bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paediatric arterial ischaemic stroke and cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in Denmark 1994–2006: A nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Tuckuviene R , Christensen AL , Helgestad J , Johnsen SP , Kristensen SR
Published: November 2010

Aim:  To assess the incidence rates (IR), clinical characteristics, risk factors, treatment and outcomes of paediatric arterial ischaemic stroke (AIS) and cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT).

Methods:  Using population‐based, nationwide medical registries, we identified all patients aged 0–18 years at the time of hospitalization with first‐ever AIS and/or CSVT in Denmark between 1994 and 2006. Medical records were retrieved and reviewed.

Results:  We identified 211 patients with AIS and 40 patients with CSVT corresponding to IRs of 1.33 (95% CI 1.16–1.52) and 0.25 (95% CI 0.19–0.34) per 100 000 person‐years, respectively. The IRs peaked in infancy (<1 year) for both AIS and CSVT with an additional peak among adolescents (15–18 years) for CSVT. The IR of AIS increased 3.9% per year (p = 0.036), whereas no changes were found for CSVT. In total, 48.2% of the patients received antithrombotic treatment; no major complications were observed. All‐cause and thrombosis‐related 30‐day case fatality ratios were 3.6% and 2.4%, respectively; neurological sequelae were found in 56.2% of patients.

Conclusion:  The IR of AIS was highest in infants and had increased with 3.9% annually during the observation period. The IR of CSVT had an additional peak in adolescence and remained unchanged over time.
Interruption of triacylglycerol synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum is the initiating event for saturated fatty acid‐induced lipotoxicity in liver cells
Authors: Mantzaris Michalis D. , Tsianos Epameinondas V. , Galaris Dimitrios
Published: November 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate in detail the molecular mechanisms by which free fatty acids induce liver toxicity in liver cells. HepG2 and Huh7 human liver cell lines were exposed to varying concentrations of stearate (18:0), oleate (18:1), or mixtures of the two fatty acids, and the effects on cell proliferation, lipid droplet accumulation and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis were evaluated. It was observed that: (a) stearate, but not oleate, inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death; (b) stearate‐induced cell death had the characteristics of endoplasmic reticulum stress‐mediated and mitochondrial‐mediated apoptosis; (c) the activation of stearate in the form of stearoyl‐CoA was a necessary step for the lipotoxic effect; (d) the capacity of cells to produce and accumulate triacylglycerols in the form of lipid droplets was interrupted following exposure to stearate, whereas it proceeded normally in oleate‐treated cells; and (e) the presence of relatively low amounts of oleate protected cells from stearate‐induced toxicity and restored the ability of the cells to accumulate triacylglycerols. Our data suggest that interruption of triacylglycerol synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, apparently because of the formation of a pool of oversaturated intermediates, represents the key initiating event in the mechanism of saturated fatty acid‐induced lipotoxicity.
Kinetics of dextran‐independent α‐(1→3)‐glucan synthesis by Streptococcus sobrinus glucosyltransferase I
Authors: Komatsu Hideyuki , Abe Yoshie , Eguchi Kazuyuki , Matsuno Hideki , Matsuoka Yu , Sadakane Takayuki , Inoue Tetsuyoshi , Fukui Kazuhiro , Kodama Takao
Published: November 2010

Glucosyltransferase (GTF)‐I from cariogenic Streptococcus sobrinus elongates the α‐(1→3)‐linked glucose polymer branches on the primer dextran bound to the C‐terminal glucan‐binding domain. We investigated the GTF‐I‐catalyzed glucan synthesis reaction in the absence of the primer dextran. The time course of saccharide production during dextran‐independent glucan synthesis from sucrose was analyzed. Fructose and glucose were first produced by the sucrose hydrolysis. Leucrose was subsequently produced, followed by insoluble glucan [α‐(1→3)‐linked glucose polymers] after a lag phase. High levels of intermediate nigerooligosaccharide series accumulation were characteristically not observed during the lag phase. The results from the enzymatic activity of the acceptor reaction for the nigerooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 2–6 and methyl α‐d‐glucopyranoside as a glucose analog indicate that the activity increased with an increase in the degree of polymerization. The production of insoluble glucan was numerically simulated using the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method with the kinetic parameters estimated from the enzyme assay. The simulated time course provided a profile similar to that of experimental data. These results define the relationship between the kinetic properties of GTF‐I and the time course of saccharide production. These results are discussed with respect to a mechanism that underlies efficient glucan synthesis.
Membrane targeting and pore formation by the type III secretion system translocon
Authors: Matteï Pierre‐Jean , Faudry Eric , Job Viviana , Izoré Thierry , Attree Ina , Dessen Andréa
Published: November 2010

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a complex macromolecular machinery employed by a number of Gram‐negative species to initiate infection. Toxins secreted through the system are synthesized in the bacterial cytoplasm and utilize the T3SS to pass through both bacterial membranes and the periplasm, thus being introduced directly into the eukaryotic cytoplasm. A key element of the T3SS of all bacterial pathogens is the translocon, which comprises a pore that is inserted into the membrane of the target cell, allowing toxin injection. Three macromolecular partners associate to form the translocon: two are hydrophobic and one is hydrophilic, and the latter also associates with the T3SS needle. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the biochemical and structural characterization of the proteins involved in translocon formation, as well as their participation in the modification of intracellular signalling pathways upon infection. Models of translocon assembly and regulation are also discussed.
Regulation of DNA fragmentation: the role of caspases and phosphorylation
Authors: Kitazumi Ikuko , Tsukahara Masayoshi
Published: November 2010

DNA fragmentation is a hallmark of apoptosis that is induced by apoptotic stimuli in various cell types. Apoptotic signal pathways, which eventually cause DNA fragmentation, are largely mediated by the family of cysteinyl aspartate‐specific protease caspases. Caspases mediate apoptotic signal transduction by cleavage of apoptosis‐implicated proteins and the caspases themselves. In the process of caspase activation, reversible protein phosphorylation plays an important role. The activation of various proteins is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, both upstream and downstream of caspase activation. Many kinases/phosphatases are involved in the control of cell survival and death, including the mitogen‐activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways. Reversible protein phosphorylation is involved in the widespread regulation of cellular signal transduction and apoptotic processes. Therefore, phosphatase/kinase inhibitors are commonly used as apoptosis inducers/inhibitors. Whether protein phosphorylation induces apoptosis depends on many factors, such as the type of phosphorylated protein, the degree of activation and the influence of other proteins. Phosphorylation signaling pathways are intricately interrelated; it was previously shown that either induction or inhibition of phosphorylation causes cell death. Determination of the relationship between protein and phosphorylation helps to reveal how apoptosis is regulated. Here we discuss DNA fragmentation and protein phosphorylation, focusing on caspase and serine/threonine protein phosphatase activation.
MODELING THE EFFECTS OF RACIAL THREAT ON PUNITIVE AND RESTORATIVE SCHOOL DISCIPLINE PRACTICES*
Authors: ANN PAYNE ALLISON , WELCH KELLY
Published: November 2010

It is clear that schools are mirroring the criminal justice system by becoming harsher toward student misbehavior despite decreases in delinquency. Moreover, Black students consistently are disciplined more frequently and more severely than others for the same behaviors, much in the same way that Black criminals are subjected to harsher criminal punishments than other offenders. Research has found that the racial composition of schools is partially responsible for harsher school discipline just as the racial composition of areas has been associated with punitive criminal justice measures. Yet, no research has explored comprehensively the dynamics involved in how racial threat and other factors influence discipline policies that ultimately punish Black students disproportionately. In this study (N = 294 public schools), structural equation models assess how school racial composition affects school disciplinary policies in light of other influences on discipline and gauge how other possible predictors of school disciplinary policies relate to racial composition of schools, to various school disciplinary policies, and to one another. Findings indicate that schools responding to student misbehavior with one type of discipline tend to use other types of responses as well and that many factors predict the type of disciplinary response used by schools. However, disadvantaged, urban schools with a greater Black, poor, and Hispanic student population are more likely to respond to misbehavior in a punitive manner and less likely to respond in a restorative manner.
EXPLAINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY*
Authors: STAFF JEREMY , OSGOOD D. WAYNE , SCHULENBERG JOHN E. , BACHMAN JERALD G. , MESSERSMITH EMILY E.
Published: November 2010

Most criminological theories predict an inverse relationship between employment and crime, but teenagers' involvement in paid work during the school year is correlated positively with delinquency and substance use. Whether the work–delinquency association is causal or spurious has been debated for a long time. This study estimates the effect of paid work on juvenile delinquency using longitudinal data from the national Monitoring the Future project. We address issues of spuriousness by using a two‐level hierarchical model to estimate the relationships of within‐individual changes in juvenile delinquency and substance use to those in paid work and other explanatory variables. We also disentangle the effects of actual employment from the preferences for employment to provide insight about the likely role of time‐varying selection factors tied to employment, delinquency, school engagement, and leisure activities. Whereas causal effects of employment would produce differences based on whether and how many hours respondents worked, we found significantly higher rates of crime and substance use among nonemployed youth who preferred intensive versus moderate work. Our findings suggest the relationship between high‐intensity work and delinquency results from preexisting factors that lead youth to desire varying levels of employment.
RACE‐SPECIFIC EMPLOYMENT CONTEXTS AND RECIDIVISM*
Authors: WANG XIA , MEARS DANIEL P. , BALES WILLIAM D.
Published: November 2010

Although much literature has examined macrolevel employment contexts and crime rates and, at the individual level, employment and offending, few studies have examined systematically whether macrolevel employment contexts influence individual‐level offending. At the same time, emerging literature on prisoner reentry increasingly underscores the potential importance of the social environment for impeding or facilitating successful transitions back into society. All three avenues of inquiry have emphasized the salience of race‐specific and offense‐specific effects. This study extends prior work on ecology and offending, employment and crime, and prisoner reentry by examining the race‐specific effects of unemployment rates and manufacturing employment rates on violent, property, and drug recidivism. By analyzing data on male ex‐prisoners released to 67 counties in Florida, we found, as hypothesized, that Black ex‐prisoners released to areas with higher Black male unemployment rates have a greater likelihood of violent recidivism. No comparable effect was identified for White exprisoners. However, we found that White ex‐prisoners, especially those without prior violent convictions, have a lower likelihood of violent recidivism when released to areas with higher White male manufacturing employment rates. We discuss the findings and their implications for theory, research, and policy.
Potency‐Directed Similarity Searching Using Support Vector Machines
Authors: Wassermann Anne M. , Heikamp Kathrin , Bajorath Jürgen
Published: November 2010

Support vector machine modeling has become increasingly popular in chemoinformatics. Recently, several advanced support vector machine applications have been reported including, among others, multitask learning for ligand–target prediction. Here, we introduce another support vector machine approach to add compound potency information to similarity searching and enrich database selection sets with potent hits. For this purpose, we introduce a structure–activity kernel function and a potency‐oriented support vector machine linear combination approach. Using fingerprint descriptors, potency‐directed support vector machine searching has been successfully applied to four high‐throughput screening data sets, and different support vector machine strategies have been compared. For potency‐balanced compound reference sets, potency‐directed support vector machine searching meets or exceeds recall rates of standard support vector machine calculations but detects many more potent hits.
Why do T cells express the vitamin D receptor?
Authors: Cantorna Margherita T.
Published: November 2010

Vitamin D is an important regulator of immune function. T cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and have been shown to be direct and indirect vitamin D targets. Why should T cells be responsive to vitamin D? The data suggest that expression of the VDR is required for the development of two cell types, NKT cells and CD8αα T cells, which inhibit autoimmunity. In addition, effector T cell cytokine production is regulated by vitamin D. Available evidence suggests that NKT and CD8αα T cells express the VDR as part of the selection process to protect against the generation of autoimmunity, particularly in the gut.
Evaluation of Chlorine Dioxide Gas Residues on Selected Food Produce
Authors: Trinetta Valentina , Vaidya Nirupama , Linton Richard , Morgan Mark
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  In recent years, the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has greatly increased, and so has its association with contamination of several foodborne pathogens (Listeria, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli). Hence, there is a need to investigate effective sanitizer systems for produce decontamination. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), a strong oxidizing gas with broad spectrum and sanitizing properties, has previously been studied for use on selected fruits and vegetables. ClO2 gas treatments show great potential for surface pathogen reduction; however its use from a residue safety standpoint has yet to be assessed. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate residues of ClO2, chlorite, chlorate, and chloride on selected fresh produce surfaces after treatment with ClO2 gas. A rinse procedure was used and water samples were analyzed by N, N‐diethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine and ion chromatography method (300.0). Seven different foods—tomatoes, oranges, apples, strawberries, lettuce, alfalfa sprouts, and cantaloupe—were analyzed after ClO2 treatment for surface residues. Very low residues were detectable for all the food products except lettuce and alfalfa sprouts, where the measured concentrations were significantly higher. Chlorine dioxide technology leaves minimal to no detectable chemical residues in several food products, thus result in no significant risks to consumers.

Practical Application:  Potential for chlorine dioxide gas treatments as an effective pathogen inactivation technology to produce with minimal risk for consumers.
Cloud‐Point Extraction and Reversed‐Phase High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Edible Oils
Authors: Chen Miao , Xia Qinghai , Liu Mousheng , Yang Yaling
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  A cloud‐point extraction (CPE) method using Triton X‐114 (TX‐114) nonionic surfactant was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of propyl gallate (PG), tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) from edible oils. The optimum conditions of CPE were 2.5% (v/v) TX‐114, 0.5% (w/v) NaCl and 40 min equilibration time at 50 °C. The surfactant‐rich phase was then analyzed by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 280 nm, using a gradient mobile phase consisting of methanol and 1.5% (v/v) acetic acid. Under the studied conditions, 4 synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) were successfully separated within 24 min. The limits of detection (LOD) were 1.9 ng mL−1 for PG, 11 ng mL−1 for TBHQ, 2.3 ng mL−1 for BHA, and 5.9 ng mL−1 for BHT. Recoveries of the SPAs spiked into edible oil were in the range 81% to 88%. The CPE method was shown to be potentially useful for the preconcentration of the target analytes, with a preconcentration factor of 14. Moreover, the method is simple, has high sensitivity, consumes much less solvent than traditional methods, and is environment‐friendly.

Practical Application:  The method established in this article uses less organic solvent to extract SPAs from edible oils; it is simple, highly sensitive and results in no pollution to the environment.
Influence of Pulsed Electric Field Treatments on the Volatile Compounds of Milk in Comparison with Pasteurized Processing
Authors: Zhang Sha , Yang Ruijin , Zhao Wei , Hua Xiao , Zhang Wenbin , Zhang Zhong
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments on the volatile profiles of milk were studied and compared with pasteurized treatment of high temperature short time (HTST) (75 °C, 15 s). Volatile compounds were extracted by solid‐phase micro‐extraction (SPME) and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and gas chromatography‐olfactometry (GC‐O). A total of 37 volatile compounds were determined by GC‐MS, and 19 volatile compounds were considered to be major contributors to the characteristic flavor of milk samples. PEF treatment resulted in an increase in aldehydes. Milk treated with PEF at 30 kV/cm showed the highest content of pentanal, hexanal, and nonanal, while heptanal and decanal contents were lower than in pasteurized milk, but higher than in raw milk. All the methyl ketones detected in PEF milk were lower than in pasteurized milk. No significant differences in acids (acetic acid, butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, and decanoic acid), lactones, and alcohols were observed between pasteurized and PEF‐treated samples; however, 2(5H)‐furanone was only detected in PEF‐treated milk. Although GC‐MS results showed that there were some volatile differences between pasteurized and PEF‐treated milk, GC‐O data showed no significant difference between the 2 samples.
La Federación de Rusia: ante los retos específicos del envejecimiento y la política de seguridad social en una época de crisis demográfica
Authors: Eberstadt Nicholas , Groth Hans
Published: November 2010

En este artículo se examina la crisis demográfica que sufre la Federación de Rusia y sus repercusiones en la capacidad que tiene el Gobierno ruso (o de la población rusa a través de sus propios esfuerzos) para generar fondos suficientes que proporcionen un nivel razonable de seguridad económica en la vejez. Aunque la estructura general del perfil poblacional de Rusia es muy similar a la de otras sociedades más desarrolladas, tanto ahora como en los próximos decenios, Rusia afronta retos más importantes en términos de cobertura del envejecimiento de la población que los típicos Estados miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos. Un factor que dificulta considerablemente el problema es que los ciudadanos rusos en edad de trabajar tienen actualmente muchos más problemas de salud y una mortalidad más elevada que los residentes de otros países con niveles similares – y, de hecho, incluso más bajos – de renta. A pesar de que los argumentos presentados se centran en las pensiones, los mismos factores que harán que sea difícil ofrecer pensiones adecuadas también significan que otros aspectos de la protección social serán igualmente difíciles de cumplir. El éxito de la política de seguridad social en Rusia, por lo tanto, dependerá de mucho más que de los programas sociales por sí mismos: será necesario reducir las tasas de mortalidad de las personas en edad de trabajar, revitalizar los estudios superiores y acometer una reforma básica de las instituciones del país y de las políticas económicas.
Protección social para los migrantes: los desafíos de la prestación en el contexto del cambio en los flujos migratorios
Authors: Sabates‐Wheeler Rachel , Koettl Johannes
Published: November 2010

El acceso a la protección social varía ampliamente entre los migrantes internacionales. Este artículo se centra en la cuestión de las cotizaciones proporcionales al salario en el marco de programas de seguridad social, así como en la carencia (frecuente) de subrogabilidad transfronteriza, un problema que afecta en particular a los migrantes Sur‐Sur. Además, se llama la atención sobre el hecho de que en muchos países de ingresos bajos suele haber una falta de capacidad administrativa para gestionar los programas de seguridad social, lo que es, en primer lugar, un problema mayor que la carencia de subrogabilidad de algunos derechos adquiridos potencialmente para hacer efectivas las prestaciones concedidas en virtud de ellos. Por regla general, la incapacidad de los migrantes para beneficiarse tanto de los programas de seguridad social que existen en el país de origen como en el país de acogida resta valor al bienestar y la seguridad de los migrantes y sus familiares. El artículo concluye que la migración Sur‐Sur debe entenderse como algo significativamente diferente de la migración Norte‐Norte, en la que las cuestiones de protección social son mucho más manejables.
Dinámica de la población: seguridad social, mercados y familias
Authors: Mason Andrew , Lee Ronald , Lee Sang‐Hyop
Published: November 2010

Las transferencias intergeneracionales ascendentes — de la población en edad de trabajar a la población de edad avanzada — están aumentando considerablemente en los países industrializados adelantados y son mucho mayores que en los países en desarrollo. El envejecimiento de la población es el principal factor que está provocando este cambio. Así pues, en ausencia de un cambio demográfico importante (por ejemplo, el retorno a una fertilidad elevada), el incremento de las transferencias ascendentes es inevitable. Aun así, otros tres factores importantes influirán en la magnitud de las transferencias ascendentes. En primer lugar, los ingresos provenientes del trabajo varían en edades más avanzadas, a causa de las diferencias existentes en la edad promedio de jubilación, la productividad, el desempleo y las horas trabajadas. En segundo lugar, las características del consumo asociadas con la edad en la población de edad más avanzada varían fundamentalmente debido a las diferencias existentes en el gasto en salud. En tercer lugar, el gasto en capital humano (es decir, gasto en salud infantil y educación) varía. El gasto en capital humano entra en competencia con el gasto en las personas de edad, pero aumenta asimismo la productividad de las generaciones subsiguientes de trabajadores, así como los recursos disponibles para apoyar el consumo en la vejez.

Todas las sociedades contemporáneas se apoyan en diversas instituciones y mecanismos económicos para reorientar los recursos económicos de la población en edad de trabajar a la población dependiente por motivos de edad: los niños y los mayores. Tres instituciones dominan las transferencias intergeneracionales: los gobiernos, que ponen en práctica los regímenes de seguridad social, los programas de educación y otros programas de transferencias públicas; los mercados, que son fundamentales para la acumulación de activos (por ejemplo, las pensiones basadas en la capitalización y las viviendas protegidas), y las familias, que prestan apoyo económico a los niños en todas las sociedades y a las personas de edad en muchas de ellas. Los objetivos del presente artículo son, en primer lugar, describir el modo en que el envejecimiento de la población y otros cambios influyen en la dirección y la magnitud de las transferencias intergeneracionales y, en segundo lugar, comparar los enfoques institucionales de las transferencias intergeneracionales que se adoptan en todo el mundo. El artículo se basa considerablemente en las Cuentas Nacionales de Transferencias (CNT), sistema establecido para medir las transferencias económicas en las diferentes edades en consonancia con el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales (SCN) de las Naciones Unidas. Estas cuentas están siendo elaboradas en la actualidad por equipos de investigación situados en treinta y tres países en seis continentes que representan grandes variaciones en cuanto al nivel de desarrollo, las características demográficas y la política con respecto a las transferencias intergeneracionales.
Periocular corticosteroid injection in the management of uveitis in children
Authors: Habot‐Wilner Zohar , Sallam Ahmed , Roufas Athena , Kabasele Paul MB , Grigg John R. , McCluskey Peter , Lightman Sue
Published: November 2010

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: e299–e304

Purpose:  To report the outcome of orbital floor corticosteroid injection (OFCI) in the management of uveitis in children.

Methods:  A retrospective noncomparative interventional case series. The medical records of 15 consecutive children (19 eyes) with various forms of uveitis treated with OFCI of 40 mg/ml methylprednisolone acetate or a combination of 20 mg/0.5 ml Triamcinolone and 2 mg/0.5 ml dexamethasone were reviewed. Data were collected 6 months postinjection and included details of uveitis, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ocular inflammation, systemic therapy required and potential complications of OFCI.

Results:  The mean BCVA improvement was 0.18 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (p < 0.001), at a mean of 6 weeks (range, 4–20). Fourteen eyes (74%) had significant improvement in inflammation, 4–7 weeks post‐OFCI, with a median of 4 weeks. Anterior uveitis was treated effectively in all eyes, vitritis resolved in all but one case and resolution of cystoid macular oedema was achieved in six eyes (55%). Uveitis relapsed in seven eyes (50%) after a median time of 4 months (range, 2–5 months). Four eyes (21%) underwent more than one injection. The dosage of immunosuppressive systemic therapy was reduced or able to be stopped in three patients (50%). Steroid‐induced cataract was observed in four eyes (21%), 5 months post‐OFCI. One patient developed cushingoid features 6 weeks post his second OFCI.

Conclusion:  Corticosteroid orbital floor injections resulted in control of active uveitis and visual acuity improvement in most children. However, the effect might be transient and induce cataract formation.
Response to Second Generation Antipsychotics in Youth with Comorbid Bipolar Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Joshi Gagan , Biederman Joseph , Wozniak Janet , Doyle Robert , Hammerness Paul , Galdo Maribel , Sullivan Nora , Williams Courtney , Brethel Kristin , Woodworth K. Yvonne , Mick Eric
Published: November 2010

Objective: To assess the impact of comorbid autism spectrum disorders (ASD) on the response to second‐generation antipsychotics (SGA) in pediatric bipolar disorder (BPD). Methods: Secondary analysis of identically designed 8‐week open‐label trials of SGA monotherapy (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, or aripiprazole) in youth with BPD. Results: Of the 151 BPD subjects 15% (n= 23) met criteria for comorbid ASD. There were no differences in the rate of antimanic response (YMRS change ≥30% or CGI‐Improvement ≤2: 65% vs. 69%; P= 0.7) in the presence of comorbid ASD. Conclusion: No difference observed in the rate of antimanic response or tolerability to SGA monotherapy in the presence of ASD comorbidity.
The Whitecourt meteorite impact crater, Alberta, Canada
Authors: KOFMAN Randolf S. , HERD Christopher D. K. , FROESE Duane G.
Published: November 2010

Abstract– The <1,100 yr old Whitecourt meteorite impact crater, located south of Whitecourt, Alberta, Canada, is a well‐preserved bowl‐shaped structure having a depth and diameter of approximately 6 and 36 m, respectively. There are fewer than a dozen known terrestrial sites of similar size and age. Unlike most of these sites, however, the Whitecourt crater contains nearly all of the features associated with small impact craters including meteorites, ejecta blanket, observable transient crater boundary, raised rim, and associated shock indicators. This study indicates that the crater formed from the impact of an approximately 1 m diameter type IIIAB iron meteoroid traveling east‐northeast at less than approximately 10 km s−1, striking the surface at an angle between 40° and 55° to horizontal. It appears that the main mass survived atmospheric transit relatively intact, with fragmentation and partial melting during impact. Most meteoritic material has a jagged, shrapnel‐like morphology and is distributed downrange of the crater.
Basaltic micrometeorites from the Novaya Zemlya glacier
Authors: BADJUKOV Dmitry D. , BRANDSTÄTTER Franz , RAITALA Jouko , KURAT Gero
Published: November 2010

Abstract– A large number of micrometeorites (MMs) was recovered from glacier deposits located at the north‐eastern passive margin of the Novaya Zemlya glacier sheet. Melted, scoriaceous, and unmelted micrometeorites (UMMs) are present. Unmelted micrometeorites are dominated mostly by chondritic matter, but also a few achondritic MMs are present. Here we report the discovery of four UMMs that, according to their texture, mineralogy, and chemistry, are identified as basaltic breccias. Mineral chemistry and Fe/Mn ratios of two basaltic micrometeorites indicate a possible relationship with eucrites and/or mesosiderites, whereas two others seem to have parents, which appear not to be present in our meteorite collections. The basaltic breccia UMMs constitute 0.5% of the total population of the Novaya Zemlya MM suite. This content should be lowered to 0.25% because the Novaya Zemlya MM collection appears to be biased with carbonaceous UMMs being underrepresented.
Practical Slot Configurations for Turbine Film Cooling Applications
Authors: Bruce-Black Joshua E. , Davidson Frederick T. , Bogard David G. , Johns David R.
Published: November 2010

Turbine component film cooling is most effective when using a continuous slot to introduce coolant to the surface. However, this is not practical due to the structural weakness that would be inherent with a continuous slot. In this study, several slotlike designs are investigated to establish the film cooling effectiveness. These slot configurations extended only a partial distance through the simulated turbine vane wall and were fed with impinging cylindrical holes. The configurations were studied on the suction side of a scaled-up turbine vane. In this study, varying slot widths, discrete and continuous slots, and diffusing the coolant flow within the slot prior to it being emitted onto the surface of the vane were investigated. Rows of discrete round and shaped holes were also tested for comparison with the slots. The study of varying slot geometries showed that decreasing the width of the slots led to a substantial increase in adiabatic effectiveness. An internal coolant diffusion technique showed promise by maintaining performance levels while potentially providing a design configuration that more readily meets structural demands in real-world operating conditions. The coolant flow characteristics were also studied through the use of thermal profiles measurements. These thermal profiles showed minimal mainstream ingestion on the top surface of the slot prior to the coolant emitting onto the surface of the vane.
Effective Determination of Feed Direction and Tool Orientation in Five-Axis Flat-End Milling
Authors: Barakchi Fard M. Javad , Feng Hsi-Yung
Published: November 2010

This paper addresses the challenging problem of determining feed direction and tool orientation at a given cutter contact (CC) point in five-axis free-form surface machining with flat-end mills. The objective is to efficiently determine a feed direction and tool orientation that will avoid both local and global tool gouging and yield a near maximum machining strip width at the CC point. Concurrent determination of the optimal feed direction and tool orientation is a very computationally intensive task and searching for the correct solution would involve exhaustive evaluations of the machining strip width at many feed directions and tool orientations. In this paper, the optimal feed directions and analytical solutions for the optimal tool orientations in five-axis flat-end milling of spherical, cylindrical, and toroidal surfaces are identified first. A toroidal surface inscription method is devised to approximate the local surface geometry at a CC point on a free-form surface by an inscribed toroidal surface. Analytical solutions for toroidal surface machining are then employed to position the flat-end mill at the CC point with the tool feeding in the best toroidal surface inscribing direction. Case studies have demonstrated that the proposed method can efficiently determine a feed direction and tool orientation, corresponding to a near maximum machining strip width.
Geometry enhanced asymmetric rectifying tunneling diodes
Authors: Choi Kwangsik , Ryu Geunmin , Yesilkoy Filiz , Chryssis Athanasios , Goldsman Neil , Dagenais Mario , Peckerar Martin
Published: November 2010

In this article, the authors show that geometric asymmetry in the layout of tunnel diodes yields asymmetry in the current-voltage (I-V) relationships associated with these diodes. Asymmetry improves diode performance. This effect is demonstrated for polysilicon–SiO2–Ti/Au and for Ni–NiO–Ni tunneling structures. For a polysilicon–SiO2–Ti/Au asymmetric tunneling diode (ATD), sensitivity and I-V curvature improvements of 71% and 350% are achieved, respectively. For a Ni–NiO–Ni asymmetric diode, sensitivity and I-V curvature improvements of 15% and 39% are observed. The authors further demonstrate that this asymmetry enhances the microwave radiation detection sensitivity of these diodes at 900 MHz. Superior rectifying performance of a Ni ATD is observed due to smaller band-edge offsets in this material compared to that of a polysilicon ATD. The resulting structure can be further optimized using plasmonic field enhancement.
Quantifying reaction spread and x-ray exposure sensitivity in hydrogen silsesquioxane latent resist patterns with x-ray spectromicroscopy
Authors: Caster Allison G. , Kowarik Stefan , Schwartzberg Adam M. , Leone Stephen R. , Tivanski Alexei , Gilles Mary K.
Published: November 2010

Direct-write soft x-ray lithography with an ∼50 nm diameter beam is used to pattern features in hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) thin films. Scanning transmission x-ray microscopy of the undeveloped patterns (latent patterns) at the oxygen K-edge reveals a two-stage cross-linking mechanism. Oxygen and silicon near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectra of latent patterns show an increase in oxygen content and no change in silicon content within exposed regions. A dose and thickness dependent spatial spread of the cross-linking reaction beyond the exposure boundaries is observed and quantified in detail. Strong area-dependent exposure sensitivity (attributed to cross-linking beyond the exposed region) is observed in latent patterns. A lateral spread in the cross-linking of >70 nm (full width at half maximum) is observed on both sides of the lines created with 580 eV x-rays (λ=2.14 nm) in 330±50 nm thick HSQ films at low dose (0.6±0.3 MGy, 27±12 mJ/cm2) (1 MGy=106 J/kg absorbed energy). At a higher dose (111±29 MGy, 5143±1027 mJ/cm2), this spread increased to 150 nm. Preliminary results indicate that latent line widths increased with increasing delay between film spin-coating and exposure. Sharper lines are observed after room temperature development of the latent HSQ patterns in NaOH/NaCl solution (onset dose of 3.9±1.0 MGy, 181±36 mJ/cm2) due to the removal of material below a critical degree of cross-linking. Given the short range of low energy secondary electrons in condensed media (<10 nm at ≤580 eV), the observed spread is likely due to the propagation of reactive ions or radicals beyond the exposed regions.
Reduction of spin-flip scattering in metallic nonlocal spin valves
Authors: Zou H. , Wang X. J. , Ji Y.
Published: November 2010

Cobalt-copper nonlocal spin valves are fabricated by shadow evaporation through nanoscale masks. The thickness of Co electrodes is varied and the spin diffusion length of the Cu channel is determined. Short spin diffusion lengths are found in devices with thick (>20 nm) Co layers. Co impurities are introduced into the Cu channel in the shadow evaporation process during the fabrication, and the impurities cause spin-flip scattering. The amount of Co impurities can be reduced by decreasing the thicknesses of Co electrodes. Spin diffusion lengths of ∼400 nm at 295 K and ∼800 nm at 4.2 K are measured in devices with thin (<10 nm) Co layers.
Self-aligned gold nanocone probe tips
Authors: Zeeb B. , Jäger S. , Schäfer C. , Nill P. , Meixner A. J. , Kern D. P. , Fleischer M.
Published: November 2010

Spatial resolution and optical near-field enhancement of scanning probes for apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy depend strongly on the properties and geometry of the scanning probe. A new approach for very sharp probes with well-defined geometry based on gold nanocones is described and demonstrated on planar substrates. The fabrication involves a combination of thin-film deposition, electron beam lithography, and reactive ion etching or ion-milling, respectively. Well-defined gold nanocones with a tip radius of 10 nm and less on silica and bismuth pillars are obtained in a self-aligned process. The numerical simulations of the field distribution near the tip apex and the experimental verification via a photoluminescence intensity measurement are given, showing that these novel probes are suitable for performing optical measurements.
Advanced numerical simulation of collapsible earth dams
Authors: Farias Márcio Muniz de , Cordão Neto Manoel Porfirio
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a methodology for advanced numerical analysis of earth dams, considering all design stages. It also includes transient analysis of safety factors and can be applied to general three-dimensional conditions, considering unsaturated materials and the interrelation between hydraulic and mechanical phenomena by simultaneously solving equilibrium and continuity conditions. The methodology has been successfully implemented in a finite element program and applied to the analysis of earth dams with sections composed of soils at optimum, dry of optimum, and mixed compaction conditions. The dry section is intended to simulate the so-called “Alka-Seltzer” dams, constructed with poorly compacted and dry material, thus resulting in a meta-stable and collapsible structure. The results show that it is possible to design a less expensive mixed section with approximately the same behavior and in some cases even better performance when compared with the homogeneous section at optimum conditions. This is achieved by strategically placing the optimum materials in the most stressed zones of the earth fill. The safety factor analyses show the importance of considering coupled effects in collapsible dams. In such cases, failure can be simulated in the upstream slope during the first reservoir impounding, as has been observed in some actual cases.
A simplified method to estimate the soil-water characteristic curve
Authors: Chin Kheng-Boon , Leong Eng-Choon , Rahardjo Harianto
Published: November 2010

This paper proposes a simplified method to estimate the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) for both coarse- and fine-grained soils using one-point SWCC measurement and basic index properties. Parameters of the Fredlund and Xing SWCC equation were correlated with the basic properties of 60 soils: 30 soils each of coarse- and fine-grained types. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the location of the one-point measurement at matric suctions of 10 and 500 kPa gave the most reliable SWCC using the proposed method for coarse- and fine-grained soils, respectively. The validity of the proposed method was evaluated using a total of 62 soils collated from published literature with 31 soils each of the coarse- and fine-grained types. The proposed method gives a good estimation of the SWCC and uses fewer parameters when compared with existing one-point SWCC estimation methods.
Centrifuge modelling of soil slopes reinforced with vegetation
Authors: Sonnenberg R. , Bransby M. F. , Hallett P. D. , Bengough A. G. , Mickovski S. B. , Davies M. C.R.
Published: November 2010

This paper reports a series of geotechnical centrifuge model tests conducted to investigate the mechanical reinforcement of slopes by vegetation. Some of the model slopes contained young willow trees, which were grown in controlled conditions to provide different root distributions and mechanical properties. Slopes were brought to failure in the centrifuge by increasing water pressures. The failure mechanisms were investigated photographically and using post-test excavation. By measuring the soil properties and pore pressures in each test when failure occurred, slope stability calculations could be performed for each slope failure. These back-calculations of stability suggest that only a small amount of reinforcement was provided by the root system even when it was grown for 290 days before testing. In contrast, the use of the measured root properties and a commonly used root reinforcement model suggests that significant reinforcement should have been provided by the roots. This disparity is probably due to either inappropriate assumptions made in the root reinforcement model or soil alteration produced by root growth. Such disparities may exist in the application of root reinforcement models to full-scale slopes and therefore require additional study. The modelling technique outlined in this paper is suitable for further investigation of root mechanical interactions with slopes.
A model for geotechnical analysis of flow slides and debris flows
Authors: Wang Xiaobo , Morgenstern Norbert R. , Chan Dave H.
Published: November 2010

Flow slides and debris flows incorporate a broad range of sediment–fluid mixtures that are intermediate between dry rock avalanches and hyperconcentrated flows. Following a comprehensive review of some existing analytical approaches to debris flow runout analysis, a new analytical model based on energy conservation has been formulated. The new analytical model was developed to deepen the understanding of fundamental aspects in modeling of granular flows and to improve the geotechnical mobility analysis of flow slides and debris flows. The Lagrangian finite difference method was used to solve the governing equations. The model and numerical scheme have been tested against analytical solutions and experiments of granular flows with simplified geometries for sliding mass and basal topography. Results of granular flow simulations indicate that the model based on energy conservation performs well and is robust. The model can be used for geotechnical analysis of a wide range of dense granular flows, such as flow slides and debris flows.
ON GENERALIZED MONOPOLE SPHERICAL HARMONICS AND THE WAVE EQUATION OF A CHARGED MASSIVE KERR BLACK HOLE
Authors: BEHESHTI SHABNAM , WILLIAMS FLOYD L.
Published: November 2010

We find linearly independent solutions of the Goncharov–Firsova equation in the case of a massive complex scalar field on a Kerr black hole. The solutions generalize, in some sense, the classical monopole spherical harmonic solutions previously studied in the massless cases.
A FRACTAL MODEL FOR NUCLEATE POOL BOILING OF NANOFLUIDS AT HIGH HEAT FLUX INCLUDING CHF
Authors: XIAO BOQI , GAO SONGHUA , CHEN LINGXIA
Published: November 2010

A fractal model for nucleate pool boiling of nanofluids at high heat flux and critical heat flux (CHF) is developed based on the fractal distribution of nanoparticles and nucleation sites on boiling surfaces in this paper. The formula of calculating high heat flux and CHF for nanofluids in nucleate pool boiling is given by taking into account heat convection between nanoparticles and liquids due to the Brownian motion of nanoparticles in fluids. The proposed model is expressed as a function of temperature of nanofluids, the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids, the average size of nanoparticles, the fractal dimension of nanoparticles and nucleation sites, the nanoparticles volume fraction of suspension, and physical properties of fluids. No additional/new empirical constant is introduced in this fractal model. An agreement between the proposed model predictions and experimental data is found. The validity of the fractal model for nucleate pool boiling of nanofluids at high heat flux and CHF is thus verified.
KINETIC RESPONSE OF SURFACES DEFINED BY FINITE FRACTALS
Authors: NAIR PRADEEP R. , ALAM MUHAMMAD A.
Published: November 2010

Historically, fractal analysis has been remarkably successful in describing wide ranging kinetic processes on (idealized) scale invariant objects in terms of elegantly simple universal scaling laws. However, as nanostructured materials find increasing applications in energy storage, energy conversion, healthcare, etc., one must reexamine the premise of traditional fractal scaling laws as it only applies to physically unrealistic infinite systems, while all natural/engineered systems are necessarily finite. In this article, we address the consequences of the 'finite-size' problem in the context of time dependent diffusion towards fractal surfaces via the novel technique of Cantor-transforms to (i) illustrate how finiteness modifies its classical scaling exponents; (ii) establish that for finite systems, the diffusion-limited reaction is decelerated below a critical dimension [Formula: see text] and accelerated above it; and (iii) to identify the crossover size-limits beyond which a finite system can be considered (practically) infinite and redefine the very notion of 'finiteness' of fractals in terms of its kinetic response. Our results have broad implications regarding dynamics of systems defined by the same fractal dimension, but differentiated by degree of scaling iteration or morphogenesis, e.g. variation in lung capacity between a child and adult.
HIGHER BLOCK IFS 2: RELATIONS BETWEEN IFS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MEMORY
Authors: BEDIENT RICHARD , FRAME MICHAEL , GROSS KEITH , LANSKI JENNIFER , SULLIVAN BRENDAN
Published: November 2010

We continue the program of Bedient et al.1 by investigating some of the ways of embedding IFS with 1-step memory into IFS with 2-step memory, and 1- and 2-step memory into IFS with 3-step memory. This reveals a hierarchy of attractors of m-step memory IFS as subsets of attractors of n-step memory IFS.