bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVOHPR: Relay-based Void Hole Prevention and Repair by Virtual Routing in Clustered Multi-AUV Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Chaaf Amir , Muthanna Mohammed Saleh Ali , Muthanna Ammar , Alhelaly Soha , Elgendy Ibrahim A. , Iliyasu Abdullah M. , Abd El-Latif Ahmed A.
Published: June 2021

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) enables various oceanic applications which require effective packet transmission. In this case, sparse node distribution, dynamic network topology and inappropriate selection of relay nodes cause void holes. Addressing this problem, we present a Relay based Void Hole Prevention and Repair protocol (ReVOHPR) by multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) for UWSN. ReVOHPR efficiently identifies and avoids void holes and trap relay nodes to avoid it. ReVOHPR adopts the following operations as Ocean Depth (levels) based Equal Cluster Formation, Dynamic Sleep Scheduling, Virtual Graph based Routing, and Relay Assisted Void Hole Repair. For energy efficient cluster forming, Entropy based Eligibility Ranking (E2R) is presented which elects stable cluster heads (CHs). Then, dynamic sleep scheduling is implemented Dynamic Kernel Kalman Filter (DK2F) algorithm in which Sleep and Active modes based on the nodes current status. Inter Cluster Routing is performed by maximum matching nodes which selects by Dual criteria and also data transmitted to AUV. Finally, void holes are detected and repair by Bi-Criteria Mayfly Optimization (BiCMO) algorithm. The BiCMO focuses on reducing the number of holes, data packet loss and maximizes Quality of Service (QoS) and energy efficiency of the networks. This protocol is timely deal with node failures in packet transmission via multi-hop routing. Simulation is implemented by NS3 (AquaSim module) simulator that evaluates the performance in network simulation for following metrics as average energy consumption, delay, packet delivery rate and throughput.
The Epoch of Reionization in Warm Dark Matter Scenarios
Authors: Romanello M. , Menci N. , Castellano M.
Published: June 2021

In this paper we investigate how the Reionization process is affected by early galaxy formation in different cosmological scenarios. We use a semi-analytic model with suppressed initial power spectra to obtain the UV Luminosity Function in thermal Warm Dark Matter and sterile neutrino cosmologies. We retrace the ionization history of intergalactic medium with hot stellar emission only, exploiting fixed and mass-dependent photons escape fraction (fesc). For each cosmology, we find an upper limit to fixed fesc, which guarantees the completion of the process at z<6.7. The analysis is tested with two limit hypothesis on high-z ionized hydrogen volume fraction, comparing our predictions with observational results. We then implement a blast-wave model, which explains the genesis of UV photons escape fraction in the context of feedback and co-evolution between galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei. Including the AGNs contribution, we find that the neutral hydrogen ionization is almost complete at z<7, with a weak dependence on initial gaseous ionized fraction and accretion UV spectral slope.
Research on LHD (Scraper) Path Tracking Control Based on LQR and Predict Pose Information
Authors: Zhang Yulin , Zhao Chenxi , Wang Zijian , Yu Haoxuan
Published: June 2021

With the depletion of shallow surface resources, the future mining work will develop towards the deep surface, and the objective conditions such as the mining environment will be more complex and dangerous than now, and the requirements for personnel and equipment will be higher and higher. The efficient exploitation of deep space cannot be separated from such mobile and flexible production and transportation equipment as scraper. In the new era, intelligence is the development trend of the LHD, and path tracking control technology is the key to the intelligent LHD, and it is also an urgent problem to be solved for its unmanned driving. This paper describes the realization of the automatic operation function of articulated LHD from two aspects of mathematical model and trajectory tracking control method, and focuses on the research of the path tracking control scheme in the field of unmanned driving, that is, LQR controller. On this basis, the parameters of the LQR controller are optimized by combining different intelligent cluster algorithms to find the optimal solution of the LQR controller.
Tratamiento ortopédico prequirúrgico con retractor nasal modificación Hinostroza en fisura labiopalatina unilateral completa. Reporte de caso
Authors: Hinostroza-Flores Manuel , Perona-Miguel de Priego Guido Alberto , Loo-Valle Jennifer
Published: June 2021

La fisura labiopalatina unilateral completa afecta la región del tercio medio facial y los individuos que nacen con esta condición presentan estructuras alteradas en el lado donde se desarrolló la malformación. El objetivo del presente reporte de caso es presentar una alternativa de ortopedia prequirúrgica para pacientes con fisura labiopalatina unilateral completa en una infanta de sexo femenino de 1 mes y 5 días de edad con el diagnóstico de fisura labiopalatina unilateral izquierda completa. Se colocó el retractor nasal modificación Hinostroza, que permite obtener simetría de la estructura nasal afectada con respecto al lado no afectado; por sus buenos resultados, bajo costo y fácil manejo debe ser considerada una alternativa de tratamiento en neonatos nacidos con fisura labiopalatina unilateral completa.
Optimizing risk-based breast cancer screening policies with reinforcement learning
Authors: Yala Adam , Mikhael Peter , Lehman Constance , Lin Gigin , Strand Fredrik , Wang Yung-Liang , Hughes Kevin , Satuluru Siddharth , Kim Thomas , Banerjee Imon , Gichoya Judy , Trivedi Hari , Barzilay Regina
Published: June 2021

Screening programs must balance the benefits of early detection against the costs of over screening. Achieving this goal relies on two complementary technologies: (1) the ability to assess patient risk, (2) the ability to develop personalized screening programs given that risk. While methodologies for assessing patient risk have significantly improved with new advances in deep learning applied to imaging and genetics, our ability to personalize screening policies still lags behind. Here, we introduce a novel reinforcement learning-based framework for personalized screening, Tempo, and demonstrate its efficacy in the context of breast cancer. We trained our risk-based screening policies on a large screening mammography dataset from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) USA and validated them on held-out patients from MGH, and on external datasets from Emory USA, Karolinska Sweden and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH) Taiwan. Across all test sets, we found that a Tempo policy combined with an image-based AI risk model was significantly more efficient than current regimes used in clinical practice in terms of simulated early detection per screen frequency. Moreover, we showed that the same Tempo policy can be easily adapted to a wide range of possible screening preferences, allowing clinicians to select their desired early detection to screening cost trade-off without training a new policy. Finally, we demonstrated Tempo policies based on AI-based risk models out performed Tempo policies based on less accurate clinical risk models. Altogether, our results show that pairing AI-based risk models with agile AI-designed screening policies has the potential to improve screening programs, advancing early detection while reducing over-screening.
Upper airway cough syndrome may be the main cause of chronic cough in Japan: a cohort study
Authors: Yasuda Kimihiko
Published: June 2021

BackgroundUpper airway cough syndrome (UACS) is generally considered a common cause of chronic cough but remains poorly recognised in Japan.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess whether UACS was a common cause of chronic cough in Japan, as is true in other countries. Interview and examination items were evaluated for their potential use in UACS diagnosis.Methods All patients with chronic cough were preliminarily diagnosed with bronchial asthma, UACS, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or post-infectious prolonged cough, based on interviews and examinations. Treatment centred on nasal steroids was administered to the UACS group and standard treatment to the other groups. The observation period lasted 4 weeks. The subjective cough score at first diagnosis was set at 10, and the final diagnosis was made based on the treatment administered at the time the cough score had decreased to ≤ 2. The associations between the presence or absence of UACS and interview and examination items were statistically evaluated.Results Among 230 patients with chronic cough, 146 were diagnosed with UACS-only. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the assessment items ‘awareness of mucus accumulating in the back of the throat’, ‘presence of abnormal echography findings’, ‘absence of associated coughing when exercising’ and ‘presence of coughing persisting after onset’ were significantly correlated with the presence or absence of UACS (p < 0.05).ConclusionsUACS may be the most common cause of chronic cough in Japan and may be effectively treated with nasal corticosteroids. Diagnosing UACS might be possible by selecting appropriate interview and examination items.
Tropospheric Dispersive Phase Anomalies during Heavy Rain Detected by L-band InSAR and Their Interpretation
Authors: Setiawan Naufal , Furuya Masato
Published: June 2021

The split-spectrum method (SSM) can largely isolate and correct for the ionospheric contribution in the L-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). The standard SSM is performed on the assumption of only the first-order ionospheric dispersive effect, which is proportional to the total electron content (TEC). It is also known that during extreme atmospheric events, either originated from the ionosphere or in the troposphere, other dispersive effects do exist and potentially provide new insights into the dynamics of the atmosphere, but there have been few detection reports of such signals by InSAR. We apply L-band InSAR into heavy rain cases and examine the applicability and limitation of the standard SSM. Since no events such as earthquakes to cause surface deformation took place, the non-dispersive component is apparently attributable to the large amount of water vapor associated with heavy rain, whereas there are spotty anomalies in the dispersive component that are closely correlated with the heavy rain area. The ionosonde and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) rate of total electron content index (ROTI) map both show little anomalies during the heavy rain, which suggests few ionospheric disturbances. Therefore, we interpret that the spotty anomalies in the dispersive component of the standard SSM during heavy rain are originated in the troposphere. While we can consider two physical mechanisms, one is runaway electron avalanche and the other is the dispersive effect due to rain, comparison with the observations from the ground-based lightning detection network and rain gauge data, we conclude that the rain dispersive effect is spatiotemporally favorable. We further propose a formulation to examine if another dispersive phase than the first-order TEC effect is present and apply it to the heavy rain cases as well as two extreme ionospheric sporadic-E events. Our formulation successfully isolates the presence of another dispersive phase during heavy rain that is in positive correlation with the local rain rate. In comparison with other dispersive phases during Sporadic-E episodes, the dispersive heavy rain phases seem to have the same order of magnitude with the ionospheric higher-order effects.
On Classification and Taxonomy of Coronaviruses (Riboviria, Nidovirales, Coronaviridae) with Special Focus on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Authors: Mavrodiev Evgeny , Tursky Melinda L , Mavrodiev Nicholas E , Ebach Malte C , Williams David M , Schroder Laura
Published: June 2021

Coronaviruses are highly pathogenic and therefore important human and veterinary pathogens viruses worldwide. This study is the first that produced phylogenies based on all 39 species of Coronaviridae recognized by the Coronaviridae Study Group and International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and has, uniquely, used several methods of cladistic analysis in combination with the Maximum Likelihood method. Resultant trees were utilized to test for monophyly of all available non-monotypic genera and infrageneric taxa of Coronaviridae. Monophyly was confirmed, thereby validating they are representative of a nature hierarchy. This study therefore presents the first natural hierarchical classification of Coronaviridae and the most accurate taxonomic representation of Coronaviridae’s relationships to date. The authors additionally seek at add to the current discussion regarding the nomenclature of viruses, demonstrating and supporting a “one-step” solution to incorporate the principles of binary nomenclature into Coronaviridae, which will aid future recognition of numerous virus species, particularly in currently monotypic subgenus Sarbecovirus. Commenting on the nature of SARS-CoV-2, the authors emphasize that no member of the Sarbecovirus clade is an ancestor of this virus, and humans are the only natural known host.
A universal graphitic interlayered centroid intercalation theory for intercalation chemistry
Authors: Ji Kemeng , Hu Kailong , Shen Yuhao , Ito Yoshikazu , Liu Cheng , Liu Zhaozhao , Wang Jiang , Zhang Yang , Wu Mengqian , Liu Xinyu , Sun Jie , Chen Mingming , Zhang Sheng , Fujita Jun-ichi , Wang Chengyang
Published: June 2021

Neither of the two widely used staging models in the long history of intercalation chemistry, namely the classical Rüdorff-Hofmann model proposed in 1938 and the pleated-layer domain-modified one in 1969, can explain the intercalation reaction phenomena and mechanism logically. Taking the landmark potassium-intercalation reaction of graphite as a model case and two advanced monolithic graphitic/graphenic carbon foams as model electrodes, here we have revealed that the electrochemical storage of potassium in graphitic/graphenic carbon (as that of lithium) obeys a simple interlayered centroid intercalation (ICIC) rule to achieve the staged potassium intercalation into each graphitic interlayer: C → KC72 → KC24 → KC8. Moreover, judging from the typical potassium-storage behaviors and crystal texture of graphitic electrodes, nitrogen doping and pre-embedded K atoms would enable incoming K+ ions to perform fast pseudocapacitive diffusion in graphitic gallery. This study not only makes clear the basic K-storage mechanism and phenomena in graphitic carbon, but also establishes a more reasonable ICIC model for intercalation chemistry, and thus may help open a new research era for this field as well as graphite-based metal-ion batteries.
Design and Simulation of InP and Silicon Nanowires With Different Channel Characteristic as Biosensors to Improve Output Sensitivity
Authors: nejad shahramm mohammad , Tahi Iman , Rezaie Mahdiyar Nouri
Published: June 2021

This research contains a good comparison among technologies of SiNW-FET/InPNW-FET depending on the size of channel and dopants in channel for biosensing application based on the width and dopants for two types of silicon and InP materials in the nanowire channel. A device numerical modelling tool, Silvaco ATLAS is used in step one to design three p-type SiNW-FET/InPNW-FET biosensors with a channel width of 40­­­ nm, 60 nm and 70 nm for these two types of materials and in step two to design three p-type SiNW-FET/InPNW-FET biosensors with different dopants of 0.1×1014 cm-3, 1×1014 cm-3 and 10×1014 cm-3 for these two types of materials. Their sensing process is depended on the alteration in charge density that causes changing in the electric field at the surface of the SiNW-FET/InPNW-FET. The resistivity of the device is changed when a negatively charged biomolecules species has a chemical reaction with the external surface of a P-type SiNW-FET/InPNW-FET. To investigate the effect of different channel width and dopants on the performance of the SiNW-FET/InPNW-FET biosensor, several negatively interface charge densities, QF (-0.1×1012 cm-2, -0.5×1012 cm-2, and -1×1012 cm-2) are introduced on the surface of the SiNW-FET/InPNW-FET channel to represent as the actual target analytics (DNA) captured by the bioreceptor of the biosensor. Based on the results, these negatively QF attract the hole carriers below the surface of p-type nanowire causes to collect carriers in the channel, and make an increase in the device output ID. Increase of the applied negative charge density has allowed for more ID to flow across the channel between drain and source region. The changes of ID with the applied QF are utilized to determine the sensitivities for all designed biosensor with different channel width and channel dopants. The minimum nanowire width of 40 nm with the minimum nanowire dopants of 0.1×1014 cm-3 for the high sensitivity silicon state of 3.6 μA/cm-2 compared to the indium phosphide state of 2.8 μA/cm-2. So the best performance for detecting the desired analyte in the silicon state with the lowest width and dopant to be seen.
Long-term Impact of Organic Amendments on the Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Mudflat Soil and Their Uptake by Maize
Authors: Yu Ying , Gu Chuanhui , Bai Yanchao , Zuo Wengang
Published: June 2021

Organic amendments (OAs) can be a sustainable and effective method for mudflat soil improvement. A long-term field experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of OA application to mudflat soil improvement. We measured the pH, soil organic matter (SOM), salinity, maize growth, and heavy metal (HM) accumulation in OA-amended soils and maize tissues 23 months after three OAs, sewage sludge (SS), Chinese medical residue (CMR), and cattle manure (CM), were applied at the application rates of 0, 30, 75, 150, and 300 t ha-1. OA application significantly increased the SOM and decreased the salinity of mudflat soils. Additionally, CMR and CM application decreased soil pH. The maize biomass and HM contents in soil and maize increased after OA application. The bioavailability and bioconcentration of HMs were generally in the sequence of SS>CMR>CM. The average bioavailability ratios of HMs were in the order of Cd>Zn>Cu>Mn>Ni. The bioconcentration of Zn and Cd by maize was highest, followed by Mn, Cu, and Ni. SOM, pH, and salinity were the important factors regulating soil available HMs and, subsequently, HM accumulation in maize. Among the three OAs, SS is most effective in decreasing soil salinity and increasing the SOM, bioavailability and bioconcentration of HMs. On the other hand, CM was the best OA because it promoted significant maize growth yet maintained low HM contamination risk.
Bitcoin and Global Climate Change: Emissions Beyond Borders
Authors: Onat Nuri , Jabbar Rateb , Kucukvar Murat , Fetais Noora
Published: June 2021

Bitcoin is a virtual, decentralized currency based on Blockchain technology. Regardless of where you send Bitcoin, the greenhouse gas emissions stemming from these transactions are distributed around the world. Furthermore, with the increasing public and institutional interest in Bitcoin, the value, complexity of Bitcoin mining, Blockchain networks, as well as the energy required for Bitcoin mining have been rapidly increasing. Here we show the global distribution of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from Bitcoin mining across the globe. We also estimated the carbon footprint of Bitcoin mining per transaction, per country, and per year for the last six years. The carbon footprint estimations of Bitcoin mining are calculated with consideration of the global supply-chain of Bitcoin mining around the world. According to our systematic estimations, carbon emissions are in rapid increase and there is a significant discrepancy between the locations of Bitcoin holders and the locations of emissions. China plays a major role both in emissions due to overall global mining and as a major manufacturer/supplier of Bitcoin mining equipment for all Bitcoin mining countries.
Plant Contribution to the Remediation of PAH-Contaminated Soil of Dagang Oilfield by Fire Phoenix
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Sun Jianping , Liu Rui , Zheng Tingyu , Tang Yingnan
Published: June 2021

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate plant contribution during remediation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-contaminated soil of Dagang Oilfield by Fire Phoenix. The results showed that Fire Phoenix could grow in soil contaminated by high and low concentrations of PAHs. After being planted for 150 days, the total removal rate of six PAHs in the high and low PAH concentrations was 80.36% and 79.79%, significantly higher than the 58.79% and 53.29% of the unplanted control group, respectively. Thus, Fire Phoenix can effectively repair the soil contaminated by different concentrations of PAHs. In high concentrations of PAHs, the results indicated a positive linear relationship between PAH absorption in tissues of Fire Phoenix and the growth time in the early stage. In contrast, the contents of PAHs were just slightly increased in the late period of plant growth. The main factor for the dissipation of PAHs was plant-promoted biodegradation (99.04–99.93%), suggesting a low contribution of PAH uptake and transformation (0.07–0.96%). The results revealed that Fire Phoenix did not remove the PAHs in the soil by accumulation but promoted PAH dissipation in the soil by stimulating the microbial metabolism in the rhizosphere.
Health Believes and Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Social Health Insurance in Post Conflicts Fragile State South Sudan
Authors: Gwokorok Lado
Published: June 2021

Background Funding of healthcare in Post conflict fragile state South Sudan is mainly done by international donors. Economic growth in such states, is likely to plunge between ($ 1.4 and $ 2.8) billion. Post conflict fragile states have higher rate of infectious and communicable diseases. Aim is to establish that post conflict fragile state South Sudanese are willing to pay for social health insurance. The study is to fill this literature gap.Households are susceptible and varies in health risks behaviour. Sudden illness sparks sense of illness affecting. Households cue to providing medical treatments. Successful treatments inspired households. Our desire to achieve in the community; enhances believes in treatment helping illness. MethodsA modified version of (Form (II), questionnaire was used in this research. The aim was to measure the health believes of Post Conflict Fragile State South Sudanese and willingness to pay for social health insurance. A Two-way analysis of variance was used. There were 205 females and 518 males among the sampled, family sizes. Household income, was 5,00 to above 3,600 South Sudanese pounds. Type of pecuniary were (land ownerships, cash deposits, crop stock, animal stock, machinery). Respondents were asked years’ worked on range of (3, 7, 11) years.Results A mean of approximately 3,777 South Sudanese pounds ($ 32 USD) was established. The female gender had mean of about 3,134 SSPs compared to 4,032 SSPs of the male counterpart. Family sizes, (11 to 15) and (16 to 20) heads had mean of 6,429 and 5,036 pounds. The model was able to explain 37.03% percent of the mean variations, (P-value = 0.0045). Discussion This finding is superior to the $ 11.12 annual premium from Northeast Ethiopia. This research has noted the shift in individual behaviour towards preventive health behaviours. The degree of fragility is a limitation.Conclusions Social health insurance can finance healthcare services in post conflict fragile state South Sudan. Health believed model is relevant to health insurance and it is important in demonstrating behavioral change.
A Comparison of Immediate Release and Delayed Release Cysteamine in 17 Patients with Nephropathic Cystinosis
Authors: Stein Christina Esther van , Klank Sabrina , Grüneberg Marianne , Ottolenghi Chris , Grebe Jürgen , Reunert Janine , Harms Erik , Marquardt Thorsten
Published: June 2021

BackgroundNephropathic cystinosis is a rare and severe metabolic disease leading to an accumulation of cystine in lysosomes which especially harms kidney function. A lifelong therapy with the aminothiol cysteamine can delay the development of end-stage renal disease and the necessity of kidney transplantation. The purpose of our study was to compare the effectiveness of immediate-release and delayed-release cysteamine on cystine and cysteamine levels as well as assessing the onset of adverse effects.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed cystine and cysteamine levels of 17 patients after a single dose of immediate-release cysteamine (CystagonÒ , Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Canonsburg, PA and Recordati Pharma GmbH) and delayed-release cysteamine (ProcysbiÒ; Horizon Pharma USA and Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy), respectively. Data were collected during a period of three years in the context of optimizing the individual treatment regimens. The dose of DR-cysteamine was reduced to 70 % of the equivalent dose of IR-cysteamine. The efficacy of both formulas in depleting white blood cells’ cystine levels and their side effects were compared.ResultsImmediate (IR)- and delayed-release (DR) cysteamine effectively decreased intracellular cystine levels under the target value of 0,5 nmol cystine/mg protein, while fewer side effects occurred under DR-cysteamine. Mean maximum levels of cysteamine were reached after 60 minutes with IR-cysteamine and after 180 minutes with DR-cysteamine. ConclusionA therapy with DR-cysteamine is as effective as IR-cysteamine while less side effects were reported. Our data show that DR-cysteamine should be dosed higher than 70% of the equivalent dose of IR-cysteamine in order to decrease cystine levels over an extended period of time. Moreover, our data suggest to increase the dosing scheme of ProcysbiÒ to three times daily to prevent a rapid decrease and achieve a more steady decline in cystine levels. Due to the more convenient dosing scheme, DR-cysteamine might ameliorate therapy adherence and improve patients’ quality of life.
Application of Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to Improve Clostridioides difficile Infection Management in South African District Hospitals
Authors: Legenza Laurel , Coetzee Renier , Rose Warren E. , Esack Tasneem , Crombie Kenneth , Mina Megan , Safdar Nasia , Barnett Susanne G.
Published: June 2021

Background

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a global health threat. Measurable gaps exist in CDI quality of care and CDI knowledge in South Africa. This study describes the development of a CDI intervention informed by the local context within South African public district level hospitals, and analyzes the CDI intervention development, implementation process and adaptations to understand acceptance, uptake, successes, and failures of the CDI intervention.
Methods

A CDI checklist intervention was designed and implemented at three district level hospitals in the Western Cape, South Africa. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used as a framework to contextualize study findings, including a description of the implementation process and adaptations for each hospital. A mixed-methods approach was applied with quantitative outcomes data and qualitative interview and focus group data with front-line and administrative healthcare personnel. Transcripts were coded to a priori workflow steps as well as to aspects of the CDI checklist intervention and emerging themes. The CFIR framework was applied to results from the qualitative interviews, observations by research team members, and quantitative patient outcomes data in order to identify drivers and barriers to implementation and to understand differences in uptake at the three sites. Highly relevant and moderately relevant constructs for the Intervention, Inner Setting, and Implementation Process domains were identified.
Results

Each hospital adapted the implementation process based on available resources, while maintaining the intervention core elements. One hospital displayed high uptake of the intervention compared to the two other hospitals. Highly relevant CFIR constructs linked to intervention uptake included tension for change, strong peer intervention champions, champions in influential leadership positions, and intervention complexity, among others. Tension of change at the high uptake hospital was also supported by an academic partnership for antimicrobial stewardship.
Conclusion

We provide a straight-forward health systems strengthening intervention for CDI that is both needed and uncomplicated, in an understudied LMIC setting. Intervention uptake was highest in the hospital with tension for change, influential champions, and existing academic partnerships. Further research is needed in reaching and involving understudied settings with fewer academic connections and to examine impact on patient outcomes.
Research on the Dynamics and Evolution of Regional Blue-green Space Driven by the Development of World-class Urban Agglomerations
Authors: Pan Ziwu , Zhu Jun , Liu Zhenzhen , Qin Fen
Published: June 2021

In recent years, the process of urbanization in China has accelerated, and changes in the underlying surface have caused the difference in average temperature between built-up areas and suburbs to increase, resulting in an urban heat island effect, which has become an important environmental issue for today's urban sustainable development. The Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration region is the fastest-growing region in China, with economically developed and populous cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing and Suzhou. It has become one of the six major urban agglomerations in the world, and its heat island effect is particularly prominent. The single urban heat island phenomenon gradually evolves into the urban agglomeration heat island phenomenon with urbanization. However, the dynamic transfer process of key blue-green space landscapes that can alleviate land surface temperature (LST) and regional thermal environment (RTE) is still poorly understood, especially in the context of urban agglomerations. With the approval of the State Council on the development plan of the Huaihe River Ecological Economic Belt, the construction of which has been officially upgraded to a national strategy. The Eastern HaiJiang River and Lake Linkage Zone (EJRLLZ) emphasizes strengthening the docking and interaction with the surrounding areas such as the Yangtze River Delta and the Wanjiang City Belt. With the diffusion of the heat island effect of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, as one of the areas with great potential development around the world-class urban agglomeration, the rich water body and green space in the ERLLZ area are also destroyed and affected. Therefore, we take this region as a case to further quantify the impact of urbanization and urban agglomeration development on the dynamics and evolution of blue-green space.
Adipose Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ADMSCs) Protect Against Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia Induced Heart Failure by Inhibiting Autophagy Related Apoptosis
Authors: Xu Xu , Qiang Sujing , Tao Lingyun , Zhou Jie , Ni Jing
Published: June 2021

Background

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), kinds of seed cells, are expected to improve impaired diabetic cardiac function. Inflammation and autophagy play the important role in the development of metabolic disorder induced heart failure. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) on metabolic disorder induced heart failure and the underlying mechanisms.
Methods

In vivo, 8 weeks old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal chaw mice (sham group), high fat diet fed and streptozotocin intraperitoneal injected mice (HFD + STZ group) and ADMSCs tail intravenous injected per week for 3 months after the mice were treated with HFD + STZ (ADMSCs + HFD + STZ group). The lipid and glucose levels as well as echocardiography were measured per week. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the adhesion of macrophages in heart tissue among three groups. Besides, inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8(CXCL-15) were measured by western blot or RT-qPCR. In vitro, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were stimulated to 33mM glucose in the presence or absence of IL-1β. Transmission electron microscope, mRFG-GFP-LC3 assay and flow cytometry were used to investigate autophagy related apoptosis in H9c2 cells.
Results

HFD + STZ treated mice presented significant cardiac hypertrophy, body weight loss, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. However, these changes were remarkably reversed by ADMSCs administration. The administration of ADMSCs also remit histological alterations and deposition of collagen in the heart tissue. Furthermore, ADMSCs downregulated the adhesion of macrophages in heart tissue. More importantly, IL-1β from macrophages increased the autophagy of myocardial cell stimulated with high glucose which eventually leaded to their apoptosis and the following cardiac dysfunction.
Conclusions

This study confirmed that ADMSCs may have potential for use in improving cardiac function by restraining autophagy and apoptosis of myocardial cell. We also found the roles of the IL-1β in hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia induced cardiac injuries, which may be a key factor for diabetic complications.
The Heart has Intrinsic Ketogenic Capacity that is Facultatively Upregulated in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: O'Sullivan John , Koay Yen Chin , Cao Yang , Bai Angela Yu , Lal Sean , Lusis Aldons , Kaye David , Larance Mark
Published: June 2021

Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction or ‘HFpEF’ is now the most common type of heart failure worldwide, with considerable morbidity and mortality, and with no effective pharmacotherapies. For the first time, we show that the human and murine HFpEF heart have impaired uptake of ketone bodies, and reveal an intrinsic capacity of human and murine hearts to generate their own ketones via the canonical rate-limiting ketogenic enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2). We demonstrate that protein levels of HMGCS2 are dramatically elevated in HFpEF myocardium that does not overcome reduced specific activity of this enzyme. This appeared to be due to hyperacetylation caused by depletion of the de-acetylating enzyme sirtuin 3 and decreased oxidized/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) ratio, upon which the deacetylation activity of sirtuins is dependent. Also for the first time, we show that the canonical stimuli that serve to turn on ketogenesis in the liver are present locally in the HFpEF heart, augmented by a profound energy deficiency as determined by depleted phosphocreatine/ adenosine triphosphate (PCr/ATP) ratio. Thus, metabolically inflexible HFpEF hearts try to auto-regulate their energy supply by upregulating ketogenesis as an apparent “rescue strategy”. These results serve to reframe our understanding of cardiac ketone metabolism and open opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies for HFpEF, urgently needed.
Hydrostatic Pressure Regulates Microbial Structuring And Metabolic Functions In The Pelagic Ocean
Authors: Liu Ying , Zeng Mengchu , Xie Zhe , Ning Daliang , Zhou Jizhong , Yu Xi , Liu Rulong , Zhang Li , Fang Jiasong
Published: June 2021

Background: Microbial-mediated decomposition of particulate organic matter (POM) during its downward transport from the surface to the deep ocean constitutes a critical component of the global ocean carbon cycle. However, the extent to which hydrostatic pressure affects microbial community structuring and metabolic functions is largely underexplored. Results: In this study, we investigated microbial community succession, phylogenetic and functional diversity, and metabolic capabilities during POM decomposition by particle-attached (PAM) and free-living microorganisms (FLM) under increasing hydrostatic pressures. Diatom-originated 13C-labeled POM was used to incubate surface water microbial communities from the East China Sea (ECS) at pressures of 0.1, 20, and 40 MPa (megapascal). Our results showed that the PAM and FLM communities exhibited contrasting patterns and pressure-dependencies in diversity, richness, and evenness. Microbial assembly was governed predominantly by stochastic processes at low pressure and by deterministic processes at high pressure. Network analysis uncovered the non-randomly structured PAM and FLM communities and clusters of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that reflected different functional and ecological capacities of the subgroups. Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed that gene expression of known metabolic pathways (carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy production) varied greatly with pressure and between PAM and FLM. Furthermore, the FLM communities maintained higher metabolic activities than the PAM communities at high pressures, indicating the apparent difference in resource utilization capacity and ecological functions of PAM and FLM in different pelagic zones of the ocean. Overall, we demonstrated that marine heterotrophic microbial assemblage patterns were non-random; the PAM were crucial in community structuring, whereas the FLM played more important roles in POM decomposition in the deep. Conclusions: Our results provide detailed insights into and increased mechanistic understanding of the structuring and succession of microbial communities and metabolic functions associated with POM degradation in the pelagic ocean.
Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Promote the Metabolism of Toxic Components of Aconitum Carmichaeli by CYP3A and Alleviate the Development of Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Ni Lulu , Wan Fang , Li Jiangan , Ai Min , Kong Lingzhong , Miao Ping , Tu Su
Published: June 2021

BackgroundCHF is a common clinical critical disease with high mortality and short survival. Aconitum, as "the first drug of choice for invigorating Yang and saving lives", has been widely used for the treatment of heart failure. However, toxic components of Aconitum can easily lead to serious arrhythmia, respiratory depression, shock and even death [1, 2]. ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms of Glycyrrhizae reducing the toxicity of Aconitum.Method A High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of aconitine (AC), mesaconitine (MA) and hypaconitine (HA) was established; The effect of Glycyrrhiza on CYP3A1 / 2 mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR; SD rats were given Aconitum and compatibility of Glycyrrhizae and Aconitum by gavage respectively, the blood concentration of toxic components were determined by LC-MS / MS; The CHF rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin (2.5 mg / kg), and were randomly divided into model, Aconitum, the compatibility of Glycyrrhizae and Aconitum and Captopril group. After 4 weeks of gavage, the levels of BNP, Ang II and ALD in blood were detected by ELISA, and the contents of adenosine monophosphate (ATP, ADP and AMP) in myocardium were determined by HPLC.Result AC, MA and HA produced three, three and two metabolites respectively; Ketoconazole significantly inhibited the metabolites of AC, MA and HA; Glycyrrhiza induced CYP3A gene expression, and significantly promoted the metabolism of toxic components of Aconitum; The level of ALD in the compatibility of Glycyrrhizae and Aconitum group was significantly lower than that in Aconitum group. After intervention with the compatibility of Glycyrrhizae and Aconitum, ATP increased significantly, ADP decreased significantly.Conclusion Glycyrrhiza promoted the metabolism of toxic components of Aconitum by up regulating the expression of CYP3A, and reduced the content of BNP, Ang II and ALD, improved the energy metabolism disorder of myocardium, alleviated the development of CHF.
Grazed rain-fed small-grain cereals as a forage option for small-scale dairy systems in central Mexico
Authors: Vega-García Jesús Israel , López-González Felipe , Morales-Almaraz Ernesto , Arriaga-Jordán Carlos Manuel
Published: June 2021

Small-scale dairy systems face reduced availability of water for irrigation of pastures and disruption in the amount or pattern of rains due to climate change, so research on alternative short-cycle rain-fed forages is needed. Grazing reduces feeding costs and small-grain cereals may be an option. The objective was to assess on-farm the performance of dairy cows grazing 6 h/d of three small-grain cereals: rye (RYE), wheat (WHT), and triticale (TRT), and supplemented 4.5 kg DM/cow/d of concentrate. Twelve Holstein cows were used in repeated 3x3 Latin Squares with 14-day experimental periods. Pasture variables were analysed with a split-plot design, and economic analysis was performed with partial budgets. Sampling of forage (sward height, net herbage accumulation, botanical and chemical composition of herbage) and animal variables (milk yield and composition, live weight, and body condition score) were at the end of each period. RYE showed a trend (P = 0.10) for higher net herbage accumulation with highly significant differences (P < 0.001) among periods. RYE had higher DM, a lower CP content (P < 0.05) and no differences for other chemical components between treatments (P > 0.05). RYE proportion in pasture was consistently higher, whilst the lowest cereal proportion was in WHT. There were no differences (P > 0.05) for any animal variable. The RYE and TRT treatments proved useful as rain-fed forage alternatives under grazing. WHT showed lower crop and economic performance. However given the higher cereal component in pastures, regrowth potential, post-grazing herbage mass, as well as better economic performance, the RYE treatment was better ranked by the participating farmer.
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Pregnant Women in Debre Markos, Ethiopia: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Isolates
Authors: Addis Yihunalem , Biset Sirak , Gizachew Mucheye
Published: June 2021

In low-income countries, asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) during pregnancy is a major cause for both maternal and foetal health risks. Rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance also needs continuous monitoring of susceptibility profiles of uropathogens. We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study to deterimne prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and associated risk factors of ASB among pregnant women. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected by interview and extracted from women's medical records. Identification of bacteria from urine, and their susceptibility tests were done by using recommended methods. Logistic regression analyses were done by SPSS versions 20. The p-value <0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant. Of the 172 study participants, 24 (14%) had ASB. Among 24 isolates, 13 (54.2%) were gram-negative, and of these, E. coli (8; 61.5%) was predominant followed by K. pneumoniae (4; 30.8%). Previous UTI and antibiotic use were significantly associated risk factors for ASB. E .coli, S. areus and CoNS were resistant to tetracycline (87.5%), cotrimoxazole (83.3%), and gentamycin (80%), respectively. Prevalence of ASB was lower than many previous reports in the country. Commonly used antibiotic susceptibility profiles of isolates were known. Hence, hard work ought to assume to decline the consequence of ASB and antibiotics resistance.
Effects of Gastrodin on Analgesia and Inhibition of Ferroptosis
Authors: Wang JinYue , He Zhixian , Liu Xin , Wang Xing
Published: June 2021

Background: Gastrodin possesses low toxicity and a broad range of pharmacological activities and exhibits beneficial effects in neurological diseases. This study investigated the effects of gastrodin (GAS) on analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic and inhibition of ferroptosis. Materials and Methods: The chronic inflammatory pain model of C57BL/6J mice was established by hindpaw injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). After GAS treatment, Thermal hyperalgesia test, Mechanical allodynia test, Elevated plus-maze (EPMT) and Open-field test (OFT) were performed to assess the behavioral changes of pain and anxiety. mRNAs of FTHI, GPX4, HO-1 and PTGS2 were measured by RT-qPCR. Results: In CFA-injected C57BL/6 mice, we found that the mechanical and thermal pain threshold was increased with treatment of GAS. In EPMT, the number of entries in open arms and retention times of open arms were increased by GAS. In the OFT, the time spent in the central area was also increased. Furthermore, GAS enhanced mRNA expressions of FTHI, GPX4 and H0-1, as well as decreased the expression of PTGS2 in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: GAS is effective in the treatment of mice chronic inflammatory pain and anxiety-like behaviors. It maybe exhibit potential neuroprotective effects through inhibition of ferroptosis.
Concomitant of Proton Pump Inhibitors is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ：An Up-to-date Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Mao Haiyan , Tong Jiandong , Yan Xuebing , Liu Chaoxing , Yang Mengxue , Guo Huaijuan
Published: June 2021

Background: The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly changed the treatment outcome of advanced malignant tumors. The basic medication for patients with advanced solid tumors may affect the efficacy of immunotherapy. The use of proton pump inhibitors may change the acidic environment and inhibit intestinal flora, thereby affecting the efficacy of immunotherapy. To clarify the correlation between PPI administration and the prognosis of solid cancer patients treated with ICI, we conducted a meta-analysis.Method: Before February 12th, 2021, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and EMBASE databases were used to search for eligible documents. The association of PPI administration with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined.Results: This study included 10 studies, a total of 4072 patients with solid cancer who received ICI treatment. Overall, the PPI administered with OS (HR=1.31 (1.11-1.52), P = 0.001) deteriorate significantly associated. In the subgroup analysis based on cancer type, PPI administration was associated with worsening of PFS in NSCLC, and better results of PFS in melanoma patients. In addition, between 30 days before the occurrence of ICI and 30 days after the occurrence of ICI, PPI administration may reduce the efficacy of ICI. Conclusion: Patients with solid cancer receiving ICI should use PPI with caution. However, only poor statistical results are observed on the OS, and further verification is still essential. This study was registered in PROSPERO with registration number CRD42021243707.
Cis-clustering of cadherin-23 controls the kinetics of cell-cell adhesion
Authors: Rakshit Sabyasachi , Srini Cheerneni , Singaraju Gayathri , Arora Nisha , Das Sayan , Sagar Amin , Kumar Anuj
Published: June 2021

Cis and trans-interactions in cadherins are the foundations of cellular adhesions in multicellular organisms. While the trans-interactions mediate the intercellular attachment, the cis-interaction is presumed as reinforcement to trans. Thus, trans precedes cis has been the well-accepted model in cadherin adhesion. The stronger affinity of trans-binding over cis has been the decisive influence in the trans first model. Here we show that cadherin-23, a non-classical cadherin with an extended extracellular region, can undergo cis-clustering in solution independent of trans and phase separate as liquid droplets. Using single-molecule measurements, we decipher that weaker cis-interactions favor the cis-clustering. In-cellulo, the cis-clustering is manifested as puncta, a common feature in non-classical cadherin junctions, and accelerates the cell adhesion. The cis-clustering thus kinetically controls cell-adhesion before trans-binding. Notably, M2-macrophages predominantly express cadherin-23 and rapidly attach to circulatory tumor cells during metastatic migration. However, the relation of cis-clustering with rapid cell-cell adhesion in physiology is not yet established