bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contesting Sustainability: ‘SMARTGrowth’ and the Redevelopment ofAustin'sEastside
Authors: Tretter Eliot M.
Published: August 2012

The compatibility between an agenda for sustainable urban development and the neoliberal economic restructuring of urban space has been observed within cities in developed countries across the globe. From providing economic support to local ‘green’ industries to creating bike lanes, municipalities develop sustainability strategies that are designed to boost their competitive advantage. Moreover, municipalities are responding to demands from popular social movements and national governments that seek to reconfigure societal relationships with the natural environment in cities. Cities are increasingly understood not as part of the ecological crisis but as part of the solution, or as places where alternative patterns of sustainable consumption and new socially and ecologically responsible industries can be developed. Over the last decade in Austin, environmental sustainability has become an uncontested paradigm that has progressively shaped the city's urban space and policy. Two competing conceptualizations of the environment, so‐called ‘environmental’ and ‘just’ sustainability groups, are explored in this article. I demonstrate how the notion of environmental sustainability has been selectively incorporated into the hegemonic vision of Austin's strategic growth plan. I argue that the dominance of this conceptualization is best understood by asking what counts as the ‘environment’ for environmentalists, and understanding the unstated assumptions about the environment shared by the business community and environmentalists.
City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy
Authors: van den Berg Marguerite
Published: August 2012

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.
Insurgent Building: Emerging Spatial Politics in theBedouin–State Conflict inIsrael
Authors: Koensler Alexander
Published: August 2012

In the conflict betweenBedouin representatives and government authorities in the southernIsraeliNegev, the term ‘insurgent building’ refers to the construction of buildings erected in the full expectation that they will be demolished by theIsraeli police shortly thereafter. This article analyses how insurgent building is employed as a spatial practice by emerging political actors to claim contestedBedouin landownership. Importantly, insurgent building relies on the ability of media and advocacy organizations to mobilize behind the issue. Most of the relevant scholarship takes the interpretative categories advanced by these actors at face value. Following anthropological debates regarding objectification and categorization, I examine the context of a specific case of insurgent building. Emerging political actors who employ insurgent building often rely on predefined ethnic categories and clear‐cut people–state polarities. This case demonstrates the need for a more differentiated understanding of multilayered local dynamics than the one offered by mainstream linear interpretations. At a more abstract level, political actors contribute to the reproduction of the very categories against which they mobilize.
The evolutionary history of the development of the pelvic fin/hindlimb
Authors: Don Emily K. , Currie Peter D. , Cole Nicholas J.
Published: August 2012

The arms and legs of man are evolutionarily derived from the paired fins of primitive jawed fish. Few evolutionary changes have attracted as much attention as the origin of tetrapod limbs from the paired fins of ancestral fish. The hindlimbs of tetrapods are derived from the pelvic fins of ancestral fish. These evolutionary origins can be seen in the examination of shared gene and protein expression patterns during the development of pelvic fins and tetrapod hindlimbs. The pelvic fins of fish express key limb positioning, limb bud induction and limb outgrowth genes in a similar manner to that seen in hindlimb development of higher vertebrates. We are now at a point where many of the key players in the development of pelvic fins and vertebrate hindlimbs have been identified and we can now readily examine and compare mechanisms between species. This is yielding fascinating insights into how the developmental programme has altered during evolution and how that relates to anatomical change. The role of pelvic fins has also drastically changed over evolutionary history, from playing a minor role during swimming to developing into robust weight‐bearing limbs. In addition, the pelvic fins/hindlimbs have been lost repeatedly in diverse species over evolutionary time. Here we review the evolution of pelvic fins and hindlimbs within the context of the changes in anatomical structure and the molecular mechanisms involved.
Brain region‐specific immunolocalization of the lipolysis‐stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) and altered cholesterol distribution in aged LSR+/− mice
Authors: Stenger Christophe , Pinçon Anthony , Hanse Marine , Royer Laurent , Comte Audrey , Koziel Violette , Olivier Jean‐Luc , Pillot Thierry , Yen Frances T.
Published: August 2012

Brain lipid homeostasis is important for maintenance of brain cell function and synaptic communications, and is intimately linked to age‐related cognitive decline. Because of the blood–brain barrier's limiting nature, this tissue relies on a complex system for the synthesis and receptor‐mediated uptake of lipids between the different networks of neurons and glial cells. Using immunofluorescence, we describe the region‐specific expression of the lipolysis‐stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR), in the mouse hippocampus, cerebellum Purkinje cells, the ependymal cell interface between brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid, and the choroid plexus. Colocalization with cell‐specific markers revealed that LSR was expressed in neurons, but not astrocytes. Latency in arms of the Y‐maze exhibited by young heterozygote LSR+/− mice was significantly different as compared to control LSR+/+, and increased in older LSR+/− mice. Filipin and Nile red staining revealed membrane cholesterol content accumulation accompanied by significantly altered distribution of LSR in the membrane, and decreased intracellular lipid droplets in the cerebellum and hippocampus of old LSR+/− mice, as compared to control littermates as well as young LSR+/− animals. These data therefore suggest a potential role of LSR in brain cholesterol distribution, which is particularly important in preserving neuronal integrity and thereby cognitive functions during aging.
DEAD SEA ASPHALT IN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MUMMIES—WHY?
Authors: NISSENBAUM A. , BUCKLEY S.
Published: August 2012

The asphalt from the Dead Sea was an important item of trade in antiquity. Among its many uses, the most widespread was its export to Egypt for use in the mummification process, albeit at a relatively late date; that is, post 1000 bc. Its use became particularly important in the Ptolemaic–Roman period, as demonstrated by a war in the fourth century bc specifically to gain commercial control of this product. Although the reasons why the Egyptians wanted Dead Sea asphalt at this specific time are nowhere specified, the answer may lie in its increasing availability as a (partial) replacement for the plant resins used previously. A review of the historical literature shows that Dead Sea asphalt was used for at least two millennia as a biocidal agent in agricultural practices. It is proposed that the reasons for using Dead Sea asphalt in the mummification process are due to its dual role; first, as an external mechanical shield, when smeared on the exterior of mummy wrapping, to prevent ingress by insects, fungi, bacteria and moisture; and, second, as a biocidal agent (perhaps due to its high sulphur content), which prevented the flesh from decaying, the prime concern for the ancient Egyptians.
Food security and food sustainability: reformulating the debate
Authors: Lang Tim , Barling David
Published: August 2012

The notion of food security has an important history as a key concept for 20th‐century policymakers. Two overarching perspectives on food security are identified. One centred on raising production as the core answer to under‐consumption and hunger. The other is an emerging perspective, more social and ecological, accepting the need to address a complex array of problems, not just production. The first is primarily agricultural‐focused; the latter a food systems approach. From its inception in post‐World War 2 international reconstruction, the UN and governments have given tackling hunger a high profile, via a changing package of policy measures. Within a few decades, the production‐oriented approach or paradigm was being questioned by the emerging paradigm with its more complex, multi‐focused notion of the challenges ahead. When oil and agricultural commodity prices spiked in 2007–8, the complex agenda was marginalised by a renewed international focus on primary production and the needs of low‐income countries. Against this background, the paper explores the diversity of perspectives on what is meant by food security, concluding that the core 21st‐century task is to create a sustainable food system. This requires a more coherent policy framework than currently exists, a goal thwarted by competing solutions vying for policy attention and policy failure thus far to integrate the complex range of evidence from social as well as environmental and economic sources into an integrated policy response.
Legal Opportunity Structures and the Paradox of Legal Mobilization by the Environmental Movement in the UK
Authors: Vanhala Lisa
Published: August 2012

This article examines the strategic legal activity of the environmental movement in the United Kingdom over the past twenty years. Environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have increasingly turned to the courts in pursuit of their policy goals, despite significant losses on substantive legal issues, difficulties gaining standing and high costs awarded against them under the “loser pays” system. This presents a puzzle: why does the movement continue to pursue legal action in the face of what activists claim is a hostile legal opportunity structure (LOS)? This study explores this seeming paradox using a single-country, cross-temporal comparative approach, an original dataset of legal cases taken by NGOs as well as qualitative case studies of strategic litigation. It highlights the agency the movement exhibits within opportunity structures and suggests that NGOs that use litigation are able to highlight the failings of the existing system and improve future access to justice for themselves and other groups.
Choice, Discrimination, and the Motherhood Penalty
Authors: Kricheli-Katz Tamar
Published: August 2012

Recent studies have documented substantial penalties associated with motherhood and suggest that discrimination plays an important role in producing them. In this article, I argue that the degree to which motherhood is conceptualized as a choice affects the penalties associated with making this choice. Two methods are employed to evaluate this argument. The first method is an analysis of state differences in the wage penalties for motherhood, in which hierarchical linear modeling is used with data from the 1988–2004 Current Population Survey. The second method is a hiring experiment in a highly controlled setting. The wage analysis shows that, net of the usual individual and state-level factors that affect wages, mothers are penalized more in states where motherhood is perceived to be a woman's choice. The hiring experiment distinguishes between productivity-based and discrimination-based explanations for the penalty and provides strong evidence for a causal relationship between perceptions of choice and discrimination against mothers.
“I'll Make Them Shoot Me”: Accounts of Death Row Prisoners Advocating for Execution
Authors: Rountree Meredith Martin
Published: August 2012

About 11% of death-sentenced prisoners executed in the United States hastened executions by abandoning their appeals. How do these prisoners persuade courts to allow them to abandon their appeals? Further, how do legal structures and processes organize these explanations, and what do they conceal? An analysis of Texas cases suggests that prisoners marshal explanations for their desires to hasten execution that echo prevailing cultural beliefs about punishment and the death penalty. The coherence of these accounts is amplified by a non-adversarial, unreliable legal process. This article contributes to our understanding of legal narratives, and expands their analysis to include not only hegemonic stories and legal rules, but also the legal process that generates them.
Imitating the West? Evidence on Administrative Reform from the Upper Echelons of Chinese Provincial Government
Authors: Christensen Tom , Dong Lisheng , Painter Martin , Walker Richard M.
Published: August 2012

This article explores the attitudes of officials in the upper echelons in Chinese provincial and local government toward the origins of administrative reform. The authors examine the somewhat dichotomous argument that reform imitates the West or is indigenous and contend that both influences are present. Data drawn from a survey of party cadres and government officials show that cultural factors (time in government, overall knowledge of administrative reforms, together with familiarity with the move from a planned system of government to a market economy) and structural variables (upper echelon and familiarity with business management techniques) are correlated with learning from the West. Cadres and officials who spend more time managing outward and those who are familiar with performance assessment do not learn from the West. The theoretical and research implications of these findings—that learning from the West is an important influence on the adoption of administrative reforms in China—are discussed.
Outsourcing Public Service Delivery: Management Responses in Noncompetitive Markets
Authors: Girth Amanda M. , Hefetz Amir , Johnston Jocelyn M. , Warner Mildred E.
Published: August 2012

Capturing the benefits of competition is a key argument for outsourcing public services, yet public service markets often lack sufficient competition. The authors use survey and interview data from U.S. local governments to explore the responses of public managers to noncompetitive markets. This research indicates that competition is weak in most local government markets (fewer than two alternative providers on average across 67 services measured), and that the relationship between competition and contracting choice varies by service type. Public managers respond to suboptimal market competition by intervening with strategies designed to create, sustain, and enhance provider markets. In monopoly service markets, managers are more likely to use intergovernmental contracting, while for‐profit contracting is more common in more competitive service markets. The strategies that public managers employ to build and sustain competition for contracts often require tangible investments of administrative resources that add to the transaction costs of contracting in noncompetitive markets.
Making Security Work for the Majority: Reflections on Two Districts in Jakarta
Authors: SIMONE ABDOUMALIQ , FAUZAN ACHMAD UZAIR
Published: August 2012

Global urban theory has placed increased emphasis on the ways in which residents from different walks of life have created heterogeneous spaces, livelihoods and political sensibilities. Much of this analysis deals with the importance of discernible forms of belonging, organization, and identity as the tools through which relationships among residents and spaces are managed and secured. For residents of mixed income, mixed use areas of the urban cores of megacities in the so‐called Global South, securing livelihoods have also depended upon sensibilities and practices that open up multiple venues of collaboration among distinct backgrounds, capacities, and interests. They have relied upon intricate local political and social practices that foster more diffuse and uncertain intersections—where time, effort, money, and affiliation are “untied” from their usual social anchors. Taking the phenomena of sporadic explosions of violence in Tanah Tinggi and the everyday piecing together of “nationhood” in Kramat Sentiong—two neighboring districts in central Jakarta—the article explores ways in which it is possible for localities to sustain a plurality of livelihoods and initiatives.
Living Beirut's Security Zones: An Investigation of the Modalities and Practice of Urban Security
Authors: FAWAZ MONA , HARB MONA , GHARBIEH AHMAD
Published: August 2012

Over the past decade, security has gained enormous attention in the urban literature, reflecting its visibly increasing presence in cities worldwide. It is now widely acknowledged that security is a structuring force for cities both historically and now. Few scholars have however looked at the implications of security on the daily practices of urban dwellers. Based on extensive fieldwork during which we developed a street by street survey of security mechanisms in Beirut (Lebanon), interviewed city dwellers, and worked with artists and local writers reflecting of “security issues”, this paper describes “security” as the accumulation of a set of constructed threats that bring together a multiplicity of forms and agents of securitization, both public and private, and generate new forms of social hierarchies with unequal repercussions on city dwellers. Far from the coherent symbol of an independent sovereign, we argue that security acts in Beirut as a reflection of and a catalyst for social and political divisions.
The Politics of Everyday Life: Mexican Hoosiers and Ethnic Belonging at the Crossroads of America
Authors: VEGA SUJEY
Published: August 2012

As state‐based legislative measures continue to target undocumented immigrants in an all too familiar politics of belonging, the narratives of immigrants themselves remain marginalized. The following argues for the recuperation of voices elided by popular discourse and provides a space to explore the manifestations of belonging for Mexican residents. This type of belonging, what I am terming ethnic belonging, reconciles U.S. nationalism with ethnic solidarity and transnational networks. Ethnic belonging specifically refers to the uncoordinated ways individuals articulate an ethnic sense of belonging that can later impact community activism. I suggest that personal interaction in the workplace, in the classroom, and even at sporting events lay the foundational consciousness of ethnic belonging that critique dominant narratives of exclusion. Importantly, this project highlights the experiences of Mexicans in a small Midwestern town; thus, illustrating how collective resistance through ethnic belonging is critical for contemporary immigrants who settle in “new,” and perhaps unwelcoming, communities.
Lack of β2‐AR improves exercise capacity and skeletal muscle oxidative phenotype in mice
Authors: Voltarelli V. A. , Bacurau A. V. N. , Bechara L. R. G. , Bueno Júnior C. R. , Bozi L. H. M. , Mattos K. C. , Salemi V. M. C. , Brum P. C.
Published: August 2012

β2‐adrenergic receptor (β2‐AR) agonists have been used as ergogenics by athletes involved in training for strength and power in order to increase the muscle mass. Even though anabolic effects of β2‐AR activation are highly recognized, less is known about the impact of β2‐AR in endurance capacity. We presently used mice lacking β2‐AR [β2‐knockout (β2
KO)] to investigate the role of β2‐AR on exercise capacity and skeletal muscle metabolism and phenotype. β2
KO mice and their wild‐type controls (WT) were studied. Exercise tolerance, skeletal muscle fiber typing, capillary‐to‐fiber ratio, citrate synthase activity and glycogen content were evaluated. When compared with WT, β2
KO mice displayed increased exercise capacity (61%) associated with higher percentage of oxidative fibers (21% and 129% of increase in soleus and plantaris muscles, respectively) and capillarity (31% and 20% of increase in soleus and plantaris muscles, respectively). In addition, β2
KO mice presented increased skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity (10%) and succinate dehydrogenase staining. Likewise, glycogen content (53%) and periodic acid‐Schiff staining (glycogen staining) were also increased in β2
KO skeletal muscle. Altogether, these data provide evidence that disruption of β2‐AR improves oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle of β2
KO mice and this is associated with increased exercise capacity.
Screen time is more strongly associated than physical activity with overweight and obesity in 9‐ to 16‐year‐old Australians
Authors: Maher Carol , Olds Tim S , Eisenmann Joey C , Dollman James
Published: August 2012

Background:  Both reduced moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and increased screen time have been implicated in the aetiology of childhood overweight/obesity. This study aimed to determine which behaviour had the stronger association with overweight/obesity.

Method:  2200 randomly selected 9‐ to 16‐year‐old Australians provided four 24‐h use‐of‐time recalls. Participants were classified into weight status categories and as high or low physical active, and high or low screen time according to Australian guidelines (≥60 min MVPA; ≤120 min recreational screen time daily). Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) for overweight/obesity for each screen time and MVPA category.

Results:  Increased likelihood of overweight or obese was often associated with high screen time (ORs, 2.13–2.55 for boys and 1.47–1.72 for girls), but only sometimes and less strongly associated with low MVPA (ORs, 0.49–2.55 for boys and 1.06–1.47 for girls). Analyses conducted for combined screen time and MVPA categories showed screen time to be a stronger indicator of weight status than physical activity, especially in boys.

Conclusion:  Overweight and obesity were more strongly associated with screen time than physical activity. Screen time may be an important target for interventions aimed at reducing childhood overweight and obesity.
Optimizing Synergism of Binary Mixtures of Selected Alternative Sweeteners
Authors: Heikel Barbara , Krebs Esther , Köhn Ehrhard , Busch‐Stockfisch Mechthild
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study was to establish whether sugar can be replaced by the natural sweeteners erythritol, rebaudioside A and by the artificial sweetener sucralose without noticeable sensory differences. After previous two‐alternative forced‐choice tests to determine the sweetness of each applied sweetener, the quantitative descriptive analysis was conducted by an experienced sensory panel.

Results indicate that the alternative sweeteners do not indicate sucrose‐like flavor and texture profiles but do indicate specific sensory characteristics. Consequently, combinations of bulk and high‐intensity sweeteners (erythritol‐rebaudioside A, erythritol‐sucralose) were sensorially analyzed to investigate if they feature a synergism and mask the unpleasant specific characteristics of each other. The tested combinations indicate sucrose‐like flavor and texture profiles at an adjusted sweetness of 1.0. By changing these optimal combinations with the aim of adjusting the maximum sweetness the unpleasant and characteristic (bitter) taste of the sweeteners can be perceived again. The tests were executed in comparison to a 3% sucrose equivalent value reference sample with a sweetness of 1.0.

Practical Applications

Sugar substitution is a hot topic in current food and beverage development, driven by the intention to influence consumer behavior toward health‐oriented eating. The main objective is to maintain the typical and accepted sucrose sweetness in order to avoid negative impact on acceptability. Based on these purposes and the growing interest in natural food ingredients, this study provides an analysis of sweeteners, focusing on the bulk sweetener erythritol and the high‐intensity sweetener rebaudioside A. However, there is still an intensive use and application of artificial sweeteners in the food industry; hence they cannot be neglected in this study.
Facilitating the Pygmalion effect: The overlooked role of subordinate perceptions of the leader
Authors: Karakowsky Leonard , DeGama Nadia , McBey Kenneth
Published: August 2012

For many years, the Pygmalion effect has served as a colourful, conceptual reminder of the power of supervisory expectations in enhancing subordinate performance. However, regardless of the myriad of studies that have sought to replicate this effect and identify its parameters, little attention has actually been paid to the processes underlying this phenomenon. Rather, the existing model implies that the subordinate is an ‘always‐willing’, yet somewhat ‘passive’ recipient of Pygmalion‐oriented leader efforts. Our theoretical paper unpacks the role of subordinate perceptions of the leader and considers how it can influence receptiveness to the leader's Pygmalion‐oriented efforts. By revisiting and building upon the original Pygmalion model, we attempt to enrich our understanding of this phenomenon, as well as to offer insight into why not all Pygmalion leader efforts are equally successful.
Melatonin decreases duodenal epithelial paracellular permeability via a nicotinic receptor–dependent pathway in rats in vivo
Authors: Sommansson Anna , Nylander Olof , Sjöblom Markus
Published: August 2012

Intestinal epithelial intercellular tight junctions (TJs) provide a rate‐limiting barrier restricting passive transepithelial movement of solutes. TJs are highly dynamic areas, and their permeability is changed in response to various stimuli. Defects in the intestinal epithelial TJ barrier may contribute to intestinal inflammation or leaky gut. The gastrointestinal tract may be the largest extrapineal source of endogenous melatonin. Melatonin released from the duodenal mucosa is a potent stimulant of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion (DBS). The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of melatonin in regulating duodenal mucosal barrier functions, including mucosal permeability, DBS, net fluid flux, and duodenal motor activity, in the living animal. Rats were anesthetized with thiobarbiturate, and a ~30‐mm segment of the proximal duodenum with an intact blood supply was perfused in situ. Melatonin and the selective melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole were perfused luminally or given intravenously. Effects on permeability (blood‐to‐lumen clearance of 51Cr‐EDTA), DBS, mucosal net fluid flux, and duodenal motility were monitored. Luminal melatonin caused a rapid decrease in paracellular permeability and an increase in DBS, but had no effect on duodenal motor activity or net fluid flux. Luzindole did not influence any of the basal parameters studied, but significantly inhibited the effects of melatonin. The nonselective and noncompetitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine abolished the effect of melatonin on duodenal permeability and reduced that on DBS. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that melatonin significantly decreases duodenal mucosal paracellular permeability and increases DBS. The data support the important role of melatonin in the neurohumoral regulation of duodenal mucosal barrier.
Chloroplast protection in plum pox virus‐infected peach plants by L‐2‐oxo‐4‐thiazolidine‐carboxylic acid treatments: effect in the proteome
Authors: CLEMENTE‐MORENO MARÍA JOSÉ , DÍAZ‐VIVANCOS PEDRO , RUBIO MANUEL , FERNÁNDEZ‐GARCÍA NIEVES , HERNÁNDEZ JOSÉ A.
Published: August 2012

Sharka, a disease caused by plum pox virus (PPV), has a significant economic impact on fruit tree production. In this work, we analysed the effect of (2,1,3)‐benzothiadiazole (BTH) and L‐2‐oxo‐4‐thiazolidine‐carboxylic acid (OTC) on plant growth and virus content. OTC reduced sharka symptom, stimulated plant growth and alleviated PPV‐induced oxidative stress, indicated by a lack of changes in some oxidative stress parameters. PPV infection reduced chloroplast electron transport efficiency. However, in the presence of BTH or OTC, no changes in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were observed. PPV produced an alteration in chloroplast ultrastructure, giving rise to a decrease in starch contents that was less dramatic in OTC‐treated plants. Furthermore, PPV reduced the abundance of proteins associated with photosynthesis, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and photorespiration. These changes did not take place in OTC‐treated plants, and increases in the expression of proteins related with the aforementioned processes, including ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase, were produced, which correlated with the lower decrease in starch contents observed in PPV‐infected plants treated with OTC. The results suggested that OTC treatment provides protection to the photosynthetic machinery and/or the chloroplast metabolism in PPV‐infected peaches. Thus, OTC could have practical implications in agriculture in improving the vigour of different plant species as well as in immunizing plants against pathogens.
Relative Leader–Member Exchange Within Team Contexts: How and when Social Comparison Impacts Individual Effectiveness
Authors: Hu Jia , Liden Robert C.
Published: August 2012

A multilevel model was developed to examine how and when a focal individual's leader–member exchange (LMX) relative to the LMXs of coworkers within the team (relative LMX, or RLMX) influences individual in‐role performance, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and job satisfaction. Results, based on a sample of 275 leader–member dyads within 35 teams of a beverage company, largely supported the hypotheses. Specifically, using multilevel polynomial regression analyses, the results showed that self‐efficacy partially mediated the relationship between RLMX and in‐role performance and job satisfaction, and fully mediated the relationship between RLMX and OCB. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that team identification attenuated RLMX's direct effect on self‐efficacy, and indirect effects on in‐role performance and OCB and team supportive behavior attenuated RLMX's direct effect on self‐efficacy and indirect effect on in‐role performance.
The Effects of a Learning‐Goal Orientation Training on Self‐Regulation: A Field Experiment Among Unemployed Job Seekers
Authors: Noordzij Gera , van Hooft Edwin A. J. , van Mierlo Heleen , van Dam Arjan , Born Marise Ph.
Published: August 2012

Finding reemployment after job loss is a complex and difficult task that requires extensive motivation and self‐regulation. This study aimed to examine whether improving unemployed job seekers’ cognitive self‐regulation can increase reemployment probabilities. Based on the goal orientation literature, we developed a learning‐goal orientation (LGO) training, which focused on goal setting aimed at improving rather than demonstrating competences and creating a climate of development and improvement. We predicted that the LGO training would influence peoples’ goal orientation towards job seeking, which in turn would relate to learning from failure, strategy awareness, and self‐efficacy, leading to job‐search intentions, resulting in increased reemployment status. Using a 2‐group quasi‐experimental design with 223 unemployed job seekers, we found support for these predictions, except for self‐efficacy. The results suggest that an LGO training is a promising tool to improve self‐regulation in and effectiveness of job search.
The pepper MLO gene, CaMLO2, is involved in the susceptibility cell‐death response and bacterial and oomycete proliferation
Authors: Kim Dae Sung , Hwang Byung Kook
Published: August 2012

Loss‐of‐function alleles of the mildew resistance locus O (MLO) gene provide broad‐spectrum powdery mildew disease resistance. Here, we identified a pepper (Capsicum annuum) MLO gene (CaMLO2) that is transcriptionally induced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) infection. Topology and subcellular localization analyses reveal that CaMLO2 is a plasma membrane‐anchored and amphiphilic Ca2+‐dependent calmodulin‐binding protein. CaMLO2 expression is up‐regulated by Xcv and salicylic acid, as well as abiotic stresses. Silencing of CaMLO2 in pepper plants confers enhanced resistance against virulent Xcv, but not against avirulent Xcv. This resistance is accompanied by a compromised susceptibility cell‐death response and reduced bacterial growth, as well as an accelerated reactive oxygen species burst. Virulent Xcv infection drastically induces expression of the salicylic acid‐dependent defense marker gene CaPR1 in CaMLO2‐silenced leaves. CaMLO2 over‐expression in Arabidopsis enhances susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Leaves of plants over‐expressing CaMLO2 exhibit a susceptibility cell‐death response and high bacterial growth during virulent Pst DC3000 infection. These are accompanied by enhanced electrolyte leakage but compromised induction of some defense response genes and the reactive oxygen species. Together, our results suggest that CaMLO2 is involved in the susceptibility cell‐death response and bacterial and oomycete proliferation in pepper and Arabidopsis.
Wear-Fatigue Behavior of Ni88P11.78Co0.12Fe0.10 and Ni80.55Cr15.25B4.20 Metallic Glasses During Rubbing Against an Eccentric Rotating Ceramic Roller
Authors: Serrar C. , Guiraldenq P.
Published: August 2012

The wear-fatigue rupture of Ni88P11.78Co0.12Fe0.10 (NiP) and Ni80.55Cr15.25B4.20 (NiCrB) glasses prepared by planar–flow casting have been studied using a test under simultaneous constant and cyclic loading generated by an eccentric rotation ceramic antagonist. For better apprehending the phenomena related to the structural state changes of samples before and after tests, structural characterization by x-ray diffraction, mechanical characterization by measuring Vickers microhardness (HV 0.1) and chemical composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis have been carried out on as-quenched and worn dull side ribbons. Rupture surfaces, in S–N curves, have been measured by scanning electron microscope. Wear-fatigue contact tests consist to impose, simultaneously, a traction strain and cyclic normal stresses which generate traction, compression, rolling, bending and shearing. All results obtained from the two selected glasses (NiP and NiCrB) are systematically compared with those of a nickel pure crystalline foil (Ni). We evaluate mainly the wear mechanism, the mode and the typical rupture surface observed in NiP, NiCrB and Ni specimens. We specify the conditions of obtaining these rupture surfaces which often present in smooth plane, veining and “chevrons” patterns. All results show a great wear and fatigue resistance for the two metallic glasses compared to Ni. The NiCrB wear resistance is superior to that of NiP, while the difference in their fatigue limit is not clearly distinct. The reasons for the differences in wear and fatigue behavior will be discussed in relation to the metallic glass thermal stability, chemical composition, microhardness and surface rupture topography.
Robust Optimum Design of Fluid Dynamic Bearing for Hard Disk Drive Spindle Motors
Authors: Hashimoto Hiromu , Ochiai Masayuki , Sunami Yuta
Published: August 2012

This paper describes the robust optimum design considering dimensional tolerances for fluid dynamic bearings (FDBs) of 2.5 in. hard disk drives (HDDs). Recently, 2.5 in. HDDs are widely used for mobile devices such as laptops, video cameras, and car navigation systems. Therefore, in mobile devices, high durability toward external vibrations is essential for high HDD performance. On the other hand, FDBs for HDD spindle motors are generally manufactured by mass production processes which will eventually require reduction of production costs. Consequently, the FDBs are demanded to be easily manufactured and expected to have an insensitive design with low variability of bearing characteristics due to manufacturing errors. In this paper, first, the vibration model of the spindle motor is constructed, and then the vibration experiment was carried out in order to verify the appropriateness of the vibration model. Second, the bearing characteristics are calculated considering dimensional tolerance using optimum design combined with the statistical method in which the dimensional tolerance is assumed to distribute according to the Gaussian distribution. The bearing characteristics are estimated by expectation and standard deviation. Finally, the results of this robust optimum design compared with ones of optimum design neglecting tolerance, and the validity of this technique, were clarified. It was found from the results that the tolerances of radial clearance and groove depth are important factors to be considered to reduce the variability of the amplitude and friction torque. In addition, the variability of the amplitude strongly depends on the groove depth.
Depth-Sensing Nanoscale Deformation Experiments in Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Challa V. S. A. , Misra R. D. K.
Published: August 2012

There is currently a trend toward increased usage of polymeric materials as functional materials because they are likely to experience force in the nanometer range. Thus, we describe here nanoindentation experiments in a polymer nanocomposite system with different nanoclay content and compare with the pristine counterpart. A Berkovich nanoindenter was used to conduct nanoscale deformation experiments using a load of 1–5 mN. The nanoindentation contact properties of relevance to functional applications notably hardness, modulus, and adhesion forces were studied. The addition of 8 wt% of nanoclay to high density polyethylene led to an increase in the indentation hardness by ∼30% and modulus by 25%. Furthermore, using load-displacement plots, the adhesion force between the indenter tip and the material's surface was measured. The adhesion force that is related to the stickiness of the surface was observed to decrease on the introduction of nanoclay in the polymer because of an increase in hardness and modulus of the nanocomposite, leading to a decrease in the area of interaction between the indenter tip and the probed surface. The resistance to nanoindentation of the nanocomposite is explained in terms of a shift in von Mises stress from the surface to the subsurface in the nanocomposite.
Mapping the Origins and Expansion of the Indo-European Language Family
Authors: Bouckaert Remco , Lemey Philippe , Dunn Michael , Greenhill Simon J. , Alekseyenko Alexander V. , Drummond Alexei J. , Gray Russell D. , Suchard Marc A. , Atkinson Quentin D.
Published: August 2012

A Family of Languages

English is part of the large Indo-European language family, which includes Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian languages. The origin of this family is hotly debated: one hypothesis places the origin north of the Caspian Sea in the Pontic steppes, from where it was disseminated by Kurgan semi-nomadic pastoralists; a second suggests that Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey, is the source, and the language radiated with the spread of agriculture.

Bouckaert
et al.

(p.
957
) used phylogenetic methods and modeling to assess the geographical spread of the Indo-European language group. The findings support the suggestion that the origin of the language family was indeed Anatolia 7 to 10 thousand years ago—contemporaneous with the spread of agriculture.
Assembly of an Evolutionarily New Pathway for α-Pyrone Biosynthesis in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Weng Jing-Ke , Li Yi , Mo Huaping , Chapple Clint
Published: August 2012

Making Arabidopyrones

Plants possess specialized metabolic systems that rapidly explore new chemical space as a means to adapt to their environments.

Weng
et al.

(p.
960
) describe the evolutionary trajectory underlying the emergence of a class of α-pyrone-bearing metabolites—arabidopyrones—in the model plant
Arabidopsis
. The first step of the arabidopyrone synthesis pathway is catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 enzyme neofunctionalized following a recent gene duplication event. This development led to the synthesis of a catechol-substituted substrate, which became a new substrate for a highly conserved extradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase. Thus, plants can rapidly assemble a specialized metabolic pathway by substituting a new biological activity into an existing catalytic framework.
A Periciliary Brush Promotes the Lung Health by Separating the Mucus Layer from Airway Epithelia
Authors: Button Brian , Cai Li-Heng , Ehre Camille , Kesimer Mehmet , Hill David B. , Sheehan John K. , Boucher Richard C. , Rubinstein Michael
Published: August 2012

Sticky Mucus?

Mucus—experienced, for example, in the form of a runny nose or productive cough—is one of the tools the body uses to expel or prevent the uptake of foreign matter. In a number of diseases, a failure of the normal mucus-control system leads to obstructions of the airways and respiratory problems.

Button
et al.

(p.
937
; see the Perspective by

Dickey

) examine the existing gel-on-liquid model, where the mucus is thought to sit on a watery periciliary layer around the beating lung cilia that has been used to explain the flow of mucus. A gel-on-brush model is proposed where the mucus sits on a brushlike periciliary layer. The key elements of this layer are membrane-tethered macromolecules that cause normal flow and clearance of mucus. When dehydrated, the interface is disrupted, preventing normal mucus motion.
High Susceptibility for Enterovirus Infection and Virus Excretion Features in Tunisian Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Driss Nadia , Ben-Mustapha Imen , Mellouli Fethi , Ben Yahia Ahlem , Touzi Henda , Bejaoui Mohamed , Ben Ghorbel Mohamed , Triki Henda , Barbouche Mohamed-Ridha
Published: August 2012

To estimate the susceptibility to enterovirus infection and the frequency of long-term poliovirus excreters in Tunisian patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), enteroviruses were assessed in stool specimens of 82 patients with humoral, combined, and other PIDs. Isolated viruses were typed and intratyped by standard molecular techniques, and the whole VP1 region of poliovirus isolates was sequenced. Polioviruses were detected in 6 patients; all isolates were vaccine related. Five patients rapidly stopped excretion; one excreted a poliovirus type 1 isolate for several months, and the isolate accumulated up to 14 mutations in the VP1 region. Nonpolio enteroviruses were identified in 6 patients; 4 of them kept excreting the same strain for more than 6 months. The rate of enterovirus infection was 13.4% of the PID patients and 20.7% of those with an IgG defect; it greatly exceeded the rates generally found in Tunisian supposed-immunocompetent individuals (4.1% during the study period;P= 0.001 andP< 0.0001, respectively). Interestingly, patients with combined immunodeficiencies were at a higher risk for enterovirus infection than those with an exclusively B cell defect. A major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen expression defect was found in 54% of enterovirus-positive patients and in the unique long-term poliovirus excreter. The study results also suggest that substitutive immunoglobulin therapy may help clearance of a poliovirus infection and that most PID patients have the ability to stop poliovirus excretion within a limited period. However, the high susceptibility of these patients to enterovirus infection reinforces the need for enhanced surveillance of these patients until the use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is stopped.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Pregnant Women in Different Countries
Authors: Ramos Nubia L. , Sekikubo Musa , Dzung Dang Thi Ngoc , Kosnopfel Corinna , Kironde Fred , Mirembe Florence , Brauner Annelie
Published: August 2012

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common during pregnancy and can be associated with negative outcomes for both the mother and fetus. Increased risk of infection among these patients has been attributed to physiological changes, and less focus has been placed on
Escherichia coli
, the most frequent causative agent. We investigated the virulence properties of isolates causing UTI in pregnant women in Sweden, Uganda, and Vietnam, as well as nonpregnant women in Sweden. Although phylogenetic group B2 was the most prevalent group, more Ugandan isolates belonged to group B1, associated with commensal strains, than isolates from other countries. Adherence to and invasion of urothelial cells, key events in the infection process, were low among group B1 isolates from pregnant Swedish women compared to those from nonpregnant patients. Similar levels of adherence and invasion were seen in isolates from pregnant women in Uganda and Vietnam. More biofilm was formed by group B2 isolates than by those belonging to group B1 and by Ugandan group B2 isolates than by those from pregnant Swedish and Vietnamese women. The antigen 43a-encoding gene,
fluA
CFT073
, was most prevalent among Ugandan isolates. Expression of the biofilm components, curli and cellulose, was low among all isolates. Multidrug resistance was more common among isolates from Uganda and Vietnam than among those from Swedish patients. We suggest that while bacterial virulence properties play an important role in UTI during pregnancy, physiological changes in the host may contribute more to the incidence of infection caused by less virulent
E. coli
.
Chlamydia trachomatis Strains Show Specific Clustering for Men Who Have Sex with Men Compared to Heterosexual Populations in Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United States
Authors: Christerson Linus , Bom Reinier J. M. , Bruisten Sylvia M. , Yass Resha , Hardick Justin , Bratt Göran , Gaydos Charlotte A. , Morré Servaas A. , Herrmann Björn
Published: August 2012

High-resolution genotyping ofChlamydia trachomatisimproves the characterization of strains infecting different patient groups and sexual networks. In this study, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) andompAsequence determination were used for an analysis ofC. trachomatisstrains from 203 men who have sex with men (MSM) from Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United States. The results obtained were compared with data from 153 heterosexual women from Sweden and the Netherlands. The overlap in MLST/ompAprofiles between MSM from Sweden and the Netherlands was 68%, while the overlap between heterosexual populations from these countries was only 18%. The distribution of genotypes in MSM from the United States was less similar to that in MSM from the European countries, with 45% and 46% overlaps for MSM in Sweden and the Netherlands, respectively. Minimum-spanning-tree analysis of MLST/ompAsequence types identified two large clusters that contained almost exclusively samples from MSM and comprised 74% of all MSM samples. Three other clusters were predominated by samples from women but also contained MSM specimens. Of 19 detected variants of the MLST target CT144, three variants were highly associated with MSM. Our study supports the hypotheses of both tissue tropism as well as epidemiological network structures as explanations for the linkage between specific genetic variants and sexual orientation.