bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulating Droplet Dynamic Wetting Behaviors Using Surfactant Additives on High‐Temperature Surfaces
Authors: Zhang Peipei , Peng Baoxu , Yang Xiaoxiao , Wang Jingming , Jiang Lei
Published: June 2020

Impacting the behavior of surfactant droplets impinging upon a heated surface is an intriguing research topic, and is important in spraying cooling processes. Surfactant additives significantly increase nucleate boiling heat transfer by promoting vapor bubble nucleation and foaming. However, it is still not exactly clear how surfactants influence the droplet dynamic behaviors at the heated interfaces, nor is the relationship between the droplet dynamic behaviors and heat transfer performance. Here, three familiar surfactant molecules, i.e., anionic surfactant molecule sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic surfactant molecule hexadecylcetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and nonionic surfactant molecule poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 (PEG‐1000), are chosen to investigate the dynamic behaviors of the water droplets with surfactant additives on the heated smooth surface with different chemical components. At low temperatures, surfactant‐enhanced spreading of droplets on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces is achieved due to the surfactant adsorption. At high temperature, bubble jet and bubble explosion processes on the hydrophilic surfaces can generate plenty of bubbles, the bubbles flee away the heated surface and the heat transfer efficiency greatly is improved. SDS and CTAB significantly reduce the Leidenfrost point (LFP) on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. PEG‐1000 increases the LFP, which is little affected by variation of concentration.
Silicon Photonic Platform for Passive Waveguide Devices: Materials, Fabrication, and Applications
Authors: Su Yikai , Zhang Yong , Qiu Ciyuan , Guo Xuhan , Sun Lu
Published: June 2020

Silicon photonics has attracted tremendous interest from academia and industry, as the fabrication of the silicon family of photonic devices is mostly compatible with the microelectronics process using complementary metal‐oxide semiconductors (CMOS). Herein, three silicon‐family materials are discussed: silicon, silicon nitride, and silica. In addition, hybrid integration with a 2D material, graphene, is examined. First, the material and waveguide properties are reviewed. Second, typical fabrication processes for waveguide devices are introduced. Subsequently, a variety of passive waveguide devices, operating at different physical dimensions covering wavelength, polarization, and mode, are discussed. They correspond to fixed and tunable filters, polarization beam splitters and rotators, and mode conversion and multiplexing devices. These passive waveguide devices play important roles in a wide range of applications including telecom, interconnects, computing, sensing, quantum information processing, bio‐photonics, and energy.
Integration of In Situ Simulation Into an Emergency Department Code Orange Exercise in a Tertiary Care Trauma Referral Center
Authors: Carmichael Harrison , Mastoras George , Nolan Caroline , Tan Hung , Tochkin Jeffrey , Poulin Cari , Willmore Andrew , Posner Glenn
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Disaster‐preparedness and response are a commonly overlooked aspect of hospital policy and can frequently be outdated and undertested. Simulation‐based education has become a core education modality within Canadian medical training programs. We hypothesized that integrating in situ simulation (ISS) into a hospital‐wide, mass‐casualty response exercise would enhance realism and our ability to identify latent safety threats (LSTs).

Methods

Using ISS we created a simulated mass shooting scenario with 20 patients, played by actors in full moulage, presenting to a large tertiary care hospital over a 50‐minute period.

Results

Integrating ISS into our exercise created a realistic experience for the participants involved and improved participant education, while imparting enough systemic stress to expose LSTs associated within patient care and hospital policy.

Conclusion

Overall, ISS was successfully used and enhanced a large‐scale test of our hospital's mass‐casualty response plan.
A brief account of the genesis of 4R nutrient stewardship
Authors: Fixen Paul E.
Published: June 2020

In the last decade, awareness and use of the concept of 4R Nutrient Stewardship (4RNS) has increased dramatically among practitioners and researchers focused on nutrient management. The term “4R” refers to use of the right source, right rate, right time, and right place in nutrient management. These four factors have been recognized as the major pillars of nutrient best management practices for at least 30 yr. However, the framework of 4RNS (which embeds the 4Rs in a cropping system and landscape that supports the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of sustainability) is a recent development. The global framework evolved through multiple versions over the last decade in a multi‐sector collaborative effort to create a science‐based concept to guide all involved in nutrient management practice, research, and communication. However, evidence‐based 4RNS largely remains under development as measured datasets supporting simultaneous effects of sets of practices on performance indicators of sustainability are in short supply. Indicators include categories such as farmland productivity, soil health, nutrient use efficiency, water quality, air quality, greenhouse gas emissions, food and nutrition security, biodiversity, and economic value. Such collaborative, multidisciplinary research is underway and is intended to foster continued evolution of our understanding of what is “right” for specific sets of conditions. Progress has occurred in recognition of the shared goals of public and private sectors and the value of true collaboration in advancing science‐based nutrient stewardship.
Guidance for contemporary use of biologics in management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: discussion from a National Institutes of Health–sponsored workshop
Authors: Roland Lauren T. , Smith Timothy L. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Soler Zachary M. , Peters Anju T. , Laidlaw Tanya M. , Bleier Benjamin S. , Ramakrishnan Vijay , Toskala Elina , Kennedy David W. , Luong Amber U.
Published: June 2020

Background

Biologic medications are emerging as options for treating chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Several questions remain regarding patient selection, indications, clinical efficacy, and cost effectiveness.

Methods

In November 2019, a group of physicians and scientists gathered to consider strategies for future studies regarding biologics. During the discussion, gaps in knowledge highlighted a need for a consensus on the present day use of biologics in polyp patients.

Results

The goal of this guideline is to propose recommendations for the current use of biologics in CRSwNP as new evidence continues to emerge and inform practice.

Conclusion

We suggest that physicians evaluate patients on an individual basis and closely monitor for improvement due to the high cost and unknown long‐term effects of biologics.
Syngas to lower olefins over bulk Mo2N catalysts prepared with citric acid
Authors: Zaman Sharif F. , Alzahrani Abdulrahim A. , Podila Seetharamulu , Al Hamed Yahia
Published: June 2020

Herein, we report on the activity and selectivity of bulk γ‐Mo2N catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch lower olefin (FTO) synthesis. An increase in surface area and a decrease in crystallite size were observed for γ‐Mo2N catalysts prepared with the increased molar amount of citric acid (CA), used as a chelating agent during the catalyst synthesis. The reaction products were mainly C2–C3 hydrocarbons in the temperature range of 230–300°C at 2 MPa with a reactant feed composition of CO:H2:Ar = 42.7:34.6:20.8 and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 1.3 mol/(gcat.h). The catalytic activity of the γ‐Mo2N catalysts increased with increased CA:Mo molar ratio and with temperature. However, the hydrogenation activity of the catalysts also increased, resulting in increased selectivity to paraffins. Selectivity to olefins prefers low CA:Mo, that is, low surface area and large crystallite size of γ‐Mo2N. The γ‐Mo2N catalyst prepared with a CA:Mo ratio of 1 had 56.4 C atom% C2+ hydrocarbon selectivity, 62.4% of which was olefin with 37.8 C atom% selectivity to propylene at 275°C.
Anatomical and histological characteristics of the hepatobiliary system in adult Sox17 heterozygote mice
Authors: Pattarapanawan Montri , Uemura Mami , Miyazaki Nanae , Takami Shohei , Tomiyasu Hirotaka , Tsunekawa Naoki , Hirate Yoshikazu , Fujishiro Jun , Kurohmaru Masamichi , Kanai‐Azuma Masami , Higashiyama Hiroki , Kanai Yoshiakira
Published: June 2020

Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare neonatal disease characterized by inflammation and obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs). The Sox17‐haploinsufficient (Sox17+/−) mouse is an animal model of BA that encompasses bile duct injury and subsequent BA‐like inflammation by the neonatal stage. Most Sox17+/− neonates die soon after birth, but some Sox17+/− pups reach adulthood and have a normal life span, unlike human BA. However, the phenotype and BA‐derived scars in the hepatobiliary organs of surviving Sox17+/− mice are unknown. Here, we examined the phenotypes of the hepatobiliary organs in post‐weaning and young adult Sox17+/− mice. The results confirmed the significant reduction in liver weight, together with peripheral calcinosis and aberrant vasculature in the hepatic lobule, in surviving Sox17+/− mice as compared with their wild‐type (WT) littermates. Such hepatic phenotypes may be sequelae of hepatobiliary damage at the fetal and neonatal stages, a notion supported by the slight, but significant, increases in the levels of serum markers of liver damage in adult Sox17+/− mice. The surviving Sox17+/− mice had a shorter gallbladder in which ectopic hepatic ducts were more frequent compared to WT mice. Also, the surviving Sox17+/− mice showed neither obstruction of the EHBDs nor atrophy or inflammation of hepatocytes or the intrahepatic ducts. These data suggest that some Sox17+/− pups with BA naturally escape lethality and recover from fetal hepatobiliary damages during the perinatal period, highlighting the usefulness of the in vivo model in understanding the hepatobiliary healing processes after surgical restoration of bile flow in human BA.
Chronic restraint stress increases social interaction in C57BL/6J mice monitoring through MiceProfiler analysis
Authors: Zhao Wenbo , Hu Yanlai , Sun Qiyun , Li Shangzhi , Gao Zijie , Lin Minjuan , Ding Zhaoxi , Sun Jinhao , Li Chuangang
Published: June 2020

The social deficit is a prevailing symptom in stress‐induced depression. Although social interaction behavior has been widely studied in humans and rodents, it is imprecise to record the social behavior between two free‐moving mice via perusal. In the present study, we applied an approach to analyze the social behavior in mice using a software named “MiceProfiler.” C57BL/6J mice were stressed via chronic restraint stress (CRS) and housed in three populations of different sizes as follows: single, three in a cage, and six in a cage. The MiceProfiler was used to analyze the video of behavioral repertoire and, the result showed that stressed and single housed mice exhibited more social interaction both in the contact time and contact activities. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of CRS on social behavior when the mice were housed in larger populations size (three or six in a cage) and found that, the CRS procedure promoted social interaction. However, the larger population size resulted in the less total contact time, less time of head–tail, and moving in an opposite way. Besides, the CRS mice showed less social avoidance while the mice from a larger population presented less active contact. And the CRS mice also exhibited a higher social hierarchy compared with the control. Our data indicated that mild restraint stress might increase the intercommunication between mice. Collectively, our findings provided a new evidence for social behavior study and the MiceProfiler could be a new tool to measure the social behaviors of rodents.
Lithium and beryllium in solar twins
Authors: Meléndez Jorge
Published: June 2020

Solar twins are stars with a mass and chemical composition similar to the Sun; therefore, they follow about the same evolution and can be used to study the past and future of the Sun. I review the evolution of lithium and beryllium in solar‐mass solar‐metallicity main sequence stars, using a differential spectroscopic analysis of solar twins relative to the Sun, allowing precise determination of stellar ages thanks to the precise stellar parameters (Teff, log g, [Fe/H]) achieved with high‐resolution high S/N spectra. There is a clear trend of lithium depletion with increasing ages, while beryllium is only slightly depleted, suggesting a relatively shallow extra‐mixing in Sun‐like stars. I also discuss the possible connection between lithium and planets. Finally, I review lithium and beryllium in binary solar analogs with mass‐transfer events (“blue lurkers”).
Nodal and systemic recurrence following observation of a positive sentinel lymph node in melanoma
Authors: Bartlett E K , Lee A Y , Spanheimer P M , Bello D M , Brady M S , Ariyan C E , Coit D G
Published: June 2020

Background

Two RCTs found no survival benefit for completion lymphadenectomy after positive sentinel lymph node biopsy compared with observation with ultrasound in patients with melanoma. Recurrence patterns and regional control are not well described for patients undergoing observation alone.

Methods

All patients with a positive sentinel node biopsy who did not have immediate completion lymphadenectomy were identified from a single-institution database (1995–2018). First recurrences were classified as node only, local and in-transit (LCIT) only, LCIT and nodal, or systemic. Regional control and factors associated with recurrence survival were analysed.

Results

Median follow-up was 33 months. Of 370 patients, 158 (42·7 per cent) had a recurrence. The sites of first recurrence were node only (13·2 per cent), LCIT only (11·9 per cent), LCIT and nodal (3·5 per cent), and systemic (13·8 per cent). The 3-year postrecurrence melanoma-specific survival rate was 73 (95 per cent c.i. 54 to 86) per cent for patients with node-only first recurrence, and 51 (31 to 68) per cent for those with initial systemic recurrence. In multivariable analysis, ulceration in the primary lesion (hazard ratio (HR) 2·53, 95 per cent c.i. 1·27 to 5·04), disease-free interval 12 months or less (HR 2·38, 1·28 to 4·35), and systemic (HR 2·57, 1·16 to 5·65) or LCIT and nodal (HR 2·94, 1·11 to 7·79) first recurrence were associated significantly with decreased postrecurrence survival. Maintenance of regional control required therapeutic lymphadenectomy in 13·0 per cent of patients during follow-up.

Conclusion

Observation after a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy is associated with good regional control, permits assessment of the time to and pattern of recurrence, and spares lymphadenectomy-related morbidity in patients with melanoma.
Reducing Agent‐Mediated Nonenzymatic Conversion of 2‐Oxoglutarate to Succinate: Implications for Oxygenase Assays
Authors: Khan Amjad , Schofield Christopher J. , Claridge Timothy D. W.
Published: June 2020

l‐Ascorbate (l‐Asc) is often added to assays with isolated FeII‐ and 2‐oxoglutarate (2OG)‐dependent oxygenases to enhance activity. l‐Asc is proposed to be important in catalysis by some 2OG oxygenases in vivo. We report observations on the nonenzymatic conversion of 2OG to succinate, which is mediated by hydrogen peroxide generated by the reaction of l‐Asc and dioxygen. Slow nonenzymatic oxidation of 2OG to succinate occurs with some, but not all, other reducing agents commonly used in 2OG oxygenase assays. We intend these observations will help in the robust assignment of substrates and inhibitors for 2OG oxygenases.
A preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of dialectical behaviour therapy in a forensic psychiatric setting
Authors: Moulden Heather M. , Mamak Mini , Chaimowitz Gary
Published: June 2020

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a therapy model incorporating elements of Eastern philosophies and cognitive behavioural principles. Originally designed for people struggling with chronic suicidality and borderline personality disorder (BPD), it has been adapted to treat complex, multi‐diagnostic presentations, such as those in forensic mental health settings. To date, there has been little evaluation when the primary diagnosis is of psychosis. To explore the effectiveness of DBT, with patients, with multiple comorbidities, including psychosis, in a forensic psychiatric inpatient setting. A descriptive outcome study with a cohort of offender‐patients in one specialist forensic mental health unit. Before and after treatment change scores were compared on anger, aggression, hopefulness, coping abilities, emotional intelligence, insight and subjective symptom severity scales, as well as staff‐rated risk, and length of stay. Nine men and five women residents in one Canadian secure hospital completed a standard DBT programme, and self‐ratings, over about 1 year. Scale scores indicated significantly increased insight and acknowledgment of problems. Apparently increased anger and vengeance scores were clinically associated. Independent staff ratings indicated reductions in risk and most patients achieved early release. This study provides support for extension of the use of DBT to offender‐patients with psychosis among the complex mix in their presentation. It suggests that a randomised controlled trial with cost–benefit analysis is warranted, as well as further work, to promote understanding of mechanisms of effectiveness.
Patient care protocols and personal safety measures for health care professionals in cardiac catheterization rooms during the COVID‐19 outbreak in the National Institute of Cardiology
Authors: Eid‐Lidt Guering , Farjat Pasos Julio Iván
Published: June 2020

The COVID‐19 was first described in late 2019 that quickly became a pandemic affecting every health system as we know it. The high transmissibility among humans represents a well‐known high burden of morbidity and mortality not only for cardiovascular patients but also for a higher risk between health care professionals that must deliver high‐quality care to them in any scenario, and cardiac catheterization rooms are no exception. This creates a new dilemma, minimize exposure to patients and health care professionals to COVID‐19 while maintaining high quality in cardiovascular therapeutics. In order to achieve this, several international recommendations on treatment algorithms modifications and in safety measures in the catheterization room have been published, always aiming to solve this dilemma in the best possible way. Hereby, we present a summary of the most recent treatment algorithms in the most important cardiovascular interventions (acute coronary syndromes, structural and congenital heart diseases) as well as specific safety measures with a step‐by‐step preparedness before and after any interventional procedure during COVID‐19 outbreak. The objective of this document is to inform and to train health care professionals that works in cardiac catheterization rooms on the risks as well on the plan for containment, mitigation, and response to the global situation of COVID‐19 infection in order to apply this in their own local work environments.
Hepatic encephalopathy due to extrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Authors: Sazumi Yosuke , Nishimura Yoshito , Otsuka Yuki , Mizuta Yuki , Nakano Yasuhiro , Sakae Hiroyuki , Otsuka Fumio
Published: June 2020

Clinicians should recognize extrahepatic portosystemic shunt as a cause of refractory or intermittent hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment strategies should be individualized according to patients' anatomic and hemodynamic status.
Electrically Healable and Mechano‐Sensitive Gel Composites of Carbon Nanotubes and Conducting Polymers
Authors: Yang Ji Yun , Cho Wansu , Choi Gyeonghyeon , Park Chiyoung
Published: June 2020

We performed a one‐pot mechanosynthesis of adaptive conducting gels using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a non‐volatile eutectic liquid (EL) of diphenylamine (DP) with benzophenone (BP). Upon further mixing with ammonium persulfate (APS), oxidative polymerization of DPs enabled the generation of electrically healable conductors containing poly(diphenylamine) (PDPA) as an adaptive matrix. The resulting composite gels were created through a synergistic combination of CNTs and PDPAs, which exhibited printable and conductive characteristics. Thus, after printing on an elastic substrate, the conducting ink composite displayed excellent electromechanical sensory properties.
Metal‐Free C−H Borylation of N‐Heteroarenes by Boron Trifluoride
Authors: Iashin Vladimir , Berta Dénes , Chernichenko Konstantin , Nieger Martin , Moslova Karina , Pápai Imre , Repo Timo
Published: June 2020

Organoboron compounds are essential reagents in modern C−C coupling reactions. Their synthesis via catalytic C−H borylation by main group elements is emerging as a powerful tool alternative to transition metal based catalysis. Herein, a straightforward metal‐free synthesis of aryldifluoroboranes from BF3 and heteroarenes is reported. The reaction is assisted by sterically hindered amines and catalytic amounts of thioureas. According to computational studies the reaction proceeds via frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) mechanism. The obtained aryldifluoroboranes are further stabilized against destructive protodeborylation by converting them to the corresponding air stable tetramethylammonium organotrifluoroborates.
Imaging Flow Cytometry Analysis of CEACAM Binding to Opa‐Expressing Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Werner Lacie M. , Palmer Allison , Smirnov Asya , Belcher Dufrisne Meagan , Columbus Linda , Criss Alison K.
Published: June 2020

Human carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) are a family of receptors that mediate intercellular interactions. Pathogenic bacteria have ligands that bind CEACAMs on human cells. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gc) encodes numerous unique outer membrane opacity‐associated (Opa) proteins that are ligands for one or more CEACAMs. CEACAMs that are expressed on epithelial cells facilitate Gc colonization, while those expressed on neutrophils affect phagocytosis and consequent intracellular survival of Gc. Since Opa protein expression is phase‐variable, variations in receptor tropism affect how individual bacteria within a population interact with host cells. Here we report the development of a rapid, quantitative method for collecting and analyzing fluorescence intensity data from thousands of cells in a population using imaging flow cytometry to detect N‐CEACAM bound to the surface of Opa‐expressing Gc. We use this method to confirm previous findings regarding Opa‐CEACAM interactions and to examine the receptor–ligand interactions of Gc expressing other Opa proteins, as well as for other N‐CEACAM proteins. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Modern termites inherited the potential of collective construction from their common ancestor
Authors: Mizumoto Nobuaki , Bourguignon Thomas
Published: June 2020

Animal collective behaviors give rise to various spatial patterns, such as the nests of social insects. These structures are built by individuals following a simple set of rules, slightly varying within and among species, to produce a large diversity of shapes. However, little is known about the origin and evolution of the behavioral mechanisms regulating nest structures. In this study, we discuss the perspective of inferring the evolution of collective behaviors behind pattern formations using a phylogenetic framework. We review the collective behaviors that can be described by a single set of behavioral rules, and for which variations of the environmental and behavioral parameter values produce diverse patterns. We propose that this mechanism could be at the origin of the pattern diversity observed among related species, and that, when they are placed in the proper conditions, species have the behavioral potential to form patterns observed in related species. The comparative analysis of shelter tube construction by lower termites is consistent with this hypothesis. Although the use of shelter tubes in natural conditions is variable among species, most modern species have the potential to build them, suggesting that the behavioral rules for shelter tube construction evolved once in the common ancestor of modern termites. Our study emphasizes that comparative studies of behavioral rules have the potential to shed light on the evolution of collective behaviors.
Testing Darwin’s naturalization conundrum based on taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional dimensions of vascular plants
Authors: Pinto‐Ledezma Jesús N. , Villalobos Fabricio , Reich Peter B. , Catford Jane A. , Larkin Daniel J. , Cavender‐Bares Jeannine
Published: June 2020

Charles Darwin posited two alternative hypotheses to explain the success of nonnative species based on their relatedness to natives: nonnative species that are closely related to native species could experience (1) higher invasion success because of an increased probability of habitat suitability (conferred by trait similarity) or (2) lower invasion success due to biotic interference, such as competition and limiting similarity. The paradox raised by the opposing predictions of these two hypotheses has been termed “Darwin’s naturalization conundrum” (DNC). Using plant communities measured repeatedly across an experimental fire gradient in an oak savanna (Minnesota, USA) over 31 yr, we evaluated the DNC by incorporating taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic information. We used a “focal‐species” approach, in which the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic structure of species co‐occurring with a given nonnative (focal) species in local communities was quantified. We found three main results: first, nonnative species tended to co‐occur most with closely related natives, except at the extreme ends of the fire gradient (i.e., in communities with no fire and those subjected to high fire frequencies); second, with increasing fire frequency, nonnative species were functionally more similar to native species in recipient communities; third, functional similarity between co‐occurring nonnatives and natives was stable over time, but their phylogenetic similarity was not, suggesting that dynamic external forces (e.g., climate variability) influenced the phylogenetic relatedness of nonnatives to natives. Our results provide insights for understanding invasion dynamics across environmental gradients and highlight the importance of evaluating different dimensions of biodiversity in order to draw stronger inferences regarding species co‐occurrence at different spatial and temporal scales.
Glycosaminoglycans bind human IL‐27 and regulate its activity
Authors: Cavé Marie‐Charlotte , Maillard Solène , Hildenbrand Karen , Mamelonet Claire , Feige Matthias J , Devergne Odile
Published: June 2020

IL‐27 is a cytokine of the IL‐12 family, composed of EBI3 and IL‐27p28. IL‐27 regulates immune responses and also other physiological processes including hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and bone formation. Its receptor, composed of IL‐27Rα and gp130, activates the STAT pathway. Here, we show that different glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) modulate human IL‐27 activity in vitro. We find that soluble heparin and heparan sulfate efficiently inhibit human IL‐27 activity as shown by decreased STAT signaling and downstream biological effects. In contrast, membrane‐bound heparan sulfate seems to positively regulate IL‐27 activity. Our biochemical studies demonstrate that soluble GAGs directly bind to human IL‐27, consistent with in silico analyses, and prevent its binding to IL‐27Rα. Although murine IL‐27 also bound to GAGs in vitro, its activity was less efficiently inhibited by soluble GAGs. Lastly, we show that two heparin‐derivatives, low molecular weight heparin and fondaparinux, that like unfractionated heparin are used in clinics, had weaker or no effect on human IL‐27 activity. Together, our data identify GAGs as new players in the regulation of human IL‐27 activity that might act under physiological conditions and may also have a clinical impact in heparin‐treated patients.
Analysis of security and energy efficiency for shortest route discovery in low‐energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol using Levenberg‐Marquardt neural network and gated recurrent unit for intrusion detection system
Authors: Mittal Mohit , Iwendi Celestine , Khan Suleman , Rehman Javed Abdul
Published: June 2020

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of a huge number of autonomous sensor nodes having capabilities such as sensing, processing, and manipulation. In any WSN, routing protocols are the backbone for performing all type tasks such as sensing, controlling, and transmission of packets in ubiquitous environment. In this article, a LEACH protocol with Levenberg‐Marquardt neural network (LEACH‐LMNN) is considered to analyze the overall network lifetime. The aim of LEACH‐LMNN protocol comprises two parts: selection of cluster head node using LMNN approach and the second part is to locate the shortest path from the cluster‐head node to base‐station node adopting various route discovery algorithms, that is, breadth‐first search, Bellman‐Ford, and Dijkstra. The simulation result shows that the LEACH‐LMNN protocol with the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm outperforms other route discovery algorithms. In addition to this, this work also analyzes normal and anomaly detection based on intrusion detection system in wireless sensor networks using gated mechanism, that is, long short‐term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) in deep learning models. The proposed model achieves the highest detection rate of 97.84% for GRU and 97.85% for LSTM as well as improves the false positive rate (FPR) of 5.87% and 3.88% FPR for GRU and LSTM, respectively.
Improving fire retardancy of medium density fiberboard by nano‐wollastonite
Authors: Esmailpour Ayoub , Taghiyari Hamid R. , Ghorbanali Mohammad , Mantanis George I.
Published: June 2020

The improving effects of addition of nano‐wollastonite on some fire properties of medium‐density fiberboard (MDF) were studied in this work. Nano‐wollastonite was added at four levels (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%). The size range of at least 70% of nano‐wollastonite particles were 30 to 110 nm. The results showed statistically significant improving effect of nano‐wollastonite on time to onset of ignition. The improving effect was primarily attributed to an increase in thermal conductivity of board containing nano‐wollastonite. This increase in turn resulted in better curing of resin, and a higher integrity of fibers thereof. Moreover, nano‐particles provided a surface with reduced combustibility and therefore, penetration of fire to the inner layers of boards was delayed, thus improving fire properties. High and significant correlations were found between thermal conductivity coefficients of boards with different fire properties. It was concluded that for applications where fire properties are of prime importance, nano‐wollastonite content of 8% can be recommended. Moreover, further studies are needed to compare and standardize the results obtained from the apparatus used here with those obtained from internationally recognized apparatuses like cone calorimeter.
Biochar addition coupled with nitrogen fertilization impacts on soil quality, crop productivity, and nitrogen uptake under double‐cropping system
Authors: Ali Izhar , He Liang , Ullah Saif , Quan Zhao , Wei Shangqing , Iqbal Anas , Munsif Fazal , Shah Tariq , Xuan Ying , Luo Yuqiong , Tianyuan Li , Ligeng Jiang
Published: June 2020

Biochar and inorganic fertilizer when co‐applied have been reported to increase crop yield and enhance soil fertility. However, studies on this complementary effect on soil properties and noodle rice performance in China are still scanty. To investigate the effects of biochar application coupled with inorganic fertilizers on soil sustainability and yield and yield attributes of noodle rice, outdoor pot experiments were conducted in the early and late growing seasons in 2018. The treatment combinations were T1(B0 t/ha + N270 kg/ha), T2(B20 t/ha + N270 kg/ha), T3(B40 t/ha + N270 kg/ha), T4(B60 t/ha + N270 kg/ha), T5(B0 t/ha + N360 kg/ha), T6(B20 t/ha + N360 kg/ha), T7(B40 t/ha + N360 kg/ha), and T8(B60 t/ha + N360 kg/ha). The results compiled across the seasons showed an increase inPn (net photosynthetic rate), grain yield, N uptake, gel consistency, amylose content (AC), and protein content in biochar‐treated pots as compared to T1. Average increases of 63.24, 63.66, 14.85, 58.0, 59.0, 22.39, and 2.9% were observed in soil porosity, moisture content, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in T4over T1across the seasons, respectively. Root morphological characteristics such as total root length, surface area, volume, and average root diameter were significantly improved in T3, T4, T7, and T8. Starch‐related enzymes such as starch branching enzyme (SBE), starch debranching enzyme (DBE), and soluble starch synthase (SSS) were not affected significantly; however, granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSS), ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPG), and starch synthesis (SS) enzyme showed higher activity in 40 and 60 t B/ha across N rates. Conclusively, biochar application of 60 t/ha along with 270 kg N/ha is a promising option for improving soil quality and increasing photosynthesis, yield, and yield attributes of noodle rice.
Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic effect of the essential oil of Eremanthus erythropappus on three different Aspergillus species
Authors: Brandão Rafaela Magalhães , Ferreira Vanuzia Rodrigues Fernandes , Batista Luís Roberto , Alves Eduardo , Lira Nathasha de Azevedo , Bellete Barbara Sayuri , Scolforo José Roberto Soares , Cardoso Maria das Graças
Published: June 2020

Essential oils can be considered antifungal agents in controlling food contamination, due to their biological potential. Eremanthus erythropappus essential oil (EEO) was extracted by hydrodistillation, and its chemical composition was evaluated by gas chromatography using mass spectrometer (GC‐MS) and flame ionization detectors (GC‐FID). EEO antifungal and antimycotoxygenic effect was evaluated on different species of Aspegillus genus. The main component of the EEO was α‐bisabolol (98.853%). The essential oil exhibited fungicidal activity at concentrations of 0.98, 15.63, and 15.63 μL/mL against Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus ochraceus, respectively. The application of the EEO significantly inhibited ochratoxin A production that ranged from 62.06% to 84.27% and from 68.29% to 98.44% for the fungal species A carbonarius and A ochraceus, respectively, and also inhibited the production qualitatively of aflatoxins B1 and B2. Ergosterol biosynthesis of fungi A carbonarius (76.56%‐92.07%), A flavus (81.28%‐97.75%), and A ochraceus (47.61%‐85.56%) significantly decreased in the presence of EEO. Electromicrographs showed morphological alterations and some damages caused by EEO in the fungal membranes of three fungi species. There was a change in the hyphae uniformity present in the fungi and also loss of conidia integrity in A carbonarius, and no conidia formation in A flavus and A ochraceus, after treatment with the essential oil. Therefore, the results suggested that EEO was capable of inhibit fungal growth, ergosterol biosynthesis, and the production of mycotoxins that can contaminate food.
Directional news impact curve
Authors: Anatolyev Stanislav
Published: June 2020

The directional news impact curve (DNIC) is a relationship between returns and the probability of next period's return exceeding a certain threshold—zero in particular. Using long series of S&P500 index returns and a number of parametric models suggested in the literature, as well and flexible semiparametric models, we investigate the shape of the DNIC and forecasting abilities of these models. The semiparametric approach reveals that the DNIC has complicated shapes characterized by nonsymmetry with respect to past returns and their signs, heterogeneity across the thresholds, and changes over time. Simple parametric models often miss some important features of the DNIC, but some nevertheless exhibit superior out‐of‐sample performance.
Renal Function Parameters and Serum Sodium Enhance Prediction of Wait‐List Outcomes in Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Authors: Thalji Leanne , Thalji Nassir M. , Heimbach Julie K. , Ibrahim Samar H. , Kamath Patrick S. , Hanson Andrew , Schulte Phillip J. , Haile Dawit T. , Kor Daryl J.
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims

Reliance on exception points to prioritize children for liver transplantation (LT) stems from concerns that the Pediatric End‐Stage Liver Disease (PELD) score underestimates mortality. Renal dysfunction and serum sodium disturbances are negative prognosticators in adult LT candidates and various pediatric populations, but are not accounted for in PELD. We retrospectively evaluated the effect of these parameters in predicting 90‐day wait‐list death/deterioration among pediatric patients (<12 years) listed for isolated LT in the United States between February 2002 and June 2018.

Approach and Results

Among 4,765 patients, 2,303 (49.3%) were transplanted, and 231 (4.8%) died or deteriorated beyond transplantability within 90 days of listing. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.09 per 5‐unit decrease, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06‐1.10) and dialysis (HR 7.24, 95% CI 3.57‐14.66) were univariate predictors of 90‐day death/deterioration (P < 0.001). The long‐term benefit of LT persisted in patients with renal dysfunction, with LT as a time‐dependent covariate conferring a 2.4‐fold and 17‐fold improvement in late survival among those with mild and moderate‐to‐severe dysfunction, respectively. Adjusting for PELD, sodium was a significant nonlinear predictor of outcome, with 90‐day death/deterioration risk increased at both extremes of sodium (HR 1.20 per 1‐unit decrease below 137 mmol/L, 95% CI 1.16‐1.23; HR per 1‐unit increase above 137 mmol/L 1.13, 95% CI 1.10‐1.17, P < 0.001). A multivariable model incorporating PELD, eGFR, dialysis, and sodium demonstrated improved performance and superior calibration in predicting wait‐list outcomes relative to the PELD score.

Conclusions

Listing eGFR, dialysis, and serum sodium are potent, independent predictors of 90‐day death/deterioration in pediatric LT candidates, capturing risk not accounted for by PELD. Incorporation of these variables into organ allocation systems may highlight patient subsets with previously underappreciated risk, augment ability of PELD to prioritize patients for transplantation, and ultimately mitigate reliance on nonstandard exceptions.
On the meaning of being a scholar of human resource development
Authors: Jacobs Ronald L.
Published: June 2020

The following article is an expanded version of the prepared remarks made by Ronald L. Jacobs at the time of his induction recently in the Academy of Human Resource Development (AHRD) Scholar Hall of Fame. Being inducted in the AHRD Scholar Hall of Fame is considered the highest level of recognition for individuals who have made significant and extended contributions to the human resource development field through their research. The induction ceremony is conducted during the Awards Ceremony at the AHRD Annual Conference; at that time, inductees offer brief comments of their own choosing. The remarks made by Jacobs were deemed of sufficient interest to the broader field that he was asked to expand them into the following article.
Detection of high‐grade cervical disease among women referred directly to colposcopy after a positive HPV screening test varies with age and cytology findings
Authors: Farnsworth Annabelle , Roberts Jennifer M. , Garland Suzanne M. , Crescini Joanne , Kaldor John M. , Machalek Dorothy A.
Published: June 2020

Australia's new HPV‐based cervical screening program is based on an algorithm that incorporates reflex cytology to guide decisions about further follow‐up with colposcopy and, if indicated, biopsy. We reviewed results for 2300 women referred directly for colposcopy after their first positive HPV screening test, to determine the proportion that had underlying histological high‐grade abnormality (HGA). Overall, HGA was detected in 24.3% of women. Among HPV16/18 positive women, 18.0% had HGA, increasing from 6.6% among women with negative cytology to 79.7% among women with high‐grade squamous lesion or worse, or any glandular lesion on cytology (HSIL+; P‐trend < .001). For this latter group, the proportion with HGA was higher among HPV16/18 positive women than among those positive for other oncogenic types (68.8%; P = .029). Among women with ASC‐H cytology, 51.8% had HGA, with no difference between HPV groups (P = .314). In analyses by age‐groups, detection of HGA was highest, at 36.4%, among women younger than 35 years, then decreased significantly to 5.9%, among women aged 65 to 74 years (P‐trend < .001). The relationship of decreasing HGA detection with increasing age was strong for women with negative cytology, and those with ASC‐H cytology (P‐trend < .001 for each). For women with HSIL+ cytology, detection of HGA was high and stable, regardless of age (P‐trend = .211). This report describes the first follow‐up colposcopy findings in Australia's new HPV‐based cervical screening program. The results demonstrate the additional value of reflex cytology in managing HPV positive women and suggest that further refinement of the risk‐based algorithm to account for age may be warranted.
Hepatitis B virus infection and the risk of cancer among the Chinese population
Authors: Tian Ting , Song Ci , Jiang Longfeng , Dai Jingjing , Lin Yuan , Xu Xin , Yu Chengxiao , Ge Zijun , Ding Yuqing , Wen Yang , Liu Bo , Shao Yuyun , Shi Ping , Zhu Chuanlong , Liu Yuan , Jing Shenqi , Wang Zhongmin , Hu Zhibin , Li Jun
Published: June 2020

The relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and nonhepatocellular cancers remains inconclusive. This large case‐control study aimed to assess the associations between HBV infection status and multiple cancers. Cases (n = 50 392) and controls (n = 11 361) were consecutively recruited from 2008 to 2016 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using logistic regression by adjusting age and gender. A meta‐analysis based on published studies was also performed to verify the associations. Of these, 12.1% of cases and 5.5% of controls were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositive. We observed significant associations between HBsAg seropositivity and esophagus cancer (aOR [95% CI] = 1.32 [1.13‐1.54]), stomach cancer (1.46 [1.30‐1.65]), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 39.11 [35.08‐43.59]), intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma (ICC and ECC; 3.83 [2.58‐5.67] and 1.72 [1.28‐2.31]), pancreatic cancer (PaC; 1.37 [1.13‐1.65]), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL; 1.88 [1.61‐2.20]) and leukemia (11.48 [4.05‐32.56]). Additionally, compared to participants with HBsAg−/anti‐HBs−/anti‐HBc−, participants with HBsAg−/anti‐HBs−/anti‐HBc+, indicating past HBV‐infected, had an increased risk of esophagus cancer (aOR [95% CI] = 1.46 [1.24‐1.73]), stomach cancer (1.20 [1.04‐1.39]), HCC (4.80 [3.95‐5.84]) and leukemia (15.62 [2.05‐119.17]). Then the overall meta‐analysis also verified that HBsAg seropositivity was significantly associated with stomach cancer (OR [95% CI] = 1.23 [1.14‐1.33]), ICC (4.05 [2.78‐5.90]), ECC (1.73 [1.30‐2.30]), PaC (1.26 [1.09‐1.46]), NHL (1.95 [1.55‐2.44]) and leukemia (1.54 [1.26‐1.88]). In conclusion, both our case‐control study and meta‐analysis confirmed the significant association of HBsAg seropositivity with stomach cancer, ICC, ECC, PaC, NHL and leukemia. Of note, our findings also suggested that the risk of stomach cancer elevated for people whoever exposed to HBV.
Development and technology of rural drinking water supply in China*
Authors: Song Weikun , Gao Zhanyi , Hu Meng , Wu Xiaomei , Jia Yannan , Li Xiaoqin , Hu Yaqiong , Liao Lisha
Published: June 2020

Access to safe drinking water in rural areas is a basic need of the population. Since 2000 China has invested significantly in improving rural drinking water safety nationwide as an important measure to alleviate poverty and promote rural development. In 2009, China achieved the millennium development goal (MDG) of halving the ratio of the population without access to safe drinking water by 2015. Water quality, water quantity, guaranteed probability of water source and convenience of water acquisition are the four major factors in evaluating drinking water safety. Technology and innovative equipment for water purification, disinfection, construction models and management technology and institutions have been developed to support the large‐scale construction and management of rural drinking water supply projects during the last 20 years. This paper presents the technical progress and experience accumulated in the construction and management of the rural drinking water supply in China. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and biomass yield of hydroponically grown thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) in response to brackish water‐induced stress*
Authors: Al‐Tabbal Jalal , Haddad Moawiya , Bani‐Hani Nabeel , Qrunfleh Issam , AL‐Bashabsheha Khaled , Al‐Einein Suha Abu
Published: June 2020

Reuse of non‐traditional water (brackish water) in agriculture will reduce the cost of disposal. On the other hand, the use of brackish water may cause environmental pollution to the soil, groundwater and plants after being discharged to the soil. The purpose of the current study was to assess the effect of reusing filter station water on the growth and yield of thyme plants during three growing seasons, 2014–2016. Three types of irrigation water were used in the current study: fresh tap water (T1), mixed water (T2) and brackish water (T3), with total dissolved solids (TDS) of 500, 1500 and 2500 ppm, respectively. Number of lateral leaves, plant height (cm) and fresh and dry weights (g m¯2) were recorded. In addition, the percentage of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) in the leaves was determined. Results showed that plant parameters as well as yield were affected by mixed and brackish water. In addition, the chemical composition of leaves was affected significantly by the treatments. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new species of Cassida Linnaeus, 1758, from Turkey (Chrysomelidae: cassidinae)
Authors: Özdikmen Hüseyin , Şahin Didem Coral , Bal Neslihan
Published: June 2020

A new species, Cassida alidagiense sp. nov., has been described from Kayseri province in Turkey. For the time being, the species is endemic to Turkey. Cassida alidagiense sp. nov., is related to Cassida linnavuorii Borowiec, 1986; Cassida brevis Weise, 1884; and Cassida bella Faldermann, 1837, from which it differs in the shape of the apex of cornu of the spermethaca, and it can be distinctively differentiated from these species based on color of under body and spermathecal characters especially. In addition, the paper presents ultrastructures observed by SEM of spermatheca of Cassida alidagiense sp. nov. from Turkey.
Synthesis of C‐14 labeled Rac‐(3R,2S)‐glycopyrronium bromide
Authors: Bergare Jonas , Nixon Neil , Newsome Jeffery , Thunberg Linda , Elmore Charles S.
Published: June 2020

In an effort to better understand the drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) properties of glycopyrronium bromide (1), a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, a C‐14 labeled isotopologue was required. The compound was prepared in five synthetic steps and 5% overall radiochemical yield from Cu14CN. During the synthesis, an unexpected decarboxylation of phenylglyoxylate resulted in the loss of much of the radiolabeled compound. Chiral chromatography was utilized to isolate and deliver the proper pair of enantiomers as [14C]‐1.