bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dissolution of a Pension Fund
Authors: Gilley D. F.
Published: May 2019

Consider what you think justice requires, and decide accordingly. But never give your reasons; for your judgement will probably be right, but your reasons will certainly be wrong.

William Murray, Earl of Mansfield 1705-93

Pension fund is created for what it will do while in full operation—not for what will emerge when it is wound up nor for what it might provide for members during their employment. Nevertheless, the dissolution provisions are important: they may reflect the philosophy on which, or the limitations within which, the fund is financed but it is of paramount importance that they should make llowance for the considerable problems that can and do arise on a dissolution acutally taking place.
Israel's Restrictive Trade Practices Law: Antitrust Misadventures in a Small Developing Country
Authors: Kestenbaum Lionel
Published: May 2019

In 1959, Israel's parliament, theKnesset, enacted a government-proposed Restrictive Trade Practices Law, without a dissenting vote. In urging passage, the Minister of Finance and members of the labour parties comprising the Government had declared that the Law would fulfil an important role in preventing injury to the economy and exploitation of the consumers, taking the place of pervasive governmental controls, and would make a “substantial contribution to competition, efficiency and to the viability of the country's economy”. The principal complaint of legislators outside the labour parties, particularly those associated with the business community, was that the Law did not go far enough in establishing a competitive environment, for “competition is as essential to us as air to breathe”.
Effects of drenching with a ‘pluronic’ on bloat and milk production
Authors: Wright D. E.
Published: May 2019

Bloat in identical twin lactating cattle grazing clover-rich pastures was controlled by twice-daily drenching with 7 ml ‘ Pluronic’ L 64 in water. The drench did not alter milk composition and there was no significant difference in milk production between control and treated groups. A significant (P <0·05) linear relationship between bloat protection and butterfat production was found between twin sets. Drenching increased milk production in high-bloating cows but slightly depressed production in low-bloating animals.
The metabolism of [U-14C]glucose, [1-14C]palmitic acid and [1-14C]stearic acid by the lactating mammary gland of the sow
Authors: Spincer J. , Rook J. A. F.
Published: May 2019

(1) Lactating Large White sows were given an intravenous infusion of [U-14C]glucose (3 sows), or of triglycerides containing [1-14C]palmitic acid (1 sow) or [1-14C]stearic acid (1 sow).

(2) The contribution of labelled plasma constituents to the synthesis of milk citrate, lactose, triglyceride glycerol, individual amino acids of the milk proteins and individual fatty acids of the triglyceride fraction was estimated by the ‘transfer quotient’ method. For the glucose infusions the mean values for the transfer quotients were: lactose, 70%; citrate, 42%; glyceride glycerol, 38%; protein, 3%; laurate, 6%; myristate, 12%; palmitate, 6%; palmitoleate, 4% and stearate, 2%. Palmitic acid of the plasma triglycerides made similar contributions of about 60% to the palmitic and palmitoleic acids of milk fat, whereas stearic acid made a major contribution (71 %) to the stearic acid of milk fat but a smaller contribution (42%) to oleic acid.

(3) The results are compared with corresponding values for the goat and the cow.
Observations on the Resistance to Schistosome Infection of Neonatal Mice born to Immune Mothers with a Demonstration of Increased Resistance in Lactating Mice
Authors: Taylor M. G. , Denham D. A. , Nelson G. S.
Published: May 2019

An attempt was made to demonstrate passive transfer of immunity using neonatal mice born to mothers resistant to schistosome infection. No immunity was demonstrated in the baby mice, suggesting that the classes of antibody which are active in this immune system are not transferrable neonatally.

An interesting incidental finding was the apparent enhanced resistance of lactating mice compared to normal females or males and this was confirmed in another experiment. There was no significant difference between the susceptibility of normal females and male mice. More male worms were recovered from male mice than from virgin female mice.
Parasitological research in the molecular age
Authors: Selbach Christian , Jorge Fátima , Dowle Eddy , Bennett Jerusha , Chai Xuhong , Doherty Jean-François , Eriksson Alan , Filion Antoine , Hay Eleanor , Herbison Ryan , Lindner Jocelyn , Park Eunji , Presswell Bronwen , Ruehle Brandon , Sobrinho Paulo M. , Wainwright Eleanor , Poulin Robert
Published: May 2019

New technological methods, such as rapidly developing molecular approaches, often provide new tools for scientific advances. However, these new tools are often not utilized equally across different research areas, possibly leading to disparities in progress between these areas. Here, we use empirical evidence from the scientific literature to test for potential discrepancies in the use of genetic tools to study parasiticvsnon-parasitic organisms across three distinguishable molecular periods, the allozyme, nucleotide and genomics periods. Publications on parasites constitute only a fraction (<5%) of the total research output across all molecular periods and are dominated by medically relevant parasites (especially protists), particularly during the early phase of each period. Our analysis suggests an increasing complexity of topics and research questions being addressed with the development of more sophisticated molecular tools, with the research focus between the periods shifting from predominantly species discovery to broader theory-focused questions. We conclude that both new and older molecular methods offer powerful tools for research on parasites, including their diverse roles in ecosystems and their relevance as human pathogens. While older methods, such as barcoding approaches, will continue to feature in the molecular toolbox of parasitologists for years to come, we encourage parasitologists to be more responsive to new approaches that provide the tools to address broader questions.
Elizabethan Priest-Holes I: Dating and Chronology
Authors: Hodgetts Michael
Published: May 2019

At sunrise on 14 July 1586, the only three Jesuits then in England, William Weston, Henry Garnet and Robert Southwell, rode westwards out of London. They were making for Harleyford, a mansion on the north bank of the Thames, two miles upstream from Marlow and backed by the beechwoods of the Chilterns. There they lay hidden for a week, ‘discussing', as Weston cautiously wrote, ‘our future methods of work and the prospects that lay before us'. The owner of Harleyford, Robert Bold, was a keen musician, and in the mornings Mass was sung with a mixed choir, organ and other instruments, conducted by no less a master than William Byrd. Perhaps one or more of Byrd's own settings, especially the bare and haunting Mass for Three Voices, was first performed during this octave. Nearly the whole of the morning, says Weston, was taken up by Mass, preaching and confessions.
Reverberations in Durham: The Case of Eleanor Jackson and the Gunpowder Plot
Authors: Gavin Joseph B.
Published: May 2019

On 13 December 1605 there appeared in Durham Consistory Court before William James, the dean of Durham, and William Morton, John Barnes, and Robert Cooper, justices of the peace, the first of five witnesses in a trial which resulted from the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605. The case concerned a recusant Catholic, Eleanor Jackson, the wife of Thomas Jackson of Bishop Auckland. The trial and tragic end of this unknown woman are of especial interest since they point to the intense search to uncover as many plotters as possible after the discovery of the Plot. Eleanor's unhappy story serves to emphasize both the fear which gripped the country and the hysteria which swept all England and enveloped the innocent or foolish in the aftermath of the Plot.
Henry Hawkins, S.J., 1577-1646: A Recusant Writer and Translator of the Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: Secker Josephine Evetts
Published: May 2019

Henry Hawkins deserves to be remembered if only because he lived to be an old man. After more than twenty-five years of active but unostentatious service as a Jesuit priest in the London area, he died on 14 August 1646 at the House of the English Tertian Fathers in Ghent, aged about seventy years. But apart from the achievement of keeping his body intact and relatively free for a quarter of a century on the English Mission, Hawkins should be known, too, for his literary works—two original and six substantial translations from Latin, French and Italian. From the earliest days of the English Catholic struggle for survival, the particular need of the isolated English ‘Papists’ for spiritual reading in order to sustain faith, had been recognized and many attempts were made to meet it. For Catholics at home, largely deprived of sacraments, worship and instruction through homily, it was one of the only ways of keeping in touch with the Church's devotional life and one of the few channels of encouragement. Hawkins's work is not apologetical; he does not try to supply the need for doctrinal instruction nor does he in any way enter the dogmatic or political conflict.
Nitralin and Trifluralin Persistence in Soil
Authors: Savage K. E.
Published: May 2019

Analysis of soil samples taken periodically from field plots on Dundee silty clay loam treated with single or dual annual applications of 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) or α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) at 0.84 or 1.68 kg/ha indicated dissipation of the herbicides to a low residual level within 3 to 4 months following each application. No accumulation was noted with either herbicide regardless of frequency or rate of application. Nitralin phytotoxicity to sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. ‘Dekalb 57E’) decreased more rapidly in soil that had received prior treatment with nitralin than in soil with no previous treatment. A microbiological influence is suggested because this effect was nullified by autoclaving the soil prior to herbicide treatment. This effect was not apparent with trifluralin. A survey of 250 fields indicated a significant, inverse correlation between nitralin and trifluralin residue level and soil pH. Nitralin persistence was greater in acid than in neutral soil.
Changes in Fumitory Achenes During Low Temperature After-Ripening
Authors: Jeffery Larry S. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: May 2019

Fumitory (Fumaria officinalisL.) achenes were after-ripened in moist sand at 4 C for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Embryo size in longitudinal section increased 14 times during after-ripening. The percentage of ether soluble lipids and their fatty acids remained constant during the entire after-ripening period. Soluble carbohydrates were the highest at the 45-day period of after-ripening when embryo growth was rapid. The concentration of 70% ethyl alcohol soluble amino acids increased gradually over the first 45 days of after-ripening and decreased over the last 15 days as embryo growth became more rapid.
Soil Degradation of Two Phenyl Pyridazinone Herbicides
Authors: Rahn P. R. , Zimdahl R. L.
Published: May 2019

Degradation of SAN 6706 [4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] and SAN 9789 [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3 (2H)-pyridazinone] was studied in a sandy loam soil at temperatures of 5, 20, and 35 C. After 210 days of incubation 10, 80, and 97% of SAN 6706 had been dissipated from soil at 5, 20, and 35 C., respectively. SAN 6706 was converted to SAN 9789 and a demethylated metabolite in the soil. SAN 9789 was converted to the demethylated metabolite. It was difficult to differentiate between first and second-order kinetics in the degradation of these compounds. SAN 6706, at 20 and 35 C, had a half life of 50 and 9 days respectively, and an Arrhenius activation energy of 15.8 Kcal/mole. SAN 9789, at 20 and 35 C, had a half life of 270 and 70 days, respectively, and an activation energy of 11.8 Kcal/mole. The degradation of SAN 6706 was inhibited by a chloroform treatment, and microbiological degradation is suggested.
Interaction of Alachlor and Carbofuran
Authors: Hamill Allan S. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

The combination of the herbicide 2-chloro-2′,6′ diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) with the insecticide 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl-7-N-methyl-carbamate (carbofuran) interacted synergistically to reduce barley [Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Larker’] but not corn [Zea maysL. ‘Michigan 400’] growth. Alachlor alone increased the respiration rate of barley. Accumulation of14C from14C-alachlor was greater in the plant roots than shoots. The increased accumulation of alachlor in the roots was accentuated by a reduced rate of alachlor metabolism. The basis for the observed interaction appeared to be greater alachlor uptake by barley plants grown from seed treated with carbofuran. A statistical procedure for pesticide combinations in experiments with a completely randomized design was developed for the calculation of interaction significance.
Butylate and Carbofuran Interaction in Barley and Corn
Authors: Hamill Allan S. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Radicle length of barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Larker’) seedlings was greatly reduced by the combination of the herbicideS-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate (butylate) applied in combination with the insecticide 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl-7-N-methylcarbamate (carbofuran). Corn (Zea maysL. ‘Michigan 400’) seedlings were not similarly affected. Carbofuran interacted with butylate to reduce synergistically the root and shoot growth of barley but not that of corn. The combination of these two carbamate pesticides synergistically increased respiration in barley. The basis for these interaction effects in barley appeared to be decreased metabolism of butylate and increased respiration in the presence of carbofuran. Although the same metabolism trend was apparent in tolerant corn, the butylate level was much lower since the absorption of butylate was reduced by the carbofuran seed treatment. The14C from14C-butylate preferentially accumulated in barley shoots and corn roots.
Preemergence Weed Control in Southeastern Forest Nurseries
Authors: Dill T. R. , Carter M. C.
Published: May 2019

Weed control trials were conducted on loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) or slash pine (Pinus elliottiiEngelm.) seedbeds at 12 locations in the southeastern United States. Good weed control was obtained from 2,4-bis-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne) at 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha;N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) at 4.5 and 9 kg/ha; α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha; and 2-ethylthio-4,6-bis-isopropylamino-s-triazine (GS-16068) at 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha as preemergence applications immediately followed by irrigation. Diphenamid and trifluralin treatments were not injurious to either pine species at either rate. GS-16068 was only slightly injurious at the high rate at one location. Prometryne was injurious at two locations at the high rate and at one location at the low rate.
Response of Common Purslane to Dicamba
Authors: Stacewicz-Sapuncakis Maria , Vengris J. , Marsh H. V. , Jennings P. H. , Robinson T.
Published: May 2019

The effect of 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) on common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.) was studied under growth room conditions. Common purslane was quite sensitive to dicamba. The lethal rate depended on the age of the plants and increased with their development. The visual responses included bending of young stems, epinasty of leaves, and inhibition of nyctinasty, followed by necrosis of leaves, defoliation, swelling of stems, and death of the growing tips with loss of apical dominance. Stem elongation was inhibited and fresh weight of tops was markedly reduced by dicamba application to either the roots or foliage. Carboxyl-labeled dicamba-7-14C was absorbed slowly by common purslane leaves. However, translocation appeared rapid, with accumulation of dicamba observed in the young tissues. A small amount of dicamba was exuded through the roots. There was no indication of dicamba degradation in common purslane during 8 days following treatment.
Revegetation Following Massive Application of Selected Herbicides
Authors: Isensee A. R. , Shaw W. C. , Gentner W. A. , Swanson C. R. , Turner B. C. , Woolson E. A.
Published: May 2019

This investigation was initiated in 1954 at Beltsville, Maryland, to determine the initial and long-term response of vegetation to, and persistence of, massive quantities of herbicides. Vegetative responses were determined 1, 2, 3, and 15 years after treatment. Residual phytotoxicity and herbicide residues were determined 14 years after treatment with bioassay and chemical analysis. After 3 years, revegetation was nearly complete in plots treated with massive (up to 400 times recommended agricultural rates) quantities of fenuron (1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea), monuron [3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid), chlorpropham (isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate), sodium chlorate, 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], borax, sodium chlorate plus borax, and 2,4-D plus borax. Only diuron [3-(3,4-di chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], DMU [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea] sodium arsenite, and sodium arsenite plus sodium chlorate gave residual control of vegetation for more than 3 years. Revegetated plots were identical to untreated check plots whether the vegetation was initially killed by chemical or mechanical methods. Phytotoxic soil residues of DMU, diuron, and arsenate were present 14 years after application.
Tall Morningglory Germination Response to Herbicides and Temperature
Authors: Cole A. W. , Coats G. E.
Published: May 2019

Tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth] seeds were germinated at various temperatures and dry weight conversion measured at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hr. Germination and dry weight conversion were slower at the lower temperatures although both occurred. Tall morningglory could germinate and become established over a wide range of temperatures. Some herbicides were effective in reducing germination, and dry weight conversion was reduced most with the dithiocarbamates followed in sequence by the amides, benzoic acids, uracils, dinitroanilines, phthalamic acids, triazines, and ureas.
Volatility and Photodecomposition of Trifluralin, Benefin, and Nitralin
Authors: Parochetti J. V. , Hein E. R.
Published: May 2019

Vapor losses of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-p-toluidine), and nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline] were studied under controlled laboratory conditions using a Florisil vapor trap. No nitralin vapor losses were detected at 50 C from a Lakeland loamy sand at field capacity with an air flow rate of 0.04 m3/hr for 3 hr; whereas, 24.5% and 12.5% of trifluralin and benefin, respectively, were lost as vapors. Volatility of trifluralin and benefin increased with increasing temperatures of 30, 40, and 50 C and increasing soil moisture from air dryness to field capacity. Vapor losses from granular benefin were similar to the spray applications at 30 and 40 C. Volatilization of granular trifluralin was reduced when compared to the spray application at 40 C and 30 C but was similar for both formulations for benefin. No significant losses from photodecomposition were noted for trifluralin, benefin, or nitralin when comparing radiated and unradiated soil surface treated samples.
Selectivity of Benazolin in Wild Mustard and Rape Species
Authors: Schafer D. E. , Stobbe E. H.
Published: May 2019

The selectivity of 4-chloro-2-oxobenzothiazolin-3-ylacetic acid (benazolin) in wild mustard [Brassica kaber (DC.) L. C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L. C. Wheeler], turnip rape (Brassica campestris L. ‘Echo’), and rape (Brassica napus L. ‘Target’) was studied. On an ED50 basis wild mustard was 19 and 32 times more susceptible to foliar-applied benazolin than was turnip rape and rape, respectively. The addition of surfactant increased the toxicity of benazolin to the Brassica species. Benazolin was less selective when applied via roots. Selectivity was further studied on the bases of differential spray retention and foliar penetration. Rape retained less spray than did wild mustard and turnip rape. The inclusion of surfactants in formulations increased spray retention by rape. Less 14C-benazolin penetrated leaves of the rape species as compared to wild mustard. Surfactant enhanced penetration of 14C-benazolin into leaves of the three species. Leaf surface features which resulted in high spray retention and rapid penetration of benazolin partly explained the susceptibility of wild mustard. The variation in tolerance between the two rape species was attributed to differential spray retention.
Herbicidal Potential of Rhizobitoxine
Authors: Owens Lowell D.
Published: May 2019

The bacterially produced phytotoxin 2-amino-4-(2-amino-3-hydroxypropoxy)-trans-3-butenoic acid (rhizobitoxine) was tested for herbicidal properties in comparison with 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole) and 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(a,a,a,-trifluro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone (metflurazone). In postemergence tests with various plant seedlings, rhizobitoxine and amitrole were approximately equal in phytotoxicity on a weight basis, and both were generally much more phytotoxic than metflurazone. Phytotoxicity of rhizobitoxine varied markedly among grass species. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘Hegari’) was very sensitive to rhizobitoxine, large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.) was moderately sensitive, wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Thorne’) was tolerant, and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.) was very tolerant. In contrast, amitrole was almost as phytotoxic to bluegrass as to large crabgrass, and metflurazone had little effect on either. In a preemergence test with mustard (Brassica japonica(L.) Coss. ‘Southern Giant Curled’) rhizobitoxine was as effective as amitrole, when compared on a molar basis, in inhibiting chlorophyll synthesis and root growth and was superior in retarding overall growth and development.
Enhancement of Herbicides by Silicone Surfactants
Authors: Jansen L. L.
Published: May 2019

In comparative evaluation of adjuvant effects in eight species, nonionic silicone-glycol surfactants enhanced the activity of six herbicides to a greater extent than a standard organic surfactant, whereas cationic amino silicone surfactants enhanced to a lesser extent. The efficacy of the nonionic silicones was associated with (a) a greater enhancing action in species, particularly grasses, that were relatively resistant to herbicides applied without adjuvants and (b) a greater ability to enhance herbicides with very low water solubility. The cationic silicones in combination with some of the herbicides provided less enhancement in moderately sensitive crops than did the standard organic surfactant but provided equivalent enhancement on some weeds. The threshhold concentration for enhancement by silicone-glycols was 0.01% in a susceptible species and 0.1% in a resistant species. In yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.), a silicone-glycol surfactant at a concentration of 0.5% provided greater enhancement of several herbicides than any of three organic surfactants or an emulsifiable oil.
Toxicity of an UHF Device to Plant Seeds in Soil
Authors: Wayland J. R. , Davis F. S. , Merkle M. G.
Published: May 2019

An application was developed to project UHF electromagnetic fields into soils containing seeds. The unconfined field (2450±20 Mhz) was effective in killing seeds in the soil. At a fixed energy level the toxicity of the field to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was constant or slightly increased as the time of exposure was decreased. Thus, the energy requirement for a given level of toxicity can be met by substituting increased power levels for time of exposure in the range of 100 and 1200 watts.
Lipid Deposition on Leaves of Canada Thistle Ecotypes
Authors: Hodgson J. M.
Published: May 2019

The amount of lipid present on leaves of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.) varied due to ecotype, site where grown, and date of sampling. Thistles from a site with the greatest wind movement and greatest evaporation produced the most lipid per unit area of leaf. The relative lipid yield of ecotypes was similar at different locations. Deposition of lipid on the leaves of Canada thistle increased from the early bud stage to the first bloom and late bloom stages of growth. The amount of lipid on the leaves and previous data on the response of these ecotypes to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) were highly correlated. Three ecotypes with the most lipid were most resistant and four ecotypes with the least lipid were most susceptible to 2,4-D spray. Two ecotypes were inconsistent in that comparison.
Micromovement of Propachlor from Granules in Soil
Authors: Molnau M. P. , Lovely W. G. , Johnson H. P.
Published: May 2019

Movement of 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor) from a granule to the soil was classified as horizontal, below the granule, above the granule, and into an area within a 3-ppmw contour. The influence of depth of placement, moisture content, temperature, relative humidity, and exposure time on each of the movement classifications was determined. Horizontal movement increased as the temperature, moisture, and exposure time increased. Propachlor tends to move down into the soil under dry conditions and up when the soil is moist. The size of the soil area that contained 3 ppmw was greater for granules placed in the soil than for granules placed on the surface. The size of the area increased as the moisture increased.
Action of Simazine in Increasing Plant Protein Content
Authors: Pulver E. L. , Ries S. K.
Published: May 2019

Application of 10-8M 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) to the roots of 10-day old barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Coho’) seedlings grown in nutrient cultures increased the water-soluble protein content when grown at 20 C day, 15 C night with 3 mM nitrate nitrogen. The water-soluble carbohydrate content decreased with increases in water-soluble protein. In a time-course study simazine increased14C-leucine incorporation into protein prior to increasing nitrate uptake, indicating that simazine may have a direct influence on protein synthesis. The nonherbicidal metabolite of simazine, 2-hydroxy-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (hydroxysimazine), did not affect14C-leucine incorporation into protein.
Clean Grass Seed Crops Established with Activated Carbon Bands and Herbicides
Authors: Lee William O.
Published: May 2019

Activated carbon, applied over the seeded row in a band 2.5 cm wide, protected grasses from herbicides applied preemergence. The carbon rate required to protect the grasses varied with the grass species, the herbicide, and the rate of herbicide application. Most of the herbicides controlled weeds effectively between the rows. The herbicides usually controlled weeds less effectively within the carbon bands. Diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] was inactivated most readily by the carbon and showed the greatest safety margin on the crop species. Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], and terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) required higher carbon rates for crop protection than diuron and showed a much narrower safety margin on crops. Use of this technique made possible the effective control of weeds during establishment and, subsequently, the production of high quality seed in the first seed crop.
Alteration of Diphenamid Metabolism in Tomato by Ozone
Authors: Hodgson Richard H. , Frear D. Stuart , Swanson H. R. , Regan L. A.
Published: May 2019

Fumigation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Sheyenne’) with low levels of O3had little effect on root absorption, translocation, or conversion of diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) to water-soluble conjugates. However, the proportion of specific conjugates was markedly altered in O3-fumigated plants. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the predominant conjugates formed in nonfumigated and fumigated tomato were the β-glucoside (MDAG), and the β-gentiobioside (MDAGB), respectively, ofN-hydroxymethyl-N-methyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide. The ratio MDAG:MDAGB was 8.2:1.0 in nonfumigated tissue and 0.6:1.0 in O3-fumigated tissue. This marked shift toward production of the more polar MDAGB was accompanied by a trend toward increased production of methanol-insoluble residues. A compound having limited stability was extracted from tomato; its probable structure wasN-hydroxymethyl-N-methyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (MODA). It is a postulated intermediate in the formation of MDAG and MDAGB from diphenamid.
Nitrate Reductase Profiles in Leaves of Tall Morningglory Seedlings
Authors: Galitz Donald S.
Published: May 2019

Nitrate reductase activity of seed leaves and the first three true leaves of tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth] was shown to increase rapidly initially then gradually decrease. The greatest level of reductase activity of each true leaf was reached at the fourth to fifth day after unfolding. A subsequent leveling off of enzyme activity corresponded to the acceleration of leaf growth. Leaf nitrates were correlated with enzyme activity. The sum of leaf activities was used to estimate the total reductive capacity of the plant leaf tissue at each sampling date.
Field Bindweed Control with Cultivation, Cropping, and Chemicals
Authors: Derscheid Lyle A. , Stritzke J. F. , Wright Wayne G.
Published: May 2019

Various combinations of crops, herbicides, and tillage were evaluated for field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) control in western South Dakota. Four crop rotations (continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), wheat-fallow, wheat-sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), and wheat-sorghum-fallow) were modified by the application of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and/or the use of post-harvest tillage. Intensive cultivation and 2,4-D treatment were used to aid in the control of field bindweed in forage crops grown on a long-term basis and in conjunction with small grain rotations. Treatment with 2,4-D in a grain crop and with non-selective herbicides after harvest were tested. Crops were planted the succeeding 2 or 3 years and observed for effect of chemical residue. The established plants could be essentially eliminated while utilizing adapted crop rotations. The use of 2,4-D alone or in combination with cultivation made it possible to reduce the stand of field bindweed (20.7 to 22.2 shoots/sq yd) 90% or more in 3 years in all rotations. A ¾-lb/A rate of 2,4-D in June prevented seed production, killed susceptible plants, and weakened the remaining plants, but a follow-up treatment of 2,4-D in the fall, post-harvest cultivation, or post-harvest treatment with herbicides such as 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (2,3,6-TBA), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) was necessary to kill them.
Prickly Sida Control and Competition in Cotton
Authors: Ivy H. W. , Baker R. S.
Published: May 2019

In field studies combinations of herbicides applied preplant, preemergence, or postemergence were compared for control of prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 7A’). All plots received an application of α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) incorporated into the soil prior to planting. Additional preemergence applications increased control of prickly sida 94% with 1,1-dimethyl-3-α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) and 53% with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron). Seven postemergence treatments evaluated were at least partially effective in controlling prickly sida. However, trifluralin applied preplant followed by fluometuron applied preemergence gave the most effective prickly sida control in combination with all post-emergence treatments. Prickly sida populations of 130 plants per square meter competed with cotton all season and reduced yield 41 and 37% in 1969 and 1970, respectively. Prickly sida did not appear to affect cotton grade or staple length.
Low-Volume Application of Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: Barzee Milton A. , Stroube Edward W.
Published: May 2019

A field and greenhouse study was conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of preemergence herbicides applied at low volume (9.35 to 37.4 L/ha) and conventional volume (187 L/ha). In the field study 11 preemergence herbicides were applied to plots seeded with seven weed species. Five herbicides were used in the greenhouse study each applied at five rates and two volumes. Both field and greenhouse results indicated that water soluble materials and emulsifiable concentrates which need not be incorporated can be applied at low volume with results comparable to conventional volume application. Field results suggested wettable powders can be applied low volume with success; however, greenhouse results indicated that with present equipment and technique wettable powders are not well suited for low volume application. Incorporated materials were included only in the field study and gave irregular results.
Influence of Phenoxy Herbicides on Picloram Uptake and Phytotoxicity
Authors: Hamill A. S. , Smith L. W. , Switzer C. M.
Published: May 2019

The foliar uptake of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and its phytotoxicity in mixtures with several phenoxy herbicides were studied using bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Red Kidney’). The greatest accumulation of picloram occurred in the growing point, stem, and axillary buds. Transport from the treated leaf occurred within 6 hr and continued for at least 7 days. The effectiveness of herbicide combinations containing picloram was related to the particular plant part measured. A synergistic reduction in fresh and dry red kidney bean weight was obtained with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) or 2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]propionic acid (mecoprop) when applied in combination with picloram, whereas 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and picloram gave an antagonistic response. An investigation of the antagonistic reaction of 2,4-DB with picloram indicated that picloram prevented the movement of 2,4-DB, while 2,4-DB increased both the distribution and the amount of picloram translocated from the point of application.
Cotton Oil Quality After Postemergence Herbicides in Oil
Authors: Wilkinson R. E. , Hardcastle W. S.
Published: May 2019

Cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Atlas 67′) oil quality was measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Postemergent applications of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) (0.22, 0.34, or 0.45 kg/ha); 1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) (0.56, 1.12, or 1.68 kg/ha); or 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne) (0.22, 0.45, or 0.90 kg/ha) in phytobland oil (4.7, 9.3, or 14.0 L/ha) did not modify the percentage myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, or arachidic acids when compared to cotton treated with phytobland oil alone or the three herbicides without oil.
Herbicide Concentrations in Honey Mesquite Phloem
Authors: Davis F. S. , Meyer R. E. , Baur J. R. , Bovey R. W.
Published: May 2019

Herbicide content in honey mesquite(Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell) phloem 48 hr after treatment was higher in stems within 20 cm of the foliage than in those near the soil line. Similar levels of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) occurred from applications of either 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha, whereas three times as much 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) occurred in plants sprayed with the high rate than in those sprayed with the low rate. Herbicide concentration was highest in June and lowest in August.
Temperature Effects on Absorption and Translocation of Trifluralin and Methazole in Peanuts
Authors: Hawxby K. , Basler E. , Santelmann P. W.
Published: May 2019

The absorption and translocation of14C-labeled α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) and 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione methazole from nutrient solutions of various temperatures by(Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Starr’) seedlings were determined. The accumulation of trifluralin in roots at 24 hr after exposure to trifluralin was greatest at 21 C and decreased at higher temperatures up to 38 C. The amounts of trifluralin translocated and accumulated in hypocotyls, tops, and cotyledons were small but generally increased with temperature. The initial rate of absorption of trifluralin was greater in excised lateral root tips than in tap root tips, but there was a greater accumulation in excised tap roots at 24 hr. The initial rates of absorption were higher for excised lateral roots at high temperatures. Total absorption of trifluralin at equilibrium was not proportional to the initial rates of absorption but was highest at low (21 C) and high (38 C) temperatures for excised lateral roots. The absorption of methazole by roots and translocation to other plant parts increased linearly with temperature, and it tended to accumulate in the mature leaf tissue.
Evaluation of Polymerized Herbicides for Brush Control
Authors: Bovey R. W. , Meyer R. E. , Baker R. D. , Baur J. R.
Published: May 2019

Polymerized and conventional (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid (2,4-D), (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-picolinic acid (picloram) were applied alone and in certain combinations to several brush species. Generally there were no significant differences in effectiveness between conventional and polymerized herbicides on honey mesquite(Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockrell), huisache(Acacia farnesianaL. Willd.), Macartney rose(Rosa bracteataWendl.), live oak(Quercus virginianaMill.), whitebrush(Aloysia lycioidesCham.), and winged elm(Ulmus alataMichx.). Conventional granular picloram was more effective on yaupon(Ilex vomitoriaAit.) than polymerized formulations.
Biological and Chemical Degradation of Atrazine in Three Oregon Soils
Authors: Skipper H. D. , Volk V. V.
Published: May 2019

Microbial degradation of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) and 2-hydroxy-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (hydroxyatrazine) was investigated in three Oregon soils. Hydrolysis of atrazine was determined by the presence of14C-hydroxyatrazine in methanol extracts. Respired14CO2from the14C-ethyl side chain of atrazine represented less than 10% of the added14C in the soils after 28 days. Degradation was dependent on soil type, atrazine concentration, and moisture content. The isopropyl and ring constituents of atrazine were subject to minimal attack. The hydroxyatrazine ring was attacked more readily than the atrazine ring. Hydroxyatrazine accounted for approximately 10% of the extracted14C from14C-atrazine-treated Parkdale-A, Parkdale-C, and Coker soils and 40% from the Woodburn soil. Hydrolysis was the dominant pathway of detoxification in the Woodburn soil, whereas detoxification of atrazine in Parkdale-A, Parkdale-C, and Coker soils was a combination of chemical hydrolysis and slow microbial degradation byN-dealkylation of the ethyl side chain constituent.
Germination and Seedling Development of Common Milkweed and Other Species
Authors: Evetts L. L. , Burnside O. C.
Published: May 2019

Common milkweed(Asclepias syriacaL.) seed did not survive storage in water for 1, 2, and 12 months at 40, 30, and 5 C, respectively; but under dry storage seed viability was destroyed only at 40 C for 5 months. Stratifying common milkweed seed in water at 5 C was more effective in breaking dormancy than at 22 C. Mechanical scarification also caused a significant increase in germination. Exogenous 6-furfurylamino purine (kinetin) and gibberellic acid-3 (GA) increased germination while indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) had no effect. The optimum germination temperature scheme for common milkweed was an alternating 20 to 30 C, the maximum between 35 and 40 C, and the minimum between 15 and 20 C. Common milkweed seedlings were more susceptible to moisture stress than kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.] but less susceptible than hemp dogbane(Apocynum cannabinumL.) and sunflower(Helianthus annuusL.). In a greenhouse study common milkweed was less drought tolerant than eight other weed species. Common milkweed seedlings tolerated wider pH ranges than honeyvine milkweed [Ampelamus albidus(Nutt.) Britt.], kochia, and sunflower. Common milkweed seedlings were less tolerant to salt solutions than four other species. Common milkweed emerged from 6-cm depths in Sharpsburg silty clay loam (sicl) at 20 or 30 C but only from the 3-cm depth at an alternating 20 to 30 C. Results from root box studies showed that common and honeyvine milkweed produced less shoot and root weight than kochia and sunflower and had a lower growth rate index of roots than sunflower. Common milkweed seedlings resprouted 21 days after planting when clipped at ground level. As days from planting to clipping increased, sprouting activity increased.
Effects of Light Quantities and Glucose on 2,4-D Toxicity to Canada Thistle
Authors: Erickson Duane H. , Erickson Lambert C. , Seely Clarence I.
Published: May 2019

Shade cages admitting three quantities of sunlight were placed in a dense field infestation of Canada thistle(Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.), and the thistles were sprayed with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and with 2,4-D plus glucose in 1968 and again in 1969. Necrosis was greatest under full sunlight and when glucose was added. Regrowth the years after spraying increased with decreasing daylight intensities, but it was not significantly influenced by the addition of glucose. Percentage of necrosis in the year of treatment was not correlated with the percentage of regrowth the following year.
Phytotoxicity of Herbicides to a Penncross Bentgrass Green
Authors: Callahan L. M.
Published: May 2019

A ‘penncross' bentgrass(Agrostis palustrisHuds.) golf-type green was treated in the spring with seven herbicides at three rates each for three consecutive annual applications to assess their phytotoxicity. Herbicides which caused slight foliage injury the first year were tri-calcium arsenate, dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), and polychlorodicyclopentadiene isomers (bandane); moderate injury occurred with 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-tolyl methylcarbamate (terbutol) andN-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin). No injury was observed withO,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) and 1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea (siduron). For the second and third year bandane was reapplied at half and tri-calcium arsenate at one fourth the original rate. Loss of bentgrass sod the second year was slight with terbutol and bandane and moderate with benefin and DCPA. No sod loss occurred with tri-calcium arsenate, siduron, and bensulide. Sod loss the third year was slight with tri-calcium arsenate, moderate with siduron and DCPA, and severe with bensulide, benefin, bandane, and terbutol. A persisting sod loss the fourth season, an observation year, was nil with tri-calcium arsenate; slight with siduron, benefin, and DCPA; slight to moderate with bensulide; moderate with bandane; and severe with terbutol.
Phytochrome Controlled Changes in Dormancy and Germination of Buried Weed Seeds
Authors: Taylorson R. B.
Published: May 2019

Seeds of six weed species were buried in the field at depths of 2.5, 7.6, and 15.2 cm. Seed germination after various light and temperature treatments was determined before burial and after recoveries in darkness at 3-month intervals over 12 and 20-month periods. In one experiment the five species studied were ungerminable before burial. After 6 months burial, most species responded to light but became ungerminable again after this time. These results suggest cycles of dormancy where seeds pass from total dormancy at maturation to a phytochrome-controlled dormancy after burial and then return to total dormancy. During the phytochrome-controlled dormancy period, some species were highly light sensitive. In another experiment the response of yellow rocket(Barbarea vulgarisR. Br.) seeds to thirteen light and temperature treatments was determined before and after burial. Without light treatment, germination of the recovered seeds at various temperatures was low. Germination was usually high after brief exposures to red light, particularly in seeds recovered from 15.2 cm. Very large increases in germination were induced by light exposures of 3 × 10−9Einsteins cm−2incident in the 600 to 680-nm region (1 sec). The evidence suggests changes in total phytochrome (Ptot) are responsible for a seasonal change in light sensitivity and a previously undescribed type of dormancy.
Influence of Fenac on Anatomy and Carbohydrate Reserves in Mugwort Rhizomes
Authors: Rogerson A. B. , Bingham S. W. , Foy C. L. , Sterrett J. P.
Published: May 2019

Reserve polysaccharides were stored at high levels in rhizomes of mugwort(Artemisia vulgarisL.). Polysaccharide level in the rhizome dropped within 24 hr after treatment with 2,3,6-trichlorophenylacetic acid (fenac). Fructosans were hydrolyzed to yield increased levels of simple sugar. Sucrose concentration was slightly lower in treated rhizomes. Glucose was low in untreated rhizomes, and fenac treatment resulted in slight increases in glucose levels. Rhizomes became enlarged, the epidermis was disrupted, and “root primordia” were observed in rows parallel to the main rhizome axis after 1 to 5 days in 10 ppmw of fenac solution. The new primordial growth occurred through activation of the interfascicular cambium.
Absorption, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Benefin, Diphenamid, and Pebulate by Tobacco Seedlings
Authors: Long John W. , Thompson Lafayette , Rieck C. E.
Published: May 2019

Benefin accumulated rapidly in the roots of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL. ‘Kentucky 14′) seedlings incubated in nutrient solution containing14C-labeled benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) and remained in the roots unaltered. Very low levels of radioactivity were detected in the shoots. Diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) accumulated in the shoots of treated plants throughout the treatment period but remained at low levels in the roots. Diphenamid was extensively metabolized in the shoots but only to a slight extent in the roots. The carbon-14 of pebulate (S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate) accumulated in moderate amounts in both the roots and shoots of the tobacco seedlings, but attempts to recover pebulate failed.
Effects of DCPA on Seedling Infection by Root-Knot Nematode
Authors: Romney R. Kent , Anderson J. Lamar , Griffin Gerald D.
Published: May 2019

Onion (Allium cepaL.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) seedlings grown in soil treated with DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) were less susceptible to northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne haplaChitwood) infection than seedlings grown in untreated soil. DCPA treatment of nematode larvae did not alter their pathogenicity. Resistance could be correlated with altered cell structure of the root epidermis, increased root exudate as evidenced by soil adherence, reduced fibrous root development, or both.