bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of pH-Sensitive ISFETs as Sensors for pH in Nonaqueous Solutions and for Proton Solvation
Authors: Izutsu Kosuke , Nakamura Toshio , Hiraoka Satoshi
Published: March 2006

Ta2O5– and Si3N4–type pH–sensitive ISFETs were found to respond almost in Nernstian ways to the pH in nonaqueous solutions and to the transfer activity coefficients of proton between different solvents. They responded much faster than the conventional glass electrode. This is of practical importance, because the response of the glass electrodes is unpractically slow in some nonaqueous solutions.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 2-Isoxazolines via Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxide to Achiral Allyl Alcohol
Authors: Ukaji Yutaka , Sada Kazunori , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: March 2006

The asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a nitrile oxide to an achiral allyl alcohol was achieved by the use of (R,R)-diisopropyl tartrate as a chiral auxiliary. Treatment of the allyl alcohol with diethylzinc and the tartrate, followed by the addition of diethylzinc and a hydroximoyl chloride, afforded the corresponding (R)-2-isoxazolines with excellent enantioselectivity.
FT-IR Study of the Beckmann Rearrangement over Pentasil-type Zeolite
Authors: Sato Hiroshi , Hirose Ken-ichi , Nakamura Yasuo
Published: March 2006

The temperature dependence of the FT-IR spectra of adsorbed cyclohexanone oxime on pentasil zeolite revealed that the rearrangement to ε-caprolactam takes place at 100 °C, a higher temperature is necessary for its desorption, and a high selectivity over high silicious zeolite is attributable to its low acidity for both smooth rearrangement and smooth desorption. A neutral silanol is proposed to be an active site.
Gorgiabisazulene and Gorgiagallylazulene, Two New Guaiazulenoid Pigments from a Gorgonian Acalycigorgia sp.
Authors: Ochi Masamitsu , Kataoka Kumi , Tatsukawa Akira , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo , Shibata Kozo
Published: March 2006

Two new condensed guaiazulenoid pigments, gorgiabisazulene and gorgiagallylazulene, have been isolated from a gorgonian Acalycigorgia sp. and their structures have been established on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence.
Allyl C-Glycosidation of Glycals Mediated by 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ)
Authors: Toshima Kazunobu , Ishizuka Toru , Matsuo Goh , Nakata Masaya
Published: March 2006

A novel and highly stereoselective method for the synthesis of allyl C-glycosides bearing C2-C3 unsaturation has been developed using glycal acetate, allyltrimethylsilane and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) as a neutral activator.
Polypeptide Liposome by Spontaneous Condensation in Bilayer Membranes
Authors: Nishikawa Naoyuki , Arai Masao , Ono Mitsunori , Itoh Isamu
Published: March 2006

A novel glycerophospholipid having a tripeptide propargyl ester as a head group was synthesized. Polycondensation of the peptide lipid occurred spontaneously in bilayer membranes, resulting in a liposome covered by polypeptide chains consisting of about 20 amino acids.
Ionic Conductivity Induced by Photooxidation of Ferrocene in Polymer Film Containing Organotin Compound
Authors: Fujinami Tatsuo , Kawahara Nobuo , Sakai Shizuyoshi , Ogita Masami
Published: March 2006

Ionic conductivity of poly(ethyl methacrylate) film containing photooxidizable dibutylferrocene and bromotributylstannane was induced by UV light irradiation in contact with the anion-conducting polymer film containing a cobaltocemum salt. The enhanced ionic conductivity decreased in the dark.
Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene Catalyzed by Silica-Alumina Supported Anionic Molybdenum Carbonyl Complexes
Authors: Ishihara Atsushi , Shirouchi Kenji , Kabe Toshiaki
Published: March 2006

In hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT), the catalysts prepared from silica-alumina supported molybdenum compounds showed higher yields of biphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene and bicyclohexyl than conventional sulfided molybdena-alumina. Specifically, the catalysts derived from silica-alumina supported anionic molybdenum carbonyls gave the highest yields among silica-alumina supported ones.
Syntheses and Solution Behavior of Antitumor Active Platinum Blue Compounds with Glutarimidate or 3,3-Dimethylglutarimidate Bridging Ligand
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuko , Matsunami Jun , Urata Hiroshi
Published: March 2006

Two antitumor active platinum blue compounds have been synthesized and the crystal structure is reported. The solution behavior as studied with NMR spectroscopy is discussed in relation to the antitumor activities.
The Photolysis of 4,4′-Diazidobiphenyl in Rigid Matrices at Low-Temperature
Authors: Ohana Tsuguyori , Kaise Masahiro , Nimura Shigeaki , Kikuchi Osamu , Yabe Akira
Published: March 2006

The photolysis of 4,4′-diazidobiphenyl in an organic glassy solvent at low-temperature was investigated by ESR and UV-vis spectroscopies. Two structures of biphenyldinitrene as photoproducts were identified: the twisted biphenyldinitrene and the quinonoid structure. The two nitreno groups of twisted biphenyl were each in the triplet state.
Selective Reduction of Nitrogen Monoxide with Hydrocarbons over SnO2 Catalyst
Authors: Teraoka Yasutake , Harada Tomohiro , Iwasaki Takuya , Ikeda Takashi , Kagawa Shuichi
Published: March 2006

SnO2 showed catalytic activity for the selective reduction of NO with hydrocarbons (C2H4, C3H8, and CH4) in the presence of excess oxygen, and the activity was not so much decreased even after heat treatments in dry air at 900 °C as well as in humid air at 800 °C. These results show that SnO2 is an active and stable catalyst for the reaction.
Rate Correlation of Photoinduced Electron Transfer to C70
Authors: Osaki Toshihiko , Tai Yutaka , Tazawa Masato , Tanemura Sakae , Inukai Keiichi , Ishiguro Katsuya , Sawaki Yasuhiko , Saito Yahachi , Shinohara Hisanori , Nagashima Hideo
Published: March 2006

Quenching rate constants (kq) of triplet C70 by electron donors have been measured by laser flash spectroscopy in benzonitrile and in acetonitrile-benzene (1 : 4). A plot of kq values versus free energy change for the electron transfer to 3C70 gives a fairly good correlation with rate constants calculated from the Rehm-Weller equation if corrected the diffusion-controlled rates in solvents used.
New Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials with a Cutoff Wavelength of 350 nm. 3-Benzylidene-d-camphor Derivatives
Authors: Kawamata Jun , Inoue Kuon
Published: March 2006

A series of 3-benzylidene-d-camphor derivatives has been synthesized in order to examine the second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency along with the transparent wavelength region. Through reflection powder measurement, 3-cinnamylidene-d-camphor having a cutoff wavelength of 350 nm, shows the efficiency 10 times as large as that of urea.
Lewis Acid-Induced Reactions of γ-Trialkylstannyl Ketones. Cyclization, Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage, and 1,5-Hydride Shift
Authors: Sato Tadashi , Tachibana Kazutaka , Kawase Akira , Hirose Tomokazu
Published: March 2006

γ-Trialkylstannyl ketones underwent cyclobutanation, C-C bond cleavage, or 1,5-hydride shift, depending upon the substitution pattern of the substrates.
Binding of Heme to Sperm Whale Myoglobin-(57–96)-Tetracontapeptide
Authors: Hashimoto Chikao , Muramatsu Ichiro
Published: March 2006

The binding of heme to sperm whale myoglobin-(57–96)-tetracontapeptide (1) was investigated. The appearance of a peak at 414 nm in the difference spectrum between a 1–heme mixture and heme indicated the formation of a complex. The circular dichroism spectrum of the mixture showed that an α-helical structure is induced and stabilized by the formation of the complex.
Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation in Multi-electron Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by [Ru(bpy)(trpy)(CO)]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; trpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)
Authors: Nagao Hirotaka , Mizukawa Tetsunori , Tanaka Koji
Published: March 2006

Controlled potential electrolysis of [Ru(bpy)(trpy)(CO)]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; trpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) at −1.70 V vs. Ag|Ag+ in CO2-saturated C2H5OH/H2O (8:2v/v) at −20 °C produced not only HCOOH and CO but also HC(O)H, CH3OH, H(O)CCOOH, and HOCH2COOH.
Analyzing the Simultaneous Use of Auctions and Posted Prices for Online Selling
Authors: Etzion Hila , Pinker Edieal , Seidmann Abraham
Published: March 2006

Many firms in the business-to-consumer market sell identical products online using auctions and posted prices at the same time. In this paper, we develop and analyze a model of the key trade-offs sellers face in such a dual-channel setting built around the optimal choice of three design parameters: the posted price, the auction lot size, and the auction duration. Our results show how a monopolist seller can increase his revenues by offering auctions and a fixed price concurrently, and we identify when either a posted price only or a dual-channel strategy is optimal for the seller. We model consumer choice of channels, and thus market segmentation, and find a unique (symmetric) auction-participation equilibrium exists in which consumers who value the item for more than its posted price use a threshold policy to choose between the two channels. The threshold defines an upper bound on the remaining time of the auction. We explain how optimizing the design parameters enables the seller to segment the market so that the two channels reinforce each other and cannibalization is mitigated. Our findings also demonstrate that there are two dominant auction design strategies in this setting: one-unit auctions that tend to be short and long multiunit auctions. The optimal strategy for the seller depends on the consumer arrival rate and the disutility of delivery delay incurred by high-valuation consumers. In either case, the optimal design of the dual channel can significantly outperform a single posted-price channel. We show even greater benefits over a naive approach to managing the two channels that optimizes each independently. Our results suggest that unless firms jointly manage these online channels, they may find that adding auctions actually reduces their revenues.
Depression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Impact on Adherence to Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Authors: Kalsekar Iftekhar D , Madhavan Suresh S , Amonkar Mayur M , Makela Eugene H , Scott Virginia G , Douglas Stratford M , Elswick Betsy L Meredith
Published: March 2006

Background:

Adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) is important for adequate glycemic control and prevention of future complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective:

To examine the impact of depression on adherence to OHAs in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

Methods:

Patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes during a 4 year period were identified from a Medicaid claims database. Presence of preexisting depression was determined on the basis of ICD-9-CM codes. Adherence to OHAs was computed using prescription refill data for a 12 month follow-up period from the date of the index OHA prescription. Two separate adherence indices (Medication Possession Ratio-1 [MPR-1], Medication Possession Ratio-2 [MPR-2]) were computed. The impact of depression on adherence was assessed after controlling for confounders such as demographics, comorbidity, provider interaction, complexity of regimen, and diabetes severity.

Results:

A total of 1326 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes were identified (depressed = 471; nondepressed = 855). Results of the study indicated that patients with depression had significantly lower adherence (MPR-1 86%; MPR-2 66%) to OHAs compared with patients without depression (MPR-1 89%; MPR-2 73%). Multivariate results indicated that depression was a significant predictor of adherence, with depressed patients being 3–6% less adherent to OHAs than nondepressed patients, after controlling for confounding factors.

Conclusions:

Depression significantly impacts adherence to OHAs in patients with type 2 diabetes. The study results imply that depression screening and treatment need to be included in the protocol for management of patients with type 2 diabetes.
p190-RhoGAP as an integral component of the Tiam1/Rac1-induced downregulation of Rho
Authors: Herbrand Ulrike , Reza Ahmadian Mohammad
Published: March 2006

The Rho family of small GTPases plays a central role in intracellular signal transduction, particularly in reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Rho activity induces cell contractility, whereas Rac promotes cellular protrusion, which counteracts Rho signaling. In this regard, the reciprocal balance between these GTPases determines cell morphology and migratory behavior. Here we demonstrate that Tiam1/Rac1 signaling is able to antagonize Rho activity directly at the GTPase level in COS-7 cells. p190-RhoGAP plays a central regulatory role in this signaling pathway. Interfering with its activation by Src-kinase-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation or its recruitment to the membrane through interaction with the SH2 domains of p120-RasGAP blocks the Tiam1-mediated rapid downregulation of Rho. This process is mediated by Rac1, but not by Rac2 or Rac3 isoforms. Our data provide evidence for a biochemical pathway of the reciprocal regulation of two related small GTPases, which are key elements in cell migration.
Dopaminergic Regulation of Neuronal Excitability through Modulation ofIhin Layer V Entorhinal Cortex
Authors: Rosenkranz J. Amiel , Johnston Daniel
Published: March 2006

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a significant component of the systems that underlie certain forms of memory formation and recall. Evidence has been emerging that the dopaminergic system in the EC facilitates these and other functions of the EC. The effects of dopamine (DA) on membrane properties and excitability of EC neurons, however, are not known. We usedin vitrowhole-cell patch-clamp recordings from layer V pyramidal neuronal somata and dendrites of the adult rat lateral EC to investigate the effects of DA on the excitability of these neurons. We found that brief application of DA caused a reduction in the excitability of layer V EC pyramidal neurons. This effect was attributable to voltage-dependent modification of membrane properties that can best be explained by an increase in a hyperpolarization-activated conductance. Furthermore, the effects of DA were blocked by pharmacological blockade of h-channels, but not by any of a number of other ion channels. These actions were produced by a D1receptor-mediated increase of cAMP but were independent of protein kinase A. A portion of the actions of DA can be attributed to effects in the apical dendrites. The data suggest that DA can directly influence the membrane properties of layer V EC pyramidal neurons by modulation of h-channels. These actions may underlie some of the effects of DA on memory formation.
Adrenergic Enhancement of Inhibitory Transmission in the Accessory Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Araneda Ricardo C. , Firestein Stuart
Published: March 2006

Noradrenergic modulation of dendrodendritic synapses between the mitral and granule cells in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) is postulated to play a key role in the formation of memory in olfactory-mediated behaviors. Current models propose that noradrenaline (NA) increases excitation of mitral/tufted cells (M/TCs) by decreasing the release of GABA from granule cells. However, surprisingly little is known about the actions of NA at the cellular level in the AOB. Here, in recordings from AOB slices, we show that NA decreases the firing frequency of M/TCs in response to stimulation. This effect is attributable to an increase in the GABA inhibitory input to M/TCs. Application of NA (10 μm) produced an ∼20-fold increase in the frequency of GABA-induced miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) without changing their amplitude. A pharmacological analysis indicated that the increase in mIPSCs frequency results from activation of α1 adrenergic receptors. In addition to increasing the mIPSC frequency, NA also potentiated GABA inhibitory currents induced by direct stimulation of granule cells. Together, our results suggest that NA increases the release of GABA from granule cells by acting on presynaptic receptors. Thus, the role of the noradrenergic activity in the AOB may be opposite than suggested previously: we find that the overall effect of NA in the AOB is inhibition of M/TCs.
EphB3: An Endogenous Mediator of Adult Axonal Plasticity and Regrowth after CNS Injury
Authors: Liu Xiao , Hawkes Elizabeth , Ishimaru Tatsuto , Tran Tony , Sretavan David W.
Published: March 2006

Endogenous mechanisms underlying the remodeling of neuronal circuitry after mammalian CNS injury or disease remain primarily unknown. Here, we investigated axonal plasticity after optic nerve injury and found that macrophages recruited into the injury site and adult retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, which undergo injury-induced sprouting and terminal remodeling, were linked by their respective expression of a ligand and receptor pair active in axon guidance. Recruited macrophages specifically upregulated mRNA encoding the guidance molecule EphB3 and expressed EphB proteins capable of binding Ephrin B moleculesin vivoandin vitro. Injured adult RGC axons in turn expressed EphrinB3, a known receptor for EphB3, and RGC axons bound recombinant EphB3 protein injected into the optic nerve.In vitro, EphB3 supported adult RGC axon outgrowth, and axons turned toward a source of this guidance molecule.In vivo, both reduction of EphB3 function in adult heterozygous animals and loss of function in homozygous animals greatly decreased RGC axon re-extension or sprouting after optic nerve injury. Comparisons of axon re-extension in EphB3 null and wild-type littermates showed that this loss of axonal plasticity was not attributable to a difference in intrinsic axon growth potential. Rather, the results indicated an essential role for local optic nerve-derived EphB3 in regulating adult RGC axon plasticity after optic nerve injury. Of note, the loss of EphB3 did not affect the ability of injured RGC axons to elaborate complex terminal branching, suggesting that additional EphB3-independent mechanisms governed adult axon branching triggered by CNS damage.
An Analog of a Dipeptide-Like Structure of FK506 Increases Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression through cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Activated by Heat Shock Protein 90/Akt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Cen Xiaobo , Nitta Atsumi , Ohya Shin , Zhao Yinglan , Ozawa Naoya , Mouri Akihiro , Ibi Daisuke , Wang Li , Suzuki Makiko , Saito Kuniaki , Ito Yasutomo , Kawagoe Tetsuya , Noda Yukihiro , Ito Yoshihisa , Furukawa Shoei , Nabeshima Toshitaka
Published: March 2006

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is an important neurotrophic factor that has therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disorders. We previously showed that leucine-isoleucine (Leu-Ile), an analog of a dipeptide-like structure of FK506 (tacrolimus), induces GDNF expression bothinvivoandinvitro. In this investigation, we sought to clarify the cellular mechanisms underlying the GDNF-inducing effect of this dipeptide. Leu-Ile transport was investigated using fluorescein isothiocyanate-Leu-Ile in cultured neurons, and the results showed the transmembrane mobility of this dipeptide. By liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quartz crystal microbalance assay, we identified heat shock cognate protein 70 as a protein binding specifically to Leu-Ile, and molecular modeling showed that the ATPase domain is the predicted binding site. Leu-Ile stimulated Akt phosphorylation, which was attenuated significantly by heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor geldanamycin (GA). Moreover, enhanced interaction between phosphorylated Akt and Hsp90 was detected by immunoprecipitation. Leu-Ile elicited an increase in cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, which was inhibited by GA, indicating that CREB is a downstream target of Hsp90/Akt signaling. Leu-Ile elevated the levels of GDNF mRNA and protein expression, whereas inhibition of CREB blocked such effects. Leu-Ile promoted the binding activity of phosphorylated CREB with cAMP response element. These findings show that CREB plays a key role in transcriptional regulation of GDNF expression induced by Leu-Ile. In conclusion, Leu-Ile activates Hsp90/Akt/CREB signaling, which contributes to the upregulation of GDNF expression. It may represent a novel lead compound for the treatment of dopaminergic neurons or motoneuron diseases.
Differential Dependence of Axo-Dendritic and Axo-Somatic GABAergic Synapses on GABAAReceptors Containing the α1 Subunit in Purkinje Cells
Authors: Fritschy Jean-Marc , Panzanelli Patrizia , Kralic Jason E. , Vogt Kaspar E. , Sassoè-Pognetto Marco
Published: March 2006

Synapse formation and maintenance require extensive transsynaptic interactions involving multiple signal transduction pathways. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells (PCs) receive GABAergic, axo-dendritic synapses from stellate cells and axo-somatic synapses from basket cells, both with GABAAreceptors containing the α1 subunit. Here, we investigated the effects of a targeted deletion of the α1 subunit gene on GABAergic synaptogenesis in PCs, using electrophysiology and immunoelectron microscopy. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in acute slices revealed that PCs from α10/0mice lack spontaneous and evoked IPSCs, demonstrating that assembly of functional GABAAreceptors requires the α1 subunit. Ultrastructurally, stellate cell synapses on PC dendrites were reduced by 75%, whereas basket cell synapses on the soma were not affected, despite the lack of GABAA-mediated synaptic transmission. Most strikingly, GABAergic terminals were retained in the molecular layer of adult α10/0mice and formed heterologous synapses with PC spines characterized by a well differentiated asymmetric postsynaptic density. These synapses lacked presynaptic glutamatergic markers and postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors but contained δ2-glutamate receptors. During postnatal development, initial steps of GABAergic synapse formation were qualitatively normal, and heterologous synapses appeared in parallel with maturation of dendritic spines. These results suggest that synapse formation in the cerebellum is governed by neurotransmitter-independent mechanisms. However, in the absence of GABAA-mediated transmission, GABAergic terminals in the molecular layer apparently become responsive to synaptogenic signals from PC spines and form stable heterologous synapses. In contrast, maintenance of axo-somatic GABAergic synapses does not depend on functional GABAAreceptors, suggesting differential regulation in distinct subcellular compartments.
Wie egalitär sollte eine Theorie der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit sein?
Authors: Wildt Andreas
Published: March 2006

Der Aufsatz greift ein in eine Grundsatzdebatte, die in jüngster Zeit ins Zentrum der politischen Philosophie gerückt ist: Es geht um den Status des Egalitarismus in der Theorie der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit. Der Autor argumentiert, dass soziale Chancengleichheit ein unreduzierbarer Standard der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit sei, und nimmt dabei die Egalitaristen gegen die Non-Egalitaristen in Schutz. Defizite sieht er jedoch auch bei den Egalitaristen, die den Begriff der Gleichheit oft redundant verwendeten. Gegen Vertreter beider Parteien macht der Autor geltend, dass der wichtigste normative Gesichtspunkt zur Einschränkung von Ungleichheit nicht die Gleichheit, sondern die Optimierung für jeden und vor allem die besondere Berücksichtigung der sozial Schwachen ist.
Dynamisches System für die Aufnahme und optische Rekonstruktion von digitalen Hologrammen (Dynamical System for Recording and Optical Reconstruction of Digital Holograms)
Authors: Wernicke Günther , Gruber Hartmut , Dürr Matthias , Krüger Sven , Langner Andreas
Published: March 2006

Ein System zur Aufnahme und Rekonstruktion von digitalen Hologrammen mit digitaler Bearbeitung der Hologrammdaten wird gezeigt. Daten von einer CCD-Kamera werden in den PC eingelesen und von diesem auf den Lichtmodulator gegeben. Damit wird ein Analog-Digital-Konverter (Hologrammaufnahme) und ein Digital-Analog-Konverter (optische Hologrammrekonstruktion) realisiert.
Charakterisierung von Flüssigkristalllichtmodulatoren für die Rekonstruktion digitaler Hologramme (Investigation and Qualification of Spatial Light Modulators for the Reconstruction of Digital Holograms)
Authors: Kohler Christian , Schwab Xavier , Osten Wolfgang , Baumbach Torsten
Published: March 2006

Für die digitale Holografie (DH) und die vergleichende digitale Holografie (CDH) werden computeradressierbare Modulatoren zur Hologrammrekonstruktion benötigt. Um qualitativ hochwertige Hologramme mit hoher Beugungseffizienz rekonstruieren zu können, müssen die Eigenschaften der Modulatoren genau bekannt sein. Dies macht eine Charakterisierung der Modulatoren im Hinblick auf Amplitudenmodulation, Phasenmodulation, Beugungseffizienz und Oberflächentopografie notwendig.
Digital Holographic Microscopy for Comparative Metrology in Micro-Optics and MOEMs (Digitale holografische Mikroskopie für vergleichende Messungen von mikro-optischen Komponenten und MOEMs)
Authors: Depeursinge Christian , Charrière Florian , Montfort Frédéric
Published: March 2006

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is an imaging technique, which can be applied to the visualisation and metrology of microscopic objects. It has been established in the frame of the DISCO project that DHM can be considered as an efficient method for direct comparison of the shape or deformations of two objects. “Comparison DHM” allows a straight comparison with a gauge provided by a manufacturer or customer. The phase subtraction between ideal and actual wavefront of the object provides data equivalent to those given by a Twyman–Green or a Mach–Zehnder interferometer.
Analysis of One-Sided Marker Segregation Patterns Resulting From Mammalian Gene Targeting
Authors: McCulloch Richard D , Baker Mark D
Published: March 2006

The double-strand break repair (DSBR) model is currently accepted as the paradigm for acts of double-strand break (DSB) repair that lead to crossing over between homologous sequences. The DSBR model predicts that asymmetric heteroduplex DNA (hDNA) will form on both sides of the DSB (two-sided events; 5:3/5:3 segregation). In contrast, in yeast and mammalian cells, a considerable fraction of recombinants are one sided: they display full conversion (6:2 segregation) or half-conversion (5:3 segregation) on one side of the DSB together with normal 4:4 segregation on the other side of the DSB. Two mechanisms have been proposed to account for these observations: (i) hDNA formation is restricted to one side of the DSB or the other, and (ii) recombination is initially two sided, but hDNA repair directed by Holliday junction cuts restores normal 4:4 segregation on that side of the DSB in which the mismatch is closest to the cut junction initiating repair. In this study, we exploited a well-characterized gene-targeting assay to test the predictions that these mechanisms make with respect to the frequency of recombinants displaying 4:4 marker segregation on one side of the DSB. Unexpectedly, the results do not support the predictions of either mechanism. We propose a derivation of mechanism (ii) in which the nicks arising from Holliday junction cleavage are not equivalent with respect to directing repair of adjacent hDNA, possibly as a result of asynchronous cleavage of the DSBR intermediate.
Management of Physiological Stress in Finfish Aquaculture
Authors: Davis Kenneth B
Published: March 2006

Physiological stress is a nonspecific response common to all vertebrate organisms initiated by many types of environmental changes. Stress in fish can be characterized by physiological changes such as plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, and electrolyte concentrations and is quantitatively related to the severity and longevity of the stressor. A hierarchy is evident among the physiological changes, such that adrenalin from activation of the sympathetic nervous system is released most rapidly, followed by cortisol, and then glucose. Plasma electrolyte disturbances may not occur until the stress is severe and present for an extended time. Adrenalin increases plasma glucose by stimulating liver glycogenolysis, which represents a metabolic energy cost to the fish. The functions of cortisol include possible induction of gluconeogenesis and suppression of the inflammatory response. Maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis is an energetically expensive process, and disturbances deplete energy reserves. Recent experiments have shown the importance of distinguishing between acute and chronic responses to stress. Acute responses to stressors may be beneficial to the fish and extend their normal adaptive ability, whereas chronic exposure to stressful conditions may result in decreased performance or survival. The physiological stress response in fish culture has been shown to be altered by hatchery conditions and genetic selection. Management practices and selection pressures affect the stress response, which requires that the ultimate use of the fish be considered during rearing. Commercial food fish aquaculture, which involves rearing fish at very high densities, requires minimizing stressors such as water-quality deterioration, disease treatment, and handling to maintain healthy growing fish. Fish raised for stocking into the wild might benefit from a more robust stress response to prepare them for survival in a natural environment. Present information does not allow for the selection of the most desirable stress response profile that would benefit fish reared for different purposes.
Effects of Dietary Lipid and Fatty Acids on White Bass Reproductive Performance, Egg Hatchability, and Overall Quality of Progeny
Authors: Lane Ryan L , Kohler Christopher C
Published: March 2006

We evaluated the dietary effects of graded levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) fed to broodstock female white bass Morone chrysops on reproductive performance, egg hatchability, and larval survival of sunshine bass (female white bass × male striped bass M. saxatilis) through the endogenous feeding stage. Dietary treatments consisted of four isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets formulated to contain 45% crude protein and 15% lipid with graded levels of menhaden oil (0, 25, 75, and 100%) or corn oil as the dietary lipid variable. Significant differences existed among the dietary groups in egg fatty acids, which reflected levels in the maternal diet, especially for the neutral lipid component. Similar trends were also found in fatty acids of the polar lipid component and conservation of HUFAs; significantly higher quantities of linoleic acid (18:2[n-6]) were associated with increasing dietary inclusion of corn oil. Eggs with higher hatchability were associated with higher levels of n-3 HUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5[n-3]), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5[n-3]), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6[n-3]). Our results suggest that white bass broodstock females possess low and moderate regulatory control of fatty acid deposition to the egg within the neutral and polar components, respectively. These results indicate that little to no elongation or desaturation of dietary fatty acids occurs during egg development. Accordingly, the inclusion of elevated levels of dietary HUFAs for white bass broodstock appears to be warranted.
Use of Survey Data to Estimate Economic Value and Regional Economic Effects of Fishery Improvements
Authors: Loomis John
Published: March 2006

This paper demonstrates a straightforward, survey-based approach that allows fisheries economists and managers to go beyond acquiring just a snapshot of current economic value and regional economic effects to estimate how angler use, benefits, and regional effects (e.g., tourism jobs) would increase with increases in the number or size of fish caught. This is performed by linking responses from intended visitation questions to contingent valuation and input–output models. In a case study of the Snake River in Idaho and Wyoming, I determined that for a 100% increase in angler catch, angler use would increase by 64.5% and would create a corresponding increase in annual economic value and jobs. A similar relationship was found for increases in the size of fish caught.
Chinese Attitudes toward Cleft Lip and Palate: Effects of Personal Contact
Authors: Chan R. K. K. , McPherson B. , Whitehill T. L.
Published: March 2006

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personal contact on the attitudes of individuals towards persons with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and the possible cultural differences in these attitudes for Chinese respondents living in Hong Kong.

Design:

Chinese parent, teacher, and employer groups were administered a cleft lip and palate attitudinal questionnaire and the Scale of Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons inventory.

Subjects:

Thirty-nine parents of children with CLP, 27 teachers of children with CLP, and 37 employers with no previous contact with individuals with CLP participated in the study.

Results:

The results showed significant intergroup differences on several items involving beliefs concerning emotional health, social development, and employment-related barriers for individuals with CLP, and whether such individuals should seek nonmedical help to treat speech problems. Employers showed a comparatively less favorable attitude to persons with CLP than the two other groups.

Conclusion:

Parent, teacher, and employer groups in the Chinese community studied showed differences in their attitudes towards individuals with CLP. The findings suggest the need for further community health education to help develop more positive attitudes towards disabled persons in general, as well as programs targeted at reducing negative stereotyping of adults and children with CLP.
Congenital Midline Cervical Cleft
Authors: Agag Richard , Sacks Justin , Silver Lester
Published: March 2006

Congenital midline cervical cleft (CMCC) is a rare disorder of the ventral neck that is clinically evident at birth and must be differentiated from the more common thyroglossal duct cyst. The case of CMCC presented here was associated with chromosomes 13/14 de novo Robertsonian translocations as well as midline deformities including a sacral tuft and a minor tongue-tie. The case is presented as well as discussion of histopathology, embryology, and surgical treatment.
Reduction of perchlorate in river sediment
Authors: Simon Rupert , Weber Eric J.
Published: March 2006

The transformation of perchlorate was investigated in river sediment during laboratory batch and column studies to determine if reduction of perchlorate is a viable pathway in natural sediment without previous exposure to perchlorate. Perchlorate at an initial concentration of 10 μM was reduced quantitatively to chloride in 3 d after a lag phase of 2 d in sediment slurries amended with lactate. Raising the initial concentration of perchlorate to 1,000 μM increased the lag phase to 20 d before reduction occurred. At perchlorate concentrations greater than 1,000 μM, the reduction of perchlorate was not observed within 40 d. We speculate that the high concentration of perchlorate specifically was problematic to the microbes mediating the reduction of perchlorate. High levels of nitrate inhibited the reduction of perchlorate as well. In sediment slurries amended with 870 μM sodium nitrate, the reduction of perchlorate at an initial concentration of 100 μM did not occur before day 15 of the experiment, but complete removal of nitrate had occurred by day four. Sediment column studies further demonstrated the dependence of perchlorate reduction on endogenous nitrate levels.
Trophic transfer and biotransformation of polychlorinated biphenyls in zebra mussel, round goby, and smallmouth bass in Lake Erie, USA
Authors: Kwon Tae-Dong , Fisher Susan W. , Kim Gene Wook , Hwang Haejo , Kim Jang-Eok
Published: March 2006

Trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), round gobies (Neogobius melanstomus), and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) were assessed in four sites along the south shore of the west and central basin of Lake Erie (all sites were in OH, USA). Total PCB levels in smallmouth bass (1,091–1,520 ng/g wet weight) and round gobies (118–256 ng/g wet weight) were similar among sites despite a west-to-east decrease in total PCB concentrations in zebra mussels (29–97 ng/g wet weight). At all sites, PCB body burden increased three- to fivefold at each successive trophic level, suggesting biomagnification in this nonnative food chain. Whereas fish species were dominated by the hexachlorine homologue, zebra mussels were dominated by penta- and hexachlorine homologues; the average degree of chlorination of PCBs was 56.1% for zebra mussels, 60.4% for round goby, and 59.9% for smallmouth bass bodies. Predictive structure-activity relationships based on chemical characteristics, such as the octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow), had little predictive power on bioaccumulation and biotransformation of PCB congeners because of nonlinearity, threshold relationships, and species-specific differences. Calculated trophic transfer for the smallmouth bass-round goby linkage was higher than for the round goby-zebra mussel linkage. Only when PCB congeners were grouped by chemical structure first (vicinal [adjacent] H-atom position in the phenyl ring) were linear relationships achieved. It appeared that the chemical group to which each congener belonged influenced biotransformation more than species-specific (round gobies vs smallmouth bass) differences. Biotic changes at midtrophic levels, such as exotic species invasions, may have an increasingly important role in determining pollutant cycling and hence pollutant residues in top predators.
Congener-specific toxicokinetics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in black-eared kites (Milvus migrans): Cytochrome P4501A—dependent hepatic sequestration
Authors: Kubota Akira , Iwata Hisato , Tanabe Shinsuke , Yoneda Kumiko , Tobata Sachiko
Published: March 2006

Concentrations of dioxins and related compounds (DRCs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs), were determined in black-eared kites (BEKs; Milvus migrans) collected from the Kanto district in Japan. Total 2,3,7,8-tetra-CDD toxic equivalents (TEQs) were in the range of 99 to 3,800 pg/g lipid weight in the liver and 42 to 760 pg/g lipid weight in the pectoral muscle. Three congeners, including PCB 126, 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDF, and 1,2,3,7,8-penta-CDD, made a greater contribution to total TEQs in both tissues. Levels of ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase activity and a cross-reactive protein with anti-rat cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) polyclonal antibodies showed no significant correlation with hepatic TEQs. This may be attributed to low sensitivity and insufficient TEQ levels to cause CYP1A induction, high metabolic potential of a series of congeners, and influence of CYP1A inducers other than DRCs. Most of the PCDD/Fs and non-ortho Co-PCBs exhibited a total TEQ- and CYP1A-dependent increase in the liver to muscle concentration ratios, implying their concentration-dependent hepatic sequestration in which CYP1A was involved. Comparison of the toxicokinetics in avian species revealed that BEKs possibly have higher potentials than common cormorants for metabolizing and sequestering certain congeners in the liver in terms of hepatic concentration profiles and liver:muscle concentration ratios, respectively. These results clearly indicate that the toxicokinetics of DRCs is congener-, tissue-, and species-specific as well as concentration-dependent. Therefore, CYP1A expression is one of the critical factors that determine the toxicokinetics in wild avian species.
Influence of metal exposure history on the bioaccumulation and subcellular distribution of aqueous cadmium in the insect Hydropsyche californica
Authors: Cain Daniel J. , Buchwalter David B. , Luoma Samuel N.
Published: March 2006

The influence of metal exposure history on rates of aqueous Cd accumulation, elimination, and subcellular distribution was examined in the aquatic insect Hydropsyche californica. Specimens were obtained from a reference site and a metal-contaminated site and returned to the laboratory where they were continuously exposed to aqueous Cd (518 ng/L, nominal) for 6 d, followed by 9 d of depuration. Rates of Cd accumulation and elimination were similar in insects from the two sites. Efflux rate constants, ke, ranged from 0.20 to 0.24/d (t1/2 ≈ 3 d). Immediately following exposure, the cytosol accounted for 40% of the body burden in insects from both sites; however, 89 ± 2% of the cytosolic Cd was associated with metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP) in insects from the contaminated site, compared to 60 ± 0% in insects from the reference site. The concentration of Cd bound to non-MTLPs (representing potentially Cd-sensitive proteins) was significantly greater in the insects from the reference site (134 ± 7 ng/g) than in those from the contaminated site (42 ± 2 ng/g). At the end of the depuration period, 90% of the accumulated Cd body burden had been eliminated, and Cd concentrations in MTLPs and non-MTLPs were similar between the sites. Results suggested that differences in exposure history had no influence on the bioaccumulation of Cd, but did affect the concentrations of Cd bound to MTLP during Cd exposure in these insects.
Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls by aquatic and terrestrial insects to tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)
Authors: Maul Jonathan D. , Belden Jason B. , Schwab Becky A. , Whiles Matt R. , Spears Brian , Farris Jerry L. , Lydy Michael J.
Published: March 2006

Insectivorous passerines often bioaccumulate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via trophic transfer processes. Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) frequently are used for estimating PCB bioaccumulation, yet the focus on specific trophic links between contaminated sediment and bird has been limited. Bioaccumulation of PCBs from sediment to tree swallows was examined with focus on trophic pathways by simultaneously examining PCBs in emergent aquatic and terrestrial insects and gut contents of nestlings. Total PCB concentrations increased from sediment (123.65 ± 15.93 μg/kg) to tree swallow nestlings (2,827.76 ± 505.67 μg/kg), with emergent aquatic insects, terrestrial insects, and gut content samples having intermediate concentrations. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) varied among congeners for tree swallow nestlings and for male and female Chironomus spp. For nestlings, the highest BSAF was for the mono-ortho-substituted congener 118. Nestling biomagnification values were similar for gut contents and female Chironomus spp., suggesting this diet item may be the main contributor to the overall PCB transfer to nestlings. However, gut content samples were highly variable and, on a PCB congener pattern basis, may have been influenced by other taxa, such as terrestrial insects. Considering dietary plasticity of many insectivorous birds, the present study suggests that a variety of potential food items should be considered when examining PCB accumulation in insectivorous passerines.
A molecular modeling analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation by naphthalene dioxygenase
Authors: Wammer Kristine H. , Peters Catherine A.
Published: March 2006

A theoretical analysis was performed to examine the role of naphthalene dioxygenase(NDO) enzymes in determining differences in biodegradability and biodegradation rates of two- to four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via oxygenation and desaturation reactions. Investigation of the thermodynamics of PAH biodegradation reactions catalyzed by NDO revealed that enthalpies of reaction can explain reaction patterns or regioselectivity of the enzyme in limited cases. Molecular modeling analysis of the size and shape constraints of PAH-enzyme interactions suggests that PAHs bigger than approximately four rings and compounds with α substituents or other structural features contributing to increased width at the end of the substrate near the active site are expected to have binding difficulties. This explains some regioselectivity observations, in that thermody-namically favorable sites on some PAH molecules cannot be positioned correctly to be oxidized at the active site. The enzyme fit analysis also suggests that slower biodegradation rates are expected for compounds with larger widths because of the unique positioning that is required for reaction to occur. An inverse relationship between a molecular descriptor of compound width and previously obtained biodegradation rates suggests that this descriptor may be valuable for predicting relative biodegradation rates of PAHs with dioxygenases other than NDO.
SUGGESTED FRENCH TRANSLATIONS OF EXPRESSIONS IN THE FIELD OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
Authors: Richelle Marc
Published: March 2006

A word already accepted in French psychological usage is preceded by an asterisk. To facilitate translation and reading of foreign literature, the French equivalent of the form closest to the English term is used whenever acceptable. When French has no one‐word equivalent, the English term is kept, as is usual in other scientific vocabularies. When a word is difficult to translate into French because it would sound, say, poetic or ridiculous in a scientific context, an abstract word or expression is used instead. English abbreviations are maintained so that experimental reports can be easily read in either language.
EFFECTS OF dl‐AMPHETAMINE UNDER CONCURRENT VI DRL REINFORCEMENT
Authors: Segal Evalyn F.
Published: March 2006

Three adult, food‐deprived rats were given IP injections of dl‐amphetamine sulfate under DRL and concurrent VI DRL reinforcement schedules. The drug results were as follows.

The IRT distributions of DRL responses shifted to the left, but some temporal discrimination remained.

The IRT distributions of VI responses shifted slightly to the left.

The distinguishing characteristics of VI and DRL IRT distributions were preserved.

The frequency distribution of number of VI responses between two consecutive DRL responses was relatively unaffected. (5) Over‐all response rates on the two components of the concurrent schedules increased more or less proportionately.

These findings imply that the primary behavioral effect of dl‐amphetamine was a motor excitatory one. The drug's disruption of timing behavior was not due to a derangement of internal timing mechanisms, nor to interference with the topography or pattern of behavior. Rather, it might be a secondary result of the accelerated emission of overt behavior patterns mediating the temporal spacing of DRL bar presses.
EFFECTS OF CHLORPROMAZINE ON APPETITIVE AND AVERSIVE COMPONENTS OF A MULTIPLE SCHEDULE1
Authors: Waller Marcus B. , Waller Patricia F.
Published: March 2006

A multiple schedule having both an appetitive and an avoidance component was maintained in two dogs to create a complex behavioral base line for observing the effects of chlorpromazine. Both soluble and “Spansule” chlorpromazine generated similar functions relating drug dose to measures of behavioral output. Although the dose ranges and the drugging procedures differed markedly for the different preparations of CPZ, the functions generated were comparable. There was no evidence that chlorpromazine had a differential depressing effect as a function of type of reinforcement. At low doses, rates of responding on the food‐reinforced components increased slightly, whereas rates on the avoidance components remained relatively unchanged. At higher doses, both components showed an approximately equal depression of responding. These results are discussed with reference to some of the logical and experimental difficulties inherent in making comparisons across components of a multiple schedule and across schedules in general.