bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative 1,2‐Alkylarylation of Styrenes with Unactivated C(sp3)‐H Alkanes and Electron‐Rich Aromatics via C(sp3)‐H/C(sp2)‐H Functionalization
Authors: Jiang Hui‐Min , Sun Qing , Jiang Jin‐Peng , Qin Jing‐Hao , Ouyang Xuan‐Hui , Song Ren‐Jie
Published: July 2022

We have disclosed an alkenes dicarbofunctionalization method to introduce alkyl and electron‐rich aryl across the C=C bond of styrenes under copper catalyst and oxidative conditions, leading to construct C(sp3)‐C(sp2)/C(sp3)‐C(sp3) bonds via dual C−H functionalization. This method realizes the synthesis of 1,1‐diarylalkanes, which are very important skeleton in natural products and drug molecules, through the grafting of electron‐rich aromatics, including indoles, pyrroles, trisubstituted aromatic.

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One Pot Access to 2′‐Aryl‐2,3′‐Bithiophenes via Twofold Palladium‐Catalyzed C−X/C−H Coupling Associated to a Pd‐1,4‐Migration
Authors: Liu Linhao , Doucet Henri
Published: July 2022

The reactivity of 1,2‐dihalobenzenes in palladium catalyzed polyheteroarylation via C−H bond functionalization was investigated. The first catalytic cycle using thiophene as the heteroarene gives the expected 2‐(2‐bromophenyl)thiophenes. In the course of the second catalytic cycle, in the presence of heteroarenes having a free C3‐position, a partial Pd‐1,4‐migration occurred giving rise to aryl‐substituted biheteroarenes such as 2′‐aryl‐2,3′‐bithiophenes as well as the expected 1,2‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzenes. The best selectivities in favor of the formation of 2′‐aryl‐2,3′‐bithiophenes were obtained with electron‐rich 1,2‐dihalobenzenes. A wide variety of thiophene derivatives bearing useful functions such as formyl, acetyl, cyclopropylmethanone, 2‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolane, ester, nitrile or chloro was tolerated allowing to prepare poly‐functionalized 2′‐aryl‐2,3′‐bithiophenes. Moreover, this one pot preparation of 2′‐aryl‐2,3′‐bithiophenes employs a low loading of an air stable commercially available palladium source associated to an inexpensive base.

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Mammary Leukocyte‐Assisted Nanoparticle Transport Enhances Targeted Milk Trace Mineral Delivery
Authors: Cai Jie , Peng Jie , Zang Xinwei , Feng Juan , Li Ruocheng , Ren Peng , Zheng Bingzhu , Wang Jiaying , Wang Juan , Yan Mi , Liu Jianxin , Deng Renren , Wang Diming
Published: July 2022

Nanoparticles are applied as versatile platforms for drug/gene delivery in many applications owing to their long‐retention and specific targeting properties in living bodies. However, the delivery mechanism and the beneficial effect of nanoparticle‐retention in many organisms remain largely uncertain. Here, the transport and metabolism of mineral nanoparticles in mammary gland during lactation are explored. It is shown that maternal intravenous administration of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs; diameter: ≈11.0 nm, surface charge: −29.1 mV, surface area: 1.05 m2 g−1) provides elevated iron delivery to mammary gland and increased iron secretion into breast milk, which is inaccessible by classical iron‐ion transport approaches such as the transferrin receptor‐mediated endocytic pathway. Mammary macrophages and neutrophils are found to play dominant roles in uptake and delivery of IONPs through an unconventional leukocyte‐assisted iron secretion pathway. This pathway bypasses the tight iron concentration regulation of liver hepcidin‐ferroportin axis and mammary epithelial cells to increase milk iron‐ion content derived from IONPs. This work provides keen insight into the metabolic pathway of nanoparticles in mammary gland while offering a new scheme of nutrient delivery for neonate metabolism regulation by using nanosized nutrients.
Topologically Protected All‐Optical Memory
Authors: Choi Seou , Kim Jungmin , Kwak Jeonghun , Park Namkyoo , Yu Sunkyu
Published: July 2022

The in‐memory processor has played an essential role in overcoming the von Neumann bottleneck, which arises from the partition of memory and a processing unit. Although photonic technologies have recently attracted attention for ultrafast and power‐efficient in‐memory computing, the realization of an all‐optical in‐memory processor remains a challenge. This difficulty originates from the contradiction between robustness and sensitivity in wave dynamics, requiring both noise‐immune memory states and modulation‐sensitive transitions between these states. Here, a building block that provides an all‐optical transition between topologically protected memory states is proposed. A nonlinear photonic molecule that satisfies parity‐time (PT) symmetry, revealing multiple oscillation quenching states with different degeneracies determined by PT‐symmetric phases is investigated. In terms of topology for dynamical systems, these quenching states support topologically protected dynamical trajectories suitable for stable memory states. An all‐optical bidirectional transition between these states, which allows incoherent memory switching is demonstrated. The result provides design criteria for all‐optical in‐memory processors with multilevel operations, enabling the classical‐wave counterpart of electronic memristors.
Frost risk in canola and carinata as a function of sowing date in the agricultural central region of South America
Authors: Verocai Maximiliano , Castro Marina , Manasliski Santiago , Mazzilli Sebastián R.
Published: July 2022

Crop cycles in spring canola (Brassica napus L.) and carinata (Brassica carinata A. Braun) are controlled by temperature and photoperiod. In the central region of South America, which accounts for 90% of South American rapeseed crop production, farmers seek to sow as early as possible to maximize yield even though early sowing dates expose crops to a higher probability of frost occurrence that had not been quantified before. Our objective was to model phenology for one spring cultivar of canola (‘Rivette’) and one of carinata (‘Avanza 641’) and assess the probability of frost occurrence during flowering and grain filling in the central region of South America. For the estimation of frost risk, we modeled phenology resulting from 15 April to 15 August sowing dates at 12 locations (from 31.16° to 34.20° S latitude). We assumed that the critical period spans from 100 to 500 growing degree days (GDD) after flowering. Under early sowing dates, carinata tends to have a longer cycle (200 GDD more than canola) although both crops had a similar cycle length under a late sowing date. Predicted and observed flowering dates showed an average difference of 1.6 and 0.95 d for canola and carinata, respectively. Carinata has a lower probability of suffering frost events, and early sowing dates result in a greater exposure to frost damage. The results of this work will enable farmers and stakeholders to know the potential frost risk when defining a sowing date for canola and carinata.
Bisphenol A enhances apoptosis, fibrosis, and biochemical fluctuations in the liver of adult male rats with possible regression after recovery
Authors: Amin Mohammed Ahmed Shehata , Sonpol Hany M. A. , Gouda Rehab Hassan Elbanna , Aboregela Adel Mohamed
Published: July 2022

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental contaminant that might be harmful. Human exposure to BPA can occur during the fetal and postnatal periods and extends throughout life. This study aimed to estimate the effects of oral administration of BPA on rat liver and assess the possibility of recovery after cessation. Adult male albino rats were orally administered with BPA (50 mg/kg body weight) for 8 weeks, and then one group was left to recover for 4 weeks. Histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction assessments were performed. Loss of hepatic architecture, vascular dilatation congestion, and exudation, as well as cellular vacuolation, fat accumulation, and pyknotic nuclei were detected. Furthermore, inflammatory infiltration, localized metaplasia, and excessive collagen deposition in the portal triad were observed. Expression of Bcl‐2‐associated X protein and transforming growth factor beta 1 was prominent, denoting apoptosis and fibrosis. After the administration of BPA, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low‐density lipoproteins were enhanced. Additionally, total protein, albumin, and high‐density lipoproteins decreased. After a recovery for 4 weeks, hepatic cellular and vascular pathologies returned to normal, except for some inflammatory infiltration. Regarding biochemical affection, most of the parameters were directed toward normal during recovery. However, most of them were still significantly different from controls. This explored BPA hepatotoxicity from structural and functional aspects, and the possible spontaneous reversibility was confirmed. However, the precise mechanisms underlying hepatotoxicity or recovery need more in‐depth investigations.
Current challenges of biomass refinery and prospects of emerging technologies for sustainable bioproducts and bioeconomy
Authors: Asghar Ayesha , Sairash Sairash , Hussain Nazim , Baqar Zulqarnain , Sumrin Aleena , Bilal Muhammad
Published: July 2022

The depletion of fossil resources and the resulting global warming are the primary motivators for moving from a fossil‐based to a biobased economy. Biorefineries, like petro‐based refineries, offer a green and sustainable option for producing marketable biobased goods through decarbonization pathways, hence upgrading the bioeconomy. In the context of the industrial revolution, economic and environmental sustainability are critical in adopting biorefinery systems. However, biorefineries still face numerous hurdles. There are numerous technological, economic, ecological, sociological and long‐term issues throughout the biorefinery production chain. The key difficulties facing biorefineries today are acceptance in the present market of the ‘fossil‐based economy’, the composition and availability of feedstock, the quantities needed to meet the market demand, the efficiency of the resource recovery, techno‐economic viability and sustainability. Life cycle assessment may provide a thorough input on the environmental setting during process optimization, minimizing the biorefinery project's environmental impact. In this review, we outline the bottlenecks and obstacles that biorefineries face while producing biofuels from biomass, as well as how biotechnology and modern technology might help researchers to overcome them. Biorefineries need to optimize their biomass usage to generate products that properly fit the market expectations. These items should be cost‐effective when compared with fossil fuels. Currently, 85–90% of petroleum refinery output is used to make fuels, with only 10–15% going to the petrochemical industry to make organic compounds. To precisely match market demands, the biorefinery should produce the same proportion of fuels and organic compounds. To overcome the challenges, biofermentation, membrane technologies and oxidation processes, among other developing technologies, are drawing interest in several areas of biorefinery. Biorefinery systems necessitate a systematic process for identifying impacts and assessing their long‐term viability. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between achieving Sustainable Development Goals and promoting optimal care and prevention of birth defects globally
Authors: Kancherla Vijaya , Roos Nathalie , Walani Salimah R.
Published: July 2022

Birth defects affect eight million newborns annually worldwide. About 8% of global under‐5 mortality is attributable to birth defects. The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have set 17 global goals for human growth and development to be achieved by 2030 using multi‐sectorial approaches. The third goal (SDG‐3) focuses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well‐being; achieving SDG‐3 improves birth defects care and prevention. However, we aimed to show how achieving other SDGs also influence optimal care and prevention of birth defects. SDGs focused on poverty reduction, access to nutritious food, universal health coverage, equitable education, gender equality, environment, inclusivity through infrastructure innovation, and strengthening social justice is crucial to addressing social determinants of health for individuals and families affected by birth defects. Understanding birth defects in the context of several relevant SDGs will allow practitioners, researchers, and policymakers to leverage the momentum generated by SDGs and make a case for commitment and allocation of funding and resources for advancing birth defects surveillance, care, and prevention. SDGs are built on principles of equity and social justice and we urge policy‐makers to approach birth defects using various SDGs as a catalyst. The synergy between several SDGs helps to optimize birth defect outcomes and prevention. Our effort to present a more comprehensive look at various SDGs and their relationship with birth defects is parallel to several other health advocacy groups conducting a similar mapping exercise, thus bringing to the forefront millions of lives that are impacted by birth defects worldwide.
Black and minority ethnic student teachers' stories as empirical documents of hidden oppressions: Using the personal to turn towards the structural
Authors: Warner Diane
Published: July 2022

Racism, as a covert but pervasive presence in teacher education in England, remains a major structural issue and its effects on student teachers who are Black and Asian are real and troubling. Their personal stories reveal multiple challenges and present empirical evidence that can usefully be analysed to examine their experience of daily micro‐aggressions and overt racisms in their teacher education and its effect on them. This paper focuses on the stories of three Black and Asian primary student teachers and argues that it is important to see these personal accounts as empirical documents of hidden oppressions because they are significant pointers towards larger, structural and unacknowledged fissures in initial teacher education (ITE). The critical race theory concept of ‘counter story’ is used to analyse the stories and make visible the way that hidden racisms within ITE can silence and disempower these student teachers. The three stories show that these Black and Asian student teachers portray nuance and confusion, wonder and loss of direction at times, alongside a portrayal that their identities are in flux due to the complex and contested discourses with which they are required to engage as minoritised ‘others’ in their teacher education. This study has important implications for teacher educators and senior managers in ITE and presents a challenge for active and sensitive anti‐racist cultures to develop.
Selective Demethoxylation of Guaiacols to Phenols using Supported MoO3 Catalysts
Authors: Yang Huaizhou , Yin Wang , Zhu Xiaotian , Deuss Peter J. , Heeres Hero J.
Published: July 2022

Lignin‐derived monomers with methoxy substituents are abundantly present in bioliquids derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Examples are the products obtained from the reductive catalytic fractionation of lignin (RCF) and pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and hydrotreated products thereof. An attractive valorization step for these liquids involves demethoxylation to obtain alkylated phenols through selective catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). Within the context of sustainable chemistry, there is a strong drive to use cheap, non‐precious metal catalysts for this purpose. In this study, the HDO of guaiacol (5 wt% in toluene) was investigated in a continuous fixed‐bed reactor at 380 °C, 20 bar over supported MoO3 catalysts. MoO3 (5 %) supported on TiO2 (P25) was shown to give superior performance compared with MoO3 supported on anatase TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, Nb2O5, CeO2, and ZrO2. Additional studies involving variation of the Mo loading and process conditions were performed, and the highest selectivity to demethoxylated phenolics like phenol and methylated phenols was 82 % at 97 % conversion of guaiacol. Both 4‐n‐propylguaiacol and a realistic guaiacols‐rich feed isolated from a representative pyrolysis oil were also successfully demethoxylated with the 5 % MoO3/TiO2 catalyst.
Asymmetric Core‐Expanded BOPYOs: Facile Synthesis and Optical Properties
Authors: Su Peng , Wen Liu , Zhou Yongzhu , Yan Jiaying , Yuan Xiaohui , Liu Debao , Zheng Kaibo , Zhang Nuonuo
Published: July 2022

N,O‐bidentate BF2 complexes with five‐ and six‐membered core rings have been thoroughly investigated. However, the development of seven‐membered N,O‐boron complexes is still an area to be explored. We have developed BF3 ⋅ OEt2‐induced self‐condensation and coordination reactions based on a single starting material, which had been elucidated by experiment and calculation. This parent asymmetric core‐expanded borondifluoride‐(Z)‐1,3‐di(1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)but‐2‐en‐1‐one (BOPYO) showed reactivity with a wide range of aldehydes, thus providing a series of conjugation BOPYOs. Moreover, a BOPYO derivative with a dimethylamino group was developed as a new NIR dye that responds to acid with favorable photophysical properties based on intramolecular charge transfer effect.
Design and Development of Onsite Biofilter Unit for Effective Remediation of Contaminants from Wastewater
Authors: Singh Simranjeet , Ramamurthy Praveen C , Dhanjal Daljeet Singh , Rana Sikander , Bhatia Deepika , Kanwar Ramesh , Sharma Neeta Raj , Singh Joginder
Published: July 2022

Agricultural biomass is proven ecofriendly and effective adsorbent for the remediation of contaminants from wastewater. Here, rice husk biochar (600 °C) prepared by a one‐step pyrolysis method is used for the remediation of different contaminants in real samples. An onsite biofilter unit is fabricated with parallel trenches of different layers of coconut coir and biochar and is used as a biofiltration unit. The efficiency of the designed unit is assessed for the removal of different contaminants in pilot‐scale experiments. Results show that removal efficiency varies from metal to metal and ranges from 5.52% to 90.76% using the biofilter unit. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis before and after the adsorption represent the changes in the morphology and surface functionalization of the biochar. Results indicate that the designed biofilter unit could also be used as a promising agent for the remediation of pharmaceutical and other emerging contaminants from wastewater.
Prescribed Burning in Late Summer Benefits Ranchers, Air Quality
Authors: Ehmke Tanner
Published: July 2022

Fire is essential to the survival of the tallgrass prairies of Kansas and Oklahoma. To maintain the treeless prairie ecosystem, ranchers have historically burned pastures each spring from April to May. But when more than 500,000 acres are burned in a short period with slow winds and dense cloud, stagnant smoke can lead to unhealthy air quality in neighboring communities. The spring burning of rangeland coincides with weather patterns that create air quality issues (temperature inversions stemming from moderately warm days followed by cool nights). The solution to air quality issues is for ranchers to reschedule prescribed burnings for late summer or early fall when temperature inversions are less likely to occur. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Crop Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
OCR reiterates that process is key to resolving accommodation requests
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: July 2022

An earlier column explored the importance of process in Section 504 compliance (see https://bit.ly/3zDZ3WG). The Office for Civil Rights’ widely publicized June 14 Salt Lake Community College determination letter and resolution agreement resolving Section 504 and Title IX complaints arising from a pregnant student's request for severe morning sickness accommodations drives home that point, erecting burdensome obstacles to fundamental alteration determinations.
A comparison of the eating disorder service experiences of autistic and non‐autistic women in the UK
Authors: Babb Charli , Brede Janina , Jones Catherine R. G. , Serpell Lucy , Mandy William , Fox John
Published: July 2022

Objective

Qualitative studies report that autistic women have poor experiences when being treated for an eating disorder (ED) and express that ED services are not appropriately tailored to meet their needs. It is unclear whether their experience differs to other women accessing ED services. The aim of the current study was to compare autistic and non‐autistic women's ED illness history and experiences in ED services.

Method

An online survey about ED illness history and their experience with ED treatment was completed by 46 autistic women with a restrictive ED and 110 non‐autistic women with a restrictive ED.

Results

Despite some similarities, there were three key differences in the experiences reported by autistic and non‐autistic women. First, autistic women reported a longer duration of ED and being diagnosed with an ED at a younger age than non‐autistic women. Second, autistic women reported accessing a broader range of healthcare settings and ED treatments than non‐autistic women when being treated for an ED. Finally, autistic women rated their experiences of inpatient care, dietetic input, and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as significantly less beneficial than non‐autistic women when being treated for an ED.

Conclusion

These findings increase understanding of autistic women's ED experience and can help to shape ED services and treatments to better accommodate the needs of their autistic clients.
Experimental study on improving coalbed methane extraction by chemical treatment using acetic acid or ammonium persulfate
Authors: Wang Qinghui , Chen Qiang , Liang Yunpei
Published: July 2022

Ad‐/desorption and diffusion processes are the key factors controlling methane production from coal. The experiments used samples from methane‐producing coal seams with different contents of carbonate mineral and different ranks. Acid treatment using 1.0 mol/L acetic acid (CH3COOH) and oxidant treatment using 1.0 mol/L ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8) were conducted on these coal samples to observe the changes in surface functional groups that act as primary sorption sites and pore structure that determines diffusivity by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the acidizing‐related mass loss of coal samples is in the range of 3.78%–7.57% due to the complete dissolution of pore‐ and fracture‐filling carbonate minerals. For the coal samples after oxidizing treatment, dissolution evidence can be observed in both carbonate minerals and organic matter, with a mass loss ranging from 2.01% to 3.0%. Acidizing or oxidizing induced dissolution can destroy aliphatic functional groups and the cross‐linked structure of coal, resulting in a decrease in methane adsorption capacity that is beneficial to methane desorption. More opened pores and interconnected fractures can be observed in SEM images due to the dissolution of carbonate minerals, suggesting an alteration of methane diffusion pathways in the coal matrix. Although only some of the carbonate minerals were dissolved following oxidant treatment, coal organic matter is partially oxidized and generates some dissolution pores, which provides more methane diffusion pathways in the coal matrix. Therefore, all the treated coal samples showed a reduction in methane adsorption capacity and an enhancement of desorption capacity and diffusivity. This result suggests that chemical treatment in coal seams using acetic acid or oxidant has the potential to improve coalbed methane extraction.
Exploring the impact of metabolic imaging in head and neck cancer treatment
Authors: Dias Domingues Diana Raquel , Leech Michelle M.
Published: July 2022

Background

Target volume delineation is performed with anatomical imaging for head and neck cancer. Molecular imaging allows the recognition of specific tumor regions. Its inclusion in the pathway could lead to changes in delineation and resultant treatment plans.

Methods

PRISMA methodology was adhered to when selecting the articles for analysis and only full articles were quality assessed.

Results

Seventeen articles were included. Gross tumor volume (GTV) primary, GTV nodal, and other target volumes were evaluated. Positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) produced smaller primary GTVs, although not with diffusion‐weighted imaging‐magnetic resonance imaging (DWI‐MRI) or PET/MRI. The impact of these image modalities on GTV nodal did not display any consistency. Additionally, there was considerable heterogeneity in metrics comparing delineations. Four studies included appraised the dosimetric impact of the changes in target volume delineation.

Conclusion

Quantifying the impact of molecular imaging is difficult, due to heterogeneity in reporting metrics in molecular imaging modalities and a paucity of detail regarding delineation method and guideline adherence.
Sonographic findings of COVID‐19 related acute scrotal infection and associations with clinical‐laboratory data
Authors: Aydin Sonay , Tokur Oğuzhan , Kazci Omer , Ece Bunyamin , Karavas Erdal , Kantarci Mecit
Published: July 2022

Background

During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, patients present to hospitals with a wide range of symptoms. Some of these symptoms include acute orchitis and epididymitis. The goal of this research is to see if COVID‐19 infection and scrotal infection are associated.

Materials and methods

Patients with a COVID‐19 (+) who agreed to a scrotal ultrasound (US) examination were studied prospectively in a tertiary care center between October 2021 and February 2022. The severity of the disease was used to divide patients into groups. Patients diagnosed with acute scrotal infection based on scrotal ultrasonography findings were compared in these groups, as were their age, comorbidities, and laboratory data.

Results

The median age of the 213 participants was 61.7 ± 8.3. During the ultrasonographic examination of the patients, 15 (7%), 8 (3.7%), 17 (7.9%), and 40 (18.7%) were diagnosed with acute orchitis, acute epididymitis, acute epididymo‐orchitis, and scrotal infection, respectively. Acute scrotal infection was far more common in patients with a higher clinical severity of the disease. The patients' comorbidities were also assessed, and it was discovered that they were statistically more common in the same group.

Conclusions

Even if there are no clinical symptoms, ultrasonography can help detect acute scrotal infection in COVID‐19 patients. Furthermore, in groups with higher clinical severity, this association is more likely to be seen. It is critical to understand this in order to avoid complications.
Reconfiguration of connected graph partitions
Authors: Akitaya Hugo A. , Jones Matthew D. , Korman Matias , Korten Oliver , Meierfrankenfeld Christopher , Munje Michael J. , Souvaine Diane L. , Thramann Michael , Tóth Csaba D.
Published: July 2022

Motivated by recent computational models for redistricting and detection of gerrymandering, we study the following problem on graph partitions. Given a graph and an integer , a ‐district map of is a partition of into nonempty subsets, called districts, each of which induces a connected subgraph of . A switch is an operation that modifies a ‐district map by reassigning a subset of vertices from one district to an adjacent district; a 1‐switch is a switch that moves a single vertex. We study the connectivity of the configuration space of all ‐district maps of a graph under 1‐switch operations. We give a combinatorial characterization for the connectedness of this space that can be tested efficiently. We prove that it is PSPACE‐complete to decide whether there exists a sequence of 1‐switches that takes a given ‐district map into another; and NP‐hard to find the shortest such sequence (even if a sequence of polynomial lengths is known to exist). We also present efficient algorithms for computing a sequence of 1‐switches that take a given ‐district map into another when the space is connected, and show that these algorithms perform a worst‐case optimal number of switches up to constant factors.
Reproducibility and variability of earthquake subsidence estimates from saltmarshes of a Cascadia estuary
Authors: Padgett Jason S. , Engelhart Simon E. , Kelsey Harvey M. , Witter Robert C. , Cahill Niamh
Published: July 2022

We examine fossil foraminiferal assemblages from 20 sediment cores to assess sudden relative sea‐level (RSL) changes across three mud‐over‐peat contacts at three salt marshes in northern Humboldt Bay, California (~44.8°N, −124.2°W). We use a validated foraminiferal‐based Bayesian transfer function to evaluate the variability of subsidence stratigraphy at a range of 30‐6000 m across an estuary. We use the consistency in RSL reconstructions to support estimates of coseismic subsidence from megathrust earthquakes. To assess the variability of subsidence estimates, we analyzed: nine examples of the 1700 CE earthquake (average of 0.64 ±0.14 m subsidence; range of 0.24 ± 0.27 to 1.00 ± 0.44 m), five examples of the ca. 875 cal a BP earthquake (average of 0.43 ±0.16 m; range of 0.41 ± 0.36 to 0.48 ± 0.39 m), and six examples of the ca. 1120 cal a BP earthquake (average of 0.70±0.18 m; range of 0.47 ± 0.36 to 0.80 ± 0.49 m). Our subsidence estimates suggest ~±0.3 m of within‐site (intrasite) variability, which is consistent with previous research. We also identify inconsistencies between sites (intersite) at northern Humboldt Bay greater than one‐sigma uncertainties, driven by variable foraminiferal assemblages in the mud overlying the 1700 CE subsidence contact. Therefore, we recommend at least two quantitative microfossil reconstructions across the same stratigraphic sequence from different marsh sites within an estuary to account for estimate variability and provide increased confidence in vertical coseismic deformation estimates. Our results have broad implications for quantitative, microfossil‐based reconstructions of coseismic subsidence at temperate coastlines globally.
Water in ionic liquids: Raman spectroscopic studies
Authors: Saha Satyen , Verma Abhineet , Bandyopadhyay Krishanu
Published: July 2022

The application of Raman spectroscopy in studies of ionic liquid (IL) systems having water is presented here. The presence of water can be intentional or unintentional. Since water severely affects IL's physical and chemical properties, it is very important not only to identify but also to understand the role of water. It will be evident from this short review that Raman spectroscopy has immensely helped to understand the IL/water mixture at the molecular level.
Multifunctional Laser Imaging of Cancer Cell Secretion with Hybrid Liquid Crystal Resonators
Authors: Gong Chaoyang , Sun Fangyuan , Yang Guang , Wang Chenlu , Huang Changjin , Chen Yu‐Cheng
Published: July 2022

Laser emission imaging is an emerging technology, which offers immense potential for revealing biological behavior with enhanced light‐matter interactions and signal contrast. State‐of‐the‐art lasers mostly provide physical information of cells, without being able to perform various biochemical functions or biological information of cell. Here this need is addressed by introducing hybrid liquid crystal microlaser resonators, an approach for label‐free laser emission imaging of secreted molecules associated with various types of cell–environment interaction. Liquid crystal microdroplets are designed as signal amplifiers to report subtle molecular events sandwiched in a Fabry–Pérot microcavity. Through the integration with a galvometer scanner, dynamic information of cell physiological processes is recorded through different lasing wavelengths. The capability of detecting small molecule, redox oxygen species, to larger molecules such as overexpressed proteins is demonstrated by using pancreatic cancer cell line. The capability of monitoring cell responses to anticancer drug is also illustrated. The proposed concept can be extended to multiplexed biolasers for investigating cell signaling, cell–cell interactions, and drug screening.
Estimation of diaphragm depth based on waist circumference in the Thai population
Authors: Tongprasert Siam , Saeng‐xuto Warut , Kuvijitsuwan Pornsuree , Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk , Khunachiva Jeeranan
Published: July 2022

Introduction/Aims

There is a potential risk of causing a pneumothorax during needle electromyography of the diaphragm. The diaphragm depth can be estimated from body mass index (BMI), but this may not be practical in bedbound patients. The objectives of this study were to formulate correlation equations to estimate diaphragm depth based on waist circumference (WC) and determine their validity.

Methods

Personal data, weight, height, and WC were collected from healthy volunteers, and the diaphragm depth from the skin and diaphragm thickness of the participants were measured by ultrasonography. These data were used to formulate the equations for estimation of diaphragm depth based on WC, and the equations were validated by comparing the estimated diaphragm depths between BMI‐based equations and WC‐based equations.

Results

A total of 100 volunteers (48 men and 52 women) were recruited. The median age of the participants was 27 y (interquartile range, 26). The mean WC was 83.3 cm (SD, 7.8 cm). The diaphragm depth ranged between 1.0 and 2.7 cm. Equations for estimation of the diaphragm depth were created for each hemidiaphragm using data from 80 participants: left hemidiaphragm depth = (0.03 × WC) − 0.89 (r2 = 0.56); right hemidiaphragm depth = (0.03 × WC) − 0.94 (r2 = 0.55) with 10%–20% errors in 20 tested participants. The estimated diaphragm depths calculated from BMI and WC were comparable.

Discussion

The WC‐based equation can be used in addition to palpation techniques for guiding needle EMG insertion when ultrasound guidance is not available.
Klingende Schalen aus Bronze
Authors: Korn‐Müller Andreas , Schropp Thomas
Published: July 2022

Wasserklangschalen dienen im asiatischen Kulturraum schon seit Jahrhunderten sowohl als Musikinstrument als auch zur Meditation. Ihr ungewöhnliches Resonanzverhalten, das zu ihrem typischen, sonoren Klang und zum Springbrunnen‐Effekt führt, lässt sich mit Hilfe einer Frequenzmess‐App und einfachen Experimenten untersuchen. Daraus ergibt sich, dass der Ton der Klangschale unabhängig vom Wasserfüllstand ist, da die hörbaren Frequenen im äußeren Bereich entstehen.
Vom Kampf in die Chemie
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: July 2022

Zunächst ein Militär, wird der Gesuchte später zum „Großvater“ der Elektrochemie.
„Korkenziehen“ per Flambierbrenner
Authors: Kasper Lutz , Vogt Patrik
Published: July 2022

Wer zufällig einen Flambierbrenner anstelle eines Korkenziehers zur Hand hat, kann damit eine Weinflasche unkonventionell öffnen – gewissermaßen thermodynamisch. Zugegeben, diese Situation ist unwahrscheinlich, doch aus physikalischer Sicht ist das Experiment reizvoll.
Breath‐dependent pressure fluctuations in various constant‐ and variable‐flow neonatal CPAP devices
Authors: Auer‐Hackenberg Lorenz , Stroicz Patricia , Hofstätter Edda , Brandner Johannes , Haselmann Clemens , Wald Martin
Published: July 2022

Objective

In continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices, pressure can be generated by two different mechanisms: either via an expiratory valve or by one or more jets. Valved CPAP devices are referred to as constant‐flow devices, and jet devices are called variable‐flow devices. Constant‐flow CPAP devices are said to reduce the imposed work of breathing due to lower breath‐dependent pressure fluctuations. The present study investigates the performance of various constant‐ and variable‐flow CPAP devices in relation to breath‐dependent pressure fluctuations.

Design

Experimental study comparing the pressure fluctuations incurred by seven neonatal CPAP devices attached to an active neonatal lung model.

Methodology

Spontaneous breathing was simulated using a tidal volume of 6 ml at pressure levels of 5, 7, and 9 mbar. The main outcomes were respiratory pressure fluctuations, tidal volume, and end‐expiratory pressure.

Results

All CPAP devices tested showed respiratory pressure fluctuations, varying from 0.631 to 3.466 mbar. The generated tidal volume correlated significantly with the pressure fluctuations (r = −0.947; p = 0.001) and varied between 5.550 and 6.316 ml. CPAP devices with jets showed no advantage over CPAP devices with expiratory valves. End‐expiratory pressure in the nose deviated from the set pressure between −1.305 and 0.644 mbar and varied depending on whether the pressure was measured in the device or in the tube extending to the nose.

Conclusion

During standard spontaneous breathing, breath‐dependent pressure fluctuations in constant‐ and variable‐flow devices are comparable. Pressure measurements taken in the tubing system can lead to a considerable deviation of the applied pressure.
Using Wavy Fuel Surface to Improve the Performance of the Solid Fuel Ramjets
Authors: Reyhani Alireza , Tahsini Amir Mahdi
Published: July 2022

This paper introduces a new idea to augment the fuel regression rate in solid fuel ramjets. The heat transfer rate from the reacting flow field into the surface of the solid fuel grain determines directly its regression rate in this propulsion system, which is very low in comparison with solid rocket motors leads the low thrust levels. This innovative simple practical method is based on the geometrical treatment of the fuel grain, making the smooth ribs as a wavy surface, to increase the turbulence and the heat transfer rate into the evaporating surface where the fuel flow rate is determined. The finite volume solver of the turbulent reacting compressible flow is developed to study the flow field where the burning rate is computed using the conjugate heat transfer for the solid fuel. The influence of the amplitude and the period of the cosine function as the fuel surface geometry are investigated on the regression rate, and it is shown that the amplitude is more effective, and utilizing such surface treatments helps to augment considerably the fuel average regression rate.
Theoretical Study on the Gas‐Phase Oxidation Mechanism of Ethylene by Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Li Yuyan , Jiang Rongpei , Xu Sen , Gong Xuedong
Published: July 2022

The application of nitrous oxide (N2O) as a candidate oxidant provides a new opportunity for green propellants and propulsion systems. In this study, reaction paths are calculated by the DFT method in the B3LYP/6‐31++G** approximation for direct oxidation of ethylene with nitrous oxide. The results indicate that the reaction between N2O and C2H4 proceeds by a chain reaction mechanism. The reaction prefers the mechanism including 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of N2O to the double bond with the formation of unstable 4,5‐dihydro‐[1,2,3] oxadiazole intermediate via a transition state with an activation energy barrier of 102.54 kJ/mol, which is far below than that of N2O or C2H4 decomposition. Subsequently, the next step is the decomposition of these intermediates through hydrogen transfer within the hydrocarbon backbone and the formation of the final products.
Simultaneous monitoring of volatile organic contaminant concentration and controlling factors for vapor intrusion risk evaluations—Two select cases
Authors: Kram Mark , Hartman Blayne , Frescura Cliff
Published: July 2022

The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommends basing vapor intrusion risk‐related decisions on reasonable maximum exposure (RME). The RME can occur during conditions and factors that control advective vapor transport. The most common vapor intrusion assessment approaches consist of randomly timed sample collection efforts without regard to vapor transport controlling factors. As such, they often do not accurately yield RME estimates and are, therefore, inconsistent with USEPA recommended risk decision criteria. To address these challenges, continuous high‐frequency monitoring platforms have been deployed to concurrently track indoor concentrations of key volatile constituents, climatic conditions, and nominal pressure differential conditions that can result in toxic vapor transport and entry into buildings. The objective of this article is to demonstrate how vapor intrusion RME‐based risks can be successfully and efficiently characterized by documenting concentrations during advective chemical transport into the building. Time series analyses of data from selected sites and time increments were performed and compared to results expected from the most commonly employed sampling methods. These analyses indicate that time‐weighted analyses and resulting conclusions and risk‐based decisions can vary depending upon the sample timing. More specifically, these findings demonstrate that RME estimates will only be representative with a sufficient level of confidence when samples are collected at appropriate times. High‐frequency monitoring of dynamic concentration and controlling factors, and determination of a time‐weighted concentration average over a selected duration concurrent with advective flux conditions allows for the derivation of a representative RME‐based risk estimate. Furthermore, these variable temporal data patterns can prove insightful regarding cause‐and‐effect relationships.
Base‐free synthesis of bio‐derived 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid using SBA‐15 supported heteropoly acids in ionic liquids
Authors: Chen. Ruru , Zhao Qiu , Yan Dongxia , Xin Jiayu , Lu Xingmei
Published: July 2022

2,5‐Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a green and renewable substitute to terephthalic acid (TPA), the fundamental monomer of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. This work investigated novel supported Keggin phosphormolybdic acids (HPMs) for the synthesis of FDCA from 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in imidazole ionic liquids. Among four supporters, Al2O3, SiO2, ZSM‐5 and SBA‐15, SBA‐15 exhibited highest stability and specific surface area 507 m2/g. FDCA yield achieved 76 % by using HPM/SBA‐15, and maintained 60 % after 5 runs. Particularly, [Bmim]Cl ionic liquid was stable both in thermal and chemical properties by confirmation of FTIR and NMR. HPM/SBA‐15 was also employed in different monosaccharides to FDCA, and led to acceptable yields. A moderate FDCA yield of 34 % from glucose was obtained, revealing a great potential of one‐pot synthesis of FDCA from renewable and accessible carbohydrates.
Dual Activation of Carboxylic Acid Functionality by Protic Ionic Liquid: Solvent and Metal Free Strategy for Selective Esterification of Alcohols and Acylation of Aromatic Amines
Authors: Das Kamal , Majumdar Swapan
Published: July 2022

Highly efficient and chemoselective esterification of alcohols and acylation of aromatic amines with carboxylic acids using imidazolium based protic ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐imidazolium trifluoroacetate ([HBIm]TFA) as activator has been realized under organic volatile solvent free condition. The protic ionic liquid played dual role for activation of carboxylic acid which was proved by NMR study. A very interesting aspect of the present protocol is the acylation of less basic aromatic amines than the more reactive aliphatic amines as the later one forms salt with carboxylic acid. Our methodology offers several advantages like high yield, fast, efficient, chemo‐selectivity, metal and other coupling agent free procedure, recyclability of ionic liquid used and formation of water as the only by‐product.
Palladium Mediated Selective Cleavage of Benzyl and Allyl Phosphates: A Convenient Non‐Hydrogenolytic Method for the Synthesis of Phosphates and Phospholipids.
Authors: Mart Alson , Sarkar Nitai N. , Shashidhar Mysore S.
Published: July 2022

Palladium(II) hydroxide on carbon is a catalyst routinely used for the cleavage of O‐benzyl groups by hydrogenolysis to obtain the corresponding parent organic compound. The work described in this article shows that allyl and benzyl phosphates, can be cleaved efficiently and selectively using palladium(II) hydroxide on carbon, under non‐hydrogenolytic and neutral conditions, precluding the migration of acyl groups. The utility of these cleavage reactions for the synthesis of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid, containing unsaturation, is demonstrated. These methods have high potential for the synthesis of a variety of phosphates and natural phospholipids.
Electrochemical Sensing of Arsenic Ions Using a Covalently Functionalized Benzotriazole‐Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Modified Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrode
Authors: Gunasekaran Balu Mahendran , Rayappan John Bosco Balaguru , Rajendran Ganesh Kumar , Gopalakrishnan Gopu , Nesakumar Noel , Muthiah Senthilkumar , Sivanesan Jothi Ramalingam
Published: July 2022

Herein,Tecoma stans(TS) flower extract was used as an efficient green reducing agent for graphene oxide (GO) to produce reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for the first time. The organic heterocyclic benzotriazole (BTA) was incorporated onto the rGO surface through a nucleophilic substitution reaction to produce covalently bonded BTA‐rGO. The prepared materials were analyzed by UV‐visible spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction measurements (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was modified with BTA‐rGO. The fabricated electrode was electrochemically analyzed by using K3[Fe (CN)6] as a redox probe. To evaluate the sensing ability of BTA‐rGO/SPCE electrode towards arsenic ions using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and amperometry techniques. The BTA functional was play the major role in significant improving the conductivity and sensitivity of the designed electrode. The BTA‐rGO/SPCE modified electrode demonstrates voltammetric determination of As3+ions with a limit of detection, high sensitivity, and linear range values of 2.89 nM, 1.8 μA nM−1, and 2–40 nM, respectively. Furthermore, all of these impressive results indicate that BTA‐rGO can be used as an electrode‐material with capability for electrochemical arsenic sensors. The fabricated sensors showed repeatability and reproducibility in this study.
Self‐Assembled Artificial DNA Nanocompartments and Their Bioapplications
Authors: Huang Jing , Gambietz Sabrina , Saccà Barbara
Published: July 2022

Compartmentalization is the strategy evolved by nature to control reactions in space and time. The ability to emulate this strategy through synthetic compartmentalization systems has rapidly evolved in the past years, accompanied by an increasing understanding of the effects of spatial confinement on the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the guest molecules. DNA nanotechnology has played a pivotal role in this scientific endeavor and is still one of the most promising approaches for the construction of nanocompartments with programmable structural features and nanometer‐scaled addressability. In this review, the design approaches, bioapplications, and theoretical frameworks of self‐assembled DNA nanocompartments are surveyed. From DNA polyhedral cages to virus‐like capsules, the construction principles of such intriguing architectures are illustrated. Various applications of DNA nanocompartments, including their use for programmable enzyme scaffolding, single‐molecule studies, biosensing, and as artificial nanofactories, ending with an ample description of DNA nanocages for biomedical purposes, are then reported. Finally, the theoretical hypotheses that make DNA nanocompartments, and nanosystems in general, a topic of great interest in modern science, are described and the progresses that have been done until now in the comprehension of the peculiar phenomena that occur within nanosized environments are summarized.