bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Apology for David Hume, Historian
Authors: Mossner Ernest Campbell
Published: November 2006

Hume as historian is still seriously misrepresented. The respect which all critics, friendly and unfriendly alike, are compelled to pay to his philosophical works is not extended to his historical works. Seeking to write a fair-minded history of England, Hume was genuinely astonished to find himself condemned at home by virtually all parties. The Whigs attacked him as Tory, the Tories as anti-clerical, the Church as anti-religious, the scholars as inaccurate. All of these accusations have some basis in fact; but, generally speaking, all centered around contemporary political and religious prejudices. Despite these initial assaults, Hume's History of England became a national classic within his lifetime and remained standard for well over a century. When Macaulay's History of England began to appear in 1849, it was generally regarded as a continuation of Hume's taking up where he had left off, and the two sets were frequently matched in binding. “To tell the world in 1849,” rhapsodizes an American reviewer, “that Hume's History is a work entitled to their favorable regard, would be like informing the public what are the peculiar features that render Niagara Falls a highly agreeable spectacle, or that George Washington was a great patriot.”
Defoe and Scott
Authors: Moore John Robert
Published: November 2006

In 1817 one of Scott's closest friends and most penetrating critics wrote of his latest romance: “I must mention a remark Mrs Weddell has repeatedly made: ‘This has the nature of Daniel Defoe's novels, tho with a higher style of writing. I can hardly forbear fancying every word of it true.‘” This underlying resemblance is due in part to Scott's course of reading, in part to his literary methods or his traits of mind. But, paradoxically, the influence of Defoe on Scott is hardly more remarkable than the influence of Scott on Defoe's literary reputation.
Richard Holt Hutton
Authors: LeRoy Gaylord C.
Published: November 2006

The literary work of Hutton (1826–97) went into almost total eclipse soon after the author's death in the last years of the nineteenth century. Students of the poets or novelists about whom Hutton wrote have usually, it is true, read some of his work—and in doing so have usually found something worthy of quotation. Occasionally, too, a scholar mentions Hutton with some of the high praise he deserves. But apart from specialists and historians of literature, Hutton's work has been almost totally neglected. The main reason for the neglect is probably that Hutton was too much of his age. His writing undeniably exposes to the first view a number of those Victorian characteristics against which the twentieth century has reacted with intense dislike. Hutton sometimes prettifies life; he sometimes gives the impression of bringing all life and literature to the arbitrament of narrow moral standards; and sometimes he is guilty of Victorian complacency—a fault no one in our day has been willing to condone. Yet the Victorian characteristics of Hutton's essays are not more than a superficial reflection of the climate of the age, and do small injury to the substance of his criticism. Since the Victorianisms are in manner rather than matter, and also since we are at present in the process of reacting against the very reaction against Victorianism, it is not unreasonable to expect that Hutton will take his place, before long, among the considerable literary figures of the nineteenth century. As for his controversial writing, though one cannot expect widespread interest in a “dated” controversy, one can expect that credit will eventually be given Hutton for the historical importance of his contribution to the main intellectual conflict of his period. The present article will examine Hutton's rôle in the controversy over science and religion, and his essays in literary criticism, and will attempt, in so doing, to form some estimate of the values and the limitations of these two main divisions of his work.
The Spoils of Annwn: An Early Arthurian Poem
Authors: Loomis Roger Sherman
Published: November 2006

In Breuddwyd Rhonabwy we read: “Behold, bards
came and recited verses before Arthur, and no man understood those verses …
save that they were in Arthur's praise.” These words fittingly describe a
poem (No. xxx) in the thirteenth-century
Book of Taliesin, entitled
Preiddeu Annwn, which would seem to mean “The
Spoils (i.e. plunder) of the Other World.” Sharon Turner, who was the first
to offer a translation, frankly confessed that the Welsh scholars of his day
did not profess to understand above one half of any of the Taliesin poems.
He asserted—not without reason—that in the particular verses under
discussion “all connection of thought seems to have been studiously
avoided”; and in conclusion he exclaimed, “Could Lycophron or the Sybils, or
any ancient oracle, be more elaborately incomprehensible?”
Autobiographical Elements in Zola's La Joie De Vivre
Authors: Niess Robert J.
Published: November 2006

Trop personnel! Bon Dieu! On ne saurait être trop personnel …
Ce que nous cherchons dans une œuvre, c'est un
homme.“ So, in 1864, did young Émile Zola first justify
the intensely personal note that he was later to strike so often in his
novels. Many of his characters—Sandoz, Claude, Pascal Rougon, Mathieu
Froment—testify that the doctrine of impersonality in art was not for him,
that he did not hesitate to call upon his own memories in the composition of
his figures. In the present study I shall attempt to show that Lazare
Chanteau of La Joie de vivre also may claim a
place in this gallery of self-portraits, that Zola consciously formed him in
his own image and likeness.
Calderón's Silvas
Authors: Hilborn Harry W.
Published: November 2006

The silva is a form of verse which was used by Lope de Vega in increasing quantity from about 1620. Though it never rose to take a place among the most popular meters, Lope used as many as 259 lines of silvas in La Noche de San Juan (Acad. N., VIII), of 1631, and 255 lines in Las bizarrías de Belisa (Acad. N., XI), of 1634. This represents respectively 8.5 and 9.3 per cent of the total number of lines in the play. Among plays of less certain date, La boba para los ostros y discreta para sí has 315 lines of silvas, or 11.1 per cent of the play in that meter, while Más pueden celos que amor has 304 lines of silvas, representing 11.4 per cent of the total number of lines. This trend towards a freer use of silvas in the drama was likewise reflected in the works of other writers.
The Originality of Rochester's Satyr Against Mankind
Authors: Moore John F.
Published: November 2006

Two recent studies, which ascribe to Rochester's Satyr against Mankind an originality which has long been in dispute, differ as to the nature and degree of that originality. V. de Sola Pinto is convinced that the Satyr “is a thoroughly original poem,” but he supports his opinion only with the observation that Rochester's poem has “a passionate vehemence which makes the carefully meditated art of Boileau's satire seem frigid.” Kenneth Murdock, in his recent biographical study of Rochester, treats the ideas of the poem as clues to Rochester's mind and thought, but he nevertheless refers to the Satyr as a “skilful adaptation of Boileau's verses.”
Carlyle's “Diamond Necklace” and Poetic History
Authors: Moore Carlisle
Published: November 2006

During the four years preceding Carlyle's commencement of The French Revolution his ideas on history and historiography underwent a gradual but complete change. In 1830–32 the doctrine of natural supernaturalism convinced him that history was not what the Eighteenth Century had thought it: “Philosophy teaching by Examples,” but “the true Poetry,” “the sole Poetry possible,” —that history and poetry were the same thing. By 1833, in spite of certain ethical and aesthetic doublings, he managed to see with considerable clarity that these two were divine and that Poetry, History, and Religion were really fused into one, and wrote “The Diamond Necklace” as an historical experiment which should reflect this fusion.
Special Considerations in Older Adults With Diabetes: Meeting the Challenge
Authors: Sinclair Alan J.
Published: November 2006

In Brief

Clinicians who manage older people with diabetes require special skills if they wish to provide high-quality care. Their approach is influenced by a multitude of factors, such as the higher frequency of medical comorbidities,frailty, and socioeconomic issues. Comprehensive geriatric assessment is a potentially important tool in ensuring that patients with diabetes receive a multiprofessional assessment of their functional status and unmet needs. Effective goal setting provides an additional means of confirming that therapeutic approaches are on target.
Caring for Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Diabetes: Perspectives From Health Care Providers and Caregivers
Authors: Haas Linda B.
Published: November 2006

In Brief

Most elderly people with diabetes are community dwelling and cared for by local health care providers and frequently by caregivers within the elders' homes. Care for these elders is often suboptimal compared with that of elderly people without diabetes. Issues include polypharmacy, decreased cognition, deficiencies in activities of daily living, functional impairment, decreased health literacy, depression, financial problems, and increased risk of falling. Strategies to address these issues should be part of health care providers' practice. Providers can also assist the caregivers of elderly patients by including them in the medical plan, identifying support systems, providing respite, and acknowledging their value. Many community and governmental resources are available and may be helpful for elderly patients with diabetes.
Astrobiology
Authors:   NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Published: November 2006

Searching for Habitable Planets

Education and Public Outreach

Astrobiology Roadmap: Goals and Objectives

How Does Life Begin and Develop?

Does Life Exist Elsewhere in the Universe?

What is Life's Future on Earth and Beyond?

How Does Life Begin and Develop?

Implementation

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Does Life Exist Elsewhere in the Universe?

Implementation

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What is Life's Future on Earth and Beyond?

Implementation

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Principles

NASA
's Astrobiology Institute (
NAI
)
Atmosphere (Earth)
Authors: Kraght Peter E.
Published: November 2006

The Challenge of Atmospheric Research

Atmosphere‐Altitude (Pressure‐Temperature) Relationships

Heat Balance in the Atmosphere

Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere

Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere

Atmospheric Stability, Instability, and Equilibrium

Circulation in the Atmosphere

Forces in the Atmosphere

Pressure‐Gradient Forces

Terms Associated with Circulation of the Atmosphere

Circulation Theorem

Friction between Wind and the Earth

Atmospheric Convergence and Divergence

Waves in the Atmosphere

Periodic Changes in the Atmosphere

Atmospheric Tide
The risk of breast cancer in relation to health habits and occupational exposures
Authors: Shaham Judith , Gurvich Rachel , Goral Aviva , Czerniak Abraham
Published: November 2006

Background

The age‐adjusted incidence rate of breast cancer has increased for Israeli women. Our aim was to explore the hypothesis that occupational exposures are important risk factors, taking into consideration main known risk factors.

Methods

The study population included 326 breast cancer cases from one hospital in the center of the country and 413 women without known diagnosis of cancer. Every participant was interviewed using a structured questionnaire.

Results

We found that working in textile and clothing and in various industries, OR (95% confidence interval), 1.8 (1.1–3.0), 4.3 (2.0–9.3) respectively, and exposure to ionizing radiation OR 5.3 (2.4–14.1) as well as age and having a family history of breast cancer significantly increased the risk of developing breast cancer. Administrative work, adherence to high fiber diet and low salt diet significantly lowered the risk of breast cancer.

Conclusions

Our study supported the assumption that occupational exposure may contribute to the etiology of breast cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:1021–1030, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Airway disease in highway and tunnel construction workers exposed to silica
Authors: Oliver L. Christine , Miracle‐McMahill Heidi
Published: November 2006

Background

Construction workers employed in a unique type of tunnel construction known as tunnel jacking were exposed over an 18‐month period to respirable crystalline silica at concentrations that exceeded the OSHA permissible exposure limit. The present study examines workplace exposures and occurrence of airway disease in these workers.

Methods

Medical and occupational histories and chest radiographs were obtained on 343 active construction workers who had worked on the site during the period in question. Chest radiographs were interpreted according to the ILO‐1980 system of classification. Standardized questions were used to develop an algorithm to define symptoms consistent with asthma (SCA) and to determine these respiratory outcomes: chronic bronchitis, shortness of breath (SOB), and physician‐diagnosed asthma (current vs. not current). Relationships with each of three work activities were examined: slurry wall breakthrough (SWB), chipping caisson overpour, and tunneling/mining.

Results

Participants included laborers, carpenters, tunnel workers, ironworkers, operating engineers, and electricians. No cases of silicosis were found on chest X‐ray. Overall prevalence of chronic bronchitis, SCA, SOB, and physician‐diagnosed asthma was 10.7%, 25%, 29%, and 6.6%, respectively. Odds ratios (OR) for carpenters compared to laborers were significantly elevated for chronic bronchitis, SCA, and SOB. SWB was associated with chronic bronchitis and SCA (OR 4.93, 95% CI = 1.01, 24.17; OR 3.32, 95% CI = 1.25, 8.84, respectively). The interaction between SWB, SCA, and trade was significant for carpenters (OR 6.87, 95% CI = 1.66, 28.39). Inverse trends were observed for months on the site and chronic bronchitis, SCA, and SOB (P = 0.0374, 0.0006, and 0.0307, respectively).

Conclusions

Tunnel construction workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica and cement dust are at increased risk for airway disease. Extent of risk varies by trade and work activity. Our data indicate the importance of bystander exposures and suggest that tunnel jacking may be associated with greater risk compared to more traditional methods of tunnel construction. A healthy worker effect is suggested. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:983–996, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and molecular structure of 2,6‐dimesitylphenyldichlorophosphane
Authors: Overländer Claus , Tirrée Jürgen J. , Nieger Martin , Niecke Edgar , Moser Carmen , Spirk Stefan , Pietschnig Rudolf
Published: November 2006

Owing to steric congestion, the phosphane unit within the title compound is dislocated from the central position which is associated with a difference in the PCC angles of 20.3(2)° and a compression of the Cl bond distance of the chlorine atom involved in this repulsive interaction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric plasma‐aided biocidal finishes for nonwoven polypropylene fabrics. II. Functionality of synthesized fabrics
Authors: Wafa D. M. , Breidt F. , Gawish S. M. , Matthews S. R. , Donohue K. V. , Roe R. M. , Bourham M. A.
Published: November 2006

Atmospheric plasma‐aided graft copolymerization of textile materials provides single or multiple functionality polypropylene (PP) modified fabrics. Biocidal PP's are modified ones to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, and fungi, and insect and tick repelling action. Novel PP biocidal fabrics synthesized by graft copolymerization using plasma‐aided technique (see part I of this study) using antibacterial and insect repellent agents have been tested and evaluated and proved to be antimicrobial, tick repellent, and antistatic. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1911–1917, 2007
Gene expression in male tick salivary glands is affected by feeding in the presence of females
Authors: Anyomi Felix M. , Bior Abdelaziz D. , Essenberg Richard C. , Sauer John R.
Published: November 2006

In this study, we have compared gene expression in the salivary glands of maleDermacentor andersoniticks fed in the presence or absence of females to that in unfed males. We have established that the patterns of expression are different using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction following reverse transcription of RNA (RAP‐PCR) and differential display. Our results indicate a significant difference in salivary gland gene expression between fed and unfed males and also between males fed in the presence of females versus males fed in the absence of females. This difference in expression was partially confirmed by hybridization of probes made from mRNA from the three groups of ticks against the cloned gene fragments. Gene fragments for septin, utrophin, eukaryotic chain release factor 3, and elongation factor 2 were identified in this study, though the majority of fragments were not similar to anything in the databases. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 63:159–168, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age and diet influence the composition of venom from the endoparasitic wasp Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Uçkan Fevzi , Ergin Ekrem , Rivers David B. , Gençer Nahit
Published: November 2006

Venom from the endoparasitic wasp Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was found to contain a complex mixture of biogenic amines, noradrenalin, phospholipase B, and several proteins and peptides. The amount of noradrenalin and serotonin was found to be highest in venom from newly emerged wasps and decreased with age. Histamine was detected in minute amounts in comparison to the other venom components, and declined with increasing age of the parasitoids. Total peptides and proteins detected by reversed‐phase HPLC increased with host age. Old‐aged (30–33 days after emergence) wasps contained 2‐fold more phospholipase B than young (<10 days [d] old) or medium‐aged (10–22‐d‐old) females. Increases in phospholipase B alone, however, did not account for all changes in total venom protein because by 40 days after emergence, the levels of this enzyme began to decline while the amount of total protein was higher than in younger wasps. For all venom components detected, the amount present in the venom sharply decreased following host exposure. This was presumed to be the result of venom depletion associated with envenomation. Consistent with this view were the modest increases in venom components in wasps displaying a decreased rate of parasitization. When adult females were offered honey alone or in combination with feeding on hosts, no significant changes in venom composition were observed, with the exception of noradrenalin, which was found to be 5 times higher in concentration in wasps fed honey only. These results suggest that wasp age and incidence of parasitism are more important features influencing the composition of venom than the diet of adult females. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 63:177–187, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mosquito ribosomal protein S3 lacks a critical glutamine residue associated with DNA repair activity in homologous Drosophila proteins
Authors: Li Lei , Fallon A.M.
Published: November 2006

In Drosophila melanogaster, ribosomal protein RpS3 has extra‐ribosomal activities including apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase activity and N‐glycosylase activity that participate in DNA repair. It has been suggested that these activities couple DNA repair to the translational machinery. To establish a basis for participation of RpS3 in DNA repair in mosquitoes, we cloned RpS3 cDNAs from Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquito cell lines. The sequence data were used to reconstruct the homologous gene from the Anopheles gambiae database. Mosquito RpS3 is a single copy gene, which in Aedes albopictus, lacks introns in the amino acid coding region. Although RpS3 proteins are well‐conserved among eukaryotes, a critical glutamine residue, Q59, essential to robust DNA repair activity in the Drosophila protein, is replaced by an asparagine (N) in all three mosquito RpS3 proteins. In this respect, the mosquito protein resembles human RpS3, which has relatively modest DNA repair activity. None of the insect RpS3 proteins available in the database, other than those from Drosophila, contain glutamine at position 59. However, in the Lepidoptera, N59 is consistently replaced by serine (S), and the putative interactive site at position 134 is replaced by arginine (R). These data suggest that in the case of RpS3, the Drosophila protein may be uniquely unusual in having robust DNA repair activities that are unlikely to be common to RpS3 from other insects. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 63:188–196, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Information policies and open source software in developing countries
Authors: Câmara Gilberto , Fonseca Frederico
Published: November 2006

Many authors propose that open source software (OSS) is a good strategy to bring information and communication technologies to developing countries. Nevertheless, the use of OSS needs to be more than just adopting Linux as the standard for operating systems. Adoption of OSS is not only a choice of software, but also a means of acquiring knowledge. Developing countries have to use OSS as a way to gain knowledge about the technology itself and as a way of creating technology products that fit their specific needs. In this article, the authors introduce a model of OSS based on its essential characteristics to understand how developing countries may use OSS to achieve their development goals. The authors argue that there are two defining properties of any open source software. The first property is the potential for shared conceptualization and the second is the potential for modularity. By assessing how each OSS project satisfies these two conditions, a taxonomy is built for open source projects. This taxonomy will help the development of more sensible policies to promote the use of open source in developing countries.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of 1,6‐Enynes Involving Addition, Cyclization, and β‐Oxygen Elimination
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Shimada Masahiko , Murakami Masahiro
Published: November 2006

The reaction of arylboronic acids with 1,6‐enynes that contain an allylic ether moiety is catalyzed by a rhodium(I) complex to produce cyclopentanes with a tetrasubstituted exo olefin and a pendant vinyl group. The reaction is initiated by the regioselective addition of an arylrhodium(I) species to the carbon–carbon triple bond of the 1,6‐enyne. The resulting alkenylrhodium(I) compound subsequently undergoes intramolecular carborhodation of the allylic double bond in a 5‐exo‐trig mode. β Elimination of the methoxy group affords the cyclization product and the catalytically active methoxorhodium(I) species. The use of alkyl Grignard reagents instead of arylboronic acids as organometallic nucleophiles was also examined.
Pressure stability of the α‐helix structure in a de novo designed protein (α‐l‐α)2 studied by FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Takekiyo Takahiro , Takeda Naohiro , Isogai Yasuhiro , Kato Minoru , Taniguchi Yoshihiro
Published: November 2006

The pressure‐induced structural changes of a de novo designed four‐helix bundle protein, (α‐l‐α)2, in aqueous solution have been investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. Changes in the amide I' band intensity show that pressure induces disruption of tertiary interactions and stabilizes the solvated α‐helical form. This may suggest that the exposure of the hydrophobic core to the solvent by pressure is not a sufficient condition for pressure‐induced unfolding of the α‐helices of proteins. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85:185–188, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Differential recognition of natural and nonnatural substrate by molecular chaperone α‐crystallin—A subunit exchange study
Authors: Biswas Ashis , Das K. P.
Published: November 2006

α‐Crystallin is a molecular chaperone that recognizes proteins substrates in stress. It binds to the unstable conformer of a large variety of related or unrelated substrates and thus prevents them aggregating and holds them in a folding competent state. In this article, we have tried to critically analyze, from experimental point of view, whether α‐crystallin has any preference for its natural substrates compared to the nonnatural one. Our results clearly show that α‐crystallin is exceptionally active and sensitive in preventing aggregation of its natural substrates and can fully prevent such an aggregation in a substoichiometric ratio, but nonnatural substrates require a considerably higher amount of α‐crystallin. Using suitable fluorescent‐labeled α‐crystallins and performing fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments, we were able to determine the subunit exchange kinetics between the α‐crystallin oligomers. It was found that while α‐crystallin was bound to its natural substrate, the rate of subunit exchange was slightly decreased. But, when a nonnatural substrate carbonic anhydrase remained bound to the chaperone, further loss in subunit exchange rate was observed. Nonnatural substrate was found to create higher activation energy barrier for the subunit exchange reaction compared to the native substrates. Similarities in major β‐sheet structure of both α‐crystallin and its natural substrates may be the reason for the preference in molecular recognition in comparison with the nonnatural substrate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85:189–197, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Solvent‐free enzymatic synthesis of fatty alkanolamides
Authors: Tufvesson Pär , Annerling Annika , Hatti‐Kaul Rajni , Adlercreutz Dietlind
Published: November 2006

An environmentally benign and volume efficient process for enzymatic production of alkanolamides is described. Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B, Novozym®435, was used to catalyze the condensation of lauric acid with monoethanolamine. The reaction temperature of 90°C was required to keep the reactants in a liquid state. Stepwise addition of the amine minimized problems caused by the formation of a highly viscous amine/fatty acid ion‐pair. The enzyme was both very active and stable under the reaction conditions, with about half of the activity remaining after 2 weeks. The maximum amide yield obtained when using equimolar amounts of the reactants was 75%, which could be increased to 95% upon water removal. Special precautions to avoid co‐distillation of the amine were required. Two different strategies to avoid the amine loss are presented. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 447–453. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of the origin of the N‐terminal pyro‐glutamate variation in monoclonal antibodies using model peptides
Authors: Dick Lawrence W. , Kim Catherine , Qiu Difei , Cheng Kuang‐Chuan
Published: November 2006

The purpose of this work is to determine the cause of the cyclization of the N‐terminal glutamine in recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. This cyclization reaction commonly occurs on the N‐terminal of light and/or heavy chains of antibodies and leads to heterogeneity of the final product. Two model peptides and an antibody containing an N‐terminal glutamine were used to investigate the formation of N‐terminal pyro‐ glutamic acid under various experimental conditions and different stages of the biosynthetic process. LC–MS analysis was used to separate and quantify the N‐terminal variants. Experiments prove that the cyclization reaction is spontaneous and highly dependent on temperature and buffer composition and less dependent on pH. The conditions presented in most biopharmaceutical processes accelerate the formation of this variant. The majority of the near complete conversion (>95%) of N‐terminal glutamine to pyro‐glutamic acid commonly observed for antibodies appears to occur inside the bioreactor with only a small contribution from purification, formulation, and analytical preparation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 544–553. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of neonatal imprinting with vitamin A or D on the hormone content of rat immune cells
Authors: Csaba György , Kovács Peter , Pállinger Éva
Published: November 2006

Neonatal single vitamin A (retinol; 3 mg) or vitamin D3(cholecalciferol; 0.05 mg) treatment (imprinting) was done in male and female rats and 2 months later the endorphin, triiodothyronine (T3) and ACTH content of immune cells (peritoneal lymphocytes, monocyte‐granulocyte‐macrophage group [mo‐gran], mast cells and thymic lymphocytes) were studied immunocytochemically by using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The T3content was significantly decreased in peritoneal lymphocytes and in mo‐gran and the endorphin content decreased in thymocytes of male animals, while ACTH was decreased in female lymphocytes and mo‐gran. Vitamin D treatment was absolutely ineffective. The imprinting effects of vitamins A and D and their differences are discussed. The results call attention to the possible harmful effect of vitamin treatments during the perinatal critical period. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unprecedented Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate Initiated by a Samarium Borohydride Complex: Mechanistic Insights and Copolymerization with ε‐Caprolactone
Authors: Palard Isabelle , Schappacher Michèle , Belloncle Benjamine , Soum Alain , Guillaume Sophie M.
Published: November 2006

Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) was synthesized through ring‐opening polymerization by using a rare‐earth borohydride initiator, [Sm(BH4)3(thf)3]. This initiator shows a high activity to give high‐molar‐mass PTMCs with molar‐mass distributions ranging from 1.2 to 1.4, and with a regular structure void of ether linkages. The polymers were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, 1H‐1H COSY, 1H‐13C HMQC NMR spectroscopy, size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), viscosimetry, and MALDI‐TOF MS analyses. A coordination‐insertion mechanism was established based on detailed NMR characterizations, especially of the polymer chain end‐functions. The monomer initially coordinates the samarium to give [Sm(BH4)3(tmc)3], 1. The monomer then opens up through cleavage of the cyclic ester oxygenacyl bond and inserts into the SmHBH3 bond resulting in an alkoxide complex, [Sm{O(CH2)3OC(O)HBH3}3], 2, or [Sm{O(CH2)3OC(O)H}3], 2′, which then propagates the polymerization of TMC to give the active polymer [Sm({O(CH2)3OC(O)}nO(CH2)3OC(O)HBH3)3], 3 or [Sm(O(CH2)3OC(O){O(CH2)3OC(O)}nO(CH2)3OC(O)H)3], 3′. Finally, acidic hydrolysis of 3 or 3′ gives HO(CH2)3OC(O)[O(CH2)3OC(O)]nO(CH2)3OC(O)H, 4. This novel α‐hydroxy,ω‐formatetelechelic PTMC represents the first example of a formate‐terminated polycarbonate. TMC and ε‐caprolactone (CL) were copolymerized to afford both random PTMC‐co‐PCL and block PTMC‐b‐PCL copolymers that were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, SEC, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The structure of the block copolymers depends on the order of addition of monomers: if CL is introduced first, dihydroxytelechelic HO‐PTMC‐b‐PCL‐OH polymers are formed, whereas introduction of TMC first or simultaneous addition of comonomers leads to hydroxyformatetelechelic HC(O)O‐PTMC‐b‐PCL‐OH analogues.
Coordination of Triply Charged Lanthanum in the Gas Phase: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Shi Tujin , Hopkinson Alan C. , Siu K. W. Michael
Published: November 2006

Ion–molecule reactions between complexes [La(CH3CN)n]3+ (n=6–9) or [La(NC(CH2)4CN)n]3+ (n=3–4) and water were studied at low collision energies in the second quadrupole of a tandem mass spectrometer. The products [La(CH3CN)p(H2O)8−p]3+ (p=6–8) and [La(NC(CH2)4CN)q(H2O)8−2q]3+ (q=3–4) had the highest relative abundances. This strongly suggests that the preferred coordination number of La3+ is eight. Similarly, the coordination number of Ca2+ was re‐examined both experimentally and theoretically, and was found to be six, in good agreement with previous observations. Density functional calculations provide strong evidence that the primary solvation shell of [La(L)n]3+ consists of eight ligands; additional ligands reside in a second solvation shell and are hydrogen bonded to one or two water molecules in the first shell.
Assessing the health care needs of adolescent and young adult cancer patients and survivors
Authors: Zebrack Brad , Bleyer Archie , Albritton Karen , Medearis Sandra , Tang Julia
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND.

Improvements in cancer outcomes observed for the United States population as a whole are not experienced as such by adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients. The objective of this study was to identify important health and supportive care needs for AYA patients and survivors.

METHODS.

Forty oncology health professionals and 37 young adults (ages 18 years to 44 years; diagnosed between ages 15 years and 39 years) participated on a modified Delphi panel. Over 3 iterative rounds of mailed surveys, participants identified, rank ordered, and rated the importance of various items.

RESULTS.

Overall, there was general agreement among health care providers and young adult survivors, with some notable exceptions. Providers and young adult survivors agreed on the relative importance of having adequate health insurance and oncology care that addresses the unique developmental characteristics of this population. Compared with health professionals, young adults ranked the importance of opportunities to meet other young adult survivors at a relatively higher level, and they also ranked those opportunities higher than the importance of support from family and friends.

CONCLUSIONS.

These findings provide oncology professionals and young adults with insight into the others' values and perspectives. These findings also suggest areas in which to target investments of resources to promote quality health care and appropriate informational and supportive care services and to overcome the deficit in survival improvement that has occurred in young adults and older adolescents with cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Adaptive preconditioning of linear stochastic algebraic systems of equations
Authors: Feng Y. T.
Published: November 2006

This paper proposes an adaptively preconditioned iterative method for the solution of large‐scale linear stochastic algebraic systems of equations with one random variable that arise from the stochastic finite element modelling of linear elastic problems. Firstly, a Rank‐one posteriori preconditioner is introduced for a general linear system of equations. This concept is then developed into an effective adaptive preconditioning scheme for the iterative solution of the stochastic equations in the context of a modified Monte Carlo simulation approach. To limit the maximum number of base vectors used in the scheme, a simple selection criterion is proposed to update the base vectors. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to assess the performance of the proposed adaptive preconditioning strategy, which indicates that the scheme with very few base vectors can improve the convergence of the standard Incomplete Cholesky preconditioning up to 50%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the improvement of a numerical method for solving high‐order non‐linear ordinary differential equations
Authors: Zhu Songping , Hammel Christian G.
Published: November 2006

There have been many approaches to solve ordinary differential equations numerically. Even though many numerical methods can provide very good approximate solutions they need considerable calculation effort, often through iterations. The advance of symbolic manipulation packages such as Maple gives the opportunity for new approaches to this type of problems. This paper will discuss an improvement to one of these new approaches enabled by the availability of these packages, to obtain a numerical solution of an initial‐value problem governed by a high‐order non‐linear ordinary differential equation. The method we propose here is based on Zhu and Phan's earlier paper (Commun. Numer. Meth. Engng. 2003; 19:601–614) but we shall show an improved order of accuracy for the case of the highest‐order derivative being of an even order. In any case it provides the ability to further increase the order of accuracy under certain conditions of differentiability. Like Zhu and Phan's (Commun. Numer. Meth. Engng. 2003; 19:601–614) original method, an important feature of the new method is that no iterations are needed except in the preparatory phase for some cases. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐Photon Photochromism of a Diarylethene Enhanced by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer from Two‐Photon Absorbing Fluorenes
Authors: Belfield Kevin D. , Bondar Mykhailo V. , Corredor Claudia C. , Hernandez Florencio E. , Przhonska Olga V. , Yao Sheng
Published: November 2006

Resonance energy transfer from two‐photon absorbing fluorene derivatives to the photochromic compound 3,4‐bis‐(2,4,5‐trimethyl‐thiophen‐3‐yl)furan‐2,5‐dione (PC1) is investigated in hexane under one‐ and two‐photon excitation. The quenching of the steady‐state fluorescence of donor molecules in the presence of the diarylethene acceptor is used to study the nature of resonance energy transfer. The Förster distances and critical acceptor concentrations are determined for nonbound donor–acceptor pairs in homogeneous molecular ensembles. Quite significantly, up to a two‐fold enhancement in the velocity of the photochromic transformation of1, in the presence of two‐photon absorbing fluorene derivatives, is demonstrated.
Lactadherin detects early phosphatidylserine exposure on immortalized leukemia cells undergoing programmed cell death
Authors: Shi Jialan , Shi Yinan , Waehrens Lasse N. , Rasmussen Jan T. , Heegaard Christian W. , Gilbert Gary E.
Published: November 2006

Background:

Phosphatidylserine (PS) appears on the outer membrane leaflet of cells undergoing programmed cell death and marks those cells for clearance by macrophages. Macrophages secrete lactadherin, a PS‐binding protein, which tethers apoptotic cells to macrophage integrins.

Methods:

We utilized fluorescein‐labeled lactadherin together with the benchmark PS Probe, annexin V, to detect PS exposure by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Immortalized leukemia cells were treated with etoposide, and the kinetics and topology of PS exposure were followed over the course of apoptosis.

Results:

Costaining etoposide‐treated leukemoid cells with lactadherin and annexin V indicated progressive PS exposure with dim, intermediate, and bright staining. Confocal microscopy revealed localized plasma membrane staining, then diffuse dim staining by lactadherin prior to bright generalized staining with both proteins. Annexin V was primarily localized to internal cell bodies at early stages but stained the plasma membrane at the late stage. Calibration studies suggested a PS content ≲2.5%–8% for the membrane domains that stained with lactadherin but not annexin V.

Conclusions:

Macrophages may utilize lactadherin to detect PS exposure prior to exposure of sufficient PS to bind annexin V. The methodology enables detection of PS exposure at earlier stages than established methodology. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Quality evaluation of pseudorandom patterns of a logic BIST
Authors: Sato Yasuo , Nakao Michinobu
Published: November 2006

Faults based on complex logic phenomena such as bridges, opens, and delays are increasing as microfabrication progresses and chips speeds increase. However, the capacity for detecting such faults with merely a test set, which has the goal of reducing the number of test patterns based on conventional single stuck‐at fault models, is not sufficient. This paper offers a multifaceted evaluation of the fault detection capacity of a logic BIST using pseudorandom patterns, based on the idea that the detection of such faults will be possible through the generation of combinations of diverse logic values with many test patterns. Through fault simulation for several fault models and the evaluation of a logic BIST using real devices, it is shown that it is possible to detect faults which could not be detected with a conventional scan test set. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(12): 63–70, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20323
Discrete‐time model following control of inverter with rectifier load
Authors: Umemura Atsushi , Haneyoshi Toshimasa , Saito Yukio , Harashima Funio
Published: November 2006

Electronic apparatus, such as a computer, are a capacitor input type rectifier load for the power supply. The rectifier load causes distortions of the power source voltage waveform. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This paper describes the output voltage characteristic of the single phase PWM inverter controlled by a discrete‐time model following method and connected to a rectifier load. First, the rectifier load model of a discrete‐time system is considered. Next, the discrete‐time model following control system used for this load is described. Then, simulation and experimental results are examined. The simulation results show that this method has robustness to the load change. The experimental system consists of an inverter controlled by a digital signal processor (DSP) and a rectifier load. Experimental results confirmed the validity of the simulation result. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 72–81, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20375
Characteristics of N2/SF6mixture gas in creeping discharge developing in narrow gap with backside electrode
Authors: Hirata Tomoyuki , Ueno Hideki , Nakayama Hiroshi
Published: November 2006

The flashover voltage with a backside electrode was found to be lower than that without the backside electrode. Under microsecond pulse voltage application, we describe the characteristics of a creeping discharge developed in the narrow gap with the backside electrode. Using a CCD camera and ultrahigh‐speed camera, we observed the corona extension processes. The lowest flashover voltage was found to be obtained at positive polarity with a SF6contentD= 3%. In the corona extension obtained using an ultrahigh‐speed camera, peculiar differences were observed in the corona extension process. The corona extension increased, and rapid flashover was observed atD= 3%. Using a CCD camera, small coronas were detected from the backside electrode. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 31–38, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20431
Quantitative analysis of output loss due to restriction for grid‐connected PV systems
Authors: Ueda Yuzuru , Oozeki Takashi , Kurokawa Kosuke , Itou Takamitsu , Kitamura Kiyoyuki , Miyamoto Yusuke , Yokota Masaharu , Sugihara Hiroyuki
Published: November 2006

The voltage of power distribution lines will be increased due to reverse power flow from grid‐connected PV systems. In the case of high‐density grid connection, the voltage increase will be higher than in a stand‐alone grid connection system. To prevent overvoltage on the power distribution lines, the PV system's output will be restricted if the voltage of the power distribution line is close to the upper limit of the control range. Because of this interaction, the output loss will be larger in the high‐density case. This research has developed a quantitative analysis method for PV system output and losses in order to clarify the behavior of grid‐connected PV systems. All the measured data are classified into loss factors using a 1‐minute average of 1‐second data instead of the typical 1‐hour average. The operation point on the I–V curve is estimated to quantify the loss due to the output restriction, using the module temperature, array output voltage, array output current, and solar irradiance. As a result, the loss due to output restriction is successfully quantified and the behavior of output restriction is clarified. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 9–19, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20452
Rare‐Earth Nitroquinolinates: Visible‐Light‐Sensitizable Near‐Infrared Emitters in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Van Deun Rik , Fias Pascal , Nockemann Peter , Van Hecke Kristof , Van Meervelt Luc , Binnemans Koen
Published: November 2006

Water‐soluble, stable, and easily synthesizable 1:4 complexes of rare‐earth ions with 8‐hydroxy‐5‐nitroquinolinate ligands have been prepared. These complexes can be sensitized by visible light with wavelengths up to 480 nm and show near‐infrared emission in aqueous solution. The incorporation of a nitro group in the quinoline moiety shifts its absorption bands to longer wavelengths and also increases its molar absorptivity by a factor of 2.5, thereby significantly enhancing its light‐harvesting power. The presence of the nitro group also increases the solubility of the resulting complexes, making them water‐soluble. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis of γ‐Alkylidenebutenolides by Formal [3+2] Cyclizations of 1,5‐ and 2,4‐Bis(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3,5‐hexatrienes with Oxalyl Chloride
Authors: Freifeld Ilia , Bose Gopal , Eckardt Tobias , Langer Peter
Published: November 2006

Lewis acid‐catalyzed cyclizations of 1,5‐bis(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3,5‐hexatrienes and 1,3,5‐tris(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3,5‐hexatrienes with oxalyl chloride resulted in the formation of polyunsaturated γ‐alkylidenebutenolides, while the cyclization of a 2,4‐bis(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3,5‐hexatriene with oxalyl chloride afforded a γ‐(2‐oxobut‐3‐en‐1‐ylidene)butenolide, permitting a formal synthesis of the natural product lucidone. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Study of the Glycosidation Properties of 1‐Thiomannosazidopyranosides and 1‐Thiomannosaziduronic Acid Esters
Authors: van den Bos Leendert J. , Duivenvoorden Boudewijn A. , de Koning Martijn C. , Filippov Dmitri V. , Overkleeft Herman S. , van der Marel Gijsbert A.
Published: November 2006

A study of the glycosylation properties of 1‐thiomannosazides with a variety of electron‐withdrawing substituents in combination with the Ph2SO/Tf2O and NIS/TMSOTf reagent systems is presented. Further, assembly of the fully protected trisaccharide 26, which corresponds to the repeating unit of the enterobacterial common antigen, using both an orthogonal and a chemoselective coupling strategy and based on the outcome of our glycosylation studies, is discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)