bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis and Validation with Field Test of 1 MW Hydropower Turbine System
Authors: Kim Ki-Ha , Kim Dong-Hyun , Hong Suk-Jin , Lee Sang-Myung
Published: January 2025

This study analyzed and validated a 1 MW hydropower turbine system using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in conjunction with field test data. The fluid domain of the hydropower system includes the runner blade, vane, duct, and both inflow and outflow free surface flows. An implicit unsteady flow solver and the SST k-ω turbulence model were employed. The rotational motion of the rotor blade was simulated using the moving reference frame (MRF) method. To handle a non-conformal mesh among the intake, runner, and outlet domains, an internal interface boundary condition was applied. System performance was evaluated by adjusting the guide vane opening ratio and the runner blade pitch angle. A free surface model was also developed to accurately represent the water level. The results show that the CFD analysis predicted the turbine’s power output with a maximum deviation of 1.7% from field test measurements under different tide conditions. The numerical analysis also confirmed the influence of the runner blade pitch angle, with a 1° change in pitch angle leading to a 68 kW variation in power output. The accuracy of the CFD analysis was verified by comparing it to performance data from actual field tests.
Study on the Natural Regeneration Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Typical Quercus Forests in Northern China
Authors: Hu Xuefan , Duan Guangshuang , Jin Yingshan , Cheng Yuxin , Liang Fang , Lian Zhenghua , Li Fang , Wang Yuerong , Chen Hongfei
Published: January 2025

This study aims to analyze the natural regeneration characteristics and the key factors of Quercus forests, providing a theoretical foundation for maintaining the ecological stability of Quercus forests in northern China. In June and July 2023, 17 square plots of five Quercus species in Beijing were surveyed, and seedling regeneration and environmental factors (site, stand and soil factors) were measured. Pearson correlation and random forest algorithms were used to identify the relevant and key environmental factors affecting seedling regeneration density (Seedling 1, Seedling 2, Seedling 3). The natural regeneration capabilities of the five Quercus species in the Beijing area vary, with Quercus aliena and Quercus variabilis being stronger, while Quercus mongolica, Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata are relatively weaker. Correlation analysis showed that Seedling 1 has no significant correlation with environmental factors; Seedling 2 is significantly negatively correlated with Pielou’s evenness (J) and exchangeable calcium (ECa) (p < 0.05); Seedling 3 is significantly positively correlated with species richness (S), Shannon–Wiener index (H), stand volume (M), and litter layer thickness (LT) (p < 0.05), and significantly negatively correlated with Pielou’s evenness (J) (p < 0.01). The random forest algorithm indicated that the regeneration of Seedling 1 is mainly affected by stand factors, while the regeneration of Seedling 2 and Seedling 3 is more influenced by soil and site factors. The Quercus forests in the Beijing region exhibit a rich species composition and demonstrate a certain capacity for natural regeneration. However, seedling growth is more constrained by soil and site factors in the later stages. Therefore, in the management of Quercus forests, environmental factors can be regulated during the seedling growth stage to create more suitable conditions for regeneration.
The Effect of Tree Spacing on the Growth and Biomass of Wattle Trees in Northwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Amanuel Saifu , Liu Qijing , Genetu Andualem , Yenesew Anteneh
Published: January 2025

The wattle tree (Acacia mearnsii) is gaining importance as an exotic species in northwestern Ethiopia, providing ecological, environmental, and economic benefits, especially for fuelwood and charcoal production. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tree spacing on the growth and biomass of wattle trees. The study employed a randomized complete block design with three replications across three spacing treatments (0.5 m × 0.5 m, 1 m × 1 m, and 1.5 m × 1.5 m) in the Fagita district. Tree height and diameter measurements were taken at 12, 18, and 30 months post-planting from stands established in 2021. The results showed significant differences in tree height among the spacing treatments at 18 and 30 months. The closest spacing (0.5 m × 0.5 m) yielded the highest average tree heights of 32.12 cm, 84.86 cm, and 302.98 cm at 12, 18, and 30 months, respectively. At 18 months, the largest average diameter (1.22 cm) was found in the narrowest spacing (0.5 m × 0.5 m), whereas at 30 months, the widest spacing (1.5 m × 1.5 m) recorded the largest diameter (1.51 cm). Throughout the study, height, diameter, and average aboveground biomass exhibited an inverse relationship with spacing, with this effect diminishing as trees aged. Tree spacing significantly impacted average aboveground biomass at 18 months, with the densest spacing (0.5 m × 0.5 m) yielding the highest average aboveground biomass (1.97 kg at 18 months and 2.41 kg at 30 months). Average aboveground biomass increased as the trees matured. These findings suggest that closer spacing of A. mearnsii can enhance biomass production, positioning it as a promising candidate for energy generation. Leveraging these insights can optimize resource utilization while supporting global energy demands and reforestation initiatives aimed at carbon sequestration.
Study on Performance of Coordinated Ventilation Strategies during T-Shaped Subway Station Hall Fire
Authors: Hou Yanan , Ding Wei , Hou Zhengbo , Li Xingcheng , Li Ling , Yang Zhihao , Shi Congling
Published: January 2025

A subway transfer station hall is crowded and complex in structure, which makes evacuation more difficult in case of a fire, but also provides more strategic options for smoke extraction. Full-scale experiments and numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the feasibility and performance of coordinated ventilation in a T-shaped transfer station hall, accounting for different fire source locations, ventilation modes, and fire shutter operations. It is found that the optimal ventilation strategy varies based on the fire location within the T-shaped configuration. For fires on the ‘T’s horizontal side, lateral airflow from longitudinal fans can effectively disrupt smoke spreading, with coordinated extraction strategies outperforming the traditional methods. However, for fires on the ‘T’s longitudinal side, horizontal fans are ineffective in controlling smoke flow, making the traditional fire shutter closure optimal. The idea of dispersing hot smoke to a reasonable degree can create better evacuation conditions for people near a fire, while creating almost no new danger zones.
Establishing the Physiological Values of Minimally Invasive Biomarkers in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)
Authors: Angelakopoulos Rafael , Tsipourlianos Andreas , Fytsili Alexia E. , Moutou Katerina A.
Published: January 2025

Peripheral blood has been always used as the mirror of physiological status in a minimally invasive manner. In homeothermic vertebrates, different blood parameters have been correlated to a variety of biochemical and physiological processes and the establishment of physiological values have rendered them valuable indicators for research, diagnosis, and welfare status. Despite the volume of research in fish physiology and teleost significance for food security, information about the physiological values of minimally invasive biomarkers is still fragmented while there is a great need for such biomarkers for monitoring fish health, welfare, and factors that can impact their homeostasis. For the first time, we have focused on determining the physiological ranges of cholesterol, triglycerides, and total proteins in the plasma of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and detecting how size, diet, environment, and genetic background may influence these levels. A large heterogeneous dataset of 5318 healthy individuals of two different size classes (1–100 g; 101–200 g), dietary status (10 feeds and feeding regimes), and different genetic background (125 families), in combination with different geographic locations (GxE), was produced over a period of three years and analyzed to ensure a comprehensive representation in establishing the physiological range for these biomarkers. Dietary status and GxE introduced significant variations in the range of the physiological values of all biomarkers in both size classes. Triglyceride, total protein and cholesterol values did differentiate with age/size. Interestingly, all parameters responded to diet in a size-specific way, revealing their potential as biomarkers of dietary status.
Using Nearshore Fish Communities to Evaluate Eutrophication Impact in Temperate Estuaries
Authors: Saunders Mark D. , Bergbusch Nathanael , Knysh Kyle M. , MacIntyre Leah P. , Pater Christina C. , Coffin Michael R. S. , Boudreau Monica , van den Heuvel Michael R. , Courtenay Simon C.
Published: January 2025

Using fishes as indicators of estuarine degradation is informative in long-term monitoring programs. Beach seine hauls were used in four estuaries that differed in their trophic and tidal status. The study found that inner, middle, and outer estuarine nearshore fish communities differed significantly at from all estuaries, for all sampling times. To reduce the effects of within-estuary variability, between-estuary differences were examined separately for inner, middle, and outer estuarine areas. These analyses revealed differences in north-south and trophic status in communities between estuaries. The north-south differences were characterized by more benthic fishes, such as mummichogs and fourspine stickleback in the microtidal northern estuaries and proportionally more pelagic fishes, such as Atlantic silversides and river herring in the mesotidal estuaries. In both multivariate and univariate analyses, mummichogs were also featured as being most abundant in the more eutrophic estuaries. The distance-based redundancy analysis showed that bare sediment coverage was the strongest correlate of the north-south differences, while the Ulva to Zostera plant gradient was more influential in predicting eutrophication impacts on communities in the inner and middle estuary.
The Use of Different Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes for Pectin Extraction from Carrot Pomace, in Comparison to and in Combination with an Acid Extraction
Authors: De Laet Elien , Bernaerts Tom , Morren Lise , Vanmarcke Hanne , Van Loey Ann M.
Published: January 2025

The effect of different cell wall degrading enzymes, cellulase (C) and hemicellulase (HC), during the enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) of pectin from carrot pomace was investigated. The EAE with C and a heat treatment resulted in a pectin yield, purity, and molecular structure comparable to an acid extraction (AE), except for a slightly lower molar mass and a slightly higher degree of methylesterification. The addition of HC had a negligible influence on the pectin yield and structure and mainly resulted in more hemicellulose co-extraction. Overall, the AE still resulted in the highest pectin yield, but, despite the much milder extraction conditions, the optimal EAE process resulted in 80% of the pectin yield of the AE. Additionally, this study investigated an EAE with C in combination with an AE, and both combination treatments, i.e., EAE as pretreatment or as an additional treatment, resulted in a significant increase in the pectin yield (up to 72%), while minor structural differences were observed in the extracted pectin. Overall, it can be concluded that the EAE process can be used as a more environmentally friendly alternative for the AE or that EAE can be used in combination with an AE to improve the efficiency of the extraction process.
Prolonged Proofing Modulates the Acrylamide Content, Nutritional and Functional Characteristics of Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Plomo) and Soft Wheat Composite Bread
Authors: Alija Durim , Olędzki Remigiusz , Nikolovska Nedelkoska Daniela , Wojciechowicz-Budzisz Agata , Pejcz Ewa , Jankuloska Vezirka , Xhabiri Gafur , Harasym Joanna
Published: January 2025

Acrylamide formation in bread products poses health concerns, necessitating strategies to reduce its presence while maintaining nutritional value. This study investigated how different concentrations of pumpkin flour (Cucurbita maxima Plomo) and prolonged proofing times affect acrylamide content and bread characteristics. Composite bread samples were prepared with varying pumpkin flour shares (0–20%) to soft wheat flour using two proofing times (60 and 120 min). The study analyzed quality features, crust and crumb color, antioxidant activity, total polyphenolic content, reducing sugars, and acrylamide content of the resulting breads. Extended proofing (120 min) reduced acrylamide levels in the crust from 220 to 150 units in 20% pumpkin flour bread compared to 60 min proofing. Control bread showed the highest specific volume (2.40 ± 0.01 cm3/g) after 2 h of proofing, while 20% pumpkin flour addition decreased it to 1.69 ± 0.02 cm3/g. Initial hardness increased from 6.8 ± 1.5 N in the control to 14.3 ± 1.5 N in 20% pumpkin flour bread after 1-h of proofing. Water activity decreased from 0.966 ± 0.002 in the control to 0.945 ± 0.004 in 20% pumpkin flour samples with 2 h proofing. Optimal results were achieved with 5–10% pumpkin flour substitution combined with two-hour proofing, balancing improved nutritional properties and reduced acrylamide formation while maintaining acceptable bread quality parameters.
Monitoring of Ochratoxin A Occurrence and Dietary Intake in Tarhana, a Fermented Cereal-Based Product
Authors: Akkaya Esra , Akhan Meryem , Cakmak Sancar Burcu , Hampikyan Hamparsun , Engin Ayse Seray , Cetin Omer , Bingol Enver Baris , Colak Hilal
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study was to determine the mold and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of tarhana, a traditional product widely consumed in Turkish cuisine. For this purpose, a total of 350 tarhana samples (homemade and industrially produced) were randomly collected from retail stores, markets, and bazaars in different regions of Türkiye and analyzed by means of LC-MS/MS for the occurrence of OTA. According to the results, OTA was detected in 36 of 150 (24%) industrially produced tarhana samples, with a concentration range of 0.12–2.34 µg/kg, while 118 of 200 (59%) homemade tarhana samples contained OTA, with the range from 0.16 to 4.15 µg/kg. Only 8 of 350 (4%) homemade tarhana samples were found to be above the maximum permissible limit (3.0 µg/kg) for OTA. The mold contamination was found to be higher in homemade tarhana (3.756 log CFU/g) than in the industrially produced samples (2.742 log CFU/g). The estimated weekly intake values of OTA with tarhana consumption were well below the provisional tolerable weekly intake values for both industrially produced and homemade tarhana samples, even when consumed every day of the week, indicating that dietary intake of OTA through tarhana consumption does not pose a health risk. In conclusion, optimizing the fermentation and drying conditions applied during tarhana production and ensuring proper hygiene conditions can help to reduce the risk of OTA contamination. Moreover, monitoring and testing the OTA levels in tarhana on a regular basis can also ensure the food safety of this product.
Hydrogels from Protein–Polymer Conjugates: A Pathway to Next-Generation Biomaterials
Authors: Alayoubi Oubadah , Poyraz Yağmur , Hassan Gana , Gül Sümeyye Berfin , Çalhan Nergiz , Mert Şahin Naz Mina , Gautam Megha , Kutlu Aylin , Özuğur Uysal Bengü , Akten Ebru Demet , Pekcan Önder
Published: January 2025

Hybrid hydrogels from protein–polymer conjugates are biomaterials formed via the chemical bonding of a protein molecule with a polymer molecule. Protein–polymer conjugates offer a variety of biological properties by combining the mechanical strength of polymers and the bioactive functionality of proteins. These properties allow these conjugates to be used as biocompatible components in biomedical applications. Protein–polymer conjugation is a vital bioengineering strategy in many fields, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cancer therapy. Protein–polymer conjugations aim to create materials with new and unique properties by combining the properties of different molecular components. There are various ways of creating protein–polymer conjugates. PEGylation is one of the most common conjugation techniques where a protein is conjugated with Polyethylene Glycol. However, some limitations of PEGylation (like polydispersity and low biodegradability) have prompted researchers to devise novel synthesis techniques like PEGylation, where synthetic polypeptides are used as the polymer component. This review will illustrate the properties of protein–polymer conjugates, their synthesis methods, and their various biomedical applications.
Innovative Approaches to Geoscientific Outreach in the Napo Sumaco Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark, Ecuadorian Amazon Region
Authors: Salazar-Del-Pozo Samantha-Solange , Carlosama-Morejón Felipe , Freire-Quintanilla Karla , Grefa-Shiguango Henry , Simbaña-Tasiguano Marco
Published: January 2025

The Napo Sumaco Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark (NSAUGG) in Ecuador represents a genuine variety of geological, cultural, and natural heritage, which aims to promote sustainable development through geotourism. This study describes the significance of NSAUGG, emphasizing its geological diversity which includes a variety of geosites, and focusing on three recently annexed geosites: the Wawa Sumaco Quarry, Puka Urku, and the Pucuno River, where geological analyses, including petrographic and mineralogical assessments, were conducted. To enhance community engagement and educational outreach, a multi-platform mobile application, “SumAppGeo”, was developed using ArcGIS and Flutterflow. This application serves as an interactive tool for visitors and local communities, providing detailed geological information, interactive maps, and educational content. The findings reveal the presence of significant geological features, such as haüyne-bearing alkaline rocks, which indicate specific volcanic activity in this region and are an element of geodiversity, validating the Wawa Sumaco Quarry, Puka Urku, and the Pucuno River as geosites. The implementation of SumAppGeo aims to foster a deeper understanding of the region’s geodiversity while promoting responsible tourism practices. This initiative not only supports the recognition of NSAUGG as part of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network but also contributes to the socio-economic development of local communities through sustainable tourism practices.
Echoes of Albany: The Transatlantic Reflections of Anne Grant in Memoirs of an American Lady
Authors: Sutton Rob
Published: January 2025

This essay explores the mid-eighteenth-century travel experience of Scottish writer Anne Macvicar Grant [1775–1838]. Grant is perhaps best known for her late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century travel writing and anthropological discourse focussed primarily upon the Scottish Highlands. Yet, the majority of Grant’s childhood was spent in Albany, New York. After she had established herself as a writer and published various texts dealing with her more recent experience in the Scottish Highlands, in 1808, Grant published Memoirs of an American Lady, a semi-biographical account of her childhood spent in the multicultural contact zone of a British military outpost. There are two key issues that this essay explores. First, I discuss the process of memory. Unlike intentional travelogues of the time, Grant’s text was not compiled with the aid of a diary or ledger. Grant’s entire account comprises memories of events that occurred over forty years in the past. Part of this essay then discusses the potential fallibilities of the fragility of human memory upon the traveller. While it may be anticipated that this first issue is detrimental to the account of the traveller, the second key issue that I explore is arguably advantageous to Grant’s account. The extent to which Grant, throughout her life, immersed herself within various marginalised communities undoubtedly allows for the production of a more nuanced and balanced account of external cultures than was the custom at the time. What complicates this account is the mixing of memory and cultural immersion. In her writing around the Scottish Highlands, Grant frequently relies upon her experience of certain cultures as a child to explain and convey her understanding of the different marginalised communities she encounters as an adult. Integral to this essay is the fact that this mixing of memory and cultural exposure also occurs the opposite way around. In the Memoirs, the writer’s recollections of the Mohawk or the Kanien’kehà:ka people and colonial Dutch communities as a child seem to be coloured and subjected by her more recent experience of the Highland people.
Translating Franz Kafka’s “Josefine, the Singer or the Mouse People” as a Metaphor for AI
Authors: Peterson Dylan James
Published: January 2025

Differing English translations of Franz Kafka’s “Josefine, the Singer or The Mouse People” have inspired diverse critical readings of the story. As a post-liminal text, a translation retrospectively highlights the ambiguity of the original’s rhetorical meaning. Read as a metaphor for artificial intelligence (A.I.), “Josefine” reflects an uncanny sort of regenerated reality as a conflicted narrator ponders the meaning of Josefine’s song following her disappearance. Likewise, the form produced by A.I. programs like ChatGPT following an initial human input is typically that of a narrative, albeit one devoid of creativity, replaced instead with algorithmic determinism. Philosophical questions about the discursive potential of technology such as generative A.I. pose challenges to the definitional assumptions about the form narrative takes in rhetorical situations, wherein the audience/reader is left with a message untethered from its prompter/writer.
The Impact of e-Health Literacy on Risk Perception Among University Students
Authors: Chen Sonia Chien-I , Yu Menglu , Yu Yeqing , Wang Ruofei , Zhu Zhaofei , Liu Shuyan , Zhang Guocong , Own Chung-Ming
Published: January 2025

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased public interest in e-health literacy, especially among university students. However, gaps remain in their ability to find and use credible online health information. Purpose: This study explores the effects of public health emergencies on e-health literacy among Chinese university students, aiming to identify influencing factors and propose solutions to improve digital health education. Methods: A structured survey using the eHEALS scale and additional questionnaires was administered to 300 students in Northern China. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0, focusing on literacy levels and their determinants. Results: The pandemic heightened interest in e-health, leading to modest improvements in literacy levels. However, challenges persist, including evaluating the credibility of information and addressing privacy concerns. Apps emerged as the most widely used e-health tools. Discussion: Findings highlight the importance of targeted health education programs to bridge gaps in e-health literacy and support students in effectively using digital health tools. The results emphasize integrating privacy safeguards and enhancing user trust in e-health systems. Conclusions: Enhancing e-health literacy can empower students to make informed health decisions, fostering better self-management and resilience during public health crises.
Cultivating the Future: A Bibliometric Review of Emerging Trends in Soilless Farming
Authors: Appicciutoli Diego , Amici Alessandro Sebastian , Bentivoglio Deborah , Chiaraluce Giulia , Staffolani Giacomo , Finco Adele
Published: January 2025

The agricultural sector faces significant challenges, including resource depletion, climate change, and a growing global population projected to reach 9 billion by 2050, requiring a 70% increase in food production. Innovative techniques like soilless farming are gaining attention as potential solutions to ensure sustainable food production. Although other bibliometric reviews have examined the possibilities of soilless farming technologies, focusing separately on certain fields such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics, the novelty of this analysis is to provide a comprehensive view of soilless farming in the current research landscape. Using VOSviewer software (1.6.20), the study conducts a thorough analysis of 256 articles, looking at key themes, emerging trends and influential works in the field. The results showed the relevance of soilless farming and its strong link to field such as digitalization, sustainable food production, and biofortification. A strong promising area is the connection between soilless farming and urban agriculture, investigated as a theoretical tool to implement these systems in sustainable cities. The major gap emerged in the research is the lack of studies on the economic feasibility. According to the study’s findings, policymakers ought to concentrate on allocating specific funds to encourage the adoption of soilless farming, especially in urban areas.
Living in a Constant State of Fear: Phenomenological Study on Experiences of Women with High-Risk Pregnancy Waiting for Childbirth in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Authors: Mphego Zodwa , Mokgatle Mathildah , Madiba Sphiwe
Published: January 2025

Research and obstetric medicine often ignore the emotional aspect of high-risk pregnant women in clinical management and care. Even more so, research does not adequately address psychosocial well-being in high-risk pregnancies, particularly in low and middle-income countries, including South Africa. Thus, this study aimed to explore and describe the experiences and psychosocial support needs of women waiting for childbirth in high-risk pregnancies. We conducted a descriptive phenomenological inquiry in special clinics in two hospitals in the Nkangala District Municipality of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. A purposive sampling strategy was used to select 15 women aged 22 to 43 years, and in-depth interviews were conducted. An inductive thematic analysis approach was used. The women experience high levels of negative emotions such as shock and disbelief, fear, pain and sorrow, lack of control and hopelessness, and anxiety following a diagnosis of high-risk pregnancy. Fear was the most expressed feeling by the women; their thoughts were dominated by fear, and they lived in constant fear throughout the pregnancy journey due to the unpredictable pregnancy outcomes and the potential risks in high-risk pregnancies. Overall, the negative emotions are interlinked and bonded in the experiences of women with high-risk pregnancies, are experienced throughout the journey of waiting for childbirth, and contribute to high levels of stress and anxiety. Further exploration is needed to identify effective ways to support these women.
Exploring Client Perceptions on Gaining Infant Feeding Information Through the Texas Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Chatbot
Authors: Baez Kelci , Biediger-Friedman Lesli , Johnson Cassandra M. , Stubblefield Emily , Escalera Lizzeth , Markides Brittany Reese
Published: January 2025

The modernization of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program is a priority. The Texas WIC chatbot, Maya, streamlines client interactions through dialog-based responses. This qualitative study explored client capabilities, motivations, and opportunities for seeking nutrition information about breastfeeding, formula feeding, infant feeding safety, adequacy of infant feeding, and complementary feeding via a chatbot. A team conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with Texas WIC clients (n = 19 women). All interviews were transcribed and subjected to a two-coder, four-phase process utilizing a theory-based codebook. Codes were compiled and thematically categorized. Identified themes included (1) motivations through necessity or resource availability, (2) client capabilities and Maya usability, and (3) opportunities for connection, support, and encouragement. Texas WIC clients that participated in this study expressed motivations, capabilities, and opportunities to engage with nutrition information through Maya. They described Maya as a favorable resource for behavior changes, and a trusted source of nutrition information, citing the credibility of WIC and reliability of the chatbot. The findings may inform future research and development of public health chatbots. Additional research is required to explore how different factors such as language and technology usage may impact client capabilities, motivations, and opportunities to seek nutrition information with regard to infant feeding.
Immune Cell Interactions and Immune Checkpoints in the Tumor Microenvironment of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Cozac-Szőke Andreea-Raluca , Cozac Dan Alexandru , Negovan Anca , Tinca Andreea Cătălina , Vilaia Alexandra , Cocuz Iuliu-Gabriel , Sabău Adrian Horațiu , Niculescu Raluca , Chiorean Diana Maria , Tomuț Alexandru Nicușor , Cotoi Ovidiu Simion
Published: January 2025

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the fifth most prevalent malignant neoplasm globally, with an increased death rate despite recent advancements in research and therapeutic options. Different molecular subtypes of GC have distinct interactions with the immune system, impacting the tumor microenvironment (TME), prognosis, and reaction to immunotherapy. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the TME are crucial for preventing tumor growth and metastasis, as evidenced by research showing that patients with GC who have a significant density of TILs have better survival rates. But cancer cells have evolved a variety of mechanisms to evade immune surveillance, both sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 15 (Siglec-15) and Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) playing a pivotal role in the development of an immunosuppressive TME. They prevent T cell activation and proliferation resulting in a decrease in the immune system’s capacity to recognize and eliminate malignant cells. These immune checkpoint molecules function via different but complementary mechanisms, the expression of Siglec-15 being mutually exclusive with PD-L1 and, therefore, providing a different therapeutic approach. The review explores how TILs affect tumor growth and patient outcomes in GC, with particular emphasis on their interactions within the TME and potential targeting of the PD-L1 and Siglec-15 pathways for immunotherapy.
Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in SLC45A2, TYR, HERC2, and SLC24A in African Women with Melasma: A Pilot Study
Authors: Mpofana Nomakhosi , Mlambo Zinhle Pretty , Makgobole Mokgadi Ursula , Dlova Ncoza Cordelia , Naicker Thajasvarie
Published: January 2025

Melasma is a chronic skin disorder characterized by hyperpigmentation, predominantly affecting women with darker skin types, including those of African descent. This study investigates the association between genetic variants in SLC45A2, TYR, HERC2, and SLC24A5 genes and the severity of melasma in women of reproductive age. Forty participants were divided into two groups: twenty with facial melasma and twenty without. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from blood samples and genotyped using TaqMan assays to identify allele frequencies and genotype distributions. Significant associations were observed for the TYR gene (rs1042602), HERC2 gene (rs1129038), and SLC24A5 gene (rs1426654) polymorphisms, highlighting their potential roles in melasma susceptibility. For example, the rs1042602 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) in the TYR gene showed a strong association with melasma, with the AA genotype conferring a markedly increased risk. Similarly, the rs1129038 SNP in the HERC2 gene and the rs1426654 SNP in the SLC24A5 gene revealed significant genetic variations between groups in women of African descent. These findings underscore the influence of genetic polymorphisms on melasma’s pathogenesis, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches to its treatment, particularly for women with darker skin types.
Optimization of Tomato Shoot Architecture by Combined Mutations in the Floral Activators FUL2/MBP20 and the Repressor SP
Authors: Jiang Xiaobing , López-Martín María Jesús , Gómez-Mena Concepción , Ferrándiz Cristina , Bemer Marian
Published: January 2025

Shoot determinacy is a key trait affecting productivity in tomato, quantitatively governed by genes within the flowering pathway. Achieving an optimal balance of flowering signals is essential for shaping plant architecture and maximizing yield potential. However, the genetic resources and allelic diversity available for fine-tuning this balance remain limited. In this work, we demonstrate the potential for directly manipulating shoot architecture by simultaneously targeting the flowering activating FRUITFULL(FUL)-like genes, FUL2 and MADS-BOX PROTEIN 20 (MBP20), and the flowering-repressing gene SELFPRUNING (SP). Loss of MBP20 in the sp background leads to additional inflorescences, while determinacy is largely maintained. However, additional mutation of FUL2 results in mainly indeterminate plants, which have faster sympodial cycling, leading to more compact growth and increased flower production. Our results provide a path to quantitative tuning of the flowering signals with a direct impact on shoot architecture and productivity.
Selective Catalysis by Complexes Including Ni and Redox-Inactive Alkali Metals (Li, Na, or K) in Oxidation Processes: The Role of Hydrogen Bonds and Supramolecular Structures
Authors: Matienko Ludmila I. , Mil Elena M. , Albantova Anastasia A. , Goloshchapov Alexander N.
Published: January 2025

It is known that the presence of redox-inactive metals in the active center of an enzyme has a significant effect on its activity. In this regard and for other reasons, the effect of redox-inactive metals on redox processes, such as electron transfer, oxygen and hydrogen atom transfer, as well as the breaking and formation of O–O bonds in reactions catalyzed by transition metals, has been widely studied. Many questions about the role of redox-inactive metals in the mechanisms of these reactions remain open. In this paper, the mechanism of catalysis by bi- and triple hetero-binuclear heteroligand complexes including Ni and redox-inactive alkali metals ((A) {Ni(acac)2∙L2} and (B) {Ni(acac)2∙L2∙PhOH} (L2 = MSt (M = Li, Na, or K)) in the process of the selective oxidation of ethylbenzene by molecular oxygen into α-phenyl ethyl hydroperoxide is considered. The activity of A and B complexes towards O2, ROOH, and RO2• radicals was studied. Based on kinetic data, we suggest that the high catalytic efficiency of B triple complexes in oxidation processes may be associated with the role of outer-sphere regulatory interactions, with the formation of stable supramolecular structures due to intermolecular H bonds. This assumption was confirmed using the AFM method. Prospects for studying catalysis by complexes ({Ni(acac)2∙L2} and {Ni(acac)2∙L2∙PhOH}) that are models of NiARD (Ni-Acyreductone dioxygenase) are discussed.
Inter- and Transgenerational Effects of In Ovo Stimulation with Bioactive Compounds on Cecal Tonsils and Cecal Mucosa Transcriptomes in a Chicken Model
Authors: Ibrahim Mariam , Bednarczyk Marek , Stadnicka Katarzyna , Grochowska Ewa
Published: January 2025

Exploring how early-life nutritional interventions may impact future generations, this study examines the inter- and transgenerational effects of in ovo injection of bioactive compounds on gene expression in the cecal tonsils and cecal mucosa using a chicken model. Synbiotic PoultryStar® (Biomin) and choline were injected in ovo on the 12th day of egg incubation. Three experimental groups were established in the generation F1: (1) a control group (C) receiving 0.9% physiological saline (NaCl), (2) a synbiotic group (SYN) receiving 2 mg/embryo, and (3) a combined synbiotic and choline group (SYNCH) receiving 2 mg synbiotic and 0.25 mg choline per embryo. For the generations F2 and F3, the SYN and SYNCH groups were each divided into two subgroups: (A) those injected solely in F1 (SYNs and SYNCHs) and (B) those injected in each generation (SYNr and SYNCHr). At 21 weeks posthatching, cecal tonsil and cecal mucosa samples were collected from F1, F2, and F3 birds for transcriptomic analysis. Gene expression profiling revealed distinct intergenerational and transgenerational patterns in both tissues. In cecal tonsils, a significant transgenerational impact on gene expression was noted in the generation F3, following a drop in F2. In contrast, cecal mucosa showed more gene expression changes in F2, indicating intergenerational effects. While some effects carried into F3, they were less pronounced, except in the SYNs group, which experienced an increase compared to F2. The study highlights that transgenerational effects of epigenetic modifications are dynamic and unpredictable, with effects potentially re-emerging in later generations under certain conditions or fading or intensifying over time. This study provides valuable insights into how epigenetic nutritional stimulation during embryonic development may regulate processes in the cecal tonsils and cecal mucosa across multiple generations. Our findings provide evidence supporting the phenomenon of epigenetic dynamics in a chicken model.
Circulating hs-CRP, IL-18, Chemerin, Leptin, and Adiponectin Levels Reflect Cardiometabolic Dysfunction in Adults with Excess Weight
Authors: Lara-Guzmán Óscar Javier , Arango-González Ángela María , Álvarez-Quintero Rafael , Escobar Juan S. , Muñoz-Durango Katalina , Sierra Jelver Alexander
Published: January 2025

Up to 30% of individuals with obesity may exhibit normal insulin sensitivity, a favorable lipid profile, and no signs of hypertension. This prompts the exploration of factors distinguishing cardiometabolically healthy individuals from those developing complications. This cross-sectional study included 116 individuals categorized into four groups by combining abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic health statuses. We compared circulating adipokines and gut microbiota composition between these groups. Individuals with abdominal obesity had higher levels of hs-CRP, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-18, chemerin, and leptin, and a less favorable gut microbiota composition, including higher levels of potentially harmful bacteria (CAG-Pathogen) and lower levels of beneficial bacteria (CAG-Ruminococcaceae and CAG-Akkermansia), compared to those with adequate waist circumference. Those with obesity but cardiometabolically healthy displayed similar adipokine levels and microbiota composition to those with adequate waist. In contrast, individuals with abdominal obesity cardiometabolically abnormal exhibited significantly higher levels of hs-CRP, IL-18, chemerin, and leptin, and lower levels of adiponectin and CAG-Ruminococcaceae compared to those with abdominal obesity cardiometabolically healthy and adequate waist. Additionally, they differed in hs-CRP and adiponectin/leptin ratio from individuals with obesity cardiometabolically healthy. These findings suggest that altered adipokine profiles and gut microbiota may contribute to the development or persistence of cardiometabolic complications in obesity.
Distinct Impact of Doxorubicin on Skeletal Muscle and Fat Metabolism in Mice: Without Dexrazoxane Effect
Authors: Van Asbroeck Birgit , Krüger Dustin N. , Van den Bogaert Siel , Dombrecht Dorien , Bosman Matthias , Van Craenenbroeck Emeline M. , Guns Pieter-Jan , van Breda Eric
Published: January 2025

The chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX) leads to the loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue mass, contributing to cancer cachexia. Experimental research on the molecular mechanisms of long-term DOX treatment is modest, and its effect on both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue has not been studied in an integrative manner. Dexrazoxane (DEXRA) is used to prevent DOX-induced cancer-therapy-related cardiovascular dysfunction (CTRCD), but its impact on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue remains elusive. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of DOX on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle metabolism, and evaluate whether DEXRA can mitigate these effects. To this end, 10-week-old male C57BL6/J mice (n = 32) were divided into four groups: (1) DOX, (2) DOX-DEXRA combined, (3) DEXRA and (4) control. DOX (4 mg/kg weekly) and DEXRA (40 mg/kg weekly) were administered intraperitoneally over 6 weeks. Indirect calorimetry was used to assess metabolic parameters, followed by a molecular analysis and histological evaluation of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. DOX treatment led to significant white adipose tissue (WAT) loss (74%) and moderate skeletal muscle loss (Gastrocnemius (GAS): 10%), along with decreased basal activity (53%) and energy expenditure (27%). A trend toward a reduced type IIa fiber cross-sectional area and a fast-to-slow fiber type switch in the Soleus muscle was observed. The WAT of DOX-treated mice displayed reduced Pparg (p < 0.0001), Cd36 (p < 0.0001) and Glut4 (p < 0.05) mRNA expression—markers of fat and glucose metabolism—compared to controls. In contrast, the GAS of DOX-treated mice showed increased Cd36 (p < 0.05) and Glut4 (p < 0.01), together with elevated Pdk4 (p < 0.001) mRNA expression—suggesting reduced carbohydrate oxidation—compared to controls. Additionally, DOX increased Murf1 (p < 0.05) and Atrogin1 (p < 0.05) mRNA expression—markers of protein degradation—compared to controls. In both the WAT and GAS of DOX-treated mice, Ppard mRNA expression remained unchanged. Overall, DEXRA failed to prevent these DOX-induced changes. Collectively, our results suggest that DOX induced varying degrees of wasting in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, driven by distinct mechanisms. While DEXRA protected against DOX-induced CTRCD, it did not counteract its adverse effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
Elucidating the Unique J-Shaped Protomer Structure of Amyloid-β(1-40) Fibril with Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Authors: Burton-Smith Raymond N. , Yagi-Utsumi Maho , Yanaka Saeko , Song Chihong , Murata Kazuyoshi , Kato Koichi
Published: January 2025

Although the structural diversity of amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrils plays a critical role in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the mechanisms underlying this diversity remain poorly understood. In this study, we report the discovery of a novel J-shaped protomer structure of Aβ40 fibrils, resolved at 3.3 Å resolution using cryo-electron microscopy. Under controlled conditions (20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0) designed to emphasize intra-protomer interactions and slow fibril elongation, the J-shaped structure revealed distinct salt bridges (e.g., D1-K28, R5-E22) that stabilize the fibril core. These findings expand our understanding of the free energy landscape of fibril formation, shedding light on how specific environmental factors, such as pH and ionic strength, may influence fibril polymorphism. Importantly, the unique features of the J-shaped protomer provide insights into the structural basis of amyloid plaque diversity in AD and suggest potential therapeutic strategies targeting intra-protomer interactions. This study underscores the importance of fibril polymorphism in AD pathology and offers a foundation for future research into fibril-targeted therapies.
Evaluation of Prospective ECG-Triggered CT Scan as a Practical Alternative to Standard Retrospective ECG-Gated Scan for Pre-TAVI Patients
Authors: Amsalem Itshak , Vitkon-Barkay Itzhak , Rav-Acha Moshe , Dvir Danny , Elkan Matan , Pichkhadze Olga , Bogot Naama , Shaheen Fauzi , Hitter Rafael , Chutko Boris , Glikson Michael , Leipsic Jonathon , Wolak Arik
Published: January 2025

Purpose: CT-TAVI is a critical component of pre-TAVI assessment. The conventional method, retrospective ECG-gated scan, covering a complete cardiac cycle, measures the annulus during optimal systolic phases. Recently, prospective ECG-triggered scans acquiring images at a specific interval of the cardiac cycle were evaluated, allowing faster acquisition and lower contrast doses. Moreover, these scans might be beneficial for elderly patients, reducing the need for breath-holding and easing cooperation requirements. Still, their impact on annular measurement and procedural success has yet to be fully evaluated. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study included 419 patients who underwent CT-TAVI scans, by either prospective or retrospective scanning methods. Baseline data and calculated surgical risk scores were collected, with propensity score matching performed, followed by univariate analysis, Cox regression, and multivariable regression analysis. Results: A total of 171 patient pairs were generated via propensity score matching, ensuring that both groups had similar distributions of age (81 ± 8 years), sex (55% males), and baseline comorbidities. The patients in the prospective ECG-triggered group were exposed to a smaller amount of contrast material (40.0 ± 12 mL vs. 70.0 ± 48 mL, p < 0.001) and radiation (4.4 ± 3.6 mSv vs. 8.0 ± 10.3 mSv, p < 0.001). The prospective ECG-triggered group had a smaller aortic annulus area and diameter (426.6 ± 121.0 mm2 vs. 469.1 ± 130.8 mm2, p = 0.006 and 23.3 ± 3.2 mm vs. 24.5 ± 3.6 mm, p = 0.004) but no excess paravalvular leak was observed. Multivariable analysis showed no significant differences in mortality and composite endpoints between the two groups after 23 months of follow-up. Conclusion: Prospective ECG-triggered, ultra-fast, low-dose, high-pitch scan protocol, used in selected patients offers comparable safety and clinical procedural outcomes along with time and contrast savings.
A Review and Comparison of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma
Authors: Alam Benyamin , Akbari Amir Reza , Ageed Ahmed , Duffy Ryan
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM) is a rare and aggressive malignancy characterised by poor responsiveness to conventional chemotherapies, posing significant treatment challenges. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies, including monotherapies with Ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab, as well as dual ICI therapy, have emerged as potential treatments. Whilst current research favours dual therapy over single therapy, comprehensive individualised comparisons of the efficacy and safety profiles of these therapies remain limited. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of single ICI therapies individually and compare against combination therapy to guide optimal treatment strategies for mUM. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies reporting objective response rates (ORR), disease control rates (DCR), median progression-free survival (MPFS), and adverse event rates (AER) for Ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and dual ICI therapy. Data were aggregated using forest plots and analysed to compare the efficacy and safety of each regimen. Results: Dual ICI therapy demonstrated the highest ORR and DCR but showed no statistically significant advantage over monotherapies. Dual therapy also had a lower MPFS than both pembrolizumab and nivolumab monotherapies. Furthermore, dual therapy was associated with a much greater AER compared to any single therapy, including pembrolizumab and nivolumab. Conclusions: While dual ICI therapy offers improved ORR and DCR on aggregate analyses, monotherapies like pembrolizumab provide comparable outcomes in specific metrics, particularly MPFS, with significantly reduced toxicity. These findings underscore the need for personalised ICI regimens tailored to individual patient profiles rather than defaulting to dual therapy. Further research is essential to refine treatment guidelines and optimise outcomes for mUM patients.