bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human adaptation strategies to abrupt climate change in Puerto Rico ca. 3.5 ka
Authors: Rivera-Collazo Isabel , Winter Amos , Scholz Denis , Mangini Augusto , Miller Thomas , Kushnir Yochanan , Black David
Published: January 2015

The connection between climatic change and social response is complex because change articulates a number of inter-related factors. Human decisions are filtered by social buffers – including social memory, risk perception, and cultural priorities – and the rate and scale of climate change is usually much larger than the scale of human decision-making. In this article, we provide information on climate change based on precisely dated speleothems with the response evident in archaeological sites that have radiocarbon date ranges within the same time frame. A stalagmite recovered from within the catchment area for aquifer recharge of the Pre-Arawak site of Angostura in Barceloneta, Puerto Rico, shows that a significant wet period occurred between 3.9 and 3.1 ka (primarily centered at 3.5 ka). We investigate the effect that this increase in precipitation had on the earliest occupations on the island in the context of palaeoenvironmental, geoarchaeological, and archaeological records from Angostura, Maruca, and Paso del Indio. Our analysis suggests the presence of two different adaptation strategies: settlement relocation and microlandscape modification. Our study concludes that the social response to change cannot be seen as monolithic given that human behavior, even within the same period, addresses the needs of individual groups with different priorities. This multiplicity of responses can indeed enhance resilience as social support can continue through alliances and exchanges, strengthening social bonds that can help buffer catastrophes. The results can help shed light on the range of adaptation strategies to change encompassed within the manifestations of social resilience or vulnerability.
Developments in LGBTQ provision in secondary school library services since the abolition of Section 28
Authors: Walker Janine , Bates Jo
Published: January 2015

The article explores progress made in LGBTQ provision in UK secondary school libraries since Section 28 was repealed in 2003. Little research has been conducted on LGBTQ provision in UK school libraries. This paper aims to fill a research gap in this field. Data was gathered from two qualitative surveys conducted in 2013. The first survey was aimed at LGBTQ people who had been pupils of a UK secondary school at some point during the period 2003–2013. The second was aimed at librarians currently working in UK secondary schools. The surveys were disseminated using targeted mailing lists and social media. A four-staged thematic analysis of the data was undertaken. The research found that school library use among LGBTQ teens is low due to LGBTQ invisibility and fear experienced by young LGBTQ people. LGBTQ school library provision would be highly valued by most LGBTQ pupils. Librarians are generally positive about LGBTQ provision, although they respond differently to diversity. Some adopt a neutral approach to inclusion; others offer more targeted and active support. Librarians’ knowledge and confidence regarding LGBTQ provision also varies. The paper provides increased insight into LGBTQ school library provision in the UK and provides recommendations to improve practice.
Triggering Community Conservation Through the Trade of Carbon Offsets: The Case of the Ejido Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Mexico
Authors: Tolentino Octavio , García-Frapolli Eduardo , Porter-Bolland Luciana , Ruíz-Mallén Isabel , Reyes-Garcia Victoria , Sánchez-Gonzalez María-Consuelo , López-Méndez María-Elena
Published: January 2015

Based on qualitative research and a case study analysis, this article describes how a local conservation initiative grounded on the potential to trade carbon offsets in the voluntary market has triggered a multipurpose scheme for community conservation in the ejido of Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Mexico. We describe how the Felipe Carrillo Puerto has engaged in the creation of two community-conserved areas, an ecotourism venture, and two projects of payment for environmental services. We show how creating a portfolio of conservation projects has allowed the ejido to diversify their sources of income in addition to creating an important number of jobs related to conservation. We discuss the implications of the community experiences with different conservation schemes, the market-based instruments that can trigger community conservation, and the importance of giving local communities the opportunity to define their own conservation paths.
Arguments for and Against the Common Core State Standards
Authors: VanTassel-Baska Joyce
Published: January 2015

This article identifies the arguments for and against the common core state standards in English language arts and mathematics. Although the standards need to be differentiated for gifted students, the author suggests that these standards may offer a way to transform education in the classroom, so that all students are able to fulfill their learning potential.
A Comparison of Self-Reported Emotional and Trauma-Related Concerns Among Sexually Abused Children With and Without Sexual Behavior Problems
Authors: Allen Brian , Thorn Brian L. , Gully Kevin J.
Published: January 2015

Numerous studies document concomitant features of sexual behavior problems (SBPs) among children 12 years of age or younger, but rarely does research involve child self-report assessments. This study provides the most comprehensive examination to date of self-reported concerns among children with SBP, using a large sample ( N = 392) of clinically referred participants who reported sexual abuse histories. Children between the ages of 8 and 12 were categorized as demonstrating SBP ( n = 203) or not demonstrating SBP ( n = 189) as determined by scores on the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory. Children completed the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, and caregivers completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Self-reports of children showed that those with SBP reported significantly greater concerns in all areas, including sexual preoccupation and sexual distress, than their peers not demonstrating SBP. Caregivers of children in the SBP group reported greater concerns of internalizing and externalizing problems than the caregivers of children who did not have SBP. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed. Specifically, it is recommended that future research improve on the manner in which sexual abuse and SBPs were defined and assessed.
Medication Side Effects in Home Care
Authors: Mager Diana R.
Published: January 2015

This descriptive study surveyed home care (HC) patients about self-perceived needs concerning medication side effect (SE) knowledge, desire to learn about SEs, how they address SEs with HC professionals, and preferred learning format. A researcher-created survey examined by experts and administered to a focus group of older adults to establish content validity was mailed to all patients older than 65 years, without a dementia diagnosis at a northeastern HC agency ( n = 240). Data were analyzed to determine patient preferences on medication SE education. Of the 39 respondents, 44% were not interested in SE education, whereas the majority of others preferred to ask physicians or pharmacists about SEs. Qualitative data revealed fears about SEs or conversely, desire to remain uninformed unless a SE occurred.
Trans-pinnal movement of methimazole: an in vitro study showing that methimazole can cross from the inner to outer pinna of cats
Authors: Hill Kate E , Chambers J Paul , Jones Boyd R , Bolwell Charlotte F , Aberdein Dani , Mills Paul C
Published: January 2015

Objectives

The aim of the study was to determine if methimazole applied in a transdermal formulation to the internal pinna will cross to the external pinna in an in vitro Franz cell model.

Methods

The ears from six cats were harvested soon after death. Whole ears were mounted onto Franz-type diffusion cells with the stratum corneum of the inner pinnae uppermost. A commercial transdermal preparation containing methimazole (0.1 ml/10 mg) was applied to the inner pinnae. At 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24 and 30 h, a 200 µl sample of reservoir solution was removed to determine the methimazole concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography. The ears were then dissected, separating the internal pinna from the cartilage and the external pinna, before the methimazole concentration was measured at each site. The thickness of the different regions of the ear was measured on paraffin histology sections.

Results

Mean ± SD methimazole concentrations at 30 h for the right and left ear, respectively, were: inner ear, 1.25 ± 0.53 mg/g, 0.39 ± 0.26 mg/g; cartilage, 1.36 ± 0.47 mg/g, 0.33 ± 0.20 mg/g; and outer ear, 1.0 ± 0.32 mg/g, 0.33 ± 0.14 mg/g. There was a difference between the left and right ears ( P <0.001). Minimal methimazole concentrations were detected in the receptor fluid. The mean methimazole concentration absorbed by the skin after application of 10 mg was, for the right ear, 3.65 ± 1.27 mg/g and, for the left, 1.08 ± 0.27 mg/g. There was no correlation between methimazole concentrations and thickness of each region of the ear.

Conclusions and relevance

Methimazole in a lipophilic vehicle applied to the inner pinna will penetrate to the outer pinna of cats in an in vitro model, which may have safety implications for humans associated with cats treated with transdermal methimazole. Substantial inter-individual variation was found. Further research is required in the area of transdermal penetration of drugs in cats.
Postoperative prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing high ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein (GSV)
Authors: Wang Haitao , Sun Zhanfeng , Jiang Weiliang , Zhang Yingnan , Li Xianwei , Wu Yalei
Published: January 2015

To analyze the necessity of venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis for patients undergoing high ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein (GSV) and to estimate the efficacy and safety of different anticoagulant protocols in a single-center randomized controlled trial with large sample size. A total of 2196 patients undergoing high ligation and stripping of the GSV were randomized to one of the following postoperative VTE prophylaxis protocols: group A, no VTE prophylaxis ( n=542); group B, subcutaneous low-dose unfractionated heparin (LDUH) hypodermic injection, 125 U/kg per day in three divided doses ( n=531); group C, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) 6000 IU once a day ( n=573); and group D, LMWH 4000 IU twice daily ( n=550). Groups were compared for the incidence of VTE and major hemorrhage within 1 month following surgery. Varicose vein severity was classified by CEAP (Clinical, Etiologic, Anatomic, Pathophysiologic elements) score. The clinical characteristics of the patients were equally matched between groups. Postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) were significantly higher in group A (DVT 5.17%, PE 1.48%) compared to groups B (0.56%, 0%), C (0.35%, 0%) and D (0.36%, 0%) ( p<0.01). The incidence of VTE did not differ between the three active chemoprophylaxis arms. Hemorrhagic complications were low for each group but higher in group B (0.75%) compared to the other groups (group A 0.18%; group C 0.17%; group D 0.18%, p<0.01). Hemorrhagic complications did not differ amongst groups A, C and D. In conclusion, postoperative VTE chemoprophylaxis following high ligation and GSV stripping effectively reduces the venous thrombosis complications of this procedure. Of the three active strategies tested, no difference in efficacy was noted; however, thrice daily LDUH did increase bleeding complications.
Hippocampus-Sparing Whole-Brain Radiotherapy and Simultaneous Integrated Boost for Multiple Brain Metastases From Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kim Kyung Hwan , Cho Byoung Chul , Lee Chang Geol , Kim Hye Ryun , Suh Yang Gun , Kim Jun Won , Choi Chihwan , Baek Jong Geal , Cho Jaeho
Published: January 2015

In this study, the volume response and treatment outcome after hippocampus-sparing whole-brain radiotherapy (HS-WBRT) with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) using tomotherapy were evaluated. Patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma and multiple brain metastases who had a Karnofsky performance status ≥70 and exhibited well-controlled extracranial disease were treated. The prescribed dose was administered in 10 to 14 fractions as 25 to 28 Gy to whole-brain parenchyma, as 40 to 48 Gy to the gross metastatic lesion, and as 30 to 42 Gy to a 5-mm margin to the metastatic lesion. Double-dose gadolinium contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging at 1-mm slice thickness was performed before treatment and at 1, 4, and 7 months post-treatment. The tumor volume reduction ratio was calculated for each follow-up. Between July 2011 and September 2012, 11 patients with 70 lesions were included in this analysis. The median number of lesions per patient was 4 (range, 2-15). The median initial tumor volume was 0.235 cm3 (range, 0.020-10.140 cm3). The treatment plans were evaluated regarding conformation number (CN), target coverage (TC), and homogeneity index (HI). The median follow-up duration was 14 months (range, 3-25 months) and the 1-year intracranial control rate was 67%. The tumor volume reduction was most prominent during the first month with a median reduction rate of 0.717 (range, −0.190 to 1.000). Complete remission was seen in 22 (33%) lesions, and 45 (64%) lesions showed more than 65% reduction in tumor volume. The CN, TC, and HI values were comparable to that of previous studies, and the mean hippocampal dose was 13.65 Gy. No treatment breaks or ≥G3 acute toxicities were observed during or after treatment. The HS-WBRT with SIB in patients with multiple brain metastases was effective and feasible for volume reduction and showed excellent intracranial control.
Using an Emic Lens to Understand How Latino Families Cope With Dementia Behavioral Problems
Authors: Turner Rachel M. , Hinton Ladson , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores , Tzuang Marian , Tran Cindy , Valle Ramón
Published: January 2015

Focus group data collected for a larger project to develop a fotonovela for Latino caregivers was used to conduct a meaning-centered thematic analysis in order to elicit Latino family caregiver perspectives on how behavior problems occurring in the context of dementia are perceived and managed. A sample of 42 Spanish-speaking Latino caregivers were recruited from organizations affiliated with the Alzheimer's Association near San Diego, California. Caregivers were queried on challenging behaviors, coping strategies, as well as other daily challenges. Focus group sessions were conducted in Spanish, translated and transcribed into English, and analyzed using qualitative, grounded anthropological methods. In addition to a range of behavior problems, five indigenous approaches to managing challenging behaviors were identified: acceptance, love, patience, adaptability, and establishing routines of care. Additionally, participants identified persistent challenges which deter effective coping. These include: issues with providers, problems with family members, limited knowledge of resources, emotional distress, and financial strain. To our knowledge, this is one of the few qualitative studies to report indigenous coping strategies for dementia behavioral problems. These findings have the potential to inform culturally-tailored intervention.
Analgesic Effect of Chinese Herbal Formula Hua-Jian-Ba-Du Ointment on Visceral Pain in Mice Induced by Acetic Acid
Authors: Ma Shaojun , Zhang Ying , Li Xiaojiang , Zhang He , Jia Yingjie
Published: January 2015

Introduction. Visceral pain is one of the most important pains caused by cancer or other diseases, and most of the medications may lead to tolerance, addiction, and toxic side effects. Hua-Jian-Ba-Du Ointment (HJBDO), which is a commonly used conjugate based on traditional Chinese medicine theory, has been effective against visceral pain. Here, we verify the efficacy and underlying mechanism of HJBDO in an acetic-acid induced visceral pain model. Methods. Mice were subjected to acetic acid with or without HJBDO. Hua-Jian-Ba-Du Ointment at low (7.5 mL/kg•d), moderate (15 mL/kg•d), and high (30 mL/kg•d) dosages was applied on the abdomen, 3 times per day for 3 days. The acetic acid writhing test was used to evaluate antinociception. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) in serum, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in peritoneal fluid were detected by ELISA. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and β-endorphin (β-EP) were examined by high performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay, respectively. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR1) and c-fos expressions in both rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and spinal dorsal horn were determined by western blot. Results. Hua-Jian-Ba-Du Ointment at 3 dosage levels produced dose-dependent antinociception and shortened the latent time. Hua-Jian-Ba-Du Ointment at high or moderate dosage inhibited the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE2, as well as increased the release of IL-2. Hua-Jian-Ba-Du Ointment could also increase NE and 5-HT contents and decrease the NE content. No effect of HJBDO at 3 dosages on the DA system was detected. Furthermore, HJBDO could suppress the expressions of NMDAR and c-fos in both RVM and spinal dorsal horn. Conclusion. Our results exhibited the analgesic effect of HJBDO on visceral pain in mice, and this effect might be mediated by the regulation of inflammation and neurotransmitters.
Is it in the Game? Reconsidering Play Spaces, Game Definitions, Theming, and Sports Videogames
Authors: Crawford Garry
Published: January 2015

From the very first days of digital gaming, sport-themed videogames have been a constant and ever-popular presence. However, compared with many other genres of games, sports-themed videogames have remained relatively underresearched. Using the case of “sports videogames,” this article advocates a critical and located approach to understanding videogames and gameplay. Unlike many existing theorizations of gameplay, such as the “magic circle,” which theorize play as a break from ordinary life, this article argues for a consideration of play as a continuation of “the control of the established order.” It argues that many videogames, and in particular sports videogames, can be understood as “themed” spaces which share similarities to other themed locations, such as fast-food restaurants and theme parks. These are “nonplaces” themed to provide a sense of individuality, control, and escape in a society that increasingly offers none.
Physiopathology of Dementia From the Perspective of Traditional Persian Medicine
Authors: Seifaddini Rostam , Tajadini Haleh , Choopani Rasool
Published: January 2015

The most common cognitive disorder that is disabling is dementia. During the medieval period, traditional Persian medicine was an outstanding source of medicine that was used as standard references in medical schools of in the West and Middle East. In ancient manuscripts of traditional Persian medicine, a condition has been introduced similar to dementi ( raoonat and homgh). In this article, by collecting materials of traditional medicine texts on dementia, we aim to provide theories for further studies on this topics, as there is an obvious difference between traditional Persian medicine and modern medicine with regard to dementia; however, since modern medicine has not found a suitable response to treatment for all diseases, reviewing traditional Persian medicine for finding better treatment strategies is wise. Use of all medical potentials approved by the World Health Organization beside classic medicine like traditional medicine and considering the availability and acceptability among people is recommended.
Public Opinion, the Courts, and Same-sex Marriage
Authors: Powell Brian , Quadlin Natasha Yurk , Pizmony-Levy Oren
Published: January 2015

Social scientists often have been called upon to weigh in on social issues, and same-sex marriage is no exception. We draw on quantitative and qualitative data from a national survey to evaluate four of the most prominent arguments raised by opponents of same-sex marriage in court cases. Our data undermine these claims, leading to four lessons about same-sex marriage that we can surmise from public opinion: (1) opposition to same-sex marriage is about animus, (2) marital status brings clear benefits to same-sex couples, (3) state variation in marital laws places same-sex couples in a vulnerable position, and (4) legal alternatives to same-sex marriage do not obviate the need for same-sex marriage. We briefly outline these four lessons and discuss the continuing importance of social science research—in particular, public opinion research—for understanding issues that will emerge as the perceptions of and legal rights afforded to same-sex couples change in the United States.
Effect of substrate roughness on adhesion and tribological properties of nc-TiAlN/a-Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings deposited by cathodic arc PVD process
Authors: Ravi N. , Markandeya R. , Joshi S. V.
Published: January 2015

TiN and Ti–Al–Si–N nanocomposite coatings of the type nc-TiAlN/a-Si3N4 have been prepared by cathodic arc physical vapour deposition process using cylindrical cathodes on high speed steel substrates with different surface roughness values, where the roughness is induced by emery paper method and diamond hand polishing. Fracture toughness studies by indentation method have shown that TiN is tougher than Ti–Al–Si–N nanocomposite coatings. Scratch and pin on disc wear tests have been conducted on the specimens to study the adhesion and tribological behaviour of these coatings respectiely. The wear mode between two mating surfaces is complex, and the wear behaviour can be understood better by studying the progression of surface changes and wear debris. The adhesion pattern of harder nanocomposite coating on smooth substrate surfaces is different from that of tougher TiN coating. Wear volume of these coatings decreases with substrate roughness, but it is found more for nanocomposite than for TiN.
Average Optimality for Continuous-Time Markov Decision Processes Under Weak Continuity Conditions
Authors: Zhang Yi
Published: January 2015

This paper considers the average optimality for a continuous-time Markov decision process in Borel state and action spaces, and with an arbitrarily unbounded nonnegative cost rate. The existence of a deterministic stationary optimal policy is proved under the conditions that allow the following; the controlled process can be explosive, the transition rates are weakly continuous, and the multifunction defining the admissible action spaces can be neither compact-valued nor upper semicontinuous.
Dynamic Reliability Modeling of Three-State Networks
Authors: Ashrafi S. , Asadi M.
Published: January 2015

This paper is an investigation into the reliability and stochastic properties of three-state networks. We consider a single-step network consisting of n links and we assume that the links are subject to failure. We assume that the network can be in three states, up (K = 2), partial performance (K = 1), and down (K = 0). Using the concept of the two-dimensional signature, we study the residual lifetimes of the networks under different scenarios on the states and the number of failed links of the network. In the process of doing so, we define variants of the concept of the dynamic signature in a bivariate setting. Then, we obtain signature based mixture representations of the reliability of the residual lifetimes of the network states under the condition that the network is in state K = 2 (or K = 1) and exactly k links in the network have failed. We prove preservation theorems showing that stochastic orderings and dependence between the elements of the dynamic signatures (which relies on the network structure) are preserved by the residual lifetimes of the states of the network (which relies on the network ageing). Various illustrative examples are also provided.
Extreme Analysis of a Random Ordinary Differential Equation
Authors: Liu Jingchen , Zhou Xiang
Published: January 2015

In this paper we consider a one dimensional stochastic system described by an elliptic equation. A spatially varying random coefficient is introduced to account for uncertainty or imprecise measurements. We model the logarithm of this coefficient by a Gaussian process and provide asymptotic approximations of the tail probabilities of the derivative of the solution.
Lumpings of Markov Chains, Entropy Rate Preservation, and Higher-Order Lumpability
Authors: Geiger Bernhard C. , Temmel Christoph
Published: January 2015

A lumping of a Markov chain is a coordinatewise projection of the chain. We characterise the entropy rate preservation of a lumping of an aperiodic and irreducible Markov chain on a finite state space by the random growth rate of the cardinality of the realisable preimage of a finite-length trajectory of the lumped chain and by the information needed to reconstruct original trajectories from their lumped images. Both are purely combinatorial criteria, depending only on the transition graph of the Markov chain and the lumping function. A lumping is stronglyk-lumpable, if and only if the lumped process is akth-order Markov chain for each starting distribution of the original Markov chain. We characterise strongk-lumpability via tightness of stationary entropic bounds. In the sparse setting, we give sufficient conditions on the lumping to both preserve the entropy rate and be stronglyk-lumpable.
Markov Tail Chains
Authors: Janssen A. , Segers J.
Published: January 2015

The extremes of a univariate Markov chain with regularly varying stationary marginal distribution and asymptotically linear behavior are known to exhibit a multiplicative random walk structure called the tail chain. In this paper we extend this fact to Markov chains with multivariate regularly varying marginal distributions inRd. We analyze both the forward and the backward tail process and show that they mutually determine each other through a kind of adjoint relation. In a broader setting, we will show that even for non-Markovian underlying processes a Markovian forward tail chain always implies that the backward tail chain is also Markovian. We analyze the resulting class of limiting processes in detail. Applications of the theory yield the asymptotic distribution of both the past and the future of univariate and multivariate stochastic difference equations conditioned on an extreme event.
A transient wave of BMP signaling in the retina is necessary for Müller glial differentiation
Authors: Ueki Yumi , Wilken Matthew S. , Cox Kristen E. , Chipman Laura B. , Bermingham-McDonogh Olivia , Reh Thomas A.
Published: January 2015

The primary glial cells in the retina, the Müller glia, differentiate from retinal progenitors in the first postnatal week. CNTF/LIF/STAT3 signaling has been shown to promote their differentiation; however, another key glial differentiation signal, BMP, has not been examined during this period of Müller glial differentiation. In the course of our analysis of the BMP signaling pathway, we observed a transient wave of Smad1/5/8 signaling in the inner nuclear layer at the end of the first postnatal week, from postnatal day (P) 5 to P9, after the end of neurogenesis. To determine the function of this transient wave, we blocked BMP signaling during this period in vitro or in vivo, using either a BMP receptor antagonist or noggin (Nog). Either treatment leads to a reduction in expression of the Müller glia-specific genes Rlbp1 and Glul, and the failure of many of the Müller glia to repress the bipolar/photoreceptor gene Otx2. These changes in normal Müller glial differentiation result in permanent disruption of the retina, including defects in the outer limiting membrane, rosette formation and a reduction in functional acuity. Our results thus show that Müller glia require a transient BMP signal at the end of neurogenesis to fully repress the neural gene expression program and to promote glial gene expression.
SMAD2 and p38 signaling pathways act in concert to determine XY primordial germ cell fate in mice
Authors: Wu Quan , Fukuda Kurumi , Weinstein Michael , Graff Jonathan M. , Saga Yumiko
Published: January 2015

The sex of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is determined in developing gonads on the basis of cues from somatic cells. In XY gonads, sex-determining region Y (SRY) triggers fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) expression in somatic cells. FGF signaling, together with downstream nodal/activin signaling, promotes male differentiation in XY germ cells by suppressing retinoic acid (RA)-dependent meiotic entry and inducing male-specific genes. However, the mechanism by which nodal/activin signaling regulates XY PGC fate is unknown. We uncovered the roles of SMAD2/3 and p38 MAPK, the putative downstream factors of nodal/activin signaling, in PGC sexual fate decision. We found that conditional deletion of Smad2, but not Smad3, from XY PGCs led to a loss of male-specific gene expression. Moreover, suppression of RA signaling did not rescue male-specific gene expression in Smad2-mutant testes, indicating that SMAD2 signaling promotes male differentiation in a RA-independent manner. By contrast, we found that p38 signaling has an important role in the suppression of RA signaling. The Smad2 deletion did not disrupt the p38 signaling pathway even though Nodal expression was significantly reduced, suggesting that p38 was not regulated by nodal signaling in XY PGCs. Additionally, the inhibition of p38 signaling in the Smad2-mutant testes severely impeded XY PGC differentiation and induced meiosis. In conclusion, we propose a model in which p38 and SMAD2 signaling coordinate to determine the sexual fate of XY PGCs.
Outsourcing of R&D Activities to Brazilian Subsidiaries
Authors: Schreiber Dusan , Pinheiro Ivan Antônio
Published: January 2015

The decision-making process that results in carrying out R&D activities in the internal, non-internal or combined way involves a series of variables and deserves a more detailed analysis due to its specificities. This need stems from the relevance of R&D activities in the organizational universe, verified more in the last decades, due to the possibility for the formation of the competitive edge. The R&D area represents the organizational unit responsible for converting the body of knowledge that permeates the fabric of the organization into innovation of products and processes aiming to achieve the sustainability of the organization. The change in the profile of the R&D area in recent years, allowed to observe repositioning of this highly technical area, through converting it into a more integrated unit in the organizational world, by more intense interaction with other organizational units, filtering information used in the innovation process. Following the logic of rationality in the theory of transaction costs, evidenced by the dilemma "make or buy?", the R&D activities are analyzed in the possibility to be carried out internally or externally. In many cases outsourcing may occur even across national borders. This paper was created with the aim of examining the case of three multinational companies that have outsourced their R&D activities to Brazil based on a strategic perspective, in order to understand the contextual framework that led to different configurations of the R&D activity in these three subsidiaries, providing new possibilities of design for international management of operations. The results highlight the importance of relations of trust, based on local expertise, regardless of pre-existing or developed, as background for the decision of multinational firms in order to transfer more complex activities such as research and development to the subsidiaries in Brazil. The authors hope to contribute to the debate on the advantages and benefits of the process of the outsourcing of these activities.
INTERNAL LOGISTICS, EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION, INFORMATION PROCESSING AND FINANCIAL CONTROL: AN ANALYSIS WITH BRAZILIAN MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES
Authors: De Carvalho Claudinê Jordão , Malaquias Rodrigo Fernandes
Published: January 2015

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of interaction between external communication, internal information processing and internal logistics in the financial control of Brazilian Micro and Small Enterprises. It was characterized as a survey with a quantitative approach, and the applied statistics consist of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models, based on a sample of 183 companies. Considering a significance smaller that 0.05, the main results have presented that internal information processing and internal logistics showed a positive and significant relationship with financial control. Internal logistics and external communication also proved to be positively and significantly correlated.
MASS CUSTOMIZATION ENABLEMENT THROUGH LEAN DESIGN & SET-BASED CONCURRENT ENGINEERING APPLICATION
Authors: Rocha Henrique Martins , Souza Charlene Nogueira de Andrade de , Filho Diniz Felix dos Santos
Published: January 2015

This research, which is an expanded version of a paper presented at the XVII SIMPOI - Symposium of Production Management, Logistics and International Operations, purported to discuss the concepts of mass customization in the automotive industry and how the use of lean principles in product development enables a profitable Design and Production customization. The results of a case study performed at an automaker plant in southern Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, proved the efficiency of the company practice to develop simultaneously multiple concepts for each mechanism or Project detail, with substantial increase in design reliability, reducing redesign, cost, and development time, although cultural barriers were found.DOI: 10.12660/joscmv7n2p124-139URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv7n2p124-139
Operations in the context of urban mobility: Evaluating the Performance of the Deliveries to Small Retailers
Authors: Silva João Victor Rodrigues , Martins Ricardo Silveira
Published: January 2015

This study aims to clarify the performance attributes of logistical service that retailers identify as more relevant to their suppliers’ distribution process in urban areas. And, this task was performed using the Stated Preference Technique, a tool not so widespread among operations management researchers. The research focused the small retail food stores in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, considering the complexity involved in the delivery of perishable and fragile foods. As result, the technique show us the relative importance of the attributes related to the service level, highlighting the high degree of relevance achieved by the attributes that define the service level. This means that gaps in services are not easily shadowed by compensatory practices of stock build-up, which are financially very burdensome or unviable in terms of storage area. This kind of approach may call attention to opportunities of improving buyer-supplier relationships and the management of these processes, as well as public issues.DOI: 10.12660/joscmv7n2p26-36URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv7n2p26-36
Supply Chain Management and its Route to Normal Science: a Kuhnian Analysis
Authors: Ascef Rogers , Ferrer Geraldo , Mullins Steve
Published: January 2015

The evolution of science has intrigued countless scientists. Many philosophers hold that scientific evolution is linear and constantly adding to the overall body of knowledge. Thomas Kuhn changed this view. In his famous work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he proposes a route to normal science. He explains that paradigm shifts are arduous and require long time periods to occur. Using qualitative research combined with a Kuhnian model, we explain the evolution of Supply Chain Management (SCM) from its origins. Some authors have traced SCM evolution with a focus on chronological and linear order. This paper brings a new approach using Kuhnian elements to explain how SCM has matured to its present form. This broad picture manifests the strenuous path of SCM’s evolution and helps to explain how it is close to becoming a normal science.DOI: 10.12660/joscmv7n2p59-74URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv7n2p59-74
COORDINATION IN BRAZILIAN PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY CHAINS
Authors: Souza Miguel Priscila Laczynski de , Reis Manoel de Andrade e Silva
Published: January 2015

Supply chain coordination (SCC) can be a challenge for many organizations as different firms in the same chain has different expectations and interdependencies (Arshinder & Deshmukh, 2008). Lack of SCC can result in the bullwhip effect and poor performance for a firm and its partners.  By investigating the phenomenon in the Brazilian pharmaceutical supply chain using a qualitative research, this paper aims to understand the main issues that avoid a better integrated chain. Results of 21 interviews suggested that the lack of coordination in this environment was influenced by the network design and the history of the sector in Brazil, as well as scarce resources.DOI: 10.12660/joscmv7n2p75-90URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv7n2p75-90
Culture and identification of Borrelia spirochetes in human vaginal and seminal secretions
Authors: Middelveen Marianne J. , Burke Jennie , Sapi Eva , Bandoski Cheryl , Filush Katherine R. , Wang Yean , Franco Agustin , Timmaraju Arun , Schlinger Hilary A. , Mayne Peter J. , Stricker Raphael B.
Published: January 2015

Background:Recent reports indicate that more than 300,000 cases of Lyme disease are diagnosed yearly in the USA. Preliminary clinical, epidemiological and immunological studies suggest that infection with the Lyme disease spirocheteBorrelia burgdorferi(Bb) could be transferred from person to person via intimate human contact without a tick vector. Detecting viableBorreliaspirochetes in vaginal and seminal secretions would provide evidence to support this hypothesis.

Methods:Patients with and without a history of Lyme disease were selected for the study after informed consent was obtained. Serological testing for Bb was performed on all subjects. Semen or vaginal secretions were inoculated into BSK-H medium and cultured for four weeks. Examination of genital cultures and culture concentrates for the presence of spirochetes was performed using light and darkfield microscopy, and spirochete concentrates were subjected to Dieterle silver staining, anti-Bb immunohistochemical staining, molecular hybridization and PCR analysis for further characterization. Immunohistochemical and molecular testing was performed in three independent laboratories in a blinded fashion. Positive and negative controls were included in all experiments.

Results:Control subjects who were asymptomatic and seronegative for Bb had no detectable spirochetes in genital secretions by PCR analysis. In contrast, spirochetes were observed in cultures of genital secretions from 11 of 13 subjects diagnosed with Lyme disease, and motile spirochetes were detected in genital culture concentrates from 12 of 13 Lyme disease patients using light and darkfield microscopy. Morphological features of spirochetes were confirmed by Dieterle silver staining and immunohistochemical staining of culture concentrates. Molecular hybridization and PCR testing confirmed that the spirochetes isolated from semen and vaginal secretions were strains ofBorrelia, and all cultures were negative for treponemal spirochetes. PCR sequencing of cultured spirochetes from three couples having unprotected sex indicated that two couples had identical strains of Bbsensu strictoin their semen and vaginal secretions, while the third couple had identical strains ofB. hermsiidetected in their genital secretions.

Conclusions:The culture of viableBorreliaspirochetes in genital secretions suggests that Lyme disease could be transmitted by intimate contact from person to person.
La ganadería familiar, elemento cotidiano de los traspatios de la comunidad Juan Nepomuceno Álvarez, Copala, Guerrero, México
Authors: García Flores Alejandro , Guzmán Gómez Elsa
Published: January 2015

The aim of this study is to analyze the cultural and economic importance of familial animal husbandry as a rural production system in the families of the community of Juan Nepomuceno Álvarez. Fifty-three questionnaires were applied in family units. The system of production is traditional, with family labor involved, for personal consumption of meat and eggs (91%) and for commerce (9%). Familial animal husbandry is integrated by poultry (70%), pigs (15%), goats (10%) and a small percentage of cattle (5%). The registered uses were: food (80%), presents and gifts (15%), medicinal (5%) and a 100% recuperate the feces for its use as fertilizer. The management scheme preferred is the traditional pen (89%). Feeding includes broken corn, tortillas soaked in water, vegetable scrapes and termites. Frequent illnesses are smallpox and diarrheas, which are treated with home remedies. The traditional knowledge for its management are transmitted by women.
Galhas de insetos em uma área de transição caatinga-cerrado no Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Costa Elaine Cotrim , Carvalho-Fernandes Sheila Patrícia , Santos-Silva Juliana
Published: January 2015

The caatinga-cerrado transition environments in Caetité, state of Bahia, Brazil, were investigated in order to contribute to the knowledge of the host plants and galling insects. Forty-three gall morphotypes were found, in 17 plant families. Leguminosae and Myrtaceae were the families with the greatest richness of galls, with 15 and five morphotypes, respectively. Galls occurred mainly on leaves (70%), and were predominantly globoid (58%), isolated (67.44%), unilocular (82.6%) and green (51%). Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) was the main gall inducing family. The fauna associated with the galls comprised parasitoids, inquilines, successors and predators. We recorded for the first time pseudoscorpions in galls of Myrcia tomentosa.
Relationship priorities and the Australian marriage divide
Authors: Acker Liz van
Published: January 2015

Policymakers tackle the ‘problem’ end of the relationship spectrum, but avoid investing much in early prevention programmes, thereby contributing to a ‘marriage divide’. Although it is reasonable that distressed or divorcing couples receive more policy attention than intact families, preventative measures should be reconsidered. Addressing socioeconomic inequality, evaluating whether programmes can enhance relationship quality and acknowledging that couples – especially those at-risk – are unaware of, or uninterested in participating in preventative programmes would help.
Spaces for reading, a cartography of used books in urban Latin America
Authors: Schwartz Marcy
Published: January 2015

This article explores the spatial dimensions of used books in Latin American cities. Used books are sold in shops and on the street, recirculated in public book exchanges, and collected in small neighbourhood libraries. Public parks, art installations and even novels feature used books prominently. The routes and itineraries of used books map an alternative consumer culture that challenges or defies the neo-liberal economy that has dominated the region for several decades. Whether through grass-roots solidarity initiatives or broad-based municipal programming, used books occupy Latin American cities and reveal a persistent culture of the book in the region. The article offers examples of used book sales and circulation in Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Lima and New York, and contributes to the current turn in the history of the book towards material culture that examines the process, use and value of the book in its social, cultural, economic and political context.
Sydney’s Chinatown/Chinese cities
Authors: McNeill Donald
Published: January 2015

Interpreting the inscription of ‘Chineseness’ in cities beyond China is a challenging process. This article reflects upon some recent architectural and urban design issues in what is known as Sydney’s ‘Chinatown’. Drawing on some of the insights provided in Li Shiqao’s recent book, Understanding the Chinese City (2014), it provides a commentary on some of the challenges facing architects and urban designers in their attempts to rearticulate Sydney’s Chinatown. This comes at a time when development processes in central Sydney are seen as being driven by apparently contradictory forces of supertall apartment building design and fine-grain, low-rise ‘heritage’ streetscapes.
Optical simulation of microstructured surfaces
Authors: Schertler Donald J. , McLaughlin Paul O.
Published: January 2015

We present techniques and results of optical simulations of microstructured surfaces using BSDF measurements.
Alternating hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in a toddler with a homozygous p.R1419H ABCC8 mutation: an unusual clinical picture
Authors: Harel Shira , Cohen Ana S.A. , Hussain Khalid , Flanagan Sarah E. , Schlade-Bartusiak Kamilla , Patel Millan , Courtade Jaques , Li Jenny B.W. , Van Karnebeek Clara , Kurata Harley , Ellard Sian , Chanoine Jean-Pierre , Gibson William T.
Published: January 2015

Inheritance of two pathogenic

Single nucleotide polymorphism microarray and Sanger sequencing were performed. Western blot, rubidium efflux, and patch clamp recordings interrogated the expression and activity of the mutant protein.

A 16-month-old girl of consanguineous descent manifested hypoglycemia. She had dysregulation of insulin secretion, with postprandial hyperglycemia followed by hypoglycemia. Microarray revealed homozygosity for the regions encompassing

This is the first description of a homozygous p.R1419H mutation. Our findings highlight that homozygous loss-of-function mutations of
Taxonomy and distribution of the Brazilian species of Thylamys (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) / La taxonomie et la distribution des espèces brésiliennes du genre Thylamys (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae)
Authors: Carmignotto Ana Paula , Monfort Talitha
Published: January 2015

The recent increase in mammal inventories and the widespread use of pitfall traps as a major capture method in Brazil have increased the number of non-volant small mammal specimens in scientific collections, providing new information on natural history, geographical range, and taxonomic status of many marsupials and rodents. To date, however, little is known about the Brazilian species of the marsupial genus Thylamys : the number of species in the country is disputed, as are their names and geographic distribution. Thus, the aim of this study was to define the Brazilian species of the genus, delimiting their taxonomic status and distributional range. We provide qualitative and quantitative data on external and skull morphology for specimens housed in scientific collections. A study of the material available allowed us to recognize the occurrence of three species in Brazil: Thylamys karimii (Petter, 1968), T. macrurus (Olfers, 1818) and T. velutinus (Wagner, 1842). For each of these we provide redescriptions, a discussion of local and geographic variations, geographic distribution, taxonomy, age class differentiation, sexual dimorphism, and natural history.