bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Results from the WHO external quality assessment for the respiratory syncytial virus pilot, 2016‐17
Authors: Jackson Sandra , Peret Teresa C. T. , Ziegler Thedi T. , Thornburg Natalie J. , Besselaar Terry , Broor Shobha , Barr Ian , Baumeister Elsa , Chadha Mandeep , Chittaganpitch Malinee , Darmaa Badarch , Ellis Joanna , Fasce Rodrigo , Herring Belinda , Herve Kadjo , Hirve Siddhivinayak , Li Yan , Pisareva Maria , Moen Ann , Naguib Amel , Palekar Rakhee , Potdar Varsha , Siqueira Marilda , Treurnicht Florette , Tivane Almiro , Venter Marietjie , Wairagkar Niteen , Zambon Maria , Zhang Wenqing
Published: July 2020

Background

External quality assessments (EQAs) for the molecular detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are necessary to ensure the provision of reliable and accurate results. One of the objectives of the pilot of the World Health Organization (WHO) Global RSV Surveillance, 2016‐2017, was to evaluate and standardize RSV molecular tests used by participating countries. This paper describes the first WHO RSV EQA for the molecular detection of RSV.

Methods

The WHO implemented the pilot of Global RSV Surveillance based on the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) from 2016 to 2018 in 14 countries. To ensure standardization of tests, 13 participating laboratories were required to complete a 12 panel RSV EQA prepared and distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA. The 14th laboratory joined the pilot late and participated in a separate EQA. Laboratories evaluated a RSV rRT‐PCR assay developed by CDC and compared where applicable, other Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs) or commercial assays already in use at their laboratories.

Results

Laboratories performed well using the CDC RSV rRT‐PCR in comparison with LDTs and commercial assays. Using the CDC assay, 11 of 13 laboratories reported correct results. Two laboratories each reported one false‐positive finding. Of the laboratories using LDTs or commercial assays, results as assessed by Ct values were 100% correct for 1/5 (20%). With corrective actions, all laboratories achieved satisfactory outputs.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that reliable results can be expected from this pilot. Continued participation in EQAs for the molecular detection of RSV is recommended.
Pott's Paraplegia in a Tuberculous Rhesus Monkey, Macaca mulatta
Authors: Tryphonas L. , Wong J.
Published: July 2020

Thirty‐eight young adult Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) gave negative reactions to four consecutive intrapalpebral tuberculin testings at 2‐week intervals. Shortly afterwards, one of six subsequently found to have tuberculosis caused by Myobacterium tuberculosis hominis, suddenly developed dyspnea and paraplegia. Gross and histopathologic examination revealed epidural compression of the spinal cord by excessive granulation tissue originating in the 2nd and 3rd thoracic vertebrae. Neither vertebra exhibited gross structural collapse. One monkey had early generalized tuberculosis and four had pulmonary tuberculosis only. The need for unrelenting vigilance and strict control policies in primate colonies is emphasized.
Growth of the Mandible in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Wilson N.H.F. , Speight P.M. , Gardner D.L.
Published: July 2020

The mandibles of 27 male and 25 female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with an age range of 1 day to < 12 years have been studied using radiographs and osteometric techniques. The rate and magnitude of dimensional changes in the mandible of this nonhuman primate during the neonatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood are described. Distance growth curves indicate that active growth of marmoset mandible ceases during the last 6 months of the third postnatal year.
Intraductal Mammary Carcinoma and Benign Ovarian Teratoma in a Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Eydelloth R.S. , Swindle M.M.
Published: July 2020

A benign ovarian teratoma and an intraductal mammary carcinoma were found in an adult rhesus monkey that had been used in reproductive studies and received human luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone, and human chorionic gonadotropin.
Ovarian Adenocarcinoma in a Bonnet Monkey: Histologic and Ultrastructural Features
Authors: Bunton Tracie E. , Lollini Lance
Published: July 2020

An incidental finding of unilateral ovarian adenocarcinoma in a bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) was examined histologically and ultrastructurally. The tumor was somewhat confusing histologically, but had many of the ultrastructural characteristics of endometrioid carcinoma of man.
Stimulation of Cynomolgus Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes With Tetanus Toxoid and Smallpox Vaccine
Authors: Loggen H.G. , Baerends‐Verburg J.L. , Kreeftenberg J.G.
Published: July 2020

The cynomolgus monkey was studied as an animal model to investigate the cell‐mediated immunity induced by vaccines. Optimal conditions are described to isolate peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphocyte transformation tests were performed with tetanus toxoid and smallpox vaccine. Antigen‐specific lymphocyte transformations with smallpox vaccine could only be demonstrated when lymphocytes were obtained from vaccinated monkeys. Tetanus toxoid appeared to be a weak antigen. However, after adsorption of the toxoid to aluminum phosphate, a significant antigen‐specific lymphocyte transformation was observed.
A Comparison of Craniofacial Growth Between Two Colonies of Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Townsend G.C. , White J. , Goss A.N.
Published: July 2020

General and craniofacial measurements from young marmosets in a recently established Australian colony are presented and compared with similar data published for a long‐established colony in the United Kingdom. Statistically significant differences between the colonies were those associated with large error variances, suggesting difficulties in locating certain landmarks rather than real differences in growth. Thus, direct comparison can be made between craniofacial growth studies conducted at these two different marmoset colonies.
Development of a Nonhuman Primate Model for Fetoscopy
Authors: Mattison Donald R. , King Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2020

Twenty‐four fetoscopy procedures were performed on 22 monkeys (19 Macaca mulatto, one M. fascicularis, two Erythrocebus patas) with gestational ages ranging from 66 to 145 days. Insertion of the fetoscope without ultrasound guidance was easy in 14 and difficult in ten procedures. Amniotic fluid exchange with normal saline, to improve visualization, was successful in eight of 13 procedures. Fetal blood sampling was successful in four of nine attempts. Nine monkeys aborted within 17 days of the fetoscopy, the remaining 13 went to term or were used in other research protocols. Major complications included maternal hemorrhage into the amniotic fluid, inability to enter the amniotic cavity, and abortion. Maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein following fetoscopy was not a useful indicator of subsequent abortion.
Reproduction of Wild‐Caught Tamarins (Saguinus mystax mystax) Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Ogden James
Published: July 2020

The reproductive performance of tamarins (Saguinus mystax mystax) under laboratory conditions was evaluated. Fifteen of 20 male‐female pairs were fertile and produced 30 live births during an observation period of 3.5 years. Twenty‐six breeders (65%) and 12 offspring (40%) more than 3 years old were alive at the termination of the reporting period.
Presence of pH2‐Sensitive Circulating Interferon Among Callithrix jacchus Marmosets
Authors: Rhodes‐Feuillette Alice , Mahouy Guy , Bellosguardo Marie , Gouget‐Zalc Cécile , Périès Jorge
Published: July 2020

Significant and relatively stable levels of serum‐interferon were demonstrated in a Callithrix jacchus population. This circulating interferon was acid‐sensitive in all cases, classifying it as immune or “γ‐type” interferon. Our results in these hematopoietic chimeras suggest that the presence of immune‐type or at least pH 2‐sensitive interferon could be related to the presence of two allogenic lymphocyte populations in each marmoset.
Intestinal Parasites of the Free‐Ranging Cayo Santiago Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatto)
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Yarbrough Barbara , Rawlins Richard G. , Berard John
Published: July 2020

Free‐ranging rhesus macaques on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were surveyed for intestinal parasites for the first time in over 40 years. Results were compared with the only previous study [10], and the relationships between the prevalence of Strongyloides and dominance rank, body weight, age, and matriline examined in the sampled population.
Hepatitis B Vaccine Safety Monitoring in the Chimpanzee: Interpretation of Results
Authors: Berthelot P. , Courouce A.M. , Eyquem A. , Feldmann G. , Jacob J. , Ravisse P. , Vacher B. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Muchmore E. , Prince A.
Published: July 2020

In September, 1983, a group of French and American experts met at the French National Health Laboratory to discuss their experience in monitoring for the safety of a hepatitis B vaccine in 42 chimpanzees. The observations made, conclusions reached, and recommendations for future studies are presented.
Lipid Composition of the Peripheral Nerves in Malnutrition: An Experimental Study in Young Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Rana S.V. , Mehta S. , Chopra J.S. , Nain C.K. , Dhand U.K. , Mehta J.
Published: July 2020

An experimental model of protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) was created in young rhesus monkeys. Ulnar and tibial nerves from six monkeys with PCM, six rehabilitated and 12 control monkeys were studied for lipid composition and activity of myelin marker enzyme. Total lipids, myelin marker lipids and activity of myelin marker enzyme, 2′, 3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′ ‐ phosphohydrolase were decreased, while esterified cholesterol and free fatty acids were increased in PCM as compared to controls. There was partial recovery in myelin marker lipids and complete restoration of other lipids on nutritional rehabilitation.
Autonomic Control of Heart Rate in the Neonatal Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Goldberg Jack M. , Moberg Gary P.
Published: July 2020

Autonomic control of resting heart rate was assessed using atropine and propranolol in 20 neonatal (2 to 3 weeks old) male Rhesus monkeys. After release from restraint for placement of a venous catheter, the average heart rate significantly decreased from 220 ± 7 beats/min to 181 ± 6 beats/min within 15 minutes and remained stable for the 2 hours. Autonomic control of resting heart rate is mediated through both divisions of the autonomic nervous system with the sympathetic system having a dominant influence. This is in contrast to the adult Rhesus, where the parasympathetic nervous system controls resting heart rate.
Cosmetic Repair of Chronic Head Restraint Defects
Authors: Fanton J.W.
Published: July 2020

Surgically implanted head restraint devices have been used in nonhuman primate research for more than a decade. Superficial scalp defects arc created by the implantation procedures and remain after the devices are removed, a factor that occasionally hinders continued use of the animals by investigators on esthetic grounds. A technique is described whereby the scalp defects are surgically repaired, resulting in a good cosmetic appearance and effectively increasing the potential for reuse of these animals.
The Japanese Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science (TPC): An Outline
Authors: Honjo Shigeo
Published: July 2020

The facilities and activities of the Japanese Primate Center at Tsukuba. Japan arc described. The Center became partially functional in 1978 and was completed in 1979. The three main aims of the Primate Center are: (I) to quarantine newly imported primate animals, (2) to breed, and (3) to study them.
Pentastomid Nymph From the Brain of a Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus). II. Morphology of the Host Response
Authors: Frederickson R.G. , Haines D.E. , Hall J.E.
Published: July 2020

A Porocephalus nymph found in the meninges of a squirrel monkey was encapsulated by connective tissue cells and fibrils presumably derived from the pia mater. The capsule was composed of an inner layer (IL) adjacent to the nymphal integument and an outer layer (OL) adherent to the brain surface. Separating the two layers was a capsular space. The IL was lined by a granular material adjacent to the nymph surface and possessed impressions of annulae and the apical pits of chloride cells. The surface of IL facing the capsular space was characterized by a monolayer of cells possessing extensive anastomosing plasmalemmal processes. The OL was composed of several tiers of fibroblasts and associated collagen fibrils that adhered to the brain surface in the form of a thickened pia mater. It is suggested that the capsule was formed by a modification of the pia that isolated the nymph and created an “intracapsular space” with specialized lining cells to facilitate fluid exchange.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in an Aged Macaca mulatta
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Howard Charles F. , London William T.
Published: July 2020

Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in an aged (21‐year‐old) pregnant rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto); she was hyperglycemic and had minimal glucose clearance in an intravenous glucose tolerance test (iv‐GTT). An overweight (840 g) dead full‐term fetus was delivered by cesarean section. A second iv‐GTT conducted 3 months later revealed impaired glucose tolerance. While pregnant, the monkey was hypcrinsulinemic and showed minimal secretory response to the glucose load. When tested postpartum, the fasting insulin was only slightly elevated, but the insulin response to glucose was still lacking.
Comparative Effects of Khellin and Timefurone on Serum Parameters in Normal Male Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Stevens T.J. , Phillips W.A. , Day CE.
Published: July 2020

Timefurone and khellin (10 mg/kg/day, gavage, 14 days) significantly lowered low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol. Khellininduced changes were significantly greater than those induced by timefurone. Neither drug altered body weights or clinical chemistry parameters. Monkeys treated with khellin, however, exhibited elevated levels of very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and marked emesis, while no changes were observed with timefurone. On the basis of these data, timefurone has a better therapeutic ratio and further study with this promising drug appears warranted.
A Coprological Study of Parasitism in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Indonesia
Authors: Collet Jean‐Yves , Galdikas Biruté M.F. , Sugarjito Jito , Jojosudharmo Suharto
Published: July 2020

Fecal specimens from 89 orangutans (36 captive, 34 rehabilitant, and 19 wild) at different locations in Indonesia were examined. Strongyloides spp, Balantidium coli, and strongylid nematodes were the most common infestations detected. A syngamid nematode, Mammomonogamus sp, is reported for the first time in orangutans.
Spontaneous Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis in a Titi Monkey
Authors: Roberts Jeff , Line Scott , Blanchard Patricia
Published: July 2020

An adult male Callicebus moloch was presented for acute congestive heart failure. Therapy was unsuccessful and necropsy showed severe systemic atherosclerosis. Analysis of serum revealed hypercholesterolemia with specific elevation of the betalipoprotcin fraction.
Experimental Radionuclide Ventriculography and the Baboon (Papio ursinus) Model: Imaging Projection of the Heart and Blood Pool Labelling
Authors: Dormehl Irene C. , Plessis Maryke du , Maree Marianna , van Wyk A.
Published: July 2020

The chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) presents a suitable animal model for the evaluation of interpretation problems of data from radionuclide ventriculography. However, the procedure has to be standardized: it is important to so view the heart as to ensure optimal ventricular separation and minimal ventricle‐atrium overlap. Also necessary is efficient labelling of the blood pool for good cardiac images and prolonged experimentation. This report concerns an evaluation of different cardiac viewing projections and labelling procedures, and concludes with a preferred method.
Diffuse Nodular Hyperplasia and Fibrosis of the Liver in Lead‐Poisoned Mandrills
Authors: Hruban Z. , Median T. , Wollmann R.L. , Glagov S. , Wolff P. , Pond J.
Published: July 2020

Two sibling mandrills with clinical evidence of lead intoxication showed previously unreported hepatic alterations. The younger animal had high lead concentrations in blood, kidneys, and liver and characteristic intranuclear inclusions in renal tubules and hepatocytes. The liver showed diffuse nodular regenerative hyperplasia. The older mandrill had high lead concentrations in blood only and resolving intranuclear inclusions in liver and kidneys. The liver showed prominent portal fibrosis with evidence of resolving diffuse nodular hyperplasia. Occipital horn hydrocephalus was also present.
Estimates of Body Water Content in Normally Grown Baboons During the First Postnatal Month
Authors: Brans Yves W. , Kuehl Thomas J. , Dutton Elisabeth B. , Andrew Donna L. , Menchaca Elizabeth M.
Published: July 2020

Water contents of various body compartments were estimated within 9 h of birth in eight baboon neonates and at a mean of 29 days (27‐32 days) in seven baboons. All animals were normally grown and delivered spontaneously at term. There was no difference in mean antipyrine space, corrected bromide space, intracellular water, interstitial water, and plasma and blood volumes observed on day 1 and day 29. Mean estimate of red cell volume was lower on day 29 than on day 1.
Democratic Expression of Public Opinion on Animal Experimentation
Authors: Weber H.
Published: July 2020

In December 1985, a very clear majority of 70% of the Swiss population rejected the proposal of adding an article to the constitution which would have brought animal experimentation to a complete halt in the country. Evidently, the extreme views of antivivisectionist groups are only shared by a minority of the population. It was possible to achieve this very clear result although a strong aversion to animal experiments and a critical attitude toward biological research exist in Switzerland, as well as in other European countries. The favorable outcome of the vote is due to a broad campaign of frank and comprehensible information provided by the research community, and to the willingness of the scientists to accept ethical restrictions to their work. It has been deemed important in Switzerland to continue with the basic information on biological research and its implications, since an informed public is obviously less prone to the influence of extreme groups.
Experimental Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever: Myocardial Involvement in Cebus Monkey
Authors: Oubiña José R. , Milei José , Bolomo Narciso J. , Molindo Alfredo , Carballal Guadalupe
Published: July 2020

Four Cebus apella monkeys, to test a recently proposed model for testing neurovirulence of Junín virus (JV) strains, were intracerebrally infected with 105 LD50 of the XJ clone 3 strain of JV. There were no significant electrocardiographic abnormalities or gross lesions, but all infected monkeys exhibited a varying degree of histologic myocardial lesions including focal lymphoblastic infiltrates, vascular ruptures, and mild interstitial reactive change. One Cebus showed lymphocytic infiltrates in the caudal portion of the A‐V node without specific cell involvement. These preliminary results demonstrate cardiac involvement in experimental infection of the Cebus monkey with Junín virus.
Respiration Rate, Heart Rate, and Body Temperature Values in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) During Barbiturate Anesthesia
Authors: Zola‐Morgan Stuart , Micheletti Carol
Published: July 2020

Respiration rate, heart rate, and body temperature values were obtained from 14 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) during neurosurgery under barbiturate anesthesia. Vital sign values markedly declined below baseline during the early stages of surgery, steadily increased as surgery progressed and neared completion, and finally returned to baseline by the end of the postsurgical recovery period. There was considerable variability among the 14 monkeys, but the ranking of each monkey relative to the others remained constant across the period of observation. The findings suggested that the cynomolgus monkey may be more sensitive to barbiturates than the rhesus monkey, and cynomolgus monkeys may exhibit considerable individual differences in their sensitivity to barbiturates.
An Overview of Biohazards Associated With Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Muchmore Elizabeth
Published: July 2020

Because of their close phylogenetic relationship, human and nonhuman primates share susceptibility to many pathogens which do not affect lower animals. This similarity, which makes them invaluable models for studying human infectious diseases, also makes primate animals potentially dangerous to work with. The biohazards inherent in the use of nonhuman primates in biomedical research are zoonoses, injuries, and infectious agents introduced by study protocols. This review addresses the various kinds of parasites, fungi, rickettsiae, spirochetes, and viral agents found naturally occurring, or experimentally induced, in nonhuman primates with reference to measures for preventing spread among the animals or to personnel.
Selected Biohazards of Naturally Infected Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Renquist David M.
Published: July 2020

The nonhuman primate is susceptible to a great number of microbiological hazards. Two groups of organisms, campylobacter and atypical mycobacteria, are important as examples of naturally occuring primate biohazards. This paper attempts to define these organism groups and their potential for problems in primates housed in natural environments. Efficient, continuous, and specific husbandry and veterinary management techniques must be employed to avoid potential disease outbreaks.
Biosafety in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Studies Using Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Broderson J. Roger
Published: July 2020

The safety recommendations for studies on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) using nonhuman primates are based on knowledge about the epidemiology of the disease in humans, characteristics of the virus, and standard methods for handling nonhuman primates in the laboratory. Appropriate procedures avoid exposure to potentially infectious materials by skin puncture or to mucous membranes by using appropriate disinfecting agents, physical containment, protective clothing, and animal handling techniques.
Evaluation of Serum Parameters Relevant to Vitamin D Status in Tamarins
Authors: Flurer Carola I. , Zucker H.
Published: July 2020

Serum levels of 25(OH)D, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and parathormone (PTH) were evaluated to investigate the vitamin D requirement of Saguinus fuscicollis. Diets with various vitamin D content were fed 4 weeks and longer. The values of 25(OH)D (30–300 nmol/l), AP (< 300 U/l), and PTH (≤ 1,000 equl/l) considered as normal were obtained with 2,000 IU D3/kg diet, or 33 IU/animal/day, which we regard as the level required. Animals depleted of vitamin D for 215 days developed a secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Use of Ultrasound for Early Pregnancy Detection in the Rhesus and Cynomolgus Macaque (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Tarantal A.F. , Hendrickx A.G.
Published: July 2020

Diagnostic ultrasound provides an accurate method for the detection of early pregnancy and embryonic loss in macaque species. A developing gestational sac (GS) may be observed on gestational day (GD) 14‐15 with positive identification on GD 16‐18. Visualization of the yolk sac, embryo, and developing heart on GD 21‐25 confirms pregnancy. Continuous observations during embryogenesis provide useful information when assessing the teratogenic potential of a variety of agents.
Atrio‐Ventricular Block in a Baboon (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Hugo N. , Kilian J.G. , Dormehl Irene C. , van Gelder A.L.
Published: July 2020

Atrio‐ventricular (A‐V) block occurring in an anesthetized chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) is analysed. Hemodynamic, 12‐lead electrocardiographical (ECG), hematological and biochemical parameters were monitored and data before and after block are compared. Though biochemical and other abnormal values were encountered, no conclusive evidence of the cause of the block was found.
Experimental Technique for the Conservation of Private Lands
Authors: Horwich Robert H. , Lyon Jonathan
Published: July 2020

A community‐based sanctuary for the black howler monkey (Alouatta pigrc) has been established on 18 square miles of riverine forest along the Belize river, Belize. It is based on voluntary signed pledges by subsistence farmers to abide by management plans for their lands. Conservation‐education programs which impact favorably on the villagers are being carried out.
Good refugees, bad migrants? Intergroup helping orientations toward refugees, migrants, and economic migrants in Germany
Authors: Wyszynski Mia Caroline , Guerra Rita , Bierwiaczonek Kinga
Published: July 2020

The present study examined the effect of group labels on helping behavioral intentions toward displaced people in Germany. Specifically, it examined the impact of different labels evoking either voluntary or forced migration (i.e., migrants, economic migrants, and refugees) on different helping orientations (e.g., dependency vs. autonomy‐oriented helping) and if these effects occur via perceived intergroup threat, warmth and competence stereotypes. Participants (N = 304) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (refugee vs. migrant vs. economic migrant) and read fabricated case vignettes, featuring a displaced person who arrived in Germany recently. Results showed that, as predicted, the use of different group labels affected the helping orientations of host society members, as well as, the stereotypes they held. No significant label effects were found for intergroup threat. While the label refugee evoked dependency‐oriented helping intentions and triggered paternalistic stereotypes, the label economic migrants increased opposition to help, decreased help affirmation and evoked envious stereotypes. Practical implications to strengthen peaceful intergroup relations between host society members and newcomers are discussed.
The relative effect of genomic information on efficiency of Bayesian analysis of the mixed linear model with unknown variance
Authors: Milkevych Viktor , Madsen Per , Gao Hongding , Jensen Just
Published: July 2020

This work focuses on the effects of variable amount of genomic information in the Bayesian estimation of unknown variance components associated with single‐step genomic prediction. We propose a quantitative criterion for the amount of genomic information included in the model and use it to study the relative effect of genomic data on efficiency of sampling from the posterior distribution of parameters of the single‐step model when conducting a Bayesian analysis with estimating unknown variances. The rate of change of estimated variances was dependent on the amount of genomic information involved in the analysis, but did not depend on the Gibbs updating schemes applied for sampling realizations of the posterior distribution. Simulation revealed a gradual deterioration of convergence rates for the locations parameters when new genomic data were gradually added into the analysis. In contrast, the convergence of variance components showed continuous improvement under the same conditions. The sampling efficiency increased proportionally to the amount of genomic information. In addition, an optimal amount of genomic information in variance–covariance matrix that guaranty the most (computationally) efficient analysis was found to correspond a proportion of animals genotyped ***0.8. The proposed criterion yield a characterization of expected performance of the Gibbs sampler if the analysis is subject to adjustment of the amount of genomic data and can be used to guide researchers on how large a proportion of animals should be genotyped in order to attain an efficient analysis.
Competition in the venture capital market and the success of startup companies: Theory and evidence
Authors: Hong Suting , Serfes Konstantinos , Thiele Veikko
Published: July 2020

We examine the effect of a competitive supply of venture capital (VC) on the exits (initial public offering or mergers and acquisitions) of startups. We develop a matching model with double‐sided moral hazard, and identify a novel differential effect of VC competition on the success of startups. Using VC data, we find evidence for this differential effect. For example, when the VC market becomes more competitive (Herfindahl–Hirschman Index decreases by 50% from its mean of 0.08), the absolute likelihood of success increases by 2.8% for startups backed by less experienced VC firms, but it decreases by 3.6% for startups backed by the most experienced VC firms.
Persistent and snap decision‐making
Authors: Tajika Tomoya
Published: July 2020

To avoid unfavorable inferences about her ability, an expert might cling to her original opinion and ignore valuable new information in formulating subsequent opinions. Conceivably, the expert might decline an initial opportunity to offer an opinion, delaying the opinion formation until more accurate information has arrived. However, we show that reputational concerns often lead an expert to express an opinion at the first opportunity, thereby making a snap decision.
Dopamine promotes the neurodegenerative potential of β‐synuclein
Authors: Raina Anupam , Leite Kristian , Guerin Sofia , Mahajani Sameehan U. , Chakrabarti Kalyan S. , Voll Diana , Becker Stefan , Griesinger Christian , Bähr Mathias , Kügler Sebastian
Published: July 2020

A contribution of α‐Synuclein (α‐Syn) to etiology of Parkinson´s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is currently undisputed, while the impact of the closely related β‐Synuclein (β‐Syn) on these disorders remains enigmatic. β‐Syn has long been considered to be an attenuator of the neurotoxic effects of α‐Syn, but in a rodent model of PD β‐Syn induced robust neurodegeneration in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Given that dopaminergic nigral neurons are selectively vulnerable to neurodegeneration in PD, we now investigated if dopamine can promote the neurodegenerative potential of β‐Syn. We show that in cultured rodent and human neurons a dopaminergic neurotransmitter phenotype substantially enhanced β‐Syn‐induced neurodegeneration, irrespective if dopamine is synthesized within neurons or up‐taken from extracellular space. Nuclear magnetic resonance interaction and thioflavin‐T incorporation studies demonstrated that dopamine and its oxidized metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) and dopaminochrome (DCH) directly interact with β‐Syn, thereby enabling structural and functional modifications. Interaction of DCH with β‐Syn inhibits its aggregation, which might result in increased levels of neurotoxic oligomeric β‐Syn. Since protection of outer mitochondrial membrane integrity prevented the additive neurodegenerative effect of dopamine and β‐Syn, such oligomers might act at a mitochondrial level similar to what is suggested for α‐Syn. In conclusion, our results suggest that β‐Syn can play a significant pathophysiological role in etiology of PD through its interaction with dopamine metabolites and thus should be re‐considered as a disease‐relevant factor, at least for those symptoms of PD that depend on degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons.

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Is relative growth by the mammalian heart biphasic or monophasic?
Authors: Packard Gary C.
Published: July 2020

I re‐examined data for relative growth by the heart in four species of mammal to reconcile divergent reports that appear in the literature. Raw data for heart and body mass for Horro sheep, humans, gray kangaroos, and tammar wallabies were studied by linear and nonlinear regression, thereby enabling me to avoid the confounding effects of logarithmic transformation and to evaluate multiple statistical models for describing pattern in each set of observations. My analyses indicate that relative growth by the heart is monophasic in all four species and either isometric or near isometric on the arithmetic scale. The heart in these mammals consequently grows in mass in approximate proportion to growth in mass by the body. The appearance of biphasic allometric growth in prior studies was an artifact resulting from logarithmic transformation. Although parturition in sheep and humans is accompanied by a change in the distribution of blood out of the heart and into pulmonary and systemic circuits, the challenge is met without marked increases in absolute or relative size of the heart.
Examining the hand hygiene beliefs and practices of nursing students and the effectiveness of their handwashing behaviour
Authors: Ceylan Burcu , Gunes Ulku , Baran Leyla , Ozturk Huri , Sahbudak Gul
Published: July 2020

Aims and objectives

To examine the hand hygiene beliefs and practices of Turkish nursing students and the effectiveness of their handwashing.

Background

Handwashing is the most important part of preventing cross‐infection, but there is a considerable amount of evidence that shows that the handwashing technique of nurses and nursing students is not always very effective.

Design/Methods

This research was carried out in two stages and is type of descriptive, analytical and observational. The study comprised 563 students from a Faculty of Nursing. Besides evaluating the nursing students' sociodemographic data, we assessed their beliefs and hand hygiene practices using a Hand Hygiene Beliefs Scale (HHBS) and Hand Hygiene Practices Inventory (HHPI) and also used with “Derma LiteCheck” device to assess how effectively they washed their hands. The STROBE checklist was used.

Results

The handwashing frequency of the female students was significantly higher. The scores on both the HHBS and the HHPI were significantly higher among the female students compared to the males. The dirtiest areas of the hand were determined as nails (nail beds, beneath the nails), skin between the fingers and fingertips.

Conclusions

The results of our study indicate that although student nurses have positive perceptions about hand hygiene and appear to have developed good habits, the effectiveness of their handwashing is poor.

Relevance to clinical practice

It is of great importance that UV light and florescent gel are made readily available both at nursing schools and in hospitals and other health institutions since these elements are useful in providing immediate visual feedback for a full assessment of handwashing behaviour.
A qualitative exploration of prodromal myocardial infarction fatigue experienced by women
Authors: Blakeman John R. , Woith Wendy M. , Astroth Kim S. , Jenkins Sheryl H. , Stapleton Stephen J.
Published: July 2020

Aims and objectives

The purpose of this study was to explore adult women's unique and shared experiences of prodromal myocardial infarction fatigue.

Background

Fatigue is the most prevalent symptom experienced by women in the weeks and months before myocardial infarction. However, dimensions of this fatigue, such as timing, distress, intensity, quality, patterns and associated characteristics have not been established through studies of this symptom. A lack of understanding of the characteristics of myocardial infarction fatigue and the context in which it occurs makes clinical decision‐making difficult.

Design

A qualitative, multiple case study guided by the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms.

Methods

Women were purposively enrolled from a large hospital in the Midwestern USA. Semi‐structured, audio‐recorded interviews were conducted during hospitalisation and at 2–3 months postdischarge; women were also provided with a journal. A supplementary interview with family members and electronic health record review also assisted in data triangulation. Analysis was inductive and conducted within and across cases, using coding and categorisation, counting, clustering, visual displays of data and thematic development. The SRQR checklist was used in reporting the study.

Results

Ten women, with a median age of 60, participated. Fatigue was described primarily using the terms tiredness and lack of energy, though some women described generalised weakness and cognitive fog. This fatigue was unusual and a notable change from baseline. Many women described significant difficulties performing activities of daily living due to fatigue.

Conclusions

The findings of this study will advance symptom science and an understanding of prodromal myocardial infarction fatigue. Future instrument development or selection of instruments for quantitative work will be aided by this study.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study provides a clearer picture of prodromal myocardial infarction fatigue experienced by women, aiding healthcare professionals in understanding and identifying this symptom.
Model‐Free International Stochastic Discount Factors
Authors: SANDULESCU MIRELA , TROJANI FABIO , VEDOLIN ANDREA
Published: July 2020

We provide a theoretical framework to uncover in a model‐free way the relationships among international stochastic discount factors (SDFs), stochastic wedges, and financial market structures. Exchange rates are in general different from the ratio of international SDFs in incomplete markets, as captured by a stochastic wedge. We show theoretically that this wedge can be zero in incomplete and integrated markets. Market segmentation breaks the strong link between exchange rates and international SDFs, which helps address salient features of international asset returns while keeping the volatility and cross‐country correlation of SDFs at moderate levels.
It's more than just news: Print media, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Collective Memory among African Americans
Authors: Frazier Cleothia
Published: July 2020

This study examines how media can influence and shape collective memory through cultural objects such as magazines. Examination of Jet and Ebony magazines' coverage of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, as well as, changes in the narrative over time, reveal potential mechanisms that might have influenced African Americas' collective memory surrounding this event. Data for this study come from news articles about The Tuskegee Syphilis Study in Jet and Ebony magazines from 1972–2016 (N = 49). Content analysis was used to analyze and discover themes in each of the 49 news stories. Findings show that the journalistic coverage of The Tuskegee Syphilis study by these magazines centered around themes of exploitation of uneducated victims, racism and blame, genocide, medical mistrust and deliberate injection with syphilis, reflecting past and current beliefs of African Americans' remembrance of the study.
Ultrafiltration rates and intradialytic hypotension: A case–control sampling of pooled haemodialysis data
Authors: Thongdee Chitrada , Phinyo Phichayut , Patumanond Jayanton , Satirapoj Bancha , Spilles Nantana , Laonapaporn Boonruksa , Tantiyavarong Pichaya , Tasanarong Adis
Published: July 2020

Background

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is one of the most critical adverse events during maintenance haemodialysis. Previous studies reported the association of fluid removal rate with the occurrence of IDH.

Objective

We aimed to identify the optimal threshold of ultrafiltration rate to prevent the occurrence of IDH events.

Design, Participants and Measurements

Prognostic factor research with a retrospective case–control design was conducted. Patient data were gathered from four haemodialysis units from January to December 2017. All the haemodialysis records were independently justified, whether IDH occurred or not, based on the standard definition. A total of 10 haemodialysis sessions were sampled from each patient's pool based on the incidence of events. The association of ultrafiltration rates and IDH events was explored by multivariable multilevel logistic regression.

Results

A total of 1080 haemodialysis sessions from 108 patients were included: 149 (13.8%) with IDH and 931 (86.2%) without IDH. After adjusting for all pre‐specified risk factors and imbalance baselines, the odds ratio of IDH were 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59, 2.52) for rate 10–12 ml/kg/h; 2.52 (95% CI: 1.20, 5.29) for rate 12–14 ml/kg/h; 4.02 (95% CI: 1.61, 10.03) for rate 14–16 ml/kg/h; and 7.41 (95% CI: 2.53, 21.68) for rate >16 ml/kg/h comparing to the referent rate of <10 ml/kg/h.

Conclusion

The ultrafiltration rate should be limited to 12 ml/kg/h. If a higher rate of fluid removal was indicated, it should not exceed 16 ml/kg/h to avoid the occurrence of IDH.
Prevalence of foot disorders according to chronic kidney disease stage
Authors: Pérez Pico Ana M. , Dorado Pedro , Santiesteban Miguel Á. , Mingorance‐Alvarez Esther , García‐Bernalt Funes Vanesa , Mayordomo Raquel
Published: July 2020

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health disease that affects 15.1% of the adult population. Although a high prevalence (94.1%) of skin disorders has been detected in people on haemodialysis or with advanced CKD, few studies have analysed foot disorders at initial CKD stages.

Objectives

To analyse the prevalence of foot disorders according to CKD stage.

Participants

A total of 209 people with a mean age of 73.2 ± 13.8 years (52.0% women) in the nephrology department of Virgen del Puerto Hospital, Plasencia (Spain) were examined from January 2018 to April 2019.

Measurements

CKD stages were determined by nephrologists according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Guideline. An expert podiatrist identified foot disorders. Data were statistically treated with the IBM SPSS Statistics. Comparisons between variables were analysed by the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, with a significance level of less than 5%.

Results

The prevalence of foot disorders was high for skin disorders (97.6% dermatopathies and 66.0% keratopathies), nail disorders (98.5% onychopathies) and toe deformities (97.1%). People at initial and intermediate stages presented more keratopathies (hyperkeratosis at G1 and G3a and pinch callus at G3a). Stage G1 showed fewer changes in nail colour and half and half nails. Stage G4 showed more claw toes and hematoma and stage G5 more Beau's lines, changes in skin colour, hematomas and thin shiny skin.

Conclusions

The high prevalence of foot disorders detected in people with CKD requires specific and personalised professional care to relieve symptoms and avoid complications, helping to improve the quality of life of people with this condition.
Monitoring for intradialytic hypotension: An audit of nursing practice
Authors: McIntyre David , Havas Kathryn , Bonner Ann
Published: July 2020

Background

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is one of the most common complications associated with haemodialysis (HD), yet the frequency of patient assessment by nurses varies in practice. We sought to measure the frequency of nursing assessments before, during and after HD and to identify any predictors of IDH.

Objectives

To audit the frequency, nursing management and contributing factors of IDH.

Design

A prospective clinical audit was undertaken over 4 weeks.

Participants

Nurses completed audit sheets on 132 patients at three chronic HD units.

Measurements

The audit tool consisted of 34 questions related to demographics, HD prescription, frequency of monitoring and nursing interventions.

Results

A total of 1584 sessions were performed with 876 (55.3%) audits returned, of which 452 were useable. There were 74 actual episodes of IDH, and a further 72 potential episodes may have been prevented due to nursing intervention. Most nurses reported assessing patients before starting HD and as required before an actual or potential IDH event (n = 85; 63%); few hourly assessments were performed. Predictors of IDH were systolic blood pressure ≤140 mmHg, having more than four comorbidities, dialysate temperature > 36°C, calcium < 1.3 mmol/L and a shorter dialysis session (3.0–4.5 h). These predictors explained 14.1% of the variance in hypotensive episodes during HD.

Conclusion

This clinical audit highlighted the importance of assessing blood pressure trends during HD to preemptively intervene before IDH developing. The audit has resulted in a practice change to hourly assessments. Follow‐up audits of practice should occur.
Update on the COVID‐19‐associated inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents; paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome‐temporally associated with SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Singh‐Grewal Davinder , Lucas Ryan , Macartney Kristine , Cheng Allen C , Wood Nicholas , Ostring Genevieve , Britton Philip , Crawford Nigel , Burgner David
Published: July 2020

We provide an update on the state of play with regards a newly described inflammatory condition which has arisen during the current SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. The condition has been named paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. This condition has shown significant similarities to Kawasaki disease and toxic shock syndrome.
Melatonin ameliorates PM2.5‐induced cardiac perivascular fibrosis through regulating mitochondrial redox homeostasis
Authors: Jiang Jinjin , Liang Shuang , Zhang Jingyi , Du Zhou , Xu Qing , Duan Junchao , Sun Zhiwei
Published: July 2020

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is correlated with the risk of developing cardiac fibrosis. Melatonin is a major secretory product of the pineal gland that has been reported to prevent fibrosis. However, whether melatonin affects the adverse health effects of PM2.5 exposure has not been investigated. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of melatonin against PM2.5‐accelerated cardiac fibrosis. The echocardiography revealed that PM2.5 had impaired both systolic and diastolic cardiac function in ApoE−/− mice. Histopathological analysis demonstrated that PM2.5 induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, particularly perivascular fibrosis, while the melatonin administration was effective in alleviating PM2.5‐induced cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in mice. Results of electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscope confirmed that melatonin had restorative effects against impaired mitochondrial ultrastructure and augmented mitochondrial ROS generation in PM2.5‐treated group. Further investigation revealed melatonin administration could significantly reverse the PM2.5‐induced phenotypic modulation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. For the first time, our study found that melatonin effectively alleviates PM2.5‐induced cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis via inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative injury and regulating SIRT3‐mediated SOD2 deacetylation. Our findings indicate that melatonin could be a therapy medicine for prevention and treatment of air pollution‐associated cardiac diseases.