bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Various Baking Methods for Polished Wheat Flours
Authors: Maeda Tomoko , Kim Ji Hyun , Morita Naofumi
Published: June 2007

Flour qualities of polished wheat flours of three fractions, C‐1 (100–90%), C‐5 (60–50%), and C‐8 (30–0%), obtained from hard‐type wheat grain were used for the evaluation of four kinds of baking methods: optimized straight (OSM), long fermentation (LFM), sponge‐dough (SDM) and no‐time (NTM) methods. The dough stability of C‐5 in farinograph mixing was excellent and the maturity of polished flour doughs during storage in extensigraph was more improved than those of the commercial wheat flour (CW). There were no significant differences in the viscoelastic properties of CW dough after mixing, regardless of the baking method, while those of polished flour doughs were changed by the baking method; this tendency became clear after fermentation. The polished flours could make a better gluten structure in the dough samples after mixing or fermentation using LFM and SDM, as compared with other baking methods. Baking qualities such as specific volume and storage properties of breads from all polished flours made with SDM increased more than with other methods. In addition, viscoelastic properties of C‐5 and C‐8 doughs fermented by SDM were similar to those of CW, and the C‐5 breadcrumb showed softness similar to that of the CW. Also, SDM could make C‐5 bread with significantly higher elasticity and cohesiveness after storage for five days when compared with CW bread. Therefore, SDM with long fermentation, as compared with other baking methods, was considered suitable for use with polished flours to give better effects on dough properties during fermentation, resulting in more favorable bread qualities.
Characterization of Glutenin Protein Fractions from Sequential Extraction of Hard Red Spring Wheats of Different Breadmaking Quality
Authors: Zhu J. , Khan K.
Published: June 2007

Gluten proteins from two cultivars of hard red spring (HRS) wheat with good and poor breadmaking quality were fractionated into 13 fractions by sequential extraction with dilute hydrochloric acid. Each subfraction was characterized by multistacking (MS) SDS‐PAGE under nonreducing conditions, followed by imaging densitometry. The glutenin polymers from the origins of MS‐SDS‐PAGE were analyzed by SDSP‐PAGE under reducing conditions to determine the composition of high and low molecular weight subunits. The results showed that fractions differed significantly in glutenin‐to‐gliadin ratios and in the size distribution of glutenin polymers. The earlier precipitated fractions were composed of more gliadins but fewer glutenin polymers. However, the glutenin polymers gradually increased in their relative quantities with the residue having the largest glutenin‐to‐gliadin ratio. The size distribution of glutenin polymers differed significantly from early precipitated to later fractions. The relative quantities of glutenin aggregates at the 4% origins increased significantly. The ratio of high molecular weight (HMW) to low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subunits increased significantly from early to intermediate fractions. Between the two cultivars, significant differences were found in the ratio of HMW to LMW glutenin subunits and quantity of SDS insoluble glutenin polymers in the residue fraction with the better breadmaking quality cultivar ND706 having a greater ratio than the cultivar Sharp. It was concluded that the size distribution of glutenin polymers played an important role in determining the differences in breadmaking quality between the good and poor HRS wheat cultivars.
Changes in Distribution of Isoflavones and β‐Glucosidase Activity During Soy Bread Proofing and Baking
Authors: Zhang Yu Chu , Lee Jae Hwan , Vodovotz Yael , Schwartz Steven J.
Published: June 2007

Bread made partially with soy may represent a viable alternative for increasing soy consumption in populations consuming Western diets. The potential health‐promoting activity of soy isoflavones may depend on their abundance and chemical form. The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in isoflavone distribution and β‐glucosidase activity during the soy breadmaking process. Soy bread ingredients were combined and mixed to form a dough that was subsequently proofed at 48°C for 1–4 hr and baked at 165°C for 50 min to produce breads. The isoflavone composition and β‐glucosidase activity in bread ingredients, doughs, and breads were monitored. Soy ingredients and wheat flour (not bread yeast) were the major contributors of the β‐glucosidase activity in bread. No degradation of isoflavones was observed during breadmaking but the isoflavone distribution was largely altered. Proofing and baking have important but different roles in changing the isoflavone distribution. Proofing converted isoflavone β‐glucosides to aglycones by highly specific β‐glucosidase activity. Thermal treatment during baking significantly decreased the isoflavone malonylglucosides and increased isoflavone β‐glucosides. Enzyme activity during proofing and the balance between formation and deconjugation of isoflavones during baking determine the isoflavone content and composition in the final product.
Genome-Wide Analysis of the Core DNA Replication Machinery in the Higher Plants Arabidopsis and Rice
Authors: Shultz Randall W. , Tatineni Vinaya M. , Hanley-Bowdoin Linda , Thompson William F.
Published: June 2007

Core DNA replication proteins mediate the initiation, elongation, and Okazaki fragment maturation functions of DNA replication. Although this process is generally conserved in eukaryotes, important differences in the molecular architecture of the DNA replication machine and the function of individual subunits have been reported in various model systems. We have combined genome-wide bioinformatic analyses of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) with published experimental data to provide a comprehensive view of the core DNA replication machinery in plants. Many components identified in this analysis have not been studied previously in plant systems, including the GINS (go ichi ni san) complex (PSF1, PSF2, PSF3, and SLD5), MCM8, MCM9, MCM10, NOC3, POLA2, POLA3, POLA4, POLD3, POLD4, and RNASEH2. Our results indicate that the core DNA replication machinery from plants is more similar to vertebrates than single-celled yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), suggesting that animal models may be more relevant to plant systems. However, we also uncovered some important differences between plants and vertebrate machinery. For example, we did not identify geminin or RNASEH1 genes in plants. Our analyses also indicate that plants may be unique among eukaryotes in that they have multiple copies of numerous core DNA replication genes. This finding raises the question of whether specialized functions have evolved in some cases. This analysis establishes that the core DNA replication machinery is highly conserved across plant species and displays many features in common with other eukaryotes and some characteristics that are unique to plants.
The Natural History of Recovery Following Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Internal Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Implantation
Authors: Dougherty Cynthia M.
Published: June 2007

The purposes of this review are to 1) summarize current knowledge regarding the “natural history of recovery” (physical functioning, psychological adjustment, and neurologic impairments) following sudden cardiac arrest and internal cardioverter‐defibrillator implantation over the first year; and 2) discuss the implications for the development of nursing intervention programs based on the natural history of recovery. The natural history serves as a basis for understanding the recovery experiences of sudden cardiac arrest survivors as well as determining how intervention programs might help the most.
Advance Practice Nursing in Heart Transplantation
Authors: Morse Catherine J.
Published: June 2007

This article describes the role of the advanced practice nurse in the field of cardiac transplantation. A brief review of the history of cardiac transplantation is presented. The role of advanced practice nursing is evolving and changing to meet patients' needs in an increasingly complex health care enviroment. The advanced practice nurse is uniquely qualified to meet those needs in a variety of roles and settings. The advanced practice nurse maybe a clinical nurse specialist, nurse practitioner, nurse mid‐wife, or nurse anesthetist. Each role must include the element of clinical practice in order to be considered advanced practice nurse described in this article. The advanced practice nurse was a clinical nurse specialist in the role of cardiac transplant coordinator. This role comprises the sub‐roles of educator, clinician, consultant, researcher, and administrator. The responsibilities and challenges of each sub‐role are discussed. Suggestions for the direction of future practice are also presented.
Development of a Nurse Practitioner Role in Heart Failure Management: An Australian Experience
Authors: Kaan Annemarie , Dunne James
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the history of nurse practitioners and outlines the Australian experience in developing and implementing such a role. The legislative process and changes in introducing a nurse practitioner role are noted, and a trial to develop a framework for the nurse practitioner role in acute care in South Australia is highlighted.
Combination antibody‐based cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Takeda Kazuyoshi , Okumura Ko , Smyth Mark J.
Published: June 2007

It is now commonly recognized that tumor‐targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAb) demonstrate significant therapeutic effects in cancer patients. Multiple effector mechanisms are involved in the primary response; however, the induction of tumor‐specific immunity has sometimes been a desired outcome and in some cases has contributed to the success of mAb‐based therapy. Initiating the antitumor immune response by creating a tumor antigen supply from dying (apoptotic) tumor cells is a goal of tumor‐targeting mAb therapy, and ideally a sufficiently immunogenic tumor cell death might provide a platform on which combination immunotherapies can be based. In this review, the authors discuss the possible utility and pitfalls of using such a therapy, which combines tumor cell death with immune activation therapy. The ideas are largely based on the observation that three‐mAb (anti‐DR5 mAb, anti‐CD40 mAb, and anti‐CD137 mAb [trimAb]) therapy has been shown to be very effective in a number of mouse experimental tumor models. The authors believe that this rational activation and inhibition of key points in the immune response can be an effective strategy to apply in human cancer patients. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1297–1302)
The cytologic diagnosis of Mycobacterium kansasi tuberculosis by fluorescence microscopy of Papanicolaou‐stained specimens
Authors: KÜPPER TH. , WEHLE K. , MARZAHN S. , PFITZER P.
Published: June 2007

The cytologic diagnosis of Mycobacterium kansasi tuberculosis by fluorescence microscopy of Papanicolaou‐stained specimens

The sensitivities of (i) Papanicolaou fluorescence, (ii) auramine rhodamine fluorescence, and (iii) Ziehl‐Neelsen staining were compared for their ability to detect the atypical mycobacterium Myco. kansasi in cytological samples. Ninety‐two cases were investigated, and the sensitivities of the three methods of detection were found to be 36.9%, 12.0%, and 20.7%, respectively. The control groups consisted of 30 specimens from cases of bronchial carcinoma and 30 of pneumonia. All cases were proved by microbiology. No false‐positive results were recorded using Papanicolaou fluorescence. An important but coincidental finding arising from this study was that infection by the atypical mycobacterium Myco. kansasi causes cytological patterns corresponding to those normally associated with acute pneumonia and not to tuberculosis.
Clinicopathological significance of survivin expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chau G‐Y , Lee A F‐Y , Tsay S‐H , Ke Y‐R , Kao H‐L , Wong F‐H , Tsou A‐P , Chau Y‐P
Published: June 2007

Aims:  Survivin, a newly discovered member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is suggested to be involved in liver carcinogenesis. The aim was to investigate the clinical significance of survivin expression in resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and paired adjacent non‐tumour tissue.

Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blots were used to examine survivin mRNA and protein levels in 94 specimens of HCC tissues at different TNM stages and the data were correlated with the clinicopathological profiles. Patients were categorized into those with high tumour survivin protein levels (T–N ≥ −1) and those with low levels (T–N < −1). Follow‐up data were collected prospectively. mRNA levels of survivin and its splice variants in tumour tissue were significantly higher than in paired non‐tumour tissue. However, survivin protein levels in paired non‐tumour tissue were significantly higher than in tumour tissue from all three TNM stages. Additionally, high tumour survivin protein levels (T–N ≥ −1) correlated with a better prognosis and low levels (T–N < −1) with a worse survival rate.

Conclusions:  High cytoplasmic survivin protein levels in HCC tissues seem to be an indicator of better prognosis in HCC patients after resection.
Assessing participation bias in a population‐based study of measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccine immunity in children and adolescents aged 12–18
Authors: St. Sauver Jennifer L. , Jacobsen Steven J. , Jacobson Robert M. , Vierkant Robert A. , Ovsyannikova Inna G. , Dhiman Neelam , Poland Gregory A.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of our study was to determine whether specific characteristics were associated with study participation in a group of children residing in Olmsted County, MN. We compared 346 participants and 848 non‐participants from a study examining associations between human leukocyte antigen gene variants and immunity following measles‐mumps‐rubella (MMR) vaccination by demographic characteristics, MMR vaccination history and length of time in the Olmsted County health care system. We also compared the frequency and reasons for health care visits between participants and non‐participants by comparing diagnostic codes for all visits that had occurred between 1999 and 2001. Characteristics were compared using chi‐square and t‐tests, followed by multivariable logistic regression.

Study participants were more likely to be white/Caucasian, to have received their first MMR vaccination at a younger age, and to have had more health care visits (especially for acute respiratory illnesses, vaccinations, or other acute conditions such as fainting and headaches) than study non‐participants. These results suggest that frequent use of local health care systems by children and parents may increase comfort levels with local physicians and physician researchers, thereby improving participation rates in research studies among these populations. However, special efforts may be necessary to improve research participation among children who are infrequent users of the health care systems of interest.
Detection of Miocene saucer‐shaped sills (offshore Senegal) via integrated interpretation of seismic, magnetic and gravity data
Authors: Rocchi Sergio , Mazzotti Alfredo , Marroni Michele , Pandolfi Luca , Costantini Paolo , Giuseppe Bertozzi , Biase Davide di , Federici Francesco , Lô Papa Goumbo
Published: June 2007

The Atlantic margin offshore Senegal has been explored by seismic reflection and GRAV‐MAG surveys. High‐amplitude, laterally transgressive seismic reflectors are found to coincide with gravimetric and magnetic highs. Once seismic data are integrated with potential fields modelling, these reflectors can be safely interpreted as saucer‐shaped igneous sills, up to some hundreds of metres thick, some km wide. The occurrence of hydrothermal vent complexes and forced folds in the stratigraphic sequence above the sills constrain the intrusion age to the Miocene. Field observations and in‐situ magnetic susceptibility measurements of Oligocene–Miocene and Quaternary igneous rocks emplaced in coastal Senegal support this interpretation.
GENETIC STUDY: Prodynorphin gene promoter repeat associated with cocaine/alcohol codependence
Authors: Williams Tanya J. , LaForge K. Steven , Gordon Derek , Bart Gavin , Kellogg Scott , Ott Jurg , Kreek Mary Jeanne
Published: June 2007

There is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to individual differences in vulnerability to drug addictions. Studies have shown that the 68‐base pair repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of the human prodynorphin gene contains a putative AP‐1 binding site, and that three or four repeat copies result in greater transcriptional activation. Here, we report on a separate cohort of 302 subjects ascertained and characterized extensively by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐Fourth Edition and Addiction Severity Index criteria as: (1) a control group of 127 subjects with no history of alcohol or drug abuse or dependence; (3) a case group of 82 with cocaine dependence only; and (3) a case group of 93 with cocaine and alcohol codependence. The promoter region of the prodynorphin gene containing the repeat was amplified from genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed via gel electrophoresis. Statistical tests were performed with data stratified by the three major ethnic groups studied: African American, Caucasian and Hispanic. For analyses, genotypes were grouped into short (1,1; 1,2; 2,2), short/long (1,3; 2,3; 1,4; 2,4) and long (3,3; 3,4; 4,4) repeats. Deviation from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium in the African American control group necessitated testing for association using grouped genotypes rather than grouped alleles. In controls, a significant difference was found in grouped genotype distribution among ethnicities. We found a point‐wise, but not experiment‐wise across‐ethnicities, significant difference in grouped genotype frequency between the cocaine/alcohol‐codependent group and the controls in African Americans, with genotypes containing longer alleles found at higher frequency in the codependent group.
Absence of bacteria from the heartwood of eucalypt species
Authors: Wilkes J.
Published: June 2007

Bacteria were not detected in clear or decaying heartwood from four eucalypt species. This may be associated with an observed intolerance of sapwood isolates to the highly acidic conditions and abundant extractives in the heartwoods.
Response of three pines to parasitism by Helicotylenchus digonicus (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae)
Authors: Mancini G. , Cotroneo Alba , Moretti F.
Published: June 2007

Experiments, carried out to verify the parasitic action of Helicotylenchus digonicus on Pinus strobus and P. excelsa and their hybrid, indicate a positive host‐parasite relationship. In general the consequences of nematode feeding is a reduction of seedling development similar to that induced by the absence of mycorrhizae.
Survey of the deterioration of the coastal vegetation in the park of San Rossore in central Italy
Authors: Gellini R. , Pantani F. , Grossoni P. , Bussotti F. , Barbolani E. , Rinallo C.
Published: June 2007

Some italian pine‐woods on the Tyrrhenian coast (mainly Pinus pinea and Pinus pinaster) appear to have been deteriorating since nearly 20 years. From the experimental results of the present investigation, the main cause may be ascribed to the presence of both surfactants and salts in the sea‐spray which is deposited onto the pine needles by south‐westerly winds.
Morphological and chemical traits of pine needles of trees in a gap caused by root rot
Authors: Rykowski K. , Sierota Z. H.
Published: June 2007

Some morphological traits of the crown (length and dry weight of needles, length of shoots) and chemical composition of the needles (content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) of a tree remaining in the middle of a Fomes annosus‐rot gap in a 55‐year‐old pine stand, were compared to the same traits from trees at the edges of the gap. The central tree (C) was intermediate in morphological traits. The lowest concentrations of N, P, and K were found in needles of the central (C) tree and, respectively, the highest ones in needles of the tree classified as weakened (I) and standing at the edge of the gap.
Das Bioindikatornetz “Inn‐Salzach‐Gebiet” ‐ein grenzüberschreitendes Meßnetz
Authors: Von Rudolph E. , Halbwachs G.
Published: June 2007

The bioindicator‐monitoring network “Inn‐Salzach‐area”– a border‐crossing network. The monitoring network for sulphur‐ and fluoride containing air pollutants, existing in Bavaria since 1975 and based on spruce trees (Picca abies) as indicators, has been extended to Upper Austrian territory. The results, which were obtained in the period between 1975 and 1980, are presented.
Selektivmedien zum Nachweis von Heterobasidion annosum in Feinwurzeln
Authors: Von Zhang Shen , Holdenrieder O.
Published: June 2007

Selective media for the assay of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. In fine roots. The behaviour of four Heterobasidion annosum strains on several selective media containing orthophenylphenol and antibiotics was recorded. The media were tested for selectivity by reisolation of the fungus from artificially infected and contaminated root segments. The following medium is recommended for the assay of H. annosum in fine roots: Orthophenylphenol 50 mg/l, Streptomycinsulphate 100 mg/l in water agar.
A little‐leaf disease of Eucalyptus in Kerala, India*
Authors: Sharma J. K. , Mohanan C. , Florence E. J. Maria
Published: June 2007

A little‐leaf disease of Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. grandis and E. globulus characterized by stunting of plants and considerable reduction in size of leaves and internodes, was recorded during survey of nurseries and plantations in Kerala State. The survey indicated that though the little leaf disease was widespread, its incidence was quite low. Transmission of the symptoms by sap and graft techniques was unsuccessful. However, positive fluorescence and staining of phloem tissues by Dienes' stain indicates that this disease may be caused by mycoplasmalike organisms (MLO).
Fomannoxin production by different spruce isolates of Fomes annosus
Authors: Heslin M. C. , Stuart M. R.
Published: June 2007

In vitro production by five isolates of Fomes annosus obtained from diseased spruce trees in Irish Forestry plantations is compared. Identification of these isolates as five distinct strains is based on quantitative differences in fomannoxin production, differences in linear growth rate and mycelial interaction between isolates in paired culture.
Untersuchungen über Calocera viscosa Pers. ex Fr. als Wurzelfäuleerreger
Authors: Siepmann R.
Published: June 2007

Pathogenicity tests with Calocera viscosa. C. viscosa grew from wood blocks through wounds into living roots (wounded) of Pseudotsuga menziesii at growth rates comparable to Phaeolus schweinitzii and Sparassis crispa.
Host range and pathogenicity studies of Marsonnina brunnea to poplars
Authors: Spiers A. G.
Published: June 2007

Laboratory studies of Marssonina brunnea (Ell. + Ev.) Magn. established the wide host range and strong pathogenicity of this pathogen to poplars. New Zealand isolates were uniformly pathogenic whereas gross differences in pathogenicity were observed between international isolates. The adoption of a standard inoculation technique for screening poplars for Marssonina resistance is urged.
Investigations with sandalwood Mycoplasma and toxins
Authors: NAYAR R.
Published: June 2007

Mycoplasma sp., isolated from sandalwood (Santalum album L.) with spike disease, infected Stachytarpheta jamaicensis and sandalwood test plants causing abnormal leaf development. Six month old sandalwood seedlings died after a single inoculation but S. jamaicensis, inoculated first at the 2 leaf stage, reverted to normal after 5–6 months if inoculations were not repeated until the plants died. This reversion is attributed to inhibition of multiplication of the Mycoplasma sp. in S. jamaicensis due to host specificity. Toxins extracted from spiked sandalwood and inoculated in the two test species did not produce any symptom or leaf abnormality.
Nursery diseases of Eucalyptus in Kerala1
Authors: Sharma J. K. , Mohanan C. , Maria Florence E. J.
Published: June 2007

Survey of Eucalyptus (E, grandis and E. tereticornis) nurseries in Kerala State indicates that the most prevalent diseases are damping‐off, web blight and seedling blight in seedbeds and stem canker, leaf and shoot blights and Phaeoseptoria leaf spot in container plants. Cylindrocladium spp., Rbizoctonia solani and Pythium spp. arc the main serious pathogens. Pythium myriotylum, P. deliense, R. scilani, Cylindrocladium camellias, C. clavatum and Sclerotium rolfsii are recorded for the first time on Eucalyptus.
The sensitivity of poplar leaves to lead nitrate and the intracellular localization of lead1
Authors: Ksiazek M. , Wozny A. , Siwecki R.
Published: June 2007

The sensitivity to lead nitrate of four chosen poplar species has been investigated. P. maximowiczii turned out to be the most sensitive, and P, nigra the least sensitive one. Morphologically lead presence in the loaves in manifested itself with a change of colour (from green to more or less reddish‐brown)of the leaf venation and petioles and with necrosis of some parts of the blade. At the ultrastructural level lead deposits were present mainly within the vascular elements of the leaves.
Digital time‐lapse cinematography of a series of objects1: recordings of defense reactions of Norway spruce tissue cultures, derived from single organs, against the fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii
Authors: Hřib J.
Published: June 2007

A fully automated piece of equipment for digital time‐lapse cinematography of a series of objects (DTLCSO) was used to record the course of defense reactions of callus cultures derived from the developed root, hypocotyl, cotyledons and young epicotyl needles of Picea abies seedlings against a wooddestroying fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii. The callus cultures exhibited different intensities of defense reaction against the mycelium of the fungus. A hypothesis is suggested that the defense reactions of individual tissues and organs are associated with the integrity of the plant organism.
Wasserstoffperoxid‐ein Mittel zur Verhütung der Stockinfektion von Faichtenbeständen durch Heterobasidion annosum?1
Authors: Mohr E.
Published: June 2007

Hydrogen peroxide‐a substance for preventing stump infection by Heterobasidion annosum in spruce stands? Stem disks of spruce were treated with hydrogenperoxide to avoid H. annosum infection. The persistence of the treatment was investigated. It proved to be unexpectedly good. Possible suitability of hydrogen peroxide as a protective agent against Heterobasidion annosum as well as the necessity of further investigations is discussed.
Carotenoids in Chrysomyxa abietis infected spruce needles
Authors: Grill D. , Pfeifhofer W. , Esterbauer H.
Published: June 2007

The carotenoid pattern of Chrysomyxa infected spruce needles is investigated over one vegetation period. The rust fungus contains β‐carotene and γ‐carotene, and the quantity of both carotenes depends on the ontogeny of the fungus. The pigments of spruce needles are generally diminished.
The uptake and translocation of 14C in Scots pine seedlings of differing susceptibility to sulphur dioxide1
Authors: Lorenc‐Pluciánska] Gabriela
Published: June 2007

The influence of SO2 on the metabolism of SO2‐tolerant and SO2‐sensitive seedlings of Scots pine was investigated. Under the influence of SO2 changes were observed in 14CO2 assimilation, in 14C‐fixation pattern and in 14C‐translocation. The changes were more marked in the SO2‐sensitivc plants than in the more tolerant ones. The inhibition of 14C‐transport from needles to roots following SO2 fumigation was stronger than the reduction in I4CO2 uptake.
Norway spruce die‐back: isolation, biological activity, measurement of concentration of p‐hydroxy acetophenone and its O‐glucoside (Picein) by gas chromatography
Authors: Hoque E.
Published: June 2007

This short report as a part of a broad work (Eur. J. For. Path. 15, 1985a) describes the isolation, the biological activity and the measurement of concentration of p‐hydroxy acetophenone and its O‐gluco‐side (picein) by gas chromatography. p‐hydroxy acetophenone was found to be phytotoxic to the 2‐year‐old saplings at a conc. of 500 ppm. The gas chromatographic measurement of p‐hydroxy aceto‐phenone (p‐HAP) and its O‐glucoside (after enzymic hydrolysis) in the current year's shoot parts showed the ratio p‐HAP: p‐HAP‐O‐glucoside always larger than 1 in the affected trees and less than 1 in the healthy trees.
The effects of nitrogen fertilization on the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells of conifer needles in northern Finland
Authors: Soikkeli Sirkka , Kärenlampi Lauri
Published: June 2007

Cytological injuries in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were studied at light and electron microscope level in northern Finland. Needle samples were taken from fertilized (mainly with nitrogen) and nonfertilized trees during winter 1980. The results are discussed in relation to the severe climate and growth response of the trees.
Untersuchungen zur biologischen Bekämpfung von Heterobasidion annosum an Fichte (Picea abies) mit antagonistischen Pilzen II. Interaktionstests auf Holz
Authors: Holdenrieder Von O.
Published: June 2007

Investigations on biological control of Heterobasidion annosum in Norway spruce with antagonistic fungi. II. Interaction experiments in wood. Seventeen fungal species were examined for antagonism against H. annosum in wood. After inoculation of stem sections and stumps by conidia and dowels, the distribution patterns of the mycelia within the wood were recorded. In spruce‐wood antagonism was shown only by Hypholoma capnoides, Bjcrkandera adusta, Resinicium bicolor and Trichoderma spp. near the site of inoculation. As the distance from this site increased H. annosum became more dominant. Inoculations by dowels yielded more infections than inoculations by spores. The patterns of myeelial distribution within the wood were similar in stem sections and in stumps. Spruce stumps were colonized naturally mainly by Resinicium bicolor, Armillaria mellea s. I. and Nectria fuckeliana. In stem sections of Pinus sylvestris, however, Phlebiopsis gigantea displaced H. annosum effectively.
Effect of temperature on the ability of Gremmeniella abietina to survive and to colonize host tissue
Authors: Blenis P. V. , Patton R. F. , Spear R. N.
Published: June 2007

Gremmeniella abietina was able to survive in vitro for four weeks at average temperatures less than 30° C. At higher temperatures, survival time was inversely proportional to temperature. The fungus survived for 23–28 months inside asymptomatic trees. Freezing, or freezing and thawing, of inoculated trees, may have promoted symptom development.
Pathological changes and defense responses in poplar tissues caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata1
Authors: Przybyl Krystyna
Published: June 2007

Structural changes in cells affected by the fungus C. fimbriata, involving the cell wall, cytoplasm and plastids were investigated. In the necrotic tissues a high number of fat drops was observed. The progress of hyphae of the fungus in poplar clones differing in their resistance depended on the presence of a cork layer, tannins and starch content.
Integrated pest management of Japanese pine wilt disease
Authors: Ikeda T.
Published: June 2007

A review is given of historical aspects of the epidemic pine wilt disease and the associated control activities in Japan. Critical assessments of currently available control tactics, a summary of on‐going research and an account of the prospects for integrated pest management of the disease are given. Research on the most appropriate application of direct control tactics are emphasized in this review, in addition to the necessity for long‐term, intensive work on the environmental impact of chemicals.
Management of diseases of poplars
Authors: Pinon J. D.
Published: June 2007

Resistance is the cornerstone of management of diseases of poplar. Maximization of its effectiveness requires the concerted employment of proper site, selection, silvicultural practices and sometimes direct or chemical control.
The influence of pine twist rust (Melampsora pinitorqua) on growth and development of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)
Authors: Martinsson O.
Published: June 2007

The influence of pine twist must (Alelampsora pinitorqsat) on growth and development of Scots pine was studied during three consecutive years. The experimental material included three provenances from natural stands and one open pollinated seed orchrd progeny.

Trees severely affected by pine twist must reached an average of 38% lower height than did not‐affected trees. while mildly affected trees grew somewhat better, on the average, than did non‐affected trees. Pine twist must caused tha greatest loss of height increment in the seed orchard progeny.
An outbreak of Gremmeniella abietina in central Finland
Authors: Kallio T. , Häkkinen R. , Heinonen J.
Published: June 2007

G. abietina has damaged P. sylvestris forests in central Finland. The denser the stand, the greater the number of recoverable trees. Artificially regenrated stands were more infected than naturally regenerated ones. Forest fertilization decresed the proportion of recoverable trees.
Die Wasser‐Zugspannungs‐Insuffizienz Hypothese zum Waldsterben1
Authors: Tributsch H.
Published: June 2007

A water cohesion insufficiency hypothesis to explain forest decline. A hypothesis on a possible cause of forest decline is presented. It is supposed, that small “middle ions”, which produced in industrial waste gases cause a functional disturbance in the capillary water supply system of trees.
Investigations on viruses from declining beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Rhineland and Westfalia, Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Nienhaus F. , Ebrahim‐Nesbat F. , Fricke M. , Büttner C. , Welter K.
Published: June 2007

Viruses of the Poty‐, Potex‐ and Tobamo‐virus groups, and presumably Nepoviruses could be isolated from degenerating beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) in West‐Germany. They are discussed as predisposing factors of tree decline.
Remote sensing in plant diseases using infrared colour aerial photography: applications trials in the Ivory Coast to root diseases of Hevea brasiliensis1
Authors: Nandris D. , Canh Tran van , Geiger J.‐P. , Omont H. , Nicole M.
Published: June 2007

In spite of numerous aeroplane flights and different incerpretations of the infrared colour photographs obtained, the remote sensing of root rotting fungi of rubber tree has failed in practice in the Ivory Coast. The reasons for this failure and conclusions on the efficiency of this method are discussed.
Les Champignons agents de pourridiés en Afrique de l'Ouest
Authors: Mallet B. , Geiger J. P. , Nandris D. , Nicole M. , Renard J. L. , van Canh Tran
Published: June 2007

The fungal agents of root rots in West Africa. Characteristics of the main root rot fungi infecting forests and plantations in West Africa are described. The biological cycle of the parasites, type of decay, detection and control methods are reviewed and discussed.
Biodégradation des lignines: mises en évidence, mecanismes moléculaire, biochimique et physiologique
Authors: Monties Bernard
Published: June 2007

Lignin biodegradation: experimental evidences, molecular, biochemical and physiological mechanisms. Experimental evidences and biological mechanisms of lignin biodegradation are reviewed critically for the few last years, mainly after 1983.
Etude de la spécialisation d'Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Kumm. et Armillaria obscura (Secr.) Herink en phase saprophytique et en phase parasitaire
Authors: Guillaumin J. J. , Lung Brigitte
Published: June 2007

Investigation into specialisation of Armillaria obscura and Armillaria mellea. Two isolates of A. mellea proved more aggressive than two of A. obscura as regards vine, peach and northern oak. Inversely, the isolates of obscure were more aggressive than those of mellea towards Norway spruce and Maritune pine.

On the other hand no type of specialisation was found when investigating the saprophytic phase: oak wood is better than pine wood as regards rhizomorph production for A. observe as well as A. mellea.
Une nouvelle méthode de lutte contre le pourridié des racines d'hévéa dûe au Rigidoporus lignosus
Authors: Tran‐van‐Canii
Published: June 2007

New method of direct control of Rigidoporus lignosus, causing agent of white root rot of Hevea. A new method of direct control of Hevea whith root disease caused by Rigidoporus lignosts (Kl.) Imaz is being used in many countries in Africa; after detection and marking diseased trees and trees in direct contact, the treatment consists of pouring 21 of 0.5% calixin cmulsion into the cuvette 2 times every 6 months. This method which has been used in field trials for 3 years, seems to give encouraging results. and has confirmed the efficiency of Calisin for direct control of the white root disease.
Recherche d'un moyen de lutte biologique contre la maladie de l'encre par utilisation de la symbiose mycorhizienng
Authors: Vrot Francelinv , Grente J.
Published: June 2007

Research for a method of biological control against ink disease by using mycorrhizal symbiosis. The utilisation of mycorthizal symbiosis against a swect chestunut pathogen scvems to be the only type of biological control possible. The antagonism of mycorrhizal or peritrophie fungi as regands Phytoph thoni cinumuni was studied in the laboratory. The resistance of plants moculucd with such fngi was tested in grecnhouse trials and by planting in plox of contanimared soil.
Effect of sulphur dioxide on the partitioning of assimilates in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings of different susceptibility to this gas1
Authors: Lorenc‐Plucinska Gabriela
Published: June 2007

The influence of various SO2 concentrations was investigated on the process of metabolites transport, particularly on the translocation of total and free sugars in SO2‐sensitive and SO2‐tolerant seedlings of Scots pine. It was observed that regardless of the SO2 concentration used and the duration of time since the termination of fumigation the transport of 14C‐products underwent stronger disturbances due to the action of SO2 than 14CO2 uptake. Inhibition of the transport of 14C‐sugars led to a decrease in the quantity of sugars supplied from the needles to the roots but it did not affect the qualitative composition of the transported sugars. These disturbances were greater in the SO2‐sensitive seedlings than in the tolerant ones.
La fonte des semis en pépinière forestière
Authors: Perrin R. , Sampangi R.
Published: June 2007

Damping off in forest nurseries

. A survey of conifers damping off in French nurseries revealed that the principal pathogens involved were Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani. Larch, spruce, and pines in general were most susceptible host species. No correlation was observed between disease severity and causal agents involved with factors such as sampling year, host species, seedling age, and location of nurseries. The disease intensity, independant of soil type, was mainly related to local weather conditions prevailing at the period of seedling emergence.

Disease prediction and preventive treatment were difficult to realize in practice. Improved control measures could be expected from a better understanding of disease epidemiology.
Changes in the humidity response characteristics of Picea abies (L.) Karst. produced by fumigation with SO21
Authors: Koch W. , Maier‐Maercker U.
Published: June 2007

The humidity response of individual twigs was determined in “clean” air and subsequently during exposure to SO2 (0.3 to 0.05 ppm). Changes in regression were related to the effect of SO2 on stomatal movement.

In short‐term experiments, the response of the twig to SO2 varied with the prevailing humidity of the air. During long‐term fumigations there were three distinct behavioural phases, a first with suppressed, a second with high, but erratic transpiration eventually followed by low rates and visible symptoms of injury.
Delignification of subsidiary and guard cell walls by SO2 and probable implication on the humidity response of Picea abies (L.) Karst.1
Authors: Maier‐Maercker Uta , Koch W.
Published: June 2007

Reduced UV absorbance indicated partial delignification in the walls of guard and subsidiary cells in material damaged in the natural environment. After fumigation of healthy young plants with 0.3 ppm SO2 for 20 days the symptoms were basically the same. The loss of lignin is related to malfunctionings of the stomatal control system.
Ultrastructure of mesophyll cells in and near necrotic spots on otherwise green needles of Norway spruce
Authors: Sutinen Sirkka
Published: June 2007

The fine structure of mesophyll cells in and near necrotic spots on otherwise green needles of Picea abies were studied. The main changes were seen in the chloroplasts, which were extremely flat and smaller than normally. The stroma was minute and the envelopes were degenerating or degenerated. Furthermore, ribosome‐like particles were accumulated both in the stroma and in the degenerated cytoplasm. The character of the changes suggests the action of ozone. The necrotic spots with typical fine structural injuries were seen before the wintering of the youngest needles suggesting that the spots here can not be primarily caused by winter coldness.
Infektionsversuche mit Ascocalyx abietina und Ascocalyx laricina
Authors: Bazzigher Von G. , Kanzler Esther , Lawrenz P.
Published: June 2007

Infection experiments with Ascocalyx abietina and A. laricina, on cembra pine, mountain pine, and larch between 1979 and 1985 gave very varying results from one year to another. Moderate to very severe disease only occurred after incubation on favourable sites in the subalpine zone. The intensity of disease may depend on local site and microclimatic conditions for infection. Successful infections occurred especially in autumn. An annual infection rate of 10 to 15 percent can endanger an afforestation: in an afforestation in Avers, 50 percent of the trees were killed in some 5 years.
Cronartium flaccidum on Pinus spp.: relation of inoculum concentration to symptom development
Authors: Ragazzi A. , Fedi Irene Dellavalle , Mesturino Iaura
Published: June 2007

An experiment on the effect of eight inoculum concentrations of basidiospores of Cronartium flaccidum, on development of symptoms on P. nigra spp. nigricans var. austriaca, P. nigra ssp. italica, P. nigra ssp. laricio var. calabrica (from Calabria and Corsica) showed that 60000 basidiospores/ml was the optimum concentration and P. nigra ssp. laricio was the most sensitive.
Colonization of Phellinus weirii‐infested stumps by Trichoderma viride.
Authors: Nelson E. E. , Thies W. G.
Published: June 2007

Douglas‐fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stumps infested with Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilb. were inoculated with pellets formulated from fermented barley and spores of three isolates of Trichoderma viride Pers.: Fr. After one year, Trichoderma spp. were isolated from stumps inoculated in June less frequently (12 %) than those inoculated in February (23 %) or in October (29 %). Isolations of Trichoderma spp. from stumps with advanced decay were more frequent (46 %) than from stained stumps (12 %) or from sound stumps (2 %). Isolation success was directly related to wood decay at point of sampling, nearness to source of inoculum, and nearness to stump surface.
Industrial air pollution and peroxidase activity in Scots pine needles – two case studies
Authors: Nyman B. F.
Published: June 2007

The peroxidase activity (EC 1.11.1.7) in homogenates from Scots pine needles (Pinus sylvestries L.) were studied in relation to needle age and sampling locations around two different sources of industrial air pollution. Increased enzyme activity was associated with both increased needle age and proximity to the emission sources. Fluorine contamination in one of the cases was not correlated with enhanced enzyme activity. Enzyme activity levels were considered in relation to variations between trees and between different parts of the same trees.
Inhibition of Ceratocystis ulmi by mansonones A, C, D, E, F, and G isolated from Ulmus americana
Authors: DUMAS M. T. , STRAUNZ G. M. , HUBBES M. , JENG R. S.
Published: June 2007

Six mansonoes, previously isolated from Ulmus americana L. infected by Ceratocystis ulmi (Buis.) C. Moreau, were assayed for their inhibitory activity against several strains of the fungus. Mansonone A was most effective in inhibiting the linear growth of six strains of C. ulmi tested. A mixture of the pure mansonones, recombined at their original concentrations, was less inhibitory to the three aggressive strains of C. ulmi than the non‐aggressive ones. The total mansonone fraction accounted for all the inhibition of the three non‐aggressive strains.
Effects on seedling development of direct contact of Pinus resinosa seeds or young seedlings with Captan1
Authors: Kozlowski T. T.
Published: June 2007

Captan, at concentrations up to 2500 ppm did not affect seed germination of Pinus resinosa Ait. However, concentrations of 500 ppm or higher injured roots, stems, and cotyledons within 13 days. Root injury consisted of collapse of root hair cells, epidermal cells, and cortical cells; cotyledon injury of collapse of epidermal and mesophyll cells.
Tissue and cell injuries caused by chlorine water to Scots pine needles
Authors: Reinikainen J. , Kärenlampi L.
Published: June 2007

The effects of chlorine water on mesophyll cells of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) were studied with light and electron microscopy. The treatment caused necrotic flecks formed by collapsed cells. Less injured cells showed increase in number of plastoglobuli, swelling of the thylakoids and vacuolization of the cytoplasm.
Wachstumshemmung von Stammfäulepilzen und von Gremmeniella abietina durch Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Von Siepmann R.
Published: June 2007

Inhibition of butt rot causing Basidiomycetes and of Gremmeniella abietina by Bacillus subtilis. A zone of inhibition was observed when the fungi were inoculated into the test plates with malt agar either together with B. subtilis (fast growing Basidiomycetes) or two weeks before B. subtilis (slow growing fungi). With some of the fast growing Basidiomycetes a zone of inhibition was observed only during the early growth phase. Sparassis crispa, either not growing or with restricted growth when transferred to the plates together with B. subtilis, completely suppressed the Bacillus culture when inoculated into the plates two weeks before B. subtilis.
Les Venturia des peupliers de la section Leuce
Authors: Morelet Par M.
Published: June 2007

Venturia species on poplars of the section Leuce II. Cultural study. Monospore strains ofV. macularis(Fr.: Fr.) Müller and v. Arx,V. viennotiiMorelet,V. tremulaeAderh., var.tremulae, var.populi‐albaeMorelet, and var.grandidentataeMorelet, are compared in vitro for their growth and fruit‐body induction (anamorph and teleomorph) under different conditions.
Ascospore release in Mycosphaerella cryptica (Cooke) Hansford
Authors: Cheah L.‐H. , Hartill W. F. T.
Published: June 2007

Data obtained from spore trapping studies in the field and in controlled climate chambers indicated that leaf wetting was the most important factor controlling ascospore release in Mycosphaerella cryptica. Temperature was also important, no spores being released at <10°C or >30°C. There was no diurnal or nocturnal pattern of ascospore discharge.
Foliage browning and shoot death in Sitka spruce and other conifers in northern Britain during winter 1983–84
Authors: Redfern D. B. , Gregory S. C. , Pratt J. E. , Macaskill G. A.
Published: June 2007

A hitherto undescribed form of injury to Sitka spruce and other conifers occurred in plantations throughout northern Britain during the dormant season 1983–84. Damage consisted primarily of shoot death which was typically concentrated in a zone of variable extent below the upper few whorls of the tree. It occurred predominantly in forests in the west and was most severe in older crops at high elevation. Possible causes are discussed and it is concluded that the damage was probably climatic in origin.