bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A low-cost, long-term underwater camera trap network coupled with deep residual learning image analysis
Authors: Bilodeau Stephanie M. , Schwartz Austin W. H. , Xu Binfeng , Paúl Pauca V. , Silman Miles R.
Published: February 2022

Understanding long-term trends in marine ecosystems requires accurate and repeatable counts of fishes and other aquatic organisms on spatial and temporal scales that are difficult or impossible to achieve with diver-based surveys. Long-term, spatially distributed cameras, like those used in terrestrial camera trapping, have not been successfully applied in marine systems due to limitations of the aquatic environment. Here, we develop methodology for a system of low-cost, long-term camera traps (DispersedEnvironmentAquaticCameras), deployable over large spatial scales in remote marine environments. We use machine learning to classify the large volume of images collected by the cameras. We present a case study of these combined techniques’ use by addressing fish movement and feeding behavior related to halos, a well-documented benthic pattern in shallow tropical reefscapes. Cameras proved able to function continuously underwater at deployed depths (up to 7 m, with later versions deployed to 40 m) with no maintenance or monitoring for over five months and collected a total of over 100,000 images in time-lapse mode (by 15 minutes) during daylight hours. Our ResNet-50-based deep learning model achieved 92.5% overall accuracy in sorting images with and without fishes, and diver surveys revealed that the camera images accurately represented local fish communities. The cameras and machine learning classification represent the first successful method for broad-scale underwater camera trap deployment, and our case study demonstrates the cameras’ potential for addressing questions of marine animal behavior, distributions, and large-scale spatial patterns.
Undocumented: An examination of legal identity and education provision for children in Malaysia
Authors: Loganathan Tharani , Chan Zhie X. , Hassan Fikri , Ong Zhen Ling , Majid Hazreen Abdul
Published: February 2022

Education is a fundamental human right. Yet there remain gaps in our understanding of undocumented children in Malaysia and their vulnerabilities in education access. This study aims to describe and contextualise undocumented children in Malaysia and their access to education. We conducted a desk review and in-depth interviews with 33 key stakeholders from June 2020 to March 2021. Framework analysis was conducted. Salient themes were geographical location and legal identity in terms of citizenship and migration status. We found that the lack of legal identity and non-recognition by the State was the root cause of vulnerability, experienced uniformly by undocumented populations in Malaysia. Only undocumented children with Malaysian parents or guardians can enter public schools under the Malaysian government’s ‘Zero Reject Policy’. Most undocumented and non-citizen children must rely on informal education provided by alternative or community learning centres that typically lack standardised curricula, resources, and accreditation for education progression beyond primary levels. Nevertheless, as non-citizen groups are diverse, certain groups experience more privilege, while others are more disadvantaged in terms of the quality of informal education and the highest level of education accessible. In Peninsular Malaysia, a very small proportion of refugees and asylum-seekers may additionally access tertiary education on scholarships. In Sabah, children of Indonesian migrant workers have access to learning centres with academic accreditation supported by employers in plantations and the Indonesian Consulate, whereas Filipino migrants who were initially recognised as refugees are now receiving little government or embassy support. Stateless Rohingya refugees in Peninsular Malaysia and Bajau Laut children at Sabah are arguably the most marginalised and have the poorest educational opportunities at basic literacy and numeracy levels, despite the latter receiving minimal governmental education support. Implementing a rights-based approach towards education would mean allowing all children equal opportunity to access and thrive in high-quality schools.
cGAS exacerbates Schistosoma japonicum infection in a STING-type I IFN-dependent and independent manner
Authors: Liang Le , Shen Yujuan , Hu Yuan , Liu Haipeng , Cao Jianping
Published: February 2022

Schistosomiasis, which is caused by infection with Schistosoma spp., is characterized by granuloma and fibrosis in response to egg deposition. Pattern recognition receptors are important to sense invading Schistosoma, triggering an innate immune response, and subsequently shaping adaptive immunity. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) was identified as a major cytosolic DNA sensor, which catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a critical second messenger for the activation of the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). The engagement of STING by cGAMP leads to the activation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and the subsequent type I interferon (IFN) response. cGAS is suggested to regulate infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. However, the function of cGAS in helminth infection is unclear. In this study, we found that Cgas deficiency enhanced the survival of mice infected with S. japonicum markedly, without affecting the egg load in the liver. Consistently, Cgas deletion alleviated liver pathological impairment, reduced egg granuloma formation, and decreased fibrosis severity. In contrast, Sting deletion reduced the formation of egg granulomas markedly, but not liver fibrosis. Notably, Cgas or Sting deficiency reduced the production of IFNβ drastically in mice infected with S. japonicum. Intriguingly, intravenous administration of recombinant IFNβ exacerbated liver damage and promoted egg granuloma formation, without affecting liver fibrosis. Clodronate liposome-mediated depletion of macrophages indicated that macrophages are the major type of cells contributing to the induction of the type I IFN response during schistosome infection. Moreover, cGAS is important for type I IFN production and phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 in response to stimulation with S. japonicum egg- or adult worm-derived DNA in macrophages. Our results clarified the immunomodulatory effect of cGAS in the regulation of liver granuloma formation during S. japonicum infection, involving sensing schistosome-derived DNA and producing type I IFN. Additionally, we showed that cGAS regulates liver fibrosis in a STING-type I–IFN-independent manner.
Type I interferons and MAVS signaling are necessary for tissue resident memory CD8+ T cell responses to RSV infection
Authors: Varese Augusto , Nakawesi Joy , Farias Ana , Kirsebom Freja C. M. , Paulsen Michelle , Nuriev Rinat , Johansson Cecilia
Published: February 2022

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in young children and the elderly. Lack of vaccines and recurrence of RSV infection indicate the difficulty in eliciting protective memory immune responses. Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) can confer protection from pathogen re-infection and, in human experimental RSV infection, the presence of lung CD8+ TRM cells correlates with a better outcome. However, the requirements for generating and maintaining lung TRM cells during RSV infection are not fully understood. Here, we use mouse models to assess the impact of innate immune response determinants in the generation and subsequent expansion of the TRM cell pool during RSV infection. We show that CD8+ TRM cells expand independently from systemic CD8+ T cells after RSV re-infection. Re-infected MAVS and MyD88/TRIF deficient mice, lacking key components involved in innate immune recognition of RSV and induction of type I interferons (IFN-α/β), display impaired expansion of CD8+ TRM cells and reduction in antigen specific production of granzyme B and IFN-γ. IFN-α treatment of MAVS deficient mice during primary RSV infection restored TRM cell expansion upon re-challenge but failed to recover TRM cell functionality. Our data reveal how innate immunity, including the axis controlling type I IFN induction, instructs and regulates CD8+ TRM cell responses to RSV infection, suggesting possible mechanisms for therapeutic intervention.
Systems analysis of immune responses to attenuated P. falciparum malaria sporozoite vaccination reveals excessive inflammatory signatures correlating with impaired immunity
Authors: Du Ying , Hertoghs Nina , Duffy Fergal J. , Carnes Jason , McDermott Suzanne M. , Neal Maxwell L. , Schwedhelm Katharine V. , McElrath M. Juliana , De Rosa Stephen C. , Aitchison John D. , Stuart Kenneth D.
Published: February 2022

Immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) can confer sterilizing protection against malaria, although the mechanisms behind this protection are incompletely understood. We performed a systems biology analysis of samples from the Immunization by Mosquito with Radiation Attenuated Sporozoites (IMRAS) trial, which comprised P. falciparum RAS-immunized (PfRAS), malaria-naive participants whose protection from malaria infection was subsequently assessed by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). Blood samples collected after initial PfRAS immunization were analyzed to compare immune responses between protected and non-protected volunteers leveraging integrative analysis of whole blood RNA-seq, high parameter flow cytometry, and single cell CITEseq of PBMCs. This analysis revealed differences in early innate immune responses indicating divergent paths associated with protection. In particular, elevated levels of inflammatory responses early after the initial immunization were detrimental for the development of protective adaptive immunity. Specifically, non-classical monocytes and early type I interferon responses induced within 1 day of PfRAS vaccination correlated with impaired immunity. Non-protected individuals also showed an increase in Th2 polarized T cell responses whereas we observed a trend towards increased Th1 and T-bet+ CD8 T cell responses in protected individuals. Temporal differences in genes associated with natural killer cells suggest an important role in immune regulation by these cells. These findings give insight into the immune responses that confer protection against malaria and may guide further malaria vaccine development.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01994525.
The protein kinase Ire1 has a Hac1-independent essential role in iron uptake and virulence of Candida albicans
Authors: Ramírez-Zavala Bernardo , Krüger Ines , Dunker Christine , Jacobsen Ilse D. , Morschhäuser Joachim
Published: February 2022

Protein kinases play central roles in virtually all signaling pathways that enable organisms to adapt to their environment. Microbial pathogens must cope with severely restricted iron availability in mammalian hosts to invade and establish themselves within infected tissues. To uncover protein kinase signaling pathways that are involved in the adaptation of the pathogenic yeastCandida albicansto iron limitation, we generated a comprehensive protein kinase deletion mutant library of a wild-type strain. Screening of this library revealed that the protein kinase Ire1, which has a conserved role in the response of eukaryotic cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress, is essential for growth ofC.albicansunder iron-limiting conditions. Ire1 was not necessary for the activity of the transcription factor Sef1, which regulates the response of the fungus to iron limitation, and Sef1 target genes that are induced by iron depletion were normally upregulated inire1Δ mutants. Instead, Ire1 was required for proper localization of the high-affinity iron permease Ftr1 to the cell membrane. Intriguingly, iron limitation did not cause increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the transcription factor Hac1, which is activated by Ire1-mediated removal of the non-canonical intron in theHAC1mRNA, was dispensable for Ftr1 localization to the cell membrane and growth under iron-limiting conditions. Nevertheless, expression of a pre-splicedHAC1copy inire1Δ mutants restored Ftr1 localization and rescued the growth defects of the mutants. Bothire1Δ andhac1Δ mutants were avirulent in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis, indicating that an appropriate response to endoplasmic reticulum stress is important for the virulence ofC.albicans. However, the specific requirement of Ire1 for the functionality of the high-affinity iron permease Ftr1, a well-established virulence factor, even in the absence of endoplasmic reticulum stress uncovers a novel Hac1-independent essential role of Ire1 in iron acquisition and virulence ofC.albicans.
El Somatén y la Unión Patriótica en Álava (1923-1930)
Authors: Ruiz Llano Germán
Published: February 2022

El presente artículo estudia al Somatén y la Unión Patriótica, elementos de apoyo social y político de la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera, un período escasamente analizado de la historia del País Vasco, centrándose en sus integrantes, actuación político-social, desarrollo y causas de su fracaso final, que dio lugar al fin de la Monarquía de Alfonso XIII.
Ciencia de papel. Privilegios y autoridad en España durante el primer franquismo (1939-1959)
Authors: García Naharro Fernando
Published: February 2022

Este artículo pretende analizar la lógica que gobierna las prácticas editoriales en el ámbito científico y técnico de la España franquista. Para ello, se atiende tanto a la estructura subyacente al campo editorial como al proceso mismo de confección de las publicaciones del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), la principal institución científica de aquel tiempo. Así, se aborda el estudio de la construcción la autoridad científica en la España franquista a través de las publicaciones, puesta en estrecha relación con el nombre y la figura del autor, así como con el nombre y el prestigio de la casa editorial que se decide a realizar su publicación impresa. Publicaciones cientificas y técnicas que, en última instancia, estarán condicionadas no sólo por el orden del discurso bajo un régimen dictatorial, sino también por las vicisitudes propias de su proceso de producción.
Apresentação ao número especial: Teoria de crise e a atualidade da crítica da economia política: uma homenagem ao prof. Eduardo Augusto de Lima Maldonado Filho
Authors: Segura Moraes Leonardo , De Souza Silva Giliad
Published: February 2022

Apresentação.
O Circuito do Capital-Industrial e a Dinâmica da Taxa de Lucro
Authors: Rodrigues Lucas
Published: February 2022

Este ensaio objetiva discutir a centralidade do circuito do capital-industrial para as investigações sobre a dinâmica de crise, em especial da queda na taxa de lucro, como desenvolvido por Marx. Apresenta três processos constitutivos desse circuito, que ao se desenvolverem estabelecem contradições com a lógica da valorização. O primeiro deles é a oposição entre capital e trabalho e a decorrente substituição do trabalho vivo pelo trabalho morto. O segundo é a forma concreta de existência do capital-industrial enquanto muitos capitais em concorrência entre si. O terceiro é a autonomização de certas funções exercidas pelo capital-industrial, que se expressam em circuitos próprios, mas subordinados ao primeiro. Todos esses fatores desencadeiam dinâmicas que se opõe à lógica de valorização, contribuindo para o declínio da taxa de lucro e o surgimento de crises.
Custos correntes versus custos históricos no cálculo da taxa de lucro: uma proposta para solução empírica
Authors: Toshio Clemente Leonel , De Lima Maldonado Filho Eduardo Augusto
Published: February 2022

Há extenso e controverso debate entre marxistas sobre como computar o capital fixo no denominador da taxa de lucro geral. Este artigo trata de duas formas de mensurar o capital fixo: a custos correntes e a custos históricos. O objetivo é propor uma solução empírica para este dilema. Para tanto, aplica-se um modelo de mudanças de regime Markoviano para a relação entre taxa de lucro e crescimento econômico dos EUA entre 1947 e 2007 e, para alguns períodos da série, aplicam-se correções na taxa de lucro a custos históricos a partir das variações da taxa de lucro a custos correntes. Constatou-se que a taxa de lucro a custos históricos corrigida apresentou maior capacidade de explicar o crescimento econômico do que as séries convencionais a custos históricos ou a custos correntes.
Excesso de liberação de capital produtivo, finaceirização e a mensuração da taxa de lucro na economia dos EUA
Authors: Rodrigues Lucas , Milan Marcelo , Herrlein Jr. Ronaldo
Published: February 2022

Maldonado Filho (1982) mostra a importância da absorção e liberação de capital produtivo para a transformação dos valores em preços de produção. A liberação do capital aumenta o volume de capital-monetário. Contudo, há um efeito de retroalimentação importante neste processo. O capital na forma monetária pode ser reproduzido como capital portador de juros, criando um ímpeto para a financeirização, que por sua vez modifica a taxa de lucro e a própria dinâmica capitalista. Este artigo propõe a utilização de uma taxa de lucro sobre o patrimônio líquido e seus componentes, estimando-a para o caso dos EUA para o período 1960-2015.
Comentário sobre: Taxa de lucro e acumulação de capital no Brasil: concepções teóricas, análise histórica e relação de causalidade
Authors: Feliciano Dias Sampaio Pedro Henrique
Published: February 2022

Comentário sobre: Taxa de lucro e acumulação de capital no Brasil: concepções teóricas, análise histórica e relação de causalidade
Investigation on Oral Toxicity of Diallyl Sulfide A Principle Organosulfur Compound Derived from Allium Sativum Garlic in Mice
Authors: Dahiya Akshu , Prakash Anu , Agrawala Paban Kumar , Dutta Ajaswrata
Published: February 2022

Allium sativum (garlic) is used as food additives and medicines. Its health benefits are well known, which are mainly contributed by the active organosulfur compounds present in it. Though garlic widely used, but limited is known about preclinical acute toxicity of its organosulfur compounds in mice. The present study aimed at toxicity evaluation of diallyl sulfide (DAS) in C57BL/6 mice following oral administration at range of concentrations (40 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg). Survival, hematological, organ coefficients, and histopathology studies were performed to establish the DAS toxicity in mice. Stability studies performed in vitro by HPLC showed rapid and time dependent changes in DAS area. A single oral dose upto 1600 mg/kg was well tolerated in mice without any significant changes in standard toxicological parameters. No death was recorded at the tested concentrations. Also no significant changes in the organ coefficient were observed when compared to vehicle treated and sham control. Mild alterations in liver pathology and hematological changes were observed post 1600 mg/kg DAS administration orally. This study demonstrates that single oral administration (upto 1600 mg/kg) of DAS is within the safe limits with no observable adverse effects in mice. Based on the safety profile of DAS, we conclude that DAS can be further explored for use in humans as a potential radiomitigator.
Panel of Regulatory miRNAs for Blood Coagulation under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions
Authors: Hembrom Anju Angelina , Ghosh Nilanjana , Kumar Vinay , Garg Iti , Ganju Lilly , Srivastava Swati
Published: February 2022

Abnormal blood coagulation may lead to venous thromboembolism (VTE), a complex multifactorial disease. Hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) is a major factor disturbing the blood hemostasis and predisposing the body towards coagulation and VTE. Pathophysiology of VTE can be attributed to post-transcriptional gene regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs). The present study identified regulatory miRNAs involved in causing blood coagulation under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Meta-analysis was performed, following PRISMA guidelines, for identifying miRNAs involved in blood coagulation pathway. Studies evaluating miRNAs from circulating blood as potential biomarkers of VTE were selected. A total of 16 studies met selection criteria and 8 having complete statistical information were selected for analysis. Study of blood coagulation mechanism under hypoxic conditions involved in-silico search within highly cited databases to identify miRNAs commonly regulating genes of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family and coagulation pathway. Further bio-informatics approaches were employed to identify potential biomarker candidates. Meta-analysis revealed a panel of 12 miRNAs; two members of miR-27 family, hsa-miR-27a and hsa-miR-27b; two members of miR-320 family, hsa-miR-320a and hsa-miR-320b, hsa-miR-1233, hsa-miR-134, hsa-miR-424-5p, hsa-miR-221, hsa-miR-28-3p, hsa-miR-136-5p, hsa-miR-374-5p and hsa-miR-338-5p involved in blood coagulation under normoxic conditions. Besides these, present in-silico analysis identified a set of 5 miRNAs including hsa-miR-4667-5p, hsa-miR-6815-3, hsa-miR-4433a-3p, hsa-miR-6735-5p and hsa-miR-6777-3p which predominantly regulate genes that facilitate both coagulation and response to hypoxic stress. The present study generated a panel of regulatory miRNAs potentially involved in the process of blood coagulation under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, which may serve as putative epigenetic biomarkers for coagulation.
Cessação do tabagismo em tempos de pandemia: o cuidado farmacêutico na equipe multiprofissional
Authors: Nascimento Nilzangela cavalcante , Gualano Flávia , Santos Gabriela Cristina dos , Lara Tatyana Martucci de
Published: February 2022

O cuidado farmacêutico é a ação integrada do farmacêutico com a equipe de saúde, centrada no usuário, para promoção, proteção, recuperação da saúde e prevenção de agravos. Em 11 de março de 2020, a Organização Mundial da Saúde declarou a doença causada pelo novo coronavírus uma pandemia. Estudos mostram que fumantes fazem parte do grupo de risco para a contaminação. Além disso, o tabagismo tem papel de destaque no agravamento da crise do novo coronavírus, já que pode ser considerado um fator de risco para as formas mais graves da Covid-19, causando diferentes tipos de inflamação e prejudicando os mecanismos de defesa do organismo. Para garantir que os pacientes fumantes tivessem acesso ao tratamento de cessação do tabagismo, foi instituído cuidado farmacêutico individualizado na equipe multiprofissional. Os atendimentos neste formato iniciaram em janeiro de 2021 e, até agosto do mesmo ano, foram atendidos 33 pacientes, sendo 46% mulheres e 54% homens. A média da faixa etária para mulheres foi de 50 anos e para homens foi de 61 anos. Os resultados obtidos pelos atendimentos e registro em prontuário foram impactantes, pois 87% conseguiram parar de fumar e, dentre os pacientes atendidos, 21 (64%) necessitaram de intervenção farmacêutica. Como consolidação do trabalho foi realizado o primeiro evento sobre o dia nacional de combate ao tabagismo e, como resultados, 294 pacientes participaram de atividades como palestras, música, teatro e auriculoterapia livre. A valorização do farmacêutico e sua inserção nos Programas de Saúde contribuem para o fortalecimento da equipe e para melhores resultados em saúde.
A atuação da Farmácia Universitária da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) durante a pandemia de Covid-19
Authors: Araújo Emeli Moura de , Seba Karine Souza , Cabral Priscila Ramos , Piccoli Nilo Jorge , Mourão Samanta Cardozo , Castillo Selma Rodrigues de
Published: February 2022

A pandemia de Covid-19, iniciada em março de 2020, desencadeou esforços dos setores públicos em diversas frentes no Brasil. Niterói, desde o início, propôs medidas de combate à doença, tais como o isolamento social, com o fechamento de escolas, praias e parques, e a obrigatoriedade do uso de máscaras, já em abril de 2020, além de ações em relação à economia, distribuição de kits de higiene e máscaras e inauguração de um hospital exclusivo. O município também celebrou parcerias com a Fiocruz, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) e Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), para o estabelecimento de protocolos, programas de testagem e, mais recente, nos programas de vacinação e reabertura gradual. Embora não tenha um vínculo formal com a rede pública de saúde do município de Niterói, a Farmácia Universitária da Universidade Federal Fluminense (FAU) funciona de forma complementar ao sistema, atendendo, em sua maioria, pacientes oriundos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), incluindo os do Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro. O objetivo do presente relato é reportar a atuação e as ações da FAU durante a emergência de saúde pública. Entre abril de 2020 e setembro de 2021, a demanda por serviços na FAU reduziu 64% e o número de formulações manipuladas e vendidas, 53%. A queda ocorreu mesmo após a reabertura de estabelecimentos e retorno às atividades. Em março de 2020, a FAU iniciou a produção de álcool 70% INPM para distribuição interna aos setores da UFF, destacando-se o Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, e para a Faculdade de Engenharia, com a finalidade de higienização das máscaras Face shields produzidas na unidade. Também foram produzidos mais de 100 quilos de álcool em gel 70% INPM, disponibilizados aos clientes da FAU. Estes itens, considerados essenciais na prevenção e proteção da saúde individual e coletiva, estavam esgotados no mercado no início da pandemia.
Programa Medicamento na Hora Certa: Uma estratégia para dispensação em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Takayasu Scheila Maria Graczyk
Published: February 2022

A pandemia do novo coronavírus trouxe grandes desafios ao setor de saúde. E com a Assistência Farmacêutica não foi diferente. Para a melhoria dos fluxos e agilidade na dispensação de medicamentos, a Secretaria de Saúde de São José dos Pinhais propôs um fluxo alternativo para acesso aos medicamentos, implementando, de forma inovadora, o Programa Medicamento na Hora Certa. O objetivo foi atuar numa estratégia de dispensação de medicamentos que contemplasse o atendimento farmacêutico em todas as fases da dispensação, porém com o menor contato físico possível, a fim de evitar a propagação do coronavírus dentro do estabelecimento de saúde. O Programa consiste em utilizar-se de ferramentas de tecnologia e de comunicação para agilizar o atendimento nas farmácias. Por meio de um número de WhatsApp, o usuário encaminha previamente sua prescrição e documentos pessoais e uma equipe de técnicos as recebe e analisa técnica e legalmente, agendando o horário de retirada na Farmácia de acesso mais fácil ao usuário. Na hora e local especificados, o usuário se dirige à farmácia para receber seu medicamento previamente separado e embalado pela equipe da farmácia,  sem a necessidade de retirar senha ou esperar em filas. O Programa trouxe bons resultados, e em cinco meses foram agendadas 3.626 retiradas. Também se tornou um canal de comunicação para dúvidas sobre fluxos de medicamentos. Neste período foram registradas 7.078 conversas, sendo que 51,7% destas foram finalizadas após resolução de dúvidas. Com a implantação do Programa houve diminuição do tempo de permanência do usuário nas Unidades, além de evitar o deslocamento desnecessário dos usuários que necessitavam de adequação de receitas ou sanar dúvidas referentes aos medicamentos, atingindo, desta forma, seu objetivo de agilizar a dispensação de medicamentos sem a perda da qualidade no atendimento farmacêutico.
Methods of chemical analysis applied to the wood fire investigation: a review
Authors: Paál Michal , Ház Aleš , Sochr Jozef , Labuda Ján
Published: February 2022

Wood fire residues can be found in various stages from less damaged material, pyrolysis products (a char) to deeply damaged material (ash). Moreover, wood burning can be influenced by fire accelerators and/or flame retardants. This paper provides a brief description and evaluation of conventional and comprehensive variants of analytical techniques with examples of their various applications at analyses of wood materials and wood fire residues. They include specificities of sampling, elemental chemical analysis, thermal analysis, extraction of compounds from fire debris, chromatographic methods and mass spectrometry, spectroscopic methods, chemometrics and quality assurance.
The effect of Salvia officinalis on blood glycemic indexes and blood lipid profile in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Abdollahi Ali , Adelibahram Faeze , Ghassab-Abdollahi Nafiseh , Araj-khodaei Mostafa , Parsian Zahra , Mirghafourvand Mojgan
Published: February 2022

Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine disorders that increases the economic burden on the public health system. In this regard, understanding the effect of available herbs on diabetes can be useful. This systematic review was performed to determine the effect of Salvia officinalis on blood glycemic indexes and blood lipid profile (primary outcomes) and 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2HPPG), alanine transaminase (ALT) (U/L) and aspartate transaminase (AST) (U/L) and its side effects (secondary outcomes) in diabetic patients. A systematic search was conducted in the English (Cochrane Library, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, CINAHL, ProQuest and Persian databases since inception to March 2021, without publication time restriction. Two authors separately evaluated the quality of the articles using Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials and extracted the data. Heterogeneity of data was evaluated by squared I (I
2). Three studies included in the review and all of them included in meta-analysis. The results of meta-analysis showed that S. officinalis reduced fasting blood sugar (FBS) (mg/dL) (MD: −31.15; 95% CI: −37.56 to −24.73; p<0.00001). It also reduced HbA1c (%) (MD: −0.94; 95% CI: −1.25 to −0.63; p<0.00001) and total cholesterol (mg/dL) (MD: −43.64; 95% CI: −83.26 to −4.02; p=0.03) and reduction of low-density protein (LDL) (mg/dL) (MD: −19.23; 95% CI: −35.81 to −2.65; p=0.02) but it did not have a significant effect on triglyceride (mg/dL) (p=0.09), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dL) (p=0.18). Regarding the secondary outcomes, S. officinalis also had significant effect on 2HPPG, but it did not have a significant effect on ALT (U/L) and AST (U/L). No specific side effects for this plant were reported in these three studies. The results showed that S. officinalis has a positive effect on blood glycemic status and blood lipid profile in diabetes except for triglyceride and HDL. However, due to the small number of included articles, it is recommended that stronger clinical trials be conducted in this field.
Diagnostic value of plasma lysosphingolipids levels in a Niemann–Pick disease type C patient with transient neonatal cholestasis
Authors: Bulut Fatma Derya , Bozbulut Neslihan Ekşi , Özalp Özge , Dalgiç Buket , Mungan Neslihan Önenli , Koç Uçar Habibe , Biberoğlu Gürsel
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is a lysosomal storage disease due to impaired intracellular lipid trafficking caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in NPC1 or NPC2 genes. NPC is classified according to the age of onset of neurological manifestations. Cholestatic liver disease can be transient or lead to liver failure. Accompanying neurological findings can be observed at any age. In this report, an infant with a homozygous pathogenic variant in NPC1 gene whose diagnosis was eventually confirmed by specific biomarkers is described.

Case presentation

A sixteen-day-old male was admitted to hospital with prolonged jaundice. He had mild hepatosplenomegaly, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, elevated liver transaminases, and mild hypoalbuminemia. Cholestasis resolved spontaneously and patient was readmitted due to progressive hepatosplenomegaly without any neurologic findings when he was 8 months old. Molecular investigations detected homozygous c.1123A > C (p.Thr375Pro) pathogenic variant in NPC1 gene. NPC-specific lysosomal biomarkers such as Lysosphingomyelin and Lysosphingomyelin-509 were elevated, confirming the diagnosis.

Conclusions

The clinical features of NPC are highly heterogeneous, from disease severity or age of onset to disease progression. Patients presenting with transient neonatal cholestasis and should be regularly followed for neurodevelopmental status and visceromegaly. In the case of variants of unknown significance in NPC1 gene, lysosomal biomarkers play an important role when genetic analyses are inconclusive.
Chancy Causation in Tort Law
Authors: Lahav Alexandra D.
Published: February 2022

Chancy causation is where the cause of an event can only be attributed probabilistically. Contrary to the understanding popular in legal theory, scientific fact plays only a minimal role in chancy causation cases. As a matter of metaphysics, factual inquiry can only determine whether an event has a tendency to cause an outcome. Yet tort doctrine requires that the plaintiff prove a counterfactual: that but for the event, the outcome would not have occurred. Understanding that in chancy causation cases proving the counterfactual is impossible is the first step towards a discussion of what really ought to matter in chancy causation cases: whether imposing liability is normatively desirable. Methodologically, the Essay builds on scholarship about the metaphysics of causation as a first step to understanding this legal concept. If it is true that causation cannot be pinned down deterministically, as chancy causation cannot, then what determines factual causation? The answer is policy. I call this approach “pragmatic” because it evaluates the use of an idea rather than claims regarding its metaphysical truth. But there is a metaphysical piece here as well. We only get to the point of applying a pragmatic analysis by understanding something about the metaphysics of causation.
Transition us together: development of a parent-centered toolkit to support adolescents with rheumatic disease transition to adult care
Authors: Dushnicky Molly J. , Scott Jessica , McCauley Dayle , Gorter Jan Willem , Beattie Karen A. , Batthish Michelle
Published: February 2022

Objectives

While the transition period can be a difficult time for adolescents with chronic health conditions, parents also face challenges in understanding their changing role and how to support their children. To date, minimal interventions have focused on supporting and empowering parents during this period.

Methods

We co-created a toolkit with and for parents to help prepare them for their child’s transition to adult care. The toolkit was created using an iterative process of reviewing existing resources with integrating feedback from rheumatology patients and parents. Input was sought from the Family and Youth Advisory Councils at McMaster Children’s Hospital in Hamilton, Canada.

Results

The two components of the toolkit include a Transition Road Map and a Parent Guide to Transition. Five domains of transition readiness were established as pillars of the Road Map. Within each domain, a checklist to achieve self-management was established. The Parent Guide was developed to highlight important information including defining transition, outlining differences between pediatric and adult care, and providing tips on helping and supporting adolescents.

Conclusions

A Parent Toolkit directed at the Transition from Pediatric to Adult Rheumatology Care was developed and underwent extensive review with multiple stakeholders. Ongoing research on its impact on transition readiness is underway.
Electrically tunable metasurface by using InAs in a metal–insulator–metal configuration
Authors: Park Junghyun , Kim Seong Jun , Sorger Volker J. , Kim Soo Jin
Published: February 2022

The ability of modulating optical properties at a lateral subwavelength scale is of crucial importance due to its potential applications for wide-angle holographic displays, optical communications, and interferometric sensors. Here, we present an electrically tunable metasurface whose optical properties can be element-wise controlled at the lateral subwavelength scale in the mid-infrared wavelength regime. Our proposed device facilitates an n-doped InAs layer as a dynamic-tunable layer, and the charge carrier concentration inside the InAs layer is tailored by external gate biases. This InAs active layer is sandwiched between top aluminum strip antennas and a bottom gold substrate, forming the metal–insulator–metal configuration. The change of the charge carrier concentration gives rise to modulation of the amplitude and phase of reflected light in a mid-infrared regime. Numerical investigations show the reflectivity contrast of 44%P with biases of −2.5–0 V and the phase change of 236° with biases of −15 V to +15 V at the wavelength of ∼5 μm. Versatile wavefront shaping such as beam focusing with Fresnel Zone plate and beam steering with saw-tooth phase grating is also provided.
Two-dimensional beam steering with tunable metasurface in infrared regime
Authors: Kim Sun Il , Park Junghyun , Jeong Byung Gil , Lee Duhyun , Yang Ki-Yeon , Park Yong-Young , Ha Kyoungho , Choo Hyuck
Published: February 2022

Tunable metasurfaces can change the optical properties of incident light at will such as amplitude, phase, and polarization in a time-dependent fashion. Ultrafast switching speed and the ability for the pixel size reduction of the tunable metasurface can allow various applications such as light detection and ranging, interferometric sensors, and free space optical communications, to name a few. Although there have been successful demonstrations of the wavefront shaping using the tunable metasurface, the implementation of the two-dimensional metasurface pixel array that can be individually addressed in the optical frequency regime still remains challenging. Here, we present the experimental demonstration of the two-dimensional beam steering with the metasurface array by the binary phase grating in the infrared regime. The metasurface unit cell is composed of metal–dielectric–oxide structure with the indium tin oxide as an active layer, which is modulated by using the top fan-out electrodes. The metasurface array is two-dimensionally pixelated and has the phase change above 137° in the infrared regime.
The crystal structure of 1-methyl-2-nitro-1H-imidazole 3-oxide, C4H5N3O3
Authors: Yuan Jun , Wu Bingheng , Wang Yong , Wang Jianlong , Cao Duanlin , Chen Lizhen
Published: February 2022

C4H5N3O3, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 8.4556(2) Å, b = 7.0609(3) Å, c = 9.5928(4) Å, β = 90.12(2)°, V = 572.73(4) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0339, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0914, T = 140.0 K.
The crystal structure of 2-carboxyl-4-nitroimidazole monohydrate, C4H5N3O5
Authors: Wan Changyuan , Yuan Jun , Wang Yong , Qiao Yanan
Published: February 2022

C4H5N3O5, triclinic,

P

1
‾

$P\overline{1}$

(no. 2), a = 6.3017(7) Å, b = 6.9235(7) Å, c = 8.2333(8) Å, α =100.604(3)°, β = 90.862(4)°, γ = 108.102(4)°, V = 334.60(6) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0616, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1414, T = 170.0 K.
Optimum research on the temperature of the ship stern-shaft mechanical seal end faces based on finite element coupled analysis
Authors: Yan Guoping , Xiao Lan , Zhong Fei , Lin Weiguo
Published: February 2022

Due to the complicated working conditions of the ship stern-shaft mechanical seals, it is very difficult to evaluate and optimize the temperature on the sealed end faces. In the paper, one FEA model of the small taper convergent stern-shaft mechanical seals was put forward, and the nonlinear end-face liquid film pressure distribution was derived from different end-face gaps based on the simplified Reynolds equation as the end-face input parameters in FEA model. To prove the correction of the FEA results, one experiment was designed and completed. At the same time, combined with a parametrically coupled FEA model and an orthogonal experimental design, one PSO-BP-GA method based on the combination of particle swarm optimization (PSO), BP neural network and genetic algorithm (GA) was proposed to optimize the temperature of the sealed end faces. The results show that aiming at the prediction accuracy of the temperature on the sealed end faces, the PSO-BP algorithm is higher than BP algorithm and GA-BP algorithm, which error interval is shortened about 40% and 29%, respectively. Subsequently, PSO-BP-GA algorithm is obviously better than BP-GA algorithm and GA-BP-GA algorithm, which validates its effectiveness and feasibility. It will help to lay a theoretical foundation for temperature evaluation on the sealed end faces.
Significance of magnetic field and chemical reaction on the natural convective flow of hybrid nanofluid by a sphere with viscous dissipation: A statistical approach
Authors: Venkateswarlu Avula , Suneetha Sangapatnam , Babu Macherla Jayachandra , Kumar Jorige Girish , Raju Chakravarthula Siva Krishnam , Al-Mdallal Qasem
Published: February 2022

Hybrid nanofluid, which is a combination of Propylene Glycol (PG) – Water (H2O) admixture and paraffin wax and sand, may be utilized as a standby for PG and (H2O) blend in solar thermal framework. Objective of this article is the exploration of the dissipative flow propylene-glycol and water mixture based hybrid nanofluid by a sphere with chemical reaction and heat source parameters. MATLAB in-built solver bvp4c is utilized to exhibit the impacts of various parameters on regular profiles including temperature. Correlation coefficient is utilized to elucidate the impact of pertinent parameters on engineering parameters of concern, such as, surface friction factor. Main findings of this work are magnetic field is having a negative association with friction factor and chemical reaction is consuming a significant positive relationship with Sherwood number. It is witnessed that heat source and Eckert number are useful to meliorate the fluid temperature. Furthermore, validation is performed among our results and earlier published outcomes. Good agreement is detected.
Hexabenzocoronene functionalized with antiaromatic S- and Se-core-modified porphyrins (isophlorins): comparison with the dyad with regular porphyrin
Authors: Kuznetsov Aleksey E.
Published: February 2022

The important and perspective molecular building blocks composed of hexaphenylbenzenes (HPBs) or their oxidized derivatives, hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs), and metalloporphyrins have recently received significant attention of the researchers. In this study, motivated by recent findings, we have addressed the modifications of structures and properties of HBC-porphyrin compounds by using instead of aromatic porphyrins antiaromatic 20π isophlorin derivatives of thiophene or selenophene. We have reported the first comparative computational investigation of the following systems: (i) HBC with one non-metallated aromatic porphyrin, P(N4H2), unit, HBC-P(N4H2), (ii) HBC with one S-core-modified antiaromatic porphyrin (S-isophlorin), PS4, unit, HBC-PS4, and (iii) HBC with one Se-core-modified antiaromatic porphyrin (Se-isophlorin), PSe4, unit, HBC-PSe4. The study has been done employing the B3LYP/6-31G* approach (in the gas phase and in the implicit solvents, benzene and dichloromethane), and comparison with the B3LYP/6-31G** and B3LYP/6-311G* approaches was performed, where relevant. The effects of the core-modified antiaromatic isophlorins on the structures, electronic, and other properties, potentially including reactivity, of the whole building block HBC-isophlorin have been shown to be quite pronounced and to be noticeably stronger than the effects of the original aromatic non-metallated porphyrin. Thus, we have demonstrated theoretically that the complete porphyrin core-modification with other elements, this time with S and Se leading to the formation of the antiaromatic isophlorins, should be considered as a promising way for modifying and tuning structures, electronic properties and reactivity of the hexabenzocoronene-porphyrin(s) building blocks.
Analysis on the speed properties of the shock wave in light curtain
Authors: Chen Ding , Mu Di , Chen Dachuan , Ni Jinping
Published: February 2022

In this study, we propose an improved measurement method based on light-curtain sensor, and it can obtain the hitting coordinates of supersonic projectile in a larger dispersion area. First, we analyze the speed properties of the shock wave in an effective detection area (also called light curtain in our field), and then find their change rules related to several key factors, including flight speed of the projectile, its attitude, shape, and the temperature in the testing environment. Next we improve a measurement system using wide-angle light-curtain sensor combined with calibration device of the shock speed; especially, this device with three parallel laser beams can effectively measure the shock speed in the light curtain. According to the related structural relation, we derive several computational formulas combined with the shock speed to obtain the hitting position of the measured projectile. Through live ammunition experiments, the results show that the proposed method is feasible and reliable for the supersonic projectile. Besides high accuracy, it also has many advantages, such as fewer sensors, lower requirement for installation, and larger detection area, by comparison with previous measurement systems.
Review of methods and technologies for the enrichment of low-grade phosphorites
Authors: Raiymbekov Yerkebulan , Besterekov Uilesbek , Abdurazova Perizat , Nazarbek Ulzhalgas
Published: February 2022

The article presents the results of generalization of known information on various methods of enrichment of low-grade phosphate raw materials in the world. Based on the review of literature materials, scientists propose several methods of enrichment: mechanical, calcination at high temperatures, flotation, chemical enrichment with various acids and salts. Analyzing and summarizing these data, the article describes the advantages and disadvantages of each proposed method of enrichment of low-grade phosphorites. It is known that the sphere of production of phosphorus-containing products is important for many agricultural countries that produce these products themselves or import from others. This review material is very important for those who are interested in the problems of attracting low-grade phosphates into the production cycle by enriching them.