bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wittrick–Williams algorithm proof of bracketing and convergence theorems for eigenvalues of constrained structures with positive and negative penalty parameters
Authors: Ilanko S. , Williams F. W.
Published: December 2007

The well‐established Wittrick–Williams algorithm is used to derive novel and general proofs that show that the eigenvalues of systems with constraints can be bracketed by replacing the constraints by positive and negative pairs of either ordinary or inertial penalty parameters. It is also shown that convergence occurs from both above and below when the numerical values of these parameters are increased towards infinity. The proofs are applicable in many contexts but are derived in that of structural systems, for which the eigenvalues are either buckling load factors or the squares of natural frequencies of vibration; ordinary penalty parameters are stiffnesses of translational and rotational springs; and inertial penalty parameters are either masses or rotary inertias. The penalty parameters can be used to constrain a system or to impose constraints between systems. It is shown that the use of inertial penalty parameters has several advantages compared with using ordinary ones. Then the pth eigenvalue of a system with n constraints is bounded closely from above by the (p+n)th eigenvalue of the system with very large positive inertial penalty parameters and from below by the pth eigenvalue, when large negative values are used instead. This work is expected to enhance the versatility of numerical eigenproblem methods, e.g. the Rayleigh–Ritz method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An explicit optimal intervention policy for a deterministic epidemic model
Authors: Piunovskiy Alexei B. , Clancy Damian
Published: December 2007

Optimal policies involving the removal of susceptible individuals from the population at risk are derived for a deterministic epidemic model with a non‐standard infection rate function. Denoting by y the number of infective individuals and by x the number of susceptible individuals in the population, we replace the classical Kermack–McKendrick infection rate function βxy (for some constant β) with βxy/(x+y). This modified model has been studied by various previous authors, including derivation of an optimal policy when intervention consists of isolation of infective individuals from the susceptible population. For the less tractable situation when intervention consists of removal of susceptible individuals, we show that the optimal policy is to intervene with maximal effort when y⩾Ax with x, y>0, and not to intervene otherwise, for some constant A∈[0, ∞] whose value depends upon the parameters of the model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ALT‐associated promyelocytic leukaemia body (APB) detection as a reproducible tool to assess alternative lengthening of telomere stability in liposarcomas
Authors: Venturini L , Erdas R , Costa A , Gronchi A , Pilotti S , Zaffaroni N , Daidone MG
Published: December 2007

Most cancers maintain telomeres by activating telomerase, but a significant minority, mainly of mesenchymal origin, utilize an alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. We previously showed the presence of ALT, as detected by ALT‐associated promyelocytic leukaemia bodies (APBs) by combined promyelocytic leukaemia immunofluorescence and telomere fluorescence–in situ hybridization, in approximately 25% of frozen specimens obtained from adult patient liposarcomas and proved that ALT negatively affects patient prognosis. In the present study, we assessed the reproducibility of APB detection on frozen versus formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded specimens from the same liposarcoma specimens and investigated the eventual stability of ALT in 103 different lesions from 40 adult patients followed during their disease. Irrespective of liposarcoma subtype, we (1) confirmed the presence of ALT in 21.4% of tumours; (2) demonstrated the reliability of ALT‐associated promyelocytic leukaemia body detection in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections (with qualitative concordance between matched frozen and formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded samples in 29/30 specimens, and high quantitative agreement, as indicated by a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.85); and (3) suggested the stability of ALT status during disease evolution, since the ALT mechanism was never acquired in the 29 patients with initially ALT‐negative lesions and lost over time in only two of 11 patients with initially ALT‐positive liposarcomas. In conclusion, these results confirm the possibility of investigating the ALT mechanism in archival specimens to obtain biologically relevant information on liposarcoma progression, even when the primary lesion is not available. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in pediatric leukemia
Authors: Inaba Hiroto , Jenkins Jesse J. , McCarville M. Beth , Morrison R. Ray , Howard Scott C. , Pui Ching‐Hon , Ribeiro Raul C.
Published: December 2007

Background

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder characterized by intra‐alveolar accumulation of periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS)‐positive surfactant components. Leukemia is the cancer most often associated with PAP; prolonged neutropenia and reduction of alveolar macrophages by myeloablative chemotherapy or leukemic infiltration are implicated. Only isolated cases of PAP have been reported, and pediatric experience is limited.

Procedure

We reviewed all pathology records (1962–2007) of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital to identify patients with PAP.

Results

Five patients had PAP. As expected, all had leukemia and had profound neutropenia at onset of PAP. A diagnosis was made only after PAS staining of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung biopsy, or autopsy specimens. Two patients had Down syndrome, which is not known to be associated with PAP. The other three patients had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Two patients showed clinical improvement or histological disappearance of PAP after neutropenia resolved.

Conclusions

PAP should be considered in the differential diagnosis of severe respiratory symptoms in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancy, especially those with Down syndrome, a history of HSCT, or active disease. PAP should be confirmed by PAS staining of a BAL or lung biopsy specimen. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:66–70. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Should diabetes services routinely screen for psychological distress?
Authors: Davies M
Published: December 2007

The prevalence of depression, anxiety and eating disorders is higher in people with diabetes than the general population. Such psychological distress significantly increases the risk of developing diabetes‐related complications accompanied by increased health care costs. People with diabetes have clearly stated that increasing psychological support is a priority issue. Many professionals share this view and it is generally accepted that doing nothing is not a good option. However, it would appear lack of time, training and services that are accessible and acceptable to patients has resulted in ambivalence about whether diabetes teams should routinely screen for psychological distress. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Conformation of di‐n‐propylglycine residues (Dpg) in peptides: crystal structures of a type I′β‐turn forming tetrapeptide and an α‐helical tetradecapeptide
Authors: Hegde Raghurama P. , Aravinda Subrayashastry , Rai Rajkishor , Kaul Ramesh , Vijayalakshmi Sarojini , Rao R. Balaji , Shamala Narayanaswamy , Balaram Padmanabhan
Published: December 2007

The crystal structures of two oligopeptides containing di‐n‐propylglycine (Dpg) residues, Boc‐Gly‐Dpg‐Gly‐Leu‐OMe (1) and Boc‐Val‐Ala‐Leu‐Dpg‐Val‐Ala‐Leu‐Val‐Ala‐Leu‐Dpg‐Val‐Ala‐Leu‐OMe (2) are presented. Peptide 1 adopts a type I′β‐turn conformation with Dpg(2)–Gly(3) at the corner positions. The 14‐residue peptide 2 crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit, both of which adopt α‐helical conformations stabilized by 11 successive 5 → 1 hydrogen bonds. In addition, a single 4 → 1 hydrogen bond is also observed at the N‐terminus. All five Dpg residues adopt backbone torsion angles (ϕ, ψ) in the helical region of conformational space. Evaluation of the available structural data on Dpg peptides confirm the correlation between backbone bond angle NCαC′(τ) and the observed backbone ϕ,ψ values. For τ > 106° , helices are observed, while fully extended structures are characterized by τ < 106° . The mean τ values for extended and folded conformations for the Dpg residue are 103.6° ± 1.7° and 109.9° ± 2.6° , respectively. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ferromagnetism in 57Fe‐doped cupric oxide
Authors: Park Young Ran , Kim Kwang Joo , Choi Seung‐li , Lee Jung Han , Lee Hee Jung , Kim Chul Sung , Park Jae Yun
Published: December 2007

Ferromagnetic properties were observed at room temperature for 57Fe‐doped cupric oxide (CuO) film and powder samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements on the Fe0.02Cu0.98O samples revealed that the octahedral Cu2+ sites are mostly substituted by Fe3+ ions. Both ferromagnetic and paramagnetic Fe3+ signals were detected. The Fe0.02Cu0.98O samples were found to be ferromagnetic even above the Néel temperature of CuO. A carrier localized around oxygen vacancy can mediate a ferromagnetic coupling among neighboring Fe3+ ions. Additional Li doping into Fe0.02Cu0.98O resulted in an increase of the ferromagnetic strength. Unpaired s1 electron in interstitial Li atom is likely to mediate a ferromagnetic coupling between neighboring spins. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhancement of exchange bias by ultra‐thin Mn layer insertion at the interface of Mn‐Ir/Co‐Fe bilayers
Authors: Tsunoda M. , Yoshitaki S. , Ashizawa Y. , Kim D. Y. , Mitsumata C. , Takahashi M.
Published: December 2007

Effects of ultra‐thin Mn, Ru, Pd, Ta, Gd, and Tb layer insertion at the interface on the exchange bias of Mn75Ir25/Co70Fe30 bilayers were investigated. Unidirectional anisotropy constant, JK, of the bilayer was significantly enhanced from 0.46 erg/cm2 to 0.84 erg/cm2 with the insertion of 0.5‐nm‐thick Mn layer, while it was reduced with increasing the inserted layer thickness for the other materials. The value of 0.84 erg/cm2 was not obtained in the variation of JK with respect to the chemical composition of Mn‐Ir layer in a range of Ir content of 0 ∼ 40 at.%. The cause of the enhancement of JK with ultra‐thin Mn insertion might be due to the modification of antiferromagnetic spin structure at the interface. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hall effect studies of donors and acceptors in different types of bulk ZnO modified by annealing and hydrogen implantation
Authors: Kassier G. H. , Hayes M. , Auret F. D. , Diale M. , Svensson B. G.
Published: December 2007

Samples of as‐manufactured and annealed zinc oxide (ZnO) grown by melt‐growth, seeded chemical vapour transport (SCVT) growth and hydrogen‐implanted hydrothermal ZnO were investigated via the temperature dependent Hall technique. The conduction in the melt‐grown sample appeared to be dominated by two donors with activation energies of about 70 meV and 44 meV, the former disappearing with annealing above 550 ºC. Only one dominant donor of about 80 meV was found in the SCVT‐grown sample and it showed little change with annealing. Surface conduction effects were observed only in the SCVT‐grown sample. Hydrogen‐implanted hydrothermal ZnO layers were found to have only one dominant donor with activation energy of about 45 meV that was stable up to annealing temperatures of about 300 ºC. The acceptor concentration was found to increase considerably with annealing above 300 ºC. We attempt to interpret these results by considering theoretical predictions for the various native and extrinsic defects expected to occur in our samples. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of deposition conditions on the growth rate and electrical properties of ZnO thin films grown by MOCVD
Authors: Roro K. T. , Botha J. R. , Leitch A. W. R.
Published: December 2007

ZnO thin films have been grown on glass substrates by MOCVD. The effect of deposition conditions such as VI/II molar ratio, DEZn flow rate and total reactor pressure on the growth rate and electrical properties of the films was studied. It is found that the growth rate decreases with an increase in the VI/II molar ratio. This behaviour is ascribed to the competitive adsorption of reactant species on the growth surface. The growth rate increases with an increase in DEZn flow rate, as expected. It is shown that the carrier concentration is independent of the DEZn flow rate. An increase in the total reactor pressure yields a decrease in growth rate. This phenomenon is attributed to the depletion of the gas phase due to parasitic prereactions between zinc and oxygen species at high pressure. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low‐cost growth of AlN using vectored‐flow epitaxy for the purpose of water sterilisation in a rural environment
Authors: Branch Matthew , Robinson Mike , Jones Glyn , Mason Nigel , Dixon Jim
Published: December 2007

The high V/III ratio required for the Metalorganic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) growth of AlN using the precursors trimethylaluminium and ammonia have contributed to the excessive costs of producing ultra violet light emitting diodes (UVLEDs) which can be used in water purification. This paper introduces a novel growth technique, vectored‐flow epitaxy (VFE), which maintains the separation between gaseous reagents within the growth chamber. In addition, the VFE technique, which employs atmospheric pressure growth, also pre cracks the ammonia prior to injection and thereby significantly reduces the high V/III ratio required for the growth of this material. The pre cracked ammonia also removes the need for high growth temperatures, which is known to be necessary for its thermal decomposition. With this technique, 2 μm/h growth is possible at a V/III ratio of 50. These advances will contribute to the development of a cost‐effective solution to the treatment of drinking water in a rural environment. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solar LBIC scanning of high‐efficiency point‐contact silicon solar cells
Authors: Vorster F. J. , van Dyk E. E.
Published: December 2007

The induced current response from a High Efficiency Concentrator (HECO) monocrystaline Si solar cell was mapped as a function of surface position and cell bias by using a solar light beam induced current (S‐LBIC) mapping system while at the same time dynamically biasing the whole cell with an external voltage [1,2] Recombination accounts for a major portion of the reduction in quantum efficiency in these cells [3,4]. This paper examines the spatial distribution of defect mechanisms causing a reduction of collected photocurrent of the backside point‐contact device structure [5] while under spot illumination. By examining the bias dependence of the S‐LBIC maps, the identification of current loss mechanisms of solar cells under concentrated solar irradiance may be improved. The techniques employed to interpret the spatially distributed I‐V curves are discussed and results presented. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly selective growth of vertically aligned double‐walled carbon nanotubes by a controlled heating method and their electric double‐layer capacitor properties
Authors: Iwasaki Takayuki , Maki Tasuku , Yokoyama Daisuke , Kumagai Hironori , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Asari Takuma , Kawarada Hiroshi
Published: December 2007

Vertically aligned double‐walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) with the highest selectivity of 90% were synthesized by a controlled heating method and their electric double‐layer capacitor characteristics were evaluated. DWCNT arrays had a specific capacitance of 83 F/g, which is one of the highest values among CNT arrays in a nonaqueous solution and is almost equivalent to that for single‐walled CNT (SWCNT) arrays reported previously. At the same specific capacitance, DWCNTs with superior structural properties are more promising for practical capacitors than SWCNTs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energy Saving and Environmental Measures in Railway Technologies: Example with Hybrid Electric Railway Vehicles
Authors: Ogasa Masamichi
Published: December 2007

The electric railway system is the highest class of energy efficient transportation means. This is due to two important points: (i) low running resistance (including low energy losses) and (ii) energy regeneration in braking.

Regenerative braking of railway electric vehicles is effective when the other powering ones, in other words electrical load, exist near the regenerating train on the same electrified line. So, early in the morning and at midnight, or in the low‐density district lines, regeneration cancellation phenomenon often occurs and the regenerative brake force cannot be operated in accordance with the recommended value. Newly appeared high‐performance energy storage devices press the issues of energy storage and reuse technologies on ground and on vehicles. Hybrid energy source is one effective solution. In this paper, as an example, we show our trolley and on‐board battery hybrid controlled tramcar, developed to reduce regeneration cancellation. With the trolley line collective power as well as charge and discharge power of the on‐board lithium ion rechargeable battery, the hybrid energy providing and regenerating technology is achieved. The running test results show a maximum regenerative ratio of 44%, which is top class value in an electric railway system. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction of Clean Coal Technology in Japan
Authors: Kiga Takashi
Published: December 2007

Coal is a resource of which deposit is huge in amount, found throughout the world, and inexpensive and constant in price. For this reason, coal is expected to play a role as one of the energy supply sources in the world. The most critical issues to promote utilization of coal are to decrease the environmental load. In this report, the history, outline and recent developments of the clean coal technology in Japan, mainly the thermal power generation technology are discussed. As recent topics, here outlined first is the technology against global warming such as the improvement of steam condition for steam turbines, improvement of power generation efficiency by introducing combined generation, carbon neutral combined combustion of biomass, and carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology. Also introduced are outlines of Japanese superiority in application technology against NOx and SO2 which create acid rain, development status of the technical improvement in the handling method for coal which is a rather difficult solid‐state resource, and utilization of coal ash. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Is Level IIb Lymph Node Dissection Always Necessary in N1b Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients?
Authors: Lee Jandee , Sung Tae‐Yon , Nam Kee‐Hyun , Chung Woung Youn , Soh Euy‐Young , Park Cheong Soo
Published: December 2007

Introduction

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients show a high rate of cervical lymphatic metastasis. However, there are no universal binding guidelines for the extent of lateral cervical lymph node dissection (LND) in such cases. In particular, the need for LND above the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) remains controversial. The present study examined whether level IIb lymph node (LN) dissection is always necessary in PTC patients with lateral cervical LN metastasis.

Materials and Methods

The study prospectively examined 167 PTC patients with lateral cervical LN metastasis who underwent modified radical neck dissection (MRND) in our institution from November 2005 to March 2007. The MRND was bilateral in 24 cases. All patients underwent level II, III, IV, and V LND. Levels IIa and IIb LNs were individually dissected in all cases. All LND was performed using strict leveling criteria by a single operating team. The patterns of lymphatic metastasis and potential risk factors for level IIb LN involvement were evaluated.

Results

The most common site of metastasis was level III (80.6% of cases), followed by level IV (74.9%) and II (55.5%). The metastasis rates in level IIa and IIb were 55.5% and 6.8%, respectively; all level IIb LN metastasis was accompanied by level IIa metastasis (p = 0.001). In addition, level IIb LN metastasis was found to be associated with the aggressiveness of lymphatic metastasis (i.e., the total number of metastatic LNs) (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

A level IIb LND should be performed when there is clinical or radiological evidence of lymphatic metastasis. In the absence of such evidence, the findings suggest that level IIb LND is not necessary in N1b PTC patients when there is no level IIa LN metastasis, or when the metastasis is not aggressive.
The Eftekhar and Kerboul classifications in assessment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in adult patients. Measurement of inter- and intraobserver reliability
Authors: Brunner Alexander , Ulmar Benjamin , Reichel Heiko , Decking Ralf
Published: December 2007

Aim

To measure the inter- and intraobserver reliability of two radiologic classification systems in the evaluation of severity of osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip in adult patients and to compare these systems to historically published data on two more commonly used classification systems described by Crowe and by Hartofikakidis.

Material and methods

Eighty-six dysplastic hips on 66 anteroposterior standard pelvic x-rays were rated according to the criteria of Eftekhar and Kerboul by three observers with different levels of clinical training. To assess intraobserver reliability, the measurement was repeated 3 months later. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating the weighted kappa correlation coefficient and the overall kappa coefficient.

Results

Both classification systems showed a sufficient interobsever reliability, reaching a kappa coefficient of 0.73 for the system according to Eftekhar and 0.716 for the Kerboul classification system. Intraobserver reliability revealed a kappa coefficient of 0.778 for the Eftekhar system and 0.697 for the classification according to Kerboul.

Conclusion

Both systems showed good inter- and intraobserver reliability for use in daily practice. However, they did not reach the known reliability of the grading systems published by Crowe and by Hartofikakidis. Because these systems are more frequently used, we would recommend one of them to grade the severity of osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip in adult patients instead of the ones described by Eftekhar or by Kerboul.
Effects of low- and high-volume resistance exercise on postprandial lipaemia Comments by Burns and Stensel
Authors: Burns Stephen F. , Stensel David J.
Published: December 2007

Zafeiridis et al.1 recently described the effects of resistance exercise on postprandial TAG concentrations. Zafeiridis and colleagues observed a reduction in 6 h total and incremental TAG area under the curve concentrations after resistance exercise protocols expending approximately 0·76 and 1·40 MJ.
LEARNING FROM THE POSITIVE TO REDUCE RURAL POVERTY AND INCREASE SOCIAL JUSTICE: INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: BIGGS STEPHEN
Published: December 2007

This paper argues that opportunities for reducing poverty, improving social justice, and influencing policy and institutional changes are being missed as a result of not learning enough from situations where positive changes in development indicators have already taken place. After a review of research on monitoring and evaluation (M&E), positive deviance and studies of ‘success' stories, three case studies of positive change are presented. These are the spread of bamboo tubewell irrigation in Bihar, changes in agricultural research and extension policy in Nepal, and the spread of groups and group-based organizations/federations in Nepal. General lessons include: (1) effective institutional innovation is always new and social arena specific, (2) many opportunistic social entrepreneurs are always present in arenas of positive social change, and (3) there is always purposive selection of what to observe, what to measure and what to publicize. Practical implications include: (1) strengthening social science research on understanding change in agricultural and natural resources systems, (2) selecting people for research and development intervention situations based not only on technical competence but also a track record of interest in social justice development principles, and (3) strengthening a broader concepts reflection and learning within current research and development interventions chan is currently practiced. While learning from the positive is a simple idea, it is always challenging to implement as it inevitably questions the histories, past explanations and perceptions of some scientists and development planners, especially those who promote a mainstream, formulaic approach to the design and promotion of best policies and best practices, and a simplistic, non-political/cultural approach to the transfer and scaling out and up of technology and institutional models.
RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH AND GENDER ANALYSIS
Authors: LILJA NINA , DIXON JOHN
Published: December 2007

Since the Green Revolution, the public-sector's agricultural research strategy for increasing food crop productivity has been explicitly based on the premise that technology can cross political and agro-climatic boundaries, primarily through the ‘training and visit’ system of extension (also known as ‘transfer of technology’ and the ‘pipeline’ model). Today, a different strategy is emerging. Efforts to develop the necessary institutional capacity for more client-oriented participatory research, particularly in plant breeding, are now a central part of the public-sector agricultural research strategy. Greater use of participatory and gender-analysis approaches in agricultural research has significant conceptual and methodological implications for impact assessment and institutional learning.
Genetics and the control of evolution
Authors: Brace C. Loring
Published: December 2007

This book presents a survey of the molecular basis for the genetic control of living organisms and their evolution. The authors consider four dimensions of control over what shapes life forms: genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic/cultural. They pay particular attention to the epigenetic realm, and they defend a view recognizing the genetic incorporation of acquired characteristics – a neo-Lamarckian tack.
Designed calibration: Naturally selected flexibility, not non-genetic inheritance
Authors: Dickins Thomas E. , Dickins Benjamin J. A.
Published: December 2007

Jablonka & Lamb (J&L) have presented a number of different possible mechanisms for finessing design. The extra-genetic nature of these mechanisms has led them to challenge orthodox neo-Darwinian views. However, these mechanisms are for calibration and have been designed by natural selection. As such, they add detail to our knowledge, but neo-Darwinism is sufficiently resourced to account for them.
Computational cognitive epigenetics
Authors: Sloman Aaron , Chappell Jackie
Published: December 2007

Jablonka & Lamb (J&L) refer only implicitly to aspects of cognitive competence that preceded both evolution of human language and language learning in children. These aspects are important for evolution and development but need to be understood using the design-stance, which the book adopts only for molecular and genetic processes, not for behavioural and symbolic processes. Design-based analyses reveal more routes from genome to behaviour than J&L seem to have considered. This both points to gaps in our understanding of evolution and epigenetic processes and may lead to possible ways of filling the gaps.
Is symbolic inheritance similar to genetic inheritance?
Authors: Steels Luc
Published: December 2007

Jablonka & Lamb's (J&L's) book is refreshing in that it debunks the exclusively gene-centered approach used these days to explain almost anything about life and human behavior. The book is very accessible and most convincing when the authors discuss biological theories of genetic and epigenetic inheritance, but it does not shy away from the more slippery terrain of behavioral and symbolic inheritance, and specifically the origins of language. But is the analogy appropriate?
The missing chapter: The interaction between behavioral and symbolic inheritance
Authors: Warlaumont Anne S. , Dale Rick
Published: December 2007

A strength of Jablonka & Lamb's (J&L's) book lies in its accessible as well as thorough treatment of genetic and epigenetic inheritance. The authors also provide a stimulating framework integrating evolutionary research across disciplines. A weakness is its unsystematic treatment of the interaction between behavioral and symbolic inheritance, particularly in their discussion of language.
Vocal innovation
Authors: Locke John L.
Published: December 2007

An important form of innovation involves use of the voice in a new way, usually to solve some environmental problem. Vocal innovation occurs in humans and other animals, including chimpanzees. The framework outlined in the target article, appropriately modified, may permit new perspectives on the use of others as tools, especially by infants, and the evolution of speech and language.
On the concept of animal innovation and the challenge of studying innovation in the wild
Authors: Ramsey Grant , Bastian Meredith L. , van Schaik Carel
Published: December 2007

The commentaries have both drawn out the implications of, and challenged, our definition and operationalization of innovation. In this response, we reply to these concerns, discuss the differences between our operationalization and the preexisting operationalization if innovation, and make suggestions for the advancement of the challenging and exciting field of animal innovation.
Search for stable propagation of intense femtosecond laser pulses in gas
Authors: Giulietti A. , Galimberti M. , Gamucci A. , Giulietti D. , Gizzi L.A. , Koester P. , Labate L. , Tomassini P. , Ceccotti T. , D'Oliveira P. , Auguste T. , Monot P. , Martin P.
Published: December 2007

We report and discuss experimental results on the propagation of CPA pulses of moderately relativistic intensity in gas: they evidence the effects of the precursor pedestals of the main pulse. Details of great interest were observed for the first time with high quality femtosecond 90-degree interferometry. The interferometric data are also correlated with imaging and spectroscopy data of laser pulse transmitted through the gas. The most relevant physical features are confirmed by a numerical code which simulates the laser pulse propagation self-consistently with the ionization of the gas. We found that in this regime, the propagation of the intense femtosecond pulse is basically stable apart from very weak refractive effects. In order to allow propagation at fixed intensity along an optical path larger than the Rayleigh range, we performed a first successful attempt at producing hollow plasma channels able to guide the pulse.
Effects of viscosity in modeling laser fusion implosions
Authors: Manheimer W. , Colombant D.
Published: December 2007

This paper examines the necessity of including ion viscosity in modeling laser fusion implosions. Using the Naval Research Laboratory one-half Mega Joule laser fusion target as an example, it is shown that for virtually the entire implosion up to maximum compression, and the entire rebound after the implosion, ion viscosity is unimportant. However for about half a nanosecond before peak implosion, ion viscosity can have a significant, but by no means dominant effect on both the one-dimensional flow and on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability.
Multi-phase equation of state for aluminum
Authors: Lomonosov I.V.
Published: December 2007

Results of theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of the equation of state (EOS) at extreme conditions are discussed and applied to aluminum. It is pointed out that the available high pressure and temperature information covers a broad range of the phase diagram, but only irregularly and, as a rule, is not thermodynamically complete; its generalization can be done only in the form of a thermodynamically complete EOS. A multi-phase EOS model is presented, accounting for solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states, as well as two-phase regions of melting and evaporation. The thermodynamic properties of aluminum and its phase diagram are calculated with the use of this model. Theoretical calculations of thermodynamic properties of the solid, liquid, and plasma phases, and of the critical point, are compared with results of static and dynamic experiments. The analysis deals with thermodynamic properties of solid aluminum at T = 0 and 298 K from different band-structure theories, static compression experiments in diamond anvil cells, and the information obtained in isentropic-compression and shock-wave experiments. Thermodynamic data in the liquid state, resulting from traditional thermophysical measurements, “exploding wire” experiments, and evaluations of the critical point are presented. Numerous shock-wave experiments for aluminum have been done to measure shock adiabats of crystal and porous samples, release isentropes, and sound speed in shocked metal. These data are analyzed in a self-consistent manner together with all other available data at high pressure.

The model's results are shown for the principal shock adiabat, the high-pressure melting and evaporation regions and the critical point of aluminum. New experimental and theoretical data helped to improve the description of the high-pressure, high-temperature aluminum liquid. The present EOS describes with high accuracy and reliability the complete set of available information.
Integrating Wealth and Power in China: The Communist Party's Embrace of the Private Sector
Authors: Dickson Bruce J.
Published: December 2007

Is privatization in China leading to political change? This article presents original survey data from 1999 and 2005 to evaluate the Communist Party's strategy towards the private sector. The CCP is increasingly integrating itself with the private sector, both by co-opting entrepreneurs into the Party and encouraging current Party members to go into business. It has opened the political system to private entrepreneurs, but still screens which ones are allowed to play political roles. Because of their close personal and professional ties, and because of their shared interests in promoting economic growth, China's capitalists and communist officials share similar viewpoints on a range of political, economic and social issues. Rather than promote democratic governance, China's capitalists have a stake in preserving the political system that has allowed them to prosper, and they are among the Party's most important bases of support.
Rural Households, Dragon Heads and Associations: A Case Study of Sweet Potato Processing in Sichuan Province
Authors: Lingohr Susanne
Published: December 2007

In recent years Chinese government policies and research programmes have advocated agricultural industrialization in order to raise demand for farm products, facilitate structural adjustment in agriculture, create rural employment and increase farm incomes. But although agro-industrial activities have become a key feature of China's rural development strategy, the agricultural industrialization policy has been little studied outside China. This article is a case study of the implementation of agricultural industrialization and its impact on rural livelihoods in Sichuan province. It identifies and analyses two major forms of agricultural industrialization: “dragon head enterprises” and “rural associations.” Although agro-industrial development is likely to be a critical determinant of China's future social and economic trajectory, the preliminary analysis given here shows a mixed picture. Positive effects include increases in both income and employment. But there is also a negative dimension, shown by the existence of numerous entry barriers, unequal bargaining power and an uneven distribution of benefits.
Was Japanese Colonialism Good for the Welfare of Taiwanese? Stature and the Standard of Living
Authors: Morgan Stephen L. , Liu Shiyung
Published: December 2007

Japanese rule transformed Taiwan from 1895 to 1945, laying the foundations for the post-1950 “economic miracle,” but there is little consensus about the impact on the welfare of Taiwan's ethnic Chinese. A difficulty with past studies is the adequacy of economic indicators to measure the standard of living. Instead of conventional economic data, we use average adult height, an indicator of nutritional status. The rise in the average height of the Chinese indicates welfare improved under colonialism, but the static average height from 1930 highlights the negative effect of the shift in economic policy during the late colonial period.
Editors' Introduction: John Dugard and the Protection of the Individual in International Law
Authors: SKOUTERIS THOMAS , VERMEER-KÜNZLI ANNEMARIEKE
Published: December 2007

This special issue of the Leiden Journal of International Law is presented as a tribute to John Dugard, a grand international lawyer of our time. It is a collection of essays written by former students, colleagues, and friends, who have had the privilege of working with him over the years.
Diallo and the Draft Articles: The Application of the Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection in the Ahmadou Sadio Diallo Case
Authors: VERMEER-KÜNZLI ANNEMARIEKE
Published: December 2007

In the Diallo case, the ICJ was required to answer the question of whether the Republic of Guinea could exercise diplomatic protection not only on behalf of its national, Diallo, but also on behalf of two corporations which were incorporated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo but which were owned by a national of the Republic of Guinea. While the Court decided, in line with Barcelona Traction, that the exercise of diplomatic protection for violation of direct rights of shareholders was admissible, it did not accept the claim on behalf of the companies ‘by substitution’. In its reasoning it took a rather restrictive view of the existing exceptions to the rule that protection can only be exercised on behalf of nationals.
Medication review for the older person
Authors: Banning Maggi
Published: December 2007

People of 65 years and older accounted for 21% of the population of England and Wales in 2001, and their proportion is increasing. It is forecast that the number of people over the age 75 years will double within the next 50 years, and that of those over the age of 90 will increase fivefold. The older patient with declining health poses significant challenges for health care professionals, in particular those of managing chronic morbidity and the effects of aging. Many older people require pharmacological treatment for multiple, co-existing pathologies. Those of 65 years and over receive 56% of all prescriptions in England, of which 78% are repeat prescriptions, and people in residential care, on average, receive five different medicines concurrently. The impact of repeat prescriptions means that, due to inadequate monitoring, many older people continue to administer medicines they no longer require, and thereby risk receiving an inappropriate drug, dose or duration of treatment. In addition to this, there is the propensity for older people to mismanage medicines, increasing their risk of unplanned drug-related admission to hospital and drug-related morbidity.
The Role of Threatening Misinterpretations and Avoidance in Emotional Problems After Loss
Authors: Boelen Paul A. , van den Hout Marcel A.
Published: December 2007

There is uncertainty about the role of avoidance behaviours in recovery from loss. Some authors have noted that avoidance exacerbates grief, whereas others have claimed that avoidance, at some times during the grieving process, can foster recovery. In the current study, it was hypothesized that avoidance behaviours are particularly detrimental when mourners have threatening misinterpretations about the consequences of confronting the loss, but less detrimental when mourners do not have such misinterpretations. To test this hypothesis, 400 mourners completed questionnaires tapping threatening misinterpretations, avoidance, and complicated grief (CG) and depression. In support of the prediction, situational avoidance, ruminative avoidance, and efforts to maintain ties with the deceased were only linked with depression in those who strongly endorsed misinterpretations. In addition, misinterpretations magnified the associations of ruminative avoidance and efforts to continue ties, with CG. Findings suggest that avoidance interacts with threatening misinterpretations in affecting particular emotional problems after loss.
Electrical resistivity changes not observed with the 28 September 2004 M6.0 Parkfield earthquake on the San Andreas fault, California
Authors: Park Stephen K. , Larsen Jimmy C. , Lee Tien‐Chang
Published: December 2007

An 18 a long experiment to capture changes in electrical resistivity prior to, during, and after a M6 earthquake on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, culminated with an event of that magnitude on 28 September 2004. Resistivity was monitored with a telluric array, giving precisions in measured parameters of 0.2% or less. No coseismic resistivity changes greater than 5% could have occurred or they would have been detected by the array, and any precursory changes would have been much smaller because maximum possible precursory strains were 4000 times smaller than the coseismic strain. Given that the earthquake ruptured directly beneath the telluric array, this experiment places a bound on the amount resistivity might change at the hypocentral location; changes measured with instruments farther from earthquakes can only be smaller. It is still possible that a measurable change with a larger earthquake or other fault geometries are capable of generating larger signals, but our results show clearly that future experiments should be designed with precisions of much better than 0.1% if they are to be successful.
Rising minimum daily flows in northern Eurasian rivers: A growing influence of groundwater in the high‐latitude hydrologic cycle
Authors: Smith Laurence C. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , MacDonald Glen M. , Shiklomanov Alexander I. , Lammers Richard B.
Published: December 2007

A first analysis of new daily discharge data for 111 northern rivers from 1936–1999 and 1958–1989 finds an overall pattern of increasing minimum daily flows (or “low flows”) throughout Russia. These increases are generally more abundant than are increases in mean flow and appear to drive much of the overall rise in mean flow observed here and in previous studies. Minimum flow decreases have also occurred but are less abundant. The minimum flow increases are found in summer as well as winter and in nonpermafrost as well as permafrost terrain. No robust spatial contrasts are found between the European Russia, Ob', Yenisey, and Lena/eastern Siberia sectors. A subset of 12 unusually long discharge records from 1935–2002, concentrated in south central Russia, suggests that recent minimum flow increases since ∼1985 are largely unprecedented in the instrumental record, at least for this small group of stations. If minimum flows are presumed sensitive to groundwater and unsaturated zone inputs to river discharge, then the data suggest a broad‐scale mobilization of such water sources in the late 20th century. We speculate that reduced intensity of seasonal ground freezing, together with precipitation increases, might drive much of the well documented but poorly understood increases in river discharge to the Arctic Ocean.
Automated composite depth scale construction and estimates of sediment core extension
Authors: Lisiecki Lorraine E. , Herbert Timothy D.
Published: December 2007

A composite section, which reconstructs a continuous stratigraphic record from cores of multiple nearby holes, and its associated composite depth scale are important tools for analyzing sediment recovered from a drilling site. However, the standard technique for creating composite depth scales on drilling cruises does not correct for depth distortion within each core. Additionally, the splicing technique used to create composite sections often results in a 10–15% offset between composite depths and measured drill depths. We present a new automated compositing technique that better aligns stratigraphy across holes, corrects depth offsets, and could be performed aboard ship. By analyzing 618 cores from seven Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites, we estimate that ∼80% of the depth offset in traditional composite depth scales results from core extension during drilling and extraction. Average rates of extension are 12.4 ± 1.5% for calcareous and siliceous cores from ODP Leg 138 and 8.1 ± 1.1% for calcareous and clay‐rich cores from ODP Leg 154. Also, average extension decreases as a function of depth in the sediment column, suggesting that elastic rebound is not the dominant extension mechanism.
ADCP observations of edge waves off Oahu in the wake of the November 2006 Kuril Islands tsunami
Authors: Bricker Jeremy D. , Munger Sophie , Pequignet Christine , Wells Judith R. , Pawlak Geno , Cheung Kwok Fai
Published: December 2007

During the 2006 Kuril Islands tsunami, edge waves propagating along Oahu's south shore were observed via depth‐averaged ADCP velocity and pressure data acquired in real‐time by a coastal observatory at 12 m depth and 400 m offshore. Time‐varying rotary‐component velocity spectra obtained via wavelet analysis agree with the phase lag observed between pressure and each Cartesian velocity component, in indicating the directions of rotation and travel of progressive edge waves. Furthermore, the theoretical ratios between power in the free surface elevation and in each velocity component of edge waves, agree with those observed, and a nonlinear shallow‐water model shows edge waves of various modes propagating along the shore near our observation location. Importantly, the maximum surge in sea level occurred at a time when edge waves of all constituent frequencies were superposed.
Multiyear validation of the NRL‐G2S wind fields using infrasound from Yasur
Authors: Antier K. , Le Pichon A. , Vergniolle S. , Zielinski C. , Lardy M.
Published: December 2007

The Yasur volcano in the Vanuatu archipelago is an outstanding source of infrasonic waves due to its regular activity. This volcano is permanently monitored by the IS22 infrasound station located in New Caledonia, about 400 km from it, and by one microbarometer installed close to its crater. A multiyear monitoring of Yasur is proposed to validate consistently the Naval Research Laboratory Ground to Space (NRL‐G2S) semiempirical atmospheric model up to the stratosphere. The results of propagation modeling accurately explain seasonal changes as well as small short‐timescale variations of the infrasonic observables. The azimuthal deviation is predicted with an uncertainty in general lower than 0.5°. The fluctuations of the trace velocity and the celerity are simulated with errors as large as 5 m/s. This study demonstrates that the use of appropriate propagation tools along with the NRL‐G2S specifications provides accurate enough results for most of the long‐range observations for the purpose of operational infrasound monitoring.