bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Child Who Does Not Know How to Ask
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the parable of the four sons, in which the author relates via the character of the wise son known as the “the child who does not know how to ask.” It talks about the representation of the “simple” child that already represents those with learning differences or intellectual disabilities. It also mentions how disability is seldom addressed in the Old Testament, noting that Moses allegedly suffered from a speech impediment. The chapter describes a token directive not to insult the deaf or place a stumbling block before the blind but is belied by the treatment of the few disabled people mentioned in the Bible. It elaborates how the New Testament, by contrast to the Old Testament, is full of disabled people.
Introduction
Authors: Mong Sherry N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter gives a brief introduction of the significance of the work of caregivers and what it's like to work as a caregiver. It talks about the debate over home health care. The “home care is best” view casts the home as a place of rest and healing, and emphasizes the patient's comfort and the caregiver's love and concern. This view, however, downplays the costs associated with caregiving. There are issues with balancing work and family care, and many caregivers experienced sleeplessness and anxiety. Though most caregivers developed a “you do what you have to do” attitude and were able to figure out a way to perform the tasks, it was not a simple process. The chapter also discusses how caregivers are primarily forced laborers. “Home care for all” downplays caregiver labor and does not consider unmet caregiver needs or the particular nuisances of the home health situation. It discusses how workplace scholars have generally confined their analyses of medical labor to paid wage labor. By recognizing only those who are compensated, scholars allow capitalism to define work processes and to determine who it is that we consider as workers. This began a dichotomous division of labor whereby unpaid work in the “private sphere” was seen as personal and emotional, and paid work in the “public sphere” was seen as rational and productive. The separate-spheres construct not only fails to recognize the enormous contributions made in the private sphere, but also ideologically places “love” in the home and “labor” in paid jobs.
Conclusion
Authors: Mong Sherry N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter proposes how positive change can be made for families who are enacting skilled medical labor. Caregivers' journeys with care recipients reflect varied experiences in interactions with medical professionals and in the training they receive. Though many caregivers experience feelings of anxiety and worry, they say they “do what they have to do” to provide care for those they love. It is the relationship with the care recipient that motivates their labor, and despite some ambivalent feelings, many have strong feelings against institutionalization. Positive change can be made for families who are enacting skilled medical labor and improve the work process for caregivers, care recipients, and nurses alike through robust national policies that support family care work are in order. Home support would also increase the confidence of caregivers and reduce emotional burdens by having credentialed nurses and health care professionals make regular home visits and providing more in-home support are essential. Adequate work leave policies for families should also be in place. The financial needs of caregivers should be considered, including their loss of jobs and income. The existing policies have been fragmented, state driven, targeted only to certain care recipients and their caregivers, and highly dependent on complicated Medicaid waivers. It is time to recognize and compensate caregivers for the work they do and to make sure that care recipients also have adequate support.
Scapegoats or Solutions?
Authors: Baylouny Anne Marie
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines changes in the states hosting Syrian refugees and the citizens' relations to governance in these states. It discusses the broadening of citizen demands on the states amid state austerity policies in the context of mass refugee influx and concomitant aid to the states and the refugees. It also cites that Jordan and Lebanon are among the countries most demographically burdened with refugees in the world. The chapter provides theories that delineate the results of hosting refugees on citizen grievances, demands, and mobilizing. It focuses on popular mobilizing and their effects on political life and challenges state-centric approaches that relegate the grassroots to a politically irrelevant afterthought.
Before the Syrian Crisis
Authors: Baylouny Anne Marie
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides background information on the history and context for refugees and the systemic state problems in Lebanon and Jordan. It analyzes the state of popular oppositions at the time of the Syrian refugee crisis. It also reviews Lebanon and Jordan's history with refugees and mobilizing prior to the arrival of the Syrians, including the status of the state as a referent for social demands and its ability to respond to those demands in both Lebanon and Jordan. The chapter describes Jordan as an electoral monarchy that has centralized effective power but lives by foreign aid, while Lebanon is a consociational democracy that makes centralized governance difficult due to numerous and competing actors. It analyses how Lebanon and Jordan used social groups as the basis for the provision of important welfare services to their populations.
Grievances against Governance
Authors: Baylouny Anne Marie
Published: May 2021

This chapter demonstrates how grievances against the Syrians caused citizens to turn to their states for solutions and mobilize in protest for rent, water, and employment in Jordan, and for electricity, waste disposal, and wages in Lebanon. It recounts how Jordan and Lebanon scapegoated the Syrians and promoted fear that protest would spread the chaos of the Syrian war. It also mentions Jordan and Lebanon's blame on Syrian refugees for their troubles that are caused or perceived to be caused by the refugees. The chapter analyzes the dual reaction to hosting refugees that look to governance to fix the problems that strengthened in Lebanon and affirmed in Jordan. It examines the turn to the state and citizens' reasoning for why the state is responsible for problems in services, resources, and the economy.
Travesties
Authors: Rosenthal Laura J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter turns to the comedies of William Wycherley, which have long been taken to epitomize the libertine spirit of Restoration court culture. However, it argues that Wycherley (and others) pushed back against the court. The playwright's close relationship with the monarch enabled this resistance: he enjoyed royal patronage, had an affair with a royal mistress, and even received a personal visit from a concerned Charles II when he fell ill. The connection began before the poet's birth: Wycherley's family lost much of their wealth supporting the Stuarts during the civil wars, which gave William access to the court's inner circle. Such deep connections have often been read to suggest that Restoration plays promoted the aristocratic ideology of the Stuarts. The libertinism in the comedies, Jeremy Webster, Harold Weber, and others have argued, emerged from a libertine court culture, and the scandalous nature of the plays reflected the scandalous experimentation at court. But Wycherley did not include scandalous scenes to create libertine solidarity; instead, he exploited the leeway created by libertine envelope-pushing to critique royal ambitions with two figures that have entered standard theatrical vocabulary: in The Gentleman Dancing-Master (1672), the fop, and in The Country Wife (1675), the provincial girl shocked into sophistication. Wycherley immortalized but did not invent these two figures; in different ways they each come to embody anxieties at the heart of many comedies of the period. The chapter concludes that Wycherley is an outlier for his extremity and wit, but representative in his concerns.
Introduction
Authors: Crotty Martin , Diamant Neil J. , Edele Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains the wide variation in postwar outcomes for veterans. It discusses the conditions that veterans emerge from the largest wars in the twentieth century with significant material recompense and higher status than their civilian counterparts. It also surveys the broad landscape of military engagements in the twentieth century, such as soldiers in cutting-edge fighter aircraft at thirty thousand feet, in submarines, in tanks, and armored personnel carriers. The chapter describes wartime services that are varied as soldiers that served from the commencement of hostilities to victory or defeat. It examines individual biographies of veterans across all combatant nations while multiplying the meanings of the word veteran in the process.
Conclusion
Authors: Crotty Martin , Diamant Neil J. , Edele Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter establishes qualitative or quantitative ways of measuring postwar success or failure in a broad comparative and historical perspective by reviewing the hypothesis and the cases. It confirms whether veterans are recognized as a special and distinct group, particularly from other citizens who have broadly similar needs or make similar claims on the state. It also analyses the extent that veterans are considered a special and distinct group. The chapter identifies governments that establish differentiated and exclusive bureaucratic structures, laws, and policies that provided for their needs. It examines veterans and their views on war memorialization and foreign policy.
Urban Ingenuity in the System
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how a cast of young architects and their reform-minded older colleagues strove to save the city by correcting the mistakes of high modernism and imbuing the urban core with humane proportions and highlights. It describes urban ingenuity that meant working within a layered, diverse, and at times chaotic bureaucracy that is laden with jaded and corrupt offices. It also refers to Leipzig's young chief architect Dietmar Fischer, who spearheaded a campaign to reconcile modern methods with historical substance. The chapter discusses preservationists that sought to save architectural relics as landmarks for local identity, such as their own offices in the mid-1970s. It examines financial, material, and labor shortfalls inherent in East Germany's industrialized mass-production economy that helped ensure Fischer's fusion of small-scale Plattenbau to remain a prototype without successors.
Talking about Talking
Authors: Miles Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses Yuri Andropov's tenure in the Kremlin, including his efforts to reform both foreign and domestic policy, and the crises of late 1983. It mentions Major Gennadiĭ Osipovich, an interceptor pilot who had shot down a Boeing 747 passenger aircraft that was en route from New York to Seoul in the summer of 1983. It also recounts how Moscow denied any wrongdoing in the Boeing 747 incident, implying the Soviet Air Force was fully within its rights to down a plane violating Soviet airspace. The chapter explores 1983 as a year of extremes as it witnessed some of the largest protests in European history demanding that no more US nuclear weapons be deployed to the continent. It elaborates on how the crisis never gave way to conflagration as policymakers from both the Kremlin and the White House engaged their Cold War rivals.
Post-Development’s Surrender to Global Capitalism
Authors: Kapoor Ilan
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a psychoanalytic critique of Post-Development, arguing that the latter's inattention to the unconscious underpinnings of power not only leaves it unable to explain why development discourse persists, but also deprives it of a deviant or radical politics, resulting in a surrender to global capitalism. Drawing mainly on the work of Arturo Escobar and James Ferguson, but also of Gustavo Esteva, it valorizes Post-Development's important insights on the production of development discourse and its attendant power mechanisms. By using a Lacanian lens, the chapter also probes Post-Development's failure to address how power is mediated at the level of the subject: in maintaining that (capitalist) development is produced discursively in a cold, impersonal way. Post-Development ignores the fact that such power is able to take hold, expand and, crucially, persist only through unconscious libidinal attachments. This failure leaves Post-Development with few resources to address the structural challenges of global capitalism. Psychoanalytically speaking, such a (Left) position appears to manifest a secret desire that nothing too much must change: Post-Development may well criticize the disciplinary mechanisms of neoliberal development, but ultimately it engages in an unconscious acceptance of capitalism.
The “Gaze” in Participatory Development
Authors: Kapoor Ilan
Published: May 2021

This chapter contrasts the Foucauldian view with a Lacanian take on the gaze, stressing its affective dimensions. Here, the desire is less to master the Other than to perpetuate oneself, for example by masochistically manipulating the gaze of the Other in a way that is nonthreatening and pleasurable. Participatory development projects, in this sense, are a way of shoring up the donor's self-image (of benevolence) and enjoyment. Yet the gaze, for Jacques Lacan, is a point of distortion or trauma, wherein the subject not only enjoys but also secretly envies the Other's enjoyment (which remains unattainable). This opens up possibilities for exploiting the master's insecurities and need for recognition, disrupting their gaze by looking back threateningly, thus enabling participants in development projects to hijack participation for their own purposes.
Development and the Poor
Authors: Kapoor Ilan
Published: May 2021

This chapter draws on Lacanian psychoanalysis to zero in on the kernel of enjoyment involved in regulating the poor. Here, not only are the poor seen as symptoms of capitalist development — its rejects and disposables — but a significant economy of enjoyment is produced wherein the development industry, as well as the poor themselves, enjoy the(ir) symptom. The poor, in this sense, are what Jacques Lacan would call the sinthome of development, whose presence is what binds the massive institutional machinery together, serving as its very raison d'être, yet whose absence would cause it to fall apart. The poor so conceived are the potentially disruptive limit point of the global capitalist order. The chapter suggests that it is the notion of jouissance (enjoyment) which better helps explain how capitalist ideology can psychoanalytically (and materially) embed itself at the level of the state as much as local citizens, and in the development apparatus as much as the ranks of the poor-as-symptom.
The Promise of New Blood
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines State Senator Bill Weber's address at the University of Minnesota Southwest Research and Outreach Center (SWROC) outside Lamberton, Minnesota. The regional development-vested folks — mayors, city managers, extension agents, educators, tourist board representatives, and chamber-of-commerce types — are all focused on a single Herculean challenge: how to bring economic development to the hinterlands. Weber brings a business lens to the conundrum of youth out-migration in southwest Minnesota and eastern South Dakota, and he is predisposed to see the problem as originating in economic opportunity. As an example he points to two long-lived businesses founded in his hometown of Luverne: Luverne Fire Apparatus and Luverne Trucking Equipment. Though they retain Luverne in their titles, both relocated across the border to Brandon, South Dakota, a suburb of Sioux Falls, decades ago, taking several hundred jobs with them.
Death by Mail
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the potential closing of a post office (PO) near the author's home. The author located the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) community meeting location nearest them — Buffalo, Iowa — and made plans to be there in person to hear the death knell. The proposed service reductions, part of the vaguely nefarious-sounding Phase 1 of USPS's POStPlan, are slated to impact over thirteen thousand post offices nationwide. In 2011, the Postal Service shuttered more than 460 mostly rural offices in a series of closings disproportionately impacting Middle American states. With several hundred post offices facing reduced hours or “discontinuance,” Iowa's 322 would-be victims placed second only to Pennsylvania's 445. Calculating a post office closure/hours reduction rate per capita reveals a moribund ground zero smack dab in the nation's breadbasket.
Introduction
Authors: Marullo Thomas Gaiton
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts Fyodor Dostoevsky's popularity as a young Russian writer in early 1846 after his publication of Poor Folk. It elaborates how Dostoevsky was hailed as a savior, a prophet, and an idol whom God had chosen to lead Russian literature from alleged deserts to promised lands during his time. It also mentions Vissarion Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov, who had been educated in the school of hard knocks and were particularly taken with Dostoevsky. The chapter describes Belinsky and Nekrasov as romantics, staunch realists, and avid proponents of progressivism in Russian literature and life from 1846 to 1847. It then explains how Dostoevsky was alien or indifferent to sociopolitical discussions despite the cosmopolitan formation of his early years.
Did Muscovite Literary Ideology Place Limits on the Power of the Tsar (1540s–1660s)?
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about Richard Pipes' publication of a sweeping and influential reinterpretation of pre-Soviet Russian political culture. It analyses Pipes' central idea that Muscovite Rus´ was a patrimonial state and the tsar or great prince exercised power that is comparable to that of the possessor of dominium in Roman law. It also details how Pipes traced the growth of the actual power of the monarch and the gradual narrowing of the boundaries of possible action for all classes. The chapter explains why no class or social group was able to limit the excessive growth of royal power. It discusses the ideology of royal absolutism in Russia that was worked out by clergymen who felt that the interests of religion and church were best served by a monarchy with no limits to its power.
Autocracy
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at autocracy as the concept most widely used to describe the political culture of the Russian state before 1917. It explains how autocracy, understood as the unlimited rule of the monarch over his subjects, is often taken as the signature characteristic of Russian political culture in general. It also identifies historians that see the political structure of Russia as essentially oligarchical, with power shared in a mutually beneficial way among various layers of the nobility and the government. The chapter presents autocracy in the relatively stable political culture from 1450 to 1650 and discusses the changes wrought in that culture by massive influences from Western Europe under Peter the Great and his immediate predecessors. It considers the accounts of Western European visitors to Russia from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, which was responsible for the trope of total power of the Russian ruler over its subjects.
The Ivory Tower is no More in the Nineties
Authors: Nader Laura
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains the 1990s as a time when Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) or the antilaw movement was being vigorously sold to the American people. It talks about Professor Kagan, who wrote about formal adversarial litigation and Stewart Macaulay, who weighed in on the arguments. It also includes that the San Francisco Chronicle weighed in on the author's theory of “coercive harmony” via Norman Larson, and George McGovern who wrote apologetically about the tort reform battle. The chapter analyses the publication of the author's Mintz lecture on Controlling Processes that came in 1996, which stimulated correspondence between her and psychologists who specialize in cults and the deprogramming of people. It explores letters that commented on disparate issues providing advice to younger anthropologists like David Price, who was dealing with the taboo subject of militarism and anthropology.
A Twenty-First-Century World
Authors: Nader Laura
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews letters from the twenty-first century. It explains how the letters covered a scattered number of familiar issues, such as mindsets in science, arguments over Alternative Dispute Resolution mediation, and the need to regulate family law mediators. It also discusses a short letter from an eighty-five-year old Californian farmer, George Woegell, on the male proclivity to go to war. The chapter analyzes letters on war and violence, such as the United States' prolonged wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. It looks at other letters about the continued conflict in Israel and Palestine, jihadism, terrorism, anthropology and militarism, silencing, and the role of politics and its problems in a globalized world in search of “modernity.”
Epilogue
Authors: Nader Laura
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews letters about what have been happening in America over the past sixty years as the Ivory Tower slowly erodes. It elaborates the importance of language in the early 1960s for the understanding of kinship and court users in a bilingual town and for any sophisticated understanding of the style of court proceedings, which is later dubbed as “harmony ideology.” It also discusses the author's interest in Zapotec law that expanded to a comparative interest in dispute resolution movements worldwide after the demise of colonialism and the founding of new states. The chapter describes the movement in the United States to address the failings of the civil justice system. It talks about the push to change the civil justice system in the United States that is referred to as Alternative Dispute Resolution, which is a political movement against the social justice movements of the 1960s.
The FPA, US Propaganda, and Postwar Japanese Cinema
Authors: Lee Sangjoon
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how Nagata Masaichi, president of Daiei Studio in Japan, pitched the idea of founding the Federation of Motion Picture Producers in Southeast Asia (FPA) and an annual Southeast Asian Film Festival. It discusses the consensus among American foreign officers stationed in Asia that communists had infiltrated the Japanese film industry since the end of the US occupation of Japan in April 1952. It also describes the activities of the “Reds” in the Japanese motion picture industry that is considered a threat to the United States' strategic Cold War interests in the Asia-Pacific region. The chapter cites Rashomon, which won the award for Best Foreign Language Film at the Oscars and elicited simultaneous respect and jealousy from other nations in the region. It elaborates how the unprecedented success of Rashomon rapidly established Nagata's presence in the Japanese film industry.
Homeric Psychology
Authors: Christensen Joel P.
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the author's view of psychology in Homer. It begins by suggesting that the Odyssey is particularly interested in a central psychological issue — agency — and that it demands that its audience consider issues of agency and responsibility throughout its plot. The chapter then distinguishes the author's view of Homeric psychology from prior treatments among Homerists by introducing concepts from Jerome Bruner and Mark Turner (among others), who have written about connections between narrative and literature, on the one hand, and human psychology, on the other. These two authors conceptualize some generalizable concepts — Bruner's “folk psychology” and Turner's “everyday mind” — which provide frameworks for thinking of the Odyssey as therapeutic on a social level, especially in the context of repeated performances. In pursuing this last framework, the chapter starts by teasing out some common threads that help to support the Odyssey as an investigation of human minds before addressing the issue of the engagement between the epic and collective mentalities.
The Therapy of Oblivion, Unforgettable Pain, and the Odyssey’s End
Authors: Christensen Joel P.
Published: May 2021

This chapter applies insights from cognitive science and approaches to storytelling to address issues of closure in the Odyssey's final book. The results show that the epic emphasizes the danger of its own pleasurable distractions by positioning their closed character as a kind of death. Odysseus, in order to begin his journey home, must choose to face the open tale of life. The psychological theories introduced throughout the book are brought to bear on the interpretive problem of how to end this poem. The sudden close points to the importance of life outside the poem and invites the audience to apply the frameworks explored in the poem to the worlds they inhabit without.
Introduction
Authors: Dean Austin
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines attempts by the Qing dynasty, the Beiyang governments, and the Nationalist government to create a territorial, national money and the role of silver. It addresses debates in Chinese history, U.S. history, economic, and world history. It also focuses on silver in the context of Chinese history that illuminates connections between economic, diplomatic, political, and intellectual history. The chapter tackles a central question for Chinese thinkers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries on how a state previously content with minimalist goals of self-maintenance could develop strong, proactive organizations capable of implementing new agendas of centralization and economic development. It looks at economic writings of prominent Chinese officials and intellectuals known for their views and policies that highlight conceptual transition.
Silver Begins Its Fall
Authors: Dean Austin
Published: May 2021

This chapter determines whether the Coinage Act of 1873 was a political or economic crime. It uses the creation and circulation of trade dollars to introduce the first important thread about why and how the silver era in world history came to an end from the 1870s to the 1930s. It also discusses the international competition for influence over the Chinese monetary system in the context of declining silver prices. The chapter recounts the mines of the Comstock Lode, monetary debates in the United States after the Civil War, and fallout from the Franco-Prussian War that undermined the system of worldwide bimetallism for much of the nineteenth century. It highlights the proponents of the trade dollar that lessened England's financial role in the China trade and established a broader U.S. financial architecture in Asia.
The Shanghai Mint and Establishing a Silver Standard in China, 1920–1933
Authors: Dean Austin
Published: May 2021

This chapter uses the story of the Shanghai Mint as a lens to examine the financial history of China in the 1920s and early 1930s to show how familiar events occurred in economic history. It reviews political and economic changes within China that influenced monetary reform on the last silver frontier. It also talks about the construction of the mint, which started in 1921 and produced coins in the spring of 1933. The chapter refers to China's movement from the warlord period of the late 1910s and early 1920s to the Nationalist period wherein the new government inherited the goals of currency reform from its predecessors and the half-finished physical plant of the Shanghai Mint. It looks at the history of the mint that connects small technical details to much larger political and economic issues, such as the types of coining equipment to be used and the design of coins.
Introduction
Authors: Trask Michael
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of “neo-idealism,” which can be defined as the effort to retool features of the Kantian tradition as weapons in the struggle against a behaviorism discredited by post-sixties thinkers because it appeared to underwrite the failed policies of the Great Society. The book's basic premise is that a dramatic inflation in the value of consciousness and autonomy in the seventies accompanied a recognition of the state's refusal to safeguard such values. And this premise's central implication is that figures from different schools and literary traditions found alternatives to statism in conditions that, while not reducible to neoliberalism's free market ideal, would lend support to that ideal's consolidation. To put the point this way is to keep in view the distance between neo-idealism (the embrace of subjectivity) and neoliberalism (the embrace of the market). The space between these terms contracts and dilates depending on the positions staked out by neo-idealists. The chapter explains that neo-idealism affords more than an ideology for neoliberalism and less than a stark alternative to it.
Artificial Intelligence and the Rise of the Meritocracy
Authors: Trask Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how IQ reappeared in the era as a proper measure of personhood. Numerous figures looked to psychometrics as confirming the objective existence of separate subjectivities. Examining the promise and defeat of artificial intelligence in philosophy of mind and New Wave science fiction, the chapter shows that a suspicion of Great Society welfarism took hold among writers with little in common except their commitment to the idea that human minds could neither be replicated by machines nor reconfigured by state institutions without injury to personhood. If there is something weird about reviving not just classical IQ science but also classical liberalism, at least one can trace the motivation for such retrievals to the widespread seventies attitude that the present itself had little to offer by way of solutions to social problems. Many forward-thinking or progressive figures in the decade preferred to look to the past, a habit of mind that hastened the collapse of the present.
“You can’t understand it”
Authors: Jeske Christine
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at employment from the perspective of employers. It talks about their attempts to improve the lives of workers, and their frustrations that workers don't seem to behave as they want. It says that many employers are concerned about the supposed immoral behavior of employees as employers wanted hard-workers with what they called a “good work ethic.” The chapter talks about the phrase “hard-worker,” how it is used to describe the ideal worker, and how causes the myriad other possible reasons for behaviors that seemed like laziness to be overlooked. It discusses how relying on the laziness myth has left employers without feasible explanations for their workers' behavior.
“Hustling is when you try to make a good life”
Authors: Jeske Christine
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces a narrative of “hustling” that motivates young people to perform their future hopes and never give up, despite full awareness of the disproportionate challenges they face in society. It defines a hustler as someone who tries, and talks about what entrepreneurship is like in South Africa. It discusses the difficulties that aspiring African entrepreneurs encounter as they try to become successful in their business. It talks about the lack of pride the new generation of South Africans have and how this has affects their attitude towards work and how this impacts African society. It talks about survivalist improvisation, how Africans put up an image of dignity in the midst of struggle, and their feelings of being trapped in that situation.
“I have a good story”
Authors: Jeske Christine
Published: May 2021

This chapter demonstrates how asking the question “What is the good life?” leads to different knowledge than asking questions like “How can we generate employment?” or “How can we achieve economic growth?” The chapter offers a deeper look into the lives of four individuals who said they were currently living the good life: an engineer in a high-status job, an artist forging new relationships through his church and community, a low-wage worker in an unusual shoe factory, and a recently unemployed woman starting a small business. The stories offer evidence that the good life does not necessarily depend on employment status. Instead, the good life comes about through complex interactions of social and individual factors, as well as the ways by which people learn to make meaning out of their circumstances. The four individuals shaped concepts of the good life that made sense of their experiences within an antiblack and segregated society. They found themselves in socially embedded economic structures, and spaces where black cultural capital was validated. The fact that they often attributed these circumstances to good fortune should not prevent us from imagining and implementing ways to replicate such structures.
“Despite the contradictions”
Authors: Jeske Christine
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers closing thoughts that reiterate and summarizes the main points of the book. The chapter explores the ways people make a careful survey of their situation and work out a method to yield growth despite life's contradictions and pressures. If their lives look at times like wind-torn shrubs, that does not mean that they are poorly adapted or lethargic. Instead, it offers evidence of the hard work it takes to thrive in a world where the good life is hard to find. It shows that a dominant myth blaming inequality on laziness has guided, upheld, and justified racial inequalities in South Africa and the world since the earliest mercantile and colonial encounters between Europeans and Africans, and this narrative was never eradicated, despite antislavery, civil rights, and anti-apartheid movements that achieved important legal and structural changes. The struggle to change this social narrative is an unglorified resistance with no clear ending point, but it is essential to the pursuit of the good life. It also shows evidence that in order to generate employment while aiming for the higher goal of seeking good, South Africa must address the history of antiblack disrespect that perpetuates dysfunctional employment structures. The people described in this book refuse to conform to narratives of inevitable happy endings or easy hope, but neither do their stories end only in despair.
Introduction
Authors: Vauchez Antoine , Moyn Samuel
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the boundary between the public and the private, which is fundamentally different from other sectoral and professional boundaries. It conveys a whole set of representations and expectations pertaining to the autonomy of state-actors (whether politicians, bureaucrats, judges, or regulators) as they engage in their government activities; it also sets out procedures of deliberation and decision-making that are different on either side of the line, thus effectively determining the social space in which citizenship and equal treatment will hold sway. It may certainly be tempting to consider that such sensitivity to the public–private divide is idiosyncratically French as France has long epitomized the “strong state” par excellence, spearheaded by a ruling elite of lifetime civil servants. Indeed, it is the deep-seated sensitivity to the autonomy of the “public sphere” that makes France a particularly heuristic terrain when it comes to tracing the encounter between Western states and neoliberalism and revealing the transformative effects of the expanding public–private fault line. The chapter then considers corporate lawyers as tracers of the neoliberal turn of the French state.
The Hollowing Out of the Public Interest
Authors: Vauchez Antoine , Moyn Samuel
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses the transformative effects of the new pattern of public–private collusion on prevailing conceptions and categories of the public interest. This dynamic development can be seen by following the trail of the group of mobile and multipositioned civil servants or politicians who turned corporate lawyers. As they invent new professional know-how and career paths, they personify, more than any other group, the dynamics of this interstitial space. They collectively act as brokers between the various poles of this field, create points of convergence, and actively disseminate new ways of thinking of the state and its role vis-à-vis markets. The density of this field of public–private intermediation can also be measured by looking at a diverse range of seemingly secondary platforms, including professional colloquia, sector-specific congresses, and other policy-oriented meetings and discussion series that are explicitly aimed at bringing together public and private professionals. These arenas provide participants with opportunities to liberate themselves from their respective institutional or professional loyalties and to profess the virtues of public–private synergies.
A Black Hole in Democracy?
Authors: Vauchez Antoine , Moyn Samuel
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a normative assessment of the political risks and diffuse democratic costs related to the blurring process, and considers its cumulative effects from the standpoint of democratic theory. It points at the role of the public sphere's autonomy as a critical condition for democratic citizenship. Because this gray area remains largely shielded from most forms of political and professional oversight, it has become a new democratic “black hole” in which professional intermediaries — lawyers, consultants, and so forth — thrive and prosper. When confronting this extraterritorial zone that has grown up at the core of political systems, and the corrosive effects of its expansion, democracies appear to be seriously underequipped. The blurring of the public–private divide not only weakens the capacity to produce a “public interest” that rests at bay from market asymmetries, but also the very ability to conceptually identify what such a “public interest” may be. This may be one of the biggest challenges ahead for neoliberalized democracies.
Social Pressure in International Lawmaking
Authors: Mantilla Giovanni
Published: May 2021

This chapter elaborates on humanitarian standards that were born out of a long and tortuous political process of social pressure. It presents a theoretical framework to understand the process of rule emergence and codification. It also looks at the process through which the humanitarian legalization of internal conflict became an issue of international concern. The chapter explains how and why the principal “norm entrepreneur” behind the international humanitarian law and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) hesitated to push for treaty-based legalization of internal conflict and place it on states' legal agenda. It analyzes the importance of a specific mechanism of social pressure during legal codification processes amid international political contests among states for status and social reputation.
Industrial Decline and the Rise of the Suburbs
Authors: Lewis Robert
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the uneven industrial decline in metropolitan Chicago. It describes the extensive decanting of manufacturing employment from the central city from the 1920s and the wholesale exodus of industrial jobs from Chicago after 1945. It also discusses the spatial reconfiguration of manufacturing investment at both the metropolitan and regional levels in Chicago as firms began to rethink their geographies of production and to search for alternate investment sites. The chapter analyses the interwar reconfiguration that was predicated on the relative decline of Chicago and the rise of the suburbs as the preeminent location for industrial production and employment. It traces the deindustrialization that started in the 1970s as an outcome of a process that dates back to the breakdown of an old system of industrial organization in the interwar period and the poorly directed affairs of wartime mobilization.
Industrial Property and Blight in the 1950s
Authors: Lewis Robert
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyzes the attempts by Chicago's public–private partnerships to fight industrial decline in the 1950s by linking blight, property, and redevelopment. It recounts the South Side Planning Board's failed attempt to redevelop an area of the South Side as an industrial district. It also looks at the fight between residents and the Bodine Electric Company over the property rights embedded in the zoning ordinance and the way in which these rights shaped industrial redevelopment. The chapter explores industrial property relations that were on the agenda of Chicago's place-dependent leaders by the 1940s. It describes the fortunes of Chicago's industry over the previous two decades, in which a growing number of people were looking to find ways to combat manufacturing decline, industrial blight, and a dwindling tax base.
Industrial Renewal and Land Clearance
Authors: Lewis Robert
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents a chronological narrative of institutional fixes implemented to counter industrial decline in Chicago. It considers different programs and institutions that supported Chicago's industrial renewal program and examines the Chicago Land Clearance Commission (CLCC) as the city's major industrial redeveloper in the 1950s that was authorized to designate blighted areas and vacant land as redevelopment projects. It also elaborates the CLCC's key role in the creation of new industrial property as a solution to Chicago's industrial decline. The chapter details how the CLCC used state and federal legislative tools that enabled cities to appropriate federal funds for private ends, to allow the exercise of eminent domain over blighted property, and to realign ownership rights in favor of property developers. It describes blight, falling property values, and declining retail sales as problems that would continue to undermine Chicago's prominence and cut into company profits.
Industrial Parks as Industrial Renewal
Authors: Lewis Robert
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the other main industrial redevelopment strategy that emerged in the 1960s. It mentions the building of industrial parks in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Ashland Industrial Center in the deindustrialized Stockyards, that became a failure despite the allocation of significant funds by public–private partnerships. It emphasizes how the institutional fix of the industrial park could not solve the Chicago's manufacturing decline. The chapter refers to industrial areas that consist of many lots managed on a long-term basis by industrial and nonindustrial promoters. It outlines two principles that shaped the development of the industrial park in postwar Chicago: First was modern planning ideas that emerged after 1890 and second was the search for ordered space paralleled by the search for property profits.
Unfree Labor
Authors: Firpo Christina Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines two forms of unfree labor — debt-bondage and human trafficking — in which sex workers were not recompensed for their labor and, for a variety of reasons, remained stuck in their place of employment. Women involved in debt-bondage arrangements exchanged work for room, board, and a cash loan. Under debt-bondage agreements, the indebted paid off a monetary debt through labor for a definitive period of time. The chapter discusses how unscrupulous managers used debt-bondage to exploit sex workers. It also talks about trafficked women and how they were typically tricked or abducted and sold against their will to brothels in Tonkin or China, linking the sex industries of both countries. The chapter discusses how the prevalence of trafficking became a thorn in the side of the colonial government as France had already completely abolished slavery and slave trade in its terriroties since 1848. Finally, it discusses the colonial efforts to stop abuses of unfree labor.
Adolescent Sex Work
Authors: Firpo Christina Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter delves into the dark market for juvenile sex work, which to a large extent was a function of Tonkin's extreme poverty. It discusses the multiple social safety nets of Vietnamese society and how despite the availability of such programs, children fall back on sex work for survival. It discusses how colonial authorities tried to regulate juvenile sex work through age restrictions. The chapter explores the operations of the market for adolescent sex workers, including the various ways that girls were recruited to sex work, who their managers were, how these managers kept their operations secret, and which industries served, in part, as fronts for juvenile sex work.
Ả Đào Singers
Authors: Firpo Christina Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter is a study of the sale of sex in ả Đào singing houses, a form of female performance art dating back to the fourteenth century. In its twentieth-century iteration, sex work in ả Đào singing houses appealed to those with a taste for traditional culture in an era of dynamic cultural change. The success of clandestine sex work in ả Đào venues lay in the ability of sex workers and their managers to capitalize on both the sensuality inherent to this genre of female performance art and the legitimacy associated with a revered traditional art form. The result was that ả Đào venues operated as ambiguous spaces that blurred the traditional lines separating art, sex, and commerce.
Taxi Dancers
Authors: Firpo Christina Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the clandestine sex work that occurred in dance halls which were also referred to as “the child of Europeanization.” Whereas sex work in ả Đào singing houses was marketed to men who sought comfort in traditional culture, the sex work that occurred in dance halls appealed to men excited — even titillated — by modernization and Western culture. As their success derived from both an image of urban sophistication and a mostly peasant workforce, dance halls exemplified the urban–rural divide in colonial Tonkin. The growing economic disparity and cultural differences between urban and rural areas in the late colonial period gave rise to the all the elements necessary for selling unregistered sex work in dance halls.
Activism Triumphant
Authors: Heiss Mary Ann
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the first two years of the Special Committee's life, which were also the last two years of the Committee on Information's term. It looks at the years that marked the full achievement of international accountability for dependent territories as the Decolonization Committee undertook its work with powers that were identical to the Trusteeship Council. It also focuses on the developing world that mirrored other concurrent UN developments and signaled the continued evolution of the organization toward international reform. The chapter cites the culmination of the drive for international accountability that occurred within several large global contexts. It mentions Superpower tensions that extended to the United Nations, where harsh rhetoric remained the norm in Soviet-American interactions.