bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow velocity analysis of umbilical and uterine artery flow in pre‐eclampsia treated with propranolol or pindolol
Authors: Meizner Israel , Paran Esther , Katz Miriam , Holcberg Gershon , Insler Vaclav
Published: February 2007

In a double blind study, 20 gravidas with pre‐eclampsia were randomly allocated to treatment with either propranolol 120 mg/day or pindolol 15 mg/day for 7 days. Flow velocimetry was performed before and after treatment to assess the influence of these two regimens of beta blocker on the feto‐placental circulation. A continuous wave Doppler unit was used to measure umbilical and uterine artery flow velocity waveforms. The systolic/diastolic (A/B) ratio and the systolic minus diastolic divided by systolic (A‐B)/A ratio (resistance index) were used as indexes of blood flow resistance in the umbilical and uterine arteries, respectively. A resistance to flow in the uteroplacental circulation was significantly less in patients treated with pindolol compared to those treated with propranolol (P < 0.01). The same pattern was also found in umbilical velocimetry, although the statistical significance was borderline (P = 0.06). Although both drugs were equally effective in reducing blood pressure at rest, their effect on the peripheral resistance was different. Pindolol appears to act in part through a peripheral vascular mechanism. Our data support this assumption because the flow in the uteroplacental bed, as reflected by a decrease in resistance index, improved when patients were treated with the drug pindolol.
A review of fetal organ measurements obtained with ultrasound: Normal growth
Authors: Hata Toshiyuki , Deter Russell L.
Published: February 2007

This review article presents fetal organ measurements obtained with ultrasound. Data derived from measurements of the brain, heart, lung, thymus, liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, gallbladder, kidney, adrenal glands, intestine, and bladder are summarized, compared and evaluated critically. The selection of optimal parameters, development of valid measurement procedures, and use of mathematical modeling and descriptive statistics are necessary for quantitative studies by ultrasound of fetal organ growth.
An assessment of hysterosalpingosonography (HSSG) as a diagnostic tool for uterine cavity defects and tubal patency
Authors: Bonilla‐Musoles F. , Simón C. , Serra V. , Sampaio M. , Pellicer A.
Published: February 2007

The value of hysterosalpingosonography (HSSG) as a diagnostic tool was evaluated in 76 patients and compared to hysteroscopic, laparoscopic, and/or hysterosalpingographic (HSG) findings. Saline solution and Dextran 60 were used as distension media.

Patients were divided in three groups: group A (n = 22), patients submitted for control post‐tubal electrocoagulation. Group B (n = 38), patients with a history of pathological metrorrhagias, and group C (n = 16) infertile women with possible tubal pathology.

Comparison between the different diagnostic techniques for the evaluation of the uterine cavity and tubes was carried out. Our results indicated that HSSG had more sensitivity but less specificity than hysteroscopy or HSG in the diagnosis of uterine cavity pathology. Hysteroscopy seems to be the best technique for the diagnosis of endometrial pathology, and HSSG seems to be the most effective in the study of the myometrium. HSSG cannot be considered a reliable and accurate method for the diagnosis of tubal patency.
High‐frequency transvaginal sonographic examination for the potential malformation assessment of the 9‐week to 14‐week fetus
Authors: Timor‐Tritsch Ilan E. , Monteagudo Ana , Peisner David B.
Published: February 2007

A study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of the high‐frequency transvaginal scanning method to consistently image first‐ and early second‐trimester fetal structures, such as body contours, long bones, fingers, face, palate, feet, toes, and the four‐chamber view.

Ninety‐seven low‐risk pregnancies were scanned from 9 weeks to 14 menstrual weeks inclusive. Accurate dating was ascertained.

The results showed that consistent detection of the respective structures was achieved at the following menstrual ages: sagittal contours at 9 weeks to 10 weeks, long bones at 10 weeks to 11 weeks, fingers at 12 weeks, face and palate at 12 weeks, feet and toes at 13 weeks, and the four‐chamber view at 14 weeks. The organs and structures examined could be detected at 9 weeks to 14 weeks inclusive. An increasing number of structure were detected consistently with the increasing menstrual age. The study supports the possibility of searching for specific malformations at or after the menstrual ages mentioned, or performing a more comprehensive malformation evaluation after 13 weeks.
Sonographic measurement of penile erectile volume
Authors: Chen Kuang‐Kuo , Chou Yi‐Hong , Chang Luke S. , Chen Ming‐Tsun
Published: February 2007

For more accurate determination of the penile erectile volume in the flaccid and erectile states, and the difference between them, 20 impotent patients from 36 years old to 70 years old were enrolled in the study. Penile Doppler ultrasonography was performed to check the diameter of each corpus cavernosum, and diameter and peak flow velocity of each cavernous artery before and after intracavernous injection with 10 μg to 20 μg prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). The penile length was measured from base to midglans manually before and after PGE1 injection. The erectile volume in flaccid and erectile states was calculated as π2 × length. The summation of erectile volume of left and right corpus cavernosum was taken as the total erectile volume. The patients were classified into good (10 patients) and poor (10 patients) response groups based mainly on the mean peak flow velocity of both cavernous arteries greater or less than 25 cm/s. There was a significant increase of erectile parameters (penile length, diameter of corpus cavernosum, and total erectile volume) after PGE1 injection in each group of patients. For the total of 20 patients, the mean increase of penile length was 4.27 cm (80.0%), the diameter of corpus cavernosum was 0.66 cm (77.9%), and total erectile volume was 27.87 mL (459.0%). A comparison of the increase of penile erectile parameters after PGE1 injection between the good and poor response groups of patients revealed a significantly greater increase of the diameter of corpus cavernosum in the good response patients.
Ultrasonographic fine‐needle aspiration of pathological masses in the head and neck region
Authors: Siegert Ralf , Küppers Peter , Barreton Gustavo
Published: February 2007

Two hundred and eight ultrasonographic fine‐needle aspiration biopsies were performed in patients with head and neck masses and examined cytologically. The average minimum diameter of the masses was 1.5 cm. The smallest punctured lymph node located in the perivascular sheath had a diameter of 0.4 cm. In none of the patients were complications observed. Ninety‐seven percent of the diagnoses based on cytological examination were confirmed in the histological examination of surgical biopsies or in the further clinical course.
New simple method for thyroid volume determination by ultrasonography
Authors: Szebeni Ágnes , Beleznay Éva
Published: February 2007

A new, simple, and accurate ultrasonic method is elaborated for thyroid volume determination with commercially available high‐resolution real‐time equipment. The method takes into account the special and variable shape of the thyroid. The measurements were taken in three perpendicular sections. Volume calculations were done by applying the corrected ellipsoid model and computer‐aided numerical integration, as well as by the conventional simple ellipsoid model. The accuracy of the method was tested by comparing direct measurements of a silicone rubber phantom with ultrasonography of a tissue‐equivalent thyroid phantom. Both phantoms were modeled as casts of the same thyroid, which was obtained at autopsy. From the phantom measurements the deviation between the volume calculated by numerical integration or the corrected ellipsoid method and the real volume determined directly with the silicone rubber phantom was less than 5% on average, while volume calculations using the conventional ellipsoid model involved about + 20% systematic error. In vivo studies in 40 subjects gave similar results: the ratios of the volumes calculated by simple and corrected ellipsoid method and by numerical integration [V(E), V(CE), and V(NI), respectively] were [V(E)/V(CE)] = 1.19 ± 0.11 and [V(NI)/V(CE)] = 1.02 ± 0.11. In conclusion corrected ellipsoid method is suggested for the clinical practice.
Portosystemic collateral shunts originating from the left portal veins in portal hypertension: Demonstration by Color Doppler flow imaging
Authors: Sugiura Nobuyuki , Karasawa Eii , Saotome Naoki , Miki Makoto , Matsutani Shouichi , Ohto Masao
Published: February 2007

Color Doppler flow imaging was performed in 121 patients with portal hypertension. Portosystemic collateral shunts originating from the left portal veins were seen in 41 of the patients. A single collateral shunt was seen in 27 of these, and multiple collateral shunts were seen in the other 14. Collateral shunts running in the ligamentum teres were seen in 26 of the 41 patients; the veins ran through the liver parenchyma in 25 of these. B‐mode ultrasound imaging could not clearly demonstrate vascular structures in 55% of the collateral shunts. Color Doppler flow imaging provided a clear picture of the course of the portosystemic collateral shunts originating from the left portal vein. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Continuous recording of changes in intracranial pressure using interference echoes of ultrasonic wave: A preliminary report of practicality and clinical evaluation
Authors: Kuchiwaki Hiroji , Inao Suguru , Andoh Kazuhiko , Itoh Junki , Sakuma Nobumitsu , Takishita Toshio , Ogura Yukio
Published: February 2007

We attempted to examine intracranial pressure (ICP) noninvasively using probes receiving interference echoes of ultrasound from thin layers between the skull and the surface of the cerebrum.

The reception of echo through bone flaps less than 5‐mm thick was good. Normal adults (4) and patients (4) were examined by attaching ultrasound probes to the frontotemporal scalp. Recordings were performed during rest, Valsalva maneuver, hyperventilation, and pumping of a shunt‐flushing device. Ultrasound recordings of ICP were compared with those of the scalp using two different time windows. The effect of scalp vessels on the ultrasound recordings of ICP was evaluated. The waves from a pressure transducer and the ultrasound probe were similar. This method was found to useful for ICP recording. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Renal transplantation: The normal morphological and Doppler ultrasound examination
Authors: Jurriaans Erik , Dubbins Paul A.
Published: February 2007

If ultrasound imaging and image‐directed Doppler examination of the renal allograft is to provide information with respect to graft complications and graft failure, then a clear understanding of normal characteristics is required. Criteria for abnormality of a graft will include change in size, in parenchymal pattern, and in blood flow characteristics in the main and branch renal arteries and within the renal vein.

Normal measurements for the renal allograft are presented as well as morphological and numerical data relating to cortico medullary differentiation. A wide range of values for indices quantifying Doppler data is recorded in the literature. Mean values and standard deviations from the mean are presented. The importance of different parameters as potential indicators of disease are stressed, but the limitations, usually as a result of normal variation and lack of specificity, are presented. The normal features of color‐coded Doppler vascular supply, perfusion, and drainage are described. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vascular complications in the adult kidney transplant recipient
Authors: Plainfosse M. C. , Calonge V. Menoyo , Beyloune‐Mainardi C. , Glotz D. , Duboust A.
Published: February 2007

Vascular complications of renal transplantation occurred in 15% of the cases. They are thrombotic infarct, arterial stenosis, arterio‐venous fistula, and chronic arterial diseases. From 900 renal transplantations performed, only 120 (made since 1989) were studied with color flow Doppler (CFD). Lack of arterial signal is indicative of main arterial thrombosis (or of renal infarct if thrombosis is limited). At the site of arterial stenosis, high velocity and turbulence are found. If the stenosis is more than 70%, the rising systolic time is longer than 0.07 sec in the post‐stenotic artery. Arterio‐venous fistulas are frequent after renal biopsy. They provoke vibrations transmitted to peri‐vascular tissues and seen with CFD as a large area of turbulence. In the feeding artery, Fast Fourrier Transformation (FFT) showed a high velocity with a low resistive index and pulsed flow in the outgoing vein. Chronic arterial diseases include cyclosporine A intoxication and chronic rejection. These two diseases cannot be diagnosed by CFD alone. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultrasonography of the native kidney in dialysis and transplant patients
Authors: Allan P. L.
Published: February 2007

The native kidneys in patients on dialysis or after transplantation tend to be overlooked until problems occur in relation to them. Their appearance can be variable and does not bear any consistent relationship to the cause of the renal failure; although in some cases, such as polycystic kidney disease, there are specific changes to be seen. Size can also be variable with little correlation to pathology in most cases. Acquired cystic disease of the kidneys is seen in up to 92% of long‐term dialysis patients and also can be seen in patients with chronic renal failure. Proliferative changes occur in the kidneys which result in the development of cysts, adenomas and, in approximately 1% to 2% of dialysis patients, malignant lesions. It is probable that these changes are caused by a combination of factors, including circulating agents which are not cleared adequately by dialysis. There is some evidence that these changes are halted, or even reversed following a successful transplant. Problems with infection and hemorrhage may occur in patients with polycystic kidney disease. Problems with infection may also occur in patients with calculi, with longstanding pyelonephritis, or reflux. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transient renal medullary hyperechogenicity in ultrasound studies of neonates: Is it a normal phenomenon and what are the causes?
Authors: Riebel Thomas W. , Abraham Klaus , Wartner Rolf , Müller Reinhold
Published: February 2007

A prospective ultrasound study of the renal morphology of 51 neonates with no clinical signs of renal impairment showed transient medullary hyperechogenicity of varying intensity in 37%. These findings were made in the first few postnatal days, were not accompanied by any other echographic changes, and disappeared again within the first week of life. They were encountered twice as often in full‐term as in premature babies. In parallel with this phenomenon, the concentration of Tamm–Horsfall protein, calcium, and uric acid, and the osmolality were determined in the daily urine of 44 of these neonates. The analyses did not provide any definite clues as to the etiology of the ultrasound findings. It is therefore suggested that the term “Tamm‐Horsfall nephropathy or proteinuria” should no longer be used for such sonographic phenomena in the neonatal kidney, but rather, they should be regarded as normal. Furthermore, the term “tubular stasis nephropathy” should be reserved for cases with clinically demonstrable impairment of renal function. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intrascrotal adenomatoid tumors and their ultrasound findings
Authors: Mäkäräinen Hanna P. , Tammela Teuvo L. J. , Karttunen Tuomo J. , Mattila Seija I. , Hellström Pekka A. , Kontturi Matti J.
Published: February 2007

Adenomatoid tumors are regarded as uncommon neoplasms of the paratesticular tissues, probably of mesothelial origin, and the majority of cases reported have involved the epididymis. Ultrasonography is the method of choice for imaging scrotal pathology, but there are very few data on ultrasound findings in cases of adenomatoid tumors. We report our experience and ultrasound findings regarding 8 intrascrotal adenomatoid tumors–3 cases of a testicular tunica albuginea tumor and 5 cases of epididymal origin. Ultrasonography is recommended as the preoperative imaging method for excluding the possibility of a cystic lesion and for determining the location of the tumor. Local excision is regarded as the treatment of choice. The clinical course of all these tumors was benign, without recurrences. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fetal choroid plexus cysts: An independent risk factor for chromosomal anomalies
Authors: Porto Manuel , Murata Yuji , Warneke Lisa A. , Keegan Kirk A.
Published: February 2007

As a result of numerous conflicting reports, we designed a prospective controlled study to determine the inherent risk of aneuploidy with second‐trimester fetal choroid plexus cysts. Our controls were patients who had ultrasonography and genetic amniocentesis, between 15 weeks and 22 weeks, menstrual age, by the same sonologist on the same day as a study subject with a choroid plexus cyst. Sixty‐three cases of fetal choroid plexus cysts were detected in 3247 second‐trimester examinations (1.9%). Six chromosomally abnormal fetuses [Trisomy 18 (3), Down syndrome (2), Klinefelter syndrome] were found in the cyst group (9.5%) with only one Trisomy 21 among the controls (0.5%) (p <.002). Of note, 5 of 21 (23.8%) fetuses with cysts greater than 5 mm in diameter had aneuploidy, as compared with only 1 of 42 (2.4%) chromosomal anomalies with smaller cysts (p <.02). We conclude that fetal choroid plexus cysts are an independent risk factor for chromosomal anomalies; genetic counseling and prenatal chromosomal analysis are indicated. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland in pregnancies complicated by autoimmune thyroid disease
Authors: Zimmermann Peter , Takala Teuvo , Pöyhönen Lauri , Punnonen Reijo
Published: February 2007

Thyroid function and ultrasonographically determined thyroid volume were studied in nine pregnant women with diagnosed autoimmune thyroid disease at regular intervals during pregnancy and two months after delivery. The results were compared to the findings in ten healthy pregnant women. In ultrasound examinations seven of the patients showed definite morphological changes such as hypoechogeneity and inhomogeneity of the thyroid gland, which did not change during the course of pregnancy nor during the post‐partum period of eight weeks. There were no morphological changes in the thyroid glands of the control group. The mean thyroid volume did not significantly change during pregnancy and after delivery in both the patient group and controls. The mean thyroid volume was smaller in the study group, with 7.55 ml (SD 6.01) compared to the controls with 11.29 ml (SD 5.61), a difference which was not statistically significant. Neither course of pregnancy nor fetal outcome was influenced by inactive autoimmune disease of the thyroid. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis of scrotal pathology: I. Normal scrotum and benign disease
Authors: Gerscovich Eugenio O.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonography is a readily accessible imaging modality. It is relatively inexpensive, is noninvasive, and requires no ionizing radiation or previous preparation. For these reasons, ultrasonography is the examination of choice in the study of the scrotum and its contents. We present a review of the pathology of the scrotum and its contents. For that, we cite multiple sources of the current medical literature and illustrate them with cases performed at the University of California Davis Medical Center during the last 2.5 years. Due to the extent of the pathology in consideration, we have divided it in two parts. This article deals with normal ultrasonography anatomy, technique, epididymal and testicular cysts, scrotal calcifications, acute and chronic inflammatory disease, testicular torsion, scrotal trauma, varicocele, undescended testis, and miscellaneous conditions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultrasound image properties influenced by abdominal wall thickness and composition
Authors: Haberkorn Uwe , Layer Günter , Rudat Volker , Zuna Ivan , Lorenz Adolf , van Kaick Gerhard
Published: February 2007

The influence of different examination conditions on the ultrasound B‐scan was investigated using a tissue‐mimicking phantom and a computerized ultrasound system. Several fat—muscle combinations simulated differences in abdominal wall thickness and composition. The analysis of the ultrasound images was performed by use of statistical parameters applied in ultrasound tissue characterization, thereby the influence of the abdominal wall thickness and composition on the ultrasound image brightness, microtexture, and macrotexture (image sharpness) was studied. An increasing fat path caused a decrease in ultrasound image brightness and microtexture. The macrotexture was largely unaffected. Muscle tissue alone had a weak influence on the microtexture parameters. Our results show that an increase in the fat layer of the abdominal wall causes a darker, unsharp image and may lead to false diagnoses, especially in adiposity. Furthermore, fat—muscle combinations caused a decrease in image brightness and contrast. The decrease in these image properties was dependent on the thickness of the combination as well as on the frequency of the transducer. The effects were stronger for high‐frequency transducers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultrasound‐guided percutaneous galactography
Authors: Rissanen Tarja , Typpö Tapani , Tikkakoski Tapani , Turunen Jarmo , Myllymäki Timo , Suramo Ilkka
Published: February 2007

We present a new percutaneous ultrasound‐guided galactography technique that may be used in patients in whom the conventional technique fails and breast ultrasonography shows dilated ducts. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of variations of heart rate within the normal range on renal artery Doppler indices in nonpregnant and pregnant women
Authors: Kublickas Marius , Randmaa Ivar , Lunell Nils‐Olov , Westgren Magnus
Published: February 2007

The effect of heart rate on Doppler indices in the renal artery was studied in 21 nonpregnant, 17 normal and 27 preeclamptic pregnant patients. The central hemodynamics was evaluated by Doppler ultrasound in all pregnant women. The study demonstrated no influence of heart rate on renal artery Doppler indices. Central hemodynamic parameters, such as cardiac output, stroke volume, mean arterial pressure and total systemic resistance did not change with increasing heart rate. We do not recommend any correction of the renal artery Doppler indices for heart rate in the range considered clinically normal (60 to 95 beats/min). Above or below this range further investigations are required to determine if corrections would be necessary. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Three‐dimensional intravascular ultrasonography: Reconstruction of endovascular stents in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Mintz Gary S. , Pichard Augusto D. , Satler Lowell F. , Popma Jeffrey J. , Kent Kenneth M. , Leon Martin B.
Published: February 2007

Background: Intravascular ultrasonography displays an artery in loosely related cross‐sectional images with limited axial information. However, intravascular ultrasound images are suited to three‐dimensional reconstruction.

Methods: A comprehensive intravascular ultrasound imaging system was used to reconstruct planar images in three‐dimensions. This system consisted of a 25MHz transducer‐tipped rigid probe (for in vitro studies) or a 25MHz transducer‐tipped catheter within a 3.9F monorail imaging sheath (for in vivo studies), a motorized catheter pullback device that withdraws the transducer at 0.5mm/s, and an image processing computer that stacks 15 cross‐sectional images/mm of stent axial length and then performs thresholding‐based three‐dimensional image rendering. We imaged 10 stents (4 Palmaz–Schatz, 3 Wiktor, 2 Strecker, and 1 Medinvent) in vitro after implantation in freshly harvested saphenous veins and 37 Palmaz‐Schatz stents in vivo, 10 in native coronary arteries and 27 in vein grafts, 21 acutely and 18 on follow‐up.

Results: Three‐dimensional reconstruction of images obtained with this system reproduced the geometry of each stent design. In vitro, images of the Palmaz‐Schatz stents showed the expanded diamonds, the central articulation, and flaring of both ends of both halves of the stents. Images of the Wiktor stents showed the sinusoidal wave‐shaped coils in their helical configuration. Images of the Strecker stents showed the interlocking‐loop design with gaps between the terminal loops at either end of the stent. Images of the Medinvent stent reproduced the woven texture formed by braiding the stent wires. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of images obtained in vivo also reproduced the spatial geometry of the Palmaz–Schatz stent. However, reconstruction of in vivo images was limited by cardiac‐cycle‐linked vessel motion and torsion and the presence of echo‐dense tissue that could not be separated completely from the stent itself.

Conclusions: Properly acquired intravascular ultrasound images can be used to reconstruct the spatial geometry of endovascular stents. Because stent spatial geometry is known and unambiguous, reconstruction of endovascular stents should be one of the tests of imaging systems designed to perform three‐dimensional reconstruction of ultrasound images. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Factors affecting image quality and diagnostic efficacy in abdominal sonography: A prospective study of 140 patients
Authors: Shmulewitz Ascher , Teefey Sharlene A. , Robinson Brent S.
Published: February 2007

A study was undertaken to evaluate the limitations of abdominal sonography in a group of predominantly elderly patients. In the majority of patients (98%) sonography, using 3.5 MHz and 5 MHz array transducers permitted visualization of the major abdominal organs with image quality sufficient for definitive diagnosis, but improved image quality would be desirable in 78% of this sample. Obesity and immobilization were associated with poor sonographic image quality. In 31 of the 45 (69%) poor image quality studies, no near‐field artifacts (less than 3 cm depth) were observed. Obstacles in the acoustic path were noted in 77% of the poor image quality studies. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Compensatory renal growth in children and adults studied by Doppler sonography
Authors: Gudinchet F. , Meuli R. , Regazzoni B.
Published: February 2007

To identify modifications of kidney morphology and of the time‐velocity spectral waveform associated with long‐term compensatory hypertrophy, spectral Doppler sonography was performed in 30 children and adults with solitary kidneys 7 years to 28 years following nephrectomy. Doppler signals were obtained from three arterial sites in each kidney. The average renal volume was 207 mL and the mean hypertrophy of the kidneys was 186%. The mean value of pulsatility (PI) and Pourcelot (RI) indexes of solitary hypertrophied kidneys was significantly lower than that of normal paired kidneys or allografts with normal function described in the literature. The PI and RI were found to correlate inversely with the kidney volume and the body surface area (BSA). In spite of a long follow‐up time, no patient suffered from renal failure. This study suggests that in the case of solitary kidney, specific ranges of PI and RI should be employed rather than those used with paired kidneys. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Umbilical artery Doppler flow‐velocity waveforms and fetal acid‐base balance in Rhesus‐isoimmunized pregnancies
Authors: Legarth Jesper , Lingman Göran , Stangenberg Magnus , Rahman Feryal
Published: February 2007

Pulsed Doppler blood‐flow velocity waveforms in the umbilical arteries, as well as blood gases, hematocrit, and lactate concentration in umbilical venous blood, were examined in 21 patients undergoing 49 cordocentesis, 34 of which were followed by fetal blood transfusion into the umbilical vein. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlations, if any, between the Doppler indices from the umbilical artery (pulsatility index, resistance index, systolic/diastolic ratio) and the blood gas values (pO2, pCO2, O2 content, pH) and lactate content in the umbilical vein. The only correlation confirmed in this study was in the subgroup of anemic fetuses undergoing fetal blood transfusion, where correlation existed between A/B and the initial O2 content (r = −0.41, p < 0.02). We conclude that, in Rhesus‐isoimmunized pregnancies, in contrast to other pregnancies, a close correlation does not exist between the Doppler indices in the umbilical artery and the fetal blood gas values. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of placental volume with real‐time ultrasound in mid‐pregnancy
Authors: Howe David , Wheeler Timothy , Perring Stephen
Published: February 2007

A new method to measure placental volume in mid‐pregnancy using realtime ultrasound is described. The method is an adaptation of the B‐mode parallel planimetric technique. The mean error of in vitro measurements on 45 balloons (mean volume 186 mL range: 88–485 mL) was −2.24 mL, standard deviation 6.76 mL. The error standard deviation of in vivo placental volume measurements was 16.4 mL (volume range: 173–396.5 mL). Placental measurements were made on 175 women between 14.3 weeks and 21.4 weeks, menstrual age (MA) and a smooth centile curve derived. Median volume increased linearly from 144 to 329 mL. The size of the ultrasound probe limits the technique to use before 20 weeks, MA. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hydronephrosis accidentally detected by gastrointestinal sonography
Authors: Chuah Seng‐Kee , Changchien Chi‐Sin , Tai Dar‐In , Chiou Shue‐Shian , Lee Chuan‐Mo , Kuo Chung‐Huang , Chen Jye‐Jou , Chiu King‐Wah
Published: February 2007

A retrospective study was carried out on patients with gastrointestinal complaints, who were accidentally found to have varying degrees of hydronephrosis between October 1989 and April 1991. The criteria for hydronephrosis given by Ellenbogen et al were used for ultrasonographic diagnosis. Grade 0 and 1 were classified as mild degree and grade 2 and 3 as moderate and severe, respectively. The causes of hydronephrosis were determined by intravenous pyelography, retrograde pyelography, and/or computed tomography. Of 44 patients with hydronephrosis who had complete studies, 20 had a mild degree of hydronephrosis, 18 had a moderate degree, and 6 had a severe degree. All 24 patients with moderate and severe degrees of hydronephrosis had obstruction as the etiology, but only 50% of the cases with mild hydronephrosis were found to have pathological lesions. Urolithiasis (79.4%) was the most common cause of hydronephrosis in this study. Benign prostate hypertrophy, carcinomas, external compression, and tuberculosis followed. Hydronephrosis found accidentally by sonography in the patients with gastrointestinal complaints is significant. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cholelithiasis in the gravid Hispanic population
Authors: Hansen Gail C. , Duerinckx André J. , Fymat Alain , Wong Louise , Ngo Caroline
Published: February 2007

Ultrasound examinations were performed to determine the prevalence of cholelithiasis in 585 pregnant Hispanic patients. The ultrasound findings were correlated with age and country of birth. The overall prevalence of gallstones was 5.3%. This is not statistically different from the prevalence of gallstones in age‐matched groups from previously published studies not selected for country of birth or ethnic background. We found no statistically significant different in prevalence rates for gallstones between Mexican‐born and non‐Mexican‐born pregnant Hispanic women in the 20‐year to 49‐year age group. Unlike prior studies, this study does not support the use of increased ultrasound examination for cholelithiasis in a pregnant Hispanic population. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Value of serum alkaline phosphatase in evaluating hyperplasia of parathyroid glands in chronic hemodialysis patients
Authors: Huang Yu‐Yao , Hsu Brend Ray‐Sea , Huang Bie‐Yu , Huang Hong‐So , Huang Miau‐Ju
Published: February 2007

To investigate the value of serum alkaline phosphatase in evaluating hyperplasia of parathyroid glands in hemodialysis patients, 28 hemodialysis patients who had parathyroid sonography examinations for secondary hyperparathyroidism were studied retrospectively.

There were significant elevations of serum alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum total calcium, and dialysis duration in patients with sonography‐detectable parathyroid (N = 17) as compared with those of sonography‐undetectable (N = 11) parathyroid.

Hemodialysis patients who have both higher serum alkaline phosphatase (>94 IU/ L) and considerably elevated serum PTH (9× or higher) are likely to have sonography‐detectable parathyroids (positive predictive value of 93%). Patients with mildly or moderately elevated serum PTH but normal serum alkaline phosphatase are less likely to have sonography‐detectable parathyroids (negative predictive value is 100%). These findings suggest that the elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase could be a valuable parameter in addition to the high serum PTH level in predicting hyperplasia of parathyroid glands in chronic hemodialysis patients. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prediction of the neonatal crown–heel length from femur diaphysis length measurements
Authors: Kurniawan Yenny S. , Deter Russell L. , Visser Gerard H. A. , Simon Nicolas V. , v.d. Weele Leo Th.
Published: February 2007

The usefulness of the Rossavik growth model in predicting crown–heel length (CHL) was evaluated in 50 women with normal singleton pregnancies in a Dutch population. The femur diaphysis lengths (FDL) were predicted assuming growth cessation at 38, 39, 39.5, and 40 weeks, menstrual age (MA), and at birth using Rossavik growth models determined from two second‐trimester FDL measurements. Predicted CHLs were then calculated from predicted FDLs using six different equations. Predicted CHLs were compared with the actual neonatal CHLs and the percent differences calculated. The growth potential realization index (GPRI) values were also determined.

With all six equations, regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between the percent differences and birth ages for those infants delivering after 38 and 39 weeks, MA, respectively. The signs of the slopes of the regression lines were negative, indicating continued growth of these fetuses. With the Vintzileos equation, no evidence of continued growth was obtained after 39.5 weeks, MA. The systematic prediction error at this time point was 0.9%, whereas the random error was 3.3%. The mean GPRICHL was 99%, with a 95% range of 93% to 104%. These findings indicate that the CHL can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy in this Dutch population if the appropriate growth cessation age and FDL–CHL function are used. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland in hospitalized, chronically III geriatric patients: Thyroid volume, its relationship to age and disease, and the prevalence of diffuse and nodular goiter
Authors: Gönczi Judit , Szabolcs Istvan , Kovacs Zsuzsa , Kakosy Tibor , Goth Miklos , Szilagyi Geza
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland was performed in a screening study of 177 chronically ill, hospitalized geriatric patients older than 60 years of age, from an area with only moderate iodine deficiency. The normal reference ranges of thyroid volume for males (1.7 mL to 22.2 mL) and for females 2.4 mL to 20.9 mL) were similar. The thyroid volume decreased with age in the euthyroid group and was also smaller in euthyroid females in bad health. The prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodules were 7.9% and 11.3%, respectively. Thus, the decrease of the thyroid volume in this geriatric population is probably related to both old age and diseases of the aged. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Image‐directed Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of lower‐limb venous insufficiency
Authors: Gaitini Diana , Torem Shlomo , Pery Menucha , Kaftori Joseph K.
Published: February 2007

Ninety‐eight legs in 73 patients were evaluated with image‐directed Doppler ultrasound for suspected chronic venous insufficiency. Examinations of the entire venous system were performed to determine lumen patency and valvular competence. Reflux during Valsalva maneuver in the femoral and great saphenous vein, and, after release of distal compression in the popliteal vein, indicated valvular incompetence. Twenty limbs had normal veins; Baker's cysts were found in three. Superficial venous insufficiency was found in 25 cases. Deep reflux, either alone or in combination with superficial reflux, was the predominant pathological feature (53 legs). Photoplethys‐mographic studies of the veins were performed on 24 limbs. Image‐directed Doppler ultrasound was more successful in defining the exact site of venous incompetence and in detecting nonvenous pathology. By the combination of real‐time imaging of the vein with gated Doppler sonography of flow, image‐directed Doppler sonography is becoming the method of choice for the investigation of chronic venous insufficiency. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of acute volume expansion and vasodilatation with verapamil on uterine and umbilical artery Doppler indices in severe preeclampsia
Authors: Belfort M. , Akovic K. , Anthony J. , Saade G. , Kirshon B. , Moise K.
Published: February 2007

Preeclampsia is associated with increased peripheral, uterine, and umbilical artery resistance. Acute blood pressure reduction may result in shunting of blood and sudden fetal distress. We therefore investigated the effects of volume expansion and verapamil therapy on uteroplacental and umbilical resistance during treatment of preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: Five severe preeclamptics underwent volume expansion and subsequent vasodilatation with an infusion of verapamil. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring and Doppler ultrasonography were used to study changes in maternal, uterine, and umbilical hemodynamics. Results: Volume expansion and subsequent verapamil therapy was associated with significant changes in maternal hemodynamics without significant change in uteroplacental or umbilical resistance. Uterine artery waveform changes were noted, with disappearance of notching in some cases. Conclusions: Volume expansion and verapamil therapy effectively reduces maternal blood pressure in preeclampsia, without adversely affecting uteroplacental or umbilical artery resistance. Uterine artery waveform changes may be associated with improved fetal outcome. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Doppler ultrasonography of normal neck veins
Authors: Pucheu Alain , Evans John , Thomas Daniel , Scheuble Claude , Pucheu Marie
Published: February 2007

Doppler ultrasonography was used to examine 198 neck‐vein systems (67 right, 131 left) in 148 patients. The vessel lumen is usually echo‐free: the veins are supple, and the internal jugular and sometimes the subclavian veins can be compressed. The venous confluence is Y‐shaped. Blood flow was symmetrical and biphasic in 57% of cases, continuous in 29% of cases, and monophasic in 13% of cases. Blood flow velocity was less than 1 m/s in all cases and varied with respiration and heart rate. Color Doppler allows flow imaging and increases the speed and reliability of the procedure. This investigation is useful for following‐up patients with indwelling venous catheters and is the investigation of choice whenever pathology of the neck veins is suspected. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultrasound findings following failed, clinically directed thoracenteses
Authors: Weingardt Jeffry P. , Guico Rogelio R. , Nemcek Albert A. , Li Yuk‐Pui , Chiu Stephen T.
Published: February 2007

We prospectively examined 26 patients who were referred for ultrasoundguided thoracentesis, following at least one unsuccessful, clinically guided attempt. Sonographically guided thoracentesis was successful in obtaining fluid in 88% of patients. In addition, ultrasonography proved useful in suggesting or defining the cause for the initial unsuccessful attempt. Patients who have undergone an unsuccessful clinically guided thoracentesis and are referred for sonographic assistance represent a selected group who may have complicating factors not typically present during routine thoracentesis. Awareness of these potential complicating factors may facilitate the performance of ultrasound‐guided thoracenteses. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultrasound detection of abscesses in the temporomandibular joint following surgical reconstruction
Authors: Lieberman James M. , Green Hazel Y. , Bradrick Jon P. , Indresano A. Thomas
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this investigation is to report the technique and assess the utility of ultrasound diagnosis of abscess in the postoperative temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Fourteen patients had 18 ultrasound examinations of the postoperative temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to detect a possible abscess. Ultrasound examinations were performed with either a 5‐MHz linear array and/or a 7.5‐MHz sector probe following placement of implants (16) and autogenous costochondral grafts (2). The TMJ was scanned in both coronal and axial planes.

In 14 examinations, an abscess was not detected; there were no false‐negatives. Soft‐tissue edema was found in 1 of these 14 examinations; at surgery, there was no abscess. Four examinations were positive for an abscess; 3 of these were confirmed at surgery. One examination was false‐positive. We conclude that ultrasonography can detect an abscess in the symptomatic postoperative TMJ. A negative examination is reliable. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sonographic detection of clinically unsuspected swallowed toothpicks and their gastrointestinal complications
Authors: Rioux Michel , Langis Paul
Published: February 2007

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical presentation and imaging investigation in 4 cases of surgically (2 cases) or endoscopically (2 cases) proven toothpick‐related gastrointestinal perforation. The toothpick perforated the stomach (2 cases), the sigmoid (1 case), and the ileum (1 case). Sonographic appearance of the toothpick was a linear, hyperechoic (3 cases) or hypoechoic (1 case) image of variable length (mean: 2.5 cm) with inconsistent posterior shadowing in the longitudinal axis. In transverse section a hyperechoic dot (4 cases) with clear, thin, sharp, posterior shadowing (3 cases) was seen. Following sonography (4 cases), CT scan (2 cases), and upper GI study (2 cases), the preoperative diagnosis of GI perforation by foreign body compatible with toothpick was made in all cases, although none of the patients was aware of having swallowed a toothpick. This information will be of help in making early sonographic diagnosis of toothpick‐related GI perforation in patients with or without symptoms. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thyroid nodules: Clinical effect of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Takashima Shodayu , Fukuda Haruki , Kobayashi Tetsuro
Published: February 2007

Ultrasound (US)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) was performed on 268 thyroid nodules (135 palpable, 133 nonpalpable) in 210 patients with various thyroid conditions; 62 nodules also had palpation‐guided FNA. Surgical pathology was obtained in 67 malignant nodules and 32 benign nodules. Although the initial failure rate for palpation‐guided FNA (12 of 62) was significantly higher than that for US‐guided FNA (10 of 268) (p < 0.001), sensitivity (96%), specificity (91%), accuracy (94%), and positive (96%) and negative predictive values (91%) of US‐guided FNA for malignancy (n = 99) were not significantly different from those (88%, 90%, 88%, 95%, and 75%, respectively) of palpation‐guided FNA (n = 34) for those nodules where an adequate biopsy was obtained. US‐guided FNA established a correct diagnosis in 20 of 22 patients with nonpalpable malignancy and in another nodule in the opposite thyroid lobe in 16 of 17 patients with thyroid malignancy. This procedure determined the correct cancer staging in 19 of 21 patients. US‐guided FNA can reliably (1) select a patient who needs surgery and (2) avoid unnecessary surgery. This technique will help determine a cancer staging and institute an appropriate treatment. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Image‐directed color Doppler ultrasonography of kidney in systemic lupus nephritis
Authors: Özbek S. Süreyya , Büyükberber Süleyman , Tolunay Özden , Erden M. Ilhan , Aytaç Suat K. , Ölmez Ümit
Published: February 2007

We evaluated intrarenal arterial waveforms with image‐directed color Doppler ultrasonography in 21 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The systolic–diastolic ratio, resistive index, and pulsatility index were compared with serum creatinine levels, creatinine clearance, and quantitation of urinary protein excretion, as well as with histopathologic scores of specimens obtained from 9 patients who underwent renal biopsy. Doppler parameters were in the normal ranges in all patients, without showing significant correlation with any of the histopathologic scores or laboratory parameters except creatinine levels. We conclude that image‐directed color Doppler ultrasonography is of no practical value in the evaluation of lupus nephritis during the early stages of the disease. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transcranial color‐coded duplex sonography, magnetic resonance angiography, and computed tomography angiography: Methods, applications, advantages, and limitations
Authors: Baumgartner Ralf W. , Mattle Heinrich P. , Aaslid Rune
Published: February 2007

Transcranial color‐coded duplex sonography (TCCD), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and computed tomography angiography (CTA) are novel noninvasive or minimally invasive techniques for the study of the intracranial circulation. TCCD is relatively inexpensive and permits bedside examination. It improves the accuracy and reliability of conventional transcranial Doppler studies. The main limitation of TCCD are the ultrasonic windows. They restrict the area of insonation to the major cerebral arteries and the proximal part of its branches, lower the spatial resolution, and may prevent transtemporal insonation. Using MRA, both large and small intracranial arteries and veins can be imaged by selecting the appropriate imaging parameters. MRA provides morphologic information about the cerebral vessels, relying on blood flow as the physical basis for generating contrast between stationary tissues and moving spins. MRA is highly sensitive for the detection of occlusive disease in large intracranial arteries. However, with bright blood techniques the degree of stenosis tends to be exaggerated. Flow direction, eg, in collaterals, can be determined by selective or phase‐contrast MRA. Perfusion imaging techniques provide information about blood flow at the capillary level. Diffusion imaging depicts molecular motion. TCCD and MRA used in combination or alone may eliminate the need for intra‐arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in most patients studied for occlusive cerebrovascular disease. DSA may be reserved for those patients where there is disagreement among the noninvasive techniques, and for the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. CTA relies on spiral CT technology and intravenous contrast injection. To date, intracranial use has been predominantly for the diagnosis of aneurysms. The role of CTA for the detection of nonaneurysmal intracranial vascular disease has yet to be established. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.