bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cranial remains of Homo erectus from Beds II and IV, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Authors: Rightmire G. P.
Published: February 2006

Cranial remains of hominids 9 and 12 from Olduvai Gorge are described in detail. O.H. 9 consists of a heavily built braincase, partly damaged and lacking the face, while O.H. 12 is less complete. The Bed II specimen is about 1.2 million years in age and shows anatomical similarities to the cranium designated ER‐3733 from Koobi Fora, east of Lake Turkana. Together these African fossils provide valuable information about Homo erectus in the later Lower Pleistocene. Comparisons of O.H. 9 with several of the Choukoutien crania are also carried out. These Chinese and other Asian remains of Homo erectus cannot be placed in a secure chronological framework, but all of the material should be studied systematically in order to assess relatedness among what must be several different populations.
A new study of the scapula of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein
Authors: Vrba E. S.
Published: February 2006

Until recently the two broken parts of the Sterkfontein A. africanus scapular fragment, STS 7, were separated and oriented towards one another at an unnatural angle in the partially encasing breccia matrix. Removal of the latter and reconstruction have allowed a reassessment of, and additions to, previously published descriptions and measurements. Several hypotheses, based mainly on features of the coracoid process, are presented for testing: the gracile australopithecine thoracic shape, scapular placement and angulation of the clavicle to the scapula more closely resembled the condition in extant Pongidae than that in modern man; an apomorphous (i.e., derived) development of the acromio‐coracoid “cuff” in Pan is a specialization for knuckle‐walking; its absence in STS 7 suggests that the common ancestor of Australopithecus and Homo was not a knuckle‐walker.
Relation of body fat to age in the Czech population
Authors: Petrásek R. , Hajniš K. , Loubová J. , Misíková J. , Rath R.
Published: February 2006

Density and percentage of fat in the body were investigated in 403 females and 356 males of Czech population using hydrostatic weighing. The group was divided into four age subgroups ranging from 17 through 22, 23 through 29, 30 through 39 and 40 through 49 years.

Fat values were found to increase with age, growing in females and males between the ages of 17 to 49 years from 27.1 to 35.4 and from 16.3 to 26%, respectively. In both sexes, the highest difference in the percentage of fat was observed between the second and third decennium.

Body weight was also seen to increase with age up to 40 years of age. On the other hand, from 40 through 49 years a decrease in weight was seen both in male and female means, with the body heights also less in older subjects.

The values observed, particularly in females, exceed those reported as a rule in other populations. This is accounted for by nutritional factors such as the amount of calories and composition of food and possibly also by the effect of the genetically given somatotype.
Preserved brains in medieval skulls
Authors: Tkocz Izabella , Bytzer Peter , Bierring Franz
Published: February 2006

Fifty‐six out of seventy‐four skulls dating from the Middle Ages contained intracranial masses with more or less preserved external brain features. The skulls were excavated from a churchyard outside a former Franciscan monastery in Svendborg, Denmark. Histologic, scanning electron microscopic, and biochemical studies have established that the masses consist of brain material preserved in the state of adipocere.
Patterns of variability in mineralization of the primate femoral diaphysis
Authors: Burr David B.
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this research was to study intra‐ and interspecific variability in mineral density in the femoral diaphysis of nonhuman primates. Four hundred five sections were taken from five sites along the femoral diaphysis of 34 macaques (Macaca sp.), 24 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), and 23 tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). The mineral density at eight positions around each section was measured. Analysis of variance indicated significant (p < 0.05) interactions among species, sex, cross sectional levels, and positions within each level. Both Macaca and S. sciureus showed sexually dimorphic patterns of mineral distrbution. S. labiatus exhibited no sexual dimorphism in distribution, but was sexually dimorphic in density magnitude. No significant dimensional differences in density were found among sepcies, though significant differences in pattern were evident. Highly significant differences (p < 0.01) were found among cross sectional levels and among positions within the levels within each species.
Paleopathologic diagnosis based on experimental mummification
Authors: Zimmerman Michael R.
Published: February 2006

The difficulties of diagnosis of pathologic conditions are immensely magnified when the subject of a postmortem examination has been postmortem for several hundreds to thousands of years. Artefacts of decomposition and bacterial and fungal invasion are compounded upon those of rehydration when mummified tissue is examined. As an approach to these problems, a study of the changes seen in experimentally mummified and rehydrated tissues was undertaken. Normal and pathologic tissues were studied in comparison to sections prepared from the fresh tissue.

The experimentally mummified tissues were generally similar to, but somewhat better preserved than, actual human mummies. There was organ and tissue specific variability in preservation, and different classes of pathology likewise showed differential preservation. Inflammatory reactions were not very well‐preserved although infecting microorganisms were easily identified. Degenerative processes such as atherosclerosis and others characterized by the accumulation of abnormal products, were well preserved, while necrosis, as in acute myocardial infarction, was not. Malignancies were particularly well preserved. The implications of these findings for previous and future mummy studies is discussed in terms of our understanding of the evolution of disease processes.
Coherent optical correlation: A new method of cranial comparison
Authors: Scheibengraber Karl J.
Published: February 2006

In this paper an analog method known as coherent optical correlation is used to compare photographs of cercopithecine monkey skulls. Each comparison yields a measure of overall similarity in three‐dimensional shape because the photographs are coded to preserve depth information. The coding system involves projecting an array of circular dots onto each specimen with an ordinary 35‐mm slide projector. Photographs of the array taken from one side of the projector make ideal inputs for optical correlation analysis.

Preliminary results indicate a reasonable ability to discriminate between different cercopithecine monkey skulls. This finding encourages further development of the proposed method as a shape investigation tool. Possibilities for application exist in many skeletal and somatological problems of form.
Homologies of the anterior teeth in indriidae
Authors: Gingerich Philip D.
Published: February 2006

Schwartz ('74) proposed revised homologies of the deciduous and permanent anterior teeth in living lemuriform primates of the family Indriidae. Gingerich ('77) described a juvenile specimen of Avahi and emphasized the importance of functional integrity in controlling the pattern of dental reduction in primates, neither of which supports Schwartz's interpretation. Schwartz ('78) recently reiterated his position without adequately discussing the Avahi evidence and the functional basis that probably controls dental reduction. Avahi has a deciduous dentition intermediate in morphology between that of Lemuridae and Indriidae, and similar to both. Thus the lower deciduous dental formula of Indriidae is probably 2.1.3, which is the typical and maximum deciduous complement known in living and fossil lemuriform primates. The formula of the lower permanent dentition in Indriidae is thus 2.0.2.3.
Monthly changes in the gain and loss of growth in weight of children living in Guatemala
Authors: Bogin Barry
Published: February 2006

Monthly increments of weight growth for a sample of 246 Guatemala City private school children are analyzed for the presence of a seasonal pattern in rates of growth. Neither a seasonal pattern nor any other periodic rhythm is found. It is observed that a significantly greater number of children aged 5.0 to 6.9 years experience their minimum annual growth rate during the dry season, with up to 60% of them losing or not gaining weight in any one month. Patterns of diet, exercise and disease cannot explain this trend. A possible association between minimum weight growth and maximum growth in height is discussed.
Functional and morphological affinities of the subadult hand (O.H. 7) from Olduvai Gorge
Authors: Susman Randall L. , Creel Norman
Published: February 2006

Study of the O.H. 7 hand was based primarily on morphological comparisons with a large series of hand skeletons of extant hominoid primates. Most of the hand elements are fragmentary or have missing epiphyses and only comparisons based on qualitative morphological observations are possible. The distal phalanges are complete, however, and were analyzed metrically utilizing univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. To compensate for size differences among the Hominoidea a number of size adjustments were employed. None of the adjustments were totally satisfactory from theoretical and practical standpoints and none completely eliminated the influence of size. There is no entirely satisfactory procedure to eliminate size and it is advisable to use several techniques that are not closely related, to compare the results and interpret them with caution.

In certain features the wrist and fingers resemble those of African apes; in others they are more like modern human hands; in still others they are unique. The scaphoid and the proximal articular surface of the trapezium retain apelike features, as do the proximal and middle phalanges. The pollical carpometacarpal joint and the distal phalanges are closer in morphology to those of modern humans. The scaphoid, proximal phalanges and middle phalanges of rays II‐V indicate a hand capable of a strong power grip. A number of features of the thumb and the distal phalanges suggest that the O.H. 7 individual was capable of more precise manipulation than extant apes. FLK NN‐A, a first distal phalanx, does not closely resemble the first distal phalanx of any of the living Hominoidea. Multivariate distance analysis indicates, however, that it is closest in overall morphology to the pollical distal phalanx of modern humans. In some features not included in the metric analysis, FLK NN‐A also resembles the hallucial distal phalanx of modern humans.
The assessment and meaning of intraobserver error in population studies based on discontinuous cranial traits
Authors: Molto J. E.
Published: February 2006

Intraobserver scoring precision of 50 discontinuous (discrete) cranial traits was assessed on a sample of 125 intact Iroquois crania using the square of the phi coefficient. Scoring consistency was high for most traits though several were subject to low precision (θ2<0.7). Most errors were random rather than systematic. Taken collectively the problematic traits exceeded their expected contribution to MMD coefficients among four Woodland samples from southern Ontario. A traitlist with the problematic variants excluded produced more meaningful biological relationships among the samples. Further the % contribution of the problematic traits increased with the time interval between the scoring of the individual samples. It was suggested that intraobserver error could effectively distort the interpretation of biological relationships and that it must in part be responsible for the poor performance reported for discontinuous traits in some studies. Therefore, it was argued that the results support rather than compromise the use of discontinuous skeletal traits in population studies and that the assessment of intraobserver error should be a standard procedure of the research design.
Percentage ash content of nonhuman primate long limb bones
Authors: Burr David B.
Published: February 2006

Trotter and Hixon ('76) and Vose and Roach ('72) presented conflicting data about percentage ash content of the long limb bones of M. mulatta and M. nemestrina. The suggestion of Trotter and Hixon ('76) that this discrepancy was due to methods of preparing the bone prior to ashing, rather than to species differences, was tested using data collected by Gong ('72) on the volumetric composition of nonhuman primate bone. Masses of the various chemical fractions of bone reported by Gong ('72) were used to compute ash content as a percentage of total dry weight and ash content as a percentage of fat‐free dry weight. Good agreement was found between ash content as a percentage of total dry weight and the data of Vose and Roach ('72); good agreement was also found between ash content as a percentage of fat‐free dry weight and the data of Trotter and Hixon ('76). This suggests that the data of Vose and Roach ('72) conflict with those of Trotter and Hixon ('76) because Vose and Roach ('72) failed to defat the bones prior to ashing. No actual species differences exist in the ash content of bones of M. mulatta, and M. nemestrina. The data of Trotter and Hixon ('76) are most likely a more adequate reflection of both the magnitude and the regional similarity of ash content in nonhuman primate bone.
A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. I. Specific sensory relay nuclei
Authors: Armstrong Este
Published: February 2006

Studies to date have indicated few differences in sensory perception among hominoids. Sensory relay nuclei in the dorsal thalamus‐portions of the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (MGBp, LGBd) and the ventrobasal complex (VB)—in two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee and three humans were examined for anatomical similarity by measuring and estimating the nuclear volumes, neuronal densities, numbers of neurons per nucleus, and volumes of neuronal perikarya. The absolute volumes of these nuclei were larger in the larger brains; however, with the volume of the dorsal thalamus as a standard, these sensory relay nuclei showed negative allometry. The gibbons had about half as many neurons as did the other hominoids. Although the human VB had slightly more neurons, the numbers of neurons in LGBd and MGBp did not significantly differ between the great apes and humans. The volumetric distribution of the neuronal perikarya were similar among these hominoids. Other thalamic nuclei had much more diverse numbers of neurons and relative frequencies of their neuronal perikarya. The sensory relay nuclei appear to be a group of conservative nuclei in the forebrain. These results suggest that as a neurological base for complex behaviors evolved in hominids, not all parts of the brain changed equally.
On the relationship between psychometric and anthropometric traits
Authors: Susanne C.
Published: February 2006

Many authors have already studied the correlation between stature and psychometric traits; these studies indicate a low but significant correlation coefficient. Others have shown (Clark et al., '61; Schreider, '68; Susanne and Sporcq, '73) a correlation between head size and psychological traits. We have studied the influence of the correlation between stature and psychometric variables on the correlation of head size and psychometry in a sample of 2,071 Belgian men selected at random from the population of those liable to military service. Eleven measurements of the head were taken and six psychological tests were given.

The relationship between psychometry and anthropometry remains low but significant when the relationship between stature and head size is taken into account. These partial correlation coefficients are significant for head length and cranial perimeter, and to a lesser extent for head breadth and bizygomatic breadth.
Patterns of tooth size variability in the dentition of primates
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. , Schoeninger Margaret J.
Published: February 2006

Published data on tooth size in 48 species of non‐human primates have been analyzed to determine patterns of variability in the primate dentition. Average coefficients of variation calculated for all species, with males and females combined, are greatest for teeth in the canine region. Incisors tend to be somewhat less variable, and cheek teeth are the least variable. Removing the effect of sexual dimorphism, by pooling coefficients of variation calculated for males and females separately, reduces canine variability but does not alter the basic pattern. Ontogenetic development and position in functional fields have been advanced to explain patterns of variability in the dentition, but neither of these appears to correlate well with patterns documented here. We tentatively suggest another explanation. Variability is inversely proportional to occlusal complexity of the teeth. This suggests that occlusal complexity places an important constraint on relative variability within the dentition. Even when the intensity of natural selection is equal at all tooth positions, teeth with complex occlusal patterns must still be less variable than those with simple occlusion in order to function equally well. Hence variability itself cannot be used to estimate the relative intensity of selection. Low variability of the central cheek teeth ( \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm M}\frac{1}{1} $\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm M}\frac{2}{2} $\end{document}) makes them uniquely important for estimating body size in small samples, and for distinguishing closely related species in the fossil record.
Problems in the aging of females using the Os pubis
Authors: Suchey Judy Myers
Published: February 2006

The Gilbert‐McKern method for aging the female Os pubis has attained popularity following Gilbert's ('73) demonstration that the McKern‐Stewart male standards are not directly applicable to females. In order to assess the reliability of the method, forensic anthropologists were asked to age a set of 11 pubes of known age. There was a great deal of variability in the responses of the 23 participants. Three, four, and five different responses (out of a 6‐scale system) were given for each component of each pubic bone. Only 51% of the assessments yielded age ranges which would include the known age of the specimens. Analysis of the errors showed that one of the focal problems of the Gilbert‐McKern system was the difficulty in judging whether the ventral rampart was building up or breaking down.
Parturition and pelvic changes
Authors: Kelley Marc A.
Published: February 2006

A detailed analysis of the female bony pelvis in relation to parity status was made. A total of 198 complete pelves were inspected for five features considered to be associated with pregnancy and parturition. During final analysis two features were eliminated. Three remaining features — dorsal pubic pitting, pre‐auricular grooves, and grooves located at the site of interosseous ligament insertion were found to be significantly related to parturition. Other findings of interest were: (1) pits and grooves acquired through pregnancy and parturition appear to become obliterated in old age, (2) the preauricular groove is the most sensitive indicator of pregnancy and parturition, (3) moderate‐large pitting in the dorsal pubic region rarely occurs in nulliparous females, and (4) it is doubtful that more precise statements than “no children” and “one or more children” can be made on the basis of skeletal remains alone.
Developments in the identification of human skeletal material (1968–1978)
Authors: Bass William M.
Published: February 2006

A review of publications over the last ten years of methods in the field of physical anthropology for determining age, sex, race and stature of human skeletal material is presented. Comparisons are made with the types of papers published in the previous ten years (1958–1968) in six categories: (1) Visual examination of bones (2) Anthropometric measurements of bones (3) Anthropometric measurements with subsequent use of statistics in the form of discriminate function analyses (4) Time and sequence of eruption of the teeth (5) X‐ray examination of the internal structure of bone sections (6) Microscopic examination of the internal structure of bone.
Aging changes in the medullary cavity of the proximal femur in American Blacks and Whites
Authors: Ericksen Mary Frances
Published: February 2006

This study explores changes with age in the medullary cavity in an area of the femur which is becoming of increasing clinical interest. It is based on measurements of medial‐lateral and posterior‐anterior radiographs of the proximal one‐third of the right femur, below the greater trochanter. The study population consisted of 257 individuals from the Terry collection in the Smithsonian Institution and included Blacks and Whites, males and females, aged 20 to 90 years. Medullary cavity and external diameters were measured at 11 levels, beginning with a line drawn perpendicular to the linea aspera at the level of the inferior border of the greater trochanter. To correct for size differences, the interval between levels was set at one‐fourth the individual femoral head diameter. The data were subjected to regression analysis and analysis of variance.

Anterior‐posterior medullary diameter is more highly correlated with age than medial‐lateral diameter. Females show the greatest relative increase with age in both dimensions, especially at subtrochanteric levels, and they tend to have relatively larger medullary cavities than males at all ages. White males have relatively larger medullary diameters than Black males. Younger White females have relatively larger medullary cavities than Black females, but the latter reach parity with White females in middle age and show a greater overall percentage of medullary expansion.
Human treponematosis and tuberculosis: Evidence from the New World
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y.
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this study has been first, to critically review the evidence for the presence of human treponematosis and tuberculosis in the skeletal remains of prehistoric natives in the New World, and second, to report on nine new cases dated to before contact and suggesting the presence of these two disease conditions.

A review of the medical history and findings by human paleopathologists leaves little doubt that both diseases originated in the Old World. The findings of this study lend further support to the fact that, although rare, human treponematosis and tuberculosis were indeed endemic in the pre‐Columbian New World before contact. There is no evidence that these two diseases could have arisen independently and de novo, especially during the relatively short time since man's arrival in the New World. Where a disease has been endemic for quite some time as appears to be the case with human treponematosis and tuberculosis, milder forms of the disease and improved host response could have developed in which only the most severe cases would be observable. This explains the rarity of skeletal lesions suggestive of these two human disease conditions in prehistoric human populations.
Log‐linear analysis of dental caries occurrence in four skeletal series
Authors: Burns Peter E.
Published: February 2006

Four skeletal series (Corinth, Greece; Gran Quivira, New Mexico; Semna South, Sudanese Nubia, and a large group from scattered sites in England) were coded for sex, jaw, tooth group, dental attrition, dental caries, site and time period. Through the concepts of a basal level of caries and a cariosity gradient, a single model was found which best described the occurrence of this disease in these samples. All factors were found to contribute significantly to the model.

Within the possible subsamples the general characteristics are that the profiles of males, of the mandibulae and of those with light attrition are more likely to have lower overall dental caries levels and to be relatively more carious in the back of the mouth than the front when compared to the pooled sample of all teeth and caries. The opposite is also found to be generally true: the teeth of females, maxillae and heavy attrition are associated with more caries, especially toward the front of the mouth. These results imply that samples appearing otherwaise homogeneous display much variation. They also reveal distinct regu‐larites in the reactions of diverse human groups to dental caries.
Health and differential survival in prehistoric populations: Prenatal dental defects
Authors: Cook Della Collins , Buikstra Jane E.
Published: February 2006

Linear hypoplasia of the deciduous teeth is rare in most human populations, but common where nutritional status is poor. Deciduous enamel hypoplasia, hypocalcification, and hypoplasia‐related caries are described in Middle and Late Woodland skeletal series from the Lower Illinois Valley. Gross enamel defects that can be referred to pre‐natal development are found in 83 of 170 children under six years of age at death. Circular caries secondary to hypoplasia is significantly more common in the Late Woodland series, reflecting the apparent higher cariogenicity of Late Woodland diets. There is a significant association between prenatal dental defects and bony evidence for anemia and infectious disease. Children with enamel defects show relatively higher weaning age mortality than those without. These relationships suggest that at least moderate levels of malnutrition existed in Illinois Woodland populations.
Skeletal evidence for kneeling in prehistoric Ecuador
Authors: Ubelaker D. H.
Published: February 2006

Bony changes on the superior distal surface of the metatarsals and the superior proximal surface of the first proximal foot phalanx are described in a prehistoric skeletal sample from Coastal Ecuador. The location and morphology of the alterations, as well as their association with femoral “squatting facets” strongly suggests they were produced by prolonged hyperdorsiflexion of the toes, probably resulting from habitual kneeling posture. Comparative data are presented from five other New World skeletal samples.
The incidence of bilateral nonmetric skeletal traits: A reanalysis of sampling procedures
Authors: Korey Kenneth A.
Published: February 2006

For reporting the incidence of bilateral skeletal traits, the choice between sampling statistics depends upon more than their relative efficiencies. Of overreaching importance are the fundamentally different assumptions about the genetic significance of bilateral asymmetry represented by the two principal sampling approaches. Sampling by side is consistent with the premise that trait expression on each side reflects an additive component of genetic variation. Implicit in sampling by individual, by contrast, is the proposition that asymmetries of expression result chiefly from developmental noise. The pattern of age‐regression indicated for many of these traits, suggesting a transient developmental role for unilateral expression, supports both this latter view and the thesis of stress asymmetry. Given this pattern, furthermore, incorporating unadjusted trait frequencies into divergence statistics would seem injudicious.
The mylohyoid bridge in the Khoisan of Southern Africa and its unsuitability as a Mongoloid genetic marker
Authors: Lundy John K.
Published: February 2006

The frequency of expression of the mylohyoid bridge was studied in the mandibles of 73 Khoisan. A high incidence (32.2%) of mylohyoid bridge was found, and this is compared with frequencies reported for other populations. The concept of D.R. Sawyer and co‐workers that the mylohyoid bridge is a significant genetic marker for Mongoloid affinity is discussed, and shown to be invalid by the results of this study.
Cranial capacity/cranial base relationships and prediction of vault form: A canonical correlation analysis
Authors: Taylor James V. , Dibennardo Robert
Published: February 2006

Canonical correlation analysis was used to test an hypothesized morphological relationship between vault form and cranial capacity relative to length of the chondrocranium. Ninety‐five adult male Czech skulls were measured for vault form expressed as length, width and height of the brain case; the chondrocranium was represented by nasion‐basion and basion‐opisthion lengths. In terms of explained variation, the first and most important dimension of covariation between vault and chondrocranial variables was size. The second most significant dimension of covariation expressed the hypothesized shape relationships—i.e., overall size being equal, the shorter the chondrocranial base relative to cranial capacity, the shorter and wider the vault. Furthermore, the competing hypothesis that vault form is determined by facial length proved untenable since facial length was predictive of vault shape only when measured as prosthion‐basion, a measure that incorporates basal length. When corrected for basal length, facial length is unrelated to vault form. The results are consistent with the assumption that phylogenetic and microevolutionary trends toward brachycephaly in man stem from changes in the relationship between two components of skull growth, the chondrocranial base and the brain.
Marital structure and genetic isolation in a rural Hispanic population in Northern New Mexico
Authors: Devor Eric J.
Published: February 2006

An investigation of the mating structure of the rural Hispanic population of the village of Abiquiu in northern New Mexico was carried out using village marriage registers. Marital movement and departure from random mating were analyzed by the distribution of birth places of marriage partners and by surname isonymy. The time periods studied were 1882 to 1910 and 1947 to 1977. The results of these analyses show marked marital isolation (median marital distances by birthplace of 11.5 and 20.0 miles, respectively) and a significant departure from random mating (F = 0.0556 and F = 0.0495, respectively). In each case the non‐random component of the isonymy coefficient (Fn) greatly exceeds the random, or expected, component. Assortative mating for culture and proximity governed by the historical settlement pattern is indicated as the process producing these results. Isolation has begun to break down in recent years but as yet has had no great effect on the genetic structure of the Abiquiu population.
Heritability of deciduous tooth size in Australian aboriginals
Authors: Townsend Grant C.
Published: February 2006

The contributions of genetic and evironmental influences to observed variability of deciduous tooth size were quantified in a group of Australian aboriginals. Phenotypic variability was partitioned into four components; between sides, between fathers, between mothers, and between offspring. Results suggested that about 58% of deciduous tooth‐size variability was due to additive genetic variance and 15% to common environmental variance. It appears that additive genetic variance is similar in both deciduous and permanent dentitions, but that common maternal effects are more important in determining deciduous tooth‐size variability.
Complex segregation analysis of Carabelli's trait in a melanesian population
Authors: Kolakowski Donald , Harris Edward F. , Bailit Howard L.
Published: February 2006

A complex segregation analysis was performed on Carabelli's trait on the upper first molar utilizing 358 nuclear families from the Solomon Islands of Bougainville and Malaita. Simultaneous estiamtion of three sources of variation by the method of maximum likelihood demonstrates a significant effect of shared sibling environment which accounts for over 19% of the variance in liability for the trait. In addition, a statistically significant major gene influence is discussed and suggestions for quantifying individual liability levels for this and other dental traits are outlined.
Cross‐sectional morphometric data on a population of semifree‐ranging squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus (Iquitos)
Authors: Scollay Patricia A.
Published: February 2006

Eight morphometric measurements and weights were taken on 169 members of a semifree‐ranging population of squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus (Iquitos), at the MonkeyJungle, Goulds, Florida. Age‐ and sex‐related differences were determined. Weight and brow‐rump length correlated most highly with age. Sexually dimorphic differences were particularly evident in weight and head width, and both of these showed seasonal variation in the males.
Genetic polymorphisms in isolated Sherpa populations of Nepal
Authors: Bangham Charles R.M. , Howarth S. E.
Published: February 2006

Data are reported on the incidence of variants in the ABO blood group system, four red cell enzyme polymorphisms, and the PTU taster/non‐taster polymorphism in 155 Sherpas and Tamangs living in two villages in the isolated Rolwaling valley in east Nepal.

The incidence of phenotype AB was unexpectedly high in one village, as has been reproted insome other high‐altitude populations: possible causes are discussed. Each of the other polymorphisms has a different pattern of distribution between the populations studied; the Sherpas' allele distribution in the phosphoglucomutase (PGM) system seems to be distinct from the surrounding populations'.

ABO gene frequencies suggest affinities between Sherpas in the study villages and old‐ and new‐clan Sherpa populations, respectively, in Solu and Khumbu.
Height and sexual dimorphism of stature among human societies
Authors: Gray J. Patrick , Wolfe Linda D.
Published: February 2006

In this study, which is concerned with the varying degrees of sexual dimorphism of stature between human societies, adult male and female height measurements and male‐female height ratios – the measure of sexual dimorphism – from 216 societies are statistically compared with several variables: marriage practices, protein availability, the presence of milking herds, settlement size, and climate. Our results indicate that while greater mean male height is associated with polygynous marriage, marriage practices did not exert an influence on the degree of sexual dimorphism of stature. On the other hand, the results suggest that while sexual dimorphism in height has a strong genetic component, dietary factors can influence the degree of dimorphism.
Postnatal growth allometry of the extremities in Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella: A longitudinal and comparative study
Authors: Jungers William L. , Fleagle John G.
Published: February 2006

Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella, partially sympatric capuchin monkeys from South America, are known to differ substantially in adult body mass and bodily proportions. C. apella possesses a robust, stocky build in contrast to the more gracile, relatively longer limbed body design of C. albifrons. Average birth weights and adult body lengths of these two congeners, however, are remarkably similar and do not serve to distinguish them. This study examines longitudinal growth rates and patterns of ontogenetic scaling in the extremities (humerus, radius, hand, femur, tibia, foot) in order to document the nature and magnitude of skeletal changes associated with increasing age and body mass.

Our data indicate that the growth rates of the six skeletal components of the limbs differ only slightly and somewhat inconsistently between the two species. Body mass, however, increases at a consistently faster rate in C. apella. Relative to body mass, therefore, the extremities of C. albifrons scale much faster than those of C. apella. This implies that at any given postnatal body mass, C. albifrons is longer limbed than C. apella. Conversely, C. apella is heavier than C. albifrons at any given limb length or age. We suggest that such differences in body mass distribution are causally related to differences in locomotor behavior and foraging strategies. Specifically, the relatively long‐limbed C. albifrons is probably more cursorial and tends to travel longer distances each day than C. apella. C. apella is a much more deliberate quadruped and is also characterized by especially vigorous and powerful foraging and feeding behaviors. We also compare our results to other (mostly cross‐sectional) studies of skeletal growth allometry in nonhuman primates.
Mandibular torus morphology
Authors: Sellevold Berit J.
Published: February 2006

The morphology of the mandibular torus was examined, and comparisons were made between a Medieval Norse skeletal population from Greenland and a 14th to 17th century Greenland Eskimo skeletal series. Three parameters were analyzed: degree of development (on a 4‐point scale), position and length, and surface morphology according to the number of knobs, or lobuli. It was found that the Eskimos have a high frequency of weakly developed tori and no cases of the extreme development, while over 20% of the Norsemen had tori in the “extreme” category. The Norse torus was generally found to be longer than that of the Eskimos, and both groups exhibited a slight asymmetry between the sides, the torus on the left side tending to be longer and more forward in position than the right. A great difference was found in surface morphology. The Norse torus is in general very irregular, while the Eskimo torus is rather smooth. These differences are believed to be genetically determined.
Generalized joint hypermobility and black admixture in school children of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Santos Maria Concepción Novoa , Azevêdo Eliane S.
Published: February 2006

Joint hypermobility was investigated in a sample of 3,000 school children, ages 6–17 years, in Bahia, Brazil. A sampling method was designed to assure an equal number of 50 children in the smallest size classes, when age, race, and sex were held constant. Race was classified in five subgroups to assess the proportion of black admixture. The overall frequency of generalized joint hypermobility was 2.3%. The darker the children the lower the frequency of affected children. However, this racial effect was also associated with age: The highest frequency of generalized joint hypermobility was among the youngest and less black mixed children, whereas among the oldest and darker children there was no case of joint hypermobility.
Reindeer Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos: Studies on blood groups, serum proteins, and red cell enzymes with regard to genetic heterogeneity
Authors: Sukernik Rem I. , Lemza Sergey V. , Karaphet Tatyana M. , Osipova Ludmila P.
Published: February 2006

Phenotype and allelic frequencies for ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Kell, Duffy, and Diego blood groups, as well as for transferrins (Tf), haptoglobins (Hp), phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1), adenylate kinase (AK), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), and acid phosphatase (AcP) are described in 9–10 adjoining populations of Reindeer Chukchi. Additionally, one of three presently existing territorial subgroups of Siberian Eskimos was studied. The total sample size ranges from 931 to 1,066 in Chukchi, and from 99 to 102 in Eskimos, depending on the genetic system studied. Substantially reduced samples for Kidd and ABO secretion were investigated solely in the Reindeer Chukchi. Significant heterogeneity of allelic frequencies has been observed among Chukchi populations (χ = 378.47, P < 0.001). Summed genetic heterogeneity between Reindeer Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos was also found to be highly significant (χ = 186.54, P < 0.001). Both groups can be readily discriminated with only four outliers: NS, P1, R1, and Pa. Random genetic drift is suggested to be responsible for a large proportion of heterogeneity of allelic frequencies at the MNSs, P, and Rh blood‐group system sites both among the Chukchi and Eskimos. Conversely, stabilizing selection is assumed as the principal agent maintaining homogeneous allelic frequencies at the AcP locus within the Chukchi subdivisions, whereas disruptive selection may be considered as a major factor leading to different pa frequencies between Chukchi and Eskimos.
Population structure of Alaskan and Siberian indigenous communities
Authors: Crawford M. H. , Mielke J. H. , Devor E. J. , Dykes D. D. , Polesky H. F.
Published: February 2006

Genetic data consisting of 14 red cell antigen groups and 11 serum and erythrocytic protein marker systems from four Eskimo populations of the Norton Sound area of Alaska are reported. The population structure of these four groups is analyzed both separately and within the larger context by comparison to 15 other circumpolar groups. These analyses reveal a good fit between genetic structure, geographic distribution, linguistic affiliation, and the ethnohistory of the region.
Cranial asymmetry in Ceboid primates: The emissary foramina
Authors: Conroy Glenn C.
Published: February 2006

Until the last decade or so, relatively little was known of cranial asymmetries in nonhuman primates. Data are slowly, but surely, accumulating for such features as transverse sinus flow, sylvian point angle differences, external brain morphology, etc. Cranial asymmetries are being analyzed and related to such diverse problems as “handedness” and phylogenetic systematics. It has been known for over 200 years that cranial asymmetry exists in some of the cerebral blood flow patterns in man, particularly the internal jugular pathway. Although earlier anatomists assumed this was only characteristic of “higher primates” (meaning man and the great apes), little quantitative data have been available to either support or deny this belief. There is a particular dearth of information for New World primates. The aim of this study is to contribute to the growing literature on cerebral asymmetries by partially filling in this gap in our knowledge of New World primate biology.
Heritability and components of phenotypic expression in skin reflectance of Mestizos from the Peruvian Lowlands
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Wainwright Robert , Way Antony
Published: February 2006

Skin reflectance was measured on the inner upper arm and forehead of a sample of 209 Mestizos ranging in age from 2 to 64 years living in the town of Lamas in the Eastern Peruvian Lowlands. The sample consisted of 43 father‐son, 42 father‐daughter, 62 mother‐son, and 70 mother‐daughter pairs. The sample also consisted of 57 brother‐brother, 60 sister‐sister and 139 brother‐sister pairs. The reflectance measurements were made with a Photovolt Reflection Meter, model 670. Stepwise polynomial regression techniques were used to derive standardized residual values. Then using these residual values parent‐offspring, sibling intraclass correlations and components of the phenotypic expression of skin reflectance were calculated. The study indicates that 1) the parent‐offspring and sibling correlation coefficients conformed with the theoretical correlations expected assuming polygenic inheritance; 2) the husband‐wife correlations indicate a high degree of assortative mating for skin color, but despite this effect the parent‐offspring and sibling correlation coefficients are lower than the values expected under the influence of autosomal genes; 3) estimates of heritability and components of phenotypic expression indicate that about 55% of the total variability in skin reflectance could be attributed to the influence of additive genetic factors; and 4) there is no evidence of X‐linkage in the inheritance of skin color.
The St. Lawrence Island Eskimos: Genetic variation and genetic distance
Authors: Ferrell Robert E. , Chakraborty Ranajit , Gershowitz Henry , Laughlin W. S. , Schull W. J.
Published: February 2006

The Eskimos of St. Lawrence Island have been typed for genetic variation at 44 discrete genetic loci. Three private polymorphisms, at the 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate mutase, peptidase B, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase loci, have been observed, which may be useful in future studies of genetic relationships between Eskimos and other circumpolar populations. Genetic distance analysis reveals a close relationship between the St. Lawrence Island Eskimos and other Eskimo populations and that the Eskimo populations form a distinct cluster from Amerindian populations. The St. Lawrence Island Eskimos appear to be more similar to Asiatic Eskimos than to other groups. Caucasian admixture in this population is estimated to be between 2 and 7%.
Deciduous tooth dimensions in fetal rhesus monkeys from mothers with induced diabetes
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A. , Cheverud James M. , Booth Sandra N.
Published: February 2006

Thirty‐four measurements of the deciduous dentition in 21 fetal rhesus monkeys from diabetic mothers (FDM) and 36 nondiabetic fetuses were compared in order to assess the effects of induced maternal diabetes on the teeth of third‐trimester fetuses. After exclusion of 14 variates due to significant age‐related variation, univariate statistical analysis suggested a trend toward smaller teeth in the FDMs. Multivariate discriminant function analysis indicated not only a clear separation between the two groups, with molar breadths and some incisor lengths and breadths serving as the best discriminators, but also that the deciduous dental dimensions in FDMs are smaller than in nondiabetic fetuses.
Sexual dimorphism in two subspecies of Ethiopian baboons (Papio hamadryas) and their hybrids
Authors: Phillips‐Conroy Jane E. , Jolly Clifford J.
Published: February 2006

Sexual dimorphism in mammals has been related to such variables as absolute body size, ecology, and various aspects of social behaviour. Attempts to relate dimorphism to any of these variables have necessarily used small heterogeneous samples to represent the relevant species. We are concerned by the inevitable exclusion of any measure of variability in dimorphism and the consequent impossiblity of assessing the significance of observed interspecific differences. In this paper we describe aspects of sexual dimorphism in anubis,hamadryas, and hybrid baboons from Ethiopia. Samples are large enough to permit a measure of intrapopulation variability. Hamadryas baboons are more dimorphic than anubis in epigamic features, but not in postcanine dentition, nor, contrary to previous reports, in body weight or canine tooth size. Hybrid males are more hamadryas‐like and hybrid females more anubis‐like, as would be predicted by the proposed mechanism for the establishment of the hybrid zone, namely the capture of anubis females by hamadryas males.
Relative growth of the limbs and trunk in the African apes
Authors: Shea Brian T.
Published: February 2006

Examination of relative growth and allometry is important for our understanding of the African apes, as they represent a closely related group of species of increasing body size. This study presents a comparison of ontogenetic relative growth patterns of some postcranial dimensions in Pan paniscus, Pantroglodytes, and Gorilla gorilla. Interspecific proportion differences among the three species are also analyzed. It is stressed that reliable ontogenetic information can only be obtained if subadults are examined‐growth data cannot be inferred from static adult scaling. Results indicate that some postcranial relative growth patterns are very similar in the three species, suggesting differential extrapolation of a common growth pattern, whereas for other proportion comparisons the growth trends differ markedly among the species, producing distinct shape differences in the adults

Interspecific shape changes among the three species are characterized by positive allometry of chest girth and negative allometry of body height and leg length. It is suggested that relative decrease of leg length with increasing body size among the African pongids might be expected on biomechanical grounds, in order to maintain similar locomotor abilities of climbing arborealism and quadrupedal terrestrialism. Relative to body weight or trunk length, the limbs of the bonobo (Pan paniscus) are longer than in the common chimpanzee or the gorilla, with a lower intermembral index. This may most closely resemble the primitive condition for the African apes.