bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxicological effect of zinc on liver of broiler chicks
Authors: Khanam Sabina
Published: June 2020

Background

The objective of this study is to examine the toxic effects of zinc on the liver of broiler chicks. For this purpose, twenty broiler chicks were taken for the experiment and their weight ranging from 35-45 g. They were divided into four groups: one control and three treated groups. All treated groups were supplemented with 300 mg/kgb.w (low dose, LD), 600 mg/kgb.w (intermediate dose, ID) and 900 mg/kgb.w. (high dose, HD) of Zinc and the control group was fed basal commercial starter diet for 21 days.

Results

Necrosis, liver cell hypertrophy, fuzzy liver cells and lymphocytic inflammation were found in birds exposed to the low and intermediate dose as compared to the controlled group. Broiler chicks exposed to high dose showed pronounced changes in the liver such as congestion of blood vessels, connective tissue hyperplasia, bile duct proliferation, dilation of sinusoids, damaged intercellular contacts between hepatocytes, liver cell hypertrophy and accumulation of inflammatory cells

Conclusion

After the careful analysis of the study, the results have been reported that if one can take zinc in higher amount as supplements or in their foods than it affects the normal structure of the liver and it will alter the functioning of the liver in both human and animals.
3D borehole-to-surface and surface electromagnetic modeling and inversion in the presence of steel infrastructure
Authors: Um Evan Schankee , Kim Jihoon , Wilt Michael
Published: June 2020

The borehole-to-surface electromagnetic (EM) method is a viable imaging and monitoring tool for energy reservoirs, geologic storage, geothermal exploration, fault zones, and other subsurface targets. Data interpretation typically requires considering steel-casing effects, but it is difficult and impractical to directly discretize arbitrarily oriented hollow steel-cased wells in a 3D reservoir-scale earth model because of their extremely high electrical conductivity and long hollow geometry. We have considered a borehole-to-surface EM configuration in which an electric dipole source is placed below the bottom of a steel-cased well. To practically simulate the casing effects on EM measurements, we develop a novel 3D finite-element EM algorithm using an unstructured tetrahedral mesh. To avoid excessive use of fine grids for modeling a steel-cased well, the well is replaced with the combination of a short solid conductive prism and a long linewise perfect electric conductor. We find that this combined structure can approximate casing effects at a small fraction of the computational cost required for modeling a complete hollow casing because the linewise structure is volumeless and does not require an excessive number of small elements. We also find that steel-cased wells distant from sources and receivers can be modeled as simple linewise perfect electric conductors, further improving the computational efficiency. Using this approximation, the 3D EM algorithm presented here is well-suited to modeling many arbitrarily oriented steel-cased wells. After verifying the accuracy and efficiency of this approach using various examples, we performed a 3D borehole-to-surface/surface-to-borehole and surface EM inversion and determine that the inversion can image a deep localized target in the presence of steel infrastructure.
Suppressing migration image artifacts using a support vector machine method
Authors: Chen Yuqing , Huang Yunsong , Huang Lianjie
Published: June 2020

Reverse time migration (RTM) can produce high-quality images of complex subsurface structures when using seismic data acquired by a reasonably dense data acquisition geometry. However, RTM produces significant image artifacts when using data from a sparse data acquisition geometry because of incomplete cancellation of migration “smiles.” These artifacts obscure migration images of actual geology, leading to possible misidentification of important geologic features of interest. A specularity filter based on the semblance equation is commonly used in the dip-angle angle-domain common image gather (ADCIG) to preserve signals while suppressing image artifacts. In dip-angle ADCIG, the signals are assumed to have higher semblance scores because they are horizontally more coherent than the artifacts. However, this assumption fails when the image artifacts are severe. We have developed a new approach to suppressing migration image artifacts using a support vector machine (SVM) method. We first develop multiple criteria to distinguish between the signals and artifacts in the dip-angle ADCIG, rather than using only the semblance criterion. We then calculate the weights using a supervised SVM method. The weights approach one for valid signal points, and approach zero for artifact points. Finally, we apply the weights to the dip-angle ADCIG to preserve the effective signals and suppress the image artifacts. We verify the effectiveness of our method, denoted as SVM filtering, using numerical tests on synthetic and field data to produce migration images with improved signal-to-noise ratios and reduced aliasing artifacts.
Crosshole reflection imaging with ground-penetrating radar data: Applications in near-surface sedimentary settings
Authors: Allroggen Niklas , Garambois Stéphane , Sénéchal Guy , Rousset Dominique , Tronicke Jens
Published: June 2020

Crosshole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is applied in areas that require a very detailed subsurface characterization. Analysis of such data typically relies on tomographic inversion approaches providing an image of subsurface parameters. We have developed an approach for processing the reflected energy in crosshole GPR data and applied it on GPR data acquired in different sedimentary settings. Our approach includes muting of the first arrivals, separating the up- and the downgoing wavefield components, and backpropagating the reflected energy by a generalized Kirchhoff migration scheme. We obtain a reflection image that contains information on the location of electromagnetic property contrasts, thus outlining subsurface architecture in the interborehole plane. In combination with velocity models derived from different tomographic approaches, these images allow for a more detailed interpretation of subsurface structures without the need to acquire additional field data. In particular, a combined interpretation of the reflection image and the tomographic velocity model improves the ability to locate layer boundaries and to distinguish different subsurface units. To support our interpretations of our field data examples, we compare our crosshole reflection results with independent information, including borehole logs and surface GPR data.
Approximate Bayesian inference of seismic velocity and pore-pressure uncertainty with basin modeling, rock physics, and imaging constraints
Authors: Pradhan Anshuman , Dutta Nader C. , Le Huy Q. , Biondi Biondo , Mukerji Tapan
Published: June 2020

We have introduced a methodology for quantifying seismic velocity and pore-pressure uncertainty that incorporates information regarding the geologic history of a basin, rock physics, well log, drilling, and seismic data. In particular, our approach relies on linking velocity models to the basin modeling outputs of porosity, mineral volume fractions, and pore pressure through rock-physics models. We account for geologic uncertainty by defining prior probability distributions on lithology-specific porosity compaction model parameters, permeability-porosity model parameters, and heat-flow boundary condition. Monte Carlo basin simulations are performed by sampling the prior uncertainty space. We perform probabilistic calibration of the basin model outputs by defining data likelihood distributions to represent well data uncertainty. Rock physics modeling transforms the basin modeling outputs to give us multiple velocity realizations used to perform multiple depth migrations. We have developed an approximate Bayesian inference framework that uses migration velocity analysis in conjunction with well data for updating velocity and basin modeling uncertainty. We apply our methodology in 2D to a real field case from the Gulf of Mexico; our methodology allows for building a geologic and physical model space for velocity and pore-pressure prediction with reduced uncertainty.
Polarity and phase in reflection seismic data: Stratton field
Authors: Guo Qiang , Pennington Wayne D.
Published: June 2020

Seismic interpretation is often based on the analysis of amplitude anomalies, which depend strongly on the seismic wavelet presented in the data. However, if the wavelet polarity or phase is unknown or fine-scale impedance variations are complex, interpretation of the anomaly can be ambiguous. The Stratton data volume contains a dome-like feature that may be interpreted as the top of a potential gas target, the top of a buried tight reef, or as a thin layer of either higher or lower impedance, depending on the interpreter’s assumption of polarity and phase. This observation provoked our interest in modeling the seismic response of domes using wavelets of differing polarity and phase on stacked data. Because there appears to be only a single event, perhaps the top of an anomalous feature, and not its base, a “gradational” decrease in impedance contrast with depth is included among our models. We have determined that the seismic response from a layer with an impedance contrast decreasing with depth is quite different from that of a layer with constant impedance contrast when the bed thickness exceeds one quarter of the wavelength; that is, a reflection from the base of a “thick” gradational layer is not visible, as expected. We independently determine the polarity and phase of the Stratton data, finding that the surface-based seismic and VSP data are of opposite polarity (European and American, respectively), and concluding that the dome structure represents the top of a gradational thick bed. A model based on a nearby reservoir containing thin gas, oil, and water zones supports this conclusion. This anomaly in the Stratton data appears to represent a hydrocarbon reservoir with thin layers of gas and oil, each with lower impedance than the surrounding beds but with stepwise decreasing contrast over a sufficient thickness to avoid a basal reflection at these wavelengths.
Focused fluid flow systems discovered from seismic data at the southern margin of the South China Sea
Authors: Yan Wei , Zhang Guangxue , Zhang Li , Xia Bin , Yang Zhen , Qiang Kunsheng , Meng Miaomiao
Published: June 2020

This research focuses on the seismic characteristics of various fluid flow systems at the southern margin of the South China Sea. We have considered their associated seismic responses and hydrocarbon accumulations and determined the relationships between fluid flow and hydrocarbon migration. From amplitude anomalies and geometric morphology, we identify different focused fluid flow systems, such as mud diapirs/mud volcanoes, gas chimneys, pipes, and fault-related flow systems. We observe that gas-bearing fields associated with high-amplitude anomalous, low-amplitude chaotic, and “drop-down” reflection events serve as distinguishing features of focused fluid flow systems. These systems are affected by tectonic movements and sedimentation, and they are closely related to deep, high-temperature, and high-pressure plastic fluids. Furthermore, our investigations show that focused fluid flow systems, which preferentially develop in the weak parts of the strata, as well as associated faults and fractures, often act as conduits for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Therefore, these systems should be given the utmost attention during seismic exploration for hydrocarbons.
Comparison and research of multidimensional analysis for array acoustic logging in fractured formations
Authors: Min Xiang , Zhuwen Wang , Xinghua Qi
Published: June 2020

Currently, array acoustic logging data processing is mainly achieved by calculating only the velocity variation of each component wave. This provides a little formation information; thus, it is difficult to identify all fractures. We have analyzed the array acoustic logging signals by combining their times, frequencies, or amplitudes. First, we decomposed the array acoustic logging signals into main and secondary signals by improving the singular value decomposition. We then analyzed the characteristics of the array acoustic logging signals in fractured formations and compared them using three multidimensional analysis methods: the 2D Fourier transform, the 2D wavelet transform, and the Choi-Williams distribution. The results showed that the frequency characteristics of the compressional waves (P-waves), shear waves (S-waves), and Stoneley waves in the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] domain of the fracture formations can be obtained by the 2D Fourier transform method. The multiresolution time characteristics of these waves can be realized by the 2D wavelet transform method, and their time-frequency characteristics can be observed via the Choi-Williams distribution. The times, frequencies, and amplitudes of the P-waves, S-waves, and Stoneley waves change from the tight formation to the fractured formation. The three methods introduced here can comprehensively use eight arrays, time, frequency, or amplitude to improve the information usage rate of array acoustic logging and provide new ways to interpret it.
The impact of grain characteristics on acoustic logging in unconsolidated sands
Authors: Yue Chongwang , Wang Zhuwen , Yang Zhi , Li Yu
Published: June 2020

Characterizing acoustic propagation in unconsolidated sand reservoirs is critical in offshore oil and gas exploration. We have simulated the acoustic field in a borehole surrounded by granular media based on nonuniform contact, using a 2nd-order in time and 10th-order in space finite-difference technique. We focus on the impact of the porosity and coordination number, grain size, and grain scale distribution on acoustic logging. Numerical simulation results show that P- and S-wave velocities decrease with increasing the porosity or decreasing the coordination number and increase with increasing the grain size. For different grain size distributed in the vertical and radial directions, the velocity and amplitude of the P-wave and S-wave are different. As reflected waves in a borehole, the arrival wave’s velocity is higher and the amplitude is stronger, whereas grains near the source or borehole axis are larger. The results of this paper provide a reference for analyzing and predicting different graded bedding formations for acoustic logging.
Stress-orientation effects on the effective elastic anisotropy of complex fractured media using the lattice spring models coupled with discrete fracture networks model
Authors: Liu Ning , Fu Li-Yun
Published: June 2020

Stresses oriented differently often cause azimuthal anisotropy in the effective elastic properties of sedimentary rocks. A quantitative analysis of stress-orientation effects is important to interpret the anisotropic characteristics of mechanical and sonic responses. Brazilian tests are conducted to numerically investigate the stress orientation dependence in complex fractured media. We have developed a consistent workflow of lattice spring models (LSMs) coupled with discrete fracture networks (DFNs). This LSM-DFN model could enable a highly accurate modeling by properly choosing reasonable meshing resolutions, damping values, and strain loading rates. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the angle between the preferred azimuth of cracks and the orientation of the loading stress significantly affect the equivalent elastic moduli. The stress-induced anisotropy of cracked media could be reflected by the tendency of stress-strain responses. LSM-DFN modeling of prestressed cracks has the potential for reconstructing realistic structural attributes and analyzing stress-orientation effects.
Unique Metabolic Features of Adults Discordant for Indices of Insulin Resistance
Authors: Song Yilin , Søndergaard Esben , Jensen Michael D
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Adipose Insulin Resistance index (ADIPO-IR) values are often concordant. In this study we evaluated whether there are groups discordant for HOMA-IR and ADIPOpalmitate-IR and, if so, what are their defining characteristics.

Methods

The body composition, basal metabolic rate (BMR), fasting plasma lipids, insulin, glucose, and free fatty acid (FFA) palmitate concentrations data of 466 volunteers from previous research studies were abstracted and analyzed. The middle 2 population quartiles for HOMA-IR and Adipose Insulin Resistance index palmitate concentration (ADIPOpalmitate-IR) defined medium HOMA-IR and ADIPOpalmitate-IR (MH and MA), the top and bottom quartiles were defined as high/low HOMA (HH/LH), and high/low ADIPOpalmitate as HA/LA. Because ADIPOpalmitate-IR was significantly greater in women than in men, we established sex-specific quartiles for each index. We identified groups discordant for HOMA-IR and ADIPO-IR (HHMA, LHMA, MHHA, and MHLA).

Results

Body fat and fasting triglycerides (TGs) were significantly greater with higher indices in the concordant groups (HHHA > MHMA > LHLA). MHHA differed from MHLA by visceral fat (P < .01) and fasting TGs (P < .05), whereas HHMA differed (P < .01) from LHMA by BMR. By multivariate regression, the group factor contributed to BMR (P < .01) and visceral fat (P < .05).

Conclusions

Adults discordant for HOMA-IR and ADIPO-IR have unique features including differences in visceral fat, TGs, and BMR. This suggests different forms of insulin resistance are present, which should be considered when studying insulin resistance in the future.
Prevalence and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in a Large Cohort of Adrenal Incidentalomas: A Long-Term Study
Authors: Di Dalmazi Guido , Vicennati Valentina , Pizzi Carmine , Mosconi Cristina , Tucci Lorenzo , Balacchi Caterina , Cosentino Eugenio Roberto , Paolisso Pasquale , Fanelli Flaminia , Gambineri Alessandra , Pelusi Carla , Repaci Andrea , Garelli Silvia , Galiè Nazzareno , Borghi Claudio , Golfieri Rita , Pagotto Uberto
Published: June 2020

Context

Chronic glucocorticoids excess leads to morphological and functional cardiac alterations, a substrate for arrhythmias. Autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) in adrenal incidentalomas is a model of chronic endogenous hypercortisolism.

Objective

To investigate prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a large cohort of patients with ACS.

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

University hospital.

Patients

Patients evaluated between 1990 and 2018 for adrenal incidentalomas (n = 632), without pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and adrenal malignancy. Cortisol after 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test < or > 50 nmol/L defined nonsecreting tumors (NST) (n = 420) and ACS (n = 212), respectively.

Intervention

Assessment of AF at baseline (n = 632) and during a median follow-up of 7.7 years retrospectively (NST, n = 249; ACS, n = 108). Comparison with general population.

Main Outcome Measure

Prevalence and incidence of AF.

Results

AF prevalence was higher in patients with ACS (8.5%) than NST (3.1%, P = 0.003) and the general population (1.7%; P < 0.001 vs ACS, P = 0.034 vs NST). The age-adjusted rate ratio to the general population was 1.0 for NST and 2.6 for ACS. AF was associated with ACS (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-5.39; P = 0.035). The proportion of patients with AF at last evaluation was higher in ACS (20.0%) than NST (11.9%; P = 0.026). ACS showed a higher risk of incident AF than NST (hazard ratio, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.27-6.86; P = 0.012), which was associated with post-dexamethasone cortisol (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07-1.24; P < 0.001), independently of known contributing factors.

Conclusions

Patients with adrenal incidentalomas and ACS are at risk of AF. Electrocardiogram monitoring may be recommended during follow-up.
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Risk in American Football
Authors: TSO JASON , HOLLOWED CASEY , LIU CHANG , ALKHODER AYMAN , DOMMISSE MORGAN , GOWANI ZAINA , MILLER ARTHUR , NGUYEN GRACE , NGUYEN PARKER , PRABAKARAN GANESH , WEHBE MOHAMAD , GALANTE ANGELO , GILSON CARLA R. , CLARK CRAIG , MARSHALL THOMAS , PATTERSON GENE , QUYYUMI ARSHED A. , BAGGISH AARON L. , KIM JONATHAN H.
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and reportedly overused in American-style football (ASF). However, assessment of ASF NSAID use in the context of cardiovascular risk has not been performed. We sought to characterize NSAID use patterns and the association with cardiovascular risk in a diverse cohort of high school and collegiate ASF athletes.

Methods

A total of 226 ASF athletes, 60 endurance athletes, and 63 nonathletic controls were studied pre- and postseason with echocardiography, vascular applanation tonometry, and clinical data assessment. Qualitative NSAID use throughout the season was recorded at postseason.

Results

ASF athletes gained weight (Δ0.86 ± 3.9 kg, P < 0.001), increased systolic blood pressure (SBP, Δ3.1 ± 12 mm Hg, P < 0.001) and pulse wave velocity (Δ0.2 ± 0.6 m·s−1, P < 0.001), and decreased E′ (Δ−1.4 ± 2.8 cm·s−1, P < 0.001) across one athletic season. Seventy-seven percent (n = 173) of ASF athletes reported that sport-specific NSAID use began in middle school. ASF NSAID use was more frequent with “weekly” (n = 42.19%) and “daily” (n = 32.14%) use compared with endurance athletes (P < 0.001) and controls (P = 0.02). ASF NSAID use increased in parallel with postseason SBP and weights. “Daily” ASF NSAID users demonstrated the highest postseason SBP (137 ± 13 vs 128 ± 13 mm Hg, P = 0.002) and weight (109.0 ± 18.6 vs 95.8 ± 20.5 kg, P = 0.002) compared with “never/rare” users. Adjusting for player position, SBP, pulse wave velocity, and E′, increased weight (odds ratio = 1.04, 95% confidence interval = 1.0–1.08, P = 0.037) was associated with more frequent NSAID use.

Conclusions

Habitual NSAID use commonly begins during adolescence, before full physical maturation, and is associated with cardiovascular risk, particularly increased weight, in ASF athletes. NSAID use frequency should be considered when risk stratifying high-risk ASF athletes.
Associations of Exercise Types with All-Cause Mortality among U.S. Adults
Authors: SHEEHAN CONNOR M. , LI LONGFENG
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Exercising benefits physical and mental health as well as longevity. However, the extent to which different types of exercise are differentially associated with the risk of mortality is less clear. This study examined whether 15 different types of exercise were uniquely associated with all-cause mortality in a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized American adults between 18 and 84 yr old.

Methods

A total of 26,727 American adults in the National Health Interview Survey who reported their exercise type(s) in 1998 were prospectively followed for all-cause mortality through the end of 2015. We applied a series of discrete time logistic models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause mortality.

Results

During 17 yr of follow-up, 4955 deaths occurred. After adjusting for total volume of other exercises and confounders (demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and health behaviors and status), walking, aerobics, stretching, weight lifting, and stair climbing were related to lower risks of mortality (OR ranged from 0.78 to 0.93). When adjusting for engagement in all exercise types and confounders, stretching (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.83–0.97) and playing volleyball (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.31–0.93) were uniquely associated with lower risks of mortality.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that some types of exercise have unique benefits for longevity, but most are indistinguishable in relation to longevity. Future studies should further investigate the unique contribution of specific exercises and the joint contribution of multiple exercises and how to promote greater exercise participation.
Effects of the Turbine™ on Ventilatory and Sensory Responses to Incremental Cycling
Authors: SCHAEFFER MICHELE R. , MCBRIDE EMILY , MITCHELL REID A. , BOYLE KYLE G. , RAMSOOK ANDREW H. , PUYAT JOSEPH H. , MACNUTT MEAGHAN J. , GUENETTE JORDAN A.
Published: June 2020

Introduction

The Turbine™ is a nasal dilator marketed to athletes to increase airflow, which may serve to reduce dyspnea and improve exercise performance, presumably via reductions in the work of breathing (WOB). However, the unpublished data supporting these claims were collected in individuals at rest that were exclusively nasal breathing. These data are not indicative of how the device influences breathing during exercise at higher ventilations when a larger proportion of breathing is through the mouth. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to empirically test the efficacy of the Turbine™ during exercise. We hypothesized that the Turbine™ would modestly reduce the WOB at rest and very low exercise intensities but would have no effect on the WOB at moderate to high exercise intensities.

Methods

We conducted a randomized crossover study in young, healthy individuals (7M:1F; age = 27 ± 5 yr) with normal lung function. Each participant performed two incremental cycle exercise tests to exhaustion with the Turbine™ device or under a sham control condition. For the sham control condition, participants were told they were breathing a low-density gas to reduce the WOB, but they were actually breathing room air. The WOB was determined through the integration of ensemble averaged esophageal pressure–volume loops. Standard cardiorespiratory measures were recorded using a commercially available metabolic cart. Dyspnea was assessed throughout exercise using the 0–10 Borg scale.

Results

Peak V˙O2 and work rate were not different between conditions (P = 0.70 and P = 0.35, respectively). In addition, there was no interaction or main effect of condition on dyspnea, ventilation, or WOB throughout the exercise (all P > 0.05).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the Turbine™ does not reduce the WOB and has no effect on dyspnea or exercise capacity.
Elimination of Calm1 long 3′-UTR mRNA isoform by CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing impairs dorsal root ganglion development and hippocampal neuron activation in mice
Authors: Bae Bongmin , Gruner Hannah N. , Lynch Maebh , Feng Ting , So Kevin , Oliver Daniel , Mastick Grant S. , Yan Wei , Pieraut Simon , Miura Pedro
Published: June 2020

The majority of mouse and human genes are subject to alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA), which most often leads to the expression of two or more alternative length 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) mRNA isoforms. In neural tissues, there is enhanced expression of APA isoforms with longer 3′-UTRs on a global scale, but the physiological relevance of these alternative 3′-UTR isoforms is poorly understood. Calmodulin 1 (Calm1) is a key integrator of calcium signaling that generates short (Calm1-S) and long (Calm1-L) 3′-UTR mRNA isoforms via APA. We found Calm1-L expression to be largely restricted to neural tissues in mice including the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hippocampus, whereas Calm1-S was more broadly expressed. smFISH revealed that both Calm1-S and Calm1-L were subcellularly localized to neural processes of primary hippocampal neurons. In contrast, cultured DRG showed restriction of Calm1-L to soma. To investigate the in vivo functions of Calm1-L, we implemented a CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing strategy to delete a small region encompassing the Calm1 distal poly(A) site. This eliminated Calm1-L expression while maintaining expression of Calm1-S. Mice lacking Calm1-L (Calm1ΔL/ΔL) exhibited disorganized DRG migration in embryos, and reduced experience-induced neuronal activation in the adult hippocampus. These data indicate that Calm1-L plays functional roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Labour Policy and Diplomacy: Argentina’s Labour Attachés under Peronism
Authors: Damilakou Maria
Published: June 2020

This article analyses Argentina’s labour attaché programme established under Perón’s governments from 1946 to 1955. Contrary to the US and British labour attaché programmes set up during wartime, Perón created a class-based diplomatic service, manned by rank-and-file trade union members. The institution of these “plebeian” diplomats, who made contact with the local labour movement and publicised Argentina’s corporatist model in the countries to which they were assigned, reflects Perón’s political programme, based on the privileged relationship of mutual support he built up with trade unions, as well as the deep social transformations that took place in Argentina during the Peronist era. Argentina’s labour attaché programme also reflects Perón’s regional and global aspirations in which an “alternative” labour internationalism, inspired by Peronist ideals and the Third Way position, and opposed to both capitalism and communism, played a key role. The article focuses on the concept, continuities and oscillations of Perón’s labour diplomacy from 1948 to 1955, as well as on the action plan and working methods of his labour attachés, while showing the serious constraints they faced due to the very nature of the Peronist regime and the dynamics of the dualistic Cold War context.
From the Display of a Digital-Masculine Machine to the Concealed Analog-Feminine Labour: The Passage from the History of Technology to Labour and Gender History
Authors: Tympas Aristotle
Published: June 2020

The article introduces the essentialist 1940s demarcation between a digital-superior and an analog-inferior computer as a key moment in severing the computing machine from the human worker labouring with it, and, accordingly, to keeping the history of computing technology and the history of computing labour apart. It starts with a section that further argues that the introduction of this key demarcation is strongly linked to the transition from the prewar use of the concept “computer”, which referred to a human worker, to its postwar use, which refers to a computing machine. The argument comes full circle by connecting the concealed analog to hidden female computing labour, a connection suggested by a revisiting of the paradigmatic display of the ENIAC as a digital machine. There follow two sections, one on the history of the female labour concealed by presenting the digital computer as superior and the other on the history of the male labour neglected by ignoring the analog computer as inferior.
Anna Mahera and Leda Papastefanaki, eds., Εβραϊκές κοινότητες ανάμεσα σε Ανατολή και Δύση, 15ος-20ός αιώνας: Οικονομία, κοινωνία, πολιτική, πολιτισμός [Jewish communities between East and West, 15th–20th centuries: economy, society, politics, culture]
Authors: Dimitriou Stefanos
Published: June 2020

Review of Anna Mahera and Leda Papastefanaki, eds., Εβραϊκές κοινότητες ανάμεσα σε Ανατολή και Δύση, 15ος-20ός αιώνας: Οικονομία, κοινωνία, πολιτική, πολιτισμός [Jewish communities between East and West, 15th–20th centuries: economy, society, politics, culture]. Ioannina: Isnafi, 2016. 384 pp.
Myrsini Zorba, Ανδρέας Παπανδρέου: Πολιτισμικό πορτρέτο [Andreas Papandreou: cultural portrait]
Authors: Tassis Chrysanthos D.
Published: June 2020

Review of Myrsini Zorba, Ανδρέας Παπανδρέου: Πολιτισμικό πορτρέτο [Andreas Papandreou: cultural portrait]. Athens: Pedio, 2019. 192 pp.
Word embedding mining for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 drug repurposing
Authors: Kuusisto Finn , Page David , Stewart Ron
Published: June 2020

Background: The rapid spread of illness and death caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demands a rapid response in treatment development. Limitations of de novo drug development, however, suggest that drug repurposing is best suited to meet this demand.

Methods: Due to the difficulty of accessing electronic health record data in general and in the midst of a global pandemic, and due to the similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, we propose mining the extensive biomedical literature for treatments to SARS that may also then be appropriate for COVID-19. In particular, we propose a method of mining a large biomedical word embedding for FDA approved drugs based on drug-disease treatment analogies.

Results: We first validate that our method correctly identifies ground truth treatments for well-known diseases. We then use our method to find several approved drugs that have been suggested or are currently in clinical trials for COVID-19 in our top hits and present the rest as promising leads for further experimental investigation.

Conclusions: We find our approach promising and present it, along with suggestions for future work, to the computational drug repurposing community at large as another tool to help fight the pandemic. Code and data for our methods can be found at https://github.com/finnkuusisto/covid19_word_embedding.
Mapping population mental health concerns related to COVID-19 and the consequences of physical distancing: a Google trends analysis
Authors: Knipe Duleeka , Evans Hannah , Marchant Amanda , Gunnell David , John Ann
Published: June 2020

Background: The 2020 Coronavirus pandemic is a major international public health challenge.  Governments have taken public health protection measures to reduce the spread of the virus through non-pharmalogical measures. The impact of the pandemic and the public health response on individual and population mental health is unknown. 

Methods: We used Google Trends data (1 Jan 2020 -  30 Mar 2020) to investigate the impact of the pandemic and government measures to curb it on people’s concerns, as indexed by changes in search frequency for topics indicating mental distress, social and economic stressors and mental health treatment-seeking. We explored the changes of key topics in Google trends in Italy, Spain, USA, UK, and Worldwide in relation to sentinel events during the pandemic.

Results: Globally there appears to be significant concerns over the financial and work-related consequences of the pandemic, with some evidence that levels of fear are rising. Conversely relative searching for topics related to depression and suicide fell after the pandemic was announced, with some evidence that searches for the latter have risen recently. Concerns over education and access to medication appear to be particular social stressors. Whilst searches for face-to-face treatments have declined, those for self-care have risen.

Conclusions: Monitoring Google trends shows promise as a means of tracking changing public concerns. In weeks to come it may enable policy makers to assess the impact of their interventions including those aiming to limit negative consequences, such as government funded financial safety nets.
The Human Behaviour-Change Project: An artificial intelligence system to answer questions about changing behaviour
Authors: Michie Susan , Thomas James , Mac Aonghusa Pol , West Robert , Johnston Marie , Kelly Michael P. , Shawe-Taylor John , Hastings Janna , Bonin Francesca , O’Mara-Eves Alison
Published: June 2020

Changing behaviour is necessary to address many of the threats facing human populations.  However, identifying behaviour change interventions likely to be effective in particular contexts as a basis for improving them presents a major challenge. The Human Behaviour-Change Project harnesses the power of artificial intelligence and behavioural science to organise global evidence about behaviour change to predict outcomes in common and unknown behaviour change scenarios.
Representation of behaviour change interventions and their evaluation: Development of the Upper Level of the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology
Authors: Michie Susan , West Robert , Finnerty Ailbhe N. , Norris Emma , Wright Alison J. , Marques Marta M. , Johnston Marie , Kelly Michael P. , Thomas James , Hastings Janna
Published: June 2020

Background: Behaviour change interventions (BCI), their contexts and evaluation methods are heterogeneous, making it difficult to synthesise evidence and make recommendations for real-world policy and practice. Ontologies provide a means for addressing this. They represent knowledge formally as entities and relationships using a common language able to cross disciplinary boundaries and topic domains. This paper reports the development of the upper level of the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology (BCIO), which provides a systematic way to characterise BCIs, their contexts and their evaluations.

Methods: Development took place in four steps. (1) Entities and relationships were identified by behavioural and social science experts, based on their knowledge of evidence and theory, and their practical experience of behaviour change interventions and evaluations. (2) The outputs of the first step were critically examined by a wider group of experts, including the study ontology expert and those experienced in annotating relevant literature using the initial ontology entities. The outputs of the second step were tested by (3) feedback from three external international experts in ontologies and (4) application of the prototype upper-level BCIO to annotating published reports; this informed the final development of the upper-level BCIO.

Results: The final upper-level BCIO specifies 42 entities, including the BCI scenario, elaborated across 21 entities and 7 relationship types, and the BCI evaluation study comprising 10 entities and 9 relationship types. BCI scenario entities include the behaviour change intervention (content and delivery), outcome behaviour, mechanism of action, and its context, which includes population and setting. These entities have corresponding entities relating to the planning and reporting of interventions and their evaluations.

Conclusions: The upper level of the BCIO provides a comprehensive and systematic framework for representing BCIs, their contexts and their evaluations.
Ontologies relevant to behaviour change interventions: a method for their development
Authors: Wright Alison J. , Norris Emma , Finnerty Ailbhe N. , Marques Marta M. , Johnston Marie , Kelly Michael P. , Hastings Janna , West Robert , Michie Susan
Published: June 2020

Background: Behaviour and behaviour change are integral to many aspects of wellbeing and sustainability. However, reporting behaviour change interventions accurately and synthesising evidence about effective interventions is hindered by lacking a shared, scientific terminology to describe intervention characteristics. Ontologies are knowledge structures that provide controlled vocabularies to help unify and connect scientific fields. To date, there is no published guidance on the specific methods required to develop ontologies relevant to behaviour change. We report the creation and refinement of a method for developing ontologies that make up the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology (BCIO).

Aims: (1) To describe the development method of the BCIO and explain its rationale; (2) To provide guidance on implementing the activities within the development method.

Method and results: The method for developing ontologies relevant to behaviour change interventions was constructed by considering principles of good practice in ontology development and identifying key activities required to follow those principles. The method’s details were refined through application to developing two ontologies. The resulting ontology development method involved: (1) defining the ontology’s scope; (2) identifying key entities; (3) refining the ontology through an iterative process of literature annotation, discussion and revision; (4) expert stakeholder review; (5) testing inter-rater reliability; (6) specifying relationships between entities, and; (7) disseminating and maintaining the ontology. Guidance is provided for conducting relevant activities for each step. 

Conclusions: We have developed a detailed method for creating ontologies relevant to behaviour change interventions, together with practical guidance for each step, reflecting principles of good practice in ontology development. The most novel aspects of the method are the use of formal mechanisms for literature annotation and expert stakeholder review to develop and improve the ontology content. We suggest the mnemonic SELAR3, representing the method’s first six steps as Scope, Entities, Literature Annotation, Review, Reliability, Relationships.
Lockdown and adolescent mental health: reflections from a child and adolescent psychotherapist
Authors: Catty Jocelyn
Published: June 2020

The author, a child and adolescent psychoanalytic psychotherapist working in the UK NHS, ponders the varied impacts of ‘lockdown’ on adolescents, their parents and the psychotherapists who work with them, during the COVID-19 pandemic. She asks, particularly, how psychological therapies are positioned during such a crisis, and whether the pressures of triage and emergency can leave time and space for sustained emotional and psychological care. She wonders how psychoanalytic time with its sustaining rhythm can be held onto in the face of the need for triage on the one hand and the flight to online and telephone delivery on the other. Above all, the author questions how the apparent suspension of time during lockdown is belied by the onward pressure of adolescent time, and how this can be understood by, and alongside, troubled adolescents.
The politics of staying behind the frontline of coronavirus
Authors: Davies Stephanie
Published: June 2020

Intended as a contribution to the Waiting in Pandemic Times project Collection in response to COVID-19, this short paper views the coronavirus crisis in terms of its unpredictable effects on the interior life of the National Health Service (NHS) workforce. Based in part on ethnographic observations from the ‘frontline’ of the NHS during the hours that immediately followed a first suspected case of coronavirus at a general practice in London, it charts the collision of the ensuing crisis with working definitions of the nature of time in its relation to care. It considers what it might mean for healthcare practitioners at this particular moment in the NHS’s history to be living through an experience of ‘the ordinary’ breaking down. The paper also follows hints of new temporal modes of care appearing during this same period when one kind of crisis in the NHS has been put on hold, and another (the crisis of coronavirus) is just getting underway.
Waiting and Care in Pandemic Times Collection
Authors: Baraitser Lisa , Salisbury Laura
Published: June 2020

This editorial introduces a collection of research articles and reflections on what it means to wait during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Written from conditions of lockdown, this collection gathers together the initial thoughts of a group of interdisciplinary scholars in the humanities and social sciences who have been working on questions of waiting and care through a project called Waiting Times.
Dossiê 50 anos do golpe: Dos benefícios das celebrações
Authors: Patto Sá Motta Rodrigo , Bomeny Helena
Published: June 2020

Apresentação do Dossiê."Os meses de março e abril deste ano de 2014 assistiram a um volume considerável de atividades acadêmicas em torno dos 50 anos do Golpe de 1964. Seminários, lançamentos de livros com debates públicos, matérias especiais nas principais revistas e nos jornais de circulação nacional, programas exibidos nas redes aberta e fechada de televisão em vários canais, entrevistas com atores que participaram do período da ditadura, quer do lado do regime autoritário, quer os que por ele foram vitimados com cassação, exílio, prisão, tortura e, não raro, perda de parentes próximos. Celebrações têm um sentido socioantropológico essencial de trazer ao presente experiências passadas, mantendo viva a memória do que se quer lembrar ou, em casos como este, do que não se quer repetir".
A cultura como campo de inovações organizacionais
Authors: Oliveira Lúcia Lippi
Published: June 2020

O artigo analisa a atuação dos governos militares no campo das políticas de cultura. A criação do Conselho Federal de Cultura (CFC) em 1966 foi uma das primeiras iniciativas. Nos anos 1970 um processo de modernização começa a se desenhar com o Programa de Ação Cultural (PAC), que vai dar origem à Fundação Nacional de Arte (Funarte). Tais experiências de gestão acontecem quando a cultura ainda fazia parte do Ministério da Educação. O Programa das Cidades Históricas (PCH), originalmente ligado à Seplan, e que atuou no campo do patrimônio sobretudo no Nordeste, merecerá destaque, já que inovou ao lançar mão de procedimentos de gestão inéditos na burocracia estatal. As transformações das práticas burocráticas e organizacionais – Institutos, Secretarias e Subsecretarias Fundações – marcam as experiências de modernização da cultura e apontam as batalhas travadas no campo das políticas de cultura implementadas nos tempos da ditadura e no primeiro governo eleito democraticamente. Palavras-chave: Políticas de cultura. Governos militares. Modernização organizacional.
Os Jovens e a Religião na Sociedade Contemporânea (Apresentação)
Authors: Mariz Cecília , Gracino Junior Paulo , Mesquita Wânia
Published: June 2020

A força de discursos religiosos conservadores na sociedade e políticabrasileiras parece crescer a cada ano no Brasil. Mais evidentes durantecampanhas eleitorais, esses discursos são confrontados por váriossetores sociais, majoritariamente jovens, que questionam a tradição e oconservadorismo. Como se posicionam os jovens pertencentes aos distintos grupos religiosos nesse contexto de oposições tensas? Tal questão já vinha se colocando há alguns anos para diferentes pesquisadores especializados no estudo da religião. A chegada de um evento católico internacional ao Rio de Janeiro fez com que a preocupação compartilhada se transformasse em um projeto coletivo, proposto e desenvolvido por um grupo interinstitucional de pesquisadores. A Jornada Mundial da Juventude (JMJ) de 2013 se colocava para esse grupo como uma ocasião propícia para coleta de dados e analise da questão, ao menos no campo católico. O estudo de jovens católicos levou o grupo a pensar em comparações com jovens de religiões diferentes. A origem deste Dossiê está relacionada a esse projeto e, portanto, também a esse evento.
Juventude e religião, sinais do tempo experimentado
Authors: Novaes Regina
Published: June 2020

Em um momento histórico em que a incerteza atravessa a condição juvenil e no qual as novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação modificam relações no interior do campo religioso, este artigo - inspirado em Mannhein - se propõe a refletir sobre “o tempo religioso experimentado” por jovens de hoje. A partir de pesquisa realizada em sites, blogs e canais do youtube, são analisadas situações, sentimentos e motivações de jovens que falam publicamente sobre sua fé. O objetivo é apreender elementos significativos das “eras subjetivas” que distinguem adultos e jovens ampliando possibilidades de escolhas religiosas.Palavras-chave:  Gerações. Subjetividades. Escolhas religiosas.
A critical interpretive synthesis of anti-novel coronavirus drugs
Authors: Xiaoli Ren , Yang Bing
Published: June 2020

Objective

To statistically analyse the development and research progress of clinical trials of novel coronavirus disease drugs, and to provide references for their clinical trials and treatment.

Methods

The following keywords were searched for: ‘COVID-19’, ‘Interferon-α’, ‘Lopinavir/Ritonavir’, ‘Ribavirin’, ‘Chloroquine Phosphate’, ‘Arbidol’, ‘SARS-CoV-2’, ‘Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome’. The search was conducted on the Chinese Journal Full-text Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Cochrane library, PubMed, as well as the website of the China National Health Commission to extract and evaluate relevant data.

Results

Most studies used western medicine or traditional Chinese medicine and antiviral treatment. The main antiviral drugs used were interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, chloroquine phosphate and arbido.

Conclusions

At present, there are no specific therapeutic drugs. The novel coronavirus can be effectively controlled by rational use of interferon-α, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, chloroquine phosphate and arbidol.