bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditions for emerald formation at Davdar, China: fluid inclusion, trace element and stable isotope studies
Authors: Marshall D. , Pardieu V. , Loughrey L. , Jones P. , Xue G.
Published: February 2012

Preliminary geological work on samples from Davdar in China indicate that emerald occurs in quartz veins hosted within upper greenschist grade Permian metasedimentary rocks including quartzite, marble, phyllite and schist. Fluid inclusion studies indicate highly saline fluids ranging from approximately 34 to 41 wt.% NaCl equivalent, with minimal amounts of CO2 estimated at a mole fraction of 0.003. Fluid inclusion, stable isotope and petrographic studies indicate the Davdar emeralds crystallized from highly saline brines in greenschist facies conditions at a temperature of ∼350°C and a pressure of up to 160 MPa. The highly saline fluid inclusions in the emeralds, the trace-element chemistry and stable isotope signatures indicate that the Davdar emeralds have some similarities to the Khaltaro and Swat Valley emerald deposits in Pakistan, but they show the greatest similarity to neighbouring deposits at Panjshir in Afghanistan.
Late blight resistance gene from Solanum ruiz-ceballosii is located on potato chromosome X and linked to violet flower colour
Authors: Śliwka Jadwiga , Jakuczun Henryka , Chmielarz Marcin , Hara-Skrzypiec Agnieszka , Tomczyńska Iga , Kilian Andrzej , Zimnoch-Guzowska Ewa
Published: February 2012

Background

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the causal organism of late blight, is economically the most important pathogen of potato and resistance against it has been one of the primary goals of potato breeding. Some potentially durable, broad-spectrum resistance genes against this disease have been described recently. However, to obtain durable resistance in potato cultivars more genes are needed to be identified to realize strategies such as gene pyramiding or use of genotype mixtures based on diverse genes.

Results

A major resistance gene, Rpi-rzc1, against P. infestans originating from Solanum ruiz-ceballosii was mapped to potato chromosome X using Diversity Array Technology (DArT) and sequence-specific PCR markers. The gene provided high level of resistance in both detached leaflet and tuber slice tests. It was linked, at a distance of 3.4 cM, to violet flower colour most likely controlled by the previously described F locus. The marker-trait association with the closest marker, violet flower colour, explained 87.1% and 85.7% of variance, respectively, for mean detached leaflet and tuber slice resistance. A genetic linkage map that consisted of 1,603 DArT markers and 48 reference sequence-specific PCR markers of known chromosomal localization with a total map length of 1204.8 cM was constructed.

Conclusions

The Rpi-rzc1 gene described here can be used for breeding potatoes resistant to P. infestans and the breeding process can be expedited using the molecular markers and the phenotypic marker, violet flower colour, identified in this study. Knowledge of the chromosomal localization of Rpi-rzc1 can be useful for design of gene pyramids. The genetic linkage map constructed in this study contained 1,149 newly mapped DArT markers and will be a valuable resource for future mapping projects using this technology in the Solanum genus.
Altered gene expression profiles in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Abdul-Rahman Omar , Sasvari-Szekely Maria , Ver Agota , Rosta Klara , Szasz Bernadett K , Kereszturi Eva , Keszler Gergely
Published: February 2012

Background

There has been an increasing body of epidemiologic and biochemical evidence implying the role of cerebral insulin resistance in Alzheimer-type dementia. For a better understanding of the insulin effect on the central nervous system, we performed microarray-based global gene expression profiling in the hippocampus, striatum and prefrontal cortex of streptozotocin-induced and spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats as model animals for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.

Results

Following pathway analysis and validation of gene lists by real-time polymerase chain reaction, 30 genes from the hippocampus, such as the inhibitory neuropeptide galanin, synuclein gamma and uncoupling protein 2, and 22 genes from the prefrontal cortex, e.g. galanin receptor 2, protein kinase C gamma and epsilon,ABCA1(ATP-Binding Cassette A1),CD47(Cluster of Differentiation 47) and theRET(Rearranged During Transfection) protooncogene, were found to exhibit altered expression levels in type 2 diabetic model animals in comparison to non-diabetic control animals. These gene lists proved to be partly overlapping and encompassed genes related to neurotransmission, lipid metabolism, neuronal development, insulin secretion, oxidative damage and DNA repair. On the other hand, no significant alterations were found in the transcriptomes of the corpus striatum in the same animals. Changes in the cerebral gene expression profiles seemed to be specific for the type 2 diabetic model, as no such alterations were found in streptozotocin-treated animals.

Conclusions

According to our knowledge this is the first characterization of the whole-genome expression changes of specific brain regions in a diabetic model. Our findings shed light on the complex role of insulin signaling in fine-tuning brain functions, and provide further experimental evidence in support of the recently elaborated theory of type 3 diabetes.
TRENTOOL: A Matlab open source toolbox to analyse information flow in time series data with transfer entropy
Authors: Lindner Michael , Vicente Raul , Priesemann Viola , Wibral Michael
Published: February 2012

Background

Transfer entropy (TE) is a measure for the detection of directed interactions. Transfer entropy is an information theoretic implementation of Wiener's principle of observational causality. It offers an approach to the detection of neuronal interactions that is free of an explicit model of the interactions. Hence, it offers the power to analyze linear and nonlinear interactions alike. This allows for example the comprehensive analysis of directed interactions in neural networks at various levels of description. Here we present the open-source MATLAB toolbox TRENTOOL that allows the user to handle the considerable complexity of this measure and to validate the obtained results using non-parametrical statistical testing. We demonstrate the use of the toolbox and the performance of the algorithm on simulated data with nonlinear (quadratic) coupling and on local field potentials (LFP) recorded from the retina and the optic tectum of the turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans) where a neuronal one-way connection is likely present.

Results

In simulated data TE detected information flow in the simulated direction reliably with false positives not exceeding the rates expected under the null hypothesis. In the LFP data we found directed interactions from the retina to the tectum, despite the complicated signal transformations between these stages. No false positive interactions in the reverse directions were detected.

Conclusions

TRENTOOL is an implementation of transfer entropy and mutual information analysis that aims to support the user in the application of this information theoretic measure. TRENTOOL is implemented as a MATLAB toolbox and available under an open source license (GPL v3). For the use with neural data TRENTOOL seamlessly integrates with the popular FieldTrip toolbox.
Fractalkine/CX3CL1 protects striatal neurons from synergistic morphine and HIV-1 Tat-induced dendritic losses and death
Authors: Suzuki Masami , El-Hage Nazira , Zou Shiping , Hahn Yun-Kyung , Sorrell Mary E , Sturgill Jamie L , Conrad Daniel H , Knapp Pamela E , Hauser Kurt F
Published: February 2012

Background

Fractalkine/CX3CL1 and its cognate receptor CX3CR1 are abundantly expressed in the CNS. Fractalkine is an unusual C-X3-C motif chemokine that is important in neuron-microglial communication, a co-receptor for HIV infection, and can be neuroprotective. To assess the effects of fractalkine on opiate-HIV interactive neurotoxicity, wild-type murine striatal neurons were co-cultured with mixed glia from the striata of wild-type or Cx3cr1 knockout mice ± HIV-1 Tat and/or morphine. Time-lapse digital images were continuously recorded at 20 min intervals for up to 72 h using computer-aided microscopy to track the same cells repeatedly.

Results

Co-exposure to Tat and morphine caused synergistic increases in neuron death, dendritic pruning, and microglial motility as previously reported. Exogenous fractalkine prevented synergistic Tat and morphine-induced dendritic losses and neuron death even though the inflammatory mediator TNF-α remained significantly elevated. Antibody blockade of CX3CR1 mimicked the toxic effects of morphine plus Tat, but did not add to their toxicity; while fractalkine failed to protect wild-type neurons co-cultured with Cx

3

cr1
-/--null glia against morphine and Tat toxicity. Exogenous fractalkine also normalized microglial motility, which is elevated by Tat and morphine co-exposure, presumably limiting microglial surveillance that may lead to toxic effects on neurons. Fractalkine immunofluorescence was expressed in neurons and to a lesser extent by other cell types, whereas CX3CR1 immunoreactivity or GFP fluorescence in cells cultured from the striatum of Cx3cr1
-/- (Cx3cr1
GFP/GFP) mice were associated with microglia. Immunoblotting shows that fractalkine levels were unchanged following Tat and/or morphine exposure and there was no increase in released fractalkine as determined by ELISA. By contrast, CX3CR1 protein levels were markedly downregulated.

Conclusions

The results suggest that deficits in fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling contribute to the synergistic neurotoxic effects of opioids and Tat. Importantly, exogenous fractalkine can selectively protect neurons from the injurious effects of chronic opioid-HIV-1 Tat co-exposure, and this suggests a potential therapeutic course for neuroAIDS. Although the cellular mechanisms underlying neuroprotection are not certain, findings that exogenous fractalkine reduces microglial motility and fails to protect neurons co-cultured with Cx3cr1
-/- mixed glia suggest that fractalkine may act by interfering with toxic microglial-neuron interactions.
Neuroendocrine tumors presenting with thyroid gland metastasis: a case series
Authors: Sivrikoz Emre , Ozbey Nese Colak , Kaya Bulent , Erbil Yesim , Kaya Serkan , Yilmazbayhan Dilek , Firat Pinar , Kapran Yersu
Published: February 2012

Introduction

Autopsy series have shown that metastasis to the thyroid gland has occurred in up to 24% of patients who have died of cancer. Neuroendocrine tumors may metastasize to thyroid gland.

Case presentations

Case 1 was a 17-year-old Turkish woman who was referred from our Endocrinology Department for a thyroidectomy for treatment of neuroendocrine tumor metastasis. She was treated with a bilateral total thyroidectomy. Histopathological examination results were consistent with a neuroendocrine tumor; neoplastic cells showed strong immunoreactivity to chromogranin A and synaptophysin, but the immunohistochemical profile was inconsistent with medullary thyroid carcinoma in that the tumor was negative for calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen, and thyroid transcription factor-1.

Case 2 was a 54-year-old Turkish woman who presented with a 3-cm nodule on her right thyroid lobe. She had undergone surgery for a right lung mass four years previously. After a right pneumonectomy, thymectomy and lymph node dissection, a typical carcinoid tumor was diagnosed. Under ultrasonographic guidance, fine needle aspiration biopsy of her right thyroid pole nodule was performed and the biopsy was compatible with a neuroendocrine tumor metastasis. She was treated with a bilateral total thyroidectomy. Histopathological examination indicated three nodular lesions, 5 cm and 0.4 cm in diameter in her right lobe and 0.1 cm in diameter in her left lobe. The tumors were consistent with a neuroendocrine phenotype, showing strong immunoreactivity to chromogranin A and synaptophysin.

Conclusion

Thyroid nodules detected during follow-up of neuroendocrine tumor patients should be thoroughly investigated. A fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid confirms the diagnosis in most cases and leads to appropriate management of those patients and may prevent unnecessary treatment approaches.
Mechanisms for coping with submergence and waterlogging in rice
Authors: Nishiuchi Shunsaku , Yamauchi Takaki , Takahashi Hirokazu , Kotula Lukasz , Nakazono Mikio
Published: February 2012

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), unlike other cereals, can grow well in paddy fields and is highly tolerant of excess water stress, from either submergence (in which part or all of the plant is under water) or waterlogging (in which excess water in soil limits gas diffusion). Rice handles submergence stress by internal aeration and growth controls. A quiescence strategy based on Submergence-1A (SUB1A) or an escape strategy based on SNORKEL1 (SK1) and SNORKEL2 (SK2) is used for the growth controls. On the other hand, rice handles waterlogging stress by forming lysigenous aerenchyma and a barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) in roots in order to supply O2 to the root tip. In this article, we summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of responding to excess water stresses (i.e., submergence and waterlogging) in rice and other gramineous plants.
Small and round seed 5 gene encodes alpha-tubulin regulating seed cell elongation in rice
Authors: Segami Shuhei , Kono Izumi , Ando Tsuyu , Yano Masahiro , Kitano Hidemi , Miura Kotaro , Iwasaki Yukimoto
Published: February 2012

Seed size is an important trait in determinant of rice seed quality and yield. In this study, we report a novel semi-dominant mutant
S

mall and

r

ound

s

eed 5 (Srs5) that encodes alpha-tubulin protein. Lemma cell length was reduced in Srs5 compared with that of the wild-type. Mutants defective in the G-protein alpha subunit (d1-1) and brassinosteroid receptor, BRI1 (d61-2) also exhibited short seed phenotypes, the former due to impaired cell numbers and the latter due to impaired cell length. Seeds of the double mutant of Srs5 and d61-2 were smaller than those of Srs5 or d61-2. Furthermore, SRS5 and BRI1 genes were highly expressed in Srs5 and d61-2 mutants. These data indicate that SRS5 independently regulates cell elongation of the brassinosteroid signal transduction pathway
Implicit finite-difference simulations of seismic wave propagation
Authors: Chu Chunlei , Stoffa Paul L.
Published: February 2012

We propose a new finite-difference modeling method, implicit both in space and in time, for the scalar wave equation. We use a three-level implicit splitting time integration method for the temporal derivative and implicit finite-difference operators of arbitrary order for the spatial derivatives. Both the implicit splitting time integration method and the implicit spatial finite-difference operators require solving systems of linear equations. We show that it is possible to merge these two sets of linear systems, one from implicit temporal discretizations and the other from implicit spatial discretizations, to reduce the amount of computations to develop a highly efficient and accurate seismic modeling algorithm. We give the complete derivations of the implicit splitting time integration method and the implicit spatial finite-difference operators, and present the resulting discretized formulas for the scalar wave equation. We conduct a thorough numerical analysis on grid dispersions of this new implicit modeling method. We show that implicit spatial finite-difference operators greatly improve the accuracy of the implicit splitting time integration simulation results with only a slight increase in computational time, compared with explicit spatial finite-difference operators. We further verify this conclusion by both 2D and 3D numerical examples.
Preparation of Molecular Cage by Coordination of m-Calix[3]amide Bearing Pyridine with Palladium Complex
Authors: Yamakado Ryohei , Sugimoto Shinri , Matsuoka Shin-ichi , Suzuki Masato , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Takagi Koji
Published: February 2012

m-Calix[3]amide having pyridine on the benzene ring (PyC3A) was synthesized by the cyclization of methyl 3-nonylamino-5-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoate using lithium 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS). The molecular cage 3Pd·2PyC3A was prepared from a 2:3 mixture of PyC3A and [Pd(dppp)(OTf)2] in CDCl3/CD3OD (5/1 in volume). On the other hand, in CDCl3, the formation of a polymeric mixture was confirmed.
Mitochondria-specific Oxygen Probe Based on Iridium Complexes Bearing Triphenylphosphonium Cation
Authors: Murase Tokiko , Yoshihara Toshitada , Tobita Seiji
Published: February 2012

Organelle-selective oxygen probe BTP-Mito was designed and synthesized to selectively target mitochondria. BTP-Mito, which is an iridium complex bearing a triphenylphosphonium cation, exhibited selective mitochondria localization in HeLa cells. The phosphorescence of BTP-Mito was significantly quenched by molecular oxygen in living cells, demonstrating that BTP-Mito can be used as mitochondria-specific oxygen sensor.
Enhanced Oxidation of Alkali Metal Acetate in Supercritical Water
Authors: Takahashi Fumitake , Oshima Yoshito , Fukushi Kensuke , Yamamoto Kazuo
Published: February 2012

Supercritical water oxidation is an innovative technology for wastewater treatment. Alkali metal acetate could be oxidized in supercritical water at greatly higher rate than that of acetic acid, which is a typical refractory intermediate in organic compound oxidation. Although heterogeneous oxidation catalyzed by in situ formed alkali metal titanate contributed into higher conversion rate, homogenous oxidation in supercritical phase was the main reaction pathway. Enhanced oxidation of alkali metal acetate has great potential to enable short and complete oxidations of refractory organic compounds.
Preparation of 4′,4′′(5′′)-Di-tert-butyldibenzo-18-crown-6 Based on Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Fan Juan , Yi Chunhai , Lan Xiaorong , Yang Bolun
Published: February 2012

4′,4′′(5′′)-Di-tert-butyldibenzo-18-crown-6 (DTBB18C6) was synthesized by improving the electrophilic aromatic substitution of dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) using tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) as alkylation reagent, H3PO4 (85 wt %) as catalyst and CH2Cl2 as solvent. Experimental results show that the optimized reaction conditions were 0.03 mol L−1 for TBA concentration, 2.5 for TBA/DB18C6 molar ratio, 0.006 mol L−1 for H3PO4 concentration, 50 °C reaction temperature, and 6 h reaction time. Under the optimum reaction conditions, DTBB18C6 yield can reach 43.65%.
Regioselective Hydrocarbamoylation of 1-Alkenes
Authors: Miyazaki Yosuke , Yamada Yuuya , Nakao Yoshiaki , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: February 2012

Nickel/Lewis acid cooperative catalysis derived from [Ni(cod)2], AlEt3, and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) effects highly regioselective hydrocarbamoylation of 1-alkenes. Variously substituted formamides and 1-alkenes can be employed to give a range of linear alkanamides regioselectively.
Synthesis of a Bridging Ligand with a Non-denatured Protein Pendant: Toward Protein Encapsulation in a Coordination Cage
Authors: Fujita Daishi , Suzuki Kosuke , Sato Sota , Yagi-Utsumi Maho , Kurimoto Eiji , Yamaguchi Yoshiki , Kato Koichi , Fujita Makoto
Published: February 2012

Toward protein encapsulation by a synthetic host, we synthesized an ubiquitin-dangled ligand, a potential precursor of a nanoscale coordination cage. The key step is the addition of a C-terminal Cys76 SH group, which was introduced by Gly76Cys mutation, to a maleimide acceptor on the ligand. The C-terminal mutation and the SH addition to the ligand did not damage the ubiquitin moiety at all, neither structurally nor conformationally.
Custom rotating-hinge primary total knee arthroplasty in patients with skeletal dysplasia
Authors: Sewell M. D. , Hanna S. A. , Al-Khateeb H. , Miles J. , Pollock R. C. , Carrington R. W. J. , Skinner J. A. , Cannon S. R. , Briggs T. W. R.
Published: February 2012

Patients with skeletal dysplasia are prone to developing advanced osteoarthritis of the knee requiring total knee replacement (TKR) at a younger age than the general population. TKR in this unique group of patients is a technically demanding procedure owing to the deformity, flexion contracture, generalised hypotonia and ligamentous laxity. We retrospectively reviewed the outcome of 11 TKRs performed in eight patients with skeletal dysplasia at our institution using the Stanmore Modular Individualised Lower Extremity System (SMILES) custom-made rotating-hinge TKR. There were three men and five women with mean age of 57 years (41 to 79). Patients were followed clinically and radiologically for a mean of seven years (3 to 11.5). The mean Knee Society clinical and function scores improved from 24 (14 to 36) and 20 (5 to 40) pre-operatively, respectively, to 68 (28 to 80) and 50 (22 to 74), respectively, at final follow-up. Four complications were recorded, including a patellar fracture following a fall, a tibial peri-prosthetic fracture, persistent anterior knee pain, and aseptic loosening of a femoral component requiring revision. Our results demonstrate that custom primary rotating-hinge TKR in patients with skeletal dysplasia is effective at relieving pain, with a satisfactory range of movement and improved function. It compensates for bony deformity and ligament deficiency and reduces the likelihood of corrective osteotomy. Patellofemoral joint complications are frequent and functional outcome is worse than with primary TKR in the general population.
Exam Corner – March 2012
Authors: Khanduja V.
Published: February 2012

The FRCS (Tr & Orth) examination has three components: MCQs, Vivas and Clinical Examination. The Vivas are further divided into four sections comprising Basic Science, Adult Pathology, Hands and Children’s Orthopaedics and Trauma. The Clinical Examination section is divided into Upper and Lower limb cases. The aim of this section in the Journal is to focus specifically on the trainees preparing for the exam and to cater to all the sections of the exam. The vision is to complete the cycle of all relevant exam topics (as per the syllabus) in four years.
A Study on the Resolution of a Terahertz Spectrometer for the Assessment of the Porosity of Pharmaceutical Tablets
Authors: Ervasti Tuomas , Silfsten Pertti , Ketolainen Jarkko , Peiponen Kai-Erik
Published: February 2012

In this study, the resolution of a time-domain terahertz spectrometer for tablet porosity measurements was estimated using two sets of pharmaceutical tablets. One set consisted of tablets with constant thickness and with porosity as a variable. The other set consisted of tablets with variable thickness and only a relatively small change in porosity. The set with constant thickness was used for the calibration of the terahertz (THz) spectrometer for the porosity measurements, and the resolution of the terahertz spectrometer was estimated using the set with different thicknesses and slightly different porosities. It was shown that a time-domain THz spectrometer is a sensitive device that allows monitoring of minute changes in the porosity of pharmaceutical tablets by detecting the time delay of the THz pulse, which is attributable to different refractive indices within the tablet.
A Review of Advances in Deep-Ocean Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: ZHang Xin , Kirkwood William J. , Walz Peter M. , Peltzer Edward T. , Brewer Peter G.
Published: February 2012

We review the rapid progress made in the applications of Raman spectroscopy to deep-ocean science. This is made possible by deployment of instrumentation on remotely operated vehicles used for providing power and data flow and for precise positioning on targets of interest. Early prototype systems have now been replaced by compact and robust units that have been deployed well over 100 times on an expeditionary basis over a very wide range of ocean depths without failure. Real-time access to the spectra obtained in the vehicle control room allows for expedition decision making. Quantification of some of the solutes in seawater or pore waters observed in the spectra is made possible by self-referencing to the ubiquitous m2 water bending peak. The applications include detection of the structure and composition of complex thermogenic gas hydrates both occurring naturally on the sea floor and in controlled sea floor experiments designed to simulate the growth of such natural systems. New developments in the ability to probe the chemistry of sediment pore waters in situ, long thought impossible candidates for Raman study due to fluorescence observed in recovered samples, have occurred. This permits accurate measurement of the abundance of dissolved methane and sulfide in sediment pore waters. In areas where a high gas flux is observed coming out of the sediments a difference of about ×30 between in situ Raman measurement and the quantity observed in recovered cores has been found. New applications under development include the ability to address deep-sea biological processes and the ability to survey the sea floor chemical conditions associated with potential sub-sea geologic CO2 disposal in abandoned oil and gas fields.
Changing the Way We Tell Stories: The Reception of Still Photos with Sound as Entertainment
Authors: SEELIG MICHELLE I.
Published: February 2012

Technology challenges the traditional paradigm of storytelling by going beyond the printed page to still images juxtaposed with text and sound on the Internet. For this reason, traditional media have started to carve out a niche in content for savvy audiences beyond traditional media
logic to capitalize on dynamic design and technologies specific to the Internet. This exploratory research used a Web survey to investigate the presentation mode of still images with sound. Magnum In Motion provided the news stories and design attributes were manipulated such as text, color,
and sound. Results indicate that the storytelling presentation of still images with sound was received positively and an enjoyable experience.
Down the Tube: Symbolic Form and the Failure of Reason in the Marketplace of Ideas
Authors: REYNOLDS MATT
Published: February 2012

The growth of an American television culture has been slowly poisoning free-market capitalism by eroding the very logic on which capitalism depends. Consumerism is creeping into place as the primary American economic system. The transition from a typographic era to a televised one,
and the subsequent reduction in propositionally structured information, has capitalism in its death throes. The presentationally structured symbolic form of television's message is self-perpetuating, recruiting and retaining consumers unable to make rational judgments of value or utility.
The universally beneficial survival of the fittest effect is adversely affected by television's dumbing-down effect. Techniques of television advertising, offensive to the rational mind, are emotionally soothing and reassuring. Consumers from a young age are gently cajoled, using presentationally
structured techniques, to consume. Television has effectively replaced capitalism with a similar-looking but fundamentally different phenomenon, irrational consumerism driven by emotion. The promise of the mutually beneficial transaction may soon be mere artifacts of a typographic golden age.
REVIEWS
Authors: Blewitt John , Cogan Brian , Linton David
Published: February 2012

WHEN MEDIA ARE NEW: UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF NEW MEDIA ADOPTION AND USE, JOHN CAREY AND MARTIN C. J. ELTON (2010) Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press (374 pp.), ISBN 978-0-472-05085-7, $47.50 (paperback).YOU ARE NOT A GADGET: A MANIFESTO, JARON LANIER (2011)
New York: Vintage (240 pp.), ISBN 978-0307389978, $15 (paperback)EXTRAORDINARY CANADIANS: MARSHALL McLUHAN, DOUGLAS COUPLAND (2010) Toronto, Canada: Penguin Canada (208 pp.), ISBN 9780670069224, $26 (hardback)
Commodified Education, Profit-driven Mass Media, and American Democracy: A Synthesis
Authors: KESHISHIAN FLORA , GABB ANTHONY
Published: February 2012

Through a critical analysis we argue that, because of the commodification of educational products, students are being miseducated. Commodified education uncritically endorses establishment views and anti-intellectualism rather than providing students with what they need to understand
society. Rather than seeing education as a process of developing the power of reasoning and judgment, students have been conditioned to place more emphasis on education as a vehicle for acquiring money. This anti-intellectual message is then reinforced by the profit-driven mass media, which
celebrates consumerist values. Any solution to the problem requires the rejection of the commodity structure and its replacement with consciousnessraising and transformative education.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Moser Gabrielle , Haines Chelsea , Curtin Brian , Lasser Ethan W.
Published: February 2012

CURATING AND THE EDUCATIONAL TURN, PAUL O'NEILL AND MICK WILSON (EDS) (2010) London and Amsterdam: Open Editions and De Appel Arts Centre, 344 pp., ISBN: 978-0-949004-18-5, Paperback, £18.00

RAISING FRANKENSTEIN: CURATORIAL EDUCATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS, KITTY SCOTT (ED.) (2011)
Banff and London: The Banff Centre Press and Koenig Books, 112 pp., ISBN: 978-1-894773-32-4 and 978-3-865560-918-2, Paperback, US $24.95

SELECTED MARIA LIND WRITING, BRIAN KUAN WOOD (ED.) (2010) New York: Sternberg Press, 413 pp., ISBN 978-1-934105-18-4, Paperback, US $29.95

WHO
CARES? 16 ESSAYS ON CURATING IN ASIA, ALVARO RODRÍGUEZ FOMINAYA AND MICHAEL LEE (EDS) (2010) Hong Kong: Para/Site Art Space with Studio Bibliothèque and seed|projects, 190 pp., ISBN 978-888-98963-9-3, Paperback, HK $80.00

A MATTER OF CLASS: JOHN COTTON DANA, PROGRESSIVE
REFORM AND THE NEWARK MUSEUM, CAROL G. DUNCAN (2009) Pittsburgh: Periscope Publishing, 302 pp., ISBN 978-0-8135-4769-5, Hardcover, US $49.95

MADE IN NEWARK: CULTIVATING INDUSTRIAL ARTS AND CIVIC IDENTITY IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA, EZRA SHALES (2010) New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rivergate
Books, 302 pp., ISBN 978-0-8135-4769-5, Hardcover, US $49.95
Hanging Out, Crowding Out or Talking Things Out: Curating the Limits of Discursive Space
Authors: Uchill Rebecca
Published: February 2012

This article considers recent curatorial gestures that draw attention to the limits of institutional discursive space. Focusing in particular on the strategies of formulating discursive structures in unitednationsplaza (2006–09) and of audience alienation in Our Literal Speed
(OLS) conferences (2008–) , this article explores the possibility of critical engagement with the limits of discursive procedures.
Curatorial Studies on the Edge: The Ghetto Biennale, a Junkyard, and the Performance of Possibility
Authors: Beasley Myron M.
Published: February 2012

'What happens when First World art rubs up against Third World art? Does it bleed?' These were the questions posed in the prospectus for the Ghetto Biennale, an invitation to international artists to converge and work alongside the artists of the Grand Rue neighbourhood of Port-au-Prince,
Haiti. This article situates the Biennale within the context of cultural and critical theory that firstly unravels the dialogical discourses involved in the curatorial praxis of this event, and secondly contemplates the concept of curation against the backdrop of the contemporary international
politics of Haiti, national disaster and trauma.
The Accidental Exhibition: Chance as Curatorial Critique and Opportunity
Authors: Markopoulos Leigh
Published: February 2012

This article elucidates the possibilities offered by an increased interest in chance and indeterminacy as curatorial strategies. Whether informed by artistic or scientific practice, the processes informing these exhibitions are intended not only to attenuate the curatorial role, but
also to critique temporary, circumscribed and static exhibition formats in pursuit of more vital structures for the production of knowledge through display. Examining Elena Filipovic's Felix Gonzalez-Torres: Specific Objects without Specific Form (2010–11) and Jens Hoffmann's Passengers
(2007–08), among other shows, demonstrates how chance compositional tropes involving repetition and gradual transformation emphasize the exhibition medium as an unstable form with matrices of possibilities.
Educational leadership, musical creativities and digital technology in education
Authors: Burnard Pamela
Published: February 2012

Music has long been at the forefront of technological advancement, with music educators well-positioned to exploit its potential. This article uses various scenarios to illustrate the visions and values required of educational leadership to change the culture of music in schools. In
it I elaborate on some of the diverse musical creativities that can be broadly construed as a composite of practices that are refreshed and re-envisioned through digital technology. I present vignettes and narratives from the field of music in education that allow us to enter the realms of
resourcefulness and reflectiveness of artist-musicians and, importantly, examine student-teacher experiences that lie behind an understanding of multiple musical creativities. These vignettes and personal narratives provide examples of how: (1) musical creativities are fostered by utilizing
digital technologies in educational practice; (2) musical creativities and digital technology underpin innovative educational practices; and (3) leaders in education and elsewhere have the power and influence to change school culture and promote diversity in musical creativities and the use
of digital technology in education.
Discovered whilst entering a new millennium: A technological revolution that will radically influence both music making and music education
Authors: Landy Leigh
Published: February 2012

This brief position paper considers opportunities related to music making in general and music education more specifically that are evolving as a consequence of our increasingly networked world. It calls for music education to introduce music's diversity to young learners in the knowledge
that the widest variety of musical repertoire is globally available by way of the Internet. Increasingly, pedagogical tools and information are supporting online communities related to this musical diversity. It proposes, too, that aesthetics, a means of encouraging musical communication,
return to musical discourse, in particular in schools.
Frances Marion: Censorship and the Screenwriter in Hollywood, 1929-1931
Authors: WILSON LESLIE KREINER
Published: February 2012

The careful study of the screenplay - including archival study - can clarify our view of film history. While some film historians argue studios and studio bosses disregarded censors in the early 1930s before the Production Code Administration (PCA) was formed, archival research reveals
screenwriter Frances Marion faced escalating censorship pressure at MGM in 1929 and 1930 as she moved through several drafts for Anna Christie (1930), The Big House (1930) and The Secret Six (1931). This research provides insight into the nature of the problems Marion faced and exposes the
day-to-day frustrations and complications in the life of one screenwriter struggling to create art within a convoluted matrix of censorship negotiations as the Production Code was being drafted and ratified.
Female fantasy and postfeminist politics in Nora Ephron's screenplays
Authors: GARRETT ROBERTA
Published: February 2012

The article examines and re-evaluates Nora Ephron's screenplays; it argues that Ephron's popularity with female viewers, and her association with the derided category of 'chick-flicks', has caused critics to overlook her important contribution to female screenwriting in the last twenty
years. Since the late 1980s, Ephron has created a number of highly successful mainstream, popular screenplays that skilfully articulate and express the conflicting pressures experienced by young women, while still offering a positive view of 'feminine' culture. Through an analysis of key features
of Ephron's romantic comedies - such as the characteristics of the Ephron heroine, the use of parallel narrative and the symbolic significance of mother/daughter relationships, the article argues that Ephron's narratives offset specific negative cultural stereotypes of single and professional
women from the 1990s and noughties through a sympathetic, feminist-influenced approach to contemporary gender roles, expectations and courtship rituals. Ephron's screenplays offer an uplifting vision of feminine culture and attributes in which patriarchal attitudes are countered and defeated
by the optimism, resourcefulness and integrity of the female heroine.
Development of a fundamental '19-Sequence Model' of screenplay and narrative film structure
Authors: HEYES MELVYN P.
Published: February 2012

To understand the utility and value of sequences in the construction of screenplay narratives and the emotional experiences of audiences, I developed and utilized composite definitions of 'sequence' and 'scene' to quantify the sequence content of 133 feature-length Hollywood-style and
independent films made between 1941 and 2010 that were produced in the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Germany and Japan. The 3-Act Model was used as familiar reference points. I also contrasted the results to Frank Daniels' 8-Sequence Model as described by Gulino. I argue the results
directly support a fundamental 19-Sequence Model of screenplay and film narrative structure. I propose that sequences expand vicarious and empathic emotional experiences of audiences into 'contextual emotional meaning', where significant autonomous emotions are generated that create the enjoyable
and satisfying experience of what the story means to both the characters and viewer.
REVIEWS
Authors: Igelström Ann , Harper Stephen , Mills Brett
Published: February 2012

Movies That Move Us: Screenwriting and the Power of the Protagonist's Journey, Craig Batty (2011) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 224 pp., ISBN: 978-0230278349, h/bk, £50.00

Stephen Poliakoff on Stage and Screen, Robin Nelson (2011) London: Methuen, 272 pp., ISBN: 9781408131084,
p/bk, £14.99

How Not to Write a Sitcom: 100 Mistakes to Avoid if You Ever Want to Get Produced, Marc Blake (2011) London: A & C Black, 259 pp., ISBN: 978-1-4081-3085-8, p/bk, £14.99.
Brakhage's sour grapes, or notes on experimental cinema in the art world
Authors: Balsom Erika
Published: February 2012

This article examines the place of experimental cinema within the contemporary museum in order to challenge the commonly held assumption that it is somehow opposed to, or at least outside, the art world. Despite possessing a degree of material truth, the perceived separation between
experimental cinema and the art world has led to an unfortunate lack of interrogation into the alliances and antagonisms that exist between them, particularly as they have shifted over time. This article insists on the historicity of such relationships and traces how they have changed from
the 1970s to a contemporary moment that sees experimental cinema in a closer relationship to the art world than ever before. The integration of experimental fi lm into the museum is a key feature of the preoccupation with all things cinematic that has marked the art of the past two decades,
prompting new questions as to the place of experimental fi lm amongst the mediums of art practice. This article assesses not the distance so often thought to exist, but rather the proximity between experimental cinema and the art world in our moment.
From book to Broadway: Elphaba's gender ambiguity and her journey into heteronormativity in Wicked
Authors: RAAB DORIS
Published: February 2012

In her article, '"Defying Gravity": Queer conventions in the musical Wicked', Stacy Wolf suggests that, although conforming to many of the conventional modes of the musical genre, the musical Wicked queers the stage by refocusing on the queer relationship between Glinda and
Elphaba. Although such queering occurs to some extent, the production aims to marginalize and then reformulate the relationship as a friendship rather than a queer romance. By forcing Elphaba from the role of tom-boy to sexy witch and by reorganizing the Glinda/Elphaba/Fiyero love triangle,
the musical mutes the more aggressively contentious elements of the novel in order to create a performance with an appealing heroine and a storyline that features female friendship as well as the standard romantic plotline. I further assert that when the narrative of the Wicked Witch of the
West moves to the larger-than-life venue of Broadway, the complexities of the novel necessarily fade as the creators reformat the material in order to appeal to a broader audience. This Elphaba can be neither the Witch in Maguire's novel nor a replication of the Witch from the 1939 movie The
Wizard of Oz. As the heroine of the narrative, one who must somehow garner the sympathy of the audience, Elphaba can be neither a hideous manifestation of evil or the complex ungendered being of the novel. Consequently, although the heroines, Glinda and Elphaba, represent an innovation on
Broadway, the intervention that the musical provides is not queer in nature. Instead, what the musical offers is a focus on female friendship, a trope little seen on the musical stage, while still appealing to the base audience by refocusing the sexual tension on Fiyero.
No one walks alone: An investigation of the veteran and the community in Rodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel
Authors: DONOVAN KATI
Published: February 2012

'If Oklahoma! developed the moral argument for sending American boys overseas, Carousel offered consolation to those wives and mothers whose boys would only return in spirit'. Opening at the close of World War II, Carousel became a voice for the guilt-ridden soldiers coming home to
a society in which they no longer knew how to participate. This investigation reads the musical's frequently misunderstood antihero, Billy Bigelow, as a surrogate veteran, whose dramatic through-line parallels the fundamental stages of recovery for veterans afflicted with Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD). Utilizing the work of Judith Herman in Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror (1992), and Elaine Scarry in The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (1985), this deconstruction proposes a richer understanding
of the musical as a cultural response to World War II with continued relevancy in the aftermath of the Iraq war.
Embodying the undiscussable: Documentary methodology in Bill T. Jones's Still/Here and the culture wars
Authors: NERESON ARIEL
Published: February 2012

In 1994 Bill T. Jones premiered a new dance work, Still/Here, that placed onstage the images and gestures of terminally ill people who had participated in workshops he had led previously. Arlene Croce, then the dance critic for The New Yorker, reviewed the work even though she famously
refused to attend the performance. In her review she chastised Jones for creating 'victim art' out of his own and others' experiences of illness. The publication of Croce's review raised several questions about the role of dance criticism, the clash of 'high' and 'low' cultures, voyeurism
and spectatorship, and the limits of representation in dance. This article argues that Jones's work and Croce's response to it can be understood through the lens of documentary theatre methods and theories. Moreover, articulating the intersection of dance and documentary practices directly
addresses Croce and Jones's conflict over the use of the 'real' in 'art'.
Writing the book for a musical: Secret Gardens, the art of collaboration and the state of the British musical – an interview with Garry Lyons
Authors: RODOSTHENOUS GEORGE
Published: February 2012

Garry Lyons is an award-winning playwright, screenwriter, producer and academic. He is currently Lecturer in Writing for Performance & Performance Production within the School of Performance & Cultural Industries at the University of Leeds, and Programme Leader for the School's
M.A. in Writing for Performance & Publication. He began his career in the 1980s with Major Road Theatre Company and as Director of the Theatre in the Mill, Bradford before turning freelance. His theatre writing includes Frankie and Tommy (Lyric, Hammersmith, 2000), Wicked, Yaar! (National
Theatre, 1994) and Mohicans (Donmar Warehouse, 1984), and among his screen credits are the Royal Television Society award-winning Decisions (Channel 4, 2004), Britain's First Suicide Bombers (BBC 2, 2006) and four seasons of the Bafta-nominated children's series The Worst Witch (ITV, 1998–2001),
which has been broadcast in more than 60 countries worldwide. His adaptation of The Secret Garden played to sold-out houses over the festive season at the West Yorkshire Playhouse (2009–2010) and Birmingham Repertory Theatre (2010–2011). The Independent described the new musical
as having 'a filmic quality' and added 'this Secret Garden doesn't shout its secrets at the audience. Instead, it creates some lovely musical intimacies which enhance the magical sense of human fragility and reality on stage'. Here, Lyons talks to George Rodosthenous (Lecturer in Music Theatre,
University of Leeds) about his collaboration with the composer Tim Sutton and the director Ian Brown, writing the book for a musical specifically 'for a regional English audience' and how 'the lack of encouragement and investment in new musicals in this country is woeful'.
Selective separation of actinyl(V,VI) cations from aqueous solutions by Chelex-100
Authors: Kiliari Tasoula , Pashalidis Ioannis
Published: February 2012

Experimental studies on the selectivity of Chelex-100 resin for the separation of actinide cations at different oxidation states (III, IV, V and VI) from aqueous solution have shown that Chelex-100 presents increased selectivity for actinyl cations at near neutral pH (pH ∼ 4.5). The effect of salinity on the chemical recovery indicates that the increased selectivity could be attributed to the formation of complexes with specific interactions and the pH area, in which the formation of the respective complexes is favored, indicates the occurrence of guest-host interactions. The specific interaction of Chelex-100 with actinyl cations could be of particular interest not only for the separation and preconcentration of uranium from natural waters prior its analysis but also for the recovery of uranium from seawater on a large scale.
Complexity and Coherence
Authors: Topp Leslie
Published: February 2012

Leslie Topp traces the emergence of the asylum mortuary as an architectural challenge. Drawing on new archival research, Complexity and Coherence: The Challenge of the Asylum Mortuary in Central Europe, 1898–1908 unpacks the highly fraught combination of scientific practices, death rituals, and psychiatric strategies that made up the mortuary's program. Topp analyzes three mortuary buildings in new psychiatric institutions at Vienna, Mauer-Öhling (Lower Austria), and Kroměříž (Moravia). Far from conforming to an established type, each building represents a radically different approach to the challenge of rendering the program's abrupt juxtapositions meaningful and coherent. In each case the building is conceived within the force field of Wagner School modernism, but the contrasting built results show the diversity of that modernism pushed to its limits by the complexity of the program's requirements and associations.