bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil in a Water-Seeded, Continuous Flood Culture, 1996
Authors: Way M.O. , Wallace R.G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 10 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. On 4 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and treated with Odram 15G at 27 lb product/acre. Fertilizer and herbicide were incorporated into dry soil (League clay) with a rake. Pre-plant incorporated (ppi) treatments were applied to dry soil of designated plots with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held, spray boom pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 29.7 gpa. These treatments were also incorporated into dry soil with a rake. Plots were permanently flooded (flood depth about 4 inches) on 5 Apr and hand-planted with sprouted seed at 130 lb dry seed/acre. To prepare sprouted seed, untreated seed (with no fungicides, insecticides, etc.) was soaked in water for 24 h, drained, and air-dried for another 24 h. Seed treatments were applied to sprouted seed according to the attached protocol provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. On 17 Apr, rice emerged through the water (12 d after planting). On 25 Apr (8 d after rice emergence through water), Furadan 3G was applied to designated plots with a hand-held shaker jar. On each of 16 May and 11 Jun (19 and 45 d after rice emergence through water), five 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot, washed, and inspected for immature RWW. On 6 Jun (at panicle differentiation), rice was fertilized with urea at 57 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied for the growing season was 170 lb/acre. At maturity (29 Jul), plots were harvested with a small plot combine and yields adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil With Fipronil Applied Post-Flood in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Cul-Ture,1996
Authors: Way M.O. , Wallace R.G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 9 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. On 10 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 68 lb nitrogen/acre. On the same day, dry plots were planted by hand with dry seed at 90 lb/acre. Designated plots received fipronil-treated seed which was provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. Fertilizer and seed were incorporated into the soil (League clay) with a rake. Plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24 h then drain) following incorporation. Rice emerged 19 Apr. From emergence of rice through the soil to application of the permanent flood on 10 May (21 d after rice emergence), plots were flush irrigated as needed. On 30 Apr, plots were treated with Stam 4E and Basagran at 4.0 and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, respectively. Immediately prior to the permanent flood, plots were fertilized with urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre. On the same date and before the permanent flood, designated plots were treated with a fipronil spray treatment using a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held, spray rig pressurized with CO2 Final spray volume was 34.8 gpa. This treatment was not incorporated. Designated plots were also treated with fipronil, Dimilin 25 WP, and Karate 1EC spray treatments at the rates and specific times after the permanent flood as described in the accompanying table. These treatments were applied as above. Furadan 3G was applied to designated plots at 0.6 lb (AI)/acre 11 d after the permanent flood with a hand-held shaker jar. Plots were fertilized with urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre on 10 Jun; thus, total nitrogen applied to the plots for the entire growing season was 170 lb/acre. On each of 4 Jun and 3 Jul, five 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Cores were washed and inspected for immature RWW. At maturity, plots were harvested (19 Aug) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5. All data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil on Dry-Seeded Rice with Diflubenzuron at Beaumont,1996
Authors: Way M.O. , Wallace R.G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides. On 19 Apr plots were broadcast planted by hand into a dry seed bed (League clay soil) at 90 lb seed/acre and fertilized with urea at 68 lb nitrogen/acre. Seed and fertilizer were incorporated with a rake followed by a flush irrigation (temporary flood for 24 h then drain). Rice emerged 27 Apr. From emergence to application of the permanent flood on 18 May (21 d after emergence), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 9 May Facet 75DF, Bolero 8EC, and Basagran were applied at 0.67 lb, 3 pt, and 1.5 pt/acre, respectively. Rice was fertilized with urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre immediately before the permanent flood. Diflubenzuron treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held, CO2 pressurized spray rig. Final spray volume was 37 gpa. Furadan 3G was applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On each of 14 Jun and 31 Jul (27 d and 74 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood) five 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. Plots were fertilized at panicle differentiation (19 Jun) with urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre. Thus, total applied nitrogen/acre was 170 lb. Plots were harvested with a small plot combine on 4 Sep. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5. All data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Soybean Looper on Soybean with Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1995
Authors: Young S. Y.
Published: December 2017

Commercial B. thuringiensis product were evaluated in two trials against SL on soybean in Lafayette Co., Arkansas. Treatments in Trials 1 and 2 were applied on 23 and 26 Sep, respectively with a backpack CO2 sprayer equipped with a four-row boom (1 nozzle per row) using TX-6 nozzles at 3.0 mph and calibrated to deliver 10 gpa. Wate-used for mixing insecticides had a pH of 7.0. An RCB design with four replicates was used. Soybean was planted in late Jun. At application time, soy beans were primarily in the R-5, 6 developmental stage in both trials and were approximately 33 and 27 inch in height in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Plot-were 8 rows with 20 inch spacing X 75 ft in length. Plots were separated by 2-row buffers on their sides and 15-ft buffers at their ends. Treatments wen evaluated at 4 and 7 DAT by shaking larvae from plants onto a 1-yd length of cloth spread between the rows. A 3-ft sample was taken from each of 2 rows and larvae on the cloth were counted. Larvae in the population were primarily instars 2-3 and 3-4 in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. No rainfall occurred dur ing Trial 1 and approximately 1 inch on day 6 in Trial 2. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Controlling Tobacco Aphids on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1996
Authors: Taylor J. Delano , Crowe Bert D. , McPherson Robert M. , Bundy C. Scott
Published: December 2017

Flue-cured tobacco, variety K-326, was transplanted on 10 Apr at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines and included a preplant tank mixture of Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 pounds of acre. Plots 2 rows wide (44-inch row spacing) by 20 ft long were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were separated on each side with one fallow border row and on each end with a 6 ft wide alley. Two Orthene attransplant treatments were applied in the transplant water at transplanting. On 30 May, 9 foliar insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 24.5 gpa at 40 psi. The number of live aphids on plants 2, 4 and 6 of the second row was recorded from each plot prior to treatment (Pre-t) and 4,7,14 and 21 days after treatment (DAT). Plants 2-11 on the second row were harvested on 21 Jun and cured weights determined by factoring out the moisture content. All data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05).
Gaucho as an Aphicide in Winter Wheat, 1996A
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded by large plot drill on 14 Sep (60 lb/acre) at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA. Gaucho 480 was applied at 3 rates as seed treatment: 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 oz (AI)/cwt. An untreated plot served as the check. Plots were 45 X 354 ft replicated 5 times in a RCB design. The experiment was designed to measure: 1) the impact of aphids on winter wheat yields; and 2) the value of Gaucho as an aphicide in winter wheat. Treatments were evaluated at 15, 30, 50, 100, and 150 days after emergence (DAE) by visual examination for aphid species per tiller plus number of aphids per tiller. At maturity, the crop was harvested by cutting 12 X 354 ft strips from each replicate with a MH-55 combine. Mean grain yields in bushel and test weight (tw) were calculated per acre for each replicate.
Red Imported Fire Ant Control in Bahiagrass Pastures, 1996
Authors: Flanders K. L. , Farrior O. F. , DeLamar Z. D.
Published: December 2017

Test 1, located in Atmore, AL, was a RCB design with two replications, each block being in two adjacent, closely grazed bahiagrass paddocks on sandy, Coastal Plain soil. Plot size was 5-8 acres per plot, dictated by the irregular shape of the paddocks. The insecticide Amdro was applied in late afternoon on 16 May 1995 with a Solo brand backpack mistblower, in 20 ft wide swaths (within-swath rate of 3 lb bait/acre), alternating with 20 ft untreated swaths. Treatments were evaluated 16 May, 14 Jun, and 12 Oct 1995, and 7 Aug 1996, by counting number of active fire ant mounds in one, 60 ft by 200 ft transect, randomly located in each plot. The same transect was used on each evaluation in 1995. A new transect was located in each plot in 1996. The transect ran across swaths in the treated plots. A thin rod was inserted with minimal disturbance into each mound, to determine colony activity. Test 2, located in Brewton, AL, was a CRB design with two replications in a bahiagrass pasture. The paddocks were on sandy, Coastal Plain soil. Plot size ranged from 1.5-2.5 acres per plot, dictated by the irregular shape of the pasture. The insecticide was applied in afternoon on 30 Apr 1996 with a Herd GT77-A spreader, at a within swath rate of 1.5 lb bait/acre. Insecticide was applied in alternating 30 ft wide swaths, or as a conventional broadcast treatment. Treatments were evaluated 24 May and 7 Aug 1996, using same methods as in Test 1.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses, 1995B
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted on fairways 11, 13 and 16 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Mole crickets were midinstar nymphs. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 19 Sep. Granular formulations were applied with a Scotts ProTurf, hand-pushed spreader. Liquid and wettable powder formulations were applied with a Solo Knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 2,000 ft2. Rainfall from 19 Sep to 10 Oct was a total of 13.33 inches during this study. All plots except Orthene plots received 0.25 inch water within 1 h after applications. Orthene plots received 0.25 inch water immediately prior to application. Mole cricket damage was rated using a 1 m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground at 10 locations/replicate. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 19 Sep and post-treatment counts were made on 26 Sep and 3, 10 and 17 Oct.
Springtime Control of Adult Mole Crickets on Golf Course Fairways, 1996
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of five insecticide formulations applied at various rates were evaluated for adult mole cricket control on an infested fairway at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick County. Plots 25 ft X 25 ft were established in areas showing moderate adult surface tunneling activity. Each treatment was replicated four times and randomly assigned to the plots. The fairway was irrigated prior to application and all insecticides were applied on 22 Apr using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 30 gpa. Soil temperature (4 inch) was 75°F and air temperature was 74°F. Soil at the test site was classified as a Manderin fine sand with a pH of 6.3 with 0.6% humic matter. Post application irrigation (0.25 inch) was applied to the entire test area prior to the application of the Orthene 75S treatment. The Orthene 75S treatment was applied late in the day and was not irrigated after application. Examination of the plots the next day revealed that adults were active at the test site the night following application. The second application of the split application Talstar Flowable treatment was applied after irrigation on 21 May and was followed by a 0.25 inch of fairway irrigation and a moderate rain. Control was evaluated using the damage grid evaluation method (Mack and Cobb 1989) with five damage grid ratings per plot on each sampling date. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 6 and 21 May, 4 and 20 Jun (14, 29, 43 and 59 DAT respectively). The actual damage means for each sampling date are reported in the table. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
Management of Black Cutworm Larvae with Reduced Rates of Chlorpyrifos and Experimental Formulations on Creeping Bentgrass, 1996
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6 X 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times at University Park, PA. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on an 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 454 ml of water/60 ft2 or delivering 2.0 gal/1,000 ft2. Treatments were applied on 1 Aug following artificial infestation of the research area with 2nd and 3rd instar black cutworms. An average of 18/yd2 cutworm larvae was recorded on 30 Jul prior to treatment. At treatment time (1 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 62°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 63°F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis; 52.7% sand, 35.0% silt, 12.3% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 25.1%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.9; time of application, early-morning; and clear skies. Post-treatment counts were recorded 2 DAT (3 Aug), 7 DAT (8 Aug), and 15 DAT (16 Aug) by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0 yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of water. All treatments provided significant reduction of black cutworm larvae 2 DAT and 16 DAT. All but the two reduced rates of chlorpyrifos provided significant reduction of black cutworm 7 DAT. No phytotoxicity was noted.
Timing Effect on Performance of RH0345, Merit 75WP, Tempo 2, and Dursban Pro for Management of Black Cutworm of Creeping Bentgrass, 1996
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6X10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times at Uni versity Park, PA. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 208 ml of water/60 ft2 or delivering 0.92 gal/1,000 ft2. At the 1st treatment on 23 Aug, the following soil and environmen tal conditions existed: air temperature, 66°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 62°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64°F; RH, 97%; amount of thatch 0.125-0.25 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 58.2% sand, 33.9% silt, 7.9% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 18.6%; or ganic matter, 2.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8%; time of application, early morning; and clear skies. A total of 0.8 inch of rain fell between late evening on 23 Aug through early morning on 24 Aug. At the 2nd treatment on 6 Sep, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature 67°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 65°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 65°F; RH, 87%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inch; soil textural class, sand) loam; soil particle size analysis: 58.2% sand, 33.9% silt, 7.9% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 26.9%; organic matter, 2.8%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH 6.4; time of application, early morning; and overcast skies. A total of 2.7 inches of rainfall was recorded over a 72-h interval following the second treat ment on 6 Sep; however, the area did have 8 h drying time prior to the latter rainfall. Evaluation was done on 9 Sep and 12 Sep by counting the number o: black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0 yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of water. An average of 16/yd2 cutworm larvae was recorded on 4 Sep following infestation of the experimental area with 2nd and 3rt instar black cutworms. The entire experimental area was covered with bird netting until posttreatment counts were recorded on 9 Sep.
Control of Black Cutworm on a Bentgrass Nursery, 1996
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Carney Bryan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH. All treatments were applied on 27 Sept to a bentgrass nursery. The treatments were laid out in an RCB design with 1 ft buffers between plots. All liquid formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads, fitted with a 50-mesh strainer and an 8004 fan-type nozzle. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/ 1000ft2 delivered at 40psi. Granular formulations were evenly dispersed using large plastic salt shakers. All granulars were irrigated with 1/2 inch of water. No liquid formulations were irrigated. BCW larvae were predominantly 4th instar. Weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 50°F; sky, cloudy; wind, calm. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 55°F; at 1-inch depth, 53°F; at 2-inch depth, 53°F; texture, loam; sand, 60%; silt, 20%; clay, 20%; soil pH, 5.7; dry matter, 80%; moisture, 20%; organic matter, 4%. The trial was rated on 4 Oct by applying to each plot a mixture of Joy dish soap and water to force live larvae to the surface for counting.
Influence of Post-Application Irrigation on Control of Annual White Grubs on a Golf Course Fair-Way, 1996
Authors: Baxendale F.P. , Weinhold A.P. , Weinhold K.A.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a golf course fairway. The turf (20% Kentucky bluegrass and 80% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of 11/16 inch. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.375 to 0.50 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 4%; soil pH, 6.2; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of application were as follows: soil moisture 12% by wt.; air temperature 72°F; soil temperature 72°F; relative humidity 43%; wind direction and velocity 6° at 7 mph. Plots were 6 X 10 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied once on 9 Jul and twice on 11 Jul. Liquids were applied using a CO2 sprayer with a TeeJet® 8002 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 2 gal/1000 square feet. A pre-calibrated Gandy 24H12 drop spreader was used to apply granular insecticides. Post-application irrigations were applied as follows: 09 Jul application, none; 11 Jul, first application, 0.35 inch; 11 Jul, second application with syringe, approximately 0.125 inch. Normal irrigation was resumed after 48 h. Precipitation between application and evaluation totaled 11.3 inches. Treatments were evaluated 57 DAT on 4 SEP by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs. Insecticides were applied prior to the onset of masked chafer oviposition.
Effects of Timing on Efficacy of Halofenozide (RH034S) and Imidacloprid (Merit) Against White Grubs, 1996
Authors: Held D. , Potter D. A. , Williamson C. , Kunkel B. , Kreuger B. , Mason N. , Eliason E. , Keathley C.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted on mature, low-maintenance Kentucky bluegrass turf at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Farm, near Lexington. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (Ph = 6.4) with negligible thatch. Plots (6 X 6 ft) were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied once a month in Jun, Jul, and Aug. Granular formulations were preweighed, mixed with dry sand, and applied by gloved hand. Liquid applications were applied at 50 gpa using a low volume, CO2 sprayer equipped with 4 Spraying System 8004 Tee Jet nozzles that delivered 2109 g pressure per cm2. The whole site received 1/2 inch irrigation as soon as the last treatment was applied. Conditions during application were 85, 86 and 89°F, respectively, with winds < 10 mph for all applications. The site received natural rainfall between treatments as well as post-treatment irrigation after all applications. Plots were sampled on 17 Sep by cutting a 3 X 1.5 foot strip, about 3 inches deep, from the center of each plot with a motorized sod cutter. Sod was rolled back, broken apart, and examined for grubs which were counted and identified.
Codling Moth Control in Pears, 1996
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Nomoto R. M.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on mature ‘Bartlett’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Fairfield, Calif. Eighteen treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Treatments were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 200 gpa of finished spray (2.87 gal/tree). Application timings were based on degree days (DD). DD were calculated with a 31 Mar biofix for the first generation and 17 Jun for the second generation using a single sine horizontal cutoff model with a lower threshold of 50°F and upper threshold of 88°F. Air temperatures were taken from the IMPACT weather station in Cordelia. Target degree-day timings and “actual timing-date” in parentheses were: V-71639 and CGA-59205 at 100 (104-10 Apr) and 500 DD (523-14 May) from 1st biofix; CM-001 at 200 (216-25 Apr) and 600 DD (699-28 May) from 1st biofix and 200 DD (280-1 Jul) from 2nd biofix; CM002/X, Brigade and Azinphos-M (grower standard) at 250 (288-29 Apr) and 650 DD (699-28 May) from 1st biofix and 250 DD (280-1 Jul) from 2nd biofix. Due to rain on 15 through 18 May and again on 21 May and high winds through 25 May, the 600 DD and 650 DD applications were postponed until 28 May (699 DD). In addition, V-71639 and CGA-59205, which were applied on 14 May, were retreated on 28 May. Control of the first CM generation was evaluated on 6 Jun by inspecting 50 fruit from the bottom of the tree canopy and 50 fruit from the top of the three canopy per replicate. Control of the second CM generation was evaluated at commercial harvest on 22 Jul by inspecting a maximum of 125 fruit from the bottom of the tree canopy and 125 fruit from the top of the tree canopy per replicate. Control of motile TSM, ERM and PP nymphs was evaluated weekly from 18 Jun through 16 Jul by sampling 10 exterior and 10 interior leaves/replicate. The leaves were brushed and the motile TSM, ERM and PP nymphs were counted under magnification (20X).
Annual Bluegrass Weevil Management on a Golf Course Fairway with Chlorpyrifos and Bifenthrin Formulations, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%) in Bedford County, PA. Applications were made when flowering dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 6 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 272 ml of water/36 ft2 or delivering 2 gal water/1,000 ft2. At the treatment time (14 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 57°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 60°F; RH, 35%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inch; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 27.4% sand, 46.9% silt, 25.8% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 46.6%; organic matter, 6.8%; water pH, 7; soil pH, 5.9; application time, mid-afternoon; and clear skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch 24 hr after treatment. Post-treatment counts were made on 20 Jun. Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing three 4-inch cup cutter sod samples from each replicate and recording I the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per sample. Totals were then converted to a ft2 count.
Bluegrass Billbug Larval Control in Lawn Turf, 1996
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Belcher M. , Niemczyk H.D. , Richmond D.S.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on the Ohio State University Agricultural and Technical Institute front lawn at Wooster, OH. Insecticides and a biological control agent were applied on 2 Jul to plots 4 X 6 ft arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times with the replicates separated by 3 ft. Spray treatments were applied using a CO2 sprayer with TeeJet™ 8004VS nozzles at 25 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 3.1 gal/1000 ft2. Granular treatments were applied using a shaker jar. Entomopathogenic nematodes were applied by placing the desired amount of infective juveniles per plot into a sprinkling can with 2.0 gal of water. All treatments were irrigated after application with ⅜-inch of water immediately after application. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: Turf: slight slope, moderately dense, 3-inch height, surface dry, 80% Kentucky bluegrass and 20% perennial ryegrass. Thatch: none. Soil: dry, 85°F at 1.0 inch, 83°F at 3.0 inch, clay loam Weather: partly cloudy, 83°F, 5-15 mph wind. Evaluation was done on 16 Aug (14DAT) by counting the number of BGB larvae and pupae extracted from four 4.25-inch diam turf and soil cores pulled from each plot. Each core was pulled from a spot where a BGB frass-filled turf stem was detected.
The Effect of Irrigation on the Control of Ants with Dursban, 1996
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Carney Bryan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted on a fairway at Indian Mound Country Club, Ossipee, NH. The initial count of ant hills was taken on 27 Jun, prior to treatment applications. The layout was an RCB design, using 15 X 7 ft plots and allowing 1-ft buffers between plots. Irrigated plots were watered (0.5 inch) by hand after application. A second application was made on 18 Jul (21 DAT) using identical irrigation program for all treatments. Ant hill counts were taken every 7 days for 6 consecutive weeks after initial application. The treatments were applied using a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads fitted with a 50-mesh strainer and an 8004 fan-type nozzle. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000ft2 delivered at 40 psi. Weather conditions at 1st treatment were as follows: air temp, 67°F; sky, cloudy; wind, calm. At the time of 2nd application, weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 64°F; sky, cloudy, wind, calm. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 68°F; at 1-inch depth, 65°F; at 2 inches, 65°F; soil texture, loam; sand, 40%; silt, 43%; clay, 17%; soil pH, 5.3; dry matter, 72%; moisture, 28%; organic matter, 9%.
Insecticidal Control of Chinch Bugs on Buffalograss, 1996
Authors: Heng-Moss T.M. , Baxendale F.P. , Weinhold K.A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of chinch bugs on a buffalograss field near Murdock, NE. The turf (100% buffalograss) was normally not mowed, but was cut to a height of 2 inches prior to insecticide applications. Thatch/debris accumulation in the plot area was 0.25 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6-7; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: soil moisture 18% by wt; air temperature 81 °F: soil temperature 92°F; relative humidity 60%; wind direction and velocity 120° at 5 mph. Plots were 6 X 6 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 30 Aug 1996. Granular treatments were applied by using a pre-calibrated 24H12 Gandy spreader. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with a TeeJet® 8002 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 2 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.125 inch of water. A total of 3.38 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 7, 14 and 21 DAT (9, 13, and 20 Oct) by removing from each plot three, 4.25 inch diam turf-soil cores (0.3 ft2 total area) to a depth of 1 inch. Cores were placed in Berlese funnels and extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 hr.
Summer Management of Hairy Chinch Bug with Dursban Pro, Dursban Turf, and Experimental Formulations on Established Fescue Turfgrass, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue in Somerset, PA. Treat ment plots were 4 X 6 ft arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer wit] 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 182 ml of water/24 ft2 or delivering 2 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (24 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 72°F; RH, 72%; amount of thatch, 0.75 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 32.9% sand, 50.9% silt, 16.2% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 19.4%; organic matter, 6.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.7; application time, late morning; and partly cloudy skies. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period 7 DAT (31 Jul), 13 DAT (6 Aug), and 29 DAT (22 Aug). Two flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Management of Scarab White Grubs with Formulations of RH-0345, Imidacloprid, and Trichlorfon on a Low Maintenance Turfgrass Area, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine fescue (80%) and weeds (20%) in Lewistown, Pa. Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 726 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (28 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 74°F; RH, 94.0%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 25.2; % silt, 59.7; % clay, 15.1; organic matter, 3.8%; 26.2% soil moisture (oven dry weight); water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; application time, mid-morning; and skies overcast. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.20 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 1 Oct. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of scarab white grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Management of Scarab White Grubs with Single and Split Applications of Bifenthrin 0.3% ME, Oftanol 21, Dursban Pro, and Dylox 6.2G on a Low Maintenance Turfgrass Area, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primar ily of fine fescue (80%) and weeds (20%) in Lewistown, PA. Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granulai formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, and top dressing sand was added to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 726 ml of water/48 ft2 oi delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (5 Sep), the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 81°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 79%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis; % sand, 14.6; % silt, 59.5; % clay, 25.9; organic matter, 3.3%; 28.8% soil moisture (oven dry weight); water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.0; application time, mid-morning; and skies overcast. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.18 inch followed by 0.20 inch of rainfall. At the 2nd treatment time (19 Sep), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 67°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 64°F; RH, 62%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 14.6; % silt, 59.5: % clay, 25.9; organic matter, 3.3%; 34.5% soil moisture (oven dry weight); water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; application time, mid-morning; and clear skies Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated in with 5 gal of water/48 ft2 with a hand-held sprinkling can. Post-treatment counts were made on 4 Oct. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of scarab white grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Twospotted Spider Mite on Marigold in the Greenhouse, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

In late May 1996, 108, 6-inch-tall marigolds were planted in 6 inch pots at the Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University. The plants were infested with twospotted spider mites, raised on bean plants in the laboratory, by placing 3 infested leaves on each test plant. Pretreatment counts were made on 13 Jun by collecting 4 leaves from each plant and counting the number of mites on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope. The plants were then blocked by the pretreatment counts. All treatments were sprayed on 19 Jun with an R&D CO2 sprayer with an 8008 flat fan nozzle at 50 psi to first runoff. Each treatment was replicated 6 times with each replicate being an individual plant. Reps 1-3 were of the variety ‘Orange Boy’ and reps 4-6 were of the variety ‘Little Devil Yellow’. Post-treatment counts were made on 21 Jun, 25 Jun, 1 Jul and 9 Jul in the same manner as the pretreatment counts.
Control of Tobacco Budworm with Foliar-Applied Insecticides, Trial 1, 1996
Authors: Gerace Daniel , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established on 6 Aug ir flower beds which were located in the median of an urban boulevard. Landmarks were used to delineate plots approximately 6 X 3 ft each prior to treatment. The experimental design was a RCB with four replications. Treatments were applied using hand-held spray bottles at a rate of 3 fl oz of insecticide solution per plot. Thuricide, Pyrethrin, Bioneem, and Naturalis-O were applied weekly after sampling was performed. Sevimol, Talstar and Scimitar were applied twice, first on 6 Aug and again on the 29 Aug. Two different cultivars of petunias were present in the plots, the blue cultivar had an average density of 140 full blooms/yd2 and the pink cultivar had an average density of 235 full blooms/yd2. The number of damaged blooms in the center sq yd of eaci plot was counted weekly throughout the course of the experiment. Bloom damage was reflected in holes in flowers and buds, and/or ragged edges. Eval uation on 14 Aug included damage that was already caused prior to treatment application.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Greenhouse Conditions, Fall 1996
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: December 2017

Poinsettias, obtained as rooted cuttings, were planted in 15 cm pots and allowed 12 wk growth (30-40 cm tall) before use. The plants were fertilized once with Osmocote (14-14-14) and irrigated every other day for three minutes by drip system. Silverleaf whiteflies and a parasitoid, Encarsia formosa (Gahan), were present in the greenhouse as the plants grew. By the time we conducted the trial, the plants were moderately infested with whiteflies. A leaf near the top of the plant containing young nymphs and parasitized nymphs was chosen to monitor the efficacy of selected pesticides. A 2.5 cm diam circle was drawn on the abaxial leaf surface, and the number of live and parasitized whitefly nymphs were recorded. A pre-treatment count was taken on 10 Oct and was followed by the treatment application. A second treatment application was applied one wk later. Post-treatment counts of live, dead, and parasitized whitefly nymphs were taken weekly for two wks following the first application. Treatments were applied using a backpack sprayer at approximately 25 psi. A RCB design was used with 5 replicates per treatment. An ANOVA was performed on the data set, and Ryan’s Q (P = 0.05) was used to separate the means.
Honeylocust Spider Mite Efficacy on Honeylocust, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

On 24 Jul, twenty 12 ft tall honeylocust trees in 10 gal pots were sampled for honeylocust spider mite. These plants were grown in container media for at least one year before being moved in June to a nursery holding area at the Entomology Field House on the campus of Michigan State University. The plants were blocked by the precounts taken on 24 Jul. On 2 Aug, treatments were applied to first run-off in all 5 replicates with a SOLO mistblower. Replicates were individual trees. 400 mis of finished spray was applied to each tree. In addition to the precounts on 24 Jul, counts were taken on 5 Aug, 9, 15, 22 and 30 Aug by removing 10 leaves randomly, and counting the number of mites on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope.
Control of GYPSY Moth on Potted Spruce Trees, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

30-inch tall Norway spruce grown in 1 gal containers were used foi this test. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with each plant being a separate replication. The Astro, Sevin, Dimilin, Decathlon and Dursban Pro treat ments were applied on 3 Jun using an R & D C02 powered backback sprayer. The plants were sprayed to drip (500 mis/tree) with a single 8008 flat far nozzle at 50 lb psi. On 21 Jun, additional plants were treated with Sevin, Decathlon, Dimilin and Dursban Pro. The plants were hand watered 3 times ; week and were kept in a nursery holding area on the Michigan State University campus. The area was kept weed free by putting back plastic on the groum before placing the plants. The plants were held upright by driving a 24 inch long piece of concrete reinforcing rod through the pot and into the ground. Or 25 Jun, each plant was individually caged with a 30 inch long Fiber-air plant sleeve from Kleen Test Products in Brown Deer WI, 53223. Five 4th instaj gypsy moth larvae that had been raised on artificial diet from the culture maintained by the USDA/FS at Otis Air Nat'l Guard base were placed in eacl cage before the top was tied off. Evaluations involved counting the larvae in each cage on 28 Jun, 1 Jul, 3 Jul and 8 Jul by opening the sleeve to examine the larvae and retying the cloth cage.
Fletcher Scale on Taxus, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

The plots were located in a commercial Taxus Field at Zelenka’s Evergreen Nursery in Robinson Twp., Ottawa Co., MI. Each treatment was replicated 6 times with each replicate consisting of a single 27 inch wide X 28 inch high Taxus shrub. The field had been set aside for Taxol production and had not been sprayed for 3 years. The shrubs were larger than what would have been grown in the spacing in which they were originally planted. The field was not irrigated and had sandy soil with a high organic content. All treatments were applied on 11 Jul using a single nozzle, hand held R&D CO2 sprayer through an 8003 flat fan nozzle at 50 psi. Sprays were applied at a rate of 100 or 200 gal of finished spray per acre (200 was considered standard and 100 was considered concentrated). This was applied to the single plant reps assuming 11,000 shrubs per acre. Precounts were made on 11 Jul and postcounts were made on 1 Aug and 19 Aug by clipping three 8-inch-long twigs from each replicate (one from the top, and one from each side). The twigs were placed in sealed plastic bags and transported back to the lab for examination and counting of scales under a dissecting scope.
Acaricide/Insecticide Evaluation, 1996
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 2.1 acre block of 11-yr-old trees on M 7A rootstock. The trees measured 11.5 ft. in height and 10 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 12 x 18 ft. The experimental design consisted of 4 replications of 9 to 12-tree plots (3 rows x 3 or 4 trees/rows) in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates (stages) of application were 18 Apr (tight cluster) for Apollo and Damoil, 22 Apr (pink) for Savey, and 13 May (1 week after petal fall) for remaining treatments. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were COCS, Dithane, Guthion, Lorsban, Nova, Penncap-M, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatments were evaluated by taking arthropod pest counts from the periphery of the center tree in each plot periodically during the season. Control of ERM was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves/tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. WALH control was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves/tree. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting tissue-feeding mines observed during a 5 minute period/tree.
Laboratory Bioassays of Insecticides Against the Cabbage Looper
Authors: Chalfant Richard B.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage looper larvae were tested for response to serial doses of formulated insecticides. Collard leaf discs (5-cm diam) were dipped briefly in the formulations containing 0.25% Valent X-77 surfactant, air dried horizontally and then 2 discs were placed on paper toweling in round plastic dishes (14 cm diam, 1 cm ht). Ten 30-50 mg larvae were introduced in each dish which was then covered with a perforated lid. Larval mortality was recorded at a 4 DAT for microbial insecticides and 2 DAT for other insecticides. Five replications of six serial doses on a total of 300 larvae were used for each product tested. Larvae were obtained from a culture derived from pupae collected each May and June from the check plots in the experimental fields of this study.
Laboratory Evaluation of Tarnished Plant Bug Tolerance to Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: December 2017

Formulated insecticides were evaluated for toxicity in the laboratory to TPB collected from wild host plants surrounding cotton near Stoneville, MS. Populations were collected on 2 May, 15 Jun, 27 Jul, and 12 Sep, and placed in a cage in the laboratory for 24 h. Treatments were applied for each population immediately after the 24 h holding period. Bioassays were conducted by applying insecticides to cotton terminals (‘DES 119’) held in floral piks in water using a laboratory spray chamber. The spray chamber was calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph with 30 psi through one TX6 nozzle. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 10 terminals/replicate. The checks were treated with water only. Two adult TPB were placed on each terminal 30 min after spraying and held in ventilated cups (10 oz) at 85°F and 55-60% RH. Mortality was determined at 48 h after placement in the cups. TPB not moving when prodded were considered dead. Mortality in water checks was never greater than 10%; data were corrected for check mortality using Abbott’s formula. Data were arcsin transformed for analysis; actual percent mortalities are shown.
Efficacy of Beauveria Bassiana Fungus for Boxelder Bug Adult Control, 1996
Authors: Reinert James A. , Maranz Steven J. , Knauf T. A.
Published: December 2017

Boxelder bug is an annual house-hold nuisance pest which leaves its host plant in late fall to seek overwintering sites in and around buildings. It is a pest from coast to coast in the United States and southern Canada. Adults for the study were collected from a heavy seeding big-toothed maple in the landscape at Texas A&M Univ. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Dallas, TX. A maple leaf and 3 seeds as food were dipped in the appropriate dilutions of BioCide-TRFTm (Mycotrol GH-ES) Beauveria bassiana (2.0 X 1013 conidia/qt), and placed on two water saturated filter papers (for high humidity) in each feeding chamber in the lab. Five randomly selected adults were introduced into each 9 cm diam X 15 mm deep plastic feeding chambers labeled for respective treatments in a RCB design with 6 replica-tions. Silwet (0.04%) was added to each treatment as a wetting agent to ensure good coverage. The bugs exposed to different treatments were observed daily for mortality; all dead insects were held for several days to confirm the fungus activity indicated by an expression of mycelia from the joints of dead insects.
Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, Southwest Minnesota, 1996
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J. , Frenchik M. , Mote C. , Porter P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic corn [crylA(b) gene] against a natural heavy ECB infestation in Lamberton, MN. Plots measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30-inch row spacing) were established in Normania loam soil on 13 May at a rate of 33,000 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. First generation ECB injury measurements recorded in Jul to Aug included % shot-holing, leaf injury rating, and tunnel length and number. Measurements for second generation ECB recorded in Sept included cumulative tunnel length and number, number of fall larvae, and ear and shank damage. Yield data were corrected to 15.5 % moisture.