bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION AS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS DEGREES OF HYPOPROTEINEMIA AND BY AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Madden S. C. , Turner A. P. , Rowe A. P. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red blood cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal low protein diet. These dogs are clinically normal but their resistance to infection is distinctly below normal. Introduction of variables into this standardized existence gives information relative to plasma protein production.

Plasma protein production under these conditions with a plasma protein concentration of 3.5 to 4.2 gm. per cent is relatively constant. As the plasma protein concentration rises the plasma protein removed falls rapidly (Table 1). At 4.6 gm. per cent the protein removed is less than 50 per cent of the amount removed at a plasma protein level of 4.0 gm. per cent.

Cystine appears to be an important amino acid for plasma protein formation. This shows in Table 2 and is supported by data coming from published experiments.

These experiments related to the factors which control plasma protein production bear on the problems of shock, hemorrhage, and protein wastage and their treatment by plasma injections which hold the attention of surgeons and physiologists at the moment.

Again we would emphasize the fluidity of body protein including plasma protein—an ebb and flow between protein depots and plasma protein—a "dynamic equilibrium" of body protein. A discussion of the passage of large protein molecules through cell borders is submitted.
STUDIES ON INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

Influenza complement fixation tests designed for use with ferret serum are described. Complement-fixing antigens derived from influenza ferret lungs were unsatisfactory due to their low content of soluble antigen; those prepared from mouse lungs or developing chick embryo membranes proved to be better antigenically and were reliable when the various reagents in the test were properly adjusted to eliminate non-specific fixation of complement.

The results of cross complement fixation tests indicated that the soluble antigens of the PR8 and W.S. strains of influenza A virus were closely similar, if not identical. They indicated also that the soluble antigen of swine virus possessed components present in the antigens of the human strains of virus.
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT OR ALEXIN
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Weil Alfred J. , Treffers Henry P.
Published: June 2004

1. The molecular quantities of hemolysin and complement combining component or components (C'1) involved in hemolysis have been calculated on the basis of new, quantitative, absolute methods of analysis.

2. Molecular combining ratios between antigen, antibody, and C'1 have been established.

3. The data are shown to be in accord with the theory of combination of multivalent antigen with multivalent antibody.

4. The fixation of complement by antigen-antibody combination is qualitatively and quantitatively accounted for on this basis.
A SIMPLIFIED PERFUSION APPARATUS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF LIVING ORGANS IN VITRO
Authors: Galli-Mainini Carlos
Published: June 2004

A simplified perfusion apparatus for the maintenance of living organs in vitro is described.
NATURE OF NON-PARALYTIC AND TRANSITORY PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS IN RHESUS MONKEYS INOCULATED WITH HUMAN VIRUS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Ward Robert
Published: June 2004

1. The occurrence of non-paralytic poliomyelitis in monkeys inoculated with human or first passage virus was proved by histological examination of the nervous system and by isolation of the virus.

2. The non-paralytic infection was almost invariably associated with the destruction of an appreciable number of nerve cells in the spinal cord, and failure of the process to progress seemed to depend upon an equilibrium between the host and the virus, in which the latter occasionally persisted in an active state since it could produce the typical paralytic disease on passage to other monkeys.

3. While there were no reliable clinical or laboratory criteria, the diagnosis of non-paralytic poliomyelitis was made when the following changes were found in the spinal cord: (a) outfall of neurons confirmed by the presence of the reaction of degeneration in the nerve roots, and (b) foci of glial infiltration and perivascular cuffing in the gray matter.

4. Anterior horn cells showing diffuse chromatolysis and acidophilic, intranuclear inclusions were present 2 days after disappearance of paralysis of short duration, and nerve cells with marginated Nissl substance and eccentric nuclei were found side by side with obviously older lesions in monkeys with non-paralytic poliomyelitis. These cytologic changes were not present in monkeys sacrificed in still later stages of the disease.

5. The transitory character of the paralysis in some monkeys may depend in part on the fact that apparently normal function can be carried on with less than the normal number of nerve cells and in part on the probable, but not proved, possibility that not all nerve cells attacked by poliomyelitis virus are irreversibly damaged.
THE SWINE LUNGWORM AS A RESERVOIR AND INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

1. The swine lungworm can serve as intermediate host in transmitting swine influenza virus to swine. The virus is present in a masked non-infective form in the lungworm, however, and, to induce infection, must be rendered active by the application of a provocative stimulus to the swine it infests. Multiple intramuscular injections of H. influenzae suis furnish a means of provoking infection. Swine influenza infections can be provoked in properly prepared swine during the autumn, winter, and spring, but not during the summer. The phenomenon, while not regularly reproducible, occurs in well over half the experiments conducted outside the refractory period of summer. No explanation for the failures is apparent.

2. The virus can persist in its lungworm intermediate host for at least 2 years.

3. Swine infected with swine influenza virus by way of the lungworm intermediate host exhibit a more pronounced pneumonia of the posterior lobes of the lung than do animals infected intranasally with virus. The situation of the worms providing the virus will account for this.

4. Occasional swine infested with lungworms carrying influenza virus fail to become clinically ill after provocation but instead become immune. In these it is believed that lungworms containing the virus are localized outside the respiratory tract at the time of provocation.

5. It is believed that the experiments described furnish an explanation for the findings recorded in the preceding paper, in which swine influenza virus infections were induced in apparently normal swine by multiple injections of H. influenzae suis.

6. In a single experiment swine lungworms failed to transmit hog cholera virus.
CONSTITUENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Ward S. M. , Smadel Joseph E. , Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

A search by means of spectroscopic and enzymatic techniques has failed to demonstrate either cytochrome or cytochrome oxidase in purified elementary bodies of vaccinia. A constituent of the virus which catalyzes the oxidation of cystein has been found and identified as copper in a concentration amounting to 0.05 per cent of the dry weight of the virus. The copper constituent was not removed by repeated washing, ultrafiltration, dialysis against 0.1 molar potassium cyanide, or by electrodialysis over a pH range which did not inactivate the virus. During the process of purification of the virus a 25-fold increase of the copper constituent was observed. Emission spectra obtained from the dry virus also revealed copper but no significant traces of other metallic substances. No biological rôle can yet be ascribed to the copper component of virus.
THE EFFECT OF THE VIRUS: HOST CELL RELATIONSHIP ON INFECTION WITH VACCINIA
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described in which it is shown that, in addition to the amount of virus injected, the chance of a lesion also depends on the tissue mass (number of cells) exposed to the virus shortly after injection, and that the larger the number of host cells per virus particle the greater the probability of a lesion. This point has been shown by three types of experiments: (1) varying the size of the inoculum showed that the smaller sizes were relatively more effective than the larger ones; (2) localizing the virus by the estrogenic hormone decreased the chance of a lesion occurring; (3) spreading the virus over a larger area increased the probability of a lesion.

It is also shown that because the ratio of virus particles to host cells varies and because this ratio partly determines whether a lesion occurs, the number of particles of virus cannot be predicted by the use of the Poisson law of small numbers.
CONSTITUENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Ward S. M. , Smadel Joseph E. , Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

Suspensions of purified elementary bodies of vaccinia exhibit fluorescence in the presence of ultraviolet light. This fluorescent constituent can be separated by chromatographic methods provided the virus is first denatured by acid and heat. By means of the specific protein of d-amino acid oxidase it has been possible to identify the flavin constituent as flavin-adenine-dinucleotide and show that it can participate in the oxidative deamination of d-alanine. By means of microbiological assay the flavin component has been quantitatively measured and shown to compare favorably in concentration with that observed in animal cells and in some bacteria; its concentration in virus is lower than that observed in yeast. The demonstration that it exists as an integral portion of the virus is not conclusive. So far, however, it has been separated from the elementary bodies only by means which in themselves inactivate the virus.
THE CAPACITY OF THE RENAL VASCULAR BED IN HYPERTENSION
Authors: Cox Alvin J. , Dock William
Published: June 2004

By using kerosene and avoiding postmortem rigor one can obtain perfusion rates in kidneys nearly five times faster than those reported by observers who perfused kidneys immediately post mortem with saline solution, only half as viscous as kerosene.

The results obtained by kerosene perfusion indicate possible renal blood flow 50 to 100 per cent greater than that measured by Smith and his coworkers (7) in living men by diodrast clearance under normal conditions, and about as high as those observed in febrile subjects. Like the diodrast method, kerosene perfusion shows a striking decrease in renal vascular bed between early matuity (age 18 to 35) and senescence (45 to 60). This decrease is about 25 per cent.

Most kidneys from patients with hypertension without uremia have vascular beds in the normal range, but a few show great decreases in capacity for blood flow. This evidence is interpreted as another indication that renal arteriosclerosis is often a result, rarely a cause of hypertension. Significant occlusion of large renal arteries is rare.

Uremia due to amyloid may occur with no significant decrease in renal vascular bed, but the uremia of renal sclerosis, glomerulo- or pyelonephritis is associated with reduction of vascular bed to very low levels.
THE PREPARATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SERUM PROTEIN COMPONENTS OF COMPLEMENT
Authors: Pillemer L. , Ecker E. E. , Oncley J. L. , Cohn E. J.
Published: June 2004

1. Methods for the separation from guinea pig serum in highly purified form of three of the components of complement are described. These substances are the so called mid-piece, end-piece, and 4th component.

2. Mid-piece has been separated as a euglobulin, with an electrophoretic mobility of 2.9 x 10–5 in phosphate buffer of ionic strength 0.2 at pH 7.7, and with a sedimentation constant of 6.4 x 10–13 in potassium chloride of ionic strength 0.2.

3. End-piece and 4th component were found together in a euglobulin fraction of serum which contained 10.3 per cent carbohydrate and had an electrophoretic mobility of 4.2 x 10–5 in phosphate buffer of ionic strength 0.2 at pH 7.7.
STUDIES ON AN AGGLUTINOGEN (Rh) IN HUMAN BLOOD REACTING WITH ANTI-RHESUS SERA AND WITH HUMAN ISOANTIBODIES
Authors: Landsteiner Karl , Wiener Alexander S.
Published: June 2004

Studies are reported on an individual agglutinogen (Rh) in human blood which has been found to be of clinical importance because occasionally it gives rise to the formation of immune isoantibodies in man, a peculiarity which leads to untoward transfusion reactions.

A method for the determination of the presence or absence of the new blood factor is described, which can be used for typing patients and prospective blood donors.

Examination of families showed that the agglutinogen is inherited as a simple Mendelian dominant. The distribution of the factor Rh among white individuals and negroes may indicate racial differences. The property is probably genetically independent of the blood groups and the factors M and N.
THE DETECTION OF A "MASKED" VIRUS (THE SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS) BY MEANS OF IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the immunization procedure described by Shope, with particular reference to the detection of "masked" papilloma virus by means of it. Papilloma extracts were frequently encountered which, though non-pathogenic, elicited the specific antiviral antibody and induced resistance to the virus upon injection intraperitoneally into normal rabbits. The results of the immunization experiments were often complicated, however, by the effects of extravasated antibody, which had accumulated in various amounts in many of the papillomas and was consequently present in extracts of them together with "masked" virus. The extravasated antibody was often sufficient to render extracts of domestic rabbit papillomas non-antigenic; and sometimes, when present in excess, its passive transfer conferred resistance to reinfection with the virus. The conclusion seems warranted that only positive immunization findings can be interpreted with certainty. Negative results provide no decisive evidence as to whether "masked" virus is or is not present in the injected material, unless the amount of extravasated antibody also present is known. The findings may have a bearing on the negative outcome of immunization experiments with extracts of the cancers deriving from the natural papillomas of cottontails.

Crude suspensions of domestic rabbit papillomas, which contain little or no virus demonstrable by ordinary methods, are far less antigenic than extracts of the natural growths of wild rabbits, which contain virus in quantity. In explanation of the finding the possibility seems worthy of attention that domestic rabbit papillomas may contain much less virus than the growths of cotton tails, the natural hosts of the virus.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN RATS INDUCED BY INJECTION OF ANTIKIDNEY SERUM
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. Three different inbred lines of rats were found to vary in their response to antikidney serum: rats of the Whelan strain were most susceptible to nephrotoxin and most prone to develop chronic glomerulonephritis immediately following the acute injury induced by this agent; animals of the Evans strain were almost as vulnerable to the acute effects of nephrotoxin; Wistar rats were the least affected.

2. Both Evans and Wistar rats usually recovered quickly from the acute injury, and between the 2nd and 5th months after injection they excreted normal or only slightly abnormal urines. During this period of absence of clinical signs of disease, histopathological examination of their kidneys revealed only minor scarring in the glomerular tufts.

3. Most of these apparently recovered rats subsequently developed a slowly progressing chronic glomerulonephritis irrespective of whether they were fed a basal or high protein diet.

4. Histopathologically similar renal lesions were present in all three strains of rats with active chronic nephritis regardless of whether the chronic disease followed immediately the acute nephrotoxic injury or was separated from it by an interval of months. These lesions were somewhat more severe, however, in Whelan rats.

5. Some intraglomerular scarring was present in the kidneys of all rats which survived acute nephrotoxic nephritis. It was especially prominent in those animals that remained clinically cured for as long as a year.

6. The permanent clinical recovery of certain animals, which were found to have moderate glomerular fibrosis on postmortem examination, suggests that factors other than this residual scarring contributed to the development of the recurrent nephritis observed in most of the Evans and Wistar rats. These unknown factors may produce varying degrees of renal functional trauma affecting both glomeruli and tubules.
EXPERIMENTAL GONOCOCCUS INFECTION OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Bang Frederik
Published: June 2004

1. The reaction of the chick embryo to nine strains of gonococci was studied. Four of these were inoculated intra-amniotically in 14 to 15 day embryos.

2. Infection of the 10 day chorio-allantoic membrane was localized and accompanied by polymorphonuclear leucocytic phagocytosis.

3. Infection was either transitory or persisted until hatching. Several strains killed the 10 day embryo in 3 days.

4. Chicken immune sera placed on the infected membranes failed to affect phagocytosis.

5. Slight sinusitis, bronchitis, and infection of the pulmonary alveoli were common following intra-amniotic injection of 14 to 15 day embryos. Infection also extended to the pulmonary and abdominal air sacs.

6. Serial passage on the membrane so modified one strain that it killed a greater percentage of both 10 day and 14 day embryos. The infection after modification was also accompanied by bacteremia and meningitis in one embryo.

7. The ability of meningococci to invade tissue and produce septicemia is contrasted with the inability of gonococci to produce more than a superficial infection.

8. The infection of the embryo with gonococci reproduces all of the essential characteristics of the disease in man.

9. Gonococci were found within columnar epithelial cells in a case of acute human urethritis.
TRANSPLANTABLE EPITHELIOMAS OF THE LIP AND MOUTH OF CATFISH
Authors: Lucké Balduin , Schlumberger H.
Published: June 2004

The catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus) taken from streams near Philadelphia, is commonly afflicted with an epithelial tumor bearing some resemblance to epithelioma of the lip in man. This neoplasm usually occurs as solitary or multiple, large, red, fleshy masses upon the lips or dental plates, and by reason of its size, may prevent closure of the mouth. The tumor is comprised of epithelial cells, often in papillary arrangement, supported by a delicate vascularized connective tissue stroma. The larger growths frequently invade adjacent normal tissues and force their way into vessels where they are found as emboli. The clinical course of the tumor is one of relatively slow but progressive growth.

This neoplasm has been observed from the time of its inception in a number of animals. Thus it has been learned that the proliferative stage of the neoplastic process is preceded and accompanied by a striking vascular reaction. Intense hyperemia invariably occurs in that region of the mucosal surface which later becomes the site of neoplastic proliferation. Furthermore, by direct microscopic observation of the living tumors the atypical structure and arrangement of the blood vessels become apparent. A study of the significance of these vascular phenomena in their relation to the inception and growth of the tumor is now in progress.

It has been found possible to transmit the catfish tumor to fish of the same species by implanting fragments of the tumor into the anterior chamber of the eye. Also, by taking advantage of an anatomical peculiarity of the catfish cornea, it has been possible to embed the tumor fragments in normal tissue where it could still be readily observed both in the gross and microscopically. The growth of the transplants in the eye has been followed by periodic examination of the living tumor by means of the slit lamp microscope. In the anterior chamber, the tumor characteristically forms dense membranes which spread over the inner surface of the cornea. In this manner growth continues until the tumor fills the chamber. Between the two layers of the cornea, tumor growth is expansive.

Attempts to transplant the tumor to the anterior chamber of two other species of fish and to frogs, were unsuccessful. Implantation of the catfish epithelioma in alien species of fish excited no exudative response, whereas in a less closely related species of animal, the leopard frog, a pronounced exudative reaction resulted.
CULTIVATION OF THE HOG CHOLERA VIRUS
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl
Published: June 2004

The work of Hecke on the cultivation, of hog cholera virus was confirmed with ease. Virus was grown in the presence of fresh minced swine testicle in flasks containing Tyrode solution, on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs, and on the surface of swine serum agar. In flasks it was grown for 14 transfers; while on eggs it was grown for 13 transfers, followed by an equal number of transfers on agar, making 26 transfers in all. Only one strain of virus was used and we do not know whether all strains can be cultivated so readily or whether we were particularly fortunate in the selection of the strain used. Neither do we know whether swine testicle is better than other tissues for growth.

The cultured virus produces characteristic hog cholera when injected into swine, and its effect can be neutralized with commercial anti-hog cholera serum. No evidence of attenuation of the virus was obtained, the last culture being highly virulent when small amounts were injected. No evidence for the adaptation to the egg could be secured, since passages without swine testicle on the membrane or intravenously for 2 transfers resulted in a loss of the virus. No contaminating virus that might favor the cultivation could be detected by animal or egg inoculation.

Not only has the virus been cultivated but it has been demonstrated in large amounts in the culture. Four suspensions containing slightly over 0.5 mg. of protein nitrogen produced typical hog cholera when 1 x 10–6 cc. was injected, and one suspension made in the same way was active in one-tenth this amount. Few titrations on what is commonly known as hog cholera virus, i.e. the serum from acutely ill pigs, are available. We made one such titration and produced a delayed disease with 1 x 10–5 cc. of infectious serum. It seems probable that the culture virus is more active than the commonly used virus and that its practical use in hog cholera vaccination and hyperimmunization would result in a considerable saving.

All of the methods used yielded active cultures, but the serum agar method is the one of choice since larger amounts of suspension can be obtained with less labor.
NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN SERUM AFTER INFLUENZA A
Authors: Horsfall F. L. , Rickard E. R.
Published: June 2004

The increased concentrations of neutralizing antibodies against influenza A virus in human serum which occur after influenza A do not differentiate between antigenically different strains of this virus or swine influenza virus but instead appear to possess equal reactivity against these agents. The decrease in antibody levels which occurs with time is also independent of the strain of virus used to measure it.
INFLUENCE OF EXTRANEOUS PROTEIN AND VIRUS CONCENTRATION ON THE INACTIVATION OF THE RABBIT PAPILLOMA VIRUS BY X-RAYS
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Anderson Rubert S.
Published: June 2004

The pronounced resistance to the x-rays manifested by the papilloma virus in ordinary suspensions is due to the protecting influence of extraneous matter and also in considerable degree to the amount of virus present in the preparation. Two to 4 million r were required to inactivate the virus contained in the crude papilloma extracts prepared for the present work, whereas 100,000 r or less was enough to inactivate comparable concentrations of virus after extraneous matter had been excluded by repeated differential centrifugation. The addition of normal rabbit serum or crystalline egg albumin to purified suspensions of virus was found to increase greatly the amount of irradiation required to inactivate the virus. Furthermore the percentage destruction of virus by a given amount of irradiation increases as the concentration is decreased by dilution with saline or buffer solutions. As little as 3,000 r will inactivate much of the virus in very dilute suspensions. The complement-binding antigen of papilloma virus suspensions is also inactivated by x-rays, but requires a somewhat larger amount of irradiation than necessary to destroy the infectivity of the suspensions.

The effects of irradiation on the antiviral antibody present in the blood of animals which have become immune to the virus—an antibody that specifically fixes complement in mixture with the papilloma virus—are also conditioned by extraneous material. 250,000 to 500,000 r had only a slight effect on the antibody in whole serum, while this amount of irradiation completely inactivated comparable amounts of antibody in preparations partially purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate.

As a whole the findings indicate that under certain conditions of purity and concentration most of the radiation does not act by direct hits on virus or antibody particles, but indirectly by ionizing or exciting some other molecules present in the exposed suspension, which then react with the virus or antibody molecules.
COMPARATIVE VIRULENCE OF ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS CULTURED WITH BRAIN TISSUE FROM INNATELY SUSCEPTIBLE AND INNATELY RESISTANT MICE
Authors: Webster L. T. , Johnson Mary S.
Published: June 2004

We find that St. Louis encephalitis virus cultured in 10 per cent serum-Tyrode solution plus brain tissue from 1-day-old innately susceptible mice attains a higher titre than when cultured in a similar solution plus brain tissue from 1-day-old closely related, yet innately resistant mice. This difference in titre persists regardless of whether the serum comes from innately susceptible or resistant mice. The relatively high titre of virus in the susceptible media is not affected by the addition of an extract (not cell-free) from the resistant brain; the relatively low titre of the virus in the resistant media may possibly be slightly enhanced by the addition of an extract from the susceptible brain.

The findings as a whole show that the marked difference in the increase of St. Louis encephalitis virus in the brain tissue of innately susceptible and resistant mice, on culture in vitro, is due to some difference in the brain tissue itself.
OCCURRENCE OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN AUTOPSIES, PATIENTS, AND CONTACTS
Authors: Kessel John F. , Moore Frederick J. , Stimpert Fred D. , Fisk Roy T.
Published: June 2004

1. Poliomyelitis virus has been recovered in monkeys from 50 per cent of spinal cords, 10 per cent of olfactory bulbs, 50 per cent of tonsil-adenoid tissue, and from 26 per cent of the colon contents of autopsies; from the stools of 20 per cent of patients, and of 5 per cent of the contacts examined in this series.

2. Other materials as indicated in Table I were tested without success.

3. In autopsies with positive cords, tonsil-adenoid tissues, or colon contents were positive in 73 per cent.

4. 22 per cent of stools from patients with paralysis yielded virus and 19 per cent of the stools from patients without paralysis yielded virus.

5. 20 per cent of the stools from males and 22 per cent of the stools from females yielded virus.

6. 40 per cent of 35 stools from patients under 16 years yielded virus while 8 per cent of 38 stools from patients above the age of 15 yielded virus.

7. 71 per cent of the cords of 35 autopsies under 16 years yielded virus while 31 per cent 16 years and over yielded virus.

8. Repeat stools from 5 positive cases, 1 month after the first positive stool, were negative. The stool of one contact was positive the 2nd month after first recovery but was negative the 3rd month.
INHIBITION BY PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF THE ACTION OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS ON BACTERIA
Authors: Baker Zelma , Harrison R. W. , Miller Benjamin F. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Robert Wexler
Published: June 2004

1. Lecithin, cephalin, and sphingomyelin prevent the inhibition of bacterial metabolism which is caused by synthetic anionic and cationic detergents. The phospholipids must be added either before or simultaneously with the detergent. Addition after the detergent is without effect. Bacteria still exhibit this phenomenon after they have been exposed to the phospholipid and thoroughly washed.

2. A similar action of the phospholipids has been demonstrated towards the bactericidal compounds isolated by Dubos and Hoogerheide from soil bacteria. There is very little effect with bactericidal mercury compounds.

3. The effect of lecithin against the bactericidal action of synthetic detergents was also determined. It was found that germicidal quantities of the detergents were not effective in the presence of the phospholipids.
STUDIES CONCERNING THE SITE OF RENIN FORMATION IN THE KIDNEY
Authors: Friedman Meyer , Kaplan A.
Published: June 2004

1. The absence of glomeruli in the kidney of the midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) is reported.

2. The detection of renin in the glomerular kidney of the carp, the catfish, and the hog, and the apparent absence of this substance in the aglomerular kidney of the midshipman fish suggest that the tubular portion of the mammalian kidney does not produce or store renin.
THE EFFECT OF SULFAPYRIDINE UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS IN RABBITS
Authors: Curnen Edward C. , MacLeod Colin M.
Published: June 2004

1. Sulfapyridine, administered to rabbits during the period of developing immunity after a single intravenous injection of heat-killed Pneumococcus Type I, exerted no influence upon the immune response.

2. Active immunity as indicated by increased resistance to homologous intradermal infection was present 48 hours after the immunizing injection and 2 days before circulating type specific antibodies were detectable.

3. Of the serological techniques employed for the detection of circulating antibody the mouse protective test yielded the highest percentage of positive results followed in order by tests for type specific agglutinins and precipitins, the latter being least satisfactory for the detection of small amounts of antibody.
THE LS-ANTIGEN OF VACCINIA
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

Experimental data are presented which may be interpreted as follows. The heat-labile (L) and heat-stable (S) antigens of vaccinia occur in nature as a complex consisting of a single substance with two serologically active parts, each of which may be degraded independently of the other.
THE LS-ANTIGEN OF VACCINIA
Authors: Shedlovsky Theodore , Smadel Joseph E.
Published: June 2004

Virus-free filtrate, obtained from suspensions of vaccine virus-infected dermal pulp of rabbits and rich in the soluble substances of vaccinia, was shown to contain four distinct components in electrophoresis experiments. Electrophoretic and serological observations served as a guide in developing a method for separating these components from one another. This method depended upon changes in the solubilities of the components with alterations of pH.

Three of the four components appeared to be serologically inert when tested with anti-vaccinia sera. All of the L- and S-activity was found to be associated with a single component which was electrically homogeneous at several values of pH and which was homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge.

This single substance, designated as LS-antigen, precipitates in equal titers with optimal amounts of L- and of S-antibody and is completely removed from solution by absorption with either antibody.

The LS-antigen of vaccinia appears to be a protein molecule with two antigenically distinct parts, L and S. Heating modifies the L-portion in such a manner that the substance no longer precipitates with L-antibody; this degraded antigen still combines with L-antibody, as is shown by inhibition tests, and still precipitates with S-antibody. Similarly, treatment with heat and dilute alkali modifies the S-portion of LS-antigen so that it combines but does not precipitate with S-antibody; and at the same time all recognizable immunological properties of the L-portion are destroyed.
LIVER DAMAGE AND URINARY EXCRETION OF SULFATE IN RATS FED l-CYSTINE, dl-METHIONINE, AND CYSTEIC ACID
Authors: Earle David P. , Kendall Forrest E.
Published: June 2004

1. Rats fed l-cystine at excessive levels excrete large amounts of sulfate sulfur in the urine and develop liver necrosis and cirrhosis.

2. Rats fed dl-methionine at excessive levels excrete large amounts of sulfate sulfur, but do not develop liver necrosis and cirrhosis.

3. Rats fed cysteic acid at high levels excrete relatively small amounts of sulfate, but do develop liver necrosis and cirrhosis.

4. In conclusion, there is no apparent correlation between the amount of sulfate formed and the development of liver damage in rats fed l-cystine, dl-methionine, and cysteic acids.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. ,   With the Collaboration of Peter Zappasodi
Published: June 2004

1. Mononuclear phagocytes of immunized animals that had ingested tubercle bacilli in vivo and had subsequently been transplanted and grown in the environment of a normal animal continue to inhibit the multiplication of the microorganism in their cytoplasm in the absence of immune body fluids.

2. Mononuclear phagocytes of immunized animals that had ingested tubercle bacilli in vitro in the presence of immune serum inhibit the multiplication of the microorganism in their cytoplasm to a much greater extent than cells of normal animals that had ingested the bacteria in the same medium and had grown in a similar environment.

3. The presence of immune serum during the in vitro ingestion of tubercle bacilli by mononuclear phagocytes of normal animals does not regularly endow them with increased bacteriostatic properties for the microorganism. Whether or not continued sojourn of normal cells in immune body fluids will confer upon them such properties has not been determined.

4. Mononuclear phagocytes of immunized animals that had ingested tubercle bacilli in vitro in a medium of normal serum and had subsequently grown in an environment devoid of immune body fluids inhibit the multiplication of the microorganism in their cytoplasm to a much greater extent than do normal cells under the same conditions.

5. Active tuberculosis confers on the mononuclear phagocytes themselves increased bacteriostatic properties for the tubercle bacillus which are independent of the immune body fluids or of the organ environment in which they grow.
SEROLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF HYDROLYTIC PRODUCTS FROM SILK
Authors: Landsteiner K.
Published: June 2004

The foregoing experiments show that products of the hydrolysis of silk that consist of peptides having, from amino nitrogen determinations, molecular weights from about 600 to 1000 were capable of inhibiting the reactions of precipitin sera for silk. From the results it may reasonably be inferred that silk fibroin contains determinant structures not larger than the peptides examined, which probably consist of not more than 8 to 12 amino acids. That similar relations may obtain with other proteins is not improbable in view of results previously reported with dialyzable split products.
THE EFFECT OF UNDERNOURISHMENT ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE RABBIT TO INFECTION WITH VACCINIA
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which it is shown that if rabbits are deprived of food, the lesions resulting from injection of vaccinia are either fewer or smaller; presumably this is partially explainable on reduction of available nutrients in the cell. The number and character of the lesions are also modified by the state of hydration of the interstitial tissues: If the amount of interstitial fluid is increased by permitting the animal to drink water, the lesions are even less numerous; but if the interstitial tissues are dehydrated either by withholding water or by injecting physiological saline solution into the peritoneal cavity, then the lesions are more numerous.

The increase in interstitial fluids in these experiments was not due to decreased plasma proteins, for these were normal. In this respect, therefore, the rabbit differs from man, for unless the plasma proteins are reduced, simple starvation in man results in dehydration rather than edema of the tissues.

From these experiments it is concluded that the virus is less able to multiply in the poorly nourished cell than in the well nourished one, and that hydration of the tissues increases the resistance of the tissue to infection while dehydration has the opposite effect. It is suggested that this is because hydration tends to localize the virus in situ, with result that fewer cells are exposed to it, while dehydration has the opposite effect. However, actual changes in cell susceptibility consequent upon altered water balance may be responsible for the effect.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONDITIONS OF DIETARY HEPATIC INJURY (NECROSIS, CIRRHOSIS) IN RATS
Authors: György Paul , Goldblatt Harry
Published: June 2004

Experimental dietary hepatic injury (diffuse or focal necrosis and cirrhosis in rats, with or without ascites and pleural and pericardial effusion) is determined by the dietary factors instrumental also in the production of fat infiltration of the liver and thus opposed to the lipotropic activity of casein. Accordingly, rats maintained on a diet low in casein with a moderately high or high content of fat and without choline regularly exhibited hepatic injury after between 100 and 150 days. Supplements of l-cystine had an aggravating effect on the production of cirrhosis of the liver, whereas a supplement of choline alone reduced the severity and the incidence of hepatic injury, although not decisively. The combined administration of l-cystine plus choline or of dl-methionine in adequate doses, however, proved to be highly effective in preventing injury to the liver.

These conclusions have been corroborated by the use of different modifications of the basal diet.

Rats with dietary hepatic injury exhibit, in sequence, changes that vary from diffuse necrosis resembling human acute or subacute yellow atrophy to advanced portal cirrhosis.

Diffuse necrotizing nephrosis was a frequent accompaniment of the hepatic injury. Cystine again, proved to be a factor which aggravated this condition.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF THE SULFONAMIDE DRUGS
Authors: Wood W. Barry
Published: June 2004

The following observations have been made which substantiate the theory that the sulfonamide drugs used in the treatment of bacterial infections exert their bacteriostatic effect by competing with the essential metabolite, p-amino-benzoic acid, for an important enzyme site on the bacterial cell.

1. p-Aminobenzoic acid was shown to nullify the bacteriostatic effect of all of the six sulfonamide compounds studied even though the drugs exhibited marked differences in chemical structure.

2. The bacteriostatic potency of each sulfonamide drug was found to be directly proportional to its ability to counteract the antibacteriostatic action of p-aminobenzoic acid.

3. In the case of each drug tested over a wide range of concentrations the minimum amount of p-aminobenzoic acid needed to prevent bacteriostasis was such that the ratio of p-aminobenzoic acid to drug was constant.

4. The linear relationship between p-aminobenzoic acid and drug was interpreted as indicating the competitive inhibition of an essential enzyme reaction by a substance chemically related to the substrate. This interpretation was supported by the fact that the equation derived on purely theoretical grounds relating drug and acid expressed the same linear relationship as that observed experimentally.
STUDIES ON HYPOALBUMINEMIA PRODUCED BY PROTEIN-DEFICIENT DIETS
Authors: Sachar L. A. , Horvitz Abraham , Elman Robert
Published: June 2004

In five dogs placed on a protein-poor diet for 3 weeks, the decline in total circulating plasma albumin was a small (3 per cent) but relatively constant part of the total nitrogen lost. These data together with observations on dogs by others indicate that there is a constant relationship or partition in the loss (or gain) between plasma albumin and total body protein induced by diet. Based on this relationship a formula is developed for estimating the degree of total tissue protein deficiency from the value of the serum albumin concentration alone. This formula would also apply to the replenishment of protein deficiencies of dietary origin and it indicates that for every gram of increase in serum albumin desired about 30 gm. must be retained for increases in other proteins of the body.
COPPER AND COBALT RELATED HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Copper added to a standard diet often effects a moderate increase in hemoglobin production in anemia due to blood loss. The copper response is quite irregular in contrast to the iron response. In these dogs there is no lack of copper held in reserve stores (liver and spleen) so the reaction is not related to an actual deficiency of the element. An effect upon enzyme complexes related to globin and hemoglobin production is to be considered.

Cobalt under similar conditions causes no stimulus to hemoglobin production, rather an inhibitory effect when more than minimal doses are given. The claim that cobalt causes a polycythemia in dogs receives no support from our experiments.
LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS IN THE SYRIAN HAMSTER
Authors: Smadel J. E. , Wall M. J.
Published: June 2004

The virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis produces an intense systemic infection in Syrian hamsters with few if any clinical and pathological signs of disease. Specific soluble antigen is demonstrable in the spleen of infected animals until about the 14th day when antisoluble substance antibodies make their appearance. Circulating virus disappears after the 4th week and neutralizing antibodies are present in serum in detectable amounts shortly thereafter; both types of antibody persist for at least several months.

The viruses of St. Louis encephalitis and lymphocytic choriomeningitis can be concurrently passed in series in the brains of hamsters. The resultant disease is indistinguishable from that caused by the virus of St. Louis encephalitis alone.
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL VAPOR ON MICROORGANISMS SUSPENDED IN AIR. I
Authors: Robertson O. H. , Bigg Edward , Puck Theodore T. , Miller Benjamin F. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Elizabeth A. Appell
Published: June 2004

It has been found that propylene glycol vapor dispersed into the air of an enclosed space produces a marked and rapid bactericidal effect on microorganisms introduced into such an atmosphere in droplet form. Concentrations of 1 gm. of propylene glycol vapor in two to four million cc. of air produced immediate and complete sterilization of air into which pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci, H. influenzae, and other microorganisms as well as influenza virus had been sprayed. With lesser concentrations of propylene glycol, rapid and marked reduction in the number of air-borne bacteria occurred, but complete sterilization of the air required a certain interval of time. Pronounced effects on both pneumococci and hemolytic streptococci were observed when concentrations as low as 1 gm. of glycol to fifty million cc. of air were employed.

Numerous control tests showed that failure of the glycol-treated microorganisms to grow on the agar plates was due to actual death of the bacteria. The means by which propylene glycol vapor produces its effect on droplet-borne bacteria is discussed and data relating the bactericidal properties of propylene glycol in vitro to the lethal action of its vapor is presented.

Atmospheres containing propylene glycol vapor are invisible, odorless, and non-irritating. This glycol is essentially non-toxic when given orally and intravenously. Tests on possible deleterious effects of breathing propylene glycol containing atmospheres over long periods of time are being carried out.
STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sanders Murray , Jungeblut Claus W.
Published: June 2004

1. The murine virus may be grown in embryonic mouse brain-serum ultrafiltrate cultures. The virus fails to grow in embryonic chick tissue cultures or in fertilized egg preparations.

2. Some relationship can be demonstrated between the amount of nervous tissue and the infectivity of the culture.

3. Optimum titers of virus potency (10–6) can be obtained by adjusting the pH of the growing culture at 7.3 to 7.6.

4. A simple pH inactivation curve for virus alone and for virus when actively growing in tissue culture has been obtained.

5. The rate of virus propagation, as determined by potency tests in mice, has been established for cultures which were seeded with large or small amounts of virus. The murine virus "grows" relatively fast. The optimum titer for a large inoculum was reached in 19 hours, for a small inoculum in 72 hours.

6. With extended subcultivation in vitro the cultured virus shows a loss of infectivity for mice by peripheral injection. However, potency as determined by intracerebral injection remains constant.

7. Mice surviving inoculation of culture virus by routes other than intracerebral acquire a relative resistance to reinfection with mouse passage virus.

8. The murine culture virus passes without difficulty through collodion membranes with an A.P.D. of 30 mµ. Its particle size may therefore be estimated as lying between 10 to 15 mµ.

9. On a basis of in vitro activity and cross infection, the murine culture virus is distinct from the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis.

10. Murine culture virus may be used as an interfering agent to block infection with poliomyelitis virus in monkeys. The interaction between the two viruses seems to be quantitatively limited. Such interference, with the present potency of culture virus, operates effectively only against comparatively small doses of monkey virus.