bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Citrus Cutworm Pesticide Efficacy Trials, 1995
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Three formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis for the control of citrus cutworm were evaluated on 30 yr old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at Exeter Farms, Exeter, California. There were five treatments in the experiment including! an untreated control, ABG 6405, two rates of Dipel ES, and Dipel ES/NT. The insecticides were applied on 21 Apr with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor using 200 gpa (outside coverage). The experiment was divided into 15 plots. Each plot was 3 rows wide and 15 trees in length.; The five treatments were assigned based on pretreatment sampling of larvae and replicated 3 times. Six trees inside the center row of each plot were designated as sample trees. Larval collections were accomplished by placing a canvas beating sheet (112 cm X 75 cm) beneath the outside foliage of the sample trees and vigorously shaking the foliage. Citrus cutworm larvae which fell onto the canvas were counted and recorded by instar, then returned to the foliage. Pretreatment larval counts were made on 13 Apr by sampling the northeast and southwest quadrants of each tree. Post treatment counts were made on 9 May by sampling all four quadrants of each sample tree, again recording each instar. Percentage of fruit scarred by citrus cutworm was evaluated on 10 Aug on each of the sample trees within a 2 meter vertical swath around the tree beginning approximately 20 cm above ground level and extending approximately 40 cm into the tree interior. In 1995, late Apr and early May temperatures in Exeter ranged from relatively cool to warm, with daily maximums between 52°F and 86°F (mean of 72°F). Precipitation occurred on 13 Apr (0.24 inch), 16 Apr (0.28), 17 Apr (0.16), 18 Apr (0.24), 29 Apr (0.16), 1 May (0.71), and 4 May (0.20).
California Citrus Thrips Small Plot Trial, 1995
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1995 in Field 12 (25 yr-old Atwood navel oranges) at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, California for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gpa. Field 12 was divided into 4 blocks of 92-96 trees (23-24 replicates) and 22 treatments were applied with one replicate of each treatment assigned randomly to each block except extra replicates were assigned to the untreated control; each replicate was four contiguous trees. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Oct, 1995 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Flea Beetle Control in Cabbage, Cauliflower and Broccoli, Crookston, MN, 1995
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Cymbaluk Todd
Published: December 2017

Cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli seed was divided and a portion of each sent to Gustafson, Inc, Piano, TX. for seed treatment using Gaucho 480F at two rates. Of the remaining seed some was combined with appropriate amounts of Furadan CR-10 and Counter 5G and a small amount of each was retained untreated. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Plots were a single 50 ft row and seed was planted using a John Deere 33 unit. Although planting was delayed until June 5 in order to increase flea beetle risk, flea beetle pressure however was light. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Evaluation of an Igr Insecticide, Rh-2485, for Control of Dbm and other Caterpillars on Head Cabbage, 1996
Authors: Mau R.F.L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S.
Published: December 2017

The insecticides were evaluated at the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park, from April to June. The field was set up in a RCB design with five treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot consisted of a single row of cabbage planted at 18 in. between plant spacing. Treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer set at 60 psi with an output of 100 gpa. One hollow cone nozzle (TX-26) was used per row The first treatment was applied five days after transplanting into the field on 23 Apr. Subsequently, six weekly applications were made until the week before harvest on the following dates: 30 Apr, 7, 14, 21, 28 May, 4 Jun. The treated check involved application of Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (BTA) or Proclaim, using the University of Hawaii DBM resistance management protocol. The BTA product used was Mattach which was applied at 2.0 qt/acre on 23, 30 Apr, 7, 14 May. Proclaim 0.15EC was applied at 6.0 oz/acre on 21 and 28 May.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Control of Cabbage Looper in Cauliflower
Authors: Palumbo J. C.
Published: December 2017

Cauliflower was direct seeded into on 21 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Each plot consisted of four, 30-ft-long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by two untreated beds. Plots were arranged in a CRB design with 4 replicates. Foliar applications were made on 10 and 14 Oct with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 50 psi, delivering 20 gpa. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.125% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1 st and 2nd instars) and large (>2nd instar) CL on 5 randomly selected plants replicate. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test (P = 0.05) to distinguish treatment mean differences.
Control of Ear-Infesting Insects on Sweet Corn 1996
Authors: Spangler S. M. , Grove T. , Rebarchak P. , Calvin D.
Published: December 2017

One acre of sweet corn was planted on 27 Jun near University Park (Centre Co.), with rows 2.5 ft apart. The design was a RCB with 5 blocks per treatment. Plots (treatments within blocks) were two rows wide by 34 ft long, with three untreated rows between each treated pair of rows. Blocks were separated lengthwise by 10-ft alleyways. Sprays were delivered with a highclearance sprayer with two nozzles/row, set at tassel height, at a 45° downward angle. Sprays were applied at 72 gpa, with nozzle pressure at 64 psi, a tractor speed of 1.8 mph, and using TX-SS 10 nozzles from the Tee Jet company. Infestation of the planks in the “pre-tassel” stage (tassel visible but prior to anthesis) with ECB was 8% and with FAW larvae 44%. Anthesis was first observed on 20 Aug, and the first silks were observed on 22 Aug. The first spray was applied on 18 Aug. Additional sprays were applied on 22, 26, 29 Aug and 3 Sep. At harvest (11 Sep), 20 ears were picked randomly from each plot. For each ear, the numbers of ECB, FAW, and CEW were noted. For each 20-ear sample/plot, the proportions of the sample with insect damage at the tip, side, and shank were calculated.
Evaluation of Aphid Control in Lettuce with Admire Applied Through Drip Irrigation
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded on 29 Nov at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. into double row beds on 42 inch centers and stand establishment achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation. Subsequent irrigations and chemigations were made with sub-surface (6-8”) drip irrigation. Plots consisted of 4 beds, 50 feet long with a two bed buffer between the plots. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. The four Admire 2F chemigation treatments were applied once 54 d after planting (23 Jan) through the drip system during the last hour of the irrigation run. The two Metasystox-R chemigation treatments were applied through the drip three times on 23 Jan, 1 and 8 Feb. The foliar Metasystox-R + Capture treatment was applied at 60 PSI in 20 gpa total volume on 23 Jan, 1 and 8 Feb. Insect data were collected only from the inner two beds of each plot. Aphid densities were estimated bi-weekly by sampling 10 plants per replicate and counting the total number of aphids per plant. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.
Control of Aphids on Mustard, 1996
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Peters M.
Published: December 2017

‘Savanah’ cultivar mustard was direct seeded to plots in Apr at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane OK. Seeds were planted in one row on raised beds on 36 inch centers with ca. 3 inches between plants in rows. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates and 16 treatments. Insecticide applications were made on 15 and 24 May using a tractor mounted sprayer with 2 hollow cone nozzles (TXVS 26) per bed applying 40 gpa solution at 40 psi. Insect populations were surveyed on 28 May by counting insects on 3 plants per plot to determine treatment effects.
Control of Yellowmargined Leaf Beetle on Mustard, 1995
Authors: Story R. , Ameen A. O. , Murray M. J. , Can F. , Ring D.
Published: December 2017

Insecticide treatments at labeled rates were applied on mustard on 11 and 18 May 1995 at the Burden Research Plantation, Baton Rouge, LA. A CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 40 gpa at 30 psi through a spray boom with three nozzles was used. Experimental plots consisted of single rows (30 feet long, 4 feet wide) arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made with beat sheets (3X2) on 10 May and 17 May (pre-treatment counts) and 12 May and 19 May (post-treatment counts). Three samples were taken from each plot and the number of insects present of each species was recorded.
Onion Thrips Control, Trial 2,1996
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Sclar D. Casey , Gerace D. , Tupy A.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted in Ft. Collins, CO, using transplanted onions (cv. Vega) in single rows at 30-in spacing. Plots were 25-ft in length arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on two dates (14 June, 7 Jul) using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 18.4 gal/A at 30 psi in two passes directed along the sides of the planting. An organosilicani spreader (Kinetic, 6 fl oz/A) was added to all treatments. Application dates varied among treatments. Evaluations were made by examining 10 plants per plot and counting all thrips present in the next area of the onions.
Onion Maggot Control, 1996
Authors: Davis, M. G. K , Grafius E. , Ebert S.
Published: December 2017

Onions were seeded at two commercial farms in Michigan: one in Grant (Newago Co.) on 15 May, and mother near Stockbridge (Ingham Co.) on 20 May. Single rows were planted using a vee-belt seeder with a 1 inch wide shoe. At the Stockbridge site plots *ere replicated four times and at Grant, five replications were used. A RCB design was used at both sites. Rate of seeding was 12 seeds/ft, for a total of 120 seeds per 10 ft plot. All treatments were incorporated into film coatings on the seeds except for the Lorsban treatment. All seed coat treatments included the fungicide Progro, except where noted. Starting two weeks after planting, plants in each replicate were counted and inspected weekly for onion naggot injury. Data reported are the average percent of the onion stand remaining in each treatment at harvest, calculated as the average of the number of >nions standing in each plot at harvest divided by the maximum stand achieved in the plot. Onions at the Stockbridge site were harvested on 8 Aug, and it the Grant site on 14 Aug. Percent data were arcsin square root transformed before analysis of variance. Untransformed data are reported in Table 1.
Efficacy of Fipronil for Thrips Control on Onions, 1996
Authors: Kerns D. L. , Tellez T.
Published: December 2017

Onions were planted on 42 inch beds in double rows near Somerton, AZ. The test was a RCB design consisting of four replicates. Each plot was 2 beds wide by 25 ft, bordered on each side by 2 buffer beds. Applications were made using a backpack CO2 with two TX-10 hollow cone nozzles per bed. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 45 psi. Treatments were applied on 19 Apr 2 and 26 Apr. All treatments included Kinetic non-ionic surfactant at 0.1% v/v. Evaluations were made by cutting and bagging 16 green onion tops per plot. These samples were taken to the laboratory where they were rinsed with a soap/water solution and filtered through filter paper. The thrips were then counted on the filter paper under dissecting microscopes. Evaluations were made 3 and 7 days after each application (22 Apr, 26 Apr, 29 Apr and 3 Mar). Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Control of Green Peach Aphid on Potato, 1996
Authors: Longtine Craig A. , Ragsdale David W. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted 21 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experimental Station, Rosemount, MN. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design in plots 4 rows wide by 50 ft long. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 12 inches between plants within rows. Plots were separated by 12 ft of cultivated soil. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted Brittonya boom sprayer delivering 40 gal/acre at 90 psi with 3 nozzles per row. All plots were treated with Novodor (1 qt/acre) on 7 Jul (30% egg hatch) to control Colorado potato beetle larvae. Additionally, all plots were treated with Asana XL 0.66EC (9.6 oz/acre) on 19 Jul and 26 Jul to enhance the aphid population and to control Colorado potato beetle adults and late instar larvae. Admire 2F was applied over the top of the potato seed pieces just before the furrows were covered. Temik was applied to the soil surface on 30 May. Foliar applications were made 30 Jul and 14 Aug. Treatments that included Asana XL 0.66EC received additional applications of Asana on 2, 9, and 19 Aug. Early and late blight were controlled by eight applications of chlorothalonil. Thirty-five midplant leaves were sampled from the center two rows of each plot on each sample date. Plots were vine-killed 30 Aug. One outer row was harvested from each plot on 17 Sept. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of count data using log10(x).
Control of Squash Bug on Summer Squash, 1996
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Peters M.
Published: December 2017

Summer squash, ‘Lemon drop’, was directed seeded in Jul at the Lane AREC Lane, OK. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates and 10 treatments. Plots were 2 rows wide (72 inches) and 40 ft long with 10 ft alleys cut between plots. A single untreated bed was left between replicates. Plots were treated with insecticides using a high clearance self propelled sprayer with a broadcast application of 72 inches from 5 nozzles (flat fan, 80-03) applying 24 gal gpa at 60 psi. Plots were treated on 13 and 20 Aug. Squash bug populations were surveyed on 23 and 26 Aug by counting adults and nymphs on 5 plants per plot.
Comparison of Various Soil Insecticides and Application Methods to Control Soil Insects in Sweet-Potatoes, 1996
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Sweetpotatoes were transplanted on 20 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 3 rows 20 ft long with 3-ft between-row spacing. An untreated guard row separated each plot from its neighbor. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a RCB. Mocap treatments were applied preplanting and incorporated on 7 Jun. The Lorsban and Fipronil treatments were applied immediately before planting and incorporated on 20 Jun. The application method (15 inch band v. broadcast) for each treatment is indicated in the table. A backpack sprayer equipped with a 6 plant fan nozzle boom/3 rows was used to apply the broadcast treatments, and a single flat fan nozzle boom was used to apply the band treatments. In order to control the summer generations of the soil insects after the main treatment had broken down, the plots (except for the check) were sprayed with Sevin XLR at 1.00 lb (AI)/acre alternating weekly with Thiodan 3EC at 0.56 lb (AI)/acre on 22 and 30 Jul and 5 and 15 Aug. The same sprayer was used for the foliar treatments as was used for the broadcast treatments, both of which were applied in 21 gal water/acre at 40 psi.
Control of Southern Armyworm Spodoptera Eridania in Staked Tomato, 1995
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse raised seedlings of “Neptune” tomato were planted 27 Sep 18 inches apart into twelve fertilized and sub-irrigated beds, 32” wide and 240 ft long. Beds were fumigated with a 67/339 mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin at a rate of 220 lb. acre, covered with white-sided polyethylene-mulch, and divided into 10 plots ca 24 ft long and 3 rows wide. A RCB design was used to assign treatments into 4 replications. Kocide 101 and Maneb 80 WP were sprayed weekly with alternating combinations of Maneb 80 WP at 1 lb/acre plus Kocide 101 at 3 lb/acre and Bravo 720 at 1.5 pt/acre for disease control. Six treatment applications were applied weekly with a high-clearance sprayer using a hydraulic pump operating at 200 psi. The sprayer was equipped with 2 drop nozzles per row, each configured with 3 yellow Albuz nozzles on 14 Nov. for a delivery rate of 76 gpa, increasing to 4 nozzles to deliver 103 gpa for the remaining applications Latron CS-7 was tank-mixed at 16 pz/100 gallon spray for all treatments. Foliar damage and larval counts were made weekly from the south side of 18 plants per plot by randomly selecting 3 pairs of plants between the 4 center stakes of each row, moving to the next pair of plants if any in the first six were atypical. Foliar damage was evaluated visually using a Horsfall type rating scale where 1 = no apparent damage, 2 = 0-1% leaf area removed, 3 = 2-5%. 4 = 6-10%, 5 = 11-30%, and 6 = >30% leaf area removed. The numbers of larvae (SAW and an occasional beet armyworm) were recorded by size (small, medium, large) and species per plant. A precount of 160 plants on 13 Nov showed 55% to have an average foliar damage of less than 1% and average number of larvae to be 4 small, 1.4 medium and 0.23 large per plant. Fruit was harvested from 24 plants per plot and marketable fruit was graded on a commercial table with weights and numbers recorded. Unmarketable fruit was counted and weighed. Value of harvest was calculated on a $5, 7, 9, 12 market for small, medium, large and extra-large fruit, respectively.
Insect Control on Staked Tomatoes, 1996
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: December 2017

Six-week-old transplants were set on 17 Jun at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station (Fletcher, NC). Plants were set 18" apart within 20-ft rows which were on 10-ft centers. Single-row plots were arranged in a RCBD with four replications. Materials were applied on 29 Jul, 5, 12, 19 and 26 Aug, and 9 and 16 Sep with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 50-100 gpa (gpa increasing as plants grew) through 7 hollow cone nozzles per row (three nozzles on each side and one overhead). Those treatments which were tar geted specifically at the lepidopterous pest TFW, i.e., Spinosad and Dipel 2X, received Provado 1.6 F (3.75 oz./acre) on 5, 19 Aug and 9 Sep, to minimize damage by PA. Conversely, the CGA-215944 50WP treatment, which was targeted at PA, SB and GHWF, received weekly treatment of Biobit HP (1.0 lb form./acre) for control of TFW. PA populations were monitored on 10, 17, 25, 31 Jul and on 26 Aug by observing 10 leaves (3rd most recently expanded leaf) per plot and recording the number infested with ≥ 1 apterous aphid. PA infestations were rated for severity on 7 and 14 Aug by observing 10 leavei-(3rd most recently expanded leaf) per plot and rating each leaf for apterous PA infestation on 0-3 scale: 0 = no apterous PA, 1 = 1 to 5 apterous PA, 2 = 6 to 15 apterous PA, and 3 = >16 apterous PA. GHWF populations were monitored on 6 Sep by collecting 10 leaflets per plot and counting the numbei of immature GHWF under a stereo microscope. Pink state fruit were harvested on 22, 29 Aug 5, 12, 19, 26 Sep, 3 and 10 Oct. The total number of fruit as well as the number damaged by TFW, SB, and thrips were recorded and % damaged fruit was calculated. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05).
Early Season Insect Control in Alfalfa, 1996
Authors: Berberet R. C. , Zarrabi A. A. , Bisges A. D. , Mulder P. G.
Published: December 2017

Eight chemical insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy in controlling AW larvae and aphids infesting the first crop of a fourth year stand of TCI 630’ alfalfa at the Southcentral Research Station, Chickasha, OK. Pretreatment samples indicated a population of 30 larvae/25 stems and 68.7 aphids/stem. Insecticides were applied on 8 Apr using spraying system TK SS-5 flooding nozzles calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 24 psi when traveling at 3 mph. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design on plots 5 X 10 m in size, replicated 4 times. Sampling was conducted 3, 8, and 13 DAT by pulling samples of 25 stems per plot and placing them in standard Berlese funnels to extract insects for counting. Subsamples of aphids were identified on each date to determine the proportions of species present. Dry matter yields were estimated for 1 st harvest on 16 May by removing forage from 1 X 5 m area in each plot using a flail-type harvester. Subsamples were dried for determination of moisture content and yields were calculated on a dry weight/acre basis.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae, 1995
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Burgess E. E. , Southards C. J.
Published: December 2017

Insecticide treatments were evaluated in a 3-yr stand of alfalfa at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, TN. Plots were 20 ft X 20 ft replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Blocks were separated by 15 ft alleys. Soil type was Minvale silt loam. Eleven insecticide treatments were applied on 29 Mar when 60% of the tips were damaged and alfalfa weevil larvae (AWL) averaged 1.0 larvae/sweep. Chemicals were applied using a tractor mounted CO2-powered 10 ft boom sprayer at the rate of 30 gpa. AWL samples were collected on 3, 9, 17, 24 May using a 15 inch insect net, and consisted of 5 pendulum sweeps from each plot. A 34 in X 20 ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 30 May to determine green weight yields. Moisture content of alfalfa was 70.58%.
Comparison of Cspw Damage on Gaucho Treated Canola
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Gaucho 75 ST at a rate of 12 oz Al/cwt was applied as seed treatment. Canola was seeded with a small plot drill on 30 May at 6 lb/acre, with the Gaucho treatment and an untreated check in a RCBD 4 replicated plot consisting of 6 X 20 ft replicates. At 80% dark seed, the Canola was swathed to dry. Counts of CSPW exit holes per 100 pods were made per replicate. Samples of m2 size per replicate were threshed in a stationary thresher to obtain yield data.
Evaluation of Regent Insecticide for Early Season Insect Control in Corn, 1996
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was designed to test Regent applied at planting and at the whorl stage for the control of WCR and com borer larvae. Plots were planted at 30,600 seed/acre on 9 May in a furrow-irrigated field at the Southwest Research-Extension Center, in Finney County, KS. The field was pre-watered on 9 Apr, but the seed-bed dried out and the field was watered again on 24 May to complete emergence. The soil type was a Richfield silt loam with a pH of 7.5 and an organic matter content of 1.5%. Plots were 2 rows (5 ft) by 50 ft long, arranged in a RCB design, and replicated four times. Plots wre separated by 10 ft alleyways at the end of each plot and with 4 rows of border com between plots. Planting time granular treatments were applied as a 7-inch band over the open seed-furrow (T-band) or into the open seed-furrow (in-furrow) with planter-mounted John Deere granular applicators. The liquid applications at planting were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer mounted on the planter with nozzles directed into each furrow delivering 1.5 gpa. Rootworm damage was evaluated on 4 plants from each plot on 9 Jul using the 6 point Iowa scale. Plant stunting was also visually rated as percent reduction in biomass relative to the best WCR treatment (Counter). The banded treatment on 8-inch com was made 13 Jun with a hand sprayer. Whorl stage applications were made on 11 Jul using a high clearance sprayer with three nozzles directed at each row and calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 2 mph and 40 psi. A total of 6.5 inches of rain was recorded between planting and taking the root ratings and another 1.3 inches of rain was recorded between 9 Jul and 19 Jul when the corn borer ratings were taken. To assure first generation com borer pressure, 5 ECB egg masses were pinned to every 3rd plant in a 15-plant marked section in each plot on 25 Jun. These plants were evaluated for com borer injury on 19 Jul using the Guthry scale and by dissecting plants to determine the number of com borers and the amount of tunneling. Second generation damage was evaluated on 30 Sep by dissecting 15 plants in each plot. Yields were taken by mechanically harvesting each plot and taking row measurements to correct for gaps created by the destructive sampling.
Comparison of Semiochemical Insecticide-Bait Formulations for Management of Western and Northern Corn Rootworm Adults, 1995
Authors: Chandler L. D.
Published: December 2017

Two formulations (manufacturing processes) of semiochemical insecticide-bait (SLAM) were evaluated for suppression of WCR and NCR adults in commercially grown corn. The manufacturing processes, Bepex and Prater, are variations of methods used to produce microsphere insecticide particles. One rate (0.5 lb product/acre) of both formulations was applied to 3 corn fields on 9 Aug. The fields were each divided into 10 equal sized subplots; 5 subplots were treated with Bepex formulated Slam and 5 with Prater. Applications were made with a Piper Pawnee PA-25 aircraft equipped with three D10 nozzles per wing and spraying at 25 psi approximately 10 ft above the canopy at 100 mph. An additional field, located within 1 mile of the treated fields, was divided into 5 equal sized subplots and used as an untreated comparison. Ten randomly selected plants/subplot were visually examined for rootworm adults 24 h before and 24 h, 6 and 13 DAT. Mean number of adults ± SE was calculated and paired t-tests conducted to compare Bepex vs Prater application effectiveness in each field.
Effect of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Field Corn Following an Application of Granular Insecticide at Planting, 1995
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Field corn was ridge-planted to a non-tilled seed bed on 19 May. The soil in these plots was a Cozad silt loam. At the time of planting, soil moisture was adequate for germination and the soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was about 7°C. Granular soil insecticides were applied in a 7-inch T-band at planting to 10 X 40 ft plots with a bicycle wheel type applicator. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Broadstrike + Dual herbicide was applied immediately prior to plant emergence on 2 Jun. Several sulfonylurea herbicides were applied as separate treatments over the whorl of V3 stage field corn plants on 23 Jun. All herbicide applications were made with a CO2-charged sprayer through 8001 flat fan nozzles at 30 psi, in a total volume of 19 gpa. The sprayer was carried on an all terrain vehicle which was driven at 2 mph. With the exception of the Broad-strike + Dual treatments, Valent X-77 was added to each herbicide treatment at a rate of 0.25% v/v. Nitrogen fertilizer (28-0-0) was added to the Accent treatments at a rate of 1 gpa, to the Beacon and Basis treatments at a rate of 0.5 gpa and to the Exceed treatments at a rate of 0.25 gpa. The effect of the herbicides on leaf chlorophyll was evaluated 7 DAT with a hand held chlorophyll meter. This meter records depth of green color in a dimensionless value. The effect of the herbicides on plant height and condition was evaluated 7, 14 and 28 DAT. Plant conditions considered to be related to the herbicide application included reduced height, yellowed leaves and/or twisted whorls. The severity of these conditions was evaluated on a 1 to 10 scale where 1 represented little damage and 10 represented severely damaged and stunted plants. The effect of the herbicides plus insecticide was compared with plots treated with insecticide alone.
Control of European Corn Borer Larvae and Effect on Spider Mites on Reproductive Stage Field Corn, 1995
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Various pesticides were applied to blister stage (R2 stage) field corn on 28 Aug near North Platte, NE. The treatments were applied with a CO2-charged backpack sprayer through 11002VS flat fan nozzles at 20 psi, in a total volume of 21 gpa. Each treatment was applied to 10 X 35 ft plots and replicated four times in a RCB design. One day prior to application, ~90 neonate ECB larvae were released on each of four plants in the center of each plot. The larvae were mixed in corn cob grit which was applied to the axils of three leaves of each plant. Artificially infested plants were collected 50 DAT, split from root to tassel and evaluated for the presence of ECB caused cavities, their total length and live ECB larvae. The size of TSM and BGM colonies were rated on the underside of the three lowest leaves of each 4 randomly selected plants from the middle of each plot 14 DAT. The rating scale was 0-5: 0 = no mites, 1 = individual mites (0-10 mites), 2 = small colonies (11-100 mites), 3 = large, individual colonies (101-300 mites), 4 = large connected colonies but not completely covering the underside of the leaf (301-1000 mites), 5 = colonies completely covering the underside of the leaf (1001-2000 mites).
Apple, Acaricide Airblast Evaluation, 1996
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental acaricide treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of ‘Yorking’. The trees were planted at a spacing of 20 x 20 ft and were 23 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 GPA, driven at 2.4 mph for a complete spray, except for the last 2 BAS-300 treatments which were applied at 50 (2.4 mph) and 200 gpa (1.75 mph). All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP, Topsin 85DF and Ziram 76WP) and nutrients (CaCl). Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50WP) were applied as needed at 1 - to 2-week intervals beginning at petalfall in early May. Effectiveness of the treatments on ERM, TSSM and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The predator, S. punctum was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Mite pressure was high.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1996
Authors: Spangler S. M. , Calvin D. D. , Grove T. , Lehto D. , Rebarchak P. R.
Published: December 2017

The evaluation was carried out on a Hagerstown silt loam soil in central Pennsylvania, near University Park, and planting was done on 22 May in continuous corn. The design was RCB with five replicates of each treatment. Plots were 20 ft long X 2 rows wide, with row spacing at 30 inches. Granular treatments were applied at planting using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000R corn planter. T-band applications were applied in 7-inch bands over the row and into the furrow, and in-furrow applications were directed into the furrow only. Furadan 4F was broadcast on 20 Jun, and cultivation for the Furadan 4F + cultivation treatment was done the same day. The Regent 80 WG treatment was applied at a rate of 2 gal water per acre as a spray directed into the furrow. Rainfall totals for the research site during the trial were: 3.03 inches (May), 4.95 inches (Jun), 5.20 inches (Jul), 5.53 inches (Aug), 12.55 inches (Sep), and 4.97 inches (Oct. Plots were rated with the Towa’ rating method on 30 Jul (5 plants/plot), and by quantifying yield on 15 Nov (total grain weight/plot). Final yields were expressed as grain acre at 15.5% moisture.
Control of European Corn Borer in Whorl Stage Corn, 1996
Authors: Witkowski John , Echtenkamp Jerry
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was RCB with 20 insecticide treatments and an untreated check replicated four times. Single-row plots were 50 ft in length and at 30 inch spacings. Corn was no-till planted into soybean residue on 29 Apr. All granular insecticides were applied in a seven inch band over the whorl with a specially designed cone belt distributors mounted on a Hahn Hi-boy. The distributors were also mounted on the plantar for the in-furrow treatment of Regent 3G applied at planting. Liquid insecticides were applied with a back-pack sprayer directing the spray solution into the whorl and calibrated to deliver 18 gpa at 30 psi, excepting Regent 80WG which was applied in-furrow at planting time. The planting time in-furrow treatment was applied as 1.0 gpa spray solution. On 27 Jun, six black headed ECB egg-masses were placed in each whorl often marked plants per plot row. Whorl treatments were applied 6 days later on 3 Jul, excepting a treatment of regent 80WG which was applied to eight-inch corn on 14 Jun. On 30 Jul, the 10 marked plants in each replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Lepidoptera in Cotton, 1996
Authors: Adamczyk J. J. , Fife J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Three tests were conducted at the Macor Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against SL, BAW, and BW/TBW on cotton. Plots in al! tests consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated four times in all tests. Treatments were ap plied to Tests I, II, and III on 4, 9, and 13 Sep, respectively. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver (11.6 gal (Tests 1 and II) or 6.0 gpa (Test HI) through Teejet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 42 psi. Treatments were evaluated at 3 and 7 DAT (Test III only at 3 DAT using two 25-sweep samples/plot taken with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Rows 1 and 2 were sampled 3 DAT and rows 3 and 4 were sampled 7 DAT. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT. No rainfall occurred during these tests.
Evaluation of Biological Alternatives for Tobacco Budworms on Cotton, 1996
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 3 May in a Faceville loamy sand on 38-inch rows near Laurel Hill in southeastern NC. Recommended practices for fertility and weed management were followed, and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G used at planting for thrips control. Plots were 30 ft X 6 rows, with 10-ft alleys and four replications arranged in a RCBD. The entire test was oversprayed with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Ortheen 75S on 7 Jun to encourage TBW establishment via destruction of beneficial arthropods. The Karate check was applied on 17 Jun, and the Ovasyn treatment was applied on 10, 17 and 24 Jun. All applications were applied with a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single Spraying Systems TX-8 hollow cone nozzle per row. On Jun 17, all squares and terminals were removed from the middle 2 rows in 1 of the treatments and 50% removal of the squares and terminal constituted a second. On 9 Jul, just prior to bloom, the 3 oldest, most mature fruit were removed from all plants in a 3rd fruit removal treatment. On 25 Jun, 25 terminals from each plot were examined for TBW eggs, terminal and square damage from TBW and live larvae. On 30 Jul, the number bolls were counted for 15 ft of the middle 2 rows of each plot per replicate (60 ft total per treatment). Plots were harvested with a 2-row John Deere mechanical harvester on 4 Nov, and lint calculations were based on hand-ginning individual plots. All data were analyzed via ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Pyrethroid Alternatives for Tobacco Budworm Control, 1996
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 3 May in a Faceville loamy sand on 38-inch rows near Laurel Hill in southeastern NC. Recommended practices for fertility and weed management were followed, and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G used at planting for thrips control. Plots were 40 ft X 6 rows, with 10-ft alleys and 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. The entire test was oversprayed with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Orthene 75S on 7 Jun to encourage TBW establishment via destruction of beneficial arthropods. A single application was applied to all plots on 17 Jun. All applications were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single Spraying Systems TX-8 hollow cone nozzle per row. On 25 Jun, 25 terminals from each plot were examined for TBW eggs, terminal and square damage from TBW and live larvae. On 30 Jul, the number bolls were counted for 15 ft for each plot per replicate (60 ft total per treatment). Plots were harvested with a 2-row John Deere mechanical harvester on 4 Nov. All data were analyzed via ANOVA and DMRT.
Impact of Cover Crop and At-Planting Insecticide on Thrips Populations, 1996
Authors: Cook D. R. , Burris E. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Plots were replicated four times in a split plot design and were four rows (40 inch spacing) X45 ft. Stoneville 474 cotton seed of the same seed lot was planted on 7 May on a Sharkey clay soil which was fertilized with 90 lb N/acre. Cotton seed was planted no-till with a John Deere 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10 inch-seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. The seeding rate was 4 seed/row ft. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with 8-inch belt cone applicators mounted to replace the standard granular applicators. In-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2 charged spray system through 25015 nozzles (1/row) mounted in front of the press wheels. The spray tips were turned to spray across the furrow and calibrated to deliver 5 gpa finished spray. Cover crop treatments consisted of winter wheat and native winter vegetation. Control of thrips was assessed by randomly selecting 5 plants per plot on 21 and 28 May and 7 Jun. Plant samples were processed by using whole-plant washing procedures to remove insects. Major pest and/or secondary pest control was initiated in Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug
Apple, Summer Airblast Sprayer Acaricide Test, 1996
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

This test was designed to compare the effectiveness against ERM of the same rate of Pyramite 60% WP (0.3 lbs ai/A) applied with a truck-mounted, airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver different volumes of water: 50, 100, and 200 gpa. Agri-Mek 0.15 EC (0.0125 lb Al/acre) and Carzol 92 SP (0.92 lbs Al/acre) applied in 100 gpa of water were used as standards. These treatments were compared with an untreated check plot. Each plot was ca 0.2 acre and consisted of 3 rows of trees which were 12 ft high and planted 19 by 11 feet apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with one replicate each of ‘Jonamacs’ and ‘Paulared’ block. The test orchard had a moderate to heavy population of overwintering ERM eggs, and no prebloom acaricide sprays were applied. A single spray of each material was applied on 5 Jun, about 7-10 days after petal fall, against a mixed population of ERM adults, eggs and immature stages. Following the treatment, 25 randomly selected leaves from each of 4 trees in the middle row of each plot were sampled at weekly intervals. Mites were removed from the sampled leaves with a Henderson-McBurnie mite-brushing machine and counted. Intermediate-aged fruit cluster leaves were sampled during June and early July, and intermediate-aged terminal leaves were sampled during late July and Aug.
Control of Tarnished Plant Bug with Karate and Fipronil, 1996
Authors: Teague T. G. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: December 2017

Field studies were conducted to evaluate tarnished plant bug control using fipronil and 2 different formulations of Karate. Cotton was planted 9 May on the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR in 8 row (38 inch centers) wide plots 70 ft long with 10 ft alleys and separated by a 6.5 ft buffer planted in mustard. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 2 replications. Insecticides were applied 25 Jul using a 8-row CO2 charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Prior to application, TPB were collected using sweep nets in blooming mustard then placed in 15 ml plastic vials (5 in-sects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 6 inches diam by 18 inches long, were secured to randomly selected individual plants in the center 2 rows by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB nymphs (3 to 5th instart) were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 72 h plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined. Mortality data were analyzed with AOV, and means separated with LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Dimilin, 1996A
Authors: Bernhardt J. L.
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7 inch spacing) by 20 ft. Each plot was bound by levees. Rice was drill-seeded in Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 3 May and emerged on 12 May. Propanil and Bolero at 4 and 2 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, were applied for weed control on 29 May. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 75 lb N/acre as urea on 12 Jun and 30 lb N/acre on 5 and 14 Jul. Permanent flood was established on 12 Jun. All treatments of Dimilin were made with a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer at 18 gpa. Furadan 3G was applied 10 d after permanent flood with a hand-shaker. On 3 and 5 Jul and on 9 and 10 Jul five 4X4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 5 plants/core were removed from plots. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a 40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed. Plots were harvested with a small combine on 13 Sept. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil in A Water-Seeded, Continuous Flood Culture–Eup Study, 1996
Authors: Way M.O. , Wallace R.G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was a non-replicated experimental use permit (EUP) study with 4 treatments. Plot size was 3 acres. On 26 Mar, plots were fertilized by air with 110-40-0 at 113 lb nitrogen/acre. On the same day, plots were treated by air with Ordram 15G at 29.2 lb product/acre. Fertilizer and herbicide were incorporated into dry soil (League clay) with a “do-all”. On 27 Mar, a designated plot was treated with Fipronil 80 WG at 0.0325 lb (AI)/acre. The treatment was applied to dry soil using a large, 2-person spray boom equipped with 11 nozzles (tip size 80015, 50 mesh screens) and pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 10.6 gpa. Following application, the treatment was incorporated with a spike tooth harrow. Plots were permanently flooded then planted by air with sprouted seed on 30 Mar. Untreated and fipronil-treated seed were provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. Sprouted seed was treated with fipronil at the Beaumont Center by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company officials. Seeding rate for all plots was 100 lb dry seed/acre. Due to levee breakage, plots were drained 6 Apr and reflooded by 8 Apr. Rice emerged through the water about 17 Apr (14 d after application of the permanent flood). On 30 Apr (13 d after rice emergence through the water) Furadan 3G was applied by air to a designated plot at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. On 3 Jun, rice was fertilized with urea at 60 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 173 lb/acre. All aerial applications were conducted by M&M Air Service of Beaumont. On each of 7, 15, 23 May; 6 Jun; and 4 Jul; twenty 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Cores were washed and inspected for immature RWW. Plots were not harvested due to mechanical and weather problems. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and data analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Diflubenzuron–Eup Experiment,1996
Authors: Way M.O. , Wallace R.G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was a non-replicated experimental use permit (EUP) study with 4 treatments. Plot size was 4.77 acres. One d before planting, plots were fertilized by air with 55 lb nitrogen and 40 lb phosphorus/acre. Fertilizer was incorporated with a “do-all” On 23 Mar plots were drill planted (7.5 inches between rows) at 90 lb seed/acre. Soil type was Labelle. Seed was treated with Apron-FI, Vitavax 200 Flowable, Zinc Starter, and Release LC. After planting, plots were “rolled” to help cover seed and to create a firm seedbed. Plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24h then drain) 2 Apr. Rice emerged 11 Apr. Rice was flush irrigated as needed until application of the permanent flood on 5 May (24 d after rice emergence). On 24 Apr, Facet 75DF and Stam 4E at 0.5 lb and 2 qt/acre, respectively, were applied by air. Urea at 60 lb nitrogen/acre was applied by air on 3 May. All diflubenzuron treatments and Furadan 3G were applied by air. Final spray volume for the diflubenzuron treatments was 10 gpa. On 30 May urea was applied by air at 55 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen for the season was 170 lb/acre. All aerial applications were made by M&M Air Service of Beaumont. On each of 26 May and 13 Jun (21 d and 39 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), twenty 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. On 7 Aug, plots were harvested with a John Deere 9400 combine. For yield data, 3 swaths (each swath 400 ft X 12 ft) in each plot were cut and total grain weight recorded. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed usingx + 0.5 and analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and LSD.
Evaluation of Microbial Insecticides for Management of Soybean Looper, 1996
Authors: Boyd M. L. , Boethel D. J. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Mascarenhas R. N. , Mascarenhas V. J. , Clemens C. G. , Vidrine P. R. , Moore S. H.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected microbial insecticides for control of soybean looper in Louisiana was evaluated in two small-plot insecticide trials at the Dean Lee Research Station in Rapides Parish, LA. Tests 1 and 2 (‘Buckshot 723’) were both conducted on 15 Aug when soybeans were in the R5 growth stage. Treatments were applied using a hand-held CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gpa at 35 psi through Teejet® 8002 flat fan nozzles. Plots in both tests were 4 rows wide (38 inches row spacing) by 50 ft and were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. At 3 and 7 DAT, one 25-sweep sample was taken from each plot with a 15-inch diam sweep net. Both tests received 0.57, 0.02, and 0.10 inches rainfall on 18, 21, and 22 Aug, respectively.