species and regions. The pooled detection proportion from random‐effects models was 35.08%, indicating that many seronegative animals still carry Brucella spp. A forest plot analysis further confirmed heterogeneity in detection, underlining the importance of using molecular diagnostics alongside serological tests to identify hidden carriers.

Conclusion

Innovations like nanoparticle‐enhanced biosensors and CRISPR‐Cas systems show promise for rapid, on‐site diagnostics. The findings suggest that integrating molecular methods with traditional serology can improve surveillance and disease management. Future research should focus on developing portable, field‐ready diagnostic devices and standardised protocols, along with exploring novel biomarkers to detect latent infections. A collaborative One Health approach, involving veterinary, public health and environmental sectors, is essential for comprehensive disease control and eradication efforts.
Protic oligozwitterions as a means of introducing strong hydrogen bonding interactions in uranyl ion coordination polymers
Authors: Harrowfield Jack MacBean , Lee Young Hoon , Atoini Youssef , Kusumoto Sotaro , Hayami Shinya , Kim Yang , Thuéry Pierre
Published: January 2025

The neutral, dizwitterionic dicarboxylate 1,4‐bis(carboxylatomethyl)piperazine (cmpip) was used in the solvo‐hydrothermal synthesis of three uranyl ion complexes. Both [(UO2)2Cl2(pda)(cmpip)2]⋅2H2O (1) and [(UO2)2Cl2(chdc)(cmpip)2] (2) are mixed‐ligand complexes involving additional dianionic dicarboxylates, 1,4‐phenylenediacetate (pda2–) or trans‐1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate (chdc2–), respectively, which crystallize as two‐stranded, ladder‐like monoperiodic coordination polymers. The chains in 1 and 2 are arranged into thick layers, adjacent chains being associated through strong NH···O reciprocal hydrogen bonding of cmpip ligands. The complex [UO2(cmpip)2(H2O)](NO3)Cl⋅2H2O (3) involves only cmpip as a carboxylate donor, and it crystallizes as a diperiodic assembly with the sql topology. The four cmpip ligands bound to uranyl are located on the same side of it so as to form a deep cavity, resulting in the heavily puckered geometry of the layers. The cmpip ligands in 3 are involved in extended hydrogen bonding with other cmpip ligands, and chlorine and nitrate anions. Compound 2 is non‐emissive, but 1 and 3 have a photoluminescence quantum yield of 7% in the solid state, with an emission spectrum showing the usual vibronic fine structure.
Cold War and Earth Sciences
Authors: Doel Ronald E.
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, I review scholarly literature on the history of the earth sciences in the Cold War, focusing particularly on developments in North America and Europe. I explore the impact of military patronage and national security concerns on this research community, the influence of the International Geophysical Year on scientific programs and scientific internationalism, and the ways that funding for the physical environmental sciences shaped the production and dissemination of knowledge. I conclude with ideas about potentially fruitful new research questions.
Utility Tokens and Their Regulation Under MiCA
Authors: Martínez-Echevarría y García de Due Alfonso , del Castillo Ionov Rafael
Published: January 2025

The MiCA Regulation regulates crypto assets which are not financial instruments, providing them with a legal regimen through a specific regulation. The MiCA regulation covers the majority of crypto asset classes currently being traded. Developing a single digital market requires a solid legal base that offers its participants security in developing distribution ledger technology projects for issuing and trading crypto assets. Utility tokens may be issued without obtaining preliminary authorisation if the projects comply with the requirements regarding the preparation, notification and publication of the crypto-asset white paper.
Crypto-Asset Service Providers: Harmonised Framework Vs. Risk of an Unlevel Playing Field
Authors: Paracampo Maria-Teresa
Published: January 2025

This paper highlights issues surrounding the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) that could hinder the effective and convergent application of the new harmonised framework at the European level.

The transition process to MiCA is a complex journey, largely due to the implementation of transitional measures. A significant aspect of this complexity is the inclusion of a grandfathering clause. This clause, which permits national law providers to continue offering crypto-asset services under their existing national regulations for 18 months post-MiCA implementation, adds a layer of intricacy to the transition process and its implications for the crypto-asset services sector. The diverse options available under the transitional measures introduce a significant risk. On the one hand, they could lead to a forced coexistence between national and European regulatory regimes. On the other hand, they could create an unlevel playing field among service providers. This potential risk could result in some providers operating under different regulatory disciplines gaining an unfair advantage and consolidating their market position at the expense of others. In this complex and uncertain scenario, the importance of the European Securities and Markets Authority’s (ESMA) intervention in establishing best practices or guidelines becomes a crucial step towards encouraging greater convergence of national authorities in the transition process, thereby ensuring a more harmonised and effective application of MiCA.
A Regulatory Framework for Legal Ecosystems in the Context of Emerging Web-Based Systems and the European AI Value Chain Regulations
Authors: Casanovas Pompeu
Published: January 2025

The European Commission is making significant efforts to regulate and harmonise the digital single market, covering areas such as data processing, data flows, interoperability, exchanges, and the roles, responsibilities, and potential liabilities of owners, designers, and service providers. This Chapter takes an internal perspective of legal governance, exploring the regulatory models and instruments crucial to constructing legal ecosystems. Initially, there were nine European common data spaces to be regulated in real-time, with an additional tenth space related to the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC). Four more spaces (including human heritage and tourism) have been recently added. This Chapter delves into the proposed instruments for regulation. The central argument is that the regulation and development of platforms within the platform-driven economy, particularly in the banking and financial sectors, go beyond traditional frameworks of hetero, co-, and self-regulation. Instead, these processes involve intra-technological and computational regulation. Therefore, regulatory approaches must incorporate a formal inside-outside and a middle-out/inside-out approach derived from intelligent information systems. A comprehensive framework will be outlined to encompass hard and soft law, policies, and ethics within the context of emerging scenarios fostered by Web 3.0, Industries 4.0 and 5.0. This Chapter will delve into the common and specific regulatory instruments and mechanisms proposed for these data spaces, thoroughly examining the technical and legal frameworks required to incept and flesh out these digital ecosystems.
The Implementation of U-space: Open Challenges from the Legal-Private Perspective
Authors: Bustos Moreno Yolanda
Published: January 2025

This paper addresses the main aspects of implementing U-Space in Europe according to its regulatory framework. We analyse the reasons for the delay in its roadmap and the challenges to resolve. In turn, we discuss the importance of addressing data interconnectivity and information exchange and aspects related to cybersecurity and resilience in the field of U-Space, which are not analysed by the doctrine. We also discuss the applicability of the AI Act to U-Space as a critical digital infrastructure and whether some of its services could somehow fit within the “high-risk AI systems” intended to be used as security components in their management and operation, with the important consequences that such qualification entails.
Towards Proprietary Digital Assets Under European Soft Law
Authors: Argelich-Comelles Cristina
Published: January 2025

This research provides for the legal treatment of digital assets regarding proprietary rights, possession, transfer of ownership, succession, extinction, enforcement, and applicable law, as provided for in the ELI Principles on the Use of Digital Assets as Security, the UK Law Commission Digital Assets: Final report, and the UNIDROIT Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law.
Electronic Money Tokens Under the MiCA Regulation
Authors: Madrid Parra Agustín
Published: January 2025

This paper examines the legal regime applicable to electronic money represented by digital tokens, drawing from the general regime for electronic money established by Directive 2009/110/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions, and the specific regime established by Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2011 on markets in crypto-assets, and amending Regulations (EU) No. 1093/2010 and (EU) No. 1095/2010 and Directives 2013/36/EU and (EU) 2019/1937 (MiCA Act). Particular attention is paid to the differentiating or specific elements derived from the crypto-asset status of tokens representing electronic money. It is concluded that this type of electronic money, designed as a payment instrument, can also be negotiated and used as an investment instrument. It, therefore, has an ambivalent or hybrid nature as a crypto-asset and an exchange instrument.
Patient- and clinician-based evaluation of large language models for patient education in prostate cancer radiotherapy
Authors: Trapp Christian , Schmidt-Hegemann Nina , Keilholz Michael , Brose Sarah Frederike , Marschner Sebastian N. , Schönecker Stephan , Maier Sebastian H. , Dehelean Diana-Coralia , Rottler Maya , Konnerth Dinah , Belka Claus , Corradini Stefanie , Rogowski Paul
Published: January 2025

Background

This study aims to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of large language models (LLMs) for providing patient education for men undergoing radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer, incorporating assessments from both clinicians and patients.

Methods

Six questions about definitive radiotherapy for prostate cancer were designed based on common patient inquiries. These questions were presented to different LLMs [ChatGPT‑4, ChatGPT-4o (both OpenAI Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA), Gemini (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA), Copilot (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA), and Claude (Anthropic PBC, San Francisco, CA, USA)] via the respective web interfaces. Responses were evaluated for readability using the Flesch Reading Ease Index. Five radiation oncologists assessed the responses for relevance, correctness, and completeness using a five-point Likert scale. Additionally, 35 prostate cancer patients evaluated the responses from ChatGPT‑4 for comprehensibility, accuracy, relevance, trustworthiness, and overall informativeness.

Results

The Flesch Reading Ease Index indicated that the responses from all LLMs were relatively difficult to understand. All LLMs provided answers that clinicians found to be generally relevant and correct. The answers from ChatGPT‑4, ChatGPT-4o, and Claude AI were also found to be complete. However, we found significant differences between the performance of different LLMs regarding relevance and completeness. Some answers lacked detail or contained inaccuracies. Patients perceived the information as easy to understand and relevant, with most expressing confidence in the information and a willingness to use ChatGPT‑4 for future medical questions. ChatGPT-4’s responses helped patients feel better informed, despite the initially standardized information provided.

Conclusion

Overall, LLMs show promise as a tool for patient education in prostate cancer radiotherapy. While improvements are needed in terms of accuracy and readability, positive feedback from clinicians and patients suggests that LLMs can enhance patient understanding and engagement. Further research is essential to fully realize the potential of artificial intelligence in patient education.
Automated classification of coronary LEsions fRom coronary computed Tomography angiography scans with an updated deep learning model: ALERT study
Authors: Verpalen Victor A. , Coerkamp Casper F. , Henriques José P. S. , Isgum Ivana , Planken R. Nils
Published: January 2025

Objectives

The use of deep learning models for quantitative measurements on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) may reduce inter-reader variability and increase efficiency in clinical reporting. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of a recently updated deep learning model (CorEx-2.0) for quantifying coronary stenosis, compared separately with two expert CCTA readers as references.

Methods

This single-center retrospective study included 50 patients that underwent CCTA to rule out obstructive coronary artery disease between 2017-2022. Two expert CCTA readers and CorEx-2.0 independently assessed all 150 vessels using Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS). Inter-reader agreement analysis and diagnostic performance of CorEx-2.0, compared with each expert reader as references, were evaluated using percent agreement, Cohen’s kappa for the binary CAD-RADS classification (CAD-RADS 0-3 versus 4-5) at patient level, and linearly weighted kappa for the 6-group CAD-RADS classification at vessel level.

Results

Overall, 50 patients and 150 vessels were evaluated. Inter-reader agreement using the binary classification at patient level was 91.8% (45/49) with a Cohen’s kappa of 0.80. For the 6-group classification at vessel level, inter-reader agreement was 67.6% (100/148) with a linearly weighted kappa of 0.77. CorEx-2.0 showed 100% sensitivity for detecting CAD-RADS ≥ 4 and kappa values of 0.86 versus both readers using the binary classification at patient level. For the 6-group classification at vessel level, CorEx-2.0 demonstrated weighted kappa values of 0.71 versus reader 1 and 0.73 versus reader 2.

Conclusion

CorEx-2.0 identified all patients with severe stenosis (CAD-RADS ≥ 4) compared with expert readers and approached expert reader performance at vessel level (weighted kappa > 0.70).

Key Points

Question

Can deep learning models improve objectivity in coronary stenosis grading and reporting as coronary CT angiography (CTA) workloads rise?

Findings

The deep learning model (CorEx-2.0) identified all patients with severe stenoses when compared with expert readers and approached expert reader performance at vessel level.

Clinical relevance

CorEx-2.0 is a reliable tool for identifying patients with severe stenoses (≥ 70%), underscoring the potential of using this deep learning model to prioritize coronary CTA reading by flagging patients at risk of severe obstructive coronary artery disease.
Record High Temperatures in the Ocean in 2024
Authors: Cheng Lijing , Abraham John , Trenberth Kevin E. , Reagan James , Zhang Huai-Min , Storto Andrea , Von Schuckmann Karina , Pan Yuying , Zhu Yujing , Mann Michael E. , Zhu Jiang , Wang Fan , Yu Fujiang , Locarnini Ricardo , Fasullo John , Huang Boyin , Graham Garrett , Yin Xungang , Gouretski Viktor , Zheng Fei , Li Yuanlong , Zhang Bin , Wan Liying , Chen Xingrong , Wang Dakui , Feng Licheng , Song Xiangzhou , Liu Yulong , Reseghetti Franco , Simoncelli Simona , Chen Gengxin , Zhang Rongwang , Mishonov Alexey , Tan Zhetao , Wei Wangxu , Yuan Huifeng , Li Guancheng , Ren Qiuping , Cao Lijuan , Lu Yayang , Du Juan , Lyu Kewei , Sulaiman Albertus , Mayer Michael , Wang Huizan , Ma Zhanhong , Bao Senliang , Yan Henqian , Liu Zenghong , Yang Chunxue , Liu Xu , Hausfather Zeke , Szekely Tanguy , Gues Flora
Published: January 2025

Heating in the ocean has continued in 2024 in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, despite the transition from an El Niño to neutral conditions. In 2024, both global sea surface temperature (SST) and upper 2000 m ocean heat content (OHC) reached unprecedented highs in the historical record. The 0–2000 m OHC in 2024 exceeded that of 2023 by 16 ± 8 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules, with a 95% confidence interval) (IAP/CAS data), which is confirmed by two other data products: 18 ± 7 ZJ (CIGAR-RT reanalysis data) and 40 ± 31 ZJ (Copernicus Marine data, updated to November 2024). The Indian Ocean, tropical Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean also experienced record-high OHC values in 2024. The global SST continued its record-high values from 2023 into the first half of 2024, and declined slightly in the second half of 2024, resulting in an annual mean of 0.61°C ± 0.02°C (IAP/CAS data) above the 1981–2010 baseline, slightly higher than the 2023 annual-mean value (by 0.07°C ± 0.02°C for IAP/CAS, 0.05°C ± 0.02°C for NOAA/NCEI, and 0.06°C ± 0.11°C for Copernicus Marine). The record-high values of 2024 SST and OHC continue to indicate unabated trends of global heating.
Burnout Syndrome in forensic medicine and its association with vicarious trauma, posttraumatic stress syndrome and occupational stress
Authors: Oprinca-Muja Lilioara-Alexandra , Mohor Cosmin-Ioan , Oprinca George-Călin , Cardoș Roxana , Domnariu Carmen-Daniela , Cristian Adrian-Nicolae , Băcilă Ciprian , Fleacă Sorin-Radu , Cristian Alina , Morar Silviu
Published: January 2025

The burnout phenomenon is a subject of considerable interest due to its impact on both employee well-being and scientific inquiry. Workplace factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, play a pivotal role in its development, often leading to job dissatisfaction and heightened burnout risk. Chronic stress and burnout induce significant dysregulation in the autonomic nervous system and hormonal pathways, alongside structural brain changes. This paper presents a preliminary review of the literature on burnout syndrome among forensic science workers, focusing on the prevalence of this phenomenon and its triggers. This review aims to consolidate existing research on burnout among forensic medicine workers, highlight significant findings, and encourage further studies. Symptoms range from demoralization to somatic complaints. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was the main tool in assessing burnout levels alongside measures of occupational stress, vicarious trauma and posttraumatic stress syndrome. Forensic medicine workers face unique stressors, with notable impacts on burnout levels. These workers experience challenges such as workplace conflicts and exposure to traumatic cases, leading to moderate or high burnout levels, particularly, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or low personal accomplishment. Despite the prevalence of burnout, many forensic medicine workers lack access to support networks and perceive a disregard for their well-being from supervisors. There is a pressing need for further research to understand the biological mechanisms, susceptibility factors, and discover diagnostic markers of burnout syndrome, with the goal of its recognition as a psychiatric disorder in diagnostic manuals like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
The MADS-box protein SHATTERPROOF 2 regulates TAA1 expression in the gynoecium valve margins
Authors: Verma Subodh , Švihlová Lenka , Robert Hélène S.
Published: January 2025

Key message

SHATTERPROOF 2 regulates TAA1 expression for the establishment of the gynoecium valve margins.

Gynoecium development and patterning play a crucial role in determining the ultimate structure of the fruit and, thus, seed production. The MADS-box transcription factor SHATTERPROOF 2 (SHP2) contributes to valve margin differentiation and plays a major role in fruit dehiscence and seed dispersal. Despite the acknowledged contribution of auxin to gynoecium development, its precise role in valve margin establishment remains somewhat enigmatic. Our study addresses this gap by uncovering the role of SHP2 as a positive regulator of key auxin biosynthetic genes, TAA1 and YUCCA 4. Genetic and molecular analyses revealed that SHP2 directly regulates the expression of TAA1 in the valve margins of a stage 12 gynoecium with known regulators of flower and ovule development, such as AGAMOUS, SEEDSTICK, and SEPATALA 3. Collectively, our findings define a previously unrecognized function of SHP2 in the regulation of auxin biosynthetic genes during gynoecium development and raise the possibility that the auxin produced under SHP2 regulation may contribute significantly to the valve margin establishment.
Factors affecting pretransplant muscle strength in allogeneic stem cell transplant candidates prior transplantation
Authors: Limbach Matthias , Kuehl Rea , Koeppel Maximilian , Dreger Peter , Luft Thomas , Bohus Martin , Wiskemann Joachim
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Physical performance is crucial for prognosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Cardiorespiratory fitness has already been shown to have prognostic value, and there is increasing evidence that muscle strength and associated parameters (e.g., sarcopenia) are also of clinical relevance. Therefore, there is a need for the quantification of muscle strength and defining risk factors for reduced performance values.

Methods

Maximal voluntary isokinetic (MVIC) and isometric (MIPT) muscle strength was assessed 2.4 ± 7.1 days prior admission for allo-HCT with a stationary isokinetic testing machine (IsoMed2000). We calculated percentiles for knee extension and hip flexion using healthy reference values. Regression models were used to identify predictors for reduced muscle strength including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), number of previous cardiotoxic therapies, number of previous transplantations, comorbidity index (HCT-CI), hemoglobin level, and physical activity.

Results

Data of 212 patients (male n = 143, female n = 69), with a mean age of 54.49 ± 11.4, revealed considerably deviations from healthy reference values. Patients were located in the following percentiles: MVICKnee 37.5 ± 30.3, MVICHip 39.5 ± 31.3 and MIPTKnee 22.9 ± 26.5; MIPTHip 22.6 ± 27.4. Sub-group analyses showed that patients with younger age and male gender possess the highest deviations. Muscle strength values were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by age, female gender, lower BMI, and higher HCT-CI.

Conclusion

Muscle strength is considerably reduced immediately prior to allo-HCT. Identified patient characteristics for reduced muscle strength point to the population that should be primarily targeted with exercise respectively resistance training interventions prior to allo-HCT to contribute to a well prepared transplant candidate.

Trial registration

NCT01374399.
Combining UAS-TIR and GEM-2 Techniques for Focused Water Sampling and Isotope Geochemical Analysis at Two Mine Sites in Northern Finland
Authors: Ikonen Juuso , Rauhala Anssi , Tuomela Anne , Postila Heini , Kumpula Timo , Korpelainen Pasi , Pietilä Raija , Valta Riku-Olli , Lerssi Jouni , Panttila Hannu , Korkka-Niemi Kirsti
Published: January 2025

A combination of thermal infrared (TIR) images captured by uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) and manual geophysical measurements with a GEM-2 device were used to better plan a water sampling campaign at an abandoned Au-Cu mine and an active Ni-Cu-PGE mine in the sub-arctic boreal zone in northern Finland. Anomalies from the TIR images and GEM-2 conductivity values were used to focus the water sampling. The hydrogeochemistry and isotopic compositions of oxygen (δ18O), hydrogen (δ2H), strontium (87Sr/86Sr), and sulfur (δ34S) were analyzed to better understand the flow regime of possible effluent waters at these mine sites. The TIR images were useful in pinpointing sites where groundwater and surface water were potentially interacting. This was confirmed with the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data. Isotopic values for the two groundwater solutes used here (Sr and S), reflected the local geology and the biogeochemical environment at the mine sites. The electrical conductivity values obtained from the GEM-2 measurements were influenced by the local geochemistry, particularly the presence of conductive sulfide-bearing paraschist rock. The anomalies from the UAS-TIR and GEM-2 data revealed sampling sites well suited for tracking potential effluent waters at the two mine sites.