bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss of Anergic B Cells in Prediabetic and New-Onset Type 1 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Smith Mia J. , Packard Thomas A. , O’Neill Shannon K. , Henry Dunand Carole J. , Huang Min , Fitzgerald-Miller Lisa , Stowell Daniel , Hinman Rochelle M. , Wilson Patrick C. , Gottlieb Peter A. , Cambier John C.
Published: December 2014

Although dogma predicts that under normal circumstances, potentially offensive autoreactive cells are silenced by mechanisms of immune tolerance, islet antigen–reactive B lymphocytes are known to play a crucial role in the development of autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Thus, participation of these cells in T1D may reflect escape from silencing mechanisms. Consistent with this concept, we found that in healthy subjects, high-affinity insulin-binding B cells occur exclusively in the anergic naive IgD+, IgM− B-cell (BND) compartment. Antigen receptors expressed by these cells are polyreactive and have N-region additions, Vh usage, and charged complementarity-determining region 3 consistent with autoreactivity. Consistent with a potential early role in autoimmunity, these high-affinity insulin-binding B cells are absent from the anergic compartment of some first-degree relatives and all prediabetic and new-onset (<1 year) T1D patients tested, but return to normal levels in individuals diabetic for >1 year. Interestingly, these changes were correlated by transient loss of the entire BND compartment. These findings suggest that environmental events such as infection or injury may, by disrupting B-cell anergy, dispose individuals toward autoimmunity, the precise nature of which is specified by genetic risk factors, such as HLA alleles.
HbA1c Predicts Time to Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Children at Risk
Authors: Helminen Olli , Aspholm Susanna , Pokka Tytti , Hautakangas Milla-Riikka , Haatanen Nora , Lempainen Johanna , Ilonen Jorma , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael , Veijola Riitta
Published: December 2014

Prediction of type 1 diabetes is based on the detection of multiple islet autoantibodies in subjects who are at increased genetic risk. Prediction of the timing of diagnosis is challenging, however. We assessed the utility of HbA1c levels in predicting the clinical disease in genetically predisposed children with multiple autoantibodies. Cord blood samples from 168,055 newborn infants were screened for class II HLA genotypes in Finland, and 14,876 children with increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes were invited to participate in regular follow-ups, including screening for diabetes-associated autoantibodies. When two or more autoantibodies were detected, HbA1c levels were analyzed at each visit. During follow-up, multiple (two or more) autoantibodies developed in 466 children; type 1 diabetes was diagnosed in 201 of these children (43%, progressors), while 265 children remained disease free (nonprogressors) by December 2011. A 10% increase in HbA1c levels in samples obtained 3–12 months apart predicted the diagnosis of clinical disease (hazard ratio [HR] 5.7 [95% CI 4.1–7.9]) after a median time of 1.1 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.6–3.1 years) from the observed rise of HbA1c. If the HbA1c level was ≥5.9% (41 mmol/mol) in two consecutive samples, the median time to diagnosis was 0.9 years (IQR 0.3–1.5, HR 11.9 [95% CI 8.8–16.0]). In conclusion, HbA1c is a useful biochemical marker when predicting the time to diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with multiple autoantibodies.
Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance Is Associated With an Impaired Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Amino Acid Ingestion in Healthy Young Men
Authors: Stephens Francis B. , Chee Carolyn , Wall Benjamin T. , Murton Andrew J. , Shannon Chris E. , van Loon Luc J.C. , Tsintzas Kostas
Published: December 2014

The ability to maintain skeletal muscle mass appears to be impaired in insulin-resistant conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, that are characterized by muscle lipid accumulation. The current study investigated the effect of acutely increasing lipid availability on muscle protein synthesis. Seven healthy young male volunteers underwent a 7-h intravenous infusion of l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine on two randomized occasions combined with 0.9% saline or 10% Intralipid at 100 mL/h. After a 4-h “basal” period, a 21-g bolus of amino acids was administered and a 3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was commenced (“fed” period). Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from the vastus lateralis at 1.5, 4, and 7 h. Lipid infusion reduced fed whole-body glucose disposal by 20%. Furthermore, whereas the mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate increased from the basal to the fed period during saline infusion by 2.2-fold, no change occurred during lipid infusion, despite similar circulating insulin and leucine concentrations. This “anabolic resistance” to insulin and amino acids with lipid infusion was associated with a complete suppression of muscle 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. We propose that increased muscle lipid availability may contribute to anabolic resistance in insulin-resistant conditions by impairing translation initiation.
Transthyretin Antisense Oligonucleotides Lower Circulating RBP4 Levels and Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Mice
Authors: Zemany Laura , Bhanot Sanjay , Peroni Odile D. , Murray Susan F. , Moraes-Vieira Pedro M. , Castoldi Angela , Manchem Prasad , Guo Shuling , Monia Brett P. , Kahn Barbara B.
Published: December 2014

Circulating transthyretin (TTR) is a critical determinant of plasma retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels. Elevated RBP4 levels cause insulin resistance, and the lowering of RBP4 levels improves glucose homeostasis. Since lowering TTR levels increases renal clearance of RBP4, we determined whether decreasing TTR levels with antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) improves glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in obesity. TTR-ASO treatment of mice with genetic or diet-induced obesity resulted in an 80–95% decrease in circulating levels of TTR and RBP4. Treatment with TTR-ASOs, but not control ASOs, decreased insulin levels by 30–60% and improved insulin sensitivity in ob/ob mice and high-fat diet–fed mice as early as after 2 weeks of treatment. The reduced insulin levels were sustained for up to 9 weeks of treatment and were associated with reduced adipose tissue inflammation. Body weight was not changed. TTR-ASO treatment decreased LDL cholesterol in high-fat diet–fed mice. The glucose infusion rate during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was increased by 50% in high-fat diet–fed mice treated with TTR-ASOs, demonstrating improved insulin sensitivity. This was also demonstrated by 20% greater inhibition of hepatic glucose production, a 45–60% increase of glucose uptake into skeletal and cardiac muscle, and a twofold increase in insulin signaling in muscle. These data show that decreasing circulating TTR levels or altering TTR-RBP4 binding could be a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: A Predictor of Macrovascular and Microvascular Complications in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Herrmann Markus , Sullivan David R. , Veillard Anne-Sophie , McCorquodale Thomas , Straub Isabella R. , Scott Russell , Laakso Markku , Topliss Duncan , Jenkins Alicia J. , Blankenberg Stefan , Burton Anthony , Keech Anthony C.
Published: December 2014

OBJECTIVE

People with diabetes frequently develop vascular disease. We investigated the relationship between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OH-D) concentration and vascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The relationships between blood 25OH-D concentration at baseline and the incidence of macrovascular (including myocardial infarction and stroke) and microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and amputation) disease were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models and logistic regression in an observational study of patients in the 5-year Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes trial.

RESULTS

A total of 50% of the patients had low vitamin D concentrations, as indicated by median blood 25OH-D concentration of 49 nmol/L. These patients with a blood 25OH-D concentration <50 nmol/L had a higher cumulative incidence of macrovascular and microvascular events than those with levels ≥50 nmol/L. Multivariate analysis, stratified by treatment and adjusted for relevant confounders, identified blood 25OH-D concentration as an independent predictor of macrovascular events. A 50 nmol/L difference in blood 25OH-D concentration was associated with a 23% (P = 0.007) change in risk of macrovascular complications during the study, and further adjustments for seasonality, hs-CRP, and physical activity level had little impact. The unadjusted risk of microvascular complications was 18% (P = 0.006) higher during the study, though the excess risk declined to 11–14% and lost significance with adjustment for HbA1c, seasonality, or physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Low blood 25OH-D concentrations are associated with an increased risk of macrovascular and microvascular disease events in type 2 diabetes. However, a causal link remains to be demonstrated.
The Research into the Quality of Rock Surfaces Obtained by Abrasive Water Jet Cutting
Authors: Młynarczuk Mariusz , Skiba Marta , Sitek Libor , Hlaváček Petr , Kožušníková Alena
Published: December 2014

In recent years, water jet cutting technology has been being used more and more often, in various domains of human activity. Its numerous applications include cutting different materials - among them, rock materials. The present paper discusses the results of the research that aimed at determining - in a quantitative manner - the way in which the water jet cutting parameters (such as the traverse speed of the head, and the distance between the high-pressure inlet of the water jet and the cut material) influence the quality of the processed surface. Additionally, the impact of these parameters on the surface of various materials was investigated. The materials used were three granites differing with respect to the size of grains. In the course of the research, the standard parameters defined by the ISO norms were analyzed. It was also proposed that variograms be used to analyze the quality of the cut surface.
Key Factors in Shale Gas Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Klimkowski Łukasz , Nagy Stanisław
Published: December 2014

Multi-stage hydraulic fracturing is the method for unlocking shale gas resources and maximizing horizontal well performance. Modeling the effects of stimulation and fluid flow in a medium with extremely low permeability is significantly different from modeling conventional deposits. Due to the complexity of the subject, a significant number of parameters can affect the production performance. For a better understanding of the specifics of unconventional resources it is necessary to determine the effect of various parameters on the gas production process and identification of parameters of major importance. As a result, it may help in designing more effective way to provide gas resources from shale rocks.

Within the framework of this study a sensitivity analysis of the numerical model of shale gas reservoir, built based on the latest solutions used in industrial reservoir simulators, was performed. The impact of different reservoir and hydraulic fractures parameters on a horizontal shale gas well production performance was assessed and key factors were determined.
Effect of the Continuous Traverse Trajectory and Dynamic Error of the Vane Anemometer on the Accuracy of Average Velocity Measurements at the Cross-Section of the Mine Heading – Model-Based Testing
Authors: Jamróz Paweł
Published: December 2014

This paper discusses the problem of measuring the average velocity at the cross-section of mine heading with the use of the continuous traverse method. Based on model testing, it has been shown that measurement signals, obtained along the traversing trajectory, belong to the group of non-stationary signals. The methodology of the traversing method measurements, with the aspect of capabilities of measuring instruments used for that purpose, has been analysed. Results of simulation tests concerning the dynamic response of a vane anemometer to the measurement signal for selected trajectories of the continuous traverse have been presented. For this purpose, a velocity profile presenting an expanded stream of undisturbed air flow in the excavation has been used. Attention has been paid to the problem of selecting an adequate trajectory of anemometer movement, as the value of the velocity measured at the cross-section depends on the trajectory
Efficient fidelity control by stepwise nucleotide selection in polymerase elongation Abstract: Polymerases select nucleotides
Authors: Yu Jin
Published: December 2014

Polymerases select nucleotides according to a template before incorporating them for chemical synthesis during gene replication or transcription. Efficient selection to achieve sufficiently high fidelity and speed is essential for polymerase function. Due to multiple kinetic steps detected in a polymerase elongation cycle, there exist multiple selection checkpoints to allow different strategies of fidelity control. In our current work, we examined step-by-step selections in an elongation cycle that have conformational transition rates tuned one at a time, with a controlled differentiation free energy between the right and wrong nucleotides at each checkpoint. The elongation is sustained at non-equilibrium steady state with constant free energy input and heat dissipation. It is found that a selection checkpoint in the later stage of a reaction path has less capability for error reduction. Hence, early selection is essential to achieve an efficient fidelity control. In particular, for an intermediate state, the selection through the forward transition inhibition has the same capacity for error reduction as the selection through the backward rejection. As with respect to the elongation speed, an initial screening is indispensible for maintaining high speed, as the wrong nucleotides can be removed quickly and replaced by the right ones at the entry. Overall, the elongation error rate can be repeatedly reduced through multiple selection checkpoints. This study provides a theoretical framework to guide more detailed structural dynamics studies, and to support rational redesign of related enzymes and devices.
Electrical and optical properties of spin-coated SnO2 nanofilms
Authors: Izydorczyk Weronika , Waczyński Krzysztof , Izydorczyk Jacek , Karasiński Paweł , Mazurkiewicz Janusz , Magnuski Mirosław , Uljanow Jerzy , WaczyńskaNiemiec Natalia , Filipowski Wojciech
Published: December 2014

SnO2 nanocrystalline thin films have been deposited on oxidized silicon substrates by spin-coating from a precursor solution, followed by slow thermal annealing in oxygen atmosphere at different temperatures (500 to 900 °C). The precursor solution consisted of 1.0 to 2.0 M SnCl4·5H2O in isopropanol. It was shown that the concentration of the precursor solution, annealing temperature and heating rate had a significant effect on the structural, optical and electrical properties of the studied thin films. The topography of SnO2 thin films was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, as-deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis and impedance spectroscopy.
Predicting 6-Minute Walking Distance in Recipients of Lung Transplantation: Longitudinal Study of 108 Patients
Authors: van Adrichem Edwin J. , Reinsma Gerda D. , van den Berg Sanne , van der Bij Wim , Erasmus Michiel E. , Krijnen Wim P. , Dijkstra Pieter U. , van der Schans Cees P.
Published: December 2014

Background

Exercise capacity, muscle function, and physical activity levels remain reduced in recipients of lung transplantation. Factors associated with this deficiency in functional exercise capacity have not been studied longitudinally.

Objective

The study aims were to analyze the longitudinal change in 6-minute walking distance and to identify factors contributing to this change.

Design

This was a longitudinal historical cohort study.

Methods

Data from patients who received a lung transplantation between March 2003 and March 2013 were analyzed for the change in 6-minute walking distance and contributing factors at screening, discharge, and 6 and 12 months after transplantation. Linear mixed-model and logistic regression analyses were performed with data on characteristics of patients, diagnosis, waiting list time, length of hospital stay, rejection, lung function, and peripheral muscle strength.

Results

Data from 108 recipients were included. Factors predicting 6-minute walking distance were measurement moment, diagnosis, sex, quadriceps muscle and grip strength, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (percentage of predicted), and length of hospital stay. After transplantation, 6-minute walking distance increased considerably. This initial increase was not continued between 6 and 12 months. At 12 months after lung transplantation, 58.3% of recipients did not reach the cutoff point of 82% of the predicted 6-minute walking distance. Logistic regression demonstrated that discharge values for forced expiratory volume in 1 second and quadriceps or grip strength were predictive for reaching this criterion.

Limitations

Study limitations included lack of knowledge on the course of disease during the waiting list period, type and frequency of physical therapy after transplantation, and number of missing data points.

Conclusions

Peripheral muscle strength predicted 6-minute walking distance; this finding suggests that quadriceps strength training should be included in physical training to increase functional exercise capacity. Attention should be paid to further increasing 6-minute walking distance between 6 and 12 months after transplantation.
Power and Promise of Narrative for Advancing Physical Therapist Education and Practice
Authors: Greenfield Bruce H. , Jensen Gail M. , Delany Clare M. , Mostrom Elizabeth , Knab Mary , Jampel Ann
Published: December 2014

This perspective article provides a justification for and an overview of the use of narrative as a pedagogical tool for educators to help physical therapist students, residents, and clinicians develop skills of reflection and reflexivity in clinical practice. The use of narratives is a pedagogical approach that provides a reflective and interpretive framework for analyzing and making sense of texts, stories, and other experiences within learning environments. This article describes reflection as a well-established method to support critical analysis of clinical experiences; to assist in uncovering different perspectives of patients, families, and health care professionals involved in patient care; and to broaden the epistemological basis (ie, sources of knowledge) for clinical practice. The article begins by examining how phronetic (ie, practical and contextual) knowledge and ethical knowledge are used in physical therapy to contribute to evidence-based practice. Narrative is explored as a source of phronetic and ethical knowledge that is complementary but irreducible to traditional objective and empirical knowledge—the type of clinical knowledge that forms the basis of scientific training. The central premise is that writing narratives is a cognitive skill that should be learned and practiced to develop critical reflection for expert practice. The article weaves theory with practical application and strategies to foster narrative in education and practice. The final section of the article describes the authors' experiences with examples of integrating the tools of narrative into an educational program, into physical therapist residency programs, and into a clinical practice.
Crystal-clear – The '2014 Most Superlative Crystal Growth Contest' for School Classes
Authors: Perret Didier , Hagemann Hans , Černý Radovan , Renner Christoph , Giannini Enrico , Guénée Laure , Besnard Céline , Gérard David , Windels Lionel
Published: December 2014

To celebrate the International Year of Crystallography among the general public, a consortium of chemists, physicists and crystallographers of the University of Geneva organised in Spring 2014 an incentive crystal growth contest for Geneva scholars aged 4 to 19. Starting from a kit
containing a salt and user instructions, classes had to prepare a crystal that met specific criteria according to their category of age. The composition of the salt – potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) – was only disclosed to the participants during the final Awards Ceremony.
This contest positively exceeded our expectations with almost 100 participating classes (ca. 1800 participants) and 54 specimens received over all categories.
Algorithm for Detector-Error Screening on Basis of Temporal and Spatial Information
Authors: Lu Yang (Carl) , Yang Xianfeng , Chang Gang-Len
Published: December 2014

Although average effective vehicle length (AEVL) has been recognized as one of the most popular methods for detecting data errors, how to set proper thresholds so as to prevent false alarms and missed detections remains a challenging ongoing issue. This study proposed a sequential screening algorithm that employed multiple comparisons with the best statistics to compare concurrently the estimated AEVLs between lanes and stations for assessment of the data quality of a target detector. With both the temporal and spatial information, the proposed method can reliably generate a confidence interval and determine whether the target detector is malfunctioning or in need of calibration. The proposed algorithm was tested with 2 weeks of detector data from Ocean City, Maryland. The analysis results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed sequential screening algorithm and its potential for field applications.
Software-Based Vehicle Reidentification with Existing Loop Infrastructure
Authors: Kwon Jaimyoung , Petty Karl
Published: December 2014

This paper describes the development of a hybrid reidentification algorithm to estimate travel times entirely on the basis of data that are readily available from single loop detectors (60-Hz vehicle occupancy data) without the need for additional hardware in the field. The key concept is data fusion, which combines crude and potentially inaccurate spot-point estimates with a software-based signature-matching algorithm. The method was applied to real data from an urban freeway site with four locations and six segments, with Bluetooth-matched travel time as the ground truth. The method performed satisfactorily, with a relative error of 9% for a segment 1.54 mi long, among others. It removed bias and improved the baseline spot-speed method significantly. The approach requires minimum calibration with no additional hardware. The method, therefore, proves suitable for widespread deployment and provides a clear path for agencies to leverage their existing loop and controller infrastructure for accurate travel time estimation through reidentification.
Low-Temperature Characterization of Foamed Warm-Mix Asphalt Produced by Water Injection
Authors: Alhasan Ahmad A. , Abbas Ala R. , Nazzal Munir , Dessouky Samer , Ali Ayman , Kim Sang-Soo , Powers David
Published: December 2014

This study evaluated the low-temperature performance of foamed warmmix asphalt (WMA) produced by water injection and compared it with that of hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Two asphalt binders (PG 70–22 and PG 64–28), two aggregate types (limestone and crushed gravel), and two aggregate gradations [nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS)] (12.5-mm NMAS and 19.0-mm NMAS) were used in this study. The low-temperature properties of the asphalt binders were measured with the bending beam rheometer, and the low-temperature behavior of the asphalt mixtures was evaluated with the thermal stress restrained specimen test after being subjected to short-term and long-term aging. As expected, the fracture temperatures obtained for the short-term aged specimens were lower than those obtained for the long-term aged specimens. This was the case for both foamed WMA and HMA mixtures. The HMA mixtures exhibited colder fracture temperatures than did the foamed WMA mixtures for the short-term aged specimens, but fracture temperatures comparable to those for the long-term aged specimens. This comparison suggests that the traditional HMA mixtures may have better resistance to low-temperature cracking than foamed WMA does during the initial service life of the asphalt layer, but may have similar resistance to low-temperature cracking at later stages. This study also showed that the low-temperature binder grade had the most significant effect on fracture temperature, whereas the aggregate type had the most significant effect on fracture stress.
Effects of Binder Modification on Aggregate Structure and Thermovolumetric Properties of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Teymourpour Pouya , Bahia Hussain U.
Published: December 2014

Modifiers have been widely used to improve the engineering value of asphalt binders and the performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures. Recent studies have confirmed that binder modification can influence mixture performance by two mechanisms: improving the mechanical properties of the continuous phase (i.e., binder or the asphalt–mineral filler mastic) of the mixture and changing the initial or inherent aggregate structure of the mixture (i.e., aggregates’ packing). A study identifies the relative importance of these two mechanisms on the low-temperature response of asphalt mixtures by using both experimental testing and finite element model analysis. This study uses three modifications: elastomeric, plastomeric, and a combination of elastomeric and plastomeric (i.e., hybrid). The low-temperature mechanical characterization of asphalt binders and mastics are measured with the bending beam rheometer and the glass transition temperature test. Mixture performance at low temperatures is evaluated with the asphalt thermal cracking analyzer. Internal structure of the aggregates is quantified by two-dimensional imaging analysis by using the recently developed Image Processing and Analysis System. Results indicate a significant relation between indexes describing the internal structure of the aggregates and the laboratory performance indicators at low temperatures. Experimental and finite element model simulation results confirm that modification enhances mixture responses by improving the initial internal structure of the aggregates, thus allowing a more favorable distribution of thermal strains within the binder. These results suggest new opportunities to optimize mixture resistance to cracking through binder formulation.
New Additive for Use in Hot In-Place Recycling to Improve Performance of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Mix
Authors: Li Jian , Ni Fujian , Huang Yemin , Gao Lei
Published: December 2014

With the emphasis on sustainability in recent years, hot in-place pavement recycling has been widely used in pavement maintenance in China. However, the application of this technology on modified asphalt pavement does not proceed smoothly because the aged modified asphalt in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) mix is difficult to rejuvenate. So far, few effective rejuvenating agents have been developed for modified asphalt. Therefore, new agents or new methods are called for in modified asphalt pavement recycling. The purpose of the rejuvenating agent is to promote the properties of RAP mix through the rejuvenation of the aged binder. Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) latex, a polymer emulsion used to blend modified asphalt with conventional asphalt, now is considered to be a new additive agent to take the place of a rejuvenator but achieve the same goal. Tests were conducted in the laboratory to measure the effect of SBR latex on RAP mix. SBR latex was found to enhance the low-temperature properties of RAP binder efficiently without causing any observable negative influence on RAP mix compaction if a proper dosage was applied. Meanwhile, SBR latex was able to improve the viscoelastic characteristics and other performance of RAP mix, including the resistance to low-temperature cracking, rutting, and moisture damage. Finally, the field application in hot in-place pavement recycling proved the feasibility and effectiveness of using SBR latex.
Effect of Crumb Rubber Dissolution on Low-Temperature Performance and Aging of Asphalt–Rubber Binder
Authors: Ghavibazoo Amir , Abdelrahman Magdy
Published: December 2014

Asphalt binder plays a critical role in defining the low-temperature performance of asphalt pavement, and, therefore, enhancing its mechanical behavior at low service temperatures through modification always has been of great interest. Crumb rubber modification of asphalt is one of the common practices in the industry. However, the effect of a crumb rubber modifier (CRM) on low-temperature performance of the binder is not well understood. A CRM swells by absorbing the aromatics and light molecular components of asphalt at low interaction temperatures (i.e., 1608C) and dissolves at higher interaction temperatures (i.e., 1908C, 2208C). Each of those activities affects the performance of the CRM asphalt differently. In this research, the activities of CRMs in asphalt controlled accurately through regulating the interaction conditions and the effect of each of those activities on low-service-temperature properties of asphalt were studied by using the bending beam rheometer (BBR) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry. The BBR was used to measure the mechanical behavior of CRM asphalt and its liquid phase at low temperatures as a function of CRM dissolution, and modulated differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate possible changes in glass transition of the liquid phase of the modified binder. Results indicate that the stiffness and m-value of the modified binder are developed in two different manners, and the factors that affect these two parameters are different. Also, results show that through certain interaction conditions, optimization of the low-temperature performance of the CRM asphalt is possible.
Strategies for Incorporating Higher Recycled Asphalt Pavement Percentages
Authors: Bennert Thomas , Daniel Jo Sias , Mogawer Walaa
Published: December 2014

Because there is a greater emphasis on promoting sustainable materials within transportation infrastructure, state agencies in the U.S. Northeast are investigating different strategies that will enable the use of higher percentages of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) while not sacrificing the performance of the asphalt pavement. In particular, most state agencies in the Northeast are concerned with the fatigue and thermal cracking performance, as well as the general workability and handling of the higher-RAP-content asphalt mixtures when greater percentages are used. In conjunction with the Transportation Pooled Fund study TPF 5(230), Evaluation of Plant-Produced High-Percentage RAP Mixtures in the Northeast, three potential strategies were evaluated for incorporating higher RAP contents: using a softer asphalt binder grade to offset the stiff RAP asphalt binder, limiting the amount of RAP binder credited to the total asphalt content of the asphalt mixture, and using a performance-based specification that the high-RAP content mixture must meet for acceptance. The findings of the strategies through plant-produced mixtures, as well as case studies evaluated in detail through laboratory test procedures and analysis, are summarized. The project trials and results shown will, it is hoped, provide guidance to other agencies looking to increase the percentage of RAP used in their asphalt mixtures.
Testing of Fine Asphalt Mixtures to Quantify Effectiveness of Asphalt Binder Replacement Using Recycled Shingles
Authors: Kanaan Ahmad I. , Ozer Hasan , Al-Qadi Imad L.
Published: December 2014

Recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) can be used effectively in asphalt mixtures to replace part of the virgin asphalt binder or virgin aggregates in the mix. The influence of using RAS was studied on fine asphalt mixtures (FAM) prepared with fine aggregates (FM-20) and RAS percentages mixed with either PG 46–34 or PG 64-22 asphalt binder. The study's main objective was to develop alternative testing protocols to evaluate the influence of recycled materials on asphalt mixture performance. FAM specimens were prepared with two types of binder (PG 64–22 and PG 46–34) and at three levels of RAS (0.0%, 2.5%, and 7.1% RAS from two RAS sources). The testing program for the FAM specimens included complex shear modulus, shear strength, and fatigue (stress and strain control modes) using the Superpave® dynamic shear rheometer with modified testing features. Results from FAM specimens were shown to be consistent and sensitive to varying RAS percentages and sources. The complex modulus also changed significantly when another RAS source was used. The FAM results indicated distinct changes in viscoelastic characteristics of materials with RAS similar to those usually observed in mixture level. Strain control fatigue test results showed an increase in fatigue failure potential with higher RAS amounts, whereas stress control fatigue testing showed an opposite trend. With different types of tests and at different scales (mix, FAM, and binder) FAM testing can be used effectively to quantify effects of RAS on asphalt mixtures and can be used effectively to address RAS source variability.
Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential recovery following opening of the fourth ventricle during posterior fossa decompression in Chiari malformation: case report
Authors: Grossauer Stefan , Koeck Katharina , Vince Giles H.
Published: December 2014

The most appropriate surgical technique for posterior fossa decompression in Chiari malformation (CM) remains a matter of debate. Intraoperative electrophysiological studies during posterior fossa decompression of Type I CM (CM-I) aim to shed light on the entity's pathomechanism as well as on the ideal extent of decompression. The existing reports on this issue state that significant improvement in conduction occurs after craniotomy in all cases, but additional durotomy contributes a further improvement in only a minority of cases. This implies that craniotomy alone might suffice for clinical improvement without the need of duraplasty or even subarachnoid manipulation at the level of the craniocervical junction.

In contrast to published data, the authors describe the case of a 32-year-old woman who underwent surgery for CM associated with extensive cervicothoracic syringomyelia and whose intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) did not notably improve after craniotomy or following durotomy; rather, they only improved after opening of the fourth ventricle and restoration of CSF flow through the foramen of Magendie. Postoperatively, the patient recovered completely from her preoperative neurological deficits. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of significant SSEP recovery after opening the fourth ventricle in the decompression of a CM-I. The electrophysiological and operative techniques are described in detail and the findings are discussed in the light of available literature. The authors conclude that there might be a subset of CM-I patients who require subarachnoid dissection at the level of the craniocervical junction to benefit clinically. Prospective studies with detailed electrophysiological analyses seem warranted to answer the question regarding the best surgical approach in CM-I decompression.
Enhanced anticancer properties of lomustine in conjunction with docosahexaenoic acid in glioblastoma cell lines
Authors: Harvey Kevin A. , Xu Zhidong , Saaddatzadeh M. Reza , Wang Haiyan , Pollok Karen , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. , Siddiqui Rafat A.
Published: December 2014

OBJECT

Glioblastoma is a rapidly infiltrating tumor that consistently rematerializes despite various forms of aggressive treatment. Brain tumors are commonly treated with alkylating drugs, such as lomustine, which are chemotherapeutic agents. Use of these drugs, however, is associated with serious side effects. To reduce the side effects, one approach is to combine lower doses of chemotherapeutic drugs with other nontoxic anticancer agents. In this study, using glioblastoma cell lines, the authors investigated the anticancer effects of lomustine, alone and in combination with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid normally abundant in the brain and known for its anticancer potential.

METHODS

Cells were cultured from 3 human-derived tumor cell lines (U87-MG, DB029, and MHBT161) and supplemented with either DHA or lomustine to determine the growth inhibitory potential using WST-1, a mitochondrial functional indicator. Human-derived cerebral cortex microvascular endothelial cells served as a normal phenotypic control. Cellular incorporation of DHA was analyzed by gas chromatography. Using flow cytometric analysis, the DHA and/or lomustine effect on induction of apoptosis and/or necrosis was quantified; subsequently, the DHA and lomustine effect on cell cycle progression was also assessed. Western blot analysis confirmed the role of downstream cellular targets.

RESULTS

U87-MG growth was inhibited with the supplementation of either DHA (ED50 68.3 μM) or lomustine (ED50 68.1 μM); however, growth inhibition was enhanced when U87-MG cells were administered equimolar doses of each compound, resulting in nearly total growth inhibition at 50 μM. Gas chromatography analysis of the fatty acid profile in DHA-supplemented U87-MG cells resulted in a linear dose-dependent increase in DHA incorporation (< 60 μM). The combination of DHA and lomustine potently induced U87-MG apoptosis and necrosis as indicated by flow cytometric analysis. Activation of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was evident in lomustine-treated U87-MG cells, although this activation did not appear to be dependent on DHA supplementation. Additionally, lomustine-treated cells' growth arrested in the G2/M cell cycle stage, regardless of the presence of DHA. Similar to the U87-MG observations, the combination of DHA and lomustine resulted in growth inhibition of 2 additional human-derived glioblastoma cell lines, DB029 and MHBT161. Importantly, in primary human-derived cerebral cortex endothelial cells, this combination was only growth inhibitory (40.8%) at the highest dose screened (100 μM), which indicates a certain degree of selectivity toward glioblastoma.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, these data suggest a potential role for a combination therapy of lomustine and DHA for the treatment of glioblastomas.
Integrated open surgical and endovascular embolization treatment of a paracavernous venous plexus fistula: case report
Authors: Dye Justin A. , Buchanan Colin C. , Gonzalez Nestor R.
Published: December 2014

The authors report the treatment of a rare type of dural arteriovenous fistula of the paracavernous venous plexus. These fistulas can mimic carotid-cavernous fistulas in both imaging characteristics and clinical presentation, but the anatomical differences require differences in management. The authors describe an integrated open surgical and direct endovascular embolization approach and review of the literature pertaining to the anatomy of and treatment options for paracavernous fistulas.
A Prospective Cluster-Randomized Trial of Telehealth Coaching to Promote Bone Health and Nutrition in Deployed Soldiers
Authors: McCarthy Mary
Published: December 2014

Findings from previous studies suggest that inadequate consumption of calcium and vitamin D and a decrease in exercise while deployed can be detrimental to bone health. This study enrolled 234 soldiers randomized to receive one-time nutrition and exercise education pre-deployment (n = 149), or telehealth coaching (n = 85), throughout the deployment cycle. Results suggest that online educational efforts may enhance sports activity, bone turnover, and vitamin D status. Improving vitamin D status and remaining active while deployed appears to sustain healthy bone density in young soldiers. Early and aggressive educational outreach to young adults may prevent chronic musculoskeletal conditions and disabling osteoporosis later in life.
Regulation of Angiogenesis by Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
Authors: Mirando Adam , Francklyn Christopher , Lounsbury Karen
Published: December 2014

In addition to their canonical roles in translation the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) have developed secondary functions over the course of evolution. Many of these activities are associated with cellular survival and nutritional stress responses essential for homeostatic processes in higher eukaryotes. In particular, six ARSs and one associated factor have documented functions in angiogenesis. However, despite their connection to this process, the ARSs are mechanistically distinct and exhibit a range of positive or negative effects on aspects of endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and survival. This variability is achieved through the appearance of appended domains and interplay with inflammatory pathways not found in prokaryotic systems. Complete knowledge of the non-canonical functions of ARSs is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying the physiological regulation of angiogenesis.
Detection of Elemental Composition of Lubricating Grease Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Dhiman Cherry , Reddy Martha , Gulati Kamal , Khan Mohd.
Published: December 2014

The elemental composition of lubricating soft grease used in rail engines are studied using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. LIBS spectra of fresh, partially used and fully used grease samples are recorded using time-gated ICCD spectrometer for verification of compositional degradation of the used grease. LIBS spectra of grease samples are analyzed by comparing with emission spectra of elements published by NIST standard database. Many spectral lines of impurity elements like Fe, Cu, Ba, Mg, Mn, Ni, S, Zn, Si, Pb, Ti, Ca and Al present in the grease in ppm or ppb level in trace level concentrations are observed in excess in the used grease mainly due to wear and tear. On the other hand in fresh grease, spectral lines of Ca, Al and Na are observed predominantly.
Recycled and Virgin HDPEs as Bleed Inhibitors and Their Rheological Influences on Lubricating Greases Thickened with PP and mPP
Authors: Dixena Ravi , Sayanna Eltepu , Badoni Rajendra
Published: December 2014

Polypropylene (PP) thickened lubricating grease exhibits high oil bleed tendency at low temperatures, which makes it a promising candidate for low temperature applications. At elevated temperatures, PP thickened lubricating grease exhibits excessive oil bleeding, which limits its use at high temperatures. Excessive oil bleed adversely affects the lubricating performance of the PP thickened grease. The present work is focused on the study of the oil bleed tendency of PP and Maleated Polypropylene (mPP) thickened greases at various temperatures by incorporating virgin and recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE) into the thickener system. Grease containing various percentages of PP and mPP thickeners were prepared and modified with different percentages of virgin and recycled HDPE. Polymers were characterized through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The oil bleed performance of these greases was evaluated by the conical sieve method (ASTM D 6184) at various temperatures. Storage (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of greases was determined by rheometry at 25 °C. Incorporation of HDPE and recycled HDPE in PP thickened grease decreased oil bleeding compared to the base grease.
Anodization Mechanism on SiC Nanoparticle Reinforced Al Matrix Composites Produced by Power Metallurgy
Authors: Ferreira Sonia , Conde Ana , Arenas María , Rocha Luis , Velhinho Alexandre
Published: December 2014

Specimens of aluminum-based composites reinforced by silicon carbide nanoparticles (Al/SiCnp) produced by powder metallurgy (PM) were anodized under voltage control in tartaric-sulfuric acid (TSA). In this work, the influence of the amount of SiCnp on the film growth during anodizing was investigated. The current density versus time response and the morphology of the porous alumina film formed at the composite surface are compared to those concerning a commercial aluminum alloy (AA1050) anodized under the same conditions. The processing method of the aluminum alloys influences the efficiency of the anodizing process, leading to a lower thicknesses for the unreinforced Al-PM alloy regarding the AA1050. The current density versus time response is strongly dependent on the amount of SiCnp. The current peaks and the steady-state current density recorded at each voltage step increases with the SiCnp volume fraction due to the oxidation of the SiCnp. The formation mechanism of the anodic film on Al/SiCnp composites is different from that occurring in AA1050, partly due the heterogeneous distribution of the reinforcement particles in the metallic matrix, but also to the entrapment of SiCnp in the anodic film.
Astaxanthin Activates Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Related Factor 2 and the Antioxidant Responsive Element (Nrf2-ARE) Pathway in the Brain after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats and Attenuates Early Brain Injury
Authors: Wu Qi , Zhang Xiang-Sheng , Wang Han-Dong , Zhang Xin , Yu Qing , Li Wei , Zhou Meng-Liang , Wang Xiao-Liang
Published: December 2014

Astaxanthin (ATX) has been proven to ameliorate early brain injury (EBI) after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by modulating cerebral oxidative stress. This study was performed to assess the effect of ATX on the Nrf2-ARE pathway and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of antioxidant properties of ATX in EBI after SAH. A total of 96 male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups. Autologous blood was injected into the prechiasmatic cistern of the rat to induce an experimental SAH model. Rats in each group were sacrificed at 24 h after SAH. Expressions of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured by Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. The mRNA levels of HO-1, NAD (P) H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), and glutathione S-transferase-α1 (GST-α1) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It was observed that administration of ATX post-SAH could up-regulate the cortical expression of these agents, mediated in the Nrf2-ARE pathway at both pretranscriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Meanwhile, oxidative damage was reduced. Furthermore, ATX treatment significantly attenuated brain edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, cellular apoptosis, and neurological dysfunction in SAH models. This study demonstrated that ATX treatment alleviated EBI in SAH model, possibly through activating the Nrf2-ARE pathway by inducing antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes.
One New and Nine Known Flavonoids from Choerospondias axillaries and Their in Vitro Antitumor, Anti-Hypoxia and Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Li Chang-Wei , Cui Cheng-Bin
Published: December 2014

In the present study, a new flavanoid 1, together with nine known ones 2–10 were isolated from the stem bark of Choerospondias axillaries, the fruit of which was used mainly for treatment of cardiovascular diseases in China. The structure of 1 was established on the basis of its extensive spectral data, and the absolute structures of 1 and 10 were determined by their CD data. The absolute structure of 10 was established for the first time. Among the obtained compounds, 5–8 inhibited the proliferation of K562 cells with inhibition rates of 26.6%, 65.7%, 40.4% and 45.6% at 100 µg/mL; 1 and 4–10 showed significant protective effects on anoxia-induced injury in cultured ECV304 or PC12 cells at 50 µg/mL; 8 and 9 showed antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 at the tested concentration of 150 µg/8 mm paper disc. Compounds 2 and 4–10 were isolated for the first time from this genus. The proliferation inhibiting activities of 7 and 8, the anti-hypoxia activities of 1 and 4–10, and the antibacterial effect of 8 and 9 on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 are reported here for the first time.