bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processamento e caracterização de iogurte de limão
Authors: Vieira Agdylannah Felix , Silva Renata Rodrigues de Lima , Alves Deborah Evellyn Gomes , Morais Hanna Mayara Brito Rodrigues de , Santos Dyego Da Costa
Published: February 2018

O objetivo do estudo foi elaborar iogurtes de limão e avaliar as características físicas, químicas e sensoriais dos produtos processados. Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de iogurtes, variando-se as concentrações de suco de limão (2, 4, 6 e 8%). Posteriormente, os mesmos foram avaliados quanto ao teor de umidade, sólidos totais, cinzas, sólidos solúveis, acidez total em ácido lático, pH, lipídios, textura (dureza, consistência, índice de viscosidade e coesividade) e cor (L*, a*, b*, h* e C*). Além disso foi realizado teste de aceitabilidade e de intenção de compra. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com os dados submetidos à análise de variância e a comparação de médias feita pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). A maioria dos parâmetros avaliados revelou efeito significativo a 1% de probabilidade, pelo teste F, o que permite afirmar que os diferentes níveis de limão utilizados alteraram as características dos iogurtes. Na análise sensorial, os iogurtes adicionados de 2 e 4% foram estatisticamente semelhantes, todavia o iogurte com a menor proporção de suco (2%) apresentou o maior potencial mercadológico, revelando odor característico de limão sem que seu sabor fosse demasiadamente acentuado.
Elaboração de massa de pastel integral adicionado de farinha de aveia e de centeio
Authors: Farias Karina Anny de , Santos Suelen Siqueira dos , Paraiso Carolina Moser , Madrona Grasiele Scaramal
Published: February 2018

Cada vez mais os consumidores demandam alimentos saborosos e que ao mesmo tempo propiciem benefícios à saúde. Neste sentido, com o intuito de proporcionar praticidade ao consumidor e ainda viabilizar um alimento saudável, o seguinte trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar uma massa de pastel integral adicionada de farinhas de aveia e centeio. Foram elaboradas quatro formulações F1, F2, F3 e F4, todas armazenadas sob refrigeração (durante 20 dias) e avaliadas quanto a umidade, cinzas, acidez, lipídeos, proteínas e atividade de água, análise de cor instrumental utilizando o sistema CIEL*a*b*, análises microbiológicas de coliformes termotolerantes 45°C, Bacillus cereus e S. aureus e análise sensorial com teste de aceitação. Com relação às análises físico-químicas, umidade e acidez não apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05), lipídeos, cinzas e proteínas apresentaram diferenças significativas entre o tempo 1 e 3 de armazenamento. Para as análises microbiológicas, segundo a legislação, os resultados foram satisfatórios para todas as amostras. Nas análises de cor instrumental, a formulação F2 apresentou maior luminosidade (L). Entre as quatro formulações, as formulações F2, F3 e F4 foram consideradas sensorialmente aceitas com índice de aceitação maior que 70%, apenas a formulação F1 apresentou menor índice.
Processos biotecnológicos aplicados ao bagaço de laranja para redução dos custos na alimentação animal
Authors: Lima Vanessa Francisca de , Araújo Lúcia de Fátima , Aguiar Emerson Moreira de , Coelho Robson Rogério Pessoa
Published: February 2018

A indústria de suco de laranja produz como subproduto o bagaço e a polpa de laranja que compreende 50% do total da fruta. O trabalho teve como objetivo o aproveitamento do resíduo da extração do suco de laranja na alimentação animal em forma de pellet. O bagaço de laranja foi enriquecido com micro-organismo na presença e ausência da ureia para produção de ração na forma de farelo e peletizada, para posterior armazenamento. O bagaço é obtido após a extração do suco da fruta e é produzido após duas prensagens; que restringe a umidade em torno de 65 a 75% sendo depois submetido á secagem, da qual resulta até 90% de matéria-seca, para posteriormente ser peletizada, armazenada ou comercializada. O enriquecimento do bagaço de laranja foi realizado em seis tratamentos: na forma in natura, bagaço de laranja + 2% de levedura, bagaço de laranja + 2% de levedura + 1% de ureia, bagaço de laranja + 2% de levedura + 2% de ureia, bagaço de laranja + 2% de levedura + 3% de ureia e por ultimo bagaço de laranja + 2% de ureia, obtendo valores proteicos de 14,2%; 15,98%; 23,47%; 25,05%; 26,69% e 16,80% respectivamente. Portanto, o bagaço de laranja, se constitui numa alternativa para ser usado na alimentação animal, diminuindo assim os custos de produção e eliminando os resíduos com potencial de poluição ambiental.
Bifidobacteria and its rice fermented products on diet induced obese mice: analysis of physical status, serum profile and gene expressions
Authors: Ray M. , Hor P.K. , Ojha D. , Soren J.P. , Singh S.N. , Mondal K.C.
Published: February 2018

Obesity is highly correlated with the dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota, and bifidobacteria are one of the soft targets of this metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Bifidobacterium sp. MKK4 and rice-based fermented foods on physical, haematological, gut microbiota and lypogenic-lypolytic marker genes in diet-induced obese mice. Adult male mice (21±0.7 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) according to the type of diet: normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HFD), HFD supplemented with Bifidobacterium sp. MKK4 and HFD supplemented with MKK4 associated rice-fermented food. 8 weeks of bacterial therapy in the obese mice resulted in significant reduction of body and organ weights, improved serum levels of glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol, the histological structure of the liver (steatosis), and re-establishment of gut Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides species. The bacterial therapy led to up-regulation of lipolytic transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, PPAR-δ, and their regulated gene products in fatty acid metabolism and glucose uptake, such as acyl-CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1, uncoupling protein-3 and glucose transporter-4. Concomitantly, both adipocytogenesis and fatty acid synthesis were arrested as reflected by the down-regulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and tumour necrosis factor alpha genes. The effectiveness of the fermented product was more profound than the single bacterium. These data provide experimental support with regard to the use of Bifidobacterium sp. MKK4 as a natural therapeutic agent to control obesity.
Lactobacillus salivarius LA307 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA305 attenuate skin inflammation in mice
Authors: Holowacz S. , Blondeau C. , Guinobert I. , Guilbot A. , Hidalgo S. , Bisson J.F.
Published: February 2018

Oral probiotics potential for the management of dermatological diseases is vast. However, results of available studies in skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), are inconsistent, partly because probiotic effects are strain specific. Careful selection of probiotic strains is therefore indispensable to ensure efficacy of treatment. In this study, Lactobacillus salivarius LA307, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA305 and Bifidobacterium bifidum PI22, three strains that were previously identified for their interesting immunomodulatory properties in allergy and/or colitis models, were assessed in the prevention of chronic skin inflammation induced by repeated applications of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in hairless SKH-1 mice. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of skin lesions was performed together with measurements of serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-17, IL-22, IL-10 and IL-4. Daily oral treatment with the three strains at the dose of 1×109 cfu/day for 3 weeks limited the development of chronic skin inflammation, the effects being strain dependent. Indeed the two Lactobacillus strains significantly limited the intensity of skin inflammation both at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. Macroscopic observations were correlated to the histological observations and the resulting microscopic score. This limitation of the development of AD-like skin lesions involved the modulation of cytokine production. Treatment with the two Lactobacillus strains induced a decrease in the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22 and at the opposite an increase in the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and also of IL-4. Globally, B. bifidum PI22 had lower benefits. These results obtained in mice suggest that L. salivarius LA307 and L. rhamnosus LA305 could be good candidates for preserving skin integrity and homeostasis via the modulation of the gut microbiota and that their use could be beneficial in dermatological conditions such as AD.
BIOMECHANICAL EVALUATION OF LOW-MODULUS BONE CEMENT FOR ENHANCING APPLICABILITY IN VERTEBROPLASTY — AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN PORCINE MODEL
Authors: Liu Mu-Yi , Lai Po-Liang , Tai Ching-Lung
Published: February 2018

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement has been widely used in vertebroplasty to treat osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. However, the high compression stiffness of PMMA is suspected to induce adjacent vertebral fracture following vertebroplasty. In the current study, modified low-modulus cement was prepared by combining PMMA with castor oil to solve this problem. The percentage of height recovery and compression stiffness of vertebral bodies was compared after injection of standard PMMA or low-modulus cement. This study aims to investigate whether low-modulus cement is as effective as standard PMMA for storing the initial vertebral height; while lowering the compression stiffness in treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. A total of 20 fresh porcine lumbar vertebrae were assigned into two groups (10 per group): standard and low-modulus. All specimens received a four-week decalcification to mimic human osteoporotic vertebrae. The standard and low-modulus groups received a simulated compression fracture followed by treatment of standard and low-modulus cement augmentation, respectively. The low-modulus cement was prepared by combining standard PMMA with 15% weight fractions of castor oil. For all the 20 specimens, vertebral compression fracture was created by reducing the vertebral height of 25% using a material testing machine. The compression stiffness determined from the creation of compression fracture was defined as the intact group (20 specimens). The fractured vertebrae were then treated with standard and low-modulus cement augmentation. The vertebral height was measured pre- and post-treatment, and the percentage of vertebral height recovery was compared between two cementing groups. Following cement augmentation, axial compression test was conducted to compare compression stiffness among three groups. The results indicated that there is no significant difference in percentage of vertebral height between standard (83.42[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]11.60%) and low-modulus (88.50[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]6.15%) groups ([Formula: see text]). Moreover, the compression stiffnesses were 1166.49[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]392.91 N/mm, 1795.85[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]247.45[Formula: see text]N/mm and 1362.57[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]236.92[Formula: see text]N/mm for intact, standard and low-modulus groups, respectively. There is significant difference among three groups ([Formula: see text]). We concluded that the modified low-modulus cement is as effective as standard PMMA for storing the initial vertebral height while lowering the compression stiffness in treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. These reduce the risks of adjacent vertebral body fracture following vertebroplasty.
PROTOTYPE OF A 2.5D PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPHY SYSTEM USING AN INTRAORAL COMPUTED TOMOSYNTHESIS APPROACH
Authors: Liao Che-Wei , Hsieh Chia-Jui , Huang Heng-Li , Fuh Lih-Jyh , Kuo Chih-Wei , Lin Yu-bo , Chen Jyh-Cheng , Hsu Jui-Ting
Published: February 2018

Digital periapical radiography is widely used in clinical dentistry because the technique is relatively simple and inexpensive. However, the main drawback of periapical radiography is that it represents a three-dimensional object in a two-dimensional film due to its inherent projection technique. The objective of this study was to develop a prototype intraoral computed tomosynthesis system, which can provide quasi-three-dimensional (so-called 2.5D) images. We developed a prototype intraoral computed tomosynthesis machine. Regular digital periapical radiography, computed tomosynthesis scanning, and computed tomography scanning of a human central incisor were performed. Then, reconstruction images obtained using computed tomosynthesis and computed tomography approaches were quantitatively evaluated using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). From the experimental results, compared with periapical radiographic images, reconstruction images obtained using the computed tomosynthesis approach revealed detailed microstructures in different depth sections. In addition, the SNR and CNR of reconstruction images obtained using the computed tomography approach was better than those of the images obtained using the computed tomosynthesis approach. However, the differences could not be clearly identified by the naked eye. The preliminary experimental results indicate that an intraoral computed tomosynthesis system may be useful for clinical dental diagnosis.
THE EFFECT OF LABORATORY-DEVELOPED VIDEO GAMES ON BALANCE PERFORMANCE IN CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER
Authors: Ju Ya-Ju , Du Yi-Chun , Lin Ling-Yi , Hou Chou-Ru , Lin Pei-Yi , Cherng Rong-Ju
Published: February 2018

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) refers to the motor skill difficulty without any explainable medical conditions. The prevalence rate of DCD is estimated to be 5–12% in Taiwan. Balance deficit is one of the main characteristics of children with DCD. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a self-developed balance training program on the balance performance in children with DCD. Twenty four children aged 5–10 years old with DCD and 12 age-matched typically developing (TD) children participated in the study. Children with DCD were randomly divided between an experimental group (DCD-exp) who received treatment with the iBalance training program and the control group (DCD-con) who did not received treatment. TD children also did not receive treatment as a comparison group. All the children were tested with the movement assessment battery for children-2nd edition (MABC-2) and iBalance assessment system before and after the intervention period. A significant improvement of the MABC-2 balance component score, time duration of one-leg standing and the number of success trials with dynamic balance tasks were noted in the children of DCD-exp but not in the children of DCD-con and TD. The results suggest that the iBalance training program is effective for a short time treatment effect for children with DCD. The long term effect and transfer effect need to be examined.
Latin American Cities
Authors: Crosas Carles
Published: February 2018

During the nineteenth century, capital cities in Latin America established a new generation of “green” grids, inherited from the tradition of Hispanic colonization that introduced new elements of modernity: technique, transport, and ecology. From hundreds of cases, it is worth paying attention to those that are most outstanding for embodying a number of characteristics: certain isolated condition, perfect geometrical layout, tram connection, “hygienist” inspiration, innovative engineering, new urban imaginary, etc. The brief presentation of some cases in Buenos Aires, México DF, Montevideo, and Sao Paolo leads the authors to assess the outstanding case of El Vedado in La Habana (1859) within its contemporary panorama. This is a canonical grid district settled in a vast and privileged area near the Caribbean Sea, with its quiet tree-lined streets and notable for its exquisite buildings. After 150 years, reviewing the transformation of this unique grid allows one to gain insight regarding the flexibility of urban grids, appreciate the splendour of its past, and explore the potential for its future.
The Grid Cities
Authors: Rotondo Francesco
Published: February 2018

The pattern of the grid city now seems dated and far from the metropolisation phenomena that characterize contemporary cities. In fact, as already happened in the past, the grid cities manage to evolve favoring the needs of its contemporary inhabitants. In this chapter, the authors try to understand some phenomena that characterize the transformation of the urban form of the grid city, highlighting its own ability to evolve between tradition and innovation. During these 200 years, the grid city, its buildings, and its public spaces were created, lived, and processed in multiple ways: built, replaced, drawn, renovated, restored. Here, the authors do not want to describe these planning and building tools, but they want to discuss the possible implications of the different transformation modes used in the grid city can have on urban and architectural perception of the physical space, the quality of life, and viability of these central places for the city's identity. The city of Bari, on the Adriatic Coast, in the South of Italy, is used as a case of study to represent concepts developed in the chapter.
Towards the Modernisation of EU Public Sector Accounting Standards
Authors: Sforza Vincenzo , Mechelli Alessandro , Cimini Riccardo
Published: February 2018

In the field of comparative international governmental accounting research, this chapter participates to the growing debate around the EPSAS-project that according to the EU Commission has a political priority. In this vein, it demonstrates that considering all the governmental subsectors of public administration (central government, state government, local government, social security funds) of the 28 EU Member States, proximity of national regulation to the IPSAS affects the magnitude of total adjustments. These are a proxy of fiscal fragility and are the difference between the non-harmonized data of governmental accounting and the harmonized ESA-2010 national accounting. Findings show that adjustments are significant in magnitude in countries whose regulation has low proximity to IPSAS; opposite, their magnitude is low in countries with high proximity to the IPSAS. Even if they have not provided the anticipated level of harmonisation, the process of modernising the EU public sector accounting standards cannot ignore that the future EPSAS should not diverge much from the IPSAS.
Are Public Administration Institutions Willing to Disclose Their Performance Through Data Portals?
Authors: Moura e Sá Patrícia , Lourenço Rui Pedro , Veloso Susana
Published: February 2018

Over the last couple of decades, public administrations have been adopting performance measurement systems with a twofold aim: internally, to obtain feedback on the extent to which they are achieving their goals and, consequently, to have indications on the changes they need to introduce; and, externally, to support their accountability mechanisms. Within a principal-agent perspective, citizens are entitled to more information disclosure regarding the way public resources are being used and how well public services are performing. Given their accessibility and taking into account open government principles, the internet is an essential channel to convey information to a wide range of stakeholders (services users and citizens in particular) thus being crucial in promoting transparency concerning performance measurement. With reference to the Portuguese context, the current chapter analyses the performance information disclosure procedures implemented by the Directorates-Generals and evaluates some features of the performance indicators used.
Social Media Data Into Performance Measurement Systems
Authors: Agostino Deborah , Arnaboldi Michela , Azzone Giovanni
Published: February 2018

Social media data are spreading widely across the world with a number of public institutions now active on social media. Much attention is being paid to how public institutions can exploit social media, for example, to provide better public services or engage with the general public. Little is, however, known about the potential offered by the data generated through social media, in particular, the possibility of applying social media data formally within a performance measurement system (PMS). The aim of this chapter is to explore how social media data can be integrated into a PMS for a public institution, proposing in this respect a framework of analysis. This framework places the decision-maker at the centre of the cycle and it consists of three main phases: the collection of social media data, the computation of indicators, and the visualization of data.
Governing Patients' Mobility to Pursue Public Value
Authors: Costanza Francesca
Published: February 2018

This chapter combines traditional performance management and system dynamics simulation modelling to address patients' mobility issues and pursue public value. The Italian case study is a first illustration of travelling flows' causal structure; however, the perspective is to introduce such methodological approach also at European level. After a literature review about the main factors inducing healthcare mobility, the phenomenon is explored in light of public management theories. Then, a model portrays the causal structure of the phenomenon in terms of system dynamics and performance management items. There follows a discussion of theoretical and managerial implications of the study, as well as ideas and issues for next research steps.
Measuring the Quality of Health Services Using SERVQUAL
Authors: Melo Ana I. , Santinha Gonçalo , Lima Rita
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the quality of health services in a Portuguese hospital by assessing the level of patient satisfaction, according to several features, using SERVQUAL. Results from a questionnaire, based on SERVQUAL, indicate that perceived healthcare service performance generally falls short of expectations except in the physical elements of service quality (“tangibility”), as opposed to “empathy” and “assurance.” In addition, patients who are more satisfied are females, patients over 65 years old, and those who attended the specialty anesthesiology. The least satisfied are patients aged between 18 and 34 years old and those who attended the specialty women and children.
The Impact of Accounting Information and Socioeconomic Factors in the Re-Election of Portuguese Mayors
Authors: Cunha Ana Maria , Ferreira Augusta da Conceição Santos , Fernandes Maria José
Published: February 2018

The limited literature on the subject of this chapter only assesses whether accounting information has an impact on the electoral results, particularly in local governments. The authors are not aware of any study that evaluates the influence of accounting information and socioeconomic factors on the re-election of mayors, particularly in Portugal. Based on the assumptions of agency theory, the authors start with the research question, Do accounting information and socioeconomic factors influence the re-election of Portuguese mayors? The research methodology used is the quantitative type, through which a multivariate analysis of data was performed on 308 Portuguese municipalities in two elections cycles. Although the results did not show statistical significance for all the variables, the authors verified that certain variables of accounting nature and some socioeconomic factors appear to show potential for influencing re-election.
Reflections on the Accounting Framework of Public Interest Cooperatives in Portugal
Authors: Bandeira Ana Maria , Meira Deolinda , Tomé Brízida
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to determine whether the current accounting standards of public interest cooperatives in Portugal are adequate, taking into account the social object, particularly the pursuit of furthering public interest and the nature of the subjects that integrate it. Thus, through the methodology of content analysis, the authors analyze the various policies and accounting legislation as well as the literature available on this topic. Through the classification and analysis of the main characteristics of these cooperatives, the authors conclude that they should be subject to the Public Administration's accounting regime in order to respond to the needs of different users of information.
The Comparative Importance of Urban and Architectural Potentials Supporting Knowledge Cities Formation and Their Relevant Indices
Authors: Mohamed Khaled Youssef , Mostafa Ayman Mohammed , el-Hameed Jamal Ahmad Abd
Published: February 2018

In 1996, the OECD coined the term knowledge city. This caused several developed countries to seek developing and adapting the features of their cities to be upgraded to knowledge-based economic cities. Hence, various experts worked on demonstrating and identifying the features of this concept. An objective of these cities was drawn: providing sound conditions for the enhancing, creation, and exchange of knowledge and innovation. The concept was found to be interdisciplinary: economic, political, social, as well as being urban and architectural. So, this chapter aims to observe the urban and architectural potentials of these cities, as well as their comparative importance. The comparative importance of these potentials is deduced through the study and analysis of some recognized KC models. Finally, a number of indices contributing to assessing the performance of such potentials are deduced.
A Holistic Assessment of Education City in Doha
Authors: Alraouf Ali A.
Published: February 2018

Qatar, while developing its vision for the future, decided to adopt the knowledge economy as the new pillar for its economy and development. The chapter focuses on examining the impact of the one of the main and iconic national mega project in the capital Doha, the project named Education City (EC). The chapter scrutinizes EC's contribution to a more resilient future for Qatar. The chapter assesses the relative roles of such an influential project in preparing or hindering Qatar's moving towards the post-carbon paradigm. The project is examined using multilayered criteria, which include achieving urban diversity, relevance to knowledge-based urban development, supporting the diversification of the local economy, and accommodating multicultural society. The chapter concludes that education city is the most crucial urban projects in Qatar geared towards sustaining the knowledge economy as it creates ripples of change, knowledge dissemination, and a culture of innovation and creativity within the city.
Personalized Learning and Online Instruction
Authors: Svenningsen Louis , Bottomley Steven , Pear Joseph J.
Published: February 2018

This development of digital inclusion with personalized learning has had an impact on how courses are designed and delivered. To that end, a behavioral approach that combines digital with personalized learning is CAPSI (computer-aided personalized system of instruction). In CAPSI, students decide when and where to study course material and where and when to take a test on their learning. The changes occurring in higher education also need to incorporate the development of critical thinking skills. CAPSI is highly adaptable to developing critical or higher-level thinking based on Bloom's taxonomy; CAPSI's emphasis on written answers, providing feedback, and writing appeals leads to higher order thinking. To assess student satisfaction, questionnaires given at the end of a course show that many students find CAPSI to be beneficial to their learning. Also, due to its flexible design, CAPSI is highly modifiable and can be used in all courses in a variety of locations and with students at different educational levels.
Central Language Hypothesis
Authors: Buğa Duygu
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to define and present central language integration by neurolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects in bilingual and multilingual persons in emotion-based circumstances. Central language hypothesis (CLH) imparts that one language in the subconscious mind of bilingual and multilingual individuals is more suppressive and it is structured as central language. It has an emotional background such that if limbic cortex of the brain gets any stimulus (e.g., fear, anxiety, sorrow, etc.), the brain directly produces the CL. This phenomenon distinguishes CL from the notion of mother tongue because mother tongue is the first language that is acquired at home, but CL may be the second language as well.
Supporting ESL Students in Distance Learning Courses
Authors: Korpi Sarah D.
Published: February 2018

Skill gaps between faculty's expectations around assessments and student work are common pedagogical themes. When misunderstandings are compounded by linguistic barriers and variances in cultural expectations, a simple error can have unforeseen impact on student success and the student-faculty relationship. In this chapter, the author explores sociocultural theory and second language acquisition research for tools that can improve communication between faculty and English language learner students. A proactive strategy is proposed that promotes understanding of the learner, investigates faculty assumptions, uses transparency in communication of assumptions, and provides ongoing support to faculty and students to reduce tension, increase understanding, and promote student success.
Teacher Education Experiences of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse International Students in the United States
Authors: Liu Xiaoming
Published: February 2018

Increasing numbers of students from China are choosing to study in American colleges and universities. While education may not be the top choice of discipline for many international students, the field of education has witnessed an increase in international enrollment in recent years. A study was conducted at a state university in the mid-Atlantic region aiming to investigate the teacher education experiences of international students graduated in the past five years. This chapter focuses on five Chinese pre-service teachers and reports findings that include opportunities and challenges in both on-campus coursework and off-campus internship, impact of both cultures on their teaching beliefs and practice, suggestions to the program, and advice for future international students. Culturally responsive recommendations are also discussed to foster academic success of international students in the teacher preparation program.
Definition of nZEB Renovation Standard
Authors: Firląg Szymon
Published: February 2018

The aim of the chapter is to present existing definitions of building renovation to nearly zero energy building (nZEB). The EU buildings stock has low energy efficiency and is responsible for the biggest energy consumption. This chapter describes first of all the legal background in EU and general definition of nZEB renovation. In the next part, country-specific definitions are cited. Most of them are setting requirements for primary energy demand. The example of Poland is used to show the possible process of defining the nZEB renovation standard.
Improving the Design of Energy-Efficient Building Retrofitting
Authors: Hukkalainen Mari Aino , Klobut Krzysztof , Mäkeläinen Tarja , Dimitriou Vanda , Leszczyński Dariusz
Published: February 2018

Practical guidelines are presented for improved process for design and retrofitting of energy-efficient buildings, with an aim to integrate buildings better with the neighbourhood energy system, among others through energy matching. The chapter describes the role of energy simulations in an integrated building retrofitting process and how to select technologies for the retrofitting toward nearly zero energy building level. Feasibility of performing a holistic analysis of retrofitting options can be increased through the integration of BIM, well populated, and linked databases and a multi-criteria decision-making approach. Multiple-criteria decision-making methods aid taking into account a number of building energy performance and user-preference-related criteria and the trade-offs between the different criteria for each retrofitting option. The real-life viewpoints and benefits of utilising the developed methods and processes are discussed, especially from the Eastern European view.
The Health Impact of Eating Foods of Animal Origin
Authors: Marsh Kate , Saunders Angela , Zeuschner Carol
Published: February 2018

While foods of animal origin, including red meat, poultry, seafood, eggs and dairy foods, are good sources of protein and other nutrients including iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids, there is increasing evidence to suggest that regular consumption of animal foods may negatively impact health and disease risk. This chapter reviews the evidence linking high intakes of animal foods with chronic disease risk, particularly type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer, and discusses some of the possible mechanisms to explain the association between animal food intake and disease risk. The benefits of plant-based and low-animal food options as solutions to reducing these risks are also discussed, along with implications and recommendations for adopting such diets.
Use of Antibiotics in Animals and Its Possible Impacts in the Environment
Authors: Philip Jeeva M. , Aravind Usha K. , Aravindakumar Charuvila T.
Published: February 2018

The application of antibiotics to livestock has become a serious global concern. The increasing demand for animal protein leads to a greater use of antibiotics in livestock production. This is contributing to a global scale-up in antibiotic consumption. This chapter analyses the use of antibiotics in animals and the emergence of antibiotics as a class of contaminants which pollute the natural environment and create antimicrobial resistance. The conclusion is that the current system is unable to withstand ethical health concerns.
Consumption of Animal Products in Bulgaria
Authors: Kostova Septemvrina , Atanasov Borislav , Marinova Dora
Published: February 2018

This chapter analyses the trends in production and consumption of animal-based food products, including meat, dairy, eggs and fish, in Bulgaria between 2010 and 2015. Against decreasing population, the production of livestock, yogurt, packaged milk and cheese remained relatively stable or increased resulting in rises on a per capita basis. There was an overall 9% increase in meat consumption with 45% being pork and 72% of it being processed. This trend goes against international dietary recommendations and contributes to climate change and environmental deterioration. The consumer survey conducted in Sofia in 2017 shows limited awareness about these problems with price of meat being the dominant regulator of meat consumption. Nevertheless, there was an acknowledgement by more than half of the survey respondents that Bulgarians should cut their meat intake which is a good starting point for social marketing and encouragement to change consumption away from animal-based products.
Magnetic Sensors for Space Applications
Authors: Hadjigergiou Neoclis , Sophocleous Marios , Hristoforou Evangelos , Sotiriadis Paul Peter
Published: February 2018

This chapter is composed of three parts. The first is an introductory part, providing general information about magnetism and related phenomena. Magnetic materials are also discussed and presented. Afterwards, the magnetic field and various measurement techniques are discussed. In the second part, different magnetic sensors used in a laboratory or space are presented. Magnetic sensors that are discussed include anisotropic magneto-resistance (AMR), giant magneto-resistance (GMR), giant magneto-impedance (GMI), flux-gate and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Although some of them may be outdated and well known, they are widespread and they still pose an excellent choice for certain applications. Magnetic cleanliness is an important factor both in calibration and in normal operation of a system; in the third part, current techniques to isolate a system from the external magnetic field providing cleanliness are discussed.
A Merchant Virtual Universe as an Innovative Retail Setting
Authors: Poncin Ingrid , Garnier Marion , Maille Virginie
Published: February 2018

The Merchant Virtual Universe (MVU), which hyperrealistically reproduces the environment of a real shopping mall, is proving to be an innovative retail setting. It offers a competitive advantage by providing a satisfying and compelling online experience. This chapter examines immersion processes in an MVU and studies their evolution over time. The researchers collected qualitative and quantitative data from users throughout successive visits to a 3D virtual shopping mall. The data highlight the special role of perceived realism and sense of presence in allowing users to become immersed. The results confirm the links among realism, presence, and immersion, as well as their influence on satisfaction. They further illustrate the process as time passes: Realism is the strongest factor of immersion at the beginning of the experience but over time is replaced by presence. This work confirms that MVU designers must consider the importance of realism of the virtual environment.
Towards Modern Cost-Effective and Lightweight Augmented Reality Setups
Authors: Pádua Luís , Adão Telmo , Narciso David , Cunha António , Magalhães Luís , Peres Emanuel
Published: February 2018

Augmented Reality (AR) has been widely used in areas such as medicine, education, entertainment and cultural heritage to enhance activities that include (but are not limited to) teaching, training and amusement, through the completion of the real world with viewable and usually interactive virtual data (e.g. 3D models, geo-markers and labels). Despite the already confirmed AR benefits in the referred areas, many of the existing AR systems rely on heavy and obsolete hardware bundles composed of several devices and numerous cables that usually culminate in considerably expensive solutions. This issue is about to be tackled through the recent technological developments which currently enable the production of small-sized boards with remarkable capabilities – such as processing, visualization and storage – at relatively low prices. Following this line of reasoning, this paper proposes and compares five different multi-purpose AR mobile units, running Windows or Android operating systems, having in mind low-cost and lightweight requirements and different levels of immersion: a laptop computer, two tablets, a smartphone and smartglasses. A set of tests was carried out to evaluate the proposed unit performance. Moreover, a set of users' assessments was also conducted, highlighting an overall acceptance regarding the use of the proposed units in AR applications. This paper is an extension of a previous work (Pádua et al., 2015) in which a conceptual architecture for mobile units - complying with AR requirements (including visualization, processing, location and communication) for indoor or outdoor utilization - was presented, along with a shorter set of lightweight and cost-effective AR mobile units and respective performance tests.
Game Design Frameworks and Reality Guides
Authors: Suovuo Tomi “bgt” , Lahti Ilmari , Smed Jouni
Published: February 2018

The gamification trend has cultivated a wide variety of game design frameworks. In this chapter, we use the concept of reality guides to analyse the characteristics of a few of these. Reality guides are applications that aim at assisting the user in the real world. As such they are not games, which is why we can use them to investigate the applicability of game design frameworks in a wider context than they are originally introduced for. Although these frameworks are for games, we find them at least partially applicable in the design of any kind of software and services. We also further refine the concept of reality guides as a type of application and consider the apparent usefulness of these frameworks on them.
Virtual Reality and Point-Based Rendering in Architecture and Heritage
Authors: Mures Omar A. , Jaspe Alberto , Padrón Emilio J. , Rabuñal Juan R.
Published: February 2018

Recent advances in acquisition technologies such as LiDAR, range cameras and photogrammetry have put point clouds once again in the forefront of several fields with applications in Computer Graphics, Vision and Machine Learning, such as civil engineering, architecture, heritage and archaeology. Taking also into account new progressions in Virtual Reality that are also making VR relevant again, the possibilities when using these two technologies together are endless. From the improvement of architectural workflows, to the conservation of important ancient monuments, these two technologies can improve current efforts substantially. This chapter focuses on how these two fields can be combined in new and innovative ways, so that professionals can optimally exploit the advantages that these improved technologies can offer.
Virtual Reality as a Tool for Enhancing Learning in At-Risk Students and Increasing School Inclusion
Authors: Panzavolta Silvia
Published: February 2018

The contribution aims at exploring previous and current practices of use of virtual environments, 3d Virtual Worlds also, for inclusion in education. There are many experiences of developing and using virtual environments for the inclusion of disabled and problematic students (autistic student, Asperger Syndrome students, dyslexic students, etc.). The majority of the experimentations gave important beneficial results. In particular, the essential technological characteristics of VR that are beneficial for inclusion are: immersion, presence, interaction, transduction and conceptual change. The design of those environments is sometimes conceived together with the final users, applying participatory design techniques. Virtual environments and Virtual Worlds are being used also in the management of drop-out rates and school failure, by using it for curricular diversification classroom with students in a situation of educational exclusion or academic failure. The contribution will discuss 7 cases of successful use of Virtual Reality at school, ranging from primary to secondary education.
The Promise and Relevance of Emerging Technologies in the Education of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Begoli Edmon , DeFalco Jeanine , Ogle Cristi
Published: February 2018

This chapter is a survey of the application areas of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies in the education and behavioral therapies for children and young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This survey includes the most recent successful applications of social skill training through VR and AR for ASD populations. VR and AR technologies are rapidly increasing in popularity and availability due to the improved affordability and availability of high-performance devices. This chapter provides an overview of some of the most recent devices and tools that could be of use for educational and social skill development purposes.
Development of a Low-Cost Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display Prototype
Authors: D'Angelo Thiago , Delabrida Silva Saul Emanuel , Oliveira Ricardo A. R. , Loureiro Antonio A. F.
Published: February 2018

Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) have been emerging in the last years. These technologies sound like the new hot topic for the next years. Head-Mounted Displays have been developed for many different purposes. Users have the opportunity to enjoy these technologies for entertainment, work tasks, and many other daily activities. Despite the recent release of many AR and VR HMDs, two major problems are hindering the AR HMDs from reaching the mainstream market: the extremely high costs and the user experience issues. In order to minimize these problems, we have developed an AR HMD prototype based on a smartphone and on other low-cost materials. The prototype is capable of running Eye Tracking algorithms, which can be used to improve user interaction and user experience. To assess our AR HMD prototype, we choose a state-of-the-art method for eye center location found in the literature and evaluate its real-time performance in different development boards.
Adaptation and Customization in Virtual Rehabilitation
Authors: Orihuela-Espina Felipe , Sucar L. Enrique
Published: February 2018

Background. Adaptation and customization are two related but distinct concepts that are central to virtual rehabilitation if this motor therapy modality is to succeed in alleviating the demand for expert supervision. These two elements of the therapy are required to exploit the flexibility of virtual environments to enhance motor training and boost therapy outcome. Aim. The chapter provides a non-systematic overview of the state of the art regarding the evolving manipulation of virtual rehabilitation environments to optimize therapy outcome manifested through customization and adaptation mechanisms. Methods. Both concepts will be defined, aspects guiding their implementation reviewed, and available literature suggesting different solutions discussed. We present “Gesture Therapy”, a platform realizing our contributions to the field and we present results of the adaptation techniques integrated into it. Less explored additional dimensions such as liability and privacy issues affecting their implementation are briefly discussed. Results. Solutions to implement decision-making on how to manipulate the environment are varied. They range from predefined system configurations to sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) models. Challenge maintenance and feedback personalization is the most common driving force for their incorporation to virtual rehabilitation platforms. Conclusions. Customization and adaptation are the main mechanisms responsible for the full exploitation of the potential of virtual rehabilitation environments, and the potential benefits are worth pursuing. Despite encouraging evidence of the many solutions proposed thus far in literature, none has yet proven to substantially alter the therapy outcome. In consequence, research is still on going to equip virtual rehabilitation solutions with efficacious tailoring elements.
Personal Touch
Authors: Kratky Andreas
Published: February 2018

Large format touch screens have become an important means of interaction for collaborative and shared environments. This type of display is particularly useful for public information display in museums and similar contexts. Similarly augmented reality displays have become popular in this context. Both systems have benefits and drawbacks. Personal Touch is an augmented-reality display system combining real objects with superimposed interactive graphics. With increasing display sizes and users moving in front of the display user tracking and viewing angle compensation for the interactive display become challenging. Personal Touch presents an approach combining IR optical tracking for gesture recognition and camera-based face recognition for the acquisition of viewing axis information. Combining both techniques we can create a reactive augmented-reality display establishing a personalized viewing and interaction context for users of different statue moving in front of a real object.