bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of polymeric nanoparticles on dielectric and electro-optical properties of ferroelectric liquid crystals
Authors: Kumar A. , Silotia P. , Biradar A. M.
Published: July 2010

It has been observed that the polymeric nanoparticles, copolymer of polybenzene and anthracene (PBA NPs), can induce a homeotropic (HMT) alignment in various ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) mixtures. The HMT alignment of various FLCs is attributable to the fact that the anthracene molecules favor an upright orientation (with a little tilt) on the surfaces of indium tin oxide and this upright orientation of anthracene molecules works as a template to align FLC molecules homeotropically. It has been concluded that the addition of ∼0.5 wt % of PBA NPs is enough to induce a HMT alignment in a FLC material Felix 17/100. The influence of the PBA NPs concentrations on the transition temperature, physical constants (such as spontaneous polarization, rotational viscosity, and response time) and dielectric relaxation processes of FLC material (Felix 17/100) has also been investigated.
Superhard and superconducting structures of BC5
Authors: Li Quan , Wang Hui , Tian Yongjun , Xia Yang , Cui Tian , He Julong , Ma Yanming , Zou Guangtian
Published: July 2010

The crystal structures of the synthesized superhard diamondlike BC5 have been extensively explored through ab initio evolutionary algorithm. We uncovered seven intriguing low-energy structures all possessing sp3 hybridizations. After examining the dynamical stability, it is found that two Pmma structures (Pmma-1 and Pmma-2) are energetically more preferable. The simulated x-ray diffraction pattern, Raman modes, and Vickers hardness for Pmma-1 and Pmma-2 structures show remarkable agreement with the experimental data. Electronic and electron–phonon coupling calculations reveal that the two Pmma structures are hole conducting and superconducting with critical temperature ∼11–23 K.
Dynamics of surface structure evolution in colloidal adsorption: Charge patterning and polydispersity
Authors: Brewer Damien D. , Tsapatsis Michael , Kumar Satish
Published: July 2010

Kinetics, surface structures, and extent of surface coverage in adsorption of spherical colloids onto uniform and charge-patterned surfaces are studied using dynamic simulations. A Brownian dynamics simulation methodology is developed to account for double-layer and van der Waals interactions between particles and the adsorption surface, in addition to Brownian motion of the individual particles. Pairwise particle-particle interactions and particle-wall interactions are based on asymptotic solutions of the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation. The limiting cases of colloidal adsorption under conditions of negligible surface mobility (random sequential adsorption) and finite surface mobility are compared, and the relative extent of surface coverage is found to be dependent on the strength of double-layer interactions. Adsorption onto charge-patterned stripe, square, and circle patterns is also examined, and it is found that stripe and square patterns induce a greater degree of order than do the circular patterns. The importance of polydispersity in colloidal adsorption is illustrated via simulation of adsorption from a bidisperse mixture of colloidal particles. These dynamic simulations indicate in all cases the importance of kinetics to the surface structures formed by the inherently nonequilibrium colloidal adsorption process.
A new flexible monochromator setup for quick scanning x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Stötzel J. , Lützenkirchen-Hecht D. , Frahm R.
Published: July 2010

A new monochromator setup for quick scanning x-ray absorption spectroscopy in the subsecond time regime is presented. Novel driving mechanics allow changing the energy range of the acquired spectra by remote control during data acquisition for the first time, thus dramatically increasing the flexibility and convenience of this method. Completely new experiments are feasible due to the fact that time resolution, edge energy, and energy range of the acquired spectra can be changed continuously within seconds without breaking the vacuum of the monochromator vessel and even without interrupting the measurements. The advanced mechanics are explained in detail and the performance is characterized with x-ray absorption spectra of pure metal foils. The energy scale was determined by a fast and accurate angular encoder system measuring the Bragg angle of the monochromator crystal with subarcsecond resolution. The Bragg angle range covered by the oscillating crystal can currently be changed from 0° to 3.0° within 20 s, while the mechanics are capable to move with frequencies of up to ca. 35 Hz, leading to ca. 14 ms/spectrum time resolution. A new software package allows performing programmed scan sequences, which enable the user to measure stepwise with alternating parameters in predefined time segments. Thus, e.g., switching between edges scanned with the same energy range is possible within one in situ experiment, while also the time resolution can be varied simultaneously. This progress makes the new system extremely user friendly and efficient to use for time resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy at synchrotron radiation beamlines.
Influence of the rotational degrees of freedom on the initial sticking probability of water on Pt{110}-(1×2): A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Panczyk Tomasz , Fiorin Vittorio , Warzocha Tomasz P.
Published: July 2010

This work focuses on a molecular dynamics (MD) study of the initial sticking probability of water on the Pt{110}-(1×2) surface. Previous studies of the system [T. Panczyk et al., J. Chem. Phys. 131, 064703 (2009)] led to the following conclusions: (i) adsorption of water is controlled by the efficiency of the dissipation of the initial kinetic energy during collision with the surface and (ii) the process is probably dominated by the electron-hole pair excitation mechanism. In the current work, we extend this study to understand the influence of the orientation of the water molecule and its rotational energy on the probability of the energy exchange during collision. The simulated MD trajectories correspond to various orientations of water molecule at different rotational energies. We found that assuming the angular dependence on the probability of the energy exchange can explain the experimental results obtained using supersonic molecular beams, especially for high incident molecular beam energies. For low beam energies, dispersion of the incident kinetic energy must be incorporated into the model. These are the key factors that enable to model the experimental results on a good qualitative level.
Near field photothermal printing of gold microstructures and nanostructures
Authors: Xiao Fan , Wu Ting-Hsiang , Chiou Pei Yu
Published: July 2010

We report on a rapid near field photothermal printing (NPTP) approach for fabricating gold microstructures and nanostructures guided by flexible and transparent polymer molds. The optical energy of nanosecond laser pulse is spatially redistributed by a PDMS phase-shifting mask, resulting in selective gold melting in light intensity enhanced areas. The melted gold migrates to cold areas and forms desired structures after cooled down. Using NPTP, we have demonstrated rapid laser printing of periodic gold nanowire array with a 320 nm linewidth, nanosphere arrays with 400 nm in diameter, and nonperiodic structures across a 1 mm2 area with few laser pulses.
Development of a multitarget tracking system for paramecia
Authors: Yeh Yu-Sing , Huang Ke-Nung , Jen Sun-Lon , Li Yan-Chay , Young Ming-Shing
Published: July 2010

This investigation develops a multitarget tracking system for the motile protozoa, paramecium. The system can recognize, track, and record the orbit of swimming paramecia within a 4 mm diameter of a circular experimental pool. The proposed system is implemented using an optical microscope, a charge-coupled device camera, and a software tool, Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench (LABVIEW). An algorithm for processing the images and analyzing the traces of the paramecia is developed in LABVIEW. It focuses on extracting meaningful data in an experiment and recording them to elucidate the behavior of paramecia. The algorithm can also continue to track paramecia even if they are transposed or collide with each other. The experiment demonstrates that this multitarget tracking design can really track more than five paramecia and simultaneously yield meaningful data from the moving paramecia at a maximum speed of 1.7 mm/s.
Carrier transport in strained N-channel field effect transistors with channel proximate silicon-carbon source/drain stressors
Authors: Koh Shao-Ming , Samudra Ganesh S. , Yeo Yee-Chia
Published: July 2010

We investigate the carrier transport characteristics in strained n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (nFETs) with embedded silicon-carbon (Si:C) source/drain (S/D) stressors formed in close proximity to the channel, taking parasitic resistance into account in the extraction of carrier transport parameters. While bringing the Si:C S/D stressors closer to the channel improves their effectiveness in imparting tensile strain to the channel, degradation in ballistic efficiency due to increased carrier scattering is observed. Fortunately, this is more than compensated by an increase in the carrier injection velocity vinj. For channel-proximate (CP) Si:C S/D nFETs with gate lengths ranging from 100 to 130 nm, a ∼10% drive current IDsat enhancement is observed with a ∼15% improvement in vinj. These findings clarified experimentally that in addition to mobility enhancement, vinj improvement also plays a significant role in the IDsat enhancement achieved by CP Si:C S/D nFETs.
Analysis of InAs vertical and lateral band-to-band tunneling transistors: Leveraging vertical tunneling for improved performance
Authors: Ganapathi Kartik , Yoon Youngki , Salahuddin Sayeef
Published: July 2010

Using self-consistent quantum transport simulation on realistic devices, we show that InAs band-to-band Tunneling Field Effect Transistors (TFET) with a heavily doped pocket in the gate-source overlap region can offer larger ON current and steeper subthreshold swing as compared to conventional tunneling transistors. This is due to an additional tunneling contribution to current stemming from band overlap along the body thickness. However, a critical thickness is necessary to obtain this advantage derived from “vertical” tunneling. In addition, in ultra small InAs TFET devices, the subthreshold swing could be severely affected by direct source-to-drain tunneling through the body.
A resonance switch employing an explosive-emission cathode for high-power rf pulse compressors
Authors: Ivanov O. A. , Isaev V. A. , Lobaev M. A. , Vikharev A. L. , Hirshfield J. L.
Published: July 2010

A switch for modulation of the Q-factor of a multimode storage resonator in a high-power active microwave pulse compressor is described. The switch was tested at low power level in a compressor operated at X band. A power gain of 19:1 in the compressed pulse with pulse duration of 40–50 ns was achieved. It is expected that the use of the switch as a component of an active microwave compressor may make it possible to produce compressed pulses at the gigawatt power level.
Direct optical probing of negative carriers from an operating [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester diode
Authors: Kanemoto Katsuichi , Ogata Akihiko , Inoue Nobuyuki , Kusumoto Toshiyuki , Hashimoto Hideki , Akai Ichiro , Karasawa Tsutomu
Published: July 2010

We have performed spectroscopic measurements combining with the diode operation of [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) for directly characterizing the nature of its n-carriers. The measurements in the visible region reveal that electrons for the n-carrier generation are primarily accommodated into the t1g and t1u levels. The measurements in the near-infrared region indicate that the n-carriers of the PCBM diode are delocalized compared to the PCBM anions in solution. We also show that the frequency-dependence of the spectroscopic signals can estimate the lifetime of the n-carriers in the PCBM diode (23 μs).
Improved field emission property of graphene paper by plasma treatment
Authors: Liu Jianlong , Zeng Baoqing , Wu Zhe , Zhu Jinfeng , Liu Xingchong
Published: July 2010

Lateral orientation and aggregation of the graphene sheets limited field enhancement of graphene paper (GP). To improve the field enhancement of GP, argon plasma treatment was induced to destroy the aggregation and cause formation of surface protrusions. After Ar plasma treatment, turn-on field and threshold field of GP were reduced from 2.3 V/μm to 1.6 V/μm and 4.4 V/μm to 3.0 V/μm, respectively. The enhancement was attributed to the protrusions. Scanning electron microscopy and hydrophobicity had been used to prove the morphology change after plasma treatment.
Electric field driven optical recording
Authors: Karpov V. G.
Published: July 2010

A physical mechanism of transformations between the amorphous and crystalline phases induced by the electric field of a laser beam is proposed. It creates needle-shaped crystal particles aligned to the beam polarization. The polarization driven orientation of particles can significantly increase the information storage capacity achievable with phase change optical recording. The nucleation and postnucleation stages of the laser field induced crystallization are discussed establishing the conditions under which the polarization aligned particles can be created.
Systemic and cell intrinsic roles of Gqα signaling in the regulation of innate immunity, oxidative stress, and longevity in
Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Kawli Trupti , Wu Clay , Tan Man-Wah
Published: July 2010

Signal transduction pathways that regulate longevity, immunity, and stress resistance can profoundly affect organismal survival. We show that a signaling module formed by the G protein alpha subunit, Gqα, and one of its downstream signal transducer phospholipase C β (PLCβ) can differentially affect these processes. Loss of Gqα and PLCβ functions result in increased sensitivity to pathogens and oxidative stress but confer life span extension. Gqα and PLCβ modulate life span and immunity noncell autonomously by affecting the activity of insulin/IGF1 signaling (IIS). In addition, Gqα and PLCβ function cell autonomously within the intestine to affect the activity of the p38 MAPK pathway, an important component of
Caenorhabditis elegans
immune and oxidative stress response. p38 MAPK activity in the intestine is regulated by diacylglycerol levels, a product of PLCβ’s hydrolytic activity. We provide genetic evidence that life span is largely determined by IIS, whereas p38 MAPK signaling is the primary regulator of oxidative stress in PLCβ mutants. Pathogen sensitivity of Gqα and PLCβ mutants is a summation of the beneficial effects of decreased IIS through reduced neuronal secretion and the detrimental effects of reduced activity of intestinal p38 MAPK. We propose a model whereby Gqα signaling differentially regulates pathogen sensitivity, oxidative stress, and longevity through cell autonomous and noncell autonomous effects on p38 MAPK and insulin/IGF1 signaling, respectively.
A common allele in the oxytocin receptor gene (
OXTR
) impacts prosocial temperament and human hypothalamic-limbic structure and function
Authors: Tost Heike , Kolachana Bhaskar , Hakimi Shabnam , Lemaitre Herve , Verchinski Beth A. , Mattay Venkata S. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Meyer–Lindenberg Andreas
Published: July 2010

The evolutionarily highly conserved neuropeptide oxytocin is a key mediator of social and emotional behavior in mammals, including humans. A common variant (rs53576) in the oxytocin receptor gene (
OXTR
) has been implicated in social-behavioral phenotypes, such as maternal sensitivity and empathy, and with neuropsychiatric disorders associated with social impairment, but the intermediate neural mechanisms are unknown. Here, we used multimodal neuroimaging in a large sample of healthy human subjects to identify structural and functional alterations in
OXTR
risk allele carriers and their link to temperament. Activation and interregional coupling of the amygdala during the processing of emotionally salient social cues was significantly affected by genotype. In addition, evidence for structural alterations in key oxytocinergic regions emerged, particularly in the hypothalamus. These neural characteristics predicted lower levels of reward dependence, specifically in male risk allele carriers. Our findings identify sex-dependent mechanisms impacting the structure and function of hypothalamic-limbic circuits that are of potential clinical and translational significance.
Small-angle scattering and the structure of ambient liquid water
Authors: Clark Gary N. I. , Hura Greg L. , Teixeira Jose , Soper Alan K. , Head-Gordon Teresa
Published: July 2010

Structural polyamorphism has been promoted as a means for understanding the anomalous thermodynamics and dynamics of water in the experimentally inaccessible supercooled region. In the metastable liquid region, theory has hypothesized the existence of a liquid-liquid critical point from which a dividing line separates two water species of high and low density. A recent small-angle X-ray scattering study has claimed that the two structural species postulated in the supercooled state are seen to exist in bulk water at ambient conditions. We analyze new small-angle X-ray scattering data on ambient liquid water taken at third generation synchrotron sources, and large 32,000 water molecule simulations using the TIP4P-Ew model of water, to show that the small-angle region measures standard number density fluctuations consistent with water’s isothermal compressibility temperature trends. Our study shows that there is no support or need for heterogeneities in water structure at room temperature to explain the small-angle scattering data, as it is consistent with a unimodal density of the tetrahedral liquid at ambient conditions.
PathwayAccess: CellDesigner plugins for pathway databases
Authors: Van Hemert John L. , Dickerson Julie A.
Published: July 2010

Summary: CellDesigner provides a user-friendly interface for graphical biochemical pathway description. Many pathway databases are not directly exportable to CellDesigner models. PathwayAccess is an extensible suite of CellDesigner plugins, which connect CellDesigner directly to pathway databases using respective Java application programming interfaces. The process is streamlined for creating new PathwayAccess plugins for specific pathway databases. Three PathwayAccess plugins, MetNetAccess, BioCycAccess and ReactomeAccess, directly connect CellDesigner to the pathway databases MetNetDB, BioCyc and Reactome. PathwayAccess plugins enable CellDesigner users to expose pathway data to analytical CellDesigner functions, curate their pathway databases and visually integrate pathway data from different databases using standard Systems Biology Markup Language and Systems Biology Graphical Notation.

Availability: Implemented in Java, PathwayAccess plugins run with CellDesigner version 4.0.1 and were tested on Ubuntu Linux, Windows XP and 7, and MacOSX. Source code, binaries, documentation and video walkthroughs are freely available at http://vrac.iastate.edu/∼jlv

Contact:  julied@iastate.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ontology for medicinal materials based on traditional Korean medicine
Authors: Jang Hyunchul , Kim Jinhyun , Kim Sang-Kyun , Kim Chul , Bae Soon−Hee , Kim Anna , Eom Dong-Myung , Song Mi-Young
Published: July 2010

Summary: We are constructing an ontology for traditional Korean medicine, and we started with medicinal materials to express the relationships between patients' symptoms, diseases and treatments. Biological materials and mineral resources have been used traditionally for patient treatments. The ontology includes various data related to these materials, such as their scientific names, parts of materials used, effectiveness and related oriental organ of the human body.

Availability:  http://tkm.kiom.re.kr/ontology/TraditionalKoreanMedicine.rdf-xml.owl (10–20 s using Internet Explorer.)

Contact:  smyoung@kiom.re.kr

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The World of Locuming
Authors: Fieldhouse Richard
Published: July 2010

Qualifying as a GP can be an unqualified let-down. We spend our training learning how to be a partner, but actually we nearly all end up locuming for a significant amount of time. And then, when … if, we get that partnership, we can end up re-examining why we went to Medical School in the first place, and why did we decide to be a GP? Was it because we fancied the idea of one day becoming a manager, hiring and firing staff and managing budgets? Was it because we liked the idea of reaching targets that seem to be changing on a regular basis? I suspect not. We wanted to be GPs because we enjoy the clinical aspects of care, being involved in the management of people from cradle to grave and working at the coalface of health care. So, although partnerships and salaried posts can deliver our aims, we invariably have to suffer the baggage too. And as business management is often the polar opposite to being a carer, we frequently find the more often mundane role of management to be more stressful than the highly complex and skilled task of being a GP.
Extending GP Training
Authors: Taylor Clare
Published: July 2010

General practice is a complex discipline and GPs require many attributes and skills to provide safe, effective, patient-centred care. The duration of current training in the UK is 3 years for general practice but Recommendation 45 of the Tooke report ‘Aspiring to Excellence’ suggests that this should be increased to 5 years. So is there a case for extending GP training?
Combining Machine Learning and Homology-Based Approaches to Accurately Predict Subcellular Localization in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kaundal Rakesh , Saini Reena , Zhao Patrick X.
Published: July 2010

A complete map of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) proteome is clearly a major goal for the plant research community in terms of determining the function and regulation of each encoded protein. Developing genome-wide prediction tools such as for localizing gene products at the subcellular level will substantially advance Arabidopsis gene annotation. To this end, we performed a comprehensive study in Arabidopsis and created an integrative support vector machine-based localization predictor called AtSubP (for Arabidopsis subcellular localization predictor) that is based on the combinatorial presence of diverse protein features, such as its amino acid composition, sequence-order effects, terminal information, Position-Specific Scoring Matrix, and similarity search-based Position-Specific Iterated-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool information. When used to predict seven subcellular compartments through a 5-fold cross-validation test, our hybrid-based best classifier achieved an overall sensitivity of 91% with high-confidence precision and Matthews correlation coefficient values of 90.9% and 0.89, respectively. Benchmarking AtSubP on two independent data sets, one from Swiss-Prot and another containing green fluorescent protein- and mass spectrometry-determined proteins, showed a significant improvement in the prediction accuracy of species-specific AtSubP over some widely used “general” tools such as TargetP, LOCtree, PA-SUB, MultiLoc, WoLF PSORT, Plant-PLoc, and our newly created All-Plant method. Cross-comparison of AtSubP on six nontrained eukaryotic organisms (rice [Oryza sativa], soybean [Glycine max], human [Homo sapiens], yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae], fruit fly [Drosophila melanogaster], and worm [Caenorhabditis elegans]) revealed inferior predictions. AtSubP significantly outperformed all the prediction tools being currently used for Arabidopsis proteome annotation and, therefore, may serve as a better complement for the plant research community. A supplemental Web site that hosts all the training/testing data sets and whole proteome predictions is available at http://bioinfo3.noble.org/AtSubP/.
Some Simple Economics of Open Source
Authors: Lerner Josh , Tirole Jean
Published: July 2010

There has been a recent surge of interest in open source software development, which involves developers at many different locations and organizations sharing code to develop and refine programs. To an economist, the behavior of individual programmers and commercial companies engaged in open source projects is initially startling. This paper makes a preliminary exploration of the economics of open source software. We highlight the extent to which labor economics, especially the literature on ‘career concerns’, and industrial organization theory can explain many of these projects’ features. We conclude by listing interesting research questions related to open source software.
Long‐term use of proton pump inhibitors does not affect the frequency, growth, or histologic characteristics of colon adenomas
Authors: SINGH M. , DHINDSA G. , FRIEDLAND S. , TRIADAFILOPOULOS G.
Published: July 2010

Background  The clinical significance of the trophic effects of long‐term proton pump inhibitors (PPI)‐related hypergastrinemia on colon polyps remains unknown.

Aim  To study the frequency, growth, and histology of colon polyps in patients on chronic PPI therapy (cases), compared to those not receiving acid suppression (controls).

Methods  Medical records of 2868 consecutive patients who underwent two or more colonoscopies, performed 3 or more months apart were reviewed. Cases (116) that used PPIs between the two colonoscopies were then compared to controls (194).

Results  Demographics and risk factors for colon cancer were comparable between the two groups. At baseline the mean frequency and size of adenomatous polyps were similar in cases and controls (P > 0.05) and at follow‐up, these were 0.89 and 1.18 (P > 0.05; 95% CI of −0.08 to 0.66) and 4.09 mm and 4.00 mm (P > 0.05; 95% CI −2.29 to 2.11), respectively with no significant change. However, control group had a higher mean frequency and size of hyperplastic polyps at baseline as well as at follow‐up colonoscopy (P < 0.05).

Conclusions  The long‐term use of PPI does not influence the frequency, growth, or histology of adenomatous polyps, but is associated with a reduction in both baseline and interval development of hyperplastic polyps.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Accuracy of surface landmark identification for cannula cricothyroidotomy
Authors: Elliott D. S. J. , Baker P. A. , Scott M. R. , Birch C. W. , Thompson J. M. D.
Published: July 2010

Cannula cricothyroidotomy is recommended for emergency transtracheal ventilation by all current airway guidelines. Success with this technique depends on the accurate and rapid identification of percutaneous anatomical landmarks. Six healthy subjects underwent neck ultrasound to delineate the borders of the cricothyroid membrane. The midline and bisecting transverse planes through the membrane were marked with an invisible ink pen which could be revealed with an ultraviolet light. Eighteen anaesthetists were then invited to mark an entry point for cricothyroid membrane puncture. Only 32 (30%) attempts by anaesthetists accurately marked the skin area over the cricothyroid membrane. Of these only 11 (10%) marked over the centre point of the membrane. Entry point accuracy was not significantly affected by subjects’ weight, height, body mass index, neck circumference or cricothyroid dimensions. Consultant and registrar anaesthetists were significantly more accurate than senior house officers at correctly identifying the cricothyroid membrane. Accuracy of percutaneously identifying the cricothyroid membrane was poor. Ultrasound may assist in identifying anatomical landmarks for cricothyroidotomy.
Electrophoretic polymorphism of erythrocyte leucine aminopeptidase in the wild boar, Sus scrofa
Authors: RANDI E. , APOLLONIO M. , TOSO S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. An erythrocyte leucine aminopeptidase (Rbc LAP) electrophoretic polymorphism was detected in Italian wild boars, Sus scrofa. Such a polymorphism has not previously been reported in the domestic pig. It is suggested that this locus could be a marker for genetic differences between the domestic and the wild forms of Sus scrofa.
Joint Report of the Third International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, 25–27 April 1984
Authors: ANTCZAK D. F. , BAILEY E. , BARGER B. , BELL T. K. , BERNOCO D. , BULL R. W. , BYRNS G. , GUERIN G. , LAZARY S. , McCLURE J. , MOTTIRONI V. D. , SYMONS R. , TEMPLETON J. , VAREWYCK H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The Third International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse was held on 25–27 April 1984 in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. Twelve laboratories from five countries participated. The principal purpose of this Workshop was to determine the phenotypic and gene frequencies of the 10 equine lymphocyte antigens (ELA) and a non‐ELA lymphocyte antigen, ELY‐2.1, in several breeds of horse. A total of 86 alloantisera characterized in previous workshops were tested against lymphocytes from 1179 horses. In addition, several experimental antisera were also tested against the same panel of lymphocytes. As a result of analysis of these data, the Workshop recognized two new equine lymphocyte alloantigens: W11 of the ELA system, and ELY‐1.1, an antigen not linked to the ELA system.
A variant in the restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern of mitochondrial DNA in the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus
Authors: WAKANA S. , WATANABE T. , HAYASHI Y. , TOMITA T.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The cleavage patterns of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) were investigated from 15 lines of domestic fowls, Gallus gallus domesticus. using 11 restriction endonucleases. The cleavage patterns with 10 restriction endonucleases were identical in all the lines. A variant was found in a line of White Leghorn in the pattern with Mspl digestions. Cleavage patterns of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus gallus, were identical to the common patterns shown by the 14 lines of domestic fowls.
Serum allotypes in ovarian follicular fluids of pigs
Authors: MATOUSEK J. , HOJNÝ J. , JANIK A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Sera and ovarian follicular fluids of 158 sows were tested with 27 allotype reagents. Immunodiffusion in agar gel (microtest) and haemagglutination inhibition were used as detection methods.

Out of eight ‘individual’ (Lpb 1,‐2,‐3,‐4,‐5,‐6,‐7,‐9) and four ‘common’ (Lpb 12,‐13,‐14,‐16) specificities of serum beta‐lipoproteins (LDL), 11 were present in sera, but none in follicular fluids. On the other hand, Lpr 1 and Lpr (x) allotypes of the VHDL + VLDL beta‐lipoprotein system were detected both in sera and in follicular fluids. Of four antigens of the Gp system (Gp A,‐a, ‐B,‐b), only the ‘dominant’ characters, Gp A and Gp B, occurred in the follicular fluid. The typing of polymorphic IgG immunoglobulins (IgG‐a or IgG‐b system) showed that B1 or A2, B2 or A1 and B3 or A(x) allotypes could be detected both in serum and follicular fluid. Among allotypes that were not yet genetically classified, only the P3 specificity was not found in the population tested. The G1 allotype (preliminarily described as an alpha‐globulin) was present in sera only, and the remaining allotypes, G9, P1, P16 and P23 (alpha‐ or beta‐globulins) were present both in sera and follicular fluids.

The mechanism of the transmission of serum proteins into ovarian follicles and their possible importance is discussed.
A new transferrin allele in sheep
Authors: ARCHIBALD A. L. , WEBSTER J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. An electrophoretic variant of sheep transferrin, TfL, has been described. Transferrin L has been shown to be controlled by a single codominant allele, TfL, at the Tf locus. Transferrin L is electrophoretically distinguishable from the very similar transferrin TfKCzech. The value of gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for transferrin phenotyping in sheep is discussed.
Genetic variation of the bovine thyroglobulin gene studied at the DNA level
Authors: GEORGES M. , LEQUARRÉ A. S. , HANSET R. , VASSART G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The bovine thyroglobulin gene has been analysed for variation using restriction endonucleases. Six independent restriction fragment length polymorphisms have been identified. One of these results most probably from a 2.5‐kb deletion, the others being compatible with point mutations. We determined that an individual taken at random within the Belgian White and Blue breed is, on average, heterozygous for one out of 1700 nucleotides within the thyroglobulin gene.
Evidence for transferrin polymorphism in Spanish wild rabbits
Authors: ARANA A. , ZARAGOZA P. , RODELLAR C. , AMORENA B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Serum samples from 412 Spanish wild rabbits were analysed by starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three different transferrin (Tf) phenotypes (A, AB and B) were observed by both methods. The occurrence of two codominant alleles (TfA and TfB with frequencies of 0.89 and 0.11 respectively) at an autosomal locus (Tf) was supported by the population data on genetic equilibrium. Electrophoretic mobility differences between the Tf variants A and B could not be explained by differences in sialic acid or iron contents. Each of the two Tf variants were shown to have two sialic acid residues by neuraminidase treatment. These variants had similar affinities for iron, and iron binding did not lead to the conversion of one variant into the other.
Bovine haemoglobin βA Zebu, βA43(CD3)Ser Thr: an intermediate globin type between the βA and βD Zambia is present in Indian zebu cattle
Authors: NAMIKAWA T. , NAGAI A. , TAKENAKA O. , TAKENAKA A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Two bovine haemoglobin β chains, electrophoretically identical with the βA chain of Herefords, were obtained from Ongole and Banteng, Bos javanicus, cattle. The amino acid residue differences of the two β chains were compared by electrophoresis, cation‐exchange and reverse‐phase chromatography, amino acid analyses, and Edman degradation in comparison with βA chain. The results showed that two β chains differed from the βA chain of the Hereford breed by the substitution of serine with threonine at the β43 position. No other difference was found between the two chains and βA. This new β chain type was termed βA Zebu, which forms a possible evolutionarily transitional type between the βA and the rare variant βD Zambia found previously in African zebu cattle. The βA Zebu differentiates from the previous βB by at least four amino acid substitutions involving five codon‐base changes.
Polymorphism of transferrin and esterase in Alaskan wolves: evidence of close molecular homology with the dog
Authors: BRAEND M. , RØED K. H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. By the use of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels serum samples from 146 Alaskan wolves were studied with regard to transferrin (Tf) and esterase (ArE) polymorphism, comparing the phenotypic band patterns with those of selected Norwegian dogs. The study revealed Tf and ArE polymorphisms in the wolf with phenotypic band patterns being indistinguishable from the corresponding ones in dogs. This suggests the occurrence of the same two common Tf alleles in the wolf as in the dog. In the ArE system the results are consistent with the occurrence of three alleles which also occur in dogs whereas a fourth allele, so far not seen in dogs, is seen in Alaskan wolves.
A DLA‐associated polymorphic cell surface determinant defined by the murine monoclonal antibody W3G10
Authors: LADIGES W. C. , RAFF R. F. , STORB R.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A polymorphic determinant on the surface of canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) has been identified using the murine monoclonal antibody W3G10. The determinant, which has a molecular weight of approximately 39 Kd, is associated with DLA‐Dwl (w = workshop designation), ‐Dw3, ‐Dw4, ‐Dw10, ‐Dsea1 (sea = Seattle designation) and ‐Dsea9, but not ‐Dw8, ‐Dw9, ‐Dsea4, ‐Dsea10, ‐Dsea 16 or ‐Dsea17, and segregates in Mendelian fashion. There does not appear to be any linkage disequilibrium with currently recognized DLA‐A, ‐B or ‐C alleles. Cytotoxic effector function was eliminated when W3G10 positive alloantigen primed PBMC were treated with W3G10. However, cytotoxicity was not affected when W3G10 negative PBMC were used, thus further confirming polymorphism. The data suggest that the antigen identified by McAb W3G10 is not a typical class I or class II MHC antigen, but may be encoded by a closely linked gene.
Class I major histocompatibility complex antigens and C4 concentrations in sheep plasma
Authors: GROTH D. M. , WETHERALL J. D. , OUTERRIDGE P. , STEAR M. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Data are presented demonstrating that high concentrations of complement protein C4 in sheep plasma are associated with a particular class I OLA specificity. By way of contrast, a similar association could not be demonstrated between C3 plasma concentrations and OLA specificities. These data support the hypothesis that gene(s) determining C4 plasma concentrations are linked to the ovine MHC.
Simultaneous phenotyping of pig plasma α‐protease inhibitors (PI1, PO1A, PO1B, PI2) and four other proteins (PO2, TF, CP, HPX) by a simple method of 2D horizontal electrophoresis
Authors: JUNEJA R. K. , GAHNE B.
Published: July 2010

Summary.A simple and rapid method of 2D agarose gel (pH 5–4)‐horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis was developed for the simultaneous phenotyping of pig plasma α‐protease inhibitors (protease inhibitor‐1 and ‐2; postalbumin‐1A and ‐1B), postalbumin‐2, transferrin, ceruloplasmin and haemopexin. These eight plasma proteins were clearly visible on gels stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250. The 2D patterns and mobilities of several variants of α‐protease inhibitors were described. By using two agarose gels and 10 polyacrylamide gels, 120 samples were easily analysed in a day. Since α‐protease inhibitors show extensive polymorphism and as the gene for postalbumin‐2 is closely linked to the halothane sensitivity locusHal, this method is a useful tool for conducting parentage control and for predictingHalgenotypes of individual pigs.
Differences in the DNA restriction patterns between sheep with HbA and HbB
Authors: GREGORIO P. DI , RANDO A. , MASINA P.
Published: July 2010

Summary. DNA samples obtained from sheep homozygous for HbA, for HbB and heterozygous were subjected to Southern blot analysis using a goat βF and a rabbit β1‐globin gene as probes. Sheep homozygous for HbA show a different restriction pattern from that of sheep homozygous for HbB with each of the used endonu‐cleases. The DNAs from moufflon and sheep homozygous for HbA show indistinguishable restriction patterns with some endonucleases. By means of double digestions it has been possible to construct restriction maps of the βB and βc genes and to confirm the absence of the βc gene in HbB sheep.
Linkage studies in blood biochemical polymorphic markers of rabbits
Authors: RODELLAR C. , ZARAGOZA P. , ZARAZAGA I. , AMORENA B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Five erythrocyte proteins (Adenosine deaminase, Ada; 6‐Phosphogluco‐nate dehydrogenase, Pgd; Esterase 1, Es‐1; Esterase 3, Es‐3; NADH‐Diaphorase 2, Dia‐2) and a serum β‐globulin protein (Esterase 7, Est‐7) were studied in rabbits using starch gel electrophoresis. Samples were obtained from 317 Spanish Common individuals (38 families, 317 individuals).

For the analyses of linkage, Morton's sequential probability ratio test was applied. Clear evidence for linkage between Es‐1 and Est‐7 (θ≅ 0.2) was obtained, and no evidence of linkage was obtained for the remaining pairwise combinations of loci studied.
NADH diaphorase polymorphism in goat erythrocytes
Authors: TUÑON M. J. , GONZALEZ P. , VALLEJO M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. This paper describes for the first time polymorphism of the erythrocyte diaphorase in goats. Three diaphorase 1 phenotypes were observed in the red cells of goats. Breeding data indicated that polymorphism was controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles, DiaF and Dias, the frequencies of which were determined in 14 different Spanish breeds of goat.
Absence of detectable linkage between the G and H blood group loci in the pig
Authors: HRADECKÝ J. , ČEPICA S. , HOJNÝ J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Morton's lod score method used for the analysis of data from 168 backcross matings (1094 offspring) did not indicate linkage between the G and H blood group loci of the pig. Linkage closer than 0.413 could be excluded at the 1% significance level.
Recombination rates and gene order for some serum α‐protease inhibitors and immunoglobulin heavy‐chain allotypes in pigs
Authors: VÖGELI P. , KÜHNE R. , WYSSHAAR M. , STRANZINGER G. , MOREL P.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Linkage analysis between the genes coding for immunoglobulin heavy‐chain allotypes and variants of some serum α‐protease inhibitors produced lod scores above the significance limit of 3. The maximum likelihood estimate of the recominbation fraction (θ) ranged from 0.15 to 0.20. Since this is the second report on this linkage group in pigs, the linkage is confirmed. Data from appropriate matings are consistent with a gene order of Pil‐PolA‐(PolB)‐Pi2‐lghl.
Analysis of a horse family with a crossing‐over between the ELA complex and the A blood group system
Authors: GUERIN G. , VAREWYCK H. , BERTAUD M. , CHASSET P.
Published: July 2010

Summary.

A horse family in which a recombination occurred in the chromosome region coding for the serological specificities of the ELA complex and those of the A blood group system of a mare was further analysed by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and Southern blot hybridization. This family consisted of a stallion, a mare and five full sibs. The stallion and the mare were heterozygous for internationally recognized ELA specificities while only the mare was heterozygous for the A blood group system. MLR between all members of the family confirmed that the stallion possessed two different ELA haplotypes and suggested that recombination in the mare occurred outside the segment delimited by the ELA‐A locus and the MLR region. DNA samples from all individuals were investigated by Southern blot analysis using three restriction enzymes (EcoRI, HindIII or TaqI), three human HLA probes (one of class I cDNA and two of class II probes), one cDNA (DRß) and one genomic (DQα). Class I and class II restriction fragments of the mare segregated in accordance to the ELA specificities and thus clearly confirming that the crossing‐over did not occur between the ELA‐A gene and the class I, class II region nor between DRß and DQα subsets. The A blood group genetic determinants would thus be situated outside the ELA region defined by class I and class II genes.
The red cell ‘X’‐protein system in goats: evidence for a third allele in a Malaysian breed
Authors: HASIMA N. , DHALIWAL S. S. , MUKHERJEE T. K.
Published: July 2010

Summary.

Genetic polymorphism of the ‘X’‐protein in red cells from Malaysian Katjang goats was demonstrated by starch gel electrophoresis at pH 7.3. Two new phenotypes were observed, suggesting that one new allele is involved. A new nomenclature for the ‘X’‐protein system in goats is proposed.
Joint Report of the First International Comparison Test on Swine Lymphocyte Alloantigens (SLA)
Authors: RENARD CH. , KRISTENSEN B. , GAUTSCHI C. , HRUBAN V. , FREDHOLM M. , VAIMAN M.
Published: July 2010

Summary.

The first international comparison test on swine lymphocyte alloantigens (SLA) was held in Helsinki, Finland in July 1986. The results reported were based on a comparison of 157 alloantisera originating from six laboratories. The antisera were tested against a selected panel of 264 lymphocyte samples belonging to four laboratories. The most common breeds in Europe were chosen for this first comparison test (Landrace and Large White). Eighteen of the 31 previously known specificities were confirmed and a new nomenclature was established.
Immunomagnetic isolation of cells for serological BoLA typing
Authors: LIE Ø. , VARTDAL F. , FUNDERUD S. , GAUDERNACK G. , OLSAKER I. , FRØYSADAL E. , UGELSTAD J. , THORSBY E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. This paper describes a totally new immunomagnetic (IM) technique adapted to serological BoLA typing. The basic technique has recently been developed by Vartdal et al. (1986) for serological HLA typing. The main advantage is that bovine mononuclear cells (e. g. T‐cells and possibly their subsets, B‐cells and monocytes) can be quickly and specifically isolated with high yield and viability from whole blood in a one‐step procedure. This is achieved by magnetic separation of rosettes formed between the cells and superparamagnetic monosized polystyrene microspheres (Dynabeads TM) coated with cross‐species reactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for various human T‐cell antigens or for HLA class II monomorphic epitopes. The cells are isolated within 5 min after a 5‐min incubation at 4°C. Magnetic separation of rosettes with a strong cobalt‐samarium magnet eliminates all the laborious centrifugation steps necessary with conventional procedures. The isolated cells, still attached to the particles, are available for microcytotoxic assay. This is carried out within 55 min, including a two‐step application of alloantiserum and complement and addition of acridine orange/ethidium bromide for the staining of viable (green) and dead (red) cells. The high viability of isolated cells gives a very low background kill compared with the conventional cytotoxic assay. The IM typing technique is also superior in sensitivity to the conventional technique as standardized for the international BoLA comparison test. The IM technique is likely to have its greatest impact on class II typing; class II positive cells being separated very efficiently. Polymorphic HLA class II MAbs detected likely polymorphic BoLA class II epitopes.
Novel alpha haemoglobin haplotypes in horses
Authors: BOWLING A. T. , SCOTT A. M. , FLINT J. , CLEGG J. B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Four minor haplotypes that produce abnormal haemoglobin phenotypes in horses have been characterized. Two of them, Allb and V, are copy number variants‐with, respectively, one and three α genes instead of the normal complement of two. The AIIa and C haplotypes, on the other hand, each have two α genes but, as a result of probable gene conversions, they now encode identical, though haplotype specific, globins. Two out of 60 unrelated and phenotypically normal horses studied had an unusual triplicated rearrangement in the embryonic η‐gene locus. Each of these variants appears to have been produced by aberrant recombination events.
Determination of N‐terminal amino acid sequence of bovine class I antigens
Authors: LETESSON J. J. , VANDEKERCKHOVE J. , LOSTRIE N. , DEPELCHIN A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The amino acid sequence of the N‐terminal 12 residues of papain digested BoLA class I molecules has been determined. This sequence except for its 5th amino acid, appears largely similar to those reported in man, mouse and rat.
Regional assignments of NP and MPI on chromosome 7 in pig, Sus scrofa
Authors: RYTTMAN H. , THEBO P. , GUSTAVSSON I.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Fibroblasts from a pig with a spontaneous reciprocal translocation involving chromosome 7, were used to prepare a set of pig‐mouse somatic cell hybrids. The isozyme analysis strongly indicated that in pigs, the NP (nucleoside phosphorylase) gene is located on the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 7, (q21‐qter), while the MPI (mannose phosphate isomerase) gene is in the region q21‐pter. This confirmed previously reported chromosomal assignment of these genes in pigs and that this synteny has been evolutionarily conserved in several different animal species.