bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating resources required to evaluate child outcomes following indirect services in early childhood education centres: A scoping review
Authors: Masso Sarah , Campbell Emma , Faulkner Heather , Britton Alison
Published: January 2023

Issue Addressed

Speech‐language pathologists (SLPs) may provide indirect services focusing on the promotion of rich communication environments in early childhood education centres. Evaluating children's outcomes following SLP‐led professional development in early childhood education centres is challenging. The aim of this scoping review was to identify how child outcomes were measured in studies exploring SLP professional development in early childhood education.

Methods

A systematic search of seven databases was conducted to identify studies that included the provision of an indirect SLP service and measurement of child outcomes. Twelve studies were identified that met all inclusion criteria for the scoping review. Information about the research design, professional development training provided and child outcome measures collected were all extracted from the identified studies.

Results

Half of the identified studies relied on the direct assessment of child language and seven studies utilised video‐recording of interactions between educators and child/ren in their care.

Conclusions

Evaluating child outcomes following SLP professional development in early childhood education centres is not only challenging but also expensive. Considerations for the allocation of suitable resources to evaluate indirect services are discussed.

So What?

SLPs may need to demonstrate the impact of indirect services focusing on health promotion through the evaluation of child outcomes. The findings of this investigation outline the challenges identifying appropriate tools to capture the outcomes of children.
How the effective reproductive number impacts global stock markets
Authors: Kristjanpoller Werner , Michell Kevin , Minutolo Marcel C.
Published: January 2023

The pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus COVID‐19 has impact the economies of countries across the world. In a short period of time, researchers have begun to analyse the effect of the pandemic on global stock markets. Although the most known measurements of COVID‐19 are the number of new cases and deaths, there are more robust indicators. In particular, the effective reproductive number is one of the most important indicators to analyse the pandemic which indicates the degree to which the spread is under control. In this paper, we assess the impact that the Effective Reproductive Number (Rt) has on 26 countries around the world (32 stock market indexes) comparing the performance of various forms of Generalized AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity models. The results demonstrate that of the 32 stock markets analysed, 37.5% had a negative effect with respect to Rt and only in 12.5% of the cases was the effect of the variation of Rt positive. This implies that in more than a third of the stock markets analysed as the pandemic progressed uncontrolled the result was a decrease in the value of the market index. The 11 of the 26 countries analysed had a negative and significant effect (Brazil, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Sweden, Taiwan, and United States). Findings suggest that the Effective Reproductive Number volatility had a significant impact on 10 of the 26 countries analysed (38.5%) (Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Italy, Mexico, Russia, Singapore and United Kingdom).
A regression analysis using simple descriptors for multiple dermal datasets: Going from individual membranes to the full skin
Authors: Evans Marina V. , Moxon Thomas E. , Lian Guoping , Deacon Benjamin N. , Chen Tao , Adams Linda D. , Meade Annabel , Wambaugh John F.
Published: January 2023

In silico methods to estimate and/or quantify skin absorption of chemicals as a function of chemistry are needed to realistically predict pharmacological, occupational, and environmental exposures. The Potts–Guy equation is a well‐established approach, using multi‐linear regression analysis describing skin permeability (Kp) in terms of the octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) and molecular weight (MW). In this work, we obtained regression equations for different human datasets relevant to environmental and cosmetic chemicals. Since the Potts–Guy equation was published in 1992, we explored recent datasets that include different skin layers, such as dermatomed (including dermis to a defined thickness) and full skin. Our work was consistent with others who have observed that fits to the Potts–Guy equation are stronger for experiments focused on the epidermis. Permeability estimates for dermatomed skin and full skin resulted in low regression coefficients when compared to epidermis datasets. An updated regression equation uses a combination of fitted permeability values obtained with a published 2D compartmental model previously evaluated. The resulting regression equation was: logKp = −2.55 + 0.65logP − 0.0085MW, R2 = 0.91 (applicability domain for all datasets: MW ranges from 18 to >584 g/mol and −4 to >5 for logP). This approach demonstrates the advantage of combining mechanistic with structural activity relationships in a single modeling approach. This combination approach results in an improved regression fit when compared to permeability estimates obtained using the Potts–Guy approach alone. The analysis presented in this work assumes a one‐compartment skin absorption route; future modeling work will consider adding multiple compartments.
Molecular mechanism of binding between a therapeutic RNA aptamer and its protein target VEGF: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Kalathingal Mahroof , Rhee Young Min
Published: January 2023

Macugen is a therapeutic RNA aptamer against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐165, the VEGF isoform primarily responsible for angiogenesis. It has been reported that Macugen inhibits angiogenesis by specifically binding to the heparin binding domain (HBD) of VEGF165. The mechanism of the molecular recognition between HBD and Macugen is investigated here using all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations. We find that Macugen recognizes HBD by an induced‐fit mechanism with major conformational changes in Macugen and almost no changes in the structure of HBD, whereas HBD recognizes Macugen by a conformational selection mechanism.
Star transposition Gray codes for multiset permutations
Authors: Gregor Petr , Merino Arturo , Mütze Torsten
Published: January 2023

Given integers and , let and . An a‐multiset permutation is a string of length that contains exactly symbols for each . In this work we consider the problem of exhaustively generating all ‐multiset permutations by star transpositions, that is, in each step, the first entry of the string is transposed with any other entry distinct from the first one. This is a far‐ranging generalization of several known results. For example, it is known that permutations () can be generated by star transpositions, while combinations () can be generated by these operations if and only if they are balanced (), with the positive case following from the middle levels theorem. To understand the problem in general, we introduce a parameter that allows us to distinguish three different regimes for this problem. We show that if , then a star transposition Gray code for a‐multiset permutations does not exist. We also construct such Gray codes for the case , assuming that they exist for the case . For the case we present some partial positive results. Our proofs establish Hamilton‐connectedness or Hamilton‐laceability of the underlying flip graphs, and they answer several cases of a recent conjecture of Shen and Williams. In particular, we prove that the middle levels graph is Hamilton‐laceable.
Promoting ICT adoption in rural entrepreneurship: more neighbourhood effect or more institutional incentives?—Empirical evidence from China
Authors: Geng Lili , Xue Yongji
Published: January 2023

Although digital village projects have been vigorously promoted in China in recent years, the application rate of information and communication technology (ICT) is still low, while the ways in which governmental technology promotion turns into endogenous initiatives and the impact of informal institutions remains unclear. This study found that the neighbourhood effect, rather than institutional incentives, is decisive for ICT adoption. Perceived well‐being benefit was found to be an indispensable internal driver for ICT adoption, whereas government incentives varied across industries, producing a variety of impacts. The findings of this study provide practical insights into the effective promotion of ICT adoption, suggesting that government and community forces should be integrated, and that both cognitive and affective psychological drivers should be considered.
The third vaccine dose significantly reduces susceptibility to the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) SARS‐CoV‐2 variant
Authors: Farias Jéssica P. , Pinheiro Josilene R. , Andreata‐Santos Robert , Fogaça Mayanna M. C. , da Silva Brito Ruth D. , da Cruz Edgar F. , de Castro‐Amarante Maria F. , Pereira Samuel S. , dos Santos Almeida Shirley , Moreira Ludimila M. , da Conceição Simões Rafael , Luiz Wilson B. , Birbrair Alexander , Belmok Aline , Ribeiro Bergmann M. , Maricato Juliana T. , Braconi Carla T. , de Souza Ferreira Luís C. , Janini Luiz M. R. , Amorim Jaime Henrique
Published: January 2023

The main coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine formulations used today are mainly based on the wild‐type severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike glycoprotein as an antigen. However, new virus variants capable of escaping neutralization activity of serum antibodies elicited in vaccinated individuals have emerged. The Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant caused epidemics in regions of the world in which most of the population has been vaccinated. In this study, we aimed to understand what determines individual's susceptibility to Omicron in a scenario of extensive vaccination. For that purpose, we collected nasopharynx swab (n = 286) and blood samples (n = 239) from flu‐like symptomatic patients, as well as their vaccination history against COVID‐19. We computed the data regarding vaccine history, COVID‐19 diagnosis, COVID‐19 serology, and viral genome sequencing to evaluate their impact on the number of infections. As main results, we showed that vaccination in general did not reduce the number of individuals infected by Omicron, even with an increased immune response found among vaccinated, noninfected individuals. Nonetheless, we found that individuals who received the third vaccine dose showed significantly reduced susceptibility to Omicron infections. A relevant evidence that support this finding was the higher virus neutralization capacity of serum samples of most patients who received the third vaccine dose. In summary, this study shows that boosting immune responses after a third vaccine dose reduces susceptibility to COVID‐19 caused by the Omicron variant. Results presented in this study are useful for future formulations of COVID‐19 vaccination policies.
Modification of the properties of a suture thread with a tough gel coating: A baseline ex‐vivo study
Authors: Mazy David , Ma Zhenwei , Chung‐Tze‐Cheong Christopher , Lamer Stephanie , Li Jianyu , Nault Marie‐Lyne
Published: January 2023

The mechanical properties of sutures are important for wound closure and meniscus repair. A tough gel coating technology has been developed to modify and functionalize sutures, but its effects on suture degradation remain unexplored. Our aim is to investigate how a tough gel coating mediates the properties of the suture. The Polyglactin910 (Vicryl) suture was chosen because it is widely used, strong, easy to handle, and degradable. This study compared six pristine Vicryl sutures and six coated Vicryl sutures at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. All the sutures were soaked in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), to mimic degradation in physiological conditions, and tensile strength was tested at each time point. The pH of the soaking mediums was measured weekly and compared at 4, 5, and 6 weeks. No significant difference (p = 0.059 and p = 0.576) was found between the absolute and normalized breaking force of coated and pristine Vicryl sutures at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. After 4 weeks of immersion, the soaking medium became more acidic for both suture types. The decrease in pH was less significant for coated Vicryl sutures than for pristine ones (p < 0.001) at 4, 5, and 6 weeks of immersion. Although coating does not affect the strength of Vicryl sutures soaked in PBS, it can effectively act as a buffer to the acidic environment caused by suture degradation, which could help reduce inflammation. Hydrogel coating is a promising technology to modify suture characteristics.
Preparation of Poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide) Hydrogel‐Modified PVDF Membrane and Its Separation and Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Wu Xiaorui , Zhang Shumin , Kong Que , Li Rong , Zhou Change , Li Zhiguang , Ren Xuehong
Published: January 2023

Commercial polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microporous membranes are coated with P(AA‐co‐AM) hydrogel with different proportions of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM). Thus, P(AA‐co‐AM)/PVDF membranes with good structure and excellent performance are prepared. The surface morphology and structure of P(AA‐co‐AM)/PVDF membranes are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The water contact angle (WCA), underwater oil contact angle (UOCA), pure water flux, separation flux, and separation efficiency of P(AA‐co‐AM)/PVDF membranes are measured. The antibacterial properties of P(AA‐co‐AM)/PVDF membranes are tested, and the prepared membranes have good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus after chlorination. The prepared P(AA‐co‐AM)/PVDF membranes show good hydrophilicity and underwater oleophobicity, and improved separation performance of mud, oil–water emulsion, metal ions, and organic dyes.
On the Galois covers of degenerations of surfaces of minimal degree
Authors: Amram Meirav , Gong Cheng , Mo Jia‐Li
Published: January 2023

We investigate the topological structures of Galois covers of surfaces of minimal degree (i.e., degree n) in . We prove that for , the Galois covers of any surfaces of minimal degree are simply‐connected surfaces of general type.
A new method for resolving the jerk and jounce vectors in Euclidean 3‐space
Authors: Tawfiq Abdelrhman Magdi , Cesarano Clemente , Elsharkawy Ayman
Published: January 2023

Investigating the jounce vector in planar and space motion is the primary objective of this paper. For planar motion, the jounce vector is split into tangential‐normal and radial‐transverse components. Simple pendulum oscillation, a central force proportionate to distance, and Keplerian orbital motion are used as models for plane motion to show the geometric properties of the jounce vector. The jounce vector of a particle that is moving across three dimensions of Euclidean space is also investigated, and it is resolved in the tangential, radial, and other radial directions in the rectifying and osculating planes, respectively. The models used were an electron in a uniform magnetic field and a particle traveling along a spiral path.
Steady flow control for a novel lattice hydrodynamic model with time delay based on discrete‐time system
Authors: Kang Chengjun , Qian Yongsheng , Zeng Junwei , Wei Xuting
Published: January 2023

This paper aims to investigate the influence of time delay effect and steady flow control strategy on traffic flow. Consider that the time delay in sensing flux information during the operation of traffic system is inevitable. Meanwhile, a new method is applied to model and analyse traffic system. A novel discrete‐time lattice hydrodynamic model considering time delay is introduced in this paper. Based on the proposed model with constant and varying time‐delay, the asymptotic stabilities are investigated and corresponding stable conditions are derived. The traffic flow evolution trend with and without time delay is conducted and compared by numerical simulations. Also, under the influence of different control gain conditions, density wave characteristics for traffic flow system with time delay are intuitively shown. The results indicate that time delay effect in sensing density and flux information can aggravate traffic congestion, and traffic congestion will be effectively relieved by considering steady flow control signal.
Multidelay pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling to measure blood flow in the head and neck
Authors: Sijtsema Nienke D. , Petit Steven F. , Verduijn Gerda M. , Poot Dirk H. J. , Warnert Esther A. H. , Hoogeman Mischa S. , Hernandez‐Tamames Juan A.
Published: January 2023

Perfusion MRI is promising for the assessment, prediction, and monitoring of radiation toxicity in organs at risk in head and neck cancer. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) may be an attractive alternative for conventional perfusion MRI, that does not require the administration of contrast agents. However, currently, little is known about the characteristics and performance of ASL in healthy tissues in the head and neck region. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to optimize and evaluate multidelay pseudocontinuous ASL (pCASL) for the head and neck region and to explore nominal values and measurement repeatability for the blood flow (BF), and the transit time and T1 values needed for BF quantification in healthy tissues. Twenty healthy volunteers underwent a scan session consisting of four repeats of multidelay pCASL (postlabel delays: 1000, 1632, 2479 ms). Regions of interest were defined in the parotid glands, submandibular glands, tonsils, and the cerebellum (as a reference). Nominal values of BF were calculated as the average over four repeats per volunteer. The repeatability coefficient and within‐subject coefficient of repeatability (wCV) of BF were calculated. The effect of T1 (map vs. cohort average) and transit time correction on BF was investigated. The mean BF (± SE) was 55.7 ± 3.1 ml/100 g/min for the parotid glands, 41.2 ± 2.8 ml/100 g/min for the submandibular glands, and 32.3 ± 2.2 ml/100 g/min for the tonsils. The best repeatability was found in the parotid glands (wCV = 13.3%–16.1%), followed by the submandibular glands and tonsils (wCV = 20.0%–24.6%). On average, the effect of T1 and transit time correction on BF was limited, although substantial bias occurred in individual acquisitions. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of BF measurements in the head and neck region using multidelay pCASL and reported on nominal BF values, BF repeatability, the effect of T1, and transit time in various tissues in the head and neck region.
Knowledge toward COVID‐19 in children among undergraduate students at the beginning of COVID‐19 era
Authors: Abuhammad Sawsan , Alhawatmeh Hossam , Al‐Natour Ahlam , Hamaideh Shaher , Alrabadi Nasr , Sindiani Amer , Mehrass Amat Alkhaleq
Published: January 2023

Aims

To describe the level of knowledge of undergraduate students in Jordan toward COVID‐19 in children in respect of the clinical signs of the disease, modes of transmission, protection measures against the disease and satisfaction with governmental measures.

Design

A cross‐section was utilized in this study.

Methods

An online survey questionnaire was utilized in this research study. All undergraduate students in Jordan were able to take part. The size of the sample was 799. Knowledge toward COVID‐19 among children was used to assess the participants' knowledge about COVID‐19.

Results

The findings indicate that the students had a good understanding of the clinical signs, mode of transmission and protection measures and were satisfied with governmental measures. According to the students' responses, the resource they used the most was social media followed by news channels. Our study also found that medical specialty students had more knowledge toward COVID‐19 than non‐medical.
Atmospheric impacts of local sea surface temperatures versus remote drivers during strong South China Sea winter cold tongue events
Authors: Seow Marvin Xiang Ce , Hassim Muhammad Eeqmal Eesfansyah , Venkatraman Prasanna , Tozuka Tomoki
Published: January 2023

Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the western part of the South China Sea (SCS) are cooler than in the eastern part in boreal winter, owing to a winter climatological cold tongue (CT). In this study, using a regional atmospheric model configured for the Maritime Continent, we assess the atmospheric impacts of local (or SCS) SSTs versus those from remote drivers (e.g., western tropical Pacific SSTs) during strong CT events with anomalously cool SSTs. In the local run, more rainfall is observed over the eastern SCS, but no significant atmospheric impacts are found over the CT region when SSTs associated with strong CT events are imposed within the SCS while climatological conditions are imposed elsewhere. SCS SST anomalies during strong CT events do not significantly modify the regional wind circulation. The lack of atmospheric response to SSTs over the CT region may be explained by the wintertime mean SSTs (i.e., <27–28°C) over the CT region that are inadequate to trigger deep atmospheric convection, while eastern SCS SSTs are high enough. The increase of anomalous positive moist static energy (MSE) near the sea level over the eastern SCS indicates underlying warm eastern SCS SST anomalies could be influencing positive rainfall anomalies. In the remote run, imposing climatological SCS SSTs but remote SSTs and lateral boundary conditions linked to strong CT events results in cyclonic wind and positive rainfall anomalies over the eastern SCS and Philippines, which are a Matsuno–Gill response to the diabatic heating anomalies over the warm western tropical Pacific SST anomalies. Positive rainfall and cloud cover anomalies associated with the cyclonic wind anomalies are due to the anomalous positive MSE import into the eastern SCS by horizontal advection.
Cross‐scale, cross‐level and multi‐actor governance of transformations toward the Sustainable Development Goals: A review of common challenges and solutions
Authors: Allen Cameron , Malekpour Shirin , Mintrom Michael
Published: January 2023

The importance of governance for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is uncontested. However, the design of effective governance arrangements to initiate and deliver the necessary transformations is complex, multi‐scale, and multi‐actor and many knowledge gaps remain. For would‐be reformers, a fundamental challenge arises because all transformative efforts must proceed, at least initially, within existing governance arrangements which can be highly resistant to change. While there is a rich literature on governance of transformations, knowledge remains fragmented. In this paper, we first review this literature and highlight important governance scales as spatial, jurisdictional, sectoral and temporal. We highlight common governance challenges that may arise from tensions within and between these scales, and how governance framings and design choices of actors may accentuate or ameliorate these challenges. To further illustrate, we review a selection of recent case studies on transformations to the SDGs and highlight common governance challenges and solutions. We conclude by suggesting five concrete steps that would‐be reformers could usefully take to increase the likelihood that their transformation efforts will meet with success.
2D Zinc Oxide – Synthesis, Methodologies, Reaction Mechanism, and Applications
Authors: Patil Sayali Ashok , Jagdale Pallavi Bhaktapralhad , Singh Ashish , Singh Ravindra Vikram , Khan Ziyauddin , Samal Akshaya Kumar , Saxena Manav
Published: January 2023

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a thermally stable n‐type semiconducting material. ZnO 2D nanosheets have mainly gained substantial attention due to their unique properties, such as direct bandgap and strong excitonic binding energy at room temperature. These are widely utilized in piezotronics, energy storage, photodetectors, light‐emitting diodes, solar cells, gas sensors, and photocatalysis. Notably, the chemical properties and performances of ZnO nanosheets largely depend on the nano‐structuring that can be regulated and controlled through modulating synthetic strategies. Two synthetic approaches, top–down and bottom–up, are mainly employed for preparing ZnO 2D nanomaterials. However, owing to better results in producing defect‐free nanostructures, homogenous chemical composition, etc., the bottom–up approach is extensively used compared to the top–down method for preparing ZnO 2D nanosheets. This review presents a comprehensive study on designing and developing 2D ZnO nanomaterials, followed by accenting its potential applications. To begin with, various synthetic strategies and attributes of ZnO 2D nanosheets are discussed, followed by focusing on methodologies and reaction mechanisms. Then, their deliberation toward batteries, supercapacitors, electronics/optoelectronics, photocatalysis, sensing, and piezoelectronic platforms are further discussed. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities are featured based on its current development.
Hydrogel Electrolyte with High Tolerance to a Wide Spectrum of pHs and Compressive Energy Storage Devices Based on It
Authors: Li Chuan , Yang Shuo , Guo Ying , Lv Haiming , Li Pei , Bai Xiaofang , Li Xuejin , Zhi Chunyi , Li Hongfei
Published: January 2023

Normally, hydrogel electrolytes widely used in flexible energy storage devices have limited tolerance to different pHs. Most gel electrolytes will lose their compressible capability when the adaptable pH is changed. Herein, a poly(acrylamide3‐co‐(sulfobetaine methacrylate)1)@polyacrylamide (P(A3‐co‐S1)@PAM) hydrogel electrolyte equipped with a dual crosslinking network (DN) is successfully fabricated, which exhibits excellent tolerance to any pHs, endowing various energy storage devices including batteries and supercapacitors with superior mechanical durability. The batteries with mild and alkaline P(A3‐co‐S1)@PAM electrolytes display superior stability (over 3000 cycles). Additionally, a Zn||MnO2battery based on the P(A3‐co‐S1)@PAM hydrogel electrolyte (mild) under 50% compression strain also shows excellent charge–discharge stability and high capacity at 152.4 mAh g−1after 600 cycles. The strong reversible hydrogen bonds and electrostatic forces originating from zwitterionic structures of poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) play an important role in dissipating and dispersing energy imposed abruptly. Meanwhile, the zwitterionic structure and intermolecular NH⋯OC hydrogen bonds of the hydrogel lead to the property of acid resistance and alkali resistance. The tough and robust covalent crosslinking bonds and the tight arrangement of DN polymer chains enable the hydrogel electrolytes to recover their initial shape fast once unloading.
Locus‐Specific Detection of DNA Methylation: The Advance, Challenge, and Perspective of CRISPR‐Cas Assisted Biosensors
Authors: Yu Songcheng , Cao Shengnan , He Sitian , Zhang Kaixiang
Published: January 2023

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation is one of the epigenetic characteristics that result in heritable and revisable phenotype changes but without sequence changes in DNA. Aberrant methylation occurring at a specific locus was reported to be associated with cancers, insulin resistance, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc. Therefore, locus‐specific DNA methylation can serve as a valuable biomarker for disease diagnosis and therapy. Recently, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‐Cas systems are applied to develop biosensors for DNA, ribonucleic acid, proteins, and small molecules detection. Because of their highly specific binding ability and signal amplification capacity, CRISPR‐Cas assisted biosensor also serve as a potential tool for locus‐specific detection of DNA methylation. In this perspective, based on the detection principle, a detailed classification and comprehensive discussion of recent works about the latest advances in locus‐specific detection of DNA methylation using CRISPR‐Cas systems are provided. Furthermore, current challenges and future perspectives of CRISPR‐based locus‐specific detection of DNA methylation are outlined.
Facile Synthesis of Zinc Indium Oxide Nanofibers Distributed with Low Content of Silver for Superior Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Zheng Zhibao , Liang Weizhen , Lin Renzhi , Hu Zhe , Wang Yichao , Lu Hongsheng , Zhong Wenwu , Shen Shijie , Pan Yin
Published: January 2023

Exploring new antibacterial materials is of great significance for limiting the transmission of germs and protecting human health. Although Ag and oxide nanoparticles have both been extensively used in the field of antibacterial, it is still urgently need to figure out how to combine their characteristics for sterilization. Herein, ZnO/In2O3‐Ag nanofibers are prepared with uniformly dispersed Ag through a facile method of electrospinning and subsequent sintering. The obtained nanofibers are of high purity and have diameters from 90 to 110 nm. The silver is in a zero‐valent state, which is beneficial for sterilization. The quantitative test of bacterial activity shows that the nanofibers are bactericidal for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with an especially strong inhibitory effect on E. coli. At relatively low concentrations, 98% of E. coli can be killed. Herein, light is shed on exploring more complexes of oxide nanomaterials and Ag for sterilization.
FE‐analysis of long‐term performance of an epoxy bonded anchor based on nanoindentation and CT‐scan
Authors: Zhu Feng , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: January 2023

Epoxy‐based adhesive mortars are applied as bonding materials for the heavy‐duty fastener in buildings and constructions worldwide. The long‐term behavior of the adhesive mortars is a significant influencing factor on the sustained load and lifetime of bonded anchors. An adhesive mortar is a heterogeneous material consisting of resin and fillers. For the analysis of the long‐term performance of the bonded anchor, it is fundamental to understand the long‐term behavior of the bonding material on the microscale. This contribution presents a novel prediction approach for the long‐term load capacity of the epoxy‐based bonded anchor by using nanoindentation and FE‐simulation. The long‐term mechanical properties of the adhesive mortar were measured by using the precise nanoindentation technology on the micro level for the investigation of: (a) the loading rate effect on the load behavior of the resin, (b) the heterogeneous mechanical phases of the mortar, (c) the aging of the microstructures, and (d) the long‐term load behavior of the components of the mortar. Based on the experimental nanoindentation results, the numerical long‐term time‐independent material parameters were characterized in a concrete model by means of stochastic simulation. For analysis of the imperfection effect of a real bonded anchor, the nanoindentation was employed on the micro level to investigate the error load transfer on the interface between mortar and concrete drillhole without drill‐hole cleaning. On the macro level, the macroscale defects of an installed bonded anchor were found by using the computer tomography. It is demonstrated that the FE‐model based on the nanoindentation results can correctly predict the long‐term performances of a bonded anchorage system.
On well‐posedness of the first boundary‐value problem within linear isotropic Toupin–Mindlin strain gradient elasticity and constraints for elastic moduli
Authors: Eremeyev Victor A.
Published: January 2023

Within the linear Toupin–Mindlin strain gradient elasticity we discuss the well‐posedness of the first boundary‐value problem, that is, a boundary‐value problem with Dirichlet‐type boundary conditions on the whole boundary. For an isotropic material we formulate the necessary and sufficient conditions which guarantee existence and uniqueness of a weak solution. These conditions include strong ellipticity written in terms of higher‐order elastic moduli and two inequalities for the Lamé moduli. The conditions are less restrictive than those followed from the positive definiteness of the deformation energy.
Horizons, 1944–1947
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The serendipitous successes and enticing possibilities of the first year of radio astronomy at Sydney had set Joe Pawsey on a quite unexpected scientific path. He was suddenly established at the lead of a new research field in basic science, with a clear sense of scientific purpose. But just a few months before observations at Collaroy began, Pawsey had not been at all clear about what he would like to pursue in the post-war world. This chapter concerns his personal contemplation of that future, and provides context for the long trip overseas that he undertook in 1947 and 1948.
“Radio” is Part of Astronomy, 1947–1961
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

In many ways, the year 1953 represented a year of consolidation for the radio astronomers at RPL under the leadership of Pawsey and Bowen. The solar research program was flourishing (see Chap. 25). Bolton, Stanley and Slee completed their survey of discrete sources at Dover Heights, by now finding 104 such sources. Mills was now developing new instruments to investigate these sources further.
The Sun and the Ionosphere, 1946–1955
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

When David Martyn wrote to Pawsey in August 1952 to propose his nomination for the Royal Society, Pawsey replied with a formal typed letter that included an obligatory modest paragraph, followed by his own assessment of his achievements. In his own assessment, his main scientific contributions were in solar radio astronomy (which in 1952, he considered the “most fruitful” investigations at RPL, rather than the new found interest in the discrete sources and extra-Galactic observations) and the development of new methods of ionospheric research. We therefore devote this chapter to a brief summary of research and achievements in these areas up to 1955. The first part of the chapter contains a brief overview of the main achievements in solar radio astronomy, led by Paul Wild. Often it is difficult to identify Pawsey’s particular contributions, because, as noted, his leadership style was to visit and discuss observations and analyses, to make comments and propose ways of resolving immediate difficulties, but not to lead the research nor to take authorship for such contributions, However many papers do acknowledge Pawsey’s advice and criticisms in their preparation. The second part contains an overview of Pawsey’s well-crafted but not extensive ionospheric research.
John Bolton Returns, 1960–1961
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The GRT was nearing completion, the early frustrations were now in the past and progress exceeded expectations, “We are infinitely better off than appeared possible about a year ago”. Plans were being made for the scientific research with the GRT and an observing program selection committee was formed. This new major research facility was coming to life.
To the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1961
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

Rabi to Pawsey 31 October 1961:By 1960, radio astronomy was flourishing in the USA. The pace of development had greatly intensified from 1955 to 1960. Radio astronomy had developed in multiple groups spread across the country, a very different pattern from the single Australian group and the two groups in the UK. By 1957 the universities of California (Berkeley), Cornell, Harvard, Ohio State and Stanford all had active radio astronomy programs. At the Carnegie Institute Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM), Franklin and Burke had discovered the intense bursts of radio emission from Jupiter, and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) had made detailed studies of the thermal emission from the moon and the planets using their 50-foot dish. Following the detection of the 21 cm hydrogen line by Ewen and Purcell at Harvard, Bart Bok (Harvard astronomy department) had built up a group of astronomers focussed on the interpretation of observations of the 21 cm hydrogen line. As noted by Kellermann et al. (Open Skies, 2020, p. 54), the Harvard project was managed by astronomers and not by radio scientists as in Australia and the UK. Many of these Harvard graduates were to become members of the NRAO scientific staff, a very different team composition than the instrumentally based groups of radio scientists and engineers that dominated the Australian groups.
Climate Change-Induced Regional Landslide Hazard and Exposure Assessment for Aiding Climate Resilient Road Infrastructure Planning: A Case Study in Bagmati and Madhesh Provinces, Nepal
Authors: Wijaya I Putu Krishna , Towashiraporn Peeranan , Joshi Anish , Jayasinghe Susantha , Dewi Anggraini , Alam Md. Nurul
Published: January 2023

Nepal’s hilly and mountainous regions are highly susceptible to landslides triggered by extreme precipitations. The prevalence of such landslides has increased due to climate change-induced extreme hydro-meteorological conditions. These recurring landslides have significantly impacted the road transport infrastructure, which is the economic lifeline for cities and socio-economic mobility of rural communities in the hilly and mountainous regions of the country. This study modelled extreme rainfall scenarios for the current 1976–2005 baseline and future horizons of 2030, 2050, and 2080 to develop high-resolution 1 km × 1 km mean precipitation datasets under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Based on these extreme precipitation scenarios, we developed high-resolution landslide hazard models adopting integrated weighted index by combining the Frequency Ratio (FR) and Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) methods using multi-variate factors. The multi-variate factors included three terrain parameters—slope, aspect, and elevation; two soil parameters—lithology and soil type; two Euclidean distance parameters from the likely sources—distance from the lineaments and distance from the stream/river; an anthropogenic parameter—land use; and the climate parameter—the mean annual rainfall for four-time horizons and two RCPs. These parameters were spatially modelled and combined using the weighted overlay method to generate a landslide hazard model. As demonstration case studies, the landslide hazard models were developed for Bagmati and Madhesh provinces. The models were validated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) approach, which showed a satisfactory 81–86% accuracy in the study area. Spatial exposure analysis of the road network assets under the Strategic Road Network (SRN) was completed for seven landslide hazard scenarios. In both Bagmati and Madhesh provinces, the exposure analysis showed that the proportion of road sections exposed to landslide hazard significantly increases for the future climate change scenarios compared to the current baseline scenario.
Real-Time High-Resolution Prediction of Orographic Rainfall for Early Warning of Landslides
Authors: Onishi Ryo , Hirai Joe , Kolomenskiy Dmitry , Yasuda Yuki
Published: January 2023

Heavy rainfall often causes devastating landslides. Early warning based on reliable rainfall prediction can help reduce human and economic damages. This paper describes a recent development of reliable high-resolution prediction of orographic (topographic) rainfall using our next-generation numerical weather prediction model, the Multi-Scale Simulator for the Geoenvironment (MSSG). High-resolution computing is required for reliable rainfall prediction, and the MSSG can run with very high resolutions. Robust cloud microphysics is another key to realizing reliable predictions of orographic clouds, where the atmospheric boundary turbulence can affect. This paper clarifies that in-cloud turbulence can enhance cloud development. The recent cloud microphysics model that can consider turbulence enhancement is newly implemented in the MSSG. The emerging machine-learning technology is also coupled with the MSSG for reliable operational predictions. We show the recent development towards reliable predictions of orographic rainfall for realizing early warning of landslides.
Strengthening the Resilience by Implementing a Standard for Landslide Early Warning System
Authors: Fathani Teuku Faisal , Karnawati Dwikorita , Wilopo Wahyu , Setiawan Hendy
Published: January 2023

The implementation of early warning systems is in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015–2030. The Sendai Framework Priority 4 emphasizes improvement of preparedness and anticipation of disasters by establishing communities’ resilience to disaster. The development of a simple, low-cost early warning system that is universally accessible is needed to achieve the goals of the Sendai Framework. Universitas Gadjah Mada, incorporated with the Indonesian Standardization Agency (BSN) and the Indonesian Disaster Management Authority (BNPB), has promoted a new standard for community-based landslide early warning systems to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This standard, published as ISO 22327:2018, empowers individuals and communities vulnerable to landslides to act in sufficient time, and in appropriate ways to reduce the possibility of injuries, loss of life, and damage to property and the environment. It is designed to encourage communities to play a more active role in their own protection. ISO 22327:2018 adopts the concept of a people-centered early warning system by UNISDR (2006) to be used by communities vulnerable to landslides, and by government and non-governmental organizations at central, provincial, districts, sub-district, and village levels.
Central Asia Rockslides Inventory: Compilation, Analysis and Training—Progress of the IPL WCoE
Authors: Strom Alexander
Published: January 2023

JSC “Hydroproject Institute” together with Institute of Seismology of National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic were awarded a World Centre of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction (WCoE) since the 1st World Landslide Forum in 2008. This award was confirmed during the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th World Landslide Forums. The core activity of this WCoE is the Kokomeren Summer School on Rockslides and Related Phenomena—a two-week long annual field training course aimed to acquaint students and young landslide researchers with unique and very didactic examples of large-scale rockslides, rock avalanches and manifestations of active tectonics abundant in the Kokomeren River basin in Central Tien Shan. Further development of these activities evolved in compilation of the complete rockslide database of the entire Central Asia Region embracing Pamir, Tien Shan and Dzungaria that belong to six states—Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
Challenges in Defining Frequentist Rainfall Thresholds to Be Implemented in a Landslide Early Warning System in India
Authors: Gariano Stefano Luigi , Melillo Massimo , Brunetti Maria Teresa , Kumar Sumit , Mathiyalagan Rajkumar , Peruccacci Silvia
Published: January 2023

In India, rainfall-induced landslides cause a high toll in terms of fatalities and damages. Therefore, the adoption of tools to predict the occurrence of such phenomena is urgent. For the purpose, the LANDSLIP project aimed at developing a landslide early warning system (LEWS) to forecast the occurrence of rainfall-induced landslides in two Indian pilot areas: Darjeeling and Nilgiris. Rainfall thresholds are a widely used tool to define critical probability levels for the possible occurrence of landslides in large areas, and are particularly suitable to be implemented in LEWSs.

In this work, we exploited two catalogues of 84 and 116 rainfall conditions likely responsible for landslide triggering in Darjeeling and Nilgiris, respectively. Adopting a frequentist statistical method and using an automatic tool, we determined rainfall thresholds at different non-exceedance probabilities for the two pilot areas. Despite the daily temporal resolution of rainfall data and the spatial and temporal distribution of the documented landslides, the thresholds calculated for the two areas have acceptable uncertainties and were implemented in the LANDSLIP LEWS prototype. We expect that the new thresholds and the whole system will contribute to mitigate the landslide risk in the study areas.
Composite Repair and Remanufacturing
Authors: von Freeden Justus , de Wit Jesper , Caba Stefan , Kroll Susanne , Zhao Huan , Ren Jinchang , Yan Yijun , Arshed Farhan , Ahmad Abdul , Xirouchakis Paul
Published: January 2023

For the reuse of components and structures made of fiber composite materials, a complete remanufacturing process chain is necessary to prepare the parts for a further life cycle. The first step is to dismantle the parts to be reused. Fiber composite components are mostly joined using adhesive technology, so that solution techniques are required for adhesive connections. One possibility is the separation of the adhesive layer by means of thermally expanding particles. Adhesive residues are removed by laser so that the components can be glued again after reprocessing. The decisive factor for which process is used for the remanufacturing of the components is the state at the end of the life cycle. Non-destructive testing methods offer a very good option for detecting damage, planning necessary repairs and direct reuse of damage-free components. Repairs to fiber composite structures have been carried out in aviation for a long time and are accordingly established. These processes can be transferred to the repair of automotive fiber composite components. Many technical solutions were developed and tested as part of the project. Future research work is aimed at further development, particularly with regard to the automation of the technologies in order to enable an industrial application of the recycling of automobile components made of fiber composites.
Co-Design of Creative Products Embedding Recycled Fibers
Authors: Behnam Sarah , Bonaiti Giacomo , Filek Severin , König Tamara
Published: January 2023

The involvement of designers in the sustainable transition from linear to circular economy is crucial since they significantly contribute to the realization of products and services. In the FiberEUse project, a multiple-step approach to co-design was employed, starting with the definition of a first and second design brief in order to clarify the task objectives for designers. This was followed by the description of the co-design process, which aims to engage designers to contribute innovative design concepts for recycled composites. By publishing design concepts in the feedback collection software module Idea Manager, designers and users were able to exchange information, insights, visions, and thoughts digitally. The Idea Manager comprises a feedback collection tool that supports a first assessment of design concepts. Depending on the design briefing and/or confidentiality agreements, the feedback collection and the assessment can either be done (stakeholder-)internally or publicly. A flowchart illustrates the multi-step approach of co-design within the FiberEUse project. The feedback collection process was aided by a progress analysis to detect new value chains for business cases. For the selection of product design concepts, a progress analysis partitioned into four main criteria, the following aspects are drawn on for assessment: (i) quantitative and qualitative production feasibility, (ii) closeness to market introduction, (iii) potential volume of the market, (iv) circularity, (v) type of market, (vi) service opportunities, and (vii) take-back/deposit systems. Aside from bringing out the advantages of co-design for consumers as well as production companies, this chapter also discusses general challenges of co-design and co-creation in a broader sense when intellectual property rights (IPR) are not respected appropriately. The participation in a publicly accessible co-design of concepts must be clearly communicated and accepted by each participant by agreeing to intelligible terms and conditions.