bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nicotine effects on exercise performance and physiological responses in nicotine‐naïve individuals: a systematic review
Authors: Johnston Robert , Doma Kenji , Crowe Melissa
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of smokeless forms of nicotine on physiological responses and exercise performance. Methodology and reporting were based on the PRISMA statement. The intervention was defined as any product containing nicotine that did not require smoking. Searches were conducted across two electronic databases with supplementary approaches utilized. Studies were selected following set inclusion and exclusion criteria and checked by two independent authors. A modified PEDro scale was utilized to rate study quality with studies averaging 9·3/13. Six studies assessed exercise performance with endurance‐based parameters reported as significantly improved with nicotine in one study, while anaerobic parameters were unaffected or decreased compared to placebo except in one study which reported enhanced leg extensor torque but no effect on countermovement jump or Wingate anaerobic capacity. Sixteen of 28 studies investigating physiological responses reported that nicotine significantly increased heart rate compared to placebo or control. Blood pressure and blood flow were also reported as significantly increased in multiple studies. While there is strong evidence of nicotine‐induced changes in physiological function that would benefit physical performance, beneficial effects have only been reported on leg extensor torque and endurance performance by one study each. Subsequently, there is need for more research with strong methodological quality to definitively evaluate nicotine's potential as an ergogenic aid.
Finding a Language for Faith: Liturgy and Worship
Authors: Lange Dirk G.
Published: June 2017

The sacramental and liturgical texts in The Annotated Luther series (volumes 1 and 3) reflect Luther's ongoing concern for the faith life of the people. They also give us an insight into Luther's own struggle to find words (and, of course, practices) that reflect the fundamental insight of the Reformation: justification by faith alone. Luther refused to abandon ritual or a strict liturgical order even though it can so easily become, in the minds and hearts of believers, a work they must do. The freedom of the gospel does not dispense us from a liturgical order or from participation; in fact, for Luther, that freedom compels us to worship! This tension can be found within these writings as Luther searches for new words and redefines and/or reorients other words to express a spirituality of justification.
Variability in and predictors of glycaemic responses after 24 weeks of treatment with exenatide twice daily and exenatide once weekly
Authors: Shaw Jonathan E. , Gallwitz Baptist , Han Jenny , Hardy Elise , Schernthaner Guntram
Published: June 2017

The range of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) responses and characteristics associated with above‐average response to exenatide twice daily and once weekly were examined. Data were pooled from 8 exenatide‐twice‐daily and 5 exenatide‐once‐weekly studies. A baseline HbA1c‐corrected measure of change in HbA1c after 24 weeks identified high, average and low responses. Multiple linear regression and multivariate generalized estimating equation models identified factors associated with high response. Among 2355 participants (exenatide twice daily, n = 1414; exenatide once weekly, n = 941), baseline HbA1c correlated with change in HbA1c (P < .0001). Across baseline HbA1c levels, the 25th to 75th percentile of HbA1c change ranged from −0.3% to −3.2% with exenatide twice daily and from −0.5% to −3.6% with exenatide once weekly. Asian ethnicity and older age were significantly associated with high response to exenatide twice daily; no factors were significantly associated with response to exenatide once weekly. These data provide clinically useful information for estimating the likelihood that, depending on baseline HbA1c, an individual can achieve HbA1c goals. The association between Asian ethnicity, age and high response to exenatide twice daily may relate to the specific effects of exenatide twice daily on postprandial glucose.
Abnormal γ‐aminobutyric acid neurotransmission in a Kcnq2 model of early onset epilepsy
Authors: Uchida Taku , Lossin Christoph , Ihara Yukiko , Deshimaru Masanobu , Yanagawa Yuchio , Koyama Susumu , Hirose Shinichi
Published: June 2017

Objective

Mutations of the KCNQ2 gene, which encodes the Kv7.2 subunit of voltage‐gated M‐type potassium channels, have been associated with epilepsy in the neonatal period. This developmental stage is unique in that the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is inhibitory in adults, triggers excitatory action due to a reversed chloride gradient.

Methods

To examine whether KCNQ2‐related neuronal hyperexcitability involves neonatally excitatory GABA, we examined 1‐week‐old knockin mice expressing the Kv7.2 variant p.Tyr284Cys (Y284C).

Results

Brain slice electrophysiology revealed elevated CA1 hippocampal GABAergic interneuron activity with respect to presynaptic firing and postsynaptic current frequency. Blockade with the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline decreased ictal‐like bursting in brain slices with lowered divalent ion concentration, which is consistent with GABA mediating an excitatory function that contributes to the hyperexcitability observed in mutant animals.

Significance

We conclude that excitatory GABA contributes to the phenotype in these animals, which raises the question of whether this special type of neurotransmission has broader importance in neonatal epilepsy than is currently recognized.
Social Contagion and Cultural Epidemics: Phenomenological and “Experience‐Near” Explorations
Authors: Grøn Lone , Meinert Lotte
Published: June 2017

We open the special issue by asking: how are groups of people affected by similar conditions, even when these are not biologically contagious? This is linked to broader theoretical and empirical questions of how we are influenced by others and by the specific times and places in which we live. We describe the history and etymology of the concepts of epidemics and contagion and argue that we need to reclaim some of the pre‐Hippocratic meanings of these concepts. Importantly, we suggest a postponement, or epoche, of the negative moral judgment of these terms with a view to exploring what actually happens when noncommunicable diseases and conditions spread. We introduce a variety of existing approaches and argue that they have taken us only part of the way in trying to understand social contagion and cultural epidemics. The articles in this issue explore a variety of noncommunicable conditions that have gained global prominence as epidemic problems—diabetes, obesity, trauma, and autism—through perspectives and concepts from phenomenological and experience‐near traditions. This includes emic ideas of social contagion and contamination, intersubjective units of analysis, causal indeterminacy, as well as diversity and transformation in social contagion.
Dreamscapes of Intimacy and Isolation: Shadows of Contagion and Immunity
Authors: Hollan Douglas
Published: June 2017

In this article, I use the study of selfscape dreams to discuss contagion‐like processes not as unique or extraordinary phenomena per se, but rather as a particular kind of social influence more broadly conceived. In particular, I argue that dream consciousness gives us clues about how social influence (and contagion) actually works: partially, incrementally, in a “condensed” way, through a variety of sensory and perceptual modalities, contingent on and delimited by the emotional memories of those involved, but with the potential of exceeding those contingencies and limitations by the ability of all of the participants to imaginatively elaborate upon what is experienced and communicated. I compare and contrast how and why two men from two very different parts of the world dream of their deceased parents. I use the dreams to illustrate how people come to inhabit, experience, and become influenced by their social and cultural worlds in the particular way they do and also to demonstrate how dream experience may be implicated in everyday behavior.
Are Tiny Homes Here to Stay? A Review of Literature on the Tiny House Movement
Authors: Ford Jasmine , Gomez‐Lanier Lilia
Published: June 2017

In the last few years, tiny houses have been promoted as a new, eco‐friendly housing solution to combat the current waste of the housing industry. This article provides a review of the current literature regarding tiny houses and an examination of tiny house communities through the lens of the three‐pronged approach to sustainability. This approach encompasses environmental, social, and economic considerations to provide a holistic examination of the sustainability of the tiny house movement.
Exploration of Textiles and Apparel Curriculum in Mongolia from the Academia and Industry Perspectives
Authors: Lee Jaeil , Cho Eunjoo , Kim Eunjung
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study was to explore the textiles and apparel curriculum in Mongolian higher education. Data were collected from 12 individual interviews conducted with seven professors and five industry professionals in a city in Mongolia. Results indicated that four areas of the discipline were lacking in the curriculum: (i) fashion marketing and business, (ii) knitwear design and product development, (iii) professional development, and (iv) entrepreneurship. Industry professionals strongly emphasized the importance of soft skills. The authors have suggested additional courses to the curriculum in Mongolia based on the International Textiles and Apparel Association (ITAA) meta‐goals.
Maintaining post‐grazing sward height of Panicum maximum (cv. Mombaça) at 50 cm led to higher animal performance compared with post‐grazing height of 30 cm
Authors: Euclides V. P. B. , Carpejani G. C. , Montagner D. B. , Nascimento Junior D. , Barbosa R. A. , Difante G. S.
Published: June 2017

In swards of tall, tufted, tropical grasses like Mombaça guinea grass (Panicum maximum (Jacq.)), post‐grazing heights promote changes in sward structure, which influence animal performance. This study evaluated changes in sward structure in response to grazing management at two post‐grazing heights (30 and 50 cm), associated with 90 cm pre‐grazing height. Each treatment was allocated to experimental unit (1.5 ha) in three replicated blocks. Pastures were evaluated pre‐ and post‐grazing to estimate herbage mass, percentages of leaf (LP), stem (SP) and dead material (DP), and nutritive value (VN). Stocking rate was adjusted twice a week “using the put‐and‐take approach,” and animals were weighed every 28 days. Forage accumulation rate was greater for pasture managed at 30 cm (64.8 vs. 55.1 kg ha−1 day−1) than 50 cm. A greater number of days were required after grazing 30‐cm residual pasture to achieve the pre‐grazing target height, resulting in 25% decrease in number of grazing cycles compared with pastures managed at 50 cm. Regardless of post‐grazing height targets, SP and DP decreased, whereas LP and NV increased from soil level to top of canopy. Stocking rate was greater in pastures managed to 30 cm than in those managed to 50 cm residual height (4.7 vs. 3.4 AU ha−1). However, average daily gain was greater for 50 cm than for 30 cm post‐grazing height (795 vs. 590 g steer−1 day−1), resulting in a greater animal production per area (917 vs. 794 kg/ha of live weight). Thus, Mombaça guinea grass subject to intermittent grazing should be managed at 50 cm residual height.
Separation of Platinum from Palladium and Iridium in Iron Meteorites and Accurate High‐Precision Determination of Platinum Isotopes by Multi‐Collector ICP‐MS
Authors: Hunt Alison C. , Ek Mattias , Schönbächler Maria
Published: June 2017

This study presents a new measurement procedure for the isolation of Pt from iron meteorite samples. The method also allows for the separation of Pd from the same sample aliquot. The separation entails a two‐stage anion‐exchange procedure. In the first stage, Pt and Pd are separated from each other and from major matrix constituents including Fe and Ni. In the second stage, Ir is reduced with ascorbic acid and eluted from the column before Pt collection. Platinum yields for the total procedure were typically 50–70%. After purification, high‐precision Pt isotope determinations were performed by multi‐collector ICP‐MS. The precision of the new method was assessed using the IIAB iron meteorite North Chile. Replicate analyses of multiple digestions of this material yielded an intermediate precision for the measurement results of 0.73 for ε192Pt, 0.15 for ε194Pt and 0.09 for ε196Pt (2 standard deviations). The NIST SRM 3140 Pt solution reference material was passed through the measurement procedure and yielded an isotopic composition that is identical to the unprocessed Pt reference material. This indicates that the new technique is unbiased within the limit of the estimated uncertainties. Data for three iron meteorites support that Pt isotope variations in these samples are due to exposure to galactic cosmic rays in space.
Quasi una gens: Saxony and the Frankish world, c. 772–888
Authors: Rembold Ingrid
Published: June 2017

The Saxons were conquered by Charlemagne in 804, after 33 years of intermittent campaigning; they were converted to Christianity and incorporated into the Carolingian political order. Yet despite this history of conquest and incorporation, historians have largely viewed Carolingian Saxony as distinct from the Frankish world. To a large extent, this may be seen as a result of the politicization of Saxon history in the early 20th century. Early Nazi propaganda drew upon the Saxon wars as an example of German heroism and resistance, with particular attention paid to the history of conflict and warfare; unsurprisingly, there was little interest in such circles in delineating subsequent cooperation and coexistence. The postwar period, by contrast, saw a resurgence of local history, which, while serving as a corrective to earlier nationalistic approaches, did not seek to situate the history of individual Saxon Christian centres, whether monasteries or bishoprics, in their wider context. Only recently has an interest in Saxon regional history resurfaced, but even still, the connection of the region to the Frankish world remains relatively unexplored with a few notable exceptions. Recent work on the Carolingian empire has stressed its regionalism and variety, arguing for less top‐down control and more “grassroots” politics. In such a context, Carolingian Saxony need not stand as an outlier: rather, it should be analyzed both alongside, and as part of, the wider Carolingian world.
What role could community pharmacists in Malaysia play in diabetes self-management education and support? The views of individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lee E Lyn , Wong Pei Se , Tan Ming Yeong , Sheridan Janie
Published: June 2017

Objectives

This study explored the experiences and views of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) on their diabetes self-management and potential roles for community pharmacists in diabetes self-management education and support (DSME/S) in Malaysia.

Methods

A qualitative study, using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews, was conducted with patients with T2D attending a primary care health clinic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed inductively.

Key findings

Fourteen participants with T2D were interviewed. Data were coded into five main themes: experience and perception of diabetes self-management, constraints of the current healthcare system, perception of the community pharmacist and community pharmacies, perceived roles for community pharmacists in diabetes care, and challenges in utilising community pharmacies to provide DSME/S. There were misconceptions about diabetes management that may be attributed to a lack of knowledge. Although participants described potential roles for community pharmacists in education, medication review and continuity of care, these roles were mostly non-clinically oriented. Participants were not confident about community pharmacists making recommendations and changes to the prescribed treatment regimens. While participants recognised the advantages of convenience of a community pharmacy-based diabetes care service, they raised concerns over the retail nature and the community pharmacy environment for providing such services.

Conclusion

This study highlighted the need to improve the care provision for people with T2D. Participants with T2D identified potential, but limited roles for community pharmacists in diabetes care. Participants expressed concerns that need to be addressed if effective diabetes care is to be provided from community pharmacies in Malaysia.
Newborns' Cries are Unique to Individuals (But Not to Language Environment)
Authors: Gustafson Gwen E. , Sanborn Sarah M. , Lin Hung‐Chu , Green James A.
Published: June 2017

Human neonates exhibit individually distinctive patterns of variation—sometimes called cry “signatures”—in the acoustics of their cries. For tests of group differences (e.g., age, health status, or ambient language differences), the uniqueness of cry sounds to individuals means that multiple cries from same infant cannot appropriately be treated as independent events for analysis. This approach violates the assumption of independence that underlies many statistical techniques and runs the risk of uncovering “significant” group effects that do not actually exist. Nonetheless, publications continue to appear in which multiple cries from the same infant have been treated as independent events for analysis. To demonstrate the perils, we have compared the cries of infants born into a Mandarin Chinese language environment with cries of infants born into an American English language environment. We show (1) that treating each cry sound as an independent event yields numerous “significant” group effects and (2) that these effects all but disappear when cries are treated appropriately, as “nested” within individual infants. The latter outcome is in keeping with prevailing models of neonatal cry production and casts doubt on the claim that neonates alter their cries to match features of the language spoken in their environment.
Social support in chat sessions for adolescents and young adults living with a family member with mental illness
Authors: Drost Louisa M. , van der Krieke Lian , Iedema‐den Boer Zamira , Sytema Sjoerd , Schippers Gerard M.
Published: June 2017

Children from families with a mental illness are at risk of developing negative health outcomes. Online interventions are a new way to offer support to these children. The present study utilized a website that had been developed to support Dutch youth who had a family member with a mental illness. The objective was to analyse monitored and unmonitored chatroom conversations among these young people, and specifically to compare supportive messages and self‐disclosures of experiences. We electronically imported session transcripts of 34 chatroom conversations into the qualitative analysis software Atlas.ti. A content analysis was performed on 4252 messages from 22 female participants. A correlational analysis was then conducted to identify significant associations between sent and received supportive statements and disclosing statements. We found supporting comments in approximately 34% of the conversations and disclosures of problems in the home in approximately 15–18% of the messages. Participants made approximately twice as many disclosing statements and approximately half as many supportive statements in the monitored sessions compared to the unmonitored sessions. The number of disclosures that were sent was positively correlated with the amount of social support that was received. The number of disclosures sent was negatively correlated with the amount of social support that was sent, but only in the unmonitored sessions. Considering the greater reach of Internet interventions, online chatroom sessions might be provided as complementary to, or as an alternative to, face‐to‐face groups for supporting youth with a family member who has a mental illness.
Expected Precision of Estimation and Probability of Ruling Out a Hypothesis Based on a Confidence Interval
Authors: Scosyrev Emil , Bancken Fabrice
Published: June 2017

Interval estimation is an important objective of most experimental and observational studies. Knowing at the design stage of the study how wide the confidence interval (CI) is expected to be and where its limits are expected to fall can be very informative. Asymptotic distribution of the confidence limits can also be used to answer complex questions of power analysis by computing power as probability that a CI will exclude a given parameter value. The CI‐based approach to power and methods of calculating the expected size and location of asymptotic CIs as a measure of expected precision of estimation are reviewed in the present paper. The theory is illustrated with commonly used estimators, including unadjusted risk differences, odds ratios and rate ratios, as well as more complex estimators based on multivariable linear, logistic and Cox regression models. It is noted that in applications with the non‐linear models, some care must be exercised when selecting the appropriate variance expression. In particular, the well‐known ‘short‐cut’ variance formula for the Cox model can be very inaccurate under unequal allocation of subjects to comparison groups. A more accurate expression is derived analytically and validated in simulations. Applications with ‘exact’ CIs are also considered.
Estimation Techniques for Ordinal Data in Multiple Frame Surveys with Complex Sampling Designs
Authors: Rueda Maria del Mar , Arcos Antonio , Molina David , Ranalli Maria Giovanna
Published: June 2017

Surveys usually include questions where individuals must select one in a series of possible options that can be sorted. On the other hand, multiple frame surveys are becoming a widely used method to decrease bias due to undercoverage of the target population. In this work, we propose statistical techniques for handling ordinal data coming from a multiple frame survey using complex sampling designs and auxiliary information. Our aim is to estimate proportions when the variable of interest has ordinal outcomes. Two estimators are constructed following model‐assisted generalised regression and model calibration techniques. Theoretical properties are investigated for these estimators. Simulation studies with different sampling procedures are considered to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimators in finite size samples. An application to a real survey on opinions towards immigration is also included.
Sex differences in the associations between vagal reactivity and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms
Authors: Vidal‐Ribas Pablo , Pickles Andrew , Tibu Florin , Sharp Helen , Hill Jonathan
Published: June 2017

Background

Vagal reactivity to stress in children has been associated with future psychiatric outcomes. However, results have been mixed possibly because these effects are in opposite direction in boys and girls. These sex differences are relevant in the context of development of psychopathology, whereby the rates of psychiatric disorders differ by sex. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between vagal reactivity, assessed as a reduction in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in response to a challenge, and the development of future oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms in boys and girls. In addition, we examine the specific associations with ODD symptom dimensions, named irritability and headstrong. We hypothesized that increased vagal reactivity was associated with increased ODD symptoms in girls and a reduction in ODD symptoms in boys.

Methods

Participants were members of the Wirral Child Health and Development Study, a prospective epidemiological longitudinal study of 1,233 first‐time mothers recruited at 20 weeks’ gestation. RSA during four nonstressful and one stressful (still‐face) procedures was assessed when children were aged 29 weeks in a sample stratified by adversity (n = 270). Maternal reports of ODD symptoms were collected when children were 2.5 years old (n = 253), 3.5 years old (n = 826), and 5 years old (n = 770). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test our hypotheses.

Results

There was a significant sex difference in the prediction of ODD symptoms due to the opposite directionality in which increasing vagal reactivity was associated with an increase in ODD symptoms in girls and a reduction of ODD symptoms in boys. This Sex by Vagal reactivity interaction was common for both ODD dimensions, with no sex by dimension‐specific associations.

Conclusions

Physiological reactivity to a stressful situation predicts differently ODD symptoms in boys and girls very early in life, with no difference across irritability and headstrong components. Findings are discussed in the context of the several mechanisms involved on the later development of distinct psychiatric disorders in boys and girls.
Low fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with low knowledge of the details of the 5‐a‐day fruit and vegetable message in the UK: findings from two cross‐sectional questionnaire studies
Authors: Appleton K. M. , Krumplevska K. , Smith E. , Rooney C. , McKinley M. C. , Woodside J. V.
Published: June 2017

Background

This project aimed to understand the details of the 5‐a‐day fruit and vegetable (FV) message (which foods are included, portion sizes, the need for variety, reasons for consumption) least known by UK consumers, and most associated with low FV consumption.

Methods

Study 1 assessed FV consumption, knowledge of the details of the message, and relationships between these, using a short questionnaire administered face‐to‐face to an opportunity sample of one large UK city. Study 2 assessed the same variables using a comprehensive postal questionnaire administered across the UK to a representative population sample.

Results

Five hundred and seven respondents completed Study 1 and 247 respondents completed Study 2. The majority of individuals in both studies were aware of the 5‐a‐day message and could recount this correctly. In both studies, however, knowledge of the details of the message was low, and lower knowledge was associated with lower FV consumption. Respondents had lowest knowledge of the details of the message related to portion sizes and the need for variety. However, FV consumption was not independently associated with knowledge of any one aspect of the message.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that, although most of the UK population sampled were aware of the 5‐a‐day FV message and could recount this correctly, details of the 5‐a‐day FV message were not well known, and that FV consumption was related to this knowledge. These findings suggest that strategies to increase FV consumption will benefit from increasing UK consumers’ knowledge of the details of the 5‐a‐day FV message.
OsIDD2, a zinc finger and INDETERMINATE DOMAIN protein, regulates secondary cell wall formation
Authors: Huang Peng , Yoshida Hideki , Yano Kenji , Kinoshita Shunsuke , Kawai Kyosuke , Koketsu Eriko , Hattori Masako , Takehara Sayaka , Huang Ji , Hirano Ko , Ordonio Reynante Lacsamana , Matsuoka Makoto , Ueguchi‐Tanaka Miyako
Published: June 2017

Previously, we found 123 transcription factors (TFs) as candidate regulators of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in rice by using phylogenetic and co‐expression network analyses. Among them, we examined in this work the role of OsIDD2, a zinc finger and indeterminate domain (IDD) family TF. Its overexpressors showed dwarfism, fragile leaves, and decreased lignin content, which are typical phenotypes of plants defective in SCW formation, whereas its knockout plants showed slightly increased lignin content. The RNA‐seq and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses confirmed that some lignin biosynthetic genes were downregulated in the OsIDD2‐overexpressing plants, and revealed the same case for other genes involved in cellulose synthesis and sucrose metabolism. The transient expression assay using rice protoplasts revealed that OsIDD2 negatively regulates the transcription of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 and 3 (CAD2 and 3), and sucrose metabolism, sucrose synthase 5 (SUS5), whereas an AlphaScreen assay, which can detect the interaction between TFs and their target DNA sequences, directly confirmed the interaction between OsIDD2 and the target sequences located in the promoter regions of CAD2 and CAD3. Based on these observations, we conclude that OsIDD2 is negatively involved in SCW formation and other biological events by downregulating its target genes.
Offenders with intellectual disabilities in prison: what happens when they leave?
Authors: Murphy G. H. , Chiu P. , Triantafyllopoulou P. , Barnoux M. , Blake E. , Cooke J. , Forrester‐Jones R. V. E. , Gore N. J. , Beecham J. K.
Published: June 2017

Background

People with intellectual disabilities, if convicted of offences, may be sentenced to prison, but little is known about their life when they are released.

Method

This study followed up men with intellectual disabilities who were leaving prisons in England.

Results

The men were hard to contact, but 38 men were interviewed, on average 10 weeks after leaving prison. The men were living in a variety of situations and often were very under‐occupied, with limited social networks. A total of 70% were above the clinical cut‐off for anxiety, and 59.5% were above the clinical cut‐off for depression. The men were receiving little support in the community, and many had been reinterviewed by police.

Conclusions

Community teams need to provide better support to this very vulnerable group.
High‐ to ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism in the lower crust: An example resulting from Hikurangi Plateau collision and slab rollback in New Zealand
Authors: Jacob Jean‐Baptiste , Scott James M. , Turnbull Rose E. , Tarling Matthew S. , Sagar Matthew W.
Published: June 2017

Lower crustal xenoliths erupted from an intraplate diatreme reveal that a portion of the New Zealand Gondwana margin experienced high‐temperature (HT) to ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) granulite facies metamorphism just after flat slab subduction ceased at c. 110–105 Ma. P–T calculations for garnet–orthopyroxene‐bearing felsic granulite xenoliths indicate equilibration at ~815 to 910°C and 0.7 to 0.8 GPa, with garnet‐bearing mafic granulite xenoliths yielding at least 900°C. Supporting evidence for the attainment of HT and UHT conditions in felsic granulite comes from re‐integration of exsolution in feldspar (~900–950°C at 0.8 GPa), Ti‐in‐zircon thermometry on Y‐depleted overgrowths on detrital zircon grains (932°C ± 24°C at aTiO2 = 0.8 ± 0.2), and correlation of observed assemblages and mineral compositions with thermodynamic modelling results (≥850°C at 0.7 to 0.8 GPa). The thin zircon overgrowths, which were mainly targeted by drilling through the cores of grains, yield a U–Pb pooled age of 91.7 ± 2.0 Ma. The cause of Late Cretaceous HT‐UHT metamorphism on the Zealandia Gondwana margin is attributed to collision and partial subduction of the buoyant oceanic Hikurangi Plateau in the Early Cretaceous. The halt of subduction caused the fore‐running shallowly dipping slab to rollback towards the trench position and permitted the upper mantle to rapidly increase the geothermal gradient through the base of the extending (former) accretionary prism. This sequence of events provides a mechanism for achieving regional HT–UHT conditions in the lower crust with little or no sign of this event at the surface.
Nodes of Ranvier in skin biopsies of patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Doppler Kathrin , Frank Franziska , Koschker Ann‐Cathrin , Reiners Karlheinz , Sommer Claudia
Published: June 2017

Paranodal demyelination has been discussed as a potential mechanism of nerve fiber damage in diabetic neuropathy (DNP). Studies on human tissue are limited, as nerve biopsies are invasive and only rarely performed in patients with confirmed DNP. Skin biopsy has recently been suggested as a tool to analyze paranodal and nodal changes of myelinated fibers.

We analyzed the myelinated fibers of skin biopsies of 35 patients with DNP, 17 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) without neuropathy, and 30 normal controls. Immunofluorescence of skin sections with antibodies against Caspr, neurofascin, sodium channels, and myelin basic protein was performed to assess paranodal/nodal architecture, segmental demyelination, and myelinated nerve fibers. Staining with antibodies against protein gene product 9.5 was used to quantify unmyelinated nerve fibers.

There was an increase of elongated Ranvier nodes and a dispersion of neurofascin at the distal leg in patients with DM with and without neuropathy and at the finger in patients with DNP. An increased dispersion of Caspr was only found in biopsies of the finger in patients with DNP.

Skin biopsy may be an appropriate tool to analyze nodes of Ranvier in patients with DM. Structural nodal changes are detectable in DNP and even in diabetic patients without neuropathy.
Environmental factors impact temporal Passalora sequoiae conidia counts from Leyland cypress
Authors: Williams‐Woodward Jean L. , Copes Warren E.
Published: June 2017

Needle blight disease, caused by Passalora sequoiae, results in a progressive loss of leaf tissue on Leyland cypress (×Cupressocyparis leylandii) within container and field tree nurseries, in the landscape and on Christmas tree farms. Fungicide schedules have been developed in response to seasonal symptom progression and conidia dispersion without clarification of the influence of weather conditions on disease. Conidia count data of P. sequoiae were collected approximately weekly from June to December in 2001 in Watkinsville, GA, and in 2002 in Dearing, GA. Peak conidia numbers were trapped in September and October. Daily weather data summaries were obtained from a weather station at each location. Deterministic models were developed individually for summer (1 June to 30 September) and fall (1 October to 21 December) seasons. A three‐day moving average (MA) of average daily temperature (avgT) had a positive quadratic relationship with conidia counts in the summer season. A 10‐day MA of avgT, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and total solar radiation (SolR) had a positive quadratic, a negative linear and positive linear relationship, respectively, with conidia counts in the fall season. The models show that the seasonal shift to cooler fall temperatures, along with lower VPD and SolR, favour production and dispersal of P. sequoiae conidia.
Harnessing Difference: A Capability‐Based Framework for Stakeholder Engagement in Environmental Innovation
Authors: Watson Rosina , Wilson Hugh N. , Smart Palie , Macdonald Emma K.
Published: June 2017

Innovation for environmental sustainability requires firms to engage with external stakeholders to access expertise, solve complex problems, and gain social legitimacy. In this open innovation context, stakeholder engagement is construed as a dynamic capability that can harness differences between external stakeholders to augment their respective resource bases. An integrative systematic review of evidence from 88 scientific articles finds that engaging stakeholders in environmental innovation requires three distinct levels of capability: specific operational capabilities; first‐order dynamic capabilities to manage the engagement (engagement management capabilities); and second‐order dynamic capabilities to make use of contrasting ways of seeing the world to reframe problems, combine competencies in new ways, and co‐create innovative solutions (value framing), and to learn from stakeholder engagement activities (systematized learning). These findings enhance understanding of how firms can effectively incorporate stakeholder perspectives for environmental innovation, and provide an organizing framework for further research into open innovation and co‐creation more broadly. Wider contributions to the dynamic capabilities literature are to (i) offer a departure point for further research into the relationship between first‐order and second‐order dynamic capabilities, (ii) suggest that institutional theory can help explain the dynamic capability of value framing, (iii) build on evidence that inter‐institutional learning is contingent on not only the similarity but also the differences between organizational value frames, and (iv) suggest that operating capabilities impact the effectiveness of dynamic capabilities, rather than only the other way around, as is usually assumed. A methodological contribution is made through the application of quality assessment criteria scores and intercoder reliability statistics to the selection of articles included in the systematic review.
‘I Don't Know’: Children's Early Talk About Knowledge
Authors: Harris Paul L. , Yang Bei , Cui Yixin
Published: June 2017

Children's utterances from late infancy to 3 years of age were examined to infer their conception of knowledge. In Study 1, the utterances of two English‐speaking children were analysed and in Study 2, the utterances of a Mandarin‐speaking child were analysed – in both studies, for their use of the verbknow. Both studies confirmed thatknowandnot knowwere used to affirm, query or deny knowledge, especially concerning an ongoing topic of conversation. References to a third party were rare. By implication, 2‐year‐olds have a conception of knowledge that underpins their exchange of information in conversation. Implications for the child's developing theory of mind are discussed.
Trigeminal Neuralgia in Pregnancy: A Management Challenge
Authors: Swain Bhanu P. , Vidhya Sri , Jadon Ashok , Chandra Kumar N. , Kumar Sharad
Published: June 2017

Pregnancy is known to aggravate pre‐existing chronic painful conditions. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), albeit a disease of the elderly, may afflict pregnant females, which can further complicate its management. Teratogenic effects of the commonly used drugs on the developing fetus limit pharmacological treatment. Moreover, safety of commonly performed interventional therapies is marred by their inherent fetomaternal effects and more importantly the risk for radiation effects on the fetus due to the use of fluoroscopy. This rare coexistence of TN in pregnancy has not been reported before. Here we present a case of TN in a young woman, whose pain was aggravated when she became pregnant, and she was treated successfully by conventional radiofrequency ablation of the Gasserian ganglion.
Ectopic expression of a novel OsExtensin‐like gene consistently enhances plant lodging resistance by regulating cell elongation and cell wall thickening in rice
Authors: Fan Chunfen , Li Ying , Hu Zhen , Hu Huizhen , Wang Guangya , Li Ao , Wang Youmei , Tu Yuanyuan , Xia Tao , Peng Liangcai , Feng Shengqiu
Published: June 2017

Plant lodging resistance is an important integrative agronomic trait of grain yield and quality in crops. Although extensin proteins are tightly associated with plant cell growth and cell wall construction, little has yet been reported about their impacts on plant lodging resistance. In this study, we isolated a novel extensin‐like (OsEXTL) gene in rice, and selected transgenic rice plants that expressed OsEXTL under driven with two distinct promoters. Despite different OsEXTL expression levels, two‐promoter‐driven OsEXTL‐transgenic plants, compared to a rice cultivar and an empty vector, exhibited significantly reduced cell elongation in stem internodes, leading to relatively shorter plant heights by 7%–10%. Meanwhile, the OsEXTL‐transgenic plants showed remarkably thickened secondary cell walls with higher cellulose levels in the mature plants, resulting in significantly increased detectable mechanical strength (extension and pushing forces) in the mature transgenic plants. Due to reduced plant height and increased plant mechanical strength, the OsEXTL‐transgenic plants were detected with largely enhanced lodging resistances in 3 years field experiments, compared to those of the rice cultivar ZH11. In addition, despite relatively short plant heights, the OsEXTL‐transgenic plants maintain normal grain yields and biomass production, owing to their increased cellulose levels and thickened cell walls. Hence, this study demonstrates a largely improved lodging resistance in the OsEXTL‐transgenic rice plants, and provides insights into novel extensin functions in plant cell growth and development, cell wall network construction and wall structural remodelling.
A Photosensitizer Lanthanide Nanoparticle Formulation that Induces Singlet Oxygen with Direct Light Excitation, But Not By Photon or X‐ray Energy Transfer
Authors: Chouikrat Rima , Baros Francis , André Jean‐Claude , Vanderesse Régis , Viana Bruno , Bulin Anne‐Laure , Dujardin Christophe , Arnoux Philippe , Verelst Marc , Frochot Céline
Published: June 2017

We report the design and synthesis of europium‐doped gadolinium oxysulfide nanoscintillators Gd2O2S:Eu3+ conjugated with two different photosensitizers (PSs): a zinc chlorin (ZnTPC) and a zinc phtalocyanine (ZnPc) by covalent bonding through a layer of N‐(3‐trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (TPDA). These conjugates were designed to be activated under X‐ray excitation to allow a photodynamic effect, although this desired outcome was not achieved in this study. The monodispersed nanoparticles of ∼70 nm diameter were pegylated to be stabilized in aqueous suspension. It was shown that the PSs conserved their photophysical properties once conjugated to the nanoscintillator and efficient singlet oxygen was obtained upon photo‐irradiation. However, no energy transfer was observed from the nanoscintillator to the photosensitizer neither under photo‐ nor X‐ray irradiation.
International intellectual property rights protection and economic growth with costly transfer
Authors: Ohki Kazuyoshi
Published: June 2017

This paper develops a product‐cycle model with costly technology transfer, which requires resources from both the North and the South. In the basic model, we show that strengthening intellectual property rights (IPR) protection induces a large technology transfer and narrows the North–South wage gap. However, we obtain an ambiguous result regarding the effect on economic growth, which depends crucially on the size of the transfer cost. Although strengthening IPR protection induces a high growth rate when the transfer cost is small, it can induce a low growth rate when the transfer cost is large. In the extended model, in order to examine what factors determine the transfer cost, we consider the situation where the Southern firms may misbehave and the Northern firms incur a cost to monitor them. We show that the degree of investor protection and the degree of morality in developing countries influence the size of the transfer cost, which affects economic growth.
Hunting in Imperial Russia: State Policy and Social Order in L. P. Sabaneev's Writing
Authors: CAVENDER MARY W.
Published: June 2017

This article uses L. P. Sabaneev's writing as a lens through which to examine hunting in imperial Russia. I argue that Sabaneev's narration of the history of hunting in Russia, his description of hunting practices and his arguments for stronger conservation laws and greater state enforcement of those laws illustrate the relatively unusual, among European societies, status of hunting for imperial Russian elites. In brief, Russian sport hunters recognized the continuing importance of productive hunters in Russia, which, unlike many of the European states with which Russian elites were familiar, maintained enormous swathes of wilderness. While adapting technology and forms of hunting from societies to the west, in Sabaneev's account, Russian elites ignored the status obsessions connected with hunting for other European elites. Moreover, Sabaneev's arguments, in the Hunting Gazette, for greater attention to conservation on the part of the government, as the proper representative of all people, combined his ardent monarchism with the scientific and collectivist arguments often associated with progressive thought. The juxtaposition of these views found wide popularity, complicating our sometimes simplistic understandings of class and political tensions in late imperial Russia.
Sex‐specific associations between self‐reported sleep duration, depression, anxiety, fatigue and daytime sleepiness in an older community‐dwelling population
Authors: Broström Anders , Wahlin Åke , Alehagen Urban , Ulander Martin , Johansson Peter
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore whether associations between self‐reported sleep duration, depressive symptoms, anxiety, fatigue and daytime sleepiness differed in older community‐dwelling men and women.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Methods

A community‐dwelling sample of 675 older men and women (mean age 77.7 years,SD3.8 years) was used. All participants underwent a clinical examination by a cardiologist. Validated questionnaires were used to investigate sleep duration, depressive symptoms, anxiety, fatigue and daytime sleepiness. Subjects were divided into short sleepers (≤6 hours), n = 231; normal sleepers (7–8 hours), n = 338; and long sleepers (≥9 hours), n = 61.ancovas were used to explore sex‐specific effects.

Results

Depressive symptoms were associated with short sleep in men, but not in women. Fatigue was associated with both short and long sleep duration in men. No sex‐specific associations of sleep duration with daytime sleepiness or anxiety were found.

Conclusion

Nurses investigating sleep duration and its correlates, or effects, in clinical practice need to take sex into account, as some associations may be sex specific. Depressive symptoms and fatigue can be used as indicators to identify older men with sleep complaints.
Toward a critical politics of precarity
Authors: Millar Kathleen M.
Published: June 2017

In recent years, the term precarity has proliferated in the social sciences at the risk of losing its analytical purchase. This review considers the value and limitations of precarity in the various ways it has operated as both a theoretical and political concept. It first traces the historical development of the term in sociology and cognate fields, ultimately arguing for a relational approach to the concept rooted in the analysis of specific labor conditions. It then examines emergent critiques of the (often hidden) political work that the concept of precarity performs. That is, the denunciatory discourse of precarity, ironically, has the potential to uphold normative forms of work and life, including the ideal of full‐time wage labor. Instead, a critical politics of precarity leaves open the question of how precarious labor relates to precarious life and attends to ruptures that offer alternatives to the valorization of waged work.
Bridging critical race theory and migration: Moving beyond assimilation theories
Authors: García San Juanita
Published: June 2017

Critical race scholars have shifted the sociological migration literature from addressing how immigrants incorporate into the host society to instead asking how immigrants, their children, and communities are racialized. They also shift the focus from “ethnic” descriptions of immigrants of color by bringing race and racism to the forefront. This article provides an overview of critical race theory to document the racialized lives of Mexican immigrants and their communities. I bring attention to one of the dominant approaches to the study of sociological migration, segmented assimilation theory. In doing so, I use critical race theory as a framework to bring race and other axes of stratification such as undocumented status to light.