bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing construction schedules and material deliveries in city logistics: a case study from the building industry
Authors: Nolz Pamela C.
Published: June 2020

We consider the problem of designing a logistics system to assure efficient urban construction processes for an innovative urban building area in the city of Vienna. We address the challenges of coordinating workers and the timely delivery and storage of material with the objective of optimizing resource-efficiency as well as reducing traffic related to construction tasks. The problem is formulated as a hierarchical optimization problem, incorporating tactical construction logistics planning as well as operational construction logistics planning. On the tactical level a time schedule of tasks for different construction phases and the corresponding material transports and storage decisions are optimized on a weekly basis, while on the operational level the daily optimization of material transports, modeled as an inventory routing problem, is addressed. A mixed-integer programming formulation of the problem on each planning level is provided and solved using CPLEX. The suggested approach is tested on realistic data from the city of Vienna. The results associated with different scenarios are analyzed to illustrate the value of the proposed approach for the design of construction logistics processes.
In situ investigation of atmospheric plasma-sprayed Mn–Co–Fe–O by synchrotron X-ray nano-tomography
Authors: Grünwald Nikolas , Lhuissier Pierre , Salvo Luc , Villanova Julie , Menzler Norbert H. , Guillon Olivier , Martin Christophe L. , Vaßen Robert
Published: June 2020

Applying atmospherically plasma-sprayed (APS) Mn1.0Co1.9Fe0.1O4 (MCF) protective coatings on interconnector steels minimized the chromium-related degradation within solid oxide fuel cell stack-tests successfully. Post-test characterization of the coatings disclosed a severe microstructural and phase evolution. A self-healing of micro-cracks, the formation and agglomeration of small pores, the occurrence of a dense spinel layer at the surface and a strong elemental de-mixing were reported in ex situ experiments. In the present publication, we prove for the first time these mechanisms by tracking the microstructure in situ at a single APS coating using synchrotron X-ray nano-tomography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Therefore, a 100-µm-long cylindrical sample with a diameter of 123 µm was cut from an APS-MCF free-standing layer and measured within a high-temperature furnace. All microstructural changes mentioned above could be verified. Porosity measurements reveal a decrease in the porosity from 9 to 3% during the annealing, which is in good accordance with the literature. Additionally, a partial detachment of an approximately 5-µm-thick layer at the sample surface is observed. The layer is dense and does not exhibit any cracks which are penetrating the layer. This kind of shell is assumed to be gastight and thus protecting the bulk from further oxidation.
Alterations of the renin angiotensin system in human end-stage heart failure before and after mechanical cardiac unloading by LVAD support
Authors: Messmann Rebecca , Dietl Alexander , Wagner Stefan , Domenig Oliver , Jungbauer Carsten , Luchner Andreas , Maier Lars S. , Schopka Simon , Hirt Stephan , Schmid Christof , Birner Christoph
Published: June 2020

Heart transplantation is often an unrealizable therapeutic option for end-stage heart failure, which is why mechanical left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) become an increasingly important therapeutic alternative. Currently, there is a lack of information about molecular mechanisms which are influenced by LVADs, particularly regarding the pathophysiologically critical renin angiotensin system (RAS). We, therefore, determined regulation patterns of key components of the RAS and the β-arrestin signaling pathways in left ventricular (LV) tissue specimens from 8 patients with end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and 12 patients with terminal dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) before and after LVAD implantation and compared them with non-failing (NF) left ventricular tissue samples: AT1R, AT2R, ACE, ACE2, MasR, and ADAM17 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. ERK, phosphorylated ERK, p38, phosphorylated p38, JNK, phosphorylated JNK, GRK2, β-arrestin 2, PI3K, Akt, and phosphorylated Akt were determined by Western blot analysis. Angiotensin I and Angiotensin II were quantified by mass spectrometry. Patients were predominantly middle-aged (53 ± 10 years) men with severely impaired LV function (LVEF 19 ± 8%), when receiving LVAD therapy for a mean duration of 331 ± 317 days. Baseline characteristics did not differ significantly between ICM and DCM patients. By comparing failing with non-failing left ventricles, i.e., before LVAD implantation, a downregulation of AT1R, AT2R, and MasR and an upregulation of ACE, ACE2, GRK, β-arrestin, ERK, PI3K, and Akt were seen. Following LVAD support, then angiotensin I, ACE2, GRK, and β-arrestin were downregulated and AT2R, JNK, and p38 were upregulated. ACE, angiotensin II, AT1R, ADAM17, MasR, ERK, PI3K, and Akt remained unchanged. Some regulation patterns were influenced by the underlying etiology of heart failure, the severity of LV dysfunction at baseline, and the duration of LVAD therapy. Key components of the RAS and β-arrestin signaling pathways were divergently altered in failing left ventricles both before and after LVAD implantation, whereas a remarkable fraction remained unchanged. This indicates a rather incomplete molecular reverse remodeling, whose functional relevance has to be further evaluated.
Application of Low-Salinity Waterflooding in Carbonate Cores: A Geochemical Modeling Study
Authors: Egbe Daniel Isong Otu , Jahanbani Ghahfarokhi Ashkan , Nait Amar Menad , Torsæter Ole
Published: June 2020

Waterflooding is the most widely applied improved oil recovery technique. Recently, there has been growing interest in the chemistry and ionic composition of the injected water. Low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF) is a relatively recent enhanced oil recovery technique that has the ability to alter the crude oil/brine/rock interactions and improve oil recovery in both clastics and carbonates. In this paper, the increase in the recovery factor during LSWF was modeled based on the exchange of divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) between the aqueous phase and the carbonate rock surface. Numerical simulations were performed using laboratory coreflood data, and oil recovery and pressure drop from experimental works were successfully history matched. The ion exchange equivalent fractions, effluent ions concentrations, changes in mineral moles, and pH have also been examined. Besides, an investigation of multi-component ionic exchange as a mechanism responsible for wettability alteration during LSWF in heterogeneous low-permeability carbonate cores is presented. The results show that wettability alteration is responsible for the increase in oil recovery during LSWF, as reflected by the shift in the crossover points of the relative permeability curves. A sensitivity study done on many key parameters (e.g., timing of LSWF injection, injection rate and temperature) and the mechanistic modeling method revealed that they all have huge effects on the process.
Event-specific qualitative polymerase chain reaction analysis for two T-DNA copies in genetically modified orange Petunia
Authors: Haselmair-Gosch Christian , Nitarska Daria , Walliser Benjamin , Flachowsky Henryk , Marinovic Silvija , Halbwirth Heidi
Published: June 2020

In 2017, various orange coloured petunia on the market turned out to be genetically modified (GM) without an official authorization for commercialization. Sequence analysis suggested these undeclared plants most probably originated from a plant transformation experiment performed in the 1980s. For a deeper understanding how GM petunia entered classical breeding programmes worldwide, and whether they originated from a single source or not, we undertook a molecular genetic characterization of the T-DNA integration sites in different GM petunia cultivars and breeding lines. By means of genome walking, we isolated different T-DNA sequences, which are located at the junctions between the T-DNA(s) and the petunia DNA. Based on the results obtained we conclude that there are at least two T-DNA copies of different lengths. This is supported by Southern blot analysis. For T-DNA1, the 3′-junction sequence was isolated, whereas the 5′-junction remained unclear. In contrast, for T-DNA2, the 5′-junction sequence was isolated, whereas the sequence isolated from the 3′-region consists only of T-DNA, but did not include the junction from the T-DNA to the petunia DNA. We developed primers for event-specific PCRs and screened a set of three orange GM petunia cultivars and 126 GM offspring from a commercial breeding program. We show that both T-DNA copies are present in all our tested GM petunia samples, which underpins the assumption of a single transgenic origin of the undeclared GM petunia. Most likely, the two T-DNAs are integrated in close proximity into the petunia genome.
Personalized Nutrition for Management of Micronutrient Deficiency—Literature Review in Non-bariatric Populations and Possible Utility in Bariatric Cohort
Authors: Galyean Shannon , Sawant Dhanashree , Shin Andrew C.
Published: June 2020

Background

Bariatric surgery can effectively treat morbid obesity; however, micronutrient deficiencies are common despite recommendations for high-dose supplements. Genetic predisposition to deficiencies underscores necessary identification of high-risk candidates. Personalized nutrition (PN) can be a tool to manage these deficiencies.

Methods

Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched. Articles involving genetic testing, micronutrient metabolism, and bariatric surgery were included.

Results

Studies show associations between genetic variants and micronutrient metabolism. Research demonstrates genetic testing to be a predictor for outcomes among obesity and bariatric surgery populations. There is limited research in bariatric surgery and micronutrient genetic variants.

Conclusion

Genotype-based PN is becoming feasible to provide an effective treatment of micronutrient deficiencies associated with bariatric surgery. The role of genomic technology in micronutrient recommendations needs further investigation.
The Energy Consumption of Blockchain Technology: Beyond Myth
Authors: Sedlmeir Johannes , Buhl Hans Ulrich , Fridgen Gilbert , Keller Robert
Published: June 2020

When talking about blockchain technology in academia, business, and society, frequently generalizations are still heared about its – supposedly inherent – enormous energy consumption. This perception inevitably raises concerns about the further adoption of blockchain technology, a fact that inhibits rapid uptake of what is widely considered to be a groundbreaking and disruptive innovation. However, blockchain technology is far from homogeneous, meaning that blanket statements about its energy consumption should be reviewed with care. The article is meant to bring clarity to the topic in a holistic fashion, looking beyond claims regarding the energy consumption of Bitcoin, which have, so far, dominated the discussion.
Surfactant addition in diesel oil degradation – how can it help the microbes?
Authors: Zdarta Agata , Smułek Wojciech , Pacholak Amanda , Dudzińska-Bajorek Beata , Kaczorek Ewa
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Despite wide research on bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, the mechanisms of surfactant-enhanced bioavailability of the contaminants are still unclear. The presented study was focused on the in-depth description of relationships between hydrocarbons, bacteria, and surfactants. In order to that, the biodegradation experiments and cell viability measurements were conducted, and the properties of cell surface were characterized.

Methods

MTT assay was employed to measure plant extracts toxicity to microbes. Then, membrane permeability changes were evaluated, followed by diesel oil biodegradation in the presence of surfactants measurements by GCxGC-TOFMS and PCR-RAPD analysis.

Results

Our study undoubtedly proves that different surfactants promote assimilation of different groups of hydrocarbons and modify cell surface properties in different ways. Increased biodegradation of diesel oil was observed when cultures with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus M1B were supplemented with Saponaria officinalis and Verbascum nigrum extracts. Interestingly, these surfactants exhibit different influences on cell surface properties and their viability in contrast to the other surfactants. Moreover, the preliminary analyses have shown changes in the genome caused by exposure to surfactants.

Conclusions

The results indicated that the benefits of surfactant use may be related to deep modification at the omics level, not only that of cell surface properties and confirms the complexity of the interactions between bacterial cells, pollutants and surfactants.
Bismuth-Based Free-Standing Electrodes for Ambient-Condition Ammonia Production in Neutral Media
Authors: Sun Ying , Deng Zizhao , Song Xi-Ming , Li Hui , Huang Zihang , Zhao Qin , Feng Daming , Zhang Wei , Liu Zhaoqing , Ma Tianyi
Published: June 2020

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction is a carbon-free and energy-saving strategy for efficient synthesis of ammonia under ambient conditions. Here, we report the synthesis of nanosized Bi2O3 particles grown on functionalized exfoliated graphene (Bi2O3/FEG) via a facile electrochemical deposition method. The obtained free-standing Bi2O3/FEG achieves a high Faradaic efficiency of 11.2% and a large NH3 yield of 4.21 ± 0.14 $$ \upmu{\text{g}}_{{{\text{NH}}_{3} }} $$

μ

g

NH
3

 h−1 cm−2 at − 0.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 M Na2SO4, better than that in the strong acidic and basic media. Benefiting from its strong interaction of Bi 6p band with the N 2p orbitals, binder-free characteristic, and facile electron transfer, Bi2O3/FEG achieves superior catalytic performance and excellent long-term stability as compared with most of the previous reported catalysts. This study is significant to design low-cost, high-efficient Bi-based electrocatalysts for electrochemical ammonia synthesis.
Addendum to: Exploring Hidden Local Ordering in Microemulsions with a Weak Directive Second Order Parameter
Authors: Frielinghaus Henrich
Published: June 2020

In a recent publication, my group discussed a directive second order parameter that hypothetically could form micrometer large structures that influence the rheological behavior of a bicontinuous microemulsion. For this, the viscosities of two microemulsions with the non-ionic surfactants C10E4 and C8E3 were determined over the wide frequency and shear rate range. Contrarily to our previous publications there are no elevated viscosities towards slowest motions of the rheometer. Thus, no micrometer large structures form in microemulsions. However, we argue and confirm that there are compartments with the size of several correlation lengths. This finding supports the development of a directional order parameter in microemulsions.
Helminth metacommunity of small mammals in a Brazilian reserve: the contribution of environmental variables, host attributes and spatial variables in parasite species abundance
Authors: Cardoso T. S. , Costa-Neto S. F. , Braga C. , Weksler M. , Simões R. O. , Maldonado A. , Luque J. L. , Gentile R.
Published: June 2020

The role of environmental factors and landscape heterogeneity on species distribution on different spatial scales is one of the most important questions in community ecology. Variations in the environmental gradient characteristics, host attributes and spatial scales may influence the parasites distribution. The helminth metacommunity of 12 small mammal species was investigated in an Atlantic Forest reserve located in the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. We evaluated the influence of environmental variables, host attributes and spatial factors on the helminth metacommunity of small mammals, considering infracommunity and component community levels. Twenty-nine helminth morphospecies were recovered. The host attributes and spatial variables influenced the abundance of helminth species in the metacommunities for rodents and marsupials together, and for rodents alone at the infracommunity level. Host body mass, host diet and spatial variables at broad spatial scale (among localities) were the most important variables to explain the variation in helminth abundance. Parasite species richness influenced this variation only for the marsupial helminth metacommunity at the infracommunity level. The metacommunity showed larger turnover (parasite replacement) than nestedness (parasite loss) for their helminth species at both infracommunity and component community levels, which is associated with a high host specificity, and low helminth sharing among hosts for most species, resulting in a structured metacommunity.
Ethical capacity and its challenges in the academy of science: historical continuities and contemporary violence
Authors: Lohne Kjersti
Published: June 2020

This reflective essay is inspired by a roundtable discussion at the World Science Forum on the question ‘Are there ethical limits to what science can achieve and should pursue?’ I argue that, amid the conflicting trends of ‘technological utopianism’—extreme faith in technological solutions; and ‘post-truth’ politics—the populist pushback against the universality of science, the conditions for ethical knowledge production are significantly challenged. Drawing on insights gleaned from my work on political violence, law, and technology, I point to historical continuities in the way the application and pursuit of science relates to violence—especially state violence. Conscious of the fact that science exercises no restraint on violence—and indeed, may be put to work for violent purposes—the paper calls for more attention to the social, structural, and political conditions of scientific production. The final part of this essay, therefore, examines three developments challenging the ethical capacity of scholars and scientists today. These are (1) the bureaucratization of ethics (2), ‘ethics washing,’ and (3) co-optation. Like other policy domains in our society, informed normative assessments around scientific pursuits—value judgments and ethical evaluation—ought to be based on sound empirical knowledge of the contingencies of science.
Comparison of thoracic paravertebral block and transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia in major gynecologic surgery: A single blind randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Ali Siraj Ahmed , Ayalew Nugusu , Tesfaye Tizalegn , Jemal Bedru , Mekonnen Semagn , Mohammed Ayub
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Patients after major gynecologic surgeries experience moderate to severe pain, which needs pharmacological intervention. Different regional blocks are now a days introducing as components of multimodal analgesia for pain management. Even though transversus abdominis plane block and paravertebral block were described for postoperative analgesia in abdominal surgeries, data comparing these blocks for gynecologic surgery is limited.

Objectives:

The aim of this single blind randomized controlled trail was to compare thoracic paravertebral block and transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia in patients underwent gynecologic surgery under general anesthesia.

Methodology:

Thirty four patients with American society of anesthesiologists physical status I and II, age between 18 and 65 years underwent gynecologic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated in thoracic paravertebral group or transversus abdominis plane block group. Patients' pain intensity with numerical rating score, time to first analgesic time and total rescue analgesic/tramadol consumption were documented by data collectors who were unaware of the block done for the patents during the first 24 ours postoperatively.

Results:

Time to first analgesic request was lower in thoracic paravertebral group than transversus abdominis plane group but not statistically significant (p = 0.057). Median numerical rating scale score was significantly lower in thoracic paravertebral group than transversus abdominis plane group at post anesthesia care unit admission (p = 0.016). Time taken to perform the block was significantly higher in thoracic paravertebral group than transversus abdominis plane group (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Both thoracic paravertebral block and transversus abdominis plane block were effective for postoperative analgesia in women underwent gynecologic surgery under general anesthesia. Although thoracic paravertebral block appeared to be as effective as transversus abdominis plane block, it took longer time to perform the block.

Highlights:
How to Study Animal Minds
Authors: Andrews Kristin
Published: June 2020

Comparative psychology, the multidisciplinary study of animal behavior and psychology, confronts the challenge of how to study animals we find cute and easy to anthropomorphize, and animals we find odd and easy to objectify, without letting these biases negatively impact the science. In this Element, Kristin Andrews identifies and critically examines the principles of comparative psychology and shows how they can introduce other biases by objectifying animal subjects and encouraging scientists to remain detached. Andrews outlines the scientific benefits of treating animals as sentient research participants who come from their own social contexts and with whom we will be in relationship. With discussions of science's quest for objectivity, worries about romantic and killjoy theories, and debates about chimpanzee cognition between primatologists who work in the field and those in the lab, Andrews shows how scientists can address the different biases through greater integration of the subdisciplines of comparative psychology.
Creating Value by Sharing Values: Managing Stakeholder Value Conflict in the Face of Pluralism through Discursive Justification
Authors: Schormair Maximilian J. L. , Gilbert Dirk Ulrich
Published: June 2020

The question of how to engage with stakeholders in situations of value conflict to create value that includes a plurality of conflicting stakeholder value perspectives represents one of the crucial current challenges of stakeholder engagement as well as of value creation stakeholder theory. To address this challenge, we conceptualize a discursive sharing process between affected stakeholders that is oriented toward discursive justification involving multiple procedural steps. This sharing process provides procedural guidance for firms and stakeholders to create pluralistic stakeholder value through the discursive accommodation of diverging stakeholder value perspectives. The outcomes of such a discursive value-sharing process range from stakeholder value dissensus to low (agreement to disagree) and increasing levels of stakeholder value congruence (value compromise) to stakeholder value consensus (shared values). Hence, this article contributes to the emerging literature on integrative stakeholder engagement by conceptualizing a procedural framework that is neither overly oriented towards dissensus nor consensus.
Tort Law, Corrective Justice and the Problem of Autonomous-Machine-Caused Harm
Authors: Huberman Pinchas
Published: June 2020

Developments in artificial intelligence and robotics promise increased interaction between humans and autonomous machines, presenting novel risks of accidental harm to individuals and property.1 This essay situates the problem of autonomous-machine-caused harm within the doctrinal and theoretical framework of tort law, conceived of as a practice of corrective justice. The possibility of autonomous-machine-caused harm generates fresh doctrinal and theoretical issues for assigning tort liability. Due to machine-learning capabilities, harmful effects of autonomous machines may be untraceable to tortious actions of designers, manufacturers or users.2 As a result, traditional tort doctrine—framed by conditions of foreseeability and proximate causation—would not ground liability.3 Without recourse to compensation, faultless victims bear the accident costs of autonomous machines. This doctrinal outcome reflects possible incompatibility between tort’s theoretical structure of corrective justice and accidents involving autonomous machines. As a practice of corrective justice, tort liability draws a normative link between particular defendants and plaintiffs, as doers and sufferers of the same tortious harm, grounding defendants’ agent-specific obligations to repair the harm. Where accidents are caused by autonomous machines, the argument goes, the essential link between defendants and plaintiffs is severed; since resulting harm is not legally attributable to the human agency of designers, manufacturers or users, victims have no remedy in tort.
Learning from high-attending urban Indigenous students: a case study
Authors: Baxter Lindy , Meyers Noel
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This project focused on 45 Indigenous students who attended most often (90–100%) at an Australian urban primary school to identify factors that facilitate high attendance. We analysed student records and to provide student voice, an Indigenous Worker in the school conducted a student questionnaire. Student responses showed friendships, relationships, family stability and resilience were important contributors for high attendance. Administrative data revealed poverty was the only almost universally shared trait. Common characteristics among students were identified at cohort-level. At student-level, no combination or single trait applied to every high-attending student. They showed great diversity. The study school's attendance strategies included increasing cultural inclusion and support for students living in poverty, which positively impacted many students' attendance, although not all. A personalised approach was also required. An Indigenous Worker identified individual student's attendance barriers and tailored solutions. If school-level strategies are ineffective for all students, strategies and policies designed for all of Australia's Indigenous students will also affect only some of the population. Without a personalised approach, Closing the Gap attendance strategies were limited in reach, and ultimately success. Refreshing the Closing the Gap strategy now provides opportunities for attendance strategies to include personalised approaches.
The bivariate gas–stellar mass distributions and the mass functions of early- and late-type galaxies at
Authors: Rodríguez-Puebla Aldo , Calette A. R. , Avila-Reese Vladimir , Rodriguez-Gomez Vicente , Huertas-Company Marc
Published: June 2020

We report the bivariate

$\rm HI$

- and

$\rm H_{2}$

-stellar mass distributions of local galaxies in addition of an inventory of galaxy mass functions, MFs, for

$\rm HI$

,

$\rm H_{2}$

, cold gas, and baryonic mass, separately into early- and late-type galaxies. The MFs are determined using the

$\rm HI$

and

$\rm H_{2}$

conditional distributions and the galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF). For the conditional distributions we use the results from the compilation presented in Calette et al. [(2018) RMxAA, 54, 443.]. For determining the GSMF from

$M_{*}\sim3\times10^{7}$

to

$3\times10^{12}\ \text{M}_{\odot}$

, we combine two spectroscopic samples from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at the redshift range

$0.0033<z<0.2$

. We find that the low-mass end slope of the GSMF, after correcting from surface brightness incompleteness, is

$\alpha\approx-1.4$

, consistent with previous determinations. The obtained

$\rm HI\,$

MFs agree with radio blind surveys. Similarly, the

$\rm H_{2}\,$

MFs are consistent with CO follow-up optically-selected samples. We estimate the impact of systematics due to mass-to-light ratios and find that our MFs are robust against systematic errors. We deconvolve our MFs from random errors to obtain the intrinsic MFs. Using the MFs, we calculate cosmic density parameters of all the baryonic components. Baryons locked inside galaxies represent 5.4% of the universal baryon content, while

$\sim\! 96\%$

of the

$\rm HI$

and

$\rm H_{2}$

mass inside galaxies reside in late-type morphologies. Our results imply cosmic depletion times of

$\rm H_{2}$

and total neutral H in late-type galaxies of

$\sim\!1.3$

and 7.2 Gyr, respectively, which shows that late type galaxies are on average inefficient in converting

$\rm H_{2}$

into stars and in transforming

$\rm HI$

gas into

$\rm H_{2}$

. Our results provide a fully self-consistent empirical description of galaxy demographics in terms of the bivariate gas–stellar mass distribution and their projections, the MFs. This description is ideal to compare and/or to constrain galaxy formation models.
ὁμόνοια: The Hinge of Aristotle’sEthicsandPolitics?
Authors: LOCKWOOD THORNTON C.
Published: June 2020

Scholarship on the political ramifications of Aristotle’s account of friendship has focused on “political friendship” and has lost sight of the importance of his account of “like-mindedness” or “concord” (ὁμόνοια). Such a focus is mistaken for a number of reasons, not least of which is that, whereas Aristotle has a determinate account of like-mindedness, he has almost nothing to say about political friendship. My paper examines the ethical and political aspects of like-mindedness in light of a disagreement between Richard Bodéüs and René Gauthier about the autonomy of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics as a work of ethical theory.
Explaining Migration Timing: Political Information and Opportunities
Authors: Holland Alisha C. , Peters Margaret E.
Published: June 2020

How do migrants decide when to leave? Conventional wisdom is that violence and economic deprivation force migrants to leave their homes. However, long-standing problems of violence and poverty often cannot explain sudden spikes in migration. We study the timing of migration decisions in the critical case of Syrian and Iraqi migration to Europe using an original survey and embedded experiment, as well as interviews, focus groups, and Internet search data. We find that violence and poverty lead individuals to invest in learning about the migration environment. Political shifts in receiving countries then can unleash migratory flows. The findings underscore the need for further research on what migrants know about law and politics, when policy changes create and end migrant waves, and whether politicians anticipate migratory responses when crafting policy.
Impurity temperature screening in stellarators close to quasisymmetry
Authors: Martin Mike F. , Landreman Matt
Published: June 2020

Impurity temperature screening is a favourable neoclassical phenomenon involving an outward radial flux of impurity ions from the core of fusion devices. Quasisymmetric magnetic fields lead to intrinsically ambipolar neoclassical fluxes that give rise to temperature screening for low enough

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}^{-1}\equiv d\ln n/d\ln T$

. In contrast, neoclassical fluxes in generic stellarators will depend on the radial electric field, which is predicted to be inward for ion-root plasmas, potentially leading to impurity accumulation. Here, we examine the impurity particle flux in a number of approximately quasisymmetric stellarator configurations and parameter regimes while varying the amount of symmetry breaking in the magnetic field. For the majority of this work, neoclassical fluxes have been obtained using the SFINCS drift-kinetic equation solver with electrostatic potential

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}(r)$

, where

$r$

is a flux-surface label. Results indicate that achieving temperature screening is possible, but unlikely, at low-collisionality reactor-relevant conditions in the core. Thus, the small departures from symmetry in nominally quasisymmetric stellarators are large enough to significantly alter the neoclassical impurity transport. A further look at the magnitude of these fluxes when compared to a gyro-Bohm turbulence estimate suggests that neoclassical fluxes are small in configurations optimized for quasisymmetry when compared to turbulent fluxes.
Regional influences, economic adaptation and cultural articulation: Diversity and cosmopolitanism in fourteenth-century Singapore
Authors: Heng Derek
Published: June 2020

Studies on the international history of fourteenth-century Singapore have been hitherto limited to external trade conducted by local inhabitants, and material consumption patterns that this trade enabled them to develop. Broader regional cultural influences have been postulated though not clearly demonstrated, given scant textual records and limited material culture remains. This article seeks to examine the external influences, adaptation and assimilation in the production and consumption of fourteenth-century Singapore. In particular, it looks at three aspects of Singapore's pre-colonial existence — modes of economic production, patterns of consumption of international products, and the articulation of high culture vis-à-vis external entities. By examining available archaeological, epigraphic, art historical and cartographic data from the fourteenth through the nineteenth centuries, this article postulates how distinct consumption patterns may have developed among different riverside populations living north of the Singapore River. This study also questions the common view that Singapore developed as a cosmopolitan port-city only after the advent of British colonialism, demonstrating that its diversity and openness was likely a feature centuries before.
Greed, guns and gore: Historicising early British colonial Singapore through recent developments in the historiography of Munsyi Abdullah
Authors: Lawrence Kelvin
Published: June 2020

Munsyi Abdullah and his better-known writings, Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah (1838) and Hikayat Abdullah (1843), are much-discussed in the historiography of early British colonial Singapore. However, Amin Sweeney's efforts to historicise some aspects of Abdullah's life and writings have established that Abdullah was much more than a sharp social critic of Malays and their rulers. He is better understood as a subtle critic and even a manipulator of his European interlocutors who craftily used his occidental contacts and connections alongside his local knowledge to preserve his role as a cultural intermediary in a burgeoning port settlement. Sweeney's efforts bring into focus a multifaceted imperial experience where notions like ‘interactions’ and ‘connections’ become viable descriptive categories in making sense of the intersections of Abdullah and empire, thereby strongly resonating with networked conceptions of imperial space propounded by ‘new’ imperial history. Taken alongside the recent literary and theoretical efforts of Jan van der Putten and Sanjay Krishnan respectively on Abdullah, and the carefully circumscribed historical efforts of Ian Proudfoot, the recent historiography of Abdullah offers fresh interpretive possibilities of early colonial Singapore. Leveraging such developments to engage with Mary Turnbull's scripting of a gruesome episode in 1823 indicates that Turnbull's historiographical dominance of Singapore's early colonial history can be transcended to better represent British coloniality, warts and all.
Visiting the ‘Liverpool of the East’: Singapore's place in tours of Empire
Authors: Brunero Donna
Published: June 2020

This article explores the idea of Singapore's repute as the ‘Liverpool of the East’ and the depictions of Britain's maritime empire in Asia. It does so via two important cruises related to the British Empire. The first is the Royal Tour of 1901 and the second cruise was the Empire Cruise of 1923 to 1924. By examining the reception afforded to both royal and naval visitors, this article argues that we have insights into what it meant for Singapore as a port city in a British maritime and imperial network. This article explores how Singapore was depicted as a maritime hub through these tours and concludes with a reflection that similar descriptions still hold a place in modern descriptions of Singapore.
Representation, abstraction, and simple-minded sophisticates
Authors: Dayan Peter
Published: June 2020

Bayesian decision theory provides a simple formal elucidation of some of the ways that representation and representational abstraction are involved with, and exploit, both prediction and its rather distant cousin, predictive coding. Both model-free and model-based methods are involved.
Simulation and the predictive brain
Authors: Dohrn Daniel
Published: June 2020

Prediction draws on both simulation and theory. I ask how simulation is defined, and what the roles of simulation and theory are, respectively. Simulation is flexible in structure and resources. Often simulation and theory are combined in prediction. The function of simulation consists of representing a situation that is relevantly like the target situation with regards to the feature predicted.
Abstraction still holds its feet on the ground
Authors: Pazzaglia Mariella , Leemhuis Erik
Published: June 2020

In view of current scientific knowledge, it seems premature to hypothesize a qualitative distinction between processes, networks, and structures involved in abstract processes from those based on perception, episodic, or procedural memories. Predictive thought and mental travel strongly rely, at different levels of consciousness, on past and ongoing sensory input, bodily information (e.g., interoception), and the results of perceptual elaboration.
Public Support for the Death Penalty in China: Less from the Populace but More from Elites
Authors: Liu John Zhuang
Published: June 2020

This article is the first to report the nationwide public support rate for the death penalty in China. Using a national representative sample with 31,664 respondents, it shows that 68 per cent of China's citizens are for the death penalty, while 31 per cent are opposed to it. These numbers suggest that support for capital punishment in China, although strong, is much weaker than in some other East Asian jurisdictions and less than first assumed by commentators. However, contrary to previous notions that public support for the death penalty derives from uninformed popular prejudice, it is the elites in China – i.e. those who receive higher education – who are more in favour of the death penalty. Further empirical analyses suggest that this is not because of political ideology or fear of crime. Rather, the reason is likely that the elites know fewer, and sympathize less with, criminal offenders, who generally come from underprivileged groups. These findings challenge a range of prevailing perceptions of public attitudes to the death penalty in China, especially the culture explanation for the Chinese public's punitiveness, and have important policy implications.
Studies of Radiation Damage Mechanism — by Optical Diffraction Analysis
and High Resolution Image
Authors: Murata Y.
Published: June 2020

In the study of organic or biological materials by electron microscopy,
a structure damage caused by an intense electron beam is a fatal limitation.
Several methods have been used to measure a degree of radiation damage ( see
reviews: Relmer 1975, Glaeser 1975). Simple one is a measurement of
diffraction intensity decay. It obviously gives a quick estimate of crystal
destruction. One thing we must first consider is that in the conventional
electron diffraction, area-selection is of the order of 1~2 μim in diameter.
Thus an information from the intensity decay is of an average nature from
the gross irradiated materials (Stenn & Bahr 1970). Furthermore we
assume tacitly that the crystal is destroyed homogeneously over the wide
specimen area. If the system we are concerning is homogeneous, no problem
through the analysis of the electron diffraction arises. But radiation
damage does not always occur in this way. There is no way of distinguishing
between damaged area and undamaged area by conventional electron
diffraction. For better understanding of damage mechanism down to molecular
level, it may not be sensitive method. On the other hand, an information of
molecular damage is obtained from electron energy-loss measurement
(Isaacson, Johnson & Crewe 1973).
Image Processing of Electron Micrographs of Ordered Biomacromolecular Assemblies
Authors: Aebi U.
Published: June 2020

When protein subunits assemble jin vivo or in vitro into ordered supramolecular structures of well defined size and shape (e.g. virus shells, contractile filaments, microtubules, parts of bacterial cell walls and cell membranes, enzyme complexes) their number and long range order are often insufficient for structure determination to be carried out by the methods of protein crystallography. Instead a direct image of these structures may be recorded with an electron microscope.

Unlike an X-ray diffraction pattern, an electron micrograph contains both amplitude and phase information about the specimen. However the structurally useful part of the electron microscopic data is often underexploited (e.g., because of a poor signal-to-noise ratio) or stored in a way which cannot easily be assessed by the naked eye (e.g. because of the contrast transfer characteristic and the considerable depth of focus of the imaging system).
High Resolution Structure Determination of Biological Macromolecules
Authors: Ottensmeyer F.P. , Bazett-Jones D.P. , Korn A.P.
Published: June 2020

The electron microscopic extraction of information from biological specimens has always been a compromise among at least four factors: resolution, contrast, radiation damage and signal-to-noise ratio. To overcome the notoriously low contrast of most biological specimens examined in bright field, heavy atom staining or shadowing has been used as a seemingly inevitable necessity. Three benefits result, the most important being that one can now observe structure. In addition, however, the specimen, or rather its heavy atom shell, is relatively radiation resistant and can be examined at length. Nevertheless,Williams and Fisher (1970) have indicated the importance of low specimen exposure even under these conditions.
Specimen Devices for in Situ Experiments
Authors: Swann P.R.
Published: June 2020

The space available in the specimen region of the electron microscope
has been the major limitation controlling the development of specimen
devices. There has always been a tendency for microscope designers to
minimize this available space in order to achieve the best electron optical
resolution and this has made it very difficult to construct workable
specimen devices for double tilting, heating, cooling, straining, etc. This
problem has been recognized, however, and some microscopes have been
equipped with a second interchangeable objective pole piece which although
having a lower resolution has a large upper bore capable of accepting
relatively complex top entry cartridges. This design feature has contributed
greatly to the development of specimen devices capable of performing in situ
experiments. Further impetus to the development of specimen devices has come
from the availability of higher voltage microscopes which for equivalent
resolutions have a larger working volume in the specimen region than
conventional 100KV instruments. A particularly versatile pole piece design
used in the AEI EM7 high voltage microscope is shown in figure 1. This
design permits rapid exchange between a high resolution top entry pole
piece, a wide gap (20mm) pole piece for side entry specimen rods and a wide
bore (30mm) pole piece for large top entry specimen cartridges.
Electron Microscopy of Hemocyanins from Arthropods and Molluscs:
Assembly, Dissociation and Re-assembly
Authors: Bruggen E.F.J. Van
Published: June 2020

Hemocyanins are copper containing respiratory proteins, which occur
freely dissolved in the hemolymph of invertebrate species belonging to the
phyla Arthropods and Molluscs. Their molecular weights are ranging from
450,000 to 9,000,000 dependent on the biological origin. They are remarkable
in the variety of subunit aggregates they form. They dissociate reversibly
into oligomeric and monomeric structures when the environmental conditions
such as pH and ionic strength are changed (Van Holde and van Bruggen,
1971).

This article will focus its attention to the role played by electron
microscopy in the elucidation of the assembly, dissociation and reassembly
of various hemocyanins.
Microtubules and Filaments in Blood Platelets
Authors: Behnke O. , Tranum-Jensen J.
Published: June 2020

Within the last decade the mammalian blood platelet has enjoyed a
rapidly increasing popularity as a research object. It is widely appreciated
that platelets are multifunctional, and that they play a role in a variety
of physiological and pathological processes besides their main function: the
formation and consolidation of a haemostatic plug (for a recent monograph,
and for references, see Gordon, 1976).

The platelet is an anucleate piece of cytoplasm, pinched off from
megakaryocytes (MK) in the bone marrow or in the circulation (Tinggaard
Petersen, 1974). Vital microscopy has shown that in the circulation the
platelet is disc-shaped, that it normally does not stick to endothelium or
to other blood cells, and that it is the least deformable cell in blood -
the latter observation does suggest the presence of a rigid skeleton in the
platelet cytoplasm.
Organisation in the Structure of the Cytoplasmic Ground Substance
Authors: Porter K.R.
Published: June 2020

Most types of cells are known from their structure and overall form to
possess a characteristic organization. In some instances this is evident in
the non-random disposition of organelles and such system subunits as
cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi complex. In others it
appears in the distribution and orientation of cytoplasmic fibrils. And in
yet others the organization finds expression in the non-random distribution
and orientation of microtubules, especially as found in highly anisometric
cells and cell processes. The impression is unavoidable that in none of
these cases is the organization achieved without the involvement of the
cytoplasmic ground substance (CGS) or matrix. This impression is based on
the fact that a matrix is present and that in all instances these formed
structures, whether membranelimited or filamentous, are suspended in it. In
some well-known instances, as in arrays of microtubules which make up
axonemes and axostyles, the matrix resolves itself into bridges (and spokes)
between the microtubules, bridges which are in some cases very regularly
disposed and uniform in size (Mcintosh, 1973; Bloodgood and Miller, 1974;
Warner and Satir, 1974).
Cell Interactions in the Reproductive System
Authors: Fawcett D.W.
Published: June 2020

Gametogenesis in both sexes involves a nurse-cell relationship between
an epithelium and the developing gametes. In the female, a lifetime supply
of oocytes is formed in the embryo and no new germ cells are formed
postnatally. The granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles are believed to be
responsible for maintaining the arrest of the oocytes in the fetal ovary in
the dictyate stage of meiosis, in which stage they remain until shortly
before ovulation many months or years later depending upon the species.
Responding to gonadotropic hormones, the granulosa cells then terminate
their inhibition, permit maturation of the oocyte, and participate in the
reorganization of the follicle that is necessary for ovulation. In the male,
the Sertoli cells which are also responsive to hormonal stimulation,
maintain in the seminiferous epithelium a special microenvironment which is
essential for germ cell differentiation. The cooperative motor activity and
associated shape changes of these supporting cells is responsible for the
adluminal translocation of the developing germ cells and for the separation
of individual spermatozoa from long chains of interconnected cell bodies
during sperm release. This paper will review the types and locations of the
communicating and occluding junctions that are essential for the complex and
highly integrated activities of the epithelia in the mammalian
gonads.