bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovation in the 21st Century Organization
Authors: Baporikar Neeta
Published: October 2013

“When memories exceed dreams, the end is near. The hallmark of a truly successful organization is the willingness to abandon what made it successful and start fresh” (Friedman, 2005). These words seem relevant in the context of the discussion on creativity, creative industries, and innovation. The debate has been by no means scarce, but are economies, businesses, research groups, and technology developers heading in the right direction? Innovation has a crucial role in achieving competitive advantage in this globalized world. By definition, innovation means the first introduction of new idea, product, process, or system through a complex process by which knowledge in organizations is oriented towards achieving the stakeholders’ expectations. The traditional business processes are evolving, and today, richer functional areas, such as reengineering, green world, collaborative approaches, and sustainability, are the focal point. As a process, it demands that leaders understand multiple complex systems, differing frames of reference, intricate structures, diversity, and boundaries. Equally crucial is the need to understand what innovation really means and what really drives the wheels of innovative process. The objective of this chapter is to understand the innovation imperative and innovation approaches adopted by organizations in the 21st century. Understanding will also safeguard against the pitfalls of managerial decision making. Based on in depth literature review and grounded theory approach with contextual analysis of both primary and secondary data, the study is restricted to innovation in business organizations.
Crowdsourcing for Transcultural Marketing and Innovation
Authors: Rusko Rauno
Published: October 2013

The contemporary information technology and changing habits of consumers using Web-based platforms provides new possibilities for companies to exploit the innovativeness and technical abilities of consumers in their research and development work. Because of international platforms, this kind of crowdsourcing is a source for transcultural incremental and radical innovations for companies. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the concept and available literature of crowdsourcing and different international practical solutions of companies in exploiting crowdsourcing. Finally, this chapter discusses and classifies various types of crowdsourcing activities in the context of incremental and radical innovations, and innovation strategies of the firms.
Importance of Perpetual Government-University-Industry (GUI) Collaboration Today
Authors: Christiansen Bryan
Published: October 2013

The globalization of the 21st century has changed economic and other realities far beyond the expectations of most individuals. The competitive landscape continues to be reinvented due to such factors as accelerating globalization, changing demographics, rapid technological advances, shorter business/product life cycles, innovation, and productivity. This chapter focuses on why there is a need for perpetual Government-University-Industry (GUI) collaboration, especially in advanced economies, and some options on how to achieve it effectively. The chapter commences with an introduction to the realities of contemporary globalism that have raised the need for this collaboration, and the body then outlines the status of GUI collaboration in the world’s four largest economies: China, India, Japan, and the USA. There is a model example of ideal GUI collaboration in the discussion section for reference. The conclusion synthesizes the earlier discussions and provides suggestions for consideration regarding optimum GUI collaboration, most notably a list of seven “Best Practices” provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the USA.
Consumer Purchasing Behaviour towards Organic Products in Thailand
Authors: Sriwaranun Yaowarat , Gan Christopher , Lee Minsoo , Cohen David A.
Published: October 2013

This study investigates the factors affecting consumers’ decisions to purchase organic products. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data from consumers who are primary shoppers for their households at five retail stores in the Bangkok metropolitan area. Using psychological and socio-demographics variables, exploratory factor analysis and logistic regression was used to examine consumers’ decisions to purchase organic products. Results suggest that consumers who are knowledgeable about organic products often purchase groceries at natural/health food stores, are concerned about health and food safety, and are more likely to purchase organic products. In addition, middle-aged female consumers who are highly educated and in the high income group are more likely to be organic consumers. In contrast, households who often dine out or consume takeaway food are less likely to purchase organic products.
Factors Affecting Electronic Service Brand Equity
Authors: Yıldız Salih , Kurtuldu Hüseyin Sabri
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting electronic service brand equity and to investigate consumers’ perceptions of the electronic service brands they prefer. Additionally, the study, based on the Rios and Riquelme’s electronic brand equity model, determines whether demographic characteristics of consumers cause significant differences regarding perceptions of electronic service brand equity. Within the context of this study, an electronic service site in the book/magazine sector was employed. The survey sample size was 675 as a result of an electronic survey administered on selected Websites. The reliability of the scales used in the survey was tested via Cronbach’s Alfa Method and the validity of the scales were tested via Factor Analysis. Hypotheses of the survey were tested using difference methods (e.g., ANOVA, multiple regression analysis, T-test). It was determined that e-image, e-quality, e-loyalty, e-trust, e-awareness, and e-value factors are effective for developing electronic service brand equity. Furthermore, it can be claimed that age, income, and education cause significant differences regarding perceptions of electronic service brand equity, while gender, occupation, and marital status do not cause significant differences of perceptions regarding the same.
Riding the Waves of Change for Electronic Resources at the Library and Learning Commons, Monash University Sunway Campus
Authors: George Sossamma K. T.
Published: October 2013

This chapter contributes to the topic of electronic resources. The purpose of this chapter is to share with fellow professionals the experience and challenges that the Library and Learning Commons, Monash University Sunway Campus Malaysia faced in progressing electronic resources at the Sunway campus. It discusses two major actions undertaken, namely (1) the implementation of an e-book acquisitions policy and (2) the implementation of Search, a Web resource discovery service undertaken in collaboration with Monash University Library Australia. The intent of the chapter is to share the experience of the Information Resources Section that undertook to implement these actions as part of the Section’s annual development plan for 2011 and 2012. The ensuing initiatives to realize the action plans and the progress made are discussed here. More importantly, the outcomes and the learning experiences are shared, in the understanding that by sharing, they contribute to enriching the field and empowering and challenging ourselves to progress further.
Embracing Change
Authors: Inness Jean
Published: October 2013

This chapter outlines the successful management style that has proactively facilitated innovative changes to a range of library services. The changes discussed are those facing all contemporary libraries. Starting with an overview of service provision, staffing, the management team, and management style, it considers the factors required for the effective implementation of innovation in a range of services. The topics covered include creating a library “blog,” the benefits of a library bookshop, e-book lending, e-book publishing, creating a library mobile app, and e-magazine lending. The aim of this chapter is to argue that fellow librarians can embrace change and facilitate innovation in ways that are efficient, cost-effective, and cutting-edge, whilst reinforcing the importance of libraries at the centre of our society.
Are University Students Ready to Dump Their Textbooks?
Authors: van Heerden Mark , Ophoff Jacques , Van Belle Jean-Paul
Published: October 2013

Today’s students are accustomed to a world where information is available on-demand, anywhere and anytime. They bring this expectation to their academic world where they want to work cooperatively and flexibly, using the modern information processing tools and access with which they are familiar. New hardware platforms such as e-Readers and tablet computers have made substantial inroads in the consumer market. E-Readers are becoming more prevalent in universities – replacing the need for physical textbooks, lecturing notes and other academic documents. Many universities are now running pilot programs, while some are already using e-Readers. Tablet computers, apart from their ability to read, edit or create various types of information documents, also offer additional features such as collaborative and social networking services. This empirical research project investigated student perspectives on the educational use of e-Readers and tablets within the University of Cape Town. A questionnaire was distributed to a significant portion of the student population and stratified according to seniority and faculty. Quantitative data was gathered and analysed on themes ranging from awareness to preferences to facilitating conditions around e-Readers within the academic environment. The students sent a clear signal: that they are keen to embrace these new technologies and the advantages they offer. E-Books can be updated automatically and downloaded to e-Readers instantly from almost anywhere in the world. Students feel they would benefit greatly through the use of e-Readers and many believe they are set to replace books completely. Having access to a portable library of information in their backpacks would benefit both students and the environment. However, there are a number of barriers to the comprehensive introduction of these technologies, including the cost of the devices; cost, rights and file format of e-books; the need for a critical mass of textbooks available in digital format and device characteristics such as battery life, and ubiquitous Wi-Fi access.
Comparison of Attitude Determination Methodologies for Implementation with 9DOF, Low Cost Inertial Measurement Unit for Autonomous Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Choi Man Ho , Porter Robert , Shirinzadeh Bijan
Published: October 2013

The performances of three attitude determination algorithms are compared in this paper. The three methods are the Complementary Filter, a Quaternion-based Kalman Filter and a Quaternion-based Gradient Descent Algorithm. An analysis of their performance based on an experimental investigation was undertaken. This paper shows that the Complementary Filter requires the least computational power; Quaternion-based Kalman Filter has the best noise filtering ability; and the Quaternion-based Gradient Descent Algorithm produced estimates with the highest accuracy. As many attitude determination methodologies make use of the quaternion rotation representation, the attitude quaternion to Euler angle singularity property has been investigated. Experiments conducted show that when Y-rotation approach the singularity position (±90°), the X-rotation drifts away from the reference input. This paper proposes the use of an imaginary set of sensor measurements to replace the original sensor measurements as the Y-rotation approaches the singularity. The proposed methodology for overcoming the conversion singularity has been experimentally verified.
A Neurofuzzy Knowledge Based Architecture for Robotic Hand Manipulation Forces Learning
Authors: Mattar Ebrahim
Published: October 2013

Optimal distribution of forces for manipulation by a robot hand, is a hard computational issue, specifically once a whole hand grasp is needed. It becomes a complicated issue, once a robotic hand is equipped with human like deformable sensory touching materials. For computing optimal set of manipulation forces, grip transform and inverse hand Jacobian play major roles for such purposes. This manuscript is discussing a Neurofuzzy learning technique for learning optimal force distribution by a dextrous hand. For learning purposes, optimal set of forces patterns were gathered in advanced using optimization formulation technique. After that, to let a Neurofuzzy system to learn the nonlinear kinematics-dynamics relations needed for force distribution. This is done by considering the computational requirements for the inverse hand Jacobian, in addition to the interaction between hand fingers and the object. Training patterns clustering, and generation of the fuzzy initial memberships, and updated shape of memberships, are considered as vital information to build upon for more reasoning of fuzzy interrelation. The technique is novel in a sense, that the adopted Neurofuzzy architecture was transparent in terms of revealing the learned hand optimal forces if then rules.
Design and Experimental Investigation of a 2-DOF Planar Micro-Positioning Table
Authors: Tian Yanling , Guo Zhiyong , Wang Fujun , Li Junlan , Zhang Dawei
Published: October 2013

This paper presents the mechanical design and experimental characterization of a 2-DOF serial flexure-based micropositioning table. The cascade mechanical structure is proposed to implement planar motions of the moving platform. In order to increase the stroke of the moving platform, a lever mechanism is designed to amplify the displacement of the piezoelectric actuator. The finite element method is utilized to analyze the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the proposed 2-DOF micropositioning table. The WEDM (Wire Electro-Discharge Machining) technique is used to manufacture the prototype of the micropositioning table. A number of experimental tests have been conducted to investigate the characteristics of the developed system.
Laws Associated with Mobile Computing in the Cloud
Authors: Kaupins Gundars
Published: October 2013

This article describes the present and potential legal constraints of mobile computing especially related to cloud computing. Numerous American national laws such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Gramm, Leach, Bliley Act provide industry-related guidelines such as providing employee training on data security. Numerous state laws, as in California, get more specific on mandating web privacy policies, warning employees of Web monitoring, and storing and distributing personal customer information. Implications on corporate privacy policies and future legal trends are included.
Evaluating the Usability of Multimedia, Mobile and Network-Based Products
Authors: Kortum Philip
Published: October 2013

The usability of a product or service can mean the difference between product success or failure in both the field and the marketplace. Successful products are easy to use and intuitive for the user. There are a set of well-defined methods used to determine if a product, service or system is usable and meets the needs of the end user. This paper describes the four major methods of usability assessment: 1) Inquiry Methods, 2) Inspection Methods, 3) Observation Methods and 4) Automated Methods. Each method and its attendant sub-methods are described, as is a discussion of the methods’ strengths and weaknesses.
Perceived Levels of Frustration During Clinical Situations in Athletic Training Students
Authors: Heinerichs Scott , Curtis Neil , Gardiner-Shires Alison
Published: October 2013

Context:

Athletic training students (ATSs) are involved in various situations during the clinical experience that may cause them to express levels of frustration. Understanding levels of frustration in ATSs is important because frustration can affect student learning, and the clinical experience is critical to their development as professionals.

Objective:

 To explore perceived levels of frustration in ATSs during clinical situations and to determine if those perceptions differ based on sex.

Design:

 Cross-sectional study with a survey instrument.

Setting:

 A total of 14 of 19 professional, undergraduate athletic training programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education in Pennsylvania.

Patients or Other Participants:

 Of a possible 438 athletic training students, 318 (72.6%) completed the survey.

Main Outcomes Measure(s):

 The Athletic Training Student Frustration Inventory was developed and administered. The survey gathered demographic information and included 24 Likert-scale items centering on situations associated with the clinical experience. Descriptive statistics were computed on all items. The Mann-Whitney U was used to evaluate differences between male and female students.

Results:

 A higher level of frustration was perceived during the following clinical situations: lack of respect by student-athletes and coaching staffs, the demands of the clinical experience, inability of ATSs to perform or remember skills, and ATSs not having the opportunity to apply their skills daily. Higher levels of frustration were perceived in female than male ATSs in several areas.

Conclusions:

 Understanding student frustration during clinical situations is important to better appreciate the clinical education experience. Low levels of this emotion are expected; however, when higher levels exist, learning can be affected. Whereas we cannot eliminate student frustrations, athletic training programs and preceptors need to be aware of this emotion in order to create an environment that is more conducive to learning.
Invalid Performance and the ImPACT in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Players
Authors: Szabo Ashley J. , Alosco Michael L. , Fedor Andrew , Gunstad John
Published: October 2013

Context:

Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is a computerized cognitive test battery commonly used for concussion evaluation. An important aspect of these procedures is baseline testing, but researchers have suggested that many users do not use validity indices to ensure adequate effort during testing. No one has examined the prevalence of invalid performance for college football players.

Objective:

To examine the prevalence of invalid scores on ImPACT testing.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 159 athletes (age = 20.3 ± 1.41 years; range = 17.8–23.7 years) from a Division I collegiate football team participated.

Intervention(s):

An informational intervention regarding the importance of concussion testing to promote safety was administered before testing for the most recent season.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We examined preseason ImPACT testing data across a 3-year period (total assessments = 269). Based on invalid and sandbagging indices denoted by the ImPACT manual, protocols were examined to indicate how many invalid indices each athlete had.

Results:

A total of 27.9% (n = 75) of assessments were suggestive of invalid scores, with 4.1% (n = 11) suggesting invalid responding only, 17.5% (n = 47) indicating “sandbagging” only, and 6.3% (n = 17) showing both invalid and sandbagging responding. The informational intervention did not reduce the prevalence of invalid responding.

Conclusions:

These findings highlight the need for further information about the ImPACT validity indices and whether they truly reflect poor effort. Future work is needed to identify practices to reliably target and reduce invalid responding.
Role of dual-energy contrast-enhanced digital mammography as a problem-solving tool in dense breasts: A case report
Authors: Sleeba Teena , Subapradha Anand , Ramachandran Madan , Krishnaswami Murali
Published: October 2013

Breast density is strongly and independently related to the risk of breast cancer. Women with very dense breasts may have up to five times higher chances of developing malignancy as compared to those with less breast density. Detecting lesions in extremely dense or heterogeneous breasts on screening mammogram can be difficult. We report a case of incidental bilateral breast malignancy in an asymptomatic patient in whom mammogram and screening ultrasound were equivocal.
Diabetes mellitus in Myanmar: Socio-cultural challenges and strength
Authors: Aye Than , Aung Moe , Oo Ei
Published: October 2013

Myanmar is a country with significant administrative and natural divisions. Access to health-care in few parts is adversely affected by socio-economic as well as infrastructural development. With the prevalence of more than 10%, diabetes needs a special attention including the psycho-social management. Major challenges including public health seeking behavioral issues, presence of traditional medicine, life-style and diet and issues pertaining to religion and environmental was studied in the current study to find out ways for improvement in the overall diabetes care in Myanmar. Although, diabetes project, under the guidance and support by World Health Organization, has been implementing the strategies for prevention, early case detection and proper diabetes care in Myanmar, few areas of concern discussed in the paper needs to be taken into consideration and implemented in the project to have the optimal outcome. Not only stake holders but also health-care personals are responsible for improvement in all aspects of diabetes by modification of health-care system and facilitating the desired changes.
Diabetes and play therapy
Authors: Kalra Sanjay , Chugh Shuchy , Dinakaran P.
Published: October 2013

Context: Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong disorder needing 24 × 7 × 365 care and attention. In these children, adherence to prescribed medical regimens and monitoring on a continuous basis is one of the most challenging problems faced by the medical community. Self-management becomes very essential for ensuring good outcomes, since psychosocial factors also play a crucial role in regimen adherence and glycemic control. Aim: This article aims to describe the utility of play therapy in diabetes management. Play therapy is a useful approach that can help in establishing a dynamic interpersonal relationship between the child and the therapist in a playful unconventional manner, supporting in their learning process for self-management. Materials and methods: This communication reviews available literature on play therapy, and describes examples of play therapy used in a mulitnational programme. The changing diabetes in children program focused at reaching out to the economically underprivileged children with type 1 diabetes, has implemented two useful play therapy tools to help the type 1 child learn to take insulin injections and understand the basic do′s and don′ts for proper diabetes management. Conclusion: Play-therapy is useful in making the difficult task of managing diabetes interesting and easy.
Spectral estimates for Dirichlet Laplacians and Schrödinger operators on geometrically nontrivial cusps
Authors: Exner Pavel , Barseghyan Diana
Published: October 2013

The goal of this paper is to derive estimates of eigenvalue moments for Dirichlet Laplacians and Schrödinger operators in regions having infinite cusps which are geometrically nontrivial being either curved or twisted; we are going to show how those geometric properties enter the eigenvalue bounds. The obtained inequalities reflect the essentially one-dimensional character of the cusps and we give an example showing that in an intermediate energy region they can be much stronger than the usual semiclassical bounds.
On nonlinear wave equations with parabolic potentials
Authors: Komech Alexander I. , Kopylova Elena A. , Kopylov Sergey A.
Published: October 2013

We introduce a new class of piece-wise quadratic potentials for nonlinear wave equations with a kink solutions. The potentials allow an exact description of the spectral properties for the linearized equation at the kink. This description is necessary for the study of the stability properties of the kinks. In particular, we construct examples of the potentials of Ginzburg–Landau type providing the asymptotic stability of the kinks [6] and [7].
Modeling polarized solar radiation from the ocean–atmosphere system for CLARREO inter-calibration applications
Authors: Sun W. , Lukashin C.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Reflected solar radiance from the Earth–atmosphere system is polarized. Radiance measurements can be affected by light's state of polarization if the radiometric sensor has polarization dependence. To enable the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission for inter-calibration of the imagers with polarization dependence, such as the MODIS, the polarization state of the light must be known with sufficient accuracy. For this purpose, the polarized solar radiation from the ocean–atmosphere system is studied with an adding-doubling radiative transfer model (ADRTM). The Cox–Munk ocean wave slope distribution model is used in calculation of the reflection matrix of a wind-ruffled ocean surface. An empirical foam spectral reflectance model and an empirical spectral reflectance model for water volume below the surface are integrated in the ocean-surface model. Solar reflectance from the ADRTM is compared with that from the discrete-ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) model. Sensitivity studies are conducted for various ocean-surface and atmospheric conditions for the stratification of polarization distribution models (PDMs), which are to be used in the inter-calibration of the polarization-sensitive imager measurements with the CLARREO data. This report presents the first accurate approach for making the spectral PDMs over broad solar spectra, which cannot be achieved by empirical PDMs based on the data from polarimetric sensors.
Contributions of biomass/biofuel burning to organic aerosols and particulate matter in Tanzania, East Africa, based on analyses of ionic species, organic and elemental carbon, levoglucosan and mannosan
Authors: Mkoma S. L. , Kawamura K. , Fu P. Q.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol samples of PM2.5 and PM10 were collected at a rural site in Tanzania, East Africa, in 2011 during wet and dry seasons and were analysed for carbonaceous components, levoglucosan, mannosan and water-soluble inorganic ions. The contributions of biomass/biofuel burning to the organic carbon (OC) and particulate matter (PM) mass were estimated to be 46–52% and 87–13%, respectively. The mean mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 28 ± 6 μg m−3 and 47 ± 8 μg m−3 in wet season, and 39 ± 10 μg m−3 and 61 ± 19 μg m−3 in dry season, respectively. Total carbon (TC) accounted for 16–19% of the PM2.5 mass and 13–15% of the PM10 mass. On average, 86 to 89% of TC in PM2.5 and 87 to 90% of TC in PM10 was OC, of which 67–72% and 63% was found to be water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. We found that concentrations of levoglucosan and mannosan (specific organic tracers of pyrolysis of cellulose) well correlated with non-sea-salt potassium (nss-K+) (r2 = 0.56–0.75), OC (r2 = 0.75–0.96) and WSOC (r2 = 0.52–0.78). The K+ / OC ratios varied from 0.06 to 0.36 in PM2.5 and from 0.03 to 0.36 in PM10 with slightly higher ratios in dry season. Mean percent ratios of levoglucosan and mannosan to OC were found to be 3–4% for PM2.5 and PM10 in both seasons. We found lower levoglucosan / K+ ratios and higher K+ / EC (elemental carbon) ratios in the biomass-burning aerosols from Tanzania than those reported from other regions. This feature is consistent with the high levels of potassium reported in the soils of Morogoro, Tanzania, suggesting an importance of direct emission of potassium by soil resuspension although K+ is present mostly in fine particles. It is also likely that biomass burning of vegetation of Tanzania emits high levels of potassium that may be enriched in plant tissues. The present study demonstrates that emissions from mixed biomass- and biofuel-burning activities largely influence the air quality in Tanzania.
Scheme for calculation of multi-layer cloudiness and precipitation for climate models of intermediate complexity
Authors: Eliseev A. V. , Coumou D. , Chernokulsky A. V. , Petoukhov V. , Petri S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. In this study we present a scheme for calculating the characteristics of multi-layer cloudiness and precipitation for Earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs). This scheme considers three-layer stratiform cloudiness and single-column convective clouds. It distinguishes between ice and droplet clouds as well. Precipitation is calculated by using cloud lifetime, which depends on cloud type and phase as well as on statistics of synoptic and convective disturbances. The scheme is tuned to observations by using an ensemble simulation forced by the ERA-40-derived climatology for 1979–2001. Upon calibration, the scheme realistically reproduces basic features of fields of cloud fractions, cloud water path, and precipitation. The simulated globally and annually averaged total cloud fraction is 0.59, and the simulated globally averaged annual precipitation is 100 cm yr−1. Both values agree with empirically derived values. The simulated cloud water path is too small, probably because the simulated vertical extent of stratiform clouds is too small. Geographical distribution and seasonal changes of calculated cloud fraction and precipitation are broadly realistic as well. However, some important regional biases still remain in the scheme, e.g. too little precipitation in the tropics. We discuss possibilities for future improvements in the scheme.
Russula atroaeruginea and R. sichuanensis spp. nov. from southwest China
Authors: Li Guo-Jie , Zhao Qi , Zhao Dong , Yue Shuang-Fen , Li Sai-Fei , Wen Hua-An , Liu Xing-Zhong
Published: October 2013

Two new species of Russula are described from southwestern China based on morphology and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequence analysis. Russula atroaeruginea (sect. Griseinae) is characterized by a glabrous dark-green and radially yellowish tinged pileus, slightly yellowish
context, spores ornamented by low warts linked by fine lines, and numerous pileocystidia with crystalline contents blackening in sulfovanillin. Russula sichuanensis, a semi-sequestrate taxon closely related to sect. Laricinae, forms russuloid to secotioid basidiocarps with yellowish
to orange sublamellate gleba and large basidiospores with warts linked as ridges. The rDNA ITS-based phylogenetic trees fully support these new species.
Movilidad ocupacional segmentada el caso de los inmigrantes no comunitarios en España
Authors: Aysa-Lastras María , Cachón Rodríguez Lorenzo
Published: October 2013

La literatura sobre la integración económica de los inmigrantes ha destacado la existencia de un patrón de movilidad en forma de «U». En este artículo discutimos esta argumentación partiendo de las teorías de la segmentación del mercado de trabajo y del análisis de la movilidad desde la perspectiva de la «estructura de clase». Se analizan los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes de 2007 para elaborar tablas de movilidad ocupacional de los inmigrantes entre su última ocupación en origen a la primera ocupación en destino (n = 7.280), y desde la primera a la última ocupación en España (n = 4.031), estimando razones de probabilidad para estudiar la movilidad relativa. Se han identificado dos segmentos del mercado laboral dentro de los cuales la fluidez ocupacional es frecuente y fuera de los cuales es limitada. Nuestro análisis sugiere la existencia de un patrón de movilidad ocupacional segmentada de los inmigrantes en forma de «U».
El comportamiento electoral del votante en la mediana y las "paradojas" de la competición política española
Authors: Astudillo Javier , Rodon i Casarramona Toni
Published: October 2013

Centrándonos en el análisis de las elecciones españolas de 2000, 2008y 2011, en este artículo ofrecemos tres contribuciones a la literaturasobre la competición electoral desde una óptica downsiana. En primerlugar, ofrecemos una respuesta a lo que constituyen según el modelode voto por proximidad básico, tres paradojas de la competiciónelectoral española. En segundo lugar, damos más cuerpo teórico yempírico a las propuestas ya realizadas de integrar en el modelo deDowns la existencia de temas no-posicionales. Finalmente, utilizamosun tipo de regresión logística más adecuado para entender elcomportamiento electoral de los votantes situados en la mediana, cuyopapel es clave para los resultados de las elecciones en España.Nuestros hallazgos tienen importantes implicaciones para entendercómo funciona uno de los modelos más utilizados en ciencia política.
Connecting Algebra to Economics
Authors: Mateas Victor
Published: October 2013

Economics can be an avenue for teaching such algebra concepts as graphing curves, writing linear equations, solving systems of equations, and shifting graphs.
Microstructure Analysis of AlGaN on AlN Underlying Layers with Different Threading Dislocation Densities
Authors: Ide Kimiyasu , Matsubara Yuko , Iwaya Motoaki , Kamiyama Satoshi , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Akasaki Isamu , Amano Hiroshi
Published: October 2013

Using the epitaxial lateral growth technique, we compared the crystallinity and relaxation ratio of 3-µm- and 200-nm-thick Al0.5Ga0.5N on an AlN template and AlN grown by epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO-AlN), both of which were grown on a sapphire substrate. Although the relaxation ratios of 3-µm-thick Al0.5Ga0.5N were almost the same, the misfit dislocation density at the interface and the density of threading dislocations reaching the surface of Al0.5Ga0.5N were significantly different. Also, the increase in the density of newly generated misfit dislocations was found to be highly dependent on the quality of the AlN underlying layer. We also discuss the difference in the initial growth mode of each Al0.5Ga0.5N sample.
Analysis of Auger Recombination in Wurtzite InGaN
Authors: Hatakoshi Gen-ichi , Nunoue Shinya
Published: October 2013

Auger recombination was analyzed for wurtzite InGaN, where a higher conduction band has a significant effect on the Auger recombination coefficient. It was shown that the carrier density and temperature dependences show anomalous characteristics near the 450-nm-wavelength region.
Fabrication of C-Doped p-AlGaInN Light-Emitting Diodes by the Insertion of Al4C3
Authors: Kim Dohyung , Lee Heesub , Yamazumi Kazuya , Naoi Yoshiki , Sakai Shiro
Published: October 2013

A C-doped p-AlGaInN light-emitting diode (LED) fabricated from III–V nitride was grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) by the insertion of Al4C3/Al2O3(0001). Al4C3/Al2O3(0001) with a size of 1×1 mm2 was placed at the center of a 2-in. Al2O3(0001) substrate before growing the LED. An InGaN/GaN multi quantum well (MQW) was used as an active layer. The concentrations of C and Si were different with the distance of Al4C3. Maximum C (p≧1018 cm-3) and Si (n≧1019 cm-3) intensities were observed at the edge and the half of center and edge on the grown wafer, respectively. The voltage of the C-doped AlGaInN LED was 6.9 V at 10 mA. The peak electroluminescence (EL) wavelength and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) were 395 nm and about 30 nm, respectively. It was clearly proven that u-Al0.19Ga0.81N became p-Al0.19Ga0.81N.
Lateral Hydrogen Diffusion at p-GaN Layers in Nitride-Based Light Emitting Diodes with Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Kuwano Yuka , Kaga Mitsuru , Morita Takatoshi , Yamashita Kouji , Yagi Kouta , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu
Published: October 2013

We demonstrated lateral Mg activation along p-GaN layers underneath n-GaN surface layers in nitride-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) with GaInN tunnel junctions. A high temperature thermal annealing was effective for the lateral Mg activation when the p-GaN layers were partly exposed to an oxygen ambient as etched sidewalls. The activated regions gradually extended from the etched sidewalls to the centers with an increase of annealing time, observed as emission regions with current injection. These results suggest that hydrogen diffuses not vertically thorough the above n-GaN but laterally through the exposed portions of the p-GaN. The lowest voltage drop at the GaInN tunnel junction was estimated to be 0.9 V at 50 mA with the optimized annealing condition.
Enhance Light Emitting Diode Light Extraction Efficiency by an Optimized Spherical Cap-Shaped Patterned Sapphire Substrate
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Zhou Shizhong , Lin Zhiting , Hong Xiaosong , Li Guoqiang
Published: October 2013

This work has proposed a new way to optimize the spherical cap-shaped patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) for highly efficient GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs), which has been compared with the hemisphere patterned one. This pattern is achieved by changing the height of hemispherical units on the basis of hemispherical PSS. The height, the distance and the radius of the spherical cap-shaped unit are subsequently optimised by optical simulation. It is revealed that this optimised spherical cap-shaped PSS can enhance light extraction yield of LEDs by over 10% compared with LEDs grown on the optimal hemispherical PSS. The effectiveness of this spherical cap-shaped PSS has been demonstrated by subsequent crystal growth and characterization of LED wafers, and therefore sheds light on a further improvement on LED efficacy by the design of novel patterns for the application of PSS technology.
High Efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Flexible Solar Cells Fabricated by Roll-to-Roll Metallic Precursor Co-sputtering Method
Authors: Zhang Rui , Hollars Dennis R. , Kanicki Jerzy
Published: October 2013

We report on a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell fabricated on flexible stainless steel substrate by a low cost mass production roll-to-roll process. Fabricated device has a high energy conversion efficiency of 14%, with short circuit current density (J
sc) of 36.6 mA cm-2 and open circuit voltage (V
oc) of 0.55 V. A two-dimensional (2D) simulation model for CIGS solar cell design and optimization was proposed. Opto-electrical properties showed that both experimental and simulated results are consistent with each other. The photons absorber in CIGS solar cells was prepared by co-sputtering metallic precursors of In and CuGa followed by thermal annealing in Se vapor. The device chemical properties were analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and transmission/scan electron microscopy (TEM/SEM). Indium and gallium interdiffusions were observed during the growth of film, forming a band grading in CIGS layer. Accumulation of In at the top CIGS surface, resulting in a low bandgap, was responsible for the limited output open circuit voltage. Nano-scale voids were observed in the grown CIGS layer. A model based on Kirkendal effect and interdiffusion of atoms during selenization is developed to explain the formation mechanism of these voids. Na and K incorporation as well as metallic impurities diffusion are also discussed.
Discovery during Hydrogen Annealing: Formation of Nanoscale Fluorocarbon Tubular Structures
Authors: Hao Xiuchun , Tanaka Sinya , Masuda Atsuhiko , Maenaka Kazusuke , Higuchi Kohei
Published: October 2013

A novel fabrication method for nanoscale tubular structures is presented in this paper. The tubular structures can be obtained by heating single-crystal silicon trenches or pillars formed by the inductively coupled plasma reactive-ion etching (ICP-RIE) Bosch process in hydrogen ambient. The importance of initial vacuum in the reaction chamber for tube formation and the tube formation mechanism were discussed. The components and sidewall size of the tubular structure were also studied to verify that the tube is made of the fluorocarbon (CF) passivation layer deposited by the Bosch process. The CF tubular structure would be a promising structure for BioMEMS.
Nondestructive Three-Dimensional Observation of the Influence of Zirconium Inclusions in Laser-Irradiated Fusion-Spliced Optical Fiber on Core Structure Changes Using Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography
Authors: Koike Shinji , Yanagi Shuichi , Ueno Yuko , Suzuki Kenya , Takahashi Tetsuo , Uesugi Kentaro , Takeuchi Akihisa , Hoshino Masato , Suzuki Yoshio , Watanabe Yoshio
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we describe a nondestructive method of observing changes in the microstructure of optical fibers subjected to CO2 laser irradiation for optical fiber splicing using synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (CT). In particular, we evaluated a method of enhancing the contrast between a GeO2-doped optical fiber core and a silica cladding by performing CT observations of the X-ray energy around the Ge-K absorption edge. Specifically, procedures for extracting a GeO2-doped core from a three-dimensional image of optical fibers by the cluster labeling method are proposed and evaluated. The approach enabled us to observe how inclusions at the optical fiber splicing interface influence the optical fiber core structure. We also expect this observation method to be used for improving such aspects of laser processing performance as insertion loss and mechanical strength for recently developed optical fibers.
Ion Density Analysis of Single-Stranded DNA in Liquid Crystal
Authors: Iwabata Kazuki , Seki Yasutaka , Toizumi Ryota , Shimada Yuki , Furue Hirokazu , Sakaguchi Kengo
Published: October 2013

With the widespread use of liquid crystals (LCs) in liquid crystal displays, we have looked into the application of liquid crystals in biotechnology. The purpose of the study described here is to investigate the physical properties of DNA using LCs. Synthetic oligonucleotide molecules were dispersed in MLC6884, the sample injected into antiparallel cells, and the amount of mobile ions was measured. The LC cell doped with oligonucleotide molecules showed a sequence-dependent, specific correlation between oligonucleotide concentration and the amount of mobile ions in the LC cells. In the framework of the Stokes model and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis, we speculate that this result arises from the difference in ion mobility, which is caused by the shape of the oligonucleotide molecule in the LC.
Effects of Hexagonal BaTiO3 Addition on Textured BaTiO3 Thick Films Prepared by Screen Printing
Authors: Sakai Yuichi , Futakuchi Tomoaki
Published: October 2013

The effects of hexagonal BaTiO3 addition to BaTiO3 thick films were examined. A- and c-axis-preferred BaTiO3 thick films were prepared by hexagonal BaTiO3 addition. The addition of the hexagonal Ba(Ti0.96Mn0.04)O3 was more effective for preparing the a- and c-axis-preferred thick films than the addition of the hexagonal BaTiO3 prepared by reducing BaTiO3 in a 3% H2–N2 atmosphere. According to increases in the firing time at 1370 °C, the Mn of Ba(Ti0.96Mn0.04)O3 in the Ba(Ti0.96Mn0.04)O3-added BaTiO3 thick films was diffused, and the hexagonal phase in the thick films changed to the tetragonal phase. The degree of the preferred orientation of the Ba(Ti0.96Mn0.04)O3-added BaTiO3 thick films increased with increasing firing time. The hexagonal-phase ratio of the reduced BaTiO3-added BaTiO3 thick films decreased markedly when the firing temperature was above 1000 °C. The existence of the hexagonal phase at 1370 °C in which the grain growth advanced could be important in obtaining highly oriented thick films. The tan
δ values of the Ba(Ti0.96Mn0.04)O3-added BaTiO3 thick films were lower than 3%. The remanent polarizations of the thick films were greater than 7 µC/cm2.
Effects of Sn2+ Ion Size on Sn Doped SrTiO3
Authors: Suzuki Shoichiro , Honda Atsushi , Suzuki Keigo , Higai Shin'ichi , Ando Akira , Niwa Ken , Hasegawa Masashi
Published: October 2013

We discuss the doping effect of Sn2+ on ATiO3 perovskites by comparing with those of Pb and Ba. The solution energy of Sn into A sites of ATiO3 perovskites shows minimum when the lattice size is almost the same as that of SrTiO3 (STO), as determined by first-principles calculations. In dielectric measurements of these STO-based ceramics, the Sn2+-doped STO ceramics showed a higher peak temperature than the Pb2+- or Ba2+-doped STO ceramics at the same doping amount. In addition, the maximum polarization obtained in the Sn2+-doped STO ceramics was larger than that obtained in the Pb2+- or Ba2+-doped ceramics in terms of the relationship between the polarization and electric field curve measurement at room temperature. The piezoresponse was also observed in the Sn2+-doped STO ceramics at room temperature by piezoresponse force microscopy. We propose that these effects originate from the bond length between Sn2+ and O2- which is smaller than that between Pb2+ and O2-. The Sn2+ ion prefers the off-center position at the Sr2+ site because of the retention of the stable bond length between Sn2+ and O2-. These leads to the formation of polar regions and which can assist in the generation of a larger polarization.
Characteristics of Barium Titanate Nanocube Ordered Assembly Thin Films Fabricated by Dip-Coating Method
Authors: Mimura Ken-ichi , Kato Kazumi
Published: October 2013

Ordered assembly thin films of BaTiO3 (BT) nanocubes were fabricated on various Pt-coated substrates by dip-coating self-assembly and sintered at 850 °C. BT nanocubes aligned face-to-face in a wide region about 20 µm2 with a height of about 600 nm. The thickness of the assembly film was able to be controlled by changing the density of the BT nanocube dispersed solution. The local microstructure of the nanocube assembly was observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is revealed that the nanocubes were conjugated face-to-face without grain growth. The piezoresponse properties of BT nanocube assembled films on various substrates were investigated by scanning probe microscopy with a relatively high-force-constant cantilever. The relations between piezoelectric constant and electrical field showed ferroelectric hysteresis loops with high rectangularity.
Fabrication and Electrical Properties of Multilayer Ceramic Actuator Using Lead-Free (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3
Authors: Nagata Hajime , Tabuchi Kazuya , Takenaka Tadashi
Published: October 2013

A prototype of a multilayer actuator (MLA) was fabricated using (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 (BKT) ceramics as active layers and Ag–Pd (7:3) as inner electrodes. Then, their microstructures and electrical properties were investigated. From the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, the thickness of the BKT active layers between electrodes was estimated to be approximately 60 µm for the body co-fired at 1045 °C for 10 h. Also, SEM images showed homogeneous and dense microstructures on the BKT active layers. Additionally, the interface between BKT and the Ag–Pd electrode was clearly distinguished and there are no significant signs of reaction or diffusion between them at least from the SEM micrographs. The resistivity ρ of BKT sample co-fired at 1045 °C for 10 h was about 1011 Ω·cm on average, which is sufficient for applying a high DC electric field to the sample. From the measurement of the field-induce strain S under unipolar driving at 100 kV/cm, a large strain of 0.14% at 100 kV/cm was obtained and the longitudinal dynamic displacement was 1 µm at the same electric field. The normalized d
33
* was calculated to be 138 pm/V, which is similar to that in the bulk samples. This result indicates that the BKT-based multilayered prototype efficiently functioned under unipolar driving up to 100 kV/cm.