bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet and visible complex refractive indices of secondary organic material produced by photooxidation of the aromatic compounds toluene and m-xylene
Authors: Liu P. F. , Abdelmalki N. , Hung H.-M. , Wang Y. , Brune W. H. , Martin S. T.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Secondary organic material (SOM) produced by the oxidation of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds can be light-absorbing (i.e., brown carbon). Spectral data of the optical properties, however, are scarce. The present study obtained the continuous spectra of the real and imaginary refractive indices (m = n-i k) in the ultraviolet (UV)-to-visible region using spectroscopic ellipsometry for n and UV–visible spectrometry for k. Several different types of SOM were produced in an oxidation flow reactor by photooxidation of toluene and m-xylene for variable concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The results show that the k values of the anthropogenically derived material were at least 10 times greater than those of the biogenically derived material. The presence of NOx was associated with the production of organonitrogen compounds, such as nitro-aromatics and organonitrates, which enhanced light absorption. Compared with the SOM derived from m-xylene, the toluene-derived SOM had larger k values, as well as a greater NOx-induced enhancement, suggesting different brown-carbon-forming potentials of different aromatic precursor compounds. The results imply that anthropogenic SOM produced around urban environments can have an important influence on ultraviolet irradiance, which might consequently influence photochemical cycles of urban pollution.
Evaluation of black carbon emission inventories using a Lagrangian dispersion model – a case study over southern India
Authors: Gadhavi H. S. , Renuka K. , Ravi Kiran V. , Jayaraman A. , Stohl A. , Klimont Z. , Beig G.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. We evaluated three emission inventories of black carbon (BC) using Lagrangian particle dispersion model simulations and BC observations from a rural site in southern India (Gadanki; 13.48° N, 79.18° E) from 2008 to 2012. We found that 93 to 95% of the BC load at the observation site originated from emissions in India and the rest from the neighbouring countries and shipping. A substantial fraction (33 to 43%) of the BC was transported from northern India. Wet deposition is found to play a minor role in reducing BC mass at the site because of its proximity to BC sources during rainy season and relatively short rainy season over western and northern parts of India. Seasonally, the highest BC concentration (approx. 3.3 μg m−3) is observed during winter, followed by spring (approx. 2.8 μg m−3). While the model reproduced well the seasonal cycle, the modelled BC concentrations are significantly lower than observed values, especially in spring. The model bias is correlated to fire radiative power – a proxy of open biomass burning activity. Using potential emission sensitivity maps derived using the model, we suggest that underestimation of BC mass in the model during spring is due to the underestimation of BC fluxes over southern India (possibly from open-biomass-burning/forest-fires). The overall performance of the model simulations using three different emission inventories (SAFAR-India, ECLIPSE and RETRO) is similar, with ECLIPSE and SAFAR-India performing marginally better as both have about 30% higher emissions for India than RETRO. The ratio of observed to modelled annual mean BC concentration was estimated as 1.5 for SAFAR, 1.7 for ECLIPSE and 2.4 for RETRO.
Modeling study of PM2.5 pollutant transport across cities in China's Jing–Jin–Ji region during a severe haze episode in December 2013
Authors: Jiang C. , Wang H. , Zhao T. , Li T. , Che H.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. To study the influence of particulate matter (PM) transported from surrounding regions on the high PM2.5 pollution levels in Beijing, the GRAPES-CUACE model was used to simulate a serious haze episode that occurred on 6–7 December 2013. The results demonstrate the model's suitability for describing haze episodes throughout China, especially in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (Jing–Jin–Ji) region. A very close positive correlation was found between the southerly wind speed over the plain to the south of Beijing and changes in PM2.5 in Beijing, both reaching maximum values at ca. 900 hPa, suggesting the lower atmosphere was the principal layer for pollutant PM transport from its southern neighboring region to Beijing. During haze episodes, and dependent upon the period, Beijing was either a pollution source or sink for its surrounding area. PM input from Beijing's environs was much higher than the output from the city, resulting in the most serious pollution episode, with the highest PM2.5 values occurring from 00:00 to 10:00 UTC 7 December 2013. PM pollutants from the environs of the city accounted for over 50% of the maximum PM2.5 values reached in Beijing. At other times, the Beijing area was a net contributor to pollution in its environs.
Nitrous oxide emission and nitrogen use efficiency in response to nitrophosphate, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide and dicyandiamide of a wheat cultivated soil under sub-humid monsoon conditions
Authors: Ding W. X. , Chen Z. M. , Yu H. Y. , Luo J. F. , Yoo G. Y. , Xiang J. , Zhang H. J. , Yuan J. J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. A field experiment was designed to study the effects of nitrogen (N) source and urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) or nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and N use efficiency (NUE) in a sandy loam soil. Six treatments including no N fertilizer (control), N fertilizer urea alone (U), urea plus NBPT (NBPT), urea plus DCD (DCD), urea plus NBPT and DCD (NBPT plus DCD) and nitrate-based fertilizer nitrophosphate (NP) were designed and implemented separately during the wheat growth period. Seasonal cumulative N2O emissions with urea alone amounted to 0.49 ± 0.12 kg N2O-N ha−1 and were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 0.28 ± 0.03, 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.26 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N ha−1 by application of DCD, NBPT and NBPT plus DCD, respectively. Cumulative N2O emissions from NP were 0.28 ± 0.01 kg N2O-N ha−1. A single N2O flux peak was identified following basal fertilization, and DCD and/or NBPT inhibition effects mainly occurred during the peak emission period. The NP application significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat yield by 12.3% and NUE from 28.8% (urea alone) to 35.9%, while urease and/or nitrification inhibitors showed a slight increase effect. Our results clearly indicated that the application of urea as basal fertilizer, but not as supplemental fertilizer, together with DCD and NBPT is an effective practice to reduce N2O emissions. The application of NP instead of urea would be an optimum agricultural strategy for reducing N2O emissions and increasing crop yield and NUE for wheat cultivation in soils of the North China Plain.
High methane emissions dominate annual greenhouse gas balances 30 years after bog rewetting
Authors: Vanselow-Algan M. , Schmidt S. R. , Greven M. , Fiencke C. , Kutzbach L. , Pfeiffer E.-M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Natural peatlands are important carbon sinks and sources of methane (CH4). In contrast, drained peatlands turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source and potentially emit nitrous oxide (N2O). Rewetting of peatlands thus implies climate change mitigation. However, data about the time span that is needed for the re-establishment of the carbon sink function by restoration is scarce. We therefore investigated the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of three differently vegetated bog sites 30 years after rewetting. All three vegetation communities turned out to be sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) ranging between 0.6 ± 1.43 t CO2 ha-2 yr-1 (Sphagnum-dominated vegetation) and 3.09 ± 3.86 t CO2 ha-2 yr-1 (vegetation dominated by heath). While accounting for the different global warming potential (GWP) of the three greenhouse gases, the annual GHG balance was calculated. Emissions ranged between 25 and 53 t CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1 and were dominated by large emissions of CH4 (22 up to 51 t CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1), while highest rates were found at purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea) stands. These are to our knowledge the highest CH4 emissions so far reported for bog ecosystems in temperate Europe. As the restored area was subject to large fluctuations in water table, we conclude that the high CH4 emission rates were caused by a combination of both the temporal inundation of the easily decomposable plant litter of this grass species and the plant-mediated transport through its tissues. In addition, as a result of the land use history, the mixed soil material can serve as an explanation. With regards to the long time span passed since rewetting, we note that the initial increase in CH4 emissions due to rewetting as described in the literature is not limited to a short-term period.
Monitoring seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthetic pigments with automated PRI and NDVI sensors
Authors: Gamon J. A. , Kovalchuk O. , Wong C. Y. S. , Harris A. , Garrity S. R.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The vegetation indices normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) provide indicators of pigmentation and photosynthetic activity that can be used to model photosynthesis from remote sensing with the light-use efficiency model. To help develop and validate this approach, reliable proximal NDVI and PRI sensors have been needed. We tested new NDVI and PRI sensors, "SRS" sensors recently developed by Decagon Devices, during spring activation of photosynthetic activity in evergreen and deciduous stands. We also evaluated two methods of sensor cross-calibration, one that considered sky conditions (cloud cover) at midday only, and the other that also considered diurnal sun angle effects. Cross-calibration clearly affected sensor agreement with independent measurements, with the best method dependent upon the study aim and time frame (seasonal vs. diurnal). The seasonal patterns of NDVI and PRI differed for evergreen and deciduous species, demonstrating the complementary nature of these two indices. Over the spring season, PRI was most strongly influenced by changing chlorophyll : carotenoid pool sizes, while over the diurnal time scale PRI was most affected by the xanthophyll cycle epoxidation state. This finding demonstrates that the SRS PRI sensors can resolve different processes affecting PRI over different time scales. The advent of small, inexpensive, automated PRI and NDVI sensors offers new ways to explore environmental and physiological constraints on photosynthesis, and may be particularly well-suited for use at flux tower sites. Wider application of automated sensors could lead to improved integration of flux and remote sensing approaches to studying photosynthetic carbon uptake, and could help define the concept of contrasting vegetation optical types.
Environmental controls on the boron and strontium isotopic composition of aragonite shell material of cultured Arctica islandica
Authors: Liu Y.-W. , Aciego S. M. , Wanamaker A. D.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Ocean acidification, the decrease in ocean pH associated with increasing atmospheric CO2, is likely to impact marine organisms, particularly those that produce carbonate skeletons or shells. Therefore it is important to investigate how environmental factors (seawater pH, temperature and salinity) influence the chemical compositions in biogenic carbonates. In this study we report the first high-resolution strontium (87Sr / 86Sr and δ88 / 86Sr) and boron (δ11B) isotopic values in the aragonite shell of cultured Arctica islandica (A. islandica). The 87Sr / 86Sr ratios from both tank water and shell samples show ratios nearly identical to the open ocean, which suggests that the shell material reflects ambient ocean chemistry without terrestrial influence. The 84Sr–87Sr double spike resolved shell δ 88 / 86Sr and Sr concentration data show no resolvable change throughout the culture period and reflect no theoretical kinetic mass fractionation throughout the experiment despite a temperature change of more than 15 °C. The δ11B records from the experiment show at least a 5‰ increase through the culture season (January 2010–August 2010), with low values from beginning to week 19 and higher values hereafter. The larger range in δ11B in this experiment compared to predictions based on other carbonate organisms (2–3‰) suggests that a species-specific fractionation factor may be required. A relatively strong correlation between the Δ pH (pHshell-pHsw) and seawater pH (pHsw) was observed (R2 = 0.34), which suggests that A. islandica partly regulates the pH of the extrapallial fluid. However, this proposed mechanism only explains approximately 34% of the variance in the δ11B data. Instead, a rapid rise in δ11B after week 19 suggests that the boron uptake of the shell changes when a temperature threshold of 13 °C is reached.
Growth and production of the copepod community in the southern area of the Humboldt Current System
Authors: Escribano R. , Bustos-Ríos E. , Hidalgo P. , Morales C. E.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Zooplankton production is a critical issue for understanding marine ecosystem structure and dynamics, however, its time-space variations are mostly unknown in most systems. In this study, estimates of copepod growth and production (CP) in the coastal upwelling and coastal transition zones off central-southern Chile (∼35–37° S) were obtained from annual cycles during a 3 year time series (2004, 2005, and 2006) at a fixed shelf station and from spring–summer surveys during the same years. C-specific growth rates (g) varied extensively among species and under variable environmental conditions; however, g values were not correlated to either near surface temperature or copepod size. Copepod biomass (CB) and CP were higher within the coastal upwelling zone (<50 km) and both decreased substantially from 2004 to 2006. Annual CP ranged between 24 and 52 g C m−2 year−1 with a~mean annual P/B ratio of 2.7. We estimated that CP could consume up to 60% of the annual primary production (PP) in the upwelling zone but most of the time is around 8%. Interannual changes in CB and CP values were associated with changes in the copepod community structure, the dominance of large-sized forms replaced by small-sized species from 2004 to 2006. This change was accompanied by more persistent and time extended upwelling during the same seasonal period. Extended upwelling may have caused large losses of CB from the upwelling zone due to an increase in offshore advection of coastal plankton. On a larger scale, these results suggest that climate-related impacts of increasing wind-driven upwelling in coastal upwelling systems may generate a negative trend in zooplankton biomass.
Using simulations of the last millennium to understand climate variability seen in palaeo-observations: similar variation of Iceland–Scotland overflow strength and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Lohmann K. , Mignot J. , Langehaug H. R. , Jungclaus J. H. , Matei D. , Otterå O. H. , Gao Y. Q. , Mjell T. L. , Ninnemann U. S. , Kleiven H. F.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. A recent palaeo-reconstruction of the strength of the Iceland–Scotland overflow during the last 600 years suggests that its low-frequency variability exhibits strong similarity with palaeo-reconstructions of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The underlying mechanism of the similar variation remains unclear, however, based on palaeo-reconstructions alone. In this study we use simulations of the last millennium driven by external forcing reconstructions with three coupled climate models in order to investigate possible mechanisms underlying the similar variation of Iceland–Scotland overflow strength and AMO index. Similar variation of the two time series is also largely found in the model simulations. Our analysis indicates that the basin-wide AMO index in the externally forced simulations is dominated by the low-latitude sea surface temperature (SST) variability and is not predominantly driven by variations in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). This result suggests that a large-scale link through the strength of the MOC is not sufficient to explain the (simulated) similar variation of Iceland–Scotland overflow strength and AMO index. Rather, a more local link through the influence of the Nordic seas surface state and density structure, which are positively correlated with the AMO index, on the pressure gradient across the Iceland–Scotland ridge is responsible for the (simulated) similar variation. In the model simulation showing a weaker correlation between the Iceland–Scotland overflow strength and the AMO index, the wind stress in the Nordic seas also influences the overflow strength. Our study demonstrates that palaeo-climate simulations provide a useful tool to understand mechanisms and large-scale connections associated with the relatively sparse palaeo-observations.
Reconstruction of recent climate change in Alaska from the Aurora Peak ice core, central Alaska
Authors: Tsushima A. , Matoba S. , Shiraiwa T. , Okamoto S. , Sasaki H. , Solie D. J. , Yoshikawa K.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. A 180.17 m ice core was drilled at Aurora Peak in the central part of the Alaska Range, Alaska, in 2008 to allow reconstruction of centennial-scale climate change in the northern North Pacific. The 10 m depth temperature in the borehole was −2.2 °C, which corresponded to the annual mean air temperature at the drilling site. In this ice core, there were many melt–refreeze layers due to high temperature and/or strong insolation during summer seasons. We analyzed stable hydrogen isotopes (δD) and chemical species in the ice core. The ice core age was determined by annual counts of δD and seasonal cycles of Na+, and we used reference horizons of tritium peaks in 1963 and 1964, major volcanic eruptions of Mount Spurr in 1992 and Mount Katmai in 1912, and a large forest fire in 2004 as age controls. Here, we show that the chronology of the Aurora Peak ice core from 95.61 m to the top corresponds to the period from 1900 to the summer season of 2008, with a dating error of ± 3 years. We estimated that the mean accumulation rate from 1997 to 2007 (except for 2004) was 2.04 m w.eq. yr-1. Our results suggest that temporal variations in δD and annual accumulation rates are strongly related to shifts in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDOI). The remarkable increase in annual precipitation since the 1970s has likely been the result of enhanced storm activity associated with shifts in the PDOI during winter in the Gulf of Alaska.
Lake surface water temperatures of European Alpine lakes (1989–2013) based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1 km data set
Authors: Riffler M. , Lieberherr G. , Wunderle S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Lake water temperature (LWT) is an important driver of lake ecosystems and it has been identified as an indicator of climate change. Consequently, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) lists LWT as an essential climate variable. Although for some European lakes long in situ time series of LWT do exist, many lakes are not observed or only on a non-regular basis making these observations insufficient for climate monitoring. Satellite data can provide the information needed. However, only few satellite sensors offer the possibility to analyse time series which cover 25 years or more. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is among these and has been flown as a heritage instrument for almost 35 years. It will be carried on for at least ten more years, offering a unique opportunity for satellite-based climate studies. Herein we present a satellite-based lake surface water temperature (LSWT) data set for European water bodies in or near the Alps based on the extensive AVHRR 1 km data record (1989–2013) of the Remote Sensing Research Group at the University of Bern. It has been compiled out of AVHRR/2 (NOAA-07, -09, -11, -14) and AVHRR/3 (NOAA-16, -17, -18, -19 and MetOp-A) data. The high accuracy needed for climate related studies requires careful pre-processing and consideration of the atmospheric state. The LSWT retrieval is based on a simulation-based scheme making use of the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) Version 10 together with ERA-interim reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. The resulting LSWTs were extensively compared with in situ measurements from lakes with various sizes between 14 and 580 km2 and the resulting biases and RMSEs were found to be within the range of −0.5 to 0.6 K and 1.0 to 1.6 K, respectively. The upper limits of the reported errors could be rather attributed to uncertainties in the data comparison between in situ and satellite observations than inaccuracies of the satellite retrieval. An inter-comparison with the standard Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature product exhibits RMSEs and biases in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 and −0.5 to 0.2 K, respectively. The cross-platform consistency of the retrieval was found to be within ~ 0.3 K. For one lake, the satellite-derived trend was compared with the trend of in situ measurements and both were found to be similar. Thus, orbital drift is not causing artificial temperature trends in the data set. A comparison with LSWT derived through global sea surface temperature (SST) algorithms shows lower RMSEs and biases for the simulation-based approach. A running project will apply the developed method to retrieve LSWT for all of Europe to derive the climate signal of the last 30 years. The data are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.831007.
Long-term variability of the South Adriatic circulation and phytoplankton biomass in relation to large-scale climatic pattern
Authors: Shabrang L. , Menna M. , Pizzi C. , Lavigne H. , Civitarese G. , Gačić M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The interannual variability of the South Adriatic Gyre and its relation to the wind vorticity and the large-scale climatic pattern (North Atlantic Oscillation – NAO), was studied using the time-series of satellite altimetry data and ocean surface wind products. The cyclonic circulation observed in the South Adriatic area was mainly sustained by the local wind forcing, as suggested by the positive correlation between the rate of change of the current vorticity and the wind-stress vorticity. Nevertheless, the influence of vorticity advection from the adjacent area (North Ionian Sea) cannot be ignored and it is more significant during the anticyclonic phase of Adriatic–Ionian Bimodal Oscillation System. The geostrophic current vorticities of the South Adriatic and North Ionian Seas are correlated with a time lag of 15 months, which corresponds to an advection speed of ~1 cm s−1. The different wind patterns observed during the two NAO phases revealed a stronger positive vorticity during the negative NAO phase. Conversely, during the positive NAO phase the wind vorticity is characterized by lower positive values. Subsequently, the calculated positive linear correlation between the NAO index and the frequency of the cold and dry northerly wind suggests the strengthening of the winter convection, and of the consecutive deep water formation, during the positive NAO phases. As a consequence of the winter deep convection, Southern Adriatic area is characterized by the late winter/early spring algal blooms. Relationship between the spatially averaged surface chlorophyll concentrations and the northerly wind frequencies revealed that the two biological productivity regimes likely exist: the subtropical one and the subpolar one depending on the frequency of windy days. We also showed that the bloom timing is a linear function of the wind frequency and can vary within the range of almost two months. This study thus contributes to our understanding of the possible impact of climate change on the SAG circulation and its ecosystem.
Environmental soil quality index and indicators for a coal mining soil
Authors: Masto R. E. , Sheik S. , Nehru G. , Selvi V. A. , George J. , Ram L. C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Assessment of soil quality is one of the key parameters for evaluation of environmental contamination in the mining ecosystem. To investigate the effect of coal mining on soil quality, opencast and underground mining sites were selected in the Raniganj Coafield area, India. The physical, chemical, biological parameters, heavy metals, and PAHs contents of the soils were evaluated. Soil dehydrogenase (+79%) and fluorescein (+32%) activities were significantly higher in underground mine (UGM) soil, whereas peroxidase activity (+57%) was higher in opencast mine (OCM) soil. Content of As, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb was significantly higher in OCM soil, whereas, Cd was higher in UGM. In general, the PAHs contents were higher in UGM soils probably due to the natural coal burning in these sites. The observed values for the above properties were converted into a unit less score (0–1.00) and the scores were integrated into environmental soil quality index (ESQI). In the unscreened index (ESQI-1) all the soil parameters were included and the results showed that the quality of the soil was better for UGM (0.539) than the OCM (0.511) soils. Principal component analysis was employed to derive ESQI-2 and accordingly, total PAHs, loss on ignition, bulk density, Be, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, and microbial quotient (respiration: microbial biomass ratio) were found to be the most critical properties. The ESQI-2 was also higher for soils near UGM (+10.1%). The proposed ESQI may be employed to monitor soil quality changes due to anthropogenic interventions.
Arctic sea ice thickness loss determined using subsurface, aircraft, and satellite observations
Authors: Lindsay R. , Schweiger A.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Sea ice thickness is a fundamental climate state variable that provides an integrated measure of changes in the high-latitude energy balance. However, observations of mean ice thickness have been sparse in time and space, making the construction of observation-based time series difficult. Moreover, different groups use a variety of methods and processing procedures to measure ice thickness, and each observational source likely has different and poorly characterized measurement and sampling errors. Observational sources used in this study include upward-looking sonars mounted on submarines or moorings, electromagnetic sensors on helicopters or aircraft, and lidar or radar altimeters on airplanes or satellites. Here we use a curve-fitting approach to determine the large-scale spatial and temporal variability of the ice thickness as well as the mean differences between the observation systems, using over 3000 estimates of the ice thickness. The thickness estimates are measured over spatial scales of approximately 50 km or time scales of 1 month, and the primary time period analyzed is 2000–2012 when the modern mix of observations is available. Good agreement is found between five of the systems, within 0.15 m, while systematic differences of up to 0.5 m are found for three others compared to the five. The trend in annual mean ice thickness over the Arctic Basin is −0.58 ± 0.07 m decade−1 over the period 2000–2012. Applying our method to the period 1975–2012 for the central Arctic Basin where we have sufficient data (the SCICEX box), we find that the annual mean ice thickness has decreased from 3.59 m in 1975 to 1.25 m in 2012, a 65% reduction. This is nearly double the 36% decline reported by an earlier study. These results provide additional direct observational evidence of substantial sea ice losses found in model analyses.
Introduction: Realizing the Potential of the Tech Economy as a Driver of Equitable Growth
Authors: Peduto William
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Behavioral Recognition: Computer Algorithms Alerting Law Enforcement to Suspicious Activity
Authors: King, Jr. J Darwin
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Linking urban transport and land use in developing countries
Authors: Cervero Robert B
Published: February 2015

The mobility challenges of the developing world are considerably different than those in wealthier, advanced countries, and so are the challenges of coordinating transportation and land use. Rapid population growth, poverty and income disparities, overcrowded urban cores, poorly designed road networks, spatial mismatches between housing and jobs, deteriorating environmental conditions, and economic losses from extreme traffic by congestion are among the more vexing challenges faced by developing cities that could be assuaged through improved coordination of transportation and urban development. This is underscored by examples reviewed in this paper from South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, India, Africa, and South America. It is concluded that whatever is done to improve transportation and land-use integration must be pro-poor. The cardinal features of integrated and sustainable transport and urbanism everywhere---accessible urban activities and safe, attractive walking and cycling environs---are particularly vital to the welfare and prosperity of urbanites in the world's poorest countries.
NEGALIA IR POŽIŪRIS Į JĄ ŠIUOLAIKINĖJE VISUOMENĖJE
Authors: Kriščiūnas Aleksandras
Published: February 2015

Disability is part of human condition. The number of people with disabilities is growing. Every epoch has faced the moral and political issue of how best to include and support people with disabilities. This issue will become more acute as the demographics of societies change and more people live to an old age. There is a global increase in chronic health conditions such,as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders, which will influence the nature and prevalance of disability. Establishment of a complex rehabilitation system of disabled people is great challenge. It is to be understood as a versatile system of legal, medical, economical, organizational, etc., means, which helps people to regain their disturbed biopsyhosocial functions, compensate them and adapt them to society. The article further calls to organise, stengthen, and extend comprehensive rehabilitation services and programmes for disabled people, which should begin as early as possible, based on multidisciplinary assessment of individual needs and strengths, and including the provision of assistive devices and technologies.
The Nolde Lecture, Lutheran Seminary of Philadelphia, October 1, 2013 The Legacy of Ecumenical Protestantism: Nolde's Contribution
Authors: LITTLE DAVID
Published: February 2015

Scholars of the “new history” of the post–World War II ecumenical movement claim that ecumenical Protestantism left a contradictory legacy. It advanced the development of a more pluralistic, equitable social order, stressing the importance of a moderate center between theological and political extremes. At the same time, it did so because of parochial theological beliefs that were tied to a privileged social position it inadvertently helped to undermine, thereby advancing the secularization of society. However, a reconsideration of the contributions of Fred Nolde to ecumenical Protestantism challenges that account. It strongly confirms the progressive, centrist impact of the movement, but it also shows that while ecumenicals like Nolde were parochial in some ways, they held other decidedly antiparochial beliefs, beliefs that welcomed equal liberty for everyone everywhere—believers and nonbelievers alike—but did not surrender everything to the forces of secularization. They favored protecting the right of ecumenicals on an equal footing with everyone else to continue speaking up in public for a politics and theology of the center. Whether that message can help reclaim the lost center of American religious and political life remains to be seen.
The impact of post Labor Day school start mandates on summer travel
Authors: Mykerezi Elton , Kostandini Genti
Published: February 2015

State mandates that specify the earliest date when public schools can start instruction have become the source of perennial debates and substantial legislative effort. The arguments of mandate proponents mostly hinge on the premise that a post Labor Day school start has a causal effect on family summer vacations. This study brings quasiexperimental evidence to this question using data from the American Time Use Survey. Difference in differences estimates show a substantial decline in late summer travel among families with children when school starts before Labor Day and a smaller effect over the whole summer. Falsification tests show that the effect is unique to families with children and absent in families without.
Endothelium and haemostasis
Authors: Aird W. C.
Published: February 2015

The endothelium is a widely distributed organ system that plays an important role in health and disease. The endothelium is remarkably heterogeneous in structure and function. One vital function of the endothelium is to maintain blood in its fluid state, and to provide controlled haemostasis at sites of vascular injury. In keeping with the theme of endothelial cell heterogeneity, endothelial cells from different sites of the vascular employ different strategies to mediate local haemostatic balance. These differences are sufficient to explain why systemic imbalances of haemostatic components invariably lead to local thrombotic phenotypes. An important goal for the future is to identify diagnostic markers that reflect phenotypic changes at the level of individual vascular beds, and to develop therapies that target one or another site of the vasculature.
De nieuwe erfrechtelijke penshonado-regeling?
Authors: Sewberath Misser Anita C.E.
Published: February 2015

De nieuwe erfrechtelijke penshonado-regeling?

Een artikel dat is afgeleid van de afstudeerscriptie van de auteur met als titel De invloed van de afschaffing van de legitieme portie op het interregionaal erfrecht binnen het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden.
Beroep bij de administratieve rechter tegen vaststelling van een ontwikkelingsplan in de BES
Authors: Taal C.
Published: February 2015

Beroep bij de administratieve rechter tegen vaststelling van een ontwikkelingsplan in de BES

Een ruimtelijk ontwikkelingsplan is geen beschikking als bedoeld in de WarBES. Daartegen staat derhalve krachtens die wet geen beroep bij de bestuursrechter open. Dat doet er evenwel niet aan af dat bij bijzondere wet kan worden geregeld dat tegen vaststelling van zo’n ontwikkelingsplan beroep bij de bestuursrechter kan worden ingesteld. De auteur betoogt aan de hand van wetsgeschiedenis en -vergelijking dat in artikel 13 lid 3 WgroBES tegen de vaststelling van een ontwikkelingsplan beroep bij de bestuursrechter is opengesteld, ondanks de daarin gebruikte misleidende term ‘beschikking’.
Functional Maintenance of Differentiated Embryoid Bodies in Microfluidic Systems: A Platform for Personalized Medicine
Authors: Guven Sinan , Lindsey Jennifer S. , Poudel Ishwari , Chinthala Sireesha , Nickerson Michael D. , Gerami-Naini Behzad , Gurkan Umut A. , Anchan Raymond M. , Demirci Utkan
Published: February 2015

Hormone replacement therapies have become important for treating diseases such as premature ovarian failure or menopausal complications. The clinical use of bioidentical hormones might significantly reduce some of the potential risks reportedly associated with the use of synthetic hormones. In the present study, we demonstrate the utility and advantage of a microfluidic chip culture system to enhance the development of personalized, on-demand, treatment modules using embryoid bodies (EBs). Functional EBs cultured on microfluidic chips represent a platform for personalized, patient-specific treatment cassettes that can be cryopreserved until required for treatment. We assessed the viability, differentiation, and functionality of EBs cultured and cryopreserved in this system. During extended microfluidic culture, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and anti-müllerian hormone levels were measured, and the expression of differentiated steroidogenic cells was confirmed by immunocytochemistry assay for the ovarian tissue markers anti-müllerian hormone receptor type II, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor, and inhibin β-A and the estrogen biosynthesis enzyme aromatase. Our studies showed that under microfluidic conditions, differentiated steroidogenic EBs continued to secrete estradiol and progesterone at physiologically relevant concentrations (30–120 pg/ml and 150–450 pg/ml, respectively) for up to 21 days. Collectively, we have demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of using a microfluidic chip system with continuous flow for the differentiation and extended culture of functional steroidogenic stem cell-derived EBs, the differentiation of EBs into cells expressing ovarian antigens in a microfluidic system, and the ability to cryopreserve this system with restoration of growth and functionality on thawing. These results present a platform for the development of a new therapeutic system for personalized medicine.
Exploración de nuevos soportes digitales. Tadvertising como oportunidad para la creatividad publicitaria.
Authors: Comesaña Comesaña Patricia
Published: February 2015

Las tabletas digitales han revolucionado el mercado de los dispositivos móviles y han cambiado la forma en la que el usuario interactúa con la publicidad. Se han definido nuevas estrategias, nuevas tipologías de apps, nuevos formatos interactivos y no interactivos; y se han encontrado grandes posibilidades para los anunciantes. Este libro pretende mostrar algunas de las estrategias publicitarias más comunes entre el anunciante, así casos de éxito en el mundo de las tabletas digitales que los ejemplifiquen. El storytelling, el advergaming, el advertainment, la publicidad para revistas,la prensa diaria o las aplicaciones de anunciantes más descargadas configuran el Tabvertising, la denominada por el Interactive Advertising Bureau como publicidad creada para tabletas digitales.
The impact of atmospheric pCO2 on carbon isotope ratios of the atmosphere and ocean
Authors: Galbraith Eric D. , Kwon Eun Young , Bianchi Daniele , Hain Mathis P. , Sarmiento Jorge L.
Published: February 2015

It is well known that the equilibration timescale for the isotopic ratios 13C/12C and 14C/12C in the ocean mixed layer is on the order of a decade, 2 orders of magnitude slower than for oxygen. Less widely appreciated is the fact that the equilibration timescale is quite sensitive to the speciation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the mixed layer, scaling linearly with the ratio DIC/CO2, which varies inversely with atmospheric pCO2. Although this effect is included in models that resolve the role of carbon speciation in air‐sea exchange, its role is often unrecognized, and it is not commonly considered in the interpretation of carbon isotope observations. Here we use a global three‐dimensional ocean model to estimate the redistribution of the carbon isotopic ratios between the atmosphere and ocean due solely to variations in atmospheric pCO2. Under Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) pCO2, atmospheric Δ14C is increased by ≈30‰ due to the speciation change, all else being equal, raising the surface reservoir age by about 250 years throughout most of the ocean. For 13C, enhanced surface disequilibrium under LGM pCO2 causes the upper ocean, atmosphere, and North Atlantic Deep Water δ13C to become at least 0.2‰ higher relative to deep waters ventilated by the Southern Ocean. Conversely, under high pCO2, rapid equilibration greatly decreases isotopic disequilibrium. As a result, during geological periods of high pCO2, vertical δ13C gradients may have been greatly weakened as a direct chemical consequence of the high pCO2, masquerading as very well ventilated or biologically dead Strangelove Oceans. The ongoing anthropogenic rise of pCO2 is accelerating the equilibration of the carbon isotopes in the ocean, lowering atmospheric Δ14C and weakening δ13C gradients within the ocean to a degree that is similar to the traditional fossil fuel “Suess” effect.
Impact of errors in the downwelling irradiances on simulations of snow water equivalent, snow surface temperature, and the snow energy balance
Authors: Lapo Karl E. , Hinkelman Laura M. , Raleigh Mark S. , Lundquist Jessica D.
Published: February 2015

The forcing irradiances (downwelling shortwave and longwave irradiances) are the primary drivers of snowmelt; however, in complex terrain, few observations, the use of estimated irradiances, and the influence of topography and elevation all lead to uncertainties in these radiative fluxes. The impact of uncertainties in the forcing irradiances on simulations of snow is evaluated in idealized modeling experiments. Two snow models of contrasting complexity, the Utah Energy Balance Model (UEB) and the Snow Thermal Model (SNTHERM), are forced with irradiances with prescribed errors of the structure and magnitude representative of those found in methods for estimating the downwelling irradiances. Relatively modest biases have substantial impacts on simulated snow water equivalent (SWE) and surface temperature (Ts) across a range of climates, whereas random noise at the daily scale has a negligible effect on modeled SWE and Ts. Shortwave biases have a smaller SWE impact, due to the influence of albedo, and Ts impact, due to their diurnal cycle, compared to equivalent longwave biases. Warmer sites exhibit greater sensitivity to errors when evaluated using SWE, while colder sites exhibit more sensitivity as evaluated using Ts. The two models displayed different sensitivity and responses to biases. The stability feedback in the turbulent fluxes explains differences in Ts between models in the negative longwave bias scenarios. When the models diverge during melt events, differences in the turbulent fluxes and internal energy change of the snow are found to be responsible. From this analysis, we suggest model evaluations use Ts in addition to SWE.
A hierarchicalBayesian regional model for nonstationary precipitation extremes inNorthernCalifornia conditioned on tropical moisture exports
Authors: Steinschneider Scott , Lall Upmanu
Published: February 2015

Warm, moist, and longitudinally confined tropical air masses are being linked to some of the most extreme precipitation and flooding events in the midlatitudes. The interannual frequency and intensity of such atmospheric rivers (ARs), or tropical moisture exports (TMEs), are connected to the risk of extreme precipitation events in areas where moisture convergence occurs. This study presents a nonstationary, regional frequency analysis of precipitation extremes in Northern California that is conditioned on the interannual variability of TMEs entering the region. Parameters of a multisite peaks‐over‐threshold model are allowed to vary conditional on the integrated moisture delivery from TMEs over the area. Parameters are also related to time‐invariant, local characteristics to facilitate regionalization to ungaged sites. The model is developed and calibrated in a hierarchical Bayesian framework to support partial pooling and enhance regionalization skill. The model is cross validated along with two alternative, increasingly parsimonious formulations to assess the additional skill provided by the covariates. Climate diagnostics are also used to better understand the instances where TMEs fail to explain variations in rainfall extremes to provide a path forward for further model improvement. The modeling structure is designed to link seasonal forecasting and long‐term projections of TMEs directly to regional models of extremes used for risk estimation. Results suggest that the inclusion of TME‐based information greatly improves the characterization of extremes, particularly for their frequency of occurrence. Diagnostics indicate that the model could be further improved by considering an index for frontal systems as an additional covariate.
Ein Hochdruckpolymorph von Phosphoroxidnitrid mit Coesit‐Struktur
Authors: Baumann Dominik , Niklaus Robin , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

Die chemischen Eigenschaften von Phosphoroxidnitrid (PON) ähneln denen des isosteren Siliciumdioxids. Hier berichten wir über eine neue Hochdruckphase von PON. Diese Modifikation kristallisiert in der Coesit‐Struktur und wurde mittels Multianviltechnik hergestellt. Dies ist das erste Beispiel für das Auftreten dieser sehr dichten Netzwerkstruktur außerhalb von SiO2. Coesit‐PON (coe‐PON) lässt sich phasenrein und in makroskopischen Mengen bei Drücken über 15 GPa synthetisieren. Wir konnten die Verbindung durch Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie, DFT‐Rechnungen, FTIR‐ und MAS‐NMR‐Spektroskopie sowie temperaturabhängige Röntgenbeugung gründlich charakterisieren. Diese Ergebnisse stellen einen fundamentalen Fortschritt bei der Erkundung des Phasendiagramms von PON bei sehr hohen Drücken dar und ebnen möglicherweise den Weg zur Synthese einer Stishovit‐artigen Modifikation mit sechsfach koordiniertem Phosphor.
Multipore Zeolites: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Moliner Manuel , Martínez Cristina , Corma Avelino
Published: February 2015

In the last few years, important efforts have been made to synthesize so‐called “multipore” zeolites, which contain channels of different dimensions within the same crystalline structure. This is a very attractive subject, since the presence of pores of different sizes would favor the preferential diffusion of reactants and products through those different channel systems, allowing unique catalytic activities for specific chemical processes. In this Review we describe the most attractive achievements in the rational synthesis of multipore zeolites, containing small to extra‐large pores, and the improvements reported for relevant chemical processes when these multipore zeolites have been used as catalysts.
Modulating Weak Interactions for Molecular Recognition: A Dynamic Combinatorial Analysis for Assessing the Contribution of Electrostatics to the Stability of CH–π Bonds in Water
Authors: Jiménez‐Moreno Ester , Gómez Ana M. , Bastida Agatha , Corzana Francisco , Jiménez‐Oses Gonzalo , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Asensio Juan Luis
Published: February 2015

Electrostatic and charge‐transfer contributions to CH–π complexes can be modulated by attaching electron‐withdrawing substituents to the carbon atom. While clearly stabilizing in the gas phase, the outcome of this chemical modification in water is more difficult to predict. Herein we provide a definitive and quantitative answer to this question employing a simple strategy based on dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
Access to Nitriles from Aldehydes Mediated by an Oxoammonium Salt
Authors: Kelly Christopher B. , Lambert Kyle M. , Mercadante Michael A. , Ovian John M. , Bailey William F. , Leadbeater Nicholas E.
Published: February 2015

A scalable, high yielding, rapid route to access an array of nitriles from aldehydes mediated by an oxoammonium salt (4‐acetylamino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate) and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as an ammonia surrogate has been developed. The reaction likely involves two distinct chemical transformations: reversible silyl‐imine formation between HMDS and an aldehyde, followed by oxidation mediated by the oxoammonium salt and desilylation to furnish a nitrile. The spent oxidant can be easily recovered and used to regenerate the oxoammonium salt oxidant.
A case of conjoined twins after a transfer of a multinuclear embryo
Authors: Mankonen Harri , Seikkula Jaana , Järvenpää Tuija , Jokimaa Varpu
Published: February 2015

Key Clinical Message

A pregnancy with conjoined twins was observed after transfer of a multinuclear embryo. As nuclear mechanisms have a role in cellular differentiation, association between multinucleation and fetal malformations is possible. Follow‐up studies on children born after transfer of embryos with bi/multinuclear blastomeres are needed.