bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collision coupling in the GABAB receptor–G protein–GIRK signaling cascade
Authors: Kahanovitch Uri , Berlin Shai , Dascal Nathan
Published: July 2017

The signaling cascade comprising the 4‐aminobutyrate(B) receptor (GABABR), G protein and the G protein‐gated K+ channel (GIRK) mediates neuronal inhibition in the brain. Precoupling between components of the pathway (within a permanent macromolecular complex) has been proposed, but this remains debatable. We investigated this mechanism in Xenopus oocytes by varying the expression of the GABABR. Increased expression of GABABR accelerates activation of GIRK by agonist, implying that some of the components in this cascade interact by a classical collision mechanism. We also find that GABABR has a bidirectional effect on the basal activity of the GIRK channel. Our results suggest a complex mechanism of coupling between GABABR and GIRK which involves elements of both precoupling and collision coupling.
Global evaluation of particulate organic carbon flux parameterizations and implications for atmospheric pCO2
Authors: Gloege Lucas , McKinley Galen A. , Mouw Colleen B. , Ciochetto Audrey B.
Published: July 2017

The shunt of photosynthetically derived particulate organic carbon (POC) from the euphotic zone and deep remineralization comprises the basic mechanism of the “biological carbon pump.” POC raining through the “twilight zone” (euphotic depth to 1 km) and “midnight zone” (1 km to 4 km) is remineralized back to inorganic form through respiration. Accurately modeling POC flux is critical for understanding the “biological pump” and its impacts on air‐sea CO2 exchange and, ultimately, long‐term ocean carbon sequestration. Yet commonly used parameterizations have not been tested quantitatively against global data sets using identical modeling frameworks. Here we use a single one‐dimensional physical‐biogeochemical modeling framework to assess three common POC flux parameterizations in capturing POC flux observations from moored sediment traps and thorium‐234 depletion. The exponential decay, Martin curve, and ballast model are compared to data from 11 biogeochemical provinces distributed across the globe. In each province, the model captures satellite‐based estimates of surface primary production within uncertainties. Goodness of fit is measured by how well the simulation captures the observations, quantified by bias and the root‐mean‐square error and displayed using “target diagrams.” Comparisons are presented separately for the twilight zone and midnight zone. We find that the ballast hypothesis shows no improvement over a globally or regionally parameterized Martin curve. For all provinces taken together, Martin's b that best fits the data is [0.70, 0.98]; this finding reduces by at least a factor of 3 previous estimates of potential impacts on atmospheric pCO2 of uncertainty in POC export to a more modest range [−16 ppm, +12 ppm].
Snow accumulation variability on a West Antarctic ice stream observed with GPS reflectometry, 2007–2017
Authors: Siegfried M. R. , Medley B. , Larson K. M. , Fricker H. A. , Tulaczyk S.
Published: July 2017

Land ice loss from Antarctica is a significant and accelerating contribution to global sea level rise; however, Antarctic mass balance estimates are complicated by insufficient knowledge of surface mass balance processes such as snow accumulation. Snow accumulation is challenging to observe on a continental scale and in situ data are sparse, so we largely rely on estimates from atmospheric models. Here we employ a novel technique, GPS interferometric reflectometry (GPS‐IR), to measure upper (<2 m) firn column thickness changes across a 23‐station GPS array in West Antarctica. We compare the results with antenna heights measured in situ to establish the method's daily uncertainty (0.06 m) and with output from two atmospheric reanalysis products to categorize spatial and temporal variability of net snow accumulation. GPS‐IR is an effective technique for monitoring surface mass balance processes that can be applied to both historic GPS data sets and future experiments to provide critical in situ observations of processes driving surface height evolution.
Direct observation of generation and propagation of magnetosonic waves following substorm injection
Authors: Su Zhenpeng , Wang Geng , Liu Nigang , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui
Published: July 2017

Magnetosonic whistler mode waves play an important role in the radiation belt electron dynamics. Previous theory has suggested that these waves are excited by the ring distributions of hot protons and can propagate radially and azimuthally over a broad spatial range. However, because of the challenging requirements on satellite locations and data processing techniques, this theory was difficult to validate directly. Here we present some experimental tests of the theory on the basis of Van Allen Probes observations of magnetosonic waves following substorm injections. At higher L shells with significant substorm injections, the discrete magnetosonic emission lines started approximately at the proton gyrofrequency harmonics, qualitatively consistent with the prediction of linear proton Bernstein mode instability. In the frequency‐time spectrograms, these emission lines exhibited a clear rising tone characteristic with a long duration of 15–25 min, implying the additional contribution of other undiscovered mechanisms. Nearly at the same time, the magnetosonic waves arose at lower L shells without substorm injections. The wave signals at two different locations, separated by ΔL up to 2.0 and by ΔMLT up to 4.2, displayed the consistent frequency‐time structures, strongly supporting the hypothesis about the radial and azimuthal propagation of magnetosonic waves.
The tails of the satellite auroral footprints at Jupiter
Authors: Bonfond B. , Saur J. , Grodent D. , Badman S. V. , Bisikalo D. , Shematovich V. , Gérard J.‐C. , Radioti A.
Published: July 2017

The electromagnetic interaction between Io, Europa, and Ganymede and the rotating plasma that surrounds Jupiter has a signature in the aurora of the planet. This signature, called the satellite footprint, takes the form of a series of spots located slightly downstream of the feet of the field lines passing through the moon under consideration. In the case of Io, these spots are also followed by an extended tail in the downstream direction relative to the plasma flow encountering the moon. A few examples of a tail for the Europa footprint have also been reported in the northern hemisphere. Here we present a simplified Alfvénic model for footprint tails and simulations of vertical brightness profiles for various electron distributions, which favor such a model over quasi‐static models. We also report here additional cases of Europa footprint tails, in both hemispheres, even though such detections are rare and difficult. Furthermore, we show that the Ganymede footprint can also be followed by a similar tail. Finally, we present a case of a 320° long Io footprint tail, while other cases in similar configurations do not display such a length.
Carbon Nanotube Wires Sheathed by Aramid Nanofibers
Authors: Cao Wenxin , Yang Lei , Qi Xiaodong , Hou Ying , Zhu Jiaqi , Yang Ming
Published: July 2017

Coaxial fibers are the key elements in many optical, electrical, and biomedical applications. Recent success in materials synthesis has provided versatile choices for the core part, but the search of high‐performance sheath materials remains much less productive. These surface coatings are however as important as the core for their role as protection layers and interaction medium with the externals, thereby critically affecting the real performance of coaxial fibers. Here it is shown that aramid nanofibers (ANFs) with exceptional environmental stability and mechanical properties can be advanced coating materials for both wet‐ and dry‐spun carbon nanotube (CNT) wires. Co‐wet‐spinning ANFs with CNT aqueous dispersion can produce coaxial fibers with a compact sheath comprised of aligned ANFs, showing much enhanced mechanical properties by transferring stress to the sheath without sacrificing the conductivity. On the other hand, an immersion‐precipitation process is used to prepare a porous sheath made from randomly distributed nanofibers on dry‐spun CNT wires, which can be combined with ionic conductive gel electrolyte as a strong packaging layer for flexible solid‐state supercapacitors. The excellent intrinsic characteristics as well as variable ways of structural organizations make ANF‐based coatings an attractive tool for the design of multifunctional high‐performance hybrid materials.
Precise and Arbitrary Deposition of Biomolecules onto Biomimetic Fibrous Matrices for Spatially Controlled Cell Distribution and Functions
Authors: Jia Chao , Luo Bowen , Wang Haoyu , Bian Yongqian , Li Xueyong , Li Shaohua , Wang Hongjun
Published: July 2017

Advances in nano‐/microfabrication allow the fabrication of biomimetic substrates for various biomedical applications. In particular, it would be beneficial to control the distribution of cells and relevant biomolecules on an extracellular matrix (ECM)‐like substrate with arbitrary micropatterns. In this regard, the possibilities of patterning biomolecules and cells on nanofibrous matrices are explored here by combining inkjet printing and electrospinning. Upon investigation of key parameters for patterning accuracy and reproducibility, three independent studies are performed to demonstrate the potential of this platform for: i) transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1‐induced spatial differentiation of fibroblasts, ii) spatiotemporal interactions between breast cancer cells and stromal cells, and iii) cancer‐regulated angiogenesis. The results show that TGF‐β1 induces local fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast differentiation in a dose‐dependent fashion, and breast cancer clusters recruit activated stromal cells and guide the sprouting of endothelial cells in a spatially resolved manner. The established platform not only provides strategies to fabricate ECM‐like interfaces for medical devices, but also offers the capability of spatially controlling cell organization for fundamental studies, and for high‐throughput screening of various biomolecules for stem cell differentiation and cancer therapeutics.
N‐Type Organic Thermoelectrics: Improved Power Factor by Tailoring Host–Dopant Miscibility
Authors: Liu Jian , Qiu Li , Portale Giuseppe , Koopmans Marten , ten Brink Gert , Hummelen Jan C. , Koster L. Jan Anton
Published: July 2017

In this contribution, for the first time, the polarity of fullerene derivatives is tailored to enhance the miscibility between the host and dopant molecules. A fullerene derivative with a hydrophilic triethylene glycol type side chain (PTEG‐1) is used as the host and (4‐(1,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzoimidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl)dimethylamine n‐DMBI) as the dopant. Thereby, the doping efficiency can be greatly improved to around 18% (<1% for a nonpolar reference sample) with optimized electrical conductivity of 2.05 S cm−1, which represents the best result for solution‐processed fullerene derivatives. An in‐depth microstructural study indicates that the PTEG‐1 molecules readily form layered structures parallel to the substrate after solution processing. The fullerene cage plane is alternated by the triethylene glycol side chain plane; the n‐DMBI dopants are mainly incorporated in the side chain plane without disturbing the π–π packing of PTEG‐1. This new microstructure, which is rarely observed for codeposited thin films from solution, formed by PTEG‐1 and n‐DMBI molecules explains the increased miscibility of the host/dopant system at a nanoscale level and the high electrical conductivity. Finally, a power factor of 16.7 µW m−1 K−2 is achieved at 40% dopant concentration. This work introduces a new strategy for improving the conductivity of solution‐processed n‐type organic thermoelectrics.
Engineering Single Nanopores on Gold Nanoplates by Tuning Crystal Screw Dislocation
Authors: Zhai Yueming , Zhang Fan , Zhang Bo , Gao Xiaohu
Published: July 2017

Compared with the large variety of solid gold nanostructures, synthetic approaches for their hollow counterparts are limited, largely confined to chemical and irradiation‐based etching of preformed nanostructures. In particular, the preparation of through nanopore structures is extremely challenging. Here, a unique strategy for direct synthesis of gold nanopores in solution without the need for sacrificial templates or postsynthesis processing is reported. By controlling the degree of crystal screw dislocation, a single through pore with diameter ranging from sub‐nanometer to tens of nanometers, in the center of large gold nanoplates, can be engineered with precision. Ionic current rectification behaviors are observed using the gold nanopore, potentially enabling new capabilities in biosensing, sequencing, and imaging.
Molybdenum Incorporation Induced Enhancement in the Mechanical Properties of Gallium Oxide Films
Authors: Battu Anil K. , Manandhar Sandeep , Ramana Chintalapalle V.
Published: July 2017

An approach to design Ga2O3‐based nanomaterials with tunable mechanical properties is presented. In the molybdenum (Mo) incorporated Ga2O3 model system, where Mo content (x) is varied up to ≈11 at%, Mo‐incorporation induced effects are significant on the structural and mechanical properties. Single‐phase β‐Ga2O3 formation occurs for lower Mo content (≤4 at%); however, higher Mo content induces the crystalline‐to‐amorphous structural transformation. Mechanical characterization reveals that the hardness of the Ga–Mo–O nanocrystalline films increases for Mo ≤ 10 at%, at which point hardness decreases due to Mo‐induced structural transformation. However, the elastic modulus of Ga–Mo–O decreases continuously with Mo incorporation. The Ga–Mo–O exhibits maximum H (≈36 GPa) for 10 at% Mo, where Mo‐incorporation induces enhancement in hardness as well as plasticity index parameter. Based on the results, a structure–composition–mechanical property correlation in Ga–Mo–O films is established.
Realizing Negative Differential Resistance/Switching Phenomena in Zigzag GaN Nanoribbons by Edge Fluorination: A DFT Investigation
Authors: Inge Shashank V. , Jaiswal Neeraj K. , Kondekar Pravin N.
Published: July 2017

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a commonly used material for the high power electronic devices. Its 2D analog (layered GaN) can be a promising material in low power applications due to its flexible bandgap. This study investigates the structural stability, electronic and transport properties of zigzag edged GaN nanoribbons (ZGaNNRs), considering various edge passivations to gauge its potential for beyond silicon electronic devices. Present density functional theory based calculations reveal that metallic/semiconducting nature can be obtained in ZGaNNRs via controlled edge fluorination. Interestingly, F passivated ZGaNNRs are found to be most stable, making them preferable for practical applications. The proposed two terminal device exhibits a negative differential resistance behavior/switching characteristic with sufficiently large peak to valley current ratio/threshold voltage on the order of 102–1014/2.8–3.6 V which is a function of selective edge passivation. Present results can find practical applications in oscillators, memory circuits, and fast switching devices.
3D Printing Macroscale Engineered Materials Using Ultrasound Directed Self‐Assembly and Stereolithography
Authors: Greenhall John , Raeymaekers Bart
Published: July 2017

A manufacturing process to 3D print engineered materials comprised of a user‐specified pattern of nano‐ or microparticles embedded in a polymer matrix material is described. The materials are printed layer‐by‐layer using stereolithography, and in each layer, ultrasound directed self‐assembly is employed to organize a user‐specified pattern of particles. This process allows manufacturing macroscale 3D materials with a user‐specified microstructure consisting of particles of any material, and contrasts with existing processes, which are often limited to laboratory scale, specific materials, and/or 2D implementations. Using this manufacturing process, 3D printing of macroscale multilayer engineered materials containing a Bouligand microstructure commonly found in composite laminate and biological materials is demonstrated. Additionally, engineered materials containing a pattern of electrically conductive nickel‐coated carbon fibers are fabricated, which illustrate the feasibility of 3D printing structures with embedded insulated electrical wiring. This process finds application in manufacturing of multifunctional composite materials.
Size Dependence of Doping by a Vacancy Formation Reaction in Copper Sulfide Nanocrystals
Authors: Elimelech Orian , Liu Jing , Plonka Anna M. , Frenkel Anatoly I. , Banin Uri
Published: July 2017

Doping of nanocrystals (NCs) is a key, yet underexplored, approach for tuning of the electronic properties of semiconductors. An important route for doping of NCs is by vacancy formation. The size and concentration dependence of doping was studied in copper(I) sulfide (Cu2S) NCs through a redox reaction with iodine molecules (I2), which formed vacancies accompanied by a localized surface plasmon response. X‐ray spectroscopy and diffraction reveal transformation from Cu2S to Cu‐depleted phases, along with CuI formation. Greater reaction efficiency was observed for larger NCs. This behavior is attributed to interplay of the vacancy formation energy, which decreases for smaller sized NCs, and the growth of CuI on the NC surface, which is favored on well‐defined facets of larger NCs. This doping process allows tuning of the plasmonic properties of a semiconductor across a wide range of plasmonic frequencies by varying the size of NCs and the concentration of iodine. Controlled vacancy doping of NCs may be used to tune and tailor semiconductors for use in optoelectronic applications.
Stereospecific 1,3‐Aminobromination of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes
Authors: Das Saikat , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Studer Armido
Published: July 2017

Sn(OTf)2‐catalyzed 1,3‐aminobromination of donor–acceptor cyclopropanes with various sulfonyl amides or electron‐poor anilines and N‐bromosuccinimide is reported. These experimentally straightforward reactions occurred with complete regio‐ and stereospecificity (for anilines) to give γ‐aminated α‐brominated malonic diesters in good to excellent yields (up to 98 %). These compounds served as valuable substrates for subsequent reactions to provide substituted azetidines and γ‐lactams in high yields.
How Understanding the Role of an Additive Can Lead to an Improved Synthetic Protocol without an Additive: Organocatalytic Synthesis of Chiral Diarylmethyl Alkynes
Authors: Chen Min , Sun Jianwei
Published: July 2017

The use of additives for organic synthesis has become a common tactic to improve the outcome of organic reactions. Herein, by using an organocatalytic process for the synthesis of chiral diarylmethyl alkynes as a platform, we describe how an additive is involved in the improvement of the process. The evolution of an excellent synthetic protocol has been achieved in three stages, from 1) initially no catalyst turnover, to 2) good conversion and enantioselectivity with a superior additive, and eventually 3) even better efficiency and selectivity without an additive. This study is an important and rare demonstration that understanding the role of additive can be so beneficial as to obviate the need for the additive.
Fluorinative Rearrangements of Substituted Phenylallenes Mediated by (Difluoroiodo)toluene: Synthesis of α‐(Difluoromethyl)styrenes
Authors: Zhao Zhensheng , Racicot Léanne , Murphy Graham K.
Published: July 2017

Phenylallenes undergo fluorinative rearrangement upon the action of (difluoroiodo)toluene in the presence of 20 mol % BF3⋅OEt2 to yield α‐difluoromethyl styrenes. This unprecedented reaction was entirely chemoselective for the internal allene π bond, and showed remarkable regioselectivity during the fluorination event. Substituted phenylallenes, phenylallenes possessing both phenyl‐ and α‐allenyl substituents, and diphenylallenes were investigated, and good functional‐group compatibility was observed throughout. The ease with which allenes can be prepared on a large scale, and the operational simplicity of this reaction allowed us to rapidly access fluorine‐containing building blocks that have not been accessed by conventional deoxyfluorination strategies.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Acyclic α‐Quaternary Carboxylic Acid Derivatives through Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation
Authors: Shockley Samantha E. , Hethcox J. Caleb , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: July 2017

The first highly enantioselective iridium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation that provides access to products bearing an allylic all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic center has been developed. The reaction utilizes a masked acyl cyanide (MAC) reagent, which enables the one‐pot preparation of α‐quaternary carboxylic acids, esters, and amides with a high degree of enantioselectivity. The utility of these products is further explored through a series of diverse product transformations.
Control of Redox Events by Dye Encapsulation Applied to Light‐Driven Splitting of Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Jing Xu , Yang Yang , He Cheng , Chang Zhiduo , Reek Joost N. H. , Duan Chunying
Published: July 2017

Solar production of hydrogen by consuming low‐value waste products is an attractive pathway that has both economic and environmental benefits. Inspired by the reactive pocket of enzymes, a synthetic platform to combine photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with sulfide oxidation in a one‐pot process via control over the location of the electron‐transfer steps is developed. The redox‐active coordination vessel Ni‐TFT, which has an octahedral pocket, encapsulates an organic dye to pre‐organize for photocatalytic proton reduction via an oxidative quenching pathway using the nickel corners as catalysts, generating molecular hydrogen and the oxidized dye. The oxidized dye is displaced by a neutral dye and oxidizes sulfide once outside the pocket to give element sulfur. The overall reaction constitutes hydrogen sulfide splitting, forming molecular hydrogen and elemental sulfur, which is analogous to the water‐splitting reaction.
Application of artificial neural network‐based generic model control to multivariable processes
Authors: Kamesh Reddi , Rani K. Yamuna
Published: July 2017

The present study focuses on the application of a purely data‐driven artificial neural network (ANN)‐based generic model controller (GMC) for multiple‐input and multiple‐output systems with relative degree one or more. The approach is based on development of an ANN model relating the time‐derivatives of the outputs of the order equal to their relative degree with the past measured values of input and output variables and formulation of a constrained optimization problem to satisfy GMC performance objectives. Two variants of a multivariable semi‐batch reactor (SBR) control problem for esterification reaction of maleic anhydride with hexanol to form hexylmonoester of maleic acid are considered without and with consideration of coolant dynamics (SBR1 and SBR2, respectively). Hexanol concentration and reactor temperature are considered as the outputs, and the coolant and feed flow rates are considered as the manipulated inputs. The present study illustrates that the proposed multivariable ANN‐based GMC exhibits setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection performance similar to the exact model‐based GMC for both the reactors, and the ANN‐based GMC input profiles are smoother and closer to the nominal input profiles compared with GMC controller, although no process information is used other than the output measurements in the proposed approach. © 2017 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust Output Feedback Model Predictive Control: A Stochastic Approach
Authors: Mohammadkhani Mohammadali , Bayat Farhad , Jalali Ali Akbar
Published: July 2017

This paper addresses the robust explicit model predictive control scheme for linear systems with input and output constraint in the presence of disturbances and noise. Conditions for disturbance rejection are established by incorporating a full state/disturbance observer. The separation principle is applied to design an optimal observer in the unconstrained problem. Then, an efficient algorithm is developed to explicitly design observer gains by minimizing a quadratic performance criterion. It is shown that the solution includes a set of regions with piecewise affine functions of the state and reference vectors and a set of regions with optimal observers. In the proposed method, two sets of partitions associated with the control law and the observer gains are obtained. Therefore, the online computation includes finding the active regions of both observer and control law partitions in which the current state is located. The proposed technique is particularly attractive for a wide range of practical problems where the exact model of the actual system is not available.
Effects of therapy balls on children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Taipalus Abbie C. , Hixson Michael D. , Kanouse Sandra K. , Wyse Robert D. , Fursa Sophie
Published: July 2017

Therapy balls are air‐filled rubber balls ranging from 20 to 30 in. in diameter that are sometimes used in place of traditional 4‐legged chairs in classrooms. Unfortunately, research on the effects of therapy balls as chairs is limited. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of therapy balls on the on‐task behavior and academic performance of elementary students diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. An alternating treatments design was implemented with 4 students from the 3rd and 4th grades comparing therapy ball seating to traditional classroom chairs. No effect of the therapy balls was found, although students preferred sitting on the therapy balls. Teachers reported that the therapy balls were difficult to use and did not find them particularly effective.
Simultaneous determination and method validation of difenoconazole, propiconazole and pyraclostrobin in pepper and soil by LC–MS/MS in field trial samples from three provinces, China
Authors: Wu Sizhuo , Zhang Haizhen , Zheng Kunming , Meng Banghua , Wang Fei , Cui Ying , Zeng Song , Zhang Kankan , Hu Deyu
Published: July 2017

A liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simple and accurate detection of the fungicides difenoconazole, propiconazole and pyraclostrobin in peppers and soil. Three fungicides residues were extracted from samples by acetonitrile and cleaned up by dispersive solid‐phase extraction before instrumental analysis. The accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated by conducting an intra‐ and inter‐day recovery experiment. The limits of quantification and detection of difenoconazole, propiconazole and pyraclostrobin in pepper and soil were 0.005 and 0.0015 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries were investigated by spiking pepper and soil at three levels, and were found to be in the ranges 79.62–103.15% for difenoconazole, 85.94–103.35% for propiconazole and 80.14–97.69% for pyraclostrobin, with relative standard deviations <6.5%. Field experiments were conducted in three locations in China. The half‐lives of difenoconazole, propiconazole and pyraclostrobin were 5.3–11.5 days in peppers and 6.1–32.5 days in soil. At harvest, pepper samples were found to contain difenoconazole, propiconazole and pyraclostrobin well below the maximum residue limits of European Union at the interval of 21 days after last application following the recommended dosage.
Capitalizing on Scientific Advances to Improve Access to and Quality of Children's Mental Health Care
Authors: Garland Ann F. , Lebensohn‐Chialvo Florencia , Hall Kristopher G. , Cameron Erika R.N.
Published: July 2017

The majority of mental health problems begin in childhood or adolescence. The potential benefits of early identification and treatment of such problems are well established, and models of effective mental health interventions for children have proliferated in recent decades. However, barriers in access to care and challenges in assuring delivery of high‐quality care significantly limit the public health impact of services for children and families. Specifically, the majority of children who need mental health care do not receive it, and when children are in care, many do not receive interventions that are most likely to have the greatest positive impact. A commitment to social justice requires significant improvement in access to care and quality of care to maximize human potential.

The purpose of this manuscript is to highlight promising scientific advances in the development of effective mental health services for children and families, as well as the vexing challenges of actually delivering these services to those most in need. Key challenges to be discussed include disparities in access to care and quality of care, including race/ethnic disparities and complexities of navigating the multi‐sector mental health service system for children, and difficulties in implementing effective intervention models more consistently in community care. The authors will propose practice and policy reform recommendations to address these challenges. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a thiol‐ene based screening platform for enzyme immobilization demonstrated using horseradish peroxidase
Authors: Hoffmann Christian , Pinelo Manuel , Woodley John M. , Daugaard Anders E.
Published: July 2017

Efficient immobilization of enzymes on support surfaces requires an exact match between the surface chemistry and the specific enzyme. A successful match would normally be identified through time consuming screening of conventional resins in multiple experiments testing individual immobilization strategies. In this study we present a versatile strategy that largely expands the number of possible surface functionalities for enzyme immobilization in a single, generic platform. The combination of many individual surface chemistries and thus immobilization methods in one modular system permits faster and more efficient screening, which we believe will result in a higher chance of discovery of optimal surface/enzyme interactions.

The proposed system consists of a thiol‐functional microplate prepared through fast photochemical curing of an off‐stoichiometric thiol‐ene (OSTE) mixture. Surface functionalization by thiol‐ene chemistry (TEC) resulted in the formation of a functional monolayer in each well, whereas, polymer surface grafts were introduced through surface chain transfer free radical polymerization (SCT‐FRP). Enzyme immobilization on the modified surfaces was evaluated by using a rhodamine labeled horseradish peroxidase (Rho‐HRP) as a model enzyme, and the amount of immobilized enzyme was qualitatively assessed by fluorescence intensity (FI) measurements. Subsequently, Rho‐HRP activity was measured directly on the surface. The broad range of utilized surface chemistries permits direct correlation of enzymatic activity to the surface functionality and improves the determination of promising enzyme‐surface candidates. The results underline the high potential of this system as a screening platform for synergistic immobilization of enzymes onto thiol‐ene polymer surfaces. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1267–1277, 2017
Esterified Trehalose Analogues Protect Mammalian Cells from Heat Shock
Authors: Bragg Jack T. , D'Ambrosio Hannah K. , Smith Timothy J. , Gorka Caroline A. , Khan Faraz A. , Rose Joshua T. , Rouff Andrew J. , Fu Terence S. , Bisnett Brittany J. , Boyce Michael , Khetan Sudhir , Paulick Margot G.
Published: July 2017

Trehalose is a disaccharide produced by many organisms to better enable them to survive environmental stresses, including heat, cold, desiccation, and reactive oxygen species. Mammalian cells do not naturally biosynthesize trehalose; however, when introduced into mammalian cells, trehalose provides protection from damage associated with freezing and drying. One of the major difficulties in using trehalose as a cellular protectant for mammalian cells is the delivery of this disaccharide into the intracellular environment; mammalian cell membranes are impermeable to the hydrophilic sugar trehalose. A panel of cell‐permeable trehalose analogues, in which the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups of trehalose are masked as esters, have been synthesized and the ability of these analogues to load trehalose into mammalian cells has been evaluated. Two of these analogues deliver millimolar concentrations of free trehalose into a variety of mammalian cells. Critically, Jurkat cells incubated with these analogues show improved survival after heat shock, relative to untreated Jurkat cells. The method reported herein thus paves the way for the use of esterified analogues of trehalose as a facile means to deliver high concentrations of trehalose into mammalian cells for use as a cellular protectant.
Late lumen enlargement induced by drug coated balloon in the patient with PTFE‐covered stent restenosis
Authors: Warisawa Takayuki , Naganuma Toru , Nakamura Sunao
Published: July 2017

We report a case of percutaneous coronary intervention with drug coated balloon (DCB) for the in‐stent restenosis of polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stent. One year follow‐up angiography was excellent and in‐stent lumen enlargement compared with the postprocedure and 6‐months follow‐up was demonstrated by optical coherent tomography. This case suggested the utility of DCB as a therapeutic option for covered‐stent restenosis.
Clinical outcomes of balloon angioplasty alone versus nitinol stent implantation in patients with small femoropopliteal artery disease: Observations from the Retrospective Multicenter Analysis for Femoropopliteal Stenting (REAL‐FP)
Authors: Kamioka Norihiko , Soga Yoshimitsu , Kuramitsu Shoichi , Iida Osamu , Hirano Keisuke , Suzuki Kenji , Kawasaki Daizo , Yamaoka Terutoshi , Suematsu Nobuhiro , Shintani Yoshiaki , Miyashita Yusuke , Takahashi Hiroki , Tsuchiya Taketsugu , Shinozaki Norihiko , Okazaki Shinya , Ando Kenji
Published: July 2017

Objectives

We sought to assess whether balloon angioplasty (BA) alone for small femoropopliteal disease improved the outcome following endovascular therapy as compared with stent implantation.

Background

The optimal strategy of endovascular therapy for small vessel arteries in femoropopliteal disease remains unclear.

Methods

We performed a multicenter retrospective analysis of 337 consecutive patients (371 limbs) with femoropopliteal arteries 4.0 mm or less in diameter and 150 mm or less in length.

Results

Cumulative 3‐year incidence of primary patency was significantly higher in the BA group than in the stent group (53.8% vs. 34.2%,P =0.002). While assisted‐primary patency and freedom from any major adverse limb events were also significantly higher in the BA group than in the stent group (70.9% vs. 44.2%,P <0.001 and 60.6% vs. 36.4%,P =0.001, respectively), secondary patency did not significantly differ between the two groups (86.9% vs. 86.9%,P =0.67). Predictors of restenosis were diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–2.31;P =0.01), no administration of cilostazol (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.07–2.13;P =0.02), stent implantation (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.15–2.41;P =0.01), and lesion length >75.0 mm(HR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.50–2.92;P <0.001).

Conclusions

Lesions in small (<4.0 mm diameter) FP vessels demonstrated better primary patency at 3 years when successfully treated with balloon angioplasty alone as opposed to routine or bailout stenting. This difference was especially pronounced for lesions 75 to 150 mm in length.
Robotic‐assisted percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Mangels Daniel R. , Giri Jay , Hirshfeld John , Wilensky Robert L.
Published: July 2017

Performance of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with several occupational hazards including radiation exposure and musculoskeletal injury. Current methods to mitigate these risks range from suspended radiation suits to adjustable lead‐lined glass shields. Robotic‐assisted PCI is a novel approach to PCI that utilizes remote‐controlled technology to manipulate catheters thereby significantly reducing radiation exposure to the operator and catheterization laboratory staff. Although limited, current evidence indicates that robotic‐assisted PCI is associated with a high technical success rate and may have additional advantages over conventional PCI, such as a decreased incidence of geographical miss. However, as the technology is nascent, further studies including larger, randomized controlled trials are needed to expand on the long‐term clinical and safety outcomes.
Flower‐like NiO with a Hierarchical and Mesoporous Structure for Supercapacitors
Authors: Yin Shi , Wu Yongqiang , Xiong Qinqin , Qin Haiying , Chi Hong Zhong
Published: July 2017

Hierarchical porous nickel oxide (NiO) has been synthesized through an ethanol‐based hydrothermal method followed by a sintering process. The effects of hydrothermal duration on morphology, crystalline structure, and electrochemical performance are studied. With the prolongation of hydrothermal duration, the as‐prepared NiOs appear in the form of scattered nanoflakes, then flower‐like porous balls, and then solid microballs. In this period, poly‐crystallization and re‐crystallization are observed successively. It seems 120 minutes is suitable to form hierarchical NiO, 2 μm mesoporous balls composed of nanoflakes in all directions. The duration shows significant influence on charge‐storage characteristics including reversibility, capacitance, and cyclic stability. The sample exhibits 678.4 F/g at 1 A/g discharge current density and maintains 94.8 % retention after 5000 cycles, suggesting a great prospect of the hierarchical NiO to be used as an electrode material for supercapacitors.
Robust variable selection based on bagging classification tree for support vector machine in metabonomic data analysis
Authors: Chen Shu‐Fang , Gu Hui , Tu Meng‐Ying , Zhou Yan‐Ping , Cui Yan‐Fang
Published: July 2017

In metabonomics, metabolic profiles of high complexity bring out tremendous challenges to existing chemometric methods. Variable selection (ie, biomarker discovery) and pattern recognition (ie, classification) are two important tasks of chemometrics in metabonomics, especially biomarker discovery that can be potentially used for disease diagnosis and pathology discovery. Typically, the informative variables are elicited from a single classifier; however, it is often unreliable in practice. To rectify this, in the current study, bagging and classification tree (CT) were combined to form a general framework (ie, BAGCT) for robustly selecting the informative variables, based on the advantages of CT in automatically carrying out variable selection as well as measuring variable importance and the properties of bagging in improving the reliability and robustness of a single model. In BAGCT, a set of parallel CT models were established based on the idea of bagging, each CT providing some endowed information such as the splitting variables and their corresponding importance values. The informative variables can be successfully spied via inspecting the variable importance values over all CTs in BAGCT. Taking the promising properties of support vector machine (SVM) into account, we used the informative variables identified by BAGCT as the inputs of SVM, forming a new classification tool abbreviated as BAGCT‐SVM. A metabonomic dataset by hydrogen‐1 nuclear magnetic resonance from the patients with lung cancer and the healthy controls was used to validate BAGCT‐SVM with CT and SVM as comparisons. Results showed that BAGCT‐SVM with less number of variables can give better predictive ability than CT and SVM.
N/S Co‐Doped 3 D Porous Carbon Nanosheet Networks Enhancing Anode Performance of Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zou Lei , Lai Yanqing , Hu Hongxing , Wang Mengran , Zhang Kai , Zhang Peng , Fang Jing , Li Jie
Published: July 2017

A facile and scalable method is realized for the in situ synthesis of N/S co‐doped 3 D porous carbon nanosheet networks (NSPCNNs) as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries. During the synthesis, NaCl is used as a template to prepare porous carbon nanosheet networks. In the resultant architecture, the unique 3 D porous architecture ensures a large specific surface area and fast diffusion paths of both electrons and ions. In addition, the import of N/S produces abundant defects, increased interlayer spacings, more active sites, and high electronic conductivity. The obtained products deliver a high specific capacity and excellent long‐term cycling performance, specifically, a capacity of 336.2 mA h g−1 at 0.05 A g−1, remaining as large as 214.9 mA h g−1 after 2000 charge/discharge cycles at 0.5 A g−1. This material has great prospects for future applications of scalable, low‐cost, and environmentally friendly sodium‐ion batteries.
Mesoporous Tin‐Based Oxide Nanospheres/Reduced Graphene Composites as Advanced Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Half/Full Cells and Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: He Yanyan , Li Aihua , Dong Caifu , Li Chuanchuan , Xu Liqiang
Published: July 2017

The large volume variations of tin‐based oxides hinder their extensive application in the field of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, structure design, hybrid fabrication, and carbon‐coating approaches have been simultaneously adopted to address these shortcomings. To this end, uniform mesoporous NiO/SnO2@rGO, Ni‐Sn oxide@rGO, and SnO2@rGO nanosphere composites have been selectively fabricated. Among them, the obtained NiO/SnO2@rGO composite exhibited a high capacity of 800 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 400 cycles. The electrochemical mechanism of NiO/SnO2 as an anode for LIBs has been preliminarily investigated by ex situ XRD pattern analysis. Furthermore, an NiO/SnO2@rGO‐LiCoO2 lithium‐ion full cell showed a high capacity of 467.8 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 100 cycles. Notably, the NiO/SnO2@rGO composite also showed good performance when investigated as an anode for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). It is believed that the unique mesoporous nanospherical framework, synergistic effects between the various components, and uniform rGO wrapping of NiO/SnO2 shorten the Li+ ion diffusion pathways, maintain sufficient contact between the active material and the electrolyte, mitigate volume changes, and finally improve the electrical conductivity of the electrode.
Assessing Guest‐Molecule Diffusion in Heterogeneous Powder Samples of Metal–Organic Frameworks through Pulsed‐Field‐Gradient (PFG) NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Thoma Roland , Kärger Jörg , de Sousa Amadeu Nader , Nießing Sandra , Janiak Christoph
Published: July 2017

Investigation of guest diffusion in porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is of major importance, because many porosity‐related properties of MOFs are influenced by diffusion effects. The diffusion of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the MOF MIL‐53‐NH2(Al) was investigated through pulsed‐field‐gradient (PFG) NMR spectroscopy. The microporous material was synthesized in small crystallites (under 500 nm), which agglomerated in a large range of particle sizes (from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers), giving a morphologically very heterogeneous sample. No special agglomeration pattern could be observed, which makes a PFG NMR investigation very challenging, yet it represents a realistic situation for the diffusion of guest molecules in porous materials. We were able to distinguish between two diffusion regimes existing in parallel with each other over the total range from 15 to 200 ms of observation times as accessible in the experiments: In the large crystal agglomerates (diameters above 20 μm), guest movement was found to be subdiffusive, with a time exponent
=0.8 (rather than one as for normal diffusion). Guest diffusion in the remaining, smaller host particles followed the pattern of normal diffusion within a bed of spheres of impenetrable external surfaces, with a size distribution in good agreement with that of the material under study. Diffusion in a rather complex system could thus be referred to a two‐region model with new potentials for application to systems of intricate topology.
A Ligand‐Based NMR Screening Approach for the Identification and Characterization of Inhibitors and Promoters of Amyloid Peptide Aggregation
Authors: Dalvit Claudio , Santi Sara , Neier Reinhard
Published: July 2017

Over the years a significant amount of effort has been put into the development of rapid and reliable methods to monitor the aggregation dynamics of the β1–42 amyloid peptide in real time. We present an alternative approach based on a suitable reporter or spy molecule and three different NMR experiments: WaterLOGSY, 1H selective T1 filter, and 19F T2 filter, for monitoring the initial self‐aggregation process kinetics of the β1–42 amyloid peptide and identifying molecules that retard or accelerate the self‐aggregation process. Although the proposed method is not a high‐throughput assay, it avoids problems associated with interference events that are sometimes observed in fluorescence‐based assays.
Recent Research Advances in Selective Matrix Metalloproteinase‐13 Inhibitors as Anti‐Osteoarthritis Agents
Authors: Xie Xin‐Wen , Wan Ren‐Zhong , Liu Zhao‐Peng
Published: July 2017

Matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13) plays a key role in the degradation of type II collagen in cartilage and bone in osteoarthritis (OA). The subtle differences between the S1′ loop of MMP‐13 and that of other MMPs offer a structural base for the design of selective MMP‐13 inhibitors to mitigate the unperceived risk associated with inhibiting other MMP isoforms. In this review, we summarize zinc‐binding and non‐zinc‐binding selective MMP‐13 inhibitors. The zinc‐binding MMP‐13 inhibitors contain a small set of zinc‐binding groups (ZBGs), including hydroxamic acid, pyrimidinetrione, reversed hydroxamic acid and hydantoin, carboxylic acid, 1,2,4,‐triazole, and 1,2,4,‐triazolone. The non‐zinc‐binding MMP‐13 inhibitors have different structural scaffolds, including diphenyl ethers, biaryls (aryltetrazoliums, arylfurans, pyrazole‐indoles), pyrimidines, and aryl/cycloalkyl‐fused pyrimidines. This review provides a systematic overview of recent developments in MMP‐13 inhibitors for the treatment of OA, with emphasis on their enzyme inhibitory potency, selectivity, and biological activities, and highlights the various binding modes of typical inhibitors with MMP‐13.
Dimethinium Heteroaromatic Salts as Building Blocks for Dual‐Fluorescence Intracellular Probes
Authors: Bříza Tomáš , Králová Jarmila , Rimpelová Silvie , Havlík Martin , Kaplánek Robert , Kejík Zdeněk , Reddy Bhupendra , Záruba Kamil , Ruml Tomáš , Mikula Ivan , Martásek Pavel , Král Vladimír
Published: July 2017

A series of fluorescent probes based on 2‐β‐anilidovinyl‐N‐alkyl‐heteroaromatic salts was prepared. The selective intracellular localization of these probes in mitochondria and lysosomes was demonstrated. Remarkably, some of the probes exhibit unusual dichromic behavior, whereby, in just one step, the salts can be visualized in mitochondria and lysosomes at fluorescence emission wavelengths distinct from each other (dual emitters).
C−H Carboxylation of Aromatic Compounds through CO2 Fixation
Authors: Luo Junfei , Larrosa Igor
Published: July 2017

Carbon dioxide (CO2) represents the most abundant and accessible carbon source on Earth. Thus the ability to transform CO2 into valuable commodity chemicals through the construction of C−C bonds is an invaluable strategy. Carboxylic acids and derivatives, the main products obtained by carboxylation of carbon nucleophiles by reaction of CO2, have wide application in pharmaceuticals and advanced materials. Among the variety of carboxylation methods currently available, the direct carboxylation of C−H bonds with CO2 has attracted much attention owing to advantages from a step‐ and atom‐economical point of view. In particular, the prevalence of (hetero)aromatic carboxylic acids and derivatives among biologically active compounds has led to significant interest in the development of methods for their direct carboxylation from CO2. Herein, the latest achievements in the area of direct C−H carboxylation of (hetero)aromatic compounds with CO2 will be discussed.