bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Otolaryngological Complications in Patients Infected with the Influenza A (H1N1) Virus
Authors: Gutierrez Catalina , Nazar Gonzalo Andres , Torres Juan Pablo
Published: October 2011

Objective

To describe bacterial upper respiratory infections in patients with influenza A (H1N1) virus during the 2009 pandemic.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

May 17 to July 17, 2009, Clinica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.

Subjects and Methods

Patients with clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1) who presented to the emergency department or other medical specialists with bacterial upper respiratory infection requiring antibiotic treatment within 2 months of influenza diagnosis.

Results

A total of 10,048 cases of influenza A (H1N1) were identified by the emergency department. All patients received oseltamivir. Fifty‐four patients (0.55%) who presented with bacterial upper respiratory infection within 2 months after the diagnosis of influenza were selected. The median time to presentation with bacterial respiratory infection was 12 days. Median age was 12 years, and 51.8% were male. The most common bacterial upper respiratory infections were acute rhinosinusitis (46.4%; median age, 17 years), acute otitis media (33.9%; median age, 5 years), and pharyngotonsillitis (14.3%; median age, 17 years). Four patients were hospitalized: 3 with streptococcal tonsillitis with prolonged fever and 1 with acute otitis media who later developed pansinusitis and otomastoiditis. There were no deaths in this group of patients.

Conclusion

There were few bacterial upper respiratory infections associated with influenza A (H1N1) (0.55%). The most common infections were acute otitis media in young children and acute rhinosinusitis and pharyngotonsillitis in young adults. These complications were more often seen during the 2 months following the influenza infection than at the time of diagnosis with influenza. Outcome was favorable for all patients.
The Effects of a Buddy Skills Package on Preschool Children’s Social Interactions and Play
Authors: Hughett Kristy , Kohler Frank W. , Raschke Donna
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a buddy skills package on the social and play interactions between three preschoolers with developmental delays and their peers. Each child participated in sociodramatic play activities with two peers who exhibited age-appropriate social and play skills. Following baseline, the children participated in three sessions of training on the strategies of stay, play, and talk with your friends. The intervention consisting of teacher feedback, praise, and picture cards was then used to support children’s social interactions and play. A multiple baseline design indicated that the package was effective for increasing children’s cooperative play in the exchange of activity-related comments. In addition, each playgroup continued to demonstrate these positive outcomes during a maintenance condition.
In Vivo Tibiofemoral Kinematics During 4 Functional Tasks of Increasing Demand Using Biplane Fluoroscopy
Authors: Myers Casey A. , Torry Michael R. , Shelburne Kevin B. , Giphart J. Erik , LaPrade Robert F. , Woo Savio L-Y. , Steadman J. Richard
Published: October 2011

Background: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has been well defined as the main passive restraint to anterior tibial translation (ATT) in the knee and plays an important role in rotational stability. However, it is unknown how closely the ACL and other passive and active structures of the knee constrain translations and rotations across a set of functional activities of increasing demand on the quadriceps.

Hypothesis: Anterior tibial translation and internal rotation of the tibia relative to the femur would increase as the demand on the quadriceps increased.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: The in vivo 3-dimensional knee kinematics of 10 adult female patients (height, 167.8 ± 7.1 cm; body mass, 57 ± 4 kg; body mass index [BMI], 24.8 ± 1.7 kg/m2; age, 29.7 ± 7.9 years) was measured using biplane fluoroscopy while patients completed 4 functional tasks. The tasks included an unloaded knee extension in which the patient slowly extended the knee from 90° to 0° of flexion in 2 seconds; walking at a constant pace of 90 steps per minute; a maximum effort isometric knee extension with the knee at 70° of flexion; and landing from a height of 40 cm in which the patient stepped off a box, landed, and immediately performed a maximum effort vertical jump.

Results: Landing (5.6 ± 1.9 mm) produced significantly greater peak ATT than walking (3.1 ± 2.2 mm) and unweighted full extension (2.6 ± 2.1 mm) ( P < .01), but there was no difference between landing and a maximum isometric contraction (5.0 ± 1.9 mm). While there was no significant difference in peak internal rotation between landing (19.4° ± 5.7°), maximum isometric contraction (15.9° ± 6.7°), and unweighted full knee extension (14.5° ± 7.7°), each produced significantly greater internal rotation than walking (3.9° ± 4.2°) ( P < .001). Knee extension torque significantly increased for each task ( P < .01): unweighted knee extension (4.7 ± 1.2 N·m), walking (36.5 ± 7.9 N·m), maximum isometric knee extension (105.1 ± 8.2 N·m), and landing (140.2 ± 26.2 N·m).

Conclusion: Anterior tibial translations significantly increased as demand on the quadriceps and external loading increased. Internal rotation was not significantly different between landing, isometric contraction, and unweighted knee extension. Additionally, ATT and internal rotation from each motion were within the normal range, and no excessive amounts of translation or rotation were observed.

Clinical Relevance: This study demonstrated that while ATT will increase as demand on the quadriceps and external loading increases, the knee is able to effectively constrain ATT and internal rotation. This suggests that the healthy knee has a safe envelope of function that is tightly controlled even though task demand is elevated.
Measurement of Rotational Laxity of the Knee
Authors: Alam Mahbub , Bull Anthony M.J. , Thomas Rhidian deW , Amis Andrew A.
Published: October 2011

Background: Posterolateral corner (PLC) injuries are difficult to diagnose and cause significant morbidity. The ideal method for the dial test and its accuracy remain unclear.

Purpose: This study compares the accuracy of measuring tibial external rotation at the skeletal level to measuring the patella-tubercle angle (PTA) and the thigh-foot angle (TFA) in the supine position to assess the most accurate method to measure rotation during the dial test.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Measurements were compared simultaneously using rotational goniometers at a cutaneous splint over the tibia, at a foot splint, and directly from the tibial skeleton. Six lower limbs were used. The femur was held rigidly and the knee tested at 90° and 30° of flexion. External rotation torque up to 8 N·m was applied through the foot splint, and the rotations were measured by 2 testers.

Results: Measurements at the tibial splint and directly on the tibia showed significant correlation at both knee flexion angles. The mean tibial external rotation was 24° at 90° of flexion and 26° at 30° of flexion ( P < .05). The soft tissue effect caused the tibial splint to overestimate rotations by a mean of 6° and 9° at 90° and 30° of flexion, respectively. Foot splint measurements did not correlate significantly with tibial rotation, overestimating rotations by a mean of 103%. Intratester and intertester intraclass correlations were significant for the skin-mounted tibial splint measurements at both flexion angles but not for foot splint measurements at either flexion angles.

Conclusion: Rotation of the foot did not accurately represent the tibial external rotation at the knee, which could be measured more accurately by an instrument resting on the skin via a molded tibial splint. These results suggest that the PTA, and not the TFA, should be used in the dial test. This would support the use of the supine position during the dial test.

Clinical Relevance: The dial test is a commonly used method for diagnosing PLC injuries. This study helps to identify the ideal position and measuring points to use for this test; measurements based on the tibia were more accurate than those that used rotation of the foot.
Monitoring the initiation and growth of delamination in composite materials using acoustic emission under quasi-static three-point bending test
Authors: Fotouhi M. , Pashmforoush F. , Ahmadi M. , Refahi Oskouei A.
Published: October 2011

Control and optimization of machining processes are important issues affecting the development of productivity. Monitoring systems have become indispensable in the evaluation of materials during machining. In this paper, the path toward the delamination-free drilling of glass/epoxy composite material is established using some novel methods based on acoustic emission features. Acoustic emission monitoring with three techniques, sentry function, acoustic emission energy distribution, and acoustic emission count distribution, are developed to detect and realize the critical force at the onset of delamination process on glass/epoxy composite materials. The three-point bending test simulates thrust force, the most effective factor in delamination, throughout the process of drilling without backup plate. Sentry function is regarded as a new method based on the combination of AE information and mechanical behavior of composite materials. The sentry function was used to study the initiation and growth of delamination process. Two types of specimen with different layups, woven [0, 90]s and unidirectional [0]s, leading to different levels of damage evolution, were studied. Results show that AE parameters and sentry function method are useful tools for the examination of initiation and the growth of delamination during drilling process and can help to avoid delamination damage while drilling.
The effect of cadmium toxicity on renal nitric oxide synthase isoenzymes
Authors: Soyupek Sedat , Oksay Taylan , Sütçü Recep , Armağan Abdullah , Gökalp Osman , Perk Hakkı , Delibaş Namık
Published: October 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the cadmium (Cd) toxicity on renal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes. The study was carried out on 18 inbred male (Cd group: 10 and control group: 8) Wistar rats. Cd group received drinking water containing 15 mg/L Cd for 30 days; and at the end of the 30 days, plasma Cd was analysed. One kidney was snap frozen to assess the endothelial NOS (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) expressions by Western blot analyses, and the other kidney was preserved for histopathological examination. Plasma Cd levels were significantly elevated in the Cd group. The Western blot analyses found higher levels of eNOS, iNOS and nNOS in the Cd group but only eNOS and nNOS levels were statistically significant. There was no difference in pathological assessment of the renal tissues. Cd toxicity increases NOS isoenzyme levels and may affect renal physiology.
Effects of electromagnetic radiation from 3G mobile phone on heart rate, blood pressure and ECG parameters in rats
Authors: Colak Cengiz , Parlakpinar Hakan , Ermis Necip , Tagluk Mehmet Emin , Colak Cemil , Sarihan Ediz , Dilek Omer Faruk , Turan Bahadir , Bakir Sevtap , Acet Ahmet
Published: October 2011

Effects of electromagnetic energy radiated from mobile phones (MPs) on heart is one of the research interests. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from third-generation (3G) MP on the heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and ECG parameters and also to investigate whether exogenous melatonin can exert any protective effect on these parameters. In this study 36 rats were randomized and evenly categorized into 4 groups: group 1 (3G-EMR exposed); group 2 (3G-EMR exposed + melatonin); group 3 (control) and group 4 (control + melatonin). The rats in groups 1 and 2 were exposed to 3G-specific MP’s EMR for 20 days (40 min/day; 20 min active (speech position) and 20 min passive (listening position)). Group 2 was also administered with melatonin for 20 days (5 mg/kg daily during the experimental period). ECG signals were recorded from cannulated carotid artery both before and after the experiment, and BP and HR were calculated on 1st, 3rd and 5th min of recordings. ECG signals were processed and statistically evaluated. In our experience, the obtained results did not show significant differences in the BP, HR and ECG parameters among the groups both before and after the experiment. Melatonin, also, did not exhibit any additional effects, neither beneficial nor hazardous, on the heart hemodynamics of rats. Therefore, the strategy (noncontact) of using a 3G MP could be the reason for ineffectiveness; and use of 3G MP, in this perspective, seems to be safer compared to the ones used in close contact with the head. However, further study is needed for standardization of such an assumption.
Ameliorative effect of docosahexaenoic acid on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced histological changes, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in rat liver
Authors: Türkez Hasan , Geyikoglu Fatime , Yousef Mokhtar Ibrahim
Published: October 2011

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental contaminant that leads to the development of hepatotoxicity. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been proposed to counteract oxidative stress and improve antioxidant status, and several studies suggest that supplementations with antioxidants can influence hepatotoxicity. The aim of the current study was to explore the role of DHA in modulating the toxicity of TCDD in the liver of Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were assigned to four groups ( n = 5): control (only dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)), 8 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) TCDD in DMSO solution; 250 mg/kg b.w. DHA and TCDD plus DHA; respectively. Rats were intraperitoneally administered their respective doses daily for 21 days. On day 21, the animals were killed, and then biochemical tests, pathological examination, and micronucleus (MN) assay were performed in the liver. Our results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased and serious pathological findings were established in rats that received TCDD. Beside the rate of MNs in hepatocytes was increased after the treatment with dioxin. In rats treated with DHA alone, MNs were not changed and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased. The presence of DHA with TCDD alleviated its pathological effects in hepatic tissue. DHA also prevented the suppression of antioxidant enzymes in the livers of animals exposed to TCDD and displayed a strong protective effect against MNs. It can be concluded that DHA has beneficial influences and could be able to antagonize TCDD toxicity in liver.
What Is Quality Improvement and Why Should Child Neurologists Care?
Authors: Leviton Alan , Nichol Sarena Michell , Allred Elizabeth N. , Loddenkemper Tobias
Published: October 2011

In this article, the authors discuss the 6 domains of care identified by the Institute of Medicine report, Crossing the Chasm, with examples and questions that are especially relevant to physicians caring for children who have neurologic disorders and their families.
Soothability and Growth in Preterm Infants
Authors: Diesel Holly J. , Ercole Patrick M.
Published: October 2011

Purpose: This randomized control trial investigated the relationship between soothability, weight gain, and length of hospital stay in premature infants. Method: Forty-eight preterm infants were randomized into control group or flaxseed pillow treatment group. The pillow group received two 15-minute treatments per day. Treatment consisted of placing a flaxseed-filled pillow on the infants’ upper thorax, once in the morning and once in the afternoon, for the infant’s first 5 days of life. Physiologic measurements were obtained pre- and posttreatment, including temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and pain scores and measures of physical activity. Findings: Infants in the treatment group demonstrated significant decreases in heart rate, respiratory rate, and pain scores compared to infants in the control group. Infants in the treatment group also gained more weight in the first 3 weeks of life and spent more time awake. Discharge weights and length of stay at hospital did not vary between the two groups. Conclusions: The flaxseed pillow is a new method that may assist premature infants to become more soothable and gain weight more rapidly in the first weeks of life. The pillow is inexpensive, easy to use, and not associated with adverse events. Further research is recommended to explore the efficacy of this intervention in other populations.
Oil-flooded screw compressor for coal seam gas applications
Authors: Almasi A
Published: October 2011

The technical and cost advantages of oil-flooded screw compressors have made them the compressor of choice for coal seam gas field compression. The optimum arrangement for this compressor is presented. Lubricant oil provides rotor separating, internal cooling, noise damping, corrosion protection, and considerably higher compression ratio capability. The machine is simple, reliable, efficient, and compact. Critical areas for performance and reliability, including component design and manufacturing, journal and thrust bearing, seals, pulsation, noise, and auxiliary systems are outlined. The best methods of capacity control and condition monitoring are also described. A case study is presented.
A comparison of crosswind calculations using a full vehicle and a simplified 2D model
Authors: Sesma I , Vinolas J , San Emeterio A , Gimenez J G
Published: October 2011

High-speed vehicles are exposed to crosswinds that can result in the overturning of the vehicle. As part of the vehicle homologation process, the characteristic wind curve (CWC) must be calculated to determine the maximum vehicle velocity under different wind conditions. European Standard EN 14067-6 presents different approaches for studying this matter, from a two-dimensional (2D) model to a full multi-body model. The key to the problem rests in the uncertainties inherent in a multi-body model: characterizing its suspension elements and obtaining its aerodynamic coefficients. This paper compares a 2D model with a multi-body model of the same vehicle, and presents the advantages and disadvantages of each one. Results show that a 2D model is valid for graphing the CWC and sufficient for studying the basics of the overturning process. Furthermore, a wheel unloading time signal is also studied. It is concluded that the simplification process can modify the transitory response but that the maximum wheel unloading remains constant. Finally, a study of the wheel/rail contact is performed to check if the contact model has an influence on the calculation of the CWCs.
Multiple model adaptive reconfiguration control of state delayed systems
Authors: Guo Y , Jiang B , Zhang Y , Zhu Z-W
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a new direct model reference adaptive control framework based on a multiple model approach is proposed. The main objective is to synthesize a fault-tolerant controller which reconfigures the faulty system with state delay. This approach provides stable adaptation for a class of linear systems with state delay in the presence of unknown actuator faults. The proof of stability is based on the Lyapunov−Krasovskii function, while appropriate switching of the multiple models ensures asymptotic tracking for the system outputs, and under the proposed algorithms, the tracking errors of the reconfigured system trend to zero rapidly. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
Vida Alegre: Preliminary Findings of a Depression Intervention for Immigrant Latino Mothers
Authors: Piedra Lissette M. , Byoun Soo-Jung
Published: October 2011

Objectives: This article reports the outcome of a pilot study of a cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) intervention— Vida Alegre (the contented life)—designed for use with depressed immigrant mothers living in communities with small but rapidly growing Hispanic populations. Method: The study used a pretest/posttest/follow-up design to examine whether exposure to the intervention reduced symptoms of depression. Results: Although based on a small, nonrandomized sample, the results are promising at pretest/baseline, the average Center for Epidemiology Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) score was 25; at posttest and follow-up, the average CES-D scores were 12 and 11.3, respectively. Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests showed that the pretest and posttest scores are significantly different ( Z = –2.22, p < .05, r = .67), indicating a decline in depression. A content analysis of transcripts from three focus groups indicates the usefulness of intervention. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that an existing CBGT can be modified to address immigrant issues.
Telling the Story
Authors: Munn Jean Correll
Published: October 2011

We used qualitative methods (13 homogenous focus groups of residents, bereaved family members, licensed staff, paraprofessional staff, and social workers) to examine the components of a good death in a long-term care (LTC). Hospice involvement as beneficial to end-of-life care emerged as a naturally occurring theme and hospice was deemed as expert in all groups. Participants indicated some barriers to hospice involvement as well as difficulties in collaboration between facility staff and hospice personnel. When viewed within the context of existing literature, these data suggest that a new model of hospice care in which hospice staff serve as expert consultants may be appropriate. This model that recognizes and optimizes the experience of both the facility staff and hospice personnel will benefit care recipients.
Training and Supporting Hospice Volunteers
Authors: Lavenburg Philip , Bernt Frank M.
Published: October 2011

We surveyed volunteers from 8 hospices in the Delaware Valley regarding training, perceived needs, and role satisfaction. Results were consistent with previous studies: satisfaction with preservice training and with volunteering was very high; respondents reported feeling very prepared and confident about doing hospice work as a result of their volunteer training. In addition, longer volunteer preservice training was associated with higher levels of overall satisfaction with training; levels of volunteer satisfaction and fulfillment tended to be lower during the first year of volunteering; and participation in volunteer support teams was associated with finding volunteer work rewarding and with feeling a part of the hospice team. Implications for preservice training and ongoing support and education of hospice volunteers are discussed.
Special Education Implications of Point and Cumulative Prevalence for Children With Emotional or Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Forness Steven R. , Freeman Stephanny F. N. , Paparella Tanya , Kauffman James M. , Walker Hill M.
Published: October 2011

Prevalence of children with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) is a critical component in the discussion of underidentification of children served in special education. This discussion has previously focused almost exclusively on point prevalence or the number of children with EBD presumably needing services at any single point in time. Cumulative prevalence, on the other hand, is the number of children who have had EBD at some point in their lives before high school graduation. In the authors’ review of both types of prevalence, they found that estimates of the latter far exceed those of the former, significantly highlighting the service gap that exists between prevalence estimates and special education identification. Even when point prevalence is limited just to children with moderate or severe disorder, special education identification in the emotional disturbance category appears restricted to less than the bottom tenth of all children in need. Implications for special education are discussed, including issues around underidentification, misidentification, underservice, and related issues concerning children with EBD.
Additional Evidence for the Reliability and Validity of the Student Risk Screening Scale at the High School Level
Authors: Lane Kathleen Lynne , Oakes Wendy P. , Ennis Robin Parks , Cox Meredith Lucille , Schatschneider Christopher , Lambert Warren
Published: October 2011

This study reports findings from a validation study of the Student Risk Screening Scale for use with 9th- through 12th-grade students ( N = 1854) attending a rural fringe school. Results indicated high internal consistency, test-retest stability, and inter-rater reliability. Predictive validity was established across two academic years, with Spring Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS) scores differentiating students with low-, moderate-, and high-risk status on office discipline referrals, grade point averages, and course failures during the following academic year. Teacher ratings evaluating students’ performance later in the instructional day were more predictive than teacher ratings evaluating students’ performance earlier in the instructional day. Educational implications, limitations, and future research directions are presented.
Diagnostic Profiles Among Urban Adolescents With Unmet Treatment Needs
Authors: Hogue Aaron , Dauber Sarah
Published: October 2011

The goal of this study was to document comorbidity profiles of psychiatric disorder and perceived need for treatment among urban adolescents with unmet behavioral health needs. Participants were 303 community-referred adolescents and their primary caregivers. Adolescents included both boys (54%) and girls and were primarily Hispanic (58%), African American (23%), and multiracial (13%). Home-based interviews with both adolescents and caregivers were used to assess Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV) diagnoses and perceived treatment needs. Most adolescents (80%) were diagnosed with multiple disorders and most families (66%) reported a need to treat more than one disorder. Latent class analysis of endorsed DSM-IV disorders identified five distinct diagnostic profiles: Parental Concern, Adolescent Distress, Basic Externalizers, Severely Distressed, and Comorbid Externalizers. Diagnostic profiles were compared on perceived treatment need and related psychosocial risk characteristics. Implications for behavioral health care policy and practice for youth with unmet treatment needs are discussed.
Patterns and Predictors of Disciplinary Exclusion Over Time
Authors: Bowman-Perrott Lisa , Benz Michael R. , Hsu Hsien-Yuan , Kwok Oi-Man , Eisterhold Leigh Ann , Zhang Dalun
Published: October 2011

Disciplinary exclusion practices are on the rise nationally, as are concerns about their disproportionate use and lack of effectiveness. This study used data from the Special Education Elementary Longitudinal Study to examine patterns and predictors of disciplinary exclusion over time. Students with emotional/behavioral disorders were most likely to be excluded and be excluded multiple times, followed by students with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and students with learning disabilities. For all student groups, being excluded in the first wave was a strong predictor of being excluded at later points in time. Student gender (male students) and ethnicity (African American students) were associated with a greater probability of exclusion over time. Students with higher social skills, as reported by teachers, had a lower probability of being excluded over time. Implications for practice, policy, and future research are discussed.
Abdominal Wall Endometriosis Associated With Ventriculoperitoneal and Lumboperitoneal Shunts
Authors: Healy Estelle G , McCluggage W Glenn
Published: October 2011

Endometriosis is a common condition in women of reproductive age and has a known propensity to involve abdominal wall scars. The authors report 2 cases of endometriosis presenting as mass lesions involving the abdominal wall at the site of insertion of ventriculoperitoneal and lumboperitoneal shunts. In both cases, there was clinical evidence of shunt compromise. Endometriosis involving the site of shunt insertion is an extremely rare phenomenon with, as far as the authors are aware, only a single previously reported case. However, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a mass develops at a shunt site in a woman of reproductive age.
Fractional optimal control of distributed systems in spherical and cylindrical coordinates
Authors: Hasan M Mehedi , Tangpong Xiangqing W , Agrawal Om Prakash
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a general formulation and numerical scheme for the fractional optimal control problem (FOCP) of distributed systems in spherical and cylindrical coordinates. The fractional derivatives are expressed in the Caputo-Sense. The performance index of FOCP is considered as a function of both the state and the control variables and the dynamic constraints are expressed by a partial fractional differential equation. A method of separation of variables is employed to separate the time and space terms, and the eigenfunction approach is used to eliminate the terms containing space parameter and define the formulation in terms of countable number of infinite state and control variables. The fractional optimal control equations are reduced to the Volterra-type integral equations. For the problems considered, only a few eigenfunctions in each direction are sufficient for the calculations to converge. The time domain is discretized into several subintervals and the result is more stable for a larger number of time segments. Various orders of fractional derivatives are analyzed and the results converge toward those of integer optimal control problems as the order approaches the integer value of 1.
Feed-forward inverse control for transient waveform replication on electro-hydraulic shaking table
Authors: Shen Gang , LV Guang-ming , Ye Zheng-mao , Cong Da-cheng , Han Jun-wei
Published: October 2011

In this paper, an improved feed-forward inverse control scheme is proposed for transient waveform replication (TWR) on an electro-hydraulic shaking table (EHST). TWR is to determine whether a test article can remain operational and retain its structural integrity when subjected to a specific shock and vibration environment. Feed-forward inverse transfer function compensation is a useful technique to improve the tracking accuracy of the TWR on the EHST system due to their inherent hydraulic dynamics. Whenever a feed-forward inverse transfer function is employed, it is critical to design the identification accuracy of the inverse transfer function. A combined control strategy, which combines a feed-forward inverse transfer function compensation approach with a simple internal model control (IMC) and a real-time feedback controller, is proposed to minimize the effect of the system uncertainty and modeling error, and further to improve the tracking accuracy of the TWR. Thus, the proposed control strategy combines the merits of feed-forward inverse transfer function compensation and IMC. The procedure of the proposed control strategy is programmed in MATLAB/Simulink, and then is compiled to a real-time PC with Microsoft Visual Studio.NET for implementation. Simulation and experimental results demonstrated the viability of the proposed combined control strategy.
Watching Pornography
Authors: Romito Patrizia , Beltramini Lucia
Published: October 2011

The aims of this article are to analyze exposure to pornography, its content, and the associations between victimization and pornography in a sample of 303 students (49.2% female). The questionnaire included questions on pornography exposure, psychological and physical family violence, and sexual violence. Almost all male students and 67% of female students had ever watched pornography; 42% and 32%, respectively, had watched violence against women. Female students exposed to family psychological violence and to sexual violence were significantly more likely to watch pornography, especially violent pornography than those who had not been exposed. No such association was found among male students.
Suicidal Ideation and the Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Rural Western China
Authors: Yanqiu Gao , Yan Wang , Lin An
Published: October 2011

This study examined the extent of the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and suicidal ideation in a rural county in Western China. A sample of 1,771 women participated in the study. The lifetime prevalence of physical assault, psychological aggression, and sexual coercion was 34%, 68%, and 4%, respectively. The preceding-year prevalence of physical assault and psychological aggression was 8% and 32%, respectively. The prevalence of lifetime suicidal ideation was 15.9%, and 3.3% of the women had suicidal ideation during the preceding week. Physical abuse victims were at more than four times greater risk of having suicidal ideation than those who had not suffered physical assault.
To Nap or Not to Nap
Authors: Woods Diana Lynn , Kim Haesook , Yefimova Maria
Published: October 2011

Background:

Alterations in the sleep–wake cycle, including daytime napping, are consistently reported in persons with dementia (PWD). A dysregulation in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, indexed by elevated evening cortisol, may offer one explanation for these alterations. Alternatively, excessive daytime sleeping may alter cortisol rhythm and increase intraindividual variability, potentially contributing to increased environmental reactivity and behavioral symptoms. The purpose of this substudy ( N = 12) was to examine the association between daytime napping and basal cortisol diurnal rhythm in nursing home residents with dementia.

Method:

In this within-individual longitudinal design, saliva samples were obtained daily for 5 consecutive days upon waking and 30–45 min, 6 hr, and 12 hr after waking to obtain a cortisol diurnal rhythm. Behavior and sleep–wake state (nap/no nap) were observed and recorded every 20 min for 12 hr per day for 5 days.

Results:

Participants were categorized as high nappers (HNs) or low nappers (LNs). There was a significant difference in evening cortisol levels ( t = −2.38, p = .032) and continence ( t = 3.37, p = .007) between groups, with HNs exhibiting higher evening cortisol levels. There were no other significant differences in resident characteristics between the two groups.

Conclusions:

These data suggest a link between excessive daytime napping and elevated evening cortisol in PWD consistent with findings in children. Elevated evening cortisol is an indication of a dysregulation in the HPA axis. These preliminary data support a close association between the sleep–wake cycle and HPA-axis regulation in PWD.
Low coefficient of thermal expansion of thermoset composite materials
Authors: Rhoney I , Pethrick R A
Published: October 2011

Selection of the correct resin – filler combination is important in achieving materials which have a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). A study of nanosilica-modified resin, in combination with silica fillers, allows low levels of CTE to be achieved. In this study, a novel curing agent, ytterbium triflate, is reported. This curing agent provides a stable catalyst system which can be used to create the viscous composite mixtures but has the facility of effective cure over a relatively narrow temperature range from 70 °C to 100 °C. A series of formulations were examined based on incorporation of fillers with nanoscale silica particles into either the pure resin or a resin which contained nanoscale functionalized silica particles. The filler incorporation leads to a significant increase in the glass transition temperature as determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The CTE was observed to be lower below Tg than above it. Changing the nanosilica particle size and distribution produced significant changes in the values. However, the CTE scaled according to the total silica content; and the values were in general lower than those calculated theoretically. The use of a highly functional o-cresol epoxy novolac demonstrated how increasing functionality raised the Tg and lowered the CTE, but the use of too high a post-cure temperature reversed this trend. Very good results were achieved using 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl, 3,4 epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, which has a low viscosity and allowed high levels of silica to be readily achieved. This article indicates how the adjustment of the epoxy selected to be used as the base material and the type of silica particles used allows the values of Tg and CTE to be modified in a composite material.
Nutrition and Inflammation
Authors: Myers Jay L. , Allen Jorie C.
Published: October 2011

Evidence indicates that chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and asthma are part of a group of conditions linked by inflammatory dysregulation. One explanation for these associations is that the Western diet is obeseogenic and promotes the secretion of inflammatory biochemical signals. Weight gain results in lipid accumulation and adipocyte stress—factors known to disrupt the balance of systemic cell signaling (adipokines and cytokines) that favors inflammation. Markers are used as indicators of the inflammatory milieu and include the measurement of proinflammatory (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a) and anti-inflammatory (adiponectin) signaling molecules. Consumption of a high ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids is also an important indicator for a potentially inflammatory profile. This ratio may determine the direction of biological pathways for another family of inflammatory mediators—eicosanoids—which vary according to the omega fatty acid precursor. An improved dietary pattern that emphasizes balanced energy and nutrient intake resulting in a reduced ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids plays a particularly important role in inflammation management.
Transdiagnostic Networks
Authors: Borsboom Denny , Epskamp Sacha , Kievit Rogier A. , Cramer Angélique O. J. , Schmittmann Verena D.
Published: October 2011

Nolen-Hoeksema and Watkins (2011, this issue) propose a useful model for thinking about transdiagnostic processes involved in mental disorders. Here, we argue that their model is naturally compatible with a network account of mental disorders, in which disorders are viewed as sets of mutually reinforcing symptoms. We show that network models are typically transdiagnostic in nature, because different disorders often share symptoms. We illustrate this by constructing a network for generalized anxiety and major depression. In addition, we show that even a simple network structure naturally accounts for the phenomena of multifinality and divergent trajectories that Nolen-Hoeksema and Watkins identify as crucial in thinking about transdiagnostic phenomena.
Chemokine release by neutrophils in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Blidberg Kristin , Palmberg Lena , Dahlén Barbro , Lantz Ann-Sofie , Larsson Kjell
Published: October 2011

Neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive at the site of injury. Chemokines secreted by neutrophils affect the migration of both neutrophils and other inflammatory cells, such as monocytes. It has been reported that LPS-induced release of IL-8 (CXCL-8) by neutrophils is amplified by neutrophil-derived TNF-α. We hypothesize that chemokine release by neutrophils is altered in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with healthy controls and that TNF-α may be involved in this alteration. Peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from smokers with COPD ( n = 12), smokers without COPD ( n = 12) and healthy, non-smokers ( n = 12) were stimulated with LPS, TNF-α or organic dust. Anti-TNF-α Ab (infliximab) was used to study the effect of neutrophil-derived TNF-α. Release of CXCL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α (MIP-1α, CCL-3), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL-2) and TNF-α was measured. Neutrophils spontaneously released CXCL-8, CCL-2 and CCL-3. Inhibition of TNF-α reduced the spontaneous release of CXCL-8 and CCL-3. Stimulation with LPS and organic dust increased the release of CXCL-8 and CCL-3 (but not CCL-2) which was reduced by inhibition of TNF-α. In the COPD group, inhibition of TNF-α failed to inhibit the release of LPS-induced CXCL-8. The role of neutrophils as cytokine and chemokine producers was confirmed. Neutrophil-derived TNF-α contributed to the release of chemokines after stimulation with LPS and organic dust, as the response was inhibited by infliximab. In the COPD group, infliximab did not significantly inhibit the release of CXCL-8, suggesting that the role of TNF-α is altered in COPD.
Media in Political Power
Authors: Kunelius Risto , Reunanen Esa
Published: October 2011

This article looks at the role of media in political decision making by making use of Parson’s concept of political power. It enables a look at how media is both an essential resource of political power and a crucial factor in the environment in which political power works. Drawing on a qualitative interview sample of 60 elite decision makers and an elite survey (N = 419), Finnish decision making is found to be quite thoroughly mediatized. Mediatization is differentiated in distinct actor profiles found with Latent Class Analysis of the survey data. The most prominent pattern seems to be that mediatization correlates with other power resources. Those who have official status and are actively involved in policy networks also make use of media resources, and to differing extents adapt their actions to the demands of the media. However, there are also groups of decision makers who still seem to be quite independent of the media.
Glenohumeral Range of Motion and Lower Extremity Flexibility in Collegiate-Level Baseball Players
Authors: Anloague Philip A. , Spees Valerie , Smith Jessica , Herbenick Michael A. , Rubino L. Joseph
Published: October 2011

Background: The throwing motion results in unilateral increases in dominant arm external rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM). Trunk forward tilt at ball release is related to ball velocity. The relationship between lower quarter flexibility and dominant arm ROM is not known.

Hypothesis: There is a relationship between lower extremity flexibility and dominant arm ER ROM and total rotation ROM.

Study Design: Prospective cohort study.

Methods: Forty-two collegiate baseball pitchers were studied. Demographics, dominant arm, and bilateral glenohumeral ER and internal rotation (IR) ROM were measured. Lower quarter flexibility was assessed via sit-and-reach test. Total rotation motion (TRM) was calculated as ER + IR = TRM. Paired t tests examined differences between the dominant and nondominant arms for ER, IR, and TRM; Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, shoulder ROM and lower extremity flexibility variables (α = 0.05).

Results: ER mean value was significantly greater, and IR mean value significantly less, in the dominant arm. TRM mean values were not significantly different bilaterally. Sit-and-reach results were strongly correlated with TRM and ER of the dominant arm.

Conclusions: There was a significant shift in TRM toward ER in collegiate baseball players. Lower quarter flexibility was strongly correlated with dominant arm ER and total rotation ROM but not in the nondominant arm.

Clinical Relevance: The sit-and-reach test may be useful to identify a pitcher’s potential to achieve an appropriate amount of trunk forward tilt. This may maximize the lag effect necessary to achieve maximum ER of the dominant arm and increased ball velocity.
Torque Measures of Common Therapies for the Treatment of Loss of Knee Flexion
Authors: Uhl Timothy L. , Jacobs Cale A.
Published: October 2011

Background: Conservative treatment protocols to effectively treat knee flexion motion restrictions are dependent in part on the torque applied to the joint.

Hypotheses: Clinicians apply greater torque with the test leg in a simulated prone position than in a seated position. Clinicians also apply greater torque than a dynamic splint or a static progressive stretch brace. Finally, clinicians apply a torque equal to the high-intensity stretch device.

Study Design: Observational study.

Methods: An instrumented test leg was used to record peak torque applied by 14 licensed clinicians (7 women, 7 men; age, 44.3 ± 10.2 years; height, 172.9 ± 13.2 cm; weight, 72.6 ± 13.0 kg) during knee flexion mobilizations and 3 types of mechanical therapy (dynamic splint, static progressive stretch, and high-intensity stretch).

Results: The dynamic splint applied 5.1 ± 0.1 N·m, while the static progressive stretch brace applied 20.8 ± 2.2 N·m. Clinicians applied 49.5 ± 22.4 N·m with the test leg in a seated position and 55.8 ± 22.0 N·m with the leg in a prone position. The high-intensity stretch device applied up to 214.7 ± 29.2 N·m. All comparisons were statistically significant ( P ≤ 0.02) with the exception of the 2 testing positions ( P = 0.94).

Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the torques applied to the knee differ between passive stretching therapies. Clinicians should be cognizant of these torque differences when constructing treatment protocols for patients with limited knee flexion range of motion.
Design and analysis of a desktop micro-machine for vibration-assisted micromachining
Authors: Ibrahim R , Bateman R , Cheng K , Wang C , Au J
Published: October 2011

Machine design technology has changed rapidly in the past two decades in response to ever more demanding machining requirements. The aim of the research reported in this paper is to design and develop a desktop micro-machine for vibration-assisted machining. Using analytical and experimental results, updated finite element analysis (FEA) models are used to predict the effect of dynamic modifications in the structure of the machine that is to be used for vibration-assisted machining. Two sets of experiments are performed: modal testing using an impact hammer and analytical FEA modelling of the machine. This paper first outlines design analysis, configuration, conceptual design, dynamic analysis, and cutting trials, followed by the development of a two-dimensional vibration test bed, performance evaluation of its process, and characterization of dynamic behaviour using FEA. Then, it discusses the use of a piezo-actuator-based module to generate vibrations during machining operations. Finally, the result of dynamic analyses and machining trials are discussed.
Unstable vibration in centreless grinding: Part 1. Geometric instability or chatter?
Authors: Pearce T R A , Stone B J
Published: October 2011

Centreless grinding is widely used as a production process for removing initial roundness errors from workpieces. The process can be prone to vibration and the causes of this have been investigated and reported in many publications. This paper describes a model of centreless grinding that includes the machine dynamics, regeneration on both the workpiece and grinding wheel and allows unstable vibration to be investigated. It further allows the division between geometric instability and chatter to be shown to be unnecessary and artificial. A frequency domain model is developed that allows growth and decay rates to be determined. The main aim was to examine possible solutions for unstable vibration in centreless grinding. As flexible grinding wheels have been used to prevent chatter in other grinding processes, their use for centreless grinding was investigated and is shown to be ineffective.
Negotiating Gandhi—The Life and Experiences of Acharya P.C. Ray
Authors: Mazumdar Madhumita
Published: October 2011

This article takes a close look at Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray’s engagement with Gandhi’s political and economic thought. It calls for a nuanced reading of Ray’s autobiography as a text that reveals the ways in which he sought to negotiate the key ideas of the Hind Swaraj and situate its fundamental premises in his own intellectual and professional quests. Published in two volumes in the years 1931–32, the Life and Experiences of a Bengali Chemist offers a wealth of insights into Ray’s understanding of the contemporary crisis of Western capitalism and the immense possibilities of a Gandhian resolution.