bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elemental composition of teeth with and without odontoclastic resorption lesions in cats
Authors: Colley Patricia A. , Verstraete Frank J. M. , Kass Philip H. , Schiffman Peter
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine elemental composition of teeth with and without odontoclastic resorption lesions (ORL) in cats.

Sample Population—Normal teeth from 22 cadaver cats and ORL-affected teeth from 21 cats admitted to the veterinary hospital for dental treatment.

Procedure—An electron microprobe was used to analyze weight percentages of calcium, phosphorus, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, and iron in enamel, dentin, and cementum.

Results—Calcium and phosphorus were the most abundant elements. Fluorine, sodium, and magnesium combined were < 5% and sulfur, potassium, and iron combined were < 0.1% of total elemental composition. In enamel of normal teeth, a significant sex-by-jaw location interaction was seen in mean (± SD) phosphorus content, which was higher in mandibular teeth of females (17.64 ± 0.41%) but lower in mandibular teeth of males (16.71 ± 0.83%). Mean iron content in dentin of normal teeth was significantly lower in mandibular teeth than maxillary teeth (0.014 ± 0.005% vs 0.023 ± 0.019%). Mean enamel sodium content was significantly higher (0.77 ± 0.046% vs 0.74 ± 0.025) and mean enamel iron content was significantly lower (0.017 ± 0.008% vs 0.021 ± 0.005%) in ORL-affected teeth, compared with normal teeth. In cementum, mean fluorine content was significantly lower (2.98% ± 0.27 vs 2.99 ± 0.20%) and mean magnesium content was significantly lower (0.54 ± 0.13% vs 0.60 ± 0.13%) in ORLaffected teeth, compared with normal teeth.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of our study establish baseline mineral content of enamel, dentin, and cementum for normal teeth in cats. Minimal differences in mineral content of enamel and cementum of normal and ORL-affected teeth were detected. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:546–550)
Analysis of synovial fluid from clinically normal alpacas and llamas
Authors: Waguespack Richard W. , Belknap Ellen B. , Spano Joseph S. , Wenzel James G. W. , Pugh David
Published: December 2005

Objective—To establish reference range values for synovial fluid from clinically normal New World camelids.

Animals—15 llamas and 15 alpacas.

Procedure—Llamas and alpacas were anesthetized with an IM injection of a xylazine hydrochloride, butorphanol tartrate, and ketamine hydrochloride combination. Synovial fluid (1 to 2 ml) was obtained by aseptic arthrocentesis from the radiocarpal and tarsocrural joints. Synovial fluid evaluation included determination of total nucleated cell count (NCC), absolute number and percentage of polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear leukocytes, total protein, and specific gravity.

Results—Synovial fluid evaluation revealed a total NCC of 100 to 1,400 cells/μl (mean ± SD, 394.8 ± 356.2 cells/μl; 95% confidence interval [CI], 295.2 to 494.6 cells/μl). Mononuclear leukocytes were the predominant cell type with lymphocytes, composing 50 to 90% (mean, 75.6 ± 17.2%; 95% CI, 70.8 to 80.4%) of the mononuclear leukocytes. Approximately 0 to 12% (mean, 1.3 ± 2.9%; 95% CI, 0.49 to 2.11%) of the cells were PMN leukocytes. Total protein concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 3.8 g/dl (mean, 2.54 ± 0.29 g/dl; 95% CI, 2.46 to 2.62 g/dl); the specific gravity ranged between 1.010 and 1.026 (mean, 1.017 ± 0.003; 95% CI, 1.016 to 1.018).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In llamas and alpacas, significant differences do not exist between species or between limbs (left vs right) or joints (radiocarpal vs tarsocrural) for synovial fluid values. Total NCC and absolute number and percentage of PMN and mononuclear leukocyte are similar to those of other ruminants and horses. However, synovial fluid total protein concentrations in New World camelids are high, compared with other domestic species. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:576–578)
Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of the humoral response of cattle vaccinated against Campylobacter fetus
Authors: Repiso María V. , Baraibar Martín A. , Olivera María A. , Silveyra Silvia , Battistoni Julio
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop a reliable ELISA by use of a
unique antigen preparation for serum IgG quantification
after vaccination against Campylobacter fetus in
cattle.

Animals—Twenty-six 24-month-old virgin Hereford
heifers and a naturally infected Hereford bull.

Procedures—5 antigens were prepared from a cell
suspension of C fetus. Antigen preparations were the
same as those reported in the literature, with the
exception of antigens that were obtained by detergent
solubilization of a C fetus cell suspension. For
each antigen preparation, the optimal ELISA conditions
for its immobilization were determined.
Biotinylated antibodies against bovine immunoglobulins
were obtained and used in the ELISA. Two
groups of heifers were inoculated with commercial
vaccines according to manufacturers' instructions. A
control group was included. The immune response of
vaccinated heifers and controls was followed for 6
months.

Results—Detergent solubilized C fetus antigens
resulted in better ELISA performance than other antigen
preparations. Antigens were optimally immobilized
at neutral pH and low ionic strength. All antigen
preparations saturated the well with the same
amount of protein. The vaccination schedule that
advised a booster resulted in higher antibody titers,
which were sustained over a longer period than the
other schedule.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In the vaccination
of cattle against C fetus, the ELISA we have
developed may be used to evaluate serum antibody
concentrations in response to various vaccines and
vaccination schedules. Our results indicate that it is
advisable to include a booster in the immunization
protocol. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:586–590)
Relationships between fecal consistency and colonic microstructure and absorptive function in dogs with and without nonspecific dietary sensitivity
Authors: Rolfe Vivien E. , A. Adams Colleen , Butterwick Richard F. , Batt Roger M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine relationships between fecal
consistency and colonic microstructure and absorptive
function in dogs with and without nonspecific
dietary sensitivity.

Animals—12 dogs with nonspecific dietary sensitivity
(affected) and 9 healthy dogs (controls).

Procedure—Affected dogs were fed 4 test diets and
control dogs, 3 diets for 4 weeks each in a crossover
design. Fecal consistency was assessed daily. At the
end of each feeding period, electrolyte and water
transport were assessed, and colonic biopsy specimens
were obtained for histologic examination and
measurement of crypt water uptake by use of confocal
microscopy.

Results—Feces were consistently looser in affected
dogs. In control dogs, we detected net colonic
absorption of sodium and chloride and secretion of
potassium and bicarbonate. Absorption of sodium
and chloride was less in affected dogs, compared
with controls, indicating that electrolyte transport was
disrupted in affected dogs. This disruption was accentuated
during feeding of diets associated with significantly
poorer fecal consistency (ie, loose feces). Fecal
consistency was inversely correlated with crypt water
absorption, which was reduced in affected dogs.
Colonic crypts were shorter and less dense in affected
dogs fed diets associated with poor fecal consistency,
compared with affected dogs fed other diets or
with control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Colonic transport
function is a major determinant of fecal consistency
in dogs. Dogs with nonspecific dietary sensitivity
are particularly susceptible to diet-induced
changes in absorptive function. Such changes are
associated with damage to colonic microstructure,
disrupted electrolyte transport, and failure to dehydrate
luminal contents. (Am J Vet Res 2002;
63:617–622).
Plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α in cats with congestive heart failure
Authors: Meurs Kathryn M. , Fox Philip R. , Miller Matthew W. , Kapadia Samir , Mann Douglas L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether plasma concentrations
of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are increased
in cats with congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary
to cardiomyopathy.

Animals—26 adult cats with CHF and cardiomyopathy
and 9 healthy control cats.

Procedure—Plasma concentrations of TNF-α were
measured in cats with CHF and cardiomyopathy.
Tumor necrosis factor-α was measured by quantifying
cytotoxic effects of TNF-α on L929 murine fibrosarcoma
cells.

Results—Concentrations of TNF-α were increased
(0.13 to 3.6 U/ml) in 10 of 26 cats with CHF but were
undetectable in the other 16 cats with CHF and all
control cats. In 20 of 26 cats with CHF, right-sided
heart failure (RHF) was evident; TNF-α concentrations
were increased in 9 of these 20 cats. The remaining 6
cats had left-sided heart failure (LHF); TNF-α concentrations
were increased in only 1 of these cats. Age of
cats with LHF (mean ± SD, 12.1 ± 6.2 years) was not
significantly different from age of the cohort with RHF
(10.5 ± 5.2 years). Body weight of cats with increased
TNFα concentrations (5.4 ± 1.8 kg) was not significantly
different from body weight of cats with CHF
that did not have measurable concentrations of TNF-α
(4.7 ± 1.6 kg).

Conclusionss and Clinical Relevance—Concentrations
of TNF-α were increased in many cats with
CHF. Cats with RHF were most likely to have
increased TNF-α concentrations. Increased plasma
concentrations of TNF-α in cats with CHF may offer
insights into the pathophysiologic mechanisms of
heart failure and provide targets for therapeutic interventions.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:640–642)
Inheritance of hypoadrenocorticism in Bearded Collies
Authors: Oberbauer Anita M. , Benemann K. S. , Belanger Janelle M. , Wagner D. R. , Ward J. H. , Famula Thomas R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess heritability and mode of inheritance
for hypoadrenocorticism in Bearded Collies.

Animals—635 Bearded Collies.

Procedure—Dogs were classified as affected by
hypoadrenocorticism or unaffected. Phenotypic and
pedigree data were analyzed. Heritability was estimated
by use of Bayesian statistical methods.
Regressive logistic models for complex segregation
analyses were used to characterize mode of inheritance.

Results—Hypoadrenocorticism was diagnosed in
60 (9.4%) dogs. Heritability of hypoadrenocorticism
was estimated to be 0.76 with both sexes
affected with equal probability. Evaluation of the
pedigrees did not support a Mendelian autosomal
dominant mode of inheritance. Evidence from the
complex segregation analysis for a single locus of
large effect on hypoadrenocorticism was not convincing.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hypoadrenocorticism
in Bearded Collies is highly heritable.
Although a precise genetic mechanism responsible
for inheritance of the disorder remains undetermined,
breeding decisions must include consideration of the
genetic likelihood of passing on this deleterious disorder
to offspring of affected dams and sires. (Am J
Vet Res 2002;63:643–647).
Effects of DNA dose, route of vaccination, and coadministration of porcine interleukin-6 DNA on results of DNA vaccination against influenza virus infection in pigs
Authors: Larsen Diane L. , Olsen Christopher W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To examine the effects of DNA dose, site of vaccination, and coadministration of a cytokine DNA adjuvant on efficacy of H1-subtype swine influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) DNA vaccination of pigs.

Animals—24 eight-week-old mixed-breed pigs.

Procedure—2 doses of DNA were administered 27 days apart by use of a particle-mediated delivery system (gene gun). Different doses of HA DNA and different sites of DNA administration (skin, tongue) were studied, as was coadministration of porcine interleukin-6 (pIL-6) DNA as an adjuvant. Concentrations of virus-specific serum and nasal mucosal antibodies were measured throughout the experiment, and protective immunity was assessed after intranasal challenge with homologous H1N1 swine influenza virus.

Results—Increasing the dose of HA DNA, but not coadministration of pIL-6 DNA, significantly enhanced virus-specific serum antibody responses. Pigs that received DNA on the ventral surface of the tongue stopped shedding virus 1 day sooner than pigs vaccinated in the skin of the ventral portion of the abdomen, but none of the vaccinated pigs developed detectable virus-specific antibodies in nasal secretions prior to challenge, nor were they protected from challenge exposure. Vaccinated pigs developed high virus-specific antibody concentrations after exposure to the challenge virus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Co-administration of pIL-6 DNA did not significantly enhance immune responses to HA DNA vaccination or protection from challenge exposure. However, HA DNA vaccination of pigs, with or without coadministration of pIL-6 DNA, induced strong priming of the humoral immune system. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:653–659)
Antimicrobial-induced endotoxin and cytokine activity in an in vitro model of septicemia in foals
Authors: Bentley Adrienne P. , Barton Michelle H. , Lee Margie D. , Norton Natalie A. , Moore James N.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine which antimicrobials that are used to treat neonatal foals with septicemia attributable toEscherichia coliwill minimize endotoxin release from bacteria and subsequent activity of inflammatory mediators while maintaining bactericidal efficacy.

Sample Population—Blood samples from 10 healthy foals.

Procedure—Escherichia coliisolates A and B were isolated from 2 septicemic foals, and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for 9 antimicrobials. Five of these antimicrobials were tested in vitro at 2 and 20 times their respective MIC. Whole blood or mononuclear cells grown in tissue- culture media were incubated with 105colonyforming units ofE coliand each antimicrobial or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. After 6 hours, number of viable bacteria remaining was determined, and supernatant was tested for endotoxin and tumor necrosis activity.

Results—Testing in whole blood was compromised by bactericidal effects of the blood itself. In mononuclear cell suspensions, each antimicrobial significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria to low or undetectable amounts. Antimicrobials did not differ significantly in efficacy of bacterial killing. Amikacin used alone or in combination with ampicillin resulted in significantly less endotoxin activity than did ampicillin, imipenem, or ceftiofur alone. There was a correlation between TNF-α and endotoxin activity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Aminoglycosides appear less likely to induce endotoxemia and TNF-α synthesis during bactericidal treatment ofE colisepticemia, compared with β-lactam antimicrobials. Use of ampicillin, imipenem, or ceftiofur in the treatment of septicemic neonatal foals should be accompanied by appropriate treatment for endotoxemia. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:660–668)
Effect of cisplatin on bone transport osteogenesis in dogs
Authors: Ehrhart Nicole , Eurell Jo Ann C. , Tommasini Matteo , Constable Peter D. , Johnson Ann L. , Feretti Antonio
Published: December 2005

Objective—To document effects of cisplatin on regenerate bone formation during the distraction and consolidation phases of bone transport osteogenesis.

Animals—10 skeletally mature hounds.

Procedure—Bone transport osteogenesis was performed to reconstruct a 3-cm defect in the radius of each dog. Five dogs were randomly selected to receive cisplatin (70 mg/m2, IV, q 21 d for 4 cycles), and 5 were administered saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Bone mineral density was measured by use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) on days 24, 55, and 90 after surgery. Dogs were euthanatized 90 days after surgery. Histomorphometry was performed on nondecalcified sections of regenerate bone. Bone mineral density and histomorphometric indices of newly formed bone were compared between groups.

Results—Densitometric differences in regenerate bone mineral density were not detected between groups at any time period. Cisplatin-treated dogs had decreased mineralized bone volume, decreased percentage of woven bone volume, decreased percentage of osteoblast-covered bone, increased porosity, and increased percentage of osteoblast-covered surfaces, compared with values for control dogs. Lamellar bone volume and osteoid volume did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Regenerate bone will form and remodel during administration of cisplatin. Results of histomorphometric analysis suggest that bone formation and resorption may be uncoupled in cisplatin-treated regenerate bone as a result of increased osteoclast activity or delayed secondary bone formation during remodeling. These histomorphometric differences were modest in magnitude and did not result in clinically observable complications or decreased bone mineral density as measured by use of DEXA. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:703–711)
Laser flaremetric evaluation of experimentally induced blood-aqueous barrier disruption in cats
Authors: Rankin Amy J. , Krohne Sheryl G. , Glickman Nita W. , Glickman Larry T. , Stiles Jean
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To determine whether aqueous humor flare, measured by use of laser flaremetry, was proportional to aqueous humor protein concentration and to use laser flaremetry to evaluate disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) in cats.

Animals—30 healthy adult cats.

Procedure—Laser flaremetry values for all eyes were compared with aqueous humor protein concentrations determined by use of a Coomassie blue microprotein assay. Laser flaremetry was then performed on both eyes before (0 hours) and 4, 8, and 26 hours after initiation of topical application of 2% pilocarpine (q 8 h) to 1 eye of 9 cats or paracentesis of the anterior chamber of 1 eye of 8 cats. Intraocular pressure and pupil size were also determined. Aqueous humor protein concentration was extrapolated from flare values by use of linear regression.

Results—There was a linear relationship between flare values and aqueous humor protein concentrations. Topical application of 2% pilocarpine and paracentesis of the anterior chamber caused a breakdown of the BAB that was detected by use of laser flaremetry. The highest mean flare readings after application of pilocarpine or paracentesis were 24.4 and 132.8 pc/ms, respectively, which corresponded to aqueous humor protein concentrations of 85.5 and 434.9 mg/dl, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Paracentesis of the anterior chamber resulted in a more severe breakdown of the BAB in cats than topical application of 2% pilocarpine. Laser flaremetry may be a useful clinical method to detect increases in aqueous flare and, hence, disruptions of the BAB in cats. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:750–756)
Postprandial changes in serum unconjugated bile acid concentrations in healthy Beagles
Authors: Ruaux Craig G. , Steiner Jörg M. , Williams David A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate postprandial changes in serum concentrations of unconjugated bile acids in healthy Beagles.

Animals—7 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—Blood samples were obtained from dogs at regular intervals up to 8 hours after consumption of a meal. Serum concentrations of 5 unconjugated bile acids were determined at each time point, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring.

Results—Total serum unconjugated bile acid concentration was significantly increased, relative to baseline values, at 360, 420, and 480 minutes after feeding. Unconjugated cholic acid was significantly increased at 360, 420, and 480 minutes. The proportion of total unconjugated bile acids represented by cholic acid was significantly increased at 240 to 480 minutes. Deoxycholic acid was significantly increased at 360 and 420 minutes. Chenodeoxycholic acid was significantly increased at 360 to 480 minutes. Lithocholic acid was significantly increased at 180 minutes, whereas no significant changes in ursodeoxycholic acid were detected at any time point.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Healthy Beagles had significant increases in serum concentrations and changes in the profile of unconjugated bile acids after a meal. These increases persisted > 8 hours, indicating that prolonged withholding of food is necessary when to avoid the risk of a false-positive diagnosis when assessing serum unconjugated bile acid concentrations in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:789–793
Assessment of the analgesic effects of ketoprofen in ducks anesthetized with isoflurane
Authors: Machin Karen L. , Livingston Alexander
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether administration of ketoprofen would have analgesic effects in spontaneously breathing ducks anesthetized with isoflurane.

Animals—13 healthy adult wild-strain Mallard ducks.

Procedure—Each duck was anesthetized twice in a crossover study design with 6 days between randomized treatments. Ducks were given ketoprofen (5 mg/kg, IM) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution after a constant plane of anesthesia was established. Analgesia was assessed by measuring heart and respiratory rates and duration of application of a noxious stimulus. The noxious stimulus was applied 30, 50, and 70 minutes after drug administration and was maintained until gross purposeful movements were seen or for a maximum of 5 seconds.

Results—At all 3 evaluation times, heart rate increases in response to the noxious stimulus were greater when ducks were given saline solution than when they were given ketoprofen. The increase in respiratory rate in response to the noxious stimulus was greater when ducks were given saline solution than when they were given ketoprofen only 70 minutes after drug administration. When ducks were given ketoprofen, duration of the noxious stimulus was significantly longer 50 and 70 minutes, but not 30 minutes, after drug administration.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Ketoprofen reduced the increases in heart and respiratory rates associated with application of a noxious stimulus in spontaneously breathing adult Mallard ducks anesthetized with isoflurane delivered at approximately 2.9%, suggesting that ketoprofen had analgesic effects in these ducks. The onset of analgesic effects may be longer than 30 minutes in some ducks. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:821–826)
Comparison of pharmacokinetic variables for two low-molecular-weight heparins after subcutaneous administration of a single dose to horses
Authors: Schwarzwald Colin C. , Feige Karsten , Wunderli-Allenspach Heidi , Braun Ueli
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine pharmacokinetic variables and to evaluate the influence on clotting times after SC administration of single doses of dalteparin and enoxaparin to horses.

Animals—5 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—The study was designed as a 4-period crossover study. Each horse received a single SC injection of dalteparin (50 and 100 anti-Xa U/kg) and enoxaparin (40 and 80 anti-Xa U/kg). Plasma anti-Xa activities and clotting times were measured, and pharmacokinetic variables were determined. Absolute and relative maximal prolongation of clotting times was calculated, and correlation between plasma anti-Xa activities and clotting times was determined.

Results—The SC administration of each of the doses of the 2 preparations was well tolerated. Time course of the anti-Xa activities could be described in a 1-compartment model. Comparison of low- and high-dose treatments revealed a disproportionate increase of the area under the plasma activity-time curve and prolongation of the terminal half-life, but the increase in maximum plasma activity was proportionate, and peak plasma concentrations corresponded with concentrations recommended in human medicine. There were only mild changes in activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), whereas the influence on thrombin time (TT) was greater, dose-dependent, and more variable. A weak-to-moderate correlation between aPTT and plasma anti-Xa activities and a moderate-tostrong correlation between TT and plasma anti-Xa activities were found.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Pharmacokinetic and anticoagulatory properties of low-molecular- weight heparins in horses are similar to those found in humans. Once-daily SC administration of dalteparin or enoxaparin may be useful as an anticoagulatory treatment in horses. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:868–873)
Evaluation of cross-reactivity of allergens by use of intradermal testing in atopic dogs
Authors: Mueller Ralf S. , Chapman Phillip L. , Rosychuk Rodney E.W. , Bettenay Sonya V. , Fieseler Kathryn V.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To examine cross-reactivity of aeroallergens in Colorado and surrounding states by evaluating concurrent positive reactions of related and nonrelated allergens of intradermal tests in dogs.

Sample Population—Intradermal test results of 268 atopic dogs.

Procedure—A retrospective evaluation of skin test results for 268 dogs was performed. Pairs of closely related and nonrelated allergens were evaluated. Group 1 consisted of closely related allergens with demonstrated antibody cross-reactivity in humans. In group 2, allergens of the same plant group (ie, trees, grasses, or weeds) that were not closely related were paired. In group 3, allergen pairs were of different plant groups. Plant allergens were paired with dust mite allergens, animal dander, or mold spores in group 4. In the last group, allergens not derived from plants were paired. Data were evaluated twice by use of a different definition of a positive reaction. Significance of the difference between group means of log odds ratios was estimated by use of a bootstrap percentile confidence interval.

Results—Significant differences in the number of concurrent positive reactions were not found between related versus nonrelated grass, weed, or tree allergens. Significant differences in the number of concurrent positive reactions were found between plant allergens of different groups (ie, grasses, weeds, and trees) and plant allergens of the same groups, related or nonrelated , as well as between plant-derived and nonplant-derived allergens. Many dogs reacting to a specific allergen did not react to a closely related allergen at the same time.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—These results provide evidence against clinically relevant cross-reactivity and suggest that allergen-specific immunotherapy should be formulated on the basis of single allergen test results. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:874–879)
Fatigue microdamage in the radial predilection site for osteosarcoma in dogs
Authors: Gellasch Kelly L. , Kalscheur Vicki L. , Clayton Murray K. , Muir Peter
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate whether body size and anatomic site influence the quantity of bone microdamage in dogs without osteosarcoma (OS).

Sample Population—Pairs of radii were collected from 10 small dogs (< 15 kg) and 10 large dogs (> 25 kg).

Procedure—Specimens were stained in basic fuchsin for bone microdamage. Transverse sections were cut from each proximal and distal radial metaphysis at 15 and 85% of bone length. The following variables were determined for each region: mean microcrack length (CrLe, µm), microcrack density (CrDn, microcracks/mm2), microcrack surface density (CrSDn, µm/mm2), and estimated activation frequency (Acf, microcracks/mm2/y).

Results—Metaphyseal region did not significantly influence CrDn, CrLe, and CrSDn. The CrDn and CrSDn were influenced by body size, with microdamage being increased in large dogs, compared with small dogs. However, mean CrLe was not significantly influenced by body size. Acf significantly decreased with age and was significantly decreased in large dogs and in the distal radial metaphysis, compared with small dogs and the proximal radial metaphysis, respectively.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Our data did not reveal an increase in microdamage or remodeling at the OS predilection site (ie, the distal metaphysis of the radius), suggesting that induction of microdamage and an associated increase in bone remodeling are unlikely to be an important risk factor for induction of OS. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:896–899)
Association between soil type and paratuberculosis in cattle herds
Authors: Ward Michael P. , Perez Andres M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the association between soil type and paratuberculosis in cattle.

Sample Population—Soil samples and test results for paratuberculosis in 92 Indiana cattle herds.

Procedure—Testing records from herds in which ≥ 20 cattle were tested for paratuberculosis by use of an ELISA between 1998 and 2002 were identified. Soil type was characterized on the basis of herd location. Clusters of herds with seroprevalence greater than the median seroprevalence were identified. Association between clusters and soil types was estimated by logistic regression, adjusted for herd type (dairy or beef).

Results—A spatial cluster of greater than the median seroprevalence was identified in northeast Indiana. Soils with low silt content were associated (odds ratio [OR], 7.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 24.5) with this cluster. Adjusting for herd type did not substantially alter this association (OR, 6.7). Herds located in areas with sandy loam (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 27.4) and loam (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.0 to 13.2) soils were also more likely to be within the cluster of greater than the median seroprevalence. Herds located in areas of silt loam soils were less likely (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.7) to be included in this cluster.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Spatial distribution of herds with greater than the median seroprevalence of paratuberculosis was associated with soil characteristics. Survival ofMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosismay be enhanced by silt or sand content in loamy soils. These results may be used to modify paratuberculosis control programs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:10–14)
Evaluation of effects of dietary carbohydrate on formation of struvite crystals in urine and macromineral balance in clinically normal cats
Authors: Funaba Masayuki , Uchiyama Akira , Takahashi Ken-ichiro , Kaneko Masahiro , Yamamoto Hiromi , Namikawa Kazuhiko , Iriki Tsunenori , Hatano Yoshikazu , Abe Matanobu
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of dietary carbohydrate on urine volume; struvite crystal formation; and calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium balance in clinically normal cats.

Animals—21 healthy adult cats (15 sexually intact males and 6 sexually intact females).

Procedure—Diets containing no carbohydrate source (control diet), control plus starch, or control plus fiber were given in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design. The diets were available ad libitum in study 1 (n = 12) and given under restrictions in study 2 (9) to equalize daily intakes of crude protein among the 3 groups. Formation of struvite crystals and balance of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were measured.

Results—Urine volume was lower in the starch group and fiber group in study 1, whereas no differences were detected among the groups in study 2. Urinary pH and struvite activity product were higher in the starch group in both studies, and the fiber group also had higher struvite activity product in study 2. In both studies, urinary concentrations of HCl-insoluble sediment were higher in the starch group and fiber group. In the fiber group, a net loss of body calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium was detected in study 2.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Starch and fiber in diets potentially stimulate formation of struvite crystals. Hence, reducing dietary carbohydrate is desirable to prevent struvite urolith formation. In addition, a net loss of body calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium during feeding of the fiber diet suggests that dietary inclusion of insoluble fiber could increase macromineral requirements of cats. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:138–142)
Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals
Authors: Billinghurst R. Clark , Brama Pieter A. J. , Weeren P. Rene van , Knowlton Megan S. , McIlwraith C. Wayne
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses.

Animals—43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis.

Procedure—24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibiotarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions.

Results—Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenasegenerated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4Cshort], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4Cshortand osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:143–150)
Nucleotide sequence of equine erythropoietin and characterization of region-specific antibodies
Authors: Sato Fumio , Yamashita Shozo , Kugo Takaharu , Hasegawa Telhisa , Mitsui Isao , Kijima-Suda Isao
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the full-length complementary
DNA (cDNA) sequence of equine erythropoietin
(EPO) and to develop region-specific antibodies to differentiate
equine EPO (eEPO) and human EPO
(hEPO).

Sample Population—RNA and lysate extracted from
renal tissues of an adult Thoroughbred.

Procedure—Full-length cDNA was determined by
use of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
assay and a rapid amplification of cDNA ends
method. The deduced amino acid sequence was compared
with sequences of EPO reported for other
species. Furthermore, 4 synthetic peptides were
designed in 2 distinctive parts of the eEPO and hEPO
amino acid sequences to obtain antibodies specific
for eEPO and hEPO. Specificity of the antibodies was
tested against supernatant of homogenized equine
kidney and recombinant hEPO (rhEPO) by use of
western immunoblotting techniques.

Results—Analysis of the 1,181 bp in the nucleotide
sequence revealed that eEPO was a residue of 192
amino acids. Similarity of eEPO with amino acid
sequences of EPO from other species was 81.0% to
90.6%. Antibodies were specifically recognized by
eEPO or rhEPO molecules. Anti-hEPO (161 to 165)
antibody specifically recognized rhEPO. In contrast,
anti-eEPO (133 to 144) antibody reacted with the
equine kidney lysate.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—We determined
the cDNA and amino acid sequence of eEPO
and developed region-specific antibodies that specifically
recognized eEPO or rhEPO. These antibodies
may be useful in distinguishing rhEPO from eEPO in
a test to detect the misuse of rhEPO in racehorses.
( Am J Vet Res2004;65:15–19)
Evaluation of the bioequivalence of two formulations of deltamethrin for treatment of sheep with psoroptic mange
Authors: Cadiergues Marie-Christine , Laguerre Caroline , Roques Martine , Franc Michel
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate efficacy of 2 deltamethrin
emulsifiable concentrates that differed on the basis of
vehicle (methyl glycol acetate [AMG] or 2-propylene
glycol 1-methyl ether acetate [AMP]) for the treatment
of sheep with mange.

Animals—30 ewes between 11 months and 7 years
old that weighed 16 to 71 kg and were naturally infested
with Psoroptes ovis.

Procedure—Sheep were randomly allocated into 3
groups (13 sheep in group AMP, 13 sheep in group
AMG, and 4 negative-control sheep). Each sheep was
dipped twice (10-day interval between dippings) in the
assigned formulation. Assessment of efficacy was
performed on days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, and
63 after the first dipping. Efficacy was assessed by
determining the number of eggs or live mites on
those days, as well as regrowth of wool at the end of
the study.

Results—Psoroptic mange infestation was maintained
in the 4 control sheep throughout the study.
We did not detect live Psoroptes mites in scrapings
after day 7 (AMP group) or after day 14 (AMG group).
No parasites were seen after day 14 in either treatment
group. Therefore, efficacy was 100% for both
treatment groups from days 14 to 63.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The 2 formulations
of deltamethrin were equally able to eradicate
Psoroptes infestation of sheep after 2 dippings performed
in accordance with the label recommendations.
(Am J Vet Res 2004;65:151–154)
Electromyographic activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles in horses during trotting on a treadmill
Authors: Licka Theresia F. , Peham Christian , Frey Alexander
Published: December 2005

Objective—To use electromyography (EMG) to measure physiologic activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles of horses during trotting on a treadmill.

Animals—15 adult horses (5 to 20 years old that weighed 450 to 700 kg) that did not have clinical signs of back pain.

Procedure—Data were recorded for each horse during trotting on a treadmill at speeds of 2.6 to 4.4 m/s. Surface electromyography was recorded bilaterally from the longissimus dorsi muscles at the levels of T12, T16, and L3.

Results—In each motion cycle, 2 EMG maxima were found at the end of the diagonal stance phases. The EMG activity peaked slightly later at L3 than at T12 and T16. Maximum EMG amplitudes were highest at T12 and decreased caudally, with mean ± SD values of 4.51 ± 1.20 mV at T12, 3.00 ± 0.83 mV at T16, and 1.78 ± 0.67 mV at L3. Mean minimum EMG activity was 1.30 ± 0.63 mV at T12, 0.83 ± 0.35 mV at T16, and 0.80 ± 0.39 mV at L3. The relative amplitudes (ie, [maximum – minimum]/maximum) were 67 ± 11% at T12, 66 ± 8% at T16, and 71 ± 8% at L3.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles is mainly responsible for stabilization of the vertebral column against dynamic forces. The difference between minimum and maximum activity may allow application of this method as a clinical tool. Data reported here can serve as reference values for comparison with values from clinically affected horses. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:155–158)
Identification of surface morphologic changes in the mitral valve leaflets and chordae tendineae of dogs with myxomatous degeneration
Authors: Corcoran Brendan M. , Black Alexander , Anderson Heather , McEwan Joanna Dukes , French Anne , Smith Paul , Devine Craig
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe structural changes in the left atrioventricular (mitral) valve complex of dogs with endocardiosis by use of scanning electron microscopy.

Animals—5 clinically normal dogs and 4 dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis.

Procedure—The mitral valve complex from each dog was fixed and prepared for examination via scanning electron microscopy. Findings in valves from clinically normal and affected dogs were compared to identify surface changes associated with endocardiosis.

Results—Compared with findings in valves from clinically normal dogs, endocardiosis-affected mitral valve complexes had several morphologic abnormalities. Tissue swelling on the edge of valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and the chordal-papillary muscle junction was evident. Damage to the valve complex endothelium was unevenly distributed; in some areas, denudation of endothelial cells had exposed the basement membrane or subendothelial valve collagen matrix. This damage was most noticeable on the leaflet edges and extended more to the ventricular aspect of the valve than the atrial side. Cell loss also extended to the chordae tendineae but was less apparent at the chordal-papillary muscle junction. The remaining endothelial cells on affected valves were arranged in less-ordered rows and had more plasmalemmal microappendages, compared with cells on unaffected valves.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Morphologic changes associated with mitral valve endocardiosis in dogs were similar to those observed in humans with mitral valve prolapse. In dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis, gross changes in the valve complex may affect hemodynamics in the heart; alterations in the leaflet and chordal endothelium may contribute to pathogenesis of this disease. (Am J Vet Res2004; 65:198–206)
Hemodynamic effects of sevoflurane in cats
Authors: Pypendop Bruno H. , Ilkiw Jan E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine hemodynamic effects of 3 concentrations of sevoflurane in cats.

Animals—6 cats.

Procedure—Cats were anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen. After instruments were inserted, endtidal sevoflurane concentration was set at 1.25, 1.5, or 1.75 times the individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), which was determined in another study. Twenty-five minutes were allowed after each change of concentration. Heart rate; systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures; central venous pressure; pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; cardiac output; body temperature; arterial and mixed-venous pH, PCO2, PO2, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin concentrations; PCV; and total protein and lactate concentrations were measured for each sevoflurane concentration before and during noxious stimulation. Arterial and mixed-venous bicarbonate concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, rate-pressure product, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, left and right ventricular stroke work indices, PaO2, mixed-venous partial pressure of oxygen (Pv–O2), oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, oxygen-extraction ratio, alveolar-to-arterial oxygen difference, and venous admixture were calculated. Spontaneous and mechanical ventilations were studied during separate experiments.

Results—Mode of ventilation did not significantly influence any of the variables examined. Therefore, data from both ventilation modes were pooled for analysis. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, stroke index, rate-pressure product, left ventricular stroke work index, arterial and mixed-venous pH, PaO2, and oxygen delivery decreased, whereas PaCO2, Pva–O2, and mixed-venous partial pressure of CO2increased significantly with increasing doses of sevoflurane. Noxious stimulation caused a significant increase in most cardiovascular variables.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Sevoflurane induces dose-dependent cardiovascular depression in cats that is mainly attributable to myocardial depression. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:20–25)
Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and radial pressure wave therapy on elasticity and microstructure of equine cortical bone
Authors: Pauwels Frederick E. T. , McClure Scott R. , Amin Viren , Sickle David Van , Evans Richard B.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To measure changes in the modulus of
elasticity (E) and describe histologic findings after
extracorporeal shock wave therapy and radial pressure
wave therapy on equine cortical bone specimens.

Sample Population—16 bone specimens from the
proximodorsal cortex of an equine third metacarpal or
metatarsal bone.

Procedure—Baseline E was determined by the density
(ρ) and unidirectional ultrasound transmission
velocity (C) of each specimen according to the equation
E = ρC2. Eight specimens were treated with 500
pulses of 0.15 mJ/mm2 of extracorporeal shock wave
therapy, and 8 specimens were treated with 500 pulses
of 0.16 mJ/mm2 of radial pressure wave therapy.
After treatment, C was determined again. Four treatment
sessions resulted in 2,000 pulses and 5 C measurements.
The ρ of each sample was measured
again. Mean post-treatment E was calculated for each
group. Nondecalcified sections of all specimens were
stained with toluidine blue or basic fuchsin for histologic
evaluation.

Results—Overall treatment group effect was not significant
for C or E. Final E was not different from baseline
values for extracorporeal shock wave therapy and
radial pressure wave therapy. No histologic changes
could be attributed to either treatment modality.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Extracorporeal
shock wave therapy and radial pressure wave
therapy did not affect the material properties of
equine bone at the energy and pulse values used in
this study. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:207–212)
In vitro investigation of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2α on contractile activity of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas
Authors: Hoogmoed Linda M. Van , Drake Christiana M. , Snyder Jack R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the in vitro effect of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2α, and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) indomethacin, ketoprofen, and nabumetone on the contractile strength of the circular smooth muscle layer of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas.

Sample Population—Specimens of the third compartment obtained from 5 healthy adult llamas.

Procedure—Full-thickness tissue samples were collected from the third compartment immediately after euthanasia. Specimens were cut into strips oriented along the circular muscle layer and mounted in a tissue bath system. Incremental amounts of ketoprofen, nabumetone, indomethacin, PGE2, and PGF2αwere added, and contractile strength (amplitude of contractions) was recorded.

Results—Generally, PGE2reduced contractile strength of the circular smooth layer of the third compartment, whereas PGF2αincreased the strength of contractions. The activity of the NSAIDs was generally excitatory in a concentration-dependent manner, although significant changes were induced only by administration of indomethacin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On isolated smooth muscle strips of the third compartment of llamas, exogenous PGE2and PGF2αhad a variable effect on contractile strength. Administration of the NSAIDs did not inhibit contractility and would not be likely to induce stasis of the third compartment in the absence of an underlying disease process. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:220–224