bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online physical activity resources for individuals with rheumatoid arthritis: an environmental scan and quality appraisal
Authors: Ester Manuel , Zafar Saania , Dhiman Kiran , Graveline Christine , McKinnon Annette , Hoens Alison , Barber Claire
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To review publicly available physical activity (PA) resources for individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Aims were to find online print and audiovisual resources, review their characteristics and critically examine their quality from medical, exercise and behavioural science perspectives.

Design

An environmental scan was completed using the Google search engine, following a pragmatic approach to reviewing patient-facing self-care resources.

Data sources

We used combinations of common search terms for RA and PA. The first five pages of results were reviewed for patient-facing resources.

Eligibility criteria

Resources were included if they were (1) included RA-specific content, (2) provided specific PA recommendations, (3) written in English and (4) freely available.

Data extraction and synthesis

Two independent experts completed a medical review of resources to ensure appropriateness for RA. Data were then extracted by two reviewers using a standardised template to record resource characteristics. Two research team members and two patient partners independently evaluated resources for readability, understandability and actionability. Finally, the quality of exercise recommendations and behaviour change technique use was evaluated by an expert reviewer.

Results

The search yielded 23 RA-specific PA resources, 17 of which passed the medical review. All 10 print resources and 7 audiovisual resources were created in English-speaking countries. The mean reading grade was 9.0±1.5. Print resources had mean understandability of 80.0±9.8% and actionability of 60.0±27.7%. Audiovisual materials had mean understandability of 86.0±9.2% and actionability of 86.9±22.9%. The quality of exercise recommendations was low. Only one resource provided comprehensive cardiovascular exercise advice, and two resources provided comprehensive strength exercise advice. 3–14 behaviour change technique groups were featured in each resource. The most common groups were ‘shaping knowledge’ and ‘natural consequences’.

Conclusions

The quality of RA-specific PA resources is variable. Some high-quality resources exist that provide actionable PA behaviour change advice. Healthcare teams may refer patients to these resources. However, more work is needed to improve the overall quality of resources. Codevelopment with patients, providers and exercise behaviour change experts is recommended, ensuring resources are actionable, contain clear exercise recommendations and promote behaviour change.
Changes in global quality of life after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients receiving different treatment regimens for advanced stage lung cancer in the Netherlands: a 2015–2021 cohort study
Authors: Malhotra Ananya , Suazo-Zepeda Erick , Vinke Petra C , de Bock Geertruida H , Maas Willemijn J , Hiltermann Jeroen T J.N , Rachet Bernard , Leyrat Clémence , Quaresma Manuela
Published: February 2025

Background

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has modified treatment modalities for patients with lung cancer, offering new alternatives for treatment. Despite improved survival benefits, ICIs may cause side effects impacting patients’ quality of life (QoL). We aim to study the changes in global QoL (gQoL) of patients with advanced-stage lung cancer up to 18 months after treatment with ICIs between 2015 and 2021.

Methods and analysis

A longitudinal cohort study was conducted using the Oncological Life Study: Living well as a cancer survivor data-biobank from the University Medical Center Groningen. Participants completed the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL 30-item questionnaire, at the beginning of their ICI treatment (baseline) and then at 6, 12 and 18 months. Using joint modelling, changes in predicted mean gQoL were studied by treatment regimens from baseline to 18 months, while accounting for the competing risk of death and adjusting for prespecified covariates.

Results

Of the 418 participants with median age of 66 years, 39% were women. Patients receiving first-line immuno-monotherapy with palliative intent had a small improvement in their gQoL within 6 months and no clinically significant change thereafter. Patients receiving first-line immune-chemotherapy with palliative intent had a small improvement in their gQoL within 12 months and no clinically significant change thereafter. Patients with second/further line immunotherapy with palliative intent or first-line chemoradiotherapy followed by durvalumab with curative intent had no clinically significant change in their gQoL over 18 months.

Conclusion

The changes in gQoL over time among patients with advanced-stage lung cancer may vary by treatment regimens based on drug intensity, line and intent of treatment, which will help clinicians and patients understand the potential dynamic of treatments on QoL. It may further influence treatment decisions and patient management strategies, reflecting the practical implications of different treatment regimens.
‘The lights are on, and the doors are always open’: a qualitative study to understand challenges underlying the need for emergency care in people experiencing homelessness in rural and coastal North East England
Authors: Thirkle Steven A , Adams Emma A , Harland Jill , John Deepti A , Kaner Eileen , Ramsay Sheena E
Published: February 2025

Introduction

People experiencing homelessness have high rates of emergency care attendance compared with the general population. This study explores the factors underlying the need for emergency care services among people experiencing homelessness in rural and coastal areas of North East England.

Methods

The study was conducted in Northumberland and North Tyneside (North East England). One-to-one semistructured interviews were conducted with people experiencing homelessness. Interviews and focus groups were undertaken with frontline staff from housing associations, police, ambulance services, emergency care, primary healthcare, mental health services and alcohol and drug recovery services. Discussions centred on emergency care experiences, reasons for access and underlying health and social needs.

Results

Participants included 20 people experiencing homelessness (aged 18–56, 70% male) and 18 service professionals (aged 20–56, 56% female). Emergency care was often viewed by participants as an accessible safe place. Four key themes were found in this rural and coastal context: accessibility challenges due to limited public transport and geographic isolation; fragmented support exacerbated by widely dispersed services; service restrictions and limited alternatives having particular impact where options are few and prioritisation of immediate needs influenced by limited local resources.

Conclusion

Challenges in accessing primary healthcare and social care, alongside varying levels of timely support and understanding of individual contexts, can contribute to the increased use of emergency care for people experiencing homelessness in rural and coastal areas. Integrating services with a focus on flexibility could be crucial for addressing the needs of these populations. This involves adapting to the unique circumstances of multiple deprived groups who lack access to community support.
Drivers of onward HIV transmission risk among adolescent boys growing up with HIV: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Kidman Rachel , Zhang Xiaoyue , Dietrich Janan Janine , Vermaak Stefanie , Ramsammy Candice W , Madi Phumla , Leshabane Given , Violari Avy
Published: February 2025

Introduction

HIV transmission to sexual partners is determined jointly by viraemia and condomless sex, both of which are higher among adolescents living with HIV compared with adults. Moreover, decisions around condom use vary day to day. We are the first study to investigate both the stable and time-varying factors contributing to HIV transmission risk.

Methods

The cohort study enrolled 251 adolescent boys 15–19 years old who were born with HIV and resided in Soweto, South Africa. Participants had viral load testing concurrently with completing baseline and 12-month follow-up surveys. Over the study year, participants completed repeated mobile surveys to capture time-variant exposures and condom use in the past 24 hours. Associations between baseline factors and high transmission risk (a composite of detectable viral load and any reported non-condom use) were analysed using logistic regression models. Associations between time-variant factors and condomless sex were analysed using generalised linear mixed-effect models.

Results

Experiencing an additional adverse event in the last year (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.33; 95% CI 1.09, 1.64), intimate partner violence (IPV; aOR 6.07; 95% CI 1.69, 21.80) and depression (aOR 2.96, 95% CI 1.03, 8.57) each increased the adjusted odds of being in the high-risk group for HIV transmission. When we examined time-variant factors, we found that a 10% higher average experience of stress (aOR 1.23; 95% CI 1.04, 1.46) and anger (aOR 1.26; 95% CI 1.04, 1.53) was significantly associated with increased odds of having condomless sex. There was no evidence that day-to-day changes in exposure to potential risk factors influenced condom use decisions.

Discussion

Global strategies largely focus on reducing HIV infection risk from the perspective of adolescent girls and young women. This study adds to the growing evidence that childhood adversity, IPV victimisation and depression are related to sexual transmission risk, and importantly extends this finding to the expanding population of adolescent boys born with HIV. Tailoring violence and mental health support services to the needs of adolescent boys may have important implications for their well-being and the health of their partners.
Daily life situations and participation of siblings of children with childhood-onset disabilities: a scoping review
Authors: Linimayr Johanna , Graser Judith , Gredig Selina , van Hedel Hubertus J A , Tscherter Anne , Grunt Sebastian , Schulze Christina
Published: February 2025

Background

Siblings of children with disabilities or childhood-onset chronic conditions (eg, autism, cerebral palsy or congenital heart disease) often face challenges in mental health, quality of life and psychosocial adjustment. However, comprehensive knowledge of their participation in daily activities remains limited. Understanding their participation patterns and potential restrictions can help clarify their needs.

Aims and methods

This scoping review aims to summarise current research on the participation of siblings of children with childhood-onset chronic conditions. Following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, we systematically searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, PsycINFO and ERIC for peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2001 and 2024. Eligible studies focused on siblings of children with disabilities or early-onset chronic conditions (population) and their participation, including attendance and involvement in daily activities (concept) across children’s homes, communities and schools (context). The review adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews guidelines.

Results

A total of 62 articles met the inclusion criteria: 45 qualitative (73%) and 7 quantitative (11%) studies, 7 reviews (11%) and 3 meta-studies (5%). The studies covered various chronic conditions (eg, cancer, chronic kidney disease and Down syndrome), with autism being the most common (22 studies). Key participation themes identified include family life, home participation, school involvement, leisure activities, social interactions with peers, information-seeking and continuous meaning-making. Factors such as normalcy, advocacy, identity, gender, age, culture and socioeconomic status were found to intersect with participation.

Conclusions

This review provides a comprehensive overview of current research and contributes to our understanding of how participation in daily activities has been studied so far in the population of siblings of children with disabilities. It reveals a gap in research specifically measuring participation among siblings. The identified themes enhance our understanding of potential participation restrictions in this population.
Effect of an unsupervised multidomain intervention integrating education, exercises, psychological techniques and machine learning feedback, on injury risk reduction in athletics (track and field): protocol of a randomised controlled trial (I-ReductAI)
Authors: Iatropoulos Spyridon , Dandrieux Pierre-Eddy , Blanco David , Ruffault Alexis , Gignoux Estelle , Mosser Constance , Hollander Karsten , Navarro Laurent , Edouard Pascal
Published: February 2025

The primary aim is to assess the impact of a multidomain intervention that integrates education, exercise, psychological techniques and machine learning feedback on the duration athletes remain free from injury complaints leading to participation restriction (ICPR) during a 20-week summer competitive athletics season. The secondary aims are to assess the intervention’s effect on reducing (i) the incidence, (ii) the burden, (iii) the period prevalence and (iv) the weekly prevalence of ICPR during the same timeframe. We will perform a two-arm randomised controlled trial. This study will involve an intervention group and a control group of competitive athletes licensed with the French Federation of Athletics, aged between 18 and 45, over an outdoor athletics competitive season lasting 20 weeks (March to July 2025). Data will be collected before the start (demographic, training and injury history) and one time per day (training and competition volume/intensity, perceived physical and psychological state, and illness and injury incidents) for both groups. The intervention group will be required to (i) view a series of 12 educational videos on injury prevention, (ii) engage in discipline-specific exercise programmes, (iii) implement stress and anxiety management techniques and (iv) view daily the injury prognostic feedback generated by the athlete’s collected data based on machine learning. Outcomes will be analysed over the final 14 weeks of follow-up to allow time for the intervention to establish any potential efficacy. The primary outcome will be the time-to-event for each ICPR. Secondary outcomes will include (i) incidence, (ii) burden, (iii) period prevalence and (iv) weekly prevalence of ICPR. The primary outcome will be analysed using a Prentice–Williams–Peterson gap-time model. In contrast, the secondary outcomes will employ Poisson (i, ii), logistic (iii) and generalised estimating equations (iv) regression models, respectively.
Comparison between point-of-care international normalised ratio, COAST, TICCS and truncated FibAT scores to rule in clinically significant hypofibrinogenaemia in the prehospital setting
Authors: Bodnar Daniel , Ryan Glenn , Colen Andrew , Berkowitz Gary , Williams Sue , Wullschleger Martin , Lam Alfred K , Bosley Emma
Published: February 2025

Background

Hypofibrinogenaemia on ED arrival and in the prehospital setting has been associated with both increased mortality and increased blood transfusions. The timely administration of fibrinogen-rich products on arrival to hospital is difficult to achieve and there is no clinical benefit with early, in-hospital empirical fibrinogen supplementation.

Methods

This was a prospective study of a convenience sample of adult trauma patients who had blood drawn in the prehospital setting prior to the administration of tranexamic acid. A point-of-care international normalised ratio (PoCINR) was performed at the time of blood draw, and Coagulopathy of Severe Trauma (COAST) score, Trauma Induced Coagulopathy Clinical Score (TICCS) and truncated Fibrinogen on Admission in Trauma (FibAT) score were calculated. Hypofibrinogenaemia was defined as a FibTEM A5<10 or a fibrinogen level ≤1.5 g/L with a clinically important specificity defined as 85%.

Results

A total of 152 patients were included in the primary analysis. The cohort was predominately male (82.9%) with a median age of 35 years (IQR 26–51). The median Injury Severity Score was 17 (IQR 10–25.5) with 18.4% sustaining penetrating trauma and 24.3% receiving prehospital blood transfusions. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for hypofibrinogenaemia was PoCINR: 0.63 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.73), FibAT: 0.57 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.67), COAST: 0.47 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.58) and TICCS: 0.50 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.61). A cut-off PoCINR value of ≥1.2, FibAT score ≥4, COAST≥4 and TICCS≥12 all yielded ≥85% specificity in detecting hypofibrinogenaemia.

Conclusions

PoCINR and a truncated FibAT are potential tools for the prehospital detection of hypofibrinogenaemia. Future work should examine the feasibility of PoC devices to test for hypofibrinogenaemia in the prehospital setting and if the use of PoC devices and/or clinical risk stratification tools would result in more rapid fibrinogen replacement.
Effect of stellate ganglion block on brain hemodynamics and the inflammatory response in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: a pilot study
Authors: Kostadinov Ivan , Avsenik Jernej , Osredkar Josko , Jerin Ales , Gradisek Primoz
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often associated with reduced cerebral blood flow and an increased inflammatory response, leading to secondary brain damage. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) has been shown to improve cerebral hemodynamics in non-TBI, but its effects in TBI are still unclear.

Objective

This prospective pilot study investigates the effects of SGB on cerebral hemodynamics and neuroinflammatory responses in patients with moderate to severe TBI with the aim of evaluating its potential as a therapeutic intervention.

Methods

A prospective, single-center observational study was conducted in 20 patients with moderate to severe TBI. SGB was performed ipsilateral to the most severely affected hemisphere using an ultrasound-guided lateral approach at the level of C6 with 8 mL 0.5% levobupivacaine. The primary outcome was the change in blood flow velocity in the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery as measured by transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography before and after the procedure. Secondary outcomes included changes in (a) the diameter of the basal arteries of the brain as measured by computed angiography tomography; (b) cerebral blood flow, volume and time to peak as measured by computed perfusion tomography; (c) cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure and brain oxygenation. The changes in the biomarkers of inflammation and brain injury interleukin 6, neuron-specific enolase, protein S100B and glial fibrillar acidic protein measured at baseline, 12 hours and 24 hours after SGB were defined as tertiary outcomes.

Results

SGB significantly reduced blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, increased the diameter of the large basal cerebral arteries, improved cerebral blood flow and volume in certain brain regions on the ipsilateral side. Inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and S100B decreased significantly within 24 hours. The intracranial pressure decreased, the cerebral perfusion pressure and the oxygen supply to the brain tissue improved after SGB. No adverse events were observed.

Conclusion

SGB modulates cerebral hemodynamics and lowers intracranial pressure in patients with TBI, demonstrating its potential as a neuroprotective intervention. While these results highlight the therapeutic potential of SGB, further randomized controlled trials are needed to determine its optimal use and short-term and long-term benefits in the treatment of TBI.

Trial registration number

NCT04208477.
A 99-year journey on the evolution of food safety in Canadian livestock production
Authors: Yang Xianqin , Stanford K.
Published: February 2025

In 1925, major food safety threats were bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis from drinking unpasteurized milk. After pasteurization and dairy hygiene inspections were made mandatory, infant mortality was cut in half. Testing the Canadian herd for tuberculosis required from 1923 to 1961, with 400,000 positives culled and bovine TB-free status achieved in 1997. A national vaccination program for brucellosis was initiated in 1950 and Canada was recognized as brucellosis-free in 1985. With bovine TB and brucellosis controlled, researchers next tackled pathogens intermittently shed by healthy animals. The Jack in the Box outbreak (1992-1993) led to required Food Safety Enhancement Programs for federally registered meat and poultry processors in 2005. These programs and antimicrobial interventions by processors reduced incidence of E. coli O157:H7 from 4/100,000 population in the 1990s to 0.77/100,000 in 2022. Similarly, national programs to reduce Salmonella in poultry products decreased salmonellosis by 1/3 by 2019. Although livestock production has new challenges such as highly-pathogenic avian influenza in dairy cattle, new tools such as whole genome sequencing and biosensors will help address these challenges. Accordingly, current and future Canadian researchers should be able to maintain the history of continuous improvement in food safety evident over the past 99 years.
Weak decays of $${\varvec{B}}_{{\varvec{c}}}$$ involving vector mesons in self-consistent covariant light-front approach
Authors: S. Thejus Mary , Hazra Avijit , Sharma Neelesh , Dhir Rohit
Published: February 2025

We present a comprehensive analysis of weak transition form factors, semileptonic decays, and nonleptonic decays of

$$B_c$$

B
c

mesons involving pseudoscalar (P) and vector (V) mesons for bottom-conserving and bottom-changing decay modes. We employ the self-consistent covariant light-front quark model (CLFQM), termed type-II correspondence, to calculate the

$$B_c$$

B
c

to P(V) transition form factors. The type-II correspondence in the CLF approach gives self-consistent results associated with the

$$B^{(i)}_j$$

B
j

(
i
)

functions, which vanish numerically after the replacement

$$M^{\prime (\prime \prime )} \rightarrow M_0^{\prime (\prime \prime )}$$

M

′
(
″
)

→

M
0

′
(
″
)

in traditional type-I correspondence, and the covariance of the matrix elements is also restored. We investigate these effects on bottom-conserving

$$B_c$$

B
c

to P(V) form factors that have not yet been studied in CLFQM type-II correspondence. In addition, we quantify the implications of self-consistency propagating to weak decays involving both bottom-conserving and bottom-changing

$$B_c$$

B
c

transition form factors. We use two different parameterizations, the usual three-parameter function of

$$q^{2}$$

q
2

and the model-independent z-series expansion, to establish a clear understanding of

$$q^{2}$$

q
2

dependence. Using the numerical values of the form factors, we predict the branching ratios other physical observables, including forward-backward asymmetries, polarization fractions, etc. of the semileptonic

$$B_c$$

B
c

decays. Subsequently, we predict the branching ratios of two-body nonleptonic weak decays using the factorization hypothesis in self-consistent CLFQM. We also compare our results with those of other theoretical studies.
Vague Preference Policy Learning for Conversational Recommendation
Authors: Zhang Gangyi , Gao Chongming , Lei Wenqiang , Guo Xiaojie , Li Shijun , Chen Hongshen , Ding Zhuozhi , Xu Sulong , Wu Lingfei
Published: February 2025

Conversational recommendation systems (CRS) effectively address information asymmetry by dynamically eliciting user preferences through multi-turn interactions. However, existing CRS methods commonly assume that users have clear, definite preferences for one or multiple target items. This assumption can lead to over-trusting user feedback, treating accepts/rejects as definitive signals to filter items and reduce the candidate space, potentially causing over-filtering and excluding relevant alternatives. In reality, users often exhibit vague preferences, lacking well-defined inclinations for certain attribute types (e.g., color, pattern), and their decision-making process during interactions is rarely binary. Instead, users’ choices are relative, reflecting a range of preferences rather than strict likes or dislikes. To address this issue, we introduce a novel scenario called Vague Preference Multi-round Conversational Recommendation (VPMCR), which employs a soft estimation mechanism to assign non-zero confidence scores to all candidate items, accommodating users’ vague and dynamic preferences while mitigating over-filtering.

In the VPMCR setting, we introduce a solution called Vague Preference Policy Learning (VPPL), which consists of two main components: Ambiguity-aware Soft Estimation (ASE) and Dynamism-aware Policy Learning (DPL). ASE aims to accommodate the ambiguity in user preferences by estimating preference scores for both directed and inferred preferences, employing a choice-based approach and a time-aware preference decay strategy. DPL implements a policy learning framework, leveraging the preference distribution from ASE, to guide the conversation and adapt to changes in users’ preferences for making recommendations or querying attributes.

Extensive experiments conducted on diverse datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of VPPL within the VPMCR framework, outperforming existing methods and setting a new benchmark for CRS research. Our work represents a significant advancement in accommodating the inherent ambiguity and relative decision-making processes exhibited by users, improving the overall performance and applicability of CRS in real-world settings.
Planting Genomes in the Wild: Arabidopsis From Genetics History to the Ecology and Evolutionary Genomics Era
Authors: Leventhal Laura , Ruffley Megan , Exposito-Alonso Moises
Published: February 2025

The genetics model system Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. lives across a vast geographic range with contrasting climates, in response to which it has evolved diverse life histories and phenotypic adaptations. In the last decade, the cataloging of worldwide populations, DNA sequencing of whole genomes, and conducting of outdoor field experiments have transformed it into a powerful evolutionary ecology system to understand the genomic basis of adaptation. Here, we summarize new insights on Arabidopsis following the coordinated efforts of the 1001 Genomes Project, the latest reconstruction of biogeographic and demographic history, and the systematic genomic mapping of trait natural variation through 15 years of genome-wide association studies. We then put this in the context of local adaptation across climates by summarizing insights from 73 Arabidopsis outdoor common garden experiments conducted to date. We conclude by highlighting how molecular and genomic knowledge of adaptation can help us to understand species’ (mal)adaptation under ongoing climate change.
Evaluation and Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Medical Devices for Clinical Decision Support
Authors: Weissman Gary E.
Published: February 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) methods were first developed nearly seven decades ago. Only in recent years have they demonstrated their potential to improve clinical care at the bedside. AI systems are now capable of interpreting, predicting, and even generating important medical information. AI medical devices share many similarities with traditional medical devices but also diverge from them in important ways. Despite widespread optimism and enthusiasm surrounding the use of such devices to improve care processes, patient outcomes, and the healthcare experience for patients, caregivers, and clinicians alike, little evidence exists so far for their effectiveness in practice. Even less is known about the safety or equity of AI medical devices. As with any new technology, this exciting time is accompanied by appropriate questions regarding if, how much, when, and who such AI systems really help. Different stakeholders, ranging from patients to clinicians to industry device developers, may have divergent preferences or assessments of risk and benefits, warranting an informed public discussion to guide emerging regulatory efforts. This review summarizes the rapidly evolving recent efforts and evidence related to the regulation and evaluation of AI medical devices and highlights opportunities for future work to ensure their effectiveness, safety, and equity.
A Theoretical Approach in Applying High-Frequency Acoustic and Elasticity Microscopy to Assess Cells and Tissues
Authors: Winterroth Frank , Wang Jing , Wink Onno , Carelsen Bart , Dahl Jeremy , Thakor Avnesh S.
Published: February 2025

Medical ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging modality used for visualizing internal organs; the frequencies typically used are 2–10 MHz. Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is a form of ultrasound where frequencies typically exceed 50 MHz. Increasing the acoustic frequency increases the specimen's spatial resolution but reduces the imaging depth. The advantages of using SAM over conventional light and electron microscopy include the ability to image cells and tissues without any preparation that could kill or alter them, providing a more accurate representation of the specimen. After scanning the specimen, acoustic signals are merged into an image on the basis of changes in the impedance mismatch between the immersion fluid and the specimens. The acoustic parameters determining the image quality are absorption and scattering. Surface scans can assess surface characteristics of the specimen. SAM is also capable of elastography, that is, studying elastic properties to discern differences between healthy and affected tissues. SAM has significant potential for detection/analysis in research and clinical studies.
Subaerial Emergence of Continents on Archean Earth
Authors: Chowdhury Priyadarshi , Cawood Peter A. , Mulder Jacob A.
Published: February 2025

The emergence of continental crust above sea level influences Earth's surface environments and climate patterns, and it creates diverse habitats that promote biodiversity. Earth exhibits bimodal hypsometry with elevated continents and a submerged seafloor. However, it remains elusive when and how this unique feature was first established. The geological record suggests the presence of subaerial landmasses between ca. 3.8 and 2.4 billion years ago (Ga), but their spatial extent and longevity remain unclear. Further, the tectonic processes governing the proportion of continental land to ocean basins and topography during this period are poorly understood. Here, we synthesize a variety of geological and geochemical proxies to suggest that crustal emergence did occur in the early-to-mid Archean, primarily exposing precratonized volcanic crust for brief time periods. Stable continental crust on a regional scale (as cratons) began emerging around ca. 3.2–3.0 Ga, facilitated by the development of thick, stable cratonic lithospheres. Over hundreds of millions of years, voluminous magmatism within a plateau-type setting led to the formation of thick, felsic crust and depleted mantle keels, allowing cratons to rise above sea level via isostatic adjustment. The areal extent of emergent land increased from ca. 3.0 to 2.5 Ga owing to the formation of more cratons, likely coinciding with the onset of plate tectonics, and culminated around ca. 2.5–2.2 Ga when land surface area and freeboard conditions resembled those observed today. These newly emerged landmasses possibly played a critical role in oxygenating the atmosphere and oceans, cooling the climate, and promoting biodiversity during the late Archean to early Paleoproterozoic.

▪

Continental emergence marks a pivotal moment in Earth's history, impacting the planet's atmosphere, oceans, climate, and life evolution.

▪

We review the rock record to infer the timing, nature, and tectonic drivers of continental emergence on early Earth.

▪

Emergence on early Archean Earth was mostly transient, exposing primarily volcanic crust.

▪

First stable continental land formed at ca. 3.2–3.0 Ga due to the development of thick cratons and their isostatic adjustment.

▪

Emergent land area increased from ca. 3.0 to 2.5 Ga as more cratons formed and plate tectonics began.
Down the Rabbit Hole: How Digital Media Shapes Public Perceptions of Food Science and Technology Research (And How We Can Safeguard Science Integrity and Credibility)
Authors: Lila Mary Ann , Ryan Camille , Diekman Connie
Published: February 2025

Professionals and practitioners in food science and technology navigate a minefield of challenges stemming from the convergence of science, scientific inquiry and research, and online mass and social media. Misinterpretations and politicized debates occur frequently in online media, where food- and diet-related topics have an avid following, and conflicting information or incomplete coverage may occasionally undermine public trust in the integrity of food science research from both academia and industry. Leveraging a broad landscape analysis of scientific and popular lay journal reports, we catalog a series of food science and technology topics that have been popularized in online forums, sometimes at the expense of scientific accuracy. Finally, we detail some guidelines and tools that may assist food science and technology academics, industry professionals, science publishers, and online journalists in rigorously safeguarding the integrity and credibility of research reports that reach the lay consumer through social and online media channels.
Newborn Sequencing: The Promise and Perils
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman , Kelly E. Ormond
Published: February 2025

Newborn screening for phenylketonuria began in the United States in the early 1960s, and it expanded one disease at a time until the development of tandem mass spectrometry. This technology allowed for screening many conditions simultaneously, but its uneven adoption led to wide disparities. A collaboration between the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the US Health Resources and Services Administration resulted in a recommended uniform screening panel. Newborn sequencing (NBSeq) identifies many monogenic disorders, although to date it cannot identify all cases identified by tandem mass spectrometry. NBSeq has the potential to reduce diagnostic odysseys and increase health equity, but it could also exacerbate disparities and cause psychosocial and clinical harms due to overdiagnosis, oversurveillance, and/or overtreatment. By expanding beyond previously established public health screening principles, NBSeq also challenges the mandatory nature of current screening. In this review, we examine the promise and perils of NBSeq.
Replay and Ripples in Humans
Authors: Zhang Jinbo , Ou Jianxin , Liu Yunzhe
Published: February 2025

During rest and sleep, the brain processes information through replay, reactivating neural patterns linked to past events and facilitating the exploration of potential future scenarios. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding human replay and its biomarker, sharp-wave ripples (SPW-Rs). We explore detection methods and connect insights from rodent studies. The review highlights unique aspects of human replay in internal cognition such as prioritizing past experiences for offline learning, generating hypothesized solutions to current problems, and factorizing structural representations for future generalization. We also examine the characteristics of SPW-Rs in humans, including their distribution along the hippocampal longitudinal axis, their widespread brain activations, and their influence on internal cognitive processes. Finally, we emphasize the need for improved methodologies and technologies to advance our understanding of cognitive processes during rest and sleep.
Nonadiabatic Dynamics with the Mapping Approach to Surface Hopping (MASH)
Authors: Richardson Jeremy O. , Lawrence Joseph E. , Mannouch Jonathan R.
Published: February 2025

The mapping approach to surface hopping (MASH) combines the rigor of quasiclassical mapping approaches with the pragmatism of surface hopping to obtain a practical trajectory-based method for simulating nonadiabatic dynamics in molecular systems. In this review, we outline the derivation of MASH, prove a number of important properties that ensure its reliability, and illustrate its accuracy for computing nonadiabatic rate constants as well as ultrafast photochemical dynamics.
The Impact of Undocumented Status in the United States: Empirical Challenges and New Frontiers
Authors: Hall Matthew , Olivero Giulia , Gleeson Shannon
Published: February 2025

Unauthorized immigration status profoundly shapes the social and economic outcomes of migrants in the United States, with wide reaching impacts on wages, work life, physical and mental health, and integration into schools, neighborhoods, and local communities. These effects accumulate across the life course, reverberate across generations, and systematically undermine the social mobility of immigrants and their families, limiting their incorporation into mainstream institutions. While research on these associations is vast, knowledge gaps persist due to enduring methodological and data limitations, as well as an unauthorized population that is growing more diverse in its origins and its range of status protections. We review research on the impacts of immigrant legal status, describe persistent methodological obstacles, and explore new approaches and directions for advancing sociological research.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of a Novel Carbon Quantum Dot/Polyaniline/Iron Oxide (CQDs/PANI/Fe₃O₄) Nanocomposite for High-Efficiency Electrode Applications
Authors: Mujahid Mohammad
Published: February 2025

In this study, a novel composite material combining Iron oxide and carbon quantum dots (CQDs, Fe3O4) with PANI was synthesized via a straightforward one-pot hydrothermal method, employing Iron sulfate, PANI and onion peels as the carbon source. The pursuit of an affordable, highly capable electrode material is an established field of research for a variety of next-generation applications. The composite CQDs/PANI/Fe3O4 (PF-CDs) was analyzed using various techniques, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The analyses confirmed the presence of functional groups, crystalline structure, and uniform dispersion of CQDs and Fe₃O₄ on the PANI surface, resulting in a well-formed nanocomposite with an average particle size of 25.6 nm. Electrochemical studies revealed that the PF-CDs nanocomposite exhibited specific capacitance of 111.32 F g-1 at a reduction in current density of 0.035 A/cm² and demonstrated a consistent increase in oxidation current density beyond 40 mV/s scan rate, indicating superior electrochemical performance. Impedance measurements showed a significant reduction in the real impedance (Z') value to 950 ohms, highlighting enhanced conductivity. The results suggest that the synergistic effects of PANI and Fe₃O₄ in the composite significantly improve its electrochemical properties, making the PF-CDs nanocomposite a promising candidate for applications requiring high electrochemical efficiency.
What is “Coaching” in Interventions for Patients in Cancer Care Research? A Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Gérain P. , Tanious R. , Jacquet W. , Meziani A. , Van Hoof E.
Published: February 2025

Objective: Cancer has an impact on psychosocial well‐being as well as on mental health. Coaching increasingly appears as a source of psychosocial support to cancer patients. However, we currently lack a clear framework for coaching in that context. The present review aims to better define the concept of coaching in interventions for patients in cancer care research, as well as to synthesize frameworks, techniques, and providers.

Methods: A conceptual scoping review based on PRISMA was performed on studies focusing on coaching and cancer published in peer‐reviewed journals until November 2024. Studies on coaching and cancer were systematically extracted from five online databases and then screened.

Results: A total of 237 studies were included after screening. Less than 15% of the studies provided an explicit definition of coaching. Six coaching categories were identified based on their goal, in addition to a general form of coaching. Coaching in cancer care occurs during the acute treatment phase as well as during the posttreatment phase. Most providers were healthcare professionals, despite an important heterogeneity. Techniques were sorted into 9 sets of techniques implemented in coaching interventions, including goal setting, providing support, and self‐regulation.

Conclusions: This review provided structure to the field of coaching in cancer. It also showed that defining a field only on the word “coaching” does not appear sufficient to reflect the current heterogeneity. Consequently, there is a necessity for the field to clarify its theoretical frameworks, targets, and intervention components to increase the necessary reproducibility and cumulative knowledge.
Huntington’s Disease in Hospitalized Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil: Three-Year Update
Authors: Martins Jéssica Paula , Sciani Juliana Mozer , Marson Fernando Augusto Lima
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Huntington’s disease (HD) is considered a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease; despite that, only one study described the outcomes among those with HD and COVID-19. In this context, an epidemiological investigation was conducted in Brazil using the data from OpenDataSUS (https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/), a Brazilian open dataset encompassing demographic and clinical information of hospitalized patients.
Method: The study comprised 2,180,403 hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 in Brazil from December 29th, 2019, to April 6th, 2023. From the totality of the original data, patients with HD and three control populations [Control 1 (CG-1) – hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and a neurological disorder (except those with HD), Control 2 (CG-2) – hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and without comorbidities, and Control 3 (CG-3) – hospitalized patients with COVID-19 except for those with HD] were selected. The study described the following characteristics of these patients: sex, age, race, place of residence, presence of nosocomial infection, clinical signs, comorbidities, use of antiviral for Flu, need for intensive care unit, need for mechanical ventilation support, discharge criteria, and outcome.
Results: A total of 60 patients with HD were enrolled representing a prevalence of 2.8 per 100,000 inhabitants. Of these, 23 were men, 30 were aged between 25 and 60 years, 38 were White people, 58 lived in an urban area, and two presented with nosocomial infection. The main clinical signs presented were fever (45), dyspnea (45), peripheral oxygen saturation <95% (45), cough (38), and respiratory discomfort (37). The main comorbidities were cardiomyopathy (13), asthma (2), and chronic lung disease (2). Four patients received the antiviral for the Flu. During the hospitalization, 18 patients required admission to an intensive care unit, 10 used invasive mechanical ventilation, 42 used non-invasive mechanical ventilation, and eight did not use ventilatory support. Regarding outcomes, 36 patients were cured, 23 died due to COVID-19, and one died, and the cause of death was not associated with the COVID-19. In the comparison of markers between patients with HD and the controls, the following significant associations were described: (CG-1) patients with HD were younger, and presented fewer clinical signs and comorbidities; (CG-2) patients with HD were commonly female, were older, presented fewer clinical signs and a higher chance of death [OR = 2.354 (95%CI = 1.395 to 3.973)]; and (CG-3) patients with HD were commonly female, and presented fewer clinical signs and comorbidities.
Conclusions: Patients with HD can only be considered an at-risk population due to the poor clinical outcomes when compared to patients without comorbidities. Even then, this group of patients presented fewer clinical signs and comorbidities.
Research Progress of Senolytic Drugs in the Treatment of Orthopedic Diseases
Authors: Zhang Minjie , Lou Pengqiang , Shou Dan , Tong Peijian , Zhang Yang
Published: February 2025

Background: Orthopedic diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and age-related musculoskeletal disorders, significantly impact quality of life and are becoming increasingly prevalent with aging populations. A growing body of evidence highlights the role of cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Senescent cells (SCs), characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest, accumulate in tissues over time, contributing to inflammation, tissue degeneration, and impaired regeneration. The emerging field of senolytics, which aims to selectively eliminate these SCs, has garnered attention as a novel therapeutic strategy in orthopedics. Summary: Senolytic drugs, including small molecules, peptides, and natural compounds, have shown promise in preclinical models and early clinical trials for the treatment of various age-related diseases. In orthopedics, senolytics have been investigated for their potential to ameliorate cartilage degradation, bone fragility, and other degenerative changes associated with aging. Recent studies have demonstrated that targeting SCs in musculoskeletal tissues can improve tissue function, reduce inflammation, and promote regeneration. Although the majority of research is still in the preclinical phase, the positive outcomes from animal studies and early clinical trials suggest that senolytic drugs may offer new therapeutic avenues for orthopedic diseases. Key Messages: Senolytic therapies hold significant potential for treating orthopedic diseases by targeting the underlying cellular senescence that contributes to tissue degeneration and inflammation. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that senolytic drugs may enhance tissue repair, alleviate symptoms, and slow disease progression in musculoskeletal disorders. Further research is needed to optimize drug efficacy, ensure safety, and identify patient populations that may benefit the most from these treatments. The development of senolytic drugs could revolutionize the management of aging-related orthopedic diseases, providing a more targeted and effective approach than current treatments.
Autologous TIL Infusion Plus Anti-PD-1 Therapy to Cure Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Following Palliative Hepatectomy
Authors: Xia Tian , Yuan Tong , Chen Lijun , Wang Changli , Zhang Erlei , Liang Binyong , Zhang Zunyi , Wang Mingwei , Chen Xiaoping , Huang Zhiyong
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) derived from autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has demonstrated promising therapeutic efficacy in several cancers. However, its possible synergistic effects with anti-PD-1 therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC) remain unexplored. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of TIL infusion combined with anti-PD-1 therapy for aHCC. Case Presentation: Referring to the current protocol of our clinical trial (NCT03658785), two patients with HCC at BCLC stage C were enrolled to receive autologous TIL infusion combined with anti-PD-1 therapy. They underwent unplanned palliative tumor resection to alleviate pain caused by tumor rupture prior to receiving TIL infusion plus anti-PD-1 therapy. Long-term outcomes and treatment-related adverse events were evaluated. Throughout the entire treatment process, both patients experienced only mild symptoms. Notably, both patients achieved complete responses to the treatment and have remained tumor-free for two and four years, respectively. Conclusion: Autologous TIL infusion combined with anti-PD-1 therapy is a safe and feasible strategy for patients with aHCC. Palliative hepatectomy with maximal tumor burden reduction may significantly improve its efficacy and even results in cure for aHCC patients.