bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Avant-Gardist, the Male Genius and the Proprietor
Authors: Fredriksson Martin
Published: October 2015

As the title suggests, this article will deal not only with the avant-garde and the romantic idea of geniality but also with the much more mundane concept of literary property. Even though the law might seem alien to the lofty ideals of the avant-garde artist, the construction of the creative genius and the birth of copyright will eventually prove to be quite closely connected. But before I move on to the legal part I would like to start with the essentials: with the author, or the artist. The American artist John de Andreas sculpture The Artist and his model from 1980 is probably one of the most revealing pictures of the avant-gardist selfconception ever made. This is a picture of the artist at work, but I will argue it can also be regarded as a legal character. What meets the eye is however very far from the law as we know it. de Andreas sculpture is a self-portrait of the artist at work: a highly naturalistic full-scale portrait of two people. One of them is a naked woman, resting casually on a white socket and looking down on the other who is a fully dressed man. As the title clearly states, the sculpture depicts the classical relation between The Artist and his Model, and it is no coincidence that the artist has a male pronoun and the model a female body. The roles of the artist and his model are traditional stereotypes which we can find in most books on art history - one is an artist and the other is a model; one is a man and the other is a woman; one is dressed and the other one is undressed.
Kjønn, fødsel, penger. Om maktfaktorer i Knut Hamsuns Børn av tiden
Authors: Schieferstein Katharina
Published: October 2015

Når dominansrelasjoner etableres, skjer det gjennom et samspill av forskjellige faktorer, som fungerer som maktlegitimerende i et bestemt samfunn. Å undersøke sammenspillet mellom maktetablerende faktorer i Børn av Tiden er interessant av forskjellige grunner: Alle forholdmellom de sentrale personene i fortellingen er først og fremst maktforhold. Dessuten viser Børn av Tiden et samfunn i forandring. Når makten forflyttes og maktfaktorene forandres, kan man lettere iaktta hvordan makt installeres.      Denne artikkelen vil prøve å vise hvordan det gamle hierarkiet legitimeres gjennom de forskjellsskapende kategoriene kjønn, makt og penger og hvordan installasjonen av det nye systemet beskrives i Børn av Tiden.
Atle Næss: Roten av minus en
Authors: Nesby Linda Hamrin
Published: October 2015

Atle Næss har skrevet flere romaner, og to biografier om hhv Edevard Munch og Galileo Galilei. Med Roten av minus en kombinerer han roman- og biografigenren, og skriver både en kjærlighetshistorie, et utkast til en biografi og et riss av en selvbiografi som i sum blir til en roman om hvorvidt livet har den orden og nødvendighet som biografien er satt til å formidle
Gedanken zur Erzählprosa Herman Kestens
Authors: Schlosser Jan
Published: October 2015

The article focuses on the topic of identity crisis in the short stories of German author Hermann Kesten. He presents no ideological solution of the identity problem, which is reflected in an anthropological dimension, but has a distinct preference for joie de vivre.
Der "Dilettant ohne Gesinnung". Zum Problem des Dilettantismus bei Joseph Roth
Authors: Schlosser Jan
Published: October 2015

The article focuses on the function of dilettantism in the works of Austrian author Joseph Roth. In his essays is the dilettant both the negative opposite to the "artist" and - more important - the classic dilettant, who plays with the world and many political point of views without reaching a total identification with them.
The Study of Orphism
Authors: Torjussen Stian Sundell
Published: October 2015

In this article I shall provide a brief survey of the study ofOrphism and give some indications of its present status. After a shortintroduction to the prior debate on the subject I will emphasize therole of the new material relevant to Orphism which has beenunearthed and made available to scholars since the middle of the1970s.
Om metaforens virkning. Et kantiansk bidrag
Authors: Lavik Trygve
Published: October 2015

Den første delen av denne artikkelen presenterer et av de mest sentrale temaene innenfor filosofiens behandling av metaforen i nyere tid, nemlig spørsmålet om hvorvidt metaforen er et semantisk eller pragmatisk fenomen. I den forbindelse drøftes også kort metaforens forskjellige funksjoner i vitenskapen. Denne delen er konsentrert rundt teoriene til henholdsvis Max Black og Donald Davidson, da deres bidrag for det første regnes som svært sentrale i den filosofiske diskusjonen om metaforen, og for det andre representerer de motpoler i diskusjonen om hvorvidt metaforen er et semantisk eller pragmatisk fenomen. Hensikten med denne første delen er i tillegg å vise at metaforen som et fenomen reiser spørsmål som også går utover en rent språkfilosofisk ramme. Den andre delen av denne artikkelen gjør nettopp dette idet den belyser metaforens virkning ut fra Kants bevissthetsfilosofi.
Identitätskonstrukte in Texten junger ostdeutscher Autoren nach 1989/90. Zu Kerstin Hensel: Tanz am Kanal (1994)
Authors: Skare Roswitha
Published: October 2015

Since the German reunification biographical, personal identities and various forms of collective identity have become the focus of increased attention. However, the ways in which identity is constructed and which role various forms of representation play in this construction has remained surprisingly underresearched. Using the example of Kerstin Hensel's Tanz am Kanal (1994) and employing postcolonial theory, the present paper will demonstrate how narrative patterns not only reflect social structures, but shape and indeed create these structures. Hensel purposely avoids the conflation of authorial and narrative voice, and thus invents new stories with new memories and identities. She is thus able to show that identity and the quest for identity are not constant in either content or intensity; rather, they remain in perpetual change.
Hvorfor menn leser mindre skjønnlitteratur enn kvinner. Noen refleksjoner og en undersøkelse
Authors: Knutsen Ellen
Published: October 2015

Mange studenter har en jobb ved siden av studiene. Jeg jobbet i enkjøpesenterbokhandel med rosa glitterpenner, klistremerker, bamsestativ - og noen bøker. I seks år stod jeg bak disken og lurte på hvor de mannlige skjønnlitterære leserne var.Denne artikkelen bygger på min hovedfagsoppgave Menn og lesning. Hvorfor leser menn mindre skjønnlitteratur enn kvinner? - En litteratursosiologisk undersøkelse (Knutsen 2003), som inneholder enintervjuundersøkelse av 50 menn i alderen 15 til 35 år
Jean Giono mellom perlehøna og verden
Authors: Barstad Guri Ellen
Published: October 2015

Jean Giono er lite kjent i Skandinavia. Bare to av de første romanene hans, Un de Baumugnes (1929) og Regain (1930), er oversatt til norsk. Begge tilhører den såkalte Pan-trilogien. Giono er den franske forfatteren som oftest blir sammenlignet med Knut Hamsun. Dette skyldes vel først og fremst naturfølelsen og den lyriske stilen, men også vandrerens sentrale plass i romanuniverset. Med sine underlige personer og oppløsning av den tradisjonelle formen blir Giono dessuten betraktet som en forløper for den franske nyromanen.
Formens optimisme. Analyse av Thomas Kingos "Hver har sin Skæbne"
Authors: Gaasland Rolf
Published: October 2015

I denne artikkelen skal jeg forsøke å formulere noen forbindelsermellom stiltrekk og tema/norm i et dikt fra den norske barokken,nemlig Thomas Kingos ”Hver har sin Skæbne” (1681). Utfordringenligger ikke så mye i å formulere tema, norm eller stiltrekk hver for seg,men i å formulere sammenhengen mellom de tre uten å implisere etuhensiktsmessig skille mellom form og innhold.
Der Verlust der Identität: Zu den Romanen von Siegfried Lenz
Authors: Schossler Jan
Published: October 2015

The article focuses on the topic of identity crises in the novels of German author Siegfried Lenz. He presents no solution of the identity problem, which is reflected both in a private and in a historical dimension, but has a distinct preference for nostalgic ways of life.
"Kven er det som skriv?" Skriveren i romanen Naustet av Jon Fosse
Authors: Reinhoff Natascha
Published: October 2015

Når det gjelder romanen Naustet av Jon Fosse er det ikke tvil om at det blant annet – og kanskje hovedsaklig – er „dette noko / skrifta berettar om“. Det er derfor denne romanen også kan kalles for en metaroman. Tematiseringen av skriveren og skriveprosessen i romanen tar ikke bare mye plass på historienivå: Den gjennomsyrer romanen. Nært forbundet med denne tematikken er et fenomen jeg ville kalle for „dobbeltperspektivet i romanen“, og det er dette jeg vil se litt nærmere på her. Selv om romanen Naustet – i god postmoderne tradisjon – i siste – og kanskje allerede i første – instans unndrar seg en fast og entydig tilskrivning av betydning – og slik bevarer sin magi – skal jeg prøve å nærme meg skriveren og dobbeltperspektivet „eit stykke på veg“. Men først et par ord om begrepet skriver.
La décadence à la fin du XIXe siècle espagnol: une esthétique de la provocation
Authors: Escudero Xavier
Published: October 2015

Talking about Decadence in fin-de-siècle Hispanic literature involves delving into the great movement of modernism, and notably one of its expressions, literary bohemianism. In what way(s) do these concepts both make use of and take part in an aesthetic of transgression, or a provocative pose? What does Spanish decadentism really mean, and what are its expressions?In order to answer these questions, we shall first look at the concept of decadentism as applied to the sociocultural phenomenon of Spanish literary bohemianism, which gathers writers and artists defined by constant failure, loose morals and the "cursed" poses they adopt. Then we shall highlight the literary expressions of decadence through the writings of Manuel Machado, Rubén Darío and Ramón María del Valle-Inclán, three prominent authors of the fin-de-siècle letters. Finally we shall take a closer look at the decadent motifs of marginality and lust in the little-known field of modernist bohemian poetry.
Autour de la figure de Marie Stuart
Authors: Le Baillif Anne-Marie
Published: October 2015

The Sixteenth century constitutes an inspiration for writers of the nineteenth century. My paper is based on two works: Jean de Virey’s tragédie: Jeanne d’Arques published in 1600; Le quadrille de la duchesse de Berry which took place in 1829. In both the life of Marie, Queen of Scots, is given a political meaning: she was a woman who made herself conspicuous and consequently became a symbol of decadent power.
La figure féminine chez Arne Dybfest
Authors: Barstad Guri Ellen
Published: October 2015

Arne Dybfest (1862-1892) is a Norwegian author whose female figures seem to have all the usual characteristics of the decadent woman. They are erotic, calculating and dangerous creatures entangling men in their snares and ruining their lives. They are morally, socially and aesthetically transgressive. At the same time, they remind us of the "huldra", a central figure in Scandinavian folklore. This beautiful and dangerous creature lives in the forest; her specialty is to seduce and bewitch young men and - worst-case scenario - bring them with her inside the mountain where she dwells.Dybfest's women are ugly, frightening and yet irresistibly attractive. Torn between aversion and blind admiration the male protagonist seems most of the time detached from reality, becoming a stranger to himself. Gradually he turns into two different persons. In the novel Ira (1891) the young man is liberated thanks to a young woman's rescuing love. Zita, a symbol of exuberant life, frees him from Ira's fatal grip.But is this salvation story entirely unambiguous? This article focuses not only on the differences between the two women but also on their similarities. A more nuanced view might complicate the picture and blur some distinctions.
A Feast of Senses: Rhetorical Devices in the Prose of Salman Rushdie. With Special Reference to Metaphors and Adverbs.
Authors: Swan Toril
Published: October 2015

The paper analyzes Rushdie's rhetorical use of adverbials and metaphors, in particular his rhetorical use of adverbials.  The adverbs in question function rhetorically in three, partly overlapping ways. They are frequently metaphorical, and even if strictly literal (i.e. concrete), convey images and sense forms. Secondly, the linking and focusing function of the adverbs is an effective rhetorical device, as prototypical adverb use - focus on or specification of verbal actions and activities - is transformed into a focus on or specification of the subject, while the adverb form (the -ly suffix) ensures a simultaneous link to the verbal action. Finally, Rushdie's adverbs function rhetorically as abbreviated propositions. This use of adverbs is in particular a property of English, and Rushdie exploits it elegantly.
Tre anmeldelser
Authors: Wærp Henning Howlid , Wærp Lisbeth Pettersen , Furuseth Sissel
Published: October 2015

Terje Johansen; Veier til verket. Om Vildanden av Henrik Ibsen, anmeldt av Lisbeth Pettersen WærpTerje Johansen; Veier til verket. Om Gengangere av Henrik Ibsen, anmeldt av Sissel FurusethFire bøker fra høsten 1998 anmeldt av Henning Howlid Wærp
The 2010 Norway-Russia Marine Boundary Agreement and Bilateral Cooperation on Integrated Oceans Management
Authors: Hoel Alf Håkon
Published: October 2015

More than three decades in the making, the 2010 agreement between Norway and Russia on a bounadry in the Barents Sea establishes a boundary, continues cooperation in fisheries, and lays the framework for cooperation on petroleum deposits straddling the boundary. The importance of the boundary goes well beyond the Barents Sea, as it demonstrated the capability of Arctic countries to resolve issues in a peaceful manner on the basis of international law. The agreement settles the most important outstanding foreign policy issue between the two countries and opens up new opportunities for cooperation. The article gives a brief overview of the agreement, the its negotiation and its implications at various levels of governance.
Isak Saba, Anders Larsen og Matti Aikio – ein komparasjon av dei samiske skjønnlitterære pionerane i Norge
Authors: Zachariassen Ketil
Published: October 2015

The years from 1906 to 1915 were a pioneer period in Sami fiction literature. In this period Sami authors published in their own language the first poem, the first tale, the first novel and the first collections of poetry. Isak Saba's poem Sámi Soga Lávlla from 1906 marks the start of this period. The poem was first published in Sagai Muittalægje, a Sami newspaper edited by Anders Larsen, as a part of Saba's election campaign to the Norwegian parliament. Saba was elected in 1906 and then again three years later by an alliance of the Sami movement and the socialists in East- Finnmark. In 1911, after more than seven years, Sagai Muittalægje was shut down due to economic problems. The year after Anders Larsen published Bæivve-Alggo which is the first novel in the Sami language. In their fiction writing both Saba and Larsen, who were teachers, stressed the Sami's right to learn to read and write their own language and to develop their own culture and against the existing policy of norwegianisation. But not all of the sami's supported their aims. Matti Aikio, a sami author who wrote in Norwegian and who got his breakthrough among the Norwegians readers in 1906 with his novel I dyreskind, was most of his life in opposition to Saba and Larsen. How did their attitude towards Sami language and culture find expression in their fiction writings and what can explain the difference between these Sami authors?
The Paradoxical Discourse of Language and Silence in Some Contemporary North-American Texts on the Arctic
Authors: Brøgger Fredrik Chr.
Published: October 2015

The Arctic has often been regarded (its various indigenous groups notwithstanding) as a desolate and silent void to be explored and defined by Euro-westerners, usuallyin terms of a masculine competitive ethos and an ethnocentric rhetoric of WesternEnlightenment and progress. Surprisingly, even many Norwegian arctic expeditionsof our own time tend to embody similar narratives of conquest and athletic prowess.Among contemporary North-American writers, however, this kind of discourse isprofoundly questioned, particularly by focusing on the problematic function oflanguage itself in our constructions of the Arctic. This article focuses on three North-American books in which the issue of the Euro-western linguistic appropriation ofthe Arctic, its natural environment as well as its peoples, is a major concern; they areall reflections on the issues of writing and silence with reference to the far north. Thethree books are: Barry Lopez' Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a NorthernLandscape (1987), Aritha van Herk's Places Far from Ellesmere (1990), and JohnMoss' Enduring Dreams: An Exploration of Arctic Landscape (1996). Central in allof them is the following issue: how to make the wordless landscape or the alienculture speak from under, as it were, the enormous compilation of centuries of Eurowesterntext. The article discusses four major strategies by which these three booksattempt to counteract and subvert earlier Euro-western ethnocentric and monologicnarratives of the Arctic: by the inclusion of feminine and indigenous voices; by thelegitimation of the sensuous life-world of the Arctic itself; by the self-reflexivesubversion of the authority of the language of their own texts; and by the use of astyle of paradox and contradiction. By way of such techniques, the books above try to create more open, dialogic and pluralistic readings of the Arctic.
Da Nansen lanserte  Nord i Tåkeheimen <\i>
Authors: Jølle Harald Dag
Published: October 2015

In 1911 Nansen published his major work In Northern Mists. Arctic Exploration in Early Times. The book deals with the exploration of the northern areas of the earth in earlier times, from antiquity before Pytheas to the Portuguese discoveries of the 16th Century. Working with the book, Nansen realized that many of the well-known and established sources could not be interpreted as literally as many of the historians ofhis time did. In the fall of 1910 he gave numerous lectures where he questioned the trustworthiness of the sagas as historical documents. Nansen faced considerable opposition which led to an extensive debate with among others Yngvar Nielsen and Finnur Jónsson. Later, Nansen's source criticism has proven to be far more in accordance with modern historical science than his opponents were.
Norsk-russiske vitenskapelige relasjoner innen arktisk forskning 1814-1914
Authors: Myklebost Kari Aga
Published: October 2015

Norway and Russia are both northern states, who administer vast maritime zones and land territories in the Arctic. Because of this, in both states we find a distinct northern focus that has occupied a prominent place, not least inside the field of sciences over the last two centuries. During the last decades of the 19th century there developed a handful of so to say specific arctic research disciplines, such as Arctic oceanographic studies, meteorology, auroral research, and also fishery related research.Throughout the different sub disciplines of arctic research, Norwegian and Russian scientists have held parallel research interests over the last two centuries. This hasled to a strongly felt need for exchange of data and knowledge across the border, and also a desire to conduct transnational studies. The article explores the border crossing Norwegian-Russian scientific networks in arctic research through the 19th century.
Fridtjof Nansen som forfatter - en litterær vurdering av reiseskildringene
Authors: Wærp Henning Howlid
Published: October 2015

The article gives an evalutation of Fridtjof Nansen´s travelogues and expedition reports from a literary perspective, focusing on Gennem Sibirien (1914).
Nordover med filmkamera - fra Wellman til Nobile
Authors: Diesen Jan Anders
Published: October 2015

The Heroic Era in Polar Exploration is filled with fascinating stories about interesting men, and the Race for the Poles is richly described in hundreds of books. The Heroic Era in Polar Exploration coincided with the conception of film technology and rise of commercial cinema, and many polar explorers saw potential in utilising this new technology as a research tool. As a result there exists a range of films from the Polar Explorations, but since their making and initial screenings they have received little attention. The story of these films is also an interesting one, although it has not yet been written. A few years after the production of the first film cameras, the explorer Carsten Borchgrevink brought one along on his British Antarctic Expedition in 1898. His main sponsor, a newspaper publisher, wanted to make news films, but the cinematograph, the film reel and the filming skills were not sufficiently developed to capture living images from the polar region. Our record of this first attempt at making a polar film is limited to one scene from when the expedition is leaving London.The first explorer to succeed in filming in the Arctic was Anthony Fiala in 1902, and since his breakthrough the cinematograph became standard scientific equipment on all polar expeditions. The Mechanical Era in Polar Exploration came with the aeroplanes, the airships and the telegraph. Roald Amundsen played a major role here; he claimed his idea about using aeroplanes was as important to the polar exploration as Nansen´s use of skies and dogsledges in the heroic era. This article tells the story about explorers with film camera trying to reach the North Pole from Spitzbergen. Wellman, Amundsen, Byrd and Nobile are the main characters. The story of their fantastic expeditions is told by others; this is the story about their films, and how the films from the Arctic developed from just documenting landscape and animal life until they became proper documentary films. Between those types of film, we have had amateur film footage, newsreels, scientific films, travelogues and early documentary films. The article ends with describing the media event around the Italia tragedy in 1928.
Fullstendig PDF: Silje Solheim Karlsen: Triumf, lojalitet, avstand. Fridtjof Nansens Fram-ekspedisjon (1893-1896) – og litteraturen i dens kjølvann.
Authors: Karlsen Silje Solheim , Thisted Kirsten , Gimnes Steinar
Published: October 2015

Doktordisputas 27. januar 2012. Fakultet for humaniora, samfunnsvitenskap og lærerutdanning. Universitetet i TromsøAvhandlingen er å finne i Munin, http://munin.uit.no/handle/10037/3796.Dette er den fullstendige PDF-filen med prosjektets bakgrunn, 1. og 2. opponent og svaret fra doktoranden (red. anm.).
Rearticulating the Experience of War in Anonyma: Eine Frau in Berlin
Authors: Pötzsch Holger
Published: October 2015

Situating itself in the field of cultural memory studies, this article traces the slow emergence in German historical discourse of the narrative of an anonymous German woman who survived the Soviet occupation of Berlin in 1945. I will, firstly, conceptualize the historical condition of the Anonyma as a precarious liminal sphere of transition between competing sovereignties that dislodged her political status as citizen and reconstituted her as bare life in the sense of Agamben. Secondly, I direct focus to the relationship between the personal story of the Anonyma and a historical Master narrative pertaining to the period.The article argues for a close connection between the woman’s form of resistance that aimed at replacing unchecked rape with a form of coerced prostitution to reassert limited control over the borders of her body, and the negative reception her diary received after a first publication in Germany in 1959. Her story implicitly challenges a hegemonic discourse of war that treats mass rape as mainly an assault on the nation’s male defenders and that silences the victims’ traumatic experiences with reference to collective guilt and individual shame or treason.
Førstefødtlæstadianernes selvrepresentasjon. En analyse av to brosjyrer
Authors: Andreassen Bengt-Ove
Published: October 2015

In 1992 and 2010 the group within the Laestadian tradition labeled “the firstborns” or “the  firstborn  group”  published  brochures  in  which  they express  their  beliefs  and identity.  Using  a  discourse  analytical approach  the  article  aims  to  examine  the  Firstborn’s selfrepresentation in these brochures. A goal is to investigate whether or not the Firstborn self-representation  has  changed  in  the  period  between  the  two  brochures. A main argument is that the group’s mediation and way of representing themselves in 2010 is characterized by a new use of established concepts which point to a possible secession from  the  Norwegian  State  Church  and the  establishment  of  a separate  independent religious organization.
Why Build Dewey Numbers? The Remediation of the Dewey Decimal Classification System
Authors: Brattli Tore
Published: October 2015

Correct Dewey classification is demanding and time consuming. Many of the challenges with the Dewey system are related to locating and interpreting notes (i.e. classification guidelines), and number building.Today’s Dewey structure is a result of more than 100 years of optimizing a comprehensive classification system to the printed book medium. In order to limit the system into a “manageable” size, facets and facet-like subjects are represented only once and instead referred to from relevant classes for number building. A similar technique is used to reduce the number of notes.With the remediation of Dewey from printed to computer media, space is not limited and there is no need to compress the classification system. Number building can be eliminated, and all relevant notes attached to each class. Despite the fact that the system now has been available in electronic form for almost 20 years, it is still largely a copy of the printed version.This article first investigates how the Dewey system may be presented for users without number building, in order to make it more immediate and user-friendly. We first analyze the Dewey structure, and then look at different representations of the structure suited for computer media. Finally, some ideas for a new presentation without number building are proposed.
Ei lita bok biter seg fast. Wanny Woldstads fangstmannsberetning
Authors: Hauan Marit Anne
Published: October 2015

A little book bites stuck. A trapper biography of Wanny Woldstad.

Wanny Woldstad, who still is a well-known polar hero and made more and more famous the last decades through theater plays, songs and writings, wintered over at Svalbard as a trapper and hunter from 1932-37. She left her job as a taxi driver in Tromsø for a tiny little hut and a hunter’s life in Hornsund together with a man she just met. Nearly 20 years after returning to the civilization she wrote a book about her polar experience. Wintering as trappers and hunters seems to have also in a literary project and a lot of trappers have told them polar stories between book covers.

Woldstad writes mainly about her first wintering. She is able to share that she in this first year was overwhelmed by her new surroundings; she was thrilled by the opportunity to hunt birds, foxes and polar bears. She describes enthusiastically nature and the hunting situations. Even everyday activities as making food, celebrating Christmas and writing diary are topics. In her book she gives credit to her partner as a teacher and mentor in the field of hunting and trapping. But through her writing she brings her own competence and capabilities in focus.  Her book gives a profound knowledge of a year in on hunting station on Svalbard. It is written as a true story – an autobiography although retrospective, but has its elements of fiction.
Helmer Hanssens reiser i isbaksen. Med Roald Amundsen og polene som omdreiningspunkt
Authors: Arekol Lena
Published: October 2015

Helmer Hanssen published his book Gjennem isbaksen. Atten år med Roald Amundsen in 1941. Five years earlier, in 1936, this book had been published in English with the title Voyages of a modern Viking. The Norwegian title of the book may be understood as a reflection of his polar life and almost lifelong relation to Amundsen; while the English title indicates more that Hanssen wanted to emphasis his own solid achievements in the Polar Regions. In earlier history studies Hanssen has been interpreted merely as the loyal assistant of Amundsen and as an eternal deuce. This article represents a new reading of Hanssen’s book up against previously known and unknown sources. This brings on new perspectives on the relation between Hanssen and Amundsen, but also on Hanssen himself, his relationship to his family, his perceptions of the Inuit people and his strong desire to go on a polar expedition. In this article, I argue that being the eternal deuce that is what, was Hanssen’s big chance. Amundsen gave him the possibility to experience pioneering expeditions and to see the world. My point is that Hanssen, even when living in the shadow of Amundsen, had his place in the outer circle of the spotlight.
The chronotope of the primordial: Yuri Rytkheu's When the whales leave
Authors: Mørch Audun
Published: October 2015

Yuri Rytkheu (1930-2008) is a Chukchi novelist who wrote in Russian. During recent years his works have been published into German, English and other languages. His popularity outside Russia is rising. The present article introduces the reader to Rytkheu and his works and goes on to a reading of When the Whales Leave (1977), a short novel written in the form of a family saga with many elements from the author’s native Chukchi myth. Special attention is given to chronotopic properties of the work. The article also argues that When the Whales Leave draws attention to ecological problems and represents an indirect critique of the European (Christian) Weltanschauung, where man is the master of nature rather than a part of it.
De Caesare in scholis Latinis provectioribus destinatis modo activo proponendo
Authors: Minkova Milena
Published: October 2015

On the Active Use of Caesar in Latin Classes for Advanced Students. Methods for active teaching of the Latin language are usually considered to be best suited for the curriculum of beginners’ classes. Such methods can, however, be used quite efficiently even when teaching advanced students either at High School or University level. Nor does it seem to be necessary to restrict the active use of Latinity to simple conversations only or to avoid using the texts of the classic Roman authors, which students of Latin need to understand well. In short, there is nothing preventing students from becoming familiar with the rules of grammar by means of active exercises. Such familiary furnishes the student with shortcuts to a better understanding of the language itself. This may in turn lead to that very ability to read ancient texts which is, after all, the main object of Latin teaching. The present contribution deals with the use of active methods in the curriculum for Advanced Placement (AP) High School pupils who are taking courses that provide them with academic credits for university qualification in the USA. Examples are taken from Caesar’s Commentarii de bello Gallico, a fundamental text in the AP curriculum as far as prose is concerned. The article deals first with how to explain a text in various ways by means of the Latin language alone, without having recourse to the vernacular. Asking questions, making paraphrases, adding titles, or providing a summary are all alternatives here. Furthermore, dictation is elucidated, and how it can offer a bridge to explaining the text in Latin; so is an active method to explain various grammatical constructions. There then follows the active treatment of grammatical as well as rhetorical figures. Finally, questions of how to compose dialogues, and even how to edit plays for the stage, are addressed. At the end of the essay, the author discusses how to combine textual work with exercises involving describing images in Latin.
Skandinavia sett fra Nürnberg 1493: Skildringen av Danmark, Sverige og Norge i Hartmann Schedels Liber chronicarum
Authors: Karlsen Espen
Published: October 2015

Scandinavia seen from Nürnberg 1493: The depiction of Denmark, Sweden and Norway in the Liber chronicarum by Hartmann Schedel. The present paper provides an edition with facing translation into Norwegian of the passage on Scandinavia in Hartmann Schedel’s Liber chronicarum, printed by Anton Koberger at Nuremberg in 1493. The text and translation is accompanied by reproductions of two maps included in the Liber chronicarum and a facsimile of the passage on Scandinavia. To the translation are added elucidating notes.
Plastic accommodations of female agency: Vergil, Horace and Antipater of Thessalonica
Authors: Thorsen Thea Selliaas
Published: October 2015

By taking statues in the Portico of Pompey as a point of departure, the present investigation centres on the less known poet Antipater of Thessalonica, who composed epigrams in Greek in Augustan Rome, as well as the famous Augustan poets Horace and Vergil. Representations of male figures in the object position that go back to Homer will be important as a contrast to representations of female agency in Augustan Rome. As will be shown, Antipater, Horace and Vergil highlight female agency in subject as well as object positions that resonate with a number of the female figures in the Pompeian Portico, thus contributing to a richer understanding of how women may be represented in ancient art forms.
Persuading through pity and fear: Aristotle’s account of the emotions in the Rhetoric
Authors: Lauritzen Espen Andrè
Published: October 2015

The aim of this paper is to examine what has commonly been perceived as a discrepancy between the generally pragmatic or amoral tone of the Rhetoric and Aristotle’s preoccupation with normative questions elsewhere in his works, including in the opening chapter of the Rhetoric itself. I suggest an interpretation that allows for this discrepancy to be avoided. When Aristotle warns against emotional influence in Rhetoric 1.1, this statement must be seen in context with his critique of previous writers of rhetorical handbooks. By looking at other historical sources to the rhetorical practice that Aristotle appears to criticize, we can better understand what the critique is really about. I argue that this historical context makes plausible an understanding of Aristotle’s critique as being directed towards a specific practice in the contemporary judicial practice, namely, that of trying to influence emotionally by means that are foreign to the argument. My main sources in establishing this historical context are Plato’s Apology and Lycurgus’ Against Leocrates. Reading Aristotle’s text in light of the judicial practice of the time offers an alternative understanding ridding us of the apparent contradiction. I suggest that it is the manner in which the emotional influence is made that is is essential. What Aristotle is warning against is emotional influence that is foreign to the subject matter; the critique is directed against influencing through establishing ethos or producing pathos without this having any con­nection to logos. By seeking a reading where the emotions can be understood as saying something genuine about the situation, something that without the emotions could not be properly understood, the apparent discrepancy in Aristotle can be resolved.
Sokrates og oss: Et essay om Sokrates’ forsvarstale, tekstfortolkning og filosofihistorie
Authors: Anfinsen Roar
Published: October 2015

Socrates and Us: An Essay on the Apology of Socrates, Philological Interpretations and History of Philosophy. I start out with a philological problem, the question of how to translate a disputed passage (30b 2–4) in Plato’s Apology. This problem is connected to a philo­sophical question, the Socratic and Platonic opinion on the relation between virtue, material goods and happiness. I then discuss the role of our «pre-understanding» in the interpretation of historical texts. Is a «purely» historical interpretation possible? Is a «purely» historical reading of philosophical texts worthwhile, if it does not concern our modern philosophical problems? In discussing these hermenutical questions I use John Stuart Mill’s reading of Plato as an example. A peculiar problem in the history of philosophy is the question of the historical Socrates and the different roles he has played. I investigate especially Mill’s use of the character of Socrates, but I also include examples from the twentieth century. Furthermore, I analyze Plato’s staging of Socrates in the Apology as a moral hero and the mythological status he is given. Finally, I discuss whether the Socratic philosophy is of any value today. I argue that the Socratic method ought to have an important place in moral and political education, and that this method is not value-neutral. It presupposes certain virtues, virtues taught and incarnated by the historical Socrates.
Synnøve des Bouvries karriere ved UiT, 1972–2014: Intervju og bibliografi
Authors: Aspaas Per Pippin
Published: October 2015

The career of Synnøve des Bouvrie at the University of Tromsø, 1972–2014: Interview and bibliography. Synnøve des Bouvrie was born in Bussum near Amsterdam on 16 November 1944 as the child of a Norwegian mother and a Dutch father. After studies of classical philology at Leiden, she became one of the first lecturers at the University of Tromsø (UiT) in September 1972. A true pioneer, she has fought relentlessly for gender equality and the preservation of the so-called «small» languages at the UiT. Mastering ten languages altogether, Synnøve’s own research has always been internationally oriented. Applying an anthropological perspective on the ancient societies, she has also studied the current study of ancient tragedies from a similar, detached perspective, by means of which she has been able to single out national trends and historical contingency in cutting-edge research. Moreover, this «rare bird in Ultima Thule» is a staunch advocate for the active use of Latin in teaching and research and a prominent member of the Academia Latinitati Fovendae. In Tromsø too, she has been active in another academy, the cross-disciplinary Academia Borealis, of which she is the serving president. Moreover, she has taught and helped establish courses in various subjects outside her field of specialty at the UiT, like a cross-disciplinary course on Graeco-Roman art, archaeology, literature and history (Antikkens kultur) and comparative literature (Allmenn litteratur). The interview is highly personal, crammed with anecdotes from Synnøve’s private life and deliberations on how her upbringing may have influenced her choices as an academic. The bibliography lists her publications from 1972 to the present. In the interview she reveals that a monograph on Euripides can be expected to be published soon with an international publisher. In the appendix several illustrations are included, with captions in English.
Rara avis in Ultima Thule: Praefatio / Preface
Authors: Aspaas Petrus Pippinus , Albert Sigrides , Nilsen Fridericus
Published: October 2015

This book is a Festschrift dedicated to Synnøve des Bouvrie, professor of classical studies at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, who celebrates her seventieth birthday on 16th November 2014. Apart from the introduction, the Festschrift is divided into four parts, namely a Pars Mythologica, Philosophico-Litteraria, Thulensis, and Latinitatis Vivae. Twelve articles have been written in English, seven in Latin, four in Norwegian and a single article in each of the languages French, Sami and Swedish. A biographical interview is also included, along with several illustrations made by Synnøve herself. The book has been edited by Per Pippin Aspaas (Tromsø), Sigrid Albert (Saarbrücken) and Fredrik Nilsen (Tromsø).
The Useless Arctic: Exploiting Nature in the Arctic in the 1870s
Authors: Spring Ulrike , Schimanski Johan
Published: October 2015

What is the discursive genealogy of an ecological approach to the Arctic? Building on distinctions suggested by Francis Spufford and Gísli Pálsson, this article examines a specific juncture in the history of European–Arctic interaction – the reception of the Austro-Hungarian Arctic Expedition in 1874 – and traces the potential for ecological and relational understandings in what seems to be an orientalist and exploitative material. Examining the medial reception in Austria and in Norway, along with certain key texts in which Arctic wildlife is described, we find that the Norwegian reception of the expedition emphasizes practical issues connected with resource exploitation in the Arctic, while the Austrian reception mostly sees the Arctic as a symbolic resource with which to negotiate issues of identity and modernity. The Austrian discourse revolves around a set of paradoxical contradictions, the most central being those between materialism and idealism and emptiness and fullness; we argue it is the instability of such ambiguities which produces the possibility of a future ecological discourse.
The Arctic Playground of Europe: Sir Martin Conway’s Svalbard
Authors: Ryall Anka
Published: October 2015

The development of tourism is a significant aspect of the processes of modernity in the High Arctic. This article discusses the British art historian and mountaineer Sir William Martin Conway's two travelogues, The First Crossing of Spitsbergen (1897) and With Ski and Sledge over Arctic Glaciers (1898), in terms of a pioneering tourist approach to the archipelago of Svalbard. Unlike earlier yachting tourists, Conway described a journey into the uncharted interior of the main island, Spitsbergen. His books are therefore narrated as exploration accounts and following many of the demands of that genre, such as an emphasis on mapping, natural science and being the first. However, they may also be read as guidebooks for other discerning and undaunted British gentleman travellers. Inspired by the art critic John Ruskin’s “science of aspects”, which combined accurate scientific observations and practical knowledge with an imaginative and aesthetic response to the landscape, Conway attempts to give his readers a positive sense of the qualities of the Arctic. At the same time, he promotes Svalbard as an Arctic “Playground of Europe”, where adventurous Alpinists in addition to climbing unknown mountains and glaciers could find fraternal domesticity far away from home around the hearth of the campfire. In this way Conway locates natural beauty, life and recreational opportunities where travellers before him had only described desolation and death.
Imperiets genfærd – Profeterne i Evighedsfjorden og den dansk-grønlandske historieskrivning
Authors: Thisted Kirsten
Published: October 2015

While the official Denmark has declined taking part in a reconciliation process with Greenland, its former colony, a large literary audience has embraced the novelist Kim Leine, who puts colonial history and Danish-Greenlandic power relations on the agenda. Originally published in 2012, his novel Profeterne i Evighedsfjorden (English title: The Prophets of Eternal Fjord) has received huge attention and several prestigious literary awards, but it has also been the target of criticism for painting a distorted picture of Denmark’s conduct in Greenland. The article examines how the novel relates to the established narratives about Danish colonialism and how it contributes to the ongoing negotiations. The novel’s use of narrative modes is analysed in light of the assumption that certain modes are associated with certain plots, where a particular framing of the past defines a space of possibility for the way we shape the future. It is argued that the novel draws on the anticolonial dream of ‘total revolution’ and supports the struggle of the colonised to break free from the colonial power and establish their own nation state. Its key narrative mode, however, is not the preferred mode in anticolonialist literature, heroic romance; instead it is tragedy. The novel portrays the profound transformation of society and subjectivity that is brought about by modernity with Christianity and colonialism as its vehicle. As a consequence of this transformation, resistance cannot be posited from a point outside modernity but arises from within modernity itself. Thus the protagonists of the novel are not only portrayed as equals but as actors in the same universe, regardless of the highly asymmetrical power relations between Danes and Greenlanders. In this sense, the book participates in efforts to reframe the Danish-Greenlandic relationship based on the new language of equality and partnership found in the Act on Greenland Self-Government.
“First I was an explorer; then I was an artist.” Robert J. Flaherty som fotograf
Authors: Skare Roswitha
Published: October 2015

Robert J. Flaherty is today best known for his films, and especially for his first film Nanook of the North (1922). In discussions about the early years of Flaherty’s career there has been much emphasis on Flaherty as a man with little formal education, a self- made man and an explorer. Flaherty’s statement “First I was an explorer; then I was an artist” is quoted over and over again. In this article I take a closer look at the early years of Flaherty’s career, the years before the premiere of Nanook and his reputation as a filmmaker. I discuss the photographs taken by Flaherty on his first expeditions in the years before 1915 focusing on the use and reuse of these photographs in different contexts like newspapers, journals and books. Finally, I also discuss whether these photographs, and especially two of the portraits that are used repeatedly, are only ethnographic or artistic as well.
Maskulinitet og troféjakt i Arktis
Authors: Aarekol Lena
Published: October 2015

From the late 1800s and until the protection of polar bears came into force in 1973, there were regular private hunting expeditions to the Arctic by boat, including several from Tromsø. In this article, I investigate how masculinity is manifested in specific empirical evidence: a trophy hunting expedition with the Sutton family that left from Tromsø in the summer of 1932. Using masculinity as a lens through which to see the historical trophy hunt shows, however, that this activity deals with more than obtaining trophies and potency. The Sutton family expedition undertook to hunt, kill and stuff wild animals to the benefit of science and the general information of the public. Sutton himself goes in and out of the role of conqueror; he puts his trust in the Norwegian crew and highlights his recommendations for safety on such trips. By looking at a specific example such as Sutton’s expedition, it is obvious that this also deals with various forms of masculinity – or manliness: about the conquering and mastering of nature, but also about an interest in and care of nature. Masculinity is seen in terms of civic ideals with an emphasis on rationality and discipline – a hunt in which women may also be granted a place – as well as the role of fatherhood with a responsibility for the training of new generations and educating the public by contributing to the development of scientific collections and the municipal zoo.
Knut Hamsun at the movies in transnational contexts
Authors: Lunde Arne
Published: October 2015

This historical overview examines how the literary works of Knut Hamsun have been adapted into films over the past century, from early silent cinema to the digital age. It traces how different national and transnational cinemas have appropriated the author's texts at different historical moments. Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, for example, took a keen interest in two Third Reich adaptations of Hamsun novels (Victoria and Pan) in the 1930s. Pan remains the Hamsun novel most frequently adapted, while Henning Carlsen's 1966 pan-Scandinavian version of Hunger is arguably the artistic highpoint to date. Nations producing or co-producing Hamsun films include Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Russia, the United States, and Canada (Guy Maddin's 1997 Twilight of the Ice Nymphs). Hamsun at the movies has shown remarkable elasticity, crossing multiple borders, and being appropriated by disparate national cinemas for surprisingly diverse ends.