bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing An E-Teacher Application as A Method of Digitizing Learning in SMKN 1 Ampek Angkek
Authors: Novita Rina , Lestari Vania Rizkya
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

An electronic teacher is an alternative form that teachers and students can use to conduct online learning. The focus of this research is to build a valid, practical, and effective research product in the form of an e-teacher application that can be used to digitize learning in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in SMKN 1 Ampek Angkek. This research uses research and development (RnD) methods. System development in this research refers to the waterfall model with five stages: requirements definition, system and software design, implementation and unit testing, integration and system testing, operation and maintenance. Furthermore, the product is tested with three types of product testing: validity, practicability, and effectiveness. The research results from the design of an e-teacher application to assist teachers and students in the learning process in the form of a website where teachers can add learning materials, learning tools, and exam questions. Students can also use the internet to access learning materials and take tests. The results of the validity test on 5 experts were 0.79, which was declared valid; the practicality test on 4 practitioners was 93, which was declared very practical; and the effectiveness test on 8 students was 0.79, which was declared effective. Based on the product test results, it is possible to conclude that the product of this research is worth to use in the learning process by teachers and students.

Tujuan perancangan aplikasi e-guru ini adalah untuk membantu guru dan siswa dalam melakukan proses pembelajaran apabila tidak bertatap muka langsuang agar pembelajaran dapat berjalan sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian dan pengembangan (Reseacrh and Development) versi ADDIE (Analyze-Design-Develop- Impelentation-Evaluation). Model pengembangan sistem yang digunakan adalah model pengembangan sistem Waterfall dengan lima tahap, yaitu Definisi persyaratan, Perancangan sistem dan perangkat lunak, Implentasi dan pengujian unit, Integrasi dan pengujian sistem, Operasi dan pemeliharaan. Uji produk yang digunakan adalah Uji Validitas, Uji Praktikalitas, dan Uji Efektifitas. Hasil penelitian dari perancangan aplikasi e-guru untuk membantu guru dan siswa dalam melakukan proses pembelajaran yang berupa website yang mana guru dapat menambahkan materi pembelajaran, perangkat pembelajaran dan soal-soal pembelajaran. Sedangkan siswa dapat mengakses materi pembelajaran dan mengerjakan soal-soal secara online. Sedangkan, uji validitas yang terdiri dari 5 orang ahli diperoleh nilai0,79 dinyatakan valid (berdasarkan perhitungan validitas dengan formula aiken’s), uji praktikalitas yang terdiri dari 4 orang praktisi di peroleh nilai 93 yang dinyatakan sangat praktis dan untuk uji efektifitas yang terdiri dari 8 orang siswa di peroleh nilai 0,79 yang dinyatakan efektif.
Hubungan Disposisi Matematis dengan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah pada Mata Pelajaran Matematika
Authors: Rezita Riva , Rahmat Tasnim
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not there is a significant relationship between mathematical disposition and problem-solving abilities in mathematics in class XI science students at SMAN 2 Bukittinggi in 2020/2021. This type of research is correlational research. The population in this study were all students of class XI IPA SMAN 2 Bukittinggi as many as 4 classes totaling 140 students. The sample in this study were 21 students who were taken randomly. The instrument used is a mathematical disposition questionnaire and a problem-solving ability test on mathematics subjects filled out by the respondents. From the results of data analysis obtained F_count > F_table which is 17.37 > 3.57 so that the data of mathematical disposition towards solving mathematical problems has a linear pattern. The strength of the relationship is shown by the correlation coefficient rcount = 0.691. This means that there is a strong and significant positive relationship between mathematical disposition and problem-solving abilities in mathematics in class XI science students at SMAN 2 Bukittinggi in 2020/2021.

Tujuan dilaksanakannnya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya hubungan yang signifikan antara disposisi matematis dengan kemampuan pemecahan masalah pada mata pelajaran matematika pada siswa kelas XI IPA di SMAN 2 Bukittinggi tahun 2020/2021. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian korelasional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI IPA SMAN 2 Bukittinggi sebanyak 4 kelas yang berjumlah 140 orang siswa. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 21 orang siswa yang diambil secara acak. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah angket disposisi matematis dan soal tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah terhadap mata pelajaran matematika yang diisi oleh responden. Dari hasil analisis data diperoleh    yaitu  >  sehingga data disposisi matematis terhadap pemecahan masalah matematika berpola linier.  Kekuatan hubungan ditunjukkan oleh koefisien korelasi rhitung = 0,691 ini berarti ada hubungan positif yang kuat dan  signifikan antara disposisi matematis dengan kemampuan pemecahan masalah terhadap mata pelajaran matematika pada siswa kelas XI IPA di SMAN 2 Bukittinggi tahun 2020/2021.
Predictive Value of Tissue-induced Oxidative Stress on Urogynecology Synthetic Graft Reinforcement: An Experimental Animal Study
Authors: Milan Potic , Ivan Ignjatovic , Bojan Vuckovic
Published: August 2022

Background: The success of urogynecology synthetic grafts depends on adequate tissue reinforcement. This experimental animal study aimed to determine the abdominal wall reinforcement achieved by different urogynecology synthetic grafts, including the influence of inflammatory cells, collagen deposits, and tissue-induced oxidative stress. Methods: Electron microscopic analysis of six different grafts, all with Polypropylene as their major component, was performed to determine the primary mesh characteristics. Full-thickness abdominal wall defects were repaired using monofilament, multifilament, and coated grafts in male Wistar rats. After six weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the inflammatory response, collagen deposition, and oxidative stress levels were quantified. Using the digital acquisition system (Hottinger Baldwin Messetechnik (HBM) “Catman Easy”, Darmstadt, Germany), mechanical testing of the native grafts and of the reinforced abdominal wall was conducted and measured in a controlled environment. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the predictive value of inflammatory cell numbers, collagen amount, oxidative stress, and native graft strength on the final abdominal wall reinforcement. Results: The inflammatory response was significantly more prominent with the multifilament polypropylene compared to the low-weight monofilament polypropylene (p < 0.05). Collagen deposits varied between the groups, reaching statistical significance only for multifilament polypropylene vs. titanium-coated polypropylene (p < 0.05). The oxidative stress results demonstrated a positive correlation with graft weight, regardless of coating or different graft structures (p < 0.05). The number of inflammatory cells and collagen amount did not influence the final abdominal reinforcement, while tissue-induced oxidative stress presented with a negative influence in all groups. Conclusions: Tissue-induced oxidative stress negatively affected grafts in this animal experiment. This finding might be useful (at least partially) in predicting the effectiveness of urogynecology synthetic graft tissue reinforcement and also, in promoting this reinforcement.
Association between Trimester-Specific Gestational Weight Gain Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes
Authors: Chen Huiyun , Zhu Haifeng , Chen Youguo , Zhu Liping , Han Bing
Published: August 2022

Background: To investigate the associations of adjusting gestational weight gain rate (GWGr) with maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods: We analyzed 6235 singleton pregnancies among women with normal pre-pregnancy body mass index at two medical centers in China during 2016~2018 to figure out whether pregnancy outcomes could be improved by adjusting GWGr timely when the first-trimester weight gain rate (GWGr-1) and/or the second-trimester weight gain rate (GWGr-2) were inappropriate. Results: When GWGr-1 was excessive, excessive GWGr during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (late GWGr) was associated with a higher risk of cesarean section (CS), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), obstructed and prolonged labor and large for gestational age (LGA), and inadequate late GWGr was associated with a lower prevalence of CS and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). In pregnancies with inadequate GWGr-1, excessive late GWGr was related to a higher rate of CS, LGA and HDP. Among women with adequate GWGr-1, excessive GWGr in the third trimester (GWGr-3) was positively associated with CS, HDP, and obstruction and prolongation of labor if their GWGr-2 was excessive, and excessive GWGr-3 was associated with a higher risk of CS even though tFheir GWGr-2 was inadequate. Conclusions: Prompt control of GWGr, even during late pregnancy, was beneficial to improving pregnancy outcomes.
Clinical Characteristics, Genetic Basis and Healthcare Resource Utilisation and Costs in Patients with Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Chung Cheuk To , Lee Sharen , Zhou Jiandong , Chou Oscar Hou In , Lee Teddy Tai Loy , Leung Keith Sai Kit , Jeevaratnam Kamalan , Wong Wing Tak , Liu Tong , Tse Gary
Published: August 2022

Background: This study examined the clinical characteristics, genetic basis, healthcare utilisation and costs of catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) patients from a Chinese city. Methods: This was a territory-wide retrospective cohort study of consecutive CPVT patients at public hospitals or clinics in Hong Kong. Healthcare resource utilisation for accident and emergency (A&E), inpatient and outpatient attendances were analysed over 19 years (2001–2019) followed by calculations of annualised costs (in USD). Results: Sixteen patients with a median presentation age (interquartile range (IQR) of 11 (9–14) years old) were included. Fifteen patients (93.8%) were initially symptomatic. Ten patients had both premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF). One patient had PVCs without VT/VF. Genetic tests were performed on 14 patients (87.5%). Eight (57.1%) tested positive for the ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) gene. Seven variants have been described elsewhere (c.14848G>A, c.12475C>A, c.7420A>G, c.11836G>A, c.14159T>C, c.10046C>T and c.7202G>A). c.14861C>G is a novel RyR2 variant not been reported outside this cohort. Patients were treated with beta-blockers (n = 16), amiodarone (n = 3) and verapamil (n = 2). Sympathectomy (n = 8) and implantable-cardioverter defibrillator implantation (n = 3) were performed. Over a median follow-up of 13.3 years (IQR: 8.4–18.1) years, six patients exhibited incident VT/VF. At the patient level, the median (IQR) annualised costs for A&E, inpatient and outpatient attendances were $66 (40–95), $10521 (5240–66887) and $791 (546–1105), respectively. Conclusions: All patients presented before the age of 19. The yield of genetic testing was 57%. The most expensive attendance type was inpatient stays, followed by outpatients and A&E attendances.
RESEARCH AND FORECASTING OF PASSENGER TRAFFIC USING THE MIX-PROSTOR SYSTEM
Authors:   A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS, Bulyonkov Mikhail , Malov Vladimir ,   IIEIE SB RAS, Nesterenko Tatjana ,   A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS
Published: August 2022

The paper considers the problem of evaluating the possibilities of alleviating the transportation discrimination of the population of Asian Russia. The authors suggest extending the MIX-PROSTOR system for transportation stream modeling by including tools for evaluating the options of multimodal passenger transportation.
COMPARISON OF AUTOMATA-BASED ENGINEERING METHOD AND EVENT-B MODELING METHOD
Authors:   A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS, Shelekhov Vladimir Ivanovich
Published: August 2022

It is shown that a specification in the Event-B language can be represented by an automata-based program as a non-deterministic composition of simple conditional statements, which corresponds to a narrow subclass of automata-based programs. A specification in Event-B is monolithic. To build a specification, there are no other means of composition, except for a refinement that implements an extension of a previously built specification. Comparison of automata-based engineering method and Event-B modeling method is carried out on two example tasks. Previous solutions to the bridge traffic control problem in the Event-B system are complicated. A simpler solution with deductive verification in the Rodin tool is proposed. The effectiveness of the Event-B verification methods is confirmed by finding three non-trivial errors in our solution.
The whisper of the forest
Authors: Le Tam-Tri
Published: August 2022

Trees can communicate with each other through mycorrhizal networks and other methods.
Moral degradation of journalism and a publication: A letter
Authors: Ranjan Pramod
Published: August 2022

This letter has been written to the owner of Forward Press, a bilingual magazine and publisher of books. Between the years 2011 and 2016, this magazine was known for promoting the interests of Dalits, Adivasis and other backward communities. The magazine had done re-interpretation of Hindu mythology from Dalit-Bahujan point of view. The magazine was mentioned in Indian Parliament and was targeted by the forces of Hindutva. After this, its moral degradation began. The writer of this letter had worked as managing editor of this magazine from 2011 to 2019.The letter shows that these kinds of activities cause destruction of moral values such as social equality, personal liberty and gender equity for which such magazines are known. It does not apply to just one magazine. It shows the immorality in the world of journalism and publication.
RUSSIA-CHINA COOPERATION: TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Yang Yue , Rozanov Alexander
Published: August 2022

Against the background of global geopolitical turmoil and the deterioration of relations with the overwhelming number of Western countries that have amicably united for the purpose of unfriendly actions against Russia, a discussion on the development of cooperation with the People's Republic of China has been widely developed. Will the Celestial Empire be able, and most importantly, will it want to become a full-fledged replacement for the West in our economic life?
A Manifesto for More Productive Psychological Games Research
Authors: Ballou Nick
Published: August 2022

Despite enormous resource investment, researchers lack consensus on seemingly simple questions about how video games affect players. Topics such as violent games and aggression, playtime and wellbeing, and more are characterized by deeply divided opinions and conflicting results even at the meta-analytic level. I argue that much of this disagreement stems from limitations of common methods, including use of problematic self-report measures, overreliance on cross-sectional research, and superficial use of theory, among others. To resolve debates more effectively, I describe six practices games research should adopt more widely: 1) strengthening the theoretical derivation chain, 2) attending to inter-individual effect size variation, 3) prioritizing longitudinal, within-person studies, 4) harnessing digital trace data, 5) controlling individual game features, and 6) adopting open research principles. For each practice, I include practical steps and resources for implementing them in one's own work. While critical of the current state of knowledge, the paper is hopeful: with the help of these practices, the next generation of video games research can be the most informative yet.
Disembodied Timbres: a Study on Semantically Prompted FM Synthesis
Authors: Hayes Ben , Saitis Charalampos , Fazekas György
Published: August 2022

Disembodied electronic sounds constitute a large part of the modern auditory lexicon, but research into timbre perception has focused mostly on the tones of conventional acoustic musical instruments. It is unclear whether insights from these studies generalise to electronic sounds, nor is it obvious how these relate to the creation of such sounds. In this work, we present an experiment on the semantic associations of sounds produced by FM synthesis with the aim of identifying whether existing models of timbre semantics are appropriate for such sounds. We applied a novel experimental paradigm in which experienced sound designers responded to semantic prompts by programming a synthesiser, and provided semantic ratings on the sounds they created. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a ﬁve-dimensional semantic space. The ﬁrst two factors mapped well to the concepts of luminance, texture, and mass. The remaining three factors did not have clear parallels, but correlation analysis with acoustic descriptors suggested an acoustical relationship to luminance and texture. Our results suggest that further enquiry into the timbres of disembodied electronic sounds, their synthesis, and their semantic associations would be worthwhile, and that this could beneﬁt research into auditory perception and cognition, as well as synthesis control and audio engineering.
Promoting minority language use to foster revitalisation: Insights from new speakers of West Frisian
Authors: Kircher Ruth , Kutlu Ethan , Vellinga Mirjam
Published: August 2022

Policy makers are increasingly aware of the importance of new speakers (i.e. individuals acquiring a language outside the home, typically later-on in life) for the revitalisation of minority languages. Consequently, in many contexts, new speakers’ acquisition of the local minority language is now promoted through the education system. Yet, knowledge of a language does not automatically entail its use, and little is known about the activation of new speakers (i.e. the process by which they become active and habitual minority language users). This article presents a questionnaire-based study conducted in the Dutch province of Fryslân, which investigates new speakers’ (n=264) use of the local minority language – West Frisian – and the role that traditional speakers play in new speakers’ activation. Qualitative and quantitative data show that new speakers use West Frisian only very rarely; and when they do use it, it is mainly in the classroom. Minority language interactions outside the classroom, with traditional speakers, consist mostly of a few tokenistic words or phrases. The results highlight how the complex relationship between traditional and new speakers (in which questions of legitimacy and linguistic insecurity are highly pertinent) is hindering revitalisation efforts. The study provides nuanced insights into the dynamics of new speakers’ activation by showing to what extent different behaviours on the part of traditional speakers discourage and/or encourage new speakers’ minority language use. The article discusses the implications of these results for language policy and planning in Fryslân, and potentially also in other minority language communities.
Event-Related Correlates of Compassion for Social Pain
Authors: Rodriguez Katie , Ibarra Itzia Plascencia , Musick Anthony , Hoerr Jonathan P. , Napoli Daniela , Berry Daniel R.
Published: August 2022

Ostracism—being intentionally excluded—is painful, and when experienced vicariously, it elicits self-reported and neural responses correlated with compassion. This study examined event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to vicarious ostracism in a computer-simulated ball-toss game, called Cyberball. Participants observed three ostensible players at other universities play two rounds of Cyberball; in the first round all players were included, but in the second one player was ostracized. After the game, participants reported their compassion and wrote emails to the ostracism victim and perpetrators, coded for prosociality and harm. Condition differences in exclusion versus inclusion throws emerged in a frontal negative-going peak between 108 and 230ms, and in a posterior long-latency positive-going deflection between 548 to 900ms. It is believed the former reflects the feedback error related negativity component (fERN) and the latter the late positive potential (LPP). The fERN was not associated with self-reported compassion or helping behavior, however, the LPP was positively associated with empathic anger and helping the ostracism victim. Self-reported compassion was positively correlated with a frontal positive-going peak between 190 and 304ms, resembling the P3a. These findings highlight the importance of studying motivational dimensions of compassion alongside its cognitive and affective dimensions.
Understanding language processing in variable populations on their own terms: towards a functionalist psycholinguistics of individual differences, development and disorders.
Authors: McMurray Bob , Apfelbaum Keith S , Colby Sarah Elizabeth Margaret , Tomblin Bruce
Published: August 2022

Classical psycholinguistics seeks a universal set of language processing mechanisms for all people. This relies on the “modal” listener: hearing, neurotypical, monolingual, young adults. Applied psycholinguistics then characterizes differences in terms of their deviation from modal. This approach mirrors naturalist philosophies of health which presume a normal function, and ill health as a deviation. In contrast, functionalist positions argue that ill health is in part culturally derived and occurs when a person cannot meet socio-culturally defined goals. This separates differences in underlying biology (disease) from socio-cultural function (illness). Functionalism offers a needed alternative for psycholinguistics, given that few people fit the modal definition. In contrast to psychometric measures—which are culturally defined—a process-based approach can yield more insight. We illustrate that with work examining word recognition across multiple domains: cochlear implant users, children, language disorders, L2 learners, and aging. This work seeks to understand each group’s solutions to the problem of word recognition as interesting in its own right. Variation in process is value-neutral, even as psychometric measures assess fit with cultural expectations (e.g., disease vs. illness). By examining variation in processing across people with a variety of skills and goals, we arrive at deeper insight into fundamental principles.
Assumptions, uncertainty, and catastrophic/existential risk: National risk assessments need improved methods and stakeholder engagement
Authors: Boyd Matt , Wilson Nick
Published: August 2022

Two key shortcomings of national risk assessments (NRAs) are: (1) lack of justification and transparency around important foundational assumptions of the process, (2) omission of almost all the largest scale risks. Using a demonstration set of risks, we illustrate how NRA process assumptions around time horizon, discount rate, scenario choice, and decision rule impact on risk characterization and therefore any subsequent ranking. We then identify a neglected set of large-scale risks that are seldom included in NRAs, namely global catastrophic risks and existential threats to humanity. Under a highly conservative approach that considers only simple probability and impact metrics, the use of significant discount rates, and harms only to those currently alive at the time, we find these risks have likely salience far greater than their omission from national risk registers might suggest. We highlight the substantial uncertainty inherent in NRAs and argue that this is reason for more engagement with stakeholders and experts. Widespread engagement with an informed public and experts would legitimize key assumptions, encourage critique of knowledge, and ease shortcomings of NRAs. We advocate for a deliberative public tool that can support informed two-way communication between stakeholders and governments. We outline the first component of such a tool for communication and exploration of risks and assumptions. The most important factors for an ‘all hazards’ approach to NRA are ensuring license for key assumptions and that all the salient risks are included before proceeding to ranking of risks and considering resource allocation and value.
Reframing study of research(er) funding towards configurations and trails
Authors: Thomas Duncan Andrew , Ramos-Vielba Irene
Published: August 2022

Research funding has become complicated in many fields across contemporary science. Changing funding policies, programme and instruments also affect the funding situations of individual researchers, meaning they may now have to engage with more varied funders, funding aims and forms. This situation is underexplored, prompting us to propose two new study frames to address it: researcher funding configurations, and researcher funding trails. A configuration frames all a researcher’s concurrent funding instrument grants within a specified time window. A funding trail maps a researcher’s configurations over their scientific lifetime. These frames can help us study more accurately how funding connects to research(er) direction changes. We argue that without this reframing, we limit our analytical abilities to explore the effectiveness of contemporary research funding policies, programmes, and practices. In our chapter, we define configurations and trails, discuss what they afford analytically, and conclude with some further study considerations and policy implications. [Pre-print of Chapter 15 from a forthcoming Handbook, see: https://www.projectfundinghandbook.com/]
Social Mobility as Causal Intervention
Authors: Wei Lai , Xie Yu
Published: August 2022

The study of mobility effects is an important subject of study for sociologists. Empirical investigations of individual mobility effects, however, have been hindered by one fundamental limitation, the unidentifiability of mobility effects when origin and destination are held constant. Given this fundamental limitation, we propose to reconceptualize mobility effects from the micro to the macro level. Instead of micro-level mobility effects, the primary focus of the past literature, we ask alternative research questions about macro-level mobility effects: what happens to the population distribution of an outcome if we manipulate the mobility regime, that is, if we alter the observed association between social origin and social destination? The proposed method bridges the macro and micro agendas in social stratification research, and has wider applications in social stratification beyond the study of mobility effects. We illustrate the method with two analyses that evaluate the impact of social mobility on average fertility and income inequality in the United States respectively.
Assembly Processes—A Surface Electrostatic Discharge Killer for Devices and a FA Challenge
Authors: Jacob Peter , Reiner Joachim
Published: August 2022

A string of failures discovered during final testing after assembly led analysts on a long search for the cause, which turned out to be an unusual form of electrostatic discharge (ESD). Most ESD impacts on ICs occur by way of the pins. Nearly all ESD models, including the widely used human body model, charged-device model, and machine model, are based on this assumption. However, as this case study proves, passivated wafers and unpackaged dies are also susceptible to ESD damage. The authors explain that although this type of failure is difficult to diagnose, they were able to pinpoint the cause using lock-in microthermography and rule out mechanical-, FIB-, and laser-induced failures, which are similar in appearance.
Single-Cell Failures Caused by a Lateral Gate Effect
Authors: Versen Martin , Schramm Achim , Beer Peter , Lindolf Juergen
Published: August 2022

Weak open contacts are common in DRAM cell arrays where they act as a resistance between the cell capacitor and wordline transistor. This article discusses the role of weak open contacts in DRAM failures, the factors that influence their effect on read and write operations, and the complexities involved in assessing potential problems.
The Nature of Nanometer Timing Failures
Authors: Segura Jaume , Hawkins Chuck
Published: August 2022

Dealing with timing failures in nanometer-scale ICs requires a deeper understanding of critical timing paths, noise mechanisms, process variability, timing rules, and the statistical interaction of random parameter values and distributions. This article examines the factors that affect nanometer timing at both the component and system level. It reviews the timing properties of nanoscale logic gates, latches, edge-triggered flip-flops, clocks and their interconnects, resistive vias, and pipeline structures. It also discusses the challenges involved in determining critical timing paths and the underlying causes of nanometer timing failures.
Microcalorimeter EDS for Advanced Semiconductor Material Analysis
Authors: Simmnacher Birgit , Weiland Rainer , Höhne Jens , Feilitzsch Franz v. , Hollerith Christian
Published: August 2022

Microcalorimeter-based energy-dispersive spectroscopy is a breakthrough in semiconductor material analysis. With an energy resolution of less than 10 eV, it allows the unambiguous identification of elements in the low-energy range (<3 kV) which, until now, required wavelength-dispersive techniques.
CMOS IC Diagnostics Using the Light Emission from Off-State Leakage Currents (LEOSLC)
Authors: Song Peilin , Polonsky Stas , Stellari Franco , Jenkins Keith , Weger Alan J. , Xia Tian , Cho Shinho
Published: August 2022

Off-state leakage currents account for roughly half of the total current is today’s ICs, and with each new generation of technology, the problem is getting worse. Failure analysts, however, see things differently. Light emission associated with leakage current is a rich source of information about the operation of ICs. In this article, the authors explain how they use this light to monitor logic states, measure temperatures, analyze cross-talk and power distribution noise, and diagnose broken scan chains. Light emission from off-state leakage current (LEOSLC) is shown to be especially useful for diagnosing faults that reside in scan clock trees, which are otherwise very difficult to detect.
Printed Circuit Assembly FSI (Failure Scene Investigation)
Authors: Paquette Thomas
Published: August 2022

This article presents best practices and procedures for analyzing printed circuit board assembly failures. It discusses the role of electrostatic discharge and electrical overstress, the increasing complexity of ball grid arrays and buried vias, the challenges associated with lead-free solder processes, and the problems caused by counterfeit components flowing into our supply lines. It also includes a summary of the tools available to failure analysts and how they are best put to use
Quantitative Analysis and Depth Measurement via Magnetic Field Imaging
Authors: Schrag Benaiah D. , Liu Xiaoyong , Hoftun Jan S. , Klinger Peter L. , Levin T.M. , Vallett David P.
Published: August 2022

Magnetic field imaging is proving to be a valuable tool for semiconductor failure analysts and test engineers. One of its main advantages is that it does not require sample preparation or deprocessing because magnetic fields pass through most materials used in ICs and device packages. This article discusses the theory and practical limitations of magnetic field imaging and demonstrates its use in mapping current density and determining the location and depth of current-carrying conductors.
A Novel Technique for Detecting High-Resistance Faults Using Electroplating
Authors: Wang H.S. , Chou J.H. , Hung H.C. , Lui H.H. , Yang W.H. , Sun L.C. , Lin C.J.
Published: August 2022

A team of semiconductor engineers recently developed a new fault localization method tailored for high-resistance faults. In this article, they discuss the basic principle of the technique and explain how they validated it for various test cases.
In Memory of IC Inventor Jack Kilby
Authors: Soden Jerry M.
Published: August 2022

This column commemorates the life and career of Jack Kilby, who passed away June 20, 2005. Kilby was the keynote speaker for the 25th anniversary of the ISTFA conference in 1999 and in 2000 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958.
Strategic Development in FA: What Can We Get from Other Technical Sources?
Authors: Beaudoin Félix
Published: August 2022

This ISTFA panel addressed one of FA’s biggest problems: strategic planning. After identifying key factors of communication, costs, and “outside” disciplines, several paths to strategic development were discussed.
Bringing Closer the Logical and Physical Worlds for Device Analysis: A Case Study
Authors: Nicholson Roger
Published: August 2022

The analysis of scan-based ICs is essentially split between two domains: that of the designer and that of the device analyst. Designers tend to operate within the confines of fault characterization, looking for defects within logic blocks or structures based on test data. Device analysts, on the other hand, are more concerned with physical aspects of the defect such as location, composition, and morphology. These separate worlds are beginning to merge, however, as this case study shows, streamlining the entire failure analysis and resolution process.
A Radiation-Hardened Structured ASIC
Authors: Flores Richard S.
Published: August 2022

Government and military ICs, like their commercial counterparts, are subject to ever-tightening cost, performance, and time-to-market demands. They must also comply with strict lifetime, reliability, and radiation hardness standards. In dealing with these challenges for internal applications, engineers at Sandia National Laboratories developed a radiation-hardened structured ASIC platform. In this article, they describe the design and development of the platform and the associated challenges for FA and test.
Catalog of Failed Wire Ends
Authors: Silvus Stan
Published: August 2022

Coil failures can often be traced to an electrically open wire. In practice, coil wire breaks are the result of two or more failure mechanism acting together or in sequence. This article discusses the characteristics of different failure mechanisms and explains how to recognize them during analysis. Scanning electron micrographs of failed copper-wire ends presented in this article may be used as a guide in pinning down the cause of open-wire coil failures.
Nanoprobe Failure Analysis of Sub-100 nm CMOS Transistor Technologies
Authors: Mulder Randal , Subramanian Sam , Chrastecky Tony
Published: August 2022

Probing in the sub-100 nm realm requires new tools and techniques that are relatively easy to learn if users follow the advice of the authors of this article. The authors present a probing method based on scanning probe technology and demonstrate its use on a 90-nm transistor failure due to a poly-silicon gate short. They also address challenges associated with sample preparation, probe tip contamination and wear, and the effects of vibration and drift.
On the Effects of Transient Electromagnetic Interference on Integrated Circuits
Authors: Deutschmann Bernd , Sicard Etienne , Dhia Sonia Ben
Published: August 2022

The susceptibility of ICs to electromagnetic interference is a growing concern for both designers and failure analysts. This article discusses the causes and effects of transient electromagnetic interference and the factors that influence electromagnetic susceptibility. It explains how to determine susceptibility based on transient pulse testing and presents and interprets the test results of three automotive ICs.
Interconnect Layout Sensitivity and Yield Prediction
Authors: Zarkesh-Ha Payman , Doniger Ken
Published: August 2022

Layout sensitivity, a measure of vulnerability to yield loss, typically takes several days to compute for a modern VLSI design. In this article, the authors present and demonstrate a new stochastic model that can significantly expedite the process. The model is based on simple IC layout parameters including wire width, wire spacing, and channel density. The authors explain how they derived the model and how it compares to actual data. They also discuss the causes and effects of open and short defects and define the concepts of critical area and layout sensitivity.
Advanced Defect Isolation Utilizing Image Intensity Analysis
Authors: Demarest James J. , Dunn Derren , Rue Chad , Wang Yun-Yu
Published: August 2022

Image enhancement has proven helpful for locating defects in ICs. This article discusses two image analysis techniques, image comparison and intensity profiling, and shows how they reveal defects that would otherwise be missed.
Going with the Flow: Using Current Measurements in Failure Analysis
Authors: Kolasa Ted
Published: August 2022

In most cases, microelectronic failure analysis is rooted in the observation of voltage, either as logic levels or as time-based waveforms. This is due largely to the ease of making such measurements. As a result, current measurement is often overlooked. This article discusses aspects of current measurement that can be used during fault localization, often providing information that cannot be obtained by other means.
E-Beam Probing: An IC Design Debug Success Story
Authors: Lundquist Ted , Anayama Tam
Published: August 2022

By providing timing information and throughput as device complexities and operating frequencies were rapidly increasing, the e-beam prober, which integrated CAD navigation and waveform measurements while enabling the user to almost disregard the technology “under the hood,” was the required tool for IC design debug from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. The history, successes, innovations, mistakes, and possible future of this workhorse tool are visited and described.
Electron Beam Induced Damage to Diffusion Resistors
Authors: Barden John , Harrison Joel
Published: August 2022

Nanoprobing of transistors and resistors is increasing in importance for both design debug and electrical fault isolation. It is thus necessary to understand the impact of scanning a resistor or transistor with an electron beam in order to draw valid conclusions from nanoprobe measurements. In this article, the authors show that exposing samples to electron beams with energies above 4 keV can change the value of diffusion resistors by as much as 30% and that changes can occur at even lower voltages in areas of the sample covered with less material. The article also sheds light on why the changes occur.
Failure-Analysis Case History—Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitor
Authors: Silvus Stan
Published: August 2022

Dry tantalum electrolytic capacitors are widely used in electronic equipment because they have high capacitances at useful working voltages, low effective series resistances, relatively long life, and a small footprint. Tantalum capacitors have some limitations as well that, if not taken into account during circuit design, may produce catastrophic failures. The effect of one such limitation is highlighted in this detailed and well-illustrated case study.
Потребительские предпочтения услуг интегрированных горно-климатических курортов: монография, [электронное издание сетевого распространения] / В.Г. Богданова, Государственный университет управления..– М.: «КДУ», «Добросвет», 2022. – 126 с.
Authors: Богданова В.Г.
Published: August 2022

Монография посвящена вопросам системного анализа потребительских предпочтений интегрированных горноклиматических курортов. Представлен-ная работа представляет собой как монографическое исследование, так и учеб-ное пособие. Информация, которая в ней содержится, может быть полезна как практикующим маркетологам и экономистам при проведении маркетинговых исследований и осуществлении своих функциональных обязанностей, так и студентам и преподавателям в учебном процессе.
Investigation of Heat Transfer Properties of Reinforced Rubber Composite Structures with Polyamide 6.6 Cord Fabric Used in Air Springs
Authors: KASIM Hasan
Published: August 2022

This study presents experimental studies on thermal dissipation, thermal conductivity, and specific heat measurements of rubber mixtures reinforced with cord fabrics manufactured with three different PA 66 used in air suspension bellows. The studies were carried out between 20-160 °C. The cord fiber type and features used as reinforcement material within the rubber matrix significantly influence thermal properties. It has been observed that the amount of elastomer used in rubber composite mixtures also affects the thermal properties and approaches the properties of the matrix material. The thermal dissipation values of cord fabric reinforced rubber composites tend to decrease depending on the temperature. The heat flow perpendicular to the axis of the cord threads, the heat conduction rate is limited by the properties of the matrix, and the thermal properties of the composites approach the properties of this component. Because of the thermal properties of the progress perpendicular to the cord fiber of thermal resistance of cord fabrics, Increasing thermal conductivity and dissipation have been seen depending on the number of twists in a unit length for cord fiber. The thermal dissipation parallel to the fiber direction, the thermal dissipation perpendicular to the fiber direction and the thermal dissipation properties of the matrix were compared. As a result, it has been observed that the number of twists increases the thermal contact resistance by affecting the amount of compressed air in the composite samples and decreases the effective thermal conductivity perpendicular to the fiber array direction.
THE POTENCY OF CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.) PEEL EXTRACT AS ANTICHOLESTEROL
Authors: Putri Resita , Anggraini Devina Ingrid
Published: August 2022

The liver has a very important role in the human body. However, these organ tissues are also very susceptible to be tissue damage. Fatty liver disease (steatosis) is a disease caused by high cholesterol. Physically, cholesterol is a yellowish subtance, lumps like wax, and is an arrangement of steroid groups. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) occurs due to excess cholesterol levels in the liver. Liver function can be affected as a result of liver damage. So, a hepatoprotector is needed. The flavonoid content of cucumber skin has potential as an anticholesterol. The purpose of this research is to analyze the ability of the ethanol extract of cucumber peel (Cucumis sativus L.) as a cholesterol lowering agents as indicated by the EC50 value. Maceration extraction method used in this study using 96% ethanol as solvent. Qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of cucumber peel is known to have flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids as indicated by the appearance of color changes, and saponins which are indicated by the appearance of foam. Lieberman-burchad reagent was used for quantitative analysis of anticholesterol using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The analysis was carried out at a maximum wavelength of 665,0 nm with an incubation time of 15 minutes. The concentration variations of the extract used were between 25-150 with a range of 25 ppm. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of cucumber peel could potentially be an anticholesterol with the percentage reduction of 28.50%; 35.45%; 39.59%; 45.82%; 51.24%; and 55.12% at 5 variations of concentration. The EC50 value was achieved at a concentration of 122.04 ppm.
LITERATURE REVIEW: CHEMICAL CONTENT AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF KERSEN LEAF (Muntingia calabura L.)
Authors: Sumarni Sari , Sadino Asman , Sumiwi Sri Adi
Published: August 2022

Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) is known as a plant that is often used as a tree to absorb air pollution and shade on the roadside. Low economic value and public knowledge about the benefits of cherry as a medicinal and food ingredient is still minimal. The part that can be used as a medicinal ingredient comes from cherry leaves. The purpose of this review article is to provide information related to the chemical content and pharmacological activity of cherry leaves that can treat various diseases. The method used in making this article review is a literature study. The literature sources in this article review were obtained from national journals and international journals published in the last 10 years (2010-2020), which were carried out online through the search engines Google Scholar, Pubmed, and NCBI, using the keywords "Kersen leaves", "Activities cherry leaf”, “Pharmacological activity of Muntingia calabura”, “Chemical content of cherry leaf”, “Muntingia calabura L.”. Journals that enter the inclusion criteria are national and international journals that discuss the pharmacological activity and chemical content of cherry leaves, journals published in the last 10 years (2010-2020), and journals in full text. The chemical constituents contained in cherry leaves are flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Cherry leaves are scientifically proven to have several pharmacological activities as antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antihyperlipidemic, and anti-inflammatory.
IMPROVING PKK CADRES LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF ANTIBIOTIC MANAGEMENT THROUGH PHARMACISTS-DELIVERED EDUCATION INTERVENTION IN BOJONGSARI, BANYUMAS
Authors: Suryoputri Masita Wulandari , Ekowati Heny , Mustikaningtias Ika , Endah Nialiana
Published: August 2022

The prevalence of infectious diseases in Indonesia is high, so it can increase the use of antibiotics. The use of antibiotics which is around 40-60%. Inaddition to relatively long antibiotic therapy regimen, the lack of public knowledge in the rational use of antibiotics can cause patients to be less the risk of occurrence of antibiotic resistance, this study aims to determine the level of knowledge of PKK Cadres and to determine the level of community knowledge after providing PKK Cadres education with pharmacist assitance on antibiotic management. PKK cadres are the driving force behind village communities to carry out local health programs. The research method is a comparative descriptive with a cross sectional approach using an instrument in the form of a questionnaire and it is carried out before and after the implementation of pharmacist education. Collecting data by purposive sampling. Knowledge data of pretest and posttest were analyzed bivariately. The results of the evaluation of the education process indicated that there was an increase in the knowledge of PKK Caders. The results of pre-test dan post-test average showed increased of knowledge among PKK cadres from 69.28 to 85. The results of Wilcoxon test showed a significant difference in the PKK cadres level knowledge from the pre-test and post-test data of antibiotic management after receiving education from the pharmacist (p<0.005). Providing education on antibiotic management to PKK cadres by pharmacists has increased PKK cadres’ knowledge of antibiotic management. It is hoped that PKK cadres can disseminate this knowledge to the wider community to preventing antibiotic resistance.