bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infant and young child feeding practices and child linear growth in Nepal: Regression–decomposition analysis of national survey data, 1996–2016
Authors: Hanley‐Cook Giles , Argaw Alemayehu , Dahal Pradiumna , Chitekwe Stanley , Kolsteren Patrick
Published: January 2020

Suboptimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices have profound implications on child survival, health, growth, and development. First, our study analysed trends in 18 IYCF indicators and height‐for‐age z‐score (HAZ) and stunting prevalence across Nepal's Family Health Survey 1996 and four rounds of Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys from 2001–2016. Second, we constructed multivariable regression models and decomposed the contribution of optimal IYCF practices on HAZ and stunting prevalence over the 1996–2016 period. Our findings indicate that most age‐appropriate IYCF practices and child linear growth outcomes improved over the past two decades. At present, according to the World Health Organization's tool for national assessment of IYCF practices, duration of breastfeeding is rated very good, early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) are rated good, whereas minimal bottle‐feeding and introduction of solid, semi‐solid or soft foods are rated fair. Our study also reports that a paucity of age‐appropriate IYCF practices—in particular complementary feeding—are significantly associated with increased HAZ and decreased probability of stunting (p < .05). Moreover, age‐appropriate IYCF practices—in isolation—made modest statistical contributions to the rapid and sustained reduction in age‐specific child linear growth faltering from 1996–2016. Nevertheless, our findings indicate that comprehensive multisectoral nutrition strategies—integrating and advocating optimal IYCF—are critical to further accelerate the progress against child linear growth faltering. Furthermore, specific focus is needed to improve IYCF practices that have shown no significant development over the past two decades in Nepal: EBF, minimum acceptable diet, and minimal bottle‐feeding.
Deletion of Wnt5a in osteoclasts results in bone loss through decreased bone formation
Authors: Roberts Joseph L. , Liu Guanglu , Paglia David N. , Kinter Christopher W. , Fernandes Lorenzo M. , Lorenzo Joseph , Hansen Marc F. , Arif Abul , Drissi Hicham
Published: January 2020

Bone remodeling is achieved through the coupled activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that are controlled by many locally generated secreted factors, including WNT5A. While previous studies have demonstrated that osteoblast‐derived WNT5A promotes osteoclastogenesis, the function of osteoclast‐derived WNT5A on bone remodeling has remained unexplored. We examined the effects of osteoclast‐derived WNT5A on bone homeostasis by utilizing the Cathepsin K‐Cre (Ctsk‐Cre) mouse to conditionally delete Wnt5a in mature osteoclasts. These mice exhibited reduced trabecular and cortical bone. The low bone–mass phenotype was driven by decreased bone formation, not osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption, as osteoclast number and serum CTX marker were unchanged. Furthermore, molecular analysis of osteoclast‐ and osteoblast‐derived WNT5A identified a serine‐phosphorylated WNT5A that is unique to RANKL‐treated macrophages mimicking osteoclasts. This study suggests a new paradigm in which WNT5A has opposing effects on bone remodeling that are dependent on the cell of origin, an effect that may result from cell type–specific differential posttranslational modifications of WNT5A.
Construction of high‐density linkage map and identification of QTLs associated with resistance to black rot in radish (Raphanus sativus) by RAD sequencing
Authors: Wu Chunhui , Qiu Yang , Duan Yundan , Guo Yangdong , Wang Haiping , Zhang Xiaohui , Song Jiangping , Li Xixiang
Published: January 2020

High‐density marker‐based QTL mapping can serve as an effective strategy to identify novel genomic information to facilitate crop improvement. In this study, we genotyped an F2 population (KB12‐1 × PP12‐1) using a RAD‐seq approach and constructed a high‐density linkage map for radish. After a series of filtering procedures were performed, 17,124 SNPs and 3,336 indels with aa × bb genotyping were retained to obtain bin markers. Then, a linkage map comprising a total of 1,221 bin markers in nine linkage groups spanning 1,467.3 cM with an average marker interval of 1.2 cM was constructed. We evaluated the resistance of the F2 mapping population to black rot using F3 progeny, and two major QTLs related to black rot resistance were identified based on this map. Among these QTLs, qBRR2 on Chr.2 explained 26.97% of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score of 11.93, and qBRR7 on Chr.7 accounted for 27.06% of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score of 11.83. The additive effect of qBRR2 was positive (14.97); however, qBRR7 had the opposite effect (−11.99). The high‐density linkage map and the major QTLs qBRR2 and qBRR7 provide new important information for disease resistance gene discovery and utilization in genetic improvement.
Role of Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging in Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer
Authors: Hester Scott C. , Kuriakose Maju , Nguyen Christopher D. , Mallidi Srivalleesha
Published: January 2020

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a phototoxic treatment with high spatial and temporal control and has shown tremendous promise in the management of cancer due to its high efficacy and minimal side effects. PDT efficacy is dictated by a complex relationship between dosimetry parameters such as the concentration of the photosensitizer at the tumor site, its spatial localization (intracellular or extracellular), light dose and distribution, oxygen distribution and concentration, and the heterogeneity of the inter‐ and intratumoral microenvironment. Studying and characterizing these parameters, along with monitoring tumor heterogeneity pre‐ and post‐PDT, provides essential data for predicting therapeutic response and the design of subsequent therapies. In this review, we elucidate the role of ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic imaging in improving PDT‐mediated outcomes in cancer—from tracking photosensitizer uptake and vascular destruction, to measuring oxygenation dynamics and the overall evaluation of tumor responses. We also present recent advances in multifunctional theranostic nanomaterials that can improve either US or photoacoustic imaging contrast, as well as deliver photosensitizers specifically to tumors. Given the wide availability, low‐cost, portability and nonionizing nature of US and photoacoustic imaging, together with their capabilities of providing multiparametric morphological and functional information, these technologies are thusly inimitable when deployed in conjunction with PDT.
Blood pressure reaction to negative stimuli: Insights from continuous recording and analysis
Authors: Wiener Avigail , Goldstein Pavel , Alkoby Oren , Doenyas Keren , Okon‐Singer Hadas
Published: January 2020

Individuals with a tendency toward abnormally enhanced cardiovascular responses to stress are at greater risk of developing essential hypertension later in life. Accurate profiling of continuous blood pressure (BP) reactions in healthy populations is crucial for understanding normal and abnormal emotional reaction patterns. To this end, we examined the continuous time course of BP reactions to aversive pictures among healthy participants. In two experiments, we showed participants negative and neutral pictures while simultaneously measuring their continuous BP and heart rate (HR) reactions. In this study, BP reactions were analyzed continuously, in contrast to previous studies, in which BP responses were averaged across blocks. To compare time points along a temporal continuum, we applied a multi‐level B‐spline model, which is innovative in the context of BP analysis. Additionally, HR was similarly analyzed in order to examine its correlation with BP. Both experiments revealed a similar pattern of BP reactivity and association with HR. In line with previous studies, a decline in BP and HR levels was found in response to negative pictures compared to neutral pictures. In addition, in both conditions, we found an unexpected elevation of BP toward the end of the stimuli exposure period. These findings may be explained by the recruitment of attention resources in the presence of negative stimuli, which is alleviated toward the end of the stimulation. This study highlights the importance of continuous measurement and analysis for characterizing the time course of BP reactivity to emotional stimuli.
‘In the hospital there are no care guidelines’: experiences and practices in perinatal loss in Spain
Authors: Fernández‐Alcántara Manuel , Schul‐Martin Laetitia , García Caro Mª Paz , Montoya‐Juárez Rafael , Pérez‐Marfil Mª Nieves , Zech Emmanuelle
Published: January 2020

Background and objectives

Healthcare professionals play an important role in supporting and attending to families that experience a perinatal loss. Previous research has identified the existence of obstacles that professionals may encounter during their practices. The main objective of the current research was to identify and examine the subjective experiences and practices of experienced professionals attending to perinatal loss in the hospital context in Spain.

Design

Qualitative descriptive design.

Setting

Three different hospitals in Spain.

Participants

Sixteen professionals were interviewed, including doctors, nurses, midwives, nursing assistants, a psychologist and a funeral home manager.

Methods

Individual semi‐structured interviews focusing on three areas were carried out: practices with the baby–foetus, practices with parents and interaction with the team. A thematic analysis was performed using the three main focuses of the semi‐structured interview (deductive approach) and the codes that emerged from the data (inductive approach).

Results

Regarding guideline‐based care for the baby/foetus, participants made a distinction between the initial process of care for the baby and the decision‐making process with parents. Where support for families was concerned, participants identified considerable variability in the practices used and lack of organisational and care guidelines, psychological support and follow‐up. Finally, interactions with other team members were perceived as a source of support, although participants identified a significant lack of coordination.

Conclusion

Participants reported variability of practices in care for the baby and parents, lack of continuity‐of‐care guidelines and the importance of support from a coordinated healthcare team.
The authority of courage and compassion: Healthcare policy leadership in addressing the kidney disease public health epidemic
Authors: Maddux Franklin W.
Published: January 2020

Recent developments in US kidney‐related healthcare policy have made chronic kidney disease (CKD) a societal focus in the United States. In the biggest policy change since the 1972 Social Security Amendments that extended Medicare coverage to patients with kidney failure regardless of age, a 2019 presidential executive order pledged to reduce end‐stage kidney disease, slow CKD progression, increase kidney transplants, and focus on home dialysis care. This manuscript seeks to outline key factors that can enable this milestone moment to evolve a policy framework that improves the health of society while being economically sustainable. Understanding the sociohistorical context of healthcare policy and the related lessons learned demonstrates that policy must take a broader view of the societal and system wide factors that affect chronic illness. Addressing the full breadth of the CKD epidemic requires looking at factors from both inside and outside traditional medical‐pathophysiological environments, including social determinants of health. This more fulsome insight will enable policy to better align the broad range of people and organizations who are working to combat the disease. By creating patient‐centered policy that both evolves with the speed of innovation and addresses root causes of CKD instead of narrowly focusing on symptoms or comorbidities alone, leaders in the public square have an historic opportunity to thoughtfully create the common ground of a lasting policy legacy that improves society's health today and for generations to come.
(Re)Recognizing the multidimensional roles of family and peers on crime
Authors: Mowen Thomas J. , Boman John H.
Published: January 2020

Social scientists have long recognized the salience of family and peers in understanding the etiology of crime and delinquency. Although criminologists universally acknowledge that family and peers can each exert prosocial and antisocial influences on offending behaviors, this area of study has gradually divided into a “good” and “bad” dichotomy. Specifically, family tends to be viewed and measured as a key factor that protects against offending. In stark contrast, peers tend to be viewed and measured as key correlates toward offending. In the following discussion, we explore the historical roots of this tendency through examining how key theoretical perspectives have shaped this dichotomy and informed current perspectives on the link between family, peers, and crime. We then highlight how some studies have stepped outside of this dichotomy to consider the independent and interdependent roles of family and peers as both positive and negative influences on offending behaviors. Overall, there is nothing new about understanding peers and family as both prosocial and criminogenic in their influences; rather, there is a greater need to (re)recognize these multifaceted roles in modern criminological studies.
Laser scanning microscopy for control of skin decontamination efficacy from airborne particulates using highly absorbent textile nanofiber material in combination with PEG‐12 dimethicone
Authors: Lademann Juergen , Richter Heike , Patzelt Alexa , Meinke Martina C. , Gross Ingeborg , Grether‐Beck Susanne , Krutmann Jean , Frazier Laura , Darvin Maxim E.
Published: January 2020

Background

The decontamination of the skin is indispensable if airborne particulate contaminants deposit on the skin surface. Skin washing can have adverse effects as by skin rubbing the particles can be transferred deeply into the hair follicles, where they can be entrapped for a period of more than 10 days. Thus, alternative skin decontamination strategies are necessary.

Materials and Methods

For imaging the contaminants in the skin, sodium fluorescein‐labeled soot particles of submicron size (≈600 nm) were visualized using laser scanning microscopy.

Results

In the present ex vivo pilot study on porcine ear skin, it was shown that sodium fluorescein‐labeled soot particles of submicron size (≈600 nm) could be efficiently removed from the skin with highly absorbent textile nanofiber material, whose efficacy could be further increased by spraying the contaminated skin area with the viscous fluid PEG‐12 dimethicone before textile application.

Conclusion

In case of skin contamination with particulates, the contact washing should be avoided due to rubbing particles deeply into the hair follicles, where they can accumulate for a long time and induce negative consequences. Efficient skin decontamination could include pretreatment of skin surface with the viscous fluid PEG‐12 dimethicone and subsequent application of highly absorbent textile nanofiber material.
Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection with short‐course regimens in potential living kidney donors
Authors: Simkins Jacques , Donato‐Santana Christian , Morris Michele Ileana , Abbo Lilian Margarita , Camargo Jose Fernando , Anjan Shweta , Natori Yoichiro , Guerra Giselle
Published: January 2020

Background

Treatment data for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among potential living kidney donors are scarce.

Methods

This retrospective study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of positive QuantiFERON‐TB Gold In‐Tube (QFT‐GIT) among potential living kidney donors that were screened from 2009 to 2017. We investigated if there was any difference in the time to donation between QFT‐GIT–positive and QFT‐GIT–negative donors. We assessed the regimens used to treat LTBI and whether the recipients of QFT‐GIT–positive donors developed active tuberculosis (TB).

Results

Forty out of 427 (9%) potential living kidney donors had a positive QFT‐GIT. QFT‐GIT–positive donors were as likely as negative donors to undergo donation (30 [75%] vs 315 [81%], P = .33). The time from QFT‐GIT testing to donation was longer among QFT‐GIT–positive donors (median 221 days [range: 4‐1139] vs 86 days [range: 3‐1887], P = .001). Twelve‐week rifapentine (RPT)/Isoniazid (INH) was the most common treatment used and was not associated with significant adverse reactions. There was a trend toward longer time to donation among QFT‐GIT–positive donors who were treated for LTBI compared with QFT‐GIT–positive donors who were not (252 days [range: 88‐1139] vs 95 days [range: 4‐802], P = .05). Twenty‐nine recipients of QFT‐GIT–positive living kidney donors were evaluated. Eleven of these recipients received kidneys from donors that were not treated for LTBI. Two of these recipients were treated with INH post‐transplantation.

Conclusions

The time from QFT‐GIT testing to donation was longer among QFT‐GIT–positive donors. The short‐course regimens appear to be excellent options for LTBI treatment among living kidney donors and avoid delaying organ donation further.
A biotechnology‐based male‐sterility system for hybrid seed production in tomato
Authors: Du Minmin , Zhou Ke , Liu Yuanyuan , Deng Lei , Zhang Xiaoyue , Lin Lihao , Zhou Ming , Zhao Wei , Wen Changlong , Xing Jiayi , Li Chang‐Bao , Li Chuanyou
Published: January 2020

Incorporating male sterility into hybrid seed production reduces its cost and ensures high varietal purity. Despite these advantages, male‐sterile lines have not been widely used to produce tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hybrid seeds. We describe the development of a biotechnology‐based breeding platform that utilized genic male sterility to produce hybrid seeds. In this platform, we generated a novel male‐sterile tomato line by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9)‐mediated mutagenesis of a stamen‐specific gene SlSTR1 and devised a transgenic maintainer by transforming male‐sterile plants with a fertility‐restoration gene linked to a seedling‐colour gene. Offspring of crosses between a hemizygous maintainer and the homozygous male‐sterile plant segregated into 50% non‐transgenic male‐sterile plants and 50% male‐fertile maintainer plants, which could be easily distinguished by seedling colour. This system has great practical potential for hybrid seed breeding and production as it overcomes the problems intrinsic to other male‐sterility systems and can be easily adapted for a range of tomato cultivars and diverse vegetable crops.
Suction Vortices in a Pump Sump—Their Origin, Formation, and Dynamics
Authors: Yamade Yoshinobu , Kato Chisachi , Nagahara Takahide , Matsui Jun
Published: January 2020

The origin, formation mechanism, and dynamics of suction vortices in a pump sump have been clarified by large eddy simulation (LES) applied to two different computational models. The first one is a pump-sump model with uniform flow entering a water channel of rectangular cross section and a vertical suction (outlet) pipe installed at its downstream end. LES with different wall boundary conditions have revealed that the origin of a submerged vortex is the mean shear of the approaching boundary layers that develop on the bottom and side walls of the sump. Detailed investigations have revealed that deviation of the mean flow triggers conversion of the vorticity axis to the vertical direction. The local acceleration of the vertical flow stretches the aforementioned vertical vortex, which results in the formation of a submerged vortex. The second one is a simplified computational model composed of a paraboloid of revolution and aims to accurately simulate the stretch of the viscous core of a submerged vortex that has appeared under the suction pipe of the pump-sump model. The differences between the models, especially predictions of the minimum pressure, imply that cavitation could have been initiated in the viscous core, if it had been taken into account, as is observed in the pump-sump experiment at the same condition. Parametric studies with different initial swirl numbers from 0.12 to 16.3 have clarified the behavior of the submerged vortex. It was found that a strong submerged vortex appears only at a relatively small range of the swirl numbers from 1.25 to 3.
Limited dose and angle-directed beam atomic layer etching and atomic layer deposition processes for localized film coatings on 3D sidewall structures
Authors: Seidel Thomas E. , Current Michael I.
Published: January 2020

Processes are described for localized film deposition on the sidewalls of nonplanar structures. Limited dose atomic layer etching, angle-directed beam atomic layer etching, and limited dose and saturated dose atomic layer deposition are described as sequential processes to provide localized coatings on the bottom, or the center, or the top and bottom of 3D nonplanar features. Applications are described for film thickness adjustments on trench sidewalls and doping of finFETs.
Implementation Intentions for Exercise and Physical Activity: Who Do They Work For? A Systematic Review
Authors: Kompf Justin
Published: January 2020

Background: As a behavior change technique, implementation intentions are a cost-effective strategy to promote physical activity and exercise. This technique helps individuals plan when and where they will do a behavior. However, previous research on implementation intentions and physical activity has shown heterogeneous outcomes. Methods: The primary aim of this review was to systematically review the literature on the social cognitive variables that moderate the mediating effects of implementation intentions on physical activity and exercise. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, 22 papers yielded 24 studies. Of the 24 reviewed studies, 1 was cross-sectional, 12 were randomized control trials, 10 were longitudinal, and 1 was secondary data from a randomized control trial. Results: Habit strength, self-concordance, self-efficacy, perceived behavioral control, and intention were identified as moderating variables. Conditions for effectiveness for implementation intentions were observed. Implementation intentions are an effective behavior change technique for individuals who have preexisting intentions and strong self-efficacy. Conclusions: Implementation intentions may be a valuable behavior change technique for certain individuals. For self-efficacious individuals who desire to be physically active, implementation intentions can help translate intentions into behavior.
Using Isotemporal Analyses to Examine the Relationships Between Daytime Activities and Cancer Recurrence Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Full Kelsie M. , Johnson Eileen , Takemoto Michelle , Hartman Sheri J. , Kerr Jacqueline , Natarajan Loki , Patterson Ruth E. , Sears Dorothy D.
Published: January 2020

Background: For breast cancer survivors, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with improved survival. Less is known about the interrelationships of daytime activities (sedentary behavior [SB], light-intensity physical activity, and MVPA) and associations with survivors’ health outcomes. This study will use isotemporal substitution to explore reallocations of time spent in daytime activities and associations with cancer recurrence biomarkers. Methods: Breast cancer survivors (N = 333; mean age 63 y) wore accelerometers and provided fasting blood samples. Linear regression models estimated the associations between daytime activities and cancer recurrence biomarkers. Isotemporal substitution models estimated cross-sectional associations with biomarkers when time was reallocated from of one activity to another. Models were adjusted for wear time, demographics, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions. Results: MVPA was significantly associated with lower insulin, C-reactive protein, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and glucose, and higher sex hormone-binding globulin (all P < .05). Light-intensity physical activity and SB were associated with insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (both P < .05). Reallocating 18 minutes of SB to MVPA resulted in significant beneficial associations with insulin (−9.3%), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (−10.8%), glucose (−1.7%), and sex hormone-binding globulin (7.7%). There were no significant associations when 79 minutes of SB were shifted to light-intensity physical activity. Conclusions: Results illuminate the possible benefits for breast cancer survivors of replacing time spent in SB with MVPA.
Social Network Analysis in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity Research: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Prochnow Tyler , Delgado Haley , Patterson Megan S. , Umstattd Meyer M. Renée
Published: January 2020

Background: Regular physical activity (PA) has many benefits for children and adolescents, yet many do not meet PA recommendations. Social context is important for promoting or discouraging PA among children and adolescents. This review aimed to identify social network variables related to PA among children and adolescents. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted in September 2018 using PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science. Included articles needed to (1) be focused on children (aged 5–11 y) or adolescents (aged 12–17 y), (2) include a measure of PA, (3) include a measure of egocentric or sociocentric social connection in which alters were nominated, and (4) perform an analysis between network data and PA. Results: A search of 11,824 articles was refined to a final sample of 29 articles. Social network themes and concepts such as homophily, centrality, and network composition were related to child and adolescent PA behavior across the literature. Conclusions: The impact of an individual’s social network is evident on their PA behaviors. More research is needed to examine why these networks form in relation to PA and how interventions can utilize social network analysis to more effectively promote PA, especially in underserved and minority populations.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Teicoplanin in Preterm and Term Neonates: Is It Time for a New Dosing Regimen?
Authors: Kontou A. , Sarafidis K. , Begou O. , Gika H. G. , Tsiligiannis A. , Ogungbenro K. , Dokoumetzidis A. , Agakidou E. , Roilides E.
Published: January 2020

Our objective was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model in order to evaluate the currently recommended dosing regimen in term and preterm neonates. By using an optimal design approach, a prospective PK study was designed and implemented in 60 neonates with postmenstrual ages (PMA) of 26 to 43 weeks. A loading dose of 16 mg/kg was administered at day 1, followed by a maintenance dose of 8 mg/kg daily. Plasma concentrations were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Genomic and Phenotypic Stability in an Industrial Production Process
Authors: Stage Marianne , Wichmann Anita , Jørgensen Mette , Vera-Jimenéz Natalia Ivonne , Wielje Malue , Nielsen Dennis Sandris , Sandelin Albin , Chen Yun , Baker Adam
Published: January 2020

Lactobacillus rhamnosus
GG is one of the best-studied probiotic strains. One of the well-characterized features of the strain is the pili encoded by the
spaCBA-srtC1
gene cluster. These pili are involved in persistence in the gastrointestinal tract and are important for the probiotic properties of
L. rhamnosus
GG. Previous studies demonstrated that the
L. rhamnosus
GG genome can be unstable under certain conditions and can lose the
spaCBA-srtC1
gene cluster. Since
in vitro
studies have shown that the loss of the
spaCBA-srtC1
gene cluster decreases certain
L. rhamnosus
GG probiotic properties, we assessed both the genomic stability and phenotypic properties of
L. rhamnosus
GG throughout an industrial production process. We found that neither genomic nor phenotypic changes occurred in the samples. Therefore, we demonstrate that
L. rhamnosus
GG retains the
spaCBA-srtC1
cluster and exhibits excellent genomic and phenotypic stability in the specific industrial process examined here.
Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Evolution and Revolutions
Authors: Fraikin Nathan , Goormaghtigh Frédéric , Van Melderen Laurence
Published: January 2020

Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin protein, the latter counteracting the toxicity of the former. While TA systems were initially discovered on plasmids, functioning as addiction modules through a phenomenon called postsegregational killing, they were later shown to be massively present in bacterial chromosomes, often in association with mobile genetic elements. Extensive research has been conducted in recent decades to better understand the physiological roles of these chromosomally encoded modules and to characterize the conditions leading to their activation.
Diagnostic Value of Galactomannan in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid for Chronic Respiratory Disease with Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Lai Guangbin , Zeng Chao , Mo Jianming , Song Wei-dong , Xu Ping
Published: January 2020

The objective of this study was to explore the diagnostic value of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan (BALF GM) test for chronic respiratory disease with pulmonary aspergillosis and to establish the optimal cutoff value. Samples from a total of 309 chronic respiratory disease patients seen at the respiratory medicine department of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital from September 2016 to September 2019 were analyzed.
Vaccinia Virus Glycoproteins A33, A34, and B5 Form a Complex for Efficient Endoplasmic Reticulum to
trans
-Golgi Network Transport
Authors: Monticelli Stephanie R. , Earley Amalia K. , Stone Raychel , Norbury Christopher C. , Ward Brian M.
Published: January 2020

The secondary intracellular envelopment of poxviruses at the
trans
-Golgi network to release infectious extracellular virus (EV) is essential for their spread and pathogenesis. Viral glycoproteins A33, A34, and B5 are critical for the efficient production of infectious EV and interactions among these proteins are important for their localization and incorporation into the outer extracellular virion membrane. We have uncovered a novel interaction between glycoproteins A33 and A34. Furthermore, we show that B5 can interact with the A33-A34 complex. Our analysis indicates that the three-protein complex has a role in ER exit and proper localization of the three glycoproteins to the intracellular site of wrapping. These results show that a complex set of interactions occur in the secretory pathway of infected cells to ensure proper glycoprotein trafficking and envelope content, which is important for the release of infectious poxvirus virions.
Switching among branded and generic medication products during ongoing treatment of psychiatric illness
Authors: Habert Jeffrey , Margolese Howard C , Wilson Adriana , Boucher Matthieu , Blier Pierre
Published: January 2020

Switches between branded (reference) medications and the corresponding generic medications or between two different corresponding generic medications occur commonly during the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Prescribing a generic product in place of a reference product can reduce patient and pharmacy costs. But there can be implications. Planned or unplanned switches from one product to another during ongoing treatment may introduce variability in drug exposure which could in turn compromise efficacy and/or tolerability. Studies comparing the initiation of reference versus generic products do not provide clear evidence of the superiority of reference or generic products generally, whereas several studies examining a switch between reference and generic products suggest that reductions in efficacy or medication adherence and persistence may be associated with generic substitution. Clinicians should work with patients to facilitate a consistent supply of reference or generic drug product that provides stable exposure to avoid clinical deterioration or poor tolerability.
Effectiveness of interventions targeting antibiotic use in long-term aged care facilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Raban Magdalena Z , Gasparini Claudia , Li Ling , Baysari Melissa T , Westbrook Johanna I
Published: January 2020

Objectives

There are high levels of inappropriate antibiotic use in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Our objective was to examine evidence of the effectiveness of interventions designed to reduce antibiotic use and/or inappropriate use in LTCFs.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL from 1997 until November 2018.

Eligibility criteria

Controlled and uncontrolled studies in LTCFs measuring intervention effects on rates of overall antibiotic use and/or appropriateness of use were included. Secondary outcomes were intervention implementation barriers from process evaluations.

Data extraction and synthesis

Two reviewers independently applied the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care group’s resources to classify interventions and assess risk of bias. Meta-analyses used random effects models to pool results.

Results

Of include studies (n=19), 10 had a control group and 17 had a high risk of bias. All interventions had multiple components. Eight studies (with high risk of bias) showed positive impacts on outcomes and included one of the following interventions: audit and feedback, introduction of care pathways or an infectious disease team. Meta-analyses on change in the percentage of residents on antibiotics (pooled relative risk (RR) (three studies, 6862 residents): 0.85, 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.18), appropriateness of decision to treat with antibiotics (pooled RR (three studies, 993 antibiotic orders): 1.10, 95% CI: 0.64 to 1.91) and appropriateness of antibiotic selection for respiratory tract infections (pooled RR (three studies, 292 orders): 1.15, 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.40), showed no significant intervention effects. However, meta-analyses only included results from intervention groups since most studies lacked a control group. Insufficient data prevented meta-analysis on other outcomes. Process evaluations (n=7) noted poor intervention adoption, low physician engagement and high staff turnover as barriers.

Conclusions

There is insufficient evidence that interventions employed to date are effective at improving antibiotic use in LTCFs. Future studies should use rigorous study designs and tailor intervention implementation to the setting.
Enablers and barriers to the implementation of socially assistive humanoid robots in health and social care: a systematic review
Authors: Papadopoulos Irena , Koulouglioti Christina , Lazzarino Runa , Ali Sheila
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Socially assistive humanoid robots are considered a promising technology to tackle the challenges in health and social care posed by the growth of the ageing population. The purpose of our study was to explore the current evidence on barriers and enablers for the implementation of humanoid robots in health and social care.

Design

Systematic review of studies entailing hands-on interactions with a humanoid robot.

Setting

From April 2018 to June 2018, databases were searched using a combination of the same search terms for articles published during the last decade. Data collection was conducted by using theRayyansoftware, a standardised predefined grid, and a risk of bias and a quality assessment tool.

Participants

Post-experimental data were collected and analysed for a total of 420 participants. Participants comprised: older adults (n=307) aged ≥60 years, with no or some degree of age-related cognitive impairment, residing either in residential care facilities or at their home; care home staff (n=106); and informal caregivers (n=7).

Primary outcomes

Identification of enablers and barriers to the implementation of socially assistive humanoid robots in health and social care, and consequent insights and impact. Future developments to inform further research.

Results

Twelve studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. None of the selected studies had an experimental design; hence overall quality was low, with high risks of biases. Several studies had no comparator, no baseline, small samples, and self-reported measures only. Within this limited evidence base, the enablers found were enjoyment, usability, personalisation and familiarisation. Barriers were related to technical problems, to the robots’ limited capabilities and the negative preconceptions towards the use of robots in healthcare. Factors which produced mixed results were the robot’s human-like attributes, previous experience with technology and views of formal and informal carers.

Conclusions

The available evidence related to implementation factors of socially assistive humanoid robots for older adults is limited, mainly focusing on aspects at individual level, and exploring acceptance of this technology. Investigation of elements linked to the environment, organisation, societal and cultural milieu, policy and legal framework is necessary.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42018092866.
Production of prodigiosin pigment by Serratia marcescens is negatively associated with cellular ATP levels during high-rate, low-cell-density growth
Authors: Haddix Pryce L. , Shanks Robert M.Q.
Published: January 2020

Serratia marcescens is a facultatively anaerobic bacterium and the most recognized producer of the hydrophobic pigment prodigiosin. Previous work has shown that prodigiosin both increases ATP production during population lag phase and approximately doubles the stationary-phase cell yield. Here, we employed both batch and chemostat culture methods to investigate prodigiosin’s role during high rate growth at low cell density as peak cellular ATP levels decline. Batch culture experiments utilizing artificial pigment induction showed an ATP reduction during low cell density growth. In addition, pigment induction during fixed growth rate chemostat culture revealed a negative correlation between cellular levels of prodigiosin and ATP (r = −0.95). Variable growth rate chemostat experiments showed an inverse relationship between ATP per cell and prodigiosin per cell during low-density growth but a direct relationship during high-density growth. Rate modeling of chemostat data quantified the pigment’s effect on cellular levels of ATP for both population growth phases. Finally, prodigiosin production in a heterologous bacterium led to ATP decline. These data with intact cells complement the established in vitro proton import function of prodigiosin pigment and may indicate an energy-spilling function during high rate, low cell density growth.
Synthesis and characterization of CdS@ZnO nanoribbon@quantum dot and their enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activities
Authors: Gao Qiang-Ye , Xie Yong-Dong , Zhan Bai-Chun , Xu Xing-Zhen
Published: January 2020

CdS/ZnO nanoribbon/quantum dot was prepared using thermal decomposition method. Size and distribution of ZnO quantum dots on CdS nanobelt were controlled by concentrations of zinc acetate ethanol solution and thermal decomposition temperature. The structure and optical properties of CdS nanobelts and CdS/ZnO heterostructures are studied by XRD, TEM, PL and Raman scattering and UV–Vis absorption spectra. The photocatalytic performances of CdS nanobelts and CdS/ZnO heterostructures are tested by photocatalytic degradation of RhB aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. Compared with that (83.57%) of CdS nanobelts, the degradation rate (88.66%) of RhB using CdS/ZnO heterostructures as catalyst is significantly improved, which suggests better development prospect in photocatalytic technology and photoelectric device.
Chapter 11 Reworking of older (1.8 Ga) continental crust by Mesoproterozoic (1.5–1.4 Ga) orogeny, Blekinge–Bornholm orogen, southeastern Sweden
Authors: Wahlgren Carl-Henric , Stephens Michael B.
Published: January 2020

The Blekinge–Bornholm orogen in southeastern Sweden consists of calc-alkaline to alkali–calcic intrusive rocks, rhyolites and dacites (1.8 Ga) that were structurally reworked under amphibolite facies conditions, affected by migmatization at mid-crustal levels at
c.
1.44 Ga and intruded at
c.
1.47–1.43 Ga by ferroan alkali–calcic plutons. This Mesoproterozoic orogen is bordered westwards by the Sveconorwegian orogen and northwards, along the boundary with well-preserved 1.8 Ga magmatic rocks in the Svecokarelian orogen, by a stitching
c.
1.45 Ga pluton and steeply dipping ductile zones with a south-side-up, dip-slip shear component. A variably developed gneissic fabric (S
1
) dips gently to moderately northwards and is affected by asymmetrical F
2
folds with a southerly vergence. Ductile high-strain zones with top-to-the south shear sense are suggested to correspond at depth to anomalously reflective zones along seismic profile BABEL line A. Open folding of the gneissosity around gently, north-plunging fold axes (F
3
) completed the ductile deformational evolution. Uncertainty remains about the timing of the amphibolite facies ductile fabric and the D
2
folding, which is either late-stage Svecokarelian (
c.
1.77–1.75 Ga) or Hallandian (
c.
1.47–1.43 Ga). Non-collisional, accretionary orogenic systems are suggested to have operated during both time periods, radical reorganization of the subduction trend accompanying the Mesoproterozoic event.
Chapter 19 Regional context and tectonostratigraphic framework of the early–middle Paleozoic Caledonide orogen, northwestern Sweden
Authors: Gee David G. , Stephens Michael B.
Published: January 2020

The Scandian mountains in northwestern Sweden are dominated by the eastern part of the Scandinavian Caledonides, an orogen that terminated during the middle Paleozoic with Himalayan-style collision of the ancient continents of Baltica and Laurentia. In this foreland region, far-transported higher allochthons from an exotic continental margin (Rödingsfjället Nappe Complex) and underlying mostly oceanic-arc basin character (Köli Nappe Complex) were emplaced at least 700 km onto the Baltoscandian margin of Baltica. The thrust sheets below the Iapetus Ocean terranes were derived from the transition zone to Baltica (Seve Nappe Complex), comprising mainly siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks, hosting abundant metamorphosed
c.
600 Ma mafic intrusions. They preserve evidence of subduction (eclogites, garnet peridotites and microdiamonds in host paragneisses), starting in the late Cambrian; exhumation continued through the Ordovician. Underlying allochthons derived from the outer margin of Baltica are less-metamorphosed Neoproterozoic sandstone-dominated successions, also intruded by Ediacaran dolerite dykes (Särv Nappes); they are located tectonically above similar-aged metasandstone and basement slices, devoid of dykes (Offerdal and Tännäs Augen Gneiss nappes and equivalents). Lowermost allochthons (Jämtlandian Nappes and equivalents), from the inner Baltoscandian margin, provide evidence of Cryogenian rifting, Ediacaran–Cambrian drifting and platformal sedimentation, followed by foreland basin development in the Ordovician and Silurian.
Chapter 12 Dolerites (1.27–1.25 Ga) and alkaline ultrabasic dykes (
c.
1.14 Ga) related to intracratonic rifting
Authors: Ripa Magnus , Stephens Michael B.
Published: January 2020

Doleritic sills, lopoliths and dykes were emplaced into the Paleoproterozoic craton in central Sweden at 1271–1264, 1259–1256 and
c.
1247 Ma, a complex temporal zonation occurring in a WSW–ENE direction. The dolerites are subalkaline to alkaline and show predominantly gabbroic, with a trend towards monzogabbroic and quartz monzodioritic, compositions. Positive ɛ
Nd
and ɛ
Hf
values suggest a significant depleted mantle component in the source volume of the parental magmas. Dyke orientations indicate extension, at least locally, in a northwesterly direction, consistent with a magma flow direction determined using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility values. Intracratonic rifting linked to the break-up of the supercontinent Columbia, back-arc extension above a subduction boundary in a westwards-retreating mode or a mantle plume tail above a continental hotspot have all been proposed for the tectonic setting. Renewed intracratonic rifting at
c.
1.14 Ga in the coastal area in northeasternmost Sweden resulted in the emplacement of alkaline ultrabasic dykes, including carbonatites (beforsites), silico-carbonatites and lamprophyres, in a north–south direction along an older shear belt. The broader tectonic setting of this extensional event is not known.
Chapter 13 Siliciclastic sedimentation in a foreland basin to the Sveconorwegian orogen and dolerites (0.98–0.95 Ga) related to intracratonic rifting
Authors: Ripa Magnus , Stephens Michael B.
Published: January 2020

Sub-ophitic, equigranular or plagioclase-phyric dolerite dykes, referred to as the Blekinge–Dalarna dolerite (BDD) swarm, were emplaced during the time span 0.98–0.95 Ga and trend NNE–NNW in an arcuate fashion, parallel to and east of the Sveconorwegian orogen. Dolerite sills are locally present. These rocks are subalkaline to alkaline with a monzogabbroic or gabbroic composition and show a predominantly within-plate tectonic affinity. ɛ
Nd
and ɛ
Hf
values fall in the range −2 to +4 and +1 to +5, respectively. Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks (Almesåkra Group) in a small outlier in southern Sweden were deposited in an aeolian to fluviatile or lacustrine environment and an arid or semi-arid warm palaeoclimate, coevally with the dolerite sills. Smaller occurrences of sandstone with peperitic field relationships to the BDD dykes are known from other localities. The spatial distribution, orientation and age of the BDD magmatic suite suggest roughly east–west extension in the eastern, cratonic foreland to the Sveconorwegian orogen during the latest phase of this mountain-building event, the age data tentatively suggesting a younging to the east. The siliciclastic sedimentary rocks represent an erosional relict of a larger and spatially much more extensive early Tonian foreland basin to this orogen, as proposed earlier on the basis of fission-track thermochronology.
Chapter 20 Lower thrust sheets in the Caledonide orogen, Sweden: Cryogenian–Silurian sedimentary successions and underlying, imbricated, crystalline basement
Authors: Gee David G. , Stephens Michael B.
Published: January 2020

The Jämtlandian Nappes and their equivalents further north, belonging to the lower thrust sheets in the Caledonide orogen of Sweden, comprise a mega-duplex of Cryogenian–Silurian sedimentary rocks sandwiched between structurally higher allochthons and a basal décollement. Further west towards the hinterland, crystalline basement is increasingly involved in this thrusting, imbricate stacking occurring beneath the décollement in antiformal windows. The sedimentary successions were derived from the Cryogenian rifted margin of Baltica, the Ediacaran–Cambrian drifted margin, and Ordovician and Silurian foreland basins. During the Early–Late Ordovician (Floian–Sandbian), hinterland-derived turbidites were deposited in response to early Caledonian accretion of subducted complexes belonging to the outermost margin of Baltica, now preserved in the higher allochthons. Following a quiescent period during the Late Ordovician (Hirnantian) and early part of the Llandovery, collision of Laurentia and Baltica reactivated the foreland basins, with flysch and molasse deposition during the Llandovery–Wenlock. Collisional shortening during this Scandian orogenic episode continued into the Devonian. High- and ultrahigh-pressure (HP/UHP) metamorphism accompanied Baltica's underthrusting of Laurentia in the deep hinterland, and prominent basement-cored antiforms developed towards the foreland during the advance of the orogenic wedge over the foreland basin onto the Baltoscandian platform.