bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in auxin level in the course of growth of a sunflower crown-gall suspension culture
Authors: Chirek Zofia
Published: February 2014

The auxin level in the cell mass and culture medium was determined by means of the Avena straight caleoptile test in various periods of the suspension culture cycle of the sunflower crown-gall tumour. The investigations were performed in the course of the zero passage (PO) and first one (Pl), differing in their time of duration of maximum growth and its intensity. In both passages the intra- and extra-cellular auxin levels reach values of the same order. At the beginning of the maximal growth phase the activity corresponding to IAA in the cells prevails over that of the other auxin-like compounds. This disproportion diminishes with further development of the culture, and with the beginning of the stationary phase the cellular IAA level is lower than that of the remaining auxin-like compounds. The short phase of maximal growth (PO) occurs with an auxin level decreasing in the cell mass and increasing in the medium, and towards the end of the cycle these levels become equal. During the long phase of maximal growth (Pl) the total amount of auxins in the cells increases and is 2-3 times higher than in the medium, whereas IAA in the cells remains at a constant level. These results suggest that the participation of IAA in the intracellular pool of auxin-like substances is decisive for the mitotic activity of the cells and maintenance of growth in the culture.
Biochemical and systematic study of the genus Betula L.
Authors: Pawłowska Lucyna
Published: February 2014

The division of the genus Betula L. accomplished on the basis of the flavonoid composition characteristic for the particular species; the proposed systematic classification also takes the chromosome number and geographical distribution into account. It showed the best agreement with the classification system suggested by Natho.
Trajectories of principal directions of growth, natural coordinate system in growing plant organ
Authors: Hejnowicz Zygmunt
Published: February 2014

In symplasticly growing organs the principal directions of growth, which are indicated by the eigenvectors of the symmetric part of the growth tensor, can be associated with each positional point and joined up to form a network of orthogonal trajectories, unless the growth is isotropic. The trajectories represent a natural coordinate system suitable for description of growing organs. These trajectories often can be recognized in patterns of nonrandom alignments in the cell wall network: these alignments are normal to anticlinal and periclinal walls. Coordinate systems that fit the trajectories in different types of growing organ are listed.
Effects of edaphic conditions and flowering period on the rhizosphere mycoflora of Adhatoda vasica Nees
Authors: Joshi Inder J.
Published: February 2014

Non-rhizosphere, rhizosphere and rhizoplane mycoflora of Adhatoda vasica Nees growing in two different soil types was studied during winter and rainy seasons. The effect of edaphic conditions and flowering period on the non-rhizosphere, rhizosphere and rhizoplane mycoflora was studied. Qualitative as well as quantitative variations in the non-rhizosphere, rhizosphere and rhizoplane mycoflora were studied in relation to soil types and seasons. The dominance of different fungal species and specific fungal groups in the non-rhizosphere, rhizosphere and rhizoplane of A. vasica was described in relation to soil types and seasons.
Presence and structure of the wart layer in tracheids of some junipers as visualised in the scanning electron micscope
Authors: Kocoń Józef
Published: February 2014

The presence and structure of the wart layer was investigated in the tracheids of the following juniper species: J. communis L., J. communis var. saxatilis Pall., J. sabina L., J. virginiana L., J. chinensis L. and J. squamata Lamb. The wart layer was found to be present in the tracheids of the stem, roots and branches of spring and summer growths, thus, it is an integral element of their structure. It would seem that this layer is a trait of these juniper species and may be one of the taxonomic features of their wood.
Purification and some characteristics of precarthamin, a precursor of carthamin, isolated from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius L.
Authors: Takahashi Yoshiyuki , Wada Mizu , Saito Koshi
Published: February 2014

An unstable flame-coloured pigment, tentatively named precarthamin, was isolated as orange-yellow microneedles with 0.12% yield from the yellow florets of Carthamus tinctorius L. through many purifying steps. The precarthamin could be enzymically converted to a red pigment, which was identified as carthamin by its chromatographic and spectral properties. The content of precarthamin was examined at the various growth stages of the Carthamus flowers.
Sesquiterpene lactones. XXIX. Cnicin in species of the subgenus Acrolophus (Cass.) Dobrocz
Authors: Nowak Gerard , Drożdż Bohdan , Georgiadis Theodoros
Published: February 2014

Cnicin was isolated from 18 species or subspecies of the subgenus Acrolophus (Cass.) Dobrocz.: Centaurea aplolepa Moretti subsp. aplolepa, C. aplolepa Moretti subsp. lunensis (Fiori) Dostal, C. arenaria Bieb. ex Wild. subsp. arenaria, C. arenaria Bieb. ex Wild, subsp. odessana (Prodan) Dostal, C. arenaria Bieb ex Wild. subsp. majorowii (Dumbadze) Dostal, C. calvescens Pančić, C. cineraria L. subsp. cineraria, C. cineraria L. var, circae Somm., C. diffusa Lam. var. brevispina Boiss., C. grisebachi (Nyman) Form. subsp. grisebachi, C. grisebachi (Nyman) Form. subsp. confusa (Halácsy) Dostal, C. leucophaea Jordan subsp. leucophaea, C. attica Nyman subsp. ossaea (Halácsy) Dostal, C. pallidior Halácsy subsp. palidior, C. pelia DC., C. rhenana Boreau subsp. savranica (Klokow) Dostal, C. tymphaea Hausskn subsp. tymphaea, C. tymphaea Hausskn subsp. brevispina Hausskn (Dostal. Chromatographic analysis has shown appearance of cnicin in 10 investigated species or subspecies of subgenus Acrolophus (Cass.) Dobrocz.: Centaurea attica Nyman subsp. drakiensis (Freyn, Sint.) Dostal, C. kartschiana Scop., C. aggregata Fisch. et Mey, C. cuneifolia Sibth. SM. subsp. pallida (Friv.) Hayek, C. exarata Boiss. ex Cosson., C. mantoudii Georg., C. orphanidea Heldr. Sart. ex Boiss, subsp. orphanidea, C. spinosa L. subsp. spinosa, C. transiens Halácsy, C. zuccariniana DC.
nfluence of reducing and oxidizing compounds and of the redox potential of the medium on the biomass of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb.
Authors: Gumiński Stefan , Jurajda Krystyna , Tatkowska Ewa
Published: February 2014

The influence was investigated of several concentrations of the reducing agents: cysteine, glutathione, ascorbic acid, pyracatechol and of the oxidizing agents: KMnO4, K4Cr2O7 and H2O2 on the total dry weight increment and that of protein with reference to redox potential changes of the medium in Scenedesmus quadricauda cultures. The culture was run in a photothermostat. It was found that the reducing compounds had as a rule a stimulating influence under 24-h illumdnation, whereas the oxidilzing agents gave the same effect when a period of 7-h darkness was applied within 24 h.
The effect of sodium humane on the growth of tomatoes and the accumulation of phosphorus and iron in mediums of different pH
Authors: Lisik Maria J.
Published: February 2014

The effect of sodium humate on changes in the phosphorus and iron content in shoots of tomatoes cultivated in mediums with a raised or lowered pH and phosphorus dose (compared with controls) were analysed. At low pH, sodium humate increased the accumulation of phosphorus and lessened the excessive accumulation of iron in plants cultivated under conditions of phosphours deficit. At a slightly alkaline pH, sodium humate prevented excessive, accumulation of phosphorus and raised low iron contents. A favorable effect of humate on dry mass production was clearly seen at pH 6.4.
Distribution and habitats of Galium saxatile L. in the Carpathian Mountains
Authors: Mirek Zbigniew , Piękoś-Mirkowa Halina
Published: February 2014

Altitudinal and geographical distribution, as well as habitats of Sub-Atlantic species Galium saxatile L. in the Carpathian Mountains were characterized. Geobotanic and phytocoenotic species status in Poland was also discussed. The phenomenon of edaphic vicarism of Galium saxatile L. and closely related G. anisophyllum Vill. in the Polish Tatra Mountains was mapped. Some false and not actual information in the literature on this species was corrected.
Patterns of amyloplast distribution during microsporogenesis in Tradescantia, Impatiens and Larix
Authors: Rodkiewicz Bohdan , Kudlicka Krystyna , Stobiecka Halina
Published: February 2014

During the meiotic prophase I in Tradescantia and Impatiens microsporocyte becomes temporarily asymmetric, with excentrically situated nucleus and all amyloplasts gathered in a dense group close to the nuclear envelope.. Further microsporogenesis in Impatiens differs in amyloplast distribution from that in Tradescantia and Larix. In Impatiens at the telophase I amyloplasts are assembled in a dense equatorial plate. At the late telophase II this plate reshapes and separates a meiocyte into four areas (a tetrad) until cell plates are formed in simultaneous cytokinesis. Similar assemblages of amyloplasts do not occur in telophase meiocytes of Tradescantia and Larix where cytokinesis is of a successive type.
Banding patterns in plant chromosomes. II. Bibliography (1970-1980) - Anthophyta. Supplement 1
Authors: Mizianty Marta
Published: February 2014

The present paper complements the main bibliography (6). It contains list of 24 plant species and appropriate literature for it.
Studies on Medicago lupulina saponins. 4. Variation in the saponin content of M. lupulina
Authors: Górski Piotr M. , Jurzysta Marian , Burda Stanisław , Oleszek Wiesław A. , Płoszyński Michał
Published: February 2014

The saponin content in the tops of black medic trefoil cv. Renata as well as in some botanical and breeding lines of M. lupulina was analysed. It was found that the concentration of biologically active (hemolytically active) saponins in the tops of M. lupulina cv. Renata was 2.5% of dry matter. Total saponin content was 3.5% of dry matter. Among 500 individually analysed plants of the Renata variety, the saponin contents ranged from 0.07 to 0.5% in the leaf sap. No saponin-free plant was found. The saponin content was additionally analysed in 300 breeding and 11 botanical lines of M. lupulina. Great differences in that material were found but no saponin-free line was present. The saponin content in the particular plant parts as well as in the whole tops of M. lupulina throughout the vegetation season was also measured. The possibility and necessity of the selection for a low saponin population of M. lupulina is discussed.
Ontogenesis and structure of periderm in. Acer negundo L. and x Fatshedera lizei Guillaum
Authors: Wacowska Marzena
Published: February 2014

The ontogenesis and structure of the periderm were investigated in two dicotyledonous plants: Acer negundo L. and x Fatshedera lizei Guillaum. In Fatshedera lizei periderm is produced by the monolayer of phellogen proper, whereas in Acer negundo sometimes cells in the immediate neighbourhood of phellogen proper, particularly the phelloderm participate in the formation of periderm. In Acer negundo at the boundary with the next annual phellem increment typical phelloid cells are present. Their thick walls contain pectins, cellulose and lignin, but do not contain suberin. The presence of phelloid was not detected in Fatshedera lizei. The walls of the phellem cells with horseshoe shaped thickenings of the inner tangential walls contain, beside pectins, cellulose and lignin, also a thin suberin layer directly on the primary walls. Thus, they are specifically shaped thickwalled cork cells. It is suggested to refer to the suberin layer jointly with the thick cellulose-lignin layer of the walls of thickwalled cork cells by the term "secondary wall". The term "tertiary wall (lamella)" is reserved for thin wall straw of the type of' "membranogenic stratum" and "warty stratum". In Acer negundo the structure of the suberin layers in the thick ceil walls of cork proper is cornplex.
Time-variable frequency of events in domains of Tilia cambium
Authors: Włoch Wiesław
Published: February 2014

In the cambium of linden, producing xylem with interlocked grain, domains active, as regards the occurrence of events, and inactive ones can be distinguished. The area of the cambium investigated was an assemblage of small domains among which at certain periods domains Z, and, at another period, domains S were active. The inclination of the grain was changing in the direction corresponding to the type of the active domains. Alternative occurrence of periods of activity of Z and S domains led to the formation of interlocked grain in the xylem, with a much longer wave than the height of a pair domains.
Increase in the biomass of some green algae species in nitrate and ammonium mediums depending on auto-, mixo- or heterotrophic conditions
Authors: Gumiński Stefan , Jurajda Krystyna , Tatkowska Ewa
Published: February 2014

The increase in total dry mass and protein in cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus acicularis was studied. Under autotrophic conditions, increases in dry mass were, as a rule, larger in the nitrate medium than in the ammonium one, under mixotrophic conditions the situation was reversed and in the case of heterotrophy, the individual species reacted differently. The dependence ot the protein content increase on the nitrate or ammonium form of the medium was not clear. Changes in time of the pH and rH of the mediums were followed and the interdependence of these changes with the production of biomass is discussed.
Changes in the permeability of cellular membranes in winter wheat grain (cv. Grana) at different stages of ripeness
Authors: Zaidan Riad
Published: February 2014

The state of cellular membranes is strictly dependent on grain ripeness. The electoconductivity of cell exudates is greatest in milk-ripe grain, lower during wax ripeness . and smallest in fully-ripe grain. This decrease in conductivity of the cell exudates as the grain matures is accompanied by an increase in the level of phospholipid, in the embryonic mitochondria. The permeability of the cell membranes is also, considerably affected by the method of grain harvesting. The exudates from grain threshed immediately after collection demonstrated a greater electroconductivity than those from grain kept in ears for two weeks prior to threshing, whereby these differences were particularly distinct in wax-ripe grain, but less so in fully-ripe grain. The reasons for these effects are discussed.
Banding patterns in plant chromosomes. III. Dactylis glomerata subsp. aschersoniana (Graebner) Thell. from Poland
Authors: Mizianty Marta
Published: February 2014

The present paper presents part of the author's studies on the variability of the genus Dactylis from Poland. The karyotypes and Giemsa heterochromatin banding patterns of three population samples of Dactylis glomerata subsp. aschersoniana (Graebner) Thell. (2n = 14) from Poland were studied in detail.
The development of hyperhydric tissue on the stems of Sambucus nigra L.
Authors: Tarkowska Jadwiga A. , Kowalska-Müller Alicja
Published: February 2014

Hyperhydric intumescences on the stems of Sambucus nigra arise in places where the stem lenticels are immersed in water. The hyperhydric tissue develops through the transformation of the multilayered phelloderm, the parenchyma of the cortex. endodermis and pericycle. The phellogen loses its meristematic properties and is either incorporated into the developing hyperhydric tissue or crushed. The succesive stages of hyperhydric changes which depend on the intense growth of cells and on the ability to devide acquired by them are presented.
The metabolism of aged seeds The formation of polyribosomes in the embryos of germinating rye grains of different viability
Authors: Zalewski Kazimierz
Published: February 2014

Changes during seed germination in the cytoplasmic ribosomal fraction, the formation of polysomes and RNA synthesis in rye grain embryos of different age, were studied. Quantitative changes in embryo ribosomes accompanied seed aging. As the viability of the grain decreased, monosomes constituted an increasing proportion of the total ribosome content. The observed fall in RNA synthesis is considered a symptom of the deteriorative processes involved in seed aging.
Studies on phenolic acids variation in Central European Pinus species 1. Five Polish populations of Pinus mugo Turra and some related forms
Authors: Krzaczek Tadeusz , Urbaniak Lech
Published: February 2014

Phenolic acids were investigated in the needles of eight different pine populations, five of which were Pinus mugo, two -- P. silvestris and one a critical form described by Neumann as P. uliginosa. Twenty different phenolic acids were detected. Six were discovered in pine needles for the first time (salicylic acid, gentisic acid, γ-resorcylic acid, o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, β-resorcylic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid). Each of the investigated taxons was shown to exhibit a characteristic spectrum of phenolic acids. The critical form from the locus classicus of Pinus uliginosa is of intermediate character.
Studies on phycobiliproteins in Algae. VI. Light-harvesting phycobiliprotein pigments in some Rhodophyta from the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Czeczuga Bazyli
Published: February 2014

The phycobiliprotein content in 5 species of red algae from the coast of the Adriatic Sea' was studied by chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The phycobiliproteins, R-phycoerythrin, C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were identified. The total content of phycobiliproteins ranged from 0.152 (Phyllophora nervosa) to 1.874 mg•g-1 dry wt. (Plocamium cartilagineum). The dominant phycobiliproteins were found to belong to the phycocyanin group, this resulting from complementary chromatic adaptation.
Statistical analysis of the phytocoenose homogeneity. IV. Species number and mean biomass value as functions of the area size
Authors: Kwiatkowska Anna J. , Symonidis Ewa
Published: February 2014

Homogeneity of the Leocobryo-Pineturn phytocoenose was assessed on the grounds of the effect of area size on the species number and mean biomass value. It was confirmed that: I) species number was a logarithmic function of the area size; 2) relation of individual species biomass to the area size was, as a rule, other than rectilinear, 3) the size of phytocoenose floristicly representative area differed from that determined with respect to the standing biomass and 4) phytocoenose homogeneity is related to the scale defined by the size of representative area.
Intracellular RNA during microsporogenesis in plants: Texus baccata as a model system
Authors: Pennell Roger I. , Bell Peter R.
Published: February 2014

The fluorescent proble Acridine Orange has provided valuable information about changes in levels of insoluble RNA during meiosis in pollen mother cells of Taxus baccata, in which prophase is unusually prolonged. By combining the data offered by fluorescence microscopy with microdensitometry it has been possible to measure changes in the amounts of RNA within cytoplasm. nucleus and nucleolus individually. The data are generally in line with those arising from other techniques, but lend themselves to a wholly original interpretation of the controlling events in meiosis.
Oxygen and radiation effects on C02 exchange in fight and in darkness of decaploid and hexaploid tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)
Authors: Poskuta Jerzy W. , NELSON Curtis J.
Published: February 2014

Rates of apparent photosynthesis (APS). photorespiration (PR), CO2 compensation (I) and dark respiration (DR) were determined on attached shoots of decaploid (70 chromosomes) and a hexaploid (42 chromosomes) genotype of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) using an infra red CO2 analyzer arranged in a closed circuit system. Plants were grown at a photon flux density 500 µmol m-2s-1 (400-700 nm) and at 25°C. Measurements were made at 25°C in O2 concentrations of l, 21 and 100% and at irradiance of 500 or 1800 µmol m-2s-1. The decaploid exhibited rates of APS that was from 26 to 46% higher in 1 and 21% O2 but not in 100% O2, than those of hexaploid. Rates of PR were positively related to rates of APS. Values of r were very similar for both genotypes, they were little affected by irradiance, and were a linear function of O2 Concentration. The percentages of PR in true photosynthesis (TPS = APS+ PR) were also similar for the two genotypes, and were a linear function of O2 concentration. Alternatively, rates of DR were by 16-26% higher in the hexaploid than decaploid genotype, and were little affected by O2 concentration or by previous rates of APS.
The metabolism of aged seeds. The ribonucleolytic activity of rye grain embryos of different ages
Authors: Zalewski Kazimierz
Published: February 2014

Winter rye grain, harvested in various years and exhibiting clearly differing viability. was studied. Higher total ribonucleolytic activity was found in the post-ribosomal supernatant than in the ribosomes themselves. The ribonucleolytic activity of cytoplasmic ribosomes declined as the germination ability of the rye grain decreased. A similar relationship was observed in the post-ribosomal supernatant. Two additional, in comparison with fully viable grain, ribosome-associated RNase activities (pH 5.0 and 8.3) were found in the grain with the lowest (2%) viability.
Moderately inhibitory effects of N-dodecyloxymethylene-N-methylpiperidinium and N-dodecyloxymethylene-N-methylmorpholinium chlorides on seed germination
Authors: Knypl Stanisław J. , Oświęcimska Małgorzata
Published: February 2014

N-Dodecyloxymethylene-N-methylpiperidinium chloride (DMMP) and N-dodecyloxyme-thylene-N-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMMM) retarded germination of seeds of 9 cultivated plant species when applied at a concentration of 10-3 M, and inhibited germination at a concentration of 10-2 M. The exceptions were represented by Lepidium sativum L. and Linum usitatissimum L. seeds which germinated well even in 10-2 M solutions of either DMMP or DMMM.
Radioisotopic studies of DNA biosynthesis in relation to growth of Zea mays roots
Authors: Maksymowych Roman , Maksymowych Andrew B. , Orkwiszewski Joseph A.
Published: February 2014

Root growth consists of two basic processes, cell division and cell elongation. An integral part of the first process is the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA biosynthesis was studied in primary roots of Zea mays through incorporation of 3H-thymidine by autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. DNA synthesis was restricted to the meristematic region of the primary root. The curve representing this process was bell-shaped with a peak at 1.5 mm from the tip. Up to 3 mm distance from the tip, the root was growing both by cell division and cell elongation. This was also the region of DNA synthesis. The root region between 3 to 9 mm from the tip. was growing only by cell elongation. The relative elemental rate of elongation had a maximum at 3.5 mm from the tip, or shortly after cessation of DNA synthesis and cell division. Cells stopped elongating at 9 mm distance from the tip.
The sequence of cell divisions in the I tunic layer of Actinidia arguta Planch in light of the development of twin cell complexes
Authors: Puławska Zofia
Published: February 2014

In Actinidia arguta, the I tunc layer is formed by four cell complexes which descend from single initials. These initials are positioned in a corner of their complex, around the meristem axis. The meristematic activity of the I tunic layer depends on the formative divisions of the initials; the entire I tunic layer above the youngest leaf primordia is formed during the time the initials undergo only 4-8 divisions. In light of the development of the twin cell complexes. it is impossible for cells to be displaced from the I tunic layer into the meristem. The supposition is set forth that the impermanent. mericlinal sectors on variegated perinclinal chimeras develop due to periclinal cleavages within the subcomplexes which derive from tissue mother cells. Whereas. the cell initials do not undergo periclinal divisions and are not displaced.
Acid phosphatase activity in maize (Zea mays La) seedlings treated with sodium humate
Authors: Kummerova Marie , Tichy Vladimir
Published: February 2014

Sodium humate increased the acid phosphatase activity of fraction II of imbibing maize caryopses and suppressed the enzyme activity in fraction I. Removal of the testa changed the stimulating action of humate on the acid phosphatase activity of fraction II into an inhibiting one and intensified its unfavourable effect on this enzyme's activity in fraction l. Sodium humate inhibited the acid phosphatase activity of this fraction from both leaves and roots. The results obtained are in agreement with the theory of free radicals of humus substances being involved in action on biuecmbranes.
Studies on the interaction of growth regulators with potassium ions in some physiological processes in the bean (Phaseolus vulguris L.). II. The effect of potassium on growth of bean leaves and on their potassium and hormone levels
Authors: Stopińska Jadwiga
Published: February 2014

The subject of study was the effect of K on the growth of primary and trifoliate leaves of the bean and on their potassium and hormone levels. Bean seedlings were grown in Hoagland's water solution in which the potassium concentrations (K –NO3,) were 1 and 3 mM. The increase in the amount of potassium in bean leaves. elicited by increased K concentration in the medium or by partial defoliation. was correlated with a stimulation of growth of these organs and an increase in their H2O content. These effects were connected with an increase in the amount of ABA and bound GA and decrease in the amount of auxins. The effect of potassium on the level of free gibberellins and cytokinins depended on the kind of leaves. In young, i.e. trifoliate leaves_ K was found to have a positive effect on the level of free GA, whereas in older. i.e. primary leaves, this effect concerned the level of cytokinins.
Investigations on carotenoids in lichens. XII. Some species from the Pyrenean Peninsula
Authors: Czeczuga Bazyli , Cifuentes Blanca
Published: February 2014

By means of column and thin-layer chromatography, the authors investigated the presence of various carotenoids in thalli of 12 species of lichens from the Pyrenean Peninsula. The following carotenoids were found: lycophyll, lycoxanthin, β-carotene, α-, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein epoxide, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, canthaxanthin, phoenicoxanthin, adonixanthin, α-doradexanthin, astaxanthin, diatoxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, mutatochrome, mutatoxanthin and rhodoxanthin. The total content of carotenoids ranged from 2.299 (Cetraria cucullata) to 39.402 mg•g-1 dry weight (Pseudoevernia furfuraceae).
Anatomical differences between Pinus mugs Truro populations from the Tarts Mts.. expressed in needle traits and in needle and cone traits together
Authors: Bobowicz Maria , Kzrakowa Maria
Published: February 2014

Two-year-old needles were collected from 429 individuals of dwarf mountain pine (Pius mugn Turra) from 10 populations of this species growing in the Tatra Mts. (5 populations from calcareous and 5 from calcium-free undersoil). Thirteen anatomical traits of the needles were studied. For obtaining a full picture of the variability of the dwarf mountain pine, the differences were investigated in ten populations (385 plants) as regards 27 traits of needles and cones. The data obtained by measurements served as basis for performing multivariate analysis of variance and testing the statistical hypotheses, for discriminant analysis, calculation of the Mahalanobis distances and construction of a minimum spanning tree of the shortest Mahalanobis distances and agglumerative clustering by the method of' nearest neighbourhood. The results of these analyses indicated that the dwarf mountain pine populations differ ,statistically significantly as regards the whole complex of needle traits and form three groups not correlated with the type of undersoil on which they grow. Most closely similar are the populations from Kominy Tylkowe, Morskie Oko and Wyżni Toporowy Staw. The population from Kobylarz is the most diverse. Investigation of' the differences in the complex of' needle and cone traits proved that the traits of cones are decisive for the variability picture.
Psilophyton szaferi sp. nor. from the Lower Devonian of the Holy Cross Mountains. Poland
Authors: Zdebska Danuta
Published: February 2014

Philophyton szaferi sp. nov. belonging to the Trimerophytina was found in the Lower Devonian (Emsian) in the bore-hole Modrzewie 2A near Bostów in the Holy Cross Mountains (Gory Świętokrzyskie). The axes are sterile and fertile. their branching is dichotomous, unequally dichotomous and unequally dochotomous where the wider branch tends to form the main axis. The majority of axes branch in one plane, some in different planes; they show on their surface irregularly distributed enations in the form of rounded swellings. Some of them continue downwards as protruding ridges forming a characteristic longitudinal pattern. The apices of sterile axes are forking. Fertile axes end in clusters of fusiform. upright sporangia, arranged in pairs. The vascular strand shows protoxylem inside and metaxylem outside. Tracheids possess scalariform thickenings and what appear to be small pits between them. The systematic position of the plant and its position in the evolutionary sequence leading to megaphyllous leaves is discussed.
Ecodiagrams of common species of the forest herb layer in the Roztocze National Park
Authors: Czarnecka Bożena
Published: February 2014

The paper presents in graphic standardised form ("ecodiagrams") the conditions in which 24 common species of the herb layer of forest communities occur in the Roztocze National Park. After determining the soil type, its mechanical composition, active and exchangeable acidity, humus content and the content in the rhizosphere layer of nutrient components essential for plants, such as P, K, Na, Ca. Mg. AI, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, the habitats of common plants of the forest from the class Querco-Fagetea were classified as meso-, eu-meso- and cutrophic. Forest plants connected with communities from the class Vaccinio-Piceetea (Hierncium lachenalii Gmel., Melampyrum pratense L., Trientalis eurnpaea L., Vaccinium myrtillus L.) are generally associated with fresh, moderately poor and quite frequently also mesotrophic soils. Only Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. is a local species of dry hungry soils, poor in mineral and organic components. The group of accompanying species such as Fragaria vesca L., Galium vernum Scop., Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd., Mycelis ruralis (L.) Dum. and Oxalis ucetosella L.. show a much wider ecological amplitude-from oligotrophic to eutrophic habitats.
Microfungi found on phellen of Jugulans nigra L. in Southeastern Ohio, USA
Authors: Rudolph Emanuel D. , Johnson Anita M.
Published: February 2014

Bark surfaces from black walnut (Jugulans nigra) trees of three sites in southeastern Ohio, half. Five. and ten miles from the Ohio River, were used in late autumn to isolate fungi in culture. as well as to search for the presence of fungal mycelium and spores. The pH of the cork also was determined. Fifty six, mostly cosmopolitan, species of microfungi and several yeasts were isolated, almost all belonging to imperfect form genera. with the largest number of species in the genus Penicillium. No relationship of fungal presence to cork pH was found among the sites whose acidity was related to closeness to the industrialized river edge. Relatively few fungi were isolated. and even fewer spores, and only four mycelia) growths were found by electron microscopy. Several spores seen could not be matched with fungi that had been isolated. The bark seems to be a trapping surface for spores. rather than a place of fungal growth.
Serological variability of the Pellia endiviifolia-P. megaspora complex
Authors: Prus-Głowacki Wiesław , Zieliński Roman , Nowak Roman
Published: February 2014

Analysis of antigenic proteins in populations of terrestrial and aquatic forms of P. endiviifolia and populations from Japan revealed the antigenic differentiation of the examined samples into two distinct groups. Pellia megaspora from the eastern part of the USA also exhibits a significant antigenic devergence and bears the most resemblance to the group of populations of the aquatic form of P. endiviifolia from Poland and samples from Japan. The observed serological distances between terrestrial and aquatic forms of P. endiviifolia are of the same rank as differences between remaining species of the genus Pellia. Clarification of the nature of the detected serological differentiation in the Pellia megaspora-P, endiviifoliacomplex will require further studies.
The dependence of nitrate reductase activity on the level of soluble sugars in wheat and cucumber roots growing in the presence of simazine, in light or in darkness
Authors: Buczek Józef , Borkowski Jacek , Jarzyńska Irena
Published: February 2014

At concentrations of 25 and 5 µM, simazine inhibited nitrate reductase activity in wheat and cucumber roots, respectively. It also lowered the content of soluble sugars and decreased the activities of NADH malate dehydrogenase and NADP+ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The inclusion of 50 mM glucose into the medium partially reversed the inhibitory effect of simazine on the activity of nitrate reductase in cucumber roots and slightly increased the activity of this enzyme in wheat roots These results suggest a complex influence of the herbicide on the activity of nitrate reductase: simazine lowers the level of soluble sugars in roots and decreases the activity of the dehydrogenases supplying the reduced nucleotides indispensable for reduction of nitrates.
Fibrillation of events in the cambial domains of Tilia cordata Mill.
Authors: Włoch Wiesław , Biczewska Ewa
Published: February 2014

The cambium and 9 annual growths from a linden stem were studied. Some of the fusiform cell ends changed their contacts-which is shown by the comparison of the cambium layer and terminal parenchyma of the phloem. This means that these ends were active in the period the layers under comparison were formed. The active ends were found in groups numbering a few to ten-odd ends alternating with groups of inactive ends. About 70% of the ends retained their activity for only one year. In the studied areas. in a given year, one direction of migration of the active ends dominated. As a rule, this configuration changed every two years. Along with the change in the configuration of the active ends, the position of the active areas also changed in such a way that after the change of configuration, the areas previously inactive became active. No migration of activity along the borders of the storeys was observed, but only its appearance and disappearance, which was called fibrillation of activity. Fibrillation of activity becomes noticeable when there is a low intensity of events. Because the active areas at a given moment are characterized by one type of configuration of events, the whole studied surface can be seen as a single domain. Fibrillation gives the impression of frequent changes of domain type, these changes, however, are of a different nature than the movement of domain borders found in cambium characterized by a high intensity of events.
Activation of rape (Brassica napus L.) embryo during seed germination. V. The first zones of ultrastructural changes and their expansion
Authors: Karaś Mieczysław
Published: February 2014

In the germinating rape embryo the columella and basal part of hypocotyl undergo earliest activation. Its first ultrastructural symptom is the appearance of numerous ER vesicles after 3-6 h of seed swelling. Their number is the highest in the external layers of the columella and decreases in basipetal direction. Dermatogen cells in the basal zone of the hypocotyl contain the greatest amount of ER structures, whereas decreasing amounts are found in both directions along the embryo axis and centripetally. Further changes in the ER spread in a similar order. The vesicles merge and form a tubular and plate-like ER. Then, they disappear and are replaced by tubular and vesicular forms. The changes in the ER are gradually followed by ultrastructural symptoms of activation of mitochondria, plastids and dictyosomes. The highest number of ER structures and other organelles accumulate in root cells shortly before piercing of the seed coat. After germination their amount decreases and remains almost stable.
Studies on Medicago lupulina saponins. 5. Isolation and chemical characterization of blossom saponins
Authors: Jurzysta Marian , Burda Stanisław , Oleszek Wiesław , Górski Piotr , Płoszyński Michał
Published: February 2014

The separation of saponins derived from Medicago lupulina L. flowers yielded two saponin fractions. The first one, made up of crystalline saponins, readily precipitable from water solution, was a mixture of three glycosides of soyasapogenol B. Acid hydrolysis of these saponins yielded soyasapogenol B and its three artifacts: soyasapogenols C. D and F. Xylose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose and glucuronic acid were found as sugar constituents. The second fraction obtained by cholesterol precipitation consisted of seven haemolytically active medicagenic acid glycosides. Their hydrolysis furnished medicagenic acid and glucose, xylose, rhamnose and traces of glucuronic acid.
Studies on Medicago lupulina saponins. 6. Some chemical characteristics and biological activity of root saponins
Authors: Oleszek Wiesław , Jurzysta Marian , Górecki Piotr , Burda Stanisław , Płoszyński Michał
Published: February 2014

The saponin fraction of black medic trefoil (Medicago lupulina) roots was isolated and purified. Its hydrolysis afforded several aglycones that have been identified by spectral and chemical properties as medicagenic acid, hederagenine and soyasapogenols: B, C, D, E and F. They made up, respectively. 46.9 and 45% of total sapogenins isolated. Two-dimensional TLC of M. lupulina root saponins revealed fourteen compounds, two of which were medicagenic acid glycosides. The haemolytic, antifungal and allelopathic activities of M. lupulina and M. media roots are compared and discussed.
The suitability of the lead precipitation method for the localization of active ATPases in the meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. roots
Authors: Podbielkowska Maria , Walęza Maria
Published: February 2014

Demonstrated in this study is the suitability of the lead precipitation method for the localization of active ATPases bound with the mitochondrial membranes, ER and plasma membranes of meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. root apices. It was found that the presence of glutaraldehyde in the fixative has a significant influence on the fixation of ATPases and that a somewhat smaller influence is exhibited by formaldehyde. Also shown in this study is the relationship between the course of the reaction indicating the presence of active ATPases and the precipitating activity of Pb ions as well as the stimulatory effect of Ca2, Mg2 and K on the transport ATPase bound with the plasma and ER membranes.
Changes in ATPase activity in meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. roots caused by oncostatics
Authors: Podbielkowska Maria , Wałęza Maria , Ważyńska Mirosława
Published: February 2014

Specific changes in the activity of ATPases: mitochondrial and transport associated with the plasmalemma and membranes of endoplasmic reticulum have been observed during experiments on the meristematic tissue of Allium cepa root apices subject to cytostatics (methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine). It seems that an observed increase in the ATPase activity is correlated with a decrease in the level of cell respiration caused by oncostatics.
Phyllotaxis triangular unit; phyllotactic transitions as the consequences of the apical wedge disclinations in a crystal-like pattern of the units
Authors: Zagórska-Marek Beata
Published: February 2014

The complexity of helical phyllotaxis expressed in diverse phyllotactic patterns and the phenomenon of phyllotactic transformations were investigated theoretically. Two categories of transformations were distinguished: continuous and discontinuous, the latter being interpreted as the consequences of wedge disclinations present at the shoot apex when the number of initials changes. Phyllotaxis triangular unit was described as the common element of all patterns of helical phyllotaxis. It is proposed that the unit plays the same role in a process of the formation of phyllotactic pattern as the crystal basic unit does in a process of crystal growth.
The uptake and transpiration of water and the accumulation of lead by plants growing on lead chloride solutions
Authors: Burzyński Marek
Published: February 2014

The placement of approximately two week-old bean, cucumber and wheat plants in PbCl2 solutions caused significant decreases in transpiration and uptake of water. The amount of transpiration and water uptake depended on the PbCl2 concentration and length of treatment. Cucumber plants were the most sensitive to lead and accumu-lated the. greatest amounts of it. Beans were the least sensitive, although they accumulated more lead than wheat. The lead taken up by cucumbers and beans accumulated mainly in the roots while the distribution of lead in wheat was rather uniform in the roots and above-ground parts. The removal of roots from bean plants caused high accumulation of lead in the lower stem parts.
Triterpene saponins of Trigonella monspeliaca L.
Authors: Oleszek Wiesław , Jurzysta Marian , Burda Stanisław , Płoszyński Michał
Published: February 2014

The triterpene saponin fraction was isolated from Trigonella monspeliaca tops. It consisted of ten saponosides, three of which were determined to be medicagenic acid glycosides, the other seven - soyasapogenol glucosides. Acid hydrolysis of the saponin fraction yielded medicagenic acid, soyasapogenol B and its artifacts soyasapogenol C, D and F. These data consitute the first report on the occurence of medicagenic acid and soyasapogenol glycosides in the genus Trigonella.
The biology of Pleurospermum austriacum (L.) Hoffm. in a relict locality of the Kashubian Lake District
Authors: Markowski Ryszard , Chojnacki Włodzimierz
Published: February 2014

A local lowland population of the mountain species, Pleurospermum austriacum was studied. The population's spatial structure was of a cluster type. The population size, density and age-structure revealed spatial diversity and variability in time. The main reason for the instability of these traits was the changeable occurrence of generative individuals in the respective years. The reproductive tactics of the studied monocarpic perennial are characterized and its chances of survival in this locality are evaluated.
The morphology of hairs in species of Plantago L. sectio Coronopus DC.
Authors: Andrzejewska-Golec Emilia , Świętosławski Jacek
Published: February 2014

The hairs of 13 representatives of sectio Coronopus DC. genus Plantago were studied. The occurrence of 5 types of headless and 4 types of headed hairs was found. The investigations confirm the correctness of Rahn's (1978) and Dietrich's (1980) classification dividing the sectio Coronopus (subgenus) into two lower taxonomic units. Sectio Coronopus sensu Rahn is characterized by the presence of bottle-like hairs, while sectio Maritima Rahn by the occurrence of morel-like hairs.
Acropetal effects of IAA upon the wave-like pattern in the basipetal efflux of natural growth substances of Fraxinus excelsior L.
Authors: Adamczyk Jacek A. , Wodzicki Tomasz J.
Published: February 2014

Basipetal efflux of natural growth substances from the cambial region of a successive series of short sections of the stem of Fraxinus excelsior L. was measured by Went's oat coleoptile curvature bioassay. A wave-like pattern of stimulation by natural growth substances collected after efflux of only 10 min in agar containing 0.56 µM synthetic IAA was observed, confirming to earlier findings in other species. Both inhibitory and stimulatory effects were recorded, however, the oscillations were manifested in stimulation, which is probably due to natural auxin. IAA applied for 1 h directly to the cut surface of the lateral branch, distal to the stem segment used for the measurements of natural auxin efflux, caused acropetal modulations of the wave-like pattern. The results seem to indicate that the auxin-wave system analogous to that already described for other trees operates also in the cambial region of the Fraxinus excelsior L. stem. Modulations of such waves caused by IAA (seen as phase shift) can be propagated acropetally at a rate excluding direct action of molecules of auxin at the site of measurement.
The identification of acetylcholine and choline in oat seedlings by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
Authors: Tretyn Andrzej , Bobkiewicz Wiesława , Tretyn Małgorzata , Michalski Leszek
Published: February 2014

Four methods of isolation and purification of choline esters from green 7-day-old oat ( Avena sativa L. cv. Diadem) seedlings were tested The results showed that the best recovery of acetylcholine and choline from plant tissues was obtained using an extraction solution composed of 15% 1N formic acid and 85%, acetone followed by precipitation of both these substances with ammonium reineckate. The presence of acetylcholine and choline in the plant extracts was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography. In the case of gas chromatography, after isolation and purification of the studied compounds from the plant material, estrification of choline followed by N-demethylation of acetylcholine and estrified choline were performed The demethylation reaction was conducted in a reaction mixture of 50 mM sodium thiophenolate and 25 mM thiophenol in anhydrous acetone. After its completion, the mixture was removed with pentanone and the demethylated esters were extracted into chloroform.
An evaluation of the suitability of the onion test for studying the biological activity of potential antitumor drugs on the example of ledakrin
Authors: Antosiewicz Danuta
Published: February 2014

The onion test was employed in this study. The effect of ledakrin on the synthesis of DNA and protein in meristematic cells of onion adventitious roots was examined. Comparison of the results revealed their similarity to data on animals and bacteria. It was found that inhibition of DNA synthesis is high and seems to precede the inhibition of protein synthesis (which is very low). Also, the difference between the lowest active concentration and lethal dose is, similarly as in mammals, slight (low therapeutic index). It was found that ledakrin is quickly taken up from the incubation medium by the roots; during the first six hours of incubation, a major part of the supplied compound enters into them. During postincubation, the compound is excreted into the medium by the roots; during the first day of postincubation, 10%, during the following days, 0.2-2.0% of the amount taken up by the roots is excreted. During the first hour of incubation, the drug enters all of the root meristematic - tissues, while after 7 days of postincubation, this compound, or its metabolites, is still present in small amounts in the meristem.