bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Remainder in the Middle
Authors: Brietzke Zander
Published: January 2022

O’Neill definitively completed A Touch of the Poet and composed a fourth and final draft for that expressed purpose in 1942. The status of More Stately Mansions is more problematic. Scholars have mostly concluded that O’Neill meant to destroy the play and only inadvertently sent the original typescript to Yale as part of his archive. Although O’Neill labeled the play “unfinished,” evidence from the typescript, supported by O’Neill’s Work Diary and Carlotta’s personal diary proves Martha Gilman Bower’s thesis that More Stately Mansions is fully revised and whole. O’Neill wrote in longhand and Carlotta typed an extremely lengthy drama during an intense and dynamic period of a little less than one year. In the 1980s, Bower collated O’Neill’s handwritten edits with Carlotta’s much-revised typescript to create a master text—one that Carlotta would have produced if she had typed the entire 279-page manuscript yet again. Yale University Press published Bower’s unexpurgated version of More Stately Mansions with A Touch of the Poet in 2004. The 568 pages of a single volume reveal the substantial remains of the Cycle.
Climbing the Harford Family Tree
Authors: Brietzke Zander
Published: January 2022

O’Neill spent considerable time and effort to draft an elaborate Harford family tree in July 1937. This schematic revealed what he had done to that point, as well as the future direction of the Cycle as it spanned almost 180 years of American history. A Touch of the Poet references the past and the four Cycle plays that O’Neill did not finish, going back in time to before the American Revolution. More Stately Mansions forecasts the future of the Cycle with its representations of the Harford sons as young boys: Ethan, Wolfe, Jonathan, and Honey. Each has his own dream, each his own sense of destiny and happiness, but each wants to make his parents happy and proud as well. In the final five plays that O’Neill ultimately abandoned, beginning with The Calms of Capricorn, each son meets an inglorious fate. O’Neill planned to have Honey, aged 100 years, wrap up the Cycle by saying that the greed of humanity would never end. O’Neill had already said as much, though, with the two completed middle plays.
The Glencairn Template
Authors: Brietzke Zander
Published: January 2022

O’Neill’s wordiness invites a theatrical reinterpretation with bold gestures and design elements to replace inordinate amounts of text. The final chapter nods at O’Neill’s cycle of one-act sea plays early in his career, as well as to the fine film adaptation by John Ford in 1940, The Long Voyage Home, to suggest ways that such a production might be done. Martha Gilman Bower’s unexpurgated version provides the text for a new adaptation that unfolds around Sara. The six hours that it would take to perform A Touch of the Poet and a re-edited version of More Stately Mansions qualify as, in a term phrased by Jonathan Kalb, “marathon theater.” Like Tony Kushner’s Angels in America, the first part of O’Neill’s epic is better known than the second. But surely an audience deserves to see how Sara responds to the death of her father, a marriage proposal, children, the Harford mansion as her home, and a very jealous mother-in-law. Time draws nigh for the great work of the Cycle to begin.
First Conventions, 1760–1791
Authors: Woodward-Burns Robinson
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses the Revolutionary and Founding eras. It proceeds in three parts, first introducing colonial debates over legislative sovereignty, slavery, and frontier and suffrage law. Second, the chapter shows how in 1776 the Continental Congress deferred the divisive legislative sovereignty question to the state legislatures and constitutional conventions, which were smaller, more united, and better able to address the issue. Through the 1780s, state framers checked their new state legislatures through bicameralism and gubernatorial and judicial restraints, while tailoring franchise and slave law to local demands. Delegates to the 1787 federal convention, many of them former state framers, imitated this state legislative design in drafting the national Constitution while deferring to state slave and franchise law. In these years, state framers narrowed and quieted national debates over legislative sovereignty and design, slavery, and the franchise, aiding the drafting and ratification of the federal Constitution and stabilizing national constitutionalism.
Wisdom Texts
Authors: Wills Lawrence M.
Published: January 2022

Chapter three addresses the texts of the Apocrypha related to Jewish wisdom. In ancient Israel wisdom was associated with Proverbs and the education of elite males, especially scribes. But there were important developments in wisdom, each phase expanding on the previous one without rendering it obsolete. The wisdom texts of the Apocrypha are analyzed both in terms of how they fit within the earlier history of wisdom genres, and how they reflect the changes of the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Theological themes such as revelation are expanded within these texts, and social issues such as gender, class, and Jewish identity come into sharper focus. Wisdom is more present as a female figure and is at times a cosmic savior figure or involved in creation (similar to Isis). Wisdom is also identified with law (Ben Sira and Baruch), and is seen as a force in Israelite history (Ben Sira and Wisdom of Solomon). In these texts Wisdom is also personified as Woman Wisdom. Texts treated here are Ben Sira (or Sirach), Wisdom of Solomon, Baruch, Letter (or Epistle) of Jeremiah, Fourth Maccabees, and Fourth Baruch (or Paralipomena of Jeremiah).
A Theory of Latecomer State Formation
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the two processes of state-formation: territory consolidation and violence monopolization. It explains that territory consolidation refers to the process by which an emerging political center decides which regions to include within its jurisdiction and which to exclude. It also highlights the importance of state-formation in the capacity of territory consolidation, emphasizing it as the source of a modern country's political geography. The chapter considers “state building” as a new phrase for an old concept, which can be traced to Max Weber's original notion of bureaucratization and the transition from patrimonial rule to meritocratic administration. It cites Guillermo O'Donnell's work on Latin America, which argues that variations in state capacity across contemporary cases are as the variation experienced in the rise of modern western Europe.
A Politician-Centered Approach to State Formation
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers state-formation as extraordinary politics as it defines the territorial space enclosing the social and political actors available for subsequent coalition formation in ordinary times. It explains why the coalitions with actors from excluded regions are no longer possible once the territory of a state is consolidated. It also highlights how state-formation creates a monopoly, wherein the entire range of political strategies relying on violence is physically eliminated. The chapter highlights facts of state-formation in western Europe that support a strong division between the politics of state-formation and the politics of ordinary times. It explores the distinction between the extraordinary politics of state-formation and the ordinary politics of policy, government, and regime transformation in Latin America.
Port-Driven State Formation in Argentina
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins with an account of the Battle of Pavón on September 17, 1861, which founded the episode in Argentina's state-formation as the army of Buenos Aires clashed against the military forces of the Confederación. It talks about the four-month bargaining process between the leaders of Buenos Aires and the Confederación that resulted in the merger of the two states and the birth of Argentina. It also explains how the negotiations produced an irreversible change in the process of state-formation. The chapter emphasizes how the territory of Argentina would never again experiment with the loose confederations of minisovereignties that characterized the 1830s and 1840s or the duopoly Confederación versus Buenos Aires of the 1850s. It points out that the territory of the new state and the formula of territorial governance in Argentina has remained intact until today.
Port-Driven State Formation in Brazil
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights the most prominent outcome of state-formation in Brazil, which its founders fittingly called an empire. It considers Brazil as the fifth-largest country in the world and the largest contiguous territory in the Americas. It also mentions the great efforts of Rio de Janeiro to extinguish separation attempts from Pernambuco and Bahia in the Northeast and Rio Grande do Sul in the South during the intense wave of secessionism in the 1830s. The chapter discusses the extraordinary wealth created by the coffee boom and the carefully designed emergency plan by a triumvirate of political entrepreneurs that consolidated Brazil's territory. It explores the period in which Uruguay was a province of Brazil, which produced an archival gem that gives a clear sense of the magnitude of the success by Rio de Janeiro.
Introduction
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: January 2022

During the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, the co-mingling of diverse peoples and languages in Anatolia shaped the literary landscape in significant ways, binding together Muslim and Christian poets in analogous modes of composing poetry and policing the communal boundaries of their audiences. Sundry unions—between peoples, religious cultures, even aesthetic systems—furthermore played an important role in the development of nascent literary cultures, such as Anatolian Turkish and Middle Armenian, as well in the subtle transformation of pre-existing literary cultures in Anatolia, including New Persian and, in some cases, medieval Greek. This introduction offers a broad look at the production of literary cultures at the juncture of more than one language in medieval Anatolia and the Mediterranean world more generally. It argues that cross-cultural convergences in the literary landscape were often facilitated by overlapping praxes of literary adaptation, response, quotation, and emulation in particular. Through this portfolio of compositional techniques, diverse poets implicitly and explicitly came to engage with one another—and their audiences—across linguistic, religious, and cultural boundaries of many kinds.
Sustainable by Design
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines different understandings when using the term “sustainable,” such as in traditional business circles where it means running a business profitably but has no relation to environmental outcomes. It points out that the ambiguity of the term “sustainable” has allowed corporations to pursue business by “greenwashing” their behavior to gain market share. It also defines sustainable development as a development that creates economic, environmental, and social benefits that improve the living standards of current and future generations. The chapter talks about the 1987 Brundtland Report, delivered at the Earth Summit, which gave two key concepts in sustainable development: overriding priority over the essential needs of the world's poor and meeting present and future needs that may be limited by the state of technology and social organization. It elaborates how the concepts recognize that ecological and other crises will persist in a world with widespread poverty and inequity.
Supportive Cooperative Ecosystems in Spain and the United States
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter refers to the supporting environment theory of cooperatives, which posits that success is spurred by the presence of promoters, a good legal and fiscal environment, and government support without government control. It inserts the term “ecosystem” in place of “environment” to foreground the interconnected system dynamics at work in supporting cooperative ecosystems. It also outlines how people launch and grow cooperatives within a particular ecosystem that includes the laws, government programs, and cooperative support organizations that influence them. The chapter mentions the social-movement approach to cooperatives, which suggests that degeneration follows a deemphasis and marginalization of building cohesive networks of apex and sector federations, plans, and proposals for technical and financial assistance. It discusses well-established cooperatives that abandon the mission of developing a cooperative movement in favour of responding to market forces and the individual cooperative's financial goals.
Water
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter talks about water, which is essential for life and is recognized as a human right. It emphasizes how the invisible system of buried pipes and infrastructure that delivers water is largely forgotten when it is easy, clean, and inexpensive to turn on the tap. It also mentions that climate change threatens water security, even for those with generally reliable water services. The chapter emphasizes that flooding and drought challenge the systems for supplying water and cleaning sewage before returning to rivers and lakes. It clarifies the relation between water and energy, which shows how the energy footprint of delivering clean water and then treating it as municipal sewage is part of the water–energy nexus.
Findings and Lessons for a Livable Planet
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter emphasizes how collaborations across nations to transform the global economy, deeply decarbonize, and reach the Sustainable Development Goals can have the potential to create a much more vibrant, equal, and livable planet. It refers to the mitigation of climate disruption, reduction of suffering, and attainment of prosperity when conditions are created that allow social enterprises to flourish. It also reviews case studies of cooperative sustainability pathbreakers that exemplify the power of the private sector to effect positive changes in advance of legal requirements. The chapter discusses the importance of careful drafting of governance documents to include clear purposes and direction to advance multiple sustainability goals, such as those that include decarbonized energy, food and agriculture, water, finance, and trade. It explains how sustainability pathbreakers tend to use governance documents to articulate their purpose and set a trajectory for their day-to-day operations.
The Goals of Constitutional Processes
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: January 2022

This chapter starts from the fact that there is no generally accepted process for making a new constitution. Taking the overall objective to be democracy and, in societies severely divided along ethnic or religious lines, conflict reduction, it explains that constitutional processes can help to produce agreed rules of political behavior and help to prevent domination of one group by another. It then lays out an argument for inclusion, through elections, of representatives of all major social and ethnic groups, for deliberation rather than negotiation as the main method of proceeding, and for consensus (supplemented, where necessary, by compromise) as an important goal to be achieved. Inclusion in constitutional processes is associated with democratic outcomes, and there is evidence that consensus standards of decision produce higher quality deliberation. The aim is to produce democratic commitment on the part of the politicians who participate in the process, commitment that is more likely when consensus is achieved than it is when a constitution is produced mainly by bargaining and majoritarian processes.
Starting Conditions
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: January 2022

Crisis is a common starting condition as constitutional processes get under way. This often propels decision makers to adopt short deadlines for completion of the process, whereas it is preferable to find ways to calm the crisis. If a civil war is in progress, the constitutional process may be conflated with a peace process. This chapter explains why these courses of action are undesirable. It goes on to discuss the use of a preliminary process to plan the constitutional process, in order to build understanding, or producing an interim constitution to serve as a framework within which to create the permanent constitution. The chapter describes some methods of overcoming initial disagreements, but it acknowledges that starting conditions are so various that a detailed formula is impossible to specify.
Inclusion and Consensus
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: January 2022

The main theme of this chapter is the tension between an inclusive body embracing a variety of groups, preferences, and interests, on one side, and the need for consensus, on the other. The chapter explores methods of harmonizing both objectives through several institutional approaches. In doing this, it examines critically the meaning of “sufficient consensus” as implemented in the Northern Ireland and South African processes. It also considers the utility of adopting a minimalist constitution if consensus proves to be elusive, and it examines the serious consequences of failures of inclusion and failures of consensus.
Member of Parliament and Captain of Horse
Authors: Hutton Ronald
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores one of the most decisive turning points in Oliver Cromwell's career, during a war involving the Scottish Church, or Kirk. From there, the chapter paints a portrait of the House of Commons and his parliamentary record there. Cromwell was, after all, notable for being the least wealthy and connected among the 507 men eligible to attend the House of Commons at the time. There was, however, no sign whatever that this collection of people operated as an affinity; rather, they represented a pool on which Cromwell might draw if common beliefs and vested interests created a context in which mutual support would be advantageous. The chapter also looks into Cromwell's departure from Parliament and his attempts to expedite the war effort as a cavalry captain.
Demographic Challenges and Raising Productivity
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes the debates on and challenges of the Japanese economy. The Japanese debate on deflation became noisier as the days passed. In the National Diet, there was increasing political pressure on the Bank of Japan for more aggressive monetary easing. The louder the voices became, however, the more the author came to think that the frustration most people expressed with the word “deflation” was not with the fall in prices itself but rather with the gradually declining growth potential of the economy and the country's deflating prospects. The author also thought that there would be no end to calls for aggressive monetary easing until the underlying challenges confronting the Japanese economy were recognized and addressed. From 2010 onward, the author increasingly spoke out about the issues of aging and falling birth rates, and also of productivity and the declining competitiveness of the Japanese industry.
The Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter illustrates how a huge earthquake of unprecedented size in the history of observed earthquakes struck Japan on March 11, 2011. The Great East Japan Earthquake, with its epicenter just off the coast of northeast Japan; the tsunami that the quake engendered; and the meltdown of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant together plunged Japan into its worst crisis since the end of World War II. Over the years Japan has repeatedly been struck by large earthquakes. When the author assumed governorship of the Bank of Japan, he had a foreboding that the moment of truth would come from a major earthquake. As such, the author was conscious of the need for the bank to maintain preparedness against such a disaster. But the magnitude of the calamity caused by the actual earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear accident was beyond anyone's imagination. The Bank of Japan deployed every resource of the bank to maintain the stability of financial markets and the functioning of Japan's financial system, which is the most important contribution a central bank could do for the economy and society at large.
The Great Monetary Experiment and the Spread of Japanification
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses how the experience of Japan's economy since the bursting of the bubble has been extensively studied by foreign academics and policymakers. Broadly speaking, the global debate inspired by Japan's experience has gone through four phases. Initially, there was a rather sanguine view about the consequences for Japan's economy. In the second phase, foreign observers harshly criticized the Japanese policy responses as being responsible for a “lost decade” — and then “lost decades” — of economic performance, with an intensity that peaked from 2012 to early 2013. In the third phase, starting in 2013, Japan's deployment of an extremely aggressive monetary policy, which could be called a “great monetary experiment,” was greeted with enthusiasm, and optimism prevailed for a while. Now, in the fourth phase, there has been a growing realization that the experiment has not delivered what was promised. In parallel, similarities between Japan's experience and those of other developed economies have been discussed under the label of “Japanification.”
The Independence and Accountability of the Central Bank
Authors: Shirakawa Masaaki
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses the independence and accountability of the central bank. In the 1970s and 1980s, central banks enjoying independence were relatively few. Today, many central banks — at least in developed economies — have gained independence. Central banks, though their officials are unelected, have enormous powers and affect the economy — and, for that matter, society and the lives of ordinary people — profoundly. The governing framework of central banks — independence and accountability — worked reasonably well, but its success was rather short-lived. The independent central bank was designed as a device to address the political and social tendency to pursue short-term gain, even when the long-term consequences of the policy might be dire. But this tendency itself remains. Ironically, today the governing framework has started to exert unintended consequences, undermining the objectives intended to be achieved by the independent central bank. Thus, it is important to think seriously about how central banks should be independent and accountable in a democratic society to achieve their mission of the stability of the currency.
Developing a neighbourhood plan: stories from ‘community-led’ planning pathfinders
Authors: McGuinness David , Ludwig Carol
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents empirical data from two of the earliest neighbourhood planning pathfinders in England. These include Upper Eden in rural Cumbria and North Shields on the Tyneside coast. The chapter explores how each neighbourhood navigated the plan-making process and provides first-hand insights into the challenges faced by the first wave of pathfinder neighbourhoods to embark on the neighbourhood planning process. The unfolding experiences of the two areas reveal some important questions about the impact of the initial lack of clear policy guidance about neighbourhood planning, whether communities have the capacity to develop robust neighbourhood plans without the direct assistance of professional planners, and the role that professional planners should play in the neighbourhood plan development process. Ultimately, the chapter unpacks some important lessons about the limitations and opportunities provided by ‘community-led’ planning.
The many lives of neighbourhood planning in the US: much ado about something?
Authors: Bennett Larry
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins by tracing the evolution of neighbourhood planning techniques in the United States. It highlights the importance of the federal system of government in generating a multitude of structural approaches to neighbourhood planning. In the early post-Second World War era, national initiatives such as Urban Renewal and the Community Action Program mandated neighbourhood consultation in the shaping and implementation of policy. Although the effectiveness of these consultative measures was the subject of much debate, they did seed many subsequent efforts to link planning and citizen participation. The latter part of this 20th-century policy tour touches on initiatives that have been mounted either by municipal governments or through the efforts of locally based activist movements. The chapter then looks at three contemporary variants of neighbourhood planning: what might be characterised as ‘classic’ neighbourhood planning by Portland, Oregon's neighbourhood council and New York City's community board systems; Chicago's community policing initiative; and the fashioning of community benefits agreements (CBAs) in several Californian cities. It also reconsiders the most expansive inflection of the expansive view of neighbourhood planning: that neighbourhood planning can serve as a platform for achieving substantial social transformation.
Starting the conversation: an introduction to the Women, Family, Crime and Justice network
Authors: Masson Isla , Booth Natalie , Baldwin Lucy
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces challenges women face in the criminal justice system (CJS) and towards the families affected by imprisonment. It cites concerns about the ineffectual promise of change following the publication of the Female Offender Strategy by the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) in England and Wales in 2018. It also talks about problems that lie with the social injustices that comprise the neoliberal and patriarchal society. The chapter outlines factors that constitute the inadequate social circumstances that women and families in contact with the CJS have had to negotiate, such as issues pertaining to housing, education, poverty, mental health, addiction, and abuse. It mentions the Women, Family, Crime and Justice (WFCJ) research network that was launched in April 2018 to provide a collaborative space to bring together like-minded people to critically discuss, disseminate and address some of the injustices.
Presence, voice and reflexivity in feminist and creative research: a personal and professional reflection
Authors: Baldwin Lucy
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights what is understood by feminist research, emphasising that it is research informed by broader feminist principles via its topic, design, process, analysis, and researcher reflexivity. It discusses how mothers themselves assisted in shaping the research decisions, research tools, and the methodology, and explores the researcher/research relationship and its significance. It also presents that the research project sought to generate knowledge and understanding about parental imprisonment. The chapter explains why feminist research has proved challenging, even to the point of reaching a consensus that feminist research has a distinct and separate identity. It cites difficulties in differentiating between feminist research and good research.
Regional Organizations in Africa
Authors: Panke Diana , Stapel Sören , Starkmann Anna
Published: January 2022

Chapter 4 focuses on regionalism in Africa. It discusses the particularities of the development of African ROs with respect to creation, membership dynamics and RO policy scope. This reveals that while some of the oldest ROs in the ROCO dataset are located on the African continent, such as the League of Arab States (AL), the general pattern shows that regional cooperation only started with a delay once African states gained independence in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Chapter 4 illustrates that RO creation and regional cooperation before the end of the Cold War strongly reflects the fight against colonial legacies and the search for regional models of economic development on the African continent, but that regional governance becomes more encompassing in terms of membership and policy scope after the end of the Cold War. Compared with other regions, African Ros are especially well equipped with competencies in the good governance, agriculture and migration fi elds. By 2015, most African ROs still resemble the small selective type, although several ROs have gained new members and additional policy competencies over time.
Conclusion
Authors: Panke Diana , Stapel Sören , Starkmann Anna
Published: January 2022

In conclusion, Chapter 8 provides a summary of the major findings and discusses which types of ROs should be expected to be formed in the first place and why not all types are equally likely to emerge. It also discusses when to expect which shifts from one RO type to another. The chapter ends by pointing to avenues for future research.
Imbricación urbana del movimiento: continuidad, accesibilidad y estructuración en el Sistema de Tranvía de Ayacucho, Medellín
Authors: Reyes-Schade Emilio , Gutiérrez-Torres Katheryn , Samuel Esteban Padilla-Llano
Published: January 2022

Centrados en el sentido de urbanidad, el presente artículo se ha planteado como una aproximación a la capacidad de transformación que tiene el binomio sistema de espacio público - sistema de transporte público, en los procesos de reestructuración y/o recualificación urbana en distintos contextos geográficos. Lo anterior, se aborda en términos de la subsanación o del reacomodo morfológico de ciertas rupturas que presenta el tejido urbano frente a la idea del espacio público como sistema polisémico de articulación, estructuración y soporte de la ciudad. Los aportes urbanos suscitados a partir de la reimplementación del transporte público guiado en la ciudad, pueden apreciarse a la luz del análisis del caso del canal tranviario de Ayacucho en la ciudad de Medellín, actuación urbana que ha representado una herramienta significativa de “hacer ciudad”, de la cual se concluye que se ha consolidado como una pauta de crecimiento que ha permitido, a su vez, proyectar con cierto grado de certeza un desarrollo urbano en un tiempo consensuado a partir de políticas públicas. Esta intervención ha posibilitado también la conformación de un ambiente urbano flexible (polivalente), propicio para la generación de intercambios espontáneos y la reconexión entre las instancias (actividades y lugares) urbanas que presentaba el tejido urbano con las nuevas instancias urbanas que se han generado a partir de la implementación del tranvía.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Wendy K. Z.
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Wendy K. Z. Anderson frames the arguments she will make in Rebirthing a Nation: White Women, Identity Politics, and the Internet. Anderson further lists the questions she will unpack in the following chapters. These include: What is the state of white supremacy in the present moment in the United States? How have digital media enabled the spread of white supremacy? Why is a digital context conducive to forms of empowerment for white women? And how can we respond ethically as white scholars to engage whiteness within our research practices to break racialized protocols? Anderson expresses an overall intention to extend knowledge on contemporary white women’s conservative rhetorics as agency to decode and dismantle oppressive racialized rhetorics and ensure a more equitable and deliberative path toward coalitional politics. The introduction includes a chapter development section that summarizes the book’s chapters.
 without Responsibility
Authors: Anderson Wendy K. Z.
Published: January 2022

Starting from Carr’s and Bonilla-Silva’s notions of “color-blind” ideology, this chapter contextualizes how through online rhetoric white nationalist women coopt 1960 civil rights rhetoric to advance their concerns into one palatable for a conservative audience. By naming their “oppression” using ideologies they link to ideographs such as -, -, and -, white nationalist women code their experience within a “color-blind” ideology to forward a [white] politic. Through an analysis of how white nationalist women use ideographs, the author unmasks how ideographs keep white privilege filters intact by decontextualizing, appropriating, and relativizing marginalization to justify white identity politics. Value and ideologies offer rhetorical content white nationalist women code into the communicative protocol within the websites themselves.
“Out In Full Force”
Authors: Johnson Mark A.
Published: January 2022

African Americans pervaded the spectacles of southern politics. They performed on behalf of the major political parties, third parties, and reform movements. African Americans attended rallies, paraded through the city, played campaign songs, and performed theater in the streets. They also voted, especially in the referenda on reform movements, such as prohibition, and for third parties, such as the Readjuster Party Virginia and the People’s Party. African Americans used the same methods generations of Americans had used to claim membership in a political party or as a member of a movement, and the body politic.
Epilogue “I Didn’t Really Know How To Show My Opposition”
Authors: Johnson Mark A.
Published: January 2022

In late July 2015, Ku Klux Klan and National Socialist Movement Party members marched to the statehouse in Columbia, South Carolina, to protest the removal of the Confederate flag from statehouse grounds in the aftermath of the mass murder at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church. Local sousaphonist Matt Buck, a white man, joined the marchers with the intent of humiliating them. Along the parade route, Buck played Richard Wagner’s “Ride of the Valkyries” and another tune with a bass line similar to “The Elephant March” from Disney’s ...
An Unthinkable Plot?
Authors: Sepinwall Alyssa Goldstein
Published: January 2022

This chapter treats the small number of feature films from the U.S., France and elsewhere in Europe related to the Haitian Revolution. They include Emperor Jones (1933), Burn! (1969; also called Quiemada), and Toussaint Louverture (2012). The chapter draws on Michel-Rolph Trouillot’s ideas about the Haitian Revolution’s being “unthinkable” to non-Haitians; it explains how the Revolution’s significance has often been minimized even when it is shown on screen. The chapter examines how these films, to different degrees, distort the history of the Revolution, thereby illustrating defects in how slavery is remembered in the U.S., France, and elsewhere. The chapter notes that the weaknesses of these films are especially unfortunate, given funding structures that enable U.S. and European directors to make films about the Revolution more easily than can Haitians themselves.
Invoking the Revolution in Caribbean Feature Films
Authors: Sepinwall Alyssa Goldstein
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes films from the Caribbean (outside of Haiti) related to the Haitian Revolution. These include the Cuban film The Last Supper (1976), the Cuban-French coproduction El siglo de las luces (1992), and two films from Curaçao,—Almacita de Desolato (1986) and Tula: The Revolt (2013)—which starred Danny Glover.
No White Hero, No Funding?
Authors: Sepinwall Alyssa Goldstein
Published: January 2022

This chapter chronicles epics on the Haitian Revolution which were never made, whether proposed by African American legends such as Harry Belafonte or Danny Glover, white Hollywood legends like Gregory Peck or Anthony Quinn, or leading world cinema directors like Euzhan Palcy. Some of these films aimed to be biopics of Haitian king Henri Christophe, while others would have centered on Toussaint Louverture or Jean-Jacques Dessalines. However, because the Revolution’s storyline involves violence by African-descended revolutionaries, without obvious white heroes, the chapter argues, these projects failed to obtain funding. The chapter situates the problem of making a Haitian Revolution epic within Hollywood’s more general difficulties depicting Black History.
From the Duvalier Years through the 2004 Bicentennial
Authors: Sepinwall Alyssa Goldstein
Published: January 2022

This chapter surveys the history of Haitian cinema and the challenges that have prevented it from attaining the size of other national cinemas. It also discusses films related to the Haitian Revolution which were made by Haitians. These include documentaries and dramas debating the Revolution’s legacy (refracted either through the Duvalier era, the Bicentennial/Aristide era, or the 2010 earthquake), or celebrating revolutionary heroes from Toussaint Louverture to Catherine Flon. Though these films are less well-known than foreign films on the Revolution, they offer some of the best cinematic treatments of this event. The directors treated include Haiti’s most prominent filmmakers (Arnold Antonin and Raoul Peck), as well as diaspora filmmakers from Miami to Canada. The chapter also analyzes collaborations involving Haitian intellectuals working with French, Cuban, or North American directors. Haitians involved in such collaborations include Wyclef Jean, Lyonel Trouillot, Frantz Voltaire, Ralph Maingrette, and Dany Laferrière.
Dougla “Fire”: Hypersexuality and Ethnoracial Stereotypes
Authors: Barratt Sue Ann , Ranjitsingh Aleah N.
Published: January 2022

This chapter directly engages gender and sexuality as intersecting social identities, and explains how some Dougla women negotiate persistent expectations of hypersexuality based on beliefs that they have inherited an ‘idealized’ combination of stereotypical sex characteristics from their African and Indian descended parents. It evaluates their assertions that they are perceived as exotic and it is this exotic quality that marks them as erotic and accessible.
Crumb Agonistes
Authors: Sheehan Paul
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Paul Sheehan argues that Crumb’s unrestrained “working-through” of bizarre, grotesque, often obscene sexual imagery and situations—supposedly a way of articulating his darkest fantasies and desires—is not the touchstone or bedrock of his political awareness. Appearances to the contrary, the disturbing sexual politics implicit in the work is a symptom, rather than a cause, which conceals a more deep-seated concern. Crumb’s most extreme and confronting images and subject matter are attempts to reconcile his anarchist suspicion and skepticism of all forms of authority, and his despairing recognition that any challenge to these forms is doomed to fail—to be crushed, co-opted, watered down or deviously ‘absorbed’. In this reading Crumb is, then, a kind of disenchanted political utopian. His work is fired by the tension between a radical anti-authoritarianism that accords with the counter-cultural desire to find a space outside or beyond the reach of state power; and a resigned awareness that such a space cannot be established in the corrupt and corrupting world of capitalist modernity.
The Visual Politics of R. Crumb’s “Bulgaria A Sketchbook Report”
Authors: Milkova Stiliana , Milkova Liliana
Published: January 2022

In 1964, the twenty-one-year old R. Crumb was sent to Bulgaria by the New York-based magazine Help! to draw a diary of his stay and to sketch the “horrors of Communism.” A small number of the comics he produced appeared in Help! in July 1965 under the title “Bulgaria: A Sketchbook Report.” This chapter examines the visual representation of Cold-War Bulgaria in Crumb’s “Sketchbook Report,” and it proposes that Crumb adopts a Western traveler’s eye and at the same time defies its dominant optics. Drawing on archival research and interviews conducted on site in Bulgaria and France, on literary and visual theory, and on recent Cold War scholarship, chapter contributors Stiliana Milkova and Liliana Milkova situate Crumb’s “Sketchbook Report” within a broader socio-political context to probe its connection to ideas of political and cultural infiltration, cooperation, and exchange.
Robert Crumb and the Art of Comics
Authors: Huxley David
Published: January 2022

A distinctive feature of Robert Crumb’s career has been the early, and continuing, interest in his work from art critics and the art museum. His work features in the journal Art and Artists as early as 1969, and in 1972 art critic Robert Hughes described him as “a kind of American Hogarth.” More recently Bart Beaty has pointed out that Crumb holds a unique position for a comic book artist, that “on the basis of specifically art-world prestige, Crumb is an elite cartoonist.” In this chapter, David Huxley analyzes the way in which Crumb’s drawing style developed, through his early influences from American comic strips artists such as Rube Goldberg, to a series of stylistic changes over a forty-year period. It also examines Crumb’s influence, both in terms of style and content on early underground comix and graphics, and the subsequent rise of autobiographical comics.
Robert Crumb and Öyvind Fahlström
Authors: Sheffield Clarence Burton
Published: January 2022

In 1969, the Brazilian-born, Scandinavian artist Öyvind Fahlström (1928-1976) created one of his most ambitious and important works, Meatball Curtain for R. Crumb, commissioned for Maurice Tuchman’s famous “Art and Technology” exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. A large installation, it consists of an ensemble of flat, silhouetted figures composed of Plexiglas, magnets, plastic and metal cut-outs, spread across the gallery floor, yet standing upright. Its title derives from a story by Crumb first published in Zap Comix #0 (1967) about meatballs that mythically rain down from the sky and give everyone they hit into a sense of ecstatic, bliss. Fahlström described the work as his “homage to Robert Crumb, to a great American artist.” In this chapter, Clarence Burton Sheffield, Jr. analyzes how Robert Crumb was a touchstone for Öyvind Fahlström, and how Crumb provides a key critical lens by which to understand Fahlström’s enigmatic art and the broader relationship between Crumb’s comics and the discourses of contemporary art. Fahlström’s works resist pigeonholing and straightforward categorization in much the same way that Crumb has continuously worked across the borders of different media, celebrating hybridity, experimentation, and subversion.
Introduction
Authors: Green-Barteet iranda A.
Published: January 2022

This introduction considers how characters of color are represented in Young Adult Speculative Fiction (YASF), how race affects or influences the structures of speculative worlds, and how racial ideologies are replicated or challenged in the genre. The introduction specifically considers why young people of color are so often underrepresented in YASF and examines the effect of colorblind ideology and postracialism on YASF. Drawing on critics such as Ebony Elizabeth Thomas and Mary J. Couzelis, the introduction argues that some YASF texts normalize many existing racial hierarchies and explains that the collection examines how race and racism are represented in YASF.
Winnie
Authors: Varga Donna
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Donna Varga explores the Canadian origins of the original Winnie-the-Pooh, in the history of the bear named Winnie rescued from a trapper in White River, Canada. It also explored later attempts to re-patriotize Winnie-the-Pooh within a Canadian context. Finally, it explores the extent to which Winnie’s animal nature is erased by the Winnie-the-Pooh narratives she is linked to.
Latecomers to the Hundred Acre Wood
Authors: Nance-Carroll Niall
Published: January 2022

Disney makes little effort to canonically continue the world of the older Pooh stories; indeed, the Disney Pooh stories swiftly abandoned the practice of animating the original Milne texts and took Pooh on other adventures. Return to the Hundred Acre Wood and The Best Bear in All the World, however, attempt to return quite precisely to Milne’s Hundred Acre Wood, not the Disney version inspired by it and not a reboot that modernizes the location or the characters. In this chapter, Niall Nance-Carroll discusses the ways in which these texts engage with the original stories, both through nostalgia and revisionism.
Seeing Past Cuteness
Authors: Nodelman Perry
Published: January 2022

Pooh and his friends are neither human, animal, or cyborg. But what they are and how they act represents a point where human, animal, and cyborg intersect and therefore, presumably, interact. In this chapter, Perry Nodelman applies a posthumanist lens to the Pooh books.
Pooh, Poohing, and Other Verbal Time Bombs
Authors: Tucker Nicholas
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Nicholas Tucker explores the verbal puns that accompany classic children’s texts. As well as the puns that have proliferated around the word “Pooh,” the chapter also examines the place of the unintended pun in publishing history. Finally, the chapter touches upon the intersection of childish humor with adult discomfort.
“I’m Sorry I Made You Cry” and “Jazz Handling”
Authors: Garber Michael G.
Published: January 2022

This is the first of six chapters tracing how waltzes often became performed as duple-meter tunes, inflected with jazz style, via the collective innovation of performance tradition. This chapter is an introduction to the Americanization of the waltz, listing both exuberant and wistful early examples. Also, the term importunate is defined in relation to the corpus. The discussion then focuses on “I’m Sorry I Made You Cry” (Nick J. Clesi, 1916), the earliest waltz with a well-documented career in both three-four and four-four meters, setting the model for waltzes becoming re-inscribed as fox trots. From New Orleans, recorded by early jazz bands, printed in a pioneering “jazz fox trot” edition, it also acted as an expression of masculinity. The music and lyric are analyzed for their dramatic effects, including in recordings by Frank Sinatra and many others. The lyric was foundational to a long line of later songs begging romantic reconciliation.
“When I Lost You” and the Muse of Friendship
Authors: Garber Michael G.
Published: January 2022

This concludes the series of six chapters tracing how waltzes often became performed as duple-meter tunes, inflected with jazz style, via the collective innovation of performance tradition. Irving Berlin wrote “When I Lost You” (1912) after his first wife’s death, encouraged by his brother-in-law, E. Ray Goetz. This chapter clarifies the chronology of that year’s events and refutes claims about the song’s uniqueness in Berlin’s early career. The tune foreshadowed his famous series of 1920s waltzes starting with “What’ll I Do,” also written while vacationing with Goetz. These, with their intensified intimacy and ready adaptation to four-four jazzy treatment, in turn foreshadowed the famous later waltzes of Richard Rodgers and the modern jazz era. This discussion analyzes the song’s elements, the influences on Berlin, and how his waltz melodies often start with upward moving intervals. One, “Always” (1925) is analyzed as used in the film noir Christmas Holiday (1944).