bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Load Ratio and Temperature on the Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Properties of Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Liaw P. K. , Logsdon W. A.
Published: September 2009

Near-threshold fatigue crack propagation behavior was examined in four pressure vessel steels (SA508 Cl 2a, SA533 Gr A Cl 2, SA508 Cl 3a, and SA533 Gr B Cl 2) and two submerged arc weldments (SA508 Cl 2a and SA533 Gr A Cl 2). At a given temperature and load ratio, near-threshold crack growth rates in the four base materials and two submerged arc weldments were essentially identical. Increasing the load ratio from 0.20 to 0.50 increased the rate of near-threshold crack propagation at a given temperature. At a fixed load ratio, increasing the temperature from 24 to 288°C (75 to 500°F) increased the rate of near-threshold crack growth. The effects of load ratio and temperature on the near-threshold crack growth behavior of pressure vessel steels can be explained based on a crack closure concept.
Effect of Heat-Treatment Upon the Fatigue-Crack Growth Behavior of Alloy 718 Weldments—Part I: Macroscopic Behavior
Authors: James L. A. , Mills W. J.
Published: September 2009

Gas-tungsten-arc weldments in Alloy 718 were studied in fatigue-crack growth tests conducted at five temperatures over the range 24–649°C. In general, crack growth rates increased with increasing temperature, and weldments given the “conventional” post-weld heat-treatment generally exhibited crack growth rates that were higher than for weldments given the “modified” (INEL) heat-treatment. Limited testing in the as-welded condition revealed crack growth rates significantly lower than observed for the heat-treated cases, and this was attributed to residual stresses. Three different heats of filler wire were utilized, and no heat-to-heat variations were noted.
Cyclic Torsion of a Circular Cylinder and Its Residual Stress Distribution
Authors: Wu Han C. , Aboutorabi M. R. , Chen Peter C. T.
Published: September 2009

The endochronic theory of plasticity is applied to discuss the cyclic full-reversed torsional loading of a solid bar with circular cross section. Numerical techniques are employed to obtain the solution. The parameters of the constitutive equations are determined from the test data of thin-walled specimens. These parameters are then used without alteration to compute stress distributions within the solid specimen. Special attention is given to the residual stress distribution. It is shown that reasonable results are obtained. The relation of torque versus strain at the outermost fiber of the solid specimen provides an ultimate check of the theory as applied to this case.
Thermal Aging of Cast Stainless Steel, and Its Impact on Piping Integrity
Authors: Bamford W. H. , Landerman E. I. , Diaz E.
Published: September 2009

A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the effects of high temperature service (550–650°F or 288–343°C) on the mechanical properties of cast stainless steels. The material studied was Type 316 CF8M stainless steel, which has a duplex structure consisting of ferrite and austenite. Recent studies have shown that thermal aging can result in substantial changes in the Charpy impact energy of this material, and this study was designed to further investigate this finding, and to determine what the impact of this phenomenon might be on the failure mode of piping made of it. To do this one heat of material was furnace aged and tested to determine tensile, Charpy and J-integral R curve properties. To investigate the failure mode of thermally aged piping, entire sections of this heat of four inch (10.2 cm) schedule 80 cast piping were aged and tested to failure after the introduction of large flaws. The results of the test program showed excellent agreement with analytical predictions.
Vibration-Induced Wear of Heat Exchanger Tubes
Authors: Blevins R. D.
Published: September 2009

An analytical and experimental investigation has been made of the wear of a heat exchanger tube vibrating against a tube support. The purpose of this investigation is to develop a predictive model for onset of tube wear and experimentally investigate the tube dynamics and the wear mechanism. The analytical model is based on impact wear theory. The rate of wear of a tube in forced vibration was measured as a function of temperature, amplitude of vibration, frequency of vibration, material, and environment. Tube-support impact velocity was measured using high-speed cinematography, and metallographic examination of the wear specimens was performed using a scanning electron microscope. The result is an experimentally validated model for onset of wear and experimental data for wear rates.
Inelastic Behavior of Type 316 Stainless Steel Under Multiaxial Nonproportional Cyclic Stressings at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Ohashi Y. , Kawai M. , Kaito T.
Published: September 2009

The stress-range and path-shape dependencies of multiaxial nonproportional cyclic hardening were studied for annealed type 316 stainless steel at 600°C by means of stress controlled tests. Cyclic experiments along circular stress paths with constant effective stresses in the axial-torsional stress plane were first performed. The significant cyclic hardening and its stress-range dependency observed for the circular stress cyclings were quantitatively shown in reference to the cyclic stress-strain curves resulted from uniaxial stress cyclings. Then, to discuss the effect of path-shape, the cyclic tests along square stress paths inscribed by the above circular paths, as well as the tests where uniaxial cyclings and torsional ones were alternated, were also carried out. As a result of these tests, the cyclic hardenings for square paths were found to be almost equivalent to those for their circumscribed circular paths. The other type of stress cyclings caused almost the same amount of cyclic hardenings as those for the circular cyclings of the identical stress-ranges.
A Constitutive Model for High Elongation Elastic Materials
Authors: Swanson S. R.
Published: September 2009

Recent advances in computer based structural analysis have in turn led to increased demands for models that can accurately represent material stress-strain behavior. The constitutive representation of high elongation elastic (rubbery) material was thus reexamined. A new strain energy function is presented that appears to have advantages over previous formulations. Finite compressibility is included, and accuracy of material representation appears good over a wide range of conditions.
Numerical Analysis on the Barreling of Solid Cylinders Under Axisymmetric Compression
Authors: Banerjee J. K. , Ca´rdenas Gerardo
Published: September 2009

Diameter ratio, height reduction ratio, and aspect ratio are very significant non-dimensional parameters that govern the geometry of barreling throughout the process of plastic deformation of cylinder under axial compression.
On the Prediction of Stress Intensity Factors for Axisymmetric Cracks in Thin-Walled Cylinders From Plane Strain Solutions
Authors: Cheng Weili , Finnie Iain
Published: September 2009

It is shown that stress intensity solutions for axisymmetric cracks in thin-walled cylinders may be obtained for any prescribed axial stress distribution from plane strain solutions. This approach is illustrated by comparing solutions for internal circumferential cracks in several axial stress fields with numerical solutions for axisymmetric cracks. It may also be applied to external axisymmetric cracks.
Relation Between Concentration of Salt Water and Corrosion Fatigue Strength on 0.37 Percent Carbon Structural Steel
Authors: Okada T. , Hattori S.
Published: September 2009

The corrosion fatigue properties of 0.37 percent carbon structural steel (AISI 1035) were studied in salt water having concentrations from 0 wt percent (ion exchanged water) to 10 wt percent. The fatigue strength (at 107 cycles) decreased linearly with logarithmic increase in concentration between 0.005 wt and 3 wt percent. The reduction in fatigue strength is possibly due to a wide separation of individual corroded areas by the high electrical conductivity of salt water. The fatigue strength in low concentration salt water (less than 0.005 wt percent) is almost the same as that in ion exchanged water. This may be because, in water of poor conductivity, a large number of small cracks were initiated and some of them were joined with each other.
Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Rates in Type 304 Stainless Steel in Simulated BWR Environments
Authors: Park J. Y. , Ruther W. E. , Kassner T. F. , Shack W. J.
Published: September 2009

Stress corrosion cracking of Type 304 stainless steel has been studied with fracture-mechanics-type standard 25.4-mm-thick compact tension specimens in simulated boiling-water reactor environments at 289°C and 8.3 MPa. Tests were performed with either constant or cyclic loading. The latter tests used a positive sawtooth waveform with an unloading time of 1 or 5 s, a load ratio R (minimum load to maximum load) of 0.2 to 0.95, and a frequency f of 8 × 10−4 to 1 × 10−1 Hz. Crack lengths and crack growth rates were determined by the compliance method; crack mouth opening displacement was measured with in-situ clip gauges. Fractography was used to examine the mode of cracking and to confirm the compliance method for crack length determination. The test environments were high-purity deionized water with 0.2- to 8-ppm dissolved oxygen, and water with 0.2-ppm dissolved oxygen and 0.1-ppm sulfate (as H2SO4). Two heats with a carbon content of 0.06 wt percent were investigated in solution-heat-treated and furnace-sensitized conditions. Degree of sensitization varied from ∼0 to 20 C/cm2 as measured by the electrochemical potentiokinetic polarization method. The first heat was tested in water with 0.2- and 8-ppm dissolved oxygen and with 0.2-ppm dissolved oxygen and 0.1-ppm sulfate. The loading conditions encompassed the range f=8×10−2 to 8 × 10−4 Hz, Kmax=28 to 72 MPa•m1/2, and R = 0.95. Under these conditions, the crack growth rates were ∼0 to 3 × 10−9 m/s. The effects of water chemistry transients which produced changes in the concentration of dissolved oxygen or sulfate in the environment were also investigated. The second heat was tested in water with 8-ppm dissolved oxygen. The influence of load ratio and frequency was investigated over the range R = 0.5 to 1.0 and f = 1 × 10−1 to 2 × 10−3 Hz, at maximum stress intensity Kmax = 28 to 38 MPa•m1/2. Under these conditions, crack growth rates varied from 1 × 10−10 to 3 × 10−9 m/s. Crack growth rate increased significantly at low R values. However, the growth rate at R = 0.95 was not significantly different from that under constant load. Correlation of the crack growth rate data with crack-tip strain rates is discussed.
Surface Crack Growth Behavior of Structural Metals in High Temperature Water Environments
Authors: Prater T. A. , Catlin W. R. , Coffin L. F.
Published: September 2009

This paper reports on a study of surface crack growth of two nuclear structural steels, SA333 Gr6 carbon steel used for piping and SA533 Grade B pressure vessel steel, both tested under cyclic loads in 288°C (550°F), 0.2 ppm oxygen water at 10.34 MPa (1500 psi). Results are compared with tests on compact type (CT) specimen geometries tested in similar environments. It was found that, for the frequencies employed, the crack growth rates for the two specimen geometries were not widely different, despite the high net mean stresses employed in the surface crack geometries. However, substantial differences were noted in the crack velocity response under static loading for the two geometries, suggesting that such differences can be expected in low frequency loading more typical of service conditions, raising questions about the applicability of CT geometry test results for the materials, temperatures and environments used in this study. Temperature effects, air environments and R-value effects for surface crack geometries are also reported.
Effects of Prior Plasticity on Subsequent Creep of Type 316 Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Ohashi Y. , Kawai M. , Momose T.
Published: September 2009

Interaction between creep and plastic deformation was studied experimentally for type 316 stainless steel at 650°C, with special emphasis on creep behavior subsequent to plastic prestraining. In combined creep-plasticity experiments, thin-walled tubular specimens were first prestrained plastically in the axial tensile direction, and were subsequently subjected to constant stress creep under various multiaxial stress states with an identical effective stress. Furthermore, the variation in creep resistance due to the plastic prestrain was compared with that due to the same amount of creep prestrain. From the experimental results, it was found that creep resistance was markedly enhanced by the plastic prestrain and that the increase in the creep resistance depended on the amount and relative direction of the plastic prestrain. The creep resistance was increased more markedly by creep prestrain than the same amount of plastic strain.
Intracellular Delivery of a Cell-Penetrating SOCS1 that Targets IFN-γ Signaling
Authors: DiGiandomenico Antonio , Wylezinski Lukasz S. , Hawiger Jacek
Published: September 2009

The proinflammatory responses of cells to interferon-γ can be suppressed by a cell-penetrating, inhibitory protein.
Differential p53-Independent Outcomes of p19
Arf
Loss in Oncogenesis
Authors: Chen Zhenbang , Carracedo Arkaitz , Lin Hui-Kuan , Koutcher Jason A. , Behrendt Nille , Egia Ainara , Alimonti Andrea , Carver Brett S. , Gerald William , Teruya-Feldstein Julie , Loda Massimo , Pandolfi Pier Paolo
Published: September 2009

p19
Arf
signals independently of p53 in prostate cancer associated with the loss of Pten.
PKCɛ Regulation of an α
5
Integrin–ZO-1 Complex Controls Lamellae Formation in Migrating Cancer Cells
Authors: Tuomi Saara , Mai Anja , Nevo Jonna , Laine Jukka O. , Vilkki Vesa , Öhman Tiina J. , Gahmberg Carl G. , Parker Peter J. , Ivaska Johanna
Published: September 2009

Phosphorylated ZO-1 relocalizes from tight junctions to lamellae to associate with α
5
integrin and control migration.
Suppression of LPS-Induced TNF-α Production in Macrophages by cAMP Is Mediated by PKA-AKAP95-p105
Authors: Wall Estelle A. , Zavzavadjian Joelle R. , Chang Mi Sook , Randhawa Baljinder , Zhu Xiaocui , Hsueh Robert C. , Liu Jamie , Driver Adrienne , Bao Xiaoyan Robert , Sternweis Paul C. , Simon Melvin I. , Fraser Iain D. C.
Published: September 2009

Distinct anchoring proteins enable cAMP signaling to selectively modulate macrophage responses to pathogens.
An Intramolecular Switch Regulates Phosphoindependent FHA Domain Interactions in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Nott Timothy J. , Kelly Geoff , Stach Lasse , Li Jiejin , Westcott Sarah , Patel Dony , Hunt Debbie M. , Howell Steven , Buxton Roger S. , O’Hare Helen M. , Smerdon Stephen J.
Published: September 2009

Binding of Rv1827 to target proteins through its forkhead-associated (FHA) domain does not require their prior phosphorylation at threonine residues.
Neuronal and Intestinal Protein Kinase D Isoforms Mediate Na
+
(Salt Taste)–Induced Learning
Authors: Fu Ya , Ren Min , Feng Hui , Chen Lu , Altun Zeynep F. , Rubin Charles S.
Published: September 2009

Protein kinase D signaling in the intestine and nervous system enables worms to learn to avoid salt.
TRPM2 Functions as a Lysosomal Ca2+-Release Channel in β Cells
Authors: Lange Ingo , Yamamoto Shinichiro , Partida-Sanchez Santiago , Mori Yasuo , Fleig Andrea , Penner Reinhold
Published: September 2009

TRPM2-mediated Ca2+release from lysosomal stores contributes to pancreatic β cell death in response to oxidative stress.
System-Wide Changes to SUMO Modifications in Response to Heat Shock
Authors: Golebiowski Filip , Matic Ivan , Tatham Michael H. , Cole Christian , Yin Yili , Nakamura Akihiro , Cox Jürgen , Barton Geoffrey J. , Mann Matthias , Hay Ronald T.
Published: September 2009

The small ubiquitin-like modifier protein SUMO is redistributed among many targets to mediate both short- and long-term signaling events.
Involvement of the Protein Kinase CK2 in the Regulation of Mammalian Circadian Rhythms
Authors: Tsuchiya Yoshiki , Akashi Makoto , Matsuda Mitsuhiro , Goto Kyoko , Miyata Yoshihiko , Node Koichi , Nishida Eisuke
Published: September 2009

Protein kinase CK2 promotes PERIOD2 degradation and modulates the mammalian circadian clock.
Comparative Analysis Reveals Conserved Protein Phosphorylation Networks Implicated in Multiple Diseases
Authors: Tan Chris Soon Heng , Bodenmiller Bernd , Pasculescu Adrian , Jovanovic Marko , Hengartner Michael O. , Jørgensen Claus , Bader Gary D. , Aebersold Ruedi , Pawson Tony , Linding Rune
Published: September 2009

Comparing the human phosphoproteome to that of flies, worms, and yeast reveals insight into evolution and disease.
Therapeutically Targeting ErbB3: A Key Node in Ligand-Induced Activation of the ErbB Receptor–PI3K Axis
Authors: Schoeberl Birgit , Pace Emily A. , Fitzgerald Jonathan B. , Harms Brian D. , Xu Lihui , Nie Lin , Linggi Bryan , Kalra Ashish , Paragas Violette , Bukhalid Raghida , Grantcharova Viara , Kohli Neeraj , West Kip A. , Leszczyniecka Magdalena , Feldhaus Michael J. , Kudla Arthur J. , Nielsen Ulrik B.
Published: September 2009

Computational modeling of the ErbB signaling network affirms ErbB3 as a therapeutic target.
SIK1 Couples LKB1 to p53-Dependent Anoikis and Suppresses Metastasis
Authors: Cheng Hailing , Liu Pixu , Wang Zhigang C. , Zou Lihua , Santiago Stephanie , Garbitt Victoria , Gjoerup Ole V. , Iglehart J. Dirk , Miron Alexander , Richardson Andrea L. , Hahn William C. , Zhao Jean J.
Published: September 2009

Loss of SIK1 suppresses cell death resulting from loss of cell anchorage and promotes metastasis in the absence of primary tumors.
Proteomic Analysis of Integrin-Associated Complexes Identifies RCC2 as a Dual Regulator of Rac1 and Arf6
Authors: Humphries Jonathan D. , Byron Adam , Bass Mark D. , Craig Sue E. , Pinney John W. , Knight David , Humphries Martin J.
Published: September 2009

Regulator of chromosome condensation–2 is a component of fibronectin-activated signaling pathways that regulate cell migration.
The Kinesin Protein Kif7 Is a Critical Regulator of Gli Transcription Factors in Mammalian Hedgehog Signaling
Authors: Cheung Helen Oi-Lam , Zhang Xiaoyun , Ribeiro Ana , Mo Rong , Makino Shigeru , Puviindran Vijitha , Law Kelvin K. L. , Briscoe James , Hui Chi-chung
Published: September 2009

Kif7 may be the functional equivalent of the
Drosophila
kinesin-like protein Costal2.
Rapid Evolution of Functional Complexity in a Domain Family
Authors: Ernst Andreas , Sazinsky Stephen L. , Hui Shirley , Currell Bridget , Dharsee Moyez , Seshagiri Somasekar , Bader Gary D. , Sidhu Sachdev S.
Published: September 2009

Synthetic PDZ domain variants with random mutations reveal the remarkable robustness of this domain for ligand recognition.
Making Memories Last
Authors: Stern Peter
Published: September 2009

Pharmacological and biochemical analyses reveal that dopamine determines the duration of fear memory storage.
Sorting Light Receptors
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: September 2009

The assembly and function of key photoreceptor proteins in neonatal mouse retinas is mediated by the protein ankyrin-G.
Challenges and Opportunities in Defining the Essential Cancer Kinome
Authors: Manning Brendan D.
Published: September 2009

RNAi screens for essential kinases reveal that the potential therapeutic kinase universe is larger than expected.
Delivering a Toxic Message
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Some reactive estrogen metabolites may be delivered by the estrogen receptor to DNA, where they cause DNA damage.
Avoiding Too Much Oxygen
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

Nematode responses to changes in oxygen concentration depend on the neuron-specific expression of distinct guanylate cyclases.
Regulating Ribosomes
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

A feedback loop and regulated membrane trafficking are implicated in control of ribosome biogenesis through the target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway.
Reversing DNA Methylation: New Insights from Neuronal Activity–Induced Gadd45b in Adult Neurogenesis
Authors: Wu Hao , Sun Yi Eve
Published: September 2009

Gadd45b causes epigenetic modification of promoters for
Bdnf
and
Fgf
genes in postmitotic neurons in response to neuronal activity.
Translating Hormone Cues Tissue-Specifically
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

A nuclear hormone receptor directly regulates transcription of microRNAs to affect a developmental transition in
C. elegans.
Redox Redux in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: September 2009

Biochemical modification of a neuronal protein damages mitochondria and is linked to neurodegeneration.
Duality to NF-κB
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

The transcription factor NF-κB appears to have two distinct mechanisms for stimulating gene expression.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 07 April 2009
Authors: Manning Brendan D. , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

The sets of kinases required by different cancer cell lines are highly divergent.
Parkinson’s Disease: To Live or Die by Autophagy
Authors: Irrcher Isabella , Park David S.
Published: September 2009

The autophagic degradation of a neuronal survival factor is inhibited by a protein encoded by a Parkinson’s disease–linked gene.
Linking Channels and Pumps
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

Inhibiting Na,K-ATPase activity leads to a decrease in AMPA-type glutamate receptor abundance.
The Fight or Flight of a Kinase
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

Calmodulin kinase II has an unexpected role in increasing heart rate in response to β-adrenergic receptor stimulation.
A Syk Response to Dead Cells
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

A C-type lectin links recognition of necrotic cells with activation of the adaptive immune response.
PKD’s Gut Reaction
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

Protein kinase D is required by
C. elegans
for an effective immune response to bacterial infection in the intestine.
Clotting Factor
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

Activation of PAR1 by a matrix metalloprotease mediates early thrombosis formation.
Nuts and Bolts of Chemotaxis
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: September 2009

The signaling lipid phosphatidic acid links chemoattractant signals to directional movement of neutrophils.
Focus Issue: Demystifying mTOR Signaling
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

The field of mTOR signaling is rapidly advancing.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 21 April 2009
Authors: Yaffe Michael B. , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

Science Signaling'
s Chief Scientific Editor gives an overview of mTOR signaling.
The Pharmacology of mTOR Inhibition
Authors: Guertin David A. , Sabatini David M.
Published: September 2009

The quest for effective cancer therapies reveals insight into the regulation and function of the mammalian target of rapamycin.
Spermatogenesis Lost in Translation
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

An RNA-binding protein is required for spermatogenesis and enhances translation of specific mRNAs.
Endosomes for Asymmetry
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Endosomes deliver signaling molecules into the appropriate daughter cell during
Drosophila
sensory organ precursor division.
Smurfed Up PCP
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

Ubiquitin ligases with established roles in dictating cell polarity have been identified as components of the planar cell polarity pathway.
Motoring Along the Immunological Synapse
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

Without nonmuscle myosin IIA, the immunological synapse between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell fails to persist, interrupting T cell receptor signaling.
Growth Cones Need p53
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

The tumor suppressor p53 may regulate Rho kinase to contribute to axonal growth cone motility.
Model Progesterone Response
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Interacting negative feedback loops control the sensitivity of amphibian oocytes to the hormone progesterone.
Nontraditional Signaling Mechanisms of Lipoprotein Receptors
Authors: Rebeck G. William
Published: September 2009

Lipoprotein receptors can trigger calcium-dependent kinase activation, gene transcription, or TrkA receptor-dependent signaling.
Mechanobiology of the SkeletonA presentation from the Keystone Symposium Mechanotransduction in Physiology and Disease in Taos, New Mexico, 18 to 23 January 2009.
Authors: Turner Charles H. , Warden Stuart J. , Bellido Teresita , Plotkin Lilian I. , Kumar Natarajan , Jasiuk Iwona , Danzig Jon , Robling Alexander G.
Published: September 2009

Mechanical force induces osteogenesis by repressing the production of sclerostin, an inhibitor of Wnt signaling.
Toxic Modification
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

Deamidation of a critical glutamine residue in certain G protein α-subunits by a bacterial toxin causes their constitutive activation.
Circadian Oscillations
Authors: Riddihough Guy
Published: September 2009

A transcriptional-enzymatic feedback loop controls interactions between metabolism and circadian rhythms in mouse cells.
How a Fungus Warms Up to Its Host
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

The chaperone protein HSP90 allows a fungus to detect the presence of its host and convert into a more virulent form.
High on Sirtuins
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

The sirtuin deacetylases are implicated in long-term changes in gene expression associated with chronic exposure to cocaine.
Oocyte Support Group
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

ERKs 1 and 2 are required in granulosa cells for oocyte maturation.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 19 May 2009
Authors: Oancea Elena , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

TRPM1 is a cation channel found on vesicular membranes and associated with melanin content in melanocytes.
“Omic” Risk Assessment
Authors: Major Michael B. , Moon Randall T.
Published: September 2009

Integration of multiple data sets is the key to hit validation.
CD36, a Scavenger Receptor Involved in Immunity, Metabolism, Angiogenesis, and Behavior
Authors: Silverstein Roy L. , Febbraio Maria
Published: September 2009

Signaling by CD36 is ligand and cell specific and is implicated in multiple human diseases.
Building Biocounters
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Bacteria can be engineered to remember input signals and to respond only when a particular number has been achieved.
Small but Strong
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Focal adhesion kinase pulls paxillin from nudel to allow maturation of focal contacts.
Cancer Is Depressing
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Rats with peripheral tumors exhibit depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, which may be due to proinflammatory cytokines and reduced corticosterone.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 09 June 2009
Authors: Wymann Matthias P. , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

Adaptor subunits of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ specify different cellular responses.
Kinase Conformation, Not Activity, Required
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Although lacking in kinase activity, crystal structures reveal that the pseudokinase STRADα adopts a conformation resembling that of an active kinase.
Eating p62 Is Good for You
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

Degradation of p62 by autophagy prevents oxidative stress, DNA damage, and tumorigenesis.
Limiting Brain Access
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

The CCR7 chemokine receptor is critical for invasion of the central nervous system by T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
Getting to the Scene
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

H
2
O
2
represents a critical signal for recruiting leukocytes to injury sites.
Really Random Receptors
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Observations of single receptor molecules show that random membrane insertion can account for highly organized clusters of receptors in bacteria.
Of Life, Limb, and a Small RNA
Authors: Kiberstis Paula A.
Published: September 2009

Inhibition of a microRNA that represses blood vessel growth enhances the recovery of tissue damaged by an inadequate blood supply.
Patched Gets a GRK
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Hedgehog promotes the interaction of G protein–coupled receptor kinase with Patched, releasing cyclin B1 to stimulate cell proliferation.
Challenging Times
Authors: Yaffe Michael B.
Published: September 2009

The deluge of NIH “challenge grants” promises to strain the reviewer pool.
Fat and Susceptible to Infection
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Free fatty acids trigger the production of an inhibitor of Akt in macrophages, which contributes to the susceptibility to infection associated with diet-induced obesity.
Making Immunological Memories
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

Manipulation of cellular metabolic pathways influences memory T cell generation.
Modifying the Modifier
Authors: Riddihough Guy
Published: September 2009

An oxygenase with an important role in vertebrate development hydroxylates a messenger RNA-splicing factor.
Biogenic Amine Receptors
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

An expanded family of receptor channels that binds neurotransmitters in worms might help explain behavioral effects in humans.
A Calming Touch
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

T cells inhibit inflammasome-mediated proinflammatory responses in macrophages in a cell contact–dependent manner.
ERK Breaks Up Ménage à Trois at the Plasma Membrane
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK initiates feedback phosphorylation that disrupts the complex its own activating enzymes form with a scaffold protein.
EGFL7: An Anti-Notch Ligand
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Epidermal growth factor–like domain 7 (EGFL7) competes with ligands for Notch and prevents Notch activation.
Mediating Metastasis
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2009

Activation of the WNT/TCF signaling pathway is associated with brain and bone metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma.
The Importance of Size
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

Growth rate is determined by cell size in lymphoblasts.
Let Me Present to You
Authors: Hurtley Stella
Published: September 2009

Immunological dendritic cells contain an endocytic compartment involved in the cross-presentation of internalized antigens.
Innate Immunity in the Fly Gut
Authors: Mueller Kristen
Published: September 2009

In vivo RNA interference screen reveals regulators of innate immunity in
Drosophila
.
Plethora of Secretory Amyloids
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: September 2009

Peptide and protein hormones are stored in secretory granules in a nonpathological amyloid conformation.
Focus Issue: Signals to Neurodegeneration
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

Investigation of signaling pathways that are perturbed in neurodegenerative diseases may improve treatment options.
Thwarting Dyskinesia by Targeting mTORC1
Authors: Klann Eric
Published: September 2009

Blocking mTORC1 activity may decrease the unwanted involuntary movements associated with
l
-DOPA treatment.
Switching Macrophage Responses
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

ATP has both a proinflammatory action and an anti-inflammatory action in macrophages.
The Complexity of Cell Signaling and the Need for a New Mechanics
Authors: Hlavacek William S. , Faeder James R.
Published: September 2009

Studies that make sense of protein networks provide approaches to cope with complex signaling pathways.
Building Better Antibacterials
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

A set of antagonists that block both intracellular and cell surface quorum-sensing receptors protects worms against bacterial infection.
ATM and Inflammation
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

The kinase ATM, which is involved in the DNA damage response, is required for the secretion of certain inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, by senescent cells.
Enzyme-Linked Signaling
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

Activation of biliverdin reductase activates anti-inflammatory signaling through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt.
Jamming Protein Translocation
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Antibiotics promote the destruction of a vital protein translocation complex in bacteria.
Plastic Pain Perception
Authors: Stern Peter R.
Published: September 2009

Noxious stimulation releases endocannabinoids in the spinal cord that may promote, rather than inhibit, the perception of pain.
Fine Dendrites Fire Differently
Authors: Stern Peter R.
Published: September 2009

Thin tuft and basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons use
N
-methyl-
d
-aspartate spikes to sum up synaptic inputs in semi-independent compartments.
Restoring the Barrier While Promoting Communication
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Activating TLR2 decreases intestinal injury by stabilizing the intestinal epithelial cell barrier and promoting communication through gap junctions.
Reducing Sleep Length
Authors: Hines Pamela
Published: September 2009

Some people are genetically determined to get by with less sleep than other people.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 18 August 2009
Authors: Han David K. , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

Serine-threonine phosphorylation events regulate protein-protein interactions downstream of T cell receptor activation.
mTORC1 Phosphorylates the ULK1-mAtg13-FIP200 Autophagy Regulatory Complex
Authors: Chan Edmond Y.
Published: September 2009

mTORC1 links nutrient availability to autophagy by phosphorylating multiple components of an autophagy regulatory complex.
Signals from a Sunken Ship
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2009

The G protein–coupled receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone continues to couple to adenylyl cyclase and generate cyclic AMP after it is internalized.
SNORKELing for Rice
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: September 2009

Two ethylene-responsive genes allow rice to adapt to flooding.
T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation
Authors: Mueller Kristin
Published: September 2009

The transcription factors that regulate follicular T helper cell differentiation are identified.
Re-reviewing Peer Review
Authors: Yaffe Michael B.
Published: September 2009

Constructive criticism is the key to effective peer review.
Controlling the Number of Tooth Rows
Authors: Mikkola Marja L.
Published: September 2009

Bmp4 distribution in the mouse jaw is restricted to prevent the induction of supernumerary teeth.
Epac2: A Molecular Target for Sulfonylurea-Induced Insulin Release
Authors: Hinke Simon A.
Published: September 2009

Epac2 is an intracellular receptor for a commonly used class of antidiabetic medications.
Beat It
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: September 2009

Airway epithelia directly sense and respond to noxious substances.
T
reg
Responses to Eos
Authors: Mueller Kristen
Published: September 2009

A transcription factor required for gene suppression in regulatory T cells is identified.
Epigenetic Signals
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

A phospholipid that binds to nuclear enzymes modifies gene transcription in response to external stimuli.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 8 September 2009
Authors: Sidhu Sachdev S. , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

Synthetic PDZ domain variants reveal how this domain can evolve to produce proteins with different binding specificities.
It’s a Gas
Authors: Ash Caroline
Published: September 2009

Bacteria deploy nitric oxide synthases to counter oxidative stress from natural toxins and antibiotic drugs.
Not Constitutively Active After All?
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

Comparison of the structure of ErbB2 with
Drosophila
epidermal growth factor receptor suggests that both may be autoinhibited in the absence of ligand.
Crystal Clear
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Crystal structures reveal the mechanism of a nucleotide exchange factor regulating cytoskeleton and cell signaling networks.
Initiating Myelination
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2009

An orphan G protein–coupled receptor is required in Schwann cells to trigger myelination.
The Cilium as a Moving Target for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2009

Loss of primary cilia can promote or inhibit cancers dependent on hedgehog signaling.
Endocannabinoids Can Open the Pain Gate
Authors: Christie MacDonald J. , Mallet Christophe
Published: September 2009

Endocannabinoids generated in the spinal cord can enhance pain responses instead of relieving pain.
Paths to Resistance
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2009

A mouse cancer model reveals genes that, when mutated, promote drug resistance in leukemias caused by excessive signaling through the Ras-MAPK pathway.
Anyone for D?
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: September 2009

Bacteria produce
d
-amino acids to regulate their cell wall composition, structure, amount, and strength.
A Separate System for Itch Processing
Authors: Stern Peter R.
Published: September 2009

Itch, but not pain sensation, is abolished by selective ablation of a small subpopulation of spinal neurons.
Integrin Proteomes Reveal a New Guide for Cell Motility
Authors: Danen Erik H. J.
Published: September 2009

A proteomics analysis of integrin-associated complexes establishes an unexpected connection to cell migration.
Evaluation of the Anti-East Asian CagA-Specific Antibody for CagA Phenotyping
Authors: Nguyen Lam Tung , Uchida Tomohisa , Kuroda Akiko , Tsukamoto Yoshiyuki , Trinh Tuan Dung , Ta Long , Mai Hong Bang , Ho Dang Quy Dung , Hoang Hoa Hai , Vilaichone Ratha-Korn , Mahachai Varocha , Matsuhisa Takeshi , Kudo Yoko , Okimoto Tadayoshi , Kodama Masaaki , Murakami Kazunari , Fujioka Toshio , Yamaoka Yoshio , Moriyama Masatsugu
Published: September 2009

The determination of the
cagA
genotype is generally based on sequencing the variable 3′ region of the
cagA
gene. In a previous study, we successfully generated an anti-East Asian CagA-specific antibody (anti-EAS Ab) immunoreactive only with the East Asian CagA and not with the Western CagA. In a small number of Japanese patients, anti-EAS Ab appeared to be a useful tool for phenotyping CagA immunohistochemically. The present study was conducted to validate the anti-EAS Ab immunohistochemistry method in a larger number of patients from Vietnam and Thailand. A total of 385 Vietnamese and Thais were recruited.
Helicobacter pylori
status was determined by a combination of three methods, including culture, histology, and immunohistochemistry with anti-
H. pylori
antibody. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the anti-EAS Ab immunohistochemistry method for the diagnosis of CagA phenotype were calculated based on the results of the
cagA
sequencing as the gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of our immunohistochemistry method were 96.7%, 97.9%, and 97.1%, respectively. Moreover, anti-EAS Ab was not cross-reactive with noninfected gastric mucosa. In conclusion, immunohistochemistry with anti-EAS Ab appears to be a good method for determination of CagA phenotype.
Maternal Antibodies to Pneumolysin but Not to Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Delay Early Pneumococcal Carriage in High-Risk Papua New Guinean Infants
Authors: Francis Jacinta P. , Richmond Peter C. , Pomat William S. , Michael Audrey , Keno Helen , Phuanukoonnon Suparat , Nelson Jan B. , Whinnen Melissa , Heinrich Tatjana , Smith Wendy-Anne , Prescott Susan L. , Holt Patrick G. , Siba Peter M. , Lehmann Deborah , van den Biggelaar Anita H. J.
Published: September 2009

Immunization of pregnant women can be an efficient strategy to induce early protection in infants in developing countries. Pneumococcal protein-based vaccines may have the capacity to induce pneumococcal serotype-independent protection. To understand the potential of maternal pneumococcal protein-specific antibodies in infants in high-risk areas, we studied the placental transfer of naturally acquired antibodies to pneumolysin (Ply) and pneumococcal surface protein A family 1 and 2 (PspA1 and PspA2) in relation to onset of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in infants in Papua New Guinea (PNG). In this study, 76% of the infants carried
Streptococcus pneumoniae
in the upper respiratory tract within the first month of life, at a median age of 19 days. Maternal and cord blood antibody titers to Ply (ρ = 0.824,
P
< 0.001), PspA1 (ρ = 0.746,
P
< 0.001), and PspA2 (ρ = 0.631,
P
< 0.001) were strongly correlated. Maternal pneumococcal carriage (hazard ratio [HR], 2.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25 to 5.39) and younger maternal age (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.54 to 1.00) were independent risk factors for early carriage, while higher cord Ply-specific antibody titers predicted a significantly delayed onset (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.00) and cord PspA1-specific antibodies a significantly younger onset of carriage in PNG infants (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.40). Maternal vaccination with a pneumococcal protein-based vaccine should be considered as a strategy to protect high-risk infants against pneumococcal disease by reducing carriage risks in both mothers and infants.
Expression Profiles of Genes in Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Signaling of Broilers Infected with
Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Lu Yang , Sarson Aimie J. , Gong Joshua , Zhou Huaijun , Zhu Weiyun , Kang Zhumei , Yu Hai , Sharif Shayan , Han Yanming
Published: September 2009

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in detecting microbial pattern molecules for activation of the host immune response. We investigated possible roles of TLRs in the chicken response to
Clostridium perfringens
infection by examining the expression of TLR genes and other genes involved in TLR-mediated signaling within the spleens and ilea of
C. perfringens
-challenged broilers. Upregulation of a tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducing factor homolog in challenged chickens compared to naïve chickens was observed, regardless of the incidence of necrotic enteritis. In addition, the members of the TLR2 subfamily were found to be most strongly involved in the host response to
C. perfringens
challenge, although the expression of TLR4 and TLR7 was also upregulated in spleen tissues. While the combination of TLR1.2, TLR2.1, and TLR15 appeared to play a major role in the splenic response, the expression of TLR2.2 and TLR1.1 was positively correlated to the expression of adaptor molecules MyD88, TRAF6, TRIF, and receptor interacting protein 1 in the ileal tissues, demonstrating a dynamic spatial and temporal innate host response to
C. perfringens
.
Glycoprotein-Dependent Acidification of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Enhances Release of Matrix Protein
Authors: Mire Chad E. , Dube Derek , Delos Sue E. , White Judith M. , Whitt Michael A.
Published: September 2009

To study vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) entry and uncoating, we generated a recombinant VSV encoding a matrix (M) protein containing a C-terminal tetracysteine Lumio tag (rVSV-ML) that could be fluorescently labeled using biarsenical compounds. Quantitative confocal microscopy showed that there is a transient loss of fluorescence at early times after the initiation of endocytosis of rVSV-ML-Green (rVSV-MLG) virions, which did not occur when cells were treated with bafilomycin A1. The reduction in fluorescence occurred 5 to 10 min postentry, followed by a steady increase in fluorescence intensity from 15 to 60 min postentry. A similar loss of fluorescence was observed in vitro when virions were exposed to acidic pH. The reduction in fluorescence required G protein since “bald” ΔG-MLG particles did not show a similar loss of fluorescence at low pH. Based on the pH-dependent fluorescence properties of Lumio Green, we hypothesize that the loss of fluorescence of rVSV-MLG virions during virus entry is due to a G ectodomain-dependent acidification of the virion interior. Biochemical analysis indicated that low pH also resulted in an enhancement of M protein dissociation from partially permeabilized, but otherwise intact, wild-type virions. From these data we propose that low-pH conformational changes in G protein promote acidification of the virus interior, which facilitates the release of M from ribonucleoprotein particles during uncoating.
Regulation of Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Primary Mouse Astrocytes by Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Yu Dongdong , Zhu Hongqing , Liu Yin , Cao Jianzhong , Zhang Xuming
Published: September 2009

Previous studies have shown that proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), are differentially induced in primary mouse astrocytes by mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59) and MHV-2. However, the signaling events that trigger TNF-α and IL-6 induction in these cells upon MHV infection remain unknown. In this study, we explored the potential signaling events. We found that induction of TNF-α and IL-6 occurred as early as 2 h postinfection and was completely dependent on viral replication. Using inhibitors specific for three mitogen-activated protein kinases, we showed that induction of TNF-α and IL-6 by MHV-A59 infection was mediated through activation of the Janus N-terminal kinase signaling pathway, but not through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p38 signaling pathway. This finding was further confirmed with knockdown experiments using small interfering RNAs specific for Janus N-terminal kinase. Interestingly, while nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a key transcription factor required for the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in most cell types, was activated in astrocytes during MHV-A59 infection, disruption of the NF-κB pathway by peptide inhibitors did not significantly inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 expression. Furthermore, experiments using chimeric viruses demonstrated that the viral spike and nucleocapsid proteins, which play important roles in MHV pathogenicity in mice, are not responsible for the differential induction of the cytokines. These results illustrate the complexity of the regulatory mechanism by which MHV induces proinflammatory cytokines in primary astrocytes.
Incorporation of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor eIF4E into Viral Nucleocapsids via Interaction with Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase
Authors: Kim Seahee , Wang Haifeng , Ryu Wang-Shick
Published: September 2009

The DNA genome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates via reverse transcription within capsids following the encapsidation of an RNA template, the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). We previously demonstrated that the 5′ cap proximity of the stem-loop structure (ε or epsilon), an encapsidation signal, is critically important for the encapsidation of the pgRNA (J. K. Jeong, G. S. Yoon, and W. S. Ryu, J. Virol.
74:
5502-5508, 2000). Therefore, we speculated that the viral polymerase (Pol), while bound to the 5′ ε stem-loop structure, could recognize the cap via its interaction with eIF4E, a eukaryotic translation initiation factor. Our data showed the direct interaction between HBV Pol and eIF4E, as measured by coimmunoprecipitation. Further, we demonstrated that eIF4E interacts with the Pol-ε ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) rather than Pol alone, resulting in eIF4E-Pol-ε RNP complex formation. In addition, we asked whether eIF4E remains engaged to the Pol-ε RNP complex during nucleocapsid assembly. Density gradient analysis revealed that eIF4E indeed was incorporated into nucleocapsids. It is of great importance to uncover whether the incorporated eIF4E contributes to viral reverse transcription or other steps in the HBV life cycle.