bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Komparatif Government Size Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) dan Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT)
Authors: Sriningsih Siti
Published: September 2021

Rasio pajak daerah terhadap PAD dan ABD merupakan tujuan yang akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode rasio PAD dan APBD. Adapun hasilnya adalah dana yang bersumber dari pajak di Kabupaten/Kota Privinsi NTB berkisar antara 5-10% dari terhadap PAD, tapi ada juga kabupaten yang masih rendah dengan kontribusi di bawah 5% terutama bagi daerah kabupaten/kota yang baru terjadi pemekaran. Begitu pula dengan Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi NTT yang rasio pajak terhadap PAD berkisar antara 1-5%. Perbedaan dari kedua provinsi disebabkan oleh pariasi jenis pajak yang dipungut di setiap daerah. Di NTB jenis pajak yang dipungut adalah 8-11 jenis, sedangkan di NTT 6-10 jenis. Potensi di kedua daerah juga berbeda dimana di NTB lebih banyak jenis pajak di bidang pariwisata dan jasa serta bisnis, sedangkan di NTT lebih mengandalakan sumber daya alam di bidang mineral bukan logam dan batuan serta galian golongan C.
A Igreja diante do desafio do Império Romano
Authors: Meulenberg Leonardo
Published: September 2021

São poucos hoje em dia que ainda têm confiança no futuro da nossa civilização. Pois para onde nos tem conduzido a evolução dos últimos séculos? Temos realizado um progresso enorme, sim. A humanidade dispõe agora de recursos suficientes para todos os homens poderem abastecer-se à vontade. Mas será que isto se reflete na realidade? É infelizmente óbvio que os pobres vão ficando cada vez mais pobres. E os ricos amontoam entretanto imensos tesouros. Trata-se de um processo que se acelerou ultimamente de uma tal maneira que até os mais otimistas desanimam...
Discurso católico e discurso estrangeirado
Authors: Hoornaert Eduardo
Published: September 2021

O debruçar-se da inteligência brasileira sobre as origens indígenas deste país e o esforço em relativizar a influência europeia sobre a formação da cultura nacional constituem uma luta árdua que já se trava por mais de século e meio. É de certa forma uma luta do brasileiro contra si mesmo, contra a ideologia estrangeirada que habita o corpo social. É um oscilar entre dois mundos, o mundo dos valores europeus e ocidentais em geral trazidos por sucessivas ondas de europeização desde a primeira nos anos 1500, e do outro lado o mundo mais antigo, mais rejeitado, dos valores indígenas e africanos. De forma lapidar escreveu José Honório Rodrigues no prefácio à segunda edição de seu livro Brasil e África: outro horizonte: “Somos uma república mestiça, étnica e culturalmente; não somos europeus nem ‘latino-americanos’; fomos tupinizados, africanizados, orientalizados e ocidentalizados. A síntese de tantas antíteses é o produto singular e original que é o Brasil atual” (Rodrigues, 1982, 14-15).
Religiöse Spuren im Alltag
Authors: Werner Matthias
Published: September 2021

Acronyms, songs, advertisements, movies, television series, comic strips, memes or even sports news: Traces of Christian symbols, sayings, or references can be found in numerous places and contexts. But most children and adolescents exposed to religious education in German schools, only know these contemporary references without being aware of their origins. So one of the most challenging tasks in religious education is enabling learners to decode those references and adaptations. Being able to decode the occurring transformations of religion within these daily life phenomena is the prerequisite for being able to make an informed decision about the underlying concepts and religious ideas.  This article provides an example of how to alternatively address the quite abstract teaching of dyophysitism by using snippets of the famous animated sitcom „The Simpsons“.
Mysticism and Early Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Dobrzeniecki Marek
Published: September 2021

Early analytic philosophy is known for its logical rigor that seems to leave no place for non-rational sources of knowledge such as mystical experiences. The following paper shows on the example of Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein that despite of this early analytic philosophy was interested in mysticism and it also shows the roots of this interest. For Russell an application of logical methods to solving philosophical puzzled was an expression of a more fundamental striving – to know the world as it is, sub specie aeternitatis – which is mystical in nature. In turn early Wittgenstein’s philosophy sets the limits of meaningful propositions and provides the distinction between what can be said and what can only be shown and what manifests itself in the world. The latter belongs to the realm of the mystical.
Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Sorghum Slurry on Clinical Strains of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Okunye OL , Okanlawon BM , Idowu PA , Adeleye O , Fasuyi OC
Published: September 2021

Background: Sorghum is a nutrient-rich grain ground into flour to make different types of delicacies, and it has been reported to possess probiotic potentials.

Objective: To assess the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus plantarum obtained from sorghum slurry on strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli from cases of diarrhoea.

Methods: A total of 36 samples of wet-milled sorghum slurry and liquor pH were obtained and cultured on MRSA and were, after that, biochemically characterized for Lactobacillus plantarum, which was tested by agar well diffusion against 15 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from cases of diarrhoea.

Results: Microbiological analysis of the 36 samples of sorghum explored produced 15 isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum. A progressive increase in acidity in relation to an increase in the period of fermentation was observed. Ninety-five per cent of the Escherichia coli strains showed resistance against some standard antibiotics. At the same time, the isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum obtained inhibited isolates of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli tested, showing potential usefulness of the sorghum slurry as a probiotic.

Conclusion: The inhibitory activity of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from sorghum slurry showed antimicrobial potentials that could be used for therapeutic purposes in treating diarrhoea caused by   Escherichia coli, pending further investigation.
Institutional Formation and Development of the Luhansk Eparchy of the Ukrainian Orthodox Autocephalous Synodal Church (1922-1936)
Authors: Ruban Mykola
Published: September 2021

The article attempts to recreate the process of organizational development of the Luhansk eparchy of the Ukrainian Orthodox Autocephalous Synodal Church of 1922-1936. It was found out that due to the conditions of aggravation of confessional division the representatives of the renewal movement managed to minimize their reformation provisions during 1926-1928. The Synodal Church managed to stabilize the institutional crisis. With the appointment of Bishop Veniamin to a vacant for a long time throne, with the active support of local authorities, the Luhansk diocese has reached its greatest development, covering in its structure about a quarter of the Orthodox communities of the district. It is determined that since the Ukrainian-centric ideological principles of the Synodal Church were not fully embodied in the practical activities of the renewal clergy, the emergence of the Conciliar Episcopal Church as a relatively canonical alternative Reformation denomination of Ukrainian Orthodoxy became relevant in Ukraine. In particular, in the Luhansk region, as a result of the unconstructive methods of Bishop’s Photius (Topiro) governing, it was the local diocese of the UCEC that became a refuge for the renewal communities, almost doubling the number of its own parishes during 1928-1929. It is proved that the development of the Synodal Church in the Luhansk region was marked by the lack of an effective system of government, the low discipline of the clergy, and especially given the change in state policy in the field of religion. The historical circumstances of the confessional division of Ukrainian Orthodoxy in the interwar period on the example of a separate region are highlighted. Further research on this topic requires clarification of a number of ethnocultural, political, linguistic, and canonical issues of local renewal communities, which will expand the understanding of the religious worldview of the local population and propose new conceptual approaches to overcoming church divisions.
Teachers’ Feedback on a New Variety of English: The Case of Hong Kong English
Authors: Chan Ka Long Roy
Published: September 2021

The present short report reveals how teachers of English in Hong Kong (HKTEs) react to Hong Kong English (HKE). By employing a mixed method approach consisting of 100 survey responses and 28 interviews, types of feedback and activities teachers use when they encounter HKE in classroom were recorded and reported. The results showed that the two types of teachers of English – Native and Non-native English speakers – provided different kinds of responses because of the differences in attitude they held toward new varieties of English. The current study potentially sheds light on how different varieties of English could fit in traditional ESL curricula. Further research is warranted on how the feedback may affect English acquisition among Hong Kong students and whether the feedback brings positive or negative effects to the students.
Larvicidal effect of some natural products on mosquito and some aquatic predators in Gezira State, Sudan: Field assessment
Authors: Abdelmonem Eltiyab Houmida Ali  , Mutaman Ali A. Kehail
Published: September 2021

There are many methods used for mosquito control. Depending on the situation, source reduction (removing stagnant water), bio-control (importing natural predators), trapping, and insecticides to kill larvae or adults may be used. Some aquatic predators were reputed as biological control agents for mosquito larvae. Hence they have to be considered when experimenting on the lethal effects of any material on mosquito larvae. The objectives of this study were to study the effects of neem leaves and usher latex against Anopheles and Culex larvae and some of their aquatic predators (hemipteran boatman (HB), tadpole (T), swimming beetle larvae (SBL) and adult (SBA) and mayfly naiad (MF)) in some breeding sites around Wad Medani Town. Gezira State, Sudan. Two villages were selected for conducting this study. The count of the mosquito larvae and the aquatic predators continued for four days from applying natural products. The results showed that, mosquito’s larvae were affected more than the aquatic by Neem leaves and Ushar latex. The study of the microclimates in the breeding sites will help to correlate toxicity to any level of any environmental factor.
Rice husk as sustainable waste energy for small farmers - A review
Authors: I Gede Bawa Susana  , Ida Bagus Alit
Published: September 2021

A review of rice husks as an energy source was carried out to provide information on their use in the drying process, especially handling post-harvest for small farmers. This is done because there are still many small farmers who only use the sun to dry their food. Drying is done by dry in the sun and this process still has drawbacks. The weakness of the process of drying in the sun is very dependent on the weather, so when it is cloudy or rainy the drying process will stop. Of course, this causes losses to small farmers, on the other hand, waste is abundant in the form of rice husks. This is related to rice as the farmer's staple crop and rice husk is a by-product of rice production. Based on several studies and libraries, a satisfactory result was obtained regarding rice husks. Rice husk can be used as sustainable alternative energy. Increasing the drying temperature, it can be done through an energy conversion process. This method is carried out by adding a heat exchanger to increase heat transfer from the burning of rice husks to the drying air. This method is also able to shorten the drying time and the dried food becomes hygienic. This is as a result of the drying process of foodstuffs carried out in the drying room, to avoid dirt and dust. Utilization of rice husks and heat exchangers as an alternative in overcoming the problems of conventional agriculture in terms of uncertain weather and climate.
Pengelolaan Keuangan di Desa Pesisir Berdasarkan Asas Partisipasi dalam Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Desa sebagai Upaya Akuntabilitas Publik di Kabupaten Gresik
Authors: Chomariyah
Published: September 2021

The financial management in the coastal villages based on the principle of public participation is regulated in Act Number 6 of 2014 on the Village. The regulating is intended that rural communities can participate and play the role and can directly involve in financial management, including the supervision on financial allocations. The selected coastal villages in Gresik are Pangkah Kulon village, Banyu Urip village and Campurejo village; the villages are in two sub-districts (kecamatan), Ujung Pangkah and Panceng. This research is an empirical research with the steps which refer to the principle of PAR (Participatory Action Research). The research advances show that the location of the research and the regulations have been identified; the informants have been determined; and the data on Village Fund Allocation and the model of village financial management of which each village makes have been collected. As a result of the research, the model of financial management in Pangkah Kulon village, Banyu Urip village and Campurejo village is not maximally in accordance with the steps that should be as in the regulations, particularly in the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 113 of 2014 on Village Financial Management. The used format is not uniform.
Hak Kepemilikan Tempat Tinggal bagi WNA di Bidang Properti
Authors: Suwardi
Published: September 2021

The residential property sector in Indonesia remains attractive even though there are several factors that have hampered growth over the past two years. The ownership for singles related to property refers to Government Regulation Number 40 of 1996 concerning Building Use Rights, Business Use and Use Rights to Land; Government Regulation Number 41 of 1996 concerning Housing or Residential Houses by Foreigners Domiciled in Indonesia; Law Number 25 of 2007 concerning Investment. Secondly, foreigners can buy or own a house in Indonesia above usufructuary rights, but the maximum time period given is 10 years for land under 2000 square meters. At present, more than 50% of Indonesia's population lives in urban areas. This means that there will be more houses, apartments and condominiums to be built in Indonesian urban areas to meet growing demand. This situation also implies that due to lack of land availability in urban areas, prices tend to rise rapidly, while developers need to increasingly focus on vertical property development such as apartments and condominiums.
Perlindungan Hukum bagi Pembeli atas Hak Milik Tanah dalam Menikmati Fungsi dan Manfaat Tanah sebagai Pemegang Hak Milik
Authors: Bayu Sagita Damopolii Bayu Sagita Damopolii , Imam Koeswahyono Imam Koeswahyono , Moh. Fadli Moh. Fadli
Published: September 2021

In the process of buying and selling land as the basis for the transition of land rights from the seller to buyers in the area of Bolaang Mongondow, especially in Lolak Village District Lolak is done in two ways, namely the process of buying and selling as in general the sale and purchase of land ownership is a unity of land and buildings and plants above it and the process of buying and selling of land is not a unity between the land and buildings and plants above it or the sale and purchase by using the principle of separation horizontal is separate sale and purchase. However, in the development of the practice of the process of buying and selling land that is considered as part of the process of buying and selling property rights on customary land or customary law, it raises legal problems, the process of buying and selling property rights on land that can not provide legal protection of the status of property in full for the buyer in the land and enjoy the benefits and functions of the land itself.
Konsep Pengelolaan Kontrak Bilateral yang Proporsional yang Menyeimbangkan Kepentingan Nasional dan Perlindungan untuk Investor Asing di Bidang Pertambangan
Authors: Ricky Bima Sanjaya  , Bonaventura Ivan Mollet  , Nofandi Irianto
Published: September 2021

Investment policy is the main thing that must prioritize the national interest, not only in the field of new jobs but also must support the domestic eco-sector. In this case the state has an obligation to defend national interests. Specifically in terms of investment by managing contracts or bilateral investment treaty agreements (BIT) based on the Proportionality Principle. This principle is intended to provide justice and certainty for the parties. Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT) agreements are considered important for the parties, which are related to the agreement. In the Bilateral Investment Treaties Agreement (BIT) are the most preferred clauses of the Nation, the National Treatment and Fair and Equitable Treatment, and the theory of state / government intervention that is considered to be able to balance national interests and protect investors in the mining sector.
Community supported agriculture as a domain of economic exchange: models, social capital and performance of three community supported agriculture groups in Turkey
Authors:   Pelin Atakan, Murat Yercan
Published: September 2021

Community supported agriculture (CSA), an innovative food distribution model that encourages environ-mentally sound agricultural production, has been embraced in Turkey since the early 2000s. Although the model has been widely studied within the framework of ethical consumption, environmentalism and social justice, its perspectives as a domain of economic exchange in Turkey has yet to be explored. The present study attempts to investigate the viability of CSAs in Turkey as domains of economic exchange by looking at the interaction between their performance and their main resource, namely their social capital. Following an exploratory approach, we, first, examined the characteristics of the operational, organizational and sup-port models to determine the performance factors indispensable for CSAs in Turkey to survive as domains of economic exchange. We then expanded this understanding by looking into the relationship between these performance factors and social capital indicators of three CSAs in Turkey. The findings reveal that each CSA adopts different support, operational and organizational models that result in different levels of risk shar-ing. In all three CSAs, the character of the social capital that interacts with the performance indicators is bonding rather than bridging. Therefore, investing in bridging social capital can be a potentially beneficial strategy for CSAs in order to become more sustainable as domains of economic exchange.
»Mein neues altes Leben«
Authors: Hermann Marie-Luise
Published: September 2021

Psychoanalytische Psychotherapie ist heute auf die Förderung von Entwicklung über die gesamte Lebensspanne ausgerichtet. Zu den Therapiezielen jüngerer Menschen kommt mit dem Älterwerden die Auseinandersetzung mit den Lebensmöglichkeiten angesichts von Veränderungen des Körpers und der Endlichkeit hinzu. Dabei stellt das Bedürfnis nach Rückblick auf das gelebte Leben Nachträglichkeit ins Zentrum therapeutischer Reflexion. Fallvignetten zeigen auf, wie die Bearbeitung innerer Konflikte und des Wiederholungszwangs an Übergängen in der zweiten Lebenshälfte zu einem Neubeginn führen können.
Noch einmal, anders
Authors: Mauz Andreas
Published: September 2021

Der Beitrag exploriert den infrage stehenden Zusammenhang im Kontext von Sterbeerzählungen. Im Anschluss an die Diskussion der narrationsbezogenen Lebensendforschung werden auf der Grundlage einer systematischen Unterscheidung von Sterbeerzählungen und Sterbenarrativen zwei Erzählungen textnahe untersucht. An Tolstois Tod des Iwan Iljitsch lässt sich das Moment des Neubeginns exemplarisch innerhalb des Narrativs der gelockerten Innen-Außen-Beziehung nachvollziehen, an Christopher Hitchens’ Mortality zeigt sich dasjenige einer programmatischen Kontinuität.
Franz Werfels Novelle Die andere Seite
Authors: Hierdeis Helmwart , Walter Hans Jörg , Würker Achim
Published: September 2021

Drei an der Tiefenhermeneutik orientierte Interpreten wenden sich arbeitsteilig der Novelle Die andere Seite (1916) von Franz Werfel zu: Achim Würker unterzieht sie nach den methodischen Vorgaben Alfred Lorenzers einer tiefenhermeneutischen Analyse. Helmwart Hierdeis geht der »Nachträglichkeit« in Werfels literarischem Rückblick auf eine Szene in seiner Kindheit und, dadurch angeregt, einer eigenen Kindheitserinnerung nach. Hans Jörg Walter kommentiert vergleichend die Ergebnisse der beiden Auseinandersetzungen. Die Autoren stellen ihr gemeinsames Verständnis von Tiefenhermeneutik und Nachträglichkeit den jeweiligen Analysen voran.
»Die Humanität einer Gesellschaft zeigt sich vor allem in ihrem Umgang mit Fremden und Traumatisierten …«
Authors: Leuzinger-Bohleber Marianne
Published: September 2021

Es wird auf die Erfahrung psychoanalytischer Traumaforscher, wie unter anderem von Dori Laub, hingewiesen, dass der Umgang mit Fremden und Traumatisierten als Indikator für die Humanität einer Gesellschaft betrachtet werden kann. Daher stimmt die zunehmende Entsolidarisierung mit dem Leid heutiger Geflüchteter nachdenklich. Mit einigen konkreten Berichten aus der Arbeit mit Geflüchteten in der Erstaufnahmeeinrichtung »Michaelisdorf« (Darmstadt) wird versucht, zu einer empathischen Einfühlung in ihre Traumageschichte beizutragen. Kurz skizziert werden die Grundlinien des Pilotprojekts STEP-BY-STEP, das die Einrichtung von vier Psychosozialen Zentren in Hessen unterstützte, aber die Schließung des »Michaelisdorfes« leider nicht verhindern konnte.
VISIONES Y ACTUACIÓN DE LA DIPLOMACIA ARGENTINA EN UN ESCENARIO ESTRATÉGICO DE LA SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL
Authors: Vagni Juan José
Published: September 2021

Este trabajo procura acercarse a un escenario estratégico de la política global, el Mediterráneo Occidental durante la posguerra civil española y la segunda guerra mundial, desde la mirada de la diplomacia argentina en España y Marruecos. La incipiente actuación latinoamericana en la zona muestra que los diplomáticos argentinos se implicaron en una amplia gama de situaciones y acciones vinculadas al movimiento de personas y bienes en un difícil contexto regional y global. En el recorrido aparecerán cuestiones como los efectos de la ocupación de Tánger, la protección de ciudadanos argentinos —especialmente judíos marroquíes—, los primeros intercambios comerciales y los encuentros con las autoridades locales y coloniales. Esta propuesta se conforma a partir de la exploración de las memorias de diplomáticos y de los archivos de la Cancillería argentina.
NOVEDAD EDITORIAL
Authors: Barral María Elena
Published: September 2021

María Elena Barral (coord.), La visita del obispo Lué y Riega. Transcripción y edición de la Santa y General Visita Pastoral del Ilustrísimo Señor Dn Benito Lué y Riega Obispo de la Santísima Trinidad del Puerto de Santa María de Buenos Aires (1803-1805), Rosario, Prohistoria, 2021, 232 páginas.
Longitudinal study of occupational pathology risks in open-pit apatite miners of the Kola Peninsula
Authors: Syurin Sergey A.
Published: September 2021

Mining in the Arctic is associated with an increased risk of developing occupational diseases. The aim of the study was to assess risks of developing occupational pathology over 10-year period of mining apatite ore in the Kola Arctic open-pit mines. We studied data on working conditions (certification of workplaces), health status (periodic medical examinations) and primary occupational pathology (monitoring "Working conditions and occupational morbidity of the population of the Murmansk region" in 2009-2018) of open-pit apatite miners. It was found that, according to an overall assessment, the working conditions of all 436 surveyed open-pit apatite miners corresponded to 3.2-3.3 hazard classes. During 10 years of employment (2009-2018), 88 (20.2%) miners were first diagnosed with 134 occupational diseases, which are 3.07 cases per 100 people per year. The main cause for their occurrence was the severity of work above the permissible level (39.6%), whole-body vibration (37.3%) and noise (17.9%), and their structure is dominated by vibration disease (35.8%) and musculoskeletal pathology (30.0%). The main factor in the occurrence of occupational diseases was recognized as imperfection of technological processes (58.2%). The risk of occupational pathology formation in the excavator drivers (RR=1.95; CI 1.33-2.86; p<0.001) and in the drilling rig drivers (RR=1.60; CI 1.04-2.47; p=0.031) was higher than that of bulldozer drivers. In 2009-2018, unlike the bulldozer and drilling rig drivers, the excavator drivers showed an increased risk of developing occupational diseases (RR=3.50; CI 1.90-6.43; p<0.001). In 2009-2018, the open-pit apatite miners of the Kola Peninsula retained a high level of occupational morbidity, and it tended to increase among excavator drivers.
Clinical and immunological features and prognosis of different phenotypes of occupational asthma
Authors: Babanov Sergey A. , Strizhakov Leonid A. , Baikova Antonina G. , Budash Darya S. , Agarkova Anna S. , Vostroknutova Marina Yu.
Published: September 2021

Introduction. Occupational asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disease. Development of personalized treatment and prevention tactics becomes feasible due to phenotyping, which means identifying of markers to combine cases of occupational asthma with similar manifestations (clinical, instrumental, laboratory) and prognosis to phenotypes. The study aims to determination and comparative analysis of spirographic and immunological parameters for different phenotypes of occupational asthma. Materials and methods. In this study, we included 170 patients with different phenotypes of occupational asthma and 50 participants in control group. The spirographic examination was performed using computer spirograph with determination of the following parameters: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume during the first second (FEV1), Tiffeneau-Pinelli index (FEV1/FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal expiratory flow at 75%, 50%, 25% of the forced vital capacity (MEF75%VC, MEF50%VC, MEF25%VC). Quantification of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, and IgG in human serum was conducted by Mancini method; levels of IgE, C-reactive protein and fibronectin were determined using a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. Fibrinogen concentration in plasma was measured by an automatic coagulometer. Haptoglobin concentration in serum was determined by spectrophotometry. Results. According to spirometry and laboratory results obtained, there is a strong evidence, that the phenotype "occupational asthma - occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" has the lowest values in pulmonary function tests and the most significant changes in immunoglobulins, fibronectin and acute phase proteins levels among other studied phenotypes of occupational asthma. Conclusions. Dynamic determination of spirometric, immunological parameters, fibronectin and proteins of the acute phase of inflammation in workers at risk for the formation of occupational bronchial asthma may be recommended to be carried out once every 6 months, followed by the isolation of disease phenotypes. This will optimize diagnostics, therapeutic and preventive tactics, as well as predict the course of this pathology.
Analyzing the misperception of exponential growth in graphs.
Authors: Ciccione Lorenzo , Sablé-Meyer Mathias , Dehaene Stanislas
Published: September 2021

Exponential growth is frequently underestimated, an error that can have a heavy social cost in the context of epidemics. To clarify its origins, we measured the human capacity (N = 521) to extrapolate linear and exponential trends in scatterplots. Four factors were manipulated: the function underlying the data (linear or exponential), the response modality (pointing or venturing a number), the scale on the y axis (linear or logarithmic), and the amount of noise in the data. While linear extrapolation was precise and largely unbiased, we observed a consistent underestimation of noisy exponential growth, present for both pointing and numerical responses. A biased ideal-observer model could explain these data as an occasional misperception of noisy exponential graphs as quadratic curves. Importantly, this underestimation bias was mitigated by participants’ math knowledge, by using a logarithmic scale, and by presenting a noiseless exponential curve rather than a noisy data plot, thus suggesting concrete avenues for interventions.
A coordinate-based meta-analysis of white matter alterations in patients with alcohol use disorder
Authors: Spindler Carolin , Mallien Louisa , Trautmann Sebastian , Alexander Nina , Muehlhan Markus
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Besides the commonly described grey matter (GM) deficits, there is growing evidence of significant white matter (WM) alterations in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). WM changes can be assessed using volumetric and diffusive magnetic resonance imaging methods, such as voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The aim of the present meta-analysis is to investigate the spatial convergence of the reported findings on WM alterations in AUD. Methods: Systematic literature search on PubMed and further databases revealed 18 studies eligible for inclusion, entailing a total of 462 AUD patients and 416 healthy controls (up to January 18, 2021). All studies that had used either VBM or DTI whole-brain analyzing methods and reported results as peak-coordinates in standard reference space were considered for inclusion. We excluded studies using approaches nonconcordant with recent guidelines for neuroimaging meta-analyses and studies investigating patient groups with Korsakoff syndrome or other comorbid substance use disorders (except tobacco). Results: Anatomical Likelihood Estimation (ALE) revealed four significant clusters of convergent macro- and microstructural WM alterations in AUD patients that were assigned to the genu and body of the corpus callosum, anterior and posterior cingulum, fornix, and the right posterior limb of the internal capsule. Discussion: The changes in WM could to some extent explain the deteriorations in motor, cognitive, affective, and perceptual functions seen in AUD. Future studies are needed to clarify how WM alterations vary over the course of the disorder and to what extent they are reversible with prolonged abstinence.
Number symbols are processed more automatically than nonsymbolic numerical magnitudes: Findings from a Symbolic-Nonsymbolic Stroop task
Authors: Sokolowski H Moriah , Hawes Zachary , Leibovich-Raveh Tali , Ansari Daniel
Published: September 2021

Are number symbols (e.g., 3) and numerically equivalent quantities (e.g., •••) processed similarly or distinctly? If symbols and quantities are processed similarly then processing one format should activate the processing of the other. To experimentally probe this prediction, we assessed the processing of symbols and quantities using a Stroop-like paradigm. Participants (NStudy1 = 80, NStudy2 = 63) compared adjacent arrays of symbols (e.g., 4444 vs 333) and were instructed to indicate the side containing either the greater quantity of symbols (nonsymbolic task) or the numerically larger symbol (symbolic task). The tasks included congruent trials, where the greater symbol and quantity appeared on the same side (e.g. 333 vs. 4444), incongruent trials, where the greater symbol and quantity appeared on opposite sides (e.g. 3333 vs. 444), and neutral trials, where the irrelevant dimension was the same across both sides (e.g. 3333 vs. 333 for nonsymbolic; 333 vs. 444 for symbolic). The numerical distance between stimuli was systematically varied, and quantities in the subitizing and counting range were analyzed together and independently. Participants were more efficient comparing symbols and ignoring quantities, than comparing quantities and ignoring symbols. Similarly, while both symbols and quantities influenced each other as the irrelevant dimension, symbols influenced the processing of quantities more than quantities influenced the processing of symbols, especially for quantities in the counting rage. Additionally, symbols were less influenced by numerical distance than quantities, when acting as the relevant and irrelevant dimension. These findings suggest that symbols are processed differently and more automatically than quantities.
Musik Sebagai Media Bimbingan Konseling
Authors: Widiastuti Anastasia Hariyanti
Published: September 2021

Salah satu cara agar konseli mampu mengekspresikan permasalahan- nya adalah dengan melaksanakan konseling seni. Melalui konseling seni, konselor dapat membantu konseli mengekplorasi dan mengungkap perasaannya dikarenakan setiap orang memiliki kreatifitas dalam dirinya, sehingga melalui seni seseorang yang memiliki masalah dapat melakukan relaksasi serta katarsis. Tujuan konseling seni ini adalah memberikan sarana bagi individu untuk melepaskan emosi, perasaan, serta masalahnya. Music in Counseling atau Music Therapy merupakan salah satu jenis dari konseling seni yang dapat diterapkan dalam proses pemberian bantuan oleh konselor dalam mengentaskan permasalahan konseli. Dengan musik konseli bisa memahami secara sadar permasalahan yang sedang dialaminya, sehingga konseli bisa segera memecahkan permasalahan mereka.
Little between-region and between-country variance when forming impressions of others
Authors: Hester Neil , Xie Sally Y , Hehman Eric
Published: September 2021

To what extent are perceivers’ first impressions of others dictated by cultural background versus personal idiosyncrasies? To address this question, we analyzed a globally diverse dataset containing 11,481 adult participants’ ratings of 120 targets across 45 countries (2,597,624 total ratings). Across ratings of 13 traits, we find that perceivers’ idiosyncratic differences accounted for ~29% of variance and impressions on their own and ~16% in conjunction with target characteristics. However, country- and region-level differences, here a proxy for culture, accounted for on average 3.2% (i.e., both alone and in conjunction with target characteristics). We replicated this pattern of effects in a pre-registered analysis on an entirely novel dataset containing 7,007 participants’ ratings of 100 targets across 41 countries (24,886 total ratings). Together, this work suggests that perceivers’ impressions of others are largely dictated by their individual characteristics and local environment, rather than their cultural background.
Measurement Invariance and Psychometric Properties of the Reactive and Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) Across Genders
Authors: Rezaei Atefeh , Dehghani Mohsen
Published: September 2021

Aggression is an important risk factor that predisposes adolescents to disruptive andcriminal behaviours. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the structuralinvariance and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Reactive-ProactiveAggression Questionnaire (RPQ) across genders among adolescents. A sample of 450students (Mage = 14 years, SD = 0.81) were recruited randomly and completed the Persianversion of the RPQ, Child Behavior Checklist and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.Although the two-factor model obtained the best fit across genders, the results did not supportthe equivalence of factor loadings across groups. These findings replicated the distinction ofreactive and proactive aggression while implied different models of the RPQ based ongender. Suggestions for future research and a more accurate assessment of these two kinds ofaggression are further discussed.
The Organization of Production for Inka Polychrome Pottery from Pachacamac, Peru
Authors: Davenport James
Published: September 2021

This study investigates the organization of production for Inka Polychrome pottery used at the Temple of the Sun, Pachacamac. Inka Polychrome pottery was critical to imperial strategies for managing state power in the provinces. It was highly standardized in appearance yet is known to have been produced at many locations throughout the empire by Inka and subject potters. Pachacamac was an important political and ideological location on the central coast that was transformed by the Inka after C.E. 1470 into a major imperial center. To evaluate the production and source of pottery at Pachacamac, a sample of 149 ceramics in local, Inka Polychrome, and Regional Inka styles were evaluated using neutron activation analysis to identify compositional groups. Attributes related to the production and decoration of these ceramic artifacts were recorded and statistically compared between groups. Compositional data from this analysis was also compared to compositional data from ceramics excavated from other South American sites and analyzed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Results found that multiple groups of potters at multiple places (some of which are local) produced this pottery, and small amounts of pottery are being imported.
Lowercase Writing in Loanword Transliteration in Japanese
Authors:   North-Eastern Federal University, Ahn Sang-Cheol , Egorova Kyunney ,   North-Eastern Federal University
Published: September 2021

This paper shows how the so-called lower case katakana writing is utilized for the transliteration of loanwords in Japanese, avoiding unpermitted phonological sequences. In order to adapt the foreign ti, di, tu, du, hu sequences, Japanese orthography employs lowercase writing (i. e., written in “small letters”) to preserve the phonological entity of the target words in the transliteration, e. g., disko “disco” → , feis “face” → <ɸue:su>. That is, the diphthongal representations have to depend on special symbols, i. e., lowercase glides. Due to many complexities, Japanese writing system, especially the Romanization, is regarded as one of the most complicated systems which cannot be accounted for in a simple way. In order to provide a unified account on this issue, we employ the framework of Optimality Theory and show what kinds of constraints and their ranking relations are required the Japanese lowercase writing. We here claim that vowel correspondence is ranked higher than consonantal correspondence in Japanese lowercase writing. Moreover, the preservation of mora is another important factor in loan adaptation. Furthermore, the constraint ranking is different, depending on the period of adaptation; the new and old loanwords are realized differently from each other, although they have the same phonemic inputs.
Panoramic radiographs for investigating skeletal patternsA comparative study
Authors:   Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India, Puri Taruna
Published: September 2021

Introduction: The most commonly used diagnostic aids in orthodontics are lateral cephalograms and panoramic radiographs (OPG). The OPG forms an indispensible orthodontic screening tool in providing information about the teeth, their root length, axial inclinations, morphology and structure, eruption sequence and spatial relationships [1] which is mostly qualitative in nature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the use of OPG could be extended for evaluating skeletal patterns and dentofacial characteristics which are routinely measured on lateral cephalograms. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 subjects were chosen, they were divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. Group A included 40 skeletal Class I, dental Class I adults with age range of 18-27 years. Group B included 40 skeletal ClassII, dental Class II Div 1 children with age range of 10 -15 years. The lateral cephalogram and OPG were taken under standard conditions using skeletal cephalostat and various parameters were measured and compared. Results and Conclusion: From this study it was concluded that angular measurements on OPG can be used to predict the corresponding angular measurements from the lateral cephalograms, both for the dental and skeletal parameters but the vertical linear measurements cannot be predicted accurately from OPG. The regression equations obtained from this study showed that the Go-Gn/S-N, ANS-PNS/Go-Me (palatal plane/mandibular plane), and Co-Go/Go-Me parameters could be predicted from OPG within statistically significant levels, and their predictability levels were 20.47%, 31.7%, and 10.88%, respectively for group A and 32.0%.22.08% and 52.36% respectively for group B.
Critical Evaluation of the 2017 Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant diseases and Conditions – An Update
Authors:   Post Graduate student, Department of Periodontology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India, Parikh Harsh , Agrawal Charu ,   Professor, Department of Periodontology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India, Parikh Hiral ,   Professor& Head, Department of Periodontology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India, Duseja Shilpa ,   Professor, Department of Periodontology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
Published: September 2021

Periodontal disease is the multifactorial disease that leads to the destruction of the tooth-supporting structures. A classification system provides a framework that helps in diagnosis and assembles similar disease phenotypes in a more homogeneous form. Several classifications have been proposed by many authors. Till date, the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) 1999 Classification was the most extensively used classification, which was designed to overcome the drawbacks and deficiencies of the 1989 classification. However, presence of some drawbacks has limited its use in routine clinical practice. So, the current classification has been developed in 2017 by AAP and the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) to overcome the disadvantages of the 1999 classification. The 2017 classification is extremely extensive and more intricate than 1999 classification, which is useful to the overall dentist and periodontists to select the best treatment options for the patients. This review summarizes the newer classification, key changes from 1999 Classification/modification and disadvantages of the newer classification.
Preservation or reconstruction of the Peri-implant bone- A Review
Authors:   Reader, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, A J Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore-575004, Karnataka, India, Shetty K Shamila , Nishith R.K ,   PG Scholars, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, A J Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore-575004, Karnataka, India, Nishith R.K ,   PG Scholars, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, A J Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore-575004, Karnataka, India, Mathew Misha Rose ,   PG Scholars, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, A J Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore-575004, Karnataka, India, Ballal A B Shrinidhi ,   PG Scholars, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, A J Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore-575004, Karnataka, India, Vanasi Megha ,   Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontology and Implantology, College of Dental Sciences, Rau-453331, Madhya Pradesh, India
Published: September 2021

The main biological and biophysical process that has made dental implant therapy predictably successful for replacing missing teeth is Osseointegration. Teeth extraction is done for several purposes, often without any consideration for the preservation of the alveolar ridge. Alveolar bone post-extraction changes have been estimated to cause a 50% decrease in alveolar bone buccolingual width, and a further loss in height. This review will go through various techniques of ARP and bone regeneration techniques and explore the best way to obtain the best outcomes after implant placement.
COVID-19 impact on liver: inter-organ cross-talk in an acute inflammation
Authors: Yadav Dipesh Kumar , Singh Alina , Yadav Rajesh Kumar , Xing Huang , Li Bai Xue , Tingbo Liang
Published: September 2021

Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a new disease, very less is known about the disease, and guidance for the treatment are often being made on the basis of an experiences or expert opinions. Now it is known that COVID-19 is caused by a new Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus which elicit infection to the cells by binding of the spike protein to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Given the high transmissibility rate of the SARS-Cov-2 virus and known to have cytokine dysregulation by inducing an immune-mediated systemic inﬂammation, patients with underlying liver disease might be at an increased risk of severe infection and death. Here we report different mechanisms based on the organ cross-talk and other causes that how COVID-19 patients are prone to have liver injury.
Computer vision syndrome: a rising problem during COVID-19 period amongst students and online workers
Authors: Parajuli Bibek Raj , Koirala Sanjib , Bajracharya Abishek
Published: September 2021

Dear Editor,
Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is defined as complex eye discomfort and vision problems associated with prolonged exposure to  digital screens.1 Symptoms include headache, dry eyes, eye strain, blurring of vision, and ocular discomfort after prolonged exposure to light from computers.2,3 Blue light filtering lenses can be used to minimize CVS.2 Globally, around 70 million workers are at risk for computer vision syndrome which reduces the quality of life and work productivity.1 In the western world, use of computers, for both vocational and non-vocational activities, is almost mandatory.1 In today's COVID-19 (Corona-Virus Disease - 2019) era, use of computers and other digital screen devices is surging in Nepal as well, especially for online study and work from home  to control the further spread of coronavirus. Moreover, the lockdown and shutdown done for the virus control by minimizing human gathering increase the demand for virtual learning and working through the online medium.
The scenario of childhood blindness and its remedy in Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Sanjeev
Published: September 2021

Childhood blindness represents one of the most common disabling and for children. There are approximately 1.4 million blind children worldwide and two-thirds live in the developing countries like Nepal. In Nepal more than 80% of the causes of childhood blindness are preventable. The main causes of blindness are diseases related to cornea, retina, lens optic nerve, refractive errors, amblyopia and hereditary. Most of the cases of unilateral childhood blindness are due to corneal causes. To decrease the burden of blindness, awareness program about various ocular diseases, nutritional blindness, ocular trauma, refractive errors, strabismus and amblyopia should be provided to the community health workers and parents. School screening programs and free eye camps should be conducted and motivate the community for regular eye checkup and follow up. Eye services should reach to rural areas and for poor socio-economic condition. Eye health education should focus on proper nutrition of children and harmful effects of traditional eye medicines. The objective of this study was to investigate the magnitude of childhood blindness in Nepal along with their possible causes. Similarly, this study is aimed to highlight the best possible modalities for the remedy of childhood blindness in the developing countries like Nepal.