bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences of Gender and Race on the Level of Physical Fitness of Students at Two Midwestern Middle Schools in United States
Authors: MSENGI Israel G. , PEDESCLEAUX Jonell , TAN Jian Gong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This quantitative study measured physical strength and endurance fitness scores of 132 students at two Midwestern middle schools who participated in daily and non-daily physical education classes. A comparison for gender and race was made for the two schools during the 2005/06 school year. Data was gathered using the Fitnessgram, a tool that evaluates fitness performance using criterion-referenced standards. Results indicated that students at the daily physical education on an average scored higher (m=24.5) on push-ups than students at the non-daily school (m=11.9). However, the non-daily PE students scored higher on sit-ups (m=48.2) than the daily PE students (m=36.8). It was concluded that although the state of Iowa does not mandate physical education in elementary, middle, and high school, it was essential that school children have daily physical education to ensure good health and promotion of high academic performance.

本文通過對美國中西部地區一所有每天體育課學校和一所沒有每天體育課學校的132名中學生進行了身體力量和耐力水準的定量測試。所得資料依照Fitness-Gram標準，從性別和種族層面分析，比較和評價了2005-2006年兩校中學生的體質狀況。研究發現，開設每天體育課學校的學生俯臥撐的平均分(m=24.5)高於沒有開設每天體育課學校的學生平均分(m=11.9)；而沒有開設每天體育課學校的學生仰臥起坐的平均分(m=48.2)高於開設每天體育課學校的學生平均分(m=36.8)。儘管愛荷華州並未對本州小學、中學和高中體育課設置統一的標準，但值得注意的是學生堅持每天上體育課不僅有益身體健康也有利於學習成績的提高。
Effects of Physical Activity on Body Composition and Basal Metabolic Rate of Taiwanese Aboriginal Children during Daily School Time
Authors: TSAO T. H. , C. H. HSU HSU , HUANG Cheng Iuan , Huei Ying WU Huei Ying
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Physical activity is one of the important factors for maintaining weight in adults and children, especially moderate-to- vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, few studies have discussed about physical activity and body composition of aboriginal children, in spite of the differences existing between aboriginal and non-aboriginal children. As a result, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical activity on the body composition and basal metabolic rate (BMR) of Taiwanese aboriginal children. Methods: Thirty boys (aged 10.7 ± 1.5 yr with a body-mass index (BMI) of 19.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2) and 26 girls (aged 10.0 ± 1.5 yr with a BMI of 18.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2) participated in this study. Bouchard's physical activity questionnaire was used to measure the physical activity level. The body composition and BMR were determined by a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: For all subjects, the period of school time, from leaving home to arriving back home, was totally 530 ± 38minutes. Children engaged in 353.8 ± 29.7 (66%), 121.9 ± 9.7 (23%), 37.1 ± 7.5 (7%), and 21.4 ± 7.0 (4%) minutes of sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous levels of exercise, respectively. The accumulated time of MVPA was significantly higher for boys than for girls. In addition, after the statistical analysis, MVPA was significantly related to the percent body fat and BMR (-0.79 and 0.63; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Sufficient physical activity time, especially MVPA, benefits the maintenance of a normal BMI range for aboriginal children.

身體活動對維持成人與孩童的體重相當重要，特別是中度與激烈程度的身體活動。儘管原住民與非原住民孩童存在著差異，但原住民兒童身體活動與身體組成的關係卻很少被討論。因此，本研究目的探討身體活動對原住民兒童身體組成與基礎代謝率的影響。30位原住民男學童(年齡：10.7 ± 1.5歲，身體質量指數：19.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2)與26位原住民女學童(年齡： 10.0 ± 1.5歲，身體質量指數：18.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2)參與本研究。Bouchard身體活動問卷調查原住民學童不同程度的身體活動，並以生物電阻法原理測量身體組成與基礎代謝率。結果：在校時間，從離家至返家，總計為530 ± 38分鐘。在坐式、輕度、中度、激烈等不同程度的身體活動時間 > 分別為353.8 ± 29.7 (66%)、121.9 ± 9.7 (23%)、37.1 ± 7.5 (7%)、21.4 ± 7.0 (4%)分鐘。男原住民學童在學校累積的中度-激烈的身體活動時間顯著多於女原住民學童。再者，中度-激烈的身體活動時間與原住民學童的體脂肪百分比、基礎代謝率有顯著相關(079、0.63; p < 0.05)。結論：足夠的身體活動時間，特別是中度-激烈程度的身體活動，將有助於原住民學童維持身體質量指數在正常範圍。
Effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate Supplementation on Low Intensity Training Men and Its Effect on Body Composition and Blood Biochemistry
Authors: TSAI Ying Lan , CHUNG Chia Jung , LIN Hsueh Ju , SMITH Richard W.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The present randomized and double-blinded study investigated whether β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on low intensity training subjects had an effect on body composition and blood biochemistry. Fourteen recreational untrained college students participated in an eight-week low intensity resistant training. They were divided into two groups either an HMB group or a placebo group at the 5th week. Prior to beginning of the study a 1 RM max was performed at 1st week and again at the 4th week. 80% of 1 RM max was used as the training weight. The HMB group received 3g of HMB supplements per day from the 5th week to the 8th week. The body composition, blood biochemistry, and strength at 0 week and 8th week were measured. There were no significant differences (P<0.5) between the two groups in fat free mass, creatine kinase, endocrine profile, blood lipid profile and strength. Results indicated that low intensity training men ingesting HMB for 4 weeks did not provid any ergogenic benefit.
本研究主要探討補充β-羥基-β-甲基丁酸鹽(HMB)對低強度訓練者的身體組成和血液生化值是否有影響。研究對象為14位未受訓練的大學生參與8周的阻力訓練。在實驗開始前與第四周測量受試者的最大肌力，之後以80%最大肌力進行肌力訓練。HMB組於第5周至第8周每天補充3克的HMB，安慰劑組則補充安慰劑。於第1周和第8周測量每位受試者的身體組成、血液生化值和肌力。研究結果顯示這兩組在體脂肪百分比，肌酸激酶，內分泌，血脂和肌力沒有顯著性的差異(P<0.05)，即低強度之阻力訓練，再予以補充4周HMB並無增強作用。
Differences in Coaching Behaviors between Individual and Team Sports at College Varsity level
Authors: ZENG Howard Z. , LEUNG Raymond W. , BIAN Wei , LIU Wenhao
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This study examined the differences in coaching behaviors between individual sports (ISs) and team sports (TSs). Participants were head-coaches of ten varsity teams from a college in the USA. Twenty practice sessions (two practices per coach) were videotaped and the Arizona State University Observation Instrument was used for data collection. A 2 x 2 MANOVA (sports x observations) revealed that significant differences in five coaching behaviors between the two types of sports. Specifically, ISs coaches demonstrated significantly greater (p < .05) rate per minute (RPM) than did TSs coaches in Preinstruction (M = 1.41 ± .12 vs. .73 ± .13), Questioning (M = .55 ± .11vs. .29 ± .31), and Praise (M = .84 ± .37 vs. .36 ± .38). TSs coaches demonstrated significantly greater (p < .05) RPM than did ISs coaches in Postinstruction (M = 1.28 ± .18 vs. .56 ± .06) and Hustle (M = .89 ± .12 vs. .13 ± .06). No significant differences (p > .05) were identified in Concurrent Instruction, Positive Modeling, Negative Modeling, Scold, and Management behaviors between the coaches. In conclusion, the coaches from the ISs and TSs employed different coaching behaviors that reflected the features of their specific sports.

本研究檢驗了大學生代表隊個人與團隊運動教練行為之間的差異。研究對象為位於美國東部一所大學的10支運動代表隊的主教練。研究者在他們進行正常訓練時對10名教練員的教練行為進行了錄像記錄 (總共錄了20堂訓練課，每名教練員兩堂)。資料採用亞里桑納州立大學系統觀測儀收集。通過2x2多元方差分析檢驗，在 個人與團隊運動之間有五種教練行為顯出明顯差異 (p<.05)。具體如下：個人運動教練比團隊運動教練使用了明顯多的訓練前指導 (M=1.41±.12 vs. .73士.13)，訓練中提問 (M=.55±.ll vs. .29士.31)和表揚(M=.84±.37 vs..36±.38)；團隊運動教練比個人運動教練使用了明顯多的訓練後指導 (M=1.28±.18 vs. .56士.06)和訓練中催促 (M=.89±.12 vs. .13士.06)。然而，個人與團隊運動的教練在使用訓練中指導正或負面示範叱責和組織/管理等教練行為時沒有明顯差異 (p>.05)。結論：個人與團隊運動項目的教練使用了不同的教練行為而這些教練 行為反映了他們所教運動項目的特點。
Physiological and Psychosocial Health among Adults with Mental Disability: A Mini Study
Authors: CHAN Ada S. Y. , CHOW Bik C.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
Obesity is an important worldwide public health problem and sedentary lifestyle has been associated with increasing rates of overweight and obesity. This presentation aims to study the relationship between psychosocial health, obesity and the lifestyle among the intellectual disability. A total of 16 adults over the age of 18 with mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID) (6 males, 6 females), (N=16, mean age 34.4.23 ± 51 years, SD= 8.67), were recruited from St. James settlements. Pedometer step counts were recorded on 4 consecutive (week) days, BMI and waist circumstance were recorded. Questionnaires regarding adult's outcome expectation, perceived barriers to exercise and performance self efficacy on physical activity were examined. Result showed that adult with intellectual disability mean on total daily step counts was 7458.44 steps, (SD=5048.19), the mean BMI is 26.43, and both performance self efficacy and barrier to exercise among them were not high. The study concluded that both physiological and psychosocial health among adult with intellectual disability were low and more physical activity is needed.
殘疾人士痴肥情況比一般普通成人嚴重，而且平均壽命較短，對健康的需求比較高。可是研究對於在職智障成年人的調查比較少，對於可行而且有效的運動計劃亦缺乏資料。為了提高在職智障成年人士的生心健康，一項了解智障成年人士的運動量以及他們對運動的態度的研究是需要的。是次調查對象為成年智能障礙人士，級別為輕，中度智障(本研究不包括重，極重度智能障礙者)，所有參與者人士都是來自於聖雅各福群會，共有16位自願參與者而他們都是18歲以上成人，參與者平均年齡為34.4 (23 ± 51歲，SD 8.67)。我們派發一個數步器(型狀跟傳呼機相似)給參與者，數步器需佩戴在右邊腰身上連續4日，在第五天早上研究人員為參與者除去數步器，並記錄總步行數量。同時我們亦派發一份有關活動量及對活動態度的問卷，內容包括:對運動預期結果，面對運動阻礙，對運動表現自我效能。調查所得出之結果顯示參與者平均每日步數為7458步(SD=5048.19)。脂肪比例為26.4，面對運動阻礙(Mean=1.8, SD=.39)和對運動表現自我效能(Mean=.8, SD=.64)顯示為不太高。結論是成年智障人士需要在工作地方有一個運動課程從而提高他們生理和心理的健康發展、成長。
Management Evaluation of the Healthy Athlete program of 2007 Shanghai Special Olympics World Summer Games
Authors: LAM Michael H. S.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
Customer satisfaction which directly affected service quality is very important in organizing events (Lassar, Manolis & Winsor, 2000). According to the Healthy Athlete Screening Report conducted by the International Special Olympics (2007), there were 7289 athletes registered for the 2007 Shanghai Special Olympics World Summer Games and 4879 (66.9%) of the total athletes participated the Healthy Athlete screening. Facing large amount of customers, the management evaluation based on customer satisfaction was examined with the Importance-Performance Analysis model (IPA) introduced by Martilla and James (1977) on 98 coaches and officials whom the athletes will share their view with. Generally, the success of the Shanghai Healthy Athlete program was revealed in this study. According to IPA, only the rating of importance (expectation) and experience (satisfaction) of effectiveness in crowd management fell behind the standard.
根據2007國際特殊奧運會健康運動員計劃的報告，7,289參賽運動員當中有4,879 (66.9%)人參加了上海特奧的健康運動員計劃。面對龐大的顧客群，服務素質的管理的確是一個難題。很多專家都認同顧客滿意程度反映及影響服務素質之高低，這現象也是項目管理重要的一環。有見及此，我們採用了顧客的期望及實際經驗的差距計算法去(Importance-Performance Analysis model) 去評估客戶的感受及滿意程度。是次訪問的對象是98位教練及隨隊教官，因為他們無論在認知上及情感上都是動員的最佳伙伴，再加上他們在健康理論方面及對事物的看法上較運動員成熟。整體而言，教練及隨隊教官對上海特奧的健康運動員計劃無論在期望及實際經驗都十分滿意，而美中不足的是其人群管理的措施稍遜於期望。
Factor Stability of the Adam's Perceived Wellness Survey
Authors: FUNG Lena , PANG Jofy
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Composites of wellness have been conceptualized as having six, seven, eight, or more dimensions depending on the theoretical bias of individual scholar. This paper aims to introduce an instrument that can be used to evaluate the six dimensions commonly accepted as the basic essential elements of wellness and to report on the factor stability of the instrument with data collected from a sample of university students studying in Hong Kong. This instrument is the Perceived Wellness Survey developed by Adams and his associates.

現今用以測量個人康盛概況的自評量表頗多，本文旨在介紹一個精簡而能完整地測量個人康盛概況的量表及其因子的穩定性。
Case Study: Participation Motives of Strength and Conditioning Training for College Students
Authors: MAK Jennifer Y. , CHEUNG Siu Yin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The aim of this study was to investigate the participation motives of college students taking part in strength and conditioning training. The subjects were four university students. Observations, interviews and documents were utilized as the primary sources of data collection. The data were analyzed using number checking and triangulation techniques. The findings were organized into the following sections: need recognition, and belonging and affection motives. The participants’ needs to work out included losing weight, keeping fit, staying in shape, securing physical appearance, releasing stress, and establishing healthy lifestyles. The most important motive for them to work out was spending time and interacting with friends.
本文旨在探討大學生參與肌力與體能訓練的動機。研究對象為四位大學生。資料收集主要途徑為觀察、訪問及文獻紀錄。所收集的數據以數字核對及三角測量法作分析。研究結果被分類為以下類別；被認同的需求、歸屬感及情感動機。研究對象做肌力與體能訓練的目的包括：減肥、健美、維持線條、保持外表、減壓及建立健康生活，當中做運動最重要的動機是與朋友消磨時間及維繫。
Comparison on Selected Physiological Variables between Two Models of Elliptical Cross Trainers
Authors: LOUIE Lobo , LAM Yuen Ting
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Elliptical cross trainer has become popular for cardio respiratory fitness training. Since new models of elliptical trainers are manufactured for better design and more effective in workout, the present study attempted to compare the physiological variables of the latest model of elliptical trainer, Precor AMT 100i, with the previous model, Precor EFX 576i. A total of 30 female university students participated in the 12-minute incremental elliptical test. Heart rate data and energy expenditure were recorded. Results showed that the latest elliptical model required higher heart rate and energy output, comparatively. However, it appeared that overestimation in energy expenditure was found from the machine-shown data, as compared to the actual metabolic measurement. All data between 60%, 80% heart rate reserve and the equivalent perceived exertion of subjects was found to be no correlation.

本文探討兩種橢圓運轉機對生理變數的影响。邀請了30位大學女生，在兩款橢圓運轉機(Precor EFX576i, Precor AMT 100i)上進行練習，收集心跳率、攝氧量、能量消耗及主觀感覺疲勞等數據。結果顯示: 新款型號的橢圓運轉機對身體的生理要求較大，而且兩種橢圓運轉機的預測數值，比實際量度的略大。
Guangzhou 2010 Asian Para Games: The Preparation, Performance, Evaluation and Recommendations of The Hong Kong, China Delegation
Authors: NG Patrick
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The Guangzhou 2010 Asian Para Games was hosted between 12-19 December 2010 in Guangzhou. It was the first major para-international sporting event after the successful organization of the 2008 Beijing Paralympics. The writer, as the Chef de Mission, with the feeling of “Thank you & Appreciation” and the perspective of both management and technicality, depicted comprehensively the preparation, performance, evaluation and recommendations of the Hong Kong, China Delegation. It is hoped that personnel of both the Hong Kong Paralympic Committee and sports fraternity would be able to share the joy and happiness of the delegation in Guangzhou, and parts of the content could well be as reference for report writing.
「廣州2010年亞殘運會」於2010年12月12日至19日假廣州擧行，這是從2008年北京殘奧會後首個大型的殘疾人士體育盛會。本文作者以中國香港代表團團長身份，用「感謝及欣賞」的心情，並以行政管理及技術層面角度描繪代表團賽前的準備、比賽中的表現、賽後檢討及建議作一全面報告(伍澤連，2011)，並得執委會確認，願與香港殘奧會同寅及體育界友好一同分享在廣州舉辦的亞殘運會，盼望後學能借鑑有關內容，作日後撰寫報告之用。
Physical Activity of Young Children in Hong Kong Preschools
Authors: CHOW Bik C. , LOUIE Lobo , CHEUNG Peggy Pui yee
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
Are preschool children physically active? A bulk of research evidence indicates that most preschool children engage mainly in sedentary behavior and have little physical activity (PA) time. Recent reviews show that physical environment such as outdoor play, equipment, and toys as well as the type of preschool can affect children’s PA. In Hong Kong, most children ages 3 to 6 years attend preschools of half-day or whole-day sessions. The purpose of this paper was to present summarized results showing the amount of daily step counts taken by a sample of 240 preschool children (137 boys, 103 girls) in Hong Kong. The study participants came from five preschools. The data included four consecutive days of two weekdays and two weekend days. Findings showed that boys had significantly higher mean daily step counts (15,221 steps) than girls (12,208 steps) and children were significant more active during weekends compared with weekdays.
近期愈來愈多文獻指出，幼兒整體的體能活動，逐漸下降，不利健康成長。本文以步行計儀器量度香港幼兒的體能活動情況，資料顯示：以一連四天計算，男童和女童的整天活動量分別為15,221步及12,208步，而且周末的活動量明顯較平日為多。
Body Image Discrepancy and Body Mass Index among Chinese University Students in Hong Kong
Authors: NG Siu Kuen Robert
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Introduction: The purposes of this study were to examine (a) the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and the perception of body image, (b) the body satisfaction level (BSS), and (c) the most satisfied and dissatisfied body part. Methods: 588 university students (aged: 20.0±2.2 years; BMI: 20.3±2.8 kg/m2) from four universities in Hong Kong indicated their perceived ‘ideal’ and the ‘healthiest’ male and female figure from 9-figure rating scale. Body Image Discrepancy (BID) between their ‘current’ and ‘ideal’ figure was calculated. Results: Men reported significantly higher level of BSS than women. BMI correlated with BSS in women (r=.-263, p<.01) but not in men; BMI correlated with BID in women (r=.446, p<.001) and men (r=.587, p<.001). Most respondents indicated ‘no part’ as their most satisfied body part. Men and women stated their most dissatisfied body part was abdomen and thigh respectively. BSS was the highest in normal weight men and underweight women. Overweight respondents rated significantly larger figure as their ‘ideal’ size than their underweight and normal weight counterparts. Conclusions: An increase in BMI aggravates an increase in their desire to be thinner. It is necessary to help university students in Hong Kong to develop a healthy and realistic body image.

探討大學生(1)身體質量指數(BMI)與身體形象差異的關係; (2)身體滿意度; (3)最滿意和最不滿意自己身體部份。588位大學生從香港四所大學在9個由瘦至肥的男女剪影公仔中選擇(1)“理想”和“最健康”的男女體型; (2)代表自己“現在”和“理想”的體型來計算出身體形象差異。女性的身體滿意度比男性低並與BMI成反比。大多數指無最滿意的身體部份，男女分別最不滿意腹部和大腿。正常體重男士和過輕女士最滿意自己身體。總結，BMI與減磅意欲成正比。
Short Communication...Therapeutic Values of Yoga and Qigong – Are These Exercises Suitable for Breast Cancer Survivors?
Authors: FONG Shirley S.M. , NG Shamay S.M. , LUK W. S. , MA Ada W.W.
Published: March 2021

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases in women. The mortality rate of breast cancer patients is rather low and the survival rate continues to increase worldwide (Siegel, Naishadham, & Jernal, 2012). However, conventional breast cancer treatments (e.g., mastectomy and radiotherapy) often lead to long-term physical impairments such as lymphedema and shoulder dysfunction (Cheville & Tchou, 2007). These side-effects may diminish the psychological well-being and quality of life of breast cancer survivors (Fong et al., 2013a). Promoting the health and well-being of this growing population has, therefore, become a major concern for healthcare professionals. (Abstract taken from first paragraph of document)
Development of Physical Education Curricula in Hong Kong: Towards 1997
Authors: LI Daniel Y. K.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract in Chinese only.本文通過分析和比較香港與廣州的體育課程，建議香港未來的體育課程，應作出若干改革。香港與廣州的體育課程，有頗多相異之處。在內容方面，香港的體育課程，缺少了中國傳統體育項目。在課程組織和評鑑方面，香港的課程給予校本發展的空間較大。一般來説，香港課程的深層價值取向，在於協助學生養成個人的積極生活模式；然而，執行的過程，卻多偏重學生運動技能的提升。香港未來體育課程發展在「一國兩制」、「五十年不變」的原則下，應該「改革」而非「革命」；它應有四個路向：1〕發展「全民運動」；2〕促進學生的體適能；3〕考慮加入中國傳統體育項目；4〕改善課程的組織和設計。香港體育課程可貴之處在於其校本化。校本課程要求敎師同時扮演執行者、設計者和發展者的角色；這一點是香港體育課程值得保留的地方。
Preparing Teachers for the Future A Focus on Teacher Qualities
Authors: FU Frank H. , FUNG Lena
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The paper discussed the qualities of future teachers as identified by the Carnegie and Holmes document. The former believed that future success in economy required a re-definition of the direction in which teachers were prepared. The latter also believed that an extensive reform of teacher education was needed, with an emphasis on "interactive teaching". A review of literature suggested that two major predominant mechanisms in teacher growth included the need to be life-long learners and reflective professionals. Views of local educators and professionals on teacher qualities are also presented. The possible role of 'wisdom' and 'wisdom in teaching' in teaching performance is discussed in light of recent findings.本文討論Carnegie和Holmes兩派專家報吿所認同的未來敎師質素。一組(Carnegie)相信未來經濟的發達是有賴一個重新評估培育敎師的方向。另一組(Holmes)亦相信要徹底地改革敎師的培訓，是要把重點放在「互動敎學」上。根據文獻記載，敎師成長的兩個先決條件包括為終生學習者及反思專業人員。文中亦列出本地敎育學家及專業人仕對敎師質素的觀點。這篇文章根據最近研究發現，討論了「智慧」和「敎學智慧」在敎學表現方面所擔當的角色。
Limiting Factors in Promoting Corporation Fitness Programs in Hong Kong: A Review of Literature
Authors: CHENG Wai Ming
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Corporations have begun to focus on introducing employees' health fitness programs because they realized that improvement of employees' health will result with increased productivity, better morale, raised job satisfaction, minimized absenteeism, enhanced stability of the work force, lowered turnover, reduced medical claims. In striving to deliver quality employees' fitness program in an effective manner, managers and program planners should be concerned with examining the factors that limit the promotion of employees' fitness programs. The limiting factors can be examined under two domains: supply (the corporations) and demand (employees) using Conceptual or Empirical methods.
Physical Education Major's Knowledge of Appropriate Instructional Practices in Middle School Physical Education
Authors: BARNEY David , CHRISTENSON Robert , PLEBAN Frank
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
For many years students have been exposed to inappropriate instructional practices in physical education, resulting in bad experiences and inadequate learning. Introducing pre service physical education (PE) majors to Appropriate Instructional Practices (AIP) is a recommended method of preparation. Unfortunately, many PE majors have been exposed to inappropriate instructional practice; thus they perceive those practices as appropriate to use in their teaching. To determine PE majors’ understanding of AIP, 313 PE majors (161 males & 152 females) from 7 different institutions participated in this study. Based on incorrect responses it was found that PE majors believed that organizing students in large group for activities was an appropriate instructional practice. In addition, results demonstrated that PE majors thought students should be graded for wearing prescribed clothing in class and be required to sit out if not dressed appropriately. With these results PETE faculties have a great opportunity and have a better understanding of preparing their PE majors in appropriate instructional practices.
如果學生接觸到不恰當的體育教學，容易造成不好的經驗和學習的不足。本文邀請313體育本科生(男161，女152)參加了這項研究。結果表明，體育本科生認為需要分級穿著規定體育服裝，以及理解他們體育專業的教學實踐。
Exercise Prescription for Schizophrenia Patients
Authors: WANG Hsiu Hua , CHEN Chun Ming , LI Gladys Shuk fong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder with barriers of thinking, perception and emotion. Most patients were unable to recognize what is real and degenerated of their social behavior functions. Physical activity/exercise had been proved its critical effects on reducing Schizophrenia symptoms in a safer way. It also provided patients a healthier life quality. However, few articles had mentioned and emphasized the effects of physical activity/exercise on Schizophrenia and offered relevant exercise prescription in Taiwan. This review article commenced with introduce of the symptoms and treatment of Schizophrenia followed by the effects of physical activity/exercise on Schizophrenia. Most important of all, exercise prescription and instructors’ special guideline were offered in the end of the review article.

思覺失調症是一種心理失常的疾病，患者在思考、知覺、情感等多方面出現障礙，其精神活動與現實有明顯的脫節，且大部分患者有明顯的社會功能不良或退化的現象。適當的運動已被證實可以安全有效減輕思覺失調症病患的症狀，進而增進患者的健康相關生活品質。然而國內少有文獻介紹思覺失調症身體活動/運動在預防及治療思覺失調症的效益，並為思覺失調症病患提供運動處方及特殊運動考量之建議。本文目的在於說明思覺失調症主要症狀與一般治療方式，進而探討身體活動/運動在預防及治療思覺失調症的效益，提供思覺失調症病患運動處方及其在運動特殊考量之建議。
Comparative Study of Physical Fitness of the Youth in Asia and Their Attitude Toward Sports
Authors: HATANO Yoshiro , ZOU Da Hua , LU Da Jiang , FU Frank , CHEN Ji Zhi , SHI De Wei
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract in Chinese only.亞洲區國際健康、體肓及康樂協會建議的全亞洲青少年體適能測試已於一九八九年成功推行。除了上述的測試外，本文章探討青少年對運動的態度，並從多個角度來作分析和評論，比較對象包括來自日本、中國、澳門和香港的青少年，盼望能鼓勵學童多關注身體健康。
Physical Education Teacher Effectiveness: Junior Secondary Student Perspectives on Influential Learning Factors
Authors: HA Amy Sau Ching , JOHNS David P.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to identify and examine the potential determinants of junior secondary school students views on physical education teachers qualities affecting their learning. Students (N= 1,540), 791 males and 749 females were randomly selected from thirteen secondary schools of the territory for the study. Data were obtained from an 18-item response questionnaire developed and modified by the investigators. Results showed that teachers fairness, variety of teaching technique, subject knowledge, organizational skills, and teachers emotion were found to be the most influencing factors to students learning. Whilst male students indicated that time/space allotment should be accented in physical education classes, female students concerned more about teachers emotion. ANOVA tests on grade and gender found that secondary three males required better discipline during instructions while secondary one females expected precise explanation/demonstration as well as corrective feedback. Results of the study implied that contemporary physical education teachers must assume a wide range of roles to effect the desired change in student behavior. To be an effective teacher, it is necessary to apply a conscious effort in order to acquire the skills, attitudes and personal dispositions which respond to student needs.本研究旨在調查初中學生對體育教師的專業素質在學習上之影響。研究對象爲本地1,540名中一至中三男、女學生。研究結果顯示學生認爲教師的(一)公正持平(二)教學技巧多元化(三)本科知識(四)組織能力及(五)控制個人情緒等因素最能影響其學習。現代體育教師的角色漸趨多元化，教師應從不同角度瞭解學生在學習上的需要，務求達致優質教育的目標。
Methodological Problems in Direct Observation of Children's Dietary and Activity Behaviors
Authors: JOHNS David P. , HA Amy Sau Ching
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this research paper is to report the methodological difficulties which resulted from a study first conducted in the US and replicated in Hong Kong. Using the Behavior of Eating and Activity for Children's Health Evaluation System (BEACHES). Forty participants between the age of 6 and 8 drawn from middle income areas of the city were selected. Eight research assistants set up 4 1-hour home observations and 6 20-minute observations in the school during the recess period. The implication of the present study is that the instrumentation and the method created interference to the extent that the research interval, in which the participants were observed, failed to represent the normal behavior patterns especially those related to dietary behaviors. Specifically, the interactive impact and the cultural differences undetected by the research instrument are significant problems which demand consideration for future direct observational research.本研究旨在討論應用「直接觀察法」在學童飮食及活動行爲研究時所出現的問題。採用BEACHES研究工具直接觀察本地四十位6至8歲學童在學校小息及家庭中的行爲模式。研究結果顯示在使用直接觀察法及BEACHES工具時所遇到的問題，體育同工在選擇應用同類的研究方法及工具時，應注意有關文化差異等問題。
Comparative Study of the Research of Physical Fitness between China and the United States
Authors: TAN Xiaoying
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Physical fitness is the basement of the ability of one's life activity, physical activity, and work. It is an important content of constructing socialist material civilization in China to enhance national physical fitness. The more advanced economic development, the more attention is paid to national physical fitness by Chinese government. Though Chinese government thinks highly of national physical fitness, research of physical fitness is backward in China. This paper compares knowledge of physical fitness between China and U.S., by definition of fitness, content and norm of measurement of physical fitness, and content of research of fitness. By means of finding gap of research of physical fitness between China and U.S., we can probe into how to develop research of physical fitness in China.體質是人的生命活動、勞動、以及工作能力的基礎。增強國民的體質是我國社會主義物資文明建設的重要內容。隨著我國經濟建設的不斷進步與發展，國民體質也越來越受重視。雖然，我國政府對國民體質很重視，但我國的體質研究卻較落後。本文試通過體質的定義、體質測試的內容和指標、及體質的研究內容等方面，對中、美兩國對體質的認識進行比較。從中發現我國體質研究的不足，從而探討如何發展我國體質的研究。
Quality Education Fund Project - Quality Assessment of Hong Kong Secondary School Physical Education: The Use of Self-Evaluation and Performance Indicators
Authors: HA Amy Sau Ching , JOHNS David P.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Physical Education is devoted to the physical development of the student and like other school subjects is evaluated to ensure that it produces defined outcomes efficiently and effectively. In order to reassure the government and the public of their achievement, physical educators must maintain high standards with regard to planning, delivery and evaluation of their program. To accomplish these aims, teachers in physical education must possess the necessary knowledge and techniques that can be applied to teaching, learning and overall program effectiveness. Therefore, the primary objectives of this project are threefold: (1) To provide in-service physical education teachers with training and support to conduct a self-examination of their programs in accordance with professional standards of practice to determine areas of effectiveness and those requiring improvement. (2) To provide in-service teachers with current educational theory and practice before investing resources to improve program quality and evaluation effectiveness, and (3) To provide a framework for the development of performance indicators to evaluate the Hong Kong physical education program.本研究計劃目的為：(1)透過自我評估方法，讓體育敎師有系統及全面地瞭解本身在敎學、課程設計及學生學習表現的情況：(2)提供不同階段的工作坊，以協助敎師認識如何應用自我評估方法及表現指標；(3)透過不同的工作坊，敎師將會以科學化的方法檢討本身在體育科所面對的問題。完成是項計劃，參加者可獲得一套「自我評估及表現指標敎材套」作為日後參考及應用。
Discussion on the Relationship between University Leisure Sports and Life Long Physical Education
Authors: ZHANG Yongjun
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.In relation to common sports, leisure sport is a kind of sports tideway, which is rife in colleges and universities. It derived at the needs of body-building and glad, benefited by school sports efforts which were hot spreads for developing the body-building of all, and provided the best guaranty for school education's usefulness of conducing to the course of life long physical education. It can winnow the banner of life long physical education, which is the pristine significance of school physical education in 21st century. It can also cultivate and enhance the physical education of times combined by body-hearty health and consciousness of life long physical education. And it will be the most active, beneficial and happy access for above all.休閑運動是相對高校競體育而言，是近幾年在高校風行的一種運動休閑熱潮。這源自於大學生對健身愉悦竹的需求，得益於各高校因全民健身運動的勃興而紅紅火火展開的各項體育賽事，為大學體育在終身體育整個過程中的承前啟後作用，提供了最有利的保證，對高揚廿一世紀高校體育的本原意義一終身體育敎育的旗幟，從而鋪展開，提高和培養大學生身心健康和終身體育意識相結合的時代體育敎育，將是最積極、最有益和最愉快的途徑。
Growth and Maturation: The Connection with Physical Activity to Obese Children
Authors: LAU Patrick
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Childhood obesity is expected more serious in the 21st century. The etiology of obesity has been investigated for more than decades and nobody will argue that physical inactivity and high-energy intake are the two core factors. For the sake of prevention and treatment, it is imperative to look into the nature and health-related effects of physical activity towards obesity management. The objective of this chapter is to clarify the effects of physical activity participation on adolescents' body changes and avoid unrealistic expectations from it. The content is mainly focus upon the growth and maturation characteristics of adolescents who are regularly active in physical activity and the cardiovascular changes through physical activity.兒童肥胖問題在廿一世紀將會愈趨嚴重，在過去十多年來研究一直探討其成因，基本上運動與營養控制兩者一致被確認為決定性的因素。因此在預防與治療而言，運動對肥胖處理及治療的效果及性質上，深入的研究探討是必要的，本文旨在釐清兒童在成長過程中參與運動對身體變化的影響，以防止肥胖兒童對身體產生不切實際的期望。
Somatic and Motor Fitness Characteristics of Rural Primary School Girls in Ellisras, South Africa
Authors: MONYEKI M. A. , TORIOLA A. L. , BRITS J. S. , MONYEKI K. D. , KEMPER H. C. G. , PIENAAR A. E.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to measure somatic and motor fitness characteristics in 8 to 11 (N = 232) year-old girls in Ellisras rural area of South Africa. Motor fitness was assessed with the EUROFIT test battery: 10 x 5 m shuttle run, standing broad jump, sit and reach, bentarm hang, sit-ups, flamingo balance and plate tapping. Somatic measurements were taken according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Significant increases were observed with age in height, body weight, girth, width, skinfolds and sum of skinfolds in the Ellisras girls (p
Effects of High-intensity Exercise and Fish Oil-induced Oxidative Stress
Authors: YAU Chen Yi , SHEN Shu Chen , HSIEH Sandy
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.High-intensity exercise may induce active oxygen free radicals higher. Fish oil, which is one of the CO-3 PUFA series that can decrease TG and influence plasma lipids, appears to prevent arteriosclerosis and CHD, but some evidence describe it increases the lipid peroxidation in the cell. Fish oil would then seem to influence the antioxidant defense system that causes damage or disease. This study investigates the effects on the antioxidant defence system of combining high-intensity exercise with fish oil supplementation. Methods: Thirty-three healthy males were randomly assigned into four groups (20.3±1.4 yrs; 64.3±7.9 kg), which were given set combinations of dietary fish oil (9 g per day), exercise (intensity 85-90 % HRmax reserve), and placebos. The experiment lasted 4 weeks in total. Venous samples were obtained prior to exercise and within 5 min after. 4 venous samples were also taken from fish oil groups during the four-week period. Blood from all groups was analyzed for sesuperoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total glutathione (T-GSH), total antioxidant ability (TAA), malodialdehyde (MDA). A Generalized Estimating Equations (G.E.E.) method was used for data analysis. Results: In the fish oil groups SOD activity significantly increased 11.27 kU/g-HB(P
Influence of Cultural Difference between China and Western Countries on the Development of China's Rhythmical Gymnastics
Authors: YANG Xiao Ling , LOU Xiao Qin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.The adoption of the Opening and Reforming Policy has led to the Chinese economic prosperity. In the process, the clashes, contact and interaction between Chinese traditional culture and the western one give athletics new connotation. The paper reviews the history of Rhythmical Gymnastics in China, analyzes the cultural differences between China and western countries and explores the relationship between modern athletics and Chinese traditional culture. And also the paper provides data and other reference materials for re-understanding the Chinese physical training in the present-day society so that we could find a better way to develop physical training in the marketing economy.在我國改革開放、經濟復蘇的歷史背景下，傳統文化與西方文化再一次相互接觸、撞撃和相互融合，賦予了體育新的內涵。通過對藝術體操在中國的興衰歷程，剖析中西文化差異，揭示現代體育與中國傳統文化的關係。
La experiencia de extensión en el Hospital de Niños
Authors: Lacolla Gabriel , Samudio Martín
Published: March 2021

Seguramente esta sea la pregunta que muchos de los/as estudiantes de diseño que lean este artículo se harán en primer término. Claro, están acostumbrados/as en general a unos lineamientos que vinculan solo al diseño con el mercado y a lo último en aspectos tecnológicos formales, e incentivados por el nuevo glosario que cada tanto se inserta en nuestra profesión, como UX o Design Thinking, enunciados por los epicentros del diseño y que nosotros seguimos como biblia aún sin saber muy bien qué son. Por lo cual, cada tanto es necesario explicar y reafirmar por qué nuestra carrera incluye la palabra comunicación, que excede la forma como único resultado y se adentra en otros campos donde intervienen otras experiencias la comunicación visual toma otra relevancia y el resultado no siempre es un objeto de diseño.
KONSEP CINTA ILAHI (MAHABBAH) RABI’AH ADAWIYAH
Authors: Mudaimin Mudaimin
Published: March 2021

We ​​need a handle on life, that is religion or belief that recognizes the existence of an all-powerful substance, whereas in daily life a person is required to maintain, improve, and improve the quality of faith and piety in the creator, to achieve that there are all several ways one of which is through the world of Sufism or commonly known as the mystical world. For attainment in the mystical world it can be done by way of meditation or spiritual practice. The pinnacle of the mystical world is mahaabah or divine love where these are the highest levels of attainment towards God. In this paper the author examine the theory of divine love (mahabbah) from the Sufi women who first expressed her love to God, namely Rabi'ah Adawiyah. This paper uses the type of library research, while the approach used is historical, philosophical. Data collection is done by the documentation method and analyzed by descriptive analysis method. According to Rabi'ah love is love that has no strings attached to it and does not expect a reward in the form of either reward or liberation of the law, but what is sought is only doing God's will and perfecting it.

Dalam kehidupan ini kita membutuhkan pegangan hidup yaitu agama atau keyakinan yang mengakui adanya Zat yang maha kuasa, sedangkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari seseorang dituntut menjaga, memperbaiki, dan meningkatkan kualitas iman dan takwa pada sang pencipta, untuk mencapai itu semua ada beberapa jalan salah satunya adalah melalui dunia tasawuf atau biasa dikenal dengan dunia mistik. Untuk pencapaian dalam dunia mistik itu dapat dilakukan dengan cara meditasi atau latihan spiritual. Puncak dari dunia mistik adalah mahaabah atau cinta Ilahi dimana ini semua merupakan tingkat tertinggi dalam pencapaian menuju Allah. Dalam tulisan ini penulis akan mencoba untuk menelaah teori cinta ilahi (mahabbah) dari toko sufi perempuan yang pertama kali mengemukakan kecintaanya pada sangkhalik yakni Rabi’ah Adawiyah. Penelitian dengan judul “Konsep Cinta Ilahi (Mahabbah) Rabi’ah Adawiyah” menggunakan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research), adapun pendekatan yang digunakan adalah historis, folosofis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode dokumentasi dan dianalisis dengan metode analisis deskritif. Menurut Rabi’ah cinta adalah cinta yang tidak ada pamrih di dalamnya dan tidak mengharapkan balasan baik yang berupa ganjaran maupun pembebasan hukum, tetapi yang dicari hanyalah melakukan keinginan Allah dan menyempurnakannya.
Improving Teacher Quality in the Perspective of Islamic Teaching Professionalism
Authors: Suryadi Rudi Ahmad
Published: March 2021

Various components influence quality religious education. One of the dominant ones is the teacher. Learning will be of high quality if the teacher is competent and professional. The professional development of teachers is a stage in strengthening skills, competencies, and career advancement, which leads to an increase in the quality of learning being taught. This research uses a literature study method. Sources of data obtained through references and other reading sources related to teacher professionalism, the results showed that the problem of teacher professionalism originated from three components, namely self-development, scientific publications, and innovative work. Quality improvement is more dominantly influenced by teacher professionalism, where teachers are required to achieve predetermined qualifications. by meeting adequate qualifications, the teacher's position will automatically increase. Professional development is related to advancing knowledge and skills by considering attitudes and approaches to improving the quality of learning. It is a process of growing teacher professionalism in strengthening the skills, duties and careers of teachers in facing the changes that occur.Pendidikan agama yang bermutu dipengaruhi oleh berbagai komponen. Salah satunya yang dominan adalah guru. Pembelajaran akan bermutu, apabila gurunya kompeten dan profesional. Pengembangan profesionalitas guru merupakan tahapan dalam penguatan keahlian, kompetensi, dan peningkatan karir yang berujung pada peningkatan mutu pembelajaran yang diampu. Riset ini menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan, sumber data diperoleh melalui referensi dan sumber bacaan lain yang berkaitan dengan profesionalisme guru.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masalah profesioalisme guru berawal dari tiga komponen, yaitu pengembangan diri, publikasi ilmiah, dan karya inovatif. Peningkatan kualitas lebih dominan dipengaruhi oleh profesionalisme guru, dimana guru dituntut untuk mencapai kualifikasi yang telah ditetapkan. dengan memenuhi kualifikasi yang memadai maka posisi guru akan secara otomatis meningkat. Pengembangan profesionalisme terkait dengan peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan dengan mempertimbangkan sikap dan pendekatan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran. Merupakan proses peningkatan profesionalisme guru dalam memperkuat keterampilan, tugas dan karir guru dalam menghadapi perubahan yang terjadi.
Optimization of flexographic print properties on ecologically favorable paper substrates
Authors:   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Tomašegović Tamara , Pibernik Jesenka ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Poljaček Sanja Mahović ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Madžar Anđela ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, the attention in many industries is shifting towards the problem of waste overproduction and production of the waste in general. This study aimed to find an alternative approach to the production of packaging which will be environmentally friendly and at the same time optimal in terms of the print quality. This was accomplished by using the minimal needed amount of material for the production of packaging and adjusting the parameters of the flexographic printing process to achieve the desired visual impression of the print. The designed motive for the packaging was printed on five different recycled papers, following the guidelines of sustainable design. Printing was performed on each recycled paper with different printing pressures (50N, 150N, and 400N). Smoothness was measured on each paper; and for every printed sample, colorimetric measurements and thickness of the lines in positive and negative were measured. Print contrast for each print was calculated, and microscopy of fine printed elements was performed. All chosen papers except one had average smoothnes of up to 3.2 s (the smoothest paper had the average smootheness value of 54.72 s). Smoothness results influenced the printed line widths. Specifically, when increasing the printing pressure, a significant deformation of the line width has occured on all papers except the smoothest one (deformations of the lines printed in positive were up to 400 μm for rough papers compared to maximum of 60 μm for lines printed on the smoother paper). Similar results were obtained for the lines printed in negative. Furthermore, legibility of the printed typographic elements of 4pt size was significantly influenced by the smoothness of the paper. Elements printed on the smoothest paper have displayed the negligible deformations when changing the printing pressure. For other papers, elements in positive were optimally printed by 50 N pressure, and elements in negative by the pressure of 400 N. The results of this research have enabled the optimization of the flexographic printing process when using each of the five types of recycled papers. Furthermore, the presented qualitative and colorimetric parameters of the prints enabled the assessment of the applicability of used papers as printing substrates for ecologically favorable packaging.
Analyzing the "Strategy of Socio-Economic Development of the Chuvash Republic until 2035" content
Authors: SMIRNOV Valerii V.
Published: March 2021

Subject. The article addresses a strategy for socio-economic development of the region.
Objectives. The purpose is to define contradictions and opportunities to achieve the expected results of the "Strategy of Socio-economic Development of the Chuvash Republic until 2035".
Methods. The study rests on the systems approach, using the methods of statistical, neural network, and cluster analysis.
Results. The statistical analysis of trends in expected outcomes of the Strategy implementation enabled to build a median hierarchy of their growth rates, where the indicator of an increase in the number of visits to cultural institutions is a priority in setting the goals for the region’s development. The neural network analysis demonstrates the importance of the growth rate of real accrued wages of employees of organizations and the insignificant value of the increase in the number of visits to cultural institutions for effective achievement of all objectives of the Strategy. The cluster analysis shows the importance of growth rates of indicators of the proportion of organizations engaged in technological innovations, and the proportion of shipped innovative products. The analysis of growth rates of GRP and expenditures of the consolidated budget of the Chuvash Republic reveals a decrease in the cyclical lag of the first dynamic pattern from the second one.
Conclusions. For the Chuvash Republic, a strategic priority is to overcome the GRP growth limit through the innovative development of backbone areas of economic activity.
Les Brésiliens à Paris: au fil des siècles et des arrondissements
Authors: Amâncio Maria Angélica
Published: March 2021

Book Review
Arqueologia urbana: cultura material, patrimônio e história na cidade de Belém-PA
Authors: Azulai Luciana Cristina de Oliveira
Published: March 2021

O artigo aborda a trajetória e os desafios contemporâneos da Arqueologia urbana, enfatizando os estudos da cultura material no meio urbano, sua importância e peculiaridades no contexto da cidade. Também apresenta exemplos de caso de Arqueologia urbana em Belém-PA e as observações e interpretações acerca do estudo realizado sobre o Museu da Universidade Federal do Pará- MUFPA e sua coleção de Arqueologia urbana que se encontra sob a guarda desta instituição, formada através de vestígios encontrados no jardim do museu durante as reformas realizadas no local. A proposição conclusiva é a ideia de que esses vestígios e o próprio Museu e o palacete que o abriga, integram um sítio urbano e histórico de Belém. Assim, pretende-se contribuir com as discussões sobre cultura material arqueológica e sua importância como parte da história da cidade.