bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs)
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

The U.S. participates in transboundary management of migratory and high seas fisheries species as a signatory to 14 major intergovernmental conventions, treaties, and regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) throughout the Atlantic and Pacific basins. The U.S. is also a participant in several other international living marine resource (LMR), conservation, and scientific organizations. The reason is that in addition to domestic fisheries resources contained within its EEZ, international, transboundary, and high seas fisheries contribute significantly to U.S. fisheries landings, revenue, and LMR-based employments. This chapter briefly describes those participatory RFMOs and related organizations, and presents some summary statistics related to the ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) criteria noted throughout the regional chapters in this book. Significant progress has been made toward greater understanding of Atlantic and Pacific ecosystems within RFMO jurisdictions, but as expected, generally, progress toward EBFM in RFMOs has been slower than in other regions within the US EEZ, with several challenges remaining unique to what are often taxa-oriented organizations. Given that advances toward EBFM have been occurring throughout several RFMOs, with specific progress of adopting ecosystem considerations occurring in various jurisdictions, particularly in the Antarctic.
Quantisation of the Electromagnetic Field and Spontaneous Photon Emission
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

We develop the method of canonical quantisation for the case of the free electromagnetic field. We choose the Coulomb gauge, which has a simpler physical interpretation. We introduce the creation and annihilation operators in this framework. The formalism is applied to the problem of spontaneous emission of radiation from an excited atomic state at first order in the perturbation expansion. This allows us to obtain a concrete physical result, namely the computation of an excited state decay rate, and, at the same time, have a first look at abstract concepts, such as gauge invariance and renormalisation.
Relativistic Wave Equations
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

We derive the most general relativistically covariant linear differential equations, having at most two derivatives, for scalar, spinor and vector fields. We introduce the corresponding Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms and present the expansion of the solutions in terms of plane waves. In each case, we study the propagation properties of the corresponding Green functions. We start with the simplest example of the Klein–Gordon equation for a real field and generalise it to that of N real, or complex fields. As a next step we derive the Weyl, Majorana and Dirac equations for spinor fields. They are first order differential equations and we show how to adapt to them the canonical formalism. We end with the Proca and Maxwell equations for massive and massless spin-one fields and, in each case, we determine the physical degrees of freedom.
Towards a Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

The Klein–Gordon and the Dirac equations are studied as candidates for a relativistic generalisation of the Schrödinger equation. We show that the first is unacceptable because it admits solutions with arbitrarily large negative energy and has no conserved current with positive definite probability density. The Dirac equation on the other hand does have a physically acceptable conserved current, but it too suffers from the presence of negative energy solutions. We show that the latter can be interpreted as describing anti-particles. In either case there is no fully consistent interpretation as a single-particle wave equation and we are led to a formalism admitting an infinite number of degrees of freedom, that is a quantum field theory. We can still use the Dirac equation at low energies when the effects of anti-particles are negligible and we study applications in atomic physics.
Gauge Interactions
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

The principle of gauge symmetry is introduced as a consequence of the invariance of the equations of motion under local transformations. We apply it to Abelian, as well as non-Abelian, internal symmetry groups. We derive in this way the Lagrangian of quantum electrodynamics and that of Yang–Mills theories. We quantise the latter using the path integral method and show the need for unphysical Faddeev–Popov ghost fields. We exhibit the geometric properties of the theory by formulating it on a discrete space-time lattice. We show that matter fields live on lattice sites and gauge fields on oriented lattice links. The Yang–Mills field strength is related to the curvature in field space.
Spontaneously Broken Symmetries
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

The phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking is a common feature of phase transitions in both classical and quantum physics. In a first part we study this phenomenon for the case of a global internal symmetry and give a simple proof of Goldstone’s theorem. We show that a massless excitation appears, corresponding to every generator of a spontaneously broken symmetry. In a second part we extend these ideas to the case of gauge symmetries and derive the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism. We show that the gauge boson associated with the spontaneously broken generator acquires a mass and the corresponding field, which would have been the Goldstone boson, decouples and disappears. Its degree of freedom is used to allow the transition from a massless to a massive vector field.
The Principles of Renormalisation
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

Loop diagrams often yield ultraviolet divergent integrals. We introduce the concept of one-particle irreducible diagrams and develop the power counting argument which makes possible the classification of quantum field theories into non-renormalisable, renormalisable and super-renormalisable. We describe some regularisation schemes with particular emphasis on dimensional regularisation. The renormalisation programme is described at one loop order for φ4 and QED. We argue, without presenting the detailed proof, that the programme can be extended to any finite order in the perturbation expansion for every renormalisable (or super-renormalisable) quantum field theory. We derive the equation of the renormalisation group and explain how it can be used in order to study the asymptotic behaviour of Green functions. This makes it possible to introduce the concept of asymptotic freedom.
A Gauge Theory for the Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

In this chapter we develop the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam theory of electromagnetic and weak interactions based on the gauge group SU(2) × U(1). We show that the apparent difference in strength between the two interactions is due to the Brout–Englert–Higgs phenomenon which results in heavy intermediate vector bosons. The model is presented first for the leptons, and then we argue that the extension to hadrons requires the introduction of a fourth quark. We show that the GIM mechanism guarantees the natural suppression of strangeness changing neutral currents. In the same spirit, the need to introduce a natural source of CP-violation leads to a six quark model with the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa mass matrix.
The Strong Interactions
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

For many years strong interactions had a well-deserved reputation for complexity. Their apparent strength rendered perturbation theory inapplicable. However, in the late 1960s a series of experiments studying the deep inelastic electron–nucleon scattering showed that at a more fundamental level, the strong interactions among the constituent quarks can be described perturbatively by an asymptotically free gauge theory. We present the theory of quantum chromodynamics, the unbroken gauge theory of the colour SU(3) group. We show how we can compute its predictions in the kinematic regions in which perturbation theory is applicable, but also in the strong coupling regime through numerical simulations on a space-time lattice.
An LFG analysis of AANN constructions
Authors: Hristov Bozhil
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the construction exemplified in the title, consisting of the singular determiner a followed by an adjective, a numeral, and a plural noun (abbreviated as AANN). Building on work by Dalrymple and King (2019), Hristov captures the syntactic structure and functional properties of this construction by assuming a standard NP analysis at constituent-structure, coupled with concord and index agreement within the NP at functional-structure. It is proposed that the numeral, which acts as a modifier, agrees with the plural concord of the head noun, while the determiner proper (the article) is exceptionally allowed to agree with the N′ string staggering ten dissertations in terms of index (singular when a single-unit reading is available). Thus, without altering the formal apparatus of LFG, this proposal has the advantage of explaining a number of previously unexplained contrasts and of being able to cover a wide range of related constructions.
Pivot and puzzling relativization in Indonesian
Authors: Arka I Wayan
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents a novel analysis of Indonesian relative clauses that makes use of the Pivot (PIV) notion as an abstract discourse-syntactic overlay function involving prominent GFs (SUBJ/OBJ) and prominent DFs (FOC-C/TOP-C). The analysis resolves certain perennial relativization issues in Indonesian. The PIV-based analysis not only offers a solution to the Indonesian relativization puzzles presented but sheds light upon the fallibilities of previous analyses of Indonesian relativization processes, which assume gapping and pronominal copy strategies to be in complementary distribution. Instead, the PIV-based analysis offers a stronger account for these facts whereby the presence of overt SUBJ in the tight yang structure with nasal AV verbs renders the relativization of OBJ unacceptable, irrespective of which relativization strategy is used. This can be thought of as a ‘hard’ grammatical constraint of SUBJ relativization in Indonesian, which requires gapping.
Christian and Literary Rhetorics of the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: December 2021

Chapter 2 considers the fortunes of stylistic teaching about emotion in late antique and early Christian literary rhetoric: Augustine’s De doctrina christiana, Macrobius’ Saturnalia, and Cassiodorus’ psalm commentary. Here the teaching can explicitly articulate an ethical dimension of style, where the teacher/speaker calls attention to his investment in the emotional charge of the text. But when that ethical value is merely assumed, not overtly stated, as in many monastic and clerical rhetorics over the following centuries, the force of the ethical defense of rhetoric diminishes. The chapter traces this “naturalization” of the ethical defense in the rhetorics of Isidore of Seville, Bede, Rupert of Deutz, and the twelfth-century cathedral master Onulf of Speyer.
De regimine principum
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: December 2021

Chapter 5 considers the most important factor in the reception of Aristotle’s Rhetoric, its translation from the speculative domain of scholastic philosophy to political philosophy and statecraft in Giles of Rome’s De regimine principum. Widely copied and translated, this treatise proved the most influential interpretation of the Rhetoric. If in his early commentary Giles had showed little understanding of Aristotle’s distinctive phenomenology of emotions, his mirror of princes, written only a few years later, registers and mobilizes that active political dimension of emotion that is so important to Aristotelian rhetoric. Aristotle’s treatise on the emotions in book 2 of the Rhetoric figures extensively in De regimine principum, as Giles frames his theory of kingship in terms of the communicative strategies essential to rhetoric, “through arguments that are obvious and felt by the senses.” In this treatise, we also see how Giles has internalized the power of enthymematic argument, understanding political discourse as a kind of affective persuasion calling upon beliefs as well as emotions.
Epilogue
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: December 2021

The reception of Aristotelian rhetoric was gradual and often partial. It did not overthrow established rhetorical theory; it did not displace the school rhetorics that foregrounded stylistic facility as the main source of emotional appeal. Indeed, we might characterize much late medieval rhetorical thought and practice as hybrid, balancing—sometimes nervously—between older systems that were learned consciously and theoretical models that were absorbed through later cultural influences. This concluding chapter considers some later medieval experiments with the rhetorical vocabulary of emotion before looking forward to the canonical expansions and more synthetic directions of early renaissance rhetoric. After a brief look at Ramon Llull’s Rethorica nova, the chapter turns to the French Eschéz d’amours and Evrart de Conty’s Eschéz amoureux moralisés, Christine de Pizan’s Livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V, the anonymous Tractatus de regimine principum ad regem Henricum sextum, and Alain Chartier’s Quadrilogue invectif. The chapter ends with a brief look at the “mixed rhetorics” of the early Renaissance, where Aristotelian rhetoric found greater traction alongside the growing corpus of Ciceronian rhetoric.
Lessons in French
Authors: Rice Alison
Published: December 2021

None of the writers in my study can call French, without hesitation and qualification, a mother tongue. Some of them didn’t start studying the language until they arrived in Paris in their twenties and grappled with learning a new form of expression at a relatively late age. When they recall their initial exposure to this foreign tongue, they describe a fascinating apprenticeship involving dictionaries and renowned works of French literature, and they often shed light on the distinction between oral and written competence in their experience. It is crucial to note that even those authors who have long been fluent in French underscore their non-native relationship to it. Chapter 3 addresses the approaches of these worldwide women writers to French and examines their inventive literary publications in this tongue. It is sensitive to the history of this language and its inextricable connection to a colonial past that many of these writers experienced or became aware of in their homeland. It also focuses on the reality that, for almost all of these authors, this is not the only tongue with which they are familiar. For multilingual individuals, selecting French as their language of literary creation is often the result of a conscious choice motivated by a particular affinity. What comes through in their reflections is most often a passion for this language and a confirmation of the freedom it affords them, as well as an affirmation of its inimitable music that makes it especially well-suited for creative compositions.
The “Francophone” Fermata
Authors: Rice Alison
Published: December 2021

Chapter 6 focuses on the widespread reluctance among worldwide women writers to accept the word “Francophone” to describe their lives and work. For many, this disinclination is due to their understanding that this term is frequently employed in order to set their work apart as separate from and implicitly inferior to writing by French authors from France. Some admit that the classification is useful in certain settings, but most are quick to deny its pertinence to the French literary scene. An examination of bookstore displays and literary prizes reveals that narrow definitions of what constitutes “French literature” and a tendency to hastily classify authors as “Francophone” can lead to forms of exclusivity with deleterious effects. A consequential number of women signed a manifesto arguing for abolishing the ambiguous application of the descriptor “Francophone” in favor of the adoption of the much broader, more encompassing phrase “world-literature in French.” Two months after the publication of this document in the French newspaper Le Monde on March 16, 2007, an accompanying collective book volume came out, featuring chapters by a relatively high percentage of authors in my study. Their signatures and essays indicate a desire among worldwide women writers of French to be respected simply as authors, free from the oft-confining specifications that restrict the way they are received and read. Their involvement in this movement also exhibits a willingness to advocate avidly for different angles of interpreting written works that transcend the limits of a label.
Improvising Improperly
Authors: Rice Alison
Published: December 2021

Chapter 8 is attentive to the innovation that women writers from around the world are introducing into their work in French. It explores how certain books depict inappropriate behavior in inventive textual turns that are transgressive but also transformative, ultimately allowing for the complex formulation of truths that are so often elided in euphemistic writings. Many of the writers who have come to France have encountered prejudice in various forms that they address in their work. They portray racial discrimination and gender bias, and they contemplate the plight of migrants in Europe at a time of political change. Theatrical metaphors frequently emerge in the work of authors who describe encounters in performative terms, emphasizing how the script their characters are assigned appears to preclude all forms of improvisation. Despite the difficulties of this vocation, many women writers describe a compulsion to compose literary works, an irresistible pressure to take up the pen that propels them to write, even when their texts meet with criticism and misunderstandings. The role of generic categorizations often predetermines textual interpretations in ways that mirror the confining societal categorizations these authors represent in their writing. The fictional space of literary creations nonetheless allows for the creative staging of unacceptable actions in which characters from elsewhere who have experienced trauma effectively act out, demonstrating the pent-up frustration and releasing the tension that has accumulated in a setting where they are often not afforded the opportunity to express themselves verbally.
Legal Status of Gymnasia
Authors: Paganini Mario C. D.
Published: December 2021

This chapter focuses on the legal status and the financing of the gymnasia of Egypt. In the Greek poleis of Egypt, the gymnasium may have at first been run privately but subsequently controlled by civic magistrates; in the villages, the gymnasium always remained a private institution, organized and financed directly by their members, although it was more and more strongly embedded in the public life of its communities. A possible Macedonian model is suggested, on the basis of the evidence of the so-called gymnasiarchic law of Beroea and the later ephebarchic law from Amphipolis. The chapter also provides comparison with gymnasia in some selected areas of the Ptolemaic Empire (Cyrene, Thera, and Cyprus) and in the lands of the Seleucid Kingdom, in order to show how different legal traditions and statuses coexisted in the gymnasia of the Hellenistic world.
The integration of language and society
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y. , Dixon R. M. W. , Jarkey Nerida
Published: December 2021

Language and society are closely integrated and mutually supportive (rather than one being dependant on the other). An unusual (non-universal) facet of a language can relate to a specific trait of social organisation, or life-style, etc., evidenced among the society of language users. On the basis of detailed individual studies, we put forward inductive generalisations concerning recurrent correlations underlying the congruence, or mutual integration, of language and society, and outline dependencies between the established correlations. We identify the following linguistic parameters demonstrably sensitive to societal traits: reference classification: the composition and use of genders and classifiers, types of possession, directing and addressing, information source, transmission of information, interaction patterns, and special speech styles. The focal clusters of the following non-linguistic traits can be shown to be integrated with these linguistic features: A. Relations within a community, social hierarchies, and kinship categorisation; B. Social constraints (taboo and avoidance); C. Principles of interaction and attitudes to information and its sources; D. Beliefs, religion, spirits, and dreams; E. Means of subsistence and physical environment; and F. Language awareness, language engineering, and sensitivity to societal changes. Grammatical categories which show a degree of integration with the society constitute integration points. These may change if social conditions change. A combination of synchronic and diachronic approaches to the integration of language and society brings us a step further towards answering the crucial question: why language are the way they are.
The grammatical expression of social relations in Japanese
Authors: Jarkey Nerida
Published: December 2021

Changes in the functions of Japanese honorifics have accompanied changes in Japanese society over the course of a millennium, revealing strong evidence of mutual influence. The system began as a way of indexing respect for social superiors and humility of inferiors, allowing interactants to acknowledge allotted positions within a complex, hierarchical social system—the Japanese imperial court. This focus on the role of honorifics in reinforcing established, metaphorically vertical social relations is strongly maintained in the language ideologies of contemporary Japan. However, political and societal changes in pre-modern and early modern Japan and subsequent developments during the country’s rapid modernization were associated with the development of the honorific system into one that has far broader functions related to indexing other dimensions of social distance. While expressing vertical distance remains one important function of honorifics in Standard Japanese today, their use in marking closeness to ingroup and distance from outgroup has become even more important. The metaphorical expression of horizontal relations between speaker and addressee is the third major way in which honorifics index distance in contemporary Japan. Associated with this change in function has been a clear process of grammaticalization through which lexical honorifics expressing subjective judgements concerning the speaker’s relationship to referents develop over time into grammatical honorifics expressing intersubjective meanings, unrelated to propositional content but relevant only to the relationship between speaker and addressee.
Identifying who is who in Brokpa
Authors: Wangdi Pema
Published: December 2021

The grammatical features of a language reflect the attitudes and societal practices, both past and present, of its speakers. This chapter examines some select linguistic categories in order to understand how the Brokpa language and its society are closely correlated. The linguistic categories include the comparative construction, honorific systems and social deixis, and topographic deixis. Brokpa has a well-developed honorific systems. For example, the verbs of speaking and giving have three different forms for the same meaning, two honorific and one ordinary. One honorific form is to describe the action of speaking/giving from a higher to a lower (downward) speech-act-participant, the other honorific form from a lower to a higher level (upward), and the ordinary form to be used with the equals (horizontal). Most nouns and verbs have at least two forms, honorific and ordinary. These kinds of bipartite and tripartite systems are for the purposes of according deference to people who are 'elders' not only in terms of age, but also in terms of responsibility, experience, knowledge, contribution, and suchlike, in the society. Topographic deixis and demonstratives make a two-way or a three-way distinction which have striking parallels with the social deixis.
The ways of speaking and the means of knowing
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: December 2021

Tariana is an Arawak language spoken by about a hundred people in the Vaupés River Basin linguistic area in Brazil. A number of grammatical features reflect specific traits of the ways the people live. Manipulating genders correlates with the status of women: a respected and knowledgeable woman can be referred to with nonfeminine gender, as if 'promoted' to manhood. Classifiers occur in multiple environments, including number words, demonstratives, adjectives, and possessive constructions. Classifiers with specific semantics reflect riverine environment, taxonomic categorization of plants, and means of subsistence. Five evidentials obligatorily mark information source. Their use correlates with the requirement to be precise in stating how one knows things, and in the types of access to information. Nonvisual evidentials are used in talking about the feelings, physical states and uncontrolled actions of oneself and one’s core family members. Speakers are aware of the meanings and the uses of evidential, and are prepared to discuss and explain them. Evidentials are sensitive to technological changes, as they adjust to new ways of acquiring information. Evidentials and classifiers are shared across the multilingual area of the Vaupés River Basin. Contact between speakers of adjacent languages appear to have shaped the speakers’ interaction patterns and the associated language features. In contrast, gender manipulation is being lost by younger speakers, as the status of women undergoes transformations.
The Iraqw society reflected in their language
Authors: Mous Maarten
Published: December 2021

A close inspection of the anthropological literature on Iraqw (Cushitic, Tanzania) reveals that central properties in their culture include the relative importance of social relations and hence community over kinship relations, the relevance of relative rather than absolute time, the centrality of space in culture and the importance of ritual cleansiness. The paper investigates to what extend the Iraqw language reflects this. Language being a social construct is expected to reflect social structure over time, both in lexicon and in grammar. Indeed the Iraqw language reflects their social structure in a number of way. Their verbal art emphasizes the need for peace in the community and is strongly communal in performance. This is evident, for example, in the rituals for lifting a curse. The centrality of community is reflected in various part of the lexicon. expression for pride being one of them, or the factor of companionship in possession. It is also grammaticalised in an extension of the function of the impersonal subject pronoun to express actions done together. Iraqw mythology and tales never attempt to indicate a point on time and only report chronology of event. This conceptualisation of time is reflected in the absence of lexical elements for absolute time and the abstract notion time. Furthermore the language forces specification of gender in any direct address: the second person pronoun is gender specified, kinship terms used for address are all gender specified as is the interjection for attention. Iraqw shows signs for a disappearing in-law respect register.
Waiting
Authors: Storch Anne
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores the dialectics of walking and resting, and of mobility and waiting, with regards to creativity in language. It thereby focuses on the interruption and unintended break as an opportunity for interactions and encounters across linguistic epistemes, boundaries and norms. Walking as a methodology and epistemic approach has been discussed in anthropology, the social sciences and literary critique, but met very little interest in linguistics. This chapter on the one hand consequently attempts to address walking as a substantial approach to the study of multilingualism and improvisation, but on the other aims at highlighting disruption and stillness as creating the very liminal space and practice through which language creativity can emerge and be realized. It touches upon various practices that are crucial: being stuck, passing time, getting lost. Points of special interests interest include the role of language in the love songs and other genres, especially in the context of the Mediterranean, disruptions associated with migrations and peoples’ movements, the context of tourism, and the linguistic effects of spirit possession.
Introduction
Authors: Elsner Jaś
Published: December 2021

The chapters gathered in this volume are the product of a conversation at the Center for Global Ancient Art in the University of Chicago. They address a theme that has had exceptional trans-cultural traction for well over half a century in art history as a discipline—with long scholarly (“secondary”) and historic (“primary”) literatures as well as deeply established visual genres in both European and Chinese landscape painting. Likewise, landscape is a key issue in all areas of archaeology—from questions about the placement of monuments to the understanding of human interventions in natural topography through such methods as field archaeology....
Inventing Wilderness
Authors: Hung Wu
Published: December 2021

Newly available archaeological evidence has once again redefined the “origin” of landscape representations in China, while also providing much richer information about their material media and pictorial context. This chapter focuses on a group of images on bronze artifacts from the fifth to fourth century BCE, which juxtapose scenes of wilderness with scenes of human civilization typified by ritual performances. These pictorial compositions evince many parallels with the Gateways through Mountains and Seas, a mythical/geographical text transmitted from ancient times. Together they propel us to contemplate why the ancient Chinese turned their mind and eye to uninhabited nature and depicted it at this particular moment. Significantly, this was also the time in Chinese history when geographical exploration was actively taking place and had become a central topic in the poetic and religious imagination.
Locating Landscape in Maya Painting
Authors: Brittenham Claudia
Published: December 2021

It is surprisingly difficult to find images of landscape in Maya painting before the year 1000 CE. Place is only lightly indicated by image, with a focus on the built environment, and even architecture is often represented in quite generic terms. This chapter attempts to describe the contours of this absence, using emic Maya conceptions of space, which emphasize not a nature/culture divide but rather a tripartite and interconnected system of city, field, and forest, all full of animate forces. At the same, other practices of naming and itinerary amply supplement the underrepresentation of landscape in images. The essay concludes by discussing the representation of landscape in the murals of Chichen Itza, which provide an exception to this millennium-long trend.
Space–Object–Landscape
Authors: Elsner Jaś
Published: December 2021

This chapter interrogates a number of normative assumptions about “landscape” as an art-historical category current in the discipline. It proceeds by means of some very diverse thought-objects significantly separated by time and space—Chinese pagoda paintings found in the Dunhuang caves that are simultaneously concrete poems, British stone circles such as Stonehenge and standing crosses including that at Bewcastle, Roman wall paintings from Pompeii—because the issues are not specifically historical or historicist but rather more broadly conceptual and span the archaeological history of art from the Neolithic to modernity, not least interrogating certain practices in contemporary earth art. The intent is to interrogate what is meant by ‘landscape’ when treated as an art-historical category.
Accepting Hypertolerance
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

This is the first of two chapters exploring the option of resolving various Tolerance Puzzles by accepting Hypertolerance, the conclusion that the objects in question could have been arbitrarily different in the respects relevant to the puzzle. This chapter discusses two influential objections to certain Hypertolerance claims, one based on the doctrine of ‘Anti-haecceitism’ (according to which an object’s qualitative profile suffices for its identity), and another based on the doctrine of ‘Overlap Essentialism’ (according to which a table originally made of certain matter could not have been originally made of entirely non-overlapping matter). We consider some arguments for Overlap Essentialism from certain ‘sufficiency of origin’ principles, and discuss some difficult cases which put pressure on Overlap Essentialism.
Alternatives and Challenges
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

After an opening section surveying some possible alternative ways of employing semantic plasticity to handle the puzzles, this chapter discusses two challenges to the view developed in chapters 11 and 12. One involves the threat of rampant error in counterfactual speech reports. The second involves certain uncomfortable consequences of applying our favoured treatment of words like ‘that’ and ‘table’ to words like ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘person’, ‘thinker’, and ‘conscious’. We show how considerations of semantic plasticity militate in the direction of a kind of “metaphysical misanthropy”, and explore its ethical ramifications.
Autonomous Knowledge
Authors: Carter J. Adam
Published: December 2021

A central conclusion developed and defended throughout the book is that epistemic autonomy is necessary for knowledge (both knowledge-that and knowledge-how) and in ways that epistemologists have not yet fully appreciated. The book is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 motivates (using a series of twists on Lehrer’s TrueTemp case) the claim that propositional knowledge requires autonomous belief. Chapters 2 and 3 flesh out this proposal in two ways, by defending a specific form of history-sensitive externalism with respect to propositional knowledge-apt autonomous belief (Chapter 2) and by showing how the idea that knowledge requires autonomous belief—understood along the externalist lines proposed—corresponds with an entirely new class of knowledge defeaters (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 extends the proposal to (both intellectualist and anti-intellectualist) knowledge-how and performance enhancement, and in a way that combines insights from virtue epistemology with research on freedom, responsibility, and manipulation. Chapter 5 concludes with a new twist on the Value of Knowledge debate, by vindicating the value of epistemically autonomous knowledge over that which falls short, including (mere) heteronomous but otherwise epistemically impeccable justified true belief.
Radical Enhancement, Knowledge, and Autonomous Belief
Authors: Carter J. Adam
Published: December 2021

Epistemic autonomy is necessary for knowledge in ways that epistemologists have not yet fully appreciated. This chapter uses a series of thought experiments featuring (radical) forms of cognitive enhancement in order to show why; in particular, and with reference to a series of tweaks on Lehrer’s ‘TrueTemp’ case, I motivate an autonomous belief condition on propositional knowledge, a condition the satisfaction of which—it will be shown—is neither entailed by, nor entails, the satisfaction of either a belief condition or, importantly, an epistemic justification condition. This transition from a ‘JTB+X’ to a ‘JTAB+X’ template marks an important and needed update to the received thinking about what knowing involves. (Of course, the question of whether knowledge is analysable is contentious; an appendix for knowledge-firsters explains the relevance of the necessity of epistemic autonomy for knowledge for knowledge-first projects).
Epistemic Autonomy and Knowledge Defeat
Authors: Carter J. Adam
Published: December 2021

Chapter 3 highlights an important epistemological implication of the view developed so far—which is that the inclusion of an autonomous belief condition on propositional knowledge implies that knowledge can be defeated in ways other than via the standard modes of rebutting and undercutting defeat. An account of two types of what I call ‘heteronomous defeat’ for propositional knowledge is developed and defended: one on which propositional knowledge is defeated when the subject acquires a belief that either indicates the target belief is epistemically heteronymous (i.e. Type 1) or calls into doubt the reliability of the subject’s belief-forming process as one that would (reliably enough) result in an epistemically autonomous belief (i.e. Type 2). Recognizing heteronomous defeat as a genuine form of knowledge defeat fits snugly with the wider idea that knowledge defeaters, as such, are indicators of ignorance.
Know-How, Performance Enhancement, and Guidance Control
Authors: Carter J. Adam
Published: December 2021

If intellectualism about knowledge-how is true (and so, if knowledge-how is a species of knowledge-that), then to the extent that we need an autonomy condition on know-how, it will be (simply) an autonomy condition on know-that: a condition on propositional knowledge-apt belief. However, the anti-intellectualist—according to whom know-how is fundamentally dispositional rather than propositional—would need an entirely different story here––one that places an autonomy-related restriction not on propositional-knowledge-apt belief but, instead, on know-how-apt dispositions. Chapter 4 develops exactly this kind of restriction, by cobbling together some ideas about know-how and virtue epistemology with recent thinking in the moral responsibility literature about freedom, responsibility, and manipulation. The proposal is that one is in a state of knowing how to do something, φ, only if one has the skill to φ successfully with guidance control, and one’s φ-ing exhibits guidance control (and furthermore, manifests know-how) only if one’s φ-ing is caused by a reasons-responsive mechanism that one owns. Unsurprisingly, the devil is in these details—and this chapter aims to spell them out in a way that rules out certain kinds of radical performance enhancing cases while not ruling out that, say, one knows how to do a maths problem when one’s performance is just mildly boosted by Adderall.
The Value of Autonomous Knowledge
Authors: Carter J. Adam
Published: December 2021

How does satisfying the epistemic autonomy condition on propositional knowledge add value to an otherwise unknown belief (including a justified, true, non-Gettiered but epistemically heteronomous belief)? This question isn’t some kind of afterthought. As work on the value of knowledge would suggest, lacking a good answer here actually counts as a mark against the adequacy of the JTAB+X template account. Several strategies are canvassed for attempting to vindicate the idea that epistemic autonomy adds value to an otherwise unknown justified, true non-Gettiered belief. Pragmatic and instrumentalist arguments are considered and shown to fail. A variation on a recent non-instrumentalist argument strategy is given special attention, but it also is shown to come up short. Finally, and by cobbling together some new twists on some ideas in value theory and action theory, I outline an answer that works. Key to the answer I defend is that knowledge makes us the knowers we are in a way that equally justified and anti-Gettiered true beliefs that lack epistemic autonomy do not and cannot.
towards a new approach of the elections-to-policy nexus
Authors: Grossman Emiliano , Guinaudeau Isabelle
Published: December 2021

This introduction briefly presents the central debates, challenges and puzzles addressed in the book. The focus is on the policy relevance of election campaigns, approached through the lens of two core requirements, i.e. differentiation in the electoral supply and mandate responsiveness. The chapter describes the climate of scepticism that prevails as to how contemporary democracies meet these principles. It points to current approaches limitations’ in conceptual and empirical terms. It then delineates the main arguments of the book’s alternative approach. Based on an agenda-setting perspective, our theoretical framework bridges studies of policy and issue competition, relying on unique empirical evidence covering five West European countries since the 1980s. Finally, the chapter provides an outline of the remaining chapters.
Snakes in a tunnel? Parties, mandates, and agendas
Authors: Grossman Emiliano , Guinaudeau Isabelle
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents a general theoretical framework to analyse party competition and its effects on policymaking. There are two perspectives: that parties still matter for policymaking despite signs of decline and that parties are driven by instrumental considerations and will do what it takes to get elected. This chapter adopts an intermediary perspective, arguing that campaign priorities not only reflect partisan preferences, but also respond to rival parties’ campaigns. This leads to an important common ground across different parties regarding their issue emphasis, i.e. the ‘tunnel’ of attention. Moving away from the heart of the tunnel is possible, but potentially costly. Post election, the victorious party will deliver on its programme priorities not least because of the pressure of junior coalition partners and the opposition. The tunnel of attention thus constrains party competition, but triggers mandate implementation.
If not party mandates, then what? The determinants of legislative agendas
Authors: Grossman Emiliano , Guinaudeau Isabelle
Published: December 2021

What determines changes in the focus of laws over time? Before turning to the impact of democratic mandates, this chapter examines alternative explanations focusing on globalization, the rise of regulatory politics and its effects on redistribution; social change and the emergence of post-materialism; friction and cognitive constraints resulting in punctuated equilibrium patterns of attention; and the hypothesis of a broadening of policy agendas leading governments to deal with a growing number of issues. Panel negative binomial regressions of data collected by the Comparative Agendas Project (CAP) on legislative priorities in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, and the UK, confirm that further explanations are needed. Among the different explanations that we explore, only globalization seems to have some impact on legislative agendas in terms of the relative weight of regulatory and redistributive policies. These first tests set the landscape and provide guidance as to potential covariates to take into account when analysing the role of parties and party competition in the subsequent chapters.
Chafing at the Bit
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

The early years of the seventeenth century saw the accession of a new ruling dynasty and the rise of elite urban sociability. Chapter 2 explores Herbert’s move to London with his mother, wife, and siblings and his struggle to assert his authority as the head of a cadet branch of the Herbert family in both public and domestic spheres. It examines his introduction to the Elizabethan court at the dangerous time of the Essex revolt, his initial success in securing advancement as Knight of the Bath at the Jacobean court with the help of Sir George More, and his fascination with chivalric notions of honour. It follows his attempts, encouraged by family and friends, and in the face of local rivalry, to establish himself as a leading county governor in Montgomeryshire and as a county MP in Wales, and his role in the pursuit of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators. It considers the friction caused by primogeniture and Herbert’s battle with his mother to reduce his financial responsibilities for his siblings. It explores his relationship with his wife; the management of their estates in Wales, England, and Ireland; and his attitude towards his infant children.
French Leave
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

Europe’s return to peace after 1604 re-established European travel as a rite of passage for the sons of the nobility and gentry. Encouraged by Henry, prince of Wales, Herbert joined other noblemen in leaving England to travel the continent; gain experience of other European courts and governments; improve their social, weapons handling, and equestrian skills; and acquire expertise in foreign languages. Chapter 3 explores Herbert’s visit to France and the educational and social activities he pursued while resident in Paris and the Île de France. It focuses on his experience of the French court, his introduction to the influential Montmorency family, his growing enthusiasm for duelling and riding the great horse, his attempts at writing satirical verse, his introduction to Isaac Casaubon and his scholarly circle, and the development of his views on monarchical rule and religious toleration. It counterpoises the courtly civility, honour, and confidence he gained in Paris to augment his performance and reputation as a courtier with the impact of his failure to persuade his wife to settle her estates on his heir or to avoid the socially and financially embarrassing remarriage of his mother to a well-connected but impecunious younger man.
My Lord, the Ambassador
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

Herbert’s embassy coincided with a particularly complex period of European diplomacy as Catholic and Protestant nations moved from negotiating to taking up arms in the Thirty Years War. Chapter 7 explores his diplomatic role, actions, and lifestyle. It considers the difficulties he encountered in serving an English monarch pursuing a pro-Spanish foreign policy unpopular with a majority of his subjects, while cultivating good relations with an inexperienced French monarch facing internal opposition from his politically ambitious mother, rebellious nobility, and a discontented Protestant minority. It looks at Herbert’s reinvigoration of his noble and princely contacts in France and other European states and his relations with princes, ministers, and fellow diplomats. It focuses upon his determination to maximize his status and dignity when representing James I in the renewal of the oath of alliance with France, his energetic but unofficial support for the elector and electress palatine when they accepted the Bohemian Crown and triggered European-wide war, and his robust defence of French Protestants. It emphasizes the quality of his diplomatic reports and the success of his diplomatic networking and intelligence gathering. It examines his controversial exchanges with Louis XIII, and the royal favourite, the duke of Luynes, when, on the direct instruction of James I, he criticized the French king’s use of military force to suppress French Protestantism in south-west France during 1620 to 1621.