bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of effects of low-dose aspirin administration on urinary thromboxane metabolites in healthy dogs
Authors: Hoh Crystal M. , Smith Stephanie A. , McMichael Maureen A. , Byron Julie K.
Published: August 2011

Objective—To evaluate markers of in vivo platelet function (urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 [11-dehydroTXB2] and 2,3-dinorTXB2) and assess their response to administration of 2 commonly used dosages of aspirin in healthy dogs.

Animals—20 healthy dogs.

Procedures—Urine was collected prior to aspirin administration and on the morning following the last evening administration. Twenty dogs received aspirin (1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) for 7 consecutive doses. After a washout period of 5 months, 10 dogs received a single dose of aspirin (10 mg/kg, PO). Concentrations of urinary thromboxane metabolites 11-dehydroTXB2 and 2,3-dinorTXB2 were measured via ELISA, and values were normalized to urine creatinine concentration.

Results—Median baseline 11-dehydroTXB2 concentrations were 0.38 ng/mg of creatinine (range, 0.15 to 1.13 ng/mg). Mean ± SD baseline 2 at a 3-dinorTXB2 concentrations were 6.75 ± 2.77 ng/mg of creatinine. Administration of aspirin at a dosage of 1 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 7 days did not significantly decrease urinary 11-dehydroTXB2 concentration, but administration of the single aspirin dose of 10 mg/kg did significantly decrease 11-dehydroTXB2 concentration by a median of 45.5% (range, 28.2% to 671%). Administration of the 1 mg/kg aspirin dosage significantly decreased urinary 2,3-dinorTXB2 concentration by a mean ± SD of 33.0 ± 23.7%. Administration of the single aspirin dose of 10 mg/kg also significantly decreased 2,3-dinorTXB2 concentration by a mean ± SD of 46.7 ± 12.6%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Aspirin administration (1 mg/kg/d) may be insufficient for reliable platelet inhibition in healthy dogs.
Expression and subcellular localization of apical junction proteins in canine duodenal and colonic mucosa
Authors: Ohta Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Tomoki , Rajapakshage B. K. Wickramasekara , Murakami Masahiro , Sasaki Noboru , Nakamura Kensuke , Hwang Shiang-Jyi , Yamasaki Masahiro , Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi
Published: August 2011

Objective—To examine the expression and distribution of tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) proteins in canine duodenal and colonic mucosa.

Sample—Mucosa obtained from 4 healthy Beagles.

Procedures—Biopsy specimens of the duodenum and colon were obtained via endoscopy from 4 healthy dogs. The expression patterns and subcelluar localization of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7, and -8; E-cadherin; and β-catenin in the duodenum and colon were analyzed by use of immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy.

Results—In the duodenum, there was clear expression of claudin-3 and -5, E-cadherin, and β-catenin proteins and weak expression of claudin-7 protein. In contrast, there was clear expression of claudin-2 and -3, E-cadherin, and β-catenin proteins and weak expression of claudin-5 and -7 proteins in the colon, as determined by use of immunoblotting. As determined by the use of immunofluorescence microscopy, the duodenum and colon had staining for claudin-3 and -5, E-cadherin, and β-catenin in the most apical region and staining for claudin-7 in the basolateral region. Staining for claudin-2 was also observed in the colon.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Information was provided about the expression patterns of TJ and AJ proteins in the duodenum and colon of clinically normal dogs. These results may provide valuable information for use in evaluating the importance of these TJ and AJ proteins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in dogs.
Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase in melanocytic tumors of dogs and canine melanoma cell lines
Authors: Docampo María-José , Cabrera Jennifer , Rabanal Rosa M. , Bassols Anna
Published: August 2011

Objective—To evaluate expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 and membrane-type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) in melanocytomas and malignant melanomas of dogs, analyze in vitro production of MMPs by canine melanoma cell lines and primary dermal fibroblasts, and investigate mutual communication between tumor cells and fibroblasts and the influence of collagen on MMP regulation.

Sample—35 biopsy specimens from melanocytic tumors and primary dermal fibroblasts of dogs and 3 canine melanoma cell lines (CML-1, CML-10c2, and CML-6M).

Procedures—MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP were detected in tumor samples by use of immunohistochemical analysis. In vitro production was analyzed via reverse transcriptase-PCR assay, immunocytochemical analysis, zymography, and immunoblotting.

Results—MMP-9 was overexpressed in malignant melanomas, compared with expression in melanocytomas, whereas no significant differences in MMP-2 and MT1-MMP immunostaining were detected. Stromal cells also often had positive staining results. In vitro, all 3 melanoma cell lines and dermal fibroblasts had evidence of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP, but only melanoma cells had evidence of MMP-9. Coculture of CML-1 or CML-10c2 cells and dermal fibroblasts induced an increase in expression of the active form of MMP-2. Culture of melanoma cells on type I collagen increased the activation state of MT1-MMP.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—MMP-9 expression was increased in malignant melanomas of dogs. Stromal cells were a source for MMPs. Stromal cells, in combination with matrix components such as type I collagen, can interact with tumor cells to regulate MMP production. Information about MMP production and regulation could help in the development of new treatments.
Cutaneous yeast microflora in patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Zinkeviciene Aukse , Vaiciulioniene Nemira , Baranauskiene Irena , Kvedariene Violeta , Emuzyte Regina , Citavicius Donaldas
Published: July 2011

The skin of persons with atopic dermatitis (AD) is very susceptible to cutaneous infection, and some yeast species may also aggravate AD. The total yeast population of an AD patient’s skin and its relation with individual age and body part remains poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to clarify the differences in cutaneous yeast flora by age and body parts of AD patients.

By swabbing affected body parts (hands, legs, face, neck or trunk), 241 samples were collected from patients with AD (132 children and 109 adults), and as controls, 40 samples were taken from healthy individuals (20 children, 20 adults).

In all, 89 (36.9%) of samples were positive; the yeast isolated belonged to three genera: Candida (27.4%), Malassezia (6.6%), and Rhodotorula (2.9%). Cutaneous colonization with yeasts was two-fold higher in the adults than in children (P<0.0001). The distribution of the yeast species was dependent on the body part sampled: Malassezia predominated in the face, neck, and trunk regions (P=0.0047); Candida more frequently colonized hands and legs (P=0.0029).

Our study showed that cutaneous yeast flora and distribution of yeast species depends significantly on the age of the AD patient and the body part affected by atopic dermatitis.
EQUALITY UNDER AND BEFORE THE LAW
Authors: Lucy William
Published: July 2011

This article attempts to defend two claims – first, that there is at least one intelligible and coherent concept of juridical equality extant in the law. This concept, I argue, has three components and two aspects and is found in an interestingly diverse range of doctrinal contexts. The fact that it is well rooted in doctrine, and that it applies to law application rather than just law creation, sets it apart – in a virtuous way – from other available accounts of juridical equality. The second claim is that this concept of juridical equality, despite the many complaints that might be made against it, is normatively significant and (possibly) normatively respectable. It is argued that this concept of juridical equality, construed as an inclusionary claim, can flourish only in a limited range of normative environments, one of which is a community of principle. The paper is a qualified defence of an allegedly ‘formal,’ supposedly uninteresting and institutionally embodied concept of equality, a concept often overlooked by contemporary political philosophers and regarded as anachronistic by many contemporary jurists.
Brainstem hypertrophy, acquired Chiari malformation, syringomyelia, and hydrocephalus: diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Ramakrishna Rohan , Mai Jeffrey C. , Filardi Tanya , Browd Samuel R. , Ellenbogen Richard G.
Published: August 2011

This 18-year-old woman presented with symptoms of right upper-extremity ataxia and imaging evidence of syringomyelia and an acquired Chiari malformation after a previous suboccipital decompression for cerebellar hemorrhage. The patient underwent posterior fossa reexploration to detether any adhesions and release scar tissue in the fourth ventricular outlet. Her symptoms of syringomyelia resolved but she then developed symptoms of lethargy, confusion, and amnesia in addition to ataxia. Repeat neural axis imaging revealed resolution of the syrinx but prominent brainstem hypertrophy. Eventually, the placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt resulted in the resolution of both symptoms and brainstem hypertrophy. In the present article, the authors elaborate on this first reported case of a reversible brainstem hypertrophy responsive to CSF shunting.
On Western Ukrainian Iconographic Practice
Authors: Luka Oksana Victoria
Published: August 2011

Standard works on the theology of icons and histories of Byzantine art usually present us with well-known and prominent examples of Byzantine iconography. Often overlooked, however, are the many and various traditions of iconography that have flourished in small and distant regions. These little-known local iconographic traditions, however, have great value. The aim of this paper is to present reflections on the importance of local iconography in the life of faith of Eastern Christian communities by drawing attention to the unique iconographic tradition developed in Western Ukraine. Emphasis is given to the development of local iconographic traditions, the use of icons in communal and private religious practice, and the challenges encountered by contemporary efforts to revive local iconography.
Morningside for Life!: Contextual Theology Meets Animated Television inbro'Town
Authors: Garner Stephen
Published: August 2011

For five years the television show bro'Town represented a novel and somewhat controversial approach to telling stories about New Zealand society in mainstream media. The particular characters and setting connected to Pacific Island and urban Maori immigrant communities, but the stories being told were broader than that and resonated with the wider New Zealand public. One unique characteristic of the show was the way in which it mediated religion both sympathetically and critically to this wider audience. In doing so the show functioned as a site of theological reflection and a vehicle for the doing of contextual theology. Through the way in which religion was mediated in the show, issues related to personal, ethnic, religious, family and community identity are explored, drawing upon the negotiation of the three-way relationship between God, land and people running through Māori and Pacific Island cultures. The end result of this negotiation is a narrative that is simultaneously respectful and irreverent, promoting the need to find friends, love, respect and home in an often complicated and conflicted world.
Influencing Health Equity: Role of the Effective Consumer Scale in Measuring Skills and Abilities in a Middle Income Country
Authors: RADER TAMARA , UEFFING ERIN , GARCIA-ELORRIO EZEQUIEL , IDZERDA LEANNE , CIAPPONI AGUSTIN , IRAZOLA VILMA , WELCH VIVIAN , LYDDIATT ANNE , SHEA BEVERLEY , NEWMAN STANTON , OSBORNE RICHARD , TUGWELL PETER S.
Published: August 2011

The 2008 World Health Report emphasizes the need for patient-centered primary care service delivery models in which patients are equal partners in the planning and management of their health. It is argued that this involvement will lead to improved management of disease, improved health outcomes and patient satisfaction, better informed decision-making, increased compliance with healthcare decisions, and better resource utilization. This article investigates the domains captured by the Effective Consumer Scale (EC-17) in relation to vulnerable population groups that experience health inequity. Particular focus is paid to the domain of health literacy as an area fundamental to patients’ involvement in managing their condition and negotiating the healthcare system. In examining the possible influence of Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT) on health equity, we used the recent translation and validation of the EC-17 scale into Spanish and tested Argentina as an example. Future plans to use the EC-17 with vulnerable groups include formal collaboration and needs assessment with the community to tailor an intervention to meet its needs in a culturally relevant manner. Some systematic reviews have questioned whether interventions to improve effective consumer skills are appropriate in vulnerable populations. We propose that these populations may have the most to gain from such interventions since they might be expected to have relatively lower skills and health literacy than other groups.
Are You Ready for the Net Generation or the Free Agent Learner?
Authors: DeSilets Lynore D.
Published: July 2011

The newest generation of soon to be health care professionals was raised by Father Google and Mother IM. The world has been a connected place for them their entire lives. They are experts at multitasking. They prefer electronic over print news, dictionaries, and maps; cell phones that do more than make phone calls; e-mail exchanges over face-to-face visits; online payments over checks; and credit cards over cash. In this column, I share some information about technology and these digital natives that I, a digital immigrant, have recently discovered.
Road Map to Esophagectomy for Nurses
Authors: Logue Barbara , Griffin Scott
Published: August 2011

Esophageal cancer, although considered uncommon in the United States, continues to exhibit increased incidence. Esophageal cancer now ranks seventh among cancers in mortality for men in the United States. Even as treatment continues to advance, the mortality rate remains high, with a 5-year survival rate less than 35%. Esophageal cancer typically is discovered in advanced stages, which reduces the treatment options. When disease is locally advanced, esophagectomy remains the standard for treatment. Surgery remains challenging and complicated. Multiple surgical approaches are available, with the choice determined by tumor location and stage of disease. Recovery is often fraught with complications—both physical and emotional. Nursing care revolves around complex care managing multiple body systems and providing effective education and emotional support for both patients and patients’ families. Even after recovery, local recurrence and distant metastases are common. Early diagnosis, surgical advancement, and improvements in postoperative care continue to improve outcomes.
Enhancing knowledge retention in higher education: A case of the University of Zambia
Authors: Wamundila Sitali , Ngulube Patrick
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate how knowledge retention may be enhanced at the University of Zambia (UNZA). A quantitative case study design employing a triangulation of data collection methods was used. Data were collected using interviews and questionnaires. Purposive sampling was used to determine participants for the interviews whilst stratified random sampling was employed to select the respondents for the questionnaire. The quantitative and qualitative data that was analysed using SPSS® indicates that UNZA lacked certain knowledge retention practices that might enable it to retain operational relevant knowledge. In view of the findings, the study recommends the adoption of a knowledge retention framework that could be embedded in UNZA’s knowledge management policy.
Busca de informações pelos alunos dos cursos superiores do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica da Paraíba - CEFET/PB
Authors: Sousa Beatriz Alves de , Perucchi Valmira
Published: August 2011

Apresenta uma pesquisa desenvolvida com os alunos dos Cursos Superiores do CEFET-PB, com o objetivo de averiguar se a biblioteca dessa Instituição satisfaz às suas necessidades de informação. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Procurou-se saber quais os meios e as fontes utilizados por esses alunos quando buscam informações, quais suas necessidades de informação e se os recursos oferecidos pela Instituição atendem satisfatoriamente a essas necessidades. Os resultados demonstraram que as fontes de pesquisas disponíveis na Instituição são insuficientes, em quantidade e qualidade, enfatizando, ainda, muitas dificuldades de acesso e de uso das informações existentes.
O profissional bibliotecário como gestor de pessoas
Authors: Pinto Adilson Luiz , González José Antonio Moreiro
Published: August 2011

Este artigo procura motivar o profissional bibliotecário a assumir dentro das Bibliotecas ou Centros de Documentação, atividades de gestor de pessoas. Alguns aspectos relacionados à gestão de pessoas são revisados de forma simples, a fim de facilitar o desenvolvimento de técnicas e da adequação da metodologia nesta atividade. A condição proposta visa promover a reflexão e fornecer subsídios para a realização da propagação desta atividade nas instituições de informação.
An uncooled VGA-IRFPA with novel readout architecture
Authors: Würfel D. , Ruß M. , Lerch R. , Weiler D. , Yang P. , Vogt H.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. An uncooled VGA Infrared Focal Plane Array (IRFPA) based on microbolometers with a pixel pitch of 25 μm for thermal imaging applications is presented. The IRFPA has a 16-bit digital video data output at a frame rate of 30 Hz. Thousands of Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) are located under the microbolometer array. One ADC consists of a Sigma-Delta-Modulator (SDM) of 2nd order and a decimation filter. It is multiplexed for a certain amount of microbolometers arranged in a so called "cluster". In the 1st stage of the SDM the microbolometer current is integrated time-continuously. The feedback is applied using a switchable current source. First measurements of Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD) as a key parameter for IRFPAs will be presented.
Ion beam analysis based on cellular nonlinear networks
Authors: Senger V. , Tetzlaff R. , Reichau H. , Ratzinger U.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The development of a non- destructive measurement method for ion beam parameters has been treated in various projects. Although results are promising, the high complexity of beam dynamics has made it impossible to implement a real time process control up to now. In this paper we will propose analysing methods based on the dynamics of Cellular Nonlinear Networks (CNN) that can be implemented on pixel parallel CNN based architectures and yield satisfying results even at low resolutions.
Context-based user grouping for multi-casting in heterogeneous radio networks
Authors: Mannweiler C. , Klein A. , Schneider J. , Schotten H. D.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Along with the rise of sophisticated smartphones and smart spaces, the availability of both static and dynamic context information has steadily been increasing in recent years. Due to the popularity of social networks, these data are complemented by profile information about individual users. Making use of this information by classifying users in wireless networks enables targeted content and advertisement delivery as well as optimizing network resources, in particular bandwidth utilization, by facilitating group-based multi-casting. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a web service for advanced user classification based on user, network, and environmental context information. The service employs simple and advanced clustering algorithms for forming classes of users. Available service functionalities include group formation, context-aware adaptation, and deletion as well as the exposure of group characteristics. Moreover, the results of a performance evaluation, where the service has been integrated in a simulator modeling user behavior in heterogeneous wireless systems, are presented.
A sensing circuit for single-ended read-ports of SRAM cells with bit-line power reduction and access-time enhancement
Authors: Heselhaus T. , Noll T. G.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The conventional sensing scheme of single-ended read-only-ports as integrated in 8T-SRAM cells suffers from low performance compared to double-ended complementary sensing schemes. In the proposed sensing scheme the pre-charge voltage of the single-ended read-bit-line is set to a level above the threshold voltage of the sensing device with an adjustable margin. This margin is minimized to speed up the read access on the one hand and kept large enough to provide a sufficient bit-line noise margin on the other hand. The pre-charge voltage level of the proposed sensing circuit tracks the threshold voltage of the sensing device under process variations in order to maintain a minimum required bit-line noise margin. To avoid unnecessary bit-line discharging, the proposed sensing scheme employs a modified 8T-SRAM cell. Compared to the conventional 8T-SRAM cell, the read port of the proposed cell provides a virtual ground line running in parallel to the bit-lines. An internal driver of the sensing circuit releases the virtual ground line during the evaluation period to prevent the charge dissipation resulting in a raised voltage level. The reduced pre-charge level and the increased virtual ground lead to a reduced bit-line voltage swing and thus a bit-line power reduction. Access time, energy dissipation, and noise margin of the proposed sensing circuit are compared with conventional sensing circuits from the literature for different numbers of memory cells connected to the bit-line. It is shown, that for a specific number of memory cells per bit-line the proposed circuit achieves fastest access time at low power operation.
Network modelling with Brune's synthesis
Authors: Mukhtar F. , Kuznetsov Y. , Russer P.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Network modelling of general, lossy or lossless, one-port and symmetric two-port passive electromagnetic structures in systematic manner is presented. Rational function representation of the numerical data of Z- or Y-parameters is obtained with the use of Vector Fitting procedure. A systematic strategy for obtaining equivalent lumped element circuit from the rational function, applying Brune's circuit synthesis, is also presented.
Effects of skeletal muscle denervation on potency of rocuronium
Authors: Hong Wang , Liang Qi-Sheng , Cheng Lan-Ren , Li Xiao-Hong , Wei Fu , Dai Wen-Tao , Li Shi-Tong
Published: July 2011

Background: Rocuronium is an alternative to succinylcholine for rapid tracheal intubation after major thermal injury and other forms of critical illness that cause denervation changes in skeletal muscle. Rocuronium may decrease the potencies of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants.

Objectives: Examine whether potency of rocuronium changed during the first month after denervation, and investigate the effects of skeletal muscle denervation on potency of rocuronium.

Methods: The denervation mouse model was developed to create denervated individual cells from the flexor digitorum brevis of the hindfoot. The skeletal muscle cells were examined at day 0 in the innervated control and days 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 in the denervation group. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cells were activated with 30 M acetylcholine, alone or in combination with various concentrations of rocuronium. Currents were recorded with a whole-cell patch-clamp technique.

Results: Rocuronium reversibly inhibited acetylcholine-activated currents in a dose-dependent fashion at different times after denervation. The inhibition concentration for the half-maximal responses of rocuronium increased 1.2- (p >0.05), 1.8-, 2.8-, 2.3-, 2.1-, and 1.9-fold (p <0.01) at day 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after denervation, respectively, compared to that at day 0 after denervation.

Conclusion: Rocuronium dose required to achieve satisfactory clinical effects changed at different durations after skeletal muscle denervation.
Brief communication (Original). Sleep-disordered breathing and risk factors in Thailand
Authors: Kongsomboon Kittipong , Neruntarat Chairat
Published: July 2011

Background: Sleep-disordered breathing or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has an important effect on the quality of life. Very few data of OSA are available for Thai persons.

Objective: Investigate the prevalence of high risk to OSA and the relationship between OSA and risk factors in Thai medical students.

Materials and methods: Three hundred seven subjects were recruited from all of the medical students (fourth year to sixth year) the Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand for this cross-sectional study. Data was collected between June and September 2010. The Berlin questionnaire was used to determine risk for OSA. Logistic regression analysis was performed with p-value less than 0.05 for statistical significance.

Results: The prevalence of high risk to OSA was 6.8%. Total mean of sleep duration, bedtime, and wake-time was 6.59 hours. Bedtime of male students was significantly later than female students. The medical students with body mass index (BMI) >23 kilogram/meter2 and with underlying diseases were at high-risk for OSA.

Conclusion: Prevalence of high-risk to OSA of Thai medical students was 6.8%. The medical students with BMI >23 kilogram/meter2 and with underlying diseases were at high risk for OSA but gender, age, academic year, and academic achievement did not relate to OSA.
Wavelength‐Emission Tuning of ZnO Nanowire‐Based Light‐Emitting Diodes by Cu Doping: Experimental and Computational Insights
Authors: Lupan Oleg , Pauporté Thierry , Le Bahers Tangui , Viana Bruno , Ciofini Ilaria
Published: July 2011

The band‐gap engineering of doped ZnO nanowires is of the utmost importance for tunable light‐emitting‐diode (LED) applications. A combined experimental and density‐functional theory (DFT) study of ZnO doping by copper (Zn2+ substitution by Cu2+) is presented. ZnO:Cu nanowires are epitaxially grown on magnesium‐doped p‐GaN by electrochemical deposition. The heterojunction is integrated into a LED structure. Efficient charge injection and radiative recombination in the Cu‐doped ZnO nanowires are demonstrated. In the devices, the nanowires act as the light emitters. At room temperature, Cu‐doped ZnO LEDs exhibit low‐threshold emission voltage and electroluminescence emission shifted from the ultraviolet to violet–blue spectral region compared to pure ZnO LEDs. The emission wavelength can be tuned by changing the copper content in the ZnO nanoemitters. The shift is explained by DFT calculations with the appearance of copper d states in the ZnO band‐gap and subsequent gap reduction upon doping. The presented data demonstrate the possibility to tune the band‐gap of ZnO nanowire emitters by copper doping for nano‐LEDs.
Stable Extracellular Matrix Protein Patterns Guide the Orientation of Osteoblast‐like Cells
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Tao , Nie Juequan , Mühlstädt Mike , Gallagher Hilary , Pullig Oliver , Jandt Klaus D.
Published: July 2011

The development of a simple method for creating extracellular‐matrix‐protein patterns by microcontact printing to guide cell organization and alignment is reported. Substrates of glass and titanium are modified by a hydrophilic chitosan layer and then protein patterns with varying shapes and sizes are printed onto the surfaces. Confocal laser scanning microscopy shows that proteins (collagen type I, fibronectin, and gelatin) are accurately and effectively transferred from the stamp templates. These patterns are stable. Osteoblast‐like cells cultured on these micropatterned materials preferentially adhere and grow on the protein‐functionalized areas. The cell morphology and distribution direction are dependent on the widths and spaces of the protein patterns. It is possible to control the cell alignment by carefully designing the pattern shapes and sizes. This study suggests that the stable protein patterns can be used to modify biomaterials' surfaces and spatially control the organization of bone cells. Due to the high stability, easy preparation procedure and the precise control of the cell alignment, the current work may provide opportunities for the surface modification of implantable materials, such as titanium for bone repair, where specific bone‐cell alignment is needed.
Colorimetric Biosensing Using Smart Materials
Authors: Song Yujun , Wei Weili , Qu Xiaogang
Published: July 2011

In recent years, colorimetric biosensing has attracted much attention because of its low cost, simplicity, and practicality. Since color changes can be read out by the naked eye, colorimetric biosensing does not require expensive or sophisticated instrumentation and may be applied to field analysis and point‐of‐care diagnosis. For transformation of the detection events into color changes, a number of smart materials have been developed, including gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, cerium oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and conjugated polymers. Here, we focus on recent developments in colorimetric biosensing using these smart materials. Along with introducing the mechanisms of color changes based on different smart materials, we concentrate on the design of biosensing assays and their potential applications in biomedical diagnosis and environmental monitoring.
Quantitative analysis of in vivo mucosal bacterial biofilms
Authors: Singhal Deepti , Boase Sam , Field John , Jardeleza Camille , Foreman Andrew , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: July 2011

Background:

Quantitative assays of mucosal biofilms on ex vivo samples are challenging using the currently applied specialized microscopic techniques to identify them. The COMSTAT2 computer program has been applied to in vitro biofilm models for quantifying biofilm structures seen on confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). The aim of this study was to quantify Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) biofilms seen via CSLM on ex situ samples of sinonasal mucosa, using the COMSTAT2 program.

Methods:

S. aureus biofilms were grown in frontal sinuses of 4 merino sheep as per a previously standardized sheep sinusitis model for biofilms. Two sinonasal mucosal samples, 10 mm × 10 mm in size, from each of the 2 sinuses of the 4 sheep were analyzed for biofilm presence with Baclight stain and CSLM. Two random image stacks of mucosa with S. aureus biofilm were recorded from each sample, and analyzed using COMSTAT2 software that translates image stacks into a simplified 3‐dimensional matrix of biofilm mass by eliminating surrounding host tissue. Three independent observers analyzed images using COMSTAT2 and 3 repeated rounds of analyses were done to calculate biofilm biomass.

Results:

The COMSTAT2 application uses an observer‐dependent threshold setting to translate CSLM biofilm images into a simplified 3‐dimensional output for quantitative analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between thresholds set by the 3 observers for each image stacks was 0.59 (p = 0.0003). Threshold values set at different points of time by a single observer also showed significant correlation as seen by ICC of 0.80 (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

COMSTAT2 can be applied to quantify and study the complex 3‐dimensional biofilm structures that are recorded via CSLM on mucosal tissue like the sinonasal mucosa. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
The effects of nitric oxide on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm growth and its implications in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Jardeleza Camille , Foreman Andrew , Baker Leonie , Paramasivan Sathish , Field John , Tan Lor Wai , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: July 2011

Background:

The relationship between sinonasal nitric oxide (NO) levels and the pathogenic organism Staphylococcus aureus is yet to be established. High NO levels measured in healthy sinuses likely contribute to maintenance of relative sterility. Lower concentrations such as is found in the sinuses of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients may decrease this effect. S. aureus in biofilm form has recently been implicated in recalcitrant CRS, its isolation predicting a higher risk of posttreatment reinfection. This in vitro study aims to characterize the changes in S. aureus biofilm formation when exposed to different NO levels mimicking the normal and diseased NO sinus concentrations reported in previous literature in an in vitro setting.

Methods:

S. aureus ATCC 25923 and 7 clinical isolates were cultured in biofilm form using the MBEC device and the established biofilms exposed to 1 to 1000 μM NO concentrations. Biofilms were visualized using Live/Dead Baclight stain and confocal scanning laser microscopy, and quantified using Comstat2, a biofilm quantification software.

Results:

Biofilm biomass decreases from an average of 0.105 to 0.057 μm3/μm2 at higher NO concentrations (125–1000 μM), but is increased to 0.470 μm3/μm2 at lower NO concentrations (0.9‐2.0 μM). The average biomass at high vs low concentrations are statistically significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

S. aureus biofilm formation varies across exposure to different NO levels, with antibiofilm effects at higher concentrations, and enhanced biofilm formation at lower or subphysiologic concentrations. These results coincide with the often dualistic function of NO, and have implications in its future use in the treatment of CRS. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Upfront computed tomography scanning is more cost‐beneficial than empiric medical therapy in the initial management of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Leung Randy , Kern Robert , Jordan Neil , Almassian Stella , Conley David , Tan Bruce K. , Chandra Rakesh
Published: July 2011

Background:

Current treatment algorithms for patients with symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) recommend a trial of empiric medical therapy prior to obtaining a sinus computed tomography (CT) scan, even in cases of negative nasal endoscopy. This empiric approach evolved in an era when same day conventional CT was both impractical and economically irresponsible. The objective of this work was to determine whether upfront CT scanning is more cost‐beneficial than empiric medical therapy for patients presenting with CRS symptoms but negative endoscopic findings.

Methods:

A Markov economic model was employed. Medication costs, CT costs, treatment response rates, and treatment associated adverse event rates were included as model parameters. Treatment cost values were derived from Medicare.

Results:

There is a clear cost advantage to the upfront CT algorithm over empiric therapy regardless of the availability of point‐of‐care CT scanning (POC‐CT). This advantage persists during the sensitivity analysis when costs and response rates are fully biased toward empiric therapy. If POC‐CT is available, upfront CT can save $320.50 per patient (range, $138.5–671.5). When POC‐CT CT is unavailable, upfront CT savings persist at $296.60 (range, $106.09–655.40).

Conclusion:

In patients meeting symptom criteria for CRS but without endoscopic evidence of inflammation, upfront CT scanning is more cost‐beneficial than empiric medical therapy. Adopting upfront CT scanning can save the U.S. healthcare system $1.2 billion dollars per year. Further, POC‐CT can offer same day diagnosis, facilitate prompt treatment, and decrease unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Thermodynamics of noncovalent interactions in hydrophobically‐substituted water‐soluble polymers from intrinsic viscosity measurements: Application to nucleobase‐substituted pullulans
Authors: Molyneux Philip
Published: July 2011

Hydrophobically substituted water‐soluble polymers (HSWSP) act as associative thickeners through the reversible crosslinking from noncovalent interactions between the various groups on the polymer chains in aqueous solution. This article shows how the intrinsic viscosity (IV) of nonionic HSWSP can be used to define the thermodynamics of these interactions. Literature data on the IV of pullulans substituted by nucleobase ester groups (thyminylbutyryl and adeninylbutyryl) (Mocanu et al., Can J Chem, 1995, 73, 1933) are used as an exemplar of these procedures. The intramolecular crosslinking in these substituted pullulans is deduced to be “unimolecular” (association constant K1 = 1 M−1), as contrasted with the “bimolecular” behavior expected from the stacking of the free nucleobases; evidently the crosslinking results from hydrophobic interactions between the butyryl linking groups and the main chain. The results are compared with those from other HSWSP, and from cosolute binding systems. The use of the water–octanol partition coefficients of model systems to elucidate hydrophobic interactions in HSWSP, and of denaturant cosolutes (especially urea) to diagnose the presence and strength of these interactions, are also discussed. Emphasis is placed on the need for further such studies to identify the interactions underlying the rheological behavior of the nonionic HSWSP, and of the more common ionic types. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The morphology and property of HDPE in the presence of oscillation pressure and poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Qian Xinyuan , Liu Hong , Liu Fanghui , Gao Xueqin , Zhang Jie
Published: July 2011

The injection‐molded specimens of neat HDPE and the PET/HDPE blends were prepared by conventional injection molding (CIM) and by pressure vibration injection molding (PVIM), respectively. The effect of oscillation pressure and PET phase with different shapes on superstructure and its crystal orientation distribution of injection molded samples were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and two‐dimension wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction techniques (2D‐WAXD). Hermans' orientation functions were determined from the wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns. With the PET particles added, the shear viscosity of blend increase and crystallization rate of HDPE phase is enhanced. For the neat HDPE samples, with the promotion from oscillation shear, the orientation parameter experienced a large increase, moreover, the PVIM can induce transverse lamellae (kebabs) twisting in growth direction. Because of the redefined flow field and nucleation effect of PET particles, the crystal orientation of blend is also increased. So the tensile strength of vibration samples enhanced and elongation at break declined. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Structural effects of N‐aromatic acyl‐amino acid conjugates on their deconjugation in the cecal contents of rats: implication in design of a colon‐specific prodrug with controlled conversion rate at the target site
Authors: Kong Hyesik , Kim Hyunjeong , Do Heejeong , Lee Yonghyun , Hong Sungchae , Yoon Jeong‐Hyun , Jung Yunjin , Kim Young Mi
Published: July 2011

N‐aromatic acyl‐amino acid conjugates possess a colon‐targeted property, implying that such conjugates are stable and are not absorbable until reaching the large intestine in which they are microbially converted (hydrolysed) to the parent drugs that are therapeutically active. To investigate the structural effect of N‐aromatic acyl‐amino acid conjugates on the large intestinal deconjugation, the hydrolysis of various N‐aromatic acyl‐amino acid conjugates was examined in the cecal contents. On incubation of conjugates with glycine,d or/andl forms of alanine or phenylalanine in the cecal contents, the conjugates withd amino acids were not hydrolysed. The other conjugates are susceptible to the hydrolysis, the rates of which decreased as the size of the substituent on the 2‐position of the amino acids increased. The conjugates with alkyl analogs (2–4 carbons) of glycine and taurine were resistant to the hydrolysis, while taurine‐ and glycine‐conjugates were hydrolysed effectively. The hydrolysis of N‐aromatic acyl‐glycine conjugates was enhanced by para‐substitution of electron withdrawing groups on the aromatic acyl moiety and vice versa for electron‐donating groups. While a methyl, methoxy or chloro group on the ortho‐position retarded the hydrolysis, a hydroxyl group on the position accelerated it. Our data may provide useful information for the design of a colon‐specific prodrug with controlled conversion rate in the large intestine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA Recognition by Synthetic Constructs
Authors: Pazos Elena , Mosquera Jesús , Vázquez M. Eugenio , Mascareñas José L.
Published: July 2011

The interaction of transcription factors with specific DNA sites is key for the regulation of gene expression. Despite the availability of a large body of structural data on protein–DNA complexes, we are still far from fully understanding the molecular and biophysical bases underlying such interactions. Therefore, the development of non‐natural agents that can reproduce the DNA‐recognition properties of natural transcription factors remains a major and challenging goal in chemical biology. In this review we summarize the basics of double‐stranded DNA recognition by transcription factors, and describe recent developments in the design and preparation of synthetic DNA binders. We mainly focus on synthetic peptides that have been designed by following the DNA interaction of natural proteins, and we discuss how the tools of organic synthesis can be used to make artificial constructs equipped with functionalities that introduce additional properties to the recognition process, such as sensing and controllability.
Resolute italian study in all comers
Authors: Romagnoli Enrico , Godino Cosmo , Ielasi Alfonso , Gasparini Gabriele , Tzifos Vaios , Sciahbasi Alessandro , Lioy Ernesto , Presbitero Patrizia , Colombo Antonio , Sangiorgi Giuseppe
Published: July 2011

Objectives: To assess clinical performance of the second‐generation Endeavor Resolute® drug‐eluting stents (DES) in an unrestricted high‐risk cohort of patients. Background: New‐generation DESs aim to further increase its clinical safety and efficacy by means of more biocompatible components limiting inflammatory response, assuring strut coverage and preserving endothelial vascular function. Methods: Between January 2008 and April 2009 820 unselected consecutive high‐risk patients (1,352 lesions) treated with the Endeavor Resolute® stent were enrolled in an independent multicenter registry. Primary end‐points of this registry were immediate procedural outcome, incidence of target lesion failure (TLF, defined as composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization) and rate of ARC stent thrombosis at 12‐months follow‐up. Results: High‐risk patient/lesion profile included acute coronary syndrome diagnosis in 57% of patients, diabetes mellitus in 23% and ACC/AHA type B2/C lesion in 74%. Endeavor Resolute® stent was used in an off‐label indication in 52% of cases with stent/patient ratio of 1.93 and average stented segment of 39.8±26.6mm. Immediate procedural success was accomplished in 96.0% of cases and at median 12‐month follow‐up TLF rate was 7.1% with 4.0% of clinically driven repeat revascularizations and 1.1% of definite/probable stent thrombosis incidence. At multivariable analysis, nor off‐label Endeavor Resolute® stent use or multiple stent implantations were associated to an increased risk of adverse events. Conclusions: Extensive use of the new Endeavor Resolute® stent was associated with favorable procedural and 12‐month outcomes despite the treatment of unselected complex clinical and anatomical presentation. Endeavor Resolute® stent showed excellent safety and efficacy profile also in off‐label indications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recanalization of calcified left anterior descending artery chronic total occlusion with rotational atherectomy via bilateral radial approach
Authors: Fang Hsiu‐Yu , Wu Chiung‐Jen
Published: July 2011

A 79‐year‐old female was admitted to the hospital complaining of frequent chest pain. She was diagnosed with a non‐ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. A thallium scan, echocardiogram, and angiography showed a left anterior descending artery chronic total occlusion. Externalization of retrograde wire was performed and replaced with a rota‐floppy wire. Rotational atherectomy using a bilateral radial artery approach recanalized the lesion. The patient was discharged uneventfully 7 days post‐PCI and remained asymptomatic at follow up 8 months postprocedure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparative analysis of major clinical outcomes using drug‐eluting stents versus bare metal stents in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients
Authors: Minha Sa'ar , Bental Tamir , Assali Abid , Vaknin‐Assa Hana , Lev Eli I. , Rechavia Eldad , Battler Alexander , Kornowski Ran
Published: July 2011

Objectives: We aim to explore the clinical outcome of drug‐eluting stents (DES) versus bare‐metal stents (BMS) implantation in diabetics versus nondiabetic patients. Background: Diabetic patients sustain worse long‐term clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) when compared with nondiabetics. The use of DES decreases the rate of repeat revascularization in this population but data concerning long‐term clinical benefits, such as myocardial infarction (MI) or mortality is scant. Methods: We analyzed data from a comprehensive registry of 6,583 consecutive patients undergoing PCI at our center. A propensity score was used for analysis of outcomes and for matching (DES vs. BMS). Outcome parameters were total mortality, MI, repeat target vessel revascularization (TVR) rates, and risk‐adjusted event‐free survival. Within this cohort, we identified 2,571 nondiabetic patients and these were compared with 1,826 diabetic coronary patients. Results: Mean and median follow up time was 3 and 3.25 years, respectively. Overall, diabetics had higher rates of major‐adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 4 years compared with nondiabetics (23.03 vs. 31.96 P > 0.001). DES use was associated with lower rates of TVR in both groups [diabetics hazard ratio (HR) = 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42–0.76, P < 0.001, nondiabetics HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55–0.97, P = 0.03] while sustained decreased rates of both mortality and MI were evident solely among diabetics (HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56–0.89, P = 0.004 in diabetic vs. HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.69–1.13, P = 0.3). Conclusions: In a “real‐world,” unselected population and extended clinical use, DES in diabetics was associated with sustained decreased rates of MI, death, TVR, and MACE while this benefit was attenuated in the nondiabetic population. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.