bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patch test reactivity to nickel alloys
Authors: Menné T. , Brandrup F. , Thestrup‐Pedersen K. , Veien N. K. , Andersen J. R. , Yding F. , Valeur G.
Published: April 2006

11 widely used nickel alloys were investigated with respect to corrosion stability and reactivity in nickel‐sensitive individuals. Alloys with a nickel release in synthetic sweat exceeding 1 μg/cm2/week gave a strong patch test reaction in nickel‐sensitive persons; those with a release below 0.5 μg/cm2/week showed weak reactivity with one exception. Nickel allergy is a health problem. It may be minimized by using nickel alloys with a corrosion level below 0.5 μg/cm2/week. Action should be taken by dermatologists, industry and authorities to solve this neglected problem.
Occupational dermatitis in bakers: a clue for atopic contact dermatitis
Authors: Pigatto P. D. , Polenghi M. M. , Altomare G. F.
Published: April 2006

6 patients are described who developed contact dermatitis after cereal contact on atopic skin for periods of 2 to 20 years. 2 patients were wheat flour patch‐test‐positive. They had punch biopsies taken for standard histological and immunohistochemical investigation by labeling with monoclonal antibodies. anti‐DR and anti‐IgE. Sections showed features of contact dermatitis. There were many dendritic cells located perivascularly in the papilla and in the epidermidis, intensely positive for monoclonal anti‐IgE antibody. In control atopic subjects, there were a few perivascular IgE positive cells, probably mastocytes. This study shows that there may be a relationship between some allergens and atopic eczema in patients exposed to them in the course of their work. In some cases, there was a true allergic contact dermatitis, seen through the clinical and histological characteristics, and the results of immunohistochemical study.
Dermatitis of the hands in caterers
Authors: Cronin Etain
Published: April 2006

Hand eczema among 50 caterers was occupational in 47 and endogenous in 3 cases. Irritants were considered more important than sensitisers. There was a correlation between atopy and sensitisation to type‐1 but not type‐IV allergens The commonest type‐I sensitizers was fish and for type‐IV was garlic. Dilutions of garlic and of onion 50% in arachis oil were not irritant and seemed effective patch test materials. The prognosis was not good and the hand eczema continued even in some of those who changed their jobs.
Irritant reactivity in males and females
Authors: Lammintausta K. , Maibach H. I. , Wilson D.
Published: April 2006

Repeated, daily, open sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) applications caused slight alteration in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and dielectric water content (DEWC) in males and females. No erythema developed. Inter‐individual variation in skin reactivity was demonstrated; sex‐related patterns in reactivity open cumulative irritant exposure did not exist. In patch testing with 0.5 and 1% SLS. reflecting acute irritation capacity. the reaction pattern, assessed by TEWL. DEWC, laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and visual scoring(VS). differed from that induced by open. cumulative: SLS irritation. Again. inter‐individual variation in the reactivity was demonstrated: significant sex‐related differences did not develop Individual reactivity showed considerable variation in acute and cumulative irritant response and was greater than the sex‐related variation. We did not identify responses demonstrating that women have delicate (easily irritated) skin, nor that males have “tougher” skin than females.
Structure‐activity relationships for skin sensitisation potential of diacrylates and dimethacrylates
Authors: Roberts D. W.
Published: April 2006

Apparently conflicting guinea pig sensitisation data on diacrylates and dimethacrylates published by 3 groups of authors, are analysed in terms of the RAJ model. This model, correlating sesitisation score with a combination of induction dose, chemical reactivity and lipophilicity, enables the major discrepancies to be rationalised. The data provide a striking example of the overload effect, in that some of the diacrylates have failed to show sensitisation when tested at high induction doses, but are revealed as strong sensitisers when tested by other authors at lower induction doses.
Allergic contact dermatitis due to rubber chemicals in haemodialysis equipment
Authors: Kruis‐de Vries M. H. , Coenraads P. J. , Nater J. P.
Published: April 2006

6 of 80 haemodislysed patients developed a sub‐acute eczematous dermatitis of the area surrounding the arteriovenous shunt in the forearm. Patch tests were positive to rubber chemicald 6 patients reacted to the thiuram group, 4 of them also to carbo compounds. Since the equipment contained only small pieces of rubber, the cause of the allergy remains obscure. It is possible that allergy was caused by short and intermittent contact of the skin with the rubber gloves used by the nursing personnel.
Oral substitution in patients sensitized by transdermal clonidine treatment
Authors: Maibach H. I.
Published: April 2006

The safety of oral clonidine substitution in 29 patients with confirmed localized allergic contact dermatitis due to transdermal clonidine treatment was evaluated. Only 1 patient had a skin reaction to oral clonidine. The dose of topical clonidine‐inducing sensitization, and the oral challenge dose administered later, appear to be insufficient to elicit a systemic reaction in most patients. An examination of current patch test technology seems indicated in view of the fact that a number of patients who gave a negative reaction to 48‐h applications of 9% clonidine in petrolatum responded positively to 7‐day application of transdermal clonidine.
Tin: an overlooked contact sensitizer?
Authors: Menné T. , Andersen K. E. , Kaaber K. , Osmundsen P. E. , Andersen J. R. , Yding F. , Valeur G.
Published: April 2006

Patch tests with metallic tin in 73 nickel‐sensitive patients revealed 6 positive allergic reactions. Only 4 doubtful reactions were seen, which makes irritancy unlikely. The relevance and clinical significance of the unexpected finding deserves further evaluation.
Scratch‐chamber tests in food handler dermatitis
Authors: Niinimäki A.
Published: April 2006

Foods were tested by the scratch‐chamber and open application techniques in 80 hand dermatitis patients. 55 of whom were food handlers. Both immediate and delayed reactions were seen. Most immediate scratch‐chamber test reactions were provoked by vegetables and spices in patients with birch pollen allergy, and most delayed reactions from spices in patients with allergy to balsam of Peru, and from onion and leek. The evaluation of allergic and irritant reactions was difficult. Positive open application tests were seen in about 75% of patients with immediate or delayed scratch‐chamber reactions. Immediate reactions from vegetables, fish and meat, and delayed reactions from orange and lemon peel and onion showed the best clinical relevance. Wet work, surface active agents and other irritant factors were considered the main causes, and food allergies as contributory factors only in food handler hand dermatitis.
Open, closed and intradermal testing in nickel allergy
Authors: Christfnsen Ole B. , Wall Leon M.
Published: April 2006

Open, closed and intradermal testing with NiCl2 was performed in 15 subjects with patch‐test‐proven allergy to 5% NiSO4 in pet. Intradermal testing proved to be a reliable method in confirming nickel sensitivity within 24 h. Open testing with non‐toxic concentrations of NiCl2 in alcohol resulted in 73% and 93% positive reactions at 24 h and 48 h readings, respectively. This test method can be used as a reliable screening method in nickel allergy. Open testing often resulted in positive reactions within a few hours. This makes it possible to investigate pathogenetic events of acquired allergic contact dermatitis at a much earlier stage than with the usual 48‐h occlusion. 24‐h occlusion with Finn Chambers is not sufficient if one is to avoid false negative reactions in nickel allergy. Occlusion with Finn Chambers seems to delay the reaction.
Allergy to colophony acquired backstage
Authors: Aberer Werner
Published: April 2006

The masseur of a famous ballet company developed severe contact dermatitis of his hands. Skin testing yielded a surprising result: not one of the suspected 23 different massage creams that the members of the ballet made him use gave a positive reaction. Only colophony, which was included in the standard test series, was positive. Colophony is regularly used on the shoes of dancers on wooden stages to prevent slipping. The masseur had to change his place of employment.
Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis from falcarinol and didehydrofalcarinol in common ivy (Hedera helix L.)
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Bröhas J. , König W. A. , Faasch H. , Hahn H. , Bruhn G.
Published: April 2006

Experimental and chemical investigations revealed that common ivy (Hedera helix susp. Helix) contains 3 compounds which are powerful irritants and moderate sensitizers. Only 2 of these constituents, falcarinol and didehydrofalcarinol, are present in the plant during the whole year. Besides Panax ginseng and Schefflera arboricala, this is the third species of the Araliaceae in which these polyacetylenic sensitizers have been found. Falcarinol and didehydrofalcarinol also occur in Hedera helix subsp. canariensis. 4 patients have been patch tested. Even in low concentrations (0.03%). the main allergen falcarinol elicited strong reactions in all of them. One of the authors became sensitized during the investigations.
Safety evaluation of a barrier cream
Authors: Gupta B. N , Shanklr Ravi , Viswanathan P. N. , Mathur A. K. , Shukla Lalji , Singh Abhimanyu
Published: April 2006

A barrier cream containing propylene glycol, silica, xylene, dioctyl and was applied topically for 3 months in 3 species of animal. Patch tests were carried out in human volunteers up to 72 h. The cream produced slight erythema in rats, guinea pigs and rabbits, but the irritation indices remained within safe limits. Histologically, mild focal thickening and moderate thickening of stratum corneum were observed in rats and guinea pigs, respectively, after 3 mouths of daily application. Patch testing in human volunteers indicated that the barrier cream is reasonably safe for human use.
Knuckle pads in live‐chicken hangers
Authors: Richards Thomas B. , Gamble John F. , Castellan Robert M. , Mathias C. G. Toby
Published: April 2006

A study of live‐chicken hungers in a poultry processing plant demonstrated a high prevalence of callosities over the knuckles (knuckle pads)of both hands, Knuckle pads were observed in 56% (23/41) of live‐chicken hangers, but in no (0.41)workers from other departments (p<0.001)The probable cause was the repeated striking and sliding of knuckles against metal shackles in which live birds were being plated. Additional medical and ergonomic evaluation would be worthwhile to confirm the cause, to determine whether associated tissue disorders are present in the digits of chicken hangers who develop knuckle pads, and to suggest preventive measures.
Immunopathological changes after multiple spider bites
Authors: Maso Martha J. , Lin Robert Y. , Baglky Michael P. , Cohen Philip J. , Schwartz Robert A.
Published: April 2006

Utilizing a panel of immune complex assays, antigen‐antibody complex formation in a 29‐year‐olcl man shortly after a spider bite was documented. The clinical picture and laboratory parameters were consistent with a serum sickness reaction. Immune hyperacticivity was evidenced by a detectable autoimmune serological response. This constellation of findings may be a common attendant to arthropod envenomation.
Glass fibre irritation and protective creams
Authors: Bendsöe N. , Björnbeg A. , Löwhagen G. , Tengberg J. ‐E.
Published: April 2006

5 commercial products were tested pairwise as prophylaxis against itching and irritation from glass Fibres: a commercial cream for glass fibre itching, a silicone spray, an emollient cream, a fatty ointment, and a “cream‐ointment”. The preparations were found to have very limited value in protection against glass fibre irritation. Some workers even experienced exacerbated itching from all the preparations, including the cream marketed for protection against glass fibre irritation. Only 25% of a group of workers with severe glass fibre itching still used an emollient cream sifter 12 weeks.
Piroxicam‐induced photosensitivity
Authors: Figueiredo Américo , Fontes C. A. , Gonçalo S. , Caladeira M. M. , Poiares‐Baptista A. , Teixeira F.
Published: April 2006

During the last 3 years, 9 patients with a photosensitive eruption related to piroxicam therapy were seen. In all but one, it occurred within 4 days of first exposure to the drug. 7 patients required systemic corticosteroids, and 2 hospitalization, Clinical, histological and provocation studies were not conclusive in classifying the eruption as photoallergic or phototoxic. Experimental studies including photohaemolysis, Bacillus subtilis culture and nuclear magnetic resonance showed: (i) in irradiatd piroxicam solutions, there was more haemolysis; (ii) in irradiated Petri dishes, piroxicam solutions showed greater inhibition of growth of B. subtilis; (iii) Piroxicam's NMR spectrum is not modified after irradiation. The results provide evidence of piroxicam phototoxic potential.
Contact dermatitis in Nigeria (I). Hand dermatitis in women
Authors: Olumide Yetunde
Published: April 2006

Of 545 consecutive contact dermatitis clinic patients, 271 (49.7%) were women. 29 (10.7%) of whom had hand dermatitis alone. 17 (58.6%) of these hand cases, were allergic, the main sensitizers being nickel and essential oils in oranges. Dress makers were mostly affected by nickel, while orange sellers and peelers were positive to orange peel, fragrance mix, balsam of Peru and formaldehyde in varying combinations. 8 (27.6%) of the hand cases were due to irritants and wet jobs, and possibly lo allergens not tested. 24 (83%) of the hand cases were occupational. Only 1 Nigerian woman had true housewife's hand dermatitis. It was not possible to define the rôle of atopy because of unreliable histories. 2 cases of pompholyx und a negative patch test occurred in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Multiple parameter assessment of skin irritancy
Authors: Prödis Thomas , Anderson Chris
Published: April 2006

In a previously developed guinea pig model for the study of skin irritancy, the irritant skin reactions caused by repeated open applications of low concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) have been studied macroscopically and microscopically. 2 new assessment methods, evaporimetry, which reflects the water barrier function of stratum corneum, and laser Doppler flowmetry in measure the cutaneous blood flow, have been added and compared with the existing methods of assessment m the model. In the present study of the irritant reaction caused by 1% SLS in 9 test animals, the 5 assessment parameters all showed values which, compared to control untested skin, increased progressively over the 3 days of application. In the assessment of skin irritancy, both evaporimetry and laser Doppler flowmetry have been shown to be useful non‐invasive tools which can be quickly and reproducibly performed.
Oral challenge with food additives
Authors: Veien Niels K. , Mattel Thais , Justrsen Ole , Nørholm Asger
Published: April 2006

A randomized, placebo‐controlled oral challenge with food additives (preservatives and food colorings) was carried out in 101 patients with eczema of undetermined origin who suspected that the intake of certain foods aggravated their dermatitis. 37 reacted to I or more of the food additives but not to a placebo, while 16 reacted to the placebo, or both the placebo and food additives. 48 had no reactions. The difference between the number of reactions to the food additives and the number of reactions to the placebo was not statistically significant. The reactions could he reproduced in only 1/3 of those challenged twice. It was not possible lo correlate the reactions to the food additives in reactivity to specific foodstuffs containing the same additives. If intolerance to food additives is suspected, an diminution diet seems warranted, regardless of whether the patient reacts to oral challenge with food additives.
Is sesamaol present in sesame oil?
Authors: Hayakawa Ritsuko , Matsunaga Kayoko , Suzuki Mari , Hosokawa Kaori , Arima Yaeno , Shin Chang Sik , Yoshida Masaharu
Published: April 2006

Sesame oil has been reported to contain sesamolin, sesamin and sesamol as contact allergens. A female patient had chelitis due to sesame oil in a lipstick. She reacted to sesamolin and sesamin, but not to sesamol. We earned mil analysis of the sesame oil by high performance liquid chromatography. We detected sesamolin and sesamin but not sesamol in sesame oil.
Contact dermatitis in Nigeria
Authors: Ohumide Yetunde
Published: April 2006

In a series of 545 consecutive contact dermatitis clinic patients, 274 (50.3%) were men. 56 (20.4%) of whom had hand dermatitis alone, 40 (71.4%) being allergic. The common sensitizers were dichromate in cement, nickel on metal gales, colophon), epoxy resins and rubber chemicals, 48 (85.7%) of the hand cases came from occupational sources. Half of the patch‐test‐negative men worked in wet jobs. The hands of Nigerian men appear lo be less tolerant to irritant wet jobs than those of women who had the opportunity of becoming hardened from childhood.
Contact dermatitis in Nigeria
Authors: Olumide Yetunde
Published: April 2006

Out of 545 consecutive contact dermatitis clinic patients, 73 (13%) had dermatitis of the neck of whom 18(25%) were nickel positive. 7 had clothing dermatitis and 3 of them reacted to chromate in military uniforms. 5 patients were sensitized to perfume and 4 lo medicaments used lo treat existing dermatitis. 3 patients were sensitized In hair dyes. Nickel dermatitis, was clinically over diagnosed, mainly due (for various reasons) to inability to make a firm diagnosis of atopy.
Human cutaneous irritation: induced hyporeactivity
Authors: Lammintausta K. , Maibahi H. I. , Wilson D.
Published: April 2006

The variation in human skin response to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was determined, with patch and open applications. Reactions in different subjects and in multiple simultaneous patch tests were compared. Skin responses were assessed with visual scoring (VS), laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Previous open, unpatched SLS exposure decreased patch lest reactivity to 1% SLS assessed with VS (p<0.05) or LDV (p<0.05). Corresponding TEWL alteration was inconstant. Variation in reactivity at different test sites in multiple simultaneous tests was considerable, though less than the variation at different test times (p<0.05). Inter‐subject variation in test reactivity was greater than the variation between different test times or adjacent test sites. Repeated open applications and the subclinical dermatitis appear to have produced a hyporeactive state. The results suggest that non‐specific skin inflammation is elicited by multiple factors, e.g., stratum corneum integrity and vascular reactivity. Their balance determines the ensuing reactions. The induced hyporeactivity may be one of many causes of false negative diagnostic patch tests.
Allergenic agent in contact dermatitis from Holigarna ferruginea
Authors: Srinivas C. R. , Kulkarni S. B. , Menon S. K. , Krupashankar D. S. , Iyengar M. A. , Singh K. K. , Sequeira R. P. , Holla K. R.
Published: April 2006

9 of 10 patients who developed dermatitis following contact with Holigarna ferruginea and 5 of 35 asymptomatic volunteers showed a positive patch test reaction to 2% W/V acetone extract of the plant's resinous exudate. 6 albino rats were sensitized following 3 weekly applications of the same extract. Laccol (3‐heptadecadienyl catechol) was identified as the active principle in the exudates.
Racial differences in sodium lauryl sulphate induced cutaneous irritation: black and white
Authors: Berardesca E. , Maibach H. I.
Published: April 2006

The different reactivity of black and white skin after exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) has been investigated. 9 white and 10 black male volunteers entered the study. The tests were performed on the back at 3 sites: untreated skin, skin pre‐treated with occlusion and skin pre‐delipidized. Irritant reactions were elicited applying 0.5% and 2.0% SLS via Finn chamber patch tests and monitored by means of laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum water content (WC). Higher TEWL, LDV, and WC values were recorded for 2.0% SLS when compared to 0.5% SLS and baselines. Pre‐treatment with short‐term occlusion generally increased values, while delipidization produced flattening of the data more detectable in whites than in blacks. Significant TEWL differences for the two concentrations were recorded in whites for the occluded site (P<0.02) while in blacks in the untreated (P<0.04) and delipidized (P<0.03) sites. LDV revealed significant changes in the untreated and pre‐occluded white skin (p<0.05 and 0.01, respectively). In blacks, the values were significantly different only in the pre‐occluded skin (P<0.01). Water content correlated with the visual score and was greatly increased in sites with strongly positive reactions (P<0.01). It appears that there are significant differences in the modulation of irritation, in the behavior of water barrier function and of the erythematous response between black whites. Clinical correlations are discussed.
Structural determinants of the response of the skin to chemical irritants
Authors: Hamami I. , Marks R.
Published: April 2006

A study was made of the relationships between structural parameters of the epidermis and stratum corneum and the skin's sensitivities to chemical irritation by dithranol or ammonium hydroxide. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the minimal blistering time to ammonium hydroxide and the area bounded by the skin surface contour line as determined by a skin surface replica technique. A significant positive correlation was also found between the minimal irritancy dose of dithranol and (a) the mean corneocyte area, and (b) the mean epidermal thickness in cell numbers. Mean corneocyte area was also found to increase with age and to be significantly less in UV‐sensitive Types I and II subjects than in the relatively UV‐insensitive Types III and IV subjects. These correlations are further evidence that there are inherent structural differences in the skin which influence the way the skin reacts to chemical trauma.
Fragrance sensitivity in coal miners
Authors: Goodfield M. J. D. , Saihan E. M.
Published: April 2006

In a prospective study, we have examined the incidence of fragrance sensitivity in Nottinghamshire coal miners. Our results confirm previous reports of an increased incidence of such sensitivity in miners (45%) when compared with both male (20%) and female (13%) non‐miners. This increased incidence is not related to an increased use of perfumed cosmetics, but may be related to the use of a highly perfumed body lotion in subjects who already have a high incidence of irritant hand eczema. There was no significant increase in the rate of positive reactions to other applied allergens.
Occupational dermatosis among chrome platers
Authors: Lee H. S. , Goh C. L.
Published: April 2006

14 (38%) of 37 chrome platers in 17 chrome electroplating factories surveyed had occupational contact dermatitis, chrome ulcers, or both. 7 had chrome ulcers, 6 had contact dermatitis and 1 had both. Another 16 (43%) workers had scars suggestive of previous chrome ulcers. Mucosal irritation was present in 57% of the workers. The most common was throat irritation (49%) followed by nasal irritation (41%). Mucosal irritation was more common in hard chrome platers, while skin ulcers and dermatitis were more common in bright chrome platers. Nasal septum perforation was seen in 1 worker. Skin ulceration appeared to be a more specific sign for occupational dermatosis in chrome platers than dermatitis when the prevalence rates were compared to controls. Of the 7 workers with chrome ulcers, only 1 was allergic to chromate. Of the 6 workers with dermatitis, 2 were allergic to chromate and 1 to nickel. The worker with ulceration and dermatitis was negative to chromate and nickel. Irritant factors are therefore important in the aetiology of contact dermatitis in these chrome platers.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in beauticians
Authors: Matsunaga Kayoko , Hosokawa Kaori , Suzuki Mari , Arima Yaeno , Hayakawa Ritsuko
Published: April 2006

We patch tested 13 beauticians with hand dermatitis between 1982 and 1986. They were all young female novice beauticians or those in training. The onset of their allergic dermatitis was noticed within 1 month to 1 year of their starting this occupation. Definite positive reactions to products were seen from hair dyes (as is, open test) (6/12), cold permanent wave primary solutions (as is, open test) (7/13) and a shampoo (1% aq., closed test) (1/13). Positive reactions to allergens were seen with para‐phenylenediamine (1% pet) (12/13), ammonium thioglycolate (5% aq., open test) (3/7), para‐toluylenediamine (1% pet) (7/9), para‐aminophenol (1% pet) (1/4), ortho‐aminophenol (1% pet) (1/4), Quinoline yellow SS (0.5% pet) (1/4), nickel sulfate (2.5% pet) (1/12), cobalt sulfate (2.3% pet) (1/12), thimerosal (0.05% pet) (1/12) and procaine hydrochloride (1% pet) (1/12). Study of the prognosis showed that 5 out of 12 cases could continue their occupation, but 4 cases had persistent hand dermatitis despite protecting their hands from hair dyes with gloves, 7 cases quitted their jobs, and in 5 their hands healed while 2 cases continued to have atopic hand dermatitis. A personal or family history of atopy was frequent among the cases, so we recommend that those who have such a history should not become beauticians.
Occupational contact dermatitis due to glutaraldehyde in health care workers
Authors: Nethercott James R. , Holness D. Linn , Page Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact dermatitis to glutaraldehyde was found in 13 health‐care workers with hand dermatitis. Concommitant sensitivity to other chemicals was noted in 10. The positive patch test response was only evident for every 2nd observation in 4. The eruption persisted For more than 6 months in 10 subjects. In 5, the skin disease forced the worker to leave his occupation.
Patch test reactivity to DMDM hydantoins
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , van Joost Theodoor , Bos Jan D. , van der Meeren Hahrie L. M. , Weyland J. Willem
Published: April 2006

The relationship between contact allergy to formaldehyde and positive patch test reactions to DMDM hydantoin was investigated– 35 formaldehyde‐allergic patients were patch tested with serial dilutions of formaldehyde (0.1% 0.3% 1.0% aq.) and DM hydantoin (the non‐formaldehyde‐containing parent compound of DMDM hydantoin), 21 were also patch tested with MDM hydantoin (1 molecule formaldehyde) in serial dilutions: 7 (33%) reacted to 1 or more concentrations. The other 14 were also tested with DMDM hydantoin (2 molecules formaldehyde) in serial dilutions: 8 (57%) reacted to 1 or more concentrations. Patients patch‐test‐positive to formaldehyde 0.1% and. or 0.3% tended to show more patch test reactivity to (D)MDM hydantoin than those who resided only to 1%. Aqueous solutions of (D)MDM hydantoin in concentrations as used in cosmetic products therefore contain enough fret formaldehyde to cause dermatitis in a patch lost system in some formaldehyde‐allergic patients: 12 such patients applied a cream containing 1% DMDM hydantoin to the flexor aspect of the lower arm twice daily for 1 week; 4 (33%) developed dermatitis. The use of a cream containing 0.25% DMDM hydantoin in these 4 patients still caused dermatitis in I and provoked itching in another. An increase in the use of DMDM hydantoin in cosmetic products will also inevitable increase the risk of cosmetic dermatitis in consumers allergic to formaldehyde.
Contact allergy to diazolidinyl urea (Germall II®)
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , Bruynzeel Dere P. , Jagtman Berend A. , Weyland J. Willem
Published: April 2006

4 cases of contact allergy to diazolidinyl urea (Germall II®) in a “hypoallergenic” brand of cosmetics are described, 2 patients sensitized by these cosmetics were not allergic to formaldehyde. 2 oilier patients already sensitive to formaldehyde had exacerbations of dermatitis due to diazolidinyl urea. The following tentative conclusions were drawn, (i) Contact allergy to diazolidinyl urea may or may not he due to formaldehyde sensitivity, (ii) Patients allergic to formaldehyde may suffer contact allergic reactions from the use of cosmetics containing diazolidinyl urea, (iii) Patients sensitised to diazolidinyl urea may cross‐react to imidazolidinyl urea and vice‐versa, (iv) It is suggested that the sensitizing potential of diazolidinyl urea is greater than that of imidazolidinyl urea, (v) Aq. solutions may be preferable to pet. for patch testing with diazolidinyl urea.
Chromium in US household bleach
Authors: Hostynek J. J. , Maibach H. I.
Published: April 2006

Spectrophotometric analysis for chromium in hypochlorite bleach sampled at random throughout the USA shows that the highest level found in those products is of the order of O.1 ppm (2/20). This probably does not represent a significant risk factor for chromate sensitization of the consumer population.
Irritant contact dermatitis due to a Chinese herbal medicine Lu‐Shen‐Wan
Authors: Lee T. Y. , Lam T. H.
Published: April 2006

A Chinese herbal medicine Lu‐Shen‐Wan. which contains 6 ingredients, is sometimes applied topically to treat boils, carbuncles and other skin infections 2 elderly women developed a rash after applying Lu‐Shen‐Wan. Patch tests showed positive reactions to Lu‐Shen‐Wan and to one of its 6 ingredients. Venenum Bufonis. A study in 15 control patients showed that 13 had positive reactions to 50% Lu‐Shen‐Wan and 50% Venenum Bufonis bin that only 2 showed mild reactions when the concentration of the latter was reduced to 5%. The results suggest that Venenum Bufonis in Lu‐Shen‐Wan can cause irritant contact dermatitis. The present paper demonstrates that u Western dermatological investigative method, the patch test, is applicable to traditional medicine in confirming the cause of contact dermatitis from a Chinese herbal preparation and in identifying the causative ingredient. Such knowledge is very useful for the improvement of the preparation by reducing the concentration of the irritant, by removing it or by substituting it with un alternative non‐irritant substance.
Methyl groups as antigenic determinants in skin sensitisation
Authors: Roberts D. W. , Goodwin B. F. J. , Baskltter D.
Published: April 2006

The methylating agents, methyl dodecane sulphonate, methyl hexadecane sulphonate and methyl hexadec‐3‐cne sulphonate are strong skin sensitisers, cross‐reactive with one another, in guinea pig adjuvant tests. Differences in potency are observed among these 3 compounds, and the possible reasons for this urn discussed. Isocugenol fails to elicit a sensitisation response when challenged onto guinea pigs sensitised to methyl dodecane sulphonate, indicating that the mechanism of isoeugenol sensitisation is not based on methyl transfer. It is proposed that, in skin sensitisation involving small haptenic groups, antigenic specificity is directed not against the haptenic groups but against portions of the carrier protein whose configuration has been modified as a result of the carrier‐hapten reaction. This concept is supposed by published data on cross‐reactivity patterns with enantiomeric pairs of a‐methylene‐y‐butyrolactone derivatives.
Allergic contact dermatitis due to hexamethylenetetramine in core molding
Authors: Havakawa R. , Akima Y. , Hirose O. , Takeuchi Y.
Published: April 2006

Hexamethylenetetramine is an odourless powder and slowly liberates formaldehyde in an acid medium or when heated, It is usually used in the manufacture of formaldehyde resins, rubber and the explosive. cyclonite. It is also used as a hardener in core molding processes. It was reported us one of the formaldehyde releasers and is a cause of formaldehyde contact dermatitis. We report art allergic contact dermatitis due ID hexamethylenetetramine. With a positive patch test reaction to hexamethy‐lenetetramine (1% pet.) but not to formaldehyde (2% aq.). We concluded that this case was an allergic contact dermatitis from hexamethylenetetramine itself.
Thiomersal allergy and vaccination reactions
Authors: Cox Neil H. , Forsyth Angela
Published: April 2006

Thiomersal is the preservative in all toxoid vaccines routinely administered to children in the UK, but exposure from other sources is uncommon. Delayed hypersensitivity to thiomersal was demonstrated in 1% of individuals attending the Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit, and 50 of these patients with positive patch tests to thiomersal were studied. Cross‐reaction with other mercurials occurred in 17 of 29 patients tested (59%). 31 of the patients replied to a questionnaire regarding vaccination reactions, and were compared with case‐controls matched for age, sex, and site of dermatitis. 4 patients in each group reported reactions to vaccines which contained thiomersal. Suggesting that thiomersal hypersensitivity wits not associated with an increased risk of vaccination reactions. However, individual cases of severe reactions to thiomersal demonstrate a need for vaccines with an alternative preservative
Epidemiology of nickel allergy: results of a follow‐up analysis of patients with positive patch tests to nickel
Authors: Schubert H. , Kohánka Valeria , Korossy S. , Nebenführer L. , Prater Erika , Rothe A. , Szarmach H. , Temesvári Erzébet , Ziegler V.
Published: April 2006

In a previous paper, we reported on nickel sensitivity in 2400 consecutive patients in 5 countries. 3 years later, we reassessed 104 of the 157 nickel‐positive patients of this former study and found 13 now ID he negative ID nickel sulphate, Nearly all the others can no longer tolerate nickel contact. 68 patients were free from nickel dermatitis. 16 showed a very mild eczema or dyshidrosis, and 13 were suffering from chronic hand dermatitis. 42 of 104 patients had changed their occupation. 36 successfully, with clearance of skin lesions Rehabilitation by avoidance of nickel‐containing costume jewellery, wrist‐watches and clothing buckles. and by change of occupation, is possible and necessary.
Experimental contact sensitization with 3,4,5‐trichloropyridazine
Authors: Freeman James J. , McKee Richard H. , Trimmik Gary W.
Published: April 2006

The potential of 3,4,5‐trichloropyridazine to induce contact sensitization was assessed in the guinea pig maximization test of Magnusson and Kligman and also in the closed patch test described by Buehler. The lest material was a 1% solution of 3,4,5‐triehloropyridnzine in a highly refined mineral oil. The lest material elicited moderate to severe irritation when diluted in mineral oil to concentrations of 15–25% and minimal irritation at concentrations of 1–3%. Both tests dearly indicated that 3,4,5‐trichloropyridazine was a contact sensitization to guinea pigs, although the response was stronger in the maximization lest Sensitization was distinguished from irritation by the use of concurrent irritation control groups.
Thimerosal: a hidden allergen in ophthalmology
Authors: Tosti Antonella , Tosti Giovanni
Published: April 2006

We report 36 patients with thimerosal‐induced follicular allergic contact conjunctivitis. 18 patients had follicular conjunctivitis without eyelid involvement, while 5 patients had follicular conjunctivitis associated with an allergic contact dermatitis of the eyelids; all these patients had been using thimerosal‐containing eye drops. A further 13 patients were soft contact lens wearers who became sensitized to their own thimerosal‐containing lens solutions. All 36 patients showed a positive patch test reaction to thimerosal, while only 1 of them reacted to an ophthalmic solution. Thimerosal sensitization appears to be clinically relevant in ophthalmic patients.
Allergic dermatoses and respiratory diseases from reactive dyes
Authors: Estlander Tuula
Published: April 2006

5 cases of occupational eczema, urticaria and respiratory disease from reactive dyes, occurring during 1977–1987, are reported. The patients, 4 men and 1 woman, were 24–52 years old when examined. They had been working in dye houses or textile plants, and had been exposed to reactive dyes for 8 months to 4 years before symptoms developed. Only I of the patients has been able to continue in the same occupation, On patch testing, the 4 patients with eczema reacted positively to 9 commercial dye powders 2 patients reacted to the same dye, Remazol Schwarz B. On scratch and or prick testing, the 2 patients who also had respiratory symptoms and or urticaria reacted positively to the same dyes as on patch testing. The 5th patient, who had urticaria and respiratory symptoms, reacted positively to a dye. Remazol Gold Gelb RNL, but the patch test with that dye was negative. None of the patients was patch‐test‐positive to para‐phenylenediamine (PPD) or to textile dye allergens in a series of organic dyes. Thus, the series of organic dyes has little value in the screening of allergy to reactive dyes. A 1% pet. dilution of commercial dye powder for patch testing and the same concentration in distilled water for prick testing seem to be suitable for the screening of‐allergy reactive dyes.
Comparative studies of the sensitization potential of morpholine, 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole and 2 of their derivatives in guinea pigs *
Authors: Wang Xiasheng , Suskind Raymond R.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to determine the sensitization potential of morpholine (M). 4. 4′‐dithiod‐imorpholine (DTDM), morpholinyl‐mereaptobenzothiazole (MMBT) and 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) in guinea pigs. 5% and 10% DTDM. MMBT and MBT produced irritation reactions. M up to 10% failed to irritate. Sensitization tests showed that all the guinea pigs treated with DTDM and MMBT were sensitized. Cross‐sensitization tests showed that 60% of the DTDM‐sensitized animal reacted to challenge with MMBT; 30% of the animals sensitized to DTDM reacted to challenge with M; 80% of the MMBT‐sensitized animals reacted to challenge with MBT reacted to challenge with M; 42% of the MBT‐sensitized animal reacted to MMBT. The rank order of sensitization potential in guinea pigs observed from this study is DTDM, and then MBT. It appears that the disulfide bond, sulfur linkage and the sulfhydryl group may each play a rôle in the sensitizing capacity of these compounds.
In vitro study of the cross‐sensitivity of hair dye using hapten‐specific lymphocytes
Authors: Shigematsu Takeshi , Ozawa Noriyasu , Nakayama Hideo
Published: April 2006

Paraphenylenediamine (pPDA), which is used frequently in hair dyes, has a high sensitization potential and is also well‐known to cross‐react with chemicals of similar structure. pPDA‐specific lymphocytes from sensitized inbred guinea pigs were prepared and the cross‐reaction of pPDA was examined using cultured epidermal cells as the target. The cytolytic effect was observed to be highest with pPDA, followed by paraaminophenol, orthophenylenediamine, and metaphenylenediamine. Resorcinol and the control produced no cytolytic reaction. These results showed a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo tests. The recognizing ability of hapten‐specific lymphocytes is suggested to vary according to the position of the functional group and its type.
UV sunlight and patch test reactions in humans
Authors: Dooms‐goossens A. , Lesaffre E. , Heidbuchel M. , Dooms M. , Degreef H.
Published: April 2006

No seasonal influence of UV sunlight on patch test reactions in humans over a period of 9 year, of clinical practice was found in this retrospective study of almost 8OOO patients. Although the mean U V monthly dose varies seasonally, up in the summer and down in the winter, no significant differences could be identified for patch test reactions, either for the mean number of positive test reactions or for the intensity of the skin reaction or for the id‐like spread reactions seen in summer or winter. Furthermore, no short‐term influences of UV exposure during the weekend preceding patch testing could be demonstrated. Therefore, reliable patch‐test results can be expected at any season of the year from a general population, at least in Belgian‐type climates.
The usefulness of detailed information to patients with contact allergy
Authors: Edman Björn
Published: April 2006

To find out if patients with contact allergy are helped by computerized information lists, a retrospective study was carried out on 58 patients with contact allergy to lanolin, traced through our local database ADLUK. All were sent a questionnaire about their usage of the information list, clearance of their eczema, their education and other details. Clearance of the patient's eczema was found to correlate with use of the information list. It was also found that the effectiveness of the information depended on factors such as education, family circumstances, ethnic background and, most of all, how and where the information list was used.
Topical non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs inhibit non‐immunologic immediate contact reactions
Authors: Johansson Jari , Lahti Arto
Published: April 2006

The effects of 3 topical applications of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), diclofenac 1%, naproxene 10% and salicylic acid 5% in gel vehicles, on immediate contact reactions to 500 mM benzoic acid, 500 mM cinnamic aldehyde. 50 mM methyl nicotinate, all in pet., and 14.1 M (100%) dimethyl sulfoxide, were studied in 16 medical students. Erythema and edema reactions were observed visually, and the changes in the skin blood flow were monitored using laser‐Doppler flowmetry (LDF). NSAIDs had significant inhibitory effects on erythema induced by all 4 substances tested and on edema induced by methyl nicotinate. The inhibition was probably due in part to percutaneous absorption and systemic effects of NSAIDs. There were differences between visual and LDF assessment, which stresses the importance of monitoring erythematous reactions of the skin both visually and with LDF.
Irritant contact dermatitis and chrome‐passivated metal
Authors: Bruynzeel D. P. , Hennipman G. , van Ketel W. G.
Published: April 2006

An outbreak of hand dermatitis is reported amongst employees working on a new assembly line of an electronics factory 24 out of 41 employees had signs of irritant contact dermatitis. The fingertips and the dorsal parts of the hands were especially affected. Mechanical factors in combination with zinc‐chromium compounds form galvanised steel seemed to be responsible for the dermatitis and the dry skin. The use of an emollient solved the problem.
The sensitizing capacity of chimaphilin, a naturally‐occurring quinone *
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Schiedermair I.
Published: April 2006

Chimaphilin is a yellow naphthoquinone which occurs naturally in various Chimaphila and Pyrola species. In Chimaphila umbellata (winter green) and C. maculata, it is a major constituent. Folk medicine recommends the leaves of Chimaphila species as a topical application to treat skin diseases. Since 1887, winter green is claimed to have caused dermatitis and to have been responsible for “idiosyncrasy”. Experimental sensitization using the open epicutaneous as well as Freund's complete adjuvant technique has now revealed that chimaphilin is a moderate contact sensitizer
Dyshidrotic eczema as an occupational dermatitis in metal workers
Authors: de Boer E. M. , Bruynzeel D. P. , van Ketel W. G.
Published: April 2006

Metalworkers exposed to metalworking fluids often encounter dermatological problems. In an epidemiological study of 286 metalworkers, 14% had dermatitis. Of these, 21 (54%) presented with the clinical appearance of dyshidrotic eczema. 3 out of these 21 operators had positive patch test reactions. 1 to nickel and 2 to formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers, while I other was diagnosed as atopic. According to the literature, dyshidrotic eczema is strongly related to an atopic constitution and to contact sensitization, especially to nickel. However, our findings suggest that dyshidrotic eczema in metalworkers is a predominantly irritant dermatitis, mainly induced by exposure to soluble oils and unrelated to atopy.
Nickel sensitivity: effects of prolonged oral intake of the element
Authors: Santucci B. , Cristaudo A. , Cannistraci C. , Picardo M.
Published: April 2006

25 nickel‐sensitive females were given 10 mg NiSO4 in water in a single dose. 18 experienced daily flare‐ups 15 days later, 17 of the 25 patients were given gradually increasing daily doses of NiSO4 in water for 3 months, 14 ended the trial without flare‐up. 3 had to stop because of intense worsening of cutaneous manifestations. A relationship does exist between the daily oral intake and its clinical manifestations, but it is not uniform and depends on the changing quantities and, above all, on the manner of intake. It would seem that a 10 mg NiSO4 oral challenge represents a sudden and large intake of the element to which the majority of sensitized subjects are not able to adapt. On the other hand, a gradual intake permits a majority of subjects to adapt to the element. We hypothesize that this behaviour is more likely due to intestinal adaptivity than to immunological tolerance.
Isolation, via activity‐directed fractionation, of mercaptobenzothiazole and dibenzothiazyl disulfide as 2 allergens responsible for tennis shoe dermatitis
Authors: Jung J. H. , McLaughlin J.L. , Stannard J. , Guin J. D.
Published: April 2006

Although contact dermatitis from shoes is common, the causative allergen is frequently not known. Reliance cannot be placed on standard screening trays because such testing can be negative when testing to shoe materials is positive. Furthermore, the relevance of positive screening tests is almost never proven by extracting that allergen from the patient's shoes. We present a case of insole dermatitis to tennis shoes in which we directly isolated the causative allergens by step‐by‐step patch‐test monitoring of active fractions. Chromatographic separation of the active fractions led to the isolation of 2 allergens, mereaptobenzothiazole (Captex) (MBT) and its dimmer, dibenzothiazyl disulfide (Altax) (DBTD). Patch tests to DBTD were noticeably more potent than those to MBT. In what might be considered an obvious case of contact sensitivity to MBT, the actual allergen isw DBTD. Using this method, unknown shoe allergens can be isolated, identified, and added to the shoe test tray of potential fallergens.
Macro‐ and microscopic alterations in 2 rabbit skin regions following topically repeated applications of benzoic acid n‐alkyl esters
Authors: Branca M. , Garcovich A. , Linfante L. D. , Macri A. , Mantovani AL. , Oliyetti G. , Salvatore G.
Published: April 2006

This paper explores the irritancy potential of n‐alkyl benzoate preservatives (methyl benzoate. MB; ethyl benzoate, EB; n‐propyl benzoate, n‐PB; n‐butyl benzoate, n‐BB), allowable in cosmetic formulations, Comparative experiments were carried out involving repeated daily application for all com‐pounds (up to maximum of 6 days) on clipped rabbit skin in 2 distinct regions: the dorsum (0.5 ml per treatment) and the external surface‐ of the‐ outer ear (0.2 ml per treatment). According to the different anatomo‐physiological features, benzoates elicited dissimilar reactions in the dorsum and the external ear. In the first mentioned area, there were widespread inflammatory reactions accompanied, in some cases, by necrotic changes and slight epidermal hyperplasia; on the other hand, hyperplasia was the most prominent and earliest alteration in the car. The irritancy potential was closely related in the duration of treatment as well to the increase in the molecular weight of benzoates.