bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excavations at Sparta, 1924—25: § 4.—The Acropolis. The Site
Authors: Woodward A. M. , Hobling M. B.
Published: October 2013

The Hieron of Athena Chalkioikos was identified and to a large extent excavated in 1907, by the late Mr. Guy Dickins, who completed the task in the following year. Accounts of these campaigns, and of the principal finds, were published by him in the Annual (xiii. pp. 137–154, and xiv. pp. 142–146, respectively). This undertaking was practically limited to the thorough exploration of the area enclosed within the wall of the Hieron (B.S.A. xiii., l.c., Fig. 1), and except for the uncovering of the south face of the south wall, and for one trial trench about twenty metres in length, running southwards from the centre of this wall, no excavation took place to the south of the Precinct, in the area contained between it and the retaining-wall of the cavea of the theatre below. As this trench had yielded a large quantity of pottery, including fine fragments of the local Geometric style, a systematic exploration of this area seemed a duty, to be undertaken without delay, when operations were resumed in 1924.

Work commenced on April 7th, 1924, and lasted until the end of the season (May 31st); in 1925, from April 13th to May 30th. The number of men employed seldom exceeded ten, though about sixteen were at work in the second half of May 1924.
Finlay's ‘History of the Insurrection in Crete’
Authors: Miller William
Published: October 2013

The following article, sent by Finlay to The Times on October 3, 1867, and corrected in proof and returned by him on September 5, 1868, was never published, but is preserved, like the similarly unpublished article on the same subject for Blackwood's Magazine, in both the corrected proof and a copy of the original manuscript in the Finlay Library. The longest of all his newspaper articles, it contains his view of the ‘great’ Cretan insurrection of 1866–69; and, together with his subsequent articles on the same subject published in The Times of December 18 and 25, 1868, January 8, 16 and 22, and February 5, 1869, may be regarded as a supplementary chapter of his History. As a contribution to the history of this insurrection, it may be compared with Ballot's Histoire de l'Insurrection Crétoise, Hilary Skinner's Roughing it in Crete in 1867, and The Cretan Insurrection of 1866–7–8 by Stillman, then U.S. Consul in Crete, and subsequently correspondent of The Times in Athens and Rome—all three eye-witnesses—and with such later works as Wagner's Der kretische Aufstand, 1866–67, and ῾Η διπλωματικὴ ῾Ιστιρία τη̑ς Κρητικη̑ς ᾿Επαναστάσεως του̑ 1866, by Papantonakes, published in 1926. Finlay paid two short visits to the island during the insurrection, one described in The Times of June 1, 1867, the other in an unpublished letter to that journal, dated June 11, 1868. I have added a few explanatory footnotes.
A Statuette in private Possession
Authors: Law H. W.
Published: October 2013

The statuette represented in the accompanying photograph is about 37·6 cm. in height. The left leg is broken off above the knee, and supported on a prop which forms part of the base. The right leg is only roughly chiselled at the back, which suggests that the front side alone was visible in the position in which the statuette was originally placed. The nature of the object on the right shoulder is uncertain. The upper portion is like a kind of boss, and the lower front portion resembles an animal's claw. It has been suggested that it represents a pedum; but the angle at which the missing portion (if there has been a fracture, which is not certain) would project puts some difficulty in the way of this hypothesis. If, however, the object on the shoulder was part of an animal's skin extended across the breast, all traces of that have disappeared; though in a spot over the right ribs the marble has been shaved away to a flat surface, against which some object may have rested. There are three similar shaved spots in other parts of the body: behind each shoulder-blade and on the nates, and these may well indicate the places at which the statuette touched a wall. The position of the shaved spots behind the shoulder-blades does not suggest that they were the starting-points of wings. A small portion of lead piping is inserted under the left arm in the back of the mask—apparently a Comic one—carried in the left hand. The marble is of a rough crystalline character, probably Parian or Naxian. In the absence of the head and of all certain attributes it is difficult to say whether the statuette represents an Eros or a Satyr.
The Mavro Spelio Cemetery at Knossos
Authors: Forsdyke E. J.
Published: October 2013

Isolated tombs are known all round the site of Knossos, where they help to define the extent of the Minoan city, but the only considerable cemetery that had been found before last year was at Zafer Papoura, north of the Palace and between the Kairatos and the road to Herakleion. A solitary grave (the ‘Tomb of the Cow,’ a M.M. IIIb jar-burial) was accidentally discovered on the far side of the river, but search for other sepulchral remains in this region had produced nothing, though fragments of substantial buildings shewed that the town extended up the lower slopes of the eastern hills.
Note on a Laconian Oenochoe
Authors: Tankard E.
Published: October 2013

The oenochoe published in B.S.A. xxviii., 1926–7, Plate VII, has a value beyond its own particular interest in that it serves to link together a series of vases which have hitherto been considered independently of each other, and have in common this peculiarity, that they are very difficult to date. The oenochoe has been assigned to the early years of Laconian III (B.S.A. xxviii. p. 68), but it has certain features which suggest that it may belong to a later period. The careful and elaborate work, the complete covering of slip and the use of purple paint in the bands of tongue and pomegranate pattern: these points all suggest an early date, but they are at the same time features which might persist later. The vase has the rather squat shape which is typical of the fourth period, and therefore is not likely to be found before the end of the third. The pomegranate pattern on the neck is resolved into its separate members; this foreshadows the latest development of the pattern, which in the third period usually has the form of a continuous band linked by the stems. The later examples, however, are simpler and have a straight cross-bar; here the pattern is more decorative with its curved lines and spots.
How the Aryballos was suspended
Authors: Haspels C. H. Emilie
Published: October 2013

If we look at the aryballos represented in the field of our vase (Pl. III), we ask ourselves what the tags are which we see hanging on the shoulder. This question involves another, how the aryballos was carried. I shall try to answer both questions.

The old, Corinthian type of aryballos was suspended by its big, solid handle, through which a cord or string was passed.

The Attic type, on the other hand, was carried by a cord tied round the neck of the vase. That is the rule, even when there are handles. Such handles are narrow and consequently fragile; and there was no reason to reject a perfectly satisfactory method of suspension because of a change in detail.

I. The simplest way is as follows. Make a loop in a cord, knotting the cord at a (Fig. 1, 1). See that the loose ends are of the same length. Then pass the ends round the neck of the vase, and make another knot on the other side at b (Fig. 1, 2). Two ends thus hang down from the neck, on the side opposite to the loop by which the vase is carried. Seen in profile : Fig. 1, 3. As soon as you carry the vase, it naturally tips up (Fig. 1, 4) (just as the Corinthian type did which was carried by the handle).
A Dancing Maenad
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: October 2013

To his account of the sculptures in the collection of the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey, Michaelis appended a brief mention of the vases in the Duke's possession, singling out ‘one of a Bacchante dancing merrily, for whom a Satyr in a graceful attitude blows the flute.’ This vase was in the British Museum for a few weeks some years ago, and I happened to see it there: his Grace very kindly permitted me to have it photographed, to copy the pictures, and to publish it here (Pls. XVII, XVIII): for which I would beg him to accept my thanks.

It is a vase of a common type—a Nolan amphora—but of quite unusual charm. The picture on the front—the dancing maenad, the boy satyr playing the flute—is complete in itself; but the singing woman on the back of the vase is not a mere ‘mantle figure,’ she is connected with the group on the front, and blends with them into a trio—music, dance, and song.
Antissa
Authors: Lamb W.
Published: October 2013

Antissa, now Ovriokastro, 16 km. south-west of Methymna, is, of all ancient sites in the island of Lesbos, the loveliest and the most isolated. On the land side it is cut off by the lower slopes of the massif which culminates in Mt. Ordymnos; on the sea side it is unsheltered and provided with the shallowest anchorage. Nowadays, a small caïque can only call during the hours when the wind drops: long ago, before the change of coast level, deeper water may have provided easier approach.

Koldewey has proved the identification of Ovriokastro with Antissa beyond dispute, and must be referred to for general discussion and for comments on the Genoese and Turkish fortifications. For our own purposes, the site, which is extensive, may be divided into four parts : (1) The Castro. This is a round, hilly promontory, almost separated from the mainland by the mediaeval moat, and built over with Genoese and Turkish walls.
The Date of H. Theodoroi at Athens
Authors: Megaw H.
Published: October 2013

In my study on the chronology of Middle-Byzantine churches after considering the contrary evidence I accepted the dated inscription in the west front of H. Theodoroi at Athens as a record of the erection of the present building. In an additional note reference was made to an article by Xyngopoulos, published after my own had gone to press. To support his dating of the church in the twelfth century he introduces new arguments which I suggested demanded a re-examination of the evidence. More recently Laurent has dealt conclusively with some of the points in connection with the inscriptions raised by the Greek scholar. But, while his verdict on their content may be accepted with confidence, for the archaeologist the question is not yet closed. Laurent's main theses are that in the first place the date on the smaller stone should be reckoned by the Byzantine era and interpreted as 1049, and, secondly, that the metrical inscription should be attributed to the eleventh century, if not earlier, in preference to the twelfth. However, of the relation of the two stones to one another and to the church into which they are built he speaks with less conviction. He favours the prima facie view that the present building was erected by Kalomalos in 1049, but, if the church is shewn on stylistic grounds to be of later date, he is prepared to dissociate both the dated and the metrical inscription from the foundation and to place the latter in the tenth century or even earlier (p. 82).
I. Additional Sites
Authors: Pendlebury H. W. , Pendlebury J. D. S. , Money-Coutts M. B.
Published: October 2013

The following pages give an account of the first half of the excavations conducted on behalf of the British School in June 1937. The party consisted of Mr. J. D. S. Pendlebury, Miss M. Money-Coutts, and Miss M. Pascoe. Emmanoueles Akoumianos was again kindly lent by the School to act as foreman. Thanks to the courtesy of the authorities we had the pleasure of the assistance of Mr. Kh. N. Petrou, Assistant-Director of Candia Museum. His arrival did not take place until after the excavations here described had been finished. He was, however, present during the trial excavations on Karphi and the Papoura, at Donadhes, Kolonna, and Kerasa, the results of which will be the subject of a later report. We also wish to acknowledge the help and interest shown by the local authorities of Tzermiadho, particularly by Mr. Sphakianakes, the Schoolmaster. Figs. 2–6 have been redrawn from our surveys by Mr. C. Hart of Cambridge.
Excavations in Ithaca, III; The Cave at Polis, II
Authors: Benton Sylvia
Published: October 2013

In the sites excavated by me in West Greece at Polis, at Graves near Astakos, at Halikais in Zakynthos, I cannot differentiate the rough pithoi of the Early and Late Bronze-Age. Lug forms which occur in Macedonia and Thessaly in the Early Bronze-Age appear to be still in use in the Late Bronze-Age. At Graves and at Halikais the specific forms of the Early Bronze-Age, levigated pottery, such as sauce-boats and handles with triangular section are not in common use in Mycenaean deposits. (Middle Bronze-Age forms and decoration do overlap into and influence the Mycenaean period.) I have therefore catalogued together all the rough pottery found at Polis, except a few vases which are definitely Mycenaean in shape, and then ascribed the remaining vases to their categories. There is very little levigated EH pottery at Polis and it seems likely that much of the rest of the EH pottery is late or transitional to the Middle Bronze-Age. The only pure (or nearly pure) Middle Bronze-Age deposit yet found in Ithaca is the small one at ‘P., First hole’, but the presence of the Middle Bronze-Age people in West Greece is proved by graves in Kephallenia and Leukas, and no doubt their settlements will eventually be discovered.
The Date of the Cretan Shields
Authors: Benton Sylvia
Published: October 2013

Dr. Kunze's splendid presentation alone makes possible the study of Cretan shields, many of which he put together with his own hands. Even where I differ from his conclusions I have to start from the premises he laid down from his careful and scholarly analysis, and his magnificent illustrations.

Dr. Kunze dated the beginning of the Cretan shields by the date of certain gold bands (op. cit. pp. 247, 266) found with Attic vases, from the end of the ninth to the beginning of the seventh century B.C. He has subsequently lowered the date of at least some other Attic vases by some fifty years, and he has told me that he is now disposed to date the shields also later than he did.

Dr. Kunze was naturally looking for an early date, since Johansen had affirmed the dependence of Protocorinthian vase-painting on Crete, particularly on Cretan metal-work, in which he was firmly supported by Payne.
Inscriptions from Commagene
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: October 2013

I. In 1890 Puchstein published in Humann-Puchstein, Reisen in Kleinasien und Nordsyrien, 368 ff., a sculptured and inscribed stele from Selik, a village nine and a half kms. north of Samsat (Samosata), bearing on the front face a relief representing Heracles greeting King Antiochus I of Commagene, an almost exact copy of one of the Nemrud-Daǧ reliefs. The stele has been used as an oil-press, and the inscribed surface of the back has been entirely removed for much of its extent. The text of the inscription, in which Antiochus establishes various cult-practices connected with himself, is not complete in itself, but contains the last forty-seven lines of a document which must have begun on another stele, possibly that of which there has been published a fragment, found at Palas, thirty kms. south-west of Selik.
Part V. A Mycenaean Cavalryman
Authors: Hood M. S. F.
Published: October 2013

Terracotta figurine (Figs. 47 and 48). Ht. 0·09 m. L. preserved 0·08 m. Broken in four pieces and much damaged. Fine orange clay, the surface smoothed or burnished. Decoration in red lustrous paint, much worn.

The figurine seems to represent an armed man riding astride upon an animal. The animal and its rider were moulded separately and were put together while the clay was still soft before firing. The rider's legs are not represent ed. He is wearing a conical helmet, and in his right hand he is clasping what appears to be the hilt of a sword or dagger slung in front of him: but the object might be intended for a bow or quiver. The left hand of the rider and the top of his sword are missing: so is the head of the animal and three of its legs, and there are chips from the remaining leg and from the tail. The animal, from its size in relation to the man and on grounds of general probabilities, may be assumed to be a horse.

The horse has a stripe down its back and vertical zebra-like stripes along the sides which continue down the legs and round the neck. The rider's helmet is painted solid, and his eyes are represented by dots. There is a single broad stripe down his back; but any decoration which there may have been in front, on his chest and on the sword, has left no trace.
The Date of IG V (2) 516 (SIG3 800)
Authors: Gossage A. J.
Published: October 2013

Since Wilhelm published, in 1909, his study of this inscription, scholars have unanimously accepted his conclusion that it belongs to the year A.D. 42. The purpose of this article is to examine the arguments both of Wilhelm and of others, notably von Premerstein, who support his conclusion, and to consider the possibility of giving the inscription a different date.

The document in question is a decree of the Arcadian polis Lykosoura honouring Nikasippos, son of Philippos, and his wife Timasistrata, daughter of Onasikrates, for their various benefactions. In particular Nikasippos ‘undertook the priesthood of Despoina during an Olympic year when no one was willing to come forward for appointment and there was no revenue for the mysteries. He paid money into the fiscus from his own private means (ἀπὲ̵ δωκεν ἐκ τοῦ ἰδὶου βὶου τῶι φὶσκωι) The following year, after the harvest had failed, Nikasippos undertook the priesthood with his wife Timasistrata at the wish of the Lykourasioi …’ The decree is dated by this second priesthood of Nikasippos (ἐπὶ ἱερὲος τᾶς Δεσποὶνας τὸ β Νικασὶππου τοῦ φιλὶππου), by the ἐπιμεληταὶ and by the formula ἒτους λ` καὶ β` κατὰ τὸν Σεβαστὸν Wilhelm's arguments for assigning it to A.D. 42 can be classed as: (i) historical; (ii) chronological; (iii) epigraphical and stylistic; (iv) prosopographical. Premerstein adds (v) further historical arguments.
Part I. Neolithic Mycenae
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

Stamatakes's excavations in the Grave Circle area revealed, although it was not recognized until much later, that Mycenae had been inhabited in the Early Bronze Age, the Early Helladic Period. This was confirmed by subsequent researches which produced Early Helladic material from the foot of the Ramp, outside the Grave Circle, beneath the South House and below the Palace. Now the recent work of Dr. Papademetriou and ourselves has yielded fresh evidence. He has found more E.H. material in Schliemann's Grave Circle and some possible Neolithic sherds as well. In the area of the Prehistoric Cemetery outside the Cyclopean walls to the north-west of the Lion Gate we have found in a mixed unstratified layer at the eastern foot of the mound or tumulus which covered the dome of the ‘Tomb of Aegisthus’ many fragments of E.H. pottery, both decorated and plain. Since the plain E.H. ware found is of a simple, thickish fabric hand-polished and usually of a dull red or of a mud colour, we had at times wondered whether some of these fragments might not almost be classed as Neolithic. This was especially so in the case of some of the fragments from the lowest strata at the foot of the Ramp. Unfortunately these fragments were lost during the war in the Nauplia Museum and cannot now be checked.

The discovery of Neolithic B pottery at the Argive Heraeum, and still more recently Dr. Caskey's most successful excavations at Lerna, encouraged us in the idea that a site like Mycenae was probably inhabited in Neolithic times also. Since the Early Helladic material is not stratified, except in areas like the foot of the Ramp or below the South House, it was hardly to be expected that Neolithic remains, if found, would be stratified. It is always possible, however, that some part of the site, not yet explored, may have escaped later disturbance or overbuilding. We have therefore now paid particular attention to the unstratified debris found above the Prehistoric Cemetery at the eastern foot of the Aegisthus mound. Among this we have found two sherds which are in our opinion almost certainly Neolithic.
Four white lekythoi in the National Museum of Athens
Authors: Kardara Chrysoula P.
Published: October 2013

The two white lekythoi illustrated in Plate 40 a–b and Figs. 1–2 were found together in a basement of the National Museum in Athens. The provenience is unknown. They are restored, and have necks, mouths, and handles belonging to other lekythoi. The height of the ancient parts is 0·33 m. The outlines of the drawing are a mixture of matt red and brown; the added colours are mauve, green, and light brown. No vent-hole is visible in either of them.

The subject of the composition on no. 19272 (Plate 40 a and Fig. 1) is a visit to the grave. There is a grave stele in the middle, projecting on to the shoulder of the vase; it rests on a step and has three shafts, one rising from the other. The lowest shaft is the broadest, the middle one the highest. The two lower shafts are crowned by a plinth. From each plinth two tiers of acanthus leaves rise, in outline, or painted mauve, green, or light brown. These enrich the stele, diminish the excessive elevation, and add balance. From the lowest leaves of the upper acanthus group two woollen sashes hang, the left-hand one green, the other mauve. A third sash, green, hangs from the upper border band to left of the stele. Behind the stele, a trapeza, resting on a couple of steps, gives more stability to the general aspect of the monument.
Early Iron Age tombs at Knossos: (Knossos Survey 25)
Authors: Hood M. S. F. , Boardman John
Published: October 2013

This group of tombs lies about 50 metres south-west of the main Knossos–Herakleion road, immediately opposite the new Sanatorium. Here in the autumn of 1953 Mr. David Smollett, then engaged in making the map for the Knossos Survey, noticed some large sherds which had been thrown into a rubbish pit on the edge of a small patch of ground newly ploughed for a vineyard (Plan, Fig. 1, a). The vineyard lay on the top of a slight knoll behind the café on the west side of the road. The knoll had until this time been occupied by a threshing floor, and was pointed out by the local inhabitants as the site of the ‘Tomb of Caiaphas’. But the great Roman concrete-built tomb traditionally known as the ‘Tomb of Caiaphas’, was really, it appears, on the main road some metres away to the north-west (Knossos Survey 23): it was destroyed about 1880 when the road was built.

The sherds recovered by Mr. Smollett, some of them large and freshly broken from fine Geometric vases, made it seem likely that there was a disturbed tomb of that period in the area. Permission was therefore sought, and readily granted by Dr. N. Platon, Ephor of Antiquities for Crete, to explore the field before it was planted with vines. Trials led to the discovery of three small collapsed chamber tombs, all apparently Iron Age in date, cut in the soft kouskouras rock. The tombs clearly belong to the same complex as tombs L, Π, and TFT which have been published by Brock in Fortetsa (1957). They stood in a row with their entrances facing south towards Knossos. Two isolated burials (Plan, Fig. 1, b, c), extended on their backs with their heads to the west and feet to the east immediately below the surface of the field, may be Roman or later; there was a bent iron nail by the left hand of burial c. The knoll with the tombs lies near the western edge of the big Roman cemetery which covered the region now occupied by the new Sanatorium (Knossos Survey 35).
Inscriptions from the Khersonese
Authors: Hereward Daphne
Published: October 2013

At Madutos, once in the Church of St. Constantine, now built into the wall of the house of Salik Yavaş 37, Arif Hikmet Caddesi, Kemalpaşa Mahallesi, Eceabat. Squared but incomplete, creamy stone. Height *0·4 m., breadth *0·55, thickness unascertainable; letter and space down 0·027 in line 1, 0·061 for the rest; letter and space across 0·32.

For the use of ἀγαθῆι τύχηι in Thracian inscriptions there are references in Dumont–Homolle. The letters in line 2 may come from εἰμί and τίτλος, but it seems unlikely, or they may be some expression with ἐπι-. The letters in the third line are probably not from a name, but possibly from Αγοραν̣[ομησας] or αγοραν̣[ομος] may be the next word, though the last letter is more likely to have been iota or sigma than nu.

The dedicatory phrase ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων ποιήσας ἀνέστησεν occurs in, for instance, Traiana Augusta in A.D. 187. There seem to be no parallels in the vicinity for the name Lakunios or Lakunis. There is a similar inscription from Madutos in BCH 1912, 307.
The Knossos Sealings: Provenance and Identification
Authors: Gill M. A. V.
Published: October 2013

Basic to a study of the Knossos sealings are questions of provenance and identification. Seal-impressed nodules were excavated from various parts of the Main Palace and its dependencies, both as isolated finds and as hoards. What sealings were found in which places? And how many can be identified with actual examples in Herakleion and Oxford? Those are the two questions to be considered in this article.

The documents available for this research vary in reliability. Among published accounts, reports in BSA have the virtue of being written in the same year as the excavation, though even they are subject to occasional errors arising out of misread notes. SM i compiled a few years later contains a more mature assessment of the material but is mainly limited to the Hieroglyphic Deposit. More detailed information is to be found in PM i–iv; but because of the time that elapsed between the important excavation seasons at the beginning of the century and the publication of this work, the advantage of Evans's greater experience of Minoan archaeology is outweighed by a greater tendency for mistakes to enter unnoticed.
Two Palatial Stone Vases from Knossos
Authors: Warren Peter
Published: October 2013

At the invitation of Dr. St. Alexiou, Ephor of Antiquities for Crete and Director of Herakleion Museum, two magnificent large stone vases from the original Knossos excavations are published here. The vases (A. Her. Mus. 21; B. Her. Mus. 23) were found in 1900 in the passage adjoining the ‘Room of the Stone Vases’ on the south, and were reported by Evans. They are the vases of which more details about the find-spot have been given by John Boardman. The fact that vases were found in this passage, well above the floor level (Boardman op. cit.), confirms Evans's view that the whole series had fallen from the upper floor, the majority into the basement room north of the passage.

Each of these vases is unique but they may be taken as part of a series of large stone vessels in use in the Palace at the time of its destruction. This series includes the giant amphora and the smaller one from the Sculptor's Workshop, the dark maroon limestone basin from the passage north of the Throne Room, and two other large basins from the North-west Insula, a fine reddish limestone amphora, the Throne Room alabastra and various large vessels from the Central Treasury deposit. The two lids have L.M. IB parallels whilst that of the reddish limestone amphora is similar.
Excavations at Palaikastro VI
Authors: Sackett L. H. , Popham M. R. , Warren P. M.
Published: October 2013

The first excavations at Palaikastro, undertaken in the years 1902–6 by Bosanquet, Dawkins, and others, coincided with the first great period of research and discovery in Minoan Crete. They ran concurrently with Evans's early seasons at Knossos and with Hogarth's work at Zakro, not far from Palaikastro, and were in a true sense pioneer work. The series of reports which appeared in the Annual from 1901/2–1905/6, together with the later supplementary volume of Unpublished Objects and two final articles prepared for publication by various hands, built up a systematic and clear picture of one of the largest and perhaps the best preserved Minoan settlement yet excavated in Crete.

The work was undertaken on a major scale, in the third season employing up to seventy workmen for nearly three months. It produced evidence for occupation in the area from the Neolithic to the end of the Late Minoan period, with a continuing cult of Dictaean Zeus from Geometric down to Hellenistic and Roman times. In addition some careful anthropological work was done, and the phases of occupation were tied in with those of the other Minoan sites known at the time.
Some Unpublished Knossos Sealings and Sealstones
Authors: Betts John H.
Published: October 2013

While engaged in the study of pottery in the apothekai of the Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos in 1962, M. R. Popham discovered two boxes containing eighty-one fragments of clay sealings and five worn and damaged sealstones.

The sealstones and sixty-seven of the sealings, those bearing distinguishable impressions, are published in this catalogue. The other fourteen fragments have been omitted; and of those published no photographs are provided here because the material will, it is hoped, appear fully in the volumes of the Corpus der minoischen und mykenischen Siegel devoted to the Herakleion Museum collection. The present catalogue is intended as an interim publication and, in particular, as a subscript to M. A. V. Gill's account of the Knossos sealings and their provenience.

Of the two boxes in which this material was rediscovered the first came from an apotheke which housed pottery from the Domestic Quarter of the Palace. It contained the sealstones and forty-two of the sealing fragments (nos. I to V and 1 to 42 below). The second containing twenty-five of the sealing fragments (nos. 43 to 67 below) came from an apotheke just north of the Throne Room with pottery originating from the West Quarter of the Palace. Unfortunately the pottery in the apothekai is not an infallible guide to the original provenience of these sealstones and sealings. A few of the latter are duplicated by sealings in the Herakleion Museum of known provenience at Knossos or may be identified as from a particular deposit because a sketch of them appears in Evans's notebooks and/or because they are listed in The Palace of Minos. In fact the evidence tends to suggest that these sealings came from widely scattered proveniences both inside and outside the Palace (cf. BSA lx (1965) 60, and in particular comments on 1, 12, 17, 20, 28, 33, 51, and 52 below).
False-Façade Tombs at Cyrene
Authors: Tomlinson R. A.
Published: October 2013

My drawing (Fig. 1) shows a tentative restoration of tomb S 201 at Cyrene, and Fig. 2 its plan. In Cassels's catalogue of the Cyrene tombs, which recognizes its importance, it is described simply as a built rectangular tomb and marked as such on his map. My investigations suggest that it is rather more complicated, and belongs to a specialized class of tomb of considerable architectural interest.

The present condition of the tomb can be seen in Plate 44, a. Part of the walling is still upright, but most of the superstructure has collapsed, encumbering the ruins. This, together with the very short time at my disposal, made it impossible to carry out a complete investigation, which would require clearing the tomb and arranging the various fallen blocks accessibly. Nevertheless the tomb is important enough to deserve a study based on the information available, even though, inevitably, some of the details will have to remain conjectural.

The tomb comprises a rectangular forecourt excavated into the rock, which here forms a virtually level ground surface, and a rock-cut chamber opening off its north-west side. This is the normal practice at Cyrene when rock-cut tombs are constructed on the level parts of the plateau. I could not take full measurements of the court; its width is a little under 12 metres, other details being obscured by fallen masonry and silt.
Late Minoan IIIC Pottery from the Kephala Tholos Tomb near Knossos
Authors: Cadogan Gerald
Published: October 2013

The tholos tomb on the Kephala ridge near Knossos, which R. W. Hutchinson excavated in December 1938, contained in the fill several deposits of skeletal remains and of L.M. IIIC pottery. These belong to a period long after that of the construction and original use of the tomb, which Hutchinson dates to L.M. IA. In his report he describes the bone deposits and mentions and illustrates some of the pots. V. Desborough, who was one of Hutchinson's assistants in the excavation, has discussed briefly more of the L.M. IIIC pottery, but it has never been published in full. So, when Vronwy Hankey, Hutchinson's other assistant, recently produced her fieldnotes and Hutchinson's catalogue of the whole or nearly whole pots, M. Popham suggested that, with the excavator's permission, I should publish the pots listed in the catalogue—the publication of more L.M. IIIB and C pottery being an urgent need in Minoan archaeology.

The original catalogue records seventeen pots, of which two are missing (5, a conical cup, and 7, a deep bowl); to these has been added 18, a coarse-ware bowl, restored but not hitherto catalogued. From the catalogue and from Vronwy Hankey's notes it has been possible to place most of the pots approximately in their find-spots and relate some with the various secondary burials in the tomb. The excavation report gives five L.M. IIIC deposits inside the chamber: three bone deposits at less than a metre's depth below the datum, with which no pots can be associated, although the stirrup-jar 1, which is typologically late, was found just below this level; lower still were the plain deep bowl 4 and the krateriskos 14, perhaps to be associated with the fourth deposit of two skulls close together in the area of shaft grave δ between 1·0 and 1·70 m. below the datum. At about the same depth the deep bowl 11 was found near the entrance.
The Greek Theatre Cavea: Addenda and Corrigenda
Authors: Dilke O. A. W.
Published: October 2013

The Olympia Stadium. A detailed publication of the German excavations at the Olympia stadium is given by E. Kunze and H. Schleif, III. Olympiabericht (in JdI 1941), 12 ff., pls. 2–5, 9–10. This shows that the Greek καθέδρα well preserved, consisted of a paved area, fenced round, on which wooden seats must have been placed at the time of the festival. This, and not the later extension, is the ‘schlichte Steinpodium’ referred to in BSA XLIII, 159, n.3.
Greek Fountain-Buildings Before 300 B.C.
Authors: Dunkley B.
Published: October 2013

Greece is on the whole a poorly watered country. Its rainfall is comparatively small, and confined to one or two months in the year; its rivers dwindle and its streams disappear altogether except immediately after rain. Consequently the provision of an adequate water supply is always important. In some districts wells must be sunk; but often in more hilly regions a more obvious source of supply is the natural springs which gush out from the rocks.
Δίπαλτος
Authors: Lorimer H. L.
Published: October 2013

―ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς χερσὶν οῖον περιδεξίως με φονεύοι παντὶ σθένει ὡς occurs in Attic tragedy in these three passages, and apparently nowhere else in Classical literature.

On the passage in the Ajax, the earliest of the three, the Scholiast comments:―ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς χερσὶν οῖον περιδεξίως με φονεύοι παντὶ σθένει ὡςΔίδυμος ἤ ὁ στρατός με φονεύοι φονεύοι λαβὼν τὰ δίπαλτα δόρατα, ὡς Πῖός φησιν information which Suidas repeats in a slightly abbreviated form without reference to authorities. That is, there were two lines of interpretation, one literal, ‘with a spear in each hand’, as is plainly shewn by the reference to Φ 162–3 implied by περιδεξίως (περιδέξιος there can only be the equivalent of the metrically impossible ἀμφιδέξιος, a meaning recognised in AP xii. 247, an epigram with a Homeric flavouring) and one figurative ‘with might and main’ (διπλῇ χειρὶ καὶ πάσῃ δυνἁμει as Schol. Tricl. puts it). The meaning attached by Pius to δίπαλτος escapes us, since he may equally well have meant ‘spears brandished in each hand’ and ‘spears brandished mightily’, (i.e. ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς χερσίν without the defining περιδεξίως) but his comment implies that the weapon was assumed to be the spear. This is what the verb πάλλειν would in the first instance suggest to a Greek, since where weapons are concerned Homer uses it exclusively of brandishing a spear or stone.
The First Triad of Nemean I
Authors: Rouse W. H. D.
Published: October 2013

The general theme of the ode, is labour leading to peace and happiness: Rest is the first word, Home is the last, and between we have the Labours of Heracles indicated by a specimen, his earliest feat of prowess. The poet need not give a complete catalogue of the labours, which every child knew by heart; nor need he give any special one, such as the Nemean Lion: he gives the first, and leaves the etcetera to take care of itself. And by this choice of the first, he brings out one of the underlying thoughts—that natural ability is the great thing. No one can have taught a baby just born what to do when serpents appear. As regards Chromios, the choice of Heracles was proper, if he claimed to be himself a Heracleid, as seems likely; and the general parallel of a long life of labour is close enough, without pressing a detail.
Spendekanne Aus Samos
Authors: Buschor Ernst
Published: October 2013

Im Heiligtum der Hera von Samos kam eine etwa 30 cm hohe tönerne Kanne (Taf. 8) zutage, die an Nachlässigkeit der Ausführung wohl nur von wenigen dort gefundenen Geräten überboten wird und trotzdem zu den bemerkenswertesten keramischen Funden des Heiligtums gehört. Ich habe sie schon in ‘Satyrtänze und Frühes Drama’ (SB Bayer. Ak. d. Wiss. 1943 Heft 5, 10 ff.) kurz erwähnt und dem mittleren Drittel des siebenten Jahrhunderts zugewiesen; sie muss noch älter sein, wie sich aus den hier angestellten Vergleichen zeigen wird.

Es handelt sich um eine ‘Figurenvase’, um ein Gefäss, das weitgehend in eine plastische Gestalt verwandelt ist. Trotzdem können wir sie zunächst einmal als gewöhnliches Gefäss betrachten, wenn wir berücksichtigen, dass, dem figürlichen Gegenstand zuliebe, der Ausguss tiefer, in die untere Hälfte des Gefässes, gerückt ist und dass wohl auch die besondere Abrundung der Schultern im Zusammenhang mit der plastischen Gestalt steht.
The Oracle of Hera Akraia at Perachora
Authors: Dunbabin T. J.
Published: October 2013

The only ancient topographer to mention the Heraion of Perachora calls it an oracle. Strabo's words are: ἐν δὲ τῷ μεταξὺ τοῦ Λεχαίου καὶ Παγῶν τὸτῆς ᾿Ακραίας μαντεῖον ῾῾Ηρας ὑπῆρχε τὸ παλαιόν Commenting on this passage Payne says: ‘No trace of this aspect of the cult has yet been found’. I suggest that it has been found, though not recognised, and may explain a puzzling feature of the site revealed by the excavation.
Face-Urns and Kindred Types in Anatolia
Authors: Lamb Winifred
Published: October 2013

Professor Frankfort's article Ishtar at Troy suggests a new explanation for the Trojan face-urns, and a pedigree which connects them with Mesopotamian or north-Syrian prototypes. The series he discusses includes the winged vessels and covers from Thermi. These are also referred to by Professor Mallowan in his account of the idols from Brak. Professor Mallowan's interpretation differs from Professor Frankfort's, and to a student of Anatolian prehistory may seem more convincing.
Laudatory Epithets in Greek Epitaphs
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: October 2013

Alan Wace and I spent three memorable years together, wellnigh half a century ago, in the British School at Athens, of which he was later to be for nine years the Director. The first book which either of us published was the Catalogue of the Sparta Museum, in the writing of which we collaborated, and I have followed with keen interest his subsequent career as scholar, administrator and teacher. I therefore regard it as a privilege to make a contribution however slight to the volume of the British School Annual which will serve as a tangible expression of his friends' admiration of his past achievements and their heartfelt wishes for his future happiness.
Painted Funerary Plaques and some Remarks on Prothesis
Authors: Boardman John
Published: October 2013

Throughout the history of figure-decorated pottery in Attica the artists also painted flat clay plaques for use as dedications. In addition, for a limited period of a little over a century we find from their workshops similar objects designed specifically for the decoration of tombs: it is with these that this article is concerned, and a catalogue of the surviving examples known to me is appended. All are painted in the black-figure technique and all figure the prothesis, the laying-out of the dead with the accompanying dirge, and many also the assembling of guests and preparation for the procession to the tomb, the ekphora. The plaques themselves have been found in the cemeteries of Athens as well as in outlying villages in Attica, though never in position on a tomb.

Zschietzschmann, in his study of prothesis scenes in Greek art, commented on the fact that these funerary plaques may be divided into those that form part of a series and those complete in themselves, without, however, distinguishing them in his list. We shall see that this division is not a meaningless convenience, for it reflects also their chronology, scale, and ultimate setting. For this reason I have distinguished between the plaque series and the single plaques in the catalogue below, and will deal with each class separately, detailed remarks about individual pieces being reserved for inclusion with their description in the catalogue.
A Late Minoan Tomb at Knossos
Authors: Hutchinson R. W.
Published: October 2013

During the course of agricultural operations on the vineyard of one Kosti Psilakis, south of the Temple Tomb and on the opposite side of the Herakleion-Arkhanes road, three vases in stone and two in pottery were uncovered by the cultivator and were appropriated by the Herakleion Museum.

On 24 April 1940 Miss Vronwy Fisher (now Mrs. Hankey) and I excavated the site on behalf of the British School at Athens and uncovered a very small chamber tomb, of which most of the chamber walls and all of the dromos walls had been cut away. One or possibly two L.M. III burials had suffered severely, but the earliest burial on the inmost or western side of the chamber seems to have remained undisturbed until 1940, when Psilakis began to lay out a vineyard here.
Part II. Ephyraean Ware
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

In the excavations at Korakou in 1915 Blegen first noted Ephyraean Ware as a definite and well-marked style of Mycenaean pottery. Its stratigraphie position places it in Late Helladic II and it is easily recognized in the pottery of that period. The characteristic shape (Fig. 1) is a one- or two-handled goblet with a short stem. Other shapes painted in what may be termed the Ephyraean manner have not yet been distinguished. The one- or two-handled goblet with a short stem is clearly in its form imitated from vessels of metal. This has been well shown by Persson. It may thus be regarded as akin to the ring-stemmed Minyan goblet and its derivatives.
Cretan Axe-Heads with Linear A Inscriptions
Authors: Pope Maurice
Published: October 2013

I discuss four Linear A axe-head inscriptions. Two of them have not previously been published, one is discussed (though without a photograph) in AE 1953–4 (ii), 64 by N. K. Boufides, and one, though published by Evans in his first article on Cretan script before his excavations at Knossos (JHS xiv (1894), 280), is referred to neither in S.M. i nor by Carratelli. Its attribution to Linear A is probable but not certain.
The Skripou Screen
Authors: Megaw A. H. S.
Published: October 2013

Strzygowski, in his short account of the ninth-century church of the Dormition at Skripou-Orchomenos, made no mention of the evidence for a contemporary screen. Some of the fragments were visible in his time, for they had previously been recorded, though not published, by Barnsley. It was not until 1932 that the character of the screen was first made known by Maria Soteriou's study of the building, in which three of the marble fragments surviving from it were illustrated. The repertory of ornament used on these fragments was seen to be identical with that employed on the string-courses and cornices of the church itself, which left no doubt that the screen was an integral part of the building erected by the protospatharius Leo in 873/4. More recently, Professor Grabar has contributed an invaluable study of the style of ornament with which both church and screen were enriched.
The Altar of Hera Akraia at Perachora
Authors: Plummer H. , Salviat F.
Published: October 2013

The triglyph altar to the east of the sixth-century temple of Hera Akraia was only cursorily published in the first volume of Perachora (pp. 89–91; pls. 6 and 130). No real discussion was offered of the columns, apparently Ionic, placed carefully around it, which R. Martin considers, not unreasonably, evidence for a sort of baldacchino, surely one of the earliest known (see note below). I was lately asked to study altar and columns in more detail, and visited Perachora in March 1965 for the purpose. I concluded that the altar had no ritual connexion with the stoa to the east of it, but was a typical archaic temple-altar, its length (pace Perachora i. 89, which makes it but 5 metres long) originally comparable to the width of the temple. So it could be restored as about 8 metres long, or, including the columnar surround, about 10 metres. The pair of columns on its north side are nearly aligned with the temple's north wall, and it is possible, with four columns spaced at comparable intervals on the west side, to obtain an alignment nearly as close between its south side and the temple's south wall.
Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging of Plastic Deformation Induced by Indentation in Polycrystalline Nickel
Authors: Kaboli Shirin , Goldbaum Dina , Chromik Richard R. , Gauvin Raynald
Published: October 2013

Vickers microindentation and Berkovich nanoindentation tests were carried out on a polycrystalline nickel (Ni) bulk specimen. Electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) in conjunction with electron backscattered diffraction was used to image and characterize plastic deformation inside and around the indents using a field emission scanning electron microscope. The ECCI was performed with a 5 keV beam energy and 0° tilt specimen position. The strain field distribution, slip lines, and Taylor lattices were imaged on an indented surface. Orientation mapping was used to investigate the local crystallographic misorientation and identify specific ⟨110⟩ slip systems. An ion milling surface preparation technique was used to remove materials from the surface which permitted the study of deformed microstructure below the indent. A dislocation density of 1011cm−2was calculated based on the curvature of bend contours observed in the ECCI micrographs obtained from the Vickers indents. A yield strength of 500 MPa was calculated based on the size of the strain field measured from the ECCI micrographs of the nanoindents. The combination of ion milling, ECCI, and electron backscattered diffraction was shown to be beneficial to investigate the indentation-induced plastic deformation in a polycrystalline Ni bulk specimen.