bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Admixture, one-source colonization or long-term persistence of maritime pine in the Castilian Plateau? [Spain]. Insights from nuclear microsatellite markers
Authors: Lucas A. I. de , González Martínez S. C. , Hidalgo E. , Bravo F. , Heuertz M.
Published: August 2014

Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of maritime pine are very different in quantitative and adaptative traits, even to be considered different subspecies. Different authors have suggested the existence of glacial refugia for this species both in Portugal and eastern Spain based on molecular markers and supported by pollen and fossil records. In addition, based on the existence of high levels of haplotypic variation in this region, the Castilian Plateau is suggested as a contact zone between Atlantic and Mediterranean gene pools of the species. This hypothesis is tested using Bayesian clustering methods and exclusion tests based on multilocus genotypes obtained by genotyping 13 populations with three highly polymorphic nuclear microsatellites. The results show that Castilian Plateau populations constitute a different gene pool by itself that can not be fully originated from the Mediterranean or the Atlantic gene pools, or from a mixture of both. Therefore, three different hypotheses have been considered as plausible causes to give rise to Castilian Plateau maritime pine populations: 1) fast colonization of the region from one or more Mediterranean refugial areas, 2) existence of cryptic refugia for the species in the zone, and 3) introduction of exotic material by humans.
Is there a positive relationship between naturalness and genetic diversity in forest tree communities?
Authors: Wehenkel C. , Corral-Rivas J. J. , Castellanos-Bocaz H. A. , Pinedo-Alvarez A.
Published: August 2014

The concepts of genetic diversity and naturalness are well known as measures of conservation values and as descriptors of state or condition. A lack of research evaluating the relationship between genetic diversity and naturalness in biological communities, along with the possible implications in terms of evolutionary aspects and conservation management, make this subject particularly important as regards forest tree communities.We therefore examined the following hypothesis: the genetic diversity of a central-European tree stand averaged over species increases with the naturalness of the stand, as defined by the Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV). The results obtained show that the hypothesis is unsustainable because differences between the averaged genetic diversities of the unnatural and semi-natural stand classes (69 cases) were mostly non-significanMoreover in three cases, the average genetic diversity of unnatural stand classes was significantly higher than the average genetic diversity of the semi-natural stand classes. A significantly lower average genetic diversity of unnatural stand class was not detected in the statistical analysis. Thus, the naturalness of a tree species community, as inferred from PNV, does not serve as a straightforward indicator of ecological stability when the genetic diversity and the adaptability of tree species are unknown.
Development and applications of a growth model for Pinus radiata D. Don plantations in El Bierzo (Spain)
Authors: Sevillano-Marco E. , Fernández-Manso A. , Castedo-Dorado F.
Published: August 2014

A dynamic growth model for Pinus radiata D. Don plantations in El Bierzo (Spain) was developed with data from two inventories of permanent plots, of between 7 and 36 years old, established by the University of León. In this model, stand conditions at any point in time are defined by three state variables (stand basal area, number of trees per hectare and dominant height).Themodel includes three transition functions derived by the generalized algebraic difference approach to enable projection of the state variables at any particular time. Once they are known, the number of trees in each diameter class is estimated with a distribution function, by recovery of the parameters of theWeibull function by use of the moments method. Finally, a generalized height-diameter function and a taper function allow estimation of total or merchantable stand volume. The model provides satisfactory predictions for a time interval of three years. Simulation of the growth of four stands under two silvicultural regimes and two different sites confirm that the estimates provided by the overall model adequately represent the effects of both stand density and site quality. Other applications for the model are analysed and discussed.
Elatumic Acid: A New Ursolic Acid Congener from Omphalocarpum elatum Miers (Sapotaceae)
Authors: Sandjo Louis P. , Fru Chi G. , Kuete Victor , Nana Frederic , Yeboah Samuel O. , Mapitse Renameditswe , Abegaz Berhanu M. , Efferth Thomas , Opatz Till , Ngadjui Bonaventure T.
Published: August 2014

A new triterpene diastereomer, 1, of the previously reported 3β,6β,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en- 28-oic acid-24-carboxylic acid methyl ester was obtained from the stem bark of Omphalocarpum elatum Miers (Sapotaceae) along with α-amyrin acetate (2), spinasterol (3), spinasterol 3-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (4), and tormentic acid (5). The structures of the isolates were established on the basis of NMR and mass spectrometric data and by comparison with those previously reported in the literature. Compound 1 showed weak antibacterial activity against E. aerogenes ATCC13048 and EA3, K. pneumoniae ATCC29916, and P. aeruginosa; it also displayed moderate cytotoxicity against CCRF-CEM, CEM=ADR5000, and MDA-MB231 cells.
HIV prevalence, incidence and risk behaviours among men who have sex with men in Yangzhou and Guangzhou, China: a cohort study
Authors: Wang Qian‐Qiu , Chen Xiang‐Sheng , Yin Yue‐Ping , Liang Guo‐Jun , Zhang Rui‐Li , Jiang Ning , Huan Xi‐Ping , Yang Bin , Liu Qiao , Zhou Yu‐Jiao , Wang Bao‐Xi
Published: August 2014

Introduction

In China, the prevalence and incidence of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in large‐sized cities have drawn much attention. In contrast, there has been a paucity of research focussing on the sexual health of MSM of medium‐sized cities. This study fills this important gap in the knowledge by investigating the sexual health of MSM in a medium‐sized city (Yangzhou) and a large‐sized city (Guangzhou).

Methods

A baseline survey and a prospective cohort study were conducted among MSM in Yangzhou and Guangzhou from July 2009 to September 2010. A total of 622 MSM (317 from Yangzhou and 305 from Guangzhou) were screened for eligibility. Prevalence and incidence of HIV infection, as well as its risk factors, were investigated.

Results

Baseline HIV prevalence was 14.5%, and overall HIV incidence density was 6.78 per 100 person‐years (PY) among Yangzhou MSM. Risk factors for HIV prevalence that were significant in multivariate models were older age, married status, unprotected sex with female partners, sexually transmitted disease (STD)‐associated symptoms and syphilis positivity. Risk factors for HIV incidence that were significant in multivariate models were STD‐associated symptom and syphilis positivity. Compared to Yangzhou MSM, Guangzhou MSM had a lower HIV prevalence (6.2%; p<0.05) and lower overall HIV incidence density (5.77 per 100 PY). Risk factors for HIV prevalence that were significant in multivariate models were married status, unprotected anal sex with men and syphilis positivity. The single risk factor for HIV incidence that was significant in multivariate models was unprotected anal sex with men.

Conclusions

This study showed a high prevalence and incidence of HIV among Yangzhou MSM, which suggest a more serious HIV epidemic than that in large‐sized cities. Further investigation targeting MSM in medium‐sized cites is urgently needed to prevent the spread of the HIV epidemic in China.
An Investigation Of Microstructural And Mechanical Properties Of Friction Stir Welded al 6013-t6 Alloy Used On Aeronautics And Aerospace Structures
Authors: Kafali Haşim , AY Nuran
Published: August 2014

Özet

Alüminyum alaşımları uçak yapılarında geniş bir kullanım alanı bulmaktadır, özellikle kanat ve gövde kaplamalarında kullanılırlar. Bu yapıların birleştirilmelerinde geleneksel bir teknik olan perçinle birleştirme kullanılır. Fakat perçinleme uçağın yapısal ağırlığını arttırmaktadır ve perçin delikleri yorulma çatlakları için gerilme konsantrasyonu oluşturmaktadır. Geleneksel kaynak tekniklerinde metal ergime noktasına kadar ısıtılmaktadır, bu nedenle de malzemenin mekanik davranışı kötüleşmektedir. Ayrıca yüksek dayanımlı malzemelerin kaynaklanabilirlikleri düşüktür. Son yıllarda Sürtünme Karıştırma Kaynağı (FSW) alternatif bir birleştirme tekniği olarak kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada havacılık ve uzay sanayinde önemli bir yere sahip olan alüminyum alaşımlarından 6013-T6’nın FSW ile kaynaklanabilme kabiliyetleri, kaynak yapıldıktan sonraki malzemenin mekanik özellikleri ve içyapıdaki değişiklikler incelenmektedir. Çalışmada ana malzeme ve kaynaklı malzemelere sertlik testi, çekme testi ve yorulma testi uygulanmış, optik ve elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak mikroyapı incelemesi yapılmıştır. Kaynaklı malzemede metaller arası partiküller ve tane yapısı optik ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak incelenmiştir.
Incidence of Giant Cell Arteritis and Characteristics of Patients: Data‐Driven Analysis of Comorbidities
Authors: Petri Hans , Nevitt Alan , Sarsour Khaled , Napalkov Pavel , Collinson Neil
Published: August 2014

Objective

To establish the incidence of giant cell arteritis (GCA), cumulative use of prednisolone, and comorbidities most associated with GCA.

Methods

The data source was the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Selection criteria included ≥1 record of a diagnostic term for GCA between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011, age ≥50 years, and ≥1 prescription of oral or systemic corticosteroid. Controls were selected randomly (2:1), with year of birth, practice, and followup duration (<2 or ≥2 years) as matching variables. Analysis was data driven; all comorbidities were identified in a 2‐year window, with relative risk (RR) calculated and rank ordered.

Results

A total of 4,671 patients fulfilled the definition of GCA (incidence, 1.0 per 10,000 person‐years), with highest incidence (7.4 per 10,000 person‐years) in women ages 70–79 years. Of the 4,671 patients, 4,655 (99.7%) were prescribed prednisolone. In the group with ≥2 years' followup (n = 3,074), the mean number of prednisolone prescriptions was 32.1, and the mean cumulative dose was 8,640 mg; 1,034 patients (33.4%) received a cumulative dose of ≥10,000 mg. Comorbidities strongly associated with GCA were polymyalgia rheumatica (RR 14.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 11.9–18.7), visual disturbances (RR 4.6, 95% CI 2.7–7.8), facial pain (RR 3.3, 95% CI 2.1–5.3), osteoporosis (RR 2.9, 95% 2.3–3.7), hypokalemia (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6–3.9), and various infections such as oral/esophageal thrush (RR 3.7, 95% CI 2.2–6.0) and herpes zoster (RR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6–4.1).

Conclusion

GCA is relatively uncommon; its incidence peaks at age 70–79 years in women. Overall, GCA patients in the UK are treated with high cumulative prednisolone doses. Many conditions are associated with GCA, including several related to corticosteroid use.
Deletion of UBE3A in brothers with Angelman syndrome at the breakpoint with an inversion at 15q11.2
Authors: Kuroda Yukiko , Ohashi Ikuko , Saito Toshiyuki , Nagai Jun‐Ichi , Ida Kazumi , Naruto Takuya , Wada Takahito , Kurosawa Kenji
Published: August 2014

Angelman syndrome (AS) is characterized by severe intellectual disability with ataxia, epilepsy, and behavioral uniqueness. The underlining molecular deficit is the absence of the maternal copy of the imprinted UBE3A gene due to maternal deletions, which is observed in 70–75% of cases, and can be detected using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of the UBE3A region. Only a few familial AS cases have been reported with a complete deletion of UBE3A. Here, we report on siblings with AS caused by a microdeletion of 15q11.2‐q12 encompassing UBE3A at the breakpoint of an inversion at 15q11.2 and 15q26.1. Karyotyping revealed an inversion of 15q, and FISH revealed the deletion of the UBE3A region. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) demonstrated a 467 kb deletion at 15q11.2‐q12, encompassing only UBE3A, SNORD115, and PAR1, and a 53 kb deletion at 15q26.1, encompassing a part of SLCO3A1. Their mother had a normal karyotype and array CGH detected no deletion of 15q11.2‐q12, so we assumed gonadal mosaicism. This report describes a rare type of familial AS detected using the D15S10 FISH test. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthetic Studies Toward Harringtonolide
Authors: Ma Zhiqiang , Cheng Bin , Zhai Hongbin
Published: August 2014

An efficient synthesis of an oxo‐bridged 7/6‐bicyclic precursor that is potentially useful for the construction of harringtonolide has been realized through a [4+3] cycloaddition reaction. Meanwhile, an unexpected rearrangement reaction, which could be used for the fast assembly of spirocycles, was found during the double elimination attempts.
Why do chimpanzee males attack the females of neighboring communities?
Authors: Pradhan Gauri R. , Pandit Sagar A. , Van schaik Carel P.
Published: August 2014

Our closest nonhuman primate relatives, chimpanzees, engage in potentially lethal between‐group conflict; this collective aggressive behavior shows parallels with human warfare. In some communities, chimpanzee males also severely attack and even kill females of the neighboring groups. This is surprising given their system of resource defense polygyny, where males are expected to acquire potential mates. We develop a simple mathematical model based on reproductive skew among primate males to solve this puzzle. The model predicts that it is advantageous for high‐ranking males but not for low‐ranking males to attack females. It also predicts that more males gain a benefit from attacking females as the community's reproductive skew decreases, i.e., as mating success is more evenly distributed. Thus, fatal attacks on females should be concentrated in communities with low reproductive skew. These attacks should also concur with between‐community infanticide. A review of the chimpanzee literature provides enough preliminary support for this prediction to warrant more detailed testing. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:430–435, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integration of medical imaging including ultrasound into a new clinical anatomy curriculum
Authors: Moscova Michelle , Bryce Deborah A. , Sindhusake Doungkamol , Young Noel
Published: August 2014

In 2008 a new clinical anatomy curriculum with integrated medical imaging component was introduced into the University of Sydney Medical Program. Medical imaging used for teaching the new curriculum included normal radiography, MRI, CT scans, and ultrasound imaging. These techniques were incorporated into teaching over the first two years of the program as a part of anatomy practical sessions, in addition to dedicated lectures and tutorials given by imaging specialists. Surveys were conducted between 2009 and 2012 to evaluate the student acceptance of the integration. Students were asked to rate individual activities as well as provide open‐ended comments. The number of students who responded to the surveys varied from 40% to 98%. Over 90% of the respondents were satisfied with the overall quality of teaching in the anatomy units. In summary, 48% to 63% of the responding students thought that the specialist imaging lectures helped them learn effectively; 72% to 77% of students thought that the cross‐sectional practical sessions helped them to better understand the imaging modalities of CT, MRI, and ultrasound; 76% to 80% of students considered hands‐on ultrasound session to be useful in understanding the application of ultrasound in abdominal imaging. The results also revealed key similarities and differences in student perceptions of the new integrated curriculum for students with both a high and low prior exposure to anatomy. Further evaluation will aid in refining the integrated medical imaging program and providing its future direction. Anat Sci Educ 8: 205–220. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Implementation of an education‐focused PhD program in anatomy and cell biology at Indiana University: Lessons learned and future challenges
Authors: Brokaw James J. , O'Loughlin Valerie D.
Published: August 2014

In 2008, the Indiana University School of Medicine, in collaboration with the School of Education, admitted its first student to a newly approved PhD program in Anatomy and Cell Biology focusing on educational research rather than biomedical research. The goal of the program is twofold: (1) to provide students with extensive training in all of the anatomical disciplines coupled with sufficient teaching experience to assume major educational responsibilities upon graduation and (2) to train students to conduct rigorous medical education research and other scholarly work necessary for promotion and tenure. The 90 credit hour curriculum consists of biomedical courses taught within the School of Medicine and education courses taught within the School of Education, including courses in health sciences pedagogy, curriculum development, learning theory, quantitative, and qualitative research methods, statistics, and electives. To date, 16 students have entered the program, seven have passed their qualifying examinations, and five have earned their PhD degrees. Four students have received national recognition for their educational research and four graduates have obtained faculty appointments. Going forward, we must adapt the program's biomedical course requirements to incorporate the new integrated curriculum of the medical school, and we must secure additional funding to support more students. Overcoming these challenges will enable us to continue producing a small but stable supply of doctoral‐level anatomy educators for a growing academic market. Anat Sci Educ 8: 258–265. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Decreased P‐glycoprotein is associated with the inhibitory effects of static magnetic fields and cisplatin on K562 cells
Authors: Zhang Kun , Chen Wenfang , Bu Ting , Qi Hao , Sun Runguang , He Xiao
Published: August 2014

In this study, we explored the mechanism of the killing effects of a moderate‐intensity static magnetic field (SMF) and cisplatin (DDP) on K562 cells. We analyzed the metabolic activity of cells, the extracellular DDP content, and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) expression after K562 cells were exposed continuously to a uniform 8.8 mT SMF for 8 h, with or without DDP. We found that SMF combined with DDP (10 µg/ml) significantly inhibited the metabolic activity of K562 cells (P < 0.05), while neither DDP nor SMF alone affected the metabolic activity of these cells. In the SMF + DDP group, extracellular DDP content was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). DDP also induced the expression of P‐gp (P < 0.05). By contrast, in the SMF + DDP group, P‐gp expression decreased compared with the DDP group (P < 0.05). Taken together, our results showed that 8.8 mT SMF enhanced the killing potency of DDP on K562 cells by decreasing the expression of P‐gp. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:437–443, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First generation versus new generation drug‐eluting stents for the treatment of ostial/midshaft lesions in unprotected left main coronary artery: The Milan and New‐Tokyo (MITO) registry
Authors: Naganuma Toru , Chieffo Alaide , Takagi Kensuke , Panoulas Vasileios F. , Mitomo Satoru , Sticchi Alessandro , Latib Azeem , Miyazaki Tadashi , Sato Katsumasa , Costopoulos Charis , Fujino Yusuke , Montorfano Matteo , Carlino Mauro , Nakamura Sunao , Colombo Antonio
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To compare the clinical outcomes following unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of ostial/midshaft lesions between first and new generation drug‐eluting stents (DES).

Background

Clinical outcomes after treatment of ostial/midshaft lesions in ULMCA with first generation DES were favorable. However, to date, data regarding treatment for those lesion subsets with new generation DES have not been reported.

Methods

A total of 219 patients with ostial/midshaft lesions in ULMCA treated with first (n = 139) or new generation DES (n = 80) were analyzed.

Results

There was a higher prevalence of IVUS use (35.2% vs. 50.0%, P = 0.032) and postdilation (70.5% vs. 93.8%, P < 0.001) with larger maximum balloon diameter (3.81 ± 0.45 vs. 4.08 ± 0.44, P < 0.001) in the new generation DES group. At a median follow‐up period of 730 days, there were no significant differences in the propensity‐score adjusted analyses, for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as composite endpoint of all‐cause death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization (hazard ratio (HR) [new vs. first generation DES]: 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64–2.31; P = 0.549). Of note, target lesion revascularization rates at 2‐years were only 0.9% and 2.7%, for first and new generation DES groups, respectively (P = 0.339). On multivariable analysis, SYNTAX score (HR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02–1.11, P = 0.006) and European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.00–1.31, P = 0.051) were independent predictors for MACE.

Conclusions

This study suggests that new generation DES for ostial/midshaft lesions in ULMCA are associated with favorable clinical outcomes, similar to those observed with first generation DES. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of non‐healing in patients with critical limb ischemia and tissue loss following successful endovascular therapy
Authors: Kobayashi Norihiro , Hirano Keisuke , Nakano Masatsugu , Muramatsu Toshiya , Tsukahara Reiko , Ito Yoshiaki , Ishimori Hiroshi , Yamawaki Masahiro , Araki Motoharu , Kato Tamon
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the predictors of non‐healing in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) after successful endovascular therapy (EVT).

Background

Occasionally, wound healing in patients with CLI and tissue loss cannot be achieved even after successful EVT. Patient's co‐morbidities, vascular anatomy, wound features, and interventional strategies/outcomes are associated with the probability of wound healing.

Methods

Between April 2007 and October 2012, 182 patients with CLI (220 limbs) with tissue loss were treated with EVT in our institute. Of these, 164 individual wounds (130 patients, 149 limbs) out of 243 individual wounds were successfully treated. Successful EVT was defined as revascularization by achieving visible blood flow to the wounds, as evaluated by digital subtraction angiography performed just after EVT. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze predictors associated with wound healing.

Results

The mean follow‐up period was 23 ± 18 months. The wound healing rates were 40.2%, 57.3%, 62.2%, and 70.7% at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that insulin use [hazard ratio (HR), 0.541; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.329–0.890; P = 0.016], dependence on hemodialysis [HR, 0.429; 95% CI, 0.272–0.678; P < 0.001], and major tissue loss [HR, 0.460; 95% CI, 0.294–0.720; P = 0.001] were independent predictors of non‐healing after successful EVT.

Conclusions

Insulin use, dependence on hemodialysis, and major tissue loss were independent predictors of non‐healing after successful EVT. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrochemical Stability of Ionic Liquids: General Influences and Degradation Mechanisms
Authors: De Vos Nils , Maton Cédric , Stevens Christian V.
Published: August 2014

The stability of ionic liquids is of paramount importance in selecting the appropriate ionic liquid for a well‐defined application. This Review provides an overview of stability issues, both chemical and electrochemical, and the underlying degradation mechanisms that are known. The influence of various functionalities on the stability of the ionic liquid, influencing both the cationic as the anionic parts of the ionic liquid, still requires several careful studies.
An Easy Way to Solvent‐Stabilized Metal Nanoparticles and their Application in Hydrogenation
Authors: Behr Arno , Lux Adrian
Published: August 2014

Durch die Verwendung spezieller Metallsalze und Lösungsmittel als Vorstufen ist es möglich, stabile Nanopartikel‐Lösungen schnell und einfach zu synthetisieren. Die erhaltenen Lösungen können direkt in chemischen Reaktionen als Katalysatorlösungen verwendet werden. Mit dem Einsatz verschiedener Übergangsmetallsalze und Lösungsmittel von unterschiedlicher Polarität und Dichte steht eine Vielzahl von Nanopartikel‐Lösungen für katalytische Reaktionen zur Verfügung. Die Katalysatorlösungen können einfach recyclisiert werden und sind je nach Katalysatorsystem über Monate stabil.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Functionalized Polyoxometalates for Heterogeneously Catalyzing the Aerobic Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol: Raising Efficacy through Specific Design
Authors: Long Zhouyang , Zhou Yu , Ge Weilin , Chen Guojian , Xie Jingyan , Wang Qian , Wang Jun
Published: August 2014

By combining nitrile‐tethered pyridinium‐based ionic liquid dication with the polyoxometalate anion of Keggin H5PMo10V2O40 (PMoV2) through precipitation in aqueous solution, an organic–inorganic hybrid catalyst 1,1′‐(butane‐1,4‐diyl)‐bis(3‐cyanopyridine)–PMoV2 was prepared for heterogeneous hydroxylation of benzene to phenol with O2 and ascorbic acid as the oxidant and reductant, respectively. The hybrid catalyst not only gave the high phenol yield of 13.0 % under the optimized reaction conditions, but also exhibited high potential for reusability. The catalyst and its analogue samples were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis. The structure–activity relationship is discussed according to the characterization and density functional theory calculation results.
The impact of transmission mode on the evolution of benefits provided by microbial symbionts
Authors: Shapiro Jason W. , Turner Paul E.
Published: August 2014

While past work has often examined the effects of transmission mode on virulence evolution in parasites, few studies have explored the impact of horizontal transmission on the evolution of benefits conferred by a symbiont to its host. Here, we identify three mechanisms that create a positive covariance between horizontal transmission and symbiont‐provided benefits: pleiotropy within the symbiont genome, partner choice by the host, and consumption of host waste by‐products by symbionts. We modify a susceptible‐infected model to incorporate the details of each mechanism and examine the evolution of symbiont benefits given variation in either the immigration rate of susceptible hosts or the rate of successful vertical transmission. We find conditions for each case under which greater opportunity for horizontal transmission (higher migration rate) favors the evolution of mutualism. Further, we find the surprising result that vertical transmission can inhibit the evolution of benefits provided by symbionts to hosts when horizontal transmission and symbiont‐provided benefits are positively correlated. These predictions may apply to a number of natural systems, and the results may explain why many mutualisms that rely on partner choice often lack a mechanism for vertical transmission.
FcγRIII (CD16)‐mediated ADCC by NK cells is regulated by monocytes and FcγRII (CD32)
Authors: Bhatnagar Nupur , Ahmad Fareed , Hong Henoch S. , Eberhard Johanna , Lu I‐Na , Ballmaier Matthias , Schmidt Reinhold E. , Jacobs Roland , Meyer‐Olson Dirk
Published: August 2014

Monocytes are known to engage in reciprocal crosstalk with NK cells but their influence on NK‐cell‐associated antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is not well understood. We demonstrate that in humans FcγRIII (CD16)‐dependent ADCC by NK cells is considerably enhanced by monocytes, and that this effect is regulated by FcγRII (CD32) crosslinking in healthy individuals. It is known that during HIV‐1 infection, NK cells are known to express low levels of CD16 and exhibit reduced ADCC. We show that immune regulation of CD16‐mediated NK‐cell cytotoxicity by monocytes through CD32 engagement is substantially disturbed in chronic progressive HIV‐1 infection. Expression of activating isoform of CD32 represented a compensatory mechanism for reduced expression of CD16 on NK cells during HIV‐1 infection. As a result, the regulation of NK‐cell‐associated ADCC by monocytes is skewed and eventually constitutes a novel factor that contributes to HIV‐1‐associated immune deficiency, dysregulation and pathogenesis. Our data therefore provide evidence, for the first time, that in humans monocytes act as a rheostat for FcγRIII‐mediated NK‐cell functions maintaining a well‐balanced immune response.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of SiO44–‐Substituted Hydroxyapatite, Part I – Kinetics of Interaction between the Components
Authors: Chaikina Marina V. , Bulina Natalya V. , Ishchenko Arcady V. , Prosanov Igor Yu.
Published: August 2014

The kinetics of the room‐temperature dry mechanochemical synthesis of hydroxyapatite modified by SiO44– ions has been studied for the first time. The changes in the composition of the reaction mixture as a function of the time of mechanical activation in a planetary ball mill as well as the composition of the final product have been investigated by X‐ray phase analysis and IR spectroscopy. Certain stages of the interaction of the reactants have been analyzed with the help of high‐resolution electron microscopy. The mechanochemical synthesis conducted in air is accompanied by the incorporation of carbonate ions into the apatite lattice, which results in the formation of B‐type carbonated hydroxyapatite. The apatite structure starts to form after 5 min of mechanochemical activation of the reaction mixture, and the final single‐phase nanocrystalline powder of silicate‐substituted carbonated hydroxyapatite is formed after 30 min of activation.
Copper(II)‐Coordinated α‐Azophenols: Effect of the Metal‐Ion Geometry on Phenoxyl/Phenolate Oxidation Potential and Reactivity
Authors: Kochem Amélie , Carrillo Alexandre , Philouze Christian , van Gastel Maurice , du Moulinet d'Hardemare Amaury , Thomas Fabrice
Published: August 2014

Two copper(II) complexes were synthesized from tridentate ligands involving a (Nquinoline,Nazo,Ophenol) donor set. The copper(II) ion is tetracoordinate with a chloride ion occupying the fourth position of the coordination sphere. Both X‐ray diffraction and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy reveal that the copper(II) ion geometry is square planar in 1. In contrast, significant tetrahedral distortions are observed in 2, as a result of the steric clash between the hydrogen atoms of the methyl substituent of the quinoline group and the chloride ion. Cyclic voltammetry curves of 1 and 2 in CH2Cl2 display a reversible oxidation wave at E1/2 = 0.59 V and 0.56 V versus ferrocenium/ferrocene, respectively, which was assigned to the phenoxyl/phenolate redox couple. Compounds 1+ and 2+ were generated and characterized by UV/Vis and EPR spectroscopy. Their reactivity with benzyl alcohol was investigated by kinetic measurements.
Zinc Salt Promoted Diastereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Propargylamines Using Chiral Piperazines and Their Enantioselective Conversion into Chiral Allenes
Authors: Periasamy Mariappan , Reddy Polimera Obula , Edukondalu Athukuri , Dalai Manasi , Alakonda Laxman M. , Udaykumar Bantu
Published: August 2014

Zinc chloride catalyzed reactions of chiral piperazine derivatives 4a–d with 1‐alkynes and aldehydes give chiral propargylamines in 67–95 % yields with up to 99:1 dr. The chiral propargylamines are converted into chiral allenes by using zinc bromide in short reaction times (1–2 h) in high enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) in good yields (up to 89 %). The chiral piperazines are recovered in good yields (79–86 %) by reduction of the imine byproducts in situ by using NaBH4. Unexpectedly, the chiral aryl‐substituted allenes undergo facile cyclodimerization under neat conditions at 25 °C, in contrast to an earlier report that cyclodimerization takes place at 80 °C in benzene, which further illustrates the importance of the two‐step procedure reported herein because the chiral propargylamine may be converted into chiral allene when required.
Mycotoxins: Simultaneous Detection of Zearalenone and Citrinin by Voltammetry on Edge Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode
Authors: Nasir Muhammad Zafir Mohamad , Pumera Martin
Published: August 2014

Mycotoxins are highly toxic compounds often found in the food. It is of paramount importance to have analytical technique for point‐of‐care on‐spot detection for authorised personnel to immediately take the action required. Electrochemistry offers the portability for miniaturized sensor of mycotoxins. Here we show that edge‐plane pyrolytic electrode offers excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards simultaneous detection of zearalenone and citrinin. This will have a great impact for point‐of‐care mycotoxin detection.
Seismic response of nonstructural components attached on multistorey buildings
Authors: Pardalopoulos Stylianos I. , Pantazopoulou Stavroula J.
Published: August 2014

The maintenance of integrity and functionality of nonstructural components during earthquake excitations is of paramount importance since mechanical failure of those systems can have dramatic consequences in terms of property damage and life safety of the buildings' occupants. This paper explores the dynamic response of nonstructural elements attached on multistory buildings with well‐established floor diaphragm action. Depending on the type of support conditions, seismic response of nonstructural components may be controlled either by acceleration or displacement: Nonstructural components that are subjected to uniform support excitation are controlled primarily by the absolute spectral acceleration developing at their point of attachment on the supporting building. On the contrary, seismic response of multiply supported nonstructural components depends primarily on the relative displacements between successive support points that are imposed by the supporting building during lateral sway. These findings are illustrated from the analytical formulation and its solution through time history analysis of the governing dynamic equation of motion of the primary and secondary components of a system modeled using finite elements. The model encompasses the assembly of a multistory building along with a multiply supported gas pipeline network. It is shown that the dependence of the seismic response of nonstructural components may be linked to the deformed shape of the supporting building at the state of its maximum lateral roof displacement, thereby enabling the definition of design procedures for these systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of the amphibian chytrid fungus, insecticide exposure, and temperature on larval anuran development and survival
Authors: Rumschlag Samantha L. , Boone Michelle D. , Fellers Gary
Published: August 2014

Chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been implicated as a cause of amphibian declines. Susceptibility may be influenced by environmental factors that suppress the immune response. The authors conducted a laboratory study to examine the effect of temperature, insecticide exposure, and Bd exposure during larval anuran development. The authors examined the consequences of exposure to Bd, an insecticide (carbaryl or malathion), and static or fluctuating temperature (15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, or 15 °C to 25 °C 72-h flux) on larval development through metamorphosis of the Pacific treefrog (Pseudacris regilla). High and fluctuating temperature had negative effects on survival in the presence of Bd. Insecticides inhibited the effects of Bd; time to tail resorption of Pacific treefrogs decreased when tadpoles were exposed to carbaryl. The present study indicates that abiotic factors may play a role in the host–pathogen interactions in this system. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2545–2550. © 2014 SETAC
A novel framework for interpretation of data from the fish short-term reproduction assay (FSTRA) for the detection of endocrine-disrupting chemicals
Authors: Ankley Gerald T. , Jensen Kathleen M.
Published: August 2014

The fish short-term reproduction assay (FSTRA) is a key component of the US Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP), which uses a weight-of-evidence analysis based on data from several assays to identify the potential for chemicals to act as agonists or antagonists of the estrogen or androgen receptors (ER and AR), or inhibitors of steroidogenic enzymes. The FSTRA considers a variety of mechanistic and apical responses in 21-d exposures with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), including plasma steroid and vitellogenin (VTG; egg yolk protein) concentrations, secondary sex characteristics, gonad size and histopathology, and egg production. Although the FSTRA initially was described several years ago, recent data generation associated with implementation of the EDSP highlighted the need for more formal guidance regarding evaluation of information from the assay. The authors describe a framework for interpretation of FSTRA data relative to perturbation of endocrine pathways of concern to the EDSP. The framework considers end points individually and as suites of physiologically related responses relative to pathway identification. Sometimes changes in single end points can be highly diagnostic (e.g., induction of VTG in males by ER agonists, production of male secondary sex characteristics in females by AR agonists); in other instances, however, multiple, related end points are needed to reliably assess pathway perturbation (e.g., AR antagonism, steroid synthesis inhibition). In addition to describing an interpretive framework, the authors demonstrate its practical utility using publicly available FSTRA data for a wide range of known and hypothesized endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2529–2540. Published 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc., on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Energy‐efficiency maximisation for cooperative and non‐cooperative OFDMA cellular networks—a survey
Authors: Castro e Souza Álvaro Ricieri , de Almeida Amazonas José Roberto , Abrão Taufik
Published: August 2014

In this survey, techniques to enhance energy efficiency (EE) in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, with or without the utilisation of the cooperative network paradigm, considering also the features provided in the standards of modern cellular wireless networks, such as LTE‐Advanced and WiMAX, are discussed. For the non‐cooperative EE maximisation case, we summarise resource allocation problems and also describe some techniques that can be combined with the basic power/subcarrier allocation problems. When considering the cooperative OFDM(A) case, we first discuss four basic variables that arise with the relay station implantation, and after that, other features are also listed, which can be combined with the previously discussed issues. Finally, we review some of the standardisation documents available for fourth‐generation systems in order to obtain system parameters and simulation scenarios, discuss some methods to analyse and solve the optimisation problems that can be proposed with the aforementioned techniques and then point out important open trends and research challenges in the EE maximisation problem considering OFDM(A) scenario. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy efficient resource allocation for quantity of information delivery in parallel channels
Authors: Baudais Jean‐Yves , Tonello Andrea M. , Hamini Abdallah
Published: August 2014

This paper deals with the problem of minimising the energy required to transmit a certain amount of information bits. If there is no constraint, in a Gaussian channel, the solution leads us to the use an infinite transmission time or an infinite bandwidth. In particular, the minimum required signal‐to‐noise ratio to transmit one bit is equal to −1.59 dB. To allow the development of new green communication services, a finite bandwidth and a finite time have to be used in practice. Thus, we focus on the transmission of a given number of bits over a set of parallel Gaussian channels when there is an energy constraint, and we have the goal of minimising either the highest transmission time (amongst the channels) or the average channel occupancy time. This is a resource allocation problem that is formulated by targeting a certain energy consumption factor, herein defined as the ratio between the energy required in the asymptotic regime and the energy required to transmit a certain quantity of information with limited (time, bandwidth) resources. The Pareto front for the joint optimization of the maximum transmission time and the average channel occupancy time is also derived. Several explicative numerical results of the derived resource allocation algorithms for energy efficient communications are also reported. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International experience for laparoscopic major liver resection
Authors: Dagher Ibrahim , Gayet Brice , Tzanis Dimitrios , Tranchart Hadrien , Fuks David , Soubrane Olivier , Han Ho‐Seong , Kim Ki‐Hun , Cherqui Daniel , O'Rourke Nicholas , Troisi Roberto I. , Aldrighetti Luca , Bjorn Edwin , Abu Hilal Mohammed , Belli Giulio , Kaneko Hironori , Jarnagin William R. , Lin Charles , Pekolj Juan , Buell Joseph F. , Wakabayashi Go
Published: August 2014

Although minor laparoscopic liver resections (LLRs) appear as standardized procedures, major LLRs are still limited to few expert teams. The aim of this study was to report the combined data of 18 international centers performing major LLR. Variables evaluated were number and type of LLR, surgical indications, number of synchronous colorectal resections, details on technical points, conversion rates, operative time, blood loss and surgical margins. From 1996 to 2014, a total of 5388 LLR were carried out including 1184 major LLRs. The most frequent indication for laparoscopic right hepatectomy (LRH) was colorectal liver metastases (37.0%). Seven centers used hand assistance or hybrid approach selectively for LRH mostly at the beginning of their experience. Seven centers apply Pringle's maneuver routinely. The conversion rate for all major LLRs was 10% and mean operative time was 291 min. Mean estimated blood loss for all major LLR was 327 ml and negative surgical margin rate was 96.5%. Major LLRs still remain challenging procedures requiring important experience in both laparoscopy and liver surgery. Stimulating the younger generation to learn and accomplish these techniques is the better way to guarantee further development of this surgical field.
Evaluation of atlas‐based auto‐segmentation software in prostate cancer patients
Authors: Greenham Stuart , Dean Jenna , Fu Cheuk Kuen Kenneth , Goman Joanne , Mulligan Jeremy , Tune Deanna , Sampson David , Westhuyzen Justin , McKay Michael
Published: August 2014

Introduction

The performance and limitations of an atlas‐based auto‐segmentation software package (ABAS; Elekta Inc.) was evaluated using male pelvic anatomy as the area of interest.

Methods

Contours from 10 prostate patients were selected to create atlases in ABAS. The contoured regions of interest were created manually to align with published guidelines and included the prostate, bladder, rectum, femoral heads and external patient contour. Twenty‐four clinically treated prostate patients were auto‐contoured using a randomised selection of two, four, six, eight or ten atlases. The concordance between the manually drawn and computer‐generated contours were evaluated statistically using Pearson's product–moment correlation coefficient (r) and clinically in a validated qualitative evaluation. In the latter evaluation, six radiation therapists classified the degree of agreement for each structure using seven clinically appropriate categories.

Results

The ABAS software generated clinically acceptable contours for the bladder, rectum, femoral heads and external patient contour. For these structures, ABAS‐generated volumes were highly correlated with ‘as treated’ volumes, manually drawn; for four atlases, for example, bladder r = 0.988 (P < 0.001), rectum r = 0.739 (P < 0.001) and left femoral head r = 0.560 (P < 0.001). Poorest results were seen for the prostate (r = 0.401, P < 0.05) (four atlases); however this was attributed to the comparison prostate volume being contoured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) rather than computed tomography (CT) data. For all structures, increasing the number of atlases did not consistently improve accuracy.

Conclusions

ABAS‐generated contours are clinically useful for a range of structures in the male pelvis. Clinically appropriate volumes were created, but editing of some contours was inevitably required. The ideal number of atlases to improve generated automatic contours is yet to be determined.
Screening of Burkholderia sp. WGB31 producing anisic acid from anethole and optimization of fermentation conditions
Authors: Shen Peihong , Song Zhangyang , Zhang Zhenyong , Zeng Huahe , Tang Xianlai , Jiang Chengjian , Li Junfang , Wu Bo
Published: August 2014

Anisic acid, the precursor of a variety of food flavors and industrial raw materials, can be bioconversed from anethole which extracted from star anise fruits. WGB31 strain with anisic acid molar production rate of 10.25% was isolated and identified as Burkholderia sp. Three significant influential factors, namely, glucose concentration, initial pH value, and medium volume were selected and their effects were evaluated by Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Regression analysis was performed to determine response surface methodology and the significance was tested to obtain the process model of optimal conditions for producing anisic acid. The fermentation conditions at the stable point of the model were obtained: glucose 6 g L−1, pH 6.2, culture medium volume 61 mL in a triangular flask with 250 ml volume. Verification test indicated that the production rate of anisic acid was 30.7%, which was three times of that before optimizing. The results provide a basis and reference for producing anisic acid by microbial transformation.
Effect of ACL graft material on joint forces during a simulated in vivo motion in the porcine knee: Examining force during the initial cycles
Authors: Boguszewski Daniel V. , Wagner Christopher T. , Butler David L. , Shearn Jason T.
Published: August 2014

This study compared three‐dimensional forces in knees containing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft materials versus the native porcine ACL. A six‐degree‐of‐freedom (DOF) robot simulated gait while recording the joint forces and moments. Knees were subjected to 10 cycles of simulated gait in intact, ACL‐deficient, and ACL‐reconstructed knee states to examine time zero biomechanical performance. Reconstruction was performed using bone‐patellar tendon‐bone allograft (BPTB), reconstructive porcine tissue matrix (RTM), and an RTM‐polymer hybrid (Hybrid). Forces and moments were examined about anatomic DOFs throughout the gait cycle and at three key points during gait: heel strike (HS), mid stance (MS), toe off (TO). Compared to native ACL, each graft restored antero‐posterior (A‐P) forces throughout gait. However, all failed to mimic normal joint forces in other DOFs. For example, each reconstructed knee showed greater compressive forces at HS and TO compared to the native ACL knee. Overall, the Hybrid graft restored more of the native ACL forces following reconstruction than did BPTB, while RTM grafts were the least successful. If early onset osteoarthritis is in part caused by altered knee kinematics, then understanding how reconstruction materials restore critical force generation during gait is an essential step in improving a patient's long‐term prognosis. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1458–1463, 2014.