bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serial intralesional injections of infliximab in small bowel Crohn's strictures are feasible and might lower inflammation
Authors: Hendel Jakob , Karstensen John Gásdal , Vilmann Peter
Published: August 2014

Background

Crohn's disease can cause strictures throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopic balloon dilatation is a well‐established treatment, but recurrence is seen in up to three out of four cases. Infliximab is playing an increasingly important role in the modern systemic treatment of severe Crohn's disease. Combining the anti‐inflammatory effects of infliximab with the proven effect of endoscopic balloon dilatation could possibly improve outcome. In small studies, intralesional injections in perianal fistulas have been effective and endoscopic injection therapy in colonic strictures is feasible.

Objective

We wanted to assess whether serial intralesional injection of infliximab in small bowel strictures is feasible and reduces local inflammation.

Methods

We included six patients with Crohn's disease and inflammatory small bowel strictures. They were treated with endoscopic serial balloon dilatation. Subsequent to each dilatation, 40 mg infliximab was injected submucosally. A modified simplified endoscopic score for Crohn's disease was used for the involved area before the initial treatment and at the final follow‐up after six months. Complications and development of symptoms were registered.

Results

Balloon dilatation and serial injection of infliximab were accomplished in five out of six patients. One patient completed the serial balloon dilatations and follow‐up but received only one infliximab injection. The modified simplified endoscopic score for Crohn's disease decreased in all patients. There were no adverse events registered and all patients described themselves as feeling well.

Conclusions

Combining balloon dilatation of strictures with serial intralesional injection of infliximab in Crohn's disease of the small bowel is feasible and seems successful in reducing inflammation.
Land Reforms
Authors: Sinha B.K.
Published: August 2014

There is evidence to be had from an Action Research Project in Puri district of Orissa that the revenue officials connive with the landlords to delete entries in record-of-rights to disempower the assignees in respect of the land that they have enjoyed for decades. They plead their incapacity to help and palm off the problem to the Civil Courts where the assignees do not stand even the ghost of a chance. In this article we examine some of the findings from the Action Research Study conducted in 10 villages of Puri and Brahmagiri Blocks of Puri district in Orissa.
New algorithms designed for the split common fixed point problem of quasi-pseudocontractions
Authors: Zhu Li-Jun , Liou Yeong-Cheng , Yao Jen-Chih , Yao Yonghong
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we study the split common fixed point problem, which is to find a fixed point of a quasi-pseudocontractive mapping in one space whose image under a linear transformation is a fixed point of anther quasi-pseudocontractive mapping in the image space. We design and analyze a new iterative algorithm for solving this split common fixed point problem. A weak convergence theorem is given.

MSC:49J53, 49M37, 65K10, 90C25.
Sensing and identification of carbon monoxide using carbon films fabricated by methane arc discharge decomposition technique
Authors: Akbari Elnaz , Buntat Zolkafle , Enzevaee Aria , Yazdi Mahsa Khoshkhooy , Bahadoran Mahdi , Nikoukar Ali
Published: August 2014

Carbonaceous materials have recently received attention in electronic applications and measurement systems. In this work, we demonstrate the electrical behavior of carbon films fabricated by methane arc discharge decomposition technique. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of carbon films are investigated in the presence and absence of gas. The experiment reveals that the current passing through the carbon films increases when the concentration of CO2 gas is increased from 200 to 800 ppm. This phenomenon which is a result of conductance changes can be employed in sensing applications such as gas sensors.
Isolation, identification and characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil of coastal region of India
Authors: Prakash Archana , Thavaselvam Duraipandian , Kumar Ashu , Kumar Ajith , Arora Sonia , Tiwari Sapana , Barua Anita , Sathyaseelan Kannusamy
Published: August 2014

Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease caused by a free living soil dwelling Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. The disease is endemic to most parts of Southeast Asia and northern Australia and the organism has been isolated from moist soil and water. In India clinical cases are recently reported from the states of Tamilnadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa, Assam, West Bengal, Pondicherry and Tripura. This study is aimed to confirm the prevalence of this important bacterial species in soil samples collected from coastal areas of Tamilnadu. Forty five soil samples from five different sites were collected from Parangipettai, Tamilnadu and screened for the presence of B. pseudomallei. The study confirmed 4 isolates as B. pseudomallei with the help of conventional bacteriological methods and molecular methods that include; 16S rDNA sequencing, B. pseudomallei specific PCR, fli C gene RFLP and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry based bacterial identification. This study reveals the prevalence and distribution of B. pseudomallei in the soil environment in coastal areas of southern India and further necessitates studies from other parts of the country. It will also be helpful to understand the distribution of B. pseudomallei and to access its epidemiological importance.
Expression and regulation of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors during human intervertebral disc degeneration
Authors: LA Binch Abbie , Cole Ashley A , Breakwell Lee M , Michael Anthony LR , Chiverton Neil , Cross Alison K , Le Maitre Christine L
Published: August 2014

Introduction

The degenerate intervertebral disc (IVD) becomes innervated by sensory nerve fibres, and vascularised by blood vessels. This study aimed to identify neurotrophins, neuropeptides and angiogenic factors within native IVD tissue and to further investigate whether pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the regulation of expression levels within nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, nerve and endothelial cells.

Methods

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed on 53 human IVDs from 52 individuals to investigate native gene expression of neurotrophic factors and their receptors, neuropeptides and angiogenic factors. The regulation of these factors by cytokines was investigated in NP cells in alginate culture, and nerve and endothelial cells in monolayer using RT-PCR and substance P (SP) protein expression in interleukin-1 (IL-1β) stimulated NP cells.

Results

Initial investigation on uncultured NP cells identified expression of all neurotrophins by native NP cells, whilst the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor was only identified in severely degenerate and infiltrated discs, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor expressed by more degenerate discs. BDNF expression was significantly increased in infiltrated and degenerate samples. SP and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were higher in infiltrated samples. In vitro stimulation by IL-1β induced NGF in NP cells. Neurotropin-3 was induced by tumour necrosis factor alpha in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs). SP gene and protein expression was increased in NP cells by IL-1β. Calcitonin gene related peptide was increased in SH-SY5Y cells upon cytokine stimulation. VEGF was induced by IL-1β and interleukin-6 in NP cells, whilst pleiotrophin was decreased by IL-1β. VEGF and pleiotrophin were expressed by SH-SY5Y cells, and VEGF by HDMECs, but were not modulated by cytokines.

Conclusions

The release of cytokines, in particular IL-1β during IVD degeneration, induced significant increases in NGF and VEGF which could promote neuronal and vascular ingrowth. SP which is released into the matrix could potentially up regulate the production of matrix degrading enzymes and also sensitise nerves, resulting in nociceptive transmission and chronic low back pain. This suggests that IL-1β is a key regulatory cytokine, involved in the up regulation of factors involved in innervation and vascularisation of tissues.
Bridging the Gap: A Canadian Perspective on Translational Kidney Research
Authors: Molnar Amber O , Yuen Darren A , Tangri Navdeep , Jensen Victor L
Published: August 2014

Purpose of review:

Chronic kidney disease affects approximately 3 million Canadians. Ongoing investment in high quality kidney research is needed to improve the care of patients with kidney disease. The barriers to translating such research are discussed in this review.

Sources of information:

Personal knowledge, research funding body websites, and published reports.

Findings:

In this review, we discuss the meaning of the term translational research and present some of the programs aimed at ensuring efficient translation of scientific discoveries with a discussion of the barriers to translation. We highlight some successes and barriers to kidney research translation using recent examples of research in Canadian nephrology. We present the following examples of kidney research: (1) research aimed at identifying the causative genes for inherited kidney diseases; (2) recent discoveries in cell-based therapies for kidney disease; (3) an examination of the impact of acute kidney injury in renal transplant patients; and (4) the development of a kidney failure risk equation to improve prognosis accuracy.

Limitations:

This review focuses on research conducted by the authors.

Implications:

The process of research translation is prolonged and challenging and therefore requires resources, patience, and careful planning. With increased awareness and understanding of the barriers to research translation, researchers and funding bodies can work together to increase the rate at which important research findings reach clinical practice and improve the care of patients with kidney disease.
Lenalidomide Combined With R-CHOP Overcomes Negative Prognostic Impact of Non–Germinal Center B-Cell Phenotype in Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Phase II Study
Authors: Nowakowski Grzegorz S. , LaPlant Betsy , Macon William R. , Reeder Craig B. , Foran James M. , Nelson Garth D. , Thompson Carrie A. , Rivera Candido E. , Inwards David J. , Micallef Ivana N. , Johnston Patrick B. , Porrata Luis F. , Ansell Stephen M. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Habermann Thomas M. , Witzig Thomas E.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Lenalidomide has significant single-agent activity in relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We demonstrated that lenalidomide can be safely combined with R-CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone); this new combination is known as R2CHOP. The goal of this phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy of this combination in newly diagnosed DLBCL.

Patients and Methods

Eligible patients were adults with newly diagnosed untreated stages II to IV CD20+ DLBCL. Patients received lenalidomide 25 mg orally per day on days 1 through 10 with standard-dose R-CHOP every 21 days for six cycles. All patients received pegfilgrastim on day 2 of each cycle and aspirin prophylaxis throughout. DLBCL molecular subtype was determined by tumor immunohistochemistry and classified as germinal center B-cell (GCB) versus non-GCB in the R2CHOP patients and 87 control patients with DLBCL from the Lymphoma Database who were treated with conventional R-CHOP.

Results

In all, 64 patients with DLBCL were enrolled, and 60 were evaluable for response. The overall response rate was 98% (59 of 60) with 80% (48 of 60) achieving complete response. Event-free survival and overall survival (OS) rates at 24 months were 59% (95% CI, 48% to 74%) and 78% (95% CI, 68% to 90%), respectively. In R-CHOP patients, 24-month progression-free survival (PFS) and OS were 28% versus 64% (P < .001) and 46% versus 78% (P < .001) in non-GCB DLBCL versus GCB DLBCL, respectively. In contrast, there was no difference in 24-month PFS or OS for R2CHOP patients on the basis of non-GCB and GCB subtype (60% v 59% [P = .83] and 83% v 75% [P = .61] at 2 years, respectively).

Conclusion

R2CHOP shows promising efficacy in DLBCL. The addition of lenalidomide appears to mitigate a negative impact of non-GCB phenotype on patient outcome.
Inclusion of Endogenous Hormone Levels in Risk Prediction Models of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer
Authors: Tworoger Shelley S. , Zhang Xuehong , Eliassen A. Heather , Qian Jing , Colditz Graham A. , Willett Walter C. , Rosner Bernard A. , Kraft Peter , Hankinson Susan E.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Endogenous hormones are risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer, and their measurement may improve our ability to identify high-risk women. Therefore, we evaluated whether inclusion of plasma estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, prolactin, and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) improved risk prediction for postmenopausal invasive breast cancer (n = 437 patient cases and n = 775 controls not using postmenopausal hormones) in the Nurses' Health Study.

Methods

We evaluated improvement in the area under the curve (AUC) for 5-year risk of invasive breast cancer by adding each hormone to the Gail and Rosner-Colditz risk scores. We used stepwise regression to identify the subset of hormones most associated with risk and assessed AUC improvement; we used 10-fold cross validation to assess model overfitting.

Results

Each hormone was associated with breast cancer risk (odds ratio doubling, 0.82 [SHBG] to 1.37 [estrone sulfate]). Individual hormones improved the AUC by 1.3 to 5.2 units relative to the Gail score and 0.3 to 2.9 for the Rosner-Colditz score. Estrone sulfate, testosterone, and prolactin were selected by stepwise regression and increased the AUC by 5.9 units (P = .003) for the Gail score and 3.4 (P = .04) for the Rosner-Colditz score. In cross validation, the average AUC change across the validation data sets was 6.0 (P = .002) and 3.0 units (P = .03), respectively. Similar results were observed for estrogen receptor–positive disease (selected hormones: estrone sulfate, testosterone, prolactin, and SHBG; change in AUC, 8.8 [P < .001] for Gail score and 5.8 [P = .004] for Rosner-Colditz score).

Conclusion

Our results support that endogenous hormones improve risk prediction for invasive breast cancer and could help identify women who may benefit from chemoprevention or more screening.
Patterns of Relapse in Patients With Clinical Stage I Testicular Cancer Managed With Active Surveillance
Authors: Kollmannsberger Christian , Tandstad Torgrim , Bedard Philippe L. , Cohn-Cedermark Gabriella , Chung Peter W. , Jewett Michael A. , Powles Tom , Warde Padraig R. , Daneshmand Siamak , Protheroe Andrew , Tyldesley Scott , Black Peter C. , Chi Kim , So Alan I. , Moore Malcom J. , Nichols Craig R.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

To evaluate the performance of active surveillance as a management strategy in broad populations and to inform the development of surveillance schedules by individual patient data regarding timing and type of relapse.

Methods

Retrospective study including data from 2,483 clinical stage I (CSI) patients, 1,139 CSI nonseminoma and 1,344 CSI seminoma managed with active surveillance, with the majority treated between 1998 and 2010. Clinical outcomes including relapse and death, time distribution, extent of relapse and method of relapse detection observed on active surveillance were recorded.

Results

Relapse occurred in 221 (19%) CSI-nonseminoma and 173 (13%) CSI-seminoma patients. Median time to relapse was 4 months (range, 2-61 months), 8 months (range, 2-77 months) and 14 months (range, 2-84 months) for lymphovascular invasion–positive CSI nonseminoma, lymphovascular invasion–negative CSI nonseminoma and CSI seminoma. Most relapses were observed within the first 2 years/3 years after orchiectomy for CSI nonseminoma (90%)/CSI seminoma (92%). Relapses were detected by computed tomography scan/tumor-markers in 87%/3% of seminoma recurrences, in 48%/38% of lymphovascular invasion–negative and 41%/61% of lymphovascular invasion–positive patients, respectively. 90% of CSI-nonseminoma and 99% of CSI-seminoma relapses exhibited International Germ Cell Collaborative Group good-risk features. Three patients with CSI nonseminoma died of disease (0.3%). One patient with CSI seminoma and two patients with CSI nonseminoma died because of treatment-related events. Overall, advanced disease was seen in both early- and late-relapse patients. All late recurrences were cured with standard therapy. Five-year disease-specific survival was 99.7% (95% CI, 99.24% to 99.93%).

Conclusion

Active surveillance for CSI testis cancer leads to excellent outcomes. The vast majority of relapses occur within 2 years of orchiectomy for CSI nonseminoma and within 3 years for CSI seminoma. Late and advanced stage relapse are rarely seen. These data may inform further refinement of rationally designed surveillance schedules.
Triiodothyronine Prevents Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Mitochondrial Impairment and Cell Loss by Regulating miR30a/p53 Axis
Authors: Forini Francesca , Kusmic Claudia , Nicolini Giuseppina , Mariani Laura , Zucchi Riccardo , Matteucci Marco , Iervasi Giorgio , Pitto Letizia
Published: August 2014

Mitochondrial dysfunctions critically affect cardiomyocyte survival during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this scenario p53 activates multiple signaling pathways that impair cardiac mitochondria and promote cell death. p53 is a validated target of miR-30 whose levels fall under ischemic conditions. Although triiodothyronine (T3) rescues post-ischemic mitochondrial activity and cell viability, no data are available on its role in the modulation of p53 signaling in I/R. Here we test the hypothesis that early T3 supplementation in rats inhibits the post I/R activation of p53 pro-death cascade through the maintenance of miRNA 30a expression.

In our model, T3 infusion improves the recovery of post-ischemic cardiac performance. At the molecular level, the beneficial effect of T3 is associated with restored levels of miR-30a expression in the area at risk (AAR) that correspond to p53 mRNA downregulation. The concomitant decrease in p53 protein content reduces Bax expression and limits mitochondrial membrane depolarization resulting in preserved mitochondrial function and decreased apoptosis and necrosis extent in the AAR. Also in primary cardiomyocyte culture of neonatal rats, T3 prevents both miR-30a downregulation and p53 raise induced by hypoxia. The regulatory effect of T3 is greatly suppressed by miR-30a knockdown. Overall these data suggest a new mechanism of T3-mediated cardioprotection that is targeted to mitochondria and acts, at least in part, through the regulation of miR-30a/p53 axis.
Progesterone Induces RhoA Inactivation in Male Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Through Up-Regulation of p27kip1
Authors: Wang Hui-Chen , Lee Wen-Sen
Published: August 2014

Previously, we showed that progesterone (P4) at physiologic concentrations (5nM–500nM) inhibits proliferation and migration of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). The P4-induced migration inhibition in RASMC was resulted from Rat sacroma homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) inactivation induced by activating the cSrc/AKT/ERK 2/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signaling pathway. We also demonstrated that up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27kip1) is involved in the P4-induced migration inhibition in RASMC. Because P4 can increase formation of the p27kip1-RhoA complex in RASMC, this finding led us to hypothesize that the P4-induced inactivation in RhoA might be caused by up-regulation of p27kip1. Here, we showed that P4 increased phosphorylation of p27kip1 at Ser10 in the nucleus, which in turn caused p27kip1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytosol, subsequently increasing formation of the p27kip1-RhoA complex. These effects were blocked by knocking-down kinase-interacting stathmin (KIS) using KIS small interfering RNA. Knock-down of p27kip1 abolished the P4-induced decreases in the level of RhoA protein in RASMC. However, pretreatment of RASMC with the proteasome inhibitor, N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)leucinylleucinylleucinal (MG132), prevented the P4-induced degradation of p27kip1 and RhoA. Taken together, our investigation of P4-induced migration inhibition in RASMC showed a sequence of associated intracellular events that included 1) increase in formation of the KIS-p27kip1 complex in the nucleus; 2) phosphorylated nuclear p27kip1 at Ser10; 3) increased cytosolic translocation of p27kip1 and formation of the p27kip1-RhoA complex in the cytosol; and 4) degradation of p27kip1 and RhoA through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. These findings highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying P4-induced migration inhibition in RASMC.
In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging and Urinary Monoamines as Surrogate Biomarkers of Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Ullrich Martin , Bergmann Ralf , Peitzsch Mirko , Cartellieri Marc , Qin Nan , Ehrhart-Bornstein Monika , Block Norman L. , Schally Andrew V. , Pietzsch Jens , Eisenhofer Graeme , Bornstein Stefan R. , Ziegler Christian G.
Published: August 2014

Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) is a rare but potentially lethal neuroendocrine tumor arising from catecholamine-producing chromaffin cells. Especially for metastatic PHEO, the availability of animal models is essential for developing novel therapies. For evaluating therapeutic outcome in rodent PHEO models, reliable quantification of multiple organ lesions depends on dedicated small-animal in vivo imaging, which is still challenging and only available at specialized research facilities. Here, we investigated whether whole-body fluorescence imaging and monitoring of urinary free monoamines provide suitable parameters for measuring tumor progression in a murine allograft model of PHEO. We generated an mCherry-expressing mouse PHEO cell line by lentiviral gene transfer. These cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice to perform whole-body fluorescence imaging of tumor development. Urinary free monoamines were measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Tumor fluorescence intensity and urinary outputs of monoamines showed tumor growth–dependent increases (P < .001) over the 30 days of monitoring post-tumor engraftment. Concomitantly, systolic blood pressure was increased significantly during tumor growth. Tumor volume correlated significantly (P < .001) and strongly with tumor fluorescence intensity (rs = 0.946), and urinary outputs of dopamine (rs = 0.952), methoxytyramine (rs = 0.947), norepinephrine (rs = 0.756), and normetanephrine (rs = 0.949). Dopamine and methoxytyramine outputs allowed for detection of lesions at diameters below 2.3 mm. Our results demonstrate that mouse pheochromocytoma (MPC)-mCherry cell tumors are functionally similar to human PHEO. Both tumor fluorescence intensity and urinary outputs of free monoamines provide precise parameters of tumor progression in this sc mouse model of PHEO. This animal model will allow for testing new treatment strategies for chromaffin cell tumors.
The cellular basis of tissue separation
Authors: Fagotto François
Published: August 2014

The subdivision of the embryo into physically distinct regions is one of the most fundamental processes in development. General hypotheses for tissue separation based on differential adhesion or tension have been proposed in the past, but with little experimental support. During the last decade, the field has experienced a strong revival, largely driven by renewed interest in biophysical modeling of development. Here, I will discuss the various models of boundary formation and summarize recent studies that have shifted our understanding of the process from the simple juxtaposition of global tissue properties to the characterization of local cellular reactions. Current evidence favors a model whereby separation is controlled by cell surface cues, which, upon cell-cell contact, generate acute changes in cytoskeletal and adhesive properties to inhibit cell mixing, and whereby the integration of multiple local cues may dictate both the global morphogenetic properties of a tissue and its separation from adjacent cell populations.
Coordinating cell polarity: heading in the right direction?
Authors: Axelrod Jeffrey D. , Bergmann Dominique C.
Published: August 2014

A diverse group of researchers working on both plant and animal systems met at a Company of Biologists workshop to discuss ‘Coordinating Cell Polarity’. The meeting included considerable free discussion as well as presentations exploring the ways that groups of cells in these various systems achieve coordinated cell polarity. Here, we discuss commonalities, differences and themes that emerged from these sessions that will serve to inform ongoing studies.
KIF13B regulates angiogenesis through golgi-plasma membrane trafficking of VEGFR2
Authors: Yamada Kaori H. , Nakajima Yuki , Geyer Melissa , Wary Kishore K. , Ushio-Fukai Masuko , Komarova Yulia , Malik Asrar B.
Published: August 2014

Although trafficking of newly synthetized VEGFR2 to the plasma membrane is a key determinant of angiogenesis, the molecular mechanisms of Golgi to plasma membrane trafficking are unknown. Here we identified the key role of the kinesin family plus-end molecular motor KIF13B in delivering VEGFR2 cargo from Golgi to the endothelial cell surface. KIF13B was shown to interact directly with VEGFR2 on microtubules. We also observed that over-expression of the KIF13B binding domain interacting with VEGFR2 inhibited VEGF-induced capillary tube formation. KIF13B depletion prevented VEGF-mediated endothelial migration, capillary tube formation, and neo-vascularization in mice. Impairment in trafficking induced by knockdown of KIF13B shunted VEGFR2 towards the lysosomal degradation pathway. Thus, KIF13B is an essential molecular motor required for the trafficking of VEGFR2 from the Golgi and its delivery to the endothelial cell surface mediates angiogenesis.
Electrical maturation of neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Telias Michael , Segal Menahem , Ben-Yosef Dalit
Published: August 2014

In-vitro neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells has become a widely used tool in disease modeling and prospective regenerative medicine. Most studies evaluate neurons molecularly and only a handful of them use electrophysiological tools to directly indicate that these are genuine neurons. Therefore, the specific timing of development of intrinsic electrophysiological properties and synaptic capabilities remains poorly understood. Here we describe a systematic analysis of developing neurons derived in-vitro from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We show that hESCs differentiated in-vitro into early embryonic neurons, displaying basically mature morphological and electrical features as early as day 37. This early onset of action potential discharges suggests that first stages of neurogenesis in humans are already associated with electrical maturation. Spike frequency, amplitude, duration, threshold and after hyperpolarization were found to be the most predictive parameters for electrical maturity. Furthermore, we were able to detect spontaneous synaptic activity already at these early time-points, demonstrating that neuronal connectivity can develop concomitantly with the gradual process of electrical maturation. These results highlight the functional properties of hESCs in the process of their development into neurons. Moreover, our results provide practical tools for the direct measurement of functional maturity, which can be reproduced and implemented for stem cell research of neurogenesis in general, and neurodevelopmental disorders in particular.
Flora da Bahia: Krameriaceae
Authors: Fernandes Moabe , Giulietti Ana Maria , De Oliveira Reyjane Patricia , De Lima Carla Teixeira
Published: August 2014

This account of the Krameriaceae is a further contribution to the ongoing Flora of Bahia project. Four species are recognized in the genus Krameria: K. argentea, K. bahiana, K. grandiflora, and K. tomentosa. Descriptions and illustrations as well as general comments for the taxa and a key for identification are presented.
Flora da Bahia: Putranjivaceae
Authors: Marinho Lucas Cardoso , Amorim André M.
Published: August 2014

A floristic inventory of Putranjivaceae in Bahia is presented as a contribution to the study of the flora of the state. Only one species, Drypetes sessiliflora, from the Atlantic rain forest, is recognized. Descriptions, illustrations, a map of geographic distribution in Bahia and general comments for the taxa are provided.
Dialog als Prinzip
Authors: Saur Markus
Published: August 2014

Am Beispiel der beiden Schöpfungsberichte, der Kontextualisierung von Psalm 1 und der Spannung zwischen dem Gottesbild des Dekalogs und des Ezechielbuches wird gezeigt, wie innerbiblische Auslegungsprozesse im antiken Juda verliefen und wie eine produktive Vielstimmigkeit die theologischen Diskussionen bestimmte. Ausgehend von diesen Beobachtungen wird danach gefragt, auf welche Weise biblische Texte die gegenwärtige theologische Arbeit (an)leiten können.
Skizze einer mimetischen Bibeldidaktik Schrifthermeneutik im religionspädagogischen Kontext
Authors: Zimmermann Mirjam , Zimmermann Ruben
Published: August 2014

Oft klafft zwischen exegetischen Erkenntnissen und bibeldidaktischer Beschäftigung mit den Texten der Bibel ein breiter Graben. Der Artikel zeigt, wie sich dieser mit Hilfe des mimetischen Ansatzes überwinden lässt, indem Kinder und Jugendliche zu „Nachahmerinnen“ und „Nachahmern,“, sei es von Sprach- und Denkformen, Büchern, Figuren etc. der Bibel werden. Nach der theologischen Fundierung wird dies exemplarisch an Gleichnissen sowie an weiteren Textbeispielen (Hiob, JohEv) konkretisiert.
Cyst morphology, germination characteristics, and potential toxicity of Pyrodinium bahamense in the Gulf of California
Authors: Morquecho Lourdes , Alonso-Rodríguez Rosalba , Martínez-Tecuapacho Gladys Anahí
Published: August 2014

Pyrodinium
bahamense is a meroplanktonic dinoflagellate that produces paralytic shellfish toxins that cause human poisoning along tropical and subtropical coasts. Cyst morphology, germination characteristics, and toxicity were investigated using samples from Isla San José in the Gulf of California. Morphology was observed through light and scanning electron microscopy. Germination was tested at different temperature (15°C–35°C) and salinity (15–35) conditions in different culture media (natural seawater, GSe, and f/2). To elucidate toxicity of vegetative cells grown from cyst germination, nine strains were subject to toxin analyses through fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography. Morphological features and size of cysts generally agree with previous descriptions, particularly morphotypes found in the subtropical North Atlantic, where P. bahamense var. bahamense occurs. Cysts exhibit thermophilic and euryhaline characteristics. Highest germination occurred from 20°C to 35°C with the peak between 25°C and 30°C. Excystment occurred at salinities from 20 to 35. Germination occurred in the three culture media, but was highest in the optimal temperature range in the culture medium that included terrestrial soil extract and selenium. Only one strain exhibited toxicity with high saxitoxin concentration (95 pg STX eq cell-1).
Discrete Riemann surfaces: Linear discretization and its convergence
Authors: Bobenko Alexander , Skopenkov Mikhail
Published: August 2014

We develop linear discretization of complex analysis, originally
introduced by R. Isaacs, J. Ferrand, R. Duffin, and C. Mercat. We prove
convergence of discrete period matrices and discrete Abelian integrals to their continuous
counterparts.
We also prove a discrete counterpart of the Riemann–Roch theorem.
The proofs use energy estimates inspired by electrical
networks.
IMAGe syndrome in the era of genetic testing: clues to diagnosis
Authors: Stokes Adia , Hoffman Suma , Salemi Parissa , Kaplan Julie
Published: August 2014

IMAGe syndrome (Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), Metaphyseal dysplasia, Adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and Genital anomalies) is a rare, multisystem disorder caused by mutations in the PCNA-binding domain of CDKN1C. Reported here is a male infant diagnosed with IMAGe syndrome by CDKN1C sequencing at 3 months of age. He presented with IUGR, primary adrenal insufficiency with adrenal crisis in the neonatal period, dysmorphic facies, and bilateral cryptorchidism. Interestingly, he demonstrates several additional clinical findings not previously reported with IMAGe syndrome including congenital hypothyroidism, recurrent bacterial infections, and severe eczema.
Stratifications of algebras with two simple modules
Authors: Liu Qunhua , Yang Dong
Published: August 2014

Let A be a finite-dimensional algebra with two simple modules. It is shown that if the derived category of A admits a stratification with simple factors being the base field k, then A is derived equivalent to a quasi-hereditary algebra. As a consequence, if further k is algebraically closed and A has finite global dimension, then A is either derived simple or derived equivalent to a quasi-hereditary algebra.
The cohomology of the sporadic group J
2 over 𝔽3
Authors: Díaz Ramos Antonio , Garaialde Ocaña Oihana
Published: August 2014

We describe the cohomology ring

H
*

(

J
2

;

𝔽
3

)

${H^*(J_2;\mathbb {F}_3)}$

both as a subring of

H
*

(

3
+

1
+
2

;

𝔽
3

)

${H^*(3^{1+2}_+;\mathbb {F}_3)}$

and with an abstract presentation. We also give its Poincaré series. Our calculational tool is the first author's spectral sequence for the cohomology of a finite group with a strongly closed p-subgroup.
Reference Plane Transformation of Continuous Mode Terminations for Broadband Power Amplifiers
Authors: Preis Sebastian , Gruner Daniel , Sayed Ahmed , Saad Paul , Boeck Georg
Published: August 2014

In this article the behavior of continuous mode amplifiers at different reference planes is discussed using the example of a continuous class-F
Outage Analysis of Dual-hop Cognitive Networks with Relay Selection over Nakagami-m Fading Environment
Authors: Zhang Zongsheng , Pi Xurong
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we investigate the outage performance of decode-and-forward cognitive relay networks for Nakagami-m fading channels, with considering both best relay selection and interference constraints. Focusing on the relay selection and making use of the underlay cognitive approach, an exact closed-form outage probability expression is derived in an independent, non-identical distributed Nakagami-m environment. The closed-form outage probability provides an efficient means to evaluate the effects of the maximum allowable interference power, number of cognitive relays, and channel conditions between the primary user and cognitive users. Finally, we present numerical results to validate the theory analysis. Moreover, from the simulation results, we obtain that the system can obtain the full diversity.
Discontinuous two step flow synthesis of m-aminoacetophenone
Authors: Tibhe Jagdish , Sharma Yachita , Joshi Ramesh A. , Joshi Rohini R. , Kulkarni Amol A.
Published: August 2014

The continuous flow nitration of acetophenone followed by reduction of the meta isomer has been demonstrated using simple tubular reactors. Because of ease of separation of the desired isomer from the first step, both steps are made continuous, but separately. The continuous flow nitration was carried out in a safe manner in a shorter reaction time than the conventional approach. The choice of micromixer was seen to affect the performance of the nitration reaction. The effect of different parameters on the yield of the desired product was studied. The reduction step with sodium sulfide was found to be economical and could be carried out efficiently at 70°C using sodium sulfide in ethanol, using a silicone tube. Both steps were demonstrated for several hours, yielding a sufficiently large quantity (∼100 g) of m-aminoacetophenone at lab scale in a single day using simple tubular reactors.
Predicting onset of labor from echogenicity of the cervical gland area on vaginal ultrasonography at term
Authors: Yamaguchi Michiko , Fukami Tekehiko , Asakura Hirobumi , Takeshita Toshiyuki
Published: August 2014

On vaginal ultrasonography, cervical gland area (CGA) gradually disappears with advancing gestation. This is attributed in part to the echogenicity of the CGA becoming equal to that of the cervical stroma. The present study aimed to assess the usefulness of echogenicity in the CGA at term for predicting the time of spontaneous onset of labor.

The ratio of mean grayscale level (MGL) in the CGA to that in the cervical stroma (CGA/stroma MGL ratio) was estimated as an index of echogenicity in the CGA in women after 36 weeks of gestation (n=190). Using this ratio, time until onset of labor was predicted among women between 37 and 38 weeks (n=104).

CGA/stroma MGL ratio increased with advancing gestation, decreasing cervical length (CL), and increasing Bishop score. Univariate logistic analysis indicated that a combination of CL<20 mm and CGA/stroma MGL ratio ≥100% predicted onset of labor within a week [odds ratio (OR), 22.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.4–202.0] was even better than short CL alone (OR, 6.8; 95%CI, 1.7–26.7; P=0.006). Stepwise logistic analysis identified that this combination was an only independent predictor (OR, 20.8; 95%CI, 2.3–188.5; P=0.007).

The combination of CGA/stroma MGL ratio ≥100% and short CL may offer a useful predictor of onset of labor.
Position at birth as an important factor for the occurrence of anal sphincter tears: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Haslinger Christian , Burkhardt Tilo , Stoiber Bernhard , Zimmermann Roland , Schäffer Leonhard
Published: August 2014

Objective: This work aimed to analyze the association between maternal position at birth in spontaneous deliveries and the occurrence of anal sphincter tears (AST) given the lack of evidence related to the least traumatic birth position.

Study design: A total of 7832 vaginal deliveries were included. Vaginal-operative deliveries and deliveries with fundal pressure were excluded. Birth positions on bed, in water, kneeling, and in a squatting position on a low stool were compared. Birth position on bed was considered as the reference group, and a logistic regression analysis adjusting for important fetomaternal parameters was performed.

Results: The overall incidence of AST was 1.1%. AST rate was significantly increased in squatting (2.9%) and kneeling (2.1%) positions compared with birth position on bed (1.0%) or in water (0.9%). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significantly higher risk for ASTs in squatting (OR 2.92, CI 95% 1.04–8.18) and in kneeling positions (OR 2.14, CI 95% 1.05–4.37) compared with the reference group on bed. When adjusting for risk factors, birth in a kneeling position remained significantly associated with ASTs (adj. OR 2.21, CI 95% 1.07–4.54).

Conclusions: Birth in squatting or in kneeling position is associated with an elevated risk for ASTs. Birth in water is not associated with an increased risk for AST. Based on the results, women should be informed about the association of certain birth positions with the occurrence of AST.
On Studying Partially Accelerated Life Tests Under Progressive Stress
Authors: Ismail Ali A. , Al-Babtain A. A.
Published: August 2014

For highly reliable products, a progressive stress accelerated life test has been proposed to obtain timely information of the product's lifetime distribution. This article considers a progressive stress partially accelerated life test model when the lifetime of a product under use condition follows Weibull distribution. It is assumed that the progressive stress is directly proportional to time. The statistical properties of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimators of the model parameters such as existence, uniqueness, and invariance are studied. The biases and mean square errors of the maximum likelihood estimators are computed to assess their performances in the presence of the stress method developed in this article through a Monte Carlo simulation study.
Bayesian Estimation of Pareto Distribution Under Failure-Censored Step-Stress Life Test Model
Authors: Ismail Ali A.
Published: August 2014

In this paper, both maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimators for a partially accelerated step-stress life test model are considered using type II censored data from Pareto distribution of the second kind. The posterior means and posterior variances are obtained under the squared error (SE) loss function using Lindley's approximation procedure. The maximum likelihood estimators and analogous Bayes estimators are compared in terms of their mean-square errors based on simulated samples from Pareto distribution.
Using Mollusk Phylogeny to Teach Evolution
Authors: Offner Susan
Published: August 2014

New phylogenomic tools have made it possible to construct a robust phylogenetic tree of mollusks. This tree can be used to teach important evolutionary principles.
Macromolecules Inquiry
Authors: Unsworth Elizabeth
Published: August 2014

Identification of macromolecules in food is a standard introductory high school biology lab. The intent of this article is to describe the conversion of this standard cookbook lab into an inquiry investigation. Instead of verifying the macromolecules found in food, students use their knowledge of the macromolecules in food to determine the characteristics of specific biological indicators.
Using Plants to Explore the Nature & Structural Complexity of Life
Authors: Howard Ava R.
Published: August 2014

Use of real specimens brings the study of biology to life. This activity brings easily acquired plant specimens into the classroom to tackle common alternative conceptions regarding life, size, complexity, the nature of science, and plants as multicellular organisms. The activity occurs after a discussion of the characteristics of life and engages students in application of course content and utilization of scientific thinking. It is appropriate for any class in which the nature of life and its structural complexities are addressed and in which teachers want to help students gain familiarity with plants as multicellular organisms.
The Electron Transport Chain
Authors: Romero Chris , Choun James
Published: August 2014

This activity provides students an interactive demonstration of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis during aerobic respiration. Students use simple, everyday objects as hydrogen ions and electrons and play the roles of the various proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane to show how this specific process in cellular respiration produces ATP. The activity works best as a supplement after you have already discussed the electron transport chain in lecture but can be used prior to instruction to help students visualize the processes that occur. This demonstration was designed for general college biology for majors at a community college, but it could be used in any introductory college-level or advanced placement biology course.
Oh, Behave! Behavior as an Interaction between Genes & the Environment
Authors: Weigel Emily G. , DeNieu Michael , Gall Andrew J.
Published: August 2014

This lesson is designed to teach students that behavior is a trait shaped by both genes and the environment. Students will read a scientific paper, discuss and generate predictions based on the ideas and data therein, and model the relationships between genes, the environment, and behavior. The lesson is targeted to meet the educational goals of undergraduate introductory biology, evolution, and animal behavior courses, but it is also suitable for advanced high school biology students. This lesson meets the criteria for the Next Generation Science Standard HS-LS4, Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity (NGSS Lead States, 2013).
HIV Transmission Through Breastfeeding: Still Possible in Developed Countries
Authors: Blumental Sophie , Ferster Alina , Van den Wijngaert Sigi , Lepage Philippe
Published: August 2014

We describe here the case of a 13-month-old boy who acquired HIV infection postnatally through breastfeeding in a developed country in 2012. His mother had regular pregnancy follow-up and was found to be seronegative for HIV on 2 consecutive screening tests (during pregnancy and just after delivery). However, 1 year later, diagnosis of HIV infection arose in both of them after a pediatric emergency department visit for bronchitis when unexplained hepatosplenomegaly and inflammatory syndrome were noted. The negative maternal viral load found just after delivery confirmed that the mother’s seroconversion occurred postnatally, which allowed for active HIV transmission during lactation and lack of the efficient preventive measures that have implemented in Belgium for years. We discuss this uncommon but still existing mode of HIV transmission in industrialized countries and highlight the importance of implementing new targeted health education interventions in addition to constant clinicians’ awareness.
Pharmacokinetics of Fluoride in Toddlers After Application of 5% Sodium Fluoride Dental Varnish
Authors: Milgrom Peter , Taves Donald M. , Kim Amy S. , Watson Gene E. , Horst Jeremy A.
Published: August 2014

The prevalence of dental caries (tooth decay) among preschool children is increasing, driven partially by an earlier age of onset of carious lesions. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends application of 5% sodium fluoride varnish at intervals increasing with caries risk status, as soon as teeth are present. However, the varnishes are marketed for treatment of tooth sensitivity and are regulated as medical devices rather than approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for prevention of dental caries (tooth decay). The objective of this research is to examine the safety of use in toddlers by characterizing the absorption and distribution profile of a currently marketed fluoride varnish. We measured urinary fluoride for 5 hours after application of fluoride varnish to teeth in 6 toddlers aged 12 to 15 months. Baseline levels were measured on a separate day. The urine was extracted from disposable diapers, measured by rapid diffusion, and extrapolated to plasma levels. The mean estimated plasma fluoride concentration was 13 μg/L (SD, 9 μg/L) during the baseline visit and 21 μg/L (SD, 8 μg/L) during the 5 hours after treatment. Mean estimated peak plasma fluoride after treatment was 57 μg/L (SD, 22 μg/L), and 20 μg/kg (SD, 4 μg/L) was retained on average. Retained fluoride was 253 times lower than the acute toxic dose of 5 mg/kg. Mean plasma fluoride after placement of varnish was within an SD of control levels. Occasional application of fluoride varnish following American Academy of Pediatrics guidance is safe for toddlers.