bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
After Da Gama: Europe and Asia since 1498
Authors: SCAMMELL G. V.
Published: September 2019

The years 1997–1998 witnessed Britain's return of Hong Kong to
China; the fiftieth anniversary of the independence of India and Pakistan;
and the much less publicized 500th anniversary of the arrival of
the Portuguese in Asia. So were marked the beginnings and end of European
empire in the East, and so, too, a new global distribution of power was
recognized. The appearance on 20 May 1498 of a Portuguese fleet commanded
by Vasco da Gama at Calicut (Kerala, S. India), combined with the
penetration of the Caribbean six years earlier by a Spanish flotilla
under Christopher Columbus were, it has
often and eloquently been urged, the prelude to a fearful saga. In next
to no time Europe was enriched, non-European populations and ecologies
destroyed, indigenous states and economies overthrown, a peculiarly
European violence introduced into lands previously innocent of such ways,
and the yoke of European colonial rule and hegemony eventually imposed. In
short, as India's Independence Day Pledge (1930) pithily put it,
subjection to empire meant economic, political, cultural and spiritual ruin.
Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India
Authors: KLEIN IRA
Published: September 2019

British rule in India probably was in the reformist van of colonial

regimes, but by Independence relatively few among the Indian populace

had benefited notably from Western ‘modernization’. Although

praised lavishly by a past generation of English historians for equipping

India for ‘rapid progress’ under ‘the rule of law’,

British policies hardly represented exemplary social engineering or

‘transformed’ the prosperity, health, well being, education or

career opportunities of most Indians. Early in its sway the British raj

conceived of implanting on the subcontinent modes of development responsible

for England's rapid progress and prosperity and the advance of its peoples. Why, then, was the success not greater of Western programs, and why did policies of economic development leave at mid-twentieth century a majority of Indians living below poverty levels drawn close to subsistence? Was Western ‘reformism’ materially exploitative, or promising but checked by the

regime's major political disturbance, the ‘Mutiny’ or Revolt of

1857, or were British policies culturally suppressive, or is more complex

analysis needed to comprehend the Western impact?
Qing Connections to the Early Modern World: Ethnography and Cartography in Eighteenth-Century China
Authors: HOSTETLER LAURA
Published: September 2019

‘Consulting literary sources is not as satisfactory as observation . . . If one wants to control the barbarian frontier area, one must judge the profitability of the land, and investigate the nature of its people.’

—Qian Shu

‘If one does not differentiate between their varieties, or know their customs, then one has not what it takes to appreciate their circumstances, and to govern them.’

—‘Miaoliao tushuo’
Iconographies of Anglo-Indian Women: Gender Constructs and Contrasts in a Changing Society
Authors: CAPLAN LIONEL
Published: September 2019

Of late, increasing attention has focused on (mainly male) constructions of

women in colonial India. On the one side, it has been noted how European

women were frequently held responsible and disparaged for upsetting the

comparatively relaxed relationships existing between British (especially

males) and Indians (especially females) up to the late eighteenth

century. Seen as the staunchest upholders (if not the keenest advocates) of

racial distinctions which evolved in the course of the nineteenth century,

European women were vilified for elaborating (if not actually creating)

social and cultural hierarchies which led to a widening of the distance

between colonizer and colonized. At the same time, they were stereotyped as

frivolous, vain, snobbish and selfish (Barr 1976: 197; 1989: 1; Brownfoot

1984: 186). Indeed, Gartrell suggests that ‘few women have been described

so negatively as the British memsahibs’ (1984: 165). In drawing attention

to these portrayals, a number of writers have recently pointed out, in

mitigation, that the memsahibs were simply reproducing official British

attitudes, were themselves proud symbols of British power, and subjects

of a strict patriarchal culture within European circles (see Barr 1989: 5;

Bharucha 1994: 88–9).
‘Unter dem Feigenbaum’. Die Rolle des Lesers im Dialog zwischen Jesus und Natanael (Joh 1.45–50)
Authors: NICKLAS TOBIAS
Published: September 2019

Der Textabschnitt Joh 1.45–50 stellt den Leser vor eine ganze Reihe von ‘Rätseln’, die er als Anspielungen auf Texte der Schrift verstehen und somit lösen kann. Der Leser beginnt somit den Text ‘auf mehreren Ebenen’ gleichzeitig zu lesen, wird hineingezogen in die Sprachwelt des Johannesevangeliums, in der Aussagen häufig mehr als eine Bedeutung haben können. Häufig versteht er mehr als die Akteure des Textes. Dieses Verhältnis dreht sich nun bei der Gestalt des Natanael um: die rätselhafte Aussage Jesu, er habe Natanael ‘unter dem Feigenbaum’ gesehen, bevor Philippus ihn gerufen habe, läßt sich nun nicht eindeutig als Anspielung auflösen. Der durch die bisherigen Entdeckungen sensibilisierte Leser tappt in die Falle des unlösbaren Rätsels: der innertextliche Charakter Natanael weiß gemeinsam mit Jesus etwas, was der Leser nicht zur letzten Zufriedenheit aufklären kann. Damit bleibt die innertextliche Gestalt Natanael dem Leser zumindest in einem Punkt überlegen – zusätzlich vielleicht eine Erklärung für die reiche Wirkungsgeschichte des Natanaelfigur.
Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der neutestamentlichen Wissenschaft: Methodologische Aspekte und theologische Perspektiven
Authors: SCHRÖTER JENS
Published: September 2019

Angesichts des gegenwärtigen Standes der Methodendiskussion in der neutestamentlichen Wissenschaft erscheint es angebracht, die Grundlagen des Faches zu überdenken. In dem folgenden Beitrag wird dies in einem Dreischritt versucht, der sich mit der neutestamentlichen Exegese als Textwissenschaft, als historischer sowie als theologischer Wissenschaft befaßt. Anhand ausgewählter Beispiele wird argumentiert, daß historisch-kritische Arbeitsschritte und hermeneutische Reflexion nicht zwei aufeinander folgende Wege der Textauslegung, sondern Bestandteile eines Verstehensprozesses sind. Die gängige Aufteilung in synchrone und diachrone Fragestellungen müßte demzufolge dergestalt weitergedacht werden, daß beide innerhalb eines Textverstehensmodells integriert werden. Auf diese Weise wird auch der Beitrag der neutestamentlichen Wissenschaft zur Theologie deutlicher erkennbar.
A Tale of Two Cities: ‘Tarsus or Jerusalem’ Revisited
Authors: DU TOIT ANDRIE B.
Published: September 2019

Van Unnik interpreted the biographical term άνατροϕή in Acts 22.3 as confirmation of the view that Paul spent the major part of his youth in Jerusalem. A linguistic, rhetorical and narratological enquiry shows that this interpretation cannot be sustained. Acts and the undisputed Pauline letters make it more probable that Paul went to Jerusalem in his adolescent years. The Tarsus–Jerusalem dichotomy should be superseded by the recognition that Paul was the meeting and integrating point of a variety of influences.
Paul, Scripture and Ethics. Some Reflections
Authors: TUCKETT CHRISTOPHER M.
Published: September 2019

How far should one take account of the wider context of OT citations used by NT writers in interpreting a NT text? This question is addressed in this article in relation to the first readers of NT texts, and focuses in particular on two texts from 1 Corinthians. General considerations make it rather unlikely that any very broad context would have been ‘heard’ by most readers/hearers in the first century. Detailed study of 1 Cor 5.13 (with its possible allusion to exclusion formulae from Deuteronomy) suggests that no reader is likely to have picked up such an allusion. There is a stronger case for a slightly wider context having been in mind in the case of 1 Cor 1.31; but this may have been because the Corinthians themselves had the text in mind already, and this may in part explain Paul's words in 1 Cor 4.6.
Control of gene expression in viruses and protozoan
parasites by antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: TOULMÉ J.-J. , BOURGET C. , COMPAGNO D. , YURCHENKO L.
Published: September 2019

Chemically-modified oligonucleotides are now routinely used to

prevent gene expression in cell-free media and in cultured
cells. The binding of an antisense sequence to a complementary RNA target

may lead to the selective inhibition of the
encoded information. This may occur at different levels: splicing;
transport of the mature RNA from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm; translation. Antisense oligonucleotides constitute an interesting

tool to shed some light on gene function. They
are also potential new therapeutic agents against pathogenic organisms.
This
review discusses the rules that guide the
design of an antisense oligomer and the choice of a target sequence. Examples

of the potential use of antisense oligonucleotides in the fields of
virology and parasitology, in particular in relation to trypanosomatids,

are described.
The current status of antiparasite chemotherapy
Authors: CROFT S. L.
Published: September 2019

Currently used antiparasitic drugs, including benzimidazoles,
nitroimidazoles, avermectins, polyene ionophores,
hydroxynaphthoquinones and sesquiterpene lactones, were identified through

the empirical route to drug discovery. The
modern rational approach to drug design is focused upon the structure and

function of biochemical and molecular targets.
The requisite pharmacological properties for new anti-parasite drugs
should not be ignored in this process.
Joan Littlewood and Her Peculiar (Hi)story as Others Tell It
Authors: Zarhy-Levo Yael
Published: September 2019

The theatrical map in London during the 1960s consisted of four notable theatrical companies: the English Stage Company, the Royal Shakespeare Company, the National Theatre Company, and the Theatre Workshop. The first three companies, although somewhat transformed, fill major roles in British theatre to the present day. What happened to the fourth company, the Theatre Workshop? This question is all the more intriguing in light of the tribute current historical and critical accounts pay to the founder-director of this company, Joan Littlewood. Theatre critics and historians today view Littlewood as a major representative of radical theatre in the 1960s. Littlewood's position during her era, however, was quite a different story, and the tale of then versus the tale of now is a primer in theatre historiography. I will trace that tale in this essay by juxtaposing the diverse receptions she and her works have received during the past forty years.
Digging for Apples: Reappraising the Influence of Situationist Theory on Theatre Practice in the English Counterculture
Authors: White G. D.
Published: September 2019

This article is a development of a paper submitted to last year's ASTR conference at City University of New York as part of a panel discussion on the legacy of the 1960s. That paper was prepared to the conference brief that submissions should involve some reflexive investigation of research methods and scholarly practices. Reviewing existing material written on the causal links between Situationist theory and theatre practice in the 1960s counterculture in England, I began to question the “fit” between these two areas. A critical narrative concerning the development of a post-Brechtian theatrical style in the work of a generation of English political dramatists — such as Howard Brenton, Trevor Griffiths, and David Edgar — during the late 1960s and early 1970s has come to read Situationism as a dominant shaping force. On closer examination, however, this relationship is neither as clear nor as convincing as this now commonplace critical model would suggest. Additionally, neglected and underreported instances and examples — some of which are explored in this article — seem to tell contrasting, or more complex, stories about the forms and practices of English theatre in the counterculture. Investigation of some of these issues has led me to consider why it is that particular historical orthodoxies develop to account for movements and moments in cultural and performance history. What happens to make a small and, at the time, not widely published or read group of theorists such as the Situationists take on a retrospectively key position in scholarly accounts of cultural history? Thus, this article investigates the transmission of Situationist ideas in English theatre practice to conclude that there may be a broader, more idiosyncratic, history to read against dominant accounts of influence and causation.
State Intervention and Mental Well-being Among the Unemployed
Authors: STRANDH MATTIAS
Published: September 2019

Although the relationship between unemployment and poor mental well-being
has long been an area of interest within behavioural science, the
role of state intervention in the unemployment situation has not been
thoroughly investigated. This article investigates how unemployment benefit
systems and active labour market policy measures affect mental well-being
among the unemployed in Sweden. The study uses a longitudinal
and nationally representative survey of 3,500 unemployed Swedes. Three
different types of active labour market policy measures involving the
unemployed were studied, ‘activation’, ‘vocational training’ and ‘work-place
participation’ measures. Of these only involvement in ‘workplace
participation’ was found to have a clearly positive effect on mental well-being
among those participating. Of the two Swedish unemployment
benefit systems, the more generous income replacement Unemployment
Benefits and the less generous flat rate Cash Unemployment Benefits, only
access to income replacement Unemployment Benefits was found to mediate
the mental well-being impact of unemployment. The positive effect of
access to income replacement Unemployment Benefits was further accentuated
when unemployment was prolonged. Those with access to this
benefit system seemed to suffer no further deterioration of mental well-being,
while the mental well-being of the rest of the unemployed further
deteriorated.
Preventing the Abuse of Vulnerable Adults: Social Policy and Research
Authors: SLATER PHIL
Published: September 2019

While emerging UK policy in relation to adult protection confirms the
theoretical primacy of prevention, the meaning thereof is unevenly elaborated.
In residential and nursing care, prevention is explicitly promoted
via a combination of transparent standards and rigorous regulation. In
the domestic and civil spheres, however, the limits of public law protection
mean that prevention cannot be conceived in terms of such a unitary
model. Drawing on tentative messages from research, this paper explores
a range of policies which, while diverse in their explicit aims, could claim
to pursue an implicitly preventive objective in relation to abuse. These
include community care provision, both generally and with an eye to
national service objectives, together with specific funding for the promotion
of independence, extending into wider self-help and social inclusion
initiatives.
Reassessing Voluntary Action in English Housing Provision post 1900
Authors: GARSIDE PATRICIA L.
Published: September 2019

This article considers the public and voluntary sector relationship in
housing provision from an historical and social science perspective. It
pays particular attention to models based on markets, hierarchies and
networks and presents an overview of voluntary action and state intervention
in English housing since 1900. The article focuses on housing
agencies with charitable status, and on three periods – pre-1914, the
1950s and the 1970s. For the first two periods, the emphasis is on the
William Sutton Trust, England's largest house-building charity. In the
latter period, attention shifts to Shelter, founded in 1967 and the most
successful of the homelessness charities. In these case studies, the role of
the courts, charity commissioners, government legal officers, Ministries
responsible for housing, parliament and local authorities are discussed.
The importance of attempts to politicise charity law and charitable status
throughout the twentieth century is underlined. Central government is
shown to play a significant part in this process, legitimising its preferred
response from local authorities and voluntary agencies. A hierarchical
interpretation of state intervention is tempered, however, by stressing the
significance of unintended consequences attending central government's
successive interventions in housing provision.
The Health Care Miracle in East and Southeast Asia:
Activist State Provision in Hong Kong, Malaysia and
Singapore
Authors: RAMESH M. , HOLLIDAY IAN
Published: September 2019

By any standard, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore are remarkable
health care performers. In this article we document their performance –
which in each case combines excellent outcomes with low cost – and
argue that across all three cases it has a lot to do with the British colonial
legacy. In particular, this legacy has generated a strong state role in
health care provision. On the basis of these three experiences, we hold
that health care reformers should shift their attention from finance,
which continues to be something of an obsession for many contributors
to debate, and look more closely at provision.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY February to April 2001
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: September 2019

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health (formerly Health care)

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Government (formerly Local government)

11 Gender

12 Demography
From lexical to grammatical to social meaning
Authors: CACOULLOS RENA TORRES
Published: September 2019

It is argued that a grammaticization perspective affords
insights on the problem of functional equivalence in variables
“above and beyond phonology.” This is a study of
variation between aspectual expressions involving Spanish
estar ‘be located’ and andar
‘go around’ + gerund. An analysis of Mexican oral
corpora shows both linguistic and social conditioning: Each
auxiliary is favored by certain classes of main verbs, and
andar is favored in popular varieties. Semantic bleaching
along parallel paths results in layering in the domain of
progressive aspect, while retention results in synchronic
distribution patterns congruent with the original meaning of
the source constructions. Thus, once meaningful aspectual
differences become distributional routines. At the same time,
the patterning of verbs denoting outdoor activities with
andar leads to social differences and the association
of this variant with rural and popular varieties.
Comparing bilinguals' quoted performances of self and
others in tellings of the same experience in two languages
Authors: KOVEN MICHÈLE
Published: September 2019

This article lends empirical support to the notion that
quoted speech is “constructed dialogue” by exploring
empirically how narratives of personal experience involve creative
performance of locally imaginable personas, rather than accurate
or faithful representation of actual people and their words.
This work examines quotation in narratives of personal experience
as a site where speakers use language pragmatically to enact
socio-culturally locatable identities. Using a corpus of narratives
in which French–Portuguese bilinguals told the same
narratives of personal experience once in each language, it
demonstrates that speakers do not quote more extensively when
recounting experiences in the language in which those events
“originally” occurred. Ultimately, what differs
most in speakers' quotations in French and Portuguese
tellings of the “same event” are the nonequivalent
kinds and ranges of registers in which narrated characters are
quoted. More specifically, speakers are more likely to quote
themselves as speaking or having spoken in creative, marked
registers in French than in Portuguese. This difference in the
registers put in the mouths of quoted characters, in particular
of quoted selves, may point to ways in which these bilinguals'
multiple identities are instantiated within and across their
two languages. More broadly, this work reveals ways in which
all speakers may use narrative not only to describe the past
but also to perform a variety of cultural selves, reinventing
and reenacting characters as quoted selves and others.
Dana Kovarsky, Judith Duchan, & Madeline Maxwell
(eds.), Constructing (in)competence: Disabling evaluations
in clinical and social interaction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, 1999. Pp. vi, 381. Hb $89.95.
Authors: Wilkinson Ray
Published: September 2019

The 15 articles in this book focus on the evaluation
of competence in clinical, educational, and other contexts in
which people are regularly judged as incompetent. Several focus
on interactions involving adults and children with communication
disorders; others present issues of competence and incompetence
in foreign-language learning, educational assessment, the
discussion of medical diagnoses between medical staff and clients,
and psychotherapy sessions. Although there is no single prevailing
research methodology used throughout, a consistent theme is
that competence and incompetence are socially constructed within
interaction, and that the evaluation of (in)competence is central
to the creation and negotiation of social identity in everyday
life.
Muhammad Hasan Amara, Politics and sociolinguistic
reflexes: Palestinian border villages (Studies in Bilingualism
19). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999. Pp. xix, 261. Hb $87.00.
Authors: Weinberg Jessica P.
Published: September 2019

Amara begins his study of language variation in Palestinian
border villages in Israel and the West Bank with three main
premises: (1) researchers have not paid enough attention to
the sociolinguistics of what he calls “radical political
situations,” of which the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
is an example; (2) the connection between macro-sociolinguistic
issues, such as language planning and language attitudes, and
micro issues, such as variation in use of linguistic structures,
has not been explored enough; and (3) socio-political events
and changes affect (i.e., change) patterns of use of linguistic
structures. On the third point, Amara predicts, “When
a society is divided, we should expect to find a reflected
linguistic division; when two societies share common cultural
or political values, we should expect to find some reflection
of this in their languages.” Amara sets out to investigate
this prediction for three villages on the border between Israel
and the West Bank. Two of the villages, Zalafa and Western
Barta'a, are situated in the area of Israel called the
“Little Triangle,” which designates an area that
Jordan agreed to cede to Israel in the armistice agreement
following the Arab–Israeli War of 1948. The armistice
line drawn between Israel and Jordan in 1949 divided several
Palestinian villages and cities, including Barta'a. The
third village in Amara's study, Eastern Barta'a, is
situated in the West Bank. Western and Eastern Barta'a
were reunited in 1967, when Israel took control of the West
Bank.
A general account of selection: Biology, immunology, and behavior
Authors: Hull David L. , Langman Rodney E. , Glenn Sigrid S.
Published: September 2019

Authors frequently refer to gene-based selection in biological evolution, the reaction of the immune system to antigens, and operant learning as exemplifying selection processes in the same sense of this term. However, as obvious as this claim may seem on the surface, setting out an account of “selection” that is general enough to incorporate all three of these processes without becoming so general as to be vacuous is far from easy. In this target article, we set out such a general account of selection to see how well it accommodates these very different sorts of selection. The three fundamental elements of this account are replication, variation, and environmental interaction. For selection to occur, these three processes must be related in a very specific way. In particular, replication must alternate with environmental interaction so that any changes that occur in replication are passed on differentially because of environmental interaction.

One of the main differences among the three sorts of selection that we investigate concerns the role of organisms. In traditional biological evolution, organisms play a central role with respect to environmental interaction. Although environmental interaction can occur at other levels of the organizational hierarchy, organisms are the primary focus of environmental interaction. In the functioning of the immune system, organisms function as containers. The interactions that result in selection of antibodies during a lifetime are between entities (antibodies and antigens) contained within the organism. Resulting changes in the immune system of one organism are not passed on to later organisms. Nor are changes in operant behavior resulting from behavioral selection passed on to later organisms. But operant behavior is not contained in the organism because most of the interactions that lead to differential replication include parts of the world outside the organism. Changes in the organism's nervous system are the effects of those interactions. The role of genes also varies in these three systems. Biological evolution is gene-based (i.e., genes are the primary replicators). Genes play very different roles in operant behavior and the immune system. However, in all three systems, iteration is central. All three selection processes are also incredibly wasteful and inefficient. They can generate complexity and novelty primarily because they are so wasteful and inefficient.
Economic and psychological experimental methodology: Separating the wheat from the chaff
Authors: Davis Hasker P. , Durham Robert L.
Published: September 2019

Hertwig and Ortmann suggest methodological practices from economics (script enactment, repeated measures, performance based payments, and absence of deception) for psychology. Such prescriptive methodologies may be unrepresentative of real world behaviors because people are not: always behaving with complete information, monetarily rewarded for important activities, repeating tasks to perfection, aware of all contributing variables. These proscriptions, while useful in economics, may obfuscate important psychological phenomena.
Selection: Unexplored and underexplored realms
Authors: Eckerman David A. , Kemp Steven M.
Published: September 2019

A profound problem in viewing operant learning as selection appears to be the identification of replicators. Given the lack of consensus on what constitutes the appropriate unit of analysis for behavior, there may be multiple levels at which the metaphor of selection may be usefully applied. A final difficulty: The elements of selection in the evolution of species are objects. In behavior, they are events.
The role of information and replication in selection processes
Authors: Godfrey-Smith Peter
Published: September 2019

Hull et al. argue that information and replication are both essential ingredients in any selection process. But both information and replication are found in only some selection processes, and should not be included in abstract descriptions of selection intended to help researchers discover and describe selection processes in new domains.
Challenges for everyone: Real people, deception, one-shot games, social learning, and computers
Authors: Henrich Joseph
Published: September 2019

This commentary suggests: (1) experimentalists must expand their subject pools beyond university students; (2) the pollution created by deception would not be a problem if experimentalists fully used non-student subjects; (3) one-shot games remain important and repeated games should not ignore social learning; (4) economists need to take better control of context; and (5) using computers in experiments creates potential problems.
Is the challenge for psychologists to return to behaviourism?
Authors: Hilton Denis J.
Published: September 2019

I suggest that contemporary economics shares many of the characteristics of methodological behaviourism in psychology, with its emphasis on the influence of motivation, learning, and situational incentives on behaviour, and minimal interest in the details of the cognitive processes that transform input (information) into output (behaviour). The emphasis on these characteristics has the same strengths and weaknesses in economics as in behaviourist psychology.
Sharing terms and concepts under the selectionist umbrella: Difficult but worthwhile
Authors: Hineline Philip N.
Published: September 2019

Comparing and sharing selectionist terms and concepts from disparate domains can aid understanding in each domain. But constraints of interpretive language will make this difficult – such as the bipolar constraint of interpretive language when addressed to intrinsically tripolar phenomena. Hull et al. acknowledge that some key terms in their account remain problematic; the term, “information,” probably needs to be replaced.
Varying the scale of financial incentives under real and hypothetical conditions
Authors: Holt Charles A. , Laury Susan K.
Published: September 2019

The use of high hypothetical payoffs has been justified by the realism and relevance of large monetary consequences and by the impracticality of making high cash payments. We argue that subjects may not be able to imagine how they would behave in high payoff situations.
Why use real and hypothetical payoffs?
Authors: Kühberger Anton
Published: September 2019

Decision making can be studied using hypothetical payoffs because it is hypothetical to its very core. However, the core process can be influenced by contextual features. As there is no theory for these contextual features, a “do-it-both-ways” rule amounts to a waste of money. If we had such a theory, doing it both ways would be unnecessary.
Putting semantics back into the semantic representation of living things
Authors: Zaitchik Deborah , Solomon Gregg E. A.
Published: September 2019

The authors' model reduces the literature on conceptual representation to a single node: “encyclopedic knowledge.” The structure of conceptual knowledge is not so trivial. By ignoring the phenomena central to reasoning about living things, the authors base their dismissal of semantic systems on inadequate descriptive ground. A better descriptive account is available in the conceptual development literature. Neuropsychologists could import the insights and tasks from cognitive development to improve their studies.
Activity anorexia: Biological, behavioral, and neural levels of selection
Authors: Pierce W. David
Published: September 2019

Activity anorexia illustrates selection of behavior at the biological, behavioral, and neural levels. Based on evolutionary history, food depletion increases the reinforcement value of physical activity that, in turn, decreases the reinforcement effectiveness of eating – resulting in activity anorexia. Neural opiates participate in the selection of physical activity during periods of food depletion.
Form and function in experimental design
Authors: Roth Alvin E.
Published: September 2019

Standard practices in experimental economics arise for different reasons. The “no deception” rule comes from a cost-benefit tradeoff; other practices have to do with the uses to which economists put experiments. Because experiments are part of scientific conversations that mostly go on within disciplines, differences in standard practices between disciplines are likely to persist.
Deception by researchers is necessary and not necessarily evil
Authors: Weiss David J.
Published: September 2019

Despite claims of pure pragmatism, Hertwig and Ortmann's negative perspective on deception suggests a selfish psychologist willing to sacrifice the reputation of the discipline in order to expedite the research. Although questions that appear to have correct answers may be investigated with complete openness, research that delves into personal secrets often requires deception as a tool to counter self-presentation bias.
Evaluating Korean learners’ English rhythm proficiency with measures of sentence stress
Authors: Lee Ho-Young , Song Jieun
Published: September 2019

Previous research has suggested that the production of speech rhythm in a second language (L2) or foreign language is influenced by the speaker’s first language rhythm. However, it is less clear how the production of L2 rhythm is affected by the learners’ L2 proficiency, largely due to the lack of rhythm metrics that show consistent results between studies. We examined the production of English rhythm by 75 Korean learners with the rhythm metrics proposed in previous studies (pairwise variability indices and interval measures). We also devised new sentence stress measures (i.e., accentuation rate and accentuation error rate) and investigated whether these new measures can quantify rhythmic differences between the learners. The results found no rhythm metric that significantly correlated with proficiency in the expected direction. In contrast, we found a significant correlation between the learners’ proficiency levels and both measures of sentence stress, showing that less-proficient learners placed sentence stress on more words and made more sentence stress errors. This demonstrates that our measures of sentence stress can be used as effective features for assessing Korean learners’ English rhythm proficiency.
Carers of people aged over 50 with
physical impairment, memory loss and
dementia: a comparative study
Authors: SCHOFIELD HILARY , MURPHY BARBARA , HERRMAN HELEN E. , BLOCH SIDNEY , SINGH BRUCE S.
Published: September 2019

While studies investigating factors associated with carer burden
suggest that
intellectual impairment and behavioural disturbance in the care recipient
are
more demanding for the carer than physical impairment, comparative
research findings are equivocal. Family carers of people with a long-term

illness or disability were identified through a survey of 26,000 households
in
Victoria, Australia. Focusing on carers of those aged over 50 years, three

subsamples were selected: 186 carers of relatives with physical impairment

only, 182 carers of those with diagnosed memory loss and 117 carers of
those
with intellectual impairment diagnosed as dementia. Carers of physically

impaired relatives reported better health, greater life satisfaction, and
less
overload, negative affect, family conflict, anger and resentment than carers
of
those with intellectual impairment, whether labelled as dementia or not.

Despite lower impairment levels in the care recipient, carers of those
with
undiagnosed memory loss reported more resentment about their caring role

than carers of those with a diagnosed dementia. The effects on the carer
of
significantly greater impairment in the dementia care recipient group may
be
ameliorated by having a diagnosis, bringing with it the potential for increased

understanding and tolerance. Fortunately, negative feelings predictive
of a
sense of burden are subject to a range of interventions: providing information

to promote understanding; counselling to tackle negative feelings and family

conflict; guidelines to deal with behaviour problems and physical aspects
of
caring; and community services to reduce overload.
Whiteness Studies: Anything Here for Historians of the Working Class?
Authors: Barrett James R.
Published: September 2019

This response takes up four of Eric Arnesen's many objections to whiteness research: (1) the fuzziness of the definitions for “whiteness”; (2) the notion of a process by which European immigrants “became white”; (3) the sloppy research methods; and (4) the political posturing of some authors. Although I consider a range of works, I concentrate mainly on those of David Roediger. A serious analysis of the roots of white working-class racism was long overdue, and Roediger and his colleagues have advanced this study significantly. They have demonstrated the severe social limits and the racist implications of labor republicanism, an organizing principle for so much nineteenth-century labor history. They have placed racial identity at the center of class analysis and focused attention on the racialized character of class experience and consciousness. The notion of socially constructed understandings of race has also stimulated a more interethnic approach in studies of immigrant workers, and helped to bridge the obvious divisions between labor history and African-American, Asian-American, and Latina/o history. The study of whiteness has helped us to “denaturalize” race and look much more closely at the whole idea of white identity. We are due for a critical evaluation of this literature from the perspective of labor history, but it is far too early to discard the concept of “whiteness.” On the contrary, the most important work, in the form of rigorous studies of particular workplaces, unions, and communities, is really just beginning. In the meantime, the work has stimulated some much-needed rethinking.
Charismatic History: Pros and Cons
Authors: Brody David
Published: September 2019

This comment on the whole agrees with Eric Arnesen's critique of the whiteness historical scholarship. It suggests, however, that Arnesen insufficiently credits David R. Roediger's The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991) for its achievement as a kind of charismatic history and insufficiently distinguishes between Roediger's book and the work of his emulators. The latter are the source of the multiple meanings of whiteness that Arnesen rightly criticizes, and likewise for the hardening of Roediger's suggestive notions about “becoming white” into a new dogma of American immigration history. This comment concludes by noting that in his book Roediger neglected the language of whiteness and suggests that by attending to that question he would find a response to Arnesen's pessimism over the usefulness of whiteness as an analytical concept.
The Coal Heavers of Port Sa'id: State-Making and Worker Protest, 1869–1914
Authors: Chalcraft John
Published: September 2019

The coal heavers of Port Sa'id hold a distinctive place in Middle Eastern labor historiography as the first indigenous group of Egyptian workers to go on strike for higher wages (in 1882 and later). Existing accounts understand these protests in a somewhat objectivist and materialist way as the more or less inevitable outcome of the penetration of an otherwise rather passive Middle East by capitalist relations of production. This article revisits the protests of the coal heavers of Port Sa'id in the light of a rare glimpse of two documents authored by the coal heavers themselves. These documents show that coal heavers' protests were arguably linked to state-making, and were not simply the automatic product of capitalist development. The arrival of “guild” elections, intervention on taxation, regulative change, and reforming discourse operated in part to constitute worker grievance in Port Sa'id by providing a language in which to appeal, a “progressive” code against which to measure unjust contractors and employers, and a newly interventionist referee before which to make claims. Grievance formation was defined and constituted not just within economically defined “relations of production,” but also within a broader context of state-making and reform in late nineteenth-century Egypt.
A Coal Miner's Life during the Late Ottoman Empire
Authors: Quataert Donald , Duman Yüksel
Published: September 2019

This is a translation of a truly extraordinary and rare historical document—a transcribed narrative of a coal miner who began to work in the coal fields of the Anatolian Black Sea coast during the late 19th century. To date, no comparable tale of an Ottoman worker's life has come to light. This annotated document offers a rich and vivid look into the life of underground miners of the late Ottoman Empire. It vibrantly illustrates the connections between village and mine, the power of village headmen, and the nature of labor recruitment. And, it details work inside the mines. The account should be of considerable value to labor historians in every field not only for its descriptions but for the comparative perspective which it facilitates.
Defining Whiteness: Race, Class, and Gender Perspectives in North American History
Authors: Carstairs Catherine
Published: September 2019

African-American writers such as W. E. B. Du Bois, James Baldwin, and Ida B. Wells have regarded “whiteness” as a problem for a long time. However, it is only fairly recently that white historians have taken seriously the importance of de-naturalizing “whiteness,” and critically examining its privileges. “Defining Whiteness: Race, Class, and Gender Perspectives in North American History,” was sponsored by the University of Toronto and York History Departments, the Centre for the Study of the United States, and the Centre for Ethnic and Pluralism Studies at the University of Toronto, with the cooperation of International Labor and Working-Class History and the Canadian Committee on Labour History and its journal Labour/Le Travail. Conference organizers invited several leading American scholars of “whiteness” to Toronto, where they, along with a number of Canadian scholars, presented papers on the ways that whiteness has been constructed in North America. The conference contained much to interest labor historians and those interested in class/race/gender analytical frameworks.
Eugene V. Debs and the Politics of Dissent in Modern America
Authors: Gangross Aaron
Published: September 2019

Eugene V. Debs made the first of five runs for the United States presidency on the Socialist Party ticket in 1900, establishing him as the popular face of American socialism for a quarter century. With Debs as its standard-bearer, the party achieved its largest share of the vote in its history in 1912. But the party's success at the presidential level waned afterward, dashing the promise of a permanent socialist electoral presence.
Covington Hall, Labor Struggles in the Deep South and Other Writings. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1999. 262 pp. $34.00 cloth; $14.00 paper.
Authors: Thurston David
Published: September 2019

Covington Hall was a lifelong labor activist and a member of the Industrial Workers of the World. Hall edited labor newspapers and was a contributor to socialist and labor movement publications including the Industrial Worker, the One Big Union Monthly, and the original International Socialist Review. For years, his unpublished manuscript on Southern labor, a work that is both history and memoir, has been a resource for historians of labor in and near Louisiana. Now it is widely available, with an introduction by David Roediger. Hall tells a lively story about key movements in Louisiana labor history from the 1880s to 1914, but he is not always able to capture or explain the broad sweep of events. And the introduction by David Roediger does less than it should, offering little analysis of the unions Hall will describe or of the social settings in which they operated. Oddly, Roediger does not take the opportunity to apply his theories on “the wages of whiteness” to Hall's text; perhaps this is because New Orleans white workers don't seem to be receiving them. Hall himself deals with issues of race and unionism as they arise in particular situations, but not as themes in southern or American labor history.
FACTORS OF THE INNOVATION, ORGANIZATION, ENVIRONMENT, AND INDIVIDUAL THAT PREDICT THE INFLUENCE FIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS HAD ON PUBLIC HEALTH DECISIONS
Authors: Dobbins Maureen , Cockerill Rhonda , Barnsley Jan , Ciliska Donna
Published: September 2019

Objective: To determine the extent to which systematic reviews of public health interventions influenced public health decisions and which factors were associated with influencing these decisions.

Methods: This cross-sectional follow-up survey evaluated the use of five systematic reviews in public health decision making. Independent variables included characteristics of the innovation, organization, environment, and individual. Primary data were collected using a telephone survey and a self-administered organizational demographics questionnaire. Public health decision makers in all 41 public health units in Ontario were invited to participate in the study. Multiple linear regression analyses on the five program decisions were conducted.

Results: The systematic reviews were perceived as having the greatest amount of influence on decisions related to program justification and program planning, and the least influence on program evaluation decisions. The greater the perception that one's organization valued the use of research evidence for decision making and that ongoing training in the critical appraisal of research literature was provided, the greater the perception of the influence the systematic review had on public health decisions.

Conclusions: Organizational characteristics are important predictors of the use of systematic reviews in public health decision making. Future dissemination strategies need to promote the value of using systematic reviews for program decision making as well as promote ongoing training in critical appraisal among intended users in Ontario.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT OF FUNCTIONAL DYSPEPSIA
Authors: García-Altés Anna , Jovell Esther
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the quality of economic analysis studies published in the medical and economical literature assessing the clinical management of functional dyspepsia.

Methods: Bibliographic search in the main biomedical databases, in articles from bibliographic references, health technology assessment reports, and in gray literature. A specific protocol with economic and clinical items was designed for the evaluation.

Results: Overall, 18 of 162 studies met the inclusion criteria for the assessment. The compared treatment options were very diverse. The main methodologic deficiencies were in perspective of analysis, inclusion of indirect costs, and sources of clinical information.

Conclusions: Specific checklists with clinical and economical items may help to better assess the quality of economic analysis in the field of functional dyspepsia. The methodologic rigor in the application of economic analysis techniques, as well as the use of appropriate clinical outcome measures, is essential to guarantee the reproducibility of the studies.
PANELISTS' VIEWS OF 68 NIH CONSENSUS CONFERENCE
Authors: Ferguson John H. , Sherman Charles R.
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To analyze the response patterns and trends of 68 surveys of successive NIH consensus panels' views on the NIH consensus process.

Methods: Each panel's responses were compared to an “average” panel's responses calculated by determining the mean response for each survey question across panels.

Results: The results show a stable pattern of panelists' generally positive views. However, several conferences were judged very positively and some very negatively compared to the norm. Most negatively viewed conferences occurred early in the consensus program's history.

Conclusions: The disparate perceptions are discussed and interpreted as reflecting favorable panels' views of recent changes in the NIH Consensus Development Program.
METHODOLOGISTS AND THEIR METHODS
Authors: Hopewell Sally , Clarke Mike
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To assess the extent to which abstracts of methodological research, initially presented at meetings on systematic reviews, have gone on to be published as full articles.

Methods: Full publication was assessed in three ways: a search was carried out of The Cochrane Library; a search was conducted using MEDLINE; and a questionnaire was sent to the contact author of each abstract.

Results: Approximately half of the abstracts had not been, or were unlikely ever to be, published in full.

Conclusions: The rate of full publication of abstracts related to the methodology of systematic reviews seems similar to that for randomized trials.