bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microsatellites and petal morphology reveal new patterns of admixture in Orchis hybrid zones
Authors: Bersweden Leif , Viruel Juan , Schatz Bertrand , Harland Joanna , Gargiulo Roberta , Cowan Robyn S. , Calevo Jacopo , Juan Ana , Clarkson James J. , Leitch Andrew R. , Fay Michael F.
Published: August 2021

Premise

The genetic structure of hybrid zones provides insight into the potential for gene flow to occur between plant taxa. Four closely related European orchid species (Orchis anthropophora, O. militaris, O. purpurea, and O. simia) hybridize when they co‐occur. We aimed to characterize patterns of hybridization in O. militaris–O. purpurea, O. purpurea–O. simia, and O. anthropophora–O. simia hybrid zones using molecular and morphological data.

Methods

We used 11 newly isolated nuclear microsatellites to genotype 695 individuals collected from seven hybrid zones and six allopatric parental populations in France. Geometric morphometric analysis was conducted using 15 labellum landmarks to capture the main aspects of petal shape.

Results

Backcrossing was asymmetric toward O. militaris in multiple O. militaris–O. purpurea hybrid zones. Hybrids in O. purpurea–O. simia and O. anthropophora–O. simia hybrid zones were largely limited to F1 and F2 generations, but further admixture had occurred. These patterns were reflected in labellum geometric morphometric data, which correlated strongly with nuclear microsatellite data in all three species combinations.

Conclusions

The coexistence of parental and admixed individuals in these Orchis hybrid zones implies they are likely to be tension zones being maintained by a balance between gene flow into the hybrid zone and selection acting against admixed individuals. The pattern of admixture in the three species combinations suggests intrinsic selection acting on the hybrids is weaker in more closely related taxa.
Sooty molds from the Jurassic of Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Nunes Cristina I. , García Massini Juan L. , Escapa Ignacio H. , Guido Diego M. , Campbell Kathleen A.
Published: August 2021

Premise

The sooty molds are a globally distributed ecological group of ascomycetes with epiphyllous, saprotrophic habit, comprising several phylogenetically distant taxa (i.e., members of the classes Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes). Their fossil record extends almost continuously back to the early Cretaceous; however, they are hypothesized to have originated in the early Mesozoic. Here, we describe new specimens of sooty molds associated with conifer leaves from Jurassic hot spring deposits of Patagonia, Argentina.

Methods

Thin sections of chert samples from the La Matilde Formation, Deseado Massif (Santa Cruz, Argentina) were observed using light microscopy.

Results

The fungi occur on the surface and axils of leafy twigs with podocarpaceous affinities, forming dense subicula comprised by opaque moniliform hyphae. Additionally, several asexual and sexual reproductive structures are observed. On the basis of vegetative (i.e., dense subicula composed of moniliform hyphae; hyphae composed of opaque cells deeply constricted at the septa) and reproductive characters (i.e., poroconidial and sympodioconidial asexual stages and diverse spores), two morphotypes were identified with affinities within lineages of the subphylum Pezizomycotina that encompass the ecological group of sooty molds, and a third morphotype was within the phylum Ascomycota.

Conclusions

This finding extends the fossil record of sooty molds to the Jurassic and their geographic fossil range to the South American continent. In particular, their association with podocarpaceous conifers is shown to be ancient, dating back to the Jurassic. This new record provides an additional reference point on the diversity of interactions that characterized Jurassic forests in Patagonia.
Biophysical evidence to support and extend the vitamin D‐folate hypothesis as a paradigm for the evolution of human skin pigmentation
Authors: Lucock Mark D. , Jones Patrice R. , Veysey Martin , Thota Rohith , Garg Manohar , Furst John , Martin Charlotte , Yates Zoe , Scarlett Christopher J. , Jablonski Nina G. , Chaplin George , Beckett Emma L.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To test the “vitamin D‐folate hypothesis for the evolution of human skin pigmentation.”

Methods

Total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data were used to examine surface UV‐irradiance in a large (n = 649) Australian cross‐sectional study population. Genetic analysis was used to score vitamin D‐ and folate‐related gene polymorphisms (n = 22), along with two pigmentation gene variants (IRF4‐rs12203592/HERC2‐rs12913832). Red cell folate and vitamin D3 were measured by immunoassay and HPLC, respectively.

Results

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and pigmentation genes interact to modify blood vitamin levels; Light skin IRF4‐TT genotype has greatest folate loss while light skin HERC2‐GG genotype has greatest vitamin D3 synthesis (reflected in both TOMS and seasonal data).

UV‐wavelength exhibits a dose–response relationship in folate loss within light skin IRF4‐TT genotype (305 > 310 > 324 > 380 nm). Significant vitamin D3 photosynthesis only occurs within light skin HERC2‐GG genotype, and is maximal at 305 nm.

Three dietary antioxidants (vitamins C, E, and β‐carotene) interact with UVR and pigmentation genes preventing oxidative loss of labile reduced folate vitamers, with greatest benefit in light skin IRF4‐TT subjects. The putative photosensitiser, riboflavin, did not sensitize red cell folate to UVR and actually afforded protection.

Four genes (5xSNPs) influenced blood vitamin levels when stratified by pigmentation genotype; MTHFR‐rs1801133/rs1801131, TS‐rs34489327, CYP24A‐rs17216707, and VDR‐ApaI‐rs7975232.

Lightest IRF4‐TT/darkest HERC2‐AA genotype combination (greatest folate loss/lowest vitamin D3 synthesis) has 0% occurrence. The opposing, commonest (39%) compound genotype (darkest IRF4‐CC/lightest HERC2‐GG) permits least folate loss and greatest synthesis of vitamin D3.

Conclusion

New biophysical evidence supports the vitamin D‐folate hypothesis for evolution of skin pigmentation.
Magnitude of Mendelian versus complex inheritance of rare disorders
Authors: Chakravarti Aravinda
Published: August 2021

In medical genetics, the vast majority of patients with a currently known genetic basis harbor a rare deleterious allele explaining its Mendelian inheritance. Increasingly, for these phenotypes, we recognize exceptions to Mendelian expectations from non‐penetrance of clinical disease to significant inter‐individual variation in clinical manifestations, likely reflecting the actions of additional modifier genes. Despite recent progress, we still remain ignorant about the molecular basis for many rare disorders presumed to be Mendelian. The molecular evidence increasingly suggests a role for multiple genes in some of these cases, but for how many? In this article, I discuss why equating a phenotype as Mendelian or complex may be short‐sighted or even erroneous. As we learn more about the functions of the human genome with its genes in networks, we should view the phenotype of an individual patient as arising from his or her total genomic deleterious burden in a set of functionally inter‐related genes affecting that phenotype. This can sometimes arise from deleterious allele(s) at a single gene (Mendelian inheritance) creating a specific biochemical deficiency (or excess) but could just as frequently arise from the cumulative effects of multiple disease alleles (complex inheritance) leading to the same biochemical deficiency (or excess).
Multifarious Impact of Rhodanine Acceptor Group on the Optical Properties of Some Semiconductor Probes
Authors: Ghosh Tapan , Mondal Madalasa , Vijayaraghavan Ratheesh K.
Published: August 2021

Steady state optical properties such as photo‐absorption and photo‐luminescence characteristics of organic molecules in its bulk states viz, film or crystalline forms are highly sensitive to subtle alteration of chemical substitution, molecular geometry in bulk and the electronic state coupling between a pair of molecules. Here we highlight a distinct interference of rhodanine substitution on such optical properties of a group of similar molecules (2TR, 23TR). For comparison an anthracene conjugate model molecule was also chosen (AR). In the former case, despite of having similar molecular structure except the presence of a methyl group at the C3 position (which ensures the identical electronic states in both the case) and similar molecular packing in single crystals, 2TR and 23TR exhibited diagonally opposite solid‐state fluorescence behavior. 2TR was non‐fluorescent whereas, 23TR was highly emissive in its crystalline solid state. A minute substitutional change in chemical structure was found to alter the solid‐state fluorescence behavior immensely that was attributed to the non‐radiative loss in the former case due to the solid‐state C−C bond flip which was further proven by temperature dependent fluorescence experiments. At a sample temperature of <120 K, 20‐fold enhancement in the fluorescence intensity was observed.
The biological index of frailty: A new index for the assessment of frailty in human skeletal remains
Authors: Zedda Nicoletta , Bramanti Barbara , Gualdi‐Russo Emanuela , Ceraico Elena , Rinaldo Natascia
Published: August 2021

Objective

Frailty is the physiological stress that individuals suffer during their life. In past populations, frailty is conventionally assessed through the occurrence of different biomarkers of biological stress. Some efforts have been made to propose indexes that combine all biomarkers. However, these indices have some critical limitations: they cannot be used on incomplete skeletons, do not consider the severity and/or healing of lesions, and assign equal importance to different biomarkers. To address these limitations, we propose a new index to assess frailty in skeletal individuals.

Material and Methods

By statistically analyzing a large amount of osteological data available from the Museum of London, and using a Logit model, we were able to define a different weight for each reported biomarker of frailty, based on their importance in increasing the risk of premature death for the individuals.

Results

The biological index of frailty (BIF) is the weighted mean of all biomarkers scored on the individuals, according to a different degree of importance assigned to each one. It also considers the severity and healing of the biomarkers when this is relevant to diagnose frailty. We applied BIF on a sample of Monastics and Non‐Monastics from medieval England and compared it with the skeletal index of frailty (SFI).

Discussion

BIF is the first frailty index that gives a different weight to each skeletal biomarker of stress, considers both severity and healing of the lesions, and can be applied on partial skeletal remains. The comparison with SFI showed that BIF is applicable to a larger number of skeletal individuals, revealing new differences between the Monastic and the Non‐Monastic groups.
Mass violence in Copper Age Europe: The massacre burial site from Potočani, Croatia
Authors: Janković Ivor , Balen Jacqueline , Potrebica Hrvoje , Ahern James C. M. , Novak Mario
Published: August 2021

Objectives

To provide a comprehensive analysis of perimortem cranial injuries found on human remains from the Eneolithic (ca. 4200 BCE) mass grave discovered at Potočani, Croatia, to test if the assemblage is a result of a deliberate violent episode on a massive scale.

Materials and Methods

Standard bioarchaeological analysis, including inventory of the preserved elements, minimum number of individuals, sex determination, age at death, as well as pattern and distribution of trauma, was recorded.

Results

A minimum of 41 people are present in the sample. Both sexes and almost all age groups are represented, with a prevalence of children and young adults. Four blunt force antemortem injuries are registered in three adult males and one subadult while perimortem injuries are recorded on 13 crania with a total of 28 injuries. The distribution of perimortem injuries is not patterned with age, sex, or siding, and their location is on lateral, posterior, or superior parts of the crania. No “defensive wounds” or other type of injuries are observed on postcranial elements.

Discussion

The injuries, manner of disposal of the bodies, radiocarbon dates, and other available data strongly suggest that the Potočani sample represents a single episode of execution during which the Potočani people were unable to defend themselves. The Potočani massacre is the oldest such example in southeastern Europe and provides additional evidence that indiscriminate violence on a massive scale is not a product of modern societies.
Inside a Shell—Organometallic Catalysis Inside Encapsulin Nanoreactors
Authors: Lohner Philipp , Zmyslia Mariia , Thurn Johann , Pape Jasmin K. , Gerasimaitė Rūta , Keller‐Findeisen Jan , Groeer Saskia , Deuringer Benedikt , Süss Regine , Walther Andreas , Hell Stefan W. , Lukinavičius Gražvydas , Hugel Thorsten , Jessen‐Trefzer Claudia
Published: August 2021

Compartmentalization of chemical reactions inside cells are a fundamental requirement for life. Encapsulins are self‐assembling protein‐based nanocompartments from the prokaryotic repertoire that present a highly attractive platform for intracellular compartmentalization of chemical reactions by design. Using single‐molecule Förster resonance energy transfer and 3D‐MINFLUX analysis, we analyze fluorescently labeled encapsulins on a single‐molecule basis. Furthermore, by equipping these capsules with a synthetic ruthenium catalyst via covalent attachment to a non‐native host protein, we are able to perform in vitro catalysis and go on to show that engineered encapsulins can be used as hosts for transition metal catalysis inside living cells in confined space.
Acute cardiotoxicity following 'poppy seed tea' consumption
Authors: Tan Y. P. A. , Alexander P. D. G. , Knowles S.
Published: August 2021

Insect damage to, and sub‐optimal harvesting practices of the Papaver somniferum poppy are associated with contamination of its seeds with opium alkaloids. Consumption of poppy seeds has been linked to opium‐like overdose symptoms, such as reduced consciousness and respiratory depression. However, acute cardiotoxicity secondary to ingestion of contaminated poppy seeds has not been reported previously. We report a case of a 21‐year‐old man who presented with severe biventricular dysfunction and cardiogenic shock following consumption of homemade poppy seed tea. We highlight the importance of prompt recognition of the myocardial effects of opiates along with the more common respiratory and neurological effects. In this case, the acute cardiotoxicity was fully reversed with high‐dose naloxone, milrinone and noradrenaline. In addition, we recommend offering high‐level care due to the possibility that specialist cardiac services may be required. Ergo, early transfer to an appropriate centre is recommended.
Microwave absorption and roasting characteristics of zinc sulfide concentrate
Authors: Liu Chenhui , Zhu Xiongjin , Zhang Mengping , Xia Zhengqian , Chen Minghong , Zhang Libo
Published: August 2021

A novel microwave roasting technology for formation of ZnO from zinc sulfide concentrate is presented. The dielectric properties and thermal behaviors of zinc sulfide concentrate and ZnS, CaO, MgO, ZnO, FeS, and ZnFe2O4, covering a temperature range of 25 to 1000°C at 2.45 GHz, are systematically investigated. The main microwave absorbing compounds are FeS and ZnS, while compounds like CaO, MgO, and SiO2 and other gangue exhibit poor absorbing properties. The sulfide concentrate temperature increase was divided into four stages, consistent with the dielectric properties. The morphology, phase and element contents of roasted were assessed covering the effect of roasting temperature, holding time, and particle size by SEM, XRD, and XRF. The optimal process conditions are roasting temperature 700°C, holding time 120 min, and the particle size less than 200 mesh. Microwave roasting mechanism shows microwave heat minerals (ZnS and FeS) selectively without heating gangue minerals (CaO, MgO, and SiO2), a significant temperature gradient develops between minerals. Thermal stress cause cracks effectively promote the dissociation of the monomers of useful minerals, increasing the interfacial area with O2, promoting the rate of desulfurization reaction. The work highlights harnessing microwave roasting as an effective and environmentally benign technology compared to conventional furnace technologies.
Poly (lactic acid)/D‐limonene/ZnO bio‐nanocompositeswith antimicrobial properties
Authors: Sepúlveda Francesca Antonella , Rivera Francisca , Loyo Carlos , Canales Daniel , Moreno‐Serna Viviana , Benavente Rosario , Rivas Lina María , Ulloa María Teresa , Gil‐Castell Oscar , Ribes‐Greus Amparo , Ortiz J. Andrés , Zapata Paula A.
Published: August 2021

Antimicrobial films of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/D‐limonene/zinc oxide (ZnO)‐based bio‐nanocomposites were prepared via melt compounding and subsequent thermocompression. D‐limonene was incorporated at concentrations of 10 or 20 wt%, and ZnO pure nanoparticles and those organically modified with oleic acid (O‐ZnO), with an average diameter of 13.5 nm, were included at concentrations of 3, 5, and 8 wt%. The plasticizing effect of D‐Limonene was corroborated by a decrease in the glass transition temperature compared to pure PLA. The presence of ZnO and O‐ZnO in the PLA matrix promoted a slight increase in the degree of crystallinity due to its nucleant performance. Although ZnO and O‐ZnO induced lower thermal stability and slightly decreased microhardness in the composites, excellent antimicrobial performance was demonstrated. Both ZnO and O‐ZnO nanocomposites reached 99.9% of effectiveness for nanoparticles content above 5 wt%, regardless of the source of irradiation, D‐limonene concentration, and nanoparticle modification. Therefore, these bio‐nanocomposites will allow for future advances in sustainable antimicrobial materials for the medical or food packaging fields.
Investigation of thermal and solar properties of perlite coated woven fabrics
Authors: Manasoglu Gizem , Kanik Mehmet
Published: August 2021

In this study, thermal insulation and solar properties of polyester woven fabrics which were coated with micronized perlite having three different particle sizes (10–38, 50–63, and 100–150 μm) at four different concentrations (20, 40, 60, and 80 g/kg) were investigated. The coating process was performed according to the knife‐over‐roll method. Thermal measurements were carried out with two different principles to evaluate contact and radiant heat transfer according to JIS R 2618 (testing method for thermal conductivity of insulating fire bricks by hot wire) and EN ISO 6942 (protective clothing‐protection against heat and fire‐method of test: evaluation of materials and material assemblies when exposed to a source of radiant heat), respectively. Perlite coating enhanced the thermal insulation property of fabrics. The lowest thermal conductivity coefficient and heat transmission factor (0.088 W/mK and 26.83%) values were obtained at the maximum concentration with the biggest size perlite. With the increasing perlite concentration, solar transmittance values decreased for all particle sizes while solar reflectance values increased.
Insight into the role of free volume in irradiation resistance to discoloration of lead‐containing plexiglass
Authors: Zhang Yujuan , Chen Zhiyuan , Zhao Rui , Wang Ke , Wu Defeng , Wang Chunhong , Zhang Ming
Published: August 2021

Lead‐containing plexiglass is prepared successfully via copolymerization of lead‐methacrylate (Pb(MAA)2 and the acrylic monomer such as methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate. The results show that as‐prepared plexiglass has good photons shielding performance and resistance to the discoloration induced by radiation (10 kGy γ‐ray), and the alteration of shielding performance can be well described by the Monte Carlo Code simulations (MCNP5). Using two plasticized systems, the external‐plasticized one with various n‐octanoic acid concentrations and the internal‐plasticized one with different acrylic monomer, as the target samples, it is found that free volume plays dominant role in the irradiation resistance via the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance characterizations. The larger the free volume, the greater the quenching probability of free radicals during irradiation. Because the primary type of radiation‐induced color centers are annealable color centers, the effect of annealing of irradiation‐induced discoloration of lead‐containing plexiglass is remarkable. Differing from common treatments of improving irradiation resistance, the increased free volume via plasticization gives plexiglass good resistance to discoloration. This study discloses valuable information around improving irradiation shielding performance and resistance to the radiation‐induced discoloration for the plexiglass‐based materials.
Chemically induced strengthening of curdlan alkylcarbamate thermoplastics
Authors: Ozawa Itsuki , Kawashima Hidehisa , Kijima Masashi
Published: August 2021

Curdlan alkylcarbamate (CrdC) with a degree of substitution (DS) of ~2 was chemically modified via postesterification using carboxylic anhydride at a residual OH. Fully substituted mixed esters of curdlan carbamate/carboxylate (CrdCE) (DS = 3) with carbamate hydrogen bonding ability were obtained in high yields (>80%). Owing to replacing the residual OH with alkanoates, the glass transition temperature of CrdCE was lower than that of the corresponding CrdC. All the CrdCE displayed a greater deformability evaluated by elongation at break, being more remarkable when introducing longer esters (almost two times higher than the unmodified CrdC) than shorter esters (1.4 times higher). On the other hand, the effect on both Young's modulus and tensile strength depended on the length of the esters, observing an increase on both parameters when using shorter esters (19% and 17% higher, respectively), and a decrease for longer esters (33% and 6% lower, respectively). Thus, it was established that the physical properties of the thermoplastic CrdC could be controlled by modifying the residual OH with an appropriate ester group.
The imperative for scientific societies to change the face of academia: Recommendations for immediate action
Authors: Carroll Melissa A. , Boynes Shawn , Jerome‐Majewska Loydie A. , Topp Kimberly S.
Published: August 2021

As organizations that facilitate collaboration and communication, scientific societies have an opportunity, and a responsibility, to drive inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility in science in academia. The American Association for Anatomy (AAA), with its expressed and practiced culture of engagement, can serve as a model of best practice for other professional associations working to become more inclusive of individuals from historically underrepresented groups. In this publication, we acknowledge anatomy's exclusionary past, describe the present face of science in academia, and provide recommendations for societies, including the AAA, to accelerate change in academia. We are advocating for scientific societies to investigate inequities and revise practices for inclusivity; develop and empower underrepresented minority leadership; and commit resources in a sustained manner as an investment in underrepresented scientists who bring diverse perspectives and lived experiences to science in academia.
Whose relevance? Web search engines as multisided relevance machines
Authors: Sundin Olof , Lewandowski Dirk , Haider Jutta
Published: August 2021

This opinion piece takes Google's response to the so‐called COVID‐19 infodemic, as a starting point to argue for the need to consider societal relevance as a complement to other types of relevance. The authors maintain that if information science wants to be a discipline at the forefront of research on relevance, search engines, and their use, then the information science research community needs to address itself to the challenges and conditions that commercial search engines create in. The article concludes with a tentative list of related research topics.
Electrochemical Fluoridation of Manganese Oxide by Perfluorinated‐Gas Conversion for Lithium‐Ion Cathodes
Authors: Gao Haining , He Mingfu , Guo Rui , Gallant Betar M.
Published: August 2021

Fluoridation of Lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) cathodes is of growing interest for high‐capacity Li+ storage materials, but well‐controlled fluoridation processes are elusive. We investigated an electrochemical methodology to grow lithium fluoride (LiF) by reduction of perfluorinated gas onto metal oxides (MO), which then forms M−O−F by splitting of LiF upon charge, using MnO as an example target phase. Unlike current methods where particle size <10 nm is necessary for high MnO utilization (subsequent discharge/lithiation capacity), owing to the nano‐crystallinity and intimate contact of electrochemically‐grown LiF, high MnO utilization (∼0.9 e−/MnO, 340 mAh gMnO−1) is achieved with large MnO particle size (∼400 nm), exceeding comparable MnO/LiF systems reported to date. Additionally, incorporation of perfluorinated‐gas additive benefits cycling, with capacity of ∼270 mAh gMnO−1 retained after 20 cycles. This work demonstrates the opportunity for electrochemically driven fluoridation to achieve high capacities with larger particle sizes needed to bring oxyfluorides closer to practical reality.
Liquid–liquid phase separation drives the β‐catenin destruction complex formation
Authors: Shi Qiaoni , Kang Kexin , Chen Ye‐Guang
Published: August 2021

The intracellular multiprotein complex β‐catenin destruction complex plays a key role in Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Wnt stimulation induces the assembly of the receptor‐associated signalosome and the inactivation of the destruction complex, leading to β‐catenin accumulation and transcriptional activation of the target genes. The core components of the destruction complex include Axin, APC, GSK3β, CK1α and other proteins. Recent studies demonstrated that Axin and APC undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which is critical for their function to regulate Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Here, we discuss the possible roles of LLPS in Wnt/β‐catenin signaling and regulation of Axin LLPS by post‐translational modifications.
Promising effects of gingerol against toxins: A review article
Authors: Yahyazadeh Roghayeh , Baradaran Rahimi Vafa , Yahyazadeh Ahmad , Mohajeri Seyed Ahmad , Askari Vahid Reza
Published: August 2021

Ginger is a medicinal and valuable culinary plant. Gingerols, as an active constituent in the fresh ginger rhizomes ofZingiber officinale, exhibit several promising pharmacological properties. This comprehensive literature review was performed to assess gingerol's protective and therapeutic efficacy against the various chemical, natural, and radiational stimuli. Another objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties of gingerol. It should be noted that the data were gathered from in vivo and in vitro experimental studies. Gingerols can exert their protective activity through different mechanisms and cell signaling pathways. For example, these are mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB), Wnt/β‐catenin, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE), transforming growth factor beta1/Smad3 (TGF‐β1/Smad3), and extracellular signal‐related kinase/cAMP‐response element‐binding protein (ERK/CREB). We hope that more researchers can benefit from this review to conduct preclinical and clinical studies, treat cancer, inflammation, and attenuate the side effects of drugs and industrial pollutants.
Identification and analysis of sugar transporters capable of co‐transporting glucose and xylose simultaneously
Authors: Kuanyshev Nurzhan , Deewan Anshu , Jagtap Sujit Sadashiv , Liu Jingjing , Selvam Balaji , Chen Li‐Qing , Shukla Diwakar , Rao Christopher V. , Jin Yong‐Su
Published: August 2021

Simultaneous co‐fermentation of glucose and xylose is a key desired trait of engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient and rapid production of biofuels and chemicals. However, glucose strongly inhibits xylose transport by endogenous hexose transporters of S. cerevisiae. We identified structurally distant sugar transporters (Lipomyces starkeyi LST1_205437 and Arabidopsis thaliana AtSWEET7) capable of co‐transporting glucose and xylose from previously unexplored oleaginous yeasts and plants. Kinetic analysis showed that LST1_205437 had lenient glucose inhibition on xylose transport and AtSWEET7 transported glucose and xylose simultaneously with no inhibition. Modelling studies of LST1_205437 revealed that Ala335 residue at sugar binding site can accommodates both glucose and xylose. Docking studies with AtSWEET7 revealed that Trp59, Trp183, Asn145, and Asn179 residues stabilized the interactions with sugars, allowing both xylose and glucose to be co‐transported. In addition, we altered sugar preference of LST1_205437 by single amino acid mutation at Asn365. Our findings provide a new mechanistic insight on glucose and xylose transport mechanism of sugar transporters and the identified sugar transporters can be employed to develop engineered yeast strains for producing cellulosic biofuels and chemicals.
Identification of three immune molecular subtypes associated with immune profiles, immune checkpoints, and clinical outcome in multiple myeloma
Authors: Gao Guangtao , Fang Mengkun , Xu Peipei , Chen Bing
Published: August 2021

Purpose

To identify the immune molecular subtype for MM to help achieve individualized and precise targeted therapy.

Methods

The GDC API was used to download the TCGA‐MM profile dataset, which contains 859 samples in total, all of which were anterior to the standard treatment after diagnosis. Moreover, 282, 298, and 258 samples were stage I, stage II, and stage III separately. We used the immune gene expression profile for consistent clustering; and used the R software package ConsensusClusterPlus to sort the immune molecular subtypes. Correlation between subtypes and clinical features, immunity, and prognosis was then analyzed.

Results

A total of 859 tumor samples were separated into these three subtypes, which were not meaningfully related to age or sex but showed a remarkable association with stage. The results suggested that obvious differences in immune metagene expression and expression of 10 immune checkpoint genes appeared among the three subtypes.

Conclusion

The three subtypes are distinctly different in terms of immune metagenes, immune checkpoint molecules, and clinical prognosis. The discovery of the immune microenvironment of MM could further reveal the strategy for immunotherapy in MM and provide a promising candidate prognostic tool for survival.
Exosomes as Targeted Delivery Platform of CRISPR/Cas9 for Therapeutic Genome Editing
Authors: Duan Li , Ouyang Kan , Wang Jianhong , Xu Limei , Xu Xiao , Wen Caining , Xie Yixin , Liang Yujie , Xia Jiang
Published: August 2021

Therapeutic genome editing harnesses the power of genome editing tools to correct erroneous genes associated with disease pathology. To bring the CRISPR/Cas9 tool from the bench to the bedside, a critical hurdle is the safe and efficient delivery of this nucleic acid tool to the desired type of cells in patients. This review discusses the use of natural carriers, extracellular vesicles (EVs), in particular exosomes, to fill the gap. Exosomes are lipid‐containing nanovesicle released by various types of cells to mediate cell‐cell communications. Their inherent long‐distance transportation capability, biocompatibility, and engineerability have made EVs potential vehicles for delivering therapeutic drugs. We summarize the recent progress of harnessing exosomes as delivery vehicles for the CRISPR/Cas system to achieve therapeutic gene editing for disease treatment, with a focus on various strategies to achieve selective delivery to a particular type of cell and efficient packaging of the genome editing tools in the vesicles. Critical issues and possible solutions in the design and engineering of the targeting vehicles are highlighted. Taken together, we demonstrate EV/exosome‐mediated packaging of the nucleic acid/protein tools and the cell/tissue‐targeted delivery to be a viable way towards the clinical translation of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
The use of a vascularized pedicle jejunal graft as a treatment for anastomosis dehiscence after transanal pull‐through, with a combined approach, in two dogs
Authors: Falerno Ilaria , Collivignarelli Francesco , Vignoli Massimo , Paolini Andrea , Tamburro Roberto
Published: August 2021

A pedicled jejunal graft was successfully used to treat a colorectal anastomotic dehiscence, which eliminated the tension on the anastomotic site.
Ultra‐high‐density mapping to guide effective His‐bundle pacing
Authors: Covino Gregorio , Magliano Paolo Liberato , Colimodio Filomena , Auricchio Claudia , Provvisiero Ciro , Volpicelli Mario
Published: August 2021

Permanent His bundle pacing is a physiological alternative to right ventricular pacing, resulting in a lower probability of pacing‐induced cardiomyopathy and left ventricular ejection fraction deterioration. The combined use of UHD mapping systems allows precise and detailed information on the His bundle location, possibly providing more pacing option locations.
Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease/HBE patient, A case report
Authors: Khamees Ibrahim , Rozi Waail , Yassin Mohamed A.
Published: August 2021

The presented case will shed some light on one of the rarest complications of HBSE disease, which is acute chest syndrome, and will highlight the management of that complication.
Interdisciplinary management of a partially dentate adult patient with a complex malocclusion
Authors: Low Chui Yi Sarah , Ong Desmond Cheer‐Vern , Freer Elissa
Published: August 2021

Adult patients may present with complex malocclusions requiring extensive oral rehabilitation. This case report demonstrates how carefully planned interdisciplinary management can provide pleasing outcomes despite the considerable initial clinical challenges.
Traumatic tricuspid regurgitation following equine related blunt chest trauma and review of the literature
Authors: Sunthankar Sudeep , Acheampong Benjamin , Flack English
Published: August 2021

Myocardial injury following blunt chest trauma may be difficult to detect. We advocate for cardiac screening in such scenarios. Observation versus intervention should be based on symptoms and the degree of intracardiac disease.
Report of a novel missense mutation in the MECP2 gene in a middle‐aged man with intellectual disability syndrome
Authors: Arvio Maria , Haanpää Maria , Pohjola Pia , Lähdetie Jaana
Published: August 2021

Exome sequencing revealed the cause of our 35‐year‐old male patient's progressive and severe intellectual and motor disability, namely a previously undescribed missense mutation of MECP2.
Management of massive splenomegaly
Authors: Hudson Victoria E. , Rogers Priya S. , Bennett John M. H.
Published: August 2021

A case demonstrating diagnostic and therapeutic rational for surgical management of massive splenomegaly.
Bubbling tinnitus caused by change in head position
Authors: Noh Haemin , Lee Dong‐Han , Shin Jung Eun , Kim Chang‐Hee
Published: August 2021

Because the density of air is lower than the effusion, air bubbles can be passively moved by a head position change, causing a bubbling sound in the affected ear.
Traumatic neuroma of the bile duct: A case report
Authors: Nechi Salwa , Nakhli Abdelwahab , Ben Hamida Wiem , Bani Amina , Khsiba Amal , Ben Mohamed Asma , Chelbi Emna , Hamzaoui Lamine , Touinsi Hassan
Published: August 2021

We report the case of a bile duct traumatic neuroma in a 76‐year‐old man who presented with obstructive jaundice one year after cholecystectomy. Despite the radiological examinations, the preoperative diagnosis was difficult. The patient underwent a biliary resection with choledoco‐duodenal anastomosis
An unusual case of osteoarthritis?
Authors: Teixeira Mariana , Ricardo Pires Joana , Ferreira Filipa Coroado , Rabadão Tiago , Aveiro Marcelo , Neves Nuno , Neves Clarinda
Published: August 2021

Forestier disease is a condition characterized by calcification and ossification of ligaments and entheses particularly affecting axial skeleton. Diagnosis is difficult and mandates a high suspicion level, but unexpensive and accessible examinations like a simple radiography might provide useful diagnostic clues in these challenging clinical scenarios and improve clinical assistance.
Dramatic response to albendazole in transplantation candidates with unresectable hepatic alveolar hydatid disease
Authors: Ocak Sönmez , Poyanlı Arzu , Güllüoğu Mine , İbiş Cem , Tekant Yaman , Özden İlgin
Published: August 2021

Long‐term albendazole treatment should be given to all patients with unresectable hepatic alveolar echinococcosis as dramatic regression is possible in 15%–20%. It may be prudent to prepare a living donor for possible salvage transplant in case of a severe complication. Preemptive transplantation in mildly symptomatic patients should be discouraged.
Nasal‐type T‐cell lymphoma referred as fungal rhinosinusitis: Case report
Authors: Almazrouei Aaesha , Sabri Alain Michel
Published: August 2021

NKTCL is a rare and destructive midline tumor that can be easily misdiagnosed as other more common inflammatory processes. The differential diagnosis of NKTCL should always be kept in mind for any lesion of the paranasal sinuses with atypical presentation and nonresponsive to conventional treatments.
Disseminated Nocardia infection—A rare presentation
Authors: Arora Harkesh , Ramalingam Sathishkumar , Sanghavi Rajvee , Balogun Adedayo , Muruganandam Maheshwari
Published: August 2021

Nocardia infection is rare and requires early diagnosis, extended use of sulfonamides for good prognosis, and prevention of recurrence. It is crucial to suspect nocardiosis in cases of atypical pneumonias or unexplained visceral organ dysfunction.
Impella insertion for residual aortic dissection
Authors: Yoshida Hisashi , Ichihara Yuki , Hoki Ryogo , Niinami Hiroshi
Published: August 2021

Acute aortic dissection with coronary malperfusion is a life‐threatening disease, resulting in demanding postoperative management. We report a successful insertion of percutaneous heart pump Impella through the intact true lumen in a patient with residual aortic dissection after the graft replacement. Careful evaluation of the access site and the Impella size selection is required.
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in the third trimester—Implications for investigation and delivery
Authors: Paxton‐Hall Thomas , Desai Pranali , Seton Nicholas , Arthur Chris
Published: August 2021

This case of spontaneous coronary artery dissection in pregnancy highlights the diagnostic, treatment and delivery dilemmas in the antepartum period. This is a rare condition that usually manifests in the postpartum period. This case provides multidisciplinary considerations that were encountered for optimal maternal and fetal outcome.
Conservative management of a large brain abscess in a child with severe manifestations: A case report from Syria
Authors: Keblawi Mouhammed Ali , Hamza Amr , Fattal Abdualh , Ghannam Ghina , Rahmeh Ahmad Rami , Rahmeh Sami , Serio Mouhammed Ali
Published: August 2021

Otogenic brain abscesses are rare but usually life‐threatening conditions particularly in developing countries. Our patient attended to the emergency department with extremely serious manifestations due to a large brain abscess. The borderline dimensions of the abscess (2.4 cm) with (GCS <12) as well as the lack of surgical capabilities were the factors that addressed to treat her with the available medication only. Fortunately, 2‐year follow‐up did not show any recurrence. This case sheds a light on unusual management of large abscesses in imperfect circumstances, which makes it high educational value.
Nail changes in systemic amyloidosis
Authors: Litaiem Noureddine , Chabchoub Ines , Gara Soumaya , Slouma Maroua , Hamdi Mohamed Salah , Zeglaoui Faten
Published: August 2021

Nail examination must be an essential part of physical examination in our daily clinical practice, as nail changes may be the revealing sign of systemic diseases in the absence of other alarming signs.
Mo‐Doped TiNb2O7 Microspheres as Improved Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lei Chanrong , Qin Xue , Huang Shengyang , Wei Tianyu , Zhang Yuzhe
Published: August 2021

TiNb2O7 (TNO) is a promising anode material for lithium‐ion batteries because of its high capacity and long cyclic life. Nevertheless, its practical application is limited by sluggish ionic and electronic conductivity. Alien ion doping is one of the most simple and effective methods to optimize the electrochemical performance of anode materials. Herein, H2MoO4 derived Mo‐doped TiNb2O7 (Mo‐TNO) microspheres have been synthesized via a solvothermal method followed by calcining process. The resulting Mo‐TNO displays an excellent rate capacity (about 200 mAh g−1 at 10 C) and a high capacity retention (80 % after 500 cycles at ∼2.6 C compared with the second cycle). In addition, the H2MoO4‐derived Mo‐TNO still keeps the microsphere shape after 500 cycles at 10 C. These superior properties demonstrate that Mo‐TNO has great application advantages as anode material for lithium‐ion batteries.
Photoinduced Water Oxidation in Chitosan Nanostructures Containing Covalently Linked RuII Chromophores and Encapsulated Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: La Ganga Giuseppina , Puntoriero Fausto , Fazio Enza , Natali Mirco , Nastasi Francesco , Santoro Antonio , Galletta Maurilio , Campagna Sebastiano
Published: August 2021

The luminophore Ru(bpy)2(dcbpy)2+ (bpy=2,2’‐bipyridine; dcbpy=4,4’‐dicarboxy‐2,2’‐bipyridine) is covalently linked to a chitosan polymer; crosslinking by tripolyphosphate produced Ru‐decorated chitosan fibers (NS‐RuCh), with a 20 : 1 ratio between chitosan repeating units and RuII chromophores. The properties of the RuII compound are unperturbed by the chitosan structure, with NS‐RuCh exhibiting the typical metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) absorption and emission bands of RuII complexes. When crosslinks are made in the presence of IrO2 nanoparticles, such species are encapsulated within the nanofibers, thus generating the IrO2⊂NS‐RuCh system, in which both RuII photosensitizers and IrO2 water oxidation catalysts are within the nanofiber structures. NS‐RuCh and IrO2⊂NS‐RuCh have been characterized by dynamic light scattering, scanning electronic microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, which indicated a 2 : 1 ratio between RuII chromophores and IrO2 species. Photochemical water oxidation has been investigated by using IrO2⊂NS‐RuCh as the chromophore/catalyst assembly and persulfate anions as the sacrificial species: photochemical water oxidation yields O2 with a quantum yield (Φ) of 0.21, definitely higher than the Φ obtained with a similar solution containing separated Ru(bpy)32+ and IrO2 nanoparticles (0.05) or with respect to that obtained when using NS‐RuCh and “free” IrO2 nanoparticles (0.10). A fast hole‐scavenging process (rate constant, 7×104 s−1) involving the oxidized photosensitizer and the IrO2 catalyst within the IrO2⊂NS‐RuCh system is behind the improved photochemical quantum yield of IrO2⊂NS‐RuCh.
Tracking Reaction Pathways by a Modular Flow Reactor Coupled to Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tripodi Guilherme L. , Derks Max T. G. M. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , Roithová Jana
Published: August 2021

Reaction monitoring by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) is a popular method for investigation of reaction mechanisms. Here, we present a new approach based on a coupling between a modular capillary flow reactor and ESI‐MS. The flow reactor allows a sequential adding of the reactants. We demonstrate the approach for oxidation of Ph2S by ArIO catalyzed by [(TPA)Fe(TfO)2] (ArIO=2‐(tBuSO2)C6H4IO, TPA=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine, TfO−=triflate). In steps, we could follow the formation of the reactive iron(IV)oxo complexes, then the oxygen transfer reaction from the iron(IV)oxo to the sulfide, and finally the reoxidation of the iron complexes. The flow reactor also allows kinetic experiments by changing relative concentrations of the reactants. We could analyze in detail the formation of various [(TPA)FeIVO(X)]2+/+ complexes (X=MeCN, ArI, ArIO, TfO−) and compare their relative reactivity with Ph2S. The [(TPA)FeIVO(MeCN)]2+ complex is the most reactive complex for the oxygen atom transfer reaction whilst [(TPA)FeIVO(ArIO)]2+ prevails in solution under catalytic conditions.
Simulation of a sudden drop‐off in distal dense core vesicle concentration inDrosophilatypeIImotoneuron terminals
Authors: Kuznetsov Ivan A. , Kuznetsov Andrey V.
Published: August 2021

Recent experimental observations have shown evidence of an unexpected sudden drop‐off in the dense core vesicles (DCVs) content at the ends of certain types of axon endings. This article seeks to determine whether these observations may be explained without modifying the parameters characterizing the ability of distalen passantboutons to capture and accumulate DCVs. We developed a mathematical model that is based on the conservation of captured and transiting DCVs in boutons. The model consists of 77 ordinary differential equations and is solved using a standard Matlab solver. We hypothesize that the drop in DCV content in distal boutons is due to an insufficient supply of anterogradely moving DCVs coming from the soma. As anterogradely moving DCVs are captured (and eventually destroyed) in more proximal boutons on their way to the end of the terminal, the fluxes of anterogradely moving DCVs between the boutons become increasingly smaller, and the most distal boutons are left without DCVs. We tested this hypothesis by modifying the flux of DCVs entering the terminal and found that the number of most distal boutons left unfilled increases if the DCV flux entering the terminal is decreased. The number of anterogradely moving DCVs in the axon can be increased either by the release of a portion of captured DCVs into the anterograde component or by an increase of the anterograde DCV flux into the terminal. This increase could lead to having enough anterogradely moving DCVs such that they could reach the most distal bouton and then turn around by changing molecular motors that propel them. The model suggests that this could result in an increased concentration of resident DCVs in distal boutons beginning with bouton 2 (the most distal is bouton 1). This is because in distal boutons, DCVs have a larger chance to be captured from the transiting state as they pass the boutons moving anterogradely and then again as they pass the same boutons moving retrogradely.