bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term monitoring of CO2 fluxes and development of a forest plantation in a post-mining reclamation site with the use of eddy covariance measurements and satellite imagery
Authors: Markos Nikos , Radoglou Kalliopi
Published: March 2022

Reclamation of lignite mines with the establishment of tree plantations is very important for the post-mining land restoration, especially during the ongoing transition to the post-lignite era. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a species that have been extensively used worldwide in relevant projects, however its ecophysiological responses and its contribution to carbon cycle has not been extensively studied yet.

In this study, we provide a 9-year estimation (2013-2021) of carbon dynamics, in terms of GPP fluctuation, for a 20-year old black locust plantation, located in the restored areas of the Lignite Center of Western Macedonia, Greece. GPP estimation was performed with the use of a satellite LUE model. The model was evaluated with a combination of LandSat 8 and Sentinel 2 products and validated with eddy covariance measurements performed in a two-year period. The novelty of the model was the combined use of two water-stress indices, one for the ecosystem water deficit effects, expressed through the Land Surface Water Index and one for the atmospheric drought-liked effects, expressed through VPD.

Our results highlight the seasonal pattern of GPP fluctuation of the site on both annual and interannual time-scale. According to our findings, the fast-growing plantation has reached its peak development very early, as for the period 2013-2021, no significant trend in both GPP and vegetation indices during the summer period was observed. On the other hand, a significant increase of the growing period was observed, that was mainly referred to a constant increase in October GPP during the 9-year period. GPP during leafless period was found to have a significant contribution to annual GPP, mainly due the activity of the well-developed grass understory vegetation. From the studied environmental parameters, VPD and summer precipitation was found to be more strongly correlated to summer GPP and air temperature to springtime GPP of the leafless period.
A review of the importance of mineral nitrogen cycling in the plant-soil-microbe system of permafrost-affected soils – changing the paradigm
Authors: Dannenmann Michael , Ramm Elisabeth , Liu Chunyan , Ambus Per , Butterbach-Bahl Klaus , Hu Bin , Martikainen Pertti J. , Marushchak Maija E. , Mueller Carsten W. , Rennenberg Heinz , Schloter Michael , Siljanen Henri M. P. , Voigt Carolina , Werner Christian , Biasi Christina
Published: March 2022

The paradigm that permafrost-affected soils show restricted mineral nitrogen (N) cycling in favor of organic N compounds is based on the observation that net N mineralization rates in these cold climates are negligible. However, we find here that this perception is wrong. By synthesizing published data on N cycling in the plant-soil-microbe system of permafrost ecosystems we show that gross ammonification and nitrification rates in active layers were of similar magnitude and showed a similar dependence on soil organic carbon (C) and total N concentrations as observed in temperate and tropical systems. Moreover, high protein depolymerization rates and only marginal effects of C:N stoichiometry on gross N turnover provided little evidence for N limitation. Instead, the rather short period when soils are not frozen is the single main factor limiting N turnover. High gross rates of mineral N cycling are thus facilitated by released protection of organic matter in active layers with nitrification gaining particular importance in N-rich soils, such as organic soils without vegetation. Our finding that permafrost-affected soils show vigorous N cycling activity is confirmed by the rich functional microbial community which can be found both in active and permafrost layers. The high rates of N cycling and soil N availability are supported by biological N fixation, while atmospheric N deposition in the Arctic still is marginal except for fire-affected areas. In line with high soil mineral N production, recent plant physiological research indicates a higher importance of mineral plant N nutrition than previously thought.

Our synthesis shows that mineral N production and turnover rates in active layers of permafrost-affected soils do not generally differ from those observed in temperate or tropical soils. We therefore suggest to adjust the permafrost N cycle paradigm, assigning a generally important role to mineral N cycling. This new paradigm suggests larger permafrost N climate feedbacks than assumed previously.
Capturing the Europe July 2021 flood event flows with an IP camera and OpenRiverCam
Authors: Winsemius Hessel , Annor Frank , Hagenaars Rick , Luxemburg Willem , Van den Munckhof Gijs , Heeskens Paul , Van de Giesen Nick
Published: March 2022

OpenRiverCam is a fully open-source, user-friendly, low cost and sustainable web-software stack with API to establish and maintain river rating curves (relationships between geometry and river discharge) in small to medium sized streams based on Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV). The software is co-designed with practitioners from The Netherlands (Waterboard Limburg and KNMI) and Tanzania (Wami - Ruvu Basin Authority and TMA) with the principle that organizations should be able to establish and maintain operational flow monitoring sites and networks at low costs. A user only requires to establish a temporary or permanent camera site; a simple field survey to measure river cross sections and several control points; and feeding operational videos into the dashboard of the software.

In July 2021, a severe flood event hit several Western European countries including parts of Germany, France, The Netherlands and Belgium. Also the Geul river, a tributary to the Meuse river was severely affected. One of our camera setups was operational at the Geul, near the village Hommerich during the event. The camera recorded 10 second videos every 15 minutes. Through the recordings of this single event, we were able to reconstruct flows and prepare a large number of rating points over a wide diversity of flow domains within a period of less than 12 hours. In this presentation we will share the results of our analysis, and validation against formal flow observations of the Waterboard Limburg. We plan to extend the software with improved pre-processing and allow use of less precise smart phone videos.
Conduit dynamics and interaction in geyser systems: insights from the Haukadalur system (Iceland)
Authors: Pioli Laura , Collignon Marine , Lupi Matteo , Trippanera Daniele , Carrier Aurore , Fischanger Federico
Published: March 2022

Geysers, hot springs erupting water and vapour intermittently, have fascinated scientists for several centuries. However, many aspects such as interconnection between geysers or heat transfer in the plumbing system remain poorly understood. We monitored the temperature inside the active Strokkur and the nearby yearly-erupting Great Geysir geysers (Iceland) at different depths within the conduits. In June 2018, Strokkur was producing explosions at an average frequency of 3.6 minutes, emitting jets for 1 to 4 seconds up to 30 m high. Eruptions consist of 1 to 4 bursts of water at speeds ranging from 2 to 30 m/s.  Eruptions corresponds to temperature peaks in the conduit.  Analysis of the cooling and subsequent warming phases following eruptions within each eruptive cycle confirms a constant recharge of the system and highlights different heat transfer dynamics between the lower and upper part of the Strokkur conduit, as clearly marked by a distinct shape of the temperature oscillations. Our analysis suggests that a bubble trap geometry may play a key role in modulating the eruptions. The spectrogram of temperature oscillations in Strokkur has a main peak at a frequency of 4 mHz, corresponding to the average eruption frequency and a secondary peak at 1-2 mHz, which reflects the occurrence of multiple eruptions (i.e. sequences of 2-3 explosions separated by a few seconds each). A 1-2 mHz frequency peak is also observed on the spectrograms of Great Geysir records, although their intensities are not temporally correlated with those of Strokkur records. Finally, the lowest frequency peak between 0.1 and 0.5 mHz is observed on all Great Geysir records but only on the shallowest Strokkur record. These data do not only suggest that an oscillatory behaviour of the system is driving eruptions but also point out connections, possibly to the same aquifer at depth, however, because of the lack of  synchronicity of the oscillations within the two conduits, we tend to exclude any direct connection among the upper conduits of the two geysers. 
Evaluation of Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation using CMIP5 and CMIP6 models
Authors: Salunke Popat , Mishra Saroj Kanta
Published: March 2022

The performance of climate models and their multi-model mean (MMM) in CMIP6 and CMIP5 precipitation simulations is compared using the India Meteorological Department (IMD) observations over the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) season (June-September) from 1975-2005. It is found that CMIP6 MMM better simulates the spatial distribution of seasonal mean precipitation than CMIP5 MMM and has shown improvements in biases over central India, northeast India, and also in capturing orography related precipitation over western Ghats and the northeast Himalayas. CMIP6 MMM performed better than CMIP5 MMM in capturing precipitation trends but failed to capture the overall declining trend. In consequence, in terms of precipitation simulation, the CMIP6 models (pattern correlation 0.4-0.8) outperformed the CMIP5 models (pattern correlation 0.2-0.7). MMMs well capture the observed phase of the annual cycle of the precipitation but underestimate the amplitude during summer monsoon months. In contrast, most of the CMIP6 models and their MMM have improved skill scores (SS) (SS 0.66) in reproducing the climatological summer precipitation compared to CMIP5 models and their MMM (SS 0.57). Furthermore, the results show that the Somali jet strength is well associated with ISM rainfall and has risen by about 2 m s-1 in CMIP6 MMM compared to CMIP5 MMM. 

Key Word: Indian Summer Monson, MMM, CMIP6, CMIP5, Precipitation

 
Soil management affects copper and zinc export in runoff from Northern vineyard plots (Rouffach, Alsace, France)
Authors: Payraudeau Sylvain , Meite Fatima , Imfeld Gwenaël
Published: March 2022

Zinc-based and Cu-based fungicides are widely used in European vineyards to prevent fungal diseases. The soil management and rainfall characteristics influence the runoff export of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from vineyard plots, although quantitative field studies are mostly missing. The runoff exports of Zn and Cu from Northern vineyard plots (Rouffach, Alsace, calcareous-loamy soils with pH = 8.0) under conventional and alternative soil management were compared during two contrasting vine-growing seasons. The conventional management included standard soil maintenance with chemical weeding, whereas the alternative management involved the conversion to organic farming with a mechanical soil management. Cu in top-soil, i.e. the first 5 cm, reached 103.6 ± 19.1 and 70.8 ± 7.8 kg Cu ha-1 for conventional and alternative plots, respectively, mirroring accumulation since decades. Zn in top-soil reached 70.8 ± 16.4 and 63.9 ± 7.8 kg Cu ha-1 for conventional and alternative plots, respectively. No Zn applications on the conventional and alternative plots were recorded during the two growing seasons. Overall, our results emphasize that destructuring of the surface soil layer and tillage preceding a storm event largely influences water flows and exports of both dissolved and solid-bound Cu and Zn. Plowing work on the organic plot a few days before a most intense storm event resulted in significant mass export, accounting for 99% and 95% of the total mass exported during the vine-growing season for Cu and Zn, respectively. However, grass cover on one out of two inter-rows limited runoff volumes to a maximum runoff coefficient of up to 1.4% over the two vine-growing seasons. The seasonal export of Cu and Zn occurred mainly by surface runoff as the monthly water storage of the soil was lower than the water holding capacity, thereby limiting vertical flows in both management modes. The mass export of solid-bound Cu and Zn contributed to more than 95% of total export of both Cu and Zn from the vineyard plots. The seasonal Cu and Zn exports ranged from 0.001 to 0.05% of historical Cu and Zn in the top-soil, raising the issue of both Cu and Zn accumulation in vineyard soils. Altogether, this study underscores that soil mechanical management preceding a storm event largely affects Cu and Zn export, although Cu and Zn fluxes in runoff from the alternative management are globally lower. 
Manual MT inversions in microseismic areas: good practices and building a reference database for the Hengill region, Iceland
Authors: Celli Nicolas Luca , Nooshiri Nima , Bean Christopher J. , Grigoli Francesco , Obermann Anne , Wiemer Stefan
Published: March 2022

The determination of seismic moment tensors (MTs) for microseismicity poses challenges because of both the large number of events that are typically recorded, and their low signal to noise ratio. In recent years, automated moment tensor inversion methods have become more and more accurate, but an objective evaluation of their performance is often problematic due to the absence of site-specific, reference databases for comparison. In this study, we build a database of manually inverted MTs for the recent COSEIMIQ project, using the well-tested FociMT/HybridMT inversion method. COSEISMIQ focussed on microseismic monitoring in the Hellisheiði geothermal field, in the Hengill region, southern Iceland, where a dense network of 33 temporary seismic stations was deployed during 2018-2021, offering an ideal case study for microseismic MT inversion.

As a first step, we test the efficacy and possible pitfalls of the manual MT inversion on both a realistic and a simplified synthetic events waveform database. After careful, repeated manual tests, we observe that the inversion is robust across widely different choices of frequency band, but can be triggered to fail by not including key stations in some rare source-station geometries.

We then analyse the real data from the COSEISMIQ experiment, using previously located events from a large, recently developed microseismic catalog of the area. By running preliminary inversions of a subset of events in the centre of the deployment, we are able to pinpoint pre-processing steps that have a key effect on the MT inversion.  We find that in strong noise conditions such as in the Hengill region, the order and phase of the used frequency filter are fundamental parameters in correctly processing the P-wave onset used later for inversion.

After fine-tuning the event preprocessing, we select a larger subset of 197 events with magnitude > 0.8 from the catalog across the whole COSEISMIQ area, including several seismicity clusters at the edge of the deployment. We then pick all 197 events and invert them first with FociMT, then cluster the events based on their location using K-means clustering, and finally re-invert each cluster using HybridMT. The clustered inversion using HybridMT changes some MT solutions significantly, reducing the intra-cluster MT variance for most clusters. Interestingly, some event clusters show increased variance after the HybridMT inversion, suggesting that these include substantially different source mechanisms within a small area.

This new database of carefully inverted MT solutions can now be used as a test dataset to evaluate the performance of automated inversion tools.
Studying ENSO nonlinearity using observations of SST and ocean heat content
Authors: Mukhin Dmitry , Seleznev Aleksei
Published: March 2022

We combine sea surface temperature (SST) and OHC indices derived from the gridded datasets to construct a phase space for data-driven ENSO models. Using a Bayesian optimization method, we construct linear as well as nonlinear models for these indices. We show that the joint SST-OHC optimal models yield significant benefits in predicting both the SST and OHC as compared with the separate SST or OHC models. It is shown that these models substantially reduces seasonal predictability barriers in each variable – the spring barrier in the SST index and the winter barrier in the OHC index. We find significant nonlinear relationships between the ENSO variables manifesting on interannual scales, which opens prospects for improving yearly ENSO forecasting. The work is supported by he Russian Science Foundation (grant #20-62-46056).
Towards improved simulation of water partitioning: which observations have most value in constraining a spatially-distributed ecohydrological model? 
Authors: Neill Aaron , Birkel Christian , Boll Jan , Maneta Marco , Roupsard Olivier , Benegas Laura , Soulsby Chris
Published: March 2022

Improved quantification of water partitioning is needed to inform sustainable, integrated land and water management. Spatially-distributed, process-based ecohydrological models are promising tools for achieving this; however, such models typically have many parameters that require estimation from data. Utilising an extremely rich plot-scale dataset incorporating energy (net radiation, temperature, and latent and sensible heat), hydrological (soil moisture, sap flow and actual evapotranspiration) and vegetation (net primary productivity and structure) components, we investigated which types of observation best constrain the parameters of a complex ecohydrological model (EcH2O-iso) for simulation of water partitioning. Our experimental site was situated within one of the largest coffee agroforestry systems in Costa Rica and experiences high energy inputs and intense rainfall events, thus adding further complexity to the robust simulation of hydrological processes. A series of calibration exercises were undertaken based on combinations of the different observation types. In each case, 100 behavioural parameter sets were chosen following 100,000 Monte Carlo simulations. The “flux mapping” approach was then used to quantify the percentage contribution made by different simulated fluxes to total model outflows (e.g., contributions of transpiration, soil evaporation and interception evaporation to total evapotranspiration), in order to assess how consistently plot hydrology was simulated by the retained parameter sets. Additionally, PCA analysis of performance metrics (including those for observations not used in the given calibration) was undertaken to reveal how contrasting observation types “pull” the model in different directions and, thus, affect its ability to capture the dynamics of each type simultaneously. From this work, we are able to provide guidance on how different ecohydrological datasets may be optimally combined in model calibration. This has implications not only for reducing uncertainty in modelling studies underpinning land and water management, but also for designing future field campaigns such that collection of the most valuable data can be prioritised.
Predominance of wind-wave transport and resuspension of fine river sediments in a great lake: A Delft3D modelling study of lake Turkana, East African Rift
Authors: Zainescu Florin , Schuster Mathieu , van der Vegt Helena , Storms Joep , Nutz Alexis , Bozetti Guilherme , May Jan-Hendrik , Bouchette Frederic , May Simon Matthias
Published: March 2022

Depositional models for clastic sedimentation in large lakes, notably in rift lakes, emphasize on downslope river and gravity-driven processes. Wind-driven waterbodies (WWB), a recently-defined category of lakes, display features created by wave related processes and wind-induced water circulation such as beach ridges or spits along the coasts, as well as sediment drifts, sedimentary shelf progradation and erosional surfaces in deeper, offshore domains. A coupled hydrodynamic, wave and sediment transport three-dimensional Delft3D model was established for Lake Turkana, East Africa, one of the world’s greatest lakes in order to test the WWB validity for fine sediments. Using available data, the model is forced for 1.5 years with river liquid and solid discharge, as well as wind data, in order to simulate cohesive sediment transport and resuspension. The model simulates stratification due to salinity, wave generation and dissipation, and sediment advection and resuspension by waves and currents, with multiple cohesive sediment fractions. Model results were compared with remote sensed imagery and with available in-situ sediment deposition rates, reproducing the general surface suspended sediment patterns, and agreeing with the mass deposition rates data from the literature.

By creating scenarios in which certain processes were switched off, the contribution of waves resuspension, wind-induced currents, salinity-induced stratification, and river jet, in resuspending and transporting sediment along the lake could be investigated. With just the wind and/or the river influence, most of the sediment deposition occurs in the first 10 km from the river mouth and at depths from 0 to 10 m. When waves are switched on, significant quantities of sediments can be resuspended by waves, and most of the sediments are deposited in the first 30 km from the river mouth, at depths from 10 to 30 m. This study provides insights on sediment transport in the Lake Turkana, and similarly in great lakes in general, supporting waves as the main agent transporting fine sediments away from river mouths into deeper areas, as opposed to river-plume derived transport.
Assessing the probability of extremely rare renewable production and residual load in Europe at sub-seasonal to seasonal time scales
Authors: Cozian Bastien , Bouchet Freddy , Herbert Corentin
Published: March 2022

In the coming decades, the European energy system will undergo major transformations, like widespread electrification and fast development of variable renewable energy, in order to reach carbon neutrality and comply with the Paris Agreement. As a consequence, energy production will increasingly depend on weather variability, and the future European energy system needs to be designed to cushion this variability, at all time scales. In particular, rare events leading to extreme fluctuations in energy production or demand can be expected to play a major part in this design. For instance, one of the main challenging events is a combination of low renewable energy production with high demand for a long time period. To know how much flexibility will be needed (seasonal storage such as green gas reserves, number of auxiliary thermal power plants, needs in terms of demand-side management, etc.) and assess its cost, one needs to estimate the probability of occurrence of such events. However, observations of renewable energy production or climate variables are too short to quantitatively study these critical events. Therefore we need to rely on climate and energy models, and to develop dedicated tools to study extreme events of energy production and demand.

Here, we study the extreme imbalance between renewable generation and demand in Europe, at the sub-seasonal to seasonal scale. Based on a state-of-the-art climate model (CESM1.2.2) with extremely long simulations, we couple models of wind, solar PV, and demand with climate variables to obtain very long time series of energy production and demand. We consider 9 scenarios of renewable installed capacities to assess the probability of occurrence of extreme residual loads (demand minus renewable production). We study the statistics of extremely rare events that last for several weeks to several months.

The results show that extremely high residual loads are dominated by extremely low wind energy production events in winter, that are not visible in historical data. Leveraging our very long time series, we compute return time curves for extreme wind energy fluctuations. These curves tell us how frequent energy shortfalls of a given amplitude are. We find a renormalization such that return time curves depend weakly on the scenario. The estimation of such return times relies crucially on the available amount of data. We show that good approximations can be obtained from simple stochastic processes. 
Everything you always wanted to know about b-value* (*but were afraid to ask)
Authors: Taroni Matteo , Selva Jacopo , Marzocchi Warner , Zhuang Jiancang
Published: March 2022

The b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter law is one of the most widely studied parameters regarding the distribution of earthquakes’ magnitude. The estimation of such a parameter and its uncertainty is critical, and it may become complex in the case of seismic catalogs with a non-uniform magnitude of completeness, or when different shapes of the Gutenberg-Richter relation (e.g. the tapered one) are adopted. Here we review recent results on the b-value estimation, also in the case of catalogs with multiple completeness levels, including the application of the weighted likelihood methodology, a method particularly suitable for spatial b-value mapping and for studying its temporal variations. These new techniques are applied to both global and regional seismic catalogs, in order to unveil the peculiarities of the b-value.
Element redistribution by greisenization in rhyolite, Zinnwald/Cinovec
Authors: Qiao Shilei , John Timm , Loges Anselm
Published: March 2022

The Zinnwald/Cinovec Sn-W-Li deposit on the border between Germany and Czech Republic in the eastern part of Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge represents a fluorine-rich hydrothermal alteration of a granite-rhyolite association. The host rock can be divided into two parts: 1) zinnwaldite granite (upper part) with massive greisen body and various hydrothermal veins and 2) homogeneous protolithionite granite (lower part). The basement is the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge crystalline complex with different metamorphic grades, overlain by the Teplice rhyolite, which also contains greisen veins and is the focus of this study.

In this study, we focus on the effects of fluid-rock interaction on distal rhyolites of the deposit. We combine whole rock chemistry with petrological data to constrain mass gain or loss of economically interesting elements. The samples were selected from the upper contact zone between granite and rhyolite. Three distinct zones of high- and low-degree greisenization (HG and LG) and albitization (A) developed with different textures, mineral assemblages and mineral compositions. Beyond the albitization zone, a continuous transition to the least altered rhyolite was observed. In the greisen part, the predominant minerals are quartz (~80 vol%) and topaz (~10 vol%) with minor biotite (~5 vol%). The albitization zone contains mostly albite (~40 vol%), quartz (~25 vol%), orthoclase (~25 vol%), and biotite (~10 vol%). In comparison to the composition of the rhyolite wall rock, mass balance calculations show that the greisen has 50%-100% loss of LILEs, 15%-20% loss of HREEs, and 7%-11% gain of LREEs.  The Th/U, Zr/Hf, Y/Ho, and La/Yb ratios are similar between the rhyolite and the greisen zone but very different for the albitization zone. This suggests a dynamic dissolution/precipitation process in the albitization zone caused by the particularly high F- and Na-activity in this zone compared to the unaltered rhyolite but also the greisen (where F is precipitated as topaz and fluorite whereas Na is lost to the fluid). The chemical changes show that the F-rich fluid carried LILEs and LREES to the greisen, and also resulted in the loss of HREEs and alkaline elements.
The simplest visco- or elasto-plastic rheology allowing to spontaneous earthquake nucleation
Authors: Alkhimenkov Yury , Utkin Ivan , Khakimova Lyudmila , Alvizuri Celso , Podladchikov Yury
Published: March 2022

Understanding the physical processes governing earthquake nucleation has been a hot topic since the last decade. A lot of research has been done trying to explain the physics of seismic triggering events. However, the exact physics behind seismic events nucleation is still poorly understood. The outcome of our recent research is the new theory of earthquake nucleation (Alkhimenkov et. al., 2021). The simplest visco-plastic or elasto-plastic rheology allows us to model spontaneous earthquake nucleation. We consider pure shear boundary conditions and slowly increase stress in the model reflecting the stress increase e.g., due to tectonic forces in real rocks. Once the stress field reaches the yield surface, the strain localization occurs, resulting in slowly developing fractal shear bands. As time evolves, shear bands grow spontaneously, and stress drops take place in the medium. Such stress drops are caused by the instantaneous development of new shear bands, their intersections, and intersections with the boundaries of the numerical domain. A stress drop corresponds to a particular new strain localization pattern. The new strain localizations act as seismic sources and trigger seismic wave propagation (Minakov and Yarushina, 2021). We suggest that the (seismic) radiation pattern of the focal mechanism might be similar to a particular moment tensor source, typical for realistic earthquakes (Alvizuri et al., 2018). This new modeling approach is based on conservation laws without any experimentally derived constitutive relations.

References

Alkhimenkov Y., Utkin I., Khakimova L., Alvizuri C., Quintal Q., Podladchikov Y. Spontaneous earthquake nucleation in elasto-plastic media. 19th Swiss Geoscience Meeting 2021, Geneva, Switzerland.

Minakov, A. and Yarushina, V., 2021. Elastoplastic source model for microseismicity and acoustic emission. Geophysical Journal International, 227(1), pp.33-53.

Alvizuri, C., Silwal, V., Krischer, L. and Tape, C., 2018. Estimation of full moment tensors, including uncertainties, for nuclear explosions, volcanic events, and earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(6), pp.5099-5119.
A Web GIS tool for 3D visualization of bathymetric data
Authors: Montuschi Michele , Alberi Matteo , Attala Daniele , Chiarelli Enrico , Maino Andrea , Raptis Kassandra Cristina Giulia , Sandroni Stefano , Sassi Enrico , Semenza Filippo , Strati Virginia , Mantovani Fabio
Published: March 2022

The accurate knowledge of seabed properties is in increasing demand for telecommunication companies, national governments, military forces, academic institutions and oil and gas corporations. Recently the quality of bathymetry and seafloor mapping extraordinarily improved thanks to the employment of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, which mount on board multiparametric instruments such as high resolution multibeam echo sounders, synthetic aperture sonars, sub bottom profilers, magnetometers, camera laser profilers and environmental sensors.

The fruition of this huge amount of high-resolution information is often limited to advanced experts on GIS software which requires a long and steep learning curve in addition to a properly equipped workstation. With the increasing interest in bathymetry and oceanography from the larger community, the challenge is definitively to improve the visualization and the online handling for users with little familiarity on sophisticated applications.

For this purpose, we developed a Plotly Dash (an open-source Python library) web-based GIS application for real time rendering of 3D high-resolution bathymetric data. An easy-to-interpret and easy-to-manage visualization is obtained through the creation of an interactive 2D map with Mapbox (a provider of custom online maps) for positioning in the world and for selecting bathymetric data. The user can also easily set different visualization parameters such as depth color scales and the stage lighting and shadowing to enhance the seabed details.

For an optimized usability on mobile devices, the web application loads the 3D model obtained from a raster flexible interpolation. The rendering speed is further boosted by automatically varying the 3D mesh resolution in accordance with the extension of the selected region.

Starting from an ASCII file containing depth and coordinates data together with their map projection system, our innovative tool automatically organizes the data into a raster file with the WGS84 spatial reference system. Data collected from different surveys can therefore be effortlessly processed, managed, and visualized.
Analysis of frost in vineyards in Spain in the context of climate change
Authors: Saa-Requejo Antonio , Rodriguez Alfredo , Ruiz-Ramos Margarita , Valencia José Luis , Tarquis Ana M. , Baeza Pilar
Published: March 2022

Frosts have a significant impact on agriculture in Spain, as in many other temperate countries. Their changing behaviour in the context of climate change is of great interest to public institutions, agricultural unions, and the agricultural insurance sector. For this reason, this study is focused on the evolution of days with temperatures below specific ranges in different projections (specifically RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) of climate change.

The wine grape crop was selected for this study, which is of great importance in the agriculture of our country and for which we have series (2005-2019) of frost event dates linked to crop damages. The values of local temperatures on those dates where not available, so this data were obtained from the observational EOBS gridded dataset. A range of relevant temperature was extracted for these data, and then the analysis of the temperatures within this range in the immediate future (2020-2050) with respect to 1990-2019 was performed.

The study of the present climate confirms that spring frosts appear in the three areas studied, with intrazonal differences being observed. In none of these zones do the most extreme winter frosts occur below -15ºC, but in all of them frosts below -10ºC do occur.

For a future with moderate warming (RCP4.5), the day of the last frost is expected to be up to 4 days earlier in most of the studied areas. The absolute minimum temperature in March, April and May is also expected to increase between 0.4 and 0.8 ºC with smaller increases as spring progress (minor increase in May than in March).

For a future with severe warming (RCP8.5), the date of the last frost is expected to be up to 8-11 days earlier. Other changes under this scenario are increasing in the absolute minimum temperature in March, April and May between 0.6 and 1.5ºC, with smaller increases in April.

Consequences for the wine grape management and varietal selection pursuing adaptation to reduce crop damages are discussed.

 

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for funding from the Entidad Estatal de Seguros Agrarios (www.mapa.gob.es/es/enesa/) under proyect P200220C321 titled “Accident rate in winemaking vineyards: retrospective evaluation taking into account the restructuring of the sector since 1995”. (Siniestralidad en viñedo de vinificación: evaluación retrospectiva teniendo en cuenta la reestructuración del sector desde 1995) 
Your collective timeline of climate science history
Authors: Tournadre Benoît
Published: March 2022

EGU General Assembly is one of the world’s biggest conferences dedicated to geosciences. It gathers experts from all science fields connected to the study of past, present and future climates. Many of them have an historic perspective on their area of expertise: such knowledge is useful to develop an integrated view of the history of climate sciences.

As our first attempt for EGU2020 was canceled by the COVID-19 due to no in-person meeting, we propose to EGU2022 attendees to help building a collective timeline of the history of climate science. Everyone is invited to come to our poster to add to the printed timeline a scientific breakthrough in her/his field of expertise. This will be an opportunity to chat together on climate science history and to construct together a wider picture of climate sciences.

The final cut of the timeline produced during EGU2022 will be available on our new web page EarthBreath (https://earthbreath.fr), and our Twitter English (@eb_climate_data) and French (@eb_climat_fr) accounts.

EarthBreath is a non-profit initiative that we develop for promoting climate and Earth sciences to diverse publics.
A Review of Sediment Reduction Benefits of Soil and Water Conservation Measures in China
Authors: Xu Jingjing , Yang Qi
Published: March 2022

Abstract: Making clear the sediment reduction benefits of soil and water conservation measures is the primary in the researches of ecological benefits of soil and water conservation. In order to make the sediment reduction benefits of China clear, relevant monitoring and research results were collected which focus on determining the amount of sediment reduction per unit area for single measure by provincial administrative units. Taking the average of all the results of sediment reduction benefits when single measure exists more than one result. Then, the basic characteristics and factors in the existed measures in eight soil and water loss zones dominated by water erosion in China have been discussed. The results indicated that the sediment reduction modulus of soil and water conservation measures in the order: 4146.17 t·km-2·a-1 in terraces < 3064.73 t·km-2·a-1 in soil and water conservation forests < 2819.16 t·km-2·a-1 in fruit-bearing forests < 2273.77 t·km-2·a-1 in artificial grass planting < 1973.31 t·km-2·a-1 in blockading administration; the sediment reduction modulus of eight soil and water loss zones in the order: 2400.87 t·km-2·a-1 in the Southwest Karst Region < 2493.93 t·km-2·a-1 in the Northern Earth and Rock Mountain Region < 2741.69 t·km-2·a-1 in the Southern Red Soil Region < 2831.48 t·km-2·a-1 in the Northern Wind-blown Sandland Region < 3061.22 t·km-2·a-1 in the Southwest Purple Soil Region < 3088.04 t·km-2·a-1 in the Northeast Black Soil Region < 3187.89 t·km-2·a-1 in the Loess Plateau Region < 3259.82 t·km-2·a-1 in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region. Therefore, terrace was completely worthy of promotion in suitable regions. This review reflected the effect of the soil and water conservation in China in recent years, and provided substantial contribution on the control of regional water and soil loss. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program [grant number 2016YFC0500802].

Key words: sediment reduction benefits; soil and water conservation measures; soil and water loss zones; China
Coupling between rifted oceanic crust and sedimentary deformation in the Fram Strait: implications for seafloor seepage and gas hydrates dynamics.
Authors: Plaza-Faverola Andreia , Cooke Frances , Vachon Remi , Waghorn Kate , Koehl Jean Baptiste , Beaussier Stefan , Bünz Stefan
Published: March 2022

The continent–ocean transition along the passive margin off western Svalbard is, in places, only a few kilometers away from the formerly glaciated continental shelf. Strong bottom currents in the Fram Strait have led to the deposition of several kilometers thick sedimentary ridges that extend from continental to oceanic crust all the way onto the flanks of the oblique-spreading Molloy and Knipovich mid-ocean ridges. The sedimentary ridges represent large contourite drifts and are characterized by faults that extend to the present-day seafloor. Generally, it is argued that gravitational forcing or flexure due to fast sedimentation and/or erosion is the main force leading to deformation of Quaternary sediments, and that horizontal forcing is negligible. However,  high resolution 2D and 3D seismic data along the western Svalbard margin reveal that sedimentary faults commonly propagate from the termination of rift-related faults in the oceanic crust, and are not always favorably oriented to accommodate gravitational collapse. We suggest that coupling between the slow-spreading oceanic crust and the sedimentary cover results in a transfer of stress and strain that influences near-surface sedimentary deformation. Deep crustal fluids are also transferred into the Quaternary succession utilizing faults as migration pathways. Such faults sustain shallow gas accumulations, wide-spread gas hydrate formation and cold seeps. Simultaneously, glacial isostatic rebound leads to additional lithospheric deformation and also exerts a control on fault kinematics and gas seepage. We discuss seismic examples of deep marine seepage systems and the potential implications of coupling between lithospheric deformation and sedimentation on the spatiotemporal evolution of seafloor seepage at Arctic margins.
Exploring different routes for communicating scientific research to broader audiences
Authors: Mallinson Hannah
Published: March 2022

The Royal Meteorological Society is the UK’s Professional and Learned Society for weather and climate. We work to strengthen the science and raise awareness of the importance of meteorology, support meteorological professionals and inspire enthusiasts. In line with our charitable purpose, science communication is fundamental to many of the activities ongoing at the Society. To name just a few relevant initiatives, the Society holds 65+ events each year, runs an enthusiast blog, runs an annual weather photography competition, and publishes several non-academic books.

We will highlight our recent efforts to communicate journal content to a broader audience; primarily research published in one of our own eight journals, but also landmark reports. Activities include: regularly sharing new articles on social media, producing press releases and organising press briefings, creating short plain language ‘research summaries’ for our website, producing freely available back-to-basics style articles in our member journal with accompanying podcast episodes, and hosting a variety of multidisciplinary events around a range of research article types. We have also been able to use the content published in our journals to support and inform our climate change communication training delivered to broadcast meteorologists and journalists at various media organisations. We will evaluate the impact of our engagement and the audience reach for these activities to better inform future projects at the Society.
Linking societal impacts to changing weather
Authors: van der Wiel Karin
Published: March 2022

The past decades have seen significant increases in the societal and natural damages from extreme weather events. Preventing or limiting evitable future damages requires climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. Societal adaptation to changing weather and climate extremes requires detailed knowledge on how these meteorological extremes are changing (understanding future hazard) and knowledge of the pathways in which weather impacts society (understanding vulnerability and exposure).

A full focus on meteorology is therefore misguided, as the impact of two similar meteorological events at different times or different locations will vary widely. This shows the need for explicit consideration of the entire chain of events, and how this chain results in potentially heavy societal impacts. Developments in large ensemble climate modelling, data science and storyline techniques help to identify the meteorological drivers of extreme impacts.

We will illustrate these developments through practical examples for varied ‘impacts’, e.g. hydrological extremes, renewable energy extremes, and agricultural extremes. We will provide insights into the promise and pitfalls of modern big data approaches, and discuss ways forward, including co-production efforts to increase the societal uptake and hence usefulness of our science.
Climate, vegetation, and society impacts in Scandinavia following the 536/540 CE volcanic double event
Authors: van Dijk Evelien , Mørkestøl Gundersen Ingar , de Bode Anna , Høeg Helge , Loftsgarden Kjetil , Iversen Frode , Timmreck Claudia , Jungclaus Johann , Krüger Kirstin
Published: March 2022

The mid-6th century is an outstanding period in climate history featuring one of the coldest decades in the past 2000 years. It was triggered by the 536/540 CE volcanic double event, creating the strongest decadal volcanic forcing in the last two millennia. The centuries of the first millennium are characterized by great societal changes, including the ending of antiquity and the beginning of early medieval state formations, a process believed to have been reinforced by the LALIA and the Justinian Plague. However, less is known about causal relationships between global cooling, regional climate, and local societal changes in Scandinavia after this volcanic double event. Here we aim to improve this understanding by combining global climate and local growing-degree-day (GDD) modeling for southern Norway.

We use the PMIP4 past2k and the 6th-7th  century (520-680 CE) MPI-ESM ensemble simulations, to analyze the atmospheric circulation and surface climate changes as a response to the 536/540 CE volcanic double event, focusing on Scandinavia. The ensemble mean reveals significant surface cooling up to 2K, accompanied by reduced precipitation up to 25% over Scandinavia during the growing season. However, single MPI-ESM model realizations show slight warming and increased precipitation reflecting different atmospheric circulation patterns over the years following the eruptions. Three sites are selected for the GDD model as a case study, representing different weather regimes in Southern Norway, which are then driven with the MPI-ESM ensemble data as input. The high-resolution data are compared to archaeological- and high-resolution pollen records, to shed more light on the climate, vegetation, and society impacts for southern Norway. We discuss the likely volcanic climate response over Scandinavia based on the model spread, atmospheric circulation change patterns, and the local archaeological and pollen records.
Covariance Matrix Analysis and Classification of Low-Frequency Tectonic Seismic Activity in Shikoku, Japan
Authors: Barajas Andres , Journeau Cyril , Shapiro Nikolai
Published: March 2022

Low-frequency seismic tremors and earthquakes play an important role in the understanding of the seismic processes occurring in seismogenic fault zones and volcanic systems. The covariance matrix, a method that analyses the spatial coherence of continuous seismic noise records on the surface, has proven to be an efficient tool to detect and localize seismovolcanic processes, allowing the classification between local earthquakes, tremors, and low-frequency earthquakes. We use this method in the analysis of tectonic seismic activity in the region of Shikoku, Japan, where a high rate of tremors and low-frequency earthquakes have been previously reported. The classification of the seismic activity over the spectral width and the network response function, shows distinct characteristic distributions from studies done in volcanic systems. We perform a series of synthetic tests that reproduce the classification patterns and spectral widths observed in volcanic and tectonic systems, allowing us to recognize fundamental differences in the duration, frequency and distribution patterns of volcanic and tectonic tremors and low-frequency earthquakes. 