bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Numerical Criteria for the Nash Problem on Arcs for Surfaces
Authors: Morales Marcel
Published: July 2016

Let (X, O) be a germ of a normal surface singularity, π: → X be the minimal resolution of singularities and let A = (ai,j) be the n × n symmetrical intersection matrix of the exceptional set of In an old preprint Nash proves that the set of arcs on a surface singularity is a scheme , and defines a map from the set of irreducible components of to the set of exceptional components of the minimal resolution of singularities of (X,O). He proved that this map is injective and ask if it is surjective. In this paper we consider the canonical decomposition

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For any couple (Ei,Ej) of distinct exceptional components, we define Numerical Nash condition (NN(i,j)). We have that (NN(i,j)) implies In this paper we prove that (NN(i,j)) is always true for at least the half of couples (i,j).

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The condition (NN(i,j)) is true for all couples (i,j) with i ≠ j, characterizes a certain class of negative definite matrices, that we call Nash matrices. If A is a Nash matrix then the Nash map N is bijective. In particular our results depend only on A and not on the topological type of the exceptional set.

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We recover and improve considerably almost all results known on this topic and our proofs are new and elementary.

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We give infinitely many other classes of singularities where Nash Conjecture is true.

The proofs are based on my old work [8] and in Plenat [10].
On certain Rankin-Selberg Integrals on GE6
Authors: Ginzburg David , Hundley Joseph
Published: July 2016

In this paper we begin the study of two Rankin-Selberg integrals defined on the exceptional group of type GE6. We show that each factorizes and that the contribution from the unramified places is, in one case, the degree 54 Euler product LS(π × τ, E6 × GL2,s) and in the other case the degree 30 Euler product LS(π × τ, ∧2 × GL2,s).
The Filtered Poincaré Lemma in Higher Level (With Applications to Algebraic Groups)
Authors: Le Stum Bernard , Quirós Adolfo
Published: July 2016

We show that the Poincaré lemma we proved elsewhere in the context of crystalline cohomology of higher level behaves well with regard to the Hodge filtration. This allows us to prove the Poincaré lemma for transversal crystals of levelm. We interpret the de Rham complex in terms of what we call the Berthelot-Lieberman construction and show how the same construction can be used to study the conormal complex and invariant differential forms of higher level for a group scheme. Bringing together both instances of the construction, we show that crystalline extensions of transversal crystals by algebraic groups can be computed by reduction to the filtered de Rham complexes. Our theory does not ignore torsion and, unlike in the classical case (m= 0), not all invariant forms are closed. Therefore, close invariant differential forms of levelmprovide new invariants and we exhibit some examples as applications.
Analytic Log Picard Varieties
Authors: Kajiwara Takeshi , Kato Kazuya , Nakayama Chikara
Published: July 2016

We introduce a log Picard variety over the complex number field by the method of log geometry in the sense of Fontaine-Illusie, and study its basic properties, especially, its relationship with the group of log version ofm-torsors.
Isoparametric Hypersurfaces with four Principal Curvatures Revisited
Authors: Chi Quo-Shin
Published: July 2016

The classification of isoparametric hypersurfaces with four principal curvatures in spheres in [2] hinges on a crucial characterization, in terms of four sets of equations of the 2nd fundamental form tensors of a focal submanifold, of an isoparametric hypersurface of the type constructed by Ferus, Karcher and Münzner. The proof of the characterization in [2] is an extremely long calculation by exterior derivatives with remarkable cancellations, which is motivated by the idea that an isoparametric hypersurface is defined by an over-determined system of partial differential equations. Therefore, exterior differentiating sufficiently many times should gather us enough information for the conclusion. In spite of its elementary nature, the magnitude of the calculation and the surprisingly pleasant cancellations make it desirable to understand the underlying geometric principles.

In this paper, we give a conceptual, and considerably shorter, proof of the characterization based on Ozeki and Takeuchi’s expansion formula for the Cartan-Münzner polynomial. Along the way the geometric meaning of these four sets of equations also becomes clear.
On Doubly Transitive Groups of Degree n and Order 2(n − 1)n
Authors: Ito Noboru
Published: July 2016

Let 5 denote the icosahedral group and let be the normalizer of a Sylow 5-subgroup of 5. Then the index of in 5 equals six. Let us represent 5 as a permutation group A on the set of residue classes of with respect to 5 Then it is clear that A is doubly transitive of degree 6 and order 60 = 2·5·6. Since 5 is simple, A does not contain a regular normal subgroup.
Involutive Property of Resolutions of Differential Operators
Authors: Kuranishi Masatake
Published: July 2016

Let E and E′ be C∞ vector bundles over a C∞ manifold M. Denote by Γ(E) (resp. by Γ(E′) the vector space of C∞ cross-sections of E (resp. of E′) over M. Take a linear differential operator of the first order D: Γ(E) → Γ(E′) induced by a vector bundle mapping σ(D): jl(E) ′ E′, where Jk(E) denotes the vector bundle of k-jets of cross-sections of E.
On Block Idempotents of Modular Group Rings
Authors: Osima Masaru
Published: July 2016

We consider a group G of finite order g = pag′ where p is a prime number and (p, g′) = 1. Let Ω be the algebraic number field which contains the p-th roots of unity. Let K1, K2,…, Kn be the classes of conjugate elements in G and the first m(≦n) classes be p-regular. There exist n distinct (absolutely) irreducible characters x1, x2,…, xn of G.
Clifford Algebras and Families of Abelian Varieties
Authors: Satake I.
Published: July 2016

In the arithmetic theory of automorphic functions on a symmetric bounded domain=G/K, as developed recently by Shimura and Kuga [2], [2a], it is important to consider a family of (polarized) abelian varieties onobtained from a symplectic representationρ(defined over Q) ofG(viewed as an algebraic group defined over Q) satisfying a certain analyticity condition. Recently, I have determined completely such representations, reducing the problem to the case whereGis a Q-simple group and whereρis a Q-primary representation ([3], [4]). It has turned out that, besides the four standard solutions investigated already by Shimura, there exist two more non-standard solutions, one of which comes from a spin representation of the orthogonal group and thus gives a family of abelian varieties on a domain of type (IV). The purpose of this short note is to explain how one can construct most simply, starting from the “regular representation” of the corresponding Clifford algebra, examples of such families, including also the non-analytic case.
Splitting of Algebras by Function Fields of One Variable
Authors: Roquette Peter
Published: July 2016

LetKbe a field and(K) the Brauer group ofK. It consists of the similarity classes of finite central simple algebras overK. For any field extensionF/Kthere is a natural mapping(K) →(F) which is obtained by assigning to each central simple algebraA/Kthe tensor productwhich is a central simple algebra overF. The kernel of this map is the relative Brauer group(F/K), consisting of thoseA ∈(K) which are split byF.
On a Formalism Which Makes any Sequence of Symbols Well-Formed
Authors: Ōhama Shigeo
Published: July 2016

Any finite sequence of primitive symbols is not always well-formed in the usual formalisms. But in a certain formal system, we can normalize any sequence of symbols uniquely so that it becomes well-formed. An example of this kind has been introduced by Ono [2]. While we were drawing up a practical programming along Ono’s line, we attained another system, a modification of his system. The purpose of the present paper is to introduce this modified system and its application. In 1, we will describe a method of normalizing sentences in LO having only two logical constants, implication and universal quantifier, so that any finite sequence of symbols becomes well-formed. In 2, we will show an application of 1 to proof. I wish to express my appreciation to Prof. K. Ono for his significant suggestions and advices.
II-Principal Hereditary Orders
Authors: Williamson Susan
Published: July 2016

Let S denote the integral closure of a complete discrete rank one valuation ring R in a finite Galois extension of the quotient field of R, G the Galois group of the quotient field extension, and f an element of Z2(G,U(S)) where U(S) denotes the multiplicative group of units of S. A crossed product Δ(f, S, G) whose radical is generated as a left ideal by the prime element II of S is an hereditary order according to the Corollary to Thm. 2. 2 of [2], and we call such a crossed product a II-principal hereditary order. In previous papers the author has studied II-principal hereditary orders Δ(f, S, G) for tamely and wildly ramified extensions S of R (see [10] and [11]). The purpose of this paper is to study II-principal hereditary orders Δ(f, S, G) with no restriction on the extension S of R.
On Signed Branching Markov Processes with Age
Authors: Sirao Tunekiti
Published: July 2016

Many authors have considered branching Markov processes for the probabilistic treatment of semi-linear equations. Recently J.E. Moyal [11], [12] gave a formulation for a wide class of branching processes. A similar idea was used in A.V. Skorohod [18] and N. Ikeda-M. Nagasawa-S. Watanabe [4]-[7]. Applying their method, we shall consider in this paper the following problems (A) and (B).
Semi-Primary QF-3 Rings
Authors: Colby R. R. , Rutter Edgar A.
Published: July 2016

A ring R (with identity) is semi-primary if it contains a nilpotent ideal N with R/N semi-simple with minimum condition. R is called a left QF-3 ring if it contains a faithful projective injective left ideal. If R is semi-primary and left QF-3, then there is a faithful projective injective left ideal of R which is a direct summand of every faithful left R-module [5], in agreement with the definition of QF-3 algebra given by R.M. Thrall [6]. Let Q(M) denote the injective envelope of a (left) R-module M. We call R left QF-3+ if Q(R) is projective. J.P. Jans showed that among rings with minimum condition on left ideals, the classes of QF-3 and QF-3+ rings coincide [5].
A Remark on the Continuity of the Dual Process
Authors: Kanda Mamoru
Published: July 2016

Let S be a locally compact (not compact) Hausdorff space satisfying the second axiom of countability and let ℬ be the σ field of all Borel subsets of S and let A be the σ-field of all the subsets of S which, for each finite measure μ defined on (S, A), are in the completed σ field of ℬ relative to μ. We denote by C0 the Banach space of continuous functions vanishing at infinity with the uniform norm and Bk the space of bounded A-measurable functions with compact support in S.
Lusztig’sa-Function in TypeBnin the Asymptotic Case
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Iancu Lacrimioara
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we study Lusztig’s a-function for a Coxeter group with unequal parameters. We determine that function explicitly in the “asymptotic case” in typeBn, where the left cells have been determined in terms of a generalized Robinson-Schensted correspondence by Bonnafé and the second author. As a consequence, we can show that all of Lusztig’s conjectural properties (P1)–(P15) hold in this case, except possibly (P9), (P10) and (P15). Our methods rely on the “leading matrix coefficients” introduced by the first author. We also interprete the ideal structure defined by the two-sided cells in the associated Iwahori-Hecke algebraHnin terms of the Dipper-James-Murphy basis ofHn.
Normal families of meromorphic mappings of several complex variables for moving hypersurfaces in a complex projective space
Authors: Dethloff Gerd , Thai Do Duc , Thu Trang Pham Nguyen
Published: July 2016

The main aim of this article is to give sufficient conditions for a family of meromorphic mappings of a domainDin ℂninto ℙN(ℂ) to be meromorphically normal if they satisfy only some very weak conditions with respect to moving hypersurfaces in ℙN(ℂ), namely, that their intersections with these moving hypersurfaces, which moreover may depend on the meromorphic maps, are in some sense uniform. Our results generalize and complete previous results in this area, especially the works of Fujimoto, Tu, Tu-Li, Mai-Thai-Trang, and the recent work of Quang-Tan.
Bertini theorem for normality on local rings in mixed characteristic (applications to characteristic ideals)
Authors: Ochiai Tadashi , Shimomoto Kazuma
Published: July 2016

In this article, we prove a strong version of the local Bertini theorem for normality on local rings in mixed characteristic. The main result asserts that a generic hyperplane section of a normal, Cohen–Macaulay, and complete local domain of dimension at least 3 is normal. Applications include the study of characteristic ideals attached to torsion modules over normal domains, which is fundamental in the study of Euler system theory, Iwasawa's main conjectures, and the deformation theory of Galois representations.
p-adic Eisenstein-Kronecker series for CM elliptic curves and the Kronecker limit formulas
Authors: Bannai Kenichi , Furusho Hidekazu , Kobayashi Shinichi
Published: July 2016

Consider an elliptic curve defined over an imaginary quadratic fieldKwith good reduction at the primes abovep≥ 5 and with complex multiplication by the full ring of integersof K. In this paper, we constructp-adic analogues of the Eisenstein-Kronecker series for such an elliptic curve as Coleman functions on the elliptic curve. We then provep-adic analogues of the first and second Kronecker limit formulas by using the distribution relation of the Kronecker theta function.
Orthographic knowledge and lexical form influence vocabulary learning
Authors: BARTOLOTTI JAMES , MARIAN VIORICA
Published: July 2016

Many adults struggle with second language acquisition but learn new native-language words relatively easily. We investigated the role of sublexical native-language patterns on novel word acquisition. Twenty English monolinguals learned 48 novel written words in five repeated testing blocks. Half were orthographically wordlike (e.g., nish, high neighborhood density and high segment/bigram frequency), while half were not (e.g., gofp, low neighborhood density and low segment/bigram frequency). Participants were faster and more accurate at recognizing and producing wordlike items, indicating a native-language similarity benefit. Individual differences in memory and vocabulary size influenced learning, and error analyses indicated that participants extracted probabilistic information from the novel vocabulary. Results suggest that language learners benefit from both native-language overlap and regularities within the novel language.
Semantic ambiguity norms for 530 Spanish words
Authors: HARO JUAN , FERRÉ PILAR , BOADA ROGER , DEMESTRE JOSEP
Published: July 2016

This study presents semantic ambiguity norms for 530 Spanish words. Two subjective measures of semantic ambiguity and two subjective measures of relatedness of ambiguous word meanings were collected. In addition, two objective measures of semantic ambiguity were included. Furthermore, subjective ratings were obtained for some relevant lexicosemantic variables, such as concreteness, familiarity, emotional valence, arousal, and age of acquisition. In sum, the database overcomes some of the limitations of the published databases of Spanish ambiguous words; in particular, the scarcity of measures of ambiguity, the lack of relatedness of ambiguous word meanings measures, and the absence of a set of unambiguous words. Thus, it will be very helpful for researchers interested in exploring semantic ambiguity as well as for those using semantic ambiguous words to study language processing in clinical populations.
Hormones of reproduction in farm animals
Authors: Heap R.B. , Jenkin G.
Published: July 2016

Profiles of the blood concentration of the hormones of reproduction during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy have now been described in all farm animals. Advances in this field have been facilitated by the advent of highly sensitive radioimmunoassays of steroid and protein hormones in biological fluids (see Jaffe and Behrman, 1974). This paper summarizes the hormone changes that are normally associated with ovulation, the establishment and maintenance of gestation, and the onset of parturition. Emphasis will be given to progesterone and oestrogen in view of their important role in gestation and because we shall consider later the possible diagnostic or predictive value of their concentrations in the assessment of reproductive performance.
Observations under field conditions – the suckler cow
Authors: Miller T.B. , Chigaru P. , Downie J.G. , Galbraith H. , Macdonald D.C. , Topps J.H.
Published: July 2016

The relatively low economic return from enterprises involving suckler cows has required the provision of government subsidies and the exploitation of the physiological capability of beef cows to withstand periods of undernutrition when feed costs are high, and to replenish the loss of body tissues during the grazing season (Ball, Broadbent and Dodsworth, 197l). Progeny from young adult female cattle (heifers) in dairy herds provide a useful and readily available source of suckler cows such as the Hereford x Friesian which has the desirable beef characteristics and the capacity to produce milk during periods of underfeeding.
Milk or meat
Authors: Bines J.A. , Hart I.C.
Published: July 2016

During lactation, the cow partitions dietary energy between the production of milk and of body tissues. The balance between the two determines whether the cow is primarily a meat producer or a milk producer and the importance of this balance has been emphasized by Broster (1974). Differences between animals in partitioning ability are known to be inherited and are thought to be under endocrine control, but their effects on blood hormone and metabolite levels have not previously been studied. Knowledge and understanding of such differences may permit the early identification of the potentially high-yielding animal for selection purposes and may make possible the manipulation of energy partition towards a desired end.
The effect of dietary energy level on body condition and some blood compounds in the dairy cow
Authors: Parker B.N.J. , Lewis Gwyneth
Published: July 2016

The main objective when considering dietary energy levels in the dairy cow is to achieve optimum economical milk production, not necessarily energy balance, at all stages of lactation. Some cows may attain energy balance by reducing milk yield.

In the early part of lactation, while appetite is increasing, a negative energy balance is acceptable, particularly in the high-yielding cow, at the expense of body reserves. During this time and up to peak yield, maximum use must be made of the cow's feeding capacity in order to attain its full milking potential. This is important, since the peak yield considerably influences the rest of the lactation, as concluded by Broster (1972).

Failure to achieve a sufficient energy intake in early lactation may be reflected in excessive weight loss as well as in reduced milk production, whereas in the post-peak period, too rapid body-weight gain may be associated with over-generous feeding.
Dietary protein levels and blood composition of dairy cattle
Authors: Treacher R.J.
Published: July 2016

The protein requirements of farm animals cannot be considered in isolation from their energy requirements and studies on changes in blood composition due to changes in protein intake must be made with defined and preferably constant energy intake. Two experiments have been carried out in which groups of permanently housed cattle have been fed individually different levels of dietary protein while all were receiving the energy intakes recommended by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC, 1965).

In the first experiment the basic diet consisted of 6.8 kg hay and 1.8 kg concentrates of either 15.1 per cent digestible crude protein (DCP, high protein) or 6.8 per cent DCP (low protein), fed at 0.4 kg/kg milk produced. The peak milk yield was 13.5 kg/day and at peak yield, the daily metabolizable energy (ME) intake was 130 MJ in both groups. This experiment has been fully reported by Manston, Russel, Dew and Payne (1975).
A Management and Health Control System
Authors: Burema H.J.
Published: July 2016

Because of the continuing increase in the number of cows in dairy herds, it is increasingly difficult for the herd manager to observe and control individual cows in his herd. Systems which can automatically watch over production and health in large dairy herds are required. Production control is a long-term process and for this purpose production data have to be collected in a suitable form. Health control can be realized by a system measuring and reporting deviations from the normal health status of each cow, so that preventative measures can be taken. Such a system would inevitably make use of those physiological variables which can be measured and recorded quickly and automatically at each milking.
Udder Washing and Teat Disinfection
Authors: Kingwill R.G.
Published: July 2016

In the mechanization of milking least progress has been made in tasks involving direct contact with cows' teats and udders, namely fore-milk examination, udder and teat cleaning, application of teat cups and teat disinfection after milking. It is not surprising that this is so, since cows' udders and teats vary widely in size and shape and cows often object to mechanical interference with these organs. The tasks listed constitute the major manual labour of milking and thus limit milking performance. Applying the teat cups is inescapable but the other tasks are frequently omitted by milkers to reduce labour.
Cleaning Milking Machines, Bulk Tanks, Yards and Milking Parlours
Authors: Sinclair G.
Published: July 2016

Throughout the first 70 years of developments in machine milking systems (1889–1959) very little attempt was made towards either the mechanization or automation of cleaning. Aspects of mechanical efficiency were given much greater attention and, as long as the labour demands of cleaning the machine and the milking premises were acceptable in terms of cost and effort, no action was considered necessary. It is, therefore, not surprising that although four distinct phases of development in machine milking systems emerged over these years, cleaning of both the premises and equipment remained essentially a manual operation (Table 1).
Unloading Forages from Store
Authors: Redman P.L.
Published: July 2016

Engineers attempt to meet the requirements specified by biologists when designing machines. With mechanized feeding systems the engineer interacts with the biologist in two main areas:-

a) In attempting to minimize forage losses and in maintaining quality during storage.

b) By exercising control over the physical form, quantity and mixture of forages presented to the animal.
Fixed Equipment for Dispensing Forages
Authors: Turner M.J.B.
Published: July 2016

It is not possible in this short paper to cover in detail the large variety of fixed equipment available for rationing and dispensing forages to animals. Several reviews of this subject have been published in recent years (Nilsson, 1970; Nilsson, Lingvall and Wiktorsson 1977; Payne, 1971; Anon, 1973 and 1974; Turner and Filby, 1973 and 1974; Turner, 1975 (a)) which describe adequately most of the equipment available today. This paper concentrates on silage feeding and includes installation guidelines for improving reliability and performance.
Mechanization of Livestock Production in the United States
Authors: Puckett H.B.
Published: July 2016

Domesticated livestock have always been an important part of agricultural production. They have been utilized as scavengers to consume the production which could not otherwise be marketed at a better return. Livestock systems were typically very small holdings and were cared for in the odd time that the farmer would have from tending crops. This has been referred to as chores. The chores were done in the morning before field work and in the evening after return from the field. There was slow change in this system or in the pattern of production until after World War II. Since that time because of the shifts in population and the desire for better living conditions that could be afforded in urban areas livestock production has been systemized. Dairy production was one of the first livestock operations to be mechanized. Perhaps this is due to the milking operation being one of the most odious chores which had to be performed in livestock production. The milking machine was a very welcome addition to the farm industry.
2.1 Methods of alleviating the deleterious effects of tropical climates on animal production
Authors: Richards J. I.
Published: July 2016

As a consequence of the rapidly expanding population and the general recognition of the need for more efficient food production in the less developed countries, there is currently much interest in the establishment of intensive animal production units therein. However, traditional animal production enterprises in these countries, particularly in those with hot humid climates, are noted for their low productivity and poor reproductive rates. Consequently, only a few of the intensive units established in these locations have been successful. The most common factors associated with this failure are, inexperience in ‘farming’ animals, mismanagement, inappropriate animal types, inadequate housing and planning and ignorance of the deleterious effects of tropical environments on animals and production systems and on means of alleviating them.
3.2 The use of cultivated pastures for intensive animal production in developing countries
Authors: Lane I. R.
Published: July 2016

At present, only a small proportion of livestock in developing countries are kept on cultivated pastures (Williamson and Payne, 1978).

This paper is therefore more concerned with the intensification of the pasture production and the levels of animal production which may be achieved. In general, the pastures which may be cultivated in an area and the ways open for their utilization are related to the ecology of that area (Bogdan, 1977; Skerman, 1977). The factors which determine the natural vegetation to be found on a site, and the distribution of the major plant communities in developing countries, will therefore be reviewed first. Then, certain ecological zones which show promise for the intensification of pastures will be selected and, for each, some of the possible lines of development will be discussed.
4.1 Merits and demerits of importing exotic cattle compared with the improvement of local breeds: cattle in africa south of the sahara
Authors: Trail J. C. M.
Published: July 2016

The limited genetic potential of indigenous cattle has often been quoted as a major constraint to beef and milk production in Africa south of the Sahara. Thus, considerable efforts have been and are being made to increase output through breeding programmes in many countries of the continent. These efforts include both the introduction of cattle from America, Asia and Europe for use in upgrading and crossbreeding schemes and maintenance as purebreds and the operation of selection programmes within indigenous cattle populations.
4.2 The use of artificial insemination and controlled breeding techniques in livestock improvement
Authors: Swanney J. M.
Published: July 2016

After many years of advocating the benefits that arise from the use of genetically superior or proven bulls, the principle has now found almost universal acceptance in the U.K. A study of the reports of Milk Recording Services shows the widening gap between the breeder using proven bulls and the one who does not and confirms theory with results in practice. It is perhaps easy to forget that this acceptance of the proven bull does not apply in many other countries. Finding and identifying the genetical superior sire is, however, a long and costly operation, particularly with the dairy breeds. Even with modern sophisticated methods of predicting breeding ability, it is unlikely that more than one sire in four tested will be returned to the stud for widespread use (M. M. B. Breeding and Production, 1977/78).
5.4 Swine production systems in Central America: limiting factors, prospects and research requirements
Authors: Quijandria B.
Published: July 2016

The relative importance of agriculture in the Central American region (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama) is beyond question. With close to 65% of its economically active population devoted to agriculture, with 95% of its exports based on agricultural products and with 30% of the Gross National Product (GNP) originated by agriculture, this area is particularly dependent on this activity for its development (SIECA and GAFICA, 1975).
6.9 The use of green bananas and tropical crop residues for intensive beef production
Authors: Ruiz M. E.
Published: July 2016

In tropical regions of Latin America, two general types of ecosystems, as applied to agriculture, may be identified: one is the dry/humid tropical zone, where a period of drought is followed by a period of heavy rain occurring, for example, on the Pacific Ocean Slope of Central America. The other ecosystem is the humid tropical zone, as found on the Atlantic Slope of Central America, where rain occurs every month, although not following an even distribution pattern.
7.3 Intensive mutton and wool production in the tropics
Authors: Burns Marca
Published: July 2016

As with other species, traditional methods of sheep husbandry in the tropics are almost all extensive, usually involving shepherding on unfenced pastures in bush or even desert grazings. However, in both Nigeria and Ghana, it is not uncommon for small family flocks of sheep, or sheep and goats, to be confined to the compound behind the house. A room with a door opening on to the compound (either a part of the house or in another corner) is set aside to provide shelter from rain. The flock is fed partly on kitchen waste, such as plantain and cassava peelings, and partly on cut grass or the leaves of trees, the latter particularly in the dry season.
8.2 Training technicians to operate intensive animal production schemes in developing countries
Authors: Blackburn J. T.
Published: July 2016

The speed at which the human population is increasing and the low levels of human nutrition in certain developing countries are both well documented. Similarly, the distribution and availability of animal protein in the diet of human beings is adequately recorded.
Consumer attitudes and demand for meat
Authors: Baron Peter J.
Published: July 2016

The present state of the food market emphasizes the need to reappraise the analysis of the market for meat. Consumer demand for meat is analyzed in terms of a complex mixture of acceptable levels of leanness, tenderness and flavour and of price and income influences. This analysis is a confusing mixture of incomplete economists' and marketeers' models.

As with many disciplines, it is in agriculture and food that we see their first application. Economics is a good example of this. The now conventional models of demand have found wide application and provide a sound foundation for an analysis of the general level and trends in the meat market. Thus, the MLC is able to regularly produce an analysis and forecast for the level of demand for beef, lamb, pigmeat and poultry as commodities and by major subdivision of those commodities (MLC, 1981). This paper does not seek to repeat those results other than to note their revelation of a substantially stable overall consumption level, with steady gains by poultrymeat at the expense of carcass meats, particularly lamb.
Lamb marketing — targets into practice
Authors: Griffiths Margaret S.
Published: July 2016

Trawsgoed lamb selection is based on handling along the spinous processes of the back bone and over the tips of the transverse processes in the lumbar region. The shoulder area is also considered. Regular handling of each group of lambs is essential. All ewes within the flock contribute to carcass sales. Approximately 500 half-bred and Mule ewes are crossed with Suffolk rams, 300 improved Welsh with Border Leicesters and a small flock of Beulahs with Bluefaced Leicesters.
Fat ewes—matching production to the market
Authors: Darroch A. , Volans K.
Published: July 2016

This paper considers the importance of fat ewes to sheep producers, the outlets available and the factors which affect price. Ways in which producers can improve their returns from fat ewes, by matching production to the market, are also discussed.

Considerable attention has recently been given to developing the market for finished lambs. The total output, including that from fat ewes, must be considered for the full potential of the sheep enterprise to be realized.

It is estimated that 1.47 M ewes (and rams) will be slaughtered in the UK in 1983, producing 40 000 t of mutton, as shown in Table 5.10.1. This represents a significant output from the sheep enterprise, amounting to between 10 and 25% of sheep producers’ income — depending on type of enterprise.
The changing demands on producers: from quantity to quality
Authors: Gill A. B. N.
Published: July 2016

Producer marketing of extensive livestock is undergoing rapid change as the political economy adjusts to new global orders and social and commercial pressures condition the nature of the market. British producers are responding to the challenges and opportunities of the market place through a business and marketing approach which embraces farm assurance, collaborative marketing, partnership in the food chain and professional business management. The National Farmers' Union is at the centre of developments in these important areas. This strategy provides the best basis for the maintenance of a viable rural economy.
New opportunities in materials handling
Authors: Baker G. E.
Published: July 2016

Material inputs into pig production systems are considered as animals, food, water and bedding material. Consequential outputs are considered as animals and manure. The influence on these inputs and outputs of building design, of the design of equipment for handling, transporting and feeding animals and for the disposal of manure is discussed.
Grazing management and supplementation for the lowland sheep flock
Authors: Treacher T. T.
Published: July 2016

Stocking rate is the major determinant of differences in profitability of recorded sheep flocks. Detailed guidelines, based on sward height profiles, for the management of continuously grazed sheep pastures were published in the mid 1980s. The key recommendation of these guidelines was maintenance of a sward height of about 6 cm from April to mid June. It arose from experimentation showing that, at this height, herbage intake by lactating ewes is nearly maximal, the level of herbage utilization was satisfactory and a good sward structure was achieved.

The paper reviews recent studies, which suggest modifications to the original management recommendations. Although concentrate supplementation of ewes in the spring, until the sward reached 4 cm, was recommended in the guidelines, there is little evidence of a response in lamb weight at weaning to supplementation unless swards are below 3 cm, which rarely occurs for long in lowland conditions. Decision rules for adjustment of the grazing area to achieve the height guidelines still present some problems, particularly in Scotland, where the growing season is short. An increase in sward height from 6 to 8 cm may be necessary from mid June to maintain high growth rates in lambs and prevent very low growth rates in weaned lambs. Rapid declines in sward height prior to mating may result in intakes below maintenance, which reduce lambing percentage, although this can be prevented by supplementation.

Mixed swards of white clover and grass with zero or low N fertilizer input give outputs of lamb production per ha that are 75 to 100% of the output from swards receiving high N fertilizer inputs. Guidelines for management of mixed swards are essentially the same as for pure grass swards.
Nutrition over the winter period — the breeding female
Authors: Robinson J. J.
Published: July 2016

Due to the wide variation in both the productivity of sheep systems and the quality of the food resources that they utilize, the formulation of successful feeding strategies for individual flocks during pregnancy and lactation is best achieved from a knowledge of how these physiological states affect food digestion and nutrient utilization. This paper reviews recent data on the principles of food digestion and nutrient utilization in the breeding ewe and translates them into practical feeding regimens that take account of forage quality, the amount and quality of the concentrate supplement and the contribution that body and dietary lipids can make to production.
Sheep health: research developments and emerging problems
Authors: Aitken I. D.
Published: July 2016

Relative to other livestock sectors sheep production has a high wastage through mortality, suboptimal husbandry practices and premature culling. A significant but unquantified component of this loss is attributable to infectious and parasitic disease. Some common infectious diseases (e.g. those caused byClostridia) are amenable to effective control but regular sporadic outbreaks indicate that, from time to time, control measures fail or are improperly applied. Other diseases, notably those causing abortion, continue to present problems, particularly chlamydial abortion and toxoplasmosis. Inability to diagnose infection before the onset of clinical signs hinders the control of scrapie and pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte) and the only vaccine against orf is of limited efficacy.

However, the new information being generated by application of molecular biological techniques in some of these problem areas carries promise of improved control. Good examples are provided by research which has led to a blood test for discriminating between sheep that are genetically susceptible or resistant to scrapie and by studies onChlamydia psittaciwhich have identified essential protective antigens and which thereby improve prospects for significant vaccine enhancement.

The world-wide importance of gastrointestinal parasitism and the emergence of anthelmintic resistance have spurred efforts, internationally, to develop an alternative biological control system. Evidence that protective vaccination may be feasible is accruing but the time scale to a real product may be long.

Factors to be considered in assessing future disease trends include the impact of a ‘frontier-free’ Europe, changes in husbandry practices, introduction of new livestock species, altered land use and climatic change resulting from global warming. Some predictions are made.
Conference summary
Authors: Prescott J. H. D.
Published: July 2016

This summary attempts to highlight some of the major issues that have emerged at this conference. The organizers are to be congratulated on a well balanced programme, in which informative and authoritative papers have stimulated a lively discussion. I wish to present my personal impression formed at the conference and in the course of discussions.
On psychodynamics of personal value-judgements – Nietzsche's theory of resentment and its reception by Karl Jaspers and Kurt Schneider
Authors: Bormuth Matthias
Published: July 2016

A hundred years ago when Karl Jaspers was introducing psychological understanding to psychiatry the founder of the school of Heidelberg spoke of Friedrich Nietzsche as one of the “greatest” psychologists. Especially his theory of resentment with its core thesis unconscious prejudices were influencing our behaviour was able to illuminate the complex structure of human will. Taking into account this horizon of psychiatric history of ideas the presentation wants to persecute the following three questions: 1) Why the postulate which Nietzsche was giving on cultural prejudices of our thoughts, feelings and acts was so provocative so that many of the classical thinkers of psychological understanding were taking it up according to the needs of their disciplines sociology, psychology, psychiatry and philosophy? 2) What were the results of this inspiring theory which could be especially seen in the works of Karl Jaspers and Kurt Schneider? In other words: What were the aspects in which they agreed in their reception of Nietzsche and what were the points in which the two psychiatrists of the school of Heidelberg differed in the way they took the theory of resentment into account for their psychological understanding? 3) What could be the actual significance of the historical fact that Nietzsche and in his footsteps Max Weber were taking deep influence on psychiatric thinking around 1900?
Special gender issues in psychiatry
Authors: Kurzthaler Ilsemarie , Sperner-Unterweger Barbara
Published: July 2016

Significant gender differences exist in the course, manifestation and treatment of mental illness. Regardless of specific diagnosis age is one of the key factors in gender differences. Such differences between the sexes exist not only concerning origin and perpetuation of specific psychiatric diseases, they are also available and notable in specific fields of pharmacological and psychotherapeutically treatment. That review should sensitize clinicians for their responsibility to provide individualized, optimally effective, gender-specific care to patients suffering from mental diseases in some special topics. It should be a short overview considering some important gender details illustrated in concern with the epidemiological background, the symptoms and general used psychiatric treatment strategies of some frequent psychiatric diagnoses.
Biological aspects of panic disorder
Authors: Timmerman L.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this article is to give a comprehensive review of biological theories about the development of panic disorder.

Noradrenergic, serotonergic and GABA-ergic models of panic disorder are discussed, together with the role of peptides and neuroanatomical hypotheses.

The conclusion is that there is no unitary biological explanation of panic disorder.

An intergrative bio-psycho-social model seems for the moment the most usefull.
Molecular Biology and Neuropsychiatry
Authors: de Jong A. , Kroon K.A. , Loonen A.J.M.
Published: July 2016

An overview is given of some developments in the field of the molecular biological sciences with their impact on neuropsychiatry and psychopharmacology. Interference with the functioning of the cell will give some clues for the development of new psychotropic drugs. The genesis of disorders will be elucidated. This can lead to new methods of therapy. Moreover, the possibility to affect gene expression may offer opportunities for the development of new drugs. The existence and functioning of priones is explained. Interfering with neuroplastic principles may become an important method for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
The role of tryptophan in hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Aaldijk C. , Broek W.W. Van Den , Mast R.C. Van Der
Published: July 2016

In this review the most important hypotheses for the occurrence of the clinical picture of hepatic encephalopathy are discussed. As possible pathogenetic mechanisms are raised: dysfunction of the serotonergic system due to an increased tryptophan uptake in the brain, an elevated intracerebral ammoniac concentration and glutamine synthesis, and a heightened intracerebral GABA-activity.

The dysregulation of the serotonergic system as a consequence of the increased intracerebral tryptophan uptake is described as one of the most important pathogenetic mechanisms. The elevated intracerebral ammoniac concentration and the elevated intracerebral glutamine synthesis play in this a facilitating role. The similarity in symptomatology of the clinical picture of HE and the serotonergic syndrome support this hypothesis. Due to contradictory research findings the role of the GABA-ergic system and the occurrence of HE remains unclear.
Night terrors
Authors: Sweden B. Van , Bollen J. , Leroy B. , Mesotten F.
Published: July 2016

The parasomnias are important yet badly recognised dysfunctions in clinical psychiatry. The clinical presentation and consequences in adults differ considerably from the often benign dysfunction in childhood. We present a case of incubus in a patient suffering from recurrent unipolar affective psychosis (type mania). The polysomnographic features are discussed and the differentiation from other paroxysmal amnestic conditions is emphasized. Pathophysiology encompasses a Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) arousal disorder probably related to a serotoninergic dysfunction. The relationship withpsychopa-thology is discussed.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and psychopathology: a review
Authors: Dirkx J. , Reijnierse J.
Published: July 2016

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a large variety of clinical signs. Delirium, affective disorders, psychoses, anxiety disorders, personality changes or combinations oftheforementioned are the mental disorders frequently encountered with SLE. There are only few indications for an obvious pathogenic mechanism responsible for the mental disorders occurring with SLE. It seems that the psychopathology in SLE largely is reactive in its nature and as such related to the presence of a serious disease. Psychotic features are possibly an exception because they may be related to pathological changes in the brain of the SLE patient. The administration of corticosteroids is not responsible for the psychiatric syndromes observed in SLE.
Self-injurious behavior and mental retardation; a multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Verhoeven W.M.A. , Dosen A. , Tuinier S. , Sijben A.E.S.
Published: July 2016

Research on the phenomenon of self-injurious behaviour (SIB) has been very limited despite the relative high prevalence of this type of disorder. The relative lack of knowledge of psychopathology in this field and the methodological problems in performing research projects may have contributed to the limitations in the interest for this area. Recently, research into biological aspects of the etiopathogenesis of SIB has yielded results that might open new vistas for a rational and effective pharmacotherapeutical approach. In this concise review the psychiatric, neurological, biological, pharmacological and methodological aspects of SIB in mental retardation will be mentioned.
Interrater reliability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Authors: Hoencamp E. , Betten I. , Haffmans P.M.J.
Published: July 2016

Interrater reliability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression

Interrater reliability of the Dutch version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD 17 items) was investigated. Although sufficient, a kappa of .65, found for all raters, was not very high. Specifically item 2 (feelings of guilt) and item 11 (psychic anxiety) seemed difficult to judge. The most experienced raters achieved the highest kappas as well on the total score of the HRSD.

It is concluded that this version of the HRSD, if administered by experienced raters, is a reasonably reliable instrument to obtain a certain ‘cut-off score (for instance in-exclusion criterium) as well as to measure the change in severity of the depression during treatment.