bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of the Drosophila melanogaster GADD45 Homolog (CG11086) Affects Egg Asymmetric Development That Is Mediated by the c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathway
Authors: Peretz Gabriella , Bakhrat Anna , Abdu Uri
Published: November 2007

The mammalian GADD45 (growth arrest and DNA-damage inducible) gene family is composed of three highly homologous small, acidic, nuclear proteins: GADD45α, GADD45β, and GADD45γ. GADD45 proteins are involved in important processes such as regulation of DNA repair, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. Annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster genome revealed that it contains a single GADD45-like protein (CG11086; D-GADD45). We found that, as its mammalian homologs, D-GADD45 is a nuclear protein; however, D-GADD45 expression is not elevated following exposure to genotoxic and nongenotoxic agents in Schneider cells and in adult flies. We showed that the D-GADD45 transcript increased following immune response activation, consistent with previous microarray findings. Since upregulation of GADD45 proteins has been characterized as an important cellular response to genotoxic and nongenotoxic agents, we aimed to characterize the effect of D-GADD45 overexpression on D. melanogaster development. Overexpression of D-GADD45 in various tissues led to different phenotypic responses. Specifically, in the somatic follicle cells overexpression caused apoptosis, while overexpression in the germline affected the dorsal–ventral polarity of the eggshell and disrupted the localization of anterior–posterior polarity determinants. In this article we focused on the role of D-GADD45 overexpression in the germline and found that D-GADD45 caused dorsalization of the eggshell. Since mammalian GADD45 proteins are activators of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, we tested for a genetic interaction in D. melanogaster. We found that eggshell polarity defects caused by D-GADD45 overexpression were dominantly suppressed by mutations in the JNK pathway, suggesting that the JNK pathway has a novel, D-GADD45-mediated, function in the Drosophila germline.
Diversity of reed (Phragmites Australis) stem biofilm bacterial communities in two Hungarian soda lakes
Authors: Rusznyák Anna , Szabó Gitta , Pollák Beatrix , Vágány Viktória , Palatinszky M.
Published: November 2007

From reed biofilm samples of Kelemen-szék (Kiskunság National Park, KNP) and Nagy-Vadas (Hortobágy National Park, HNP) altogether 260 bacterial isolates were gained after serial dilutions and plating onto different media. Following a primary selection 164 strains were investigated by “traditional” phenotypic tests and clustered by numerical analysis. Fifty-six representative strains were selected to ARDRA and 16S rDNA sequence analysis for identification. Strains were identified as members of genera
Agrobacterium, Paracoccus, Halomonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Planococcus
and
Nesterenkonia
. The species diversity was also investigated by a cultivation independent method. A clone library was constructed using the community DNA isolated from the biofilm sample of Kelemen-szék. Screening of the 140 bacterial clones resulted in 45 different ARDRA groups. Sequence analysis of the representatives revealed a great phylogenetic diversity. A considerable majority of the clones was affiliated with uncultured bacterial clones (with sequence similarity between 93 and 99%) originating from diverse environmental samples (for example salt marshes, compost or wastewater treatment plants). The DNA sequences of other clones showed the presence of genera
Flavobacterium, Sphingobacterium, Pseudomonas
and
Agrobacterium
.
Antituberculotic drug resistance in a Turkish State Hospital with national data
Authors: Gonlugur Tanseli , Gonlugur Ugur , Hasbek Mursit
Published: November 2007

Antituberculosis drug resistance is a major factor threatening the success of tuberculosis control programmes. The aim of this study was to reveal the patterns of antituberculosis drug resistance in a secondary hospital in Turkey and to compare with national data. The results of BACTEC MGIT 960 system for susceptibility testing were retrospectively analysed on 76 clinical
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex isolates from different patients. The mean age of 48 men (63.2%) and 28 women was 37 and 39, respectively. Overall resistance rate to isoniazid was 14.5%, followed by streptomycin 9.2%, ethambutol 6.9% and rifampin 5.3%. Female sex and diabetes mellitus but not the presence of cavitary lesion or radiological involvement was a risk factor for the development of drug resistance. Anemia, leukocytosis or thrombocytosis was not associated with the drug resistance. In conclusions, further studies should be conducted regularly to monitor drug resistance in Turkey in order to manage effectively national tuberculosis control efforts.
Últimos avanços na justiciabilidade dos direitos indígenas no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos
Authors: Melo Mario
Published: November 2007

O artigo repassa os principais avanços, nos últimos anos, do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos em matéria de direitos indígenas. De uma perspectiva crítica, busca decifrar as linhas jurisprudenciais mais importantes e a fundamentação jurídica em que se baseou a Corte Interamericana nas últimas sentenças nas quais vinculou território e direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais da população indígena, de um lado, e, de outro, os direitos políticos dos indígenas e as medidas reparatórias da violação dos direitos humanos dos indígenas.
Primitifs, métaphore et grammaire : les divers emplois de venir et aller
Authors: Bouchard Denis
Published: November 2007

D. Bouchard

A single abstract representation of the meaning of each of the two polysemous verbs aller and venir can cover all of their uses. They are not movement verbs from which the other uses are derived since movement is a notion derived from referential properties of the arguments, hence from factors outside of grammar. The abstract semantic representations interact with the vast amount of knowledge shared by speakers, knowledge which should not be present in semantic representations since it is redundant and clutters the grammar.
Rôle de l'argot dans la variation et l'appropriation : le cas du français au Burkina Faso
Authors: Prignitz Gisèle
Published: November 2007

Gisèle Prignitz : « Slang as factor of linguistic variation and appropriation : the case of French in Burkina Faso »

The aim of this paper is to study the capacity of integration of slang into the common lexicon within an african context. The existence of a lexical continuum being here taken for granted along with the impossibility to strictly distinguish between registers, the following points will be examined :

a) a typology of the formation processes of slang terms (« argotic » words)

b) a diachronic approach of their use.

Slang will eventually prove to be accelerate the creation of neologisms as linguistic grafts. Rather than a symptom of the insufficient knowledge of standard language, slang should be considered as a sign of its actual appropriation and of tis possible evolution towards a regional French.
Appropriation et syntaxe du français écrit dans la presse de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) : préposition, rection, pronoms
Authors: Gandon Francis-Marie
Published: November 2007

Francis-Marie Gandon : « Appropriation et syntaxe du français écrit au Burkina Faso : prépositions, rection, pronoms »

This paper tries to estimate syntactic distinctive features of written French in Burkinabe newspapers. The « language » thus described — at least its tendancies — appears as a combinative of conceptual undelying datas, looking, somehoww, like the classical stage of French. The use of French is the use of a new tool, not marked by historical characterizations.
Le traitement des variantes graphiques dans les Dictionnaires La rousse et spécifiquement dans le Petit Larousse Illustré
Authors: Petit Gérard
Published: November 2007

G. Petit : The Treatment of Orthographical Variants in Larousse Dictionaries, and more particularly in the Petit Larousse

Spelling variation in dictionaries is both a representation and a construction. It is a representation of the hesitations of language when an oral signifier has to be put into a written form, and also of the fluctuations that the comprehension of a stereotype can bring about in the morphosyntax of an item. It is a construction because it stems from decisions concerning the arrangement of lexical items. In this way, variation should be read at a high level (the different forms proposed and their corollaries), but also at a low level (the neutralisations brought about by the arrangement of the article).
La réception de mots anglais dans les journaux français : l'application de quelques principes d'harmonisation graphique
Authors: Biedermann-Pasques Liselotte , Humbley John
Published: November 2007

L. Bidermann-pasques, J. Humbley : The Reception of English words in the French Press : Propositions for the Harmonisation of English loan-words

The use of foreign words in a French text raises problems, some of which involve spelling. Not all foreign words that appear in newspapers will necessarily become part of the language : far from it. However, they do pose problems for spelling that must be dealt with. From a corpus of neologisms, we examine the reception of various English words as used in a Parisian daily paper, and the problems they pose for French-speaking journalists and correctors. Then, taking as a model English loan words already present in French dictionaries, and examining the main tendencies and principles of the French orthographic system, we propose a number of solutions that could be adopted for the spelling of these words.
Réflexions sur une initiative politique touchant l'orthographe
Authors: Encrevé Pierre
Published: November 2007

P. Encrevé : On a Political Initiative Concerning Orthography

In 1989-1990, an attempt to introduce more regular spelling forms was carried out at the request of the Prime Minister. The way in which this was done was quite new. The immediate results seemed to indicate that the enterprise had been a failure ; however, five years later, we would rather the tempted to interpret it as a success. Was the reform carried out in the right way, or were mistakes made ? Is there any further scope for this kind of action, which saw the collaboration of political authorities, linguists, and the Académie française ? And what about the establishment of a committee for the harmonisation of dictionaries ?
La place de l'attribut du sujet et son évolution aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles en français
Authors: Marchello-Nizia Christiane
Published: November 2007

Christiane Marchello-Nizia : « The place of the subjective complement and its evolution in 12th and 13th centuries in French »

The aim of this paper is to answer two questions : did the position of adjective complement change during the 12th and 13th centuries ? Is this evolution of the same type as the evolution of nominal object ? The two evolutions are mainly the same ; we have noted therefore some differences. During the period of Old French, adjective complements show a tendency to greater cohesion (Moût est granz —* II est tres-grant). The aim of this paper is to answer two questions : did the position of adjective complement change during the 12th and 13th centuries ? Is this evolution of the same type as the evolution of nominal object ? The two evolutions are mainly the same ; we have noted therefore some differences. During the period of Old French, adjective complements show a tendency to greater cohesion (Moût est granz —* II est tres-grant).
Activités argumentatives et élaboration de connaissances nouvelles : le dialogue comme espace d'exploration
Authors: Nonnon Elisabeth
Published: November 2007

Elisabeth Nonnon, Activités argumentative et élaboration de connaissances nouvelles : le dialogue comme espace d'exploration

It is restrictive to introduce the arguing activity as a set of rhetorical techniques meant to convince others of a pre-established proposition in such a way that the speakers come up against one another. Whether it concerns theoretical discussions or ordinary dialogues, this activity often has the exploratory and constructive dimension of a joint investigation. A conjoined logico-discursive action on the topics of speech and on the points of view is therefore fundamental. According to this outlook, a discussion in a school environment, in a position of shared action aimed at building knowledge is analysed by pointing the indicators which enable to determine this dynamics : the referential shifts in the meaning of terms, the changes of semiotics modes and relevance levels, the modalisations, the emergence of a problematical dimension to speech.
Le statut de la suffixation en -os
Authors: Boyer Henri
Published: November 2007

Henri Boyer: The status of the -os suffix French.

This article looks at the -os suffixation which has come into French via traditional slang with adjectives (« tranquillos » — cool, « nullos » — no good), but not only adjectives (« matos » — equipment). If word creation was very modest in the past, in the 1980's this instrument of lexical « recycling » was reactivated — perhaps because of its Hispanic origins and because influenced by current trends — before in its turn becoming a victim of a certain degree of erosion and considered old-fashioned by the young users of French.
La notion de variation syntaxique dans la langue parlée
Authors: Blanche-Benveniste Claire
Published: November 2007

Claire Blanche-Benveniste : La notion de variation syntaxique dans la langue parlée

A central topic for sociolinguistic research during the seventies and the eighties, the notion of syntactic variation was linked with discussions about the existence of pure syntactic synonyms. The discussion is now carried on, on a larger scale, within the framework of large linguistic corpora.
Pléonasmes syntaxiques : dédoublement ou hybridation ?
Authors: Berrendonner Alain
Published: November 2007

Alain Berrendonner : Pléonasmes syntaxiques : dédoublement ou hybridation ?

This paper considers a kind of syntactic variants which contrasts with certain standard constructions by containing a pleonasm (= two occurrences of the same argument). It is shown that these structures cannot be properly described by a doubling operation. We must suppose a "hybridation" process that mixes two non-pleonastic variants.
Origine adverbiale du génitif indo-européen, extractions, possessifs, anaphore associative et interprétations grammaticalisées dans les GN français
Authors: Daladier Anne
Published: November 2007

Anne Daladier: The original adverbial caracter of the indo-european genitive case, extractions, possessive pronouns, anaphoric le and grammaticalized interpretations in French nominal

The use of various morphological pronouns inside distributional oppositions such as: constraints on the possessivation of de N, constraints on Qu- extraction in contexts where the clitic en is allowed, constraints on anaphoric le in sentences where an explicit anaphoric genitive son is allowed, extends concrete and abstract values of source and membership of the indo european genitive case while discriminating very sharply the new values. Extraction properties also renew in some sense the adverbial original caracter of the genitive case. These extensions and différenciations of grammaticalized values take place inside two syntactic uses of de. De can occur as a discontinuous morpheme of a noun operator where it is grammaticalized inside the argumentai relationship of this noun with its arguments. De can also occur as a lexical operator, expressing various concrete and abstract possessive values and governing arguments, having or not argumentai structures.
Proverbes et structures stéréotypées
Authors: Michaux Christine
Published: November 2007

Christine Michaux, Proverbs and stereotyped structures

Proverbs are traditionally described either as being a proposition or as being a name. In this paper, 1 shall concentrate on the second definition type and analyse Kleiber's proposal on that matter. Kleiber claims indeed that proverbs can be defined by taking into account the nature of the referential relation in which they enter. In this perspective, Kleiber makes of the referential relation by proverb a referential relation similar to that linking a name to its referent. In this sense, proverbs should be considered in Kleiber's terms as a « metalinguistics » denomination.

The first step of my analysis will consist in checking Kleiber's hypothesis by testing the validity of such a nominal conception of the proverb. This investigation will lead to a double conclusion. On the one hand, proverbs exhibit referential specificities that are note shared by names. On the other hand, defining proverbs in purely denominative terms can be shown not to provide a satisfying picture of proverbial semantics. The second step of the analysis shall then consist in introducing the phrasal dimension that characterises propositionalist approaches. The aim will be at that stage to put together the nominal and phrasal traits observed in all proverbial units. The last stage of my analysis will consist in describing an interpretative procedure integrating the specificities of this double proverbial status.
L'effet Buben : de la linguistique diachronique à l'approche cognitive (et retour)
Authors: Chevrot Jean-Pierre , Malderez Isabelle
Published: November 2007

Jean-Pierre Chevrot et Isabelle Malderez. The Buben effect : from the historical linguistics to the cognitive approach (and back)

In the studies of historical linguistics, the authors often try to explain phonetic evolution by the influence of spelling on pronunciation (the so-called Buben effect or spelling pronounciation). At first, we analyze the results of the historical studies and we specify the modes of that influence. In a second time, we present psycholinguistic data and models that may explain the cognitive mechanisms responsible for such an influence. We conclude by showing how this detour by cognitive approach allows a best understanding of the Buben effect on the historical plan.
Le participe présent comme co-verbe
Authors: Herslund Michael
Published: November 2007

Michael Herslund, Le participe présent comme co-verbe

The present article proposes an analysis of the French present participle (the -ant form) as a converb, i.e. as a non-finite verb form which forms a secondary predication with a primary verb and the subject of this verb. Contrary to the gérondif (the en -ant form), which always denotes a situation which is contemporary with but distinct from the situation denoted by the primary verb, the present participle as a converb denotes either the same situation as the primary verb or a salient aspect of it. In the verbal couple, verb + converb, the converb most often carries the most important information, cf. the prototypical example : Elle s'est levée mettant fin à l'entretien.
Énonciation fictionnelle et constructions référentielles.
Authors: Atlani-Voisin Françoise
Published: November 2007

Françoise Atlani : Fictional enunciation and referencial constructions

Basing our analysis on a text of fiction, Le Bavard by Louis-René Des Forêts, we show that, in fiction, signs of subjectivity like the deictic pronouns or adverbs have a specific enunciative functioning since the referential adjustment system that is compelled in the dialogue, cannot work anymore, the construction of ref erencial values being fictitious. Relying on the works of E. Benveniste and A. Culioli, we suggest a linguistic analysis of the utterances of these personal and temporal forms in that text to reveal that the formal apparatus of enunciation may make use, in fiction, of the fundamental instability of the referential system.
Pour une archéologie de la stylistique
Authors: Karabétian Étienne Stéphane
Published: November 2007

Etienne Karabetian : An Argument for the Archeology of Stylistice

The intention is to show that the origins of stylistics can be found well before the dawn of the 20th century and that furthermore they are never as effective as when they remain a theoretic discipline.

Stylistics are fixed much more than they appear in the linguistical anthropology of the 19th century (from Humboldt to Steinthal). As for their approach, they depend closely on the hermeneutics of Schleiermacher. Going forward, two branches were formed: today's linguistical stylistics of Bally, which have lost contact with their anthropological base and which stem from a discipline centered around expressiveness; and secondly, more literary stylistics which are moving towards literary texts of a specific nature and which are restored by hermeneutical traditions. This branch is on its way to extinction. Consequently it is understood that, in regards to the dispute surrounding the legitimacy of stylistics, this could be a never-ending question.
Apprentissage institutionnel d'une troisième langue par les apprenants sourds. Discussion autour d'une approche bilingue dans l'enseignement d'une langue vivante
Authors: Fusellier-Souza Ivani
Published: November 2007

Ivani Fusellier-Souza : Academic learning of a third language by young deaf students. Discussion around a bilingual approach in teaching oral languages to deaf people

In this article, we support the idea that the teaching of oral and written languages to young deaf students affected by profound hearing loss should be inspired by educational strategies and by methodological techniques akin to the pedagogy of second language teaching.

Sign languages are deaf people's natural way of communicating; consequently we presume that the more sign languages are mastered, the more teaching of written modality of oral languages is successful.

Our assumption is founded on the fact that a third written language (in this particular case: English) taught to young deaf students as a foreign language is assimilated more easily than a second language (French) taught as if it was a mother language. We remind, nevertheless, that this hypothesis is best applied to children who have reached the stage of the abstract reasoning.
Mais oui, il était un joli temps du passé comme les autres, le petit imparfait hypocoristique
Authors: Bres Jacques
Published: November 2007

Jacques Bres : The French Imparfait hypocoristic: a past tense like all the others

How can we account for the imperfect tense used as an hypocoristic expression? The usual explanations, following different lines of reasoning, do not regard it as a past tense and ascribe to it meanings that are in fact generated by contextual parameters. I propose that the imperfect tense invariably conveys the same aspectual and temporal values, whether used hypocoristically or otherwise. My demonstration reaches the conclusion that the hypocoristic meaning is actually a result of the interaction between these values and contextual parameters.
Qui, que, quoi dans les grammaires françaises du XVIIe siècle : Maupas (1607), Oudin (1640), Chiflet (1659), Régnier-Desmarais (1705)
Authors: Fournier Nathalie
Published: November 2007

Nathalie Fournier, « Qui, que, quoi in 17th-century French grammars: Maupas (1618), Oudin (1640), Chiflet (1659), Régnier-Desmarais (1705) ».

This paper deals with the pronouns qui, que, quoi in the French grammatical tradition, through four grammars of the 17th century: Maupas (1618), Oudin (1640), Chiflet (1659), Régnier-Desmarais (1705). The paper examines successively: 1. the mono- or bi-categorization of qui, que, quoi as relative pronouns, or as relative and interrogative pronouns; 2. the morphology of qui, que, quoi, and the problem of que, as a non-relative pronoun; 3. the uses of qui, que, quoi, syntactically (with or without any antecedent, functional specificity), and semantically (reference to human/non-human, definite/non-definite). The paper aims to show the relevance of grammatical description and how it contributed to the constitution of the French grammatical tradition.
Créole ou dialecte : les tribulations du vernaculaire noir américain
Authors: Kihm Alain
Published: November 2007

Labov has studied Black English within the context of his question, « What makes a linguistic community ? » He establishes two important points : some constructions and some distributions in Black English are related to Creole grammar ; Black and White English are two distinct language communities and they are becoming more and more divergent. The Black linguistic community is evolving its own way.
Linguistique et variation : repères historiques
Authors: Bergounioux Gabriel
Published: November 2007

This paper deals with the historical genesis of the difficult relationships between linguistics and the concept of variation in France from the end of the XIXth century to the triumph of structuralism. The paper shows how scientific discourse took language differences into account, the social basis of its analysis, including the academic actors, their development and careers, and the political representations of these language differences.
Importance du genre dans la constitution de la subjectivité et de l'intersubjectivité
Authors: Irigaray Luce
Published: November 2007

Taking as a point of departure the differences already discussed in J'aime à toi (Grasset 1992) between what little girls and little boys say to their mothers, this study sketches out the evolution of the capacity for intersubjectivity in male and female adolescents, and in adult men and women of various ages, based on their respective responses to cues directing them to produce a sentence using the preposition avec (with), or the adverb ensemble (together), or establishing a relationship between certain cue words including two pronouns or a possessive adjective. It would appear that female respondents try to establish a dialogic relation, especially with the other sex, while male respondents privilege the relation to the object, material or spiritual, or a less differentiated relation to another man or other men. Awareness of belonging to one's own gender could serve as a means to opening a dialogue between women and men.
La valorisation du genre dans quelques termes du langage religieux
Authors: Crippa Sabina
Published: November 2007

Analysis of responses in Italian to instructions to make a sentence with one of the following words : celibato (celibate), vergine (virgin), divinità (divinity), or to give the definition of the words dio (god) or dea (goddess) confirms that male respondents choose themselves as the subject of discourse at the expense of feminine subjects, and that they privilege terms which represent their own sex. Women avoid defining themselves as subjects and privilege male or neuter subjects, even when the cue induces a feminine subject or a representation of the feminine gender.
Classes verbales, relations fondamentales et « basic sentences »
Authors: Drossard W.
Published: November 2007

W. Drossard, Classes verbales, relations fondamentales et « basic sentence »

A question central to the syntactic organisation of natural languages is that of verb classes. Its origin lies in the works of Sapir and Fillmore. Is it founded on the distinction between three basic role-patterns, which allows a comparison between different morphological realisations of these three patterns in different languages. It is then possible to show how intrincately related the two notions of intransitivity and transitivity are. The observation of the morphological realisations of these notions in a given language requires not only considerations as to the nature of its verb classes, but also as to the quantitative representation of these classes in that language.
« L'intelligence de l'outil »
Authors: Zemb Jean-Marie
Published: November 2007

La prudence commande au linguiste de ne pas priver les utilisateurs de l'allemand, notamment ses lecteurs étrangers et ses traducteurs plus ou moins informatisés, du secours intelligemment économique et puissant de la ponctuation par ses majuscules spécifiques — du moins en attendant mieux, c'est-à-dire plus raisonnable et plus intelligent.
L'émergence du non-marqué. L'optimalité en morphologie prosodique
Authors: McCarthy John J. , Prince Alan
Published: November 2007

In Optimality Theory (ОТ ; Prince & Smolensky 1993), linguistic structures emerge from grammatical constraints interaction which assigns to the standard notions of markedness, marked structure, unmarked structure and implicational markedness a precise formal status. This conception is explored in the domain of Prosodie Morphology. The article presents first the basics of the analysis, then formal descriptions of syllabic and morphological aspects of reduplicative patterns. Finally, the theory is tested on the analysis of apparently complex morphophonological dependencies in the reduplicative pattern of Makassarese, an Austronesian language.
Une méthode de désambiguïsation locale Nom/Adjectif pour l'analyse automatique de textes
Authors: Garrigues Mylène
Published: November 2007

Looking up a French dictionary for many words such as rouge (red) provides two solutions : Noun and Adjective. We analyse sequences limited to two words which are ambiguous and which are potentially of one of the two forms : Noun Adjective or Adjective Noun. We reduce the ambiguity of such sequences by means of the positional properties of the French adjective. Adjectives in French can occupy either the prenominal position (gros livre, *livre gros), or the postnominal position (gant rouge, *rouge gant), or both (nouveau livre, livre nouveau). As a first approximation, this property is a lexical feature of the adjective.

We indexed an electronic lexicon of more than 6,000 adjectives and marked them according to the three situations presented. The marks can then be applied automatically to a large corpus in order to reduce the ambiguities arising in a parsing procedure. We discuss various linguistic limitations of our marking method and further extensions of the study.
L'analyse de phrases adjectivales par rétablissement de noms appropriés
Authors: Laporte Éric
Published: November 2007

The notion of appropriate sequence as introduced by Z. Harris provides a powerful syntactic way of analysing the detailed meaning of various sentences, including ambiguous ones. In an adjectival sentence like The leather was yellow, the introduction of an appropriate noun, here colour, specifies which quality the adjective describes. In some other adjectival sentences with an appropriate noun, that noun plays the same part as colour and seems to be relevant to the description of the adjective. These appropriate nouns can usually be used in elementary sentences like The leather had some colour, but in many cases they have a more or less obligatory modifier. For example, you can hardly mention that an object has a colour without qualifying that colour at all. About 300 French nouns are appropriate in at least one adjectival sentence and have an obligatory modifier. They enter in a number of sentence structures related by several syntactic transformations. The appropriateness of the noun and the fact that the modifier is obligatory are reflected in these transformations. The description of these syntactic phenomena provides a basis for a classification of these nouns. It also concerns the lexical properties of thousands of predicative adjectives, and in particular the relations between the sentence without the noun : The leather was yellow and the adjectival sentence with the noun : The colour of the leather was yellow.
Considérations logico-philosophiques sur la synonymie
Authors: Rossi Jean-Gérard
Published: November 2007

One observes a certain scepticism among most philosophers of logic regarding synonymy. This is perhaps because they are generally too demanding in the determination of a criterion of synonymy. Should the relation of synonymy thus be weakened or else should its domain of application be restricted to certain contexts, certain language games or certain possible worlds ? This, it would seem, is the fundamental question today.
Synonymie et polysémie : le cas de curieux comme parcours sémantique d'un mot
Authors: Shyldkrot Hava Bat-Zeev
Published: November 2007

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the different meanings of the adjective curieux, (both "curious" and "strange") and the relationship between the adjective placement and it's meaning. We argue that adjective positioning is to be considered as a grammaticalisation process resulting in a semantic change, both in synchrony and in diachrony. We further compare cognitive theory that views metaphorical extensions as the main cause of meaning change to the theory that considers semantic changes to be a result of historical processes. A combination of both approaches is suggested.
Alphabétisation, écriture et oralité
Authors: Vieira da Silva Mariza
Published: November 2007

In this article, our aim is to understand the building of the Brazilian subject-pattern as it appears in and through the alphabetic writting of Indians, half-breeds and the colonizing people, within a multilingual space where the Portuguese discursive memory is at work. We confront the mechanisms out of which the referent "illiterate" is constituted and the hierarchical opposition between "illiterate" and "literate", in two important periods of our history, the 16th and the 19th centuries.
Polémiques autour de la langue nationale (fin du XIXe siècle et début du XXe)
Authors: Castellanos Pfeiffer Claudia
Published: November 2007

At the turn of the century, Brazil experienced an intense and wide spread controversy when the "homens de letras" (educated people, writers, historians, grammarians, newspapermen, teachers) fought over the most effective ways of expression — especially in writing — in a Brazilian national language. In this article, we consider texts concerning this controversy such as surfaces texts which become, by mean of discourse analysis, a discursive space that enables us to understand the discursive processes at work in the writings of these authors, who where building up meanings in the Brazilian language. In this discursive game we can see four main lines of enunciation; by establishing and destabilizing meanings, there is built up a discursive memory of the national language: at the root of the process of meaning is the opposition, related to the Portuguese language of Portugal, between what was pointed out as oral language and what was considered as written language.
L'activité de catégorisation de substantifs, de verbes et de dérivés verbaux
Authors: Escarabajal M. C. , Kekenbosch Christiane
Published: November 2007

The interconcept organization of verbs and nouns were studied by examining the stability of organizations in three tasks a) a unconstrainded sort task, in which subjects sorted sets of 16 verbs or 16 nouns into clusters as they wanted ; b) a semantic sort task, in which subjets sorted sets of 16 verbs or 16 nouns into clusters based on meaning ; c) a script sort task, in which subjets sorted sets of 16 verbs or 16 nouns into clusters based on situations. This study show that only the clusters of nouns are affected by the different tasks, and confirmed our hypothesis that there are functional and conceptual differences between nouns and verbs.
Une construction complexe N°hum être Adj de V°-inf W caractéristique de certains adjectifs à sujet humain
Authors: Meunier Annie
Published: November 2007

This article is about a complex construction in French with an infinitive clause that seems to be an adverbial complement of a structure No être Adj with a human subject, for instance : Paul a été honnête d'intervenir. The properties of this construction are studied and contrasted with those of a construction with a closely related meaning but with a sentential subject : Que Paul soit intervenu est honnête de sa part. The human-subject construction is shown to be a feature of a class of adjectives which are independently characterized by the distribution of their subject. This construction defines them as adjectives of psychological qualities, as opposed to adjectives qualifying a physical behaviour or a look (gracieux, souple), a mood (mélancolique) or a feeling (triste).
Le sens grammatical
Authors: Victorri Bernard
Published: November 2007

Most grammatical units present various related meanings depending on the linguistic and extra-linguistic context in which they are used. This polysemy has often been dealt with by assuming a first concrete meaning, from which the other meanings are derived. For instance, many prepositions are supposed to be primarily spatial, their non-spatial uses being metaphorical. Here we contest such a point of view and we propose a theoretical framework in which grammatical units are tools specialised in constructing what we call verbal scenes, which are evoked by utterances. In this approach, one can associate every grammatical unit with a unique schematic form, which indicates how the unit interact with the linguistic and extralinguistic context. The schematic form is directly formulated in terms of the properties of the verbal scene. In particular, verbal scenes possess and abstract topological structure and the meaning of the so-called spatial prepositions can be described in abstract topological terms accounting for all their different meanings .
La métaphore perceptive. Eidétique et figurativité
Authors: Ouellet Pierre
Published: November 2007

The processes underlying perceptive metaphors are embodied into the figurativity of discourse, which should not be reduced to rhetorical figures or tropes but also embraces the iconic dimension of syntax, i.e. words order, diathesis, aspect, point of view, etc., as they form the gestalt structure of language by the means of which we recognize the perceptual style of a given discourse. Those different levels of language give an access to the sensitive and categorial perception underlying the schematization of our experience. They are responsible of the very plasticity of meaning, deeply related to the structure of mental imagery or what phenomenology calls inner Gehalt and intuitive content. The main focus of the article is to seize how perceptive metaphor in poetry and in every day life relies on the process of perceptual and categorial construction of reality based on the phenomenological structure of imagination.
Introduction. Classes grammaticales et créolisation : la syntaxe des langues créoles
Authors: Véronique Georges Daniel
Published: November 2007

Daniel Veronique: Grammatical categories and creolization : creole language syntax Creoles and Pidgins, a source of controversy in linguistic theory, share some properties and, often, analogous sociohistorical circumstances, which, however, do not suffice to assert the existence of a distinct linguistic category. Theories of creole genesis vary in the importance they bestow upon pidginization, creolization, language contact and linguistic creativity. Universalist theories emphasize the role of the bioprogram or of Universal Grammar while other theories insist on the part played by the substratum, the lexifier language or the language acquisition process. The issue of grammatical categories is crucial to various theories of creole genesis, for instance those which favour the substratum or the lexifier. The present issue is devoted to grammatical categories in French Creoles through an analysis of pronouns and adjectives in these languages.
Note sur les «adjectifs» dans quelques créoles français
Authors: Véronique Georges Daniel
Published: November 2007

Daniel Veronique : A note on "adjectives" in some French Creoles

Creole "adjectives" differ from their French counterparts in terms of morphology - no formal variation and gender or number agreement - and of predication. The number of pre-posed adjectives in NP is low and predicative "adjectives" have diversely lost their stative properties in the creole languages examined. The verbal status of "adjectives" is directly related to the status of the copula in the languages discussed. Following the case, "adjectives" as such do not constitute a linguistic category.
Incidence des variations de la mise en forme textuelle sur la compréhension et la mémorisation de textes procéduraux (règles de jeux) par des enfants de 8 à 12 ans
Authors: Garcia-Debanc Claudine , Grandaty Michel
Published: November 2007

The experimental study has been conducted with children 9 years old, 12 years old and adults about comprehension of rules of games. The study tries to answer to different questions. How does text architecture influence text comprehension and recall? Which formatting is most efficient in terms of comprehension? in terms of recall? in terms of selective retrieval?

From the ontogenetic point of view, when do children become capable of identifying markers of text constituents such as titles or enumerations?

The data collected confirm the hypothesis that layout influences comprehension and recall for all groups.Visuo-spatial formatting is better for selective retrieval while discursive formatting is better for recall.
Les connecteurs espagnols encima / además : argumentation transgressive et argumentation normative
Authors: Garcia Negroni Maria Marta
Published: November 2007

This paper describes the discourse function of two additive connectives in Spanish: encima [moreover] and además [furthermore]. The study aims to demonstrate that the difference in signification between these two additive connectives can be explained appealing to normative and transgressive argumentations, following the notions defined by the Theory of Argumentation in Language and, more specifically, by the Theory of Semantic Blocks. Thus, we can explain that when using además we have to interpret the first of the connected segments as evoking normative argumentations with therefore [fr.: done] and the occurrence of encima in an enunciation as imposing a transgressive interpretation with nevertheless [fr.: pourtant].

Key words: Connectives, Argumentation, Semantic Block, Normative,
La traduction en espagnol de quelques connecteurs de juxtaposition
Authors: Tricas Preckler Mercedes
Published: November 2007

The aim of this paper is to analyse certain interpretative mechanisms used by Spanish translators when translating some French juxtaposition markers. We have tried to point out the general tendencies shown in the translation into Spanish of some French connectors whose function is merely to add a simple nuance of intensity between the two propositions linked thereby. According to our results there is a clear tendency in Spanish translations to reinforce the function of this connection. The main consequence is a modification of the general coherence of the text. Other pragmatic consequences may be an alteration of the speaker's point of view and also a different distribution of the thematic and rhematic elements involved in this juxtapositional relationship.
La sélection des langues : darwinisme et linguistique.
Authors: Bergounioux Gabriel
Published: November 2007

Darwinism comes into play as a scientific paradigm in a history-oriented grammar based on both anthropology and comparative mythology. Evolutionism was claimed by linguists such as Schleicher and Darmesteter whose hypotheses fuelled other work from Darwin in return. Its posterity has lasted to this day in language science research. However, one can wonder whether the proposed reinterpretation is well founded.
Langues créoles et origine du langage : état de la question.
Authors: Kihm Alain
Published: November 2007

Creole languages are sometimes considered a "laboratory" where language genesis could be observed in vivo. One reason for this belief is that Creoles are the only natural languages now extant, the emergence of which can be dated and localized with some precision because (i) it is recent (a century for some); (ii) it presents (or seems to present) the characters of a "catastrophe" as opposed to the continuous process of change whereby "old" languages like French and English acquired their identities. Another reason is the present currency of a theory which views the origin of language and the formation of Creoles as due to the same cause, viz. the sudden replacement of protolanguage by full human language. This article evaluates the claims of this theory with respect to Creole formation. It shows its main drawback to lie in the fact that full languages were crucially present on the scenes where creole languages emerged, if only as lexicon purveyors, so that no convincing inferences may be drawn from the historical situation in which Creoles appeared to the prehistorical setting where language originated.
Génétique, linguistique et histoire des peuplements humains.
Authors: Excoffier Laurent , Langaney André , Dupanloup Isabelle , Poloni Estella Simonet , Schneider Stefan
Published: November 2007

Recent and independent progresses achieved in population genetics and historical linguistics led to the comparison of their results on the origins and migrations of modern humans. Here we present and discuss several studies that show evidence for a strong link between genetic and linguistic differentiation among human populations at the continental scale. We further present the first results of our "boundaries" method, a new interdisciplinary approach used to compare genetic and linguistic data.
Durable and generalized effects of spatial experience on mental rotation: gender differences in growth patterns
Authors: Terlecki Melissa S. , Newcombe Nora S. , Little Michelle
Published: November 2007

This study addressed questions about improvement in mental rotation skills: (1) whether growth trajectories differ for men and women with higher or lower spatial experience, (2) whether videogame training has effects on performance and leads to transfer, (3) whether effects of repeated testing or training effects are durable and (4) whether transfer is durable. Undergraduates participated in repeated testing on the MRT or played the videogame Tetris. Analyses showed large improvements in mental rotation with both repeated testing and training; these gains were maintained several months later. MRT scores of men and women did not converge, but men showed faster initial growth and women showed more improvement later. Videogame training showed greater initial growth than repeated testing alone, but final performance did not differ. Effects of videogame training transferred to other spatial tasks exceeding the effects of repeated testing, and this transfer advantage was still evident after several months. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recall of words heard in noise
Authors: Kjellberg Anders , Ljung Robert , Hallman David
Published: November 2007

The aim of the study was to explore if recall of words and recognition of sentences orally presented was affected by a background noise. A further aim was to investigate the role of working memory capacity in performance in these conditions. Thirty‐two subjects performed a word recall and a sentence recognition test. They repeated each word to ensure that they had heard them. A reading span test measured their working memory capacity. Performance on the word recall task was impaired by the background noise. A high reading span score was associated with a smaller noise effect, especially on recall of the last part of the word list. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron/Iron Oxide Core/Shell Nanocubes
Authors: Shavel A. , Rodríguez‐González B. , Spasova M. , Farle M. , Liz‐Marzán L. M.
Published: November 2007

A simple method for the preparation of iron/iron oxide nanoparticles with core/shell cubic morphology is presented. The synthesis of the nanocubes was carried out through decomposition of a preformed iron oleate complex at high temperature. Although this procedure has been shown previously to produce monodisperse magnetite spheres,[1] the use of squalene as a solvent and the presence of sodium oleate was found to induce cube formation. A detailed high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of the nanocubes was performed for structural characterization. The core/shell structure, an iron core surrounded by magnetite (Fe3O4) shell, was confirmed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) filtering analysis. The results obtained by HRTEM analysis are in agreement with X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and magnetic analysis. The Fe nanocubes are superparamagnetic at room temperature with a saturation magnetization MS = 101 A m2 kg–1 and magnetic anisotropy density Keff = 1.6 × 105 J m–3 at low temperatures.