bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bovine Reproductive Failure Associated with Ureaplasma Diversum
Authors: Doig Paul A. , Ruhnke H. L. Ruhnke , Miller R. B.
Published: March 2023

Ureaplasmas are part of the group of microorganisms designated the Mycoplasmatales, more often simply referred to as the mycoplasmas. Thus far, eleven ureaplasma serotypes have been serologically identified and appear distinct from the eight serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated from humans. For this reason, a new name Ureaplasma diversum has been proposed for the bovine isolates. Ureaplasmas were considered for many years to be part of the nonpathogenic microflora of the lower reproductive tract. More recent studies have demonstrated an association between Ureaplasma and disease, and it is now apparent that Ureaplasmas may play a more important role in bovine reproductive failure than had previously been recognized.
Teat Surgery
Authors: Allenstein L. C.
Published: March 2023

Teat surgery can be one of the most rewarding services a veterinarian can offer to a dairyman. However, one must use care in selecting the proper cases when attempting surgery. The owner must also be selected and be advised as to the proper aftercare.
The Use of Tissue Adhesives in Teat Surgery
Authors: Gaymer Jorgen
Published: March 2023

Adhesive with tape was used to repair a teat fistula in a dry cow. Many of the udders are infected and it is good practice to culture and test for antibiotic sensitivity before electing to do surgery. After thorough preparation including the instillation of a larson teat tube, the fistulous tract wasexcised and hemmorrhage controlled. Adhesive was thinly applied and the edges held in opposition for thirty seconds. With the elastrator band in place adhesive tape was spirally applied. A larson teat tube was left in place and the cap removed. The elastrator band was cut and removed.
Don't Under-rate T.B. Testing
Authors: Smalley Steve
Published: March 2023

This talk is about TB testing in cattle.
Factors Involved in Udder Edema
Authors: Vestweber Jerome G. E. , Al-Ani Falah K.
Published: March 2023

Udder edema is a disorder of the mammary gland characterized by an excessive accumulation of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces. Pathologically, edema can be classified as either localized or generalized. Udder edema should be thought of as a localized disease because of the factors involved in the development of the disease. Statistical analysis of total serum protein, albumin, and globulin values of cows affected with udder edema compared to nonaffected cows revealed no significant differences.
Challenging Future of Food Animal Practice
Authors: Robertson Edwin G.
Published: March 2023

What can offer more challenges and areas of growth for the future than Veterinary Medicine? What will we face as dairy practitioners if price supports are ended? What will we do in beef practice, feedlot practice, and especially embryo transfer practice if flat tax programs go into effect and the incentives for tax shelters are gone from the cattle industry?
How I See the Future of Food Animal Practice
Authors: Bohlender Bob
Published: March 2023

We need to demand and support a more appropriate emphasis on bovine medicine in our veterinary schools. As the cattle industry becomes more complex our training programs must keep up. If food animal practice is to progress we need more, not less clinical training and experience in an academic environment.
Maintaining the Integrity of the Accredited Veterinarian System
Authors: Hawkins Bert W.
Published: March 2023

It is certainly a pleasure to be with you today to share my thoughts on a subject of vital importance: maintaining the integrity of the accredited veterinarian system. I am talking here about a system that is directly connected to international confidence in our cattle and other livestock exports, as well as confidence among states.
Practical Approach to Drug Dosage for the Practitioner
Authors: Mercer H. Dwight
Published: March 2023

This presentation is intended to depart from the process involved in developing pharmacokinetic data and focus upon the potential application. There are five (5) areas in which the application of pharmacokinetics can be of benefit to the practitioner. These are:A- Individualized dosage regimensB-Estimating dosages for drugs.not approved in various food animals C- Economic assessment of multiple drug choicesO- Critical tissue distribution estimatesE - Estimating or projecting drug withdrawal times.
Practical Antibiotic/Sulfonamide Residue Detection
Authors: Dobbins, Jr. Charles N.
Published: March 2023

Antibiotic/ sulfonamide residue detection is a serious matter for producers and veterinarians. With the increased emphasis by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), antibiotic/ sulfonamide residues in swine and calves are in the spotlight. Antibiotic residues in milk, a responsibility of the Food and Drug Administration, have been a continuing problem. With the availability of the Live Animal Swab Test (LAST), the Sulfa Swab Test (SST) and the Sulfa Column Test, a practitioner can have the capability of determining antibiotic / sulfonamides in meat and milk prior to marketing.
Ostertagiosis in Missouri Beef Cattle
Authors: Corwin Robert M.
Published: March 2023

Our studies with spring calf-cow herds were conducted from 1979 through 1983 on 6 separate farms. Results were presented to AABP in 1983 by Dr. Mike Brauer and will only be summarized here. Breeds for the most part were Angus or Hereford cross or purebred, with some Charolais and Simmental. Study herds were usually 15 to 20 pairs per group which were grazed on summer pastures of orchard grass, fescue, timothy and clover. (Pasture type seemed to have little effect on parasite survivability or transmission). Fecal egg counts, body weights, and grass collection were made biweekly or monthly, and fecal egg samples werecultured for third-stage larva (L3) identification. The predominant species found was Ostertagia ostertagi with Trichostrongylus axei and Cooperia spp also wellrepresented but less numerous. These findings were further corroborated by pairs of tracer or sentinel calves necropsied each month. But most important was the observation that arrest-prone larvae (pre Type II ostertagiasis) were present in the abomasa of tracers in April to August with adults of Type II appearing in late July and into August, a situationwhich closely approximates that of southern states, representing a departure from the traditional or northern seasonality.
Bovine Parasites of Particular Importance in the Northwest
Authors: Wescott Richard B.
Published: March 2023

The problem of internal parasites in cattle is more unrpedictable in the Northwest than in geographic areas where clincial disease is the rule rather than the exception. The practitioner in this area is continually confronted with the question .. will treatment provide an economic response?" The answer often is based on information obtained from research done in other regions and frequently may not apply to their conditions. Five examples, ostertagiasis, coccidiosis, fascioliasis, trichomoniasis, and cryptosporidiosis, of regionally important parasitisms will be discussed in this regard. All are often subclinical, all present diagnostic problems and all require different control measures.
Persistent Infection of Cattle with BVD Virus
Authors: Bolin Steven R.
Published: March 2023

The results of laboratory and field investigations indicate a link between persistent infection with BYD virus and mucosal disease. Both noncytopathic and cytopathic BYD viruses have been isolated from field cases of mucosal disease and mucosal disease has been experimentally produced in cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic BYD virus by superinfection with cytopathic BYD virus. The prevalence of persistent BYD virus infection is unknown but is probably high enough to be of concern. The persistently infected cow is a source of infection for other cattle, passes the persistent infection on to her offspring, and is at risk of developing mucosal disease.
Therapy of Postpartum Uterine Infections
Authors: Olson Jerry D. , Ball Leslie , Mortimer Robert G.
Published: March 2023

Postpartum uterine infections are a common occurrence in cows in intensively managed dairy operations. The literature contains numerous reports of therapies for postpartum uterine infection but a paucity on the effects of these therapies upon subsequent fertility. If the pathology, endocrinology, and bacteriology of the peripartum period are understood, then a more rational therapeutic approach to management of postpartum uterine infections can be derived. In selecting therapies, the objective of restoring reproductive performance to normal should never be lost from sight.
Prostaglandin Therapy and the Postpartum Cow
Authors: Momont Harry W. , Sequin Bradley E.
Published: March 2023

To date, PGF has been used or advocated for nearly every conceivable reproductive disorder of cattle, from retained placenta to treatment for mismating. Some therapeutic uses are based on a recognized action of PGF, for example, luteolysis for treatment of unobserved estrus. Other uses are based on more speculative premises, for example, stimulation of the myometrium for treatment of postpartum metritis.
Use of Individual Cow Somatic Cell Counts and Bulk Tank Samples to Monitor Herd Mastitis Status
Authors: Hueston William D. , Heider Lawrence E.
Published: March 2023

With the advent of automated cell counting, there has been a proliferation of milk somatic cell count (SCC) data for bothbulk tank samples and individual cows. The optimal use of this data in monitoring mastitis is still being debated. Thepurpose of this paper is to discuss the use of SCC data from both individual cow and bulk tank samples for monitoringmastitis on a herd basis.
Practitioner's Approach to Mastitis Microbiology
Authors: Vandamme Douglas M.
Published: March 2023

In cases of acute bovine mastitis, rapid treatment is essential to salvaging milk production in the affected quarter and often times in saving the life of the cow. Proper antibiotic therapy and other necessary procedures such as fluid therapy calcium administration must be instituted at the first sign of mastitis. Treatment success or failure is usually determined within the first twenty four hours ofonset of signs. Acute cases of mastitis in the bovine generally are caused by coliform organisms although staphylococci and streptococci may be involved occasionally.
Future Use of Computers in Practice
Authors: Brown Jay R.
Published: March 2023

Since this presentation is given in the cow/ calf section, I will try to address my views and visions to the use of computers in beef cattle cow / calf practice.I believe the practitioners here today can be grouped into various categories as far as their exposure to computers in their practices. First some of you have no exposure, but may be thinking about their use. Second, some have a computer but are using it only for clerical and bookkeeping chores. I have been in some practices where the computer is sitting in the corner collecting dust. Third, some of you have a computer and are actively using it and looking for new ways to make it serve you.
Modified Technique for Vulvar Repair in the Bovine Animal
Authors: Held Stan
Published: March 2023

Most of us in Minnesota do a lot of obstetrical work in dairy cattle. I don't know about the rest of you, but we run into some similar problems over and over. One of the things we see is vulvar lacerations, the vulvar anatomical problems that cause a poor closure of the vulva, resulting in pneumovagina of varying degrees. I would say that that doesn't have to be real severe to be a cause of infertility. I feel if there is any pneumo-vagina when you examine a cow, it may be a candidate for a caslick's or vulvar repair.
Practitioner's Role in the Diagnosis of Haemophilus somnus
Authors: Geeding Phil
Published: March 2023

As far as diagnosis of Haemophilus as well as many other microbial organisms, we utilize the culture technique quite a little bitand it is a very good means. It is an opportunist so you can recover it from even healthy animals. But in cases of pathology, like on a lung or something, if you get a pureheavy culture, it certainly points in the right direction for diagnosis. But as in many other diseases, we try to establish some serological method of diagnosis. We worked on this trying to interpret the meaning of titers.
Suppression of Neutrophil Function in Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Roth James
Published: March 2023

The hypothesis for its pathogenesis is that it requires three things- stress, plus a nonbacterial infection, and these two components suppress the host defense mechanism sufficiently to allow the bacterial infections to produce a severe pneumonia. And the economic losses are primarily due to the bacterial infection. This talk is going to focus on neutrophil function primarily, and I will talk about how each of those things can suppress neutrophil function.
Applying Epidemiology to Diagnostic Findings
Authors: Meek A.H. , Martin S. W.
Published: March 2023

A clinical diagnosis can be considered a probability statement. How good that statement is depends on a number of factors related to the examiner, the examined and the examination (Sackett et al, 1985). In addition to this, the ability to extrapolate ones findings from a few examined animals to the population eg. herd, will depend on how representative the examined animals are of the population and /or the number of animals sampled. In this paper, primary emphasis will be given to the examination, particularly to the use of tests, for detecting subclinical disease and to the extrapolation of results to the population.
Performance Evaluation as an Integral Part of Dairy Health Programs
Authors: Weaver Leon D.
Published: March 2023

At this review meeting on dairy herd performance, areas where performance can be improved are defined, and goals and methods selected. Protocols for problem investigation can also be developed as necessary. Current herd health expenditures for supplies, pharmaceuticals, labor and services should be reviewed and justified, altered or eliminated. Involvement of other professionals (e.g., nutritionist, banker, CPA) is often desirable. Dairy "herd health" programs emphasizing disease prevention are evolving into health and production medicine programs. The adoption of production oriented programs will likely require changes in practice style, schedules and fees. New consultative activities will need to be integrated into practice routines. An essential component of production medicine programs is herd performance evaluation.
Dairy Herd Reproductive Performance Parameters Relevant to North American Production and Marketing Systems
Authors: Etherington W. G.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this presentation is to describe some reproductive performance parameters which can be used to assess the level of reproductive management in a dairy herd. An attempt will also be made to describe how some reproductive performance diagnostic indices can be used as an indicator of the areas of management which are causing reproductive problems in herds.
Dairy Herd Performance Evaluation
Authors: Reneau Jeffrey K.
Published: March 2023

Volumes have been written on the subject of mastitis control. Research continues to be compiled describing new, more effective measures in controlling herd mastitis. Yet application of this information has been slow. The purpose of this paper is to discuss in detail the use of DHI somatic cell counts records in mastitis control programs, and their effective integration with other data in the formulation of specific mastitis control recommendation. It concludes that the SCC is an excellent screening test for the presence of mastitis because (A) SCC data is a good indicator of the seriousness of the mastitis problem, offering a prognosis of the biological and economic impacts of the herd problem; (B) SCC enables monitoring of udder health as well as the effectiveness of treatment and prevention measures; and (C) an important consideration for a herd health screening test is the test's relative availability and expense.
New Systems of Ventilation and Environmental Control in Dairy Barns
Authors: Kains Franklin A.
Published: March 2023

Dairy barn ventilation is more evolutionary than revolutionary. Changes in the management of the ventilation system have been as significant as the changes in hardware. The changes discussed are based on our experience with warm tie stall dairy barns of both new and old two story construction which are the predominant dairy housing used in Ontario. The major change in tie stall dairy barn ventilation has been the lowering of the barn temperature. With the increased ventilation rate, pathogen and gas levels are significantly lowered. In some situations, recirculation can improve distribution of air within the barn if a cross ventilation system is inadequate. Heat exchangers are a good source of supplemental heat but must be evaluated against other sources of heat on a cost recovery basis to justify them. Finally, the enthusiasm the swine farmers have had for natural ventilation has spilled over to tie stall dairy barns. Several new and retrofitted old barns have gone this route recently and it seems to be a continuing trend.
Inducing Natural Defense Mechanisms to Promote Mastitis Control
Authors: Paape M. J.
Published: March 2023

Strategies to control mastitis now rely heavily upon antibiotics and topical germicides; but are coming under increasing scrutiny and regulation because of the potential for adulteration of the food product. The considerable therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics especially when administered during the dry period, has led to too great reliance on curing the disease rather than preventing it on the farm, and has discouraged efforts in research laboratories to develop alternative means of protection, such as enhancement of natural mammary defense mechanisms. Among the components which comprise the intramammary defense mechanisms, the streak canal, lactoferrin, and phagocytic activity of PMNL seem the most accessible to enhancement. The methods used to enhance these defense mechanisms will be discussed in this paper. The discovery that significant variation exists among cows in the ease in which substances can penetrate the streak canal, offers the possibility of selecting cows with heightened genetic resistance to mastitis. The successful manipulation of the lactoferrin to citrate ratio in mammary secretions offers the possibility of enhancing the control of coliforms. The phagocytic and bactericidal properties of leukocytes appear to be regulated by a number of control mechanims that are accessible to man.
Making Further Progress in Low Somatic Cell Count Herds
Authors: Erskine R. J.
Published: March 2023

Somatic cell counts (SCC) serve as valuable indicators of prevalence of intramammary infection (IMI). A strong positive correlation between bulk tank SCC and prevalence of infection has been well established. However, herds with low prevalences of subclinical infection may yet have a mastitis problem, particularly that caused by organisms of environmental origin.These would include primarily streptococci other than agalactiae (nonag. strep.), and the lactose fermenting organisms of the family Enterobacteriaceae, loosely termed coliforms. This paper reviews the problems facing dairy farmers that have been able to maintain their herd SCC, and thus subclinical mastitis, at a low level. Means to assess the mastitis problem in such herds and mastitis control methods thought to be effective is discussed. With adequate mastitis control measures available to control Strep. agalactiae and Staph. aureus, future mastitis research should necessarily be directed to control of environmental organisms.
Liner Slip and Mastitis
Authors: Spencer Stephen  B.
Published: March 2023

Vacuum fluctuations in the milking machine have been associated with mastitis for many years. Liner slip appears to have an influence in the new infection rate. There are large differences among liners and their slip characteristics. Under the conditions of this trial, liners slipped more during AM milkings than PM milkings and U.S. liners tended to slip more than the European designs.
Stray Voltage Update
Authors: Southwick Lee H.
Published: March 2023

Stray voltage, also known as Neutral to Earth Voltage, refers to the condition which results in current flowing through a cow's body and causes all sorts of grief for both man and animal. There are there basic causes of Neutral to Earth Voltage: 1. Unbalanced 120 loads; 2. Ground faults; 3. Voltage drop on the neutral wire. I would like to accomplish three things in this presentation: 1. Make you aware of the nature of stray voltage and its basic sources; 2. Review research on stray voltage presented at the National Stray Voltage Symposium held in October 1984; 3. Bring you up to date on the continuing research in Stray Voltage.
What's in a Veal Formula and Why?
Authors: Polzin Herbert W.
Published: March 2023

Veal formulas are produced utilizing by-products of the dairy processing and animal slaughtering industry and various micro-ingredients such as minerals, vitamins and antibiotics. This article will attempt to list all ingredients currently used by veal feed manufacturers in the United States and also elucidate what these ingredients actually are and why they are used. The initial paragraph for each ingredient will be the official definition per AAFCO. The remaining test will elaborate on what these products are and why they are used. Please keep in mind that various feed manufacturers practice discretion on the types and qualities of each of these ingredients that are used in their specific productions.
Possible Fescue Toxicosis in Incoming Feeder Cattle
Authors: Perino Louis
Published: March 2023

Cattle are received into feedyards in the Southwest from nearly all parts of the nation, including groups off of summer fescue pastures. This paper presents a case of epidemic heat stroke in several groups of cattle received during June from summer fescue pastures known to be infected with the endopytic fungus Epichloe typhina ( Acremonium coenophialum). Given the absence of a definitive diagnostic test to confirm fescue toxicosis or "summer syndrome" it is based on circumstantial evidence, history, clinical observations, laboratory and post-mortem findings and rule outs.
Use of the Muffly Apparatus for Hardware Disease
Authors: Nelson Arden
Published: March 2023

This is the instruction sheet that greeted me when I borrowed Muffly's hardware retriever from a neighboring practitioner to go up and fix a cow that was 10 years old, classified 3, and had given over 200,000 pounds of milk.
Upholstered Freestalls as an Aid to Control of Coliform Mastitis
Authors: Glore Reilly
Published: March 2023

Acute coliform mastitis is a notoriously difficult condition to treat successfully, hence prevention is the most effective tool for us to use. Recent studies have confirmed previous clinical impressions that a major source of the infectious organism, Klebsiella pneumoniae, is sawdust bedding. Various approaches have been advocated to avoid using sawdust for comfort stalls. These include rubber mats, straw, sand, cement, and various combinations of those. One of our clients has conceived of an alternative bedding system which for lack of a better term I call the upholstered freestall. it is apparent that the concept of upholstered freestalls is a workable solution to the coliform mastitis dilemma. Perhaps in the future even more durable material will be found which will give added longevity to the installations.
Engineering Tomorrow's Cow
Authors: Foote R.H.
Published: March 2023

Artificial insemination (A. I.) is an example of the greatest single biotechnology applied to livestock, particularly dairy cattle. This opened the field of sperm physiology and the study of fertilization and embryo mortality, as well as the control of certain infectious diseases. A study has demonstrated that embryos can be sexed with about 80 to 85% accuracy, using a male-specific antibody which was conjugated with the green fluorescent dye, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). In some of the earlier work about half of the embryos bisected as blastocysts produced pregnancies. The possibility of immediately modifying the gene complex of an animal by inserting genetic material into recipients has stimulated much excitement.
Epidemiology of Bovine Salmonellosis
Authors: McDonough Patrick L.
Published: March 2023

Salmonellosis is a disease with great economic and public health impact. Depending upon which salmonella serotype is involved in the disease process, there are also other associated problems: high morbidity in affected herds, abortion sequels, the problems of carrier cattle and the reoccurrence of salmonellosis in herds. Moreover, survivors of outbreaks are often unthrifty and take longer to reach marketable weight or do not regain lost milk production. Along with the lost revenues from decreased milk production are the costs of therapy and replacement animals, and public health problems leading to restrictions on the sale of milk and / or meat products.
Beef Economics and the Bovine Practitioner
Authors: Williams Donald E.
Published: March 2023

The practicing veterinarian routinely faces decisions which have to be made in a short time frame. Most disease problems need a quick decision and a quick response. Thus it may be difficult to study the economy from a long term perspective, however this needs to be the first approach to making decisions on your economic future. The good news is that most economic decisions do not have to be made quickly and can be studied over a period of time using available reference data before a decision has to be made. The bad news is that many of the decisions made in this arena have long term ramifications.
Idaho's Approach to Marketing Large Animal Veterinary Services
Authors: Shelton Dr. , Risa Dr. , Glarborg Dr.
Published: March 2023

The Idaho PR/ PD committee created a 41 page manual entitled Agricultural Lenders Economics: The Influence of Veterinary Services Upon Producer Profits and Ability to Repay Agricultural Loans. This manual is designed specifically for agricultural lenders involved in either beef or dairy operations.

The manual outlines the economic advantages of utilizing veterinary services. It compares:1. Investment costs.2. Operating Costs.3. Return on investment figures for specific operational procedures with and without veterinary input.
Selling Your Practice to the Client
Authors: Robertson Edwin G.
Published: March 2023

Selling your practice is a people problem. Selling your practice is marketing. Marketing can be divided into two areas. One is the controversial area of advertising or merchandising through the media in a competitive way your prices, your services, your products, your whatever. The second area o marketing is what I'm interested in discussing today and that is simply AWARENESS-making the client aware of what services you can provide for him and what benefits he can be assured of receiving should he choose to become a client of yours. And remember, it is his choice. Nobody makes him come to your office. You may be the only game in town, but unless you adequately meet that client's needs, he can decide to either go many miles for better service or to do without veterinary service altogether. It's his choice. If you're going to be his choice, you're going to have to meet both his expectations and his needs.
Newsletters, Questionnaires and Phone Contacts
Authors: Harness J. K.
Published: March 2023

Competition is something new. Twenty years ago we could practice just about anyway we wanted and be successful. Those days are gone and it's probably a good thing. We now face competition from many quarters. It's no longer enough just to be a good veterinarian. We must apply principles of business management if we are to position our practices to prosper through the end of the twentieth century.

Those interested in business growth, in the personal satisfaction of a successful enterprise, in selling a vital business to a colleague, or in providing for a carefree retirement must learn to compete. It's hard work and it doesn't come naturally to veterinarians with little aptitude for or training in business.
Marketing Dairy Herd Health
Authors: Britt Jenks S.
Published: March 2023

Most dairy farmers are faced with financial obligations that require maximized production schemes to reach the level of profit to pay these obligations. Culling without herd health control is usually done by culling disease problem cows first:The others would be-1. Mastitis2. Non-breeders3. Disease4. Injury5. Low Production6. Temperament7. Dairy PurposesFarmers don't profit from visits from veterinarians to treat many of the above problems.
Bovine Somatotropin
Authors: Smith R. D.
Published: March 2023

Time and space do not permit an adequate discussion of how new technologies will affect various animal production systems. In this paper we'll discuss one new technology, the new use of bovine growth hormone to increase the efficiency of milk production. It will serve as an example (albeit in all probability a more dramatic one than many) of the potential of new technology to affect animal production. Emphasis throughout will be on information that dairy farmers (and their advisors) need in order to make informed decisions about their businesses both today in anticipation of growth hormone and in the future when (if?) it becomes commercially available.
How to Conduct and Interpret Field Trials
Authors: Erb Hollis N.
Published: March 2023

Some bovine practitioners are beginning to conduct their own field trials in order to test new drugs, surgical techniques, feed additives, management programs, and the like. Other practitioners are being asked by scientists in universities or industry to participate in trials, and all practitioners should be reading reports of field trials in journals. There is a science to field trials. Trials that are bad science shouldn't be conducted or believed.

In this essay I will discuss 6 of the major issues in the design of field trials: controls, sample size, informed consent, baseline measurements, assignment of treatments, and blindness. I will not discuss statistical issues other than some general comments regarding sample size. I'll generally take the point of view of the practitioner trying to design his or her own trial, but these same issues may be used to evaluate the quality of other people's trials. (For further reading, there's an excellent recent article by Dohoo and Waltner-Toews (1), and a very good, non-statistical introductory textbook by Friedman et al. (2).)
Quality Milk Production
Authors: McClary David G.
Published: March 2023

An on farm evaluation including examination of facilities, observation of cow environment, analysis of milking equipment, examination of milking technique, and evaluation of treatment procedures for lactating and dry cows was conducted. Numerous problems and deficiencies were noted in several areas. Appropriate recommendations were made in an attempt to correct those problem areas.
Strep. Agalactiae Herd
Authors: Parr Boyd H.
Published: March 2023

Strep. agalactiae as the causative agent in problem mastitis, elevated somatic cell count (SCC), and/or high tank standard plate count (SPC) herds has been around for some time. It is not as new and exotic as are some of the more recently identified pathogens, yet it remains a significant contributor to the number of problem mastitis herds throughout the country, despite its relative ease of control. Therefore, it is important that we not bypass Strep. Ag. in a discussion of Quality Milk Production.

This case is typical of the way a Strep. ag. problem herd has presented itself during my clinical experience.
Interpretating Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Counts
Authors: Thurmond M. C.
Published: March 2023

During the past few years veterinarians have begun to appreciate some of the benefits in monitoring bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC). Although it is a measure of milk quality and not udder inflammation, the BTSCC does provide an estimate of the herd udder health. Because there is little confusion as to where cells constituting the BTSCC originate, changes in BTSCC can be more directly attributable to changes in udder inflammation than can be changes in bulk tank bacteria counts. Moderate correlations between BTSCC and quarter infection rates provide further support for the use of BTSCC as a proxy for herd udder health (Dohoo and Meek, 1982).
Herd Mastitis Problems Caused by Unusual Pathogens
Authors: Eberhart R. J.
Published: March 2023

Until recently most mastitis was caused by two species of bacteria-Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. Today, these two bacteria are controllable in most herds by combined regimens of teat dipping and dry cow treatment. However, these control methods are less efficacious against other pathogens which may become, or appear to become, more important as the prevalence of Str. agalactiae and S. aureus is reduced. Usually such problems are caused by bacteria endemic in the cows environment, the so-called environmental pathogens. Occasionally a point source of infection may develop that leads to an outbreak of disease caused by a single unusual organism. In this paper, we will consider current thinking about environmental mastitis and then discuss herd mastitis problems caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens.
Practitioner's Approach to Nutrition
Authors: Byers David I.
Published: March 2023

A dairyman's success depends on a number of factors. Among these are genetic improvement, accounting principles, forage production, ration formulation, replacement heifer rearing, economic awareness, labor management, disease prevention and parasite control, quality milk production, marketing concepts, and reproductive efficiency. Any attempt to rank these is debatable; however, I believe Dr. Charlie Jarrett, professor emeritus, University of Georgia, is correct when he says, "The success of any dairy operation depends on the ability of a farmer to grow, harvest, and preserve high quality forage and to supplement it with the right 'balance' of grains that will support efficient and economical milk production."Here two key areas of management are stressed:1. "To grow, harvest, and preserve high quality forage"2. "To supplement it with the 'balance' of grains that will support efficient and economical milk production."
Breeding Cows Without Estrous Detection
Authors: Elmore R. G.
Published: March 2023

Estrous detection is a major management problem on many dairy farms. It has been estimated that approximately 40 to 50 percent of all estrous periods of lactating dairy cows are not detected (1,2). It has also been estimated that 16 to 20 percent of all dairy cows presented for insemination are not in estrous as evidenced by high levels of milk progesterone at the time of breeding (3,4). Many errors are made in not "detecting" cows that are actually not in heat. Both of these problems can be very costly errors. Methods to improve or eliminate the necessity of estrous detection should be of interest to all dairymen and their veterinarians. The use of rapid progesterone assays may be of benefit to dairymen with estrous detection problems.
Artificial Insemination Technique Needs Attention
Authors: Senger P. L.
Published: March 2023

Significant variation exists among inseminator conception rates, (Graham, 1966; Senger et al., 1981 , Ron et al., 1983; Senger et al., 1983 and Uw1and, 1983). This variation is due at least in part to differences in skill levels of inseminators. During the last 15 years , artificial insemination responsibility has been transferred from professional technicians to herdsman-inseminators (H-1). Current estimates report that approximately 65 percent of semen is sold directly to dairy and beef herds resulting in producers performing the majority of inseminations. Often, poor insemination skills on the part of herdsman-inseminators are not recognized and the deficiencies may translate into poor reproductive performance. Until recently several major problems have existed regarding the evaluation of insemination technique. They are: I) Errors in inseminating technique specific to an individual inseminator have not been described critically; 2) there is a significant amount of misunderstanding among inseminators regarding reproductive tract anatomy. This paper will summarize several previously published reports which deal with problems in A. I. technique.
Using DHI Records in Reproductive Management
Authors: Butcher Kenneth R.
Published: March 2023

The famous black baseball player, Satchel Page, once said, "If you don't know where you 're going, you might end up somewhere else." Good dairy records are essential to "know where you're going" in managing a dairy herd. A commitment to accurate cow identity and day-to-day recording of all events, coupled with modern computer record systems, will pay a high return per dollar invested.
Fescue Toxicity
Authors: Lacefield Garry D.
Published: March 2023

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is the most important cool-season grass grown in the United States providing the primary ground cover on approximately 35 million acres. It is a versatile plant used for livestock feed, lawns, turf and conservation purposes, and is adapted to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Tall fescue is relatively easy to establish, persistent, relatively free of disease and insect pests, produces high dry matter yields when properly fertilized and compares favorably to many other cool-season grasses when analyzed chemically. Despite all the many positive attributes of this grass, animal performance on Kentucky 31 has been erratic and oftentimes less than desired by producers and reseachers.
Fescue Toxicity Syndrome
Authors: Trimble Richard L.
Published: March 2023

This morning you have been exposed to a great deal of information concerning toxic fescue. What makes fescue toxic? How does the toxicity impact animals that consume the fescue? And much more!!

The major question that is probably left to be examined and which I will address in my presentation, involves that of economics. Is there an economic method by which producers can attempt to solve the problems associated with fescue toxicity?

As will become obvious shortly, I believe there is an economic method by which producers can solve their fescue toxicity problems. However, there are a few "ground rules" that have to be established before we can examine the economics of the solution.
Fescue Toxicosis in Commercial Cattle Feeding Operations
Authors: Jordan Tim
Published: March 2023

Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) accounts for approximately 35 million acres of grassland in the U.S. Fescue pastures continue to be a major cattle grazing staple in the transition zone of the U.S. including the south central regions of the country. Research has shown that fescue can contain the endophytic fungus Acrenonium coenophialum which is reported to contain toxic factors that cause various disease conditions in cattle that are grazing contaminated pastures (1). The conditions or disorders associated with the grazing of endophyte infested fescue include fescue foot, summer syndrome, fat necrosis, agalactia, and decreased reproductive efficiency (1, 2, 3, 4).
IRM
Authors: Absher Curtis W.
Published: March 2023

IRM orignally stood for Integrated Reproduction Management (IRM) and identifies a national trust in budget development, program planning and implementation, program evaluation, experimentation in public and industry partnerships, and program accountability. More pragmatically, IRM has developed as a concerted effort to get agencies, programs and people working toward common goals of problem solving. The first problem attacked was that of reproductive efficiency in food producing animals but early recongnition was given to the fact that the concept, and not necessarily the problem was the heart of the IRM effort. Therefore, there has been general endorsement of the change from "Reproductive" to "Resource" Management. IRM has also evolved as a model concept for a broader systems approach to problem solving in Agriculture.
Is Preconditioning Doomed to Fail?
Authors: King Dell
Published: March 2023

I appreciate the opportunity to speak with you this afternoon. All of us have a common goal-healthy cattle. Cattle health is a number one prerogative at King Livestock Company. Our survival in the cattle order buying business is dependent on shipping healthy cattle and for them to remain healthy during their feeding period. Our customers are looking for fresh country cattle that can be shipped direct to the feedlots. It is almost impossible to purchase load lots of uniform calves in a state that has an average cow herd of 17 head. Therefore, preconditioned sales present to us the next best alternative-commingled calves that are uniform in· quality, size and medical history. While this isn't as ideal as "one owner" load cattle, it is similar. In the past, when we shipped "put together cattle" out of sales, I lived in fear of our customers having health problems with their cattle, and they almost always did. We finally learned a better way to serve them. To ship any distance, we either buy fresh country cattle, preconditioned cattle or one owner cattle or we don't buy any! We have tried to establish a good reputation in shipping healthy cattle during the past 18 years. Preconditioning has been a valuable tool in helping us keep our calves healthy. We believe the program benefits calves much more than yearling cattle, but has some positive effect on yearlings as well.
Preconditioning of Calves from the Feedyard Perspective
Authors: Jordan Tim
Published: March 2023

Young calves or freshly weaned calves that are placed directly on high grain concentrate feeding can be expected to experience increased health-related problems compared to cattle of yearling age. Survey data of feedlot cattle in Texas generated by Bechtol and Jordan (I) show that morbidity and mortality averaged 7.29% and 0.70%, respectively. Work in Kansas and Nebraska (2) shows closely related figures.
Intravenous Catheterization for the Administration of Large Volumes of Fluid
Authors: Atkinson Don
Published: March 2023

Many intravenous catheters have a slow delivery rate, are difficult to hook up or become disconnected or kinked off if the cow starts to move around. To overcome some of these problems, a non-conventional catherization system was improvised using a Ral-gun needle, a urethral catheter (Sovereign, Monojet, trademark, 8 French size) and a strip of rubber cut from an old inner tube.
Indwelling Bloat Relief Instrument
Authors: McIntosh Authur J.
Published: March 2023

The indwelling bloat relief instrument, nicknamed "bloat whistle" is intended for use in chronic bloat of ruminants. The instrument is made of a neutral plastic material so no tissue reaction is encountered.
Chain Hoists in Veterinary Medicine
Authors: DeJong Gale A.
Published: March 2023

Chain hoists can take much of the back work out of dairy practice. At our hospital we have mounted two chain hoists to an overhead beam about 15 feet apart. Additionally we use portable rubber mats on the floor directly beneath the chain hoists. The hoists are extremely useful in putting a 1500 lb. holstein cow into dorsal recumbancy.
Use of a Come Along in a Bovine Practice
Authors: Meirig Richard W.
Published: March 2023

What I would like to do this evening is spend a few minutes and talk about some of the uses that we found in our practice for a device, which all of you know is a come-along or power puller. It's a very simple device. It has a metal frame with a steel cable with a hook on the end of it, and a winching device. A very simple thing. You can buy these in hardware stores from anywhere from $15 to $30. In our practice we prefer the ones with just a single cable. These have about a one ton capacity. You can get them with a double cable that have about a two-ton capacity. We just don't work on anything that takes two tons to lift. We find that the single cable puller has a longer cable on it which is preferable in our situation.
Graphing DHIA Records to Help Motivate Dairy Clients
Authors: Hilton W. Mark
Published: March 2023

Record keeping is not a favorite task of many of our clients. Our dairy producers on DHIA have the advantage over our other food animal clients of having a very valuable set of records generated monthly. The sad truth is that many dairymen spend a few minutes at most reviewing these records. Most, roughly know their reproductive and production figures, but only,roughly, and many do not know if they have progressed or regressed over the past 6 months.
Bovine Practice
Authors: Sanders Donald E.
Published: March 2023

What I want to talk about is something just entirely away from the usual practice tip. It may do you some good. It's a nutritional practice tip. 1 want to talk about cobalt and the clinical evaluation of cobalt levels, and why you should look at them.
Miscellaneous Practice Tips
Authors: Sterner Keith E. , Hudson Donald B.
Published: March 2023

A collection of practice tips from two experienced bovine practitioner.
Use of Synovex-H as a Method for Androgenizing Heifers for Teaser Animals
Authors: Mortimer R. G. , Gutierrez M. , Salman M. , Olson J. D.
Published: March 2023

Detection of estrus is the most costly factor contributing to reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle (1, 2, 3). In Colorado alone, the potential economic loss from poor detection of estrus to the dairy industry is from $123 to $205 per cow per year (4). The use of teaser animals as an aid in the detection of estrus has generally been proved advantageous (5). Teaser animals are usually surgically altered intact males or androgenized females. The use of an intact male although surgically altered does not eliminate the potential of venereal disease transmission. In addition, the cost of surgical altering and time lost until the teaser animal can be used must be considered. Androgenizing heifers has proven effective. The accepted procedure has been intramuscular injections of 200 mg of testosterone every other day for 20 days plus biweekly boostering with testosterone injections (5, 6, 7). A simpler approach would be to use an implant containing testosterone to get a longer duration of activity in the androgenized heifer. This presentation will detail the preliminary results on the use of this procedure.
Communication with and Motivation of Producers
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: March 2023

The most important thing in working with the producers we serve is understanding that all producers are not alike and that all "canned formulas" for working with those producers work only to the extent that they connect our personalities with those of the producers. What works with one producer may not work well with another and what works for one veterinarian may not work well for another. We all have clients that we have a tremendous rapport with and other clients that we have just never been able to connect with.
How I Motivate and Communicate with Clients in My Dairy Practice
Authors: Fuhrmann Tom
Published: March 2023

This paper will deal specifically with the subject of motivating and communicating with personnel on large commercial dairy operations. The typical dairy in Arizona has capacity to milk 500 cows two or three times per day. One milks 4,000 head three times per day and currently averages 20,000 lb. milk according to DHIA rolling herd averages. The average dairyman raises his own replacements, purchases all his feed, runs a labor intensive, highly leveraged operation on less than 30 acres of land. Providing veterinary service to these types of herds requires motivating and communicating with several types of people on each operation. Applying people management skills to implement herd health programs is essential.