bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship and Ethics in the Chinese Context
Authors: Brown Brad ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

The importance of entrepreneurship in China’s emergence as a global economic power is acknowledged—but will Chinese entrepreneurs have a positive or negative effect on social justice and business ethics in China? Increased reliance on guanxi relationships to facilitate business transactions has been witnessed as the communist party relaxed its grip on many segments of the economy. Although decentralizing control of the economy has produced rapid growth, there are many inequities as large numbers of Chinese citizens are exploited by Chinese entrepreneurs, who only know how to compete by keeping costs as low as possible.
Silicon Valley’s Next Generation of Entrepreneurs
Authors: Calkins Martin ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

This article focuses on the next generation of entrepreneurs likely to emerge in Silicon Valley. It profiles two tech-savvy college students and describes the Valley’s demographics and subculture to show how previous models of the entrepreneur (the pre-Internet and geek subculture varieties) are blending to form a new sort of entrepreneur for a computer industry in transition.
Time To Discovery
Authors: Michael Steven C. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

Venkataraman’s essay in this volume argues that the “fourth” force of control of the modern corporation, the entrepreneurial discovery process, can limit the ability of firms to exploit stakeholders. In this essay I explicitly examine the role of time in the entrepreneurial discovery process. First, the role of time in the individual stakeholder’s decisions is examined. Second, at an organizational level, I examine some historical evidence in order to empirically consider how swiftly the discovery process may work. Implications for both theory and empirical testing are discussed.
Evolutionary Biology Research, Entrepreneurship, and the Morality of Security-Seeking Behavior in an Imperfect Economy
Authors: Mitchell Ronald K. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

This article investigates whether there is an underlying morality in the ways that human beings seek to obtain economic security within our imperfect economy, which can be illuminated through evolutionary biology research. Two research questions are the focus of the analysis: (1) What is the transaction cognitive machinery that is specialized for the entrepreneurial task of exchange-based security-seeking? and, (2) What are the moral implications of the acquisition and use of such transaction cognitions?Evolutionary biology research suggests within concepts that are more Darwin- v. Huxley-based, an underlying morality supportive of algorithm-governed economizing arising from the behaviors that are most worthy of long-term reproduction. Evolutionarily stable algorithm-enhanced security-seeking is argued to be a new view of entrepreneurship, but one that, somewhat ironically, is grounded in a primordially-based entrepreneurial morality that is at the core of economic security.
Founding Moral Reasoning on Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Sarasvathy Saras D. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

In this paper I develop a critique of the strong adaptationist view inherent in the work of Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, as presentedat the Ruffin Lectures series in 2002. My critique proceeds in two stages. In the first stage, I advance arguments as to why I find the particular adaptation story that the authors advance for their experimental results unpersuasive even when I fully accept the value of their experimental results. In the second stage, I grant them their adaptation story and critique the implications of such stories forbusiness ethics and for future research. In sum, I argue against recasting key problems in the social sciences to fit the use of toolsdeveloped in the so-called “hard” sciences. Instead, I urge that we deal with these problems on their own terms, i.e. through their basisin and dependence on deliberate social action.
Brief Remarks on the Evolutionary Method
Authors: Phillips Robert A. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

There are explicit claims to Darwinian thinking in numerous fields of study. A common temptation associated with this method across disciplines is to call some attributes “natural” and others “cultural” in origin. But this distinction can be dangerous—particularly when applied to ethics. When employing the Darwinian method, ideas should be evaluated in the same way whether the characteristics are described as natural or as cultural. We should ascertain the moral usefulness of a trait irrespective of its genetic basis or lack thereof. The nature/culture distinction is irrelevant to ethics. If Darwinian thinking connotes or implies an important difference, it is a dangerous idea to moral theory. I don’t believe the method denotes such a distinction, and in fact helps ethicists ask and answer many interesting questions that would not have arisen without it. But great care should be taken.
A Deal, a Dolphin, and a Rock
Authors: Fort Timothy L. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

In this response to Paul Lawrence’s Ruffin Lecture, I assess the benefits of integrating biology into business ethics including the way in which biology counteracts conventional economic descriptions of human nature. Section II looks at the dangers of the project and offers the notion of Multilevel Selection Theory as a way to address the notion of how one balances various biological drives. Section III concludes by suggesting that in order to optimally integrate biology, one should attend to contractual notions (the deal) as well as a Sisyphean quest to engage in the task of integration. In doing so, we should also remember to draw upon the dolphin in each of us, that part that takes pleasure in doing moral acts.
De Rerum Natura
Authors: Hartman Edwin M. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

Aristotelian naturalism is a good vantage point from which to consider the moral implications of evolution. Sociobiologists err in arguing that evolution is the basis for morality: not all or only moral features and institutions are selected for. Nor does the longevity of an institution argue for its moral status. On the other hand, facts about human capacities can have implications concerning human obligations, as Aristotle suggests. Aristotle’s eudaimonistic approach to ethics suggests that the notion of interests is far subtler than many have realized, and leaves open the possibility that cooperativeness may be adaptive, virtuous, and a good thing for the agent. Lawrence and Nohria argue along remarkably similar lines, and they provide evidence against those who would question the existence of character. But promising as the Aristotelian approach is, it seems to give an inadequate account of our moral responsibility to those who are not members of our community.
Can Science Tell Us What Is Right? An Argument for the Affirmative, With Qualifications
Authors: Newton Lisa H. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

We argue that the goal of natural excellence, discoverable by scientific observation of the species, is appropriately called good, and the proper object of human development and education. That affirmation stands, but we are forced to acknowledge several conceptual difficulties (in the deliberate creation of “natural” excellences, for example, and in cases of plurality of excellences) and a final inability to reconcile human freedom—surely part of the natural excellence of human life—with the need to prevent humans from using that freedom to sacrifice it (through, for instance, drugs, self-indulgence, and emotional enthusiasms).
A Developmental and Systemic Perspective on Frederick’s “The Evolutionary Firm and Its Moral (Dis)Contents”
Authors: Waddock Sandra A. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

These comments on Frederick’s “The Evolutionary Firm and Its Moral (Dis)Contents” focus on two dominant themes to provide a more optimistic perspective on Frederick’s conclusions. First is the need to take a systemic orientation at the societal and ecological levels to gain a perspective on ecologizing rather than economizing. Second, is the need to take a developmental perspective, on the assumption that evolution is still occurring, and that what may be needed to get humankind to the systemic/ecologizing orientation is a higher level of awareness, greater cognitive (and moral) development than is currently prevalent.
A Response to William C. Frederick
Authors: Painter-Morland Mollie ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

This paper addresses the inherent danger of relativism in any naturalistic theory about moral decision-making and action. The implications of Frederick’s naturalistic view of corporations can easily lead one to believe that it has become impossible for theevolutionary firm (EF) to act with moral responsibility. However, if Frederick’s naturalistic account is located within the context of hisand other writers’ insights about complexity science, it may become possible to maintain a sense of creative, pragmatic moral decision-making in the face of supposedly deterministic forces. Business’s most creative response to moral dilemmas takes place “at the edge of chaos,” where a temporary order comes into being via self-organization. This process of self-organization is influenced by a great number of variables. Some of these variables are the x-factor configurations of individuals and groups, which cannot necessarilydetermine, but can influence the moral-decision-making process. Moral responsibility becomes part of a complex process throughwhich creative, value-driven solutions emerge.
Responsibility, Inconsistency, and the Paradoxes of Morality in Human Nature De Waal's Window into Business Ethics
Authors: Margolis Joshua D. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2012

Efforts to trace the evolutionary antecedents of human morality introduce challenges and opportunities for business ethics. The biological precedents of responsibility suggest that human tendencies to respond morally are deeply rooted. This does not mean, however, that those tendencies are always consistent with ends human beings seek to pursue. This paper investigates the conflicts that may arise between human beings’ moral predispositions and the purposes human beings pursue.
An Illustrated Checklist of Leech Species from Lake Baikal (Eastern Siberia, Russia)
Authors: Kaygorodova Irina
Published: August 2012

New data on Lake Baikal fauna of Hirudinida (Annelida, Clitellata) are presented. The species composition of Baikal leeches extends to 20 species belonging to two orders, four families, and 12 genera. An updated checklist includes information on five species recorded in Eastern Siberia for the first time. All specimens from author’s collection are provided with illustration.
Hybrid Organic Nanotubes with Dual Functionalities Localized on Cylindrical Nanochannels Control the Release of Doxorubicin
Authors: Ding Wuxiao , Kameta Naohiro , Minamikawa Hiroyuki , Wada Momoyo , Shimizu Toshimi , Masuda Mitsutoshi
Published: August 2012

A method to control the release of the anti‐cancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) from cylindrical nanocapsules, known as organic nanotubes (ONTs), is reported. Co‐assembly of a tube‐forming glycolipid and its hydrophobized analogue yield novel ONTs with both –COOH and hydrophobic benzyloxycarbonyl groups localized on cylindrical nanochannels. The hydrophobicity of the ONTs nanochannels is easily tunable by adjusting the mixing ratio of the two glycolipids in the co‐assembly process. The resultant biologically stable ONTs are able to capture Dox with high efficiency into the cylindrical nanochannels via ion complexation between cationic Dox and anionic –COO−, and the release of Dox from hybrid ONTs is effectively controlled by tuning the electrostatic interaction and the hydrophobicity. This controlled release by tuning the hydrophobicity of the ONTs' nanochannels greatly reduces the cytotoxicity of Dox@ONTs for HeLa cells.
Dielectric relaxation studies of low thermal expansion polymer composites
Authors: Chandra Amreesh , Meyer Wolfgang H.
Published: August 2012

The results of temperature‐dependent dielectric and rheological measurements are reported on polymer‐ceramic composite films, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) : lead titanate (PbTiO3). Analyses of relaxational processes of the PMMA host matrix have been investigated using temperature‐dependent dielectric and rheological measurements. It is found that the α‐relaxation is more significantly affected by the addition of filler in comparison to β‐relaxation. The composite films are found to have much lower dielectric constants in comparison to the pure ceramic material. Suitable models have been used to explain the observed dielectric constant of the composite films. Using rheological measurements, occurrence of reinforcement in these composite films due to the addition of ceramic filler has also been observed and the results are discussed in the article. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Biocompatibility studies of electrospun nanofibrous membrane of PLLA‐PVA blend
Authors: Elakkiya Thangaraju , Sheeja Rajiv , Ramadhar Kumar , Natarajan Thirupathur Srinivasan
Published: August 2012

Electrospinning, self‐assembly, and phase separation are some of the techniques available for the synthesis of nanofibers. Of these techniques, electrospinning is a simple and versatile method for generating ultrafine fibers from a wide variety of polymers and polymer blends. Poly L‐lactide (PLLA) and Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) are biodegradable and biocompatible polymers which are mainly used for biomedical applications. Nanofibrous membranes with 1:9 ratio of PLLA to PVA (8 to 10 wt % and 10 wt %) were fabricated by electrospinning. The percentage porosity and contact angle of PVA in the PLLA‐PVA nanofibrous mat increased from 80 to 83% and from 39 ± 3° to 55 ± 3°, respectively. The water uptake percentage of PVA nanofibers decreased from 190 to 125% on the addition of PLLA to PVA in the PLLA‐PVA nanofibrous mat. The nanofiber morphology, structure and crystallinity were studied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetery (DSC). The biocompatibility studies of PLLA‐PVA blend were performed using fibroblast cells (NIH 3T3) by MTT assay method. The release of Curcumin (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt %) from PLLA‐PVA blend was found to be ∼ 78, 80, and 80%, respectively, in 4 days. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Ga‐Pd/Ga2O3 Catalysts: The Role of Gallia Polymorphs, Intermetallic Compounds, and Pretreatment Conditions on Selectivity and Stability in Different Reactions
Authors: Li Liandi , Zhang Bingsen , Kunkes Edward , Föttinger Karin , Armbrüster Marc , Su Dang Sheng , Wei Wei , Schlögl Robert , Behrens Malte
Published: August 2012

A series of gallia‐supported Pd‐Ga catalysts that consist of metallic nanoparticles on three porous polymorphs of Ga2O3 (α‐, β‐, and γ‐Ga2O3) were synthesized by a controlled co‐precipitation of Pd and Ga. The effects of formation of Ga‐Pd intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were studied in four catalytic reactions: methanol steam reforming, hydrogenation of acetylene, and methanol synthesis by CO and CO2 hydrogenation reactions. The IMC Pd2Ga forms upon reduction of α‐ and β‐Ga2O3‐supported materials in hydrogen at temperatures of 250 and 310 °C, respectively. At higher temperatures, Ga‐enrichment of the intermetallic particles is observed, leading to formation of Pd5Ga3 before the support itself is reduced at temperatures above 565 °C. In the case of Ga‐Pd/γ‐Ga2O3, no information about the metal particles could be obtained owing to their very small size and high dispersion; however, the catalytic results suggest that the IMC Pd2Ga also forms in this sample. Pd2Ga/gallia samples show a stable selectivity towards ethylene in acetylene hydrogenation (≈75 %), which is higher than for a monometallic Pd reference catalyst. An even higher selectivity of 80 % was observed for Pd5Ga3 supported on α‐Ga2O3. In methanol steam reforming, the Ga‐Pd/Gallia catalysts showed, in contrast to Pd/Al2O3, selectivity towards CO2 of up to 40 %. However, higher selectivities, which have been reported for Pd2Ga in literature, could not be reproduced in this study, which might be a result of particle size effects. The initially higher selectivity of the Pd5Ga3‐containing samples was not stable, suggesting superior catalytic properties for this IMC, but that re‐oxidation of Ga species and formation of Pd2Ga occurs under reaction conditions. In methanol synthesis, CO hydrogenation did not occur, but a considerable methanol yield from a CO2/H2 feed was observed for Pd2Ga/α‐Ga2O3.
Disclosing the Structure/Activity Correlation in Trivalent Boron‐Containing Compounds: A Tendency Map
Authors: Cid Jessica , Carbó Jorge J. , Fernández Elena
Published: August 2012

Most trivalent boron reagents are electrophiles owing to the vacancy for two electrons to fill the outer orbital of boron; however, interestingly, trivalent boron compounds can change their electrophilic character to a nucleophilic character by only changing the nature of the substituents on the boron atoms. With the help of computational tools, we have analyzed the structural‐ and electronic properties of boryl fragments that were either bonded to main‐group metals or coordinated to transition‐metals/rare‐earth‐metals and we have designed a map that might help to identify certain trends. This trend map will be useful for selecting an appropriate trivalent boron compound, depending on the sought reactivity.
A Molecular Shuttle Driven by Fullerene Radical‐Anion Recognition
Authors: Scarel Francesco , Valenti Giovanni , Gaikwad Sudhakar , Marcaccio Massimo , Paolucci Francesco , Mateo‐Alonso Aurelio
Published: August 2012

We describe a electrochemically driven molecular shuttle, in which shuttling takes place by means of fullerene radical‐anion recognition that results in a very low operation potential (E1/2=−0.580 V vs. decamethylferrocene). This has been achieved by introducing positive charges on the macrocycle, which strengthen the existing π–π interactions between the macrocycle and the electrogenerated fullerene radical anion by means of an electrostatic component. In addition, the synthesis of such a molecular shuttle has been accomplished by developing a new synthetic approach that exploits the controlled translocation of the macrocycle as a selective protecting group.
Gold(II) Phthalocyanine Revisited: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Gold(III) Phthalocyanine and an Unprecedented Ring‐Contracted Phthalocyanine Analogue
Authors: Wong Edwin W. Y. , Miura Akito , Wright Mathew D. , He Qi , Walsby Charles J. , Shimizu Soji , Kobayashi Nagao , Leznoff Daniel B.
Published: August 2012

In 1965, gold(II) phthalocyanine (AuPc, 1) was described to be synthesized from unsubstituted 1,3‐diiminoisoindoline and gold powder or AuBr. Compound 1 has been regarded as a rare example of a paramagnetic gold(II) complex. However, its chemistry, especially the oxidation state of the central gold ion, has not been previously explored due to the inherent insolubility of 1 caused by its unsubstituted structure. In our attempt to synthesize soluble AuPcs by using 5,6‐di‐substituted 1,3‐diiminoisoindolines, gold(III) phthalocyanine chloride (3) and a gold(III) complex of an unprecedented ring‐contracted phthalocyanine analogue ([18]tribenzo‐pentaaza‐triphyrin(4,1,1), 4) were isolated. With this discrepant result from the original literature in hand, a reinvestigation of the original AuPc synthesis by using unsubstituted 1,3‐diiminoisoindoline and various gold salts (including gold powder and AuBr) was performed, finding that only unsubstituted analogues of 3 and 4 or free‐base phthalocyanine were obtained. No gold(II)‐containing species could be isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Hydration of Alkynes over a Heterogeneous Silver Exchanged Silicotungstic Acid Catalyst.
Authors: Rao K. T. Venkateswara , Prasad P. S. Sai , Lingaiah N.
Published: August 2012

A silver tungstate salt is used as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the conversion of terminal alkynes (Ig) into corresponding ketones (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl‐Substituted Tribenzopentaphenes as Versatile Polycondensed Aromatic Hydrocarbon .pi±pi. Stacking Building Blocks.
Authors: Alameddine Bassam , Caba Sofia Martin , Schindler Mauro , Jenny Titus A.
Published: August 2012

A convenient three‐step sequence is presented for the synthesis of 3,6,9,12‐tetraoctyl tribenzopentaphene (VI).
Changes in Symptom Severity, Schemas and Modes in Heterogeneous Psychiatric Patient Groups Following Short‐term Schema Cognitive–Behavioural Group Therapy: A Naturalistic Pre‐treatment and Post‐treatment Design in an Outpatient Clinic
Authors: van Vreeswijk M. F. , Spinhoven P. , Eurelings‐Bontekoe E. H. M. , Broersen J.
Published: August 2012

Schema therapy has proven to be an effective treatment for patients with borderline personality disorder. However, little is known of its merits in other psychiatric (personality) disorders.

Objective

This study investigated whether schema therapy in a group setting (group schema cognitive–behavioural therapy [SCBT‐g]) was associated with changes in symptom and schema and mode severity. Furthermore, the aim was to search for baseline predictors and possible mediators of treatment outcome.

Design and method

Sixty‐three heterogeneous psychiatric outpatients who attended the SCBT‐g were included as participants. In this naturalistic pre‐treatment and post‐treatment design, data were available on the Symptom Checklist 90, the Schema Questionnaire and the Young–Atkinson Mode Inventory.

Results

All outcome measurements showed changes with moderate to high effect sizes, with 53.2% of the patients showing a significant reduction in severity of psychiatric symptoms and schemas and modes. Higher pre‐treatment levels of the schema domain Other Directedness predicted greater symptom reduction. Pre‐treatment to mid‐treatment changes in schema severity predicted subsequent symptom improvement, but change in symptoms and schemas proved to be strongly correlated.

Conclusions

In this naturalistic study, SCBT‐g was associated with reduced symptom and schema and mode severity in more than half of the psychiatric outpatients. Furthermore, the results suggest that changes in schemas and symptomatology mutually reinforce each other. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Over 50% of ambulatory patients show clinical improvement after treatment in a short‐term schema therapy group.

Other Directedness seems to be a predictor of schema group therapy success.

More randomized controlled trial studies and prediction and mediation studies on (short‐term) schema group therapy are sorely needed.
Insulin resistance in multiple tissues in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus on long‐term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy
Authors: Donga Esther , van Dijk Marieke , Hoogma Roel P .L. M. , Corssmit Eleonora P. M. , Romijn Johannes A.
Published: August 2012

Background

The aim of this study was to determine whether insulin resistance is present in lean patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes mellitus on long‐term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), compared with matched healthy controls.

Methods

We studied eight patients (four men and four women) with type 1 diabetes mellitus on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and eight healthy controls, matched for age, gender and body mass index. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies with infusion of [6,6‐2H2] glucose.

Results

Endogenous glucose production did not differ in the basal state between patients and controls. However, endogenous glucose production was less suppressed during clamp conditions in patients compared with controls (64% vs 79%, p = 0.01), indicating decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity. During the clamp study, glucose disposal rate was ~38% lower in patients compared with controls (24.4 ± 2.5 vs 39.7 ± 5.6 µmol/kgLBM/min, p = 0.04). Accordingly, the rate of infusion of glucose was ~51% lower in patients (17.7 ± 2.8 vs 39.7 ± 5.7 µmol/kgLBM/min, p = 0.02). Finally, non‐esterified fatty acids levels were ~2.5 times higher in patients during steady state clamp conditions (150 ± 26 vs 58 ± 4 pmol/L, p = 0.01), reflecting decreased insulin sensitivity of lipolysis.

Conclusions

Insulin resistance is a prominent feature of lean patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, despite long term and stable treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes involves both lipolysis, hepatic and peripheral glucose metabolism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microporous Porphyrin‐Based Metal Carboxylate Frameworks with Various Accessible Metal Sites: [Cu2(MDDCPP)] [M = Zn2+, Ni2+, Pd2+, Mn3+(NO3), Ru2+(CO)]
Authors: Matsunaga Satoshi , Endo Nanako , Mori Wasuke
Published: August 2012

We successfully synthesized a series of porphyrin‐based metal carboxylate frameworks with the composition [Cu2(MDDCPP)] [M = Zn2+, Ni2+, Pd2+, Mn3+(NO3), Ru2+(CO)] using MDDCPP [M = Zn2+, Ni2+, Pd2+, Mn3+Cl, Ru2+(CO)] building blocks. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis revealed that the framework of [Cu2(ZnDDCPP)] formed a three‐dimensional network with (62·82·102)(62·8)2 topology, consisted of a two‐component linkage (i.e., paddlewheel Cu2 nodes and ZnDDCPP building blocks), and possessed an internal spherical cavity with a diameter of ca. 20 Å. This internal cavity was surrounded by a total of 16 accessible metal sites (AMSs) with two distinct metals, i.e., eight Zn atoms from the ZnDDCPP units and eight Cu atoms from the paddlewheel units. X‐ray powder diffraction measurements revealed that five complexes were isostructural regardless of the identity in the central metal of the DDCPP unit, and the diffraction patterns closely matched a pattern simulated from single‐crystal data for [Cu2(ZnDDCPP)]. This suggested that a wide variety of AMSs could be incorporated into the framework without alteration of the framework topology. The [Cu2(MDDCPP)] series exhibited permanent porosity, with BET surface areas in the range 379–810 m2 g–1, and adsorbed between 0.55 and 1.16 wt.‐% H2 at 77 K and 0.1 MPa.
A coordinate‐based meta‐analytic model of trauma processing in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Ramage Amy E. , Laird Angela R. , Eickhoff Simon B. , Acheson Ashley , Peterson Alan L. , Williamson Douglas E. , Telch Michael J. , Fox Peter T.
Published: August 2012

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has a well‐defined set of symptoms that can be elicited during traumatic imagery tasks. For this reason, trauma imagery tasks are often employed in functional neuroimaging studies. Here, coordinate‐based meta‐analysis (CBM) was used to pool eight studies applying traumatic imagery tasks to identify sites of task‐induced activation in 170 PTSD patients and 104 healthy controls. In this way, right anterior cingulate (ACC), right posterior cingulate (PCC), and left precuneus (Pcun) were identified as regions uniquely active in PTSD patients relative to healthy controls. To further characterize these regions, their normal interactions, and their typical functional roles, meta‐analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) with behavioral filtering was applied. MACM indicated that the PCC and Pcun regions were frequently co‐active and associated with processing of cognitive information, particularly in explicit memory tasks. Emotional processing was particularly associated with co‐activity of the ACC and PCC, as mediated by the thalamus. By narrowing the regions of interest to those commonly active across multiple studies (using CBM) and developinga priorihypotheses about directed probabilistic dependencies amongst these regions, this proposed model—when applied in the context of graphical and causal modeling—should improve model fit and thereby increase statistical power for detecting differences between subject groups and between treatments in neuroimaging studies of PTSD.Hum Brain Mapp 34:3392–3399, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interferon-gamma–mediated tissue factor expression contributes to T-cell-mediated hepatitis through induction of hypercoagulation in mice
Authors: Kato Junko , Okamoto Tomohiro , Motoyama Hiroyuki , Uchiyama Ryosuke , Kirchhofer Daniel , Van Rooijen Nico , Enomoto Hirayuki , Nishiguchi Shuhei , Kawada Norifumi , Fujimoto Jiro , Tsutsui Hiroko
Published: August 2012

Concanavalin A (Con A) treatment induces severe hepatitis in mice in a manner dependent on T cells, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Treatment with the anticoagulant heparin protects against hepatitis, despite healthy production of IFN-γ and TNF. Here, we investigated molecular and cellular mechanisms for hypercoagulation-mediated hepatitis. After Con A challenge, liver of wild-type (WT) mice showed prompt induction of Ifnγ and Tnf, followed by messenger RNA expression of tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which initiate blood coagulation and inhibit clot lysis, respectively. Mice developed dense intrahepatic fibrin deposition and massive liver necrosis. In contrast, Ifnγ−/− mice and Ifnγ−/−
Tnf
−/− mice neither induced Pai1 or Tf nor developed hepatitis. In WT mice TF blockade with an anti-TF monoclonal antibody protected against Con A–induced hepatitis, whereas Pai1
−/− mice were not protected. Both hepatic macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells (ECs) expressed Tf after Con A challenge. Macrophage-depleted WT mice reconstituted with hematopoietic cells, including macrophages deficient in signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) essential for IFN-γ signaling, exhibited substantial reduction of hepatic Tf and of liver injuries. This was also true for macrophage-depleted Stat1
−/− mice reconstituted with WT macrophages. Exogenous IFN-γ and TNF rendered T-cell-null, Con A–resistant mice deficient in recombination-activating gene 2, highly susceptible to Con A–induced liver injury involving TF. Conclusions: Collectively, these results strongly suggest that proinflammatory signals elicited by IFN-γ, TNF, and Con A in both hepatic macrophages and sinusoidal ECs are necessary and sufficient for the development of hypercoagulation-mediated hepatitis. (Hepatology 2013)
Trend analysis of reference evapotranspiration in Northwest China: The roles of changing wind speed and surface air temperature
Authors: Liu Xiaomang , Zhang Dan
Published: August 2012

Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is an important element in the water cycle that integrates atmospheric demands and surface conditions, and analysis of changes in ET0 is of great significance for understanding climate change and its impacts on hydrology. As ET0 is an integrated effect of climate variables, increases in air temperature should lead to increases in ET0. However, this effect could be offset by decreases in vapor pressure deficit, wind speed, and solar radiation which lead to the decrease in ET0. In this study, trends in the Penman–Monteith ET0 at 80 meteorological stations during 1960–2010 in the driest region of China (Northwest China) were examined. The results show that there was a change point for ET0 series around the year 1993 based on the Pettitt's test. For the region average, ET0 decreased from 1960 to 1993 by −2.34 mm yr−2, while ET0 began to increase since 1994 by 4.80 mm yr−2. A differential equation method based on the Food and Agriculture Organization Penman–Monteith formula was used to attribute the change in ET0. The attribution results show that the significant decrease in wind speed dominated the change in ET0, which offset the effect of increasing air temperature and led to the decrease in ET0 from 1960 to 1993. However, wind speed began to increase, and the amplitude of increase in air temperature also rose significantly since the mid‐1990s. Increases in air temperature and wind speed together reversed the trend in ET0 and led to the increase in ET0 since 1994. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Giant cell tumor occurring in familial Paget's disease of bone: Report of clinical characteristics and linkage analysis of a large pedigree
Authors: Gianfrancesco Fernando , Rendina Domenico , Merlotti Daniela , Esposito Teresa , Amyere Mustapha , Formicola Daniela , Muscariello Riccardo , De Filippo Gianpaolo , Strazzullo Pasquale , Nuti Ranuccio , Vikkula Mikka , Gennari Luigi
Published: August 2012

Neoplastic degeneration represents a rare but serious complication of Paget's disease of bone (PDB). Although osteosarcomas have been described in up to 1% of PDB cases, giant cell tumors are less frequent and mainly occur in patients with polyostotic disease. We recently characterized a large pedigree with 14 affected members of whom four developed giant cell tumors at pagetic sites. The high number of affected subjects across multiple generations allowed us to better characterize the clinical phenotype and look for possible susceptibility loci. Of interest, all the affected members had polyostotic PDB, but subjects developing giant cell tumors showed an increased disease severity with a reduced clinical response to bisphosphonate treatment and an increased prevalence of bone pain, deformities, and fractures. Together with an increased occurrence of common pagetic complications, affected patients of this pedigree also evidenced a fivefold higher prevalence of coronary artery disease with respect to either the unaffected family members or a comparative cohort of 150 unrelated PDB cases from the same geographical area. This association was further enhanced in the four cases with PDB and giant cell tumors, all of them developing coronary artery disease before 60 years of age. Despite the early onset and the severe phenotype, PDB patients from this pedigree were negative for the presence of SQSTM1 or TNFRSF11A mutations, previously associated with enhanced disease severity. Genome-wide linkage analysis identified six possible candidate regions on chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 20. Because the chromosome 8 and 10 loci were next to the TNFRSF11B and OPTN genes, we extended the genetic screening to these two genes, but we failed to identify any causative mutation at both the genomic and transcription level, suggesting that a different genetic defect is associated with PDB and potentially giant cell tumor of bone in this pedigree. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Inactivation of anoctamin-6/Tmem16f, a regulator of phosphatidylserine scrambling in osteoblasts, leads to decreased mineral deposition in skeletal tissues
Authors: Ehlen Harald WA , Chinenkova Milana , Moser Markus , Munter Hans-Markus , Krause Yvonne , Gross Stefanie , Brachvogel Bent , Wuelling Manuela , Kornak Uwe , Vortkamp Andrea
Published: August 2012

During vertebrate skeletal development, osteoblasts produce a mineralized bone matrix by deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the extracellular matrix. Anoctamin6/Tmem16F (Ano6) belongs to a conserved family of transmembrane proteins with chloride channel properties. In addition, Ano6 has been linked to phosphatidylserine (PS) scrambling in the plasma membrane. During skeletogenesis, Ano6 mRNA is expressed in differentiating and mature osteoblasts. Deletion of Ano6 in mice results in reduced skeleton size and skeletal deformities. Molecular analysis revealed that chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation are not disturbed. However, mutant mice display increased regions of nonmineralized, Ibsp-expressing osteoblasts in the periosteum during embryonic development and increased areas of uncalcified osteoid postnatally. In primary Ano6−/− osteoblasts, mineralization is delayed, indicating a cell autonomous function of Ano6. Furthermore, we demonstrate that calcium-dependent PS scrambling is impaired in osteoblasts. Our study is the first to our knowledge to reveal the requirement of Ano6 in PS scrambling in osteoblasts, supporting a function of PS exposure in the deposition of hydroxyapatite. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
“THE CASUAL CRUELTY OF OUR PREJUDICES”: ON WALTER LIPPMANN'S THEORY OF STEREOTYPE AND ITS “OBLITERATION” IN PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
Authors: BOTTOM WILLIAM P. , KONG DEJUN TONY
Published: August 2012

Reflecting on his wartime government service, Walter Lippmann (1922) developed a theory of policy formulation and error. Introducing the constructs of stereotype, mental model, blind spots, and the process of manufacturing consent, his theory prescribed interdisciplinary social science as a tool for enhancing policy making in business and government. Lippmann used his influence with the Rockefeller foundations, business leaders, Harvard and the University of Chicago to gain support for this program. Citation analysis of references to “stereotype” and Lippmann reveals the rapid spread of the concept across the social sciences and in public discourse paralleled by obliteration by incorporation of the wider theory in behavioral science. “Stereotype” is increasingly invoked in anthropology, economics, and sociology though Lippmann and his wider theory ceased being cited decades ago. In psychology, citations are increasing but content analysis revealed blind spots and misconceptions about the theory and prescription. Studies of heuristics, biases, and organizational decision substantiate Lippmann's theory of judgment and choice. But his model for social science failed to consider the bounded rationality and blind spots of its practitioners. Policy formulation today is supported by research from narrow disciplinary silos not interdisciplinary science that reflects an awareness of history.
The many benefits of employee well‐being in organizational research
Authors: Wright Thomas A. , Huang Ching‐Chu
Published: August 2012

We undertake three objectives in this Incubator. We begin with a discussion of how well‐being has been considered in organizational research. Second, we provide an overview of the relationship between employee well‐being and such workplace outcomes as job performance, employee retention, and cardiovascular health. Third, we introduce exciting research directions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene vegetation and fire dynamics in the supra‐mediterranean belt of the Nebrodi Mountains (Sicily, Italy)
Authors: Bisculm Martina , Colombaroli Daniele , Vescovi Elisa , van Leeuwen Jacqueline F. N. , Henne Paul D. , Rothen Julian , Procacci Giovanni , Pasta Salvatore , La Mantia Tommaso , Tinner Willy
Published: August 2012

High‐resolution pollen, macrofossil and charcoal data, combined with accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating and multivariate analysis, were used to reconstruct Holocene vegetation and fire dynamics at Urio Quattrocchi, a small lake in the supra‐mediterranean belt in the Nebrodi Mountains of Sicily (Italy). The data suggest that after 10 000 cal a BP increasing moisture availability supported closed forests with deciduous (Quercus cerris, Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus spp.) and evergreen (Quercus ilex) species. Species‐rich closed forest persisted until 6850 cal a BP, when Neolithic activities caused a forest decline and affected plant diversity. Secondary forest with abundant Ilex aquifolium recovered between 6650 and 6000 cal a BP, indicating moist conditions. From 5000 cal a BP, agriculture and pastoralism led to the currently fragmented landscape with sparse deciduous forests (Quercus cerris). The study suggests that evergreen broadleaved species were more important at elevations above 1000 m a.s.l. before ca. 5000 cal a BP than subsequently, which might reflect less human impact or warmer‐than‐today climatic conditions between 10 000 and 5000 cal a BP. Despite land use since Neolithic times, deciduous supra‐mediterranean forests were never completely displaced from the Nebrodi Mountains, because of favourable moist conditions that persisted throughout the Holocene. Reconstructed vegetation dynamics document the absence of any pronounced mid‐ or late‐Holocene ‘aridification’ trend at the site, an issue which is controversially debated in Italy and the Mediterranean region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repeated measurements of in vitro fermentation of fibre‐rich substrates using large intestinal microbiota of sows
Authors: Sappok Maria A , Pellikaan Wilbert F , Verstegen Martin WA , Bosch Guido , Sundrum Albert , Hendriks Wouter H
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Fibrous ingredients for pig diets can be characterized by in vitro fermentation. In vitro fermentation methods often use a one‐time measurement of gas production during the incubation of test substrates with one faecal inoculum. The representativeness of this approach can be questioned as measuring time and number of animals from which inoculum originates may influence fermentation results. An in vitro fermentation trial was conducted incubating three fibrous substrates with three inocula in five replicates (different fermentation runs) to test the influence of run and origin of inocula.

RESULTS: Total gas production and maximal rate of gas production differed (P < 0.05) between fermentation runs, but less than substrates (P < 0.01). The ranking order between substrates remained similar for each run. Fermentation of cellulose led to higher coefficients of variation between inocula compared to the fast fermentable substrates oligofructose and soy pectin. Differences ranged from 2% for total gas production up to 25% for maximal rate of gas production.

CONCLUSION: One fermentation run can provide representative results for substrate ranking. Using multiple inocula mixed from four faecal samples each leads to high coefficients of variation for slow fermentable substrates like cellulose. Future studies should examine the optimal number of animals for inocula preparation to decrease variation. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of a freeze‐dried mixture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) croquette using a GA‐based multiobjective optimisation
Authors: Fuchs Renata HB , Ribeiro Ricardo P , Bona Evandro , Matsushita Makoto
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: The mechanically separated meat (MSM) of Nile tilapia is an example of a by‐product that can be used in the development of new foods. The aim of this study was to optimise the mixture of different flours in the development of a freeze‐dried mixture of fish croquette using Nile tilapia MSM. Flavour, texture and overall acceptance of seven formulations were evaluated by an acceptance test. A genetic algorithm (GA) with desirability functions was combined with a multiobjective optimisation of the response surface models.

RESULTS: The combination of flours was chosen to minimise cost and maximise overall acceptance and fibre content. Overall acceptance showed a statistically significant correlation (P⩽0.05) with flavour (r = 0.67) and texture (r = 0.61). The GA‐based approach indicated that the highest overall acceptance was obtained when using wheat and rye flours in equal parts. This formulation had an overall acceptance of 7.52, a fibre content of 11.50 g kg−1 and a cost of US$ 2.21/kg. After 24 h of freeze‐drying, the water activity of the mixture was 0.11.

CONCLUSION: The GA‐based approach was able to optimise the croquette formulation. The freeze‐drying process contributed to the development of a value‐added product with high quality and long shelf‐life. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Time of methyl jasmonate application influences the development of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple fruit colour
Authors: Shafiq Muhammad , Singh Zora , Khan Ahmad S
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: The effects of time and numbers of pre‐harvest sprays of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on the development of red blush, export‐grade fruit, accumulation of flavonoids in fruit skin and quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple were investigated in 2005 and 2006. In the first experiment during 2005, whole trees were sprayed once with 10 mmol L−1 MJ at weekly intervals from 155 to 183 days after full bloom (DAFB). In second experiment during 2006, different numbers of sprays (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) of 5 mmol L−1 MJ were applied from 151 to 179 DAFB.

RESULTS: A single spray of MJ (10 mmol L−1) at 169 DAFB resulted in the highest increase in the red blush, export‐grade fruit, accumulation of anthocyanins, cyanidin 3‐galactosides, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, flavanols and flavonols in fruit skin as compared to all other treatments without affecting fruit quality. A single spray of 5 mmol L−1 MJ at 186 DAFB was more effective in improving red blush, export‐grade fruit and accumulation of anthocyanins in fruit skin as compared to its multiple applications. The exposed sides of fruit developed better colour than the shaded sides, regardless of time and numbers of MJ sprays. Time of a single spray of MJ is more effective than its multiple applications.

CONCLUSIONS: A single pre‐harvest spray of MJ (10 mmol L−1) at 169 DAFB or MJ (5 mmol L−1) at 186 DAFB was effective in improving the red blush and export grade fruit through accumulation of flavonoids in fruit skin without adversely affecting quality at harvest. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of host‐specific source‐tracking tools for rapid identification of fecal contamination in fresh produce by humans and livestock
Authors: Lee Chang Soo , Lee Jiyoung
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Fecal contamination in fresh produce is a public health concern because it may contain human pathogens. We introduced host‐specific quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for the rapid detection and identification of fecal contamination sources from humans and farm animals (cow, pig, chicken) in fresh produce. Each composite fecal sample was spiked on lettuce at two contamination levels (0.2 mg or 2 mg feces g−1), followed by qPCR assays for detecting each host‐specific genetic marker: BoBac (cow); PF163 (pig); CP3‐49 (chicken); and HF183 and gyrB (human). Two commercial DNA extraction kits were compared to evaluate DNA recovery yields and removal of PCR inhibition. Sketa2 assay was conducted to assess the presence of PCR inhibition in the contaminated lettuce.

RESULTS: All the qPCR assays yielded reliable detection from contaminated lettuce (2 mg feces g−1), where their target gene numbers were 1.5–5.0 × 103 (HF183), 0.8–2.2 × 103 (gyrB), 0.6–1.6 × 103 (BoBac), 1.6–3.0 × 103 (CP3‐49) and 1.1–2.2 × 103 (PF163) copies g−1 of lettuce. Among the two extraction kits, QIAamp DNA Stool Kit resulted in 2–3 times higher sensitivity and 20% less PCR inhibition than the PowerFood™ kit.

CONCLUSION: This study provides information on the optimized host‐specific qPCR assay in identifying sources of fecal contamination in fresh produce and is useful for tracking the contamination source and improving agricultural practice. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry