bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pseudo-Elastic Behavior of NiTi SMA under the Quasi-Static and the Impact Cyclic Tests
Authors: Wang Jian Jun , Guo Wei Guo
Published: August 2012

Abstract. To characterize the thermomechanical cyclic response, especially Pseudo-elastic behavior of NiTi shape-memory alloy (SMA) at different temperatures and different loading frequencies, a series of tests of both quasi-static and dynamic uniaxial compression cyclic loading have been performed on cylindrical samples, using an Instron servohydraulic testing machine and the Hopkinson technique. Transformation temperature, after dynamic loading is measured and compared with that of as-received state. The influence of the annealing temperature on the fatigue response is also examined. A few noteworthy conclusions are as follows: (1) Transformation temperature, can be changed under higher strain rates; (2) By changing the annealing temperature, the transformation stress and the dissipated energy of NiTi can also be obviously changed, so as it changes the transformation temperature, Af ;(3) In cyclic loading, the dissipated energy over cycles tends to be a minimum stable value, and it seems that cyclic loading leads to a stable Pseudo-elastic behavior of the alloy; (4) Repeated impact tests of the alloy produce slightly changes in the shape of the Pseudo-elastic loop and in the dissipated energy comparing with the quasi-static cyclic tests.
Irreversible Thermodynamic Description of Domain Occurrences in Ferroics
Authors: Cai Yuan Zhen
Published: August 2012

Based on the irreversible thermodynamics, a irreversible thermodynamic description of domain occurrences in ferroics such as ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics and ferroelastics was given. The ferroic domain structures occur at the ferroic phase transitions from the prototype phases to the ferroic phases. The processes of transition are stationary state processes so that the principle of minimum entropy production is satisfied. The domain occurrences are a consequence of this principle. The time-spatial symmetry related to the domains and their occurrences was also expounded.
Auto-Ignition Temperature Data for Selected Ketones
Authors: Chen Chan Cheng , Han Tsung Han , Hong Sheng Xiang , Hsu Der Jen
Published: August 2012

Auto-ignition temperature (AIT) is usually defined as the lowest temperature at which a substance will produce hot-flame ignition in air at atmospheric pressure without the aid of an external energy source such as spark or flame. Its principal applications include: defining the maximum acceptable surface temperature in a particular area, usually for electrical classification purpose, to prevent fire and explosion hazards; determining the possible hazardous consequence associated with leakage of flammable chemicals in risk assessment methods. Although AIT is indispensable for safely handling and operating flammable substance, the AITs data are, however, very much diverse in different data compilations. In present work the AITs of three ketones are measured in compliance with the ASTM E659 test method. The measured AITs are (461.7 ± 9.2) °C, (397.8 ± 8.0) °C and (399.0 ± 8.0) °C for Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Methyl Isoamyl Ketone and 2-Heptanone, respectively. It is found that the AIT compiled in DIPPR 2009 is beyond the experimental reproducibility in Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Methyl Isoamyl Ketone, and the difference is found to be of 54 °C and 207 °C and 6 °C for Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl and Isoamyl Ketone, respectively. The AIT reported in The Chemical Database also deviates from that obtained in present work with certain degree, and the difference is found to be of 54 °C, 57 °C and 133 °C for Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Methyl Isoamyl Ketone and 2- Heptanone, respectively.
Purification of Acetonitrile
Authors: Igumnov Sergey N. , Kulagin Vladimir N. , Korneeva Tatyana B.
Published: August 2012

The procedure is described for the purification of acetonitrile to a level suitable for spectroscopic and chromatographic work. Rectification of chemical pretreated acetonitrile was performed on glass vacuum-jacketed column, filled with spiral-prismatic packing.
Preparation of Poly (aryl ether) Anion Ionomers with N-Methyl Imidazolium Groups
Authors: Hu Qun Hui , Wang Wen Xiao , Wang Shu Bo , Shang Yu Ming , Xu Min , Wang Jin Hai , Wang Yao Wu
Published: August 2012

Anion exchange membranes based on poly(aryl ether oxadiazole)s (FPAEO) were prepared by quaternization of bromomethylated FPAEO with N-methyl imidazole. The structures of the obtained polymers were characterized and confirmed with 1H-NMR measurement. The physical and electrochemical properties of anion exchange membranes were also studied. The conductivity of FPAEO-xMIM membranes were almost higher than 10−2 S/cm at room temperature. In addition, TGA revealed that the AEMs based on imidazolium salts have excellent thermal stability. The experimental results suggested that the obtained AEMs may be potential membranes for anion exchange membrane fuel cells
Characterization and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Fructus corni
Authors: Li Ping , Mou Zong Gang , Zheng Geng Xiu , Ma Run Yu
Published: August 2012

The composition and antioxidant activities of two polysaccharides PFCAⅢ and PFCCⅠ, isolated from Fructus corni, have been investigated. The monosaccharide components of PFCAⅢ were found to be rhamnose, arabinose and glucose in a molar ratio of 13.74: 50.54: 35.72, whilst PFCCⅠ was found to consist of xylose and glucose in a molar ratio of 18.8: 81.2. The weight-average molecular weights of PFCAⅢ and PFCCⅠwere 1.74×104 and 7.57×104 respectively. The polysaccharides showed potential antioxidant activity by scavenging superoxide anion (O2−∙) and hydroxyl free radicals (OH∙) and this was confirmed by their ability to inhibit oxidation of axunge and gingili. The concentrations required to scavenge 50% of hydroxyl free radicals (EC50) of PFCAⅢ and PFCCⅠ were 430μg/ml and 80μg/ml respectively, and the extents of scavenging O2−∙ by 500μg PFCAⅢ and PFCCⅠwere 15.9% and 68.0% respectively. The polysaccharide PFCCⅠ shows much more significant antioxidant activity than PFCAⅢ. PFCCⅠ was mainly linked with β(1→4)-D-glucosyl with side chains including 1-linked β-D-Glc, 1,6-linked β-D-Glc and 1,4-linked β-D-Xyl with branching points at C-6 of 1,4-linked Glc in main chain. It had the potential to be exploited by the food and pharmaceutical industries in the future with further research on this polysaccharide.
Preparation of Precursor of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with High Density by Two-Dryness Co-Precipitation Method
Authors: Miao Chao Lin , Jia Ruo Ling , Feng Zhe
Published: August 2012

Abstract: The precursor of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material with high density was synthesized by two-dryness co-precipitation method. The feasible parameters were found out by studying the manner of dryness. The highest density (1.74 g/cm3) of precursor can be achieved under two-step dryness. Results of chemical and XPS analysis, XRD and SEM show the ratio of Ni to Mn is 1:3 and the precursor shows slice structure with well crystallization. Test of charge/discharge shows LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 from such precursor exhibits a good electrochemical activity.
Effect of Synthesis Time on Microscopic Characteristics of 12CaO·7Al2O3
Authors: Wang Bo , Sun Hui Lan , Zhang Xue Zheng
Published: August 2012

The effect of synthesis time on phase compositions, lattice constant and surface morphology of samples synthesized at 1773K were analyzed by XRD and SEM. The results are: the main phase of sample synthesized for 30min is 12CaO•7Al2O3, besides it also has little quantity of CaO•Al2O3. When prolonging synthesis time the phase tends to be 12CaO•7Al2O3 only. The lattice constant increases as synthesis time prolongs. The micro-morphology of samples synthesized for different time changes greatly. There are more and bigger holes in samples synthesized for longer time than that of short time. The comprehensive influences of phase compositions, lattice constant and surface morphology caused the differences of alumina leaching ratio of 12CaO•7Al2O3 synthesized for different time.
One-Pot Synthesis of 1-Benzoylpyrene over Heteropoly Acid Catalysts
Authors: Lu Xiao Qing , Xing Min , Pan Ai Xia , Wu Yin Yin , Xie Ji Min , Chen Min
Published: August 2012

A novel one-pot catalytic synthesis of 1-benzoylpyrene through acylation of pyrene with benzoyl chloride catalyzed by various Keggin type heteropoly acids (salts) was investigated. Pure 1-benzoylpyrene was obtained and the structure of 1-benzoylpyrene was identified by GC/MS, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra. H3PW12O40 (PW) was found to be the most active catalyst in the acylation. The yield and the selectivity of 1-benzoylpyrene were up to 97.6 % and 100 %, respectively. The effects of experimental parameters on the catalytic acylation reaction and the recycling performance of PW catalyst were studied. PW catalyst shows well catalytic activity after running for 5 times. The facile product separation and the recycling performance of PW catalyst is expected to contribute to the development of clean and environmentally friendly strategy for the synthesis of 1-benzoylpyrene.
Preparation and Catalytic Properties of Zn-HMS Molecular Sieves
Authors: Wang Guang Jian , Zeng Na
Published: August 2012

Znic-containing mesoporous HMS (Zn-HMS) with various znic contents were synthesized by using netural dodecylamine(DDA) as template at ambient temperature and characterized by means of XRD, FT-IR and TEM. The catalytic performance of Zn-HMS was evaluated by the oxidation of thiophene, and the influences of the zinc content and zinc source on the catalytic performances of the samples were studied. It was observed that a limited content of zinc can be incorporated into the siliciate framework of HMS and appropriate amount of zinc incorporated would promote the formation of the typical wormhole-like structure of HMS and exhibited high catalytic properties while excessive zinc incorporated would destroy the structure. Besides, for all the zinc sources, the samples synthesized from Zn(NO3) 2 have better catalytic effect, and it is benefical for zinc incorporating.
The Reaction Scheme of Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas over Metallic Ni Catalyst
Authors: Hong Xue Bin , Wang Ya Quan , Zhang Cong
Published: August 2012

A metallic Ni catalyst was prepared with nickel sponge, followed by acid treatment. The reaction scheme of partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over the metallic Ni catalyst had been suggested and researched. For defining the logical kinetic regime, the effects of operational variables on mass and heat transport resistances were investigated. In the absence of significant mass and heat transfer resistances, high selectivities to syngas were obtained on the metallic Ni catalyst even in the low methane conversion range. With the increase of CH4/O2 ratios, the selectivities to H2 and CO on the metallic Ni catalyst also increased.
Abnormal Structural Strength of Topocomposites
Authors: Voronin Nikolay A.
Published: August 2012

The mechanics of contact interaction of rigid spherical indenter with two-layer elastic - plastic half-space, simulating a surface of a solid body with a thin surface layer is considered. Analytical dependences of critical indentation and bearing capacity on mechanical characteristics of materials of a base and a coating, and as well as that for thickness of top layer (coating) in all region of possible thickness are received and analyzed. Existence of regions of the abnormal structural strength allowing the surface layered material to identify unequivocally as a topocomposite is shown. Theoretical dependences were verified by a final elements method.
Study on the Optimization of Extraction Technology of Flavonoids in Clerodendrum inerme(L.) Gaertn. Roots
Authors: Xu Jing , Cao Chuan Bo , Li Dong Hai , Liu Yan Feng , Liang Zhen Yi , Yang Xiao Bo
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Based on the results of single factor experiments on the extraction of total flavonoids content (TFC) in roots of semi-mangrove plant Clerodendrum inerme(L.) Gaertn., operation conditions were optimized with orthogonal methodology. Four factors were applied to evaluate the extraction yield, including the ethanol concentration, extraction time, temperature and solid to liquid ratio. According to the experimental results, the influence order of different factors on the yield of TFC from the roots: ethanol concentration > solid to liquid ratio > extraction temperature > extraction time. The optimum operating parameters were determined as following, ethanol concentration of 70.0 %, extraction time of 90.0 min, temperature of 60.0 °C and solid to liquid ratio of 1:30. Under the optimized conditions, the maximal yield of TFC was enhanced to 1.279%.
Physical Properties and Antimicrobial Activities of Soy Protein Isolate Edible Films Incorporated with Essential Oil Monomers
Authors: Zhang Yun Bin , Jiang Juang
Published: August 2012

In this study, physical properties and antimicrobial activity of soy protein isolate edible films incorporated with essential oil monomers were tested. Adding amount of essential oil monomers could significantly change the physical properties of the films. Water-solubility of soy protein isolate edible films could be significantly reduced when adding essential oil monomers. With the essential oil monomers’ content increasing, the water vapor permeability increased at the beginning and then decreased. Tensile strength reduced with cinnamicaldehyde and eugenol content increasing, but the tensile strength of cinnamaldehyde-eugenol (1:1) compound films reduced at first and then increased. The breaking elongation of cinnamaldehyde-eugenol (1:1) compound edible films was the highest. Using cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde-eugenol (1:1) compound as the antibacterial agent respectively, antibacterial activities of soy protein isolate edible films incorporated with1, 2, 3, 4, 5and6% essential oil monomer were evaluated against Escherichia coli, we found that antibacterial activities of soy protein isolate edible films incorporated with essential oil monomers were significant, film containing cinnamaldehyde was the most effective.
Effect of the Chitosan on the Proliferation of the Microencapsulated Escherichia coli
Authors: Lin Yu , Xue Wei Ming , Fu Yun Lu , Ren Han Yu , Lv Qing , Yan Yi
Published: August 2012

Immobilization of microencapsulated cell is a kind of membrane technology. Therefore, the characteristics of membrane have a great impact on the growth of microorganisms. This study is designed to achieve the greatest growth rate of microencapsulated cell, Escherichia coli were immobilized in AC microcapsules made with different type of chitosan and then cultured in the Luria-Bertani medium. Effect of deacetylated degree (DD), molecular weight, membrane formation time and the pH of chitosan on the swelling ratio, cell release and proliferation were investigated at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24and 48h respectively. The results showed that the DD has no obviously influence on terminal biomass concentration, but the swelling ratio of membrane reached lowest when the DD was 90%. The biomass concentration increased with the rising of chitosan Mw and membrane formation time. Especially, the terminal biomass concentration near to 6.5×106·mL in the microcapsules made with 10KDa chitosan Mw ands 15min membrane formation time. Moreover, the swelling ratio closed to lowest point as the chitosan solution pH was 6.3.
Effect of Antimycin A on the Glycolytic Flux in Aspergillus niger
Authors: Wang De Pei , Zhou Ting , Kou Guang Zhi , Li Chang Tao , Pei Zhen Hong , Gao Nian Fa
Published: August 2012

This thesis chose the metabolism of energy and carbon in Aspergillus niger, the citric acid over-producting mycete, as a model system to research the principal physiological and biochemical characteristics. The effects of energy metabolism on the glycolic pathway, and the mechanism of product inhibitory in Aspergillus niger were researched in detail. The relationship between the consistence of intracellular ATP and the glycolytic flux in Aspergillus niger was investigated by adding oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor-antimycin A. When 0.4 mg/L antimycin A was added to the cell cultures, the consistence of intracellular ATP was approximately 31.96% less than that of the control. The specific activity of phosphofructokinase, one of the rate limiting enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, increased by a factor of 0.135 compared with the control. With the specific activity of phosphofructokinase increased, the rate of glucose consumed increased by a factor of 0.137, in comparison of the control. And the rate of citric acid produced increased by 16.15%. The specific activities of hexokinase were not affected by the accretion of antimycin A. These results are the first answer to the fundamental question of what controls the flux through glycolsis in Aspergillus niger.
The Reduction Mechanism of Biomass Roasting of Goethite Ores
Authors: Wu Yan , Li Yong Huo , Yang Xiang , Zhang Ping , Bao Zheng Yu
Published: August 2012

Utilization of biomass in iron ores sintering process as heating agent and reducing agent contributes to energy conservation and emission reduction, and can partially replace for coal and coke. Different biomass powders (pine sawdust, corn straw, and rice shell) were mixed together with goethite ores for roasting process to investigate the mechanism of reduction roasting. The thermal behavior, phase structure and magnetic properties have been thoroughly discussed. The results in this work provide a fundamental understanding for the direct reduction of iron ores separation.
Incoherent UV/VIS Lasers Assisted Surface Relief Grating Formation
Authors: Wu Xiao , Nguyen Thi Thanh Ngan , Sun De Yan , Ledoux-Rak Isabelle , Nguyen Chi Thanh , Lai Ngoc Diep
Published: August 2012

Two efficient optical methods are demonstrated to improve the formation of surface relief grating (SRG). The SRG formation is realized by a two-beam interference technique (λ=532nm) in an azobenzene side-chain copolymer. An incoherent UV beam (λ=355nm) or an incoherent VIS beam (λ=532nm), called assisting beam, was used to accelerate the photoisomerization process of the cis-form↔trans-form cycle, resulting in an efficient formation of SRG. The dependence of the diffraction efficiency and the relief depth of the SRGs on the polarizations of both assisting beams were investigated showing two different assisting mechanisms.
Development of Technology of Suspension Polymerization of Propylene at “Tomskneftekhim” Company
Authors: Mayer Edward A. , Pestryakov A.N. , Klimov I. G. , Dudchenko V. K.
Published: August 2012

Dynamics of modernization and particularities of suspension production of polypropylene at Tomskteftekhim Company has been presented. Results of commercialization of polymerization catalysts of 2nd and 4th generation have been analyzed.
Modernization of Production of High-Purity Quartz Groats from Natural Quartz
Authors: Nasyrov Roudolf S.
Published: August 2012

This Based on analysis of the formation conditions of quartz of different fields, their structural and physicochemical properties of the known technologies of quartz grit were proposed a new operations to perform certain operations, cleaning the quartz grit. A comparison of the optical characteristics of quartz glass, melted in different ways vacuum melting of natural and synthetic raw materials has been carried out.
The Effect of Oxygen-Functional Groups on the Water Resistance of Lignite Briquette
Authors: Liu Hong Ying , Lu Xiao Hong , Zhao Xin Nan , Yang Yu Li
Published: August 2012

Because of the increased demand for coal resources, the use of low-quality lignite increased. Heating-Pressing Utilizing is a better method to process fine lignite particles. The water resistance of lignite briquettes is important. In this study, the Baorixile lignite was dried in a lab-scale tube reactor and on pilot line. The oxygenic functional groups of lignite were analyzed at different temperature. The result indicated that carboxyl groups and phenols decreased as the temperature increasing, and phenols plays a more important role on the waterproof of lignite briquettes, especially at high temperature.
Theoretical Investigation of Mechanism by Oxidizing Material for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over Platinum Catalyst
Authors: Xu Wen Yuan , Long Wei , Du Rui Huan
Published: August 2012

The mechanism of CO2-CH4 reforming over supported Platinum catalyst was investigated using the B3LYP density functional method and other six methods. It was found that the reaction include two channels. There were three steps in every reaction channel, and the oxideizing material was the most important catalyst in every reaction channel. The activation energy of each step in the first reaction channel were 160.2395, 368.8722 and 195.9673 kJ•mol-1, and the enthalpy change of each step were –14.6319, –176.2305 and 17.8875 kJ•mol-1. The activation energy of each step in the second reaction channel were 129.3742, 368.8722 and 275.4919 kJ•mol-1, and the enthalpy change of each step were 97.7868, –176.2305 and –164.4861 kJ•mol-1. The rate determining step was the second step.
Mechanism and Application Performance of Slow-Release Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer
Authors: Liu Xiao , Wang Zi Ming , Li Hui Qun , Li Ting
Published: August 2012

A type of slow-release polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) was prepared and its application performance and mechanism were studied systematically. The experimental results of cement and concrete showed that the prepared slow-release PCE can slowly play a dispersing role and finally achieve a good dispersing effect within 120 minutes. Its adsorption behavior on the surfaces of cement particles was measured by a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer, displaying the validity of slow adsorption. The hydrate exothermic curves showed that the slow-release PCE only delayed the hydration but did not affect the hydration heat and workability of concrete.
The Axial Distribution of Gas Hold-Up and Solid Concentration in Slurry Reactor and its Effect to the Design of Slurry Reactor
Authors: Jiang Shao Hua , Chen Yao Bin
Published: August 2012

The axial distribution of gas hold-up and solid concentration in the slurry reactor are studied by the cold-model test, the principle of distribution is got. Furthermore, a new concept, fresh gas hold-up is put forward. As to the process of DME from synthesis gas by one-step process in the slurry reactor, according to the principle of axial distribution of gas hold-up and solid concentration in the reactor, the author put forward a novel design of the slurry, thus the space of the reactor is used fully, the reactive conversion can be raised, the productive capacity of reactor also can be raised.
Structural Study of Bisphenol-A Benzoxazine by Tandem Mass Analysis
Authors: Ko Young Jun , Giang Thanh Kieu , Yoo Hyuk , Kim Jin Hwan
Published: August 2012

The structure of benzoxazine which has bisphenol A structure as a phenolic component analyzed by tandem mass analysis. From the results, it is clear that dimethylol aniline is produced and depending on the reaction mechanism of dimethylol aniline, the final structure of oligomers are decided.
PIV Measurement of the Fluidized Particles’ Velocity Field in a Cylindrical Spouted Bed
Authors: Gao Peng Fei , Yang Bin , Gong Ming , Ma Xiao Xun
Published: August 2012

In this paper, the instantaneous velocity fields of the particles in the spouted bed were measured by the particle image velocimetry (PIV). In the experiment, the spouted particles achieved the visible accumulation effect when the fountain height was 0.85 times of the packed bed height h. Since the particles are dispersed with each other, the PIV recordings were evaluated by the multiple-pass recursive method based on the FFT cross-correlation algorithm. The time-averaged velocity field of the particles obtained from the PIV experiment had similar distribution with the velocity field calculated by the numerical simulation. In the averaged particle velocity field, there was a continuous region which divided the whole flow field into two parts. The particle velocities in the region approximated to zero especially in vertical direction, which means the particles with upwards motion were basically equated to those with downwards motion in the region. Therefore the effects of particles’ face-to-face friction and even abrasion were much stronger in the region. Further, the experimental results also show that the area of the region could be about 11.19% of the whole flow field.
Producing PVP Nanofibers by Electrospinning in N2
Authors: Li Lu , Xu Jie , Fang Tao , Geng Jin , Freitag Detlef , Arlt Wolfgang
Published: August 2012

Electrospinning combined with nonsolvent-induced phase separation is a simple and novel method to produce porous nanofibers. In the study, Poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) nanofibers were fabricated using an electrospinning approach complemented by compressed nitrogen (N). N2 was used as the nonsolvent of choice. Besides, the tun2ning of N2 pressure and temperature can impact the nanofibers’ morphologies by altering phase behavior and mass transfer. Also, the other parameters affecting electrospinning of polymer solution were discussed. The results were demonstrated by extending the technique to PVP/dichloromethane (DCM) and PVP/ethanol (EtOH) systems. And the binary phase equilibrium of solvents (dichloromethane or ethanol) and N simulated by ASPEN PLUS 2006 demonstrates that N is not a 2good choice for producing hollow or po2rous polymer nanofibers.
Ultrasound-Aided Fabrication of Carbonated Silicon-Substituted HA Nanopowder and its Configuration Characterization
Authors: Zhang Chao Wu , Liu Chang Tao , Xiao Ling , Wang Fen , Duan Cong Yue
Published: August 2012

Two inorganic compounds containing CO32- and SiO44- groups were introduced and ultrasound-aided coprecipitation method was applied to fabricate carbonated silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite (CSi-HA) nanopowder. The synthetic process was optimized and the crystalline phase, grain dimension and morphology of the CSi-HA nanopowder were characterized. The obtained results demonstrate that H3PO4 addition into alkaline Ca(OH)2 ammonia liquid with ultrasonic application can obviously prevent secondary phase formation and make the nascent HA product pure, highly dispersed and gel-like. The introduction of Na2SiO3 and Na2CO3 mixed solution as doping source into the nascent HA product with also continuous ultrasound utilization can effectively realize the ionic group substitution of HA by CO32- and SiO44- and make the final CSi-HA nanopowder fine and uniform. It was also found that the CSi-HA grain size shows a decrease trend with the increase of CO32- and SiO44- substitution in the experimental range.
Humidity Sensor Chips Based on Gold Nanoparticles/PVA/Carbon Black Composite Film
Authors: Li Qian , Chen Fu Jie
Published: August 2012

The research explores gold nanoparticles (NPs)/PVA/carbon black composite film and their further applications in humidity sensor chips, which include: 1. Novel humidity sensitive Au NPs/PVA/carbon black composite film has been prepared; 2. Humidity sensor chips based on Au NPs/PVA/carbon black composite film devices has been fabricated. The initial research works have been focused on the preparation of gold nanoparticles/PVA/carbon black composite film and the fabrication of humidity sensor chips. Performance of as-fabricated humidity sensor devices has been investigated and compared. In this work, the Au NPs are added to a highly plasticized polymer film doped with electrically conductive carbon black particles. As the film is exposed in the water vapor and its structural conformation changes, the Au NPs and carbon black particles would be redistributed, thereby changing the electrical resistance of the device. Humidity sensor chips have been fabricated using the Au NPs/polymer/carbon black composite film with the pixels defined through screen printer or chip writer. By converting the signals into a recorder, the changes of humidity can be tracked over the chip. The success of the research not only prepares novel humidity sensitive materials, but also provides promising applications in fabricating humidity sensor chips, which with low cost, reliable humidity detector other than those reported.
Preparation and Anti-Flame Capability of Expandable Graphite
Authors: Pang Xiu Yan , Song Ming Kai
Published: August 2012

Subscript textFeasible conditions to get flame retardant expandable graphite (EG) with low initiation expansion temperature and high dilatability were obtained through orthogonal test and single factor experiment. EG with initiation expansion temperature of 148 ±2 °C and expansion volume of 550 mL/g can be prepared according to the mass ratio of C : KMnO4 : 98% H2SO4 : Na4P2O7 = 1.0 : 0.4 : 5.0 : 0.6 (H2SO4 should be diluted to thSubscript texte mass concentration of 80% before intercalation reaction), the reaction time is 40 min at 40 °C. Addition of 30% of the prepared EG to Liner Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) can improve its limiting oxygen index LOI from 17.5% to 29.4%, and the synergistic anti-flame LOI of 20% EG with 10 polyphosphate (APP II) can reach to 31.2%. TG and DTA analysis was completed to discuss the anti-flame mechanism.
Electrical Resistance Properties of Cement/Carbon Fiber Composite
Authors: Dong Bi Qin , Xing Feng , Cui Hong Zhi , Li Zong Jin
Published: August 2012

In this article, study results of the electrical resistance properties of cement/carbon fiber composite are presented. Using a normal mixing and compacting method, up to 0.85v.% short carbon fiber can be easily incorporated into the cement composite. And its electrical resistivity properties are measured. The resistivity of specimens decreases greatly with the volume fraction of fibers increasing. Moreover, it is found that there is a saturation point for fiber volume fraction. Beyond that, the change of resistivity with the variation of fiber volume fraction becomes much flat. Another interest finding is that the resistivity of the cement materials is a function of frequency of applied voltage. The microstructure associated with the electrical properties of composite is observed. It is possible to apply cement/carbon fiber composite as an electromagnetic shielding composite and so on.
Modernization of “Polimir” Process of High-Pressure Polyethylene Production at “Tomskneftekhim” Company
Authors: Klimov I.G. , Koval E.O. , Pestryakov A.N. , Mayer E.A.
Published: August 2012

Results of development of high-pressure process of low-density polyethylene production at “Tomskneftekhim” Company have been presented. New technology allowed increasing productivity, product quality, extending polymer assortment. Comparison with designed indexes and the ones at other Russian and world companies has been done.
Poly(amic acid) Treatment on BaTiO3 and Effect on the Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3/Polyimide Composites
Authors: Ko Young Jun , Kang Soo Jung , An Hai Yan , Kim Jin Hwan
Published: August 2012

We first modify the surfaces of BaTiO3 by hydrogen peroxide to induce hydoxyl groups that will be further reacted with a coupling agent. Then, with a silane coupling agent, we induce the amino group on the surface of particles. Modified BaTiO3 particles with the PI precursor (poly(amic acid)) are able to obtain poly(amic acid)-wrapped BaTiO3 particles. By employing this approach, higher dielectric value is obtained for the composite comprised of PI and PAA-wrapped BaTiO3 particles.
Rapid Fabrication and Characterization of Micropores on Pure Nickel Surface by High-Current Pulsed Electron Beams Irradiation
Authors: Lv Peng , Han Zhi Yong , Wang Zhi Ping , Zou Hui , Cai Jie , Guan Qing Feng
Published: August 2012

The Mechanism of Micropores Formed on the Surface of Polycrystalline Pure Nickel under High-current Pulsed Electron Beam (HCPEB) Irradiation Is Explained. it Is Discovered that Dispersed Micropores with Sizes of 0.1-2.0 µm on the Irradiated Surface of Pure Nickel Can Be Successfully Fabricated after HCPEB Irradiation. the Dominant Formation Mechanism of the Surface Micropores Should Be Attributed to the Formation of Supersaturation Vacancies within the near Surface during the HCPEB Irradiation and the Migration of Vacancies along Grain Boundaries and/or Dislocations towards the Irradiated Surface. it Is Expected that the HCPEB Technique Will Become a New Method for the Rapid Synthesis of Surface Porous Materials.
A Study of Polyvinyl Butyryl Based Binder System in Titanium Based Metal Injection Moulding
Authors: Thavanayagam G. , Zhang De Liang , Pickering K.L. , Raynova Stella
Published: August 2012

Metal injection moulding (MIM) is an innovative injection moulding technique widely used to produce complex shaped components from feedstock composed of metal powders and thermosetting or thermoplastic binders. In MIM, binder selection and formulation are considered as critical processes since binder characteristics dictate the success of MIM. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of polyvinyl butyryl (PVB) based binder system in Ti-6Al-4V(wt.%)/binder feedstock, as well as to understand the effects of key parameters, such as powder loading and mixing conditions on the rheological properties of a feedstock. In this study, PVB, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and stearic acid (SA) were chosen to formulate a multi-component binder system to prepare Ti-6Al-4V based feedstock with the aid of three types of mixers: a compounder, a modified mechanical mixer and a twin screw extruder. Further, morphological analysis was performed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal analysis was performed using simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Results showed that binder formulation was reasonably successful with the aid of both mechanical mixer and a twin screw extruder under certain mixing conditions, and the critical powder loading was 68 vol.%, resulting in an optimum powder loading of 63 vol.% .
Evaluation and Analysis of Distortion of Complex Shaped Ti-6Al-4V Compacts by Metal Injection Molding Process
Authors: Virdhian S. , Osada Toshiko , Kang Hyun Goo , Tsumori Fujio , Miura Hideshi
Published: August 2012

Titanium and its alloys have been widely used for medical and aerospace applications because of their excellent attributes of high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, it is not easy to produce the complex shaped parts due to their poor castability and machinability. Metal injection molding (MIM) is one of suitable processing technique to produce the complex shaped parts in order to reduce the manufacturing cost. In this study, complex shaped Ti-6Al-4V compacts was prepared by MIM process for airplane application. The effects of high molecular binder content and different compact’s set-up during thermal debinding on the distortion of complex shaped compacts were measured and evaluated. The binder with 10 % APP (Atactic polypropylene) was found to have better shape retention for the parts. Furthermore the results indicate that high distortion occurs at early stage of thermal debinding process. The use of supports during thermal debinding can significantly reduce the distortion of the final parts.
Direct Metal Laser Sintering of a Ti6Al4V Mandible Implant
Authors: Aziz I.A. , Gabbitas Brian , Stanford Mark
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study is to investigate the direct manufacturing of a titanium mandible implant via a laser sintering process which involves the different areas of medicine, engineering and product design. The manufacturing and challenges for producing customised titanium implants are described in this work. Implant data and its functional requirements of loading and fixation are established based on CT scan data. The process of converting different types of data from CT scans to 3D design and then to readable machine data and its associated processing software are illustrated and explained. The mandible tray was designed with a predefined porous structure to reduce weight and stimulate better bio-factor delivery at the same time. The laser sintering process and its critical steps for producing a tailored structure and complex shape are reported. This includes titanium powder preparation, processing parameters, support structures, model inclination, post-processing works and associated costs. Results show that it is possible to fabricate a customised mandible implant with a complex structure and having sufficient detail through the laser sintering process. This technique provides a platform to respond quickly and build accurate parts with good surface finish.
Structural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Biomedical Porous Ti-10Mo Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Sintering
Authors: Xie Fang Xia , Lu Xin , He Xin Bo , Qu Xuan Hui
Published: August 2012

Ti-Mo alloy is one of the most prospective metallic biomaterials for implant application because of its low elastic modulus, high corrosion resistance and tissue compatibility. A complex-shaped porous Ti-10Mo alloy from a mixture of elemental metal powders and polymer binders was processed by selective laser sintering forming, followed by thermal debinding and sintering in vacuum. The effects of processing parameters on structural characteristics and mechanical properties were studied. The results indicate that the pore characteristic parameters, matrix microstructure and mechanical properties strongly depend on the sintering temperature. Specimens sintered at 1100 °C exhibit a higher porosity of 52.41%, and possess many three-dimensionally interconnected pores with an average size of 200 μm, and the matrix is dominated by α and β phases, and meanwhile the alloy exhibits a compressive yield strength of 95.59 MPa and an elastic modulus of 4.89 GPa at room temperature. With the rise in sintering temperature, both the porosity and the average pore size of specimens gradually decrease, and the interconnected pores tend to be closed. Specimens sintered at 1400 °C are characterized by a porosity of 26.32% and an average pore size of 60 μm with a compressive yield strength of 440 MPa and an elastic modulus of 35.26 GPa.
Application Status and Market Analysis of Non-Aero Titanium in China
Authors: Zhang Lin , Wang Xiang Dong , Qu Xuan Hui
Published: August 2012

China is abundant in titanium mineral reserves, with ~870 million tons identified to date. After more than 50 years of development, China has established its own complete titanium industry chain and become one of the three largest titanium producers and consumers in the world. This article presents an overview of China’s titanium industry from the aspects of production capability, output, consumption and market profiles. The current status of non-aero titanium in China is highlighted because about 90% of the titanium consumption is China is for non-aero industrial applications. The consumption of titanium in various industrial sectors and the main technological improvements are introduced. Meanwhile, the application prospects, national policies and existing problems of China’s titanium industry are discussed. With its fast and sustained economic growth, an unprecedented opportunity exists for China's non-aero titanium industry.
Comparison of Blended Elemental (BE) and Mechanical Alloyed (MA) Powder Compact Forging into Ti-6Al-4V Rocker Arms
Authors: Jia Ming Tu , Zhang De Liang , Gabbitas Brian
Published: August 2012

Ti-6Al-4V rocker arms for internal combustion engines were produced by forging of compacts of blended powder consisting of elemental hydride-dehydride (HDH) titanium powder and Al60V40 (wt%) master alloy powder or mechanical alloyed (MA) powder synthesized by high energy mechanical milling of a mixture of HDH titanium and Al60V40 master alloy powders. The powder compacts were made by warm compaction, and their relative density was 90%. The mechanical properties and microstructures of as-forged parts made using blended powder were improved significantly with increasing holding time at forging temperature, and close to those of as-forged parts produced by powder compact forging of HDH Ti-6Al-4V pre-alloyed powder. However, the as-forged part produced by powder compact forging of MA powder was brittle, and fractured prematurely during tensile testing.
Material Science Chemistry of Electrochemical Microsensors and Applications for Biofilm Research
Authors: Lee Woo Hyoung , Choi Woo Hyuck , Guo Xue Fei , Heineman William R. , Bishop Paul L.
Published: August 2012

Microelectrodes, needle-shaped biochemical microsensors fabricated from pulled glass micropipettes, are one of the most prominent, novel methods for studying biofilms. The pulled glass tip can have a diameter of 3–20 μm, allowing for the measurement of the concentrations of specific biological and chemical compounds in microbial communities. Net specific consumption and production rates (i.e., biological activity) at a certain depth can be estimated from the measured concentration profiles. This article is focused on solid-state, needle-type, electrochemical microsensors for detecting important water quality parameters (e.g., oxygen, pH, nitrite, chlorine species, redox, and phosphate). Sensing materials include gold (including a gold-electroplated sensing surface), platinum, carbon-fiber, carbon nanotube, iridium, and cobalt. Emphasis is placed on the material science chemistry behind how electrochemical microelectrode sensors operate. Innovative applications of microsensors, including microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microelectrode array sensor microfabrication, and three-dimensional microprofile measurement and interpretation will also be demonstrated. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a relatively new member in the carbon family and are being used in biofilm research. Distinctive properties of CNTs and the relationship between structure and their electrochemistry performance are discussed. The electrochemical application of CNTs is focused on nitrite detection.
Flexible Electronics Based on InGaZnO Transparent Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Pearton Stephen J. , Lim Wan Tae , Douglas Erica , Cho Hyun , Ren F.
Published: August 2012

There is increasing interest in use of conducting oxide materials in new forms of transparent, flexible or wearable electronics on cheap substrates, including paper. While Si-based thin film transistors (TFTs) are widely used in displays, there are some drawbacks such as light sensitivity and light degradation and low field effect mobility (<1 cm2/Vs). For example, virtually all liquid crystal displays (LCDs) use TFTs imbedded in the panel itself. One of the promising alternatives to use of Si TFTs involves amorphous or nanocrystalline n-type oxide semiconductors. There have been promising results with zinc oxide, indium gallium oxide and zinc tin oxide channels. In this paper, recent progress in these new materials for TFTs on substrates such as paper is reviewed. In addition, InGaZnO transistor arrays show promise for driving laminar electroluminescent, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and LCD displays. These transistors may potentially operate at up to an order of magnitude faster than Si TFTs. We have fabricated bottomgate amorphous (α-) indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (InGaZnO4) thin film transistors (TFTs) on both paper and glass substrates at low processing temperature (≤100°C). As a water and solvent barrier layer, cyclotene (BCB 3022-35 from Dow Chemical) was spin-coated on the entire paper substrate. TFTs on the paper substrates exhibited saturation mobility (μsat) of 1.2 cm2.V-1.s-1, threshold voltage (VTH) of 1.9V, subthreshold gate-voltage swing (S) of 0.65V.decade-1, and drain current onto- off ratio (ION/IOFFSubscript text) of ~104. These values were only slightly inferior to those obtained from devices on glass substrates (μsat~2.1 cm2.V-1.s-1, VTH ~0 V, S~0.74 V.decade-1, and ION/IOFF=105- 106). The uneven surface of the paper sheet led to relatively poor contact resistance between source-drain electrodes and channel layer. Future areas for development are identified.
Update of Innovations in Wood Science
Authors: Sekhar A.S.
Published: August 2012

With wood being a versatile material, man has made several innovations from time to time, for maximum utilization of the same, singly or jointly with other materials. Such innovation has been a continuous process along with advances in other fields of material science and engineering. Earlier information is reviewed and updates are discussed.
Hydrothermal Slag/Glass Chemistry for Porous Materials Production
Authors: Suzuki Masanori , Tanaka Toshihiro
Published: August 2012

Hydrothermal treatment has been conducted to create porous glass or ceramics as value-added materials for the recycling of slag and glass. Under hydrothermal conditions, slag and glass react with a high pressurized H2O and hydrate glass phase containing plenty of H2O is formed to connect raw materials particles to make ceramic materials. The hydrothermal process takes advantages of energy costs, because it can be operated at a low temperature compared to conventional sintering processes. Since the hydrothermal process uses H2O to fabricate ceramic materials, it can be regarded as energy-saving, eco-friendly, and spontaneous materials processing. In the present study, we introduce some applications of hydrothermal treatments to slag / glass to produce functional porous ceramic materials.
The Sgen Rate Maximization Postulate: Applications to Process-Path Analysis for Solidification and Micropyretic Synthesis
Authors: Bensah Y.D. , Li H.P. , Sekhar Jainagesh A.
Published: August 2012

The principle of maximum entropy generation rate principle is reviewed for its applicability in Materials Science. The principle of MEPR states that, if there are sufficient degrees of freedom within a system, it will adopt a stable state at which the entropy generation (production) rate is maximized. Where feasible, the system will also try and adopt a steady state. MEPR determines the most probable state. MEPR thus allows for pathway selections that can occur in an open thermodynamic system. Recent work also shows that isolated systems and closed thermodynamic systems also display this principle. The Belousov-Zhabitonsky reaction is also described in the Sgen context. Both solidification morphologies and micropyretic process generated morphologies are studied as examples of the Sgen and MEPR.
Field Responsive Fluids - A Review
Authors: Genc Seval , Derin Bora
Published: August 2012

Magnetorheological (MR), Electrorheological (ER), and Ferrofluids are considered as a class of smart materials due to their novel behavior under an external stimulus such as a magnetic and electrical field. The behavior of these synthetic fluids offer techniques for achieving efficient heat and mass transfer, damping, drag reduction, wetting, fluidization, sealing, and more. Magnetorheological fluids are suspensions of non-colloidal, multi-domain and magnetically soft particles organic and aqueous liquids. Electrorheological fluids are suspensions of electrically polarizable particles dispersed in electrically insulating oil. Ferrofluids are known as magnetic liquids that are colloidal suspensions of ultrafine, single domain magnetic particles in either aqueous or non-aqueous liquids. In this review article a history of these fluids is given, together with a description of their synthesis in terms of stability and redisperibility and how it is understood in various parts of the science and technology. Then the structural changes and rheological properties of these smart fluids under an external stimulus together with a series of applications are presented.
Multi-Criteria Decision-Making and its Analysis for Machining Process of Mine Fans Impellers
Authors: Liu Ai Jun , Liu De Shun , Yue Wen Hui
Published: August 2012

Green manufacturing is a new model to solve current environmental problems in manufacturing, and the process route determination of the product machining process is one of the key problems. According to the existing machining process and equipment of mine fans impellers, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to assist in building the optimized decision-making model and multi-criteria assessment indicator system and help draw decision. It is concluded that processing technology route of using steel plate stamped is better than that of using aluminum ingot cast for mine fan impellers. The decision coincides with fan impellers actual production.