bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Older peoples' attitudes to mental illness
Authors: Quinn Kathryn M. , Laidlaw Ken , Murray Lindsey K.
Published: January 2009

Despite the prevalence of mental health problems in later life, older people markedly underutilize mental health services. A greater awareness of factors influencing older peoples' attitudes to mental illness may therefore improve awareness and treatment of mental disorders in this population. A mixed methodology approach was used to explore and compare older peoples' attitudes to mental illness in a sample of clinical and non‐clinical participants. Results indicated that, similar to younger people, older people endorsed a range of positive and negative attitudes to mental illness. However, when attitudes to mental illness were considered within the context of ageing and experience a more complex pattern of results emerged. Although negative attitudes to mental illness were associated with negative attitudes to ageing across the entire sample, clinical participants (and those with prior experience of mental illness) reported more positive attitudes to mental illness and more negative attitudes to ageing than non‐clinical participants, for whom the reverse was true. Attitudes were also differentially related to health behaviour outcomes. Results suggest that attitudes to mental illness and ageing may be linked and mediated by personal experience and capacity for psychological self‐regulation in the face of age‐associated adversity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A qualitative exploration of emotional inhibition: a basic emotions and developmental perspective
Authors: Coggins Joanna , Fox John R. E.
Published: January 2009

In recent years, emotional inhibition (EI) has come to be regarded as an important transdiagnostic concept within cognitive–behavioural theories/therapies. However, there is still a paucity of empirical knowledge on understanding EI's development, maintenance and consequences within psychopathology. It was due to this lack of research that this study used an exploratory/qualitative approach to investigate EI. This study used a grounded theory methodology to gather and analyse analogue data from 10 university students who had scored significantly high on a measure of EI.

The results of this study highlighted four main overarching themes regarding the development and maintenance of EI: (1) emotional development in childhood; (2) current strategies for coping with emotions which included EI strategies; (3) beliefs about emotions; and (4) the impact of EI. Key points included modelling and lack of emotional support in childhood, negative beliefs about emotions and the perceived consequences of experiencing or expressing them, the influence that other people have on emotional expression and the paradoxical nature of EI. Once the data had been collected and analysed, links were then made between the findings of this research and the current literature base. A general model of EI development and maintenance is proposed in the discussion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Cellulose Fatty Esters as Plastics—Influence of the Degree of Substitution and the Fatty Chain Length on Mechanical Properties
Authors: Crépy Lucie , Chaveriat Ludovic , Banoub Joseph , Martin Patrick , Joly Nicolas
Published: January 2009

Alternative films: The effect of the chain length and the degree of substitution on the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of various cellulose fatty ester plastic films was studied. The results suggest that the cellulose ester plastic films are promising alternatives to petrochemical commodity plastics such as polyethylene.

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Cellulose‐based plastic films were prepared by acylating cellulose in homogeneous media under microwave irradiation with fatty acyl chlorides containing either saturated or unsaturated chains of various lengths (C12 to C18). The resultant cellulose esters were analysed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy to confirm their structure and to determine their degree of substitution. Some of the cellulose fatty esters were then converted into polymer films by casting. The mechanical properties of these films were determined, including their elastic modulus, tensile strength and tensile strain level. The hydrophobicity of the polymer films was determined by contact angle measurement with water. The mechanical and hydrophobic properties of the plastic films were then compared to those of commodity plastics.
The immature B‐cell subpopulation with low RAG1 expression is increased in the autoimmune New Zealand Black mouse
Authors: Toda Teppei , Kitabatake Masahiro , Igarashi Hideya , Sakaguchi Nobuo
Published: January 2009

Receptor editing is believed to play a critical role in immunological tolerance by altering the specificity of autoreactive B cells that emerge in the bone marrow. To study whether receptor editing is altered in autoimmune disease, recombination activation gene 1 (rag1) transcription in B cells from New Zealand Black (NZB) mice was examined by introducing a GFP gene at the rag1 locus. Female NZBRAG1‐GFP mice generated autoantibodies and glomerular immune complexes. NZBRAG1‐GFP mice did not display increased RAG1‐GFP signal in B‐1 and B‐2 cells from the spleen and peritoneal cavity even following in vitro stimulation compared with C57BL/6RAG1‐GFP control mice. The early B cells in the bone marrow were classified into RAG1‐GFP− and RAG1‐GFP+ subpopulations. The RAG1‐GFP− immature B‐cell population was in the minority in C57BL/6RAG1‐GFP mice but was markedly increased in NZBRAG1‐GFP mice. RAG1‐GFP− immature B cells from NZBRAG1‐GFP mice differentiated into anti‐dsDNA Ab‐producing cells after stimulation by LPS in vitro. RAG1‐GFP− immature B cells from NZBRAG1‐GFP mice displayed a different expression profile of transcription factors required for receptor editing, including pax5 and irf4, in comparison with the RAG1‐GFP+ immature B‐cell population. In conclusion, the early B‐cell subpopulation, which exhibits low RAG1 expression and presumably concomitantly low receptor editing, was found to be increased in NZB mice.
Involvement of the intrinsic and extrinsic cell‐death pathways in the induction of apoptosis of mature lymphocytes by the Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin
Authors: Tamayo Esther , Postigo Jorge , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Rappuoli Rino , Benito Adalberto , Yagita Hideo , Merino Ramón , Merino Jesús
Published: January 2009

Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin (LT) exhibits a broad range of immunomodulatory activities, including the induction of lymphocyte‐programmed cell death. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that in vivo LT promotes apoptosis of immature T and B cells through the stimulation of endogenous glucocorticoids. In the present study, we show that the extrinsic cell‐death pathway as well as the apoptosis‐inducing factor do not participate in the LT‐induced elimination of thymocytes. In contrast to developing lymphocytes, LT promotes the death of mature lymphocytes by both glucocorticoid‐ and Fas death receptor/Fas ligand‐dependent mechanisms. However, the dependency of these mechanisms in the LT‐induced cell‐death activity seems to be different among CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Altogether, our study shows that the same bacterial toxin can induce apoptosis of lymphoid cells through several mechanisms depending on the status of differentiation of these cells.
Synthesis, Characterization, Singlet‐Oxygen Photogeneration, DNA Photocleavage and Two‐Photon‐Absorption Properties of Some (4‐Cyanophenyl)porphyrins
Authors: Wang Kai , Poon Chun‐Ting , Wong Wai‐Kwok , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Choi Chun Y. , Kwong Daniel W. J. , Zhang Heng , Li Zao‐Ying
Published: January 2009

A series of (4‐cyanophenyl)porphyrins have been prepared and structurally characterized by 1H NMR, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The relative singlet‐oxygen quantum yields, two‐photon absorption cross‐sections and DNA photocleavage activities of these porphyrins were measured. The results show that (4‐cyanophenyl)porphyrins with a properly designed hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance for better cellular uptake have potential application in two‐photon‐absorption photodynamic therapy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Selective Positioning of CB[8] on Two Linked Viologens and Electrochemically Driven Movement of the Host Molecule
Authors: Andersson Samir , Zou Dapeng , Zhang Rong , Sun Shiguo , Åkermark Björn , Sun Licheng
Published: January 2009

The binding interactions between cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and a dicationic guest N,N‐dimethyl‐3,3′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium (DMV2+) have been investigated by various experimental techniques including NMR, ESI‐MS, and UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. In a three‐component system consisting of CB[8], N,N‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium (MV2+) and DMV2+, CB[8] was found to exhibit a higher binding affinity to DMV2+ than to MV2+. When DMV2+ was connected to MV2+ by an alkyl chain, the first equiv. of CB[8] could be selectively positioned on the DMV2+ moiety, and then a second equiv. of CB[8] was positioned on the MV2+ moiety. Spectroelectrochemical studies showed that upon the reduction of this system at –0.6 V vs. AgCl, the CB[8] could move from the DMV2+ moiety to the MV+· radical, which formed a dimer inside the CB[8] cavity. Molecular oxygen quenched the dimer, and the CB[8] moved back to the DMV2+ moiety, indicating a molecular movement driven by electrochemistry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Two Novel Resveratrol Derivatives from the Leaves of Vateria indica
Authors: Ito Tetsuro , Abe Naohito , Masuda Yuichi , Nasu Minori , Oyama Masayoshi , Sawa Ryuichi , Takahashi Yoshikazu , Iinuma Munekazu
Published: January 2009

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Two new resveratrol (=5‐[(E)‐2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene‐1,3‐diol) derivatives, vateriaphenols D (1) and E (2), were isolated from the leaves of Vateria indica (Dipterocarpaceae), together with six known resveratrol oligomers (3–8), a isocoumarin (bergenin, 9), and a benzophenone (10). The structures of the isolates were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including a detailed NMR spectroscopic investigation. Compound 1 is composed of three resveratrol units and a piceatannol (=5‐[(E)‐2‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene‐1,3‐diol) unit, and is the first instance of a heterogeneous coupled stilbene tetramer in dipterocarpaceaeous plants. Compound 2 bears a rare 2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran‐2‐ol skeleton in the framework.
Four New C21 Steroidal Glycosides from the Roots of Cynanchum auriculatum
Authors: Gu Xiao‐Jie , Yao Nan , Qian Shi‐Hui , Li You‐Bin , Li Ping
Published: January 2009

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Four new C21 steroidal glycosides with an acyl group at C(12) and a straight sugar chain at C(3), namely auriculosides I–IV (1–4, resp.), along with seven known steroidal derivatives, were isolated from the roots of Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and chemical methods. The known constituents were identified as wilfoside C1N (5), wilfoside C3N (6), caudatin (7), cynanauriculoside I (8), cynanauriculoside II (9), wilfoside K1N (10), and kidjoranin (11).
Preparation and Recognition Mechanism of Gallic Acid Imprinted Polymers
Authors: Zhu Xiu‐Fang , Cao Qiu‐E , Yang Xue‐Qiong , Li Fan , Wang Guo‐Song , Ding Zhong‐Tao
Published: January 2009

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A series of gallic acid (=3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoic acid; GA) imprinted polymers were prepared in MeOH by noncovalent imprint technology. Their recognition properties and selectivity were characterized by equilibrium binding experiments. The recognition mechanism of the optimum imprinted polymer MIP3 which was prepared with the molar ratio 4‐VP (=4‐vinylpyridine=4‐ethenylpyridine)/GA 4 : 1, was explored by UV spectroscopy, Scatchard‐binding‐model analysis, as well as structure‐relevant binding. The obtained data consistently indicated that the recognition by MIP3 was mainly based on the ionic interaction between the COOH group of GA and the pyridine moiety fixed on the matrix of the polymer. MIP3 showed the maximum specific affinity to GA in H2O/MeOH 1 : 1 (v/v) at an apparent pH of 4.7 (imprinting factor 18.6). Due to the high imprinting efficacy, the optimum polymer MIP3 can effectively recognize GA in a complex mixture and possesses certainly an important application potential.
Chlorine‐Atom Transfer Reactions between Chloramine (=Chloramide) and Piperidine: Kinetic Reactivity and Characterization in a Raschig Medium
Authors: Darwich Chaza , Elkhatib Mazen , Steinhauser Georg , Delalu Henri
Published: January 2009

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The kinetics of the Cl‐transfer reaction between chloramine (1) and piperidine (2) in a Raschig medium (8<pH<9) was studied at various temperatures, with variable concentrations of the two reactants. The influence of the pH on the interaction of 1 and 2 was examined at a pH ranging between 8.25 and 12.89. The Cl‐transfer reaction resulted in the formation of 1‐chloropiperidine (3), which, in the presence of NaOH, underwent a dehydrohalogenation leading to an endocyclic imine derivative: 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydropyridine (4). The kinetics of the dehydrohalogenation was also studied at different temperatures, with variable concentrations of 3 and NaOH. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were determined for the Cl‐transfer and dehydrohalogenation reactions. Both 3 and 4 were prepared according to efficient synthetic routes; they were isolated, purified, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and MS. Their thermal stabilities were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and their absorption coefficients at various wavelengths were determined experimentally by UV spectrophotometry.
Four New 9,19‐Cyclolanostane Derivatives from the Rhizomes of Cimicifuga yunnanensisHsiao
Authors: Nian Yin , Chen Jian‐Chao , Lu Lu , Zhang Xian‐Ming , Zhou Lin , Qiu Ming‐Hua
Published: January 2009

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Four new 9,19‐cyclolanostane‐type triterpenes, 24‐O‐acetyl‐25‐anhydroshengmanol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranoside (1), 25‐O‐butylcimigenol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranoside (2), 12‐β‐hydrocimigenol‐3‐one (3), and 12‐β‐hydrocimigenol‐1‐en‐3‐one (4), together with 15 known analogues were isolated from the rhizome of Cimicifuga yunnanensis Hsiao. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods.
Two New Alkaloids from Incarvillea mairei var. grandiflora
Authors: Su Yong‐Qing , Shen Yun‐Heng , Lin Sheng , Tang Jian , Tian Jun‐Mian , Liu Xiao‐Hua , Zhang Wei‐Dong
Published: January 2009

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Two new alkaloids, isoincarvilline (1) and incargranine A (2), together with two known ones, were isolated from the 80% EtOH extract of the whole plant of Incarvillea mairei var. grandiflora. Their structures were identified on the basis of their spectroscopic analysis.
Friedelanes from Crossopetalum lobatum. A New Example of a Triterpene Anhydride
Authors: Rodríguez Félix M. , Perestelo Nayra R. , Jiménez Ignacio A. , Bazzocchi Isabel L.
Published: January 2009

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Three new triterpenoids, lobatanhydride (1), 3α,25‐dihydroxyfriedelan‐2‐one (2) and 1β,25‐dihydroxyfriedelan‐3‐one (3), were isolated from Crossopetalum lobatum Lundell. In addition, four known friedelane triterpenes, friedelin (4), 2α‐hydroxy‐3‐oxofriedelan‐30‐oic acid (5), 28‐hydroxyfriedelane‐1,3‐dione (6), and 29‐hydroxyfriedelane‐1,3‐dione (7) were isolated. Lobatanhydride represents the first example of a triterpene anhydride with the A ring expanded to a seven‐membered ring. The structures were established on the basis of extensive spectral investigation, and by comparison with the respective literature values.
A New Sesquiterpene from Ximenia americanaLinn.
Authors: de Araújo Mônica R. S. , Monte Francisco J. Q. , Braz‐Filho Raimundo
Published: January 2009

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The new sesquiterpene 1, named ximonicane, and the known stigmastane steroid 2 were isolated from the EtOH extract of the stems of Ximenia americana. Spectroscopic methods, including 2D‐NMR techniques, have been used to characterize 1 and assign all the signals of the 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra of 1. Ximonicane did not inhibit the growth of HL‐60 (human leukemia), HTC‐8 (human colon), and MDA‐MB‐435 (human breast cancer) cell lines.
The ontogeny of throwing and striking
Authors: Young Richard W.
Published: January 2009

Humans are the most adept throwers in the animal kingdom. Although throwing has been recorded in other primates, it is rare, weak, inaccurate and entails only arm movement. In contrast, human throwing is an explosive act employed from a bipedal stance that involves a complex, exceedingly rapid, full‐body movement. This motion generates a pulse of kinetic energy in the legs that is progressively augmented by the pelvis, trunk, arm and hand, where it is transferred to a missile that is launched toward the target with high velocity and accuracy. Linking the study of throwing development in young children with analysis of the adult throwing motion makes it possible to address the question of whether human throwing is an acquired behavior or is based primarily on an inherited motor program. Current evidence supports the conclusion that the role of instruction and learning is minimal. Human throwing is predominantly the result of an innate motor program which emerges at a very early age in all children without teaching, yields a throwing motion that is the forerunner of the one used by adult athletes, is characterized by a prominent gender difference, and proceeds in some adults to a high level of proficiency. The same conclusions apparently apply also to striking (club‐swinging), which employs a similar full‐body motion. An explanation for these observations is presented, based upon the concept that throwing and club‐swinging prowess provided reproductive advantages during early human evolution.
Direct analysis of clinical relevant single bacterial cells from cerebrospinal fluid during bacterial meningitis by means of micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Harz Michaela , Kiehntopf Michael , Stöckel Stephan , Rösch Petra , Straube Eberhard , Deufel Thomas , Popp Jürgen
Published: January 2009

Bacterial meningitis is a relevant public health concern. Despite the availability of modern treatment strategies it is still a life‐threatening disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, an initial treatment approach plays an important role. For in‐time identification of specific bacterial pathogens of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and emerged antimicrobial and adjunctive treatment, microbiological examination is of major importance. This contribution spotlights the potential of micro‐Raman spectroscopy as a biomedical assay for direct analysis of bacteria in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis. The influence of miscellaneous artificial environments on several bacterial species present during bacterial meningitis was studied by means of Raman spectroscopy. The application of chemometric data interpretation via hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) allows for the differentiation of in vitro cultured bacterial cells and can also be achieved on a single cell level. Moreover as proof of principle the investigation of a CSF sample obtained from a patient with meningococcal meningitis showed that the cerebrospinal fluid matrix does not mask the Raman spectrum of a bacterial cell notably since via chemometric analysis with HCA an identification of N. meningitidis cells from patients with bacterial meningitis could be achieved. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced bone formation by marrow‐derived endothelial and osteogenic cell transplantation
Authors: Kim Sang‐Soo , Park Min Sun , Cho Seung‐Woo , Kang Sun Woong , Ahn Kang‐Min , Lee Jong‐Ho , Kim Byung‐Soo
Published: January 2009

Bone marrow‐derived osteogenic cells can regenerate bone tissuesin vivo. The aim of the present study is to determine whether the cotransplantation of bone marrow‐derived endothelial‐like cells (BMECs) enhances bone regeneration by bone marrow‐derived osteogenic cell (BMOC) transplantation in osseous defects. Canine bone marrow cells were differentiated separately into BMECs and BMOCs. Using apatite‐coated poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds as cell delivery vehicles, BMOCs were transplanted with or without BMECs into critical‐sized calvarial defects in immunodeficient mice. Histological analyses, microcomputed tomography, and soft X‐ray were performed to assess mineralized bone formation at 8 weeks. Cotransplantation of BMECs and BMOCs resulted in greater bone formation than transplantation of BMOCs alone. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in bone formation area following cotransplantation (30.8% ± 2.5%), compared with transplantation of BMOCs alone (15.3% ± 1.9%). These results demonstrate that the cotransplantation of BMECs enhances bone regeneration mediated by BMOC transplantation in osseous defects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Secure attachment: implications for hope, trust, burnout, and performance
Authors: Simmons Bret L. , Gooty Janaki , Nelson Debra L. , Little Laura M.
Published: January 2009

Secure attachment is a healthy attachment style that enables individuals to work autonomously as well as with others when appropriate. Secure attachments are characterized by internal regulatory mechanisms that allow individuals to be flexible and constructive in their interpersonal relationships Our model incorporates hope, trust in one's supervisor, and burnout as explanatory variables that translate the benefits of secure attachment into better supervisor‐rated task performance. Among 161 employees of an assisted living center and their supervisors, secure attachment had a significant, positive relationship with hope, trust, and burnout, but only trust had a significant, positive relationship with supervisor‐rated performance. These results indicate that secure attachment should be considered a positive psychological strength that has important implications for working adults. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leader self‐structure: a framework for positive leadership
Authors: Hannah Sean T. , Woolfolk Robert L. , Lord Robert G.
Published: January 2009

We expand the conceptualization of positive leadership and hypothesize that leaders' ability to influence followers across varied complex situations will be enhanced through the development of a rich and multifaceted self‐construct. Utilizing self‐complexity theory and other aspects of research on self‐representation, we show how the structure and structural dynamics of leaders' self‐constructs are linked to their varied role demands by calling forth cognitions, affects, goals and values, expectancies, and self‐regulatory plans that enhance performance. Through this process, a leader is able to bring the “right stuff” (the appropriate ensemble of attributes) to bear on and succeed in the multiple challenges of leadership. We suggest future research to develop dimensional typologies related to leadership‐relevant aspects of the self and also to link individual positive self‐complexity to more aggregate positive organizational processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The perils of positivity
Authors: Hackman J. Richard
Published: January 2009

The passion and productivity that characterizes research on positive organizational behavior (POB) is impressive. Yet POB research is accumulating so rapidly that it may exceed what the field's conceptual, methodological, and ideological foundation can bear. I discuss here six concerns prompted by the articles in this special issue. These concerns are (1) the emphasis of positive organizational scholarship on individual‐level phenomena, (2) the ahistorical character of POB research and writing, (3) the construct validity of key concepts, (4) over‐reliance on a particular research strategy, (5) implicit acceptance of fundamental flaws in how work and organizations are designed, and (6) the seductiveness of new research paradigms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The “point” of positive organizational behavior
Authors: Luthans Fred , Avolio Bruce J.
Published: January 2009

Perhaps the most important “Point” we would like to make in this “Point‐Counterpoint” on positive organizational behavior is the role that research must play in this evolving area of study. We follow this point on the importance of research by drawing from recent findings that indicate in discussions such as this point and counterpoint, that taking a positive approach leads to more in‐depth inquiry, whereas a negative perspective leads to advocacy and in our view less learning potential. Thus, the positive perspective we take in this “Point” piece is to identify and make a deep inquiry into the major issues and questions surrounding positive organizational behavior (POB). We consciously try to avoid taking an advocacy position. Specifically, after first setting the stage with the background and status of POB, we draw from the lessons that can be learned from positive psychology and then make an inquiry into “Why POB?” and exactly “What is POB?” The article concludes with further inquiry into the role the negative does and can play, and finally how POB relates to our recent work in authentic leadership development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of employee psychological well‐being in cardiovascular health: when the twain shall meet
Authors: Wright Thomas A. , Cropanzano Russell , Bonett Douglas G. , Diamond W. John
Published: January 2009

Consistent with the emerging positive agenda in organizations, the present research examines the role of psychological well‐being (PWB) in predicting employee cardiovascular health. We tested this possibility in a sample of 113 supervisory level personnel employed by a medium‐sized (500 employees) public sector organization in California. More specifically, while neither diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r = .09, ns, 95%CI = −0.11 to 0.28) or systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r = −.11, ns, 95%CI = −0.30 to 0.09) were related to PWB, two composite cardiovascular measures, pulse pressure (r = −.21, p < .05, 95%CI = −0.39 to −0.02) and pulse product (r = −.27, p < .01, 95%CI = −0.44 to −0.08) were related to PWB. In addition, regression analysis found PWB to be predictive of the composite cardiovascular health measure of pulse product (ΔR2 = 0.04, p < .05), but not pulse pressure, after controlling for age, gender, employee smoking behavior, education level, ethnicity, weight, job satisfaction, and anxiety. Research implications and further suggestions for organizational scholars interested in employee health and betterment are introduced. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Copolymer with Oligoaniline and Anthracene Units in the Main Chain: Synthesis, Characterization, and Optical Properties
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Chao Danming , Cui Lili , Liu Xincai , Zhang Wanjin
Published: January 2009

A functional alternating copolymer with well‐defined oligoaniline (phenyl‐capped aniline tetramer) and anthracene units in the main chains has been prepared by a novel oxidative coupling polymerization. The molecular structure of the copolymer was characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, GPC, and XRD. The electrochemical activity was checked by CV and the thermal characteristics were evaluated by TGA. Moreover, the optical properties of the copolymer in DMF were studied by UV‐vis and fluorescence spectra. The copolymer exhibited a blue emission at 426 nm, and the fluorescence intensity depended on the oxidation state of the copolymer. When excited at the maximum absorption wavelength (290 nm) of the oligoaniline units, the copolymer showed the same emission band, indicating efficient energy transfer between oligoaniline and anthracene units.

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Ethical issues in pro‐social advertising: the Australian 2006 White Ribbon Day campaign
Authors: Donovan Robert John , Jalleh Geoffrey , Fielder Lynda , Ouschan Robyn
Published: January 2009

The Australian White Ribbon Day 2006 campaign was severely criticized by mental health professionals and those working in the family and domestic violence sector because of depictions of suicide and self‐harm in the television advertisement and accompanying promotional materials. The White Ribbon Day (WRD) National Leadership Group (NLG) rejected all requests by concerned groups to not use these campaign materials. They and their apologists claimed that such violent imagery was necessary to attract men's attention and was being misinterpreted as depicting suicide attempts.

With preliminary ethics approval we set out to assess reactions to the television advertisement. After 24 interviews, the testing was terminated by the university research ethics officer after two male respondents demonstrated significant distress after viewing the ad. Furthermore, the results by that stage showed that there were perceived messages of suicide in the ad. These results were sent to the WRD NLG with a request to reconsider proceeding with the television advertisement and associated materials. Mental health and domestic violence organizations lodged similar requests. All requests were rejected. The case raises a number of ethical issues for pro‐social organizations when dealing with sensitive issues and using execution techniques that may impact negatively on vulnerable audiences.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selling Hitler: propaganda and the Nazi brand
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Nicholas
Published: January 2009

In this article we argue that Nazism functioned as a brand, and that this is key to our understanding of the extraordinary success of the Hitler regime in galvanising German public opinion. Nazis understood and manipulated the power of the brand, creating what amounts to a parallel universe of imagery and symbolism. The integuments of this brand strategy were the idea of Hitler himself and his projection, the stress on solidarity, the proclamation of a modernist Utopia with ancient accents, and the construction of an existential threat to the German way of life. But underpinning these were the deployment of what have become classic marketing concepts, such as targeting and segmentation, and a perceptive comprehension of the idea of packaging. Beyond this the regime was anchored in a kind of banality of ordinariness, it looked, at many levels, like a normal Western society and this element was made more credible by the promotion of a vigorous consumer culture. In many ways the Nazis were ahead of their time, masters of such political marketing arts as spin and rapid rebuttal. The fact that all this was done in the service of the most monstrous empire that was ever created, whose lasting legacy to the human race was its unique pictography of genocide, must alert us to the more sinister ends to which political marketing can be perverted.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do we see what we think we see? The complexities of morphological assessment
Authors: Hamilton Peter W , van Diest Paul J , Williams Richard , Gallagher Anthony G
Published: January 2009

Reliable pathological interpretation is vital to so many aspects of tissue‐based research as well as being central to patient care. Understanding the complex processes involved in decision‐making is the starting point to improve both diagnostic reproducibility and the definition of diagnostic groups that underpin our experiments. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of research in this field and it is encouraging to see The Journal of Pathology publishing work in this area. This review attempts to highlight the opportunities that exist in this field and the technologies that are now available to support this type of research. Key amongst these are the use of decision analysis tools such as inference networks, and virtual microscopy that allows us to simulate diagnostic decision‐making. These tools have roles, not only in studying the subtleties of diagnostic decision‐making, but also in delivering new methods of training and proficiency testing. Research which helps us to better understand what we see, why we see it, and standardizing interpretative reasoning in pathological classification is essential for improving the wide range of activities that pathologists support, including clinical diagnosis, teaching, training, and experimental research. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteopontin stimulates invasion of NCI‐h295 cells but is not associated with survival in adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Weismann Dirk , Briese Juliane , Niemann Joscha , Grüneberger Matthias , Adam Patrick , Hahner Stefanie , Johanssen Sarah , Liu Wei , Ezzat Shereen , Saeger Wolfgang , Bamberger Ana‐Maria , Fassnacht Martin , Schulte Heinrich M , Asa Sylvia L , Allolio Bruno , Bamberger Christoph M
Published: January 2009

Gene array studies indicated that osteopontin (OPN) mRNA is highly expressed in adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs). OPN enhances invasiveness, proliferation, and metastasis formation, and is associated with poor survival in some malignant diseases. Integrin αvβ3 has been shown to mediate OPN effects on invasion. In this study, we demonstrated OPN and integrin αvβ3 expression in normal adrenal glands and benign adenomas, with staining seen exclusively in adrenocortical cells as well as even stronger staining in ACC. Western blot analysis confirmed overexpression of OPN in ACC (p < 0.01). With Matrigel invasion assays, we have shown that OPN greatly stimulates the invasiveness of NCI‐h295 cells (>six‐fold increase, p < 0.001). Transfection with integrin αvβ3 further increased invasiveness after OPN stimulation (p < 0.001). This increase was reversed by the addition of an anti‐integrin β3 antibody, indicating a functional relationship of OPN and integrin αvβ3 in ACC. With tissue arrays, we confirmed high OPN expression in 147 ACC samples. However, no association with survival was seen in Kaplan‐Meier analysis including 111 patients with primary tumours graded for OPN staining and follow‐up data available. In conclusion, our in vitro data indicate that OPN and integrin αvβ3 may act as a functional complex facilitating the invasiveness of adrenocortical tumours. This relationship remains of relevance to our understanding of carcinogenesis, but further studies are needed to address the physiological and pathological function of OPN in adrenal tissue. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The attitude of women toward current and future possibilities of diagnostic testing in maternal blood using fetal DNA
Authors: Kooij Loes , Tymstra Tjeerd , Berg Paul van den
Published: January 2009

Objective

To determine the opinions of women about the new developments in the field of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD).

Method

Prospective study using questionnaires in two groups of women: women visiting the University Medical Centre Groningen and the Martini Hospital Groningen for the routine fetal anomaly ultrasound scan at 20 weeks' gestation and female medical master students.

Results

Both groups consider NIPD an important asset in the reliable diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy and gender‐determined genetic disorders, with the exception of disorders manifesting themselves later in life. There is a negative response as to its application for family balancing. Eighty‐two percent of the pregnant women and 79% of the medical students responded positively to the question whether they consider NIPD an important asset in prenatal care. The statement that it is an asset because it enables pregnant women to bear an ‘optimal child’ is strongly rejected by both groups.

Conclusions

NIPD paves the way for screening on a large scale. Our survey shows that women feel positive about these new possibilities, but find it hard to fully realize the consequences and new choices they will be confronted with. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of drug consumption in a sample of French workers since 1986: the ‘Drugs and Work’ study
Authors: Boeuf‐Cazou O. , Lapeyre‐Mestre M. , Niezborala M. , Montastruc J.L.
Published: January 2009

Purpose

France is known to have a relatively high prescription rate for medicines. Few studies have investigated drug use among a healthy worker population. The aim of this study was to describe the changing patterns of drug use in French workers since 1986 and to evaluate the impact of programs developed to reduce drug consumption.

Method

A cross‐sectional survey has been performed every 10 years since 1986 among workers from the Toulouse metropolitan area (Southwestern, France) using an anonymous questionnaire given to workers during their compulsory annual medical visit. Results of the 2006 survey (2213 workers) were compared to those obtained in 1986 and 1996. A multivariate analysis was performed to investigate factors associated to the modification of drug use with time.

Results

During the last ten years, prevalence of overall drug consumption decreased (40.7% in 2006 vs. 46.7% in 1996, p < 0.001) in contrast to the increase observed between 1986 and 1996. Since 1986, patterns of drug use have been modified with a decrease in anti‐infectious (OR = 0.24) digestive (OR = 0.54), psychotropic (OR = 0.54), endocrine (OR = 0.57) and cardiotropic (OR = 0.68) drug use. In contrast, there was a significant increase in musculosqueletic (OR = 2.16) drug use. Whatever the period, overall drug consumption was related to age, gender or extraprofessional problems.

Conclusions

This study illustrates the changing patterns of drug use in a population of workers during the last 20 years and underlines the importance of awareness raising campaigns on prescription patterns. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 2‐DE MALDI‐TOF study to identify disease regulated serum proteins in lung cancer of c‐myc transgenic mice
Authors: Chatterji Bijon , Borlak Jürgen
Published: January 2009

We previously reported targeted overexpression of c‐myc to alveolar epithelium to cause lung cancer. We now extended our studies to the serum proteome of tumor bearing mice. Proteins were extracted with a thiourea‐containing lysis buffer and separated by 2‐DE at pH 4–7 and 3−10 followed by MALDI‐TOF/TOF analysis. Forty‐six proteins were identified in tumor bearing mice of which n = 9 were statistically significant. This included disease regulated expression of orosomucoid‐8, α‐2‐macroglobulin, apolipoprotein‐A1, apolipoprotein‐C3, glutathione peroxidase‐3, plasma retinol‐binding protein, and transthyretin, while expression of apolipoprotein‐E was decreased at late stages of disease. Moreover, serum amyloid P component was uniquely expressed at late stages of cancer. It is of considerable importance that most disease regulated proteins carried the E‐Box sequence (CACGTG) in the promoter of the coding gene, therefore providing evidence for their regulation by c‐myc. Notably, expression of α‐2‐macroglobulin, transthyretin, α‐1‐antitrypsin, and properdin was in common in different lung tumor models, but regulation of orosomucoid‐8, apolipoprotein‐A1, apolipoprotein‐C3, apolipoprotein‐E, glutathione peroxidase‐3, plasma retinol‐binding protein, and serum amyloid P component was unique when the serum proteomes of c‐myc and c‐raf tumor bearing mice were compared. Therefore, candidate biomarkers to differentiate between atypical adenomatous hyperplasias (AAH) and bronchiolo‐alveolar carcinomas (BAC)/papillary adenocarcinomas (PLAC) can be proposed.
Diophantine analysis complements electrospray‐Q‐TOF data for structure elucidation of transferrin glycoforms used for clinical diagnosis in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: del Castillo Busto M. Estela , Meija Juris , Montes‐Bayón María , Sanz‐Medel Alfredo
Published: January 2009

The use of ESI‐Q‐TOF in combination with theoretical mapping of possible glycan variants by Diophantine mass analysis allows identification of transferrin (Tf) glycoforms in different biological fluids including human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In order to restrict the structural variations, a chromatographic separation (HPLC) of the forms with different number of sialic acids is initially conducted. The individual fractions are purified, preconcentrated, and analyzed by ESI‐Q‐TOF. The results obtained experimentally are compared with those predicted by Diophantine calculations and the structures proposed. Each one of the found masses can be ascribed to a single Tf glycoform with a mass difference that ranged between −1 and −26 Da (average masses). Thus, the methodology can be used for structural characterization of Tf glycoforms relevant for clinical diagnosis without enzymatic digestion.
Proteomics of skeletal muscle aging
Authors: Doran Philip , Donoghue Pamela , O'Connell Kathleen , Gannon Joan , Ohlendieck Kay
Published: January 2009

Extended human longevity has resulted in increasing numbers of elderly persons in the general population. However, old age is also associated with a variety of serious physical disorders. Frailty among sedentary elderly patients is related to the impaired structure and function of contractile fibers. Biochemical research into cellular mechanisms that underlie sarcopenia promises to acquire the scientific basis of evidence to aid the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The recent application of MS‐based proteomic methodology has identified a large cohort of disease‐specific markers of sarcopenia. This review critically examines the biomedical implications of the results obtained from the proteomic screening of both aged human muscle and established animal models of sarcopenia. Substantial alterations in proteins involved in key metabolic pathways, regulatory and contractile elements of the actomyosin apparatus, myofibrillar remodeling and the cellular stress response are discussed. A multi‐factorial etiology appears to be the basis for a slower‐twitching aged fiber population, which exhibits a shift to more aerobic‐oxidative metabolism. It is hoped that the detailed biomedical characterization of the newly identified biomarkers of sarcopenia will translate into better treatment options for reversing age‐dependent muscle degeneration, which could improve the standard of living for a large portion of society.
Genome‐wide analysis and proteomic studies reveal APE1/Ref‐1 multifunctional role in mammalian cells
Authors: Vascotto Carlo , Cesaratto Laura , Zeef Leo A. H. , Deganuto Marta , D'Ambrosio Chiara , Scaloni Andrea , Romanello Milena , Damante Giuseppe , Taglialatela Giulio , Delneri Daniela , Kelley Mark R. , Mitra Sankar , Quadrifoglio Franco , Tell Gianluca
Published: January 2009

Apurinic apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref‐1) protects cells from oxidative stress by acting as a central enzyme in base excision repair pathways of DNA lesions and through its independent activity as a redox transcriptional co‐activator. Dysregulation of this protein has been associated with cancer development. At present, contrasting data have been published regarding the biological relevance of the two functions as well as the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we combined both mRNA expression profiling and proteomic analysis to determine the molecular changes associated with APE1 loss‐of‐expression induced by siRNA technology. This approach identified a role of APE1 in cell growth, apoptosis, intracellular redox state, mitochondrial function, and cytoskeletal structure. Overall, our data show that APE1 acts as a hub in coordinating different and vital functions in mammalian cells, highlighting the molecular determinants of the multifunctional nature of APE1 protein.
Quality of life issues and second‐generation migration: the case of ‘Bajan‐Brit returnees’
Authors: Phillips Joan , Potter Rob B.
Published: January 2009

This paper forms part of research that is investigating the migration of young Bajan‐Brits to Barbados. Specifically, it explores the role of quality of life issues in the decision‐making processes of young Bajan‐Brits as they negotiate their ‘return’ to Barbados. The research, based on 51 in‐depth qualitative interviews conducted with an under‐researched cohort of young Bajan‐Brits living in Barbados, argues from a ‘lure of home’ conceptualisation that the return of young Bajan‐Brits to Barbados can best be understood from the context of a search for a better quality of life in the face of social and economic disenfranchisement in the UK context. Subsequently, the paper examines the extent to which the quality of life factors which formed the basis of return to Barbados have in fact been realised on the part of young Bajan‐Brits in their adjustment to life in Barbados. The paper ultimately argues that despite problems of adjustment, young Bajan‐Brits have generally been successful in actualising a better quality of life in Barbados. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is gateway city clustering behind Canada's declining immigrant home‐ownership rates?
Authors: Haan Michael
Published: January 2009

Recently, home‐ownership rates have been dropping for Canadian immigrants. These declines, although substantial in their own right, are particularly striking when read alongside the trends of the Canadian‐born, who've experienced a comparative surge in recent years. Given that immigrants overwhelmingly cluster in Canada's ‘gateway’ census metropolitan areas (CMAs) of Toronto, Montréal and Vancouver, this paper uses 2‐stage least squares regression techniques and the 2001 Census of Canada to identify whether a shift out of Canada's gateway CMAs would improve immigrant home‐ownership rates. The results show that although home‐ownership propensities are higher for those who live outside of gateway cities, these differences dissolve once the endogeneity of location choice is considered. This suggests that relocation policies are unlikely to yield dramatic national gains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The progress of AlN bulk growth and epitaxy for electronic applications
Authors: Mueller Stephan G. , Bondokov Robert T. , Morgan Kenneth E. , Slack Glen A. , Schujman Sandra B. , Grandusky James , Smart Joseph A. , Schowalter Leo J.
Published: January 2009

We report on the progress of high quality AlN bulk crystal growth by the sublimation‐recondensation technique and present a theoretical model for optimizing the growth conditions. The theoretical model is consistent with our experimental findings and projects a path to maximize the growth rate by adjusting the growth temperature, external nitrogen pressure and source‐to‐seed distance. The growth of large AlN boules has resulted in the demonstration of crack‐free AlN wafers up to 2‐inch diameter. The crystallinity of these AlN boules and wafers has been characterized by X‐ray techniques and etch pit density (EPD) measurements. The AlN wafers exhibited X‐ray rocking curves with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) close to 30 arcsec for both symmetric and asymmetric curves with a corresponding EPD of <104 cm–2. High quality homoepitaxial and graded AlGaN layers have been grown on these AlN substrates by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). We have demonstrated pseudomorphic growth of graded Al1–x Gax N layers with a thickness of one order of magnitude higher than the expected critical thickness from the classical Matthews–Blakeslee theory. This achievement has resulted in low dislocation density AlGaN epi‐layers with both symmetric and asymmetric rocking curves routinely below 100 arcsec. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)