bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GALACTIC BULGES
Authors: Wyse Rosemary F. G. , Gilmore Gerard , Franx Marijn
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  We discuss the present observational and theoretical understanding of the stellar populations of bulges and their implications for galaxy formation and evolution. The place of bulges as key to the Hubble Sequence remains secure, but some old paradigms are giving way to new ones as observations develop. Detailed studies of Local Group bulges and haloes provide a basis on which we consider higher redshift data. We present the evidence for and against the currently common preconceptions that bulges are old, above solar metallicity in the mean, and simply scaled-down versions of ellipticals. We conclude life is not so simple: Bulges are diverse and heterogeneous, and although their properties vary systematically, sometimes they are reminiscent of disks, sometimes of ellipticals. The extant observational data are, however, limited. New and future surveys will rectify this, and we discuss the questions those data will address.
The New Solar Corona
Authors: Aschwanden Markus J. , Poland Arthur I. , Rabin Douglas M.
Published: July 2002

We focus on new observational capabilities (Yohkoh, SoHO, TRACE), observations, modeling approaches, and insights into physical processes of the solar corona. The most impressive new results and problems discussed in this article can be appreciated from the movies available on the Annual Reviews website and at http://www.lmsal.com/pub/araa/araa.html .
TARGET SITE SELECTION IN TRANSPOSITION
Authors: Craig Nancy L.
Published: July 2002

Transposable elements are discrete mobile DNA segments that can insert into nonhomologous target sites. Diverse patterns of target site selectivity are observed: Some elements display considerable target site selectivity and others display little obvious selectivity, although none appears to be truly “random.” A variety of mechanisms for target site selection are used: Some elements use direct interactions between the recombinase and target DNA whereas other elements depend upon interactions with accessory proteins that communicate both with the target DNA and the recombinase. The study of target site selectivity is useful in probing recombination mechanisms, in studying genome structure and function, and also in providing tools for genome manipulation.
FORCE EFFECTS ON BIOCHEMICAL KINETICS
Authors: Khan Shahid , Sheetz Michael P.
Published: July 2002

Force is an important component in the proper functioning of tissues and cells. In processes ranging from the contraction of muscles to the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, forces must be adjusted to the proper levels by cells. At the molecular level, it is clear that the motor molecules and other enzymes must respond to changes in mechanical forces by altering enzymatic function. Recent technical advances, primarily the atomic force microscope and laser tweezers, enable us to measure forces at the single molecule level to test how force is transduced into a change in enzyme activity. A priori, four basic mechanisms of coupling enzyme rate and force are considered. The mechanisms extend from the cellular to the molecular level. For example, polymer assembly rates and cytoskeletal matrix concentration are potentially modified by force in ways that feed back on critical enzyme rates. In studies of the known mechanosensitive enzymes, myosin and other motors, the bacterial flagellar rotor, and the F0F1 ATPase, the molecular mechanisms used to transduce force changes into activity changes have not been clearly defined, although it is reasonable to speculate about the nature of these mechanisms from the atomic structures and nanometer measurements of movement.
SIMULATION OF PROKARYOTIC GENETIC CIRCUITS
Authors: McAdams Harley H. , Arkin Adam
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Biochemical and genetic approaches have identified the molecular mechanisms of many genetic reactions, particularly in bacteria. Now a comparably detailed understanding is needed of how groupings of genes and related protein reactions interact to orchestrate cellular functions over the cell cycle, to implement preprogrammed cellular development, or to dynamically change a cell's processes and structures in response to environmental signals. Simulations using realistic, molecular-level models of genetic mechanisms and of signal transduction networks are needed to analyze dynamic behavior of multigene systems, to predict behavior of mutant circuits, and to identify the design principles applicable to design of genetic regulatory circuits. When the underlying design rules for regulatory circuits are understood, it will be far easier to recognize common circuit motifs, to identify functions of individual proteins in regulation, and to redesign circuits for altered functions.
INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM TO THE NUCLEUS
Authors: Chapman Rowan , Sidrauski Carmela , Walter Peter
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Cells respond to an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by increasing transcription of genes encoding ER resident proteins. The information is transmitted from the ER lumen to the nucleus by an intracellular signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Recent work has shown that this signaling pathway utilizes several novel mechanisms, including translational attenuation and a regulated mRNA splicing step. In this review we aim to integrate these recent advances with current knowledge about maintenance of ER composition and abundance.
NATURAL FREEZING SURVIVAL IN ANIMALS
Authors: Storey Kenneth B. , Storey Janet M.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Natural freeze-tolerance supports the winter survival of many animals including numerous terrestrial insects, many intertidal marine invertebrates, and selected species of terrestrially hibernating amphibians and reptiles. Freeze-tolerant animals typically endure the conversion of 50% or more of total body water into extracellular ice and employ a suite of adaptations that counter the negative consequences of freezing. Specific adaptations control the sites and rate of ice formation to prevent physical damage by ice. Other adaptations regulate cell-volume change: Colligative cryoprotectants minimize cell shrinkage during extracellular ice formation; other protectants stabilize membrane structure; and a high density of membrane transporter proteins ensure rapid cryoprotectant distribution. Cell survival during freezing is also potentiated by anoxia tolerance, mechanisms of metabolic rate depression, and antioxidant defenses. The net result of these protective mechanisms is the ability to reactivate vital functions after days or weeks of continuous freezing. Magnetic resonance imaging has allowed visual examinations of the mode of ice penetration through the body of freeze-tolerant frogs and turtles, and cryomicroscopy has illustrated the effects of freezing on the cellular and microvasculature structure of tissues. Various metabolic adaptations for freezing survival appear to have evolved out of pre-existing physiological capacities of animals, including desiccation-resistance and anoxia-tolerance.
Hybrid Origins of Plant Species
Authors: Rieseberg Loren H.
Published: July 2002

The origin of new homoploid species via hybridization is theoretically difficult because it requires the development of reproductive isolation in sympatry. Nonetheless, this mode is often and carelessly used by botanists to account for the formation of species that are morphologically intermediate with respect to related congeners. Here, I review experimental, theoretical, and empirical studies of homoploid hybrid speciation to evaluate the feasibility, tempo, and frequency of this mode. Theoretical models, simulation studies, and experimental syntheses of stabilized hybrid neospecies indicate that it is feasible, although evolutionary conditions are stringent. Hybrid speciation appears to be promoted by rapid chromosomal evolution and the availability of a suitable hybrid habitat. A selfing breeding system may enhance establishment of hybrid species, but this advantage appears to be counterbalanced by lower rates of natural hybridization among selfing taxa. Simulation studies and crossing experiments also suggest that hybrid speciation can be rapid—a prediction confirmed by the congruence observed between the genomes of early generation hybrids and ancient hybrid species. The frequency of this mode is less clear. Only eight natural examples in plants have been rigorously documented, suggesting that it may be rare. However, hybridization rates are highest in small or peripheral populations, and hybridization may be important as a stimulus for the genetic or chromosomal reorganization envisioned in founder effect and saltational models of speciation.
ENERGY STORAGE FOR A COMPETITIVE POWER MARKET
Authors: Schoenung Susan M. , Eyer James M. , Iannucci Joseph J. , Horgan Susan A.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This article discusses briefly the status of energy storage technologies and explores opportunities for their application in the rapidly changing US energy marketplace. Traditionally, electric utility energy storage has been used to store low-priced purchased or generated electric energy for later sale or use when energy cost would otherwise be much higher. But deregulation and restructuring in the electric industry, coupled with an expanding portfolio of storage alternatives, may lead to many new opportunities for energy storage, especially within the energy distribution infrastructure, and for maintaining or providing power quality at large customer sites. Small, modular, robust energy storage technologies could be used to solve a range of energy supply and infrastructure-related needs. This article provides quantitative evidence of utility-related energy storage status, benefits, and opportunities.
Control of Insect Pests with Entomopathogenic Nematodes: The Impact of Molecular Biology and Phylogenetic Reconstruction
Authors: Liu J. , Poinar G. O. , Berry R. E.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Entomopathogenic nematodes are excellent biological control agents. Utilization of these nematodes is developing rapidly with almost a doubling of newly described species in the past five years. Advances in molecular biology and phylogenetic reconstruction have revolutionized understanding of population structure, identification, genetic improvement, systematics, and the symbiosis between entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacteria. Population structure provides the most fundamental information for reliable identification of species and unique genetic variants. Such information could be further assessed for nematode potential as biological control agents. Phylogenetic reconstruction is an important approach for understanding multitrophic interactions among entomopathogenic nematodes, symbiotic bacteria, and their insect hosts. Phylogenetic reconstruction is also important for the development of a natural and stable type of systematics, which can provide guidelines for selecting appropriate entomopathogenic nematode species for particular biological control programs.
Economic, Ecological, Food Safety, and Social Consequences of the Deployment of Bt Transgenic Plants
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Zhao J.-Z. , Roush R. T.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Transgenic plants expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are revolutionizing agriculture. Bt, which had limited use as a foliar insecticide, has become a major insecticide because genes that produce Bt toxins have been engineered into major crops grown on 11.4 million ha worldwide in 2000. Based on the data collected to date, generally these crops have shown positive economic benefits to growers and reduced the use of other insecticides. The potential ecological and human health consequences of Bt plants, including effects on nontarget organisms, food safety, and the development of resistant insect populations, are being compared for Bt plants and alternative insect management strategies. Scientists do not have full knowledge of the risks and benefits of any insect management strategies. Bt plants were deployed with the expectation that the risks would be lower than current or alternative technologies and that the benefits would be greater. Based on the data to date, these expectations seem valid.
Mechanisms of Retroviral Recombination
Authors: Negroni Matteo , Buc Henri
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Recombination is a major source of genetic variability in retroviruses. Each viral particle contains two single-stranded genomic RNAs. Recombination mostly results from a switch in template between these two RNAs during reverse transcription. Here we emphasize the main mechanisms underlying recombination that are emerging from recent advances in biochemical and cell culture techniques. Increasing evidence supporting the involvement of RNA secondary structures now complements the predominant role classically attributed to enzyme pausing during reverse transcription. Finally, the implications of recombination on the dynamics of emergence of genomic aberrations in retroviruses are discussed.
INBORNERRORS OFSTEROLBIOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Kelley Richard I. , Herman Gail E.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The known disorders of cholesterol biosynthesis have expanded rapidly since the discovery that Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Each of the six now recognized sterol disorders—mevalonic aciduria, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, desmosterolosis, Conradi-Hünermann syndrome, CHILD syndrome, and Greenberg dysplasia—has added to our knowledge of the relationship between cholesterol metabolism and embryogenesis. One of the most important lessons learned from the study of these disorders is that abnormal cholesterol metabolism impairs the function of the hedgehog class of embryonic signaling proteins, which help execute the vertebrate body plan during the earliest weeks of gestation. The study of the enzymes and genes in these several syndromes has also expanded and better delineated an important class of enzymes and proteins with diverse structural functions and metabolic actions that include sterol biosynthesis, nuclear transcriptional signaling, regulation of meiosis, and even behavioral modulation.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Authors: Fujiwara, M.Sc T. Mary , Morgan, Ph.D Kenneth , Bichet, M.D Daniel G.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The identification, characterization, and mutational analysis of three different genes, namely the prepro-arginine-vasopressin-neurophysin II gene (prepro-AVP-NPII), the arginine-vasopressin receptor 2 gene (AVPR2), and the vasopressin-sensitive water channel gene (aquaporin-2, AQP2), provide the basis for our understanding of three different hereditary forms of diabetes insipidus: autosomal dominant neurogenic diabetes insipidus, X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and autosomal recessive nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, respectively. These advances provide diagnostic tools for physicians caring for these patients.
Hereditary Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis: New Understandings
Authors: Batlle Daniel , Ghanekar Hrishikesh , Jain Sheeja , Mitra Amit
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The primary or hereditary form of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), although rare, has received increased attention recently because of dramatic advances in the understanding of its genetic basis. The final regulation of renal acid excretion is effected by various acid/base transporters localized in specialized cells in the cortical collecting and outer medullary collecting tubules. Inherited defects in two of the key acid/base transporters involved in distal acidification, as well as mutations in the cytosolic carbonic anhydrase gene, can cause dRTA. The syndrome is inherited in both autosomal dominant and recessive patterns; patients with recessive dRTA present with either acute illness or growth failure at a young age, sometimes accompanied by deafness, whereas dominant dRTA is usually a milder disease and involves no hearing loss.

The AE1 gene encodes two Cl−/HCO3− exchangers that are expressed in the erythrocyte and in the acid-secreting intercalated cells of the kidney. AE1 contributes to urinary acidification by providing the major exit route for HCO3− across the basolateral membrane. Several mutations in the AE1 gene cosegregate with dominant dRTA. The modest degree of hypofunction exhibited in vitro by these mutations, however, does not explain the abnormal distal acidification phenotype. Other AE1 mutations have been linked to a recessive syndrome of dRTA and hemolytic anemia in which hypofunction can be discerned by in vitro studies. Several mutations in the carbonic anyhdrase II gene are associated with the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis, and cerebral calcification. Some of these individuals present with deafness of the conductive type. By contrast, more recent studies have shown that mutations in ATP6B1, encoding the B-subtype unit of the apical H+ ATPase, are responsible for a group of patients with autosomal recessive dRTA associated with sensorineural deafness. Thus, the presence of deafness and the type provide an important clue to the genetic lesion underlying hereditary dRTA.
GENETIC DISORDERS OF CARNITINE METABOLISM AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT
Authors: Kerner Janos , Hoppel Charles
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Carnitine functions as a substrate for a family of enzymes, carnitine acyltransferases, involved in acyl-coenzyme A metabolism and as a carrier for long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria. Carnitine biosynthesis and/or dietary carnitine fulfill the body's requirement for carnitine. To date, a genetic disorder of carnitine biosynthesis has not been described. A genetic defect in the high-affinity plasma membrane carnitine-carrierinleads to renal carnitine wasting and primary carnitine deficiency. Myopathic carnitine deficiency could be due to an increase in efflux moderated by the carnitine-carrierout. Defects in the carnitine transport system for fatty acids in mitochondria have been described and are being examined at the molecular and pathophysiological levels. The nutritional management of these disorders includes a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet and avoidance of those events that promote fatty acid oxidation, such as fasting, prolonged exercise, and cold. Large-dose carnitine treatment is effective in systemic carnitine deficiency.
MEGALIN- AND CUBILIN-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS OF PROTEIN-BOUND VITAMINS, LIPIDS, AND HORMONES IN POLARIZED EPITHELIA
Authors: Moestrup Søren K , Verroust Pierre J
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Polarized epithelia have several functional and morphological similarities, including a high capacity for uptake of various substances present in the fluids facing the apical epithelial surfaces. Studies during the past decade have shown that receptor-mediated endocytosis, rather than nonspecific pinocytosis, accounts for the apical epithelial uptake of many carrier-bound nutrients and hormones. The two interacting receptors of distinct evolutionary origin, megalin and cubilin, are main receptors in this process. Both receptors are apically expressed in polarized epithelia, in which they function as biological affinity matrices for overlapping repertoires of ligands. The ability to bind multiple ligands is accounted for by a high number of replicated low-density lipoprotein receptor type-A repeats in megalin and CUB (complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, and bone morphogenic protein-1) domains in cubilin. Here we summarize and discuss the structural, genetic, and functional aspects of megalin and cubilin, with emphasis on their function as receptors for uptake of protein-associated vitamins, lipids, and hormones.
Connexin43 and Connexin45 Form Heteromeric Gap Junction Channels in Which Individual Components Determine Permeability and Regulation
Authors: Martinez Agustin D. , Hayrapetyan Volodya , Moreno Alonso P. , Beyer Eric C.
Published: July 2002

Abstract
—

Two gap junction proteins, connexin43 (Cx43) and connexin45 (Cx45), are coexpressed in many cardiac and other cells. Homomeric channels formed by these proteins differ in unitary conductance, permeability, and regulation. We sought to determine the ability of Cx43 and Cx45 to oligomerize with each other to form heteromeric gap junction channels and to determine the functional and regulatory properties of these heteromeric channels. HeLa cells were transfected with Cx45 or (His)
6
-tagged Cx43 or sequentially transfected with both connexins. Immunoblots verified production of the transfected connexins, and immunofluorescence demonstrated that they were colocalized in the HeLa-Cx43(His)
6
/Cx45 cells. Connexons were solubilized from HeLa-Cx43(His)
6
/Cx45 cells by using Triton X-100 and were applied to a Ni
2+
-NTA column, which binds the His
6
sequence. Cx45 was coeluted from the column with Cx43(His)
6
, demonstrating that some hemichannels contain both connexins. Single-channel recordings showed that the HeLa-Cx43(His)
6
/Cx45 cells exhibited single-channel conductances that were not observed in cells expressing either connexin alone. Dye-coupling experiments showed that HeLa-Cx43(His)
6
cells readily passed Lucifer yellow and
N
-(2-aminoethyl)biotinamide hydrochloride (neurobiotin); in contrast, HeLa-Cx45 and HeLa-Cx43(His)
6
/Cx45 cells showed extensive intercellular passage of neurobiotin but little coupling with Lucifer yellow. Treatment with the protein kinase C activator 12-
O
-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate reduced junctional conductance in cells expressing Cx43, Cx45, or both connexins, but it reduced the extent of neurobiotin transfer only in HeLa-Cx43(His)
6
and HeLa-Cx43(His)
6
/Cx45 cells but not in the HeLa-Cx45 cells. Thus, biochemical and electrophysiological evidence suggests that Cx43 and Cx45 extensively mix to form heteromeric channels; however, individual connexin components dominate aspects of the physiological behavior of these channels.
A Quantitative Study of Fault Tolerance, Noise Immunity, and Generalization Ability of MLPs
Authors: Bernier J. L. , Ortega J. , Ros E. , Rojas I. , Prieto A.
Published: July 2002

An analysis of the influence of weight and input perturbations in a multilayer perceptron (MLP) is made in this article. Quantitative measurements of fault tolerance, noise immunity, and generalization ability are provided. From the expressions obtained, it is possible to justify some previously reported conjectures and experimentally obtained results (e.g., the influence of weight magnitudes, the relation between training with noise and the generalization ability, the relation between fault tolerance and the generalization ability). The measurements introduced here are explicitly related to the mean squared error degradation in the presence of perturbations, thus constituting a selection criterion between different alternatives of weight configurations. Moreover, they allow us to predict the degradation of the learning performance of an MLP when its weights or inputs are deviated from their nominal values and thus, the behavior of a physical implementation can be evaluated before the weights are mapped on it according to its accuracy.
Almost Linear VC-Dimension Bounds for Piecewise Polynomial Networks
Authors: Bartlett Peter L. , Maiorov Vitaly , Meir Ron
Published: July 2002

We compute upper and lower bounds on the VC dimension and pseudodimension of feedforward neural networks composed of piecewise polynomial activation functions. We show that if the number of layers is fixed, then the VC dimension and pseudo-dimension grow as W log W, where W is the number of parameters in the network. This result stands in opposition to the case where the number of layers is unbounded, in which case the VC dimension and pseudo-dimension grow as W2. We combine our results with recently established approximation error rates and determine error bounds for the problem of regression estimation by piecewise polynomial networks with unbounded weights.
Site-Selective Autophosphorylation of Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II as a Synaptic Encoding Mechanism
Authors: Coomber C. J.
Published: July 2002

A detailed kinetic model of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is presented in which subunits undergo autophosphorylation at several sites in a manner that depends on the frequency and duration of Ca2+spikes. It is shown that high-frequency stimulation causes autophosphorylation of the autonomy site (Thr286), and promotes persistent catalytic activity. On the other hand, low-frequency stimulation is shown to cause autophosphorylation of an inhibitory site (Thr306), which prevents subunit activation. This site-selective autophosphorylation provides the basis for a molecular switch. When activated by a strong stimulus, the switch remains on for many minutes, even in the presence of a CaMKII-specific phosphatase. However, prolonged low-frequency stimulation disables the switch, and influences the response to subsequent stimulation. It is conceivable that a regulatory mechanism such as this may permit CaMKII to mediate synaptic frequency encoding and thereby direct an appropriate change in synaptic efficacy. It is indicated how the behavior of the model may relate to the induction of long-term potentiation.
Linearization of F-I Curves by Adaptation
Authors: Ermentrout Bard
Published: July 2002

We show that negative feedback to highly nonlinear frequency-current (F-I) curves results in an effective linearization. (By highly nonlinear we mean that the slope at threshold is infinite or very steep.) We then apply this to a specific model for spiking neurons and show that the details of the adaptation mechanism do not affect the results. The crucial points are that the adaptation is slow compared to other processes and the unadapted F-I curve is highly nonlinear.
The Deep Order Called Turbulence The Three Faces of Dramaturgy
Authors: Barba Eugenio
Published: July 2002

In this very personal statement, Barba investigates three kinds of dramaturgy: organic, narrative, and that of “changing states.” The dramaturgy of changing states is the most elusive, the most difficult, the most intimate.
Information Characteristics and the Structure of Landscapes
Authors: Vassilev Vesselin K. , Fogarty Terence C. , Miller Julian F.
Published: July 2002

Various techniques for statistical analysis of the structure of fitness landscapes have been proposed. An important feature of these techniques is that they study the ruggedness of landscapes by measuring their correlation characteristics. This paper proposes a new information analysis of fitness landscapes. The underlying idea is to consider a fitness landscape as an ensemble of objects that are related to the fitness of neighboring points. Three information characteristics of the ensemble are defined and studied. They are termed: information content, partial information content, and information stability. The information characteristics of a range of landscapes with known correlation features are analyzed in an attempt to reveal the advantages of the information analysis. We show that the proposed analysis is an appropriate tool for investigating the structure of fitness landscapes.
Empirical Modelling of Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Myers Richard , Hancock Edwin R.
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the problem of reliably setting genetic algorithm parameters for consistent labelling problems. Genetic algorithm parameters are notoriously difficult to determine. This paper proposes a robust empirical framework, based on the analysis of factorial experiments. The use of a graeco-latin square permits an initial study of a wide range of parameter settings. This is followed by fully crossed factorial experiments with narrower ranges, which allow detailed analysis by logistic regression. The empirical models derived can be used to determine optimal algorithm parameters and to shed light on interactions between the parameters and their relative importance. Re-fined models are produced, which are shown to be robust under extrapolation to up to triple the problem size.
Von Neumann's Quintessential Message: Genotype + Ribotype = Phenotype
Authors: Mange Daniel , Sipper Moshe
Published: July 2002

In this short article we argue that von Neumann's quintessential message with respect to self-replicating automata is genotype + ribotype = phenotype. Self-replication of his universal constructor occurs in analogy to nature: The description (genotype) written on the input tape is translated via a ribosome (ribotype) so as to create the offspring universal constructor (phenotype).
BEAUTY OR THE BEAST? THE GROTESQUE BODY IN THE SONG OF SONGS
Authors: Black Fiona
Published: July 2002

The expressions of love and desire made by the lovers in the Song of Songs include intimate and detailed poetic descriptions of the body. These often cause difficulty for interpreters because the imagery used is cryptic and seemingly nonsensical. Biblical scholars frequently express some discomfort or embarrassment over this language, yet largely maintain the view that it should be interpreted positively—as complementary and loving description. In all this, they are bowled over by their own amorous relationships with this text, which make them stutter and fumble almost as much as the Song's lovers do. This essay looks at (scrutinizes) the bodies in the Song of Songs—the physical bodies described in the Song and the textual body (corpus) with which readers engage. The literary and artistic construct of the grotesque serves—ostensibly perversely—as a heuristic for viewing bodily imagery and readerly desire. The grotesque's emphasis on the exaggerated and hybridised body and its weavings of the comic and the terrifying facilitate an investigation of the Song's gender politics and its complicated and potentially conflicting presentation of desire.
RAPE AND THE GENDERED GAZE: SUSANNA AND THE ELDERS IN EARLY MODERN BOLOGNA
Authors: Bohn Babette
Published: July 2002

In the course of its long history, pictorial representations of Susanna changed dramatically, ranging from her characterization as a model of female virtue and chastity to her portrayal as a nude and eroticized temptress. Around the turn of the seventeenth century, the Bolognese painter Ludovico Carracci rejected the eroticism of contemporary depictions, reviving the theme of Susanna's virtue and turning to the patristic literature for an understanding of the moral issues raised by the Susanna text.
EIN GOTTESURTEIL IM PBOULAQ X, EIN FALL VON "BALANCE OF POWER" BEI DEM GOTTESORAKEL?
Authors: Jin Shoufu
Published: July 2002

In this article I argue that the dispute over the heritage in pBoulaq X was heard by the oracle. The text speaks for this conclusion as regards both grammar and content. On the basis of this assumption I discuss how the oracle, the court of law, the orders of the king and the "common law" are interdependent. It is therefore suggested that we should pay more attention to the reciprocal relationships and interaction among these elements when we treat the oracles in ancient Egypt. Dans un premier temps, l'objet du présent article est d'exposer les arguments, fondés sur l'analyse de la grammaire et du contenu du texte, qui militent en faveur de la lecture d'un passage du pBoulaq X comme faisant allusion à une procédure oraculaire. Le rapport est ensuite établi entre oracle divin, tribunal judiciaire, décret royal et enfln, coutumes égyptiennes, de sorte à souligner les différents éléments dont il faut tenir compte dans l'étude du déroulement des procédures oraculaires.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF CAROTENOIDS IN FOUR SPECIES OF CRAYFISH
Authors: Czeczuga-Semeniuk  , Czeczuga
Published: July 2002

Using column and thin-layer chromatography, the authors investigated the presence of carotenoids in the carapaces and muscles of freshwater crayfish species. Fifteen carotenoids were found, among which canthaxanthin, adonixanthin, and astaxanthin were predominant. The highest carotenoid content was revealed in the carapaces of Pacifastacus leniusculus and Astacus astacus and in the muscles of Astacus leptodactylus and Orconectes limosus. En utilisant la chromatographie sur colonnes et en couches minces, les auteurs ont recherche la presence de carotenoodes dans les carapaces et les muscles de plusieurs especes d'ecrevisses. Quinze carotenoodes ont ete trouves, parmi lesquels la canthaxanthine, l'adonixanthine et l'asthaxantine etaient dominantes. Le contenu en carotenoodes le pluseleve a ete trouve dans les carapaces de Pacifastacus leniusculus et Astacus astacus et dans les muscles de Astacus leptodactylus et Orconectes limosus.
Ways to improve the accuracy of hatching tests for Globodera spp. with special emphasis on nematicide trials
Authors: Schomaker Corrie , Been Thomas
Published: July 2002

Hatching tests are laborious and yield variable results. In this paper, sources of variability have been identified and analysed, and solutions are presented. A method was developed to conduct hatching tests using inert materials to minimise the total variation at the end of the test. Hatching tests were carried out to increase reliability, optimise the method and limit the amount of work. Thus, it was possible to obtain a coefficient of variation (cv) of the hatching process, which was in accordance with the combined errors expected when a certain number of cysts are treated and eggs are used. An Appendix is provided listing the different errors and ways to calculate and cope with them. The results indicate that the hatching process is no longer an important source of variation for the end result. All variation greater than expected could be explained by variation between batches with the same treatment, indicating that small differences in nematicide application cause major differences in the end result. The treatment effect was more important in field experiments than in laboratory experiments. The hatching curve could be described adequately by a log-logistic curve with three parameters (λ, final number of hatched juveniles; α, time; t when cumulative hatch equals 0.5 × λ; β, slope parameter). Addition of a fourth parameter (γ, incubation time) improved the fit significantly. Using the log-logistic model, final hatch could be predicted with a certain error, but in general final hatch was underestimated. When an error of 5% was accepted, the duration of hatching tests using laboratory reared cysts could be reduced by 80% for untreated batches and by 40 to 80% for batches treated with nematicides. The acceptable reduction in hatching test duration was negatively correlated with the concentration of the fumigant used. Hatching tests with cysts originating from field experiments are unsuitable for prediction using a time-limited data set. Compound hatching curves were distinguished in four of six fields, indicating that the soil samples contained at least two proportions of cysts with different hatching responses. Prediction would cause a significant underestimation of final hatch and consequently an overestimation of mortality.
Identification of potato cyst nematode species Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida by PCR using specific primer combinations
Authors: Fullaondo Asier , Barrena Enrique , Viribay Miguel , Barrena Imanol , Salazar Azucena , Ritter Enrique
Published: July 2002

RAPD fragments specific for potato cyst nematode (PCN) species Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida were identified. These were used to derive two primer combinations for PCR which amplify only one specific band in each species. The primer combinations were evaluated on 39 samples of PCN populations containing all currently described pathotypes as well as some South American PCN populations. This method for species identification is highly sensitive and also allows the detection of species mixtures in a sample. Furthermore, the generation of unique amplification products facilitates the application of automatic detection methods without electrophoretic separation and is therefore particularly useful for routine diagnoses. Identification des especes de nematodes a kyste de la pomme de terre Globodera rostochiensis et G. pallida par PCR grace a l'utilisation de combinaisons d'amorces specifiques - Des fragments RAPD specifiques des especes de nematodes a kyste de la pomme de terre (PCN) Globodera rostochiensis et G. pallida, ont ete identifies. A partir de ces fragments, deux combinaisons d'amorces, capables d'amplifier en PCR une seule bande, specifique pour chaque espece, ont ete obtenus. Les combinaisons d'amorces ont ete evaluees sur 39 echantillons de populations de PCN contenant tous les pathotypes decrits ainsi que quelques populations provenant d'Amerique du Sud. Cette methode d'identification d'espece est tres sensible et elle permet de plus l'identification d'un melange d'especes dans un meme echantillon. En sus, la generation de produits uniques d'amplification permet l'utilisation de methodes d'identification automatisees, sans separation electrophoretique, tres utiles donc pour le diagnostic de routine.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL REFLECTION AND TIME IN VIKTOR FRANKL'S EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: Lantz Jim
Published: July 2002

Utilizing the definition of phenomenology originally presented by Edith Stein, it is possible to understand Viktor Frankl's existential psychotherapy as falling well within the phenomenological movement. In this article, Frankl's approach to treatment, which utilizes an induced phenomenological struggle, is examined in detail around its relationship with time. Clinical material is presented to illustrate the described treatment approach.
Lithological control on the occurrence of chlorite in the diagenetic Wealden complex of the Bilbao anticlinorium (Basco-Cantabrian Basin, Northern Spain)
Authors: Bartier D. , Buatier M. , Lopez M. , Potdevin J. L. , Chamley H. , Arostegui J.
Published: July 2002

Sandstones and shales from the southern flank of the Bilbao anticline in the Gordexola and Orozko valleys, northwestern Spain, have been subjected to a detailed sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical study. They are composed of proximal frontdeltaic sandbars interbedded with silty-clayey sediments and correspond to a prograding sequence of a deltaic system. The clay mineral assemblages of doublets of sandstones and shales are composed mainly of illite, chlorite and illite-smectite mixed-layers R3 (ISII). The clay diagenesis consists of the transformation of smectite and I-S mixed-layers to illite, the precipitation of Fe-rich chlorite in the pore spaces, and the alteration of micas to chlorite. According to petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical analyses, chlorite is more abundant in sandstones than in shales in both the <2 µm and coarser fractions. The relative abundance of chlorite increases in the sandstones located at the top of coarsening upward sandbars. Furthermore, chlorite formation occurs preferentially in the coarser grained sansdstones previously cemented by ankerite. The geochemical and petrological investigations suggest that chlorite formed during burial diagenesis in a relatively closed system.
Epitaxial growth of zeolite X on zeolite A and twinning in zeolite A: structural and topological analysis
Authors: Porcher F. , Dusausoy Y. , Souhassou M. , Lecomte C.
Published: July 2002

Synthesis of large zeolite A and X crystals by a modified Charnell’s method led to the formation of twinned zeolite NaA crystals, overgrowth of NaX onto NaA and co-crystallization of another phase analysed by electron microprobe as a Na aluminosilicate but not yet identified. Single crystals of NaA have a perfect cubic habit with a 100 μm edge. Twinned crystals of NaA are of the same size and correspond to an intergrowth of two cubes like that found in twinned fluorite crystals. NaX single crystals are octahedral, 220 μm along the [100] direction. Based on the difference in morphology of A and X crystals, epitaxial growth of NaX zeolite on NaA was also clearly identified by scanning electron micrographs. The object of this contribution is to provide topological and structural information on the twinning and epitaxy.
Trace element composition and cathodoluminescence properties of southern African kimberlitic zircons
Authors: Belousova E. A. , Griffin W. L. , Pearson N. J.
Published: July 2002

Zircon frequently occurs as a minor mineral in kimberlites, and is recognised as a member of a suite of mantle-derived megacryst minerals. Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and laser ablation ICPMS analysis were used to study the internal structure and chemical composition of zircon crystals from southern African kimberlites. Zoning revealed by CL ranges from fine oscillatory to broad homogeneous cores and overgrowths. The ICPMS data show that kimberlite zircons have distinctive trace element contents, with well defined ranges for REE, Y, U, Th, P and some other trace elements. Both low REE contents (ΣREE < 50 ppm), and distinctive chondrite-normalised REE patterns with low and flat HREE are characteristic of kimberlite zircons. Samples or zones with yellow CL have higher Th, U, Y, and REE than those with blue-violet CL. Variations in the concentrations of a range of trace elements lead to different amounts of lattice defects, creating the possibility for different levels of direct excitation of luminescence centres, and therefore different CL colours. The distinctive CL and compositional features described here can rapidly identify kimberlite zircons in prospecting samples taken during exploration for kimberlite bodies.
A geochemical study of two peraluminous granites from south-central Iberia:
the Nisa-Albuquerque and Jalama batholiths
Authors: Ramirez J. A. , Menendez L. G.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present new petrological and geochemical data for two
peraluminous granite batholiths (Nisa Alburquerque and Jalama batholiths)
representative of the ‘Araya-type’ granites of the Central-Iberian Zone. Both
granites are composite with several facies (monzogranites and leucogranites) that
can be grouped into two main granite units: the external units and central units.
Intrusive relationships and lack of geochemical coherence between the central and
external units indicate that they are not comagmatic but represent different
pulses. The central units of both batholiths are petrologically and geochemically
different. On the other hand, external units show a lot of similarities and are
the main object of this study. The main characteristics of the external granites
can be interpreted in terms of an incomplete fractional crystallization process of
early mineral phases (plg + Kf + bt) which probably took place at the level of
emplacement. Other possible mechanisms of magmatic differentiation (magma mixing,
restite unmixing, sequential melting) can be discarded based on field, petrography
and geochemical data. We propose that the ‘Araya-type’ granites are formed by the
intrusion of distinct magma pulses (central and external). Further evolution
within each pulse can be due to incomplete fractional crystallization possibly
taking place at the emplacement level.
Perforin and interferon-γ activities independently control tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis
Authors: Street Shayna E. A. , Cretney Erika , Smyth Mark J.
Published: July 2002

Perforin (pfp) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) together in C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c mouse strains provided optimal protection in 3 separate tumor models controlled by innate immunity. Using experimental (B6, RM-1 prostate carcinoma) and spontaneous (BALB/c, DA3 mammary carcinoma) models of metastatic cancer, mice deficient in both pfp and IFN-γ were significantly less proficient than pfp- or IFN-γ–deficient mice in preventing metastasis of tumor cells to the lung. Pfp and IFN-γ–deficient mice were as susceptible as mice depleted of natural killer (NK) cells in both tumor metastasis models, and IFN-γ appeared to play an early role in protection from metastasis. Previous experiments in a model of fibrosarcoma induced by the chemical carcinogen methylcholanthrene indicated an important role for NK1.1+ T cells. Herein, both pfp and IFN-γ played critical and independent roles in providing the host with protection equivalent to that mediated by NK1.1+ T cells. Further analysis demonstrated that IFN-γ, but not pfp, controlled the growth rate of sarcomas arising in these mice. Thus, this is the first study to demonstrate that host IFN-γ and direct cytotoxicity mediated by cytotoxic lymphocytes expressing pfp independently contribute antitumor effector functions that together control the initiation, growth, and spread of tumors in mice.
Hemophilia A mutations associated with 1-stage/2-stage activity discrepancy disrupt protein-protein interactions within the triplicated A domains of thrombin-activated factor VIIIa
Authors: Pipe Steven W. , Saenko Evgueni L. , Eickhorst Angela N. , Kemball-Cook Geoffrey , Kaufman Randal J.
Published: July 2002

Thrombin-activated factor VIII (FVIIIa) is a heterotrimer with the A2 subunit (amino acid residues 373-740) in a weak ionic interaction with the A1 and A3-C1-C2 subunits. Dissociation of the A2 subunit correlates with inactivation of FVIIIa. Patients with hemophilia A have been described whose plasmas display a discrepancy between their FVIII activities, where the 1-stage activity assay displays greater activity than the 2-stage activity assay. The molecular basis for one of these mutations, ARG531HIS, is an increased rate of A2 subunit dissociation. Examination of a homology model of the A domains of FVIII predicted ARG531 to lie at the interface of the A1 and A2 subunits and stabilize their interaction. Indeed, patients with mutations either directly contacting ARG531 (ALA284GLU, ALA284PRO) or closely adjacent to the A1-A2 interface in the tightly packed hydrophobic core (SER289LEU) have the same phenotype of 1-stage/2-stage discrepancy. TheALA284GLU andSER289LEU mutations in FVIII were produced by transfection of COS-1 monkey cells. Compared to FVIII wild-type both mutants had reduced specific activity by 1-stage clotting activity and at least a 2-fold lower activity by 2-stage analysis (COAMATIC), similar to the reported clinical data. Analysis of immunoaffinity purified ALA284GLU andSER289LEU proteins in an optical biosensor demonstrated that A2 dissociation was 3-fold faster for both FVIIIa mutants compared to FVIIIa wild-type. Therefore, these mutations within the A1 subunit of FVIIIa introduce a similar destabilization of the FVIIIa heterotrimer compared to the ARG531HISmutation within the A2 subunit and support that these residues stabilize the A domain interface of FVIIIa.
Importance of leucine zipper domain of mitranscription factor (MITF) for differentiation of mast cells demonstrated using mice/mice mutant mice of which MITF lacks the zipper domain
Authors: Morii Eiichi , Ogihara Hideki , Kim Dae-Ki , Ito Akihiko , Oboki Keisuke , Lee Young-Mi , Jippo Tomoko , Nomura Shintaro , Maeyama Kazutaka , Lamoreux M. Lynn , Kitamura Yukihiko
Published: July 2002

The mi transcription factor (MITF) is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-Zip) transcription factor that is important for the development of mast cells. Mast cells ofmi/mi genotype express normal amount of abnormal MITF (mi-MITF), whereas mast cells of tg/tg genotype do not express any MITFs. Mast cells of mi/mi mice show more severe abnormalities than those of tg/tg mice, indicating that the mi-MITF possesses the inhibitory function. The MITF encoded by the mice mutant allele (ce-MITF) lacks the Zip domain. We examined the importance of the Zip domain usingmice/micemice. The amounts of c-kit, granzyme B (Gr B), and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) messenger RNAs decreased in mast cells ofmice/mice mice to levels comparable to those of tg/tg mice, and the amounts were intermediate between those of +/+ mice and those of mi/mi mice. Gr B mediates the cytotoxic activity of mast cells, and TPH is a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of serotonin. The cytotoxic activity and serotonin content ofmice/mice mast cells were comparable to those of tg/tg mast cells and were significantly higher than those of mi/mi mast cells. The phenotype of mice/mice mast cells was similar to that of tg/tg mast cells rather than to that of mi/mi mast cells, suggesting that thece-MITF had no functions. The Zip domain of MITF appeared to be important for the development of mast cells.