bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in Natural Polymer‐Based Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems for Tumor Therapy
Authors: Han Weiqiang , Liu Fengyu , Li Yuyao , Liu Guoxin , Li Hongjuan , Xu Yongqian , Sun Shiguo
Published: April 2023

As an alternative to traditional oral and intravenous injections with limited efficacy, transdermal drug delivery (TDD) has shown great promise in tumor treatment. Over the past decade, natural polymers have been designed into various nanocarriers due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and easy availability, providing more options for TDD. In addition, surface functionalization modification of the rich functional groups of natural polymers, which in turn are developed into targeted and stimulus‐responsive functional materials, allows precise delivery of drugs to tumor sites and release of drugs in response to specific stimuli. It not only improves the treatment efficiency of tumor but also reduces the toxic and side effects to normal tissues. Therefore, the development of natural polymer‐based TDD (NPTDD) systems has great potential in tumor therapy. In this review, the mechanism of NPTDD systems such as penetration enhancers, nanoparticles, microneedles, hydrogels and nanofibers prepared from hyaluronic acid, chitosan, sodium alginate, cellulose, heparin and protein, and their applications in tumor therapy are overviewed. This review also outlines the future prospects and current challenges of NPTDD systems for local treatment tumors.
Development of Donor‐π‐Acceptor‐Type Fluorinated Tolanes as Compact Condensed Phase Luminophores and Applications in Photoluminescent Liquid‐Crystalline Molecules
Authors: Yamada Shigeyuki , Konno Tsutomu
Published: April 2023

Fluorinated tolanes, produced by introducing fluorine atoms into one of the aromatic rings of tolane, emitted almost no fluorescence in a solution state, but the fluorescence intensity increased dramatically in the crystalline state because of intermolecular H⋅⋅⋅F hydrogen bonds. The photoluminescent (PL) colors depend on the molecular orbitals, dipole moments, and molecular aggregated structures can be varied by controlling terminal substituents along the major molecular axis. The introduction of a long alkoxy or semifluoroalkoxy unit as a flexible chain into the terminal positions along the major molecular axis induced the formation of a liquid‐crystalline (LC) phase; fluorinated tolanes act both as luminophores and as mesogens, leading to the molecular design of new photoluminescent LC molecules (PLLCs). The results also indicated that a fluorinated tolane dimer, which consists of two fluorinated tolanes linked by a flexible alkylene spacer, also becomes a novel PLLC.
A Practical Method for Transient Analysis of Grounding Grids
Authors: Zhang Yongzheng
Published: April 2023

A practical method is proposed in this paper for analysis of the lightning transient in the grounding grids. The circuit parameters of the grounding electrodes are evaluated by a set of analytic formulas, in which the soil ionization effect is taken into account. By means of the circuit parameters, the grounding electrode segments are represented by the π‐type circuits and a circuit model is built for the grounding grids. The lightning transient responses in the grounding grids can be calculated from the circuit model. The calculated results are compared with the measured ones to check the validity of the circuit model. In view of the actual distribution randomness, the lightning current amplitude is taken as a random variable and a statistical algorithm is further presented for statistical analysis of the lightning transient in the grounding grids. In the algorithm, the accumulative probability function is introduced to describe the random distribution of the lightning current amplitude. The lightning transient responses calculated in a large interval of the lightning current amplitude are weighted by the corresponding probability density. Then, the statistical values of the lightning transient responses can be obtained from the weighted sum. A numerical example is also given to discuss the difference between the statistical values and the nonstatistical ones calculated by the conventional method. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Constructivism on an award‐bearing in‐service English language teacher education programme in Oman
Authors: Wyatt Mark
Published: April 2023

While constructivism is generally valued in second language teacher education (SLTE) as it is thought to lead to deeper learning opportunities than an approach based on transmission, there are relatively few analyses of award‐bearing in‐service SLTE courses examining where they lie on the transmissive–constructivist continuum. Such an analysis is conducted here, of a BA TESOL Programme for in‐service English language teachers in Oman. Under consideration is the extent to which criteria for constructivism, such as learner‐centred instruction, context‐appropriate materials, authentic assessment opportunities, opportunities for reflection, action research, and collaborative learning were features of the course. Findings highlight that the programme was more constructivist than transmissive, and became increasingly constructivist over time. Guiding principles that may be of interest to SLTE programme designers elsewhere seeking to embed constructivism in their courses are presented.
Thermal management system in electric vehicle batteries for environmental sustainability
Authors: Chidambaranathan Bibin , Rajendran Ashok Kumar , Vijaya Kumar Arun , Velayutham Bharath Kumar , Rajendran Arun Kumar , Mohan Akash , Subbaiyan Naveen , Sundaram Madhu
Published: April 2023

Due to the extreme sensitivity of temperature in Li‐ion batteries, thermal management is a significant issue that must be addressed. Since the battery in electric vehicles produces an enormous amount of heat, it reduces its efficiency and its performance. Currently, there is a need for electric vehicles (EVs) because conventional IC engines produce an enormous amount of pollution which affects the environment, so an electric vehicle produces a very small amount of pollution. It is now being recommended and used by many people. But the electric vehicle faces some major problems due to overheating in their battery module. Nowadays, battery temperature is regulated by a system called battery thermal management system (BTMS). Modern EVs use active and passive cooling systems. Thermal management tries to improve battery architecture for greater autonomy or quick charging. To meet future difficulties in thermal management, such as air or liquid cooling, are needed. As a result of the battery's overheating, the vehicle's performance, power, energy storage, charging, and discharging are all negatively impacted; hence, a reliable thermal management system for the battery is essential for resolving these problems. This study provides an overview of the BTMS of the future, beginning with the problems involving temperature and safety. The following is a list of the benefits and drawbacks of BTMSs, which are used to maintain acceptable temperatures for battery packs. In conclusion, an analysis of the progress made in developing temperature management systems for future batteries is presented. As a first look at potential BTMSs for locomotive applications, it has been proposed to conduct a comprehensive analysis and classification of both existing and potential battery management systems.
Quantification of Uncertainties in Neural Networks
Authors: Wu Xinyang , Wagner Philipp , Huber Marco F.
Published: April 2023

Artificial neural networks only compute point estimates and thus, do not provide the user with a proper decision space. In high-risk use cases, the confidence of the neural network is an important support for decision-making. Bayesian neural networks extend classical deep neural networks with a probability component and allow the user to assess the probability distribution over the prediction. Due to the large number of parameters to be learned, the calculation of the predictive probability can only be performed approximately in practice. In recent years, many methods have been developed to efficiently learn the parameter distributions for Bayesian neural networks. Each of these has different advantages and disadvantages, and thus can be used for different applications. Quantifying uncertainty in the context of neural networks allows the user to interpret the results more comprehensively as well as to assess the risk and therefore makes an important contribution to the user’s digital sovereignty.
Pikosekundenlaser in der Dermatologie
Authors: Nguyen Lynhda , Schneider Stefan W. , Herberger Katharina
Published: April 2023

Hintergrund

Der Pikosekundenlaser gehört zu den jüngsten in der Dermatologie genutzten Lasersystemen. Ursprünglich wurde er zur Optimierung von Tätowierungsentfernungen entwickelt, Fortschritte in dieser Technologie erweiterten das Indikationsspektrum des Pikosekundenlasers jedoch erheblich.

Ziel der Arbeit

Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über den technischen Hintergrund sowie die Indikationen des Pikosekundenlasers in der dermatologischen Lasermedizin und erläutert die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen dieses Lasersystems.

Material und Methoden

Grundlage dieses Beitrages sind systematische Literaturanalyse sowie Erfahrungen aus der klinischen Praxis in der universitären Laserambulanz.

Ergebnisse

Der Pikosekundenlaser ermöglicht durch Impulse im Pikosekundenbereich und den Wirkmechanismus des „laser-induced optical breakdown“ eine besonders schonende und effektive Behandlung. Im Vergleich zu den gütegeschalteten Lasern weist der Pikosekundenlaser weniger hitzeinduzierte Nebenwirkungen auf und geht mit einer geringeren Schmerzintensität sowie einer kürzeren Ausfallzeit einher. Insbesondere durch die fraktionierte nichtablative Anwendung haben sich zusätzliche Anwendungsgebiete ergeben, darunter die Hautverjüngung und Narbentherapie.

Schlussfolgerung

Der Pikosekundenlaser findet ein breites Anwendungsspektrum in der dermatologischen Lasermedizin. Die aktuelle Datenlage deutet darauf hin, dass der Laser eine effektive Methode mit einem geringen Nebenwirkungsprofil ist. Um die Wirksamkeit, Verträglichkeit und Patientenzufriedenheit evidenzbasiert beurteilen zu können, sind weitere prospektive Studien notwendig.
Simultaneous shape and topology optimization of wings
Authors: Høghøj Lukas C. , Conlan-Smith Cian , Sigmund Ole , Andreasen Casper Schousboe
Published: April 2023

This paper presents a method for simultaneous optimization of the outer shape and internal topology of aircraft wings, with the objective of minimizing drag subject to lift and compliance constraints for multiple load cases. The physics are evaluated by the means of a source-doublet panel method for the aerodynamic response and linear elastic finite elements for the structural response, which are one-way coupled. At each design iteration, a mapping procedure is applied to map the current wing shape and corresponding pressure loads to the unfitted finite element mesh covering the design domain. Wings of small fixed-wing airplanes both with and without a stiffening strut are optimized. The resulting wings show internal topologies with struts and wall-truss combinations, depending on the design freedom of the shape optimization. The lift distributions of the optimized wings show patterns like the ones obtained when performing optimization of wing shapes with constraints on the bending moment at the root.
The impact of marine vertebrates on polar terrestrial invertebrate communities
Authors: Zmudczyńska-Skarbek Katarzyna , Bokhorst Stef , Convey Peter , Gwiazdowicz Dariusz J. , Skubała Piotr , Zawierucha Krzysztof , Zwolicki Adrian
Published: April 2023

Marine birds and pinnipeds which come to land to breed, rest and moult are widely known to fertilize adjacent terrestrial ecosystems, with cascading effects on vegetation and other trophic levels. We provide a synthesis of the consequences of allochthonous nutrient enrichment for terrestrial invertebrate communities within and around marine vertebrate aggregation sites and nutrient sources in the High Arctic and Continental and Maritime Antarctic, the most nutrient-poor and environmentally extreme parts of the polar regions. Using a combination of literature review (identifying 19 articles from the Arctic Svalbard archipelago and 12 from different Antarctic locations) and new analyses of available datasets of springtail, mite and tardigrade community composition, we confirmed that terrestrial invertebrate abundance and species richness tended to increase, and their community compositions changed, as a result of marine vertebrate fertilisation in both polar regions. These changes were significantly greater on talus slopes enriched by kittiwakes, guillemots and little auks in the Arctic, as compared to the edges of penguin colonies in the Antarctic. Both these habitat areas were typically abundantly vegetated and provided the most favourable microhabitat conditions for terrestrial invertebrates. The most heavily disturbed and manured areas within Antarctic penguin rookeries and seal wallows, generally on flat or gently sloping ground, were typically characterised by extremely low invertebrate diversity. In the Arctic, only sites directly beneath densely-occupied bird cliffs were to some extent comparably barren. Invertebrate responses are dependent on a combination of vertebrate activity, local topography and vegetation development.
The first record of a non-native seaweed from South Georgia and confirmation of its establishment in the Falkland Islands: Ulva fenestrata Postels & Ruprecht
Authors: Mrowicki Robert J. , Brodie Juliet
Published: April 2023

Detecting non-native species can be challenging, particularly in the case of taxa such as seaweeds, which can be difficult to distinguish based on morphology and often require molecular-assisted taxonomy for reliable identification. The sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia supports unique and important marine biodiversity, including a rich seaweed flora, but despite its isolation, its inshore ecosystems are susceptible to the introduction of potentially invasive non-native species. Here, we provide the first report of a non-native seaweed in South Georgia, Ulva fenestrata Postels & Ruprecht (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta), and confirm its widespread presence in the Falkland Islands via molecular-assisted taxonomy. Phylogenetic analyses of tufA and rbcL-3P genetic markers enabled the identification of a specimen collected from Grytviken, South Georgia in November 2021 as U. fenestrata. In terms of tufA sequence, this sample was identical to specimens collected from four sites spanning West and East Falkland in 2013 and 2018. This study represents the second Southern Hemisphere record of U. fenestrata, which is generally regarded as a Northern Hemisphere species. Our findings provide a foundation for monitoring this potentially invasive species in South Georgia, and for determining its likely source and mode of arrival, while emphasising the importance of robust biosecurity measures.
Post-mortem changes of the vascular system—a thanatological study using multidetector computed tomography
Authors: Egger Coraline , Wiskott Kim , Vaucher Paul , Suppan Laurent , Doenz Francesco , Bize Pierre , Grabherr Silke
Published: April 2023

Forensic pathologists have to deal with post-mortem changes of the human body. Those post-mortem phenomena are familiar and largely described in thanatology. However, knowledge about the influence of post-mortem phenomena on the vascular system is more limited, except for the apparition and development of cadaveric lividity. The introduction of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the forensic field and the expansion of their usage in medico-legal routine, allow for exploring the inside of corpses differently and may play a part in the understanding of thanatological processes. This study aimed to describe post-mortem changes in the vascular system by investigating the presence of gas and collapsed vessels.

We investigated post-mortem MDCT data of 118 human bodies. Cases with internal/external bleeding or corporal lesion allowing contamination with external air were excluded. Major vessels and heart cavities were systematically explored and a trained radiologist semi-quantitatively assessed the presence of gas.

Collapsed veins were observed in 61.9% of cases (CI95% 52.5 to 70.6) and arteries in 33.1% (CI95% 24.7 to 42.3). Vessels most often affected were for arteries: common iliac (16.1%), abdominal aorta (15.3%), external iliac (13.6%), and for veins: infra-renal vena cava (45.8%), common iliac (22.0%), renal (16.9%), external iliac (16.1%), and supra-renal vena cava (13.6%). Cerebral arteries and veins, coronary arteries, and subclavian vein were unaffected. The presence of collapsed vessels was associated with a minor degree of cadaveric alteration. We observed that arteries and veins follow the same pattern of gas apparition for both the quantity and the location.

In post-mortem radiology, collapsed vessels and intravascular gas are frequently visualized and as a result of all post-mortem changes, the assessment of the distribution of blood can be confusing. Therefore, knowledge of thanatological phenomena is crucial to prevent post-mortem radiological misapprehensions and possible false diagnoses.
Myasthenia gravis, respiratory function, and respiratory tract disease
Authors: Gilhus Nils Erik
Published: April 2023

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by muscle weakness caused by autoantibodies that bind to the postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction and impair acetylcholine receptor function. Weakness of respiratory muscles represents the most severe MG manifestation, and 10–15% of all patients experience an MG crisis with the need of mechanical ventilatory support at least once in their life. MG patients with respiratory muscle weakness need active immunosuppressive drug treatment long term, and they need regular specialist follow-up. Comorbidities affecting respiratory function need attention and optimal treatment. Respiratory tract infections can lead to MG exacerbations and precipitate an MG crisis. Intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange are the core treatments for severe MG exacerbations. High-dose corticosteroids, complement inhibitors, and FcRn blockers represent fast-acting treatments that are effective in most MG patients. Neonatal myasthenia is a transient condition with muscle weakness in the newborn caused by mother’s muscle antibodies. In rare cases, treatment of respiratory muscle weakness in the baby is required.
On the hyperbolic thermoelasticity with several dissipation mechanisms
Authors: Fernández José R. , Quintanilla Ramón
Published: April 2023

In this work, we study a two-dimensional problem involving a thermoelastic body with four dissipative mechanisms. The well-known theory proposed by Lord and Shulman is used. The existence and uniqueness of solution is proved by using theory of linear semigroups. Then, introducing some assumptions of the coupling coefficients, we prove that the energy decay is exponential. An extension to the theory provided by Green and Lindsay is briefly presented and to the three-dimensional case is also commented.
Self-reported quantity and quality of sleep in children and adolescents with a chronic condition compared to healthy controls
Authors: Biemans Camille F. M. , Nijhof Sanne L. , Gorter Jan Willem , Stevens Gonneke J. W. M. , van de Putte Elise , Hoefnagels Johanna W. , van den Berg Anemone , van der Ent Cornelis K. , Dudink Jeroen , Verschuren Olaf W.
Published: April 2023

To assess self-reported quantity and quality of sleep in Dutch children with a chronic condition compared to healthy controls and to the recommended hours of sleep for youth. Sleep quantity and quality were analyzed in children with a chronic condition (cystic fibrosis, chronic kidney disease, congenital heart disease, (auto-)immune disease, and medically unexplained symptoms (MUS); n = 291; 15 ± 3.1 years, 63% female. A subset of 171 children with a chronic condition were matched to healthy controls using Propensity Score matching, based on age and sex, ratio 1:4. Self-reported sleep quantity and quality were assessed with established questionnaires. Children with MUS were analyzed separately to distinguish between chronic conditions with and without an identified pathophysiological cause. Generally, children with a chronic condition met the recommended amount of sleep, however 22% reported poor sleep quality. No significant differences in sleep quantity and quality were found between the diagnosis groups. Children with a chronic condition and with MUS slept significantly more than healthy controls at ages 13, 15, and 16. Both at primary and secondary school, poor sleep quality was least frequent reported in children with a chronic condition and most often reported in children with MUS.

  Conclusion: Overall, children with chronic conditions, including MUS, met the recommended hours of sleep for youth, and slept more than healthy controls. However, it is important to obtain a better understanding of why a substantial subset of children with chronic conditions, mostly children with MUS, still perceived their sleep quality as poor.

What is Known:• According to the Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep medicine, typically developing children (6 to 12 years) should sleep 9 to 12 h per night, and adolescents (13 to 18 years) should sleep 8 to 10 h per night.• Literature on the optimal quantity and quality of sleep in children with a chronic condition is very limited.

What is New:Our findings are important and provide novel insights:• In general, children with a chronic condition sleep according to the recommended hours of sleep.• A substantial subset of children with chronic conditions, perceived their sleep quality as poor. Although this was reported mostly by children with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS), the found poor sleep quality was independent of specific diagnosis.
The magmatic evolution of South-East Crater (Mt. Etna) during the February–April 2021 sequence of lava fountains from a mineral chemistry perspective
Authors: Musu Alessandro , Corsaro Rosa Anna , Higgins Oliver , Jorgenson Corin , Petrelli Maurizio , Caricchi Luca
Published: April 2023

The South-East Crater (SEC) at Mt. Etna started a period of lava fountaining in December 2020, producing over 60 paroxysms until February 2022. The activity had an intense sequence from February 16 to April 1, 2021, totaling 17 paroxysmal events separated by repose times varying from 1 to 7 days. The eruptive sequence was extensively monitored, providing a unique opportunity to relate the chemistry and texture of the erupted products to eruption dynamics. We investigate the temporal evolution of the magmatic system through this eruptive sequence by quantifying variations in the composition and texture of clinopyroxene. Clinopyroxene major element transects across crystals from five representative lava fountains allow us to determine the relative proportions of deep versus shallow-stored magmas that fed these events. We use hierarchical clustering (HC), an unsupervised machine learning technique, to objectively identify clinopyroxene compositional clusters and their variations during this intense eruptive phase. Our results show that variations of monitoring parameters and eruption intensity are expressed in the mineral record both as changes in cluster proportions and the chemical complexity of single crystals. We also apply random forest thermobarometry to relate each cluster to P-T conditions of formation. We suggest that the February–April 2021 eruptive sequence was sustained by the injection of a hotter and deeper magma into a storage area at 1–3 kbar, where it mixed with a slightly more evolved magma. The February 28 episode emitted the most mafic magma, in association with the highest mean lava fountain height and highest time–averaged discharge rate, which make it the peak of the analyzed eruptive interval. Our results show that after this episode, the deep magma supply decreased and the erupted magma become gradually more chemically evolved, with a lower time–average discharge rate and fountain height. We propose this approach as a means to rapidly, objectively, and effectively link petrological and geophysical/geochemical monitoring during ongoing eruptions. We anticipate that the systematic application of this approach will serve to shed light on the magmatic processes controlling the evolution of ongoing eruptions.
MLPK function is not required for self-incompatibility in the S29 haplotype of Brassica rapa L.
Authors: Ohata Mayu , Takada Yoshinobu , Sato Yui , Okamoto Takumi , Murase Kohji , Takayama Seiji , Suzuki Go , Watanabe Masao
Published: April 2023

Key message

S29 haplotype does not require the MLPK function for self-incompatibility in Brassica rapa.

Self-incompatibility (SI) in Brassicaceae is regulated by the self-recognition mechanism, which is based on the S-haplotype-specific direct interaction of the pollen-derived ligand, SP11/SCR, and the stigma-side receptor, SRK. M locus protein kinase (MLPK) is known to be one of the positive effectors of the SI response. MLPK directly interacts with SRK, and is phosphorylated by SRK in Brassica rapa. In Brassicaceae, MLPK was demonstrated to be essential for SI in B. rapa and Brassica napus, whereas it is not essential for SI in Arabidopsis thaliana (with introduced SRK and SP11/SCR from related SI species). Little is known about what determines the need for MLPK in SI of Brassicaceae. In this study, we investigated the relationship between S-haplotype diversity and MLPK function by analyzing the SI phenotypes of different S haplotypes in a mlpk/mlpk mutant background. The results have clarified that in B. rapa, all the S haplotypes except the S29 we tested need the MLPK function, but the S29 haplotype does not require MLPK for the SI. Comparative analysis of MLPK-dependent and MLPK-independent S haplotype might provide new insight into the evolution of S-haplotype diversity and the molecular mechanism of SI in Brassicaceae.
Positionspapier: Operation und Diabetes mellitus (Update 2023)
Authors: Kietaibl Antonia-Therese , Huber Joakim , Clodi Martin , Abrahamian Heidemarie , Ludvik Bernhard , Fasching Peter
Published: April 2023

Das vorliegende Positionspapier beschreibt die Sicht der Österreichischen Diabetes Gesellschaft hinsichtlich des perioperativen Managements von Menschen mit Diabetes mellitus auf Basis der verfügbaren wissenschaftlichen Evidenz. Dabei wird Bezug genommen auf die präoperative Begutachtung und Vorbereitung sowie auf die perioperative Stoffwechselkontrolle mittels oraler Antidiabetika und/oder injektabler Therapie (Insulin‑/GLP-1-RA-therapie).
Andere spezifische Diabetesformen und exokrine Pankreasinsuffizienz (Update 2023)
Authors: Kaser Susanne , Hofer Sabine E. , Kazemi-Shirazi Lili , Festa Andreas , Winhofer Yvonne , Sourij Harald , Brath Helmut , Riedl Michaela , Resl Michael , Clodi Martin , Stulnig Thomas , Ress Claudia , Luger Anton
Published: April 2023

Die unter der Kategorie „andere spezifische Diabetesformen“ zusammengefassten Störungen des Glukosestoffwechsels stellen pathophysiologisch und therapeutisch eine sehr heterogene Krankheitsgruppe dar. Umfasst werden Diabetesformen, die im Rahmen von anderen endokrinologischen Erkrankungen auftreten (z. B. Akromegalie, Cushing-Syndrom), medikamentös induzierte Diabetesformen (z. B. Antipsychotikatherapie, Glukokortikoidtherapie, HAART, Checkpoint-Inhibitoren, genetische Formen (z. B. i. R. eines MODY, neonataler Diabetes, Down-Syndrom, Klinefelter-Syndrom, Turner-Syndrom), pankreoprive Formen (z. B. postoperativ, Pankreatitis, Pankreastumoren, Hämochromatose, zystische Fibrose), Infektionen (z. B. kongenitale Rötelninfektion) und seltene autoimmune Formen (z. B. Stiffman-Syndrom). Die Diagnose der spezifischen Diabetesform kann die therapeutischen Erwägungen beeinflussen. Nicht nur pankreoprive Formen, sondern auch Typ 1 oder langjähriger Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus sind häufig mit einer exokrinen Pankreasinsuffizienz assoziiert.
Lipide: Diagnostik und Therapie bei Diabetes mellitus (Update 2023)
Authors: Wascher Thomas C. , Paulweber Bernhard , Toplak Hermann , Saely Christoph H. , Drexel Heinz , Föger Bernhard , Hoppichler Friedrich , Stulnig Thomas , Stingl Harald , Clodi Martin ,   Ausschuss Leitlinien
Published: April 2023

Hyper- und Dyslipidämie tragen zur kardiovaskulären Morbidität und Mortalität diabetischer Patienten bei. Überzeugende Daten zeigen, dass eine medikamentöse Therapie mit Statinen, Ezetimibe und PCSK9 Hemmern das kardiovaskuläre Risiko von Patienten mit Diabetes senken kann. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt die Behandlungsvorschläge der Österreichischen Diabetes Gesellschaft zum Einsatz lipidsenkender Medikamente dar.
Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer (Update 2023)
Authors: Wascher Thomas C. , Stulnig Thomas M. , Saely Christoph H. , Stechemesser Lars ,   Ausschuss Leitlinien
Published: April 2023

Akute atherothrombotische Komplikationen tragen, im Rahmen der beschleunigten Atherosklerose, zur kardiovaskulären Morbidität und Mortalität von Menschen mit Diabetes bei. Die Hemmung der Thrombozytenaggregation kann das Risiko für das Auftreten akuter atherothrombotischer Komplikationen reduzieren. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt die Behandlungsvorschläge der österreichischen Diabetesgesellschaft zum Einsatz von Thrombozytenaggregationshemmern dar.
Blutzuckerselbstkontrolle Update 2023
Authors: Wascher Thomas C. , Stechemesser Lars , Harreiter Jürgen ,   Ausschuss Leitlinien
Published: April 2023

Blutzuckerselbstkontrolle trägt zum integrierten Management des Diabetes mellitus bei. Sie sollte für alle Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus zur Verfügung stehen. Die Blutzuckerselbstkontrolle erhöht die Patientensicherheit, die Lebensqualität und verbessert die Blutzuckerkontrolle. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt die Behandlungsvorschläge der österreichischen Diabetesgesellschaft zum Einsatz der Blutzuckerselbstkontrolle dar.
Population ageing and entrepreneurship under a regional perspective. A bibliometric and content analysis
Authors: Cucculelli Marco , Di Marcoberardino Davide , Giampaoli Noemi , Renghini Matteo
Published: April 2023

Due to the ageing population and the changing demographics, mature age or older entrepreneurship is becoming an important area of research within the regional literature. Using a hybrid literature review technique (bibliometrics and content analyses), we explore the literature (963 articles between 1990 and 2021) on the topic of population ageing and entrepreneurship under a regional perspective. After a general overview of the research on entrepreneurship and aging, we find two main streams of research and potential avenues for future study: (i) the role that regions have in entrepreneurship and start-up and (ii) the linkages between population ageing, entrepreneurship and the local and regional context. Finally, the paper recommends several research questions to extend the literature.
Determining the Thermal Conductivity of Gehlenite by Thermal Microscopy at Room Temperature
Authors: Inoue Yuta , Watanabe Takashi , Hayashi Miyuki , Susa Masahiro , Endo Rie
Published: April 2023

The thermal conductivity of a single-phase gehlenite (2CaO Al2O3 SiO2) sample was determined using thermal microscopy. The composition of the primary crystal region of the gehlenite sample was CaO: SiO2:Al2O3 = 38:28:34 (mass%), which was maintained after melting and cooling. After polishing the samples, the size of the gehlenite crystal was sufficiently large to be measured using a thermal microscope. The value of $$\sqrt{\lambda C\rho }$$

λ
C
ρ

, where λ is thermal conductivity C is specific heat andρis density, of the samples was measured every 10 μm to obtain its distribution. When comparing the results with the optical microscopy image of the sample, the gehlenite region showed a larger value of $$\sqrt{\lambda C\rho }$$

λ
C
ρ

than the glassy region. Specifically, the value of $$\sqrt{\lambda C\rho }$$

λ
C
ρ

of the gehlenite region was determined to be 2.2 ± 0.1 kJs−0.5·m−2·K−1, which resulted in a thermal conductivity of 2.1 ± 0.2 Wm−1·K−1. Moreover, the oxide gehlenite phase showed lower thermal conductivity than the other constituent phases, i.e., CaO, Al2O3, and SiO2.
The Impact of Health and Education on Labor Force Participation in Aging Societies: Projections for the United States and Germany from Dynamic Microsimulations
Authors: Böheim René , Horvath Thomas , Leoni Thomas , Spielauer Martin
Published: April 2023

We project the labor force in the United States to 2060 and contrast the outcomes with comparative projections for Germany. In both countries, the population will age, but the demographic dynamics are fundamentally different. According to our dynamic microsimulations, the labor force in the U.S. will increase by 17 percent between 2020 and 2060 (about 29 million workers) despite population aging. In contrast, the labor force in Germany will decline by 11 percent (about 4.5 million workers). Our baseline projections indicate that an expansion of education will increase the labor force by about 3 million persons in the United States and about half a million persons in Germany by 2060. In several what-if scenarios, we examine the effects of further expanding education and of removing health barriers on labor force participation. Higher educational attainment among those with currently low education has the largest impact on labor force participation, relative to the additional years of schooling. However, health improvements and the labor market integration of people with health limitations suggest a larger increase in labor force participation rates. Using Sweden as a benchmark, we show that reducing the health participation gap would increase the U.S. labor force by as much as 13 million people in 2060 (+6.8 percent compared to our baseline).
Data Domotopia: introduction to the quantitative survey
Authors: Schultheiss Marc-Edouard , del Puppo Fiona , Clément Garance , Drevon Guillaume , Kaufmann Vincent , Pattaroni Luca
Published: April 2023

This paper describes the Data Domotopia a 2300 + respondent self-administered web-based survey. It includes 100 + multi-purpose items about home-making and stillness in a moving world. We suppose that home-making can reveal coping strategies and resilience practices to make everyday life work – as home is a central location in people’s activity-travel patterns. To describe this phenomenon, the concept of Domotopia is introduced, defining how people arrange, use, and experience their homes to cope with the pathologies of accelerated and liquid modernity (Bauman 2005). While the Data Domotopia is based on a mixed-method combining qualitative and quantitative material, this paper focuses mainly on the description of the questionnaire – which is organized into three interrelated layers: the dwelling, the dwellers, and the neighborhood. Each of these layers unfolds in functional, social, emotional and sensory components. The survey covers most of the contemporary issues related to home-making. This includes the domestic space and gender issues; the socio-spatial resources (mobility, action space, core, and wider social network); lifestyles, ideals, and residential aspiration; time pressures, time use, organization and stress; equipment, rules and arrangements; interpersonal relations, cohabitation and negotiation, dominance and power. Intakes on the Data Domotopia is given by two concrete cases about the time-space coverage of the habitual action space, and about inter-personal task allocation. These examples show the potential of the data to study domocentric stillness and resilience to urban pathologies. The data – aggregated to the infra-communal level – is available for research purposes.
Statistical Analysis of Interplanetary Shocks from Mercury to Jupiter
Authors: Pérez-Alanis Carlos Arturo , Janvier Miho , Nieves-Chinchilla Teresa , Aguilar-Rodríguez Ernesto , Démoulin Pascal , Corona-Romero Pedro
Published: April 2023

In situ observations of interplanetary (IP) coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and IP shocks are important to study as they are the main components of solar activity. Hundreds of IP shocks have been detected by various space missions at different times and heliocentric distances. Some of these are followed by clearly identified drivers, while some others are not. In this study, we carry out a statistical analysis of the distributions of plasma and magnetic parameters of the IP shocks recorded at various distances to the Sun. We classify the shocks according to the heliocentric distance, namely from 0.29 to 0.99 AU (Helios-1/2); near 1 AU (Wind, ACE, and STEREO-A/B); and from 1.35 to 5.4 AU (Ulysses). We also differentiate the IP shocks into two populations, those with a detected ICME and those without one. As expected, we find that there are no significant differences in the results from spacecraft positioned at 1 AU. Moreover, the distributions of shock parameters, as well as the shock normal, have no significant variations with the heliocentric distance. Additionally, we investigate how the number of shocks associated with stream-interaction regions (SIRs) increases with distance in the proportion to ICME/shocks. From 1 to 5 AU, SIRs/ shock occurrence increases slightly from 21% to 34%; in contrast, ICME/shock occurrence decreases from 47% to 17%. We also find indication of an asymmetry induced by the Parker spiral for SIRs and none for ICMEs.
Unwanted knowledge transmission
Authors: Ólafsson Ísak Andri
Published: April 2023

John Greco (2020) sets out to create a unified virtue-theoretic account of knowledge generation and transmission in his book The Transmission of Knowledge. One of the advantages of his view is that it can defend the achievement view from a known strand of counterexamples. To accomplish that, he relies on joint agency being essential to knowledge transmission. Joint agency can be characterized as a sort of interdependent and interactive cooperation between speaker and hearer that share an intention to transmit knowledge. This paper introduces the phenomenon of unwanted knowledge transmission which shows that joint agency, as Greco presents it, is not essential to knowledge transmission. Four types of unwanted knowledge transmissions will be introduced that pose threats to Greco’s account by showing that shared intention, a key characteristic of joint agency, is not present in all instances of knowledge transmission. Finally, some potential ways to defend Greco’s view will be considered and discussed.
Effect of Manufacturing Conditions and Al Addition on Inclusion Characteristics in Co-Based Dual-Phase High Entropy Alloy
Authors: Wang Yong , Li Yulong , Wang Wei , Kong Hui , Wang Qiang , Park Joo Hyun , Mu Wangzhong
Published: April 2023

Three Co-based dual-phase high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were produced by different manufacturing conditions: arc-melting with Ar protection (Ar-HEA), vacuum induction melting in Al2O3 crucible (Cr-HEA) and vacuum induction melting with 0.5 at. pct Al (Al-HEA), which resulted in different levels of impurity elements and inclusion characteristics. The inclusions that precipitated in different HEA samples were investigated through an electrolytic extraction process and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) characterization. The results showed that Mn(S,Se) inclusions were presented in all three alloys. MnCr2O4 inclusions were presented only in Ar-HEA, pure Al2O3 inclusions were presented in Cr-HEA and Al-HEA, and Mn–Cr–Al–O inclusions were also found in Al-HEA. Thermodynamic calculation software FactSage and Thermo-calc were used to predict the inclusion formations of the HEAs, which showed a good agreement with the experimental findings. The stable inclusions can transform from MnCr2O4 to Mn(Cr,Al)2O4 and then to pure Al2O3 with the increase of Al content. The inclusions in Al-containing HEA are spinel or Al2O3 depending on the content levels of Al and O. It is proposed that the formation of spinel and Al2O3 inclusions can be avoided in liquid HEA when the O content is controlled to be very low, which can result in smaller-sized inclusions. Moreover, the calculated coagulation coefficient of spinel inclusions is close but lower than that of Al2O3 inclusions. The collision growth of inclusions was affected by a combination of physical parameters of HEA and inclusions as well as the inclusion size and amount.

Graphical Abstract
Orientierungen von Physiklehrkräften zur Rolle von Technik und Verantwortung im Physikunterricht
Authors: Bub Frederik , Rabe Thorid
Published: April 2023

Physik ist auf vielfältige Weise verknüpft mit technischer Entwicklung, gesellschaftlichen Implikationen und ethischen Fragen von Verantwortung. Ein Verständnis dieser Beziehungen als zentrales Element von Socioscientific Issues, Nature of Science, Bewertungskompetenz und von Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung ist von hoher fachdidaktischer Relevanz. In der vorgestellten Studie werden handlungsleitende, implizite Orientierungen von Lehrpersonen zu der Trias Physik-Technik-Verantwortung rekonstruiert. Dazu wurden Interviews mit 14 Physiklehrkräften mit Hilfe der Dokumentarischen Methode ausgewertet. Eine mehrdimensionale Typologie aus grundlegenden und aus fachbezogenen Orientierungen mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Reichweiten wird als sinnvolle fachdidaktische Weiterentwicklung der Dokumentarischen Methode konzipiert. Die rekonstruierten grundlegenden Orientierungen sind in drei Typiken systematisiert: das eigene Gestaltungspotential, die Konstruktion der relevanten Anderen und die Bewertung individueller und gesellschaftlicher Entwicklung. Die rekonstruierte fachbezogene Typik bildet ab, welches spezifische Weltverhältnis die Lehrkräfte konstruieren, welches Bildungsideal sie anstreben und wie dieses unterrichtlich realisiert werden kann. Der Typus Universalist*in z. B. orientiert sich optimistisch an einem emanzipatorischen Ideal des Physikunterrichts, zeigt systemkritische Züge und betont gesamtgesellschaftliche, globale Zusammenhänge. In der Analyse wird dieser mit den weiteren Typen Erklärer*in, Praktiker*in und Fatalist*in kontrastiert. Der Beitrag stellt die Typologie an vier Eckfällen dar und diskutiert fachdidaktische Implikationen im Hinblick auf die Rolle der Trias Physik-Technik-Verantwortung im Unterricht.
Electromagnetic Steklov eigenvalues: existence and distribution in the self-adjoint case
Authors: Halla Martin
Published: April 2023

In previous works, it was suggested to use Steklov eigenvalues for Maxwell equations as target signature for nondestructive testing, and it was recognized that this eigenvalue problem cannot be reformulated as a standard eigenvalue problem for a compact operator. Consequently, a modified eigenvalue problem with the desired properties was proposed. We report that apart for a countable set of particular frequencies, the spectrum of the original self-adjoint eigenvalue problem consists of three disjoint parts: The essential spectrum consisting of the origin, an infinite sequence of positive eigenvalues which accumulate only at infinity and an infinite sequence of negative eigenvalues which accumulate only at zero. The analysis is based on a suitable topological decomposition, a representation of the operator as block operator and Schur-factorizations. For each Schur-complement, the existence of an infinite sequence of eigenvalues is proven via an intermediate value technique. The modified eigenvalue problem arises as limit of one Schur-complement.
Blockchain-based decentralized trust management in IoT: systems, requirements and challenges
Authors: Arshad Qurat-ul-Ain , Khan Wazir Zada , Azam Faisal , Khan Muhammad Khurram , Yu Heejung , Zikria Yousaf Bin
Published: April 2023

Internet of Things (IoT) vision has astoundingly transcended environmental sensing with integrated computing systems and smart devices, providing seamless connectivity among humans, machines, and their environment to cooperate for convenience and economical benefits. Apart from all the tremendous benefits of IoT, this paradigm still suffers from challenges of security and privacy vulnerabilities and demands a secure system for effective utilization of services in real-world IoT scenarios relying on which the IoT consumers expect secure and trustworthy communications. Trust Management (TM), which is a crucial aspect of security, plays a vital role in ensuring the exchange of information in a secure manner and maintaining the reliability of a system by measuring the degree of trust on IoT devices, reducing the uncertainties and risks involved in the systems. Thus, in recent years, Blockchain technology has been utilized for developing security innovations in TM field for different classes of IoT applications. It can provide tamper-proof data by enabling more reliable trust information and integrity verification, ultimately enhancing its availability and privacy when storing and sharing information. This paper provides a comprehensive survey that aims at analyzing and assessing Blockchain-based decentralized trust management systems (BCDTMS) for IoT. The contributions of this study are threefold; first, we provide the comprehensive and comparative analysis of state-of-the-art BCDTMS devised for different IoT classes such as Internet of Medical of Things (IoMT), Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Social IoT (SIoT). To make it an extensive study, we perform a detailed assessment of the existing BCDTMS in the literature in the aspects of Blockchain and TM. Second, we present requirements for developing Blockchain-based TM systems for IoT, and third we have highlighted the challenges in the context of using Blockchain for TM in various IoT applications.
Hommes de mauvaise réputation
Authors: Fossier Arnaud
Published: April 2023

À partir de l’étude d’une douzaine de procès conservés dans les registres de l’évêque de Pistoia à la fin du xiiie siècle, cet article propose d’interroger la frontière entre deux phénomènes majeurs de l’économie prémoderne : le crédit et l’usure. Ce ne sont pas tant les modalités pratiques du prêt d’argent qui différenciaient l’une de l’autre – même si le taux d’intérêt jouait un rôle dans la définition judiciaire de l’usure – que la diffamation de l’usurier. La fama, entendue comme l’opinion collective recueillie par le juge, visait en effet à établir la réputation d’« usurier public » de l’accusé, et il n’est d’ailleurs pas impossible que ces procès se soient inscrits dans des jeux de factions locaux. Mais, il faut bien reconnaître que la majorité visaient d’abord à obtenir la restitution des sommes extorquées par les usuriers. Quant à l’Église, on peut se demander si, plutôt que de condamner de façon claire et univoque l’usure (freinant ainsi supposément l’avènement du capitalisme), elle n’a pas tenté d’instituer le marché en discriminant les honnêtes banquiers des mauvais prêteurs et en tâchant de maintenir son contrôle sur l’espace public face à l’emprise grandissante des pouvoirs communaux.