bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Investigations on the Transamination Process
Authors: DARLING SVEN
Published: December 2008

By means of transaminase prepared from calf‐heart, the reaction: l‐glutamic acid + pyruvic acid ⇄ α‐ketoglutaric acid + l‐alanine is investigated.

The process reaches an equlibrium through a first‐order reaction according to the equation: In(1 ‐ α/α0) = – kt.

The equilibrium constant is: K35 = K25 = 2.07.

The temperature coefficient of the reaction is: Q10 = 2.29.

On the basis of these values, some thermodynamic constants of the reaction are computed.

The energy of activation is determined from Q10. E = 15.110 kcal.

The heat of reaction calculated from K35 and K25 is: ΔH = O keal.

The change in free energy is: ΔF = ‐0.43 kcal (25°) ΔF = ‐0.45 kcal (35°).

The free energy of the divalent α‐ketoglutaric acid ion and the monovalent pyruvic acid ion are calculated: ΔFKGA– = – 183.8 kcal (25°) ΔFPA– = – 110.5 kcal (25°).

This work has been aided by a grant from the “Kong Christian X's Fond”.
The Measurement of Minute Samples with the Geiger‐Müller Counter1
Authors: OTTESEN J.
Published: December 2008

A method is described which permits the quantitative determination of the radioactivity of minute samples.
Untersuchungen über Dextran und sein Verhalten bei parenteraler Zufuhr. II.
Authors: GRÖNWALL ANDERS , INGELMAN BJÖRN
Published: December 2008

Frühere Versuche mit körperfremden Kolloiden als Plasmasubstitut werden relatiert und die Bedingungen, die solche Substanzen zu erfüllen haben, in Kürze zusammengefasst.

Das nicht hydrolysierte, sehr hochmolekulare Dextran ist für Infusionszwecke nicht anwendbar, da es Schäden u. a. an der Leber und den Nieren verursacht.

Die Herstellung und Prüfung partiell hydrolysierten Dextrans wird beschrieben. Partiell hydrolysiertes Dextran ruft bei Infusion an Versuchstieren Keine anderen Schäden als eine erhöhte Senkungsreaktion hervor. Das Dextran wird abgebaut und aus den Blutbahnen so schnell eliminiert, dass eine therapeutische Dosis in ca. 4 Tagen entfernt ist.

Lösungen von partiell hydrolysiertem Dextran haben eine günstige Wirkung auf experimentell erzeugten Schock an Versuchstieren. Versuche werden beschrieben, wo das Präparat bei traumatischem Schock, Blutungs‐ und Histaminschock verwendet wurde. Eine klinische Prüfung des Präparates ist eingeleitet.

Die Verfasser danken Herrn Professor ARNE TISELIUS für gute Ratschläge bei der Ausführung der Arbeit und den Herren Professoren THE SVEDBERG und ARON WESTERLUND für ihr wohlwollendes persönliches Interesse und für die Vergünstigung, die Arbeit in ihren Laboratorien ausführen zu dürfen.

Wir danken Herrn Med. Dr. NILS GELLERSTEDT für wertvolle Hilfe mit den pathologisch‐anatomischen Untersuchungen.

Die klinische Vorprüfung ist durch das Entgegenkommen von Herrn Dr. NILS LINDBORG ermöglicht, wofür wir Ihm herzlichst danken. Herrn Ingenieur S. KLEVÅS danken wir für Assistenz im Laboratorium.

Die Untersuchung ist mit finanzieller Stütze der A. ‐B. Pharmacia und der Svenska Sockerfabriks A. ‐B., ausgeführt worden.
Studies on the Initial Increase in O2‐capacity of the Blood at Low O2‐pressure.
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , NIELSEN MARIUS
Published: December 2008

Determinations of red cell volumes, plasma proteins, blood volumes and water balance were made in a low pressure chamber at 435–450 mm Hg barometric pressure. It was found that the increase in cell volume – and O2‐capacity – during the first days at low pressure was due to a diminished plasma volume, and paralleled by an increase in plasma protein concentration. A similar concentration of the blood was found during fasting (40 hours) at normal barometric pressure, but a much greater concentration of the blood was observed when the subjects fasted at low barometric pressure. In two of the three subjects the increased concentration of the blood at low pressure was accompanied by an extra loss of water from the body. From an estimation of the part played by the extracellular water in this loss, it was found, that about one half of the concentration of the blood was caused by loss of extracellular body water. The other part of the concentration of the blood – and, in the third subject, the whole extra concentration at low pressure – was due to a leaking‐out of fluid from the capillaries, presumably caused by the increased capillary blood pressure and an increased permeability of the capillary walls at low O2,‐pressure. While the excess filtration out of the blood no doubt is a sign of insufficiency of the capillaries, incidentally increasing the oxygen capacity of the blood, it is difficult to decide whether the excess excretion of water (increased diuresis) is the result of a regulation, serving the oxygen supply, or whether it is due to other causes.
The Purification of Aminopolypeptidase from the Hog's Pyloric Mucosa. II.
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

The aminopolypeptidase from the hog's pyloric mucosa has been purified about 100 times and obtained in a cataphoretical homogeneous state. The enzyme is practically free from dipeptidase activity and seems to be a protein, free from, or with a very low content of, carbohydrates.
The Effect of Some Drugs on the Chemoceptive Fibre Activity in the Carotid Sinus Nerve
Authors: GERNANDT B. , ZOTTERMAN Y.
Published: December 2008

1. The effect of nicetamide, pentametylentetrazol and piperidine introduced directly into the carotid sinus has been tested by recording the action potentials from Hering's nerve.

2. Nicetamide and pentametylentetrazol do not exert any direct action upon the afferent mechanisms of the carotid sinus region. Their stimulating effect upon respiration is thus of entirely central origin.

3. Piperidine exerts a very strong excitatory action upon Hering's nerve, the strength of which is very similar to that of lobeline.

4. The physiological significance of this effect of piperidine is briefly discussed in relation to the recent work by U. S. V. EULER.
Interaction Between Fibrinogen and Polysaccharide Polysulfuric Acids
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , PIPER JØRGEN
Published: December 2008

The interaction between fibrinogen and polysaccharide polysulfuric acids is studied, and it is found that the formation of a precipitate is influenced to a large extent by the composition of the mixture (concentration, salt content, pH) and the nature of the substances used. Even on the basic side of the isoelectric point a precipitate is formed, which may be due to the properties of fibrinogen and the polysaccharide derivatives as thread‐shaped high molecular substances. The precipitate formed probably is a coacervate. These observations explain the toxicity of the substances in question.
The Influence of g‐Strophantin on the Mechanical Properties of Cardiac Muscle
Authors: LUNDIN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

The mechanical properties of cardiac muscle have been examined on isolated parallel threaded muscle bundles under aerobic conditions, before and after addition of g‐strophantin. G‐strophantin does not influence any of the following properties: Diastolic tension, extra tension during contraction, stiffness at rest and during contraction, viscosity or the capacity of work during isotonic contraction.
The Influence of Different Temperatures on the Action of Drugs on Autonomic Effector Cells
Authors: RYDIN HÅKAN
Published: December 2008

The action of a number of drugs on the isolated, surviving small intestine of the rabbit was studied at different temperatures according to the method of MAGNUS.

Acethylcholine and some closely related parasympathomimetica (pilocarpine, doryl, mecholyl) showed at temperatures roundabout 28° a stronger effect on the intestine than at 38°. The intensified action of those drugs was manifested even at such low temperatures (24°–20°) that the intestine worked irregularly or stopped working altogether. On the addition of physostigmine and prostigmine, on the other hand, these intensified effects were not produced.

Epinephrine and certain sympathomimetica closely related to it in structure (corbasil, arterenol, adrianol and adrenalon) showed a maximum effect at temperatures roundabout 28°. This intensified effect, however, was not retained at the lower temperatures. As regards the so‐called pseudosympathomimetica (ephedrine, benzedrine and veritol) no increased effect was produced on lowering the temperature below 38°. The intensified effect at the lower temperatures was obtained only as regards sympathomimetica containing a hydroxyl group in the metaposition.

As for atropine, ergotamine, histamine and substance P, no intensified effect was induced.

The dissimilar response of the rabbit intestine to different groups of drugs at varying temperature is presumably due to the apparently dissimilar resistance of different kinds of “receptor substances”, or reactive material of the effector cells, to low temperatures.
On the Synthesis of Proteins in Rat by Dialyzed Casein Digests
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J.
Published: December 2008

It has been shown that dialyzed enzymic casein hydrolysate could give not only nitrogen equilibrium but also a considerable nitrogen retention in rats.
The Gastric Lipase in Man
Authors: SCHØNHEYDER FRITZ , VOLQVARTZ KIRSTEN
Published: December 2008

A reexamination has been carried out of the problems concerned with the gastric lipase in man, mainly with pure triglycerides as substrates. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were undertaken.

 The optimum pH for gastric lipase towards tripropionin, tributyrin and tricaproin in systems without the addition of CaCl2 is found to be between 5.5 and 5.8. With an increasing number of C‐atoms in the fatty acids there is an evident displacement of the optimum pH to the alkaline side, the optimum pH for tricaprin, trilaurin and tristearin being 7.2, 7.3 and 7.9 respectively.

 Addition of CaCl2 to the enzyme‐substrate systems causes definite activation of the hydrolysis of trilaurin and tristearin at pH lower than 7, and the optimum pH is shifted 1.5 to 2 pH units to the acid side.

 The relative activities of gastric lipase towards different triglycerides have been computed. Tributyrin is split with the greatest initial velocity, whereas the relative activities towards the solid triglycerides are very small.

 Experiments on the stability of gastric lipase at 40° C at different pH values show that gastric lipase is a very stable enzyme in the acid medium.

 The lipolysis stated in our experiments in vivo is according to our opinion due to a specific gastric lipase and not to a regurgitated pancreatic lipase. Experiments in vivo with test meals containing pure triglycerides show that only the lower triglycerides are split to an appreciable extent during the experimental period of 25 min. Under similar experimental conditions there seems to be hardly any difference between the degrees of hydrolysis of fatty substances in the stomach by means of the gastric lipase in adults and in children. Under similar experimental conditions in children there is a tendency to a higher splitting in the stomach of cow‐butter fat than of woman's milk fat when these fats are given in test meals.
On the Chemical Evaluation of Digitalis with the Baljet Reaction
Authors: ELMQVIST ADA , LILJESTRAND ÅKE
Published: December 2008

The BELL and KRANZ modification of the Knudson‐Dresbach colorimetric assay for digitalis was investigated, with the use of solutions diminishing in strength. The colorimetric method gave no adequate conception of this deterioration.
A Specific Sympathomimetic Ergone in Adrenergic Nerve Fibres (Sympathin) and its Relations to Adrenaline and Nor‐Adrenaline
Authors: EULER U. S. v.
Published: December 2008

Extracts have been prepared of various kinds of nerves and their content of sympathomimetic activity determined and the actions analyzed.

The thoracic and lumbar sympathetic chain and the splenic periarterial nerves were especially suitable for preparation of the active substance and contained some 30–100 μg adrenaline equivalents per g as measured on the blood pressure of the cat.

The active substance gives catechol reactions and bears near relations to adrenaline, but differs characteristically from this in the following respects, where a close resemblance to nor‐adrenaline was found:

Blood pressure action on the cat after ergotamine or dihydroergotamine (Fig. 2–4).

Action on non‐pregnant cat's uterus (Fig. 5 A), pregnant rabbit's uterus (Fig. 6) and the isolated intestine of the cat and rabbit (Fig. 7).

Pupil‐dilating action (Fig. 8). Fluorescence test. The active substance occurs in higher amounts in the grey sympathetic rami than in the white rami (Fig. 10).

The content is fairly high in sensory nerves of the skin but low in sympathetic ganglia, the vagus and phrenic nerves and various parts of the brain.

After degeneration of the main portion of the (post‐ganglionic) periarterial splenic nerves the content of the spleen of the active substance is greatly reduced.

The possible physiological significance of the solubility of the active substance in ether in the presence of phospho‐lipids is pointed out.

From the experiments it is inferred that the active substance is the physiological transmitter of adrenergic nerve action in mammals and identical with nor‐adrenaline.

Extracts of frogs' hearts contain an active substance with the properties of adrenaline.

It is suggested that the name sympathin should be used for the ergone demonstrated in adrenergic nerves, exerting the actions of nor‐adrenaline.

The relationship of the adrenergic ergone to sympathin E and I is discussed.
The Salicylaldehyde‐method as a Micromethod for the Determination of Total Acetone in Capillary Blood
Authors: KROG PER W. , LUND JACOB C.
Published: December 2008

A micromodification of the salicylaldehyde method for total acetone determination in small blood samples is described. Total acetone quantities of about 1 γ in the sample may be determined with great accuracy.
Studies on Oxygen Treatment in Connection with Experimental Hydrocyanic Poisoning.
Authors: GORDH TORSTEN , NORBERG BO
Published: December 2008

Rabbits have been poisoned by the inhalation of hydrogen cyanide in air or in oxygen. Signs of failing cardiac activity have been chosen as the indicator of the status ante mortem. Insufflation of pure oxygen in this stage saves the subject's life.

The experiments have confirmed the earlier assumption that the hydrogen cyanide poisons the respiratory centre, which leads secondarily to the anoxia that is the immediate cause of death. Oxygen treatment is therefore more rational and more rapid in its effect than the methods based upon detoxication of the hydrogen cyanide.
The Effect of β‐dimethylaminoethyl Benzhydryl Ether Hydrochloride on Histamine‐Induced Gastric Secretion in the Cat.
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , FROST. JØRGEN
Published: December 2008

β‐dimethylaminoethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride in a dose which strongly antagonises the effect of histamine on the motility of the gut has no antihistamine action on gastric secretion in cats under chloralose. On the contrary there is an increase in the rate of secretion. This may possibly be due to the fact that the drug itself slightly stimulates gastric secretion.
Observations on Reactive Hyperaemia as Related to Histamine, on Drugs Antagonizing Vasodilatation Induced by Histamine and on Vasodilator Properties of Adenosinetri phosphate
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , HJEGER KNUT , KAHLSON GEORG
Published: December 2008

A method is described for quantitative studies of reactive hyperaemia in the hind limbs of cats and dogs.

In cats the sensitivity of the small vessels to histamine varies within a very wide range, the magnitude of reactive hyperaemia, however, was found to be independent of the sensitivity of the vessels to histamine.

The magnitude of reactive hyperaemia is not reduced by rendering the small blood vessels completely insensitive to histamine in physiological concentrations.

Benadryl and related compounds completely annul the vasodilator effect of the minimal doses of histamine which produce maximal vasodilatation. The effect of larger doses of histamine, 5 times greater than the minimum dose and upwards, depending on the basic sensitivity to histamine, is not annulled or even diminished by any amount of antagonistic drug.

It is suggested that there are two types of receptors sensitive to histamine only one of which can be blocked by benadryl and related compounds.

It is demonstrated that adenosinetriphosphate is a very potent vasodilator, 0.1 ±0.2 y causing profound vasodilatation in the hind limbs when injected in the artery.
The Active Ion Transport through the Isolated Frog Skin in the Light of Tracer Studies
Authors: USSING HANS H.
Published: December 2008

Experiments with radio‐sodium (Na24) show that when an isolated frog skin separates two solutions containing NaCl (that on the inside being Ringer) the Na+‐flus from outside to inside is normally much higher than the outflux; this is true even when the outside NaCl concentration is only one millimole/l.

 The Na+‐influx (and thus the active sodium transport) shows a pronounced dependency on the pH of the inside solution. High pH values give high values for the Na+‐influx and vice versa.

 The pH of the outside solution has little effect on the Na+‐influx until pH is below‐ ca. 5. Then the 53+‐influs drops to a very low value, whereas the Cl–influx goes up.

 The Cl–influx is as a rule lower and often much lower than the simultaneous Na+‐influx. The variations in the Cl‐ influx generally go parallel to the variations in Na+‐influx. There is also a pronounced parallelism between the potential difference across the skin and the influx of Na+‐ and Cl‐ so that the more positive becomes the inside relative to the outside. the higher is the influx of Na + and Cl.

 When added on the inside of the skin adrenaline in the concentration 1/106 brings about an enormous increase, in the outflux of Na+ and a considerable increase in the influx of this ion. Immediately after the addition of adrenaline a violent drop in the P.D. is observed. This drop and the further course of the P.D. curve depends on the outside salt concentration and the magnitude of the P.D. before the adrenaline addition. It is concluded that the initial drop in P.D. is due to an increased permeability to Na+. The secondary rise in P.D. shortly after the drop must be due to an increased Na+‐transport.

 Cyanide poisoning reduces the Na+‐influx to 5–25% of the original value. The outflux of ions is not reduced.

 The theoretical basis for the use of tracers to determine the active transport of an ion species through a membrane is considered. In the frog skin the Na+‐influx is as a rule a fairly good measure of the Na+ actually transferred across the skin. But the total transport work performed by the transporting cells is greater than indicated by the flus because, due to back diffusion, some Na‐ions may be subjected to transport more than once before leaving the skin.

 Based on the experiments a hypothesis is put forward which will account for the interdependency between the in‐ and outflux of Na+ and Cl— and the potential difference across the skin.

The radioactive isotopes used were kindly provided from the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen. I wish to extent my gratitude to the head of this institute, Professor N. Bohr and to his staff, notably Dr. O. Lassen who prepared the radioactive samples.
On the Occurrence of Bacterial Growth Factors in Liver Extracts
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

Studies have been conducted on the possible growth factor requirements of twelve lactobacilli, several of them used in the microbiological amino acid analysis. Liver extracts and enzyme hydrolysates of casein were used as sources of growth factors. It was shown thatLactobacillus citrovorum(8081),Lactobacillus casein, Lactobacillus acidophilusandLactobacillus lactis100 required a strepogenin similar factor present in both types of materials. Besides, liver extracts containing the anti‐pernicious‐anemia factor were separated in three fractions all of which contained growth factors for these four microorganisms. The possible bearing of the results on the microbiological analysis of amino acids is emphasized. The possibility of using any of the four mentioned microorganisms for the standardization of the anti‐pernicious‐anemia factor is analyzed and discussed. Some of the properties of this factor are also discussed in the light of the results obtained.
Studies on the Role of the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Brain Metabolism as Measured with Radioactive Phosphate1
Authors: BAKAY L. , LINDBERG OLOV
Published: December 2008

We injected P32 into Cisterna magna of rabbits. The speed with which this P32 enters into the brain has been determined. It was found that the radioactivity increases gradually in the different parts of brain with approximately the same rapidity. The maximum was reached after 35 minutes.

The turnover of radioactive orthophosphate to organic bound phosphate in brain was measured.

The different theories for the brain protective barriers have been discussed.

The data supports the view that there are two ways of supplying the brain with P32. Some minor parts mainly the hypophysis, the pineal body, the plexus chorioidei and the vegetative centers in hypothalamus are supported mainly by the blood. The nervous tissue on the other hand seems to exchange phosphate via the cerebrospinal fluid.
The Gastric Secretary Response to Insulin in Dogs rind Cats
Authors: JÖGI PRITS , UVNÄP BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Nembutal, ether and morphine in hypnotic doses completely abolish the gastric secretory response to insulin. Chloralose depresses but does not prevent the secretory response. The secretory responses become practically normal as soon as the animals regain conciousness.

Insulin hypoglycemia does not evoke any gastric secretion in cats.
Cutaneous Vasodilatation Elicited by Local Heating of the Anterior Hypothalamus in Cats and Dogs
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , STRÖM GUNNAR , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Local heating of the anterior part of the hypothalanius with diathermic or conducted heat induces cutaneous vasodilatation in the cat and dog.
Further Observations on Environmental Factors Influencing the Temperature Sensitivity of Mammalian Nerve Fibres. Effects of Ca++ and Other Agents
Authors: LAGET PAUL , LUNDBERG ANDERS
Published: December 2008

This paper contains a description of the effect of Ca++ on the temperature sensitivity of membrane potential, negative after potential, and spike potential (motor A fibres, cat). The effect of Mg++, phosphate ions, variation in the CO2‐tension, ether and asphyxia has been studied on the temperature sensitivity of the spike potential.
A Method for the Determination of Blood Pressure in Intact Dogs
Authors: OBEL NILS J. , SCHMITERLÖW CARL G.
Published: December 2008

A new method for the estimation of the blood pressure in intact dogs is described. A cuff is applied round one of the forearms and a photoelectric cell is used to indicate the beginning of the passage of the blood stream through the distal part of the leg (where a local vasotlilatation, necessarv to give distinct pulsations, is caused by pricking in histamine into the skin). By means of an amplifier and a mirror galvanometer the pulsations are projected upon a screen attached to the scale of an Hg‐manometer.

When comparing the values obtained with this indirect method and the values obtained with the usual direct mercury manometer method a fairly close agreement was observed.

The method allows frequent estimations of the blood pressure for long periods in intact, unanaesthetized dogs.
Anti‐Sympathetic Action of Sympathomimetic Amines
Authors: ÅSTRÖM A.
Published: December 2008

The effect of fourteen sympathomimetic amines has been studied on isolated strips of rabbit's intestine with special regard to their ability to antagonize the inhibition produced by adrenaline and l‐nor‐adrenaline as well as by electrical stimulation of the mesenteric nerves.

For the sake of discussion the amines have been divided into three classes and each class described.

The anti‐sympathetic property earlier reported for ephedrine and l‐N‐ethylephedrine has proven to be a rather common characteristin of the synipathoininietic amines. The only amines which did not have the anti‐sympathetic action were the dihydroxy‐phenyl substitutesi. e. adrenaline, arterenol, and aludrin (boehringer). The anti‐sympathetic action that was sometimes observed for adrenaline and aludrin has been ascribed to some derivatives formed during the ositlization of these compounds.

d‐ and l‐forms of ephedrine and benzedrine have proven to be almost identical in their effects upon the intestine per se, as well as in respect to the anti‐sympathetic action. This has been considered as an argument against the allline oxidase theory.

The anti‐sympathetic action of the sympathomimetic amines has Leen briefly discussed upon a chemical basis. The idea is propounded that the anti‐sympathetic action of these amines is an example of phanuacological competition.
Colorimetric Determination of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline
Authors: von EULER U. S. , HAMBERG ULLA
Published: December 2008

A colorimetric method for quantitative determination of noradrenaline is described.

Determination of the oxidation rate at various pH for noradrenaline and adrenaline has shown that adrenochrome formation is complete after 1½ minutes at pH 4 whereas only some 10 p. c. of the maximal amount of noradrenochrome has been formed during the same time at pH 4. Noradrenochrome formation is complete in 2 minutes at pH 6.

For routine determination adrenaline was oxidized at pH 4 for 1 1/2 minutes and noradrenaline at pH 6 for 3 minutes. Before removing excess iodine with thiosulphate the reaction may be adjusted to pH 4, where the bleaching effect of excess thiosulphate was minimal.

A method for differential determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline depending on the different oxidation rates at pH 4 and 6 for the two substances is described. This method has been successfully applied to suprarenal extracts.

The greater stability of noradrenaline in solution against oxidation as compared with adrenaline appears to be of practical value for example in solutions of local anaesthetics.
The Water Taste in the Frog
Authors: ANDERSSON BENGT , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE
Published: December 2008

The tongue of the common Swedish frog (R. temp.) has been shown to contain receptors which respond to distilled water or to very dilute NaCl solutions, the threshold of the latter being below 0.05%.

These receptors are discharging fairly large nerve fibres. The discharge can easily be distinguished from that of the acid receptors as these are connected to nerve fibres of a smaller diameter.

Adaptation of the water receptors is relatively slow, being completed within 5 minutes.

Isolated fibres responding to slightly hypotonic and hypertonic NaCl solutions do not respond to the application of distilled water. The water response seems thus to be mediated by specific nerve fibres, which are of fairly large diameter.
Cardiac Vagal Afferent Fibres in the Cat and the Frog
Authors: NEIL ERIC , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE
Published: December 2008

Further evidence has been obtained that the large afferent fibres of the cardiac vagus derive from endings of auricular origin. These nerve endings act as stretch receptors and display a common mode of action.

It has been proven that the cardiac depressor reflex is elicited only by the stimulation of small fibres of the δ‐type of cardiac origin.

It has been shown that the auricles of the frog's heart possess stretch receptors of the same type as those found in the cat.
Studies on tlie Pharmacological Effects of Trimethyl‐, Mcthylethyl‐ and Trietlhyl‐plienylammonium
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J.
Published: December 2008

The pharmacological properties of trimethyl‐, dimethylethyl‐, methyldiethyl‐ and triethyl‐phenylammonium have been investigated.

The toxicity of the substances in mice and rabbits was determined. The cause of death in all the cases appeared to be peripheral paralysis of respiration.

Trimethyl‐, dimethylethyl‐ and methyldiethyl‐phenylammo‐nium had a parasympathicomimetie effect on the blood‐pressure. The parasympathicomimetic activity diminished as the number of ethyl radicals increased.

Triethylphenylammonium decreased the blood‐pressure. This effect was not reversed by atropin.

Trimethyl‐, dimethylethyl‐ and methyldiethyl‐phenylammo‐nium had a “nicotinic‐stimulating” action. This effect too diminished according as the number of ethyl radicals increased. Triethylphenylammonium had no “nicotinic‐stimulating” action.

All the substances had a paralyzing effect on the sympathetic ganglion. It was most marked in dimethyl‐ and triethylphenylammonium and least in trimethylphenylammonium.

All the substances examined have shown, in muscle‐nerve preparations, a curariform effect. The effect was strongest in the trimethyl compound and diminished according as the number of ethylradicals increased.

The effect of these substances on the isolated rabbit heart have been tested.

The syntheses of trimethyl‐, dimethylethyl‐, methyldiethyl‐ and triethyl‐phenylammonium iodides have been described.
The Effect of Menthol on the Thermoreceptors
Authors: HENSEL HERBERT , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE
Published: December 2008

The discharge of specific cold and warm fibres in the lingual nerve of the cat has been studied in response to the application of menthol solutions and to exactly defined thermal stimuli on the tongue.

Aqueous menthol solutions of 1: 10,000 lead to strong stationary discharge of the tongue's cold receptors at constant warm temperatures at which there without menthol is no discharge. At lower temperatures at which the cold receptors are stationary discharging without menthol, this substance produces a great increase of the stationary cold impulse frequency.

The effect of menthol can be completely compensated for by sudden heating or by keeping the tongue at a constant higher temperature as these measures can cause the cold impulses elicited by menthol to disappear entirely. Thus it is not simply the question of a chemical “inadequate” stimulation of the cold receptors but of a sensitization of the thermal effect.

Our experiments have not given any evidence that menthol exerts any corresponding action on the warm receptors.

The threshold of the menthol effect lies between a concentration 1: 1,000,000 and 1: 500,000. It is thus likely that the action of menthol concerns some enzymatic process in the cold receptors.
Studies on Animal Lactase
Authors: HEILSKOV N. S. CHR.
Published: December 2008

On the basis of determinations of lactase activity performed on human foetuses, cows and rabbits of different age it is possible to establish that the ventricle, colon and pancreas do not contain any lactase. Bile from calves is free from lactase. The experiments on human foetuses show that there is lactase in the wall of the small intestine from the 5th month of intrauterine life. The activity is found to rise with increasing intrauterine life.

In cows and rabbits the lactase activity in the mucous membrane of the small intestine is largest in quite young animals. The amount decreases in distal direction of the small intestine and with increasing age.

Continued administration of lactose to the food until 15 weeks after birth is unable to preserve the lactase activity in the mucous membrane of the small intestine from rabbits.
Heparinocytes and Hibernation in the Hedgehog
Authors: HÄRMÄ RAIJA , SUOMALAINEN PAAVO
Published: December 2008

Heparinocytes or Ehrlich's mast‐cells are numerous in the small intestine and lungs round the bronchial branches in the hedgehog.

Their number is increased during hibernation, but is also large in artificial hibernation and in animals just woken from hibernation.

Judging from the increase in the number of heparinocytes and their histological appearance, heparin secretion is greater than normal in hibernation, when the heart rate in the hedgehog is greatly reduced.
Sensitization of the Submaxillary Gland to Chemical Stimuli
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , MUREN ANDERS
Published: December 2008

Some types of supersensitivity of the submaxillary gland cells to chemical agents have been studied quantitatively. The increased sensitivity which is obtained after section of the chorda tympani, removal of the superior cervical ganglion, injection of cocaine or prolonged treatment with atropine is shown to be un‐specific. Section of the chorda and treatment with atropine seems to give rise to similar types of supersensitivity, which in many respects differ from the type produced by extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion or injection of cocaine.

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed in part by a grant to one of us (N. E.) from the Swedish Medical Research Council.
Effect of Sympathetic Denervation on the Noradrenaline and Adrenaline Content of the Spleen, Kidney, and Salivary Glands in the Sheep.
Authors: Von EULER U. S. , PURKHOLD. A.
Published: December 2008

Sectioning of the periarterial nerves to the spleen in the sheep was accompanied by a fall in the noradrenaline content from 3–4 μg per g to less than 0.1 μg per g and in the adrenaline content from 0—0.14 μg per g to 0.02 μg per g or less. By 3–4½ months after denervation the noradrenaline had increased to 0.2–0.4 μg per g indicating some functional regeneration of the nerves.

A corresponding reduction in the noradrenaline and adrenaline was also observed in kidney, parotid and submaxillary glands, and in liver. A rise in noradrenaline was observed in the kidney 41/2 months after denervation.

The relative decrease in adrenaline after denervation was in many cases less than that of noradrenaline, a result which would be expected if adrenaline derives from chromaffine cells in the organ.
Histamine in Organs and its Relation to the Sympathetic Nerve Supply.
Authors: Von EULER U. S. , PURKHOLD A.
Published: December 2008

Large differences occur in the amount of histamine in various organs of the cow as of the sheep.

A certain relation is apparent between the noradrenaline and histamine amounts in an organ and in the corresponding sympathetic nerve in the cow (Table 2).

The histamine content of sheep's nerves is considerably lower than that of the corresponding nerves in the cow.

The histamine and noradrenaline content of sheep nerves run roughly parallel. No such parallelism is found in organs (Table 3).

Sectioning of the sympathetic nerves to various organs in the sheep was followed by a moderate reduction in the histamine content of the spleen but did not alter the histamine amount in the salivary glands or in the kidney.
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Content of the Snprarenals of Cats in Chloralose and Morphine‐Ether Anaesthesia
Authors: EMMELIN N. , STRÖMBLAD R.
Published: December 2008

The content of adrenaline ‐+‐ noradrenaline in the suprarenals changes very little in chloralose anaesthesia; it decreases considerably in morphine‐ether anaesthesia.
Fibrinokinase
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE
Published: December 2008

1. For the preparation of fibrinokinase of high activating power, fresh pig hearts are needed. The mode of preparation appears to be of minor importance.

2. The extent of inactivation of bovine plasmin by fibrinokinase is not directly related to the activating power of the fibrinokinase sample. It appears that a decreased activating power may be caused either by a simple destruction of the activating substance or by its combination with a blocking substance. Only in the last case is a high inactivating power towards plasmin developed.

3. Different means were tried without success for accelerating the activation process.

4. The low activating power of fibrinokinase towards human plasminogen has been confirmed. On the other hand, streptokinase‐activated human plasmin is inactivated by samples of fibrinokinase apparently in the same manner as is bovine plasmin.
Application of 42K Labelled Red Corpuscles in Blood Tolume Measurements.
Authors: HEVESY G. , NYLIN G.
Published: December 2008

Red corpuscles were labelled by adding 42KC1 to a blood sample kept at 37o C for 2 hrs. When reinjecting the blood sample to the patient in the course of 1 hr, within the error of the blood volume determination which is 3 %, no change in the activity of the red corpuscles could be observed.

Washed labelled red corpuscles injected into the circulation lost in the average 3.5 % of their 42K content in the course of the first hr., while the mean loss per hour in the course of 24 hours was found to be 2.1 %.
The Effect of Adrenaline on the Contraction of the Human Heart under Normal Circulatory Conditions
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY
Published: December 2008

The effect of the infusion of small doses of adrenaline in man with intact circulation has been studied. The analyses have been made with electrokymography, phonocardiography and electrocardiography.

It has been found that adrenaline (1) shortens the isometric contraction phase, (2) accelerates the speed of contraction, (3) increases the systolic emptying of the left ventricle, (4) increases the amplitude of the first and second heart sounds, (5) lowers the diastolic pressure, (6) increases the amplitude of the pulse pressure and (7) usually increases the heart rate. In addition, adrenaline causes an alteration of the T wave of the E.C.G. with a division into two components. One of these components corresponds to the T wave at rest, when correlated to mechanical systole; the other appears to be a positive after‐potential.

The effect on the contraction of the left ventricle was produced with the same concentrations in the blood as those that cause a decrease in the resistance in the systemic circulation and affect the metabolism of glucose. With larger doses, causing a more marked elevation in blood pressure, toxic symptoms, such as extrasystoles and auricular fibrillation, were noted. In addition to glycogenolysis and the formation of lactic acid the physiological effects of adrenaline thus appear to consist mainly of adaptation to an increased circulatory response.

The increase in the stroke volume of the left ventricle is not associated with any increase in the volume of the heart during diastole. This implies a more complete emptying of the ventricle, i. e. a decrease in its residual blood volume.

The results are discussed with reference to the significance of the distribution of the blood when the effects of adrenaline or other factors acting on the circulation are examined.
The Inhibitory Effect of Muscular Exercise on Gastric Secretion.
Authors: HAMIEAR STEN , ÖBRINK. KARL JOHAN
Published: December 2008

1) Muscular exercise inhibited the gastric secretion in Heiden‐hain pouch dogs both when the secretion was induced by food or by histamine.

2) The exercise was thought to liberate a substance which by transfusion could he transferred to a non‐exercised secreting dog where it inhibited the gastric secretion. This was valid when food was used to stimulate the glands, whereas the results were uncertain in cases where histamine was the stimulating agent.

3) The enhanced body temperature was not responsible for the inhibition.

4) The different shapes of the secretion curves after histamine. and food as well as the other results were discussed.
The Electrical Potentisl Across Isolated Frog Skins and its Dependence on the Permeability of the Skins to Chloride Ions.
Authors: LINDERHOLM. HAKAN
Published: December 2008

A number of isolated frog skins with Ringer's solution of the same chemical composition on both sides are investigated by the use of electrical and tracer methods. It is found that there is quite a close negative correlation between the electrical potential of the various skins and the permeability of the skins to chloride ions, expressed as the partial conductance of chloride ions through the skins. The partial conductance of sodium ions and the active transport potential of sodium ions through the skins, which both, together with the partial conductance of chloride ions, mainly determine the magnitude of the electrical potential, on the other hand, vary more or less independently of the potential. Thus the variation in the electrical potential between the various frog skins, which is usually rather great, is essentially dependent on a variation in the partial conductance of chloride ions through the skins. The bearing of this fact on the relation between the electrical potential and the amount of salt transported through the skins is analyzed and discussed with regard to known results.
Ares of Retinal Image and Flicker Fusion Frequency.
Authors: BERGER. CURT
Published: December 2008

1. The increase of flicker fusion frequency as a function of image‐area was investigated with the light‐adapted human fovea. In addition, the effect was studied of three different fields surrounding the flickering light at three illumination intensities, identical for stimulus and field.

2. The FFF increased with the logarithm of image area differently with different sizes and with different backgrounds. The slope of increase was 2.1 for small and 14.3 for large image areas when the flickering light was surrounded by a black field. With a white field, the slope was 13.0 for very small image areas, 4.0 for larger and 9.0 for the largest image areas. Experiments with mixed black and white surroundings demonstrate that the background immediately adjacent to the light was decisive in determining gradient differences between background‐effects. These differences were independent of small brightness differences between the test‐object and its surround, and were not attributable to stray light.

3. FFF was plotted against image area at three different light intensities. While the whole curve for FFF as a function of image areas was set higher at higher illumination intensities, there was no relative change in FFF as a function of area at different illuminations.

4. The varying slopes in the curves relating FFF to image size were attributed to characteristics of the activated foveal units, whether single receptors or “functional units” (cones, activating the same ganglionic cell). The effect of a white background in raising the FFF may be explained by assuming that adjacent receptors are called into interaction by the illuminated surrounding field.
The Secretion of Pepsin during the Gastric Phase of Gastric Secretion.
Authors: LINDE. SVEN
Published: December 2008

Special arrangements made it possible to obtain a constant secretory rate of gastric juice for many hours in Heidenhain pouch dogs, whether stimulated by histamine or food (bone‐dust and meat). It was found that the pepsin output in gastric juice secreted in response to food is not significantly different from that of gastric juice secreted in response to histamine, providing the secretory rates are comparable.

In other experiments, four dogs in which a constant secretory rate was obtained by giving food, got bones and hard bread. No significant increase of the secretory rate or the output of pepsin was observed.

The instillation of an extract of bone‐dust and meat into the Heidenhain pouch of three dogs did not cause an increased output of pepsin in gastric juice secreted in response to food.

In experiments on anaesthetized cats, the pyloric part of the stomach was separated from the main stomach by a suture in volving the mucosa only. When a constant secretory rate of gastric juice from the main stomach was obtained by administering histamine, the extract of bone‐dust and meat was introduced into the pyloric part under pressure. In no case was there an increase of the secretory rate, nor of the output of pepsin.

In five other cats the extract was introduced into the main stomach for half an hour during stimulation by histamine. The secretory rate was uninfluenced in all cases, but in two cats there was a slight increase of the output of pepsin in the first 2–3 samples obtained after the instillation.

The results are discussed and it is concluded that during the gastric phase of gastric secretion there is probably no humoral or hormonal mechanism activating the pepsin producing cells. The possibility exists that these cells are stimulated directly by the food in contact with the mucosa, maybe through a reflex by the short nerve‐paths. It is suggested that the activity of the peptic cells depends on acetylcholine alone, not only during the cephalic phase but also during the gastric phase of gastric secretion.
The Oxidation of Haemoglobin in the Presence of NaN3.
Authors: SJÖSTRAND. TORGNY
Published: December 2008

The formation of haemiglobin azide by adding NaN3 to haemolyzed blood has been studied under varying conditions.

The rate of formation is approximately linear until about half of the haemoglobin has been transformed, after which it decreases exponentially.

The rate at which haemiglobin azide is formed depends on the O2 tension as well as on the concentration of reduced haemoglobin as is the case with the auto‐oxidization of haemoglobin in an acid reaction. CO can not replace O2 in the formation of Hb+Az.

The formation of haemiglobin azide increases linearly with the CO2 tension. It also increases with a change of pH in an acid direction. It increases with the temperature, and there is a linear relation between the logarithm for the rate of formation and the logarithm for absolute temperature.

Haemiglobin azide formation is accelerated in the presence of ascorbic acid.

There is a direct linear correlation between the rate of haemiglobin azide formation and the dissociation of 0, haemoglobin at a given pO2 and varying pH and temperature.

In order to give an explanation for the formation of haernigl,. bin azide it is presumed that H2O2 is formed in connection With the O2 binding to haemoglobin.

It would seem that these observations can explain the in vivo decomposition of the haemoglobin molecule as well as the formation of CO in connection therewith.

The investigation has been supported by a grant from the Therese and Johan Andersson Memorial Foundation.
A Comparison of Sonie Pharmacological Effects of Acetoplienetidin and N‐Acetyl p‐Amino‐phenol.
Authors: BORÉUS LARS‐OLOF , SANDBERG. FINN
Published: December 2008

N‐acetyl p‐amiaophenol was found to exert about the same analgesic and antipyretic action as acetophenetidin but to have a lower toxicity arid a smaller methaemoglobin‐producing effect.
The Analgesic Action of N‐Acetyl p‐Amino‐phenol and of Its Combination with Some Other Substances.
Authors: BORÉUS LARS‐OLOF , SANDBERG. FINN
Published: December 2008

Using a new modification of the Ercoli‐Lewis technique for testing analgesic action, it was found that l‐benzyl‐3–(P‐diethyl‐aminoethyl)‐5,5‐diallyl‐barbituric acid hydrochloride (BB5), salicylamide and diallyl‐barbituric acid exerted a synergetic effect and isopropylantipyrine and caffeine an antagonistic effect on the analgesic action of N‐acetyl p‐aminophenol. The antagonistic effect of caffeine was abolished when combined with diallyl‐barbituric acid.

We are indebted to Pharmacia Ltd., Uppsala, for financial support of the investigation.
Presence of Catechol Amines in Visceral Organs of‘ Fish and Invertebrates.
Authors: von EULER U. S.
Published: December 2008

Chromaffine cell tissue from Selachiae and Teleostiae contain noradrenaline and adrenaline in varying proportions.

Visceral'organs of fish (heart, liver, spleen) contain noradredille in about 1/10–1/50 of the amounts found in the corresponding organs of mammals, as estimated by biological assay. The proportion of adrenaline was much higher than in mammals, viz. 40–60 % of the total catechols.

No definite evidence was obtained for the presence of catechol amines in invertebrates (mollusc, crustacean, echinoderm) with the exception of the posterior salivary glands ofOctopus vulgariswhich contain comparatively large amounts of noradrenaline.

The catechol amines in extracts of visceral organs of fish indicate the presence of chromaffine cells or adrenergic innervation.

The author is indebted to the Head and Staff of the Roscoff Marine Biological Station for supplying some of the material. The Medical Research Council of Sweden defrayed the cost of this work with a grant which is gratefully acknowledged.