bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METHODS SUGGESTED FOR PROTECTING CHILDREN FROM THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ENTERTAINING DIGITAL DEVICES
Authors: DEMİR Recep
Published: November 2020

Çizgi filmler geçmişin sırlarla dolu masallarının yerini tutan, çocuk için son derece eğlenceli yapımlardır. Yaklaşık 200 yıllık tarihi gelişim sürecinin sonunda bugün artık gerçeğe çok yakın animasyonlar üretilebilmektedir. Ancak bu gelişim sürecinde, çocuk için üretilen bu yapımlar, ulusal ve uluslararası alanda çıkartılan çocuğu koruyucu yasalara rağmen şiddet, müstehcenlik, cinsellik, olumsuz örnek vb. birçok kategoride eleştirilerden kurtulamamıştır. Teknolojinin gelişmesine paralel olarak, televizyona alternatif dijital, yeni ürünler geliştirilmiş, bu ürünler internet bağlantısı yoluyla çok daha geniş bir eğlence dünyasına kapı aralamıştır. Sanal gerçeklik, 4D ve 5D gibi teknolojilerin gelişmesiyle oyuncu adeta oyun arenasına girmiş ve oyunun bir parçası haline gelmeye başlamıştır. Eğlencenin kalitesinin ve cazibesinin artması dijital ekrana olan bağımlılığı artırmış, çocuğu gerçek hayattan uzaklaştırmıştır. Buna ek olarak, hızlı gelişen şehirleşme ile birlikte oyun alanları daralan çocuklar eve kapanmak durumunda kalmış, doğasında var olan oyun ihtiyacını dijital eğlenceler yoluyla karşılamaya mecbur olmuştur. Bunun neticesinde sosyal, fiziksel, ruhsal vb. çeşitli problemlerle karşılaşılmıştır. Gelinen süreçte teknolojin faydasından çok zararlı yönleri ön plana çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada dijital eğlence dünyasının iki başat elemanı olan video oyunları ve çizgi filmler konu edinilmiş, öncelikle bu ürünlerin çocuk açısından doğurduğu riskler literatürden örneklerle ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra, bu riskleri ortadan kaldıracak çözüm önerileri getirilmeye gayret edilmiştir.
MIGRATIONS OF ANDALUSIANS TO MOROCCO (AL-MAGHRIB) AND SOCIOCULTURAL EFFECTS IN THE REGION
Authors: ŞEYBAN Lütfi
Published: November 2020

Endülüs alanındaki bilimsel çalışmaların İspanya dışındaki kaynak coğrafyalarından birisi Maşrık ise bir diğeri de Fas ülkesi yani el-Mağrib’tir. Fas, İslam’ın ilk yayılma döneminde 705 yılına kadar süren fetih harekâtı neticesinde, Emevîler’e bağlı İfrîkıye eyaletinin bir parçası haline dönüştürüldü. 711 Yılında Mağrib’ten çıkarma yaparak İspanya’yı da fetheden Müslümanlar, 150-200 yıllık sürede Endülüs’ü mümtaz bir İslam yurdu haline getirdiler. İşte bu tarihî süreçte, Fas merkezli Mağribîlerin bu sürece katkıları, diğerlerinden çok daha fazla oldu. Fas, Endülüs devirlerinde onunla tek bir organizma gibi bütünleşerek “Afrika’nın Endülüs’ü” sıfatını kazandı. Endülüs’ten bakıldığında IX. asırda İdrisîler ile başlayan ve daha sonra Murâbıtlar, Muvahhidler ve Merînîler dönemlerinde süren ilişkiler, hem Endülüs’ün müdafaasına hem de insan kaynakları bakımından zenginleştirilmesine yaramıştır. Fas tarafından bakıldığında ise bu ilişkiler, bölgenin siyaset, iktisat, tarım, ilim, kültür, sanat ve mimari alanlarında büyük kazanımlar elde etmesine vesile olmuştur. Endülüs’ün kaybından sonra Endülüslülerin başta gelen sığınakları olması hasebiyle ise “Yaşayan Endülüs” olarak anılmaya başlanmıştır. Çünkü XV.-XVI.-XVII. asırlarda on binlerce Endülüslü bu ülkeye göç ederek yaşama imkânı buldu. İşte bu nedenle, Endülüs’ün Fas ile ilişkilerinin araştırılması önem arz etmektedir. Peki, bu sonucu hazırlayan tarihi ve coğrafi şartlar ile o şartlarda gerçekleşen tarihi göçler ve bu göçlerin Mağrib coğrafyasındaki etkileri nelerdi? Bu çalışmada Fas’ın Endülüs ile ilişkilerine konu teşkil eden tarihi Endülüslü göçlerinin belirlenmesi ve Fas’taki toplumsal sonuçlarını ele almak amaç edinilmiştir.
A CASE STUDY ABOUT THE ECHOES OF APPLICATIONS USED IN ON-LINE MUSICAL EDUCATION, ON CHILDREN AGED 8-15, THROUGH THE PERIOD OF COVID-19
Authors: TOSUNER Göksen , LEVENDOĞLU Nazife Oya
Published: November 2020

Bu çalışma Covid-19 salgını sebebiyle sosyal izolasyon sürecinde çocuklara verilen uzaktan müzik eğitiminin, öğrenme durumlarını ve süreçlerini nasıl etkilediğini anlamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma bir genelleme çalışması olmayıp, nitel araştırma geleneğine bağlı bir durum çalışması olarak yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın odaklandığı temel konu, genel olarak ''Covid-19 salgını sürecinde uzaktan eğitimle yürütülen müzik dersleri, çocukların öğrenme süreçlerini nasıl etkilemektedir?'' sorusu ile oluşturulmuştur. Bu soruya cevap bulmak amacıyla, Kayseri T.C. M.E.B. Özel Katre Müzik Kursu bünyesinde uzaktan eğitim alan 8-15 yaş grubu çocuklar çalışmaya dahil edilmiş ve bu öğrencilerin süreç içindeki tutumları, gözlem notları ve öğrenci günlükleri ile takip edilmiştir. Öğrencilerden elde edilen bu veri setine ilave olarak, çocuk gelişimi ve pedagojisi alanında uzman kişilerin görüşlerine başvurulmuştur. Çalışmanın analiz kısmında, elde edilen tüm verilerin çözümlenmesi tematik ve renkli kodlamalarla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan kodlamaların tematik analizinin güvenilirliğini artırmak ve iç-geçerlilik sağlamak için üç uzman meslektaş çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmaya ek bilgi sağlamak amacıyla nitel çalışmaların açık uçlu soru tipine ilave olarak bu çalışmada uzaktan eğitim modeliyle piyano dersi alan yirmi öğrenciye dersler sırasındaki tecrübelerini ve verilen eğitimin verimliliğini anlamaya yönelik 5 ölçekli 10 soruluk Likert tipi bir anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sürecinde elde edilen bulgularla, uzaktan eğitim modeliyle uygulanan müzik derslerinde kesintisiz ve verimli bir süreç sağlanabilmesi için belirli teknolojik aletler ve yüksek hızlı internet altyapısı gerekmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, çocuğun sosyal izolasyon sürecinde düzenli olarak almış olduğu müzik eğitimiyle ortaya çıkan çoklu kazanımların günlük yaşantısını olumlu etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır
Radiation tolerance of nanostructured TiZrSiN coatings
Authors: Komarov F. F. , Konstantinov S. V. , Zaikov V. A. , Pilko V. V.
Published: November 2020

Nanostructured TiZrSiN coatings were formed on various types of substrates in regimes with a lack and stoichiometric nitrogen concentration using reactive magnetron sputtering. Using the methods of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, the structural-phase state of the initial coatings, their thickness, and morphology were investigated. Nanoindentation tests according to the methods of Oliver and Farr, as well as tribomechanical tests were performed to determine hardness, Young's modulus and friction coefficient of the TiZrSiN coatings. The TiZrSiN coatings were irradiated with hydrogen ions H+ with an energy of 500 keV in the fluence range from 1 • 1016 to 1 • 1017 ions/cm2 on the AN 2500 accelerator complex. It was found that TiZrSiN nanostructured coatings deposited in nitrogen deficiency and stoichiometry regimes are radiation-resistant and potentially promising for use as protective on the bodies of small aircraft in orbit of the Earth and in open space.
Morphological-cultural and molecular genetic features of collection strains of mycoris mushrooms Phialocephala fortinii and Pezicula sp.
Authors: Kamelchuk Ya. S. , Baranov O. Yu. , Kiryanov P. S. , Padutov V. E.
Published: November 2020

A metagenomic analysis of the endophytic microflora ofVaccinium corymbosumL. andVaccinium myrtillusL. root systems was carried out. Two dominant species of micromycetes forming ericoid mycorrhiza were identified -Phialocephala fortiniiC. J. K. Wang & H. E. Wilcox andPezicula sp. Tul. & C. Tul. Pure cultures of mycorrhizal fungi were prepared, a comprehensive morphological and genetic assay of the strains was carried out. Based on the results of genetic-taxonomic analysis, the assumption of the polyphyletic origin of species belonging toPhialocephalaandPeziculais confirmed.
Glycosaminoglycans role in hippocampal neural networks interneuronal communications
Authors: Pashkevich S. G. , Serdyuchenko N. S.
Published: November 2020

In the development of neurotechnologies, the search for applications for invasive neuroelectronic devices is relevant. One of the promising areas can be the development of ways of influencing intercellular communication, that is, not by acting on pre-, post- and extrasynaptic receptors, but on the extracellular matrix surrounding neurons and glia. For the development of bioelectronic pharmaceuticals, it is important to search for stimulation parameters at which a controlled change in the structural and functional parameters of the nervous tissue is possible. We considered one of the actual mechanisms of the molecular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection - the induction of glycosaminoglycan metabolism. It is assumed that, getting into the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulbs of the brain, the virus is able to reach the structures of the central nervous system. When modeling changes in the enzymatic activity of hyaluronidase (0.1; 1.0; 10.0 U/ml) for 5 minutes in one of the key structures of the limbic system - the hippocampus (3-4-week-old ratpups, n = 64), the conditions for the transformation of intercellular contacts were revealed and evoked electrical activity of populations of CA1 region. The recorded development of synaptic plasticity processes has an adaptive potential at hyaluronidase concentrations not exceeding 1.0 U/ml.The in vitro method proposed in this work and a reasonable target for exposure - elements of the extracellular matrix, make it possible to simulate one of the mechanisms of the development of viral infection, optimize the process of preliminary screening of new medicinal substances that can minimize the risk of developing neuroinflammatory processes, and also substantiate the conditions for safe and/or therapeutic effects and electrical impulses on the elements of the nervous tissue.
Food security in the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Kusainova A. B. , Baigot M. S. , Glotova I. S.
Published: November 2020

Currently, the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union are faced with the task of reaching sustainable development of agricultural production in order to provide the population with food in full. To solve this problem, priority areas and mechanisms for ensuring food security have been determined in each of the member countries of theUnion, assessment and monitoring systems based on a set of criteria and indicators are functioning. However, due to its complex nature, the problem of ensuring food security needs to be addressed not only in the national context through implementation of country programs, but also within the EAEU. The paper contains description of the major regulatory documents of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, determining strategic goals, criteria and mechanisms for ensuring food security, as well as regulating the issues of monitoring it at the national level. Analysis of ensuring food security in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2016-2018 is provided according to the criteria of sufficiency of production and average per capita consumption of food products, based on the standards established at the national level. Proposals are formulated for the   development of interstate cooperation between the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union in the framework of Eurasian Economic Union’s coordinated agricultural policy with the purpose of sustainable food supply. The results presented in the paper can be used for research and practical support of the activities of state administration bodies of the agro-industrial complex of the EAEU member countries, for development of the latest national program documents in the field of food security, as well as for preparation of other strategic documents in the field of social and economic development and AIC.
Food and biological value of meat paste with emulsions from collagen-containing raw materials after technological preparation
Authors: Meliaschenya A. V. , Saveleva T. A. , Kaltovich I. V.
Published: November 2020

Currently, animal proteins have a special role in the meat processing industry for meat products. A promising source of additional food protein production is natural collagen-containing raw materials, which can be used as part of protein-fat emulsions. The paper presents the results of research on nutritional and biological value of meat paste using new types of emulsions from collagen-containing raw materials, which have undergone technological treatment with bacteria p. Lactobacillus. To compare the data obtained, the studied samples of paste were compared with paste produces using emulsions from collagen-containing raw materials with no treatment, as well as subjected to hydrolysis. The results of determining indicators characterizing the nutritional and biological value of the developed paste are presented: content of protein, fat, nonessential and essential acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and minerals. Development of a new method for preparing collagen-containing raw materials to be used in meat products will allow excluding vegetable protein from composition, as well as improving nutritional and biological value of the product. Collagen-containing raw materials used in meat paste will contribute to increase in use of biologically valuable secondary raw materials in meat-processing industry, as well as to expand of the range of high-quality food products of high nutritional and biological value for all age groups of population.
Assessment of serum vitamin D level in third trimester of multiparous women of Sargodha region with relation to sun exposure and age group.
Authors: Khan Abdul Haseeb , Islam Farzana , Rehman Abdul
Published: November 2020

Objectives: To assess serum vitamin D level in third trimester multiparous pregnant females and correlate them with different parameters (sun exposure and age). Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology, SMC, UOS, Sargodha. Period: April 17th to September 17th, 2017. Material & Methods: A total of fifty multiparous pregnant women in 3rd trimester were included in this study. On the basis of their 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels, pregnant women were categorized into 2 groups: normal (>30ng/ml) and deficient (<20ng/ml). Vitamin D level was measured by CLIA (chemilumuniscence immunoassay analyzer). Data related to sun exposure and age groups was recorded on self structured questionnaire. Results: We found that 47 multiparous women (94%) were vitamin D deficient and 3 (6%) had normal vitamin D levels. Based on associated findings, results showed significance between vitamin D and day time of sun exposure (p =0.02), vitamin D and duration of sun exposure (p =0.01). A significant difference between vitamin D and different age groups (p =0.03) was also observed in multiparous pregnant females. Conclusion: My study suggested that multiparous pregnant women are more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency. A significant association exists between vitamin D and day time of sun exposure, duration of sun exposure and age groups among multiparous pregnant women.
Frequency of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients taking low dose azithromycin prophylaxis.
Authors: Alam Muhammad Absar , Sarfraz Muhammad , Hafeez Arsalan , Zafar Zafar Ali , Anwar Touseef , Rizwan Muhammad
Published: November 2020

Objectives: To assess the frequency of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients taking low dose azithromycin prophylaxis. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Medicine, Independent University Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: 01-07-2017 to 30-06-2018. Material & Methods: 100 patients having diagnosis of COPD according to the operational definition were selected from medical opd of hospital after consent of patients. All patients were given tablet azithromycin 250mg thrice weekly for 12 months, then these patients were followed up for episodes of exacerbations in one year. All patients were properly instructed to report in any change in their symptoms. Any episode of acute exacerbation was noted. There was no conflict of interest. Results: Frequency of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was seen in 70 out of 100(70%) patients taking low dose azithromycin prophylaxis. In female patients frequency of acute exacerbation was high as compared to male patients. i.e. 62.9% vs. 37.1%. Frequency of acute exacerbation was higher in patients whose duration of disease was longer. i.e. 7-10 years followed by patients whose duration of disease was 4-6 years (28.6%) and 1-3 years (25.7%). Presence of acute exacerbation was significantly associated with decline in lung functions. Highest frequency of acute exacerbation was seen in patients who had 3-4 episodes. Conclusion: Results of this study showed a high frequency of acute exacerbation of COPD even with the prophylaxis of low dose azithromycin. However literature reported effectiveness of low dose azithromycin for acute exacerbation in patients of COPD. So further study in the form of randomized trail is needed to prove the efficacy of azithromycin.
In-hospital mortality in patients with NON-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in relation to high risk global registry of acute cardiac events score.
Authors: Samin Ariz , Mustafa Syed Hassan , Khan Sajid , Arshad Saamia , Huda Noor ul , Javaid Mahnoor , Ali Nasir
Published: November 2020

Objectives: Presage for early risk stratification is consequential for long term clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction risk scores (TIMI) and Global Registry of Acute Cardiac Events (GRACE) have been most extensively investigated risk scores till date for risk stratification in patients admitted with Cardiovascular disease. Study Design: Descriptive Case Series. Setting: Department of Cardiology Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. Period: 4th August 2016 to 4th April 2017. Material & Methods: 199 patients diagnosed with NSTEMI were included in the study after obtaining an apprised consent. Risk stratification of each patient was done according to GRACE score. Patients were followed up during their hospital stay and their outcome was recorded on a pre-designed pro forma. The outcome was described as either death or discharge. Results: Mean±SD GRACE score was 156.12±20.65. The overall mortality in the study population was 11.6% (n=23). When the outcome variable was stratified according to age, gender, diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypertension, results were found in case of hypertension (p< 0.05), and statistically no significant in the case of other variables. Conclusion: A high risk GRACE score is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with NSTEMI.
A comparison of HDL-c, VLDL-c among diabetics with and without dyslipidemia and healthy controls.
Authors: Siddique Hajira , Sadiq Sarah , Majeed Asifa
Published: November 2020

Objectives: To determine and compare the levels of HDL-c and VLDL-c between Diabetic with/without dyslipidemia with normal healthy controls and risk of Cardiovascular disease. Study Design: Cross Sectional Comparative study. Setting: Multidisciplinary Lab I, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Army Medical College, Rawalpindi. Period: 2 years January 2016 to January 2019. Material & Methods: Total 90 subjects were enrolled in three groups i.e., group I comprised of 30 patients of Diabetic dyslipidemia, group II consisted of 30 patients of Diabetes without dyslipidemia and group III consisted of 30 healthy normal controls. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Data collected was analyzed by SPSS version 22. Results: Male to female ratio included in group I was 1:1.73 and in group II and III was 1:1.5 each. Mean value of the HDL-c among group I was significantly lower as compared to controls. Mean values of the triglycerides (TG) among group I and group II were significantly elevated as compared to the controls. Most of the subjects of group III were doing exercise as part of everyday routine. Conclusion: The HDL-c and TG (VLDL-c) levels are perturbed significantly among Diabetic dyslipidemic patients as compared to Diabetic non-dyslipidemic patients and normal healthy controls. Exercise is an important factor missed by patients to manage their disease.
Assessment of hemodialysis adequacy: Correlation between online clearance monitoring and single pool Kt/V.
Authors: Mansur Abeera , Saleem Sidra , Mahmood Asad , Rasool Zain
Published: November 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study is to correlate the dose of dialysis delivered by both methods in the dialysis population in our developing country. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Dialysis Centre at Doctor’s Hospital and Medical Center Lahore. Period: February 1, 2018 to April 30, 2018. Material & Methods: Using Fresenius 4008S machines equipped with OCM, we prospectively studied 41 hemodialysis patients. All patients were on hemodialysis for more than three months. Pre and post dialysis urea samples were collected for estimation of single pool Kt/V and compared with OCM. Results: The average age of the patients was 56.46 ± 13.82 years and the mean duration of dialysis was 28.9 ±35.22 months. Mean blood flow rate was 309.27 ±46.06 mL/min. The mean Kt/V was 1.51 ±0.216 (<p=0.001) and the mean OCM was 1.47 ±0.191 (<p=0.001). We found a positive correlation between the two parameters i.e a Pearson’s Correlation: 0.83 (<p=0.001) and an R square value of 0.645.We found that OCM is a good indicator of Kt/V. However, it underestimated Kt/V by 2.07%±8.53%. Conclusion: Online Kt/V calculated by ionic dialysance is a useful method to estimate dialysis dose without the need of blood samples. In clinical practice Kt/V is done on a monthly basis. Any change in the dialysis prescription would entail repeat labs. OCM can be performed at each dialysis session at no extra cost and in real time. Thus, it can prove to be a helpful and economical tool in the assessment of dialysis adequacy in the low income countries with limited resources.
Clinical supervision: What do the supervisors and residents think?
Authors: Orakzai Gulmina Saeed , Sethi Ahsan , Victor Gideon , Aamir Hira Shireen
Published: November 2020

Objectives: To assess the clinical supervisors’ performance in the workplace as perceived by themselves and their trainees to determine their educational needs. Study Design: Multisite Descriptive Cross-sectional. Setting: Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry at Nine Public and Private Teaching Hospitals of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Period: 1st March 2018 till 31st January 2019. Material & Methods: Data were collected from clinical supervisors and their trainees using modified Maastricht Clinical Teaching Questionnaire (mMCTQ) to assess clinical supervisors’ modelling, coaching, scaffolding, articulation, Reflection, exploration, and learning climate for trainees’ clinical practice. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated using SPSS v.23. Results: A total of 37 supervisors and 135 trainees participated in the study. The overall agreement was low on observing multiple trainee-patient encounters (Mean=3.64±1.17; 3.24±1.10), delivering effective feedback (Mean=3.89±0.91; 3.60±1.04), discussing rationale for trainees’ actions (Mean=3.92±0.69; 3.65±0.97) and consistently demonstrating clinical tasks (Mean=3.97±0.87; 3.46±0.79). The trainees significantly (p<0.05) differed from their supervisors’ perceptions in their supervisors’ abilities to help them become aware of the gaps in their knowledge and skills, ask and also encourage questions, and adjust teaching activities to reach the trainees level of experience. Conclusion: The study highlighted multiple issues with supervision regarding observation of trainee-patient encounters, deliver effective feedback, and demonstrate clinical tasks. The agreement of trainees on their supervisors’ educational abilities is lower than that of supervisors. There is a need for structured training with protected time for clinical supervision.
Retinoblastoma treatment outcomes in Pakistan.
Authors: Mushtaq Asma , Khan Asad Aslam , Sadiq Mohammad Ali Ayaz , Qayyum Seema , Khan Muhammad Rizwan , Raza Ahmed
Published: November 2020

Retinoblastoma is most common intraocular malignancy of childhood all over the world including Pakistan. Recent advances in the treatment of disease has improved the survival rates worldwide. Objective: To compare regression of retinoblastoma lesion after monotherapy (chemotherapy) vs combined therapy (chemotherapy + local consolidative therapy). Study Design: Randomized Control trial. Setting: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology at College of Ophthalmology and Allied Vision Sciences/ King Edward Medical University, Mayo Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Period: January 2015 to June 2016. Material & Methods: 43 patients with retinoblastoma (group C & D) were included in the study. Chemotherapy was given to patients in group1 and chemotherapy followed by local consolidative therapy was given to patients in group2. The percentage of regression of baseline lesion was noted after 6 cycles of chemotherapy. Results: The mean regression of lesion in group 1 was 24.5% and in group2 was 59.9%, after six months of treatment. The value t-test was 36.02 with p value 0.00 (<0.05). Conclusion: The combined modality of chemotherapy and local consolidative therapy is more effective in causing regression of retinoblastoma lesion than chemotherapy.
Comparison of hemorrhoidectomy combined with LIS and open hemorrhoidectomy.
Authors: Rashid Sajid , Malik Naveed
Published: November 2020

Objectives: To measure the effectiveness of addition of LIS with open haemorrhoidectomy in reducing post-operative pain. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Surgical Unit of DHQ Teaching Hospital Rawalpindi. Period: Jan-2016 to Nov-2017. Material & Methods: This study was conducted on total number of 60 patients (n=60) with 4th degree haemorrhoids. Patients were divided into two equal groups of 30. In group 1 open haemorrhoidectomy with LIS was done and group 2 open haemorrhoidectomy without LIS was done. Results: Mean pain score of 2.53 with SD of 0.681 was found in group 1 (open haemorrhoidectomy with LIS) as compare to mean pain score of 7.07 with SD of 1.112 in group 2 (open haemorrhoidectomy without LIS) p value was 0.05. T-Test was applied and difference between the two groups was found statistically significant. Conclusion: Open haemorrhoidectomy with LIS reduces post-operative pain in patients.
Relationship between work flow and burnout in medical professionals.
Authors: Bajwa Saqib , Butt Aysha , Mazhar Nauman , Warris Shahid , Tariq Muhammad , Ashraf Rabbia
Published: November 2020

Medical profession due to its vast diversity and sensitivity can exert great stress and exhaustion among working professionals. Objectives: The present research was aimed to explore the relationship between Work Flow and Burnout in medical professionals. Study Design: Correlational Research Design was used with convenient sampling strategy. Setting: Rashid Latif Medical Collage. Period: July to October 2019. Material & Methods: Work related Flow13 and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory15 were used to measure the variables. Correlation and Regression were used. Result: Significant inverse relationship between work flow and burnout. Similarly, Work enjoyment subscale of Work Flow come out to be the significant predictor of burnout and its subscale. Conclusion: research indicates that professionals who enjoy their work and keep their self-engaged in while working does not get easily exhausted.
Chronic indwelling foley catheter, a risk factor for catheter associated urinary tract infection.
Authors: Saifullah Muhammad , Anwar Moin , Noor Hanan , Akmal Muhammad , Subhani Ghulam Mehboob , Javed Safdar Hassan
Published: November 2020

Catheter associated infection is one of commonest infection which affects hospital admitted patients. Indwelling urethral catheters which are kept in place for 30 days or less are called short term. Whereas, when catheter placement exceeds 30 days, it is known as chronic or long term. Objectives: This study was intended to investigate the frequency of urinary tract infection caused by chronic indwelling urethral catheters. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: 6 months between 01-12-2015 to 31-05-2016. Material & Methods: Informed consent was taken from all the 100 patients which were selected for the research purpose. Under aseptic conditions, indwelling urethral catheter was replaced. The Foley catheter tip which we had taken out was cut and separated. It was delivered to the pathologist for culture and sensitivity in a secured axenic container. Diabetes was ruled out using blood sugar fasting levels. Data was recorded using a proforma. Results: In our study, out of 100 cases with chronic supra-pubic or urethral Foley catheter, 53% cases (n=53) were aged below 50 years while 47% (n=47) were aged above 50 years. Furthermore, 95% patients (n=95) were men and only 5% (n=5) were women. 18% participants of our study were recorded to have urinary infection associated with chronic catheterization. Conclusion: We found that urinary infection affects the patients having chronic indwelling urethral catheters significantly. Therefore, it is justified to assess every patient having urethral catheter for possible urinary infection.
Spectrum of pediatric heart disease in newly established cardiac center in South Punjab.
Authors: Beg Ahsan , Fatima Nousheen , Mughal Abdul Razzaq
Published: November 2020

Objectives: To determine the spectrum of pediatric heart disease in a newly established cardiac centre in south Punjab. Study Design: Descriptive Observational Case Series. Setting: Department of Pediatric Cardiology of Cardiac Center Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH) Bahawalpur. Period: July 2019 to December 2019. Material & Methods: All consecutive patients of any gender, age range from first day of life to18 years, diagnosed as having heart disease (congenital/ acquired) on Echocardiography were enrolled. Patients of isolated bicuspid aortic valve, premature neonates having PDA or those who already had device or surgical intervention done were excluded from the study. The spectrum of the heart diseases in children was assessed by categorizing them as having acquired, acyanotic and acyanotic heart defects. Results: A total of 624 patients were enrolled in the study on the basis of inclusion criteria. There were 56.7 % male (n=354) while 43.3% were female (n=270) with male to female ratio 1.3:1. Majority of the patients were of infant age group (66%, n=412). Congenital heart disease (CHD) was present in 87% of the patients (n=543) while 13% (n=81) had acquired heart disease (AHD). Acyanotic heart lesions were found in 73.1% of patients while cyanotic congenital heart diseases (CCHD) were 26.9 %. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the most common CHD (33%), followed by Atrial Septal defect (14.9%) and Patent ductus arteriosus (13.1%). TOF was the most common CCHD (10.1%) followed by TGA (7.4%). Among AHD, 55.6% were of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) followed by Cardiomyopathy (27.2), pericardial effusion (8.6%) and infective endocarditis (4.9%). Conclusion: The VSD, ASD, PDA, TOF and TGA remain the most common CHD in descending order while RHD is the most common acquired heart disease in children at our centre.
Mulheres, educação não formal e o novo tradicional: feminino e feminismo nas enciclopédias da Abril Cultural (1967-1981)
Authors: Morgado Débora Pinguello
Published: November 2020

As enciclopédias da Abril Cultural abordaram assuntos voltados para a família, incluindo uma forma de educação não formal de mulheres. Buscaram conduzir o trabalho feminino no rol das domesticidades e na construção da “mulher moderna”, além de integrar sua leitora a questões como o feminismo. A partir do estudo dessas publicações, objetiva-se discutir, no âmbito da História das Mulheres e da História do Tempo Presente, o uso do conceito de modernidade a partir da apropriação de visões de mundo tradicionais pelas enciclopédias na educação feminina.
Diseases of the upper respiratory tract in pregnant women
Authors: V. I. Medved  , V. I. Popovich
Published: November 2020

Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract are extremely common, 6-15% of healthy people get sick every year. Pregnant women, due to physiological changes in the upper respiratory tract and a special immune state, get sick even more often.The purpose of the article is to provide doctors with basic information about the features of the course and treatment of the most common diseases of the upper respiratory tract during pregnancy.Prerequisite for the development of nasal congestion syndrome during pregnancy is an imbalance in the autonomic regulation of vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the vessels of the nasal mucosa and secretion of the nasal glands, the predominance of parasympathetic influences. The most common nosological causes of nasal breathing disorders are allergic rhinitis, gestational (hormonal) rhinitis and acute rhinosinusitis.The pathogenetic mechanism of gestational rhinitis is estrogen-mediated inhibition of cholinesterase, resulting in cholinergic vasodilation and increased secretion of mucous glands. The increase in circulating plasma volume and extravasal transudation, which is also due to the effects of estrogen on the vascular wall, contribute to pregnancy. Treatment is symptomatic (local decongestants, herbal secretolytics, sea water).Allergic rhinitis is based on IgE-mediated inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The most common causative allergens are plant pollen, spores of lower fungi, insect particles, animal epidermis, house dust mites. Treatment includes topical and systemic agents (glucocorticosteroids with low bioavailability, H1-histamine receptor blockers).Acute rhinosinusitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses that lasts up to 12 weeks. In pregnant women, the development of the disease and its prolonged course is facilitated by frequent swelling of the nasal mucosa. The main causative agent of GDS are viruses (approximately 80% of cases). Evidence-based treatment includes irrigation therapy (symptomatic treatment of all forms of GDS), modern phytonutrient therapy using standardized BNO 1016 extract (for viral and post-viral MS, safe during pregnancy), mometasone furoate (nasal spray), anesthesia . Antibacterial drugs are indicated only for the treatment of bacterial rhinosinusitis.Acute tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils with clinical symptoms that occur suddenly. Specific manifestations are sore throat (without acute shortness of breath), redness and swelling of the tonsils, often with layers, regional lymphadenitis; non-specific – fever, general weakness, malaise and pain in the joints and lower back. The clinical picture in pregnant women does not differ significantly. The severity of the disease and the probability of bacterial etiology is assessed on a special scale. Be sure to determine the presence of β-hemolytic group A streptococcus in the throat, depending on which antibacterial treatment is prescribed.
Prophylaxis of relapses for the women of postmenopausal period with of high quality pathology of endometrium
Authors: T. P. Polishchuk
Published: November 2020

The objective: decline of frequency of relapses of pathological processes of endometrium for the women of postmenopausal age on the basis of improvement and introduction of algorithm of diagnostic and treatment-and-prophylactic measures.Materials and methods. 144 patients (1 group) were inspected, which appealed for a help for period from 2015 to 2019 At the selection of patients for our research we used the followings criteria of including: age > 60 years; proof postmenopausal period; absence of complaints from the side of organs of the genesial system; suspicion on an endometrial pathological process from data of ultrasonic research of organs of small pelvis and gynaecological review. The algorithm of diagnostic and treatment-and-prophylactic measures improved by us was used for 100 women of postmenopausal age with the pathological processes of эндометрия (2 group). Age of patients of a 1 group hesitated from 60 to 87 years (middle age 68,6±5,6 years). All patients were in proof postmenopausal period and were up-diffused on two groups in obedience to the age-related classification. The terms of offensive of menopause varied from 38 to 56 years. On the average, menopause came in age 44,7±4,9. Middle duration of postmenopausal period in the moment of research was 15,9±1,1 years. Hysteroscopy with a separate diagnostic endometrectomy was conducted in a gynaecological separation in the conditions of small operating-room under general brief intravenous anaesthesia in obedience to the generally accepted recommendations. Morphological and immunohistochemical researches were conducted on standard methods.Results. The results of the conducted researches testify to high actuality of study of pathology of endometrium for the women of postmenopausal period. For effective diagnostics of relapse of pathology of endometrium for the women of postmenopausal age, except for ultrasonic research, it is necessary to use hysteroscopy with subsequent morphological research.Conclusion. With the purpose of decline of frequency of relapse and warning of malignancy it is necessary to use the differentiated going near the leadthrough of endometrial interferences (hysteroresectoscopy or ablation) and individually directed hormonal correction under control the immunohistochemical indexes of proliferation: Ki-67; bcl-2; Bax and aromatase histohematin 450.The use of the algorithm improved by us for the women of postmenopausal age with pathology of endometrium allows to reduce frequency of relapses and warn development of endometrial adenocarcinoma.
Prophylaxis of unmaturing of pregnancy and perinatal pathology for women with antiphospholipide syndrome and retrochorial haematoma
Authors: O. M. Tomnyuk
Published: November 2020

The objective: decline of frequency of unmaturing and perinatal pathology for women with a antiphospholipide syndrome and retrochorial haematoma on the basis of study of clinical-instrumental and laboratory researches, and also improvement of algorithm of treatment-and-prophylactic measures.Materials and methods. An inspection is conducted 110 women of genesial age, which signed the written informed consent on participating in research. From the inspected women in research were included 90, that answered the criteria of including and exception. Antifosfolipide syndrome was diagnosed in accordance with the International laboratory criteria. Before plugging in research there were the conducted analyses on a presence in the whey of blood of lupus anticoagulant, antibodies to the negatively charged phosphotides (cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidyl acids), antibodies to the p2-glycoprotein. The pregnant was plugged in research on a term 5–7 weeks of pregnancy.Results. During treatment of pregnant with a antiphospholipid syndrome and unmaturing the opened comparative randomized research was conducted as evaluated by efficiency and safety of the algorithm improved by us with the use of preparations. By the method of randomization by the opened table of random numbers of patient with a antiphospholipid syndrome and unmaturing (n=60) were up-diffused on two groups. In 30,0% patients 2 groups and 33,3% women from a 1 group was found out a retrochorial haematoma. Separately compared the indexes of pregnant from these sub-groups.Conclusion. For diagnostics of antiphospholipide syndrome for women it is necessary with the high risk of unmaturing and retrochorial haematomas, above all things, to determine the level of antibodies to р2-glycoprotein and thrombin, and in the second turn – antiphospholipid antibodies; antibodies to the lupus anticoagulant and to annexin.With the purpose of decline of frequency of gestational complications for women with a antiphospholipide syndrome and retrochorial haematoma it is necessary to use anti-thrombotic therapy: antiaggregant, anticoagulants, preparations of magnesium, preparations of folacin in medical doses. With the purpose of control after efficiency of treatment-and-prophylactic measures during pregnancy it is necessary to determine a degree and speed of aggregating of thrombocytes; level of Д-dimer and antibodies to р2- glycoprotein and to annexin.
Innovación en el desarrollo de unidades de producción agrícola familiar en localidades marginadas de Oaxaca
Authors: Díaz García Domingo Luis , Rodríguez Ortiz Gerardo , Cruz Cabrera Blasa Celerina , Castillo Leal Maricela , Santiago Martínez Gisela Margarita
Published: November 2020

Se estudian los factores de innovación y su incidencia en el desarrollo de unidades de producción agrícola familiar (UPAF) de cultivos de maíz, frijol y jitomate en localidades marginadas de Ejutla de Crespo, en Valles Centrales de Oaxaca. Se analizan con un proceso metodológico mixto no experimental mediante muestreo estratificado-aleatorio por medio del cuestionario (n = 86) realizado en 2017 y examinado mediante pruebas de bondad de ajuste χ2 (α = 0.05). El enfoque utilizado es evolucionista y sistémico, además de considerar teóricos neochumpeterianos. Los tipos de innovación están relacionados con el cultivo y son independientes de la localidad. De los factores considerados, 9 de 10 inciden en algún tipo de innovación. Las innovaciones se dan principalmente en las UPAF con jitomate en invernadero.
Calentamiento global y la fisiología de ectotermos: El caso de tres lacertilios mexicanos
Authors: Fajardo Victor , Burguete Marycarmen , González-Morales Juan Carlos
Published: November 2020

Los hallazgos recientes muestran que el calentamiento global puede causar la extinción y el cambio en la distribución espacial de diversas especies de reptiles. Se ha propuesto, que en respuesta, los lacertilios podrían migrar en un gradiente altitudinal, pero no se considera a la hipóxia (escasez de oxígeno) como un factor que podría limitar la migración. Aquí discutimos las posibles adecuaciones en ciertas características morfo-fisiológicas que podrían permitir a los ectotermos migrar sobre un gradiente altitudinal aún con los efectos negativos de la hipóxia. Con esto podemos comenzar a estudiar a profundidad la vulnerabilidad de los ectotermos ante el calentamiento global que depende no solo de su biología térmica, sino también de su fisiología.
Gravedad emergente: ¿La llave termodinámica del espacio-tiempo?
Authors: Sánchez Hernández Luis Miguel
Published: November 2020

Se exponen algunos aspectos de la incitante relación entre gravedad y termodinámica y cómo ésta ha llevado a proponer que la gravedad es un fenómeno emergente de origen termodinámico-estadístico más que una interacción fundamental. Para desarrollar esta idea, se presenta una breve revisión de los aspectos principales de la termodinámica de agujeros negros y el efecto Unruh. Después, se discute el trabajo de T. Jacobson y se esboza la noción de gravedad como fuerza entrópica propuesta por E. P. Verlinde. Finalmente, se discuten algunas implicaciones que resultan al considerar la gravedad como fenómeno emergente, en particular cómo este nuevo concepto puede ser importante para resolver algunos problemas que los modelos actuales de gravedad no han logrado solucionar.
From the Bureau on applied botany to the Institute for plant genetic resources (commemorating the 125th Anniversary of VIR)
Authors: Loskutov I. G.
Published: November 2020

The article provides a historical background on the activities of the N. I. Vavilov All‑Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) for a 125‑year period. The Institute began its history as the Bureau of Applied Botany in the end of the 19th century, the times of the Russian Empire; it went through the crucible of World War I, the October Revolution and the Civil War, to become the All‑Union Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) in the Soviet times. The Institute overcame the period of Stalin’s repressions and the devastating irreparable losses sustained during the World War II and the Siege of Leningrad. In the post‑war period, VIR underwent revival, and since 1967 has been proudly bearing the name of N. I. Vavilov. The most successful period in the history of VIR was in the 60‑70s of the 20th century, while in the 90s there followed a period of a sharp drop in funding of all research, and the institute staff was preserving and saving the Vavilov collection at the cost of incredible efforts. In the 21st century, VIR continues its work as a globally known leader in the spheres of systematic collection, comprehensive study, reliable conservation and rational use of genetic resources of cultivated plants and their wild relatives for solving the problems directly related to ensuring national and global food security.
Cien años con Ciro Alegría: La vigencia del indigenismo proemio
Authors: Valenzuela Garcés Jorge
Published: November 2020

Este año, 2009, se celebran los cien años del nacimiento de uno de los más grandes escritores peruanos del siglo XX: Ciro Alegría. Preclaro representante de la novela regionalista en la línea indigenista, Alegría puede ser considerado, además, como uno de nuestros primeros novelistas clásicos.
El objeto de arte como objeto social en Lima virreinal
Authors: Barriga Tello Martha
Published: November 2020

En cualquier sociedad, como en la Lima virreinal, las imágenes que se producen por razones artísticas o religiosas pueden ser interpretadas y consideradas de diversas maneras por los observadores y usuarios. Esto es posible por su carácter abierto, que permite su apropiación para diversos objetivos.
El ritmo de intensidad en La rosa escrita de Xavier Abril
Authors: Coello Óscar
Published: November 2020

Luego de las aventuras rítmicas practicadas por Abril en las más audaces posiciones de vanguardia, se produce una abjuración insólita –explicada luego metatextualmente– en la poiesis del artista, que lo regresa a los cauces de la elaboración versal tradicional. La rosa escrita es el poemario más emblemático de este retorno. La presente ponencia ejemplifica en un texto, a través del ritmo de intensidad, los pormenores de esta redención.
Pengembangan Multimedia Interaktif Tema Alam Semesta pada Anak Usia 4-6 Tahun
Authors: Munawaroh Hidayatu , Widiyani Afifah Yulia Eka , Muntaqo Rifqi
Published: November 2020

Anak usia 4-6 masa emas dimana masa sangat penting diberikan stumulasi yang tepat agar perkembangan anak tercapai secara maximal, namun masih banya guru, orangtua masih mengabaikan. Perlu sarana yang sesuai dengan tingkat usianya. Agar anak usia dini tertarik untuk belajar,dibutuhkan media pembelajaran yang sesuai untuk anak usia dini salah satunya multimedia interaktif. penelitian ini bertujuan merancang multimedia pembelajaran interaktif tema alam semesta dan mengetahui keefektifan implementasinya pada proses pembelajaran. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan (R&D). Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan; observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, tes LKA. Analisis data meliputi; uji, perancangan multimedia interaktif menggunakan power point dan persentase, keefektifan, analisis deskriptif. hasil penelitian: (1) Desain multimedia interaktif dalam pembelajaran tema alam semesta dalam bentuk game interaktif, (2) Implementasi multimedia interaktif efektif dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas, ditunjukkan dari hasil penilaian pre test rata-rata 2,07 menjadi 2,73 pada posttest dengan ketuntasan hasil belajar mencapai 80% mengalami kenaikan yang signifikaan.