bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of pretransit mixing on fatal fibrinous pneumonia in calves
Authors: Ribble Carl S. , Meek Alan H. , Shewen Patricia E. , Guichon P. Tim , Jim G. Kee
Published: December 2023

A retrospective, epidemiologic study was performed to quantify the mixing of calves from various sources at auction markets, and to determine whether mixing at the markets and the risk of fatal fibrinous pneumonia (ffp) at the feedlot were associated. In this study, 32,646 spring-born steer calves that entered a single large feedlot during the fall seasons between 1985 and 1988 were traced back to their originating auction market, and sales tickets were used to measure the number of farm sources that contributed to each truckload of calves. Individual cow/calf producers contributed a median of only 2 calves/truckload arriving at the feedlot in this study. An average truckload of 60 steers comprised calves from as many as 20 to 30 farms. The degree of mixing varied little over time and could not, therefore, be used to explain the large variations in ffp risk during different months and different years of the study. However, variation in the degree of mixing of calves from various sources at the markets evidently was responsible for differences in ffp risk among truckloads assembled by different buyers. When truckloads were grouped by buyer, ffp risk and mean number of calves per source were negatively correlated in 1986 (r = -0.67, P = 0.099), and in 1987 (r = –0.90, P = 0.002). These variables also were negatively correlated in 1988 (r = –0.56), although the correlation was not significant.

The positive linear relationship between mixing of calves in truckloads supplied by different buyers and subsequent ffp risk suggested that veterinarians and feedlot owners should more aggressively observe and treat calves from truckloads that were highly mixed. However, the finding that mixing was constant over time, while ffp risk varied significantly within and between years, indicated other important factors also were responsible for the variation in disease prevalence.
Accuracy of microchip identification in dogs and cats
Authors: Sorensen Margaret A. , Buss Michael S. , Tyler Jeff W.
Published: December 2023

A study was performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available microchip identification system approximately 1 year after implantation in dogs and cats. Thirty-three dogs and 16 cats in which a microchip had been implanted and 31 dogs and 18 cats in which a microchip had never been implanted were included in the study. In cats, sensitivity and specificity of microchip identification were 1.00. In dogs, sensitivity and specificity were 0.97 and 1.00, respectively. The chip had migrated in the 1 dog with a false-negative result, but the chip remained functional, and identification was established in this dog following closer physical examination and scanning.
Correlation of ultrasonographic findings with surgical, portographic, and necropsy findings in dogs and cats with portosystemic shunts: 63 cases (1987-1993)
Authors: Holt David E. , Schelling Curtis G. , Saunders H. Mark , Orsher Robert J.
Published: December 2023

Results of abdominal ultrasonography in 63 dogs and cats with suspected congenital portosystemic shunts (PSS) were compared with surgical, portographic, and necropsy findings. True-positive ultrasonographic results were found in 33 animals, and 2 animals had falsepositive results for detection of single extrahepatic PSS. In 4 animals, results were true negative and in 8 animals, were false-negative for detection of extrahepatic PSS. The false-negative rate decreased substantially with operator experience. The sensitivity of ultrasonography for detection of extrahepatic PSS in these animals was 80.5%, and the specificity was 66.7%. In 5 other animals, ultrasonographic examination was strongly suggestive of the existence of a shunt, but the vessel could not be definitively imaged. All 5 animals had single extrahepatic shunts. Eleven animals had true-positive results for detection of intrahepatic PSS. One animal had false-positive ultrasonographic results for intrahepatic PSS, but an extrahepatic shunt was diagnosed at surgery. The sensitivity of ultrasonography for detection of intrahepatic PSS was 100%.
Association of leptospiral seroreactivity and breed with uveitis and blindness in horses: 372 cases (1986-1993)
Authors: Dwyer Ann E. , Crockett R. S. , Kalsow Carolyn Μ.
Published: December 2023

Recurrent uveitis, a leading cause of blindness in horses, often develops as a sequela to systemic leptospirosis. Over a 7-year period, 63 of 112 (56%) horses with uveitis were seropositive for Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, but only 23 of 260 (9%) horses without uveitis were seropositive. Odds-ratio analysis revealed that seropositive horses were 13.2 times more likely to have uveitis than were seronegative horses. Of the 63 seropositive horses with uveitis, 59% developed blindness, compared with only 24% in the 49 seronegative horses with uveitis that lost vision in 1 or both eyes during the same period. Odds-ratio analysis revealed that seropositive horses with uveitis were 4.4 times more likely to lose vision than were seronegative horses with uveitis.

Of the 112 horses with uveitis, 28 (25%) were Appaloosas, compared with only 10 of the 260 (4%) horses without uveitis (odds ratio, 8.3). In addition, 19 of the 28 (68%) Appaloosas with uveitis developed blindness, compared with only 30 of the 84 (36%) non-Appaloosas with uveitis that lost vision in 1 or both eyes (odds ratio, 3.8). This field study therefore confirmed a strong positive relationship between uveitis and leptospiral seroreactivity in horses. Furthermore, the data suggested that seropositive horses with uveitis were at increased risk of losing vision, compared with that in seronegative horses with uveitis, and that Appaloosas were at increased risk of developing uveitis and associated blindness, compared with that in non-Appaloosas.
Comparison of serologic tests and bacteriologic culture for detection of brucellosis in swine from naturally infected herds
Authors: Ferris Richard A. , Schoenbaum Mark A. , Crawford Richard P.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To compare results of 6 serologic tests with results of bacteriologic culture for Brucella suis in swine.

Design—

Prospective study.

Animals—

Two hundred twenty-one swine from 39 naturally infected herds.

Procedure—

Blood samples and lymph nodes were collected at slaughter. Serologic tests conducted were the particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay, the automated complement fixation assay, the card test, the buffered acidified plate antigen assay, the standard tube test, and the rivanol test. Lymph nodes were plated on Farrell's medium and serum-enriched agar for bacteriologic culture.

Results—

Sensitivities ranged from 57 (automated complement fixation assay) to 83% (standard tube test). Specificities ranged from 62 (standard tube test) to 95% (rivanol test). Brucella suis was isolated from 46 of the 221 (21%) pigs. For 8 of the 46 culture-positive pigs, results of all 6 tests were negative.

Clinical Implications—

Data illustrate the difficulty of eliminating brucellosis by means of a test-and-removal program and support the policy of slaughtering infected herds.
Survival of Serpulina hyodysenteriae in an effluent lagoon
Authors: Olson LeRoy D.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the survival of Serpulina hyodysenteriae in an infected lagoon that received effluent from a confinement building housing swine dysenteryinfected swine.

Design—

Prospective controlled trial.

Animals—

48 shedder swine inoculated with S hyodysenteriae and housed in the building drained by the lagoon; 18 clinically normal detector swine confined in a separate building.

Procedure—

Shedder swine were inoculated with S hyodysenteriae by oral administration of 20 g of diced colon from swine infected with swine dysentery. The lagoon that received effluent from the building housing the shedder swine was assayed for S hyodysenteriae by providing lagoon effluent twice daily for 2 or 4 days to detector swine as their sole source of drinking water and by subsequently examining these swine for signs of swine dysentery. Smears from rectal swab specimens and sometimes fecal specimens were stained for detection of large spirochetes. Fecal and rectal swab specimens and colonic scraping specimens were examined for S hyodysenteriae by anaerobic microbial culture on blood agar containing 400 μg of spectinomycin/ml. All shedder swine were necropsied after removal from the confinement building, as were detector swine after developing diarrhea or after 42 days of monitoring.

Results—

For the first 5 to 6 days after removal of swine dysentery-infected shedder swine from the confinement building, lagoon effluent from the building remained infective. Detector swine, given lagoon effluent as their drinking water for a 2-day period, developed clinical swine dysentery, and S hyodysenteriae was cultured from specimens from these swine. Swine dysentery did not develop in each group of 2 detector pigs given lagoon effluent as their sole source of drinking water on days 7 and 8, 9 and 10, 11 through 14, or 15 through 18 after removal of the infected shedder swine. Large spirochetes were not observed on microscopy of stained colonic scraping specimens, and S hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp were not cultured from specimens from these detector swine after being monitored for 42 days. Serpulina hyodysenteriae or Salmonella spp were not cultured from samples of the lagoon effluent.

Clinical Implications—

Although many factors could influence the survivability of S hyodysenteriae in a lagoon, results suggested that a facility with an open gutter-flush system that housed swine dysentery-infected swine should remain idle for more than 5 to 6 days before repopulating with unexposed swine.
Clinical efficacy of increased dosages of milbemycin oxime for treatment of generalized demodicosis in adult dogs
Authors: Miller William H. , Scott Danny W. , Cayatte Suzanne M. , Buerger Robert G. , Bagladi Mary S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the efficacy of increased dosages of milbemycin oxime in the treatment of generalized demodicosis.

Design

Prospective clinical trial.

Animals

26 adult dogs with chronic generalized demodicosis.

Procedure

In phase 1, milbemycin was administered daily to 13 dogs at an approximate mean dosage of 1 mg/kg of body weight (
po) until 30 days after skin scrapings failed to detect mites. If the mite count had not decreased by 25% from the prior month's examination, the drug dosage was increased to approximately 2 mg/kg. Treatment was considered a failure if the mite count had not changed on 2 successive examinations. In phase 2 involving 13 other dogs, an approximate mean dosage of 2 mg/kg was used. If mite counts had not been reduced to 0 by 180 days, treatment was considered to have failed.

Results

In phase 1, when milbemycin was administered at the initial low dosage, 6 dogs were considered to have been cleared of mites. One of these relapsed 2 months after discontinuation of treatment. For the 7 dogs not cleared of mites, the dosage was doubled. Two of these were never cleared of mites. In phase 2, 12 of 13 dogs were cleared of mites after 60 to 180 days of treatment.

Clinical Implications

High-dose milbemycin was effective in the treatment of generalized demodicosis.
Alimentary lymphoma in cats: 28 cases (1988-1993)
Authors: Mahony Orla M. , Moore Antony S. , Cotter Susan M. , Engler Stephen J. , Brown Donald , Penninck Dominique G.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate response to chemotherapy in cats with alimentary lymphoma and to determine factors associated with survival time.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

28 cats with alimentary lymphoma that underwent chemotherapy.

Results

In all cats, the diagnosis had been established by means of cytologic or histologic examination of ultrasound-guided aspirates and biopsy specimens (18 cats), histologic examination of surgically obtained biopsy specimens (7 cats), or examination of specimens obtained endoscopically (3 cats). Clinical signs included anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhea. Twenty-seven cats were treated with vincristine sulfate, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone; 1 was treated with chlorambucil and prednisone. Survival time ranged from 2 to 2,120 days (median, 50 days). Nine cats achieved complete remission (remission time ranged from 30 to 1,700 days; median, 213 days), 2 achieved partial remission, and 17 failed to respond to chemotherapy. Sex, FeLV status, hematocrit, serum total protein concentration, site and extent of gastrointestinal involvement, and clinical stage were not found to be associated with survival time.

Clinical Implications

Cats with alimentary lymphoma are poorly responsive to treatment with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone; however, a small subset of cats may have long survival times.
Evaluation of the pathogenesis of vagus indigestion in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Authors: Rehage Jürgen , Kaske Martin , Stockhofe-Zurwieden Norbert , Yalcin Erdogan
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the functional importance of impaired reticular contractions attributable to inflammatory adhesions in the pathogenesis of vagus indigestion in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (
trp).

Design

Case control study.

Animals

42 dairy cows with
trp were compared with 10 healthy control cows. Cows with
trp were assigned to 3 groups: cows with uncomplicated
trp (n = 15), cows with
trp and a disturbance of digesta passage through the reticular-omasal orifice (
trp-ad; n = 17), and cows with
trp and a disturbance of digesta passage through the pylorus (
trp-pd; n = 10).

Procedure

Cows were evaluated, using routine clinical methods, biochemical analysis of blood and ruminal fluid samples, exploratory rumenotomy, and postmortem examination.

Results

Damage of thoracic and abdominal parts of the main vagal branches were not evident in cows with
trp. Parareticular inflammatory adhesions were more extensive in cows with
trp-ad and in cows with
trp-pd than in cows with uncomplicated
trp. Reticular motility was decreased in cows with
trp-ad and
trp-pd, compared with cows with uncomplicated
trp and control cows. In contrast to cows with uncomplicated
trp and cows with
trp-ad, the abomasum was impacted with large amounts of long fibrous material in most of the cows with
trp-pd.

Clinical Implications

We believe that disturbances of digesta passage in cows with
trp represent distinct stages of a common pathogenetic course. The primary disease mechanism was a disturbance in particle-separating processes in the reticulum/rumen attributable to mechanical inhibition of reticular motility that was the result of extensive inflammatory parareticular adhesions.
Comparison of passive immunoglobulin transfer to dairy calves fed colostrum or commercially available colostral-supplement products
Authors: Garry F. B. , Adams R. , Cattell M. B. , Dinsmore R. P.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare the efficacy of 3 commercially available colostral-supplement products with that of natural bovine colostrum in providing immunoglobulins for passive transfer and disease protection.

Design

Prospective randomized control trial.

Animals

47 neonatal female Holstein calves from unassisted, observed births. Calves were vigorous, stood within 90 minutes of birth, and did not suckle their dams.

Procedure

Calves were fed 2 L of colostrum or a colostral-supplement product within 2 hours after birth and again prior to 12 hours of age. Serum IgG concentrations were measured at 24 and 48 hours after parturition, and apparent percentage of absorption for the colostrum and for each product was calculated. Prevalence of disease in all 4 groups of calves during the first 30 days of life was compared.

Results

Calves fed natural bovine colostrum (group 1) had highest serum IgG concentrations (range, 12.4 to 31.6 mg/ml) at 24 hours after birth, whereas serum IgG concentrations in calves fed colostral products ranged from 1.9 to 8.6 mg/ml. Values for apparent percentage absorption of colostral IgG in group-1 calves was 3 times that of calves fed colostral products. Group-1 calves had significantly (P < 0.05) fewer episodes of disease during the first 30 days of life, compared with calves fed colostral-supplement products.

Clinical Implications

Commercially available colostral-supplement products are less efficient at providing immunoglobulin transfer and disease protection to newborn calves, compared with bovine colostrum, even when fed at equal volume and similar immunoglobulin concentration.
Laparoscopic surgical approach and anatomy of the abdomen in llamas
Authors: Anderson David E. , Gaughan Earl M. , Baird A. N. , Lin Hui-Chu , Pugh D. G.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe 3 laparoscopic approaches for, and the normal laparoscopic anatomy of, the abdomen in adult llamas and to evaluate the effects of laparoscopy in those llamas.

Design

Prospective clinical trial.

Animals

Six adult castrated male llamas.

Procedure

After induction of general anesthesia, 3 surgical approaches to the abdomen were performed: left paralumbar, ventral midline, and right paralumbar. The abdomen was systematically examined, and anatomic features described. After recovery from anesthesia, all llamas were examined daily for 10 days and CBC was repeated 24, 72, and 120 hours after laparoscopy.

Results

Laparoscopy was successfully performed in all llamas by use of the ventral midline and right paralumbar approaches. The laparoscope was inadvertently placed into the left retroperitoneal space in 1 of the 6 llamas when the left paralumbar approach was used. Also, hemorrhage into the abdomen limited the view from the left side in another llama. Various approaches allowed viewing of the first and third forestomach compartments, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine, ileum, proximal loop of the ascending colon, spiral colon, and urinary bladder. Postoperative findings included subcutaneous emphysema and edema. Mean WBC count peaked 24 hours after surgery (mean, 23,500 cells/μl). Generally, neutrophil count increased and lymphocyte count decreased during the 120 hours after surgery.

Clinical Implications

Laparoscopy may be used for differentiation of medical and surgical lesions in the abdomen of llamas. The site for laparoscopy should be chosen on the basis of the most likely site of the suspected lesion.
Fatal musculoskeletal injuries incurred during racing and training in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Estberg Leah , Stover Susan M. , Gardner Ian A. , Johnson Bill J. , Case James T. , Ardans Alex , Read Deryck H. , Anderson Mark L. , Barr Bradd C. , Daft Barbara M. , Kinde Hailu , Moore Janet , Stoltz James , Woods Leslie W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize and contrast data from Thoroughbreds that incurred a fatal musculoskeletal injury (
fmi; injury resulting in death or euthanasia) during racing or training and data from all California race entrants during a 9-month period in 1991.

Design

Case-control study.

Animals

Thoroughbreds that incurred a
fmi during racing or training at a California race-meet and all California race entrants from January through June and October through December 1991.

Procedure

Age and sex were compared with χ2 and Fisher's exact tests among horses fatally injured while racing and training. A log-linear model was fit to assess the relationship between race-meet and age and sex of California race entrants. Incidence risk of racing
fmi was estimated per 1,000 race entrants, and the relationship between the occurrence of
fmi during racing with race-meet, age, and sex was evaluated by logistic regression.

Results

Injury type and sex-specific age distributions differed among the horses fatally injured during racing and training. Age and sex distributions of the race entrants were not independent and varied among race-meets. Overall incidence risk of racing
fmi was estimated at 1.7/1,000 race entrants. Risk of racing
fmi in male horses was about twofold that in female horses, and in 4-year-olds was twofold that in 3-year-olds.

Clinical Implications

Age- and sex-related differences in risk of incurring a
fmi during racing should be considered when comparing fatal injury rates among race-meets.
Stability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the presence of fomites commonly found on farms
Authors: Pirtle Eugene C. , Beran George W.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the survival of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on nonliving substances (fomites) at 25 to 27 C.

Design—

Prospective controlled study.

Sample Population—

3 solid, 6 porous, and 7 liquid fomites.

Procedure—

The fomites were contaminated with known concentrations of PRRSV. Samples for virus isolation were obtained on day 0 through day 11, assayed in cell cultures, and stained with fluorescent antibody conjugate.

Results—

The virus was recovered only on day-0 samples of alfalfa, wood shavings, straw, plastic, boot rubber, and stainless steel. Virus was isolated from city water through day 11, from well water through day 9, and from 2 buffer solutions for 4 and 6 days. The virus was isolated only on day 0 from swine saliva, urine, and fecal slurry.

Clinical Implications—

Results indicated that PRRSV is a fairly labile virus, but because of its duration of viability in water, contamination of drinking water and lagoons by PRRSV-shedding swine would serve as sources of virus to infect susceptible swine. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:390-392)
A rapid method for determination of blood glucose concentration in cattle
Authors: Roeder Beverly L. , Schaalje G. Bruce , Kelly E. Jane , Clark F. Dustan
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine an accurate rapid method for determination of blood glucose concentration in cattle under field conditions.

Design

Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

Animals

62 clinically normal Holstein cattle: 34 cows and 28 calves.

Procedure

Glucose concentrations in venous blood samples were measured in duplicate using a rapid, dryslide chemistry technique for determination of blood glucose concentration and a laboratory-based method for determination of plasma glucose concentration. Analyses of variance were used to determine whether the relationship between results of the 2 methods was affected by the status of the animals (cows vs calves) or the PCV of the blood samples. Simple linear regression was performed to determine the correlation between the 2 methods and the slope, intercept, and residual error variance of the relationship between the methods.

Results

There was a significant linear relationship between the 2 methods throughout the range of glucose concentrations. Mean difference between results of the 2 methods (results for laboratory-based method – results for rapid method) was 12.95 mg/dl (SD, 7.20 mg/dl). The PCV did not affect the relationship, and there was no difference between results of the 2 methods for cows versus calves. Correlation between means of the duplicative values determined by use of the 2 methods was high (r = 0.9462).

Clinical Implications

The good correlation between the 2 procedures and the comparable precision estimates (coefficient of variation, 7.17% for laboratory-based method; coefficient of variation, 10.11 % for rapid method) indicates that using the rapid method to measure blood glucose concentration is valid in cows and calves. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:707–710)
Financial evaluation of vaccination and testing alternatives for control of parvovirus-induced reproductive failure in swine
Authors: Gardner Ian A. , Carpenter Tim E. , Leontides Leonidas , Parsons Thomas D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify the preferable testing and vaccination strategy for control of porcine parvovirus (PPV) during a 6-month period.

Design

Decision-tree analysis and computer simulations.

Sample Population

Computer modeling of 300-sow farrow-to-finish herd.

Procedure

Serologic testing of 30 females to estimate herd PPV prevalence versus not testing any females was the initial decision alternative. On the basis of serologic test results, herds were classified into 1 of 3 PPV-risk categories: low (≥ 80% seropositive females), moderate (40 to < 80% seropositive females), or high (< 40% seropositive females). Vaccinating all females, only gilts, or not vaccinating was the second decision alternative.

Results

For initial model assumptions (test sensitivity and specificity = 0.95; test cost = $5/female; vaccination cost = $0.30/dose; vaccination efficacy = 0.95; and foregone gross margin = $10.85/pig), vaccination of all females (with or without serologic testing) was preferable, but the financially preferable option was to omit serologic testing. Most profitable vaccination option varied with foregone gross margin, vaccination cost, and efficacy. For herds in which all sows were known to be immune, vaccinating only gilts was financially preferable, and serologic testing was not warranted. Variation in expected monetary losses was less in vaccination options than with nonvaccination.

Clinical Implications

For most herds in the United States, serologic screening for PPV prior to selection of a vaccination program is unlikely to be cost-effective, because vaccination is inexpensive ($0.30/dose) and effective (95%). At current profit margins ($10.85/pig), vaccination of all females has the least-risk and is the preferred option.
Epidemiologic study of decubital ulcers in sows
Authors: Davies Peter R. , Morrow W. E. Morgan , Miller Dale C. , Deen John
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine prevalence and risk factors for decubital ulcers of the shoulder in sows.

Design

Descriptive cross-sectional study.

Sample population

All females of breeding age in a large confinement swine facility.

Procedure

1,916 females were examined for lesions of the skin over the tuber of the spine of the scapula and for body condition scoring. Observational data were combined with sow data (parity, date of farrowing, litter size) contained in computerized records.

Results

Decubital ulcers were observed in 8.3% of females, predominantly lactating sows. Ulcer prevalence was strongly associated with time after farrowing. Lesions apparently healed rapidly after weaning. Ulcer prevalence was associated with low body condition scores, but was not associated with parity.

Implications

Decubital ulcers are a multifactorial condition. Housing on concrete floors per se did not result in ulcers. Prolonged recumbency during parturition, reduced activity in early lactation, periparturient illness, thin body condition, moist skin, and floor type are potential risk factors. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1058–1062)
Prognosis for return to racing after recovery from infectious pleuropneumonia in Thoroughbred racehorses: 70 cases (1984–1989)
Authors: Seltzer Krista L. , Byars T. Douglas
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the percentage of Thoroughbred racehorses that would be capable of racing performance after recovery from infectious pleuropneumonia.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

70 Thoroughbred horses that had recovered from pleuropneumonia. Only horses ≤ 5 years old and horses > 5 years old known to be in race training at the time of illness were included in the study.

Results

Forty-three of the 70 (61%) horses raced after recovery, and 24 of the 43 (56%) won at least 1 race. Horses that required placement of an indwelling thoracic drain apparently did not have a worse prognosis than did horses that did not require placement of a drain. The prognosis for racing for horses that developed pleuropneumonia-associated complications (pulmonary abscess, cranial thoracic mass, bronchopleural fistula) was worse than the prognosis for horses that did not develop these complications. Duration of hospitalization was not considered indicative of outcome.

Clinical Implications

In Thoroughbreds, the prognosis for return to racing after recovery from uncomplicated pleuropneumonia appears to be good. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1295–1296)
Prevalence of lesions associated with subclinical laminitis in first-lactation cows from herds with high milk production
Authors: Smilie R. H. , Hoblet K. H. , Weiss W. P. , Eastridge M. L. , Rings D. M. , Schnitkey G. L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine prevalence of lesions associated with subclinical laminitis in first-lactation Holstein cows during early lactation and pregnant Holstein heifers during late gestation in herds with high milk production.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Animals

203 cattle in 13 herds.

Procedure

Cattle were placed in lateral recumbency to allow visual examination and photography of their hooves. Claws on a forelimb and hind limb were examined on all cattle. Observable categories of lesions considered to be associated with subclinical laminitis in our study included yellow waxy discoloration of the sole, hemorrhage of the sole, separation of the white line, and erosion of the heel.

Results

Lesions in at least 1 of the categories were found in all herds. Lesions in all categories were found in 11 of 13 herds. Among claws, hemorrhage of the sole was observed most frequently in the lateral claw of the hoof of the hind limb. When days in milk was treated as a covariate, significant (P < 0.01) differences were detected in the prevalence of lesions between herds.

Clinical Implications

Because the prevalence of lesions differed significantly among herds, it is logical to believe that causative factors and corrective measures also may have differed among herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1445-1451)
Coronavirus isolation from nasal swab samples in cattle with signs of respiratory tract disease after shipping
Authors: Storz J. , Stine L. , Liem A. , Anderson G. A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To monitor the prevailing viral respiratory tract infections in cattle after transportation to feedlots.

Animals

100 cattle with signs of respiratory tract disease on arrival at 2 feedlots.

Procedures

Nasal swab samples were obtained from each animal and were used for inoculation of defined cell culture systems that detected bovine viruses known to cause respiratory tract infections, as well as viruses previously not recognized as respiratory pathogens for cattle.

Results

Bovine respiratory coronaviruses were isolated from 38 of the 100 cattle, including 6 of 50 cattle from California, 22 of 31 cattle from Oklahoma, 6 of 11 cattle from Texas, and 4 of 8 cattle of unknown origin. Parainfluenza 3 viruses also were isolated from 4 California cattle, but other bovine viruses were not detected.

Clinical Implications

The high rate of coronavirus isolations from feedlot cattle with signs of respiratory tract disease implied wide distribution and high susceptibility among cattle to this infection, which had not been detected by use of viral isolation systems in previous etiologic evaluations of feedlot cattle affected with bovine respiratory disease complex. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208:1452-1455)
Effect of aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid and bismuth subsalicylate on gastric pH in horses
Authors: Clark C. K. , Merritt A. M. , Burrow J. A. , Steible C. K.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess the effect of aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid and bismuth subsalicylate on gastric pH in clinically normal horses and to develop guidelines on the use of these agents for treatment of peptic ulcer disease in horses.

Design

Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

Animals

5 clinically normal adult horses with chronically implanted gastric cannulas.

Procedure

Each horse received all 5 treatments (30 g of aluminum hydroxide/15 g of magnesium hydroxide, 12 g of aluminum hydroxide/6 g of magnesium hydroxide, 10.5 g of bismuth subsalicylate, 26.25 g of bismuth subsalicylate, and 5% methylcellulose control) with only 1 experiment performed each day. Gastric pH was measured via a glass electrode inserted through the gastric cannula for 1 hour before treatment and continued for 2 hours after treatment. Food or water was not given to the horses during the experiment. Measurements of gastric pH obtained during posttreatment hours were compared with pretreatment gastric pH values.

Results

Only a dose of 30 g of aluminum hydroxide/ 15 g of magnesium hydroxide resulted in a significant increase in gastric pH over baseline or control values. Mean pH was 5.2 ± 0.62 and 4.59 ± 0.48 for posttreatment hours 1 and 2, respectively.

Clinical Implications

Oral administration of 30 g of aluminum hydroxide/15 g of magnesium hydroxide to adult horses should result in a mean hourly gastric pH ≥ 4.0 for at least 2 hours. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1687-1691)
Epidemiologic evaluation of encephalitic listeriosis in goats
Authors: Johnson Gayle Christy , Maddox Carol Wolfgang , Fales William Harold , Wolff William Allmond , Randle Richard Fox , Ramos Jose Antonio , Schwartz Helen , Heise Kim Michele , Baetz Albert Lewis , Wesley Irene Varelas , Wagner Dean Edward
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate host and environmental factors associated with the development of encephalitic listeriosis in goats.

Design

Retrospective analysis of diagnostic laboratory records and survey of veterinarians and goat producers.

Sample Population

355 goat herds accessible through laboratory records; 38 veterinarians who treated goats and 76 goat producers.

Procedure

Data regarding breed and use for goats affected with encephalitic listeriosis were obtained from surveys and case follow-up information. Listeria monocytogenes isolates from the brains of 7 affected goats were serotyped and subjected to DNA restriction analysis.

Results

Odds ratio for the development of encephalitis listeriosis in Angora (mohair-producing) goats was 22.9 by use of diagnostic laboratory records. Surveys also revealed a high prevalence in herds of Angora and other breeds that subsisted on woody browse, although Angora goats feeding predominantly on hay or pasture were not affected. Listeria monocytogenes isolates from 4 Angora goats in 3 herds differed in DNA restriction patterns, although the pattern was identical in 3 other goats from another herd.

Clinical Implications

Encephalitic listeriosis can be observed in all goat breeds, but a lifestyle of heavy browse consumption seems important to the development of disease in some herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1695-1699)
Assessment of two devices for measuring tympanic membrane temperature in swine, dairy cattle, and dairy calves
Authors: Myers Michael J. , Henderson Mark
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare tympanic membrane temperature readings obtained with 2 commercially available devices with rectal temperature readings obtained with a standard mercury thermometer in dairy cattle, dairy calves, and swine.

Design

Clinical trial.

Animals

6 Holstein calves (approx 6 months old), 6 Holstein cattle (approx 4 years old), and 5 Landrace-Poland China swine.

Procedure

Tympanic membrane temperatures were measured, and results were compared with rectal temperatures obtained with a standard mercury thermometer. Tympanic membrane temperatures were obtained before and after insertion of the rectal thermometer. Temperature readings in swine were obtained following passive restraint in a cage-like device or restraint using a snare to assess the effect of stress on tympanic membrane temperature.

Results

Tympanic membrane temperature readings from both devices were lower than those obtained using a rectal thermometer for all animals. Repeated measurement of tympanic membrane temperature of individual cattle resulted in consistent readings for both devices.

Clinical Implications

Because all animals were visibly healthy, results suggest that tympanic membrane temperature readings obtained with either device may be an adequate assessment of health status. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;207:1700-1701)
Use of corticosteroids alone or combined with glucose to treat ketosis in dairy cows
Authors: Shpigel Nahum Y. , Chen Rina , Avidar Yakov , Bogin Eitan
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare relative efficacy of dexamethasone and flumethasone alone or in combination with rapid IV infusion of glucose for treatment of ketosis in cattle.

Design

Clinical trial.

Animals

127 cows with urine acetoacetate concentration ≥ 60 mg/dl.

Procedure

Cows were treated with 500 ml of 50% glucose solution, IV, and 40 mg of dexamethasone, IM (group 1), 40 mg of dexamethasone, IM (group 2), 5 mg of flumethasone (group 3), or 500 ml of 50% glucose solution, IV, and 5 mg of flumethasone (group 4). Treatment success was defined as recovery after a single treatment without relapse during the same lactation. Uterine disease (retained placenta or metritis), parity, and pretreatment plasma glucose, serum β-hydroxybutyric acid, and urine acetoacetate concentrations were evaluated as possible confounding factors affecting recovery.

Results

Only uterine disease was found to have a significant effect on recovery. Treatments 1 and 4 were significantly more efficacious than was treatment 2, but efficacy of treatment 2 was not significantly different from that of treatment 3. Regardless of treatment, cows with uterine disease were less likely to have a successful outcome than were cows without uterine disease. In all treatment groups, plasma glucose concentration increased and serum β-hydroxybutyric acid and urine acetoacetate concentrations decreased following treatment.

Clinical Implications

In this study, treatment of ketosis in dairy cattle with a corticosteriod alone was less efficacious than treatment with glucose and a corticosteroid. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1702-1704)
Rattlesnake venom poisoning in horses: 32 cases (1973-1993)
Authors: Dickinson Charles E. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Dargatz David A. , Bennett Dwight G. , Knight Anthony P.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the clinical manifestations, morbidity, mortality, and treatment methods for rattlesnake venom poisoning in horses.

Design

Retrospective analysis of medical records.

Animals

27 horses with acute venom poisoning attributable to prairie rattlesnakes, and 5 with chronic problems subsequent to a rattlesnake bite.

Results

Most horses were bitten on or near the muzzle while on pasture, resulting in head swelling, dyspnea, and epistaxis. Additional manifestations of acute poisoning included fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, cardiac arrhythmia, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhage, thrombosis of venipuncture sites, colic, diarrhea, and prehensile and masticatory dysfunction. Chronic problems included cardiac disease, pneumonia, laminitis, pharyngeal paralysis, and wound complications. The most common chronic problem was cardiac disease. The most commonly used treatments were antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tetanus prophylaxis, and airway support. Mortality in the 27 acutely affected horses was 18.5%; the overall mortality was 25%.

Clinical Implications

Horses bitten by prairie rattlesnakes may develop multiple, often severe, acute or chronic manifestations of poisoning involving various organ systems. Thorough clinical evaluation, effective treatment, supportive care, and close observation are indicated in horses with rattlesnake venom poisoning. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1866-1871)
Relationship between parental cardiac status in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and prevalence and severity of chronic valvular disease in offspring
Authors: Swenson Lennart , Häggström Jens , Kvart Clarence , Juneja R. Kumar
Published: December 2023

Objective

To study the relationship between parental cardiac status in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and development of chronic valvular disease (CVD) in offspring.

Design

Historical cohort.

Animals

54 female and 53 male Cavalier King Charles Spaniel offspring.

Procedure

7 sires, selected on the basis of their liability to develop CVD, were screened for clinical signs of CVD and assigned to 1 of 3 groups (late, intermediate, and early onset of CVD). The mates of these sires (30 dams) were selected and classified likewise, and 107 offspring produced in 1988 from matings between these parents were screened for clinical signs of CVD at a mean age of 5.3 ± 0.3 years.

Results

55% of the offspring were free from clinical signs of CVD, whereas 45% had cardiac murmurs of low or moderate intensity. The proportion of offspring with heart murmurs and the intensity of murmurs were significantly greater with increased parental classification. More males than females had developed murmurs, and murmurs of moderate intensity also were more prevalent in males. Results of multiple-regression analysis indicated that mean parental classification and sex had significant effects on proportion of offspring with murmurs and their intensity. Additionally, age affected disease prevalence and severity, despite the narrow range in age of offspring examined.

Clinical Implications

Parental CVD status is an important factor influencing the probability of heart murmurs and their intensity in offspring. The results of this study indicate that CVD development is a polygenic threshold trait and that sex of the offspring influences threshold levels. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:2009-2012)
Morbidity from nonrespiratory diseases and mortality in dairy heifers during the first three months of life
Authors: Virtala Anna-Maija K. , Mechor Gerald D. , Gröhn Yrjö T. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe causes of death, mortality, and morbidity from nonrespiratory diseases in dairy calves.

Design

Prospective observational cohort study.

Animals

Convenience sample of 410 dairy heifers born between January and December 1990 in 18 southwestern New York herds.

Procedure

Heifers were examined weekly by a veterinary clinician during the first 3 months of life and all disease conditions were recorded.

Results

Crude risks for diarrhea, umbilical infection, and umbilical hernia were 28.8, 14.2, and 15.1%, and the median ages at first diagnoses were 2, 1, and 3 weeks, respectively. Mean durations of umbilical infection and umbilical hernia were 3.7 and 6.7 weeks, respectively. Crude mortality was 5.6%. Case-fatality risks were 12.8% for diarrhea during the first week of life, 5.1% for diarrhea after the first week of life, and 0% for umbilical infection and umbilical hernia. Diarrhea was diagnosed by the caretaker or the clinician; umbilical conditions were diagnosed by the clinician. The primary cause of death was diarrhea in 43%, pneumonia in 24%, septicemia in 10%, and other single causes in the rest of the 21 necropsied calves.

Clinical Implications

The high incidence and somewhat long duration of umbilical infection, the finding that diarrhea was the primary cause of death, and the high case-fatality risk for diarrhea during the first week of life suggested that calf caretakers need training in the prevention and treatment of these conditions. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996:208:2043-2046)
Ocular hypertension following cataract surgery in dogs: 139 cases (1992-1993)
Authors: Smith Patricia Joan , Brooks Dennis Eugene , Lazarus Jarrod Andrew , Kubilis Paul Scott , Gelatt Kirk Norman
Published: December 2023

Objective

To document the incidence of postoperative ocular hypertension (POH) after cataract surgery in dogs.

Design

Retrospective analysis of medical records.

Sample Population

88 dogs that had had cataract surgery.

Procedure

The effect of several categorical variables on the development of POH was evaluated statistically. Postoperative ocular hypertension was defined as intraocular pressure > 25 and > 30 mm of Hg.

Results

The incidence of POH > 25 mm of Hg was 48.9%; > 30 mm of Hg, 33.8%; > 40 mm of Hg, 20.1%; and > 50 mm of Hg, 5.8%. Mean onset of POH > 25 mm of Hg was 4.9 hours. The incidence of POH was not affected by the type of surgery. Eyes that had phacoemulsification developed POH significantly more rapidly (mean, 3.9 hours), compared with those that had extracapsular lens extraction (8.4 hours). Mean phacoemulsification duration was greater in eyes that developed POH, and older dogs were more likely to develop POH. Development of POH was not correlated with sex, stage of cataract, type of surgical procedure performed, intraocular lens placement, preoperative lens-induced uveitis, or posterior lens capsule tears and vitrectomy. However, eyes that received intraocular lens implants developed POH more rapidly, compared with eyes without implants.

Clinical Implications

The high incidence and early onset of POH after cataract surgery suggests that routine use of antiglaucoma medications in the first 12 hours after surgery is warranted. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:105–111)
Laparoscopic methods for castration of equids
Authors: Wilson David G. , Hendrickson Dean A. , Cooley A. James , Degrave-Madigan Ellen
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate 2 laparoscopic techniques for castration in horses.

Design

Prospective, randomized trial.

Animals

6 sexually intact male ponies.

Procedure

Ponies were anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency. By means of restricted randomization, 1 testis in each pony was selected to undergo in situ destruction (ie, vascular cauterization and ligation with the testis left in situ); the other testis was pulled back into the abdomen and removed. Baseline and stimulated testosterone concentrations were determined preoperatively and postoperatively. After euthanasia, the in situ testes were examined histologically.

Results

There were no surgical complications. In all ponies, postoperative baseline and stimulated testosterone concentrations were consistent with castration. The testicular parenchyma of the testes that had been left in situ underwent coagulative necrosis.

Clinical Implications

In ponies and juvenile stallions, normally descended testes can be removed laparoscopically. Nonpalpable inguinal testes can be left in situ after laparoscopically ligating and transecting the testicular artery and vein. Additional experience with these approaches is necessary before their use can be recommended in mature stallions. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:112–114)
Comparison of gastric and duodenal lesions in dogs and cats with and without lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis
Authors: Yamasaki Kanji , Suematsu Hiroaki , Takahashi Takeshi
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare histologic lesions in the stomach and duodenum of dogs and cats with and without lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis (LPE).

Design

Case-control study.

Animals

20 clinically normal dogs, 40 dogs with LPE, 10 clinically normal cats, and 20 cats with LPE.

Results

Unevenness of the mucosal surface was detected in the stomach of 4 of the 20 (20%) clinically normal dogs and 10 of the 40 (25%) dogs with LPE. Mucosal friability was detected in the duodenum of 16 (40%) of the dogs with LPE and 10 of the 20 (50%) cats with LPE. Histologically, clinically normal dogs and dogs with LPE had various degrees of fibrosis in the gastric lamina propria. All of the clinically normal cats and the cats with LPE had slight gastric fibrosis. Clinically normal cats had infiltrates of Inflammatory cells similar to those seen in the clinically normal dogs. Significantly more plasma cells and lymphocytes were seen in the duodenal lamina propria of dogs and cats with LPE than in the duodenal lamina propria of clinically normal animals.

Clinical Implications

LPE should be diagnosed by counting the number of Inflammatory cells in the duodenal lamina propria and then comparing that number with the number seen in clinically normal animals. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:95–97)