bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La renta básica de ciudadanía y su posible efecto llamada
Authors: Boso Àlex , Vancea Mihaela
Published: July 2011

A pesar de la gran cantidad de estudios desarrollados en las últimas dos décadas sobre la propuesta de la renta básica, su relación con el proceso de migración internacional no ha sido abordado de forma clara y exhaustiva. En este artículo, se explora la viabilidad de la aplicación de una propuesta de renta básica de ciudadanía que incluya como población beneficiada a las personas inmigradas con más de un año de residencia. El principal objetivo del estudio es examinar la hipótesis del efecto llamada de una renta básica, contrastando los argumentos que la sostienen. El análisis se centra en el potencial comportamiento de los agentes que pretenden emigrar ante la introducción de una renta básica en un posible país de destino. El estudio aporta argumentos teóricos y datos empíricos que ponen en cuestión la magnitud e incluso la existencia de un posible efecto llamada de una renta básica, ya que apunta a que la propuesta no constituye una causa ni necesaria ni suficiente para el incremento de la población inmigrada.
Nuevo examen de los grabados paleolíticos de El Pendo (Cantabria, España). Consideraciones sobre las aves del arte paleolítico de la Península Ibérica
Authors: Jiménez Guijarro Jesús , Sánchez Marco Antonio , García Díez Marcos
Published: July 2011

La presencia de aves en el repertorio iconográfico del arte rupestre paleolítico es muy escasa. Desde 1907 se vienen describiendo unas figuras de alca y de rapaz (probablemente buitre) en la parte final de la cueva de El Pendo. Los autores las asignan a un momento antiguo, desde el Auriñaciense hasta el Magdaleniense inferior. Una nueva lectura del conjunto de grabados permite apuntar la presencia inequívoca de una imagen de ave, sin características que permitan su identificación taxonómica precisa. El trabajo revisa, además, las imágenes de aves conocidas en el arte rupestre paleolítico de la Península Ibérica.
Libraries of a Yester-Era
Authors: Silva Roland
Published: July 2011

Seals found at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa civilizations and Clay Tablets of Mesopotamia prove that the concept of libraries originated in the prehistoric era and mostly centered on Asia. Dr. Siran Deraniyagala in his study through excavation of Anuradhapura found written materials akin to Brahmi writing assigned to the third century B.C. This indicates that Sri Lanka have had a deep rooted history of libraries. After Buddhist Texts were systematically documented at Aluvihara, in 89-77 B.C. it is clear that every Vihara had provisions for storage of books especially the doctrinal texts covering Thripitaka. This article investigates the architectural view of libraries in ancient Buddhist monasteries of Sri Lanka. Buddhist monasteries in ancient Sri Lanka find various types viz. Mahavihara Type, Panchavasa Type, and Vanavasa Type and every Vihara had a place for doctrinal studies where much use of books occurred. These places were attached to edifices such as Uposathaghara, Chapter house or Parivenas in monasteries.Keywords: Sri Lanka Library History; Ceylon Architecture; Ancient libraries; Monastery libraries of Sri Lanka; Buddhist Monasteriesdoi: 10.4038/jula.v14i1.2684 Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka. Vol.14 (Issue 1). 2010 1-14
Copyright Protection and Distance Librarianship: provisions and constraints observed in copy right law of Sri Lanka
Authors: Gunasekera Damayanthi
Published: July 2011

The article discuses the existing copyright act and its provisions and barriers that are connected with distance librarianship. The key role of the distance librarianship is facilitating equality of access to information and resources to remote learners in this digital environment. Librarians have to take measures to fulfill different user needs in an environment where there is a balance between the rights of the creators and the needs of users. Further, article discusses about how distance librarianship is affected by copyright law. The act has neglected the distance librarianship in the area of reproduction. Service providers have to support distance learners equally while respecting the ownership. Finally, the paper presents the solutions for the copyright problems and steps that should be taken to get rid of those legal problems by the service providers.Key words: Copyright protection; copyright history; Distance librarianship; Library servicesdoi: 10.4038/jula.v14i1.2690Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka. Vol.14 (Issue 1). 2010 89-105
A Rare t(9;22;16)(q34;q11;q24) Translocation in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia for Which Imatinib Mesylate Was Effective: A Case Report
Authors: Manabe Masahiro , Yoshii Yumi , Mukai Satoru , Sakamoto Erina , Kanashima Hiroshi , Inoue Takeshi , Teshima Hirofumi
Published: July 2011

The t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation is found in about 90% of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. About 5–10% of CML patients have complex variant translocations involving a third chromosome in addition to chromosomes 9 and 22. Herein, we describe a CML-chronic phase male with a complex translocation involving chromosome 16, t(9;22;16)(q34;q11;q24). First, he was treated with interferon-alpha and intermittent hydroxyurea, but only a partial cytogenetic response was attained. Subsequently, the patient was treated with imatinib mesylate because of an additional chromosome abnormality, trisomy 8. A major molecular response was obtained after one year's imatinib therapy, and the follow-up chromosomal analysis performed 4 years and 3 months after the initiation of imatinib therapy displayed a normal karyotype of 46,XY.
Immune Reactions following Cord Blood Transplantations in Adults
Authors: Narimatsu Hiroto
Published: July 2011

Cord blood transplantation (CBT) is an attractive alternative therapy in adult patients with advanced hematological malignancies in whom matched donors are unavailable. However, the risk of complications, especially infections, post-CBT increases the mortality rates in these patients. Although the incidence of acute and chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) post-CBT is lower than that following bone marrow transplantation and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (SCT), the additional immunosuppressive therapy required to treat it could increase the mortality in these patients. Further, chronic GVHD following CBT is milder and responds better to treatment than that occurring after bone marrow transplants. Unlike bone marrow transplantation, the onset of GVHD is a positive prognostic indicator of overall survival in patients receiving CBT, due to the graft versus malignancy (GVM) effect. This paper focuses on the immune reactions following CBT and aims to elucidate a management strategy for acute and chronic GVHD.
Meckel’s Diverticulitis Causing Small Bowel Obstruction by a Novel Mechanism
Authors: Shelat Vishalkumar G. , Li Kaiwen Kelvin , Rao Anil , Guan Tay Sze
Published: July 2011

Meckel’s diverticulum occurs in 2% of the general population and majority of patients remain asymptomatic. Gastrointestinal bleeding is the most common presentation in the paediatric population. While asymptomatic and incidentally found Meckel’s diverticulum may be left alone, surgery is essential for treating a symptomatic patient. Despite advances in imaging and technology, pre-operative diagnosis is often difficult. We present a first report of an unusual mechanism of small bowel obstruction due to Meckel’s diverticulitis in a paediatric patient. The diagnosis was only apparent at laparotomy.
Population size, structure and habitat features of Haworthia koelmaniorum var. mcmurtryi, an endemic plant from Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Authors: Biko’o Armand A. , Du Plessis Dawid G.C. , Myburgh Willem J.
Published: July 2011

Haworthia koelmaniorum Oberm. & D.S. Hardy var. mcmurtryi (C.L. Scott) M.B. Bayer is an endemic plant restricted to the high-lying areas of Mpumalanga Province in South Africa. There is a serious lack of information on this species; it was known from only two populations at the time of the study but this information did not include population sizes and structures or its habitat requirements. A total count was conducted of one of the two populations to determine its size. Recorded plants were classified into age groups – according to their size and number of leaves – to determine the population structure. A detailed investigation of the habitat features of the studied population was also conducted. It was found that the studied population consisted of 1284 individuals and comprised approximately 4% seedlings, 12% juveniles and 84% mature plants. The species was found to have specialised habitat requirements, occurring only on red rhyolite of the Selons River Formation. The plants were also found to select very specific habitat features within their range of occurrence. The species also seems to be adapted to fire and has developed strategies to survive fire events. It is recommended that future research projects on this species use the same methods and age groups as this study to facilitate comparison. It is also recommended that more research be initiated to determine the population and seed viability, specific pollinators and the optimum fire frequency and intensity for this species.Conservation implications: This article provides baseline information related to the size, structure and habitat features of one of two known populations of Haworthia koelmaniorum var. mcmurtryi. This information will contribute to the understanding of the ecology of this plant, thus contributing to better management decisions to enhance its in situ conservation.
Scanning electron microscopy investigation of fibrin networks after thermal injury
Authors: Pretorius Etheresia , Olivier Jeané , Oberholzer Hester M. , Van der Spuy Wendy J.
Published: July 2011

Injury due to burning is known to impact on coagulation and haemostasis by disturbing the coagulation cascade and is also associated with impaired fibrinolysis. Also, venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and hypercoagulability are common during thermal injury. Using a Wistar albino rat model, we investigated in this study whether burn injury affects the ultrastructure of the fibrin networks. A typical fibrin network will contain mostly major, thick fibres with minor, thin fibres distributed amongst them. We found that the clot architecture changes after burn injury, showing more prominent minor, thin fibres in a netted appearance. Also, the clot showed areas of matted fibrin. We suggest that the thrombotic events associated with burn injury are due to the thickened and netlike areas formed when thrombin activates the coagulation cascade. This is due to impaired fibrinolysis activities, causing the resulting fibrin clots not to be successfully disseminated. Small fragments of these netted, clumped areas may therefore break loose and lead to thrombotic events after burn injuries. The current study therefore provided morphological evidence for thrombotic events associated with burn injury.
An Asymptotic Bound on the Composition Number of Integer Sums of Squares Formulas
Authors: Hrubeš P. , Wigderson A. , Yehudayoff A.
Published: July 2011

Let σZ(k) be the smallest n such that there exists an identity , with f1, . . . , fn being polynomials with integer coefficients in the variables x1, . . . , xk and y1, . . . , yk. We prove that σℤ(k) ≥ (k6/5).
Semi-invariant Submersions from Almost Hermitian Manifolds
Authors: Ṣahin Bayram
Published: July 2011

We introduce semi-invariant Riemannian submersions from almost Hermitian manifolds onto Riemannian manifolds. We give examples, investigate the geometry of foliations that arise from the definition of a Riemannian submersion, and find necessary sufficient conditions for total manifold to be a locally product Riemannian manifold. We also find necessary and sufficient conditions for a semi-invariant submersion to be totally geodesic. Moreover, we obtain a classification for semiinvariant submersions with totally umbilical fibers and show that such submersions put some restrictions on total manifolds.
Numerical Methods for Constrained Elliptic Optimal Control Problems with Rapidly Oscillating Coefficients
Authors: Chen Yanping , Tang Yuelong
Published: July 2011

In this paper we use two numerical methods to solve constrained optimal control problems governed by elliptic equations with rapidly oscillating coefficients: one is finite element method and the other is multiscale finite element method. We derive the convergence analysis for those two methods. Analytical results show that finite element method can not work when the parameter ε is small enough, while multiscale finite element method is useful for any parameter ε.
Mixed Fourier-Jacobi Spectral Method for Two-Dimensional Neumann Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Yu Xu-Hong , Wang Zhong-Qing
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we propose a mixed Fourier-Jacobi spectral method for two dimensional Neumann boundary value problem. This method differs from the classical spectral method. The homogeneous Neumann boundary condition is satisfied exactly. Moreover, a tridiagonal matrix is employed, instead of the full stiffness matrix encountered in the classical variational formulation. For analyzing the numerical error, we establish the mixed Fourier-Jacobi orthogonal approximation. The convergence of proposed scheme is proved. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of this approach.
Where do we need additional in situ aerosol and sun photometer data?: a critical examination of spatial biases between MODIS and MISR aerosol products
Authors: Shi Y. , Zhang J. , Reid J. S. , Hyer E. J. , Eck T. F. , Holben B. N. , Kahn R. A.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data are the primary benchmark for evaluating satellite retrieved aerosol properties. However, despite its extensive coverage, the representativeness of the AERONET data is rarely discussed. Indeed, many studies have shown that satellite retrieval biases have a significant degree of spatial correlation that may be problematic for higher-level processes or inverse-emissions-modeling studies. To consider these issues and evaluate relative performance in regions of few surface observations, cross-comparisons between the aerosol optical depth (AOD) products of operational MODIS Collection 5.1 Dark Target (DT) and operational MODIS Collection 5.1 Deep Blue (DB) with MISR version 22 were conducted. Through such comparisons, we can observe coherent spatial features of the AOD bias while sidestepping the full analysis required for determining when or where either retrieval is more correct. We identify regions where MODIS to MISR AOD ratios were found to be above 1.3 or below 0.75. Regions where lower boundary condition uncertainty is likely to be a dominant factor include portions of Western North America, the Andes Mountains, Saharan Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Central Asia. Similarly, microphysical biases may be an issue in greater South America, and specific parts of Southern Africa, India Asia, East Asia, and Indonesia. These results help identify high-priority locations for possible future deployments of both in situ and ground-based remote sensing measurements. Supplement include GeoTIFF and kml files.
Calcification in the planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides linked to phosphate concentrations in surface waters of the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Aldridge D. , Beer C. J. , Purdie D. A.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Marine calcifiers, such as planktonic foraminifera, form a major component of the global carbon cycle, acting as both a source and sink of CO2. Understanding factors that affect calcification in these organisms is therefore critical in predicting how the oceans will respond to increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Here, size-normalised weights (SNWs) of the planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides, collected from the surface waters of the North Atlantic, are compared with in situ carbonate ion concentrations ([CO32−]), optimum growth conditions (implied from G. bulloides abundances), and nutrient concentrations. Significant positive relationships suggest that phosphate concentration ([PO43−]) has the greatest effect on G. bulloides SNWs, with reduced test masses at higher concentrations (range: 0.04–0.31 μM). [CO32−] appears to have a minor effect over the range of values examined (148–181 μmol kg−1), and no evidence was found for increased SNWs under apparent optimum growth conditions. These findings point to the potential importance of phosphate concentration in determining calcification rates in foraminifera, a factor which has been overlooked by previous studies on these organisms. The confirmation of these results via carefully controlled culture studies is recommended in the future.
Sensitivity analysis of the GEMS soil organic carbon model to land cover land use classification uncertainties under different climate scenarios in Senegal
Authors: Dieye A. M. , Roy D. P. , Hanan N. P. , Liu S. , Hansen M. , Touré A.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Spatially explicit land cover land use (LCLU) change information is needed to drive biogeochemical models that simulate soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Such information is increasingly being mapped using remotely sensed satellite data with classification schemes and uncertainties constrained by the sensing system, classification algorithms and land cover schemes. In this study, automated LCLU classification of multi-temporal Landsat satellite data were used to assess the sensitivity of SOC modeled by the Global Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS). The GEMS was run for an area of 1560 km2 in Senegal under three climate change scenarios with LCLU maps generated using different Landsat classification approaches. This research provides a method to estimate the variability of SOC, specifically the SOC uncertainty due to satellite classification errors, which we show is dependent not only on the LCLU classification errors but also on where the LCLU classes occur relative to the other GEMS model inputs.
Volatile diterpene emission from dominant conifers in Japan
Authors: Matsunaga S. N. , Chatani S. , Nakatsuka S. , Kusumoto D. , Kubota K. , Utsumi Y. , Enoki T. , Tani A. , Hiura T.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are known to affect atmospheric chemistry, especially biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) which have a significant impact on regional air quality due to their large emission rates and high reactivities. Diterpenes (Kaur-16-ene and a diterpene likely to be Hibaene) were detected in all of the 205 enclosure air samples collected over multiple seasons at two different sites from Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa trees, the dominant coniferous trees in Japan. The emission rate of Kaur-16-ene, was determined to be from 0.01 to 7.1 μg dwg−1 h−1 (average: 0.61 μg dwg−1 h−1) by branch enclosure measurements and solid phase – liquid extraction techniques. The emission rate was an order of magnitude higher than that of monoterpenes which are known to comprise a major portion of total BVOC emissions. In addition, total emission of Kaur-16-ene at 30 °C was estimated to be comparable to that of total anthropogenic VOC emissions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of volatile diterpene emissions from trees.
Coupled atmosphere-wildland fire modeling with WRF 3.3 and SFIRE 2011
Authors: Mandel J. , Beezley J. D. , Kochanski A. K.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. We describe the physical model, numerical algorithms, and software structure of a model consisting of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, coupled with the fire-spread model (SFIRE) module. In every time step, the fire model inputs the surface wind, which drives the fire, and outputs the heat flux from the fire into the atmosphere, which in turn influences the atmosphere. SFIRE is implemented by the level set method, which allows a submesh representation of the burning region and a flexible implementation of various kinds of ignition. The coupled model is capable of running on a cluster faster than real time even with fine resolution in dekameters. It is available as a part of the Open Wildland Fire Modeling (OpenWFM) environment at http://openwfm.org, which contains also utilities for visualization, diagnostics, and data processing, including an extended version of the WRF Preprocessing System (WPS). The SFIRE code with a subset of the features is distributed with WRF 3.3 as WRF-Fire.
Tornadoes and waterspouts in Catalonia (1950–2009)
Authors: Gayà M. , Llasat M.-C. , Arús J.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. This paper presents a preliminary climatology of tornadoes and waterspouts in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). A database spanning 60 yr (1950–2009) has been developed on the basis of information collected from various sources such as weather reports, insurance companies, newspapers and damage surveys. This database has been subjected to a rigorous validation process, and the climatology describes its main features: timing, spatial pattern, and trends in the tornado and waterspout distribution. Results show the highest concentration of tornadoes from August to October, the highest density in the heavily populated coastal areas and a growing positive trend that is likely more closely linked to an increase in observation and perception rather than a real climatic trend.
Re-evaluation of the Mentelle Basin, a polyphase rifted margin basin, offshore southwest Australia: new insights from integrated regional seismic datasets
Authors: Maloney D. , Sargent C. , Direen N. G. , Hobbs R. W. , Gröcke D. R.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Vintage 2-D (two-dimensional) seismic reflection surveys from the sparsely explored Mentelle Basin (western Australian margin) have been reprocessed and integrated with a recent high-quality 2-D seismic survey and stratigraphic borehole data. Interpretation of these data sets allows the internal geometry of the Mentelle Basin fill and depositional history to be reanalysed and new insights into its formation revealed. Basin stratigraphy can be subdivided into several seismically defined megasequences separated by major unconformities related to both breakup between India-Madagascar and Australia-Antarctica in the Valanginian-Late Hauterivian and tectonically-driven switches in deposition through the Albian. Resting on the Valanginian-Late Hauterivian breakup unconformity are several kilometre-scale mounded structures that formed during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous extension. These have previously been interpreted as volcanic edifices although direct evidence of volcanic feeder systems is lacking. An alternative interpretation is that these features may be carbonate build-ups. The latter interpretation carries significant climatic ramifications since carbonate build-ups would have formed at high palaeolatitude, ~60° S. Soon after breakup, initial subsidence resulted in a shallow marine environment and deposition of Barremian-Aptian silty-sandy mudstones. As subsidence continued, thick successions of Albian ferruginous black clays were deposited. Internally, seismic megasequences composed of successions of black clays show previously unresolved unconformities, onlapping and downlapping packages, which reflect a complex depositional, rifting and subsidence history at odds with their previous interpretation as open marine sediments. Southwestwards migration of the Kerguelen hotspot led to thermal contraction and subsidence to the present day water depth (~3000 m). This was accompanied by Turonian-Santonian deposition of massive chalk beds, which are unconformably overlain by pelagic Palaeocene-Holocene sediments. This substantial unconformity is related to the diachronous breakup and onset of slow spreading between Australia and Antarctica, which may have led to the reactivation and inversion of basement faults and was followed by rapid seafloor spreading from the Middle Eocene to the present.
Laboratory study of frazil ice accumulation under wave conditions
Authors: De la Rosa S. , Maus S.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Ice growth in turbulent seawater is often accompanied by the accumulation of frazil ice crystals at its surface. The thickness and volume fraction of this ice layer play an important role in shaping the gradual transition from a loose to a solid ice cover, however, observations are very sparse. Here we analyse an extensive set of observations of frazil ice, grown in two parallel tanks with controlled wave conditions and thermal forcing, focusing on the first one to two days of grease ice accumulation. The following unresolved issues are addressed: (i) at which volume fraction the frazil crystal rising process starts and how densely they accumulate at the surface, (ii) how the grease ice solid fraction evolves with time until solid ice starts to form and (iii) how do these conditions affect, and are affected by, waves and heat loss from the ice. We obtained estimates of the initial frazil ice solid fraction (0.04–0.05), the maximum solid fraction to which it accumulates (0.24–0.28), as well as the time-scale of packing, at which 95 % of the frazil reaches the maximum solid fraction (12–18 h). Comparison of ice thickness and wave observations also indicates that grease ice first begins to affect the wave field significantly when its thickness exceeds the initial wave amplitude. These results are relevant for modelling frazil ice accumulation and freeze-up of leads, polynyas and the seasonal ice zone.
Paul Ricoeur's Surprising Take on Recognition
Authors: Laitinen Arto
Published: July 2011

This essay examines Paul Ricœur’s views on recognition in his book The Course of Recognition. It highlights those aspects that are in some sense surprising, in relation to his previous publications and the general debates on Hegelian Anerkennung and the politics of recognition. After an overview of Ricœur’s book, the paper examines the meaning of “recognition” in Ricœur’s own proposal, in the dictionaries Ricœur uses, and in the contemporary debates. Then it takes a closer look at the ideas of recognition as identification and as “taking as true.” Then it turns to recognition (attestation) of oneself, in light of the distinction between human constants (and the question “What am I?”), and human variables (and the question “Who Am I?”). The last section concerns the dialectics of struggles for recognition and states of peace, and the internal relationship between the contents of a normative demand and what counts as satisfying the demand.
The Fechnerian Idea
Authors: Dzhafarov Ehtibar N. , Colonius Hans
Published: July 2011

From the principle that subjective dissimilarity between 2 stimuli is determined by their ratio, Fechner derives his logarithmic law in 2 ways. In one derivation, ignored and forgotten in modern accounts of Fechner’s theory, he formulates the principle in question as a functional equation and reduces it to one with a known solution. In the other derivation, well known and often criticized, he solves the same functional equation by differentiation. Both derivations are mathematically valid (the much-derided “expedient principle” mentioned by Fechner can be viewed as merely an inept way of pointing at a certain property of the differentiation he uses). Neither derivation uses the notion of just-noticeable differences. But if Weber’s law is accepted in addition to the principle in question, then the dissimilarity between 2 stimuli is approximately proportional to the number of just-noticeable differences that fit between these stimuli: The smaller Weber’s fraction the better the approximation, and Weber’s fraction can always be made arbitrarily small by an appropriate convention. We argue, however, that neither the 2 derivations of Fechner’s law nor the relation of this law to thresholds constitutes the essence of Fechner’s approach. We see this essence in the idea of additive cumulation of sensitivity values. Fechner’s work contains a surprisingly modern definition of sensitivity at a given stimulus: the rate of growth of the probability-of-greater function, with this stimulus serving as a standard. The idea of additive cumulation of sensitivity values lends itself to sweeping generalizations of Fechnerian scaling.
The Structure of Common Fears: Comparing Three Different Models
Authors: De Jongh Ad , Oosterink Floor M. D. , Kieffer Jacobien M. , Hoogstraten Johan , Aartman Irene H. A.
Published: July 2011

Previous studies showed discrepant findings regarding the factor structure of common fears. The purpose of the present study was to expand on these findings and contribute to the development of a descriptive framework for a fear classification. Using data from the Dutch general population (n = 961; 50.9% women), an exploratory factor analysis was performed to delineate the multidimensional structure of 11 common fears previously used in a factor analytic study by Fredrikson, Annas, Fischer, and Wik (1996). An independent sample (n = 998; 48.3% women) was used to confirm the newly derived model by means of confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the model was tested against the DSM–IV–TR model and a model found earlier by Fredrikson et al. (1996). Although support was found for a 3-factor solution consisting of a blood–injection–injury factor, a situational–animal factor, and a height-related factor, confirmatory factor analysis showed that this 3-factor model and the DSM–IV–TR 4-factor model fitted the data equally well. The findings suggest that the structure of subclinical fears can be inferred from the DSM classification of phobia subtypes and that fears and phobias are two observable manifestations of a fear response along a continuum.
Living with Lions: Lessons from Laikipia
Authors: Frank Laurence
Published: July 2011

Lion numbers are in steep decline in Africa. Lions have been eliminated from agricultural areas, and pastoralists have lost tolerance for predators; ready availability of cheap and effective poison poses a critical threat to their survival in Kenya outside of the largest national parks. However, lions still thrive on the commercial ranchlands of Laikipia District, where landowners use traditional low-cost African methods of livestock husbandry to effectively protect domestic stock from predators. Thus, Laikipia has been an ideal laboratory in which to investigate the ecology of predators living in human-dominated landscapes and factors in management of both livestock and lions which allow coexistence between them. Although socioeconomically unrepresentative of most African rangelands, the Laikipia experience shows that it is easy to raise livestock in the presence of viable populations of large carnivores if people have incentive and motivation to take basic, traditional measures to keep them apart. The current lack of financial incentives for rural Kenyans to tolerate wildlife, however, may limit the usefulness of the Laikipia model to privately owned lands.
Attitudes Toward Predators and Options for Their Conservation in the Ewaso Ecosystem
Authors: Romañach Stephanie S. , Lindsey Peter A. , Woodroffe Rosie
Published: July 2011

The act of killing predators over livestock predation has been the principal cause of declining predator populations throughout Africa. Finding solutions for the coexistence of people with predators in the Ewaso region is of great importance for the local tourism industry and for the persistence of Kenya’s wildlife outside of protected areas. We report results of an assessment of attitudes toward predators by landholders and land users in the Ewaso region and their tolerance of livestock losses, relative to socioeconomic factors. Although prospects are good for predator conservation on largescale private ranches, the future of predators on communally owned properties remains uncertain. Prospects would be improved not only by finding solutions to reduce livestock depredation but also by ensuring that individuals tolerating losses from predators receive benefits from having predators on their land. Additionally, policy changes are needed to allow landholders to capitalize on benefits from wildlife, which would encourage their participation in wildlife conservation.
ESTIMATING TOTAL GLOMERULAR NUMBER IN HUMAN KIDNEYS WITH A PHYSICAL DISECTOR/FRACTIONATOR COMBINATION
Authors: Johnson Kelli J , Wreford Nigel G , Hoy Wendy E , Bertram John F
Published: July 2011

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) has emerged as a major health issue for Australian Aborigines. This phenomenon is paralleled in other populations that have adopted a Westernised lifestyle, including African Americans. It has been suggested that abnormal glomerular hypertrophy (glomerulomegaly) is an important predisposing factor for ESRD. The pathogenesis of glomerulomegaly remains unknown. It may represent a compensatory hypertrophic response to decreased nephron endowment during fetal development. Alternatively, glomerulomegaly may represent an abnormal haemodynamic/metabolic response to repeated infections, including renal infections during postnatal life. Since glomerular number and size are important issues associated with ESRD, an optimum quantitative method is required for estimating these parameters in human kidneys. The total number of glomeruli in the normal human kidney appears to vary by a factor of three or more, ranging from approximately 300,000 to more than 1 million. Recently, unbiased stereological methods for estimating total glomerular number in kidneys have been developed. The general aim of the present study was to evaluate (in terms of precision and efficiency) a stereological method for estimating total glomerular number in human kidneys; the physical disector/fractionator combination. This method provided consistent estimates of total glomerular number. Estimates of total glomerular number obtained for four human kidneys ranged from 364,161 to 586,094 (coefficients of variation 9.2% to 20.0%). Mean glomerular volume for the four kidneys ranged from 6.04 to 10.32 μm3 x 106. These results indicate that this method is a precise and consistent method for estimating total glomerular number in human kidneys. The simple sampling technique developed in this study will be employed in future studies to determine if there is a difference in total glomerular, and hence nephron, number between Australian Aborigines and Caucasians, and between African and Caucasian Americans.
GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY GROWTH AND CELLULAR HYPERPLASIA IN A MODEL OF FOCAL AND SEGMENTAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS
Authors: Bertram John F , Cahill Meroe M
Published: July 2011

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a chronic renal disorder characterized by segmental glomerular lesions and widespread podocyte foot process effacement. We have previously shown that glomerular enlargement (hypertrophy) precedes the development of FSGS in an animal model not previously thought to involve glomerular hypertrophy. This hypertrophy involved growth of glomerular capillaries. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the capillary growth involved an increase in the number of capillaries per glomerulus, or lengthening of existing capillaries. In addition, we examined the contribution of glomerular cell hyperplasia to the hypertrophy. We found that glomerular capillary growth in this model appears to primarily involve lengthening of existing capillaries rather that sprouting of new capillaries, and that glomerular cell proliferation contributes to the glomerular hypertrophy.
BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TETRACYCLINES ON SPONTANEOUS OSTEOARTHRITIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Bri Edin De , Lei Wei
Published: July 2011

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are mediators in connective tissue destruction in a variety of pathologic processes. Recently discovered chemically modified tetracyclines have been found to be effective inhibitors of MMP mediated connective tissue degradation in both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). The Hartley guinea pig model has been described with a high incidence of spontaneous OA-like changes in the knee joint. Therefore we have studied the effect of two tetracyclines, doxycycline (Dox) and chemically modified tetracycline-7 (CMT-7) which have both previously been shown as potent MMP inhibitors. We found that prophylactic orally given CMT-7 decreases OA changes in the knee joints both in vitro and in vivo in the guinea pig OA model. OA changes were most severe in the central compartment of the medial condyle in the control group. Cartilage fibrillation and destruction, in addition to subchondral bone sclerosis and cyst formation were all less in the CMT-7 treated group compared with controls. Collagen, hyaluronan and proteoglycan content in cartilage was higher in the CMT-7 treated group compared with controls. In contrast, OA changes were not decreased in the Dox group. These results show that tetracyclines, but not all tetracyclines, can reduce the severity of OA in the guinea pig model of spontaneous OA.
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY IN THE HONEY BEE BRAIN USING THE CAVALIERI ESTIMATOR OF VOLUME AND THE DISECTOR METHOD
Authors: Brown Sheena M , Napper Ruth MA , Mercerl Alison R
Published: July 2011

The antennal lobe of the worker honey bee has been used as a model system to address the origins of structural plasticity in the central nervous system. A combination of light and electron microscopy was used to determine total synapse number within an easily identifiable sub-unit of the antennal lobe neuropil, the T4-2(1) glomerulus. The Cavalieri method was applied at the light microscope level to determine a reference volume (Vref) of this glomerulus. Using transmission electron microscopy, the physical disector was used to determine synaptic density (Nv) within the T4-2(1) glomerulus. An estimate of the total synapse number N(syn) was determined by; N(syn) = V(ref) Nv. Newly emerged, 4-day old,10-day old and forager-aged bees were analysed. Results showed that despite a significant increase in T4-2(1) volume with age, the total number of synapses in this glomerulus did not show a corresponding increase. Disturbingly, it is possible that huge variances within age groups, due to one or two outlying data points, could be masking the true trend of synapse number. This variance, the heterogeneous distribution of synapses within this glomerulus and the problems associated with reproducibility of synapse counts are discussed.
11 YEARS OF BIOSTEREOLOGY IN CHINA
Authors: Shen Hong
Published: July 2011

Biostereology in China is very active. Here is a brief summary: Organization: The organization of biostereology in China was founded in Nov. 1988. Its name is Chinese Society of Biomedical Stereology (CSBS), and is affiliated to the Chinese Society for Stereology (CSS). The first joint president of CSS/BMC was Prof. Peixuan Tang, the second and now the third, is Prof. Dewen Wang. There are 556 registered members. Academic Congresses: Sessions of the National Biostereological Congress were convened in 1990, 1992, 1996 and 2000. Publications: Four works were written and published in China. One is "Quantitative Histology" (Luji Shi, 1964), another is "Stereological Morphometry For Cell Morphology" (Fusheng Zheng, 1990), the third one is "Practical Biostereological Techniques" (Hong Shen and Yingzhong Shen, 1991) and the fourth one is "Quantitative Cytology and Cytochemistry Techniques" (Genxing Xu, 1994). A Chinese Journal of Stereology and Image Analysis has been published since 1996. Courses: More than ten national training courses on biostereology were held. In some medical universities or colleges, a biostereology course has been set up. Theoretical studies: Some new concepts, parameters and methods for stereology and morphometry were put forward, such as: regular form factor, volume concavity, surface concavity, area concavity, boundary concavity, curve profile area density, positive university for immunohistochemistry stain etc. Application: Stereological methods have been widely applied in biomedical studies. The applied field covered most of the morphological domain of biology. The main applications of biostereology are quantitative pathological diagnosis and prognosis of tumor cells and histostructures. Most studies utilize classical stereological methods. New stereological methods should be popularized and applied in the future. Image Analysis System: Image analysis systems are widely used in biostereological studies. About ten kinds of image analysis systems have been manufactured in China. The most popular is HPIAS, which is made by Huahai Electronic CO.LTD.
MODELLING THE POSITION OF CELL PROFILES ALLOWING FOR BOTH INHOMOGENEITY AND INTERACTION
Authors: Nielsen Linda Stougaard
Published: July 2011

It is of interest to consider models for point processes that allow for interaction between the points as well as for inhomogeneity in the intensity of the points. Markov point process models are very useful to describe point interaction and can also be used to describe inhomogeneity. A particular type of inhomogeneous Markov point processes obtained by transforming a homogeneous Markov point process will be considered. The position of cell proles in a 2D section of the mucous membrane in the stomach of a rat will be examined using this model.
ESTIMATING VOLUME DISTRIBUTIONS USING MAXIMUM ENTROPY
Authors: Keith Jonathan M , Gay Stephen L
Published: July 2011

This paper describes a new method for estimating particle volume distributions using isotropic, uniform, random (IUR) sections. An attractive feature of the method is that it makes no assumptions about the shape of the particles. Since IUR sections do not uniquely determine the volume distribution for particles of general shape, the method takes a probabilistic approach. It uses the principle of maximum entropy to determine the most likely distribution given the available information. This information is extracted from the sections using geometric probability. The algorithm was tested on simulated ellipsoids, with excellent results.
TOTAL NUMBER: A BRIEF REVIEW OF ITS IMPORTANCE AND ITS USE IN ASSESSING CEREBELLAR DAMAGE IN THE RAT FOLLOWING EARLY POSTNATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE
Authors: Napper Ruth MA
Published: July 2011

Knowledge of the total number of structural components that make up the various neural networks within the central nervous system is fundamental to our understanding of its normal function and of dysfunction that may accompany injury and disease. This paper briefly reviews the methodology currently used to estimate number and discusses the importance of unbiased estimates of total number in determining changes in brain structure that may underlie dysfunction. An example from the olfactory bulb is used to demonstrate the potential invalidity of using estimates of total number of objects per single section. Exposure to alcohol during the early postnatal period results in motor dysfunction in adult rats. This paper presents data on the extent and magnitude of cell loss within the cerebellar network of the rat following alcohol exposure during postnatal days 4 to 9. High transient blood alcohol concentrations result in a Purkinje cell of 27% across the entire cerebellum but with regional variabiltiy, vermal lobule X has a 43% Purkinje cell deficit. This alcohol regimen also results in a neuronal loss of 28% and 25% within the deep cerebellar nucleus and inferior olivary nucleus respectively. Consistency of overall neuronal loss across diverse neuronal populations within the cerebellar network is discussed in the context of the maintenance of cerebellar connectivity.
STEREOLOGICAL ESTIMATES FOR ROUGHNESS AND TORTUOSITY IN CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES
Authors: Stroeven Piet
Published: July 2011

Relatively weak interfaces between aggregate grains and the cementitious matrix initiate the damage evolution process leading to fracture. Coalescence between nearby interface cracks is promoted by the small nearest neighbour distances in a dense random packing of the aggregate. The fracture surface is therefore modelled as a dividing plane from which particles protrude. Assuming spherical aggregate, roughness is obtained as the global geometrical-statistical expression for the increase in fracture surface area due to a multitude of dome-like caps of various sizes. Transport phenomena in concrete are equally influenced by the aggregate, because traversing water-born molecules or ions have to go around the dense grains. This route is additionally promoted by the relatively high porosity in the interfacial transition zone. The planar and linear concepts of tortuosity in the transport path are analogous to those of roughness.
FIBRIN-TYPE FIBRINOID IN HUMAN PLACENTA: A STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ITS ASSOCIATION WITH INTERVILLOUS VOLUME AND VILLOUS SURFACE AREA
Authors: Mayhew Terry M
Published: July 2011

Stereological methods were used to examine fibrin-type fibrinoid deposition in the intervillous spaces of human placentas collected during gestation (12-41 weeks) and from term pregnancies at low (400 m) and high (3.6 km) altitude. The main aim was to test predictions about the relationships between fibrinoid deposits and either the volume of intervillous space or the surface area of (intermediate + terminal) villi. Fields of view on Masson trichrome-stained paraffin sections were selected as part of a systematic sampling design which randomised section location and orientation. Relative and absolute volumes were estimated by test point counting and surfaces by intersection counting. Apparent differences were tested by analyses of variance and relationships by correlation and regression analysis. Fibrinoid volume increased during gestation and correlated positively with intervillous volume and villous surface area. However, relative to intervillous volume, the main increase in fibrinoid occurred towards term (36-41 weeks). At high altitude, placentas contained more intervillous space but less fibrinoid. At both altitudes, there were significant correlations between fibrinoid volume and villous surface area. In all cases, changes in fibrinoid volume were commensurate with changes in villous surface area. Whilst findings lend support to the notion that fibrinoid deposition during normal gestation is influenced by the quality of vascular perfusion, they also emphasise that the extent of the villous surface is a more generally important factor. The villous surface may influence the steady state between coagulation and fibrinolysis since some pro-coagulatory events operate at the trophoblastic epithelium. They occur notably at sites of trophoblast de-epithelialisation and these arise following trauma or during the extrusion phase of normal epithelial turnover.
RECTILINEAR AND BROWNIAN MOTION FROM A RANDOM POINT IN A CONVEX REGION
Authors: Ehlers Peter , Enns Ernest , Fung Tak
Published: July 2011

A particle is projected from a point P in a subset E of a convex region H to a point Q in a uniformly random direction. The probability that Q lies in the interior of H at time t is obtained for two types of motion of the particle, rectilinear (i.e. straight-line) and Brownian. In the case of rectilinear motion, the first passage time through the boundary of H is considered. Results are obtained in terms of the generalized overlap function for embedded bodies.
WAVELET-BASED MULTIFRACTAL FORMALISM TO ASSIST IN DIAGNOSIS IN DIGITIZED MAMMOGRAMS
Authors: Kestener Pierre , Lina Jean Marc , Saint-Jean Philippe , Arneodo Alain
Published: July 2011

We apply the 2D wavelet transform (WTMM) method to perform a multifractal analysis of digitized mammograms. We show that normal regions display monofractal scaling properties as characterized by the socalled Hurst exponent H =0.3±0.1 in fatty areas which look like antipersistent self-similar random surfaces, while H=0.65±0.1 in dense areas which exibit long-range correlations and possibly multifractal scaling properties. We further demonstrate that the 2D WTMM method provides a very efficient way to detect tumors as well as microcalcifications (MC) which correspond to much stronger singularities than those involved in the background tissue roughness fluctuations. These preliminary results indicate that the texture discriminatory power of the 2D WTMM method may lead to significant improvement in computer-assisted diagnosis in digitized mammograms.