bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fostering positive weight‐related conversations between health care professionals, children, and families: Development of a knowledge translation Casebook and evaluation protocol
Authors: Provvidenza Christine F. , Hartman Laura R. , McPherson Amy C.
Published: October 2018

Background

Health care professionals (HCPs) must communicate with children and families about weight management in a sensitive and nonstigmatizing manner. However, HCPs receive little training in weight‐related communication and have requested resources, but these are scarce. This article details the development process of a knowledge translation (KT) Casebook and outlines the proposed protocol for its implementation and evaluation.

Methods

Guided by the knowledge‐to‐action cycle, a KT Casebook aimed at HCPs integrated findings from a comprehensive scoping review with experiential and contextual evidence gathered through stakeholder workshops to provide guidance to HCPs communicating with children and families around weight‐related issues. It was structured around five questions: (a) Who should participate in weight‐related discussions? (b) When and how should the topic of weight be broached? (c) What terminology should be used? (d) How can HCPs enhance family engagement in weight‐related discussions? (e) What specific communication techniques have been recommended? Checklists, evidence summaries, case studies, sentence starters, simulations, and other resources were clustered under each question. A dissemination strategy was developed using KT best practices and a pilot evaluation protocol designed.

Results

The Casebook was launched in November 2017 and has been presented at pediatric rehabilitation and obesity conferences. A communication strategy targeted multidisciplinary experts and organizations with weight management within their scope of practice. These efforts have resulted in 2,497 downloads across five countries to date.

Conclusions

A practical and engaging KT Casebook was created to help foster positive weight‐related conversations between HCPs, children, and their families. A pilot implementation study examining the impact of the Casebook on clinical practice will provide critical information for embedding the Casebook in a range of health care settings.
Is Syntax Semantically Constrained? Evidence From a Grammaticality Judgment Study of Indonesian
Authors: Aryawibawa I Nyoman , Ambridge Ben
Published: October 2018

A central debate in the cognitive sciences surrounds the nature of adult speakers' linguistic representations: Are they purely syntactic (a traditional and widely held view; e.g., Branigan & Pickering, ), or are they semantically structured? A recent study (Ambridge, Bidgood, Pine, Rowland, & Freudenthal, ) found support for the latter view, showing that adults' acceptability judgments of passive sentences were significantly predicted by independent semantic “affectedness” ratings designed to capture the putative semantics of the construction (e.g., Bob was pushed by Wendy is rated as more acceptable than Bob was liked by Wendy, as Bob is more affected in the former). However, because English lacks a separate topicalization construction which provides an alternative means of highlighting the patient (e.g., BOB, Wendy kicked), these findings have a possible alternative explanation: that highly affected entities are more likely to be topicalized, rather than passivized per se. Here we show that, in fact, Ambridge et al.'s () finding replicates in Indonesian, a language with a topicalization construction. The present study therefore provides particularly compelling evidence that grammatical representations have semantic structure.
Reference intervals and percentile curve for left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), velocity time integral (VTI), and LVOT‐VTI‐derived hemodynamic parameters in healthy children and adolescents: Analysis of echocardiographic methods association and agreement
Authors: Díaz Alejandro , Zócalo Yanina , Cabrera‐Fischer Edmundo , Bia Daniel
Published: October 2018

Background

Echocardiographic reference intervals (RIs) for left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and velocity time integral (VTI) are scarce in pediatrics.

Aims

(a) to generate RIs and percentiles for LVOT, VTI, and hemodynamic variables in healthy children and adolescents from Argentina; (b) to analyze the equivalence between stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and cardiac index (CI) obtained from two‐dimensional echocardiography (2D) and LVOT‐VTI analysis with pulsed wave Doppler (PWD); and (c) to analyze the association between subjects’ characteristics and VTI and LVOT‐VTI‐derived parameters.

Methods

Two‐dimensional and PWD studies were done in 385 subjects (5–24 years). Mean and standard deviation age‐related and body surface area (BSA)‐related equations were obtained for VTI and LVOT‐VTI‐derived parameters (parametric regression methods based on fractional polynomials). BSA‐ and age‐specific percentiles were determined.

Results

Pulsed wave Doppler‐ and 2D‐derived parameters were positively correlated. However, PWD values were always lower than those from 2D. Specific RIs for PWD and 2D data were necessary. Covariance analysis showed that sex‐specific RIs were required for LVOT, but not for VTI, VTI‐derived CO and CI. Age‐related RIs were obtained for LVOT, LVOT‐VTI, and VTI‐derived CO and CI. BSA‐related RIs for VTI‐derived CO and CI were obtained.

Conclusions

Stroke volume, CO, and CI data from 2D and PWD are not equivalent. An accurate analysis of LVOT‐VTI‐derived parameters requires considering age and BSA. In this study, age‐ and BSA‐related RIs and percentiles for LVOT, VTI, and hemodynamic parameters in healthy children and adolescents were determined, discriminating data according to the methodological approach (2D or PWD).
Mating type ratios and pathogenicity in Diplodia shoot blight fungi populations: Comparative analysis
Authors: Manzanos Tania , Stanosz Glen R. , Smith Denise R. , Muenchow Jannes , Schratz Patrick , Brenning Alexander , Aragonés Ana , Iturritxa Eugenia
Published: October 2018

Diplodia sapinea and Diplodia scrobiculata are opportunistic pathogens of Pinus species. Several studies about taxonomy, impact and epidemiology of these fungi have been conducted in previous years, which have provided useful information and have raised new issues. These diseases produce a considerable impact on plantations resulting in significant economic losses. The main aims of this study are to increase the knowledge of the potential of genetic exchange and the relative aggressiveness of these organisms that can persist in healthy tissues of asymptomatic trees. A collection of 250 isolates among which are 149 strains collected from Pinus radiata plantations in Basque Country (Spain) and 101 strains from different countries was included in this work. Mating type ratios were analysed and compared using the structure of the MAT locus (MAT1‐1‐1 and MAT1‐2‐1). Inoculations of Pinus radiata seedlings were performed in a biosafety greenhouse (P2) to confirm pathogenicity of isolates and compare their aggressiveness. The frequency of occurrence of both idiomorphs of D. sapinea in Basque Country isolates was close to 1:1, however, for collection of isolates of this fungus from around the world, the ratio was 1:2. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the two mating types in the Basque Country was random. Despite no detection of a sexual state, these results could suggest sexual reproduction behaviour. The pathogenicity of all strains in the collection was confirmed. Although aggressiveness (in terms of lesion lengths resulting from inoculation) varied greatly, no statistically significant effects of MAT type or pathogen species were detected.
Prestimulus neural alpha power predicts confidence in discriminating identical auditory stimuli
Authors: Wöstmann Malte , Waschke Leonhard , Obleser Jonas
Published: October 2018

When deciding upon a sensory stimulus, the power of prestimulus neural alpha oscillations (~10 Hz) has been shown to hold information on a perceiver's bias, or confidence, as opposed to perceptual sensitivity per se. Here, we test whether this link between prestimulus alpha power and decision confidence, previously established in vision and somatosensation, also holds in the auditory modality. Moreover, confidence usually depends on the physical evidence available in the stimulus as well as on decision accuracy. It is unclear in how far the link between prestimulus alpha power and confidence holds when physical stimulus evidence is entirely absent, and thus accuracy does not vary. We here analysed electroencephalography data from a paradigm where human listeners (N = 17) rated their confidence in the discrimination of the pitch of two tones that were, unbeknownst to the listeners, identical. Lower prestimulus alpha power as recorded at central channel sites was predictive of higher confidence ratings. Furthermore, this link was not mediated by auditory evoked activity. Our results support a direct link between prestimulus alpha power and decision confidence. This effect, first, shows up in the auditory modality similar to vision and somatosensation, and second, is present also in the complete absence of physical evidence in the stimulus and in the absence of varying accuracy. These findings speak to a model wherein low prestimulus alpha power increases neural baseline excitability, which is reflected in enhanced stimulus‐evoked neural responses and higher confidence.
Investigation of microstructure effect on fretting fatigue crack initiation using crystal plasticity
Authors: Minaii Kaveh , Farrahi Gholam Hossein , Karimpour Morad , Bahai Hamid , Majzoobi Gholam Hossein
Published: October 2018

The onset of fretting fatigue is characterized by material microstructural changes in which the extent of the damage is comparable to grain size, and hence, the microstructure characteristics could have a significant effect on fatigue crack initiation. In this paper, a three‐dimensional finite element crystal plasticity framework is presented for simulation of the fretting fatigue. Controlled Poisson Voronoi tessellation (CPVT) method is employed to generate the polycrystalline region. In the CPVT method, regularity parameter controls the shape of grains. In this study, the impact of grain size and regularity parameter on crack initiation life and initiation site has been investigated. Cumulative plastic slip was used as a parameter of microstructure‐sensitive fatigue indicator. This parameter could effectively predict the location of crack initiation and its life. The results show that regularity parameter has a significant effect on the location of crack initiation. Furthermore, the effect of grain size on the fretting fatigue life of 316L stainless steel was investigated experimentally through testing different specimens with different grain sizes, to validate the simulation results.
Stress intensity factors for cracks emanating from a circular hole in an infinite quasi‐orthotropic plane
Authors: Hajimohamadi Mojtaba , Ghajar Rahmatollah
Published: October 2018

An infinite quasi‐orthotropic plane with a cracked circular hole under tensile loading at infinity is studied analytically. To this end, complex variable theory of Muskhelishvili is used. In addition, to obtain analytical functions, a new conformal mapping is proposed and expanded to series expressions. Stress intensity factors (SIFs) for two unequal cracks emanating from a circular hole are obtained. To validate the analytical SIFs in a quasi‐orthotropic plane, the results are compared with FEM and the results of isotropic plane. The SIFs for small cracks in a quasi‐orthotropic and an isotropic plane are different, because of difference between stress concentrations in points which cracks emanate from the hole. However, the results of quasi‐orthotropic plane converge to isotropic plane for the large cracks. Therefore, the SIFs of the large cracks in a quasi‐orthotropic plane can be replaced by the results of the center crack with equivalent length in an isotropic plane.
Climate and soils together regulate photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination within C3 plants worldwide
Authors: Cornwell William K. , Wright Ian J. , Turner Joel , Maire Vincent , Barbour Margaret M. , Cernusak Lucas A. , Dawson Todd , Ellsworth David , Farquhar Graham D. , Griffiths Howard , Keitel Claudia , Knohl Alexander , Reich Peter B. , Williams David G. , Bhaskar Radika , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Richards Anna , Schmidt Susanne , Valladares Fernando , Körner Christian , Schulze Ernst‐Detlef , Buchmann Nina , Santiago Louis S.
Published: October 2018

Aim

Within C3 plants, photosynthesis is a balance between CO2 supply from the atmosphere via stomata and demand by enzymes within chloroplasts. This process is dynamic and a complex but crucial aspect of photosynthesis. We sought to understand the spatial pattern in CO2 supply–demand balance on a global scale, via analysis of stable isotopes of carbon within leaves (Δ13C), which provide an integrative record of CO2 drawdown during photosynthesis.

Location

Global

Time period

1951–2011.

Major taxa studied

Vascular plants.

Methods

We assembled a database of leaf carbon isotope ratios containing 3,979 species–site combinations from across the globe, including 3,645 for C3 species. We examined a wide array of potential climate and soil drivers of variation in Δ13C.

Results

The strongest drivers of carbon isotope discrimination at the global scale included atmospheric pressure, potential evapotranspiration and soil pH, which explained 44% of the variation in Δ13C. Addition of eight more climate and soil variables (each explaining small but highly significant amounts of variation) increased the explained variation to 60%. On top of this, the largest plant trait effect was leaf nitrogen per area, which explained 11% of Δ13C variation.

Main conclusions: By considering variation in Δ13C at a considerably larger scale than previously, we were able to identify and quantify key drivers in CO2 supply–demand balance previously unacknowledged. Of special note is the key role of soil properties, with greater discrimination on low‐pH and high‐silt soils. Unlike other plant traits, which show typically wide variation within sets of coexisting species, the global pattern in carbon stable isotope ratios is much more conservative; there is relatively narrow variation in time‐integrated CO2 concentrations at the site of carboxylation among plants in a given soil and climate.
Species invasions and the phylogenetic signal in geographical range size
Authors: Pigot Alex L. , Dyer Ellie E. , Redding David W. , Cassey Phillip , Thomas Gavin H. , Blackburn Tim M.
Published: October 2018

Aim

Accelerating rates of anthropogenic introductions are leading to a dramatic restructuring of species distributions globally. However, the extent to which invasions alter the imprint of evolutionary history in species geographical ranges remains unclear. Here, we provide a global assessment of how the introduction, establishment and spread of alien species alters the phylogenetic signal in geographical range size using birds as a model system.

Location

Global.

Time period

Contemporaneous.

Taxa

Birds.

Methods

We compare the phylogenetic signal in alien range size with that of native distributions of species globally (n = 9,993) and across different stages in the invasion pathway, from introduced (n = 965) to established species (n = 359). Using stochastic simulations, we test whether differences in phylogenetic signal arise from nonrandom patterns of species introduction, establishment or spread.

Results

Geographical range size in birds exhibits an intermediate phylogenetic signal, driven by the spatial clustering of closely related species. Nonrandom introductions, biased towards wide‐ranging species from particular clades and regions, produce an anomalously strong phylogenetic signal in the native range size of introduced species. In contrast, the phylogenetic signal in alien range size is substantially weaker than for native distributions. This weak phylogenetic signal cannot be explained by a lack of time for dispersal but is instead regulated by phylogenetic correlations across species in the location and number of introduction events.

Main conclusions

We demonstrate that the effects of anthropogenic introductions on the phylogenetic signal in range size vary across different stages in the invasion pathway. The process of transport and introduction amplifies the phylogenetic signal in the pool of potential invaders, whereas the subsequent pattern of spread decouples variation in alien range size from phylogenetic ancestry. Together, our findings suggest that evolutionary relatedness is likely to be a relatively weak predictor of the spread of invasive species.
Genetic suppression of collapsin response mediator protein 2 phosphorylation improves outcome in methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐induced Parkinson’s model mice
Authors: Togashi Kentaro , Hasegawa Masaya , Nagai Jun , Tonouchi Aine , Masukawa Daiki , Hensley Kenneth , Goshima Yoshio , Ohshima Toshio
Published: October 2018

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by slow and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Levodopa (l‐Dopa), the current main treatment for PD, supplies dopamine, but it does not prevent neurodegeneration. There is thus no promising remedy for PD. Recent in vitro study showed the increase in the phosphorylation levels of Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 2 (CRMP2) is involved in dopaminergic axon degeneration. In the present study, we report elevation of CRMP2 phosphorylation in dopaminergic neurons in SNc after challenge with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a common model for PD. Genetic suppression of CRMP2 phosphorylation by mutation of the obligatory Cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)‐targeted serine‐522 site prevented axonal degradation in the nigrostriatal pathway of transgenic mice. As a result, the degree of MPTP‐induced motor impairment in the rotarod test was suppressed. These results suggest that suppression of CRMP2 phosphorylation may be a novel therapeutic target for PD.
‘Creating an Ecological Citizenship’: Philosophical and Theological Perspectives on The Role of Contemporary Environmental Education
Authors: Howles Timothy , Reader John , Hodson Martin J.
Published: October 2018

In its concern to evoke in its readership an appropriate response to the challenge posed by the contemporary environmental crisis, the recent papal encyclical Laudato Si': On Care for our Common Home differentiates between the task of human education, on the one hand, and the deeper and more abstract task of motivating the human will for change and action, on the other. What must take place, it asserts, is the creation of nothing less than an ‘ecological citizenship’. To describe how this might be brought about, the encyclical employs the theological language of ‘conversion’. However, the rationale for this suggestion, and the implications it would entail for the way in which educational programmes on the environment might be pursued, is developed only minimally in the encyclical itself. The objective of this article is to take up and develop this hint by offering some philosophical and theological perspectives on the idea of human motivation towards care for the environment, and by exploring the current state of affairs in environmental education in light of it. The article therefore aims to develop the encyclical's brief and unthematized suggestion regarding an ‘ecological citizenship’ in a practical and applied direction.© 2018 Trustees for Roman Catholic Purposes Registered
Internal workplace violence from colleagues is more strongly associated with poor health outcomes in nurses than violence from patients and families
Authors: Pien Li‐Chung , Cheng Yawen , Cheng Wan‐Ju
Published: October 2018

Aims

To examine the associations between different workplace violence sources and health outcome in nurses.

Background

Workplace violence is a major threat to nurses’ physical and mental health. Other workers in the health sector, patients and visitors can cause workplace violence. To effectively prevent workplace violence‐related health problems, the differential impact of internal and external violence needs to be explored.

Designs

A cross‐sectional survey of 1,690 fully employed female nurses.

Methods

A self‐administered questionnaire was used to record the nurses’ experiences of workplace violence, including types (physical, psychological, verbal and sexual) and sources (internal and external) of violence. Data on psychosocial work conditions including work shift, psychological job demands, job control and workplace justice, were also collected. The nurses’ health condition was measured using the 5‐item Brief Symptom Rating Scale and Self‐Rated Health Scale and multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the associations between workplace violence and health. The study was carried out in 2015–2016.

Results

Sixty percent of the internal workplace violence was psychological and verbal and adverse psychosocial work conditions were associated with workplace violence. After adjustment for demographic characteristics and psychosocial work conditions, internal workplace violence resulted in higher risks of poor self‐rated health and mental health than did external workplace violence, particularly in nurses who had experienced psychological and verbal violence.

Conclusion

Internal workplace violence in the form of psychological and verbal violence had a stronger effect on nurses’ health than did external workplace violence. Organization‐level measures should be implemented to prevent internal violence.
Impact of resilience on the health‐related quality of life of adolescents with a chronic health problem: A structural equation approach
Authors: Kim Mijin , Kim Kyunghee , Kim Ji‐Su
Published: October 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to test the impact of resilience on the health‐related quality of life among adolescents with a chronic health problem, we established a structural model to explain patients’ health‐related quality of life.

Background

There are various resilience‐related factors with major effects on the health‐related quality of life among adolescents with a chronic disease; however, little is known about relationships among resilience, these influencing factors and direct and indirect effects of health‐related quality of life among adolescents with a chronic health problem.

Design

This study adopted a cross‐sectional, descriptive correlational design.

Methods

Participants were 220 adolescents with a chronic disease who were aged between 10 and 18 years and currently receiving treatment at a hospital or clinic for least 6 months from February to October 2017 in Korea.

Results

This study verifies that hope and courageous coping had direct effects on the resilience of adolescents with a chronic health problem and the level of direct effects on health‐related quality of life was in the following order: hope, resilience and courageous coping. In addition, illness‐related distress, social support, hope and defensive coping had indirect effects on resilience and the level of indirect effects on health‐related quality of life was in the following order: illness‐related distress, social support, defensive coping, hope and courageous coping.

Conclusion

Resilience is a major factor that improves health‐related quality of life among adolescents with a chronic health problem. In consideration of the direct and indirect paths verified through this study, it is necessary to develop interventions to improve health‐related quality of life among adolescents with a chronic health problem.
Effects of oral hygiene programme and home phone counselling for hepatitis C patients receiving antiviral treatment
Authors: Wu I‐Jung , Chang Te‐Sheng , Hwang Su‐Lun , Chen Mei‐Yen
Published: October 2018

Aims

To explore the effectiveness of an oral hygiene programme combined with home phone counselling on hepatitis C patients during antiviral treatment.

Background

Hepatitis C virus infection is the leading cause of liver diseases. Evidence indicates that the antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus infection has been successful, albeit its many side effects, such as discomfort symptoms of oral ulcers, which, in turn, leads to discontinued treatment. Inappropriate oral hygiene may worsen the side effects and increase the risk of dropping out of the treatment.

Design

A quasi‐experimental pre–post‐test design was used.

Methods

The oral hygiene programme was based on a standardized protocol of oral health care combined with home phone counselling. The participants were recruited from an outpatient clinic between August 2016 and July 2017. The generalized estimating equation was used for repeated measures of oral health behaviour, oral health status and discomfort symptoms.

Findings

Thirty‐four participants completed this study. The findings indicated that the oral hygiene programme significantly improved tooth brushing, use of dental floss and oral comfort. The result showed that the participants’ oral health status significantly improved in 3 months.

Conclusions

This pilot study supports the finding that an oral hygiene programme can reduce oral discomfort, improve oral hygiene behaviour, and enhance the oral health status of hepatitis C patients receiving treatment. This is a simple and low‐cost programme, which can be performed at home easily and boosts the completion of antiviral treatment.
A complex intervention of self‐management for patients with COPD or CHF in primary care improved performance and satisfaction with regard to own selected activities; A longitudinal follow‐up
Authors: Zakrisson Ann‐Britt , Arne Mats , Hasselgren Mikael , Lisspers Karin , Ställberg Björn , Theander Kersti
Published: October 2018

Aim

To test a self‐management intervention in primary health care (PHC) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic heart failure (CHF) on self‐efficacy, symptoms, functioning, and health.

Background

Patients with COPD or CHF experience often the same symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, lack of energy, dry mouth, numbness or tingling in hands and feet, pain and sleeping problems.

Design

A multicentre randomized control trial.

Method

The trial was conducted with one intervention group (N = 73) and one control group (N = 77). The trial was performed from September 2013–September 2015 at nine PHC centres in three county councils in Sweden. At baseline patients with COPD and CHF experienced any symptom. Follow‐ups were performed after 3 months and 1 year. The intervention was structured on Bandura's theory of self‐efficacy in six meetings and individual action plans based on personal problems were performed and discussed.

Results

At baseline, there were no differences between the groups except for SF‐36 social function. After 3 months, the intervention group improved performance and satisfaction with regard to own selected activities, otherwise no differences were found.

Conclusion

When designing a program, the patient's own difficulties must be taken into consideration if person‐centred care is to be established. It is feasible to include both patients with COPD and CHF in the same group in PHC. Healthcare professionals need supervision in pedagogics during intervention in self‐management.
Volatile compounds and biogenic amines during the ripening of mold‐ripened Civil cheese manufactured using three different strains of Penicillium roqueforti
Authors: Gurkan H. , Yilmaztekin M. , Cakmakci S. , Hayaloglu A. A.
Published: October 2018

Three different strains of Penicillium roqueforti were used for the manufacture of mold‐ripened Civil cheese and these cheeses were ripened at 4 and 10 °C for 90 days. Sixty‐five volatile compounds were identified in the volatile fractions of the cheeses. The concentration of volatile compounds in cheeses was significantly affected ripening time temperature and by mold strains a lesser extent. 3‐Methyl‐1‐butanol, 2‐nonanol, methyl dodecanoate, butanoic acid, and decanoic acid were the most frequently identified volatiles. Tryptamine, 2‐phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine were also found. The most abundant biogenic amine was cadaverine. The formation of biogenic amines was significantly influenced by strain, ripening time, and temperature. The biogenic amine content was found to be between 2.41 and 228.94 μg/g cheese. Ripening temperature and ripening time significantly influenced the formation of volatile compounds and biogenic amines.

Practical applications

Moldy Civil is a traditional cheese variety produced in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey and it is protected by geographical indication by Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (TURKPATENT) by 2010. It is manufactured using skimmed milk which is spontaneously acidified with native lactic acid bacteria and also the addition of preacidified whey. Three strains of P. roqueforti was used in Moldy Civil cheese‐making and strains of the mold changed the volatile profiles and the levels of biogenic amines less than ripening time and temperature. Methyl ketones and alcohols were the dominant groups in volatiles, while cadaverine was found to be principal biogenic amine in Moldy Civil cheese. Use of P. roqueforti strains contributed to the formation of the volatile fraction of the cheese; however, the level of biogenic amines changed by P. roqueforti strains a lesser extent.
Collaborative Framework to Advance Symptom Science: An Intramural Perspective
Authors: Saligan Leorey N.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To describe the collaborative framework used by National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) investigators to advance symptom science and to provide a research exemplar.

Model

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Symptom Science Model (SSM) was developed to guide symptom science researchers to understand the molecular underpinnings of symptoms using innovative “omics” approaches. The process begins with a review of the literature to understand the state of the science of the symptoms of interest and is followed by cross‐sectional, case‐controlled, or longitudinal studies to identify potential biological correlates of these symptoms. The final steps include validation of these potential symptom biomarkers using multidisciplinary, collaborative, preclinical experiments, and proof‐of‐concept clinical trials.

Research Exemplar

Using the NIH SSM as a guide, the identification of biologic correlates of symptoms using omics and bioinformatic strategies depends on determining the distinct phenotype of the symptoms of interest. The identified biologic correlates of these symptoms are then validated for their functional relevance using in vitro and ex vivo experiments, or through proof‐of‐concept clinical trials. NINR investigators observed that activation of specific receptors in neural networks can trigger inflammation‐related fatigue development and predispose patients to develop chronicity of symptoms. Specifically targeting these neural receptors can reduce symptom intensity.

Conclusions

Through using the NIH SSM as a guide, NINR investigators quickly generate data and discoveries that significantly advance symptom science by simultaneously collaborating with multiple experts and core laboratories to identify more correlates and validate their functional relevance in order to further understand the biological underpinnings of the symptoms of interest.

Clinical Relevance

The collaborative framework used by NINR investigators as guided by the NIH SSM identifies functionally relevant clinical markers that can explain the biological underpinnings of symptoms and can be targeted to optimize symptom management.
Combinatorial application of dissolving microneedle patch and cream for improvement of skin wrinkles, dermal density, elasticity, and hydration
Authors: Kang Geonwoo , Kim Suyong , Yang Huisuk , Jang Mingyu , Chiang Liching , Baek Ji Hwoon , Ryu Ja Hyun , Choi Go Woon , Jung Hyungil
Published: October 2018

Background

Dissolving microneedles (DMNs), microscale needles with a biodegradable polymer matrix, have been widely investigated for transdermal drug delivery. However, the restricted drug loading space of DMNs limited the delivery of the desired quantity of active compounds. In this study, we developed novel combinatorial therapies involving sequential application of adenosine‐loaded DMN (Ad‐DMN) patches and a topical adenosine‐loaded cream (Ad‐cream). The application of DMNs created skin channels, which delivered encapsulated drugs from both the DMNs and cream. The use of combinatorial therapies can maximize drug delivery.

Methods

To compare the efficacy of combinatorial therapies and Ad‐cream application, a double‐blind clinical test was conducted over 10 weeks on 21 females with wrinkles around their eyes, and the skin parameters such as wrinkles, dermal density, elasticity, and hydration were analyzed. The skin irritation test was assessed by expert interviewers to elucidate undesirable side effects.

Results

The combinatorial therapies showed statistically significant efficacy for the improvement of average depth of wrinkles, dermal density, elasticity, and hydration after an 8‐week application (P < 0.001). Adverse effects on the skin were not observed in any subject during the test period.

Conclusion

The efficacy and safety results showed that the combinatorial therapies were a safe and outstanding innovation for the optimization of transdermal therapy.
Open Access as a Crude Solution to a Hold‐Up Problem in the Two‐Sided Market for Academic Journals
Authors: McCabe Mark J. , Snyder Christopher M.
Published: October 2018

We analyze a model in which journals cannot commit to subscription fees when authors (who prefer low subscription fees because this boosts readership) make submission decisions. A hold‐up problem arises, manifested as excessive subscription fees. Open access is a crude attempt to avoid hold up by eliminating subscription fees. We assess the profitability and efficiency of traditional relative to open‐access journals in a monopoly model (with extensions to nonprofit, bundled, hybrid, and competing journals). We apply the theory to understand the evolving market for academic journals in the Internet age and policies currently being debated such as an open‐access mandate.
Nonrenewable Resources, Strategic Behavior and the Hotelling Rule: An Experiment
Authors: van Veldhuizen Roel , Sonnemans Joep
Published: October 2018

We use a laboratory experiment to investigate a novel reason for the lack of empirical support for the Hotelling rule for nonrenewable resources. Specifically, we test whether producers with large resource stocks focus less on the dynamic component of their extraction decision, making them shift extraction to the present and focus more on strategic behavior. Exploiting exogenous variation in stock size in a nonrenewable resource duopoly laboratory experiment, we find that producers with large stocks indeed pay significantly less attention to dynamic optimization, and shift extraction to the present, leading them to overproduce relative to the Hotelling rule.
Markets under the Microscope: Making Scientific Discoveries Valuable through Choreographed Contestations
Authors: Mason Katy , Friesl Martin , Ford Chris J.
Published: October 2018

This paper breaks new ground by revealing and conceptualizing the marketization of science as a process that transforms scientific discoveries and markets through a series of choreographed contestations: moments of valuation that occur when different social worlds collide. We follow a scientific discovery, from the moment it entered an incubator, to uncover how valuation practices and market devices enact and contest diverse social values (i.e., what is worth doing) to generate economic value (i.e., what is worth paying for) at the science‐market‐entrepreneurship nexus. In contrast with commercialization of science studies that focus on institutional arrangements, this study explicates the practices and devices used by multiple market actors to transform a scientific discovery into a marketable object. In so doing, we characterise choreographed contestations and the mechanisms through which they operate to explain how specific valuations are performed to work out innovative next steps that unfold the marketization of science.
Effect of partial head extension swallowing exercise on the strength of the suprahyoid and tongue muscles in healthy subjects: A feasibility study
Authors: Oh Jong‐Chi
Published: October 2018

Background

Head extension swallowing exercise (HESE) is one of the exercise methods to strengthen the suprahyoid muscle and tongue. In this study, we modified the exercise protocol of the original HESE for application in patients who have difficulty in performing full HESE owing to decreased muscular strength related to swallowing.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and the effect of partial HESE on suprahyoid muscle activation and the tongue pressure during 30° extension of the head, rather than full extension, for 8 weeks.

Methods

Thirteen healthy young volunteers (mean age, 21.5 ± 1.13 years) participated in this study. The participants extended their head backward by 30° and swallowed their saliva every 10 seconds. The exercise was performed three times a week for 8 weeks. The effect of the exercise was confirmed by surface electromyography and tongue pressure measurement. The measurements were performed three times (baseline, at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks).

Results

No significant improvement in the tongue pressure‐related parameters and suprahyoid muscle activation compared to those at baseline was observed as a result of the exercise.

Conclusion

Although partial HESE in healthy adults did not lead to significant improvement in swallowing‐related muscle strength, this study confirmed the feasibility of partial HESE. On the basis of these results, future studies should assess the applicability and effectiveness of partial HESE in elderly individuals and patients with dysphagia with swallowing‐related muscular weakness.
Association of maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with Chinese infant growth
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Niu Fenghai , Ren Xueyun
Published: October 2018

Aim

To evaluate the association of maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with offspring growth from birth to 12 months in China.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of 3764 mother–child dyads, with children born between June 2014 and June 2016, was identified in an electronic medical record database. Maternal pre‐pregnancy body weight and height measurements throughout pregnancy were extracted, and body weights and lengths of their children had been measured at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The association between maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and GWG and offspring growth was evaluated using repeated‐measure general linear models and post hoc tests.

Results

Both pre‐pregnancy BMI and GWG were significantly associated with the Z‐scores for weight and for length during the first year of age. Moreover, their interactions were associated with a greater risk of overweight/obesity of offspring in early infancy after controlling for potential confounding factors. Defined by the Institute of Medicine guidelines, excessive GWG, especially during the first trimester, was associated with an increased risk of offspring overweight or obesity at 12 months old in all maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI categories.

Conclusion

Maintenance of appropriate body weight before and during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, is crucial to prevent paediatric obesity.
The endangered northern bettong,Bettongia tropica, performs a unique and potentially irreplaceable dispersal function for ectomycorrhizal truffle fungi
Authors: Nuske Susan J. , Anslan Sten , Tedersoo Leho , Bonner Mark T. L. , Congdon Brad C. , Abell Sandra E.
Published: October 2018

Organisms that are highly connected in food webs often perform unique and vital functions within ecosystems. Understanding the unique ecological roles played by highly connected organisms and the consequences of their loss requires a comprehensive understanding of the functional redundancy amongst organisms. One important, yet poorly understood, food web is that between truffle‐forming ectomycorrhizal fungi and their mammalian consumers and dispersers. Mammalian fungal specialists rely on fungi as a food source, and they consume and disperse a higher diversity and abundance of fungi than do mycophagous mammals with generalist diets. Therefore, we hypothesize that mammalian fungal specialists are functionally distinct because they disperse a set of fungal taxa not fully nested within the set consumed by the combined generalist mammalian community (i.e., functional redundancy of fungal dispersal is limited). Using high‐throughput sequencing, we compared the fungal composition of 93 scats from the endangered fungal specialist northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) and 120 scats from nine co‐occurring generalist mammal species across three sites and three seasons. Compared with other generalist mammals,B. tropicaconsumed a more diverse fungal diet with more unique taxa. This aligns with our hypothesis thatB. tropicaperforms a unique dispersal function for ectomycorrhizal truffle fungi. Additionally, modelling of mammalian extinctions predicted rapid loss of food web connections which could result in loss of gene flow for truffle taxa. Our results suggest that this system is sensitive to the extinction of highly connected specialist species likeB. tropicaand their loss could have consequences for ectomycorrhizal truffle fungal diversity. This suggests that the conservation of fungal specialists is imperative to maintaining ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity and healthy plant–mycorrhizal relationships.
Growth in the age of automation: Foundations of a theoretical framework
Authors: Gomes Orlando
Published: October 2018

The replacement of humans by machines in the development of a wide array of productive tasks is changing the economic landscape. Mutations on the structure of employment, widening income gaps, and uncertain effects over growth are some of the worries currently in the mind of economists. This article develops the foundations of a neoclassical growth model that puts into perspective the impact of automation over the aggregate economy. In particular, efficiency gains propelled by the current wave of innovation are confronted with the associated loss of jobs and with the potential social unrest and anxiety that the substitution of labor by robots brings. The strength of each effect determines transition paths and steady‐state results.
Salmon lice treatments and salmon mortality in Norwegian aquaculture: a review
Authors: Overton Kathy , Dempster Tim , Oppedal Frode , Kristiansen Tore S. , Gismervik Kristine , Stien Lars H.
Published: October 2018

With the expansion of Atlantic salmon aquaculture, the economic and ecological impacts of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) has increased. Norway battles this problematic parasite with various control and preventative methods within farms. We analysed two national‐level databases to examine the number of operations reported each year from 2012 to 2017 and salmon mortality rates attributable to each operation type. From 2012 to 2017, 1.4 times more operations were registered, despite only limited increases in biomass produced across this period. We detected a rapid and recent paradigm shift in the industry's approach to lice control from chemotherapeutant to non‐medicinal operations. Chemotherapeutants (azamethiphos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and hydrogen peroxide) dominated operations from 2012 to 2015 (>81%), while mechanical and thermal treatments dominated in 2016 and 2017 (>40% and >74%, respectively). Thermal operations caused greatest mortality increases (elevated mortality for 31% of treatments), followed by mechanical (25%), hydrogen peroxide (21%), and azamethiphos, cypermethrin and deltamethrin (<14%). Temperature, fish size and pre‐existing mortality rates all influenced post‐treatment mortality outcomes. For chemotherapeutants, mortality increased as sea temperature increased. For mechanical and thermal treatments, mortalities increased at low (4–7°C) and high (13–16°C) temperatures. Fish with high pre‐existing mortality (0.25–1.0% mortality the month before treatment) experienced increased mortality after treatment, and large fish (≥2 kg) were more susceptible to increased mortality than small (<2 kg). Generally, thermal, mechanical and hydrogen peroxide operations performed better in 2017 compared to 2015 and 2016, as the percentage of mortality observations were lower. With mechanical and thermal treatments now predominant, future research and industry development should prioritise reducing mortality and improving post‐treatment outcomes.
Redox imbalance andIL‐17 responses in memoryCD4+T cells from patients with psoriasis
Authors: Esmaeili Behnaz , Mansouri Parvin , Doustimotlagh Amir Hossein , Izad Maryam
Published: October 2018

All stages of the inflammatory process involved in T cell‐mediated chronic skin disorders like psoriasis are affected by redox imbalance. On the other hand, Th17 cells have a critical role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In this study, we evaluated redox status in memoryCD4 + T cells and plasma of patients with psoriasis and its correlation withIL‐17 response. To this end, memory T cells were isolated from 10 patients with psoriasis and 10 controls. Intracellular Glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide as well asIL‐17 were measured using flow cytometry. Plasma total anti‐oxidant capacity (TAC) was quantified by ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. The expression of catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1), superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2), nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2) and cytochrome b‐245 beta chain (CYBB)genes were analysed using real‐timePCR. Our results showed an increased intracellularROSproduction in memoryCD4 + T cells of patients compared to controls,(P= 0.04). Furthermore, a significant decrease in expression of catalase gene was found in patients, (P= 0.02). However, no significant differences were observed for intracellularGSH,IL‐17 andTAClevels between patients and controls. Also, no correlation was seen between the intracellularIL‐17 level and intracellularROS,GSHand catalase gene expression levels. Collectively, we found an increasedROSproduction in stimulated memory T cells of patients that could be due to reduced expression of catalase gene. However, it seems that these redox abnormalities have no relationship withIL‐17 response in memory T cells.