bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Gauss–Seidel detector for large‐scale MIMO systems
Authors: Khoso Imran A. , Zhang Xiaofei , Shaikh Abdul Hayee , Sahito Fahad , Dayo Zaheer Ahmed
Published: February 2022

Large‐scale multiple‐input multiple‐output (LS‐MIMO) is one of the promising technologies beyond the 5G cellular system in which large antenna arrays at the base station (BS) improve the system capacity and energy‐efficiency. However, the large number of antennas at the BS makes it challenging to design low‐complexity high‐performance data detectors. Thus, a number of iterative detection methods, such as Gauss–Seidel and conjugate gradient, are introduced to achieve complexity‐performance tradeoff. However, their performance deteriorates for the systems with small BS‐to‐user antenna ratio or for the channels that exhibit correlation. This paper proposes a new efficient iterative detection algorithm based on the improved Gauss–Seidel iteration to address this problem. The proposed method performs one conjugate gradient iteration that enables better performance with less number of iterations. A new hybrid iteration is introduced and a low‐complexity initial estimation is utilised to enhance detection accuracy while reducing the complexity further. In addition, a novel preconditioning technique is proposed to maintain the benefits of the proposed detector in correlated MIMO channels. It is mathematically demonstrate that the proposed detector achieves low approximated error. Theoretical analysis and numerical results show that the proposed algorithm provides a faster convergence rate compared to conventional methods.
A neural network adaptive interval observer design for nonlinear systems
Authors: Yi Zeren , Xie Wei , Liu Longwen , Xu Bugong
Published: February 2022

A design method of neural network adaptive interval observer for the continuous‐time unknown nonlinear system is proposed. The bounds of unknown nonlinear functions are described by the state and the input, so that the bounds of the nonlinear function vector are unmeasurable. Therefore, this method can be used to observe systems with higher degree of nonlinearity and any priori knowledge about systems. In this work, the hyper basis function neural network (HBFNN) is presented to estimate the boundary (including lower and upper bounds) of the unknown nonlinear function vector. Furthermore, the non‐negativity and stability of the error dynamic system are given, and the convergence and non‐negativity are also guaranteed. Compared with the traditional interval observer, the efficiency of the proposed approach is verified through a numerical simulation example.
Laplacian matrix graph for anomaly target detection in hyperspectral images
Authors: Zhang Fenggan , He Fang , Hu Haojie
Published: February 2022

To improve the accuracy of abnormal target detection in hyperspectral images, an abnormal target detection method based on Laplacian matrix graph (LGD) is proposed. The method makes full use of the spatial and spectral information of hyperspectral abnormal targets by constructing the full‐connection graph and the nearest neighbour matrix obtained by the Gaussian kernel function. In the graph, the total variation of the graph signal calculated by the Laplacian matrix is taken as the evaluation function to judge the abnormal target, so as to realize the detection of abnormal pixels. It avoids the matrix inversion calculation that must be carried out in the conventional detection algorithms and the complexity is reduced. Compared with other detection algorithms on three different data sets, the experiment results show that the proposed algorithm presents obvious advantages in detection accuracy and excellent utility in practice.
Magnetic helicity and energy of emerging solar active regions and their erruptivity
Authors: Liokati E. , Nindos A. , Liu Y.
Published: February 2022

Aims.We investigate the role of the accumulation of magnetic helicity and magnetic energy in the generation of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from emerging solar active regions (ARs).

Methods.Using vector magnetic field data obtained by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory, we calculated the magnetic helicity and magnetic energy injection rates as well as the resulting accumulated budgets in 52 emerging ARs from the start time of magnetic flux emergence until they reached a heliographic longitude of 45° West (W45).

Results.Seven of the ARs produced CMEs, but 45 did not. In a statistical sense, the eruptive ARs accumulate larger budgets of magnetic helicity and energy than the noneruptive ARs over intervals that start from the flux emergence start time and end (i) at the end of the flux emergence phase and (ii) when the AR produces its first CME or crosses W45, whichever occurs first. We found magnetic helicity and energy thresholds of 9 × 1041Mx2and 2 × 1032erg. When these thresholds were crossed, ARs are likely to erupt. In terms of accumulated magnetic helicity and energy budgets, the segregation of the eruptive from the noneruptive ARs is violated in one case when an AR erupts early in its emergence phase and in six cases in which noneruptive ARs exhibit large magnetic helicity and energy budgets. Decay index calculations may indicate that these ARs did not erupt because the overlying magnetic field provided a stronger or more extended confinement than in eruptive ARs.

Conclusions.Our results indicate that emerging ARs tend to produce CMEs when they accumulate significant budgets of both magnetic helicity and energy. Any study of their eruptive potential should consider magnetic helicity together with magnetic energy.
An indirect technique in nuclear astrophysics: alpha-cluster transfer reaction
Authors: Shen Yang-Ping , Guo Bing , Liu Wei-Ping
Published: February 2022

Helium(4He, or α)is the second most abundant element in the observable Universe. The α-particle induced reactions such as(α, γ), (α, n) and (α, p) play a crucial role in nuclear astrophysics, especially for understanding stellar heliumburning. Because of the strong Coulomb repulsion, it is greatly hindered to directly measure the cross sections for these α-capture reactions at stellar energies. Alpha-cluster transfer reaction is a powerful tool for investigation of astrophysical(α, γ), (α, n)and(α, p)reactions since it can preferentially populate the natural-parity states with an α-cluster structure which dominantly contribute to these astrophysical α-capture reactions during stellar heliumburning. In this paper, we reviewthe theoretical scheme, theexperimental technique, astrophysical applications and the future perspectives of such approach based on α-cluster transfer reactions.
Novel experimental techniques for neutron induced charge particle reaction studies in nuclear astrophysics
Authors: Yadav Chandrabhan , Friedman Moshe
Published: February 2022

Neutron induced reaction studies on various unstable and short-lived nuclei play a very important role in understanding the various nucleosynthesis processes occuring in astrophysics scenario. We discuss here our approach to study neutron induced charge particle cross-section for various unstable and short-lived nuclei at effective temperatures of ~1.5-3.5 GK using the 7Li(p, n) reaction as a neutron source with ﬁve orders of magnitude higher neutron intensities with respect to currently available neutron time-of-ﬂight facilities, using SARAF accelarator and Liquid Lithium Target (LiLiT) facility.
Patentability of Nanotechnology Inventions: A Study Based on Decisions by the Examination Division of the European Patent Organisation, the Opposition Division and the Technical Board of Appeal
Authors: Vazhathodi Muhammed Faris
Published: February 2022

The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) has identified nanotechnology as one of the prominent technologies of recent times (WIPO Magazine ‒ August 2011). Nanotechnology has a wide variety of applications in the field of medicine which are leading to the evolution of a new branch of medical science – nanomedicine. This involves using particles or materials within the size range of one nanometre and a thousand nanometres to diagnose, treat, and prevent various diseases. Biomedical nanotechnology, bionanotechnology, and nanomedicines are applications of nanotechnology in medicine and this article covers these three areas under the umbrella-term ‘nanomedicines.’ The European Union is a significant player in the wider nanotechnology market (including nanomedicines). At the European Patent Office (EPO), the number of nanotechnology patent applications (including nanomedicines) is increasing every year. The European Patent Convention (EPC) – the unified European patent system – came into existence in 1973. It provided patent protection for valid technologies according to the patentability criteria provided by EPC, and Art. 27(1) of TRIPS directs its signatories to offer patent protection for every technology equally. However, nanotechnology’s unique nature poses a threat to the existing patent law. This paper critically analyses certain decisions by the EPO and its Boards of Appeal considering the technological speciality of nanotechnology inventions with reference to nanomedicines.
Is the Mansfield Rule moving the needle for women and minorities?
Authors: Cecchi Dimeglio Paola
Published: February 2022

In 2016, inspired by the NFL’s Rooney Rule, the Mansfield Rule was devised to push soft affirmative action policies, including the so-called 30% rule, to incentivize law firms to affirmatively consider women and underrepresented groups for leadership and governance roles, equity partner promotions, and lateral positions. To determine the effectiveness of the Mansfield Rule, I carried out an empirical study that compares those firms that have adopted the Mansfield Rule with law firms that have not. Using a Mann–Whitney Wilcoxon test, I compared the deviation in the demographics, recruitment, attrition, promotion, and committee compositions, including leadership composition, between firms that have been Mansfield-certified, the ‘treatment group’, with the analogous deviation for a ‘comparison–control group’ that did not opt for the Mansfield Rule application. I did so for the years 2007–19. The findings show that the overall population of all law firms and the diversity proportion within the population show an increase from 2007 to 2019, irrespective of the treatment. Furthermore, the treatment had no statistically significant effect on either the growth rate evolution or the predictability of law firms’ behavior related to recruitment, attrition and promotion, and committee composition. These results indicate that applying the Mansfield Rule has no measurable impact on the diversity proportion of the population of the firm, its growth rate, or its predictable behavior related to their firm’s diversity.
Seeing the History of Neuroscience in Turin through the Lenses of Its Instruments/Part 1
Authors: Galloni Marco R.
Published: February 2022

Scientific instruments witness the evolution of the neuroscience in Turin, starting from the 18th century, when the observations were almost exclusively macroscopic, but fixation and staining of organs by the blood vessels were already in use. A problem for scientific studies was the lack of uniformity in the measurement units, especially for the very small measures that were often necessary for anatomy. Animals of various species were commonly used for in vivo experiments, often without attention to the suffering inflicted: Many physiological experiments consisted of selective demolition of parts of the central nervous system. The production of scientific images improved both with drawings, often with the use of the camera lucida, and in creating very realistic wax models. Gradually, the microscope started to be used, and Carlo Giacomini was among the first to make histological sections of whole brains.
Enrico Morselli in Turin
Authors: Bargoni Alessandro
Published: February 2022

Enrico Morselli’s years in Turin represent the most important period of his career, because they earned him notoriety and esteem in the European scientific community. Morselli joined Turin to lead the Asylum and the clinical teaching of the nervous and mental disease clinic. He also created a remarkable editorial project, the Journal of Scientific Philosophy, which hosted pieces written by many among the leading exponents of the European positivist culture: from Spencer to Haeckel, from Kraepelin to Bunge. Disagreements with the president of the Asylum prompted him to resign, but Morselli kept his university teaching roles. However, when the Asylum management in Genoa became available, due to the early death of his friend Dario Maragliano, he moved in as a sort of buen retiro, although tired and disappointed.
Ernesto Lugaro
Authors: Bogetto Filippo , Bellino Silvio
Published: February 2022

Ernesto Lugaro (1870–1940) authored, with Eugenio Tanzi, the Treatise on Mental Diseases, a textbook with valuable innovations in classification and description of mental disorders that significantly influenced modern psychiatry. The current psychiatric nosography of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has several points of contact with their classification. Lugaro observed that the causes of mental diseases involve the relationship between mind and body, consciousness and organic cerebral processes. Moreover, he asserted that psychiatry not only needs an intimate contact with medicine and biology, but also with social and moral sciences, expressing a concept that is a prelude to the modern bio-psycho-social model. This chapter presents some examples to compare symptoms and diagnostic criteria of mental disorders as they were displayed in Tanzi and Lugaro’s Treatise and as now defined in the current international classification of DSM-5.
Agostino Gemelli’s Years in Turin
Authors: Cristini Carlo , Porro Alessandro
Published: February 2022

This chapter analyzes a scientific journey, of which one fundamental stage took place in Turin. The journey began and ended in Milan, but went through Pavia, France, Belgium, and Germany, before reaching Turin, the center of modern Experimental Psychology in Italy. This journey, which ended with the founding of a Catholic University in Milan, was undertaken by Father Agostino Gemelli (1878–1959), an accomplished and controversial scientist, physician, psychologist, philosopher, educator, friar, and priest. Gemelli started and anticipated a significant proportion of the evolution of psychology in the 20th century. On his path of psychological training, Gemelli met Federico (Friedrich) Kiesow (1858–1940) in Turin in the years leading up to the outbreak of the First World War.
Mario Ponzo and the Age of Visual Illusions
Authors: Wade Nicholas J.
Published: February 2022

Vision had long been investigated by Italian artists and scientists such as Brunelleschi, Alberti, Leonardo, and Galileo, and all of them had been concerned with illusions. The pace of experimental studies of a subset of illusions quickened in the second half of the 19th century, but the investigation of such geometrical optical illusions started rather late in Turin. It was stimulated by the arrival of Kiesow from Wundt’s laboratory in Leipzig. Botti initiated experiments on spatial illusions, followed by Ponzo, who wrote two articles in 1912 that indelibly linked his name to a simple configuration of equal circles or lines contained with converging lines—the Ponzo illusion. This happened despite the publication of essentially the same figures over a decade earlier by Thiéry and Sanford.
Clinical aspects of insomnia
Authors: Selsick Hugh , O’Regan David
Published: February 2022

A wide variety of diagnostic tests exist to aid the clinician in diagnosing sleep disorders. These range from simple and relatively cheap home diagnostic tests such as pulse oximetry to in-laboratory video-polysomnography, which is expensive and labour-intensive. Understanding the indications for and limitations of these diagnostic tests allows the accurate diagnosis of sleep disorders in a timely manner, whilst best managing limited resources. Diagnostic tests should be interpreted by trained suitably qualified personnel and used to compliment conventional clinical practice and decision making.
Surgical approaches to the management of sleep-disordered breathing
Authors: Kotecha Bhik
Published: February 2022

Treatment for sleep disordered breathing (SDB) includes positive airway pressure therapy (PAP), which remains ‘gold standard’ treatment of choice, oral appliance therapy (OAT), surgery and adjunctive treatments such as weight loss, positional therapy and emerging alternatives such as genioglossal nerve stimulation.
An appreciation of the high numbers of patients who are either unable to tolerate or unwilling to accept PAP therapy has led to OAT being more widely sought after. These oral appliances have emerged as a viable alternative to PAP therapy. Dental expertise is essential for optimal and delivery of OAT.
An understanding of the role of OAT is important for any clinician seeing patients with sleep disordered-breathing, particularly given the high proportion of patients unable to tolerate standard medical therapy.
Sleep and cognition
Authors: Rosenzweig Ivana , Olaithe Michelle , Bucks Romola S. , Morrell Mary J.
Published: February 2022

Neuro-disability is an umbrella term for conditions associated with impairment involving the nervous system and includes conditions such as autism, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy; it is not uncommon for such conditions to co-occur. Rates of neuro-disability are estimated as 8.8% of boys and 5.8% of girls. Many of these children and young people have difficulties in many areas of daily living and reports have highlighted the inequalities and poor standards of care experienced by such individuals with learning disabilities in the UK.
Paediatric sleep disorders are easily missed; instead of simply being sleepy during the day, children who have slept poorly are more likely to present as irritable and hyperactive, with poorer memory and impaired learning. Such difficulties in recognition are further compounded in children with neuro-disability who may have limited communication skills, yet sleep difficulties disproportionately affect this group of children.
Sleep problems in these vulnerable populations begin at a young age, tend to persist, and are detrimental to the physical and mental health of the children and their caregivers.
This chapter is centred on the management of what is usually classed broadly as insomnia in association with neuro-disability. This includes problems with sleep associations, sleep onset and sleep maintenance with associated daytime impairments.
General issues relevant for this population are summarised, with focus on some specific neuro-disabilities, their particular associated sleep problems and their management.
Sleep, the workplace, and driving
Authors: Farquhar Michael , Williams Adrian
Published: February 2022

As we age, the nature of our sleep – in terms of architecture and duration – changes. But in addition, the accrual of morbidities throughout life frequently gives rise to an increasing pharmacological burden, with polypharmacy a commonly encountered situation. Many medications have an under-recognised impact on sleep, through their effects on neurotransmitter function and alteration of sleep architecture, although often, the mechanism whereby a drug causes a disruption of sleep/wakefulness is not fully understood. In many cases, a simple amendment to the dose regime may address the problem (eg changing the timing of doses), but in others an alternative should be sought. In any patient with a sleep complaint, the drug history – both for prescribed and non-prescribed medications – should be carefully examined.
This chapter will briefly address drugs causing sleepiness, drugs causing insomnias, and medications used in the management of sleep disorders.
We Need Labs and an EKG
Authors: Krause Chadd K.
Published: February 2022

Medical screening exams in the emergency department are central to the legal and regulatory mandate of the Emergency Medicine Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) to exclude an emergency medical condition that requires stabilization and possibly transfer to a higher level of care. Patients presenting to the emergency department with psychiatric symptoms are frequently evaluated by emergency physicians and then admitted or transferred to another facility for definitive inpatient psychiatric care. Frequently in these patients “screening” laboratory tests are performed, without a clear clinical indication other than to exclude a medical etiology for the patient’s symptoms. While focused evaluations to exclude organic medical or traumatic etiologies for a patient’s symptoms are warranted, “basic” screening laboratory tests for patients with acute psychiatric symptoms or presentations are not necessary.
An Energetic College Student
Authors: Curato Lauren J.
Published: February 2022

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong illness with episodes of mania or hypomania and major depression. Patients can present to the emergency department in any stage of their illness. In the acute manic phase of bipolar I, they tend to present dramatically, full of energy, psychotic, and disorganized. Alternatively, they may arrive due to depression, with hopelessness and thoughts of suicide. No matter which end of the spectrum from which they suffer, emergency providers’ first duty is to ensure their safety and investigate potential alternative causes of their illness. Cases of new-onset mania will require a more thorough investigation than manic episodes in patients with an established psychiatric diagnosis. Acute intervention with antipsychotics and benzodiazepines may be required while this investigation is ongoing. Admission or transfer to a psychiatric service with appropriate resources will be necessary for initial stabilization and implementation of the patient’s long-term treatment plan.
A Different Type of ABCs
Authors: Donner Emily , Rau Brent
Published: February 2022

Patients demonstrating symptoms of personality disorders in the emergency department can be very difficult to assess and treat. This chapter highlights the prominent traits of patients with a personality disorder and elaborates on each class (Clusters A, B, and C) to broaden the reader’s understanding. Diagnostic studies are of limited utility in regard to psychiatric disorders in the emergency department, making it difficult to treat these patients with an evidence-based approach. The chapter outlines common strategies for treating an individual in crisis. Suggestions are made regarding appropriate follow-up to reduce complications and to decrease subsequent visits to the emergency department.
Just Another Case of Gastro
Authors: Gorgas Diane L.
Published: February 2022

The presentation of bulimia nervosa in the emergency department is challenging, with attempts at direct history gathering frequently foiled by a patient’s sense of secrecy surrounding the disorder. Clues for presentation include profound hypokalemia, especially associated with volume-contraction alkalosis. Physical examination findings that may be seen include dentin decay and other oral pathology such as posterior oropharyngeal trauma; Russell’s lesions on the dorsum of the hand; and associated evidence of self-injurious behavior (habitual cutting) given the association with borderline personality disorder. The patient’s body mass index (BMI) should not limit the consideration of bulimia given the spectrum (low to high) of BMI that can present with the class of binge eating disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy with possible adjunctive pharmacologic antidepressants is most successful in the early stages of the disease. Relapse after initial treatment is common.
I Would Like to Phone a Friend
Authors: Hoke David , Balentine Bryan
Published: February 2022

Rural areas are often devoid of regular psychiatric services. Telepsychiatry has been demonstrated to provide a needed service in these areas. Technology is now widely available to support available platforms. Psychiatrists can directly interview patients, make disposition recommendations (often seeing them as admissions or in their office afterwards), and make medication recommendations. Use of telepsychiatry can provide more timely evaluation of psychiatric patients and quicker and more accurate care and can decrease length of stay and other burdens to the emergency department. Many health plans will pay for services provided. It is relatively easy to employ and requires only moderate technological considerations that are already present at many institutions.
Radiation epilation for tinea capitis
Authors: Pfeffer M. Raphael
Published: February 2022

Soon after Roentgen’s discovery of x-rays in 1895, radiation-induced epilation became the recommended treatment of ringworm wherever the necessary equipment and expertise were available. Worldwide, hundreds of thousands of children with ringworm were successfully treated during the following 60 years. Ringworm was a particular problem in immigrant societies, including Israel, where a national program was introduced to treat ringworm with radiation epilation. The carcinogenic risk of low-dose radiation began to be appreciated in the 1950s around the same time that griseofulvin, the first successful medication for ringworm, became available and replaced radiation as the first-line treatment of ringworm. There is still controversy today regarding the use and possible misuse of radiation epilation for ringworm. We will review here some of the historical and scientific aspects of radiation epilation and the later realization of the long-term risk of such treatment.
The ringworm campaign in Portugal, 1940–1970
Authors: Boaventura Paula , Pereira Dina , Soares Paula , Teixeira-Gomes José
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the fight against the tinea capitis (ringworm) epidemic in Portugal, especially the campaign that took place in the northern part of the country. This campaign was centered in Porto, an important coastal city in northwestern Portugal, and was conducted from the former social hygiene dispensary (DCHSP). Mobile teams were employed, equipped with an x-ray device, so that irradiation treatments could be carried out in the most remote areas of the country. The chapter is divided into four sections: diagnosis and disease evolution, epidemiology, treatment, and possible late effects from the treatment. The latter section addresses the long-term health problems observed in more than 1,300 individuals who underwent x-ray epilation as children at the DCHSP.
“Deadly Medicine”
Authors: Bavli Itai , Shvarts Shifra
Published: February 2022

In July 1973, a study at the University of Chicago linked radiation treatment in childhood to a variety of diseases, including thyroid cancer. A few months later, a worker at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago found a registry of 5,266 former patients who had been treated with radiation during the 1950s and 1960s. Hospital officials decided to contact these patients and arrange for follow-up medical examinations. Media coverage of the hospital’s campaign prompted more medical institutions to follow suit and, subsequently, a nationwide campaign launched by the National Cancer Institute to warn the medical community and the public about the late effects of ionizing radiation. This chapter discusses how the action of one hospital in Chicago and the media attention it attracted led to a national campaign to warn those who underwent radiation treatment in childhood.
The clinical interview—setting the scene
Authors: O'Dwyer Anne-Marie , Campion Mariel
Published: February 2022

The diagnosis in psychiatry rests on the clinical interview. Clinical interviewing is the bedrock of all medical practice but is, arguably, at its most challenging in psychiatry. This chapter provides the introduction to good clinical interviewing. Relevant clinical vignettes and practical tips are given throughout. Conducting a clinical interview is a practical skill. As with any practical skill, it requires knowledge and experience (gained through practice).
This chapter provides the initial knowledge needed for good clinical interviewing, providing practical information to enhance practice by considering:
• What is needed from the interviewer in a clinical setting.
• Why we interview patients.
• How to set up the clinical interview and manage diverse challenges, including how to:
• Promote safety.
• Respect confidentiality.
• Build rapport.
• Manage special circumstances, including cultural or age-related.
Practical tips include prompts on how to:
• Use questions.
• Direct the interview.
• Manage sensitive disclosures.
• Leave an interview that is escalating.
• End the interview.
The psychiatric history—what to ask
Authors: O'Dwyer Anne-Marie , Campion Mariel
Published: February 2022

Being able to take a good psychiatric history is essential to allow you to:
• Put structure on information the patient provides.
• Assemble this information to propose likely explanations for the presentation.
• Provide a framework that guides further investigation and management.
• Communicate with colleagues.
This chapter provides the initial knowledge needed for the best structure to use in taking a psychiatric history, including:
• A logical roadmap starting with the presenting complaint, through previous history, personal history, and up to the current situation.
• Prompts for specific areas, including substance use, forensic history, premorbid personality, and collateral.
• Qualities required.
• The need to ‘be a detective’.
• How to pursue pieces of information (‘clues’) offered by the patient.
• How to follow-through on these to develop possible explanations.
Practical tips include prompts on:
• Useful questions for specific areas such as education, employment, and forensic history.
• Key factors to consider in each area.
• Stressors, vulnerabilities, and protective factors.
• Specific areas of concern including childhood adversity, deliberate self-harm and cultural contexts.
Anxiety and obsessional disorders
Authors: O'Dwyer Anne-Marie , Campion Mariel
Published: February 2022

Anxiety disorders are disabling conditions. In anxiety disorders, the person experiences severe, often persistent (or recurrent) anxiety that is excessive and/or inappropriate to the situation. They often co-exist with other psychiatric conditions (depression, substance abuse). In medical or surgical disorders, distinguishing ‘normal’ anxiety from an anxiety disorder requiring treatment can be very difficult. This chapter presents the key features of anxiety, the main anxiety disorder subtypes, and the varied reactions to stress and trauma. The focus is on using the person’s symptoms to both understand their presentation (making the diagnosis) and to engage them in treatment. The chapter opens by presenting elements of anxiety that are easily understood and are present in all anxiety disorders, proceeding to highlight clinical features, course, and treatment for each of the main anxiety and obsessional disorders.
This chapter provides knowledge about:
• Physical and psychological symptoms of anxiety.
• Shared features of anxiety disorders.
• Specific features, course, and treatment of each of the disorders, including phobias, panic disorder, hypochondriasis, obsessive–compulsive disorder, acute stress reaction, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Practical tips include:
• Key items to consider in diagnosing anxiety disorders.
• Disorders to exclude.
• The components of the anxiety triad.
Forensic perspectives in general psychiatry
Authors: O'Dwyer Anne-Marie , Campion Mariel
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides key information about forensic psychiatry. Legal aspects of mental health are complex, with far-reaching implications for patients and clinicians. While some legal aspects of medical care require the intervention of specialists in psychiatry and the law (forensic psychiatrists), every doctor will encounter, and needs to manage, legal aspects of medical and psychiatric care in their daily work. While every jurisdiction has specific laws, common concepts exist across all jurisdictions. This introductory guide for medical students, accordingly, will focus on subjects that any doctor is likely to encounter, namely:
• How to assess capacity.
• Treatment without consent.
• Confidentiality and when it may need to be breached.
• Principles of ‘risk’ assessment.
Practical tips include how to avoid breaching confidentiality and key features in treatment without consent.
The impact of demographic structure, human capital, migration and environmental degradation on economic growth in Asia
Authors: Amornkitvikai Yot , Harvie Charles , Karcharnubarn Rukchanok
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This study investigates the impact of demographic structural changes on economic growth using data for Asian economies covering the period 1960–2020. Other factors affecting economic growth, such as human capital, are also considered.

Design/methodology/approach

A fixed-effects model and a fixed-effects model with endogenous covariates are used to examine a dynamic demographic model covering different age cohorts (i.e. youth-age, working-age and old-age populations) and other factors impacting economic growth.

Findings

The working-age population share, the labour force relative to the working-age population and growth of the actively employed population have significant and positive impacts on economic growth. Population growth and the youth-age population share exert a significant and negative impact on economic growth. A second and silver demographic dividend is found arising from a significant and positive association between the old-age population and economic growth. Human capital has an inverted U-shaped association with economic growth. Environmental degradation is significantly and negatively related to economic growth. No evidence is found for the importance of migration.

Practical implications

The positive association between the old-age population and economic growth indicates the policy significance of retirement-income systems with high coverage to enhance economic growth in Asia. Lifelong learning and preventative health measures can also be supportive policies to strengthen the third (silver) demographic dividend via the extension of retirement for productive and healthy elders.

Originality/value

This study is the first to examine the impacts of demographic structure, human capital, migration and environmental degradation on economic growth in Asia, using the most up-to-date longitudinal data from 1960 to 2020. Unlike previous empirical studies, this study discovers empirically based evidence to support Asia's second and silver demographic dividends.
Designing Web-scale geographic search interface for libraries
Authors: Mandal Sukumar , Saha Sujan
Published: February 2022

Purpose

There are various online library databases available to access, but none of them include a geographic search option. The purpose of this study is to discover a suitable solution to solve this problem. To access information, it is critical to search using the geographic locations available in bibliographic databases. Geographic search functionality is available in Web-scale discovery system and services.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach and methods for incorporating geographic search capabilities into VuFind open source discovery software for suitable and appropriate information resource discovery among users are straightforward. Library mash-up tools and techniques were integrated by using geographic locations into a Web-scale library discovery system.

Findings

As a result, bibliographic metadata descriptions help all library users to identify and access documents more quickly and easily. It can assist users and librarians in making better use of library resources by integrating various databases with VuFind and by providing them in a single window-based interface. This system has developed a standardised geographic search architecture, and it is entirely based on the Ubuntu operating system. Furthermore, the 034 MARC 21 tag will be adjusted using the latitude and longitude website.

Originality/value

Web-scale library services are provided by OCLC WorldCat Discovery Services, Summon Web-scale Discovery, EBSCO Discovery Services, Primo Central and others. This Web-scale discovery services platform relies heavily on geographic search interface functionalities.
Primitivist medicine and capitalist anxieties in ayahuasca tourism Peru
Authors: Gearin Alex K.
Published: February 2022

Analysing healing practices at an ayahuasca tourism centre in Peru, this article illustrates how Shipibo practices of curing and sorcery have adapted to the demands of international clients searching for primitivist healing experiences. At the core of this adaption is the thorny issue of occult power and its relation to capital accumulation. Sorcery here does not serve clients but is manifest among healers working to capitalize on the guests’ primitivist rejections of modern life while operating in environments of economic scarcity and ambient poverty. Ayahuasca tourists do not request and generally do not believe in sorcery, but their very presence generates and negates the local moral economy of sorcery in novel ways. The article explores a paradoxical aspect of ayahuasca tourism wherein guests purge similar anxious desires for capital accumulation that healers achieve when curing them.
The Edmonton Obesity Staging System and pregnancy outcomes in women with overweight or obesity: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Killeen Sarah Louise , Yelverton Cara A. , Geraghty Aisling A. , Kennelly Maria A. , Eakins Shane , Farrell Lily , Fagan Jillian F. , Mehegan John , McAuliffe Fionnuala M.
Published: February 2022

The Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS) is a proposed clinical practice tool to determine obesity severity. In a secondary analysis of the Pregnancy Exercise and Research Study (PEARS) (a mobile‐health‐supported lifestyle intervention among pregnant women with body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2), we apply the EOSS and explore relationships with pregnancy outcomes. In early (14–16 weeks) and late (28 weeks) pregnancy, fasting lipids and glucose were measured, blood pressure was extracted from medical records and maternal well‐being was assessed using the WHO‐5 Well‐being Index. Pearson's correlations, chi‐square statistics and multiple logistic regression were used to identify relationships. One‐way analysis of variance was used to compare groups. Pregnant women (n = 348) were mean (SD) age 32.44 (4.39) years and median (interquartile range) BMI 28.0 (26.57, 29.88) kg/m2. Using metabolic criteria only, 81.9% and 98.9% had raised EOSS scores in early and late pregnancy. From early to late pregnancy, EOSS scores increased by 60.1%. Of these, 10.5% experienced a 2‐point increase, moving from stage 0 to stage 2. There was a potential relationship between early EOSS and large for gestational age (χ2 = 6.42, df (2), p = .04), although significance was lost when controlled for confounders (p = .223) and multiple testing. Most women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 had raised EOSS scores, limiting the clinical utility of the tool.
Does the presence of executives with a legal background affect stock price crash risk?
Authors: Huang Can , Ho Kung‐Cheng
Published: February 2022

Research Question/Issue

Executives with a legal background have superior knowledge of the law compared with executives who do not have such a background. This study investigates how executives who are well informed of the law can reduce stock price crash risk and how this is significant from a corporate governance perspective.

Research Findings/Insights

We collected and evaluated 23,031 firm‐year observations from 2008 to 2018, which resulted in the following findings: (1) Executives with a legal background can effectively reduce stock price crash risk. (2) When the company's external or internal supervision is weak, the effect of executives with a legal background in reducing stock price crash risk is particularly prominent. (3) The executives' ability to reduce stock price crash risk is particularly conspicuous when the company's intention to hide bad news is low or when there is a high risk of the bad news being leaked.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Stock price crash risk is a critical problem to address in the Chinese capital market. The prevailing explanation for crash risk emphasizes executives' concealment of bad news as a primary factor. Since the suppression of bad news by company executives is the main reason for stock price crash risk, observing the influence of executives on this risk is a viable direct approach. Executives with a legal background, in particular, have a critical influence on companies. They possess a superior understanding of the law compared with those who do not have such a background and are more willing to respect and abide by the law. As a result, they have a lower tolerance for inappropriate acts by the executive team, namely, concealing bad news, which reduces the risk of stock price crash.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

In China, the world's largest transitional economy, investor protection and information environments are still developing. Countries with less developed regulations can adopt substitutive mechanisms, such as making the employment of executives with a legal background mandatory, to facilitate the healthy development of their capitalist markets. Given the capacity of these executives to reduce stock price crash risk, thereby supporting continuous and stable development of the capital market, regulatory authorities should encourage listed companies to hire executives with a legal background. Furthermore, they should also start in‐depth promotion of and education on the rule of law among employees to improve their legal competence.
Canada jays (Perisoreus canadensis) identify and exploit coniferous cache locations using visual cues
Authors: Martin R. Jeff , Fuirst Matthew , Sherry David F.
Published: February 2022

Food caching is a foraging strategy used by many vertebrates, involving the storage and subsequent recovery of food items for later consumption, when other food sources are scarce. Once cached, stored food, particularly highly perishable items, can degrade over time. Evidence suggests that for birds, some conifers may aid in cache preservation through protective properties in resin. However, due to the challenges involved with following birds to their caching locations, cache‐site preferences are not easily studied in the wild. We investigated eight captive Canada jays’ (Perisoreus canadensis) ability to both identify and exploit conifer tree species. Further, we examined potential cues that birds may use to identify and select these potentially beneficial sites. We found strong evidence to suggest that birds can quickly identify conifer tree species and subsequently exploit those cache locations preferentially. Furthermore, our evidence suggests that although birds do not appear to use olfactory cues when making caching decisions, they potentially to attend to structural cues. We suggest that visual information is essential to both the identification of conifer trees and to cache‐site selection decisions. These findings indicate that jays make rapid, fine scale assessments of their environments, discriminating amongst trees of different species and use this information to select cache‐sites.
Clinical outcomes and cost‐effectiveness of large‐scale midwifery‐led, paediatrician‐overseen home phototherapy and neonatal jaundice surveillance: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Khajehei Marjan , Gidaszewski Beata , Maheshwari Rajesh , McGee Therese M
Published: February 2022

Aim

To evaluate a large midwifery‐led, paediatrician‐overseen home jaundice surveillance and home phototherapy (HPT) programme.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study over 2019. Included were all infants with birth gestation ≥35 weeks, discharged at 4–96 h and receiving care from midwifery‐at‐home (a 12‐h daily, 365‐days hospital‐based outreach service, supported by hospital paediatricians). Phototherapy was delivered via BiliSoft blanket with treatment thresholds determined by standard nomograms. The main outcomes of interest were unplanned readmissions, and cost‐effectiveness based on hospital finance department actual costs. Also examined were parental compliance, device issues and safety.

Results

During 2019, 4308 infants received home jaundice surveillance with 86% hospital‐discharged before 72 h, 82% exclusively breastfed and 69% having overseas‐born mothers. Four hundred infants received HPT, comprising 101 continuing from inpatient phototherapy (IPT), 56 rebounding after IPT, and 243 home‐diagnosed as needing phototherapy and triaged to HPT. Only 1 of 400 (0.25%) HPT infants required readmission. Additionally, there were 80 home‐diagnosed jaundiced infants triaged to immediate readmission for IPT. Maximal serum bilirubin was 454 μmol/L. No exchange transfusion, encephalopathy or HPT‐device problems occurred. An early 2019 bilirubin analyser upgrade resulted in higher bilirubin readings and some unintended subthreshold phototherapy. Supported by midwives, most parents managed HPT with ease. HPT cost $640/day compared to $2100/day for infant IPT readmission and $1000/day for a longer birth‐admission stay. Up to 2 weeks' midwifery‐at‐home care for the whole cohort cost $2 m less than a 2‐day longer birth‐admission stay.

Conclusion

Large‐scale, midwifery‐led, paediatrician‐overseen jaundice surveillance and HPT can achieve very low unplanned readmission rates and be cost‐effective.
Surgical left atrial appendage occlusion in patients with left ventricular assist device
Authors: Kewcharoen Jakrin , Shah Kuldeep , Bhardwaj Rahul , Contractor Tahmeed , Turagam Mohit K. , Mandapati Ravi , Lakkireddy Dhanunjaya , Garg Jalaj
Published: February 2022

Background

Thromboembolic (TE) events are among the most common and devastating adverse events in patients with continuous‐flow left ventricular assist device (cf‐LVAD). Given the high burden of AF among cf‐LVAD patients, we sought to evaluate the effect of concomitant surgical LAAO in patients receiving cf‐LVAD.

Methods

A systematic search using electronic databases was performed using the keywords: “left atrial appendage occlusion” and “left ventricular assist device.” Statistical analysis was performed using metapackage for R version 4.0 and Rstudio version 1.2. Mantel–Haenszel risk ratio (RR) random‐effects model was used to summarize data between two groups. The primary outcomes included: (a) stroke; (b) LVAD pump thrombosis; (c) all‐cause mortality

Results

Three studies with a total of 305 patients (LAAO = 68 and No‐LAAO = 237) were included in the analysis. HeartMate II (39%) and Heartware (27.5%) were the two most common cf‐LVADs utilized, while only 5% received HeartMate III. At a mean follow up of 1.47 years, LAAO group had a lower risk of stroke (8.8% vs. 15.2%, RR 0.64; 95% CI 0.28–1.49), LVAD pump thrombosis (1.5% vs. 3.8%, RR 0.28; 95% CI 0.05–1.55) and all‐cause mortality (5.9% vs. 20.2%, RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.19–2.52) when compared with no‐LAAO group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusion

Concomitant surgical LAAO at the time of cf‐LVAD implantation demonstrated a trend toward positive outcomes and was not associated with adverse outcomes during the follow‐up period, though the results were not statistically significant
Dimerization decrypts antibiotic activity
Authors: Smith Myles
Published: February 2022

Direct dimerization simplifies the synthesis of himastatin and elucidates its mode of action
Supplemental Material: Re-Os geochronology for the Cambrian SPICE event: Insights into euxinia and enhanced continental weathering from radiogenic isotopes
Authors: Rooney Alan D. , al. et
Published: February 2022

Detailed analytical methods and sample information, and data tables containing all isotopic, geochronologic, and whole-rock geochemical data.