bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with metabolic syndrome in a very elderly Chinese population
Authors: Huang Gang , Xu Junbo , Zhang Zhen , Cai Lin , Liu Hanxiong , Yu Xiuqiong
Published: September 2022

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is currently a major public health challenge in young, middle aged and elderly population worldwide, but it is still not clear in very elderly population. This study was to investigate the potential association between total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (THR) and MetS in a very elderly population in Chengdu. Totally, 1056 very elderly (aged ≥ 80 years) in Chengdu community were enrolled in this study. Geographic characteristics of participants were collected and laboratory measurement was performed. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the Chinese and the international diabetes federation (IDF) criteria, respectively. Logistic analysis was used to investigate the potential association between the THR and MetS. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the efficiency of THR in MetS predicting. Finally, 1038 participants were included in statistical analysis. The mean age was 83.6 ± 3.4 years and 52.6% participants were men and 21.6% suffered from MetS. Participants with MetS had relatively higher waist circumference, body weight, blood pressure, fast plasma glucose level, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol level and THR. The logistic analysis revealed that the THR was associated with MetS according to both the Chinese (odds ratio (OR): 3.053, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.464–3.782, P < 0.001) and the IDF criteria (OR: 2.458, 95% CI 2.016–2.995, P < 0.001). ROC analysis found that the area under curve of the THR was 0.800 (95% CI 0.749–0.852, P < 0.001) and 0.727 (95% CI 0.669–0.786, P < 0.001) for predicting MetS according to the Chinese and the IDF criteria, respectively. The THR is associated with MetS in this community very elderly population in Chengdu.
Survey on experiences and attitudes of parents toward disclosing information to children with genetic syndromes and their siblings in Japan
Authors: Kaneko Mikiko , Oba Daiju , Ohashi Hirofumi
Published: September 2022

Many parents face the dilemma of when, how, and what to disclose to their children regarding their genetic conditions. The purpose of this study was to learn about the experiences of parents regarding disclosing information to their children with genetic conditions. A questionnaire was sent to 378 parents of children and adolescents with the following genetic syndromes: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Russell–Silver syndrome, Kabuki syndrome, Williams syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, and Sotos syndrome. Findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics for multiple-choice questions. Of the parents surveyed, 158 (41.8%) responded to the questionnaires. The average age of children with genetic syndromes was 12 years. Sixty-seven parents had disclosed relevant information to their children, whereas 91 had not. Among them (who had disclosed information), out of 53 respondents who answered that their affected child had siblings, 50 had disclosed the genetic condition of the affected child to the siblings as well. Sixty-eight out of 91 respondents who had not told information to affected child were planning to disclose the information in the future. Many respondents who had disclosed information did not regret this. They felt good talking about genetic conditions, and had talked about genetic conditions with the affected children following disclosure. This study contributed to our understanding of the attitudes of parents towards disclosing information to children with genetic syndromes.
Impacts of opium addiction on patterns of angiographic findings in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Abdiardekani Alireza , Salimi Maryam , Sarejloo Shirin , Bazrafshan Mehdi , Askarinejad Amir , Salimi Amirhossein , Bazrafshan Hanieh , Khanzadeh Shokoufeh , Javanshir Salar , Attar Armin , Esmaeili Mohsen , Bazrafshan Drissi Hamed
Published: September 2022

Opium is one of the most abused substances in the Middle East. The effects of opium use on coronary artery disease (CAD) are a matter of debate. This study aimed to assess the association between opium use and angiographic findings as well as the complexity of CAD in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) diagnosis. In this case–control study, all patients admitted for coronary angiography from 2019 to 2020 were evaluated. After applying the eligibility criteria, they were categorized into two groups opium and non-opium based on their history of opium use. Both groups were matched regarding the demographic features. The prevalence, location, and severity of obstruction of the vessels were compared between the non-opium and opium groups. The SYNTAX score was also calculated and compared between the two groups. The scores ≤ 22 are considered low risk and the higher scores are a non-low risk. P value < 0.05 is considered significant. A total of 170 patients with a mean age of 61.59 ± 9.07 years were finally enrolled in our study. Regarding the severity of vascular involvement, there was a significant difference between the non-opium and opium groups in LAD (P = 0.025), and PLV (P = 0.018) vessels. From the location points of view of obstructive coronary artery involved segments, only in the PDA (P = 0.006), and LCX (P = 0.004) vessels, a significant difference was observed. Moreover, 47.1% of opium and 30.6% of non-opium use group were in the non-low risk SYNTAX score classification which is a statistically significant difference between these two groups (P value = 0.048). Opium, as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, can have specific effects on angiographic findings in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Likewise, the complexity of CAD in opium users who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention is significantly higher.
Penta-OsP2 and penta-Rhs2 sheets derived from marcasite and pyrite with low lattice thermal conductivity
Authors: Shen Yiheng , Sun Jie , Chen Yanyan , Ni Dongyuan , Li Tingwei , Yoshikawa Akira , Kawazoe Yoshiyuki , Wang Qian
Published: September 2022

Stable penta-OsP2 and penta-RhS2 sheets can be derived from their bulk marcasite and pyrite counterparts, exhibiting low lattice thermal conductivities and high ZT values.
An intercalation–conversion hybrid mechanism enables covalent organic frameworks with superior Li-ion storage
Authors: Kong Huabin , Guan Yaying , Wang Jun , Sun Wenlu , Chen Lu , Ou Jianxin , Xie Luting , Fu Fang , Zhang Hui , Chen Hongwei
Published: September 2022

A novel I2-containing viologen-based COF was designed through introducing viologen units and I2, along with significantly improved capacity as well as electrode kinetics.
Cognitive Requirements of the Phonological Tests Affect Their Ability to Discriminate Children With and Without Developmental Dyslexia
Authors: Dorofeeva Svetlana V. , Iskra Ekaterina , Goranskaya Daria , Gordeyeva Elizaveta , Serebryakova Margarita , Zyryanov Andrey , Akhutina Tatiana V. , Dragoy Olga
Published: September 2022

Purpose:

The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether the performance on each of seven phonological processing (PP) tests from the Russian Test of Phonological Processing (RuToPP), with their varying levels of linguistic complexity and composite phonological indices, are significant predictors of developmental dyslexia (DD) and can reliably differentiate children with and without reading impairment. Additionally, we examined the general contribution of phonological skills to text reading fluency in children with various levels of reading performance.

Method:

A total of 173 Russian-speaking 7- to 11-year-old children participated in this study: 124 who were typically developing (TD) and 49 who had been diagnosed with DD. We assessed reading fluency with a standardized reading test and PP with the RuToPP. We investigated the potential of phonological skills to predict the presence or absence of a dyslexia diagnosis using multinomial logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and calculations of the sensitivity and specificity of each test and index. The contribution of phonological skills to reading fluency was also assessed in a mixed group of children.

Results:

Six of seven RuToPP tests were significant predictors of dyslexia. However, while the RuToPP correctly identified 93%–99% of TD children, for children with dyslexia, it ranged from 4% to 47% depending on the test. In a mixed group of children with and without dyslexia, performance in the more complex phonological tests was a stronger predictor of reading fluency.

Conclusions:

Our findings are consistent with the literature on predictors of literacy skills and dyslexia while uniquely demonstrating the impact of the complexity level of the phonological tests on the classification outcome. PP is a significant and necessary predictor of reading skills, but it is not sufficient for diagnostic purposes.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.20779294
“Response to Treatment” in Dysphagia Rehabilitation: Factors for Consideration in Clinical Practice and Future Research
Authors: Krekeler Brittany Nicole , Rogus-Pulia Nicole
Published: September 2022

Purpose:

Some patients experience dysphagia that is not responsive to treatment. Despite application of appropriate evidence-based interventions, decreased swallow safety and/or efficiency persists. In order to provide the best opportunity for therapeutic efficacy, it is important to attempt to identify and characterize source of nonresponse. The definition of “nonresponse” will likely vary based on each patient depending on etiology and patient-specific goals. The purpose of this article is to outline some potential sources for patient nonresponse to dysphagia rehabilitation. We also aim to identify gaps in the literature that should be addressed in future research, to both further our understanding of nonresponse to dysphagia therapies and to better understand how to address nonresponse to improve patient outcomes.

Method:

Several potential sources of nonresponse are described, and specific areas of dysphagia rehabilitation research that require further investigation are discussed.

Results:

Based on available evidence, several sources of nonresponse to treatment are possible. First, application of interventions that are nonspecific to visualized impairments in swallow physiology could result in lack of treatment response. Patient population and etiology of dysphagia should also be considered when selecting a treatment approach to ensure that the available evidence supports use of that approach within the specific patient group. Patient adherence with rehabilitation protocols may affect response to treatment, although effects of adherence on dysphagia therapy efficacy are not fully understood. Furthermore, optimal dosing protocols to maximize benefit from rehabilitation approaches have not been fully appreciated in the literature.

Conclusions:

Understanding sources of nonresponse to treatment in dysphagia rehabilitation is multifaceted. Use of current literature to guide practice and therapy planning will help maximize patient benefit. However, in cases where the reason for nonresponse cannot be identified, it may be that the source lies in an area of dysphagia rehabilitation that has yet to be fully explored, including therapy dose and patient adherence among others.
A C0 interior penalty method for mth-Laplace equation
Authors: Chen Huangxin , Li Jingzhi , Qiu Weifeng
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we propose a C0 interior penalty method for mth-Laplace equation on bounded Lipschitz polyhedral domain in ℝd, where m and d can be any positive integers. The standard H1-conforming piecewise r-th order polynomial space is used to approximate the exact solution u, where r can be any integer greater than or equal to m. Unlike the interior penalty method in Gudi and Neilan [IMA J. Numer. Anal. 31 (2011) 1734–1753], we avoid computing Dm of numerical solution on each element and high order normal derivatives of numerical solution along mesh interfaces. Therefore our method can be easily implemented. After proving discrete Hm-norm bounded by the natural energy semi-norm associated with our method, we manage to obtain stability and optimal convergence with respect to discrete Hm-norm. The error estimate under the low regularity assumption of the exact solution is also obtained. Numerical experiments validate our theoretical estimate.
Allogene heterotope Nierentransplantation
Authors: Matevossian Edouard , Kolliogianis Dionysios , Kemmner Stephan , Thorban Stefan
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassend lässt sich klinisch evident bestätigen, dass eine allogene heterotope Nierentransplantation von Säuglings- und Neugeborenenspendern eine praktikable langfristige Option für die Behandlung von Nierenerkrankungen erwachsener normalgewichtiger Empfänger mit terminaler dialysepflichtiger Niereninsuffizienz darstellt. Unsere Daten zur Funktionalität der Transplantate im Langzeitverlauf zeigen, dass eine Nierentransplantation von solch kritischen Spendern in Transplantationszentren mit langjähriger klinischer Erfahrung in einem interdisziplinären Team eine bewährte Option ist. Allerdings bedarf es einer strengen Auswahl des Empfängers und einige Fakten sprechen nach Übersicht der zitierfähigen Fachliteratur für das erhöhte Risiko eines frühen Transplantatverlusts infolge einer Transplantat-Venen-Thrombose. En bloc entnommene und heterotop en bloc transplantierte Nieren von kleinen pädiatrischen/neonatalen Spendern haben ähnliche Überlebens- und Funktionsraten im Vergleich zu Transplantaten von größeren traditionellen erwachsenen Spendern und überlegene Ergebnisse im Vergleich zu denen von postmortalen Spendern mit erweiterten Kriterien.
Management von Patient*innen mit Polytrauma nach Nierentransplantation
Authors: Thorban Stefan , Kanz Karl-Georg , Matevossian Edouard
Published: September 2022

Nach erfolgreicher Nierentransplantation (NTx) können Patient*innen wieder vermehrt an Alltagsaktivitäten und Sport teilnehmen. Über die Behandlung von Patient*innen mit NTx nach einem Polytrauma gibt es nur wenige Studien und kaum Behandlungsempfehlungen. Aufgrund der besonderen anatomischen Lage des Transplantats in der Fossa iliaca, der Einnahme von Immunsuppressiva mit erhöhter Infektionsneigung, dem chronischen Grundleiden, eines erhöhten Thromboserisikos und der immunologischen Reaktion in der Sepsis mit drohendem Organversagen ergeben sich besondere Herausforderungen bei der Therapie dieser Patient*innen im Schockraum. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden besondere Risikofaktoren dieser Patient*innen aufgrund der Immunsuppression sowie die inflammatorische Reaktion des Unfallverletzten und eine mögliche Änderung des Immunstatus mit Schwerpunkt auf das Nierentransplantat untersucht. Außerdem werden entsprechende Empfehlungen zum Management im Schockraum von Menschen mit einem Nierentransplantat vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Von Pflegefachpersonen identifizierte fördernde und hemmende Faktoren bei der Palliativversorgung von Patient*innen mit Nierenerkrankungen
Authors: Nipshagen Sabine
Published: September 2022

Heute möchte ich Ihnen das Ergebnis einer Studie unseres wissenschaftlichen Beirats vorstellen. Die Umfrage, die die Grundlage bildet, wurde 2018 erhoben. Pflegewissenschaft und Wissensvermittlung sind ein wichtiger Teil der Arbeit der EDTNA/ERCA. Sie finden hier eine verkürzte Zusammenfassung. Der vollständige Artikel ist im „Journal of Renal Care“ erschienen 1. Über die Website www.edtnaerca.org oder die App haben Sie als Mitglied Zugang dazu.
KfH stellt die Weichen für die Zukunft
Authors: Brandt Claudia
Published: September 2022

Auf der 53. ordentlichen Mitgliederversammlung des gemeinnützigen KfH am 31.05.2022 in Hofheim am Taunus ging es sowohl um die angespannte wirtschaftliche Lage des Vereins als auch die unternehmerischen Weichenstellungen für die Zukunft.
Konzepte zur Reduktion der Lärmbelastung auf der Intensivstation
Authors: Theuerkauf Nils-Ulrich , Putensen Christian , Schewe Jens-Christian
Published: September 2022

Die Lärmbelastung auf der Intensivstation ist ein allgegenwärtiges, erhebliches Problem für Patienten und Personal. Viele maßgebliche Lärmquellen sind mitverantwortlich für die häufigen
Schlafstörungen der Patienten, die das Auftreten eines Delirs begünstigen. Der Beitrag fasst die aktuelle Evidenz zur Entstehung lärmassoziierter Auswirkungen zusammen und zeigt Optionen zur
Lärmreduktion und Verbesserung der Therapie von Intensivpatienten auf.
Ernährungsaspekte bei Osteoporose
Authors: Schultz Katharina , Maus Uwe , Brabant Thomas , Wergen Niklas , Beyersdorf Christoph
Published: September 2022

Osteoporose und Sarkopenie sind entscheidende Faktoren für den altersabhängigen Anstieg des Frakturrisikos. Eine knochenbewusste Ernährung ist entscheidender Bestandteil sowohl der Prävention als auch der Basistherapie der Osteoporose. Eine ausreichende Zufuhr von Calcium als wichtiger Bestandteil des Knochengewebes ist sowohl zur Erreichung der peak bone mass während der Wachstumsphase als auch bei Osteoporose essentiell. Gerade auch unter einer medikamentösen Osteoporosetherapie sollte auf eine ausreichende Zufuhr geachtet werden. Ein Großteil der europäischen Gesellschaft weist einen Vitamin-D-Mangel auf. Neben einem Effekt auf die Calciumhomöostase und die Knochenmineralisation, beeinflusst Vitamin D auch die Muskulatur und das Sturzrisiko. Gerade eine kombinierte Substitution von Calcium und Vitamin D scheint sich günstig auf das Frakturrisiko auszuwirken. Ebenso ist ein Mangel von Vitamin K weit verbreitet. Vitamin K hat eine relevante Funktion bei der Knochenmineralisation sowie bei der Verhinderung von ektopen Mineralisationen. Welche Wirkung eine Substitution auf das Frakturrisiko hat, wird aktuell noch kontrovers diskutiert. Proteine sind ein wesentlicher Baustein von Muskulatur und Knochen. Darüberhinaus führt eine erhöhte Zufuhr zur Sekretion von IGF-I, welches verschiedene günstige Effekte auf den Knochenstoffwechsel hat. Bezüglich einer Senkung des Frakturrisikos sind auch hier inkonsistente Studienergebnisse zu finden. Der über längere Zeit postulierte negative Effekt von tierischem Eiweiß auf die Knochenhomöostase konnte in neueren Studien nicht verifiziert werden.
Short-Term Clinical and Radiographic Outcome after Stabilization of Femoral Capital Physeal Fractures with Cortical Positional Screws in 39 Cats
Authors: Vink Joris Johannes Wilhelmus Gerardus , Hubers Mike Willem Laurens , den Hertog Erik , Schaeffer Ingrid Geraldine Fernanda , van Zuilen Dick , Maarschalkerweerd Roelof Jozef , van Klaveren Nicolien Jacoba
Published: September 2022

Objective The aim of this study was to report the short-term clinical and radiographic outcome for the treatment of femoral capital physeal fractures with cortical positional screws in cats.

Study Design Medical records and radiographs of cats with femoral capital physeal fractures stabilized with cortical positional screws were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment, bodyweight, femoral head affected, fracture classification, fracture reduction, implants, concurrent orthopaedic injuries, osteoarthritis, femoral neck osteolysis, complications and 6-week follow-up clinical results were recorded. A short- to long-term follow-up was performed by telephone questionnaire with the owners.

Results Forty-six fractures in 39 cats met the inclusion criteria. In 45/46 fractures, radiographic signs of bone healing were present and 35/39 cats were assessed as walking normally by a veterinarian at 6-week follow-up. There was a significant increase in radiographic signs of osteoarthritis (p=0.037) and femoral neck osteolysis (p=0.001) on 6-week follow-up radiographs. Pre- and postoperative osteoarthritis and femoral neck osteolysis were not associated with clinical outcome. The mean follow-up period for the telephone questionnaire was 48 months (range, 5–147 months). Seven out of 25 owners reported a gait abnormality in the short- to long-term.

Conclusion Femoral capital physeal fractures in cats can be treated successfully with the use of cortical positional screws. This technique may be considered as an alternative to other primary fixation techniques and salvage procedures for the treatment of femoral capital physeal injuries in cats. This technique seemed successful in cats with a low-grade preoperative femoral neck osteolysis.
Enzyme- and Chemo-enzyme-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Synthesis
Authors: Lv Jia-Xiang , Ding Ya-Qi , Huang Chen-Ming , Guo Ling-Ling , Fang Jia-Li , Jia Xian , Zhang Wen-He , You Song , Qin Bin
Published: September 2022

Multiple stereoisomers can be found when a substance contains chiral carbons in its chemical structure. To obtain the desired stereoisomers, asymmetric synthesis was proposed in the 1970s and developed rapidly at the beginning of this century. Stereodivergent synthesis, an extension of asymmetric synthesis in organic synthesis with the hope to produce all stereoisomers of chiral substances in high conversion and selectivity, enriches the variety of available products and serves as a reference suggestion for the synthesis of their derivatives and other compounds. Since biocatalysis has outstanding advantages of economy, environmental friendliness, high efficiency, and reaction at mild conditions, the biocatalytic reaction is regarded as an efficient strategy to perform stereodivergent synthesis. Thus, in this review, we summarize the stereodivergent synthesis catalyzed by enzymes or chemo-enzymes in cases where a compound contains two or three chiral carbons, i.e., at most four or eight stereoisomers are present. The types of reactions, including reduction of substituent ketones, cyclization reactions, olefin addition, and nonredox transesterification reactions, are also discussed for the understanding of the progress and application of biocatalysis in stereodivergent synthesis.
Superconductor/magnetoresistance mixed sensor with magnetic flux guides for in-plane magnetic field measurement
Authors: Yang Lan , Pan Mengchun , Sun Kun , Zhang Xinmiao , Li Peisen , Hu Yueguo , Hu Jiafei , Tao Jun , Ji Minhui , Qiu Weicheng , Chen Dixiang , Zhang Qi , Peng Junping
Published: September 2022

A superconductor/magnetoresistance (SC/MR) mixed sensor often has very high-precision detection capability, but it is only sensitive to the out-of-plane magnetic field that is perpendicular to the superconducting flux-to-field transformation amplifier (SFTA). This inherent characteristic makes it impossible for a primary SC/MR mixed sensor to measure the in-plane magnetic field, which limits its application in many fields. This paper presents a new architecture of SC/MR mixed sensors with two magnetic flux guides (MFGs) to realize in-plane magnetic field measurement, which is attributed to the combined effects of MFGs and SFTA. The finite element method simulations are used to study the magnetic flux converting effect of MFGs and magnetic field amplification effect of SFTA, which theoretically proves the feasibility of in-plane magnetic field measurement and reveals the influences of the sizes and spacing of MFGs on magnetic field magnification. Experimental results show that the SC/MR mixed sensor with MFGs can simultaneously sense the in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic fields, and the performance of the mixed sensor with MFGs is comparable to the primary one. The magnification and resolution of the mixed sensors with MFGs to the in-plane magnetic fields are, respectively, improved by 2.91 times and 2.23 times compared to those without MFGs to the out-of-plane magnetic fields. The work described in this paper is of great significance for the development of three-component weak magnetic field detection.
An integrated split and dummy gates MOSFET with fast turn-off and reverse recovery characteristics
Authors: Chen Weizhong , Mou Liuting , Qin Haifeng , Zhang Hongsheng , Han Zhengsheng
Published: September 2022

A power MOSFET with integrated split gate and dummy gate (SD-MOS) is proposed and demonstrated by the TCAD SENTAURUS. The split gate is surrounded by the source and shielded by the dummy gate. Consequently, the coupling area between the split gate and the drain electrode is reduced, thus the gate-to-drain charge (Q
GD), reverse transfer capacitance (C
RSS) and turn-off loss (E
off) are significantly decreased. Moreover, the MOS-channel diode is controlled by the dummy gate with ultra-thin gate oxidet
ox, which can be turned on before the parasitic P-base/N-drift diode at the reverse conduction, then the majority carriers are injected to the N-drift to attenuate the minority injection. Therefore, the reverse recovery charge (Q
RR), time (T
RR) and peak current (I
RRM) are effectively reduced at the reverse freewheeling state. Additionally, the specific on-resistance (R
on,sp) and breakdown voltage (BV) are also studied to evaluate the static properties of the proposed SD-MOS. The simulation results show that the Q
GD of 6 nC/cm2, the C
RSS of 1.1 pF/cm2 at the V
DS of 150 V, the Q
RR of 1.2 μC/cm2 and the R
on,sp of 8.4 mΩ⋅cm2 are obtained, thus the figures of merit (FOM) including Q
GD × R
on,sp of 50 nC⋅mΩ, E
off × R
on,sp of 0.59 mJ⋅mΩ and the Q
RR × R
on,sp of 10.1 μC⋅mΩ are achieved for the proposed SD-MOS.
A three-band perfect absorber based on a parallelogram metamaterial slab with monolayer MoS2
Authors: Zhang Wen-Jing , Liu Qing-Song , Cheng Bo , Chao Ming-Hao , Xu Yun , Song Guo-Feng
Published: September 2022

As a two-dimensional (2D) material, monolayer MoS2 which limits its optical applications has a low absorption efficiency. In this paper, we propose a three-band perfect metamaterial absorber in the visible light range based on monolayer MoS2. The peak absorptivity of the structure at each resonance wavelength is nearly perfect, moreover, the light absorption of monolayer MoS2 is obviously enhanced at the three resonant wavelengths. The dielectric–dielectric–metal structure we designed produces the coupling of Fabry–Perot resonance and high-order diffraction guided-mode resonance at different absorption peaks, which has been proved by the slab waveguide theory. In addition, the multi-modal absorption phenomenon is explained by extracting the equivalent impedance. The results show that we can adjust the absorption peak wavelength by regulating the parameters of the structure. This structure not only provides an idea for enhancing the interaction between light and two-dimensional materials but also has potential applications for optical detection devices.
Effects of O2 adsorption on secondary electron emission properties
Authors: Yang Zhao-Lun , Yang Jing , He Yun , Hu Tian-Cun , Wang Xin-Bo , Zhang Na , Chen Ze-Yu , Miao Guang-Hui , Zhang Yu-Ting , Cui Wan-Zhao
Published: September 2022

The surface adsorption of gas molecules is a key factor limiting the secondary electron yield (SEY) of a material in many areas of applied physics. The influence of O2 adsorption on the SEY of metallic Ag is investigated in this work. To account for the particle distribution, we propose a BET theory based on multilayer O2 physisorption model. Furthermore, based on the phenomenological model of secondary electron (SE) emission and by taking into account the different scattering processes between electrons and particles in the adsorbed layer, we develop a numerical model of SEY in the adsorbed state using Monte Carlo simulations. The relationships among O2 adsorption, adsorption layer thickness, and SEY variation characteristics are then examined through a series of experiments. After 12-h exposure to O2, the clean samples increases 12%–19% of the maximum value of SEY and 2.3 nm in thickness of the adsorbed layer. Experimental results are also compared with the results from the MC model to determine whether the model is accurate.
Differential equations for the closed geometric crystal chains
Authors: Takagi Taichiro
Published: September 2022

We present two types of systems of differential equations that can be derived from a set of discrete integrable systems which we call the closed geometric crystal chains. One is an extended Lotka–Volterra type system, and the other seems to be generally new but reduces to a previously known system in a special case. Both equations have Lax representations associated with what are known as the loop elementary symmetric functions, which were originally introduced to describe products of affine type A geometric crystals for symmetric tensor representations. Examples of the derivations of the continuous time Lax equations from a discrete time one are described in detail, where a novel method of taking a continuum limit by assuming asymptotic behaviors of the eigenvalues of the Lax matrix in Puiseux series expansions is used.
Reduced phosphatidylcholine synthesis suppresses the embryonic lethality of seipin deficiency
Authors: Zhu Jinglin , Lam Sin Man , Yang Leilei , Liang Jingjing , Ding Mei , Shui Guanghou , Huang Xun
Published: September 2022

Seipin plays a vital role in lipid droplet homeostasis, and its deficiency causes congenital generalized lipodystrophy type II in humans. It is not known whether the physiological defects are all caused by cellular lipid droplet defects. Loss-of-function mutation of seip-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans seipin ortholog, causes embryonic lethality and lipid droplet abnormality. We uncover nhr-114 and spin-4 as two suppressors of seip-1 embryonic lethality. Mechanistically, nhr-114 and spin-4 act in the “B12-one-carbon cycle-phosphatidylcholine (PC)” axis, and reducing PC synthesis suppresses the embryonic lethality of seip-1 mutants. Conversely, PC deficiency enhances the lipid droplet abnormality of seip-1 mutants. The suppression of seip-1 embryonic lethality by PC reduction requires polyunsaturated fatty acid. In addition, the suppression is enhanced by the knockdown of phospholipid scramblase epg-3. Therefore, seipin and PC exhibit opposite actions in embryogenesis, while they function similarly in lipid droplet homeostasis. Our results demonstrate that seipin-mediated embryogenesis is independent of lipid droplet homeostasis.
Lysosome-targeted cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes: JMJD inhibition, dual induction of apoptosis, and autophagy
Authors: Lu Jun-Jian , Ma Xiu-Rong , Xie Kai , Chen Mei-Ru , Huang Bo , Li Rong-Tao , Ye Rui-Rong
Published: September 2022

A series of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with the formula [Ir(C^N)2 L](PF6) (C^N = 2-phenylpyridine (ppy, in Ir-1), 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine (thpy, in Ir-2), 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (dfppy, in Ir-3), L = 2-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)quinolin-8-ol) were designed and synthesized, which utilize 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative as N^N ligands to chelate the cofactor Fe2+ of the Jumonji domain-containing protein (JMJD) histone demethylase. As expected, the results of UV/Vis titration analysis confirm the chelating capabilities of Ir-1–3 for Fe2+, and molecular docking studies also show that Ir-1–3 can interact with the active pocket of JMJD protein, and treatment of cells with Ir-1–3 results in significant upregulation of trimethylated histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9Me3), indicating the inhibition of JMJD activity. Meanwhile, Ir-1–3 exhibit much higher cytotoxicity against the tested tumor cell lines compared with the clinical chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. And Ir-1–3 can block the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and inhibit cell migration and colony formation. Further studies show that Ir-1–3 can specifically accumulate in lysosomes, damage the integrity of lysosomes, and induce apoptosis and autophagy. Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and elevation of reactive oxygen species also contribute to the antitumor effects of Ir-1–3. Finally, Ir-1 can inhibit tumor growth effectively in vivo and increase the expression of H3K9Me3 in tumor tissues. Our study demonstrates that these iridium(III) complexes are promising anticancer agents with multiple functions, including the inhibition of JMJD and induction of apoptosis and autophagy.
“The Coming In of the Southern Freedman’s Sons and Daughters”
Authors: Loughran Kevin
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the urban-sociological approach of W. E. B. Du Bois. It describes the motivating concerns of both Du Bois’s urban research—highlighted by the publication of The Philadelphia Negro in 1899—and that of his White contemporaries, especially those of the Chicago School of Sociology. The chapter contrasts the Chicago School’s dominant view of race and segregated urban space as “natural” with Du Bois’s insurgent perspective that race was socially constructed and that racism was forcefully shaping the material conditions of American cities at the turn of the twentieth century. Implications for a contemporary Du Boisian urban sociology are also discussed.
South Slavic Epic and the Philology of the Border
Authors: Elmer David F.
Published: September 2022

Epic singing among the south Slavs is a “tradition of the border”: historically, its development was closely intertwined with the conditions pertaining in the Balkan frontier zone that separated the Ottoman Empire from its neighbors. After reviewing fundamental characteristics of this tradition, the present chapter argues that the tradition itself can be understood as a “borderland” through which a variety of boundaries have been traced. These boundaries have determined how the territory has been mapped in terms of genre (epic vs. ballad), gender (“women’s songs” vs. “heroic songs”), and the orality/literacy divide. The binaries that emerge from the tracing of such boundaries are readily appropriated by the ideological structures of nationalism. The application of a “philology of the border,” understood as the critical re-examination of philological acts of discrimination, reveals the underlying continuities often obscured by the boundaries imposed on the south Slavic epic tradition, as well as the ideological values those boundaries express.
Blackness and Contested Identities in Brazilian Samba
Authors: Trotta Felipe
Published: September 2022

Largely acknowledged as the most important Brazilian popular music genre, samba occupies a floating space in national music valorization. At times, samba is praised as being representative of Brazilian people’s soul, while at other times it suffers prejudice due to its racialized connections with blackness. This chapter discusses how this floating valorization is related to samba’s association with and definition as “black” music throughout its more than one hundred years of existence. Four moments or periods in samba’s history will be illustrated, during which sambistas have negotiated blackness in different ways, while regarding the genre as a pivotal element in people’s fight against racism and, more recently, sexism.
Medicine, Health, and Illness
Authors: Cersosimo Giuseppina
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights the contributions and potential of symbolic interactionism for understanding medicine, health, and illness. It traces the beginnings of interactionist approaches to healthcare in studies of disease as a social construction, patient negotiation studies, research on professions, studies of trajectories and biography, and analyses of interpretations of suffering. Symbolic interactionism has advanced the study of health care through the use of sensitizing concepts, grounded theory, and a holistic approach to focusing on interfacing with the everyday life of patients. As new frameworks for the interaction between doctors and patients, new technologies, and new forms of interaction continue to transform health care, the importance of examining health treatments through a symbolic interactionist lens can trigger deep conversations and change related to health policies while reducing disparities within the healthcare system.
Symbolic Interaction and Music
Authors: Kotarba Joseph A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter outlines symbolic interactionist approaches to understanding music with a particular emphasis on the sensitizing concepts of subculture, self, identity, community, scene, sense of place, idioculture, interaction, organization, and authenticity. Sensitizing concepts that serve to illuminate a topic area and to analytically connect across different topic areas are at the heart of the symbolic interactionist perspective. Moving beyond the compartmentalization of music into just “youth subcultures,” this chapter argues for a more integrated understanding of music as a central feature of human lives. Music is integral to social life and a ubiquitous feature of everyday life, and thus its study contributes not just to a better understanding of music but also to our understanding of central sociological issues of culture, community, belonging, and identity.
Bringing Home the Case of the Poor
Authors: Fleischacker Samuel
Published: September 2022

Contrary to the standard view, which sees Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments and the Wealth of Nations as unconnected, it is suggested here that the two books are bound together deeply, if implicitly, by way of the rhetoric Smith used in the Wealth of Nations to persuade his readers of the dignity of the poor. A theory of moral rhetoric is drawn from Smith’s account of sympathy in the Theory of Moral Sentiments, as well as some of his explicit remarks in his lectures on rhetoric, and then applied to passages in the Wealth of Nations. It is argued that the Wealth of Nations is an example of what Thomas Laqueur called a “humanitarian narrative,” and that it was written in amoral language for moral purposes: that it is in part a moral narrative that for that very reason abstains from moral judgment.
The Rhetoric of Reason in Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Men
Authors: O’Neill Daniel I.
Published: September 2022

Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Men, one of the first published replies to Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France, is increasingly regarded as an important work in the history of political thought. This chapter argues that Wollstonecraft developed a “rhetoric of reason” to respond to Burke’s own rhetorical reliance on the eighteenth-century notion of “sensibility,” which he used along with his own aesthetic categories of the “sublime” and the “beautiful,” to attack the French Revolution. In response, Wollstonecraft used critical reason as a tool for intellectually unmasking what she saw as Burke’s lack of empathy for the sufferings of poor and oppressed men, women, and children and his worship of power. Her goal in so doing was to persuade her readers to reject Burke’s arguments and embrace the Revolution, which she saw as holding out the promise of replacing all institutionalized forms of hierarchy among human beings with a new and higher form of democratic civilization.
Practical Truth, Ethical Naturalism, and the Constitution of Agency in Anscombe’s Ethics
Authors: Hacker-Wright John
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that Anscombe’s moral philosophy can be understood as an Aristotelian version of constitutivism, according to which ethical norms are norms that are constitutive of human action and enable us to enact our flourishing. On Anscombe’s views, someone who acts well normally brings it about that they make some things true of what they are doing, including making it true that they are acting well. This requires having the virtues and a true conception of what it is to act well. The virtues enable the virtuous agent to correctly construe situations and structure their appetites such that they are not impeded in acting well. A fully committed vicious agent may have a harmonious psychology, but they will still be impeded in their agency, Anscombe holds, through not being able to make it true that they are acting well. The chapter argues that Anscombe’s commitments enable her to respond to objections recently raised to the very idea of an Aristotelian constitutivism by Christine Korsgaard.
Anscombe on Double Effect and Intended Consequences
Authors: Michon Cyrille
Published: September 2022

From her first writings up to Intention and later, Elizabeth Anscombe was concerned with the doctrine of double effect (DDE), which relies on the distinction between intended and merely foreseen consequences of an action. The doctrine is linked to a precise account of intention and to an overall anti-consequentialist account of morality which fits well with Anscombe’s philosophy. At the same time she regularly warns us against abuses of the doctrine and is aware that a special difficulty arises from what is now called the ‘closeness problem’ (P. Foot). After presenting the doctrine and the problem, the chapter deals with the accusation of inconsistency between Anscombe’s account of the DDE and her analysis of action in Intention (J. Finnis), and argues that she has made room for a distinction between two scopes of intention—broad and narrow—which can ground moral differences, and thus reshape the debate over the DDE.
Anscombe and Self-Consciousness
Authors: Haddock Adrian
Published: September 2022

According to G. E. M. Anscombe, self-consciousness is not consciousness of oneself. Self-consciousness is what is manifested by the use of ‘I’. This would be consciousness of oneself if ‘I’ referred to its speaker in the manner of a name, a demonstrative, or a definite description. But a central burden of Anscombe’s ‘The First Person’ is to show that ‘I’ is not such a term. She accepts ‘the rule “If X asserts something with “I” as subject, his assertion will be true if and only if what he asserts is true of X.” ’ But she distinguishes acceptance of this rule from acceptance of the idea that ‘I’ is a term whose use manifests consciousness of oneself.
Justice and Murder
Authors: Berkman John
Published: September 2022

Drawing in part on new biographical discoveries about Anscombe, this chapter argues that Anscombe’s work in moral philosophy was driven by her concern to recover the absolute moral prohibition on murder, and the virtue of justice as the appropriate basis for it. Oxford moral philosophy made the mistake of giving priority to abstract moral theorising over the most fundamental moral convictions. Anscombe, following the wisdom of great philosophical and religious traditions, recognised that the prohibition against killing innocent people as a requirement of natural justice is a prerequisite for legitimate theorising about morality. She thus attacked what she took to be the naïve, frivolous, and/or degenerate moral theorising of the Oxford moral philosophers.
“Central Europe”
Authors: Zečević Nada
Published: September 2022

This Introduction deals with diverse definitions and perceptions of medieval Central Europe that developed over time, among which also its modern geopolitical uses. The chapter then points out the region’s medieval entanglements and the need to observe them in the broadest spatial terms and by comprehensive mutual interactions of the region’s societies and their neighborhood. By reflecting on the structure of the volume and scholarly contributions published in it, this chapter concludes acknowledging the importance of scholarly collaboration in providing comprehensive comparative accounts on medieval Central Europe.
Rural Land Management in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Sárosi Edit
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores how management of rural resources in Central Europe changed to expand the rural production from the thirteenth century on, highlighting the important transformations in food-production patterns and new technologies that made the region comparable to parts of the European medieval West. One significant element in this process was the massive transfer and flexible adaptation of organizational frameworks and agricultural techniques arriving with settlers from Western Europe. The increase in agricultural production not only contributed to a higher standard of living for the peasant population, but also supplied food and other agrarian products to a growing segment of the population not engaged in food production. From the fourteenth century, large numbers of urban settlements with significant populations employed in crafts, industrial production, and trade enjoyed the benefits of the agrarian hinterland. Ultimately, the development of medieval rural landscapes in Central Europe was based on interaction, acceptance, and adaptation of innovation, which means that it can be regarded as an integral part of the wider medieval European agricultural milieu.
Research on the Newly Dead
Authors: Hammack-Aviran Catherine M.
Published: September 2022

Research on the dead is both the source and the product of chronic tensions between and among social, religious, cultural, economic, legal, and scientific constructs and values. Human remains hold an important role in a myriad of research fields, such as product development and forensics (e.g., safety testing, “body farms”). Yet, research on the newly dead is largely beyond the scope of state and federal law and regulation. Due to the dearth of traditional protections, critical analysis of the ethics of cadaver research is essential to supporting potentially beneficial research while protecting the rights, interests, and welfare of all persons—living and dead.
Underground Visual Arts
Authors: Turkina Olesya
Published: September 2022

Emerging in the 1960s along with unofficial art, Soviet underground photography evolved around the amateur photo clubs at palaces and houses of culture and was also closely linked with unofficial poets and artists. This chapter shows how the transition from independent photography (that is, photography not produced for news agencies and periodicals) to conceptual photography took place when quality and composition ceased to concern photographers and, on the contrary, they begin to appreciate “poor” quality, sloppy composition, grainy prints, and manual coloring. Taking as a starting point the “direct photography” of Leningrad photo underground titan Boris Smelov, and drawing on the work of Boris Mikhailov, Igor Makarevich, Yevgeny Yufit, and Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe, the article shows how artists reconsidered the fundamental possibilities of the medium and its message during the transition to the new era.
Progression of ACT
Authors: Zettle Robert D. , Wilson Kelly G.
Published: September 2022

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in the context of its historical and progressive development unfolded within three phases over the past 40 years. Events and influences in an initial phase that culminated in the development of comprehensive distancing as a precursor to ACT in the early 1980s preceded philosophical, theoretical, and conceptual refinements that took place during the next phase of ACT’s progression. These advancements, including the further explication of functional contextualism, rule governance, and relational responding, contributed to the emergence of ACT as a coherent transdiagnostic intervention by the turn of this century. Ever increasing outcome and process research within the last two decades during ACT’s third and most recent stage of progression have been instrumental in solidifying its current empirical status and expanding globalization.