bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kant on Human Rights, Peace and Progress: a debate with Luigi Caranti
Authors: Klein Joel Thiago
Published: July 2019

Discusión crítica del libro de Luigi Caranti, Kant´s political legacy: human rights, peace, progress. (2017)
Elastic force in Kant’s early works
Authors: Howard Stephen
Published: July 2019

This paper argues that the notion of elastic force is an important and overlooked thread running through a number of Kant’s writings from 1754 to 1764. After presenting the historical context, I argue that the key aspects of Kant’s early understanding of physical elasticity can be found in On Fire (1755), and show how Kant attempts to explain a wide range of phenomena through elasticity. On my account, one aim of his account of physical monads is provide metaphysical grounds for elastic phenomena. Finally, I examine Kant’s hints that minds can be understood through an analogy with elastic physical phenomena.
Gustavo Leyva, Álvaro Peláez y Pedro Stepanenko (comp.): Los Rostros de la Razón: Immanuel Kant desde Hispanoamérica, México, Ed. UAM-Cuajimalpa/Anthropos, 2018
Authors: Iracheta Fernández Francisco Javier
Published: July 2019

Los rostros de la razón: Immanuel Kant desde Hispanoamérica. 3 Volúmenes. Editado por Gustavo Leyva, Álvaro Peláez y Pedro Stepanenko. México, Ed. UAM-Cuajimalpa/Anthropos, 2018, 727 pp.
Soil carbon mineralization in response to nitrogen enrichment in surface and subsurface layers in two land use types
Authors: Perveen Nazia , Ayub Mariam , Shahzad Tanvir , Siddiq Muhammad Rashid , Memon Muhammad Sohail , Barot Sébastien , Saeed Hamid , Xu Ming
Published: July 2019

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition increases N availability in soils, with consequences affecting the decomposition of soil carbon (C). The impacts of increasing N availability on surface soil C dynamics are well studied. However, subsurface soils have been paid less attention although more than 50% soil C stock is present below this depth (below 20 cm). This study was designed to investigate the response of surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm and 40–60 cm) C dynamics to 0 (0 kg N ha−1), low (70 kg N ha−1) and high (120 kg N ha−1) levels of N enrichment. The soils were sampled from a cropland and a grass lawn and incubated at 25 °C and 60% water holding capacity for 45 days. Results showed that N enrichment significantly decreased soil C mineralization (Rs) in all the three soil layers in the two studied sites (p < 0.05). The mineralization per unit soil organic carbon (SOC) increased with profile depth in both soils, indicating the higher decomposability of soil C down the soil profile. Moreover, high N level exhibited stronger suppression effect on Rs than low N level. Rs was significantly and positively correlated with microbial biomass carbon explaining 80% of variation in Rs. Overall; these results suggest that N enrichment may increase C sequestration both in surface and subsurface layers, by reducing C loss through mineralization.
A proposed update for the classification and description of bacterial lipolytic enzymes
Authors: Hitch Thomas C.A. , Clavel Thomas
Published: July 2019

Bacterial lipolytic enzymes represent an important class of proteins: they provide their host species with access to additional resources and have multiple applications within the biotechnology sector. Since the formalisation of lipolytic enzymes into families and subfamilies, advances in molecular biology have led to the discovery of lipolytic enzymes unable to be classified via the existing system. Utilising sequence-based comparison methods, we have integrated these novel families within the classification system so that it now consists of 35 families and 11 true lipase subfamilies. Representative sequences for each family and subfamily have been defined as well as methodology for accurate comparison of novel sequences against the reference proteins, facilitating the future assignment of novel proteins. Both the code and protein sequences required for integration of additional families are available at: https://github.com/thh32/Lipase_reclassification.
System Dynamic Simulation of Salacca-Pondoh’s Business as Usual Condition in Sleman District, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia
Authors: Bimantio Mohammad Prasanto
Published: July 2019

Production of horticultural crops in Sleman District is dominated by salacca-pondoh with total production in 2016 reaching 73 kton, cover up to 98% of total salacca-pondoh’s production in Yogyakarta Province. But salacca-pondoh’s farmers actually got very low-price during harvest season and they only act as a price taker that had low bargaining position, so that their welfare. This research formulated salacca-pondoh’s business as usual condition in Sleman District in form of system dynamic simulation. The factors influenced the low income of farmers during harvest season were identified. Result showed there are several seasonal “pitfalls” points in the farmer’s income which made it dropped far below the average value. It has potential to make the farmers not to replant salacca-pondoh then switch to other fruits that are more profitable. Product diversification either vertically or horizontally by allocating some of the fruit and waste to be convert into derivative products can be a step to increase the income of salacca-pondoh’s farmers and intensify the economic activity in Sleman District.
Estimating kinetic constants in the Michaelis–Menten model from one enzymatic assay using Approximate Bayesian Computation
Authors: Tomczak Jakub M. , Węglarz‐Tomczak Ewelina
Published: July 2019

The Michaelis–Menten equation is one of the most extensively used models in biochemistry for studying enzyme kinetics. However, this model requires at least a couple (e.g., eight or more) of measurements at different substrate concentrations to determine kinetic parameters. Here, we report the discovery of a novel tool for calculating kinetic constants in the Michaelis–Menten equation from only a single enzymatic assay. As a consequence, our method leads to reduced costs and time, primarily by lowering the amount of enzymes, since their isolation, storage and usage can be challenging when conducting research.
Associations Between Vitamins C and D Intake and Cartilage Composition and Knee Joint Morphology Over 4 Years: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Joseph Gabby B. , McCulloch Charles E. , Nevitt Michael C. , Neumann Jan , Lynch John A. , Lane Nancy E. , Link Thomas M.
Published: July 2019

Objective

To determine the cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of vitamin C and D intake with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of cartilage composition (T2) and joint structure (cartilage, meniscus, and bone marrow) using data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) cohort.

Methods

A total of 1,785 subjects with radiographic Kellgren/Lawrence knee grades 0–3 in the right knee were selected from the OAI database. Vitamins C and vitamin D intake (diet, supplements, and total) were assessed using the Block Brief 2000 Food Frequency Questionnaire at baseline. The MRI analysis protocol included 3T cartilage T2 quantification and semiquantitative joint morphology gradings (Whole‐Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score [WORMS]) at baseline and 4 years. Linear regression was used to assess the association between standardized baseline vitamin intake and both baseline WORMS scores and standardized cartilage T2 values.

Results

Higher vitamin C intake was associated with lower average cartilage T2 values, medial tibia T2 values, and medial tibia WORMS scores (standardized coefficient range –0.07 to –0.05, P < 0.05). Higher vitamin D intake was associated with a lower cartilage WORMS sum score and medial femur WORMS score (standardized coefficient range –0.24 to –0.09, P < 0.05). Consistent use of vitamin D supplements of 400 IU at least once a week over 4 years was associated with significantly less worsening of cartilage, meniscus, and bone marrow abnormalities (odds ratio range 0.40–0.56, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Supplementation with vitamin D over 4 years was associated with significantly less progression of knee joint abnormalities. Given the observational nature of this study, future longitudinal randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation are warranted.
Well Controlled 3D Iridium Oxide/Platinum Nanocomposites with Greatly Enhanced Electrochemical Performances
Authors: Zeng Qi , Xia Kai , Zhang Yi , Wu Tianzhun
Published: July 2019

It is crucial to improve charge storage capacity (CSC) and charge transport efficiency with low impedance for electrochemical capacitors. Here, a well‐controlled three‐dimensional (3D) nanocrystal platinum (Pt) is electrodeposited as the intermediate layer on microelectrode (200 µm in diameter) to provide extensive large surface area, followed by introducing iridium oxide (IrOx) nanoparticles with excellent adhesion on the rough layer to fabricate high‐performance IrOx/Pt composite coatings. The uniform flower‐shaped coating presents a significantly low impedance ≈2.01 kΩ at 1 kHz (reduction of 94.52%). It has a cathodic CSC (CSCc) up to ≈200.64 mC cm−2, about 2, 17.51, and 56.18 times higher than that of nanocrystal Pt, IrOx, and flat Pt respectively. Robust chronic stability is observed with CSCc at ≈171.97 mC cm−2 after electrical stimulation for 12 d (>1 × 108 cycles). It also demonstrates record‐high charge injection capacity ≈6.37 mC cm−2 with excellent biocompatibility. Such coating is widely applicable for batch production on multichannel microelectrode arrays or substrates with different sizes. Moreover, it promotes excellent sensitivity to glucose detection up to ≈130 µA cm−2 mm−1, with a linear range of 1–30 × 10−3 m and a detection limit of 1.08 × 10−6 m. The promising coating will pave a new way for various electrochemical applications.
The formation of a metallosupramolecular porous helicate through salicylaldehydethiosemicarbazone: Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxic activity, DNA binding and DFT calculations
Authors: Avcu Altiparmak Elif , Ozen Eroglu Guneş , Ozcelik Elif , Özdemir Namık , Erdem Kuruca Serap , Arsu Nergis , Ülküseven Bahri , Bal‐Demirci Tulay
Published: July 2019

The reaction of salicylaldehyde‐S‐methylisothiosemicarbazone in the presence of ethylenediamine base and iron (III)chloride generated unforeseen homotopic dinuclear triple‐stranded iron (III)helicate. The synthesized helicate was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, magnetic moment measurement, and evaluated cytotoxic activities against K562, HL‐60 and THP‐1 leukemia cells. In addition, solid‐state structure has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction technique. In the complex, three dinucleating O, N, N, O donor ligands provide three diazine (═N─N═) bridges between the metal ions and facial O3N3 coordination spheres around them. The ligands are folded about the N─N single bond and coordinated to the two metal ions in a helical fashion to form the triple helical structure. In the crystal lattice, chains of centrosymmetric
rings, which are connected to one another via π─π stacking interactions, are generated by C─H···O intermolecular interactions. The results are also confirmed by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results obtained from the cytotoxicity test showed to be effective in low concentrations on the leukemia cells. An intercalative binding mode of helicate‐DNA complex was confirmed with the high intrinsic binding constant (Kb = 8×106 M−1) and competitive displacement assay of Ethidium bromide with high Ksv value.
Formation of Ziegler‐type catalytic systems on the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes for the production of composite materials by in situ polymerization
Authors: Zdanovich Aleksandr A. , Semikolenova Nina V. , Kuznetsov Vladimir L. , Matsko Mikhail A. , Moseenkov Sergey I. , Zakharov Vladimir A.
Published: July 2019

The peculiarity of formation of Ziegler‐type catalytic systems prepared using organoaluminum (AlR3) and organomagnesium (MgR2) on the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was revealed. We have found first AlR3 and MgR2 interact with different sites on MWCNT surface. It was demonstrated by IR spectroscopy that organoaluminum compounds were immobilized on the hydroxyl‐containing groups on MWCNT surface. Organomagnesium compounds were immobilized on the topological structural defects of MWCNTs; hydroxyl‐containing groups were not required for their immobilization. Further interaction between TiCl4 and organomagnesium compound immobilized on the MWCNT surface yielded a catalyst containing titanium and magnesium chlorides (an analogue of the known titanium–magnesium catalysts), which exhibits an enhanced activity in ethylene polymerization. The effect of polymerization conditions on molecular weight characteristics of polyethylene in the MWCNT/PE composite material produced by in situ polymerization over the catalyst immobilized on the MWCNT surface was studied. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48212.
TFAA‐Catalyzed Annulation Synthesis of Spiro Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxaline Derivatives from 1‐(2‐Aminophenyl)pyrroles and Benzoquinones/Ketones
Authors: Ni Jixiang , Jiang Yong , Qi Zhenjie , Yan Rulong
Published: July 2019

A metal‐free trifluorosulfonate anhydride (TFAA)‐catalyzed strategy for the synthesis of spiro pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines from 1‐(2‐aminophenyl)pyrroles and benzoquinones/ketones has been developed. With this general method, spiro pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines have been accessed via nucleophilic addition and cyclization. This reaction exhibits good functional group tolerance, and a wide range of products are obtained in moderate to good yields.
Defective NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles for Efficient Urea Electro‐oxidation
Authors: Wu Fengchi , Ou Gang , Wang Ye , Zhong Haizhe , Zhang Lifu , Li Henan , Shi Yumeng
Published: July 2019

Urea is an important organic pollutants in sewage and needs to be removed for environmental protection. Here, we report defective NiFe2O4 (NFO) nanoparticles with excellent performance for urea electro‐oxidation. The results show that defects can be effectively implanted at the surface of NFO nanoparticles by a facile and versatile lithium reduction method without affecting its main crystal structure and grain size. The defective NFO‐5Li nanoparticles displayed a significantly improved urea electro‐oxidation performance compared with NFO‐Pristine nanoparticles. Particularly, the NFO‐Pristine and NFO‐5Li show a potential of 1.398 and 1.361 V at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 37.3 and 31.4 mV dec−1, respectively. In addition, the NFO‐5Li nanoparticles also revealed outstanding electrocatalytic stability. The superior performance can be attributed to the designed tunable surface defect engineering. Furthermore, the defect engineering strategy as well as the defective NFO nanoparticles hold great potential for applications in other materials and areas.
Lösungsansätze für den Neubau der höchsten Sparschleuse der Welt
Authors: Lutz Matthias , Henze Lukas , Stephan Christoph , Korytko Florian
Published: July 2019

Aufgrund der gestiegenen Anforderungen aus der Schifffahrt sowie des absehbaren Endes der Nutzungsdauer des Schiffshebewerks in Scharnebeck ist der vorgezogene Ersatzneubau einer Schleuse am Elbe‐Seitenkanal zur Engpassbeseitigung beabsichtigt. Die Schleuse soll mit einer nutzbaren Kammerlänge von 225 m auch für längere Schiffstypen und Verbände passierbar sein. Die enorme Hubhöhe von 38 m des nahezu freistehenden Bauwerks und die damit einhergehenden erheblichen Wasserdrücke sind mit herkömmlichen U‐förmigen Tragsystemen nicht mehr beherrschbar und erfordern aus statischer und hydraulischer Sicht neue technische Lösungsansätze, die derzeit in Zusammenarbeit von der Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau (BAW) mit dem Neubauamt Hannover (NBA Hannover) erarbeitet werden.
Enhancement of bioconversion gangliosides to monosialotetrahexosylganglioside by in situ sialic acid removal and recovery
Authors: Song Yansong , Wang Xuedong , Zhang Jianguo
Published: July 2019

Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) production via bioconversion from gangliosides is promising for industrial application because it has the advantages of a high GM1 yield and an environmentally friendly process. Sialidase hydrolyzes gangliosides to GM1 producing sialic acid as a by‐product, which inhibits the sialidase activity, while the incomplete conversion of gangliosides was indicated by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) in the presence of sialic acid. The sialic acid showed competitive inhibition on the sialidase activity with an inhibition constant of 0.75 mmol/L. By harnessing the in situ product removal (ISPR) technique, 50 g/L of crude gangliosides was completely converted to GM1 after a 12 h conversion. The GM1 concentration increased from 0.42 to 10.88 g/L in the ISPR system, which was 59.1 % higher than that of the control (6.84 g/L GM1). In addition, sialic acid was recovered simultaneously with a yield of 74.7 %. In summary, the ISPR system improved the bioconversion from gangliosides to GM1 and recovered sialic acid within a one‐step bioprocess.
Magnetic Nanoplatelets for High Contrast Cardiovascular Imaging by Magnetically Modulated Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Hu Jie , Gorsak Tanja , Martín Rodríguez Emma , Calle Daniel , Muñoz‐Ortiz Tamara , Jaque Daniel , Fernández Nuria , Cussó Lorena , Rivero Fernando , Aguilar Torres Río , García Solé José , Mertelj Alenka , Makovec Darko , Desco Manuel , Lisjak Darja , Alfonso Fernando , Sanz‐Rodríguez Francisco , Ortgies Dirk H.
Published: July 2019

The front cover artwork is provided by Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain, the Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia, and the university hospitals Gregorio Marañon and La Princesa in Madrid, Spain. The image shows an occlusion in an artery which is marked by bimodal nanoparticles and detected by optical coherence tomography, while being exposed to a magnetic field, thereby improving the signal. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cptc.201900071.
Regioselective Ring‐Opening of Glycidol to Monoalkyl Glyceryl Ethers Promoted by an [OSSO]‐FeIII Triflate Complex
Authors: Monica Francesco Della , Ricciardi Maria , Proto Antonio , Cucciniello Raffaele , Capacchione Carmine
Published: July 2019

A FeIII‐triflate complex, bearing a bis‐thioether‐di‐phenolate [OSSO]‐type ligand, was discovered to promote the ring‐opening of glycidol with alcohols under mild reaction conditions (0.05 mol % catalyst and 80 °C). The reaction proceeded with high activity (initial turnover frequency of 1680 h−1 for EtOH) and selectivity (>95 %) toward the formation of twelve monoalkyl glyceryl ethers (MAGEs) in a regioselective fashion (84–96 % yield of the non‐symmetric regioisomer). This synthetic approach allows the conversion of a glycerol‐derived platform molecule (i.e., glycidol) to high‐value‐added products by using an Earth‐crust abundant metal‐based catalyst.
VS4‐Decorated Carbon Nanotubes for Lithium Storage with Pseudocapacitance Contribution
Authors: Wang Sen , Ma Wenjun , Zang Xinyue , Ma Linzheng , Tang Lin , Guo Jinxue , Liu Qingyun , Zhang Xiao
Published: July 2019

The application of metal oxides and sulfides for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is hindered by the limited Li+ diffusion kinetics and inevitable structural damage. Pseudocapacitance for electrochemical lithium storage provides an effective and competitive solution for developing electrode materials with large capacity, high rate capability, and stability. Herein, a composite composed of VS4 nanoplates tightly bound to carbon nanotubes (VS4/CNTs) is developed to demonstrate pseudocapacitance‐assisted lithium storage. The texture of the assembled VS4 nanoplates supplies efficient electrolyte/ion diffusion, as well as exposed surface for pseudocapacitive behavior. The effective coupling between VS4 and CNTs ensures fast electron transfer and high stability. The VS4/CNTs anode exhibits high capacity of 1144 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, superior cycling stability (capacity retention of 100 % at 1 A g−1 after 400 cycles), and good rate capability. The pseudocapacitive behavior plays an important role in determining the excellent electrochemical properties, contributing to the increased charge rate and reaching as high as 42 % of the total charge at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1. This study demonstrates the potential application of metal sulfides with pseudocapacitive contribution in LIBs.
Single‐Cell Detection and Photostimulation on a Microfluidic Chip Aided with Gold Nanorods
Authors: Zhu Yujie , Xu Hui , Wei Xunbin , He Hao
Published: July 2019

Gold nanorods (GNRs) can be easily designed and synthesized to respond to photons in the near infrared (NIR) band. The photostimulation by laser irradiation can be mediated and enhanced by GNRs to introduce localized damage to cells for photodynamic/photothermal therapy (PDT or PTT). In this study, we show that cells stained with GNRs can be detected and stimulated simultaneously by short flashes of femtosecond‐laser irradiation on a microfluidic system effectively. In the relatively high‐throughput cell flow, the two‐photon luminescence from GNRs can be excited and detected. The GNRs also mediate and enhance the transient photostimulation of the cells. After photostimulation, cells can remain alive, go to apoptosis, or necrosis, respectively. The stimulation effect is strongly dependent on the photon density and stimulation duration. We found the cells remain alive, go to apoptosis or necrosis, dependent on the GNR staining, the laser illumination pattern and duration. Hence, our system provides a simple and effective method for high‐throughput cell stimulation and analysis on chip. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Mucilage‐bound sand reduces seed predation by ants but not by reducing apparency: a field test of 53 plant species
Authors: LoPresti E. F. , Pan V. , Goidell J. , Weber M. G. , Karban R.
Published: July 2019

Seed mucilage, a coating on seeds or fruit that becomes slimy and sticky when wet, has evolved convergently many times across plants. One common consequence of having seed mucilage is that sand and dirt particles stick to wet seeds and remain tightly bound to the seed surface after the mucilage dries. Here, we test the hypothesis that a mucilage‐bound sand coating protects the seed from seed predators; either as a physical barrier or by reducing apparency of the seed (i.e., camouflage). We experimentally manipulated the sand coating on seeds of 53 plant species of 13 families and assayed the defensive benefit of the sand coating in feeding “depots” near harvester ant nests in California's Central Valley. Consistent with a defensive function, sand coating reduced ant predation on seeds in 48 of the 53 species examined. To test whether this striking benefit was due to reduced apparency, we conducted an addition experiment using flax seeds in which we factorially manipulated the color of both the background substrate and the sand coating, creating visually apparent and unapparent seeds. Our results did not support the reduced apparency hypothesis; seeds coated in background‐matched sand were removed at the same rate as seeds coated in unmatched sand. The defensive benefit of a sand coating was not well‐predicted by seed mass, entrapped sand mass, or sand mass scaled by seed mass. Together, our results demonstrate that seed mucilage is a phylogenetically widespread and effective seed defensive trait and point to the physical barrier, not reduced apparency, as a mechanism.
The Changes of the Volatile Compounds Derived from Lipid Oxidation of Boneless Dry‐Cured Hams During Processing
Authors: Zhang Jian , Pan Daodong , Zhou Guanghong , Wang Ying , Dang Yali , He Jun , Li Gang , Cao Jinxuan
Published: July 2019

The generation of aroma during processing of boneless dry‐cured hams is investigated by evaluating neutral and acid lipases, phospholipase, lipoxygenase (LOX), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values, fatty acid composition, and volatile substances derived from lipid oxidation (VCDFLO). It is found that moisture content, acid lipase, and phospholipase decreases in the whole processing, but sodium chloride content and TBARS increase. Neutral lipase, LOX, and total fatty acids increase from raw ham to the end of resting and decrease subsequently. 15 VCDFLO containing six ketones, three aldehydes, three hydrocarbons, one alcohol, one carboxylic acid, and one furan are identified. The total peak area of VCDFLO increases during the entire processing and indicates 39.76–40.75% of total volatile compounds. Hexanal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, octanal, and nonanal are the major characteristic volatiles of boneless dry‐cured hams. Therefore, VCDFLO formation is associated with lipid‐related enzymes and helpful for the aroma.

Practical Applications: The pork that has high intramuscular fat content is usually selected to produce boneless dry‐cured hams, because intramuscular phospholipids, and triglycerides are important precursors to produce aroma compounds. Exploring the formation mechanism of flavor associated with lipid oxidation will be beneficial for improving the quality of hams. Therefore, this study demonstrates the relationship between lipolysis‐oxidation and the generation of flavor compounds during the processing of boneless dry‐cured hams.

This study demonstrates that thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values can reveal the changed trend of volatile compounds derived from lipid oxidation (VCDFLO) very well, and that lipid‐related enzymes plays an important role in the development of VCDFLO.
Pomegranate peel extract alters the microbiome in mice and dysbiosis caused by Citrobacter rodentium infection
Authors: George Nadja S. , Cheung Lumei , Luthria Devanand L. , Santin Monica , Dawson Harry D. , Bhagwat Arvind A. , Smith Allen D.
Published: July 2019

Treatment of mice with a pomegranate peel extract (PPX) decreased the pathogenicity of Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) infections. Here, we investigate the effects of PPX on the microbiome of uninfected or Cr‐infected C3H/HeNCr mice by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Mice were treated with water or PPX for 14 days, feces were collected, and then, the mice were infected with Cr and feces collected again at day 6 postinfection. DNA was isolated from the fecal samples and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the microbial composition. Differences in the composition of the microbiome were observed for untreated and PPX‐treated mice with PPX mice having decreased diversity. PPX treatment decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio by increasing Bacteroidetes and decreasing Firmicutes levels. The decrease in Firmicutes was driven by a large reduction in Lactobacillus. PPX treatment increased the abundance of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobiae and decreased Actinobacteria. The relative abundance of Cr reached 22% in water‐treated but only 5% in PPX‐treated infected mice. These results suggest that consumption of pomegranate polyphenols altered the microbiome, making it more resistant to displacement by infection with Cr, indicating that pomegranate polyphenols may mitigate the pathogenic effects of food‐borne bacterial pathogens.
Experimental Analysis for Thermal Performance of Heat Distribution System in hot BoP of 2 kW‐class SOFC
Authors: Kim Y. B. , Kim E. , Yoon J. , Song H. W.
Published: July 2019

This study designed and tested the components of hot balance of plant (BoP) included in a 2 kW‐class solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system and evaluated their thermal performance. A Pd/Pt catalytic combustor was fabricated as a component of hot BoP, and integrated hot BoP with an efficient structure was fabricated by calculating the heat transfer rates of the air preheater and steam generator through a theoretical design method. It was found that placement of the air preheater in front of the steam generator exhibited the most excellent heat transfer rate. Moreover, the heat transfer rates of the designed air preheater and steam generator exceeded the upper limit of the maximum possible heat transfer of the preheated air and the water. In experimental results, the thermal efficiency of the integrated system was 60% at the reference heat input and 70% at low heat input. The oxidizing flame of the catalyst was visualized, and the oxidation characteristics of the catalytic combustor were analyzed by measuring the concentration of the final discharged gas, that is, carbon monoxide (CO). This study helps to fabricate the integrated hot BoP system, as it provides design techniques and efficient system configuration.
Homologs of aquifex aeolicus protein‐only RNase P are not the major RNase P activities in the archaea haloferax volcanii and methanosarcina mazei
Authors: Schwarz Thandi S. , Wäber Nadine B. , Feyh Rebecca , Weidenbach Katrin , Schmitz Ruth A. , Marchfelder Anita , Hartmann Roland K.
Published: July 2019

The mature 5′‐ends of tRNAs are generated by RNase P in all domains of life. The ancient form of the enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein consisting of a catalytic RNA and one or more protein subunits. However, in the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus and close relatives, RNase P is a protein‐only enzyme consisting of a single type of polypeptide (Aq_880, ~23 kDa). In many archaea, homologs of Aq_880 were identified (termed HARPs for Homologs of Aquifex RNase P) in addition to the RNA‐based RNase P, raising the question about the functions of HARP and the classical RNase P in these archaea. Here we investigated HARPs from two euryarchaeotes, Haloferax volcanii and Methanosarcina mazei. Archaeal strains with HARP gene knockouts showed no growth phenotypes under standard conditions, temperature and salt stress (H. volcanii) or nitrogen deficiency (M. mazei). Recombinant H. volcanii and M. mazei HARPs were basically able to catalyse specific tRNA 5′‐end maturation in vitro. Furthermore, M. mazei HARP was able to rescue growth of an Escherichia coli RNase P depletion strain with comparable efficiency as Aq_880, while H. volcanii HARP was unable to do so. In conclusion, both archaeal HARPs showed the capacity (in at least one functional assay) to act as RNases P. However, the ease to obtain knockouts of the singular HARP genes and the lack of growth phenotypes upon HARP gene deletion contrasts with the findings that the canonical RNase P RNA gene cannot be deleted in H. volcanii, and a knockdown of RNase P RNA in H. volcanii results in severe tRNA processing defects. We conclude that archaeal HARPs do not make a major contribution to global tRNA 5′‐end maturation in archaea, but may well exert a specialised, yet unknown function in (t)RNA metabolism. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 2019 © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(8):1109–1116, 2019
Measuring life cycles using binomial option pricing: The pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Beneda Nancy
Published: July 2019

This study examines the N computed using an American Binomial Option Pricing Model to address issues in evaluating firms which may be difficult to value such as new pharmaceutical firms. New pharmaceutical products can take up to 12 years to bring a new product to market. This study uses a sample of 15 pharmaceutical initial public offerings (IPOs) brought to market in 2,000. The current study uses a firm's excess market value as a measure of valuable growth opportunities. The study attempts to estimate how much remaining investment in research and development (R&D) is required for potential market success. The study solves for N in an American Binomial Option Pricing Model. The resulting N represents a number which when multiplied by R&D, results in an implied estimated amount of remaining investment in R&D, which the stock market has priced into the value of growth opportunities. The option valuation model uses the firm's excess market value as a call option on the firm's market value, and R&D times N, as the strike price. N is computed for each firm and year observation. The results of the current study suggest that the N, computed in the option‐pricing model, is negatively and highly associated with a firm's future performance and future productivity of investment in R&D.
Identification of flavonoids and chlorogenic acids in elm fruits from the genus Ulmus and their antioxidant activity
Authors: Gu Zhao‐Yu , Feng Cheng‐Yong , Li Shan‐Shan , Yin Dan‐Dan , Wu Qian , Zhang Ling , Wang Liang‐Sheng
Published: July 2019

Elm fruits were once an important food source in the years of famine. Research on the functional compounds in elm fruits was almost unavailable. In this study, we established an efficient high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous separation of eight chlorogenic acids and 28 flavonoids in elm fruits for the first time. Total flavonoid contents ranged from 286 mg/100 g (Ulmus laciniata) to 1228 mg/100 g (U. pumila). High concentrations of rutin, quercetin 3‐O‐glucoside, and kaempferol derivatives were present in U. laevis, U. castaneifolia, and U. pumila, respectively. Furthermore, the fruit extracts of U. americana, U. castaneifolia, U. davidiana, and U. pumila showed higher antioxidant activity. These results suggest that fruits of these species can be used as bioresources for the extraction of the corresponding functional compounds. This work provides informative data and can be an important reference for future research on elm fruits as a renewed food resource.
Ultrasound Measurements of Frontal Horns and the Cavum Septi Pellucidi in Healthy Fetuses in the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy
Authors: Ho Yoona , Herrero Tiffany , Aguinaldo Jennifer , Hahn Michael E. , Klisser Kristin , Ghassemi Neda , Alagh Amy , Hamlin Alyssa , Pretorius Miles , Horton Katelyn , Hull Andrew , Pretorius Dolores H.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To assess the visualization rate and size of the frontal horns (FHs) and cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) in healthy fetuses throughout pregnancy.

Methods

After Institutional Review Board approval, 522 consecutive uncomplicated singleton pregnancies between 15 and 39 gestational weeks were enrolled in the study. Ultrasound measurements of the anterior horn width (AHW), center from the horn distance (CFHD), distance from the FHs to the CSP, and CSP width were retrospectively performed using axial transventricular or transcerebellar planes. Available maternal body mass indices were recorded.

Results

At least 1 FH was seen in 78% of the cases. The mean AHW decreased over the second trimester and plateaued in the third trimester. The CFHD plateaued in the second trimester and increased in the third trimester. Downside FHs were generally larger than upside FHs. More FHs were measured in transventricular (69%) than transcerebellar (31%) planes. Frontal horns were seen with high, low, and no confidence in 57%, 21%, and 22% of cases, respectively. No‐confidence rates were 17% in the second trimester and 42% in the third trimester. The CSP was not visualized in 4% of cases; 15 of 19 cases of a nonvisualized CSP were scanned between 18 and 37 weeks. Mean body mass indices ± SDs were 27.6 ± 6.7 kg/m2 for the patients in cases of a visualized CSP and 32.4 ± 9.1 kg/m2 for the patients in cases of a nonvisualized CSP.

Conclusions

Normative data for the fetal FH and CSP width were established. Frontal horns are more frequently seen on transventricular views and are difficult to confidently assess in the late third trimester. This study challenges previously reported data that the CSP is seen in 100% of cases from 18 to 37 weeks.
Predictive Value of Midtrimester Universal Cervical Length Screening Based on Parity
Authors: Rosenbloom Joshua I. , Raghuraman Nandini , Temming Lorene A. , Stout Molly J. , Tuuli Methodius G. , Dicke Jeffery M. , Macones George A. , Cahill Alison G.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of parity on performance characteristics of midtrimester cervical length (CL) in predicting spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) before 37 weeks.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of 13,508 women with no history of sPTB undergoing universal transvaginal CL screening at 17 to 23 weeks’ gestation from 2011 to 2016. Patients who declined screening or with unknown delivery outcomes were excluded. Areas under the receiver operator characteristic curves were used to assess and compare the predictive ability of CL screening for sPTB. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were estimated for specific CL cutoffs for prediction of sPTB.

Results

There were 20,100 patients, of whom 2087 (10%) declined screening and 4505 (22%) did not meet inclusion criteria. Of the remaining 13,508 patients, 43% were nulliparous. The incidence rates of sPTB were 6.5% in nulliparas and 4.9% in multiparas (P < .001). The mean CLs were 39.9 mm in nulliparas and 41.8 mm in multiparas (P < .001), and those of the first percentiles were 19.0 mm in nulliparas and 24.0 mm in multiparas. Cervical length was significantly more predictive of sPTB in nulliparas (area under the curve, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.70; versus 0.61, 95% confidence interval, 0.57–0.63; P = .008). At CL cutoffs of 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm or less, the sensitivity was lower in multiparas, and the specificity was comparable between the groups.

Conclusions

Midtrimester CL is less predictive of sPTB in multiparas compared to nulliparas. The poor predictive ability, especially in multiparas, calls into question the value of universal CL screening in this population.
Nonlinear Optical Signatures of the Transition from Semiconductor to Semimetal in PtSe2
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Saifeng , McEvoy Niall , Sun Yi‐yang , Huang Jiawei , Xie Yafeng , Dong Ningning , Zhang Xiaoyan , Kislyakov Ivan M. , Nunzi Jean‐Michel , Zhang Long , Wang Jun
Published: July 2019

The demand for an ultrabroad optical material with a bandgap tunable from zero to at least 1–2 eV has been one of the driving forces for exploring new 2D materials since the emergence of graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorus. As an ultra‐broadband 2D material with energy bandgap ranging from 0 to 1.2 eV, PtSe2 shows much better air stability than its analogue, black phosphorous. In this work, the superior nonlinear optical performance and ultrafast dynamics of layered PtSe2, and signatures of the transition from semiconductor to semimetal are systematically studied. Combining with rate equations, first‐principles calculation, and electrical measurements, a comprehensive understanding about the evolution of nonlinear absorption and carrier dynamics with increasing layer thickness is provided, indicating its promising potential in nanophotonic devices such as infrared detectors, optical switches, and saturable absorbers.
Copper‐catalyzed C‐H Bis‐nitration of 1‐Naphthylamide Derivatives with tert‐Butyl Nitrite as Nitro Source
Authors: Li Jizhen , Qin Zengxin , Zhang Changjing , Zhang Yingchao , Wen Chunxia
Published: July 2019

A simple and atom‐economical protocol for bis‐nitration of 1‐naphthylamides was firstly discovered with tert‐butyl nitrite (TBN) as nitro source and catalyzed by Cu(OAc)2. Assisted by picolinamide direction, the C2,4‐H bis‐nitration could be achieved with excess amount of TBN at 50°C in HOAc. A radical pathway and single electron transfer process might be involved in the bis‐nitration process.
Shaeer’s Anti-Scarring Technique: A Preventive Measure Against Corporal Fibrosis Upon Explantation of Infected Penile Implants
Authors: Shaeer Osama , Abdel Rahman Islam Fathy Soliman , Shaeer Kamal
Published: July 2019

Introduction

In cases of explantation and delayed reimplantation of an infected penile prosthesis, the scarring that afflicts the corporal bodies renders reimplantation difficult and risky, with potential loss in penile size.

Aim

Mitomycin C is an antitumor, antibiotic agent with a potent antifibrotic action that can be used to limit corporal scarring following explantation with the aim of achieving easy and safe subsequent reimplantation, in addition to preserving penile size.

Methods

This was a prospective study involving 5 patients with infected penile prostheses who were referred to our tertiary implantation center. The infected prostheses were explanted, followed by corporal washout with antiseptics and antibiotics. Patients were rescrubbed and redraped. Mitomycin C, 10 mg in 250 cc saline, was instilled into the corpora cavernosa (125 cc each), avoiding extracavernous spilling and contact with corporotomy and skin edges. Corporotomy and skin edges were freshened and closed. Reimplantation was performed 10 to 12 weeks later.

Main Outcome Measure

We evaluated the ease of blunt dilatation upon reimplantation and success in implanting cylinders the same size as the ones explanted.

Results

We were able to dilate the corporal bodies with ease in all cases using blunt Hegar dilators. All cases received the same size implant as the one explanted, in terms of length and girth, with the exception of a case where the length was only 1 cm shorter.

Conclusions

Irrigation of the cavernous spaces with mitomycin C upon explantation of an infected penile prosthesis appears to ameliorate corporal scarring and keep the cavernous spaces open. On a larger scale, this approach could render the most feared complication of penile prosthesis implantation surgery much more manageable.
Quaking in their boots? Inaccurate perceptions of seismic hazard and public policy inaction
Authors: MOTTA MATTHEW , ROHRMAN ANDREW
Published: July 2019

Few Americans demand that their local policy-makers take action to address the effects of large earthquakes, even in ‘high-risk’ areas. This poses an important political problem. If policy-makers do not perceive a mandate to prepare for catastrophe, certain areas of the country may be vulnerable to loss of life and economic productivity. Why do Americans not demand more from their policy-makers? We propose a simple answer – many Americans do not accurately appraise the likelihood that they will experience a major earthquake. In a unique survey of West Coast adults, we compared respondents’ perceived likelihood of experiencing a major earthquake to their actual geocoded hazard. We uncover a wide disconnect between actual and perceived earthquake hazard, even in areas where earthquakes are comparatively more common. Critically, and in contrast to previous public policy research, we show that threats in the physical environmentcanshape policy opinion, but only under certain circumstances. We show that accurate appraisals of hazard significantly increase the likelihood that respondents will support preventative local policy measures. Our results shed new light on the opinion dynamics of public attitudes toward natural disasters and ameliorative policy efforts and highlight the policy importance of communicating earthquake hazard to at-risk constituencies.
Improving Latino/a American students’ attitudes toward persons with disabilities and use of live theater
Authors: Diallo Abdoulaye , Braitewaite Jean , Mamboleo George , Tiwari Ashwini , Sharma Manisha
Published: July 2019

This study investigated the efficacy of a live theater performance intervention for enhancing the attitudes of pre-service rehabilitation students toward people with disabilities. A convenience sample of 54 undergraduate students of Latino/a descent (females = 33 and males = 21), age range 18 - 24 completed a pre-post design attitude change intervention. Data were collected on the students’ attitudes toward persons with disabilities, using the scale of attitudes towards disabled persons, and gladness, using a liker scale. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Results indicated the live theater performance intervention was more effective in providing positive emotion of gladness and in improving the attitudes of the students towards PWDs compared to simple print media.
Developing the Co-Worker Acceptance of Disabled Employees (CADE) Scale
Authors: Breen Jonathon S.
Published: July 2019

There are a number of scales intended to measure workplace attitudes toward people with disabilities. However, there is limited demonstration of validity evidence, especially theoretical validity. This article reports on the development of the Co-Worker Acceptance of Disabled Employees (CADE) Scale, including an examination of theoretical and empirical validity evidences. Theoretical validity is supported by screening each scale item through the difference model of disability. Empirical validity evidence is generated through a content validity study and an initial validity study. Exploratory factor analysis reveals that workplace attitudes toward employees with disabilities are based on perceived differences between those with disabilities and others. The CADE Scale will support workplace training and provide evidence of attitude change subsequent to workplace disability-related interventions.
Audiovestibular functions in chronic kidney disease in relation to haemodialysis
Authors: Gabr T A , Kotait M A , Okda H I
Published: July 2019

Background

Several studies have reported that the audiovestibular system is affected in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate how the audiovestibular system is affected in patients with various stages of chronic kidney disease.

Methods

Sixty participants were divided into three groups: group 1 – controls; group 2 – chronic kidney disease patients receiving conservative treatment; and group 3 – chronic kidney disease patients undergoing regular haemodialysis. Assessments included: standard and high-frequency audiometry and otoacoustic emissions testing, oculomotor tests, and combined vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials testing.

Results

Fifty per cent of group 2 and 60 per cent of group 3 had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. High-frequency pure tone audiometry showed reduced detectability and higher thresholds at 12 kHz and 16 kHz in patients than in controls. Otoacoustic emissions, tracking, optokinetic and combined vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests showed abnormal results in chronic kidney disease cases.

Conclusion

Both the auditory and vestibular pathways are affected in different stages of chronic kidney disease. High-frequency pure tone audiometry, otoacoustic emissions and combined vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials could be performed routinely in patients with chronic kidney disease, regardless of the disease stage.
A note on the depots of the 1897 Andrée balloon expedition
Authors: Lantz Björn
Published: July 2019

Recent research suggests that the members of the 1897 Andrée balloon expedition could have survived if they had marched towards the depot at Seven Islands instead of the Cape Flora depot after the forced landing at 82°56’N 29°52’E, and furthermore, that they reasonably should have done so given what they knew about the ice drift in the area. This paper comprises an analysis of the expedition’s depots based on a review of original sources, and the results elucidate Andrée’s initial decision to march towards Cape Flora. The Seven Island depot was not yet laid when Andrée departed in his balloon, and the information he had at the time indicated that it was highly uncertain that depot could be laid at all. Moreover, he knew it might be difficult to find the depot even if it had been laid since no exact position for it could be determined in advance. If he arrived at the Seven Islands without being able to obtain supplies there, Andrée knew he would have to continue all the way to Nordenskiöld’s old hut in Mossel Bay. Cape Flora, on the other hand, was certain to offer both supplies and shelter.
The epistemic division of labour in markets: knowledge, global trade and the preconditions of morally responsible agency
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: July 2019

Markets allow for the processing of decentralized information through the price mechanism. But in addition, many markets rely on other mechanisms in markets, or non-market institutions, that provide and manage other forms of knowledge. Within national economies, these institutions form an ‘epistemic infrastructure’ for markets. In global markets, in contrast, this epistemic infrastructure is very patchy, undermining the preconditions for morally responsible agency. New technologies might help to improve the epistemic infrastructure of global markets, but they require conceptualizing knowledge not only as a tradable good, but also as a precondition of morally responsible agency.