bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4,7,11‐Triheterotrishomocubanes – Propeller‐Shaped Highly Symmetrical Chiral Molecules Derived from Barrelene
Authors: Kozhushkov Sergei I. , Preuß Thomas , Yufit Dmitrii S. , Howard Judith A. K. , Meindl Kathrin , Rühl Stephan , Yamamoto Chiyo , Okamoto Yoshio , Schreiner Peter R. , Rinderspacher B. Christopher , de Meijere Armin
Published: March 2006

Epoxidation of barrelene (3) with a neutralized solution of Oxone® gave the barrelene trisepoxide 6 in 82 % isolated yield, while lead tetraacetate promoted aziridination of 3 with two equiv. of N‐aminophthalimide gave a mixture of mono‐7 and bis(aziridine) endo,exo‐8, which were isolated in 67 and 8 % yield, respectively. Fourfold repetition of this aziridination gave the bis(aziridines) exo,exo‐ and endo,exo‐8 along with the trisaziridine 9 in 21, 8 and 19 % yield, respectively. Epoxidation of 7 and endo,exo‐8 with buffered m‐chloroperbenzoic acid furnished the dioxaazatrishomobarrelene 10 and oxadiazatrishomobarrelene 11 in 36 and 62 % yield, respectively. The structures of triheteratrishomobarrelenes 6 and 9 were established by X‐ray crystallography. Upon treatment with BF3·Et2O at –20 °C (for 6) or with the strongly acidic ion exchange resin Amberlyst 15 at ambient or elevated temperatures (for 9–11), these triheteratrishomobarrelenes rearrange to give the triheteratrishomocubanes rac‐12 to rac‐15, as proved by X‐ray crystal structure analysis of rac‐13, in 75–100 % yield. The enantiomeric pairs of trioxa‐ 12 and triazatrishomocubane 13 were separated by preparative HPLC on a chiral column. 12 exhibited specific rotationsof [α]D25 = +196 and [α]36525 = +652 (c = 0.497, CHCl3) for the firstly eluted and [α]D25 = –173 and [α]36525 = –608 (c = 0.503, CHCl3) for the secondly eluted enantiomer; 13 had [α]D25 = +30 and [α]43525 = +501 (c = 0.490, CHCl3) for the firstly as well as [α]D25 = –28 and [α]43525 = –475 (c = 0.501, CHCl3) for the secondly eluted enantiomer. The geometry of rac‐13 and the absolute configurations of (–)‐12 and (+)‐13 were determined by X‐ray crystal structure analyses. According to this, (–)‐12 and (+)‐13 possess the same (1R,3R,5R,6R,8R,10R)‐configuration. Theabsolute configuration of the former was also confirmed byDFT computations at the TD‐B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31+G(d) level of theory; the computed specific rotation for (–)‐12 was –178. Computations for the elusive (all‐R)‐triazatrishomocubane (all‐R)‐13‐H without phthalimidyl substituents on the nitrogen atoms disclosed that the sign of rotation is the same for the parent (all‐R)‐13‐H and (all‐R)‐trioxatrishomocubane (all‐R)‐12 with the same absolute configuration. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Fluorous Synthesis of Hydantoin‐, Piperazinedione‐, and Benzodiazepinedione‐Fused Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Ring Systems
Authors: Zhang Wei , Lu Yimin , Chen Christine Hiu‐Tung , Curran Dennis P. , Geib Steven
Published: March 2006

Fluorous proline derivatives generated from one‐pot, three‐component [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides are employed in different post‐condensation reactions to form hydantoin‐, piperazinedione‐, and benzodiazepinedione‐fused tricyclic and tetracyclic ring systems. High synthetic efficiency is achieved by conducting fast microwave reactions and purification by easy fluorous solid‐phase extractions. Methods developed for these novel drug‐like heterocyclic compounds can be applied to diversity‐oriented library syntheses. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cultural and individual differences in self‐rating behavior: an extension and refinement of the cultural relativity hypothesis
Authors: Xie Jia Lin , Roy Jean‐Paul , Chen Ziguang
Published: March 2006

This study examined the relationships between culture, individual attributes, and self‐rating behavior among 1,786 university students in Canada, Hong Kong, Taiwan, mainland China, and Japan, and in doing so extended and refined the cultural relativity hypothesis. It explored the difference between vertical and horizontal individualists in self‐rating behavior, and examined the mediating effects of two individual attributes, self‐enhancement propensity and general self‐efficacy in the relationship between individualism and self‐rating behavior. The results confirmed that individualism is the cultural driver for self‐rating leniency, and that the individual‐level assessment of individualism is a stronger predictor of self‐rating leniency than are culture‐level differences. Vertical individualism was found to be positively related to self‐enhancement propensity, which in turn was positively related to self‐rating. Whereas, horizontal individualism was positively related to general self‐efficacy, which in turn had a positive relationship with self‐rating. We discuss the implications of the results for academic research and practical management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of impression‐management tactics on supervisor ratings of organizational citizenship behavior
Authors: Bolino Mark C. , Varela José A. , Bande Belén , Turnley William H.
Published: March 2006

Previous research indicates that the use of impression management is related to supervisor ratings of employee likeability and job performance. It has been argued, though, that employees might also use impression management so that their superiors will see them as ‘good soldiers’ who engage in high levels of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). This study investigates the ways in which three types of impression management—namely, job‐focused, self‐focused, and supervisor‐focused tactics of impression management—influence supervisor ratings of OCB. Using a sample of 122 supervisor‐subordinate dyads, the findings indicate that supervisor‐focused tactics of impression management are positively related to OCB ratings, while job‐focused tactics are negatively related to such evaluations. Additionally, citizenship behaviors are positively related to supervisor liking of the employee and overall ratings of job performance. Finally, the results suggest that OCB ratings mediate the relationship between supervisor‐focused tactics of impression management and supervisor evaluations of employee likeability. Some implications of this study and directions for future research are also addressed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guidelines for assessing the suitability of spatial climate data sets
Authors: Daly Christopher
Published: March 2006

Spatial climate data are often key drivers of computer models and statistical analyses, which form the basis for scientific conclusions, management decisions, and other important outcomes. The recent availability of very high‐resolution climate data sets raises important questions about the tendency to equate resolution with realism. This paper discusses the relationship between scale and spatial climate‐forcing factors, and provides background and advice on assessing the suitability of data sets. Spatial climate patterns are most affected by terrain and water bodies, primarily through the direct effects of elevation, terrain‐induced climate transitions, cold air drainage and inversions, and coastal effects. The importance of these factors is generally lowest at scales of 100 km and greater, and becomes greatest at less than 10 km. Except in densely populated regions of developed countries, typical station spacing is on the order of 100 km. Regions without major terrain features and which are at least 100 km from climatically important coastlines can be handled adequately by most interpolation techniques. Situations characterized by significant terrain features, but with no climatically important coastlines, no rain shadows, and a well‐mixed atmosphere can be reasonably handled by methods that explicitly account for elevation effects. Regions having significant terrain features, and also significant coastal effects, rain shadows, or cold air drainage and inversions are best handled by sophisticated systems that are configured and evaluated by experienced climatologists. There is no one satisfactory method for quantitatively estimating errors in spatial climate data sets, because the field that is being estimated is unknown between data points. Perhaps the best overall way to assess errors is to use a combination of approaches, involve data that are as independent from those used in the analysis as possible, and use common sense in the interpretation of results. Data set developers are encouraged to conduct expert reviews of their draft data sets, which is probably the single most effective way to improve data set quality. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Sex, power, and dominance: the evolutionary psychology of sexual harassment
Authors: Browne Kingsley R.
Published: March 2006

Among the effects of sexual integration of the workplace has been an increase in the opportunities for, and incidence of, sexual harassment. Sexual harassment, and women's responses to it, can be understood as reflections of the different evolved sexual psychologies of the sexes. Among the issues discussed are whether the abusiveness of work environments should be viewed from the perspective of the ‘reasonable person’ or the ‘reasonable woman,’ whether sexual harassment is really ‘about power’ rather than about sex, and whether harassment that takes a sexual form is necessarily ‘because of’ the sex of the victim. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emancipatory practice development through life‐story work: changing care in a memory clinic in North Wales
Authors: Keady John , Williams Sion , Hughes‐Roberts John
Published: March 2006

This paper outlines an approach to understanding and informing emancipatory practice development through the integration of constructivist approaches to its basic design, in this case biographical life‐story work. Based on an on‐going constructivist grounded theory study conducted by a specialist memory clinical nurse in North Wales, and using practitioner‐research principles (Reed and Procter, 1995), the exchange of each participant's narrative account of their diagnostic experience (N=6) led to the establishment of new assessment and diagnostic sharing practices in the participating memory clinic. Through a reflexive process, three phases were identified that captured this journey, namely practice reflection, practice modification and practice transformation, and these phases were underpinned by time and personal influence factors. We suggest that the integration of constructivist research into emancipatory practice development could be an important development of the approach and lead to practice change based on the experience of service users. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tuning the Size and Optical Properties in Molecular Nano/Microcrystals: Manifestation of Hierarchical Interactions
Authors: Patra A. , Hebalkar N. , Sreedhar B. , Sarkar M. , Samanta A. , Radhakrishnan T. P.
Published: March 2006

Intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, dipolar and van der Waals, occurring in molecular crystals cover a range of magnitudes. As the crystal evolves from a relatively softer state in the nanoscopic size regime to a harder one in the microcrystalline and bulk solid state, the impact of the hierarchy of intermolecular interactions can be expected to emerge in a progressive fashion. The strongest interactions alone would be manifested at small sizes; as the crystal grows, the effect of the weaker ones will be added on, with the bulk crystals exhibiting the cumulative impact of the different interactions. We demonstrate this phenomenon through investigations of the solution, colloid, and solid state of a novel zwitterionic molecule based on the diaminodicyanoquinodimethane framework. A reprecipitation–digestion protocol is developed for the fabrication of nano/microcrystals of varying sizes. Microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations reveal tuning of the size and optical properties of this material. The optical absorption of the colloidal particles evolves with size towards that of the bulk solid, the emission showing a steady enhancement of intensity. Crystallographic investigations coupled with semiempirical computations provide a viable model to describe the range of observations in terms of the gradual accumulation of hierarchical intermolecular interactions.
The Role of Adrenal Venous Sampling in the Surgical Management of Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Toniato Antonio , Bernante Paolo , Rossi Gian Paolo , Pelizzo Maria Rosa
Published: March 2006

Objective

Primary aldosteronism is the most common endocrine form of secondary hypertension, but no single test or imaging method always identifies it. Identification of a unilateral overproduction of aldosterone due to Conn’s adenoma or unilateral hyperplasia is of utmost importance to the surgeon.

Materials and Methods

We reviewed our experience with primary aldosteronism in 46 consecutive patients who had undergone adrenalectomy at the Surgical Pathology Institute, University of Padua since 1993. All the patients underwent a CT scan. Adrenal venous sampling was performed in those patients with negative or equivocal findings on imaging studies.

Results

Computed tomography was non‐contributory in 12 patients and frankly misleading in 2 patients, demonstrating a probable mass lesion in the contralateral but not in the ipsilateral adrenal. Eighteen patients had selective venous sampling that was successful in altering the management of 14 cases. Eleven patients who biochemically had an adrenal adenoma, had normal/equivocal CT, while the remaining 3 had bilateral or contralateral adrenal masses. Venous sampling localized aldosterone secretion and an adenoma, less than 1 cm in diameter, was removed, curing their hypertension. Eleven patients were treated by open adrenalectomy and 35 by the lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic approach. Histological examination revealed 45 Conn’s adenomas, of which 13 had a diameter of less than 1 cm (range 0.3–0.8), and 1 case of nodular hyperplasia.

Conclusions

Patients who have equivocal or unexpected CT findings should proceed to hormonal localization. Adrenal venous sampling is essential in patients with equivocal CT scans to avoid unnecessary and inappropriate adrenalectomy.
Non‐compaction cardiomyopathy associated with myocardial bridging: A frequently overlooked or misdiagnosed cardiomyopathy
Authors: Aras Dursun , Tufekcioglu Omac , Topaloglu Serkan , Ozeke Ozcan , Ergun Kumral , Yildiz Ali , Deveci Bulent , Korkmaz Sule
Published: March 2006

Isolated ventricular non‐compaction (IVNC) is an unclassified cardiomyopathy which occurs due to a morphogenetic abnormality involving an arrest of compaction of the loose myocardial meshwork during fetal ontogenesis. Despite recent advances in knowledge, diagnosis remains problematic because of its similarity to other diseases of the myocardium and endocardium. In this report, we describe a case of IVNC and myocardial bridging. The patient had been misdiagnosed with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 2years earlier. The correct diagnosis was established by transthoracic echocardiography and confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography.
Determinants of differential doxorubicin sensitivity between SCLC and NSCLC
Authors: Singhal Sharad S. , Wickramarachchi Dilki , Singhal Jyotsana , Yadav Sushma , Awasthi Yogesh C. , Awasthi Sanjay
Published: March 2006

Doxorubicin (DOX) transport activity of Ral‐interacting protein (RLIP76) in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is approximately twice that of in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Since protein‐kinase‐C (PKC)α mediated phosphorylation of RLIP76 causes doubling of the specific activity of RLIP76, and NSCLC cells are known to have greater PKCα activity, we examined the contribution of PKC mediated phosphorylation of RLIP76 towards intrinsic DOX‐resistance in human NSCLC. Expression of a deletion mutant RLIP76delPKCα‐sites followed by depletion of the wild‐type RLIP76 using a siRNA targeted at one of the deleted regions resulted in generation of cells expressing only the mutant protein, which could not be phosphorylated by PKCα. DOX‐transport activity of the mutant RLIP76 purified from NSCLC and SCLC was similar and comparable to that of RLIP76 purified from the wild‐type SCLC. However, this activity was significantly lower than that of RLIP76 purified from the wild‐type NSCLC. After siRNA mediated depletion of PKCα, DOX‐transport activities of RLIP76 purified from SCLC and NSCLC were indistinguishable. Depletion of PKCα inhibited the growth of NSCLC more than SCLC cells (70 ± 3% vs. 43 ± 5%, respectively). PKCα‐depletion lowered the IC50 of NSCLC cell lines for DOX to the same level as that observed for SCLC. RLIP76−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were significantly more sensitive to DOX as compared with RLIP76+/+ MEFs (IC50 25 vs. 125 nM, respectively). However, PKCα‐depletion did not affect DOX‐cytotoxicity towards RLIP76−/− MEFs, as opposed to RLIP76+/+ MEFs which were sensitized by 2.2‐fold. These results demonstrate that RLIP76 is a primary determinant of DOX‐resistance, and that PKCα mediated accumulation defect and DOX‐resistance in NSCLC is primarily due to differential phosphorylation of RLIP76 in SCLC and NSCLC.
EKLF/KLF1 is ubiquitinated in vivo and its stability is regulated by activation domain sequences through the 26S proteasome
Authors: Quadrini Karen J. , Bieker James J.
Published: March 2006

Erythroid Krüppel‐like factor (EKLF/KLF1) is an erythroid specific, C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor that is essential for the proper chromatin structure and expression of the adult β‐globin gene. Herein, we determine that 26S proteasome inhibitors lead to an accumulation of EKLF protein in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. In addition, EKLF half‐life in both MEL cells (<3 h) and fetal liver cells (between 6 and 9 h) is stabilized in the presence of these inhibitors. EKLF is ubiquitinated in vivo, however its modification does not rely on a particular internal lysine. Finally, EKLF contains two PEST sequences within its N‐terminus that have no effect on the ability of EKLF to be ubiquitinated but contribute to its destabilization.
DU‐145 and PC‐3 human prostate cancer cell lines express androgen receptor: Implications for the androgen receptor functions and regulation
Authors: Alimirah Fatouma , Chen Jianming , Basrawala Zane , Xin Hong , Choubey Divaker
Published: March 2006

The majority of human prostate cancer cell lines, including the two “classical” cell lines DU‐145 and PC‐3, are reported to be androgen receptor (AR)‐negative. However, other studies have provided evidence that the DU‐145 and PC‐3 cell lines express AR mRNA. These contradictory observations prompted us to investigate whether DU‐145 and PC‐3 cell lines express the androgen receptor. Using antipeptide antibodies directed against three distinct regions of the human AR protein and an improved method to detect AR protein in immunoblotting, we report that DU‐145 and PC‐3 cell lines express AR protein. We found that the relative levels of the AR mRNA and protein that were detected in DU‐145 and PC‐3 cell lines were lower than the LNCaP, an AR‐positive cell line. Moreover, the antibody directed against the non‐variant region (amino acids 299–315), but not the variant N‐ or C‐terminal region (amino acids 1–20 and 900–919, respectively) of the human AR protein, detected the expression of AR in all prostate cancer cell lines. Notably, treatment of these cell lines with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) resulted in measurable increases in the AR protein levels and considerable nuclear accumulation. Although, treatment of DU‐145 and PC‐3 cells with DHT did not result in stimulation of the activity of an AR‐responsive reporter, knockdown of AR expression in PC‐3 cells resulted in decreases in p21CIP1 protein levels, and a measurable decrease in the activity of the p21‐luc‐reporter. Our observations demonstrate the expression of AR protein in DU‐145 and PC‐3 prostate cancer cell lines.
Heat shock protein 60 modified with O‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine is involved in pancreatic β‐cell death under hyperglycemic conditions
Authors: Kim Hoe Suk , Kim Eun Mi , Lee Jiae , Yang Won Ho , Park Tae Yoon , Kim Young Min , Cho Jin Won
Published: March 2006

The objective of this study was to identify proteins modified with O‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) in pancreatic β‐cells and to understand their roles in cell death under hyperglycemic conditions. Here we report that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is modified with O‐GlcNAc. Levels of O‐GlcNAcylated HSP60 increased twofold in response to hyperglycemic conditions. HSP60 is a chaperonin known to bind to Bax in the cytoplasm under normoglycemic conditions. Under hyperglycemic conditions, Bax detached from O‐GlcNAcylated HSP60 and translocated to mitochondria. Hyperglycemic conditions were also associated with cytochrome c release, caspase‐3 activation, and cell death, suggesting that elevated O‐GlcNAcylation of HSP60 interferes with HSP60–Bax interactions, leading to pancreatic β‐cell death.
Characterization of human d‐amino acid oxidase
Authors: Molla Gianluca , Sacchi Silvia , Bernasconi Mariagrazia , Pilone Mirella S. , Fukui Kiyoshi , Pollegioni Loredano
Published: March 2006

d‐Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) has been proposed to be involved in the oxidation of d‐serine, an allosteric activator of the NMDA‐type glutamate receptor in the brain, and to be associated with the onset of schizophrenia. The recombinant human DAAO was expressed in Escherichia coli and was isolated as an active homodimeric flavoenzyme. It shows the properties of the dehydrogenase‐oxidase class of flavoproteins, possesses a low kinetic efficiency, and follows a ternary complex (sequential) kinetic mechanism. In contrast to the other known DAAOs, the human enzyme is a stable homodimer even in the apoprotein form and weakly binds the cofactor in the free form.
Growth factor receptors in helminth parasites: Signalling and host–parasite relationships
Authors: Dissous Colette , Khayath Naji , Vicogne Jérôme , Capron Monique
Published: March 2006

Parasitic helminths remain major pathogens of both humans and animals throughout the world. The success of helminth infections depends on the capacity of the parasite to counteract host immune responses but also to exploit host‐derived signal molecules for its development. Recent progress has been made in the characterization of growth factor receptors of various nematode and flatworm parasites with the demonstration that transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin receptor signalling pathways are conserved in helminth parasites and potentially implicated in the host–parasite molecular dialogue and parasite development.
Improvement of hypertension and vascular dysfunction by hydroxyhydroquinone‐free coffee in a genetic model of hypertension
Authors: Suzuki Atsushi , Fujii Akihiko , Yamamoto Naoki , Yamamoto Masaki , Ohminami Hideo , Kameyama Akiyo , Shibuya Yusuke , Nishizawa Yoshinori , Tokimitsu Ichiro , Saito Ikuo
Published: March 2006

Chlorogenic acid, a polyphenol found in coffee, has antihypertensive actions, but epidemiologic data on the effects of coffee on blood pressure are controversial. Specific coffee components that inhibit the hypotensive effect of chlorogenic acid and the physiologic mechanisms underlying the effects of coffee without these components were investigated. One component, hydroxyhydroquinone (HHQ), inhibited the hypotensive effects of chlorogenic acid in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The attenuation of hypertension by HHQ‐free coffee was associated with nitric oxide, the suppression of mRNA expression of NAD(P)H oxidase, and the improvement in endothelium‐dependent vasodilation in the aorta. Thus, HHQ‐free coffee might regulate vascular tone by improving the bioavailability of nitric oxide in SHR.
Arteriovenous Vascular Malformations Confined to the Hand: An Algorithm of Management Based On a New Classification
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M. , MURRAY K. A. , EL-SHAYEB A.
Published: March 2006

Management of arteriovenous malformations confined to the hand is diverse and ranges from conservative measures to amputation. This paper is a retrospective review of 13 patients with arteriovenous malformations of the hand who were managed using an algorithm of treatment which considered the clinical presentation and the anatomical structure of the lesion.
Heightened sensitivity of a poorly buffered high arctic lake to late-Holocene climatic change
Authors: Michelutti Neal , Douglas Marianne S.V. , Wolfe Alexander P. , Smol John P.
Published: March 2006

A diatom-based paleolimnological investigation was conducted on late Holocene sediments from a poorly buffered lake, informally named “Rock Basin Lake”, on Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada. The fossil diatom record is unlike any other obtained thus far from high arctic regions, exhibiting dynamic assemblage shifts over the entire ∼3300 yr sedimentary record. Multiple proxies (i.e., diatoms, pH reconstructions, biogenic silica,C/Nratios, total organic carbon) appear to sensitively track rapid limnological changes, which are associated with distinct climate intervals as inferred from other regional proxy records. The highly responsive nature of the diatom assemblages in Rock Basin Lake, relative to those recorded from nearby alkaline sites, appears to be related to this lake's limited ability to buffer changes in pH. The dynamic species responses suggest that the diatoms in Rock Basin Lake are faithfully tracking climatic changes, and that low-alkalinity lakes may provide the most sensitive diatom-based paleolimnological records from high arctic regions.
Late Quaternary vegetation and climate history of a perennial river canyon in the Río Salado basin (22°S) of Northern Chile
Authors: Latorre Claudio , Betancourt Julio L. , Arroyo Mary T.K.
Published: March 2006

Plant macrofossils from 33 rodent middens sampled at three sites between 2910 and 3150 m elevation in the main canyon of the Río Salado, northern Chile, yield a unique record of vegetation and climate over the past 22,000 cal yr BP. Presence of low-elevation Prepuna taxa throughout the record suggests that mean annual temperature never cooled by more than 5°C and may have been near-modern at 16,270 cal yr BP. Displacements in the lower limits of Andean steppe and Puna taxa indicate that mean annual rainfall was twice modern at 17,520–16,270 cal yr BP. This pluvial event coincides with infilling of paleolake Tauca on the Bolivian Altiplano, increased ENSO activity inferred from a marine core near Lima, abrupt deglaciation in southern Chile, and Heinrich Event 1. Moderate to large increases in precipitation also occurred at 11,770–9550 (Central Atacama Pluvial Event), 7330–6720, 3490–2320 and at 800 cal yr BP. Desiccation occurred at 14,180, 8910–8640, and 4865 cal yr BP. Compared to other midden sites in the region, early Holocene desiccation seems to have happened progressively earlier farther south. Emerging trends from the cumulative midden record in the central Atacama agree at millennial timescales with improved paleolake chronologies for the Bolivian Altiplano, implying common forcing through changes in equatorial Pacific sea-surface temperature gradients.
Climate variability in the Spanish Pyrenees during the last 30,000 yr revealed by the El Portalet sequence
Authors: González-Sampériz P. , Valero-Garcés B.L. , Moreno A. , Jalut G. , García-Ruiz J.M. , Martí-Bono C. , Delgado-Huertas A. , Navas A. , Otto T. , Dedoubat J.J.
Published: March 2006

Palynological, sedimentological and stable isotopic analyses of carbonates and organic matter performed on the El Portalet sequence (1802 m a.s.l., 42°48′00ʺN, 0°23′52ʺW) reflect the paleoclimatic evolution and vegetation history in the central-western Spanish Pyrenees over the last 30,000 yr, and provide a high-resolution record for the late glacial period. Our results confirm previous observations that deglaciation occurred earlier in the Pyrenees than in northern European and Alpine sites and point to a glacial readvance from 22,500 to 18,000 cal yr BP, coinciding with the global last glacial maximum. The patterns shown by the new, high-resolution pollen data from this continental sequence, chronologically constrained by 13 AMS 14C dates, seem to correlate with the rapid climate changes recorded in Greenland ice cores during the last glacial–interglacial transition. Abrupt events observed in northern latitudes (Heinrich events 3 to 1, Oldest and Older Dryas stades, Intra-Allerød Cold Period, and 8200 cal yr BP event) were also identified for the first time in a lacustrine sequence from the central-western Pyrenees as cold and arid periods. The coherent response of the vegetation and the lake system to abrupt climate changes implies an efficient translation of climate variability from the North Atlantic to mid latitudes.
Can Large-Scale Self-Referral Psycho-Educational Stress Workshops Help Improve the Psychological Health of the Population?
Authors: Brown June S.L. , Elliott Sandra A. , Butler Clare
Published: March 2006

Improving the long-term psychological health of the population is an ambitious but consistent goal in the National Service Framework for Mental Health (MHNSF). Large-scale self-referral psycho-educational Stress workshops, run in one geographical area for members of the general public, had been shown to be effective and to reach those who had not consulted their GPs about their stress problems. A key aim of this study was to explore whether this workshop format, which may help achieve the MHNSF goal, can be generalizable to other areas of differing deprivation. We compared outcome and levels of take-up of Stress workshops run in three geographical areas, differing in degrees of deprivation, as well as characteristics of self-referrers, including baseline scores, sociodemographic details and treatment-seeking patterns. In all three areas, experimental group participants showed less anxiety, stress and distress at 3-month follow-up compared to waiting list control group participants, with no geographical differences in effectiveness. No differences in initial stress and anxiety scores were found. GP consultation rates varied between 50–72%, with the highest consultation rates in the most deprived area. Surprisingly, enquiries about workshops correlated negatively with area deprivation indices. Some sociodemographic differences were found. A certain amount of self-selection for these workshops seems to have occurred; this may be a function of help-seeking for psychological help in deprived areas being different to that in less deprived areas. Nevertheless, large-scale Stress workshops have been found to be equally effective for those who self-referred in areas differing in deprivation, reaching people with stress problems who may not have consulted their GPs. While they did not reach all groups of people, they may have the potential to help improve the psychological health of the population.
Self-Directed Triple P (Positive Parenting Program) for Mothers with Children at-Risk of Developing Conduct Problems
Authors: Markie-Dadds Carol , Sanders Matthew R.
Published: March 2006

A self-directed variant of the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) was evaluated using 63 preschool-age children at-risk of developing conduct problems. Families were randomly assigned to either Self-directed Triple P (SD), a self-administered behavioural family intervention program, or a waitlist group (WL). The 10-unit SD program teaches parents 17 parenting skills to increase pro-social child behaviours and decrease problem behaviours in home and community settings. Using mothers' reports of child behaviour and parenting practices, mothers in the SD group reported significantly less child behaviour problems, less use of dysfunctional discipline strategies, and greater parenting competence than mothers in the WL group. On measures of parental adjustment, there was no significant difference in conditions at post-intervention based on mothers' reports of depression, anxiety, stress and conflict with partners over parenting issues. Mothers' reports at 6-month follow-up indicated that gains in child behaviour and parenting practices achieved at post-intervention were maintained.
Beasts, banknotes and the colour of money in colonial South Africa
Authors: Comaroff Jean , Comaroff John L.
Published: March 2006

This essay explores the role of commensuration – the mechanisms that render equitable and negotiable different orders of value – in the production of society and history. While equilibration, standardization and conversion are implicated in most theories of money and commodification, their nature as social processes has not been adequately specified, above all in the construction of universalizing ideologies and modernist political and economic regimes. We pursue these processes in relation to one African theatre, examining the ways in which different regimes of value, brought up against one another in the encounter between the southern Tswana peoples and European colonizers, became the subject of both conflict and complex mediation. Cows, coin and contracts – which had the capacity to construct and negate difference – soon were invested here with magical qualities. But colonized peoples were also sensitive to the capacity of such currencies to enable or impede convertibility and the forms of abstraction and incorporation they permit. Which is why, in South Africa and elsewhere, those currencies often became metonymic of the contestations of value on which colonial struggles, tout court, were played out.
Effect of topography and mixing parameterization upon the circulation in cold water domes
Authors: Davies Alan M. , Xing Jiuxing
Published: March 2006

The influence of bottom topography and the parameterization of subgrid‐scale mixing upon the steady state circulation in a cold water bottom dome was examined using a three‐dimensional prognostic model in cross‐sectional form. Initially, the circulation due to a specified bottom dome and surface frontal system associated with observed domes are considered in isolation. Calculations revealed a cyclonic (anticlockwise) circulation in the surface layer, with an anticyclonic (clockwise) circulation in the near‐bed layer, associated with an isolated bottom dome. In the case of the surface frontal system, calculations showed surface and near‐bed circulations in the opposite directions to those found for a bottom dome. For the surface frontal case, the maximum current occurs at the sea surface, with a weak current at the bed. Calculations showed that topography had little effect. In subsequent calculations, surface front and bottom dome in combination were examined. In this case their form was not specified but was generated by solar heating, and calculations showed that topography had an important role. The opposing nature of the circulations associated with the surface front and bottom dome leads to a dominant near‐surface cyclonic current circulation at the edge of the dome, with weaker secondary circulations beyond this. Cross‐frontal circulation cells were generated in the vertical. The strength and exact form of these circulations depended upon the topography and parameterization of mixing.
Role of microbial iron reduction in the dissolution of iron hydroxysulfate minerals
Authors: Jones Elizabeth J. P. , Nadeau Tracie‐Lynn , Voytek Mary A. , Landa Edward R.
Published: March 2006

Iron‐hydroxysulfate minerals can be important hosts for metals such as lead, mercury, copper, zinc, silver, chromium, arsenic, and selenium and for radionuclides such as 226Ra. These mineral‐bound contaminants are considered immobilized under oxic conditions. However, when anoxic conditions develop, the activities of sulfate‐ or iron‐reducing bacteria could result in mineral dissolution, releasing these bound contaminants. Reduction of structural sulfate in the iron‐hydroxysulfate mineral jarosite by sulfate‐reducing bacteria has previously been demonstrated. The primary objective of this work was to evaluate the potential for anaerobic dissolution of the iron‐hydroxysulfate minerals jarosite and schwertmannite at neutral pH by iron‐reducing bacteria. Mineral dissolution was tested using a long‐term cultivar, Geobacter metallireducens strain GS‐15, and a fresh isolate Geobacter sp. strain ENN1, previously undescribed. ENN1 was isolated from the discharge site of Shadle Mine, in the southern anthracite coalfield of Pennsylvania, where schwertmannite was the predominant iron‐hydroxysulfate mineral. When jarosite from Elizabeth Mine (Vermont) was provided as the sole terminal electron acceptor, resting cells of both G. metallireducens and ENN1 were able to reduce structural Fe(III), releasing Fe+2, SO4−2, and K+ ions. A lithified jarosite sample from Utah was more resistant to microbial attack, but slow release of Fe+2 was observed. Neither bacterium released Fe+2 from poorly crystalline synthetic schwertmannite. Our results indicate that exposure of jarosite to iron‐reducing conditions at neutral pH is likely to promote the mobility of hazardous constituents and should therefore be considered in evaluating waste disposal and/or reclamation options involving jarosite‐bearing materials.
Doppler-shift spectra of Hα lines from negative-ion-based neutral beams for large helical device neutral beam injection
Authors: Oka Y. , Ikeda K. , Takeiri Y. , Tsumori K. , Kaneko O. , Nagaoka K. , Osakabe M. , Asano E. , Kondo T. , Sato M. , Shibuya M. , Grisham L. , Umeda N. , Honda A. , Ikeda Y. , Yamamoto T.
Published: March 2006

The velocity spectra of the negative-ion-(H−) based neutral beams are studied in high-performance large-area ion sources during injection into large helical device fusion plasmas. We are conducting systematic observations in standard neutral beam injection to correlate beam spectra with source operating conditions. Almost all of the transmitted beam power was at full acceleration energy (∼170keV). The small stripping beam component which was produced in the extraction gap was evaluated to be about 9%–22% by amplitude of the measured spectra for the sources in beam lines 1 and 2. H− production uniformity from the spectrum profile was 86%–90% for three sources. For the longest pulse injection during 74 and 128 s, a full energy component tended to decrease with time, while the accelerator gap stripping tail tended to increase slightly with time, which is attributed to beam-induced outgassing in the accelerator. A higher conductance multislot ground grid accelerator appeared to show little growth in the accelerator gap beam stripping during long pulses compared to the conventional multiaperture ground grid. The beam uniformity appeared to vary in part with the Cs uniformity on the plasma grid.
Effective Hamiltonians for atoms in very strong magnetic fields
Authors: Brummelhuis Raymond , Duclos Pierre
Published: March 2006

We propose three effective Hamiltonians which approximate atoms in very strong homogeneous magnetic fields B modelled by the Pauli Hamiltonian, with fixed total angular momentum with respect to magnetic field axis. All three Hamiltonians describe N electrons and a fixed nucleus where the Coulomb interaction has been replaced by B-dependent one-dimensional effective (vector valued) potentials but without magnetic field. Two of them are solvable in at least the one electron case. We briefly sketch how these Hamiltonians can be used to analyze the bottom of the spectrum of such atoms.
Double-resonance probe for near-field scanning optical microscopy
Authors: Cherkun A. P. , Serebryakov D. V. , Sekatskii S. K. , Morozov I. V. , Letokhov V. S.
Published: March 2006

A surface-contact transducer is developed for scanning probe microscopes, whose operating principle is based on the coincidence between the resonance frequency of a 32kHz quartz tuning fork and that of the probe attached to it. This allows the transducer to have a high quality factor and, if the vibration amplitude of the probe tip exceeds that of the tuning fork prongs, materially improves its force sensitivity. The resonance transducer proposed by us has an experimentally verified force sensitivity of 8pN (rms) in the 300Hz frequency band, which is of the same order of magnitude as the sensitivity of atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever sensors. The manufacture of such transducers equipped with optical-fiber probes for near-field scanning optical microscopy and with tungsten probes for AFM is described as an example.
Tritium locked in silica using 248nm KrF laser irradiation
Authors: Liu Baojun , Chen Kevin P. , Kherani Nazir P. , Zukotynski Stefan , Antoniazzi Armando B.
Published: March 2006

In this Letter we report on selectively occluding tritium in a silica film on a silicon substrate using a combination of high-pressure tritium loading and 248nm KrF laser irradiation. Sixty percent of tritium dissolved in the silica film was bonded by laser irradiation. The concentration of the bonded tritium was proportional to the total laser fluence. Tritium effusion experiments indicated that the laser-locked tritium existed stably in the glass matrix up to 400°C. In this work we point a way to a safe and simple approach for the integration of on-chip radioisotope micropower sources for micromechanical and microelectronic applications.
Influence of Co addition on the magnetocaloric effect of FeCoSiAlGaPCB amorphous alloys
Authors: Franco V. , Borrego J. M. , Conde A. , Roth S.
Published: March 2006

The FeCoSiAlGaPCB alloys can be prepared as bulk amorphous materials, with outstanding mechanical properties and increased electrical resistivity. These features can be beneficial for their application as a magnetic refrigerant. The influence of Co addition on the magnetic entropy change of the alloy has been studied. This compositional modification displaces the temperature of the peak entropy change closer to room temperature, but reduces the refrigerant capacity of the material. For the Co-free alloy, the peak entropy change is increased with respect to a Finemet alloy containing Mo, but its refrigerant capacity is not enhanced.
Thermoelectric effect in very thin film Pt∕Au thermocouples
Authors: Salvadori M. C. , Vaz A. R. , Teixeira F. S. , Cattani M. , Brown I. G.
Published: March 2006

The thickness dependence of the thermoelectric power of Pt films of variable thicknesses on a reference Au film has been determined for the case when the Pt film thickness, t, is not large compared to the charge-carrier mean free path. Pt film thicknesses down to 2.2nm were investigated. We find that ΔSF=SB−SF (where SB and SF are the thermopowers of the Pt bulk and film, respectively) does not vary linearly as 1∕t is the case for thin film thermocouples when the film thickness is large compared to the charge-carrier mean free path.
Temperature measurement in a high pressure dielectric barrier discharge using pressure induced line broadening and frequency shift
Authors: Leiweke Robert J. , Ganguly Biswa N.
Published: March 2006

We have demonstrated two gas temperature measurement methods which are applicable to high pressure discharges where the pressure induced line broadening and frequency shift dominate over thermal broadening of atomic transitions. We have used diode-laser absorption spectroscopic measurements of argon 1s3→2p2 transition Doppler linewidth, Lorentzian broadening, and frequency shift to measure gas temperature in a dielectric barrier discharge operating from 5 up to 500Torr with temperature rise less than 100K.
A Prototype Method to Map the Potential Visual-Amenity Benefits of New Farm Woodlands
Authors: van der Horst Dan
Published: March 2006

In many developed countries forest cover is growing and forestry policy is increasingly focused on the provision of nonmarket benefits such as recreation, biodiversity, and visual amenity. The amount of benefit provided by new woodland is not only dependent on the (site level) design of the woodland, but also on its location in the wider landscape. This poses a challenge for policymakers, who, in order to allocate limited resources efficiently, have to target areas in which the efforts or costs of planting are relatively low and the benefits of planting are relatively high. The adoption by policymakers of such methods of spatial targeting has been hampered by a lack of established methods with which to map the various nonmarket benefits in a policy-relevant way. In this paper I develop a new GIS (geographic information system)-based method to map the potential visual-amenity benefits of new small-scale woodlands, on the basis of criteria of visibility, size, and location of the viewing population, and public preference for wooded landscapes. A case study in Scotland, relating to an existing publicly funded afforestation scheme, is used to demonstrate how this map can serve as an important criterion for the selective allocation of planting subsidies, thus helping to provide a better (visual-amenity) value for (taxpayers') money.
Assessing the Use of Metaphors in the Design Process
Authors: Casakin Hernan P
Published: March 2006

Metaphors enable the understanding of a concept in terms of another concept which is generally not associated with it. In problem-solving tasks, reasoning by metaphors has a significant influence in the development of innovative ideas. In the design domain metaphors help to structure thinking, and represent situations from a new viewpoint. Despite the frequent use of metaphors in design practice, no empirical work has studied in depth the role played by metaphors during the whole design process. In this research the aid and complexity of the use of metaphors are explored in the different phases of the design process. These phases deal with the definition of design concepts and framing of design situations, the generation of goals and constraints, and the mapping and application of structural relationships to the design problem.
Irrigation, Gender, and Social Geographies of the Changing Waterscapes of Southeastern Anatolia
Authors: Harris Leila M
Published: March 2006

Most theorists understand gender geographies as highly differentiated and shifting, in terms of both time and space. If gender is historically and geographically contingent then the analysis of gender should be attentive to the particular conditions that materialize the very idea of gender, giving it the appearance of being fixed and natural. The physical landscape, or waterscape in the case of southeastern Turkey, is potentially central to the ways that gender is invoked and lived in particular settings, with important effects. Using case-study work on irrigation-related changes in southeastern Turkey, I consider gender in relation to livelihoods and work practices, landholdings, and ethnicity revealing that, in addition to conditioning differential outcomes for residents of the plain, these categories of social difference are themselves fundamentally renegotiated and recast in relation to waterscape change. I argue that explicit consideration of environmental conditions and practices is central to understanding the operation of gender in certain contexts, as well as to understanding the lived experiences of women and men, providing insights for gender theory and politics.