bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children's Conceptual Tempo and Level of Aspiration
Authors: Gilpin Andrew R. , Boyden Jeannetta G.
Published: September 2011

34 boys and 30 girls in Grades 2 and 3 were given a measure of conceptual tempo (the Design Recall Test) and a task requiring them to toss poker chips at a target, estimating the number on target (a measure of level of aspiration). Messer's hypothesis that impulsive children, unlike reflective ones, are anxious about their ability to perform well on such sensorimotor tasks, predicts differences between tempo groups on the level of aspiration task. The results indicated that performance on the Design Recall Test was unrelated to any of the measures from the level of aspiration task (latency, accuracy, and self-estimates of accuracy), even when subjects in the two remaining latency × errors cells were included in analyses. Thus consistent with results of most previous studies, no support was obtained for Messer's hypothesis.
Effect of Individual, Small Group, and Large Group Method of Presentation on Modal Performance in College Men and Women
Authors: Gould Jonathan
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated individual, small group, and large group methods of presentation in inter- and intra-modal functioning within auditory and visual modes along a temporal dimension. Subjects were 52 men and 70 women, ranging in age from 17 to 36 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented by electronic means in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated: auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance, conducted for three methods of presentation, indicated no significant differences. Thus, group testing is feasible in modal research.
Cautionary Note on the Use of Short State-Anxiety Measures
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: September 2011

The report noted that the use of high item-remainder coefficients as the sole criterion in the selection of items for short state-anxiety scales from full scales can lead to inaccurate interpretation of results. It was demonstrated that the use of a four-item state-anxiety scale from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory A-State scale based on high item-remainder coefficients changed relationships in a previously reported study which used full-scale scores. It was proposed that such changes in relationships were the result of selecting four items which happen to load on only one of three dimensions of the A-State scale. The criterion of high item-remainder coefficients alone may be inadequate in the formation of short state-anxiety scales.
A Look at Mainstreaming in Light of Children's Attitudes toward the Handicapped
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Ohlsen Robert L. , Parish Joycelyn G.
Published: September 2011

Mainstreaming is a legislative reality, yet there is still a question as to whether non-handicapped students are prepared for it. In the present study 131 grade school students were each asked to select from the Personal Attribute Inventory for Children 15 adjectives which best fit three groups of handicapped children as well as normal children. The groups were described in a hierarchical fashion: “normal children” were rated most favorably, then “physically handicapped children,” “learning disabled children,” and “emotionally disturbed children.”
Relation of Eye Movements to Errors on the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Blowers G. H. , O'Connor K. P.
Published: September 2011

By a selective-attention model of rod-and-frame test performance frame-independent (small error) subjects are better able than frame-dependent (large error) subjects to select out relevant cues (the rod) while suppressing irrelevant ones (the frame). However, certain clinical studies have implied that smaller errors can be obtained by employing eye-movement strategies that ignore rather than actively suppress irrelevant cues. In this study the number, magnitude, and rate of eye movements were measured in 15 subjects actively engaged in the test. While no discernible relationship of these variables to test errors was determined for frame-dependent subjects, significant negative correlations of rate and magnitude of movement with errors were demonstrated for frame-independent subjects. Group differences were observed in number and magnitude of eye movements. These findings are discussed as support for the hypothesis of selective attention.
Performance of Brain-Damaged, Schizophrenic, and Normal Subjects on a Visual Searching Task
Authors: Goldstein Gerald , Kyc Frank
Published: September 2011

Goldstein, Rennick, Welch, and Shelly (1973) reported on a visual searching task that generated 94.1% correct classifications when comparing brain-damaged and normal subjects, and 79.4% correct classifications when comparing brain-damaged and psychiatric patients. In the present study, representing a partial cross-validation with some modification of the test procedure, comparisons were made between brain-damaged and schizophrenic, and brain-damaged and normal subjects. There were 92.5% correct classifications for the brain-damaged vs normal comparison, and 82.5% correct classifications for the brain-damaged vs schizophrenic comparison.
Perception of a Non-Ill Participant in a Mental Health Discussion
Authors: Fitz Don
Published: September 2011

Describing a mental patient's claim to sanity as symptomatic may increase the probability that others will assimilate non-ill behavior into a pathological framework. In two experiments subjects saw a simulated session of group therapy on videotape. Each videotape contained a therapist, four persons role-playing specific disorders, and one person acting normally. After receiving different instructions, all subjects were asked to categorize the five patients. In Exp. 1 no consistent conclusions were possible because only 2 of 59 subjects said the normal person was not ill. Exp. 2 avoided this “floor effect” by the videotaped therapist's agreeing with the normal person's claim of not being ill. The subjects precautioned against believing claims of sanity were most likely to categorize the person exhibiting non-ill behavior. A second group of subjects were not precautioned against believing sanity claims. A third group of subjects, informed of one patient's non-illness, were most likely to differentiate the normal person from those portraying pathological behavior.
Relationship of Performance on Motor Activities and Reading Achievement
Authors: Bassin Stanley L. , Breihan Susan K.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of specific motor activities on elementary school-aged children's reading achievement. The subjects were 33 boys and 33 girls in Grade 2 enrolled in the regular program. They were separated equally into one of three groups: Experimental group 1 participated in Frostig activities, Experimental group 2 read books selected for their grade level, while a control group followed the traditional school routine. The two experimental groups were children from predominantly Mexican-American descent; the control group was primarily of Caucasian descent. During the 20-wk. period, the subjects met with their respective group three times per week in 1/2-hr. sessions. The first and second experimental groups showed no significant improvement in reading achievement. It was concluded that the added motor activities did not enhance reading achievement.
Field Dependence and Blood Cholesterol: An Expansion
Authors: Flemenbaum Abraham , Anderson Robert P.
Published: September 2011

In a pilot study of 65 newly admitted psychiatric patients the first author evaluated the relationship between cholesterol, uric acid, and field dependence. The results suggested that high uric acid and low cholesterol individuals were more field independent whereas low uric acid and high cholesterol individuals were more field dependent. However, the differences were influenced mostly by the values of cholesterol and little by the uric acid. We have now expanded the sample to 229 consecutive admissions excepting only inpatients that were alcoholics or taking medication that has effects on any of the dependent variables. Included were age, ponderal index (a ratio of height and weight), and sex. For the whole group, field dependence correlated highly with age and cholesterol but less with blood uric acid. Dividing the sample by sex the situation changed. For males field dependence did not correlate with any of the other variables. However, for the females field dependence showed a positive correlation with cholesterol and age and with cholesterol even after correcting for age. Diagnoses did not correlate with any other variables except field dependence as an analysis of variance showed an increase of field dependence when the patients were divided into three groups: (1) schizophrenics, (2) miscellaneous (including personality disorders), and (3) affective disorders. Again, these results demonstrated no relationship of field dependence with blood uric acid.
An Analysis of the Relationship between Cardiac Deceleration and Correct Performance under Conditions of Constant Task Difficulty
Authors: Carriero Nicholas John , Fite John
Published: September 2011

Previous analyses of the relationship between cardiac deceleration and correct performance suffered from a confounding of task difficulty with performance accuracy. The present analysis indicates that the relationship between these variables still holds and is, in fact, more general under conditions which control difficulty of the task at a constant level.
Conservation of Illusion-Distorted Identity Tasks
Authors: Mitchell M. M. , Duncan P. G.
Published: September 2011

Four conservation of illusion-distorted identity tasks were presented to 10 boys ranging in chronological age (CA) from 5-5 to 12, and in mental age (MA) from 3-5 to 10-2, to document individual differences among children with delayed development in acquisition of conservation skills.
Number of Response Alternatives and Spatial Arrangement on a Visual Discrimination Task
Authors: Baumgartner John , Curtis Jack
Published: September 2011

Normal children, 30 each from ages 5 and 7 yr., were administered a visual discrimination test through a programmed learning machine. Visual discrimination was defined as a match-to-sample task in which subjects pointed to the geometric form, number, or printed letter of the alphabet that matched the stimulus form. Procedures were designed to eliminate learning variables. Although both age groups performed well, there was a statistically significant difference in the total performance at the two ages. A 3-way analysis of variance showed age, number of response alternatives, and type of stimulus form were significant variables; all interactions were significant. It appeared that the significant variable for the 5-yr.-olds was the type of geometric configuration, while the variable most important for the 7-yr.-olds was the number of response alternatives. Patterns of errors on the most difficult item showed the 5-yr.-olds made errors involving a reversal or rotation of the stimulus figure, while the 7-yr.-olds made errors involving some detail of the stimulus figure.
Structuring and Articulation of Rorschach Inkblots in Relation to Alcohol Consumption: A Co-Twin Control Study
Authors: Bergman Hans , Norlin Berit , Borg Stefan , Köppen Sture , Starck Ann-Mari , Zotterman Agneta
Published: September 2011

20 male, alcohol-discordant twin pairs, aged 45 to 65 yr, were compared for ability to structure and articulate Rorschach inkblots. The Rorschach responses were evaluated by a new rating scale technique. Data were analyzed by means of one-sample t and multivariate T a2 tests. No relationship between alcohol consumption and tendency to articulate and structure could be established.
Relating Two-Group Discriminant Function and Multiple Regression Results for Classroom Demonstrations
Authors: Gocka Edward F.
Published: September 2011

In classroom exercises or demonstrations it is helpful to show how the results from various computational choices of the discriminant function procedure may be equated without resorting to advanced concepts or procedures. This paper shows how the results from a solution using the pooled within sum of squares and cross-products matrix may be equated to the results from a multiple-regression procedure. A special case of a binomial inverse theorem is used to prove the relationship.
Influence of an Interpolated Non-Related Motor Task on Short- and Long-Term Memory Learning and Retention of a Gross Motor Skill
Authors: Norrie Mary Lou , Henry Franklin M.
Published: September 2011

A control group of young men ( N = 28) continuously practiced climbing a free-standing ladder for 20 1-min. “trials” separated by 1-min. rests; after a 1-wk. layoff they practiced 5 additional trials. The learning trend, of the exponential form, y = c − a1 e−k1 s − a2 e−k2 s was not affected by the layoff. Another group ( N = 28) performed the skill in the same manner, except that prior to the layoff the 1-min. rests were replaced with practice on the pursuit rotor task. This caused a cumulative learning deficit and forgetting during the layoff. Progressive improvement in 5 post-layoff trials (without the rotor) established relearning and overcame the deficit. These effects were statistically significant. They were thought to be caused by the rotor practice interfering with just-learned ladder skill consolidation, so that the gain in skill was not processed into long-term memory.
The Scientific Credibility of ESP
Authors: Moss Samuel , Butler Donald C.
Published: September 2011

A faculty of psychologists is much more skeptical regarding the existence of ESP than beginning psychology students. The students, however, are unaware of this discrepancy. The greater acceptance of ESP by the students is due to cultural and psychological factors which encourage such beliefs. The skepticism of academic psychologists arises because the evidence for ESP has failed to meet generally accepted scientific standards. Among these are (1) a replicable experiment, (2) the elimination of more plausible explanations, (3) isolation of an independent variable, (4) a coherent theory, and (5) practical applications. Much of the research in ESP may be criticized because of the lack of accurate reporting, improper design, and inadequate controls. In view of these considerations behavioral scientists should make a public disavowal of belief in ESP.
Cloze and Closure: The Issue of Definition
Authors: McKenna Michael C.
Published: September 2011

Taylor's use of the word cloze, from the Gestalt concept of closure, to describe the task of replacing words systematically deleted from a prose text is defended. The charge that the Gestalt view of closure was confined to a narrow perceptual sense is countered with citations from the principal Gestalt psychologists supporting a much broader view, one which would have included the cloze situation.
Sounds from the Psychology Laboratory: I
Authors: Antonitis Joseph
Published: September 2011

Five poems stimulated by running experiments are given.
An Automated Apparatus for the Study of Central Variables in Tactile Form Perception
Authors: Gardner Elizabeth B. , Salafia W. Ronald
Published: September 2011

An apparatus which employs standard behavioral programming equipment is described. It enables the experimenter to program in advance such variables as auditory and visual instructional cues, delay intervals, and response mode, and to monitor response latency automatically. The apparatus is easily constructed, easily operated, and markedly increases the control of variables in tactile form perception experiments.
Body Image and Personality: A French Adaptation of Fisher's Body Focus Questionnaire
Authors: Bruchon-Schweitzer Marilou
Published: September 2011

A French translation of the Fisher Body Focus Questionnaire has been made with a population of 94 female and 24 male subjects. Distributions of scores were largely normal. Some differences in body perception appeared between males and females. The test-retest reliability of the scales for 1 mo. was generally significant. Independence of scales has not been verified, while a factorial analysis yielded two meaningful factors. Cross-validation was attempted with personality traits. Some variables link with personality.
Cognitive Complexity and the Perception of Attitude Objects: An Examination of Halo Error
Authors: Durand Richard M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cognitive complexity, a structural variable of cognition, and halo error, a perceptual variable. Data were obtained from 99 subjects who evaluated eight brands of toothpaste and 10 makes of automobiles along with a Bieri Reptest for each product category. As predicted, complexity was significantly and inversely related to the variation in belief ratings (halo) for each brand of toothpaste or make of automobile.
Observations on a New Illusion Demonstrating Touch Dominance of Vision
Authors: McDonnell Paul M. , Abraham Wayne
Published: September 2011

An illusion -which illustrates the dominance of tactile over visual perception using a prism is described.
Mastery Learning Approach to Practicing Athletic Skills
Authors: Dorsel Thomas N.
Published: September 2011

Mastery, an alternative approach to classroom learning, is suggested as an efficient approach to practicing athletic skills. Purported benefits involve principles of shaping, homeostatic control, individualization, counter-conditioning, modeling, and positive transfer.
Secobarbital and Information Processing
Authors: Rundell O. H. , Williams Harold L. , Lester Boyd K.
Published: September 2011

The Sternberg fixed-set memory-search paradigm was used to assess the relative vulnerability of hypothetical stages of information processing to an oral dose of secobarbital (2.9 mg/kg). D-amphetamine (15 mg, oral dose) was intended to serve as an active placebo. However, since the amphetamine produced a slight, non-significant reduction in choice reaction time (RT), the principal analysis of secobarbital effects was conducted between drug and baseline conditions. Secobarbital slowed choice RT by 60 msec. and did not increase errors significantly. The results, as interpreted within Sternberg's model, suggest that input processes, e.g., stimulus preprocessing-encoding, are particularly sensitive to the effects of the barbiturate. There was no evidence of a drug effect on cognitive processes associated with serial comparison, binary decision, or translation-response organization (response selection). In contrast, earlier studies have indicated that another CNS depressant, alcohol, interferes with both speed and accuracy of output processes, viz., the response selection stage.
Determination of Risk of Mis-Ranking a Pair of Examinees on a Multiple-Choice Test
Authors: Hsu Louis M.
Published: September 2011

A method of determining the risk of mis-ranking a pair of examinees with a multiple-choice test was described. Assumptions of this method were that (1) questions guessed at were independent and had equally attractive options and (2) the ratio of the number of these questions to the number of options per question was at least 5 for each examinee.
Effects of Attitude, Sex, and Approach on Nonverbal, Verbal and Projective Measures of Personal Space
Authors: Leventhal Gloria , Matturro Michelle , Schanerman Joel
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of attitude, sex of subject, sex of invader, plane of approach, and approach trial on personal space using nonverbal, verbal, and projective measures. 10 male and 10 female subjects were approached from the front and side by a male and female invader who projected one of three attitudes: a positive, affable manner; a neutral, impartial manner; or a negative hostile manner. The factorial analysis indicated effects of sex of invader, plane of approach, and several interactions of these factors with sex of subject. These results were interpreted in terms of societal norms and potential physical and psychological threat. The observed effects of attitude were hypothesized to be a function of the different socialization processes for males and females.
Effects of Jury Deliberation on the Verdicts and Social Perceptions of Simulated Jurors: Vidmar Revisited
Authors: Roberts Christopher C. , Hoffman Mary Ann , Johnson William L.
Published: September 2011

Jury deliberation was added to a partial replication of Vidmar (1972). Simulated jurors chose verdicts and indicated their perceptions of the defendant and victim, both before and after deliberation in six-person juries. Vidmar's results were confirmed—significantly mote not guilty verdicts were found when subjects were required to choose between guilty of first-degree murder or not guilty than when the choice was between second-degree murder and not guilty. Social perceptions were consistent with the verdicts they chose. Deliberation enhanced the effect of type of decision alternative on distribution of the verdicts. Jurors were also significantly more lenient after deliberation. Implications for research with simulated jurors are discussed.
Correlates of the Tourniquet Ischemia Pain Ratio
Authors: Ziesat Harold A.
Published: September 2011

The Tourniquet Ischemia Pain Ratio was developed as a measure of pain. The present study examined the relationship between the ratio and other measures thought to be relevant to a patient's perception of, and reaction to, chtonic pain. The ratio was correlated with the patient's estimate of the pain, the perceived impact of the pain on daily life, the degree of reactive depression, and a measure of hypochondriasis. The ratio relates to both pain and hypochondriacal tendencies.
Information Processing Rate as a Function of Introversion-Extra Version
Authors: Batten Don E.
Published: September 2011

37 college students were tested with the Eysenck Personality Inventory and a sentence-comprehension task to determine the relation between extraversion and rate of information processing. Orally presented sentences contained task instructions, and speech rate was varied by an electronic speech compressor. Errors with very rapid speech rate were unrelated to extraversion.
Effects of Speech Therapy on Aphasics' Responses to Functional Communication Profile
Authors: Levita Eric
Published: September 2011

Protocols of the Functional Communication Profile were compared for 17 treated and 18 untreated aphasic patients. All subjects were post-CVA, right-handed, right hemiplegic native speakers of English representing fluent, non-fluent and global aphasics. All treated patients received a minimum of a half hour of individual and an hour of group speech therapy daily, for 8 wk. during a period between 4 and 12 wk. post-onset. Statistical comparisons of treated and untreated groups did not yield significant differences. Patients who received traditional speech therapy could not be differentiated from untreated control patients.
Effects of Tobacco, Time on Task, and Stimulus Speed on Judgments of Velocity and Time
Authors: Tong J. E. , Booker J. L. , Knott V. J.
Published: September 2011

16 college students were required to predict the time of target arrival for a stimulus apparently moving horizontally to a point of occlusion and to reproduce the time interval the stimulus was present under smoking and no-smoking conditions. Tobacco resulted in underestimations of velocity and time judgments particularly in the early stage of the task and for the slowest stimulus speed.
On Validity of Hypotheses Derived from the Rorschach: IV. The Unique Affective Pull of the Cards
Authors: Frank George
Published: September 2011

Content analysis of the Rorschach had led to the notion that each card possessed some unique affective pull. Research testing the validity of that hypothesis was reviewed. Of all the cards only three seemed to have a unique affective connotation, viz., Cards III and X elicit pleasant affective responses, Card IV unpleasant ones. The research methodology was critically assessed and recommendations for future research were offered.
Field Independence and Attitudes toward Population Control
Authors: Weissenberg Peter
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that differences between field independence and dependence would lead to different attitudes about population control activities was tested using 37 students as subjects. The Hidden Figures Test was used to measure field independence while an author-developed scale assessed attitudes. Expected relationships were found; field-independent persons were more independent of the opinions of others, agreed with active population control measures, and were in favor of smaller family size.
Rating Preschool Development of Name-Writing and Draw-a-Person
Authors: Stanley Gordon , Pershin Peter
Published: September 2011

Attempts at name-writing and draw-a-person were collected from 112 preschool children of both sexes. High inter-rater agreement of level and characteristics of writing was obtained using the Pre-school Name Writing Scale. Scores on tasks correlated positively with age and with each other. Test-retest reliability for a subsample showed writing to have a moderately good reliability which was higher than drawing. Production on these tests is similarly affected in the coordination and constriction of graphic movement. Writing contains other specific features over the age range in which Lavine (1977) repons improvement in differentiation of writing from non-writing pictorial displays.
Familiarity and Children's Communication
Authors: Goldstein David , Kose Gary
Published: September 2011

The effect of differential exposure to a referent on children's communication effectiveness was investigated. 40 boys and girls from Grades K and 2 were given one or three opportunities to explore a maze-like construction approximately 22 square meters in area. Each child was then required to describe verbally the correct path through this maze to another child of the same grade and sex. The number of speakers' messages increased and the number of listeners' errors decreased as a function of increased exposure to the referent situation. Differential exposure to the referent was seen as one determinant of communication effectiveness in young children.
Failure of the Bender-Gestalt and Wechsler Tests to Differentiate Children with and without Seizure Disorders
Authors: Hauer Allen L. , Armentrout James A.
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt and WISC or WISC-R performances of two groups of 19 emotionally disturbed children matched in age (9–1 to 16–7) and Full Scale IQ were compared. Each child in one group had a medically documented seizure disorder; a matched child in the other group had no present or past indications of organicity. Neither Bender-Gestalt errors nor Wechsler IQs or Deviation Quotients differed significantly between the two groups. The emotionally disturbed children with seizure disorders could not be differentiated from the other emotionally disturbed children solely on the basis of Bender-Gestalt and Wechsler test scores.
Some Clinical Interpretations of the Haptic Intelligence Scale for Adult Blind
Authors: Jordan Sidney
Published: September 2011

The structure of the over-all test and subtest designs of the Haptic Intelligence Scale for Adult Blind fosters inferences that what is being measured is the same, or similar to, the Performance subscales of the WAIS. The implied assumption that, while the task is similar, performance without seeing may not be interpreted differently is questioned. Theoretical notions, in part, derived from the Dutch psychologist, Révész, are employed to interpret what is being assessed in terms of non-visual sensory input,-resultant differences in modes of recognition and structuring of the stimulus, and tasks involved. Analysis is done on two levels: (a) The over-all test results as a measure of non-verbal cognitive adaptation to and ability to employ touch and movement in a variety of tasks; and (b) the subtests as to mental functions involved, the clinical cues that can be derived from performance of the tasks, and instances of marked differences in scores earned on one subtest relative to other subtests.
Differences in the Production of Photographs: A Potential Assessment Technique
Authors: Kulich Ronald J. , Goldberg Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The present research was designed to investigate whether individuals at the extremes of the extraversion-introversion dimension would differ in the types of photographs that they produced. Nine extreme extraverts and nine extreme introverts were selected from a population of 182 college age males. Subjects in both groups were required to produce a series of photographs of a male and a female model under controlled conditions. The photographs were rated on seven dimensions. Two of the seven dimensions yielded significant differences between extraverts and introverts. Judges rated the photographs produced by extraverts significantly higher on the dimensions, active and mobile. The results tended to confirm the hypothesis that extraverts and introverts differed in the types of photographs they produced. The procedures and results provide a precedent for future research with possible applications of using photographs in personality assessment.
Structure of Human Serial Learning in Stylus Maze Performance
Authors: O'Neill Paul J.
Published: September 2011

A stylus multiple-T maze was learned by 69 male and 52 female college sophomores. Since discriminant analysis indicated no male-female performance differences, the part scores (time per trial, reversal errors, and number of blind alleys entered in the beginning, middle, and end maze sections) and global scores (lift-pencil errors and ratings of the difficulty of remembering the maze sections) for the 121 students were factor analysed. The differential factor patterns indicated maze-learning strategies that resulted in fast, average or slow learning and identified components related to these strategies.
Hair as a Sex-Discriminating Cue for Young Children
Authors: Nash Harvey , Maki Patricia Brainard
Published: September 2011

48 preschoolers spontaneously characterized 32 mythological hybrid (part-human, part-animal) figures. Hybrids characterized as females tended to be human-headed rather than animal-headed, presumably because of the sex-discriminating value of human cranial and facial hair. Female characterizations were more frequent for beardless than for bearded hybrids, and for hybrids with long cranial hair than for hybrids with short or medium-length cranial hair. Possible reasons for the sex-discriminating potency of cranial hair cues, and especially of facial hair cues, are considered.
Sex Differences in Hemispheric Asymmetry Revisited
Authors: Hannay H. Julia , Boyer Catherine L.
Published: September 2011

56 male and 56 female familial right-handers were given a tachistoscopic task requiring recognition of trigrams presented binocularly and vertically in the right or left visual field fot individually determined brief durations. Both males and females obtained a significant superiority in the right visual field and significant laterality coefficients indicative of processing by the left hemisphere. Implications for research on sex differences in hemispheric asymmetry are discussed.
Effect of Heart-Rate Control Training on Heart-Rate Discrimination
Authors: Marshall William R. , Epstein Leonard H.
Published: September 2011

4 subjects were exposed to discrimination-testing procedures before and after biofeedback training to increase and decrease their heart rates. Results indicated significant increases and decreases in heart rate, as well as a significant improvement in accuracy of discrimination. The results suggest improvements in discrimination may occur as a function of feedback training.
Rorschach Human Movement Responses of Acting-out and Withdrawn Adolescents
Authors: Schlesinger Louis B.
Published: September 2011

Rorschach human movement responses of 20 male and 20 female acting-out and withdrawn adolescents were scored according to flexor/ extensor/ blocked categories. Comparison of the two groups showed: (a) All subjects produced more extensor M than the other two M categories, (b) Acting-out adolescents produced more extensor M than the withdrawn subjects, (c) The two groups did not differ in number of flexor or blocked M. Extensor M seems to tap a propensity for acting-out, while flexor and blocked M do not differentiate the two groups of children.
Information Variables in Voluntary Control and Classical Conditioning of Heart Rate: Field Dependence and Heart-Rate Perception
Authors: Dale Alexander , Anderson David
Published: September 2011

Two experiments focused on two information variables relevant to changes in heart rate, field dependence and the ability to perceive one's own heart rate. In Exp. I, 14 field-independent and 17 field-dependent subjects completed a heart-rate perception and a voluntary heart-rate control task. The anticipated superiority in heart-rate control by field-independent subjects was detected although no evidence was found for a relationship between the amount of biofeedback available in the situation and voluntary control of the cardiovascular system. Exp. II involved 9 field-independent and 8 field-dependent subjects in a classical conditioning paradigm involving shock sensitivity. In contrast with Exp. I, in this phase of the study heart-rate increases were correlated with the ability of the subject to discriminate heart beats, especially for the field-independent group. It was concluded that field dependence and heart-rate perception are related to classically conditioned heart-rate increase for some subjects and further that field dependence may be a potent variable operating in those situations involving the voluntary control of heart rate without exteroceptive feedback.
An Information Analysis of Speed and Accuracy
Authors: Bach T. M. , Corlett J. T. , Dickinson J.
Published: September 2011

20 subjects were given either instructions for speed or accuracy in a Fitts' tapping task. Performance on the task over 25 trials was monitored. Analysis of variance indicated a significant effect of instructions and practice, and a significant interaction in terms of information transmitted. Explanations are offered in terms of redundancy in feedback systems and maximal channel capacity of the motor system.
Classification of Random Forms and Distortions Presented to the Left or Right Visual Field
Authors: Axelrod Seymour , Leiber Lillian , Noonan Michael
Published: September 2011

Twenty right-handed undergraduate men were taught in free vision to categorize distortions of prototypic random forms and were then tested in a Go/No Go task with lateralized tachistoscopic presentations of previously sorted (old) distortions, new distortions, the prototypes, and unrelated forms. Accuracy of performance on positive items increased in the order New < Old < Prototype. More false alarms occurred to unrelated items in the right than in the left visual field, suggesting that the trace systems generated during training had different characteristics in the two hemispheres.
Stimulus and Response Set in Information Processing
Authors: O'Neill Ward , Gascon Hubert
Published: September 2011

Four French-English bilinguals were presented with brief displays of digits. The subjects were to report subsets of the displays based on either stimulus-set or response-set instructions presented either before or after the displays. Stimulus-set was defined as selection based on the color of the to-be-reported digits. Response-set was defined as the language in which the digits were to be reported. Stimulus-set instructions produced significantly more accurate reports when presented before the displays than when presented after. Response-set instructions resulted in no significant differences before and after displays. The results support the assertion that there are at least two forms of selective attention, one corresponding to stimulus selection and the second to response selection.
Speech Disfluencies and Delayed Auditory Feedback Reactions of Stuttering and Non-Stuttering Children
Authors: Timmons Beverly A. , Boudreau James P.
Published: September 2011

25 male stutterers and 25 male non-stutterers matched by age and speaking task, read or recited under conditions of normal and 113-, 226-, 306-, 413-, and 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback. Disfluency counts were correlated with delayed auditory feedback reactions which were changes in disfluencies under delay conditions. Pearson product-moment correlations were negative and significant for the combined group of stutterers and non-stutterers under all delays used. Correlations for stutterers were negative and significant for 113, 226, 306, and 413 msec. delay. For the total group of non-stutterers, all correlations were negative and significant. Correlations for age groups within the stuttering and non-stuttering groups were also presented.
Reaction Time of the Fingers with Responses Measured on a Typewriter Keyboard
Authors: Hayes V. , Halpin Gerald
Published: September 2011

Reaction times on each of the eight fingers were obtained for 24 skilled typists using an electric typewriter and a mechanical timer. Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the mean reaction times of the eight fingers. Scheffé's multiple-comparison procedure indicated that the mean reaction time of each finger differed from that of every other finger and that the mean reaction time of the fingers on the left hand was significantly slower than the mean reaction time of fingers on the right hand. The average inter-class correlation coefficient among the fingers was .92 which indicated rank-order of reaction times to be similar across fingers.
Facilitative Effects of Haptic Training on Children's Visual Problem Solving
Authors: Bjorklund David F. , Butter Eliot J. , Winges Linda
Published: September 2011

39 fourth grade children exposed to a haptic (active touch) match-to-sample task made significantly fewer posttest errors, relative to control subjects, on a visual problem-solving task. Further, this reduction in errors was comparable to that shown by children who had received specific training in reflective problem-solving. The results were discussed in terms of the possible facilitative effects exposure to a haptic task can have on children's visual problem-solving.
Reaction Time and Visual Brightness: Within-Subject Correlations
Authors: Cardello Armand V.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to compare visual reaction time and visual brightness within the same subjects. Simple reaction times and magnitude estimates of brightness were obtained in response to 1000-msec. flashes of 60.7, 67.5, 76.4, 85.1, and 93.4 dB re 10−10L white light. The relationship between reaction time and stimulus intensity was best described by a negative logarithmic function, while the relationship between magnitude estimates of brightness and stimulus intensity was best described by a power function. Linear correlations between reaction times and magnitude estimates indicated that visual reaction time and brightness are not proportional within all subjects. Previous reports of proportionality between these two measures were discussed as possibly being the result of inappropriate cross-experiment comparisons.
The Babcock Story Recall of Behaviorally Disordered Children Scoring High or Low on Extraversion
Authors: Gabrys Jan Bernard
Published: September 2011

Short-term memory for a meaningful story was studied in 47 learning disordered boys and 34 girls aged 5 through 10 yr. 11 mo. High and low scores on Extraversion predicted differences in mean scores on verbatim Immediate and Delayed Recall of the Babcock Story.
Interpersonal Perception of the Values Freedom and Equality
Authors: Linder Fredric , Bauer David
Published: September 2011

Investigation of the perceptions of 57 conservative and 57 liberal undergraduate students using the Rokeach Value Survey and the Interpersonal Perception Method was undertaken. The results indicated disagreement between conservatives and liberals about the relative positions of the values Freedom and Equality in a rank order. Furthermore, both groups understand and are aware of each other's position regarding the freedom value but are aware that they misunderstand each other's position on the equality value.
Residual Sensory Capacities of the Deaf: A Signal Detection Analysis of a Visual Discrimination Task
Authors: Bross Michael
Published: September 2011

This experiment compared the visual sensory sensitivity of deaf and hearing subjects in a signal detection paradigm. Subjects ( ns:= 6) were required to give forced-choice responses to a brightness discrimination task under three stimulus probability conditions (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75). A total of 1,800 trials were given to each subject and utilized to construct isosensitivity functions and d' and Beta, indices for sensory sensitivity and response bias, respectively. The results showed that no enhanced sensory sensitivity is present for these deaf children and questions the classical sensory compensation hypothesis. Furthermore, the deaf subjects responded in a relatively bias-free manner to variations in stimulus probability.
Influence of Cognitive Style on an Incidental Memory Task
Authors: Walker R. Dale , O'Leary Michael R. , Chaney Edmund F. , Fauria Thomas M.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the interaction between cognitive style, imagery, and memory. The Tactual Performance Test Location Score from the Halstead-Reitan battery was used as a measure of incidental tactual memory and mental imagery. The Group Embedded Figures Test was used to assess cognitive style. Results for 38 Caucasian males of mean age 49.9 yr. suggest that cognitive style is related to an individual's ability to perform a non-verbal, non-visual memory task. Further, cognitive style may be an important mediating variable influencing intrapersonal behaviors such as non-verbal memory and mental imagery.
Body-Cathexis and Self-Cathexis in an Interactional, Awareness Training Class
Authors: Clance Pauline Rose , Matthews Thomas V. , Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of a psychology of adjustment class on body-acceptance and self-acceptance. An introductory psychology class served as a control group. Subjects were pre- and posttested with the Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis scales. Two by two analyses of covariance indicated that the adjustment group showed a larger gain on both scales than the control. Sex interacted with group significantly on the Body-cathexis scale only. Means indicated that the main effect of groups on the Body-cathexis scale may be attributed to the larger gains by females in the adjustment class.
Video-Mediated Objective Self-Awareness, Self-Perception, and Locus of Control
Authors: Jonassen David H.
Published: September 2011

Mediation of objective self-awareness by video feedback was hypothesized to elicit changes in self-perception. The effects of differences in locus of control and two feedback conditions on self-representation (categorization of free responses) were studied using a repeated-measures design. Internal and external subjects were videotaped with the monitor on (mediated) or off (non-mediated). Significant shifts in self-representations from categorical to attributive responses and from neutral (descriptive) to positive (evaluative) statements occurred for all subjects. No effects for locus of control were noted. Implications of video feedback for self-awareness and perception are discussed.
Correlational Analysis of Speakers' Heights, Weights, and Temporal Speech Features
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Mitchell Karen K. , Pellegrino Jane E. , Shumate Karen S.
Published: September 2011

Correlation coefficients on height, weight, and temporal features were computed separately for 15 female and 15 male speakers. With only one exception, speakers' heights and weights were not significantly correlated with their temporal characteristics. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Prediction of Neurosurgical Results by Psychological Evaluation
Authors: Kuperman Sally K. , Golden Charles J. , Osmon David , Blume Horst G.
Published: September 2011

There has been an increasing interest in the role of personality factors in the outcome of medical treatment. The present study examined the role of personality measures in predicting the outcome of neurosurgery for patients with a well-documented disruption of one or more discs. Each of 15 male and 16 female patients whose average age was 40.8 yr. received the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory before surgery and received a follow-up at least one year after surgery or until a final, stable level of recovery was attained. A multiple correlation of .64 between the personality measures and treatment outcome suggested that even in cases with a well-documented need for surgery, psychological factors can play a major influence in the eventual outcome. Possible psychological interventions before surgery which might increase the likelihood of a good outcome are briefly outlined.
Decrements in Olfactory Sensitivity Due to Ozone Exposure
Authors: Prah James D. , Benignus Vernon A.
Published: September 2011

Approximate olfactory thresholds were determined in an exploratory study in which subjects were exposed to ozone (O3). The odorants were butyl alcohol (BA) and acetic acid (AA). Preliminary data suggest (1) temporary increases in thresholds due to O3 exposure, (2) diminution of O3 effects with repeated exposures, and (3) greater and more reliable effects for BA than for AA.
Comparison of Accuracy in Auditory and Tactile Recognition Memory for Environmental Stimuli
Authors: Lawrence David M. , Cobb Nancy J. , Beard James I.
Published: September 2011

Accuracy rates for auditory and tactile recognition of naturalistic stimuli over a 7-day period are compared. 40 subjects listened to 50, 107, or 194 naturalistic sounds and were tested immediately or after delays of 2 or 7 days. 30 other subjects handled but did not visually inspect 150 common objects and were tested over the same three delay intervals. Recognition accuracy for sounds was 87.5%, 82.5%, and 80.4% while common objects were recognized at 96.0%, 93.8%, and 88.5% rates of accuracy. Tactile recognition memory was superior to auditory recognition memory. The recognition accuracies of both modalities were affected by the delay interval. The number of items inspected had no effect on the recognition memory for sounds. Following a delay of 1 wk., the accuracy of recognition relative to the original level of function was 92% for both modalities.
Skill Performance on Biorhythm Theory's Physically Critical Day
Authors: Haywood Kathleen M.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis of a critical day in biorhythm theory predicts that skill performance would be lower than normal on a physically critical day. Participants in an archery league were observed in 346 events. Indoor archery performance provided scores identical to the goal of the task and unaffected by environmental conditions or other competitors. Above-average performances on 34 physically critical days did not differ significantly from the population proportion of above-average performances. No support for the hypothesis was provided by this observation of archery performance.
On the Validity of Hypotheses Derived from the Rorschach: V. The Relationship between Form Level and Ego Strength
Authors: Frank George
Published: September 2011

Although Rorschach interpreted form level as a perceptual and conceptual aspect of intelligence, Beck and the more current meaning assigned to form level relates these functions to ego strength. F+%, therefore, has come to be regarded as a measure of ego strength. The research examining the validity of this assumption was reviewed and Beck's hypothesis was seen to be supported. The research supports the clinical use of F+% as a measure of ego strength, but further research might help clarify what actual psychological processes are involved in the creation of responses of good form.