bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural egg mass deposition by the Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) in the Gulf of California and characteristics of hatchlings and paralarvae
Authors: Staaf Danna J. , Camarillo-Coop Susana , Haddock Steven H.D. , Nyack Al C. , Payne John , Salinas-Zavala Cesar A. , Seibel Brad A. , Trueblood Lloyd , Widmer Chad , Gilly William F.
Published: June 2008

The jumbo or Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, is an important fisheries resource and a significant participant in regional ecologies as both predator and prey. It is the largest species in the oceanic squid family Ommastrephidae and has the largest known potential fecundity of any cephalopod, yet little is understood about its reproductive biology. We report the first discovery of a naturally deposited egg mass of Dosidicus gigas, as well as the first spawning of eggs in captivity. The egg mass was found in warm water (25–27°C) at a depth of 16 m and was far larger than the egg masses of any squid species previously reported. Eggs were embedded in a watery, gelatinous matrix and were individually surrounded by a unique envelope external to the chorion. This envelope was present in both wild and captive-spawned egg masses, but it was not present in artificially fertilized eggs. The wild egg mass appeared to be resistant to microbial infection, unlike the incomplete and damaged egg masses spawned in captivity, suggesting that the intact egg mass protects the eggs within. Chorion expansion was also more extensive in the wild egg mass. Hatchling behaviours included proboscis extension, chromatophore activity, and a range of swimming speeds that may allow them to exercise some control over their distribution in the wild.
Distribution and morphological variation of colonies of the bryozoan Pentapora fascialis (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) along the western coast of Italy
Authors: Lombardi C. , Cocito S. , Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. , Porter J.S.
Published: June 2008

Bathymetric range, substrate, colony density, colony size, and some zoarial features (form of the colony and branches) of the carbonate reef building cheilostome bryozoan Pentapora fascialis (Pallas) were recorded from 15 localities along the western coast of Italy. A wide range in the depth distribution of colonies was observed (11 to 60 m). Colonies occurred on several different types of substrate including gorgonians, sponges, bedrock and rock boulders, in current swept areas. Density was approximately 1 colony/m2. The most frequent colony size-class was 10 to 20 cm in diameter and was typically found growing epizoically on gorgonians. Ellipsoidal colony forms with expanded, foliaceous laminae were characteristic of larger colonies; these frequently grew on rock substrates. Subspherical colonies with a diameter less than 20 cm grew as epizoans and had a narrow branches structure. This information will help to inform decisions on taxonomic discrepancies within the Pentaporidae. In addition the data provide a useful baseline for the future estimation of a carbonate budget in the region.
Variation in search and predatory attack strategies of shark mackerel Grammatorcynus bicarinatus
Authors: Auster Peter J.
Published: June 2008

I observed shark mackerel demonstrating multiple search and attack strategies. Strategies were categorized as three distinct types: (1) a linear search by single or groups of fish along reef features; (2) ambush from a stationary position on the seafloor; and (3) ambush from resting schools of co-occurring predators. Together these strategies were consistent with both information-sharing and producer–scrounger models of group foraging and indicate significant flexibility in individual fish foraging behaviour based on proximate conditions.
The distribution of DMSP in green macroalgae from northern New Zealand, eastern Australia and southern Tasmania
Authors: Van Alstyne Kathryn L.
Published: June 2008

The sulphonium compound dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) is commonly found in temperate green macroalgae. To examine taxonomic and regional and local geographical patterns of DMSP production in Australasian algae, I collected 30 species of green algae from 14 sites in three regions, eastern Australia, Tasmania, Australia, and the North Island of New Zealand. The distribution of DMSP content was similar to that seen from other areas of the world. DMSP was found in high concentrations inUlvaandCodiumspp. It tended to be undetectable or in lower concentrations in other members of the orders Bryopsidales and Cladophorales. There was no evidence for differences in concentrations among the three regions in the generaCodiumandUlva; however, the invasive subspecies ofCodium fragile, C. fragilessp.tomentosoides, had significantly higher concentrations of DMSP than the non-invasivesubspecies.The herbivorous sea slugElysia maoriahad whole body concentrations that were not significantly different from those of its host algaC. fragilessp. tomentosoides. The distribution patterns of DMSP inCodiumspp. do not support the hypothesis that DMSP is used as an antioxidant in this genus. Based on the data collected here and previous reports from the literature, I speculate that one function of DMSP in these algae may be to deter herbivores.
Ultrastructure of feathered triancres in the Thaumastodermatidae and the description of a new species of Tetranchyroderma (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida) from Australia
Authors: Hochberg Rick
Published: June 2008

Tetranchyroderma adeleae sp. nov. is described from North Stradbroke Island, eastern Australia, where it is present in low abundance in the clean, coarse sediments of Cylinder beach. The species is characterized by the presence of epidermal glands on the oral hood and three pairs of dorsolateral cirrata. This is also the first described species of Tetranchyroderma with mixed ancre types that consist of both ordinary triancres and feathered triancres. Ordinary triancres are present on the ventrolateral margins of the body while feathered triancres adorn the dorsal side. Details of the ultrastructure of the cuticle in T. adeleae sp. nov. and a species of Pseudostomella are compared to each other and the cuticle of additional species of Thaumastodermatidae. At the ultrastructural level, feathered triancres are composed of a thickened endocuticular base with three tines (shafts) that give rise to pointed, feather-shaped scales. The structure of the base, tines and scales reveals a finely granular construction without noticeable substructure. The ultrastructure of feathered triancres is similar to that of ordinary triancres and broadly similar to feathered triancres in other species. However, differences are noted in the contour of the feathered scales that are not detected with light microscopy. Future studies of the thaumastodermatid cuticle using scanning electron microscopy are warranted to provide enhanced three-dimensional resolution and insight into their evolution.
Sacoglossan gastropods on native and introduced hosts in Lough Hyne, Ireland: larval retention and population asynchrony?
Authors: Trowbridge Cynthia D. , Little Colin , Stirling Penny , Farnham William F.
Published: June 2008

The north-eastern Atlantic sacoglossan gastropod Elysia viridis was studied on littoral and sublittoral shores of the British Isles from 2001 to 2007 to evaluate its potential role in the known decline of the invasive green alga Codium fragile ssp. fragile. Across its European range, this sacoglossan associates with eight genera of algal hosts within three algal orders and two divisions; these hosts include native and introduced macroalgae. The ‘specialist’ herbivore was investigated primarily within the rocky shore community at Lough Hyne Marine Reserve, County Cork, south-west Ireland, with comparative information from surveys of 95 other sites in the British Isles. In Lough Hyne, E. viridis associated with the green algae Codium, Cladophora and Chaetomorpha as well as the red alga Griffithsia. The sacoglossan associated with Codium, Cladophora and Chaetomorpha as well as the red alga Halurus in Devon, Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands. Recruitment of E. viridis to Codium spp. in the lough was substantially higher than in most areas of the British Isles with 100% of the Codium hosts attacked during annual September surveys. The strong autumn pulse of sacoglossan recruitment, coupled with the asynchronous population dynamics compared to other shores, indicates retention of planktotrophic larvae within the lough. The previously reported decline in sacoglossan density with tidal level was hypothesized to be caused by sublittoral predators. Although our experiments failed to demonstrate an effect by large predators, the foraging of the abundant fingerling fish and small crabs could not be tested conclusively. Field experiments were consistent with the interpretation of intense sacoglossan herbivory in certain areas of the lough. However, even if the sacoglossans contribute to the local decline of C. fragile in the lough, they cannot account for the regional decline of the alga on the north-eastern Atlantic shores.
A diplexer for gigawatt class high power microwaves
Authors: Li G. L. , Yuan C. W. , Zhang J. Y. , Shu T. , Zhang J.
Published: June 2008

With the rapid development of high power microwave (HPM) technologies, HPM devices with several output frequencies are becoming more and more attractive. Diplexer is a microwave device with two output frequencies, here, an L/X band diplexer with novel structure is tried to be employed in the HPM system. In order to obtain the same radiation direction for the L and X band microwaves in the diplexer, the reflection of L band microwaves and transmission of X band microwaves are realized by an array of irises. To obtain the required performance, the width and thickness of the irises and the distance between them should be well chosen. The diplexer is investigated through theoretical analysis and numerical computation, and the final design described in this work, is the result of an overall optimization process. In simulation, both the reflectivities of L-band microwaves and the transmissivities of X band microwaves reach 99.5%, and the power handling capacity of the diplexer is higher than 5.6 gigawatt (GW). Then, the L/X band diplexer is designed and fabricated according to the optimized results. After that, a series of experiments are carried out to test the diplexer. The cold test results show that the reflectivities of L band microwaves are as high as 97.5%, and the transmissivities of X band microwaves are up to 98.8%, and the acquired radiation patterns show that the designed diplexer is suitable for the diplexing of L/X band microwaves, in a word, the cold test results of the diplexer are in good agreement with the simulational results. In the end, the diplexer is tested with GW class HPMs. The radiated HPMs have little change in the pulse duration and magnitude with the diplexer applied, that is to say, there is no microwave breakdown during the HPM reflection and transmission.
Genetic algorithm-based optimal bipedal walking gait synthesis considering tradeoff between stability margin and speed
Authors: Dip Goswami , Prahlad Vadakkepat , Kien Phung Duc
Published: June 2008

The inverse kinematics of a 12 degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) biped robot is formulated in terms of certain parameters. The biped walking gaits are developed using the parameters. The walking gaits are optimized using genetic algorithm (GA). The optimization is carried out considering relative importance of stability margin and walking speed. The stability margin depends on the position of zero-moment-point (ZMP) while walking speed varies with step-size. The ZMP is computed by an approximation-based method which does not require system dynamics. The optimal walking gaits are experimentally realized on a biped robot.
Analysis and mapping of the orientation error of a 3-DOF translational parallel manipulator
Authors: Affi Zouhaier , Romdhane Lotfi
Published: June 2008

This paper deals with the computation of the orientation error and the kinematic model of a 3-DOF translational parallel manipulator called the RAF robot. We derived a simple analytical model allowing the computation of the orientation, generated by the deformation of the PKLs, when an external load is applied to the platform. These models allowed us to map the orientation error on the workspace of the robot. We showed in particular that the minimum orientation error can be obtained when the platform is in a certain region of its workspace. Due to its analytical nature, the developed model can also be used for a sensitivity analysis in order to maximize the manipulator precision.
Firn depth correction along the Antarctic grounding line
Authors: van den Broeke Michiel , van de Berg Willem Jan , van Meijgaard Erik
Published: June 2008

To reduce the uncertainty in the calculation of Antarctic solid ice fluxes, the firn depth correction (Δh) in Antarctica is inferred from a steady-state firn densification model forced by a regional atmospheric climate model. The modelled density agrees well with observations from firn cores, apart from a site at the origin of fast flowing West Antarctic ice stream (Upstream B), where densification is anomalously rapid. The spatial distribution of Δh over Antarctica shows large variations, especially in the grounding line zone where large climate gradients exist. In places where the grounding line crosses ablation areas, Δh is zero. Along the remainder of the grounding line, Δh values range from typically 13 m in dry coastal areas (e.g. Dronning Maud Land) to 19 m in wet coastal areas (e.g. West Antarctica).
Frailty–a clinical overview
Authors: Jaafar Ahmed F , Heycock Robert , George James
Published: June 2008

Frailty as a concept has been around in medical practice for many years but has only relatively recently been established as a medical syndrome. Although frailty is not synonymous with chronological age, it is recognized to be more common as people get older. Frailty is independently associated with increasing dependency, hospital admissions and morbidity and mortality. As populations age, frailty will become more of a challenge to health care systems. It is important that health care professionals, especially geriatricians, are aware of this emerging syndrome and its potential adverse outcomes, as well as measures to reverse and slow its progress. The aim of this review is to discuss the definition, identification and potential treatment options for frailty, most relevant to the practising clinician.
Introduction: A Peaceful Europe? Negotiating Peace in the Twentieth Century
Authors: NEHRING HOLGER , PHARO HELGE
Published: June 2008

The introduction to this special issue on peace in twentieth-century Europe develops a novel interpretation of twentieth-century European history. Rather than focusing on the question of the impact of war and violence within European societies, it seeks to examine what we can gain from exploring how peace was established and maintained in the wake of wars in various European societies. In particular, it focuses on the manifold ways in which different social and international actors negotiated peace, both literally and symbolically. Taken together, the contributions to this special issue thus present a much more complex picture of twentieth-century Europe than the one of a ‘Dark Continent’ (Mark Mazower) ravaged by violence or that propagated by European institutions of a peaceful Europe.
The Failure of a Grand Design: Mitterrand's European Confederation, 1989–1991
Authors: BOZO FRÉDÉRIC
Published: June 2008

On 31 December 1989, a few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall, President François Mitterrand of France called for the creation of ‘a European confederation’ designed to ‘associate all states of [the] continent in a common and permanent organisation for exchanges, peace and security’. Yet less than eighteen months later the Confederation project, a major initiative for post-Yalta Europe, had collapsed. What were Mitterrand's objectives? What were the modalities of the project, and how was it conducted? And why did it fail in the end, after having raised much hope?
Imagining Peace in Twentieth-Century Europe
Authors: WINTER JAY
Published: June 2008

Any definition of peace is also a definition of war. The two cannot be described other than in each other's image. In the twentieth century there have been four roughly separate periods of warfare. Their character and consequences tell us much about how peace was defined.
Obituary Gerald D. Feldman (1937–2007) Member of the Editorial Board of Contemporary European History
Authors: Clavin Patricia , Connelly John
Published: June 2008

Gerald D. Feldman, professor emeritus of the Department of History at the University of California, Berkeley, died on 31 October 2007 at his home in Berkeley at the age of 70. He was a member of the editorial board of Contemporary European History from the journal's foundation in 1992.
Rapid serial processing in patients with multiple sclerosis: The role of peripheral deficits
Authors: BODLING ANGELA M. , DENNEY DOUGLAS R. , LYNCH SHARON G.
Published: June 2008

This study compared speed of information processing in patients with relapsing–remitting or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls using the Stroop Test and a Picture Naming Test (PNT). While both tests evaluated processing speed within a format calling for rapid serial processing of stimulus information, the PNT included trials designed to impose greater verbal–motor and ocular–motor challenges by using novel rather than repeated pictures and by presenting the pictures in distributed locations rather than always centered on the screen. The results confirmed that a decrease in the speed of information processing is a key feature of the cognitive impairment occurring in conjunction with MS. When this feature is evaluated with tests requiring rapid serial processing of stimulus information, the contribution of peripheral motor deficits appears to be modest. (JINS, 2008, 14, 646–650.)
Perception of affective prosody in major depression: A link to executive functions?
Authors: UEKERMANN JENNIFER , ABDEL-HAMID MONA , LEHMKÄMPER CAROLINE , VOLLMOELLER WOLFGANG , DAUM IRENE
Published: June 2008

Major depression is associated with impairments of executive functions and affect perception deficits, both being linked to dysfunction of fronto-subcortical networks. So far, little is known about the relationship between cognitive and affective deficits in major depression. In the present investigation, affect perception and executive functions were assessed in 29 patients with a diagnosis of major depression (Dep) and 29 healthy controls (HC). Both groups were comparable on IQ, age, and gender distribution. Depressed patients showed deficits of perception of affective prosody, which were significantly related to inhibition, set shifting, and working memory. Our findings suggest a significant association between cognitive deficits and affect perception impairments in major depression, which may be of considerable clinical relevance and might be addressed in treatment approaches. Future studies are desirable to investigate the nature of the association in more detail. (JINS, 2008,14, 552–561.)
Criterion validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition after pediatric traumatic brain injury
Authors: DONDERS JACOBUS , JANKE KELLY
Published: June 2008

The performance of 40 children with complicated mild to severe traumatic brain injury on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition (WISC–IV; Wechsler, 2003) was compared with that of 40 demographically matched healthy controls. Of the four WISC–IV factor index scores, only Processing Speed yielded a statistically significant group difference (p< .001) as well as a statistically significant negative correlation with length of coma (p< .01). Logistic regression, using Processing Speed to classify individual children, yielded a sensitivity of 72.50% and a specificity of 62.50%, with false positive and false negative rates both exceeding 30%. We conclude that Processing Speed has acceptable criterion validity in the evaluation of children with complicated mild to severe traumatic brain injury but that the WISC–IV should be supplemented with other measures to assure sufficient accuracy in the diagnostic process. (JINS, 2008,14, 651–655.)
Neuropsychological and behavioral functioning in children with and without obstructive sleep apnea referred for tonsillectomy
Authors: GIORDANI BRUNO , HODGES ELISE K. , GUIRE KENNETH E. , RUZICKA DEBORAH L. , DILLON JAMES E. , WEATHERLY ROBERT A. , GARETZ SUSAN L. , CHERVIN RONALD D.
Published: June 2008

Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is among the most common pediatric surgical procedures and is performed as often for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as for recurrent tonsillitis. This study compared behavioral, cognitive, and sleep measures in 27 healthy control children recruited from a university hospital-based pediatric general surgery clinic with 40 children who had OSA (AT/OSA+) and 27 children who did not have OSA (AT/OSA−) scheduled for AT. Parental ratings of behavior, sleep problems, and snoring, along with specific cognitive measures (i.e., short-term attention, visuospatial problem solving, memory, arithmetic) reflected greater difficulties for AT children compared with controls. Differences between the AT/OSA− and control groups were larger and more consistent across test measures than were those between the AT/OSA+ and control groups. The fact that worse outcomes were not clearly demonstrated for the AT/OSA+ group compared with the other groups was not expected based on existing literature. This counterintuitive finding may reflect a combination of factors, including age, daytime sleepiness, features of sleep-disordered breathing too subtle to show on standard polysomnography, and academic or environmental factors not collected in this study. These results underscore the importance of applying more sophisticated methodologies to better understand the salient pathophysiology of childhood sleep-disordered breathing. (JINS, 2008,14, 571–581.)
Recall and recognition of verbal paired associates in early Alzheimer's disease
Authors: LOWNDES G.J. , SALING M.M. , AMES D. , CHIU E. , GONZALEZ L.M. , SAVAGE G.R.
Published: June 2008

The primary impairment in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) is encoding/consolidation, resulting from medial temporal lobe (MTL) pathology. AD patients perform poorly on cued-recall paired associate learning (PAL) tasks, which assess the ability of the MTLs to encode relational memory. Since encoding and retrieval processes are confounded within performance indexes on cued-recall PAL, its specificity for AD is limited. Recognition paradigms tend to show good specificity for AD, and are well tolerated, but are typically less sensitive than recall tasks. Associate-recognition is a novel PAL task requiring a combination of recall and recognition processes. We administered a verbal associate-recognition test and cued-recall analogue to 22 early AD patients and 55 elderly controls to compare their ability to discriminate these groups. Both paradigms used eight arbitrarily related word pairs (e.g., pool-teeth) with varying degrees of imageability. Associate-recognition was equally effective as the cued-recall analogue in discriminating the groups, and logistic regression demonstrated classification rates by both tasks were equivalent. These preliminary findings provide support for the clinical value of this recognition tool. Conceptually it has potential for greater specificity in informing neuropsychological diagnosis of AD in clinical samples but this requires further empirical support. (JINS, 2008,14, 591–600.)
Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in MCI patients with small subcortical infarcts or hippocampal atrophy
Authors: GAINOTTI GUIDO , FERRACCIOLI MONICA , VITA MARIA GABRIELLA , MARRA CAMILLO
Published: June 2008

We investigated whether MCI patients with hippocampal atrophy or multiple subcortical infarcts demonstrate neuropsychological patterns and markers considered typical of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and of vascular dementia (VD), respectively. An extensive neuropsychological battery, including tests of memory, visual-spatial and executive functions, language, attention, praxis and psychomotor speed, was administered to 36 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients with hippocampal atrophy and 41 MCI patients with multiple subcortical infarcts. Both groups of MCI patients were very mildly impaired and well matched in terms of MMSE scores. A clear, disproportionately severe, episodic memory disorder was observed in MCI patients with hippocampal atrophy. A less specific neuropsychological profile, consisting of impairment on an Action Naming task that is sensitive to frontal lobe lesions, was observed in MCI patients with multiple subcortical infarcts. In MCI patients, a disproportionately severe episodic memory impairment strongly points to an Alzheimer's type brain pathology, whereas the prevalence of executive deficits and other frontal lobe symptoms are a much weaker diagnostic marker of small vessel subcortical disease. (JINS, 2008, 14, 611–619.)
Neuropsychological outcome following near-drowning in ice water: Two adult case studies
Authors: SAMUELSON HELENA , NEKLUDOV MICHAEL , LEVANDER MARIA
Published: June 2008

Two men, 56 and 33 years old, (case 1 and case 2) were examined neuropsychologically after successful resuscitation from circulatory arrest following extreme accidental hypothermia and near drowning. After submersion in ice water for at least 20 minutes they received CPR for 45 to 60 minutes. Body-core temperature at start of CPB was 24°C and 22°C, respectively. A neuropsychological examination was performed within two months after the accident and 1 year later. An additional follow-up interview was made 3 years after the accidents. Both had severe problems with memory, visuospatial performance, executive function, and verbal fluency. The follow-up demonstrated improvement in the visuospatial test in both and in the verbal learning, recall, and logical reasoning tests in case 2. Both still had problems with executive function, and case 2 also in verbal fluency. Case 1 also had problems with flexibility, planning and abstract ability. Despite the protective effects of hypothermia and gradual improvement of symptoms over time, some of the deficits were permanent. A thorough neuropsychological examination of patients suffered from anoxia is advisable, because gross neurological examination and MRI scans may not always reveal underlying brain dysfunction. (JINS, 2008,14, 660–666.)
Neural substrates related to auditory working memory comparisons in dyslexia: An fMRI study
Authors: CONWAY TIM , HEILMAN KENNETH M. , GOPINATH KAUNDINYA , PECK KYUNG , BAUER RUSSELL , BRIGGS RICHARD W. , TORGESEN JOSEPH K. , CROSSON BRUCE
Published: June 2008

Adult readers with developmental phonological dyslexia exhibit significant difficulty comparing pseudowords and pure tones in auditory working memory (AWM). This suggests deficient AWM skills for adults diagnosed with dyslexia. Despite behavioral differences, it is unknown whether neural substrates of AWM differ between adults diagnosed with dyslexia and normal readers. Prior neuroimaging of adults diagnosed with dyslexia and normal readers, and post-mortem findings of neural structural anomalies in adults diagnosed with dyslexia support the hypothesis of atypical neural activity in temporoparietal and inferior frontal regions during AWM tasks in adults diagnosed with dyslexia. We used fMRI during two binaural AWM tasks (pseudowords or pure tones comparisons) in adults diagnosed with dyslexia (n= 11) and normal readers (n= 11). For both AWM tasks, adults diagnosed with dyslexia exhibited greater activity in left posterior superior temporal (BA 22) and inferior parietal regions (BA 40) than normal readers. Comparing neural activity between groups and between stimuli contrasts (pseudowordsvs. tones), adults diagnosed with dyslexia showed greater primary auditory cortex activity (BA 42; tones > pseudowords) than normal readers. Thus, greater activity in primary auditory, posterior superior temporal, and inferior parietal cortices during linguistic and non-linguistic AWM tasks for adults diagnosed with dyslexia compared to normal readers indicate differences in neural substrates of AWM comparison tasks. (JINS, 2008,14, 629–639.)
Neurobehavioral Grand Rounds Introduction: Does near drowning in ice water prevent anoxic induced brain injury?
Authors: HOPKINS RAMONA O.
Published: June 2008

Cold water near-drowning is often thought to be neuroprotective in individuals with anoxia of a longer duration than that usually required to produce irreversible neurologic damage. There is a paucity of data in adults with cold water near-drowning that assess neuropsychological outcomes. Information regarding long-term effects of near cold water near-drowning on neuropathology, neuropsychological and neurobehavioral outcomes are uncommon. This paper provides an introduction to two cases of cold water near-drowning reported in this issue of JINS by Sameulson and colleagues and provides background information for interpretation of the findings of these cases in the context of outcomes following anoxia. (JINS, 2008, 14, 656–659.)
Oases: From Samarkand to Chang'an to ... now
Authors: Richard Dominique
Published: June 2008

With the development of modern high-speed communication our sense of local and global are blurred to the point that these two topological extremes are often conflated as ‘glocal’. This paper examines the significance of this change and assesses its effects on the productivity and creativity of electroacoustic musicians. More profoundly, it also considers whether this shift in social geography had any bearing on the constitution of an explicit electroacoustic community.

To specifically carry out this analysis we consider how an understanding of the system of social relations as a non-random network changes our perception of proximity and distance. We then derive a typology for the contemporary critiques of new technologies and highlight the opportunities it offers to interpret social relations anew. This analysis helps firm up the notion of virtuality that we use to explore our understanding of electroacoustic musical creation with respect to the benefits it can derive from a ‘glocal’ environment. It also establishes the premise of a collective subject emerging from ‘glocal’ communications that may serve as a seed to a renewed electroacoustic community.
Soundscape Composition as Global Music: Electroacoustic music as soundscape
Authors: Truax Barry
Published: June 2008

The author covers the background of soundscape composition, as initiated by the World Soundscape Project at Simon Fraser University, and soundscape documentation as an activity that is being increasingly practised worldwide. Today there are two striking manifestations of this work: the increasing globalisation of the electroacoustic community, and the increasing sophistication of digital techniques applied to soundscape composition. In addition, the tradition of listening to environmental soundscapes as if they were music is inverted to suggest listening to electroacoustic music as if it were soundscape. What analytical tools and insights would result? The theoretical concepts introduced in soundscape studies and acoustic communication are summarised and applied first to media and digital gaming environments, noting the extensions of both their sound worlds and the related listening attitudes they provoke in terms of analytical and distracted listening. Traditional approaches to acousmatic and soundscape analysis are compared for their commonalities and differences, the latter being mainly their relative balance of attention towards inner and outer complexity. The types of electroacoustic music most amenable to a soundscape based analysis are suggested, along with brief examples of pieces to which such analysis might be directed.
Globally Speaking
Authors: Wishart Trevor
Published: June 2008

Cheaply available high-quality digital recording equipment, and the ubiquity of computer music tools and the Internet make the creation of electroacoustic music in diverse localities, and its dissemination around the globe, extremely easy. This raises important questions about the relationship of local sound worlds and cultural experience to a potentially global audience. This quandary is examined through the compositions Globalalia (which deals explicitly with speech material from many languages) and Fabulous Paris – a virtual oratorio whcih uses speech in different ways to contrast our relationship to the local and personal with our relationship to the mass experience of the globalised mega-city. The problems in relating to both a local and a global audience are considered in relation to the composer's current project recording speech materials in local communities in the North East of England.
Between, Within and Across Cultures
Authors: Gluck Robert
Published: June 2008

The phenomenon of contemporary composers reaching across cultures in search of inspiration, musical materials and forms, and new ideas is not a new one, but it is occurring now with greater frequency. Some seek to join inherited traditions from within their own ancestral cultures with new traditions from the West or with new technologies. Some are Westerners exploring traditional musical forms and aesthetics from cultures different from their own. The process of engaging interculturally raises complex issues, at times challenging historical attitudes towards the culture of ‘the other’. The author considers a wide range of motivations for this emerging body of work, surveying the range of approaches that composers have taken, and urges the cultivation of cultural sensitivity. This essay proposes what the author terms a ‘reflective compositional process’ with which composers can explore their motivations and compositional strategies and consider the relationships inhering between materials and cultural origins. Implications for works engaging new technologies are considered throughout the essay.
EST-PCR markers representing watermelon fruit genes are polymorphic among watermelon heirloom cultivars sharing a narrow genetic base
Authors: Levi Amnon , Wechter Patrick , Davis Angela
Published: June 2008

To date, there are only a few sequenced-tagged site (STS) markers associated with genes controlling fruit quality in watermelon. A normalized cDNA library for watermelon fruit (Citrullus lanatusvar. lanatus) was constructed. Sequence analysis of the cDNA clones resulted in the development of 4700 non-redundant ESTs (EST unigenes) expressed in watermelon fruit (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov,http://www.icugi.org). One hundred of these EST unigenes [including 40 EST unigenes that contain simple sequence repeat (SSR) motives (EST-SSRs) and 60 customary EST unigenes (not containing SSR motives)] were used for designing primer pairs for PCR experiments. The EST primer pairs were tested in PCR experiments with genomic DNA of 25 watermelon heirloom cultivars and 13 United States Plant Introductions (US PIs) ofCitrullussp., including fourC. lanatusvar.lanatus, fiveC. lanatusvar.citroidesPIs and fourCitrullus colocynthisPIs. The 40 EST-SSR and 60 EST primer pairs produced 108 and 142 EST-PCR markers, respectively, among theCitrullusPIs and watermelon cultivars. A large number of the EST-PCR markers were polymorphic between theCitrullusPIs and the watermelon cultivars, but significantly less polymorphic among the cultivars. Of the 108 EST-PCR markers associated with EST-SSRs, 103 exist in theCitrullusPIs and 64 in the cultivars. Of these 64 markers, 45 (70.3%) were polymorphic among the cultivars. Of the 142 EST-PCR markers associated with customary ESTs, 134 exist in theCitrullusPIs and 108 in the cultivars. Of these 108 markers, 86 (79.6%) were polymorphic among cultivars. The results in this study indicate that polymorphism exists in coding regions of genes expressed in fruits of watermelon cultivars. In total, 131 polymorphic EST-PCR markers (45 associated with EST-SSRs and 86 associated with customary ESTs) related to watermelon fruit genes were generated using the above data. These markers should be useful for DNA fingerprinting of cultivars and breeding lines, for assessing genetic relationships and for genetic mapping of watermelon.
Analysis of wild Lactuca accessions: conservation and identification of redundancy
Authors: Rajičić Tatjana Sretenović , van Hintum Theo , Lebeda Aleš , Dehmer Klaus J.
Published: June 2008

Germplasm accessions of wildLactucaspecies are maintained worldwide inex situcollections as gene reservoirs for quality and disease resistance traits for cultivated lettuce. Accessions of 12Lactucaspecies from 6 genebanks were compared via morphological characterization and AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)-based profiling to estimate the extent of duplication. A method of assessing redundancy within very similar, but not identical accessions, is proposed, based on 352 polymorphic AFLP products. Seven duplication groups showed a high level of AFLP similarity, and one pair ofLactuca salignaaccessions displayed identical AFLP profiles. In several cases, the morphological assessment indicated that a taxonomic reclassification of accessions was necessary. Candidate duplicates were identified using population parameters and inter- and intra-accession variability. The implications of these findings on the conservation of wild species are discussed.
A strategy to identify potential germplasm for improving yield attributes using diversity analysis in sorghum
Authors: Aruna C. , Audilakshmi S.
Published: June 2008

The potential yield levels of sorghum, an important crop in the semi-arid regions of the world, are stagnating due to the narrow genetic base of the genotypes utilized in the sorghum improvement programmes worldwide. For utilization of genetic diversity in any crop, adequate genetic characterization of relevant germplasm is a prerequisite. Therefore, we attempted to identify the potential germplasm lines for improvement of yield in a set of 135 germplasm lines belonging to different races. The experiment was carried out in an augmented design during 2002, and in Randomized complete block design (RCBD) for selected lines during 2003. The correlation studies indicated that besides panicle weight, the number of grains/unit length of primary branch and the number of secondary branches/primary branch had significant positive relation with grain yield. IS nos 1259, 5447, 5725 and 2036 were promising for more than one yield component. The study indicated that besidescaudatumrace, the lines belonging toguinea,kafirand inter-races with them are good sources for different yield components. Genetic diversity and cluster analysis grouped 40 germplasm lines into eight clusters, with maximum inter-cluster distance between clusters II and III. Utilization of the germplasm lines belonging to different clusters in improving yield components is discussed.
On the complementarity of liberalism and democracy – a reading of F.A. Hayek and J.M. Buchanan
Authors: VANBERG VIKTOR J.
Published: June 2008

The principal claim of this paper is that liberalism and democracy are not onlycompatibleideals, as F.A. Hayek has suggested, but rathercomplementaryideals. The argument in support of this claim is based on a distinction between three different levels at which liberalism and democracy can be compared, the level of their institutional embodiment, the level of their principal ideals, and the level of their underlying normative premise. It is argued that liberalism and democracy share as their common normative foundation the principle ofindividual sovereignty, and that their respective core ideals, the liberal principle ofprivate autonomyand the democratic principle ofcitizen sovereignty, can be best understood as applications of the ideal of individual sovereignty to the realm of the private law society on the one side and to the ‘public’ realm of collective-political choice on the other.
Knowledge-intensive property rights and the evolution of venture capitalism
Authors: ANTONELLI CRISTIANO , TEUBAL MORRIS
Published: June 2008

Venture capitalism is a major institutional innovation based on identifying economies of scope in transactions of technological knowledge, bundled with managerial competence, reputation, screening procedures, and equity. It has paved the way to the emergence of new surrogate markets for knowledge, i.e. financial markets specialized in trading knowledge-intensive property rights. This development has important benefits in terms of risk management and hence profitability of investments in high-tech start-ups. The dynamic efficiency effects of the new institution also derive from the fact that the public at large, through its investments in knowledge-based income streams, contributes to the creation of new economically useful knowledge and capabilities.
Values and institutions as determinants of entrepreneurship in ancient Athens
Authors: BITROS GEORGE C. , KARAYIANNIS ANASTASSIOS D.
Published: June 2008

This paper shows that in classical Athens, values and institutions encouraged many types of entrepreneurship. Successful entrepreneurs received social and political distinctions, and some entrepreneurial slaves gained their freedom. However, to deter extreme individualism, success in business was judged by the means used to acquire wealth, rather than simply the amount of wealth acquired. The system encouraged those entrepreneurs who were esteemed socially, to work hard, use ethical means, not to consume their wealth conspicuously but to share it with the rest of the people by undertaking public expenditures, and to abide by the laws and ordinances of the city-state.
Disentangling intra-kinship property rights in land: a contribution of economic ethnography to land economics in Africa
Authors: COLIN JEAN-PHILIPPE
Published: June 2008

The issue of property rights in land has taken central stage in research in institutional economics regarding developing countries. In the African context, numerous studies have dealt with the individualization and commodification of customary land rights. The issue of intra-family land rights tends however to remain a black box, regarding the content of the bundle of rights and duties, the identification of the right holders and the transfers of rights within the family. Drawing from the insights of institutional economics as well as economic and legal anthropology, this paper presents a conceptual framework to rigorously explore the issue of land rights through an economic ethnography.
The personality of the corporation and the state (1905)
Authors: BROWN W. JETHRO
Published: June 2008

Although there is now a thriving subdiscipline of economics and law, so far economists working on the theory of the firm have paid relatively little attention to earlier legal doctrines. One neglected juridical school of thought is the ‘real entity’ theory developed by William Jethro Brown (1868–1930) and others. Some writers have recently suggested that this has implications for our understanding of the nature of the firm.
Potential cobalt limitation of vitamin B12 synthesis in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Panzeca C. , Beck A. J. , Leblanc K. , Taylor G. T. , Hutchins D. A. , Sañudo‐Wilhelmy S. A.
Published: June 2008

While recent studies have confirmed the ecological importance of vitamin B12, it is unclear whether the production of this vitamin could be limited by dissolved Co, a trace metal required for B12 biosynthesis, but found at only subnanomolar concentrations in the open ocean. Herein, we demonstrate that the spatial distribution of dissolved B12 (range: 0.13–5 pmol L−1) in the North Atlantic Ocean follows the abundance of total dissolved Co (range: 15–81 pmol L−1). Similar patterns were observed for bacterial productivity (range: 20–103 pmol 3H leucine L−1 hr−1) and algal biomass (range: 0.4–3.9 μg L−1). In contrast, vitamin B1 concentrations (range: 0.7–30 pM) were decoupled from both Co and B12 concentrations. Cobalt amendment experiments carried out in low‐dissolved Co waters (∼20 pmol L−1) enhanced B12 production two‐fold over unamended controls. This study provides evidence that B12 synthesis could be limited by the availability of Co in some regions of the world ocean.
Secondary eyewall formation in two idealized, full‐physics modeled hurricanes
Authors: Terwey Wesley D. , Montgomery Michael T.
Published: June 2008

Prevailing hypotheses for secondary eyewall formation are examined using data sets from two high‐resolution mesoscale numerical model simulations of the long‐time evolution of an idealized hurricane vortex in a quiescent tropical environment with constant background rotation. The modeled hurricanes each undergo a secondary eyewall cycle, casting doubt on a number of other authors' hypotheses for secondary eyewall formation due to idealizations present in the simulation formulations. A new hypothesis for secondary eyewall formation is proposed here and is shown to be supported by these high‐resolution numerical simulations. The hypothesis requires the existence of a region with moderate horizontal strain deformation and a sufficient low‐level radial potential vorticity gradient associated with the primary swirling flow, moist convective potential, and a wind‐moisture feedback process at the air‐sea interface to form the secondary eyewall. The crux of the formation process is the generation of a finite‐amplitude lower‐tropospheric cyclonic jet outside the primary eyewall with a jet width on the order of a local effective beta scale determined by the mean low‐level radial potential vorticity gradient and the root‐mean square eddy velocity. This jet is hypothesized to be generated by the anisotropic upscale cascade and axisymmetrization of convectively generated vorticity anomalies through horizontal shear turbulence and sheared vortex Rossby waves as well as by the convergence of system‐scale cyclonic vorticity by the low‐level radial inflow associated with the increased convection. Possible application to the problem of forecasting secondary eyewall events is briefly considered.
Low cloud errors over the southeastern Atlantic in the NCEP CFS and their association with lower‐tropospheric stability and air‐sea interaction
Authors: Hu Zeng‐Zhen , Huang Bohua , Pegion Kathy
Published: June 2008

The low cloud errors in the tropical Atlantic and their connection with lower‐tropospheric stability and air‐sea interaction in a simulation of the Climate Forecast System (CFS) are investigated. The CFS is the coupled ocean‐atmosphere circulation model for operational climate prediction at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Compared with observations, the CFS produces too few low clouds over the southeastern Atlantic and too many high clouds over the whole tropical Atlantic. The center of the low clouds is also shifted westward in the model away from the cold tongue region to the central ocean. The underestimation of low clouds in the southeastern Atlantic may be one of the potential sources of the warm biases of sea surface temperature (SST) in this region. The low clouds are linked to a stable or inversion layer between 850 hPa and 925 hPa in observations, but are associated with a stable layer between 700 hPa and 850 hPa in the CFS, which may suggest that low clouds are generated in a higher layer in the CFS than in the real world. On average, the lower troposphere is less stable in the CFS than in the observations over the tropical Atlantic region, which is more favorable for the development of deep convection. Moreover, the low cloud variability in the South Atlantic is mainly associated with SST and wind stress anomalies in the subtropical South Atlantic in the CFS and in the southeastern Atlantic and along the African coast in the observations.