bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on some Chalcid Parasites of Lac-Insects
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: July 2009

Many parasitic Hymenoptera are already known to live on lac-insects, and they are of importance either as noxious insects by destroying the Coccid (Tachardia lacca (Kerr)), or as useful insects when parasiting the predators of lac. As a result of the studies of Cameron, Imms, Misra and Mahdihassan, something is already known about them, but the systematic position and the identity of many of the species are still uncertain.
Further Observations on Beesonia dipterocarpi, Green
Authors: Green E. Ernest
Published: July 2009

Though our knowledge of this remarkable insect remains far from complete, fresh material, procured through Dr. C. F. C. Beeson, has enabled me to throw more light on its envelopment and to correct some misinterpretations in my earlier article (Bull. Ent. Res., xvii, p. 55, July 1926).
Surra in Mauritius and its Principal Vector, Stomoxys nigra
Authors: Moutia A.
Published: July 2009

1. The only biting fly of common occurrence in Mauritius is Stomoxys nigra.

2. The method of transmission of surra by Stomoxys nigra is direct, i.e., it occurs when flies take a meal on a surra-infected animal, with trypanosomes in the peripheral blood, and immediately afterwards feed on a healthy animal.

3. Trypanosomes are found active in the proboscis of Stomoxys from one to ten minutes after a meal, when the temperature of the room is between 25 and 27° C.

4. No active form of trypanosomes can be found in the gut, Malphigian tubes or salivary glands of the fly 24 hours or longer after a meal on an infected animal.

5. For successful transmission the interval between the feeding on the infected and on the healthy animal must not be more than ten minutes.

6. Trypanosomes in the gut of Stomoxys are active from one minute to one hour after a meal on a surra-infected animal.

7. Trypanosomes are partially disintegrated, the cytoplasm becoming more granular and the flagellum disappearing, 24 hours after an infected meal.

8. No developmental forms of trypanosomes have been found in the salivary glands, gut or Malphigian tubes of Stomoxys nigra 24 hours or more after an infected meal.

9. When trypanosomes could not be found in the peripheral blood of a surrainfected animal, transmission could not be effected.
New Parasitic Hymenoptera
Authors: Wilkinson D. S.
Published: July 2009

♂♀. Red; thorax dark red; orbits, vertex, ocellar tubercle, almost white; wing veins very dark; costal veins and stigma yellowish red, as are often the tibiae and tarsi; abdomen somewhat darker towards apex.
Notes on the Feeding Habits of Habrosyne derasa, L. (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Davies W. Maldwyn
Published: July 2009

1. Insect pests of the blackberry (Rubus fruticosus, L.) are being studied with a view to discovering insects likely to assist in the biological control of this noxious plant in New Zealand. Habrosyne derasa, L., was the first species brought under observation.

2. Investigations revealed an apparently unique method of oviposition, the eggs of H. derasa being deposited on the points of the serrated leaf-edges of the blackberry.

3. Newly hatched larvae of this moth have been simultaneously tested as to their ability to feed and thrive on the following plants:—Blackberry (normal host), loganberry, raspberry, rose, apple, cherry, plum, pear, and currant. They thrived equally well on the first three plants. Ten-day-old, blackberry-fed larvae, when transferred to rose and apple, fed and some ultimately pupated. Similar larvae transferred to cherry, plum and pear fed sparingly but did not succeed in pupating.

4. When a choice of food-plants was given, feeding was concentrated on blackberry, loganberry and raspberry.
Observations on the Coccidae of Southern Rhodesia.—I
Authors: Hall W. J.
Published: July 2009

With the exception of a few isolated records nothing is known of the Coccidae of Southern Rhodesia. Dr. Brain has made a study of the family in the Union of South Africa, the results of which are to be found in his excellent Monograph,* and Prof. Newstead has described many interesting and hitherto unknown forms from Central Africa in the earlier volumes of this Bulletin.
Tsetse-fly (Glossina morsitans) in the Koalib Hills, Nuba Mountains Province, Sudan
Authors: Ruttledge W.
Published: July 2009

The paper is an accouunt of a year's work on the bionomics of Glossina morsitans in the Koalib Hills, Nuba Mountains Province, Sudan, a small area which lies 200 to 300 miles north of any other locality where G. morsitans occurs.

The fly is restricted at all times of the year to the hills, where it was found to breed in rock-shade, and is always closely associated with the Nuba inhabitants and their animals, even frequenting villages and their environs. The cattle, goats and sheep are resistant to trypanosomiasis, but all have been proved to be carriers of the disease.

Wild fauna is scarce in and near the area, and the fly is probably entirely dependent for food on the Nubas and their animals.

An experiment in direct control in a small group of hills is described. It was found impossible to reduce the fly beyond a very low minimum, but the method would be of use as a routine control in small hills.

Experiment with fly lime indicated that the shiny appearance of the lime deterred the majority of flies from alighting upon it.

Marked flies remained in the bush for ten to fifteen days during the rains, but eventually returned to the hills. Given a constant food supply there seems no reason why many parts of the bush, otherwise suitable, should not harbour fly during the rains and early dry season.

The author is indebted to Major R. G. Archibald, C.M.G., D.S.O., M.D., Director of Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, and to Mr. H. H. King, Government Entomologist, for much assistance and advice, also to the Provincial and District Officials for help in many ways.
A Contribution to the Life history of the Lac Insect, Laccifer (Tachardia) lacca (Coccidae)
Authors: Negi Pratap Singh
Published: July 2009

The author desires to express his sincerest thanks to the authorities of the Zoological and Geological Survey of India and of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for allowing him to consult the necessary literature in their respective libraries, and to the members of the Lac Association Committee and Mrs. D. Norris, the Director of the Institute, for their generous help. He is also much indebted to Mr. W. B. R. Laidlaw, the Entomologist, for going through the manuscript, and to the artist, Mr. E. Heber, for the illustrations accompanying the paper.
On the Relative Value of Parasites and Predators in the Biological Control of Insect Pests
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: July 2009

The factors responsible for the biological control of insect pests fall into three main groups. The first group includes the micro-organisms (Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi) producing what is ordinarily called disease; the second comprises the entomophagous insects which lead, during part or all of their life-history (generally during the larval stage only) a parasitic existence, while the third contains a great assemblage of animals of various kinds which agree in being carnivorous in habit and are known as predators. It is difficult to formulate definitions of parasite and predator which are applicable to all cases. The most satisfactory general distinction is perhaps the one recently suggested by E. Rabaud (1928), who restricts the term “parasite” to species which remain permanently attached to a living host, and considers as predators all species which come into contact with the host organism only at feeding time. Each of these categories can be subdivided, according to the effect the parasite or predator exerts upon its host, into sublethal or benignant and lethal or malignant species. Few, if any, of the parasitic entomophagous insects are of the sublethal type, the species whose habits correspond most closely to the definition being perhaps the bee-louse (Braula coeca, Nitzsch), which, however, is rather a commensal than a parasite. A few parasitic insects, such as some of the dipterous parasites of Orthoptera and Dermaptera (Thrixion halidayanum, Rond., on Leptynia hispanica, Bol.— v. Pant el 1897; Rhacodineura antiqua, Meig. on Forficula auricularia, L.—v. Thompson 1928) do not actually kill their host before issuing, but it dies usually within a relatively short time. In the majority of cases the host is destroyed before the parasite has completed its larval development. Benignant predacious entomophaga are also uncommon among the Arthropods. Certain Chironomids, Simuliids and even Culicids suck the blood of caterpillars, adult dragonflies, moths and butterflies, and other insects, without necessarily killing them (v. Edwards 1923) ; but, in general, the entomophagous insect and Arachnid predators, being as large as or larger than their hosts, cause death, as do the vertebrate predators.
New Curculionidae (Col.) from Cultivated Plants
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

♂ ♀. Derm black, with dense mosaic-like sandy-brown scaling variegated with grey and blackish scales; the pronotum usually with an indefinite pale median stripe; a greenish grey patch on each side of the prosternum.
Notes on the Breeding-places of Aëdes (Finlaya) notoscriptus, Skuse, in Queensland
Authors: Hamlyn-Harris R.
Published: July 2009

It is noteworthy that the breeding-places of different mosquitos vary with the seasons and that mosquitos are influenced in the selection of their breeding-places by such differences as those of temperature, relative humidity, cloudiness and rain, or alkalinity and food supply, and a further study of the breeding-places of Aëdes (Finlaya) notoscriptus, Skuse, has revealed some interesting details worthy of record. In this respect the importance of continuous mosquito work becomes particularly apparent, because at times the results obtained seem almost to be of a contradictory nature; but these variations are due to the diverse conditions under which mosquitos are forced to live in a country which at one time is subject to excessive rains and at another in the throes of a great drought. These factors tend to give to certain mosquitos an economic significance, and therefore we must not be surprised to find a semi-domestic species like A. notoscriptus displaying at times a tendency to become domestic; this mosquito has already taken to breeding in water-tanks in Western Australia, and fears of its doing so in Brisbane, when its present breeding-places have been largely done away with, seem justified.
A new Tsetse-fly of the Glossina palpalis Group occurring in Belgian Congo
Authors: Austen E. E.
Published: July 2009

In the autumn of 1928 Dr. J. Schwetz forwarded to the writer, from Stanleyville, a small collection of blood-sucking Diptera, the majority of which had been obtained by him in the region of the Lower Lomami River. The material sent included specimens of four species of Glossina, the determination of three of which (G. palpalis, Rob.-Desv., G. fusca, Walk., and G. tabaniformis, Westw.) presented no difficulty. The fourth species, however, which had evidently attracted the special attention of the sender, since specimens of it were received labelled “ ? G. pallicera,” proves to be new and is accordingly described below. Dr. Schwetz, who is already well known by reason of entomological investigations in Belgian Congo extending over a long series of years, is to be congratulated upon a discovery which brings the number of recognised species of Glossina up to twenty.
An Addendum to Mr. F. D. Golding's “ Notes on the Bionomics of Cotton Stainers (Dysdercus) in Nigeria”
Authors: China W. E.
Published: July 2009

In the February number (1928) of this Journal, a most interesting and valuable paper was published by Mr. F. D. Golding, Government Entomologist of Nigeria, on the bionomics of cotton-stainers (Dysdercus). In a footnote on page 319 of this paper it was suggested on my authority that three of the seven species mentioned by him as occurring in Nigeria were probably wrongly identified, since no representatives of these three species were present in the Nigerian material in the British Museum. Since then I have been able to examine Mr. Golding's collection and can state definitely that the specimens of Dysdercus nigrofasciatus, Stål, and D. migratorius, Dist., taken in Nigeria, were correctly identified. D. intermedius, Dist., however, does not, so far as is known, Occur in Nigeria. To the species mentioned by Golding as occurring in that country must be added D. antennatus, Dist., which however is probably generically distinct from typical Dysdercus species.
Note on the Life-history of the Fig-tree Moth, Ocnerogyia amanda, Staud. (Lymantriidae)
Authors: Scott Hugh
Published: July 2009

The following notes are written in the hope of supplementing what has been already published on the life-history of the Fig-tree Moth. In particular, the length of duration of the separate larval instars does not seem to have been given before. The observations began with the finding, on 27th May 1928, of caterpillars and eggs on fig-trees at Karradah, on the left bank of the Tigris below Baghdad. They were continued mainly in the entomological laboratory of the Agricultural Institute at Rustam, a few miles away, and were perforce discontinued after 21st June, as I had then to leave Baghdad on a tour of inspection and, shortly after my return, I fell ill.
The early Stages of some West African Mosquitos
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: July 2009

Descriptions are given of the larvae and pupae of Uranotaenia nigripes, Theo., Hodgesia sanguinis, Theo., H. malayi, Leic. (larva only), Aëdes (Banksinella) punctocostalis, Theo., A. (Aëdimorphus) abnormalis, Theo., A. (A.) tarsalis, Newst., and Ficalbia malfeyti, Newst.

H. sanguinis is remarkable chiefly for the structure of the respiratory trumpets of the pupa, each of which is cleft almost to the base in the form of two leaflets.
On some new and interesting Thysanoptera of economic Importance
Authors: Bagnall Richard S.
Published: July 2009

Brachyurothrips hargreavesi is of interest as the material has enabled me to characterise clearly the genus Brachyurothrips ; Zeugmatothripoides is a new genus related to the recently described neotropical Hystrichothripid genus Zeugmatothrips ; and Hoplandrothrips coffeae is a new coffee thrips causing curled-leaf galls.

I am further able to show that Dolichothrips varipes is in no sense related to Neoheegeria indica, though treated by Karny as a synonym of that species, and to characterise more clearly Gigantothrips gracilis and elegans.

I am indebted to Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, F.R.S., of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and to the Authorities of the British Museum of Natural History for the bulk of this material, types of which are deposited in the British Museum collections.
Confirmatory Evidence of the Validity of the Species Pectinophora scutigera, Holdaway (Queensland Pink Bollworm), from a Study of the Genitalia
Authors: Holdaway F. G.
Published: July 2009

A study of the genitalia of both sexes of the Queensland pink bollworm, Pectinophora scutigera, Holdaway, originally named from the immature stages, has confirmed the validity of the species. Details of a comparative study of the genitalia of this species and Pectinophora gossypiella, Saunders, are given and figured.
Castniomera humboldti (Boisduval), a Pest of Bananas
Authors: Salt George
Published: July 2009

For a number of years reports have been received from the banana-growing districts of Central and northern South America of a large white grub occasionally discovered in extensive borings in the base of banana pseudostems. While in the Santa Marta region of Colombia, the writer readily succeeded in rearing the adult, which turned out to be the Castniid moth, Castniomera humboldti (Boisduval), and was able to devote a short time to the study of the insect, discovering not only that it is far more abundant than has been supposed, but also that its presence has a very serious effect on the production of bananas.
Injurious Hispinae from the Solomon Islands
Authors: Maulik S.
Published: July 2009

The material on which the following notes are based was submitted to me for study by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. It is necessary to describe two new genera and three new species. The material contains two larvae, on which remarks have also been made.

The drawings were made by Mr. D. E. Kimmins.
Methods of investigating the Fauna of Tree-stumps
Authors: Trägårdh Ivar
Published: July 2009

Ever since forest entomologists began to inquire into the interrelation between the action of the forester and the prevalence of noxious insects, the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) has been quoted as a classical example of what unfortunate results large clean cuttings and planting on and in the vicinity of the cut-over areas may produce. This is due to the fact that the females oviposit under the bark of the stumps, where the larvae make their long tunnels far down into the roots of the trees and that large clean cuttings offer them greatly increased facilities of ovipositing in suitable places. At the same time the great number of young pine—or spruce-plants—offer the emerging weevils plenty of tender and nourishing food. The same thing happens if in the vicinity of a successful plantation an area is cut over ; the only difference being that in this case the young plants are attacked in the spring following the cutting by weevils attracted by the smell of the stumps but not yet sexually mature until they have fed on the young plants, whereas in the former case the injury appears 2–3 years after the cutting, when the beetles of the next generation appear.
A new Species of Bryocoropsis (Hem. Capsid.) on Cacao in Fernando Póo
Authors: China W. E.
Published: July 2009

Bryocoropsis cotterelli, sp. n.

Colour.—Blackish-brown, with the head, anterior lateral margins of pronotum, sides of the scutellum, sternum, venter, and legs, ferruginous brown. Hemielytra blackish-brown, with a large irregular area at apex of corium, pale yellowish-hyaline, and a small round spot below the middle of the embolium, another at base of corium, one on disc of corium, and some obscure markings on clavus, ochreous; membrane semi-opaque, blackish-grey with a dirty whitish bilobed spot below apex of cuneus between basal cell and the costal margin. Antennae black, the basal segment tinted with ferruginous brown. Rostrum brown with apex brownish-black. Hind tibiae tinted with black along outer side.
Phases of Locusts and their Interrelations
Authors: Uvarov B. P. , Zolotarevsky B. N.
Published: July 2009

The theory of phases of locusts put forward as a working hypothesis by the senior author (Uvarov, 1921) has led, as might have been expected, to further researches in that direction, but the results obtained have been in some cases apparently contradictory. A summary of the work done on these phases has been published recently in a book (Uvarov, 1928), and we do not propose to repeat it here, the purpose of the present joint paper being to discuss very briefly certain aspects of the problem in the light of new observations made by Predtechensky (1928) in Russia and by the junior author in Madagascar.
New Species of Nysius (Hem., Lygaeid.) from South Africa
Authors: Evans J. W.
Published: July 2009

In the few published accounts of insects belonging to the genus Nysius attacking crops in South Africa, the specific name of the Lygaeid concerned has always been given as binotatus, Germ., known locally as the common stinkvlieg, this species having been recorded as attacking not only fruit, potatoes and sunflower seed-heads, but also as being a household pest.
The Bionomics of Glossina morsitans in the Umniati Fly Belt, Southern Rhodesia, 1922–23
Authors: Chorley J. K.
Published: July 2009

The pupal period has been shown to be between three and four times as long during the winter months as it is in the summer months.

Breeding continues the whole year round, but the period of greatest density and activity is in September, i.e., towards the end of the dry season. During a period of heavy rains, long grass and full forest foliage, puparia were fairly abundant, while density counts did not indicate any lack of nourishment. The grass in these mopane belts, however, never grows very long.

All types of forest were used for breeding except the heavy river forest. In the mopane a heavy reduction in density occurred after leaf-fall. At the end of the dry season the dry bed of a small well-shaded stream was used extensively as a breeding place. Heavy thorn thickets (Isinanga) and overgrown dongas were only used as breeding places after most of the leaves had fallen.

The puparia are attacked by at least seven species of insect parasites. Of these Mutilla glossinae and possibly two species of Bombyliids are the most important. These parasites show definite seasonal activity. At the end of the dry season, 84 per cent. of all emergences were parasites.

The percentage of collected puparia which failed to yield either flies or parasites increased from 23 per cent. in March to 60 per cent. in November. Experiments showed that half an hour's exposure to the sun (118° F.), even when covered with about one inch of sand, was sufficient to kill the puparia.

The combined effect of parasitism and the hot summer sun on deposited puparia is no doubt a contributary cause of the great fall in density that occurs throughout mopane forest at the end of the late dry season after leaf-fall is complete. This statement does not necessarily apply to other areas not examined.

This fly belt has continued to spread and game has increased, although the area has been thrown open to free shooting since 1905. Between 1924 and 1925 the spread eastward has been rapid, and new settlement areas have been endangered.
Observations on the Coccidae of Southern Rhodesia.—III
Authors: Hall W. J.
Published: July 2009

Pseudaonidia tesserata, de Charm.

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) tesseratus, de Charm., Pr. Soc. Amic. Scien., 1899, p. 23.

Pseudaonidia tesserata, Brain, Bull. Ent. Res., ix, 1919, p. 206.

On Monotes glaber (Dipterocarpaceae), Trelawney, 29.iii.1928. The specimens were found on the larger branches (1½ inches in diameter) underneath the superficial tissues of the bark.
New Trypetidae from South Africa (Dipt.)
Authors: Munro H. K.
Published: July 2009

In discussing the African Trypetidae some mention should be made of the work of the late Dr. Mario Bezzi, who has perhaps done most work on the higher Diptera of Africa and on the Trypetidae in particular. In 1924 in his papers in Vol. xv of the “ Bulletin of Entomological Research ” and in Vol. xix of the “ Annals of the South African Museum,” Bezzi left the classification of the African Trypetidae in as satisfactory a condition as any systematic group could be expected to be at any given time. Some discrepancy was apparent, however, between the classification of the African and of the European Trypetidae, the general classification of the latter apparently not having been touched since Loew's early work. The appearance, therefore, of Dr. F. Hendel's monograph on the Palaearctic Trypetidae in Lindner's “ Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region ” was greatly to be welcomed. At the same time, his classification does not agree with that of Bezzi ; Hendel has made numerous nomenclatorial and systematic changes, and the correlation of the two systems will not always be easy.
Observations on the “ Furau ” (Cicindelidae) of Northern Nigeria
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: July 2009

In the “ Furau,” or Tiger-beetle larva of Nigeria, the digestion of the prey is mainly extra-intestinal. A dark brown slightly acid fluid, which is actively proteolytic and causes blackening of the tissues, is ejected from the intestine of the larva and dissolves the tissues of the prey. The resulting fluid is swept towards the mouth by the labium and re-ingested.

The bites of the larvae had no effect upon the skin of a monkey or of man, and there is little doubt that the larvae have no relation to the inflammatory lesion of the foot of man, which also is called “ Furau ” in Northern Nigeria.
A new Species of Microstigmus (Hym. Sphegid.)
Authors: Turner Rowland E.
Published: July 2009

Microstigmus myersi, sp. n. (fig. 1).

♀. Nigro-aenea, nitida ; mandibulis, antennis (articulo apicali excepto), tegulis pedibusque, luteis ; alis hyalinis, iridescentibus ; venis fuscis, basi luteis. Long. 3·5 mm.
Notes on some Natural Enemies of Plodia interpunctella and Silvanus surinamensis in Australia
Authors: Myers J. G.
Published: July 2009

During the first half of 1927 the writer visited the chief grape-growing districts of Australia to investigate on behalf of the Empire Marketing Board and the Common-wealth Government the insect infestation of dried fruit. The more immediately practical results of this study were published in November 1928 (E.M.B., 12, 36 pp.). On pages 20–22 of that report the question of natural enemies was briefly considered. The present notes describe certain aspects of the behaviour of these natural enemies, with special reference, in the case of the “ parasites,” to oviposition habits. The literature on Microbracon hebetor, Say (Habrobracon juglandis, Ashm.) has grown enormously in the last few years, and the present section on this insect makes no pretence to deal with the mass of literature upon it, nor to summarise our knowledge of its biology. Among more monographic papers on M. hebetor may be mentioned those of Hase (the subject at first determined in error as Habrobracon brevicornis) and Genieys (chiefly morphological). Showell (Jl. Dept. Agric. South Australia, xxxi, 1928, pp. 1048–1056), has recently published an account of the life-history under Australian conditions ; while Schultze (1924) has described its psychology, with special reference to cleaning-habits and antennal movements. Schultze's work I have not seen.
A Note on the Utility of Aerial Photography in Entomological Field Work
Authors: Bodkin G. E.
Published: July 2009

In a previous paper (Bull. Ent. Res., xvi, 1925, p. 143), a general account was given of the conditions encountered in fumigation of citrus trees with hydrocyanic acid gas in Palestine.
Gall Midges (Dipt., Cecidomyidae) as Enemies of Aphids
Authors: Barnes H. F.
Published: July 2009

The larvae of certain gall midges have been known for a long time to prey on Aphids ; in fact Rondani in 1847 described a midge, now known as Phaenobremia aphidimyza, Rond., whose larvae fed on Aphids on fruit trees. Since this first record, there have been many notes of Aphids being attacked by Cecidomyid larvae, and in some cases the adult midge has been reared and described. Most of the literature consists of mere records of larvae feeding on Aphids or else descriptions of the midges ; in a few cases biological notes are added. So far as the writer knows there are only two papers that are devoted to a study of midges as a potential natural control of Aphids. Further work is badly needed to find out whether midge larvae can, or do, act as control agents. There have been vague statements that Aphids in certain outbreaks have been controlled by the midge larvae, but so far there have been no exact proofs based on counts of numbers of Aphids killed, fecundity of midge compared with Aphid, the appetite of the midge larvae, etc.
Some Aspects in the Biology of Longicorn Beetles
Authors: Trägårdh Ivar
Published: July 2009

The Longicorn beetles comprise numerous species that are highly injurious both to growing trees and to timber, and some excellent papers have been published dealing either with important species and the methods of preventing their damage (Brooks, 1920) or giving a survey of a particular fauna (Craighead, 1923). Nevertheless, there are some rather important features of the life-history of these beetles that seem to have attracted onlyscant attention, and which have hitherto not been subjected to a systematic analysis. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to these neglected features and to give a short survey of the meagre and scattered information that we have about them, in order tostimulate further study, which seems warranted from both a theoretical and a practical point of view.
The early Stages of Niponius andrewesi, Lew. (Col. Hist.)
Authors: Gardner J. C. M.
Published: July 2009

The genus Niponius has hitherto been studied only from the standpoint of the adult characters, the larva having been unknown. These characters were considered by Fowler (Fauna of British India, Coleoptera, General Introduction 1912, p. 93) probably to be worthy of family rank; to quote Fowler “The very curious genus Niponius is closely related to the Histeridae, to which family it was assigned by its discoverer, Mr. G. Lewis, but it also bears affinities to other families, and is in several ways abnormal; we have therefore regarded it, with some hesitation, as provisionally separate.” The structure of the male genital tube was studied by Sharp & Muir (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1912, p. 512) and they remark (l.c. p. 513) “The four families Histeridae, Synteliidae, Sphaeritidae and Niponiidae are so closely related by the aedeagus, that they might form one family, in which the Histeridae would include the higher developments.”
A new Genus and two new Species of Coccidae from the Solomon Islands
Authors: Laing F.
Published: July 2009

The material upon which the following descriptions are based, was received through the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and I am indebted to the Director of that institution for the privilege of studying it.
A Revision of the Indo-Australian Species of the Genus Microplitis (Hym. Bracon.)
Authors: Wilkinson D. S.
Published: July 2009

In the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1929, in the introduction to my revision of the Indo-Australian and Ethiopian species of Microgaster, I stated my intention of writing subsequently for the related genus Microplitis a revision of the species from the same area. This I have done in the present paper, the slight alteration of title being necessary as no species of Microplitis have yet been described from the Ethiopian region.
New injurious Hispinae
Authors: Maulik S.
Published: July 2009

The following notes are based on material submitted to me for study by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. The drawings were made by Mr. D. E. Kimmins.
A Key to the principal Families of Coleoptera in the larval Stage
Authors: Roberts A. W. Rymer
Published: July 2009

It is now more than twenty-five years since his useful “Key to Families of Coleopterous Larvae” was published by Macgillivray. Since that time descriptions of many larvae and representatives of a considerable number of families, then unknown, have been made available, and research on the taxonomy of families and super-families has added very considerably to our knowledge of the early stages of beetles. Without being invidious, it may not be out of place to mention the work of Saalas on spruce-beetles, of Verhoeff on several families and especially the Clavicorn group, of d'Orchymont on the Hydrophilidae, of de Peyerimhoff on the larvae of several obscure families, and, not least of these, that of Böving made known in a number of papers on the species, families and super-families of this order of insects. These and many others, too numerous to mention here, but whose names will in most cases be found in the bibliography, have made notable additions to our knowledge since the publication of Macgillivray's work.
A new Moth damaging Oil-palm in the Belgian Congo
Authors: Tams W. H. T.
Published: July 2009

Palpus upcurved, the 2nd segment broadly and smoothly scaled in front, its distal extremity reaching the level of the vertex of the head, the 3rd segment long and acuminate (blunter in the male than in the female). Frons rounded, smoothly scaled. Tibiae with outer spurs half as long as inner. Fore wing with veins R3+R4 anastomosed for three-fourths of their length, R2 closely approximated to them, R5 almost straight and diverging from them; veins M2, M3, and Cu1 arising close together from lower angle of cell, vein Cu2 from cell at about five-sixths. Hind wing with vein Sc anastomosing with vein Rs to near apex; veins M2, M3, Cu1, and Cu2 disposed as in fore wing.
A new Variety of Anopheles funestus, Giles, from Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Leeson H. S.
Published: July 2009

While investigating the Anophelini of Southern Rhodesia in connection with the research on blackwater fever conducted by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, an undescribed variety of Anopheles funestus, Giles, was taken in the dry season. Nine males and eight females were collected from May to August 1927, near Shamva, and one male and one female in July 1928, in the Fungwi Native Reserve. All were caught out-of-doors except two females, one of which was taken in a shed constructed of grass and the other in a native hut. The remainder were taken in close association with the earth; in surface drains, caves and crevices in rocks. No specimens were taken in or near European habitations, but all in undeveloped country. No adults were bred out, so that the following description is based on individuals captured “wild.” The larva is unknown.
Locust-hoppers and Birds in East Africa
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: July 2009

During the early part of 1929, a specially severe infestation of locusts occurred in the northern provinces of Tanganyika Territory, an extension of the plague already felt in Kenya. Laying was known to have taken place more or less continuously over the drier country all the way from Longido, west of Kilimanjaro, to the West Usambara Mountains. Successive broods of young locusts had to be dealt with; and in the same area it was possible to see newly hatched hoppers and insects almost full-grown and able to fly. An ample supply of extra food was therefore provided for any birds that might care to avail themselves of it, except the smallest, and certain specialists such as the Hirundines. I was anxious to get some idea of how the birds would react to these abnormal food-conditions, and by the kindness of Dr. and Mrs. R. R. Le G. Worsley, the former of whom was in charge of a sector of the locust campaign, I was able during the first week of June 1929 to make observations in a very heavily infested area between the Middle Pangani River and the South Pare Mountains. I have also to thank the Director E.A.A.R.S. for certain facilities in this connection.
New Species and Host Records of Ichneumonidae and Braconidae
Authors: Wilkinson D. S.
Published: July 2009

♀♂. Cadmium-yellow; vertex and occiput medianly, mesonotum posteriorly in the angle formed by the notauli, black (fig. 1); scape above and flagellum very dark brown to black; hind tarsi very dark brown to black with flavescent pilosity; the apical tergites above commonly with a small dark mark; ovipositor red, the sheaths brown with flavescent pilosity; wings slightly and evenly infumated, except at apex, where they are decidedly darker, that is to say, in the forewing the apical half of the 3rd cubital and 2nd discoidal cells, and the apical fourth of the 2nd brachial cell, and in the hind wing the apical third of the radial, about the apical third of the cubital, and the extreme apex of the discoidal cells; the majority of the wing-veins dark redbrown, but black in the basal half of the forewing; in the forewing, the stigma, the costal vein (as opposed to the subcostal vein), and the medial at base, in the hindwing all veins at base of wing, and the majority of the anal vein in both wings, yellow testaceous, but often appearing rather darker owing to setae.
Halticinae (Col.) as possible Factors in Natural Control of Mosquitos in Queensland
Authors: Hamlyn-Harris R.
Published: July 2009

During a recent dry spell in the Brisbane area the canal situated at Nundah, known as Schultz's, had become silted, and various aquatic and other weeds had taken possession of the bed. Owing to pollution from a sewer, produced higher up, Culex fatigans, as is usual on such occasions, was breeding amongst the aquatic vegetation consisting mainly of Eichhornia speciosa (Water Hyacinth), Hydrilla verticillata (Water Thyme) and Jussiaea repens (Yellow Primrose). The large quantities of Characeae, usually so abundant in this canal during wet tunes, had completely disappeared.
On a Collection of Lac Insects from Northern India
Authors: Misra Awadh Behari
Published: July 2009

The lac insects have, in recent years, been the object of extensive attention, partly on account of their economic importance, and partly on account of the biological interest that invests them. What the late Professor Lefroy had remarked about the Aphids in his “Indian Insect Life” may well have been said of these also but for the appearance of Chamberlin's Monograph (Bull. Ent. Res., xiv, 1923, pp. 147–122; xvi, 1925, pp. 31–42), which supplied a long-needed treatise on the subject. The weakness of this monograph, however, has seemed to me to be the insufficient treatment of the Indian forms, which was, evidently, due to lack of material, and it has therefore seemed desirable to undertake a study of the Indian lac insects in order to fill in the lacunae in this otherwise excellent monograph.
A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Bionomics of Glossina morsitans
Authors: Nash T. A. M.
Published: July 2009

1. Only large game movements produce noticeable effects upon the fly community.

2. The fauna of the hills is not subjected to game concentration.

3. The country included in the N.E. Kikori round is not subjected to large game movements, as is the S.E. round.

4. A concentration of game appears to cause a considerable increase in fly density the surrounding country; when the game have dispersed the density drops.

5. In the small area of country forming the core of the concentration fly appear to be very scarce while the game are present. When the game have left the density greatly increases.

6. The arrival of much game in an area causes an increase in the activity of the females.
Carabunia myersi, Watrst. (Hym., Encyrtidae), a Parasite of nymphal Froghoppers (Hom., Cercopidae)
Authors: Myers J. G.
Published: July 2009

1. Carabunia myersi is an extraordinarily efficient internal parasite of the nymphs of Clastoptera undulata and Clastoptera sp. in Cuba, and of a third species in the mountains of Haiti.

2. The rate of parasitism is from 65 to nearly 100 per cent.

3. The egg is laid in nymphs of about the second instar, the female wasp negotiating the covering spittle-mass with great ease.

4. There are three larval stadia, and pupation takes place within the indurated larval skin of the last larval instar, inside the abdomen of the still active host.

5. The spiracles of this Hymenopterous puparium achieve connections with certain of the abdominal tracheae of the host and by this means supply air to the pupa.

6. Dissection and experiment showed that Carabunia is not actually, nor is it likely to become, a parasite of froghoppers of the genus Tomaspis (Monecphora) to which the Trinidad cane pest belongs.

I desire especially to thank my wife for assistance in every part of the investigation.
Effects of bush Clearance on Flighting of West African Anophelines
Authors: Ribbands C. R.
Published: July 2009

1. Two huts were selected which were surrounded by dense bush, which varied in height from 4 to 15 feet. After elimination of this bush within a radius of 140 yards from these huts, the proportion of the population of ♀ A. funestus and ♀ A. gambiae attracted to them was at least 90 per cent. of the proportion which reached them before the bush clearance. This result indicates that bush clearance is not a justifiable measure for reducing Anopheline infestation. Even the male Anophelines entered the cleared area in the same proportion as they did before clearance.

2. While bush clearance was in progress there was a temporary sharp reduction in the infestation, and the proportion of the female Anopheline population attracted declined to between one-third and one-quarter of the proportion attracted before clearance. The proportion of males dropped by one-half. At the same time the ♀ Anophelines were apparently much less able to discriminate between quantitative olfactory stimuli. Both effects are attributed to masking by an obscuring odour from the cut and withering bush.

3. There was no difference between the numbers of A. melas attracted to a hut screened by a 10 yard thick belt of dense high bush and the numbers attracted to an identical hut in the adjacent clearing 25 yards away.
Tests on Locust Baits in Somalia
Authors: Notley F. B.
Published: July 2009

Throughout the world, wheat bran seems to have been the most popular carrier for locust and grasshopper baits. Wheat bran has, however, always been difficult to obtain in East Africa in sufficient quantity for large scale campaigns, and wartime conditions coinciding with a large outbreak of Schistocerca gregaria have made the position even more acute.
A Factor affecting Diapause in Hymenopterous Parasites
Authors: Simmonds F. J.
Published: July 2009

Whilst investigating the biology of parasites of the frit-fly (Oscinella frit, L., Diptera, Chloropidae) in North America with a view to introducing possible species for the biological control of this pest in Great Britain, extensive experimental work was done with one species of Chalcid, Spalangia drosophilae, Ashm. (Spalangidae), a parasite of frit puparia. During this work conditions inducing a state of diapause in the mature larvae were investigated. As with many other species, it was found that low temperatures during development favoured entry into diapause, whilst high temperatures favoured emergence of the progeny without arrest in development. However, other factors were found to have some important bearing in this respect. Some individual females produced progeny, all of which entered a state of diapause in the full-grown larval stage, others bred and ovipositing under identical conditions produced progeny all of which emerged without arrested development, others produced progeny that were mixed in this respect. This effect did not seem to be inheritable. The history of each individual female with respect to environmental conditions was found to have an important influence on the propensities of her progeny for entering diapause. These effects will be dealt with more fully at a later date. There was, however, one striking effect which has apparently not been noted before, and which it was felt was of sufficient interest to be recorded separately.
Euphorine Parasites of Capsid and Lygaeid Bugs in Uganda (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J.
Published: July 2009

In the following pages an attempt is made to deal systematically with a number of Braconids belonging to the subfamily Euphorinae and reared by Dr. T. H. C. Taylor in the course of his investigation into the biology of the Capsid pests of cotton in Uganda. Taylor himself has discussed elsewhere (1945) the importance of the rôle that some of these Braconid parasites are likely to play in the control of their hosts.
Mercury as a Preventive against Stored Grain Pests
Authors: Rahman Khan A. , Sohi Gurcharn Singh
Published: July 2009

Mercury and tin amalgam were tried in mud bins, metallic bins and bamboo bins at different places in the Punjab. Mercury distributed throughout the bin at the rate of 3–4 tolas per maund of wheat proved effective in completely checking the increase of various stored grain pests. Mercury used at the bottom and top 10–12 in. layer of grains in the bin also proved fairly effective. Tin amalgam even with as high a dose as 13½ tolas per maund of wheat did not prove effective. Loss of mercury during use is very slight. Mercury has no deleterious effect on the germination or eating quality of wheat.

Mercury kills the fresh eggs of stored grain pests, but the eggs in an advanced stageof development are not adversely affected. It retards the growth but does not kill the larvae of T. granarium and Bruchus sp. It has no effect on the pupae, but affects the egg laying capacity of adults very slightly.
Observations on the Yellow Tea-mite Hemitarsonemus latus (Banks) Ewing
Authors: Gadd C. H.
Published: July 2009

The yellow tea-mite should in future be known as Hemitarsonemus latus (Banks) Ewing.

The males have a curious habit of carrying female pupae to younger leaves. The pupa is held above the male's body by means of a sucker-like organ near the tip of his tail-like, posterior terminus. Thus the male plays an active part in distributing the pest.

Mating has not been observed, but normally it occurs as soon as the female becomes adult. It may also occur later in her life.

Unfertilised females give rise to male offspring only, but mated females have mixed families.
Notes on the Bionomics of Anopheles sacharovi in Persia and Iraq
Authors: Etherington D. , Sellick G.
Published: July 2009

An increased indoor population of Anopheles sacharovi at the start of hibernation is recorded.

Figures are given for dissections of A. sacharovi during the winter months, showing an infectivity rate (sporozoites) of 0·41 per cent.

Eggs of A. sacharovi laid at the end of hibernation are described.

An account is given of an area in Northern Persia where A. sacharovi is present in association with a lower endemicity of malaria than is usual.

We are indebted to Lt.-Col. D. N. Keys, R.A.M.C., Major J. Yofe, R.A.M.C., and Major R. Hillman, R.A.M.C., for their interest and help in these observations.
Ecological and physiological Studies on Capnodis spp. (Col., Buprestidae) in Palestine
Authors: Rivnay E.
Published: July 2009

The present study is based primarily on beetles collected in the field. Although several individuals of Capnodis carbonaria, Klug, and C. tenebrionis, were reared successfully from egg to maturity, these beetles were as a rule weak and short-lived, and consequently unsatisfactory for the purposes of this investigation.
An artificially isolated Generation of Tsetse Flies (Diptera)
Authors: Jackson C. H. N.
Published: July 2009

A generation ofGlossina morsitanswas artificially isolated by allowing emergence for three days in the habitat ofG. swynnertoniandG. pallidipes.

Most teneral flies (with chitin unhardened before their first meal) were active on day 2 to 4 from emergence. The non-teneral flies first appeared in numbers when a week old. It is possible that they were somewhat inactive while still fairly young, that is, up to two or three weeks, but this was not proved. They are definitely inactive between the first and second meals. The females, on the other hand, are much more active in the first three weeks of life than later on.

The teneral males contained about 12 mg. water, which was increased after several meals to a maximum of about 18 mg. by day 17. Fat started at a mean of 1 1/2 mg., declining to 1 mg. at the first meal, then rising to about 3 mg. at day 17, after which there was no further increase. Residual weight behaved like the water, except that it was relatively very low in teneral flies. The hungry flies which reappear after the first meal have also a relatively low residual weight.

In this experiment there was no evidence that smaller flies were at a disadvantage, as has been suspected from other work.

With reservations concerned with differences in place and time, the mean age of samples of male flies can be accurately deduced from the wear on the trailing margin of the wing. The females do not wear out their wings so quickly.

Males dispersed, in any one direction, to a mean perpendicular distance of 365 yards in a week, 484 yards in two weeks, 772 yards in three weeks, and 941 yards in four weeks.

In spite of undoubted interference byG. swynnertoni, a considerable second generation appeared.

The females and pupae in nature experienced temperatures approximating to those obtained in a screen at a standard meteorological station: they did not live in specially cool eeoclimates.