bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supercritical fluid dyeing of cotton modified with 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine
Authors: Schmidt Andreas , Bach Elke , Schollmeyer Eckhard
Published: June 2006

Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing of cotton modified with the fibre reactive group 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine has been examined and the results are discussed. The modification of cotton was carried out in acetone, as well as by a new method using water as the solvent. For level dyeing results a degree of fixation of the fibre reactive group on cotton of 3% owf was required without changing the hydrophilicity of the fibre. The results show that dyeing of modified cotton is possible with dyes containing hydroxy or amino groups which react via a substitution reaction with the chlorine atoms of 4,6‐dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2‐yl on the fibre surface. The K/S values at 383 nm of modified cotton dyed with CI Disperse Yellow 23 were found to be between 1.44 and 4.79 depending on the dyeing conditions used. The washing, rubbing and light fastness data that were obtained were between 3 and 5.
Preparation and properties of disperse dye microcapsules
Authors: Yan Luo , ShuiLin Chen
Published: June 2006

Microcapsules with a double‐layered shell containing disperse dyes were prepared by means of in‐situ polymerisation. Factors affecting the release performance of the microcapsules were investigated and the results are presented in this paper. The particle size distribution and thermal properties of the dye microcapsules were also investigated. A multiple‐transfer printing technique using such dye microcapsules is proposed.
Synthesis, properties and application of four new 1;2 aluminium‐complexed azo dyes
Authors: Hooker Jacob , Hinks David , Freeman Harold
Published: June 2006

In view of the well‐known environmental concerns associated with the synthesis and application of certain metal‐complexed acid dyes, potentially less toxic analogues of four chromium and cobalt 1;2‐complexed azo dyes were synthesised by employing aluminium in lieu of chromium or cobalt. The aluminium‐complexed dyes produced brighter shades on nylon 6.6 and wool than the corresponding 1;2‐complexed dyes based on chromium, cobalt and iron. The lightfastness results of nylon 6.6 and wool dyed with the 1;2 aluminium‐complexed dyes were, in general, better than the unmetallised precursors, but inferior to the corresponding chromium, cobalt and iron dyes.
Synthesis of novel polymeric colorants
Authors: Weaver Max A , Rhodes Gerry , Cyr Michael J
Published: June 2006

There are several structural types of polymeric dyes (polydyes) that have been synthesised as colorants for thermoplastic materials, particularly polyesters. This paper reviews three synthetic methods used to prepare polydyes. In method 1, anthraquinone polysulphonamide polydyes were prepared by reacting anthraquinonedisulphonyl chlorides with diamines in the presence of a base. Polymethine polydyes were prepared in method 2 by reacting bis‐aldehydes containing two linked aromatic aldehyde moieties with a bis‐(active methylene) component under Knoevenagel reaction conditions. In the final method, a variety of polymer types were synthesised by reacting acidic dyes containing two acidic groups with glycol sulphonates in the presence of a base. Most of the polydyes were evaluated as colorants for polyesters, by melt blending and extruding, followed by the preparation of films for further testing of properties such as fastness to light. The primary emphasis of this paper is to discuss the synthetic methods involved and to present the various types of structure that have been investigated.
Prediction of residual colour in reactive dyeing effluent
Authors: Kwok W Y , Xin J H , Sin K M
Published: June 2006

In this study, the absorbance of the three‐dye mixture effluent from reactive dyeing has been used to predict the residual colour value of the dyeing effluent. The colour values of the dyeing effluent have been predicted in terms of ADMI colour values. The prediction accuracy was found to be satisfactory when some mathematical approaches, such as linear and non‐linear regression, were used.
A comparison of vapour pressure measurements of quinizarin and leuco‐quinizarin via transpiration and thermogravimetry
Authors: Hinks D , Rafiq M I , Price D M , Montero G A , Smith B
Published: June 2006

The vapour pressure of solids can be obtained using a number of methods, including the Knudsen effusion method, the Knudsen torque‐effusion method and a transpiration method. Each method has benefits and disadvantages. Reported is a comparison of vapour pressure data for two compounds, quinizarin and leuco‐quinizarin, using a transpiration method and a recently developed method based on thermogravimetry. Thermogravimetry provided vapour pressure–temperature dependence data for each compound with expediency and in agreement with the transpiration method.
Solubilisation of dyes by surfactant micelles. Part 1; Molecular interactions of azo dyes with nonionic and anionic surfactants
Authors: Oakes John , Gratton Peter
Published: June 2006

An ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopic investigation has been made of the interactions of a specially synthesised series of substituted, model arylazonaphthol dyes with nonionic and anionic surfactants. Changes in spectral features were recorded above the critical micelle concentrations, suggesting specific interactions of dyes with micelles of the respective surfactants. The affinity of the dye for the surfactant micelles increased when various p‐substituent were incorporated in to the dyes. Similarly, there was a shift in azo–hydrazone tautomeric equilibria and an increase in measured dye pKa values. Models are proposed for the location of dyes in nonionic or anionic micelles. Unlike earlier studies, it is concluded that the solubilised dye experiences only one environment in nonionic micelles but the specific location, i.e. whether preferentially incorporated in the hydrophobic micellar interior or in the more hydrophilic, outer polyoxyethylene layer, depends upon the nature of the substituent.
The effect of various anti‐setting systems in wool dyeing. Part 4; Sodium tetrathionate based systems
Authors: Kim J , Lewis D M
Published: June 2006

The tetrathionate anion has the potential to oxidise thiols specifically to disulphides; this property has been investigated in this paper from the point of view of using tetrathionate as an anti‐setting agent in wool dyebaths. It was found that at pH 3 the addition of tetrathionate actually made the degree of permanent set greater than in its absence; however at pH 5 and pH 7 significant anti‐setting benefits were achieved. The reason for the apparently contradictory result at pH 3 was found to be the substantivity and subsequent reactivity of thiosulphate anion for wool – this anion is a product of the reduction of tetrathionate by wool cysteinyl thiol residues.
Protection of lyocell fibres against fibrillation; Mode of action of the cross‐linking agent 2,4‐dichloro‐6‐(β‐sulphatoethylsulphonyl)anilino‐s‐triazine
Authors: Renfrew A H M , Phillips D A S
Published: June 2006

2,4‐Dichloro‐6‐(β‐sulphatoethylsulphonyl)anilino‐s‐triazine is used as a cross‐linking agent to improve the wet abrasion resistance of Lyocell fibres. The agent, which exhibits poor water solubility, is sold as an aqueous dispersion. During application to Lyocell in the presence of alkali, the agent enters a solution phase before reacting with the fibres. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis and solution studies support the view that the two electrophilic species taking part in the cross‐linking reaction are vinylsulphone plus one of the chlorine atoms of the dichlorotriazine residue and that preliminary hydrolysis of one of the chlorine atoms is not the cause of the observed solubility changes.
A spectroscopic and modelling study of polymer/dye interactions†
Authors: Oakes John , Gratton Peter L , Paul Prem K C
Published: June 2006

A spectroscopic study has been made of the comparative effectiveness of nonionic, zwitterionic and cationic polymers in binding model dyes. Addition of polymer produces smaller changes in the UV–vis spectra than observed in micellar solutions. Upon binding to polymers, the measured pKA values of the model dyes decrease. The results of modelling and spectroscopic studies of the interaction between the model arylazonaphthol dyes are discussed in this paper. Addition of anionic surfactants, e.g. SDS, below their critical micelle concentrations disrupts polymer/dye binding, resulting in relocation of model dye to new sites formed from polymer/surfactant interactions. These sites are more apolar and produce spectra similar to those in corresponding micelles but with higher dye pKA values and binding affinities. For the previous paper in this series see page 140; for parts 1 and 2 see refs 1 and 2, respectively.
Colour difference formulaes; accurate enough for objective colour quality control of textiles?
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G
Published: June 2006

The best formulas for predicting mean perceived small colour differences of industrially produced coloured goods have an average accuracy of about 65%. This should be considered unsatisfactory. Factors that influence accuracy are discussed in this paper and a proposal is made for determining if the accuracy can be significantly improved as a preliminary step toward developing more reliable data and a formula to predict it.
Effect of liquor ratio on the shade change and cross‐staining observed in the ISO 105‐C08 test†
Authors: Phillips Duncan , Percival Richard , Scotney John , Bevan Geoff , Lloyd John
Published: June 2006

The effect of liquor ratio on the amount of cross‐staining and shade change in the ISO 105‐C08 wash fastness test has been studied in order to improve the correlation between the results from the laboratory test and to those obtained in a domestic washing machine. It has been shown that the correlation obtained for cross‐staining but not shade change is improved when the liquor ratio is reduced below the 50;1 currently in use. A revised setting of 20;1 is recommended for an international ring test to confirm repeatability and reproducibility.
Adsorption and fixation of a reactive dye on cotton in non‐aqueous systems
Authors: Sawada K , Ueda M
Published: June 2006

The dyeability of a reactive dye, CI Reactive Red 2, on cotton in non‐aqueous media has been investigated using a reverse‐micellar solution. Reverse micelles comprising Aerosol‐OT/iso‐octane were taken as a model for dyeing in non‐aqueous systems. The reactive dye was satisfactorily solubilised in the interior of the reverse micelle. Exhaustion of the reactive dye on cotton from the reverse micellar solution was excellent even in the absence of a dyeing auxiliary. Effective fixation was achieved by the use of a separate reverse‐micellar solution containing a suitable alkali. It has also been shown that fixation can be successfully achieved using an alternative thermal process without the need for alkali.
Modification of the fine structure of heat‐set polyester on dyeing at high temperature
Authors: Gacén J , Cayuela D , Maillo J , Canal J M , Gacén I
Published: June 2006

Polyester woven fabrics for upholstery comprising multilobal filament yarn warp and textured yarn weft have been heat‐set at different temperatures and then dyed at high temperature (130 °C) using dyes of small and large molecular size, in order to study the influence of dyeing on the fine structure of the fibre. The heat‐set substrates have also been blind dyed under the same conditions for comparison. The modification of the fine structure and the influence of the dye and its molecular size have been evaluated by density/crystallinity, differential solubility and iodine sorption measurement. The results show that the thermal treatment associated with dyeing at 130 °C decreases the differential solubility and the iodine sorption of heat‐set polyester. This is the result of a more compact fine structure and in consequence a degree of supplementary setting in the fabric. This effect is more pronounced in fabrics heat‐set at relatively low temperatures.
Monoazo disperse dyes. Part 3; Synthesis and fastness properties of some novel 4,5‐disubstituted thiazolyl‐2‐azo disperse dyes
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Singh Sarbjit , Mahajan Aman , Taylor John A
Published: June 2006

Novel blue disperse dyes bearing a 5‐nitro substituent on various C‐4 substituted thiazolyl‐2‐azo dyes have been prepared using m‐aminoacetanilide derived coupling components. These dyes have been characterised using a range of spectroscopic techniques and exhibit interesting fastness behaviour on dyed polyester. For Parts 1 and 2 in this series, see references 9 and 10, respectively.
Grading textile fastness. Part 1; Using a digital camera system
Authors: Cui G , Luo M R , Rhodes P A , Rigg B , Dakin J
Published: June 2006

This paper describes an imaging system based upon a digital camera for assessing the fastness of textile materials to staining and colour‐change. Large sets of samples were assessed by a panel of professional assessors and these results were used to evaluate the inter‐observer and between‐laboratory variations, and the instrumental method against the visual results. In addition, the measured results from a camera imaging system and a spectrophotometer are compared. The results show excellent agreement between the two instrumental methods. The agreement is even better than the inter‐observer and between‐laboratory agreements. It was also found that the present ISO standard formula gave a very poor prediction to the visual results for staining fastness. After a simple correction, the formula fits the data much better. In conclusion, applying a digital camera system plus a revised ISO formula can provide an accurate and rapid method for assessing textile fastness.
Ink‐jet printing of cationised cotton using reactive inks
Authors: Kanik Mehmet , Hauser Peter J
Published: June 2006

The ink‐jet printing properties of cotton cationised with 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride have been studied. Cyan, magenta, yellow and black reactive inks were used to print untreated and cationised cotton fabrics. The effect of cationic reagent concentration, steaming time, ink (colour) and print resolution were investigated, together with possible differences between the behaviour of the four inks. Colour yields, staining of the white grounds, penetration behaviour, print quality and fastness properties were evaluated.
Evaluation of daylight simulators. Part 2; Assessment of the quality of daylight simulators using actual metameric pairs†
Authors: Xu H , Luo M R , Rigg B
Published: June 2006

This paper discusses two methods for evaluating the quality of daylight simulators, namely the band‐value method specified in British standard BS 950 and the CIE metamerism index method. Six daylight simulators of various types and manufacturers were used for the assessment and a psychophysical experiment was conducted to evaluate the two methods. A range of 70 metameric pairs was assessed by a panel of observers under each of the six simulators and the reliability of their visual results was examined in terms of observer accuracy and repeatability. The visual results were also compared for each pair of simulators to reveal how the results could be affected by using different simulators. The effectiveness of four colour difference formulae was tested using the visual results. Finally, four methods were developed using two statistical measures of performance factor, band‐value deviation and CIE metamerism index for evaluating the quality of daylight simulators.
Effect of weight reduction process on printing properties of polyester fabrics
Authors: Kanik Mehmet , Bayari A Hulusi
Published: June 2006

The weight reduction process used to improve the handle and appearance of polyester fabrics is used widely in industry. In this study, polyester fabrics, which had been subjected to this process in varying degrees, were printed using three disperse dyes under controlled printing conditions. The effect of weight reduction on the print paste add‐on, colour strength, wash and crock fastness, and levelness and sharpness of the print were evaluated and the results discussed.
CMC 2002 colour inconstancy index; CMCCON02
Authors: Luo M R , Rigg B , Smith K J
Published: June 2006

A colour inconstancy index, CMCCON02, is used for predicting the degree of colour inconstancy of a specimen defined by its spectral reflectance. CMCCON02 is different from the previously proposed CMCCON97 due to the replacement of the original chromatic adaptation transform (CMCCAT97) by CAT02. The latter is embedded in the CIE 2002 colour appearance model, CIECAM02. CAT02 is a simplified version of CMCCAT97 and gives more accurate predictions of the various experimental data sets. The CMCCON02 transform is in the process of being incorporated into ISO 105. This publication is sponsored by the Society's Colour Measurement Committee.
Enhancing the wash fastness of dyeings by a sol–gel process. Part 1; Direct dyes on cotton
Authors: Min Luo , Xiaoli Zhang , Shuilin Chen
Published: June 2006

A series of sols were prepared from selected silane derivatives. When dyed cotton was treated with such sols, the colloidal particles linked together to form a network on the fibre. Thus the direct dye was fixed on cotton and the wash fastness was enhanced. This new method, based on the sol–gel process, was rudimentarily proved to be an effective way to improve the wash fastness of direct dyes on cotton without essential loss of properties, such as handle and strength of the fabric.
Solubilisation of dyes by surfactant micelles. Part 3; A spectroscopic study of azo dyes in surfactant solutions†
Authors: Oakes John , Gratton Peter , Dixon Sarah
Published: June 2006

A spectroscopic study (UV–vis and adsorption) has been made of the interactions of select model azo dyes with a range of surfactant types or their mixtures both above and below their respective critical micelle concentrations. All surfactants inhibit adsorption of the dyes to cotton above their critical micelle concentrations due to incorporation in micelles. However, formation of 1;1 complexes between dyes and cationic or zwitterionic surfactants in sub‐micellar regions results in enhanced deposition on cotton. It is shown that attractive or repulsive electrostatic interactions play a key role in dye binding to micelles. Unusually, spectra of complexes formed between the dye and cationic surfactant are typical of those of the azo tautomeric form as opposed to the hydrazone form that is prevalent in aqueous media. Addition of anionic surfactant to micellar solutions of nonionic or zwitterionic surfactants results in successive displacement of dye from the respective micelles, i.e. binding is competitive.
Pretreatment of cotton with polymeric cationic agents before dyeing with reactive dyes. Part 1; Quantitative estimation of selected cationic agents using Congo Red
Authors: Erdas Y , Phillips D A S , Scotney J , Taylor J A , Gordon R
Published: June 2006

A method for estimating cationic treatment agents in an aqueous bath has been developed. The technique is based on the titration of a known quantity of an anionic dye, Congo Red, with a solution of the treatment agent. Possible interference with the end‐point due to variations in pH and electrolyte concentration has been examined.
Quaternary reactive dyes containing a thioether‐ethylsulphone group. Part 2; Application methods for the dyeing of nylon†
Authors: Lewis D M , Sun L J
Published: June 2006

A member of the new series of cationic reactive dyes containing a thioether‐ethylsulphone grouping referred to in Part 1 of this series has been applied to nylon at pH 3–10. The dye is water soluble and shows excellent substantivity for nylon 6.6 when dyed at the boil at pH 8–10. Under alkaline conditions, gradual β‐elimination back to the vinylsulphone dye occurs and covalent bond formation quickly takes place with the fibre; the higher the pH the more rapidly this occurs. Dyeings carried out at pH 10 showed very good brightness and levelling, together with good wash fastness. The light fastness of dyeings at moderate depth was 4–5 on the Blue Wool scale.
Sorption of an acid dye by silk fibre in the presence of bolaform electrolytes containing pyridine rings
Authors: Hamada Kunihiro , Wang Xiang‐Rong
Published: June 2006

The sorption behaviour of the acid dye, sodium 1‐phenylazo‐2‐hydroxy‐6‐naphthalenesulphonate, by silk fibre was investigated in the presence and absence of cationic bolaform electrolytes containing pyridine rings. These electrolytes were found to influence dye sorption to an extent depending on the pH of the dyebath. At pH 3, sorption decreased slightly with increasing electrolyte concentration, but in pure water it increased. It was found that although the number of binding sites and the intrinsic binding constant for Langmuir‐type sorption were hardly affected by the presence of bolaform electrolytes, the partition coefficient was significantly enhanced both at pH 3 and in pure water. This result is explained by the sorption of a dye–bolaform electrolyte complex by the silk. The influence on the sorption by the terminal groups on the bolaform electrolyte are discussed and compared with that of an aliphatic analogue.
A review of the effects of dye‐assisting chemicals on advanced oxidation of reactive dyes in wastewater
Authors: Arslan‐Alaton Idil
Published: June 2006

The effect of dye‐assisting chemicals frequently used in the reactive dyeing process (i.e. chloride, carbonate and sulphate sodium salts) on the kinetics, reaction mechanism and efficiency of advanced oxidation processes has been discussed. The review begins with a brief description of various advanced oxidation processes, their chemistry and major application ranges, and continues with recent case studies reported for reactive dye degradation with advanced oxidation processes. Finally, experimentally‐observed effects of dye‐assisting chemicals on advanced oxidation rates have been kinetically ranked and compared to the inhibition rates of theoretically predicted advanced oxidation processes.
Effect of reactive dyes upon the uptake and antibacterial action of poly(hexamethylene biguanide) on cotton. Part 1: Effect of bis(monochlorotriazinyl) dyes
Authors: Kawabata Atsuko , Taylor John A
Published: June 2006

Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) (PHMB) is of interest as a bactericide for fabrics. It has affinity for cotton by reaction with the cellulosic carboxylate groups. In this study, the capacity of undyed cotton to absorb PHMB has been determined and compared with cotton dyed with anionic bis(monochlorotriazinyl) reactive dyes. When cotton is dyed with these dyes the absorption of PHMB increases, the dye providing sulphonic acid sites with which the PHMB can react. The reacted PHMB and the percentage fixation of reactive dye were determined and from this the concentration of sulphonic acid on the dyed fibre. In the case of cotton dyed with Procion Yellow H‐E4R, the dye increased the absorption of PHMB to approximately 1.45 mequiv. of biguanide per sulphonic acid group. For Procion Red H‐E3B and Navy H‐ER the figures were 1.18 and 1.00, respectively.
Grading textile fastness. Part 3: Development of a new fastness formula for assessing change in colour†,‡
Authors: Cui G , Luo M R , Rigg B , Butterworth M , Dakin J
Published: June 2006

In Part 1 of this series of papers, a new method for assessing textile fastness using an imaging system based upon a digital camera was introduced. The results from the system agreed well with those obtained using conventional spectrophotometers. Although the ISO fastness formula for assessing change in colour gave reasonable correlation with the available visual data, the data sets included very few test specimens. In Part 2 a new formula was proposed. This markedly outperformed the current ISO staining formula, ISO 105‐A04, and its predictive errors were encouragingly few. Now, in Part 3, two new data sets have been examined, together with an earlier data set, and observer and instrumental variances evaluated. A new formula for colour change has been developed, and again its predictive errors found to be fewer than those of a panel of observers.
Grading textile fastness. Part 4: An inter‐laboratory trial using DigiEye systems†,‡
Authors: Cui G , Luo M R , Rigg B , Butterworth M , Maplesden N , Dakin J
Published: June 2006

In Part 1 of this series of papers, a new method for assessing textile fastness using an imaging system based upon a digital camera was introduced. In Parts 2 and 3, all available experimental data were used to develop new fastness formulae for assessing staining and change in colour, respectively. The combination of the digital method and the two formulae markedly outperformed the current ISO formulae. In the present study a further inter‐laboratory trial has been conducted under the auspices of TCI/81, Colour Fastness and Colour Measurement Committee. Twelve laboratories and 38 professional assessors took part in this trial. Two Digi‐Eye systems were used to measure all the colours. The results provide strong evidence that the newly developed formulae together with the digital imaging method can accurately predict the visual results.
Effect of mineral acids on the properties of acrylic fabrics
Authors: El Gabry L K
Published: June 2006

Acrylic fabrics have been treated with sulphuric, hydrochloric and phosphoric acids and the treated fabrics dyed with a cationic dye at 80°C for various times. The pretreatments were found to improve dyeability with this type of dye, and the fastness properties were also improved. The effect on nitrogen and carboxylic content, moisture regain, shrinkage, tensile strength and elongation have also been studied. Infrared spectra have been used to suggest the structural changes in the treated acrylic fabric.
Synthesis and spectral properties of azohydroxypyridone disperse dyes containing a fluorosulphonyl group
Authors: Koh Joonseok , Kim Sarah , Kim Jae Pil
Published: June 2006

A series of azohydroxypyridone disperse dyes containing fluorosulphonyl groups have been synthesised and their spectral properties were investigated. Azohydroxypyridone dyes, containing a nitro group instead of a fluorosulphonyl group para to the azo group in the diazo component, were also synthesised in order to compare spectral properties. The fluorosulphonyl substituted derivatives absorb maximally at shorter wavelengths and are tinctorially weaker than the nitroarylazopyridone dyes, although the former dyes have higher molar extinction coefficients. Also, the synthesised dyes exhibit positive solvatochromism so that the absorption bands of the dyes move toward longer wavelengths as the polarity of the solvent increases. Molecular computational methods provided reasonable predictions in the direction of solvatochromism for the dyes prepared.
Dyeing characteristics of a Tencel alloy fibre
Authors: Ahmed S I , Hawkyard C J , Shamey R
Published: June 2006

The exceptional characteristics of Tencel have been modified by incorporating poly(ethylene terephthalate) during solvent spinning, giving the novel Tencel alloy. The present work involved studying the dyeing characteristics of Tencel and Tencel alloy using a range of multifunctional reactive dyes. The fibrillation properties of the fibres was also investigated. Scanning electron microscope studies were carried out to observe the degree of fibrillation of these fibres after wet treatment. Optical microscopy was also carried out to confirm the absence of ring dyeing in fibres dyed using the padding technique.
Thermal migration of selected disperse dyes on poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(lactic acid) (Ingeo†) fibres
Authors: Phillips Duncan , Suesat Jantip , Taylor John A , Wilding Mike , Farrington David , Bone John , Dervan Steve
Published: June 2006

A study has been carried out to correlate the wet fastness properties of dyed knitted fabrics, derived from both poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(lactic acid) (Ingeo) fibres, with the thermal migration properties of the disperse dyes during heat treatment. The results indicate a greater amount of disperse dye at the surface of the Ingeo fibre fabric than the poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric, after post heat‐setting using the conditions needed for fabric stabilisation, correlating well with its slightly lower wash fastness properties.
Effect of stabilisers containing a singlet oxygen quencher on the photofading of dyes in a polymeric substrate
Authors: Oda Hironori
Published: June 2006

New ultraviolet absorbers and phenolic antioxidants bearing a nickel carboxylate group have been prepared and their ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra measured in ethanol. Their inhibiting effect on the fading of dyes was examined in cellulose acetate film. It has been found that the presence of a simple ultraviolet absorber or phenolic antioxidant is not of particular value in improving the light fastness of dyes. The introduction of a singlet oxygen‐quenching group into an ultraviolet absorber can however have an important effect. The nickel complex of salicylic acid salicylate was very effective in reducing the rate of photofading.
Recolouring digital textile printing design with high fidelity
Authors: Xin J H , Shen H L
Published: June 2006

An algorithm of recolouring of polychromatic digital textile printing images is proposed based on the investigation of texture and colour distribution in different channels and image segmentation. A polychromatic image is first separated into monochromatic regions based on watershed transformation in CIELAB colour space. The initial markers are selected by hierarchical histogram analysis to eliminate the inherent drawbacks of over‐segmentation in the watershed algorithm. Then the individual monochromatic regions can be mapped with different colours to obtain desirable designs. The artefacts in the boundaries of different regions are reduced by a technique of colour mixing through Gaussian blurring. The experimental simulation results indicated that the performance of the algorithm was quite good in both texture and colour fidelity.
Anchoring β‐cyclodextrin to retain fragrances on cotton by means of heterobifunctional reactive dyes
Authors: Chao‐Xia Wang , Shui‐Lin Chen
Published: June 2006

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides which are able to form complexes with a wide range of organic compounds, including fragrance oils. As a result of the complexation, the vapour pressure of the volatile substance is reduced and its release is better controlled. To achieve this, β‐cyclodextrin can be anchored to cellulose by means of a chemical linkage provided by heterobifunctional reactive dyes.
A comparative study of the characterisation of colour cameras by means of neural networks and polynomial transforms
Authors: Cheung Vien , Westland Stephen , Connah David , Ripamonti Caterina
Published: June 2006

The proliferation of low‐cost colour imaging devices in the consumer market has led to a greater need to transfer images from one medium or device to another without loss of colour fidelity. A common solution is to characterise each device in terms of its CIE tristimulus values. In this paper two general techniques, artificial neural networks and polynomial transforms, are compared for their usefulness in characterising colour cameras. The neural and polynomial techniques are shown to give approximately similar performance once the parameters of the models are optimised. Since neural networks can be difficult and time‐consuming to train, it is concluded that polynomial transforms offer the better alternative for camera characterisation.
Polypropylene alloy filaments dyeable with disperse dyes
Authors: Kotek Richard , Afshari Mehdi , Gupta Bhupender S , Kish Mohammad Haghighat , Jung Dongwook
Published: June 2006

Polypropylene fibres which can be conventionally dyeable using disperse dyes have been prepared by alloying with nylon 6 and a polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride compatibiliser during extrusion. The dyeing performance of fibres containing various amounts of these components has been assessed.
Improving the dyeability of synthetic fabrics with basic dyes using in situ plasma polymerisation of acrylic acid
Authors: Ferrero F , Tonin C , Peila R , Pollone F Ramella
Published: June 2006

The in situ polymerisation of acrylic acid using low temperature plasma treatment was carried out on polyester, polyamide and polypropylene fabrics with the aim of improving their dyeability with basic dyes. The overall colour strength obtained was significantly increased as a result of this treatment. However, while the wash fastness was acceptable on polyamide, it was unsatisfactory on polyester and polypropylene fabrics, probably due to lack of penetration of these fibres by the acrylic acid monomer. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that grafting of polyacrylic acid had taken place only on the surface of the polyester and polypropylene fibres, but in the case of polyamide the interior of the fibre was also modified.
Influence of different preparation and dyeing processes on the physical strength of the Ingeo† fibre component in an Ingeo fibre/cotton blend. Part 1; Scouring followed by dyeing with disperse and reactive dyes‡
Authors: Phillips Duncan , Suesat Jantip , Wilding Mike , Farrington David , Sandukas Sophocles , Sawyer Dan , Bone John , Dervan Steve
Published: June 2006

A study has been conducted to examine the effect of different preparation and dyeing processes on the physical strength of the Ingeo fibre component of an Ingeo fibre/cotton blend. An alkaline scouring process (for the cotton), followed by a two‐bath, two‐stage dyeing process in which the Ingeo fibre underwent a simulated dyeing with disperse dyes, followed by the cotton being dyed with reactive dyes, caused minimal deterioration to the strength of the Ingeo fibre. However, it is considered that problems might arise if the Ingeo fibre was subjected to prolonged dyeing times, particularly at neutral or alkaline pH, e.g. if an excessive number of shading additions needed to be carried out.
Fuzzy control of dyebath pH in exhaust dyeing
Authors: Jahmeerbacus M I , Kistamah N , Ramgulam R B
Published: June 2006

In textile exhaust dyeing, the control of dyebath pH is a critical factor in order to achieve optimum colour yield and levelness. Conventional controllers have not proved entirely successful in controlling dyebath pH since it is difficult to develop an exact mathematical model for the dyeing process. One method is to apply fuzzy control to the dyeing process. For the fuzzy controller to operate successfully, it is important to understand how the dyeing system responds to given reference pH/time profiles. A dynamic model for the dyeing process has been developed and this allows the fuzzy controller to be fine‐tuned by computer simulation. Results of the control system simulation showed very satisfactory tracking performances of the pH profiles. This provides a starting point for further fine‐tuning of the system under practical dyeing conditions.
Colour fastness properties of alkali‐clearable azo disperse dyes containing a fluoro‐sulphonyl group
Authors: Koh Joonseok , Kim Jae Pil
Published: June 2006

The colour fastness properties of alkali‐clearable azo disperse dyes containing a fluorosulphonyl group have been investigated. In particular, the colour fastness properties of alkali‐cleared poly(ethyleneterephthalate) were compared with those of conventional reduction‐cleared poly(ethyleneterephthalate). Specifically, 4‐aminoazobenzene dyes containing a nitro group in place of the fluorosulphonyl group in the 4′‐position were synthesised in order to compare their fastness properties on poly(ethyleneterephthalate) with those of the 4′‐fluorosulphonyl analogues.
Dye diffusion and the phenomenon of barriness on polyamide fabrics
Authors: Razafimahefa L , Vroman I , Viallier P
Published: June 2006

Dyed polyamide fabrics tend to exhibit barriness, particularly when acid dyes of good wet fastness are used. The causes of this phenomenon have been investigated by studying the diffusion kinetics of the dyeing process. The conditions used in the pretreatment of the yarn have been considered, in particular the effect of mechanical and thermal conditions during thermal pretreatment. It has been demonstrated that barriness is dependent only on the kinetics of diffusion. If drawing is increased, the rate of dye diffusion is reduced, whereas an increase in the texturising temperature tends to increase it. The influence of dye diffusion decreases as the dyeing temperature rises. The traditional practice of dyers to attempt to reduce barriness by raising the dyebath temperature very slowly therefore makes matters worse. To reduce barring it would be preferable to introduce the dyestuff to the dyebath only once the dyeing temperature has been reached.
A novel air‐purifying material based on metallophthalocyanines supported on viscose fibre
Authors: Pan Yong , Chen Wenxing , Zhang Yifeng
Published: June 2006

Two soluble phthalocyanines, cobalt(II)‐ and iron(III)‐octacarboxyphthalocyanines have been examined as catalysts for the oxidation of methanethiol and hydrogen sulphide. Under similar conditions, the cobalt phthalocyanine exhibited higher catalytic activity than the iron compound. On the other hand it was found that when the two catalysts were employed together in equal molar quantities a synergistic effect was observed. For its practical application to the removal of odours caused by methanethiol and hydrogen sulphide, the two metallophthalocyanines were used to dye viscose fibre, pretreated with a cationic agent producing a novel air‐purifying material. The dyed fabric was highly effective at eliminating odours caused by these two compounds.
X‐ray crystal structure of 2‐{2‐acetylamino‐4‐[bis‐(2‐methoxycarbonylethyl)amino]‐phenylazo}‐4‐methylthiazole‐5‐carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Singh Sarbjit , Garg Parveen Kumar , Hundal Maninder Singh
Published: June 2006

Crystals of the title novel red disperse dye were grown by slow evaporation from a chloroform solution and the crystal structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The dye molecule crystallises in the triclinic space group P1 with the unit cell dimensions a= 7.561(2), b= 11.628(10) and c= 15.607(3) Å. The diffraction analysis showed that the hetarylazo skeleton of the dye is nearly planar, with the ester groups oriented up and down the plane of the molecule thus imparting it a ‘Y’ shape structure. The intramolecular hydrogen bonds, together with van der Waals interactions, stabilise the molecular conformation and crystal packing.
An interlaboratory trial of the effects of reducing liquor to cloth ratio in the ISO 105‐C08 test on repeatability and reproducibility
Authors: Phillips Duncan , Percival Richard , Scotney John , Bevan Geoff , Lloyd John
Published: June 2006

An international ring test has been carried out to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of the ISO 105‐C08 test, modified to employ a liquor to cloth ratio of 20;1 in place of the current specification of 50;1. The results, from ten laboratories located in six countries, indicate that no adverse consequences are to be expected from reducing the liquor ratio, with the statistical variability obtained being well within the norm for this type of wash fastness test. It is therefore recommended that the standard be modified to allow the test to be conducted at a range of liquor to cloth ratios. The work in this paper was initiated by the TCI/81 committee and is sponsored by the Society's Technical Coordination Committee.
Dyeing behaviour of polyester heat‐set at different temperatures: separate and competitive dyeings
Authors: Gacén J , Canal J M , Maillo J , Cayuela D , Gacén I
Published: June 2006

Woven polyester upholstery fabrics, comprising multilobal filament yarn warp and textured yarn weft, were heat‐set at different temperatures. The weft of these heat‐set fabrics was dyed at high temperature (130 °C) using dyes of small and large molecular size, respectively, using both separate and competitive dyeing methods. The results show that the difference in dye uptake between substrates heat‐set at immediately adjacent temperatures is higher in competitive dyeings than in separate dyeings. It has also been observed that dye uptake differences are always higher for dyes of large molecular size than for dyes of smaller size.
Chromophoric potential of the 4(3H)‐quinazolinones: a review
Authors: Bhatti Harjinder Singh , Seshadri Sambamurthy
Published: June 2006

The last few decades have seen significant developments in the use of heterocyclic compounds in dyestuff and pigment chemistry. The design of newer heterocyclic systems has been a major target area and has focused on economically viable synthesis, absence of effluent problems and freedom from carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. The present article reviews the chemical and patent literature on the chromophoric potential of the 4(3H)‐quinazolinone ring system, including dyes, pigments, fluorescent brightening agents, luminescent inks, electroluminescent devices, photographic couplers, colour formers and photographic fog inhibitors.
Application of a fibre‐reactive chitosan derivative to cotton fabric as a zero‐salt dyeing auxiliary
Authors: Lim Sang‐Hoon , Hudson Samuel H
Published: June 2006

Cotton fabric has been treated with a fibre‐reactive chitosan derivative containing quaternary ammonium groups, O‐acrylamidomethyl‐N‐[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐trimethylammonium)propyl]chitosan chloride (NMA‐HTCC). Cotton treated with NMA‐HTCC has been dyed with direct and reactive dyes without the addition of salt. The colour yield was higher than that on untreated cotton, despite the addition of a large amount salt in the latter case. After dyeing, cotton treated with NMA‐HTCC gave better wash fastness than the untreated cotton. The light fastness was however inferior to that on untreated cotton. The antimicrobial activity of cotton treated with NMA‐HTCC against Staphylococcus aureus was considerably lower after dyeing, probably due to the antimicrobial effect of the cationic group on NMA‐HTCC being blocked by its combination with the anionic dye.
Performance of a new cationic bleach activator on a hydrogen peroxide bleaching system
Authors: Lim Sang‐Hoon , Gürsoy Nevin Çigdem , Hauser Peter , Hinks David
Published: June 2006

The performance of a cationic bleach activator, N‐[4‐(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl]caprolactam chloride, was evaluated in a hot peroxide bleaching process. The effect of time, temperature and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and activator on the bleaching of cotton fabric was investigated using a central composite experimental design. Temperature was found to be the most significant parameter. By adding the cationic activator it was possible to achieve a level of whiteness comparable to a typical commercial bleaching system but under relatively mild conditions of time and temperature. As a consequence, chemical damage to the fabric could be reduced. The effect of the cationic bleach activator was compared to that of an anionic activator, nonanoyloxybenzene sulphonate. The cationic activator was superior to the anionic activator in bleaching the fabric under the optimised conditions used in the study. Received: 13 January 2004, Accepted: 10 March 2004
Methods for the evaluation of fine‐line offset gravure printing inks for ceramics
Authors: Pudas M , Hagberg J , Leppävuori S , Elsey K , Logan A
Published: June 2006

The printing of ceramic substrates by offset gravure is well established industrially and is a potentially viable method for printing circuitry. Modified inks are required to be able to print fine lines at high resolution with minimal displacement and distortion. In the present study a statistical assessment of the role of the components of the ink binder has been undertaken, the inks being evaluated by printing tests and in terms of their rheology and cohesion. The results have been examined using a factor design program and the best‐fit multivariate model established in order to describe the response to each factor. Based on the models, it was possible to increase the internal cohesion of the inks which gave a decrease in the rheological phase angle and an increase in print mass. It was found practicable to print lines as fine as 9 mm wide and dots as small as 20 mm diameter on ceramic substrates.
Seam penetration in the dyeing of garments using reactive dyes. Part 2: Evaluation of the effect of processing conditions on the efficacy of seam penetration in the dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes†
Authors: Rashid A , Taylor J A
Published: June 2006

In a previous report, the development of an instrumental method for the quantitative assessment of seam penetration by reactive dyes was described. This paper now reports the use of this instrumental protocol to evaluate the effect of processing variables, especially temperature, pH and dye concentration, on the efficacy of seam penetration in the dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes. A simple approximate relationship has been established between the migration index of a reactive dye to its ability to penetrate seams efficiently.
Limits of accuracy of dyeing process control and dyeing quality
Authors: Chen P B , Yuen C W M , Yeung C K
Published: June 2006

In this study, a previously‐developed numerical prediction model of colour sensitivity for disperse dye recipes was applied to predict the limit of accuracy in the control of dyeing processes according to a certain colour tolerance for individual recipes. The results confirmed that both concentration and temperature were the most important factors affecting dyeing results.
Synthesis and fastness properties of styryl and azo disperse dyes derived from 6‐nitro substituted 3‐aryl‐2‐methyl‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone
Authors: Bhatti Harjinder Singh , Seshadri Sambamurthy
Published: June 2006

The synthesis of 6‐nitro substituted 3‐aryl‐2‐methyl‐4(3H)‐quinazolinones from readily available starting materials, such as isatoic anhydride, is described. One of these, 3‐phenyl‐2‐methyl‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone, has been utilised to prepare a range of styryl disperse dyes for polyester. Novel azo disperse dyes based on 6‐nitro‐3‐(m‐diethylaminophenyl)‐2‐methyl‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone as coupling component are reported. The application properties of the dyes on polyester and their fastness properties have been evaluated, with the latter being disappointing.
One‐bath dyeing of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/cotton blends with alkali‐clearable azo disperse dyes containing a fluorosulphonyl group
Authors: Koh Joonseok , Yoo Hyun Young , Kim Jae Pil
Published: June 2006

Monoazo disperse dyes containing a fluorosulphonyl group, based on 4‐amino‐4′‐fluorosulphonylazobenzene derivatives, were dyed on poly(ethylene terephthalate)/cotton blends and their dyeing and fastness properties investigated. A one‐bath dyeing method was used, as these dyes can be alkali cleared in the same bath. In particular, the cross‐staining of cotton was studied in order to assess their suitability for the one‐bath dyeing of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/cotton blends.
Antimicrobial properties of natural dyes against Gram‐negative bacteria
Authors: Gupta Deepti , Khare Sudhir Kumar , Laha Ankur
Published: June 2006

There is increasing interest in adding value to textiles by the use of natural products. Many of the plants from which natural dyes are obtained are, for example, also known to have medicinal properties. In the current study, the antimicrobial properties of eleven natural dyes against three types of Gram‐negative bacteria were studied experimentally. Seven of the dyes showed activity against one or more of the bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration for three selected dyes was determined. The results demonstrate that certain dyes are able to reduce microbial growth almost completely in the case of Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. Selected dyes would therefore be valuable for the dyeing of sheets and gowns for hospital use, and on articles which are less suitable for laundering such as mattresses and upholstery. The dyes examined exhibited good wash fastness and the antibacterial effect is therefore likely to be durable.