bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A survey of binge eating and obesity treatment practices among primary care providers
Authors: Crow Scott J. , Peterson Carol B. , Levine Allen S. , Thuras Paul , Mitchell James E.
Published: March 2004

Objectives

Obesity is an increasingly prevalent condition and many obese individuals binge eat. It is unclear how much knowledge physicians possess regarding binge eating, but the limited existing data suggest that primary care physicians frequently do not identify obesity as a clinical problem. The objective of this study was to examine physician knowledge and treatment recommendations regarding binge eating and obesity.

Method

A survey on binge eating and obesity assessment and treatment was mailed to 700 licensed physicians. The survey was returned by 272 (38.9%) respondents.

Results

Greater than 40% of physicians never assessed binge eating. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated “often or always” by 36.2% of physicians and “rarely or never” by 39.7%. The pattern of obesity treatment methods offered by providers was quite different from the pattern of treatment requested by their patients. Physicians who made higher estimates of binge eating prevalence were more likely to make treatment referrals.

Discussion

In this study, physicians frequently did not assess binge eating. Only a minority of physicians utilize BMI in the assessment and management of obesity. Also, physicians report that the obesity treatments they recommend differ from the treatments patients request of them. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 348–353, 2004.
Relation of binge eating age of onset to functional aspects of binge eating in binge eating disorder
Authors: Binford Roslyn B. , Pederson Mussell Melissa , Peterson Carol B. , Crow Scott J. , Mitchell James E.
Published: March 2004

Objective

This study examined whether age of binge eating onset in binge eating disorder (BED) is related to affective binge eating antecedents and consequences.

Method

Participants included women (N = 44) with BED who participated in a group cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) study. Measures included the Eating Hedonics Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Negative Emotionality factor, Restraint Scale, Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire Restraint factor, and Eating Behaviors‐IV. Participants were classified according to reported age of binge eating onset, with early onset defined as ≤13 years (EOB; n = 25) and later onset >13 years (LOB; n = 19).

Results

Compared with LOB, EOB was associated with reductions in postbinge subjective anxiety, but not depression.

Discussion

This study suggested that EOB in BED may be associated with binge eating as an affective means of coping, particularly with anxiety, and further supported age of binge eating onset as a clinically meaningful way to delineate BED subclassifications. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 286–292, 2004.
Why do slim women consider themselves too heavy? A characterization of adult women considering their body weight as too heavy
Authors: Kjærbye‐Thygesen Anette , Munk Christian , Ottesen Bent , Krüger Kjær Susanne
Published: March 2004

Objective

The purpose of this study was to characterize women who, in spite of a low body mass index (BMI), considered themselves too heavy.

Method

Of 11,905 women (27–38 years of age), we focused on 2,443 nonpregnant women with a low BMI (18.5–21.0 kg/m2), who considered their weight acceptable or too heavy. Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire. By multiple logistic regression we examined associations between lifestyle and health variables and the risk of considering own body weight too heavy.

Results

Approximately 10 % considered their body weight too heavy. Risk factors included early severe life events, young age at start of risky lifestyle behaviors, weight fluctuation, self‐reported lifetime history of eating disorders, perception of too heavy workload, and poor physical form and self‐rated health. Body dissatisfaction decreased with increasing age.

Discussion

Our results indicate that body dissatisfaction is established in childhood and adolescence. It is unknown if this body dissatisfaction influences the life of the women, but it might influence the values they pass on to their children. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 275–285, 2004.
Cluster Growth Reactions with Selenido‐Carbonyl Clusters − Synthesis, Characterisation and Theoretical Study of the Dimetallic closo Clusters [WRu3(μ4‐Se)2(μ‐CO)4(CO)6(L)2] (L = Phosphane) and of the Donor‐Acceptor Adduct [(CO)5W(μ4‐Se)Ru3(μ3‐Se)(CO)7{P(CH2Ph)Ph2}2]
Authors: Cauzzi Daniele , Graiff Claudia , Pattacini Roberto , Predieri Giovanni , Tiripicchio Antonio , Kahlal Samia , Saillard Jean‐Yves
Published: March 2004

The open‐triangular, nido clusters of the type [Ru3(μ3‐Se)2(CO)7(L)2] (L = PPh3, PPh2(OMe), PPh2(Me), P(p‐MeO‐C6H4)3] react at room temperature with [W(CO)3(MeCN)3] to give the dimetallic closo clusters [WRu3(μ4‐Se)2(μ‐CO)4(CO)6(L)2]. When L is P(CH2Ph)Ph2 the donor‐acceptor adduct [(CO)5W(μ4‐Se)Ru3(μ3‐Se)(CO)7{P(CH2Ph)Ph2}2] is obtained where the nido cluster [Ru3(μ3‐Se)2(CO)7(L)2] interacts with the fragment W(CO)5 through a selenido ligand. DFT calculations, performed on the model species [WRu3(μ4‐Se)2(μ‐CO)4(CO)6(PH3)2] and [(CO)5W(μ4‐Se)Ru3(μ3‐Se)(CO)7(PH3)2], showed that the computed total energy of the latter is 1.1 eV lower than that of the former. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Tellurated Schiff Bases Formed from {2‐[(4‐Methoxyphenyl)telluro]ethyl}amine and Bis(2‐aminoethyl) Telluride with o‐Hydroxyacetophenone: Synthesis and Complexation Reactions with HgII, PdII and RuII − Crystal Structures of the Ligands, [Ru(p‐cymene)Cl{H2NCH2CH2TeC6H4‐4‐OCH3}]Cl·H2O and [RuCl{4‐MeOC6H4TeCH2CH2NHCH(CH3)C6H4‐2‐O−}]
Authors: Kumar P. Raghavendra , Singh Ajai K. , Butcher R. J. , Sharma P. , Toscano R. A.
Published: March 2004

{2‐[(4‐Methoxyphenyl)telluro]ethyl}amine and bis(2‐aminoethyl) telluride on treatment with o‐hydroxyacetophenone gave the Schiff bases 4‐MeOC6H4TeCH2CH2N=C(CH3)C6H4‐2‐OH (L1) and 2‐HOC6H4(CH3)C=NCH2CH2TeCH2CH2N=C(CH3)C6H4‐2‐OH (L3), respectively. The reduction of L1 and L3 with NaBH4 resulted in 4‐MeOC6H4TeCH2CH2NHCH(CH3)C6H4‐2‐OH (L2) and 2‐HOC6H4(CH3)CHNHCH2CH2TeCH2CH2NHCH(CH3)C6H4‐2‐OH (L4), respectively, which have 1 or 2 chiral centers. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of L1 to L4 were found to be characteristic. Treatment of L1 with [Ru(p‐cymene)Cl2]2 resulted in [Ru(p‐cymene)(4‐MeOC6H4TeCH2CH2NH2)Cl]Cl·H2O (1) whereas in the reaction of L2 with [Ru(p‐cymene)Cl2]2, the p‐cymene ligand is lost resulting in [RuCl(L2‐H)] (4). The reactions of L1, L3 and L4 with HgBr2 resulted in complexes of the type [HgBr2·(L)2] while Na2PdCl4 reacted with L1 to give [PdCl(L1‐H)]. The solid‐state structures of L1, L3, 1 and 4 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The very swift formation of the tellurated amine from a tellurated Schiff base (L1) by hydrolysis has been observed for the first time and has resulted in 1. The Ru−N and Ru−Te bond lengths in 1 are 2.142(3) and 2.6371 (4) Å, respectively. The replacement of the p‐cymene ligand with a hybrid organotellurium ligand (L2‐H), resulting in 4, is also a first example of its kind. The Ru center in 4 has a square‐planar geometry, with the Ru−N, Ru−Te, Ru−O and Ru−Cl bond lengths being 2.041(6), 2.4983(8), 2.058(5) and 2.308(2) Å, respectively. In the crystals of 4 there are secondary intermolecular Te···Cl interactions and intermolecular N−H···O hydrogen bonds. This is the first example in which coordinated Te in a complex is engaged in two intermolecular secondary interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Hydroxo and Oxo Complexes of Platinum(II) Stabilized by Phosphanes: Synthesis and Characterization − X‐ray Structures of cis‐[L2Pt(μ‐OH)]2(NO3)2 (L = PMe2Ph, PMePh2) and [{cis‐(PMe2Ph)2Pt}3(μ‐O)2]Cl2
Authors: Longato Bruno , Bandoli Giuliano , Dolmella Alessandro
Published: March 2004

The dinuclear hydroxo complexes cis‐[L2Pt(μ‐OH)]2(NO3)2 (L = PMe2Ph and PMePh2) have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis, and their reactivity towards chloride ions has been investigated. Reaction of cis‐[L2Pt(μ‐OH)]2X2 (L = PMe3, PMe2Ph; X = NO3−, ClO4−) with (NEt4)Cl·H2O or (AsPh4)Cl, in a 1:2 molar ratio, afforded a mixture of cis‐[L2PtCl2] and [{cis‐L2Pt}3(μ‐O)2]2+ in ca. equimolar amounts. The trinuclear oxo compounds, separated by fractional crystallization of the reaction mixtures, were fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and the derivative [{cis‐(PMe2Ph)2Pt}3(μ‐O)2]Cl2 was also characterized by X‐ray diffraction methods. Under the same experimental conditions, the structurally analogous hydroxo complex, stabilized by the less basic and more hindered PMePh2 ligand, reacted with Cl− to give cis‐[(PMePh2)2PtCl2] as the only isolable species. The 31P NMR spectroscopic analysis of the reaction mixtures allowed the detection of a moderately stable product, which is most likely to be the neutral hydroxo complex cis‐[L2PtCl(OH)]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of (Diphenyldipyrazolylmethane)copper Complexes as Possible Precursors to Type I Blue Copper Protein Active Site Models
Authors: Shaw Janet L. , Cardon Thomas B. , Lorigan Gary A. , Ziegler Christopher J.
Published: March 2004

A series of copper complexes employing the neutral, bidentate, pyrazole‐based ligand diphenyldipyrazolylmethane was synthesized and fully characterized by various techniques, including elemental analysis, EPR, and structure elucidation by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structures of compounds 3−8 reveal variable coordination environments at the copper center, ranging from square pyramidal to tetrahedral, depending on the steric bulk at the pyrazole periphery and on the identity of the counterion. Cyclic voltammetry data on these compounds show a positively shifted reduction potential as compared to those observed employing the negatively charged pyrazolylborates or β‐diketiminates. These results indicate that these compounds may lead to (thiol)copper complexes that more accurately reproduce the reduction potentials observed during electron‐transfer processes in blue copper proteins. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Systematic Investigation of PPV Analogue Oligomers Incorporating Low‐Coordinate Phosphorus Centres
Authors: Smith Rhett C. , Protasiewicz John D.
Published: March 2004

Sterically‐encumbered ligands tethered to conjugated segments have been developed and employed in concert with existing bulky ligands to prepare a series of phospha‐PPV oligomers. A study of the variation of λπ‐π* values along this series indicates that low‐coordinate phosphorus centres can support conjugation across extended systems, and generally confirms the expected red shift across the series from all‐carbon oligomers to phosphaalkenes to diphosphenes. These findings provide experimental evidence that low‐coordinate phosphorus centres are in fact capable of supporting electronic communication across extended π conjugated systems. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Determination of the Solvothermal Synthesis Mechanism of Metal Imidazolates by X‐ray Single‐Crystal Studies of a Photoluminescent Cadmium(II) Imidazolate and Its Intermediate Involving Piperazine
Authors: Tian Yun‐Qi , Xu Li , Cai Chen‐Xin , Wei Ji‐Chong , Li Yi‐Zhi , You Xiao‐Zeng
Published: March 2004

Cadmium(II) imidazolate (3), with a twofold interpenetrating diamondoid net, was obtained in a manner similar to cobalt(II) imidazolate. In the process, a crystallized intermediate involving piperazine (2), which was suitable for X‐ray single crystal study, was isolated. Based on the composition of 2, a mechanism for the solvothermal synthesis of metal imidazolates was proposed. 3: a = 9.931(2), b = 10.739(2), c = 14.622(3) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, orthorhombic, Pcab; 2: a = 8.243(2), b = 9.883(2), c = 12.471(3) Å, α = 107.89(3)°, β = 92.56(3)°, γ = 100.87(3)°, triclinic, P$\bar 1$
. Both compounds are photoluminescent with λmax = 459 nm for 3 and 444 nm for 2; they also display quenching of the fluorescence with τ ≈︁ 5 ns. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Sodium Hydro(isothiocyanato)borates: Synthesis and Structures
Authors: Nöth Heinrich , Warchhold Marcus
Published: March 2004

Sodium thiocyanate reacts in THF solution with 18‐crown‐6 to give the molecular compound Na(18‐crown‐6)(THF)NCS (3) with the N atom of the NCS anion oriented towards Na+. The same reaction with 15‐crown‐5 yields the ion pair Na(15‐crown‐5)NCS (4). In contrast, Na(NCS)(py)4, obtained by treating a solution of Na(H3BNCS) in THF with pyridine, yields Na(py)4(NCS) (5), which has a chain structure with hexacoordinate Na atoms coordinated to five N atoms and an S atom. Na(NCS) in THF adds 1 equiv. of BH3 to give Na(H3BNCS)·nTHF. Addition of 18‐crown‐6 to this solution yields crystals of the salt [Na(18‐crown‐6)(THF)2][H3BNCS] (1), as shown by X‐ray crystallography. Both the cation and the anion show site disorder. However, when 15‐crown‐5 is used for complexation, the salt [Na(15‐crown‐5)(THF)][H3BNCS] (2) can be isolated. Its anion shows an almost linear B−N−C−S unit. Only a mixture of (catecholato)(isothiocyanato)borates results on treating Na(NCS) in THF with catecholborane. However, the borate Na[catB(NCS)2] is readily formed by adding Na(NCS) to B‐(isothiocyanato)catecholborane. Single crystals of this compound were obtained as the salt [Na(18‐crown‐6)(THF)2][catB(NCS)2] (6). On the other hand, the reaction of Na(NCS) with 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN) in THF yields Na[(9‐BBN)NCS)]·nTHF, and, on addition of 18‐crown‐6, the complex [Na(18‐crown‐6)(THF)2][(9‐BBN)NCS] was isolated. Suitable crystals for X‐ray structure determination were, however, only obtained by crystallization from tetrahydropyran. This solvate has the rather unusual structure [Na(18‐crown‐6)(thp)2][{(9‐BBN)NCS}2Na(thp)4] (8). The sodiate anion has an Na atom coordinated by two S and four O atoms. DFT calculations support these experimental results: The (isothiocyanato)borates are more stable than the thiocyanato isomers. For the latter a bent structure of the B−S−C−N unit with a B−S−C bond angle of 105.7° is predicted. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
One‐Dimensional Magnetism in New, Layered Structures: Piperazine‐Linked Copper and Nickel Oxalate Chains
Authors: Keene Tony D. , Ogilvie Helen R. , Hursthouse Michael B. , Price Daniel J.
Published: March 2004

Two new coordination network materials with the composition M(pip)(ox) ( pip = piperazine; ox = oxalate; M = Ni, Cu) have been synthesised under ambient and hydrothermal conditions. These compounds adopt related structures, both consisting of intersecting [M(pip)]∞ and [M(ox)]∞ chains, which result in layered structures. The nickel compound crystallises in P$\bar 1$
. The metal ions are octahedrally coordinated and are linked by symmetric chelating bridging oxalate ions. In contrast, the copper compound crystallises in the chiral space group P212121. Here the copper atom displays square pyramidal coordination geometry and the oxalate ions bridge metals in an unsymmetric fashion resulting in a polar metal‐oxalate chain structure. The magnetic behaviour is determined by the nature of the exchange‐coupled network. Only the antiferromagnetic interaction mediated by the bridging oxalate group is significant and the compounds are well modelled as 1‐D antiferromagnetically coupled chains. For the copper compound (S = 1/2) we determined J/kB to be −25.9 K, while the nickel compound (S = 1) shows a larger exchange coupling (J/kB = −42.2 K). In the nickel compound we see a significant deviation between the observed and calculated magnetic susceptibilities at the lowest experimental temperatures. This may be due either to the formation of a Haldane quantum antiferromagnetic ground state or to single‐ion zero‐field splitting effects. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Electronic Interactions in Dinuclear Platinum and Palladium Ethynylferrocene and Ferrocenylvinylidene Complexes
Authors: Yip John H. K. , Wu Jianguo , Wong Kwok‐Yin , Ho Kam Piu , Koh Lip Lin , Vittal Jagadese J.
Published: March 2004

The complex [Pd2(dppm)2(μ‐η1:η1‐H−C=C−Fc)Cl2] (2) and its vinylidene isomer [Pd2(dppm)2(μ‐C=CH−Fc)Cl2] (3) [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane, Fc = ferrocenyl unit, CpFeC5H4] have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Both 2 and 3 are A‐frame structures with long Pd−Pd distances of 3.2055(9) Å (2) and 3.1002(2) Å (3), respectively, and square‐planar metal coordination. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) of the complexes are measured and compared with that of [Pt2(dppm)2(μ‐η1:η1‐H−C=C−Fc)Cl2] (1). The CV of 2 and 3 consist of a nearly reversible Fc‐oxidation, an irreversible oxidation and a small reversible couple. The E1/2 values (vs. Cp2Fe+/Cp2Fe) of the Fc‐groups in complexes 1−3 follow the order 2 (−75±8 mV) > 1 (−108±10 mV) > 3 (−124±8 mV). The difference in the E1/2 values is explained by the orbital interactions between the acetylene and vinylidene groups with Pt2 and Pd2 cores. Our analysis shows that the metal‐to‐ligand π back‐bonding and ligand‐to‐metal σ‐donation have determining effects on the electronic interactions between the dimetallic centers and the bridgehead ligands. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Novel Open‐Framework Zinc Phosphite, Zn3(HPO3)4·Ni(en)2(H2O)2, Templated by a Transition‐Metal Complex
Authors: Lin Zhi‐En , Zhang Jie , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: March 2004

A new three‐dimensional zinc phosphite, Zn3(HPO3)4· Ni(en)2(H2O)2, which is the first example of an open‐framework metal phosphite templated by a transition‐metal complex, was hydrothermally synthesized. The connectivity of the strictly alternating ZnO4and HPO3units results in a three‐dimensional framework with intersecting 8‐ring and 12‐ring channels, in which the transition‐metal complexes reside. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Fluorescence Properties of Organoselenium Compounds Bearing a Ligand Containing Both Bulky and Nonbonding Groups − The First Observation of Both Intramolecular Se···N and Se···O Interactions in a Diselenide Structure
Authors: Kandasamy Karuppasamy , Kumar Sangit , Singh Harkesh B. , Butcher Ray J. , Holman K. Travis
Published: March 2004

The synthesis of bis[3‐(4,5‐dihydro‐4,4‐dimethyl‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl)‐2‐naphthyl] diselenide, R2Se2(4), was achieved by a facile ortholithiation route. Further reaction of the diselenide with a stoichiometric amount of SO2Cl2or Br2afforded the corresponding selenenyl halides RSeX [X = Cl (5), X = Br (6)]. The novel selenenyl iodide RSeI (7), in which the selenium and iodine are covalently bonded to each other, was obtained by treatment of the diselenide with an equimolar amount of iodine. The stable aryl benzyl selenide8was prepared by the reaction of benzyl chloride with lithium areneselenolate (3) at low temperature. Surprisingly, the reaction of the diselenide with 1,2‐dibromo‐o‐xylene gave the selenenyl bromide (6) instead of the arylselenium derivative9. Elemental analysis, multinuclear (1H,13C,77Se) NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques were used for the identification of products. Compounds4,6,7, and8were also characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis, Structure and Photoluminescent Studies of a Novel Supramolecular [Ag(phen)(CN)]·(phen) Complex
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Chun , Zheng Shao‐Liang , Zhang Jie‐Peng , Chen Xiao‐Ming
Published: March 2004

A novel AgI complex [Ag(phen)(CN)]·(phen) (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) has been solvothermally synthesized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The crystal packing reveals unprecedented threefold interpenetrating three‐dimensional four‐connected networks self‐assembled through C‐H···N hydrogen bonds and π···π stacking interactions, which are stabilized by strong C‐H···π interactions between the three independent networks. The photoluminescent properties have been investigated by molecular orbital (MO) calculations, showing that the luminescent properties of the complex in the solid state are due to both a πL⇄πL* transition of the uncoordinated phen species and metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT), admixed with the cyanide‐to‐ligand charge transfer (XLCT) of the [Ag(phen)(CN)] species. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Allylpalladium(II) Complexes with Aminophosphane Ligands: Solution Behaviour and X‐ray Structure of cis‐[Pd(η3‐CH2CHCHPh){Ph2PCH2CHPhNH(2,6‐C6H3iPr2)}][PF6]
Authors: Camus Jean‐Michel , Andrieu Jacques , Richard Philippe , Poli Rinaldo
Published: March 2004

A new β‐aminophosphane L2 [Ph2PCH2CH(Ph)NH(2,6‐C6H3iPr2)], bearing an asymmetric carbon atom and a vicinal prochiral nitrogen centre and (η3‐allyl)palladium complexes of general formula [Pd(η3‐C3H4R){η2‐Ph2PCH2CH(Ph)NHAr}][PF6] (1−6) (R = H, Me or Ph and Ar = Ph or 2,6‐C6H3iPr2) have been synthesised. NMR spectroscopic studies and a crystal structure analysis of complex 6 (R = Ph, Ar = 2,6‐C6H3iPr2) confirmed the highly diastereoselective coordination of the nitrogen atom. Because of the allyl fluxionality and the presence of asymmetric centres, all the complexes exist in solution as mixtures of up to four diastereomers. For the monosubstituted allyl complexes [Pd(η3‐C3H4R){Ph2PCH2CH(Ph)NHAr}][PF6] (3−6, R = Me or Ph) only cis/trans‐P and endo/exo isomers with syn‐oriented allyl substituents have been observed in solution. The diastereomeric distribution is subject to a steric control since a modification of the steric bulk of the allyl substituents and/or N‐aryl groups strongly affect the isomers ratio. An X‐ray diffraction study of compound 6 reveals a mixture of endo and exo cis‐P syn isomers and corresponds to the first cis‐P isomer crystal structure for an N,P‐ligand allyl complex. A phase‐sensitive 2‐D NOESY NMR analysis showed that complex 1 undergoes a selective syn‐anti exchange isomerisation, involving exclusively a trans‐P opening of the η3‐allyl moiety. Therefore, η3‐η1‐η3 rearrangements in allylic complexes 1−6 were assumed to occur via the regioselective formation of a σ‐allyl intermediate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Reactivity of Organoelement Subhalides of Gallium and Indium — Ga−Ga and In−In Bonds Bridged by Carboxylato Ligands
Authors: Uhl Werner , El‐Hamdan Abdelhakim
Published: March 2004

The organoelement subhalides R2Ga2I2 (5) and R3In3I2 [6; R = C(SiMe3)3] reacted with silver benzoate AgOOCC6H5 to yield the dicarboxylato dielement compounds R2E2(µ‐OOCC6H5‐O,O′)2 (7, E = Ga; 8, E = In). Both compounds possess E−E single bonds bridged by the chelating carboxylato ligands. The chelating groups are arranged perpendicular to one another. Owing to the small bite of the carboxylato group very short E−E bond lengths of 240.5 pm (Ga−Ga) and 265.4 pm (In−In) were observed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Pr6O11 Single‐Crystal Nanotubes from a Molten‐Salt Synthetic Method
Authors: Wang Xun , Zhuang Jing , Li Yadong
Published: March 2004

Pr6O11 single‐crystal nanotubes with a typical 3‐D crystal structure in the bulk have been successfully obtained through a template‐free molten‐salt synthetic method, the formation of which has been attributed to the periodical defect cluster distribution in the Pr6O11 species. It is believed that the synthesis of this new type of 3‐D nanotubes will be helpful to explore more rational synthetic methods to nanotubes of 3‐D compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of MPS3 Materials (M = Mn, Cd) Using a Dewar‐Ampoule Device
Authors: Villanueva A. , Morales‐Varela M. C. , Ruiz‐Hitzky Eduardo
Published: March 2004

We report on an easy procedure for the synthesis of inorganic solids such as MPS3 materials (M = Mn, Cd) which uses a simple device consisting of a silica ampoule that is divided into a Dewar zone (hot zone) and a nonisolated part (cold zone), which is able to operate inside domestic microwave ovens. This is a rapid and advantageous method applied for the first time to the preparation of inorganic solids. It involves a heat concentration within the Dewar zone that allows the required temperature for the reaction between the components to be reached. In this way, a mixture of S, P, and a transition metal such as Mn or Cd, placed in the Dewar zone gives MPS3 compounds. The temperature gradient assures the vapor phase transport to the cold zone. The resulting MPS3 crystals are deposited within a few minutes in the cold area, in contrast to other conventional procedures requiring long periods of treatment or more complicated procedures for the synthesis of similar products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Blue Photoluminescent 2‐D Coordination Polymer Constructed by Dinuclear Zinc(II) Subunits [Zn2(oz)2] [Hoz = 2‐(2′‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxazoline] and Dicyanamide
Authors: Zhang Jing , Gao Song , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: March 2004

Substitution of the terminal oz group of the dinuclear [Zn(oz)2]2 complex (1) with dicyanamide [where Hoz = 2‐(2′‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxazoline] results in the formation of a 2‐D coordination polymer [Zn(oz)N(CN)2]n (2) based on [Zn2(oz)2] subunits. Both compounds exhibit strong blue photoluminescence but the coordination polymer 2 has greater thermal stability than the dinuclear complex 1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Binary and Ternary Cluster Complexes Containing Gold‐Selenium, Gold‐Indium‐Selenium and Gold‐Gallium‐Tellurium − Synthesis and Structures of [Au5Se2(PPh3)4]Cl, [(Au3Se)2{Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2}3]Cl2, [Au10Se4{Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2}4]InCl5, [Au4(SeInCl3)2{Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2}2], [Au2(TeGaCl3){Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2}]2 and [Au8Se4In{Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2}4](InCl4)3
Authors: Olkowska‐Oetzel Jolanta , Sevillano Paloma , Eichhöfer Andreas , Fenske Dieter
Published: March 2004

Reactions of gold phosphane complexes [(AuX)(PR3)] (X = Cl, Br, I; R = organic moiety) with Se(SiMe3)2 lead to the formation of gold complexes with chalcogenide bridges. The reaction of the complex [Ph3PAuCl] and tBuSe(SiMe3) gives the cluster [Au5Se2(PPh3)4]Cl (1). The in situ preparation of the complex [(AuCl)2dpph] [dpph = Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2] by reaction of dpph with [Me2SAuCl], and subsequent reaction with Se(SiMe3)2, leads to the formation of [(Au3Se)2(dpph)3]Cl2 (2). Reactions of the gold(I) complex [(AuCl)2dpppe] [dpppe = Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2] with Se(SiMe3)2 and InCl3 in different molar ratios lead to the formation of [Au10Se4(dpppe)4]InCl5 (3) and [Au4(SeInCl3)2(dpppe)2] (4). The reaction of [(AuCl)2dpph] with Te(SiMe3)2 and GaCl3 produces the isostructural cluster compound [Au4(TeGaCl3)2(dpph)2] (5). From the reaction of Se(SiMe3)2 with [(AuCl)2dppe] [dppe = Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2] and InCl3 [Au8Se4In(dppe)4](InCl4)3 6 can be isolated. The structures of 1−6 were determined by X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
[η5:η1‐(3,6‐tBu2Flu)SiMe2NtBu]Y(η1‐NC5H6)(py)2: A 1,4‐Hydride‐Addition Product to Pyridine that Provides Evidence for the First Fluorenyl(hydrido)metal (Group 3) Complex
Authors: Kirillov Evgueni , Lehmann Christian W. , Razavi Abbas , Carpentier Jean‐François
Published: March 2004

Reaction of pyridine with the “constrained geometry” fluorenyl(hydrido)yttrium complex {[(3,6‐tBu2Flu)SiMe2NtBu]Y(H)(THF)}2 selectively gives the 1,4‐addition product [η5:η1‐(3,6‐tBu2Flu)SiMe2NtBu]Y(η1‐NC5H6)(py)2, which was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Multiproperty Molecular Materials: TTF‐Based Conducting and Magnetic Molecular Materials
Authors: Ouahab Lahcène , Enoki Toshiaki
Published: March 2004

The chemistry and physics of molecule‐based materials are exciting subjects, and due to potential applications this area is being extensively investigated. Considerable effort is currently being made to design and to investigate new materials involving interplay or synergy between multiple physical properties. This microreview examines materials combining magnetism and electrical properties. Some fundamental background material is covered, together with a discussion of constraints on the design of molecular materials with these physical properties. Some examples from the literature are then related, in order to illustrate the achievements in this area. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of a Metallamacrocyclic Re(CO)3 Complex Using a Tridentate Bridging Ligand
Authors: Brasey Thomas , Buryak Andrey , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay
Published: March 2004

The reaction of [ReBr3(CO)3][NEt4]2 with 3‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐benzotriazine‐4(3H)‐one in the presence of base gave the ionic rhenium complex [ReBr(C7H4N3O2)(CO)3][NEt4] (2) which was crystallographically characterized. A neutral metallamacrocycle 3 was obtained upon abstraction of [NEt4]Br from complex 2. This complex cocrystallizes with an unusual C3‐symmetric [Ag(η2‐benzene)3(OH2)][BF4] complex as evidenced by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cover Picture: Multiproperty Molecular Materials: TTF‐Based Conducting and Magnetic Molecular Materials (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 5/2004)
Authors: Ouahab Lahcène , Enoki Toshiaki
Published: March 2004

The cover picture shows the crystal structure of CuII(hfac)2(TTF‐py)2(BF4)2 where hfac is hexafluoroacetylacetonate and TTF‐py is 4‐(2‐tetrathiafulvalenylethenyl)pyridine. This compound is an example arising from a new strategy for the design of new multifunctional materials in which the conducting and magnetic systems are covalently linked through a π‐conjugated bridge. A synergy between electron transport and magnetism is produced by long‐range magnetic coupling between localized spins through the mobile π‐electrons of the conducting networks. Details are discussed in the Microreview by L. Ouahab and T. Enoki on page 933 ff.
Antimycotic activity of the essential oil of Satureja mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey from Iran
Authors: Behravan J. , Ramezani M. , Kasaian J. , Sabeti Z.
Published: March 2004

The antimycotic acitivities of different concentrations of the essential oil of Satureja mutica F., an endemic plant of Iran, was evaluated against four ﬁlamentous fungal and two yeast strains. The antifungal tests were conducted by a poisoned food technique against the ﬁlamentous fungi Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichoderma reesei and Microsporum gypseum, and by a microdilution assay against two yeast strains, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The essential oil was found to be fungicidal at ≥0.25 µl/ml against the ﬁlamentous fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the oil against the two yeast strains was found to be 1333 ppm (1/750 v/v). As such, the oil has a potential use as an antifungal chemotherapeutic against both ﬁlamentous fungal and yeast strains after toxicity tests, clinical trials and formulation to a suitable pharmaceutical dosage form. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aroma‐active compounds of Pinus densiﬂora (red pine) needles
Authors: Yu Eun Jeong , Kim Tae Hwan , Kim Kyoung Heon , Lee Hyong Joo
Published: March 2004

Volatile components in the needles of Pinus densiﬂora (red pine), a conifer native to Korea, were extracted by simultaneous distillation–extraction. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that α‐pinene is the most abundant compound, followed by β‐phellandrene, germacrene D, β‐caryophyllene, and myrcene. In aroma extract dilution analysis, α‐pinene (pine/fresh) was determined to be the most intense aroma‐active compound, with a high ﬂavour dilution factor. (Z)‐3‐Hexenal (green/apple) and bornyl acetate (pine/herbaceous) were also identiﬁed as important aroma‐active compounds. These aroma‐active compounds were also detected through headspace solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatography–olfactometry, using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Carboxen‐PDMS ﬁbres. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of Phlomis persica Boiss and Phlomis chorassanica Bunge from Iran
Authors: Sarkhail Parisa , Amin Gholamreza , Shaﬁee Abbas
Published: March 2004

Two essential oil samples obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of Phlomis persica Boiss. and Phlomis chorassanica Bunge. (Lamiaceae), were analysed by GC and GC–MS; 41 compounds in the oil of P. persica, representing 97.3%, and 42 compounds in the oil of P. chorassanica, representing 99.5%, were identiﬁed. Both essential oils were rich in sesquiterpenes (81.3% and 90.1%, respectively) with germacrene D (32.5% and 51.5%, respectively) as the major component. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parkin gene alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wang Fang , Denison Stacy , Lai Jin‐Ping , Philips Leslie A. , Montoya Damien , Kock Norman , Schüle Birgitt , Klein Christine , Shridhar Viji , Roberts Lewis R. , Smith David I.
Published: March 2004

The Parkin gene is an extremely large gene (1.5 Mb) within the highly unstable FRA6E common fragile site (CFS) region, which is frequently altered in ovarian, breast, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Because Parkin/FRA6E has genomic similarities to FHIT/FRA3B and WWOX/FRA16D, two other large tumor‐suppressor genes that are within CFS regions, we were interested in characterizing Parkin gene alterations and their possible association with cancer. After analyzing 50 cancer‐derived cell lines including 11 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, we found that one HCC cell line, PLC/PRF/5, had a detectable homozygous deletion encompassing exon 3. Using quantitative duplex PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis to characterize the copy number changes of Parkin exons in HCC cell lines, we found that 4 of 11 HCC cell lines had heterozygous deletions of Parkin exons and one, Hep3B, had an exon duplication. Parkin protein expression was significantly decreased or absent in all 11 HCC cell lines. Furthermore, more than 50% of HCC primary tumors had decreased Parkin expression compared to that in normal liver tissue. Parkin gene–transfected PLC5 and Hep3B cells grew more slowly than vector‐only transfectants and also showed increased sensitivity to apoptosis induced by cell‐cycle inhibitors. Therefore, we suggest that Parkin may be involved in tumor suppression and that the loss of Parkin contributes to the development of hepatocarcinoma. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative trait linkage analysis by generalized estimating equations: Unification of variance components and Haseman‐Elston regression
Authors: Chen Wei‐Min , Broman Karl W. , Liang Kung‐Yee
Published: March 2004

Two of the major approaches for linkage analysis with quantitative traits in humans include variance components and Haseman‐Elston regression. Previously, these were viewed as quite separate methods. We describe a general model, fit by use of generalized estimating equations (GEE), for which the variance components and Haseman‐Elston methods (including many of the extensions to the original Haseman‐Elston method) are special cases, corresponding to different choices for a working covariance matrix. We also show that the regression‐based test of Sham et al. ([2002] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71:238–253) is equivalent to a robust score statistic derived from our GEE approach. These results have several important implications. First, this work provides new insight regarding the connection between these methods. Second, asymptotic approximations for power and sample size allow clear comparisons regarding the relative efficiency of the different methods. Third, our general framework suggests important extensions to the Haseman‐Elston approach which make more complete use of the data in extended pedigrees and allow a natural incorporation of environmental and other covariates. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Haplotype‐based association analysis in cohort studies of unrelated individuals
Authors: Lin D.Y.
Published: March 2004

Exploring the associations between haplotypes and disease phenotypes is an important step toward the discovery of genes that influence complex human diseases. When unrelated subjects are sampled, haplotypes are often ambiguous because of the unknown gametic phase of the measured sites along a chromosome. We consider cohort studies of unrelated subjects which collect data on potentially censored ages of onset of disease along with unphased genotypes and possibly time‐varying environmental factors. We formulate the effects of haplotypes and environmental variables on the time to disease occurrence through a semiparametric Cox proportional hazards model, which can accommodate a variety of genetic mechanisms as well as gene‐environment interactions. We develop a simple and fast expectation‐maximization algorithm to maximize the likelihood for the relative risks and other parameters based on the observable data of unphased genotypes and potentially censored ages of onset. The resultant estimators are consistent, efficient, and asymptotically normal. Simulation studies show that, for practical situations, the parameter estimators are virtually unbiased, the association tests maintain type I errors near nominal levels, the confidence intervals have proper coverage probabilities, and the efficiency loss due to unknown gametic phase is small. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined association and linkage analysis applied to the APOE locus
Authors: Beekman Marian , Posthuma Daniëlle , Heijmans Bastiaan T. , Lakenberg Nico , Suchiman H. Eka D. , Snieder Harold , de Knijff Peter , Frants Rune R. , van Ommen Gert Jan B. , Kluft Cornelis , Vogler George P. , Slagboom P. Eline , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: March 2004

Combined association and linkage analysis is a powerful tool for pinpointing functional quantitative traits (QTLs) responsible for regions of significant linkage identified in genome‐wide scans. We applied this technique to apoE plasma levels and the APOEε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism in two Dutch twin cohorts of different age ranges. Across chromosome 19, short tandem repeats and the APOEε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism were genotyped in adolescent (aged 13–22 years) and adult (aged 34–62 years) Dutch twins. In both samples, evidence for indicative linkage with plasma apoE levels was found (maximum LOD score (MLS)=0.8, MLS=2.5, respectively) at 19q13.32. These linkage regions included the APOE locus. As expected, the APOEε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism was strongly associated with apoE plasma levels in both samples. An extension of the between/within families association test developed by Fulker et al. ([1999] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64:259–267) showed that these associations were not due to population stratification. The combined association and linkage analyses revealed that the association of the APOEε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism with apoE plasma levels completely explained the linkage in the adolescent twins and partly in the adult twins. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consanguinity and endogamy in Northern Tunisia and its impact on non‐syndromic deafness
Authors: Ben Arab Saida , Masmoudi Saber , Beltaief Najeh , Hachicha Slah , Ayadi Hammadi
Published: March 2004

Deafness is an important health problem in the Tunisian population, especially in isolates where the prevalence ranges from 2 to 8%. To evaluate the effect of inbred unions on deafness, a study was conducted on 5,020 individuals (160 are deaf) between 2000 and 2002 in the North of Tunisia. The coefficient of inbreeding for all individuals and the levels of inbreeding in ten districts were computed. The higher levels were obtained in the rural districts. Our study revealed that geographic isolation, social traditions, and parental involvement in mode selection all contribute to increase consanguinity in these regions. The mean inbreeding seems to be similar to those estimated in highly inbred isolates in the world. The relative risk of the 35delG mutation, the single most frequent allele for non‐syndromic recessive deafness in Tunisia, was estimated from the observed inbreeding coefficient and found to be 10.76 (SD 7.74) for first‐cousin marriages, which are the most common form of consanguineous marriage encountered. Our knowledge of the risk rate of deafness and our understanding of consanguinity is required for the prevention of genetic deafness in the Tunisian population. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The estimation of sibling genetic risk parameters revisited
Authors: Zou Guohua , Zhao Hongyu
Published: March 2004

This report points out that some sibling genetic risk parameters can be regarded as the ratios of the characteristic values in the ascertainment subpopulation. Based on this observation, we reconsider Olson and Cordell's ([2000] Genet. Epidemiol. 18:217–235) and Cordell and Olson's ([2000] Genet. Epidemiol. 18:307–321) estimators, and re‐derive these estimators. Furthermore, we provide the closed‐form variance estimators. Simulation results suggest that our proposed estimators perform very well, and single ascertainment may be better than complete ascertainment for estimating these genetic parameters. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sodium valproate in aggressive behaviour in dementia: a twelve‐week open label follow‐up study
Authors: Sival Rob C. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Jansen Paul A. F. , Haffmans P. M. Judith , Duursma Sijmen A. , Eikelenboom Piet
Published: March 2004

Introduction

Short‐term randomised clinical trials on valproate in distinct types of disturbed behaviour in dementia showed no effects on agressive behaviour.

Objectives

To assess the course of disturbed behaviour during medium term treatment with sodium valproate for aggressive behaviour.

Design

An open label observational 12‐week follow‐up study consecutive to a preceding randomised control trial; assessments at 4‐week interval.

Setting

A psychogeriatric medium‐stay ward at a psychiatric teaching hospital and psychogeriatric nursing home wards.

Participants

Patients who completed a preceding randomised placebo controlled clinical trial on sodium valproate in aggressive behaviour in dementia were included.

Intervention

The starting dose of sodium valproate was 2×6 ml of a 40 mg/ml suspension (daily defined dose of 480 mg). The patient's regular physicians managed all treatment decisions, including decisions on dosage and plasma level measurements of sodium valproate and decisions regarding discontinuation. Co‐medication was allowed and any change in prescription was recorded.

Measurements

The Social Dysfunction and Aggression Scale‐9 (SDAS‐9), the Behaviour Observation scales for Intramural Psychogeriatrics (in Dutch: Gedragsobservatieschaal voor Intramurale Psychogeriatrie (GIP) and the Clinical Global Impression of aggressive behaviour (CGI) were performed at the last week of each 4‐week interval.

Results

Data of 39 patients (F=24 and M=15) were analysed. At week 12 compared to week 0 mean sodium valproate prescriptions were higher; aggressive behaviour as measured by the SDAS‐9 improved. Non‐social behaviour, apathetic behaviour, disoriented behaviour and distorted memory improved, but rebellious behaviour increased as measured by the GIP. Seven patients died during this study.

Limitations of the study

Open label observational design; absence of placebo/reference prescription; no systematic measurements of sodium valproate plasma levels and the allowance of psychotropic co‐medication.

Conclusion

Low dose sodium valproate may be effective reducing a broad range of types of disturbed behaviours in aggressive demented patients. The high death rate underlines the fragility of demented patients with aggressive behaviour. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conceptualization of mild cognitive impairment: a review
Authors: Davis Heather S. , Rockwood Kenneth
Published: March 2004

Background

Several factors have prompted renewed interest in the concept of declines in cognitive function that occur in association with aging, in particular the area between normal cognition and dementia. We review the changing conceptualization of what has come to be known as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in an effort to identify recent developments and highlight areas of controversy.

Methods

Standard MEDLINE search for relevant English‐language publications on mild cognitive impairment and its associated terms, supplemented by hand searches of pertinent reference lists.

Results

Many conditions cause cognitive impairment which does not meet current criteria for dementia. Within this heterogenous group, termed ‘Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia’ (CIND), there are disorders associated with an increased risk of progression to dementia. Still, the conceptualization of these latter disorders remains in flux, with variability around assumptions about aging, the relationship between impairment and disease, and how concomitant functional impairment is classified. Amongst patients with MCI, especially its amnestic form, many will progress to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast with clinic‐based studies, where progression is more uniform, population‐based studies suggest that the MCI classification is unstable in that context. In addition to Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (AMCI), other syndromes exist and can progress to dementia. For example, an identifiable group with vascular cognitive impairment without dementia shows a higher risk of progression to vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia.

Conclusions

Recent attempts to profile patients at an increased risk of dementia suggest that this can be done in skilled hands, especially in people whose symptoms prompt them to seek medical attention. Whether these people actually have early AD remains to be determined. The more narrowly defined MCI profiles need to be understood in a population context of CIND. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlations between cognitive, behavioural and psychological findings and levels of vitamin B12 and folate in patients with dementia
Authors: Engelborghs Sebastiaan , Vloeberghs Ellen , Maertens Karen , Mariën Peter , Somers Nore , Symons Anoek , Clement Frederik , Ketels Veerle , Saerens Jos , Goeman Johan , Pickut Barbara A. , Vandevivere Johan , De Deyn Peter P.
Published: March 2004

Background

Associations between low levels of folate and vitamin B12 and cognitive impairment in patients with dementia have been reported. Some studies revealed correlations between low levels of vitamin B12 and behavioural and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Given the lack of studies in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and on folate and given the methodological shortcomings of former publications, we set up a prospective study.

Methods

At inclusion, AD (n=152) and FTD (n=28) patients underwent a neuropsychological examination. Behaviour was assessed using a battery of behavioural assessment scales. Determination of serum vitamin B12 and red cell folate levels were performed within a time frame of two weeks of inclusion.

Results

In both patient groups, significantly negative correlations between levels of serum vitamin B12 and red cell folate and the degree of cognitive deterioration were found. No correlations with BPSD were found in the AD patient group. In FTD patients, levels of vitamin B12 were negatively correlated with both hallucinations (p=0.022) and diurnal rhythm disturbances (p=0.036).

Conclusions

The observed negative correlations between levels of vitamin B12 and folate and cognitive impairment in both AD and FTD patients, raise the possibility of a non‐specific etiological role. Although levels of vitamin B12 and folate did not correlate with BPSD in AD patients, negative correlations between serum vitamin B12 levels and BPSD in FTD patients were revealed. Decreased serum vitamin B12 levels may predispose FTD patients to develop hallucinations and diurnal rhythm disturbances. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.