bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Assessment Measure (FAM) and Process Model of Family Functioning
Authors: Skinner Harvey , Steinhauer Paul , Sitarenios Gill
Published: March 2003

This paper provides an overview of twenty years' work in the development of the Family Assessment Measure (FAM), based on the Process Model of Family Functioning. The Process Model describes a conceptual framework for conducting family assessments according to seven key dimensions: task accomplishment, role performance, communication, affective expression, involvement, control, values and norms. The FAM provides measures of these dimensions at three levels: whole family system (general scale, fifty items), various dyadic relationships (dyadic scale, forty‐two items) and individual functioning (self‐rating scale, forty‐two items). In addition, the general scale includes social desirability and defensiveness response style measures. Brief FAMs (fourteen items) are available for each scale as well. The measurement properties of FAM have been evaluated in a variety of clinical and non‐clinical settings. Reliability estimates are very good in most contexts. FAM's validity has been supported using a number of techniques. Overall, the weight of the evidence is that FAM's effectively and efficiently assess family functioning and provide strong explanatory and predictive utility. This empirical evidence reinforces experiences of clinicians, indicating that FAM provides a rich source of information on family functioning.
What am I doing here? Safety, certainty and expertise in a secure unit
Authors: Vivian‐Byrne Susan Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on the potential for using systemic ideas in a forensic mental health unit. It suggests that doing so aids our understanding of common dilemmas, and that it promotes our ability to generate new perspectives when facing a therapeutic impasse. It illustrates some common dilemmas by reference to particular individuals detained in this setting, and examines the limitations of ideas popular in current systemic practice in a context where extremes of clinical experience and theoretical positions are apparent. In particular it explores the role of ‘therapist’ in a system defined by a medico‐legal model and the implications this has for concepts such as responsibility, reality, illness and risk. It specifically attempts to illustrate the perceived usefulness of ideas put forward by Mason (1993) about safety and certainty. The art of balance between clinical and forensic perspectives emerges as extremely significant in managing the many complex and demanding issues which need to be dealt with in this context.
The Self‐ and Other‐Blame Scale (SOBS). The background and presentation of a new instrument for measuring blame in families
Authors: Besharat Mohammed Ali , Eisler Ivan , Dare Chris
Published: March 2003

This article presents an account of the development and reliability of an observational instrument to measure blame: the Self‐ and Other‐Blame Scale (SOBS). Fifty‐one eating disordered patients together with eighty of their relatives were interviewed using a semi‐structured family interview. Videotapes were assessed by two independent raters. Inter‐rater reliability was good for both dimensions of SOBS: self‐blame (SB) and other‐blame (OB). One of the aims in developing the instrument was to be able to explore the relationship between self‐ and other‐blame and criticism. Preliminary data are presented showing the distribution of SOBS scores within families rated as high or low on Expressed Emotion (EE). High EE was associated with high levels of self‐blame in the parents, but not in the patients. Fathers in high EE families were more blaming of the patient than those in Low EE families but this was not true for mothers’ levels of daughter blaming.
Fifth Province re‐versings: the social construction of women lone parents' inequality and poverty
Authors: McCarthy Imelda Colgan
Published: March 2003

In this paper a systemic orientation is proposed which formulates theories and practices in relation to the social construction of women's inequality and poverty. A central hypothesis is that discursive interactions at the macro‐ and micro‐social levels generate much female inequality and relationships of power. Therefore, the paper posits that women's inequality is partially constructed in and through social discourse at the public level (for example, politics and the media) and as such it is argued that these issues need to be entered into discussions within and around therapy. Finally, through a Fifth Province Approach some strategies for resisting power practices are presented. Reflexivity will be attempted in the feedback or re‐versings of women clients living in poverty on the process of therapy.
Refugee families: issues of systemic supervision
Authors: Papadopoulos Renos K.
Published: March 2003

Families of refugees tend to evoke many powerful responses in all who come into contact with them. Loss and trauma, helplessness and victimhood, transition and change are some of the main themes that seem to dominate. In particular, in contact with mental health professionals, refugee families are more likely to be seen as ‘traumatized’ and their resilience less acknowledged. In this article I will endeavour to address some issues that contribute to this skewing of our perception of refugee families, especially in the context of supervision.
Mental health matters: a multi‐family framework for mental health intervention
Authors: Bishop Peter , Clilverd Ann , Cooklin Alan , Hunt Una
Published: March 2003

This paper reports a collaborative project, developed jointly by a group of community mental health workers in association with a specialist team commissioned to initiate family work throughout a central London mental health provider. The result of this project – The ‘Mental Health Matters Workshops’– was a series of day workshops for patients who had experienced a major mental illness, and their families, carers and mental health workers. The positive impact of the workshops on attenders is reported, as well as the development of a ‘multi‐family’ and social network culture.
Some Hypotheses about Hesitations and their Nonverbal Expression in Family Therapy Practice
Authors: Rober Peter
Published: March 2003

When people seek therapy they have stories to tell. In the course of the therapeutic conversation the clients continually make selections about what they want to tell, and what they want to keep silent. In this article the author focuses on the border zone between the said and the not‐yet‐said, and proposes three hypotheses about the client's hesitations about speaking in the family therapy session. In these hypotheses ‘hesitation’ is used as a metaphor to give meaning to some nonverbal utterances of clients in such a way that space is opened up in a respectful way for as‐yet untold stories. I suggest that it is fruitful to think of certain nonverbal utterances of the clients as hesitations to proceed with the conversation, and to use these nonverbal utterances, in the line of Tom Andersen's thinking (1995), as a starting point for a respectful dialogue with the family about the good reasons they might have not to speak. Not only can this open up space for as‐yet unspoken stories, it can also help the therapist to establish a collaborative therapeutic relationship with the family. These ideas are illustrated with several case studies.
A comparative study of family therapy in the treatment of opiate users in a London drug clinic
Authors: Yandoli Dennis , Eisler Ivan , Robbins Claire , Mulleady Geraldine , Dare Christopher
Published: March 2003

This study presents the results of a randomized treatment trial of family therapy and two control treatments for 119 outpatient opiate users. All treatments were combined with a methadone reduction programme. The control treatments were: (1) a ‘standard’ treatment (supportive psychotherapy) and (2) a ‘low contact’ intervention. Treatment outcome was evaluated six and twelve months after the initial assessment. Both the family therapy and minimal intervention groups had a significantly higher number of drug–free days at six and twelve months, compared to the standard treatment, despite receiving fewer treatment sessions. Across all treatments there was evidence for a gender difference in response to therapy in users who were in a couple relationship. In couples where both partners were using drugs women did significantly better than men. Men living with a non–drug–abusing partner fared better than men living with a drug–using partner. Across the treatment groups diminution in drug use was accompanied by improvements in psychosocial functioning. Unemployment, sharing needles and injecting drugs were predictive of poor outcome.
When marital interaction and intervention researchers arrive at different points of view: the active listening controversy
Authors: Hafen Jr McArthur , Crane D. Russell
Published: March 2003

In 1998, John Gottman and his associates published an article which asserted that training ‘active listening’ between couples was an ineffective therapeutic intervention. Not surprisingly, this claim generated considerable controversy, particularly in relation to treatment and educational models that were heavily dependent on active listening as a major part of their intervention programmes. The authors of one such approach, the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP), were particularly vocal in their disagreement with Gottman's conclusions. This paper provides an account of the controversy, a summary of the current status of the debate and a discussion of the remaining unanswered questions.
Scissors, Surveys, And Psycho‐Prophylactics: Prenatal Health Care Campaigns And State Building In China, 1949–1954
Authors: Goldstein Joshua
Published: March 2003

This paper examines how the Chinese state’s prenatal health care campaigns of the early 1950s attempted to redefine women’s social and political roles. The replacement of local midwifing practices with a uniform birthing method in order to radically reduce infant and mother mortality entailed complex ramifications regarding the relationship of women vis‐a‐vis the state. Campaigns involved demonizing "traditional" midwifing, promoting a statistical vision of female reproductivity and children as national resources, and the isolation of individual mothers as directly responsible to the state for managing reproduction for the national interest. In sum, a physiological definition of gender was used to open women’s bodies to state management. Utopic visions of painless childbirth and of the socialist nation as a giant new family were used to promote participation in grassroots campaigns, but the sources also point to forms of local resistance to the micro‐level reorganization of power these campaigns intended.
Philosophes of the Conservative Nation: Burke, Macaulay, Disraeli
Authors: Schwarz Bill
Published: March 2003

The argument here concerns the myths of the English, and of English history; it suggests that myths of providential England were powerful elements in twentieth‐century British political life. Most of all, they powerfully informed Conservative conceptions of civilization, though they also exerted a wider political influence. The essay explores the invention of these myths in three pre‐eminent writers: Burke, Macaulay, and Disraeli, and suggests that from their writings emerged a system of narration which came to be ‘remembered’ as the founding myth of the political nation — the conservative nation — in the twentieth century. By the time of mass democracy, the partisan divisions (between Whig and Tory) had been forgotten in favour of a wider cultural ‘transformism,’ which did much to cement the emerging coalition of landed and bourgeois politics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the process, the very nature of politics itself came to be redefined.
Between Description and Explanation in State Theory: Rethinking Marx and Weber
Authors: Kelly Duncan
Published: March 2003

Although studying the state occupies a central place in historical sociology. traditional conceptualizations have tended to be an ‘either‐or’ choice between Marxist or Weberian approaches. The differences between contemporary versions of these paradigms, however, seem greatly overstated. Indeed, sophisticated development of state theory in recent years has been precipitated by a convergence between the two schools of thought. After examining leading contemporary scholarship, a mixture of intellectual, political and economic trends are examined to help explain and interpret this dialogue. I conclude by offering some thoughts on the current challenges facing state theory.
The Pagan Bulgars and Byzantine Christianity in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries
Authors: Nikolov Stephen
Published: March 2003

This paper examines how the Bulgars perceived Byzantine Christianity in the period before their conversion to Christianity in 864. It tries to establish a connection between literacy, population, kingship, and religion. The Bulgars’ attitude toward the ‘god of the Greeks’ is examined against the background of the impact of Christian versus Pagan in Bulgaria and the specific Bulgar usage of elements of Byzantine Greek literacy and ideology.
“Launched into Eternity:” Sympathetic Interaction as a Response to Public Executions in Canada West, 1847–1869
Authors: Lanning Robert
Published: March 2003

In this article, ideas central to Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments as well as those of Benthamite reformers are shown to have informed legislative reports and statutes enacted during a period of legal and penal reform in Upper Canada/Canada West. Using newspaper reports, this article discusses the relationship of these themes to narratives of public executions. In the context of an increasingly democratic state in Canada West, sympathetic interaction between the condemned and the community appeared as the foundation of moral lessons to be drawn from the experience of public hangings.
The Sexual Politics of Cooking: A Feminist Analysis of Culinary Hierarchy in Western Culture
Authors: Swinbank Vicki A.
Published: March 2003

It is often assumed that culinary influence has been ‘top down’– that is, that haute cuisine and professional cooking by male chefs has influenced popular cooking, especially once literacy became commonplace, and particularly with the publication of cookery books directed at the middle–class ‘housewife’. Whilst it is certainly true that professional cooking has influenced domestic cooking as a ‘trickle–down’ effect, there is an area of serious neglect or oversight – namely, the denial or ignoring of the culinary influence in the other direction, that is, the influence of female domestic cooking on haute cuisine.
Timeliness of Annual Report Releases and Market Reaction to Earnings Announcements in an Emerging Capital Market: The Case of China
Authors: Haw In‐Mu , Qi Daqing , Wu Woody
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the relation between firm performance and the timing of annual report releases in an emerging capital market. Based on the population of listed Chinese firms with A‐shares for 1994‐1997, we find that good news firms release their annual reports earlier than bad news firms, and loss firms release their annual reports the latest. Moreover, consistent with Chambers and Penman (1984) and Begley and Fischer (1998), these firms unexpectedly accelerate the release of good news and delay the disclosure of bad news relative to their previous reporting pattern. We also observe a significant price reaction to the annual earnings announcements for both early (good news) and late (bad news) reporting firms. Similar results are found for those A‐share firms which have also issued B‐ or H‐shares to foreign investors. Our study documents a systematic timing pattern of annual report disclosures, which is useful for investors to predict future earnings, especially in anticipating bad news in China's emerging market where information about future earnings is very limited.
New Labour – New Penology? Punitive Rhetoric and the Limits of Managerialism in Criminal Justice Policy
Authors: Brownlee Ian
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that New Labour’s ‘tough’ stance on law and order has given rise to a criminal justice policy which is based on fundamental contradictions and which involves a substantial retreat from traditional socialist thinking on crime. The continuation of a populist punitive approach ensures the predominance in policy making of a ‘criminology of the other’ which, in turn, sustains a ‘punishment deficit’ which fuels public expectations that crime can be controlled effectively by a policy of deterrence through punishment. This populist punitiveness, it is argued, is at odds with another strand of government penal policy, the attempt to secure greater efficiencies and economies by an intensification of managerialism throughout the criminal justice system.
Water Regulation and Pre‐payment Meters
Authors: Drakeford Mark
Published: March 2003

This paper provides a study of the use of law to invoke and protect the interests of poorest consumers of the privatized water industry. It focuses upon the introduction of pre‐payment devices by water companies and the legal action taken to prevent their use. The context for the study lies in the privatization of the water industry in 1989, one of the last major acts in a decade in which the transfer of public enterprises into private ownership had become one of the self‐proclaimed ‘flagship’ policies of successive Conservative governments. The claims which surrounded the application of the policy to water were familiar: private ownership produced efficiency, effective management, and attentiveness to customers’ needs. Essentially, the sale of public assets created benefits for everyone. This article finds the claim to be false. It considers the social engineering role of law in attempting to protect the interests of poorest consumers, highlighting the resources — individual, community, and political — which required mobilization in order to give effect to potential remedies. It concludes by suggesting that not only is access to the law differentiated by power and resources, but that compliance with it is also mediated by the same inequalities.
Journal Publishing, Journal Reputation, and the United Kingdom's Research Assessment Exercise
Authors: Campbell Kevin , Vick Douglas W. , Murray Andrew D. , Little Gavin F.
Published: March 2003

Many academic lawyers believe that the Research Assessment Exercise has encouraged writing for academic journals, often at the expense of other forms of scholarly discourse. Moreover, it is widely perceived that the reputation of the journal in which research is published affects how that research is assessed in connection with the RAE. In this article, the authors report data gathered from a large‐scale study measuring the perceptions of academic lawyers concerning the journal publishing process, how the RAE has affected journal quality generally, and how specific journals rank in terms of academic quality and their perceived importance to the RAE process.
Social Exclusion and the Welfare of the Child
Authors: Sclater Shelley Day , Piper Christine
Published: March 2003

The ‘best interests of the child’ is a pervasive notion in law, and the welfare discourse within which it acquires meaning has become increasingly dominant in our culture’s stock of ‘common sense’. Because this discourse positions children as dependent and vulnerable, it underpins images of children that can perpetuate the social, legal, and political marginalization of children. This paper uses the area of children and divorce to explore the ways in which this exclusion of children persists alongside both an ostensible commitment to the welfare of children and an increasingly strong rights discourse. We argue that constructions of the child as victim have both political and psychological dimensions: they serve to legitimize state intervention into ‘private’ family life, and they help assuage social anxieties about the alleged demise of ‘the family’. At an individual level, they facilitate a process whereby children can become the repository for feelings with which adults cannot cope. We then suggest that two fundamental changes are required in order to address children’s exclusion: the development of a more psychodynamically informed view of personhood and a new image of the child to inform policies.
Identity, Recognition, Rights or What Can Hegel Teach Us About Human Rights?
Authors: Douzinas Costas
Published: March 2003

Rights play a crucial role in shaping identity by organizing the recognition of self by others and by legal and social institutions. For Hegel, legal rights lead to an abstract type of recognition based on the universality of the law. The concreteness of the person, alongside the respect bestowed by legal recognition, calls for the acknowledgment of honour and esteem. Human rights move in this direction, by validating both the similarity of claimants with abstract humanity and their difference and uniqueness. But law’s necessary generality cannot meet the demands for the full recognition of the postmodern self with its polymorphous desires and its complex struggles for recognition as a unique individual.
What Made Me a Legal Aid Lawyer?
Authors: Bindman Geoffrey
Published: March 2003

This article is a contribution to the occasional series dealing with a major book that influenced the author. Previous contributors include Stewart Macaulay, John Griffith, William Twining, and Carol Harlow.
The Meaning of Home: A Chimerical Concept or a Legal Challenge?
Authors: Fox Lorna
Published: March 2003

‘Home’ is not an easy concept to pin down. Although the term is instantly familiar, and the physical reality of home is an important and omnipresent feature of our everyday lives, the legal conception of home has received surprisingly little attention. The relative neglect of home is particularly striking, however, in light of the substantial body of research which has been carried out on the subject of home in other disciplines. This article discusses the meanings of home which have evolved from interdisciplinary research. It is argued that this research could provide a starting point for the development of a more clearly articulated socio–legal understanding of the meaning and value of home to occupiers. It is suggested that a legal concept of the meaning of home would be useful, for instance, when considering the conflict of interests between the occupiers of a property ‘as a home’, and other parties with ‘non–home’ interests in the property, for example, creditors. This article seeks to identify some of the values of home which might inform a legal concept of home, and so be ‘weighed in the balance’ on the occupier's side when decisions involving conflicts between home interests and commercial interests are considered.
Value Incongruity and Strategic Choice
Authors: Pant P. Narayan , Lachman Ran
Published: March 2003

Research addressing how values held by individuals in organizations influence strategy choice and implementation is as yet fragmented. Different strands of this research have yielded contradictory prescriptions for strategy. This paper examines how values affect strategy, by focusing on the social control they exert. Social control manifests itself through the behaviours permitted and proscribed by given values.

We call a value a core value when the social control it exerts supersedes that of most other values in a value system. When the social control a value exerts is itself superseded by that exerted by most other values in a system, we call the value a peripheral value in that system.

Strategies could be depicted as containing implicit values, in that they too entail prescriptions for behaviour. Thus, core values implicit to strategies enable behaviour essential for the success of strategies. Values seemingly peripheral to strategies enable behaviour peripheral or even tangential to their success. This paper discusses several contingencies – clashes between core values of decision makers and values implicitly at the core of strategies, core and peripheral values, as well as clashes between peripheral values – in the context of both corporate and competitive strategies. Finally, some factors that might mitigate these clashes, are also discussed
Dual Commitment: Contract Workers in Australian Manufacturing Enterprises
Authors: Benson John
Published: March 2003

A growing trend in employment practices is for firms to concentrate on their core functions and outsource peripheral activities. While an assessment of the economic benefits of outsourcing has been the subject of a number of research projects, little attempt has been made to evaluate the impact of such practices on employee commitment. This is the purpose of this paper. The central questions are can employees be committed to their employer and to their host enterprise, and what determines each form of commitment? The research is based on a survey of employees working for a major labour hire firm. The key finding of the research is that employees can have a dual commitment, although different factors influence commitment to the employer and to the host firm.
Maintaining Leadership Legitimacy in the Transition to New Organizational Forms
Authors: Chakravarthy Bala , Gargiulo Martin
Published: March 2003

Numerous new organizational forms have been proposed for ensuring the continuous strategic renewal of a firm. In essence, these forms are distinguished by: (1) their emphasis on bottom‐up entrepreneurship, and (2) their reliance on a co‐operative network that allows these entrepreneurial units to share their competencies with one another. One of the key behaviours required for the success of such an organization is employee empowerment. We argue in this paper that the legitimacy of corporate leadership during the restructuring of a traditional bureaucratic organization is crucial to its eventual transformation to one of the new organizational forms. The current wisdom of a two‐stage transformation process, where an authoritarian restructuring precedes the more participative revitalization, is thus challenged. The transformation may get stalled after the restructuring stage because of top management’s inability to empower the firm’s employees at will, having lost their trust during restructuring
Top Management Compensation and Shareholder Returns: Unravelling Different Models of the Relationship
Authors: Veliyath Rajaram
Published: March 2003

In order to further examine the relationship between executive pay and company performance, this paper investigates the linkage between two separate components of executive compensation (i.e. cash compensation and stock options) and market return performance, among a selected sample of US pharmaceutical company CEOs and COOs. In the surveyed sample, changes in cash compensation were found to exhibit a between‐firm relationship with lagged market returns, while Δ stock option grants displayed a within‐firm relationship. The former result suggests a commonality in practices across all firms, while the latter denotes idiosyncratic firm‐specific practices. These contrasts represent different degrees of the agency problem in the contracts for cash compensation as compared to the stock option components. Levels of cash compensation were affected primarily by firm size. Market returns were not instrumental influences on the levels of both compensation components
Executive Values and Decision Making: The Relationship of Culture and Information Flows
Authors: Gamble Paul R. , Gibson Duncan A.
Published: March 2003

The effect of culture on work values has been studied in a number of ways, largely from a western perspective. Studies have predominantly employed questionnaires as the principal agent of data collection. Yet the Confucian work ethic attributes greater emphasis to collectivist values which bear more centrally on personal relationships. This research used discourse analysis in order to try to identify the implicit features of cultural values as they affected the transmission of financial information, a problem highlighted by the Asian currency crisis in 1997/98.

The international hotel industry operates in a multicultural environment where very often foreign operators manage locally owned premises. In these circumstances, budgetary planning and control is an important mechanism. A sample of the interactions between 18 hotel general managers and their financial controllers were studied in Hong Kong. Financial controllers are already subject to a number of role conflicts and it was found that these may be exaggerated by culture.

Chinese financial controllers seem to distort the outputs of budgetary planning and control processes in recognition of important organizational relationships. It is suggested that recognizing the direction and effect of these relationships has implications for leadership and performance judgements generally.
The Organizational Setting, Use and Institutionalization of Argumentation Repertoires
Authors: Sillince John A.A.
Published: March 2003

Although the association between management and argumentation has been a long‐standing one, very little research has been undertaken into the organizational setting, institutionalization and use of argumentation. Argumentation is still considered to be undertaken between isolated individuals or within political communities. This paper aims to provide a first attempt at an organizational theory of argumentation. It suggests that organizations institutionalize very specialized repertoires of arguments, which constrain what their members can say, and which are discourse resources which are subject to appropriation and manipulation by organization members to increase their power and influence. One example of the importance of managerial control of argumentation is during organizational change, where specific argumentation subrepertoires are postulated to facilitate the transition between successive stages of change
Patterns of Control within Japanese Manufacturing Plants in China: Doubts about Japanization in Asia
Authors: Taylor Bill
Published: March 2003

There remains a paucity of research on Japanese investment in Asia, especially on Japanese management practices in China. The paper draws predominantly on interviews with Chinese managers in 31 Japanese wholly owned and joint‐venture manufacturing plants. In order to account for any differences in the perception of operations between Japanese and Chinese managers, interviews were conducted with Japanese managers in three case‐study plants. The purpose was to examine the structure and pattern of managerial control in different locations and industries, and with different patterns of share ownership, size and age of investments. The paper argues that the patterns of control in Japanese manufacturing investment in China are not unique, and as a consequence call into question much of the current conventional wisdom concerning the internationalization of Japanese management practices. Instead of Japanese seeking to maintain strong control over overseas plants and attain high degrees of ‘Japanization’ (a term used to indicate the dynamics of the transfer process), a complex and varied array of patterns of control are identified. On the one hand, production appears highly Japanized, but personnel management is not. On the other hand, Japanese multinationals make investment decisions that necessitate ceding a high degree of control to local managers. Moreover, it is shown that such ‘localization’ of control is willingly ceded, if not actively sought, by Japanese multinationals
Fads, Techniques and Control: The Competing Agendas of TPM and TECEX at the Royal Mail (UK)
Authors: Noon Mike , Jenkins Sarah , Lucio Miguel Martinez
Published: March 2003

The paper offers empirical insight into how traditional thinking can continue to dominate contemporary change initiatives, and suggests that the propensity to repackage and sell ‘old’ management theory as new techniques reflects the persistence of fundamental, insoluble dilemmas in the nature of organizing. Empirical evidence is drawn from a detailed qualitative study of two case study sites at the Royal Mail, the UK postal service. The analysis shows how the two different change initiatives of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and Technical Centres of Excellence (TECEX) are in competition through their methods and discourse, and how this reflects underlying and competing differences in ideologies of management. It vividly demonstrates how contemporary management thinking can involve repackaging old ideas in new rhetoric and a tendency for faddism. In organizations such as Royal Mail the consequence is that far from proving to be the solution to organizational problems, the techniques perpetuate a traditional management dualism in strategies of labour management between control and autonomy.
Politics and Organizational Learning
Authors: Coopey John , Burgoyne John
Published: March 2003

In this paper it is argued that organizational learning is facilitated by a free and open form of politics in the workplace based on a system of political, social and civil rights and obligations within a framework of legitimate authority, parallel to the system that exists in the wider society. The argument is developed by examining issues at three related levels: why ‘psychic’ space is needed to nurture selfidentity and learning; the institutional pressures in the wider social environment that bring about learning within a whole business sector through open political activity; and how existing organizational learning theory and practice reveal numerous ways in which space for learning and innovation can be made available within work organizations through political processes. Finally, suggestions are made for ways of creating a framework within organizations that will enable such processes to develop.
Management as a professional discipline*
Authors: Squires Geoffrey
Published: March 2003

The nature of management as a discipline is problematic. Drawing on Aristotle’s concepts of poiesis and techne, it can however be seen as one of a class of professional disciplines such as medicine, law, engineering or teaching which are characterized by their instrumentality, contingency and processuality. These three attributes suggest three basic questions (What do managers do? What affects what they do? How do they do it?) which in turn yield a three‐dimensional model. While the contents of the model must be regarded as tentative, its form offers one way in which management can constitute itself as a discipline and re‐position itself within higher education. Questions arise in relation to the nature and status of the model, the segmented nature of management work, its varying internal/external focus and the locus of management decisions. However the model appears to provide a useful, heuristic framework within which practitioners can address specific, concrete problems and decisions.
Cross‐Cultural Role Expectations in Nine European Country‐Units of A Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Yaconi Leonardo Liberman
Published: March 2003

The study analyses role expectations of 104 staff from nine European country‐units within a multinational enterprise (MNE). Questions were administered to a sample of staff to elicit data on managers’ and employees’ expectations about managerial and employee roles. Following a categorization of reports and statistical analyses within and between country‐units (i.e. subsidiaries and headquarters offices), results offer substantial evidence of differential patterns of role expectations across country‐units, suggesting influences of local cultures and other societal forces. Significant differences were also found between managers and employees independent of country‐office for expectations about the managerial and employee roles. Implications for research and practice are presented and future research directions are suggested.
Raising Rivals’ Costs Through Political Strategy: An Extension of Resource‐based Theory
Authors: McWilliams Abagail , Van Fleet David D. , Cory Kenneth D.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we extend the resource‐based theory of the firm to show that it can be used to analyse the effectiveness of competitive strategies. Specifically, we demonstrate that political strategies aimed at raising rivals’ costs by blocking the use of substitute resources may create the opportunity for a firm to capitalize on resources that are valuable, rare, and costly to imitate. The uses of political activity to block the availability of substitute resources are discussed in detail and examples are provided to demonstrate how such strategies are used and to illustrate how successful they may be. This is an important extension of the resource‐based theory because it demonstrates how the theory can be applied by researchers and practitioners.
Business To Business Exchanges: A Rich Descriptive Apparatus Derived From Macneil’s and Menger’s Analyses
Authors: Blois Keith
Published: March 2003

The dichotomy ‘market’ or ‘hierarchy’ has exercised a dominant influence on the study of forms of governance and their operation for some time. However, in the past two decades there have been large numbers of investigations of intermediate forms of governance. Subsequently it has been recognized that the behaviour that occurs within exchanges is not determined by the forms of governance used and this points to a need to understand behaviour within a variety of exchanges. An apparatus, based on Macneil’s analysis, in conjunction with Menger’s insights into the nature of exchanges, for describing behaviour within exchanges is proposed.
Attachment Styles and Personality Disorders: Their Connections to Each Other and to Parental Divorce, Parental Death, and Perceptions of Parental Caregiving
Authors: Brennan Kelly A. , Shaver Phillip R.
Published: March 2003

Attachment theory was explored as a means of understanding the origins of personality disorders. We investigated whether adult attachment styles and personality disorders share a common underlying structure, and how both kinds of variables relate to family background factors, including parental death, parental divorce, and current representations of childhood relationships with parents. A nonclinical group of 1407 individuals, mostly adolescents and young adults, were surveyed about their attachment styles, parental marital status, parental mortality status, perceptions of treatment by parents in childhood, and 13 personality disorders. Results indicated substantial overlap between attachment and personality‐disorder measures. Two of the personality‐disorder dimensions are related to the two dimensions of the attachment space; that is, there is a two‐dimensional space in which both the attachment patterns and most of the personality disorders can be arrayed. The one personality‐disorder factor that is unrelated to attachment appears akin to psychopathy. Both personality disorders and attachment styles were associated with family‐of‐origin variables. Results are discussed in terms of encouraging further research to test the idea that insecure attachment and most of the personality disorders share similar developmental antecedents.
Two Approaches for Identifying Shared Personality Dimensions Across Methods
Authors: Finch John F. , Panter A. T. , Caskie Grace I. L.
Published: March 2003

Two approaches are illustrated, one exploratory and one confirmatory, or determining the extent to which personality dimensions are invariant across different methods of measurement. Using the interbattery factor model (Browne, 1979, 1980; Tucker, 1958), Study 1 explores the links between the Five‐Factor Model of Personality, as assessed by the NEO‐PI (Costa & McCrae, 1985), and the Needs system of Murray, as assessed by the Personality Research Form (Jackson, 1984). Study 2 uses an interbattery approach to examine the common structure underlying two widely used coping measures: the revised Ways of Coping Cchecklis (Folkman, Lazarus, Dunkel‐Schetter, Delongis, & Gruen, 1986) and the COPE Inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989). The two studies illustrate the use of interbattery factor analysis as a means of separating battery‐specific (method) factors from interbattery (trait) factors, in contrast to traditional factor analysis that describes underlying structure without regard to method of measurement. By maintaining the distinction between variability that is method‐specific and variability that is common across methods, the interbattery factor model allows the common trait structure underlying multiple measures to be described more accurately.
Self and Identity in Advanced Old Age: Validation of Theory Through Longitudinal Case Analysis
Authors: Coleman Peter G. , Ivani‐Chalian Christine , Robinson Maureen
Published: March 2003

Case studies drawn from a 20‐year longitudinal study of aging were examined for the support they provide to two theoretical viewpoints on the self in later life: one focusing on management of self‐esteem, the other on development of identity as story. The five cases selected for scrutiny represented diverse trajectories of self‐esteem. They furnished ample illustrations of certain key aspects of both theories, including assimilative processes of coping, depression related to absence of accommodation, maintenance of life story themes, and life review processes. They did not, however, give strong support to the dichotomy, drawn within both theoretical models, between younger and older old age. Examples of accommodation, disengagement, and self‐transcendence, hypothesized to typify advanced old age, were relatively few in number and emerged only toward the very end of life. It is argued that examination of prototypical cases provides a useful approach to validating and developing theory. A conclusion drawn from this study is that more analysis should be carried out on the lives of persons who exemplify the theoretically ideal characteristics of advanced old age.
Religious Conversion and Personality Change
Authors: Paloutzian Raymond F. , Richardson James T. , Rambo Lewis R.
Published: March 2003

The question of whether religious conversion causes changes in someone’s personality is examined in light of two bodies of literature—the research on personality change and the research on conversion. When the theory and research on personality change is applied to the question of whether conversion causes such change, the answer depends on what level of personality is of concern. Research on the relation between religious conversion and a variety of behavioral, attitudinal, emotional, and lifestyle variables is consistent with this conclusion. Although conversion seems to have minimal effect on elemental functions such as the Big Five traits or temperaments, it can result in profound, life transforming changes in mid‐level functions such as goals, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors, and in the more self‐defining personality functions such as identity and life meaning. This seems to be so whether the process of conversion is sudden or gradual, active or passive, and to a traditional Western or Eastern religion or to a new religious movement. However, most of the research is retrospective and cross‐sectional, and no systematic program of research has ever been sustained. Suggestions for the form of future research are made, and a model for integrating the many factors that must be taken into account and for guiding future research is sketched.
Religion and the Forgiving Personality
Authors: McCullough Michael E. , Worthington, Jr. Everett L.
Published: March 2003

Forgiveness is a concept with deep religious roots. It is also a basic social and psychological phenomenon. In this article, we explore the links between forgiveness and religion by surveying how they are linked in the major monotheistic world religions, and how they appear to be linked empirically. In attempting to account for the current body of empirical findings, we propose four potential substantive and methodological explanations that should be explored in future studies. Because the concept of forgiveness is (a) both spiritual and social‐psychological in nature, and (b) possibly linked to some measures of human health and well‐being (concerns that have traditionally been of interest to both researchers in personality and researchers in religion), the concept of forgiveness could be an important common ground for future research on the interface of religion and personality.
Mainstream Personality Psychology and the Study of Religion
Authors: McCrae Robert R.
Published: March 2003

In this commentary, I make some general observations about the study of personality and religion and some specific comments about individual articles from the perspective of contemporary personality psychology. Most of the authors represented here treat religion as a domain of human experience and behavior that can be understood in terms of familiar personality principles and processes. I therefore urge greater attention to the Five‐Factor Model of personality traits, especially Openness to Experience, in understanding religious phenomena. Mainstream psychologists, including longitudinal researchers, behavior geneticists, and epidemiologists, should consider the inclusion of religious variables in their research designs.
Hypochondriacal Concerns and the Five Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Ferguson Eamonn
Published: March 2003

Using data from two studies (Ns = 205 and 161), this article examines the associations between the domains of the five factor model of personality and hypochondriacal concerns (HCs). These associations are explored once covariation due to other related traits (somatosensory amplification) and comorbidity factors (anxiety, depression, and somatic symptom reporting) have been controlled. As predicted, emotional stability was associated with most criteria related to HCs and agreeableness was negatively associated with the perceived inadequacy of a physician’s explanation. Conscientiousness was negatively associated with HCs. These associations remained after partialing the comorbidity factors and somatosensory amplification. The discussion focuses on the particular role of agreeableness and conscientiousness in relation to HCs.
What Is Beyond the Big Five? Plenty!
Authors: Paunonen Sampo V. , Jackson Douglas N.
Published: March 2003

In a recent analysis of personality data, Saucier and Goldberg (1998) sought to answer the question, What is beyond the Big Five? Those authors evaluated numerous clusters of English person‐descriptive adjectives that have been suspected of referring to non–Big Five dimensions of personality. Their results led them to conclude that most, if not all, traits of personality can be adequately subsumed within the Big Five factor space. In contrast, our reanalysis of Saucier and Goldberg’s own data, using a more realistic criterion for deciding on whether a variable does or does not fall within a particular factor space, contradicts their claim. We are led to the conclusion that there are plenty of dimensions of behavior beyond the Big Five.
The Implications of Unmitigated Agency and Unmitigated Communion for Domains of Problem Behavior
Authors: Helgeson Vicki S. , Fritz Heidi L.
Published: March 2003

Agency and communion are broad dimensions of personality that reflect a focus on the self and a focus on others, respectively. In this article, we distinguish unmitigated agency, a focus on the self to the exclusion of others, from agency, and we distinguish unmitigated communion, a focus on others to the exclusion of self, from communion. We argue that it is unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion that are linked to domains of problem behavior, in particular relationship difficulties and poor health behavior. Unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion are associated with a lack of support from others, a reluctance to ask others for help, and a range of poor health behaviors. The reasons for these links differ. The links to problem behavior for unmitigated communion individuals stem from their tendency to subjugate their own needs to the needs of others and their dependence on others for esteem. The links to problem behavior for unmitigated agency individuals stem from their unwillingness to attend to relationships and their negative view of others.