bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reality and Representation in the Cultural Psychology of Childcare: Incorporating a Critical Perspective
Authors: Calabrese Joseph D.
Published: April 2004

Cultural relativism and multiculturalism are very useful analytic frameworks. But when the cultural insider’s view becomes the entire story of the analysis, we are in danger of covering up or even legitimizing existing cultural dysfunction or oppressive inequality in the name of cultural relativism. The result is a significantly incomplete representation of social contexts of childcare. This commentary explores several possible areas of cultural dysfunction mentioned in DeLoache and Gottlieb’s (2000) book AWorld of Babies: Imagined Childcare Guides for Seven Societies, though not elaborated and explored for their possible impact on childcare. This is done in an effort to include some of the problematic aspects of childcare in cultural context that may have been left out of the DeLoache and Gottlieb volume. It is argued that a truly open-minded approach assumes that particular social practices or cultural ideas may be right or wrong, freely adopted or coerced, beneficial or detrimental. Not only does the experimental format of the book preclude such a critical relationship to cultural meaning and practice, it completely usurps the native voice, which seems unethical and, as Tomlinson and Swartz argue, obscures more than it illuminates.
The Strong Arm of the Law
Authors: Saltman Kenneth J.
Published: April 2004

‘The Strong Arm of the Law’ seeks to explain how the identification with military power that is produced through corporate mass mediated spectacles such as bodybuilding threatens democratic identifications. What is more, the militarized body aims at ever-greater control over the physical world yet results only in evergreater estrangement from it. The article begins by illustrating the martial dimensions of the bodybuilder’s body. Then, it reveals the extent to which the built body promises safety, security, and freedom while contributing to the militarization of civil society – a process at odds with democratization. Next, it demonstrates the logic behind the bodybuilder’s identification and appeal as not merely soldier but weapon. The article concludes by raising the possibility of imagining the democratized body.
Perpetual War
Authors: Shapiro Michael J.
Published: April 2004

This article treats the ideational process that turns men into warring bodies. Beginning with a gloss on Immanuel Kant’s Perpetual Peace, where he expresses optimism about the peace-fostering potential of publicity, the analysis notes Kant’s neglect of what Michel Foucault calls ‘the coercive structure of the signifier’ and goes on to a reading of Michael Cimono’s film The Deer Hunter, which focuses on the discursive frailties that grease the skids for youth to slide from child-like innocence to nationalist-macho violence. The Deer Hunter, which provides an elaborate treatment of the transition from working to warring bodies, features a group of young men whose lack of a discursive rapport with themselves – much less with each other – makes them susceptible to becoming ‘warriors’, sent out to an exotic venue in order to ‘proudly serve their country’ (as the MC directing the wedding festivities in the first half of the film puts it). Contrasting the thought world of the characters in The Deer Hunter with more discursively complex models of thought, the article ends with a speculation on the importance of genre disruption, and the scrambling of codes as antidotes to the linguistic claustrophobia that often attends unreflective transitions from citizen subjects to warring bodies.
Deleuze on Viagra (Or, What Can a ‘Viagra-Body’ Do?)
Authors: Potts Annie
Published: April 2004

In this article I employ Deleuzian theory in an exploration of men’s and women’s experiences of sexuality and sexual relations when encountering erectile difficulties and/or using sexuopharmaceuticals such as Viagra (sildenafil). I analyse the ways in which accounts of the function of Viagra-assisted erections can be seen to restore or re-establish previous sexual conventions or patterns (in Deleuzian terms, to ‘re-territorialize’ desire in ‘molar’ directions), and the ways in which Viagra use may change or challenge such patterns. Also examined are the alternative stories of those for whom Viagra hasn’t ‘worked’; these accounts demonstrate how the persistence of erectile difficulties produces positive opportunities for experimentation, creativity and transformation in the realm of the erotic.
The Circuit Trainer’s Habitus: Reflexive Body Techniques and the Sociality of the Workout
Authors: Crossley Nick
Published: April 2004

In this article I discuss some of the findings of an on-going ethnographic study of two once-weekly circuit training classes held in one of the growing number of private health and fitness clubs. The article has four aims. First, to demonstrate and explore the active role of the body in a central practice of body modification/maintenance: i.e. circuit training. Second, to demonstrate that circuit training is a social structure which both shapes the activity of the agent and is shaped by that (shaped) agent. I aim also to explore this structuration process. Third, to draw out a number of aspects of the sociality of body maintenance/modification. Training, I argue, is a form of symbolic interaction, localized within specific and durable social networks. The final aim of the article is to weave these various claims together into a coherent overall account of circuit training as a form of body modification. As an investigation of the embodied nature of practices of body maintenance and the active role of social agents in relation to these practices the article rejoins an important strand of sociological investigations of ‘the body’. At the same time, however, the article seeks to challenge those approaches, often rooted in Foucauldian analysis, which portray the body as ‘docile’ in relation to body maintenance. Foucauldian inspired studies often reify practices of modification as ‘technologies’ or ‘apparatuses’, ignoring the active role of embodied agents in these practices and eliding the difference between texts which prescribe ways of acting and the more messy and complex reality of those ways of acting.
Consumer Activism in the Pharmacology of HIV
Authors: Rosengarten Marsha
Published: April 2004

This article explores problems posed by HIV anti-retroviral combination therapies by focusing on the UK media promotion of Trizivir (a GlaxoSmithKline three-drugs-in-one tablet). Using the substance of the figural in the style of feminist critiques of science and borrowing from actor network theory, a synergistic relationship comprising HIV, anti-HIV drugs, drug manufacturers and their media, medical publications, consumer representative treatment information and mass media is shown to construct a worrisome set of choices. The coming together of otherwise divergent interests and media raises questions about a certain adherence to drug manufacturer ‘facts’. But more provocative is the Trizivir campaign itself. For it suggests a stridency that goes well beyond the limits of its choices and, in doing so, offers the possibility for renewed consumer activism.
Coordination and Embodiment in the Operating Room
Authors: Moreira Tiago
Published: April 2004

In this article, I investigate the process of coordination between three ‘bodies’ of surgery: the patient-ensemble(s) constructed in pre-operative activities; the surgeon-body constructed with these ensembles in the operating room; and the body-world inhabited by the surgeon. This investigation is done through an ethnography of a neurosurgical clinic, with an analytical focus on the relationship between the spatial configuration of the body of the surgeon and the embodied practices of operating that this configuration demands. My argument is that coordination between those three bodies is organized in the layered space into which the multiple ensembles of surgery are assembled. This relationship, I suggest, lies at the core of the power and technical expertise held by surgeons, and constitutes a challenge for explorations of other forms of articulation between subject body-worlds and the embodiment of power in subject-bodies.
A Pilgrimage Home
Authors: Horst Heather A.
Published: April 2004

This article is concerned with the construction of ancestry in Jamaica. Based upon a comparison of burial tombs in inalienable, ‘ancestral’ family land as well as in churchyards and cemeteries, I explore how the painted, polished or embellished cement structures mediate the relationship between people and land, a primary locus of identity in the Caribbean. Examining the ways in which the tombs are decorated and augmented, I argue that the creation, design and redesign of the tomb and its facade are important for the declaration of personhood as well as the positioning of the individual within the family. However, ancestral status is ultimately realized through the neglect and disintegration of these surfaces, the exposed grey concrete materially reuniting the deceased with the land.
Material and Memory
Authors: Wright Chris
Published: April 2004

Despite frequently making use of photographs in their fieldwork and research, anthropologists rarely take account of their materiality. The identity of photography as a medium and its phenomenological status is, from the outset, assumed as given. There is no concern for what photography actually is in different cultural contexts. Recognizing photographs as material culture is a way to address this blind spot, and suggests that any methodological use of them requires a more complex and subtle approach.
Jungians and the Rise of Psychotherapy in Japan: A Brief Historical Note
Authors: Kitanaka Junko
Published: April 2004

Scholars of transcultural psychiatry have long wondered why psychoanalysis has remained marginal in Japan, despite its early introduction there. Psychotherapy, however, has been steadily growing in popularity, and Jungians have played no small part in this development. This article provides a brief historical sketch of psychotherapy in Japan by focusing on how Jungians have cultivated a following through imaginative cultural critiques and therapeutic practices such as sandplay therapy. The article also touches upon the particularly Jungian themes that have appealed to popular audiences, as well as the dilemmas psychotherapists have encountered in their attempts to institutionalize psychotherapy as a form of clinical practice in Japan.
The Mandinka Nosological System in the Context of Post-Trauma Syndromes
Authors: Fox Steven H.
Published: April 2004

Preliminary studies of trauma and psychiatric sequelae among West African refugees have revealed the need to develop West African-sensitive assessment instruments. This article addresses the results of the first stage of such a process which involved two focus group discussions with nine traditional Mandinka practitioners. Various dimensions of the diagnoses required to adequately reflect the range of refugee experience are presented. Such dimensions include diagnostic labels, idioms of distress, causes, source, and seriousness. The findings of this pilot study suggest that the impact of trauma such as experienced by refugees is so complex that a unitary diagnostic label is insufficient.
Religious Construction of a First Episode of Psychosis in Urban Brazil
Authors: Redko Cristina
Published: April 2004

Religion plays an important role in the lives of people with psychosis. Based on fieldwork with 21 families living in poor neighborhoods of São Paulo, Brazil, this article examines how youth suffering a first episode of psychosis resort to religion for help (including, Catholicism, Pentecostalism, Candomblé, and Umbanda) and how this frames their experience of psychosis and that of their family members. For young people, the personal articulation of religious idioms and signifiers served to communicate, elaborate and transform their experience of psychosis. Family members resorted to religion as a source of healing, complementary to psychiatric treatment, as well as for personal relief and comfort. For youth, involvement with religion worked in both ‘progressive’ and ‘regressive’ ways, to improve and, at times, to diminish functioning and well-being.
Testimonial Psychotherapy for Adolescent Refugees: a Case Series
Authors: Lustig Stuart L. , Weine Stevan M. , Saxe Glenn N. , Beardslee William R.
Published: April 2004

Adolescent refugees are a traumatized, vulnerable group of arrivals to America who lack experience with or interest in psychiatric care. Testimonial psychotherapy’s unique focus on transcribing personal, traumatic events for the altruistic purpose of education and advocacy make it an acceptable interaction by which to bridge the cultural gap that prevents young refugees from seeking psychiatric care. The theoretical basis for testimony is discussed. Testimonial psychotherapy has been used with adult refugees, but not with adolescents. This article describes the testimonial process with three Sudanese adolescents (the so-called ‘Lost Boys’), which appeared feasible and safe. An efficacy study is underway.
Self Systems, Cultural Idioms of Distress, and the Psycho-Bodily Consequences of Childhood Suffering
Authors: Hollan Douglas
Published: April 2004

In this article, I examine the effects of childhood suffering in two cases – one from my anthropological fieldwork in the central highlands of Sulawesi in Indonesia and one from my psychotherapeutic practice in Los Angeles. I argue that although people will always carry with them the psycho-bodily signature of their past social experience, these signatures are affected by the cultural idioms of distress into which they are woven and from which psycho-bodily attention is channeled and given meaning (or not). However, I also suggest that past social experiences are related to life trajectories in very complicated ways. For example, while the enactment of a cultural idiom of distress may help to resolve or give meaning to a form of illness or distress, it also may cause or exacerbate other forms of suffering – depending on how it is used and articulated by any given individual.
Maternal Cognitions about Distress and Anxiety in Young Latino Children with Disruptive Behaviors
Authors: Arcia Emily , Castillo Hector , Fernández María C.
Published: April 2004

This study was undertaken to describe how Caribbean Latina mothers understand distress in children, the behaviors that they attribute to it, and the labels that they use to express their cognitions. Findings from 62 mothers of young children with disruptive behaviors indicated that mothers made attributions about anxiety in 40% of the children with a high likeli-hood of clinical anxiety. Hyperactive and restless behavior, but not children’s fears, was understood by mothers to reflect anxiety. References to ‘ nervios’ could be categorized into: an illness condition, a crisis condition, and a temperament type. Only temperament usage was applied to children.
The Use of International Videoconferencing as a Strategy for Teaching Medical Students about Transcultural Psychiatry
Authors: Ekblad Solvig , Manicavasagar Vijaya , Silove Derrick , BÄÄrnhielm Sofie , Reczycki Marguerita , Mollica Richard , Coello Mariano
Published: April 2004

Videoconferencing is an innovative method that potentially allows medical students exposure to international teachers in refugee mental health who would otherwise be inaccessible. This article reports a pilot study using videoconferencing with international teachers from Australia, Sweden and the USA participating in the training of ten senior Swedish medical students. Interviews with an actual and a simulated patient were conducted at the U.S. and Australian sites respectively, followed by discussions involving those two sites with students and their supervisors in Sweden. Students evaluated the method favourably, as did the teachers, although the brevity of the program was seen as a limitation. Teachers noted the importance of preparing students and patients and ensuring that the technology operates smoothly to ensure success. Although cost-effective in teaching medical students in developed countries, videoconferencing may still be out of the reach of training programs in many developing countries where it is most needed.
Improving the Early Detection of Children with Subtle Developmental Problems
Authors: Williams Jane , Holmes Colin A.
Published: April 2004

This article briefly reviews the recent literature identifying the possible reasons why children with subtle developmental problems are passing through health care systems undetected. It offers some explanations as to why consequently, in many Western societies, a large number of these children are not identified by health professionals until they reach school age. Early identification is one of the challenges facing health visitors or child health nurses, and it is suggested that if they can utilize the knowledge and experience of parents, the opportunities for early identification and intervention would be dramatically improved.
Business in Action
Authors: White Robert , Bradshaw Matt
Published: April 2004

As market relations become more pervasive, so the classical sociological issue of the tension between ‘economic’ and ‘social’ explanations becomes more salient than ever. Michel Callon has proposed that the Actor-Network Theory (A-NT) developed in science and technology studies provides a useful approach to this tension. In this article we outline his innovatively traditional ‘market test’ of A-NT, and then test and illustrate it through a contract between an Australian company and a transport logistics consortium that it fostered under changing conditions in its market. We exemplify Callon’s case for the co-emergence of calculative and cultural effects, and conclude that business in action is a promising research site for their global reconfiguration.
Constructing the Global in Two Rural Communities in Australia and Japan
Authors: Hogan Jackie
Published: April 2004

This article examines discursive constructions of the global in two rural communities, one in Australia and one in Japan. Based on an analysis of interviews with 195 Australians and Japanese, the article identifies a set of common themes and concerns associated with globalizing social changes in these two local contexts. Economics, immigration, and cultural change feature prominently in respondents’ discourses of the global. However, national and local conditions as well as the social locations of participants are shown to shape conceptions of the global in both communities.
A Subcultural Study of Recreational Ecstasy Use
Authors: Gourley Michelle
Published: April 2004

This article looks at the extent to which subcultural theories of deviance are still relevant to understanding recreational drug use, given the relatively widespread nature of drug use among today’s youth. In order to determine this, the social and subcultural use of the recently popular drug ‘ecstasy’ (MDMA) is examined using the research methods of semi-structured interviewing and observation. The data suggest that ecstasy use is a manifestation of a broad social involvement in a subculture of drug use. It is argued that subcultural theories of deviance provide an important understanding of ecstasy use in today’s society. A main conclusion drawn from the data is that the meaning of drug use has to be looked at in the context of the norms of behaviour and shared understandings of the drug-using subculture in which they are learnt.
Day Surgery in Australia
Authors: Markovic Milica , Bandyopadhyay Mridula , Manderson Lenore , Allotey Pascale , Murray Sally , Vu Trang
Published: April 2004

The article explores the experiences of patients undergoing day surgery in an Australian public hospital for women. We draw primarily on interviews with these patients to identify the factors arising from the specific context which compromised their well-being.
Use Value and Substantive Rationality in the Work of Marx and Weber
Authors: Wilson H. T.
Published: April 2004

Two particularly important dichotomies for anyone studying modern social theory are Marx’s distinction between use values and exchange values and Weber’s distinction between substantive and formal rationality. Indeed, it might be argued that in these dichotomies lies a basis for understanding core elements of several of their most central arguments concerning capitalism as one of the three or four key institutions of/in modernity. In this article, I want not only to discuss the functions performed by these dichotomies in their respective theoretical structures, but also to indicate some later instances of parallel forms of thinking. My aim here is to address both the central role of dichotomies and dichotomization, and some important differences in the ways they are deployed in and/or function as theoretical strategies.
Montesquieu, Adam Smith and the Discovery of the Social
Authors: Singer Brian C.J.
Published: April 2004

This article seeks to examine the ‘birth of the social’ in the 18th century through an examination and comparison of Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws and Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments. The underlying claimis that the emergence of a specifically social theory entailed a separation from political theory, as the uncovering of the limits of the ‘science of the statesman or legislator’. Emphasis is placed on the different ‘epistemological moves’, relative to the two texts, that rendered such a separation possible. In the case of Montesquieu, the terms of the social and political are separated, even opposed, but also articulated in their difference. By contrast, in Adam Smith the uncovering of a social bond tends towards a displacement of the ‘political’. The article concludes by suggesting why, in both cases, the discovery of the social remain edcuriously still-born.
The Neglected Element of Human Emotion in Talcott Parsons’s The Structure of Social Action
Authors: Fish Jonathan S.
Published: April 2004

Little has been written about the importance of human emotion in Talcott Parsons’s early writings on normative values. This article attempts to remedy this by re-reading The Structure of Social Action (1968 [1937]) alongside other texts, so as to uncover the key role of emotion in both Parsons’s exegesis of Durkheim and his related voluntaristic theory of action. This discussion will provide the basis for constructing a new set of thematic defences against those critics who have, for so long, pigeon-holed Parsons as a thinker who was only concerned with the rational aspects of human action. If Parsons’s early action scheme is to be properly understood, critics must incorporate this emotional dimension into their existing accounts of his work. A deeper and more comprehensive understanding of Parsons’s work that takes into account his interest in both rational and non-rational human elements is therefore needed before these interpretational weaknesses can be overcome.
‘The Tug of Danger with the Magnetism of Mystery’
Authors: Cant Sarah G.
Published: April 2004

This article focuses on the leisure pursuit of caving and those whoparticipate in caving (cavers), to explore how some cavers have constructed cavingas a pursuit that is highly sensuous, disrupting conventional constructions of the‘heroic’ figure of caver. The article locates the practice of caving within a broadercontext of outdoor recreation, identifying how caving has been constructed culturally,highlighting dominant ideas about heroic physical pursuit and under ground adventure. However, the physical geography of rock and spaces affects how a humanbody may encounter and experience caves, shaping sensuous and intimateunderground knowledges, and caver subjectivities; sometimes revealed in creativeand highly evocative ways. The article examines work by David Heap and Ian Chandler that demonstrates ‘a love of caving’; they articulate ideas of intimacy andrelations between humans and environments through literature and sculpture,challenging dominant stereotypes, suggesting very particular physical, embodied,emotional and thoughtful geographies.
Keeping up with the Joneses
Authors: Kontogeorgopoulos Nick
Published: April 2004

This article explores the expectations, behaviour, and motivations of different groups of tourists in southern Thailand. Many studies have assumed that backpackers and other ‘alternative’ tourists represent a new, more sensitive and responsible form of traveller, but evidence from southern Thailand belies these assumptions and reveals many similarities in the behavioural patterns of tourists. Further, the very process of ordering tourists into hierarchical, normative categories based on objective measures of difference is misleading and ignores the importance of discrepant subjective approaches to authenticity. Based on interviews with three groups of tourists in southern Thailand – divided according to their degree of involvement with the mass, packaged tourism industry – this article offers a theoretical model of alternative tourism based on the desire for cultural authenticity, and concludes with a discussion of how the example of alternative tourism in southern Thailand relates to status and social differentiation among the new middle classes.
The Tourist Syndrome
Authors: Franklin Adrian
Published: April 2004

This interview with one of the world’s leading sociologists, Zygmunt Bauman, explores how his work on liquid modernity, consumerism, space, hospitality, the ‘full planet’ and extra territoriality impact on tourism theory. This interview launches perhaps a new concept, that of ‘the tourist syndrome’ and examines the importance of tourism in providing a platform for the exploration of difference and otherness. As with all of his work Bauman is keen to identify the ethical nature of social activities such as tourism.
Gender, Class and Generational Contexts for Consumption in Contemporary Chile
Authors: Stillerman Joel
Published: April 2004

In contrast to common perceptions that individuals’ consumption choices are primarily motivated by their search for status or personal gratification, this article contends that gender, family and class significantly shape these decisions. The study integrates discussions of class and consumption with analyses of family monetary allocation and adaptive strategies to analyze interviews with working-class couples in Santiago, Chile. I found that men exercised overt and subtle forms of control over family monetary allocation, spending choices and earning strategies; adults’ perceived obligations towards children and elderly parents shaped their consumption decisions; and couples’ class-based perceptions of their limited financial resources led them to value thrift and skill in shopping. The analysis suggests the advantages of linking a focus on stratification with attention to meaningful social relations (based, for example, on the family, friendship networks or the workplace) in the study of consumption processes. Such an approach demonstrates how meaningful negotiated social processes are critical elements in economic behavior. I propose avenues for future research building upon this approach.
Virtue Ethics and the Practice of History
Authors: Colwell-Chanthaphonh Chip , Ferguson T. J.
Published: April 2004

For nearly a century archaeologists have endeavored to illuminate 12,000 years of Native American history in the San Pedro Valley of southeastern Arizona. Although this scholarship has established an essential foundation, it is limited by the construction of history through the singular interpretive framework of western scientific practice. The Tohono O’odham, Hopi, Zuni and Western Apache peoples all maintain oral traditions that provide alternative voices about the lives of their ancestors. This article examines the ethical environment of a collaborative ethnohistory project, which sought to document Native American histories and adjoin humanistic understandings of the past with scientific findings. We argue that a Virtue Ethics approach to the social context of this research offers sound moral guidance to a flourishing ethic of collaboration. Using this work as a case study, we aim to extend the available research models for future anthropological inquiry and broaden the ethical framework of historical research.
Is all Archaeology at Present a Postcolonial One?
Authors: Pagán-Jiménez Jaime R.
Published: April 2004

In this short reflective paper, I stress the importance of situating the multiple archaeological practices of Latin America in their particular contexts, in reaction to the so-called ‘globalized’ and/or ‘postcolonial’ archaeologies practiced today. I argue that the different processes that give rise to the many ways of practicing our discipline around the world are embedded in multiple and divergent dynamics of socio-cultural and political interactions. I suggest that rather than simply adopting new forms of theorization imported from the usual theoretical production centers, we need to open new, dialectical and parallel channels of communication to articulate more balanced characterizations of the world’s archaeological practices. Examining and understanding the many places (and circumstances) of action of the different archaeological practices (i.e. analyzing the multiple archaeological practices in their own context) allows a more coherent flow and linkage of information between praxis and theories inherent in particular socio-political contexts.
Access, Astronomy and Science Fiction
Authors: Saunders Danny , Brake Mark , Griffiths Martin , Thornton Rosi
Published: April 2004

It is argued that a positive response to lifelong learning policies involves the use of imaginative curriculum design in order to attract learners from disadvantaged backgrounds who are otherwise alienated from higher education. In this article a case study is presented based on the popularity of science fiction within popular culture, beginning with community-based modules in the South Wales valleys and culminating in a complete BSc honours award in Science and Science Fiction. This experiment in curriculum engineering has recruited adult learners, as well as school-leavers, and has led to the use of innovative teaching and learning methods that complement curriculum objectives and outcomes.
Teaching Business IT Ethics
Authors: Taylor Mark J. , Moynihan Eddie , Mcwilliam Jennie , Gresty David
Published: April 2004

In UK higher education a primary aim of business IT-related qualifications is the preparation of students for a relevant career. In this article we discuss an approach to teaching business IT ethics in a university context that prepares students for the ethical problems that they may meet in their future IT careers, and we demonstrate how this approach can be integrated and implemented into undergraduate business IT courses.
The Postgraduate Chameleon
Authors: Harland Tony , Plangger Gabi
Published: April 2004

This article is based on the experiences of 25 PhD students at a New Zealand university who came to do research and soon found themselves taking on substantial teaching loads. Teaching was highly valued and it helped students develop their professional identity as they broadened their subject knowledge and practised a disciplinary research discourse in the relatively safe environment of the classroom. However, in contrast to experiences of research, they had less autonomy and less support when they taught. Teaching interfered with research when the PhD came nearer to completion and was less attractive when courses were taught for a second time or when assessment loads were burdensome. We propose that disenchantment was partly attributed to the overwhelming emphasis on research as ‘knowledge production’ and teaching as ‘knowledge transfer’, and the lack of opportunity for students to move beyond such conceptions. It is suggested that learning about teaching and research simultaneously could be a valuable way of organizing doctoral education.
The politics of space: The spatial mani-festations of representing Middle Eastern politics in American and Egyptian cinemas
Authors: Khatib Lina
Published: April 2004

This article analyses the different ways contemporary American and Egyptian films construct and understand space in the context of Middle Eastern politics. The article contrasts Hollywood’s relationship with space as one about mastery, mirroring America’s ‘from-above’ approach to Middle Eastern politics, with the Egyptian films’ more intimate portrayal of space, where conflicts are more localized and closer to home. Space is explored as both a physical and a mental/imagined/lived entity. In its analysis of issues like the representation of Islamic fundamentalism in the films and its spatial manifestations, the article demonstrates that political space is not a matter of core versus periphery, where ‘we’ reside within a space and ‘they’ outside it, but rather that old boundaries have been erased while new ones have been (re)drawn.
Mirages in the Mud
Authors: Lingis Alphonso
Published: April 2004

Psychoanalysis has taken over the whole domain of childhood fantasies and subjected them to what it takes to be scientific scrutiny. Its interpretation presupposes that they have meaning. But the fantasies of infancy, prior to the acquisition of language, have no conceptual meaning. How should they be described? Is not the question of how they acquire symbolic meaning misconceived? How do infantile fantasies survive in adulthood?
Emergencies of Survival’: Moral Spectatorship and the ‘New Vision of the Child’ in Postwar Child Psychoanalysis
Authors: Cartwright Lisa
Published: April 2004

Drawing on the writings of Luc Boltanski on moral spectatorship and a change to Boltanski’s politics in response to images of distant suffering, this article considers a visual turn in psychoanalysis around the period of the Second World War, coincident with the emergence of a new international vision of the child as an entity requiring special protections beyond the purview of the state. Looking beyond the familiar example of child psychoanalyst Melanie Klein, this article considers the visual techniques of RenÈ Spitz, a psychoanalyst internationally recognized for his work with institutionalized infants who failed physically and psychically to thrive and survive despite adequate nutrition and health care, due to lack of consistent caregiving. The article describes Spitz’s research films which he turned into media texts to make social interventions internationally in institutional childcare practice and policy after the war through venues including the WHO. His work is one of numerous instances of a visual child psychoanalysis (including Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham, John Bowlby and James Robertson, Margaret Mahler, and Thelma Fraiberg) in which child psychoanalysts used film and visual techniques to exert influence on international child policy and institutional reform.
The Unwelcome Child: Elizabeth Eckford and Hannah Arendt
Authors: Lebeau Vicky
Published: April 2004

This article explores Hannah Arendt’s response to Will Counts’s wellknown photographs of the ‘crisis’ of Little Rock – photographs that prompted Arendt’s initial challenge to the broad liberal support for the civil rights campaign to end segregated schooling in the southern States. Read in the context of both contemporary and retrospective accounts of Little Rock, Arendt’s challenge is used to examine her insistence on: (1) the rights of children to be protected by adults from the burdens of political life; (2) the fundamental importance of adult rights to sexuality and sexual desire; and (3) the purchase of Arendt’s controversial distinctions between public, social and private life.
The Harm Chain
Authors: Polonsky Michael Jay , Carlson Les , Fry Marie-Louise
Published: April 2004

This article introduces the concept of a ‘harm chain’ as a mechanism tofurther broaden the way in which firms and public policy makers consider potential negative outcomes from marketing activities. The purpose of conceptualizing a ‘harm chain’ is to examine specifically the creation of harm within networks of marketing exchanges that might occur throughout pre-production, production, consumption and post-consumption activities. The authors suggest that addressing issues where harm occurs allows both firms and policy makers to identify whether exchanges bring about harm and how relevant parties can address the core cause of harm, as well as how those who are harmed can be protected.
The Critical Contribution of Social Marketing
Authors: Hastings Gerard , Saren Michael
Published: April 2004

This paper examines the symbiotic relationship between social, commercial, and critical marketing thought. Marketers seek to influence consumer behaviour. Much ill health and many social problems are caused by human behaviour. Social marketing puts these two phenomena together and uses marketing insights to address social behaviours. In the process both arms of the discipline can benefit, and this paper illustrates this using the examples of exchange theory and relational thinking. Social marketing also recognizes environmental influences on behaviour and that commercial marketing can be an important part of this influence. The case of tobacco is used to show that this influence can be malignant, and that as a result marketing has come under unprecedented scrutiny. Social marketing’s understanding of both the commercial and social sectors puts it in a unique position to provide realistic critiques of marketing and identify intelligent solutions. The paper concludes that socialmarketing will flourish by exploiting its twin understanding of the good and the bad that marketing can bring to society.
Towards the Unity of the Human Behavioral Sciences
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: April 2004

Despite their distinct objects of study, the human behavioral sciences all include models of individual human behavior. Unity in the behavioral sciences requires that there be a common underlying model of individual human behavior, specialized and enriched to meet the particular needs of each discipline. Such unity does not exist, and cannot be easily attained, since the various disciplines have incompatible models and disparate research methodologies. Yet recent theoretical and empirical developments have created the conditions for unity in the behavioral sciences, incorporating core principles from all fields, and based upon theoretical tools (game theory and the rational actor model) and data gathering techniques (experimental games in the laboratory and field) that transcend disciplinary boundaries. This article sketches a set of principles aimed at fostering such a unity.
Perceptions and Management of Change by People with Dementia and Their Carers Living at Home
Authors: Norman Ian , Redfern Sally , Briggs Kate , Askham Janet
Published: April 2004

This article presents findings from a research study that examined, by observation and interview, the nature of care as a form of social organization in the homes of people with dementia whose care was at least partly provided by relatives or friends. Twenty situations were included in which the carers and people with dementia were interviewed. Each participating pair was observed for an average of nine hours. Change was perceived, on the whole, in negative terms for both caregiver and the person with dementia. The main categories of change to emerge were those to do with normal routines or practices, perceived deterioration in the condition of the person with dementia, and changes concerning living arrangements. Coping strategies used reflect those in the general coping literature. They included denial, attempts to restore the situation or regain control, making positive comparisons, attempting to understand dementia and acceptance.
Reconstructing Decision-Making: Planning Versus Politics
Authors: Albrechts Louis
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this article is to explore the role of politics in planning and the highly political role of planners. The structure planning process for Flanders illustrates that planners are an active force in enabling change and that political decision-making is a process of its own with its own actors. Interviews with key political actors allow unravelling the planning process from the perspective of the political class. The case brings powerful informal arenas to the open and documents power plays involving planners and politicians. The case also illustrates that much of the actual planning discourse is at odds with the rationale of some politicians.
Consensus Building: Clarifications for the Critics
Authors: Innes Judith E.
Published: April 2004

Many critiques of consensus building have been uninformed about the nature of this practice or the theory on which it was built, though there is extensive literature on both. It is grounded in the theory and practice of interest-based negotiation and mediation. It is not grounded in Habermas’ concept of communicative rationality, though theorists have found useful illumination in his ideas. Claims are often made about pathologies of consensus building based on cases where the conditions for authentic dialogue recognized by both practitioners and theoreticians were not met. Documentation of cases shows that when these conditions are met, many desirable outcomes occur. The article examines the various critiques, including the claims that external power differentials are deterministic, that lowest common denominator solutions are the outcomes, that valuable tensions are lost in the process, and that agreements are fleeting at best. It shows how and why each of these is not borne out by experience. Consensus building is time consuming and requires skill and training. It is only appropriate in situations of uncertainty and controversy where all stakeholders have incentives to come to the table and mutual reciprocity in their interests.
Strife: Urban Planning and Agonism
Authors: Pløger John
Published: April 2004

Conflict is immanent to planning, and perhaps particularly to practice within a pluralistic, multicultural society. Chantal Mouffe argues that there is a political need for an ‘agonistic pluralism’ as a democratic response to a context of diversity and conflict. Perhaps the key complex of problems in contemporary planning is how to work with ‘strife’. Proceeding from the perspective of a Danish urban regeneration project named ‘kvarterløft’, this article will discuss planning experiences with conflicts, empowerment, consensussteering, and governance that point to the need to make ‘strife’ – the ongoing dispute about words, meaning, discourses, visions or ‘the good life’ – central to planning processes.
The Ubiquity of Ambiguity in Research Interviewing
Authors: Poindexter Cynthia Cannon
Published: April 2004

This article examines the shifting word meanings in one encounter with a serodiscordant older African-American heterosexual couple who were struggling with the effects of HIV infection and heroin injection. The author raises concerns about the complexities of language, cultural contexts, relationships between research participants, interpretation, and how qualitative interviews may produce ambiguous results. The purpose of the exercise is to trouble the borders between meanings of words and between researcher and researched. The project is a methodological exercise in ‘unpacking’ the tightly packed components of an interview between participants who differed in social locations and experiences. Closely re-examining the interview uncovered rich and varied uses of language, especially referring to the continuum of illness and wellness. The analysis suggests that social work qualitative researchers should attend closely to language and ambiguities, be vigilant to the possibility of misinterpretation, and acknowledge their social positioning in the research relationship.
The Repertory Grid Technique in Social Work Research, Practice, and Education
Authors: Borell Klas , Espwall Majen , Pryce Joanna , Brenner Sten-Olof
Published: April 2004

This article provides a brief introduction to the Repertory Grid Technique and aims to demonstrate the use of the technique in different social work contexts. The Repertory Grid Technique draws from an open interview procedure that requires respondents to classify and evaluate elements within the environment on a numerical scale according to their own personal constructs. The result of this interview is a cognitive matrix of elements and constructs that can be explored in both a qualitative and a quantitative manner. Several applications for the practice, education and research of social work are suggested, with the overall purpose to heighten the perception of individuals’ mental construction of their social life.
CPE and HRD: Research and Practice within Systems and across Boundaries
Authors: Roth Gene L.
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. Establishing relationships between concepts is an important component of systematic inquiry. However, determining those relationships can be extremely difficult when definitions of concepts are murky and the proximity of their boundaries is nebulous. Uncertainties reside in the literature regarding the alignment, overlap, and/or distancing of human resource development, continuing professional education, and workforce development. This article serves as a discussion point for the journal by stressing a need for coalescence among these areas of inquiry for mutual gains within theory and practice.
Orienteering for Boundary Spanning: Reflections on the Journey to Date and Suggestions for Moving Forward
Authors: Jeris Laurel , Daley Barbara J.
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. As is evident from the following discussion, continuing professional education and human resource development tend to have boundaries that are held strongly in place by theoretical premises, philosophical foundations, language, the practice arena, and the codification of knowledge in graduate programs. In this article, a grounded-theory approach to boundary spanning is proposed using the Dirkx and Austin model as a compass to navigate between and among types of learning and development, focus of interest, and context.
Critical Pedagogy and Implications for Human Resource Development
Authors: Cunningham Phyllis M.
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. When confronted with workplace learning, personnel in human resource development (HRD) tend to concentrate on internal processes, techniques to manipulate behavior (performance), and yield to pervasive and often pernicious accountability schemes that trivialize learning. The standpoint of this article is to take a macro-historical view contextualizing the worker, the organization, and the entity (capital) into an accountability framework that privileges quality of life of citizens above commoditization and fast capitalism.
Is Winning Everything?
Authors: Einolf Karl W.
Published: April 2004

The data envelopment analysis technique is used to measure franchise payroll efficiency in the National Football League (NFL) from 1981 to 2000 and Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1985 to 2001. This article shows that there is a significant difference in the level of franchise inefficiency between MLB and the NFL because of the different financial structure in these leagues. MLB franchises, with little revenue sharing and no salary cap, tend to be less efficient than NFL franchises. Big spending and inefficient MLB franchises tend to come from large media markets, although this is not the case in the NFL. This article also shows that NFL franchise efficiency significantly improved after the salary cap was introduced in 1994.
Do the “Three-Point Victory” and “Golden Goal” Rules Make Soccer More Exciting?
Authors: Brocas Isabelle , Carrillo Juan D.
Published: April 2004

This article argues that a rigorous application of simple game theory tools may provide unambiguous predictions about the behavior of teams in sports. As an illustration, the authors analyze the merits of two controversial changes in soccer rules, namely, the “three-point victory” and the “golden goal.” Building on well-accepted premises, the authors show that contrary to the common belief, the incentives of teams to play offensively may be lower under the three-point victory than under the traditional two-point victory. They also provide clear and simple recommendations for the improvement of these rules.