bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Containing Kurdish Nationalism and Political Islam in the 1990s
Authors: Yesil Bilge
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the media's role in the containment of Kurdish ethnic nationalism and political Islam as undertaken by the military-led state in the 1990s. In this transformational decade, the emergence of new actors—such as commercial media, civil society organizations, Islamist networks, and Kurdish activists—created serious concerns for the Kemalist elite and the political economic order they had established decades ago. From the military-bureaucratic circles to the pro-state big capital owners, these power holders hoped to preserve their clout and sustain the central power of the state at a time when the country was encountering global, neoliberal currents. The chapter first discusses the reproduction of nationalist ethos in mainstream media and the state suppression of Kurdish media, both domestically and transnationally. It then investigates the state's attempts to rein in political Islam and the role mainstream media assumed in this process. Emphasis is placed on the political economic pacts between military-bureaucratic elite and media proprietors.
Stories Only Seemed Shorter
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the question of whether daily news over the past century has gone along with the modern trend of shorter news. When the occupation of journalist first emerged in the nineteenth century, realist news was mainly short, and everything in the modern world has seemed to go only faster for more than a century. First radio picked up the pace and then television followed, requiring shorter attention spans. Along came faxes, then electronic mail, and now video messaging. MTV made images move faster, television commercials got shorter, and online ads shrank to a few seconds. Critics call it sound-bite society or McDonaldization, reducing information to nuggets. However, studies show that news has been getting longer, moving away from brief realist descriptions of stand-alone events and aligning with modern impulses toward big-picture explanation. The trend occurred across legacy news media: newspaper reporters writing longer, television reporters speaking more, and even reporters on public radio, the home of extended news, talking more in longer stories.
News Gained Status but Lost Touch
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the relationship between news practitioners and the audience. It discusses how reporters and especially editors have a hunger to know who is reading and viewing the news, but resist knowing the answer. They reject almost all of the available information, except what they can gather from a few proximate stand-ins they know. Reporters “have trouble crossing social barriers that separate them from strangers.” Outsiders from other classes, ethnicities, or gender identities or with less education have difficulty reaching reporters as well. Modern news requires the language of elites, which poor people, immigrants, and outsiders may not know how to produce. Editors and reporters may also be uneasy with the massive numbers of their audiences. People in aggregate seem to make poor choices by preferring gossip to real news.
The Press Adopted Linear Time
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the notion of news time. News producers, researchers, and observers agree that American life has become busier, with little time to spare. The time crunch seems to have led reporters and editors to focus on the real present instead of the modern tasks of gathering background, spotting trends, or ferreting out future problems. It is argued that the commitment to modern time made news producers resistant to new kinds of information practices and options for conceiving of time. The emergence of other media has been an important element in how the press became entrenched in its version of modern time. The main alternative to newspapers appeared at midcentury: television, a medium that broadcasts in real time and opens the possibility of a return to the realist present.
Newscasters Seemed More Hurried
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the time crunch in television news. Network newscast content suggests that in some ways the time crunch did get worse. From 1968 to 1988, the total minutes dedicated to political reporting in network programs had become smaller by about a quarter. At the same time, how long newscasters spoke continuously shrank on average, just as the sound bites of politicians had shrunk over the period. But in other ways no time crunch appeared. Beyond political coverage, reports overall did not grow shorter. Of the time available, almost 10 percent shifted away from sources, but correspondents used about the same number of minutes at the start as at the end of the period studied. Newscasters increased their share of time compared with the total of their sources' much-reduced sound bites, which had declined by half.
Bach’s Report on Johann Scheibe’s Organ for St. Paul’s Church, Leipzig
Authors: Butler Lynn Edwards
Published: May 2017

This chapter revisits Johann Sebastian Bach’s 1717 report on Johann Scheibe’s organ for St. Paul’s Church at the University of Leipzig. On December 16, 1717, Bach examined the organ “partly newly built and partly renovated” by Scheibe for St. Paul’s Church. Bach’s report, written the following day, is deemed successful by contemporary sources. Scheibe himself said the organ was “found [to be] free of even the smallest major defect,” to which the University agreed. However, Gottfried Silbermann’s early twentieth-century biographer Ernst Flade claimed that Scheibe’s organ was a mediocre instrument and suggested that Silbermann would have built a “masterpiece.” Subsequent writers emphasized what Flade labeled “Bach’s serious concerns” about Scheibe’s organ. Drawing on documents from the Leipzig University Archives, many of them written by Scheibe, this chapter shows that Bach enumerated in his report the organ’s problems that can be immediately fixed, problems about which nothing could be done, and problems likely to be encountered in the future; Bach also offered a vigorous defense of Scheibe.
Did J. S. Bach Write Organ Concertos?
Authors: Wolff Christoph
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the prehistory of the cantata movements with obbligato organ and asks whether Johann Sebastian Bach wrote organ concertos by focusing on the sinfonias of his Cantatas 146 and 169. Bach presented church cantatas with concertato organ sinfonias several times between 1725 and 1728. This can only mean that neither the clergy, the congregation, nor anyone else objected to this innovative type of church music. This chapter analyzes the two first entries in the autograph manuscript P 234 (ca. 1738), the D-minor and E-major harpsichord concertos (BWV 1052–1053) and their related movements in cantatas 49, 146, 169, and 188, and challenges the notion that they are concertos for violin, oboe, or any other solo instrument. Instead, it argues that they are keyboard concertos in the same two keys and were designed for performance on either harpsichord or organ. The chapter concludes that Bach composed such works primarily for his own use, sketching out a solo part and making appropriate adjustments and improvisatory elaborations as needed at either harpsichord or organ.
Black Women, Urban Labor, and New York’s Informal Economy
Authors: Harris LaShawn
Published: May 2017

This chapter offers an overview of black women informal workers both as wage earners and entrepreneurs, positioning their experiences at the center of New York's informal labor market. It highlights working-class black women's socioeconomic conditions and the ways in which economic distress coupled with varying perceptions of urban public space and racial uplift motivated some women's attraction to nontraditional modes of labor. New York black women viewed the economic and social opportunities offered by off-the-books labor as a path toward altering the recipe of possibilities for themselves. But securing extralegal and unlicensed labor that disrupted normative gender roles and racial hierarchies and ideas about public decorum came at a price. Collateral consequences were certainly part of some black women's trajectory as underground workers and entrepreneurs. This chapter also considers the dangers and obstacles associated with self-employment and laboring for employers willing to pay them under the table.
Madame Queen of Policy
Authors: Harris LaShawn
Published: May 2017

This chapter maps out black women's participation in arguably one of New York's most profitable and contested social and cultural pastimes of the early twentieth century: the illegal numbers racket. It uses the mysterious and unique life of prominent Harlem numbers banker Madame Stephanie St. Clair—the “Numbers Queen”—as a window to illuminate how some black numbers entrepreneurs used the city's gambling enterprise to launch lucrative underground enterprises and as a way to cast a spotlight on black New Yorkers' individual and collective encounters with race, gender, and class prejudice and white supremacy. On one hand, she boldly and skillfully rejected and refashioned elite versions of propriety. On the other hand, St. Clair's proper outward attire of fashionable dresses, furs, and headdresses and her use of the moniker “Madame” reinforced conventional images of New Negro womanhood and material wealth.
“I Have My Own Room on 139th Street”
Authors: Harris LaShawn
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores black women's multilayered roles within New York's sex commerce, moving beyond widely accepted historical interpretations that position black sex laborers primarily as street solicitors. Identifying black women as madam-prostitutes, casual prostitutes, and sex-house proprietors and entrepreneurs, this chapter addresses the difficulties of documenting sex work within black communities, the broad socioeconomic conditions and personal circumstances outlining black women's entrance into the urban sexual economy, and the occupational benefits of indoor prostitution. In an attempt to avoid or limit their presence on New York streets, black sex workers—when the opportunity arose—sold and performed sexual services in furnished rooms and hotels, in their own homes, in massage parlors and nightclubs, and in other legitimate and illegitimate commercial businesses. Furthermore, indoor and residential sexual labor was significant to sex laborers' working and personal lives.
Conclusion
Authors: Harris LaShawn
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter documents the more contemporary proliferation of New York African braiding hairstylists and the popularity of unique hair-braiding styles and how, as cultural producers and businesswomen, hair-braiders are reaping noticeable economic benefits from an exclusive yet expanding labor market. Contemporary New York newspaper editorials and opinion pieces on urban hair-braiders cast a spotlight on modern-day New York women's labor as informal economy workers. Today, New York female underground laborers, consisting of native-born and naturalized New Yorkers, undocumented immigrants, and migrants from across the nation, engage in a wide range of underground vocations for a variety of socioeconomic and personal reasons. The chapter goes on to reflect on the striking similarities in socioeconomic conditions of these women then and now.
A Campaign of Truth
Authors: Rider Toby C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates how U.S. information officers devised plans to showcase the friendliness and sportsmanship of the U.S. Olympic team and encouraged private businesses to make the hosting cities a showground for U.S. enterprise and culture. In tandem with these efforts, U.S. propaganda depicted communist sport in a highly negative manner. Furthermore, in order to create and implement a propaganda strategy for the winter and summer Olympic festivals of 1952, the U.S. information program also facilitated cooperation with both the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) and the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States (AAU). This intervention challenged a long-held tradition, as the U.S. government began to work in concert with the private sphere in sport-related propaganda to new and uncharted levels under the mounting demands of the Cold War.
Symbols of Freedom
Authors: Rider Toby C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the propaganda scheme centering on the defected athletes from the Melbourne Olympics. Once the Hungarian National Olympic Team reached the United States, a triumvirate of parties had taken responsibility for their welfare: Sports Illustrated, the Hungarian National Sports Federation (HNSF), and Jackson himself. This triumvirate combined to accomplish two aims. First, they paraded the team around the country in a nationwide tour, an exhibition that provided U.S. newspapers and the United States Information Agency with an opportunity to depict the athletes as symbols of freedom. Second, they took steps to make sure that the athletes transitioned to life in the United States in the smoothest manner possible. The chapter also considers the challenges that came with executing these strategies; including the difficulties of resettlement for the refugee athletes, the problems of immigration, and the question of the participation of stateless athletes in the Olympics.
The Politics and Poetics of Attraction I
Authors: Solomon William
Published: May 2017

This chapter brings Sergei Eisenstein's concept of “the montage of attractions” to bear on John Dos Passos' Manhattan Transfer (1925). The essence of Eisenstein's approach—the inspiration for which he locates in silent comedy as well as the circus and amusement park rides—is that it subordinates the representational dimensions of the image to its capacity to impact the spectator's emotional disposition. Rather than passively depicted, reality is actively assembled into a spectacular construct designed to affect the audience ideologically, to make them feel less intensely. Manhattan Transfer may be considered a “novel of repulsions,” its series of juxtapositions organized to galvanize collective protest against the current state of the nation.
The Politics and Poetics of Attraction II
Authors: Solomon William
Published: May 2017

This chapter continues the conceptual thread of “attraction” while exploring the film oeuvre of the “third genius” of silent screen comedy: Harold Lloyd. This time it is the manifesto-like claims of Eisenstein's theatrical collaborator, Sergei Tretyakov, that provide the theoretical point of departure. The chapter argues that Lloyd, together with his producer Hal Roach, grasped the virtues of athletic performances on screen as a means of helping to train the masses somatically, in order to handle the demands of life in threatening urban settings. The status of the image here is not that of a copy of a preexisting reality. Rather, it was designed to play a formative role in the life of the spectator.
Tasting Place, Sensing Race
Authors: Bégin Camille
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores food writing throughout the Federal Writers' Project (FWP) archive—American Guide Series, Folklore Project, Social-Ethnic Studies, Negro Studies Project, Feeding the City. This expanded corpus forms the basis of analytical and ethnographic narratives on three 1930s sensory economies. The chapter analyzes how southern food, following millions of African American interwar migrants, lost some of its regional sensory anchoring and became increasingly perceived and sensed as “black food” in northern and urban sensory economies. It also tracks how African Americans began claiming food of southern origins as one of the sensory nexus of a modern black urban identity, thereby erasing the source of earlier tensions between newly arrived migrants and better-off northern blacks.
An American Culinary Heritage?
Authors: Bégin Camille
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on how the construction of Mexican food as southwestern heritage taste in the 1930s paradoxically participated in affirming the American identity of the region. The exploration of the links between tasting place and tasting race in the Southwest details how the construction of sensory racial authenticity intertwined with economic exchanges. The commodification of Mexican food as the region's culinary heritage spurred the development of practices of sensory sightseeing that participated in the making of the modern identity and wealth of the region, while curtailing Spanish speakers' participation in it as it confined them to the past and lumped together populations with vastly different immigration, social, and political histories.
How Taste Is Made
Authors: Bégin Camille
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that the New Deal food writing does not provide lessons on how to eat better, nor a cause to dismiss it as a bigoted or failed nation-building attempt. Rather, it offers a reminder that contemporary anxieties about the sensory, political, environmental, social, and moral consequences of the global industrial food system, as well as the drive toward the celebration of local traditions and knowledge, are not a late-twentieth and early-twenty-first-century affair but part of a longer historical trend. New Deal food writing offers tools to better understand the challenges of establishing sustainable, pleasurable, and equitable food systems. This is not to disparage efforts at changing industrial foodways, but to emphasize how social and sensory histories of food can create spaces for debates about social, cultural, and environmental equity challenges.
Indians Illustrated
Authors: Coward John M.
Published: May 2017

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Americans swarmed to take in a raft of new illustrated journals and papers. Engravings and drawings of “buckskinned braves” and “Indian princesses” proved an immensely popular attraction for consumers of publications like Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper and Harper's Weekly. This book charts a social and cultural history of Native American illustrations—romantic, violent, racist, peaceful, and otherwise—in the heyday of the American pictorial press. These woodblock engravings and ink drawings placed Native Americans into categories that drew from venerable “good” Indian and “bad” Indian stereotypes already threaded through the culture. The book's examples show how the genre cemented white ideas about how Indians should look and behave—ideas that diminished Native Americans' cultural values and political influence. The book's powerful analysis of themes and visual tropes unlock the racial codes and visual cues that whites used to represent, and marginalize, native cultures already engaged in a twilight struggle against inexorable westward expansion.
Visualizing Race
Authors: Coward John M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at racial imagery in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper in the final years of the nineteenth century, comparing the illustrations of Indians and African Americans as a way of explaining the shifting nature of race and representation as Western expansion ran its course. Native Americans were usually portrayed more sympathetically than African Americans. Indians were also depicted as more progressive than blacks. Moreover, Indians in the early 1890s were seen predominately as nonthreatening, both militarily and culturally. African Americans, by contrast, were closer and more familiar to whites and often perceived as less interesting to illustrators and more threatening to the status quo. Unlike Indians, whose apparent strangeness could be presented as exotic, black strangeness was ridiculed.
Cultural Heritage in Mali in the Neoliberal Era
Authors: Jorio Rosa De
Published: May 2017

Up to 2012, Mali was a poster child for African democracy, despite multiple signs of growing dissatisfaction with the democratic experiment. Then disaster struck, bringing many of the nation's unresolved contradictions to international attention. A military coup carved off the country's south. A revolt by a coalition of Tuareg and extremist Islamist forces shook the north. The events, so violent and unexpected, forced experts to reassess Mali's democratic institutions and the neoliberal economic reforms enacted in conjunction with the move toward democracy. This book's detailed study of cultural heritage and its transformations provides a key to understanding the impasse that confronts Malian democracy. As the book shows, postcolonial Mali privileged its cultural heritage to display itself on the regional and international scene. The neoliberal reforms both intensified and altered this trend. Profiling heritage sites ranging from statues of colonial leaders to women's museums to historic Timbuktu, the book portrays how various actors have deployed and contested notions of heritage. These actors include not just Malian administrators and politicians but UNESCO, and non-state NGOs. The book also delves into the intricacies of heritage politics from the perspective of Malian actors and groups, as producers and receivers—but always highly informed and critically engaged—of international, national and local cultural initiatives.
Epilogue
Authors: Jorio Rosa De
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents further reflections on the intersection of heritage work and modern power, covering some of the post-2012 developments in Mali's heritage sector as well. It discusses key developments in the heritage field, including the emergence of new political and religious actors; the internal diversification of the state (as reflected also in the types of initiatives different state entities promote); and the forms of privatization promoted by the state in cooperation with international organizations. The chapter ultimately questions the opposition between private and public initiatives, suggesting overlaps and similar omissions, and expands on the significance of cultural heritage and its diversification in contemporary Mali.
Game Faces
Authors: Fields Sarah K.
Published: May 2017

Sports figures cope with a level of celebrity once reserved for the stars of stage and screen. This book looks at the legal ramifications of the cases brought by six of them—golfer Tiger Woods, quarterback Joe Montana, college football coach Wally Butts, baseball pitchers Warren Spahn and Don Newcombe, and hockey enforcer Tony Twist—when faced with what they considered attacks on their privacy and image. Placing each case in its historical and legal context, the book examines how sports figures in the United States have used the law to regain control of their image. As the book shows, decisions in the cases significantly affected the evolution of laws related to privacy, defamation, and publicity—areas pertinent to the lives of the famous sports figure and the non-famous consumer alike. It also tells the stories of why the plaintiffs sought relief in the courts, uncovering motives that delved into the heart of issues separating individual rights from the public's perceived right to know. A fascinating exploration of a still-evolving phenomenon, this book is an essential look at the legal playing fields that influence our enjoyment of sports.
Owning a Face: Publicity and Advertising
Authors: Fields Sarah K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the Don Newcombe's lawsuit against Coors Brewing Company Newcombe played in the Negro baseball leagues until 1949, when the Brooklyn Dodgers signed him after Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in 1947. He had a stellar career, winning the Most Valuable Player award, the Cy Young Award, and the Rookie of the Year award. However, his career in Major League Baseball was cut short in 1960, in part because of a continuing battle with alcohol. Eventually, Newcombe acknowledged his problem, and, as a recovering alcoholic, he served as a spokesman for the National Institute on Drug and Alcohol Abuse. As an anti-alcohol advocate, Newcombe was shocked when he discovered an advertisement for Killian's Irish Red Beer (a brand produced by Coors Brewing) that featured a drawing of an old-time baseball game in which the pitcher was a recognizable version of Newcombe. He sued Coors for a violation of his right of publicity but lost in the federal district court. Despite that decision, the Ninth Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals agreed with Newcombe and overturned the lower court, establishing that celebrity athletes had the right to choose how their image was used in advertising and allowing them to disassociate themselves from products they found distasteful.
Art versus Image: The First Amendment versus the Right of Publicity
Authors: Fields Sarah K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores Tiger Woods' lawsuit against the artist Rick Rush. In 1997, Woods made history by winning the prestigious Masters tournament for the first time and doing so by a record twelve strokes. Inspired by his victory, Rush created a serigraph of Woods' driving the ball while flanked by his caddie and his opponents' caddie. Floating in the sky above the scene were the faces of Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and other legendary golfers. The painting was then reproduced as a lithograph and five thousand copies were offered for sale. When Woods learned of the artwork, he sued Rush for violating his right of publicity. Rush argued that his work was protected under the First Amendment as art, while Woods argued that the work was merely sports merchandise like a poster and that it was subject to the right of publicity. The court agreed with Rush and said that regardless of the multiple copies, it was still art and deserved full First Amendment protection.
Tables Away from Home
Authors: Flammang Janet A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on table conversations that take place outside the home. More specifically, it considers in-depth cases of how our civic selves are developed through conversations in a variety of settings such as friends' homes, schools, camps, colleges, religious institutions, firehouses, addiction-recovery programs, gang prevention programs, and the military. After discussing commensality and conversation found at school tables, the chapter examines table talk that transpires at camp tables, college tables, religious tables, male tables, homies dinners, military meals, and at meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous and other programs for recovering addicts. It shows that people gathered at tables away from home emulate domestic tables by re-creating “family” or “comfort” or “safety,” all of which help an individual find his/her voice in conversations.
Tables and Conflict
Authors: Flammang Janet A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on difficult conversations as a source of conflict at the dinner table, at schools with at-risk youth, among same-sex marriage proponents talking to opponents, at Death Cafes (groups that meet socially to discuss the meaning of death), and at dispute mediation sessions. It examines how cultural and ethnic differences can give rise to table conflicts, such as cultural conflicts that emerge from the different food traditions of immigrant groups. It also considers various attempts to use table talk to address stereotypes among Christians, Jews, and Muslims; to educate Americans about Afghanis; and to bridge differences in views about homosexuality. Two high-conflict examples are discussed: civil right advocates who cooked for racial equality and Pittsburgh's Conflict Kitchen. The chapter shows that difficult conversations are always about facts, emotions, and identity.
Civic Engagement and Diplomacy
Authors: Flammang Janet A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores table talk as an avenue for civic engagement and diplomacy. It begins with a discussion of how food can foster community building, citing as an example the restaurant as an inclusive community-gathering place. It then considers civic engagement among adolescents, focusing on the important roles played by associations and schools in the civic development of young people. It also looks at political voice, and especially who frames political discussions; the issue of civility among public officials; gender differences in the conversational dynamics among state legislators; national calls for greater civility and conversations about important topics; and civility among U.S. congresswomen. The chapter concludes with an analysis of diplomacy in the State Department's culinary diplomacy program and the barbecue diplomacy of presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and George W. Bush.
Free Democrats to the Republicans
Authors: Lause Mark A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows that spiritualism gained its first strong foothold in Washington and began to flourish when Martin Van Buren and kindred politicians trailed back into their Free Soil Party, leaving the antislavery insurgency to the most stalwart radical elements who reorganized as the Free Democratic Party. It explains how these political shifts brought antislavery political leaders to Washington and discusses the growth of spiritualism by 1854–1856 with the rise of sectional tensions. After highlighting the prominence of spiritualists among the Free Democrats, the chapter considers the parallel development and convergence of spiritualism and antislavery politics in New York City. It then examines how the tensions of the spring of 1853–1854 seem to have driven many more people to the spirits and how Kansas became the catalyst for a major shift in Free Democratic circles as well as politics generally. It also explores how spiritualists, particularly in the upper Midwest, made vital decisions that marked the emergence and triumph of a new Republican Party.
Women’s Work and Economic Crisis Revisited
Authors: Milkman Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter compares the gender dynamics of the Great Depression of the 1930s with those of the Great Recession associated with the 2008 financial crisis. It begins with a discussion of the relationship between gender and unemployment, and between gender and family dynamics during the economic crises. It then examines the family wage and married women's employment in the 1930s as well as inequality among women during the Great Recession. Despite the many changes in gender relations that unfolded in the intervening decades, the chapter shows that the structural effects of the two economic downturns were similar. In both cases, female unemployment increased less, and later, than male unemployment, and birth, marriage, and divorce rates declined as well. The Great Depression spurred a political transformation that led to a sharp reduction in economic inequality, accompanied by a dramatic upsurge in union organizing. Neither of these developments took place after the 2008 crisis. Instead, inequalities between the haves and have-nots have continued to widen, and especially class inequality among women.
The Rise and Fall of Olympic Amateurism
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P , Gleaves John
Published: May 2017

For decades, amateurism defined the ideals undergirding the Olympic movement. No more. Today's Games present athletes who enjoy open corporate sponsorship and unabashedly compete for lucrative commercial endorsements. The book analyzes how this astonishing transformation took place. Drawing on Olympic archives and a wealth of research across media, the book examines how an elite—white, wealthy, often Anglo-Saxon—controlled and shaped an enormously powerful myth of amateurism. The myth assumed an air of naturalness that made it seem unassailable and, not incidentally, served those in power. The book traces professionalism's inroads into the Olympics from tragic figures like Jim Thorpe through the shamateur era of under-the-table cash and state-supported athletes. As the book shows, the increasing acceptability of professionals went hand-in-hand with the Games becoming a for-profit international spectacle. Yet the myth of amateurism's purity remained a potent force, influencing how people around the globe imagined and understood sport. This is the first book-length examination of the movement's foundational ideal.
Words and Music: The Magnolia Crisis
Authors: Toles George
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes a considered, thematic, and stylistic account of the viewing experiences of three films by Paul Thomas Anderson and their backgrounds—Punch-Drunk Love (2002), There Will Be Blood (2007), and The Master (2012). Writer Geoffrey O'Brien, in his essay on The Master, captures the feel of Anderson's recurring landscape of disconnection. He goes on to speak of the expressionist treatment of milieu in the films, as though in each narrative there is an attempt both to acknowledge the claims of material reality and at the same time to reconfigure the real. The chapter also examines the contradictory pressures at work in the avowedly autobiographical, densely verbal Magnolia, which may have necessitated a change in Anderson's method and technique in the films that followed.
A Re-Examination of the Asymmetry between Interest Rates and Stock Returns
Authors: Kalu Kenneth
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this paper is to reconcile previous findings of prolonged asymmetrical relationships between interest rates and stock returns, where a reduction in interest rates in one month was shown to produce positive stock returns over a twelve-month period. This study provides evidence that the puzzling relationships suggested by a previous study are sample-dependent and cannot withstand further scrutiny. Test results presented in this study show that investors are not likely to earn abnormal returns through an investment strategy constructed on the expectation of long-term positivie returns following a reduction in interest rates.
Po co nam postapokalipsy? Kultura postapokaliptyczna na początku XXI wieku z perspektywy kultur Zachodu
Authors: Wierel Karolina
Published: May 2017

In the article I wonder about the reasons for the growing popularity of the postapocalyptic
works in the pop culture of the early 21st century. The world after the collapse
of the Western civilization is created in various literary, film and photographic forms, the
examples of which I present in my study. The alternative post-apocalyptic reality is the postindustrial
reality, archaized and non-anthropocentric. The technological regress presented in
the works is based on imaginings of the end and is analogous to the fall of humanity among
those people who survived after the “end” or were born afterwards. In the post-apocalyptic
works of the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries it can be noticed that the authors of the vision
of world “after to end” abandoned an extremely negative tone.
Połowiczny rozpad bomby atomowej. Dekontekstualizacja tekstów zimnowojennej kultury popularnej na przykładzie "Strażników"
Authors: Kopeć Jarosław
Published: May 2017

The article analyses and interprets Watchmen by Moore, Gibbons and Higgins in
comparison with its movie adaptation directed by Zack Snyder. The hypothesis is that
there is an observed phenomenon metaphorically called “half-life of atomic bomb”, during
which the theme of the fear of the A-Bomb is gradually rinsed out of the popular/mass
culture. This case study is to be treated as an introduction to further inquiry into the topic
based on a wider selection of texts.
Analysis of Water Shortage and Socioeconomic Impacts on Jujube Growers of Taluka Hyderabad Rural, Sindh Pakistan
Authors: Mohsin Ali Khatian  , Moula Bux Peerzado  , Arshad Ali Kaleri  , Abdul Latif Laghari  , Mukesh Kumar Soothar  , Jay Kumar Soothar  ,   Ehsan Elahi Banger
Published: May 2017

Water plays a vital role not only for survival of human being but it is also important for crops, animal and every creature which lives on the universe. Therefore; water shortage has some negative impacts on socioeconomic condition of jujube growers. Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) locally called ‘Beer’, is a native fruit of South Asia. Produced in moderate regions of different countries in the world: such as China, India, Pakistan, Syria, Malacca, Australia and Malaysia, Afghanistan, Iran and Russia. China is perhaps the most important country for jujube cultivation, where it is known as the “Chinese dates”, with hundreds of varieties, some being seedless. the study was conducted at Taluka Hyderabad Rural. Samples were randomly carried out from six villages (ten growers from each village) were selected, so the total sample size was 60 in numbers. Results exposed that education level of growers were primary 48 percent, secondary 27 percent, higher 18 percent and illiterate 7 percent respectively. Pattern of farming of growers in study area states that majority 29 percent of producer’s were full time and 71 percent of respondents were part time engaged in jujube growers. Mostly 67 percent of jujube farmers belong to medium income group, 18 percent were high income group and 15 percent were very low income group. Canal water unavailability to growers was 43 percent in study area. So government should take action to provide them excess of water for earning maximum profit
Directing the senses in the contemporary orientations to cancer disease control: Debating symptom research
Authors: Andersen Rikke Sand
Published: May 2017

This paper discusses ongoing changes in orientations to cancer disease control in the Global North, particularly health promoter attempts to identify the early cancerous body. The paper suggests that the emphasis on early diagnosis of cancer aligns ideas on a symptomatic management of the public with a process in which ‘what counts as cancer symptoms’ is steadily being subdivided, classified and expanded. This alignment, the paper suggests, is an example of how biomedicine potentially extends its boundaries into everyday forms of embodied, social life by changing the social and moral value placed on bodily sensations. Also, the paper echoes ongoing conversations in medical anthropology on symptom experiences; suggesting that symptom experiences may be a suitable analytic axiom for exploring the relationship between biomedical knowledge production and embodied experience. It is suggested that an anthropology of sensations is a useful analytical framework for such explorations.
Steder smitter: hiv, aids-medicin og tavshedens sociale liv i Khayelitsha
Authors: Houmøller Kathrin
Published: May 2017

Denne artikel undersøger, hvordan tavshed udspiller sig i hverdagslivet i Khayelitsha township i Cape Town, Sydafrika, og hvad der driver dens udbredelse. I Sydafrika lever 5,6 millioner mennesker med hiv, og landet har verdens største aids- behandlingsprogram. Et udbredt fravær af mellemmenneskelig kommunikation om hiv og aids har ført til, at aids-epidemien i Sydafrika har været beskrevet som en epidemi af tavshed. Mens tidligere studier har fokuseret på smittevejen mellem tavshed og den sociale betydning af hiv og aids som en dødelig og stigmatiserende sygdom, belyser artiklen, hvordan tavshed også skal forstås i dens forbindelse til Khayelitsha som et specifikt sted, der intensiverer særlige vilkår for tavshed som en form for socialitet, der ikke er særlig for hiv og aids. Med et perspektiv på social smitte er det således artiklens argument, at det også er selve stedet - et hverdagsliv i tvungen intimitet – der smitter. Place is Contagious: hiv, aids medicine and the social life of silence in KhayelitshaThis article explores practices of silence in Khayelitsha township in Cape Town, South Africa, and seeks to investigate what drives silence as a widespread phenomenon. In South Africa, 5,6 million people are currently living with hiv and the country has the largest aids treatment programme in the world. The aids epidemic has often been paralleled to an epidemic of silence with reference to a significant absence of direct verbal communication about the disease. While previous studies have focused on the connection between silence and the association of hiv with death and stigma, the article argues that the spread of silence cannot be understood disconnected from Khayelitsha as a particular place that intensifies silence as a form of sociality not specific to hiv and aids. From a perspective on social contagion, the article argues that it is also the place itself – an everyday life in enforced intimacy – that is contagious.
Configuring the autism epidemic: Why are so few girls diagnosed?
Authors: Seeberg Jens , Christensen Fie Lund
Published: May 2017

Autism has been described as an epidemic, but this claim is contested and may point to an awareness epidemic, i.e. changes in the definition of what autism is and more attention being invested in diagnosis leading to a rise in registered cases. The sex ratio of children diagnosed with autism is skewed in favour of boys, and girls with autism tend to be diagnosed much later than boys. Building and further developing the notion of ‘configuration’ of epidemics, this article explores the configuration of autism in Denmark, with a particular focus on the health system and social support to families with children diagnosed with autism, seen from a parental perspective.The article points to diagnostic dynamics that contribute to explaining why girls with autism are not diagnosed as easily as boys. We unfold these dynamics through the analysis of a case of a Danish family with autism.
Social Smitte
Authors: Meinert Lotte , Seeberg Jens
Published: May 2017

Forekomsten af såkaldt ikke-smitsomme sygdomme som eksempelvis cancer, diabetes, mentale sygdomme og tilstande som overvægt og selvskade er globalt set stigende i disse årtier og epidemisk i karakter – det vil sige i hastig udbredelse i populationer i givne områder (se Meinert og Seeberg 2008). Dette rejser en problemstilling om, hvordan disse ikke-smitsomme sygdomme og fænomener spreder sig, når dette ikke sker via klassisk biologisk smitte eller infektion.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF UNWORKED MOLLUSCS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UNIONIDAE (FRESHWATER MUSSELS), IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIAN MORTUARY CONTEXTS
Authors: Ross Ken , Oxenham Marc
Published: May 2017

AbstractArchaeological evidence demonstrates that molluscs, either as unworked or worked artefacts, have been deposited in burial settings as objects which speak to secular or various philosophical, religious or cosmological concerns. Those molluscs imbued with secular or cosmological significance are identified and selected with reference to the specific behaviour, characteristics or qualities of the mollusc itself within a given society’s socio-cultural belief system. This paper examines data from mainland Southeast Asia to explore the distribution and potential significance of Unionidae bivalves in human burials from a range of large, later prehistoric burial sites. This family of bivalves was important in the mortuary tradition of the region from the Neolithic through to Iron Age, especially during the Bronze Age.
Serial, parallel and hierarchical decision making in primates
Authors: Zylberberg Ariel , Lorteije Jeannette AM , Ouellette Brian G , De Zeeuw Chris I , Sigman Mariano , Roelfsema Pieter
Published: May 2017

The study of decision-making has mainly focused on isolated decisions where choices are associated with motor actions. However, problem-solving often involves considering a hierarchy of sub-decisions. In a recent study (Lorteije et al. 2015), we reported behavioral and neuronal evidence for hierarchical decision making in a task with a small decision tree. We observed a first phase of parallel evidence integration for multiple sub-decisions, followed by a phase in which the overall strategy formed. It has been suggested that a 'flat' competition between the ultimate motor actions might also explain these results. A reanalysis of the data does not support the critical predictions of flat models. We also examined the time-course of decision making in other, related tasks and report conditions where evidence integration for successive decisions is decoupled, which excludes flat models. We conclude that the flexibility of decision-making implies that the strategies are genuinely hierarchical.
Resolving stem and progenitor cells in the adult mouse incisor through gene co-expression analysis
Authors: Seidel Kerstin , Marangoni Pauline , Tang Cynthia , Houshmand Bahar , Du Wen , Maas Richard L , Murray Steven , Oldham Michael C , Klein Ophir D
Published: May 2017

Investigations into stem cell-fueled renewal of an organ benefit from an inventory of cell type-specific markers and a deep understanding of the cellular diversity within stem cell niches. Using the adult mouse incisor as a model for a continuously renewing organ, we performed an unbiased analysis of gene co-expression relationships to identify modules of co-expressed genes that represent differentiated cells, transit-amplifying cells, and residents of stem cell niches. Through in vivo lineage tracing, we demonstrated the power of this approach by showing that co-expression module members Lrig1 and Igfbp5 define populations of incisor epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells. We further discovered that two adjacent mesenchymal tissues, the periodontium and dental pulp, are maintained by distinct pools of stem cells. These findings reveal novel mechanisms of incisor renewal and illustrate how gene co-expression analysis of intact biological systems can provide insights into the transcriptional basis of cellular identity.
Strain‐dependent partial slip on rock fractures under seismic‐frequency torsion
Authors: Saltiel Seth , Bonner Brian P. , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan B.
Published: May 2017

Measurements of nonlinear modulus and attenuation of fractures provide the opportunity to probe their mechanical state. We have adapted a low‐frequency torsional apparatus to explore the seismic signature of fractures under low normal stress, simulating low effective stress environments such as shallow or high pore pressure reservoirs. We report strain‐dependent modulus and attenuation for fractured samples of Duperow dolomite (a carbon sequestration target reservoir in Montana), Blue Canyon Dome rhyolite (a geothermal analog reservoir in New Mexico), and Montello granite (a deep basement disposal analog from Wisconsin). We use a simple single effective asperity partial slip model to fit our measured stress‐strain curves and solve for the friction coefficient, contact radius, and full slip condition. These observations have the potential to develop into new field techniques for measuring differences in frictional properties during reservoir engineering manipulations and estimate the stress conditions where reservoir fractures and faults begin to fully slip.
Influence of the iron spin crossover in ferropericlase on the lower mantle geotherm
Authors: Valencia‐Cardona Juan J. , Shukla Gaurav , Wu Zhongqing , Houser Christine , Yuen David A. , Wentzcovitch Renata M.
Published: May 2017

The iron spin crossover in ferropericlase introduces anomalies in its thermodynamics and thermoelastic properties. Here we investigate how these anomalies can affect the lower mantle geotherm using thermodynamics properties from ab initio calculations. The anomalous effect is examined in mantle aggregates consisting of mixtures of bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and CaSiO3 perovskite, with different Mg/Si ratios varying from harzburgitic to perovskitic (Mg/Si ∼ 1.5 to 0.8). We find that the anomalies introduced by the spin crossover increase the isentropic gradient and thus the geotherm proportionally to the amount of ferropericlase. The geotherms can be as much as ∼200 K hotter than the conventional adiabatic geotherm at deep lower mantle conditions. Aggregate elastic moduli and seismic velocities are also sensitive to the spin crossover and the geotherm, which impacts analyses of lower mantle velocities and composition.