bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helminths of the Eastern Tree Frog, Hyla orientalis, Bedriaga, 1890 (Anura: Hylidae), collected from Denizli Province, Inner-West Anatolia Region, Turkey
Authors: Düşen S. , Yaka H.
Published: April 2014

In this investigation, Hyla orientalis (eastern tree frog) was collected in different localities from Denizli province (Inner-west Anatolia Region — the eastern part of Aegean Region) Turkey, between 2008 and 2011 and examined for the first time for helminths. Also, this study contains first detailed SEM imaging attempt of the some amphibian helminths from Turkey. Of 17 Hyla orientalis 8 (47.05 %) were infected with one or more helminths. Hyla orientalis harbored one species of Monogenea 1 (Polystoma skrjabini), one species of Digenea (Pleurogenoides medians), three species of nematoda (Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Cosmocerca ornata and Abbreviata sp.), and one species of Acanthocephala (Acanthocephalus ranae). All helminths recorded first time for Hyla orientalis.
Synthesis of New Fluorescent Pyrazolo[4,3-a]Acridine Derivatives Having Strong Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Daghigh Leila Rezaei , Pordel Mehdi , Davoodnia Abolghasem
Published: April 2014

New 3 H-pyrazolo[4,3- a]acridine derivatives have been prepared by the reaction of 1-alkyl-5-nitro-1 H-indazole with phenylacetonitrile and 2-(4-bromophenyl)acetonitrile in basic conditions via the nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen and concomitant cyclisation. The new compounds exhibited potent antibacterial activities and their antibacterial activities against Gram positive ( Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative bacterial ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) species were determined. The fluorescence properties of these derivatives were also studied.
One-Pot Synthesis of 2-Alkyl-4(5)-Aryl-1H-Imidazoles from 1-Aryl-2-Bromoethanones, Ammonium Carbonate and Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Liu Cong , Nie Yijiao , Yao Guowei , Dai Rongji , Deng Yulin
Published: April 2014

A simple and efficient protocol for the preparation of 2-alkyl-4(5)-aryl-1 H-imidazoles starting from α-bromo aryl methyl ketones and aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of ammonium carbonate has been developed.
Preparation and Odour of Cis- and Trans-2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-Thiol Acetates
Authors: Dai Yifeng , Sun Baoguo , Yang Shaoxiang , Liu Yongguo , Tian Hongyu , Shao Junqiang
Published: April 2014

The preparation of cis- and trans-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-thiol acetates from ( E)-3-penten-1-ol is reported. The mesylate of ( E)-3-penten-1-ol was converted into trans- or cis-2-methyl-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran by oxidation with H2O2 and HCOOH or with KMnO4. cis- or trans-2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-thiol acetate was prepared by mesylation and an SN2 nucleophilic substitution with AcSH from trans- or cis-2-methyl-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran respectively. The configuration of the products was confirmed by their synthesis. Olfactory evaluation of cis- and trans-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-thiol acetates indicated some differences both in odour feature and intensity.
A new Alkaloid from the Mycelium of Inonotus Obliquus
Authors: Zhang Lin-Yan , Bai Ha-Bo , Shan Wei-Guang , Zhan Zha-Jun
Published: April 2014

A new alkaloid, inotopyrrole (N-phenethyl-2-formyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrrole), was isolated from the mycelium of Inonotus obliquus, together with three known compounds. The structure of inotopyrrole was established by detailed analysis of its spectroscopic data, especially the one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra and HR-ESI-MS data.
Three-Component One-Pot Reactions of N-Methylimidazole with Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates in the Presence of Aroyl Cyanides
Authors: Hassanabadi Alireza , Zhiani Rahele
Published: April 2014

The 1: 1 zwitterionic intermediates obtained from the reaction between N-methylimidazole with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates have been trapped by aroyl cyanides to produce highly functionalised 7-aryl-7-cyano-1-methyl-1,8 a-dihydro-7 H-imidazo[2,1- b] [1,3]oxazines in good yield.
Synthesis of Water-Soluble Cyclen-Functionalised Fullerene C60 Derivatives
Authors: He Jiaheng , Yan Lipeng , Liu Guoping , Ma Zongping , Luo Shunzhong , He Songhua , Guo Qiang , Lan Jingbo , Wu Di
Published: April 2014

The fullerene family has interesting photophysical, electrochemical and mechanical properties with applications in organic solar cells, nanotechnology, superconductivity, chemosensors and biomedicine. Water-soluble cyclen-functionalised fullerene derivatives cyclen-C60-1 and bis(cyclen)-C60-2 have been synthesised. The whole synthetic routes are simple and the total yields are relatively high.
2,4-Diarylquinolines: Synthesis, Absorption and Emission Properties
Authors: Adeloye Adewale O. , Mphahlele Malose J.
Published: April 2014

The absorption and emission spectra of series of 2,4-diarylquinolines prepared via palladium catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 2-aryl-4-chloroquinolines with arylboronic acids were measured in solution to understand the influence of substituents on intramolecular charge transfer.
Platelet ice attachment to instrument strings beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica
Authors: Craven M. , Warner R.C. , Galton-Fenzi B.K. , Herraiz-Borreguero L. , Vogel S.W. , Allison I.
Published: April 2014

Oceanographic instruments suspended beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, have recorded sporadic pressure decreases of 10–20 dbar over a few days at three sites where basal marine ice growth is expected. We attribute these events to flotation due to platelet ice accretion on the instrument moorings. Some events were transient, rapidly returning to pre-event pressures, probably through dislodgement of loosely attached crystals. Driven by these pressure changes, temperatures recorded by the shallowest instruments (within 20 m of the shelf base) tracked in situ freezing temperatures during the events. These observations provide indirect evidence for the presence of frazil ice in the sub-ice-shelf mixed layer and for active marine ice accretion. At one site we infer that a dense layer of platelet ice ˜1.5 m thick was accreted to the ice shelf over a 50 day period. Following some permanent abrupt pressure decreases (which we interpret as due to the lodgement of the uppermost instrument at the ice-shelf base), altered background trends in pressure suggest compaction rates of 3–4 m a–1 for the accreted basal platelet layer. Attachment of platelet ice and resulting displacement of moorings has ramifications for project design and instrument deployment, and implications for interpretation of oceanographic data from sub-ice-shelf environments.
A Low-Cost Fluorescent Sensor for pCO2 Measurements
Authors: Ge Xudong , Kostov Yordan , Henderson Robert , Selock Nicholas , Rao Govind
Published: April 2014

Global warming is believed to be caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases (mostly CO2) discharged into the environment by human activity. In addition to an increase in environmental temperature, an increased CO2 level has also led to ocean acidification. Ocean acidification and rising temperatures have disrupted the water’s ecological balance, killing off some plant and animal species, while encouraging the overgrowth of others. To minimize the effect of global warming on local ecosystem, there is a strong need to implement ocean observing systems to monitor the effects of anthropogenic CO2 and the impacts thereof on ocean biological productivity. Here, we describe the development of a low-cost fluorescent sensor for pCO2 measurements. The detector was exclusively assembled with low-cost optics and electronics, so that it would be affordable enough to be deployed in great numbers. The system has several novel features, such as an ideal 90° separation between excitation and emission, a beam combiner, a reference photodetector, etc. Initial tests showed that the system was stable and could achieve a high resolution despite the low cost.
Local Participation in REDD+: Lessons from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Cromberg Marina , Duchelle Amy , Rocha Isa
Published: April 2014

There are concerns that local people will not be genuinely involved in initiatives to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). We analyzed local participation in the design of one REDD+ project in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, and assessed local hopes, worries and recommendations for the project through four community focus groups and interviews with 137 households at the site. Our results showed that only one-third of households interviewed (31%) had enough information about the project to describe it accurately. Of those, the majority (60%) hoped that the project would improve their incomes, followed by improving their agricultural production (33%) and helping protect forests (26%). While increasing household incomes was the dominant hope, people’s recommendations revealed that they favored non-monetary forms of compensation over the direct cash payments included in the proponents’ package of incentives. Their main recommendation was that the project should help improve their production systems through access to technical assistance, machinery and training, while valuing local production systems (46%). Our study highlights the need for participation that goes beyond passive consultation with local people to develop REDD+ interventions that best reflect local knowledge, land use practices and aspirations.
Spatial Relationship Quantification between Environmental, Socioeconomic and Health Data at Different Geographic Levels
Authors: Saib Mahdi-Salim , Caudeville Julien , Carre Florence , Ganry Olivier , Trugeon Alain , Cicolella Andre
Published: April 2014

Spatial health inequalities have often been analyzed in terms of socioeconomic and environmental factors. The present study aimed to evaluate spatial relationships between spatial data collected at different spatial scales. The approach was illustrated using health outcomes (mortality attributable to cancer) initially aggregated to the county level, district socioeconomic covariates, and exposure data modeled on a regular grid. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was used to quantify spatial relationships. The strongest associations were found when low deprivation was associated with lower lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer mortality and when low environmental pollution was associated with low pleural cancer mortality. However, applying this approach to other areas or to other causes of death or with other indicators requires continuous exploratory analysis to assess the role of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) and downscaling the health data on the study of the relationship, which will allow decision-makers to develop interventions where they are most needed.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of New Quaternary N,N-Dimethyl-3-phthalimidopropylammonium Conjugates of Sterols and Bile Acids
Authors: Brycki Bogumil , Koenig Hanna , Kowalczyk Iwona , Pospieszny Tomasz
Published: April 2014

New quaternary 3-phthalimidopropylammonium conjugates of steroids were obtained by reaction of sterols (ergosterol, cholesterol, cholestanol) and bile acids (lithocholic, deoxycholic, cholic) with bromoacetic acid bromide to give sterol 3β-bromoacetates and bile acid 3α-bromoacetates, respectively. These intermediates were subjected to nuclephilic substitution with N,N-dimethyl-3-phthalimidopropylamine to give the final quaternary ammonium salts. The structures of products were confirmed by spectral (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and FT-IR) analysis, mass spectrometry (ESI-MS, MALDI) as well as PM5 semiempirical methods and B3LYP ab initio methods. Estimation of the pharmacotherapeutic potential has been accomplished for synthesized compounds on the basis of Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS).
Analysis of Multi-Scale Changes in Arable Land and Scale Effects of the Driving Factors in the Loess Areas in Northern Shaanxi, China
Authors: Zhong Lina , Zhao Wenwu , Zhang Zhengfeng , Fang Xuening
Published: April 2014

In this study, statistical data on the national economic and social development, including the year-end actual area of arable land, the crop yield per unit area and 10 factors, were obtained for the period between 1980 and 2010 and used to analyze the factors driving changes in the arable land of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, China. The following areas of arable land, which represent different spatial scales, were investigated: the Baota District, the city of Yan’an, and the Northern Shaanxi region. The scale effects of the factors driving the changes to the arable land were analyzed using a canonical correlation analysis and a principal component analysis. Because it was difficult to quantify the impact of the national government policies on the arable land changes, the contributions of the national government policies to the changes in arable land were analyzed qualitatively. The primary conclusions of the study were as follows: between 1980 and 2010, the arable land area decreased. The trends of the year-end actual arable land proportion of the total area in the northern Shaanxi region and Yan’an City were broadly consistent, whereas the proportion in the Baota District had no obvious similarity with the northern Shaanxi region and Yan’an City. Remarkably different factors were shown to influence the changes in the arable land at different scales. Environmental factors exerted a greater effect for smaller scale arable land areas (the Baota District). The effect of socio-economic development was a major driving factor for the changes in the arable land area at the city and regional scales. At smaller scales, population change, urbanization and socio-economic development affected the crop yield per unit area either directly or indirectly. Socio-economic development and the modernization of agricultural technology had a greater effect on the crop yield per unit area at the large-scales. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis indicated that government policies had a more significant impact on the large-scale arable land areas.
Assessment of Health Risk in Human Populations Due to Chlorpyrifos
Authors: Marasinghe Jeevani , Yu Qiming , Connell Des
Published: April 2014

A wide ranging survey was carried out of the available data from ten different countries on human exposure to chlorpyrifos, in many different occupational and nonoccupational settings. Low levels of chlorpyrifos residues were found to be widely distributed in the global human population, but most of these do not constitute a public health risk, as evaluated using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Guidelines. For example, the general populations in USA, Germany and Italy had detectable residue levels well below the guidelines. However, high levels of health risk were apparent in a specific group of pregnant mothers in the USA, at median exposure with a HQ0.50 of 26.6, suggesting that most of this population group was affected. Also the high exposure group (5% most exposed) with occupationally exposed manufacturing workers in the USA had a HQ0.95 of 2.6 to 42.0, and pest control applicators in Australia and the USA both had a HQ0.95 of 5.2. Some farmers in Sri Lanka and Vietnam had a high level of risk after spraying applications, having a HQ0.95 of 2.2 and 19.5 respectively at the high exposure level. These results suggest that there is a possibility of adverse health effects in specific population groups in many different settings throughout the world.
Lire l’art contemporain ? À propos du travail de Joseph Kosuth
Authors: Jacobi Daniel , Clouteau Ivan
Published: April 2014

La lecture peut-elle conditionner l’appréciation de l’art contemporain ? De nombreuses oeuvres d’art contemporain usent du texte comme d’un élément plastique à part entière. Elles peuvent donc littéralement, soit être lues comme n’importe quel texte affiché, soit être lues au sens d’être interprétées par des visiteurs experts de l’art contemporain. À partir de l’analyse formelle d’une oeuvre conceptuelle de Joseph Kosuth, à bien des égards paradoxale et déroutante pour le visiteur, les auteurs comparent deux façons d’aborder la lecture de l’oeuvre : celle de l’amateur d’art contemporain et celle d’un public novice. L’oeuvre choisie se résume au seul agrandissement d’un énoncé tiré d’un dictionnaire. Cette lecture peut-elle offrir les ressources d’une appréciation esthétique ? Par la description détaillée de l’oeuvre et de son fonctionnement, puis l’analyse des situations de lecture pour les visiteurs, nous décrivons les limites qu’affronte l’acte de lire pour la reconnaissance d’une oeuvre d’art contemporain sans le soutien d’aucun dispositif paratextuel, comme cela est le plus souvent le cas dans les centres d’art ou les musées.
Staudinger ligation towards cyclodextrin dimers in aqueous/organic media. Synthesis, conformations and guest-encapsulation ability
Authors: Manouilidou Malamatenia D , Lazarou Yannis G , Mavridis Irene M , Yannakopoulou Konstantina
Published: April 2014

β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) dimers have been prepared using the bioorthogonal Staudinger ligation for the first time. In addition to a known linker, methyl 2-(diphenylphosphanyl)terephthalate, a doubly active linker was specifically developed that enabled connection of two β-CD units in a single step and in aqueous/organic media, under mild conditions and with good yields. A three-carbon spacer between the β-CD torus and the azido group was required for facile dimer formation. The products, as studied by NMR spectroscopy, were found to adopt closed conformations by intramolecular self-inclusion. On the other hand, association via intermolecular binding was also observed in aqueous solution, confirmed by DOSY NMR experiments. Despite self-inclusion, the β-CD cavities were capable of guest encapsulation, as shown by titration experiments: the binding constant with 1-adamantylamine was similar to that of natural β-CD. Theoretical calculations for isolated molecules (PM3 level of theory) and in the presence of solvent [water, PM3(COSMO)] as well as DFT calculations suggested that the compounds prefer to adopt conformations which bring the phenyl groups either inside the β-CD cavity (inclusion) or over its narrow side (vicinal). Thus, Staudinger ligation could be the method of choice for linking CDs exhibiting (i) ease of preparation in aqueous media, in short steps, under mild conditions and in good yields, (ii) satisfactory aqueous solubility and independent binding capacity of the cavities.
ANALYSIS OF CAPABILITY OF AIR POLLUTION MONITORING FROM AN UNMANNED AIRCRAFT
Authors: Chwaleba Augustyn , Olejnik Aleksander , Rapacki Tomasz , Tuśnio Norbert
Published: April 2014

Satellite monitoring systems can be used for remote monitoring of the atmosphere over a given area but they do not provide information on the state of pollution at a given time. Additional information could only be obtained after several days. Measurements from an aircraft may be obtained almost at real-time and in different geometries – vertical and horizontal. The future of this type of monitoring is remote-controlled unmanned aerial vehicles (airplanes, helicopters and balloons tethered), equipped with telemetric monitoring.
ACOUSTIC CONDUCTANCE OF A THICK-WALLED ANISOTROPIC SPHERICAL SHELL SUBMERGED IN LIQUID
Authors: Polyakov Valery , Chatys Rafał
Published: April 2014

In order to provide knowledge on the intensity of sound transmission through the whole thickness of an isotropic spherical shell its vibrations are resolved on the radius. The vibrations are caused by harmonic sources located on the inner surface. The relative vibration speed of the outer surface, which emits radial waves into the environment, was found. The analytical solution considers the contact interaction between the outer surface of the shell and the surrounding liquid. The method, which directs the Laplace transformations, enables to obtain a general solution of the wave problem for vibrations on the surface. The solution of the natural vibration equation and the expression of relative amplitude at non-resonance and resonance vibrations of the sphere have been investigated with regard to radial and circumferential elastic modulus as well as the relative parameters of surface thickness.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL, COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND PROGRAMMING OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL FLYING OBJECT
Authors: Czerwiński Ernest , Szewc Michał , Wojtunik Igor , Awrejcewicz Jan , Olejnik Paweł
Published: April 2014

The quadrocopter, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), is a type of aerodynamic object using thrust generated by the propellers revolving around the rotor mast. The main areas of focus for complete design and engineering research should be on its stabilization and realization of tasks to be performed during flight. To accomplish these tasks, it is necessary to consider the following stages: modeling of motion dynamics, computer-aided design, programming of the control unit, precise implementation, carefully selected motors and sensors, i.e. a gyroscope, accelerometer, camera, communication module, GPS module, and others. The presented results of research and experiments carried out at Lodz University of Technology in the Department of Automation and Biomechanics take into consideration most of these issues.
La documentation technique : un enjeu stratégique pour l'entreprise
Authors: Ihadjadene Madjid , Scopsi Claire
Published: April 2014

Considérée autrefois comme un mal nécessaire, la documentation technique est désormais un enjeu stratégique pour différents acteurs et services de l’entreprise (ingénierie, formation, marketing, etc.) 1 . Ce dossier vient opportunément y souligner son rôle dans la croissance et l’organisation des entreprises. Après une première partie consacrée aux fondamentaux, l’accent est mis sur les normes et standards qui occupent une place essentielle dans le management de la documentation. Un panorama des carrières, des compétences et des formations dans ce domaine d’avenir complète utilement ces deux aspects.
Metodología de diseño, observación y cálculo de redes geodésicas exteriores para túneles de gran longitud
Authors: Velasco J. , Herrero T. , Prieto J.
Published: April 2014

La realización de túneles de gran longitud para ferrocarriles ha adquirido un gran auge en los últimos años. En España se han abordado proyectos de estas características, no existiendo para su ejecución una metodología completa y contrastada de actuación. Las características geométricas, de observación y de trabajo en túneles hace que las metodologías que se aplican en otros proyectos de ingeniería no sean aplicables por las siguientes causas: separación de las redes exteriores e interiores de los túneles debido a la diferente naturaleza de los observables, geometría en el interior siempre desfavorable a los requerimientos de observación clásica, mala visibilidad dentro del túnel, aumento de errores conforme avanza la perforación, y movimientos propios del túnel durante su ejecución por la propia geodinámica activa. Los patrones de observación geodésica usados deben revisarse cuando se ejecutan túneles de gran longitud. Este trabajo establece una metodología para el diseño de redes exteriores.
Resource Integration and Value Co-Creation in Cultural Heritage Management
Authors: Barile Sergio , Saviano Marialuisa
Published: April 2014

Cultural Heritage-Management (CHM) in Italy appears to chronically suffer from resources fragmentation. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the need for a value co-creation logic based on resource integration in CHM to improve awareness and involve citizens, organizations and other stakeholders in the cultural heritage preservation and enhancement activities. The methodological approach adopted is an integration among Service-Dominant-logic (S-DL) and Service-Science (SS), within the general framework of the Viable-Systems-Approach (VSA). By shifting focus from the objects of exchange to the relations among parties, S-DL and SS emphasize the importance of collaboration in market interaction. VSA integrates the two perspectives within the structure-system paradigm explaining how collaboration among viable systems takes place. On the basis of the proposed integrated perspective a Service-Based-Systems approach is defined that allows developing a model for CHM based on a value co-creation logic. The authors argue that, to implement an effective co-creation, actors should be linked as resource integrators within a network relationship and share a governance approach inspired cooperating principles as postulated by the VSA consonance model. The chapter provides a conceptual framework of reference for integrating the wide variety of resources needed for an effective management approach to cultural heritage preservation and enhancement. This approach requires a cultural change in CHM organizations in order to effectively exploit: opportunities of a co-creation logic oriented to integrate multi-disciplinary; multi-professional resources; capabilities and competences. By adopting the VSA consonance framework, the authors highlight the relational conditions for resource integration in a Cultural Heritage Territorial System model on the basis of a value co-creation logic.
The Relationships between Cultural Institutions and Companies
Authors: Siano Alfonso , Siglioccolo Mario , Tuccillo Carmela , Conte Francesca
Published: April 2014

This chapter investigates the possible relationships between cultural institutions (museums, theatres, libraries etc.) and companies, which have been increasingly occurring in the last years. While cultural institutions have been progressively needing to acquire financial resources and managerial skills to survive and valorise their activities, at the same time companies are trying new ways to differentiate their image, by means of associating it with the cultural sector. The adoption of a descriptive-normative approach enables the identification of many kinds of collaboration (patronage and corporate philanthropy, volunteer program and payroll giving, cause related marketing, cultural sponsorship, co-branding, licensing and merchandising, electronic relationships, and finally, partnership), distinguished according to the intensity and duration over time. For each relationship, mutual benefits and disadvantages are described in detail, even with the support of real case studies. This joint consideration of the various possible relationships aims to provide an overall view of the issue considered, which differentiates this contribution from the literature so far produced.
Museum Communication
Authors: Siano Alfonso , Siglioccolo Mario , Tuccillo Carmela , Conte Francesca
Published: April 2014

The focus of museum communication has shifted from visitors to a variety of key stakeholders and new emphasis is being placed on museum-audience relationships. The literature on this topic has quite neglected to consider the evolution of museum communication activities up to date, and studies have not proceeded to identify stakeholder groups which may relate to museum in different ways. This chapter aims to fill this gap by providing a museum-specific framework for communication-management. The latter intends to be a practical tool to help in managing relations with stakeholder groups. Key concepts of corporate communication are contextualized to museums, starting with the depiction of museum personality, identity, image, and the process of development of museum reputation is explained. The latter may be considered as a multifaceted process; to understand the evolution of museum reputation and guide its correct development. Focus is given to information and communication technologies, which have changed the way people interact with museums.
A Business Model for Accessible Tourism
Authors: Ferri Maria Antonella
Published: April 2014

The present contribution aims to propose some research on business models in tourism, with a particular focus on accessible cultural tourism. This chapter takes up part of a previous monograph on the reconfiguration of Abell's model that, in the final part, is applied to accessible cultural tourism. The main objective is to bring some of the reflections and results obtained during these years in tourism to an international level, whilst taking into account the particular role that culture has in tourism activities of an area, and how it may provide a key point for the development of certain businesses as well as accessible tourism. The chapter also considers tourism that is able to satisfy special requirements, which would otherwise limit or exclude some groups of individuals, such as those with mobility, cognitive or perceptual impairments (related to age and / or temporary conditions) from the process of touristic consumption.
Web 2.0 Model in Cultural Organization
Authors: Aiello Lucia
Published: April 2014

The chapter proposes an organizational model that is based on web 2.0 and the role of new technologies. The author presents the organizational model of Peepul, whose mission is awareness of the “culture accessible to all.” It is necessary to consider models that address the choices of men and women in their various roles, ambitions and aspirations. The chapter focuses on the revolution of the concept of physical and virtual space and its role in the organizational model of reality that offer products, cultural goods and services and/or related to them. The simulated environment and the physical one can both be explored so they are on an equal balance; in particular, they can be parallel or complementary, i.e. a market (e-Bay), a square (Facebook). Therefore, if each subject attributes to a virtual market the same meaning than the physical, we can argue that it is necessary to define the characteristics of the organizational model web: network-2.0.
E-Relationship for Web-Based Tourism Promotion
Authors: Sambhanthan Arunasalam , Good Alice
Published: April 2014

Tourism has been featured as a rapidly growing industry with excellent opportunities for business development. There are several success factors which determine the growth of the tourism promotional endeavors of the hotels. This chapter evaluates four of the key success factors related to web based tourism promotion: trust, electronic service quality, usability and accessibility. The theoretical models available for measuring the aforementioned success factors are evaluated along with the survey on the development of research activities in these four fronts. The theoretical frameworks within each concept categories are compared and contrasted to infer the competitive advantage of each model in modeling web based tourism promotion activities. Finally, the conclusions are made on the basis of the analysis undertaken on the conceptual models in each of these categories.
Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Para-Nitrophenol Based on Modified Porous Silicon
Authors: Belhousse S. , Lasmi K. , Mezaache I. , Sedrati T. , Belhaneche N. , Sam S. , Gabouze N.
Published: April 2014

The behavior of a modified porous silicon surface (PSi) with polythiophene (PTh) for para-nitrophenol (p-NPh) detection by cyclic voltammetry was studied. Nitrophenols are organic compounds which are the most used in the production of pesticides but also in the dyes and pharmaceuticals. In particular, p-NPh is a toxic derivative of the parathion insecticide and is considered as major toxic polluant because it is soluble and stable in water so it can affect soil. Porous silicon was prepared by electrochemical etching and it was modified by an oxide layer. PTh films were grown on this surface using electropolymerization in acetonitrile in the presence of thiophene monomer.The morphology of the fabricated PSi/PTh hybrid structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry and amperometry were used to study the proposed electrochemical p-NPh sensor. The performance of the proposed sensor was tested under differents conditions and we note a very high sensitivity; in particular, the linearity of the sensor for the detection of para-nitrophenol was observed from 3×108 to 1.5 ×104M with a detection limit of 6×109M.
Ambient Temperature Dependence of Diffusion Rate in a Microfluidic Channel
Authors: Erfantalab Sobhan , Zare Ali Hooshyar , Jenabi Amin
Published: April 2014

Microfluidics offers methods of miniaturization for numerous chemical, electrochemical and biological processes. Thermal diffusion of molecular species through microfluidic channels is involved in many of such processes. High specific surface in microchannels complicates the theoretical assessment of diffusion rate in such channels as both the diffusion coefficient and the physisorption rate to the channel walls are temperature-sensitive. In this work, it is shown that both of these parameters vary in the same direction with temperature and the superposition of their respective effects makes the process rate highly temperature-sensitive. The molecular diffusion rates for three different molecular species, 2-butanol, tert-butanol and hydrogen, through a centimeter-long microchannel are experimentally monitored at the ambient temperature. Repeating such recording at different ambient temperatures facilitates the measurement and comparison of the temperature sensitivities of these processes. Among the fluids examined, those with lower diffusion coefficients showed more significant temperature dependences. The fabrication of the microfluidic system and the method utilized for monitoring the diffusion rate are also described in this paper.
Chemical Sensor Array Modeling: Application to Resistive Based Chemo Sensors
Authors: Abbas Abdelaziz , Bouabdallah Ahcene
Published: April 2014

The aim of paper is to develop analytical mathematical models that describe the thermo dynamical equilibrium of resistive chemical sensor arrays /mixture of vapors multi-system. By using the Gibbs Duhem formalism, state equations in differential form, that the variations of intensive quantities (e.g. sensors partial sensitivity) as function of the gas mixture components concentrations and sensor array parameters describe, have been developed. Moreover, the responses of the sensor arrays as function of gas mixture components concentrations were modeled.
Characterization and Simulation of Neutron Irradiated JBS Silicon Carbide Diode Structures
Authors: Popelka Stanislav , Hazdra Pavel , Záhlava Vít
Published: April 2014

The effect of radiation damage produced by fast neutrons on characteristics of JBS diodes produced on 4HSiC epilayers was investigated. 1200V JBS diodes from Cree were irradiated in nuclear reactor by fast neutrons with fluences ranging from 1.3x1013 to 4x1014 cm-2 (1MeV NIEL equivalent in Si). Evolution of radiation damage was studied by deep level transient spectroscopy. New characterization method based on dynamic measurement of current to voltage characteristics in the kV range then allowed precise analysis of blocking characteristics and observation of free charge carrier removal with increasing neutron fluence. Results show that irradiation with fast neutrons introduces different point defect giving rise to acceptor like deep levels in SiC bandgap. These levels have a negligible effect on dynamic and blocking characteristics of irradiated JBS diodes, however, acceptor character of introduced deep levels accompanied by deactivation of donor dopants deteriorates diodes ON-state resistance already at low irradiation fluences. This degradation is then manifested by increasing values of the series resistance and the emission coefficient in the SPICE model of the JBS diode.
Ozone Sensor on Flexible Substrate by ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Acuautla Mónica , Bernardini Sandrine , Bendahan Marc
Published: April 2014

In this work the ozone detection in flexible substrate has been investigated. The flexible test platform with an integrated heater was designed and then characterized by thermal simulations using finite elements and its electrical properties have been studied. ZnO nanoparticles were deposited by drop coating process on the flexible substrate with platinum interdigited electrodes for gas detection. The gas sensing properties were determined by ozone exposure at different concentrations and temperatures. The gas sensing measurements present good response at different gas concentrations, good repeatability and fast recovery.
Estimation of Depth of Concrete Column Members Using Impact Echo Method
Authors: Kim Seung Hun , Hong Seong Uk , Lee Yong Taeg , Lee Seung Ho
Published: April 2014

In order to maintain the existing concrete structures in a safe and usable state, an overall maintenance management is necessary regarding structure aging from quality management of new construction. Thus, non-destructive testing is needed to estimate the structure damage, defect, or proper construction without damaging the structure. In U.S., there is a standard for non-destructive test (ACI 228.2R-98), and also in Japan, the non-destructive test method and compressive strength estimation manual was prepared by the Architectural Institute of Japan in 1983, and there are active researches in the ground field, but it lacks verification in architecture field. Thus, in this study, a technique that can estimate the depth of concrete column member using the Impact Echo method which is one of the non-destructive test methods shall be reviewed and evaluated for applicability to the architecture field. The specimen was mixed with design strength of 30MPa. The equipment used in testing is Freedom Date Pc Platform Win.TFS 2.5.2 by company Olson of U.S., and the experiment involved leveling the top surface of the concrete member, installing the equipment and applying impact 9 times, and taking the average of the reverberation values obtained. The estimated average depth of concrete column member using Impact Echo method was 304mm for IEC-300, 398mm for IEC-400, and 484mm for IEC-500, and the relative error rate compared to the actual size was 1%~3%. Through this study, the applicability of estimation of depth in concrete column members using impact echo method could be confirmed.
Optical Second Harmonic Generation as a Tool for In Situ, Real-Time Monitor of Thin Film Epitaxial Growth
Authors: Rubano Andrea , Günter Tim , Lilienblum Martin , Paparo Domenico , Marrucci Lorenzo , Granozio Fabio Miletto , di Uccio Umberto Scotti , Fiebig Manfred
Published: April 2014

Oxide-based hetero-structures are promising candidates for building the next generation of functional devices. In order to achieve this goal, it is required to have solid and reliable sensors for monitoring the growth of thin films with single-atomic-layer sensitivity. So far, the most popular in-situ diagnostic tool is Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction, which provides information on the structural properties of the growing films, and not a direct access to the desired interfacial physical properties of interest. Furthermore, it needs a strong human-machine interaction, preventing its use into industrial mass production. Standard optics applied on buried interfaces suffers the disadvantage to have a probing depth which is orders of magnitude larger than the interface layer. Here we propose to overcome this problem by resorting to optical Second Harmonic Generation and we present some example to show the potential of this technique as a real-time monitor system for thin-film crystal growth.
Structural Analysis of Silicon Nanostructures Obtained from Thermal Annealing of a-Si:H/SiO2 Superlattices
Authors: Agbo Solomon , Calta Pavel , Šutta P. , Vavruňková V. , Netrvalová M. , Prušaková Lucie
Published: April 2014

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of silicon quantum dots (QDs) obtained by thermal annealing of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)/silicon oxide (SiO2) supperlattices deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PE-CVD). The as-deposited supperlattices have been annealed in high-temperature vacuum chamber, at temperatures up to 1100 °C, where in-situ phase transformation was monitored by x-ray diffractometry, XRD. It is shown that onset of crystallization and phase separation occur at different annealing temperature depending on the a-Si:H sub-layer thickness. Complete crystallization of the films and precipitation of the QDs occur at 1000 °C.
Nickel Porous Electrode Pt Layered by PVD Method
Authors: Jaron Artur , Żurek Zbigniew , Reszka Kazimierz
Published: April 2014

Influence of a platinum layer on the nickel powder sintered electrode on electrochemical processes of hydrogen generation is presented and discussed in this paper. The sinters of metallic nickel with developed area were obtained by subsequent oxidation/reduction of Ni powder. The process of platinum layer deposition on surface of nickel sinters was carried out with the PVD method. The morphology characteristics of Ni and Ni-Pt layered sinters were carried out with the application of SEM/EDS method. The electrochemical properties of above mentioned sinters were examined by potentiostatic method at 40°C in 1M KOH vs. Hg|HgO, using a rotating disc electrode. It was found that the platinum layer on the surface of nickel grains was well adherent and stable. The presence of platinum on nickel sintered electrodes results in an increase of observed current density in the process of hydrogen evolution.
Characterization of Electron Beam Welded Non-Oriented Electrical Steel with Magnetic Barkhausen Noise
Authors: Vourna Polykseni
Published: April 2014

In this paper the influence of Electron Beam Welding (EBW) on the microstructure, mechanical and magnetic properties of Non-Oriented Electrical steels was presented and evaluated. Single pass welds free of defects were produced at welding speeds and pulsed currents following a predesigned protocol. The samples microstructure and the macrohardness tests were concluded with the magnetic measurements (Barkhausen Noise) in order to correlate the structural and mechanical properties with the magnetizing behavior of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel.
Application of the Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Sensor Array Indisplacement Measurement
Authors: Dominik Ireneusz , Kwaśniewski Janusz , Kaszuba Filip
Published: April 2014

An Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (abbr. IPMC) is a type of a smart materialconsisting of two layers of noble metal and an ion-conducting layer between them. Smart ma-terials are generally capable of actuating and sensing. Mechanical deformation of the IPMCbeam produces an electric potential di erence (in the order of mV) proportional to the tipdisplacement on the electrodes. In this paper, the sensing capabilities of IPMC samples will beinvestigated. The composites are manufactured in a form of a thin (0.3 mm) plate, which arecut into rectangular samples. Tests will be performed on separate samples and two electricallyconnected samples. Response to various frequencies will be tested for each sample and for twomechanically and electrically coupled samples, creating a simple sensor array.
Opto-Electrical Modeling of CMOS Buried Quad Junction Photodetector
Authors: Feruglio S. , Courcier Thierry , Karami A. , Alexandre-Gauthier A. , Romain O. , Aimez V. , Charette P.G. , Pittet P. , Lu G.N.
Published: April 2014

A Buried Quad Junction (BQJ) PhotoDetector (PD), composed of four vertically-stacked p-n junctions, has recently been implemented and fabricated in CMOS technology. The detector, providing four different spectral responses, has higher spectral discriminating ability than both conventional Buried Double Junction (BDJ) and Buried Triple Junction (BTJ) detectors.
For rapid system design integrating of the BQJ PD, we propose a BQJ SPICE-like model based on the physical properties of the device structure. The analytical expressions of the four BQJ photocurrents have been developed. Dark currents as well as intrinsic noise can also be evaluated by computations. Results have been compared with both TCAD simulations and measurements. Our model shows a good agreement with measurements and the mean relative error on spectral response prediction is between 6 % and 17 % in function of the observed junction.
Stretchable and Wearable Piezoresistive Insole for Continuous Pressure Monitoring
Authors: Canavese Giancarlo , Stassi Stefano , Fallauto Carmelo , Corbellini Simone , Cauda Valentina , di Donato Marco , Pirola Marco , Pirri Fabrizio Candido
Published: April 2014

The feedback in the motor relearning therapy is essential and helpful for hemiplegic patient training. Tracking plantar pressure is clinically imperative to evaluate the foot function and in particular to assist patients with musculoskeletal and neurological diseases in the development of normal gait functionality. A flexible piezoresistive insole with dedicated electronics was developed to measure both the pressure distribution under 64 nodes arranged in the main plantar regions and the mean plantar pressure during walking activity with a sampling frequency of 20 Hz. This study reports on the easy and cost effective approach used to fabricate the flexible insole based on a piezoresistive material composed by copper spiky microparticles dispersed into silicon rubber. The entire insole was fabricated by single step casting technique, and then completed with a patterned metalized polyimide films as bottom electrode, while the top electrode was directly sputtered on the sample.
Enhanced Sensitivity of Pt/NiO Gate Based AlGaN/GaN C-HEMT Hydrogen Sensor
Authors: Rýger Ivan , Vanko Gabriel , Lalinský Tibor , Dzuba Jaroslav , Vallo Martin , Kunzo Pavol , Vávra Ivo
Published: April 2014

In this article we demonstrate the high sensitivity AlGaN/GaN circular HEMT (C-HEMT) hydrogen gas sensor with new gate interfacial Pt/NiO layer. The wide band-gap III-nitride semiconductor heterostructure allows the sensor operation at elevated temperatures. Likewise, the C-HEMT sensing device is easy to prepare because the MESA insulation step can be omitted. Moreover, the I-V characteristics of ring gate diodes with a dominant thermionic emission of electrons can be easly achieved by elimination of tunneling currents induced on the MESA-etched edges. The Pt/NiO stacked gate absorption layer has nanocrystalline structure, what increases the surface-to-volume ratio. Consequently, the hydrogen gas is more efficiently dissociated at low temperature. Comparing to reference Pt/AlGaN/GaN diode sensor, the optimum operation temperature decreases from 250 oC towards 50oC and the hydrogen detection efficiency is enhanced about 10 times. This is desirable for battery-powered sensors with low current consumption. On the other hand, the fabricated sensor shows longer reaction and regeneration time constants. This is due to longer diffusion path that hydrogen atoms must overcome to reach the AlGaN semiconductor surface.
Influence of Metastable States on Electrophysical Properties in Ferroelectric Crystalline Polymers
Authors: Kochervinskii V.V. , Pavlov A. , Kozlova N. , Shmakova N. , Kiselev D.A. , Malinkovich M.D.
Published: April 2014

The poling and local piezoresponse mechanism has been investigated in ferroelectric polymers. Isotropic 94/6 composition vinylidenefluoride and tetraflouroethylene copolymer films is formed from acetone at room temperature by slow evaporation of solvent. The copolymer crystallization results in metastability (nonequilibre) form at high overcooling temperatures. IR spectroscopy shows occurrence of isomers with conformation TGTG-, T3GT3G- and (TT)n. The local piezoresponse shows that ferroelectric domains include crystals areas as well as nonordered phase. After annealing by heating to 150 oC was found conformation changes in polymer chain: T3GT3G- TGTG- and T3GT3G- (TT)n. It is show that the regular conformation chains length rising after annealing. Polarization value decreasing kinetic was investigated by piezoresponse force microscopy method.