bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating of gearboxes range models on the basis of technical characteristics and its verification through practical application tomining mechanization
Authors: Miletić Filip , Tanasijević Miloš , Ignjatović Dragan , Polovina Nikola
Published: January 2021

Gearboxes used on mining machinery work under conditions of exceptional changes in working loads. Given the not negligible investment in purchasing the gearboxes and maintenance costs due to the failure of his elements, it is very important that they have a satisfactory service life. Based on their technical characteristics, a model will be created using the PROMETHEE method with the aim of ranking each of the offered alternatives. Model verification will be performed on the basis of hours worked in the practical application of the reducers analyzed.
Integrated process planning and scheduling in dynamic environment: The state-of-the-art
Authors: Miljković Katarina , Petrović Milica
Published: January 2021

This paper gives a detailed state-of-the art in the research area o f the important function o f Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) - integrated process planning and scheduling o f manufacturing systems in dynamic environment (DIPPS). Referring to this, description o f the DIPPS problem is given, the criteria on the basis o f which the optimal rescheduling plan are formulated and considered, the adopted assumptions are defined and the mathematical model o f this problem is presented. Furthermore, the disturbances that occur in manufacturing systems are considered in detail: (i) machine breakdown, (ii) arrival of a new job and (iii) job cancellation. Approaches for solving DIPPS problems based on multiagent systems as well as approaches based on algorithms are analyzed. When it comes to approaches based on algorithms, the focus of this paper is on biologically inspired optimization algorithms: evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence based algorithms as well as hybrid approaches. The critical analysis within this research area is shown in order to conclude that biologically inspired artificial intelligence techniques have great potential in optimizing the considered IMS function.
Measuring the efficiency of organizational performance: A radial DEA approach
Authors: Ralević Predrag , Dobrodolac Momčilo , Šarac Dragana
Published: January 2021

A radial measurement o f efficiency on a selected numerical example involving multiple decision units (DMUs) is presented in this paper. Original CCR and extended BCC radial DEA models are used for this purpose. It is demonstrated here that DMUs can be efficient or inefficient in the use o f resources in achieving work results. The results o f the efficiency measurement indicate that the evaluation by the CCR DEA model is more strict compared to the BCC DEA model for each inefficient DMU regardless o f whether the efficiency measurement focuses on inputs or outputs.
Internationalisation of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Authors: Gacel-Ávila Jocelyne
Published: January 2021

This article assesses the current process of internationalisation of highereducation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Based on data and findingsfrom different national, regional, and international studies, it showsthat, while the region’s primary form of internationalisation is studentmobility, the numbers are relatively small compared to other regionsand that other strategies such as internationalisation at home are largelyunderdeveloped. The article concludes that, while some progress has beenmade in past decades, the internationalisation process needs to be consolidatedand strengthened, particularly in terms of public policy at national and the regional level.
Agility Versus Flexibility? The Perception of Business Model Maturity in Agricultural Machinery Sector Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Nogalski Bogdan , Niewiadomski Przemysław , Szpitter Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The fundamental objective of this article is to discern whether business model maturity is perceived through the prism of the ability to deal with unexpected challenges, overcome unprecedented threats, and use emerging business opportunities (agility) or – perhaps – more as a feature of the organization, which makes a business model less vulnerable to unpredictable external changes or sets it in a better position to make it respond effectively to these changes (flexibility). Methodology: The reconnaissance of opinions requires the creation of a catalog of desiderata that significantly identify agility and flexibility. Theoretical and design layers will use a method of reconstruction and interpretation of the subject literature supported by a discussion within a group of deliberately selected experts. This will be reflected in a set of parameters, on the one hand, characteristic of the categories of agility and flexibility and, on the other hand, reflecting business model maturity. Findings: The conducted research allows us to state that mature business models – as implemented by the surveyed companies – are perceived rather through the prism of the strategic ability of enterprises to quickly adapt to unforeseen and sudden changes on the market (agility category). Originality: The article includes not only academic postulates of agility or flexibility but also practical tips that enable constructing guidelines for decision-makers and managers of the agricultural machinery sector. The study carries a charge of a theoretical and empirical study. It takes into account knowledge and expert experience.
Radiation properties of radiative shock in xenon
Authors: Zhao Duo , Li Shou-Xian , An Jian-Zhu , Wu Yong , Wu Ze-Qing , Li Qiong , Wang Fang , Meng Guang-Wei ,   Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China,   Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Published: January 2021

Radiative shock is an important phenomenon both in astrophysics and in inertial confinement fusion. In this paper, the radiation properties of X-ray heated radiatve shock in xenon is studied with the simulation method. The radiative shock is described by a one-dimensional, multi-group radiation hydrodynamics model proposed by Zinn [Zinn J 1973  J. Comput. Phys. 13 569]. To conduct computation, the opacity and equation-of-state data of xenon are calculated and put into the model. The reliabilities of the model and the physical parameters of xenon are verified by comparing the temperature and velocity of the radiative shock calculated by the model with those measured experimentally.

The evolution of the radiative shock involves abundant physical processes. The core of the xenon can be heated up to 100 eV, resulting in a thermal wave and forming an expanding high-temperature-core. Shortly, the hydrodynamic disturbances reach the thermal wave front, generating a shock. As the thermal wave slows down, the shock gradually exceeds the high-temperature-core, forming a double-step distribution in the temperature profile.

The time evolution of the effective temperature of the radiative shock shows two maximum values and one minimum value, and the radiation spectra often deviate from blackbody spectrum. By analyzing the radiation and absorption properties at different positions of the shock, it can be found that the optical property of the shock is highly dynamic and can generate the above-mentioned radiation characteristics. When the radiative shock is just formed, the radiation comes from the shock surface and the shock precursor has a significant absorption of the radiation. As the shock temperature falls during expansion, the shock precursor disappears and the radiation inside the shock can come out owing to absorption coefficient decreases. When the shock becomes transparent, the radiation surface reaches the outside edge of the high-temperature-core. Then, the temperature of the high-temperature-core decreases further, making this region also optically thin, and the radiation from the inner region can come out. Finally, the radiation strength falls because of temperature decreasing.
Changes in Professionalism Through the Practice of Telemedicine: Conceptualizing a Situated Sense Filter
Authors: Vestergaard Kitt
Published: January 2021

Drawing on Schatzki's theoretical concepts of practice, this article explores how health professionals change and form professionalism in the encounter with practices in telemedicine settings with physiotherapeutic online exercises and nursing video consultations in-home care in two municipalities in Denmark. Analyses in this paper bases on an 18-month ethnographic field study with 158 observations with ethnographic interviews and 16 interviews with six health professionals (n=6), to get insight into health professionals experiences on health professionals experiences on practices in telemedicine settings. Drawing on the analyses the paper unfolds a concept, "situated-sense-filtering" as a professional method. The concept demonstrates how individuals interpretation of ontologically altered practice changes and forms professionalism. The paper emphasizes a point that lack of collective interpretations of professionalism overrides professions' influence on their professionalism. The article suggests political and institutional supports on professional collective processes changing professionalism through the practice of telemedicine.
Neoplasias in Fish: Review of the Last 20 Years. A Look from the Pathology
Authors: Romano Luis Alberto , Pedrosa Virgínia Fonseca
Published: January 2021

In fish there is an innumerable variety of neoplasias that arise essentially from all cell types. Neolasia here, we will focus on the neoplasias that appear spontaneously in these animals and will not cover the experimentally induced neoplasias and/or the animal models of neoplasias. As for diagnosis, in general, specialists in aquatic organism pathology are not so familiar with the diagnosis of neoplasias. Infectious pathology, as opposed to non-infectious pathology, is the predominant condition in this area and, of course, these are of greater importance because some infectious diseases generate great economic losses, while neoplasias are isolated pathologies, with some exceptions.

In the last 20 years, 10 neoplasias in different species have been diagnosed in our laboratory, and we reported their characteristics in this paper. We also made a detailed bibliography review and observed how 90 neoplasias among 56 species of teleosteal fish were reported.

Neoplasias in fish, unlike other diseases, do not generate great losses to aquaculture. However, the true value of neoplastic pathology compared is to better understand the histiogenesis and biological behavior of neoplasias in mammals and humans. Carcinogenesis is generally complex and in most neoplasias in both mammals and fish, the origin is unknown, and it seems that there are many factors that contribute to the onset and growth of neoplasias.
Modification of Mordenite Characters by H2C2O4 and/or NaOH Treatments and Its Catalytic Activity Test in Hydrotreating of Pyrolyzed α-Cellulose
Authors: Triyono Triyono , Trisunaryanti Wega , Putri Yessi Wydia , Fatmawati Dyah Ayu , Chasanah Uswatul
Published: January 2021

The research about modification of mordenite characteristics has been performed by H2C2O4 and/or NaOH treatments and catalytic activity tests in hydrotreating of pyrolyzed a-cellulose. Commercial mordenite (HSZ-604OA) as mordenite control (HM) immersed in 0.05, 0.5, and 1.0 M H2C2O4 at 70 °C for three hours resulting in HM-0.05, HM-0.5, and HM-1. The four mordenites were immersed in 0.1 M NaOH for 15 minutes resulting in BHM, BHM-0.05, BHM-0.5, and BHM-1. The catalysts obtained were analyzed by XRD, SAA, ICP, and acidity test. The catalytic activity of the mordenites was evaluated in hydrotreating of pyrolyzed a-cellulose using stainless steel reactor with an H2 gas flow rate of 20 mL.min−1 at 450 °C for two hours with a catalyst: feed weight ratio of 1:60. The liquid products obtained from the hydrotreating were analyzed using GC-MS. The research results showed that the H2C2O4 and/or NaOH treatment towards the mordenites increased Si/Al ratio and decreased crystallinity. The acidity of mordenites decreased along with the increase of the Si/Al ratio. The average pore diameter of BHM, BHM-0.05, BHM-0.5, and BHM-1 mordenites were 2.898; 3.005; 3.792; 7.429 nm, respectively. The BHM-0.5 mordenite showed the highest catalytic activity in generating liquid product (88.88 wt%) and selectivity toward propanol (4.87 wt%). The BHM-1 mordenite showed catalytic activity in generating liquid product (41.16 wt%) and selectivity toward ethanol (1.21 wt%) and 2-heptyne (4.36 wt%). Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
REST promotes ETS1‐dependent vascular growth in medulloblastoma
Authors: Shaik Shavali , Maegawa Shinji , Haltom Amanda R , Wang Feng , Xiao Xue , Dobson Tara , Sharma Ajay , Yang Yanwen , Swaminathan Jyothishmathi , Kundra Vikas , Li Xiao Nan , Schadler Keri , Harmanci Arif , Xu Lin , Gopalakrishnan Vidya
Published: January 2021

Expression of the RE1‐silencing transcription factor (REST), a master regulator of neurogenesis, is elevated in medulloblastoma (MB) tumors. A cell‐intrinsic function for REST in MB tumorigenesis is known. However, a role for REST in the regulation of MB tumor microenvironment has not been investigated. Here, we implicate REST in remodeling of the MB vasculature and describe underlying mechanisms. Using RESTTG mice, we demonstrate that elevated REST expression in cerebellar granule cell progenitors, the cells of origin of sonic hedgehog (SHH) MBs, increased vascular growth. This was recapitulated in MB xenograft models and validated by transcriptomic analyses of human MB samples. REST upregulation was associated with enhanced secretion of proangiogenic factors. Surprisingly, a REST‐dependent increase in the expression of the proangiogenic transcription factor E26 oncogene homolog 1, and its target gene encoding the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1, was observed in MB cells, which coincided with their localization at the tumor vasculature. These observations were confirmed by RNA‐Seq and microarray analyses of MB cells and SHH‐MB tumors. Thus, our data suggest that REST elevation promotes vascular growth by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.
Preparation and Electrorheological Properties of Peanut‐Like Hollow Core–Shell Structure TiO2@SiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Weijian , Zheng Haonan , Chen Yi , Li Changhao , Wang Baoxiang , Hao Chuncheng , Xing Zhaoliang
Published: January 2021

Although titanium oxide has a high dielectric constant, ordinary titanium oxides are not a good electrorheological (ER) fluid material. Herein, hollow peanut‐like titanium oxide spheres are synthesized by hydrothermal method, and then coated with silicon oxide to form core–shell hollow TiO2@SiO2 spheres. The structure is characterized by different methods, and the TiO2@SiO2 composite particles are dispersed in silicone oil to prepare an ER suspension. The ER effect of 10% TiO2@SiO2‐based ER fluid under different electric field strengths is tested, and its performance is analyzed. The results show that the coated particles significantly enhance the current meter performance. The shear stress value exceeds 200 Pa at an electric field strength of 3.0 kV mm−1. The shear stress, shear viscosity, switching effect, and dielectric behavior of the base ER fluid are studied. And, the cause of this strong ER effect is studied. In the end, it is found that TiO2@SiO2 peanut‐shaped composite core–shell particles have a good ER effect and which is a kind of ER candidate material with simple preparation and development prospect.
Near Superhydrophobic Carbon Nanotube Coatings Obtained via Electrophoretic Deposition on Low‐Alloy Steels
Authors: Alderete Bruno , MacLucas Timothy , Espin Douglas , Brühl Sonia P. , Mücklich Frank , Suarez Sebastian
Published: January 2021

Sucker rods are a key element in certain oil‐extraction processes as they link the motor group on the surface with the pumps located downhole. During the transport from the production site toward the extraction well, these components are prone to corrosion. A hydrophobic carbon nanotube (CNT) coating, deposited via electrophoretic deposition (EPD), is proposed as a protective layer, shielding the rods from harsh environmental conditions. Three different coating systems are considered and thoroughly characterized (depending on the additive that is used to deposit the CNT), namely, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg–Nit), triethylamine (TEA), and a duplex coating (DD). The latter presents an approach which combines the advantages of each additive, mechanical stability from Mg–Nit and strong hydrophobicity from TEA (near superhydrophobic). The former coatings are further processed to overcome their individual shortcomings, resulting in an increase in the coating's stability for TEA coating, as well as transforming the hydrophilic Mg–Nit surface into a hydrophobic surface.
Engineering New Microvascular Networks On‐Chip: Ingredients, Assembly, and Best Practices
Authors: Tronolone James J. , Jain Abhishek
Published: January 2021

Tissue engineered grafts show great potential as regenerative implants for diseased or injured tissues within the human body. However, these grafts suffer from poor nutrient perfusion and waste transport, thus decreasing their viability post‐transplantation. Graft vascularization is therefore a major area of focus within tissue engineering because biologically relevant conduits for nutrient and oxygen perfusion can improve viability post‐implantation. Many researchers used microphysiological systems as testing platforms for potential grafts owing to an ability to integrate vascular networks as well as biological characteristics such as fluid perfusion, 3D architecture, compartmentalization of tissue‐specific materials, and biophysical and biochemical cues. Although many methods of vascularizing these systems exist, microvascular self‐assembly has great potential for bench‐to‐clinic translation as it relies on naturally occurring physiological events. In this review, the past decade of literature is highlighted, and the most important and tunable components yielding a self‐assembled vascular network on chip are critically discussed: endothelial cell source, tissue‐specific supporting cells, biomaterial scaffolds, biochemical cues, and biophysical forces. This paper discusses the bioengineered systems of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis and includes a brief overview of multicellular systems. It concludes with future avenues of research to guide the next generation of vascularized microfluidic models.
Remarkable Antibacterial Activity of Reduced Graphene Oxide Functionalized by Copper Ions
Authors: Tu Yusong , Li Pei , Sun Jiajia , Jiang Jie , Dai Fangfang , Li Chengzhang , Wu Yuanyan , Chen Liang , Shi Guosheng , Tan Yanwen , Fang Haiping
Published: January 2021

Despite long‐term efforts for exploring antibacterial agents or drugs, potentiating antibacterial activity and meanwhile minimizing toxicity to the environment remains a challenge. Here, it is experimentally shown that the functionality of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through copper ions displays selective antibacterial activity that is significantly stronger than that of rGO itself and no toxicity to mammalian cells. Remarkably, this antibacterial activity is two‐orders‐of‐magnitude greater than the activity of its surrounding copper ions. It is demonstrated that rGO is functionalized through the cation–π interaction to massively adsorb copper ions to form a rGO–copper composite and result in an extremely low concentration level of surrounding copper ions (less than ≈0.5 µm). These copper ions on rGO are positively charged and strongly interact with negatively charged bacterial cells to selectively achieve antibacterial activity, while rGO exhibits the functionality to not only actuate rapid delivery of copper ions and massive assembly onto bacterial cells but also result in the valence shift in the copper ions from Cu2+ into Cu+, which greatly enhances the antibacterial activity. Notably, this rGO functionality through cation–π interaction with copper ions can similarly achieve algaecidal activity but does not exert cytotoxicity against neutrally charged mammalian cells.
Synthetic Bone‐Like Structures Through Omnidirectional Ceramic Bioprinting in Cell Suspensions
Authors: Romanazzo Sara , Molley Thomas Gregory , Nemec Stephanie , Lin Kang , Sheikh Rakib , Gooding John Justin , Wan Boyang , Li Qing , Kilian Kristopher Alan , Roohani Iman
Published: January 2021

The integration of hierarchical structure, chemistry, and functional activity within tissue‐engineered scaffolds is of great importance in mimicking native bone tissue. Bone is a highly mineralized tissue which forms at ambient conditions by continuous crystallization of the mineral phase within an organic matrix in the presence of bone residing cells. Despite recent advances in the biofabrication of complex engineered tissues, replication of the heterogeneity of bone microenvironments has been a major challenge in constructing biomimetic bone scaffolds. Herein, inspired by the bone biomineralization process, the first example of bone mimicking constructs by 3D writing of a novel apatite‐transforming ink in a supportive microgel matrix with living cells is demonstrated. Using this technique, complex bone‐mimicked constructs are made at room temperature without requiring invasive chemicals, radiation, or postprocessing steps. This study demonstrates that mineralized constructs can be deposited within a high density of stem cells, directing the cellular organization, and promoting osteogenesis in vitro. These findings offer a new strategy for fabrication of bone mimicking constructs for bone tissue regeneration with scope to generate custom bone microenvironments for disease modeling, multicellular delivery, and in vivo bone repair.
A Facile Magnetic Extrusion Method for Preparing Endosome‐Derived Vesicles for Cancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Guo Peng , Busatto Sara , Huang Jing , Morad Golnaz , Moses Marsha A.
Published: January 2021

To date, the scaled‐up manufacturing and efficient drug loading of exosomes are two existing challenges limiting the clinical translation of exosome‐based drug delivery. Herein, a facile magnetic extrusion method is developed for preparing endosome‐derived vesicles, also known as exosome mimetics (EMs), which share the same biological origin and similar morphology, composition, and biofunctions with native exosomes. The high yield and consistency of this magnetic extrusion method help to overcome the manufacturing bottleneck in exosome research. Moreover, the proposed standardized multi‐step method readily facilitates the ammonium sulfate gradient approach to actively load chemodrugs such as doxorubicin into EMs. The engineered EMs developed and tested here exhibit comparable drug delivery properties as do native exosomes, and potently inhibit tumor growth by delivering doxorubicin in an orthotopic breast tumor model. These findings demonstrate that EMs can be prepared in a facile and scaled‐up manner as a promising biological nanomedicine for cancer drug delivery.
A New Strategy of Discretionarily Reconfigurable Actuators Based on Self‐Healing Elastomers for Diverse Soft Robots
Authors: Lou Jiaming , Liu Zenghe , Yang Lei , Guo Yifan , Lei Dong , You Zhengwei
Published: January 2021

Actuators have shown great promise in many fields including soft robotics. Since reconfiguration allows actuators to change their actuation mode, it is considered a key characteristic for new‐generation adaptive actuators. However, it remains a challenge to design simple and universal methods to fabricate actuators that can be reconfigured to allow diverse actuation modes. Here, a macroscopically discretionary healing‐assembly strategy to fabricate reconfigurable soft actuators based on intrinsic self‐healing poly(dimethylglyoxime‐urethane) (PDOU) elastomers is developed. The PDOU elastomers with different degrees of crosslinking show different responsiveness to solvents, and are seamlessly healed. Crosslinked and non‐crosslinked PDOU elastomers as building units are healing‐assembled into actuators/robots with diverse actuation behaviors. Notably, the assembled actuators/robots are readily reprogrammed to exhibit multiple actuation modes by simply tailoring and reassembling without any external stimuli. This work paves a new, simple, powerful, and universal method to construct sophisticated soft robots.
Gradient Quasi‐Liquid Surface Enabled Self‐Propulsion of Highly Wetting Liquids
Authors: Zhang Lei , Guo Zongqi , Sarma Jyotirmoy , Zhao Weiwei , Dai Xianming
Published: January 2021

Self‐propulsion of highly wetting liquids is important in heat exchanger, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems. However, it is challenging to achieve such a spontaneous motion as these liquids tend to wet all the surfaces due to their ultralow surface tensions. Despite that extensive asymmetric surface structures and gradient chemical coatings are developed for directional droplet transport, they will be flooded and covered by these liquids. Here, this challenge is addressed by creating a gradient quasi‐liquid surface to achieve the self‐propulsion of droplets with surface tensions down to 10.0 mN m−1. Such a surface engineered by tethering flexible polymers with gradient grafting density shows ultralow contact angle hysteresis (<1o) to highly wetting liquids. Thus, the surface can simultaneously provide sufficient driving forces through the gradient wettability and negligible retention forces through the slippery boundary lubrication for spontaneous droplet movement. Moreover, continual self‐propulsion of tiny droplets is achieved by spraying highly wetting liquids in simulated condensation conditions and demonstrates that adding temperature gradient can further accelerate the self‐propulsion. The study provides a new paradigm to promote passive removal of highly wetting droplets, leading to potential impacts in enhancing condensation heat transfer regardless of surface orientations.
The Effect of Alkyl Spacers on the Mixed Ionic‐Electronic Conduction Properties of N‐Type Polymers
Authors: Maria Iuliana P. , Paulsen Bryan D. , Savva Achilleas , Ohayon David , Wu Ruiheng , Hallani Rawad , Basu Aniruddha , Du Weiyuan , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Inal Sahika , Rivnay Jonathan , McCulloch Iain , Giovannitti Alexander
Published: January 2021

Conjugated polymers with mixed ionic and electronic transport are essential for developing the complexity and function of electrochemical devices. Current n‐type materials have a narrow scope and low performance compared with their p‐type counterparts, requiring new molecular design strategies. This work presents two naphthalene diimide‐bithiophene (NDI‐T2) copolymers functionalized with hybrid alkyl‐glycol side chains, where the naphthalene diimide unit is segregated from the ethylene glycol (EG) units within the side chain by an alkyl spacer. Introduction of hydrophobic propyl and hexyl spacers is investigated as a strategy to minimize detrimental swelling close to the conjugated backbone and balance the mixed conduction properties of n‐type materials in aqueous electrolytes. It is found that both polymers functionalized with alkyl spacers outperform their analogue bearing EG‐only side chains in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The presence of the alkyl spacers also leads to remarkable stability in OECTs, with no decrease in the ON current after 2 h of operation. Through this versatile side chain modification, this work provides a greater understanding of the structure‐property relationships required for n‐type OECT materials operating in aqueous media.
Assessment of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Binding to the Surface of Leukocytes with Dark‐Field Imaging and Computational Analysis
Authors: Peng Fei , Jeong Sinyoung , Gonzalez German , Marks Haley , Ho Alexander , Roussakis Emmanuel , Krauledat Petra B. , Hansen Peter , Evans Conor L.
Published: January 2021

The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is widely established as a traumatic brain injury (TBI) biomarker and can be used in early diagnosis. As essential primary human immune cells, leukocytes are recruited to injured cerebral sites during TBI response, where they can interact with and potentially bind to TBI biomarkers. To date, no studies have demonstrated ultra‐low GFAP binding enumeration on leukocytes. Herein, a dark‐field imaging technique coupled with computational analysis is introduced to quantify GFAP bound to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Dark‐field microscopy (DFM) with a custom‐written image acquisition software is developed for rapid 3D PBMC imaging by utilizing specific antiGFAP monoclonal antibody functionalized gold nanoparticles (antiGFAP‐AuNPs) as contrast‐generating probes. Subsequently, the developed algorithm is utilized in processing thousands of acquired images for rapid visualization and enumeration of bound antiGFAP‐AuNP on each leukocyte. The proposed method is demonstrates the specific binding of GFAP to the surface of PBMCs on a healthy donor blood. Thereafter, subpopulations of PBMCs with antiGFAP‐AuNP binding are identified with the assistance of fluorescence imaging and DFM imaging, paving a new way to understanding the relationship between TBI and leukocyte classes. Hence, this study offers a rapid and ultra‐sensitive strategy for biomarker assessment following TBI.
Radiolabeling of Gold Nanocages for Potential Applications in Tracking, Diagnosis, and Image‐Guided Therapy
Authors: Qiu Jichuan , Liu Yongjian , Xia Younan
Published: January 2021

Gold nanocages (AuNCs) have emerged as a novel class of multifunctional nanomaterials with an array of applications in nanomedicine, including drug delivery, controlled release, as well as disease diagnosis and treatment. Labeling AuNCs with radionuclides not only offers additional therapeutic capabilities but also makes it easy to analyze their biodistribution, monitor their uptake by the tissue or organ of interest, and optimize their performance in both diagnosis and treatment. Here, an introduction to the chemical synthesis and optical properties of AuNCs is provided in the beginning. The methods developed for their radiolabeling are then showcased, followed by the use of radiolabeled AuNCs in tracking and quantifying their pharmacokinetics, including biodistribution, tumor uptake, and intratumoral distribution. Finally, their potential applications in targeted imaging and image‐guided therapy are discussed.
Synthetic Kramers Pair in Phononic Elastic Plates and Helical Edge States on a Dislocation Interface
Authors: Liu Ting‐Wei , Semperlotti Fabio
Published: January 2021

In conventional theories, topological band properties are intrinsic characteristics of the bulk material and do not depend on the choice of the reference frame. In this scenario, the principle of bulk‐edge correspondence can be used to predict the existence of edge states between topologically distinct materials. In this study, a 2D elastic phononic plate is proposed with a Kekulé‐distorted honeycomb pattern engraved on it. It is found that the pseudospin and the pseudospin‐dependent Chern numbers are not invariant properties, and the number is no longer a sufficient indicator to examine the existence of the edge state. The distinctive pseudospin texture and the pseudomagnetic field are also revealed. Finally, the synthetic helical edge states are successfully devised and experimentally implemented on a dislocation interface connecting two subdomains with bulk pattern identical up to a relative translation. The edge state is also imaged via laser vibrometry.
Ultrasmall, Bright, and Photostable Fluorescent Core–Shell Aluminosilicate Nanoparticles for Live‐Cell Optical Super‐Resolution Microscopy
Authors: Erstling Jacob A. , Hinckley Joshua A. , Bag Nirmalya , Hersh Jessica , Feuer Grant B. , Lee Rachel , Malarkey Henry F. , Yu Fei , Ma Kai , Baird Barbara A. , Wiesner Ulrich B.
Published: January 2021

Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is an optical super‐resolution microscopy (SRM) technique that traditionally requires toxic and non‐physiological imaging buffers and setups that are not conducive to live‐cell studies. It is observed that ultrasmall (<10 nm) fluorescent core–shell aluminosilicate nanoparticles (aC’ dots) covalently encapsulating organic fluorophores enable STORM with a single excitation source and in a regular (non‐toxic) imaging buffer. It is shown that fourfold coordinated aluminum is responsible for dye blinking, likely via photoinduced redox processes. It is demonstrated that this phenomenon is observed across different dye families leading to probes brighter and more photostable than the parent free dyes. Functionalization of aC’ dots with antibodies allows targeted fixed cell STORM imaging. Finally, aC’ dots enable live‐cell STORM imaging providing quantitative measures of the size of intracellular vesicles and the number of particles per vesicle. The results suggest the emergence of a powerful ultrasmall, bright, and photostable optical SRM particle platform with characteristics relevant to clinical translation for the quantitative assessment of cellular structures and processes from live‐cell imaging.
Van der Waals PdSe2/WS2 Heterostructures for Robust High‐Performance Broadband Photodetection from Visible to Infrared Optical Communication Band
Authors: Kang Xiaolin , Lan Changyong , Li Fangzhou , Wang Wei , Yip SenPo , Meng You , Wang Fei , Lai Zhengxun , Liu Chuntai , Ho Johnny C
Published: January 2021

Due to excellent electrical and optoelectronic properties, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides and their van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures have attracted great attention for broadband optoelectronics. Here, an unreported vdW PdSe2/WS2 heterostructure is developed for robust high‐performance broadband photodetection from visible to infrared optical communication band. These heterostructure devices are simply formed by direct selenization of Pd films pre‐deposited on the chemical vapor deposited monolayer WS2, followed by wet‐transfer onto device substrates with pre‐patterned electrodes. Importantly, the obtained heterostructure device exhibits an impressive broadband spectral photoresponse with response times less than 100 ms for different wavelength regions (532 to 1550 nm), where this performance is significantly better than that of pristine monolayer WS2 devices. This performance enhancement is attributed to the type I band alignment of the heterostructure. Under illumination, both intralayer and interlayer excitations are involved to generate carriers in the relevant layer, enabling the broadband photoresponse. Photocarriers would then undergo charge separation in the depletion region with electrons transferred into the charge transport layer of WS2 through the built‐in electric field, followed by the relaxation to valance band via interlayer or intralayer transition. All these findings can indicate the promising potential of vdW PdSe2/WS2 heterostructures for next‐generation high‐performance optoelectronics.
Self‐Assembled Metal–Dielectric Hybrid Metamaterials in Vertically Aligned Nanocomposite Form with Tailorable Optical Properties and Coupled Multifunctionalities
Authors: Zhang Di , Wang Haiyan
Published: January 2021

Metal–dielectric hybrid metamaterials have attracted increasing research interest in recent years because of their novel optical properties and promising applications in the fields of electronic and photonic devices. Dielectric permittivity is a key parameter that strongly influences the optical properties of materials. By self‐assembling the metallic and dielectric components in a pillar‐in‐matrix structure, a strong anisotropic structure forms and results in opposite signs of permittivity components (i.e., ε|| > 0 and ε⊥ < 0, or vice versa) and exotic optical responses including hyperbolic dispersion in the visible to near‐infrared region. Herein, the main approaches of tuning the permittivity in self‐assembled metal–dielectric vertically aligned nanocomposite (VAN) thin films are reviewed, including tuning the metal pillar density and geometry, film strain state and background pressure during growth, and seeking other metal‐free and complex structure designs. Future research directions are also proposed, including unique approaches to improve their thermal stability, integrate on flexible substrates toward wearable device fabrication, and explore real‐time tunable metamaterials.
Recent Trends in the Synthesis and Mechanistic Implications of Phenanthridines
Authors: Talukdar Vishal , Vijayan Ajesh , Kumar Katari Naresh , Radhakrishnan K. V. , Das Parthasarathi
Published: January 2021

Phenanthridine derivatives are one of the most intensively studied families of biologically active compounds. There has been considerable scientific interest in the turn of this century in the synthesis of these N‐containing heterocycles as they are prevalent in many alkaloids and also possess striking biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor activities. In this regard, a number of synthetic approaches toward the construction of phenanthridine moieties with various substituents, and to increase their yield have been developed by the synthetic organic community. Even though many researchers have developed various innovative methods for the synthesis of phenanthridine derivatives for the past few years, still there is substantial scope for the discovery of novel synthetic methods. In this review, the latest developments in the diverse synthetic strategies of phenanthridine derivatives in the presence and absence of metals were described. The present review also enlightens the use of different reagents, the diversity of the substrates identified, and the plausible mechanisms unravelled towards the construction of these biologically relevant scaffolds.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Homopropargyl Iodoindoles with Concurrent Alkyl and Iodonium Migrations
Authors: Martín Irene , Aragoncillo Cristina , Almendros Pedro
Published: January 2021

A selective palladium‐catalyzed C(sp) arylation/carbocyclization/iodonium migration reaction sequence has been accomplished. Novel 2‐iodo‐1‐aryl‐9H‐carbazoles are now easily available. As this result is contrary to the selectivity observed using gold catalysis, the formation of 2‐iodocarbazoles is noticeable, suggesting a metal‐controlled cyclization through chemo‐ and regioselective 1,2‐alkyl migration and 1,4‐iodonium migration.

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Polarization Energies from Efficient Representation of the Linear Density–Density Response Function
Authors: Dreßler Christian , Sebastiani Daniel
Published: January 2021

The authors present a proof‐of‐concept study for the calculation of atomic forces on a solvated molecule by means of the linear density–density response function in its moment expanded representation. The density–density response function represents an efficient way to compute molecular forces for arbitrary external potentials via an ab initio scheme, without the need to perform an explicit self‐consistent quantum chemical calculation for each configuration of the chemical environment. Here, the authors show that it is indeed possible to determine the atomic forces of interacting bulk‐like molecular complexes due to polarization effects of the surrounding molecules with good accuracy. This study represents a significant step the practical applicability of the approach, which is still in a development phase. The potential application of the computational scheme in terms of molecular dynamics simulations is illustrated by considering a variety of cluster conformations, as they would be found within a molecular dynamics trajectory.
Critical Coupling and Perfect Absorption Using α‐MoO3 Multilayers in the Mid‐Infrared
Authors: Dong Daxing , Liu Youwen , Fu Yangyang
Published: January 2021

α‐Phase molybdenum trioxide(α‐MoO3) is a biaxial van der Waals semiconductor that can naturally support anisotropic phonon polaritons with elliptic and hyperbolic in‐plane dispersion. α‐MoO3 can meet critical coupling (CC) condition for both transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) polarizations along the x and y directions and exhibit high absorption in the mid‐infrared region due to strong phonon polaritons. In this study, an absorber composed of few‐layer α‐MoO3 and one‐dimensional photonic crystal separated by a cavity is proposed. Perfect absorption for TE and TM polarized light is achieved at the longitudinal and transverse optical phonon frequencies, respectively. The underlying mechanism of perfect absorption is investigated by using coupled mode theory and simulating electric field and power dissipation profiles. The results prove that CC is responsible for the perfect absorption. Moreover, the influence of the thickness of α‐MoO3 layer, width of cavity between α‐MoO3 and photonic crystal, and angle of incident light on the CC and absorption performance are examined. Accordingly, the rules for realizing perfect absorption at different operation frequencies are established. Overall, this study provides useful insights on designing a perfect absorber based on α‐MoO3 for detection and sensing applications in the mid‐infrared region.
Elektrooxidative Rhodium‐katalysierte [5+2]‐Anellierung durch C‐H/O‐H‐Aktivierung
Authors: Wang Yulei , Oliveira João C. A. , Lin Zhipeng , Ackermann Lutz
Published: January 2021

Elektrooxidative Anellierungen mittels übergangsmetallkatalysierter C‐H‐Aktivierung haben sich als eine transformative Strategie für den schnellen Aufbau von fünf‐ und sechsgliedrigen Heterocyclen erwiesen. Im Gegensatz dazu berichten wir hier über die ersten elektrochemischen metallkatalysierten [5+2]‐Cycloadditionen für die Synthese von wertvollen Benzoxepinstrukturen durch C‐H/O‐H‐Aktivierung. Die effiziente Alkinanellierung zeichnet sich durch eine große Anwendungsbreite mit Elektrizität als einzigem Oxidationsmittel aus. Mechanistische Studien deuten auf einen Rhodium(III/I)‐Mechanismus hin, welcher über einen Benzoxepin‐koordinierten Rhodium(I)‐Sandwichkomplex als Katalysatorruhezustand und eine anodische Reoxidation zu Rhodium(III) verläuft.
Zum Mechanismus der elektrochemischen Dimerisierung von CO2 zu Oxalsäure
Authors: Kaiser U. , Heitz E.
Published: January 2021

Bei der elektrochemischen Reduktion von CO2 in wäßrigen Elektrolyten entsteht Ameisensäure,

während Versuche, mehrgliedrige Carbonsäuren herzustellen, bisher mißlangen. In aprotischen Lösungsmitteln ist die Reduktion von CO2 zu Oxalsäure möglich, da die zur Bildung von Ameisensäure notwendigen Protonen fehlen. Zwei Reaktionen sind zu diskutieren:

Die Art der Reduktion wird durch das Elektrodenmaterial und das Lösungsmittel beeinflußt. Elektrodenmaterialien, die CO2 stark chemisorbieren, begünstigen Reaktion (3). Schwach nukleophile aprotische Lösungsmittel (Propylencarbonat, Acetonitril) begünstigen (2). Bei teilaprotischen Bedingungen entstehen neben Ameisensäure und Oxalsäure die Reduktionsprodukte der Oxalsäure: Glykoll‐, Glyoxyl‐, Wein‐, Äpfel‐ und Bernsteinsäure.

Die Versuche wurden in zwei‐ oder dreigeteilten Zellen durchgeführt. Als Trennwände dienten Anionen‐ und Kationenaustauschermembranen, um die Migration und Diffusion der an der Kathode gebildeten Carbonsäureanionen in den Anodenraum und umgekehrt von anodisch gebildeten Produkten in den Kathodenraum zu verhindern. Die Stromausbeute ist abhängig von den Reaktionsbedingungen; bisher wurden etwa 60% erreicht.

Das erhaltene Carbonsäure‐Produktgemisch wurde mittels der Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie analysiert.
Mixing and oxygen transfer characteristics of a microplate bioreactor with surface‐attached microposts
Authors: Fisher Justin T. , Gurney Travis O. , Mason Brittany M. , Fisher Jay K. , Kelly William J.
Published: January 2021

Bioprocess optimization for cell‐based therapies is a resource heavy activity. To reduce the associated cost and time, process development may be carried out in small volume systems, with the caveat that such systems be predictive for process scale‐up. The transport of oxygen from the gas phase into the culture medium, characterized using the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, kLa, has been identified as a critical parameter for predictive process scale‐up. Here, we describe the development of a 96‐well microplate with integrated Redbud Posts to provide mixing and enhanced kLa. Mixing in the microplate is characterized by observation of dyes and analyzed using the relative mixing index (RMI). The kLa is measured via dynamic gassing out method. Actuating Redbud Posts are shown to increase rate of planar homogeneity (2 min) verse diffusion alone (120 min) and increase oxygenation, with increasing stirrer speed (3500‐9000 rpm) and decreasing fill volume (150‐350 μL) leading to an increase in kLa (4‐88 h−1). Significant increase in Chinese Hamster Ovary growth in Redbud Labs vessel (580,000 cells mL‐1) versus the control (420,000 cells mL‐1); t(12.814) = 8.3678, p ≤ .001), and CD4+ Naïve cell growth in the microbioreactor indicates the potential for this technology in early stage bioprocess development and optimization.
Shoulder pad and macroglossia: “two signs of AL amyloidosis”
Authors: Suganthan Navaneethakrishnan , Navaradnam Piratheepan , Sujanitha Vathulan
Published: January 2021

“Shoulder pad” sign resulting from deposition of amyloid in the periarticular soft tissue is rare but it is pathognomonic for immunoglobulin amyloidosis (AL). Although the detection remains a challenge, it gives a strong clue leading to prompt diagnosis.
Successful detection of covert paroxysmal atrial fibrillation due to insertable cardiac monitor in embolic stroke of undetermined source in a patient with situs inversus totalis
Authors: Kasai Yuhei , Shakya Sandeep , Miyaji Kotaro , Kanda Junji
Published: January 2021

Insertable cardiac monitors in patients with situs inversus totalis can detect atrial arrhythmia as a cause of embolic stroke. It is important to premap the position of ICM in order to clearly visualize the P wave.
Concomitant Polymorphism and Nucleation Control of DL‐Methionine Through Antisolvent Crystallization
Authors: Suresh Manivel , Srinivasan Karuppannan
Published: January 2021

The concomitant polymorphism of the sulfur‐containing essential amino acid DL‐methionine was revealed, and α‐ and β‐polymorphic forms were separated from aqueous solution through antisolvent crystallization with ethanol as antisolvent. The addition of different volume fractions of ethanol into the mother solution reduces the solubility of DL‐methionine in double‐distilled water and in turn proportionately generates a range of supersaturation levels. This induces the nucleation of a stable β‐polymorph at low supersaturation levels, a mixture of α‐ and β‐ polymorphs at intermediate supersaturation levels, and a metastable α‐form at high supersaturation levels. Needle‐shaped α‐polymorphs and platy‐shaped β‐polymorphs were well distinguished through in‐situ optical microscopic analysis and their structural confirmation was done by X‐ray diffraction analysis.