bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphic forward modelling of distributive fluvial systems based on the Huesca System, Ebro Basin, northern Spain
Authors: Snieder Swiad , Griffiths Cedric M. , Owen Amanda , Hartley Adrian J. , Howell John A.
Published: August 2021

To better understand the stratigraphic development of sedimentary systems, it is necessary to link the controls on sedimentary processes to the resulting deposits, which in turn allows predictions of stratigraphic architectures at a range of scales. We use a stratigraphic forward model to link the governing parameters to the distribution of deposits within a distributive fluvial system (DFS). The numerical model has been validated against outcrop observations to establish how the depositional processes needed to form the specific sedimentary system have been reproduced. We chose the previously studied Oligocene to Miocene Huesca DFS in northern Spain to investigate and calibrate the model. Additionally, downstream profiles from modern DFS in northern India, and hydrological measurements from the High Island Creek, Minnesota, USA, were used as input parameters for the model in addition to the outcrop data from the Huesca DFS. The resulting model adequately reproduced the real‐world system. Once validated, the analysis of the modelled DFS led to key findings, which expand our understanding of DFS stratigraphic architecture. Reservoir characteristics in radial DFS are dependent on the angle away from the meridian (straight line from the source through the apex to the distal zone of the DFS). The greater the angle is, the coarser the average grain size in the proximal zone is but the finer the average grain size in the medial and distal zones. Lateral variability of net to gross, sandbody thickness and number, and amalgamation ratio is greatest at the transition between the proximal and medial zone and is still significant in the distal part of the DFS. Stratigraphic forward modelling enhanced our understanding of DFS, which leads to reducing risk associated with exploration, production and storage of fluids in subsurface DFS.
The prevalence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in patients admitted with symptoms of peritonsillar abscess or cellulitis: A retrospective multicentre study
Authors: Lau Andrew S. , Milinis Kristijonas , Roode Mila , Williams Stephen P. , Cook Colette , Walijee Hussein , Zammit Matthew , Siau Richard , Emerson Hannah , Wright Rosanna , Hampton Thomas
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Anecdotal evidence suggests that oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) should be suspected in patients presenting with symptoms of peritonsillar abscess (PTA) or cellulitis (PTC). The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of OPSCC in patients presenting with symptoms of PTA/PTC.

Method, Setting and Participants

We retrospectively identified all adults with a coded diagnosis of PTA or PTC who presented between 2012 and 2016 inclusive, across six ENT units in Merseyside. Records were compared to that of the centralised regional head and neck cancer database. The clinical records of a subset of patients were reviewed for the purposes of data validation.

Results

A total of 1975 patients with PTA/PTC were identified. Three patients were subsequently diagnosed with OPSCC. None of the three actually had an objective underlying diagnosis of PTA/PTC on the same side. The prevalence of OPSCC in patients admitted with symptoms of PTA/PTC was 0.15% or approximately 1:650 admissions. The records of 510 patients who presented over a one‐year period (2016) were reviewed in even greater detail. There were 298 patients with PTA (59.4%) and 151 with PTC (29.1%) and 61 had an alternative diagnosis (11.9%). High‐risk features (age ≥40, tonsillar asymmetry or tonsillar lesion) were present in 106 patients (24%). Urgent follow‐up was expedited for 77 patients (73%).

Conclusion

This study estimates the risk of OPSCC in patients with peritonsillar symptoms. The prevalence is low, even in a region with a relatively heavy disease burden. Clinicians should, however, retain a high level of suspicion in patients with persistent symptoms.
An open‐label, nonrandomized, phase Ib feasibility study of cusatuzumab in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: De Meulenaere Astrid , Vermassen Tijl , Creytens David , De Keukeleire Stijn , Delahaye Tim , Deron Philippe , Duprez Fréderic , Fung Samson , Pauwels Patrick , Ferdinande Liesbeth , Rottey Sylvie
Published: August 2021

CD70 is expressed in up to 80% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cases. Cusatuzumab is a humanized anti‐CD70 monoclonal antibody, with dual action mechanisms: induction of cytotoxicity against CD70+ tumor cells and reduction in CD70‐CD27 signaling mediated immune evasion. The aim of this study was to assess the safety, pharmacokinetic profile, immunogenicity, pharmacodynamic profile, and preliminary activity of cusatuzumab in advanced NPC. Eleven patients were enrolled: one patient was assigned to arm A (adjuvant cusatuzumab monotherapy after curative chemoradiation), nine patients to arm B (cusatuzumab monotherapy; noncurative setting), and one patient to arm C (cusatuzumab + chemotherapy; noncurative setting); irrespective of tumoral CD70 expression. Both patients in arms A and C completed the study. All patients in arm B discontinued at an early stage. Five patients experienced grade greater than or equal to 3 nondrug related treatment‐emergent adverse events, most commonly fatigue and pneumonia (18%). An infusion‐related reaction was observed in two of 11 patients. Laboratory results showed no trend over time. Seven patients were eligible for response evaluation. No objective response to cusatuzumab was observed with stable disease being the best response. The current study indicates that the safety profile of cusatuzumab (with or without concurrent chemotherapy) is manageable in patients with advanced NPC, which is consistent with known safety profile. Limited activity of cusatuzumab in advanced NPC was observed. Combination therapies of cusatuzumab and other types of therapy should be explored for the improvement of activity in NPC and other CD70‐expressing malignancies.
How can real‐world evidence aid decision making during the life cycle of nonprescription medicines?
Authors: Csoke Emese , Landes Sabine , Francis Matthew J. , Ma Larry , Teotico Pohlhaus Denise , Anquez‐Traxler Christelle
Published: August 2021

Real‐world evidence (RWE) is an emerging scientific discipline which is being increasingly utilized for decision making on prescription‐only medicines. However, there has been little focus to date on the application of RWE within the nonprescription sector. This paper reviews the existing and potential applications of RWE for nonprescription medicines, using the nonprescription medicine life cycle as a framework for discussion. Relevant sources of real‐world data (RWD) are reviewed and compared with those available for prescribed medicines. Existing life‐cycle data gaps are identified where RWE is required or where use of RWE can complement data from randomized controlled trials. Published RWE examples relating to nonprescription medicines are summarized, and potential relevant future sources of RWD discussed. Challenges and limitations to the use of RWE on nonprescription medicines are discussed, and recommendations made to promote optimal and appropriate use of RWE in this sector. Overall, RWE currently plays a key role in specific phases of the nonprescription medicine life cycle, including reclassification and postmarketing safety surveillance. The increasing availability of patient‐generated health data is likely to further increase the utilization of RWE to aid decision making on nonprescription medicines.
Transpapillary gallbladder biopsy using newly designed endoscopic sheath
Authors: Yane Kei , Sumiyoshi Tetsuya , Kondo Hitoshi
Published: August 2021

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Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and autism spectrum disorder: clinical implications for assessment and management
Authors: Farag Fadila , Sims Annemarie , Strudwick Katy , Carrasco Janette , Waters Amy , Ford Vicki , Hopkins Julia , Whitlingum Gabriel , Absoud Michael , Kelly Veronica B
Published: August 2021

Aim

We examined clinical and neurodevelopmental presentations of children with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) to inform clinical assessment and management.

Method

Five hundred and thirty‐six patients (mean age 6y 10mo, SD 3y 5mo, range 10mo–20y; 401 males, 135 females) seen by the tertiary multidisciplinary feeding service at the Evelina London Children’s Hospital between January 2013 and June 2019 were included in this case–control study. These children experienced significant feeding difficulties impacting nutrition, development, and psychosocial functioning requiring tertiary specialized input. Data on ARFID diagnosis, demographics, comorbidity, and nutrition was extracted from electronic patient records.

Results

Forty‐nine per cent of children met ARFID criteria. The remaining participants had other difficulties including feeding, medical, and/or neurodevelopmental conditions. ARFID is more prevalent among younger patients (4–9 years) and in children with comorbid autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Younger age, comorbid ASD, and male sex significantly predicted ARFID. Diet range and male sex significantly predicted nutritional inadequacy, while comorbid ASD did not. A trend was seen between younger age and nutritional inadequacy.

Interpretation

Young children with ARFID should raise suspicion for ASD. Although significant nutritional deficiencies are common in children with comorbid ARFID and ASD, they are correctable with nutritional supplementation. Specialty perspective potentially limits generalizability of findings to community feeding services. We also emphasize the importance of early identification of nutritional deficits and management.
Lipohypertrophy Monitoring Study (LIMO): Effect of single use of 4 mm pen needles combined with education on injection site rotation on glycaemic control: Confirmation of an unpleasant truth
Authors: Bochanen Niels , Decochez Katelijn , Heleu Els , Cuypers Joke , Vercammen Chris , Coremans Peter , Vanhaverbeke Gerd , Shadid Samyah , Keymeulen Bart , Bolsens Nancy , De Block Christophe
Published: August 2021

Aims

To investigate whether single use of 4 mm needles combined with education about injection technique and lipohypertrophy affects HbA1c, hypoglycaemia and glucose variability.

Methods

Insulin‐injecting people with diabetes recruited from nine Belgian diabetes centres were prospectively followed for 6 months. They were provided 4 mm pen needles and education concerning injection technique using an online platform (BD and Me™) based on the international Forum for Injection Technique & Therapy Recommendations focused on avoidance of lipohypertrophy zones and reduction of needle reuse.

Results

A total of 171 people with diabetes were included of which 146 completed the study. At baseline, lipohypertrophy was present in 63.0% of those who completed the study, with 51.4% injecting in zones of lipohypertrophy, 37.0% incorrectly rotating and 95.9% reusing needles. After the intervention, 7.5% still injected in a lipohypertrophy zone, 4.1% rotated incorrectly and needle reuse decreased to 21.2%. The number of participants with severe hypoglycaemias (from 15.8% to 4.1%, p < 0.001), unexplained hypoglycaemias (from 46.6% to 16.4%, p < 0.001) and high glucose variability (from 64.4% to 29.5%, p < 0.001) was significantly reduced. HbA1c and total daily insulin dose remained stable.

Conclusion

The combination of 4 mm pen needles and online education on injection techniques significantly reduced the number of people with severe hypoglycaemic episodes, unexplained hypoglycaemia and high glucose variability but did not improve HbA1c control nor lower insulin needs.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04659330.
Acquisition of IDH2 mutations in relapsed/refractory AML is associated with worse patient outcomes
Authors: Song Amy , Altabbakh Omar , Sallman David A. , Padron Eric , Talati Chetasi , Hussaini Mohammad O.
Published: August 2021

Objectives

The presence of targeted therapy, Enasidenib, for IDH2‐mutated AML underscores the importance of understanding the clonal dynamics of IDH2 mutations, which has not been elucidated. In the largest study of IDH2 clonal dynamics, we detail the IDH2‐evolutionary patterns and their clinical significance.

Methods

We analyzed ~6000 patients with NGS results to identify 120 AML patients with IDH2 mutations and longitudinal NGS testing. IDH2 mutation status was recorded at diagnosis, remission, relapse, and persistent disease.

Results

One hundred and five patients were IDH2‐positive at the initial diagnosis, and 15 acquired the mutation later. Of those 15 patients, 7 patients gained the mutation during persistent disease, 6 during relapse, and 2 at remission. Twenty‐one patients (18%) who were IDH2‐positive in a prior test remained IDH2‐positive in remission. Twenty‐four patients with IDH2‐positive AML were IDH2‐positive at relapse. IDH2‐positive at diagnosis had better survival than IDH2 mutation acquired later in disease (P = .024). Patients who were IDH2‐negative in remission had significantly improved survival (P = .002). Also, loss‐of‐IDH2 mutation with persistent disease had better OS (P = .035).

Conclusions

There are 70% that clear IDH2 in disease remission. 12% gain IDH2 mutation later, usually in the setting of refractory/relapsed AML. These patients fared worse. Longitudinal IDH2 testing may be helpful in prognostic stratification.
Serial DaT‐SPECT imaging in asymptomatic carriers of LRRK2 G2019S mutation: 8 years’ follow‐up
Authors: Sánchez‐Rodríguez Antonio , Martínez‐Rodríguez Isabel , Sánchez‐Juan Pascual , Sierra María , González‐Aramburu Isabel , Rivera‐Sánchez María , Andrés‐Pacheco Javier , Gutierrez‐González Ángela , García‐Hernández Adrián , Madera Jorge , Delgado‐Alvarado Manuel , Infante Jon
Published: August 2021

Background

Carriers of the G2019S mutation of LRRK2 provide a great opportunity to investigate the premotor stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We have studied by serial clinical and dopamine transporter single photon emission computed tomography (DaT‐SPECT) evaluations a cohort of asymptomatic carriers of the LRRK2‐G2019S mutation in order to evaluate the usefulness of these tools as biomarkers. Here we report the results of the extended follow‐up of this cohort at 8 years.

Methods

Seventeen participants, of the 25 available from the 4‐year evaluation, completed the 8‐year assessment. UPDRS‐III, UPSIT test and DaT‐SPECT imaging (123I‐ioflupane) were performed. We used repeated‐measures linear mixed effects models to examine the changes in DaT binding over time.

Results

Three carriers had converted to PD at 4 years. One additional carrier converted at 8 years. PD‐converters had lower striatal DaT binding at baseline than non‐converters. There was a significant decline of DaT binding over time, with a mean annual rate of 3.5%, with somewhat inter‐individual and intra‐individual variability and comparable between PD‐converters and non‐converters. No carrier with DAT binding ratio above an undefined threshold between 0.5 and 0.8 developed PD symptoms. The age‐adjusted UPSIT score did not change significantly over time.

Conclusions

The rate of conversion to PD at 8 years in this cohort aged ~58 years at baseline was 16%. The observed decline of DaT binding over time and its association with the phenotype render DaT‐SPECT a potentially useful tool for monitoring the premotor stage of the disease, although at the individual level its ability to predict phenoconversion is limited.
Add‐on cannabidiol in patients with Dravet syndrome: Results of a long‐term open‐label extension trial
Authors: Scheffer Ingrid E. , Halford Jonathan J. , Miller Ian , Nabbout Rima , Sanchez‐Carpintero Rocio , Shiloh‐Malawsky Yael , Wong Matthew , Zolnowska Marta , Checketts Daniel , Dunayevich Eduardo , Devinsky Orrin
Published: August 2021

Objective

Add‐on cannabidiol (CBD) reduced seizures associated with Dravet syndrome (DS) in two randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials: GWPCARE1 Part B (NCT02091375) and GWPCARE2 (NCT02224703). Patients who completed GWPCARE1 Part A (NCT02091206) or Part B, or GWPCARE2, were enrolled in a long‐term open‐label extension trial, GWPCARE5 (NCT02224573). We present an interim analysis of the safety, efficacy, and patient‐reported outcomes from GWPCARE5.

Methods

Patients received a pharmaceutical formulation of highly purified CBD in oral solution (100 mg/ml), titrated from 2.5 to 20 mg/kg/day over a 2‐week period, added to their existing medications. Based on response and tolerance, CBD could be reduced or increased to 30 mg/kg/day.

Results

Of the 330 patients who completed the original randomized trials, 315 (95%) enrolled in this open‐label extension. Median treatment duration was 444 days (range = 18–1535), with a mean modal dose of 22 mg/kg/day; patients received a median of three concomitant antiseizure medications. Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 97% patients (mild, 23%; moderate, 50%; severe, 25%). Commonly reported AEs were diarrhea (43%), pyrexia (39%), decreased appetite (31%), and somnolence (28%). Twenty‐eight (9%) patients discontinued due to AEs. Sixty‐nine (22%) patients had liver transaminase elevations >3 × upper limit of normal; 84% were on concomitant valproic acid. In patients from GWPCARE1 Part B and GWPCARE2, the median reduction from baseline in monthly seizure frequency assessed in 12‐week periods up to Week 156 was 45%–74% for convulsive seizures and 49%–84% for total seizures. Across all visit windows, ≥83% patients/caregivers completing a Subject/Caregiver Global Impression of Change scale reported improvement in overall condition.

Significance

We show that long‐term CBD treatment had an acceptable safety profile and led to sustained, clinically meaningful reductions in seizure frequency in patients with treatment‐resistant DS.
Current status and future directions of clinical applications using iPS cells—focus on Japan
Authors: Tsujimoto Hiraku , Osafune Kenji
Published: August 2021

Regenerative medicine using iPS cell technologies has progressed remarkably in recent years. In this review, we summarize these technologies and their clinical application. First, we discuss progress in the establishment of iPS cells, including the HLA‐homo iPS cell stock project in Japan and the advancement of low antigenic iPS cells using genome‐editing technology. Then, we describe iPS cell‐based therapies in or approaching clinical application, including those for ophthalmological, neurological, cardiac, hematological, cartilage, and metabolic diseases. Next, we introduce disease models generated from patient iPS cells and successfully used to identify therapeutic agents for intractable diseases. Clinical medicine using iPS cells has advanced safely and effectively by making full use of current scientific standards, but tests on cell safety need to be further developed and validated. The next decades will see the further spread of iPS cell technology‐based regenerative medicine.
Wealth and urbanization shape medium and large terrestrial mammal communities
Authors: Magle Seth B. , Fidino Mason , Sander Heather A. , Rohnke Adam T. , Larson Kelli L. , Gallo Travis , Kay Cria A. M. , Lehrer Elizabeth W. , Murray Maureen H. , Adalsteinsson Solny A. , Ahlers Adam A. , Anthonysamy Whitney J. B. , Gramza Ashley R. , Green Austin M. , Jordan Mark J. , Lewis Jesse S. , Long Robert A. , MacDougall Brandon , Pendergast Mary E. , Remine Katie , Simon Kelly Conrad , St. Clair Colleen C. , Shier Catherine J. , Stankowich Theodore , Stevenson Cassondra J. , Zellmer Amanda J. , Schell Christopher J.
Published: August 2021

Urban biodiversity provides critical ecosystem services and is a key component to environmentally and socially sustainable cities. However, biodiversity varies greatly within and among cities, leading to human communities with changing and unequal experiences with nature. The “luxury effect,” a hypothesis that predicts a positive correlation between wealth, typically measured by per capita income, and species richness may be one indication of these inequities. While the luxury effect is well studied for some taxa, it has rarely been investigated for mammals, which provide unique ecosystem services (e.g., biological pest control) and exhibit significant potential for negative human–wildlife interactions (e.g., nuisances or conflicts). We analyzed a large dataset of mammal detections across 20 North American cities to test whether the luxury effect is consistent for medium‐ to large‐sized terrestrial mammals across diverse urban contexts. Overall, support for the luxury effect, as indicated by per capita income, was inconsistent; we found evidence of a luxury effect in approximately half of our study cities. Species richness was, however, highly and negatively correlated with urban intensity in most cities. We thus suggest that economic factors play an important role in shaping urban mammal communities for some cities and species, but that the strongest driver of urban mammal diversity is urban intensity. To better understand the complexity of urban ecosystems, ecologists and social scientists must consider the social and political factors that drive inequitable human experiences with nature in cities.
Shape control and stability of multicore millimetre‐sized capsules using a combined monoaxial dispersion electrospraying–ionotropic gelation technique
Authors: Tao Lina , Zhang Ting , Wang Panpan , Ding Mengzhen , Liu Lijie , Tao Ningping , Wang Xichang , Zhong Jian
Published: August 2021

Multicore millimetre‐sized fish oil‐loaded alginate capsules were developed using a combined monoaxial dispersion electrospraying–ionotropic gelation technique and their stability was explored. By adjusting the preparation parameters, the capsule shapes could be irregular, spherical with a short‐tail, spherical, fusiform, and fusiform with a long‐tail. The continuous phase of the millimetre‐sized capsules consisted of hydrophilic alginate calcium and water. Moreover, the water content increased from 17% to 69% with increased alginate concentration (2.5–30 mg mL−1). The capsules prepared with alginate concentration of 10 mg mL−1 or 20 mg mL−1 show a similar loading ratio (about 5–8%) of fish oil during storage. Headspace solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) results confirmed the capsules masked the fishy odour of fish oil. Moreover, fish oil slowly migrated from the inside to the outside of the capsules. This work presented a simple method to prepare multicore millimetre‐sized capsules with controlled shapes and a basic understanding of the effect of encapsulation using alginate to mask the fish oil odour.
Can a structured emulsion (fat in water‐fibre system) substitute saturated fat in cookies without hampering their quality?
Authors: Boukid Fatma , Carini Eleonora , Curti Elena , Diantom Agoura , Corte Roberto , Vittadini Elena
Published: August 2021

Replacing fat and saturated fat in baked goods without affecting their quality characteristics is a challenging task. This study evaluated complete and partial substitution of saturated fats (butter and palm oil) by structured emulsions [SE, oil (sunflower) – in – water (fibre‐water) emulsion] in cookies by investigating its impact on product quality. Nutritional labelling underlined a drastic reduction in saturated fatty acids [−35% (50% substitution) and −73% (100% substitution)] compared to their conventional counterparts (butter and palm oil). Partial substitution did not markedly affect physicochemical properties, while complete substitution resulted in thinner, harder and darker cookies compared to the controls. Particularly, cookies made with (50:50) structured emulsion – palm oil had the highest sensory scores, and they were perceived as soft, buttery and crunchy. Thus, the use of structured emulsion might be a valuable alternative to develop a potentially healthier product with acceptable sensory properties.
Characterisation of taste‐active compositions, umami attributes and aroma compounds in Chinese shrimp
Authors: Chen Lihua , Zeng Wenhua , Rong Yuzhi , Lou Bao
Published: August 2021

Chinese shrimp is one of the most important aquatic resource in China due to its unique flavour and high nutritional value. In this study, the taste‐active components including free amino acids (FAAs), 5'‐nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic ions, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and betaine were analysed. The synergistic effect between amino acids and 5'‐nucleotides was determined by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The taste activity value (TAV) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) were calculated to analyse the major taste‐active components and umami attributes. Then, the aroma compounds were extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), head‐space solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods, respectively, and identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Arginine (Arg), glycine (Gly), guanosine 5'‐monophosphate (5'‐GMP), inosine‐5´‐monophosphate (5'‐IMP), de‐nosine‐5´‐monophosphate (5'‐AMP), succinic acid, lactic acid and inorganic ions with TAV higher than 1 contributed greatly to the taste. The umami intensity for 100 g of Chinese shrimp was equivalent to 4.58 g monosodium glutamate (MSG), indicating that Chinese shrimp had relatively high umami taste value. Ninety‐seven volatile compounds including esters, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones, heterocycles, aromatics and alkanes were identified. This research might help consumers to understand the flavour compositions and promote the development of flavour products of Chinese shrimp.
Addition of different rosemary preparations (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) to chicken meatballs improves their quality profile
Authors: Hać‐Szymańczuk Elżbieta , Cegiełka Aneta , Chmiel Marta , Piwowarek Kamil , Tarnowska Katarzyna
Published: August 2021

Effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) preparations in baked, vacuum‐packed meatballs from chicken meat during 14 days of storage at +4 °C was assessed. The meatballs were divided into the following groups: RD−with 1.0% of dried spice, REE40 and REE70−with 2.0% of ethanol extracts: 40% (v/v) and 70% (v/v), respectively, and REO−with 0.1% of essential oil. The CONTROL product did not contain added rosemary. In chicken meatballs, the antioxidant stability was determined, microbiological analyses as well as sensory evaluation were performed. After 14 days of storage, the strongest antioxidant activity in the chicken meatballs exhibited rosemary ethanol extracts. Compared with the CONTROL, the REE70 and REO had the best microbiological quality at the end of the storage period. All products with rosemary were sensory acceptable; however, the highest scores in the evaluation of all sensory attributes were obtained by the RD treatment.
Enzymatic interesterification of beef tallow/coconut oil blends to produce a superior margarine base stock
Authors: Cui Huaitian , Li Jun , Xu Xinyue , Li Jiayi , Lu Miaomiao , Song Hong , Wang Shengnan , Yang Lina , Zhu Danshi , Liu He
Published: August 2021

The effect enzymatic interesterification (EIE) on the functional performances of beef tallow (BT) blended with coconut oil (CO) in varying proportions was investigated. BT and three different proportions of CO, containing 20%, 30% or 40% CO were interesterified in a solvent‐free system with a commercial immobilised lipase, Lipozyme TL IM. The interesterified oils (IOs) were also processed into margarines, and their textural properties, microstructure as well as their sensory properties, were determined. The IO with 40% CO has the best properties for margarine production, with a low content of high melting‐point triacylglycerols, which should minimise the ‘waxy’ mouth‐feel of BT‐based margarines. The fat in IO‐based margarine (M‐IO) was mainly in the β′ crystal form and the crystals were more evenly distributed than in BT‐based margarine (M‐BT). A sensory and textural evaluation determined that the texture of M‐IO was more compact, and that its colour and flavour were better than M‐BT. The IO obtained may be used as a base oil to replace BT in margarine and has potential application in the margarine industry.
RNA regulatory mechanisms that control antiviral innate immunity
Authors: Gokhale Nandan S. , Smith Julian R. , Van Gelder Rachel D. , Savan Ram
Published: August 2021

From the initial sensing of viral nucleotides by pattern recognition receptors, through the induction of type I and III interferons (IFN), upregulation of antiviral effector proteins, and resolution of the inflammatory response, each step of innate immune signaling is under tight control. Though innate immunity is often associated with broad regulation at the level of gene transcription, RNA‐centric post‐transcriptional processes have emerged as critical mechanisms for ensuring a proper antiviral response. Here, we explore the diverse RNA regulatory mechanisms that modulate the innate antiviral immune response, with a focus on RNA sensing by RIG‐I‐like receptors (RLR), interferon (IFN) and IFN signaling pathways, viral pathogenesis, and host genetic variation that contributes to these processes. We address the post‐transcriptional interactions with RNA‐binding proteins, non‐coding RNAs, transcript elements, and modifications that control mRNA stability, as well as alternative splicing events that modulate the innate immune antiviral response.
CT‐guided percutaneous epicardial access for ventricular tachycardia ablation: A proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Subramanian Muthiah , Ravilla Vishnu V. , Yalagudri Sachin , Saggu Daljeet K. , Rangaswamy Vickram Vignesh , d'Avila Andre , Narasimhan Calambur
Published: August 2021

Introduction

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of preprocedural computed tomography (CT) to guide percutaneous epicardial puncture for catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia.

Methods and Results

A preprocedural CT was used to plan the site, angle, and depth of needle insertion during epicardial access in 10 consecutive patients undergoing ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. Adjacent structures (right ventricle, diaphragm, liver, colon, internal mammary artery) were visualized and the course of the needle was planned avoiding these structures. During epicardial access, a protractor was used to guide the angle of needle entry into the subxiphoid space. Postprocedural CT was performed to calculate the deviation between the planned and executed access and to assess for any collateral damage. Percutaneous epicardial access was obtained successfully in all the patients using anterior (n = 4) and inferior (n = 6) approaches. The planned site and angle of puncture was more caudal (2.9 ± 0.9 vs. 3.7 ± 0.7 cm, p = .021) and acute (61.7 ± 5.8 vs. 49.0 ± 5.4°, p = .011) for an anterior approach compared to an inferior approach, respectively. Postprocedure CT revealed minimal deviation of the puncture site (5.4 ± 1.0 mm), angle (5.4 ± 1.2°), and length of needle insertion (0.5 ± 0.2 cm). With regard to the site of entry in the pericardial space, there was a deviation of 5.9 ± 1.1, 6.1 ± 1.1, and 5.8 ± 1.4 mm in the x, y, and z dimensions, respectively. In eight patients with minimal deviation between planned and executed access, there was no collateral injury to adjacent viscera or vessels. In two patients with increased deviation of angle and length of needle insertion, there was entry through the diaphragm during inferior access.

Conclusions

Utilizing pre‐procedural CT planning may aid in the success and safety of percutaneous epicardial access during VT ablation.
Prenatal diagnosis of Pallister‐Killian syndrome and literature review
Authors: Wu Xiaoqing , Xie Xiaorui , Su Linjuan , Lin Na , Liang Bin , Guo Nan , Chen Qingquan , Xu Liangpu , Huang Hailong
Published: August 2021

Pallister‐Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare sporadic genetic disorder usually caused by mosaicism of an extra isochromosome of 12p (i(12p)). This retrospective study analysed the prenatal ultrasound manifestations and molecular and cytogenetic results of five PKS foetuses. Samples of amniotic fluid and/or cord blood, skin biopsy and placenta were collected. Conventional karyotyping and single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP array) were performed on all the amniotic fluid or cord blood samples. Copy number variants sequencing (CNV‐seq) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were also used for the validation for one foetus. All the five foetuses were from pregnancies with advanced parental age. Two foetuses involved structural abnormalities and one foetus had only soft markers, all of which included increased nuchal translucency. The rest two foetuses had normal ultrasounds in the second trimester, which has rarely been reported before. The karyotype revealed typical i(12p) in four cases and a small supernumerary marker chromosome consisting of 12p and 20p in the remaining one case. The proportion of cells with i(12p) ranged from 0 to 100% in cultural cells, while SNP array results suggested 2−4 copies of 12p. For one foetus, metaphase FISH showed normal results, but the interphase FISH suggested cell lines with two, three and four copies of 12p in the amniotic fluid. Advanced parental age may be an important risk factor for PKS, and there were no typical ultrasound manifestations related to PKS. A combination of karyotype analysis and molecular diagnosis is an effective method for the diagnosis of PKS.
Magic and mystery of microRNA‐32
Authors: Zeng ZL , Zhu Qingyun , Zhao Zhibo , Zu Xuyu , Liu Jianghua
Published: August 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of endogenous, small (∼22 nts in length) noncoding RNA molecules that function specifically by base pairing with the mRNA of genes and regulate gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level. Alterations in miR‐32 expression have been found in numerous diseases and shown to play a vital role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance. MiR‐32 has been documented as an oncomiR in the majority of related studies but has been also verified as a tumour suppressor miRNA in conflicting reports. Moreover, it has a crucial role in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. This review provides an in‐depth look into the most recent finding regarding miR‐32, which is involved in the expression, regulation and functions in different diseases, especially tumours. Additionally, this review outlines novel findings suggesting that miR‐32 may be useful as a noninvasive biomarker and as a targeted therapeutic in several diseases.
Identification of compound heterozygous DNAH11 variants in a Han‐Chinese family with primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Xiong Ying , Xia Hong , Yuan Lamei , Deng Sheng , Ding Zerui , Deng Hao
Published: August 2021

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorders with motile cilia dysfunction. It is clinically characterized by oto‐sino‐pulmonary diseases and subfertility, and half of the patients have situs inversus (Kartagener syndrome). To identify the genetic cause in a Han‐Chinese pedigree, whole‐exome sequencing was conducted in the 37‐year‐old proband, and then, Sanger sequencing was performed on available family members. Minigene splicing assay was applied to verify the impact of the splice‐site variant. Compound heterozygous variants including a splice‐site variant (c.1974‐1G>C, rs1359107415) and a missense variant (c.7787G>A, p.(Arg2596Gln), rs780492669), in the dynein axonemal heavy chain 11 gene (DNAH11) were identified and confirmed as the disease‐associated variants of this lineage. The minigene expression in vitro revealed that the c.1974‐1G>C variant could cause skipping over exon 12, predicted to result in a truncated protein. This discovery may enlarge the DNAH11 variant spectrum of PCD, promote accurate genetic counselling and contribute to PCD diagnosis.
Design and an instantaneous experimental analysis of photovoltaic‐assisted heat pump dryer for agricultural applications using banana chips
Authors: Candan Demet , Oktay Zuhal , Coskun Can
Published: August 2021

In this study, a prototype small‐scale photovoltaic‐assisted heat pump dryer (SSPVAHPD) has been designed for sustainable agricultural applications and tested by drying banana chips. The measurements were performed in real‐time, with a data acquisition step of 1 s. This is the first study in the published literature to experimentally determine different drying performance parameters with a data acquisition step of 1 s. The same drying process was performed six times in a row under real ambient conditions to determine the actual system performance. Instantaneous energy performance of both the SSPVAHPD and the heat pump system (HPS) was investigated during the drying period. For the developed drying regime, the average coefficient of performance (COP) was calculated to be 5.338 for the HPS. The instantaneous energy efficiency of the PV system achieved an average of 9.11% and a maximum of 17% depending on solar radiation, ambient temperature, and wind speed. As a result of the experiments, the instantaneous energy efficiency of the SSPVAHPD varied between 11.82 and 95.47%, with an average of 48.46%. The instantaneous specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) under test conditions started at 16.393 kg/kWh and dropped down to 0.041 kg/kWh—an average of 0.45 kg/kWh.

Practical Applications

This is the first study in the literature to examine the PV‐assisted drying process using instant data. In the context of renewable energy use, it has revealed important results for sustainable agricultural practices. It has been demonstrated by the tests that the system can dry with the energy obtained from the sun with high efficiency independent of the grid. In the study, it is possible to use the drying system examined for many different food products, apart from the banana product examined. Drying of perishable products in the field away from the mains may be possible with the system examined. The system can be easily used in the field by positioning it on a mobile vehicle.
e‐Health as a tool to improve the quality of life of informal caregivers dealing with stroke patients: Systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Andrades‐González Ismael , Romero‐Franco Natalia , Molina‐Mula Jesús
Published: August 2021

Objective

The objective of this review was to elucidate the evidence related to utilizing e‐Health as a tool in improving the quality of life of informal caregivers of dependent patients due to cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

Methods

This systematic review with meta‐analysis includes 13 studies. For these studies, seven databases were searched between 2009 and 2019. A random‐effects model was adopted for overall estimation and to explain the heterogeneity.

Results

A random‐effects model was adopted for overall estimation and to explain heterogeneity. The results did not demonstrate statistical significance (p<0.05) and low heterogeneity (I2 = 0).

Conclusions

There is a tendency toward improvement in psychological health, solving care‐related problems, as well as better prevention of problems arising from the burden. Therefore, new studies with larger sample size and primarily to conduct them for more than 6 months for the accuracy.

Clinical relevance

This study reflects a trend toward improving psychological health, solving care‐related problems, as well as improved the prevention of problems arising from the burden.
Morphology of the nutrient artery and its foramen in relation to femoral bone perfusion rates of laying and non‐laying hens
Authors: Hu Qiaohui , Nelson Thomas J. , Seymour Roger S.
Published: August 2021

If arteries penetrate bones through foramina, regional artery blood flow rates can be estimated from the foramen sizes. Femoral bone blood flow rates estimated from nutrient foramen sizes were previously not absolute, but only a relative blood flow index (Qi), because the size relationship between the foramen and the occupying artery was unknown. The current study used vascular contrast and micro‐computerized tomographic scanning to investigate femoral nutrient foramen and nutrient artery sizes in three groups of sub‐adult chickens (non‐laying hens, laying hens, and roosters) of similar ages. The results indicate that the cross‐sectional area of the nutrient artery lumen occupies approximately 20.2 ± 4.1% of the foramen for femora with only one foramen. Artery lumen size is significantly correlated with foramen size. Vascular contrast imaging is capable of estimating blood flow rates through nutrient arteries, as blood flow rates estimated from artery lumen casts are similar to blood flow rates measured by infusion of fluorescent‐labeled microspheres. Laying hens tend to have higher nutrient artery perfusion rates than non‐laying hens, probably due to extra oxygen and calcium requirements for eggshell production, although the calculated blood flow difference was not statistically significant. Histological embedding and sectioning along with vascular contrast imaging reveal variable nutrient foramen morphology and nutrient artery location among femora with more than one nutrient foramen.
AUTHORITY AND EPISTEMOLOGY IN ISLAMIC MEDICAL ETHICS OF WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Authors: Ayubi Zahra
Published: August 2021

There is a serious lacuna in Islamic medical ethics in considering the category of gender, especially in the consciousness that gender, maleness, femaleness, or non‐binary status, affects how patients receive medical counsel and medical care, and interact with religious authorities and care providers. This lack of attention to gender is also true for specifically so‐called “women’s health” topics such as assisted reproductive technologies or abortion. This essay argues that in order to be a more ethical discourse, Islamic medical ethics of reproductive health needs to break free from the gendered limitations of male‐only authority of jurists and the limited legal frameworks offered by the fiqh genre. Instead it ought to incorporate multiple epistemologies of Islamic ethics.
JOY AS PRESENCE
Authors: Rudd Anthony
Published: August 2021

Kierkegaard’s 1849 Discourses on The Lily of the Field and the Bird of the Air, place great emphasis on joy as a state in which one is present to oneself through living in the present moment. But this seems to conflict with the emphasis in Kierkegaard’s nearly contemporary The Sickness Unto Death on temporality as an essential aspect of human existence, and on the need to synthesize temporality and eternity in order to avoid despair. The two works might then seem to support different answers to the recently much‐debated question of whether Kierkegaard had a narrative account of personal identity. I argue that this is not in fact the case, and that Kierkegaard’s account of living in the present is compatible with a narrative self‐understanding. In arguing for this conclusion, I compare and contrast Kierkegaard with St. Augustine and T. S. Eliot.
How do Fathers With ID Experience Their Children Being Removed from Their Care Through the English Court System?
Authors: Pytlowana Agnieszka , Kroese Biza Stenfert
Published: August 2021

Background

Fathers with ID are likely to face many disadvantages when compared with non‐ID parents, such as social and financial challenges and emotional trauma, including trauma due to having their children removed from their care. Services are required to support fathers with ID and tailor their practices to be accessible to this group of parents. Despite recommendations, many services continue to struggle to provide this.

Aims

There are very few studies exploring the experiences of fathers with ID whose children have been removed by English courts. The aim of this study was to provide insights into the experiences of these fathers in order to inform practice guidelines on how fathers with ID can be best supported.

Methods

Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to analyze interviews with five fathers.

Results

IPA produced the following themes: The Court as Lion's Den, Fighting for my Role as a Father, and The Personal Cost of it All.

Conclusions

The findings highlight that fathers with ID find the experience of their children being taken into care overwhelmingly painful. The processes by which these decisions are made are seen as unfair. Recommendations for practice improvement are offered.
Paradoxical intention for insomnia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jansson‐Fröjmark Markus , Alfonsson Sven , Bohman Benjamin , Rozental Alexander , Norell‐Clarke Annika
Published: August 2021

Paradoxical intention (PI) has been considered an evidence‐based treatment for insomnia since the 1990s, but it has not been evaluated with modern review techniques such as meta‐analysis. The present study aimed to conduct the first systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies that explore the effectiveness of PI for insomnia on insomnia symptomatology and theory‐derived processes. A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted by searching for eligible articles or dissertations in six online bibliographic databases. Randomised controlled trials and experimental studies comparing PI for insomnia to active and passive comparators and assessing insomnia symptoms as outcomes were included. A random effects model was estimated to determine the standardised mean difference Hedge’s g at post‐treatment. Test for heterogeneity was performed, fail‐safe N was calculated, and study quality was assessed. The study was pre‐registered at International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42019137357). A total of 10 trials were identified. Compared to passive comparators, PI led to large improvements in key insomnia symptoms. Relative to active comparators, the improvements were smaller, but still moderate for several central outcomes. Compared to passive comparators, PI resulted in great reductions in sleep‐related performance anxiety, one of several proposed mechanisms of change for PI. PI for insomnia resulted in marked clinical improvements, large relative to passive comparators and moderate compared to active comparators. However, methodologically stronger studies are needed before more firm conclusions can be drawn.
Pharmacokinetics of thiamine (vitamin B1) in adult horses after administration of three single intravenous doses
Authors: Hess Emily K. , Reinhart Jennifer M. , Anderson Melinda J. , Jannasch Amber S. , Taylor Sandra D.
Published: August 2021

Thiamine is a vital co‐factor for several anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant processes that are critical for mitigation of sepsis‐associated inflammation, but pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis has not been reported in horses. We hypothesized that IV thiamine hydrochloride (TH) at increasing dosages would result in corresponding increases in plasma thiamine concentrations without causing adverse effects. A randomized cross‐over study was performed in 9 healthy horses that each received TH at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg IV. Blood was collected immediately prior to drug administration and at several time points thereafter. High‐performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to quantify thiamine concentrations at each time point. Non‐compartmental PK methods showed that IV TH resulted in supraphysiologic plasma concentrations with a short half‐life (0.77–1.12 h) and no adverse clinical signs were observed. The terminal rate constant decreased as the dosage increased (p < .0001) and clearance significantly decreased at the 20 mg/kg dosage (p = .0011). The area under the curve (AUC) increased in a non‐linear fashion. These findings suggest that thiamine follows non‐linear elimination kinetics in horses, which is likely due to saturation of renal elimination. Future studies are needed to identify therapeutic plasma concentrations and develop thiamine dosing recommendations for horses.