bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The issue of security in the elections programmes of candidates for the office of President of Ukraine in 2019
Authors: Pietnoczka Paweł
Published: June 2023

The aim of the article is to present the programme priorities in the field of security policy, announced by each candidate running for the office of President of Ukraine in 2019. In addition, it also attempts to show how they intended to: ensure state security, bring the war in the Donbass to an end, restore the territorial integrity – thus, to regain Kyiv’s control over the Donbass and Crimea, as well as where they were going to look for allies capable of providing support to Ukraine on the path to achieving the above-mentioned goals. An analysis of the elections programmes of each candidate will allow us to answer the questions. Attention was paid to the programme demands of those candidates who reeived at least a five per cent support in the presidential elections. Hence, the elections programmes of the participants of the second round of the elections, namely those of Volodymyr Zelensky, Petro Poroshenko, and also Yulia Tymoshenko, Yuriy Boyko, Anatoliy Hrytsenko, Ihor Smeshko as well as Oleh Lyashko, were subjected to analysis.
Relacje rosyjsko-afrykańskie w świetle wojny w Ukrainie
Authors: Ndiaye Bara
Published: June 2023

The aim of this article is to analyze Russian-African relations and the continent’s reactions to the war in Ukraine unleashed by Putin. The analysis also answers the question of whether the behavior of many African countries during the voting of the UN resolution against the war in Ukraine confirms the influence of Russia on the continent. The article also attempts to identify the causes of the conflict. The analysis of the history of Rusian-African relations is based essentially on the work of Russian historians and the research of Slava Tynes, an African-American researcher. It also includes studies by Arnaud Dubien, a French specialist in Russian foreign policy, Franco-Russian relations, and Russian policy in Africa, as well as by Sophie Coeuré, a professor at the University of Paris, and a specialist in Russia. The analysis of the position of African countries towards the war in Ukraine is based mainly on the publications of African intellectuals examining the behavior of African countries during the vote at the UN forum. Our analysis comes to a conclusion that the strategic attitude of African countries and the AU should be positioned as a powerful factor of reconciliation and mediation. On the other hand, African countries, in most cases, remain divided, weak and dependent on the former colonial powers, which results in the lack of a firm reaction to the protagonists of the war in Ukraine.
To the History of the Study of the Biblical Commentary Isho‘dad of Merw (IX Century)
Authors: Зиновкин А.
Published: June 2023

Цель статьи — исследовать историю изучения рукописного наследия Ишодада Мервского († после 850), видного восточносирийского экзегета Церкви Востока. Подобное комплексное исследование проводится впервые. В отличие от других сирийских библейских комментариев VIII–IX вв., комментарий этого автора ко всем книгам Библии полностью сохранился и был издан и переведён в начале и середине XX в. В связи с этим на основе данного материала представляется возможным не только реконструировать восточносирийскую экзегетическую традицию до середины IX в., но и также лучше понять источники средневековой сирийской лексикографии, которая создавалась с учётом филологических достижений этой традиции. Настоящее исследование призвано восполнить пробелы в отечественном изучении жизни и трудов восточносирийского епископа Церкви Востока и тем самым положить основу будущим переводам библейских комментариев последнего. Биография автора

The purpose of the article is to explore the history of studying the manuscript heritage of Isho‘dad of Merw (d. after 850), a prominent East Syrian exegete of the Church of the East. Unlike other Syriac biblical commentaries of the 8th–9th centuries, the commentary of this author on all books of the Bible was completely preserved, published and translated in the beginning and middle of the 20th century. In this regard, on the basis of this material, it seems possible not only to reconstruct the East Syriac exegetical tradition up to the middle of the 9th century, but also better understand the sources of medieval Syriac lexicography which was created taking into account the philological achievements of this tradition. The present research is intended to fill the gap in the Russian study of the life and work of the East Syrian bishop of the Church of the East and thus become the basis for future translations of the Isho‘dad’s biblical commentaries. Author Biography
Between Pneumatology and Logic: Macarius Macris and the Palamite Tradition of the Doctrine of the Procession of the Holy Spirit (Some Observations)
Authors: Макаров Д.
Published: June 2023

Макарий Макрис (ок. 1391–1431) — один из наиболее творчески мыслящих богословов Палеологовской эпохи. В первой части мы пытаемся доказать (на основании одного места из 5-й главы «Диалога с папой и теми, кто окрест него»), что он продолжает, хотя и не вполне открыто, традицию учения о вечном воссиянии Святого Духа (Никифор Влем мид, свт. Гри го рий Кипрский). Во второй части статьи мы показываем (на основании аргументации из 6-й главы того же труда), что учение Макария о том, что пропозиции и средние термы могут сказываться о разных индивидах, но не о свойствах, развитое в ходе аргументации против Filioque, допускает сопоставление с некоторыми положениями формальной семантики Монтегю. Согласно Монтегю, если одни и те же константы (аналог свойств Лиц) подставляются в тождественные формулы, тождественность формул утрачивается. Нам представляется перспективным такого рода сопоставление близких друг с другом средневековых и современных постклассических теорий.

Macarius Macres (ca. 1391–1431) was one of the most creative thinkers of the Palaiologan epoch. In the article’s first section we try to argue, on the basis of the 5th capter of his Dialogue with the Pope and Those Near Him, that he continued, though with some reservations, the tradition of the doctrine of the Holy Spirit’s eternal illumination (Nicephorus Blemmydes, St. Gregory of Cyprus). In the article’s second section we show, on the basis of Macarius’ reasoning in the 6th chapter of the same treatise, that our author’s teaching on some propositions and middle terms being predicated upon different individuals, but not upon different properties, which was developed in course of the polemics against Filioque, can be juxtaposed with some tenets of Richard Montague’s formal semantics. According to Montague, if one and the same constants, analogous to the Holy Trinity Persons’ properties, are put into identical formulas, the identity of the formulas in question is lost. We consider such a comparison of those Medieval and modern post-classical theories, which seem to be close to one another, to be a fruitful scientific pursuit.
Marginalia in the Hebrew Manuscripts of the Book of Ben Sira
Authors: Вартанов Ю.
Published: June 2023

Публикация посвящена до сих пор неисследованному материалу, содержащемуся в четырёх фрагментах еврейских рукописей оригинала Книги Премудрости Иисуса, сына Сирахова, а именно маргинальным пометам, имеющимся преимущественно в рукописи B. Даётся статистика, общая характеристика и классификация всех маргиналий и сопоставительная таблица всех стихов, имеющих пометы, и параллельных им стихов в других фрагментах, не имеющих таковых.

The publication is devoted to the still unexplored material contained in four fragments of the Hebrew manuscripts of the original book of Ecclesiasticus (Ben Sira) — marginals, available in manuscript fragments, mainly in the manuscript B. Statistics, general characteristics and classification of all marginalia and a comparative table of all verses with marks and verses parallel to them in other fragments without marks are given.
ibliographical Review: The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. Part 3: Vol. 71. Issue 4. November 2020. 158 р.
Authors: Серов В.
Published: June 2023

Настоящий очерк продолжает ретроспективный обзор номеров «Журнала церковной истории» (The Journal of Ecclesiastical History) за 2020 год. Данный номер 71-го тома представлен двадцатью публикациями: шестью статьями, очередным обьявлением о конкурсе на лучшую статью и тринадцатью аннотациями недавних крупных публи-каций по истории христианства.

There is the continuation of review of the Journal of Ecclesiastical History (2020). Here is issue 4 (November) which traditionally conclude twenty items of publications in each of them. In proposed review of this journal's issue all the published materials will be as usually briefly considered from the point of view of their content and main ideas.
An Anonymous Byzantine Commentary on the Book of Genesis: Unpublished Fragments of the Four Homilies
Authors: Ким С.
Published: June 2023

Статья посвящена четырём фрагментам гомилий неизвестного христианского проповедника, которые, возможно, образовывали единую экзегетическую серию толкования на Книгу Бытия. Анализируются кодикологические особенности ватиканских рукописей, в которых сохранились фрагменты; изучаются источники экзегезы анонимного автора, а именно сочинения иудейского писателя Филона Александрийского, с которыми выявлены обширные параллели. В статье даётся editio princeps памятника и русский перевод.

The article deals with four fragments of homilies by an unknown Christian preacher, which probably formed a single exegetical series of interpretations of the Book of Genesis. The codicological features of two Vatican manuscripts in which the fragments have survived are analyzed; the sources of the exegesis of the anonymous preacher, namely the writings of the Jewish writer Philo of Alexandria, with which extensive parallels have emerged, are studied. The article gives an editio princeps of the texts and their Russian translation.
he Journal of Coptic Studies. Vol. 22 (2020): Bibliographical Review
Authors: Морозов А.
Published: June 2023

В настоящем обзоре представлены материалы, опубликованные в номере 22 «Журнала коптских исследований» за 2020 г. В этом выпуске пять из двенадцати статей посвящены коптскому библейскому тексту и библейским манускриптам (статьи Анн Буд’ор совместно с Софией Тораллас Товар, Лины Эльхаге-Меншинг, Франка Федера совместно с Зигфридом Рихтером, Ханса Фёрстера, Андреи Хаснос). Семь статей содержат издания или переиздания текстов, относящихся к различным жанрам: заказы на доставку монастырского вина (статья Лайоши Беркес совместно с Николаосом Гонисом), письма (две статьи Алтье Хиддинг и Фредерика Крюгера), рецепт покраски тканей (статья Тонио Себастьяна Рихтера), надгробные надписи (статья Жака ван дер Влиета), библейские (статья Андреи Хаснос) и литургические тексты (статья Ибрагима Савероса совместно с Жак ван дер Влиет). Наконец, статья Дэвида Брэка посвящена текстологическому вопросу — интерпретации фрагмента Евангелия Иуды.

This review presents the contributions published in issue 22 of the Journal of Coptic Studies (2020). In this issue five of the twelve articles focus on the Coptic biblical text and biblical manuscripts (articles by Anne Boud’hors together with Sofíía Torallas Tovar, Lina Elhage-Mensching, Frank Feder together with Siegfried G. Richter, Hans Förster, Andrea Hasznos). There are also seven articles containing editions or reprints of texts from various genres: monastic wine delivery orders (article by Lajos Berkes together with Nikolaos Gonis), letters (two articles by Aaltje Hidding and Frederic Krueger), a recipe for dyeing fabrics (article by Tonio Sebastian Richter), epitaphs (article by Jacques van der Vliet), biblical (article by Andrea Hasznos) and liturgical texts (article by Ibrahim Saweros together with Jacques van der Vliet). Finally, an article by David Brakke focuses on the textual question of interpreting the passage of the Gospel of Judas.
Suso H. Kniga Istiny. Kniga Lyubvi [Book of Truth. The Book of Love] / transl. from Middle High German, intr., comment. M. L. Khorkov. / Suso H. Kniga Vechnoy Premudrosti [The Book of Eternal Wisdom] / transl. from Middle High German, intr., comment. M. L
Authors: Реутин М.
Published: June 2023

Да, спора нет: публикация переводов «Книги Любви» и «Книги Вечной Премудрости» М. Л. Хорьковым — история давняя. Вернуться к ней нас заставила свежая публикация переводчика: «К вопросу об авторстве “Книжицы Любви” (“Minnebüchlein”) в свете латинской версии». Мы тоже занимаемся рейнской мистикой первой половины XIV века. Готовя к изданию собрания немецкоязычных сочинений Г. Сузо, нам довелось сверить переводы М. Л. Хорькова с оригиналом, указанным в комментариях к ним3. Речь идёт о научном издании Карла Бильмейера (Karl Bihlmeyer) 1907 года4, более известном в репринте 1961 года. Не скроем, кое-что вызвало у нас, как принято говорить, «вопросы и недоумения». По возможности хотелось бы их разрешить. ...
On the Issue of Theological and Didactic Icons of the Metropolitan Macarius’s Era
Authors: Самойлова Т.Е.
Published: June 2023

Статья посвящена анализу новаторских образов знаменитой «Четырёхчастной» иконы XVI века из Благовещенского собора Московского Кремля и её связи с современной ей богословской полемикой. Автор показывает, что в иконографической программе «Четырёхчастной» заложена скрупулёзно проработанная троичная тема как отражение антилатинской полемики. Она позволяет уверенно говорить не об искажении традиционного понимания образа, а об обогащении системы в целом, где традиционный образ сохраняет своё высокое положение, но наряду с ним возникают концептуальные произведения. Все иконографические новации основаны на святоотеческих или литургических текстах и синтезируют в себе иконографические поиски византийско-балканской традиции.

The article analyzes the innovative images of the famous 16th-century «Fourpart» icon from the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin and its connection with the contemporary theological controversy. The author shows that the iconographic programme of the «Four-part» icon scrupulously works out a Trinity theme, as a response to the anti-Latin polemic. It allows us to speak confidently not about the distortion of the traditional understanding of the image, but about the enrichment of the system as a whole. Although a traditional image retained its high position, some new conceptual works were created. All iconographic innovations were based on patristic or liturgical texts and synthesized the iconographic explorations of the Byzantine-Balkan tradition
Overview of the Antimenses Collection of the Moscow Diocesan Administration from the Church-Historical Cabinet of the Kolomna Theological Seminary
Authors: Муравьев В.
Published: June 2023

Антиминс — предмет без которого невозможно совершение главного таинства Церкви — Божественной литургии. Антиминс, как и другие предмет церковного искусства, такие как напрестольные Евангелия и кресты, евхаристические сосуды и многие другие предметы богослужебного употребления на протяжении истории Русской Православной Церкви изменял свой внешний вид, но сохранял свое предназначение неизменным. В данной статье представлен обзор коллекции антиминсов, которая хранится в Церковно-историческом кабинете Коломенской духовной семинарии.Антиминсы рассматриваются в хронологической последовательности с указанием их стилистических особенностей. Автор прослеживает изменение иконографических вариантов антиминсов второй половины XVII – конца XX в.

Antimension is a liturgical object used to perform the main sacrament of the Church, the Divine Liturgy. The antimension, like a big number of church art objects such as altar gospels and crosses, eucharistic vessels and many other liturgical items changed its appearance throughout the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, but retained its main purpose unchanged. Church art originated at the moment of the Church foundation by Christ is an integral part of her life. Throughout the history of the Church, church art has always responded to the calls of the time and the cultural environment. The purpose of this article is to consider the antimension collection of the Church History Cabonet at the Kolomna Theological Seminary. Antimensions are reviewed in chronological order with an indication of their stylistic features. The author traces the change in the iconographic versions of antimenses in the second half of the XVII – late XX centuries.
Christian City as a Work of Art
Authors: Аванесов С.С.
Published: June 2023

Статья представляет собой попытку представить исторический христианский город в качестве произведения искусства. Такой взгляд на город позволяет сместить акцент с отношения к городу как к музейному экспонату или собранию статичных артефактов в сторону его восприятия как единого художественного произведения. Город, как и любое другое произведение искусства, характеризуется наличием трёх измерений: физического, эстетического и семиотического. Эти аспекты не только аналитически различаются, но и взаимно дополняют друг друга. Традиционный христианский город может быть рассмотрен как интегральный материальный, эстетический и визуально-семиотический конструкт. Он отличается внутренне согласованной структурой, художественной многослойностью и перформативным характером. Необходимым свойством такого культурного произведения является его динамика, реализующаяся в сотворчестве автора и реципиента. Религиозные смыслы, заключённые в христианском городе, позволяют квалифицировать такой город в качестве «пространственной иконы», совмещающей в себе несколько смысловых (символических, нарративных) слоёв. Отношение к христианскому городу как к произведению религиозного искусства позволяет не только лучше понимать его замысел, форму и композицию, но и выстраивать практически заинтересованное участие в его сохранении и развитии.

This article is an attempt to present a historical Christian city as a work of art. This approach may change our attitude to the city in general and lead us to stop treating it as a museum exhibit or a collection of static artifacts and move on to perceiving it as a complex work of art. The city, like any other work of art, is characterized by the presence of three dimensions: physical, aesthetic, and semiotic. These aspects are not only analytically different, but mutually complementary. The traditional Christian city can be viewed as an integral material, aesthetic, and visual-semiotic construct. It is distinguished by an internally consistent structure, many artistic layers, and a performative character. The dynamics realized in the co-creation of the author and the recipient is a necessary property of such a cultural work. The religious meanings contained in a Christian city make it possible to qualify such a city as a “spatial icon” that combines several semantic (symbolic or narrative) layers. The attitude to a Christian city as a work of religious art allows not only to better understand its design, form, and composition, but also to organize a practically interested participation in its preservation and development.
Painting «Healing of the Born Blind by Jesus Christ» in V. I. Surikov’s Life
Authors: Горский И.М.
Published: June 2023

Статья посвящена творчеству В. И Сурикова, одного из наиболее ярких и самобытных художников второй половины XIX — начала XX в. Художника невозможно сравнивать ни с одним из его современников. Живопись, созданная им, стала во многом эталоном в историческом жанре, подражать которому было крайне сложно. Его реалистический язык и поэтический дар воплотились в смелых, грандиозных, своеобразных творческих замыслах. Художественные принципы мастера отличались от академических представлений и опережали время. Он подчинял их содержательной стороне, внутренней идее. Картина, о которой пойдёт речь, имеет важнейшее значение в творчестве художника. В ней сближается духовное прозрение и личная драма. Она родилась как ответ художнику, пребывающему в поиске.

The article tells about V. I. Surikov’s work, who was one of the most striking and original artists of the second half of the XIX — early XX century. V. I. Surikov cannot be compared with any of his contemporaries. His paintings sat a standard in the historical genre, which was impossible to imitate. His realistic language and poetic gift were embodied in bold, grandiose, original and creative ideas. The artistic principles of the master differed from an academic manner and were ahead of its time. He subordinated them to the content side, to the inner idea. The picture that we will discuss is of the great importance to his artistic work. It brings together a spiritual insight, a personal drama and became an answer to the artist’s personal search.
Екологічне інспектування: практикум з навчальної дисципліни для здобувачів першого рівня вищої освіти спеціальності 101 Екологія
Authors: Маленко Яна Вячеславівна , Ворошилова Наталія Володимирівна , Поздній Євген Валентинович
Published: June 2023

Практикум розроблено для фахової підготовки здобувачів освітнього рівня «Бакалавр» за спеціальністю 101 Екологія, відповідно до вимог галузевого стандарту вищої освіти України та навчальної програми курсу «Екологічне інспектування». Матеріали навчального видання забезпечують формування в майбутнього фахівця фахових компетентностей, висвітлюють теоретичні засади та специфіку організації діяльності екологічних інспекторів, окреслюють обов’язкові питання, порядок здійснення й оформлення результатів інспекторських перевірок. Формат матеріалів дозволяє адаптувати завдання відповідно до умов і форм організації освітнього процесу, рівня підготовки студентів. Практикум рекомендовано для здобувачів спеціальностей галузі знань 10 Природничі науки закладів вищої освіти.
Soviet Historical Science and Foreign Policy Dynamics in the Late 1930s and 1940s: The Mishulin Line
Authors: Bukharin Mikhail
Published: June 2023

Historical scholarship in the USSR in the 1930s and 1940s developed along with the dynamics of foreign policy. The main issue that shaped the development of historical scholarship was Soviet-German relations. The Soviet alignment with Great Britain and France determined the dominance of the “anti-German” line even in those areas of historical research which, at first glance, were unrelated to modern history in general and German history in particular. Thus, this line is clearly evident in the discussion of the causes of the decline of the Harappan civilisation, which allegedly came about under pressure from the Indo-Aryan tribes, with whom Germany was implicitly identified in relevant studies in the second half of the 1930s. The initiator of the “anti-German” line in ancient history was Alexander Mishulin. After the conclusion of the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Treaty on 23 August 1939, the tone of the works on ancient history changed abruptly to “Germanophile” at the initiative of the same scholar. At the same time, the first – “anti-German” – line still persisted and developed in parallel with the second. Soviet-German academic cooperation was also progressing, as can be observed in the documents of the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The “pro-German line” disappeared with the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, while the “anti-German” (“anti-Indo-Aryan”) one disappeared with the independence of India in 1947 and the gradual forging of friendly relations between the USSR and India.
Wilhelm II and the Power System of Germany at the End of 19th and to Begin of 20th Centuries
Authors: Vatlin Alexander
Published: June 2023

On the basis of a historiographical analysis, the authors of this article attempt to reflect on the thirty-year reign of German Emperor Wilhelm II, taking into account the historically shaped tendencies of power, ideology, social and political organisation, as well as the Emperor's own ideas of monarchy and state. The authors systematise historians' assessments of the concepts of “dual modernization”, the “regime of personal rule by the emperor” and “Wilhelminianism” as well as interpretations of the phenomenon of radicalisation of public opinion and the activities of political parties and popular associations. It is their shared opinion that the far-reaching constitutional guarantees and powers proclaimed and granted to the German public by the 1871 Constitution were in fact substantially circumscribed. The Reichstag, as a social and political institution of power, never really became the main actor in the legislative process with controlling powers over the executive. The German middle class failed to secure the “classical prerogatives of parliamentarianism” (Georg Iggers). The constitutionally enshrined preponderance of monarchical power was reinforced by the alliance of the princes with the agrarian elite, which continued to dominate both economically and politically, occupying key positions in both the bureaucracy and the army. Therefore, due to the comparatively late unification of the country, the preservation of medieval monarchical culture and structures of domination, social groups, associations, unions, political movements and parties became the subjects of modernisation changes during this period of time. The war unleashed by the German monarchy and its subsequent tragedy clearly showed the other side of national unity. All these developments are considered in the context of the transformation of the monarchy, but not in the direction of limiting the personal power of the ruler, but in the direction of the traditional view of it ("the alliance between throne and altar"), which predetermined the final disaster of the reign of Emperor Wilhelm II.
Moscow Museums on the Eve and in the Initial Period of the Great Patriotic War: Organization, Structure, Evacuation
Authors: Bezugolny Alexey
Published: June 2023

In the article, the author examines the condition of the museum industry in Moscow on the eve of the Great Patriotic War and in the first months thereof, when urgent measures were required to move a large number of museum collections far inland. In the research literature, the topic has been considered mainly on the example of individual Moscow museums. The source base of the work comprises archival documents of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, the Committee for Arts of the USSR, and the Moscow City Council. The author shows that since the beginning of the war, the main efforts of the significantly reduced staff of Moscow museums were aimed at saving museum collections. The exposition activity was practically curtailed. The experience of mass conservation and relocation of museum collections seems relevant from a scholarly and practical point of view, especially since today the management of museums is as decentralised as during the war. This circumstance made it much more difficult to organize the evacuation of museum valuables. An urgent categorisation of museum objects had to be carried out, selecting a relatively small number of the most important historical exhibits, jewels and masterpieces of art that had to be evacuated without delay. The rest of the museum collections were sheltered on the premises of the museums themselves, or were amassed in a special joint storage facility. The transportation of museum valuables in November 1941 was effectively disrupted by the inability to organise rail transport. The immediate danger to museum collections was only removed after the successful counter-offensive of the Red Army in December 1941.
Formation and Creation of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijani SSR (1920–1945) in the Works of Azerbaijanian and Foreign Scientists
Authors: Kerimova-Kodjayeva Tamilla
Published: June 2023

In this article the author examines the historiography on the problem of formation and creation of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR in 1920-1945. The aim is to summarise the available literature on the subject, to analyse the works on the history of the foundation and the first years of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan and to show the development of the research interest in this field. This article examines the works of Russian, Soviet, and international historians of science. Soviet historiography was based on communist methodology. Soviet publications were characterised by the use of a large number of published documents and statistical materials. The issues of the development of science, the scientific intelligentsia, scientific personnel, research work; the activities of public organizations of the intelligentsia; the organization of science in various branches and periods of the development of Soviet society were actively studied. Particular attention was paid to the system of Party and state management of science, policy in the field of its organisation, the attitude to the old scientific intelligentsia, the composition of scientific employees and the conditions of their work were analysed, and changes in their socio-political position were noted. During the Perestroika and post-Soviet periods, the tasks of studying the history of the organisation of science in the USSR expanded, new documents were introduced into academic circuit, many facts, events and names were restored, and the methodology and methods of research were improved. The author shows that post-Soviet Azerbaijani historiography of the formation and establishment of the Academy of Sciences, although it inherits the Soviet one, in many ways offers not only new approaches to understanding the history of its foundation, but also a new research topic. By the quantity and quality, time range, geography of publications by Azerbaijani, Russian and international historians, it can be argued that the problem of the formation of the Academy of Sciences is one of the areas of Azerbaijani historical scholarship.
“Saratov Key” to the 1918 Campaign
Authors: Posadsky Anton
Published: June 2023

In the article, the authors examine the role of Saratov in the 1918 campaign of the Great War. The significance of this Russian rear city in the events of the war only became apparent after the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between the German Empire and Soviet Russia. The Treaty of 3 March 1918 created a vast field of new opportunities for the Central Powers, which had supposedly triumphed on the Eastern Front. The fragmentation of the Russian Empire, lack of resources and aspirations for a future radical colonial redistribution forced the German Empire to think on a Eurasian scale. The numerous descendants of German colonists in the Russian governorates of Saratov and Samara became an important point of diplomatic and military effort for both Germany and the parties of the Russian Civil War. From spring to autumn 1918, German military and political projects in the East would invariably include Saratov as a crucial location on the road to Turkestan and India.For the various anti-Bolshevik forces in the East and South, which managed to form independently by the summer of 1918, there was the possibility of uniting in the obvious Volga operational direction. In their hypothetical unification, wealthy Volga Germans could constitute a substantial reinforcement, although any interaction with them required an unambiguous pro-German orientation. In the article, the authors examine and assess the capabilities and actions of the main military and political actors – the German Empire, the RSFSR, the anti-Bolshevik governments – in the Brest system of international relations and in the context of the Russian Civil War in March – November 1918. They substantiate the hypothesis of the role, including the potential role, of the Saratov direction, in which both Germany and the White Movement missed the opportunity to achieve decisive results.
PENILAIAN KRITERIA GREEN BUILDING PADA FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS PATTIMURA
Authors: Buyang Christy Gery , Sangadji Fauzan
Published: June 2023

Krisis energi Pemanasan global merupakan isu fenomenal saat ini dan menjadi salah satu tantangan dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Krisis energi sedang mendapat perhatian khusus bagi negara-negara di dunia, karena kebutuhan energi yang terus mengalami peningkatan seiring dengan meningkatnya populasi penduduk. Di samping itu pemanasan global disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya adalah tidak ramahnya pembangunan yang berdampak bagi lingkungan. Konsep green construction dan green building merupakan solusi untuk mengurangi pemanasan global dan krisis energi dalam lingkup Bangunan Teknik Sipil. . Studi kasus yang digunakan adalah bangunan dalam tahap operasional dan pemeliharaan yaitu gedung Fakultas Teknik Universitas Pattimura. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada gedung Fakultas Teknik adalah analisis green building berdasarkan perangkat penilaian greenship existing building versi 1.1. Tujuan dari penelitian ini sdalah untuk melakukan pengkajian kondisi eksisting dan kesesuaian gedung Fakultas Teknik Universitas Pattimura serta memberikan rekomendasi terkait usaha perbaikan Gedung Fakultas Teknik Universitas Pattimura terhadap konsep Green Building dengan standar Greenship Existing Building v.1.1. Dari tujuan tersebut didapatkan hasil penelitian yaitu Metode green building ini terdapat 6 kategori yaitu tepat guna lahan (ASD) emperoleh 17 poin, efisiensi dan konservasi energi (EEC) memperoleh 3 poin, konservasi air (WAC) memperoleh 2 poin, sumber dan siklus material (MRC) memperoleh 6 poin, kesehatan dan kenyamanan dalam ruang (IHC) memperoleh 14 poin dan manajemen lingkungan bangunan (BEM) tidak dapat memperoleh poin. Dari 42 kriteria yang ada dalam kategori Greenship, gedung teknik unpatti memperoleh total poin sebesar 42 dari 177 poin  maksimal, sehingga gedung fakultas teknik memperoleh predikat perunggu dengan jumlah poin sebesar 42 poin.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ASPAL TERHADAP STABILITAS MARSHALL PADA MATERIAL RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT (RAP) DI RUAS JALAN JENDERAL SUDIRMAL – RIJALI KOTA AMBON
Authors: Masri Yumin , Siahaya Vera Th. C. , Istia Penina
Published: June 2023

Penanganan kerusakan jalan  dengan cara pembongkaran lapis permukaan jalan lama dengan alat Cold Milling Machine (CMM) untuk memperbaiki nilai daerah permukaan jalan. Penelititan ini menggunakan cara daur ulang dari material Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) hasil bongkaran dengan alat Cold Milling Machine (CMM). Tujuan penelitian mengevaluasi karakteristik aspal beton pada campuran panas dengan menggunakan kembali material Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) hasil dari ekstraksi dan menambahkan material  yang baru berupa agregat dan Aspal Pen 60/70 sehingga dapat menghasilkan campuran dengan kinerja yang baik. Metode eksperimen, dimana kegiatan penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium dan jenis pengujian yaitu pengujian Marshall untuk mendapatkan nilai stabilitas dan flow. Cara pengujian untuk mendapatkan nilai stabilitas dan flow yaitu dengan membaca nilai arloji pada alat Marshall. Pengujian yang akan dilakukan mengacu pada Spesifikasi Bina Marga 2018. Hasil dari penelitian diperoleh nilai karakteristik campuran beraspal daur ulang AC-WC dengan penggunaan material Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) 20% dan penambahan aspal Pen 60/70. Berdasarkan hasil analisis terhadap penggunaan material RAP 20% dengan formulasi batu pecah 10/20 = 19,10%, batu pecah 5/10 = 32%, pasir = 20%, abu batu 8,9% dan lima variasi kadar aspal Pen 60/70 diperoleh nilai Kadar Aspal Optimum (KAO) = 6%. Karakteristik campuran dengan pengunaan RAP 20% dengan niai rata – rata yang di peroleh yaitu nilai VIM = 4,28%, nilai VMA = 15,89%, nilai VFB = 72,91%, nilai stabilitas marshall = 1.067,43 kg, nilai flow =3.56 mm, nilai marshall Quotient = 301,91 kg/mm dan memenuhi batas spesifikasi Bina Marga 2018 untuk campuran laston AC-WC.
ANALISA PENGARUH DERAJAT KEMIRINGAN TERHADAP KINERJA ELECTRIC TROLLEY TABUNG GAS OKSIGEN DI RSUD ABEPURA
Authors: Oei Costantinus , Gultom Maran , Ranteallo Obet Takke
Published: June 2023

The demand for quick and easy distribution of oxygen cylinders at Abepura Regional General Hospital (RSUD Abepura) is increasing. Every operator, nurse, and patient desires quality in the hospital service process. This research explains how to build an automated and time-saving transportation system for oxygen cylinders to facilitate medical services efficiently, environmentally friendly, and safely. This is crucial due to the road conditions at RSUD Abepura, which have particular inclinations that hinder the distribution of 72 kg gas cylinders. The gas cylinder trolleys at RSUD Abepura are still manual. Therefore, this research offers an innovative solution, an electric trolley, as one of the methods to facilitate the distribution and traffic flow of oxygen cylinders at RSUD Abepura. The research results show that the electric trolley provides a suitable and convenient solution for operators and medical personnel in distributing oxygen cylinders without being hindered by the incline of the hospital road, thereby improving time efficiency and service effectiveness at RSUD Abepura.
The place of cephalosporins in the treatment of lower urinary tract infection
Authors:   N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, Voronezh, Russian Federation, Kuzmenko A.V. , Kuzmenko V.V. ,   N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, Voronezh, Russian Federation, Gyaurgiev T.A. ,   N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, Voronezh, Russian Federation
Published: June 2023

Therapy of lower urinary tract infections (LUTI), such as cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria, commonly turns out to be a more difficult task in practice than it seems at first glance. The choice of antibacterial drugs should be made taking into account their efficacy, proven in clinical studies, tolerability, adverse events, as well as their cost and availability. Numerous results of epidemiological studies indicate a steady increase in the resistance of uropathogens to antibiotics, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the number of cases of ineffective therapy and recurrent disease forms. When choosing an antibiotic, preference should be given to drugs with a low selection risk of resistant microorganisms and collateral damage development, such as fosfomycin and nitrofurans recommended as first-line therapy drugs. According to the current federal clinical guidelines, third-generation cephalosporins are recommended for use as an alternative therapy for LUTI, including in pregnant women, in allergies, intolerance, lack of sensitivity of the pathogen according to bacteria tests or previous ineffective treatment with first-line drugs. This article presents the literature data on the efficacy of the third-generation cephalosporin use in the treatment of LUTI. KEYWORDS: cystitis, lower urinary tract infection, uropathogens, cephalosporins, cefixime, clinical recommendations. FOR CITATION: Kuzmenko A.V., Kuzmenko V.V., Gyaurgiev T.A. The place of cephalosporins in the treatment of lower urinary tract infection. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2023;7(4):212–217 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2023-7-4-212-217.
Allergies In India: Myths, Misconceptions, and Awareness
Authors: Shaikh Wiqar
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND: Allergies are common ailments worldwide, including in India. Approximately 36% of the Indian population suffers from one or more allergic diseases. Awareness for allergies is thought to be poor in India and myths and misconceptions abound. This study was designed, therefore, to analyze this aspect of allergies in India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1,104 consecutive patients seen in the clinic over a period of one year were enrolled in this study. Patients having allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis were included. Each patient had to answer a prepared 15-point questionnaire regarding common myths, misconceptions, and awareness of allergic diseases.

RESULTS: The results from this study showed that most patients were unaware of facts regarding common allergic diseases. Myths and misconceptions were found to be prevalent in the majority of Indian patients.

CONCLUSION: Myths and misconceptions regarding allergic diseases abound in the Indian population and awareness of these ailments is very poor. This can only be corrected through a major awareness programme for allergic diseases in India.
Impossibilities, mathematics, and logic
Authors: Mala Firdous Ahmad
Published: June 2023

Mathematics is known for its rigor. Owing to its rigor, mathematics is both loved and feared. Proof holds a pivotal position in the whole of mathematical rigor. Proof is required for something to be possible. Interestingly, proof is equally important and required for something to be declared impossible. In this paper, certain beautiful examples of impossibilities are mentioned, which include, among others, the impossibility of the denumerability of real numbers, squaring a circle, and doubling a cube.
Challenges in Reducing Maternal Mortality Rate in Pakistan
Authors: Zehri Jahanzeb , Iqbal Arsalan , Taj Ali Ahmad , Khan Zarak
Published: June 2023

With only seven years until the 2030 deadline, Pakistan has a long way to go to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Pakistan ranks 125th out of 163 nations in terms of meeting the SDGS (Sachs et al., 2022). One of the important goals is the third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 3), which focuses on boosting the health and well-being of people of all ages (United Nations, 2015). Target 3.1, which aims to reduce maternal mortality rates to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, is a critical goal for improving maternal health internationally (WHO, 2021). It is a worldwide health concern and critical to achieving long-term development goals (WHO, 2021).

In Pakistan, the maternal mortality rate (MMR) is 186 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (WHO, 2021). Although Pakistan has made progress in lowering maternal mortality rates (MMR) since 1990, with the MMR falling from 521 in 1990 to 178 in 2021 (Bongaarts, 2015; WHO, 2021), much more work is needed to address this critical issue. However, several challenges must be overcome to achieve this goal, which will be explored in this essay. Furthermore, effective strategies to assist Pakistan in overcoming these hurdles and making significant progress in lowering its MMR will be presented.
Uji Iritasi Primer Krim Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Rambusa (Passiflora Foetida L) Pada Kelinci Albino (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)
Authors: Mulyani Evi , Suryadini Halida , Rianiko Rianiko
Published: June 2023

Uji iritasi primer merupakan upaya standarisasi sediaan topikal terutama keamanan penggunaannya. Ekstrak Etanol Daun Rambusa (EEDR) diformulasikan sebagai krim antiradang yang memenuhi standar fisik, sehingga harus diuji keamanannya sebelum diajukan ke uji klinis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah krim antiinflamasi EEDR dapat mengiritasi kulit hewan uji. Penelitian merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan cara memaparkan krim EEDR pada kulit kelinci albino (Oryctolagus cuniculus) yang telah diinsisi dan tidak diinsisi dan diamati selama 3 x 24 jam untuk menghitung skor iritasi. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa krim antiradang EEDR memiliki indeks iritasi primer yang masuk dalam kategori kurang mengiritasi atau tidak mengiritasi (<2).
The Augusta, Maine, Church-planting Project
Authors:   ,   Andrews University, Steenhoven Michael
Published: June 2023

Problem. There has never been a SDA church in Augusta, the capital city of Maine. The purpose of this project was to plant a healthy SDA church there, develop a church-planting plan, and create a vision for further church planting in the Northern New England Conference. Method. Twenty-one members from an established congregation, four miles south of Augusta, became the nucleus for the Augusta Church. In conjunction with this group, a ten-part church-planting plan was developed. Northern New England church.-planting vision is progressing as the successful impact of the Augusta, Maine, church-planting project is unfolding. Results. The church plant has been successful following the church-plant plan. Upon completion of the first year, membership in the Augusta Church increased by more than 100 percent, tithe for the mother and daughter churches increased nearly 50 percent, and many in conference leadership are beginning to develop a vision for church planting in other Northern New England communities. Conclusions. Well-organized and planned church planting has tremendous impact on church growth that can be duplicated in other communities throughout Northern New England and North America.
Archaeology, the Ancient World, and the Bible: an Integrated Evangelistic Approach
Authors:   ,   Andrews University, Zollman Franke
Published: June 2023

Problem. Recent studies of the Seventh-day Adventist church have revealed that there are several large segments of society in the United States that are not present in the church in large numbers. Among them are groups of people who have attained high socioeconomic levels and above average educational levels. Many of the people who live in the Chestnut Hill section of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, are in these groups. Traditional Adventist evangelistic methods have not attracted them. This project sought to develop an archaeologically based evangelistic approach that would attract people with similar characteristics. Method. A series of twenty lectures, entitled "Archaeology, the Ancient World, and the Bible," was developed and held in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, a largecity setting. In addition, a pastoral move enabled the same series to be held in Mount Vernon, Ohio, a small-town setting. Participant questionnaires were completed by 348 community attendees and the responses were analyzed to determine the attendees' characteristics. Results. The targeted people groups in Chestnut Hill, who have attained high socioeconomic and educational levels, indeed attended the lecture series. Responses suggested that many would not have been attracted by prophetically based meetings. In spite of having opposite demographics, many attendees in Mount Vernon were also from higher socioeconomic and educational levels. Yet, the Mount Vernon series also attracted many who were less wealthy and educated. Conclusions. Evidence from the presentation of this series in two dissimilar locations suggests that archaeologically based evangelism will attract people from a broad spectrum. However, people from the higher socioeconomic and educational levels seem to be attracted more by archaeologically based evangelism than prophetically based evangelism. Solid evangelistic programming can be produced that remains archaeologically based throughout the whole series rather than using archaeology in a few meetings— incidentally— in a prophetically based series as has been common in traditional Adventist evangelism. Archaeology can be integrated into evangelism to build confidence in the Bible, illuminate the customs and culture of biblical times, and provide examples from biblical stories that can be applied to modern-day living.
Strategy to Evangelize the Ahanta Middle Class
Authors:   ,   Andrews University, Ewoo Andrews
Published: June 2023

The Seventh-day Adventist Church appears to have grown dramatically in Ghana. Of the four fields in Ghana, the Central Ghana Conference was organized in 1933 and has a membership of 88,380. The South Ghana Conference, organized in 1987, has a membership of 38,573. The North Ghana Mission, organized in 1968, has a membership of 157,532, Ahantas form 1.9 percent. Not even 5 percent of the total union membership is of the middle class who control the economy of the country. This Doctor of Ministry dissertation suggests a Sequence Evangelism Seminar as a viable strategy for reaching the rich Ahanta middle class who will help to expand the word of God in Ahantaland. Chapters 1-4 of this project lay the foundation for the development of a strategy to evangelize the Ahanta middle class by analysing: 1. The cultural identity, historical important, religious practices, and traditional beliefs, and characteristics of the target group. 2. The biblical, Spirit of Prophecy, and historical basis for the suggested strategy. 3. The methods the early Christian missionaries used in evangelizing the Ahanta and why they failed. The last chapters of the project deal with six suggested principles and practices which should be applied in evangelizing the Ahanta middle class. Provision is made in strategy for the involvement of the educated laity in order that they may reach out to their contemporaries. Training seminars and a step-by-step approach of the strategy is explained in easy-to-follow steps so that the laity can be part of this team approach.