bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of a Syndrome-Specific Antibiotic Stewardship Intervention for Inpatient Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Haas Michelle K. , Dalton Kristen , Knepper Bryan C. , Stella Sarah A. , Cervantes Lilia , Price Connie S. , Burman William J. , Mehler Philip S. , Jenkins Timothy C.
Published: September 2016

Background.  Syndrome-specific interventions are a recommended approach to antibiotic stewardship, but additional data are needed to understand their potential impact. We implemented an intervention to improve the management of inpatient community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and evaluated its effects on antibiotic and resource utilization.

Methods.  A stakeholder group developed and implemented a clinical practice guideline and order set for inpatient, non-intensive care unit CAP recommending a short course (5 days) of a fluoroquinolone-sparing antibiotic regimen in uncomplicated cases. Unless there was suspicion for complications or resistant pathogens, chest computed tomography (CT) and sputum cultures were discouraged. This was a retrospective preintervention postintervention study of patients hospitalized for CAP before (April 15, 2008–May 31, 2009) and after (July 1, 2011–July 31, 2012) implementation of the guideline. The primary comparison was the difference in duration of therapy during the baseline and intervention periods. Secondary outcomes included changes in use of levofloxacin, CT scans, and sputum culture.

Results.  One hundred sixty-six and 84 cases during the baseline and intervention periods, respectively, were included. From the baseline to intervention period, the median duration of therapy decreased from 10 to 7 days (P < .0001). Prescription of levofloxacin at discharge decreased from 60% to 27% of cases (P < .0001). Use of chest CT and sputum culture decreased from 47% to 32% of cases (P = .02) and 51% to 31% of cases (P = .03), respectively. The frequency of clinical failure between the 2 periods was similar.

Conclusions.  A syndrome-specific intervention for inpatient CAP was associated with shorter treatment durations and reductions in use of fluoroquinolones and low-yield diagnostic tests.
Simera: Modelling the PCR Process to Simulate Realistic Chimera Formation
Authors: Nichols Ben , Quince Christopher
Published: September 2016

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the principal method of amplifying target DNA regions and, as such, is of great importance when performing microbial diversity studies. An unfortunate side effect of PCR is the formation of unwanted byproducts such as chimeras. The main goal of the work covered in this article is the development of an algorithm that simulates realistic chimeras for use in the evaluation of chimera detection software and for investigations into the accuracy of community structure analyses. Experimental data has helped to identify factors which may cause the formation of chimeras and has provided evidence of how influential these factors can be. This article makes use of some of this evidence in order to build a model with which to simulate the PCR process. This model helps to better explain the formation of chimeras and is therefore able to provide aid to future studies that intend to use PCR.
Deep Annotation of Protein Function across Diverse Bacteria from Mutant Phenotypes
Authors: Price Morgan N. , Wetmore Kelly M. , Waters R. Jordan , Callaghan Mark , Ray Jayashree , Kuehl Jennifer V. , Melnyk Ryan A. , Lamson Jacob S. , Suh Yumi , Esquivel Zuelma , Sadeeshkumar Harini , Chakraborty Romy , Rubin Benjamin E. , Bristow James , Blow Matthew J. , Arkin Adam P. , Deutschbauer Adam M.
Published: September 2016

The function of nearly half of all protein-coding genes identified in bacterial genomes remains unknown. To systematically explore the functions of these proteins, we generated saturated transposon mutant libraries from 25 diverse bacteria and we assayed mutant phenotypes across hundreds of distinct conditions. From 3,903 genome-wide mutant fitness assays, we obtained 14.9 million gene phenotype measurements and we identified a mutant phenotype for 8,487 proteins with previously unknown functions. The majority of these hypothetical proteins (57%) had phenotypes that were either specific to a few conditions or were similar to that of another gene, thus enabling us to make informed predictions of protein function. For 1,914 of these hypothetical proteins, the functional associations are conserved across related proteins from different bacteria, which confirms that these associations are genuine. This comprehensive catalogue of experimentally-annotated protein functions also enables the targeted exploration of specific biological processes. For example, sensitivity to a DNA-damaging agent revealed 28 known families of DNA repair proteins and 11 putative novel families. Across all sequenced bacteria, 14% of proteins that lack detailed annotations have an ortholog with a functional association in our data set. Our study demonstrates the utility and scalability of high-throughput genetics for large-scale annotation of bacterial proteins and provides a vast compendium of experimentally-determined protein functions across diverse bacteria.
CIViC: A knowledgebase for expert-crowdsourcing the clinical interpretation of variants in cancer
Authors: Griffith Malachi , Spies Nicholas C , Krysiak Kilannin , Coffman Adam C , McMichael Joshua F , Ainscough Benjamin J , Rieke Damian T , Danos Arpad M , Kujan Lynzey , Ramirez Cody A , Wagner Alex H , Skidmore Zachary L , Liu Connor J , Jones Martin R , Bilski Rachel L , Lesurf Robert , Barnell Erica K , Shah Nakul M , Bonakdar Melika , Trani Lee , Matlock Matthew , Ramu Avinash , Campbell Katie M , Spies Gregory C , Graubert Aaron P , Gangavarapu Karthik , Eldred James M , Larson David E , Walker Jason R , Good Benjamin M , Wu Chunlei , Su Andrew I , Dienstmann Rodrigo , Jones Steven JM , Bose Ron , Spencer David H , Wartman Lukas D , Wilson Richard K , Mardis Elaine R , Griffith Obi L
Published: September 2016

CIViC is an expert crowdsourced knowledgebase for Clinical Interpretation of Variants in Cancer (www.civicdb.org) describing the therapeutic, prognostic, and diagnostic relevance of inherited and somatic variants of all types. CIViC is committed to open source code, open access content, public application programming interfaces (APIs), and provenance of supporting evidence to allow for the transparent creation of current and accurate variant interpretations for use in cancer precision medicine.
Genome-wide association and HLA region fine-mapping studies identify susceptibility loci for multiple common infections
Authors: Tian Chao , Hromatka Bethann S. , Kiefer Amy K , Eriksson Nicholas , Tung Joyce Y , Hinds David A.
Published: September 2016

We performed 23 genome-wide association studies for common infections, including chickenpox, shingles, cold sores, mononucleosis, mumps, hepatitis B, plantar warts, positive tuberculosis test results, strep throat, scarlet fever, pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, yeast infections, urinary tract infections, tonsillectomy, childhood ear infections, myringotomy, measles, hepatitis A, rheumatic fever, common colds, rubella and chronic sinus infection, in more than 200,000 individuals of European ancestry. For the first time, genome-wide significant associations (P< 5 × 10−8) were identified for many common infections. The associations were mapped to genes with key roles in acquired and innate immunity(HLA, IFNA21, FUT2, ST3GAL4, ABO, IFNL4, LCE3E, DSG1, LTBR, MTMR3, TNFRSF13B, TNFSF13B, NFKB1, CD40) and in regulation of embryonic developmental process(TBX1, FGF, FOXA1 and FOXN1).Several missense mutations were also identified (inLCE5A, DSG1, FUT2, TBX1, CDHR3, PLG, TNFRSF13B, FOXA1, SH2B3, ST5andFOXN1). Missense mutations inFUT2andTBX1were implicated in multiple infections. We applied fine-mapping analysis to dissect associations in the human leukocyte antigen region, which suggested important roles of specific amino acid polymorphisms in the antigen-binding clefts. Our findings provide an important step toward dissecting the host genetic architecture of response to common infections.
The tropolone–isobutylamine complex: a hydrogen-bonded troponoid without dominant π–π interactions
Authors: Vealey Zachary N. , Mercado Brandon Q. , Vaccaro Patrick H.
Published: September 2016

Tropolone long has served as a model system for unraveling the ubiquitous phenomena of proton transfer and hydrogen bonding. This molecule, which juxtaposes ketonic, hydroxylic, and aromatic functionalities in a framework of minimal complexity, also has provided a versatile platform for investigating the synergism among competing intermolecular forces, including those generated by hydrogen bonding and aryl coupling. Small members of the troponoid family typically produce crystals that are stabilized strongly by pervasive π–π, C—H...π, or ion–π interactions. The organic salt (TrOH·iBA) formed by a facile proton-transfer reaction between tropolone (TrOH) and isobutylamine (iBA), namely isobutylammonium 7-oxocyclohepta-1,3,5-trien-1-olate, C4H12N+·C7H5O2−, has been investigated by X-ray crystallography, with complementary quantum-chemical and statistical-database analyses serving to elucidate the nature of attendant intermolecular interactions and their synergistic effects upon lattice-packing phenomena. The crystal structure deduced from low-temperature diffraction measurements displays extensive hydrogen-bonding networks, yet shows little evidence of the aryl forces (viz.π–π, C—H...π, and ion–π interactions) that typically dominate this class of compounds. Density functional calculations performed with and without the imposition of periodic boundary conditions (the latter entailing isolated subunits) documented the specificity and directionality of noncovalent interactions occurring between the proton-donating and proton-accepting sites of TrOH and iBA, as well as the absence of aromatic coupling mediated by the seven-membered ring of TrOH. A statistical comparison of the structural parameters extracted for key hydrogen-bond linkages to those reported for 44 previously known crystals that support similar binding motifs revealed TrOH·iBA to possess the shortest donor–acceptor distances of any troponoid-based complex, combined with unambiguous signatures of enhanced proton-delocalization processes that putatively stabilize the corresponding crystalline lattice and facilitate its surprisingly rapid formation under ambient conditions.
Rethinking revisited: insights from an early rethinker
Authors: Ika Lavagnon A. , Söderlund Jonas
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review and analyze Albert Hirschman’s landmark bookDevelopment Projects Observed, share its insights for managing big projects, discuss its theoretical implications and how it may contribute to the current understanding of project behavior, project management (PM), and in what way it may encourage the rethinking of PM.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on an in-depth analysis of Hirschman’s book. The paper draws on the writings of Jeremy Adelman who authored Hirschman’s biography, Cass Sunstein and Michele Alacevich who, respectively, wrote the foreword and afterword of the Brookings Institution classic published in 2014. It also profits from the work of Robert Picciotto who first met Hirschman in 1964, and Bent Flyvbjerg who recently offered a test of validity for Hirschman’s “Hiding Hand” principle.

Findings

Albert Hirschman was an original thinker and, the authors argue in many ways, a father of PM scholarship. His ideas had profound implications for social sciences and lasting influence in academy, policy, and practice. Although, to a great extent based on studies of projects, his ideas have had surprisingly little impact on modern writings of PM. This paper contributes to amending this weakness in current literature on PM. The authors identify in Hirschman’s book a set of core ideas that possess analytical power for explaining problems in contemporary PM. They include the principle of the Hiding Hand, the power of context, the role of complexity and uncertainty, the unexpected project effects, project traits, and latitudes/disciplines. For all his work and way of research, the authors conclude that Hirschman is not only an early behavioral theorist in PM but equally an early rethinker of PM.

Originality/value

This is the first paper that offers a discussion of Hirschman’s ideas on contemporary projects, how to understand them, their behavior, including the principle of the Hiding Hand and other important nuggets of wisdom in his research such as the significance of project traits, latitudes, and disciplines. The authors discuss in what respects these ideas may enlighten PM practice and theory. This paper also conveys the novel idea that Hirschman is an early rethinker of PM.
Continental thinking: a tool for accessing the project experience
Authors: van der Hoorn Bronte
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline a research agenda for the phenomena of projects grounded in Continental philosophy concepts as an alternative to the dominant Analytical thinking.

Design/methodology/approach

A theoretical exploration of Continental concepts in generic terms; discussion of the examples of discourse on various philosophical lenses in different disciplines; discussion of extant examples in the project literature of Continental themes; conceptualisation and discussion of the Continental research agenda.

Findings

The integrated Continental research agenda proposes three key themes: experience, projectyness and being. This interpretive lens is important for providing an alternative worldview to the dominant Analytical viewpoint.

Originality/value

The paper provides an integrated Continental framework (drawing on a variety of Continental themes) for the conceptualisation of, and inquiry into the experience of project work. It highlights how our worldview impacts our interpretation of phenomena.
Rethinking project reliability using the ambidexterity and mindfulness perspectives
Authors: Turner Neil , Kutsch Elmar , Leybourne Stephen A.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to bring together two seemingly disparate bodies of literature – ambidexterity (the ability both to exploit and explore) and mindfulness – to take a fresh perspective on the management of uncertainty. The authors differentiate between “rule-based” and “mindfulness-based” reliability and explore project risk responses in environments characterised by varying degrees of uncertainty.

Design/methodology/approach

Five case organisations across a range of industries are used to illustrate how uncertainty may be prepared for and suitable responses activated. This also adds to the understanding of the nature of ambidexterity, which has previously been characterised primarily at the organisational level with relatively few studies looking at managerial actions and “switches” between modes. The data consist of initial survey responses to indicate the level of mindfulness under conditions of normality, followed by interviews studying particular incidents and the nature of the responses.

Findings

Key practices are identified that support high reliability in complex projects, with four managerial modes (“Traditional”, “Just-in-time”, “Infusion”, and “Entrepreneurial”) that emerged from the data.

Practical implications

The findings offer managers a practical framework to choose between different modes of reliable performance by considering the uncertainty of the environment and whether the primary driver of the work is efficiency or effectiveness. This allows managers to reflect on their own organisations and practices and identify whether their current approach is suitable.

Originality/value

This work offers new insight into risk responses in complex environments and shows how the mindfulness and ambidexterity literatures may be used as beneficial lenses to increase understanding. Blending these two schools also offers opportunities for future research.
Towards a multi-perspective research program on projects and temporary organizations
Authors: Jacobsson Mattias , Lundin Rolf A. , Söderholm Anders
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze important parts of the contemporary development of project research and to outline plausible and desirable directions for the future.

Design/methodology/approach

This is accomplished through a review of the “Scandinavian School of Project Management” and “Rethinking Project Management,” which is complemented with a set of questions distributed to 27 active researchers within the project research field from around the world.

Findings

Through the analysis the authors show how the two streams have more similarities than differences, despite the fact that they have been initiated in very different contexty 8ts and ways. The authors could also conclude that the “Scandinavian School” appears stronger on the international scene than in the Nordic countries, and that general perception of what the “school” stands for has changed and been blurred with time. Based on the analysis the authors also proposed the need for a broad, more coherent research effort in terms of a multi-perspective research program on projects and temporary organizations. The essence of this would be: an action research profile to improve practice and foresee the future; a combined research focus on institutional change and project practice to ensure both theoretical and empirical progress; and a strong global perspective to further enrich both theory and practice.

Research limitations/implications

This research has obvious limitations in terms of empirical scope and response selection. The questionnaire results should therefore be interpreted with care.

Originality/value

The value of this research lies in its reflective nature and the proposed trajectory of the project research domain.
Rethinking project management
Authors: Walker Derek , Lloyd-Walker Beverley
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent of the continuing influence on project management (PM) research directions of rethinking project management over the last ten years.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors chose a qualitative research approach that involved reading all papers published in the International Journal of Managing Project in Business since its commencement in 2008. Content analysis was performed on these papers to allow axial coding of key article content influence themes.

Findings

The research identified the strength, over time, of the three research interest clusters on the PM research agenda and resultant changes in the PM paradigm. The five directions put forward by the rethinking PM agenda and other researchers ten years ago have continued to influence the PM research agenda.

Originality/value

Findings provide a better understanding the changes in PM research directions since rethinking PM, the increased breadth and sophistication of PM research in general, and future research directions.
Nanomechanical performance of protective coatings reinforced with core/shell composite materials
Authors: Koumoulos Elias P. , Dragatogiannis Dimitris A. , Kartsonakis Ioannis A. , Karaxi Evangelia , Kehagias Thomas , Charitidis Costas A.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the investigation of nanomechanical behavior of new types of metal alloys protective coatings. For this purpose, poly(n-butylacrylate) was synthesized via activators regenerated by electron transfer-atom transfer radical polymerization and mixed with epoxy resins, and microcomposites.

Design/methodology/approach

Multi-layered coatings were applied on hot dip galvanized steel via a baker film applicator. Every layer containing the aforementioned copolymer differs in the proportion of the epoxy resin resulting in the production of a coating with a gradient from hard to soft from the substrate to the top. Nanomechanical performance is accessed via nanoindentation, providing information for structural and mechanical integrity, adhesion and resistance to wear.

Findings

The results reveal that through trajection of hardness mapping, the resistance is divided in three regions, namely, the polymer (matrix), interface (region close to/between spheres-shells) and spheres-shell regions.

Originality/value

The structural analysis, adhesion and mechanical integrity of the coatings are clearly demonstrated.
Methods for identifying and measuring the performance impacts of work environment changes
Authors: Palvalin Miikka , Vuolle Maiju
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and evaluate methods for analysing the impacts of work environment changes. New working practices and work environments present the potential to improve both the productivity and the wellbeing of knowledge workers, and more widely, the performance of organisations and the wider society. The flexibility offered by information and communication technology has influenced changes in the physical environment where activity-based offices are becoming the standard. Research offers some evidence on the impacts of work environment changes, but studies examining methods that could be useful in capturing the overall impacts and how to measure them are lacking.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper concludes research of the last five years and includes data from several organisations. The paper presents and empirically demonstrates the application of three complementary ways to analyse the impacts of knowledge work redesigns. The methods include: interview framework for modelling the potential of new ways of working (NWoW); questionnaire tool for measuring the subjective knowledge work performance in the NWoW context; and multidimensional performance measurement for measuring the performance impacts at the organisational level.

Findings

This paper presents a framework for identifying the productivity potential and measuring the impacts of work environment changes. The paper introduces the empirical examples of three different methods for analysing the impacts of NWoW and discusses the usefulness and challenges of the methods. The results also support the idea of a measurement process and confirm that it suits NWoW context.

Practical implications

The three methods explored in this study can be used in organisations for planning and measuring work environment changes. The paper presents a comprehensive approach to work environment which could help managers to identify and improve the critical points of knowledge work.

Originality/value

Changes in the work environment are huge for knowledge workers, but it is still unclear whether their effects on performance are negative or positive. The value of this paper is that it applies traditional measurement methods to NWoW contexts, and analyses how these could be used in research and management.
Work-to-family profiles, family structure and burnout in mothers
Authors: Robinson Laura D. , Magee Christopher A. , Caputi Peter
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify work-to-family profiles in working mothers, test whether profiles differ between sole and partnered mothers, and examine whether the work-to-family profiles are associated with burnout.

Design/methodology/approach

Data on work-to-family conflict (WFC), work-to-family enrichment (WFE), burnout, and relevant socio-demographic covariates were collected via a self-report online survey. Latent profile analysis on WFC and WFE items was used to identify profiles in 179-sole and 857-partnered mothers in paid employment. Regression analyses were performed to examine whether profiles were associated with burnout.

Findings

Five distinct work-to-family profiles were identified: Harmful, Negative Active, Active, Beneficial, and Fulfilled. Profile membership differed significantly between sole and partnered mothers, with sole mothers more likely to be in the harmful profile. The five profiles had differing implications for burnout.

Practical implications

WFC and WFE can co-occur, and have differing implications for health and well-being. It is important to consider both WFC and WFE when addressing employee burnout. Furthermore, sole mothers may need greater assistance in reducing WFC and increasing WFE in order to minimize burnout.

Originality/value

This study contributes to existing research by demonstrating differences in work-to-family profiles between sole and partnered mothers, and highlights the need for future research on diverse family types.
Affective states and ecological rationality in entrepreneurial decision making
Authors: Fodor Oana Catalina , Curşeu Petru Lucian , Fleştea Alina Maria
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of affective appraisal dimensions on the use of two ecologically rational, social heuristics: imitate the majority (IMH) and imitate the best (IBH) during an entrepreneurial strategic decision-making process (ESDM).

Design/methodology/approach

The authors test the hypotheses in a controlled field experiment, on a final sample of 98 entrepreneurs.

Findings

The study shows that entrepreneurs experiencing affect described by certainty appraisal display a preference for relying on IMH, but not on IBH. Moreover, entrepreneurs who experience unpleasant affect tend to rely more on IMH, rather than IBH. The reverse is true for the entrepreneurs who experience positive affect. Finally, the use of IMH is most likely under unpleasant and certain affect, while the use of IBH is most likely under pleasant and certain affect.

Originality/value

The main contribution of this study is that it provides initial support for the impact of affective appraisal dimensions on the use of ecologically rational heuristics (i.e. heuristics that save important resources, but bring beneficial results) during an ESDM process.
Campaigns and conflict on social media: a literature snapshot
Authors: Boulianne Shelley
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the themes identified in the submissions to this volume. The findings are contextualized in recent scholarship on these themes.

Design/methodology/approach

The discussion is organized around predicting social media use among candidates, organizations, and citizens, then exploring differences in the content of social media postings among candidates, organizations, and citizens, and finally exploring the impact of social media use on mobilization and participatory inequality defined by gender, age, and socio-economic status.

Findings

This volume addresses whether social media use is more common among liberal or conservative citizens, candidates, and organizations; the level of negativity in social media discourse and the impact on attitudes; the existence of echo chambers of like-minded individuals and groups; the extent and nature of interactivity in social media; and whether social media will reinforce participation inequalities. In sum, the studies suggest that negativity and interactivity on social media are limited and mixed support for echo chambers. While social media mobilizes citizens, these citizens are those who already pre-disposed to engage in civic and political life.

Originality/value

This paper explores key topics in social media research drawing upon 60 recently published studies. Most of the studies are published in 2015 and 2016, providing a contemporary analysis of these topics.
Congressional social media communications: evaluating Senate Twitter usage
Authors: Straus Jacob R. , Williams Raymond T. , Shogan Colleen J. , Glassman Matthew E.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand why some Senators choose to use Twitter more frequently than others. Building on past research, which explored causal factors leading to early congressional adoption, theories about why some Senators use Twitter more frequently in their daily communications strategies are developed.

Design/methodology/approach

A “power user” score was developed by evaluating each Senator’s clout, interactivity, and originality on Twitter. These scores are then used as the dependent variable in a regression model to evaluate which factors influence Senators becoming Twitter “power users.”

Findings

The study found that: constituent income is positively correlated with heavy use, but constituent education level is not; the more ideological a Senator is the more he or she will be a Twitter power user; the number of days on Twitter is a significant indicator of advanced Twitter usage; and having staff dedicated to social media is positively correlated with being a Twitter power user.

Research limitations/implications

All Senators in the second session of the 113th Congress (2014) were evaluated. As such, future research hope to expand the data set to additional Senators or the House of Representatives.

Practical implications

A better understanding of why some Senators use Twitter more than others allows insight into constituent communications strategies and the potential implications of real-time communication on representation, and the role of accountability between a Senator and his or her constituents.

Originality/value

The study examines constituent communication by Senators in a new, more interactive medium than previously considered. Additionally, the study places findings about Senator’s constituent communication in the broader context of representation.
The relationship between online campaigning and political involvement
Authors: Kruikemeier Sanne , van Noort Guda , Vliegenthart Rens , H. de Vreese Claes
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the causal relationship between interactive and personal campaigning on social media and political involvement, and the mechanisms that explain the effects. Specifically, this study examines whether personal and interactive communication on Twitter increases political involvement among citizens through social presence and perceived expertise.

Design/methodology/approach

An experimental design – a 2 (low vs high interactivity)×3 (depersonalized vs individualized vs privatized communication) between-subjects design – is used.

Findings

The findings show that interactive communication leads to a stronger sense of social presence and source expertise, which positively affect involvement. The effects of personal campaigning differ. Individualized communication positively affects involvement via source expertise. Interestingly, privatized communication positively affects involvement via social presence, but negatively via source expertise.

Originality/value

Although a growing body of work examines the political consequences of social media, there is still very little understanding why social media affect citizens. The current study fills this void by investigating how the use of social media affects political involvement among citizens.
Video games in classrooms: an interview with Zack Gilbert
Authors: Li Juan
Published: September 2016

Purpose

This article aims to better understand game-based learning teaching practices through an interview with Zack Gilbert, a 6th grade teacher who is incorporating video games Civilization IV (Civ) and Minecraft into his social studies classroom.

Design/methodology/approach

This article is based on an interview with Zack Gilbert, regarding his practices and ideas toward using video games to facilitate learning.

Findings

In this interview, he shared his journey exploring teaching practices and experiences applying Civ and Minecraft to social studies class, which may serve as an example for other teachers.

Originality/value

The pioneering and successful experiences of Zack Gilbert may offer an example or insights for other teachers who intend to incorporate video games into their classrooms.
Working in the Open: lessons from open source on building innovation networks in education
Authors: Santo Rafi , Ching Dixie , Peppler Kylie , Hoadley Christopher
Published: September 2016

Purpose

This article makes the case that the education community can learn from professional learning and innovation practices, collectively called “Working in the Open” (or “Working Open”), that have roots in the free/open source software (F/OSS) movement. These practices focus on values of transparency, collaboration and sharing within communities of experimentation. This paper aims to argues that Working Open offers a compelling approach to fostering distributed educational professional networks that focus on co-constructing new projects and best practices.

Design/methodology/approach

Insights presented here are based on three sources: expert perspectives on open source work practices gleaned through interviews and blog posts, a qualitative case analysis of a collaborative project enacted by a group of informal learning organizations within the Hive NYC Learning Network, a community of over 70 youth-facing organizations in New York City, as well as an overview of that network’s participation structures, and, finally, knowledge-building activities and discussions held within the Hive NYC community about the topic in situ. From these sources, the authors derived general principles to guide open work approaches.

Findings

The authors identify five practices deemed as central to Working Open: public storytelling and context setting, enabling community contribution, rapid prototyping “in the wild”, public reflection and documentation and, lastly, creating remixable work products. The authors describe these practices, show how they are enacted in situ, outline ways that Hive NYC stewards promote a Working Open organizational ecosystem and conclude with recommendations for utilizing a Working Open approach.

Originality/value

Drawing from the F/OSS movement, this article builds on standard practices of professional learning communities to provide an approach that focuses on pushing forward innovation and changes in practice as opposed to solely sharing reflections or observing practices.
Not just a blip in someone’s life: integrating brokering practices into out-of-school programming as a means of supporting and expanding youth futures
Authors: Ching Dixie , Santo Rafi , Hoadley Christopher , Peppler Kylie
Published: September 2016

Purpose

This article makes a case for the importance of brokering future learning opportunities to youth as a programmatic goal for informal learning organizations. Such brokering entails engaging in practices that connect youth to events, programs, internships, individuals and institutions related to their interests to support them beyond the window of a specific program or event. Brokering is especially critical for youth who are new to an area of interest: it helps them develop both a baseline understanding of the information landscape and a social network that will respond to their needs as they pursue various goals. The paper aims to describe three critical levers for brokering well in informal settings: creating learning environments that allow trust to form between youth and educators and enable educators to develop an understanding of a young person’s interests, needs and goals; attending to a young person’s tendency (or not) to reach out to educators after a program is over to solicit assistance; and enabling potential brokers to efficiently locate appropriate future learning opportunities for each young person who approaches them. The authors also include a set of program practices for providers who wish to increase their brokering impact, as well as recommendations geared primarily toward organization leaders. The authors hope that this paper brings clarity and enhanced significance to the practice of brokering as a strategy to support youth pathways toward meaningful futures.

Design/methodology/approach

Insights presented here are the result of a participatory knowledge building and sharing process with a community of after-school providers known as the Mozilla Hive NYC Learning Network. The topic of discussion was how these providers might continue to support young people in their intensive project-based programs after the program was over. The authors of this article, acting as embedded research partners to Hive NYC, contributed insights to these discussions based on ethnographic fieldwork and case studies of high-school-age youth in the Hive NYC context.

Findings

The authors articulate a set of brokering practices and a conceptual model that communicates how brokering might lead to valued long-term outcomes for youth, including increased social capital.

Originality/value

The intent is that information and perspectives from this article will inform youth-serving practice and serve as a catalyst for further conversations and activities geared toward promoting youth pathways of learning and identity development.
Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors alone on EGFR‐mutant non‐small cell lung cancer with brain metastasis
Authors: Zhang Qiuyi , Zhang Xuchao , Yan Honghong , Jiang Benyuan , Xu Chongrui , Yang Jinji , Chen Zhihong , Su Jian , Wu Yi‐Long , Zhou Qing
Published: September 2016

Background

Epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) are remarkably effective for treating EGFR‐mutant non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the individual role of EGFR‐TKIs in patients with brain metastasis (BM) arising from EGFR‐mutant NSCLC remains unclear.

Methods

Patients with BM secondary to NSCLC and harboring EGFR‐activating mutations were retrospectively screened. Patients who received gefitinib or erlotinib to control both extracranial lesions (ECLs) and intracranial lesions (ICLs) were eligible. If ECLs remained stable or remissive while ICLs progressed; asymptomatic BM progressed to symptomatic BM; BM symptoms were not alleviated within two weeks; or BM symptoms deteriorated after initial release, patients received brain radiotherapy or other local treatments and continued taking TKIs until ECLs progression occurred.

Results

In 43 eligible patients, the objective response and disease control rates for ICLs were 57% and 91%, respectively. Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 9.3 months. The median PFS for ICLs and ECLs was 9.7 and 13.7 months, respectively. Non‐smokers and second‐line TKIs were found to be independent positive prognostic factors for PFS and overall survival (OS) respectively, with a hazard ratio of 0.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14–0.61; P = 0.001) and 0.34 (95% CI 0.16–0.70; P = 0.003). No significant difference in median OS was observed between patients who did or did not receive brain radiotherapy (23.6 vs. 18.7 months; P = 0.317).

Conclusion

EGFR‐TKIs alone are effective for treating BM arising from EGFR‐mutant NSCLC. The efficacy of TKIs in ICLs and ECLs should be evaluated separately.
Efficacy and safety of adjunctive topiramate for schizophrenia: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zheng W. , Xiang Y.‐T. , Xiang Y.‐Q. , Li X.‐B. , Ungvari G. S. , Chiu H. F. K. , Correll C. U.
Published: September 2016

Objective

To systematically examine the randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence regarding efficacy and tolerability of topiramate cotreatment with antipsychotics in schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders.

Methods

Random‐effects meta‐analysis of RCTs of topiramate cotreatment with antipsychotics vs. placebo/ongoing antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders. Standardized or weighted mean difference (SMD/WMD), risk ratio (RR) ±95% confidence intervals (CIs), and number needed to harm (NNH) were calculated.

Results

Across 16 RCTs (n = 934, duration = 11.8 ± 5.6 weeks), topiramate outperformed the comparator regarding change/endpoint of total (SMD: −0.58, 95% CI: −0.82, −0.35, P < 0.00001), positive (SMD: −0.37, 95% CI: −0.61, −0.14, P = 0.002), negative (SMD: −0.58, 95% CI: −0.87, −0.29, P < 0.0001), and general symptoms (SMD: −0.68, 95% CI: −0.95, −0.40, P < 0.00001). Furthermore, topiramate was superior regarding body weight (WMD: –2.75 kg, 95% CI: −4.03, −1.47, P < 0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (WMD: –1.77, 95% CI: −2.38, −1.15, P < 0.00001), triglycerides (P = 0.006), and insulin levels (P < 0.00001). Superiority regarding psychopathology and body weight/BMI was consistent across Chinese/Asian and Western RCTs, double‐blind and open designs, clozapine and non‐clozapine cotreatment, augmentation and co‐initiation RCTs, and higher and lower quality RCTs. In meta‐regression analyses, topiramate's efficacy for total symptoms was moderated by shorter illness duration (P = 0.047), while weight loss was greater in prevention/co‐initiation vs. intervention/augmentation RCTs (−4.11 kg, 95% CI: −6.70, −1.52 vs. −1.41 kg, 95% CI: −2.23, −0.59, P < 0.001). All‐cause discontinuation was similar between topiramate and comparators (RR: 1.28, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.81, P = 0.16). While topiramate led to more concentration/attention difficulties (P = 0.03, NNH = 8, 95% CI=4–25), psychomotor slowing (P = 0.02, NNH = 7, 95% CI = 4–25), and paresthesia (P = 0.05, NNH = 2, 95% CI = 4–33), it led to less ≥7% weight gain (P = 0.0001, NNH = 2, 95% CI = 2–3) and constipation (P = 0.04, NNH = 9, 95% CI = 5–100) than the comparator.

Conclusions

These results indicate that adjunctive topiramate to antipsychotics is an effective and safe treatment choice for symptomatic improvement and weight reduction in patients with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders.
Space–time interactions and invertebrate assemblage change in stream networks
Authors: Campbell Rebecca E. , McIntosh Angus R.
Published: September 2016

Streams form hierarchical, dendritic physical networks, but relatively little is known about how this spatial structure affects community assembly. We investigated interactions between changes over time in macroinvertebrate assemblages and their distribution in space (the space–time interaction) in stream networks. Assemblages were sampled from every tributary, and every reach between tributaries, to determine effects of network position on assemblage composition, in four West Coast, South Island, New Zealand, headwater networks. Using canonical redundancy analysis, we found that macroinvertebrate assemblages were significantly spatially structured and species assemblages changed significantly between two sampling periods. The most important environmental variables (averaged over all AIC models) explaining change in assemblage composition were related to disturbance, local habitat/resources and habitat size. The lack of a significant interaction between space and time, however, indicated the spatial pattern of assemblages remained the same over time, regardless of changes in assemblage composition. Consistent spatial structuring could be the result of unchanging processes such as those arising from the universal nature of stream topology and hydrology acting both on habitat‐ and dispersal‐ related community processes. Thus, we conclude that although community assemblages changed over time, the spatial arrangement of communities could potentially be predicted from stream network topology and hydrology.
A revision of the genusOrosiusDistant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) based on male genitalia and DNA barcoding
Authors: Fletcher Murray , Löcker Holger , Mitchell Andrew , Gopurenko David
Published: September 2016

A morphological and molecular review of the genusOrosiusDistant (Deltocephalinae: Opsiini) was undertaken using male genitalia and DNA barcoding. We recognise 14 valid species of the genus, of which two were indeterminate, based on females only and recognised only by DNA barcodes.Orosius argentatus(Evans) stat. rev. is removed from synonymy withOrosius orientalis(Matsumura) after DNA barcoding demonstrated that the two species are distinct; small but consistent differences in the male genitalia are also found to support the two species hypothesis. The other species, recognised on male genitalia, are confirmed with DNA barcode sequence data. These species areOrosius albicinctusDistant,Orosius lotophagorum(Kirkaldy),Orosius canberrensis(Evans),Orosius ryukyuensis(Ishihara) andOrosius cellulosus(Lindberg), plus five new species described herein asOrosius albifronsFletcher & Löcker sp. nov. andOrosius brunneusFletcher & Löcker sp. nov. from Barrow Island, Western Australia,Orosius recurvusFletcher & Löcker sp. nov. from New South Wales andOrosius magareyiFletcher & Löcker sp. nov. andOrosius pallidusFletcher & Löcker sp. nov. from Loxton, South Australia. This is the first record ofO. cellulosusfrom Australia.Orosius aegypticusGhauri syn. nov. is synonymised withO. albicinctus, the synonymy ofNesaloha cantonisOman syn. nov. is transferred toO. orientalisfromO. argentatusandOrosius argentatus novaebrittaniaeGhauri syn. nov. is synonymised withO. orientalis. Orosius minuicusDlabola is excluded from the genus. A key for the discrimination and identification of the species based on male genitalia is provided.
High expression of the Notch ligand Jagged‐1 is associated with poor prognosis after surgery for colorectal cancer
Authors: Sugiyama Masakazu , Oki Eiji , Nakaji Yu , Tsutsumi Satoshi , Ono Naomi , Nakanishi Ryota , Sugiyama Masahiko , Nakashima Yuichiro , Sonoda Hideto , Ohgaki Kippei , Yamashita Nami , Saeki Hiroshi , Okano Shinji , Kitao Hiroyuki , Morita Masaru , Oda Yoshinao , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: September 2016

The importance of Notch signaling in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis and progression has previously been presented. Increased expression of Jagged‐1 (JAG1), a Notch ligand, in CRC has been revealed, but the detailed prognostic significance of JAG1 in CRC has not been determined. Protein expression of JAG1 was examined using immunohistochemistry in 158 CRC specimens. Expression of JAG1 and E‐cadherin and their associations with clinicopathologic characteristics, overall survival (OS) and relapse‐free survival (RFS) were evaluated. In vitro studies using compounds to regulate intracellular signaling and small interfering RNA to silence JAG1 were performed in a colon cancer cell line. JAG1 expression in cancerous tissues was weak, moderate or strong in 32%, 36% and 32% of specimens, respectively, and correlated with histologic type and T stage. In multivariate analysis, JAG1 expression, histologic type and lymphatic invasion independently correlated with OS and RFS. The combination of high JAG1 expression and low E‐cadherin expression had an additive effect toward poorer OS and RFS compared with the low JAG1/high E‐cadherin expression subtype. A significant correlation between JAG1 expression and KRAS status was detected in groups stratified as high E‐cadherin expression. In vitro studies suggested that RAS‐MEK‐MAP kinase and the Wnt pathways positively regulated JAG1 expression. Gene silencing with siJAG1 indicated that JAG1 promotes the transition from epithelial to mesenchymal characteristics and cell growth. High expression of JAG1 is regulated by various pathways and is associated with poor prognosis through promoting the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cell proliferation or maintaining cell survival in CRC.
Analysis of residue conformations in peptides in Cambridge structural database and protein‐peptide structural complexes
Authors: Raghavender Upadhyayula Surya
Published: September 2016

A comprehensive statistical analysis of the geometric parameters of peptide chains in a reduced dataset of protein‐peptide complexes in Protein Data Bank (PDB) is presented. The angular variables describing the backbone conformations of amino acid residues in peptide chains shed insights into the conformational preferences of peptide residues interacting with protein partners. Nonparametric statistical approaches are employed to evaluate the interrelationships and associations in structural variables. Grouping of residues based on their structure into chemical classes reveals characteristic trends in parameter relationships. A comparison of canonical amino acid residues in free peptide structures in Cambridge structural database (CSD) with identical residues in PDB complexes, suggests that the information can be integrated from both the structural repositories enabling efficient and accurate modeling of biologically active peptides.