bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science needs more external evaluation, not less
Authors: Knaapen Loes
Published: June 2021

When science is evaluated by bureaucrats and administrators, it is usually done by quantified performance metrics, for the purpose of economic productivity. Olof Hallonsten criticizes both the means (quantification) and purpose (economization) of such external evaluation. I share the concern that such neoliberal performance metrics are shallow, over-simplified and inaccurate, but differ in how best to oppose this reductionism. Hallonsten proposes to replace quantitative performance metrics with qualitative in-depth evaluation of science, which would keep evaluation internal to scientific communities. I argue that such qualitative internal evaluation will not be enough to challenge current external evaluation since it does little to counteract neoliberal politics, and fails to provide the accountability that science owes the public. To assure that the many worthy purposes of science (i.e. truth, democracy, well-being, justice) are valued and pursued, I argue science needs more and more diverse external evaluation. The diversification of science evaluation can go in many directions: towards both quantified performance metrics and qualitative internal assessments and beyond economic productivity to value science’s broader societal contributions. In addition to administrators and public servants, science evaluators must also include diverse counterpublics of scientists: civil society, journalists, interested lay public and scientists themselves. More diverse external evaluation is perhaps no more accurate than neoliberal quantified metrics, but by valuing the myriad contributions of science and the diversity of its producers and users, it is hopefully less partial and perhaps more just.
Electronic Cigarettes: Their Role in the Lives of College Students
Authors: Daniel Carla , Haddad Christa , McConaha Jamie L. , Lunney Philip
Published: June 2021

Background:

Electronic cigarettes have increased in popularity amongst college-aged adults. Although often advertised as smoking cessation tools, students have taken to them as their primary exposure to nicotine. For many reasons, e-cigarettes are extremely convenient and have become the most common tobacco products among this generation.

Objective:

To assess perceptions and reasons for e-cigarette use in college students

Methods:

A 20 question online Qualtrics® survey was distributed to college students aged 18 and above across the United States. All responses were anonymous and data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative inferential and descriptive statistics.

Results:

Of those who used e-cigarettes, 67.7% are not likely to smoke when they are upset or sad, 56.8% disagree that stress is a factor, and 83.5% cited that alcohol was involved when smoking. Most respondents, 74% (n = 467), associated smoking with emotions of happiness, joy or peace. 43.7% who associated e-cigarettes with happiness or peace were more likely to agree that stress was an influence versus 26.5% for those who did not (p = 0.004).

Conclusion:

Results show a high prevalence of e-cigarette usage among college-aged students. Emotional pleasurable connections with e-cigarettes, similar to traditional cigarettes, play a role in their use. This information will allow healthcare professionals to tailor educational messages surrounding cessation.
Unsteady hybrid nanoparticle-mediated magneto-hemodynamics and heat transfer through an overlapped stenotic artery: Biomedical drug delivery simulation
Authors: Tripathi Jayati , Vasu Buddakkagari , Bég Osman Anwar , Gorla Rama Subba Reddy
Published: June 2021

Two-dimensional laminar hemodynamics through a diseased artery featuring an overlapped stenosis was simulated theoretically and computationally. This study presented a mathematical model for the unsteady blood flow with hybrid biocompatible nanoparticles (Silver and Gold) inspired by drug delivery applications. A modified Tiwari-Das volume fraction model was adopted for nanoscale effects. Motivated by the magneto-hemodynamics effects, a uniform magnetic field was applied in the radial direction to the blood flow. For realistic blood behavior, Reynolds’ viscosity model was applied in the formulation to represent the temperature dependency of blood. Fourier’s heat conduction law was assumed and heat generation effects were included. Therefore, the governing equations were an extension of the Navier–Stokes equations with magneto-hydrodynamic body force included. The two-dimensional governing equations were transformed and normalized with appropriate variables, and the mild stenotic approximation was implemented. The strongly nonlinear nature of the resulting dimensionless boundary value problem required a robust numerical method, and therefore the FTCS algorithm was deployed. Validation of solutions for the particular case of constant viscosity and non-magnetic blood flow was included. Using clinically realistic hemodynamic data, comprehensive solutions were presented for silver, and silver-gold hybrid mediated blood flow. A comparison between silver and hybrid nanofluid was also included, emphasizing the use of hybrid nanoparticles for minimizing the hemodynamics. Enhancement in magnetic parameter decelerated the axial blood flow in stenotic region. Colored streamline plots for blood, silver nano-doped blood, and hybrid nano-doped blood were also presented. The simulations were relevant to the diffusion of nano-drugs in magnetic targeted treatment of stenosed arterial diseases.
Vitamin A retinopathy secondary to Billroth II anastomosis triggered after the beginning of dialysis
Authors: Remolí Sargues Lidia , Montero Hernández Javier , Ortiz Salvador Miguel , Moratal Peiro Baltasar , Monferrer Adsuara Clara , Castro Navarro Verónica , Navarro Palop Catalina , Cervera Taulet Enrique
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

To report a case of vitamin A retinopathy secondary to Billroth II anastomosis triggered after the beginning of dialysis in a patient with a chronic renal failure.

Case report:

A 73-year-old male complained of nyctalopia that had started 9 months ago, coinciding with the beginning of dialysis. His medical history is remarkable for hepatic cirrhosis and Billroth II anastomosis 20 years ago. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 60 letters in both eyes. Dilated fundus examination showed faint white-yellowish dots. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) illustrated hyperreflective dots and small hyporreflective cavities between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the ellipsoid zone (EZ). En face OCT showed multiple hyperreflective dots that coincide with white-yellowish dots of the fundus, and multiple hyporreflective defects which correspond to hyporreflective cavities seen in the OCT. Visual field examination showed concentric narrowing of the visual field. A diagnosis of vitamin A deficiency was confirmed and oral vitamin A supplementation was initiated. One month after treatment, the patient reported a subjective improvement of nyctalopia, and BCVA ameliorated up to 80 and 85 letters. Fundus examination, OCT, and en face OCT showed a diminution of the observed lesions. Moreover, visual field improved.

Conclusion:

Early diagnosis of vitamin A deficiency can prevent irreversible visual sequelae. This highlights the crucial role of ophthalmologists in the prompt detection of this condition. A lifelong monitoring should be needed in patients undergoing biliopancreatic diversion surgery. Furthermore, OCT and en face OCT becomes a main tool in the diagnosis and monitor response to treatment.
Adrenal Insufficiency Secondary to Septic Shock in a Male Patient with Iatrogenic Cushing’s Syndrome: 2 sides of the Same Coin?
Authors: Foppiani Luca
Published: June 2021

Cushing’s syndrome causes increased morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular and infectious diseases. Exogenous Cushing’s syndrome can render the adrenal glands unable to cope with severe infections and may result in Addisonian crisis, which can be fatal if not properly diagnosed and treated. During hospitalization for disease exacerbation, a man on chronic glucocorticoid therapy for Crohn’s disease and Cushingoid features developed polymicrobial septic shock together with hypotension that was unresponsive to fluids. On suspicion of relative adrenal insufficiency (cortisol levels were “inadequately” normal), intravenous hydrocortisone was started; norepinephrine was also required to normalize blood pressure. Following clinical improvement, oral cortisone acetate was started. On discharge, he was instructed on how to manage stressful events by increasing oral glucocorticoid treatment or starting a parenteral formulation, if required. Chronic glucocorticoid therapy can cause severe side-effects; in addition, hypoadrenalism can occur in critical illnesses (eg, severe infections). Prompt recognition and proper therapy of this condition can be life-saving.
School refusal and isolation: The perspectives of five adolescent school refusers in London, UK
Authors: Kljakovic Moja , Kelly Aidan , Richardson Andrew
Published: June 2021

Research has identified a subset of young people who feel unable to engage in mainstream education. Given the hard-to-reach nature of this group, their views on what has caused their isolation from others have received little focus in previous literature. The present study aimed to explore the experiences and views of a subset of young people seen within an inner London Pupil Referral Unit who were extremely socially withdrawn and unable to attend mainstream education. They were asked what they believe led them to their current situation, the impact of isolation, how their life is going and what they value. Key themes identified were the role of anxiety in withdrawal from education and the protective capacity of social contact, even via social media, in preventing negative outcomes of withdrawal. Sleep, health, education, family and social contact were identified as risk and protective factors and were also things participants identified as values. This research provides insight into potential ways to support young people in returning to mainstream education as well as ideas for preventative measures that may protect future generations from such extreme isolation. This research was conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic, but lessons learned bear relevance in current times.
The Impact of Rivaroxaban and Apixaban on Tacrolimus Trough Levels
Authors: Scheibner Aileen C. , Franco-Martinez Crystal , Kincaide Elisabeth , Hall Reed , Long Christina
Published: June 2021

The solid organ transplant community is slow to adopt the routine practice of using direct oral anticoagulants. Rivaroxaban and apixaban share common metabolic pathways with tacrolimus. This study aimed to clarify the impact of rivaroxaban/apixaban on tacrolimus troughs. Fifty solid organ transplant recipients with concomitant use of tacrolimus and rivaroxaban/apixaban were retrospectively assessed for changes in tacrolimus troughs and dose. Average dose-adjusted tacrolimus troughs and average tacrolimus total daily doses prior to and after rivaroxaban/apixaban initiation were compared. Subgroup analyses evaluating rivaroxaban and apixaban individually were performed. Rivaroxaban was prescribed to 18 recipients, and apixaban was prescribed to 32 recipients. Transplanted organs included kidney (n = 22), lung (n = 18), liver (n = 7), simultaneous pancreas and kidney (n = 1), and simultaneous kidney and liver (n = 2). The median doseadjusted tacrolimus trough and tacrolimus total daily dose prior to rivaroxaban/apixaban initiation was 2.15 ng/mL/mg (IQR 1.17, 3.37) and 4 mg (IQR 1.88, 6.25), respectively. The median dose-adjusted tacrolimus trough and tacrolimus total daily dose after rivaroxaban/apixaban initiation was 2.16 ng/mL/mg (IQR 1.24, 4.10) and 3.55 mg (IQR 1.5, 6.35), respectively. No significant difference was found between average dose-adjusted tacrolimus troughs or tacrolimus total daily doses before and after rivaroxaban/apixaban initiation or in the individual subgroup analyses for rivaroxaban/apixaban. It is unlikely that initiating rivaroxaban/apixaban affects tacrolimus troughs or requires tacrolimus dose adjustment. This study does not elucidate if tacrolimus affects rivaroxaban/apixaban pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics.
Endoluminal flow diverters in the treatment of sidewall and bifurcation aneurysm: A systematic review and meta-analysis of complications and angiographic outcomes
Authors: Abbasi Mehdi , Savasatano Luis E , Brinjikji Waleed , Kallmes Kevin M , Mikoff Nick , Reierson Natalie , Abdelmegeed Mohamed , Pederson John , Warren Beth , Touchette Jillienne C , Khan Sarah , Kamrowski Shelby , Barrett Averi , Kallmes David F , Kadirvel Ramanathan
Published: June 2021

Background and aim

The use of endoluminal flow diversion in bifurcation aneurysms has been questioned due to the potential for complications and lower occlusion rates. In this study we assessed outcomes of endovascular treatment of intracranial sidewall and bifurcation aneurysms with flow diverters

Methods

In July 2020, a literature search for all studies utilizing endoluminal flow diverter treatment for sidewall or bifurcation aneurysms was performed. Data were collected from studies that met our inclusion/exclusion criteria by two independent reviewers and confirmed by a third reviewer. Using random-effects meta-analysis the target outcomes including overall complications (hematoma, ischemic events, minor ischemic stroke, aneurysm rupture, side vessel occlusion, stenosis, thrombosis, transient ischemic stroke, and other complications), perioperative complications, and follow-up (long-term) aneurysm occlusion were intestigated.

Results

Overall, we included 35 studies with 1084 patients with 1208 aneurysms. Of these aneurysms, 654 (54.14%) and 554 (45.86%) were classified as sidewall and bifurcation aneurysm, respectively, based on aneurysm location. Sidewall aneurysms had a similar total complication rate (R) of 27.12% (95% CI, 16.56%–41.09%), compared with bifurcation aneurysms (R, 20.40%, 95% CI, 13.24%–30.08%) (p = 0.3527). Follow-up angiographic outcome showed comparable complete occlusion rates for sidewall aneurysms (R 69.49%; 95%CI, 62.41%–75.75%) and bifurcation aneurysms (R 73.99%; 95% CI, 65.05%–81.31%; p = 0.4328).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis of sidewall and bifurcation aneurysms treated with endoluminal flow diverters demonstrated no significant differences in complications or occlusion rates. These data provide new information that can be used as a benchmark for comparison with emerging devices for the treatment of bifurcation aneurysms.
Promnesic futures: Technology, climate, déjà vu
Authors: Szpunar Piotr M
Published: June 2021

What is the function of the past in visions of the future? For critics, futures built on recycled futures-past, at best, signal a failure of imagination and, at worst, foreclose much-needed alternatives. Against a backdrop in which the future is predominantly thought of as a threat, this paper offers a more nuanced account of the entanglement of past and future at lieux de futur, complex assemblages of imagination, relations to time, scales of the past, forgetting, and sense experiences. Utilizing fieldwork at the 2018 Future of Everything Festival and collected materials from Astana Expo 2017 this paper reconsiders the function of the familiar in visions of tomorrow through the concept of déjà vu (promnesia). Triggered by a single familiar element among what is presented as novel, déjà vu activates a sensation that one can see the future unfold before its full arrival. Promnesic futures thus act as a prophylactic against broader looming threats (e.g. climate change) by rendering them seemingly navigable.
The influence of delayed treatment due to COVID-19 on patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
Authors: Zhao Xinyu , Meng Lihui , Luo Mingyue , Yu Weihong , Min Hanyi , Dai Rongping , Koh Adrian , Chen Youxin
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

To explore the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the prognosis of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and share the experience in managing them during pandemics.

Method:

This is a retrospective study of nAMD and PCV patients treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 31 December 2019 to 1 August 2020. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) features, duration of delayed treatment and number of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections were analyzed.

Results:

A total of 130 nAMD patients (155 eyes) and 76 PCV patients (89 eyes) were identified. Compared to the conditions before COVID-19, the BCVA of delayed cases decreased significantly, and the proportion of patients presenting with sub-macular scar was significantly greater in the delayed treatment group ( p < 0.05). The BCVA of non-delayed cases remained stable, with the percentage of patients with disease activity sub-retinal fluid and hemorrhage at the fovea decreasing significantly ( p < 0.05). The stable cases who did not require anti-VEGF treatment had significantly worse baseline and final BCVA, these patients were likely to be chronic and ‘burnt out’ cases with significantly worse anatomical structures ( p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

The delayed cases due to the pandemic suffered compromised visual function and a higher rate of sub-macular scar formation, while the visual function of non-delayed cases remained stable with favorable anatomical outcomes, suggesting the importance of regular follow-up for nAMD and PCV patients. Besides, effective measures of hospitals during pandemics are crucial to provide timely treatment for chronic disease.
The Perception of Musical Expression in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of the Glorifying Hymnic*
Authors: Hentschel Frank , Kreutz Gunter
Published: June 2021

Music conveys expressive meaning, and it elicits affective and associative responses in listeners. Historical documents from the 19th century contain reflections about the perceived expression of and affective responses to music in a wide range of works, including symphonies and operas. Therefore, we asked what verbal descriptors found in contemporary writings from the 19th century provide information about the perceived expressive qualities. Additionally, we examined whether the sources hint at situational / contextual factors. To this end, we investigated the descriptors used to describe the perception of a specific type of music, defined through a set of 16 features. We called this type of music “Glorifying Hymnic.” We searched a large amount of 19th-century symphonic music to identify as many excerpts displaying these features. Then, we investigated the description of the listening experience of the excerpts mainly using the RIPM (Retrospective Index to Music Periodicals) database. We found 47 compositions with 48 excerpts that matched our rather strict criteria and 102 textual sources that provided sufficiently concrete information regarding how several of the excerpts have been perceived. We found a very high degree of consistency in the description of the music: It has been described as glorious, powerful, triumphant and victorious, grand, joyous and happy, solemn, exciting, noble, tranquil and sometimes proud. It also elicited associations with singing, especially choral singing, and with religion. Only very few connections between music perception and situational factors were detected relating to religious associations and associations of the music with choral singing. They might refer to special circumstances in France and Germany respectively. We discuss our findings in the context of both historical perspectives and musicpsychological models.
Detrimental Associations of Cumulative Trauma, COVID-19 Infection Indicators, Avoidance, and Loneliness With Sleep and Negative Emotionality in Emerging Adulthood During the Pandemic
Authors: Harriger Jennifer A. , Joseph Nataria T. , Trammell Janet
Published: June 2021

While effects of COVID-19 on physical health are the subject of much research, it is also important to understand risk factors for negative psychosocial and behavioral outcomes. Undergraduates ( N = 490, Mage = 20.4) completed measures regarding prior trauma, COVID-19 infection indicators, stressors and trauma, coping, loneliness, social support, sleep behaviors, and negative emotionality. Results demonstrate that pre-existing trauma, COVID-19 stressors, loneliness, and avoidant coping exhibit independent and synergistic associations with poor sleep quality and negative emotionality. Associations between both COVID-19 stressors and avoidant coping with sleep quality were the strongest among those with higher levels of cumulative trauma. Avoidant coping was most strongly associated with higher levels of negative emotions among those reporting COVID infection indicators. Findings suggest a comprehensive set of specific pandemic and general life factors associated with worse outcomes, contributing to the development of a conceptual model of pandemic behavioral and emotional risk for emerging adults.
Impact of COVID-19 on Pharmaceutical Care Services and the Role of Community Pharmacists: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study in Ethiopia
Authors: Yimenu Dawit Kumilachew , Demeke Chilot Abiyu , Kasahun Asmamaw Emagn , Siraj Ebrahim Abdela , Wendalem Adane Yehualaw , Bazezew Zegaye Agmassie , Mekuria Abebe Basazn
Published: June 2021

Objectives

The current study aimed at assessing the impact of COVID-19 on pharmaceutical care services and the role of community pharmacists.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 1st to June 7, 2020, on community pharmacies in Bahir Dar and Gondar cities, Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were conducted. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to declare statistical significance at a 95% Confidence interval (CI).

Results

A total of 101 community pharmacies were approached (one pharmacist per pharmacy), and 80 of them had completed the survey. From the total pharmacies, 78.8% of them had encountered a shortage of pharmaceutical products. Chi-square test revealed that there was a significant difference ( P = 0.036) in the shortage of personal protection equipment between Gondar and Bahir Dar cities. Face mask 55 (77.4%) followed by hand glove 15 (21.1%) were the most commonly reported personal protective equipment’s in short supply.

Conclusion

Strategies should be in place to improve the availability and affordability of various essential pharmaceuticals to mitigate the spread of the disease and prevent other complications.
It’s a Wonderful Life: William H. Teale’s Contributions to Early and Emergent Literacy
Authors: Gavelek James R. , Raphael Taffy E.
Published: June 2021

We highlight in this essay the significant career contributions of William H. Teale to the field of literacy research, policy, and practice in recognition of his receipt of the 2020 Oscar S. Causey Award. First, we contextualize Professor Teale’s scholarship through personal descriptions of our decades-long collegial relationships with him. We then trace Teale’s early work to the career defining scholarship that led to paradigmatic shifts in early literacy research and practice. We highlight explicitly his consequential coauthored volume Emergent Literacy (Teale & Sulzby, 1986), which redefined literate practice and unlinked it from its conventional print-based onset to instead focus on the emergent literate practices that form the foundation of children’s meaningful engagement as literate beings. In the second half of our essay, we amplify the voices of colleagues across the world who provide testimonials that evidence the far-reaching and indelible impact of Professor Teale’s lifelong scholarship, which examined how to improve children’s literacy experiences through (a) the quality of literature they read, (b) teachers’ access to and interactions with models of high-quality instruction, and (c) school leadership development.
Reservation of Dalit in theCivil Service of Nepal: Efficacious or Not?
Authors: Siwakoti Sachin
Published: June 2021

The concept of reservation in state mechanism attaches itself to the idea of breaking or at least stagnating the cycle of perpetuation of hierarchical status in those mechanisms. Reservation of Dalit in such mechanism is guaranteed via both statutory and constitutional requirement in context of Nepal. So much so, that ‘Right of Dalit’ recognised as a fundamental right of Dalit in the constitution encapsulates this requirement exclusively. The study investigates whether the guaranteeing of legal requirement has translated into an efficacious material realisation. It takes representation of Dalit within the civil service as a reference point for this investigation and analyses whether hierarchical status borne out of true phenomenology of caste have been truly shredded by policies of perceived empowerment in civil service symbolic to breaking of hierarchies in state machinery.
Splicing factor mutations in hematologic malignancies
Authors: Chen Sisi , Benbarche Salima , Abdel-Wahab Omar
Published: June 2021

Mutations in genes encoding RNA splicing factors were discovered nearly 10 years ago and are now understood to be among the most recurrent genetic abnormalities in patients with all forms of myeloid neoplasms and several types of lymphoproliferative disorders, as well as subjects with clonal hematopoiesis. These discoveries implicate aberrant RNA splicing, the process by which precursor RNA is converted into mature messenger RNA, in the development of clonal hematopoietic conditions. Both the protein and the RNA components of the splicing machinery are affected by mutations at highly specific residues, and a number of these mutations alter splicing in a manner distinct from loss of function. Importantly, cells bearing these mutations have now been shown to generate mRNA species with novel aberrant sequences, some of which may be critical to disease pathogenesis and/or novel targets for therapy. These findings have opened new avenues of research to understand biological pathways disrupted by altered splicing. In parallel, multiple studies have revealed that cells bearing change-of-function mutation in splicing factors are preferentially sensitized to any further genetic or chemical perturbations of the splicing machinery. These discoveries are now being pursued in several early-phase clinical trials using molecules with diverse mechanisms of action. Here, we review the molecular effects of splicing factor mutations on splicing, the mechanisms by which these mutations drive clonal transformation of hematopoietic cells, and the development of new therapeutics targeting these genetic subsets of hematopoietic malignancies.
CASTELO: clustered atom subtypes aided lead optimization—a combined machine learning and molecular modeling method
Authors: Zhang Leili , Domeniconi Giacomo , Yang Chih-Chieh , Kang Seung-gu , Zhou Ruhong , Cong Guojing
Published: June 2021

Background

Drug discovery is a multi-stage process that comprises two costly major steps: pre-clinical research and clinical trials. Among its stages, lead optimization easily consumes more than half of the pre-clinical budget. We propose a combined machine learning and molecular modeling approach that partially automates lead optimization workflow in silico, providing suggestions for modification hot spots.

Results

The initial data collection is achieved with physics-based molecular dynamics simulation. Contact matrices are calculated as the preliminary features extracted from the simulations. To take advantage of the temporal information from the simulations, we enhanced contact matrices data with temporal dynamism representation, which are then modeled with unsupervised convolutional variational autoencoder (CVAE). Finally, conventional and CVAE-based clustering methods are compared with metrics to rank the submolecular structures and propose potential candidates for lead optimization.

Conclusion

With no need for extensive structure-activity data, our method provides new hints for drug modification hotspots which can be used to improve drug potency and reduce the lead optimization time. It can potentially become a valuable tool for medicinal chemists.
Conversion between 100-million-year-old duplicated genes contributes to rice subspecies divergence
Authors: Wei Chendan , Wang Zhenyi , Wang Jianyu , Teng Jia , Shen Shaoqi , Xiao Qimeng , Bao Shoutong , Feng Yishan , Zhang Yan , Li Yuxian , Sun Sangrong , Yue Yuanshuai , Wu Chunyang , Wang Yanli , Zhou Tianning , Xu Wenbo , Yu Jigao , Wang Li , Wang Jinpeng
Published: June 2021

Background

Duplicated gene pairs produced by ancient polyploidy maintain high sequence similarity over a long period of time and may result from illegitimate recombination between homeologous chromosomes. The genomes of Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa ssp. indica (XI) and Oryza sativa ssp. japonica (GJ) have recently been updated, providing new opportunities for investigating ongoing gene conversion events and their impact on genome evolution.

Results

Using comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses, we evaluated gene conversion rates between duplicated genes produced by polyploidization 100 million years ago (mya) in GJ and XI. At least 5.19–5.77% of genes duplicated across the three rice genomes were affected by whole-gene conversion after the divergence of GJ and XI at ~ 0.4 mya, with more (7.77–9.53%) showing conversion of only portions of genes. Independently converted duplicates surviving in the genomes of different subspecies often use the same donor genes. The ongoing gene conversion frequency was higher near chromosome termini, with a single pair of homoeologous chromosomes, 11 and 12, in each rice genome being most affected. Notably, ongoing gene conversion has maintained similarity between very ancient duplicates, provided opportunities for further gene conversion, and accelerated rice divergence. Chromosome rearrangements after polyploidization are associated with ongoing gene conversion events, and they directly restrict recombination and inhibit duplicated gene conversion between homeologous regions. Furthermore, we found that the converted genes tended to have more similar expression patterns than nonconverted duplicates. Gene conversion affects biological functions associated with multiple genes, such as catalytic activity, implying opportunities for interaction among members of large gene families, such as NBS-LRR disease-resistance genes, contributing to the occurrence of the gene conversion.

Conclusion

Duplicated genes in rice subspecies generated by grass polyploidization ~ 100 mya remain affected by gene conversion at high frequency, with important implications for the divergence of rice subspecies.
Insights into the mechanism of the effects of rhizosphere microorganisms on the quality of authentic Angelica sinensis under different soil microenvironments
Authors: Zhu Lei , Yan Hui , Zhou Gui-sheng , Jiang Chun-hao , Liu Pei , Yu Guang , Guo Sheng , Wu Qi-Nan , Duan Jin-ao
Published: June 2021

Background

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (A. sinensis) is a Chinese herb grown in different geographical locations. It contains numerous active components with therapeutic value. Rhizosphere microbiomes affect various aspects of plant performance, such as nutrient acquisition, growth and development and plant diseases resistance. So far, few studies have investigated how the microbiome effects level of active components of A. sinensis. This study investigated whether changes in rhizosphere microbial communities and metabolites of A. sinensis vary with the soil microenvironment. Soils from the two main A. sinensis-producing areas, Gansu and Yunnan Province, were used to conduct pot experiments. The soil samples were divided into two parts, one part was sterilized and the other was unsterilized planting with the seedling variety of Gansu danggui 90–01. All seedlings were allowed to grow for 180 days. At the end of the experiment, radix A. sinensis were collected and used to characterize growth targets and chemical compositions. Rhizosphere soils were subjected to microbial analyses.

Results

Changes in metabolic profiles and rhizosphere microbial communities of A. sinensis grown under different soil microenvironments were similar. The GN (Gansu non-sterilized), YN (Yunnan non-sterilized), GS (Gansu sterilized), and YS (Yunnan sterilized) groups were significantly separated. Notably, antagonistic bacteria such as Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Lysobacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, etc. were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in Gansu soil compared with Yunnan soil. Moreover, senkyunolide I and ligustilide dimers which were enriched in GS group were strongly positively correlated with Pseudomonas parafulva; organic acids (including chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid and 5-feruloylquinic acid) and their ester coniferyl ferulate which were enriched in YS Group were positively associated with Gemmatimonadetes bacterium WY71 and Mucilaginibater sp., respectively.

Conclusions

The soil microenvironment influences growth and level/type of active components in A. sinensis. Further studies should explore the functional features of quality-related bacteria, identify the key response genes and clarify the interactions between genes and soil environments. This will reveal the mechanisms that determine the quality formation of genuine A. sinensis.
Deep learning-based framework for the distinction of membranous nephropathy: a new approach through hyperspectral imagery
Authors: Tu Tianqi , Wei Xueling , Yang Yue , Zhang Nianrong , Li Wei , Tu Xiaowen , Li Wenge
Published: June 2021

Background

Common subtypes seen in Chinese patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) include idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) and hepatitis B virus-related membranous nephropathy (HBV-MN). However, the morphologic differences are not visible under the light microscope in certain renal biopsy tissues.

Methods

We propose here a deep learning-based framework for processing hyperspectral images of renal biopsy tissue to define the difference between IMN and HBV-MN based on the component of their immune complex deposition.

Results

The proposed framework can achieve an overall accuracy of 95.04% in classification, which also leads to better performance than support vector machine (SVM)-based algorithms.

Conclusion

IMN and HBV-MN can be correctly separated via the deep learning framework using hyperspectral imagery. Our results suggest the potential of the deep learning algorithm as a new method to aid in the diagnosis of MN.
Transvaginal two-dimensional ultrasound measurement of cervical volume to predict the outcome of the induction of labour: a prospective observational study
Authors: Athulathmudali S. R. , Patabendige M. , Chandrasinghe S. K. , De Silva P. H. P.
Published: June 2021

Background

Assessing the likelihood of success of induction of labour using ultrasonically measured cervical volume is an important research question.

Method

A prospective observational study was carried out at North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka. Pre-induction digital cervical assessment, transvaginal cervical length, and cervical volume measurements were performed. Inductions with singleton pregnancies at term were included. Basic demographic and clinical details, independent variables (Bishop score, cervical length and cervical volume), and dependent variables (frequency of delivery within 24 h and induction to delivery interval) were recorded. Vaginal delivery within 24 h was the primary outcome.

Results

We studied 100 pregnant women who had induction of labour. Median (IQR) Bishop score was 5 (3–6), mean (SD) cervical length was 3.6 (0.7) cm, and mean (SD) cervical volume was 27.5 (10.4) cm3. Cervical length was the best predictor for predicting the likelihood of vaginal delivery within 24 h [aOR – 12.12 (3.44, 42.71); < 0.001], and cervical volume also appeared to be a significant potential predictor [aOR-1.10 (1.01, 1.17); 0.01]. Cervical length was found to have the highest AUC (0.83) followed by the cervical volume (0.74). The best cut-off value for cervical volume in predicting the likelihood of vaginal delivery within 24 h was less than 28.5 cm3 with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 74%.

Conclusions

Transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical volume appears to be a potential novel predictor for the likelihood of vaginal delivery within 24 h of induction of labour. Cervical length is still more superior to cervical volume in predicting the likelihood of vaginal delivery. Bishop score was not a significant predictor in this context.
In vivo confocal microscopy assessment of meibomian glands microstructure in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy
Authors: Cheng Shengnan , Yu Yueqi , Chen Jin , Ye Lin , Wang Xinghua , Jiang Fagang
Published: June 2021

Background

To evaluate microstructural changes in the meibomian glands (MGs) in patients with active and inactive Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and to investigate the correlations between clinical and confocal findings.

Methods

Forty patients (80 eyes) with GO (34 eyes with active GO, 46 eyes with inactive GO), and 31 age- and sex-matched control participants (62 eyes) were enrolled consecutively. A researcher recorded the clinical activity score (CAS) for each patient. A complete ophthalmic examination was then performed, including external eye, ocular surface and MGs. IVCM of the MGs was performed to determine the MG acinar density (MAD), MG longest and shortest diameters (MALD and MASD), MG orifice area (MOA), MG acinar irregularity (MAI), meibum secretion reflectivity (MSR), acinar wall inhomogeneity (AWI), acinar periglandular interstices inhomogeneity (API), and severity of MG fibrosis (MF).

Results

All confocal microscopy assessments of MGs significantly differed among groups (all P = 0.000). Compared to controls, GO groups showed lower MOA (1985.82 ± 1325.30 μm2 in active GO and 2021.59 ± 1367.45 μm2 in inactive GO vs. 3896.63 ± 891.90 μm2 in controls, all P = 0.000) and MAD (87.21 ± 32.69 /mm2 in active GO and 80.72 ± 35.54 /mm2 in inactive GO vs. 114.69 ± 34.90 /mm2 in controls, P = 0.001 and 0.000, respectively); greater MALD (118.11 ± 30.23 μm in active GO and 120.58 ± 27.64 μm in inactive GO vs. 58.68 ± 20.28 μm in controls, all P = 0.000) and MASD (44.77 ± 19.16 μm in active GO and 46.02 ± 20.70 μm in inactive GO vs. 27.80 ± 9.90 μm in controls, all P = 0.000); and higher degrees of MAI, MSR, and MF (all P<0.05). Eyes with active GO had higher degrees of MAI (P = 0.015), AWI (P = 0.000), and API (P = 0.000), while eyes with inactive GO had higher degrees of MSR (P = 0.000) and MF (P = 0.017). In GO groups, AWI and API were positively correlated with CAS (r = 0.640, P = 0.000; r = 0.683, P = 0.000, respectively), and MF was negatively correlated with CAS (r = − 0.228, P = 0.042).

Conclusions

IVCM effectively revealed microstructural changes of MGs in eyes with GO and provided strong in vivo evidence for the roles of obstruction and inflammation in the ocular surface disease process. Furthermore, it revealed discernible patterns of MG abnormalities in eyes with active GO and inactive GO, which are not easily distinguishable by typical clinical examinations.
A national survey on depressive and anxiety disorders in Afghanistan: A highly traumatized population
Authors: Kovess-Masfety V. , Keyes Katherine , Karam Elie , Sabawoon Ajmal , Sarwari Bashir Ahmad
Published: June 2021

Background

This survey attempts to measure at a national level, exposures to major traumas and the prevalence of common mental health disorders in a low-income dangerous country, highly affected by conflicts: Afghanistan.

Methods

Trans-sectional probability survey in general population by multistage sampling in 8 provinces, represented nationwide: 4445 adults (4433 weighted),15 years or older, 81% participation rate. Face to face interviews used specific scales for measuring lifetime exposure (LEC 5 Life Events Checklist) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD Check List), a diagnostic standardized interview: Composite International Diagnostic Interview (Short Form) for.

Major Depressive Episode and Generalized Anxiety Disorder, plus scales for suicidal thoughts and attempts and psychological distress (MH5 and RE from SF36).

Results

52.62% of the population is illiterate, 84,61% of the women do not have any source of income; 70.92% of the population lives in rural areas, 60.62% are below 35 years, 80% lives in very dangerous areas. 64.67% of the Afghan population had personally experienced at least one traumatic event; 78.48% had witnessed one such event. 60.77% of the sample experienced collective violence in relation to war and 48.76% reported four or more events; this very much differs across regions and levels of danger; women are less at risk for trauma except sexual violence, 35 years and above are more at risk than younger. 12-month PTSD prevalence reaches a high rate: 5.34% as MDE 11,71%, whereas GAD 2.78%; suicidal thoughts 2.26%, lifetime suicidal attempts 3.50% are close to reported in other countries. Women have more risk for PTSD (0R = 1.93) and suicidal behaviours (attempts OR = 1.92) than men; the number of events increases risk for MDE, PTSD and suicidal attempts, whereas education is protective. Exposure to different war events produced different mental health effects. People suffering from PTSD have higher risk to report 12-months suicidal ideations and lifetime suicidal attempts.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the need to map the extent and the types of mental disorders post conflict; this would help maximise the help to be offered in guiding proper choice of interventions, including education.
The mental health, quality of life and life satisfaction of internally displaced persons living in Nakuru County, Kenya: a critique
Authors: Mandishekwa Robson
Published: June 2021

The study titled ‘[t] he mental health, quality of life and life satisfaction of internally displaced persons living in Nakuru County, Kenya’ by Getanda, Papadopoulos and Evans identifies a critical area and contributed significantly to literature. Despite the contribution, there are some issues in that study that deserve attention. For example, the use of the satisfaction with life scale instead of the temporal satisfaction with life scale, for a pre-and post-displacement study, is questionable. It is important to note that the scores from the satisfaction with life scale can only measure life satisfaction at a particular point while the temporal satisfaction with life can be used to determine life satisfaction between pre-and post-displacement periods. Again, conflicting statements in the abstract and methods sections have been noted, where the abstract refers to refugee camps while methods refer to internally displaced persons’ camps. Finally, some reported statistics have been found to have errors. It is important to highlight these critical issues to readers for a better understanding. This study, therefore, endeavours to critique that study and clarify some of these issues so that readers get better understandings. Recommendations for future studies are made.
Process evaluation of the Sophia Step Study- a primary care based three-armed randomized controlled trial using self-monitoring of steps with and without counseling in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rossen Jenny , Hagströmer Maria , Yngve Agneta , Brismar Kerstin , Ainsworth Barbara , Johansson Unn-Britt
Published: June 2021

Background

Describing implementation features of an intervention is required to compare interventions and to inform policy and best practice. The aim of this study was to conduct a process evaluation of the first 12 months of the Sophia Step Study: a primary care based RCT evaluating a multicomponent (self-monitoring of daily steps plus counseling) and a single component (self-monitoring of steps only) physical activity intervention to standard care on cardiometabolic health.

Methods

The evaluation was guided by the Medical Research Council Guidance for complex interventions. To describe the implementation communication with the health professionals implementing the interventions, attendance records and tracking of days with self-monitored pedometer-determined steps were used. Change in physical activity behaviour was measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months as daily steps by accelerometry.

Results

During April 2013 to January 2018 188 participants were randomized and intervened directly after inclusion. Response rate was 49% and drop out was 10%. A majority, 78%, had type 2 diabetes and 22% were diagnosed with prediabetes. Mean [Standard deviation (SD)] body mass index was 30.4 (4.4) kg/m2 and steps per day was 6566 (3086). The interventions were delivered as intended with minor deviation from the protocol and dose received was satisfying for both the multicomponent and single component group. The mean [95% Confidence Interval (CI)] change in daily steps from baseline to 6 months was 941(227, 1655) steps/day for the multicomponent intervention group, 990 (145, 1836) step/day for the single component group and − 506 (− 1118, 107) for the control group. The mean (95% CI) change in daily steps from baseline to 12 months was 31(− 507, 570) steps/day for the multicomponent intervention group, 144 (− 566, 853) step/day for the single component group and − 890 (− 1485, − 294) for the control group. There was a large individual variation in daily steps at baseline as well as in step change in all three groups.

Conclusions

Applying self-monitoring of steps is a feasible method to implement as support for physical activity in the primary care setting both with and without counseling support.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02374788. Registered 2 March 2015.
Evaluation of full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy in the treatment of obese adolescents with lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective study
Authors: Yu Haijiang , Zhu Bin , Song Qingpeng , Liu Xiaoguang
Published: June 2021

Background

Obese patients are at risk of complications after spinal surgery. Full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy (FELD) has advantages over conventional open surgery in the treatment of obese adult patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) because it can decrease perioperative complications and enhance the degree of patient satisfaction. However, no clinical studies have evaluated the efficacy of FELD in obese adolescents with LDH (ALDH). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of FELD for the treatment of obese ALDH.

Methods

We retrospectively collected clinical data from 208 patients with single-segment ALDH who underwent FELD in our hospital between January 2015 and December 2019. According to the WHO classification of obesity, the patients were divided into obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m2) groups (control group). Based on the preoperative baseline data of the two groups, propensity score matching was performed to select patients from these groups for a comparative study. Perioperative data included operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and length of postoperative hospitalization. The visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and modified MacNab criteria were recorded as the main indicators of the surgical outcome. Recurrence rate and incidence of complications were recorded as minor indicators.

Results

Twenty-eight patients and 80 patients were included in the obese and non-obese groups, respectively, after 1:4 propensity score matching. Both groups showed improvements in VAS and ODI scores after surgery and at each follow-up time point (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant statistical difference in the surgical outcomes between the two groups at each follow-up time point (p > 0.05). The differences in operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and length of postoperative hospitalization were not statistically significant between the two groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

FELD is a safe and effective minimally invasive technique for treating obese patients with ALDH. The efficacy of FELD in obese and non-obese patients with ALDH was comparable.