bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of temperature, daylength and sucrose concentration on the growth and development of Alstroemeria 'Zebra' in vitro
Authors: Gabryszewska Eleonora
Published: December 2013

The influence of temperature, daylength and sucrose concentration on the growth and development of Alstroemeria 'Zebra' in vitro was investigated. Only slightly more lateral rhizomes were formed at 25°C in comparison with 17°C on the medium with BA. Presence of BA in the medium strongly increased number of upright growing shoots and more shoots were formed in temperature 25°C than in temperature 17°C. Rhizome multiplication and formation of upright growing shoots were not significantly influenced by daylength. Sucrose was required for the formation of lateral rhizomes, upright growing shoots and roots. The highest number Of lateral rhizomes was observed on the medium containing 60 and 80 gl-1 sucrose and BA. Presence of BA in the medium with different sucrose concentrations markedly influenced the formation of upright growing shoots; the highest number of shoots was found on the explants cultured on the media with 20 and 30 gl-1 sucrose. Low and high concentrations of sucrose inhibited upright growing shoots formation and their elongation. Rhizogenesis was not observed on rhizomes growing on the medium without sucrose and with 10 gl-1 sucrose, either in the presence or absence of NAA„ The number of roots per plantlet on the medium with NAA increased with increasing sucrose levels. The highest sucrose concentrations slightly inhibited roots formation.
Occurrence of root parsley pathogens inhabiting seeds
Authors: Nowicki Bogdan
Published: December 2013

The studies on root parsley pathogens inhabiting seeds were conducted during 1981-1988 and in 1993. Filter paper method with prefreezing and keeping under light was used. Each test sample comprised 500 seeds. Pathogenicity of collected fungal isolates was tested following two laboratory methods. 238 seed samples were studied. 18 fungal species were found but only 7 proved to be important pathogens of root parsley. The most common inhabitants of root parsley seeds were Alternaria spp. A.allernata occurred on 74,8% of seeds but only a few isolates showed to be slightly pathogenic while A.petroselini and A.radicina were higly pathogenic and inhabited 11,4 and 4,2% of seeds, respectively. The second group of important pathogens were species of Fusarium found on 3,9% of seeds. F.avenaceum dominated as it comprised 48% of Fusarium isolates, the next were as follow: F.culmorum - 20%, F.equiseti - 15%, F.solani - 8%, F.oxysporum - 7% and F.dimerum -2%. Some fungi like Botrytis cinerea, Septoria petroselini and Phoma spp. inhabited low number of seeds, respectively O,4; 0,5 and 0,8%, but they were highly pathogenic to root parsley. The fungi: Bipolaris sorokiniana, Drechslera biseptata, Stemphylium botryosum and Ulocludium consortiale showed slight pathogenicity. They were isolated from 3,8% of seeds.
Etiology of root parsley damping-off
Authors: Nowicki Bogdan
Published: December 2013

The investigations were done between 1990-1994. Seedlings collected from 120 plantations were evaluated. The fungi responsible for seedling damping-off occurrening most often were Alternariu spp., Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. isolated from 46,3, 32,2 and 16,6% of infected plants, respectively. The most important pathogens were A.petroselini which infected 33% of seedlings and A.radicina - 11%„ Among Fusarium species the most common was F.avenaceum, comprising 61% of total Fusarium isolates. The next were following: F.culmorum - 21%, F.solani - 12,6% and 3% for both F.equiseti and F.oxysporum. Damping-off of se,edlings was also caused by the other fungi but they were noted in low intensity. Among them were following: Phoma spp., A.alternata and Rhizoctonia solani on 2,8; 2,3 and 1,2% of tested seedlings. respectively. The species: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Bipolaris sorokinianu and Septoria petroselini were isolated in total from 0,9% of seedlings. Drechslera biseptata and Stemphylium botryosum caused seedling damping-off sporadically.
Induction of red pigment in white petals of Hippeastrum x Hybr. Hort. during infection by Phoma Narcissi (Aderh.) Boerema, De Gruyter et Noordel., Comb. Nov. and by mechanical injuries
Authors: Saniewska Alicja , Dyki Barbara
Published: December 2013

Red colouration of tissues occurs as a result of mechanical injuries to petals of Hippeastrum hybr. hort. cv. Winter Carnival or their infection by Phoma narcissi. Microscopic study recorded red pigment formation following mechanical injuries or pathogenic infection of white petals. For comparison, localization of anthocyanins in natural red petals of cv. Red Lion was determined. Red pigment, formed in white petals mechanically injured or infected by Phoma narcissi, is different than anthocyanins.
Morphological and anatomical characters of apple leaves associated with cultivar susceptibility to spider mite infestation
Authors: Warabieda Wojciech , Olszak Remigiusz W. , Dyki Barbara
Published: December 2013

Morphological and anatomical chaIacters of apple leaves associated with cultivar susceptibility to two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae (Koch.)) infestation were investigated. The following six apple cultivars were selected for the research: Close, Lobo ( suceptible) and Katja, Piros, Jester, Maivit (more resistant to mites infestation). The cultivars of a relatively lower susceptibility, (except Marvit) were provided with a poorer pubescence on abaxial epidermis of foliage leaf than those susceptible. There was no strict correlation between stomata number per unit of the leaf surface and the susceptibility to T.urticae infestation. A tight cell arrangement in the spongy mesophyll was particularly characteristic for cv Marvit, whereas in the leaves of cvs Close and Lobo this tissue was definitely loose. It seems that loose spongy mesophyll structure may facilitate feeding of mites.The results regarding the analysis of the lower (abaxial) epidermis of the leaves seem to suggest that the layout and thickness of cuticle, rather than the epidermal thickness itself could be a factor determining the susceptibility of apple cultivars to T.urcitae.
Soil weed seed bank at ploughingl layer on the Nałęczów Plateau in relation to cereal crops and sculpture elements
Authors: Wesołowski Marian , Bętkowski Michał , Kwiatkowski Cezary , Woźniak Andrzej
Published: December 2013

The weed seed bank in the ploughing layer (0-25) cm deep) of loess soils, located at top, slope and slope foot, is presented in the papaer. Soil samples, taken just affer the harvest of winter and spring cereals, in the Nal9cz6w surroundings (east-middle Poland) were the investigative material. It was proved that the most of weed seeds and fruits were the winter cereals bocated at the slopes and slopes foot. The diaspors of short-lived weeds were dominant III-V degree of stability in the soil covered all sculpture elements.
The influence of harvest term on the isoflavone content in red clover leaves
Authors: Burda Stanisława , Ścibior Halina , Bawolski Stanisław
Published: December 2013

Influence of the harvest term of red clover on content of five isoflavones in leaves was examined in microfields experiment. It was found that the content of these compounds in leaves of red clover collected in flowering stage was the same as in clover collected in the budding stage, in the first cut. In the second cut the isoflavone content was determined by phase of plant development. The level of formononetin, biochanin A and pratensein in the second cut was higher than in the first cut, but the content of daidzein and genistein was lower. The cutting date of the first cut can influence on the isoflavone content at the second cut. Tetraploid varieties acumulated more isoflavones than diploid varieties.
Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) competition in spring triticale (cultivar Maja)
Authors: Kieć Jacek
Published: December 2013

The study on wild oat competition in spring triticale was carried in years 1991 and 1996. Avena fatua in all densities (O, 4, 8, 16,32 pcs/m2) didn't influenced on elements of yield structure and other studied triticale features. only in the weather conditions of 1991 year the lowest density increased yield and mass of 1000 grains. Wild oat was pushed out by triticale during the growing season.
Flora and segetal vegatation of the Sulejów Nature Park. Part II. Segetal vegetation
Authors: Warcholińska Urszula A.
Published: December 2013

This paper presents the result of researches on the segetal vegetation of the Sulejów Nature Park. In the area of research, 10 segetal associations - 5 of the Secalietea class and 5 of the Chenopodietea - have been found. Among them following ones are quite interesting: Caucalido-Scandicetum, Lamio- Veronicetum politae and Bilderdykio-Lamietum amplexicaule.
"Headed" weed communities of flax cultures in Central Poland
Authors: Siciński Jan T.
Published: December 2013

Common flax Linum usitatissimum L. is declining as a commercial plant both in our country as a whole and in Central Poland. The weed community that is associated with these cultures has been distinguished and characterized on the basis of 10 releves (phytosociological records) obtained with the Braun-Blanquet method. In the investigated localities no weed taxa know as "flax specialists" typical of the Spergulo-Lolietum remoti (Rothm. 1944) K o r n a ś 1954 allience were recorded.
Effects of plant density and cultivar on yield responses in onions (Allium cepa L.) grown from seeds
Authors: Rumpel Jan , Felczyński Kazimierz
Published: December 2013

Two field experiments were conducted to study the effect of plant density on yield, size grading and maturity of onion bulbs grown from seeds. In the first experiment carried out during 1991-1993, three onion cultivars (Hysam F1 , Mercato F1 and Sochaczewska) were sown for intended densities of 20, 40, 60, 80,100 and 140 plants m-2, whereas in the second one, in 1996, six onion cultivars (Spirit F1, Summit F1, Hyduro F1, Armstrong F1, Renate F1 and Robusta) were sown for intended densities of 40, 60 and 80 plants m-2. The onions were grown on beds, 1,35 m wide, in 4 rows per bed (27+27+27+54 cm). Marketable yield increased with plant density, and depending on year was highest at 80 or 100 plants m-2. The average marketable yield of the 1991-1993 experiment increased from 20.5 t·ha-1 at 20 plants m-2 to 32.8 t·ha-1 at 80 plants m-2, whereas that of the 1996 experiment increased from 48,9 t-ha-1 at 40 plants m-2 to 59.0 t·ha-1 at 80 plants m-2, respectively. Yield of large bulbs decreased with density and was highest at 20-40 plants m-2, oposite to the yield of small bulbs, which was highest at the highest density of 140 plants·m-2. The medium bulb yield increased with density, at the some way as compared the total marketable yield. No greater effect of cultivar on bulb size grades was found and the existing differences were proportional to the total marketable yield . Plant density hastened maturity of onions, and at density of 140 plants m-2 the leaf fall-over occurred 9-10 days earlier as compared at density of 20 plants m-2. The cultiwars used. can be placed in the following order of decreasing productivity: 1 . Mercato F1, 2. Hysam F1 and 3. Sochaczewska, - in the first expeiiment (1991-93) and 1. Annstrong F1, 2. Spirit F1, 3. Robusta, 4. Renate F1, 5. Hyduro F1 and 6. Summit F1 - in the second experiment (1996), respectively.
Influence of the dynamics of seed sprouting on the differentiation of morphological features of tomato seedlings
Authors: Rożek Ewa , Dyduch Jan
Published: December 2013

The aim of the present study was to determine the relation between the quality of seed germination and morphological differentiation of seedlings of the studied tomato cultivars. The seeds of very early tomato cultivars (Beta, Betalux. Promyk) compared to the semi-early New Yorker cultivar treated as control were subjected to evaluation. lt was found out that their germination rate significantly affected the quantity of obtained seedlings. The seedlings gr()wii ~oiii seeds that germinated after 5 days were significantly higher than those that germinated after 7 0r l0 days. They also had higher number of leaves. larger diameter of root collar and higher fresh mass.
Changes in the occurrence of Avena fatua L. in fields in south-eastern Poland
Authors: Kieć Jacek
Published: December 2013

Studies on changes in the occurrence of Avena fatua L. and its varieties on arable land were carried out in 1990, 1994 and 1995. Strong expansion of the species was found. In 1990, 12 stations where A.fatua occurred with intensity above 1% were recorded, in 1994, 29 such stations were found, and 67 stations in 1995. Varieties A and F were most frequent, and variety E occurred in the lowest numbers. Dependence between the size of a population of a given variety and its geographical location were found.
Studium porównawcze cech morfologicznych i produktywności lucerny mieszańcowej (Medicago media Pers.) uprawianej w czystym siewie i w mieszankach z roślinami motylkowatymi i trawami
Authors: Zając Tadeusz
Published: December 2013

The investigation carried out in the years 1994-96 had to aim the analysis of morphological features perennial papilionaceaus plants and grass in pure sowing (6 objects) and mixture (3 objects. It was considerated the following morphological features: the number of stem per square metre, mass of single stem, number of leaves on the stem, leaves area of stem in square centimeter and two description of the stand: the number of leaves per square metre and leaves area index in square metre. The experiment was localited on the degraded chernozem, favourable for good growth of all plants. As result of carried out investigations it was confirmed that alfalfa headed in cuts and years of cultivation the greatest leaf area of stem and' stand in comparison to ather p1ant species. In results of species difference and method of sowing the all features was differentiated significantly. Interaction between features of investigated species and descriptions of the stand indicated to considerable greates effects of cut in comparison to the effects cultivation years, which appeared distincd only with respect to the leaves area index of stand. The greater density of plants stem cultivated in mixture in composition with cultivation in pure sowing proved about the co-existence between grass species and papilionaceous plants formed the phytocenosis of mixtures, particulary visible in mixture of alfalfa, clover, festuca and ryegrass.
The study on the infection of apple fruits by Botrytis cinerea Pers. after harvest
Authors: Bryk Henryk
Published: December 2013

The aim of this studv was to determine the possibility to infection of apples after harvest by conidia and/or mycelium of Botrytis cinerea Pers. Conidia were unable to infect uninjured apple skin regardless of inoculum density and presence of nutrients. The infection of apples by conidia occurred after the surface wax had been removed by washing of apples with chloroform. Injuries of skin appeared to be a favourable entry point for conidia and mycelium of B.cinerea. Only the mycelium of B.cinerea developed on the apple but not that grown on the artificial medium (PDA) was able to directly penetration uninjured apple skin. It was observed that sometimes rotted spots develo ped arround the lenticels.
Influence of seed germination dynamics on quality of tomato seedlings
Authors: Rożek Ewa
Published: December 2013

The influence of seed germination dynamics on selected features of the seedling of 4 tomato cultivars (Beta, Betalux, Promyk, New Yorker) meant for field cultivation were investigated. It was shown that flowering was the earliest in combinations with plants received from the seeds of the fastest germination, while the greatest delay of flowering was observed in plants received from the seeds of the longest germination (after 10 days). Plants grown from the seeds which had germinated the fastest were significantly higher, had greater average number of leaves, and had greater mass than plants from the seeds germinating longer. Further observations carried out at the moment of flowering of plants of all combinations did not show any significant differences in terms of investigated features except average height of plants.
The effect of UV-B radiation on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the husked and the naked oat
Authors: Skórska Elżbieta
Published: December 2013

Naked oat variety of STH296 showed higher tolerance than traditional variety Bajka on short-term UV-B radiation (UV-BBE=1 1 kJ·m-2) on the stage of primary photosynthesis reaction recorded using chlorophyll fluorescence induction of the leaves.
Flora segetalna Inowłodza
Authors: Warcholińska Urszula A. , Mazurkiewicz Urszula
Published: December 2013

The work presents a list of segetal flora taxons of Inowłódz as well as their general characterization. The segetal flora of the researched area consists of 194 taxons. It also shows a great participation of therophytes (119 taxons) and apophytes (118 taxons). 24 taxons have been numbered among taxons in direct danger of extinction.
The segetal flora of the Kałuszyn Upland
Authors: Skrzyczyńska Janina , Skrajna Teresa
Published: December 2013

In the paper a state of preservation and the characteristics of flora of the cultivated fields of the Kaluszyńska Upland is given. The flora of agrocenosis of the Kałuszyńska Upland is rich. The presence of 278 vascular plant species was noted in the study area. It is mainly the diversity of habitats and human activity that affected its species abundance. More than a half of a number of taxa (166 species - 59,6%) belong to the group of rare, 40 of them are endangered extinction. Among the most threatened species there are 14 taxa e.g.: Fumaria schleicheri, Euphorbia exigua, Illecebrum verticillatum, Asperugo procumbens, Polycnemum arvense, Radiola linoides, Camelina sativa.
Greenhouse evaluation of rhizobia as biocontrol agent of root-infecting fungi in okra
Authors: Siddiqui I. A. , Ehteshamul-Haque S. , Zaki M. J. , Ghaffar A.
Published: December 2013

Nine rhizobial strains isolated from the root nodules of Cicer arietinum, Vigna radiata, V. mungo, Samania saman, Sesbania sesban, Leucinia sp., Prosopis cineraria and Medicago sativa were used to study their effects on root-infecting fungi viz., Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani. In dual culture plate assay, strains of Bradyrhizobium sp., and R. meliloti were found to inhibit radial growth of M. phaseolina, F. solani and R. solani producing zones of inhibition. Bradyrhizobium sp., and R. meliloti either used as seed dressing or as soil drench significantly suppressed root-rot infection caused by M. phaseolina, F. solani and R. solani in okra, a non-1eguminous crop under greenhouse conditions. Biomass of plants was also higher in the presence of rhizobia.
Fungi occurring on seeds of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.)
Authors: Cwalina-Ambrozik Bożena , Majchrzak Barbara
Published: December 2013

Laboratory experiment were caried out to isolate fungi from the seeds of goat rue cultivated with and without fertilization. Additionally, kind of medium (PDA and mineral medium) and mean of preparation seeds, were factors differentiated number of fungi. Species such as Alternaria alternata (51,6%) and Botrytis cinerea (20,4% of total colony) were isolated from seeds most frequently. From combination without fertilization 7,2% more isolates were obtained. Mineral medium and superficial disinfection of seeds had reducing influence on number of isolates.
Fungi transporting by sowing seed material of herbs
Authors: Machowicz-Stefaniak Zofia , Zimowska Beata
Published: December 2013

Sowing seed material of33 species of herbs obtained in 1997-1999 from the Herb Seed-Testing Station, in Bydgoszcz were examined. Fungi were isolated using the method of artificial cultures on the mineral medium. Sixty seeds superficially disinfected and sixty undisinfected seeds were taken from each sample. Obtained single-spore cultures of the fungi grown on malt-agar or on standard medium were identified up to the species level. Fungi species belonging to the genus Fusarium were identified on the PDA and SNA, Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. on the malt-agar and Czapek-Dox and Phoma spp. on the malt-agar, oat-meal-agar and cherry-agar. Mycological analyses showed that the superficial disinfection of seeds reduced by three times the number of isolates obtained. The fungi most frequently isolated from both the inside and the outside seed tissues were Botrytis cinerea, Phoma exigua var. exigua and species of Alternaria, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phyllosticta, Rhizopus, Trichothecium.
Effect of systemic fungicides on the efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) migula in the control of root-infecting fungi of wheat
Authors: Siddiqui I. A. , Shaukat S. S. , Ehteshamul-Haque S. , Khan S. A.
Published: December 2013

Effect of various fungicides on the efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium in the control of root-infecting fungi such as Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum and F.solani on four different varieties of wheat was evaluated under field conditions. Bayleton (a.i. triadimephon), Bavistin (a.i. carbendazym) and Topsin-M (a.i. thiophanate-methyl) reduced bacterial survival on wheat seeds whereas Benlate (a.i. benomyl) was not effective in this respect. P.aeruginosa used in combination with Benlate showed effective control of soilborne root-infecting fungi along with the enhancement of growth and grain yield of wheat.
Influence of the methods of budding on growth and quality of one-year-old trees of apple cv. Red Elstar 'Elshof'
Authors: Wociór Stanisław , Wieniarska Justyna , Kiczorowski Piotr , Mazurek Janusz , Wójcik Irena
Published: December 2013

The experiment was carried out during 1995-1997 in the experimental nursery field of the Agricultural University of Lublin, Poland, in Lublin-Felin. M.9 (EMLA) apple rootstocks were planted at 0,9 - 0,3 (m). No significant differences in tree trunk diameter, tree height and total extension growth of one-year-old shoots between chipand T-budded apple maiden trees of 'Red Elstar Elshof' were found. Chip budding increased the number of trees of first quality about twofold in comparison with T-budding, however, this difference was not significant. Either method of budding considerably influenced the rate of growth of apple trees in nursery. The highest rate of tree growth was observed in May and June.
Spatial distribution and changes in occurrence of some weed species in the orchard in AES Felin near Lublin
Authors: Lipecki Janusz , Janisz Anna
Published: December 2013

From 1993 to 1997 a study of spatial distribution of most important weeds in apple orchard herbicide strips was performed. This study was continued in 1998, once the trees were cut down. As the time progressed, Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn., Chenopodium album L., Polygonum aviculare L. and Atriplex patulum L. showed an increase in their occurrence. An opposite tendency was found with Erigeron canadensis L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Taraxacum fficinale Web. Some species grew in patches (Convolvulus arvensis L., Chenopodium album L., Atriplex patulum L.), while the others appeared sporadically throughout the orchard. In 1998, the decrease of occurrence of Epilobium  Haussk. was observed. Simultaneously, this was coupled with an increase of occurrence of Taraxacum officinale Web., Erigeron caanadensis L. and Chenopodium album L. The predominating species in 1998 was Cerastium vulgatum L., followed by Lolium perenne L., Poa annua L. and Bromus mollis L.
Control of the root-rot and root-knot disease complex by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: impact of bacterial rhizosphere colonization
Authors: Siddiqui I. A. , Ehteshamul-Haque S. , Shaukat S. S..
Published: December 2013

The potential of 3 Pseudomonas aeriuginosa strains as biocontrol agents of rootinfecting fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica was tested on chili and uridbean under greenhouse conditions. All the three strains significantly reduced nematode populations in soil, invasion, multiplication and gall formation due to M.javanica. Root infection by fungi was also effectively suppressed following P.aeruginosa application. Bacterial antagonists exhibited better biocontrol and growth promoting activity in 15-day-old plants than did those harvested at 30 or 45 days. Population of the bacterium in the rhizosphere declined rapidly after 15 days of nematode inoculation. Strain Pa-5 showed maximum nodulation in 15-day-old samplings while strain Pa-7 showed highest number of nodules in 30 and 45-day-old uridbean plants.
Effect of root exudates of various plants on composition of bacteria and fungi communities with special regard to pathogenic soil-borne fungi
Authors: Piętka Danuta , Patkowska Elżbieta
Published: December 2013

The purpose of the studies conducted in the years 1996 - 1998 was to determine the composition of bacteria and fungi populations in the rhizosphere of winter wheat, spring wheat, soybean and potato, and in non-rhizosphere soil. Besides, the effect of root exudates of these plants on the formation of pathogenic fungi communities was established. The microbiological analysis showed that the greatest tolal number of bacteria was found in the rhizospheres of potato and soybean, and the lowest number in non-rhizosphere soil. The smallest total number of fungi was found in the rhizosphere of winter wheat, and the largest in the rhizosphere of soybean. Pathogenic fungi dominated in the rhizospheres of soybean and potato, while non-rhizosphere soil was the poorest in these microorganisms. Among the pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, F.culmorum and F.solani were most frequently isolated. Soybean roots exudated the greatest amount of aminoacids, and acidic aminoacids, which have a positive effect on the development of phytopathogens, dominated in their content. On the other hand, the best quantitative and qualitative composition of aminoacids was found out in the root exudates of winter wheat, since they conlained big amounts of alkaline and aromatic aminoacids.
The segetal flora of the Bug river geomorphological territories in Podlasie region
Authors: Skrzyczyńska Janina , Rzymowska Zofia
Published: December 2013

Studies on segetal flora of the „Podlaski Przełom Bugu'' Landscape Park were carried out between 1994 and 1998 on the area of 110 localities situated in 16 communes. The list of segetal flora of the area under study and its differentiation as to occurrence frequency, origin of species, persistence of species and biological spectrum is presented in the paper. The segetal flora of the ,,Podlaski Przełom Bugu'' Landscape Park is composed of 346 taxa belonging to 39 families and 193 genera. The dominant group are species occurring very rare, rare and fairly rare. In analyzed flora apophytes prevail (65,3 %) over antropophytes (34,7 %) and annual and biennial species (56,4 %) over perennial species (43,6 %). As to biological spectrum of the studied flora - 52,5 % of total number of species are terophytes, 52,3 % hemicryptophytes and 11,0 % geophytes. 39 species threatened extinction in Poland were found in agrocenosis of "Podlaski Przełom Bugu'' Landscape Park. Some of them occur frequently or commonly in the studied area, others are rare in cultivation and most frequently occur in adjacent natural communities. Among segetal flora of the studied mesoregion 7 species are actually endangered extinction: Valerianella dentata, Melampyrum arvense, Polycnemum arvense, Herniaria hirsuta, Camelina sativa, Stachys annua, Spergula arvensis subsp. maxima.
The intensity of mechanical cultivation measures vs. the amount of weed seeds in the soil
Authors: Wesołowski Marian , Kwiatkowski Cezary
Published: December 2013

The effect of the number of mechanical operations in sugar beets plantation on the amount and species composition of weed seeds in the 0-5 cm deep layer of the loessial soil was studied. It has been proved that reduction in the number of weed seeds depends upon both the frequency of weeding-out operations and the level of agrotechnic. The highest decrease in the number of fruit and weed seeds was caused by eightfold weed removal which took place during the period from emergence phase to the joining of sugar beet rows. Application of increased mineral fertilization, microelements, fungicides, and insecticides caused the number of weed seeds to be reduced by 5,9%, in comparison to extensive agrotechnical level.
Biological activity of saponins from alfalfa tops and roots against Colorado potato beetle larvae
Authors: Szczepaniak Maryla , Krystkowiak Katarzyna , Jurzysta Marian , Biały Zbigniew
Published: December 2013

The total saponins of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., included in the diet of Colorado potato beetle larvae reduced their feeding, growth rate and survival. The biological activity of those compounds coming both from the roots and from the aerial parts is closely correlated with the dose. Larvae reared on leaves treated with a 0,5% dose virtually did not feed at all and died after 4-6 days. Lower saponin doses (0,01 and 0,001 %) reduced the insects' feeding to a lesser degree. However, they inhibited their growth, caused an extension of the larval stage and mortality at a level of 76,7- 100%. No major differences have been found in saponin activity depending on its localization in the plant.
Plants sensitivity on nickel under different conditions of iron or calcium concentration in the nutrient medium
Authors: Matraszek Renata
Published: December 2013

The sensitivity of six vegetable plants on nickel at early stages of their growth was investigated by index of tolerance. Besides the possibility of nickel fitostabilization by additional application of iron or calcium was tested. The experiment was conducted on Petri dishes. Different concentrations of nickel (0; 0,03; 0,06mM Ni as nickel sulphate), iron (0,05; O,OlmM Fe as Fe2+ citrate) and calcium (0,50; 0,75; lmM Ca as calcium carbonate) were added. Taking into consideration the sensitivity, investigated vegetables can be ordered in the following way: Cucurbita pepo conv. giromontiina L.>Lactuca sativa L.>Sinapis alba L.>Spinacia oleracea L.=Zea mays var. saccharata Kcke.>Phaseolus vulgaris L. Positive, statistically significant effect ofnickel fitostabilization (0,03 or 0,06mM Ni) on elongative growth by the iron application (0,10mM Fe) was shown for Zea mays var. saccharata Kcke independently of Ni concentration in the nutrient medium as well as for Sinapis alba L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. in 0,06mM Ni. Addition as much as 0,75mM Ca in the presence 0,03mM Ni had positive result on Sinapis alba L and Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings as well as on Zea mays var. saccharata Kcke and Lactuca sativa L. roots and Cucurbita pepo convar. giromontiina L. shoots. Addition of 0,75mM Ca in the presence 0,06mM Ni promoted elongative growth of Zea mays var. saccharata Kcke seedlings. Application lmM Ca resulted in the promotion of elongative growth of Zea mays var. saccharata Kcke. roots (0,03mM Ni) as well as Spinacia oleracea L. roots (0,06mM Ni).
Storage of strawberry pollen
Authors: Aslantaş Rafet , Pirlak Lütfi
Published: December 2013

This study was carried out to determine storage ability of strawberry pollen at different temperatures for three different strawberry cultivars 'Aliso', 'Brio', and 'Cruz'. Strawberry pollen was stored at room temperature (22 ±2°C), +4°C, -4°C and -18°C in stabile humidity conditions. Strawberry poIlen was germinated using the hanging drop method in a 20% sucrose solution. Pollen germination rate increased because of low temperature storage. Pollen stored at room temperature and +4°C, -4°C, and -18°C was kept for 8 months, about one year, and 20 months, respectively. Pollen germination rates decreased as the length of storage period increased. The reaction of all cultivars tested on the duration and temperature of storage was similar.
The effect of selected fungicides on survival of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in various kinds of soils
Authors: Barczyński Stanisław , Machowicz-Stefaniak Zofia , Sobiczewski Piotr
Published: December 2013

The effect of 10 fungicides on survival of A. tumefaciens in various types of soils was studied. In fertile, nonsterile soil Dithane M-45 (mancozeb), Euparen 50 WP (tolyfluanid), Kaptan 50 WP (captan) and Ridomil Gold 80 WP (metalaxyl) at concentration of 1000 ppm showed the highest antibacterial activity. Similar trends in activity of these fungicides occurred in fertile, sterile soil, however a little lower in case of Kaptan and Euparen. In most of investigated soils Befran 25 SL (imimnoctadyne), Syllit 65 WP (dodine) and Thiram Granulfo 80 WG (thiram) increased bacteria number. In sandy acidic soil (pH 3,5) all tested fungicides totally eliminated bacteria. On the other hand in sandy neutral soil only Dithane, Euparen, Kaptan and Ridomil showed such activity. Ten fold decrease of fungicides concentration generally did not influence Kaptan and Ridomil effectiveness but it decreased the activity of Dithane and Euparen.
The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizaI fungi (GlomeraIes) in cuItivated soiIs of Poland
Authors: Błaszczykowski Janusz , Iwaniuk Anna , Czerniawska Beata
Published: December 2013

The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in cultivated soils of Poland was characterized based on 15-year investigations. Spores of AMF were isolated from both field-collected root-rhizosphere soil mixtures and trap cultures established with a part of these mixtures. The mixtures were collected from under 41 plant species. The plant species most frequently sampled were Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays. Spores of AMF were found in 97,5% of the field-collected root-soil samples and in 95,5% of trap cultures. The AMF predominating in populations of the spores revealed were members of the genus Glomus. The spores recovered belonged to 36 species. The AM fungal species most frequently occurring in cultivated soils of Poland were Glomus caledonium, G.constrictum, G.deserticola, and G.mosseae.
Differentiation of PVY isolates depending on criterion of evaluation
Authors: Chrzanowska Mirosława , Doroszewska Teresa , Zagórska Helena
Published: December 2013

In 2000-2001 35 isolates of Potato virus Y(PVY) were characterized by serological and biological methods. These isolates represented 5 distinct strains: PVYC, PVYO, PVYN, PVYN W, PVYNTN. Among isolates belonging to PVYN W and PVYCNYN isolates which are able to overcome the resistance in three tobacco cultivars (VAM, Wiślica, PBD6) were found. They were obtained from tobacco plants grown in Poland or Hungary. Isolates obtained from potato plants were able to cause only mild symptoms on cvs. Wiślica and PBD6.
Observations on the fungi composition occurring on the apple shoots left in the orchard after pruning
Authors: Grabowski Marek
Published: December 2013

According to the research carried out in 1998-2000 it was found that small particles of the shoots left in the orchard after pruning are the place of the numerous fungi development. It was observed that the greatest number of species appeared 12 months afier winter pruning. The species colonising fragments of bark and wood included typical patogenic species, pathogens of weakness, and saprotrophs. Some of isolated species may in favourable conditions become the cause of bark and wood diseases as well as apple rot.
Efficacy of some fungicides for control of fungi and their influence of seed yield in spring barley
Authors: Kaniuczak Zdzisław
Published: December 2013

In 1999-2001, studies were carried out in spring barley with the aim to evaluate the efficacy as well as practical and economic effectiveness of fungicide application to control fungal diseases. The following fungicides were used: prochloraz 30% + carbendazim 8%; flusilazole 12,5% + carbendazim 25%; azoxystrobin 25%; kresoxim-methyl 12,5% + epoxyconazole 12,5%; tridemorf 37,5% + epoxyconazole 12,5%; fluquinconazole 10%; metconazole 6%. The infection of barley leaf surface with fungal diseases ranged from 41,3% to 60,1%. The tested chemicals showed high effectiveness amounting to 31,6% - 92,3%, On average, to 73,9%. All applied fungicides contributed to the seed yield increase from 0,32 t/ha to 1,28 t/ha, on average, to 0,8 t/ha. The defrayal index ranged from 0,9 to 2,4, while the index of chemical treatment profitability - from 2,7 to 9,2.
Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) occurring on stems - a new problem in potato crops
Authors: Kapsa Józef
Published: December 2013

In recent years changes in the occurrence of the first potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) symptoms have been noted. Observations of potato crops have showed that occurrence of the blight symptoms is sometimes on the stem instead on the leaves. The aim of the study carried out in 1995-2001 was to determine occurrence and harmfulness of the stem late blight infections. Survey of many potato crops (490 potato fields) made in 1997-2001, around Poland enabled assessment of the incidence of stem blight. Average 69,1% of observed crops were affected with stem blight. The stem blight incidence was not connected with the rate of the leaf form of late blight developing on the foliage. Stem form of the disease has appeared more often in the years with less rainfall during June and July. Its occurrence was influenced by micro climate inside potato canopy. Glasshouse experiments confirmed the importance of stem lesions in decreasing tuber yield (11,2-42,9%) and increasing tuber infections. Results have shown that tubers contaminated with spores were the least probable source of the stem form of late blight.
Systems and models of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) prediction
Authors: Kielak Krzysztof , Sobiczewski Piotr
Published: December 2013

The paper presents fire blight prediction models and systems, developed in Europe (system Billing - versions: BOS, BRS, BIS95 and originated from this system: Firescreen, FEUERBRA and ANLAFBRA) and in United States (Californian system, model Maryblyt and system Cougarblight). Use of above models and systems in various climatic-geographic conditions and comparison of obtained prognostic data to real fire blight occurrence is reviewed. The newest trends in research on improvement of prognostic analyses parameters with their adjustment to particular conditions and consideration of infection source occurrence are also presented.
The generation of free radicals in the development of grey mould on poinsettia leaves
Authors: Kułek Beata , Florczyk-Wieczorek Jolanta , Górski Zbigniew
Published: December 2013

Participation of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical as well as lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and chemiluminescence in the development of grey mould on poinsettia leaves of the cvs.: Coco White - moderately resistant and Malibu Red - susceptible to Botryotinia fuckeliana (B. cinerea) were investigated. In both poinsettia cultivars, the level of superoxide anion radical increased with the disease development. On later dates following inoculation, the content of O2.- in the diseased leaf areas of the susceptible cultivar was 2 - fold larger than in grey mould symptom areas of the moderately resistant cultivar. The postinfection generation of a strongly reactive hydroxyl radical was found in the cultivar susceptible to the pathogen. The level of .- OH in the last hours afier inoculation was 10 fold higher in grey mould spots than in healthy senescing leaves of that cultivar. Tlie activity of LOX exhibited opposite tendencies of changes in the both genotypes examined after the infection. In the first hours after inoculation, the enzyme activity was Low, whereas after 3rt day it significantly increased in diseased leaf areas and in their surroundings. However, in the moderately resistant cultivar the activity of lipoxygenase thoughout the first 3 days of the disease activity was relatively high and then decreased. Poinsettia leaves infected with B.cinerea emitted chemiluminescence. Kinetics and the intensity of ultraweak chemiluminescence depended on the cultivars of poinsettia and on the degree of the disease development. The postinfection increase of chemiluminescence was particularly visible in the zone surrounding diseased areas in the susceptible cultivar.
Crop rotation as a factor differentiating the intensity of the diseases of field pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Kurowski Tomasz P. , Cwalina-Ambroziak Bożena , Sadowski Tadeusz
Published: December 2013

The research was conducted in the years 1998-2001. The aim of the research was to determine the health of the field pea cv. Kormoran grown in four various crop rotations and to determine the patogens causing the root-rot. On the pea plants the following diseases were found: root rot (complex of fungi), ascochyta blight (Ascochyta pisi, Phoma pinodella, Mycospaerella pinodes) and fusarium foot rot (Fusarium spp.). All the diseases occurred in the highest intensity on the pea cultivated in three-field crop rotation without manure. The weather conditions affected the intensity of the diseases. From the roots of seedlings with the symptoms of root rot 44,7% of fungi with pathogenic potential in relation to pea were obtained. The most commonly isolated were Fusarium oxysporum (26,7% of all isolates), Rhizoctonia solani (10,7%), F.solani (3,3%), F.avenaceum (2,7%) and F.equiseti (1,3%). From the infected root necks, 55,3% of potential pathogens of field pea were obtained. Among the isolates the most commonly found was F.oxysporum (31,1% of all isolates). Other fungi of the Fusarium genus constituted 15,4% of isolates, R.solani 7,0%, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 1,8%.
Role of carbohydrates in early metabolic reactions of germinating lupin seeds infected with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lupini
Authors: Morkunas Iwona , Kozłowska Monika , Ratajczyk Wiktoria
Published: December 2013

Soluble carbohydrates, particularly oligosaccharides, can take pan in defense responses preventing and restricting fungal pathogen invasion. Morphological changes were observed and ß-glucosidase activity was studied in yellow lupin embryo-axes infected and uninfected with F.oxysporum and cultured for 24 to 96 hours under conditions of a varying carbohydrate supply. The first disease symtoms - necrotic pathological changes were observed 48 hours after the inoculation. A higher intensity of the disease changes as well as growth restriction were found in 72- and 96-h embryo axes growing under carbohydrate deficiency. The activity of â-glucosidase increased during 24 - 96 hours after inoculation. An especially high increase of the activity was noted in 72- and 96-h embryo axes cultured under carbohydrate deficiency. We suggest that sugars are involved in the mechanisms of yellow lupin embryo axis tissues resistance, since they constitute the source of precursors for the synthesis of antimicrobial factors of plant defense response.
Use of polimerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in winter wheat cultivated in different production systems
Authors: Solarska Ewa , Grudzińska Magdalena
Published: December 2013

Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides was detected by PCR in winter wheat cultivated in different production systems in 2000 and 2001. In all tested systems only pathotype R of pathogen was detected. Detection of fungus depended on production system and weather conditions. Pathogen was not detected in both tested cultivars only in ecological system but only in season with less favourable conditions for disease development
Quantitative-qualitative structures of the soil fungi communities in three profiles of peat-muck soils
Authors: Tyszkiewicz Zofia
Published: December 2013

The mycological investigations were performed on three soil profiles, which represent the slightly, moderately and strongly mucked peat-muck soils located in the Biebrza Valley. The aim of the study was the comparison of quantitative-qualitative structures of the fungi communities in the chosen peat-muck soils. The results indicate that soil fungi communities from compared soils reveal only small degree of similarity. The variety in quantitative and in qualitative structure increase with increasing mucking of organic deposits. These results may suggest that decreasing moisture of habitat stimulates the development of soil fungi. The most numerous soil fungi communities were observed in the turf layer and subturf layer of all soils.
Evaluation of health state and growth of Gypsophila paniculata L. and Gypsophila repens L. groving in soil in variable fertilization
Authors: Warner Maria , Antkowiak Wojciech
Published: December 2013

The influence of NPK fertilization on plant growth and roots yield of Gypsophila paniculata and Gypsophila repens was investigated. The nutrients were applied in different proportions. The health state of Gypsophila was also analyzed. The pathogens isolated from plants showing the diseases symptoms represented eight species: Alternaria dianthicola Neergaard; Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc.; Fusarium culmorum (W. G.Smith) Sacc.; F.equiseti (Cola) Sacc.; F.oxysporum Schlecht., Snyder et Hansen; F.sambucinum Fuck; Phytophthora sp. de Bary; Rhizoctonia solani K. Fusarium oxysporum and other species of fungi were isolated from Gypsophila paniculata, whilst from Gypsophila repens only Fusarium oxysporum was obtained.
Effect of different soil water potential on leaf transpiration and on stomatal conductance in poinsettia
Authors: Nowak Jacek S.
Published: December 2013

Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild.'Lilo' was grown in containers in 60% peat, 30% perlite and 10% clay (v/v) mixture, with different irrigation treatments based on soil water potential. Plants were watered at two levels of drought stress: -50kPa or wilting. The treatments were applied at different stages of plant development for a month or soil was brought to the moisture stress only twice. Additionally, some plants were watered at -50 kPa during the entire cultivation period while the control plants were watered at -5kPa. Plants were also kept at maximum possible moisture level (watering at -0,5kPa) or close to it (-1.OkPa) through the entire growing period. Soil water potential was measured with tensiometer. Drought stress applied during entire cultivation period or during the flushing stage caused significant reduction in transpiration and conductance of leaves. Stress applied during bract coloration stage had not as great effect on the stomatal conductance and transpiration of leaves as the similar stress applied during the flushing stage. High soil moisture increased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, respectively by 130% and 52% (flushing stage), and 72% and 150% (bract coloration stage) at maximum, compared to the control.
The effect of biostimulator applications on nutrient composition of strawberries
Authors: Eşítken Ahmet , Pirlak Lütfi
Published: December 2013

This study was carried out in greenhouse on strawberries grown in a column system in Uzundere district, Erzurum, Turkey. The biostimulator 'Macrocrop' and 'Goldmarine' were foliar-applied to the cv. Fern at the rates of 250, 500 and 750 ppm 1, 2, 4and 8 times at 15 days intervals beginning 15 days after planting. Two months after the last application, the content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn in the leaves was analyzed. According to the results, there were significant differences between the treatments. The nutrient composition was higher in the plants treated with the biostimulators than in the control. Nitrogen (N) content was 2,48% in the control whereas in the plants treated 4 times with 250 ppm it was 3,40% and those treated once with 250 ppm of Goldmarine had 3,06% of nitrogen. In all rates of biostimulator, there was a negative relationship between application frequency and N content. Calcium (Ca) content was 1.63% in the control plants whereas the plants that received Macrocrop once at the rate of 750 ppm and those to which Goldmarine was applied once at the rate of 750 ppm had 2,38%. Similarly, iron (Fe) content was 213 ppm in the control whereas in the plants that received Goldmarine four times at the rate of 500 ppm and in those with Macrocrop four times at the rate of 500 ppm, it was 1120 ppm.