bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Court Poets of the Welsh Princes
Authors: Parry John J.
Published: January 2021

There is a persistent Welsh tradition, going back to very early times, that there were poets in the sixth century, among whom [A]neirin et Taliessin “in poemate brittannico claruerunt.” To these poets Welsh scholarship has given the name of Cynfeirdd or “Primitive Poets.” Recent research has done much to establish the fact that some of the poems credited to them are genuine productions of the early seventh century, and others, including those centering around the name of Llywarch the Old (Hên), belong to the mid ninth century. There are, however, sceptics who refuse to admit the existence of native poetry at such an early date, and hold that all the poems (except two short ones that were actually written down in the ninth and tenth centuries), belong to a period after the Norman Conquest.
The Old English Nominal Compounds in -Rád
Authors: Brady Caroline
Published: January 2021

In Old English occur seven compound nouns (brimrád, hronrád, hwéolrád, seglrád, stréamrád, swanrád, wígrád) the second element of which is customarily interpreted in dictionaries, translations, handbooks, and critical writings as ‘road’ (via, Weg, Bahn); and this interpretation is the basis for the widespread dogma that the five of these compounds that refer to water are metaphors, or at least figures of speech, “poetic terms for the sea.” Unquestionably, this element is the word, occurring in OE in the simplex, which in Modern English means ‘road: an ordinary line of communication used by persons passing between different places, usually one wide enough to admit of the passage of vehicles as well as of horses or travellers on foot’ (OED). In no extant OE text, however, so far as the recorded instances indicate, does the simplex rád have this meaning; on the contrary, according to the OED the simplex first appears in this sense at the end of the sixteenth century—in 1596, in Shakespeare's I Henry IV II.I.16. Therefore, it is open to doubt that the bound element did actually in OE have the modern meaning in seven of the twelve extant nominal compounds in -rád. The presumption would be that in these seven, as in the other five (éorod, flocrád, setlrád, sweglrád, punorrád), it had a sense, or senses, not too remote from those of the simplex or of the related verb rídan, and that the construction of these compounds as well as the contexts in which they stand should form the basis of conclusions concerning their applications and uses, literal or figurative. The evidence afforded by extant OE texts supports the presumption.
Proust's Use of Syllepsis
Authors: O'Brien Justin
Published: January 2021

I Most of us today recognize but the commonest of the figures of speech or rhetorical devices that we encounter in our reading. Simile, metaphor, pleonasm, even oxymoron still belong to our vocabulary; but most literate people of the present frown or otherwise distort their features at the mere mention of litotes, hendiadys, hyperbaton, meiosis, paranomasia, syllepsis, or zeugma. Our fathers learned to distinguish such figures, with the aid of examples drawn from Vergil and Tacitus, from the Bible, Shakespeare, and Milton, and could even note in passing the clergyman's skillful use of such a device in his sermon.
A Fair Field Needing Folk: Anglo-Norman
Authors: Dean Ruth J.
Published: January 2021

Anglo-norman literature represents an interesting and fairly rare phenomenon in western culture. For about three centuries an imported vernacular was widely current in England, though in varying degrees. This language, which was basically the Norman dialect of French, took on in England a character of its own, both because of its distance from its home ground and because of the influence of external events. At the same time it produced a considerable body of literature, in part reminiscent of its origin, in part determined by the Latin and English literature of its new home, in part influenced by new importations from France. Then—one might almost say abruptly—although the conquerors were never expelled, the imported language and literature ceased to have independent existence. Yet their influence remained forever in English language and literature, absorbed into the nation as were the conquerors and immigrants themselves.
Cooper's Indebtedness to Shakespeare
Authors: Gates W. B.
Published: January 2021

According to James Fenimore Cooper's daughter, Susan, the novelist was “always ready” to read Shakespeare aloud to the family, “entering with unfeigned delight into the spirit of his works, whether comedy or tragedy”; and he carried as his “constant traveling companions” in Europe the volumes of a 32° edition of the plays. Cooper's reading of Shakespeare was evidently not critical but largely for pleasure. In the volumes of the plays in the library at Cooperstown are no significant marginal comments; in the published letters are no important allusions to the dramatist; and of the many references to Shakespeare in the novels, the only notable one of critical nature is that in Jack Tier, where Shakespeare is called “the great poet of our language, and the greatest that ever lived, perhaps, short of the inspired writers of the Old Testament, and old Homer and Dante.”
Sansovino's Concetti Politici and their Debt to Machiavelli
Authors: Luciani Vincent
Published: January 2021

Francesco sansovino's Concetti politici are a collection of 805 maxims which first appeared in 1578 and which were subsequently republished in modified form in 1583, 1588, 1598, and 1608, together with Guicciardini's Avvertimenti and Lottini's Avvedimenti civili. To the first edition, but not to any of those following, the author prefaced a list of 36 authorities from whose works he presumably drew all or nearly all of his concetti. The list includes the name of Guicciardini to whom, as we have demonstrated in a previous study, Sansovino was indebted for some 123 reflections. Yet it does not contain the name of Machiavelli, from whose writings, however, Sansovino did not scruple to borrow even more extensively. This omission is not difficult to explain in view of the Catholic attitude toward the author of the Principe, particularly after the Council of Trent and the publication of the Index. Although scholars have long been aware that Sansovino derived many of his concetti from Machiavelli, they have simply confined themselves to statements to that effect without every attempting to determine the precise extent of Sansovino's indebtedness. It is the purpose of the present paper to assess this debt.
The German Reception of French Realism
Authors: Remak Henry H.
Published: January 2021

Notwithstanding the existence of innumerable and scattered bits of information and comment on the reception of nineteenth-century French realism in Germany, the general history of the subject has been curiously neglected. Only one comprehensive study, that of Flaubert's fortunes in Germany, has been published; German criticism of Stendhal prior to 1918 has been examined in an unpublished dissertation; the reputation of Zola has not been traced beyond 1893. Balzac, the Goncourt brothers, Daudet, Maupassant, and Huysmans have virtually been ignored. Even the longer studies are almost exclusively concerned with the vicissitudes of one single author; few or no comparisons are drawn with German echoes of other French realists, and therefore no conclusions of wider significance could be secured, no total picture emerges.
Diderot Devant la Magie de Rembrandt
Authors: May Gita
Published: January 2021

Dans ses salons et essais critiques, Diderot établit volontiers des comparaisons entre les tableaux de contemporains qu'il se propose d‘évaluer et les chefs-d‘œuvre des grands maîtres du passé qui avaient traité des thèmes similaires. Et ces fécondes confrontations iconographiques entre les écoles et les styles les plus divers font partie intégrante de ses méthodes critiques.

Parmi les noms de peintres fameux qui reviennent sous la plume du Philosophe, il en est un qui, bien que moins fréquemment évoqué qu'un Raphaël ou un Rubens, réapparaît cependant dans des contextes extrêmement significatifs. En effet, devant les toiles et gravures de Rembrandt, Diderot a été amené à formuler quelques-unes de ses observations les plus pénétrantes. L'art de ce peintre—si éloigné de la vision idéalisée des statuaires antiques et des Italiens de la Renaissance, ainsi que de la verve joyeuse d'un Rubens et du fini précieux, du réalisme minutieux de la plupart des Hollandais—l'a forcé pour ainsi dire à remettre en question nombre de notions sur des aspects importants de la peinture. Nous verrons que, malgré les grands changements de style qui ont renouvelé et quelquefois bouleversé les arts plastiques depuis l'époque où Diderot rédigeait ses Salons, ces problèmes esthétiques sont toujours actuels et concernent le praticien aussi bien que l'amateur éclairé. D'autre part, la manière dont le plus génial des salonniers du dix-huitième siècle a vu, senti et compris le style si original et anti-académique de Rembrandt est révélatrice, dans une large mesure, des tendances, des goûts etdes partis-pris de son temps.
The “Abstruser Themes” of Browning's Fifine at The Fair
Authors: Watkins Charlotte Crawford
Published: January 2021

Fifine at the fair is not altogether such a poem as Bishop Blougram's Apology, Caliban upon Setebos, Mr. Sludge, “The Medium,” or Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau. Of Browning's recorded statements of his intentions in Fifine, none is more revealing than his remark, preserved in Domett's Diary, that it was “the most metaphysical and boldest” poem he had written since Sordello. The adjective metaphysical characterizes the method of the poem as well as its themes, certain of which were a resumption, more than thirty years later, of the philosophical preoccupations of the earlier work.

To a greater degree than in the other monologues, the casuistry of Fifine at the Fair is a detail of the dramatic situation into which the monologue is set. The epigraph which Browning placed before the poem, a fragment of a scene from Molière's Don Juan, provides an analogue for the comedy which occasions the long discursive argument. In Molière's scene, Donna Elvira reproaches Don Juan for his faithlessness and sarcastically supplies him with a defense, an avowal of deathless devotion to her. Fifine at the Fair is its unnamed hero's rationalization to his wife, Elvire, of his interest in Fifine, a gypsy dancer whom they see at the Fair, and the main line of his defense is that proposed by Donna Elvira in the epigraph. Almost from the beginning of the poem, however, the defense strains against its dramatic limits, as the speakerdigresses on truth and error, good and evil, art and nature, to develop a relativistic philosophy of human knowledge, of moral principle, and of artistic judgment—“abstruser themes” he calls them midway in the poem, recognizing his own shift in emphasis. His philosophy of relativism, with its underlying sensationalism, provides justification for his interest in Fifine, and the sophistry of his special pleading for the truth of opinions that are convenient to his will is an extension of the hypocrisy of his avowals to Elvire. The monologuist develops both his philosophic themes and his account of the situation which gives rise to them in a highly metaphoric language which is wholly unlike the dialectical arguments of Browning's more typical casuists.
The “Fatal Woman” Symbol in Tennyson
Authors: de L. Ryals Clyde
Published: January 2021

Lionel Stevenson has written persuasively of Shelley's influence on Tennyson and has traced the “high-born maiden” in Tennyson as a symbol of Shelleyan origin. By following the figure through Mariana, The Lady of Shalott, The Palace of Art, Lady Clara Vere de Vere, Locksley Hall, and The Princess, Stevenson has found that the maiden is transformed from a weary, isolated, usually suffering figure in the early poems into a “matter-of-fact literary stock-character” in the later poems, like Elaine in the Idylls; and he has suggested that the figure conforms with Jung's archetypal image of the anima. This is very convincing, but, it seems to me, Stevenson has forgotten that host of maidens—Lilian, Madeline, Margaret, Adeline, Rosalind, Eleänore, Kate—who, unlike Mariana, are not suffering damsels at all, but strong, often cruel, haughty ladies who capture the imagination of the poet and who command his devotion but give nothing in return. These maidens, who at first glance might appear to be nothing more than insensible and flirtatious women, occur with persistency in the 1830 Poems, Chiefly Lyrical, and continue to turn up, in suggestion at least, throughout the first part of Tennyson's poetic career. Like the isolated maidens whom Stevenson has pointed out, they are significant in a study of Tennyson because of the frequency with which they occur and because of the change which they underwent after the publication of the poet's first volume. They are, I believe, a variation on the femme fatale figure and draw their inspiration from Keats, especially from La Belle Dame Sans Merci.
The Revelations of Methodius: Corrections
Authors: D'Evelyn Charlotte
Published: January 2021

I should like to make the following corrections in the text of the Revelations of Methodius printed in the Publications of the Modern Language Association, XXXIII, pp. 156 ff. The errors are due in some instances to oversight in the proof-reading, in others to original misreading of the ms. For their detection I am indebted to J. P. Gilson, Esq., Keeper of the Manuscripts in the British Museum, to whom I wish here to express my sincere thanks.
Editor's Column
Authors: Schaefer William D.
Published: January 2021

ALTHOUGH NATURE and art are no doubt here to stay, the nineteenth century has for some time now been getting on in years. In the lead article in this issue, Carl Woodring is concerned with all three—art, nature, and the nineteenth century—but from the perspective of our own decade, writing the kind of literary history that attempts, at least in part, to see ourselves as others have not yet seen us. Recognizing that “the road we are trying to repair passed through nineteenth-century travail,” Woodring relates current attitudes to nineteenth-century concerns with ai t and nature, concluding that today both Wordsworth's environmentalism and the selfsufficiency of Oscar Wilde are still alive. Woodring is by no means the first to ponder such matters, but the range and lucidity of his recapitulation make the essay valuable to specialist and nonspecialist alike; we all have a vested interest in art and nature and all come trailing at least some clouds of glory from the preceding century. The essay has energy and philosophic insight in large measure, and abundant instances of Woodring's wit (“In their ignorance and folly, the Romantics missed a great opportunity to be as miserable as we are”).
English Language and Literature
Authors: Baugh Albert C. , Foerster Norman , Lancaster H. Carrington , Crawford J. P. Wickersham , Shumway Daniel B.
Published: January 2021

Members of the Association are requested to see that copies of monographs, studies or dissertations in the field of the Modern Languages which may appear in University series during the current year be sent to the editor of the appropriate section of the American Bibliography.
The Status of Women in Modern Language Departments: A Report of the Modern Language Association Commission on the Status of Women in the Profession
Authors: Howe Florence , Morlock Laura , Berk Richard
Published: January 2021

In the spring and summer of 1970 the Commission on the Status of Women of the Modern Language Association conducted a comprehensive, nationwide survey on the position of women in English and modern foreign language departments. We collected information on types of appointments, ranks, teaching patterns, and salary levels of men and women faculty members and the proportion of women among graduate enrollments and recent degrees awarded. In addition, the Commission asked for information about nepotism regulations and practices of departments in the Association. This report presents some results of the survey.
Better Bunching, Nicer Notching
Authors: Bertanha Marinho , McCallum Andrew H. , Seegert Nathan
Published: January 2021

We study the bunching identification strategy for an elasticity parameter that summarizes agents' response to changes in slope (kink) or intercept (notch) of a schedule of incentives. A notch identifies the elasticity but a kink does not, when the distribution of agents is fully flexible. We propose new non-parametric and semi-parametric identification assumptions on the distribution of agents that are weaker than assumptions currently made in the literature. We revisit the original empirical application of the bunching estimator and find that our weaker identification assumptions result in meaningfully different estimates. We provide the Stata package bunching to implement our procedures.
Re-pensar al sujeto en el campo de las ciencias cognitivas
Authors: Cepeda Sanchez Jonathan
Published: January 2021

En el presente artículo se despliega una revisión documental que tiene como objetivo fundamental, analizar la relevancia de las ciencias cognitivas en articulación con el ámbito educativo. En aras de reflexionar sobre la noción de sujeto, se determina importante revisar el discurso del neoliberalismo y su inscripción en el enigma de la subjetividad. Resignificar el factor de la experiencia humana implica sortear los desafíos de la visión biológica-reduccionista, para privilegiar la máxima del saber inconsciente. El recorrido hermenéutico de este documento retoma un andamiaje interdisciplinario, cuya base es representada por disciplinas como la filosofía, las neurociencias y el psicoanálisis. En tal sentido, se considera necesario efectuar un cambio de paradigma que pondere la historia y constitución subjetiva, en contraposición de prácticas que degradan la singularidad del ser humano. Priorizar la influencia del entorno social en la vida de los educandos, aunado a salvaguardar su desarrollo mental, físico y psicológico, se perfila como un requisito clave para sostener un funcionamiento idóneo del sistema nervioso y construcción del psiquismo. Es imperativo extender el avance de las ciencias a los auspicios de las políticas públicas, vincular el conocimiento neurocientífico y condición subjetiva a los espacios de formación docente, supone un ejercicio de profilaxis educativa.
Los modos de la atención
Authors: Chaves Peña Daniel Eduardo , Yáñez Canal Jaime
Published: January 2021

En este texto se analizan algunas concepciones clásicas y alternativas del fenómeno de la atención. Luego de revisar algunos de los planteamientos tradicionales a la hora de concebir este proceso cognitivo, se defiende la importancia de una perspectiva fenomenológica de la atención. En este sentido se retoman las ideas de fenomenólogos como Husserl, Sartre y Merlau-Ponty con el objeto de establecer una distinción de niveles en el proceso atencional. Específicamente, se distingue entre las formas pasivas y activas de la atención. La separación y caracterización de niveles es fundamental, pues permite establecer estratos del fenómeno que a menudo se pasan por alto en las teorías de la atención. La concepción fenomenológica de la atención postula distintos niveles de consciencia que ponen en evidencia las formas de significación de las que dispone el sujeto en su relación con el mundo: la forma pasiva se corresponde con la consciencia prerreflexiva, mientras que la activa puede vincularse a las formas reflexivas de dirigir la atención. En cuanto a las formas pasivas, se enfatiza en las formas de la organización de los contenidos de la experiencia, y en lo que concierne a las formas activas, se resalta cómo el sentido de agencia es fundamental en la determinación de la corriente de experiencias. Tales distinciones son fundamentales para una caracterización apropiada del campo de atención.
Filosofía y pandemia
Authors: Guerra Bravo Samuel Madrid
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo presenta tres aspectos críticos relacionados con la filosofía en estos tiempos de pandemia. El primero tiene que ver con el fin de la Lechuza de Minerva como símbolo universal de la filosofía, es decir el fin de la idea de que la filosofía solo llega a explicar el mundo una vez que han acaecido los hechos. Se defiende la idea de una simultaneidad de la filosofía con los hechos y un cierto poder transformador del pensamiento. El segundo realiza una distinción crítica, desde un horizonte latinoamericano y del Sur Global (que es desde donde los latinoamericanos debemos pensar si queremos filosofar con sentido), entre ‘Metafísica/Ontología del ser universal y abstracto’ y ‘Onto-logías históricas del ser-aquí’. Se defiende la significatividad y el valor de las onto-logías históricas como dispositivos teóricos de descolonización frente a las metafísicas. Las ‘onto-logías históricas del ser-aquí’ se preguntan, no por el ser abstracto, sino por la existencia y la vida cotidiana puestas en peligro por la pandemia. Ello permite en la tercera parte posicionar a la vida, no solo como un valor ético capaz de orientar la acción humana, sino como fundamento universal y categoría crítica. Como conclusión se sostiene la idea de que la pandemia ha revelado el verdadero fin de la modernidad eurocéntrica y ha abierto el desafío de pensar en sociedades diversas pero iguales en el derecho a la existencia y a la vida.
Pensamiento crítico y lectura. Una mirada desde la obra de Guillermo Hoyos-Vásquez
Authors: Prieto Galindo Fredy Hernán
Published: January 2021

En este artículo de reflexión se propone un modelo filosófico y pedagógico de pensamiento crítico para una escuela impertinente. Para ello nos valemos de la lectura que hizo Guillermo Hoyos-Vásquez de la fenomenología, el idealismo alemán y la teoría crítica frankfurtiana para la situación latinoamericana. En efecto, el pensador colombiano ha propuesto una manera impertinente, crítica y utópica de comprender la filosofía en vistas de la educación escolar y profesional. Estas se han enfocado en satisfacer las demandas del sistema económico-político, han acudido a un concepto cognitivista de pensamiento crítico como una herramienta pertinente para el logro de nuestras utopías sociales y han ignorado el ethos de nuestros estudiantes y su situación existencial.
Derecho a la ciudad, urbanismo unitario y vida digna: hacia la transformación de lo urbano
Authors: Navarro Martínez Juan José
Published: January 2021

Las desigualdades de las ciudades latinoamericanas han configurado una estructura espacial compleja desde la cual se levantan resistencias hacia el Estado y el modelo neoliberal. Tanto movimientos sociales, como intelectuales y gobiernos locales han considerado como motor de cambio el denominado derecho a la ciudad. Este artículo de tipo reflexivo tiene comoobjetivo plantear puentes de conexión entre Lefebvre, la Internacional Situacionista y el movimiento de pobladores chileno, con la finalidad de vislumbrar cuáles son los factores fundamentales de la ciudad capitalista y su posible transformación. Para ello, se establecerán los elementos clave de cada una de estas fuentes para finalizar con una serie de consideraciones proyectivas a tomar en cuenta. En términos generales, existe una crítica hacia el accionar jerárquico en la construccióndel espacio urbano, fragmentario y alienante, en conjunto con una disputa político social del territorio. Frente a la ciudad de los expertos y tecnócratas, se encuentran los vínculos orgánicos y solidarios.
Newspaper and Magazine Production: Mass Media Аctivities and a Training Course
Authors: Pidlutsky Oleksa
Published: January 2021

The article summarizes the experience of teaching of the course “Newspaper and Magazine Production” at the Institute of Journalism of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and gives an assessment of effectiveness of various educational tasks in order to acquire competencies by the students that are required for successful work in print media. The today’s higher education institutions around the world, and in Ukraine in particular, are shifting the emphasis from providing purely theoretical knowledge to practical competencies gained by the students for their successful practical implementation in various fields of activities. It entirely concerns to future journalists’ training.

The practice of training of future journalists of newspapers and magazines at the Institute of Journalism convincingly shows that the most effective form of training of such media professionals is a long-term business game, when educational editorial offices are set up, the result of which is to produce the pilot issues of newspapers and magazines. In this case, the scope of theoretical education is minimized, and the students learn in practice to choose the segment of information market, to develop the concept of the edition, to establish an editorial office with all structural units necessary for its effective functioning, to write and to prepare for publication the journalistic materials and eventually to reach the final result – the pilot issues of newspapers and magazines.
FACTORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL READYNESS FOR REAL ESTATE ACTIVITY
Authors: Bielik Nataliia
Published: January 2021

The topic's relevance is related to the situation in the labor market, which needs competent realtors. The aim is to study and investigate the main factors of the psychological readiness towards realtor professional activity. The article considers the main approaches to studying the phenomenon of psychological readiness and factors of its functioning. Psychological readiness for real estate activity is an integrated quality of personality, which aims to an adequate reaction to the possibilities of a situational solution of universal professional problems of a realtor utilizing acquired professional competencies. The study involved 130 people. The methods employed in the present study include various types of questionnaires, namely Guilford's Test (J. Guilford); Big Five / 5PFQ (P. Costa & R. McCrae), Gertsberg Test (F. Hertsberh); Test Diagnostics of personality's socio-psychological attitudes in the motivational-needs sphere (O. F. Potomkin); Schwartz value survey (S. Schwartz); Professional activity motivation (K. Zamfir in A. Rean's modification); Diagnostics of motivational orientations in interpersonal communications (I. Ladanov, V. Urazaieva); Study of volitional self-regulation (A. Zvierkov, E. Eidman).The factors of psychological psychological readiness for professional activity as realtors were revealed: "standardness", "humanism", "pragmatism", "altruism", "endurance", "power", and "practicality". The main characteristics (competencies) of a specialist realtor include: a) the ability to solve complex problems and problems in the process of work (integral competence); b) the ability to apply knowledge in practical situations; ability to generate new ideas; ability to identify, formulate and solve problems; appreciate and respect diversity and multiculturalism; ability to act on the basis of ethical considerations (motives); ability to act socially responsibly and consciously; ability to develop and manage projects; ability to motivate people and move towards a common goal (general competencies); c) the ability to identify, analyze and interpret the information series of the realtor profession, identify problems and suggest ways to solve them; the ability to demonstrate an understanding of the patterns and features of human functioning in the context of the transaction in the context of professional tasks; ability to offer creative ways to solve professional problems, to make professionally correct decisions and to implement them (special competencies).
EXPLORING INNOVATION MODES OF RUSSIAN INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES
Authors: Linder N. V.
Published: January 2021

In paper the empirical assessment of formation of innovative modes is presented to the industries. Relevance of research is caused by need of development of new tools of the analysis and stimulation of innovative development as industrial companies and national economy as a whole.

Research objective – an assessment of the factors influencing innovative behavior of the company and allocation of innovative modes in the industry. Authors for the analysis of factors have used a method of the regression analysis of 627 Russian industrial companies given questioning, for allocation of innovative modes the clustering method is used with the help to – averages. In research factors are analysed: investments of the companies in researches and development, orientation to grocery and technological innovations, orientation to marketing innovations and creation of value, orientation to organizational and administrative innovations. Results of research show that in the Russian industrial sector it is possible to allocate innovative modes: “simulators”, “founders of valuable innovations”, “effective producers”, “technological innovators”, “radical innovators”. The “maturity levels” are developed for the allocated innovative modes depending on characteristics: opportunities the company independently to develop new products (services); improvement existing products, managements of researches and development, including coordination with external developers in network projects, strategic alliances, digital innovative platforms; generation and identification of new ideas; implementation of selection of ideas on the basis of the principles of compliance of strategy and their further development; identifications of new enterprise opportunities (studying of changes of environment and branch market, assessment of influence and identification of threats); providing a susceptibility to new technologies, a transfer of technologies; ensuring rationalization of system of production and management and commercial processes; improvement of operating technological processes; commercial use of objects of intellectual property. It is shown that the companies of higher level of an innovative mode make a bigger contribution to gross domestic product, create more workplaces and provide higher level of a salary, therefore development of the mechanism of stimulation of transition of the companies to more advanced level of an innovative mode is necessary.
Environmental DNA: history of studies, current and perspective applications in fundamental and applied research
Authors: Pinakhina Daria V. , Chekunova Elena M.
Published: January 2021

This review article is dedicated to a relatively young, actively developing approach to biodiversity assessment analysis of environmental DNA (or eDNA). Current views on the nature of eDNA, a brief overview of the history of this approach and methods of eDNA analysis are presented. Major research directions, utilizing eDNA techniques, and perspectives of their application to the study of biodiversity are described. Key issues in development of eDNA approach, its advantages and drawbacks are outlined.
Induced expression of rolC for study of its effect on the expression of genes associated with nicotine synthesis in tobacco
Authors: Amini Gita , Sokornova Sofia V. , Mohajjel-Shoja Hanieh , Stavrianidi Andrey N. , Rodin Igor A. , Matveeva Tatiana V.
Published: January 2021

Background. Agrobacterium rhizogenes rol genes cause not only hairy root syndrome in plants, but also affect their secondary metabolism. There are cases of increasing of nicotine content in transgenic tobacco roots expressing rolC alone or in combination with other rol genes. In this work, we evaluated the change in the expression of nicotine synthesis genes and their regulators in response to the induction of expression of rolC.
Materials and methods. Plant material was represented by three Nicotiana tabacum genotypes: cv. Samsun and two transgenic lines, derived from this cultivar and containing rolC under dexamethasone inducible promoter: A. rhizogenes rolC (Pdex-A4rolC) and N. tabacum rolC (Pdex-trolC) correspondingly. Fluidigm Biomark RT-PCR was used for evaluation of expression of QPT1, QPT2, A622, ODC, ADC, PMT1, PMT2, PMT3, PMT4, MPO1, MPO2, BBL, MATE1, MATE2, ARF6, ERF168, ERF189, A4rolC, NtrolC, and reference gene gapdh. HPLC-MS / MS analysis was used to determine content of nicotine and its derivatives in plant tissues.
Results. Expression of PMT genes for the synthesis of the pyrrolidine ring, as well as the genes, controlling enzyme for final stages of nicotine synthesis, was higher in transgenic lines without induction of rolC expression. Regulatory genes were activated by dexamethasone in both transgenic and control lines, indicating the inapplicability of rolC dexamethasone induction for their study. The level of expression of PMT and MPO genes increased over time in transgenic dexamethasone-induced lines. Nicotine content decreased in transgenic dexamethasone-induced plants.
Conclusions. The rolC gene does not play a primary role in the regulation of nicotine synthesis genes. The mechanism of regulation of different nicotine biosynthesis genes and TFs varies.
Grassflies of genus Meromyza (Diptera, Chloropidae) and grasses: the evolution of host plant preference
Authors: Safonkin Andrey F. , Goryunova Svetlana V. , Goryunov Denis V. , Triseleva Tatiana A.
Published: January 2021

The present and literature data showed that Meromyza flies developed on grasses from 5 tribes: Poeae, Triticeae, Bromeae, Nardeae, Arundinarieae. The preference of host plants for 25, mainly Western Palaearctic species of Meromyza flies was analyzed: 11 species developed on grasses of the tribe Poeae, 4 on Triticeae, 9 on grasses from different tribes, 1 species developed on bamboo. A phylogenetic tree based on the mtDNA CO1 gene locus was constructed in the BEAST for 28 species of Meromyza flies, for 8 species of Drosophila and Campiglossa pygmaea. The host plants were known for 19 species Meromyza flies out of 28 studied species. An overview of the evolution of grasses is given. By the possible time of the genus Meromyza origin (not earlier than the middle of the Miocene), based on the known evolutionary scale of Drosophila, the Pooideae grasses had already been isolated and division into tribes occured. The features of non-specialized phytophage-oligophage (except M. acuminata) confirmed by the wide spectrum of host plants have been supposed for species close to ancestral haplotypes (M. nigriseta, M. pratorum, M. saltatrix, M. variegata) or representing independent branches in their clusters (M. acuminata, M. mosquensis, M. nigriventris). The differentiation of Meromyza genus with formation of new species with narrow oligophagy or monophagy was associated with adaptation to other wild grasses following the formation and increase in the abundance of core pooids (Triticodae + Poodae) grasses and the spread of herbal biomes in the Miocene. Oligophages M. nigriventris, M. nigriseta, M. variegata and monophages M. acuminata, M. grandifemoris damage cereal cultivars.
Genome destabilization under stress in cells of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and bone marrow of rats with contrast excitability of the nervous system
Authors: Pavlova Marina B. , Vaido Alexander I. , Khlebaeva Diana A.-A. , Daev Eugene V. , Dyuzhikova Natalia A.
Published: January 2021

We studied changes in the stability of the genome in cells of two brain regions (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus), as well as in the bone marrow of rats with a hereditary high and low thresholds of excitability of the nervous system (strains HT and LT, respectively) after prolonged exposure with emotional-pain stressor. To study the reactivity of the brain cells genome, phosphorylated histone -H2AX (-H2AX phospho Ser139) was used. The level of mitotic disturbances in bone marrow cells was also assessed. Between the animals of the control groups, there were no interstrain differences in the studied parameters. Stress exposure increases the immunoreactivity to -H2AX phospho Ser139 of the prefrontal cortex cells and the level of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells in animals of both strains. In cells of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, a specific increase in immunoreactivity to -H2AX phospho Ser139 was revealed in rats of the low-excitable HT strain. The relationship between the reaction of cells of this zone of hippocampus to the stressor exposure with the hereditary level of excitability of the nervous system of animals is discussed.
Epilepsiae partialis continuae case
Authors: Maevskiy M. M.
Published: January 2021

In 1894 prof. Kozhevnikov published the 4th case of a new type of epilepsy, characterized by the fact that the period between seizures is not free, but filled with constant twitching in one half of the body, as if an ordinary epileptic seizure continues constantly, but without loss of consciousness. In two of his cases, before seizures appeared, long before them convulsive twitching was found in the limbs of one side, and these convulsions began from the upper extremities, in which contractures and muscle atrophy were found. These convulsive twitchings reached the degree of an epileptic seizure with complete loss of consciousness. The same cases were described by Dr. Orlovsky in 1895 and Herman in 1896 ("Medical Review").
About hemiatetosis
Authors: Rudnev V. I.
Published: January 2021

In the clinics of nervous diseases of the University of St. Volodymyr, we had to meet only 3 cases of hemiathetosis during 3 years; of them, two outpatient, one stationary could be studied graphically, and the curves obtained in this way represent some features that characterize the way of muscle contraction in this case of involuntary movements.
About the central conductors in the upper branch n. facialis
Authors: Aspisovykh I. N.
Published: January 2021

Studying the central path of the upper branch n. facialis in dogs, we adhered to the anatomical and physiological method, which combines the intravital observation of changes in the function of a known organ with postmortem examination of anatomical changes that entailed this defect in the function.
Prof. P.I.Kovalevskiy. Recognition of epileptics in Europe and America. SPb. 1901
Authors: Vorotynskiy B.
Published: January 2021

All civilized countries of the world in the question of the spirit of epileptics stopped at the device of agricultural colonies. Such institutions for epileptics exist already in all countries of the educated world: in America, England, France, Germany and others; they are not only in Russia in Russia. The author vividly describes the difficult situation of epileptics in the family environment, points to their great danger to society and clarifies the urgent need to seriously address the issue of the charity of these unfortunate patients.
R. Näcke. Significance of inheritance in progressive paralysis. (Die Rolle der erblichen Belastung bei der Progressiven Paralyse der Irren). - Neurolog. Centralblatt. 1900. No. 16. 748 s
Authors: Malyev V.
Published: January 2021

The author of the article is already known as a defender of the theory of the important meaning of inheritance during progress. paralysis. In more early works, he touches on this theory in detail, but now he gives further proof of it. By inheritance, he actually understands 6 factors: mental and nervous diseases, extraordinary (auf-fallend) character, paralysis (apoplexy), suicide and drunkenness. Out of 100 cases prog. paralysis, inheritance was undoubted or preceded by a huge likelihood in 43 paralytics, that is, in 43%. There are interesting cases where it was possible to see signs of inheritance in several family members at the same time.
Методология сравнительного анализа успешности сецессий: опыт концептуализации
Authors: Торосян Тигран , Варданян Аракся
Published: January 2021

В статье рассматриваются методы сравнительного анализа этнополитических конфликтов, сецессий, проблем обеспечения эффективности такого анализа. Анализируются разные принципы и модели, применяемые с целью сравнительного анализа, конкретные примеры этнополитических конфликтов, которые возникли или возобновились после распада союзных государств – Советского Союза и Югославии. Рассмотрение результатов применения моделей как качественного, так и количественного анализа сецессий свидетельствует, что сложность феномена этнополитических конфликтов и процессов их урегулирования, а также их многофакторность требуют применения комплексного и междисциплинарного подхода при их исследовании. При этом во всех моделях авторы избегают рассмотрения правового аспекта проблемы. Две основные причины этого: а) политологи, как правило, испытывают затруднения при рассмотрении правовых аспектов и б) политики, руководствуясь политической целесообразностью, часто мифологизируют проблему, ссылаясь на неясности в международном праве касательно самоопределения или на противоречия между правом народа на самоопределение и принципом территориальной целостности. На самом деле неопределенность политико-правовых оценок сецессионных казусов лишает исследователей очень важного компонента при изучении одной из самых сложных проблем международных отношений – урегулирования этнополитических конфликтов. Процессы, связанные с таким урегулированием, еще больше усложнились из-за обострения в последние 10-15 лет геополитического противостояния, особенно на постсоветском пространстве, что требует повышения эффективности сравнительного анализа, а вместе с тем концептуализации подходов к разрешению таких конфликтов. Этнополитические конфликты и процессы их урегулирования стали изощренным инструментом, все чаще используемым влиятельными державами для стимулирования тех или иных региональных процессов. Авторами проведен сравнительный анализ этнополитических конфликтов и успешности сецессий на основе междисциплинарного подхода и комплексного анализа с учетом правовых, (гео)политических и этнокультурных аспектов проблемы. Анализ включал два этапа отбора: на первом отбирались включаемые в сравнение конфликты или сецессии, на втором – переменные сравнения. С целью обеспечения достоверности результатов анализа использовались не произвольные переменные, а лишь те, необходимость и достаточность которых в рамках данного целеполагания была строго обоснована.
В поисках истоков многонационального федерализма
Authors: Мочалов Артур
Published: January 2021

В статье представлена авторская позиция по вопросу происхождения и политико-правовой природы многонационального федерализма. Опираясь на российские и зарубежные исследования по теории демократии, а также проблемам национализма и этнической идентичности, автор приходит к выводу, что многонациональный федерализм является закономерным результатом развития концепции государства-нации. Будучи ответом на вызовы регионального этнического национализма, федерализм позволяет создать институциональную структуру, при которой регион концентрированного проживания культурно обособленной общности получает ограниченную государственность, но при этом остается под суверенитетом более крупного государственного образования (федерации). В результате представители этнической группы, составляющие региональное большинство, но являющиеся меньшинством в масштабах страны, получают дополнительные возможности не только для реализации своих культурных прав, но и для политического участия в решении публичных дел, особенно на уровне своего субъекта федерации. Сам же такой субъект в рамках националистического дискурса вполне может рассматриваться как подобие государства-нации, а образующий его обособленный в культурном отношении территориально-политический коллектив – как “внутренняя нация”. Многонациональность, по мнению автора, представляет собой неклассическую форму государственности, альтернативу концепции государства-нации. Она исходит из того, что национальная идентичность человека не может быть статичной, она подвижна и может приобретать множественный характер. Государство с этой точки зрения не тождественно нации; оно может включать в себя несколько “внутренних” наций. Многонациональный федерализм создает условия для многоуровневого гражданства и многоуровневой гражданской и национальной идентичностей. Автор полагает, что российский федерализм следует также переосмыслить, акцентировав внимание на развитии его демократического потенциала.
“Воображаемая геополитика” в российском медийном дискурсе о коронавирусе
Authors: Радина Надежда
Published: January 2021

В статье в контексте популярной критической геополитики анализируются образы стран в новостях российских медиа о пандемии COVID-19. 465 текстов российских СМИ (01.01.2019–20.03.2020) были идентифицированы на основании ключевого слова “коронавирус” и обработаны методами компьютерной лингвистики. Для восточных стран (Китай, Иран, Южная Корея и Япония) и западных (США, Италия, Испания, Франция), а также для России были реконструированы семантические поля, на основе анализа которых были проинтерпретированы образы стран. Выяснилось, что о Востоке пишут в контексте границы, за которой возникает опасность заражения. Образ восточных стран в новостях о коронавирусе согласуется со сложившимися медийными образами Востока как далекого и малоизвестного геополитического пространства. Медийный дискурс о пандемии в Китае содержит в качестве акторов повествования людей и вирусы, что может свидетельствовать о сохранении устаревшей стратегии “демонизации” Китая (как места обитания инфекции). Западные страны выстраиваются в иерархии: США и Франция получают персонифицированную репрезентацию, непосредственно связанную со своими политическими лидерами. В медийном дискурсе о пандемии в США все внимание сосредоточено на президенте, а образ США конструируется как образ гегемонистской страны. Образ Франции семантически оказывается одним из наиболее сложных и амбивалентных. Образ Испании конструируется через страдания людей в условиях пандемии, а также посредством участия государства в защите граждан от инфекции. Образ Италии выстраивается как образ близкой, вызывающей сочувствие и уязвимой страны. Россия представляется как сопротивляющаяся (не зараженная) территория. Заключается, что геополитический медийный дискурс в условиях пандемии сохраняет наиболее типичные для данного дискурса интенции.
Профессиональные табу в деятельности политических консультантов
Authors: Казун Анастасия
Published: January 2021

На материалах 73 интервью с участниками избирательных кампаний (политическими консультантами, главами штабов, полевиками, юристами т.д.) изучается этика политических консультантов в России. Исследование позволяет предположить, что говорить о российских политических консультантах как о едином сообществе, разделяющем общие ценности, нельзя. Данная профессиональная группа гетерогенна, включает людей с различными представлениями о нормах и этических границах. По итогам анализа интервью была разработана классификация профессиональных табу политических консультантов: общечеловеческая мораль, идеологическая ориентация, профессиональная ориентация, процедурные табу и правовые границы. Интересно, что, рассказывая об этических ограничениях, некоторые информанты использовали риторику оправдания. Следует отметить, что не обязательно существующие профессиональные табу политических консультантов относятся к сфере этики. Даже если они позиционируются таким образом, табу могут возникать в результате экономически рационального поведения.