bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the completeness of the calculus of logic (1929)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The main object of the following investigations is the proof of the completeness of the axiom system for what is called the restricted functional calculus, namely the system given in Whi’tehead and Russell 1910, Part I, *1 and *10, and, in a similar way, in Hilbert and Ackermann 1928 (hereafter cited as H. A.), III, §5. Here ‘completeness’ is to mean that every valid formula expressible in the restricted functional calculus (a valid Ziihlaussage, as Lowenheim would say) can be derived from the axioms by means of a finite sequence of formal inferences. This assertion can easily be seen to be equivalent to the following: Every consistent axiom system1 consisting of only Ziihlaussagen has a realization. (Here ‘consistent’ means that no contradiction can be derived by means of finitely many formal inferences.) The latter formulation seems also to be of some interest in itself, since the solution of this question represents in a certain sense a theoretical completion of the usual method for proving consistency (only, of course, for the special kind of axiom systems considered here); for it would give us a guarantee that in every case this method leads to its goal, that is, that one must either be able to produce a contradiction or prove the consistency by means of a model.2 L. E. Brouwer, in particular, has emphatically stressed that from the consistency of an axiom system we cannot conclude without further ado that a model can be constructed. But one might perhaps think that the existence of the notions introduced through an axiom system is to be defined outright by the consistency of the axioms and that, therefore, a proof has to be rejected out of hand.
Über formal unentscheidbare Satze der Principia mathematica und verwandter Systeme I (1931)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Die Entwicklung der Mathematik in der Richtung zu groBerer Exaktheit hat bekanntlich dazu gefiihrt, daB weite Gebiete von ihr formalisiert wurden, in der Art, daB das Beweisen nach einigen wenigen mechanischen Regeln vollzogen werden kann. Die umfassendsten derzeit aufgestellten formalen Systeme sind das System der Principia mathematica (PM)2 einerseits, das Zermelo-Fraenkelsche (von J. von Neumann weiter ausgebildete) Axiomensystem der Mengenlehre3 andererseits. Diese beiden Systeme sind so weit, daB alle heute in der Mathematik angewendeten Beweismethoden in ihnen formalisiert, d. h. auf einige wenige Axiome und SchluBregeln zuriickgefiihrt sind. Es liegt daher die Vermutung nahe, daB diese Axiome und SchluBregeln dazu ausreichen, alle mathematischen Fragen, die sich in den betreffenden Systemen iiberhaupt formal ausdriicken lassen, auch zu entscheiden. Im folgenden wird gezeigt, daB dies nicht der Fall ist, sondern daB es in den beiden angefi.
Review of Neder 1931: On the construction of arithmetic (1931b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The author first seeks to improve the Peano axioms in two respects:

he replaces the function of individuals “the successor of”, taken as primitive by Peano, by a relation “x follows immediately upon y”, in order to be able to disentangle the existence and the uniqueness that are implicitly contained in the notion “the successor”; (2) he proves the independence of his axioms. Further, it is noteworthy that the reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity of the relation of identity (which occurs as the second primitive notion) are not expressly postulated, but follow from the other axioms. With respect to the kinds of numbers of a higher level (fractions, negative numbers, and so on), two theses (already advocated in part by B. Russell) are presented and justified, namely: (1) it is expedient to undertake the extensions not by adjoining “new” numbers to the “old” ones that are already available, but by constructing an entirely new domain of individual.
Review of Hilbert 1931: The foundation of elementary number theory (1931c)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Besides a short presentation of the formalist viewpoint and a series of philosophical and historical remarks, this lecture offers a substantial supplement to the formal steps taken thus far toward laying a foundation for number theory. In his lecture 1929a Hilbert had, among other things, posed the problem of proving, for the formalism of number theory, the following two theorems, which concern the completeness of the system: 214 Gödel 1991d Aussage als widerspruchsfrei erwiesen werden kann, so ist sie auch beweisbar. 2. Wenn fiir einen Satz (5 die Widerspruchsfreiheit mit den Axiomen der Zahlentheorie nachgewiesen werden kann, so kann nicht auch fiir (5 die Widerspruchsfreiheit mit jenen Axiomen nachgewiesen werden. Um zum Beweise dieser beiden Sitze, wenigstens fiir gewisse Spezialfalle zu gelangen, wird das formale System der Zahlentheorie durch folgende, ihrer Struktur nach ganz neuartige SchluBregel erweitert: Falls nachgewiesen ist, daf3 die Formel A(z) allemal, wenn z eine vorgelegte Ziffer ist, eine richtige numerische Formel wird, so darf die Formel (x)A(x) als Ausgangsformel angesetzt werden. Der Widerspruchfreiheitsbeweis fiir die neue Regel wird skizziert. Auf3erdem ergibt sich unmittelbar, daB in dem erweiterten System fiir Aussagen der Form (x)A(x) (wobei A(x) aÜber x keine Variable mehr enthfilt) Satz 1. und 2. und fiir Aussagen der Form (Ex)A(x) wenigstens Satz 2. gilt.
Review of Becker 1930: On modal logic (1931e)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The author’s starting point is C. I. Lewis’ “system of strict implication” (a propositional calculus with the primitive notions “and”, “not”, “impossible”), and he remarks that in this system we can generate, through iterated application of the predicates “not” and “impossible”, infinitely many irreducible modalities for a proposition. These modalities cannot even be linearly ordered according to their logical strength in the sense that, of any two affirming modalities, one will imply the other, and similarly for negating ones. (To be sure, strict proofs of these assertions are not given.) To remedy this defect of Lewis’ system, the author proposes various additional axioms and then seeks to specify a system, with as few assumptions as possible, for which a linear ordering still exists. All in all, three different kinds of the calculus of modalities emerge, which, so the author believes, can be applied when different kinds of “necessity” are considered. As far as the purely formal side is concerned, one can hardly take exception to anything here, but there remain essential gaps to be filled in, some of which the author himself points out. Above all, it is nowhere shown that the three systems set up really differ from one another and from Lewis’ system (in other words, that the additional axioms are not in fact equivalent and do not follow from Lewis’); nor, furthermore, that the six, or ten, basic modalities obtained cannot be still further reduced. In conclusion, the author discusses, from a formal as well as a phenomenological standpoint, the connections that in his opinion obtain between modal logic and the intuitionistic logic of Brouwer and Heyting. It seems doubtful, however, that the steps here taken to deal with this problem on a formal plane will lead to success.
Review of Hasse and Scholz 1928: The foundational crisis in Greek mathematics (1931/)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

This stimulating little book depicts in a very interesting way how the doctrine of the irrational developed among the Greeks. In the authors’ view, the Pythagoreans at first attempted to overcome the emerging difficulties by introducing infinitely small magnitudes, and only Zeno, through his well-known paradoxes (the flying arrow, etc.), demonstrated the untenability of this standpoint, thereby precipitating a foundational crisis, which, for its part, was the point of departure for the rigorous construction by Eudoxus and others. This hypothesis casts an entirely new light on Zeno, who appears as an early champion of rigorous methods in mathematics, and in that sense is compared to Weierstrass. In addition, the book contains a series of other interesting historical remarks, as well as, in an appendix, a penetrating criticism of the view advocated by Oswald Spengler concerning the attitude of the Greeks toward the problem of the irrational. The clarity of style as well as the sharpness and terse suggestiveness of the formulations are also especially notable.
On the intuitionistic propositional calculus (1932)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Answer to a question posed by Hahn:] For the system H, set up by Heyting,1 of the intuitionistic propositional calculus the following theorems hold: Es gibt keine Realisierung mit endlich vielen Elementen ( Wahrheitswerten), fur welche die und nur die in H beweisbaren Formeln erfullt sind ( d. h. bei beliebiger Einsetzung ausgezeichnete Werte ergeben).
Introductory note to 1932a, 1933i and l
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

This note discusses Gödel’s published writings on decision problems for quantification theorya. A class of quantificational formulas is said to be decidable if and only if there is an effective procedure that determines, for each formula in the class, whether or not it is satisfiable. Prior to the rigorous explications of “effective” in the mid-1930s, various classes were shown decidable by exhibiting decision procedures that are clearly effective in any intuitive sense of the word. In this period, though, there could be no question of undecidability proofs. Instead, various classes were shown to be reduction classes. That is, the decision problem for all of quantification theory was reduced to the problem for these classes. The undecidability of reduction classes could be inferred once the recursive undecidability of all of quantification theory was shown ( Church 1936a, Turing 1937).
Über Vollstandigkeit und Widerspruchsfreiheit (1932b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Sei Z das formale System, welches man erhiilt, indem man die Peanoschen Axiome durch das Schema der rekursiven Definition (nach einer Variablen) und die logischen Regeln des engeren Funktionenkalkiils erganzt. Z soll also keine anderen Variablen als solche fur Individuen (d. h. natiirliche Zahlen) enthalten und das Prinzip der vollstiindigen Induktion muB daher als SchluBregel formuliert werden.
Review of Heyting 1931: The intuitionist’s way of founding mathematics (1932!)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The introductory note to Gödel 1932/, as well as to related items, can be found on page 196, immediately preceding 1931a.]The author first of all expounds the philosophical attitude of the intuitionist, for whom mathematics is a natural function of the intellect, a product of the human spirit, and who therefore grants no objective existence, independent of thought, to mathematical entities. This conceptionthat mathematical objects exist only insofar as they can actually be comprehended by human thought-leads to the rejection of pure existence proofs, as well as of the principle of the excluded middle in all cases in which a decision among the alternatives cannot actually be made.
Discussion concerning coordinate-free different.ial geometry (1933h)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The introductory note to Gödel 1933h, as well as to related items, can be found on page 272, immediately preceding 1933b.] In order to make precise, in the sense of the program that Menger ( 1930 see also 1932) has developed for a coordinate-free differential geometry,, the assertion that Riemannian spaces behave locally like Euclidean spaces (that “Euclidean geometry holds for infinitesimally adjacent points of Riemannian spaces”), the determinants ( “volume determinants”) that serve to characterize the metric of Euclidean spaces would be suitable. If for four points Pt, P2, p3 and p4 of a metric space we set where PiPi denotes the distance between Pi and Pi, then according to Menger ( 1928 and 1931) the plane is characterized among metric spaces by the fact that it is complete, convex, and outwardly convex, and that, for any four of its points, D(p1,p2,P3,p4) = 0 holds.
Review of Kaczmarz 1932: Axioms for arithmetic (1933j)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

A system of axioms for the arithmetic of natural numbers, consisting of four axioms with the primitive notions “number” and “less than”, is specified, and the independence of the axioms, as well as their equivalence with those put forward by L. Neder (1931), is demonstrated.
Introductory note to 1994
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Gödel lectured on his 1991 results at the Institute for Advanced Study from February to May 1934. Notes were taken by S. C. Kleene and J. • Rosser. These notes were put out in installments to the persons who had subscribed to them. After the lectures were finished, the whole set of the notes, supplemented by two pages of “Notes and errata”, was approved by Gödel. At the time of the Davis 1965 printing of the lecture notes, those “Notes and errata” (and some minor typographical corrections) were incorporated into the text, either directly or as footnotes, and what had been on page 28 became the last paragraph of §8. For that printing, Gödel made available a substantial number of corrections and emendations (enclosed here in square brackets), and supplied the “Postscriptum” which follows the text.
Review of Church 1933: A set of postulates for the foundation of logic (second paper) (1934e)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The introductory note to 1934e, as well as to related items, can be found on page 256, immediately preceding 1932k.] The axiom system given by the author in his 1932 has turned out to be contradictory. To avoid the contradiction (a modified form of Russell’s paradox), the axioms are subjected to a few modifications in the work at hand; these are supposed to have the effect of making it impossible to prove “empty” implications (that is, those in which the antecedent is always false).
Review of Skolem 1934 : On the non-characterizability of the number sequence by means of finitely or denumerably many propositions containing variables only for numbers (1935)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The introductory note to 1935, as well as to related items, can be found on page 376, immediately preceding 1934c.] With respect to its result, this work is identical to the same author’s 1933a; it merely gives a somewhat simplified proof and the following formulation of the result: Finitely or denumerably many propositions that contain no variables other than those for individuals and hold for a sequence of type w cannot distinguish that sequence from certain sequences of higher order type. It is asserted without proof that this remains true if variables of higher type (for sets or propositional functions) are introduced and interpreted as they are in axiomatic set theory.
Self-Sacrifice as Truth in India
Authors: Hudson D Dennis
Published: November 2023

On January 30, 1948, in Delhi, a young Hindu deeply offended by the work of Mohandas Karama chand Gandhi for peace and unity between Muslims and Hindus shot him. M. K. Gandhi died with the name of Ram on his lips. If we take seriously the statements he had made a few days earlier, he died believing that Ram willed his death, because he believed that Ram was his only protector in the midst of India’s violence. For over forty years he had lived as a witness to ahimsa, to the desire not to cause injury, a desire he believed to be both grounded on truth and the means to it. Yet it appears that Ram had let him die while he clung to him as the truth, whose power acts through an absence—the absence of the ego’s desire to injure anyone, including itself.
Introduction
Authors: Spiro Peter J
Published: November 2023

The 2001 inaugural address of George W. Bush was not particularly memorable or rhetorically elegant, and it will no doubt be forgotten to history. But the speech was a paragon of America’s citizenship discourse. Delivered by a conservative politician, it betrayed the universalism of the American liberal tradition. At the core of this tradition is the notion, to use the Bush articulation, that “America has never been united by blood or birth or soil.” On the contrary, according to Bush and consistent with the tradition, “we are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds” and “lift us above our interests.” Among the “grandest” of these ideals, he intoned, “is an unfolding American promise: that everyone belongs, that everyone deserves a chance, that no insignificant person was ever born.”
Made American
Authors: Spiro Peter J
Published: November 2023

Just as all nations extend citizenship to some individuals at birth, they all provide for the acquisition of citizenship thereafter through naturalization. As with birth citizenship, rules relating to naturalization open a window on the meaning of national identity. Indeed, naturalization offers a more refined decoding of the elements of that identity. Where birth citizenship is about projecting life trajectories, naturalization can be more precisely tailored to define individual qualifications. Where birth citizenship is a matter of designation, naturalization presents the possibility of attainment. One can aspire to become a citizen through naturalization, and perhaps it can be said that the nation’s aspirations are reflected in its naturalization regime.
On the “Introduction to Islam”
Authors: Reinhart A Kevin
Published: November 2023

What Goes Into an “Introductory” COURSE? To a large extent the truisms of the culture, the discipline, and the field are catalyzed by the biography of the instructor. And so the introductory course, at least at first, is constructed reactively as much as “proactively.” There is first the Oedipal stage in an instructor’s career (where every lecture is a critique of every book read, every mistaken idea inflicted on the instructor in the course of his/her education).
Teaching about Muslims in America
Authors: Hermansen Marica K
Published: November 2023

The topic “muslims in America” is increasingly featuredin the academic curriculum, occasionally as a course of its own within specialized programs or more often as a session or part of a session within an introductory course on “Islam,” “World Religions,” or “Religion in America.” Depending on the context, various approaches to the topic could be productive. I would like to suggest some of these approaches as well as indicate some of the resources available for teaching about this topic. The strategies used for presenting this material will vary with the composition of the student audience and the overall focus of the course.
Incorporating Information Technology into Courses on Islamic Civilization
Authors: Blake Corinne
Published: November 2023

Students in most colleges and universities in the United States have access to the Internet and other information technology, either through campus computer labs or their own personal computers. While sitting at a desk, students can “travel” to a wide variety of Internet sites to access vast amount of information about Islam, Islamic civilizations and societies, and contemporary issues in the Muslim world. Students can click to an Internet site in Britain to read the Quran in Arabic or English, jump to Japan to read translations of Persian poetry and literature, and go back to the United Kingdom to go to hear different Quran recitations. They can check out the latest news from the Iranian news agency, read hadith in translation at the University of Southern California, view pictures of mosques and historical buildings in Isfahan, read perspectives on the veil [hijab] written by Muslims in different countries, jump to Turkey to read Sufi poetry in translation, then return to the United States to view pictures of Islamic miniatures, calligraphy, and carpets.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Brian
Published: November 2023

Thomas Aquinas was the greatest European philosopher of the thirteenth century. Many would say that he was the greatest of all medieval thinkers. Yet his appeal and reputation have waxed and waned. In the period immediately following his death he had relatively few admirers willing to promulgate his teachings. And there were many anxious to censure it. In 1277 ideas thought to be his were ecclesiastically condemned in Paris and Oxford.
The Realism of Aquinas
Authors: Edwards Sandra
Published: November 2023

In his book On Universals, Nicholas Wolterstorff examines Aquinas’ theory of universals and concludes that it suffers from “a crucial and incurable ambiguity, or incoherence.” Wolterstorff charges Aquinas with denying that there is anything two distinct things have in common while maintaining that forms or natures may be the forms or natures of several distinct things. Aquinas’ resolution of the apparent contradiction is said to consist of the assertion that forms or natures exist outside the mind only as individualized in singulars and exist as universals only when they are abstracted from such things by some intellect. Universals are then concepts abstracted from distinct singulars which are similar but not identical. But in that case, Wolterstorff shows, it is not one nature which is abstracted but several and so-called universal concepts cease to have any foundation in reality.’
Intentionality: Aquinas and Wittgenstein
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

What is the criterion, how is it to be verified, that this picture is the portrait of that object, i.e. that it is meant to represent it? It is not similarity that makes the picture a portrait (it might be a striking resemblance of one person, and yet be a portrait of someone else it resembles less)....
Aquinas’s Account of Freedom: Intellect and Will
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: November 2023

For one thing, contemporary discussions of free will tend to belong to an older, non-Thomistic tradition of thought about the topic. In this tradition, human freedom is a property of just one component of human mental faculties, namely, the will; and freedom consists in an agent’s ability to will autonomously in general and independently of the intellect in particular. The influence of this tradition persists in contemporary discussion, both for libertarians and for their opponents, with the result that Aquinas’s account tends to be interpreted by its lights. Consequently, the lineaments of his theory are obscured. For Aquinas, freedom with regard to willing is a property primarily of a human being, not of some particular component of a human being. Furthermore, the will is not independent of the intellect. On the contrary, the dynamic interactions of intellect and will yield freedom as an emergent property or a systems-level feature.
Being and Goodness
Authors: Stump Eleonore , Kretzmann Norman
Published: November 2023

Parts of Aquinass moral philosophy, particularly his treatments of the virtues and of natural law, are sometimes taken into account in contemporary discussions, but the unusual ethical naturalism that underlies all of his moral philosophy has been neglected. Consequently, the unity of his ethical theory and its basis in his metaphysics are not so well known as they should be, and even the familiar parts of the theory are sometimes misunderstood.
Aquinas on Good Sense
Authors: McCabe Herbert
Published: November 2023

I am concerned here with the virtue which Aquinas calls prudentia. But, as is almost always the case with Aquinas’s technical vocabulary, the nearest English word to the Latin one would be a mistranslation: prudentia does not mean what we call prudence. Prudence suggests to us a certain caution and canniness, whereas prudentia is much nearer to wisdom, practical wisdom.
Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
Authors: Lindow John
Published: November 2023

Norse Mythology explores the magical myths and legends of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and Viking-Age Greenland--outlining along the way the prehistoric tales and beliefs from these regions that have remained embedded in the imagination of the world. The book begins with an Introduction that helps put Scandinavian mythology in place in history, followed by a chapter that explains the meaning of mythic time, and a third section that presents in-depth explanations of each mythological term. These fascinating entries identify particular deities and giants, as well as the places where they dwell and the varied and wily means by which they forge their existence and battle one another. We meet Thor, one of the most powerful gods, who specializes in killing giants using a hammer made for him by dwarfs, not to mention myriad trolls, ogres, humans and strange animals. We learn of the ongoing struggle between the gods, who create the cosmos, and the jötnar, or giants, who aim to destroy it. In the enchanted world where this mythology takes place, we encounter turbulent rivers, majestic mountains, dense forests, storms, fierce winters, eagles, ravens, salmon and snakes in a landscape closely resembling Scandinavia. Beings travel on ships and on horseback; they eat slaughtered meat and drink mead. Spanning from the inception of the universe and the birth of human beings to the universe's destruction and the mythic future, these sparkling tales of creation and destruction, death and rebirth, gods and heroes will entertain readers and offer insight into the relationship between Scandinavian myth, history, and culture.
Introduction: The Saga of The Tibetan Book of the Dead
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

Sometime in early 1919, a British political officer and dilettante Tibetan scholar, Major W. L. Campbell, purchased a collection of Tibetan block prints while visiting the town of Gyantse in southwestern Tibet (see fig. I,I). Upon returning to his station in Sikkim, he presented these books to the American-born, Oxford-educated anthropologist Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz, who was himself traveling the region in search of exotic books and had recently pur chased an illuminated Tibetan manuscript in Darjeeling. At the end of that year, Evans-Wentz met Kazi Dawa Samdup, a respected translator and teacher of a host of previous foreign travelers and the headmaster of the Maharaja’s Bhutia Boy’s School in Gangtok. Evans-Wentz commissioned Dawa Samdup to prepare English translations of his Darjeeling manuscript and the books he had acquired from Major Campbell.
From Death to Disposal
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

The rituals of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities and the Liberation upon Hearing are built around a coherent set of actions and a fully developed ritual sequence that recognize the value of confession (bshags-pa) and expiation (bskang-ba) in the purification of sins (sdig-pa) and the efficacy of prayer and ritual performance for guiding the deceased through the perilous pathways of the bardo and into the next life. This brief chapter examines the general structure of the Tibetan bardo liturgy, relying on both textual and ethnographic data. The textual material will be drawn from the Karling literature itself, while the ethnographic details will be based primarily on several important anthropological studies, as well as information gleaned from a modern Tibetan pamphlet by Thupten Sangay entitled Tibetan Ceremonies for the Dead [Bod-mi’i ‘das-mchodJ. Although there are variations in each of these sources, certain features can be found in common. These shared elements will provide the basis for my account of the generalized pattern of the bardo rites.
Conclusion: Manuscripts and Printed Texts
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

In the late eighteenth century, Nyima Drakpa’ s arrangement of the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo was preserved, perhaps for the very first time, in a blockprint edition prepared at Dzokchen monastery by the third Dzokchenpa Ngedön Tenzin Zangpo. It was this edition that provided the basis in Bhutan for the Bumthang redaction (82) published in 1952 in memory of the second king of Bhutan, Jikme Wangchuk (1926-1952). Presumably, the Dzokchen blockprint also formed the basis of an earlier Bhutanese edi tion prepared in Paro in 1943 through the efforts of one Norbu Zangpo, then the Bhutanese Lochak (lo-phyag) to the Lhasa government. This Paro re daction, reprinted in various forms (BI, Bia, 84, DH), has since become the most widely available edition of the Liberation upon Hearing outside Tibet.
The Catholic Menace
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

In 1977, Andrew Greeley described anti-Catholicism as an “ugly little secret” of American history. Ugly perhaps, but a great deal of scholarship in the intervening years has ensured that this particular form of prejudice is anything but secret. Arthur Schlesinger Sr. has called it “the deepest bias in the history of the American people.” John Higham has aptly described anti-Catholicism as “the most luxuriant, tenacious tradition of paranoiac agitation in American history.” Over the decades, the grounds put forward to prove just why Catholicism is so pernicious, so threatening, have shifted, but fundamental to all the attacks has been the notion that Catholicism is un- and anti-American.
Black Legends: Rewriting Catholic History
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Ever since the Reformation, historical writing has provided perhaps the most powerful weapon in the arsenal of anti-Catholic rhetoric. Accounts of alleged Catholic atrocities and distortions have been best-sellers, and works such as Foxe’s Book of Martyrs were for centuries among the most popular titles in the English-speaking world. Usually, these books presented a predictable range of arguments and examples, to the extent that a standard anti-Catholic mythology has retained its broad general out- lines from the sixteenth century onward. What is remarkable, though, is that such a mythology not only survives today, but is regarded as a respectable part of civilized discourse.
Introduction
Authors: Yu Christopher
Published: November 2023

Satire has now been for some time a blind spot for criticism. We have come to understand the term casually to mean any rhetorical procedure involving caricature, mockery, or irony, that is to say any act of comic distortion that encodes an ulterior agenda. Whether because of its covert manner or aggressive purposes or on account of textual uncertainty, satire is supposed to have arisen from a point of origin now hopelessly lost to historical scrutiny. Much of this confusion derives from the mistaken belief of early-Christian-era grammarians in a genealogical link between the Greek satyr play and Roman satire, a belief based on a false etymological derivation of Latin satura from Greek satyros. This misreading is of more than merely philological interest inasmuch as it results, by the time of Renaissance critics such as George Puttenham, in the ascription of cult value to what he calls “verses of rebuke,” a value that is predicated on the magical status of “the gods of the woods” who perform such speech acts.
Satura Redux
Authors: Yu Christopher
Published: November 2023

Strictly speaking, the myth of a British Augustan age did not originate with Dryden. As early as the posthumous publication in 1595 of Sir Philip Sidney’s Defence of Poesy, an overtly Horatian notion of literary value had advanced to the forefront of critical discussion in England with the claim that poetry ought to “teach and delight.” Ben Jonson, in his 1601 stage satire Poetaster, depicted Augustus as an ideal arbiter of cultural disputes who could be trusted to defend Horace and the virtue of scholarly wit against the criticism of pretentious and opportunistic courtly rivals. On the occasion of King James’s triumphal entry into the City of London in 1604, Jonson heralded the arrival of “the greatest, perfectest, and last” historical round of “change and sway” in a commissioned verse of welcome that echoed the passage from Virgil’s Fourth Eclogue inaugurating a new golden age under Augustus (“Ultima Cumaei venit iam carminis aetas,” etc.).
Before the Garden: Made in God’s Bodily Image
Authors: Carr David M
Published: November 2023

We start with a prelude to the garden of Eden text: the description of the creation of humanity in Genesis r. This text has often puzzled interpreters: “God created humanity in his image ... male and female he created them.” What might this mean? Most assume that it means almost anything other than a physical resemblance to God. They insist that the “image” of God in humans is rationality, a moral will, original righteousness, human do minion over the earth, a spiritual nature, the capacity for a special relationship with God, and so on. Many distinguish between the “image,” which is human nature that cannot be lost, and the “likeness,” which is the relation to God that can be lost. Virtually all agree that the Bible surely could not be asserting that God has a humanlike body.
The Eden Garden, Part 1: Created for Erotic Connection
Authors: Carr David M
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins our look at the first garden text of the Bible: the garden of Eden story in Genesis 2:4-3:24. Perhaps no other text in the Old Testament is so universally recognized, remembered, and pervasive in Western culture as this story of the first human pair and their eating of forbidden fruit. Yet the strong sexual overtones of the story are often misinterpreted and used to repress women and sexuality. In the epigraph, Gregory Nazianzen accuses Eve of having beguiled Adam “by means of pleasure” and “estranged him ... from the tree of life.” This is typical of many interpretations which pass right over the vision of erotic connection in Genesis 2 and give a ,woman-blaming interpretation of chapter 3. Here we will linger on the vision of creation in Genesis 2 before moving on to the story of crime and punishment in chapter 3. Both parts of this garden text have their gifts to give us.
The Word Made Flesh: Echoes of old testament gardens in the new testament
Authors: Carr David M
Published: November 2023

Gardens do not disappear in the New Testament, but they are changed. Sexuality and eros are almost never explicitly affirmed. Yet a closer look reveals a set of eros-affirming Christian garden texts amidst the broader Christian tradition. In the introduction to this book I summarized ways in which the New Testament contributed to the sexual-spiritual split that has characterized much of Western culture. This legacy makes it all the more important to show that the erotic vision of the Old Testament was not lost in the New Testament.
Introduction: Teaching Freud and Religion
Authors: Jonte-Pace Diane
Published: November 2023

Both education and psychoanalysis, Freud warned in “Analysis Terminable and Interminable,” are ‘“impossible’ professions” in which “one can be sure beforehand of achieving unsatisfactory results.” In spite of his understanding of the unsatisfactory consequences of psychoanalysis, Freud did not tum aside from his own impossible profession. Nor do the authors in this volume tum aside from theirs: all are educators; all teach psychoanalysis in some form; and, compounding the “impossibilities,” most teach courses on Freud in departments of religious studies.
Freud and/as the Jew in the Multicultural University
Authors: Geller Jay
Published: November 2023

Rarely taught in psychology, occasionally picked up in literature and theory courses, and usually read in order to be condemned in women’s and queer studies offerings, the work of the self-proclaimed atheist Sigmund Freud regularly finds its home today in religious studies. One text in particular, The Future of an Illusion (SE 21; Freud 1961b), one of Freud’s least psychoanalytical works, a text which Freud considered both “childish” and a testament to his old age,1 usually comes to be taken as representative.2 What does it mean for instructors in religious studies to opt for Future rather than Civilization and Its Discontents (SE 21; Freud 1961a), Freud’s pessimistic meditation on the vicissitudes of humanity’s instinctual life, the conflict between libido and aggression-between Eros and the death instinct-and the tension, externally, between those instinctual demands and the demands of society and, internally, between the ego and the superego? Students find instead the father of psychoanalysis presented as a rather naive figure of the rationalist Enlightenment with an outrageous optimism about science (and its god Logos), a constructor of arguments against straw men, and a producer of extremely reductive and simplistic explanations who shows little if any respect for religion and the religious. Freud, in effect, has become himself a straw man, and his cultural role has been, at best, relegated to the German-accented caricature that has pervaded popular culture for the past two-thirds of a century.
Teaching Freud While Interpreting Jesus
Authors: Capps Donald
Published: November 2023

The invitation to write an article on the psychoanalytic interpretation of Jesus for a book on teaching Freud comes at an opportune moment. I have recently completed a book on Jesus that is psychoanalytic in orientation, and am now contemplating teaching a course on the subject in the near future. In an institution like Princeton Theological Seminary, this may require more than the normal justifications for a course of this nature, as the seminary currently boasts a biblical faculty of fifteen, eight of these in New Testament. As I will indicate, however, this is just one of several impediments to such a course. The following discussion, therefore, offers a justification for a course on the psychoanalysis of Jesus-not, however, by engaging in the usual arguments in behalf of interdisciplinary courses, but by demonstrating the intrinsic value of psychoanalytic interpretation of Jesus for the psychology of religion. This requires that I give significant attention to my own Jesus text.
Psychoanalyzing Myth: From Freud to Winnicott
Authors: Segal Robert A
Published: November 2023

The central difficulty I find in teaching Freud on myth is connecting myth to religion and therefore to the world. Teaching that Freud severs myth from the world by severing myth from religion merely states rather than solves the problem. Students expect myth to be about the external world. It is not that they fail to grasp that for Freud myth involves the projection of human characteristics onto the world. It is that for them myth thereby ceases to be about the world and consequently ceases to be myth. It is not that students fail to recognize the similarities that Freud draws between dreams and myths. It is that for them the similarities miss the key difference: where dreams are about dreamers, myths are about the world. Put bluntly, Freud seems to have little to say about myth because myth is part of religion and religion is about the world.
Why Do We Have to Read Freud?
Authors: Delaney Carol
Published: November 2023

“Why do we have to read Freud?” my students at Stanford groan when they notice an assignment on Freud. The question is asked in a tone reminiscent of children’s “Do I have to eat my spinach?” The assignment is seen as a chore to be gotten through rather than an intellectual adventure. This is a far cry from my own first reading of Freud in an academic context. Then it seemed almost clandestine, as reading Nietzche was, and evoked a feeling of excitement, as if, finally, we were about to taste the forbidden fruit. Nothing of that aura remains. By a process of social osmosis students today seem to have absorbed a fairly pervasive view that Freud’s theories are either wrong or outdated and of no practical use in their world. The first task, therefore, is to convince them both of the importance of reading Freud and of his continuing relevance.
Introduction
Authors: Attridge Derek
Published: November 2023

Ulysses is the most famous literary work, in any language, of the twentieth century: this claim would be hard to dispute, subjective though it is. The book’s fame—or, more accurately perhaps, its notoriety—does not necessarily mean that it is the most widely read of twentieth-century literary works, though it would probably appear high on a list of works most frequently begun and never finished. Its difficulty is one of the main ingredients of its reputation, the others being its length, its psychological realism, and (connected to this) its explicitness about sexual and other bodily matters. The first two seem calculated to deter the reader; the second two are more likely to attract him or her, out of curiosity if for no other reason. To those who are familiar with the novel—we might as well call it a novel, although it could equally be called an antinovel— this caricature is misleading in many ways. For one thing, it leaves out the fact that Ulysses is, to those who tap into its humor , one of the funniest novels ever written.
Art and Life, Nature and Culture, Ulysses
Authors: Herr Cheryl
Published: November 2023

In a reflex from its own energy , Ulysses has moved its readers down many critical paths. In the early 1920s Valery Larbaud and company sought the clue to Ulysses in the work’s Odyssean and other schematic structures. During the New Critical heyday, the key was thought by some to be, among other things, the one that Bloom leaves behind him and seeks all day along alley and, yes, quay. Readers fruitfully charted images and triangulated motifs in order to reveal the designs-upon-designs upon which the meaning of the work was assumed to rest. More recently we have seen a poststructuralist concern with disembodying voice and locating aporias, with reflexivity and the self-consciousness of Joyce’s fiction. And in recent work, Freud / Lacan and Marx have begun to receive articulation with Joyce’s writing. The fact is that Joyce’s great narrative has made the critical enterprise into a simulacrum of the travels of the legendary Wandering Jew whose footsore angst Leopold Bloom emulates and whose worldweariness formed an unmistakable part of Joyce’s own experience of Europe between the two wars. Legend com-posing art composing life composing art composing response to life and art—something like this vacillating sequence maps out a territory that is not contained within the covers of the “usylessly unreadable Blue Book of Eccles” (FW 179.26–27).
Reading Ulysses: Agency, Ideology, and the Novel
Authors: Wollaeger Mark A
Published: November 2023

Just Before He Is Decked (or “crowned”) by a belligerent British soldier in “Circe,” Stephen Dedalus unwisely characterizes his desired relation to Ireland’s reigning institutional authorities with a Blakean aphorism: “in here it is,” he says, tapping his brow, “I must kill the priest and the king” (U 15.4436–37). The self-confessed “servant of two masters,” Stephen wishes to undo the internalization of authority that renders him, as he dourly observes in “Telemachus,” the political subject of “the imperial British state” and the religious subject of “the holy Roman catholic and apostolic church” (U 1.643–44). Stephen’s early morning complaint is framed, courtesy of Haines, by a stark dichotomy. “I should think you are able to free yourself,” says the genially obtuse Englishman. “You are your own master.” Retreating before Stephen’s cynicism, however, Haines quickly reconsiders: “An Irishman must think like that, I dare say.... It seems history is to blame” (U 1.636–37, 647–49).
The Decomposing Form of Joyce’s Ulysses
Authors: Staten Henry
Published: November 2023

At The End Of “Calypso,” Bloom defecates while reading a story, a “prize titbit” in an old number of a journal called Titbits (U 4.502); when he finishes his business, he tears away “half the prize story” and wipes himself with it (U 4.537). I read this moment as a witty and profound allegory of literature touching reality. One might be tempted to think that the incident is merely Joyce’s little joke, a comment on the subliterary character of the titbit in question, yet Ulysses is a text that freely allows the sub-literary to circulate within it. And Bloom’s reading of the story, embedded in a scene of perhaps unprecedented novelistic realism, touches off a reflection on mimetic truthfulness: “Life might be so,” Bloom thinks (U 4.511). In Bloom’s toilet, both literary mimesis, in the form known as realism, and Ulysses itself are mises enabyme in more ways than one. Yet realism is abimé only through a process that simultaneously reconstitutes it in a way inconceivable by the laws of classical representation.
Conversations with Joyce (1934)
Authors: Budgen Frank
Published: November 2023

It Was Shortly After Our meeting at Taylor’s pension that I again met Joyce, by chance this time, and we strolled through the double avenue of trees on the Utoquai from Bellevue towards Zu¨ rich Horn. To the left of us were the solid houses of Zürich burgesses, on our right the lake and on the far shore of the lake the green slopes and elegant contours of the Uetliberg ridge. “I am now writing a book,” said Joyce, “based on the wanderings of Ulysses. The Odyssey, that is to say, serves me as a ground plan. Only my time is recent time and all my hero’s wanderings take no more than eighteen hours.” A train of vague thoughts arose in my mind, but failed to take shape definite enough for any comment. I drew with them in silence the shape of the Uetliberg-Albis line of hills. The Odyssey for me was just a long poem that might at any moment be illustrated by some Royal Academician. I could see his water-colour Greek heroes, book-opened, in an Oxford Street bookshop window.
New Hampshire Judge
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

IN 1977, THE YEAR after David Souter became New Hampshire’s attorney general, a vacancy arose on the state supreme court. Warren Rudman and Tom Rath, among others, urged Governor Meldrim Thomson to choose their friend. Eventually, Rudman later wrote, Souter and Rath went to see Thomson. “While they were talking, Thomson left the room to take a phone call, and when he returned he told David-seemingly in some distress-that he couldn’t put him on the supreme court, but that he’d gladly appoint him to the superior court. David declined the offer and continued as attorney general. Tom Rath [was] convinced that the call came from [Union Leader publisher] William Loeb, vetoing David’s appointment to the supreme court.”