bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hoarding versus circulation of wealth from the perspective ofmaqasid al-Shari'ah
Authors: Asad Ibrahim Ahmad , Jamal Elatrash Radwan , Omar Farooq Mohammad
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of the paper was to explore the issue of hoarding and dishoarding in a modern context, especially as it relates to circulation of wealth, an important economic objective from the Islamic viewpoint.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper presents a survey of scholarly positions on the issue of hoarding and circulation of wealth from Islamic perspectives and analyzes how these positions affect the shaping of financial and economic dimensions of life in our contemporary time. The paper draws on the primary sources, the Qur'an andhadith, and examines the positions of the classical and contemporary scholars, especially in the context of the growing interest in finance, the financial system and economy from the Islamic perspective.

Findings

– The paper identifies the fact that the notion of hoarding (kanz) needs significantly revised understanding, as money as a concept and tool has evolved substantively in modern times. It also examines variant positions regarding the concept of hoarding and finds more merit in favor of the position that payingzakatis not enough to be exempted from the Qur'anic implications about hoarding. It also identifies and examines securitization, such assukuk, as an important tool for better circulation of wealth.

Originality/value

– Hoarding and dishoarding are not widely explored topics in contemporary literature on Islamic economics and finance. This paper makes a valuable contribution in its attempt to highlight the problem of hoarding and the challenge toward greater circulation of wealth.
In search of the perceptions of the Shari'ah scholars on Shari'ah governance system
Authors: Hasan Zulkifli
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– This purpose of this article is to examine the Shari'ah scholars' perception of the Shari'ah governance system in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) particularly of its six major areas, namely, issues of Shari'ah governance; internal framework; roles and functions of Shari'ah board; attributes of Shari'ah board members on independence, competency and transparency and confidentiality; operational procedures and assessment of the Shari'ah board's performance.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study conducted semi-structured interviews with Shari'ah scholars who are members of the Shari'ah boards in various IFIs. All interview questions were generated, structured and arranged in a way that all the data could be analysed easily through a coding and thematic approach.

Findings

– The study discovers the different points of view demonstrated by the Shari'ah scholars who were interviewed on several issues, and they have also conceded that there are serious gaps and weaknesses prevalent in all the six major areas of Shari'ah governance. This position acknowledges that there are shortcomings and weaknesses to the existing governance framework which need further enhancement and improvement.

Practical implications

– The study offers a useful source of information that may provide relevant guidelines to policymakers and practitioners for future development of Shari'ah governance practices in IFIs.

Originality/value

– The study provides fresh data and significant information pertaining to the Shari'ah scholars' perspective on the Shari'ah governance system. This analysis of Shari'ah scholars' opinions of the Shari'ah governance system can also serve to enhance the literature on the topic.
Interdisciplinary socialization of archaeological heritage in Uruguay
Authors: Vienni Bianca
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– This paper presents the preliminary results of a research which relates two main strands: first, the socialization of scientific knowledge and second, the archaeological heritage. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the socialization process by integrating an “inter-approach” strategy in order to cope with the research problem. It also evaluates the potential of an interdisciplinary approach following the hypothesis that it strengthens the democratization process of scientific knowledge production.

Design/methodology/approach

– The combination, integration and convergence of different bodies of knowledge seek to collaborate in the construction of an enriching process looking for a stronger relationship between science and society. This is applied to a particular case study: the archaeological heritage of Uruguay. This study relates the concept of socialization of scientific knowledge to the strand of archaeological heritage through the construction of a common structure.

Findings

– In this sense, the authors study the socialization process of scientific knowledge in a way that helps illustrate its current features in Uruguay. It also permits us to consider socialization as a more committed process of identity construction in Uruguayan society.

Originality/value

– Socialization processes help to build the identity of a society in the interaction with science; socialization of Uruguayan archaeological heritage allows the creation of a shared memory embedded into the historical processes of the country. However, it requires an integrated and multivocal perspective to cope with its inherent complexity. In this sense, this research fills a void.
Mapping the contours of fairness
Authors: Otaye Lilian , Wong Wilson
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the contours of fairness by showing how different facets of fairness impact three important employee outcomes (job satisfaction, turnover intention and employer advocacy) and examining the mediating role of quality of management and leadership (through perceptions of both senior management and the quality of exchange with immediate supervisors) in attenuating negative impacts of unfairness on these outcomes. The study extends the concept of fairness beyond the traditional focus on organizational justice and models the mediating role of leadership on the relationship between (un)fairness and the three employee-level outcomes in a sample of employees representative of the UK workforce.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data were obtained from a nationally representative sample of 2,067 employees in the UK. Exploratory factor analysis and then confirmatory factor analysis is used to refine three unfairness factors and address their dimensionality of the unfairness scale and then multiple regression analysis is used to test a fairness-leadership-employee performance outcome model.

Findings

– Results of multiple regression analysis revealed that both trust in leadership and leader-member exchange partially mediate the relationship between organizational (un)fairness and job satisfaction, advocacy and turnover intention, respectively.

Practical implications

– The findings highlight the important role that leaders play in influencing the relationship between perception of unfairness and employee outcomes. This has implications for both theory and practice as it suggests that the pattern of inclusion that leaders create through the relationships that they develop with their followers has a significant impact on the relationship between unfairness and the work outcomes. They not only must manage traditional perceptions of justice, but also the assessments employees make about trust in management judgements and the perceived consequences of such judgements.

Originality/value

– In an environment where perceptions of unfairness are becoming both more endemic but also more complex, the study shows that both senior leaders and immediate supervisors have important agency in managing negative consequences. Through the measurement of satisfaction, turnover intention and employer advocacy it also provides potential links to link fairness into the engagement literature.
People management rationales and organizational effectiveness
Authors: Siebert Sabina , Martin Graeme
Published: May 2014

Purpose

–The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate over people management rationales and how they relate to organizational effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

– Drawing on the distinction between the “logic of consequences” and the “logic of appropriateness,” the paper explores one aspect of managing people – managers’ attempts to restore trust after an intra-organizational breach of trust. This is done on the basis of a systematic approach to a review of the literature on intra-organizational trust and organizational trust repair.

Findings

– The paper argues that in their trust repair efforts managers socially construct and enact a narrow business agenda for the firm, which is typically justified by a logic of consequences. Instead, the authors suggest that managers may be better advised to follow a logic of appropriateness in restoring trust among employees, which acknowledges the importance of context and managers’ lack of control over employees’ reactions to trust repair strategies.

Practical implications

– A key practical implication of the logic of appropriateness is that, in certain contexts, the most effective strategy for trust repair is inaction (rather than action), a strategy often neglected in people management practice.

Social implications

– The social implications of this paper highlight the social context in which people management strategies take place and the limitations of “one-size-fits-all” HRM prescriptions.

Originality/value

– The value of the paper is bringing a much neglected stream of research on the strengths of inaction as a positive strategy in organizational theory to current HRM scholars as a way of balancing the typical agentive approaches to HRM and intra-organizational trust repair.
Work and organisation engagement: aligning research and practice
Authors: Farndale Elaine , E. Beijer Susanne , J.P.M. Van Veldhoven Marc , Kelliher Clare , Hope-Hailey Veronica
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– To date, work engagement has been the domain of academics whilst organisation engagement has been the focus of practice. The purpose of this paper is to address the growing divide by exploring the construct clarity and discriminant validity of work and organisation engagement simultaneously, providing insight into how these constructs relate empirically, as well as investigating the nomological network of each.

Design/methodology/approach

– Empirical data were collected through online surveys from 298 employees in two multinational companies. Respondents were primarily managerial and professional employees. The survey included measures of work and organisation engagement, as well as work outcomes and organisation performance.

Findings

– The findings indicate that work and organisation engagement are distinct constructs, and have differential relationships with important employee outcomes (commitment, organisational citizenship behaviour, initiative, active learning, job satisfaction), and organisational performance.

Practical implications

– The findings provide opportunities for practitioners to explore the potentially unique ways in which different types of engagement may add value to jobs and organisations.

Originality/value

– The study takes important steps in bridging the academic/practitioner divide: the paper clearly demonstrates how the two concepts of work and organisation engagement relate to and complement each other as useful constructs for research and practice.
Material eco-efficiency indicators for Brazilian buildings
Authors: Ruschi Mendes Saade Marcella , G. da Silva Maristela , Gomes Vanessa , Gumez Franco Hawllynsgton , Schwamback Dimaghi , Lavor Blandina
Published: May 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to propose a set of lifecycle-based indicators to describe material eco-efficiency of buildings normalized per unit of gross floor area (GFA), and at verifying feasibility of their calculation for building materials and components, based upon four case studies. The paper also examines the effects that discrepancies between two carbon footprint accounting methods (embodied CO2 (ECO2) vs embodied CO2e) have on communication of environmental performance of selected materials.

Design/methodology/approach

– The lifecycle assessments (LCAs) were performed through LCA support platform SimaPro 7.3. Data for materials/components production cycle modeling were collected from primary and secondary data from national literature or adapted from Ecoinvent database. Embodied energy, ECO2, blue water footprint (bWF), non-renewable content and volatile organic compound emissions (VOCe) indicators were calculated from lifecycle inventory (LCI) outputs, while embodied CO2e was calculated using CML 2001 v.2.01 impact assessment method.

Findings

– Obtained results suggest that a core database comprised of 12 materials and components – cement, ceramic blocks, steel rebar, sawn timber planks, PVC tubes, plywood, PVC conduits, roof steel structure, roundwood, ceramic tiles, hydrated lime and adhesive mortar – provides a very reasonable description of a building's embodied energy (99.63 percent), embodied CO2e (97.50 percent), bWF (96.26 percent), non-renewable content (97.53 percent) and VOCe (95.38 percent) profiles. Except for bWF of cement and concrete, substantial reductions in the metrics’ values captured environmental advantages of partially substituting ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs) for clinker Portland.

Originality/value

– The disclosure of embodied energy and carbon, as well as of other environmental performance data at whole-building level (per unit of GFA) pointed out in this paper, allows comparability and helps to establish performance goals and benchmarks and to guide policy decisions. Following a coordinated methodological outline, future works are expected to evolve to gradually constitute a LCI database that enables the use of the proposed metrics and of LCA as decision-making tools in the building sector.
Maternal depression from early pregnancy to 4 years postpartum in a prospective pregnancy cohort study: implications for primary health care
Authors: Woolhouse H , Gartland D , Mensah F , Brown SJ
Published: May 2014

Objective

To describe the prevalence of maternal depression from pregnancy to 4 years postpartum, and the risk factors for depressive symptoms at 4 years postpartum.

Design

Prospective pregnancy cohort study of nulliparous women.

Setting

Melbourne, Australia.

Sample

In all, 1507 women completed baseline data in pregnancy (mean gestation 15 weeks).

Methods

Women were recruited from six public hospitals. Questionnaires were completed at recruitment and 3, 6, 12 and 18 months postpartum, and 4 years postpartum.

Main outcome measures

Scores ≥13 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used to indicate depressive symptoms.

Results

Almost one in three women reported depressive symptoms at least once in the first 4 years after birth. The prevalence of depressive symptoms at 4 years postpartum was 14.5%, and was higher than at any time‐point in the first 12 months postpartum. Women with one child at 4 years postpartum were more likely to report depressive symptoms at this time compared with women with subsequent children (22.9 versus 11.3%), and this association remained significant in adjusted models (Adjusted odds ratio 1.71, 95% confidence interval 1.12–2.63).

Conclusions

Maternal depression is more common at 4 years postpartum than at any time in the first 12 months postpartum, and women with one child at 4 years postpartum report significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms than women with subsequent children. There is a need for scaling up of current services to extend surveillance of maternal mental health to cover the early years of parenting.
Effects of Retail Style or Food Service Style Packaging Type and Storage Time on Sensory Characteristics of Bacon Manufactured from Commercially Sourced Pork Bellies
Authors: Lowe B.K. , Bohrer B.M. , Holmer S.F. , Boler D.D. , Dilger A.C.
Published: May 2014

Objectives were to characterize differences in pork bellies that were stored frozen for different durations prior to processing and characterize sensory properties of the bacon derived from those bellies when stored in either retail or food service style packaging. Bellies (n = 102) were collected from 4 different time periods, fresh bellies (never frozen) and bellies frozen for 2, 5, or 7 mo, and manufactured into bacon under commercial conditions. Food service bacon was packaged in oxygen‐permeable polyvinyl lined boxes layered on wax‐covered lined paper and blast frozen (–33 °C) for 45 or 90 d after slicing. Retail bacon was vacuum‐packaged in retail packages and refrigerated (2 °C) in the dark for 60 or 120 d after slicing. At the end of respective storage times after slicing, bacon was analyzed for sensory attributes and lipid oxidation. Off‐flavor and oxidized odor of bacon increased (P < 0.01) with increasing storage time in both packaging types. Lipid oxidation increased (P < 0.01) as storage time increased from day 0 to day 45 in food service packaged bacon from frozen bellies, but was unchanged (P ≥ 0.07) with time in food service packaged bacon from fresh bellies. Lipid oxidation was also unchanged (P ≥ 0.21) over time in retail packaged bacon, with the exception of bellies frozen for 5 mo, which was increased from day 0 to day 90. Overall, off‐flavor, oxidized odor, and lipid oxidation increased as storage time after processing increased. Freezing bellies before processing may exacerbate lipid oxidation as storage time after processing was extended.
The Macaroni's ‘Ambrosial Essences’: Perfume, Identity and Public Space in Eighteenth‐Century England
Authors: Tullett William
Published: May 2014

The male antitype of the macaroni and the space of the pleasure gardens in which he reputedly existed have been primarily understood in terms of vision. This article seeks to re‐integrate other senses, particularly olfaction, into our understanding of these subjects. Sounds and smells, of individuals and urban spaces, undermined the idea of the pleasure garden as an enclosed space and the cultivation of the senses it attempted to encourage. The macaroni and his perfumes were an extreme example of this, linking the pleasure garden to the perfumer's shop and disrupting understandings of bodily comportment, masculinity and the proper use of the senses.
Particle size distribution and optimal capture of aqueous macrobial eDNA
Authors: Turner Cameron R. , Barnes Matthew A. , Xu Charles C. Y. , Jones Stuart E. , Jerde Christopher L. , Lodge David M.
Published: May 2014

Using environmental DNA (eDNA) to detect aquatic macroorganisms is a new survey method with broad applicability. However, the origin, state and fate of aqueous macrobial eDNA – which collectively determine how well eDNA can serve as a proxy for directly observing organisms and how eDNA should be captured, purified and assayed – are poorly understood.

The size of aquatic particles provides clues about their origin, state and fate. We used sequential filtration size fractionation to measure the particle size distribution (PSD) of macrobial eDNA, specifically Common Carp (hereafter referred to as Carp) eDNA. We compared it to the PSDs of total eDNA (from all organisms) and suspended particle matter (SPM). We quantified Carp mitochondrial eDNA using a custom qPCR assay, total eDNA with fluorometry and SPM with gravimetric analysis.

In a lake and a pond, we found Carp eDNA in particles from >180 to <0·2 μm, but it was most abundant from 1 to 10 μm. Total eDNA was most abundant below 0·2 μm, and SPM was most abundant above 100 μm. SPM consisted of ≤0·1% total eDNA, and total eDNA consisted of ≤0·0004% Carp eDNA. 0·2 μm filtration maximized Carp eDNA capture (85% ± 6%) while minimizing total (i.e. non‐target) eDNA capture (48% ± 3%), but filter clogging limited this pore size to a sample volume <250 mL. To mitigate this limitation, we estimated a continuous PSD model for Carp eDNA and derived an equation for calculating isoclines of pore size and water volume that yield equivalent amounts of Carp eDNA.

Our results suggest that aqueous macrobial eDNA predominantly exists inside mitochondria or cells, and that settling may therefore play an important role in its fate. For optimal eDNA capture, we recommend 0·2 μm filtration or a combination of larger pore size and water volume that exceeds the 0·2 μm isocline. In situ filtration of large volumes could maximize detection probability when surveying large habitats for rare organisms. Our method for eDNA particle size analysis enables future research to compare the PSDs of eDNA from other organisms and environments, and to easily apply them for ecological monitoring.
Characterisation of the tolerance to the beet leafhopper transmitted virescence agent phytoplasma in the PI128655 accession of Solanum peruvianum
Authors: Garcion C. , Eveillard S. , Renaudin J.
Published: May 2014

In 1992, Thomas and Hassan reported an apparent immunity and tolerance to the beet leafhopper transmitted virescence agent (BLTVA) phytoplasma in the PI128655 accession of Solanum peruvianum (Plant Disease 76:139). We revisited this interaction in an effort to better characterize the bases of plant resistance and tolerance to phytoplasmas. After challenge with a BLTVA strain, plants of the PI128655 accession fell into two distinct symptom‐based groups, termed class I and class II. Class II plants displayed symptoms on the vegetative parts and phloem hyperplasia, whereas class I plants showed symptoms only on the inflorescence parts, and no phloem hyperplasia. Plants of both classes hosted similar titres of BLTVA, demonstrating that the lower symptom severity in class I plants was due to tolerance rather than resistance. However, this tolerance was not effective against all phytoplasmas, as both classes of plants were equally susceptible to a stolbur phytoplasma strain. A genetic analysis suggested that the BLTVA tolerance of class I plants was monogenic. Finally, a reciprocal graft experiment showed that the virulence of the BLTVA strain seemed to increase after propagation through class II plants. These results provide valuable insights on the tolerance of plants to phytoplasma diseases, and highlight the usefulness of the S. peruvianum/BLTVA experimental pathosystem.
Cognitive remediation combined with an early intervention service in first episode psychosis
Authors: Østergaard Christensen T. , Vesterager L. , Krarup G. , Olsen B. B. , Melau M. , Gluud C. , Nordentoft M.
Published: May 2014

Objective

This randomised clinical trial assessed the effects of a 16‐week cognitive remediation programme (NEUROCOM) combined with an early intervention service (EIS) vs. EIS alone.

Method

One hundred and seventeen patients with first episode psychosis were randomly assigned to 4 months cognitive remediation combined with EIS vs. EIS alone. Statistical analysis of effect was based on intention to treat.

Results

A total of 98 patients (83.8%) participated in post‐training assessments at 4 months and 92 (78.6%) in 12‐month follow‐up assessments. No effects were found on the primary outcome measure functional capacity. At the post‐training assessment, the intervention group had improved significantly on Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (Cohen's d = 0.54, P = 0.01), Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), General Psychopathology Scale (Cohen's d = 0.51, P = 0.05) and the verbal learning domain (Cohen's d = 0.46, P = 0.02). At follow‐up assessment, the intervention group retained the significant improvements on the verbal learning domain (Cohen's d = 0.58, P < 0.05). Furthermore, significant improvements were observed on the working memory domain (Cohen's d = 0.56, P = 0.01) and PANSS positive symptoms (Cohen's d = 0.44, P = 0.04), while improvement on the composite score was marginally significant (Cohen's d = 0.34, P = 0.05).

Conclusion

In accordance with other cognitive remediation programmes, this programme demonstrates some immediate and long‐term effect on cognitive functioning, symptoms and self‐esteem.
Anatomic and Hormonal Changes in the Female Reproductive Tract Immune Environment during the Life Cycle: Implications for HIV/STI Prevention Research
Authors: Venkatesh Kartik K. , Cu‐Uvin Susan
Published: May 2014

The female genital tract undergoes anatomic changes from birth through menopause. Concurrently, the relative levels and roles of estradiol and progesterone dramatically change during the female life cycle. This review provides a conceptual overview of clinically relevant anatomic and hormonal changes in the female genital tract, and how these changes may affect HIV‐1 pathogenesis, transmission, and mucosal immunology and protection against HIV and STIs across the female life cycle.
Bacterial Vaginosis and the Cervicovaginal Immune Response
Authors: Mitchell Caroline , Marrazzo Jeanne
Published: May 2014

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause of vaginal discharge in reproductive age women around the world and is associated with several poor reproductive health outcomes, including HIV‐1 acquisition. One possible mechanism for this association is the inflammatory immune response induced by BV in the cervical and vaginal mucosae. There is significant heterogeneity in reports of markers of cervicovaginal inflammation in women with BV, likely due to microbial and host diversity, as well as differences in study design. In this article, we review the characteristics of the mucosal immune response in BV, the potential role of lactobacilli in modulating that response, and the impact of individual BV‐associated bacterial species on mucosal immunity. We focus on inflammatory markers that are proposed to increase the risk of HIV‐1 acquisition.
Making Tigers from Tamils: Long‐Distance Nationalism and Sri Lankan Tamils in Toronto
Authors: Thiranagama Sharika
Published: May 2014

This article discusses the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora in Toronto and its relationship to the Tamil separatist group, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Taking the case of the Sri Lankan Tamils, oft‐cited as the example par excellence of long‐distance nationalism, I argue against naturalizing diasporic ethnonationalism to investigate instead how diasporas are fashioned into specific kinds of actors. I examine tensions that emerged as an earlier elite Tamil movement gave way to the contemporary migration of much larger class‐and caste‐fractured communities, while a cultural imaginary of migration as a form of mobility persisted. I suggest that concomitant status anxieties have propelled culturalist imaginations of a unified Tamil community in Toronto who, through the actions of LTTE‐affiliated organizations, have condensed the Tigers and their imagined homeland, Tamil Eelam, into representing Tamil community life. While most Tamils may not have explicitly espoused LTTE ideology, as a result of the LTTE becoming the backbone of community life, Tamils became complicit with and reaffirmed the LTTE project of defending “Tamilness” militarily in Sri Lanka and culturally in Toronto. I suggest that the self‐presentation of diasporic communities should be analyzed within specific histories, contemporary conflicts and fractures, and active mobilizing structures.
Serum fatty acid profile does not reflect seafood intake in adolescents with atopic eczema
Authors: Barman Malin , Jonsson Karin , Sandin Anna , Wold Agnes E. , Sandberg Ann‐Sofie
Published: May 2014

Aim

Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are immunomodulatory, but their role in allergy development is controversial. We investigated whether proportions of LCPUFAs in serum phospholipids were related to allergic diagnosis, seafood intake and LCPUFA proportions in cord blood.

Methods

Serum was obtained from 148 birth cohort children at 13 years of age. Forty had atopic eczema, 53 had respiratory allergy, and 55 were nonallergic. Proportions of LCPUFAs were determined in serum phospholipids; cord blood from 128 of the individuals was previously analysed. Seafood intake was estimated using questionnaires.

Results

Allergic and nonallergic individuals did not differ significantly regarding individual LCPUFAs. However, arachidonic acid over docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratio was higher in allergic, compared with nonallergic, adolescents. In nonallergic individuals, LCPUFA proportions in cord serum and adolescent serum correlated weakly. In individuals with atopic eczema and respiratory allergy, these correlations were weak or absent. A moderate correlation between seafood intake and serum DHA was seen in nonallergic individuals and those with respiratory allergy, but not in those with atopic eczema.

Conclusion

Serum LCPUFA pattern was similar in allergic and nonallergic adolescents. Fatty acid metabolism may be altered in atopic eczema subjects, suggested by poor correlations between fatty acid intake and serum levels.
Basin evolution and palaeoenvironmental variability of the thermokarst lake El'gene‐Kyuele, Arctic Siberia
Authors: Schleusner Philipp , Biskaborn Boris K. , Kienast Frank , Wolter Juliane , Subetto Dmitry , Diekmann Bernhard
Published: May 2014

Thermokarst lakes are a widespread feature of the Arctic tundra, in which highly dynamic processes are closely connected with current and past climate changes. We investigated late Quaternary sediment dynamics, basin and shoreline evolution, and environmental interrelations of Lake El'gene‐Kyuele in the NE Siberian Arctic (latitude 71°17′N, longitude 125°34′E). The water‐body displays thaw‐lake characteristics cutting into both Pleistocene Ice Complex and Holocene alas sediments. Our methods are based on grain size distribution, mineralogical composition, TOC/N ratio, stable carbon isotopes and the analysis of plant macrofossils from a 3.5‐m sediment profile at the modern eastern lake shore. Our results show two main sources for sediments in the lake basin: terrigenous diamicton supplied from thermokarst slopes and the lake shore, and lacustrine detritus that has mainly settled in the deep lake basin. The lake and its adjacent thermokarst basin rapidly expanded during the early Holocene. This climatically warmer than today period was characterized by forest or forest tundra vegetation composed of larches, birch trees and shrubs. Woodlands of both the HTM and the Late Pleistocene were affected by fire, which potentially triggered the initiation of thermokarst processes resulting later in lake formation and expansion. The maximum lake depth at the study site and the lowest limnic bioproductivity occurred during the longest time interval of ∼7 ka starting in the Holocene Thermal Maximum and lasting throughout the progressively cooler Neoglacial, whereas partial drainage and an extensive shift of the lake shoreline occurred ∼0.9 cal. ka BP. Correspondingly, this study discusses different climatic and environmental drivers for the dynamics of a thermokarst basin.
Combining correlative and mechanistic habitat suitability models to improve ecological compensation
Authors: Meineri Eric , Deville Anne‐Sophie , Grémillet David , Gauthier‐Clerc Michel , Béchet Arnaud
Published: May 2014

Only a few studies have shown positive impacts of ecological compensation on species dynamics affected by human activities. We argue that this is due to inappropriate methods used to forecast required compensation in environmental impact assessments. These assessments are mostly descriptive and only valid at limited spatial and temporal scales. However, habitat suitability models developed to predict the impacts of environmental changes on potential species' distributions should provide rigorous science‐based tools for compensation planning. Here we describe the two main classes of predictive models: correlative models and individual‐based mechanistic models. We show how these models can be used alone or synoptically to improve compensation planning. While correlative models are easier to implement, they tend to ignore underlying ecological processes and lack accuracy. On the contrary, individual‐based mechanistic models can integrate biological interactions, dispersal ability and adaptation. Moreover, among mechanistic models, those considering animal energy balance are particularly efficient at predicting the impact of foraging habitat loss. However, mechanistic models require more field data compared to correlative models. Hence we present two approaches which combine both methods for compensation planning, especially in relation to the spatial scale considered. We show how the availability of biological databases and software enabling fast and accurate population projections could be advantageously used to assess ecological compensation requirement efficiently in environmental impact assessments.
Stable Isotope Evidence ofPuma concolor(Felidae) Feeding Patterns in Agricultural Landscapes in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Magioli Marcelo , Moreira Marcelo Z. , Ferraz Katia Maria B. , Miotto Renata A. , de Camargo Plínio B. , Rodrigues Márcia G. , da Silva Canhoto Mariana C. , Setz Eleonore F.
Published: May 2014

We evaluated puma (Puma concolor) feeding patterns in southeastern Brazilian agricultural landscapes using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses of hair collected from fecal samples (N = 64). We classified the samples into three groups: feeding patterns based on forest remnants, on the agricultural matrix or both. We observed a predominance of consumption of C3prey (~47% of individuals) in the area with the highest proportion of forest coverage. Conversely, C4prey were highly consumed (~40% of individuals) where the agricultural matrix was predominant. Theδ13C values for pumas in both areas indicated that their food resources come from both forest remnants and the agricultural matrix and that some individuals preferentially consumed C4prey, indicating that food resources from the agricultural matrix make up most of their diet (~46% of prey individuals). The wide range of puma'sδ15N values in both areas indicated a diet based on different types of prey. However, the C4group had higher values, indicating that both pumas and their prey feed on enriched resources from the agricultural matrix. The results confirm the high behavioral plasticity of pumas in using highly anthropogenic habitats. The stable isotope analyses conducted in this study yielded new information on large carnivore trophic ecology that might be useful in the development of new conservation strategies in disturbed areas.
The Impact of Analogies on Creative Concept Generation: Lessons From anIn VivoStudy in Engineering Design
Authors: Chan Joel , Schunn Christian
Published: May 2014

Research on innovation often highlights analogies from sources outside the current problem domain as a major source of novel concepts; however, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. We analyzed the temporal interplay between far analogy use and creative concept generation in a professional design team's brainstorming conversations, investigating the hypothesis that far analogies lead directly to very novel concepts via large steps in conceptual spaces (jumps). Surprisingly, we found that concepts were more similar to their preceding concepts after far analogy use compared to baseline situations (i.e., without far analogy use). Yet far analogies increased the team's concept generation rate compared to baseline conditions. Overall, these results challenge the view that far analogies primarily lead to novel concepts via jumps in conceptual spaces and suggest alternative pathways from far analogies to novel concepts (e.g., iterative, deep exploration within a functional space).
Facilitation of ipsilateral actions of corticospinal tract neurons on feline motoneurons by transcranial direct current stimulation
Authors: Bączyk Marcin , Pettersson Lars‐Gunnar , Jankowska Elzbieta
Published: May 2014

Ipsilateral actions of pyramidal tract (PT) neurons are weak but may, if strengthened, compensate for deficient crossed PT actions following brain damage. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can strengthen ipsilateral PT (iPT) actions; in particular, those relayed by reticulospinal neurons co‐excited by axon collaterals of fibres descending in the iPT and contralateral PT (coPT) and of reticulospinal neurons descending in the medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF). The effects of tDCS were assessed in acute experiments on deeply anaesthetized cats by comparing postsynaptic potentials evoked in hindlimb motoneurons and discharges recorded from their axons in a ventral root, before, during and after tDCS. tDCS was consistently found to facilitate joint actions of the iPT and coPT, especially when they were stimulated together with the MLF. Both excitatory postsynaptic potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked in motoneurons and the ensuing ventral root discharges were facilitated, even though the facilitatory effects of tDCS were not sufficient for activation of motoneurons by iPT neurons alone. Facilitation outlasted single tDCS periods by at least a few minutes, and the effects evoked by repeated tDCS by up to 2 h. The results of this study thus indicate that tDCS may increase the contribution of iPT actions to the recovery of motor functions after injuries to coPT neurons, and thereby assist rehabilitation, provided that corticoreticular and reticulospinal connections are preserved.
Isolation and characterization of ten microsatellite loci in stingless bee Trigona spinipes (Apidae: Meliponini)
Authors: Santiago Leandro Rodrigues , Pioker‐Hara Fabiana Curtopassi , Francisco Flávio de Oliveira , Brito Rute Magalhães , Gonçalves Paulo Henrique Pereira , Domingues‐Yamada Alayne Magalhães Trindade , Arias Maria Cristina
Published: May 2014

Stingless bees are the most abundant pollinators of Brazilian tropical flora. Trigona spinipes has some of the largest colonies of any stingless bee species found in several types of environment. This work describes the isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for this species. A microsatellite‐enriched genomic library was constructed and ten primer pairs were designed for T. spinipes. The primers were tested in 20 unrelated individuals. The mean number of alleles was 8.10 and mean observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.655 and 0.680, respectively. Primers were also tested in cross‐species amplification and five loci were successfully amplified in Trigona chanchamayoensis, Trigona hyalinata, Tetragonisca angustula, Partamona mulata and Frieseomelitta varia. The microsatellite primers described herein will be useful for evaluating genetic variability and gaining a better understanding of the population structure of T. spinipes as well as other species of stingless bees.
Is it time to replace the Wada test and put awake craniotomy to sleep?
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C. , Rezaie Roozbeh , Narayana Shalini , Choudhri Asim F. , Wheless James W. , Castillo Eduardo M. , Baumgartner James E. , Boop Frederick A.
Published: May 2014

The question we address here is whether the invasive presurgical brain mapping approaches of direct cortical stimulation and of the Wada procedure can be replaced by noninvasive functional neuroimaging methods (functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI], magnetoencephalography [MEG], transcranial magnetic stimulation and [TMS]). First, we outline the reasons for contemplating such a replacement. Second, we present evidence to the effect that the efficacy of the invasive and noninvasive methods, while suboptimal, is comparable. Third, we discuss additional advantages of noninvasive presurgical brain mapping and conclude that there are no longer compelling reasons for opting for invasive mapping in many if not most cases provided that the non‐invasive methods are available.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Workshop on Neurobiology of Epilepsy appraisal: New systemic imaging technologies to study the brain in experimental models of epilepsy
Authors: Dedeurwaerdere Stefanie , Shultz Sandy R. , Federico Paolo , Engel Jerome
Published: May 2014

Modern functional neuroimaging provides opportunities to visualize activity of the entire brain, making it an indispensable diagnostic tool for epilepsy. Various forms of noninvasive functional neuroimaging are now also being performed as research tools in animal models of epilepsy and provide opportunities for parallel animal/human investigations into fundamental mechanisms of epilepsy and identification of epilepsy biomarkers. Recent animal studies of epilepsy using positron emission tomography, tractography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed. Epilepsy is an abnormal emergent property of disturbances in neuronal networks which, even for epilepsies characterized by focal seizures, involve widely distributed systems, often in both hemispheres. Functional neuroimaging in animal models now provides opportunities to examine neuronal disturbances in the whole brain that underlie generalized and focal seizure generation as well as various types of epileptogenesis. Tremendous advances in understanding the contribution of specific properties of widely distributed neuronal networks to both normal and abnormal human behavior have been provided by current functional neuroimaging methodologies. Successful application of functional neuroimaging of the whole brain in the animal laboratory now permits investigations during epileptogenesis and correlation with deep brain electroencephalography (EEG) activity. With the continuing development of these techniques and analytical methods, the potential for future translational research on epilepsy is enormous.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here
Epilepsy and outcome in FOXG1‐related disorders
Authors: Seltzer Laurie E. , Ma Mandy , Ahmed Sohnee , Bertrand Mary , Dobyns William B. , Wheless James , Paciorkowski Alex R.
Published: May 2014

Objective

FOXG1‐related disorders are associated with severe intellectual disability, absent speech with autistic features, and epilepsy. Children with deletions or intragenic mutations of FOXG1 also have postnatal microcephaly, morphologic abnormalities of the corpus callosum, and choreiform movements. Duplications of 14q12 often present with infantile spasms, and have subsequent intellectual disability with autistic features. Long‐term epilepsy outcome and response to treatment have not been studied systematically in a well‐described cohort of subjects with FOXG1‐related disorders. We report on the epilepsy features and developmental outcome of 23 new subjects with deletions or intragenic mutations of FOXG1, and 7 subjects with duplications.

Methods

Subjects had either chromosomal microarray or FOXG1 gene sequencing performed as part of routine clinical care. Development and epilepsy follow‐up data were collected from medical records from treating neurologists and through telephone parental interviews using standardized questionnaires.

Results

Epilepsy was diagnosed in 87% of the subjects with FOXG1‐related disorders. The mean age of epilepsy diagnosis in FOXG1 duplications was significantly younger than those with deletions/intragenic mutations (p = 0.0002). All of the duplication FOXG1 children with infantile spasms responded to hormonal therapy, and only one required long‐term antiepileptic therapy. In contrast, more children with deletions/intragenic mutations required antiepileptic drugs on follow‐up (p < 0.0005). All subjects with FOXG1‐related disorders had neurodevelopmental disabilities after 3 years of age, regardless of the epilepsy type or intractability of seizures. All had impaired verbal language and social contact, and three duplication subjects were formally diagnosed with autism. Subjects with deletion/intragenic mutations, however, had significantly worse ambulation (p = 0.04) and functional hand use (p < 0.0005).

Significance

Epilepsy and developmental outcome characteristics allow clinicians to distinguish among the FOXG1‐related disorders. Further genotype–phenotype studies of FOXG1 may help to elucidate why children develop different forms of developmental epilepsy.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here
Local and Global Geographies of Innovation: Structures, Processes, and Geographical Contexts from a Firm Perspective
Authors: Rusten Grete , Overå Ragnhild
Published: May 2014

This paper introduces a special issue addressing the relationship between innovations and geographical contexts. The content, role, and sourcing of knowledge and how this relates to production systems and particular innovation projects is addressed. It includes a discussion about how firm strategies and organizational arrangements such as sourcing strategies, brokering arrangements, and project bundling effects the position of clusters as a knowledge source. Part of this discussion refers to the content of the three papers that follows.
Comparison of microbial communities between normal and swollen canned soy sauces using nested PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, HPLC and plate techniques
Authors: Cheng Lili , Lin Weifeng , Li Pan , Huang Jianfei , Luo Lixin
Published: May 2014

The microbial community of normal and swollen canned soy sauce was investigated using molecular biological method. The PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed that four lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including Lactobacillus acidipiscis, L. pobuzihii, L. piscium and another Lactobacillus sp., were involved in the swollen canned samples. Plate technique showed that three diverse species of Bacillus (B. subtilis, B. oleronius and B. flexus) were present in the swollen canned samples. However, much less bacterial contaminants were detected in the normal samples. According to the HPLC analysis, the lactic acid concentrations of the swollen canned samples were significantly higher than those in the normal samples. These results indicated that LAB can play a key role in contributing to the acidisation of the swollen canned soy sauce products. Our results confirmed the existence of Bacillus sp. and LAB in the packaged fermented soy sauce.
Expression and function of endothelial selectins during human development
Authors: Auvinen Kaisa , Jalkanen Sirpa , Salmi Marko
Published: May 2014

Leucocyte trafficking is vital for the immune defence. In adults, early tethering and rolling interactions between leucocytes and endothelial cells are mediated by P‐, E‐ and L‐selectins and their ligands. In contrast, the role of selectins in migration of mononuclear cells during fetal development in humans remains unknown. We studied the functions of endothelial E‐ and P‐selectins and their counter‐receptors during human ontogeny. Immunohistochemical stainings showed that P‐selectin is expressed in megakaryocytes and endothelial cells starting from gestational weeks 7 and 11, respectively. Endothelial E‐selectin appeared latest, at week 32. Real‐time imaging using in vitro flow chamber assays showed that cord blood mononuclear leucocytes used E‐, P‐ and L‐selectin and PSGL‐1 to roll on and adhere to endothelium under physiological shear stress. These data show that selectins are synthesized and functional before birth in humans and have the potential to mediate the emigration of mononuclear cells and inflammatory responses.