bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine cell carcinoma (Merkel cell carcinoma) with prominent microcystic features, mimicking eccrine carcinoma
Authors: Li Ning , Wolgamot Greg , Argenyi Zsolt
Published: May 2007

Although primary cutaneous neuroendocrine cell carcinoma [Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)] may show divergent features, including microcystic (‘tubuloglandular’), squamous, eccrine and rhabdomyoblastic, a diffuse microcystic pattern is exceedingly rare. In this study, we present two cases of MCC with prominent microcystic features, which precluded a definitive diagnosis in the initial punch biopsy. Both patients were middle‐aged men with a history of rapidly growing plaques of the back or posterior neck. Punch biopsies from both patients revealed an infiltrating neoplasm with prominent microcystic features that mimick tubuloglandular structures, lined by hyperchromatic basaloid cells, which were strongly positive for chromogranin and BerEP4, variably positive for CK7 and CK5/6 and negative for CK20, synaptophysin, S‐100, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), gross cystic disease fluid protein‐15 (GCDFP‐15), estrogen/progesterone receptors (ER/PR), thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The re‐excision specimens showed a multifocal intra‐epidermal component in one case and typical finely stippled nuclear chromatin in both cases. Although the lack of CK20 staining is unusual, the histologic characteristics along with the remaining immunohistochemical studies favor the diagnosis of a primary cutaneous neuroendocrine cell carcinoma over the variants of eccrine carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. Our cases illustrate that prominent microcystic features, mimicking glandular differentiation, may occur in MCC and pose a diagnostic challenge in small biopsy specimens.
The effects of water depth on prey detection and capture by juvenile coho salmon and steelhead
Authors: Piccolo J.J. , Hughes N.F. , Bryant M.D.
Published: May 2007

Abstract –  We used three‐dimensional video analysis of feeding experiments to determine the effects of water depth on prey detection and capture by drift‐feeding juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (O. mykiss irideus). Depth treatments were 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 m. Mean prey capture probabilities for both species were constant across all treatments (coho = 0.51, steelhead = 0.39), and did not differ significantly between species. In deeper treatments, capture probabilities were lower nearer the surface than they were nearer the substrate, particularly at the lateral edges of the foraging area. In deeper treatments coho had greater capture probabilities nearer the surface than did steelhead. It is unclear if this was a species difference, or one based on the relative amount of foraging experience the fish had in the wild prior to capture. Prey capture manoeuver characteristics were very similar for both species, including positive relationships between water depth and both prey detection distance and prey interception swimming speed, and no relationship between depth and speed of return to the focal point. Because prey encounter rate is expected to increase with increasing water depth, we used capture probabilities to predict capture rates for coho and steelhead, which increased linearly with water depth. We conclude that any benefit of foraging in deeper water is more likely due to increased encounter rate rather than to increased capture probability.
Histomorphometric study on the effects of age on orthodontic tooth movement and alveolar bone turnover in rats
Authors: Misawa‐Kageyama Yasuko , Kageyama Toru , Moriyama Keita , Kurihara Saburo , Yagasaki Hiroshi , Deguchi Toshio , Ozawa Hidehiro , Sahara Noriyuki
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate, in a rat model, the effects of age on the amount of tooth movement and concomitant changes in alveolar bone turnover activity adjacent to orthodontically treated tooth roots. Rats (n = 48) of four different age groups (10, 30, 50, and 80 wk of age) were used in the experiment. Maxillary first molars were tipped mesially with a nickel titanium alloy coil‐spring for 2 wk by a continuous force of 10 cN. Forty‐eight age‐matched untreated rats were used as controls. The changes in alveolar bone turnover were assessed histomorphometrically. Two weeks after the start of tooth movement, the amount of tooth movement was found to decrease with age and was significantly different among the four age groups. The histomorphometric study demonstrated that, in all experimental groups, turnover of alveolar bone increased significantly compared with that of each age‐matched untreated group. However, the rate of increase decreased in an age‐related manner. These results suggest that the age‐dependent decrease in alveolar bone turnover activity, in response to mechanical forces, may negatively affect the amount of tooth movement.
Inhibition of tooth movement by osteoprotegerin vs. pamidronate under conditions of constant orthodontic force
Authors: Keles Ahmet , Grunes Brandon , DiFuria Catherine , Gagari Eleni , Srinivasan Vasanth , Darendeliler Mehmet A. , Muller Ralph , Kent Ralph , Stashenko Philip
Published: May 2007

The undesired movement of anchor teeth, and relapse of previously moved teeth, are major clinical problems in orthodontics. Dental implants are increasingly used to preserve anchorage, but these are costly and require invasive surgical procedures. An alternative strategy for maintaining anchorage may be the use of biological inhibitors of osteoclastic bone resorption. In the present study, we investigated the relative efficacy of pamidronate vs. osteoprotegerin (OPG) in inhibiting bone resorption and tooth movement, using a new orthodontic model in mice in which maxillary molars are moved for prolonged periods by near‐constant, clinically relevant forces. Osteoclast influx to compression sites was initiated on day 3, was maximal on day 4, and persisted until at least day 12 after force application. Tooth movement paralleled osteoclast numbers. Minimal osteoclast apoptosis was observed, suggesting that recruitment, rather than programmed cell death, is a critical regulatory mechanism under conditions of constant force. Osteoclasts were reduced at compression sites by both OPG (95%) and pamidronate (70%); tooth movement was more dramatically inhibited by OPG (77% vs. 34%). Our findings indicate that constant orthodontic force regulates the recruitment, activation, and viability of osteoclasts, and that OPG could have clinical utility in preventing undesired tooth movement.
The amyloid protein APin is highly expressed during enamel mineralization and maturation in rat incisors
Authors: Park Joo‐Cheol , Park Jong‐Tae , Son Ho‐Hyun , Kim Heung‐Joong , Jeong Moon‐Jin , Lee Chang‐Seop , Dey Rama , Cho Moon‐ll
Published: May 2007

This study investigated the expression and localization of APin (which was previously identified and cloned from a rat odontoblast cDNA library), during ameloblast differentiation in rat incisors, by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The subcellular localization of APin varied during ameloblast differentiation, but was stage‐specific. APin mRNA was not expressed in pre‐ameloblasts, was weakly expressed in secretory ameloblasts, and was strongly expressed in maturation‐stage ameloblasts as well as in the junctional epithelium attached to the enamel of erupted molars. In the maturation‐stage ameloblasts, APin protein was conspicuous in the supranuclear area (Golgi complex) of smooth‐ended ameloblasts as well as in both the supranuclear area and the ruffle end of ruffle‐ended ameloblasts. During ameloblast‐lineage cell culture, APin was expressed at a low level in the early stages of culture, but at a high level in the late stage of culture, which was equivalent to the maturation stage. APin protein was efficiently secreted from transfected cells in culture. Furthermore, its overexpression and inactivation caused an increase and decrease in matrix metalloproteinase‐20 (MMP‐20) and tuftelin expression, respectively. These findings indicate a functional role for APin in the mineralization and maturation of enamel that is mediated by the expression of MMP‐20 and tuftelin.
Absence of soluble CD14 in saliva of young patients with dental caries
Authors: Bergandi Loredana , Defabianis Patrizia , Re Francesca , Preti Giulio , Aldieri Elisabetta , Garetto Stefano , Bosia Amalia , Ghigo Dario
Published: May 2007

It is generally accepted that salivary components are important for dental health, but to date no clear correlation has been found between one or more of these components and the outcome of dental caries. The identification of salivary factors preventing, favoring or signaling dental caries might help to control the disease. In the present study, western blotting analysis of whole saliva from 20 healthy caries‐free children showed the presence of the soluble form of CD14, a bacterial pattern‐recognition receptor for many bacterial components that is involved in the innate immune response. The identity of the protein was confirmed through N‐terminal sequencing by Edman degradation, and by partial sequencing with mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides. Conversely, CD14 was completely absent in the saliva of 20 age‐matched patients affected by two to eight carious lesions, but appeared in their saliva a few weeks after dental restoration. These results suggest that the absence of salivary soluble CD14 could represent an useful index of caries activity, and might be used to detect early carious lesions not visible by oral inspection.
Towards rational and evidence‐based use of melatonin in prostate cancer prevention and treatment
Authors: Shiu Stephen Y. W.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Prostate cancer is a public health problem of the elderly men. It has been estimated that one in six men will develop prostate cancer in his lifetime in the USA. There is thus a huge clinical demand for effective therapies for the prevention and treatment of the disease. Here, the scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of melatonin in inhibiting the development and progression of prostate cancer is reviewed. The rational use of melatonin in prostate cancer prevention, stabilization of clinically localized favourable‐risk prostate cancer and palliative treatment of advanced or metastatic tumour is discussed within the context of the molecular pathogenesis of the disease.
Use of a 3‐D imaging technique for non‐invasive monitoring of the depth of experimentally induced wounds
Authors: Ferraq Y. , Black D. , Lagarde J. M. , Schmitt A. M. , Dahan S. , Grolleau J. L , Mordon S.
Published: May 2007

Background/purpose: Experimental studies of wound healing lack methods for standardized wounding and in situ depth assessment. Consequently, in this pilot study, an Erbium (Er):YAG laser has been used for wound induction with a non‐invasive 3‐D imaging technique as an alternative to histology.

Methods: Erbium:YAG ablation of human skin ex vivo was performed with total fluences of 10, 50 and 200 J/cm2, removing the stratum corneum, epidermis/papillary dermis and deeper dermis, respectively. Wound depth was measured with the 3‐D method and histologically.

Results: Wound depth was proportional to fluence for both techniques : 3‐D, 17.7±1.7, 43.9±16 and 245.2±61 μm; histology, 14.6±1.7, 50.6±11.6 and 238±102 μm, respectively.

Conclusions: The 3‐D technique compares well with and is an improvement on histological measurement, providing true wound depth measurement, avoiding shape changes inherent with histology. Furthermore, the Er:YAG laser is a highly appropriate means of wound induction due to its rapidity and precision.
Immunogold Labeling of Cryosections from High‐Pressure Frozen Cells
Authors: van Donselaar Elly , Posthuma George , Zeuschner Dagmar , Humbel Bruno M. , Slot Jan W.
Published: May 2007

Immunogold labeling of cryosections according to Tokuyasu (Tokuyasu KT. A technique for ultracyotomy of cell suspensions and tissues. J Cell Biol 1973;57:551–565), is an important and widely used method for immunoelectron microscopy. These sections are cut from material that is chemically fixed at room temperature (room temparature fixation, RTF). Lately in many morphological studies fast freezing followed by cryosubstitution fixation (CSF) is used instead of RTF. We have explored some new methods for applying immunogold labeling on cryosections from high‐pressure frozen cells (HepG2 cells, primary chondrocytes) and tissues (cartilage and exocrine pancreas). As immunolabeling has to be carried out on thawed and stable sections, we explored two ways to achieve this: (1) The section fixation method, as briefly reported before (Liou W et al. Histochem Cell Biol 1996;106:41–58 and Möbius W et al. J Histochem Cytochem 2002;50:43–55.) in which cryosections from freshly frozen cells were stabilized in mixtures of sucrose and methyl cellulose and varying concentrations of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and uranyl acetate (UA). Only occasionally does this method reveal section areas with excellent cell preservation and negatively stained membranes like Tokuyasu sections of RTF material. (Liou et al.) (2) The rehydration method, a novel approach, in which CSF with glutaraldehyde and/or osmium tetroxide (OsO4) was followed by rehydration and cryosectioning as in the Tokuyasu method. Especially, the addition of UA and low concentrations of water to the CSF medium favored superb membrane contrast. Immunogold labeling was as efficient as with the Tokuyasu method.
Dileucine Motif Is Sufficient for Internalization and Synaptic Vesicle Targeting of Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter
Authors: Colgan Lesley , Liu Hao , Huang Steven Y. , Liu Yong‐Jian
Published: May 2007

Efficient cholinergic transmission requires accurate targeting of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) to synaptic vesicles (SVs). However, the signals that regulate this vesicular targeting are not well characterized. Although previous studies suggest that the C‐terminus of the transporter is required for its SV targeting, it is not clear whether this region is sufficient for this process. Furthermore, a synaptic vesicle‐targeting motif (SVTM) within this sequence remains to be identified. Here we use a chimeric protein, TacA, between an unrelated plasma membrane protein, Tac, and the C‐terminus of VAChT to demonstrate the sufficiency of the C‐terminus for targeting to synaptic vesicle‐like vesicles (SVLVs) in PC12 cells. TacA shows colocalization and cosedimentation with the SV marker synaptophysin. Deletion mutation analysis of TacA demonstrates that a short, dileucine motif‐containing sequence is required and sufficient to direct this targeting. Dialanine mutation analysis within this sequence suggests indistinguishable signals for both internalization and SV sorting. Using additional chimeras as controls, we confirm the specificity of this region for SVLVs targeting. Therefore, we suggest that the dileucine‐containing motif is sufficient as a dual signal for both internalization and SV targeting during VAChT trafficking.
Alcohol Redirects CCK‐Mediated Apical Exocytosis to the Acinar Basolateral Membrane in Alcoholic Pancreatitis
Authors: Lam Patrick P. L. , Cosen Binker Laura I. , Lugea Aurelia , Pandol Stephen J. , Gaisano Herbert Y.
Published: May 2007

The molecular mechanism of clinical alcohol‐induced pancreatitis remains vague. We had reported that experimental high‐dose cholecystokinin (CCK)‐induced pancreatitis is in part because of excessive aberrant basolateral exocytosis. High‐dose CCK caused Munc18c on basolateral plasma membrane (BPM) to dissociate from syntaxin (Syn)‐4, activating Syn‐4 to complex with plasma membrane (PM)‐SNAP‐23 and granule‐VAMP to mediate basolateral exocytosis. We now hypothesize that alcohol could render the acinar cell BPM conducive to exocytosis by a similar mechanism. Weakly stimulating postprandial doses of alcohol (20–50 mm) inhibited postprandial low‐dose CCK‐stimulated secretion by blocking physiologic apical exocytosis and redirecting exocytosis to less‐efficient basal PM (visualized by FM1‐43 fluorescence imaging) and lateral PM sites (electron microscopy). Alcohol or low‐dose CCK had no effect on PM‐Munc18c, but alcohol preincubation enabled low‐dose CCK to displace Munc18c from BPM, leading to SNARE complex assembly in the BPM. Similarly, alcohol diet‐fed rats did not exhibit morphologic defects in the pancreas nor affected PM‐Munc18c behavior, but subsequent intraperitoneal injections of low‐dose CCK analog cerulein caused Munc18c displacement from BPM and cytosolic degradation, which contributed to pancreatitis. We conclude that alcohol induces BPM‐Munc18c to become receptive to postprandial CCK‐induced displacement into the cytosol, a process which facilitates SNARE complex assembly that in turn activates restricted BPM sites to become available for aberrant exocytosis into the interstitial space, where zymogen activation would take place and cause pancreatitis.
Serotonin 5‐HT2C receptors regulate anxiety‐like behavior
Authors: Heisler L. K. , Zhou L. , Bajwa P. , Hsu J. , Tecott L. H.
Published: May 2007

Central serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of anxiety disorders, which are among the world’s most prevalent psychiatric conditions. Here, we report that the 5‐HT2C receptor (5‐HT2CR) subtype is critically involved in regulating behaviors characteristic of anxiety using male 5‐HT2CR knockout (KO) mice. Specific neural substrates underlying the 5‐HT2CR KO anxiolytic phenotype were investigated, and we report that 5‐HT2CR KO mice display a selective blunting of extended amygdala corticotropin‐releasing hormone neuronal activation in response to anxiety stimuli. These findings illustrate a mechanism through which 5‐HT2CRs affect anxiety‐related behavior and provide insight into the neural circuitry mediating the complex psychological process of anxiety.
Inhibitory Effect of Valproic Acid on Cytochrome P450 2C9 Activity in Epilepsy Patients
Authors: Gunes Arzu , Bilir Erhan , Zengil Hakan , Babaoglu Melih O. , Bozkurt Atila , Yasar Umit
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Drug interactions constitute a major problem in the treatment of epilepsy because drug combinations are so common. Valproic acid is a widely used anticonvulsant drug with a broad therapeutic spectrum. Case reports suggest interaction between valproic acid and other drugs metabolized mainly by cytochrome P450 isoforms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of valproic acid on cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) activity by using losartan oxidation as a probe in epilepsy patients. Patients were prescribed sodium valproate (mean 200 mg/day for the first week and 400 mg/day in the following period) according to their clinical need. A single oral dose of 25 mg losartan was given to patients before and after the first dose, first week and 4 weeks of valproic acid treatment. Losartan and E3174, the CYP2C9‐derived carboxylic acid metabolite of losartan in 8 hr urine were assayed by using high pressure liquid chromatography. Urinary losartan/E3174 ratio did not change significantly on the first day (0.9, 0.3–3.5; median, range), and first week (0.6, 0.2–3.8; median, range), while a significant increase was observed after 4 weeks of valproic acid treatment (1.1, 0.3–5.7; median, range) as compared to that of measured before valproic acid administration (0.6, 0.1–2.1; median, range) (P = 0.039). The degree of inhibition was correlated with the steady‐state plasma concentrations of valproic acid (r2 = 0.70, P = 0.04). The results suggest an inhibitory effect of valproic acid on CYP2C9 enzyme activity in epilepsy patients at steady state. The risk of pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions should be taken into account during concomitant use of valproic acid and CYP2C9 substrates.
Irinotecan Toxicity to Human Blood Cells in vitro: Relationship between Various Biomarkers
Authors: Kopjar Nevenka , Želježić Davor , Vrdoljak Ana Lucić , Radić Božica , Ramić Snježana , Milić Mirta , Gamulin Marija , Pavlica Vesna , Fučić Aleksandra
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Toxic effects of the antineoplastic drug irinotecan on human blood cells at concentrations of 9.0 µg/ml and 4.6 µg/ml were evaluated in vitro. Using the alkaline and neutral comet assay significantly increased levels of primary DNA damage in lymphocytes were detected. The induction of apoptosis/necrosis, as determined by a fluorescent assay, was also notably increased. Cytogenetic outcomes of the treatment were assessed by the analysis of structural chromosome aberrations and fluorescence in situ hybridization. A significantly higher incidence of chromatid breaks and complex quadriradials was observed. Painted chromosomes 1, 2 and 4 were equally involved in translocations, but only the chromosome 1 was involved in the formation of quadriradials. Sister chromatid exchange analysis was performed in parallel with the analysis of lymphocyte proliferation kinetics. The higher concentration of irinotecan caused almost seven‐time increase, while the lower one caused a five‐time increase of the basal sister chromatid exchange frequency, accompanied with significant lowering of the lymphocyte proliferation index. Using the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus assay, a dose‐dependent increase in micronucleus frequency along with the formation of nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges was noticed. Inhibitory effects of irinotecan on enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were studied in erythrocytes. An IC50 value of 5.0 × 10−7 was established. Irinotecan was found to be strong inhibitor of the acetylcholine hydrolysis and to cause a continuous decrease of catalytic activity of AChE. The results obtained on a single donor may contribute to the understanding of irinotecan toxicity, but further in vitro and in vivo studies are essential in order to clarify remaining issues, especially on possible inter‐individual variability in genotoxic responses to the drug.
Silymarin Protection against Major Reactive Oxygen Species Released by Environmental Toxins: Exogenous H2O2 Exposure in Erythrocytes
Authors: Kiruthiga P. V. , Shafreen R. Beema , Pandian S. Karutha , Devi K. Pandima
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Silymarin is a polyphenolic plant flavonoid (a mixture of flavonoid isomers such as silibinin, isosilibinin, silidianin and silichristin) derived from Silymarin marianum that has anti‐inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anticarcinogenic effects. Our earlier studies have shown that silymarin plays a protective role against the oxidative damage induced by environmental contaminants like benzo(a)pyrene in erythrocyte haemolysates. During the detoxification of these environmental contaminants, the major reactive oxygen species generated is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Because H2O2 can easily penetrate into the cell and cause damage to biomolecules, the protective role of silymarin was further assessed against this cytotoxic agent in vitro in erythrocyte haemolysates. The protective effect was monitored by assessing the levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione‐s‐transferase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde (LPO) in three groups: vehicle control, H2O2‐exposed groups and drug co‐incubation group (H2O2 + silymarin). The protective effect of silymarin on the non‐enzymic antioxidant glutathione and haemolysis, methaemoglobin content and protein carbonyl content were also assessed. It was observed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione were reduced and the malondialdehyde levels were elevated after H2O2 exposure. There were also alterations in haemolysis, methaemoglobin content and protein carbonyl content, whereas after the administration of silymarin, the antioxidant enzyme activities reversed to near normal with reduced malondialdehyde content and normalized haemolysis, methaemoglobin content and protein carbonyl content. The results suggest that silymarin possesses substantial protective effect and free radical scavenging mechanism against exogenous H2O2‐induced oxidative stress damages, hence, can be used as a protective drug against toxicity induced by environmental contaminants.
Sexual Function in Female Patients with Unstable Angina or Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Eyada Moustafa , Atwa Mona
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death and disability for both women and men. The psychological impact of acute myocardial infarction, as well as the physiological effects of the illness and its medications, can have a major effect on a patient's ability to resume sexual activity.

Aim

To assess sexual activity in female patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and to study the impact of cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR) on resumption of sexual activity.

Main Outcome Measures

Doppler-echocardiographic study, exercise tolerance test (ETT), and assessment of sexual activity.

Methods

This study was conducted in the Riyadh National Hospital and included 35 female patients admitted to the intensive care unit for management of unstable angina or NSTEMI. All patients were enrolled into a CR program. All of them were interviewed for assessment of sexual activity, 12 weeks post discharge. The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) was used for the assessment of the severity of sexual dysfunction for patients who resumed their sexual activity.

Results

Results indicate that 48.57% of the patients resumed their sexual activity at the time of the interview. However, most of them were either not satisfied at all with their sexual activity or mostly dissatisfied. The remaining patients (51.43%) had not resumed sex yet. CR was completed by 70.59% of those resuming sex, and 38.89% of those not resuming sex. We estimated that rehabilitated patients were 3.77 times more likely to resume sexual activity than those who did not receive rehabilitation. ASEX score ranged from 19 to 30, with a mean of 24.118 ± 3.42.

Conclusions

Unstable angina and NSTEMI have a negative impact on frequency of, and satisfaction with, sexual activity, and lead to sexual dysfunction within a large number of female patients. Accurate and complete sexual instructions for both partners with specific attention paid to the woman's concerns and needs should be part of CR programs.
Role of Postcircumcision Mucosal Cuff Length in Lifelong Premature Ejaculation: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Reza , Khazaeli Mahziar H. , Atharikia Davood
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most prevalent sexual dysfunction among men. Several theories about its etiology have been made. One of the conflicting factors is the effect of circumcision on ejaculation, and there are some concerns about leaving so much mucosa during circumcision.

Aim

In our study the relationship between mucosal cuff length and PE was investigated.

Methods

Eighty-four circumcised men were studied, including 42 men with PE and 42 men without. The following data and measurements were investigated: age, education, smoking, intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT), circumcision timing, stretched penile, penile skin, and mucosal cuff lengths.

Main Outcome Measure

Penile, mucosal cuff, and penile skin lengths, the IELT.

Results

The mean penile, mucosal cuff, and penile skin lengths were 121.1 ± 12.8, 15.4 ± 4.8, and 80.8 ± 21.0 mm in PE men, respectively, and were 130.1 ± 10.4, 14.7 ± 3.4, and 88.7 ± 12.2 mm in the control group, respectively. No statistically significant differences were seen regarding the length of the penis (P  = 0.80), mucosal cuff (P  = 0.84), and penile skin (P  = 0.99). The two groups were not different regarding education (P  = 0.90), smoking (P  = 0.70), and circumcision timing (P  = 0.65).

Conclusion

Postcircumcision mucosal cuff length is not a risk factor for PE.
Does Mode of Delivery Affect Sexual Functioning of the Man Partner?
Authors: Gungor Sadettin , Baser Iskender , Ceyhan Temel , Karasahin Emre , Kilic Selim
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Recent surveys showed that the major reasons for avoiding vaginal delivery were the fear of childbirth and the concern for postpartum sexual health. Although sexual dysfunction is a disorder that affects a couple rather than an individual, all studies investigating the relationship between the mode of delivery and sexual problems have been conducted only in cohorts of women.

Aim

To determine the effect of mode of delivery on quality of sexual relations and sexual functioning of men by using the Golombock–Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS).

Main Outcome Measure

Mean score of sexual function and prevalence of sexual dysfunction in overall and specific areas of the GRISS were compared among the three groups.

Methods

A total of 107 men accompanying their wives in outpatient clinics of obstetrics and gynecology met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Three groups of men were defined; men whose partners had: (i) “elective cesarean delivery” (N=21; mean age 32.2 ± 3.8 years); (ii) “vaginal delivery with mediolateral episiotomy” (N=36; mean age 31.4 ± 4.5 years); and (iii) “not given birth” (N=50; mean age 28.8 ± 4.0 years).

Results

Mean overall sexual function score (normal value<25 points) was 20.5 ± 8.2 in the elective caesarean group, 19.3 ± 6.5 in the vaginal delivery group, and 18.8 ± 9.3 in the nulliparae group (P  = 0.731). Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in men was 28.6% in the elective caesarean group, 19.4% in the vaginal delivery group, and 30.0% in the nulliparae group (P  = 0.526).

Conclusion

Overall sexual function of men was not affected by their partner's parity and mode of delivery. An elective cesarean section simply because of concerns about sexual function would not provide additional benefit to men, and could deny women a possible vaginal delivery, which is generally assumed to be safer than cesarean section.
Development of Feminizing Genitoplasty for Gender Dysphoria
Authors: Goddard Jonathan Charles , Vickery Richard M. , Terry Tim R.
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Determining the history and development of feminizing genitoplasty is fascinating and instructive but fraught with difficulty. Earliest examples relate to practices carried out in ancient cultures. Gender reassignment surgery (GRS) developed from reconstructive procedures for congenital abnormalities. Some surgery was disguised, techniques were not recorded, and operations were carried out in secret.

Aim

The aim of this article is to review the historical development of male-to-female GRS.

Methods

Information was gleaned from Medline and general Internet searches. Further evidence was found by reviewing the references of early articles. A fascinating insight was also found in the autobiographies of GRS patients.

Results

The first recorded case was by Abrahams in 1931. Techniques evolved from the early vaginal absence work of Beck and Graves. Pioneers of GRS were Sir Harold Gillies in England and Georges Burou of Casablanca. In the 1950s, they both used invagination of the penile skin sheath to form a vagina. Howard Jones, of Johns Hopkins, published the second classic technique using penile and scrotal skin flaps. These two methods form the basis of male-to-female GRS today. The history of GRS reveals a struggle to improve functionality as well as cosmesis. In particular, the neovagina but also a functioning neoclitoris, which has developed from a cosmetic swelling into an innovated organ, derived from the glans penis and harvested penile neurovascular bundle.

Conclusions

Improved function and cosmesis continue to be the aim of the gender dysphoria surgeon. However, this review suggests the future management of transwomen should address not only refinements of surgical techniques but also prospective collection of posttreatment quality-of-life issues.
Depression in Dhat Syndrome
Authors: Dhikav Vikas , Aggarwal Neeraj , Gupta Supriya , Jadhavi Radhika , Singh Kuljeet
Published: May 2007

Aims and Objectives

Dhat syndrome is a widely recognized clinical condition in the Indian subcontinent characterized by excessive preoccupation with semen loss as the main presenting complaint. This condition has been considered to be a culture-bound syndrome, and depressive symptoms have previously been reported. We were interested to know how common depression is, and to quantify these features.

Materials and Methods

We studied 30 patients attending the Psychiatry Outpatient Department of a tertiary care hospital for their complaints about passing of semen in urine frequently. Those with depressive symptoms were further evaluated using the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) Diagnostic Criteria for Depression, and depression severity was assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Patients meeting the criteria were started on capsule fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in dose of 20–40 mg per day. Patients were periodically followed fortnightly and were reevaluated for therapeutic response using the HAM-D.

Results

A total of 30 patients (age=20–40 years; mean age=29 years; mean age of onset=19 years; mean duration of illness=11 months) were studied. The majority of cases were unmarried (64.2%) and educated till 5th class or above (70%). Twenty out of 30 (66%) patients met DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Depression. Ten patients (33.3%) were found to have a comorbid problem of premature ejaculation, and two patients reported erectile dysfunction (6.6%). Patients showed statistically significant therapeutic response to fluoxetine.

Conclusion

Depressive phenomenology meeting DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Depression seems common in Dhat syndrome and responds to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors along with regular counseling.
Cloning, sequencing and expression of cDNA of bovine neutrophil β‐defensin from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Bera B. C. , Chaudhury P. , Bhattacharya D. , Bera A. K. , Das S. K.
Published: May 2007

Neutrophil β‐defensins have been identified as naturally occurring potent antibacterial cationic peptides serving as effector molecules of innate immunity that provide a first line of defence against pathogens. Considering the broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity against microorganisms and role in innate immunity of the neutrophil β‐defensins, it has been characterized in many livestock species including cattle, sheep, caprine and porcines. Here we report the isolation, cloning, sequencing and expression of precursor bovine neutrophil β‐defensin isolated from Indian water buffalo. Full‐length cDNA was amplified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The cDNA contained an open reading frame of 192 bp encoding a putative polypeptide of 63 amino acids. Deduced amino acid sequence of buffalo BNBD4 showed varying amino acid identity with the published sequences of related β‐defensins of other domestic ruminant species ranging from 67.18 to 79.68%. Recombinant buffalo defensin was produced in Escherichia coli as fusion protein.
HLA‐A2 class I antigens in couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions
Authors: Komlos L. , Klein T. , Korostishevsky M.
Published: May 2007

Class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens, locus A and B, were typed in fertile and infertile couples in cases where one of the spouses carried the HLA‐A2 antigen. HLA‐class I typing data were obtained from 282 participants, 63 fertile couples and 78 infertile couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA). Locus A antigens were grouped into eight broad specificities (A1, A2, A3, A9, A10, A11, A19, A28) and locus B antigens were grouped, according to HLA epitopes, in two classes (BW4 and BW6). Although the number of cases is small, significant differences in the distribution of locus A antigens were found between HLA‐A2–positive (A2+) women from fertile and infertile couples. HLA‐A3, A11 and A28 cross‐reacting antigens were absent in women from fertile couples and present in women from infertile couples. HLA‐A19, which is associated with amino acid triplets of low immunogenicity, was significantly more often observed in A2+ fertile than in infertile women. An excess of the BW4 epitope was found in A2− husbands from infertile couples compared to fertile ones. The results of this study support the idea that in the presence of the HLA‐A2 molecule the distribution of HLA‐A and B loci antigens may be different in fertile couples compared to couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions. It can be suggested that the HLA‐A2 molecule, in context with specific genotypes, may contribute to the overall maternal immune response in normal and disturbed pregnancy.
Basin‐Wide Effects of Game Harvest on Vertebrate Population Densities in Amazonian Forests: Implications for Animal‐Mediated Seed Dispersal
Authors: Peres Carlos A. , Palacios Erwin
Published: May 2007

Vertebrate responses to hunting are widely variable for target and nontarget species depending on the history of hunting and productivity of any given site and the life history traits of game species. We provide a comprehensive meta‐analysis of changes in population density or other abundance estimates for 30 mid‐sized to large mammal, bird and reptile species in 101 hunted and nonhunted, but otherwise undisturbed, Neotropical forest sites. The data set was analyzed using both an unnested approach, based on population density estimates, and a nested approach in which pairwise comparisons of abundance metrics were restricted to geographic groups of sites sharing similar habitat and soil conditions. This resulted in 25 geographic clusters of sites within which 1811 population abundance estimates were compared across different levels of hunting pressure. Average nested changes in abundance across increasingly greater levels of hunting pressure ranged from moderately positive to highly negative. Populations of all species combined declined across greater differences in hunting pressure by up to 74.8 percent from their numeric abundance in less intensively hunted sites, but harvest‐sensitive species faired far worse. Of the 30 species examined, 22 declined significantly at high levels of hunting. Body size significantly affected the direction and magnitude of abundance changes, with large‐bodied species declining faster in overhunted sites. Frugivorous species showed more marked declines in abundance in heavily hunted sites than seed predators and browsers, regardless of the effects of body size. The implications of hunting for seed dispersal are discussed in terms of community dynamics in semi‐defaunated tropical forests.
Bushmeat and the Fate of Trees with Seeds Dispersed by Large Primates in a Lowland Rain Forest in Western Amazonia
Authors: Nuñez‐Iturri Gabriela , Howe Henry F.
Published: May 2007

In Neotropical forests, large fruit‐eating primates play important ecological roles as dispersal agents of large seeds. Bushmeat hunting threatens to disrupt populations of primates and large‐seeded trees. We test the hypothesis that otherwise intact Neotropical forests with depressed populations of large primates experience decline in recruitment of large‐seeded trees. We quantify the proportion of small juveniles (> 0.5 m tall–1 cm diameter at breast height, DBH) of large primate‐dispersed tree species found underneath heterospecifc trees that are also dispersed by large primates at two protected sites in Manu National Park and one hunted site outside Manu N.P. in southeastern Peru. The forests are comparable in edaphic and climatic qualities, successional stage, and adult tree species composition. We found that hunting locally exterminates populations of large primates, and reduced primates of intermediate body size (hereafter “medium primates”) by 80 percent. Moreover, tree species richness was 55 percent lower and density of species dispersed by large and medium‐bodied primates 60 percent lower in hunted than in protected sites. In addition, richness and density of abiotically dispersed species and plants dispersed by non‐game animals are greater in hunted sites. Overhunting threatens to disrupt the ecological interactions between primates and the plants that rely on them for seed dispersal and recruitment. Sustainable wildlife management plans are urgently needed, because protected areas are at risk of becoming “island” parks if buffer zones become empty of animals and have impoverished flora.
The Bushmeat Harvest Alters Seedling Banks by Favoring Lianas, Large Seeds, and Seeds Dispersed by Bats, Birds, and Wind
Authors: Wright S. Joseph , Hernandéz Andrés , Condit Richard
Published: May 2007

We evaluated predictions that hunters favor lianas, large seeds, and seeds dispersed by bats, small birds, and mechanical means for seedling banks in central Panama. We censused 3201 trees in 20 1‐ha plots and 38,250 seedlings in the central 64 m2 of each plot. We found significant differences in the species composition of the seedling bank between nine protected sites in the Barro Colorado Nature Monument and 11 hunted sites in the contiguous Parque Nacional Soberanía. Lianas, species with large seeds, and species with seeds dispersed by bats, small birds, and mechanical means were all overrepresented at hunted sites. The latter two findings could also be evaluated relative to the species composition of reproductively mature adults for canopy trees. The tree species present in the seedling bank had significantly heavier seeds than the tree species present as adults at hunted sites but not at protected sites. The representation of seed dispersal modes among the species present in the seedling bank did not reflect pre‐existing differences in the local species composition of adults. We hypothesize that hunting large seed predators favors large seeds by reducing predation and increasing survival. We also hypothesize that the harvest of large birds and mammals that disperse many seeds favors other species whose seeds are dispersed by bats, small birds, and mechanical means. This process also favors lianas because the seeds of disproportionate numbers of liana species are dispersed by wind.
Hunting and Plant Community Dynamics in Tropical Forests: A Synthesis and Future Directions
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E. , Vulinec Kevina , Wright S. Joseph , Peres Carlos A.
Published: May 2007

This synthesis builds on the preceding articles of this Special Section and has three goals. We first review the nascent literature that addresses indirect effects of hunting for tropical forest plant communities. Next, we highlight the potential indirect effects of hunting for other groups of organisms. Our final goal is to consider what could be done to ameliorate the demographic threats to harvest‐sensitive game species caused by unsustainable hunting. Three conclusions are possible at this time concerning the impact of hunting for tropical forest plant communities: (1) Hunting tends to reduce seed movement for animal‐dispersed species with very large diaspores; (2) Hunting reduces seed predation by granivorous vertebrates for species with large seeds; and (3) Hunting alters the species composition of the seedling and sapling layers. The cascading effects of hunting are already known to affect bruchid beetles and dung beetles and are likely to affect other, nongame taxa. To ameliorate these problems, several lines of research should be further explored to facilitate the development of game management plans including: (1) alternative use of sources of animal protein; (2) income supplementation for local people from sources other than wild meat; (3) outreach and extension activities for communities; (4) recognition and facilitation of the shifting of attitudes towards hunting; (5) implementation of community‐based wildlife management programs in regulated‐use areas such as extractive reserves; and (6) landscape‐scale conservation planning that maximizes the source‐sink dynamics of harvested and unharvested game populations and enforces game regulations in strictly protected areas.
The Role of Mammals in Creating and Modifying Seedshadows in Tropical Forests and Some Possible Consequences of Their Elimination
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E. , Riba‐Hernández Pablo , Vulinec Kevina , Lambert Joanna E.
Published: May 2007

Mammal populations are increasingly hunted, yet the consequences of their disappearance from tropical forests have only recently been explored. Here, we summarize current research on the role of mammals in seed dispersal and postdispersal processes, such as seed predation and secondary dispersal, in different tropical regions. We evaluate how mammal features influence seedshadows and ultimately forest regeneration. Finally, we discuss the potential effect of changes in seedshadows caused by the elimination of many medium‐ and large‐sized mammals. The complex role that mammals play in creating and modifying seedshadows in tropical forests cannot be easily quantified, and in this review we emphasize the variation that exists both within and among mammal taxa and across continents. To bridge this gap in information, we suggest that more studies should evaluate the relative importance of the disappearance of both seed dispersers and seed predators for particular plant species so that we may begin to understand the balance between these two influences. We also suggest that future studies identify ecological redundancy in nonhunted vertebrates within any particular community to evaluate compensatory behavior that may help ameliorate some of the negative effects of hunting of large and medium mammals.
COMPARISONS OF MEAT QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND INTRAMUSCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE BETWEEN BEEF LONGISSIMUS DORSI AND SEMITENDINOSUS MUSCLES FROM CHINESE YELLOW BULLS
Authors: LI C.B. , ZHOU G.H. , XU X.L.
Published: May 2007

This study was designed to compare meat quality characteristics and the traits of intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) of beef longissimus dorsi (LD) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles at 4 and 21 days postmortem. LD had higher (P < 0.05) moisture content and Warner‐Bratzler shear force (WBSF) but lower (P < 0.05) collagen content and filtering residue than ST at 4 days. Aging could more efficiently improve LD tenderness by decreasing the perimysial maximum transition temperature, increasing the collagen solubility and destroying the muscle structure. Both the natures of IMCT (insoluble collagen, perimysial thickness) and the status of muscle fiber were contributors to the tenderness of different muscles from the same carcass.
THE EFFECTS OF MARINATING WITH CITRIC ACID SOLUTIONS AND GRAPEFRUIT JUICE ON COOKING AND EATING QUALITY OF TURKEY BREAST
Authors: SERDAROĞLU MELTEM , ABDRAIMOV KYIALBEK , ÖNENÇ ALPER
Published: May 2007

Turkey breast slices were marinated using solutions containing 0.05 M (C1), 0.1 M (C2), 0.2 M (C3) citric acid and 50% (G1), 100% (G2) grapefruit juice. Distilled water was used for control group (C). Marinade and meat pH, moisture, expressible moisture, cooking loss, marinade uptake, color coordinate values (L*, a*, b*) and textural properties of samples were evaluated. Sensory evaluation was also conducted. With increasing citric acid concentration, there was a clear decrease in muscle pH (from 5.8 to 3.9). The lowest expressible moisture (20.6%) was obtained in samples marinated with G2 solution. Marinating with C2 and G2 solutions resulted in lower cooking losses and higher marinade absorption than other treatment groups. Color analyses revealed that the marinated samples were significantly lighter (higher L* values) than distilled water treated in control. Marinade treatments significantly affected hardness and chewiness. Sensory analyses of the marinated samples showed that acidic marination increased juiciness and tenderness scores.