bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influencia de la inclusión del efecto materno en la estimación de parámetros genéticos del peso al destete en un hato de ganado de carne
Authors: Quintero Juan C. , Triana Juan G. , Quijano Jorge H. , Arboleda Elkin
Published: August 2024

Resumen
En el presente trabajo se estimaron componentes de (co)varianza y parámetros genéticos para la característica peso al destete en animales de las razas brahman y cebú comercial. El objetivo general fue estimar y comparar los parámetros genéticos incluyendo o no el efecto genético materno por medio del Modelo Animal, usando el programa MTDFREML. Se consideraron cinco modelos que incluyeron como efectos fijos el grupo genético materno, el número de partos y el grupo contemporáneo, y como aleatorios los efectos genéticos directos y maternos y los efectos del ambiente permanente materno, además del efecto del error residual. Los coeficientes de heredabilidad directa fueron de medios a bajos (h2 a, 0.10 a 0.29) en todos los modelos. Los modelos que incluyeron el efecto genético materno presentaron valores de heredabilidad materna bajos (h2 m, 0.07 a 0.17). Las correlaciones genéticas entre los efectos directo y materno fueron de baja magnitud y negativas (-0.18 y   -0.29). Se compararon los modelos entre sí realizando la prueba de máxima verosimilitud  (-2LogL) a través de la prueba de ji cuadrado, obteniéndose como resultado que el mejor modelo fue el número 5 (Y = Xβ + Z1a + Z3m + Z2ep + e), el cual tuvo en cuenta todos los efectos.
Summary
The component of (co)variance and genetic parameters for weaning weight trait in animals of pure (Brahman) or crossbreed (Zebu cattle) breeds were estimated, with the aim to estimate and to compare the genetic parameters and genetic value with or without  including the maternal genetic effects by mean of Animal model, using MTDFREML program. Five models were considered including 1) the maternal genetic group, 2) calving, and 3) contemporary group as fixed effects, 4) direct and maternal genetic effects and 5) maternal permanent environmental effects, as random effects, and finally the residual error effect. Direct heritability coefficients varied form median to low (h2a, 0.10 to 0.29) in all models. Models that included the maternal genetic effect presented the lowest values of maternal heritability (h2m, 0.07 to 0.17). The genetic correlations between direct and maternal effects were negative and with low magnitude (-0.18 and -0.29). The models were compared between each other using the Maximum Likelihood method (- 2 log L) based on a X2 test, and it gave as result that the best model was the five one (Y = Xb + Z1a + Z3m + Z2ep + e) which included all effects.
Uso del análisis de componentes principales para construir un índice tipo producción en ganado Romosinuano (Bos taurus)
Authors: Ruales España Fredy R. , Manrique Perdomo Carlos
Published: August 2024

Resumen
En este trabajo se presente la metodología de Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y su aplicación en la construcción de un Índice de Selección (IS) en ganado criollo Romosinuano.  Para ello, se utilizó la base de datos de la Asociación de Criadores de ganado Romosinuano de Colombia  (Asoromo) correspondiente a 5825 registros de  peso en báscula a 30 meses de edad y 31 características bovinométricas de 184 toros y sus progenies nacidos entre 1981 y 1993, en 17 fincas.  Se editó la base de datos para que todos los animales tuviesen información en todas las variables para obtener las correlaciones entre ellas, obteniendo una base completa de 1562 registros y 20 características correspondientes a las progenies de 121 toros.  Se realizó un ACP sobre el peso y las medidas bovinométricas en estudio para seleccionar aquellas variables que aportaron los mayores componentes principales de variación y se asociaron a estos resultados los valores de los parámetros genéticos, obteniendo ocho medidas bovinométricas asociadas con el peso.  Se construyó un IS con estas características, con lo cual se obtuvo mayor progreso genético que la selección por peso, lo que justifica la utilización del ACP para generar un índice basado en medidas bovinométricas correlacionadas con el peso de los animales.
Summary
In this work the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and its application in constructing a Selection Index (SI) for Romosinuano cattle is shown. The database of the Colombian Romosinuano Breeders Association was used, corresponding to 5825 records of body weight at 30 months and 31 bovinometrics traits of a progeny of 184 sires, born between 1981 and 1993 in 17 herds. The data base was edited for including only animals that fit all variables needed to get correlations, which resulted in a data base of 1562 records from progenies belonging to 121 sires. A PCA was applied to body weight and bovinometrics traits with the aim to select those that gave the maximum principal component variation and that were associated with genetic parameters, which results in 8 bovinometric traits associated to body weight. A SI was constructed with these traits, resulting in a greater genetic progress than that obtained for selection according to body weight alone, justifying the use of PCA to generate a SI based on morphometric traits associated to body weight.
Actividad antiviral in vitro de extractos de Hura crepitans y Codiaeum variegatum en la replicación de herpes virus bovino tipo-1 y virus de estomatitis vesicular
Authors: Taborda Natalia A. , Acevedo Liliana Y. , Patiño Claudia P. , Forero Jorge E. , López Herrera Albeiro
Published: August 2024

Resumen Hojas de las plantas Hura crepitans y Codiaeum variegatum se recolectaron en la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia), para determinar la actividad biológica (Actividad citotóxica [AC] y antiviral [AAV]) de cuatro extractos de éstas (hexánico, en acetato de etilo, metanólico y acuoso) sobre los virus de Estomatitis Vesicular (VSV) serotipos Indiana y New Jersey y Herpes Virus Bovino tipo-1 cepa Bogotá (BHV-1B). El tamizaje de actividad biológica de los extractos se realizó en monocapas de células BHK-21. Luego los extractos promisorios, pasaron a la fase cuantitativa de AAV por el ensayo de MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] para determinar la concentración citotóxica 50 (CC50), la concentración inhibitoria 50 (IC50) y el índice de selectividad (IS). Ninguno de los extractos de las cuatro plantas presentó AAV contra VSV, mientras que los extractos hexánico, en acetato de etilo y metanólico de H. crepitans confirieron resistencia a la infección por BHV-1B con IC50 de 17.41, 7.87 y 2.75 µg/ml, respectivamente. El extracto con mejor IS (relación entre IC50 y CC50) fue el hexánico de H. crepitans (IS > 17.4). Estos resultados sugieren que pueden existir compuestos en el extracto hexánico de H. crepitans con una actividad promisoria anti BHV-1B. Este estudio es pionero en demostrar actividad antiviral de extractos de plantas de la especie Euphorbiaceae contra BHV-1B Summary Leaves from Hura crepitans and Codiaeum variegatum plants were collected in Medellín, Colombia to determine its cytotoxic [CA] and antiviral activity [AVA]. Four extracts were prepared using hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water; the antiviral activity was tested against Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), serotypes Indiana and New Jersey and Bovine Herpes Virus (type 1 Bogotá strain). The preliminary biological activity of each of the eight extracts was determined on BHK-21 cell monolayers using 96 wellplates. Then, promissory extracts were further tested using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay to determine the cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50), the inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50), and the selectivity index (SI). None of the evaluated plants exhibited AVA against VSV, whereas the extracts in hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol from Hura crepitans protected cell monolayer from infection against BHV-Bogotá with IC50 of 17.41, 7.87 and 2.75 µg/ml respectively. The best IS was hexane of H. crepitans (SI > 17.4). These results suggest that this extract contains antiviral compounds. This research is pioneer demonstrating AVA against BHV-1B in extracts from plants of the Euphorbiaceae family.
Relación entre el recuento de células somáticas individual o en tanque de leche y la prueba CMT en dos fincas lecheras del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia)
Authors: Cerón-Muñoz Mario F , Agudelo Edwin J , Maldonado-Estrada Juan G
Published: August 2024

Summary In order to establish a mathematical model with which to predict the Bull Tank Somatic Cell Count (BTSCC) of herds with sub clinical mastitis and to search for possible relationships between CMT results and individual somatic cell counts (SCC) or BTSCC, a descriptive study was carried out in two farms located in the dairy region of Antioquia (Colombia), in which lactating dairy cows (n = 95) were sampled during the morning and afternoon milking (once a month/3 months). CMT evaluation was performed at the afternoon milking at each time point of evaluation. In addition, total milk produced by individual cows was recorded and a milk sample was taken to perform SCC. Similarly, three samples of milk were taken from the tank to measure BTSCC. All milk samples were processed by triplicates by using a Fossomatic-90 equipment. Logarithmic transformation of data were done to normalize the SCC and BTSCC results according to the model: logarithmic SCC (SCCL) = Log2(SCC/100) +3, and analysis of variance were performed. A significant relationship (p < 0.05) was found between the percent of positive quarters (at least one cross by CMT) and the BTSCC taken at the afternoon milking. Accordingly, a model was established to define the BTSCC value depending on the percentage of CMT positive quarters. The average SCC of 206.630 and 145.935 cel/ml, were found for afternoon and morning milking, respectively; in as much as the average BTSCC found were 186.830 and 93.145 cel/ml, for afternoon and morning milking, respectively. Furthermore, a significant relationship (p < 0.05) was found between the SCC of the afternoon milking and the BTSCC. The BTSCC values were lower than the limit values accepted for the United Sates and European countries, which suggest that under strictly controlled management policies the dairy herds from Antioquia could meet the international standards for milk exportation. Finally, further studies are required in order to precise and define the source of variations found between the SCC and BTSCC for both the morning and afternoon milking.
Efectos de la leptina en el inicio de la pubertad en animales machos
Authors: Quintero Juan C. , Ruiz Cortés Zulma T.
Published: August 2024

Summary
The leptin is a 16 KDa hormone principally produced by the adipose tissue, codified by the ob gene and composed by 146 amino acids. This hormone carries out its functions at peripheral levels and in the hypothalamic- hypophysis - gonadal axis. In several species the effect of this hormone on reproduction and their concentration and expression changes might be associated with the onset of puberty in different animal species and in human beings. The role of leptin in male reproduction has been studied especially in rats, mice, human beings, and other animal species. Leptin receptor and mRNA expression has been found in Leydig cells, seminiferous tubules, spermatogonies, spermatozoa, among other cells, indicating that leptin could have an important role in testicular function. An inhibitory effect of testosterone on leptin secretion has been found and vice versa, which indicates that leptin can regulate testicular steroidogenesis. Leptin can also act in non differentiated cells of the testis, promoting spermiogenesis. Then, leptin appears to be an important hormone probably involved in vital functions of the male neuroendocrine and reproductive axis.
Determinación de los coeficientes de digestibilidad ileal aparente y estandarizada de la proteína y aminoácidos de la torta de canola en lechones recién destetados
Authors: Mariscal Gerardo , Reis Tércia C. , Parra Jaime E.
Published: August 2024

Summary
To obtain the coefficients of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of protein and amino acid from canola, one experiment was carried out using 24 piglets weaned at 17 days of age, weighing 5.5 kg. Piglets were fitted with a simple "T" cannula at terminal ileum and were fed with one of three treatments: (RD) reference diet elaborated with casein as unique protein source and corn starch; casein-canola meal (CCM) and casein-peletized canola meal (CPCM) diets. In those diets 10% CM or PCM was included. CAID were higher (p < 0.05) in RD than in CPCM diet and these than in CCM. CSID were ranked in the same way, PCM had higher CSID than CM. It was concluded that PCM can be useful at maximum level inclusion of 10% in weaned piglet food, because the peletized food significantly improve ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids.
Efecto de la variación en el peso y la condición corporal, y la expresión de receptores de leptina y hormona luteinizante, sobre la anovulación posparto en vacas cebú (Bos indicus)
Authors: Giraldo Carlos A. , Olivera A. Martha , Ruiz Cortés Zulma T.
Published: August 2024

Summary This study seek for the relationship between body weight (BW) and body condition, the time of appearance of first dominant follicles (DF) and the presence of leptin and LH receptors in the ovaries. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed during the postpartum period on eleven Zebu cows to monitor their follicular dynamics. When the third DF was detected, the cows were treated with LH (n = 4) or saline solution (n = 4) and 48h later they were ovariectomized to determine leptin and LH receptors by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) and immunohistochemistry (IHQ). Cows that did not display DF were also ovariectomized (control, n = 3). No significant effect of variation of BW and BC on the days to third DF was found. There was also a negative correlation between BW loss and daily BW loss with the time to the first and third DF. In FDLH group, 75% (3/4) of cows, ovulation was induced. In FDSS group, cows did not ovulate. The IFI studies for leptin and LH receptors detection were technically impossible due to the presence of autofluorescence. In the IHQ studies for both receptors, pattern of expression similar during the follicular development was found suggesting a comudulation at the ovarian level, being greater in hemorrhagic bodies and dominant follicles, and minor in growing follicles, at granulosa, theca and luteinized cells levels.
Índices de selección y niveles independientes de descarte para dos características productivas y reproductivas en un hato holstein (Bos taurus)
Authors: Restrepo Giovanni , Pizarro Edison J. , Quijano Jorge H.
Published: August 2024

Summary With the purpose to evaluate genetic selection by using indexes and independent culling levels (ICL) for productive and reproductive traits, 305-d milk yield (MY) and days open (DO), 1707 and 1206 records for MY and DO, respectively, were analyzed. By means of the MTDFREML program genetic parameters for heritability of 0.23 ± 0.065 and 0.09 ± 0.074 for MY and DO, respectively, and for repeatability of 0.34 ± 0.061 and 0.18 ± 0.054 for MY and DO, respectively, were estimated. Also the genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations between MY and DO were estimated, resulting in values of 0.15 ± 0.32, 0.42 and 0.34, respectively. For the indexes and ICL elaboration, and the estimation of genetic progress, different relations between relative economic values were analyzed. The highest progress was found for DO:MY economic values at 1:3 ratio. In the same way, evaluations for different selection intensities were done, where the highest genetic progress was obtained by the used of the maximum selection intensity (selected fraction of 10%) for both cases. Although with both selection methods the achievement of simultaneous genetic progress for each trait was demonstrated, by estimating a comparative relationship between both genetic progresses, a 12.6% more genetic progress by each generation was found for Index than for ICL methods. Nevertheless, despite being the Index a better method for selection of the best animals it requires a more precise estimation of correlations between traits, a process that was not feasible performed in the present study. Thereafter, ICL is proposed as the more convenient for that type of selection program.
Diagnóstico de pericarditis inflamatória idiopática en un perro. Reporte de un caso
Authors: Yepes M. Catalina M. , Gómez G. Leonardo F. , Orozco P. Sonia C.
Published: August 2024

Summary
This is a case of a nine years old male Bóxer, which presented exercise intolerance, weak cardiac sounds and abdominal distension caused by ascites. After performing ancillary tests like radiography, echocardiography and electrocardiography a severe accumulation of pericardial liquid which was generating a cardiac tamponade was confirmed. After the fluid was submitted to cytological evaluation and other possible diagnoses were excluded, it was determined the diagnosis of Inflammatory Idiopathic Pericarditis (IIP).
Análisis de costos de esquemas de transferencia de embriones bovinos utilizados en Colombia
Authors: Bolívar Paula A. , Maldonado Estrada Juan Guillermo
Published: August 2024

Summary In this work an estimated calculation of the cost of three of the most common protocols for superovulation and embryo trasnsfer in Colombia is presented. Estimate costs were defined according to commercial avalilable products at december 2005, taking into account the following sources of costs: 1) Superovulation of donor cows, 2) sinchronization of receptor cows, and 3) personnel. Hormonal schedules that were analyzed included: schedule 1 (S1), sinchronization with progesterone implants, FSH (continuous dose) GnRH (synchronization of ovulation), and AI; schedule 2 (S2), sinchronization with two dose prostaglandins, FSH (continuous dose), LH source and insemination; and schedule 3 (S3), sinchronization with progesterone implants, FSH (continuous dose), prostaglandin, GnRH (36h) after, and AI. Costs were calculated on the basis of 6.3, 6.6, and 10.3 transferable embryos/flush, for schedule 1, 2 and 3, respectively; flushes/donor/year (n = 4), and global pregnancy rate (50 or 100%). The estimated costs for transferable embryo were US 239.8 ($ 479.585.7), US 156 ($ 312.879.0), y US 115.1 ($ 230.186.5) for S1, S2, and S3, respectively. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between schedules were found for cost components. Average costs/transferable embryo were increased to US 359.7 ($719.378.6), US 234.7 ($ 469.318.4), y US 172.6 ($ 345.279.7), respectively, when 50% of transferred embryo losses were included in the analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report on estimated costs for embryo transfer in Colombia. In this work several cost components for calculating the cost of ET according to each hormonal schedule are provided.
Actividad de glutatión peroxidasa y superóxido dismutasa en sangre, plasma sanguíneo y plasma seminal en toros Normando
Authors: Villa Néstor A. , Moreno Wilson , Ceballos Alejandro
Published: August 2024

Summary The aim of the study was to evaluate the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx; EC 1.11.1.9), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) in blood, blood plasma and seminal plasma, and to correlate them with seminal characteristics (i.e. volume, individual and total motility, concentration, ratio of live and death cells, and hyposmotic test) in Normande bulls. Semen and blood samples were collected from each bull (n = 20) from farms located in the high Andes mountains in Caldas State (Colombia). Data were analyzed by a linear regression model. The blood activity of GPx was 80 ± 48 U/g Hb, 0.09 ± 0.1 U/ml, and 0.9 ± 0.7 U/ml, in blood, blood plasma and seminal plasma, respectively. There was no relationship to either seminal characteristics or hyposmotic test (p > 0.05). The activity of SOD was 940 ± 374 U/g Hb, 120 ± 73 U/ml, and 5.1 ± 2.6 U/ml, in blood, blood plasma, and seminal plasma, respectively. There was a negative trend (p = 0.06) in the relationship of SOD activity in seminal plasma to hyposmotic test; however, there was no association to other seminal characteristics (p > 0.05). The blood activity of both enzymes suggested a suboptimal intake of Se, Cu, and Zn, and it was not translated into an adequate antioxidant defense of the seminal plasma. It suggested the activity of undetermined isoenzymes or and independency between blood and testicle compartments.
Prevalencia de mastitis bovina y su etiología infecciosa en sistemas especializados en producción de leche en el altiplano cundiboyacense (Colombia)
Authors: Calderón Alfonso , Rodríguez Virginia C.
Published: August 2024

Summary
Using the Californian Mastitis Test (CMT), 11.416 udder quarts belonging to 2.854 cows from 40 milk production specialized farms of the cundiboyacense plain, selected at random, were evaluated. Of the 3.931 positive quarts (from reaction trace to clinical cases), a milk sample was taken in order to isolate the microorganisms involved in bovine. The 34.44% for the quarter were positive al CMT, the 49.01% involved infectious microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus was the main pathogenic agent with 29.09% of the total isolations. Contrary to the normal indications from the temperate areas where Streptococcus agalactiae has been reported as the main pathogen with more than 50% of prevalence, in this study it was isolated in only 6.84% of the samples. Mix infections represented 1.2% and the most frequent association was between Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae. The coagulase positive Staphylococci (different to Staph. aureus) were found in 4.04% of the sample. The coagulase negative Staphylococci were isolated in 11.75% of the samples. Isolates of Strep. uberis, Strep. dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis and Corynebacterium
poygenes, were found in 5.74, 2.62, 8.44, and 5.92% of the samples, respectively. The main pathogen found in this study was the S. aureus, an infectious agent that is being propagated by conducting poor farming practices in implementing prevention and control programs.
Estimación de la degradabilidad efectiva en el rumen mediante métodos numéricos
Authors: Correa Héctor J.
Published: August 2024

Summary In order to develop efficient feeding programs for ruminants, it is required to make a correct estimation of the effective ruminal degradability (ED) of the nutritional fractions. The classical calculation of ED (DEb=bKd/(Kd+Kp)) lacks precision, because it erroneously assumes that the kinetic constants Kd and Kp represent fermentation velocity and velocity of passage through the rumen, respectively. In reality, Kd actually represents the constant relationship between acceleration and degradation velocity, while Kp represents the relationship between acceleration and velocity of passage. Considering this information, a new proposal is being presented that takes into account the correct mathematical interpretation of the ruminal degradation and passage kinetics.
Kinetics of fenthion excretion in milk following a topical application in two breeds of dairy cattle
Authors: Ramírez Nicolás , Ruiz B. Jhon D. , Restrepo Luis F. , López Carlos A.
Published: August 2024

Summary
The mammary excretion of fenthion was determined in cross-bred (Bon x Holstein) and pure Holstein cows following a topical (pour-on) application of a commercial formulation. Two groups of five cows each received a single application at the recommended dosage of 10 mg/kg BW on the withers. Milk samples were collected twice a day, from the morning and afternoon milkings during a 5-day period and analyzed for fenthion and total fat contents. A bi-compartmental analysis was used to describe the pharmacokinetic parameters. Overall fenthion milk concentrations increased progressively to reach maximum peaks (Cmax) of 0.4 ppm and 0.2 ppm at about 33 hr post-treatment in cross-bred and pure Holstein cows, respectively. However, since total residues in milk were strongly correlated with total fat content, for any particular day the concentrations attained in the morning milking were lower than those for the afternoon collection. The elimination half-lives (T1/2) for the two cattle breeds were 52.5 and 59.3 hr for cross-bred and Holstein respectively as indicated by milk concentrations. Fenthion concentrations declined to the maximum residue limit of 0.05 ppm set by the OMS FAO at 8.0, and 6.61 days post application, in cross-bred and pure bred Holstein cows respectively. These results suggest that withdrawal time for milk from lactating dairy cows treated with topical fenthion, could be of 8 days approximately.
Comparación de las propiedades de osteoconducción y osteointegración de una hidroxiapatita reabsorbible comercial con una hidroxiapatita reabsorbible sintetizada
Authors: Jaramillo Carlos D. , Rivera Posada Jairo A. , Echavarría Alejandro , O¨byrne Johan , Congote Diego , Restrepo Luis F.
Published: August 2024

Summary
In the following article the effects of two types of hydroxiapatites on bone synthesis and properties were evaluated. One of them (OseoU) was synthesized at two different temperatures to compare it to a commercial mixture of hydroxiapatite (Osteogen®) commonly used in several surgical procedures in which loss of bone tissue is present.  The synthesis was carried out in the laboratories of the Universidad de Antioquia by precipitating the mixture of calcium nitrate and ammonium phosphate. The final products and the commercial hydroxiapatite were characterized by sweeper electronic microscopy (SEM), X ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dispersed spectrometry (EDS). The properties of osteoconduction and osteointegration were measured according to the capacity of the products to induce the differentiation of local cells into bone forming cells. Such characteristics were evaluated in hydroxiapatite implants in 70 New Zealand breed rabbits distributed in seven groups, ten rabbits in each group, which were evaluated at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 60 and 90 after the surgical procedure.  The results demonstrated that the hydroxiapatites synthesized in the laboratories of the Universidad de Antioquia and the commercial hydroxiapatite showed similar characteristics in terms of the crystal structure, chemical composition and absorption properties with slight morphological differences in particle shape and size. Using variance analysis, no meaningful statistical differences were found between the histopathological variables evaluated in the several hydroxiapatite groups (p>0.05), indicating that results obtained with both the OseoU and the commercial hydroxiapatite equally affected bone synthesis and properties.
Reproducción inducida y producción de alevinos de Sabaleta Brycon henni: determinación del tiempo de latencia utilizando extracto de hipófisis de carpa
Authors: Lenis Gustavo , Restrepo Luis F. , Rivera Juan C. , Monsalve Fabián , Cruz Casallas Pablo
Published: August 2024

Summary This research was conducted in the San José del Nus fish farm, located in the Municipality of San Roque (department of Antioquia). This study began in 2002 with the capture and suitability of 100 wild breeding fish batches coming from three sub-basins near to San José del Nus fish farm. In 2003, another 80 specimens were captured and utilized for first hormonal induction trials by stimulating final maturation and ovulation with two doses of Carp pituitary extract (CPE) (0.5 + 5.0 mg/kg B.W.). Dry extrusion was used in the three groups of fish to obtain gametes. Spermiation and final maturation plus ovulation were induced in twenty males and females, respectively. The most relevant result was ovulation and spawning in 8 cases. Two of them were completely successful; their latency period was 13 and 11 h, respectively. From the first previously fertilized female (136.2 g. B.W.) 1421 eggs were extracted, with a survival of 28% from embryo to larva; and 35.7% from larva to alevin. The second female (90 g B.W.) spawned 1348 eggs, resulting in a fertilization rate of 74%, larval survival of 40% and survival until alevin for commercial use of 25%. In both cases, spawning resulted in an alevin net number of 141 and 101, respectively. Water incubation temperature was 24.5 °C and 25.3 °C. It is important to emphasize that in the same year a previously spawned female was found, and three months later this female presented gonadal maturity once again.
Virus de Fiebre Aftosa: Una aproximación al estado del arte
Authors: Ruiz Sáenz Julián , Jaime Jairo , Vera Víctor
Published: August 2024

Summary  Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease caused by a prototype member of the Picornaviridae family. Although the disease has been described for more than 5 centuries, it remains one of the major health and economic barriers for cattle and swine import and export. Since 75% of the national cattle herd is FMD free, it is necessary to provide an updated literature review of the disease. Updated information of FMD will assist in the decision making of the need and use of vaccines, especially at the time when the country is declared free of FMD.
Tipificación de tres marcadores genéticos de caracteres de importancia comercial en ganado Charolais: implicaciones en la ganadería para carne en México
Authors: Parra Bracamonte Gaspar Manuel , Sifuentes Rincón Ana M. , Arellano Vera Williams , Almanza González Alberto , De la Rosa Reyna Xochitl F.
Published: August 2024

Summary
Samples from registered Charolais sire candidate bulls for breeding herds and managed in a performance test station (N=130) were analyzed in order to estimate genotypic and allelic frequencies of three single nucleotide polymorphisms associated to beef quality traits. Two Calpain gene SNP markers, CAPN316 and CAPN4751, and the Charolais private mutation Q204X associated to double-muscling phenotype, were assessed. High frequency of normal allele was observed in CAPN316 (f=0.85) and similar frequencies for normal and favorable alleles in CAPN4751 (f=0.58 and 0.42, respectively). For Q204X, a low prevalence for the double muscling promoter allele was observed (f=0.03) attributable to negative selection criterion over this trait in the last 30 years. Implication and validation effects of the marker effects on the beef production system are discussed. Implementation of marker assisted management could help system development, support creation of quality meat niches and facilitate the increasing profitability for current beef production industry.
Alimento vivo enriquecido con ácidos grasos para el desarrollo larvario de peces
Authors: Rivera Narváez Carlos Mario , Botero Aguirre Mónica
Published: August 2024

Summary
The larvae nutrition represents one of the main problems in the great scale production of fish. The primary objective of this review is to enlarge the knowledge of the factors that take part in the organic and digestive development of fish and the way these factors can affect their growth and survival. The development of digestive tract in the larvae of fish is conditioned by anatomo-physiological aspects that allow pos-larvae to adapt biochemical and histologically to periods of transition between the end of the reabsorption of the yolk sac and the beginning of consumption of live feed, and from the consumption of live feed to a balanced commercial diet. The species used in the first feeding of post-larvae affect their survival and development. An inadequate provision could cause a high mortality due to the fact that the zooplankter species that proliferate everywhere not always satisfy the growing fish nutritional requirements, their volume growth is inferior to the required volume and, on top of that, a wrong production handling favors the proliferation of depredating planktonic species. Bearing in mind that one of the main nutrients t0hat live feed contributes, are the non-saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, nutritional deficiencies in the live feed can be complemented with the enrichment of fatty acids, which are essential components in the processes of pigmentation, production of prostaglandins and immunological defenses, plus retinal development required to improve visual capacity and sharpness, among others.
STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF RELOCATING A BUSINESSIN THE FACE OF COMPETITIVE OR MILITARY CHALLENGES
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, CHUBUK Lesia , NESTERENKO Olena ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: August 2024

Background. A business relocation, whether partial or complete, within the country or abroad, respond to various competitive, political, military and other challenges. Domestic companies have been confronted with the necessity of forced relocation due to military actions. However, the factors driving businesses to move differ between traditional relocation, aimed at achieving higher competitiveness, and forced relocation, requiring consideration of different aspects in developing strategies. The study aimed to identify differences in various forms of relocation, ascertain factors influencing the effectiveness of business relocation and the most important aspects of strategy development, and formulate recommendations regarding measures supporting relocation in the face of military challenges. Methods. Generalization, comparative and systematic analysis methods, analogy (when studying theoretical sources, developing proposals for entire or partial relocation, choosing its forms), analysis and synthesis, logical analysis (when processing empirical survey data) were applied. Results. The relocation was found to occur in various forms, and their variety encompasses an entire relocation, the use of the regime of an intellectual property holding company, the development of regional business, offshoring, and changing risk management models. The study identified the factors responsible for a higher probability of traditional relocation (age, size of the business, its attribute to a particular sector/industry, high employment and population density in the relocation area, and proximity to the previous location.) It demonstrated that they may not be effective in case of a forced relocation. The main issue in building a relocation strategy and achieving its efficiency is the search for the future location. Still, the priority factors that influence it show the difference between a traditional and a forced relocation. Conclusions. In building a relocation strategy, one should search for an optimal location, choose the relocation format, assess expected benefits and costs, and develop solutions to critical issues (transportation logistics, access to real estate, infrastructure, etc. To determine the business transformation opportunities as alternatives to relocation or as complements to relocation through transformation, it is advisable to use a model of analysis at various levels of production and business processes: internal, structural, systemic, and implementation levels. Financial support for relocation needs improvement.
Experimental assessment of strength characteristics of anthropogenic soils in a given mining area for justification of tractor propulsion type
Authors: Zakharov Alexander Y. , Volskaya Natalia S. , Zhurkin Mikhail M. , Ilyichev Ilya A.
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND: In mining, there is a need to develop tractors as special robotic vehicles of the robotic mining facility that can efficiently move and work on soils with low bearing capacity, in waterlogged areas and in the underwater position. A preliminary evaluation of the strength characteristics of such a heterogeneous surface of the exploitation area helps to choose an effective concept and technical characteristics of the propulsor of the tractor.
AIM: Formation of the database of the physical condition and mechanical properties of the environment in which the tractor will move and operate.
METHODS: In order to achieve the aim, preliminary experiments were conducted on the terrain. Typical kinds of soil sites and watered areas, including those of anthropogenic origin, of a given mining area were identified. Full-scale instrumental tests were conducted to determine: granulometric composition of soils; physical and mechanical parameters of these soils at the selected sites using the developed original types of a penetrometer and a shear rig.
RESULTS: The database of numerical values of measured strength characteristics of one of the soil types (as an example) as a possible supporting surface for vehicle motion in the area of mining facility operation is presented in a graphical form. The basis of this database is the graphs according to the results of experiments on free settlement and shear with the help of dies of two types of configuration (the round die and the original caterpillar track respectively); the granulometric composition of the selected soils has been evaluated.
CONCLUSION: The methodology of preliminary assessment of the soil condition by two indicators of soil strength (the rut depth z depending on the average pressure under the die) and shear (average tangential stresses τ in the contact patch on the motion of the die relative to the soil, depending on the ratio of the normal force and the traction force in the contact plane) has been developed. The 3D model of the coastal and bottom area of the technogenic mining zone has been developed. Design variants of highly efficient types of tractor propulsors are selected on the basis of prediction of maximum allowable stresses in the contact patch with the ground for the bearing surface areas of the considered area of operation.
Fénelon e as ilusões do Classicismo
Authors: Brito Tarsilla Couto de
Published: August 2024

Estudos do final do século XX sobre a vida literária do reino de Luís XIV desestabilizaram a ideia de homogeneidade associada ao Classicismo francês (CHANTALAT, 1992; FUMAROLI, 1997; MESNARD, 1990; DARMOND, 2006; COSTA, 2009). Este texto objetiva demonstrar que algumas das características definidas como essenciais ao “Classicismo” podem ser revisitadas como “lugares” ricos em tensões. O autor de Les aventures de Télémaque, Fénelon, objeto deste estudo, é um dos escritores que, apesar de aparecer nos livros de história literária como um autor do Classicismo, observado de perto, não aceita com facilidade este rótulo. O presente artigo buscará realizar uma breve história das leituras da narrativa pedagógica Les aventures de Télémaque para demonstrar como as práticas interpretativas participam da constituição dos sentidos de um texto literário, forçando-o a inflexões que o sequestram de seu momento histórico de produção.
Repensando a identidade nacional: uma leitura pós-colonialista de Bernardo Guimarães.
Authors: Muñoz Juliana Fillies Testa
Published: August 2024

Segundo a teoria pós-colonial, a construção de uma identidade nacional em ex-colônias foi significativamente influenciada pelas noções de nação e civilização do colonizador. O modelo de sociedade propagado por este era o ocidental. Essas ideias circularam nas sociedades coloniais através de veículos como a literatura. Por meio da atribuição simbólica de significados, autores como Bernardo Guimarães marginalizaram o afrodescendente no projeto de construção da nação e delinearam em seus romances sua imagem do futuro étnico brasileiro. Propõe-se no presente artigo analisar brevemente em três obras de Guimarães, como este autor imaginou o futuro do país, em especial, como ele projetou o povo brasileiro.
Menstrual hygiene among the undergraduate medical college students in Churachandpur Medical College, Manipur, North Eastern state of India
Authors: Devi Okram Sarda , Vashum Melody , Laishram Guddi
Published: August 2024

Background: Menstruation is very important monthly event in the life of adolescent. Educating girls and women about menstrual hygiene is vital to break taboos, promote health, and empower them to manage their periods hygienically and confidently. For this knowing the awareness and practices and prevalence menstruation related health issue are also important.
Methods: The study is a cross-sectional observational study done on all undergraduate’s female medical graduates of Churachandpur medical college (Imphal Campus) Manipur. from May 15th, 2024 to June 15th, 2024.
Results: In the current study, it is noted that 100% of participants have menstrual related health issues and dysmenorrhea was the commonest among the menstrual related health issues. And a huge number of students did not receive treatment for the menstrual related health issues. Less than 50% of students have accessibility to separate toilet. And 55% have restriction during menstrual cycle.
Conclusions: It is noted from the current study that there are numerous problems regarding menstrual hygiene that need to be address. So, providing more accessible menstrual clinics is crucial.
PTERIDOFITAS EPIFITAS DE LA FRANJA SUBANDINA DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE CUNDINAMARCA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Barrera Torres Eduardo , Chaparro de Barrera Angela , Murillo María Teresa
Published: August 2024

En 48 localidades, comprendidas entre 1000 y 2300 m alt., ubicadas en la franja subandina del departamento de Cundinamarca, se reconocieron 19 géneros y 62 especies, de Pteridofitos epífítos. El género Polypodium es predominante con 23 especies, que corresponden al 46 % de las registradas para Colombia. Los taxa reconocidos crecen sobre corteza o humus y se desarrollan como holoepífitas (HOE) o epífitas casuales (CAS) sobre hospederos poco específicos. El registro de la distribución geográfica y altitudinal de las especies demuestra mayor diversidad en la vertiente occidental de la cordillera oriental.
ASPECTOS DE LA DINAMICA POBLACIONAL DE JAIBAS CALLINECTES SAPIDUS Y C. BOCOURTI DE LA CIENAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: PORTUNIDAE)
Authors: Valencia Maria José , Campos Néstor Hernando
Published: August 2024

Con el fin de conocer el estado de explotación de las jaibas (Callinectes sapidus y C. bocourti) en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, se realizaron 33 muestreos en diferentes sitios, entre febrero de 1993 y enero de 1994; donde se capturaron 428 individuos de C. bocourti y 762 de C. sapidus y se hicieron 29 visitas a la comercializadora de Pueblo Viejo, donde se midieron 743 individuos de C. bocourti y 1117 de C. sapidus. Se determinó el ancho total y se obtuvieron las frecuencias de tallas para las dos especies. Los datos se procesaron con el programa FiSAT, se estimaron los parámetros de crecimiento (L∞ y K). C. sapidus presentó el valor más alto de L∞, 17.5 cm y C. bocourti 14.8 cm. Los valores de K (coeficiente de crecimiento) fueron 1.15 y 1.3 respectivamente. La tasa de mortalidad total (Z) fue de 6.26 para C. sapidus y 5.78 para C. bocourti y por pesca (F) de 3.89 y 3.09 respectivamente. La tasa de explotación (E=F/Z) fue de 0.62 para C. sapidus y 0.53 para C. bocourti. Estos valores se encuentran por debajo de la tasa de explotación óptima (Eopt) que puede soportar actualmente el recurso (0.86 para C. bocourti y 0.84 para C. sapidus), lo cual permite concluir que actualmente ambas especies se encuentran subexplotadas.
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO SIMULIUM (ECTEMNASPIS) AND SIMULIUM (PSILOPELMIA) LIMITS
Authors: Miranda Esquivel Daniel Rafael , Muñoz de Hoyos Paulina
Published: August 2024

Taxonomic limits between sub genera of the Simuliidae have changed throughout this century. Sorne of the difficulties in defining the subgenera Simulium (Ectemnaspis) and Simulium (Psilopelmia) arise from differering perspectives about the groups, the use of different sets of characters, and/or the application of different theorethical frameworks to study them. Of particular importance in this connection are the opposing points of view presented by Coscarón (1984, 1987, 1990, 1991) and Crosskey (1987, 1990). The controversy can be resolved with the use of a phylogenetic approach which provides an effective method to clarify the limits between subgenera.
EL TERREMOTO DE BUGA DEL 9 DE JULIO DE 1766. ANALISIS HISTORICO Y GEOTECTONICO
Authors: Espinosa B. Armando
Published: August 2024

El terremoto de Buga es uno de los eventos mejor documentados de la Epoca Colonial en la Nueva Granada. Sobre la base de informaciones recogidas por autores anteriores, y de datos nuevos provenientes de los archivos históricos de Santa Fe de Bogotá y del Suroccidente de Colombia, es posible hacer un balance de daños en las localidades afectadas: Buga, Cali, Popayán, Palmira e lbagué. Los efectos fueron importantes en Buga y sus cercanías, área donde se sitúa la zona epicentral, y alcanzaron cierta consideración en ciudades más alejadas como Popayán e lbagué.
El patrón de la distribución de intensidades del terremoto de Buga presenta anomalías que pueden ser interpretadas en términos geotectónicos. En particular, la baja intensidad observada en localidades como Cartago y Toro, muy cerca de la zona epicentral, y la alta intensidad al noreste, en lbagué, sugieren un control tectónico y litológico en la propagación de la energía sísmica, en el cual las fallas de dirección Este - Noreste, tipo Cucuana e Ibagué, juegan un papel preponderante.
NEW SISTER-SPECIES OF ELEUTHERODACTYLUS FROM THE CORDILLERA OCCIDENTAL OF SOUTHWESTERN COLOMBIA (AMPHIBIA: SALIENTIA: LEPTODACTYLIDAE)
Authors: Lynch John D. , Ruiz-Carranza Pedro M.
Published: August 2024

Se describen seis especies nuevas de ranas de la Cordillera Occidental. Las especies nuevas tienen parentescos con especies conocidas. Una especie nueva de Mistrató, Risaralda, es la especie hermana de E. bellona; las dos son las únicas especies con co-osificación cranial. La especie hermana de E. appendiculatus, una especie de rostro largo, del sur de Colombia y Ecuador, se encuentra en la Serranía de los Paraguas. Se describen dos especies nuevas, relacionadas con E. diaphonus, provenientes de los Departamentos de Cauca y Chocó. Dos especies más del grupo sulculus se encuentran en la Serranía de los Paraguas y los Farallones de Cali. En cada caso, las especies más relacionadas tienen una distribución alopátrica usualmente en transectos adyacentes. La mayoría de las combinaciones de especies hermanas ocurren en el mismo piso altitudinal con excepciones del grupo Eleutherodactylus anomalus (E. cheiroplethus) y del grupo Eleutherodactylus loustes (E. hybotragus) que tienen desplazamiento vertical.
LOS MANGLARES DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO: SÍNTESIS DE SU CONOCIMIENTO
Authors: Alvarez-León Ricardo , Polanía Jaime
Published: August 2024

Se presenta una síntesis actualizada del estado del conocimiento relativo a los manglares del Caribe colombiano y de las características ambientales (naturales y antrópicas) que regulan su desarrollo. La importancia de dichos ecosistemas se compara con su productividad y con su relación con las pesquerías. Se hace referencia a los micro y macroorganismos (anfibios y acuáticos) que habitan el ecosistema, se trata la utilización forestal, medicinal, artesanal e industrial del manglar y de los recursos que genera, así como su importancia para el desarrollo de la camaronicultura. Se discuten los tensores que afectan los procesos biológicos en el ecosistema, así como algunas acciones mitigantes implementadas, aspectos legislativos y las particularidades del manejo del ecosistema.
SOME MISTAKEN ARGUMENTS AGAINST OBJECTIVITY AND TRUTH IN SCIENCE
Authors: Castro Eduardo Alberto
Published: August 2024

Sorne harmful viewpoints about objetivity and truth in science are presented and they are analysed on the basis of currently accepted concepts in normal scientific research and technological applications. The social and professional duties of scientists in these regards are pointed out and sorne possible answers against the anti-science movements are given.
THREE NEW FROGS (ELEUTHERODACTYLUS: LEPTODACTYLIDAE) FROM CLOUD FORESTS IN EASTERN DEPARTAMENTO CALDAS, COLOMBIA
Authors: Lynch John D. , Rueda-Almonacid José Vicente
Published: August 2024

Three new species ofthe genus Eleutherodactylus are named from cloud forests on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central in Departamento Caldas, Colombia. These three species are a part of a large fauna of frogs from those forests. In a transect between 600 and 2600 m, 32 species of Eleutherodactylus were found, the majority of which were found in forests between 1700 and 2250 m.