bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase‐Change Materials for Controlled Release and Related Applications
Authors: Qiu Jichuan , Huo Da , Xia Younan
Published: May 2020

Phase‐change materials (PCMs) have emerged as a novel class of thermo‐responsive materials for controlled release, where the payloads encapsulated in a solid matrix are released only upon melting the PCM to trigger a solid‐to‐liquid phase transition. Herein, the advances over the past 10 years in utilizing PCMs as a versatile platform for the encapsulation and release of various types of therapeutic agents and biological effectors are highlighted. A brief introduction to PCMs in the context of desired properties for controlled release and related applications is provided. Among the various types of PCMs, a specific focus is placed on fatty acids and fatty alcohols for their natural availability, low toxicity, biodegradability, diversity, high abundance, and low cost. Then, various methods capable of processing PCMs, and their mixtures with payloads, into stable suspensions of colloidal particles, and the different means for triggering the solid‐to‐liquid phase transition are discussed. Finally, a range of applications enabled by the controlled release system based on PCMs are presented together with some perspectives on future directions.
Multimodal and Covert–Overt Convertible Structural Coloration Transformed by Mechanical Stress
Authors: Zhou Qitao , Park Jun Gyu , Bae Juyeol , Ha Dogyeong , Park Jungyul , Song Kyungjun , Kim Taesung
Published: May 2020

Most materials and devices with structurally switchable color features responsive to external stimuli can actively and flexibly display various colors. However, realizing covert–overt transformation behavior, especially switching between transparent and colored states, is more challenging. A composite laminate of soft poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with a rigid SiO2‐nanoparticle (NP) structure pattern is developed as a multidimensional structural color platform. Owing to the similarity in the optical properties of PDMS and SiO2 NPs, this device is fully transparent in the normal state. However, as their mechanical strengths differ considerably, upon compressive loading, a buckling‐type instability arises on the surface of the laminate, leading to the generation of 1D or 2D wrinkled patterns in the form of gratings. Finally, an application of the device in which quick response codes are displayed or hidden as covert–overt convertible colored patterns for optical encryption/decryption, showing their remarkable potential for anticounterfeiting applications, is demonstrated.
Stable Whispering Gallery Mode Lasing from Solution‐Processed Formamidinium Lead Bromide Perovskite Microdisks
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Wang Kaiyang , Chen Mingming , Wang Sisi , Fan Yubin , Liang Tao , Song Qinghai , Xing Guichuan , Tang Zikang
Published: May 2020

Formamidinium (CH(NH2)2, FA) lead halide perovskites exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties for the applications of light‐emitting diodes and lasers. However, the reported formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) perovskite‐based lasers mainly depend on the external feedback or Fabry–Pérot mode cavities and suffer from moderate quality (Q) factors. Herein, solution‐processed square and quasi‐circular FAPbBr3 microdisks are developed to achieve room‐temperature naturally facet‐formed whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasers. These microdisks exhibit relatively high Q factor and tunable laser modes with threshold of 10–70 µJ cm−2 under 400 nm excitation. Although the synthesized circular microdisk is not regular enough, it still shows higher Q factor of 3455 than that of square microdisk due to the less boundary wave and pesudointegrable leakage. This simple and low‐cost solution processed method can tackle the complicated and expensive conventional preparation techniques of circular microdisks. Power dependent photoluminescence decay transients indicate that the band edge emission of the FAPbBr3 microdisks originates from free carrier recombination. In addition, these microdisks show high photostability and that room temperature lasing can sustain over 50 min. These results suggest that FAPbBr3 microdisks can serve as promising WGM lasers with excellent light emission capability and stability toward practical optoelectronic applications.
Reversibly Programmable Photonics via Responsive Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Cladding
Authors: Mohammed Mahir A. , Sproncken Christian C. M. , Gumí‐Audenis Berta , Lazdanaité Emilija , Stabile Ripalta , Voets Ilja K. , Raz Oded
Published: May 2020

Reversibly programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that can facilitate multifunctionality have been long sought after to deliver user‐level design flexibility. Issues like complicated control, continuous power consumption, and high optical losses hinder their large‐scale adaptation. In this work, a novel approach toward programmable photonics using a responsive polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) cladding is presented. Reversible (de)swelling of PEMs by consecutive exposure to acidic and neutral pH solutions yields highly contrasting refractive index changes in the dry film. Utilizing this effect, an easily applied technique for programming photonic integrated devices with two different approaches, complete and area‐selective deposition, for several reversible cycles is demonstrated. These devices operate at two distinct states that are virtually lossless and nonvolatile. This proof‐of‐concept demonstration is suitable for various photonic integration platforms to facilitate reconfigurable photonic processors, static memories, and fine‐tuning of fabrication related limitations. Therefore, these results are the first step toward PEM‐assisted reversibly programmable multipurpose PICs for low‐cost mass production.
A van der Waals Synaptic Transistor Based on Ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 and 2D Tungsten Disulfide
Authors: Chen Li , Wang Lin , Peng Yue , Feng Xuewei , Sarkar Soumya , Li Sifan , Li Bochang , Liu Liang , Han Kaizhen , Gong Xiao , Chen Jingsheng , Liu Yan , Han Genquan , Ang Kah‐Wee
Published: May 2020

Neuromorphic computing on the hardware level is promising for performing ever‐increasing data‐centric tasks owing to its superiority to conventional von Neumann architecture in terms of energy efficiency and learning ability. One key aspect to its implementation is the development of artificial synapses that can effectively emulate the multiple functionalities exhibited by their biological counterparts. Here, building on an inorganic ferroelectric gate stack integrated with a 2D layered semiconductor (WS2), a new type of ferroelectricity‐based synaptic transistor that differs from those relying on interface traps or floating gate configuration is reported. By virtue of a 6 nm thick ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide by atomic layer deposition and postannealing treatment, the device shows a channel resistance change ratio above 105 corresponding to opposite ferroelectric polarization direction. Furthermore, by applying electrical stimulus to the gate, it demonstrates good capability to mimic various synaptic behaviors including long‐term potentiation, long‐term depression, spike‐amplitude‐dependent plasticity, and spike‐rate‐dependent plasticity. Given the inherent compatibility of the ferroelectric gate stack with existing fabrication technology, and the reliability of ferroelectricity engineering, this work paves the way toward practical implementation of synaptic devices in neuromorphic circuits.
Advances in Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries and Beyond
Authors: Tang Shuai , Guo Wei , Fu Yongzhu
Published: May 2020

Conventional lithium‐ion batteries have approached their capacity and energy density limits. Use of lithium metal anode can enable high‐energy batteries. However, the safety hazards and lithium dendrite formation associated with lithium metal require safe electrolytes to replace flammable liquid ones. In recent years, solid‐state electrolytes have attracted tremendous attention. Among them, composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) with different constitutions have the unique advantages of low interfacial resistance, high ionic conductivity, and flexible characteristics. Here, the basic properties and analysis methods related to CPEs are discussed. Following that, the components added into the polymer matrix, such as organic solvents, nanostructured ceramics, and fast‐ion‐conductive inorganics are classified. CPEs used in low‐cost Na and K batteries are briefly discussed. It is hoped that the review can supply both advances and fundamentals to the researchers in this field and provide guidance for the development of CPEs for lithium battery systems, and beyond.
Determination of dynamic interfacial tension in a pulsed column under mass transfer condition
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhou Han , Yu Xiong , Jing Shan , Zheng Qiang , Lan Wenjie , Li Shaowei
Published: May 2020

Interfacial tension is an essential physical property in two‐phase flow, and it changes due to the mass transfer. The measurement of dynamic interfacial tension (DIFT) in such a condition is a difficult problem. In the previous study (Zhou et al., Chem Eng Sci. 2019; 197:172–183), we presented the quantitative relation between the droplet breakup frequency function (DBFF) and interfacial tension. It is found that the DBFF is highly depended on interfacial tension. Therefore, the DBFF is a suitable parameter to quantitatively characterize the interfacial tension. Based on this concept, the DIFT in the column is determined by regression method after the DBFF under mass transfer condition is measured. It is found that the DIFT is smaller than the static interfacial tension. This result indicates that interphase mass transfer leads to decreasing of the interfacial tension. The decreasing extent of the DIFT has a positive correlation with the mass transfer flux.
Investigation of topical intranasal cocaine for sinonasal procedures: a randomized, phase III clinical trial
Authors: McGrath John , McGrath Alexa , Burdett Jacob , Shokri Tom , Cohn Jason E.
Published: May 2020

Background

The objective of this trial was to demonstrate the clinical efficacy and safety of topical cocaine as part of the effort to gain regulatory approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration.

Methods

This phase III, randomized, prospective, double‐blind, multicenter, single‐dose, placebo‐ and dose‐controlled, parallel‐group study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical intranasal cocaine (RX0041‐002). A total of 925 subjects were screened and a total of 648 subjects were randomized: 95 to placebo; 275 to 4% RX0041‐002; and 278 to 8% RX0041‐002. Efficacy was assessed with subjective pain intensity scores using the visual numeric rating scale and objectively using the von Frey filament test. Adverse events (AEs), vital signs, Holter monitoring, nasal irritation on visual examination, and smell assessment were recorded. The placebo and experimental groups were compared using a two‐tailed Fisher's exact test.

Results

Topical 4% and 8% cocaine achieved significant subject analgesia, the primary efficacy endpoint. Both doses were safe and well‐tolerated, with a safety profile similar to placebo. In the 4% and 8% groups, headache (1.5% and 2.5%, respectively), epistaxis (0.7% and 1.1%), and anxiety (0.7% and 0%) were the only AEs reported by >1 subject. No cardiovascular AEs, serious AEs, or deaths occurred. A higher percentage of subjects in the 4% and 8% groups compared with the placebo group had a modest increase in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure.

Conclusion

Topical 4% and 8% cocaine is an effective anesthetic that can be safely administered for nasal procedures.
Magnon Blockade in a PT‐Symmetric‐Like Cavity Magnomechanical System
Authors: Wang Liang , Yang Zhi‐Xin , Liu Yu‐Mu , Bai Cheng‐Hua , Wang Dong‐Yang , Zhang Shou , Wang Hong‐Fu
Published: May 2020

The magnon blockade effect in a parity‐time () symmetric‐like three‐mode cavity magnomechanical system involving the magnon–photon and magnon–phonon interactions is investigated. In the broken and unbroken ‐symmetric regions, the second‐order correlation function is calculated analytically and numerically, respectively, and the optimal value of detuning is further determined. By adjusting different system parameters, the different blockade mechanisms are studied and it is found that the perfect magnon blockade effect can be observed under the weak parameter mechanism. This work paves a way to achieve the magnon blockade in experiment.
Dissipative Assembly of Macrocycles Comprising Multiple Transient Bonds
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Mosharraf , Atkinson Joshua L. , Hartley C. Scott
Published: May 2020

Dissipative assembly has great potential for the creation of new adaptive chemical systems. However, while molecular assembly at equilibrium is routinely used to prepare complex architectures from polyfunctional monomers, species formed out of equilibrium have, to this point, been structurally very simple. In most examples the fuel simply effects the formation of a single short‐lived covalent bond. Herein, we show that chemical fuels can assemble bifunctional components into macrocycles containing multiple transient bonds. Specifically, dicarboxylic acids give aqueous dianhydride macrocycles on treatment with a carbodiimide. The macrocycles are assembled efficiently as a consequence of both fuel‐dependent and fuel‐independent mechanisms; they undergo slower decomposition, building up as the fuel recycles the components, and are a favored product of the dynamic exchange of the anhydride bonds. These results create new possibilities for generating structurally sophisticated out‐of‐equilibrium species.
Can Anti‐Aufbau DFT Calculations Estimate Singlet Excited State Aromaticity? Correspondence on “Dibenzoarsepins: Planarization of 8π‐Electron System in the Lowest Singlet Excited State”
Authors: Karadakov Peter B. , Saito Shohei
Published: May 2020

The simple anti‐aufbau DFT approach for estimating singlet excited state aromaticity suggested in a recent Communication published in this journal is shown to produce incorrect results because it targets a linear combination of the singlet and triplet configurations involving the HOMO and LUMO rather than the first singlet excited state. If the S1 state of a molecule is dominated by the HOMO→LUMO excitation, a comparably simple but theoretically consistent and qualitatively correct approximation to the S1 wavefunction can be achieved by performing a small “two electrons in two orbitals” CASSCF(2,2) calculation which can be followed by the evaluation of magnetic aromaticity criteria such as NICS.
Identification of chemical species created during γ‐irradiation of antioxidant used in polyethylene and polyethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate multilayer film
Authors: Dorey Samuel , Gaston Fanny , Girard‐Perier Nina , Dupuy Nathalie , Marque Sylvain R.A. , Barbaroux Magali , Audran Gérard
Published: May 2020

With the increasing use of γ‐irradiated containers made of multilayer polymeric flexible films for food and biopharmaceutical applications, the possible migration of degradation products of the polymers and their additives is becoming a topic of concern. This article aims at highly reliably identifying the degradation products generated after gamma irradiation and their origin to later on assess their potential harmfulness in single‐use containers. In this study, GC–MS is used to identify by‐products created by γ‐irradiation of primary and secondary antioxidants usually present in polyolefin‐based biotechnological single‐use materials and to confirm identification relevancy based on the literature survey or standard when available. Degradation pathways are proposed to account for the formation of by‐products identified during the study and to list intermediates and other by‐products present in too small amounts to be detected and identified accurately in all extractable studies.
Coumarin derivatives with anticancer activities: An update
Authors: Song Xu‐Feng , Fan Jing , Liu Lan , Liu Xiao‐Feng , Gao Feng
Published: May 2020

Cancer can invade or spread to almost all parts of the body. The increasing morbidity and high mortality of cancer create a great demand for the development of novel anticancer drugs. Coumarin derivatives are ubiquitous in nature and can readily interact with diverse enzymes and receptors in cancer cells via weak bond interactions; hence, coumarin is a highly privileged pharmacophore for the development of novel anticancer agents. This review will focus on the recent development of coumarin hybrids as potential anticancer agents covering articles published from 2019 to 2020.
Absorption, tissue disposition, and excretion of fasudil hydrochloride, a RHO kinase inhibitor, in rats and dogs
Authors: Liu Wenjun , Gao Jing , Yi Xiulin , Li Yazhuo , Zeng Yong
Published: May 2020

Fasudil hydrochloride as an intracellular calcium ion antagonist that dilates blood vessels has exhibited a very potent pharmacological effect in the treatment of angina pectoris. The purpose of this study was to determine the absorption, distribution, and excretion profiles of fasudil in rats and beagle dogs, respectively, to clarify its pharmacokinetic pattern. A sensitive and reliable LC–MS/MS method has been developed and established and successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study, including absorption, tissue distribution, and excretion. The results revealed that in the range of 2–6 mg/kg, the pharmacokinetic behavior for instance, AUC and Cmax, in rats was observed in a dose dependent manner. However, the plasma concentrations were indicative of a significant gender difference in the pharmacokinetics of fasudil in rats, in terms of absolute bioavailability and excretion. Interestingly, the resulting data obtained from beagle dogs showed that there was no gender difference in the absolute bioavailability of fasudil hydrochloride after single or repeated administrations. In conclusion, this study characterized the pharmacokinetic pattern fasudil both in rats and beagle dogs through absorption, tissue distribution and excretion study. The findings may be valuable and provide a rationale for further study and its safe use in clinical practice.
International collaborative projects on digital electronic systems using open source tools
Authors: Rodriguez‐Sanchez Maria Cristina , Chakraborty Pinaki , Malpica Norberto
Published: May 2020

Collaborative projects allow engineering students to learn from one another and improve the skills necessary for working in a team. We conducted a study in the Spring of 2018 in which 12 Spanish students studying industrial engineering and 12 Indian students studying computer engineering worked together in small teams to solve projects on digital electronic systems. The objective of the study was to provide an opportunity to the students to develop interdisciplinary solutions to real‐world problems and work in diverse and multisite teams. The projects were related to the smart home, smart lighting, assisting elderly people, automated car washing, remote‐controlled car, and automated irrigation system. Each team had to frame a problem statement, design a solution, simulate the solution using appropriate software, implement the solution in hardware and prepare a report. The students used Autodesk simulator for simulating and optimizing their solutions. There was an emphasis on making optimal use of sensors and actuators in each project. The students finally implemented their solution using Arduino‐based hardware. The instructors and students collaborated through e‐mail, cloud tools, and video conferencing during the study. The students had to complete the project in 5 weeks. They spent almost equal time on software simulation and hardware implementation. In a survey conducted at the end of the study, the students said that they had no problem in using the tools and in communicating with teammates from the other country, and they had an overall positive learning experience. This resulted in better motivation among students and a higher average grade.
Plasma Cell Gingivitis Mimicking Granulomatous Disease: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Vishnu Vidya , Ramesh Roshni , P. Radhakrishnan Rekha , Sreelakshmi Ravindran M.
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Plasma cell gingivitis is an uncommon benign inflammatory condition of the gingiva which is considered to arise as a hypersensitivity reaction to certain allergens. The distinguishing feature of this condition is massive infiltration of plasma cells into the subepithelial connective tissue. This case report discusses a case of plasma cell gingivitis which produced a diagnostic dilemma due to its unusual histopathologic appearance.

Case Presentation

A 13‐year‐old female patient presented with diffuse gingival enlargement in relationship to upper anterior teeth. The case was managed successfully by gingivectomy following phase I therapy. Histopathological examination showed presence of epithelioid granulomas and foreign body giant cells along with plasma cells which is an uncommon finding in plasma cell gingivitis. Further tests conducted excluded granulomatous disease and the diagnosis was confirmed as plasma cell gingivitis.

Conclusion

Plasma cell gingivitis can present a diagnostic dilemma and should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with non‐specific gingival enlargements.
Short‐ and mid‐term influence of drug‐coated stent implantation on structural and functional vascular healing response: An optical coherence tomography and acetylcholine testing study
Authors: Tamaru Hiroto , Fujii Kenichi , Otsuji Satoru , Takiuchi Shin , Hasegawa Katsuyuki , Ishibuchi Kasumi , Ishii Rui , Yamamoto Wataru , Nakabayashi Sho , Higashino Yorihiko
Published: May 2020

Objective

This study investigated the effect of a drug‐coated stent (DCS) that has a novel microporous abluminal surface without a polymer on 1‐month and 1‐year functional and morphological healing response as assessed using acetylcholine (Ach) testing and optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Background

DCS is expected to induce favorable morphological and physiological arterial healing after its implantation.

Methods

A total of 11 patients who underwent vascular response examinations 1‐month and 1‐year after the index PCI with DCS implantation were enrolled. The vascular response was evaluated by the functional response test by acetylcholine infusion, the morphological response test by OCT.

Results

Although 94.5% of the DCS struts were covered by homogeneous smooth neointima at 1 month, the percentage of neointimal coverage increased to 98.5% at 1 year (p = .02). Conversely, the proportion of uncovered struts and malapposed struts at 1 year were 1.2 and 0.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the coronary vasomotor response to incremental doses of Ach were impaired especially in the distal segments at each period, although the responses to Ach at 10−6 mol/L in the distal segment tended to improve over time from baseline to 1 month and 1 year later (−19 ± 20%, −9 ± 17%, and −5 ± 14%, respectively; p = .27).

Conclusions

The morphological assessment of DCS with OCT revealed a high degree of strut coverage and apposition at 4 weeks after implantation. The impaired endothelium‐dependent vasomotor response tended to improve chronologically from baseline to 1 month and 1 year later.
The use of a sentinel cerebral protection system during Impella CP removal in a patient with left ventricular thrombus
Authors: Sachedina Ayaaz K. , Ajluni Steven C. , Jumean Marwan F.
Published: May 2020

Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (pMCS) devices are commonly being utilized for hemodynamic support in patients undergoing high‐risk percutaneous coronary interventions or stabilization for those in cardiogenic shock. Left ventricular (LV) to ascending aorta (Ao) rotodynamic pumps such as the Impella devices allow for rapid hemodynamic stabilization or support in such instances. The use of such devices is contraindicated in patients with known LV thrombus. However, it remains unclear on how to manage patients who develop an LV thrombus while on prolonged Impella support. While there are currently no cerebral embolic protection devices (CEPDs) approved for use in conjunction with LV to Ao pMCS devices or other short‐term mechanical support devices, there is a theoretical benefit for the use of such technology in the right circumstances. We present a case describing the use of the sentinel cerebral protection system (SCPS) in a patient who developed LV thrombus while on Impella CP support. The use of the SCPS in this patient suggests a potential role for CEPD in prevention of thromboembolism while on Impella support.
Feasibility and safety of noncontrast percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with complicated acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Higuchi Satoshi , Kabeya Yusuke , Nishina Yoshio , Miura Yusuke , Yoshino Hideaki
Published: May 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to examine the feasibility and safety of noncontrast percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Background

Contrast‐induced acute kidney injury (CI‐AKI) occurs in 10–20% of ACS patients undergoing PCI, resulting in poor short‐ and long‐term prognoses. Reducing the amount of contrast medium can prevent CI‐AKI.

Methods

This was a prospective single‐center study. In successful noncontrast PCI, contrast medium was not injected from guiding catheter engagement to wire removal in ad‐hoc PCI. Coronary angiography after PCI was permitted once. CI‐AKI was defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level of ≥0.5 mg/dl or ≥1.25 times the baseline within 72 hr post PCI. Worsening renal function (WRF) was defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level of ≥0.3 mg/dl from baseline after PCI.

Results

This study included 106 lesions from 81 patients. Forty‐eight (45%) lesions were Type C lesions. Successful noncontrast PCI was performed in 95 (90%) lesions. CI‐AKI, coronary perforation, no/slow flow, and periprocedural death were observed in 4 (5%), 0, 9 (11%), and 0 patients, respectively. The follow‐up period was 348 (190–492) days. Six‐month WRF was observed in 18 individuals (22%). While successful noncontrast PCI was not associated with the incidence of CI‐AKI, successful noncontrast PCI was inversely associated with WRF (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.09–0.90) after adjustment for renal function.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that noncontrast PCI is feasible and can be safely performed in ACS patients with complex lesions.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse presenting as retinal vasculitis
Authors: Ksiaa Imen , Kechida Melek , Zina Sourour , Lahdhiri Marouane , Abroug Nesrine , Khairallah Moncef
Published: May 2020

Retinal vasculitis may occur as an isolated manifestation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) relapse and precede central nervous involvement. Therefore, a high index of suspicion and repeated ocular and neurological evaluations are essential for early diagnosis and prompt appropriate treatment to save life and sight.
The role of staging Computed Tomography on detection of occult metastasis in asymptomatic breast cancer patients
Authors: Rajasooriyar Chrishanthi , Sritharan Thamayanthy , Chenthuran Suvithra , Indranath Kavitha , Surenthirakumaran Rajendra
Published: May 2020

Background

The use of advanced imaging in staging of breast cancer is on the rise. In countries with limited resources, appropriate patient selection for advanced imaging is mandatory.

Aims

We sought to evaluate the number of asymptomatic breast cancer patients with normal staging Chest X‐ray and ultrasound scan of abdomen but were found to have occult metastasis on CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis and to identify predictive factors for occult distant metastasis to guide selection of patients for advanced imaging in resource constrained settings.

Methods and Results

This was a descriptive cross‐sectional study carried out in Jaffna, Sri Lanka between March 1, 2012 and March 31, 2019. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 21. The prevalence of occult metastasis was calculated. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify predictive factors for occult metastasis. There were 233 eligible patients. Only 13% (n = 30) had stage I disease. T1 disease was reported in 21% (n = 50) and axillary nodal metastasis in 48% (n = 135). A total of 15% (n = 34) had occult metastasis on CT scan. Bone (n = 25) was the commonest site of metastasis, followed by lung (n = 10) and liver (n = 06). On bivariate analysis, tumor (P = .019), nodal (P = .001), and overall stage (P = .001) were significant predictors for occult metastasis. On multivariate analysis, nodal metastasis (P = .045) was the only significant predictor.

Conclusion

In unscreened population with limited resources, staging of breast cancer with CT scan should be considered for at least patients with axillary lymph nodal metastasis.
Submillisecond Freezing Permits Cryoprotectant‐Free EPR Double Electron−Electron Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Schmidt Thomas , Jeon Jaekyun , Okuno Yusuke , Chiliveri Sai C. , Clore G. Marius
Published: May 2020

Double electron‐electron resonance (DEER) EPR spectroscopy is a powerful method for obtaining distance distributions between pairs of engineered nitroxide spin‐labels in proteins and other biological macromolecules. These measurements require the use of cryogenic temperatures (77 K or less) to prolong the phase memory relaxation time (Tm) sufficiently to enable detection of a DEER echo curve. Generally, a cryoprotectant such as glycerol is added to protein samples to facilitate glass formation and avoid protein clustering (which can result in a large decrease in Tm) during relatively slow flash freezing in liquid N2. However, cryoprotectants are osmolytes and can influence protein folding/unfolding equilibria, as well as species populations in weak multimeric systems. Here we show that submillisecond rapid freezing, achieved by high velocity spraying of the sample onto a rapidly spinning, liquid nitrogen cooled copper disc obviates the requirement for cryoprotectants and permits high quality DEER data to be obtained in absence of glycerol. We demonstrate this approach on five different protein systems: protein A, the metastable drkN SH3 domain, urea‐unfolded drkN SH3, HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase, and the transmembrane domain of HIV‐1 gp41 in lipid bicelles.
Synthesis of Azobenzene Derivative Phosphoramidites for Incorporation into Oligonucleotides
Authors: Hammill Matthew L. , Desaulniers Jean‐Paul
Published: May 2020

This article contains the detailed synthesis and characterization protocols of azobenzene containing siRNAs, which have photoswitchable properties effectively controlled with light. First, the azobenzene scaffolds are synthesized via reduction of nitrophenyl alcohols in the presence of zinc. Next, the hydroxyl group of azobenzene derivatives are protected with a dimethoxytrityl (DMT) group, followed by phosphitylation with 2‐cyanoethyl‐N,N‐diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite. These phosphoramidite monomers are compatible with automated solid‐phase oligonucleotide synthesis to generate azobenzene‐containing oligonucleotides. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of 4,4′‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐azobenzene phosphoramidite

Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis of 4,4′‐bis(hydroxyethyl)‐azobenzene phosphoramidite

Basic Protocol 3: Synthesis, purification and characterization of oligonucleotides containing azobenzene derivatives
Bimineralic Middle Triassic ooids from Hydra Island: Diagenetic pathways and implications for ancient seawater geochemistry
Authors: Varkouhi Shahab , Jaques Ribeiro Luis Miguel
Published: May 2020

This study reports on the occurrence of formerly bimineralic, ancient, calcitic coated grains, including half‐moon ooids and micritic to microsparitic ooids in the Middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) grain flow from Hydra Island (Greece), and discusses their importance for palaeoseawater geochemical interpretations. The bi‐partite fabric in half‐moon ooids resulted from early pre‐compaction rapid dissolution of both aragonitic cortices and the more‐soluble components of the high‐Mg calcite core in the primary ooid, as well as the collapse of less‐dissolved remnants to the bottom of the oomouldic cavity which was later filled with calcite cement. Zonal, micritic to microsparitic ooids formed through intracortical dissolution of primary aragonite lamellae which were later replaced by (micro)sparry calcite. At the same time, recrystallization of original high‐Mg calcite layers to micrite occurred. The stratigraphic occurrence of the investigated bimineralic ooids conforms to the global distribution of carbonate ooids through the Middle Triassic period. The cementation history of the grain flow hosting coated grains is well documented by the paragenetic sequence established in half‐moon ooids which predicts that calcite precipitated under burial (shallow to deep) conditions. The main control on precipitation of bimineralic ooids was the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater, with lesser influences from seawater temperature, salinity and ρCO2 which promoted the degree of carbonate saturation, leading to higher precipitation rates for both aragonite and high‐Mg calcite. The studied bimineralic ooids represent a change in the global carbonate factory during the Middle Triassic in response to secular variations in the chemistry of palaeoseawater.
Determination of steroids in bovine hair: Validation of a microwave‐assisted chemical derivatization method using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and in vivo studies
Authors: Rocha Diego G. , Lana Mary Ane G. , de Assis Débora C.S. , Cançado Silvana V. , Augusti Rodinei , Faria Adriana F.
Published: May 2020

Hair analysis has attracted great attention in the regulatory analysis of food‐producing animals, particularly due to the wider detection window of veterinary drugs in this matrix and also the possibility of confirming parent drugs with minimum metabolization. This work involved the development and validation of a quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to determine 25 steroids and steroid esters in bovine hair. Sensitivity was improved using a fast and effective microwave‐assisted chemical derivatization with methoxyamine hydrochloride. The validation was conducted in accordance with the Decision 657/2002/EC guidelines. An animal experimentation procedure was performed on 12 bovine animals in which two commercial formulations containing boldenone undecylenate and testosterone propionate were administrated via intramuscular injections on the neck. The samples were collected for 78 days in which the detection of the administrated analytes was only observed near the application sites. For some of the monitored days, no analyte was detected on the neck area. Since the migration of the analytes was not observed in areas other than the application site, false‐negative results should be carefully considered when monitoring animal hair samples.
An mHealth intervention for the treatment of patients with an eating disorder: A multicenter randomized controlled trial
Authors: Anastasiadou Dimitra , Folkvord Frans , Brugnera Agostino , Cañas Vinader Laura , SerranoTroncoso Eduardo , Carretero Jardí Cristina , Linares Bertolin Raquel , Muñoz Rodríguez Rudiger , Martínez Nuñez Beatriz , Graell Berna Montserrat , Torralbas‐Ortega Jordi , Torrent‐Solà Lidia , Puntí‐Vidal Joaquim , Carrera Ferrer Maria , Muñoz Domenjó Andrea , Diaz Marsa Marina , Gunnard Katarina , Cusido Jordi , Arcal Cunillera Jordina , Lupiañez‐Villanueva Francisco
Published: May 2020

Objective

The current multicentre randomized controlled trial assessed the clinical efficacy of a combined mHealth intervention for eating disorders (EDs) based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Method

A total of 106 ED patients from eight different public and private mental health services in Spain were randomly assigned to two parallel groups. Patients of the experimental group (N = 53) received standard face‐to‐face CBT plus a mobile intervention through an application called “TCApp,” which provides self‐monitoring and an online chat with the therapist. The control group (N = 53) received standard face‐to‐face CBT only. Patients completed self‐report questionnaires on ED symptomatology, anxiety, depression, and quality of life, before and after treatment.

Results

Significant reductions in primary and secondary outcomes were observed for participants of both groups, with no differences between groups. Results also suggested that the frequency with which patients attended their referral mental health institution after the intervention was lower for patients in the experimental group than for those in the control group.

Discussion

The current study showed that CBT can help to reduce symptoms relating to ED, regardless of whether its delivery includes online components in addition to traditional face‐to‐face treatment. Besides, the additional component offered by the TCApp does not appear to be promising from a purely therapeutic perspective but perhaps as a cost‐effective tool, reducing thus the costs and time burden associated with weekly visits to health professionals.
The influence of bat ecology on viral diversity and reservoir status
Authors: Guy Cylita , Ratcliffe John M. , Mideo Nicole
Published: May 2020

Repeated emergence of zoonotic viruses from bat reservoirs into human populations demands predictive approaches to preemptively identify virus‐carrying bat species. Here, we use machine learning to examine drivers of viral diversity in bats, determine whether those drivers depend on viral genome type, and predict undetected viral carriers. Our results indicate that bat species with longer life spans, broad geographic distributions in the eastern hemisphere, and large group sizes carry more viruses overall. Life span was a stronger predictor of deoxyribonucleic acid viral diversity, while group size and family were more important for predicting ribonucleic acid viruses, potentially reflecting broad differences in infection duration. Importantly, our models predict 54 bat species as likely carriers of zoonotic viruses, despite not currently being considered reservoirs. Mapping these predictions as a proportion of local bat diversity, we identify global regions where efforts to reduce disease spillover into humans by identifying viral carriers may be most productive.
Chemistry of streams draining mined and unmined watersheds in the mountaintop mined landscape of Central Appalachia, USA
Authors: Gerson Jacqueline R. , Moore Eric , Naslund Laura C. , Rocca Jennifer , Simonin Marie
Published: May 2020

Mountaintop removal coal mining is the predominant form of surface mining in the Appalachian Region of the United States and leads to elevated levels of chemical constituents in streams draining mined watersheds. This data set contains measurements of water chemistry in the mountaintop mined landscape of Central Appalachia. These data were collected to determine the accumulation and transport of mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) across environmental compartments in mountaintop mining‐impacted waters as well as the impact of mountaintop mining on the aquatic‐terrestrial subsidy. Samples were collected in summer 2017 and spring/summer 2018. Data predominantly include Se, THg, and methylmercury (MeHg) in the following environmental compartments at sites impacted and unimpacted by mountaintop removal coal mining: water, sediment, biofilm, larval cranefly, adult aquatic insects, and spiders. Additional water parameters that have been found to vary across a gradient of mountaintop mining impact (total organic carbon [TOC], total nitrogen [TN], sulfate [SO4], nitrate [NO3], chloride [Cl], pH, sodium [Na], potassium [K], magnesium [Mg], calcium [Ca], manganese [Mn], sulfur [S], specific conductance) were also measured. The majority of sites represented are headwater streams, although some settling ponds below valley fills are included. This data set also includes taxonomic characterization of the adult aquatic insect community as well as measurements of spider density at a subset of sites. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications.
Ethnic differences in atrial fibrillation among patients with heart failure in Asia
Authors: Tan Eugene S.J. , Goh Vera , Santema Bernadet T. , Tay Wan Ting , Teng Tiew‐Hwa Katherine , Yap Jonathan , Tromp Jasper , Hung Chung‐Lieh , Chopra Vijay , Anand Inder , MacDonald Michael R. , Ling Lieng Hsi ,   ASIAN‐HF investigators, Van Gelder Isabelle C. , Rienstra Michiel , Voors Adriaan A. , Richards A. Mark , Lam Carolyn S.P.
Published: May 2020

Aims

We aimed to characterize ethnic differences in prevalence, clinical correlates, and outcomes of atrial fibrillation (AF) in heart failure (HF) with preserved and reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF and HFrEF) across Asia.

Methods and results

Among 5504 patients with HF prospectively recruited across 11 Asian regions using identical protocols in the Asian Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure study (mean age 61 ± 13 years, 27% women, 83% HFrEF), 1383 (25%) had AF defined as a history of AF and/or AF/flutter on baseline electrocardiogram. Clinical correlates of AF were similar across ethnicities and included older age, prior stroke, higher NT‐proBNP, and larger left atria. Diabetes was associated with lower odds of AF in HFrEF [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.79, 95% CI 0.66–0.95] and HFpEF (AOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.39–0.84) regardless of ethnicity. Compared with Chinese ethnicity, Japanese/Koreans had higher odds of AF in HFrEF (AOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.40–2.21), while Indians had lower odds in HFrEF (AOR 0.18, 95% CI 0.13–0.24) and HFpEF (AOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.16–0.49) even after adjusting for clinical covariates. Interaction between ethnicity and region was observed among Indians, with Southeast Asian Indians having higher odds of AF (AOR 3.01, 95% CI 1.60–5.67) compared with South Asian Indians. AF was associated with poorer quality of life and increased risk of 1 year all‐cause mortality or HF hospitalisation (adjusted hazard ratio 1.39, 95% CI 1.18–1.63) regardless of ethnicity.

Conclusions

Among patients with HF across Asia, clinical correlates and adverse outcomes associated with AF are similar across ethnicities; however, there are striking ethnic variations in the prevalence of AF that are not accounted for by known risk factors.
High Recovery of Selenium from Kesterite‐Based Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Asensio Maria Pilar , Abás Elisa , Pinilla Jose Luis , Laguna Mariano
Published: May 2020

The use of photovoltaic cells is constantly increasing and, in particular, a new generation of thin‐film photovoltaic (PV) cells is under development. The absorber of these new cells, kesterite (CZT(S)Se), is composed of abundant chemical elements. Nonetheless, the development of the recycling process for these elements is indispensable for circular economy. This research is focused on the recovery of selenium by thermal oxidation and subsequent reduction. Thus, recycling of selenium has been firstly studied on synthetic kesterite and then validated in a real sample of kesterite extracted from glass‐based PV cells. The best results were obtained in a vertical tubular furnace at 750 °C with an input of 20 mL/min of air. The posterior reduction process of selenium oxide was achieved by ascorbic acid, a common and economic reagent. Real kesterite was extracted from PV cells by thermal treatment at 90 °C for 1 hour to remove the encapsulant and ulterior treatment with HCl for the release of kesterite absorber. Optimal conditions from synthetic kesterite were applied to a real sample, recovering more than 90 % of selenium with a purity of 99.4 %.
Phospholane‐Phosphite Ligands for Rh Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Addition: Unusually Reactive Catalysts for Challenging Couplings
Authors: Gilbert Sophie H. , Fuentes José A. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Clarke Matthew L.
Published: May 2020

The use of Rh catalysts derived from a phospholane‐phosphite ligand were found to be more productive than the classic rhodium/BINAP system in enantioselective conjugate additions. These catalysts enable the use of lower amounts of aryl boronic acid in an asymmetric arylation reaction that required an impractical excess of nucleophile. This catalyst was also found to enable the coupling of a poorly reactive Michael acceptor, N‐CBz‐2‐3‐dehydro‐4‐piperidone, or the coupling of poorly reactive 2‐furyl boronic acids at ambient or near temperatures.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Electrosynthesis of Aryl and Vinyl Phosphinates
Authors: Daili Farah , Ouarti Abdelhakim , Pinaud Marine , Kribii Ibtihal , Sengmany Stéphane , Le Gall Erwan , Léonel Eric
Published: May 2020

A mild and useful nickel‐catalyzed electrochemical phosphonylation of aryl and vinyl bromides is described. We show that alkyl H‐phenylphosphinates can be coupled electrochemically with functionalized aryl and vinyl bromides using very simple conditions (Fe/Ni anode, bench‐stable nickel pre‐catalyst, undivided cell, galvanostatic electrolysis) to furnish the corresponding aryl and vinyl phosphinates in satisfactory to good yields. Couplings can also be applied to heteroaromatic bromides with some limitations like increased propensity to hydro‐dehalogenation.
Diethylsilane as a Powerful Reagent in Au Nanoparticle‐Catalyzed Reductive Transformations
Authors: Louka Anastasia , Kidonakis Marios , Saridakis Iakovos , Zantioti‐Chatzouda Elisavet‐Maria , Stratakis Manolis
Published: May 2020

Diethylsilane (Et2SiH2), a simple and readily available dihydrosilane, that exhibits superior reactivity, as compared to monohydrosilanes, in a series of reductive transformations catalyzed by recyclable and reusable Au nanoparticles (1 mol‐%) supported on TiO2. It reduces aldehydes or ketones almost instantaneously at ambient conditions. It can be used in a one pot rapid reductive amination procedure, in which premixing of aldehyde and amine is required prior to the addition of the reducing agent and the catalyst, even in a protic solvent. An unprecedented method for the synthesis of N‐arylisoindolines is also shown in the reductive amination between o‐phthalaldehyde and anilines. In this transformation, it is proposed that the intermediate N,2‐diphenylisoindolin‐1‐imines are reduced stepwise to the isoindolines. Finally, Et2SiH2 readily reduces amides into amines in excellent yields and shorter reaction times relative to previously known analogous nano Au(0)‐catalyzed protocols.
Functionalization of 2‐Trifluoromethyl‐1H‐pyrrole: A Convenient Entry into Advanced Fluorinated Building Blocks Including all Isomeric 2‐(Trifluoromethyl)prolines
Authors: Hys Vasyl Yu. , Shevchuk Oleksandr I. , Vashchenko Bohdan V. , Karpenko Oleksandr V. , Gorlova Alina O. , Grygorenko Oleksandr O.
Published: May 2020

The synthetic utility of 2‐trifluoromethyl‐1H‐pyrrole as a pharmaceutically relevant platform was demonstrated by the preparation of mono‐ and bifunctional C‐2(5)‐ or C‐3‐substituted derivatives, i.e. regioisomeric sulfonyl halides, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and nitriles. A series of modifications relied on lithiation or electrophilic substitution, which proceeded regioselectively on multigram scale, mostly in protecting‐group‐free mode. Subsequent catalytic hydrogenation of the pyrrole ring was also performed for synthesis of all isomeric 2‐trifluoromethyl α‐ and β‐prolines. These derivatives were considered as promising low‐molecular‐weight building blocks for synthesis, drug discovery, and agrochemistry.