bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Parenteral Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin or Cholera Toxin on Intestinal Immune Response to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin
Authors: Hamilton Stanley R. , Keren David F. , Yardley John H. , Brown Gertrude
Published: July 2009

This study evaluated whether subcutaneous priming with either keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a protein antigen lacking toxic properties, or cholera toxin (CT), whose toxic activity is known to modulate immune responses, would enhance or suppress the local intestinal IgA response to KLH. In rabbits given KLH into chronically isolated ileal loops, subcutaneous priming and boosting with the same antigen resulted in increased serum and loop fluid IgG anti-KLH, but loop fluid IgA anti-KLH was not statistically significantly different from controls. With subcutaneous administration of CT, loop fluid IgA anti-KLH and serum IgG anti-KLH showed a suggestion of an earlier rise than in controls, but were not significantly different. The failure of subcutaneous KLH or CT to enhance local intestinal IgA immune response to KLH indicated that the feasibility of parenteral priming must be determined individually for each antigen to which intestinal immunity is desired.
The Immune Response to Bee Venom
Authors: Kemeny D.M. , Miyachi S. , Platts-Mills T.A.E. , Wilkins S. , Lessof M.H.
Published: July 2009

The antibody response to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was studied by using radiolabelled antigen-binding techniques for both IgG and IgE antibodies. The results are compared with results for antigen P1 from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and for rye I from rye grass pollen. The response to PLA2 differs from the response to the inhalant allergens in several ways: almost all exposed bee keepers produce IgG antibodies to PLA2; among the allergic bee keepers there was no quantitative correlation between IgG and IgE antibodies; and the antibodies to PLA2 are not produced locally in the nose. Bee keepers with hay fever did not appear to have an increased incidence of allergic reactions to bee venom. In addition, the bee keepers with hay fever had the same levels of IgG and IgE antibodies to rye I as other individuals with hay fever. However, the bee keepers who had no history of hay fever were found to have high levels of IgG antibodies to rye I. These antibodies did not cross-react with PLA2 or bee venom, and the results suggest that bee stings may act as an adjuvant for IgG antibodies to pollen antigens.
Rectal Absorption of Dextran in Rats in the Presence of Salicylates
Authors: West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Sodium or copper salicylate, administered rectally with clinical dextran, potentiated the anaphylactoid reaction produced in rats by intraperitoneal dextran. The rectal absorption of dextran in rats was facilitated by salicylate so that non-effective doses of dextran given intraperitoneally became effective in producing the anaphylactoid reaction, as measured by increases in hind paw volume.
Is it Possible to Predict the Clinical Effect of Hyposensitization?
Authors: Østerballe O. , Løwenstein H. , Mailing H.-J. , Petersen B.N. , Weeke B.
Published: July 2009

Sera from 73 grass pollen allergic patients in two double blind studies on hyposensitization were investigated for IgE response towards one major timothy allergen-antigen 19 (Ag 19) by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). The clinical efficacy of hyposensitization after initial preseasonal treatment was positively correlated with increase in specific IgE binding to Ag 19. It was possible to predict the clinical efficacy by comparing CRIE performed on sera before and after 3 months of treatment.
Allergens from Plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
Authors: Baldo B.A. , Chensee Q.J. , Howden M.E.H. , Sharp P.J.
Published: July 2009

There has been unjustified neglect of dicotyledonous (dicot; ‘weed’) pollens in research directed at isolating pure allergens, since dicot pollens are widespread and frequently important in provoking immediate allergic reactions. Sera from patients who showed positive skin prick test reactions to plantain pollen generally also reacted in the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) with at least one other species of dicot pollen. Fractionation of plantain pollen extracts by ultrafiltration and molecular sieving and examination of the fractions by the RAST revealed a spread of allergenic activity. Using crossed immunoelectrophoresis, at least 16 different antigens were detected in plantain pollen and at least 6 of these antigens may be allergenic. Allergenic glycoproteins that react with concanavalin A were isolated and their complexity examined by electrophoresis and electro-focusing. IgE-binding components were found widely distributed in plantain plants and not confined to the pollen.
Hemolytic Capacity of Human Monocytes in Normal Subjects
Authors: De Young N.J. , Gill P.G.
Published: July 2009

The capacity of human monocytes to lyse human A1 erythrocytes in the presence of anti-A1 serum was determined in a group of normal subjects. It was found that monocyte hemolytic capacity varied widely, and that this variation was not accounted for by differences between the sexes or ages of the subjects. The intraassay variation was small compared with the variation observed between individual subjects and between assays of the same individual performed on different occasions. It is concluded that the variation observed is more likely to be due to differences in function of monocytes than to technical variation in assay performance. This variation limits the usefulness of the assay to those situations where there are large differences from control subjects or to studies where large numbers of patients are involved.
Studies of Chemically Modified Honeybee Venom I.
Authors: Mueller U. , Reisman R. , Elliott W. , Steger R. , Walsh S. , Wypych J. , Arbesman C.
Published: July 2009

Allergens of honeybee venom (BV) were modified by formaldehyde treatment (F), acetoacetylation (A) or coupling to polyethylene glycol (P). The biochemical, toxicologic and immunologic properties of these modified BV preparations were analyzed. F showed strongly reduced cytotoxicity, enzymatic activity and reactivity with human BV-specific IgE antibodies but retained the reactivity to BV-specific human and rabbit IgG. In A, enzymatic activity, cytotoxicity and the reactivity with human IgE and rabbit IgG antibodies were only moderately reduced. P lacked enzymatic activity and cytotoxicity and showed only minimal reactivity with IgE and IgG antibodies to BV.
Studies of Chemically Modified Honeybee Venom II.
Authors: Mueller U. , Reisman R. , Wypych J. , Arbesman C.
Published: July 2009

Honeybee venom allergens modified by formaldehyde treatment (F), acetoacetylation (A), and coupling to polyethylene glycol (P) were studied with regard to their immunogenicity and their IgE-suppressive potential in rabbits and mice. F induced a strong IgG response in rabbits and especially mice, but only a moderate IgE response in the mouse. Its IgE-suppressive potential in mice was comparable to that of unmodified bee venom. A induced only a weak IgG and IgE response. Its IgE-suppressive potential was greater than that of unmodified bee venom. P was nonimmunogenic and had only a marginal IgE-suppressive effect. F and A seem promising for the treatment of bee sting-allergic individuals.
Isolation of Human Suppressor T Cells by Peanut Agglutinin
Authors: Nakamura Tsuneyoshi , Tanimoto Kiyoaki , Nakano Keiichiro , Horiuchi Yoshihiko
Published: July 2009

Peanut agglutinin (PNA) is a plant lectin which has been used for the separation of suppressor T cells in mice. The present study was carried out to determine whether PNA would be useful in the isolation of human suppressor T cells. Normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were activated by concanavalin A (Con A) and the resultant blastoid cells were then incubated with PNA-coated autologous erythrocytes to induce the rosette formation. The PNA rosette-forming cells (15–18% of Con A -activated PBMC) were separated from non-rosette-forming cells by differential centrifugation. The rosette-forming cells suppressed pokeweed mitogen-induced polyclonal immunoglobulin synthesis by 2- to 5-fold. This degree of suppression was greater than that seen with non-rosette-forming cells or with unseparated Con A-activated cells. Our data indicate that PNA rosette fractionation provides a simple and useful method for the isolation of human suppressor T cells.
Antigen-Induced Release of Histamine from Rat Tissues in vitro: Dissociation in Development of Serosal Mast Cell, Lung Tissue, and Tracheal Tissue Response Capacity
Authors: Bergstrand Håkan , Frick Inga-Maria , Lindhqvist Violetta , Lundqvist Britta , Nyström Irene , Schurmann Annika
Published: July 2009

We examined the temporal development and the fading in Sprague Dawley rats, actively sensitized to ovalbumin (OA), of the capacity of serosal mast cells, chopped lung tissue, and occasionally chopped tracheal tissue, to respond at antigen challenge in vitro with histamine release. Response capacity of both serosal mast cells and lung tissue developed within 2–3 weeks after injection of 1 μg OA or more together with 100 mg of alum. Maximum response capacity was observed in cells and tissue from animals injected with 10 μg OA, part of the response capacity then remained until 3 months after immunization. Development of serosal mast cell reactivity was occasionally dissociated from that of lung tissue. When low amounts of alum (1 or 10 mg) were employed as adjuvant, lung tissue reactivity could be induced in the virtual absence of serosal mast cell response capacity. Silica gel was less efficient than alum as an adjuvant for induction of a primary response, but ‘secondary’ tissue responses could be induced when silica gel was used as an adjuvant. Pretreatment of the animals with cyclophosphamide before the booster injection enhanced and prolonged the response capacity of lung tissue. Animals injected with OA together with Freund’s complete adjuvant did not provide responding serosal mast cells; response capacity of lung tissue varied with immunization dose of antigen. Antigen-induced histamine release from chopped tracheal tissue did not correlate to response capacity of lung tissue. Thus, the development in the rat of response capacity with respect to antigen-induced histamine release dissociates for serosal mast cells, lung tissue, and tracheal tissue.
Development and Use of Three New Radioallergosorbent Tests in the Diagnosis of Penicillin Allergy
Authors: Edwards R.G. , Spackman D.A. , Dewdney J.M.
Published: July 2009

The synthesis and characterisation of three novel reagents for use in the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for the diagnosis of penicillin allergy are described. The antigenic determinants involved are the benzyl penicillanyl, thiol-linked benzyl penicillenate and thiol-linked penicillamine. These reagents, and also one specific for the benzyl penicilloyl group, have been used to evaluate the sea of subjects suspected of suffering from penicillin allergy and to explore the aetiology of the respiratory dyspnoea experienced by some workers exposed to penicillin-containing dusts. The use of these reagents, while confirming the importance of the penicilloyl or major determinant of penicillin allergy, has shown that there is heterogeneity in the IgE response of penicillin-allergic patients and some patients have IgE antibody specific for one or more of the new determinants only. These reagents will, therefore, increase diagnostic capabilities. Their use has also confirmed that the disorder induced by occupational exposure to penicillins is not primarily mediated by IgE antibody specific for allergenic determinants represented by any of the available reagents.
Factors Mediating the Binding of Immune Complexes to Cryostat Sections of Psoriatic Lesions
Authors: Bjerke Jens Roar , Krogh Hans-Kristian , Matre Roald
Published: July 2009

Sheep erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit IgG, or complexes of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and rabbit IgG antibodies to HRP bound to cryostat sections of psoriatic and other skin lesions (lichen planus, discoid lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and mycosis fungoides). Immune complexes with reduced and alkylated IgG (RA-IgG) reacted with preparations of soluble rheumatoid factors (RF) and with sections of RF-coated sheep erythrocytes equally well as did untreated IgG. However, RA-IgG did not react with sections containing FcR-positive cells. These complexes bound either weakly or not at all to skin sections. IgG inhibited the binding of immune complexes to all skin and control sections, while RA-IgG only inhibited the binding of complexes to sections of RF-coated cells. Anti-C1q did not inhibit the binding of immune complexes to any section. Periodic acid and formaldehyde abolished FcR activity, whereas neither the activity of soluble RF nor of RF in sections was affected. Only sections of lesional skin from patients with highly active psoriasis and sarcoidosis showed some binding of immune complexes after treatment with periodic acid or formaldehyde. Apparently, the binding of immune complexes in vitro to sections of psoriatic and other skin lesions is mainly mediated by FcR.
Chitin: An Immunological Adjuvant and a Polyclonal B-Lymphocyte Activator
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Klos M. , Osawa H. , Chen Z.C.
Published: July 2009

Chitin, a linear β1–4-linked poly-N-acetylglucosamine, enhanced the in vivo immune response of normal mice to sheep red blood cells, but not that of mice with thymic aplasia (nude mice). The compound is mitogenic for murine B lymphocytes but not for thymocytes or splenic T lymphocytes. Similarly to well-known polyclonal B-lymphocyte activators; e.g. lipopolysaccharide, chitin induces differentiation of B lymphocytes into antibody-forming cells in vitro.
New Insight into Lymphocytic Chalone Research
Authors: Lenfant M. , Millerioux L.
Published: July 2009

Immunosuppressive activities have been detected in bovine spleen extracts and attributed to the presence of a ‘lymphocytic chalone’. Following the immunosuppression of a T cell-dependent humoral response in mice as assay, we purified a peptide to homogeneity present at a concentration of 10–50 ng/kg of spleen whose properties were identical to those of the serum thymic factor. This factor appeared to be a regulator of the humoral immune response in the splenic extract and as such might be responsible for part of the immunosuppressive activities detected in the splenic ‘chalone’ fraction.
Cell-Mediated Effector Mechanisms in Aging Humans
Authors: Marcano Norka B. , Rivas Alberto , Figarella Elizabeth Feo , Blanca Isaac , Penchaszadeh Graciela K. , Pérez-Rojas Gloria , Bianco Nicolás E.
Published: July 2009

Specific and nonspecific cell-mediated effector mechanisms have been simultaneously assayed in 15 aged humans. 8 were female and 7 male, including a 114-year-old male in remarkably good health. Proliferative response to alloantigens, the generation of T killer cells and the ability to express cell-mediated lympholysis as well as the presence of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against K562 tumor cell line and the capacity to mount an ADCC response to RhD+ human red blood cell sensitized with anti-D antisera, revealed that in the human aged, while T function significantly declines, nonspecific cell-mediated effector mechanisms are operative.
Effect of Metal Allergens on the DNA Synthesis of Unsensitized Guinea Pig Lymphoid Cells Cultured in vitro
Authors: Nordlind K.
Published: July 2009

The metal allergens cobalt chloride, mercuric chloride, nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate were tested regarding their effect on the DNA synthesis of lymphoid cells from unsensitized guinea pigs. At certain concentrations in the range of 10-8 to 10-6M, all tested metal compounds stimulated the DNA synthesis of both thymocytes and peripheral lymphocytes after 48 h of culture. The most consistent stimulation with all tested metal allergens was obtained with spleen cells. Thymocytes and spleen cells were stimulated even when the small fraction of adherent cells was eliminated. Mercuric chloride and potassium dichromate were found to be inhibiting at 10-6 to 10-4M, while cobalt chloride and nickel sulfate were less toxic and inhibiting at 10-4 to 10-3M. At 5 h of culture the lowest inhibitory concentration of potassium dichromate was found to be about 100-fold lower than that of nickel sulfate, which may be of practical interest for the choice of concentrations used in human patch test. The lowest concentrations of mercuric chloride and potassium dichromate which at 5 h were inhibitory, were stimulating at 48 h. The presence of serum seemed to have a protective and modifying role regarding the effect of the various metal compounds on the DNA synthesis.
Oral Tonsils: An Immunoperoxidase Study
Authors: Matthews John B. , Basu Manish K.
Published: July 2009

Tissue morphometry and the distribution of cells containing immunoglobulin (Ig), J chain and secretory component (SC) were studied in eight oral tonsils. Quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed that IgG-containing cells predominated in all lymphoid compartments (follicles, extrafollicular areas and reticular epithelium) and that the IgG:IgA:IgM class ratios of the overall tonsillar immunocyte population were 13:8:2. Cells containing IgD and IgE were rare. IgG immunocytes showed no significant localisation within a given lymphoid compartment, whereas IgA cells were found predominantly in extrafollicular areas, especially adjacent to surface epithelium, and IgM cells were in follicles. J chain was present within IgM and some IgA cells. Tonsillar crypt and surface epithelium was negative for SC, suggesting that these structures are not directly involved in local mucosal immunity.
Suppression of Experimental Allergic Orchitis and Cellular Immune Response in the Guinea Pig by Pretreatment with Testis Antigen in Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant
Authors: Hojo Kenji , Hiramine Chiharu
Published: July 2009

Pretreatment of guinea pigs with homologous testicular antigen (TA) in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) markedly reduced both the incidence and severity of experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) when animals were subsequently challenged with TA in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and examined at 2 weeks after challenge. The pretreatment rendered lymph node lymphocytes, particularly T cells, specifically unresponsive to the subsequent orchitogenic challenge as judged by antigen-induced in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response and blastogenic factor production, whereas antisperm antibody formation was not affected. The suppression induced was of a transitory nature, lasting 3 weeks after orchitogenic challenge, but between 4 and 5 weeks after challenge the development of EAO and aspermatogenesis became evident in parallel with the restoration of cellular immune responsiveness. Cyclophosphamide treatment 3 days before orchitogenic challenge abolished the preventive effect of pretreatment with TA in IFA. Transfer of serum obtained from pretreated animals failed to prevent actively sensitized recipients from developing EAO, which does not favor a possible occurrence of serum blocking factors in protected animals.
Induction of Anti-DNP IgE Response by DNP-Coupled BCG in Mice
Authors: Kato Kazuyuki , Yamamoto Ken-ichi
Published: July 2009

We have demonstrated that intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intravenous immunization with a large dose of 2,4-dinitrophenylated (DNP) bacillus Calmette-Guérin induced anti-DNP IgE antibodies in C3H/He, C57BL/6, Balb/c and DBA/1 mice but not in SJL mice, although the use of Freund’s complete adjuvant has been considered ineffective in producing reagin antibodies.
Sequential Mesenteric Lymph Node Histological Response following Trichinella spiralis Infection
Authors: Molinari J.A. , Hess J.A. , Wesley R.K.
Published: July 2009

The histology of mouse secondary lymphoid tissue was examined following infection of Trichinella spiralis. ICR/CD-1 mice were orally infected with 200 T. spiralis and sacrificed at either 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 or 56 days after nematode administration. The animals were bled and sacrificed, and mesenteric lymph nodes were removed from each animal. They were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and cut in 4-µm sections. Examination of serial sections demonstrated the sequential development of histological alteration in these regional lymph nodes. Hyperplasia was detected as early as 3 days after infection. Progressive changes occurring between 7 and 28 days after larval inoculation included hyperplasia with concurrent congestion of medullary sinuses, with increased numbers of neutrophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Microscopic appearance of nodes removed from 56-day infected mice was similar to that noted for control tissues.
Regulation of Immune Response by Preadministration of Cells Briefly Pulsed with Antigen in vitro
Authors: Yokomuro Kozo , Mabuchi Ayako , Saizawa Mitsuyoshi , Kojima Naoshi , Rosenthal Alan S. , Kimura Yoshitami
Published: July 2009

The intravenous administration of syngeneic spleen cells (SPCs) briefly pulsed with antigen in vitro, results in a profound state of IgE antibody unresponsiveness. In Balb/c mice, the primary response of anti-DNP, anti-beef insulin and anti-ovalbumin IgE antibody is completely suppressed by the administration of antigen-pulsed spleen cells, 1 × 107, 5 × 107 and 1 × 108, respectively. This suppression is antigen specific and effects both primary and secondary immune responses. Furthermore, the immune response to dinitrophenylated Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) is most extensively suppressed by DNP-KLH pulsed SPCs, intermediately suppressed by KLH-pulsed SPCs and minimally suppressed by dinitrophenylated mouse gamma globulin or dinitrophenylated mouse serum albumin pulsed SPCs. Suppressing directly cells specific for hapten and carrier, hapten carrier protein pulsed SPCs would caused the additive suppressive effect. The suppression is induced strongly by the intravenous administration of antigen pulsed spleen cells, slightly by the subcutaneous administration and is not induced by the intravenous administration of antigen solution in phosphate buffer saline. This suppression may be mediated by either of two different mechanisms: one of them is responsible for the immediate tolerance which is induced without any suppressor cells 1 day after the administration of antigen pulsed SPCs, and the other is responsible for the suppression transferred by suppressor cells or factors to normal mice 7 days after the administration of antigen pulsed SPCs. This method in which IgE antibody response is suppressed by the administration of cells briefly pulsed in vitro with antigen, provides a powerful tool to analyze the first step of antigen specific suppression developed in vivo by conventional antigens.
Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions in Rats and Their Response to Clinical Dextran
Authors: de Brito F.B. , Hanahoe T.H.P. , Shah P. , West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Four colonies of rats were tested for their ability to produce adjuvant-induced arthritis, oxazolone contact hypersensitivity and the dextran anaphylactoid reaction. Tuck Wistar and Hooded Lister rats, both of which respond to dextran, showed disseminated inflammatory lesions after adjuvant and exhibited oxazolone sensitisation, regardless of the age of the animal. Spontaneously hypertensive rats, which at all ages respond to dextran, also responded to adjuvant and oxazolone but only when they were young; as they grew older, this response to these two agents diminished. Wistar NELP rats, which at all ages do not respond to dextran, responded to oxazolone; sensitivity to adjuvant, however, was maximal only in young animals. The link between the ability of rats to resist the dextran anaphylactoid reaction and their failure to respond to adjuvant with disseminated inflammatory lesions has not been confirmed.
Antibody Response Profiles to Components of Rye Grass Pollen Extract in Various Strains of Mice
Authors: Moran D.M. , Standring R. , Henderson D.C.
Published: July 2009

Using a combination of immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques, patterns of antibody responses to a number of components in rye pollen extract have been studied in hyperimmune mouse sera. Common laboratory strains of mice were investigated, including AKR, C3H/He, SwR, Ist, Asn, Balb/c, C57BL10, DBA2 and BD1: F1 hybrids. All strains responded vigorously to the immunisation protocol used (rye pollen extract/alum followed by a booster dose in aqueous media) when tested with non-discriminating assay procedures such as haemagglutination or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis directed against the whole rye pollen extract. However, markedly variable antibody responses were observed between strains and between murine and human sera when considered in relation to individual rye extract components. Particularly noteworthy was the relatively poor response of all mice to the low molecular weight rye antigen component (11,000 daltons). This material was readily detected by human sera derived from pollenosis patients. Notable also was the fact that no single rye component was detected by all mice sera. These results illustrate the complex serological response induced by heterogeneous antigen mixtures, such as grass pollen extracts.
Generation of Concanavalin A-Induced Suppressor Cells in the Cat
Authors: Langweiler Marc , Cockerell Gary L.
Published: July 2009

Preactivation of feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells with mitogenic doses of concanavalin A resulted in suppression of proliferation when these cells were cocultured with untreated autologous cells. The degree of suppression was directly proportional to the preactivation time and ratio of preactivated to untreated cells. The generation, but not the activity, of the suppressor cells was dependent on DNA and protein synthesis. Pokeweed mitogen and phytohemagglutinin were also shown to be capable of inducing suppressor cell activity. Suppression was also observed in allogeneic cocultures. Supernatants from concanavalin A-preactivated cell cultures did not suppress proliferation of untreated cells.
Effect of Passive Immunization on Absorption of Antigen Through the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Hostetter Murray W. , Dawson Christopher A. , Moore Vernon L. , Ju-Ger Clara K.
Published: July 2009

Isolated perfused rabbit lungs were insufflated with l25I-labeled bovine serum albumin (125I-BSA) and the accumulation of radioactive BSA and its breakdown products was measured in the blood. The addition of anti-BSA serum to the blood caused a 4- to 6-fold reduction in the amount of 125I-BSA which appeared in the blood following the insufflation. To determine whether this reduction was the result of inhibition of absorption or the reuptake of 125I-BSA antigen-antibody complexes formed in the blood, we infused the 125I-BSA into the anti-BSA containing blood perfusing the lungs. Virtually none of the radioactivity was taken up by the lungs, indicating that the reduced blood levels following insufflation were the result of reduced absorption through the lung resulting from antigen-antibody interaction within the alveolocapillary membrane or the bronchoalveolar secretions.
Induction of an Allergic Air-Pouch Inflammation in Rats
Authors: Tsurufuji Susumu , Yoshino Shin , Ohuchi Kazuo
Published: July 2009

An allergic air pouch inflammation was induced on the dorsum of rats using azobenzenearsonate-conjugated acetyl bovine serum albumin as an antigen. Rats were immunized by intradermal injection with 5 mg of the antigen in 0.5 ml Freund’s complete adjuvant saline (1:1) emulsion. 9 days after the immunization 8 ml of air was injected subcutaneously on the dorsum, and 24 h later 4 ml of 2% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution containing 2 mg of the antigen was injected into the preformed air pouch to provoke the allergic inflammation. In addition to the histological observations of the inflammatory tissues of the pouch wall, time course studies on the volume of the inflammatory pouch fluid, on the number and species of inflammatory cells in the pouch fluid and on the wet weight of granulation tissues were carried out to characterize the nature of the inflammatory reaction, which was shown to be suitable as a model to perform quantitative measurements and biochemical analyses of the allergic inflammation.
Serum-Mediated Inhibition of Human Lymphocyte Fcγ-Receptors in Extrinsic and Intrinsic Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Reid Fiona M. , Stevenson R.D. , Thomson N.C. , Elliot J.A. , Sandilands G.P.
Published: July 2009

Sera from 48 patients with extrinsic asthma and 37 with intrinsic asthma were screened for immune complexes using the EA-rosette inhibition assay. Significant levels of EA-rosette inhibition were found in both groups when compared with normal sera. The serum inhibitory factor(s) is, however, more likely to be an anti-lymphocyte antibody of the IgM class than an immune complex as originally expected.
Isolation and Characterization of the Allergen Dpt 12 from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus by Chromatofocusing
Authors: Stewart Geoffrey A.
Published: July 2009

The allergen Dpt 12, from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, was isolated from spent growth medium by chromatofocusing. The allergen was isolated in the pI range 5.86–6.95, indicating heterogeneity with regard to pI. However, on sodium dodecylsulphate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the allergen appeared homogeneous with an apparent molecular weight of 27,000 daltons. Radioallergosorbent scores utilizing paper discs coupled with Dpt 12 correlated significantly (p < 0.0005) with those obtained using discs coupled with whole mite extract, although the corresponding titres were higher with Dpt 12 (p < 0.0005).
FcIgG Receptor-Bearing Lymphocytes and Monoclonal Antibody-Defined T Cell Subsets in Atopic Dermatitis: Effect of Treatment with Thymopoietin Pentapeptide (TP-5)
Authors: Strannegård Örjan , Strannegård Inga-Lisa , Kang Kefei , Cooper Kevin D. , Hanifin Jon M.
Published: July 2009

Lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in the blood of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) before and after treatment with the thymopoietin pentapeptide TP-5. The relative and absolute numbers of lymphocytes bearing suppressor/cytotoxic cell markers (FcIgG+E+ and T8+ cells) were significantly decreased in the untreated patients and the T4+/T8+ cell ratio was increased, indicating an imbalance between lymphocyte subpopulations in AD. Patients who had been treated for 6 weeks with TP-5 displayed no significant abnormality of any of the lymphocyte subsets studied and comparison of pre- and posttreatment values revealed that there was a statistically significant increase in T8+ cell numbers, that by contrast did not take place in placebo-treated AD patients. The treatment had no demonstrable effect on IgE serum levels or on the spontaneous in vitro production of IgE by cultured lymphocytes from the patients.
Evidence for a Spontaneous Activity and a Weak Helper Function in Cord Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Unander Margareta , Smith Edvard , Hammarström Lennart
Published: July 2009

Human lymphocytes from cord blood (CBL) and adult peripheral blood were studied for suppressive and stimulatory effects. Using a double chamber assay we found that via soluble substance(s) cells from approximately 90% of all cord bloods and about 25% of the tested adults could diminish the proliferative response and the IgM and IgG plaque-forming cell numbers of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated adult cell cultures. CBL were spontaneously suppressive, whereas cells from ‘suppressive adults’ required activation with PHA to exert suppression.Co-cultures of T cells and B cells were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. Cord B lymphocytes were able to secrete not only IgM but also IgG. The Ig response of CBL was weaker than that of adult cells, which argues for an immaturity of cord helper T lymphocytes, and possibly also of cord B lymphocytes.
Stimulation and Inhibition of Mitogen-Induced Lymphoproliferation by Serum Fractions
Authors: Neveu P.J. , Perdoux D. , Reiss D.
Published: July 2009

Normal guinea pig serum was fractionated by filtration through a Sephacryl S200 column. The various fractions were assayed on concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin-induced mitogenesis as measured by 3H-thymidine uptake in newly formed DNA. α-Globulin, γ-globulins and albumin were shown to modulate lymphoproliferation. The enhancing or depressing effects of these various fractions depended upon the nature and dose of the mitogen used, the concentration of the fraction added, and the time interval between the addition of fractions and the addition of mitogens. The results suggest that serum fractions can at least modulate the immune response through their activity on the proliferation of lympohocytes.
Inhibition of Various Immunological Reactions in vivo by a New Synthetic Complement Inhibitor
Authors: Hitomi Yuji , Fujii Setsuro
Published: July 2009

FUT-175 (6-amidino-2-naphthyl-4-guanidino benzoate-dimethanesulfonate), a new synthetic protease inhibitor, inhibits the enzyme activities of various proteases, such as C1r, CĪ esterase, thrombin, kalli-krein, plasmin and trypsin. FUT-175 strongly inhibited complement-mediated hemolysis via the classical and alternative pathways. The effects of FUT-175 on various immunological reactions in vivo were studied. The minimal effective dose of FUT-175 in systemic Forssman shock in guinea pigs was 6.25 mg/kg i.p. and 25 mg/kg p.o. In passive Arthus reactions in rats, the effective dose was 25 mg/kg i.p. and 250 mg/kg p.o. FUT-175 also inhibited other immunological reactions, such as passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and delayed hypersensitivity. Furthermore, at a dose of 25 mg/kg i.p. it strongly protected mice from death in endotoxin shock.
Inhibition of Mitogen-Induced Human Lymphocyte Responsiveness by Polymixin Antibiotics
Authors: Ferrante A. , Rowan-Kelly B. , Thong Y.H.
Published: July 2009

Polymixin antibiotics, polymixin B and polymixin E (colistin) inhibited the mitogen-induced lymphoproliferative response of human lymphocytes. Inhibition of the lymphocyte response to PHA, PWM and Con A was evident at a low concentration of 1 U/ml of antibiotics. Lymphocytes in which the signals for proliferation had occurred were similarly prevented from proliferating. The effects were not due to cell death (toxicity). Since polymixin concentrations at which inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation was observed are employed in tissue culture medium and are also attained in plasma of patients, the results suggest that the use of the antibiotics in lymphocyte cultures limits lymphocyte responsiveness and that patients receiving polymixin antibiotics may experience a state of immunosuppression.
Reduced Susceptibility to Anti-Fab Antibodies of B Cells in Patients with Systemic Lupus erythematosus
Authors: Suzuki Hiroshi , Sakurami Takehiko , Imura Hiroo
Published: July 2009

We have observed the effects of rabbit F(ab′)2 anti-Fab antibodies (a-Fab Ab) on the differentiation of B cells in normal subjects and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained and cultured with or without the addition of a-Fab Ab, and IgG- and IgM-secreting cells were assayed by reverse hemolytic plaque assay after 7 days of culture. In normal subjects, the spontaneous development of IgG- and IgM-secreting cells in the cultures of lymphocytes without pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was markedly suppressed by a-Fab Ab. In patients with SLE, however, the spontaneous development of IgG- and IgM-secreting cells was almost unchanged in the presence of a-Fab Ab. The effects of a-Fab Ab on immunoglobulin production induced by PWM were different in active and inactive SLE. The inhibitory effect of a-Fab Ab on PWM-induced development of IgG- and IgM-secreting cells was observed in normal subjects and inactive SLE patients. In active SLE patients, however, the production of IgG and IgM was not significantly increased by PWM and almost unchanged with the addition of a-Fab Ab. These findings show that B cells in SLE are much less susceptible to a-Fab Ab than normal B cells.
Dog Serum Albumin as an Allergen
Authors: Vanto T. , Viander M. , Schwartz B.
Published: July 2009

To study the allergenicity of dog serum albumin (DSA) in dog-sensitive subjects, we investigated 203 asthmatic children by means of the skin prick test (SPT), the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and the in vitro lymphocyte stimulation test. Significant SPT reactions to DSA were observed in only 9 out of 80 subjects with a significantly positive SPT reaction to dog dander and hair (DDH). Analogously, positive DSA RAST results were observed only in a minority of the cases with a positive DDH RAST. Significant SPT reactions to DSA were not observed in subjects with a negative clinical history of dog allergy, or in subjects with a negative reaction to DDH in the SPT or in the provocation test. DSA induced remarkable lymphocyte stimulation in only 1 subject, who also had a significant SPT reaction to DSA. DSA-specific serum IgG antibody titers measured by ELISA were not found to correlate with DSA SPT or DSA RAST.
Nasal Antibodies against Gram-Negative Bacteria in Cotton-Mill Workers
Authors: Rylander Ragnar , Wold Agnes , Haglind Per
Published: July 2009

Antibody activity to cotton dust bacteria in the nasal secretions of cotton-mill cardroom workers was studied using the ELISA technique. Secretion samples were collected by inserting a roll of filter paper into the nasal cavities of the subjects. The amount of secretion was significantly less among cotton-mill workers than workers in a wood factory. No significant differences were seen between byssinotic and nonbyssinotic cotton-mill workers. No significant differences were observed between cotton and wood workers regarding antibody activity against Pseudomonas syringae and Enterobacter agglomerans. Workers tested before and after the shift showed no difference in amount of secretion or in antibody activity. Smokers had a lower antibody activity than nonsmokers.
IgD Antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Human Sera as Measured by the RAST
Authors: Tamura Hiroshi , Fujinaga Takashi , Kuroume Takayoshi
Published: July 2009

Anti-human delta chain antibody was prepared and specific IgD antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MAC strain) antigens were studied by means of the RAST. M. pneumoniae antigens were chromatographically separated by Sephadex G-25 and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Specific IgD antibody titers were significantly higher in patients with primary atypical pneumonia due to M. pneumoniae infection than those of healthy and disease controls. The specific IgD antibodies increased at an earlier stage of the disease and decreased rapidly. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of the IgD antibodies in regulating antibody production during infection.
Surface Immunoglobulin on Rabbit Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Linthicum D.S. , Bahu R.M. , Sell S.
Published: July 2009

The expression of endogenous and exogenous surface immunoglobulin (slg) on the surface peripheral blood lymphocytes from adult and neonatal rabbits has been examined. Endogenous and exogenous sIg on rabbit lymphocytes differ in ultrastructural appearance and modulation characteristics. At 0°C immunoferritin-labeled endogenous sIg appears as small flat patches on the surface membrane whereas exogenous Ig appears as large ramose clumps. Immunoferritin-labeled endogenous Ig undergoes endocytosis at 37 °C, whereas exogenous Ig is shed or sloughed from the cell membrane within 60–90 min at 37 °C. Ig from serum or plasma which has been frozen and thawed shows a high degree of binding to peripheral blood lymphocytes, whereas Ig from fresh serum or plasma shows little or no binding. Aggregated Ig from both adult and newborn sera are able to bind to lymphocyte Fc receptors and both adult and neonatal PBLs are able to bind exogenous aggregated Ig.
Effect of Iron Deficiency on the Mitogen-Induced Proliferative Response of Rat Lymphocytes
Authors: Soyano A. , Candellet D. , Layrisse M.
Published: July 2009

To delineate the alterations of the immune function induced by iron deficiency, male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained at 3 weeks of age and fed an iron-deficient diet. By the end of the 3rd week on this diet the animals were anemic and ferropenic. A marked increase in the proliferative response of splenic lymphocytes at optimal doses of mitogen (PHA, Con A, and PWM) was observed. On the contrary, thymic lymphocytes showed a decreased proliferative response. Time-course experiments demonstrated significant alterations in these proliferative responses after only 1 week of iron deprivation, at a time when the level of hemoglobin was normal. Nutritional rehabilitation after 5 weeks of iron deprivation showed complete recovery of the response after 1½ weeks on normal diet.
Development and Use of Radioimmunoassays for the Detection of Human IgG Antibodies to Laboratory Animal Urinary Proteins
Authors: Lee D. , Edwards R.G. , Beeson M.F. , Dewdney Janet M.
Published: July 2009

A radioimmunoassay method for the detection of human IgG antibodies to laboratory animal urinary proteins has been developed using partially purified protein fractions prepared from crude urine extracts by gel filtration. The proteins from the four species, mouse, rat, guinea pig and rabbit, were labelled with 125I and used in an antigen binding assay employing a sepharose-linked staphylococcal protein A imunosorbent. Results, expressed as arbitrary units of specific IgG per unit serum, show antibodies to one or more species present in 57 % of current animal workers compared with 6 % of non-animal workers.
Recent Insight into Class-Specific Properties of Murine Immunoglobulins Obtained with the Help of Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Ovary Zoltan
Published: July 2009

BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were immunized with monoclonal anti-DNP IgE, obtained by fusion of PX63Ag8–6-5–3 cells with spleen cells from immunized C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice, respectively. With the antiallotype sera thus produced the allotype of IgE (i.e. 7) could be defined since BALB/c is of the Igh-a and C57BL/6 of the Igh-b allotype. The antiallotype 7b does not cross-react with other allotypes. Antiallotype 7a recognizes in addition to allotype 7a also allotypes 7j, 7d, and 7e as expected. Both the complement fixing and the sensitizing activities of murine anti-TNP and anti-DNP monoclonal antibodies were examined. The minimal amount/ml for complement fixation was 0.46 μg from one of the IgGl antibodies, 0.46 from IgG2a, 12.5 ng from IgM, 0.7 μg from IgG3. Complement fixation by IgGl was unexpected. The minimal amount/ml for mouse PC A was 0.5–0.75 μg from IgGl, 1.44–2.3 μg from IgG2a, 5.6 μg from purified IgG2b and about 15 ng from IgE. Sensitization by IgG2a and IgG2b were new findings. Minimal amount/ml for guinea pig PCA was 0.23 μg from IgG2a. Minimal amount/ml for rat PCA was 2 ng from IgE.
Regulation of the Murine IgE Antibody Response
Authors: Kudo Koichiro , Sehon Alec H. , Schwenk Robert J.
Published: July 2009

IgE responses to insulin species variants i.e. to bovine, ovine and porcine insulins (respectively BI, OI and PI), were investigated. H-2d mice developed an anti-BI IgE response when this antigen was administered i.p. with Al(OH)3 gel, and H-2b and H-2adk mice generated anti-BI and anti-OI IgE responses, respectively, when these antigens were injected i.p. with Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). H-2d mice, on the other hand, developed only weak to negligible anti-PI IgE responses, when this antigen was administered in Al(OH)3 or in FCA. Antibody cross-reactivity indicated that at least two populations of IgE antibodies were produced in response to BI and/or OI; one population specific for the A chain loop and a second population specific for a determinant common to several insulins. Finally, i.v. injections of conjugates of insulin with spleen lymphocytes markedly suppressed the capacity of mice to develop an anti-insulin IgE response.
Interplay Between Human Adipocytes and T Lymphocytes in Obesity
Authors: Duffaut Carine , Zakaroff-Girard Alexia , Bourlier Virginie , Decaunes Pauline , Maumus Marie , Chiotasso Patrick , Sengenès Coralie , Lafontan Max , Galitzky Jean , Bouloumié Anne
Published: July 2009

Objective—

Adipose tissue (AT) plays a major role in the low-grade inflammatory state associated with obesity. The aim of the present study was to characterize the human AT lymphocytes (ATLs) and to analyze their interactions with adipocytes.

Methods and Results—

Human ATL subsets were characterized by flow cytometry in subcutaneous ATs from 92 individuals with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 19 to 43 kg/m
2
and in paired biopsies of subcutaneous and visceral AT from 45 class II/III obese patients. CD3
+
ATLs were composed of effector and memory CD4
+
helper and CD8
+
cytotoxic T cells. The number of ATLs correlated positively with BMI and was higher in visceral than subcutaneous AT. Mature adipocytes stimulated the migration of ATLs and released the chemokine CCL20, the receptor of which (CCR6) was expressed in ATLs. The expression of adipocyte CCL20 was positively correlated with BMI and increased in visceral compared to subcutaneous adipocytes. ATLs expressed inflammatory markers and released interferon gamma (IFNγ). Progenitor and adipocyte treatment with ATL-conditioned media reduced the insulin-mediated upregulation of lipogenic enzymes, an effect involving IFNγ.

Conclusions—

Therefore, crosstalk occurs between adipocytes and lymphocytes within human AT involving T cell chemoattraction by adipocytes and modulation of lipogenesis by ATLs.
Preventive Effects of Heregulin-β
1
on Macrophage Foam Cell Formation and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Xu Gang , Watanabe Takuya , Iso Yoshitaka , Koba Shinji , Sakai Tetsuo , Nagashima Masaharu , Arita Shigeko , Hongo Shigeki , Ota Hidekazu , Kobayashi Youichi , Miyazaki Akira , Hirano Tsutomu
Published: July 2009

Rationale
:

Human heregulins, neuregulin-1 type I polypeptides that activate proliferation, differentiation, and survival of glial cells, neurons, and myocytes, are expressed in macrophage foam cells within human coronary atherosclerotic lesions. Macrophage foam cell formation, characterized by cholesterol ester accumulation, is modulated by scavenger receptor class A (SR-A), acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)1, and ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC)A1.

Objective
:

The present study clarified the roles of heregulins in macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results
:

Plasma heregulin-β
1
levels were significantly decreased in 31 patients with acute coronary syndrome and 33 patients with effort angina pectoris compared with 34 patients with mild hypertension and 40 healthy volunteers (1.3±0.3, 2.0±0.4 versus 7.6±1.4, 8.2±1.2 ng/mL;
P
<0.01). Among all patients with acute coronary syndrome and effort angina pectoris, plasma heregulin-β
1
levels were further decreased in accordance with the severity of coronary artery lesions. Expression of heregulin-β
1
was observed at trace levels in intracoronary atherothrombosis obtained by aspiration thrombectomy from acute coronary syndrome patients. Heregulin-β
1
, but not heregulin-α, significantly reduced acetylated low-density lipoprotein–induced cholesterol ester accumulation in primary cultured human monocyte-derived macrophages by reducing SR-A and ACAT1 expression and by increasing ABCA1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Heregulin-β
1
significantly decreased endocytic uptake of [
125
I]acetylated low-density lipoprotein and ACAT activity, and increased cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein (Apo)A-I from human macrophages. Chronic infusion of heregulin-β
1
into ApoE
−/−
mice significantly suppressed the development of atherosclerotic lesions.

Conclusions
:

This study provided the first evidence that heregulin-β
1
inhibits atherogenesis and suppresses macrophage foam cell formation via SR-A and ACAT1 downregulation and ABCA1 upregulation.