bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering the Nagel-Erikson Hypothesis
Authors: Dragoo Kathleen , Duits Melissa , Haltom William
Published: March 2007

In analyzing editorial reactions to church-state decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, some support is found for the hypothesis that approval of judicial decisions correlates with partisan attitudes. However, it is found that partisan cleavages on Court decisions have blurred due to habituation to precedent, compromised holdings, and judicial justification. This evidence leads the authors to conclude that attentive lay publics of the Court, such as editorialists, may be less partisan, or partisan less often, than many observers have supposed.
Campaign Contributions and Legislative Voting in the California Assembly
Authors: Dow Jay K. , Endersby James W.
Published: March 2007

In this article the authors test for the influence of campaign contributions from economic interest groups on legislative voting in the California Assembly. California does not restrict the size of contributions that special interests may provide to candidates for state office. Consequently, if the purpose of campaign contributions is to secure favorable voting on legislation, this should be evident in an unregulated setting. However, for both business and labor interests, neither the number nor the monetary amount of campaign contributions to incumbents are found to have a major influence on legislative roll call voting.
What Are Party Endorsements Worth?
Authors: Jewell Malcolm E. , Morehouse Sarah M.
Published: March 2007

In this study of preprimary gubernatorial endorsements by state parties, we find that the endorsee is less likely to be challenged in a primary if the endorsement is based on state law rather than party rules; though in both situations, the percentage of contested endorsees who win has been declining. Evidence from a number of 1994 endorsing conventions shows that the gubernatorial endorsee is more likely to win nomination if (a) the party endorses a politically strong candidate, (b) the endorsing convention is reasonably united and representative of party primary voters, and (c) the endorsee receives considerable tangible support as a result of being endorsed.
Postwar Deficit Spending in the United States
Authors: Hahm Sung Deuk , Kamlet Mark S. , Mowery David C.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the relative importance of 5 of the primary influences suggested in the literature on the size of the U.S. federal deficit during the postwar period: the state of the economy, the identity of the political party in power, Roubini and Sachs's "strength-of-government" hypothesis, the "irresponsible Congress/responsible president" hypothesis, and the "gridlock" hypothesis. We find that the state of economy has an important influence on the deficit. Controlling for the economy, however, we find no support for any of the other 4 hypotheses. In sharp contrast to the latter 3 of these hypotheses, when the president has strong political and popular support, the deficit appears to increase by more than would have been otherwise. These results call into question much of the "conventional wisdom" on deficit spending in the United States and highlight the distinctive demands of the cold war on U.S. defense outlays and fiscal policy outcomes.
Grassroots Involvement in Interest Group Decision Making
Authors: DAY CHRISTINE L.
Published: March 2007

Interest groups' increased use of centrally managed mass communications technologies has reduced opportunities for social networking among group members. This study examines the relationship between organizational democracy, or rank-and-file participation in decision making, and two indicators of social network opportunities: existence of local chapters and extent of direct-mail usage. Control variables include membership incentives, organizational resources, group age and size, and competition with other groups for members. Multivariate analyses of two interest group survey data sets, using ordinal logit, indicate that social network organizations are no more likely to involve their members in decision making than are centralized direct-mail organizations. The variables that are significantly related to grassroots involvement in organizational decision making include purposive and solidary membership incentives as well as some organizational resources, size, and age. Implications for further study of organizational democracy are discussed.
Presidential Voting Across the American States
Authors: JACKSON ROBERT A. , CARSEY THOMAS M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, we examine the variation in the importance of partisanship and ideology in structuring citizens' presidential vote choice across the United States. We use CBS/ New York Times Exit Polls from 18 states in 1984 and 24 states in 1988, along with the national polls from each year. Underlying national survey-based examinations of presidential voting (e.g., those based on the American National Election Studies) is the assumption that presidential voting “looks and works the same” across the United States. However, our results indicate marked variation in the influence of both partisanship and ideology on presidential vote choice across state electorates. Political characteristics of state electorates (e.g., mass polarization and mass liberalism) provide some insight into these differences. Furthermore, we discover some continuity from 1984 to 1988 within states in the nature of influences on their electorates' presidential voting.
Tenement Renewal in New York City in the 1930s: The District-Improvement Ideas of Arthur C. Holden
Authors: Schwartz Joel
Published: March 2007

During the Great Depression, New York planner Arthur C. Holden offered reformers an alternative to the eminent domain and broad slum clearance favored by most proponents of low-rent public housing. Holden advocated the technique of pooling properties in an equity trust, that is, of transforming tenement owners into shareholders of a district corporation empowered to manage, selectively demolish, and redevelop real estate. He tried the experiment among property owners on blocks of the Lower East Side and in Chelsea, but he could not overcome their residual individualism. A product of the 1930s debates about eminent domain, Holden’s ideas anticipated much of the 1960s disillusionment toward slum clearance by distant government authority.
Perceived Vertical and Lateropulsion: Clinical Syndromes, Localization, and Prognosis
Authors: Brandt Thomas , Dieterich Marianne
Published: March 2007

We present a clinical classification of central vestibular syndromes according to the three major planes of action of the vestibulo-ocular reflex: yaw, roll, and pitch. The plane-specific syndromes are determined by ocular motor, postural, and percep tual signs. Yaw plane signs are horizontal nystagmus, past pointing, rotational and lat eral body falls, deviation of perceived straight-ahead to the left or right. Roll plane signs are torsional nystagmus, skew deviation, ocular torsion, tilts of head, body, and perceived vertical in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Pitch plane signs are upbeat/downbeat nystagmus, forward/backward tilts and falls, deviations of the per ceived horizon. The thus defined vestibular syndromes allow a precise topographic analysis of brainstem lesions according to their level and side. Special emphasis is placed on the vestibular roll plane syndromes of ocular tilt reaction, lateropulsion in Wallenberg's syndrome, thalamic and cortical astasia and their association with roll plane tilt of perceived vertical. Recovery is based on a functionally significant central compensation of a vestibular tone imbalance, the mechanism of which is largely un known. Physical therapy may facilitate this central compensation, but this has not yet been proven in prospective studies. Key Words: Visual vertical—Lateropulsion— Vestibulo-ocular reflex—Central vestibular syndromes.
Responses of the Densely Hemiplegic Upper Extremity to Bilateral Training
Authors: Mudie M. Heather , Matyas Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

Objective: Recovery of movement in the densely hemiplegic upper extremity re mains a problem after stroke. This study aimed to determine whether movement recovery could be improved in the hemiplegic arm with bilateral isokinematic training. Methods: Within and between groups, planned comparisons investigated the effects of bilateral training on attempts at two movements by subjects with acute and chronic problems with one and two bilateral practice phases. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of mid dle deltoid and extensor carpi radialis longus in the hemiplegic arm was recorded dur ing unilateral and bilateral isometric shoulder abduction and wrist extension. Results: Small increases in muscle activity were demonstrated by both experimental and con trol subjects during most bilateral practices in both actions. However, these increases were not significantly different from the previous unilateral trial, and the bilateral ef fect failed to generalize to subsequent trials. Previous studies with less densely hemiplegic subjects had demonstrated generalization of improvements in movement patterns with bilateral training to unimanual actions of the densely hemiplegic arm. Conclusions: Extensive lesions may limit brain reorganization and recover of dense hemiplegia after stroke. Nonetheless, on the basis of findings from other studies in which functional im provements occurred in both acute and chronic severely stroke-affected subjects, out come forecasting for the hemiplegic upper extremity should only eventuate after provi sion of practice under optimal learning conditions. Key Words: Bilateral isokinematic training—Dense hemiplegia—Stroke—Treatment outcomes.
Polypropylene Resins for Sheeting and Thermoforming
Authors: Myers John H.
Published: March 2007

Polypropylene homopolymers and copolymers offer many properties which would be advantageous for users of thermoformed articles. However, they are difficult to thermoform. This paper reports on results of developing new resin systems which are thermoformable. Included are some systems which include the addition of talc and calcium carbonate fillers which increase the modulus of the sheeting while maintain ing the thermoformability and the good impact strength.
Low Molecular Weight Ionomers as Processing Aids and Additives
Authors: Danneels D.F.
Published: March 2007

The recently introduced line of AClyn®low molecular weight ionomers are partic ularly suited for use as additives and processing aids in plastic materials. The unique balance of physical and chemical properties of these ionomers is a direct result of the special ionomer morphology. The link between this morphology and resulting per formance benefits is elaborated and illustrated with several practical applications
The Study of Polyimide Film Properties and Adhesion Using a Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor
Authors: Galipeau D.W. , Vetelino J.F. , Feger C.
Published: March 2007

A surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor was used to study the re sponse of thin polyimide films to variations of relative humidity and tempera ture. The relationship between these responses and the relative adhesion strength of these films applied with and without adhesion promoter is of partic ular interest since it could have application as a nondestructive, relative measure of adhesion strength. The results show clear differences in the com
Consistency Test for Continuous Flow Permeability Experimental Data
Authors: Gavara Rafael , Hernandez Ruben J.
Published: March 2007

The steady-state permeability experiment is the method recom mended to evaluate the barrier properties of polymeric films which are ex pressed as a permeability coefficient (Hernandez et al., 1986). Besides the permeability coefficient, the diffusion coefficient can also be determined from the unsteady-state values of a permeability study. Since the correctness of the set of permeability data will affect the numerical values of both diffusion and permeability coefficients, a procedure to determine the consistency of a set of data obtained from a continuous flow permeability experiment is proposed in this article. The interest of a simple consistency test arises from the need to de tect variations of the system parameters such as temperature or concentration changes, during the permeation experiment. Further, an analysis of the consis tency of the data will provide information on the applicability of the Henry's law of solubility and the invariability and uniqueness of the diffusion coeffi cient, and may lead to a better understanding of the diffusion and solubility mechanisms that are controlling the permeation system.
Acrylic-Modified Polypropylene for Thin-Gauge Thermoforming: Improved Processing Properties and Economics
Authors: Albert Keith A. , Cruz Carlos A. , Palm Joseph P. , Johnson Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Polyolefins are used extensively for thin-gauge, high speed, roll- fed thermoforming. However, polyolefins suffer from a variety of problems, in cluding slow processing speed, a narrow processing window and poor stretch ability. Trial results demonstrated that acrylic modified polypropylene has a broader processing window, improved stretchability and faster processing on conventional roll-fed thermoforming equipment. Trials on commercial equip ment, using sheet from 10-50 mils (.25-1.2 mm) are discussed, as well as the economics of the final parts.
The Influence of Polymer Processing Additives on the Surface, Mechanical, and Optical Properties of LLDPE Blown Film
Authors: Blong Thomas J. , Klein Donald F. , Pocius A.V. , Strobel Mark
Published: March 2007

Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) film was blown from both wide and narrow die gaps, with and without two commercial polymer pro cessing additives. Wide die-gap extrusion was used to determine how the physi cal presence of either processing additive affected various mechanical and op tical properties of the resultant films. Narrow die-gap extrusion demonstrated how polymer processing additives can be utilized to improve extrusion param eters and permit production of films with improved properties. Surfaces of all the films were analyzed prior to and after corona treating; there were no effects of either additive on contact angle or surface energy. Monitoring over a one year period showed no evidence of either processing additive nor any differences in element composition on the surfaces of the films.
Comparison of Vitamin E, Irganox 1010 and Bht as Antioxidants On Release of Off-Flavor From Hdpe Bottles
Authors: Ho Y.C. , Yam K.L. , Young S.S. , Zambetti P.F.
Published: March 2007

The effects of vitamin E, Irganox 1010, and BHT as antioxidants for reducing the release of off-flavor (both off-odor and off-taste) from blow- molded HDPE bottles were investigated. A sensory study was conducted and showed that bottles containing vitamin E had a lower odor intensity and a higher acceptability for storage of drinking water compared to bottles contain ing Irganox 1010 or BHT. Forty-seven volatile compounds were identified to release from the bottles using the purge-and-trap GC/MS analysis. Those vola tile compounds, ranging from C 6 to C18, belonged to the groups of n-alkane, 1- alkene, aldehyde, ketone, phenolic, olefin, and paraffin; among them aldehydes and ketones were the most important due to their very low odor thresholds. The bottles containing vitamin E were found to release the least amount of alde hydes and ketones compared to bottles containing Irganox 1010 or BHT. The acceptability of drinking water is correlated inversely to the intensity of odor and taste as well as to the aldehyde/ketone concentration. Therefore vitamin E, although used at about 20% the concentration of Irganox 1010 or BHT, is a superior antioxidant for reducing off-odor and off-taste from HDPE bottles.
Cultivating Natures: Homes and Gardens in Late Modernity
Authors: Bhatti Mark , Church Andrew
Published: March 2007

In this paper we seek to engage with contemporary environmental debates concerning human-nature relations at the everyday level. Our focus is on the domestic or home garden, which we argue is a significant locale for understanding human-nature relations. Secondary empirical data illustrate the growth of gardening and its connections to changes in housing tenure, consumption patterns and the `commodification of nature' by the garden industry. Primary empirical data on the meanings of home and garden (and gardening activities) are utilised to understand the relations between human agency and contemporary human-nature relations. The findings suggest that a variety of social and economic processes encourage utilitarian and consumerist orderings of nature in gardens. But the meanings of gardens are also structured by personal practices, often reflecting relationships with family and friends, that produce complex and personalised connections with nature that illustrate the ambiguity of human-nature relations.
`Remedial Work': Men's Strategic Responses to their Violence against Intimate Female Partners
Authors: Cavanagh Kate , Dobash R. Emerson , Dobash Russell P. , Lewis Ruth
Published: March 2007

Based on interviews with 122 men who had used violence against their partner, and employing Goffman's (1971) concept of `remedial work', this paper interrogates violent men's perceptions, constructions and understandings of domestic violence and their responses to its use. Accounts of women partners are also examined. `Remedial work' involves the perpetrator of an act of untoward behaviour in various forms of `damage limitation' intended to change the meaning of the offensive act into one that is deemed acceptable. Goffman's three related devices of remedial work - `accounts, apologies, and requests' - are used to explore men's narratives of violent events, their definitions of the event, rationales and perceptions of consequences. Revealed are the exculpatory and expiatory discourses which dominate men's narratives and which expose the purposeful yet paradoxical nature of their responses to violence, directed at mitigating and obfuscating culpability while at the same time seeking forgiveness and absolution. We suggest that through these devices men seek to impose their own definitions upon their woman partner and thereby neutralise or eradicate her experience of abuse and control the ways in which she interprets and responds to it. These findings strongly support Goffman's theoretical conception. In addition, they highlight the need for further investigation of how men's and women's accounts, definitions and responses to violence are interactionally connected through men's attempts to define the violence in exculpatory and expiatory terms and in women's resistance to such definitions and their implications.
The Importance of Estimates and Confidence Intervals Rather than P Values
Authors: Ely Margaret
Published: March 2007

The importance of reporting estimates and confidence intervals for statistical analyses has been well publicised in the arena of medical studies for some years now. The requirement to give confidence intervals for the main results of a study has been included in the statistical guidelines for contributors to medical journals since the 1980s and methodological points such as this are discussed in the Statistical Notes section of the British Medical Journal. If the use of quantitative methods in British sociology is to be encouraged, as Frank Bechhofer (1996) suggests is needed, it is important to have a forum for the dissemination of basic methodological issues which is accessible to researchers within the discipline. This note aims to achieve such dissemination by using an example from current research to illustrate this fundamental, but often overlooked, aspects of quantitative analysis.
`Space - The Final Frontier'
Authors: Baldry Chris
Published: March 2007

For too long the built working environment has been excluded from the analysis of work organisations. Buildings, like other cultural artefacts, encapsulate social and economic priorities and values, and represent prevailing power structures. Work buildings, such as offices and factories, both make possible the organisation of the labour process and also serve as structures of non-verbal communication, providing cues on hierarchy, status and appropriate behaviour. Control over the working environment can be seen as a constituent part of the control of the labour process, displaying similar cyclical movements. Human resource management and information technology are currently combining to encourage a reappraisal of the working environment, but one that is not without its own contradictions.
Mahjong Agonistics and the Political Public in Taiwan: Fate, Mimesis, and the Martial Imaginary
Authors: Festa Paul E
Published: March 2007

In this article I examine high-stakes mahjong in Taiwan as a ritual mode of male agency fraught with political significance. I show how men divine fate by conjuring estranged game forces, while disavowing the "abeyance of agency" by deploying strategy and style to control fate's fickle flip-side—luck. Through "combat" with luck, men reanimate an officially orchestrated male totality, or martial imaginary, that reproduces idealized masculine values and patterns of citizenship. By further situating mahjong within a socially and politically encompassing play-ritual framework, I argue that mahjong mimesis generalizes a pathos of "sympathetic agonism" that blurs gender boundaries and that preserves a space for a plural democratic agôn.
The Organizing Circumstance: Environmental Determinants in Self-Directed Learning
Authors: Spear George E. , Mocker Donald W.
Published: March 2007

This study reports a qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with 78 self-directed learners with less than high school completion and who were currently engaged in a learning project. The analysis focused on how and why learners chose particular resources or made other decisions when early analysis failed to detect evidence of conscious pre-planning. Kurt Lewin's view, that to understand human behavior the proper area for study is the individual's life space of field, led the investigators in determining that the structure and direction of learning projects derive from the resources available and apparent to the learner in the environment. The concept of the Organizing Circumstance is formulated and four categories of environmental structuring of learning are identified.
Community Development: An Adult Education Model
Authors: Dean Gary J. , Dowling William D.
Published: March 2007

This paper includes a conceptual model of community development to be used by change agents and educators of adults to identify its processes and outcomes. Process variables are the number of people involved, amount of time, ability to organize, number of issues addressed, amount of local initiative, and how effectively resources are used. Outcome variables are people-related, organizational, and physical on micro and macro levels. The components of the model are the community development specialist, the core group of citizens, their local community and its extended boundaries, special interest groups, and the resources needed. A graphic presentation of the model is included.
Gutenberg, Literacy, and the Ancient Arts of Memory
Authors: Rachal John R.
Published: March 2007

Adult educators have devoted considerable attention to the issues of memory and literacy, but very little of it has been historical in its perspective. The article surveys the spread of literate culture in Western Europe and especially England and the decline of the ancient arts of Memory, both greatly attributable to the advent of printing. The proliferation of print and the growth of literacy obviated the need for the ingenious mnemonic techniques of Cicero, Quintilian, and the anonymous author of Ad Herrenium, as well as the collective and sometimes mythic memory which served as historical archive. It is argued that these two strands of current adult education research-memory and literacy-not only have intriguing historical roots but are closely intertwined.
Factor Structure of Deterrents to Participation in Off-Duty Adult Education Programs
Authors: Martindale Cameron J. , Drake James B.
Published: March 2007

This study used Darkenwald and Valentine's (1985) Deterrents to Participation Scale (DPS-G) to (a) validate the instrument with a different population and (b) investigate the reasons Air Force enlisted personnel at two bases did not participate in voluntary, off-duty education. Sample size was 966, with an adjusted response rate of 71.5%. Survey responses were compared to responses from prior use of the survey and expectations from the literature. Eight deterrent factors were identified. Analysis of variance revealed relationships between demographic variables and the factors from the literature. The investigators concluded that (a) the instrument, used on a different population, measured the same deterrents previously found and (b) the eight factor structure further developed the six factor structures in prior studies.
Construct Validation of the Oddi Continuing Learning Inventory
Authors: Oddi Lorys F. , Ellis Alice J. , Roberson Jean E. Altman
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to estimate the construct validity of the 24-item Oddi Continuing Learning Inventory (OCLI) and provide direction for revision of the instrument. Total OCLI scores correlated at low levels with total scores on the Job Activity Survey (JAS), a self-report measure of nurses' on-the-job learning activities, and with subscales representing learning through the modes of Inquiry, Performance, and Self-instruction. OCLI scores were not correlated with a subscale measuring Group Instruction and with voluntary attendance at continuing education programs. Further research of the OCLI should be aimed at (a) refinement of items to reflect learning through various modes and (b) investigation of practicing professionals from a variety of disciplines, using different approaches for estimating its construct validity.
The Effect Abroad of American Private Enterprise
Authors: Smithies Arthur
Published: March 2007

One of the great revolutionary forces in the world today is the spread over the globe of the products of American capitalism. The automobile, the radio, and the movie may well do more to transform traditional attitudes than Communist ideology. The desire for these commodities has led to efforts by countries throughout the underdeveloped world to produce them domestically. The export incomes of those countries have not expanded sufficiently to permit them to buy the im ports that they want. However, the domestic production has depended not so much on local industry as on foreign firms which have been induced to establish local subsidiaries. The inducements have consisted of import quotas on finished goods, free imports of equipment, and tax concessions. Import sub stitution at the consumer level has been one of the main forces of development in Latin America, Australia, and parts of Asia. This type of development contrasts sharply with the classical or Communist approach which stresses building up the basic industries first and increasing consumption at a later stage. Import substitution when carried to excess has led to crisis and stagnation in a number of cases. Whether it will succeed de pends on the effectiveness of the capitalist revolution in trans forming human attitudes and on the ability of foreign enter prises to introduce modern technology and business manage ment.
An Assessment of Current American Influence in Africa
Authors: Logan Rayford W.
Published: March 2007

Uncertainty about domestic and foreign policies in areas where the United States has vital interests makes haz ardous an assessment of current American influence in Africa. An effective American influence in that continent is weakened by several liabilities. The United States is so greatly over- extended by commitments in so many crisis areas that Africa does not receive the necessary high-level attention. Many of these commitments require continued support of dictatorships and other governments which enables some Africans to scoff at the American role of "Leader of the Free World." On our domestic front, federal, state, and local governments, supported by nongovernmental organizations, are attacking with varying degrees of success the inequalities imposed upon most American Negroes.1 Watts I, Watts II, other violent eruptions, and the acquittal of many whites who have been charged with the mur der of civil-rights workers and of men and women not engaged in civil-rights activities more than offset in the minds of Afri cans the onslaughts on segregation and discrimination. African Negroes living in the United States are understandably more prone to write home about segregation and discrimination from which they suffer than about the organizations and individuals engaged in promoting a better knowledge of Africa. On the African continent, American policy in Rhodesia and South Africa constitutes the greatest current liability. In mid-1966, the African policy of the United States may still have time to reduce its liabilities and increase its assets.
The Development of Federal Assistance to the Humanities
Authors: Edgerton Wallace B.
Published: March 2007

The American propensity to respond to challenge as such, especially since technological prowess and dominance have become our postwar way of life, carries inherent danger. The first sponsors of a governmental agency in support of the humanities recognized that humane knowledge is useful knowl edge, more than ever in an era when purpose becomes confused with efficiency and productivity. The Endowment for the Humanities works from such a premise, supporting efforts to generate humanistic knowledge relevant to current concerns and changing values, and to disseminate the fruits of humanis tic study as widely as possible. It has developed programs promoting and assisting curriculum and faculty development, and supporting humanist teachers and researchers at each stage of their careers. Equally important, the Endowment is increas ingly involved in the transmission of humane knowledge and the stimulation of new thinking on the qualities and values needed to deal with inevitable change. And it is seeking to engage the widest possible audience. A mutually reinforcing advance in both the sciences and the humanities is the society's greatest need as well as its greatest challenge.
The Beginning of the New American Revolution
Authors: Ruckelshaus William D.
Published: March 2007

In the last decade we have become increasingly aware that as we built a nation on this continent we carelessly wasted the air, water, and earth on which the life of that nation depends. We have realized in the shadow of the Atomic Age that we can destroy ourselves piecemeal as well as by holocaust. The critical issue today is how we approach the issue of the environment, now that there is widespread aware ness of its fragility. Clearly, we must measure the environ mental impact of everything we do. In simple terms, we must cease to measure progress as a gross national product and begin to realize our net national product. The decisions already made, such as the supersonic transport (SST), and those we are restudying, such as the trans-Alaska pipeline, show that we have put the question to ourselves: "How can we maintain our affluence—how can we enjoy the good life—and how, at the same time, can we insure the continuance of life?" If every one of us will adopt the simple truth that "I can save the earth," we will realize how much we can achieve together. We will inaugurate an American Revolution that truly will be heard around the world.
Reshaping Our Foreign Policy
Authors: Posvar Wesley W.
Published: March 2007

A fundamental alteration has taken place in the context in which United States foreign policy will operate in the years ahead. The dissolution of the rigid confrontation with the Soviet Union, the advent of major new powers on the world stage, and the growing shift in focus from military concerns to political ones are the chief characteristics of this coming era. If we look into the future we may find that the significant concept is transnationalism, not internationalism. The traditional state system is being submerged under the proliferation of institutional and personal contacts. Our new perspectives have also cast into still sharper relief grave issues that continue to threaten us, foremost among which is the danger of nuclear holocaust. But ancient habits of mind and policy continue to shape certain aspects of our policy. Thus, the "worst-case planning" disposition of some military strate gists may lead to a distorted view of international political reality and to a neglect of measures to promote international coöperation and stability. Another major need is increased foreign economic assistance to raise living standards and productivity in the less developed countries. The United States should consider the proposal to raise the level of its foreign aid assistance to one percent of the Gross National Product, in accordance with the United Nations General Assembly 25th Anniversary resolution.
Maoism as a World Force
Authors: Melby John F.
Published: March 2007

Maoism is the greatest recorded Utopian experiment. It proposes no less than to change the nature and motivation of man from that of a self-centered and selfish being to one dedicated to the common welfare. China proclaims its support for Wars of National Liberation, but insists that revolution is not exportable. It must come from the people most directly concerned, and they must bear the major burden of winning it. Self-reliance is the essential tool, and victory comes only with party leadership and mass mobilization of oppressed peoples. Only local circumstances can dictate appropriate ways and means. Chinese behavior outside its borders has been cautious and pragmatic, demonstrating a willingness to learn from mistakes. In a world which has lost faith in its values and ideologies, it may well be that the greatest impact of Maoism will be its demonstrated belief in its destiny, superiority, and rightness.
Domestic Constraints on Alternative Chinese Military Policies and Strategies in the 1970s
Authors: Whitson William W.
Published: March 2007

China's ability to mobilize and deploy military power in the 1970s will be determined largely by domestic political, economic, and military trends. A continuing political struggle for authority between central and regional power groups is not likely to undermine significantly the dominance of the Shenyang, Peking, Nanking, and Canton Military Regions, nor alter the fact of a coalition government—presently under the guidance of Chou En-lai. Economic trends toward increased regional self-interest and self-sufficiency may be arrested in part by the efforts of central authority to retain control over the most important sectors of the military industrial mobilization base. To some degree, Chinese central leaders may be able to import advanced technology with which to improve their leverage over domestic adversaries. However, continued emphasis on agriculture and a shortage of investment resources may be expected to severely constrain budgetary resources available for either imports or weapons development. The role of the military in society is likely to remain significant, although it seems clear that Chou En-lai and others wish to reduce their influence over the civil polity. All military leaders, with the exception of a minority concerned with nuclear weapons, may be expected to retain a primary interest in internal security problems, namely, the problem of stability. Thus, because such problems require conventional rather than nuclear weapons, those leaders are likely to alter the mix of resource allocations to weapons in favor of a better balance between the two systems. Strategic defense rather than offensive capability, is likely to retain first priority.
Political Trends in China since the Cultural Revolution
Authors: Harding Harry
Published: March 2007

The Cultural Revolution left two major legacies to China. First, basic social, economic, and organizational policies were undecided. Second, political power belonged to a shaky coalition of political forces, with widely divergent interests and policy preferences. Since 1969, China has sought to cope with these two legacies. But as Chinese leaders tried to formulate specific policies that could attract general support, conflict within the coalition mounted, resulting in the purge of important central and provincial leaders. The outcome of these two processes—the redefinition of policy and the re-allocation of power—constitutes the Thermidorean reaction to the Cultural Revolution. Policy has drifted rightward, and ultraleftism has been condemned. Many victims of the Cultural Revolution have been restored to office, while many of those associated with Red Guard radicalism and military participation in politics, particularly Ch'en Po-ta and Lin Piao, have been purged. Although most outstanding policy questions have by now been resolved, at least temporarily, the problem of the fragmentation of political power in China remains. Power still belongs to a heterogeneous coalition, which could easily fall apart in the event of an international crisis or the death of Mao.
Poverty, Propinquity and Policy
Authors: Smolensky Eugene
Published: March 2007

There is no necessary connection between pov erty and income distribution. When poverty is defined by relative measures, the proportion of impoverished families is the same as it was in 1950. As a result, the urban problems of the United States have been exacerbated. What people spend on house paint, how they travel to work, how long they send their children to school, what public facilities they ask for, how much idle time they will have as adults and how they spend that idle time, all depend at least in part on family in come. While tastes vary greatly, differences in consumption patterns, in human capital investments, in political demands and in propensity or willingness to steal depend importantly on income. Furthermore, if people of very different income levels live close to one another—as they do in cities—these different choices exacerbate class conflict. To escape, those with the means to do so seek to segregate themselves and to surround themselves with moats. They also turn to govern ment for relief. The Great Society programs constituted a use of the political process to ameliorate class conflict by low ering the cost of goods to the poor which the nonpoor wanted them to buy. Nevertheless, the poor did not become accepta ble neighbors for the rest of the nation. Now, the Nixon ad ministration seeks to terminate a good part of the effort. The problems remain; for the moment, however, we as a nation have decided to live with them.
Study and Training Abroad in the United Nations System
Authors: Carter William D.
Published: March 2007

The United Nations and its Specialized and Associated Agencies have, since their foundation, provided fellowships, study tours, training courses, and workshops to enable specialists from their member states to obtain further training and to exchange experience on problems of mutual interest. Such programs have played a major role in the work of the United Nations system in the developing countries. The present article describes the main features of these programs over the past three decades, some of the problems they have faced, and how they have developed in response to changing perspectives and needs of the mem ber states of the organizations. Some notable develop ments in these programs during the past five years are discussed, for example, the increased contribution of inter national, regional, and national training institutes in the organization of training programs and their researches on program content and methodology; new departures in the field of evaluation; the co-ordination of international train ing programs situated in the developing countries and the potential role of technical co-operation among the develop ing countries.
The Influence of American Institutions in Latin America
Authors: Needler Martin C.
Published: March 2007

United States influence has had a major role in the formation of Latin American political institutions, especially with respect to the separation of powers, the two- chamber legislature, the central role of the president, and the requirement for periodic elections. European influences have been more marked in administrative organization and the legal system, and there have been some attempts to institute cabinet responsibility to the legislature. However, both models have been adapted to the idiosyncracies of the political dynamics of the region, especially to the frequency of dictatorship, rebellions, and other emergencies.
Race and Housing: A Review and Comments on the Content and Effects of Federal Policy
Authors: Mitchell Robert E. , Smith Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Unlike school integration measures, housing and community development policies attack the causes rather than simply the symptoms of racial segregation in urban communities. Federal policies are examined with regard to two goals: protection of the individual's right to a decent home and a suitable living environment, and the social goal of achieving stable interracial residential environments. Although both supply and demand housing strategies have had some, but still unmeasured, success in realizing both goals, the public and private sector delivery systems have sustained the dual housing market. Future progress will depend on the mixture of demand and supply strategies adopted, changes in delivery systems, the success of federal enforcement efforts, the emphasis placed on broad strategy options, and socioeconomic trends not easily influenced by public policy.
Ideology and the Balance of Power
Authors: Cherne Leo
Published: March 2007

The nature of ideology as a force behind national will and foreign policy, and the relationship of shifting ideologies in the balance of power between the United States and the U.S.S.R. are analyzed. Historical examples are cited to illustrate ideologically inspired efforts which have achieved major changes in power. Successes and failures in the struggles for power between the United States and the U.S.S.R. are considered in relation to the ebb and flow of prevailing ideologies. Democracies' inherent problems in marshalling ideology are discussed, along with the present failure of the United States to exploit Soviet weakness, and the relatively successful manipulation of ideology by the Soviets.
Environmental Quality and Economic Development
Authors: Heath Donald P.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in reducing both air and water pollution in the United States. The cost of clean-up was not critical during this period, when large gains could be made at relatively low cost; but the Law of Diminishing Returns is at work. We have entered the phase where small incremental improvements are inordinately costly. Government estimates indicated that in 1977 the environmental laws cost each American family $600, and that by 1986 the cost per family will be $1300 (in 1977 dollars). The family will receive little or no health benefit from this additional money, but will have less to spend for food, shelter, and medical care. Today we see a growing awareness in both Congress and the Administration that the billions of dollars spent on environmental overcontrol will add to inflation, retard economic development, and inhibit job formation. The urgent need is for the people—the families who must carry the cost burden—to communicate their concern to their representatives in Washington.
Death in Prime Time: Notes on the Symbolic Functions of Dying in the Mass Media
Authors: Gerbner George
Published: March 2007

The cultural (and media) significance of dying rests in the symbolic context in which representations of dying are embedded. An examination of that context of mostly violent representations suggests that portrayals of death and dying serve symbolic functions of social typing and control and tend, on the whole, to conceal the reality and inevitability of the event.
Study Abroad and International Exchanges
Authors: Burn Barbara B.
Published: March 2007

International educational exchange was a field of major concern to the President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies because of its contribu tion to research and scholarship on other countries, to foreign language learning, and to the international education of our citizens. Despite their importance, exchanges involving high school students and teachers remain distressingly limited and should be expanded. Although major federal funding of study abroad by American undergraduates is not likely, this field should be strongly encouraged; study abroad can have a lifelong impact on students' values and understanding of other cultures. The more than one-quarter million foreign students in American colleges and universities should be tapped much more as a resource for intercultural learning. Teaching and especially research abroad for faculty is essential to U.S. competence in international studies; federal funding for it through the Fulbright and other programs has seriously eroded and should be significantly increased. Scholarly ex changes should in the future be more collaborative, based on reciprocity and on the principle of equality between U.S. and foreign higher education institutions.
Strategic Offense and Defense: Enhancing the Effectiveness of U.S. Strategic Forces
Authors: Goure Daniel
Published: March 2007

The United States is faced with a series of imminent strategic force posture decisions, the most critical of which focuses on measures to reduce the vulnerability of the land-based ICBM. Other decisions involve improvement to the survivability and effectiveness of the bomber and submarine legs of the Triad, U.S. space-based assets, and command and control capabilities. Complicating resolution of force planning issues are growing concerns about the adequacy of current U.S. strategic doctrine and persistent disagreements over alternative strategic policies. The most promising solution to the ICBM vulnerability problem appears to be a combination of rebasing and active defense. Active defense against ballistic missiles is a technically plausible strategic option in the 1980s. The increased viability of strategic defenses and their improving cost-effectiveness calls into question existing strategic doctrine with its emphasis on offensive systems and deterrence via threat of retaliation. A potential answer to the problem of an uncertain strategic vision may be movement toward a more balanced offense-defense posture or even to a "defense-heavy" strategic posture and corresponding strategy based on assured survival.
The Meaning of Technological Mastery in Relation to Transfer of Technology
Authors: Dahlman Carl J. , Westphal Larry E.
Published: March 2007

The acquisition of technological mastery—that is, of the ability to make effective use of technological knowledge—is critical to the achievement of self-sustaining development. Transfers of technology are substitutes for local mastery rather than sources of it. Consequently, the part played by transfers of technology in the process of development, while important, is nonetheless limited. This article considers the role of technology transfer with specific reference to industrial technology, and places it in the broader context of the relationship between the acquisition of technological mastery and the development of an efficiently functioning economy. Based on a review of what is known about technical change in industrial enterprises in less-developed economies and on a case study of one economy's experience, it demonstrates that indigenous effort to assimilate technological knowledge is of overriding importance in the achievement of technological mastery. Various types of technological mastery are distinguished together with the different categories of effort associated with their acquisition. The consequences of increased mastery are also discussed, together with the factors that determine when it is appropriate to rely on transfers. Finally, the authors suggest that further research is needed to determine how technological mastery ought to evolve in relation to industrial development.