bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UN POLO «PERVERSO» DEL LENGUAJE VAGO: EL ENMASCARAMIENTO EN EL DISCURSO POLÍTICO
Authors: Cortés Rodríguez Luis
Published: December 2019

El lenguaje vago se caracteriza por su polaridad, que va de una función «positiva», relacionada con la cortesía, la espontaneidad y la fluidez expresiva (especialmente en la conversación), a otra «perversa», con la que se pretende enmascarar datos precisos, ciertas realidades que en un determinado momento conviene mitigar o encubrir. En este artículo, nos vamos a ocupar de ambas funciones, si bien  nos centraremos en esta segunda, la negativa: una maniobra más entre las múltiples acciones manipuladoras que se pueden llevar a cabo a partir de los mecanismos lingüísticos. Para ejemplificar el resultado de tal función, nos valdremos de uno de sus campos de acción preferido: el discurso político.
SECUENCIAS DE CONECTORES EN EL CORPUS VAL.ES.CO.
Authors: Cuenca Ordinyana Maria Josep
Published: December 2019

En este artículo, analizamos las secuencias de conectores que aparecen en conversaciones coloquiales en español del corpus Val.Es.Co. Siguiendo la propuesta presentada en Cuenca y Marín (2009) y revisada y aplicada al inglés en Cuenca y Crible (2019), diferenciamos tres tipos de relaciones entre dos o más conectores consecutivos: yuxtaposición, adición y composición. El análisis permite describir y ejemplificar cada tipo de secuencia, identificar las secuencias que incluye el corpus de análisis y estudiar con un poco más de detalle los casos de conectores o marcadores compuestos.
REVISITANDO UM VELHO TEMA: SOBREPOSIÇÃO DE VOZES NO DIÁLOGO
Authors: Da Silva Luis Antônio
Published: December 2019

Neste trabalho, buscou-se focalizar a interação entre falante e ouvinte e, especialmente, os momentos em que se dá a violação da regra geral da conversação, “fala um de cada vez”. O foco deste trabalho foi o fenômeno da sobreposição de vozes e, como foi esclarecido, não houve qualquer preocupação em definir e analisar a sobreposição do ponto de vista das estratégias de gestão de turnos, isto é, se houve ou não interrupção ou assalto ao turno, mas tão somente algumas razões que levam o interlocutor a sobrepor-se à fala daquele que está com a palavra.
Biophysical and physiological processes causing oxygen loss from coral reefs
Authors: Silveira Cynthia B , Luque Antoni , Roach Ty NF , Villela Helena , Barno Adam , Green Kevin , Reyes Brandon , Rubio-Portillo Esther , Le Tram , Mead Spencer , Hatay Mark , Vermeij Mark JA , Takeshita Yuichiro , Haas Andreas , Bailey Barbara , Rohwer Forest
Published: December 2019

The microbialization of coral reefs predicts that microbial oxygen consumption will cause reef deoxygenation. Here we tested this hypothesis by analyzing reef microbial and primary producer oxygen metabolisms. Metagenomic data and in vitro incubations of bacteria with primary producer exudates showed that fleshy algae stimulate incomplete carbon oxidation metabolisms in heterotrophic bacteria. These metabolisms lead to increased cell sizes and abundances, resulting in bacteria consuming 10 times more oxygen than in coral incubations. Experiments probing the dissolved and gaseous oxygen with primary producers and bacteria together indicated the loss of oxygen through ebullition caused by heterogenous nucleation on algae surfaces. A model incorporating experimental production and loss rates predicted that microbes and ebullition can cause the loss of up to 67% of gross benthic oxygen production. This study indicates that microbial respiration and ebullition are increasingly relevant to reef deoxygenation as reefs become dominated by fleshy algae.
Dynamic regulation of chromatin accessibility by pluripotency transcription factors across the cell cycle
Authors: Friman Elias T , Deluz Cédric , Meireles-Filho Antonio CA , Govindan Subashika , Gardeux Vincent , Deplancke Bart , Suter David M
Published: December 2019

The pioneer activity of transcription factors allows for opening of inaccessible regulatory elements and has been extensively studied in the context of cellular differentiation and reprogramming. In contrast, the function of pioneer activity in self-renewing cell divisions and across the cell cycle is poorly understood. Here we assessed the interplay between OCT4 and SOX2 in controlling chromatin accessibility of mouse embryonic stem cells. We found that OCT4 and SOX2 operate in a largely independent manner even at co-occupied sites, and that their cooperative binding is mostly mediated indirectly through regulation of chromatin accessibility. Controlled protein degradation strategies revealed that the uninterrupted presence of OCT4 is required for post-mitotic re-establishment and interphase maintenance of chromatin accessibility, and that highly OCT4-bound enhancers are particularly vulnerable to transient loss of OCT4 expression. Our study sheds light on the constant pioneer activity required to maintain the dynamic pluripotency regulatory landscape in an accessible state.
Warm temperatures, cool sponges: the effect of increased temperatures on the Antarctic spongeIsodictyasp.
Authors: González-Aravena Marcelo , Kenny Nathan J. , Osorio Magdalena , Font Alejandro , Riesgo Ana , Cárdenas César A.
Published: December 2019

Although the cellular and molecular responses to exposure to relatively high temperatures (acute thermal stress or heat shock) have been studied previously, only sparse empirical evidence of how it affects cold-water species is available. As climate change becomes more pronounced in areas such as the Western Antarctic Peninsula, both long-term and occasional acute temperature rises will impact species found there, and it has become crucial to understand the capacity of these species to respond to such thermal stress. Here, we use the Antarctic spongeIsodictyasp. to investigate how sessile organisms (particularly Porifera) can adjust to acute short-term heat stress, by exposing this species to 3 and 5 °C for 4 h, corresponding to predicted temperatures under high-end 2080 IPCC-SRES scenarios. Assembling a de novo reference transcriptome (90,188 contigs, >93.7% metazoan BUSCO genes) we have begun to discern the molecular response employed by Isodictya to adjust to heat exposure. Our initial analyses suggest that TGF-β, ubiquitin and hedgehog cascades are involved, alongside other genes. However, the degree and type of response changed little from 3 to 5 °C in the time frame examined, suggesting that even moderate rises in temperature could cause stress at the limits of this organism’s capacity. Given the importance of sponges to Antarctic ecosystems, our findings are vital for discerning the consequences of short-term increases in Antarctic ocean temperature on these and other species.
Sentence comprehension in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type
Authors: Liu Xinmiao , Wang Wenbin , Wang Haiyan , Sun Yu
Published: December 2019

Sentence comprehension is diminished in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT). However, the underlying reason for such deficits is still not entirely clear. The Syntactic Deficit Hypothesis attributes sentence comprehension deficits in DAT patients to the impairment in syntactic ability, whereas the Processing Resource Deficit Hypothesis proposes that sentence comprehension deficits are the result of working memory deficiency. This study investigated the deficits in sentence comprehension in Chinese-speaking DAT patients with different degrees of severity using sentence-picture matching tasks. The study revealed a significant effect of syntactic complexity in patients and healthy controls, but the effect was stronger in patients than in healthy controls. When working memory demand was minimized, the effect of syntactic complexity was only significant in patients with moderate DAT, but not in healthy controls or those with mild DAT. The findings suggest that in patients with mild DAT, working memory decline was the major source of sentence comprehension difficulty and in patients with moderate DAT, working memory decline and syntactic impairment jointly contributed to the impairments in sentence comprehension. The source of sentence comprehension deficits varied with degree of dementia severity.
Biodegradable Nanoprodrugs: “Delivering” ROS to Cancer Cells for Molecular Dynamic Therapy
Authors: Tang Zhong‐min , Liu Yan‐yan , Ni Da‐long , Zhou Jia‐jia , Zhang Meng , Zhao Pei‐ran , Lv Bin , Wang Han , Jin Da‐yong , Bu Wen‐bo
Published: December 2019

Biodegradable nanoprodrugs, inheriting the antitumor effects of chemotherapy drugs and overcoming the inevitable drawback of side effects on normal tissues, hold promise as next‐generation cancer therapy candidates. Biodegradable nanoprodrugs of transferrin‐modified MgO2 nanosheets are developed to selectively deliver reactive oxygen species to cancer cells for molecular dynamic therapy strategy. The nanosheets favor the acidic and low catalase activity tumor microenvironment to react with proton and release nontoxic Mg2+. This reaction simultaneously produces abundant H2O2 to induce cell death and damage the structure of transferrin to release Fe3+, which will react with H2O2 to produce highly toxic ·OH to kill tumor cells.
Asymmetric Redox‐Polymer Interfaces for Electrochemical Reactive Separations: Synergistic Capture and Conversion of Arsenic
Authors: Kim Kwiyong , Cotty Stephen , Elbert Johannes , Chen Raylin , Hou Chia‐Hung , Su Xiao
Published: December 2019

Advanced redox‐polymer materials offer a powerful platform for integrating electroseparations and electrocatalysis, especially for water purification and environmental remediation applications. The selective capture and remediation of trivalent arsenic (As(III)) is a central challenge for water purification due to its high toxicity and difficulty to remove at ultra‐dilute concentrations. Current methods present low ion selectivity, and require multistep processes to transform arsenic to the less harmful As(V) state. The tandem selective capture and conversion of As(III) to As(V) is achieved using an asymmetric design of two redox‐active polymers, poly(vinyl)ferrocene (PVF) and poly‐TEMPO‐methacrylate (PTMA). During capture, PVF selectively removes As(III) with exceptional uptake (>100 mg As/g adsorbent), and during release, synergistic electrocatalytic oxidation of As(III) to As(V) with >90% efficiency can be achieved by PTMA, a radical‐based redox polymer. The system demonstrates >90% removal efficiencies with real wastewater and concentrations of arsenic as low as 10 ppb. By integrating electron‐transfer through the judicious design of asymmetric redox‐materials, an order‐of‐magnitude energy efficiency increase can be achieved compared to non‐faradaic, carbon‐based materials. The study demonstrates for the first time the effectiveness of asymmetric redox‐active polymers for integrated reactive separations and electrochemically mediated process intensification for environmental remediation.
Ambipolar and Robust WSe2 Field‐Effect Transistors Utilizing Self‐Assembled Edge Oxides
Authors: Xu Hao , Han Xiaoyu , Liu Wei , Liu Ping , Fang Hehai , Li Xiao , Li Zhuangnan , Guo Jian , Xiang Bin , Hu Weida , Parkin Ivan P. , Wu Jiang , Guo Zhengxiao , Liu Huiyun
Published: December 2019

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) with high work function (WF) show promising properties as unipolar p‐type contacts for transition metal dichalcogenides. Here, ambipolar field‐effect transistors (FETs) enabled by bilayer WSe2 with self‐assembled TMOs (WO2.57) as contacts are reported. Systematic material characterizations demonstrate the formation of WO2.57/WSe2 heterojunctions around nanoflake edges with Se atoms substituted by O atoms after air‐exposure, while pristine properties of WSe2 almost sustain in inner domains. As‐fabricated FETs exhibit both polarities, implying WO2.57 with lowered WF at edges can serve as both the p‐type and n‐type contact for inner WSe2. Noteworthy, greatly reduced contact resistance and enhanced channel current are achieved, compared to the devices without WO2.57 contacts. Linear drain–source current relationship from 77 to 300 K indicates the ohmic contact between edge WO2.57 and inner WSe2. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that the WO2.57/WSe2 heterojunction forms a barrier‐less charge distribution. These nm‐scale FETs possess remarkable electrical conductivity up to ≈2600 S m−1, ultra‐low leakage current down to ≈10−12 A, robustness for high voltage operation, and air stability, which even outperform pristine WSe2 FETs. Theoretical calculations reveal that the high conductivity is exclusively attributed to the air‐induced WO2.57 and its further carrier injection to WSe2.
Programmable Hybrid Circuit Based on Reconfigurable SPP and Spatial Waveguide Modes
Authors: Gao Xinxin , Zhang Xuanru , Ma Qian , Wu Hao Tian , Zhang Hao Chi , Wang Meng , Wang Zheng Xing , He Pei Hang , Bao Di , Cui Tie Jun
Published: December 2019

A programmable hybrid circuit is proposed, which is composed of two reconfigurable spoof surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waveguides loaded with varactor diodes and a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). By manipulating their dispersion behaviors, the band‐pass effect is achieved in the hybrid circuit, in which the upper and lower cutoff frequencies are determined by the SPP waveguide and SIW, respectively. When two SPP waveguides are configured to have the same cutoff frequency that is higher than the SIW's cutoff, the proposed circuit can realize a power division; when one SPP waveguide is reconfigured to reject the waves from SIW, this circuit will be a band‐pass filter. As a typical application, a logic “OR” gate with 2‐bit coding is designed by programming the bias voltages applied to the varactor diodes loaded on the unit structures of the SPP waveguides. All functions are demonstrated by measurement results that agree with numerical simulations very well. The work provides more potential applications in multifunctional integrated circuits and digital communication systems.
A Multi‐Signaling Performance for Simultaneous Surveillance and Accretion of Cysteine and Serine in Human Cancer Cell
Authors: Kundu Shampa , Maiti Pulak Kumar , Sahoo Prithidipa
Published: December 2019

A unique fluorescence chemosensing method has been introduced to explain a new strategy for simultaneous selective determination of cysteine and serine in two different emission channels through an “on‐off‐on” mechanism. Dansyl chloride‐picolylamine conjugate (DNPC) ensembles with Cu2+ (DNPC‐Cu2+) and shows a turn‐on fluorescence while binding with serine or cysteine. Fluorescence, NMR titrations and DFT calculations has been performed in order to understand the sensing mechanism and the electronic properties of the receptor‐donor complex. The chemosensing method has been successfully applied in human cancer cells to detect and quantify cysteine and serine differentially.
Polytetrafluorethylene‐based high‐k composites with low dielectric loss filled with priderite (K1.46Ti7.2Fe0.8O16)
Authors: Gorshkov Nikolay , Goffman Vladimir , Vikulova Maria , Burmistrov Igor , Sleptsov Vladimir , Gorokhovsky Alexander
Published: December 2019

Composite materials with a high permittivity (high‐k) and low dielectric loss represent an important research direction for the rapid development of modern electronic. This article is about high‐k composite with low dielectric loss (dielectric constant is approximately 11, and dielectric loss is only 0.02 at 1 MHz and about 50 wt % of filler) based on a polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) compounded with priderite (K1.46Ti7.2Fe0.8O16). The dielectric permittivity about ε' ≈ 103 and the dielectric loss of tgδ ≈ 2 have been found for filler content about 50 wt % (30 vol %) and, respectively, ε' ≈ 11 and tgδ ≈ 0.02 for 1 MHz. To produce filler, amorphous potassium polytitanate was synthesized by molten salt method, modified in aqueous solution of iron sulfate, crystallized at 700 °C and further treated in the aqueous dispersion of PTFE. The obtained product was pressured, dried and investigated by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Dielectric properties of the composite with different ceramic filler content (1–90 wt %) were studied using impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 10−2 to 106 Hz. The influence of frequency on electric conductivity, permittivity, and dielectric losses was analyzed taking into account the experimental data on porosity, apparent density obtained for the composites. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48762.
Fabrication and properties of anisotropic polyimide aerogels with aligned tube‐like pore structure
Authors: Chen Shaokang , Wu Peng , Yu Zhi , Zou Huawei , Liu Pengbo
Published: December 2019

Polyimide (PI) aerogels with highly aligned tube‐like pores were fabricated by unidirectional ice crystal‐induced self‐assembly method. During this process, the mold bottom contacted with the freezing medium, the aqueous solution of poly(amic acid) (PAA) ammonium salt in the mold was unidirectionally frozen, the ice crystals grew from the bottom to top of PAA ammonium salt (PAS) solution along the freezing direction, which endowed PI aerogels with aligned tube‐like pores after sublimation of ice crystals and thermal imidization of PAS. The obtained aerogels had low densities (0.077–0.222 g cm−3) and high porosities (83.8–94.2%) and exhibited anisotropic morphology and properties. Their compression strength in vertical direction (parallel to freezing direction) was higher than that in horizontal direction (perpendicular to freezing direction). Their heat transport in horizontal direction was much slower than that in vertical direction; the aerogels had better thermal insulating property in horizontal direction. This facile approach contributed to prepare new type of PI aerogel materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48769.
Anisotropy of poly(lactic acid)/carbon fiber composites prepared by fused deposition modeling
Authors: Ding Qingjun , Li Xinyu , Zhang Denghui , Zhao Gai , Sun Zhijun
Published: December 2019

It is well known that 3D printed parts prepared by fused deposition modeling (FDM) exhibit large anisotropy of mechanical properties. In this article, poly(lactic acid; PLA)/carbon fiber (CF) composites with different built orientations (X, Y, Z) were prepared by FDM. The effects of printing temperature, speed, orientations, and layer thickness on the mechanical properties of the composites were systematically investigated. The mechanical properties of PLA/CF composites show more significant anisotropy. The orientation of the fibers along the printing direction is displayed by scanning electron microscopy. Printing parameters bring almost no effect on mechanical properties of the X‐construct oriented specimen, and bring obvious effect on those of the Y‐construct oriented specimen and Z‐construct oriented specimen. According to the analysis, carbon fiber can amplify this anisotropy from layer fashion, and the key factors from printing parameters are porosity and bond strength between fuses. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48786.
Working to Achieve Regional Water Security in Southwest Florida
Authors: Rand Honey
Published: December 2019

Key Takeaways

In Southwest Florida, one region comprising a handful of counties and cities started planning for its water supply challenges decades before availability became an issue.

Over 25 years, through thoughtful collaboration, issues have been raised and resolved, money has been invested, and initiatives advanced.

In the end, the entire region has achieved a higher level of water security that will support economic development and improve quality of life.
A laboratory practice that uses the polymerase chain reaction‐sequence specific priming technique to rapidly screen for HLA‐DR2 allotype from germline DNA in immunology course for undergraduate medical students
Authors: Li LiXin , Tian Wei , Zhang Jie
Published: December 2019

In this article, we describe an in‐house polymerase chain reaction‐sequence specific priming (PCR‐SSP) assay designed for undergraduate medical students as part of the experimental pathogen biology and immunology (EPBI) course. It screens human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DR2 allotype from genomic DNA samples using a rapid and single‐tube PCR technique, yielding definitive typing result without conventional post‐amplification step like probing or Sanger sequencing. This laboratory exercise offers the undergraduate medical students an opportunity to learn about current molecular biology techniques in HLA genotyping with limited effort and cost, in addition to a better understanding of concepts presented in the classroom lectures. Upon completing this experiment module, the students show statistically significant improvement in several key indexes, such as the knowledge about the mainstream HLA DNA typing techniques, awareness of the relevance of this knowledge for their future scientific research, immunogenetics‐related basic laboratory skills they acquire, and interest and desire for mastering this assay (all p < .05). This easy to implement set of experiments is composed of a two‐session lab module occupying eight teaching hours, and has been run successfully in our laboratory.
Validation of a multisubstance online Timeline Followback assessment
Authors: Martin‐Willett Renée , Helmuth Timothy , Abraha Median , Bryan Angela D. , Hitchcock Leah , Lee Kaitlyn , Bidwell L. Cinnamon
Published: December 2019

Objectives

The Timeline Followback (TLFB) was originally developed to assess alcohol consumption patterns (American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1996, 966) and has been increasingly modified for Web‐based use. Additionally, new modes of substance use administration have emerged, creating a need for an adaptable TLFB tool than can capture data such as cannabis product potency or prescription drug use. Our goal was to validate an online TLFB that reliably assesses a wide range of substances in greater detail.

Methods

Using a within‐subjects counterbalanced design, daily substance use data were collected from 50 college students over a 14‐day retrospective period using both the traditional in‐person TLFB and online TLFB (O‐TLFB).

Results

All substance use variables, including detailed measures of cannabis metrics, correlated significantly (r's ranged from .653 to .944, p < .001) between TLFB versions. Further, results demonstrated that both the online TLFB and in‐person TLFB demonstrated concurrent validity with both the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Marijuana Dependence Scale (MDS).

Conclusion

Overall, the data suggest that this new O‐TLFB demonstrates strong reliability and delivers a versatile and secure tool for substance use assessment that is relevant to a variety of biomedical and psychological research contexts.
Xanthones and Cancer: from Natural Sources to Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Klein‐Júnior Luiz C. , Campos Adriana , Niero Rivaldo , Corrêa Rogério , Vander Heyden Yvan , Filho Valdir Cechinel
Published: December 2019

Xanthones are a class of heterocyclic natural products that have been widely studied for their pharmacological potential. In fact, they have been serving as scaffolds for the design of derivatives focusing on drug development. One of the main study targets of xanthones is their anticancer activity. Several compounds belonging to this class have already demonstrated cytotoxic and antitumor effects, making it a promising group for further exploration. This review therefore focuses on recently published studies, emphasizing their natural and synthetic sources and describing the main mechanisms of action responsible for the anticancer effect of promising xanthones.
Ascending aortic dissection: Can we treat it without surgery?
Authors: Shatila Wassim , Krajcer Zvonimir
Published: December 2019

Key Points

Type A aortic dissection has been treated classically with surgical repair.

Endovascular therapy provides an acceptable alternative, especially for high‐surgical‐risk patients.

Dedicated systems are needed to help improve outcomes and decrease both short‐ and long‐term complications.
Examining the role of diabetes mellitus in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Chandiramani Rishi , Mehran Roxana
Published: December 2019

Key Points

Except for a reduction in the rate of repeat revascularization, there was no benefit of EES over BMS in 1‐year and 5‐year clinical outcomes for diabetic patients with STEMI.

In nondiabetic patients, a beneficial effect of using EES was observed in most clinical endpoints at 5 years.

Overall, diabetic patients were associated with significantly worse long‐term outcomes following PCI for STEMI compared to nondiabetics.
Cellwise outlier detection and biomarker identification in metabolomics based on pairwise log ratios
Authors: Walach Jan , Filzmoser Peter , Kouřil Štěpán , Friedecký David , Adam Tomáš
Published: December 2019

Data outliers can carry very valuable information and might be most informative for the interpretation. Nevertheless, they are often neglected. An algorithm called cellwise outlier diagnostics using robust pairwise log ratios (cell‐rPLR) for the identification of outliers in single cell of a data matrix is proposed. The algorithm is designed for metabolomic data, where due to the size effect, the measured values are not directly comparable. Pairwise log ratios between the variable values form the elemental information for the algorithm, and the aggregation of appropriate outlyingness values results in outlyingness information. A further feature of cell‐rPLR is that it is useful for biomarker identification, particularly in the presence of cellwise outliers. Real data examples and simulation studies underline the good performance of this algorithm in comparison with alternative methods.
Masters of communication: The brain of the banded cleaner shrimp Stenopus hispidus (Olivier, 1811) with an emphasis on sensory processing areas
Authors: Krieger Jakob , Hörnig Marie K. , Sandeman Renate E. , Sandeman David C. , Harzsch Steffen
Published: December 2019

The pan‐tropic cleaner shrimp Stenopus hispidus (Crustacea, Stenopodidea) is famous for its specific cleaning behavior in association with client fish and an exclusively monogamous life‐style. Cleaner shrimps feature a broad communicative repertoire, which is considered to depend on superb motor skills and the underlying mechanosensory circuits in combination with sensory organs. Their most prominent head appendages are the two pairs of very long biramous antennules and antennae, which are used both for attracting client fish and for intraspecific communication. Here, we studied the brain anatomy of several specimens of S. hispidus using histological sections, immunohistochemical labeling as well as X‐ray microtomography in combination with 3D reconstructions. Furthermore, we investigated the morphology of antennules and antennae using fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Our analyses show that in addition to the complex organization of the multimodal processing centers, especially chemomechanosensory neuropils associated with the antennule and antenna are markedly pronounced when compared to the other neuropils of the central brain. We suggest that in their brains, three topographic maps are present corresponding to the sensory appendages. The brain areas which provide the neuronal substrate for these maps share distinct structural similarities to a unique extent in decapods, such as size and characteristic striated and perpendicular layering. We discuss our findings with respect to the sensory landscape within animal's habitat. In an evolutionary perspective, the cleaner shrimp's brain is an excellent example of how sensory potential and functional demands shape the architecture of primary chemomechanosensory processing areas.
A decentralized and secure blockchain platform for open fair data trading
Authors: Li Ya‐Nan , Feng Xiaotao , Xie Jan , Feng Hanwen , Guan Zhenyu , Wu Qianhong
Published: December 2019

As the value of data has received considerable attention, data trading shows broad market prospects. The existing data trading methods, including private trades and centralized trades, have high risks regarding transaction security and data protection. To solve this problem, we propose a decentralized trading solution for open fair data trading by deploying the smart contract on the blockchain network. The data for sale are encrypted and stored on the distributed storage platform but not directly on the blockchain network. Because the trading content is the decryption key of the data, the proposed new method can alleviate the storage pressure of the blockchain by reducing the transaction cost. We conduct a security analysis which shows that our scheme achieves secure, practical, open, and fair trading. We implement our trading contract with solidity and test it on the Ethereum's test network, and extensive experiments demonstrate desirable feasibility of our proposal.
An efficient sparse approximate inverse preconditioning algorithm on GPU
Authors: He Guixia , Yin Renjie , Gao Jiaquan
Published: December 2019

The sparse approximate inverse (SPAI) preconditioner has proven to be effective in accelerating the convergence of iterative methods. Recently, accelerating it on the graphics processing unit (GPU) has attracted considerable attention due to the fact that the cost of constructing it is high. This motivates us to investigate how to accelerate the construction of SPAI preconditioners on GPU in this paper. We propose an efficient sparse approximate inverse algorithm on GPU, called SPAI‐Adaptive. For our proposed SPAI‐Adaptive, there are the following novelties: (1) an adaptive thread allocation strategy for SPAI‐Adaptive is proposed to assign the optimal thread number for each column of the preconditioner, and (2) Each component of the preconditioner, which includes finding indices I and J, constructing local submatrix, decomposing the local matrix into QR, and solving the upper triangular linear system, is computed in parallel inside a thread group of GPU. Experimental results show that the proposed SPAI‐Adaptive is effective, and has good performance and high parallelism.
Effectiveness of an oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder in reducing oral bacteria in tongue coating: A crossover trial
Authors: Matsumura Yuki , Hinode Daisuke , Fukui Makoto , Yoshioka Masami , Asakuma Hiroki , Takii Hiroshi
Published: December 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder on oral bacteria in tongue coating compared with tongue brushing.

Material and methods

Thirty‐two healthy, young adults were enrolled, and a crossover clinical trial was conducted. The volatile sulfur compound (VSC) concentration, Winkel tongue‐coating index (WTCI), and the number of total bacteria in addition to Fusobacterium nucleatum in tongue coating were measured. We instructed subjects to remove tongue coating by tongue brush for Intervention I, to keep the oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder on the tongue dorsum and to let it dissolve naturally for Intervention II, and three oral care tablets 1 day before the measurement for Intervention III.

Results

There were significant differences in terms of the level of H2S, VSC, and WTCI at Intervention I and all evaluation values at Intervention II. There were significant differences in terms of the level of H2S, VSC, WTCI, the number of total bacteria, and F. nucleatum at Intervention III. The value of WTCI, the number of bacteria, and F. nucleatum decreased significantly after taking the oral care tablets than after tongue brushing. When compared with Interventions I and III, Intervention III showed the effective results; there were significant differences in the number of total bacteria and F. nucleatum between tongue brushing and taking tablets.

Conclusions

These results suggested that the oral care tablet containing kiwifruit powder could be effective in reducing total bacteria and F. nucleatum in tongue coating when compared with tongue brushing.
Two‐Dimensional Material‐Functionalized Separators for High‐Energy‐Density Metal–Sulfur and Metal‐Based Batteries
Authors: Hu Yuxiang , Zhu Xiaobo , Wang Lianzhou
Published: December 2019

Functional separators have attracted much attention owing to their effectiveness in supporting the stable and safe operation of future ultrahigh‐capacity electrodes, especially sulfur cathodes and metal anodes in rechargeable batteries. Among the functional materials for separator modification, two‐dimensional (2 D) materials offer the unique advantages of intimate coverage, mechanical robustness, and rich surface chemistry. This Minireview summarizes up‐to‐date achievements in the development of 2 D material‐functionalized separators to promote the application of sulfur cathodes and metal anodes. With a deep understanding of the roles of 2 D materials and their precise control in functionalizing separators, 2 D materials will find great opportunities in advancing high‐energy‐density rechargeable batteries.
Perfluorosulfonyl Imide versus Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomers in Proton‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells at Low Relative Humidity
Authors: Nguyen Huu‐Dat , Porihel Regis , Brubach Jean‐Blaise , Planes Emilie , Soudant Priscillia , Judeinstein Patrick , Porcar Lionel , Lyonnard Sandrine , Iojoiu Cristina
Published: December 2019

Designing highly conductive ionomers at high temperature and low relative humidity is challenging in proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells. Perfluorosulfonyl imide ionomers were believed to achieve this goal, owing to their exceptional acidity and excellent thermal stability. Perfluorosulfonyl imide ionomers are less conductive than the analogous perfluorosulfonic acids despite similar membrane microstructure. In this study, the distinct behavior is rationalized by in situ synchrotron infrared spectroscopy during hydration. The protonation mechanism, formation of the protonic moiety and water clustering are totally different for the two different families of membranes. The ionization mediated by trans‐to‐cis conformational transition of the perfluorosulfonyl imide ionomer is not accompanied by the formation of hydronium ions. In contrast, Zundel‐ion entities were identified as the elementary protonic complex, which is stable over the hydration range. The H‐bond network of surrounding water molecules appears to be less connected and the protons remain highly localized and unavailable for efficient structural transport. The delocalization of protons and their mitigated interaction with the surrounding medium are prominent effects that negatively impact conductivity.
Across the Board: Mark Mascal on the Challenges of Lignin Biorefining
Authors: Mascal Mark
Published: December 2019

In this series of articles, the board members of ChemSusChem discuss recent research articles that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. This entry features Prof. M. Mascal, who describes some creative solutions to the challenge of lignin biorefining and shares thoughts about how the purposes of sustainability are best served. Topics discussed include lignin saturation and hydrodeoxygenation, lignin isolation, a lignin to muconic acid pathway, and the production of 2,4‐ and 2,5‐pyrinedicarboxylic acids from lignin.
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO by N,S Dual‐Doped Carbon Nanoweb Catalysts
Authors: Han Hyunsu , Park Seongmin , Jang Daehee , Lee Seungjun , Kim Won Bae
Published: December 2019

Converting CO2 into useful chemicals through an electrocatalytic process is an attractive solution to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere. However, the process suffers from high overpotential, low activity, or poor product selectivity. In this study, N,S dual‐doped carbon nanoweb (NSCNW) materials were proposed as an efficient nonmetallic electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction. The NSCNW catalysts preferentially and rapidly converted CO2 into CO with a high Faradaic efficiency of 93.4 % and a partial current density of −5.93 mA cm−2 at a low overpotential of 490 mV. A small Tafel slope value (93 mV dec−1) was obtained, demonstrating a high rate for CO2 reduction. Moreover, the catalysts also exhibited a quite stable current‐density profile during 20 h with a high CO Faradaic efficiency above 90 % throughout the electrolysis reaction. The high catalytic performance of the catalysts for CO2 reduction could be attributed to synergistic effects associated with the structural advantages of 3 D carbon nanoweb structures and effective S doping of the carbon materials with the highest ratio of thiophene‐like S to oxidized S species.
A General Technoeconomic Model for Evaluating Emerging Electrolytic Processes
Authors: Orella Michael J. , Brown Steven M. , Leonard McLain E. , Román-Leshkov Yuriy , Brushett Fikile R.
Published: December 2019

Increasing societal concern about carbon emissions and the concomitant emergence of inexpensive renewable resources provide growing impetus for the electrification of the chemical industry. Despite notable advances in the science and engineering of electrolytic processes, there are comparatively few engineering economic studies that outline the technical specifications needed to approach feasibility. Herein, an open‐source technoeconomic framework is introduced to quantify the economic potential of existing and conceptual electrolytic processes by connecting system price and performance goals with constituent materials property sets. To validate the outputs and demonstrate the versatility of this toolkit, three contemporary electrolyses of varying technology readiness levels are explored. Specifically, the model results are benchmarked against the Department of Energy hydrogen analysis model; the impact of mass transport and catalyst performance on the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide is evaluated; and a pathway to low‐cost electrolytic production of phenol from guaiacol is charted. As this model is based on generalized mass balances and electrochemical equations common to a number of electrochemical processes, it serves as an adaptable toolkit for researchers to evaluate new chemistries and reactor configurations.
Joint caching policies for optimizing energy costs/offloading probability for D2D and millimeter‐wave small cell underlaying cache‐enabled networks
Authors: Zhao Jihong , Wang Weipeng , Qu Hua , Zhao Shuyuan , Ren Gongye
Published: December 2019

Cache‐enabled networks are a promising solution to high video traffic, which allows popular files to cache at the user equipment (UE) and base stations (BSs). To improve the efficiency of file transmission, we adopt full‐duplex (FD) radio technology and millimeter‐wave small BSs (mmSBSs) in our network scenario. In this paper, users can get their required files via one of self‐communication, FD device‐to‐device (D2D) communication, mmSBS communication and macro BS (MBS) communication. Different communication modes have different energy costs. To minimize energy costs/maximize offloading probability, we analyze the successful probability for users to obtain files by different communication modes and propose an optimal joint caching policy for UE and mmSBSs. Based on the impact between UE and mmSBSs' caching policy, a suboptimal joint caching policy is proposed. The numerical results shown our optimal joint caching policy can improve the performance of cache‐enabled networks effectively and the suboptimal joint caching policy is more closer to the optimal caching policy than other common caching policies.
Peperomia crypticola C. DC. (Piperaceae): rediscovery and emended description of a rare species of Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Marcusso Gabriel Mendes , Ribeiro Henrique Lauand , Lombardi Julio Antonio
Published: December 2019

Based on a recent collection, we present the rediscovery of Peperomia crypticola C. DC., a rare species only known from eastern Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. This species was now found in western Rio de Janeiro, more than 200 km apart and more than hundred years after the original description. An emended description, distribution map, color photographs of the fresh collection and comparison of the species with the closely related Peperomia lanceolatopeltata C. DC. are presented.
Shelf‐life extension of whole shrimp using an active coating containing fish skin gelatin hydrolysates produced by a natural protease
Authors: Mirzapour‐Kouhdasht Armin , Moosavi‐Nasab Marzieh
Published: December 2019

This study was focused on shelf‐life extension of whole shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) using an active coating containing gelatin hydrolysates. Gelatin extracted from Scomberomorus commerson skin was hydrolyzed using actinidin extracted from kiwifruit. Some important physicochemical characteristics of fish skin gelatin including viscosity, gelling and melting points, and temperatures were examined. The whole shrimp was coated with four coating agents including fish skin gelatin (FG), commercial gelatin (CG), fish skin gelatin containing 1 mg/ml fish gelatin hydrolysates (FG + GH), and commercial bovine gelatin containing 1 mg/ml fish gelatin hydrolysates (CG + GH). Chemical, microbial, and sensorial properties of samples were monitored for 12 days at 4°C with 3‐day intervals (0–12 days). The pH value of samples coated with FG + GH and CG + GH showed the lowest changes during 12 days of storage (1.68 ± 0.00 and 1.70 ± 0.09, respectively). The free fatty acid content (FFA), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB‐N), lipid oxidation, and carbonyl content of samples coated with FG + GH and CG + GH were significantly lower than that of control, CG, and FG samples. The results of this study showed that the gelatin hydrolysates could be used as a preservative costing agent for whole shrimp.
Use of starch‐based fat replacers in foods as a strategy to reduce dietary intake of fat and risk of metabolic diseases
Authors: Chen Yuwei , She Yongbo , Zhang Ruisan , Wang Jieying , Zhang Xiaohua , Gou Xingchun
Published: December 2019

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Elevated blood cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein levels are crucial risk factors that contribute to the development of CVD and other metabolic diseases. Dietary fat is believed to be the key factor in modulating circulating cholesterol levels. Thus, reducing dietary intake of fat appears to be an effective strategy to reduce the risk of heart disease. Also, excessive intake of fat and high‐calorie foods is also related to the development of obesity, which contributes to the development of CVD. Therefore, the consumption of low‐fat low‐calorie foods is part of a healthier dietary pattern. However, simply removing fat from foods may lead to compromised overall quality and reduced acceptance of the food products. Thus, fat replacers have emerged as ideal alternatives to dietary fat, which can not only reduce the overall fat and calorie content of the foods but also mimic the physiochemical properties of dietary fat. Starch‐based fat replacers are one kind of fat mimetic that can be produced either chemically as modified starch or enzymatically as maltodextrins. Both modified starch and maltodextrins have been demonstrated to have a promising ability to improve the overall quality of reduced‐fat foods. Modified starch granules act directly as fat globules in modulating the structure and sensory characteristics of the foods, whereas maltodextrins can form thermoreversible gels. Both modified starch granules and maltodextrins can create a fat‐like mouthfeel and therefore are potential fat replacers. This review article aims to discuss the following topics: (a) the effect of carbohydrates and fat on human cardiovascular health and other disease risks, (b) the functionality of starch‐based fat replacers in foods, (c) the applications of starch‐based fat replacers in various foods, and (d) the current and future market value of starch‐based fat replacers.
Plastic deformation and rheology of the sinistral strike‐slip ductile shear zone in the Bayan Nuru area, Alxa Zuoqi, NW China: Product of subduction of Paleo‐Pacific Plate
Authors: Feng Yipeng , Zhang Weijie , Wang Genhou , Li Dian , Lu Yang
Published: December 2019

The Bayan Nuru ductile shear zone is located in the Yabulai–Bayan Nuru tectonic belt of the middle part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and east of the Langshan tectonic belt. This article is the first report on the Bayan Nuru ductile shear zone, and provides dynamic, kinematic, and geochronological data of the shear zone. Accurately determining the shear orientation and estimating the shearing age of the Bayan Nuruductile shear zone, has important reference value and significance for understanding the tectonic evolution in Alxa during “Yanshan movement” period. All shearing signatures, including asymmetrical folds, rotated porphyroclasts, “domino” structures, “mica fishes,” S–C fabrics, and asymmetric stress shadows, developed in the shear zone, indicate sinistral shear. The temperature environment at the time of formation of the shear zone was determined by the mineral deformation thermometer and EBSD quartz C‐axis fabric analysis. The temperature was 350–550°C. The differential stress (σ) was estimated to be 44.31–97.94 MPa and the strain rate(έ) to be 10−14 s−1(350°C) and 10−10s−1(550 °C). The average kinematic vorticity of the Bayan Nuru NNE‐trending ductile shear zone is 0.93, indicating that the shear zone was dominated by simple shear. The thickness of the ductile shear zone was reduced by 7%–22%. Combined with the age of granitic mylonite (289.53 ± 0.74 Ma) and the NNE‐trending spread feature, the Bayan Nuru ductile shear zone in the western part of the Langshan fault zone may have been formed in the context of continuous compressional intraplate deformation, caused by the subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate at 170–150 Ma.
Predictors of individual, community and national resiliencies of Israeli Jews and Arabs
Authors: Marciano Hadas , Kimhi Shaul , Eshel Yohanan
Published: December 2019

The contribution of individual characteristics to predicting individual, community and national resilience of Israeli Jews and Arabs was investigated. Psychological resilience refers to people's assessment of their ability to withstand negative psychological consequences of major afflictions, and to keep functioning despite these adversities. The following hypotheses were examined: 1. The Jewish sample would score higher than the Arab sample on indices of individual, community and national resilience. 2. Men of both groups would score higher compared with women on these resilience indices. 3. Exposure to terror and fear of upcoming war would negatively predict the resilience of both groups. 4. Higher level of religiosity, right wing political attitudes, higher income, higher education, older age and higher sense of coherence will positively predict the investigated resiliencies. The random sample included 1100 Jews and 350 Arabs who participated in an internet survey. Resilience was defined in this study as the balance of individual, community and national strength (protective factors) to vulnerability (risk factors). The results supported the first three hypotheses whereas the fourth hypothesis was supported only for the Jewish sample. The present study indicated that some predictors had universal effect on resilience, whereas others seemed to be culture specific predictors.