bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cassius Longinus, Gaius
Authors: Welch Kathryn
Published: December 2017

C. Cassius Longinus (ca. 86–42
bce
, praetor 44
bce
) is most famous for instigating, together with his brother‐in‐law and collaborator, M. Iunius Brutus, the plot to murder C. Iulius Caesar on the Ides of March 44
bce
. In 53
bce
, he saved the province of Syria from possible Parthian incursions after the Roman defeat at Carrhae. He fought for Gnaeus Pompeius in the civil war until the defeat at Pharsalus (48
bce
), after which he accepted Caesar's clemency and served as his legate (47–46
bce
).
Aristokles of Messene
Authors: Karamanolis George
Published: December 2017

Aristokles of Messene is a little‐known Peripatetic of imperial times (he is probably to be dated in the early first century
ce
). In his work
On Philosophy
, preserved in fragments, Aristokles is critical of materialism, relativism, and skepticism, which is advocated mainly by the Eleatics, the Skeptics, the Epicureans, and the Cyrenaics, while he stresses the value of Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy. Aristocle's profile comes close to that of Antiochus of Ascalon, who also considered the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle in agreement and was also critical of skepticism.
Bion of Borysthenes
Authors: Husson Suzanne
Published: December 2017

Bion of Borysthenes (ca. 335–245
bce
), after being the favorite slave of a rhetor, went to Athens, where he attended the main schools of philosophy at that time: the Academy (Xenokrates), Cynicism, the Cyrenaic school (Theodorus the Atheist), and the Lyceum (Theophrastus). Although his teaching was mostly influenced by Cynic themes (focus on ethics, condemnation of pleasure, sexual desire, greed, traditional religion, and promotion of a simple life), and witty style (
spoudaiogeloion
), he did not live like a Cynic, but as a wandering teacher of philosophy and occasionally of rhetoric. For that reason he has been sometimes identified as a sophist. Since the end of the nineteenth century, he has been portrayed by scholars as the inventor of a literary genre, the diatribe, specific to moral predication in popular philosophy (cf. the diatribes of Teles), but the existence of this specific genre as well as the influence of Bion is now disputed.
Dissoi logoi
Authors: Iordanoglou Dimitrios , Lindqvist Janne
Published: December 2017

Dissoi logoi
(twofold arguments) refers to an anonymous sophistic text as well as to a relativizing technique, supposedly of sophistic origin, of arguing both sides of an issue.

The text known as
Dissoi logoi
covers a wide range of issues central to intellectuals between the mid‐fifth and the mid‐fourth century
bce
: good and bad, seemly and unseemly, just and unjust, truth and falsehood, predication and being, the teachability of virtue, the appointment of state officials, and the arts of argument and memory. These issues, which later intellectuals classified under separate disciplines like “philosophy,” “rhetoric,” “dialectics,” and even “metaphysics,” are treated here as the concern of a single art of speech, argument, and reason, an art labeled
logôn technê
.

Towards the end of the twentieth century, scholars began to use the words “
dissoi logoi
” to denote various methods and assumptions, which they believed characterized both this and other sophistic texts.
Krates of Thebes
Authors: Husson Suzanne
Published: December 2017

Krates of Thebes (ca. 368/365–288/285), who adopted the Cynic way of life and renounced his fortune, was a pupil of Diogenes of Sinope. His marriage with Hipparchia of Maroneia (who was herself a Cynic philosopher) was known as akynogamia(marriage of dogs) since everything was done in public by the spouses. Krates left a diverse poetic works, written in a parodic and witty style, but with a moral purpose and promoting the natural and simple life. He taught Zeno of Kition, the founder of Stoicism, and influenced, thus, the early Stoic view of nature. Menippos of Gadara and Bion of Borysthenes might also have been his pupils.
Olympiodoros
Authors: Sheppard Anne
Published: December 2017

Olympiodoros was a pagan Neoplatonist philosopher who taught at Alexandria in the sixth century
ce
. The philosophy expressed in his surviving commentaries on Plato and Aristotle is essentially the same as that of Proklos but he adopts a more conciliatory attitude toward Christianity. Like other Neoplatonists, he shows knowledge of the entire preceding Greek literary and cultural tradition.
Iuventius Celsus, Publius (
filius
)
Authors: Bannon Cynthia
Published: December 2017

Publius Iuventius Celsus Titus Aufidius Hoenius Severianus, or Celsus, was a prominent jurist during the reign of Hadrian who played an important role in imperial government. The son of the lesser known jurist Celsus, he interpreted law on the basis of empirical analysis and equity. This article describes his family background and political career, his legal writings, and his approach to law, which participated in legal and philosophical debates about law and equity.
Alexander Zabinas
Authors: McAuley Alex
Published: December 2017

Alexander II Zabinas (ca. 150–123
bce
), parentage unknown, was a pretender to the Seleucid throne who was sent to Syria in 128 with the support of Ptolemy VIII as a rival to Demetrios II. After defeating the latter, he was king in Syria from roughly 128–123
bce
, though his reign was marked by instability after the withdrawal of his Ptolemaic support in favor of Antiochos VIII Grypos. The precise extent of his control over the Seleucid realm is unknown, though persistent rumors of his illegitimacy and rival claimants to the throne suggest his dominion was limited at best.
Amastris of Herakleia
Authors: D'Agostini Monica
Published: December 2017

Amastris was the daughter of Oxyathres, the brother of the Persian king Darius III. She married Krateros, the general of Alexander the Great. After Alexander's death, Krateros married her to Dionysios the tyrant of Herakleia Pontica, after whose death she ruled Herakleia. She was briefly married to Lysimachos before his marriage to Arsinoe II. Later she founded Amastris as the new capital of her kingdom. She was murdered by her sons: they were not recognized by Lysimachos as her successors and were sentenced to death.
Apame, wife of Magas
Authors: D'Agostini Monica
Published: December 2017

The Seleucid princess Apame married the Ptolemaic prince Magas, the governor of Cyrene, before 274
bce
. After Magas’ death she made an alliance with the Antigonid prince Demetrios the Fair to preserve Cyrene's independence. In exchange, she married her daughter Berenike to him. In 246
bce
the army rebelled against Demetrios and killed him: Berenike II married Ptolemy III and Cyrene re‐entered the Egyptian kingdom. Apame's fate is unknown.
Demetrios of Skepsis
Authors: Trachsel Alexandra
Published: December 2017

Demetrios of Skepsis was a Hellenistic scholar in the second century
bce
. His work most probably took the form of a commentary on the Catalogue of Trojans in book 2 of the
Iliad
; it focused on the topographical content of the Homeric text. He took part in the debate about the location of ancient Troy and his position is reported by Strabo, who also mentions the usage Apollodoros of Athens made of the work for his own treatise on the Catalogue of Ships.
Diogenes of Babylon
Authors: Veillard Christelle
Published: December 2017

Diogenes of Babylon, scholarch of the Athenian Stoic school between 170 and 150
bce
, is crucial for the understanding of Stoicism, considering its transmission to the Roman world as well as its modification by later Stoics like Panaitios of Rhodes and Poseidonios. His doctrine happens to contain some slight shifts about the conception of the cosmos and of the soul. He therefore provides some new pedagogical tools in order to achieve virtue, like wine and music. He was also concerned with grammar and rhetoric: His work on language aims partly at giving the Stoic sage the means to be listened by the people. Eager to be involved in politics, Diogenes tries to reconcile the Stoic principles based on natural law with the very matter at staking them in everyday life, chiefly substantive law.
Stephanus the philosopher
Authors: Roueché Mossman
Published: December 2017

Stephanus, the philosopher, was a sixth‐century
ce
Christian Neoplatonist commentator on Aristotle. He was a pupil of John Philoponos (ca. 490–570
ce
) and a successor of Olympiodoros (ca. 505–570
ce
) as a teacher of philosophy in Alexandria. His sole work to survive in its entirety is a commentary on Aristotle's
De interpretatione
, but excerpts from, and references to, his other commentaries are preserved in Christian
florilegia
and collections of definitions. These show that he lectured on virtually the entire logical curriculum of Aristotle (
Organon)
and was influential on later Orthodox theologians and in the medieval Arabic and Syriac philosophical traditions.
Networks, Bronze Age and Iron Age
Authors: Knodell Alex R.
Published: December 2017

Studies of networks have become increasingly widespread in ancient history and archaeology. At a fundamental level, networks represent relationships (links or edges) between a set of entities (nodes or vertices). Networks in the Bronze Age and Iron Age describe aspects of trade, movement, colonization, technology transfer, communication, and other social phenomena. Approaches to the study of such networks vary widely, ranging from descriptive or explanatory accounts of interaction and connectivity to more quantitative methods derived from network science or the formal analysis of complex systems.
Pithos (storage vessel)
Authors: Ximeri Samantha
Published: December 2017

Pithos
(pl.
pithoi
) is the Greek name for a large ceramic vessel used primarily for the mass storage of goods (cf. the Roman
dolium
(pl.
dolia
) and the modern day
pitharia
produced in some parts of Greece). It is the largest and bulkiest type of ancient Greek pottery, with an uninterrupted history of production ranging from the Late Neolithic period to the present. Because of their functional properties, pithoi are linked to the accumulation and control of agricultural and pastoral wealth, as well as to broader social, political, and economic phenomena.
AmyntasIII, father of PhilipII
Authors: Landucci Franca
Published: December 2017

Amyntas III became king of Macedonia in 394/3bceafter a six‐year dynastic struggle. He was the grandson of Amyntas, a son of Alexander I, and the son of Arrhidaios. Amyntas III's reign offered little stability to Macedonia, because the king had to contend with two aggressive neighbors, the Illyrians in the West and the Chalcidian League led by Olynthos in the East. Amyntas was driven out of his country by Illyrians who invaded Macedonia, and giving up hope for his crown, he ceded to the Olynthians some of his territory which bordered on theirs. For the time being he lost his kingdom, but shortly recovered his crown, and ruled for twenty‐four years. Amyntas married Eurydike, the daughter of the Illyrian (?) Sirrhas and the granddaughter of Arrhabaios of Lynkos, who was the mother of his successors.
Amyntas, son of PerdikkasIII
Authors: Landucci Franca
Published: December 2017

Amyntas was the son of Perdikkas III and a nephew of Philip II. He was the rightful heir to the kingdom of Macedonia at the time of his father's death (360/59bce), but he was too young to reign: for this reason, the Macedonians chose his uncle Philip, who acted either as regent or directly as king. Philip II kept Amyntas alive. After Philip's death, in the late summer of 336bce, Alexander, the new king, killed his cousin Amyntas, on the grounds of having plotted a conspiracy against him.
Charidemos
Authors: Bianco Elisabetta
Published: December 2017

Analysis of the career of Charidemos of Oreos, Euboian mercenary of the fourth century
bce
, who was also granted Athenian citizenship and became an influential
strategos
.
Kassandreia
Authors: Landucci Franca
Published: December 2017

In 316
bce
, on the Pallene isthmus (western part of the Chalcidian peninsula), Cassander, Antipatros’ son, who had just returned victorious to Macedonia after an exile of about three years, founded a new city called Kassandreia after his own name. Under the reign of Cassander and Lysimachos, the city received the
status
of allied city, formally independent from the kingdom of Macedonia. In 276
bce
, Antigonos Gonatas, who had just become king of Macedonia, conquered Kassandreia and killed the tyrant Apollodoros. From then onward, Kassandreia was fully incorporated into the kingdom of Macedonia until the end of the Macedonian monarchy in 168
bce
. After 43
bce
Kassandreia became a Roman colony with the name
Colonia Iulia Augusta Cassandrensis
. In 539–40
ce
Kassandreia was captured by the Slavs and destroyed.
Thrasymachos of Chalcedon, Sophist
Authors: Bonazzi Mauro
Published: December 2017

Thrasymachos of Chalcedon was a sophist and orator. His main area of interest was rhetoric, and he was especially known for his emphasis on the importance of the appeal to emotions. We also have fragments of two orations, the first probably linked to the post‐411 constitutional debate in Athens, the second referring to the political situation in Thessaly. In Plato's
Republic
he defends the view of justice as the interest of the stronger.
Agonothetes
Authors: Sarrazanas Clément
Published: December 2017

In the Greek world, an
agonothetes
was a civic or federal official specifically in charge of organizing and managing contests (
agones
) that took place during religious festivals. The
agonothetes
presided over the competition of which he had overall authority. His numerous duties included setting up the place where the contests were to take place, guaranteeing fair conditions for all the contestants or making prizes for the winners.
Agonothetai
were often prominent and wealthy citizens who acted as
euergetai
on this occasion, covering the expenses of their charge with their own money.
Decimation
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth H.
Published: December 2017

Decimation was the ultimate punishment in the Roman army, used very infrequently. One‐tenth of a unit accused of cowardice or gross dereliction of duty was chosen by lot and beaten to death by the legion.
Agrippa Postumus
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn
Published: December 2017

Agrippa Postumus (12
bce
–14
ce
) was the last of five children born to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of Augustus. Adopted by Augustus in 4
ce
, he was relegated to the island of Planasia in 7
ce
, where he remained under military guard until his death.
Dura‐Europos, siege of (256
ce
)
Authors: Gregoratti Leonardo
Published: December 2017

In 256
ce
the Roman town of Dura‐Europos on the western bank of the river Euphrates was conquered by the Persians after several weeks of siege. The remains the archaeologists were able to find on the site constitute remarkable proof of the imposing siege works and the bitter fighting that led to the fall of the town.
Tryphaina
Authors: Ager Sheila L.
Published: December 2017

Tryphaina was the eldest daughter of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III, born around 141/0
bce
. In 124
bce
she was married to her cousin, the Seleucid Antiochos VIII, to whom she bore five sons and one daughter. Around 114
bce
, Tryphaina's sister Cleopatra IV married Antiochos VIII's half‐brother Antiochos IX. During the war between the two half‐brothers, Cleopatra IV was captured and put to death by her sister Tryphaina; shortly thereafter Tryphaina herself was killed by Antiochos IX.
Sphairos of Borysthenes
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: December 2017

Sphairos of Borysthenes was a third‐century
bce
Stoic philosopher, a pupil of Zeno and Kleanthes. He is particularly well known for his involvement in the Spartan revolution of Kleomenes III in the 220 s
bce
.
Apelles, Macedonian
Authors: Nicholson Emma
Published: December 2017

Apelles (?–218
bce
) was one of Philip V of Macedon's advisors, and held a prominent position within the Macedonian court from the beginning of the king's reign in 221 until 218
bce
when he committed suicide. He was the head of the “Apelles Conspiracy” in 219/18
bce
, which allegedly aimed to sabotage the king's relationship with the Achaian League, its leader Aratos of Sikyon, and his military operations against Aitolia in the Social War (220–217
bce
).
Rollin, Charles (1661–1741)
Authors: Briggs Ward
Published: December 2017

Charles Rollin was one of the greatest eighteenth‐century historians of the ancient world whose Jansenist views put him at odds with the administrations of several French universities that employed him. His compendious histories won the devoted praise of Voltaire and Rousseau, but in translation his works influenced intellectuals across Europe and particularly the Founding Fathers of the United States.
Aiskhylos of Alexandria
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Aiskhylos of Alexandria was the author of an epic poem on Messenia. His date is uncertain, but must be placed between the third century
bce
and second century
ce
.
Anaximander the Younger
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: December 2017

Anaximander the Younger was an ancient Greek antiquarian writer from Miletos in Asia Minor. Surviving testimony about his career dates him to the late‐fifth to early‐fourth centuries
bce
. He wrote in an archaic Ionic style, was interested in the writings of Pythagoras and Homer, and also wrote mythological works.
Akousilaos
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Akousilaos of Argos was an important mythographer from the late sixth to early fifth centurybce. HisGenealogiesspanned the period from creation myths to at least the foundation of the major cities. His work became a standard text for discussion of myth at least by Plato's time.
Alexander of Myndos
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Alexander of Myndos was an important paradoxographer of the Late Hellenistic period whose works covered a range of zoological, geographical, and botanical topics.
Alexander's Ephemerides
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Alexander's Ephemerides were a text of Alexander the Great's daily exploits compiled by Eumenes of Kardia and Diodotos of Erythrai. The authenticity of the fragments we possess, coming from later Alexander historians, has been variously disputed with no clear consensus reached.
Alexis of Samos
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Alexis of Samos was a minor Greek historian of uncertain date who composed a history of the island of Samos.
Alketas
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Alketas was the author of
On the monuments of Delphi
in at least two books.
Alkimos
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Alkimos (
FGrH
560) was a Sicilian rhetorician and historian during the first half of the fourth century
bce
. The fragments show an interest in Plato's dialogues, local Sicilian customs, and animals.
Andron of Teos
Authors: Champion Craige B.
Published: December 2017

Andron of Teos (
FGrH
802) was a trierarch in Alexander the Great's Indian fleet. He wrote a treatise titled
Circumnavigation
(
of the Black Sea
).
Antigonus (historian)
Authors: Champion Craige B.
Published: December 2017

Antigonus was a Greek historian of unknown provenance, writing most likely in the third century
bce
. He wrote an Italian history, and if his tentative dating is correct, he, along with Timaeus, would be among the earliest Greek historians of Rome.
Anaxis of Boiotia
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: December 2017

Anaxis was a Greek historian from Boiotia who lived at an unknown date. His work is known from a single fragment of Diodorus of Sicily, which mentions only that he wrote a history of the Greeks which closed with the events of the year 361/0
bce
.
Andriskos (historian)
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: December 2017

Andriskos of Naxos was a fourth‐ or early third‐century
bce
Greek historian, who wrote a local history of his home island, the
Naxiaka
. Three fragments survive in the later works of Parthenios of Nicaea and Athenaeus of Naukratis. Little about his life and career can be described due to the extremely fragmentary nature of the historical record.
Andron of Alexandria
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: December 2017

Andron of Alexandria was a local historian of Alexandria who most likely wrote during the late Ptolemaic period. A single fragment of his
Chronicles
is preserved in the
Deipnosophists
of Athenaeus of Naukratis, written in the secon0064 or third century
ce
, and discusses the treatment of Alexandrian intellectuals in the reign of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II.
Andron
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: December 2017

Andron was an ancient Greek historian of unknown origin who likewise wrote at an unknown date. A single fragment of his work,
The sacrifices to Philippos
, is preserved in Apollonios Paradoxographos’
Historiae mirabiles
, written in the second century
ce
.
Amometos
Authors: Farrington Scott T.
Published: December 2017

Amometos is the author of
Sailing up from Memphis
. He also discussed wine, Isis, and the Seres.
Amphion of Thespiai
Authors: Farrington Scott T.
Published: December 2017

Amphion of Thespiai is the author of a work entitled
Concerning the Mouseion on Helicon
. He is mentioned by Athenaios.
Ammonios of Athens
Authors: Farrington Scott T.
Published: December 2017

Ammonios, whom our sources report belonged to the deme of Lamptrae, wrote
On altars and sacrifices
which discussed ritual architecture and practices.
Amphitheos of Herakleia
Authors: Farrington Scott T.
Published: December 2017

Amphitheos of Herakleia is the author of
On Herakleia
. He identified Sabazios with Dionysus.
Amyntianos
Authors: Farrington Scott T.
Published: December 2017

Amyntianos is the author of
On Alexander
, a life of Olympias, two sets of parallel lives (Dionysus I of Syracuse with Domitian and Philip of Macedon with Augustus), and
On elephants
. Photios criticized his style and omissions.
Anaxandridas
Authors: Farrington Scott T.
Published: December 2017

Anaxandridas, an archon of Delphi, wrote works concerning the dedications and history of Delphi and the oracle. Titles transmitted under his name are
On the dedications stolen in Delphi
and
On Lykoreia
. He was the object of a polemical treatise composed by Polemon of Ilion.
Anaxikrates
Authors: Farrington Scott T.
Published: December 2017

Anaxikrates was a Greek historian writing before the second half of the first century
bce
. He wrote an
Argolika
that discussed, at least, the Trojan diaspora. His relationship to the Anaxikrates who wrote a periplous of the Red Sea and to the associates of Seleukos I Nikator is debated.
de Ste. Croix, Geoffrey Ernest Maurice (1910–2000)
Authors: Cartledge Paul
Published: December 2017

G. E. M. de Ste. Croix was a Marxist, atheist, feminist historian of the ancient Greek and Roman world who came to ancient history in middle age and produced important studies of the role of class and the oppression of the poor throughout ancient Greek and later history.
Shapur I of Persia
Authors: Gregoratti Leonardo
Published: December 2017

Shapur I was the second Sassanid King of Kings. He ruled from 239/240 to 270
ce
and was the main antagonist of Rome during that period. He led the Sassanids against the Romans in three different successful wars that culminated with the capture of Emperor Valerian in 260
ce
.
High-Prevalence and Low-Intensity Ichthyophonus Infections in Pacific Halibut
Authors: Hershberger Paul K. , Gregg Jacob L. , Dykstra Claude L.
Published: December 2017

Ichthyophonus occurred at high prevalence but low intensity in Pacific Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis throughout the West Coast of North America, ranging from coastal Oregon to the Bering Sea. Infection prevalence in adults was variable on spatial and temporal scales, with the lowest prevalence typically occurring on the edges of the geographic range and highest prevalence consistently occurring inside Prince William Sound, Alaska (58–77%). Additionally, intra-annual differences occurred at Albatross–Portlock, Alaska (71% versus 32% within 2012), and interannual differences occurred along coastal Oregon (50% in 2012 versus 12% in 2015). The infection prevalence was influenced by host age, increasing from 3% or less among the youngest cohorts (age ≤ 6) to 39–54% among age-9–17 cohorts, then decreasing to 27% among the oldest (age-18+) cohorts. There was little indication of significant disease impacts to Pacific Halibut, as the intensity of infection was uniformly low and length at age was similar between infected and uninfected cohorts. These results suggest that Ichthyophonus in Pacific Halibut currently represents a stable parasite–host paradigm in the North Pacific.
Humoral Immune Responses to Select Marine Bacteria in Loggerhead Sea Turtles Caretta caretta and Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles Lepidochelys kempii from the Southeastern United States
Authors: Rodgers Maria L. , Toline Catherine A. , Rice Charles D.
Published: December 2017

Serum from Kemp's ridley sea turtles Lepidochelys kempii and loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta was collected during summer in 2011, 2012, and 2013. Serum immunoglobulin Y (IgY) recognition of lysate proteins from nine bacterial species and whole bacterium-specific IgY titers to these pathogens were quantified. Serum and purified IgY recognized proteins of all bacteria, with protein recognition for some species being more pronounced than others. Circulating IgY titers against Vibrio vulnificus, V. anguillarum, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Brevundimonas vesicularis changed over the years in Kemp's ridley sea turtles, while IgY titers against V. vulnificus, Escherichia coli, V. parahaemolyticus, B. vesicularis, and Mycobacterium marinum were different in loggerhead sea turtles. Serum lysozyme activity was constant for loggerhead sea turtles over the 3 years, while activity in Kemp's ridley sea turtles was lower in 2011 and 2012 than in 2013. Blood packed cell volume, glucose, and serum protein levels were comparable to those of healthy sea turtles in previous studies; therefore, this study provides baseline information on antibody responses in healthy wild sea turtles.
Microphysiological Analysis Platform of Pancreatic Islet β‐Cell Spheroids
Authors: Lee Sang Hun , Hong SoonGweon , Song Jihwan , Cho Byungrae , Han Esther J. , Kondapavulur Sravani , Kim Dongchoul , Lee Luke P.
Published: December 2017

The hallmarks of diabetics are insufficient secretion of insulin and dysregulation of glucagon. It is critical to understand release mechanisms of insulin, glucagon, and other hormones from the islets of Langerhans. In spite of remarkable advancements in diabetes research and practice, robust and reproducible models that can measure pancreatic β‐cell function are lacking. Here, a microphysiological analysis platform (MAP) that allows the uniform 3D spheroid formation of pancreatic β‐cell islets, large‐scale morphological phenotyping, and gene expression mapping of chronic glycemia and lipidemia development is reported. The MAP enables the scaffold‐free formation of densely packed β‐cell spheroids (i.e., multiple array of 110 bioreactors) surrounded with a perfusion flow network inspired by physiologically relevant microenvironment. The MAP permits dynamic perturbations on the β‐cell spheroids and the precise controls of glycemia and lipidemia, which allow us to confirm that cellular apoptosis in the β‐cell spheroid under hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia is mostly dependent to a reactive oxygen species‐induced caspase‐mediated pathway. The β‐cells' MAP might provide a potential new map in the pathophysiological mechanisms of β cells.
Encapsulated Optically Responsive Cell Systems: Toward Smart Implants in Biomedicine
Authors: Boss Christophe , Bouche Nicolas , De Marchi Umberto
Published: December 2017

Managing increasingly prevalent chronic diseases will require close continuous monitoring of patients. Cell‐based biosensors may be used for implantable diagnostic systems to monitor health status. Cells are indeed natural sensors in the body. Functional cellular systems can be maintained in the body for long‐term implantation using cell encapsulation technology. By taking advantage of recent progress in miniaturized optoelectronic systems, the genetic engineering of optically responsive cells may be combined with cell encapsulation to generate smart implantable cell‐based sensing systems. In biomedical research, cell‐based biosensors may be used to study cell signaling, therapeutic effects, and dosing of bioactive molecules in preclinical models. Today, a wide variety of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors have been developed for real‐time imaging of living cells. Here, recent developments in genetically encoded sensors, cell encapsulation, and ultrasmall optical systems are highlighted. The integration of these components in a new generation of biosensors is creating innovative smart in vivo cell‐based systems, bringing novel perspectives for biomedical research and ultimately allowing unique health monitoring applications.
Sulfur Immobilization by “Chemical Anchor” to Suppress the Diffusion of Polysulfides in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zeng Zhipeng , Liu Xingbo
Published: December 2017

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is considered to be one of the most promising contenders for the next generation high‐energy storages due to their high theoretical energy density (≈2600 Wh kg−1), which is nearly five times higher than that of the commercial LiCoO2/graphite batteries. However, a series of issues especially for the dissolution of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and their “shuttle effect” greatly limit their widely commercial applications. Starting from a brief overview of conventional methods to solve these problems, the achievements spotlighted in this review mainly show that the diffusion of LiPSs can be effectively suppressed by forming strong “chemical anchor” between LiPSs and host materials. The synthetic methods and characterization techniques are reviewed according to different types of chemical bonding between LiPSs and the host materials. Theoretical calculation methods are also summarized here to further understanding the role of these “chemical anchors.” Proposing with some perspectives and future research efforts, this review is hoped to provide an in‐depth understanding and offer avenues in the rational design of Li–S batteries with long cycle life and high energy/power density in the near future.
Novel Host Materials Based on Dibenzothiophene and Carbazolylcarbazole for Extended Lifetime in Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Shin Su Kyeong , Byeon Sung Yong , Han Si Hyun , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: December 2017

High triplet energy materials based on dibenzothiophene and carbazolylcarbazole are developed as hosts for lifetime extension in blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. Two host materials with or without a biphenyl linker between dibenzothiophene and carbazolylcarbazole are synthesized to get insight about the effect of aromatic linkers on the photophysical properties of the hosts and the device performances of a blue triplet emitter doped phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. It is described that the host design with dibenzothiophene and carbazolylcarbazole at 4‐position of dibenzothiophene is effective for both high efficiency and improved lifetime. In particular, the new hosts improved the lifetime of the blue devices by more than five times while enhancing the quantum efficiency compared to a common triplet host.
Rh‐Catalyzed Annulation of ortho‐C−H Bonds of 2‐Arylimidazoles with 1,4,2‐Dioxazol‐5‐ones toward 5‐Arylimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines
Authors: Wu Xiaopeng , Sun Song , Xu Shengbo , Cheng Jiang
Published: December 2017

A Rh‐catalyzed unique and direct approach for constructing a series of 5‐arylimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines in moderate to excellent yields from simple and readily available 2‐arylimidazoles and 3‐phenyl‐1,4,2‐dioxazol‐5‐ones was described. This procedure proceeds with sequential ortho‐C−H bond amidation and cyclization, which represents a facile and straightforward pathway to access such frameworks.

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Direct Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by a Moisture Tolerant Tin(IV) Lewis Acid
Authors: Sapsford Joshua S. , Scott Daniel J. , Allcock Nathan J. , Fuchter Matthew J. , Tighe Christopher J. , Ashley Andrew E.
Published: December 2017

Despite the ever‐broadening applications of main‐group ‘frustrated Lewis pair’ (FLP) chemistry to both new and established reactions, their typical intolerance of water, especially at elevated temperatures (>100 °C), represents a key barrier to their mainstream adoption. Herein we report that FLPs based on the Lewis acidiPr3SnOTf are moisture tolerant in the presence of moderately strong nitrogenous bases, even under high temperature regimes, allowing them to operate as simple and effective catalysts for the reductive amination of organic carbonyls, including for challenging bulky amine and carbonyl substrate partners.

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High Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistors with Solid and Aqueous Dielectric Based on a Solution Sheared Sulfur‐Bridged Annulene Derivative
Authors: Campos Antonio , Zhang Qiaoming , Ajayakumar M. R. , Leonardi Francesca , Mas‐Torrent Marta
Published: December 2017

Thin films of the organic semiconductor meso‐diphenyl tetrathia[22]annulene[2,1,2,1] (DPTTA) are prepared for the first time employing solution‐based techniques to fabricate organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Homogeneous and crystalline films of this semiconductor are achieved, thanks to the synergic approach of employing blends of this material with polystyrene (PS) and the high throughput technique bar‐assisted meniscus shearing (BAMS) with a hydrophobic bar. The resulting active layers exhibit state‐of‐the‐art OFET performance with an average mobility of 1 cm2 V−1 s−1, threshold voltage close to 0 V, high on/off ratio, and sharp switch on. Furthermore, a DPTTA:PS formulation is optimized to prepare films suitable for their integration in electrolyte‐gated field effect transistors operating in ultrapure water and 0.5 m NaCl aqueous solution. Such devices also reveal excellent performance with mobility values above 0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1, potentiometric sensitivity ≈200 µV, time response ≈9 ms, and long term stability in ultrapure water. Hence, this work supports the strategy of combining organic semiconductor:polymer blends with BAMS as a powerful route for achieving high performing devices, and also points out DPTTA as a highly promising material to be integrated in organic electronic devices.
Fluorinated Head‐to‐Head Dialkoxybithiophene: A New Electron‐Donating Building Block for High‐Performance Polymer Semiconductors
Authors: Huang Jun , Guo Han , Uddin Mohammad Afsar , Yu Jianwei , Woo Han Young , Guo Xugang
Published: December 2017

New building blocks with good solubility and optimized optoelectrical property are critical for materials development in organic electronics. Herein, a new head‐to‐head linkage containing a donor unit, 4,4′‐difluoro‐3,3′‐dialkoxy‐2,2′‐bithiophene (BTfOR), is synthesized. The dialkoxy chains afford good materials solubility and also planar backbone via noncovalent (thienyl)S⋯(alkoxy)O interactions. Compared to the reported 3,3′‐dialkoxy‐2,2′‐bithiophene (BTOR), F addition leads to BTfOR with lower‐lying frontier molecular orbitals and can further promote polymer packing via additional F⋯S or F⋯H interactions. BTfOR can be readily stannylated to afford tin monomer with high purity and excellent reactivity toward Stille polymerization. As a proof of concept for materials design, BTfOR‐based homopolymer (PBTfOR) is synthesized, showing high molecular weight and strong aggregation. Moreover, the HOMO (−4.98 eV) of PBTfOR is greatly lower than that (−4.54 eV) of nonfluorinated counterpart PBTOR, which is attributed to the addition of F atoms. When incorporated into thin‐film transistors, PBTfOR exhibits a remarkable hole mobility of 0.57 cm2 V−1 s−1, showing an exceptional example of high‐mobility head‐to‐head polythiophene. This study demonstrates that introduction of F atoms can lead to BTfOR with optimized physicochemical properties, and the new BTfOR should find promising use for constructing donor–acceptor copolymers for high‐performance electronic devices.
On reduced modeling of mass transport in wavy falling films
Authors: Bandi P. , Modigell M. , Groß S. , Reusken A. , Zhang L. , Heng Y. , Marquardt W. , Mhamdi A.
Published: December 2017

In many industrial units such as packing columns, falling film reactors, etc., the liquid phase is designed as a falling film. It is well known that the mass and heat transfer in laminar wavy film flows is significantly enhanced compared to flat films. The kinetic phenomena underlying the increase in mass and heat transfer are, however, still not fully understood. For an efficient design of falling film units, computational models that account for these enhanced transport mechanisms are of key importance. In this article, we present a reduced modeling approach based on a long‐wave approximation to the fluid dynamics of the film. Furthermore, we introduce a new two‐dimensional (2D) high‐resolution laser‐induced luminescence measurement technique. Both in the numerical simulation results and in the high‐resolution 2D‐concentration measurements obtained in the experiments we observe similar patterns of high concentrations locally, especially in the areas close to the wave hump. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2265–2276, 2018
Experimental measurement and thermodynamic modeling of cyclopentane hydrates with NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, or NaCl‐KCl present
Authors: Ho‐Van S. , Bouillot B. , Douzet J. , Babakhani S. Maghsoodloo , Herri J. M.
Published: December 2017

Consistent phase equilibrium data for cyclopentane hydrates in presence of salts are vitally important to many industries, with particular interest to the field of hydrate‐based water separation via cyclopentane hydrate crystallization such as desalination. However, there are very little experimental equilibrium data, and no thermodynamic prediction tools. Hence, we set up a method to generate a great deal of much needed equilibrium data for cyclopentane hydrates in diverse saline solutions with a wide range of salt concentrations. Our method does furnish verified, reliable and accurate equilibrium data. Plus, three thermodynamic approaches are developed to predict equilibrium, and provide tools for simulations, by considering the kind of salt and concentrations. All three models are in very good accordance with experimental data. One method, using a new correlation between occupancy factor and water activity, might be the best way to obtain consistent, quick, and accurate dissociation temperatures of cyclopentane hydrate in brine. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2207–2218, 2018
Determination of crystalline thermodynamics and behavior of anthracene in different solvents
Authors: Ye Cui‐Ping , Ding Xiao‐Xiao , Li Wen‐Ying , Mu Hai , Wang Wei , Feng Jie
Published: December 2017

To screen suitable solvents for anthracene crystallization, the solubilities of anthracene and metastable zone width were determined in four different solvents, N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF), xylene, tetrachloroethylene, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether from 30 to 80 °C at atmospheric pressure using a self‐made crystallizer. The cooling modes, solvents, and the effects of carbazole on the solvent crystallization process of anthracene were also investigated. The composition of mother liquors and solid products were measured by gas chromatography; the solids were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffractometer, differential scanning calorimetry, granulometer, and fluorescence spectrometer. The results showed that a uniform anthracene crystal was obtained when using DMF under the forced circulation cooling mode. Solid solution of anthracene and carbazole was initially detected in solvent crystallization. The existence of carbazole in solution has an obvious effect on the crystal morphology of anthracene, to some extent, is beneficial to the crystal growth of anthracene. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2160–2167, 2018
UBE2A deficiency in two siblings: A novel splicing variant inherited from a maternal germline mosaicism
Authors: Giugliano Teresa , Santoro Claudia , Torella Annalaura , Del Vecchio Blanco Francesca , Bernardo Pia , Nigro Vincenzo , Piluso Giulio
Published: December 2017

UBE2A deficiency is a syndromic condition of X‐linked intellectual disability (ID) characterized by typical dysmorphic features that include synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, almond‐shaped, and deep‐set eyes, large ears, wide mouth, myxedematous appearance, hirsutism, micropenis, and onychodystrophy. To date, only seven familial UBE2A intragenic mutations and nine larger microdeletions encompassing UBE2A have been reported. Here, we describe two siblings with X‐linked ID and typical clinical features of UBE2A deficiency caused by a novel hemizygous variant, identified by massively parallel sequencing of X‐exome. The synonymous c.330G>A substitution in UBE2A modifies the last nucleotide of exon 5, causing the exon skipping and resulting in an out‐of‐frame transcript, likely encoding for a truncated form of the ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme E2 A. As confirmed by deep sequencing, the c.330G>A substitution in UBE2A was undetectable in genomic DNA from maternal blood cells, suggesting that the recurrent UBE2A deficiency observed in males of this family is caused by a maternal germline mosaicism.
Iodine‐Catalyzed, Ethyl‐Lactate‐Mediated Synthesis of 1,4‐Benzothiazines via Metal‐Free Cascade Enaminone Transamination and C−H Sulfenylation
Authors: Wan Jie‐Ping , Cao Shuo , Hu Changfeng , Wen Chengping
Published: December 2017

The reactions between N,N‐dimethyl enaminones and ortho‐aminothiophenols provide 1,4‐benzothiazines via cascade C−N bond transamination and C(sp2)−H sulfenylation. By employing biomass‐available ethyl lactate as a green medium, the present work offers a complementary metal‐free cross‐coupling‐based synthesis of 1,4‐benzothiazines to those known tandem reactions catalyzed by transition metals.
Spin Hall Magnetoresistance and Spin Nernst Magnetothermopower in a Rashba System: Role of the Inverse Spin Galvanic Effect
Authors: Tölle Sebastian , Dzierzawa Michael , Eckern Ulrich , Gorini Cosimo
Published: December 2017

In ferromagnet/normal‐metal bilayers, the sensitivity of the spin Hall magnetoresistance and the spin Nernst magnetothermopower to the boundary conditions at the interface is of central importance. In general, such boundary conditions can be substantially affected by current‐induced spin polarizations. In order to quantify the role of the latter, we consider a Rashba two‐dimensional electron gas with a ferromagnet attached to one side of the system. The geometry of such a system maximizes the effect of current‐induced spin polarization on the boundary conditions, and the spin Hall magnetoresistance is shown to acquire a non‐trivial and asymmetric dependence on the magnetization direction of the ferromagnet.
High bonding strength and boiling water resistance of soy protein‐based adhesives via organosilicon–acrylate microemulsion and epoxy synergistic interfacial enhancement
Authors: Zhao Shujun , Xing Fangru , Wang Zhong , Kang Haijiao , Zhang Shifeng , Li Jianzhang
Published: December 2017

Boiling water resistance, an important indicator of wood adhesives, represents the capability of adhesives for exterior woodwork applications. However, soy‐based adhesives show poor behaviors in this respect, which limit their applications in outdoor environments. In this article, we report a synergistic modification method of integrating a cocrosslinking system of epoxied polyamideamine‐epichlorohydrin (PAE) and organosilicon–acrylate copolymer latexes (OACLs) to improve soybean meal (SM)‐based adhesive properties. Tailored PAE and OACL SM‐based adhesives demonstrated robust crosslinking structures via multi‐interfacial interactions, where PAE and OACL served as building blocks of an interpenetrating network, which was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The dry‐shear strength, wet‐shear strength, and boiling water strength of the resulting SM‐based adhesives were 1.41 ± 0.13, 1.32 ± 0.17, and 1.20 ± 0.11 MPa, respectively, with 15 wt % OACL loading; these were 41, 45, and 90% increases, respectively, over the SM–PAE adhesive with which we compared them. Most importantly, the excellent boiling water resistance of the adhesives make them practical for exterior plywood. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46061.
The use of noncovalently modified carbon nanotubes for preparation of hybrid polymeric composite materials with electrically conductive and lightning resistant properties
Authors: Kondrashov Stanislav V. , Soldatov Mikhail A. , Gunyaeva Anna G. , Shashkeev Konstantin A. , Komarova Olga A. , Barinov Dmitriy Y. , Yurkov Gleb Y. , Shevchenko Vitaliy G. , Muzafarov Aziz M.
Published: December 2017

In this work, approach to use of noncovalently modified carbon nanotubes is given for preparation of functional hybrid polymeric composite materials (HPCM) based on epoxy resin. Conductive glass‐fiber plastics with resistivity in transverse and lengthwise direction 9.0·× 102 and 30–50 Ohm cm, respectively, were obtained. The tetrafluoroethylene telomer and fluorocontaining organosilicon copolymer with amino groups were used as modifiers for carbon nanotubes. Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of the obtained materials were studied. The mechanism of the effect of noncovalent modification of carbon nanotubes on functional properties of HPCM was discussed. It was found, that type of modifier significantly affects the level of functional properties. The use of fluorocontaining organosilicon copolymer is more optimal in comparison with tetrafluoroethylene telomer. Thus, HPCM with carbon‐fiber filler and this modifier has higher electrical conductivity and lightning strike resistance in comparison with nonmodified HPCM. This approach is promising to impart antistatic properties for glass‐fiber plastics and increase lightning resistance of carbon‐fiber plastics. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46108.
Hydrophobic properties of poly(arylene ether)s derived from linear polydimethysiloxanes and decafluorobiphenyl
Authors: Lin Xinqi , Li Xuesong , Hao Jinmeng , Zhao Xuan , Wei Yanfeng , Mu Jianxin
Published: December 2017

A series of novel poly(arylene ether)s were synthesized with diphenol liner polydimethysiloxanes with different silicon numbers (2OH‐PDMS‐P; P = 2, 6, 10, 12, 16) and decafluorobiphenyl via a two‐step nucleophilic substitution polymerization. The chemical structures of the polymers were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, 19F‐NMR and 1H‐NMR spectra. All the polymers provided outstanding hydrophobic properties, high thermal stability and good solubility. The water contact angle (WCA) first increased and then suddenly decreased with the increasing of silicon numbers in PDMS. The highest WCA about 112° was obtained when silicon numbers was ten. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46187.