bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D metabolism and action in chronic renal failure
Authors: Hsu Chen H , Young Eric W
Published: November 2023

Abnormal calcitriol [1,25(OH)2 vitamin D] metabolism plays a major role in the pathophysiology of renal osteodystrophy and other alterations of mineral metabolism associated with chronic renal failure. Growing knowledge of the protean biological actions of calcitriol suggests that abnormal calcitriol metabolism may also play a role in other homeostatic perturbations associated with renal failure such as abnormal immune function, impaired growth and development, and abnormal cardiac and skeletal muscle function. In view of the central and enlarging role of calcitriol in the pathophysiology of the uremic syndrome, it is important to understand the nature of altered calcitriol metabolism in renal failure. Emerging evidence has focused on three primary areas of altered calcitriol metabolism in renal failure: diminished production of calcitriol, decreased concentration of the calcitriol receptor, and altered DNA binding properties of the receptor–hormone complex. These alterations result in attenuated end-organ responsiveness to calcitriol and the consequent abnormalities of mineral metabolism and other functions. The nature of the alterations in calcitriol metabolism are reviewed in detail in this chapter.
Imaging and intervention of parathyroid hyperplasia
Authors: Fukagawa Masafumi , Kitaoka Masafumi , Tominaga Yoshihiro , Kurokawa Kiyoshi
Published: November 2023

Marked parathyroid hyperplasia is one of the characteristic features of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, which is the main cause of bone abnormalities in uremic patients.3,4 Thus, the evaluation of parathyroid hyperplasia is an essential step for the management of hyperparathyroidism in uremic patients. At present, non-invasive evaluation of parathyroid hyperplasia is achieved by several methods of parathyroid imaging.
The use of bone histomorphometry in renal osteodystrophy
Authors: Goodman William G
Published: November 2023

Iliac crest bone biopsy and quantitative histomorphometry of bone have contributed greatly to our understanding of the metabolic bone diseases that affect patients with chronic renal failure. These techniques provide information about the structural characteristics of both cancellous and cortical bone and the state of mineralization of bone as a tissue. The number and appearance of various bone cells including osteoblasts and osteoclasts can be determined, and the technique of double tetracycline labeling makes it possible to directly assess the collective activity of osteoblasts by measuring the rate of bone formation. The extent of fibrous tissue accumulation within the marrow space in high turnover lesions of renal osteodystrophy can be quantified, and histochemical methods can be used to detect the presence of substances such as aluminum and iron that may inadvertently accumulate in bone in certain patients with chronic renal failure. Bone aluminum content can also be measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy in small additional samples of tissue collected at the time of biopsy. The deposition of oxalate crystals in bone and within bone marrow can be documented in those with either congenital or acquired oxalosis.7 As such, quantitative bone histomorphometry provides direct assessments of the structural features and metabolic status of bone.
Medical therapy in dialysis patients
Authors: Ritz Eberhard , Schömig Michael , Odoni Giulio
Published: November 2023

There is consensus that development of secondary hyperparathyroidism should be prevented in the pre-dialytic stage of renal failure (see Chapter 18 in this issue). The sad reality is that the majority of patients reach end-stage renal failure without seeing a nephrologist and without appropriate management of disturbed calcium phosphate metabolism. As a result, hyperparathyroidism and osteitis fibrosa continue to be a problem. This is all the more important since Mizumoto documented that the strongest predictor of uncontrollable advanced hyperparathyroidism on dialysis was the PTH concentration at the time of admission to renal replacement therapy. Uncontrolled evidence from Nordal also suggests that bony lesions in uremic patients can only be reliably prevented if vitamin D treatment had started early. In the past, the major problem in dialyzed patients was uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism and osteitis fibrosa. More recently, the frequency of advanced hyperparathyroidism, although still high, has diminished. The situation has become more complex, however, because a variety of other skeletal problems have gained clinical importance. Although the tragic episode of bone disease from aluminum intoxication is a chapter of the past, at least in Western Europe, other skeletal problems such as f32m-amyloidosis, bone loss (osteopenia), particularly in post-menopausal women, and the very controversial entity of ‘low bone turnover’, so-called adynamic bone disease, have gained prominence. The clinical significance of high bone turnover is uncertain. It predisposes to hypercalcemia, but whether the bone fracture rate is increased is controversial and not very plausible in view of the absence of bone fractures in non-renal patients with hypoparathyroidism. Ideally, maintenance hemodialysis should be only a stage of transit until patients are transplanted. According to dialysis registries6 a failed transplant has become a major reason for renal replacement therapy. Consequently, late consequences of steroid therapy have also become more frequent.
New vitamin D analogs and calcimimetics
Authors: Coburn Jack W , Maung Hla M , Frazão João M , Elangovan Loganathan
Published: November 2023

The management of secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a problem in many patients with end-stage renal disease. Current management which includes dietary phosphate restriction, use of phosphate-binding agents, and therapy with calcitriol or alfacalcidol is often unsuccessful. Both daily and intermittent calcitriol or alfacalcidol can cause hypercalcemia and aggravate hyperphosphatemia.
Nurses and Patients
Authors: Downie R S
Published: November 2023

NURSES are linked in the contemporary consciousness with the squeaky-clean conditions of the modern hospital. But of course modern nursing has its origins in the appalling conditions of field hospitals, which are described by Florence Nightingale. It is also easy to forget about the many contexts in which the modern nurse works, and a more specialized work would need to include material on midwives and the male nurse. But I have included a few important people from porters to chaplains whose work is often ignored. Patients, of course, are at the Centre of health care, but patients are closely associated with ambulances, hospitals, visitors, chaplains, and many other aspects of health care. There is one other side to health care which nowadays threatens to engulf all the others-management. The piece by an anonymous writer to the Lancet in the 1960s is prophetic of what has now come about.
Ethics and Purpose
Authors: Downie R S
Published: November 2023

ETHICS have been integral to medical practice since the ancient Greeks, but for many centuries they were delivered exclusively in the form of codes. Codes are still being produced, but nowadays the precepts of codes are supplemented by ethical argument. But good ethical arguments are not the same as traditional slogans and this emerges when we see them used in the comic context of the reluctant cannibal.
Setting the policy agenda
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: November 2023

In Pitkyäranta, Russia, Anatoly Iverianov, a 45-year-old log cutter, attributed the two heart attacks he suffered in 1998 to the fact that ‘I’ve been drinking and smoking a lot’. Indeed, after a third heart attack ended his life soon after his news interview (Wines 2000), the autopsy results listed chronic alcoholism as the probable cause of death. As in other parts of Russia, violence, suicide, and cardiovascular disease play major roles in the precipitous decline in life expectancy observed here over the past decade. Alcohol control policies instituted in 1985 led to a reduction in drinking and an increase in life expectancy, but those policies were soon reversed.
Section overview: strategies and interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: November 2023

As indicated in Chapter 1, alcohol policy is broadly defined as any purposeful effort or authoritative decision on the part of governments or non-government groups to minimize or prevent alcohol-related consequences. Policies may involve the implementation of a specific strategy with regard to alcohol problems (e.g., increase alcohol taxes), or the allocation of resources that reflect priorities with regard to prevention or treatment efforts. Although the focus of the chapters in this section is on policies that reduce alcohol-related harm, policies that result in increasing harm are also examined in this book (see Chapter 14), thus providing insight into the public health risks associated with ill-advised policy decisions. This chapter considers research conducted not only to evaluate the effects of specific alcohol policies, but also studies of prevention strategies (e.g., alcohol education in schools) and other interventions (e.g., screening and brief counselling for high-risk drinkers) that have been evaluated prior to being implemented as formal alcohol policies.
Education and persuasion strategies
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: November 2023

Education and persuasion strategies are among the most popular approaches to the prevention of alcohol-related problems. In this chapter, these strategies are examined in several contexts and settings, including schools, colleges, and communities.
Alcohol policymaking: putting the strategies into effect
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: November 2023

The previous section of this book provided a critical review of a wide range of intervention strategies designed to prevent or minimize alcohol-related problems. If an understanding of the evidence were all that were necessary to put an effective range of strategies into practice, the world would undoubtedly experience far fewer alcohol-related problems. But there is a gap between the possible and the practical, which is linked by the process of alcohol policymaking. That process is the concern of this and the next two chapters.
The cost of vascular cognitive impairment
Authors: Rockwood Kenneth , Brown Murray , Fisk John D
Published: November 2023

Amongst the challenges posed by the new construct of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is that of understanding its societal impact. In this context it is important to have information about the costs to society of VCI.
Measurement of cognition
Authors: Ferris Steven H
Published: November 2023

There are generally-agreed-upon requirements for cognitive outcome batteries that are used in clinical trials for dementia. These requirements are listed in Table 11.1. An optimal battery should sample all of the major cognitive functions that are impaired in dementia.
Vascular cognitive impairment — a new concept
Authors: Bowler John V , Hachinski Vladimir
Published: November 2023

We discussed in Chapter 3 the limitations of the old concept of ‘vascular dementia’ and the need for a replacement identifying cases early, a stage that we have termed ‘vascular cognitive impairment’ (Hachinski and Bowler 1993).
Oral health in the twenty first century
Authors: Murray John
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to draw together current epidemiological and clinical knowledge on the prevention of oral and dental diseases in order to highlight the tremendous improvement in oral health, which would occur if a preventive philosophy underpinned our approach to oral disease. The mouth contains a number of different tissues, some of which, such as mucous membrane, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, muscle, and bone, are found throughout the body. Any of these tissues can suffer from infection, trauma, degeneration, or neoplastic change. Of overwhelming importance to the condition of the mouth are its two specialized tissues—the teeth and the periodontium. Indeed, dental caries and periodontal disease are so widespread that virtually everybody in the world, certainly every adult, has either one or both of these conditions.
Village Life In Nazi Germany
Authors: Wilke Gerhard
Published: November 2023

The village of Korie in northern Hesse is situated in hilly countryside along the Fulda River, about 20 kilometres south of the town of Kassel (not far from today’s East-West German border). Built on the main historical trade route of the region the Nurnberger Landstrasse-the village had early links with the regional market centres of Melsungen, Kassel, Rotenburg and Hersfeld; and communications were greatly improved by the building of a railway through the village in 1848 and the opening of a local station in 1892. Largely because the railway made it possible for people to live in Korie and work in Kassel, the village did not suffer the decline which affected many other rural communities as people left for the city: in 1864 Korie had 595 inhabitants; by 1895 its population stood at 619; and by 1939 it had risen to 1,039, all Protestant.
Hitler and the Germans
Authors: Kershaw Ian
Published: November 2023

For almost a decade after 1933, Hitler enjoyed a remarkable degree of popularity among the great majority of the German people. However dramatic and spectacular his political career, concentration on Hitler’s character and personality-in some respects bizarre, in others downright mediocre and wholly unpleasant-can nevertheless do little to explain the magnetism of his popular appeal. Nor can his extraordinary impact on the German people in these years be accounted for satisfactorily by seeing in Hitler’s personal Weltanschauung (notably in his obsessions with the ‘Jewish Question’ and with Lebensraum) a mirror image of the motivation of Nazism’s mass following. Recent research has done much to qualify such assumptions, suggesting too that even deep into the period of the dictatorship itself Hitler’s own ideological fixations had more of a symbolic than concrete meaning for most Nazi supporters.
Introduction
Authors: Kramer Alan
Published: November 2023

This text by one of Europe’s avant-garde intellectuals was published in 1909. It reads like a prescription for the massive destruction of Europe’s cultural heritage and mass killing that ensued in the years 1914 to 1918. Its author was an Italian poet and extreme nationalist, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who proclaimed his ideas in the manifesto of Futurism from which the quotation is taken.
Trench Warfare and its Consequences
Authors: Kramer Alan
Published: November 2023

Trench warfare has been described many times, so we may focus on the main developments, the essential differences between the belligerents, and the effects on the men. As explained in Chapter 2, it was not an innovation of the Great War; European armies made trench digging a part of their training before 1914, although all the belligerents shared the assumption that only a strategy of the offensive could win a war.
War, Bodies, and Minds
Authors: Kramer Alan
Published: November 2023

Thus began one of the poems most often quoted by soldiers in their letters and diaries in the First World War. The evocation of heroic death in a green and pleasant land could be from a contemporary English poem, but it was in fact by the German poet Jacob Vogel, who served as a medical officer in the Thirty Years War (1618-48), and whose verse was often found in students’ song-books in the nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Hopkirk Peter
Published: November 2023

AN absolutely first-class man,’ noted the Viceroy of India on the personal file of Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Bailey, the author of this remarkable narrative, before sending him through the passes into Bolshevik Central Asia on the hazardous mission which it describes. Although the modest Bailey would not have dreamed of revealing Lord Chelmsford’s glowing commendation, and would not have thanked me for doing so now, few who knew this deceptively mild-looking but formidable officer would have quarrelled with the Viceroy’s judgement.
Persia To Kashgar
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M
Published: November 2023

One day in March 1918, when in Shushtar in the province of Arabistan in South Persia, I received a startling telegram: Was I medically fit for a long and arduous journey? I replied that I was. Then, a reply: Would I go to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, passing through India to receive orders as to what I was to do?
In The Desert
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M
Published: November 2023

On December 17th we left our quarters in the female hospital, where I had so long been the guest of Haider Khoja Mirbadalev, and joined my two Indian soldiers and the Russians at a dacha, a hut where the Turkoman officer, Azizov, was living. Here the party was finally organized for the journey.
The Invasion of Paris
Authors: Diamond Hanna
Published: November 2023

As reports of the German invasion reached the capital, Parisians at First remained calm. Populations from Belgium and the north of the country gradually began to arrive in the city. Their plight was increasingly visible as they camped out in railway stations and adjacent areas. Arrangements were quickly put into place for the majority to be transported to departments in the south and west but the widespread belief in victory had meant that there were no contingency plans in the event of invasion and defeat. As the military situation continued to deteriorate, the government prevaricated. Its uncertainty gave the impression that it was overwhelmed. Finally, the French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud took the decision to evacuate the government from the capital, a move which triggered a surge of departures of civilians from the city. Paris was left almost abandoned.
The Scurvy Wars
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

The history of scurvy and its eventual conquest embodies all the best and the worst elements of human nature. There is horror and heroism, wisdom and acumen wrestling with ignorance and obscurantism, greed and vanity; and there is self-sacrifice, vying with a heedless indifference to suffering and death. Many more sailors in the world’s navies were lost to scurvy than in battle, and more explorers died of it than from any other cause. Scurvy, also written scurvie, skyrvie, or scorbie in old English manuscripts, was known to the Greeks and Romans, and was given the name Purpura nautica, although a spurious distinction was generally made between ‘sea scurvy’ and ‘land scurvy’.
Cheats and Poisoners
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

Adulteration began when men started to trade in food. The literature of Greece and Rome contains allusions to the illicit addition of flavouring and colouring matters to wine; Pliny the Elder denounced the bakers who added chalk and cattle-feed to bread. The first legal measures to curb such abuses in Europe date from the Middle Ages. In England concerns were heard about the quality (and selling short) of bread as early as the 13th century: in 1202 King John set up the Assize of Bread to regulate the bakers ‘trade. The sizes of loaves were fixed by law, and selling short, as well as’ expanding ‘the flour with ground peas or beans, became a crime. In London, delinquent bakers could be dragged through the streets on a hurdle and put in the pillory, to be pelted with stones and offal.
Skin and bones
Authors: Horne Jim
Published: November 2023

Well, yes and no. Measure your height before going to sleep and again immediately on awakening next morning and there is an extra centimetre or more. Unfortunately, soon after getting up and walking around, it has gone! Lying down for several hours, whether it be asleep or awake, allows the cartilaginous discs between the vertebrae to absorb water, expand a little, and lengthen the backbone. Standing up afterwards causes the body’s weight and gravity to compress the discs once more. This applies particularly to children, and even to the length of their arms and legs, because physical rest allows the more ‘spongy’ cartilaginous ends of the limb bones, where the growth occurs, to absorb water and lengthen a little. However, the activity of wakefulness again squeezes this water out.
Time of life
Authors: Horne Jim
Published: November 2023

Our lives are very much influenced by our body’s circadian clock, which affects the timing of sleep and the daily rhythm of alertness, body temperature, and many other functions. In fact, body temperature is the best measure of this clock, because the two are very closely linked. Body temperature and alertness are normally at their daily lowest around 2–6am and at their highest around 6–8pm. The changes in alertness are seen in Figure 4, where alertness rises fairly quickly around the normal wake-up time, at about 7–8am, followed by a levelling off and, often, a small trough or ‘dip’ around mid- afternoon. There is a final rise to the evening peak, and then a fairly rapid fall up to bedtime and beyond.
Good night
Authors: Horne Jim
Published: November 2023

The simplest way of measuring sleep is to ask people to keep a ‘sleep diary’, and write down each night when they go to bed, switch off the light, etc. Next morning they note when they wake up and get out of bed and, on a rating scale, how well they slept, for example: extremely well, very well, cannot say, rather badly, very badly. Sometimes it is best to remove ‘cannot say’ and substitute a term such as ‘fairly well’, to encourage people to make a more definite decision. Also, we could ask whether they woke up in the night, what caused it, and whether they can remember for how long they were awake. All this is very subjective, of course, and can contain many inaccuracies and omissions. However it is easy to gather such information.
‘A ruffled mind makes a restless pillow’
Authors: Horne Jim
Published: November 2023

We worry about our sleep, maybe unduly. In going to the doctor, even patients without a sleep problem will probably be asked ‘and how are you sleeping?’—which may only be the doctor’s stock phrase for breaking the ice, so to speak, but it reinforces the need for a ‘good night’s sleep’ and ‘beauty sleep’. It might even make the patient start thinking about their sleep and fret about it, or worsen anxieties over their sleep.
Chapter I
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

“BE quick, sir; you have no time to lose!” cried an officious porter in the Charing Cross Station, as he bustled me into a first-class carriage; and I found myself in the same compartment with a Queen’s messenger bound for St. Petersburg. Time fled rapidly by, and I had hardly realized to myself that London was left behind, ere I was walking down those very uncomfortable steps which lead to the Calais boat. A rough passage with a number of Gauls, who all talked loud at starting, but whose conversation gradually died away in mournful strains, and we steamed into Calais Harbour; five hours later I was having my luggage examined in the waiting-room in Paris.
chapter II
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

THE following morning my servant awoke me with the announcement that we had arrived in the Bosphours, and that he had not been able to eat his supper. By this last piece of intelligence he wished to convey to my mind that the storm had been more than usually violent. I was soon dressed, and, going on deck, found it crowded with interpreters from the different hotels. During previous sojourns in Constantinople, I had learnt by experience the discomfort of some of the purely British establishments. I had made up my mind on this occasion to try a French hotel. My hands were filled with cards announcing the merits of the different inns. The commissionnaires were deafening me with their shouts, each man bawling louder than his fellow, when the silkmerchant declared in a loud voice that there was nothing like the Hotel de Luxembourg, and he added that the per
chapter III
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

I HAD ordered the porter at my hotel to call me early on the following morning, as the train started at seven, and it was quite half an hour’s walk to the station. Luckily I awoke myself, and on looking at my watch, found it was about halfpast six. Hastily dressing, I hurried downstairs, and found the individual whose business it was to awake me, fast asleep under a billiard table in the cafe belonging to the hotel. He grumbled at being disturbed, and did not fancy the idea of carrying my box to the station. It was necessary to use a little persuasive force, so, seizing a billiard cue, I gave him a violent poke in the side.
chapter VI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

THE proprietor of the establishment, a Greek, slowly raised himself from a recumbent position. His head was bound up in what appeared to be a red stocking; the toe part of this article of attire hung carelessly over his left shoulder. He was a dirty-looking little fellow, and had a large wen on one side of his forehead. Nature had determined to make him as hideous as possible, and some fellow-mortal had added to her handiwork, for a large scar, barely cicatrized, and apparently inflicted by a knife, extended right across his face. This scar and the wen were, in the daytime, a perpetual resort for bluebottle flies. These insects, I subsequently observed, had a great affection for the frontispiece of the proprietor.
chapter X
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

THERE was something on my English servant’s mind that evening. He did not look happy, and eyed Osman from time to time with lowering looks.

“My brother is angry with me, Effendi,” said the Turk, in answer to my inquiries. “When he speaks I do not understand, when I speak he does not know what I say.”

“What is the matter, Radford?” I asked.

“Please, sir, I ain’t had no dinner. I did not prepare anything for you as the cook in the house was a preparing it. Well, when you had finished, and Osman had brought out the dishes, I thought that I should get something to eat. But, no sir! for Osman invited a lot of dirty Turks to come and sit round the victuals. Some of the chaps had just come out of the stable, and their hands were that dirty. Then they began a shoving them into the dishes and a licking their fingers. It turned me hup, that it did. Osman ought to know better, sir. Whenever I cooks for you I always give him a tit-bit for himself.”
chapter XIV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

MY host was up at daybreak to see me off. “Come and see me in England,” I said.

“If Allah pleases, I will,” was my friend’s reply, and I only hope that I may have the opportunity of returning Suleiman Effendi’s hospitality.

The road was hard and good for a few miles, we rode for some time by the Ayash river.

After marching for about five hours, we came to a small farm-house. It was on the opposite bank of the river to ourselves; but there was a ford, and as there was no wood on our side of the stream, I determined to cross and halt an hour for lunch. The house belonged to an Armenian. It was filthily dirty. Vermin could be seen crawling in all directions on the rugs. In consequence of this, I resolved to make our fire outside, and lunch in the open air. There were some turkeys in the farm-yard, and the proprietor coming up, I desired Osman to purchase one of the birds.
chapter XVII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

MY host now returned, and informed me that M. Perrot, a French author who wrote a book about Asia Minor, had resided beneath this roof. On turning over the leaves of the work, which had found its way to Yuzgat, I came to a page in which M. Perrot observes that “one day I inquired of my host why he did not introduce me to the lady of the house?”

“It is our custom,” was the reply. “And I find it a wise one. What good does it do me if other men see my wife? I took her for myself; she is my property. I have heard that you Europeans spoil your wives; mine is educated properly. When I enter my harem, she comes to kiss my hand, then she stands upright before me in a respectful attitude, and she only opens her mouth when I address her.”
chapter XXII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

IT is only a few hours’ march from Bazar to Tokat, the track running parallel to the river of the same name. There are many villages by the side of the stream. The valley widens, and then narrows again as we proceed towards the town. Tokat at last lies before us. It is a long, straggling city, and on the left bank of the river.

We were met by a Zaptieh. He conducted me to a house set apart for travellers. Shortly afterwards I received a visit from the Caimacan (governor). This official was an active, bustling little man, and much more energetic than any of the governors I had previously met.

An order had arrived for him to send 1000 men immediately to Samsoun. The battalion would march the following morning at daybreak. He proposed that I should go and see the start. An engineer now called, a Pole by birth, but a naturalized Englishman. He was engaged in making a road from Tokat to Sivas; he had been in Tokat five years, and the work was not half completed. Indeed, judging by the system adopted for the construction of public work in Anatolia, it will be a wonder if the road is ever finished.
chapter XXXIX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

I NEXT visited the Mutasarraf Pacha, the civil governor of Erzingan. He was an active little man, of about sixty years of age, full of energy. He seemed to have more of the Gaul than the Osmanli in his disposition. Formerly he had been civil governor at Widdin. Whilst he occupied this post some of his Zaptiehs had arrested a Russian. The latter had documents on his person which clearly showed that he was an agent of a society in Moscow, formed with the object of creating a revolution in Bulgaria. Abdul Aziz was then Sultan, and the Mutasarraf Pacha forwarded the documents to
chapter LV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

VILIAGE after village were left behind us, still there were no signs of Khoi. We had been told that it was only an eight hours’ march from Melhamee, two more sped by ere the walls of the city were in sight. Soon afterwards we rode through a narrow gate which gives access to the town, and presently pulled up at a house belonging to the Turkish Consul, who is the only diplomatic agent to be found in this city. He had been educated in Constantinople, and spoke a little French. For the last two years he had been established in Khoi, and he greatly bewailed his thus being cut off from all European society.
chapter LX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

WE reached Akserai. I was informed by my host, an Armenian, that the Christians in this district live in constant dread of their warlike neighbours, the Kurds-and the more particularly of the Kurds from Persia. These mountaineers sometimes made raids upon the villages, and committed all sorts of excesses on the women. Only three months previous a scene of this description had taken place at Akserai. The halting-places, he ordered an old Yezeed farmer to provide us with accommodation for the night.
chapter LXIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

THE rest had done me good. Mohammed’s febrifuge seemed to agree. Later on, the doctor’s medicine arrived. I took a dose, and felt myself much worse in consequence. I determined to stick to the native remedy. Day after day passed by. At last I was able to raise myself a little from the floor. My appetite gradually returned; and one fine morning I determined to make an attempt to reach Kars. My servants lifted me on my horse: once on his back, I made them strap me to the high pommel in front of the saddle-a Turkish one.
London and Salzburg, 1920–3
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

The primary result of Walton’s ‘adoption’ was practical and financial: not only the Sitwells but Dr Strong, the composer Lord Berners,1 and the poet Siegfried Sassoon combined to guarantee him an income of £250 a year, sufficient in those days to enable him to devote his life to composition without the need of a daily job. A secondary result was that the Sitwells provided a background, almost comically different from anything he could have expected in Oldham, in which his character and genius could mature and flower, in which art was paramount and war must continually be waged against the Philistines.
Post-war Quartet, 1944–7
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

It was perhaps just as well that Walton did not proceed with his Henry Wood Te Deum. The jubilee season of 1944 was beset by disasters. This was the year of the flying-bombs (the Vls), popularly known as ‘doodle-bugs’, which caused considerable devastation to lives and property in London and the south-east and also shook the Londoners’ morale. (As Walton wrote to Julian Herbage from Ashby on 7 July 1944: ‘I won’t pretend that the hazards of the flying-bomb and more so the difficulty of getting on the train haven’t anything to do with my not coming to London just now.’) The prospect of one of these weapons diving into a Royal Albert Hall Prom was too much for the Government, who ended the season after less than three weeks.
Partita and Second Symphony, 1957–60
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

Towards the end of 1955 Walton was one of ten composers invited to write works for the fortieth anniversary season of the Cleveland Orchestra, of which the conductor was Georg Szell, who had for many years been a champion of his music. The result was the Partita,completed towards the end of 1957 and one of the unqualified successes among his post-1945 works, a jeud’espritwhich is witty, brilliant, and, in its central ‘Pastorale Siciliana’, delicate and touching.
Roaring Fanfares, 1972–7
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

Walton’s return to London in September 1972 was to attend a London Symphony Orchestra-Previn Promenade Concert which not only included Scapinoand Belshazzar’sFeastbut the revised Act II of TroilusandCressidawith Richard Lewis and Jill Gomez. Back in Ischia he wrote on 4 October to Malcolm Arnold, apologizing for failing to telephone him, ‘but life was a bit too hectic what with the performance and recording of the Violin Concerto with Previn and Kyung-Wha Chung. What a girl! She has to be heard to be believed. In addition she’s very easy on the eye. I will have the record sent to you when it is out. Did you receive the copy of B’s F?’ This query referred to Previn’s recording, which he had also sent to Britten. Walton discussed it in a letter to Arnold dated 15 October:
The Haunted End, 1977–83
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

Although confined to a wheelchair, Walton attended his seventy-fifth birthday concerts in London in March 1977. He still felt neglected, although not as much as fifteen years earlier. He had semi-seriously written to Alan Frank on 9 February 1976: ‘And now I think I ought to be given a prize for my 75th, the Aspen-Ravel what have you. But I think with a little Lockheeding something could be arranged. B.B.’s had the lot and I think I might be allowed one! Approach who shall be approached. B. and H. obviously know who.’ He naughtily broached the same subject to Diana Rix:
Bangalore, Singapore and Cambridge
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

The rail journey from Abbottabad to Bangalore took five days, not simply because there were no expresses on that route, nor even because it covers 1,550 miles (London—Sofia) as the crow flies, but because we again stopped at station restaurants for our main meals. It was tedious; the countryside was rarely varied enough to hold the interest, though my eye was caught somewhere near Nagpur where wagons were being shunted, one at a time, by three men who pushed them. Our meal stops marked the passage of time. The further south we went, the stickier it became, and even the punkah-boys had scarcely enough energy to swing the large punkah fan, hung from the ceiling and swung by a string pulled by hand or toe, enough to produce the semblance of a breeze. I was lucky to reach Madras, a notoriously sweltering city, at night, and to catch an early train next morning for the remaining 400 miles to Bangalore—a far more interesting trip, with small hillside stations showing their polysyllabic names in Tamil as well as Roman script.
How were they sent?
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

Let us follow a typical message from start to finish, remembering that the finish may be a dead heat, or at least a close-run thing, between friend and foe. The details will vary from one system to the next; I have chosen to illustrate the pattern by the reciphered code which was my daily or nightly bread-and-butter for several years.
General Slim and Signals Intelligence
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

The Burma campaign bequeaths us two puzzling legacies. Both have been identified by Louis Allen, whose penetrating and compassionate account, Burma, The Longest War, sheds so clear a light on that war. Although, on the evidence available, I find myself disagreeing with his conclusions, he has done us a service in pointing out the discrepancies which led him to form his suspicions. The first puzzle is this: if we consider the volume and value of signals intelligence, yielding comprehensive and up-to-date information on the enemy’s positions, resources and intentions, and often the very orders he is giving and receiving, it seems clear that even without intelligence from any other source sigint must have served General Slim, commanding 14 Army in Burma, as well as any other Allied HQ. We now trip over an apparent contradiction.
Songs
Authors: Routledce Michael
Published: November 2023

The literature of any period necessarily reflects the preoccupations of that period, or else it fails to be popular. However, in the Middle Ages, neither ‘literature’ nor ‘popular’ mean quite what they would mean now. The popular songs of, for example, the First and Second World Wars were popular because there was some form of mass diffusion: in the former case, sheet music, which depended on mass literacy and a relatively large number of musically literate people, and music-halls, so that something like ‘Tipperary’ reached millions of people in a relatively short time. In the case of the Second World War, diffusion of this kind of material through gramophone records and radio was even more widespread and practically instantaneous. Yet such material would hardly be labelled ‘literature’, popular though it was.
The Military Orders, 1120–1312
Authors: Forey Alan
Published: November 2023

The emergence of military orders was one facet of the growing diversification which characterized the religious life of western Christendom in the later eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Members of military orders lived according to rules which were similar to, and in part based on, existing monastic regulations; but a religious way of life was combined with fighting.
Islam and the Crusades, 1096–1699
Authors: Irwin Robert
Published: November 2023

Details of how the world would end were so well known to medieval Muslims that the fourteenth-century Arab chronicler, Ibn Kathir, felt able to round off his chronicle of Islamic history, The Beginning and the End, with a circumstantial account of the expected sequence of events.
Information about Khiva—Cold in Russia—East Wind—Russian Authorities —Count Schouvaloff—General Milutin—Christianity and Civilization— Anglo-Russian Railways in Central Asia—Preparations for the Journey —The Sleeping Bag—Cockle’s Pills—Arms—Instruments—Apparatus for Cooking
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

Having once resolved to go to Central Asia, the next question was how to execute my intention. On returning to England from Africa I eagerly read every book that could be found, and which seemed likely to give any information about the country which I proposed to visit. Vambdry’s “Travels,” Abbott’s “From Herat to Khiva,” and MacGahan’s “ Campaigning on the Oxus,” were each in turn studied. Judging by the difficulties that the gallant correspondent of the New York Herald had to overcome before he carried his project of reaching Khiva into execution, I felt convinced that the task I had laid out for myself was anything but an easy one.
The Guardian of the Forests—No Sleigh Bells Allowed in the Town—Hotel Anaeff— A Curiously-shaped Vehicle—Law about Libel—Price of Provisions at Samara—Rate of Mortality amongst the Infant Population—Podorojnayas, or Road Passports—The Grumblers’ Book—Difference of Opinion between my Horses and the Driver.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The Guardian of the Forests stepped into the dwelling whilst we were waiting for fresh horses. He said that there were many wolves in the neighbourhood, and that they did a great deal of damage to the flocks ; at the same time informing us that he had shot several wolves that winter, and one only two days before. The keeper was a well-built, sturdy fellow, and seeing my gun, proposed that we should stop a day or so, remarking that he could show us some capital sport. But my companion was obliged to hasten to his property; and as for myself, the 14th of April—the termination of my leave of absence—rose up like a bugbear in my mind’s eye.
A Supply of Provisions—A Grocer’s Shop—An Elastic Piece of Goods—Schuyler and MacGahan—A Russian Bank—Gold and Paper—Coutts’ Circular Notes —Cox’s Letter of Credit—What is the Paper Value of a Half Imperial ?— Russia on the verge of Bankruptcy—A Dinner Party—German Military Railway Carriages—The Russian Railway Gauge—Christmas Day—The Chief of the Police—An Intelligent Thief Catcher—A Podorojnaya—Arrival of the Prisoner—” Women, Women—there were two with him ! “
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

G—, though he was an American citizen, a man of the world in its fullest sense, and had travelled from the States to Orenburg, was not an efficient adviser with reference to the supply of provisions required by a traveller. Indeed, if I had taken my friend’s advice I should have bought the contents of nearly every shop in Orenburg. The grocers looked delighted as G—put aside tin after tin of preserved meats.
Ablutions under Difficulties—The Turkomans—An Escort of Cossacks—The Khan and his Executioner—In Search of Horses—Provisions for the March— Snow instead of Water—Exceptional Winter—Frozen to Death—The Unclean Animal—Kirghiz Amazons—Ural Cossacks—Dissenters and the Tzar—The Town of Kasala and Fever—Kibitkas—Mr. MacGahan and the Fair Sex—A Wife for One Hundred Sheep—The Matrimonial Lottery— A Russian Officer—”Liquor is the only thing worth living for”—Shadows of War.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The following morning at ten, Nazar, coming into my room, informed me that Colonel Goloflf was dressing, and that breakfast would soon be ready. On asking for a basin, I was informed that it was not the custom to wash in the sleeping apartment, but that a regular room was set aside for this purpose. I was then taken into a sort of scullery, with a sink and large copper utensil. In the last-mentioned article was a supply of water. This, on pulling a string attached to a plug in the vessel, streamed out from an aperture in the side.
Camels—Their Rate of March—How to divide the Marches—The Kibitka— Better be Cold than Blind—A Tartar Cook—The Turkoman’s Appetite— A Khivan Caravan—The Main Road goes to Khiva, the Branch Road to the Fort—Drinking Tea with the Khivans—Sheltering the Camels.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

After marching for about five hours, the guide asked me to halt the caravan. The sun was fast disappearing in the west. We had started late, and as it is always as well to make a short journey on the first day, in order to see how the saddles fit, and if the luggage has been well adjusted on the camels, I consented, but with the express stipulation that we must strike our camp and start again at twelve that night.
A Lazy Guide—A Cold Pig—Insubordination—How to awake Arabs—Hot Embers better than Cold Water—Power of Camels to Carry Burdens much Exaggerated—Quickest Road to a Tartar’s Affections—Sores from Frdstbites.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

I found the guide lying at full length on an old piece of carpet, which he had placed by the fire. He showed no readiness to resign his place on my arrival. The little Tartar, however, soon removed him, for taking up the cooking-pot, which was by that time filled with ice and water, he poured a portion of the contents on the head of the delinquent. The latter started up, uttered some fearful language at this summary proceeding, which he did not seem to relish, then rolling the folds of his sheepskin tighter round his body, he threw himself down a few yards further off from the fire.
The Concept of Structure
Authors: Bourdieu Pierre
Published: November 2023

Interpreting agency within the context of its duration helps link the notion of action to those concepts—that is, structure, institutions and so on—which have been so important to objectivist social scientists. To see how these connections might be made, we have however to consider afresh the concept of structure. Among English-speaking social scientists, the concept of structure has ordinarily been a received notion. In contrast, for example, to the concept of function, the idea of structure has received remarkably little discussion.
Culture and Structure: Social History Orthodoxy: The Making of Class
Authors: Thompson E P
Published: November 2023

This book has a clumsy title, but it is one which meets its purpose. Making because it is a study in an active process, which owes as much to agency as to conditioning. The working class did not rise like the sun at an appointed time. It was present at its own making.

Class, rather than classes, for reasons which it is one purpose of this book to examine. There is, of course, a difference. ‘Working classes’ is a descriptive term, which evades as much as it defines. It ties loosely together a bundle of discrete phenomena. There were tailors here and weavers there, and together they make up the working classes.
The Emergence of Liberal Governmentallty, I
Authors: Gordon Colin
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, Foucault sees the early modem conjunction of raison d’etat and science of police as momentously original in both an epistemological and an ethical sense. It constitutes the activity of government as an art with its own distinctive and irreducible form of rationality; and it gives to the exercise of sovereignty the practical form of a political pastorate, a government of all and each for the purposes of secular security and prosperity.