bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unbearable Burdens: Aleksandr Blok and the Modernist Resistance to Progeny and Domesticity
Authors: Presto Jenifer
Published: April 2006

Drawing on contemporary critical theory, as well as on the works of a wide variety of Russian modernists, Jenifer Presto discusses the ways in which the symbolist poet Aleksandr Blok responded to what Edward Said has termed the modernist “crisis of filiation.” This essay contends that despite the fact that Blok was consecrated as one of the poetic sons of Russian modernism, he envisioned modern poetic history as a violent family romance that involved murderous impulses not just, as Harold Bloom would suggest, toward his literary forefathers, but also toward his imagined children. Although Blok's complicated reaction to the appearance of a new generation of children has received far less critical attention than that of the futurist Vladimir Maiakovskii, it is Blok—not Maiakovskii—who can be credited with inaugurating a filicidal model of poetic creativity that would come to dominate the more radical flank of Russian modernism, the avant-garde. By examining Blok's resistance to progeny within the larger context of Russian modernism, this article reveals the existence of an antigenerative male poetic tradition that extends from Blok to the futurists, reflecting the writers' growing sense of rupture with the past in the period leading up to and immediately following the revolution.
The Question of Questions: Was the Soviet Union Worth Saving?
Authors: Dawisha Karen
Published: April 2006

Karen Dawisha suggests that Cohen's argument is based on a minimalist definition of the requirements for the survival of the “Soviet Union” and that it ignores what she asserts is its most fundamental feature, the essential internalized and structural violence that was at the heart of the Soviet system. She therefore disagrees with Cohen, arguing that at the end of the day, Gorbachev's brilliance and capabilities were restricted by the fact that he was die leader of a country almost totally lacking in political, economic, or social capital.
Reform and Revolution in the Late Soviet Context
Authors: Hanson Stephen E.
Published: April 2006

Stephen Hanson points out that there is little to no agreement among contemporary scholars concerning either the predictability of the Soviet collapse or its underlying causes; between the untenable determinism Cohen rightly attacks and Cohen’s own extreme “possibilism” are many quite sensible intermediate positions. Once this is recognized, the real question becomes at what point, exacdy, were Gorbachev's reforms of the Soviet system likely to lead to change of the system itself? But to answer that question requires both a more precise, contextual definition of “reform” and a more holistic understanding of the Soviet “system” than Cohen provides here.
Missionaries of Faith and Culture: Evangelical Encounters in Ukraine
Authors: Wanner Catherine
Published: April 2006

In this article, Catherine Wanner explores the historical factors contributing to a greater degree of religious pluralism emerging in Ukraine compared to Russia and Belarus and illustrates some of the cultural and political consequences of these more permissive policies. Using the intersection of foreign missionaries and evangelical communities in Ukraine as a lens, this article draws on historical and ethnographic evidence to argue that faith-based communities are sites of cultural innovation where the legacy of Soviet culture blends with values and practices born of other historical experiences to shape notions of morality and attitudes toward the state. Evangelical communities in this traditionally Orthodox land increasingly represent robust social institutions that offer new sources of self-definition, belonging, and communal life that are at once intensely local and broadly transnational in orientation.
FromSkandalonto Scandal: Ivan's Rebellion Reconsidered
Authors: Murav Harriet
Published: April 2006

Ivan Karamazov articulates the philosophical problem of the limits of religion in his “Rebellion.” In this article, Harriet Murav argues that, far from being an enemy of religion, Ivan gets to the heart of the problem of responding to the suffering of the other. Christ crucified is a scandalous temptation, according to St. Paul. Extending the logic of theskandalonto Ivan makes possible an alternative reading of his “Rebellion.” The suffering of the innocent child is Ivan's “stumbling block,”—theskandalonthat prevents him from accepting the meaningfulness of human history. But reading Ivan's position as nothing more than an attack on religion gets us off the hook of theskandalontoo easily. To remain hypnotized by the difficulty without taking responsibility would be equally disastrous. Ivan's “Rebellion” makes legible the simultaneous impossibility and possibility of faith. Vasilii Rozanov, Emmanuel Levinas, and Jacques Derrida provide the framework in which to read the “Rebellion.”
Taoism
Authors: Verellen Franciscus
Published: April 2006

Circumscribing the place of taoists in Chinese society is not straightforward for any period: honored by emperors and members of the nobility, they were scorned, as a rule, by literati-officials and treated with a mixture of reverence and familiarity by ordinary people. The paradoxical strength of passivity, the power of compliance, and the endurance of the peripheral already form a central theme in the mystical writings gathered in the fourth and third centuryb.c.Lao-tzuandChuang-tzu. The Taoism of these ancient texts advanced a doctrine of liberation through submission, of control by means of noninterference, and of transcendence as a result of physiological and mental regimens. The ideal of liberation from the physical, epistemological, and social constraints of the human condition in time translated into a quest for immortality which, by the Ch'in unification of the empire, became quite explicit. Huang-Lao thought, named for the Yellow Emperor and patron of the immortals (Huang-ti) and Lao-tzu, dominated court politics from this period through the middle of the second centuryb.c.
Village-State Relations in Vietnam: The Effect of Everyday Politics on Decollectivization
Authors: Kerkvliet Benedict J. Tria
Published: April 2006

No longer does the state in vietnam require that farm land be aggregated, consolidated, and farmed collectively by work teams under the direction of rural cooperatives. Instead, the state is open to diverse production arrangements. In particular, family farming, which for decades was officially discouraged and outlawed, is now officially celebrated. Households may work their own fields, to which they have use rights (leaseholds) for several years. This is a major policy change, comparable to the shift that occurred in northern Vietnam when the extensive land redistribution of the mid-1950s was followed almost immediately by the collectivizing of that land.
Licensing Leisure: The Chinese Nationalists' Attempt to Regulate Shanghai, 1927–49
Authors: Wakeman Frederick
Published: April 2006

Shanghai has often been called the Paris of the Orient. This is only half true. Shanghai has all the vices of Paris and more but boasts of none of its cultural influences. The municipal orchestra is uncertain of its future, and the removal of the city library to its new premises has only shattered our hopes for better reading facilities. The Royal Asiatic Society has been denied all support from the Council for the maintenance of its library, which is the only center for research in this metropolis. It is therefore no wonder that men and women, old or young, poor or rich, turn their minds to mischief and lowly pursuits of pleasure, and the laxity of police regulations has aggravated the situation.
The Green Gang and the Guomindang State: Du Yuesheng and the Politics of Shanghai, 1927—37
Authors: Martin Brian G.
Published: April 2006

The complex relationship that developed between Du Yuesheng's Shanghai Green Gang group and the Guomindang regime in the mid-1930s provides useful insights into the nature of the Nanjing government's rule and, in particular, into the manner it exercised power in its Jiangnan bailiwick. Although the Shanghai Green Gang bosses, in particular Du Yuesheng, were coopted by the new Guomindang State, their full integration into the regime's power structure in Shanghai did not occur until after 1932. Despite their participation in Chiang Kai-shek's anti-Communist coup of 1927, they enjoyed a somewhat unstable relationship with the Guomindang regime in the period 1927–31. The context of their incorporation into the Guomindang's system of power in Shanghai was the new accommodation between the Nanjing Government and the leadership of the Shanghai bourgeoisie following the political and economic crisis of 1932. In other words, the cooption of the Green Gang bosses was part of the new structures of state corporatism that were forged by the Guomindang regime in the wake of the Shanghai Incident.
Post-Orientalism and the Interpretation of Premodern and Modern Political Identities: The Case of Sri Lanka
Authors: Rogers John D.
Published: April 2006

Interpretations of ethnic and cultural nationalismin South Asia have been marked by a tension between “primordialist” and “modernist” approaches. In keeping with the more influential general works on ethnicity and nationalism (Gellner 1983; Anderson 1983; Horowitz 1985; Tambiah 1989), modernist interpretations now generally prevail in scholarly accounts. These works usually trace the roots of ethnic and cultural nationalism to the social and religious reform movements of the nineteenth century, which are seen as indigenous responses to the impact of colonial rule. The emphasis given to particular aspects of colonialism varies, but includes cultural influences, such as Western education; economic factors, including changes in class structure; and political changes, such as the extension of representative government. These modernist interpretations, however, are not entirely unchallenged within scholarship, and primordialist views, which draw more direct links between ethnic nationalism and precolonial identities, remain strong in political, journalistic, and popular forums.
Imaging History: Inscribing Belief in the Nation
Authors: Tanaka Stefan
Published: April 2006

Acommission sponsored by the meiji governmentand headed by Okakura Tenshin (Kakuzō), Kanō Tessai, and Ernest F. Fenollosa traveled to Nara Prefecture in 1884 to catalog the important artifacts in temples and shrines. Fenollosa's later description of an event of this trip, which is often presented to show how he with the assistance of Okakura “saved” Japanese art, brings out the major argument of my article: the role of fine art in the formulation of belief in the nation. Fenollosa describes his “discovery” of the Guze Kannon (Goddess of Mercy), a seventh-century gilt-wood sculpture, at the Hōryūji temple:

I had credentials from the central government which enabled me to requisition the opening of godowns and shrines. The central space of the octagonal Yumedono was occupied by a great closed shrine, which ascended like a pillar towards the apex. The priests of the Horiuji confessed that tradition ascribed the contents of the shrine to Corean work of the days of Suiko, but that it had not been opened for more than two hundred years.
Buddhism and the Rise of the Written Vernacular in East Asia: The Making of National Languages
Authors: Mair Victor H.
Published: April 2006

The vast majority of premodern chinese literature, certainly all of the most famous works of the classical tradition, were composed in one form or another of Literary Sinitic (hereafter LS,wen-yen[-wen], also often somewhat ambiguously called “Classical Chinese” or “Literary Chinese”). Beginning in the medieval period, however, an undercurrent of written Vernacular Sinitic (hereafter VS,pai-hua[-wen])started to develop. The written vernacular came to full maturity in China only with the May Fourth Movement of 1919, after the final collapse during the 1911 revolution of the dynastic, bureaucratic institutions that had governed China for more than two millennia. It must be pointed out that the difference betweenwen-yenandpai-huais at least as great as that between Latin and Italian or between Sanskrit and Hindi. In my estimation, a thorough linguistical analysis would show that unadulteratedwen-yenand purepai-huaare actually far more dissimilar than are Latin and Italian or Sanskrit and Hindi. In fact, I believe thatwen-yenandpai-huabelong to wholly different categories of language, the former being a sort of demicryptography largely divorced from speech and the latter sharing a close correspondence with spoken forms of living Sinitic.
In Search of Peace and Democracy: Japanese Economic Debate in Political Context
Authors: Hein Laura E.
Published: April 2006

Most discussions of economic growth and economic policyin postwar Japan focus on the economy as an isolated sector, neglecting its place in Japanese history as a whole. Partly this is because discussion of the economy usually moves quickly to technical problems. Partly it is due to the common assumption that high-speed economic growth emerged out of an attempt to create high-speed economic growth for its own sake-thus making redundant any sustained inquiry into its origins (as opposed to its mechanisms). We now have a fairly clear understanding of the technical means by which Japan became rich: rapid growth was achieved through high savings used for technology-led investment, based both on market forces channeled into planned directions and a flexible response to unplanned opportunities, such as American assistance to Japanese economic development. What is murkier is the social and political context for economic growth.
The Limits of Anti-Liberalism
Authors: McCormick Barrett L. , Kelly David
Published: April 2006

Scholars in china and chinese studies commonly think of culture as an autonomous and transcendental force that defines agents and institutions and determines the outcome of events. They often conclude that China's allegedly illiberal authoritarian culture inevitably generates authoritarian politics. In this article we will bring culture down to earth by arguing that it is not transcendental but entangled in reciprocal relationships with various social institutions, not the least of which are politics and political institutions. If culture is not fixed in a realm beyond everything else, then rehearsing traditional accounts of traditional culture is not enough to distinguish the range of possible futures. Instead, we have to look at why people have the ideas they have and how they can and might change.
Traditional Chinese Fiction—The State of the Field
Authors: Hegel Robert E.
Published: April 2006

The field of traditional chinese fiction studiesis as diverse in its approaches and findings as the body of material included in the termxiaoshuo, with which the modern field imprecisely corresponds. As a term for classifying writings in early China,xiaoshuoseemingly meant “other” works that did not fit into the major category of narrative, i.e., history. In the bibliographical section of Ban Gu's (c.e. 32–92)Han shu, theYiwen zhi, titles identified asxiaoshuoapparently were miscellaneous writings of no uniform characteristics or content. In theHan shubibliography,xiaoshuowere classified under thezhuzior “miscellaneous philosophers”; during the Six Dynasties period these writings were grouped in thezior “philosophers” section of thesibu, the durable four-fold bibliographic division of all writing originated in the third century and still in use. ThisHan shudesignation reflected the assumption thatxiaoshuoare or should be generally “discursive,” even if they are of less significance than formal philosophical works. The clear discrimination between verifiable narrative works (hence historical) and fanciful (or fictitious) writings was a product of the Tang period; however, the assignment of fictionalxiaoshuoto the same category as philosophy continued then as well. Like Aristotle, early Chinese bibliographers saw general truth, rather than the specific truth of history, as the operative criterion in fiction, despite the origins of many fictional narrative conventions in historiography (see K. J. DeWoskin, “Six DynastiesChih-kuai,” esp. p. 46). Twentieth-century scholarly attempts to see the term as synonymous with the modern concept of fiction are frustrated by its original lack of specificity and the fact that patently fictitious (from the modern rationalist perspective) elements appear in all other forms of early literature, both philosophical works (as parables or the flights of imaginative fancy inZhuang zi) and history (in fabricated conversations and fantastic events). While it may be argued that a term like “narrative,” with its coincident concern for story, discourse, and conventions (using distinctions drawn by Seymour Chatman,Coming to Terms[Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990], pp. 9, 83, 117, etc.), would more adequately serve to describe the range of materials modern scholars might address, because the termxiaoshuostill delineates the field for its specialists, narratives in philosophy and history are usually disallowed, and there is no general agreement on criteria by which to identify its earliest examples (see Hou Zongyi,Liuchao xiaoshuo shi, pp. 1–4, for a history of the term).
A Uyghur Muslim in Qianlong's Court: The Meanings of the Fragrant Concubine
Authors: Millward James A.
Published: April 2006

In tokyo's fashionable roppongi crossing, just down the street from the Almond Cafe where urbanites converge to meet their dates, a sign over a Chinese restaurant bears two Chinese characters: Kō Hi (Xiang Fei).The establishment's menu and business cards display a portrait of a beautiful East Asian woman in Manchu dress; her expression is enigmatic. The restaurant's advertising describes a Chinese emperor's consort renowned for her miraculous fragrance, and promises equally aromatic culinary delights.
State-building and Political Economy in Early-modern Japan
Authors: Ravina Mark
Published: April 2006

[Languages] determine the unique, often ambiguous tenor of human consciousness and make the relations of that consciousness to 'reality' creative…. To a greater or lesser degree, every language offers its own reading of life.
The Heaven and Earth Society as Popular Religion
Authors: Ownby David
Published: April 2006

The profound disdain with which most governments—Qing, Republican, Communist, or, in the case of Southeast Asia, colonial—have treated Chinese secret societies, as well as the undeniable involvement of many of these societies in violent and criminal activities, have obscured the religious elements at the core of the early Heaven and Earth Society (Tiandihui), the most widespread and well-known of Chinese secret societies. The vast historiography treating Chinese secret societies, often grounded in documents produced by hostile governments, has in large measure reproduced the image of secret societies contained in these documents, even if not all scholars have embraced the moral and legal assumptions of their sources. Consequently, society practices and symbols which would be treated as religious in other contexts are frequently dismissed as epiphenomenal or “esoteric” (Stanton 1900, 9; Morgan I960, 5), or as functional means of unifying “dissident” groups (Yang 1961, 61–64).
The Forms Culture Takes: A State-of-the-Field Essay on the Anthropology of Southeast Asia
Authors: Bowen John R.
Published: April 2006

If each world region has its own style of anthropological analysis, then surely Southeast Asia has come to be the place where interpretive approaches to culture have reigned, whether in anthropology, history, or politics. Interpretive anthropologists, drawing largely on Boas and Weber, analyze culture into publicly accessible forms and the interpretations different actors give those forms. Despite recent criticisms by political economists as well as postmodernists, this approach continues to guide much of the current research by anthropologists working in Southeast Asia.
The Historical Limits of the Question of Russia and the West
Authors: Szeftel Marc
Published: April 2006

Professor Roberts’ study is an impressive methodological achievement. The more one meditates on it, the less one finds to disagree with. The task of this writer is rather a frustrating one, for how can one bring new points of view to supplement such a thorough treatment?

Professor Roberts pointed out that the future of the dilemma under study will hardly be dominated by the issue “Russia versus the West,“ for it will be overshadowed by more powerful factors which have dominated the life of both the West and Russia since the beginning of our century (Russia up to 1917!). I would be tempted as a historian to go one step further, and question our ability to see, or consciously to shape, the future. First of all, many new factors may appear. Second, we do not know the relationship and proportional weight of factors that will continue from the present into the future. So I would eschew the consideration of the future altogether.
Criminal Law in Communist Hungary
Authors: Marczali Tibor Arthur
Published: April 2006

Prior to World War II, Hungary had no written constitution. The Arany Bulla (Golden Bull) in 1222, the Pragmatica Sanctio in 1723, and the Compromise of 1867 were considered basic laws, because they regulated the relations between the king and the “nation” (i.e., the nobility) and contained certain safeguards against tyrannical (arbitrary) government. Before the Compromise, justice was administered by the local (county) government for all inhabitants without state-wide supervision, except for the serfs who were subject to their landlords. The Compromise of 1867, which created a constitutional dual monarchy for Austria and Hungary, was the outgrowth of the revolution of 1848. The immediate results of this revolution were the emancipation of the serfs and the establishment of the Ministry of Justice. Law No. IV of 1869 unified the judicial system nationally by removing judicial power from the jurisdiction of the counties.
The Purge of Marshal Zhukov
Authors: Cocks Paul M.
Published: April 2006

In contrast to the purge of the “anti-party group” in June, 1957, the removal of Marshal Georgii Zhukov from power has occasioned relatively little comment from Soviet authorities. However, even if the agents of Soviet totalitarianism have remained silent about the reasons for the purge of Zhukov, a consideration of the dynamics of the totalitarian system may help us to reach an explanation.

This study will first explore the official charges on the basis of which his removal was justified in the Resolution of the Central Committee, Marshal Konev's speech, and subsequent statements. These charges were: (1) promotion of the cult of Zhukov in the Soviet Army; (2) reduction and curtailment of party control over the army; (3) misdirection in military matters, particularly in military science and organizational questions; (4) adventurism and Bonapartism.
The Significance of the Missions of Cyril and Methodius
Authors: Dvornik Francis
Published: April 2006

The eleven-hundredth anniversary of the arrival of a Byzantine Mission in Moravia (863) revived the interest of Slavic historians and philologists in the history of SS. Cyril and Methodius and served to reopen discussions concerning the significance of their activity in Moravia for the development of the Slavs.

It was widely believed that their mission had a profoundly religious character—the conversion of the Moravian pagans to Christianity. This interpretation is not quite correct. The words which the author of Cyril’s biography lets the Moravian ruler Rastislav address to the Emperor Michael should make us cautious about the real character of the Byzantine mission in Moravia. Rastislav is supposed to have declared that his people had already rejected paganism and were observing Christian rules. Some saw in this declaration an exaggeration and attributed it to Rastislav or to the biographer. Recent archaeological discoveries made in Moravia, however, confirm the correctness of Rastislav’s declaration. Thus far the foundations of sixteen stone churches have been discovered, and at least five of them were erected before the arrival of the Byzantine mission.
Gandhi's Body, Gandhi's Truth: Nonviolence and the Biomoral Imperative of Public Health
Authors: Alter Joseph S.
Published: April 2006

There are literally hundreds if not thousands of scholarly works which have analyzed and reanalyzed Mohandas Karmachand Gandhi's epic life and work from numerous angles. In spite of this focused attention, or perhaps on account of it, the Mahatma remains something of an enigma: a genius, to be sure, and one inspired by a kind of transcendental moral conviction, but an enigma nevertheless on account of how he conceived of morality as a problem in which Truth and biology were equally implicated. As he put it, “morals are closely linked with health. A perfectly moral person alone can achieve perfect health” (CW 2:50). Following a statement such as this, my purpose in this essay is to work toward an analysis of Gandhi's genius by focusing on that which appears most enigmatic about his program of sociopolitical action: his somatic concerns and what I am calling his faith in the biomoral imperative of public health.
Women, Resistance and the Divided Nation: The Romantic Rhetoric of Korean Reunification
Authors: Jager Sheila Miyoshi
Published: April 2006

On june 30, 1989, at around one-thirty in the afternoon, a young woman made an emotional descent from the uneven steps of a Soviet passenger airliner towards a crowd of well-wishers who had gathered together to welcome her to Pyŏngyang, North Korea. Rising just above them, in bold neon letters, an anachronistic sign, which served as a reception banner of sorts, read:

Let the world's youth and students unite firmly under the banner of anti-imperialist solidarity, peace and friendship.
Infanticide in Early Modern Japan? Demography, Culture, and Population Growth
Authors: Cornell Laurel L.
Published: April 2006

As Coale notes, over the long run human societies have been successful at maintaining a balance between population growth rates and economic resources. This has not been easy: some societies became extinct through overwhelming mortality or by failing to reproduce themselves, while others have burgeoned and outstripped their territories. Even at the end of the twentieth century, a hundred years after the onset of the demographic transition in Europe which transformed human birth and death rates forever, achieving the balance which creates homeostasis remains problematic. In east Asia alone, while the People's Republic of China is trying to bring the expected number of births per woman below 2.0, Japan is attempting the opposite, to raise the total fertility rate above its current level of 1.6. The same contests are being played out in developing and developed societies throughout the world. Thus creating a balance between birth and death rates and linking it to economic conditions so that a society neither outruns its economic resources nor fails to exploit them is a perduring human problem.
The Dead Hand of the Future: the Predicament of Vladimir Mayakovsky
Authors: Erlich Victor
Published: April 2006

In a recent memoir Iurii Olesha, one of the most sophisticated Soviet prose writers, recalls a conversation he once had with V. E. Meyerhold regarding a film version of Turgenev's Fathers and Sons which the famous avant-garde director was then contemplating. “I asked him whom he had in mind for the part of Bazarov. He answered, ‘Mayakovsky'.“

The resemblance between one of modern Russia's foremost poets and Turgenev's harshly antipoetic hero may not be immediately obvious. Yet a close look at Mayakovsky's poetry, especially at his earlier, Futurist lyrics, reveals the presence of what might be called the Bazarov syndrome. The tenor of these Surrealist urban still-lives (“Night,“ “Morning,” “The Street,” etc.), these impassioned lyrical manifestoes (“I,” “Man,” “A Cloud in Trousers“), is total negation of the status quo.
Decentralization in Recent Soviet Administrative Practice
Authors: Swearer Howard R.
Published: April 2006

The Soviet Union, as an administrative state par excellence, is a Parkinsonian nightmare. Although the leadership is armed with broad powers and unhampered by formal restraints in its control of the bureaucracy, it is nevertheless hard pressed to keep the huge administrative structures of the Soviet system efficient and responsive to central direction. The success or failure of a regime depends in large measure on how effectively it can get its policies translated into action by the bureaucracy.

Most schematic descriptions of the Soviet system by Western commentators, especially those written in the early 1950's, emphasized the division of the state into several highly centralized, vertically structured, and functionally specialized administrations—party, police, armed forces, and the economic bureaucracy. Within these broad categories there was frequently even further vertical-functional fractionization. For example, within the industrial bureaucracy there were various specialized ministries and a separation between planners and managers.
The Military Background of Pilsudski's Coup D'Etat
Authors: Rothschild Joseph
Published: April 2006

In May, 1926, the retired First Marshal of Poland and former Chief of State (1918-22), Józef Piłsudski, at the head of certain military units devoted to his person and with the enthusiastic approval of the political and social forces of the Polish Left, staged a successful coup d'etat against the Polish parliamentary system dominated since the elections of November, 1922, by an agglomeration of Right-Center political parties. Though on the morrow of his victory Pitsudski moved swiftly and effectively to avert the devolution of his coup into a genuine social or even political revolution—to the consternation and disappointment of his allies on the Left—the May, 1926, crisis nevertheless became the great watershed of Polish political life between the two world wars. It signaled the failure and death of parliamentary democracy throughout the area of East Central Europe, and its divisions have run deep within Polish political memories to this day.
Koshelev, Samarin, and Cherkassky and the Fate of Liberal Slavophilism
Authors: Wortman Richard
Published: April 2006

In the historiography of the Russian intelligentsia, liberal Slavophilism has suffered a sad neglect. Whereas Marxist and Populist historians alike have hallowed the radical Westernizers, the liberal Slavophiles have been relegated to a minor position, and Slavophilism presented as an ideology of obscurantist conservatism. In one respect this is understandable: the liberal Slavophiles were above all moderates and did not offer the violent expressions of resentment against the existing order that appealed so much to the revolutionary mentality. But although moderate, Slavophilism in the forties and fifties was a powerful progressive force, instrumental in bringing about the Great Reforms. In their concrete notions of reform and their determination and ability to carry them out, the liberal Slavophiles far surpassed the Westernizers, who in the forties were still groping in the labyrinth of Hegelian philosophy and who in the fifties were disoriented by the failure of the revolution of 1848.
The USSR Trades with Latvia: The Treaty of 1927
Authors: Anderson Edgar
Published: April 2006

The Baltic countries, which were absorbed by the Russian Empire between 1721 and 1795 (Estonia and Livonia in 1721, Latgale in 1772, Lithuania in 1793 and 1795, and Courland in 1795), have played a significant role in Russian economic life, and have been regarded as an important, if not a vital Russian outlet to the Baltic Sea. Before the First World War 20.6 per cent of all Russian imports and 28 per cent of all Russian exports passed through the Latvian territory alone. This was not only because Latvia is situated on the most direct trade routes between Russia and Western Europe but also because of her excellent harbors—Riga, Liepaja (Libau), and Ventspils (Windau). Three of Russia's principal railroad lines converged on these ports. In 1912 the port of St. Petersburg handled 2,500,000 tons of shipping.
Subjects, Selves, and the Politics of Personhood in Theravada Buddhism in Nepal
Authors: Leve Lauren G.
Published: April 2006

On june 30, 1990, between twenty-five and thirty thousand people took to the streets of downtown Kathmandu to protest the possibility that a new constitution, then being drafted, might reassert Nepal's official legal identity as a Hindu kingdom. Carrying banners and chanting slogans, they demanded the country's redefinition as a secular state. The march was arguably the largest demonstration in modern Nepali history, with protestors representing a range of religious, ethnic, political, and cultural groups. Even more significant, the marchers explicitly rejected the longstanding alliance between religion and the state in Nepal by challenging the interpolation of Brahmanical Hinduism into the country's political and civil institutions, and its centrality to Nepali nationalism as a collective identity.
Presidential Address: “The Peoples of Asia”—Science and Politics in the Classification of Ethnic Groups in Thailand, China, and Vietnam
Authors: Keyes Charles
Published: April 2006

On a visit to a northern province in the 1950s, Hô Chí Minh, who had spent many years during the war with the French living with upland peoples in northern Vietnam, asked local authorities how many ethnic groups were found within the province. Professor Đang Nghiêm Van, the doyen of ethnologists in Vietnam, has written that President Ho received the following response:

The “scientific” project of ethnic classification undertaken for political purposes in Vietnam beginning in 1958 was comparable directly (and not unrelated) to a similar project undertaken in China in the 1950s.
Past Perfect: Architecture and Public Life in Bangalore
Authors: Nair Janaki
Published: April 2006

“In the city,” says carl schorske, writing of Vienna at the turn of the twentieth century, “… the truth of industrial and commercial society had to be screened in the decent draperies of pre-industrial artistic styles. Science and law were modern truth, but beauty came from history” (1981, 45). Quotations from the past were equally the mark of architectural styles that were forged in colonial and postcolonial societies, as history became a resource for defining new ideals of beauty. If the retreat into (classical European) history was a striking feature of public architecture in colonial India (Evenson 1989, 99–109), an attempt to command a long and respectable lineage of authority equally marked the efforts of Indian nationalists in the early post-independence period.
Safety
Authors: Prugh Richard W.
Published: April 2006

In recent years, state and federal authorities have begun requiring chemical and petrochemical companies to develop process safety management policies and practices that are intended to protect workers and the public from chemical accidents. An objective of this section is to provide information that is pertinent to accident prevention, with particular emphasis on chemical process safety. Of particular concern is the continuing trend toward increased efficiency of processes and reduction in hazards to the environment, by reducing the formation of wastes and undesired by‐products. This effort requires close approach to temperature and pressure limits, and special safety systems typically are required to ensure safe operation. Thus, another objective of this section is to provide an understanding of the many variables involved in reactions and handling of chemicals, to shown how these variables can be quantified with respect to safety criteria, and to present illustrations of their application to process safety.
Refrigeration
Authors: Dincer Ibrahim
Published: April 2006

This article deals with the technical aspects of refrigerants, refrigeration systems and applications, and food cooling and refrigeration. It covers the refrigerants; alternative refrigerants; refrigeration system components, and auxiliary equipment and their technical and operational aspects; refrigeration cycles/systems; thermoelectric refrigeration; thermoacoustic refrigeration; solar refrigeration, etc; food cooling and freezing systems; cool and cold storage; control atmosphere; as well as refrigerant transport. Some practical details are also provided for better understanding the refrigeration cycles–systems and their applications.
Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Tomasko David L. , Guo Zhihua
Published: April 2006

A supercritical fluid is characterized as a gas that is pressurized and heated to a compressed fluid state, which is above both the critical pressure and temperature. In this state, density and subsequently solvent strength and transport properties are highly adjustable by modest changes in temperature and pressure. Complex phase behavior and interactions with materials can occur. This behavior can be examined experimentally and described successfully by molecular thermodynamics. Carbon dioxide and water are two substances used frequently as supercritical fluids. The former, which may be used independently or in the presence of various cosolvents, is predominantly used because of its environmentally benign nature and low cost. The latter is used because of its efficiency in destroying hazardous aqueous pollutants and hydrothermal synthesis. Numerous supercritical fluid processes have been commercialized, including coffee and tea decaffeination, supercritical water oxidation, and supercritical fluid chromatography. Process research and development involving supercritical fluids are progressing in many diverse areas, including extraction, membrane filtration, polymerization, particle formation, cleaning and drying, and applications in microelectronic engineering.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of a de novo interstitial chromosome 10q22 deletion
Authors: Tzschach Andreas , Krause‐Plonka Ines , Menzel Corinna , Knoblauch Andreas , Toennies Holger , Hoeltzenbein Maria , Radke Michael , Ropers Hans‐Hilger , Kalscheuer Vera
Published: April 2006

Interstitial deletions of 10q are rare, and only one patient with a deletion confined to chromosome band 10q22 has been reported so far. We report on a 2 6/12‐year‐old girl with a constitutional interstitial deletion of one homologue of 10q [karyotype: 46,XX,del(10)(q22.2q22.3)de novo]. Our patient had muscular hypotonia, developmental delay, growth retardation, mild facial dysmorphism, and hypoplastic labia minora. The precise location and extent (3.6 Mb) of the deletion was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 16 YAC and BAC clones. The clinical features in our patient are remarkably similar to the previously reported patient with a 10q22.2 deletion. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late Chachapoya population structure prior to Inka conquest
Authors: Nystrom Kenneth C.
Published: April 2006

Archaeological and ethnohistorical documents suggest that the Chachapoya region was inhabited by a number of distinct sociopolitical groups that only united in the face of their common enemy, the Inka. The purpose of this research is to quantify the amount of internal genetic differentiation and levels of extraregional gene flow during the Late Chachapoya period, in order to obtain a better understanding of the genetic relationship between these presumed ethnic groups. Craniometric data were collected from three Late Chachapoya samples (Laguna Huayabamba, Kuelap, and Laguna de los Cóndores), in order to understand the genetic relationships between the groups and facilitate our understanding of Late Chachapoya population structure. Genetic differentiation among these series ranged from 0.047 (heritability = 1.0) to 0.090 (heritability = 0.55). The Relethford‐Blangero residuals indicate that the Laguna Huayabamba and Laguna de los Cóndores populations were receiving greater than average external gene flow, while Kuelap was receiving less than average external gene flow. The correspondence between biological and archaeological data in the investigation of prehistoric ethnic identity is discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of OH‐functionalized magnetic nanogels under UV irradiation
Authors: Gong Peijun , Yu Jiahui , Sun Hanwen , Hong Jun , Zhao Sufang , Xu Dongmei , Yao Side
Published: April 2006

A novel preparation method of net magnetic polymer nanogels with swollen shell was developed. UV‐induced photopolymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was performed in the magnetite aqueous suspension, free of any additive to obtain monodisperse magnetic nanogels with swollen shell. Owing to the step‐growth polymerization of the monomer, the particle size of magnetic nanogels can be conveniently manipulated by changing the irradiation time and the volume of the monomer dropped. The crystalline structure of Fe3O4 core and chemical composition of PHEMA magnetic nanogels were characterized by using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Particle sizes, size distributions of magnetic nanogels in swollen state and dry state were measured by photo‐correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The morphology of swollen magnetic nanogels and that of polymer capsules obtained from magnetic nanogels etched by hydrochloride acid were observed by TEM. The high magnetizations and superparamagnetic behaviors of naked Fe3O4 and magnetic nanogels at room temperature were confirmed by the measurement of hysteresis curves. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1283–1290, 2006
Preparation of nanopolyethylene wire with carbon nanotubes‐supported Cp2ZrCl2 catalyst
Authors: Dong Xiaochen , Wang Li , Jiang Guohua , Sun Tianxu , Zhao Zhenrong , Yu Haojie , Chen Tao
Published: April 2006

Nanowires were prepared by ethylene polymerization in situ with carbon nanotubes (CNTs)‐supported Cp2ZrCl2 catalyst. It was found that the metallocene catalyst was first adsorbed on the surface of the CNTs and then the polymerization of ethylene was initiated. The resulting PE could encapsulate on the surface of the CNTs to form nanowire. The diameter of nanowire could be controlled easily by the polymerization conditions. The possible mechanism of formation of nanopolyethylene wire is proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1291–1294, 2006
2‐methoxyestradiol inhibits differentiation and is cytotoxic to osteoclasts
Authors: Maran A. , Gorny G. , Oursler M.J. , Zhang M. , Shogren K.L. , Yaszemski M.J. , Turner R.T.
Published: April 2006

2‐Methoxyestradiol (2‐ME), a naturally occurring metabolite of 17β‐estradiol, is highly cytotoxic to a wide range of tumor cells but is harmless to most normal cells. However, 2‐ME prevented bone loss in ovariectomized rats, suggesting it inhibits bone resorption. These studies were performed to determine the direct effects of 2‐ME on cultured osteoclasts. 2‐ME (2 µM) reduced osteoclast number by more than 95% and induced apoptosis in three cultured osteoclast model systems (RAW 264.7 cells cultured with RANKL, marrow cells co‐cultured with stromal support cells, and spleen cells cultured without support cells in media supplemented with RANKL and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF)). The 2‐ME‐mediated effect was ligand specific; 2‐hydroxyestradiol (2‐OHE), the immediate precursor to 2‐ME, exhibited less cytotoxicity; and 2‐methoxyestrone (2‐MEOE1) the estrone analog of 2‐ME, was not cytotoxic. Co‐treatment with ICI 182,780 did not antagonize 2‐ME, suggesting that the cytotoxicity was not estrogen receptor‐dependent. 2‐ME‐induced cell death in RAW 264.7 cells coincided with an increase in gene expression of cytokines implicated in inhibition of differentiation and induction of apoptosis. In addition, the 2‐ME‐mediated decrease in cell survival was partially inhibited by anti‐lymphotoxin(LT)β antibodies, suggesting that 2‐ME‐dependent effects involve LTβ. These results suggest that 2‐ME could be useful for treating skeletal diseases in which bone resorption is increased, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis and cancer metastasis to bone. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 425–434, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct measurements of the addition and recombination of acrylate radicals: Access to propagation and termination rate constants?
Authors: Lalevée J. , Allonas X. , Fouassier J. P.
Published: April 2006

Acrylate radicals produced by the addition of an aminoalkyl radical to five acrylate monomers were directly observed by transient absorption spectroscopy, which allowed us to easily follow their chemical reactivity. It was possible (1) to characterize their absorption in the visible part of the spectrum, (2) to calculate their absorption properties, (3) to determine the energy barriers of the addition through quantum mechanical calculations, (4) to monitor the kinetics of the subsequent addition to another monomer unit, and (5) to follow the recombination of two acrylate radicals. These two latter points could mimic the propagation and termination reactions of polymerization‐propagating acrylate radicals. Methacrylate and acrylonitrile radicals were also studied. The obtained results were in good agreement with the propagation rate constants determined by the well‐established pulsed laser polymerization techniques. Our method could likely provide rapid access to both the propagation and termination rate constants in suitable systems and appears to be powerful and promising for studying and comparing the reactivities of different acrylate monomer structures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3577–3587, 2006
A Bilingual “Neighborhood Club”: Intervening with Children Exposed to Urban Violence
Authors: Ceballo Rosario , Ramirez Cynthia , Maltese Kelly L. , Bautista Elida M.
Published: April 2006

Mental health practitioners have offered relatively little in response to the pervasive community violence faced by many children living in impoverished neighborhoods. The “neighborhood club” is a school‐based, short‐term, support group designed to assist children with the psychological impact of exposure to community violence. Ten “neighborhood clubs” were conducted in two public elementary schools in Detroit, Michigan. This paper reviews the implementation of a bilingual “neighborhood club,” undertaken to better serve the Spanish‐speaking Latino students in a school community. We discuss many of the rewards and challenges of conducting a bilingual, multicultural support group for children and conclude that a bilingual support group provides all children with a model that validates ethnic and cultural diversity while also building empathic bonds based on mutually‐reinforcing, common experiences.
When Blanche Met Brando: The Scandalous Story of “A Streetcar Named Desire”
Authors: Eisler Garrett
Published: April 2006

Sam Staggs's When Blanche Met Brando may not be the most scholarly commentary on Tennessee Williams, but it is certainly informative. Aiming “to synthesize, as no previous writer has, the first-hand accounts of those who were there” (xii) for both the 1947 Broadway premiere of A Streetcar Named Desire and its 1951 film, as well as subsequent revivals, Staggs succeeds at revealing the gulf between myth and fact, between play and production. By illuminating its twisted path of accidents from genesis to premiere to “classic,” Staggs reminds us that Streetcar by no means was destined to take on the form in which we now know it.
African Drama and Performance
Authors: Amkpa Awam
Published: April 2006

The anthology African Drama and Performance, edited by John Conteh-Morgan and Tejumola Olaniyan, brings together a body of critical essays on the corporeal and discursive aspects of African drama and theatre remarkable for its encyclopedic scope and intellectual rigor. The work, stewarded by two of the most erudite and industrious scholars in the field, is a book-length version of a highly successful special edition of Research in African Literature.