bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Roles of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in Osteoarthritis Knee Pain
Authors: Gowler Peter R. W. , Turnbull James , Shahtaheri Mohsen , Gohir Sameer , Kelly Tony , McReynolds Cindy , Yang Jun , Jha Rakesh R. , Fernandes Gwen S. , Zhang Weiya , Doherty Michael , Walsh David A. , Hammock Bruce D. , Valdes Ana M. , Barrett David A. , Chapman Victoria
Published: October 2021

Objective

Chronic pain due to osteoarthritis (OA) is a major clinical problem, and existing analgesics often have limited beneficial effects and/or adverse effects, necessitating the development of novel therapies. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous antiinflammatory mediators, rapidly metabolized by soluble epoxide hydrolase (EH) to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). We undertook this study to assess whether soluble EH–driven metabolism of EETs to DHETs plays a critical role in chronic joint pain associated with OA and provides a new target for treatment.

Methods

Potential associations of chronic knee pain with single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene‐encoding soluble EH and with circulating levels of EETs and DHETs were investigated in human subjects. A surgically induced murine model of OA was used to determine the effects of both acute and chronic selective inhibition of soluble EH by N‐[1‐(1‐oxopropy)‐4‐piperidinyl]‐N′‐(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]‐urea (TPPU) on weight‐bearing asymmetry, hind paw withdrawal thresholds, joint histology, and circulating concentrations of EETs and DHETs.

Results

In human subjects with chronic knee pain, 3 pain measures were associated with SNPs of the soluble EH gene EPHX2, and in 2 separate cohorts of subjects, circulating levels of EETs and DHETs were also associated with 3 pain measures. In the murine OA model, systemic administration of TPPU both acutely and chronically reversed established pain behaviors and decreased circulating levels of 8,9‐DHET and 14,15‐DHET. EET levels were unchanged by TPPU administration.

Conclusion

Our novel findings support a role of soluble EH in OA pain and suggest that inhibition of soluble EH and protection of endogenous EETs from catabolism represents a potential new therapeutic target for OA pain.
Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in a large, diverse metropolitan area: Variation by sociodemographic factors
Authors: Shenouda Josephine , Barrett Emily , Davidow Amy L. , Halperin William , Silenzio Vincent M. B. , Zahorodny Walter
Published: October 2021

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence estimates have varied by region. In this study, ASD prevalence, based on active case finding from multiple sources, was determined at the county and school district levels in the New Jersey metropolitan area. Among children born in 2008, residing in a four‐county area and enrolled in public school in 2016, ASD prevalence was estimated to be 36 per 1000, but was significantly higher in one region—54 per 1000 and greater than 70 per 1000, in multiple school districts. Significant variation in ASD prevalence by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and school district size was identified. Highest prevalence was in mid‐SES communities, contrary to expectation. Prevalence among Hispanic children was lower than expected, indicating a disparity in identification. Comprehensive surveillance should provide estimates at the county and town levels to appreciate ASD trends, identify disparities in detection or treatment, and explore factors influencing change in prevalence.

Lay Summary

We found autism prevalence to be 3.6% in New Jersey overall, but higher in one region (5.4%) and in multiple areas approaching 7.0%. We identified significant variation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES) and school district size. Mapping prevalence in smaller, well‐specified, regions may be useful to better understand the true scope of ASD, disparities in ASD detection and the factors impacting ASD prevalence estimation.
Man does not live by intrinsically unstructured proteins alone: The role of structured regions in aggregation
Authors: Aprile Francesco A. , Temussi Piero Andrea , Pastore Annalisa
Published: October 2021

Protein misfolding is a topic that is of primary interest both in biology and medicine because of its impact on fundamental processes and disease. In this review, we revisit the concept of protein misfolding and discuss how the field has evolved from the study of globular folded proteins to focusing mainly on intrinsically unstructured and often disordered regions. We argue that this shift of paradigm reflects the more recent realisation that misfolding may not only be an adverse event, as originally considered, but also may fulfil a basic biological need to compartmentalise the cell with transient reversible granules. We nevertheless provide examples in which structure is an important component of a much more complex aggregation behaviour that involves both structured and unstructured regions of a protein. We thus suggest that a more comprehensive evaluation of the mechanisms that lead to aggregation might be necessary.
A multi‐centric study on validation of the Fear Scale for COVID‐19 in five Arabic speaking countries
Authors: Deek Hiba , El Nayal Mayssah , Alabdulwahhab Khalid , Ahmad Mohammad , Shaik Riyaz , Alzahrani Meshari , Elmahdi Iman , Youssef Naglaa , Alboraie Mohamed , Fong Daniel YT , Choi Edmond Pui Hang , Chan Bobo Kai Yin , Omar Nagla
Published: October 2021

Background

The Eight‐item Fear Scale is a unidimensional scale evaluating the perceived feelings of fear associated with the thought of the coronavirus.

Aim

The Arabic version of this scale did not exist; hence, this study aimed to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Fear Scale in participants aged 18 years and above in five Arabic countries: Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan by using a cross‐sectional survey design.

Method

The English version of the COVID‐19 Fear Scale was translated into Arabic following the guidelines and disseminated through social media. Factorial and convergent validity and internal reliability were evaluated. Results: The total number of participants was 2783; the majority was young (41.9%) and female (60.5%). Fear scores were moderate in four countries and severe in Egypt. The scale showed good structural validity, with the items explaining up to 70% of the variance. The scale items correlated significantly with the total scores, and the Cronbach alpha was above 0.9.

Conclusion

The study concluded that the Arabic Fear Scale is a psychometrically robust scale that can be used to evaluate the perceived feelings of fear with the thought of the coronavirus or pandemic in general.
Trigeminal neuropathy: Two case reports of gasserian ganglion stimulation
Authors: Logghe Yannick , Smet Iris , Jerjir Ali , Verelst Peter , Devos Marieke , Van Buyten Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2021

This report describes the successful treatment of two patients with trigeminal neuropathy by using gasserian ganglion stimulation.

Case reports: The first case report deals with a 53‐year‐old woman suffering from right‐sided facial pain after a gamma knife lesion for schwannoma of the right inner ear. For 9 years, several interventions with the aim of relieving the pain were unsuccessful; in fact, they had aggravated the symptoms. A trial with a neurostimulator at the level of the Gasser ganglion had an immediately positive effect on her score for facial pain, which decreased from 7.3 to 0 on a visual analog scale, assessed during a period of 2 months. Additionally, the patient had weaned off all her medication by the end of the period. The second case report describes a 64‐year‐old man suffering from trigeminal neuropathy, which mainly manifested itself as an itch. For a period of 15 years, neither medication nor several interventions were effective. A trial with an electrode at the level of the Gasser ganglion reduced his pain score from 7.0 to 1.5 on a visual analog scale, assessed during a period of three months. His medication could be limited to pregabalin 150 mg bidaily. In contrast, prior to the implantation, his oral medication consisted of pregabalin 75 mg up to five times a day.

Conclusion: These case reports show that stimulation of the gasserian ganglion is a successful, minimally invasive, and non‐destructive treatment in refractory trigeminal neuropathy and should be considered earlier in the treatment algorithm of trigeminal neuropathy.
Shunt complications and revisions in children: A retrospective single institution study
Authors: Mansoor Nadia , Solheim Ole , Fredriksli Oddrun A. , Gulati Sasha
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Shunt surgery in children is associated with high revision and complication rates. We investigated revision rates and postoperative complications to specify current challenges associated with pediatric shunt surgery.

Methods

All patients aged < 18 years admitted to St. Olavs University Hospital, Norway, from January 2008 through December 2017, who underwent primary shunt insertions, were reviewed. Follow‐up ranged from 1 to 10 years. Ventriculoperitoneal, cystoperitoneal, and ventriculoatrial shunts were included. All subsequent shunt revisions and 30‐day postoperative complication rates were registered.

Results

81 patients underwent 206 surgeries in the study period. 47 patients (58%) required minimum one revision during follow‐up. In 14 (29.8%), the first revision was due to the misplacement of hardware. Proximal occlusion was the most common cause of revision (30.4%), followed by misplacement (18.5%) and infection (9.6%). Young age and MMC were associated with revision surgery in a univariable analysis, but were not significant in multivariable analyses. Congenital hydrocephalus was associated with infection (p = .028). In approximately 30% of procedures, complications occurred within 30 days postoperatively, the most common being revision surgery. In approximately 5% of the procedures, medical complications occurred.

Conclusion

Children are prone to high revision and complication rates, and in this study, misplacement of hardware and proximal occlusion were the most common. Complication rates should not be limited to revision rates only, as 30‐day complication rates indicate a significant rate of other complications as well. Multi‐targeted approaches, perhaps focusing on measures to reduce misplacement, may be key to reducing revision rates.
Correlational study between online friendship network and internet game disorder among university students
Authors: Son Sung‐Min , Oh Jin‐Seok , Jeon Byoung‐Jin
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information about the analysis of the correlation between online friendship network and internet game disorder among university students.

Methods

Study subjects were 77 university students. For analysis of online friendship among them, social network analysis was performed and the analysis of degree, closeness, and betweenness centrality was measured. Assessment of internet game disorder was done using the Korean version of Internet Gaming Disorder Scale.

Results

As per the results, the positive correlation showed between in‐closeness centrality and internet gaming disorder (IGD) and the negative correlation showed between out‐closeness centrality and internet gaming disorder.

Conclusions

Online friendship is considered to contribute to the changes of internet game disorder level. Thus, in the relationship between online friendship and internet game disorder, closeness centrality should be considered, and causal relation analysis should be performed in further studies.
From circular business models to circular business ecosystems
Authors: Kanda Wisdom , Geissdoerfer Martin , Hjelm Olof
Published: October 2021

The circular economy aims to minimize resource inputs and waste and emission outputs of the economy and its organizational subsystems. This can benefit both financial and sustainability performance of companies. To analyze industrial implementation of the concept, the prevalent unit of analysis on the firm level is currently the circular business model. Our investigation of nine Swedish biogas companies and one branch organization indicates a range of conceptual shortcomings that challenges this approach. Our comparative case analysis points towards circular ecosystems being a more appropriate concept to describe the high level of coordination between different stakeholders necessary to implement circular systems. This increases the suitability to analyze, plan, and communicate circular economy systems on an organizational level, especially if value chain integration is low. An ecosystem perspective can thus support innovation and entrepreneurship in the context of the circular economy.
Efficacy and safety of a novel anti‐HER2 therapeutic antibody RC48 in patients with HER2‐overexpressing, locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: a single‐arm phase II study
Authors: Peng Zhi , Liu Tianshu , Wei Jia , Wang Airong , He Yifu , Yang Liuzhong , Zhang Xizhi , Fan Nanfeng , Luo Suxia , Li Zhen , Gu Kangsheng , Lu Jianwei , Xu Jianming , Fan Qingxia , Xu Ruihua , Zhang Liangming , Li Enxiao , Sun Yuping , Yu Guohua , Bai Chunmei , Liu Yong , Zeng Jiangzheng , Ying Jieer , Liang Xinjun , Xu Nong , Gao Chao , Shu Yongqian , Ma Dong , Dai Guanghai , Li Shengmian , Deng Ting , Cui Yuehong , Fang Jianmin , Ba Yi , Shen Lin
Published: October 2021

Background

Current treatment options for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐overexpressing gastric cancer at third‐line have shown limited clinical benefit. Further, there is no specific treatment for HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) 2+ and fluorescence in‐situ hybridization‐negative patients. Here, we report the efficacy and safety of a novel anti‐HER2 antibody RC48 for patients with HER2‐overexpressing, advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer.

Methods

Patients with HER2‐overexpressing (IHC 2+ or 3+), locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer who were under at least second‐line therapy were eligible and received RC48 2.5 mg/kg alone every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR) assessed by an independent review committee. Secondary endpoints included progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), duration of response, time to progression, disease control rate, and safety.

Results

Of 179 patients screened, 125 were eligible and received RC48 treatment. The ORR was 24.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17.5%‐33.3%). The median PFS and OS were 4.1 months (95% CI: 3.7‐4.9 months) and 7.9 months (95% CI: 6.7‐9.9 months), respectively. The most frequently reported adverse events were decreased white blood cell count (53.6%), asthenia (53.6%), hair loss (53.6%), decreased neutrophil count (52.0%), anemia (49.6%), and increased aspartate aminotransferase level (43.2%). Serious adverse events (SAEs) occurred in 45 (36.0%) patients, and RC48‐related SAEs were mainly decreased neutrophil count (3.2%). Seven patients had adverse events that led to death were not RC48‐related.

Conclusions

RC48 showed promising activity with manageable safety, suggesting potential application in patients with HER2‐overexpressing, advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer who have previously received at least two lines of chemotherapy.
Effectiveness and safety of pyrotinib‐based therapy in patients with HER2‐positive metastatic breast cancer: A real‐world retrospective study
Authors: Li Chao , Bian Xiaoli , Liu Zhaoyun , Wang Xinzhao , Song Xiang , Zhao Wei , Liu Yansong , Yu Zhiyong
Published: October 2021

The previous studies had demonstrated the promising effectiveness and acceptable safety of pyrotinib in patients with HER2‐positive metastatic breast cancer. We aimed to investigate the real‐world data of pyrotinib in complex clinical practice and complement the findings of clinical trials. Two hundred and eighteen patients were included for effectiveness analysis. A total of 62.0% had received two or more lines of systematic therapy, and 95.4% had been exposed to prior anti‐HER2 therapy, with 95.4% receiving trastuzumab, 5.0% receiving pertuzumab, and 40.8% receiving lapatinib. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 9.3 months and the objective response rate (ORR) was 44.0%. Patients treated with pyrotinib‐based therapy as first, second, or later line had a median PFS of 15.0, 10.3, and 6.8 months, respectively. Patients treated with pyrotinib and trastuzumab received significant benefit in terms of median PFS compared with pyrotinib alone (10.7 (9.1–12.3) vs. 8.8 (8.1–9.5), p = 0.016). Patients pretreated with lapatinib had a median PFS of 6.9 months. The median PFS time was 7.0 months in patients with brain metastasis. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that lines of pyrotinib‐based therapy (1 vs. 2 vs. ≥3), prior treatment with lapatinib, and combination treatments with trastuzumab proved to be independent predictors of PFS. Two hundred and forty‐eight patients were included in the safety analysis, and the results showed that the toxicity of pyrotinib was tolerable, with the most common grade 3/4 adverse event being diarrhea (19.8%). Pyrotinib‐based therapy demonstrated promising efficacy and tolerable toxicity in first‐, second‐, and later‐line treatments and in lapatinib‐treated patients. The combination of pyrotinib and trastuzumab showed advantages in PFS, even for patients resisting trastuzumab. Pyrotinib‐based therapy could be the preferred choice for brain metastasis patients, especially when combined with brain radiotherapy.
Potential utility of longitudinal somatic mutation and methylation profiling for predicting molecular residual disease in postoperative non‐small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Li Hang , Ma Ze‐Lin , Li Bin , Pan Yun‐jian , Xiang Jia‐Qing , Zhang Ya‐Wei , Sun Yi‐Hua , Hou Ting , Lizaso Analyn , Chen Yan , Li Xi , Hu Hong
Published: October 2021

Growing efforts are being invested in investigating various molecular approaches to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) and predict disease recurrence. In our study, we investigated the utility of parallel longitudinal analysis of mutation and DNA methylation profiles for predicting MRD in postoperative non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Tumor tissues and longitudinal blood samples were obtained from 65 patients with resected stage IA‐IIIB NSCLC. Somatic mutation and DNA methylation profiling were performed using ultra‐deep targeted sequencing and targeted bisulfite sequencing, respectively. Dynamic changes in plasma‐based mutation and tumor‐informed methylation profiles, reflected as MRD score, were observed from before surgery (baseline) to postoperative follow‐up, reflecting the decrease in tumor burden of the patients with resected NSCLC. Mutations were detected from plasma samples in 63% of the patients at baseline, which significantly reduced to 23‐25% during post‐operative follow‐ups. MRD score positive rate was 95.7% at baseline, which reduced to 74% at the first and 70% at the second follow‐up. Among the 5 relapsed patients with parallel longitudinal analysis of mutation and methylation profile, elevated MRD score was observed at follow‐up between 0.5‐7 months prior to radiologic recurrence for all 5 patients. Of them, 4 patients also had concomitant increase in allelic fraction of mutations in at least 1 follow‐up time point, but one patient had no mutation detected throughout all follow‐ups. Our results demonstrate that longitudinal profiling of mutation and DNA methylation may have potential for detecting MRD and predicting recurrence in postoperative NSCLC patients.
New Insights into the Chemical Composition, Pro‐Inflammatory Cytokine Inhibition Profile of Davana (Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC.) Essential Oil and cis‐Davanone in Primary Macrophage Cells
Authors: Singh Swati , Bhatt Divya , Singh Munmun Kumar , Sundaresan Velusamy , Tandon Sudeep , Padalia Rajendra Chandra , Bawankule Dnyaneshwar Umrao , Verma Ram Swaroop
Published: October 2021

Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC., popularly known as davana, has gained considerable attention because of its unique fragrance, high economic value, and pharmacological properties. The compositional complexity of davana essential oil (DO) has been a challenge for quality control. In this study, the chemical profile of DO was developed using polarity‐based fractionation and a combination of gas chromatographic (GC‐FID), hyphenated chromatographic (GC/MS), and spectroscopic (Fourier‐Transform Infra‐Red, 1D, 2D‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) techniques. The analysis led to the identification of ninety‐nine compounds. Major components of the DO were cis‐davanone (D3, 53.0 %), bicyclogermacrene (6.9 %), trans‐ethyl cinnamate (4.9 %), davana ether isomer (3.4 %), spathulenol (2.8 %), cis‐hydroxy davanone (2.4 %), and trans‐davanone (2.1 %). The study led to identifying several co‐eluting novel minor components, which could help determine the authenticity of DO. The rigorous column‐chromatography led to the isolation of five compounds. Among these, bicyclogermacrene, trans‐ethyl cinnamate, and spathulenol were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods for the first time from DO. Pharmacological profile revealed that the treatment of DO and D3 inhibited the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in primary macrophages without any cytotoxic effect after administration of their effective concentrations. The result of this study indicates the suitability of DO and D3 for further investigation for the treatment of chronic skin inflammatory conditions.
Melatonin: A smart molecule in the DNA repair system
Authors: Mir Seyed Mostafa , Aliarab Azadeh , Goodarzi Golnaz , Shirzad Moein , Jafari Seyyed Mehdi , Qujeq Durdi , Samavarchi Tehrani Sadra , Asadi Jahanbakhsh
Published: October 2021

DNA repair is an important pathway for the protection of DNA molecules from destruction. DNA damage can be produced by oxidative reactive nitrogen or oxygen species, irritation, alkylating agents, depurination and depyrimidination; in this regard, DNA repair pathways can neutralize the negative effects of these factors. Melatonin is a hormone secreted from the pineal gland with an antioxidant effect by binding to oxidative factors. In addition, the effect of melatonin on DNA repair pathways has been proven by the literature. DNA repair is carried out by several mechanisms, of which homologous recombination repair (HRR) and non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ) are of great importance. Because of the importance of DNA repair in DNA integrity and the anticancer effect of this pathway, we presented the effect of melatonin on DNA repair factors regarding previous studies conducted in this area.
Esthetic outcome for implant therapy of a maxillary lateral incisor using prefabricated titanium and customized zirconia abutments: 4‐year clinical reports
Authors: Guzman‐Perez Gerardo , Jurado Carlos Alberto , Rincon‐Reyna Carla Araciel , Alresayes Saad , Torrealba Ysidora , Alshabib Abdulrahman , Fu Chin‐Chuan , Tsujimoto Akimasa
Published: October 2021

The reported clinical scenarios presented two patients, one managed with a prefabricated abutment and the other with a customized abutment, and both patients were pleased with the outcome. However, from a professional viewpoint, the esthetic outcome using the custom zirconia abutment was superior to that using the prefabricated titanium abutment.
Asymmetric Photocatalysis Enabled by Chiral Organocatalysts
Authors: Yao Wang , Bazan‐Bergamino Emmanuel A. , Ngai Ming‐Yu
Published: October 2021

Visible‐light photocatalysis has advanced as a versatile tool in organic synthesis. However, attaining precise stereocontrol in photocatalytic reactions has been a longstanding challenge due to undesired photochemical background reactions and the involvement of highly reactive radicals or radical ion intermediates generated under photocatalytic conditions. To address this problem and expand the synthetic utility of photocatalytic reactions, a number of innovative strategies, including mono‐ and dual‐catalytic approaches, have recently emerged. Of these, exploiting chiral organocatalysis, such as enamine catalysis, iminium‐ion catalysis, Brønsted acid/base catalysis, and N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysis, to induce chirality transfer of photocatalytic reactions has been widely explored. This Review aims to provide a current, comprehensive overview of asymmetric photocatalytic reactions enabled by chiral organocatalysts published through June 2021. The substrate scope, advantages, limitations, and proposed reaction mechanisms of each reaction are discussed. This review should serve as a reference for the development of visible‐light‐induced asymmetric photocatalysis and promote the improvement of the chemical reactivity and stereoselectivity of these reactions.
Wood‐Derived Monolithic Ultrathick Porous Carbon Electrodes Filled with Reduced Graphene Oxide for High‐Performance Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Areal Capacitances
Authors: Wu Jing , Dai Qian , Li Xiaofeng , Li Wei , Hao Shu‐Meng , Zeng Mei‐Jiao , Yu Zhong‐Zhen
Published: October 2021

A monolithic ultrathick and dense carbon electrode with high specific surface area and high hydrophilicity is fabricated for high‐performance supercapacitors with ultrahigh areal capacitance by infiltration of graphene oxide inside the aligned pores of the wood followed by lyophilization, carbonization, thermal reduction at 800 °C, and activation with KOH. The porous and vertical microchannels in the wood‐derived carbon facilitate the transport of ions and electrons, while the presence of reduced graphene oxide provides the electrode with high specific surface area, high electrochemical stability, and compactness. Benefiting from the efficient pores resulted from the KOH activation, the monolithic electrode exhibits a high specific surface area of 1049.9 m2 g−1 with an enhanced permeability, and remains its primary structure as a freestanding electrode without the use of conductive additives or binders. Consequently, the directly sliced pellet electrode with a thickness of 2.2 mm delivers a high areal capacitance of 26.6 F cm−2 at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 in 6 M KOH electrolyte. The resultant symmetrical supercapacitor with a KOH gel electrolyte reaches an energy density of 0.91 mWh cm−2 and a maximum power density of 11.90 W cm−2.
Operando Local pH Mapping of Electrochemical and Bioelectrochemical Reactions Occurring at an Electrode Surface: Effect of the Buffer Concentration
Authors: Bollella Paolo , Melman Artem , Katz Evgeny
Published: October 2021

In this study, we aim at demonstrating the possibility for operando quantification of the thickness of the boundary layer where pH changes are occurring upon electrochemical reactions accompanied with the production or consumption of H+ cations. Confocal fluorescent microscopy (CFM) is combined with two different pH sensitive fluorescent dyes, namely 3,4′‐dihydroxy‐3′,5′‐bis‐(dimethylaminomethyl)flavone (FAM345) and rhodamine‐6‐aniline (R6H). This is the first attempt to quantify the effect of the buffer concentration (quantification of layer thickness) on local pH changes produced by ascorbic oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction directly occurring at non‐modified graphite electrodes. In addition, the effect of buffer concentration was studied also with respect to local pH variations produced by bioelectrochemical reactions.
Probing Individual Cuprous Oxide Microcrystals towards Carbon Dioxide Reduction by using In Situ Raman‐coupled Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Steimecke Matthias , Araújo‐Cordero Ana María , Dieterich Emil , Bron Michael
Published: October 2021

In this work, the simultaneous investigation of a single cuprous oxide microcrystal towards CO2 electroreduction (CRR, CO2 reduction reaction) by using Raman microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is shown. Cu2O microcrystals were electrochemically crystallized on an indium‐doped tin oxide‐substrate (ITO). Structural changes of the Cu2O microcrystal are observed in situ by Raman microcopy, which indicates their fast conversion into elemental Cu at low overpotentials. Simultaneously, detection of products of the CO2 reduction is carried out electrochemically using the sample‐generation tip‐collection mode (SG/TC) of SECM and formate ions are the main product of CRR, as detected by a 10 μm Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME). Thus, with our approach, the very beginning of the CRR (onset potential), potential‐dependent product formation as well as structural changes in the catalyst can be precisely investigated.
Assessing Silver Palladium Alloys for Electrochemical CO2Reduction in Membrane Electrode Assemblies
Authors: Chandrashekar Sanjana , Geerlings Hans , Smith Wilson A.
Published: October 2021

The field of electrochemical CO2reduction has been transitioning to industrially relevant scales by changing the architecture of the electrochemical cells and moving away from the traditional aqueous H‐cells to membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). The reaction environments in MEAs vary drastically from that of aqueous H‐cells, which could result in significantly different catalytic activity. In this paper, we test AgPd alloys, one of the most promising CO producing catalysts reported, at industrially relevant scales (50 to 200 mA/cm2) in a MEA configuration. We report that, with increasing Pd composition in the electrode, the CO selectivity reduces from 99 % for pure Ag to 73 % for pure Pd at 50 mA/cm2. The MEA configuration helps attain a high CO partial current density of 123 mA/cm2. We find that catalytic activity reported in aqueous H‐Cells does not translate at higher current densities and that cell architecture must play an important role in benchmarking catalytic activity.
Glasfassaden: Neue Herausforderungen und Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten im 21. Jahrhundert
Authors: Blandini Lucio
Published: October 2021

Der anhaltende Wunsch vieler Architekten und Bauherren nach mehr Transparenz ebenso wie viele andere Anforderungen an Effizienz, Nutzerkomfort, Nachhaltigkeit etc. stellen die Fassadenplaner vor immer neue Herausforderungen. Bei Entwurf und Planung muss eine Vielzahl an Parametern berücksichtigt werden. Anhand von vier ausgewählten Projekten wird im vorliegenden Aufsatz aufgezeigt, wie dies am besten gelingt. Trotz ausgeklügelter konstruktiver Lösungen und der Verwendung von innovativen digitalen Werkzeugen stellt sich dabei aber auch die Frage, ob eine moderne Fassade nicht anpassungsfähiger sein sollte, um eine stärkere Interaktion zwischen Menschen und Hüllen zu ermöglichen. Dadurch könnte in Zukunft material‐ und ressourceneffizienter gebaut werden, ohne auf Komfort verzichten zu müssen. Zwei ausgewählte Forschungsprojekte, die ebenfalls im Nachfolgenden skizziert werden, zeigen auf, wie sich der Fassadenbau durch mehr Adaptivität in den kommenden Jahrzehnten weiter entwickeln könnte.

Glass facades: challenges and potentials in the 21st century. Several performance requirements challenge facade designers nowadays, among others the continuing search for more transparency: this and several parameters have to be considered in the design process, as shown in four selected recent projects. Despite sophisticated engineering work and the use of innovative digital tools, it has to be questioned if modern facades are as yet adaptive enough: a stronger interaction with the user should be the objective. This way it could be possible in the future to build with fewer resources, but without reducing standard comfort levels. Two selected research projects exemplify this approach, thus showing how the facade sector may evolve in the coming decades.
Herstellung individueller Strukturen aus silikatischen Werkstoffen mittels Wire‐Laser Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Fröhlich Fabian , Hildebrand Jörg , Bergmann Jean Pierre
Published: October 2021

Die vorliegende Studie zeigt Grundzüge eines Verfahrens, welches Potentiale zum Ausgleich der Defizite bisheriger additiver Verfahren bezüglich Maßhaltigkeit, Homogenität und Transparenz der Struktur aufweist. Silikatische Gläser werden durch eine CO2‐Laserquelle aufgeschmolzen. Ein Dreiachssystem defokussiert den Laserstrahl, um die Intensitäten zum Aufschmelzen unterschiedlicher silikatischer Gläser einzustellen und die Bewegung von Druckstufe und Substrat zu realisieren. Die flexible Zuführung des Zusatzwerkstoffes ermöglicht die kontinuierliche Anpassung des Aufbauprozesses und die Möglichkeit der Geometrieänderung. Erste Versuche verdeutlichen, dass dieser Prozess eine Alternative zu den bisher angewendeten Verfahren darstellt.

Production of individual structures from silicate materials using Wire‐Laser Additive Manufacturing. This study shows the main features of a method, which has the potential to compensate for the deficits of previous additive methods in terms of dimensional accuracy, homogeneity and transparency of the structure. Silicate glasses are melted by a CO2‐laser source. A three‐axis system defocuses the laser beam to adjust the intensities for melting different silicate glasses and to realize the movement of pressure stage and substrate. The flexible feeding of the filler material allows the continuous adaptation of the build‐up process and the possibility of changing the geometry. Initial tests have shown that this process is an alternative to the methods previously used.
Verwendbarkeit von Verbundfolien auf Basis von Ethylen‐Vinylacetat‐Copolymeren (EVA) für die Produktion von Verbundgläsern mittels moderner Laminationstechnologien
Authors: Bornemann Steffen , Thavayogarajah Nishanth , Riedel Kristin , Weiß Jasmin
Published: October 2021

Verbundsicherheitsgläser in ihren vielfältigen Ausführungsformen stellen grundlegende Komponenten für die moderne Architektur dar. Zur Fertigung von Verbundsicherheitsglas werden Glasscheiben mittels Verbundfolien zusammengefügt, dabei werden verschiedene Laminationstechnologien genutzt. Das Autoklavenverfahren wird üblicherweise für große Formate und Mengen verwendet, hingegen werden Vakuumprozesse immer populärer für die Herstellung maßgeschneiderter Verbundglasformate. Die verschiedenen Technologien haben ihre speziellen Anforderungen, auch an die verwendeten Materialien, zu denen die Verbundfolien gehören. In diesem Beitrag werden jüngste Entwicklungen der Folienwerk Wolfen GmbH und ihrer Entwicklungspartner vorgestellt. Vorrangig geht es um die Vorstellung ausgewählter Ergebnisse zur Eignung von Verbundfolien auf Basis von Ethylen‐Vinylacetat‐Copolymeren (EVA) für die Produktion von Verbundsicherheitsgläsern mittels moderner Laminationstechnologien.

Usability of ethylene‐vinyl‐acetate copolymer (EVA) based laminating films for the production of laminated glasses using modern lamination technologies. Laminated safety glass is considered as one of the fundamental components in modern architecture. For the production of laminated safety glass, glass panes are joined together by means of a polymeric interlayer film, using various lamination technologies. The autoclave process is the most widely used technology for the mass production in glass lamination, however vacuum processes are becoming increasingly popular for the production of tailor‐made glass laminates. Each lamination process has its individual advantages and special requirements. It is well evident that each polymeric interlayer film stands out for their individuality, while considering the suitability for different lamination technologies. New approaches from recent developments of Folienwerk Wolfen GmbH and its scientific partners will be discussed, especially for laminating films based on ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). The primary objective is to address the current status of the versatility of EVA laminating films for the production of laminated safety glasses using modern lamination technologies.
Gender differences in COVID‐19‐related stress and relationships with life satisfaction among financial advisors
Authors: Tharp Derek T. , Parks‐Stamm Elizabeth J. , Kitces Michael , Lurtz Meghaan
Published: October 2021

This study examines gender differences in COVID‐19‐related stress and the relationship between COVID‐19‐related stress and life satisfaction in a large sample of financial advisors in the United States (n = 499). Compared to men, women reported greater increases in work‐related stress since the onset of COVID‐19, higher levels of stress from managing family responsibilities, and more stress from witnessing the impact of COVID‐19 on their clients (i.e., empathetic stress). Using an integrative model of top‐down and bottom‐up influences on life satisfaction, COVID‐19‐related stress predicted life satisfaction among women but not men. Consistent with integrative models of both bottom‐up and top‐down influences on satisfaction assessment, trait affect was found to predict life satisfaction. Implications of the unequal stress of COVID‐19 on men and women within the financial planning profession are discussed.
PROTOCOL: Interventions to increase youth employment: An evidence and gap map
Authors: Apunyo Robert , White Howard , Otike Caroline , Katairo Thomas , Puerto Sussana , Gardiner Drew , Kinengyere Alison A. , Eyers John , Saran Ashrita , Obuku Ekwaro A.
Published: October 2021

The research question guiding the production of the youth employment evidence and gap map (EGM) is stated as follows: What is the nature and extent of the evidence base of impact evaluations and systematic reviews on youth employment programmes in the world? The primary objective of is to catalogue impact evaluations and systematic reviews on youth employment interventions to enhance discoverability of evidence by decision makers, development patterners and researchers, so as to promote evidence‐based decision making in programming and delivery of youth employment initiatives. This evidence gap map is also a primary input into the implementation of Mastercard Foundation's strategy titled “Africa Works: Mastercard Foundation Strategy 2018–2030”, which points out sharing of evidence‐based knowledge and innovation with stakeholders as a key strategy to be used (Mastercard Foundation). The time frame for the development of the youth EGM will run from the last quarter of 2019 to December 2020. The five secondary objectives are: (i) To construct a framework for the classification of youth employment effectiveness studies. The objective will be achieved through the development of an intervention and outcome framework using an engaged consultative process involving the review team, Mastercard Foundation and other stakeholders. (ii) To identify available evidence, and clusters of evidence, including its quality rating. This will involve activities such as identification of studies using a standardised study search strategy, screening and coding of studies in EPPI Reviewer 4, which is a web‐based software program for production of reviews. (iii) To create a map of youth employment effectiveness studies equipped with an appealing user‐friendly web‐based search content visualisation using interactive mapping software. To achieve this object, data coded in EPPI Reviewer 4 will be exported to another software (EPPI mapper) which is designed for generating EGMs. (iv) To produce a narrative report of the youth employment EGM. This will be achieved through analysis of data in EPPI Reviewer 4 and report writing. To disseminate the EGM to users to increase awareness to support evidence‐informed decision‐making across countries. We will achieve this objective by organising dissemination workshops, participating in conferences and hosting the evidence and gap on our websites.
Effects of single versus dual antiplatelet therapy on the adverse events after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Yu Shengqin , Zhang Shuying , Yao Changli , Liu Jihong
Published: October 2021

Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) was currently recommended for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) postoperative management in clinical application. However, POPular‐TAVI trial showed DAPT increased the incidence of adverse events compared to single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT). Herein, we performed a meta‐analysis to investigate the effect of SAPT versus DAPT on the adverse events after TAVI. Eleven studies were available from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to April 1, 2021. The pooled effect size was presented as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The sensitivity analysis was used to assess the stability of analysis results, and Begg's test was applied to evaluate the publication bias. The Cochran Q test and the I2 statistic were used to evaluate the heterogeneity, and the source of heterogeneity was explored by meta‐regression. A total of 4804 patients were obtained, with 2257 in SAPT group and 2547 in DAPT group. Compared to the DAPT, SAPT was associated with the decreased risk of all‐cause bleeding (RR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.44–0.61), major bleeding (RR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.32–0.86), and minor bleeding (RR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.34–0.98). There were no significant differences in mortality and myocardial infarction events, stroke events, and acute kidney injury between the two groups. SAPT was superior to DAPT in decreasing all‐cause bleeding, major bleeding, and minor bleeding, suggesting that SAPT could be preferentially recommended for TAVI postoperative management in most patients without another indication for DAPT and oral anticoagulation.
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Mevidalen (LY3154207), a Centrally Acting Dopamine D1 Receptor–Positive Allosteric Modulator, in Patients With Parkinson Disease
Authors: Wilbraham Darren , Biglan Kevin M. , Svensson Kjell A. , Tsai Max , Pugh Melissa , Ardayfio Paul , Kielbasa William
Published: October 2021

Mevidalen (LY3154207) is a positive allosteric modulator of the dopamine D1 receptor that enhances the affinity of dopamine for the D1 receptor. The safety, tolerability, motor effects, and pharmacokinetics of mevidalen were studied in patients with Parkinson disease. Mevidalen or placebo was given once daily for 14 days to 2 cohorts of patients (cohort 1, 75 mg; cohort 2, titration from 15 to 75 mg). For both cohorts, the median time to maximum concentration for mevidalen plasma concentration was about 2 hours, the apparent steady‐state clearance was 20–25 L/h, and mevidalen plasma concentrations were similar between the 1st and 14th administration in cohort 1, indicating minimal accumulation upon repeated dosing. Mevidalen was well tolerated, and most treatment‐emergent adverse events were mild. Blood pressure and pulse rate increased when taking mevidalen, but there was considerable overlap with patients taking placebo, and vital signs normalized with repeated dosing. In the Movement Disorder Society–United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, all patients taking mevidalen showed a better motor examination sub‐score on day 6 compared to only some patients in the placebo group. These data support examining mevidalen for symptomatic treatment of patients with Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia.
Quality of service optimization in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing‐based cognitive radio systems based on shuffled frog leaping algorithm
Authors: Benmammar Badr
Published: October 2021

In this article, we propose to use shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) in order to provide the quality of service (QoS) requested by the secondary user (SU) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing‐based cognitive radio (CR) systems. The performance of the SFLA was evaluated through three transmission modes (emergency, multimedia, and low battery). SFLA provided the best possible configuration in a multicarrier context and thus proved its effectiveness to satisfy the needed QoS for the SU in CR systems. The obtained simulation results showed that SFLA offers better performance compared with genetic algorithms.
Derivation and characteristics of closed‐form solutions of the fundamental equations for online user dynamics
Authors: Ikeya Toshi , Aida Masaki
Published: October 2021

The oscillation model, based on the wave equation on networks, can describe user dynamics in online social networks. The fundamental equation of user dynamics can be introduced into the oscillation model to explicitly describe the causal relation of user dynamics yielded by certain specific network structures. Moreover, by considering the sparseness of the link structure of online social networks, a novel fundamental equation of different forms has been devised. In this article, we derive a closed‐form solution of the new fundamental equation. Also, we show that the closed‐form solution of the new fundamental equation can generate the general solution of the original wave equation and investigate the characteristics of the derived general solution.
Effects of the Moderate CYP3A4 Inhibitor Erythromycin on the Pharmacokinetics of Palbociclib: A Randomized Crossover Trial in Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Molenaar‐Kuijsten Laura , Braal C. Louwrens , Groenland Stefanie L. , de Vries Niels , Rosing Hilde , Beijnen Jos H. , Koolen Stijn L.W. , Vulink Annelie J.E. , van Dongen Marloes G.J. , Mathijssen Ron H.J. , Huitema Alwin D.R. , Steeghs Neeltje ,   the Dutch Pharmacology Oncology Group (DPOG)
Published: October 2021

Palbociclib is an oral inhibitor of cyclin‐dependent kinases 4 and 6 used in the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer, and is extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzyme 3A4 (CYP3A4). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship between palbociclib exposure and neutropenia is well known. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of palbociclib. We performed a randomized crossover trial comparing the pharmacokinetics of palbociclib monotherapy 125 mg once daily (q.d.) with palbociclib 125 mg q.d. plus oral erythromycin 500 mg three times daily for seven days. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed at steady‐state for both dosing schedules. Eleven evaluable patients have been enrolled. For palbociclib monotherapy, geometric mean area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0–24h), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and minimum plasma concentration (Cmin) were 1.46 × 103 ng•h/mL (coefficient of variation (CV) 45.0%), 80.5 ng/mL (CV 48.5%), and 48.4 ng/mL (CV 38.8%), respectively, compared with 2.09 × 103 ng•h/mL (CV 49.3%, P = 0.000977), 115 ng/mL (CV 53.7%, P = 0.00562), and 70.7 ng/mL (CV 47.5%, P = 0.000488) when palbociclib was administered concomitantly with erythromycin. Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) of AUC0–24h, Cmax, and Cmin for palbociclib plus erythromycin vs. palbociclib monotherapy were 1.43 (1.24–1.66), 1.43 (1.20–1.69), and 1.46 (1.30–1.63). Minor differences in adverse events were observed, and only one grade ≥ 3 toxicity was observed in this short period of time. To conclude, concomitant intake of palbociclib with the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor erythromycin resulted in an increase in palbociclib AUC0–24h and Cmax of both 43%. Therefore, a dose reduction of palbociclib to 75 mg q.d. is rational, when palbociclib and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors are used concomitantly.