bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
antonio favaro and the edizione nazionale of galileo's works
Authors: castagnetti giuseppe , camerota michele
Published: October 2005

antonio favaro was born in padua on 21 may 1847 to a cultivated family of lower nobility. after having accomplished his studies in mathematics at the university of padua in 1866, he went to turin, where he specialized as an engineer at the scuola d’applicazione (polytechnical high school) in 1869. as early as 1872, he was appointed as extra-ordinary professor at the university of padua. for fifty years he taught graphical statics there. during different periods he also gave courses in infinitesimal calculus and projective geometry. since 1878 favaro, as one of the first in an italian university, also taught history of mathematics. he died in padua on 30 september 1922, shortly after his retirement.
the discovery of the parabolic shape of the projectile trajectory
Authors: wohlwill emil
Published: October 2005

in the fourth volume of his history of the experimental method in italy (caverni 1891–1900, 4:506–33), raffaello caverni fulfilled the promise he had made four years earlier in an introductory overview of his work (ibid., 1:135–36): to prove on the basis of the history of the discovery of the parabolic shape of the projectile trajectory that galileo claimed the intellectual property of his eminent contemporaries as his own, and to show how this was accomplished. one had the right to expect that the proponent of such an entirely new opinion in a case which he himself considered to be, in the words of bacon, an instantia praerogativa for the justification of his view, would weigh the value of each individual argument with absolute impartiality and do complete justice to the ambiguity of the given facts. he would have to state his case in compelling logic so that a clear-thinking individual would have no choice, in this case at least, but to believe in the dishonorable theft by a great man. in these expectations we have been disappointed thoroughly by caverni: his argumentation is in all aspects that of a shrewd lawyer who considers it his task to allow only one side of the question to come to light, to collect everything that might be utilized in favor of his biased reading, to hold back anything which might give rise to the idea that things could be viewed in another way. he believed it permissible for his own purposes to operate with presumptions as if they were facts, and to regard as proven what is at best probable.
Cost-effective conservation when eco-entrepreneurs have market power
Authors: FERRARO PAUL J. , SIMPSON R. DAVID
Published: October 2005

International conservation investments are often made in the form of subsidies to purportedly eco-friendly enterprises rather than as payments conditional on habitat protection. Previous research demonstrated that direct payments for habitat protection are more cost effective than indirect subsidies for the acquisition of com-plementary inputs used in eco-friendly enterprises. In contrast to this earlier research, we assume in this paper that an ‘eco-entrepreneur’ may have market power. Market power is shown to compound the advantage of direct payments. Through a simple numerical example, we show that subsidies intended to achieve habitat conservation by encouraging the acquisition of complementary inputs can be spectacularly inefficient. In some cases it would be cheaper simply to buy the land outright. In other plausible cases, the indirect subsidy approach would simply be unable to achieve habitat conservation objectives no matter how much funding were available.
Farmers' perceptions of participation and institutional effectiveness in the management of mid-hill watersheds in Nepal
Authors: SHIVAKOTI GANESH P. , THAPA SURENDRA B.
Published: October 2005

In the mid-hills of Nepal, as in many developing countries, gradually developing urban centers and increasing demand for agricultural produce, due to population growth and early development activities, have persuaded farm households to reorient their subsistence farming to become farm systems growing surplus food to be sold in the markets. To cope with these changes, institutions play an important role and, for these institutions to be effective, farmers must perceive their participation as not being coerced. Their participation is influenced by individual household characteristics and proximity to support services and markets. Our main findings from the analysis of household surveys based on the level of market participation included: (1) the education level and amount of training attended by family members are influencing social variables, while farm size and gross farm income are dominant economic variables influencing household participation and perceived institutional effectiveness; (2) these variations revealed significant differences in the levels of market economy for household participation and institutional effectiveness within the watershed; and (3) the factor analysis further categorized several socioeconomic variables into three major factors explaining household participation and institutional effectiveness; these included labor quality and resources, supplementary income coming from migration and off-farm activities, and awareness and modern skills acquired by farm household members living within the watershed.
A Realistic/Theory of Change Approach to the Evaluation of Health Promotion in Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Sandwell
Authors: Carroll Marie , David Monica , Jacobs Brian , Judge Kalvinder , Wilkes Barry
Published: October 2005

Discovering a theory of change for health promotion in small- and medium-sized enterprises highlights important lessons about how successful workplace health interventions work and the conditions conducive to positive outcomes for ‘hard to reach groups’. In the evaluation of targeted health promotion initiatives carried out by the Workwell project in Sandwell, a theory of change has emerged that indicates the need for a sensitive understanding of the contexts of interventions and the importance of developing mechanisms appropriate to local conditions and stakeholder expectations.
Transnational influences on Domestic Violence Policy and Action – Exploring Developments in China and England
Authors: Hester Marianne
Published: October 2005

Recognised as a global concern by the UN, and increasingly acknowledged as a gendered crime and welfare issue in such diverse settings as the UK and China, domestic violence provides an important window on the development of policy and action in a global context. Focusing specifically on England and China, and mainly on the latter, the article highlights the need for gender to be an integral aspect of global social policy analysis, examines the impact of international organisations (governmental and non-governmental) on domestic violence policy development, and demonstrates the importance of country context in constructing and implementing global policy frameworks.
Magnetic signature of the ionospheric disturbance dynamo at equatorial latitudes: “Ddyn”
Authors: Le Huy Minh , Amory‐Mazaudier Christine
Published: October 2005

During magnetic storms, wind disturbances produced by auroral phenomena can affect the whole thermospheric circulation and associated ionospheric dynamo currents for many hours after the end of the storms. In this paper we define criteria to select a new simple type of ionospheric disturbance dynamo events that allow a simple interpretation over all longitude sectors. These events exhibit a weak auroral activity during at least 24 UT hours, on the day after the storm. We analyze the magnetic disturbances “Ddyn” observed at equatorial latitudes in the three longitude sectors of such selected events. It is found for all the cases that the amplitude of the H component of the Earth's magnetic field is reduced, on the day after storm at equatorial latitudes, in agreement with the ionospheric disturbance dynamo model (Blanc and Richmond, 1980). The observation of H component decrease on the day after storm is longitudinally asymmetric. The observed signature of the ionospheric disturbance dynamo process in a specific longitude sector is strongly dependent on the magnitude, the start time, and the duration of the storm.
Spectral windowing application to study surface ozone variability over Europe
Authors: Tarasova O. A. , Kuznetsov G. I. , Zakharov I. S.
Published: October 2005

Spectral filtering technique is applied to analyze spatial and temporal peculiarities of the surface ozone variability over Europe. Different ranges of intra‐annual variability are separated, and their contribution in total observed variability is estimated. Data from 83 sites of the EMEP ozone‐monitoring network are used to study periods of 90–31 (scale 1), 30–19 (scale 2), 18–8 (scale 3), and 7–1 (scale 4) days. Spatial fields and seasonal variability of the selected scales are discussed. The obtained variability fields are spatially nonuniform over Europe and include some peculiarities for individual scales. The contribution of variability at scale 3 is estimated to be maximal (up to 10% of total variability) among the studied ones. Variability at all the scales is 10–15% less in the Alpine regions in comparison with other continental areas of low altitude. Maximal variability at all studied scales is observed in summer. Lines of equal variability values in most cases are parallel to the border of continent and exhibit a north‐south gradient.
Electric fields and electron energies inferred from the ISUAL recorded sprites
Authors: Kuo Cheng‐Ling , Hsu R. R. , Chen A. B. , Su H. T. , Lee L. C. , Mende S. B. , Frey H. U. , Fukunishi H. , Takahashi Y.
Published: October 2005

Electron energies and the strength of electric fields in sprites are deduced for five selected events, which were recorded by the space‐borne instrument called ISUAL (Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning; a payload on the FORMOSAT‐2 satellite). From the derived peak intensity ratios of spectrophotometer channel 2 (centered at 337 nm) and channel 3 (centered at 391.4 nm) of these sprites, the average and characteristic electron energies were found to be in the range of 6.2–9.2 eV and 4.5–6.5 eV, respectively. The estimated E/N at 40–60 km is 243–443 Td and the strength of the electric field is 2.1–3.7 times that of the atmosphere breakdown E‐field at these altitudes. The inferred electron energies and the strength of electric fields are about two times higher than those inferred from ground campaigns. However, they are consistent with the prediction of the sprite streamer model.
Reduction of ICESat systematic geolocation errors and the impact on ice sheet elevation change detection
Authors: Luthcke S. B. , Rowlands D. D. , Williams T. A. , Sirota M.
Published: October 2005

The Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) has been acquiring unprecedented observations of our planet's varied surfaces with impressive precision. However, systematic errors remain in the data including orbital variation and long‐term bias trend pointing errors. These errors are particularly troublesome because they cannot be separated from true surface elevation change and confound instrument range bias determination. We present a method to correct these systematic pointing errors to the sub‐arcsecond level. We demonstrate the impact of these errors and their corrections on Greenland and Antarctica ice sheet surface elevation change observations and sea surface anomaly observations, as well as instrument range bias determination. While further improvements in the ICESat data will certainly be made, the analysis presented here demonstrates a major error source can be significantly reduced, resulting in improved surface elevation accuracies for ice sheet elevation change detection.
Near‐surface common‐midpoint seismic data recorded with automatically planted geophones
Authors: Spikes Kyle T. , Vincent Paul D. , Steeples Don W.
Published: October 2005

We introduce the Autojuggie II as a device to speed the emplacement of geophones for near‐surface seismic common‐midpoint (CMP) surveys. Hydraulic cylinders force rigidly interconnected geophones into the ground simultaneously and automatically. We demonstrate that accurate CMP data can be recorded with geophones planted by this device, and that a CMP stacked section can be processed, from which reliable geologic information can be extracted. To make this demonstration, we compare the stacked section to a coincident and parallel section, whose data was acquired using conventionally hand‐planted geophones. The two sections are very similar in amplitude, phase, and frequency. A slight difference in coherency exists in a ∼35‐ms reflection; the stack corresponding to the automatically planted geophones shows better coherency relative to the comparison stack. However, the similarity of the sections indicates that accurate CMP data can be recorded using geophones planted by the Autojuggie II.
Ice elevations and surface change on the Malaspina Glacier, Alaska
Authors: Sauber J. , Molnia B. , Carabajal C. , Luthcke S. , Muskett R.
Published: October 2005

Here we use Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat)‐derived elevations and surface characteristics to investigate the Malaspina Glacier of southern Alaska. Although there is significant elevation variability between ICESat tracks on this glacier, we were able to discern general patterns in surface elevation change by using a regional digital elevation model (DEM) as a reference surface. Specifically, we report elevation differences between ICESat Laser 1–3 observations (February 2003 – November 2004) and a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)‐derived DEM from February 2000. Elevation decreases of up to 20–25 m over a 3–4 year time period were observed across the folded loop moraine on the southern portion of the Malaspina Glacier.
Warming of the arctic ice‐ocean system is faster than the global average since the 1960s
Authors: Zhang Jinlun
Published: October 2005

Model results and observations both indicate warming of the world ocean from 1955 to 2003. Forced by reanalysis data, the model also shows that the warming of the arctic ice–ocean system is faster than the global average since the 1960s; there is a small but widespread increase in heat content of the Arctic Ocean's waters and a larger increase of latent heat embodied in the ocean's decreasing ice cover. From 1966 to 2003 the modeled mean world ocean temperature in the upper 700 m increased 0.097°C and by 0.137°C according to observations (Levitus et al., 2005); the modeled mean temperature adjusted for sea ice in the corresponding layer of the Arctic Ocean increased 0.203°C. The warming of the world ocean is associated with an increase in global surface air temperature, downward longwave radiation, and therefore net heat flux. The faster warming of the arctic ice–ocean system is associated with an amplified increase in arctic surface air temperature, downward longwave radiation, and net heat flux.
Modeling the solar energetic particle events in closed structures of interplanetary magnetic field
Authors: Kocharov L. , Kovaltsov G. A. , Torsti J. , Huttunen‐Heikinmaa K.
Published: October 2005

We undertook a numerical modeling of the solar energetic particle (SEP) event inside a loop‐like magnetic cloud in the solar wind. Particles accelerated near the Sun are injected into the cloud of a previous coronal mass ejection (CME) that already has expanded through 1 AU. In the framework of focused transport, we perform Monte Carlo simulations of the SEP propagation and adiabatic deceleration caused by an overall expansion of the CME. The loop‐like structure of the interplanetary magnetic field strongly modifies the intensity‐time profiles of high‐energy protons. At not very small values of the particle mean free path, λ > 0.1 AU, and a power‐law energy spectrum of >1 MeV protons, the proton event development after the intensity maximum is significantly closer to an exponential‐decay profile than would be expected based on the modeling in the standard Archimedean‐spiral field. The modeling results are similar to the patterns observed with the Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron (ERNE) particle telescope on board SOHO on 2–3 May 1998. We compare the numerical modeling results with estimates based on the diffusion‐convection equation of SEP transport and provide analytical formulae, which can be used for analysis of future events.
Grouping and Assimilation in Perception, Memory, and Conditioning
Authors: King Donald L.
Published: October 2005

A group-assimilation theory hypothesizes that a Gestalt-like group is associated with assimilation among the parts of the group. Assimilation is an increase in the perceived or sensed similarity of 1 part to a 2nd part. Assimilation occurs for traditional parts such as color but also occurs for salience. The theory accounts for key outcomes in perception, memory, and conditioning. An important hypothesis is that traditional assimilation and salience assimilation tend to have opposing effects on identification. The traditional assimilation of a target to a 2nd part frequently impairs the target's identification. In contrast, the assimilation of a less salient target to a more salient 2nd part increases the salience of the target and thus improves the target's identification. The corresponding hypothesis that 2 groups are associated with contrast between those parts that belong to different groups is also considered.
Freud's Seduction Theory and its Rehabilitation: A Saga of one Mistake after Another
Authors: McCullough Maurice L.
Published: October 2005

It is argued that Freud's seduction theory was so manifestly false that it was unlikely that his contemporaries would accept it or that he would retain it for very long. It is further argued that the relatively successful attempt by Masson and others to rehabilitate the theory was achieved partly by exploiting several myths, such as the supposed irrational and hostile manner in which Freud and his theory were received, but was achieved mainly by presenting a version of the seduction theory that was so shorn of its implausible aspects that it posited little more than that child sexual abuse can be pathogenic; in a crucial way, it acknowledged neither the central etiological role given to unconscious memories nor the therapeutic requirement of making them conscious. Once the seduction theory was rehabilitated, however, these original aspects were reclaimed and they served to strengthen the rationale for giving “memory recovery” a central role in therapy.
The Psychology of Life Stories
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: October 2005

Recent years have witnessed an upsurge of interest among theorists and researchers in autobiographical recollections, life stories, and narrative approaches to understanding human behavior and experience. An important development in this context is D. P. McAdams's life story model of identity ( 1985 , 1993 , 1996 ), which asserts that people living in modern societies provide their lives with unity and purpose by constructing internalized and evolving narratives of the self. The idea that identity is a life story resonates with a number of important themes in developmental, cognitive, personality, and cultural psychology. This article reviews and integrates recent theory and research on life stories as manifested in investigations of self-understanding, autobiographical memory, personality structure and change, and the complex relations between individual lives and cultural modernity.
Psychologists on Psychology: The Inquiry Beliefs of Psychologists by Subdiscipline, Gender, and Age
Authors: Dawda Darek , Martin Jack
Published: October 2005

Three hundred six psychologists, all members of the American Psychological Association, responded to a questionnaire on which they rated various theoretical–philosophical statements concerning the conduct of psychological inquiry. Results were considered in relation to the subdiscipline of psychology to which respondents belonged, their gender, and their decade of birth. Results for subdiscipline indicated progressively weaker relative support for naturalism, reductionism, empiricism, and experimentalism as the context of subdisciplinary inquiry became increasingly broad. Women were less attached to experimental methods than men and displayed a stronger belief in the importance of political factors in research than did their male counterparts. Finally, younger psychologists believed more strongly in the importance of presentation skills such as good writing and rhetoric with respect to research and academic success.
Implications of Dysfunctional Emotions for Understanding how Emotions Function
Authors: Parrott W. Gerrod
Published: October 2005

Consensus that emotions are functional and adaptive has reached such a level that contradictory evidence is no longer seriously considered, and the complex determinants of functionality are not fully appreciated. To remedy this complacency, the author draws attention to the nontrivial amount of dysfunctional emotion in everyday life, as well as to the many long-standing philosophical and religious traditions that counsel dispassion. This exercise is useful for tempering functionalist zeal and restoring scientific skepticism. It also demonstrates that the functionality of emotions depends critically on the appraisals that give rise to emotions, the choice and control of the behaviors motivated by emotions, and the socialization and training of emotions. These parameters, whether or not they are considered part of an emotion, must be considered part of what makes emotions functional.
On Introspection and Self-Perception: Does Self-Focused Attention Enable Accurate Self-Knowledge?
Authors: Silvia Paul J. , Gendolla Guido H. E.
Published: October 2005

How is introspection related to accurate self-perception? Self-focused attention is said to facilitate accurate judgments of cognitive aspects (attitudes, standards, and attributions) and somatic aspects (sensations, arousal, physical symptoms, emotions) of self. The present skeptical review concludes that the “perceptual accuracy hypothesis” is unsupported. There is simply little direct evidence, and the indirect evidence is better explained by objective self-awareness theory's core tenet: Self-focus increases consistency motivation. Most studies have also failed to appreciate the complexity of establishing the accuracy of self-judgment. The authors discuss some conceptual issues that future work should recognize, such as the logics of accuracy research, the role of honesty standards in accurate self-reports, differences in self-perception and object perception, and the implications of different self-theories for accuracy.
Interest and Interests: The Psychology of Constructive Capriciousness
Authors: Silvia Paul J.
Published: October 2005

This article develops a perspective on interest and interests as aspects of motivation, emotion, and personality. Interest is viewed as a capricious emotion with few, if any, immediate adaptational functions; it serves long-term adaptational goals by cultivating knowledge and diversifying skills and experience. Interests are viewed as idiosyncratic intrinsic motives that promote expertise. Theories of how interests arise are reviewed and organized. A model of how the emotion of interest participates in the development of enduring interests is proposed. The author concludes that apparently frivolous aspects of motivation and personality such as “idle curiosity” and avocations seem to play complex roles in human experience and development.
A New Wave of Innovations in Psychology: High Intellectual and Creative Educational Multimedia Technologies
Authors: Shavinina Larisa V.
Published: October 2005

This article describes high intellectual and creative educational multimedia technologies (HICEMTs), which will constitute one of the innovative breakthroughs in science and technology of the 21st century and will lead to a new wave of innovations in psychology. HICEMTs appear at the intersection of many subdisciplines of psychology (including general, cognitive, developmental, educational, personality, media, cyber, and applied), education, and multimedia. The general and specific nature of HICEMTs is considered. The importance of HICEMTs is discussed from technological, economic, societal, educational, and psychological perspectives.
Experimental Psychopathology in Psychological Science
Authors: Zvolensky Michael J. , Lejuez C. W. , Stuart Gregory L. , Curtin John J.
Published: October 2005

Although the enterprise of experimental psychopathology has been around for quite some time, the integrative role that it plays in psychological science has not received explicit attention. This issue sits on the backdrop of theoretical and empirical evidence that, as an enterprise, experimental psychopathology has the potential to tie together psychological processes studied both in basic and applied domains. In this article, the authors discuss the nature of experimental psychopathology, focusing on its research agenda, historical perspective, and why and how it can be improved to have more of a direct impact in the study of psychopathology.
The Importance of Father Love: History and Contemporary Evidence
Authors: Rohner Ronald P. , Veneziano Robert A.
Published: October 2005

This article explores the cultural construction of fatherhood in America, as well as the consequences of this construction as a motivator for understudying fathers—especially father love—for nearly a century in developmental and family research. It then reviews evidence from 6 categories of empirical studies showing the powerful influence of fathers’ love on children's and young adults’ social, emotional, and cognitive development and functioning. Much of this evidence suggests that the influence of father love on offspring's development is as great as and occasionally greater than the influence of mother love. Some studies conclude that father love is the sole significant predictor of specific outcomes after controlling for the influence of mother love. Overall, father love appears to be as heavily implicated as mother love in offsprings’ psychological well-being and health, as well as in an array of psychological and behavioral problems.
Individuals as Social Relationships: 18 Ways that Acting Alone can be thought of as Social Behavior
Authors: Guerin Bernard
Published: October 2005

This article argues to replace individualistic explanations of behavior with descriptions of social and historical context. Eighteen ways are outlined that playing a guitar alone in a room can be thought of as socially controlled rather than dispositionally controlled. Despite having a skin containing a body, a “person” for the social sciences is a conglomerate of social relationships or interactions that spans space and time. Thinking of people and causes as within a body shapes individualistic biases in our explanations and interventions. Rather than propose a new philosophy, this article reviews 18 concrete ways to begin thinking about people as social interactions and not agentic individuals. This changes the interventions we propose, alters how we view cultural practices, prevents some perennial problems of psychology, and leads the way to integrate psychology in the social sciences. Moving from dispositional explanations to study the historical and social context of social relationships also requires that psychology seriously adapt some of the more intensive research methods from other social sciences.
How do Adolescents Process Smoking and Antismoking Advertisements? A Social Cognitive Analysis with Implications for Understanding Smoking Initiation
Authors: Shadel William G. , Niaura Raymond , Abrams David B.
Published: October 2005

Youth tobacco use has increased substantially in the United States during the past decade. This increase can be attributed, in part, to the potency of cigarette advertising and relative ineffectiveness of antismoking advertising. In this article, the authors argue that an understanding of the effects of these 2 competing forms of advertising on youth smoking is limited in current theoretical treatments and that an integrative theoretical perspective has yet to be advanced. The authors argue that the elaboration likelihood model ( R.E. Petty & J.T. Cacioppo, 1986 ) offers a framework with sufficient explanatory power in this domain. Prevention and legislative interventions may benefit from this analysis, which ultimately may help to decrease youth tobacco use.
Path integral Monte Carlo simulation of the absorption spectra of an Al atom embedded in helium
Authors: Wang Qian , Alexander Millard H.
Published: October 2005

We use a multilevel path integral Monte-Carlo (PIMC) method to simulate the arrangement of He atoms around a single Al atom doped in a He cluster. High-level ab initio Al-He pair potentials and a Balling and Wright pairwise Hamiltonian model are used to describe the full potential and the electronic asymmetry arising from the open-shell character of the Al atom in its ground and excited electronic states. Our calculations show that the doping of the Al 3p electron strongly influences the He packing. The results of the PIMC simulation are used to predict the electronic excitation spectrum of an Al atom embedded in He clusters. With inclusion of tail corrections for the ground and excited states potentials, the calculated 3d←3p spectrum agrees reasonably well with the experimental spectrum. The blueshift of the calculated spectrum associated with the 4s←3p transition of solvated Al is about 25 nm (2000cm−1) larger than seen in experiments on Al embedded in bulk liquid He. We predict that the spectrum associated with the 4p←3p transition will be blueshifted by ∼7000cm−1 (nearly 1 eV).
On the (E⊗e)-Jahn-Teller conical intersections in the 3p(E′) and 3d(E″) Rydberg electronic states of triatomic hydrogen
Authors: Jayachander Rao B. , Mahapatra S. , Köppel H. , Jungen M.
Published: October 2005

The static and dynamic aspects of the Jahn-Teller (JT) interactions in the 3p(E′) and 3d(E″) Rydberg electronic states of H3 are analyzed theoretically. The static aspects are discussed based on recent ab initio quantum chemistry results, and the dynamic aspects are examined in terms of the vibronic spectra and nonradiative decay behavior of these states. The adiabatic potential-energy surfaces of these degenerate electronic states are derived from extensive ab initio calculations. The calculated adiabatic potential-energy surfaces are diabatized following our earlier study on this system in its 2p(E′) ground electronic state. The nuclear dynamics on the resulting conically intersecting manifold of electronic states is studied by a time-dependent wave-packet approach. Calculations are performed both for the uncoupled and coupled state situations in order to understand the importance of nonadiabatic interactions due to the JT conical intersections in these excited Rydberg electronic states.
Three-dimensional ab initio potential-energy surface and rovibrational spectra of the H2–Kr complex
Authors: Zhou Yanzi , Xie Daiqian
Published: October 2005

We report a three-dimensional ab initio potential-energy surface for the H2–Kr complex calculated using a supermolecular method. The electronic calculations were performed at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles level with noniterative inclusion of connected triples levels with a large basis set including midbond functions and the full counterpoise correction for the basis-set superposition error. The intermolecular potential energy between the H2 molecule and the Kr atom were evaluated at five potential-optimized discrete variable representation (DVR) grid points generated from the potential-energy curve of H2. The potential for other bond lengths of H2 could be deduced using polynomial interpolations. The complex is found to have a linear preferred structure with a rather flat energy barrier. The three-dimensional DVR method and the Lanczos propagation algorithm were employed to calculate the rovibrational states without separating the inter- and intramolecular nuclear motions. In addition, the rovibrational spectra from the H2 fundamental vibrational band were calculated. The calculated shift for the band origin is −1.50cm−1, which is in good agreement with the experimental value of −1.706cm−1, and the calculated transition frequencies in Q1(0) and S1(0) bands are within 3% of the observed values.
High-resolution spectroscopy of induced chiral dimers: A study of the dimers of ethanol by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy
Authors: Hearn J. Paul I. , Cobley Rachel V. , Howard Brian J.
Published: October 2005

We present the first recording of the high-resolution spectrum of an induced chiral dimer. Three conformers of the induced chiral dimers of ethanol have been observed using a pulsed molecular-beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The rotational constants of the normal isotopomers of the three species have been determined to be (a) A=5113.826(5), B=1329.7214(4), and C=1257.5151(3)MHz, (b) A=5086.459(5), B=1316.6508(4), and C=1243.6329(4)MHz, and (c) A=4851.608(5), B=1369.7558(6), and C=1243.4184(4)MHz. The observed species have been assigned to calculated structures via Kraitchman double substitution analyses and ab initio calculations. The Kraitchman analyses and the fitted centrifugal distortion parameters suggest that the deuterium bond is significantly stronger than the hydrogen bond in the dimers of ethanol.
Determining the electron temperature in inductively coupled nitrogen plasmas by optical emission spectroscopy with molecular kinetic effects
Authors: Zhu Xi-Ming , Pu Yi-Kang
Published: October 2005

An improved method to determine electron temperature in inductively coupled nitrogen plasmas using optical emission spectroscopy is proposed. The molecular kinetic model, which includes the kinetic rates of excited nitrogen molecules, evaluates the line ratio by including all emission lines in the first and second positive band system of molecular nitrogen. The calculated electron temperature is compared with measured values by a Langmuir probe in the discharge pressure range between 1 and 10 mTorr.
Far-infrared soft-mode behavior in PbSc1∕2Ta1∕2O3 thin films
Authors: Kamba S. , Berta M. , Kempa M. , Hlinka J. , Petzelt J. , Brinkman K. , Setter N.
Published: October 2005

Temperature dependences of the optic phonons in PbSc1∕2Ta1∕2O3 (PST) sol-gel films deposited on sapphire substrates were studied by means of Fourier transform far-infrared transmission spectroscopy in the temperature range of 20–900K. Four films displaying different B-site order with both ferroelectric and relaxor behavior were studied. In all cases the TO mode near 80cm−1 at 10K softens on heating to ≈45cm−1 following the Cochran law with extrapolated critical temperature near 700K which is 400K above the temperature of dielectric maximum, Tm. Above 600K the TO1 mode remains stabile. This mode can be assigned to the A1 component of the ferroelectric soft-mode inside polar clusters which form below the Burns temperature near 700K. In the ordered PST film another mode activates below Tm in the infrared spectra near 60cm−1, also exhibiting an anomalous temperature dependence due to its coupling with the former mode. It is assigned to the A1 component of the F2g Raman active mode. The central mode, which appears below the Burns temperature in the terahertz range, is assigned to the dynamics of polar clusters. It slows down on cooling and vanishes from our spectral range below Tm. Another overdamped excitation assigned to the E component of the soft mode appears near 30cm−1 at low temperature.
Chandrasekhar-Kendall modes and Taylor relaxation in an axisymmetric torus
Authors: Tang X. Z. , Boozer A. H.
Published: October 2005

The helicity-conserving Taylor relaxation of a plasma in a toroidal chamber to a force-free configuration, which means j=(j‖∕B)B with j‖∕B independent of position, can be generalized to include the external injection of magnetic helicity. When this is done, j‖∕B has resonant values, which can be understood using the eigenmodes of Taylor-relaxed plasmas enclosed by a perfectly conducting toroidal shell. These eigenmodes include a toroidal generalization of those found by Chandrasekhar and Kendall (CK) [Astrophys. J. 126, 457 (1957)] for a spherical chamber, which has no externally produced magnetic flux. It is shown that the CK modes in an axisymmetric torus are of three types: (1) helical modes as well as axisymmetric modes that have (2) and have no (3) net toroidal flux. Yoshida and Giga (YG) [Math. Z. 204, 235 (1990)] published a fourth class of modes: axisymmetric modes that have no net toroidal flux in the chamber due to toroidal flux produced by a net poloidal current in the shell canceling the net toroidal flux from the plasma currents. Jensen and Chu [Phys. Fluids 27, 2881 (1984)], as well as Taylor [Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, 741 (1986)], considered modes in which the vector potential was zero on the axisymmetric toroidal chamber. It is shown that these Jensen-Chu-Taylor modes include only the CK helical modes and the CK axisymmetric modes without net toroidal flux. If the toroidal chamber is perfectly conducting except for a cut that prevents a net poloidal current from flowing, resonances in j‖∕B occur at the eigenvalues of the axisymmetric CK modes. Jensen and Chu studied this type of resonance. Without the cut, so a poloidal current flows to conserve the net toroidal flux, it is shown that j‖∕B resonances occur at the eigenvalues of the CK modes that have no net toroidal flux and at the eigenvalues of the YG modes, which are upshifted from the eigenvalues of the axisymmetric CK modes that carry net toroidal flux.
Intrinsic Josephson junctions in Y1Ba2Cu3Ox single-crystal whiskers grown using Te-doped precursors
Authors: Nagao Masanori , Kawae Takeshi , Yun KyungSung , Wang Huabing , Takano Yoshihiko , Hatano Takeshi , Yamashita Tsutomu , Tachiki Masashi , Maeda Hiroshi , Sato Mitsunori
Published: October 2005

Single-crystal whiskers of Y1Ba2Cu3Ox with a length of about 5mm were grown from a Te-doped precursor. The optimum nominal composition of the precursors was Y2Ba3Cu3Te0.5Ox. From the energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy measurement, Te was not detected in the whiskers. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics along the c axis of an annealed in vacuum whisker exhibit a clear multibranched structure and a hysteresis curve corresponding to intrinsic Josephson junctions.
Study of plasma dynamics affected by a global magnetic field in linear wire array Z pinches
Authors: Hu Min , Kusse Bruce R.
Published: October 2005

In the experiments described in this paper a linear wire array composed of several wires (e.g., four wires) was viewed as a small portion of a large cylindrical array. Comparing to cylindrical arrays, linear wire arrays have relatively simple geometry and therefore are much easier to diagnose. To simulate the global magnetic field present in a cylindrical array, a return current conductor was positioned near the linear wire array. A global magnetic field in the tens of Tesla was produced by the return current in the vicinity of the linear array. The plasma dynamics affected by the global magnetic field was studied using shearing interferometry and x-ray backlighting techniques. Experimental results on tungsten wire arrays (four wires, 1.4cm long, 12.7μm diameter, 1mm interwire gaps) are discussed. Current transfer from wire cores to the surrounding corona plasmas appeared to happen at around 10ns relative to the start of the current pulse. After that, some of the wire plasma was swept away from the wire cores by the J×B force and formed a localized, high-density peak (precursor plasma). The motion of the precursor plasma was observed to accelerate for about 20ns, indicating that current was present inside the precursor plasma during this time range. Using an x-ray backlighter and a laser interferometer, the resumption of wire core expansion, major mass ablation, and the termination of precursor plasma acceleration were observed to occur at 32–34ns. These effects can be interpreted as evidence of the transfer of the current back to the wire cores from the precursor plasma.
Momentum-space study of the effect of bremsstrahlung radiation on the energy of runaway electrons in tokamaks
Authors: Bakhtiari M. , Kramer G. J. , Whyte D. G.
Published: October 2005

The dynamics of runaway electrons in tokamak plasmas is studied in momentum space. In this analysis the electrons are accelerated by an electric field while they are decelerated by collisional drag, synchrotron radiation, and bremsstrahlung radiation. It is shown that the inclusion of bremsstrahlung losses into the calculations is important for the interpretation of disruption-mitigation experiments where large amounts of high Z are injected into the plasma. The inclusion of bremsstrahlung reduces the maximum energy that the runaway electrons can gain from the electric field.
Large magnetoresistance in rapidly solidified bismuth
Authors: Kang Kyongha , Hu Y. F. , Lewis L. H. , Li Qiang , Moodenbaugh A. R. , Choi Young-Suk
Published: October 2005

Rapidly solidified, annealed ribbons (20μm thick) of elemental Bi show a room-temperature ordinary magnetoresistive effect of 250% at 5T with the field applied perpendicular to the ribbon surface. The effect increases to 10000% at 5K and 5T. These values are intermediate to those obtained for single-crystal Bi films and sputtered or evaporated polycrystalline Bi films of comparable thicknesses. The large magnetoresistance of the ribbons is attributed to a very good crystallinity and partial c-axis texture of the ribbon achieved during solidification. Rapid solidification by melt spinning is a promising technique for synthesis of Bi with potential application in magnetoelectric devices.
Laser polarization dependence of proton emission from a thin foil target irradiated by a 70fs, intense laser pulse
Authors: Fukumi A. , Nishiuchi M. , Daido H. , Li Z. , Sagisaka A. , Ogura K. , Orimo S. , Kado M. , Hayashi Y. , Mori M. , Bulanov S. V. , Esirkepov T. , Nemoto K. , Oishi Y. , Nayuki T. , Fujii T. , Noda A. , Nakamura S.
Published: October 2005

A study of proton emission from a 3-μm-thick Ta foil target irradiated by p-, s-, and circularly polarized laser pulses with respect to the target plane has been carried out. Protons with energies up to 880keV were observed in the target normal direction under the irradiation by the p-polarized laser pulse, which yielded the highest efficiency for proton emission. In contrast, s- and circularly polarized laser pulses gave the maximum energies of 610 and 680keV, respectively. The difference in the maximum energy between the p- and s-polarized cases was associated with the difference between the sheath fields estimated from electron spectra.
Large tunnel magnetoresistance with plasma oxidized MgO barrier
Authors: Dimopoulos T. , Gieres G. , Wecker J. , Wiese N. , Luo Y. , Samwer K.
Published: October 2005

This work focuses on magnetic tunnel junctions with a polycrystalline MgO barrier, prepared by plasma oxidation. Combined with Co50Fe50 ferromagnetic electrodes, a large tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) of 60% is obtained at room temperature. The TMR effect is comparable to state-of-the-art Al oxide barriers with amorphous CoFeB electrodes. It is also found to decrease with the MgO thickness. Two most significant advantages of the MgO junctions are pointed out: (a) The resistance-area product is approximately two orders of magnitude lower than for AlOX− based junctions of the same thickness. (b) MgO presents unsurpassed thermal stability for high annealing temperatures (up to 370 °C) and long annealing periods. In addition, for small, patterned elements, we have tested the switching behavior of the soft electrode grown on the polycrystalline MgO barrier.
Theory of relativistic phase-space holes in a hot-electron-positron-ion plasma
Authors: Eliasson B. , Shukla P. K.
Published: October 2005

A theoretical and numerical study of phase-space holes in a relativistically hot-electron-positron-ion plasma is presented, and their potential and density profiles are calculated numerically for different sets of parameters. The phase-space holes are Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal modes in which particles are trapped in the self-consistent electrostatic potential. Relativistic effects increase the size of the phase-space hole and the amplitude of the associated electrostatic potential. In a pure electron-positron plasma, the phase-space holes must have a minimum speed close to the particle thermal speed. The presence of positively charged ions makes the holes smaller, and stabilizes the holes so that they can propagate with smaller speeds. A numerical Vlasov simulation demonstrates the stability of the holes and that they tend to interact and merge to form new holes.
Kinetic theory of flowing, magnetized plasma
Authors: Hazeltine R. D. , Hinton F. L.
Published: October 2005

The drift-kinetic equation for a rapidly flowing magnetized plasma is derived, allowing for arbitrary anisotropy of the distribution function.
Robotic dipping system for layer-by-layer assembly of multifunctional thin films
Authors: Jang Woo-Sik , Grunlan Jaime C.
Published: October 2005

A simple, yet very flexible robotic dipping system for the preparation of functional thin films is presented. These films are deposited onto a substrate using the layer-by-layer assembly technique. The robot alternately dips a substrate into aqueous mixtures containing oppositely charged or otherwise complementary species. Samples can be spray rinsed (a unique feature of this robot relative to others created for thin film deposition) and blow dried after each dip. Dipping, rinsing, and drying times are adjustable and up to twelve mixtures can be deposited in any order. An example 20-bilayer film was prepared using aqueous mixtures of carbon black stabilized with polyethylenimine and poly(acrylic acid). This film exhibits low resistivity (<0.2Ω∙cm) and is free of the porosity and brittleness that are characteristic of highly filled polymer composites. The robotic dipping system is especially useful for films requiring more than tenbilayers and a variety of different layers.
Phonon heat transport in silicon nanostructures
Authors: Ju Y. Sungtaek
Published: October 2005

Phonon heat conduction is one of the critical research areas for nanoelectronics. The thermal conductivity of silicon nanostructures is studied to gain insight into heat conduction in silicon and related semiconductors. We experimentally show that phonon-boundary scattering results in a significant reduction in the thermal conductivity of crystalline silicon films of thickness below 100 nm at room temperature, which is consistent with the previously reported data for silicon nanowires. Analysis of the data suggests that phonon modes that dominate heat conduction in silicon are fully excited at temperatures substantially below the Debye temperature.