bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cross-sectional survey of sex toy use, characteristics of sex toy use hygiene behaviours, and vulvovaginal health outcomes in Canada
Authors: Wood Jessica , Crann Sara , Cunningham Shannon , Money Deborah , O'Doherty Kieran
Published: November 2017

Researchers' interest in the use of sex toys has increased in the past 10 years as products become more accepted in mainstream media, and incorporated into individuals' sexual scripts. Though researchers and health educators have emphasized the importance of sex toy use hygiene behaviours, few studies have addressed the extent to which individuals are sharing, cleaning and covering their sex toys. The current research examined 1) the prevalence, frequency, predictors, and types of sex toys use/used, 2) the prevalence/frequency of sex toy use hygiene behaviours (e.g., cleaning, sharing, covering) and 3) whether sex toy use hygiene behaviours were related to vulvovaginal health outcomes among a sample of Canadian participants. As part of a larger survey examining genital health and hygiene practices, 1435 participants across Canada completed an anonymous online survey. Prevalence of sex toy use was 52.3%. Sex toys users were more likely to report a bisexual, lesbian, queer or questioning identity and were more likely to report engaging in additional partnered sexual activities such as oral and anal sex. Participants used a wide variety of sex toys including vibrators, butt plugs, BDSM toys, and household items. Most participants indicated that they cleaned their sex toys regularly using soap and water and 21.7% reported sharing their sex toy(s) with a partner. Sex toy use is common among Canadian women and individuals report using a variety of sexual enhancement products. Implications for educators and medical practitioners working with sexually active clients are also discussed.
Realistic Car-Following Models for Microscopic Simulation of Adaptive and Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Vehicles
Authors: Xiao Lin , Wang Meng , van Arem Bart
Published: November 2017

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) and cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) are important technologies for the achievement of vehicle automation, and their effect on traffic systems generally is evaluated with microscopic traffic simulations. A successful simulation requires realistic vehicle behavior and minimal vehicle collisions. However, most existing ACC-CACC simulation studies used simplified models that were not based on real vehicle response. The studies rarely addressed collision avoidance in the simulation. The study presented in this paper developed a realistic and collision-free car-following model for ACC-CACC vehicles. A multiregime model combining a realistic ACC-CACC system with driver intervention for vehicle longitudinal motions is proposed. This model assumes that a human driver resumes vehicle control either according to his or her assessment or after a collision warning asks the driver to take over. The proposed model was tested in a wide range of scenarios to explore model performance and collision possibilities. The testing scenarios included three regular scenarios of stop-and-go, approaching, and cut-out maneuvers, as well as two extreme safety-concerned maneuvers of hard brake and cut-in. The simulation results show that the proposed model is collision free in the full-speed-range operation with leader accelerations within −1 to 1 m/s2 and in approaching and cut-out scenarios. Those results indicate that the proposed ACC-CACC car-following model can produce realistic vehicle response without causing vehicle collisions in regular scenarios for vehicle string operations.
Obituary News Vol 46(1)
Authors: Editor The
Published: November 2017

Abstract not availableBangladesh Med J. 2017 Jan; 46 (1): 48
Hyperoxia and Hypoxic Hypoxia Effects on Simple and Choice Reaction Times
Authors: Dart Todd , Gallo Megan , Beer Jeremy , Fischer Joseph , Morgan Thomas , Pilmanis Andrew
Published: November 2017

INTRODUCTION: Effects of exposure to hyperoxia (PiO2 > 105 mmHg), normoxia (PiO2 95–105 mmHg) and hypoxia (PiO2 < 95 mmHg) on simple and choice reaction performance tasks were evaluated.METHODS: Ten subjects performed simple
and choice reaction time tests (SRT and CRT, respectively) at ground level for 40 min (20 min normoxic, 20 min hyperoxic, randomly assigned), 3048 m (10,000 ft) for 75 min (15 min hyperoxic, 60 min hypoxic), 4572 m (15,000 ft) for 60 min (15 min hyperoxic, 45 min hypoxic), and 6096 m (20,000
ft) for 35 min (15 min hyperoxic, 20 min hypoxic). SRT and CRT tests were also conducted at ground level 1 h after normoxic rest (recovery) to assess any recovery time effect on these psychomotor tasks.RESULTS: Total response time (TRT) significantly increased by 15 ms to 25 ms
at all three altitudes for both the SRT and CRT tasks. At and below 4572 m, the performance changes were gradual over the duration of the exposures, whereas at 6096 m these changes were immediate. After 1 h, no performance decrement was measured. There was no statistical evidence that ground-level
performance on these tasks was improved in hyperoxic vs. normoxic conditions.DISCUSSION: Results suggest mild decrements in reaction time due to hypoxia may occur as low as 3048 m (10,000 ft) while hyperoxia showed no positive effect on accuracy or reaction time at ground level
or higher when performing simple and choice psychomotor reaction tasks.Dart T, Gallo M, Beer J, Fischer J, Morgan T, Pilmanis A. Hyperoxia and hypoxic hypoxia effects on simple and choice reaction times. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017; 88(12):1073–1080.
A Cohort Mortality Study Among Soviet and Russian Cosmonauts, 1961–2014
Authors: Ushakov Igor B. , Voronkov Yuri I. , Bukhtiyarov Igor V. , Tikhonova Galina I. , Gorchakova Tatyana Yu. , Bryleva Mariya S.
Published: November 2017

INTRODUCTION: Over 500 people from different countries have been to space since the first manned spaceflight in 1961. Factors of space and spaceflights might cause functional and somatic disorders, leading to increased mortality. Our research goal was to assess cause-specific
risk of death among Soviet and Russian cosmonauts who had at least one spaceflight.METHODS: The epidemiological cohort study included 115 male cosmonauts. The observation period was 54 yr (January 1, 1961–December 31, 2014) and 2707 person-years of follow-up were obtained.
By the end of the period, 84 cosmonauts were still alive and 31 were deceased. The reference groups were the male population of Russia and of the Moscow Region, where Zvezdny City (Star City) is located. Mortality risk was assessed by standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with 95% confidence
intervals (95% CI).RESULTS: Death risk in the cohort was significantly lower than that in both reference groups: for all causes (А00–Y98; SMR = 40), for diseases of the circulatory system (I00–I99; SMR = 37 and 35 compared to Russia and the Moscow Region, respectively),
and for other causes, i.e., all causes except circulatory diseases, cancer, and accidents, (SMR = 8). Death risk for accidents (V01–Y98) in the cohort was 1.8–1.9 times lower than that in both reference groups: SMR = 52 (95% CI 19–139) and 56 (21–151), but was not statistically
significant. SMR for cancer (C00–C97) was also below 100 (71 and 66), but insignificant.DISCUSSION: Our findings mainly characterize mortality among the first cosmonauts who have flown to space from 1961 through the 1970s, which indicates the necessity of continuing research.Ushakov
IB, Voronkov YI, Bukhtiyarov IV, Tikhonova GI, Gorchakova TYu, Bryleva MS. A cohort mortality study among Soviet and Russian cosmonauts, 1961–2014. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017; 88(12):1060–1065.
Dissociated Components of Executive Control in Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia
Authors: Takács Endre , Czigler István , Pató Lívia Gabriella , Balázs László
Published: November 2017

INTRODUCTION: The neurocognitive effects of acute hypobaric hypoxia are still largely unknown. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that executive control, an important component of cognition, is especially vulnerable to hypoxia. METHOD: Subjects participated in a simulated hypobaric chamber flight to 5500 m. Four auditory tasks were presented before, during, and after hypoxia: 1) Voice, and 2) Name variant of the Stroop task (both measuring conflict resolution); 3) go/no-go task (GNG; measuring inhibition); and 4) two-choice reaction time task (CRT; which is a noninhibitory control task). RESULTS: The Stroop effect increased during hypoxia: in the Voice Stroop it increased from 49.4 to 83.6 ms for reaction time and from 4.1 to 12.3% for accuracy; in the Name Stroop from 43.5 to 82.9 ms for reaction time (accuracy remained unchanged). Accuracy declined from 82.3 to 75.0% in CRT, and from 85.8 to 77.5% (averaged over stimulus types) in the GNG task. Importantly, accuracy decreased similarly to go and no-go stimuli in the GNG task, revealing unaffected inhibition. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that tasks requiring conflict resolution are more likely to be impaired than tasks requiring inhibition of response. Furthermore, our results provide evidence for the distinct nature of inhibitory control functions. Takács E, Czigler I, Pató LG, Balázs L. Dissociated Components of Executive Control in Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017; 88(12):1087–1087.
Genomic Destabilization Triggered by Replication Stress during Senescence
Authors: Minakawa Yusuke , Shimizu Atsuhiro , Matsuno Yusuke , Yoshioka Ken-ichi
Published: November 2017

Most cancers develop after middle age, and are often associated with multiple mutations and genomic instability, implying that genomic destabilization is critical for age-related tumor development. In this manuscript, we review current knowledge regarding (1) the senescent cellular background, which is associated with a higher risk of genomic destabilization; and (2) the contributions of genomic destabilization to cancer development.
Enhanced Antioxidant Activity of Capsicum annuum L. and Moringa oleifera L. Extracts after Encapsulation in Microemulsions
Authors: Batra Georgia , Gortzi Olga , Lalas Stavros , Galidi Anna , Alibade Angeliki , Nanos George
Published: November 2017

Carotenoids are powerful natural antioxidants that can easily degrade and are almost insoluble in water. Their incorporation into microemulsions (MEs) can solve these problems. In this study, ethanol extracts (prepared using different protocols) of Capsicum annuum L. (green and red), Moringa oleifera L. leaves, and their mixtures [Red Pepper/Μ. oleifera (50/50 w/w) and Green Pepper/M. oleifera (50/50 w/w)], were encapsulated in MEs for the first time. The encapsulation efficiency was determined and the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared MEs were assessed by particle size, turbidity, centrifugation, and thermal stress determination. The antioxidant activity of extracts and their MEs was determined by the DSC and DPPH methods. Prepared MEs did not present phase separation, creaming, sedimentation, presence of aggregates, or other unacceptable macroscopic drawbacks. Turbidity measurements showed that only small differences in optical density appeared. MEs’ particle size dispersion was found to be around the average value and varied between 10 and 95 nm. The highest resistance to oxidation of crude extracts was observed by the M. oleifera leaf extract, followed by that of Red Pepper/Μ. oleifera (50/50 w/w) mixture, Green Pepper/M. oleifera (50/50 w/w) mixture, Red Pepper and, finally, Green Pepper. The results concerning MEs-encapsulated samples followed the same trend.
A Cryptographic System Based upon the Principles of Gene Expression
Authors: Shaw Harry
Published: November 2017

Processes of gene expression such as regulation of transcription by the general transcription complex can be used to create hard cryptographic protocols which should not be breakable by common cipherattack methodologies. The eukaryotic processes of gene expression permit expansion of DNA cryptography into complex networks of transcriptional and translational coding interactions. I describe a method of coding messages into genes and their regulatory sequences, transcription products, regulatory protein complexes, transcription proteins, translation proteins and other required sequences. These codes then serve as the basis for a cryptographic model based on the processes of gene expression. The protocol provides a hierarchal structure that extends from the initial coding of a message into a DNA code (ciphergene), through transcription and ultimately translation into a protein code (cipherprotein). The security is based upon unique knowledge of the DNA coding process, all of the regulatory codes required for expression, and their interactions. This results in a set of cryptographic protocols that is capable of securing data at rest, data in motion and providing an evolvable form of security between two or more parties. The conclusion is that implementation of these protocols will enhance security and substantially burden cyberattackers to develop new forms of countermeasures.
Environmental Risks Associated with Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection among Preschool Children in North-Western and South-Southern Nigeria Communities
Authors: Adesanya Oluwafunmilade , Chiao Chi
Published: November 2017

The exposure-disease-stress model places young children in their physical and social contexts and considers the extent and intensity of associational links to symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI), taking in to account a range of biological, social, and environment components. This study uses the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey to assess the individual and environmental risks present in the North-Western and South-Southern Nigerian communities and examines their associations with ARI symptoms. The descriptive findings show that the prevalence of ARI symptoms is significantly higher among preschool children in the North-Western province (5.7%) than in the South-Southern province (1.4%) (p < 0.001). In addition to regional differences, multilevel logistic models further indicate that the increased likelihood of a child suffering from ARI symptoms is significantly associated with the dry season (aOR 1.42; 95% CI: 1.02–1.97) and household poverty (aOR 1.42; 95% CI: 1.01–1.99), even after adjusting for the cooking fuel used and various other characteristics of the children, households, and communities. These findings underscore the importance of taking into account environmental risks when addressing specific regional variations in ARI symptoms, because these determinants differ between communities in Nigeria. As it is imperative to achieve minimum levels of child health, in order to improve economic development across regions, future health policies aiming to promote child health will benefit from taking a region-specific perspective into consideration.
A 3D Digital Cadastre for New Zealand and the International Opportunity
Authors: Gulliver Trent , Haanen Anselm , Goodin Mark
Published: November 2017

New Zealand has a legal 3D cadastre, and has done since the inception of its cadastral survey and tenure systems around 150 years ago. However, the digital representation of the cadastre is 2D with 3D situations handled via static plan, section and elevation images and supporting textual information. Work is currently underway to develop a 3D digital cadastre that will enable the 3D spatial extents of property rights, restrictions and responsibilities to be captured, validated, lodged, integrated with existing data, visualised, and made available for use in other systems. This article presents the approach that is being promoted by regulators of New Zealand’s cadastral survey system in discussions with suppliers of land administration systems. Previous research concluded that the most appropriate way for New Zealand to develop a 3D digital cadastre is to build upon its existing system. The 2D digital cadastre would continue to be the default layer with 3D situations incorporated as and where necessary. To enable this requires a new approach to handling parcels defined in 3D. The representation of a 3D parcel as a spatial object is being proposed to allow parcels limited in height to be integrated into the digital cadastre and subsequently maintained. While the authors discuss how New Zealand’s digital cadastre may be transitioned to 3D, it is suggested that the generic nature of spatial objects could be applied to other jurisdictions. For this reason, the international appeal of the approach is considered as other jurisdictions and providers of software applications may benefit from New Zealand’s efforts.
Thin-Walled Double Side Freeform Component Milling Process with Paraffin Filling Method
Authors: Zha Jun , Chu Jing , Li Yipeng , Chen Yaolong
Published: November 2017

The machining of thin-walled double side freeform component has many challenges in terms of the geometrical complexity, high-requirement accuracy, and especially low stiffness. This paper surveys the filling method during the milling processes of thin-walled double side freeform component. Firstly, the DEFORM-3D was used to analyze and calculate the surface residual stress which provides a theoretical basis for parameters selection of the rough milling process, and the optimal milling parameters were obtained by the Taguchi method. Residual stress measurements have been carried out to verify the simulation results. The results show the difference between simulation and experimental data is less than 15%. Secondly, semi-finishing parameters and finishing process parameters were determined by equal error step length and step distance method. Thirdly, two machining experiments were conducted with and without paraffin filling, and the accuracy was measured by coordinate measurement machine. The results shown that the PV values are 25.16 μm and 20.34 μm for the concave and convex surface, and the corresponding RMS values are 13.75 μm and 11.93 μm in the first milling experiment. The PV values have improved to 8.53 μm and 7.12 μm, and RMS values have improved to 2.45 μm and 3.05 μm by the filled method applied.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of Biopolymeric Schiff Bases Prepared with Chitosan and Salicylaldehydes and Their Pd(II) and Pt(II) Complexes
Authors: Barbosa Hellen , Attjioui Maha , Ferreira Ana , Dockal Edward , El Gueddari Nour , Moerschbacher Bruno , Cavalheiro Éder
Published: November 2017

In an attempt to enhance chitosan biological activities, biopolymeric Schiff bases of chitosan and different salicylaldehydes and their palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes were synthesized and tested. The chemical structures of these derivatives were characterized using 1H-NMR, FTIR spectroscopy and XPRD. Thermal analysis was done through TGA/DTG-DTA. Electronic absorption spectra and surface morphologies were analyzed by SEM-EDAX. Chitosan and its derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against two common bacterial and fungal plant pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Fusarium graminearum, respectively, and for their antitumor activity against a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). It was found that, compared to the nonmodified chitosan, chitosan modified with Schiff bases and their complexes was highly toxic against the MCF-7 cell line and had antibacterial effects against P. syringea. However, the modified chitosan derivatives had less pronounced antifungal effects against F. graminearum compared to the nonmodified chitosan, suggesting different modes of action.
Comparison of the Relationship between Lying and Standing Ultrasonography Measures of Muscle Morphology with Isometric and Dynamic Force Production Capabilities
Authors: Wagle John , Carroll Kevin , Cunanan Aaron , Taber Christopher , Wetmore Alexander , Bingham Garett , DeWeese Brad , Sato Kimitake , Stuart Charles , Stone Michael
Published: November 2017

The purpose of the current study was (1) to examine the differences between standing and lying measures of vastus lateralis (VL), muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), and cross-sectional area (CSA) using ultrasonography; and (2) to explore the relationships between lying and standing measures with isometric and dynamic assessments of force production—specifically peak force, rate of force development (RFD), impulse, and one-repetition maximum back squat. Fourteen resistance-trained subjects (age = 26.8 ± 4.0 years, height = 181.4 ± 6.0 cm, body mass = 89.8 ± 10.7 kg, back squat to body mass ratio = 1.84 ± 0.34) agreed to participate. Lying and standing ultrasonography images of the right VL were collected following 48 hours of rest. Isometric squat assessments followed ultrasonography, and were performed on force platforms with data used to determine isometric peak force (IPF), as well as RFD and impulse at various time points. Forty-eight hours later, one-repetition maximum back squats were performed by each subject. Paired-samples t-tests revealed statistically significant differences between standing and lying measurements of MT (p < 0.001), PA (p < 0.001), and CSA (p ≤ 0.05), with standing values larger in all cases. Further, standing measures were correlated more strongly and abundantly to isometric and dynamic performance. These results suggest that if practitioners intend to gain insight into strength-power potential based on ultrasonography measurements, performing the measurement collection with the athlete in a standing posture may be preferred.
A Survey of Intestinal Parasites of Domestic Dogs in Central Queensland
Authors: Gillespie Simone , Bradbury Richard
Published: November 2017

Australia has a very high rate of dog ownership, which in some circumstances may lead to exposure to zoonotic parasitic diseases from those companion animals. Domestic dog faecal samples (n = 300) were collected from public spaces and private property in the greater Rockhampton (Central Queensland) region and tested for intestinal helminths and protozoa by direct microscopy, two flotation methods and a modified acid-fast stain for cryptosporidia. Intestinal parasites detected included hookworms (25%), Cystoisospora ohioensis complex (9%), Blastocystis hominis (3%), Giardia duodenalis (3%), Spirometra erinacei (1%) and Toxocara canis (1%), Sarcocystis spp. (2%), Cryptosporidium spp. (2%) and Cystoisospora canis (1%). One infection each with Trichuris vulpis, Dipylidium caninum and a protozoa belonging to the Entamoeba histolytica complex were identified. Sheather’s sucrose centrifugal flotation was more sensitive than saturated salt passive flotation, but no single test detected all cases of parasitic infection identified. The test methodologies employed are poor at recovering larva of Strongyloides stercoralis, Aleurostrongylus abstrussis and eggs of cestodes such as Echinococcus granulosis, so the potential presence of these parasites in Central Queensland domestic dogs cannot be excluded by this survey alone.
A three‐dimensional spatial mapping approach to quantify fine‐scale heterogeneity among leaves within canopies1
Authors: Wingfield Jenna L. , Ruane Lauren G. , Patterson Joshua D.
Published: November 2017

Premise of the study:

The three‐dimensional structure of tree canopies creates environmental heterogeneity, which can differentially influence the chemistry, morphology, physiology, and/or phenology of leaves. Previous studies that subdivide canopy leaves into broad categories (i.e., “upper/lower”) fail to capture the differences in microenvironments experienced by leaves throughout the three‐dimensional space of a canopy.

Methods:

We use a three‐dimensional spatial mapping approach based on spherical polar coordinates to examine the fine‐scale spatial distributions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the concentration of ultraviolet (UV)‐absorbing compounds (A300) among leaves within the canopies of black mangroves (Avicennia germinans).

Results:

Linear regressions revealed that interior leaves received less PAR and produced fewer UV‐absorbing compounds than leaves on the exterior of the canopy. By allocating more UV‐absorbing compounds to the leaves on the exterior of the canopy, black mangroves may be maximizing UV‐protection while minimizing biosynthesis of UV‐absorbing compounds.

Discussion:

Three‐dimensional spatial mapping provides an inexpensive and portable method to detect fine‐scale differences in environmental and biological traits within canopies. We used it to understand the relationship between PAR and A300, but the same approach can also be used to identify traits associated with the spatial distribution of herbivores, pollinators, and pathogens.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite primers for the critically endangered shrub Styphelia longissima (Ericaceae)
Authors: Anthony Janet M. , Allcock Richard J. N. , Dobrowolski Mark P. , Krauss Siegfried L.
Published: November 2017

Premise of the study:

Microsatellite markers were developed for population genetic analysis in the rare shrub Styphelia longissima (Ericaceae).

Methods and Results:

We generated ca. 2.5 million sequence reads using a Personal Genome Machine semiconductor sequencer. Using the QDD pipeline, we designed primers for >12,000 sequences with PCR product lengths of 80–480 bp. From these, 30 primer pairs were selected and screened using PCR; of these, 16 loci were found to be polymorphic, four loci were monomorphic, and 10 loci did not amplify reliably for S. longissima. For a sample of 57 plants from the only known population, the number of alleles observed for these 16 loci ranged from two to 21 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.49 to 0.91. These markers were also amplified in Astroloma xerophyllum, a closely related species.

Conclusions:

These markers will be used to characterize population genetic variation, spatial genetic structure, mating system parameters, and dispersal to aid in the management and conservation of the rare shrub S. longissima.
Unilateral Duplication Of Parotid Duct. A Rare Anatomical Variation
Authors: Ferreira Arquez Humberto
Published: November 2017

Background: The paired parotid glands are the largest of the major salivary glands and produces mainly serous secretions. The secretion of this gland reaches the oral cavity through single parotid duct (Stensen’s duct). The parotid duct begins at the anterior border of the gland, crosses the masseter muscle, and then pierces the buccinator muscle to reach the mucosa lining the mouth at the level of the cheek. The purpose of this study is determine the morphologic features of the parotid duct and describe an anatomical variation until now unreported.

Methods and Findings: A total of 17 cadavers were used for this study in the Morphology Laboratory at the University of Pamplona. In a cadaver were findings: The main parotid duct originated two conducts: Left superior parotid duct and Left inferior parotid duct, is observed the criss-cross of the ducts, and then perforated the buccinator muscle and entered the oral cavity at a double parotid papilla containing a double opening, separated from each other in 0,98 mm. In the remaining  33 parotid regions (97.06%) the parotid duct is conformed to the classical descriptions given in anatomical textbooks.

Conclusions: The parotid duct anatomy is important for duct endoscopy, lithotripsy, sialography and trans-ductal facial nerve stimulation in the early stage of facial palsy in some cases. The anatomical variations also has clinical importance for parotid gland surgery and facial cosmetic surgery. To keep in mind the parotid duct variation will reduce iatrogenic injury risks and improve diagnosis of parotid duct injury.
Normal Gravity Fields and Equipotential Ellipsoids of Small Objects in the Solar System: A Closed-form Solution in Ellipsoidal Harmonics up to the Second Degree
Authors: Hu Xuanyu
Published: November 2017

We propose a definition for the normal gravity fields and normal figures of small objects in the solar system, such as asteroids, cometary nuclei, and planetary moons. Their gravity fields are represented as series of ellipsoidal harmonics, ensuring more robust field evaluation in the proximity of an arbitrary, convex shape than using spherical harmonics. The normal gravity field, approximate to the actual field, can be described by a finite series of three terms, that is, degree zero, and the zonal and sectoral harmonics of degree two. The normal gravity is that of an equipotential ellipsoid, defined as the normal ellipsoid of the body. The normal ellipsoid may be distinct from the actual figure. We present a rationale for specifying and a numerical method for determining the parameters of the normal ellipsoid. The definition presented here generalizes the convention of the normal spheroid of a large, hydrostatically equilibrated planet, such as Earth. Modeling the normal gravity and the normal ellipsoid is relevant to studying the formation of the “rubble pile” objects, which may have been accreted, or reorganized after disruption, under self-gravitation. While the proposed methodology applies to convex, approximately ellipsoidal objects, those bi-lobed objects can be treated as contact binaries comprising individual convex subunits. We study an exemplary case of the nearly ellipsoidal Martian moon, Phobos, subject to strong tidal influence in its present orbit around Mars. The results allude to the formation of Phobos via gravitational accretion at some further distance from Mars.
High-energy Variability of PSR J1311-3430
Authors: An Hongjun , Romani Roger W. , Johnson Tyrel , Kerr Matthew , Clark Colin J.
Published: November 2017

We have studied the variability of the black-widow-type binary millisecond pulsar PSR J1311−3430 from optical to gamma-ray energies. We confirm evidence for orbital modulation in the weak off-pulse ≳200 MeV emission, with a peak at

, following pulsar inferior conjunction. The peak has a relatively hard spectrum, extending above ∼1 GeV. XMM-Newton and Swift UV observations also show that this source’s strong X-ray flaring activity is associated with optical/UV flares. With a duty cycle of ∼7%–19%, this flaring is quite prominent with an apparent power-law intensity distribution. Flares are present at all orbital phases, with a slight preference for

. We explore possible connections of these variabilities with the intrabinary shock and magnetic activity on the low-mass secondary.
The Mysterious 6565 Å Absorption Feature of the Galactic Halo
Authors: Sethi Shiv K. , Shchekinov Yuri , Nath Biman B.
Published: November 2017

We consider various possible scenarios to explain the recent observation of what has been called a broad Hα absorption in our Galactic halo, with peak optical depth

and equivalent width

. We show that the absorbed feature cannot arise from the circumgalactic and ISM Hα absorption. As the observed absorption feature is quite broad (

), we also consider CNO lines that lie close to Hα as possible alternatives to explain the feature. We show that such lines could also not account for the observed feature. Instead, we suggest that it could arise from diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) carriers or polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) absorption. While we identify several such lines close to the Hα transition, we are unable to determine the molecule responsible for the observed feature, partly because of selection effects that prevent us from identifying DIBs/PAHs features close to Hα using local observations. Deep integration of a few extragalactic sources with high spectral resolution might allow us to distinguish between different possible explanations.
Assessment of the Energy Savings Potential in the Residential Building Stock in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Zagora Nermina , Burazor Mladen , Salihović Erdin
Published: November 2017

This paper intends to bring attention of both scientific and general audience to the status quo of the existing, residential building stock in Bosnia and Herzegovina, highlighting its energy savings potential. The research results presented in this text may be applicable on two levels: on a larger scale, the policy makers may use this data in the process of development of strategic and EE measures implementation plans, while, on a smaller scale, the individual users may gain practical insight into the benefits of energy saving measures and implement them in their own households. Moreover, the exposed data may be subject to further evaluations, studies and comparisons, while the presented methodology can be used by other researchers in countries where there have not been research activities on the existing residential buildings stock from the EE perspective.
Alcatel et les télécommunications spatiales, la lente constitution d'un pôle industriel
Authors: Bouvier Yves
Published: November 2017

Résumé La Compagnie Générale d’Électricité est entrée dans la construction des satellites de télécommunications par la petite porte. Sur un marché contrôlé par les firmes américaines, la société française a bénéficié des commandes publiques pour construire tout d’abord des stations terriennes d’émission-réception. C’est toujours grâce aux commandes de l’administration française des télécommunications que se met en place l’industrie de construction des satellites (programme Télécom 1), la CGE ne s’y insérant que par la reprise des filiales de Thomson. Progressivement, les commandes européennes vont prendre le relais et ce d’autant plus que le groupe se fait de plus en plus européen (1986-1987). Il faut attendre les années 1990 et la modification du marché des satellites pour qu’Alcatel Space entre véritablement dans une logique concurrentielle. La constitution du pôle industriel des télécommunications spatiales au sein du groupe CGE est le résultat d’une politique industrielle de long terme des pouvoirs publics ainsi que la conséquence des recompositions de l’industrie des télécommunications (accords, fusions…). Bien que n’ayant jamais été un axe fort de développement du groupe, le secteur des télécommunications spatiales d’Alcatel constitue le premier constructeur européen de satellites.
L'élu et le manager : quelle gouvernance territoriale dans l'économie mondialisée ?
Authors: Chauchefoin Pascal
Published: November 2017

Résumé Les stratégies d’entreprises sont de plus en plus difficiles à déchiffrer car elles s’élaborent dans un cadre mondialisé et dans des contextes concurrentiels susceptibles d’évoluer très rapidement. Cela rend plus complexe l’élaboration des politiques de développement local dont l’objectif est de valoriser le potentiel économique des territoires. Pour les décideurs locaux confrontés à cette difficulté, la tentation est grande d’ignorer ce qui n’est pas maîtrisable et d’adopter une conception étroite de la dynamique économique locale en se focalisant finalement sur ce qui symbolise la « communauté », c’est-à-dire l’intensité des relations entre les entreprises d’un même territoire. Les références incontournables en la matière sont des expériences réussies (et très médiatisées) comme le Jura suisse, les districts industriels de la « troisième Italie » ou encore la Silicon Valley aux États-Unis. Si, depuis lors, de nombreuses monographies sur les conditions du développement économique de ces territoires ont montré le caractère exceptionnel et non reproductible de ces expériences, ces exemples hantent encore largement les esprits et le dispositif de soutien financier aux systèmes localisés de production élaboré par la DATAR contribue grandement à entretenir l’illusion sur les potentialités de développement liées à cette forme très particulière d’organisation productive. Les réseaux économiques développés par les entreprises dépassent largement le cadre territorial et les principes dominants de cette « gouvernance locale » se trouvent souvent en porte à faux par rapport aux logiques organisationnelles des entreprises et aux enjeux géographiques de l’économie mondialisée. Pour tenter de rendre moins improbable l’ajustement des actions respectives de l’élu et du manager, il est essentiel d’élargir les méthodes et les outils du développement local en y intégrant les relations entre l’échelon local et les autres échelons.
La régulation du secteur électrique britannique dans la concurrence
Authors: Leban Raymond , Maille-Bellest Florence
Published: November 2017

Résumé La régulation du secteur électrique britannique dans la concurrence est originale. À la fin des années 1980, elle a été conçue pour être « légère », de manière notamment à éviter toute « capture » par les acteurs régulés. Elle ne concernait pas le marché de gros, puisque la concurrence y jouait. Elle conférait au régulateur des pouvoirs particulièrement étendus, bien que encadrés. S’avérant de fait prégnante, elle a produit des résultats jugés décevants au plan de l’évolution des prix. Elle a été critiquée pour le caractère trop personnel du pouvoir au sommet de l’institution, l’opacité des décisions et des procédures et une insuffisante écoute des consommateurs. La réforme du système a abouti, au terme d’un processus ouvert et démocratique, à la promulgation, le 28 juillet 2000, de la « Utilities Act » . Le régulateur individuel propre à chaque énergie (gaz/électricité) est désormais remplacé par une autorité commune, collégiale et mieux gouvernée, dont la mission centrale est la protection des intérêts des consommateurs. Élargie, cette mission couvre explicitement l’aide aux plus démunis, aux malades, aux personnes âgées et aux individus vivant en zone rurale, sous réserve que la demande soit satisfaite dans des conditions économiques acceptables pour les entreprises. L’autorité de régulation a vu ses prérogatives s’accroître de manière significative, celle-ci exerçant un droit de regard sur la politique du gouvernement en matière sociale et environnementale et ayant vocation à appliquer directement le droit de la concurrence. Ainsi, le principe de la délégation d’un pouvoir fort à une autorité administrative autonome non responsable de ses actes devant les citoyens a été maintenu. Toutefois, l’addition de missions de service public à sa mission initiale de promotion de la concurrence expose dorénavant le régulateur à des conflits d’objectifs politiques d’une nouvelle ampleur.
Enjeux et gestion des interactions entre les différents réseaux d'infrastructure
Authors: Zimmerman Rae
Published: November 2017

Résumé La croissance des interactions entre les réseaux d’infrastructures a été concomitante à la fois de la densification des grands centres urbains et de l’expansion démographique à la périphérie de ces centres urbains. Une meilleure compréhension de ces modèles de développement est essentielle vis-à-vis des services rendus par les réseaux aux populations. Trois formes d’interactions entre et au sein des réseaux d’infrastructures et des systèmes sociaux qu’ils desservent sont cruciales du point de vue de la gestion des effets négatifs potentiels de ces réseaux : l’interconnectivité, la redondance et la connaissance du système. L’interconnectivité tant spatiale que fonctionnelle est à la fois un facteur de risque (interdépendances négatives) et un élément essentiel à la fourniture de services coordonnée et à faible coût. Interdépendances spatiales et fonctionnelles se produisent d’ailleurs souvent simultanément : ainsi, par exemple, en matière de téléphonie mobile, l’augmentation du nombre et de la densité des cellules peut perturber le fonctionnement d’autres systèmes de radiocommunication ou de systèmes électriques ou de guidage électronique. La redondance est la propriété des réseaux de permettre des choix alternatifs. Elle est menacée par l’apparition de liaisons critiques qui peut résulter de facteurs techniques ou organisationnels. La connaissance du système réduit l’incertitude et le risque mais peut être elle-même un facteur de vulnérabilité, lorsque l’infostructure (système de gestion ou d’aide à la gestion de l’infrastructure) est défaillante par suite d’une panne ou d’une détérioration volontaire.
La dérégulation discrète de la distribution d'eau potable en France et l'émergence d'un nouvel acteur collectif, les abonnés
Authors: Pezon Christelle
Published: November 2017

Résumé La distribution d’eau potable a été dérégulée en France à l’initiative de l’État, soucieux d’un aménagement rationalisé de son territoire en réseaux d’eau et promoteur d’une gestion à l’équilibre budgétaire des services locaux. Cette dérégulation s’est faite au rythme d’un processus lent et imparfait. Lent, car il aura fallu une génération, depuis la fin des années 1960, pour convertir les services d’eau à une gestion de type marchand. Imparfait, car il échoue à mettre les différents modes de gestion à chance égale de succès dans la concurrence. Surtout, il obtient des résultats différents des effets attendus qui obligent à l’élaboration d’un nouveau processus de régulation, pour recentrer la concurrence sur le service rendu aux abonnés. Les nouvelles règles en vigueur suscitent des conflits inédits au Conseil d’État. Leur étude permet de caractériser la nouvelle régulation et d’identifier les voies de sa possible amélioration. En l’occurrence, le contentieux administratif met à jour un nouvel acteur, les abonnés, désormais sollicités à titre principal pour financer les services d’eau et, de ce fait, plus exigeants, notamment vis-à-vis des communes censées défendre leur intérêt.
Gestion de l'alerte et de l'information lors des crues : conditions et limites d'une démarche participative locale. L'exemple des Deux-Sèvres
Authors: Affeltranger Bastien , Meschinet de Richemond Nancy
Published: November 2017

Résumé À partir d’une enquête conduite en Deux-Sèvres sur les bassins de la Sèvre Niortaise, du Thouet, et de la Sèvre Nantaise, il s’agit de réfléchir aux conditions d’une implication de la société civile (habitants, associations de riverains) dans la gestion de l’alerte et de l’information de crise. La concertation entre acteurs est envisagée comme un moyen de réguler les recherches en responsabilité pour défaut d’alerte. On rappelle les difficultés liées à la mesure de l’efficacité d’une stratégie d’alerte. En l’absence d’un système officiel sur le Thouet, les riverains ont jusqu’à présent développé, avec plus ou moins de succès, leur propre réseau d’alerte et d’information sur le risque et élaboré des conduites de gestion de crise. L’enjeu est alors pour les pouvoirs publics d’articuler ces réseaux locaux lors de la mise en place d’un système d’alerte officiel.
Industries de réseau et politiques publiques : pour une approche stratégique
Authors: Crozet Yves
Published: November 2017

Résumé De profondes transformations ont affecté les conditions économiques et politiques dans lesquelles ont évolué dans le monde les industries de réseau depuis le début des années 1980 (ouverture à la concurrence). Cet article montre que les théories économiques ne déterminent pas la manière de choisir entre les solutions qu’elles proposent, le choix revenant au politique. Le cas de la France où cette orientation a lentement pris corps dans les années 1990 est à ce titre exemplaire. Dès lors qu’incertitude et risques sont les caractéristiques des économies dans lesquelles doivent évoluer les réseaux, « l’approche stratégique » devient nécessaire pour élaborer une politique publique des réseaux. Elle suppose que des objectifs cohérents soient affichés par les décideurs publics.
La planification des réseaux à l'épreuve de la matérialité des TIC et de l'hétérogénéité des territoires
Authors: Duféal Marina , Grasland Loïc
Published: November 2017

Résumé Dans les démarches de prospective et de planification, la dimension spatiale est généralement implicite, même si elle ne donne pas toujours lieu à des formalisations poussées comme des modèles. La programmation de réseaux nécessite aussi une bonne anticipation des évolutions futures, notamment pour les infrastructures. Pourtant le Schéma de Services Collectifs de l’Information et de la Communication, proposé par la DATAR en 2002, n’a pas considéré la dimension spatiale avec un grand développement, en raison non pas d’une idéologie prônant l’ubiquité des « usages » dans les TIC (Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication), mais du manque d’informations localisées aisément accessibles. Dans un premier temps, cet article met en évidence les insuffisances de l’approche spatiale du Schéma dans l’analyse du diagnostic de la diffusion des TIC. Dans un second, il présente les résultats d’une analyse de marqueurs de TIC dans l’espace et les territoires, les sites web et la diffusion de l’ADSL, pour montrer l’intérêt d’une approche géographique fine et pour dégager des enjeux de pratiques de planification de réseaux.
Pratiques quotidiennes des communautés populaires mal branchées aux réseaux d'eau et d'assainissement dans les métropoles brésiliennes : les cas de Rio de Janeiro et Salvador
Authors: Kleiman Mauro
Published: November 2017

Résumé Une des marques importantes du processus d’urbanisation brésilien est l’inégalité socio-spatiale dans l’accès aux services de base d’eau et d’assainissement. Ces réseaux construits selon les techniques les plus modernes desservent largement les zones de haut standing, mais sont absents ou très précaires dans les quartiers pauvres. En se fondant sur une analyse qualitative à base d’observations de terrain et d’entretiens, il s’agit d’identifier les pratiques quotidiennes mises en œuvre par les communautés populaires pour faire face à cette situation, et de mesurer les impacts de programmes gouvernementaux mis en place à partir de 1995 pour y remédier. En l’absence de services en réseaux de base, les habitants élaborent eux-mêmes, au quotidien, des pratiques individuelles et/ou collectives pour tâcher de résoudre la question de l’accès aux services. Se sont ainsi développées diverses formes de collecte de l’eau, ainsi que la pratique du branchement clandestin au réseau officiel. La sensibilisation à la nature collective de l’eau et la nécessité d’évacuer les eaux usées ont également conduit à l’auto-construction de réseaux d’assainissement alternatifs. D’autre part, les réseaux officiels d’eau et d’assainissement nouvellement installés dans ces quartiers populaires reposent sur des normes techniques — surdimensionnement et sophistication — identiques à celles des infrastructures des secteurs de haut standing. Elles signifient l’introduction d’une autre culture, que les habitants ne se sont pas appropriée et qui entre en conflit avec la culture locale, rendant difficile le passage des pratiques anciennes aux nouvelles. Cependant, ces réseaux — lorsque leur construction est achevée — modifient profondément la vie quotidienne en renforçant l’intimité des ménages et en libérant du temps pour d’autres activités que la collecte ou l’évacuation de l’eau. Surtout, ils ouvrent la possibilité de s’intégrer à la ville officielle et légale.
Réseaux de télécommunications et aménagement du territoire en France : les collectivités locales au cœur du débat
Authors: Frémont-Vanacore Anne
Published: November 2017

Résumé La libéralisation du marché des télécommunications a eu pour effet majeur d’introduire les réseaux de télécommunications dans le champ de l’aménagement du territoire. Depuis la libéralisation de 1996, ces derniers relèvent désormais du secteur concurrentiel. La topologie des nouveaux réseaux haut débit nécessaires à l’utilisation d’Internet répond davantage aux impératifs du marché qu’aux nécessités d’un aménagement harmonieux du territoire, en favorisant les régions urbaines. La question de l’intervention des acteurs publics, nationaux et surtout locaux, se pose donc avec acuité, dans une perspective de limitation d’une éventuelle « fracture numérique ». Cet article présente les problèmes nouveaux que posent la définition et la délimitation du rôle des acteurs publics, et notamment des collectivités locales dans ce domaine, ainsi que les termes du débat en cours. La comparaison de deux régions, la Haute- et la Basse-Normandie, dont les positionnements dans ce domaine sont très différents, permet d’illustrer la diversité des prises de positions des collectivités locales dans ce débat.