bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using a WRF simulation to examine regions where convection impacts the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone
Authors: Heath N. K. , Fuelberg H. E.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The Asian summer monsoon is a prominent feature of the global circulation that is associated with an upper-level anticyclone (ULAC) that stands out vividly in satellite observations of trace gases. The ULAC also is an important region of troposphere-to-stratosphere transport. We ran the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at convective-permitting scales (4 km grid spacing) between 10 and 20 August 2012 to understand the role of convection in rapidly transporting boundary layer air into the ULAC. Such high-resolution modeling of the Asian ULAC previously has not been documented in the literature. Comparison of our WRF simulation with reanalysis and satellite observations showed that WRF simulated the atmosphere sufficiently well to be used to study convective transport into the ULAC. A back-trajectory analysis based on hourly WRF output showed that > 90% of convectively influenced parcels reaching the ULAC came from the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the southern slope (SS) of the Himalayas. A distinct diurnal cycle is seen in the convective trajectories, with a majority of them crossing the boundary layer between 1600 and 2300 local solar time. This finding highlights the role of "everyday" diurnal convection in transporting boundary layer air into the ULAC. WRF output at 15 min intervals was produced for 16 August to examine the convection in greater detail. This high-temporal output revealed that the weakest convection in the study area occurred over the TP. However, because the TP is at 3000–5000 m a.m.s.l., its convection does not have to be as strong to reach the ULAC as in lower altitude regions. In addition, because the TP's elevated heat source is a major cause of the ULAC, we propose that convection over the TP and the neighboring SS is ideally situated geographically to impact the ULAC. The vertical mass flux of water vapor into the ULAC also was calculated. Results show that the TP and SS regions dominate other Asian regions in transporting moisture vertically into the ULAC. Because convection reaching the ULAC is more widespread over the TP than nearby, we propose that the abundant convection partially explains the TP's dominant water vapor fluxes. In addition, greater outgoing longwave radiation reaches the upper levels of the TP due to its elevated terrain. This creates a warmer ambient upper-level environment, allowing parcels with greater saturation mixing ratios to enter the ULAC. Lakes in the Tibetan Plateau are shown to provide favorable conditions for deep convection during the night.
Fog scavenging of organic and inorganic aerosol in the Po Valley
Authors: Gilardoni S. , Massoli P. , Giulianelli L. , Rinaldi M. , Paglione M. , Pollini F. , Lanconelli C. , Poluzzi V. , Carbone S. , Hillamo R. , Russell L. M. , Facchini M. C. , Fuzzi S.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The interaction of aerosol with atmospheric water affects the processing and wet removal of atmospheric particles. Understanding such interaction is mandatory to improve model description of aerosol lifetime and ageing. We analyzed the aerosol-water interaction at high relative humidity during fog events in the Po Valley, in the framework of the ARPA-ER Supersite project. For the first time in this area, the changes in particle chemical composition caused by fog are discussed along with changes in particle microphysics. During the experiment, 14 fog events were observed. The average mass scavenging efficiency was 70% for nitrate, 68% for ammonium, 61% for sulfate, 50% for organics, and 39% for black carbon. After fog formation, the interstitial aerosol was dominated by particles smaller than 200 nm Dva (vacuum aerodynamic diameter) and enriched in carbonaceous aerosol, mainly black carbon and water insoluble organic aerosol (WIOA). For each fog event, the size segregated scavenging efficiency of nitrate and organic aerosol (OA) was calculated by comparing chemical species size distribution before and after fog formation. For both nitrate and OA, the size segregated scavenging efficiency followed a sigmoidal curve, with values close to zero below 100 nm Dva and close to 1 above 700 nm Dva. OA was able to affect scavenging efficiency of nitrate in particles smaller than 300 nm Dva. A linear correlation between nitrate scavenging and particle hygroscopicity (κ) was observed, indicating that 44–51% of the variability of nitrate scavenging in smaller particles (below 300 nm Dva) was explained by changes in particle chemical composition. The size segregated scavenging curves of OA followed those of nitrate, suggesting that organic scavenging was controlled by mixing with water-soluble species. In particular, functional group composition and OA elemental analysis indicated that more oxidized OA was scavenged more efficiently than less oxidized OA. Nevertheless, the small variability of organic functional group composition during the experiment did not allow us to discriminate the effect of different organic functionalities on OA scavenging.
Ice nucleation and its effect on the atmospheric transport of fungal spores from the classes Agaricomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes
Authors: Haga D. I. , Burrows S. M. , Iannone R. , Wheeler M. J. , Mason R. , Chen J. , Polishchuk E. A. , Pöschl U. , Bertram A. K.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Ice nucleation on fungal spores may affect the frequency and properties of ice and mixed-phase clouds. We studied the ice nucleation properties of 12 different species of fungal spores chosen from three classes: Agaricomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes. Agaricomycetes include many types of mushroom species and are cosmopolitan. Ustilaginomycetes are agricultural pathogens and have caused widespread damage to crops. Eurotiomycetes are found on all types of decaying material and include important human allergens. We focused on these classes since they are thought to be abundant in the atmosphere and because there is very little information on the ice nucleation ability of these classes of spores in the literature. All of the fungal spores investigated were found to cause freezing of water droplets at temperatures warmer than homogeneous freezing. The cumulative number of ice nuclei per spore was 0.001 at temperatures between −19 °C and −29 °C, 0.01 between −25.5 °C and −31 °C, and 0.1 between −26 °C and −36 °C. On average, the order of ice nucleating ability for these spores is Ustilaginomycetes > Agaricomycetes ≃ Eurotiomycetes. We show that at temperatures below −20 °C, all of the fungal spores studied here are less efficient ice nuclei compared to Asian mineral dust on a per surface area basis. We used our new freezing results together with data in the literature to compare the freezing temperatures of spores from the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, which together make up 98% of known fungal species found on Earth. The data show that within both phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) there is a wide range of freezing properties, and also that the variation within a phylum is greater than the variation between the average freezing properties of the phyla. Using a global chemistry–climate transport model, we investigated whether ice nucleation on the studied spores, followed by precipitation, can influence the atmospheric transport and global distributions of these spores in the atmosphere. Simulations show that inclusion of ice nucleation scavenging of these fungal spores in mixed-phase clouds can decrease the annual mean concentrations of fungal spores in near-surface air over the oceans and polar regions and decrease annual mean mixing ratios in the upper troposphere.
Technical Note: Particulate reactive oxygen species concentrations and their association with environmental conditions in an urban, subtropical climate
Authors: Khurshid S. S. , Siegel J. A. , Kinney K. A.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Reactions between hydrocarbons and ozone or hydroxyl radicals lead to the formation of oxidized species, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the troposphere. ROS can be carried deep into the lungs by small aerodynamic particles where they can cause oxidative stress and cell damage. While environmental studies have focused on ROS in the gas-phase and rainwater, it is also important to determine concentrations of ROS on respirable particles. Samples of PM2.5 collected over 3 h at midday on 40 days during November 2011 and September 2012 show that the particulate ROS concentration in Austin, Texas ranged from a minimum value of 0.02 nmol H2O2 (m3 air)−1 in December to 3.81 nmol H2O2 (m3 air)−1 in September. Results from correlation tests and linear regression analysis on particulate ROS concentrations and environmental conditions (which included ozone and PM2.5 concentrations, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and solar radiation) indicate that ambient particulate ROS is significantly influenced by the ambient ozone concentration, temperature and incident solar radiation. Particulate ROS concentrations measured in this study were in the range reported by other studies in the US, Taiwan and Singapore. This study is one of the first to assess seasonal variations in particulate ROS concentrations and helps explain the influence of environmental conditions on particulate ROS concentrations.
Signatures of Rossby wave modulations in aerosol optical depth over the central Himalayan region
Authors: Phanikumar D. V. , Niranjan Kumar K. , Shukla K. K. , Joshi H. , Venkat Ratnam M. , Naja M. , Reddy K.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Long-period modulations are shown in aerosol optical depth measured by the Microtops II Sun photometer over a high-altitude site the central Himalayan region (Nainital, 29.4° N, 79.5° E, 1958 m a.m.s.l.) for the first time. Fourier analysis of aerosol optical depth showed dominant 25–45 day oscillations observed in MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer data. Further, a Hovmiller diagram showed westward (northward) propagation at a different longitude (latitude), confirming that the modulations are associated with Rossby waves. It is also shown that the Rossby wave amplitude causes an additional warming of 4.16 ± 0.98 W m−2 over the observational site. Hence, the present study illustrates the importance of wave-induced aerosol dynamics and the corresponding radiative effects.
Accumulation reconstruction and water isotope analysis for 1736–1997 of an ice core from the Ushkovsky volcano, Kamchatka, and their relationships to North Pacific climate records
Authors: Sato T. , Shiraiwa T. , Greve R. , Seddik H. , Edelmann E. , Zwinger T.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. An ice core was retrieved in June 1998 from the Gorshkov crater glacier at the top of the Ushkovsky volcano, in central Kamchatka. This ice core is one of only two recovered from Kamchatka so far, thus filling a gap in the regional instrumental climate network. Hydrogen isotope (δD) analyses and past accumulation reconstructions were conducted for the top 140.7 m of the core, spanning 1736–1997. Two accumulation reconstruction methods were developed and applied with the Salamatin and the Elmer/Ice firn-ice dynamics models, revealing a slightly increasing or nearly stable trend, respectively. Wavelet analysis shows that the ice core records have significant decadal and multi-decadal variabilities at different times. Around 1880 the multi-decadal variability of δD became lost and its average value increased by 6‰. The multi-decadal variability of reconstructed accumulation rates changed at around 1850. Reconstructed accumulation variations agree with ages of moraines in Kamchatka. Ice core signals were significantly correlated with North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) and surface temperature (2 m temperature). δD correlates with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) index after the climate regime shift in 1976/1977, but not before that. Therefore, our findings imply that the ice core record contains various information on the local, regional and large-scale climate variability in the North Pacific region. Understanding all detailed mechanisms behind the time-dependent connections between these climate patterns is challenging and requires further efforts towards multi-proxy analysis and climate modelling.
On the lack of robustness of hydrologic models regarding water balance simulation: a diagnostic approach applied to three models of increasing complexity on 20 mountainous catchments
Authors: Coron L. , Andréassian V. , Perrin C. , Bourqui M. , Hendrickx F.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This paper investigates the robustness of rainfall–runoff models when their parameters are transferred in time. More specifically, we propose an approach to diagnose their ability to simulate water balance on periods with different hydroclimatic characteristics. The testing procedure consists in a series of parameter calibrations over 10 yr periods and the systematic analysis of mean flow volume errors on long records. This procedure was applied to three conceptual models of increasing structural complexity over 20 mountainous catchments in southern France. The results showed that robustness problems are common. Errors on 10 yr mean flow volume were significant for all calibration periods and model structures. Various graphical and numerical tools were used to investigate these errors and unexpectedly strong similarities were found in the temporal evolutions of these volume errors. We indeed showed that relative changes in simulated mean flow between 10 yr periods can remain similar, regardless of the calibration period or the conceptual model used. Surprisingly, using longer records for parameters optimisation or using a semi-distributed 19-parameter daily model instead of a simple 1-parameter annual formula did not provide significant improvements regarding these simulation errors on flow volumes. While the actual causes for these robustness problems can be manifold and are difficult to identify in each case, this work highlights that the transferability of water balance adjustments made during calibration can be poor, with potentially huge impacts in the case of studies in non-stationary conditions.
Sensing of gaseous malodors characteristic of landfills and waste treatment plants
Authors: Fabbri B. , Gherardi S. , Giberti A. , Guidi V. , Malagù C.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. We approached the problem of sensing gaseous pollutants and malodors originating as a result of decomposition of organic compounds via chemoresistive sensors. A set of four screen-printed films based on two types of mixed tin and titanium oxides, mixed tungsten and tin oxides, and zinc oxide has been tested vs. the main gaseous components of malodors. N-butanol was also considered because of its importance as a reference gas in the odorimetric intensity scale. We found that, under proper working conditions, the films can sensitively detect such gases either in dry or in wet environments, within the range of concentrations of interest for their monitoring. We also demonstrated that the array is robust under solicitation by harmful interference gases such as CO, C6H6, NO2 and NO.
Temporal variations of zooplankton biomass in the Ligurian Sea inferred from long time series of ADCP data
Authors: Bozzano R. , Fanelli E. , Pensieri S. , Picco P. , Schiano M. E.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Three years of 300 kHz acoustic doppler current profiler data collected in the central Ligurian Sea are analysed to investigate the variability of the zooplankton biomass and the diel vertical migration in the upper thermocline. After a pre-processing phase aimed at avoiding the slant range attenuation, hourly volume backscattering strength time series are obtained. Despite the lack of concurrent net samples collection, different migration patterns are identified and their temporal variability examined by means of time–frequency analysis. The effect of changes in the environmental condition is also investigated. The highest zooplankton biomasses are observed in April–May just after the peak of surface primary production in March–April. The main migration pattern found here points to a "nocturnal" migration, with zooplankton organisms occurring deeper in the water column during the day and shallower at night. Also, twilight migration is highlighted during this study. The largest migrations are recorded in November–December, corresponding to lowest backscattering strength values and they are likely attributable to larger and more active organisms (i.e. euphausiids and mesopelagic fish). The results suggest further applications of the available historical acoustic doppler current profiler time series.
An automated gas exchange tank for determining gas transfer velocities in natural seawater samples
Authors: Schneider-Zapp K. , Salter M. E. , Upstill-Goddard R. C.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In order to advance understanding of the role of seawater surfactants in the air–sea exchange of climatically active trace gases via suppression of the gas transfer velocity (kw), we constructed a fully automated, closed air-water gas exchange tank and coupled analytical system. The system allows water-side turbulence in the tank to be precisely controlled with an electronically operated baffle. Two coupled gas chromatographs and an integral equilibrator, connected to the tank in a continuous gas-tight system, allow temporal changes in the partial pressures of SF6, CH4 and N2O to be measured simultaneously in the tank water and headspace at multiple turbulence settings, during a typical experimental run of 3.25 h. PC software developed by the authors controls all operations and data acquisition, enabling the optimisation of experimental conditions with high reproducibility. The use of three gases allows three independent estimates of kw for each turbulence setting; these values are subsequently normalised to a constant Schmidt number for direct comparison. The normalised kw estimates show close agreement. Repeated experiments with MilliQ water demonstrate a typical measurement accuracy of 4% for kw. Experiments with natural seawater show that the system clearly resolves the effects on kw of spatial and temporal trends in natural surfactant activity. The system is an effective tool with which to probe the relationships between kw, surfactant activity and biogeochemical indices of primary productivity, and should assist in providing valuable new insights into the air–sea gas exchange process.
Apuntes críticos a la trata de personas como problema contemporáneo
Authors: Nejamkis Lucila , Castiglione Celeste
Published: February 2014

El presente artículo, tiene como objetivo analizar la actuación del Estado argentino hacia el interior y a nivel regional, con respecto a la trata de personas. Este delito es un epifenómeno que atraviesa múltiples variables y condensa un síntoma particular del modelo neoliberal. En este sentido es fundamental destacar que, dentro de nuestra perspectiva epistemológica, los movimientos de personas- desplazamientos forzados, inmigración, emigración, tráfico, trata, refugio, asilo, fuga de cerebros, etc.-no son fenómenos autónomos, con una lógica propia e independiente, sino que, por el contrario, están íntimamente conectadas con procesos históricos, económicos, sociales y políticos que ya no pueden encerrarse en una región, sino que se encuentran conectados a nivel global. En el caso específico de la trata de personas si bien no involucra sólo a la población de origen migrante, es una temática estrechamente vinculada a los flujos migratorios internos e inter­nacionales, y constituye un punto clave que pone en tensión los límites reales de los Estados en el presente que requiere de sujetos vulnerados y vulnerables. La dominación, requisito de la explotación sirve como clasificación en el actual patrón de poder capitalista y de la distribución social del trabajo, así como el cuerpo y más aún, el cuerpo del migrante pobre es sólo un síntoma más de esta distribución de poder. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v9i0.1304 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.9 2013: 33-42
Honduras: un país difícil para envejecer
Authors: Trejo Elvis Geovany
Published: February 2014

El envejecimiento poblacional producto de la transición demográfica es un fenómeno de mucho interés para la humanidad. Los cambios en la estructura poblacional ocasionan profundos cambios en los diferentes aspectos de la vida de las sociedades, de ahí la importancia de considerar el tema en sus distintas dimensiones. El proceso de envejecimiento de las poblaciones se da de una manera constante en las distintas latitudes del mundo, con profundas implicaciones para las sociedades, por lo tanto, se debe tomar el tema como prioridad en la agenda del desarrollo social y en las políticas públicas de cada país. Los países avanzan de acuerdo a sus propias características sociodemográficas, dentro de esta heterogeneidad del envejecimiento, Honduras no es la excepción, deviene conocer ampliamente estos cambios poblacionales y enfrentar con mayor conocimiento los retos que ocasiona este proceso demográfico. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v9i0.1305 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.9 2013: 45-54
Mycobacterium celatum infection: Successful treatment with ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin
Authors: Kulawik Joanna Domagała , Safianowska Aleksandra , Walkiewicz Renata , Jaworska Hanna Grubek
Published: February 2014

Mycobacterium celatum is nontuberculous mycobacterium which is rarely pathogenic in human. We describe the case of M. celatum infection in immunocompetent patient. Caucasian 64-years old female patient was referred to the outpatient service because of pulmonary hemorrhage, cough and fever up to 39oC. She reported previous pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) 3 years ago. At presentation the physical examination was unremarkable.  Chest computed tomographic scan showed multifocal bronchiectases and upper lobes consolidations suggestive. Empiric antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin was undertaken. At the same time the consecutive sputum samples were immediately analyzed. Smears of six from eight sputum specimens were positive for acid-fast bacilli by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Culture from each specimen produced slow-growing mycobacterium, identified as M. celatum by mycolic acid analysis with high performance liquid chromatography. The treatment with clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin was continued for 18 months with clinical improvement. Conclusion- we present the accuracy of microbiological diagnosis of M. celatum in patient with normal immune status, which allowed successful treatment. M. celatum infection was reported in HIV infected patients or with the history of pulmonary TB prior to mycobacterial infection. Also in our patient the TB in anamnesis may indicate “hidden immunodeficiency”.
Imaging systolic and diastolic heart murmurs in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Barison Andrea , Todiere Giancarlo , Masci Pier Giorgio , Aquaro Giovanni D
Published: February 2014

Muscular obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can occur not only in systole, but also in diastole. Here we report a case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a middle-aged lady: echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance confirmed the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with significant systolic and diastolic midventricular obstruction, corresponding to the murmurs audible in mid-systole and early-diastole respectively. Moreover, the mid-systolic murmur was clearly distinguishable from the mitral regurgitation murmur, which was audible throughout systole (pan-systolic) and likely related to systolic anterior motion of the mitral chords; similarly, the early-diastolic heart murmur due to diastolic obstruction was  better audible at the apex and clearly distinguishable from common diastolic murmurs due to aortic regurgitation. Echocardiography (with Doppler recordings) and magnetic resonance (with turbulence flows at steady state free precession imaging) allowed a detailed visualization of each audible murmur (systolic obstruction, mitral regurgitation, diastolic obstruction). In particular, while systolic obstruction has been extensively studied in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, only very few reports about diastolic obstruction exist, describing either a normodirected midventricular diastolic obstruction (forward flow) similar to this case or a paradoxical midventricular diastolic obstruction (backward flow) in patients with an apical aneurysm emptying during early diastole into the left ventricular base through a narrow midventricular channel. Whether diastolic obstruction implies worse prognosis or requires specific treatment, deserves further research.
THE OPERATORS' VIEWPOINT OF FORESTRY
Authors: Smith Kaare
Published: February 2014

Foresters have been accepted in the operating departments of the industry on their practical ability and are in key positions to advance the cause of forestry. Experience has shown that forestry is only accepted as it becomes a necessity. The necessity of forestry is rapidly approaching in Eastern Canada. The problem is to combine the science of forestry with the practical consideration of costs.
MECHANICAL TABULATION OF FOREST DATA
Authors: Hodgins H. J.
Published: February 2014

The use of the Hollerith system, or mechanical tabulation, for recording forest statistics is not a new venture. However, the application of the method for such a purpose is not widespread. There are many important factors related to the use of the system which can only be brought out through actual experience. It is the object of this paper to relate the experiences, process, advantages and other important facts pertinent to the instigation and successful operation, of mechanical tabulation of forest resources by the British Columbia Forest Service.
FOREST POLICY — OWNERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION: LESSONS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES
Authors: Mulholland F. D.
Published: February 2014

Demands on Pacific Coast forests, already being overcut, are likely to increase and reforestation is not satisfactory. The second crop will find a ready market when the virgin timber of North America has finally disappeared; its establishment now is essential for the future prosperity of a non-agricultural region. Study of ownership in the better organized forest countries of Europe indicates that an even division between State and private ownership is best. Administration by decentralization of authority and co-operation between independent organizations is better than legal compulsion by the State. A forest dictator is not wanted in Canada.
LAND CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Stobbe P. C.
Published: February 2014

The Maritime Provinces and parts of Quebec, Ontario and the Eastern States are in the zone of acid and leached soils known as podsols. Soils are influenced by climate, vegetation, geological origin of their parent material, topography, drainage, texture and by the treatments which they have received from man. The principles underlying these influences are explained as the basis of land classification and the more important groups of soils in New Brunswick are discussed.
USE OF RADIO IN FOREST FIRE PROTECTION IN ONTARIO
Authors: McEwen Peter
Published: February 2014

The use of radio in fire protection practice in Ontario commenced in 1927. Development has mainly been in the northern and western districts where telephone line construction was more costly than in the older, settled districts. From 3 sets in 1927, radio equipment has been increased to 148 sets in 1940. These are of different types according to use requirements. Simplicity of operation is essential because the operators are largely untrained, although interest on the part of tower observers and other users is increasing. Two way communication is made possible by the use of a small gasoline motor of commercial type for charging batteries. Installation in towers, methods of repairing and improving equipment, and the organization of "groups" of sets is described.
SOME PROBLEMS OF THE SPRUCE LUMBER INDUSTRY
Authors: Fellows E. S.
Published: February 2014

The spruce lumber industry of Eastern Canada is facing difficult problems; not only those created by war conditions, but also those natural to its particular stage of development. At least three of these problems, namely, wastage, operating costs, and grading, have been brought to the attention of the Forest Products Laboratories with requests for aid in finding solutions. In this article the nature of these problems and the steps taken to solve them are explained in broad outline, and the bearing of these problems on forest policy in general is discussed. The use of sawmill "waste" in the manufacture of chemical pulp, the differentiation of logs on the basis of use-value, and the objectives of lumber grading rules are the main topics treated.
AIR PHOTOGRAPHS AND FOREST SITES: II. APPLICATION OF AERIAL SITE MAPPING METHODS TO AREAS IN SASKTCHEWAN AND QUEBEC
Authors: Losee S. T. B.
Published: February 2014

The methods of mapping forest sites from air photographs described in a previous article have been applied to the Pas Working Circle in Saskatchewan and to two areas in Quebec, one near Notakim depot, and the other the Lake Edward Forest Experimental Area.In mapping the sites of the Pas Working Circle post-glacial geology largely determined the site divisions. Six sites were described and mapped on an area of 900 square miles. Increment data obtained subsequently showed that a correlation existed between diameter growth and the three site divisions represented in it.A short description of methods applicable to the Notakim Depot and Lake Edward areas is given to show the adaption of the general methods to these particular cases which are representative of large areas in Quebec and New Brunswick.
COMMENTS ON "AN ACT RELATING TO THE CONSERVATION OF SMALL TREES"
Authors: Johnson R. S.
Published: February 2014

Nova Scotia's legislation regulating operation of privately owned forests is a progressive step but it has three disadvantages:1. It is discriminating against owners of large holdings. Public regulation should be applied to all properties, with the possible exception of farm woodlots.2. Forest taxation, long inequitable in this Province, is made even more so by this Act. Taxes should be reduced on properties where satisfactory forestry is practised.3. Although selection cutting is highly desirable, cutting softwoods 10 inches and up will be followed by extensive windfall in most stands.The writer is in favor of state regulation, provided regulations are equitable and economical.
REGULATING THE MANAGEMENT OF PRIVATELY OWNED WOODLAND
Authors: Marritt I. C.
Published: February 2014

We may expect public opinion to be more pronounced against the wasteful cutting in, and the destructions of, privately owned woodland that may be seen in all the Provinces. There is general agreement that there, should be a law against it. Some have very definite ideas what should be done but the majority are still very hazy as to the remedy. Various regulations are advocated which, on examination, are not practical and, if passed, would not have the desired effect. Foresters, in the various sections of the society, should give consideration to the desirability of regulations and endorse those which are economically sound and would have the desired result.
Predicting maximum branch diameter from crown dimensions, stand characteristics and tree species
Authors: Groot Arthur , Schneider Robert
Published: February 2014

Forest resource inventories must include wood quality information to support the optimum use of wood fibre. The objective of this study was to develop models relating maximum live branch diameter (MBD), which affects lumber value, to tree and stand characteristics that can be measured through current and emerging remote sensing technologies. Using non-linear mixed effects models for six Canadian conifer species, as well as for three broad-leaved species, MBD was related to crown radius, tree height, crown length, stand basal area, and basal area of trees larger than the subject tree. Models that included only individual tree characteristics (crown radius, tree height, and crown length) did not perform as well as models that additionally included stand characteristics (stand basal area and basal area of larger trees). Models that took into account tree species performed better than models that did not; in particular, broadleaved species had much thicker branches than conifers. The best model did not show bias with respect to independent variables and had root mean square error of 0.32 cm. For the best model, prediction error was not related to silvicultural treatment. These model characteristics strongly support the potential to successfully predict MBD from remotely sensed data.
Notes historiques sur la formation d'ingénieurs forestiers à l'université Laval de 1910 à 2009
Authors: Godbout Claude , Beauregard Robert
Published: February 2014

This paper presents an historical chronology of the evolution of forestry education at the Université Laval on the occasion of its one hundredth anniversary. The emphasis is on the evolution of the education and training of registered professional foresters and forest engineers, who are all referred to in Québec as “ingénieurs forestiers”. This paper does not pretend to present a complete historical view over the century. Those interested in such a historical record will read with interest the book by Cyrille Gélinas entitled L'enseignement et la recherche en foresterie à l'Université Laval, de 1910 à nos jours.
Agroforesterie en développement : parcours comparés du Québec et de la France
Authors: Tartera Cécile , Rivest David , Olivier Alain , Liagre Fabien , Cogliastro Alain
Published: February 2014

This analysis draws a parallel between France and Quebec agroforestry in terms of five fundamental issues: recognition, interdisciplinarity and collective approach; knowledge acquisition and transfer; status, regulations and funding; awareness and engagement; and technical support and field implementation. For Quebec, the basic information is taken from an agroforestry forum held by the Centre de référence en agriculture et agroalimentaire du Québec in March 2010. Wind-breaks and tree riparian buffers are becoming increasingly common, mainly for environmental reasons, while silvoarable systems remain less common. In France political recognition has been achieved and a number of regulatory restrictions have been lifted; however, in Quebec the status of trees outside forests remains unclear, regulations are restrictive and programs are ill suited. Agroforestry systems perform many ecosystem services, but work remains to be done to quantify them and determine their potential in terms of agricultural and timber production.
A tool for converting forest ecosystem classifications for permanent or temporary growth plots into the new provincial Ecological Land Classification (ELC) system in the boreal regions of Ontario
Authors: Pokharel Bharat , Dech Jeffery P. , Uhlig Peter
Published: February 2014

Forest Ecosystem Classification (FEC) systems were originally developed and used in the Province of Ontario at regional levels with the objective of classifying forest ecosystems to support silvicultural decision-making in an operational setting. A new provincial Ecological Land Classification (ELC) system has been developed, which integrates the regional systems into a single consistent framework. To make continued use of data and knowledge gained from long-term forest monitoring plots classified under the old FEC system, such as Permanent Growth Plots (PGPs), Permanent Sample Plots (PSPs) and Temporary Sample Plots (TSPs), an ecosite conversion from the existing FEC data to the new ELC system was deemed necessary. We developed a conversion matrix to convert FEC ecosite classifications from the northeast and north-west to the provincial ELC system for the boreal forest region of Ontario. The conversion system is intended to apply at the scale of individual plots, with a special focus on PGP, PSP and TSP networks, and has been limited to forested ecosystems, as FEC systems were originally developed for the forest land base only. The conversion is primarily driven by canopy cover composition derived from plot-based individual tree data, with additional information required on substrate characteristics (e.g., substrate type, depth of mineral material, effective soil texture and moisture regime). It is possible to derive some of the soil variables from the broadly defined soil-type (S-type) categories of the original FEC systems; however, this approach requires making some assumptions that could reduce the accuracy of conversion. We anticipate that this conversion matrix will bridge the gap until active plot networks are re-typed in the field into the ELC system, provide a link to historical TSPs, and would be of general interest to a variety of new ELC users.
Sustainable landscape management in the Vilhelmina Model Forest, Sweden
Authors: Svensson Johan , Sandström Per , Sandström Camilla , Jougda Leif , Baer Karin
Published: February 2014

The aim of this paper is to outline current foundations for sustainable landscape management in the Vilhelmina Model Forest, northwest Sweden. A case study revealed that the remaining patches of undisturbed or less disturbed boreal forest ecosystems comprise multiple values and, thus, constitute the basis for landscape planning. By identifying these patches, it is also possible to construct a spatial planning infrastructure for implementing sustainable management and land use. A more comprehensive toolbox needs to be developed, however, including monitoring and inventory schemes for relevant biophysical and socio-economic data, better temporal resolution for cause and effect analyses, and functioning scale-flexible planning and governance instruments.
Aspen and white spruce productivity is reduced by organic matter removal and soil compaction
Authors: Kabzems Richard
Published: February 2014

Declines in forest productivity have been linked to losses of organic matter and soil porosity. To assess how removal of organic matter and soil compaction affect short-term ecosystem dynamics, pre-treatment and year 1, 5 and 10 post-treatment soil properties and post-treatment plant community responses were examined in a boreal trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.)-dominated ecosystem in northeastern British Columbia. The experiment used a completely randomized design with three levels of organic matter removal (tree stems only; stems and slash; stems, slash and forest floor) and three levels of soil compaction (none, intermediate [2-cm impression], heavy [5-cm impression]). Removal of the forest floor initially stimulated aspen regeneration and significantly reduced height growth of aspen (198 cm compared to 472–480 cm) as well as white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) height (82 cm compared to 154–156 cm). The compaction treatments had no effect on aspen regeneration density. At Year 10, heights of both aspen and white spruce were negatively correlated with upper mineral soil bulk density and were lowest on forest floor + whole tree removal treatments. Recovery of soil properties was occurring in the 0 cm to 2 cm layer of mineral soil. Bulk density values for the 0 cm to 10 cm depth remained above 86% of the maximum bulk density for the site, a soil condition where reduced tree growth can be expected.
Uncertainty in photo-interpreted forest inventory variables and effects on estimates of error in Canada’s National Forest Inventory
Authors: Magnussen Steen , Russo Glenda
Published: February 2014

Canada’s National Forest Inventory (NFI) relies on photo-interpreted forest resource data provided by provincial and territorial agencies. NFI data are collected at regular intervals in time from a nominal 20 × 20 km network of 2 × 2 km photoplots. Attribute-specific NFI estimates of precision include contributions from sampling errors and uncertainty in the source data. We assessed this uncertainty in NFI photo-interpreted forest attribute data from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Attributes examined were: cover type, age, maturity (class), crown closure, height, volume, and area associated with an attribute. Monte-Carlo simulations, with measurement errors superimposed on NFI data assumed to be error-free, showed that estimates of precision were inflated by an average of 7% (range 0%–36%) due to the uncertainty in the source data. Species misclassification and age determination were the largest sources of uncertainty.
Seeing the trees: Farmer perceptions of indigenous forest trees within the cultivated cocoa landscape
Authors: Atkins Jane E. , Eastin Ivan
Published: February 2014

Throughout Ghana’s high forest zone, cocoa farmers clear secondary or primary forest to establish new farms, capturing the capacity of nutrient-rich forest soils to increase cocoa yields. However, many cocoa farmers preserve remnant forest trees on existing farms as an integral and necessary component of the production landscape, making decisions about tree removal and tree retention based on a unique set of selection criteria. How they perceive trees plays a crucial role in daily management decisions made at the micro level, which in turn influence landscape patterns on the macro level. The central question of this research relates to how Ghanaian farmers perceive forest trees within the cultivated cocoa landscape. The research data were collected using an exploratory case study approach that combined ethnographic and survey techniques, and draws on 34 farmer interviews, 34 farm surveys, and interviews with key informants representing diverse stakeholder interests in the Domeabra Traditional Lands, Ashanti-Akim in south central Ghana. The research data were analyzed to identify the important functions of forest trees as perceived by study participants, both as a biophysical component within the farm ecosystem and as an input to the rural economy.
Incorporating holistic methodologies in determining wind resource availability for the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
Authors: James Laurel , House Tyler A. , Theobald Rohan , Rigdon Steve , Schwartz Daniel T.
Published: February 2014

We have carried out site feasibility and desirability assessments for wind development on the reservation of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (CSKT), located in Western Montana, USA working in collaboration with tribal experts and leaders. Holistic review of siting options includes technical, economic, environmental, and aesthetic factors. We have combined publically available GIS data for wind power classifications, digital elevation maps, and built infrastructure, with input from tribal planners to identify Seepay Ridge as a key technically and economically favored site. Preliminary go/no-go environmental assessments have been carried out by others. A major goal for this work was to provide new geospatial mapping methods and site indexing tools to enable individual communities and the reservation as a whole to assess the perceived visual impacts of specific wind development sites. The visual impact of wind development site j on any given location i was computed using a model from the literature, combined with line-of-sight viewshed modeling. We map the expected visual impact of a Seepay Ridge wind farm with either 10 or 50 turbines on locations across the reservation. The aggregated visual impact from towns on the reservation was also computed based on a population weighting. We found that a 50-turbine Seepay Ridge development has an Aggregated Urban Index (AUI) of 0.05. This means the development has about 5% of the visual impact of building a 50-turbine farm adjacent to each town on the reservation. We also conjecture that situational visual impact is an important, but as of yet unmeasured, viewshed impact variable. The perceived impact of a wind development is likely to be situation-dependent, since the perception of impact by an observer in an urban area vs. a cultural, wilderness, or primitive area is likely to be different for the same observer.
Evaluation of soil and water conservation capacities for plantations on the Simian Mountains of China
Authors: Li Jing , Chang Dandong , Cheng Jinhua , Zhang Hongjiang , Huang Haofeng
Published: February 2014

Eighteen indices were selected to evaluate soil and water conservation capacities of four different mixtures of plantations using the Ideal Point Method. Results indicate that a broadleaf plantation of robur (Lithocarpus glabra) and Chinese guger tree (Schima superba) had the best conservation capacity, a mixed broadleaf plantation of sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana), Chinese gugertree and camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) was ranked second. A mixed broadleaf–conifer plantation of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) and Chinese gugertree ranked third with a mixed coniferous plantation (Chinese fir and Masson pine) fourth. Under similar climates and topographical conditions, broadleaf plantations have better soil and water conservation capacities than conifer plantations. Sensitivity analysis showed that litter amounts and soil properties are the most important indicators of soil and water conservation capacities of plantations. Suitable measures such as deep tillage should be used to improve soil aggregation in different plantations.
The effects of thinning on carbon stocks and fluxes in a Chinese arborvitae plantation
Authors: Fang Liang , Zhongkui Jia , Lvyi Ma
Published: February 2014

China has extensive areas of forest plantations that sequester and store large quantities of carbon. However, the rate of carbon sequestration by Chinese arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis Linn. Franco) is unknown. This research looks at carbon stocks and fluxes in forest vegetation, soil and litter seven years after thinning Chinese arborvitae in order to evaluate the effect of thinning levels on carbon sequestration. At 22 years, the plots were reduced from 5900 to 4100 and 3000 trees per hectare in three replicates. Carbon stocks of above-ground tree materials were lowest in the heaviest thinned plots and highest in the control plots. Above-ground shrub carbon pools were the opposite, i.e., largest in the heaviest thinned plots and lowest in the controls. Soil and litter carbon stocks were not affected by thinning treatment. Results suggest that thinning may positively affect vegetation carbon sequestration in the short term, an important observation for forest managers using thinning to optimize carbon sequestration capacity.
Oregon's forest sector innovation system: An investigation towards advanced performance
Authors: Orozco Nadine , Hansen Eric , Knowles Chris , Leavengood Scott
Published: February 2014

The forest products industry has faced numerous challenges in remaining innovative: outside forces such as industry culture and policy provide few incentives while poor communication among industry actors impedes creative growth from within. This article outlines results gathered from personal interviews with industry professionals and an industry survey on key policies, incentives, organizations, and the condition of Oregon's forest sector innovation system. We conducted this research in order to provide recommendations for an improved forest sector innovation system that can, in turn, increase competitiveness and synergies among forest sector companies, higher education, and other businesses in Oregon.