bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuity of attachment in children with disruptive behavior disorders and in their parents: A pilot study
Authors: Bizzi F. , Castellano R. , Cavanna D.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The quality of adult–infant attachment plays an essential role in influencing the children's well-being (Groh et al., 2012). Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD) has been found as particularly influenced by the presence of unavailability in the parental caregiving. It is widely attested that parents’ attachment states of mind predict the attachment patterns of their children. Nonetheless, the investigation of the attachment organization during the middle childhood shows inconsistent data. Moreover, a paucity of studies focused on the role of father's attachment in this period still remains.

Objectives

This pilot study investigates the attachment patterns of children with DBD and those of their parents.

Aims

The aims are to verify the presence of: (1) an over-representation of Disorganized attachment in these children; (2) an over-representation of Irresolution with respect to abuse or loss in one or both their parents.

Methods

The sample consists of 33 subjects: n = 11 children with DBD and n = 22 parents. The children completed the Child Attachment Interview (Shmueli-Goetz et al., 2000) and the parents completed the Adult Attachment Interview (George et al., 1985).

Results

Findings showed: (1) a significant presence of Disorganized attachment with respect to both parents in the children; (2) an over-representation of Insecure states of mind in their parents; (3) a more significant presence of Disorganization in the fathers than in the mothers.

Conclusion

This focus on the topic of intergenerational transmission of attachment in a specific clinical sample enriches the research, underlining the more pronounced role of fathers’ attachment configuration.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The evolution of cognitive functioning in adolescents with early onset psychosis
Authors: Bohus A.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Cognitive deficits (executive functions, verbal and spatial learning and memory, visual processing and attention) are a fundamental trait of schizophrenia.

Objective

The main objective of this study is to compare the cognitive functioning in psychotic adolescents at the psychosis onset and after one year, using psychological tests.

Methods

This is a longitudinal study, during a period of two years and a half. Twenty-eight patients with first psychotic episode agreed to participate to this study and were assessed during their hospitalization in a university clinic for child and adolescent psychiatry in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The diagnosis was based on DSM-IV criteria. All the patients were initially assessed for intelligence level using Raven Test and those with mental retardation were excluded. After one year, sixteen adolescents from the initial group were reassessed. The cognitive functioning was assessed with Trail Making A and B, verbal fluency tasks, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. The results from patients group were compared with those from healthy controls.

Results

The results show weaker global cognitive performance from adolescents with early onset psychosis, initially and at one-year evaluation, than the healthy adolescents from the control group.

Conclusions

This results are consistent with those of previous studies. The adolescents with early onset psychosis show multiple cognitive impairments initially and one year after the psychosis onset.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The synthetic cannabinoids: JWH, four years of analysis
Authors: Galindo L. , Grifell M. , Quintana P. , Palma A. , Tirado J. , Ventura M. , Fornis I. , Torrens M. , Farré M.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Since 2004, herbal mixtures for smoking use have been sold under the generic brand “Spice”. Many of them contain synthetic cannabinoids (agonists of the cannabinoid receptors). JWH-018 was one of the first spice drugs. There is no scientific evidence of their effects on humans, except cases of intoxications and users opinions.

Objective

The present study describes the presence of the synthetic cannabinoids JWH's and their characteristics in the samples delivered for analysis to the harm reduction NGO Energy Control from 2010 to 2014 in Spain.

Methods

From 15,814 samples analyzed from 2010 to 2014, those containing synthetic cannabinoids JWH's were studied (n = 47). Analysis was done by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Results

From these 47 samples containing JWH, 55% were delivered as “legal highs” (n = 21) and 44% as JWH. Most common presentations were powder 47% and herbals 32%. Samples containing JWH 45%(n = 21) were mixed with more than one kind of JWH or were adulterated and other active principles were found 28% (n = 13) JWH-018, 11% (n = 5) JWH-210, 8% (n = 4) JWH-081 and the 6% WH-250 (n = 3). Origin of the sample was Catalunya 23% (n = 11), other provinces of Spain 46% (n = 22); other EU countries 23% (n = 11) and internet-unknown country 8% (n = 8). From the (n = 47) samples, were delivered (n = 16) in 2012, (n = 12) in 2013, (n = 11) in 2011, (n = 3) in 2010 and (n = 3) in 2014.

Conclusion

JWH'S represent a low percentage of new psychoactive substances analyzed. Its presence in the market seems decreasing.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Cotard syndrome in a young man?
Authors: Cercos López A. , Cancino Botello M.C. , Chavarria Romero V. , Sugranyes Ernest G.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Anti-NMDA encephalitis normally appears as a characteristic syndrome with typical symptoms that undergoes with multiphase evolution. However, it sometimes develops atypical symptoms so we must perform a careful differential diagnosis.

Objectives

To conduct a current review of detection and management of anti-NMDAr encephalitis, and psychiatric manifestations.

Method

Systematic review of the literature in English (PubMed), with the following keywords: “Autoimmune encephalitis”, “psychosis”, and “NMDA receptor”.

Results

We present the case of a 15-year-old boy referred to evaluation for a first psychotic episode. He had no past history of psychiatric illness or substance abuse. The only relevant antecedent is multiple sclerosis in a first degree relative. For the last months, he presented high levels of anxiety symptoms apparently related to college stressful events and fluctuating hypoesthesia of left cranial side. Days later, it appeared autolimited gastrointestinal symptoms, headache and fever. During the next days it appeared psychomotor retardation, choreic movements, suicide ideation and mood-congruent paranoid and nihilistic ideation, auditory and visual hallucinations, perplexity and catatonic symptoms so he was hospitalized. We observed cognitive functions impairment, unsteady gait, dysartria, dysphasia, clonus and left babinsky sign. EEG showed slow waves on right frontal area. CFS showed protein elevation and immunologic study revealed positive anti-NMDA antibodies. Treatment with methylprednisolone and gammaglobuline was started with partial response, needing addition of rituximab.

Conclusions

In this case, we highlight the importance of early detection and a detailed differential diagnosis, to determine whether the etiology of psychiatric symptoms in order to achieve an accurate and early treatment.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Importance of developmental gesture of handwriting in children to better understand writing disabilities: Preliminary study
Authors: Lopez C. , Vaivre-douret L.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

There is currently a resurgence of handwriting difficulties in school-age children. Researches in literature focus on kinematics temporal and spatial measures of letters in the writing process and on clinical performances such as the handwriting scale (BHK). This assessment doesn’t consider the organization and the maturation of the handwriting gesture.

Objectives

We aim to study the developmental organization of the handwriting gesture to provide developmental standards of reference in order to complete performances measures allowing a better understanding of handwriting disabilities.

Methods

Healthy children of elementary school aged between 6 and 11 years old are eligible for inclusion. All children are assessed with neuropsychological and neuropsychomotor evaluations and with handwriting assessment (BHK). Two groups are established, the one with handwriting difficulties and the other one (control group) without writing disorder or learning disabilities. The children were matched for age, gender and school level. All children are filmed with a camera suspended over to observe with specific handwriting tasks, the upper limb gesture about segmental organization of fingers, hand, forearm, arm, shoulder and postural organization.

Results

Preliminary findings show significant differences of the segmental organization of the writing gesture between the two groups. We will discuss the identified causes of the handwriting disorders with the analysis of neuropsychomotor and neurological assessments data in correlation with gesture segmental organization.

Conclusion

Developmental organization of the writing gesture is a possible underlying mechanism of handwriting disabilities. Practically, it appears important to improve news tools of evaluations with gestural writing consideration and to implement it in intervention process.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The moderating effect of irrationality on the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in teenagers
Authors: Costea C.
Published: May 2016

The main objective of this study was the investigation of the moderation effect of irrationality on the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in youths, this last association having been demonstrated before in scientific research. The data was collected from 40 patients of a pediatric psychiatry clinic, during the last 18 months.

We used the following instruments for measuring the main variables of the study: The Youth Self-Report (YSR, Achenbach, 1991) for the conduct problems, The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU, Frick, 2004) and The Child and Adolescent Scale of Irrationality (CASI, Bernard and Cronan, 1999).

The acquired data was analyzed with the SPSS 20 statistical software. First, we performed the descriptive statistics and then we conducted the hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The research design is predictive, moderation type.

The results showed a significant positive association between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems, a significant positive association between irrationality and conduct problems, no significant statistical association between callous-unemotional traits and irrational beliefs and no significant moderating effect of irrational cognitions on the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems. Nonetheless, callous-unemotional traits and irrationality explain 49.5% of the variance of behavior problems.

The results confirm the need of adapted individualized therapeutic strategies for children and adolescents with conduct problems, to address both their callous-unemotional traits and their irrational beliefs.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Serving the underserved: Communication activities conducted at home with children of the autism spectrum
Authors: Fernandes F.D. , Moraes S. , Defense-Netvral D. , Barbosa M.
Published: May 2016

The increase in prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) demands that new strategies for delivering speech-language therapy services to them are tested and improved. Including families and familiar situations may be a way to provide more intensive stimulation. The aim of this study was to identify strategies to stimulate communication development of children with ASD that can be suggested to parents and followed-up systematically. Participants were 67 children with diagnosis within the autism spectrum that attended weekly speech-language therapy at a specialized service of a large university in São Paulo (Brazil). The study was conducted in four phases: planning of activities; four face-to-face meetings with the parents to suggest and discuss activities that should be conducted at home daily; during six weeks the parents continued to conduct the proposed activities at home, with systematic weekly follow-up by the child's therapist finally, individual the parents reported their impressions about the proposal and the outcomes regarding their child's development during individual interviews. Activities involved the main areas of disorders in ASD. They suggested that the parents used familiar situations as opportunities for games and plays involving language, cognitive and social demands. Parents reported difficulties in implementing the proposed routine of playing with their child for at least a few minutes every day. They mentioned “lack of time” and “being tired” as the main reasons for it. Nevertheless they all reported that they were more able to understand their child's needs and demands and that their child responded well to the suggestions.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Social media modulation of mood and anxiety in adolescents with chronic visible skin conditions
Authors: Gagnon J. , Duchemin A.M.
Published: May 2016

Chronic skin diseases are often associated with psychiatric disorders, and psychological factors such as stress can affect the management of skin conditions. In adolescents, skin diseases can have a profound impact on body image, self-esteem and social interactions. Social media is a mode of communication increasingly used, especially among adolescents. It has been shown to have detrimental effect by the negative influence of peers through social network interactions as well as positive effects by allowing support and access to care. The posting of pictures of individuals by others in social media may make this mode of communication particularly distressful for teens with a visible skin condition; they cannot control the photos being shared with the group and are reminded of the visibility of their skin condition through these postings. To determine how social media may impact mental health and skin disease management in adolescents’ with chronic visible skin conditions, we conducted a survey of patients in the ambulatory setting. This cross-sectional study is based on an anonymous survey in teens, age 12 to 19, with various levels of chronic visible skin conditions. It explores the influences of social media on incidence and or severity of both psychiatric and dermatological health status as self-reported by patients. Acne, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis are often associated with poor quality of life even with moderate skin disease. Taking in account the impact of social media on these pathologies is especially critical among adolescents due to their wide use and relevance in this population.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Parental group therapy & conduct disorders
Authors: Garcia E. , Guerrero E. , Vicente I. , Martinez R.
Published: May 2016

Conduct disorders are common between ADHD, some series has shown that even almost 40% of patients develop some of the two main diagnosis: ODD or CD.

That comorbidity between ADHD and ODD or CD has made that treatment become complex and requires different interventions.

One field of treatment has been parental functioning.

It has been common that reward or punishment as two effective strategies modulate familiar interactions when they are referred to AHD sons.

However, in a long time, they failed to improve functioning, and frustration appears.

Attachment somehow is been hidden behind diagnosis and treatment, and family stop its evolution repeating wrong strategies.

Group therapy is a well-known tool that may help with this dysfunction in two ways: psychoeducation and debriefing.

The aim of this work is to resume our experience working with parents in a group therapy model.

We have found that affective symptoms are common between parents, ant that they difficult parenting strategies.

Taking that into account we promoted emotional expression using debriefing groups as model, before introducing psychoeducational issues.

Our hypothesis is that change is not possible if there is not a corrective attachment experience that let parents recover their role.

We use it as a complementary tool to family and individual therapy.

We will explain this model and its results based in therapists’ and patients’ experiences using open interviews.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Influence of fatigue on adolescents sleep habits in Nigeria
Authors: Igbokwe D. , Ola B.A. , Odebunmi A. , Gesinde A.M. , Alao A.A. , Agbu J. , Ndom R.J.E.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Adolescents in Nigeria tend to report feelings of mental, physical and general fatigue without having correspondingly exerted themselves to trigger this. This tiredness has been observed to also affect their sleep habits.

Aim

We set out to investigate how the report of tiredness by in-school adolescents tends to affect their sleep habits both on weekdays and weekends.

Methods

The Tripartite Fatigue Scale (TFS) and a modified version of the School Sleep Habits Survey (SSHS) were administered on 606 (272 males and 334 females) secondary school adolescents in Lagos and Ogun states of Nigeria aged between 12–19 years (χ2 = 15.24; SD = 1.42) in their classrooms.

Results

A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyse the effect of fatigue on the sleep habits of adolescents. The result shows that fatigue significantly affects the sleep habits of adolescents during weekends and weekdays, F (3, 602) = 20.068, P ≤ 0.01; Pillai's Trace = 0.91, partial η2 = 0.91. The adolescents also reported general inadequate sleep (χ2 = 6.29 SD = 2.32), less than the required amount of adequate sleep their age. Additional Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) result showed that fatigue significantly affected the students self-reported grade F (3, 605) = 5.32, P = 0.01.

Conclusions

The present study has empirically highlighted that the consistent complaint of tiredness by secondary school adolescents in Nigeria emanates from fatigue marked mostly by insufficient sleep.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The body image and psychopathology in children
Authors: Ivanov M. , Platonova N. , Kozlovskaya G.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The body image development begins at an early age. Children with psychopathology may have body image disturbances. It is important to determine nosological specificity of body image disturbances in children.

Objectives

To reveal body image disturbances in: 20 people (12 boys, 8 girls) having schizophrenia; 18 people (8 boys, 10 girls) with detected fact of sexual abuse (catamnesis study over a 5-year period); control group – 5 boys, 5 girls with normal psycho-physical development.

Aims

To reveal body image disturbance in children in case of psychopathology.

Methods

All the children were examined clinically and paraclinically by psychiatrist and clinical psychologist (projective techniques; standardized personality questionnaires and semantic method [analysis of statements]).

Results and conclusions

In children having schizophrenia specific disturbances of proprioceptive self-awareness in the form of senestopathy (feelings of compression, deformation, size loss or size gain of the body) and the idea of physical defect, are considered as the early symptoms of the body dysmorphic disorder. In this group of children disturbances of body scheme, difficulties in right/left orientation were detected. In the group of children with detected fact of sexual abuse the following disturbances took place: the body dysmorphic disorder (self-disgust, considering body to be tainted by the abuser, feeling dirty, compulsive body washing, sensitivity to touch) and senestopathy below one's waist, in the area of genitals, feeling dirtiness of the skin and clothes. In the pictures drawn by the children, they represented themselves older, grotesquely painted their faces, pictured strange haircuts, preferring bright and extravagant clothes.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Virtual sexuality of the Tunisian teenagers
Authors: Khemakhem R. , Homri W. , Karoui D. , Mezghani M. , Mouelhi L. , Bram N. , Ben Romdhane I. , Labbane R.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The digital boom and the media coverage of the sexuality urge the youngest to expose itself more and more via the social networks and other digital applications.

Aims/objective

To explore the virtual sexuality of the Tunisian teenagers.

Methods

It's a cross-sectional study made in August 2015, including 104 Tunisian teenagers from different social backgrounds and living in Tunis, chosen aimlessly. An auto-railing drafted in Arabic, anonymous and carrying on various items was distributed.

Results

We included 52 boys and 52 girls. Seven of them (6.1%) was not schooled and 68.3% (n = 71) were at high school. Ninety-one of the teenagers (87.5%) reported not have sexual education at school and 74% (n = 77) have already turned to web sites to inquire about sexuality. A regular practice of cybersex at the rate of at least once a week, was founded at 36.5% (n = 36) and 41 teenagers (39.4%) have reported to have already undressed in front of their webcam. The candidates have already consulted a pornographic site at least once in their life in 76.9% (n = 80) of the cases. The allocated time for these virtual activities is made to the detriment of the sleep in 75% of the cases (n = 27). The connection was accompanied with a masturbatory activity in 38.9% (n = 14).

Conclusion

Contrary to preconceived ideas, the computer screen does not protect from sexual risk behaviors. Therefore, a sexual education for the youngest is more than ever necessary to avoid such drift.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Optimization of therapy clinic-immunological disorders with heroin addiction
Authors: Khodjaeva N. , Sultanov S.
Published: May 2016

The immune defect can be found in all forms of addiction (Frank, 2004). These data determine the use of funds in immunotropic heroin addiction.

Objective

To study the effectiveness of antidepressant sevpram (citalopram) and its combination with galavit (imunomodulyator) on a background of standard pharmacotherapy in heroin addiction. To evaluate the immune status of the following methods:

– evaluation of lymphocytes (CD4), (CD8) with monoclonal antibodies in cytotoxicity assay;

– determination of serum immunoglobulin classes A, M, G performed by turbidimetric analysis;

– the concentration of the CIK (circulating immunnokompleks) was determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol.

Patients of the 1st group was administered into the sevpram 10 mg/day in combination with galavit (25 mg daily); group 2 – only the standard therapy (ST).

The results of research

As a result of the treatment in the first group showed an increase of 34.8%) the number of immunoglobulin A, which however does not reach the level of healthy people and reducing the number of circulating complexes by 13.8%, which also indicates the normalization of this index. The first group – a significant improvement of immunological parameters increase of 3 indicators (CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8) and a decrease in the CIK. Analysis of changes in indicators Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, also notes a reduction in the symptoms scores.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Rage as a hidden aspect in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Peixoto I. , Marques C.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a multifaceted clinical entity. Rage attacks have been repeatedly described in the phenotype of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. It has been acknowledged that anxious youth who display rage have more severe clinical profiles and increased levels of dysfunction in most domains, consistent with the notion that rage is a marker of more severe psychopathology. However, this matter remains largely underappreciated in pediatric OCD. Namely, the role and functions of rage in pediatric OCD in relation to family accommodation and illness severity have highly relevant clinical management and treatment implications.

Objectives

We aim to discuss how does rage look like in pediatric OCD, what are its associated features and its contributions to additional functional impairment. We examine the central role of family accommodation mediating clinical outcomes and review highly relevant diagnostic and treatment challenges.

Methods

Selective review of the literature in PubMed (MEDLINE). Illustration with a clinical case vignette.

Results and conclusions

Rage attacks are relatively common in pediatric OCD, have a negative impact on illness presentation, and contribute to functional impairment above and beyond obsessive-compulsive symptom severity. We hereby illustrate that rage may contribute to family accommodation of symptoms, which may further affect and perpetuate obsessive-compulsive symptom severity and impairment. There is a need to avoid misdiagnosis and to prioritize psychotherapeutic interventions and psychopharmacological treatment approaches. This provides important insights regarding the clinical validity of this component of OCD, aiming to capture further the attention of the clinical and research community.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Encopresis: A medical and family approach
Authors: Peñuelas Calvo I. , Sevilla Llewellyn-Jones J. , Poggio Lagares L. , Cervesi C. , Sareen A. , Gonzalez Moreno A.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Encopresis is a not very common disorder. The prevalence of this disorder is about 1.5% after the age of 5 years old and decreased even more as age increased, being very rare in adolescence.

Aim

Here we present a clinical case of an 11-year-old girl, with a diagnosis of functional encopresis with constipation and overflow incontinence for 4 years.

Method

In this case, we followed a program consisted of 12 sessions combining different techniques that are on experimental phase. The program we designed consist of toilet training, stablishment-token economy- of a diet high in fiber with a progressive remove of laxative medication and a family intervention with both parents that got divorced 4 years ago.

Results

Having both parents the same frame the patient's problem easily started to decrease. In follow-up (6 and 12 months), we observed good toilet habits and not constipations episodes.

Conclusions

Even though all the techniques used were in experimental phase, we considered that because of the chronicity of this problem a multidisciplinary approach was the best option.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Adolescent prostitution: Which role plays psychopathology?
Authors: Petrocchi C. , D’Aguanno M. , Carafa R. , Velotti P.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The characteristics and the mental functioning of adolescent prostitutes were examined in several studies. Literature associates externalizing problems (i.e. impulsivity) with high rates of sexual activity and high rates of prostitution (Donenberg et al., 2005). Research has identified a link between psychopathology and high rates of health-risking sexual behavior and conduct problems. Despite the identification of psychopathology as a risk factor for the development of health-risking sexual, its role in prostitution has not been well examined.

Objectives

Although the association between psychopathological disease and engagement in health-risking sexual behavior is documented, the specific nature of the cause or mechanism for the link between psychopathological disease and the development of these behavior problems is not known.

Methods

An extensive literature search for relevant published and unpublished studies was conducted on Medline, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Psycoinfo and PsycArticle from inception through September 21, 2015. Additionally, we performed a search in Google Scholar and manually searched by the reference lists of included articles. Comprehensive search strategies were developed using the controlled vocabularies of each database. We systematically searched for relevant studies using a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and corresponding free-text terms. Search term and keywords were altered as per specification of individual database.

Results

Adolescent prostitution is one of the major public health problems and psychopathology plays an important part in it. Adolescent prostitutes’ shown elevated level of psychopathological disease that may reflect the possibility that their psychological functioning leads them to this particular environment.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Antipsychotic in children and adolescents: Metabolic effects
Authors: Ramirez Dominguez M.D.L.C. , Prieto Sánchez I. , Hernandez Gonzalez L. , Fernandez Leon S. , Reina Dominguez M.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The use of antipsychotics in children is controversial, one of the considerations to take into account is the possible effect on the values of fasting glucose, prolactin or weight gain are very important.

Objectives

To study the effect of these drugs on metabolic rate in children.

Methods

We measured the weight, waist circumference, fasting glucose and basal prolactin in 6 children at Children's Hospital in the province of Huelva, diagnosed with bipolar disorder and early schizophrenia, atypical antipsychotics before starting treatment and 6 months later.

Results

In the provisional results it is found that a there is not a significant weight gain (less than 3%), no impairment of glucose and only in one case basal prolactin was elevated.

Conclusions

The use of atypical antipsychotics in children should be reserved when strictly necessary. Once established, keep tight control of metabolic parameters, although the data of our study coincide with the literature, do not produce significant alterations.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The importance of multiple-family group therapy in treatment of psychosomatic pathology
Authors: Sanahuja C. , Suarez A.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The “parental multiple-family school” was developed in Buenos Aires (Argentina) by E. Rotenberg, based on the theory and practice of J. García Badaracco's multiple-family psychoanalysis (which further expands on the classical psychoanalysis’ frame), applying it to the kids and their relatives. We will focus on the therapeutic group treating psychosomatic pathology, with the collaboration of the Dermatology department of the Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez.

Objective

To highlight the importance of creating spaces to modify the psychic mechanisms and resources of the psychosomatic patient at an infant age.

Methods

We describe the “multiple-family parents school”, an open, weekly group, coordinated by two psychologists and assisted by a dermatologist, in which the theories of J. García Badaracco's multiple-family group analysis are applied. We also discuss the importance of applying this system in our clinical practice.

Results

We observed, according to the Dermatology department, very positive and significative changes in every post-group, which could lead to the disappearance of dermatological diseases in different patients without a pharmacological treatment which was previously given as first option. Single-session groups had many advantages, including the removal of waiting lists, a better development of the emotional connection between kids and their families, and a reduction of the therapeutic and professional costs.

Conclusion

We think that starting interventions in multiple-family group therapy in Madrid in order to treat psychosomatic diseases in kids and teenagers should be encouraged after the very positive clinical experience in other cities.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
School refusal: Idiom of distress and/or Babel tower?
Authors: Sibeoni J. , Moscoso A. , Revah-Levy A.
Published: May 2016

Across Europe, school absenteeism is an increasing problem on the crossroad between educational and public-health political matters. This issue underlies socio-economical, sociological and school-related factors as much as it questions individual psychopathology and family functioning. Indeed, school refusal behavior among adolescents has become a very frequent reason to seek for psychiatric consultations. A recent review about this topic has shown that around 90% of these adolescents met the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis, mostly anxiety disorders [1]. It appears to be a very complex and heterogeneous phenomenon which raises many questions, to date still unsolved: terminology confusions (truancy, school phobia, school refusal), lack of a concise definition, contradictory hypothesis regarding etiology, psychopathology and treatment plan depending on the paradigm the authors would refer to. In this presentation, we will elicit why school refusal can be considered as a new idiom of distress for adolescents in western societies, and we will show how, in clinical practice, these situations can become a genuine Babel tower in which no one, among health-care professionals, teachers, parents and patients, are speaking the same language.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Resilience in children of depressed parents – a systematic review of protective factors
Authors: Wlodarczyk O. , Schramm A. , Metzner F. , Pawils S.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Children of depressed parents have an increased risk of developing mental disorders. While there are various studies concerning a pathogenetic perspective, fewer studies examined factors that protect mental health of these children. Knowledge about protective factors is necessary to establish prevention projects.

Objectives

This systematic review gives an overview of protective factors for mental health of children of depressed parents.

Methods

Databases PsycINFO, Embase, Medline, PSYNDEX, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and CINAHL were searched for relevant studies in German or English published until August 2014. Targets were epidemiological studies concerning protective factors for children up to the age of 21 years who have at least one depressed parent. Selection process and assessment of methodological quality of the studies were conducted by two reviewers using a checklist.

Results

Out of 3526 screened studies, finally thirteen studies were included. Efficient stress management strategies – in particular primary and secondary control coping – were identified as protective factors for mental health of affected children. Children's social competences as well as parental positive parenting skills also seem to have a protective impact. Restrictions to specific search terms, databases, and languages could have caused missing relevant studies with other characteristics. Limitations could also result from possible publication bias as well as methodological and qualitative differences regarding included studies.

Conclusions

In the context of prevention projects, children of depressed parents should be supported in adequately and efficiently coping with stress. Moreover, practitioners should aim at the promotion of social competences and the involvement of parents within prevention.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Psychosocial profile of encopretic children and their caregivers in relation to parenting style
Authors: Zaky E. , Rashad M. , Elsafoury H. , Ismail E.
Published: May 2016

Background

The role of psychological factors in the development and maintenance of encopresis is controversial.

Objectives

Assessment of the psychosocial profile of encopretic children and their caregivers in relation to parenting style compared to controls.

Methodology

The current cross sectional study comprised 90 Egyptian children classified into three groups: group I (encopresis without constipation and overflow incontinence), group II (encopresis with constipation and overflow incontinence), and group III (clinically healthy controls); each group included 30 children. Thorough clinical evaluation and psychometric assessment were carried out for all enrolled children while caregivers were evaluated for their parenting styles, anxiety, depression, and introversion scores.

Results

Hardness, undue blaming, and indecisive parenting styles were significantly more prevalent among caregivers of group I. Encopretic children of group I & II had poorer self-esteem and higher prevalence of clinically manifest depression compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, there was a higher prevalence of clinically manifest paternal anxiety, depression, and introversion and maternal depression among caregivers of group II and higher prevalence of clinically manifest paternal anxiety and depression among fathers of group I.

Conclusion

The approach of toilet training, not the time of its initiation, seems to be the factor that really matters in predisposing to and perpetuating encopresis. Further exploration is needed to determine if the documented association of psychological disorders of enrolled encopretic children and their caregivers was causal or being just the impact of the child's encopresis.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Atypical psychosis – historical and current perspective
Authors: Aleixo M.A. , Moreira C.A. , Sobreira G. , Oliveira J. , Gil L. Carvalhão
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Clinical concepts regarding atypical psychosis such as the French bouffeé délirante, the German cycloid psychosis, and the Scandinavian reactive and schizophreniform psychoses are now under the category of F23 ‘Acute and transient psychotic disorders’ (ATPD) of the tenth revision of the International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (ICD-10).

Aims

The authors’ aim is to highlight the clinical and scientific relevance of atypical psychosis from the historical concepts to the current perspective.

Methods

A Pubmed database search using as keywords “atypical psychosis”, “acute and transient psychotic disorders”, and “brief psychotic disorder” and retrieved papers were selected according to their relevance.

Results

Different psychiatric schools, often of a regional or national character, have provided concepts for transient psychotic states. The acute and transient psychotic disorders of ICD-10 and the brief psychotic disorder of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) reflect the diversity of the history of such concepts. The available evidence suggests that case identification and follow-up is difficult in ATPD due to the heterogeneous and infrequent nature of this clinical phenomenon. Furthermore ATPD has a low diagnostic stability and there are few studies focused on brief psychotic disorders.

Conclusions

The present definition of acute and transient psychotic disorders and brief psychotic disorder, while taking into account the history of the concepts involved, leave many questions open to further studies.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
A case of acute and transient psychosis–What to expect?
Authors: Oliveira M. , Rebelo J. , Costa A.S. , Santos C.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) introduced the category of Acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD), that assimilate clinical concepts such as the French Bouffée Délirante, Kleist and Leonhard's cycloid psychosis, and the scandinavian reactive psychosis.

Methods and aims

The authors present a clinical case of ATPD and a literature review based on PubMed/MEDLINE, using the keywords: “acute and transient psychotic disorder”, “prognosis” and “diagnostic stability”, aiming to discuss the main challenges regarding the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Results

The patient is a male with 37 years old with two previous psychotic episodes (with 2.5 years of interval), both with an acute onset (of 7 and 3 days respectively), and a fast response to antipsychotic treatment, with periods of complete symptom's remission. He maintains treatment with 6 mg of paliperidone. In the literature, we found scarce information on ATPD. Though several variables have been described as having influence on the prognosis (gender, pre-morbid functioning, acute onset and presence of affective symptoms), this topic remains controversial. Another difficult aspect about ATPD seems to be its low diagnostic stability, with diagnosis changing mostly to Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective disorder and Bipolar disorder. Duration of treatment after complete remission of symptoms is another controversial aspect of this disease.

Conclusions

ATPD seems to have low diagnostic stability and poor research investment, and so it represents a challenge for psychiatrists on managing these patients in terms of treatment and follow-up plan. Further studies should be held regarding prognosis and treatment.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Folie à deux through a case report
Authors: Pérez Gómez L. , Barrio Nespereira A. , González Fernández A. , Muquebil Ali Al Shaban Rodríguez O.W. , Rueda Rodríguez C.F.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The first reference to the shared delusions emerged in France in the nineteenth century. Shared delusions can be classified in three frames with different nosological value: simultaneous folie à deux, imposed folie à deux and communicated folie à deux.

Objectives

A review of the structures of presentation of this psychiatric disorder through a case report and checking the categorization of the classic folie à deux in the current diagnostic manuals.

Methods

Discussion through a case report of delusional disorder among twins. After several interviews with the patients we found that both have a complex delusional system, structured and bizarre at the same time. There was a clearly paranoid tinge in the narration which main theme is religion.

Results

Delusional clinical appears identically and simultaneously in both subjects with equal readiness and doesn’t give up after the admission of the patients in two different psychiatric hospitalization units.

Conclusions

In the ICD-10 and DSM-5, diagnostics would be different depending on the kind of folie à deux. In simultaneous folie à deux and communicated folie à deux the dominant partner would receive a diagnosis of delusional disorder with ICD-10 and DSM-5. The acceptor partner would receive a diagnosis of delusional disorder induced with the ICD-10 and a diagnosis of unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder with the DSM-5. In a simultaneous folie à deux, both subjects would have a diagnosis of delusional disorder in both manuals. We think that this is the right choice.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Cycloid psychosis: From Kleist until our days
Authors: Sousa A. , Solana C. , Gomes J. , Barata P. , Serrano R. , Lages M. , Oliveira C. , Chainho J.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

After Emil Kraepelin's division of psychoses into a group of dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity, the classification of psychoses with atypical symptoms, which could not be assigned in this dichotomy created a debate, that lasts until our days. These “atypical psychoses” had been described under many terms and concepts in different countries.

In 1926, Kleist coined the term “cycloid psychosis” to describe cases which did not meet the typical presentation shown in Kraepelian's dichotomy. Three decades later, Karl Leonhard established the concept of cycloid psychosis as a nosologically independent group of endogenous psychosis.

Objectives/Aims

Make an historical review of the concept of cycloid psychosis. Discuss the clinical features and debate the classification of this clinical entity.

Methods

A bibliographical review is made of the cycloid psychosis, based on the data published in Pubmed.

Results

According to Leonhard, cycloid psychosis generally present with bipolar, polymorphous clinical symptomatology, and run a phasic course with complete remissions after each episode. Furthermore, Leonhard delineated three subtypes: anxiety-happiness psychosis, confusion psychosis and motility psychosis presenting with different symptoms. In 1981, Perris and Brockington formulated the first set of operational criteria for cycloid psychoses. In recent years, new data about this entity have been acknowledged due to information displayed by different clinical studies and imaging techniques.

Conclusion

The phenomenology and classification of cycloid psychosis still needs more evidence for a greater use in clinical practice. However, this clinical entity can solve the void for the diagnosis of many of the so-called “atypical psychoses”.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The syndromic approach to the rehabilitation of the higher mental functions (HMF) of patients with progressive cognitive disorders in L.S. Vygotsky–A.R. Luria School
Authors: Kovyazina M. , Zinchenko Y. , Varako N.
Published: May 2016

Background

The method of “rehabilitation training”, developed in the Soviet psychology, based on the idea that the human HMF are realized in complex functional systems, developed during cultural- and ontogenesis.

Aims

To show the importance of the development of approaches to the rehabilitation of HMF in Luria's neuropsychology.

Methods

The disturbances in brain activity leads to the neuropsychological syndrome appearance that could be called self-developing system. According to the systemic principles, each neuropsychological syndrome HMF disorders in accordance with brain injury localisation has the common “cause” – destroyed neuropsychological factor. In the case of patients with dementia several neuropsychological factors are usually included. So the rehabilitation processes should be aimed at the maximum preserved and strengthened stereotypes and behavior strategies in past experiences.

Results

The binary syndrome structure (set of symptoms of destroyed neuropsychological HMF and abnormal neuropsychological factor itself) allows us to define two strategies of neuropsychological rehabilitation programs. The first strategy involves choice as a “target” of the most destroyed mental function. The second strategy could be directed to the rehabilitation of abnormal neuropsychological factor that should be accompanied by the rehabilitation of several systemic interrelated mental functions. Recourse to past knowledge, interests and emotionally important topics is assisting and supporting the rehabilitation processes.

Conclusions

Use of both strategies ensures targeted restoration of cognitive functions within Vygotsky-Luria approach.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.