bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical and subcortical brain atrophy in Parkinson's disease with visual hallucination
Authors: Watanabe Hirohisa , Senda Jo , Kato Shigenori , Ito Mizuki , Atsuta Naoki , Hara Kazuhiro , Tsuboi Takashi , Katsuno Masahisa , Nakamura Tomohiko , Hirayama Masaaki , Adachi Hiroaki , Naganawa Shinji , Sobue Gen
Published: October 2013

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the cortical and subcortical brain structures in Parkinson's disease (PD) with visual hallucination (VH), and to elucidate the association between the proposed hypothesis of VH in PD and regional brain volume changes.

Methods

We used 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) to investigate the brain structures of PD patients with VH (PD‐VH; n = 13) and PD patients without VH (PD‐C; n = 13).

Results

The PD‐VH patients showed significant cortical atrophy compared to the PD‐C patients in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left rostral region of the prefrontal cortex, left ventral section of the cingulate cortex, bilateral primary visual cortex, and secondary visual cortex including the left inferior occipital gyrus, right lingual cortex, right supramarginal gyrus, and left fusiform gyrus. Significant subcortical atrophic changes were observed in the white matter of the right parahippocampal gyrus, the bilateral posterior part of the cingulate gyrus, the left lingual gyrus, and the right middle occipital gyrus.

Conclusions

VH in PD can occur due to distinctive neuroanatomical involvement. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Myotonic Dystrophy Health Index: Initial evaluation of a disease‐specific outcome measure
Authors: Heatwole Chad , Bode Rita , Johnson Nicholas , Dekdebrun Jeanne , Dilek Nuran , Heatwole Mark , Hilbert James E. , Luebbe Elizabeth , Martens William , Mcdermott Michael P. , Rothrock Nan , Thornton Charles , Vickrey Barbara G. , Victorson David , Moxley Richard
Published: October 2013

Introduction: In preparation for clinical trials we examine the validity, reliability, and patient understanding of the Myotonic Dystrophy Health Index (MDHI).Methods: Initially we partnered with 278 myotonic dystrophy type‐1 (DM1) patients and identified the most relevant questions for the MDHI. Next, we used factor analysis, patient interviews, and test–retest reliability assessments to refine and evaluate the instrument. Lastly, we determined the capability of the MDHI to differentiate between known groups of DM1 participants.Results: Questions in the final MDHI represent 17 areas of DM1 health. The internal consistency was acceptable in all subscales. The MDHI had a high test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.95) and differentiated between DM1 patient groups with different disease severities.Conclusions: Initial evaluation of the MDHI provides evidence that it is valid and reliable as an outcome measure for assessing patient‐reported health. These results suggest that important aspects of DM1 health may be measured effectively using the MDHI.Muscle Nerve49: 906–914, 2014
The Magic of Narrative in the Emplotment of State‐Subject Relations: Who's Telling Whose Story in the Native Title Process in Australia?
Authors: Pilbrow Tim
Published: October 2013

Since 1992 Australian Aboriginal communities have been engaged in a complex and fraught legal process for the recognition of their traditional rights to country (‘native title’). In this article I argue that it is theoretically and critically illuminating to investigate the broader ‘meaning effects’ of the native title determination process on the subjective experience of the state in Australia. The article demonstrates this through examining the narrative effects of certain discursive moments through which identities get objectified. Through examining such moments in the discourse and practice of native title from the perspective of a participant‐observer, I seek to advance our theoretical understanding of how the narrative properties of speech (or other performative behaviours) in specific contexts structure the subjective experience of the state.
Gifts from the Other Side: Thresholds of Hospitality and Morality in anEasternIndonesian Town
Authors: Erb Maribeth
Published: October 2013

The town ofLabuanBajo inWesternFlores,EasternIndonesia has experienced rapid changes in the past decade, primarily associated with the development of tourism. This paper engages with the ideas ofJacquesDerrida on hospitality and sovereignty, to explore the shifting landscapes of hospitality in thisManggaraian town. His musings on ‘the question of the foreigner’, the ‘conditions’ of hospitality, and the idea of the threshold are used to capture the way that hospitality is experienced as a struggle, as a contradiction, as an ‘aporia’.
Investigation of the Chemomarkers Correlated with Flower Colour in Different Organs of Catharanthus roseus Using NMR‐based Metabolomics
Authors: Pan Qifang , Dai Yuntao , Nuringtyas Tri Rini , Mustafa Natali Rianika , Schulte Anna Elisabeth , Verpoorte Robert , Choi Young Hae
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Flower colour is a complex phenomenon that involves a wide range of secondary metabolites of flowers, for example phenolics and carotenoids as well as co‐pigments. Biosynthesis of these metabolites, though, occurs through complicated pathways in many other plant organs. The analysis of the metabolic profile of leaves, stems and roots, for example, therefore may allow the identification of chemomarkers related to the final expression of flower colour.

Objective

To investigate the metabolic profile of leaves, stems, roots and flowers of Catharanthus roseus and the possible correlation with four flower colours (orange, pink, purple and red).

Methods

1H‐NMR and multivariate data analysis were used to characterise the metabolites in the organs.

Results

The results showed that flower colour is characterised by a special pattern of metabolites such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, organic acids and sugars. The leaves, stems and roots also exhibit differences in their metabolic profiles according to the flower colour. Plants with orange flowers featured a relatively high level of kaempferol analogues in all organs except roots. Red‐flowered plants showed a high level of malic acid, fumaric acid and asparagine in both flowers and leaves, and purple and pink flowering plants exhibited high levels of sucrose, glucose and 2,3‐dihydroxy benzoic acid. High concentrations of quercetin analogues were detected in flowers and leaves of purple‐flowered plants.

Conclusions

There is a correlation between the metabolites specifically associated to the expression of different flower colours and the metabolite profile of other plant organs and it is therefore possible to predict the flower colours by detecting specific metabolites in leaves, stems or roots. This may have interesting application in the plant breeding industry. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ reactive compatibilized polypropylene/nitrile butadiene rubber blends by zinc dimethacrylate: Preparation, structure, and properties
Authors: Xu Chuanhui , Fang Liming , Chen Yukun
Published: October 2013

This study demonstrated an approach of compatibilization between polypropylene (PP) and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) by using zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) as a reactive compatibilizer in the presence of peroxides. The PP/NBR/ZDMA ternary blends with improved mechanical properties were successfully prepared via peroxide dynamic vulcanization. The resultant blends exhibited a significant increase in mixing torque and complex viscosity after incorporation of ZDMA. Morphology studies showed that the addition of ZDMA reduced the size of the crosslinked NBR phase. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) verified that the possible reactions between ZDMA, NBR, and PP increased the interfacial thickness and improved the compatibility between NBR and PP phase. Crystallization behavior analysis indicated that incorporation of ZDMA promoted the nucleation process of PP. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the maximum degradation temperature was increased by ZDMA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2321–2331, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis, Characterization, and swelling behaviors of acrylic acid/carboxymethyl cellulose superabsorbent hydrogel by glow‐discharge electrolysis plasma
Authors: Yu Jie , Yang Gege , Li Yun , Yang Wu , Gao Jinzhang , Lu Quanfang
Published: October 2013

This article exploits a new approach for synthesis of acrylic acid/carboxymethyl cellulose (AA/CMC) superabsorbent hydrogel in aqueous solution by a simple one‐step using glow‐discharge electrolysis plasma, in which N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) was used as a crosslinking agent. The reaction parameters affecting the equilibrium swelling, that is, discharge voltage, discharge time, mass ratio of AA to CMC, content of crosslinker, and degree of neutralization, were systematically optimized to achieve a superabsorbent hydrogel with a maximum equilibrium swelling. The structure, thermal stability, and morphology of AA/CMC superabsorbent hydrogel were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The swelling kinetics in distilled water and swelling behaviors in various pH solutions and salts solutions (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, AlCl3, and FeCl3) were investigated in detail. The effect of six cationic salt solutions on the equilibrium swelling had the following order K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Al3+ > Fe3+. In addition, the pH‐reversibility was preliminarily investigated with alternating pH between 6.5 and 2.0. The results showed that the equilibrium swelling of AA/CMC was achieved in 90 min. The hydrogel was responsive to the pH and salts, and was reversible swelling and deswelling behavior. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2310–2320, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Selectivity analysis of single binder assays used in plasma protein profiling
Authors: Neiman Maja , Fredolini Claudia , Johansson Henrik , Lehtiö Janne , Nygren Per‐Åke , Uhlén Mathias , Nilsson Peter , Schwenk Jochen M.
Published: October 2013

The increasing availability of antibodies toward human proteins enables broad explorations of the proteomic landscape in cells, tissues, and body fluids. This includes assays with antibody suspension bead arrays that generate protein profiles of plasma samples by flow cytometer analysis. However, antibody selectivity is context dependent so it is necessary to corroborate on‐target detection over off‐target binding. To address this, we describe a concept to directly verify interactions from antibody‐coupled beads by analysis of their eluates by Western blots and MS. We demonstrate selective antibody binding in complex samples with antibodies toward a set of chosen proteins with different abundance in plasma and serum, and illustrate the need to adjust sample and bead concentrations accordingly. The presented approach will serve as an important tool for resolving differential protein profiles from antibody arrays within plasma biomarker discoveries.
Poly(arylene ether ether nitrile)s containing flexible alkylsulfonated side chains for polymer electrolyte membranes
Authors: Sheng Li , Higashihara Tomoya , Ueda Mitsuru , Hayakawa Teruaki
Published: October 2013

A series of poly(arylene ether ether nitrile)s with different chain lengths of the alkylsulfonates (SPAEEN‐x: x refers number of the methylene units) are successfully synthesized for fuel cell applications. The polymers produced flexible and transparent membranes by solvent casting. The resulting membranes display a high thermal stability, oxidative stability, and higher proton conductivity than that of Nafion 117 at 80 °C and 95% relative humidity (RH). Furthermore, the SPAEEN‐12 with the longest alkylsulfonated side chain exhibits a higher proton conductivity at 30% RH than that of SPAEEN‐6 despite the lower IEC value, which indicates that the introduction of longer alkylsufonated side chains to the polymer main chain induces an efficient proton conduction by the formation of a well‐developed phase‐separated morphology. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 21–29
Ambient molecular imaging by laser ablation atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Herdering Christina , Reifschneider Olga , Wehe Christoph A. , Sperling Michael , Karst Uwe
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

The functions and properties of compounds are not only specified by their chemical structures, but also by their location inside a sample. Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for imaging, whereby the kind of sample and compound depend on the used sampling and ionization methods. The developed laser ablation mass spectrometry method delivers high resolution images of small molecules in native samples.

METHODS

A UV laser ablation (LA) system was combined with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometer. The spatially resolved sampling was performed by focusing the 213 nm laser beam onto a sample. The fine aerosol generated by the ns pulsed laser irradiation was then transported to the APCI mass spectrometer by a nitrogen stream. In the APCI source, post‐ionization was accomplished by a corona discharge. The resulting ions were detected with an orbitrap mass spectrometer.

RESULTS

The properties of the novel LA‐APCI‐MS setup are demonstrated by spatially resolved analysis of several samples including tablets, TLC plates and dried droplets. The target compounds are detected with high spatial and mass resolution. For higher molecular weight compounds like thyroxine, fragmentation was observed, whereas small molecules like caffeine stayed intact.

CONCLUSIONS

LA‐APCI‐MS is introduced as an ambient molecular mass spectral imaging method for molecules with high resolution in space and mass. The combination of two independent instruments offers flexible ion source and mass analyzer exchange and therefore LA‐APCI‐MS opens up new possibilities for molecular imaging under ambient conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry of 7‐acetonyloxycoumarins
Authors: Timonen Juri , Romppanen Ritva , Aulaskari Paula , Jänis Janne
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

Coumarins are naturally occurring, oxygen‐containing heterocycles with considerable pharmaceutical potential. For structural elucidation of natural or synthetic coumarins, tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) represents an essential tool. In this study, fragmentation characteristics of twenty‐two 7‐acetonyloxycoumarins, having promising anti‐inflammatory properties, were investigated with low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID).

METHODS

Accurate mass measurements were performed on a 12‐T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) instrument. Most CID‐MSn measurements were performed on a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) instrument, except some additional CID‐MS2 measurements performed on the FT‐ICR instrument for further confirmation of some fragment ions. Positive‐ion electrospray ionization (ESI) was employed throughout. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP) were carried out to analyze putative ion structures/fragmentation channels.

RESULTS

The most favourable dissociation channel for [M + H]+ ions of 7‐acetonyloxycoumarins was the elimination of a C3H5O● radical (57 Da) from the 7‐acetonyloxy group via homolytic bond cleavage. The resulting phenolic radical ion was the primary fragment ion for the most compounds studied. Losses of even‐electron neutrals, C3H4O and C3H6O (56 and 58 Da), were also observed. These primary eliminations were accompanied with other characteristic neutral losses from the coumarin skeleton, including H2O, CO, CO2, and C2H2O (ketene). In addition, propene (C3H6) loss was also observed for 4‐propyl or 3‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐substituted compounds.

CONCLUSIONS

The studied coumarins showed interesting characteristics in low‐energy CID due to the presence of a 7‐acetonyloxy group, leading to both even‐ and odd‐electron product ions. The main dissociation channels observed for each compound were highly dependent on the substituents in the benzopyranone ring. The present results will advance our knowledge on the dissociation characteristics of both synthetic and natural coumarins. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary protein content affects isotopic carbon and nitrogen turnover
Authors: Braun Alexander , Auerswald Karl , Vikari Armin , Schnyder Hans
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

Isotopic turnover quantifies the metabolic renewal process of elements in organs and excreta. Knowledge of the isotopic turnover of animal organs and excreta is necessary for diet reconstruction via stable isotope analysis, as used in animal ecology, palaeontology and food authentication. Effects of dietary protein content on the isotopic carbon and nitrogen turnover (i.e. delay, representing the time between ingestion and start of renewal, and half‐life) are unknown for most mammalian organs and excreta.

METHODS

To examine the effect of dietary protein content on turnover (delay and turnover rate), we fed 18 rats either a diet at protein maintenance or above protein maintenance, and quantified their isotopic carbon and nitrogen turnover in ten organs and excreta. These included the excreta faeces and urine, the visceral organs blood plasma, liver, kidney, lung and spleen, the cerebral tissue brain, and the muscular tissues heart and muscle. For data analysis, we used piecewise linear/non‐linear exponential modelling that allows quantifying delay and turnover rate simultaneously.

RESULTS

Delays were ~0.5 days for carbon and nitrogen turnover and were not affected by dietary protein content. Half‐lives during the following reaction progress were in the range of 1 to 45 days, increasing from excreta to visceral organs to muscular and cerebral organs. Rats fed the higher protein amount had 30% shorter nitrogen half‐lives, and 20% shorter carbon half‐lives.

CONCLUSIONS

The renewal times of organs and excreta depend on the dietary protein content. Hence, isotopic diet reconstruction is confronted with variation in half‐lives within the same organ or excrement, altering the time window through which information can be perceived. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open fourth ventricle prior to 20 weeks' gestation: a benign finding?
Authors: Contro E. , Volpe P. , De Musso F. , Muto B. , Ghi T. , De Robertis V. , Pilu G.
Published: October 2013

Objective

To evaluate the role of the brainstem–vermis (BV) angle in the diagnosis of fetal posterior fossa abnormalities at 15–18 weeks' gestation.

Methods

We examined retrospectively three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes acquired at 15–18 gestational weeks in fetuses with normal posterior fossa (controls) and in those with cystic posterior fossa. Whether the fourth ventricle appeared open posteriorly in axial views was noted and the BV angle was measured. A detailed follow‐up was obtained in all cases.

Results

Of the 139 controls, 46 cases were excluded because of inadequate quality of the 3D volumes. Of the 93 remaining normal fetuses, 84 (90.3%) had a closed fourth ventricle and a BV angle < 20°, whereas 9/93 (9.7%) had an open fourth ventricle and a BV angle between 20° and 37°. The study group of 11 fetuses included seven with Dandy–Walker malformation and four with Blake's pouch cyst. In abnormal cases as a whole, the BV angle was significantly increased compared with that in controls (P < 0.0001). However, fetuses with Blake's pouch cyst and normal fetuses with an open fourth ventricle had strikingly similar sonograms: the BV angle was between 20° and 37° and the fourth ventricle appeared open only when viewed using a more steeply angulated scanning plane than that of the standard transcerebellar plane; in fetuses with Dandy–Walker malformation the fourth ventricle was widely open posteriorly, even in the standard transcerebellar view, and the BV angle was > 45°, significantly increased compared both with that in normal fetuses (P < 0.0001) and with that in fetuses with Blake's pouch cyst (P = 0.004).

Conclusion

An open fourth ventricle is found in about 10% of normal fetuses at 15–18 weeks' gestation. Measurement of the BV angle is useful in such cases, as a value ≥ 45° is associated with a very high risk of severe posterior fossa malformation. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial on the Use of Flexible Reinforced Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) During Total Thyroidectomy: Effects on Postoperative Laryngopharyngeal Symptoms
Authors: Ryu Jung‐Hee , Yom Cha‐Kyoung , Park Do‐Joong , Kim Kyu‐Hyung , Do Sang‐Hwan , Yoo Seok‐Ha , Oh Ah‐Young
Published: October 2013

Background

Sore throat, hoarseness, dysphagia, and cough are common laryngopharyngeal discomforts after thyroidectomy. The incidence and severity of laryngopharyngeal symptoms after the use of a flexible reinforced laryngeal mask airway (LMA) were compared with those that occur after the use of a plain endotracheal tube in patients after thyroidectomy.

Methods

Seventy‐six patients scheduled for total thyroidectomy were randomized into a plain endotracheal tube group (group E) or a flexible reinforced LMA group (group L). Total intravenous anesthesia (propofol and remifentanil) was used for maintenance of anesthesia. Hemodynamic variables were recorded during induction of anesthesia. The incidence and severity (100‐point numerical rating scales) of laryngopharyngeal symptoms, including sore throat, hoarseness, dysphagia, and cough, were assessed at 1, 24, and 48 h after surgery.

Results

All patients were placed successfully with an endotracheal tube or a flexible reinforced LMA. The postoperative incidence and severity of sore throat (25 vs. 33 at 24 h, p = 0.035, 17 vs. 28 at 48 h, p = 0.017; 50 [0–100] vs. 80 [20–100] at 1 h, p = 0.002; 30 [0–80] vs. 50 [0–100] at 24 h, p < 0.001; 0 [0–40] vs. 30 [0–90] at 48 h, p < 0.001) and hoarseness were lower in group L than in group E. At 48 h postoperatively, dysphagia (p = 0.005) and cough (p = 0.028) occurred less frequently in group L than in group E patients.

Conclusion

A flexible reinforced LMA placed during surgery decreases the incidence and severity of laryngopharyngeal symptoms and is a feasible anesthetic tool compared with a conventional endotracheal tube for thyroidectomy.
Metastatic Adenocarcinomas of the Stomach or Esophagogastric Junction (UICC Stage IV) Are Not Always a Palliative Situation: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Schildberg Claus W. , Weidinger Thomas , Hohenberger Werner , Wein Axel , Langheinrich Melanie , Neurath Markus , Boxberger Frank
Published: October 2013

Background

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers. Unfortunately, it is often diagnosed at the advanced stage International Union Against Cancer stage IV. This induced us to carry out an interdisciplinary analysis of this patient group with the Department of Internal Medicine 1. Our aim was to discuss cancers classified initially as unresectable in a meeting of the interdisciplinary tumor board after palliative chemotherapy, and to refer selected patients for surgery after establishing resectability. The outcome of the chemotherapy, operation method, complication rate, and long‐term survival were analyzed.

Methods

From 1999 to 2008, 76 patients with metastatic gastric cancer or carcinoma of the esophagogastric junction were discussed by the interdisciplinary tumor board of the University of Erlangen and classified initially as unresectable. The patients then received palliative chemotherapy according to the AIO regimen (weekly high‐dose 5‐fluorouracil/folinic acid [FU/FA] in a 24 h infusion), plus irinotecan. If the tumor was subsequently classified as resectable, the patient underwent either gastric resection or gastrectomy with DII–III dissection. Metastases were resected depending on their location (liver). Peritoneal carcinomatosis was treated additionally by HIPEC. Statistical analysis was with SPSSS version 20.

Results

Surgical and general complications and hospital mortality were acceptable. There were no cases of anastomotic leak, but one patient died of fulminant pneumonia. The R0 resection rate was 69 %, and four patients had long‐term survival of more than 60 months. There were significant survival advantages.

Conclusions

Metastatic gastric cancer or carcinoma of the esophagogastric junction can become resectable after downsizing the tumor with palliative chemotherapy. Long‐term survival is achieved in some cases. Therefore, every patient with this type of cancer should be discussed by the interdisciplinary tumour board after palliative chemotherapy to provide him with a chance of cure after re‐evaluation.
Strategies for mining fungal natural products
Authors: Wiemann Philipp , Keller Nancy P
Published: October 2013

Fungi are well known for their ability to produce a multitude of natural products. On the one hand their potential to provide beneficial antibiotics and immunosuppressants has been maximized by the pharmaceutical industry to service the market with cost-efficient drugs. On the other hand identification of trace amounts of known mycotoxins in food and feed samples is of major importance to ensure consumer health and safety. Although several fungal natural products, their biosynthesis and regulation are known today, recent genome sequences of hundreds of fungal species illustrate that the secondary metabolite potential of fungi has been substantially underestimated. Since expression of genes and subsequent production of the encoded metabolites are frequently cryptic or silent under standard laboratory conditions, strategies for activating these hidden new compounds are essential. This review will cover the latest advances in fungal genome mining undertaken to unlock novel products.
Yield and Quality Characteristics of Rendered Chicken Oil for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Abraham John , Ramesh Saravanakumar V. , Kulkarni V. V. , Sivakumar K. , Singh Anandha Prakash , Visha P.
Published: October 2013

Whole dead poultry birds obtained from commercial layer farms were assessed for fat in the whole carcass and then dry rendered in three different rendering regimens T1, T2 and T3 (temperature = 120, 130 and 140 °C and shell pressure = 1, 2 and 3 kg/cm2 respectively) and the effect on the yield and quality of the rendered chicken oil were studied. The overall fat percentage of the whole dead poultry carcass was 14.55 ± 0.17 % and the fat content of ‘greaves’ was 14.49 ± 0.38 %. In the dry batch rendering trials, the mean overall fat recovery was 24.46 ± 1.19, 26.78 ± 3.14 and 22.42 ± 2.32 % and the overall fat yield was 3.52 ± 1.72, 3.84 ± 0.44 and 3.22 ± 0.33 % of the carcass weight in T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Solvent extraction of fat could recover 96.10 ± 0.14 % of fat from ‘greaves’ which was significantly higher than the mechanical centrifugation method. Among the quality characteristics of the rendered chicken oil (RCO), moisture content ranged from 0.61 % (T2) to 1.09 % (T1) and the mean specific gravity was 0.91 at 30 °C. The FFA values of RCO obtained from the T3 rendering regimen were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the FFA values of T2 and T1. The mean acid value, iodine number, peroxide value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter present in RCO showed no significant difference. The fatty acid profile and calorific values were studied. The RCO was converted to biodiesel by transesterification and the physico‐chemical properties of the biodiesel were studied and compared with the Indian biodiesel specification.
Heats of Combustion of Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Esters
Authors: Levine Felicia , Kayea Ronald V. , Wexler Robert , Sadvary D. J. , Melick Cory , La Scala John
Published: October 2013

The military uses JP‐8, a kerosene type hydrocarbon, to fuel most of its vehicles and is seeking a renewable alternative fuel that meets strict JP‐8 specifications. Biodiesel is typically a mixture of different alkyl esters produced from the transesterification of triglycerides readily available in plant oils and used cooking oil. To date, no traditional biodiesel meets the requirements for heat of combustion, freezing point, viscosity and oxidative stability to be a stand‐alone replacement for JP‐8. This work is a fundamental survey of the heat of combustion of single fatty acid esters and a predictive model for estimating the heat of combustion given a known molecular structure. The gross heat of combustion of various C6–C18 fatty acids and the methyl, propyl and isopropyl esters of these fatty acids was measured. This study sought to relate the effect of chain length, degree of unsaturation and branching to the critical fuel property of the gross heat of combustion (Hc). It was found that Hc (kJ/g) increased with chain length. A nearly linear relationship was found between wt% carbon and hydrogen, and Hc. Group contribution models previously published for hydrocarbons and polymers were modified to more accurately predict the heat of combustion of the fatty acids and esters. Modification of the molar heat values of carboxylic acid, methyl, and methylene groups improved correlation of the model with the experimental results.
Developmental trajectories of religiosity, sexual conservatism and sexual behavior among female adolescents
Authors: Aalsma Matthew C. , Woodrome Stacy E. , Downs Sarah M. , Hensel Devon J. , Zimet Gregory D. , Orr Don P. , Fortenberry J. Dennis
Published: October 2013

Understanding the role of socio‐sexual cognitions and religiosity on adolescent sexual behavior could guide adolescent sexual health efforts. The present study utilized longitudinal data from 328 young women to assess the role of religion and socio‐sexual cognitions on sexual behavior accrual (measuring both coital and non‐coital sexual behavior). In the final triple conditional trajectory structural equation model, religiosity declined over time and then increased to baseline levels. Additionally, religiosity predicted decreased sexual conservatism and decreased sexual conservatism predicted increased sexual behavior. The final models are indicative of young women's increasing accrual of sexual experience, decreasing sexual conservatism and initial decreasing religiosity. The results of this study suggest that decreased religiosity affects the accrual of sexual experience through decreased sexual conservatism. Effective strategies of sexual health promotion should include an understanding of the complex role of socio‐sexual attitudes with religiosity.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Temporal Lobe: Normal Anatomy and Diseases
Authors: Khashper Alla , Chankowsky Jeffrey , del Carpio-O'Donovan Raquel
Published: October 2013

Objective

This pictorial essay will review the magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the temporal lobes and describe the major pathologic processes of this complex area.

Conclusions

Magnetic resonance imaging is an essential tool in the investigation of a patient with suspected temporal lobe pathology. Various conditions may affect this anatomic region, and, therefore, classification of imaging findings into specific groups may help provide a more focused differential diagnosis.
Dynamic elements govern the catalytic activity of CapE, a capsular polysaccharide‐synthesizing enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Miyafusa Takamitsu , Caaveiro Jose M.M. , Tanaka Yoshikazu , Tsumoto Kouhei
Published: October 2013

CapE is an essential enzyme for the synthesis of capsular polysaccharide (CP) of pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Herein we demonstrate that CapE is a 5‐inverting 4,6‐dehydratase enzyme. However, in the absence of downstream enzymes, CapE catalyzes an additional reaction (5‐back‐epimerization) affording a by‐product under thermodynamic control. Single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography was employed to identify the structure of the by‐product. The structural analysis reveals a network of coordinated motions away from the active site governing the enzymatic activity of CapE. A second dynamic element (the latch) regulates the enzymatic chemoselectivity. The validity of these mechanisms was evaluated by site‐directed mutagenesis.
Si l’action est comme le texte. La fondation du social et le principe d’analogie chez Ricœur
Authors: POSSATI LUCA M.
Published: October 2013

Cet article présente une reformulation générale de l’analogie du texte et de l’action de Paul Ricœur. Mon hypothèse de travail est qu’une telle reformulation nous aide à mieux contextualiser des tensions qui traversent toute la philosophie pratique de Ricœur, tout d’abord la tension entre le social et l’institution. Il s’agit de montrer que la philosophie ricœurienne est une philosophie tensionnelle parce qu’elle se fonde sur le principe d’analogie. Cela, bien sûr, ne revient pas à réduire sa pensée à un simple effet de ce principe.
Dating The Prince: Beginnings and Endings
Authors: Connell William J.
Published: October 2013

Let's begin by presenting some newly discovered documents concerning Niccolò Machiavelli. The biographical detail may at first appear overwhelming, but the light these documents shed on the chronology of Machiavelli's composition of The Prince helps to answer some old questions concerning the character of Machiavelli's little treatise. The new documents date from the year 1515. They were drawn up at a time of financial difficulty and profound personal disappointment in the life of the former Florentine secretary and second chancellor. In 1512 Machiavelli had been fired from the chancery of the Florentine Republic. In 1513 he had been arrested on a probably false charge of conspiracy, tortured (although he gave no confession), and then unexpectedly freed in a general amnesty following the election of a Florentine, Giovanni de' Medici, as Pope Leo X. In 1515, at the time these documents were drawn up, Machiavelli was still out of favor. But he was also putting into prose the theoretical work that established the extraordinary reputation still associated with him today.
Pre-Historic Tombs at Pelos
Authors: Edgar C. C.
Published: October 2013

I. The Site.—The late Dr. Dümmler was struck, on his visit to Melos, by the difference between the pre-Mycenæan tombs at Phylakopi and those that he had just seen opened in Amorgos. Still another, a third variety, had been reported from Syros. Not that the discrepancy disturbed his view of the pre-Mycenæan question. What the want of uniformity proved, to his mind, was merely that uniformity was not to have been expected.

It is, however, becoming more and more evident that at one period one particular type of entombment, the Amorgan type, prevailed all over the Cyclades. Pappadopoulo's account of the Syran graves is not to be taken any more seriously than his account of their contents.
Archaistic Reliefs
Authors: Perdrizet Paul F.
Published: October 2013

On a bien voulu faire à ces quelques notes l' honneur de les insérer dans l' Annuaire de l' École anglaise. Je ne voudrais pas que l' on mesurât à la faiblesse de mesσυμβολαίla gratitude que je dois et que je garde à l' hospitalière maison de Kolonaki. Puissent mes jeunes camarades de l' École française trouver à l' École anglaise des amitiés pareilles à celles que j' y ai faites ! Je ne puis former pour eux de meilleur vœu.

I saw the four reliefs which form the subject of the present study in Turkey; three are in the Museum at Constantinople, and one at Aïdin (Tralles), at which latter place two of them are known to have been found. I publish them together in the hope that they may add some fresh information on the difficult question of Archaistic Reliefs.
The Crucifixion on a Greek Gem
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: October 2013

The gem of which an engraving (in twice the actual size) is here given is a carnelian intaglio, which I found in a private collection in London in 1895. The owner, a Greek lady, resident in London, brought it to me with a bagful of similar gems, all of which had been in her possession from childhood. It appears that as a child she lived with her family at Constanza (Kustendje), and that the children playing on the beach there used frequently to find and make collections of Greek gems washed up by the sea or lying among the sand and pebbles. Her collection comprised some thirty or forty, all of which undoubtedly date from the first to the third century A.D.; but this was the only one of real importance; it was bought on my representation by Sir A. W. Franks and presented to the British Museum, where it is now exhibited among the Christian antiquities.
II. The Successive Settlements
Authors: Mackenzie D.
Published: October 2013

When we began excavation at Phylákopi in 1896 we did so with the great advantage of knowing from what was visible on the surface that nothing would be found on the site that was later than Mycenaean. This fact simplified vastly the problem of excavation as compared with that offered by sites like Mycenae and Troy. The evidence we were in search of was presented from the surface downwards without any later admixture. Thus we had our attention directed exclusively to prior questions in which the problem ot the Mycenaean civilization would present a final stage.
Kos Astypalaia
Authors: Mackenzie Duncan
Published: October 2013

From the modern town of Kos, on the site of the ancient capital at the north-east extremity of the island, to the village of Kephalos at the southwest end is a ride of eight hours.

The village stands on a chalky plateau which beyond the isthmus marks the beginning of the mountain district of south-west Kos. This in turn is a repetition on a smaller scale of the mountain region, at the other end of the island, which forms the lofty termination to the long central tableland. The highest points of the mountain district are towards the south-east where the fall to the sea is very rapid. The highest neighbouring peak, Mount Ziní, is about an hour distant from the village in a south-easterly direction, while all that lies to the north-west of the main range is high pastoral country with many torrent beds.
Some Unpublished ‘Catalogi Paterarum Argentearum’
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: October 2013

By the kind permission of Mr. Leonardos I am enabled to publish the following inscriptions, all of which are in the Epigraphic Museum at Athens. They belong to the class of ‘Catalogi Paterarum Argentearum,’ of which the already published inscriptions are collected in the Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum, Vol. II., Pt. 2, Nos. 768–776, 776 b; Vol. IV., Pt. 2, Nos. 768 b–776 c (pp. 187–192).

I have looked in vain for any indication of the places at which Nos. II, V., and VII. were found, but as all the other members of the series were discovered on the Acropolis, it is safe to infer the same for these three fragments also.
A Note on Herodotos VI. 83, and the Hybristika
Authors: Halliday W. R.
Published: October 2013

Herodotos describes the straits to which Argos was reduced by the victory of Kleomenes I. in the following extravagant terms: ᾿´Αργος δὲἀνδρω̑ν ἐχηρώθη οὕτω ὥστε οἱ δου̑λοι αὐτω̑ν ἔσχον πάντα τὰ πρήγματα ἄρχοντές τε καὶ διέποντες, ἐς ὃ ἐπήβησαν οὶ τω̑ν ἀπολομένων παι̑δες· ἔπειτα σφέας οὗτοι ἀνακτώμενοι ὀπίσω ἐς ἑωυτοὺς τὸ Ἄργος ἐξέβαλον· ἐξωθεύμενοι δὲ οἱ δου̑λοι μάχῃ ἔσχον Τίρυνθα. τέως μὲν δή σφι ἦν ἄρθμια ἐς ἀλλήλους, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐς τοὺς δούλους ἦλθε ἀνὴρ μάντις, Κλέανδρος γένος ἐὼν Φιγαλεὺς ἀπ᾿ Ἀρκαδίης· οὗτος τοὺς δούλους ἀνέγνωσε ἐπιθέσθαι τοι̑σι δεσπότῃσι. ἐκ τούτον δὴ πόλεμός σφι ἦν ἐπὶ χρόνον,ἐς ὃ δὴ μόγις οἱ᾿Αργεῖοι ἐπεκράτησαν Herodotos is given to exaggerating catastrophes. Mr. Wells has drawn attention to the fact that in 491 B.c. Argos was sufficiently populous to allow 1000 volunteers to take part in the war in Aigina. This extremity of ὀλιγανδρία which the historian depicts, must be a fiction. Even in antiquity the attention of critics was drawn to the passage.
II. Early Town and Cemeteries
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: October 2013

The operations of the British School for the first two months of the excavation season of 1900 extended more or less over the whole site of Knosso the summit of the Kephala hillock excepted, which had been bought and reserved by Mr. Evans. In selecting this wide area I had for objective the cemeteries prior to the Geometric Period, the situation of which was, and I regret to say still is, unknown. In the event I found what I had not expected, namely a well-preserved early town.
Excavations at Palaikastro. III: § 8.—Block δ, and the Shrine of the Snake Goddess
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

A good deal of work was done on this block in this year's campaign. Our main objects were to work out the stratification of walls in the regions uncovered last year, to clear certain rooms still undug, and to find the limits of the block to the south and east. The general result was to show that whilst the block at its latest period consisted of the large mansion shown on the key-plan, the garden and court connected with it, and two smaller houses, yet abundant remains of earlier houses exist, especially in the eastern and northern regions. The open space 18, 19, especially covered the Megaron of the earlier house, with its four pillarbases standing round the hearth, as in the contemporary house in Block β. The Early Minoan discoveries that this work led to in room 32 have been described above. The western limit of the block was found to be a street on which the Palace wall abutted. The southern limit is not yet cleared up. The street that runs west from Street λ-δ has been traced no further than square 6 F; west of this, that is in square 6 E, the Palace abuts immediately on houses of a much earlier date.
The Palace of Knossos and its Dependencies
Authors: Evans Arthur J.
Published: October 2013

The report of last Season's work must necessarily be of a somewhat summary character. The fuller description and elaborate plans and sections required for the due illustration of the results of the complete excavation of the Grand Staircase will find a more fitting place in the forthcoming general work on the Palace. On the other hand as it was only possible to lay bare a section of the large building on the hill to the West of the Palace, it has seemed undesirable at present to publish anything beyond a very brief account of the portion as yet explored, except so far as relates to the Shrine of the Fetish Idols. I have only to add that throughout the recent explorations I had, as before, the valued cooperation of my assistant Dr. Mackenzie.
II.—Geraki: 1.—Excavations
Authors: Wace Alan J. B. , Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

Some experimental excavations were carried out at Geraki (the ancient Geronthrae) between May 26 and June 6 of 1905.

Geraki lies in the upland plain which includes practically the whole of east central Laconia extending from the left bank of the Eurotas to the foothills of Parnon: it is on the south and south-western slopes of one of these foothills—the ancient acropolis of Geronthrae, which we shall discuss later in detail—that the modern village is built.
Note on the Lion-Group From Cyzicus
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

Three years ago I published (B.S.A. viii. 192, Pl. IV.2) a fragmentary relief from Cyzicus representing two lions back to back, standing over two bulls, the whole forming a symmetrical ‘heraldic’ composition. While attempting to connect the group with the worship of Cybele Adrasteia, I overlooked at the time an article of Mr. Crowfoot's having a considerable bearing on the subject, and perhaps contributing to the solution of a question still untouched, viz. the application of the obviously decorative sculpture.
Excavations at Palaikastro. IV: § 4.—Temple Site (Block χ)
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

This block of buildings, covering some 1300 sq. m. (see Key plan, Pl IX.), has now been fully excavated, and although no more Greek inscriptions or anything in the nature of a Minoan shrine were found, a layer, in some places as much as a metre thick, of archaic terracotta architectural fragments and bronze objects and the lower courses of what was probably a temenos-wall of the temple were uncovered, whilst the Minoan strata were deeper than anywhere else on the site, except parts of Block π, and ranged from Early Minoan to the end of Late Minoan.
Excavations at Palaikastro. IV: § 6.—A Larnax-Burial
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The ridge of conglomerate and gravel, on the lower stretch of which the Middle Minoan ossuary was found in 1902, descends from the slopes of Petsofá, parallel to a second ridge a little to the west. Between the two the ground sinks, and the overhanging ledges seemed likely to harbour tombs; and indeed several interesting objects were found here last year when a good many trenches were made on these slopes. This year trialpits were dug all round this sunken area. In two of them worked stones were found in disorder, but nothing else.
Excavations at Palaikastro. IV: § 10.—The Pottery and the Bronzes
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

The votive offerings, though much scattered and broken are numerous and homogeneous enough to furnish interesting information. The bulk of them belong to the archaic period and testify to the popularity and prosperity of the Dictaean sanctuary from the seventh to the fifth century. The scarcity of later objects is in harmony with the scarcity of architectural remains of the later temple. It is clear that the terracotta decorations and votive offerings of the earlier period must have been buried at the time of rebuilding, while those of the later period have only survived by exception. Among these earlier anathemata bronze shields both large and small and bronze tripods and bowls predominate precisely as they did in the cave of Zeus excavated by Prof. Halbherr and Dr. Hatzidakes on Mount Ida.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1907: § 6.—The Early Pottery
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

The earliest pottery yet discovered by the excavations at Sparta is of the Geometric (post-Mycenaean) style.

In 1906 a thick deposit of this ware was revealed by the trial trenches at the site of the temple of Artemis Orthia, and it was also found in the trial pits at the Heroön by the river bank. In 1907 the further excavations at the Orthia site produced a sufficient quantity to allow of a definite report on the nature of this style in Laconia: a task which has been greatly helped by the discovery of a fresh deposit of the pottery on the Acropolis by the site of the Chalkioikos.
The Pagan Element in the Names of Saints
Authors: Hamilton Mary
Published: October 2013

The early strife between Christianity and Paganism has recently been reflected in a prolix discussion of Survivals. The Church is accused of sheltering Paganism in her rites and tenets by disguising beathen practices and beliefs under Christian forms, while the vindicators of an independent Christianity reject as false or inadequate the analogies drawn in support of this accusation. The aim of the present paper is to examine one section of these analogies, that is, those which are founded on resemblances between the names of saints and of pagan deities.
‘II.—Topography: South-Eastern Laconia
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The following paper deals with the historical geography and antiquities of the south-eastern promontory of Laconia from Acriae on the Laconic Gulf to Epidaurus Limera. Most of the country included being within easy reach of the sea, the ‘periplus’ arrangement has been followed, and a concordance of ancient geographers is prefixed to each of the sections.
A Visit to Cyrene in 1895
Authors: Weld-Blundell Herbert
Published: October 2013

The difficulties that hedged round the Garden of the Hesperides in the Greek seem still destined to make the Cyrenaica, a country to which the eyes of archæologists have so wistfully turned, almost as inaccessible to the modern traveller as to the heroes of ancient fable. The classic maidens have vanished, the Garden is somewhat run to seed, but the dragon of early legend is there, in the person of the native official who guards the historical treasures that lie strewn over the rich sites of the Pentapolis, stately tombs that worthless Arabs kennel in or plunder for statues and vases, to be peddled to Maltese or Greeks for (literally) home consumption or foreign export.