bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics of N-palmitoyl chitosan anchored docetaxel liposomes
Authors: Liang Ge , Jia-Bi Zhu , Fei Xiong , Bin Ni
Published: May 2007

The objective of this work was to investigate the preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics of N-palmitoyl chitosan anchored docetaxel liposomes. To decrease toxic effects and improve anti-tumour efficacy of the drug, docetaxel has been incorporated in liposomes; the formulation, stability and pharmacokinetics of plain docetaxel liposomes (PDLs), PEGylated docetaxel liposomes (PEGDLs) and N-palmitoyl chitosan anchored docetaxel liposomes (NDLs) were compared. NDL was more stable than PDL and PEGDL in-vitro, especially in the presence of serum at 37°C. The concentration of docetaxel in the plasma of rats after intravenous administration of docetaxel injection, PDL, PEGDL and NDL was studied by RP-HPLC. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of docetaxel injection, PDL, PEGDL and NDL were significantly different. These findings suggest that anchored liposomes could increase the stability of docetaxel in-vivo, as compared with plain liposomes, but the improvement was not more significant than PEGylated liposomes. N-Palmitoyl chitosan as a new polymeric membrane to anchor liposome was useful to stabilize liposomes containing anti-tumour drug.
Synthesis and pharmacological investigation of novel 3-(3-methylphenyl)-2-substituted amino-3H-quinazolin-4-ones as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents
Authors: Alagarsamy Veerachamy , Dhanabal Kumarasamy , Parthiban Periyasamy , Anjana Gobi , Deepa Govinhan , Murugesan Balakrishnan , Rajkumar Subramanian , Beevi Abdulrahim Janath
Published: May 2007

A variety of novel 3-(3-methylphenyl)-2-substituted amino-3H-quinazolin-4-ones were synthesized by reacting the amino group of 2-hydrazino-3-(3-methylphenyl)-3H-quinazolin-4-one with a variety of aldehydes and ketones. The starting material 2-hydrazino-3-(3-methylphenyl)-3H-quinazolin-4-one was synthesized from 3-methyl aniline. The title compounds were investigated for analgesic, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic index activities. Compound 2-(1-ethylpropylidene-hydrazino)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-3H-quinazolin-4-one (AS2) was the most active analgesic agent. Compound 2-(1-methylbutylidene-hydrazino)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-3H-quinazolin-4-one (AS3) was the most active anti-inflammatory agent and was moderately more potent than the reference standard diclofenac sodium. The test compounds showed only mild ulcerogenic potential compared with aspirin.
Inhibition of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel and cytoprotective properties of 4-piperidinomethyl-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol
Authors: Shen Ai-Yu , Tsai Jen-Hsiang , Teng Hsiu-Chen , Huang Mei-Han , Wu Sheng-Nan
Published: May 2007

The ionic mechanisms and cytoprotective activities of 4-piperidinomethyl-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (THPI), an analogue of thymol, were investigated in HL-60 granulocytes and in human erythrocytes, respectively. THPI inhibited K+ outward current (IK) in a concentration-dependent manner in HL-60 leukocytes, with an IC50 value of 4 μM. Neither iberiotoxin (200 nM) nor paxilline (1 μM) suppressed the amplitude of IK, whereas clotrimazole (5 μM) significantly inhibited it. In the inside-out configuration of single channel recordings, application of THPI (5 μM) into the bath medium did not alter the single-channel conductance of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (IKCa) channels (i.e KCa3.1 channels), but it suppressed the channel activity significantly. THPI-induced inhibition of IKCa channels was reversed by a further application of 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (10μM). THPI-induced reduction in IKCa-channel activity in these cells was primarily due to a decrease in mean open time. These results provide direct evidence that THPI is capable of suppressing the activity of IKCa channels in HL-60 cells. The antioxidant action of THPI also revealed a beneficial cytoprotective effect against mitomycin C-mediated haemolytic effect in human erythrocytes. The results of this study suggest that blockade of IKCa channels and the membrane-protecting activity of THPI would combine to have beneficial effects in lessening the severity of haemolytic crisis and reducing anaemia in sickle cell disease.
Protective effect of Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu and its crude drug Tanjin against age-related lipidosis in rats
Authors: Cho Eun Ju , Yokozawa Takako , Okamoto Takuya
Published: May 2007

We have investigated the effect of the Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu and its crude drug Tanjin against age-related lipidosis in-vivo in a rat model. The serum and hepatic triglyceride levels were remarkably elevated in 12-month-old compared with two-month-old rats. However, the administration of Kangen-karyu and Tanjin extracts significantly decreased these levels. This suggested a protective role against related pathological conditions as well as hyperlipidaemia. On the other hand, the reduction of the levels of adiponectin in serum with ageing did not show significant changes in rats given diets supplemented with Kangen-karyu and Tanjin extracts. Furthermore, the expression of transcription factors in nuclear hepatic tissue related to lipid metabolism was investigated. The decline in the expression of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α protein in hepatic tissue with age was ameliorated by the administration of Kangen-karyu and Tanjin supplements. On the other hand, the overexpression of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP)-1 and SREBP-2 in old rats compared with young rats showed a tendency to decrease with Kangen-karyu and Tanjin administration. The decline of hepatic function with ageing was attenuated by Kangen-karyu and Tanjin, suggesting the beneficial role of Kangen-karyu and Tanjin on lipid metabolism through the improvement of hepatic function. This study has demonstrated that Kangen-karyu and Tanjin inhibited the accumulation of triglyceride with regulation of related protein expressions and they improved hepatic function. Evidence has been provided for the anti-ageing activity of Kangen-karyu and its crude drug Tanjin against age-related lipidosis.
Beneficial effects of the extract from Corydalis yanhusuo in rats with heart failure following myocardial infarction
Authors: Wu Limao , Ling Haiyun , Li Lianda , Jiang Lianxiu , He Minle
Published: May 2007

As indicated in ancient Chinese medical books, Corydalis yanhusuo has therapeutic effects on cardiovascular diseases. The analgesic effect of this plant has been fully elucidated, and I-tetrahydropalmatine has been shown to be the main active principle. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate its protective effects in a rat heart failure model. Rats were subjected to coronary artery ligation, and orally administered with ethanolic extract of Corydalis yanhusuo 50, 100, or 200 mg kg−1 daily, from the 7th day after surgery. We measured cardiac function, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), relative heart and lung weights, infarct size and ventricular dilatation after treatment for 8 weeks. Administration with Corydalis yanhusuo led to a significant reduction in infarct size and improvement in cardiac function as demonstrated by lower left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and elevated ± dp/dtmax. We also found that Corydalis yanhusuo significantly reduced left ventricular (LV)/body weight ratio, lung/body weight ratio and significantly inhibited neurohormonal activation. Taken together, this study indicated that Corydalis yanhusuo exerted salutary effects on heart failure induced by myocardial infarction in rats.
An ethanol extract of Piper betle Linn. mediates its anti-inflammatory activity via down-regulation of nitric oxide
Authors: Ganguly Sudipto , Mula Soumyaditya , Chattopadhyay Subrata , Chatterjee Mitali
Published: May 2007

The leaves of Piper betle (locally known as Paan) have long been in use in the Indian indigenous system of medicine for the relief of pain; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this effect have not been elucidated. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of an ethanolic extract of the leaves of P. betle (100 mg kg−1; PB) were demonstrated in a complete Freund's adjuvant-induced model of arthritis in rats with dexamethasone (0.1 mg kg−1) as the positive control. At non-toxic concentrations of PB (5–25 μg mL−1), a dose-dependent decrease in extracellular production of nitric oxide in murine peritoneal macrophages was measured by the Griess assay and corroborated by flow cytometry using the nitric oxide specific probe, 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate. This decreased generation of reactive nitrogen species was mediated by PB progressively down-regulating transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages, and concomitantly causing a dose-dependent decrease in the expression of interleukin-12 p40, indicating the ability of PB to down-regulate T-helper 1 pro-inflammatory responses. Taken together, the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthrotic activity of PB is attributable to its ability to down-regulate the generation of reactive nitrogen species, thus meriting further pharmacological investigation.
Antiproliferative, cytotoxic and antitumour activity of coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense
Authors: Ruiz-Marcial César , Chilpa Ricardo Reyes , Estrada Elizabeth , Reyes-Esparza Jorge , Fariña Germán Garrido , Rodríguez-Fragoso Lourdes
Published: May 2007

Among the eight Calophyllum species found on the American continent, Calophyllum brasiliense is the most widely distributed. Chemical analysis of this species has shown the presence of xanthones with cancer chemopreventive properties and antifungal activity. Recently, three new coumarins with antineoplastic properties have been found. In this study, we have evaluated the biological effects of the antiproliferative activity of coumarins isolated from C. brasiliense on the survival, cell cycle and apoptosis of cells in-vitro and their antitumour effects in mice. The cytological study showed that coumarins from C. brasiliense reduce the survival of BMK cells (baby mouse kidney cells) by inducing apoptosis and, to a lesser degree, necrosis. The cell cycle was arrested in S-phase and the division of BMK cells was inhibited. Coumarins had caused a reduction of experimental tumours in 83% of animals by the end of the treatment. Therefore, coumarins have the potential to be used alone or in combination with other antineoplastic drugs, and they might increase the effectiveness of other treatments for cancer.
Differential involvement of TRPV1 receptors at the central and peripheral nerves in CFA-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia
Authors: Kanai Yoshihito , Hara Tomokazu , Imai Aki , Sakakibara Ayano
Published: May 2007

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonists are known to attenuate two typical symptoms of inflammatory hyperalgesia: thermal and mechanical. However, it is not clear whether the sites of participation of TRPV1 for each symptom are different. In this study, we clarified the difference between the site of TRPV1 involvement in both symptoms by analysing the anti-hyperalgesic activity of two kinds of TRPV1 antagonists given locally (i.e. intraplantarly and intrathecally) in rats with CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant)-induced inflammation. TRPV1 antagonists BCTC (N-(4-tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-cholorphyridin-2-yl) tetrahydropyrazine-1 (2H)-carbox-amide, 1–300 μg) and SB-366791 (N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamide, 30–300 μg) administered intraplantarly in a dose-dependent manner inhibited CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia. In addition, CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia was significantly reversed by intrathecal administration of 1–100μg of BCTC and SB-366791. While intraplantar BCTC (1–300 μg) and SB-366791 (30–300 μg) did not reverse CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, 1–100 μg of intrathecally administered BCTC and SB-366791 dose-dependently reduced mechanical hyperalgesia. Regression analysis showed that a correlation exists between the inhibitory effects on thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical hyperalgesia after intrathecal administration (correlation factor = 0.6521), but not after intraplantar administration (correlation factor = 0.0215). These data suggest that TRPV1 in the peripheral endings of the primary afferents plays a key role in thermal hyperalgesia, but it makes only a minor contribution in CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Furthermore, it is suggested that the spinal TRPV1 is critical in the development of both types of hyperalgesia.
The “double-faced” effect of VC-12 on free-radical-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes: antioxidant and prooxidant
Authors: Li Guo-Xiang , Tang You-Zhi , Liu Zai-Qun
Published: May 2007

Vitamin C is a popular antioxidant; however, its water solubility limits its function in the lipid environment. As a result, the antioxidative properties of its lipophilic derivatives have aroused research attention, especially L-ascorbyl-6-laurate (VC-12). We have investigated the effect of a high concentration of VC-12 on 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH)-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes. The findings indicated that VC-12 was capable of protecting erythrocytes against AAPH-induced haemolysis when its concentration was below 60 μM. With an increase in the concentration of VC-12 and a decrease in the concentration of AAPH, VC-12 promoted haemolysis remarkably, the mechanism of which has been proposed as VC-12-mediated peroxidation. When the concentration of VC-12 was increased to above 150 μM, VC-12 promoted haemolysis by its function as a surfactant, to unbalance the osmotic pressure within and outside erythrocytes. High concentrations of VC-12 may have generated radicals via autooxidation, resulting in eventual haemolysis. Therefore, the double-faced effect of VC-12 on haemolysis of human erythrocytes was due to its concentration. This information may be useful for the safe use of lipophilic vitamin C.
Generalized regression neural networks in prediction of drug stability
Authors: Ibrić Svetlana , Jovanović Milica , Djurić Zorica , Parojčić Jelena , Solomun Ljiljana , Lučić Branka
Published: May 2007

This study had two aims. Firstly, we wanted to model the effects of the percentage of Eudragit RS PO and compression pressure as the most important process and formulation variables on the time course of drug release from extended-release matrix aspirin tablets. Secondly, we investigated the possibility of predicting drug stability and shelf-life using an artificial neural network (ANN). Ten types of matrix aspirin tablets were prepared as model formulations and were stored in stability chambers at 60°C, 50°C, 40°C and 30°C and controlled humidity. Samples were removed at predefined time points and analysed for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and salicylic acid (SA) content using stability-indicating HPLC. The decrease in aspirin content followed apparent zero-order kinetics. The amount of Eudragit RS PO and compression pressure were selected as causal factors. The apparent zero-order rate constants for each temperature were chosen as output variables for the ANN. A set of output parameters and causal factors were used as training data for the generalized regression neural network (GRNN). For two additional test formulations, Arrhenius plots were constructed from the experimentally observed and GRNN-predicted results. The slopes of experimentally observed and predicted Arrhenius plots were tested for significance using Student's t-test. For test formulations, the shelf life (t95%) was then calculated from experimentally observed values (t95% 82.90 weeks), as well as from GRNN-predicted values (t95% 81.88 weeks). These results demonstrate that GRNN networks can be used to predict ASA content and shelf life without stability testing for formulations in which the amount of polymer and tablet hardness are within the investigated range.
MicroRNAs in human cancer: from research to therapy
Authors: Negrini Massimo , Ferracin Manuela , Sabbioni Silvia , Croce Carlo M.
Published: May 2007

Numerous miRNAs are deregulated in human cancers, and experimental evidence indicates that they can play roles as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Similarly to cancer genes that encode proteins, deregulation of miRNA-encoding genes is associated with genetic or epigenetic alterations, such as deletions, amplifications, point mutations and aberrant DNA methylation. The discovery that miRNAs interact with known oncogenes has established further links with molecular pathways implicated in malignant transformation. Finally, miRNAs can be used as diagnostic markers, and their potential as therapeutic molecules has moved miRNAs from the area of basic research to the field of cancer biotechnology.
Human papillomavirus assay in genital warts – correlation with symptoms
Authors: Hadjivassiliou Maria , Stefanaki Christina , Nicolaidou Electra , Bethimoutis George , Anyfantakis Vassilios , Caroni Chrysseis , Katsambas Andreas
Published: May 2007

Our purpose was to investigate the human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution using the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) Microplate assay in males. We tested a urethral swab from 550 HIV-negative males with genital warts and 64 HIV-negative males clinically free of genital warts, partners of HPV-infected females, using the HC2 Microplate assay. A perianal swab was also obtained from patients with perianal warts. In the first group, HPV DNA of any type was detected in 280 (50.9%) patients. Relatively few patients with urethral or perianal warts demonstrated a negative test (both P < 0.0001). Low-risk types were commoner, accounting for 60.0% of the HPV cases, high/intermediate-risk types accounted for 23.6%, while 46 men (16.4%) were infected with both types. Of 13 subjects (20.3%) of the second group who tested positive for HPV DNA, 61.5% were infected by low-risk types, 23.1% by high/intermediate-risk types and 15.4% had a dual infection. In conclusion, male partners of infected females and males with genital warts are predominantly infected by low-risk HPV types, but a substantial proportion is also or only affected by high-risk types.
Bacterial vaginal flora in relation to changing oestrogen levels
Authors: Wilson J D , Lee R A , Balen A H , Rutherford A J
Published: May 2007

Hormonal changes may be important in the onset and clearance of bacterial vaginosis. We studied vaginal flora and serum oestradiol levels of 55 women at baseline and during hormonal treatment. None developed bacterial vaginosis (BV) from normal vaginal flora, 69% of women had normal flora at baseline increasing to 91% following hormonal treatment. The mean oestradiol level with BV was 39.07 ng/L compared with 176.41 ng/L with normal flora. Non-smokers had a mean oestradiol level of 173.95 ng/L compared with 118.67 ng/L in smokers. Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone resulted in a mean oestradiol rise of 113.9 ng/L. The mean rise was 330.4 ng/L with improved vaginal flora but only 15.1 ng/L in persistently abnormal or worsening flora. A rise in oestradiol in this group of women was associated with a significant reduction of abnormal flora. Reversion from BV to normal flora was associated with a greater rise in oestradiol than where abnormal flora persisted or worsened. This study supports a possible hormonal influence in the natural history of BV. The lower oestradiol levels in smokers may help explain their increased risk of BV.
Cytomegalovirus viral load testing of blood using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in acutely unwell HIV-1-positive patients lacks diagnostic utility
Authors: Edwards S G , Grover D , Scott C , Tedder R S , Pillay D , Copas A , Miller R F
Published: May 2007

We examined the usefulness of measuring cytomegalovirus (CMV) viral load (VL) in blood using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in establishing a diagnosis of CMV end-organ disease in consecutive unwell HIV-infected patients. The indication for testing for CMV, CD4 count, CMV VL and presence of CMV end-organ disease were abstracted from case-notes. During a 42-month period, 216 tests were performed in 181 patients; the majority (61%) had CD4 counts <100 cells/ μL. The prevalence of detectable CMV by qPCR was 43.5% (94/216) with a prevalence of CMV end-organ disease of 7.4% (16/216). Of patients with CMV detectable by qPCR, 72 % (50/69) had CD4 counts <100 cells/ μL. For patients with definite CMV end-organ disease, the positive predictive value of detectable CMV by qPCR was 10% (9/94), and the negative predictive value was 98% (119/122). In acutely unwell HIV-infected patients, detection of CMV by qPCR is a poor predictor of CMV end-organ disease.
Identifying hidden capacity through modernization of genitourinary medicine services
Authors: Ahmed-Jushuf I , Griffiths V ,   The Six Sigma Study Group
Published: May 2007

Rates of sexually transmitted infections have continued to rise in recent years throughout the UK. Poor access to genitourinary medicine clinics has been highlighted as a major factor contributing to this increase. Despite a lack of investment in sexual health services, capacity for new patients has almost doubled over the past decade. However, a significant amount of unreleased capacity is still available within the service. This 'Six Sigma' study group was formed in 2003 to explore whether capacity could be enhanced by further reducing the ratio of follow-up to new-case patient visits. Following implementation of recommended changes, the mean follow-up to new-case ratio reduced from 0.82 (range 0.29–1.69) to 0.62 (range: 0.19–1.40). Crucially, this increase in capacity was achieved without adversely affecting quality of care. The Six Sigma group have developed the tools to release capacity in a controlled and validated way and are keen to help other clinics achieve similar results.
B safe, B sorted: results of a hepatitis B vaccination outreach programme
Authors: Warwick Zoë , Dean Gillian , Carter Peter
Published: May 2007

The risk of hepatitis B among men having sex with men (MSM) is high, with core antibody rates ranging from 5% to 81%. We describe an outreach, hepatitis B vaccination programme aiming to raise awareness of hepatitis B and increase vaccination uptake. The 13-week programme used an ultra rapid vaccination schedule. Follow-up was defined as complete if the client was core antibody positive, had adequate surface antibody levels following prior vaccination or received three vaccine doses. One hundred and fifty clients were screened for hepatitis B and syphilis. Three cases of untreated syphilis (early latent) and one case of e-antigen-positive hepatitis B were detected. With the aid of text-message reminders, a vaccination completion rate of 76.6% was achieved, with 82.5% completing follow-up. In conclusion, this programme succeeded in reaching MSM not routinely accessing services. Text messaging was an acceptable and effective method of follow-up, resulting in high vaccination completion rates.
An audit of the results of the Roche Amplicor gonorrhoea test on female genital samples – a cheaper and more sensitive method than culture in an urban English population
Authors: Hardwick Christine , White David , Osman Husam
Published: May 2007

We report an audit of the use of the Roche Amplicor gonorrhoea test in an urban English genitourinary (GU) medicine clinic. A number of studies have shown polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to be more sensitive than culture in detecting Neisseria gonorrhoea (NG) in genital samples. PCR also offers benefits over culture in terms of samples transport and storage requirements but cannot produce antibiotic sensitivities. In this audit, the use of both methods within an algorithm has reduced the overall cost of NG detection by approximately 30%. In all, 4.2% (99 out of 2336) of the endocervical samples were positive, but only 69% (68 out of 99) of these were also positive by culture. Urine samples showed twice as many inhibitory results as positive results: 19 (3%) inhibitory and 10 (1.5%) positive out of 662 samples. The use of the GC PCR in this protocol has been cost-saving and has increased the sensitivity of GC detection, but some results have been difficult to interpret. We hope to remedy this by the introduction of confirmatory testing for discrepant PCR results.
Renal and gastrointestinal amyloidosis in an HIV-infected injection drug user
Authors: Newey C , Odedra B J , Standish R A , Furmali R , Edwards S G , Miller R F
Published: May 2007

A 30-year-old HIV-infected intravenous drug user presented with sepsis, acute renal failure, oedema, proteinuria and iron deficiency anaemia. After extensive investigation, a diagnosis of reactive systemic AA (amyloid, serum amyloid A protein) amyloidosis was made on the basis of renal, gastric and duodenal biopsies.
Correlates of late HIV diagnosis: implications for testing policy
Authors: Delpierre Cyrille , Dray-Spira Rosemary , Cuzin Lise , Marchou Bruno , Massip Patrice , Lang Thierry , Lert France ,   The VESPA Study Group
Published: May 2007

To develop new strategies aimed to reduce the delay in seeking HIV diagnosis, we proposed to identify correlates of late diagnosis of HIV infection in France. Late testing was studied among the 1077 patients diagnosed from 1996 and enrolled in the ANRS-EN12-VESPA, a representative sample of the French HIV-infected population. Patients were defined as 'late testers' if they had presented either clinical AIDS events or CD4 cell count <200/mm3 at diagnosis. In all, 33.1% were classified as late testers, among whom 42.6% had discovered their HIV infection at the time of AIDS events. This proportion increased with age and was higher for heterosexual men and migrants. Among the non-migrants heterosexual population, late diagnosis was more frequent among people in longstanding couple, with children and conversely was less likely among individuals with large number of sexual partners. Being on welfare benefit before diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of late diagnosis. Among migrants, lack of recent steady partnership was associated with an increased risk, as being diagnosed during the first year of stay in France. Our results showed low risk factors of infection were risk factors of late testing. Public communication should aim at improving the awareness of HIV risk in longstanding couples with stable employment, both among homosexual and heterosexual populations. Among migrants, HIV testing with informed consent short after entry should be improved, especially towards individuals not in couple.
Audit of Postal Test Kits in Edinburgh for Chlamydia trachomatis as an alternative to genitourinary medicine clinic attendance
Authors: Davison R , Bartholemew S , Clutterbuck D J
Published: May 2007

Our objective was to investigate whether Postal Test Kits (PTKs) for Chlamydia trachomatis in Edinburgh offer an alternative to genitourinary (GU) medicine clinic attendance. All PTKs returned in the Edinburgh area over a six-month period from August 2005 were audited. Data on age and previous access to GU medicine services were collected. Return rates of kits from various sources were calculated. In all, 799 kits were returned with 72 (9%) chlamydia prevalence, and 10% had previously attended a GU medicine clinic. The largest proportion of kits were used by the 16–29 years old age group. Return rates of kits varied with distribution point, with only 15% returned from GU medicine. PTKs appear to be targeting an appropriate high-risk age group and a population not otherwise accessing GU medicine clinics. However, return rates are low and kits do not offer an adequate alternative to GU medicine clinics.
Releasing capacity in sexual health through modernization
Authors: Griffiths V , Ahmed-Jushuf I ,   The Six Sigma study group
Published: May 2007

Increasing rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), coupled with a lack of investment, have placed mounting pressure on sexual health services. To address these growing demands and meet new Government targets for access, the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) and other UK bodies are keen to promote modernization and innovation within the service. The 'Six Sigma' study group was formed in 2003 to investigate whether capacity within genitourinary (GU) medicine clinics could be enhanced by further reducing the follow-up to new-case patient visit ratio. A process improvement methodology, Six Sigma, was employed to achieve these aims. The clinics within the Six Sigma group demonstrated a significant reduction in the follow-up to new-case ratio, so releasing a considerable amount of additional capacity. Importantly, this group developed the tools for other GU medicine clinics to achieve similar results and benefit from their considerable expertise.
An audit on the management of gonorrhoea at the Whittall Street Clinic, Birmingham, UK
Authors: Sawyer R , Manavi K
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the compliance of management of gonorrhoea with the national recommendations. The method used was a retrospective audit on consecutive cases of culturally proven gonorrhoea. In total, 131 men and 100 women were included. Four men and nine women were not treated with the appropriate antibiotic. Seven women had not received any treatment. Only 0.33 partners for each case of gonorrhoea were contacted. Uptake of HIV testing was 64%. Treatment failure was recorded among three of 33 patients with test of cure. Oro-pharyngeal swabs were obtained in 34% of the patients with a history of oral sex. In only three of the nine auditable standards targets were met. In conclusion, staff re-training, updated local protocols, routine offer of test of cure and methods to improve partner notification were implemented to improve the management of gonorrhoea.
HIV-infected children vaccination coverage and safety in a Western European cohort: a retrospective study
Authors: Fernández-Ibieta María , Ramos-Amador José T , Auñón-Martín Ismael
Published: May 2007

Since the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children, response to scheduled vaccines may determinate future morbidity and mortality. The aims of this study have been to describe the current vaccine coverage, vaccine safety and concordance with vaccine recommendations of the 68 HIV-infected children and adolescents followed up in our Unit. Forty-four percent of the children received at least one dose of the oral polio vaccine (OPV). Only 9.1% needed and received a second set of hepatitis B virus immunization because of low vaccine response. Only 14.7% were vaccinated against varicella. Coverages of 82.3% and 100% have been reached with the 23-valent and the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccines, respectively. Meningococcal conjugated vaccine uptake was moderate (80.8%). Influenza annual vaccination coverage was poor: only 22.7% had well-documented yearly vaccines. In our experience, vaccine coverage is lower in those vaccines administered in primary care centres compared with the immunizations given at the hospital. OPV administration did not cause any adverse effect in the children or in their families. Vaccine coverage in HIV-infected children was suboptimal.
Changes in quality of life and psychological need satisfaction following the transition to secondary school
Authors: Gillison Fiona. , Standage Martyn. , Skevington Suzanne.
Published: May 2007

Background

Quality of life (QoL) is an important area for research during adolescence, due to its associations with (1) physical and mental health and (2) the emergence of health risk behaviours. A time that poses a particular threat to QoL is the transition from primary to secondary school.

Aims

This study aimed to investigate changes in QoL immediately following the transition to secondary school. Using Self‐Determination Theory (SDT) as a conceptual foundation, the relationship between QoL and satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs advanced by SDT (autonomy, competence and relatedness) was explored.

Sample

The sample comprised 63 Year 7 students (age 11–12 years) attending a UK coeducational secondary school.

Method

Data were collected using self‐report questionnaires on three occasions over 10 weeks, starting on the second week of term. Change in need satisfaction was used to predict change in QoL, and the possible reciprocal relationship explored using regression analysis.

Results

A meaningful improvement in QoL was recorded for 21% of students. Improvements in QoL were predicted by satisfaction of the needs for autonomy and relatedness, but not by competence, explaining 36% of the variance. QoL showed a weaker, but reciprocal effect on need satisfaction.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that support for the needs for autonomy and relatedness would provide the most likely route to the enhancement of student QoL over the transition to senior school.
Representational drawing and the transition from intellectual to visual realism in children with autism
Authors: Ford Ruth M. , Rees Elen Lord
Published: May 2007

The present study compared the representational drawings of children with autism, children with Down syndrome and typically developing children. Participants were asked to draw a series of objects and their depictions were scored for the incidence of intellectual realism. The tasks sought evidence of conceptual as opposed to episodic influences on intellectual realism in terms of (1) omission errors for the visible decorative attributes of isolated objects and (2) commission errors for the hidden categorical attributes of contextually situated objects. All groups evinced sensitivity to meaning as gauged by the former measure but the autistic group were impaired in their performance on the latter measure. Whereas children without autism were less likely to depict the occluded handle of a cup when the model was presented in context rather than independently, this trend was lacking in the autistic sample. We consider these findings in terms of weak central coherence and alternative accounts of impaired conceptualization in autism.
Testing an extended theory of planned behaviour to predict young people's sun safety in a high risk area
Authors: White Katherine M. , Robinson Natalie G. , Young Ross McD. , Anderson Peter J. , Hyde Melissa K. , Greenbank Susan , Rolfe Toni , Keane Julie , Vardon Paul , Baskerville Debra
Published: May 2007

Objectives The present research examined the sun protection intentions and behaviours of young people in a high risk skin cancer area using an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) incorporating additional social influences of group and image norms.

Design The study employed a prospective design to examine young people's sun protection intentions and behaviour.

Method Participants (N = 1,134), aged 12–20 years, were students (school, university, TAFE) and young employees living in Queensland, Australia. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing the TPB predictors (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control) and additional social influences (group norm, image norm) of sun protection intentions. Two weeks later, participants (N = 734) reported their sun protection behaviour for the previous fortnight.

Results Results revealed that the TPB variables of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control and the additional social influence variable of group norms, but not image norms, emerged as significant predictors of intentions to engage in sun protection. The extended TPB variables accounted for 36% of the variance in intentions. For behaviour, the extended TPB variables accounted for 27% of the variance with both intention and, unexpectedly, group norm as the significant direct predictors of sun protective behaviours.

Conclusions Results of this study provide support for the application of the TPB in the sun safety context and highlight the importance of considering the influence of group norms in the development of future interventions to increase young people's sun protection intentions and behaviour.
What lies between hypomania and bipolar disorder? A qualitative analysis of 12 non‐treatment‐seeking people with a history of hypomanic experiences and no history of major depression
Authors: Seal Karen , Mansell Warren , Mannion Helena
Published: May 2007

This study presents the thoughts of a group of 12 individuals over 30 years of age with a history of hypomanic experiences using the qualitative method: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. These individuals were specifically selected on the basis of a self‐reported history of hypomanic experiences (according to the mood disorder questionnaire, MDQ), and screened to rule out a history of mania or major depression, and therefore not fulfilling the criteria for bipolar I or II disorders. Thus, the current participants represent a unique sample of individuals, previously underreported in the literature. The aim of the interview was to determine the protective factors or characteristics which may prevent such individuals from experiencing hypomanic experiences that significantly disrupt their level of functioning. Three clusters of emergent themes emerged in the interviews: ‘positive qualities of hypomanic experiences’, ‘the social meaning of hypomanic experiences’, and ‘having hypomanic experiences is not a problem’. The responses to several interview questions are also provided, which highlight the situations preceding hypomanic experiences, possible explanations for their experiences not going out of control, and typical responses of other people to the participants' behaviour. Findings are discussed in relation to a recent cognitive model of bipolar disorder and mood swings.
Acute Myopericarditis After Multiple Vaccinations in an Adolescent: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Thanjan Maria T. , Ramaswamy Prema , Lai Wyman W. , Lytrivi Irene D.
Published: May 2007

We report a case of postvaccination acute myopericarditis in an adolescent. The patient presented with acute chest pain, diffuse ST-segment elevation, and elevated cardiac enzyme levels. Cardiac MRI was consistent with acute myocarditis. He recovered within a few days with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory treatment and remains clinically stable, with improvement of MRI findings at the 10-week follow-up. Postvaccination cases of myopericarditis reported in the pediatric literature are also reviewed.
Modeling of homogeneous tin speciation using detailed chemical kinetics
Authors: Qiao Yu , Xu Minghou , Yao Hong , Wang Chen , Gong Xun , Chen Hanping , Li Laicai
Published: May 2007

In this work, ab initio molecular orbital methods were employed to study the reaction mechanisms of the oxidation of tin (Sn) with different oxidants, including O2, CO2, HOCl, HCl, ClO, ClO2 and NO3, during coal combustion. Eleven key reaction pathways were identified. Although Cl2 and HCl are generally low in concentration in coal and in the combustion flue gases, owing to their strong oxidizability, these oxidants should be considered for some trace element oxidation. A detailed kinetic modeling consisting of 354 reactions and 64 species especially for tin in combustion‐generated flue gases was performed. The quantum chemistry and sensitivity simulations illustrated that the pathways Sn + O2 = SnO + O and Sn + CO2 = SnO + CO are more significant than the other nine reactions. The present study shows that O2 and CO2 are the two main oxidants for tin oxidation. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Anti‐proliferative in‐vitro Activity of Two Natural Dihydrostilbenes and their Analogues
Authors: Zhang Wei‐Ge , Zhao Rui , Ren Jian , Ren Li‐Xiang , Lin Jin‐Guang , Liu Dai‐Lin , Wu Ying‐Liang , Yao Xin‐Sheng
Published: May 2007

A total synthetic route for two natural dihydrostilbenes with significant cytotoxicity toward human cancer cell lines, (3‐(2‐(7‐methoxybenzo[d][1,3]dioxol‐5‐yl)ethyl)phenol 1a and 6‐(3‐hydroxyphenethyl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxol‐4‐ol 1b), which were isolated from Bulbophyllum odoratissimum Lindl, was developed via Wittig–Horner reaction. The natural products 1a and 1b were obtained in 28% and 20% overall yield, respectively. Additionally, nine analogues, 1c‐1k, of the two natural dihydrostilbenes were synthesized and evaluated for their anti‐proliferative activity against human SGC‐7901, KB and HT‐1080 cell lines by MTT assay. The activities of 1c and 1d were in the same range as those of the natural products 1a and 1b.
Effects of short‐and long‐term pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on night sleep and cognitive functions in healthy subjects
Authors: Fritzer Gunther , Göder Robert , Friege Lars , Wachter Jessica , Hansen Volkert , Hinze‐Selch Dunja , Aldenhoff Josef B.
Published: May 2007

The original article to which this erratum refers was published in Bioelectromagnetics 28:316–325.
Fate and clinical significance of saphenofemoral junction tributaries following endovenous laser ablation of great saphenous vein
Authors: Theivacumar N S , Dellagrammaticas D , Beale R J , Mavor A I D , Gough M J
Published: May 2007

Background

Unlike surgery, endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) abolishes great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux but does not specifically interrupt the GSV tributaries at the groin. The fate and clinical significance of these tributaries were assessed in a prospective study.

Methods

Eight-one legs (70 patients) underwent colour flow duplex ultrasonography 12 months after GSV ablation for primary varicose veins. Saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) reflux, tributary patency, and recurrent or residual varicosities were recorded, and Aberdeen Varicose Vein Severity Scores (AVVSS) were compared with pretreatment values.

Results

The GSV had recanalized without evidence of reflux in two patients. None of the 81 legs showed SFJ reflux although one or more patent tributaries were visible in 48 (59 per cent); all were competent. In 32 legs (40 per cent) there was flush GSV occlusion with the SFJ and no tributaries were detectable. One leg showed evidence of neovascularization in the groin. AVVSS values were similar in groups with or without visible tributaries, both before and after EVLA: median (interquartile range) 13·9 (7·6–19·2) before EVLA and 2·9 (0·6–4·8) at follow-up in patients with visible tributaries, and 14·9 (9·2–20·2) and 3·1 (0·8–5·1) respectively in those without. Recurrent varicosities were present in one leg only, due to an incompetent mid-thigh perforating vein.

Conclusion

Persistent non-refluxing GSV tributaries at the SFJ did not appear to have an adverse impact on clinical outcome 1 year after successful EVLA of the GSV.
Multicentre randomized clinical trial of mechanical bowel preparation in elective colonic resection
Authors: Jung B , Påhlman L , Nyström P-O , Nilsson E
Published: May 2007

Background

Recent studies have suggested that MBP does not lower the risk of postoperative septic complications after elective colorectal surgery. This randomized clinical trial assessed whether preoperative MBP is beneficial in elective colonic surgery.

Methods

A total of 1505 patients, aged 18–85 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I–III, were randomized to MBP or no MBP before open elective surgery for cancer, adenoma or diverticular disease of the colon. Primary endpoints were cardiovascular, general infectious and surgical-site complications within 30 days, and secondary endpoints were death and reoperations within 30 days.

Results

A total of 1343 patients were evaluated, 686 randomized to MBP and 657 to no MBP. There were no significant differences in overall complications between the two groups: cardiovascular complications occurred in 5·1 and 4·6 per cent respectively, general infectious complications in 7·9 and 6·8 per cent, and surgical-site complications in 15·1 and 16·1 per cent. At least one complication was recorded in 24·5 per cent of patients who had MBP and 23·7 per cent who did not.

Conclusion

MBP does not lower the complication rate and can be omitted before elective colonic resection. Registration number: ISRCTN28535118 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
Randomized clinical trial of single- versus multiple-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis in gastric cancer surgery
Authors: Mohri Y , Tonouchi H , Kobayashi M , Nakai K , Kusunoki M
Published: May 2007

Background

The optimum duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis in elective gastric cancer surgery is still open to question. This multicentre randomized clinical trial compared a single-dose with a multiple-dose regimen of antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of surgical-site infection.

Methods

Between May 2001 and December 2004, 501 patients undergoing elective surgery for gastric cancer in ten centres were allocated randomly to single- or multiple-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of surgical-site infection, analysed by intention to treat.

Results

Some 243 patients who received a single dose and 243 who received multiple doses of antibiotics were included in the final analysis. The surgical-site infection rate was 9·5 per cent (23 of 243) and 8·6 per cent (21 of 243) respectively (difference 0·9 (95 per cent confidence interval − 4·3 to 5·9) per cent). Antimicrobial prophylaxis had no major adverse effects.

Conclusion

The incidence of surgical-site infection in elective gastric cancer surgery was similar with both antibiotic prophylaxis regimens.
Faecal incontinence (Br J Surg 2007; 94: 134–144)
Authors: Murphy J , Scott S M , Gladman M A , Lunniss P J
Published: May 2007

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and publishe in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Existence of low‐molecular‐weight thiols in Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrated by HPLC‐fluorescene detection utilizing 7‐chloro‐N‐[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole‐4‐sulfonamide
Authors: Asamoto Hiromichi , Ichibangase Tomoko , Saimaru Hiroshi , Uchikura Kazuo , Imai Kazuhiro
Published: May 2007

A highly sensitive and simple method using HPLC‐fluorescence detection with 7‐chloro‐N‐[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole‐4‐sulfonamide (DAABD‐Cl) as a fluorogenic reagent demonstrated the existence of the low‐molecular‐weight thiols in the extract of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The method includes derivatization of the thiols with DAABD‐Cl at 40°C for 10 min in borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing TCEP, CHAPS and EDTA, separation of the derivatives on an ODS column and fluorometric determination of the derivatives at 510 ± 15 nm with excitation at 400 ± 15 nm. The identification of the thiols was made by HPLC‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) following isolation of the derivatives using HPLC‐fluorescence detection. Low‐molecular‐weight thiols were found to exist in the extract of C. elegans, such as cysteine, cysteinylglycine, γ‐glutamylcysteine, reduced glutathione and two other unidentified thiol compounds, confirming the existence of the ‘glutathione cycle’ in C. elegans similar to the mammalian body. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.