bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frailty in Older Mexican‐American and European‐American Adults: Is There an Ethnic Disparity?
Authors: Espinoza Sara E. , Hazuda Helen P.
Published: July 2008

Because conventional frailty screening criteria have been standardized in predominantly European‐American (EA) cohorts, applying them to ethnically diverse populations may result in inaccurate estimation of frailty prevalence in ethnic minorities. The objective of this study was to determine whether use of ethnic‐specific criteria (EC) to characterize frailty in a bi‐ethnic cohort results in significant differences in frailty prevalence when compared with the prevalence obtained using conventional criteria (CC). Data were from a random sample of community‐dwelling Mexican Americans (MAs) (n=394) and EAs (n=355) aged 65 to 80 who participated in the baseline examination of the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging. Frailty was defined as three or more of five characteristics: slow walking speed, weak grip strength, low energy expenditure, self‐reported exhaustion, and weight loss. For CC, walking speed was standardized to height and sex, grip strength was standardized to body mass index and sex, and energy expenditure was standardized to sex using the pooled sample. For EC, these criteria were applied within each ethnic group. Frailty prevalence in MAs and EAs was compared using chi‐square statistic. Using CC, a higher proportion of MAs than EAs were frail (11.3% vs 7.0%, P=.045). Using EC, there was no difference in frailty prevalence between MAs and EAs (9.9% in both ethnic groups). The application of conventional frailty screening criteria in a bi‐ethnic cohort results in a higher prevalence of frailty in MAs than in EAs. In determining whether there are ethnic disparities in frailty, future studies should carefully consider whether CC or EC should be applied.
Platelet transfusions in heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia: a report of four cases and review of the literature
Authors: Hopkins Courtney K. , Goldfinger Dennis
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND: Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a complication of heparin therapy associated with thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. The diagnosis of HIT is based on clinical criteria and laboratory tests, including the serotonin release assay (SRA). Because HIT patients are thrombocytopenic, platelet (PLT) transfusions may be contemplated; however, many published reviews have concluded that PLT transfusions are contraindicated in HIT because they may precipitate thrombotic events. This study reports four patients with clinically suspected HIT who received PLT transfusions without complications, and the literature regarding this subject has been reviewed.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients with a SRA ordered for suspected HIT were retrospectively identified. Charts of patients with positive SRAs who received a PLT transfusion when HIT was clinically suspected were reviewed for evidence of PLT transfusion safety and efficacy. A comprehensive search of the published literature regarding PLT transfusions in patients with HIT was conducted.

RESULTS: A SRA was performed on 189 patients with suspected HIT. Thirteen patients tested positive and 4 of these received a PLT transfusion. No patient developed a thrombotic complication. All 4 patients had adequate posttransfusion PLT increments. Two of the 3 patients with active bleeding had cessation of bleeding after transfusion. Review of the literature revealed no case of a complication clearly attributable to PLT transfusion.

CONCLUSION: Four patients with clinically suspected HIT and a positive SRA were transfused PLTs both efficaciously and safely. These outcomes, combined with the results of the literature review, suggest that PLT transfusions should not be withheld when clinically indicated in patients with HIT.
Plasma fibrinogen level, bleeding, and transfusion after on‐pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a prospective observational study
Authors: Karlsson Martin , Ternström Lisa , Hyllner Monica , Baghaei Fariba , Nilsson Staffan , Jeppsson Anders
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND: Early identification of patients with increased risk of excessive bleeding and transfusion after cardiac surgery offers the possibility to initiate countermeasures. Fibrinogen is a key protein in the coagulation cascade and thus a potential biomarker for bleeding. We investigated the relationship between preoperative fibrinogen plasma concentration and postoperative bleeding and transfusion after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 170 patients (mean age, 67 ± 9 years; 75% men) undergoing isolated CABG were included in a prospective observational study. Patient variables (age, sex, operation time, anticoagulation therapy), preoperative laboratory variables (platelet [PLT] count, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and fibrinogen), postoperative bleeding volume, and transfusions during hospital stay were registered. Independent predictors of bleeding volume and transfusion were identified with multiple regression models.

RESULTS: Postoperative bleeding volume correlated univariately with preoperative fibrinogen concentration (r = −0.53, p < 0.001) and PLT count (r = −0.26, p = 0.001) but only preoperative fibrinogen concentration was an independent predictor of postoperative bleeding volume. Twenty‐nine of the 170 patients (17%) received transfusions with blood products. Independent predictors of transfusion were preoperative fibrinogen concentration (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1‐3.7 per 1‐unit decrease; p = 0.027), female sex (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.8‐14.7; p = 0.002), and aortic cross‐clamp time (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.06 per minute; p = 0.013).

CONCLUSION: The results indicate that preoperative fibrinogen concentration (even within the normal range) is a limiting factor for postoperative hemostasis. Preoperative measurement of fibrinogen concentration provides information about bleeding volume and transfusion requirements after CABG.
Good manufacturing practice–grade fibrin gel is useful as a scaffold for human mesenchymal stromal cells and supports in vitro osteogenic differentiation
Authors: Trombi Luisa , D'Alessandro Delfo , Pacini Simone , Fiorentino Bruno , Scarpellini Manuela , Fazzi Rita , Galimberti Sara , Guazzini Stefano , Petrini Mario
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND: Recently, there has been an increased interest in using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in bone tissue engineering coupled with a suitable scaffold of both biological and synthetic origin. The cells and these constructs can be combined in vitro or directly in vivo to enhance tissue repair. MSCs are spindle‐shaped cells capable of self‐renewal and can be induced to differentiate mainly into osteo‐, chondro‐, and adipogenic‐progeny types. Several biomaterials are currently available and, among them, fibrin‐based constructs seem to be suitable for guiding the cells during tissue repair or regeneration due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Here, this study describes a simple in vitro system using human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) and fibrin scaffold prepared at different concentrations in fibrinogen (1.5%‐3% and 6%) to evaluate cell proliferation and viability inside these constructs.

RESULTS: The data demonstrate that the constructs with 3 percent in fibrinogen resulted in the best scaffolds, because within them the cells were able to proliferate and were uniformly distributed. Finally, analyzing the capability of the clots to support osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, we observed that they differentiated into osteoblasts.

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that fibrin gel could be useful as a delivery system for hMSCs.
Psychometric properties of the Blood Donation Reactions Inventory: a subjective measure of presyncopal reactions to blood donation
Authors: France Christopher R. , Ditto Blaine , France Janis L. , Himawan Lina K.
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND: Presyncopal reactions are among the most common systemic reactions experienced by blood donors, occur most frequently in novice donors, and can serve as a deterrent to future donation regardless of donation experience. This report describes the validation of a presyncopal reactions scale that can be used to standardize assessment of the donor's subjective experience.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A psychometric analysis of the Blood Donation Reactions Inventory (BDRI), a measure of presyncopal reactions, was conducted using data obtained from two independent samples of volunteer blood donors. Based on these analyses, a new, brief version of the BDRI is proposed, and psychometric data regarding the reliability and construct validity of this instrument are presented.

RESULTS: Results of confirmatory factor analyses indicate that a 4‐item version of the BDRI can be used to assess subjective perception of mild, prefaint symptoms. Additional analyses indicate that the BDRI has good internal consistency and demonstrates concurrent validity relative to other indices of donor reactions (e.g., donor chair reclines and loss of consciousness). Construct validity is supported by factor analyses, expected score differences in different donor groups, and convergent validation against measures of donor satisfaction and likelihood of repeat donation.

CONCLUSION: The BDRI provides an assessment of subjective ratings of presyncopal symptoms that is brief, easily understood by donors, and quick to administer and score. The BDRI yields important information about the donor's experience that can be used to predict satisfaction and likelihood of repeat donation.
The effect of storing whole blood at 22°C for up to 24 hours with and without rapid cooling on the quality of red cell concentrates and fresh‐frozen plasma
Authors: Wilsher Claire , Garwood Margaret , Sutherland Janet , Turner Craig , Cardigan Rebecca
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND: Storage of whole blood (WB) for less than 24 hours at ambient temperature is permitted in Europe, but data directly comparing storage with and without active cooling are lacking, which was investigated and compared to current standard methods.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: WB was stored in one of four different ways for 24 hours after donation before processing on Day 1 to red cell concentrates (RCCs) in saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol and fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP; n = 20 each): 1) at 22°C in plastic trays, 2) in cooling devices (Compocool II, NPBI), 3) at 4°C, or 4) processed from WB without storage less than 8 hours from donation (Day 0).

RESULTS: 2,3‐Diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) in RCCs were lower after ambient storage compared with those processed on Day 0 or after 4°C storage. Rapid cooling slowed the loss of 2,3‐DPG but levels were undetectable by Day 21 with any method. On Day 42 of RCC storage, there was no significant difference between storage methods in levels of adenosine triphosphate or hemolysis. Potassium levels were lower in RCCs from WB stored at ambient compared with those produced on Day 0, regardless of the use of cooling plates. FFP produced from WB on Day 0 or after storage at ambient with or without active cooling met UK specifications (>75% of units >0.70 IU/mL Factor VIII).

CONCLUSION: These data suggest that RCCs and FFP produced from WB that has been stored at ambient temperature with or without active cooling are of acceptable quality compared with those produced using current standard methods in the United Kingdom.
Investigation of the effect of kaolin and tissue factor–activated citrated whole blood, on clot forming variables, as evaluated by thromboelastography
Authors: Johansson Pär I. , Bochsen Louise , Andersen Søren , Viuff Dorthe
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND: The Thrombelastograph (TEG; Haemoscope Corp.) analyzes clot formation in whole blood (WB) and treatment based on this analysis has been shown to reduce transfusion requirements in liver and cardiac surgery when compared to conventional coagulation analysis. Implementing TEG as a routine laboratory‐based analysis, however, requires validation of the activators employed and the effect of storage of the WB sample in citrate before analysis.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The effect of kaolin, tissue factor (TF) 1:17,000, or TF 1:42,500 on TEG clotting time (R), Angle (velocity of clot formation), and maximum clot strength (amplitude [MA]) were evaluated, together with day‐to‐day variation, the coefficient of variance (CV%), and the effect of citrate storage time.

RESULTS: Clot formation variables were equally affected by TF 1:17,000 and kaolin activation, whereas R was significantly longer when TF 1:42,500 was used. The CV for the different variables varied from 3 to 13 percent with no significant differences between assays. Storage of citrated WB significantly affected the TEG variables in a hypercoagulable direction. Only the R, however, was significantly affected (12%) when samples rested for 0 and 30 minutes were evaluated with kaolin as the activator.

CONCLUSION: The TEG assays evaluated were reproducible and present with an acceptable CV% for routine clinical practice. Kaolin and TF 1:17,000 equally affected the clot formation variables. Storage of WB for up to 30 minutes in citrate did not, except for R, affect clot formation variables when kaolin was used as activator allowing for immediate analysis when the sample arrives in the laboratory.
Serological studies of piperacillin antibodies
Authors: Leger Regina M. , Arndt Patricia A. , Garratty George
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND: Penicillin‐induced immune hemolytic anemia (IHA) is associated with immunoglobulin G antipenicillin detected by testing penicillin‐coated red blood cells (RBCs). Antibodies to piperacillin, a semisynthetic penicillin, would be expected to react similarly; however, antipiperacillin can be detected by testing in the presence of the drug. Piperacillin is commonly used in combination with tazobactam, which causes nonimmunologic protein adsorption onto RBCs. In six cases of piperacillin‐induced IHA, reactivity with piperacillin‐coated RBCs was not similar to reactivity of antipenicillin with penicillin‐coated RBCs.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Antipiperacillin was tested against piperacillin‐coated RBCs prepared using different pH buffers. Plasma from blood donors and sera/plasma from patients were tested with piperacillin‐coated, penicillin‐coated, and uncoated RBCs. Hapten inhibition studies were performed using different concentrations of piperacillin. Donors' plasma were tested in the presence of piperacillin; sera from patients with IHA were tested in the presence of tazobactam.

RESULTS: Piperacillin required high pH for binding to RBCs. Agglutination of piperacillin‐coated RBCs was observed in 91 percent of donors' and 49 percent of patients' plasma and was inhibited by piperacillin. In contrast to patients with IHA due to piperacillin, donors' plasma tested in the presence of piperacillin did not react. Tazobactam antibodies were not detected.

CONCLUSION: A high percentage of donors' and patients' plasma contain an antibody to piperacillin or a chemically related structure detected by testing with piperacillin‐coated RBCs. A diagnosis of piperacillin‐induced IHA should not be made solely on the reactivity of a patient's plasma/serum with piperacillin‐ or piperacillin/tazobactam‐coated RBCs; testing in the presence of piperacillin is more reliable.
The critical role of plasmapheresis in ABO‐incompatible renal transplantation
Authors: Tobian Aaron A.R. , Shirey R. Sue , Montgomery Robert A. , Ness Paul M. , King Karen E.
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND: Thousands of patients with chronic renal failure die yearly and are unable to have a kidney transplant due to the severe shortage of donors. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is performed to remove ABO antibodies and permit ABO‐incompatible (ABO‐I) kidney transplants, but there is only limited research within this area and a lack of standardized protocols for TPE. This article reviews the literature to provide a historical perspective of TPE for ABO‐I kidney transplantation and also provides the Johns Hopkins Hospital protocol with a focus on both titers and TPE.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The TPE treatment plan is based on ABO titers with the goal of a titer of 16 or less at the anti‐human globulin (AHG) phase before surgery. Pretransplant therapy consists of every‐other‐day TPE followed immediately by cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin. ABO antibody titers are closely monitored before and after transplantation. After transplantation, TPE therapy is performed for all patients to prevent rebound of anti‐A and anti‐B titers until tolerance or accommodation occurs. TPE is discontinued and reinstituted based on the clinical criteria of creatinine levels, biopsy results, and ABO titer.

RESULTS: Fifty‐three ABO‐I kidney transplants have been completed with no episodes of hyperacute antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) and only three episodes of AMR. One‐year death‐censored graft survival is 100 percent and patient survival is 97.6 percent.

CONCLUSIONS: While randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate the optimal method and protocol to remove ABO antibodies, the current literature and our results indicate a critical role for TPE in ABO‐I renal transplantation.
Extending the Quantitative Assessment of Industrial Risks to Earthquake Effects
Authors: Campedel Michela , Cozzani Valerio , Garcia‐Agreda Anita , Salzano Ernesto
Published: July 2008

In the general framework of quantitative methods for natural‐technological (NaTech) risk analysis, a specific methodology was developed for assessing risks caused by hazardous substances released due to earthquakes. The contribution of accidental scenarios initiated by seismic events to the overall industrial risk was assessed in three case studies derived from the actual plant layout of existing oil refineries. Several specific vulnerability models for different equipment classes were compared and assessed. The effect of differing structural resistances for process equipment on the final risk results was also investigated. The main factors influencing the final risk values resulted from the models for equipment vulnerability and the assumptions for the reference damage states of the process equipment. The analysis of case studies showed that in seismic zones the additional risk deriving from damage caused by earthquakes may be up to more than one order of magnitude higher than that associated to internal failure causes. Critical equipment was determined to be mainly pressurized tanks, even though atmospheric tanks were more vulnerable to containment loss. Failure of minor process equipment having a limited hold‐up of hazardous substances (such as pumps) was shown to have limited influence on the final values of the risk increase caused by earthquakes.
Ferroelectric and Nonferroelectric (Polar) Piezoelectric Glass–Ceramics
Authors: Davis Mark J , Vullo Paula , Mitra Ina , Blaum Peter , Gudgel Katherine‐Anne , Donnelly Niall J , Randall Clive A
Published: July 2008

An increased need for high‐temperature piezoelectric materials for sensors, some of which must be Pb free due to RoHS regulations, has led to a focused search for suitable materials. Glass–ceramic processing—the controlled crystallization of a precursor glass—offers a unique manner in which to produce partially to wholly crystalline, Pb‐free, and temperature‐stable piezoelectric materials starting with optically homogeneous amorphous materials. Building on previously published work, we have produced NaNbO3‐containing, poled, and pore‐free ferroelectric glass–ceramics that exhibit d33 values of ∼15 pC/N, a dielectric constant of ∼200, an Np frequency constant of ∼3400 Hz·m, and Qm∼60. Nonferroelectric, lithium borosilicate polar glass–ceramics—initially developed by R.E. Newnham and coworkers at Penn State some 20 years ago—have also been produced and yielded d33 values of ∼5 pC/N, although with dielectric constants of <10 they achieved significant g33 values (∼50 × 10−3 V m/N; Np∼4500 Hz·m; Qm∼1500). Room‐temperature planar coupling coefficients of 0.15 and 0.10 were obtained for the polar and ferroelectric varieties, respectively. High‐temperature resonance measurements of both varieties reveal piezoelectricity to at least 600°C for the polar glass–ceramic and up to 300°C for the ferroelectric variety. Excessive conductivity in the polar type, presumably due to high lithium contents, resulted in a strong decrease in resonance amplitude as the temperature was increased. Interestingly, the estimated piezoelectric coefficients for this type showed nearly no temperature dependence and suggest that polar glass–ceramics, lacking a Curie temperature, potentially offer a unique route to high‐temperature piezoelectrics.
From Macro to Nanomagnesia: Designing the in situ Spinel Expansion
Authors: Braulio Mariana A. L. , Castro José F. R. , Pagliosa Carlos , Bittencourt Luís R. M. , Pandolfelli Victor C.
Published: July 2008

Magnesia grain size affects the in situ spinel formation kinetics and expansion of alumina–magnesia refractory castables. The use of coarse grains results in a large expansion and delays the reaction's starting temperature. In this work, the addition of an MgO source with different grain sizes (from macro, Dmax≤0.1 mm, to nano, D50≤20 nm) led to a broad linear expansion range (6%–2%), considering the spinel and the CA6 formation. The addition of nanomagnesia, produced by a centrifugal‐type high‐energy ball milling, to high‐alumina refractory castables affected the spinel expansion and its starting temperature. The objective to estimate the reaction starting temperature was attained, reducing it from 1200° to 900°C. Nevertheless, the decrease of spinel expansion was not totally fulfilled, as a portion of the nanoparticles partly reagglomerated before mixing and behaved as coarser magnesia grains.
Molten Salt Synthesis and Characterization of Potassium Polytitanate Ceramic Precursors with Varied TiO2/K2O Molar Ratios
Authors: Sanchez‐Monjaras Tomas , Gorokhovsky Alexander , Escalante‐Garcia Jose I
Published: July 2008

Semi‐crystalline potassium titanates, useful as precursors to produce composite materials and coatings, were synthesized by thermal treatment of powdered TiO2 in molten mixtures of KNO3 and KOH at 450°–550°C. The products obtained had similar structures of laminar crystals, aggregated in particles of about 3 μm of n=TiO2/K2O molar ratio in the range 2.8–6.0. The value of n could be regulated by the temperature of synthesis, the weight ratio of [KOH]/[KNO3] in the molten salt mixture, and the number of water washing operations. The reduction of the TiO2/K2O molar ratio increased the contents of H2O in the composition of potassium polytitanate, from 5.3 to 11.4 and from 0.2 to 8.6 (wt%) in the adsorbed and structural forms. The thermal treatment of the potassium polytitanate precursors obtained resulted in dehydration and chemical interaction with unreacted TiO2 at 500°–750°C, amorphization at 750°–850°C, crystallization of K2Ti4O9 (in some cases K3Ti8O17) at 850°–1090°C, and crystallization of K2Ti6O13 at temperatures >1090°C. The mechanisms of the structural transformation and phase evolution were considered as a function of the TiO2/K2O molar ratio in the potassium polytitanate.
Effects of Native American Race, Intoxication, and Crime Severity on Judgments of Guilt
Authors: Struckman‐Johnson Cindy , Miller Michael G. , Struckman‐Johnson David
Published: July 2008

The effects of Native American race, crime severity, and intoxication on 293 college students' judgments of guilt were investigated. Participants read vignettes of a robbery or a robbery resulting in murder committed by a male defendant with a Native American or a White European surname. The defendant was described as highly intoxicated in half of the conditions. A 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed a marginally significant 3‐way interaction. In the robbery–murder condition, the intoxicated Native American defendant was judged as guiltier than the Native American defendant with no intoxication information. We labeled this a stereotypical drunken‐Indian bias. The results suggested that judgments given by lower and higher prejudiced participants canceled each other out.
Individual Differences in Attitudes Relevant to Juror Decision Making: Development and Validation of the Pretrial Juror Attitude Questionnaire (PJAQ)1
Authors: Lecci Len , Myers Bryan
Published: July 2008

This study involves scale development using theoretically derived items from previous measures and a lay consensual approach for generating new items. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the emergent constructs assessing individual differences in attitudes of prospective jurors. Using case summaries, the Pretrial Juror Attitude Questionnaire (PJAQ) demonstrates superior predictive validity over commonly employed measures of pretrial bias. The PJAQ confirms the importance of theoretically derived constructs assessed by other scales and introduces new constructs to the jury decision‐making literature. The attitudes assessed by the PJAQ are conviction proneness, system confidence, cynicism toward the defense, racial bias, social justice, and innate criminality. Implications for assessing such attitudes and for better understanding the decision‐making process of jurors are discussed.
New Age Beliefs and Societal Risk Perception1
Authors: Chauvin Bruno , Hermand Daniele , Mullet Etienne
Published: July 2008

The New Age movement is a transpersonal movement focused on mystic awakening and human potential development. It has become an important component in modern risk discourse, as it often goes hand in hand with technology opposition and worries about technology risks. The present study examined the possible relationships between New Age beliefs and societal risk perception. It was shown that several hazards—particularly the ones at the center of current debates about security policies and environmental policies—were perceived as significantly riskier by the New Agers than by others. These (hot) hazards include nuclear waste storage, chemical plants, urban violence, genetically engineered organisms, marijuana, and hospital waste.
Self‐Efficacy and Adherence to Exercise During and as a Follow‐Up to Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Millen Jennifer A. , Bray Steven R.
Published: July 2008

We examined self‐efficacy (task, in‐class, and barrier) and physical activity during transition from hospital‐based cardiac rehabilitation. Participants (N = 50) completed measures of self‐efficacy at the midpoint and end of the program. Cardiac rehabilitation adherence was monitored and physical activity assessed by telephone interview 6 and 12 weeks post‐program. Mid‐program barrier self‐efficacy predicted adherence (R2adj. = .15, p < .05). Barrier self‐efficacy at the end of the program predicted physical activity 6 weeks later (R2 = .11, p < .05). Task self‐efficacy at the end of the program predicted home‐based exercise at the 12‐week follow‐up (R2 = .10, p < .05). Results have implications for intervention efforts to ease transition from supervised to independent home‐based exercise.
Moral Concerns and Consumer Choice of Fresh and Processed Organic Foods1
Authors: Dean Moira , Raats Monique M. , Shepherd Richard
Published: July 2008

This study used the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine the impact of moral concerns on intention to buy organic apples and organic pizza. Initially, beliefs were elicited from a group of 30 people using a combination of the traditional TPB elicitation technique supplemented by direct questioning about emotions associated with the behavior. The questionnaire—which included measures of behavioral beliefs, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and measures of moral norms (worded both positively and negatively)—was completed by 281 people. Multiple regressions showed that for both foods, the positive moral component added significantly to the prediction of intention, while negative ones did not. Also, affective attitude was a strong predictor of intention for both foods.
An Examination of the Impact of Supervisor on the Relationship Between Job Strains and Turnover Intention for Computer Workers
Authors: Harris Ranida B. , Harris Kenneth J. , Harvey Paul
Published: July 2008

Numerous studies have found that individuals' levels of job strain are consistently and strongly related to turnover intention. The present study examined whether the supervisor—which is one of the most important interorganizational relationships that employees have—might buffer the strain/turnover‐intention relationship. We employed the conservation of resources theory and proposed a number of hypotheses related to aspects of the supervisor–subordinate relationship moderating the strain–intention to turnover relationship. We tested these relationships using a sample of 231 employees, who were computer workers from a number of different organizations. Our results showed support for several hypothesized supervisor‐related moderators.
The Concept of Multiculturalism: A Study Among Dutch Majority Members
Authors: Schalk‐Soekar Saskia R. G. , Van de Vijver Fons J. R.
Published: July 2008

The current study examined the concept of multiculturalism as seen by 1,285 Dutch majority members, and tested its expected relation with acculturation and intergroup relations aspects. The concepts of multiculturalism and acculturation were unidimensional. Dutch majority members were slightly positive (almost neutral) toward multiculturalism, and saw both its advantages and disadvantages. They preferred immigrants to adapt as much as possible, and they perceived a norm that they should approve the immigrant's way of living. A path model showed that acculturation orientations and intergroup relations aspects (perceived social norms/social distance) predicted multicultural attitudes. Furthermore, multicultural attitudes predicted contact with and knowledge about immigrants. Finally, level of education and perceived opportunities in society were positively associated with multicultural attitudes.
Interleukin 8 is differently expressed and modulated by PAR‐1 activation in early and late endothelial progenitor cells
Authors: Smadja David M. , Bièche Ivan , Susen Sophie , Mauge Laetitia , Laurendeau Ingrid , d’Audigier Clément , Grelac Françoise , Emmerich Joseph , Aiach Martine , Gaussem Pascale
Published: July 2008

The proinflammatory chemokine interleukin 8 exerts potent angiogenic effects on endothelial cells by interacting with its receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. As thrombin is also a potent inflammatory factor, and as endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) express functional PAR‐1 thrombin receptor, we examined whether PAR‐1 stimulation interferes with the IL‐8 pathway in EPC. EPC were obtained from adult blood (AB) and cord blood (CB). The effect of PAR‐1 stimulation by the peptide SFLLRN on IL‐8, CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression was examined by RTQ‐PCR and at the protein level in AB and CB late EPC and in AB early EPC. Specific siRNA was used to knock down PAR‐1 expression. TheIL‐8gene was expressed strongly in AB early EPC and moderately in late EPC. In contrast, CXCR1 and CXCR2 gene expression was restricted to AB early EPC. The IL‐8 level in AB early EPC conditioned medium was high in basal conditions and did not change after PAR‐1 activation. By contrast, IL‐8 secretion by late EPC was low in basal conditions and strongly up‐regulated upon PAR‐1 activation. PAR‐1 activation induced a number of genes involved in activating protein‐1 (AP‐1) and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB pathways. Conditioned medium of PAR‐1‐activated late EPC enhanced the migratory potential of early EPC, and this effect was abrogated by blocking IL‐8. Target‐specific siRNA‐induced PAR‐1 knockdown, and fully inhibited PAR‐1‐induced IL‐8 synthesis. In conclusion, PAR‐1 activation induces IL‐8 synthesis by late EPC. This could potentially enhance cooperation between late and early EPC during neovascularization, through a paracrine effect.
CFTR expression from a BAC carrying the complete human gene and associated regulatory elements
Authors: Kotzamanis George , Abdulrazzak Hassan , Gifford‐Garner Jennifer , Haussecker Pei Ling , Cheung Wing , Grillot‐Courvalin Catherine , Harris Ann , Kittas Christos , Kotsinas Athanasios , Gorgoulis Vassilis G. , Huxley Clare
Published: July 2008

The use of genomic DNA rather than cDNA or mini‐gene constructs in gene therapy might be advantageous as these contain intronic and long‐range control elements vital for accurate expression. For gene therapy of cystic fibrosis though, no bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), containing the whole CFTR gene is available. We have used Red homologous recombination to add a to a previously described vector to construct a new BAC vector with a 250.3‐kb insert containing the whole coding region of the CFTR gene along with 40.1 kb of DNA 5′ to the gene and 25 kb 3′ to the gene. This includes all the known control elements of the gene. We evaluated expression by RT‐PCR in CMT‐93 cells and showed that the gene is expressed both from integrated copies of the BAC and also from episomes carrying the oriP/EBNA‐1 element. Sequencing of the human CFTR mRNA from one clone showed that the BAC is functional and can generate correctly spliced mRNA in the mouse background. The BAC described here is the only CFTR genomic construct available on a convenient vector that can be readily used for gene expression studies or in vivo studies to test its potential application in gene therapy for cystic fibrosis.
A leaky blood–brain barrier, fibrinogen infiltration and microglial reactivity in inflamed Alzheimer’s disease brain
Authors: Ryu Jae K. , McLarnon James G.
Published: July 2008

This study has used immunohistochemical examination of tissue obtained from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains and rat hippocampus injected with Aβ1‐42 peptide to determine effects of induced inflammatory reactivity on integrity of blood–brain barrier (BBB) and viability of neurons. Tissue from AD, but not non‐demented, brains exhibited a diffuse pattern of staining for fibrinogen and immunoglobulin (IgG) indicative of BBB leakiness with considerable fibrinogen immunoreactivity (ir) appearing in association with Aβ deposits. Immunostaining for the endothelial cell specific glycoprotein, von Willebrand factor, showed morphological evidence for altered blood vessels in AD tissue. AD brains also demonstrated extensive areas of fibrinogen ir in association with microglial reactivity. In vivo, intra‐hippocampal injection of Aβ1‐42 caused time‐dependent (1–7 days after injection) increases in double staining of fibrinogen with areas of microgliosis. Two independent pharmacological strategies were employed to examine how Aβ1‐42 stimulation (7 days injection) may be linked to neurodegeneration. The defibrinogenating compound, ancrod, reduced inflammatory reactivity, levels of parenchymal fibrinogen and IgG, and was neuroprotective. These results prompted use of Aβ1‐42 plus fibrinogen as a novel in vivo inflammatory stimulus and this combination significantly enhanced inflammatory reactivity, vascular perturbations and neuronal damage compared to Aβ1‐42 alone. A second approach, using anti‐Mac‐1 (antibody for antigen CD11b) to block activation of microglia, was highly effective in attenuating effects of Aβ1‐42 plus fibrinogen amplification of inflammatory and vascular responses and conferred significant neuroprotection. The overall findings from study of AD tissue and in vivo in Aβ1‐42 and Aβ1‐42 plus fibrinogen stimulated rat hippocampus suggest microglial responses to promote increased extravasation of blood protein as a critical component in amplifying inflammatory reactivity and causing neuronal damage in inflamed AD brain.
Chemotherapy drug response in ovarian cancer cells strictly depends on a cathepsin D‐Bax activation loop
Authors: Castino Roberta , Peracchio Claudia , Salini Alessandra , Nicotra Giuseppina , Trincheri Nicol F. , Démoz Marina , Valente Guido , Isidoro Ciro
Published: July 2008

The ovarian cancer cell lines A2780 (wild‐type p53) and NIHOVCAR3 (mutated p53) showed, respectively, sensitivity and resistance towards several chemotherapy drugs. We hypothesized that the two cell lines differ in their ability to activate the intrinsic death pathway and have, therefore, dissected the lysosome‐mitochondrion signalling pathway by pharmacological inhibition or genetic manipulation of key regulators and executioners. Biochemical and morphological confocal fluorescence studies showed that: (1) In A2780 cells bcl‐2 is expressed at an undetectable level, whereas Bax is expressed at a rather high level; by contrast, bcl‐2 is highly expressed and Bax is expressed at extremely low levels in NIHOVCAR3 cells; (2) Chemotherapy treatment reduced the expression of bcl‐2 in NIHOVCAR3 cells, yet these cells resisted to drug toxicity; (3) Cathepsin D (CD), not cathepsin B or L, mediates the activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic death pathway in A2780 cells; (4) Lysosome leakage and cytosolic relocation of CD occurs in the chemosensitive A2780 cells, not in the chemoresistant NIHOVCAR3 cells; (5) Bax is essential for the permeabilization of both lysosomes and mitochondria in A2780 cells exposed to chemotherapy drugs; (6) CD activity is mandatory for the oligomerization of Bax on both mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes; (7) Bax activation did not occur in the resistant NIHOVCAR3 cells despite their high content in CD. The present data are consistent with a model in which on treatment with a cytotoxic drug the activation of a CD‐Bax loop leads to the generalized permeabilization of lysosomes and eventually of mitochondria, thus reaching the point of no return, and culminates with the activation of the caspase cascade. Our data also imply that dysfunctional permeabilization of lysosomes contributes to the development of chemoresistance.
The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid alters growth properties of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Jones Jon , Juengel Eva , Mickuckyte Ausra , Hudak Lukasz , Wedel Steffen , Jonas Dietger , Blaheta Roman A.
Published: July 2008

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors represent a promising class of antineoplastic agents which affect tumour growth, differentiation and invasion. The effects of the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) were tested in vitro and in vivo on pre‐clinical renal cell carcinoma (RCC) models. Caki‐1, KTC‐26 or A498 cells were treated with various concentrations of VPA during in vitro cell proliferation 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays and to evaluate cell cycle manipulation. In vivo tumour growth was conducted in subcutaneous xenograft mouse models. The anti‐tumoural potential of VPA combined with low‐dosed interferon‐α (IFN‐α) was also investigated. VPA significantly and dose‐dependently up‐regulated histones H3 and H4 acetylation and caused growth arrest in RCC cells. VPA altered cell cycle regulating proteins, in particular CDK2, cyclin B, cyclin D3, p21 and Rb. In vivo, VPA significantly inhibited the growth of Caki‐1 in subcutaneous xenografts, accompanied by a strong accumulation of p21 and bax in tissue specimens of VPA‐treated animals. VPA–IFN‐α combination markedly enhanced the effects of VPA monotherapy on RCC proliferation in vitro, but did not further enhance the anti‐tumoural potential of VPA in vivo. VPA was found to have profound effects on RCC cell growth, lending support to the initiation of clinical testing of VPA for treating advanced RCC.
Importins and exportins in cellular differentiation
Authors: Okada Norihisa , Ishigami Yoko , Suzuki Takuji , Kaneko Akihiro , Yasui Kensuke , Fukutomi Ryuuta , Isemura Mamoru
Published: July 2008

Introduction

Importins and exportins

NLS and NES

Cargo molecules

Importins and exportins In cellular differentiation

Concluding remarks

The importin/exportin transport system provides the machinery involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Alterations of the levels of importins and exportins may play crucial roles in development, differentiation and transformation. Employing human leukaemia HL‐60 cells, we and others have revealed the differentiation‐associated changes in the protein and gene expression of these factors. The recent finding that a switch to the importin‐α subtype triggers neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells underscores the importance of nucleocytoplasmic transport factors in cellular events. This review focuses on current research into the roles of importins and exportins in cell differentiation.
Gray matter deficits in bipolar disorder are associated with genetic variability at interleukin‐1 beta gene (2q13)
Authors: Papiol S. , Molina V. , Desco M. , Rosa A. , Reig S. , Sanz J. , Palomo T. , Fañanás L.
Published: July 2008

Twin, family and recent molecular studies support the hypothesis of genetic overlapping between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Brain structural features shared by both psychiatric disorders might be the phenotypic expression of a common genetic risk background. Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) cluster (chromosome 2q13) genetic variability, previously associated with an increased risk both for schizophrenia and for bipolar disorder, has been also associated with gray matter (GM) deficits, ventricular enlargement and hypoactivity of prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of IL‐1 cluster on brain morphology in bipolar disorder. Genetic variability at IL‐1B and IL‐1RN genes was analyzed in 20 DSM‐IV (
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
‐Fourth Edition) bipolar patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements were obtained for whole‐brain GM and white matter, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus and lateral ventricles. MRI data were corrected for age and cranial size using regression parameters from a group of 45 healthy subjects. A −511C/T polymorphism (rs16944) of IL‐1B gene was associated with whole‐brain GM deficits (P = 0.031) and left DLPFCGM deficits (P = 0.047) in bipolar disorder patients. These findings support the hypothesis of IL‐1 cluster variability as a shared genetic risk factor contributing to GM deficits both in bipolar disorder and in schizophrenia. Independent replication in larger samples would be of interest to confirm these results.
Genetic influences on drug‐induced psychomotor activation in mice
Authors: Gill K. J. , Boyle A. E.
Published: July 2008

A number of processes are important in the development of substance dependence including initial sensitivity to the acute pharmacological effects of drugs/alcohol. The objectives of the present study were (1) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the initial sensitivity to the effects of morphine in the A/J, C57BL/6J and AXB/BXA recombinant inbred strains of mice; (2) to identify potential commonalities in the chromosomal regions associated with morphine, cocaine and ethanol sensitivity using multiple‐trait genetic analysis and (3) to determine whether there were interstrain differences in dopamine uptake and transporter binding. Initial sensitivity to morphine was determined by measuring locomotor activity in a computerized open‐field apparatus following acute morphine administration (0, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg). Significant differences in morphine‐induced activation were observed across the panel of AXB/BXA mice. Genetic analysis found significant QTLs on chromosomes 5, 7, 11, 12, 15 and 17 close to loci previously mapped for cocaine‐related behaviours and to parameters of dopaminergic functioning (uptake and receptor binding). Comparisons of the A/J vs. C57BL/6J progenitors found no strain differences for total dopamine uptake (VmaxorKm) in freshly prepared striatal synaptosomes from naive animals, and no differences in the IC50for the inhibition of dopamine uptake by cocaine. In addition, there were no differences in dopamine transporter density (BmaxorKd) measured using3H‐GBR 12935 binding in synaptosomal membranes or via quantitative autoradiography. Multiple‐trait analysis was conducted to examine the genetic interrelationships among morphine‐, cocaine‐ and ethanol‐induced activation in the AXB/BXA. Analysis yielded suggestive QTLs for the joint trait on chromosomes 5, 8, 13 and 15, as well as significant regions on chromosomes 11 (Pmv46, 11 cM, LOD = 7.39) and 12 (D12Mit110, 19 cM, LOD = 4.43) that may be common to all three drugs of abuse.
Personality endophenotypes for bipolar affective disorder: a family‐based genetic association analysis
Authors: Savitz J. , Van Der Merwe L. , Ramesar R.
Published: July 2008

Genetic analyses of complex conditions such as bipolar disorder (BD) may be facilitated by the use of intermediate phenotypes. Various personality traits are overrepresented in people with BD and their unaffected relatives, and may constitute genetically transmitted risk factors or endophenotypes of the illness. In this study, we administered a battery of seven different personality questionnaires comprising 19 subscales to 31 Caucasian BD families (n = 241). Ten of these personality traits showed significant evidence of heritability and were therefore selected as candidate endophenotypes. In addition, a principal components analysis produced two heritable components (negative affect and appetitive drive), which accounted for a considerable proportion of the variance (29% + 12%) and were also used in the analysis. A family‐based quantitative association study was carried out using the orthogonal model from the quantitative transmission disequilibrium tests (qtdt) program. Monte Carlo permutations (M = 500), which allow for non‐normal data and provide a global P value, corrected for multiple testing, were used to calculate empirical P values for the within‐family component of association. The 3′ untranslated region repeat polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) was associated with self‐directedness (P < 0.0001) and negative affect (P = 0.010). The short allele of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) promoter polymorphism showed a trend toward association with higher harm avoidance (P = 0.016) and negative affect (P = 0.028). The catechol‐o‐methyltransferase val158met polymorphism was weakly associated with the personality traits, ‘Spirituality’ (P = 0.040) and irritable temperament (P = 0.022). Furthermore, the met allele of the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism was associated with higher hyperthymic temperament scores. We raise the possibility that the 10R allele of the SLC6A3 repeat polymorphism and the short allele of the SLC6A4 promoter variant constitute risk factors for irritable‐aggressive and anxious‐dysthymic subtypes of BD, respectively.
Optical Three‐Dimensional Scanning Acquisition of the Position of Osseointegrated Implants: An in vitro Study to Determine Method Accuracy and Operational Feasibility
Authors: Del Corso Marco , Abà Giancarlo , Vazquez Lydia , Dargaud Jacques , Ehrenfest David M. Dohan
Published: July 2008

Purpose: Manufacturing complex prosthetic framework on osseointegrated implants requires precision at every step of execution. The purpose of this study was to verify the possibility of applying the technology of image acquisition to determine the spatial position of osseointegrated implants.

Materials and Methods: An optical three‐dimensional scanning technique was employed: its measurement systematic error (bias) was calculated by comparing the results with the detection on a coordinates measuring machine. Measurements were carried out on master casts by doing an in vitro simulation of intraoral conditions.

Result: This study showed that the bias error value of the three‐dimensional optical acquiring system was situated between 14 and 21 µm.

Conclusion: As far as the accuracy is concerned, it seems possible to use the three‐dimensional image acquisition technology as a valid alternative to traditional impression‐making procedures. However, the bias levels obtained in this in vitro study will have to be confirmed in a clinical trial.