bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School Teachers as Non-Violent Role Models
Authors: Ntshuntshe Zoleka
Published: January 2019

For a long time in South Africa, schools have relied heavily on corporal punishment as a means to bring law and order in the classroom. This culture of using violence has bred angry and militant children who are not afraid to stand tall and defiant of the teachers meting out this punishment. This chapter will challenge teachers to view the traditional way of using violence to restrain children against viewing new ways in which they can become role models where distressed learners can receive care and support. It will also show the benefits of a caring teacher as it adds to emotional wellbeing and social wellbeing of children which are important in the total outcomes of all children. This chapter will provide teachers with useful knowledge encouraging positive role modelling which fosters positive imitation by children. It is evident that environmental factors and interpersonal relationships will play a big role in achieving this goal; therefore, Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory will play a pivotal role in defining the role of the teacher.
CSR Communication in the Digital Age
Authors: Nicoli Nicholas , Komodromos Marcos
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to explore, describe, and offer new directions on corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication in the digital age. CSR communication is in a state of flux as organizations adapt to technological transformations and new communication approaches conducive to the digital age. The chapter draws on current strategic communication trends and CSR communication literature to underline new theoretical and practical implications. The chapter explicates the relationship between CSR, strategic communication, and more recent forms of CSR communication via digital platforms. The Bank of Cyprus is considered as a case study to illustrate how one largely structured organization applies current approaches of CSR communication.
Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Wamalwa Annex Nafula
Published: January 2019

Safaricom Limited is a telecommunications company, the largest mobile operator in Kenya, serving over 20 million customers and occupying two-thirds of the market share in the industry. The company strives to push the boundaries of conventional ways of doing business by focusing on value creation to the society, economy, and environment of Kenya by incorporating the top-down, bottom-up approach to integrate the SDGs into its corporate strategy and its corporate social responsibility projects. The mission of the company is transforming lives, and this is evident from its operations and investing resources in sustainable projects.
Responsibility and Sustainability Choices in the Animal Feed Industry
Authors: Mari Carlo , Meglio Olimpia
Published: January 2019

The conventional discourse on corporate social responsibility (CSR) focuses on big companies and tends to neglect small, medium, and family firms. However, scholars state that simply scaling down CSR theories does not capture the variations in CSR choices across companies and contexts. The authors remedy this state of affairs by investigating an Italian family firm in the animal feed industry in light of an integrative framework that combines institutional- and company-level factors explaining the variations in CSR choices. The findings highlight how the company under investigation is committed to ensuring animal welfare by offering healthy and safe animal feed through innovation and certification. In addition, the company is well embedded in the local community and represents a point of reference for the inhabitants. Initiatives ranging from scholarships to university exchange programs to running races contribute to mobilizing human resources and to improving the company's brand awareness.
Applications of Keystroke Dynamics Biometrics in Online Learning Environments
Authors: Muniasamy Anandhavalli
Published: January 2019

The biometric authentication in the online learning environment (OLE) is still exploratory and, despite an increase in keystroke dynamics biometrics research, many challenges remain in designing this authentication system due to the fact that it is economical and easily integrated with existing computer security system in OLE. Existing research in keystroke dynamics tends to focus on finding how keystroke dynamics of users can support non-intrusive authentications of users in OLEs. However, there is little evidence that researchers have approached the issue of unauthenticated users to take the role of authenticated users and perform tasks in the OLE with the intent of building models based on the keystroke dynamics of users. In a nutshell, the aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the existing applications of keystroke dynamics as biometric authentication in the OLE, keystroke dynamics framework being designed for the OLE, advantages and disadvantages of a keystroke dynamics biometrics approach, as well as offering suggestions and possible future research directions.
FinTech and SMEs
Authors: Marrara Stefania , Pejic-Bach Mirjana , Seljan Sanja , Topalovic Amir
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, a study about how Italian SMEs understand and use FinTech technologies is presented. The study focuses on FinTech-aided banking services, in particular, due to the fact that these are, at present, the most widely used FinTech technologies available in Italy. The study shows how, despite FinTech entering Italy only in recently, the Italian SMEs market is very active and fruitful for digital companies. In the last years, a continuous growth of investment has seen the development of FinTech technologies in multiple areas, such as mobile networks, big data, trust management, mobile embedded systems, cloud computing, image processing, and data analytic techniques.
Fintech and Shariah Principles in Smart Contracts
Authors: Rahim Norafni Farlina , Bakri Mohammed Hariri , Yahaya Siti Norbaya
Published: January 2019

FinTech, or financial technology, is an emerging technology in financial transaction. It is disruptive technology which is changing the banking behavior for stakeholders. The thriving emergence of FinTech not only affects the conventional finance industry but also Islamic finance industry, as Islamic finance sector is also embracing FinTech as part of financial revolution. Thus, the Islamic FinTech emerges as faith-based FinTech. This is because Islamic FinTech claimed to comply with Shariah principle in their mechanism and smart contract. There is limited discussion on smart contract and Islamic FinTech and its Shariah principles. Hence, the Shariah principle in smart contract of Islamic FinTech need to be addressed. This chapter tries to delve into the smart contract concept in Islamic FinTech and Shariah principles in the mechanism. The review found that smart contract is currently in the early stage and so is Islamic FinTech. The scholars agreed that FinTech is a Maslahah (interest) to mankind's benefit. However, the smart contract is still in discussion and review.
Improving School Climate Through Behavioral Response to Intervention
Authors: Keesey Susan , Mittelberg Julia
Published: January 2019

Response to intervention (RTI) is commonly recognized as a schoolwide, systematic service delivery model designed to support academic learning for all students. Similar to the delivery model for academics, behavioral RTI provides a continuum of schoolwide behavioral supports ranging from promoting a positive school climate in Tier 1 to implementing individualized behavioral interventions in Tier 3. This chapter analyzes the systematic, behavioral approach within each tier, including screening, assessment, progress monitoring, and subsequent data analysis. Discussion includes how to use these data to make data-based decisions, develop appropriate goals, and match student need to an appropriate intervention with effective reinforcers. Examples of evidence-based interventions are provided for each tier.
Social Studies and RTI
Authors: Brooks Louise
Published: January 2019

The response to intervention (RTI) service delivery model has been used primarily in the secondary language arts (reading) academic content area and in the various math courses. RTI has rarely, if at all, been introduced in secondary social science courses, even though students struggle in these courses due to the increase in reading and math content embedded within them. This chapter focuses on the implementation of RTI in social studies courses at the secondary level. The utilization of a universal screener, tiers, progress monitoring, and fidelity is discussed, followed by a presentation of specific examples of research-based interventions that can be used at each tier level in the social sciences content areas.
An Empirical Investigation on the Awareness and Practices of Higher Education Students in Green Information Technology
Authors: Hernandez Alexander A.
Published: January 2019

Green IT is a resource efficient and effective consumption through the use of information technology with minimal or no impact to the environment. This study is an initial attempt to explore on the Green IT perspective of higher education students in the Philippines. A survey questionnaire was deployed to determine the students' awareness and practices towards Green IT. The results suggest that students have an average level of awareness and unsatisfactory practices in Green IT. The results indicate the need to integrate Green IT in higher education curriculum to raise awareness among students and engage them in sustainable use of computing resources. Practical and research implications are discussed.
Isolated corpus spongiosum injury after sexual intercourse
Authors: Anastasiou Ioannis , Anastasiou Aikaterini , Katafigiotis Ioannis , Tsavdaris Dimitrios , Constantinides Constantinos
Published: January 2019

Penile fractures are generally rare and underreported. The mechanism of injury is due to a rupture of the corpora cavernosa following blunt or sexual trauma to the penis when fully erect. Penile fractures usually present with a ‘popping’ sound with concomitant sudden swelling and ecchymosis of the penis followed by rapid detumescence. Urethral involvement occurs only in a small part of the cases. Isolated spongiosal injury after sexual intercourse is also extremely rare. The cardinal sign of urethral injury is blood at the meatus. A small laceration can be repaired by simple closure with absorbable sutures, while a complete rupture requires a more complex anastomotic repair. We report a case of a typically presenting penile fracture that was eventually proven to be an isolated corpus spongiosum injury, with no corpora cavernosa involvement.
The importance of appropriate reporting and investigation of incidental findings on computed tomography attenuation correction images during myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
Authors: Delaney Francis T , Gray Emma L , Lee Joseph C
Published: January 2019

We present a case of lung cancer incidentally detected as a pulmonary nodule on computed tomography attenuation correction (CTAC) images during myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). Unfortunately, the incidental lesion was not fully investigated following MPS report and had developed into metastatic lung carcinoma when diagnosed over 1 year later, with failure of subsequent emergent chemotherapy. The disease appeared to be localized when initially detected during MPS. This case highlights the importance and potential clinical value of routine review of CTAC images in MPS with appropriate reporting and further investigation of suspicious incidental findings. In addition, the importance of effective communication between nuclear medicine department and treating team is clear to ensure suspicious incidental findings are given sufficient credence and thoroughly investigated promptly to avoid adverse clinical outcomes.
Tumor volume delineation: A pilot study comparing a digital positron-emission tomography prototype with an analog positron-emission tomography system
Authors: Nguyen Nghi C. , Vercher-Conejero Jose , Faulhaber Peter
Published: January 2019

We evaluated the potential differences of a digital positron-emission tomography (PET) prototype equipped with photon-counting detectors (D-PET, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio, USA) in tumor volume delineation compared with the analog Gemini TF PET system (A-PET, Philips). Eleven oncologic patients first underwent clinical fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) on A-PET. The D-PET ring was then inserted between the PET and CT scanner of A-PET and the patient was scanned for the second time. Two interpreters reviewed the two sets of PET/CT images for image quality and diagnostic confidence. FDG avid lesions were evaluated for volume measured at 35% and 50% of maximum standard uptake value (SUV) thresholds (35% SUV, 50% SUV), and for SUV gradient as a measure of lesion sharpness. Bland–Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between the two PET scans. Qualitative lesion conspicuity, sharpness, and diagnostic confidence were greater at D-PET than that of A-PET with favorable inter-rater agreements. Median lesion size of the 24 measured lesions was 1.6 cm. The lesion volume at D-PET was smaller at both 35% SUV and 50% SUV thresholds compared with that of A-PET, with a mean difference of − 3680.0 mm3 at 35% SUV and − 835.3 mm3 at 50% SUV. SUV gradient was greater at D-PET than at A-PET by 49.2% (95% confidence interval: 34.1%–60.8%). Given the smaller volume definition, coupled with improved conspicuity and sharpness, digital PET may be more robust and accurate in tumor rendering compared with analog PET not only for radiotherapy planning but also in prognostication and systemic treatment monitoring.
Flipping the Classroom in Graduate Medical Education: A Systematic Review
Authors: King Andrew M. , Gottlieb Michael , Mitzman Jennifer , Dulani Tina , Schulte Stephanie J. , Way David P.
Published: January 2019

Background

Flipped classroom (FC) instruction has become increasingly common in graduate medical education (GME).

Objective

The purpose of this study was to profile the use of FC in the GME setting and assess the current status of research quality.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search of major health and social science databases from July 2017 to July 2018. Articles were screened to ensure they described use of the FC method in an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited residency program and included research outcomes. Resulting articles were analyzed, described, and evaluated for research quality using the Kirkpatrick framework and the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI).

Results

Twenty-two articles were identified, all of which were recently published. Five were only indirectly related to FC methods. Most studies reported Kirkpatrick-level outcomes. Studies involving resident learner opinions were generally positive. Pre-posttest studies resulted in large positive improvements in knowledge or skills attainment. Control group study results ranged from large positive (1.56) to negative effects (–0.51). Average MERSQI scores of 12.1 (range, 8.5–15.5) were comparable to GME research norms.

Conclusions

Varying methods for implementing and studying the FC in GME has led to variable results. While residents expressed a positive attitude toward FC learning, shortcomings were reported. Approximately half of the studies comparing the flipped to the traditional classroom reported better achievement under the FC design. As indicated by the MERSQI score, studies captured by this review, on average, were as rigorous as typical research on residency education.
The impact of mergers on innovation in EU merger control
Authors: Déchamps Pascale , Fanton Ilaria
Published: January 2019

Are mergers good for innovation or do they hinder it? Finding a balance between protecting competition in innovation and allowing consolidation in markets where efficiencies might be generated has proven one of the biggest challenges of merger control in recent years. Although economic literature provides helpful pointers in striking that balance, it does not provide a general unambiguous framework. Competition authorities consider both aspects and may seem to have adopted different approaches to this issue in traditional markets (e.g. pharmaceuticals and pesticides) compared to digital markets. While the debate is still ongoing, this article summarizes the theoretical framework from the economic literature and how it has been applied in real recent cases by competition authorities.
A potential source of atmospheric sulfate from O2−-induced SO2 oxidation by ozone
Authors: Tsona Narcisse Tchinda , Du Lin
Published: January 2019

Abstract. It was formerly demonstrated that O2SOO− forms at collisions
rate in the gas phase as a result of SO2 reaction with
O2-. Here, we present a theoretical investigation of the
chemical fate of O2SOO− by reaction with O3 in the
gas phase, based on ab initio calculations. Two main mechanisms were found
for the title reaction, with fundamentally different products: (i) formation
of a van der Waals complex followed by electron transfer and further
decomposition to O2 + SO2 + O3- and
(ii) formation of a molecular complex from O2 switching by
O3, followed by SO2 oxidation to SO3- within
the complex. Both reactions are exergonic, but separated by relatively low
energy barriers. The products in the former mechanism would likely initiate
other SO2 oxidations as shown in previous studies, whereas the
latter mechanism closes a path wherein SO2 is oxidized to
SO3-. The latter reaction is atmospherically relevant since it
forms the SO3- ion, hereby closing the SO2 oxidation
path initiated by O2-. The main atmospheric fate of
SO3- is nothing but sulfate formation. Exploration of the
reactions kinetics indicates that the path of reaction (ii) is highly
facilitated by humidity. For this path, we found an overall rate constant of
4.0×10-11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K and 50 %
relative humidity. The title reaction provides a new mechanism for sulfate
formation from ion-induced SO2 oxidation in the gas phase and
highlights the importance of including such a mechanism in modeling
sulfate-based aerosol formation rates.
Climate, snow, and soil moisture data set for the Tuolumne and Merced river watersheds, California, USA
Authors: Roche James W. , Rice Robert , Meng Xiande , Cayan Daniel R. , Dettinger Michael D. , Alden Douglas , Patel Sarina C. , Mason Megan A. , Conklin Martha H. , Bales Roger C.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. We present hourly climate data to force land surface
process models and assessments over the Merced and Tuolumne watersheds in
the Sierra Nevada, California, for the water year 2010–2014 period. Climate
data (38 stations) include temperature and humidity (23), precipitation
(13), solar radiation (8), and wind speed and direction (8), spanning an
elevation range of 333 to 2987 m. Each data set contains raw data as
obtained from the source (Level 0), data that are serially continuous with
noise and nonphysical points removed (Level 1), and, where possible, data
that are gap filled using linear interpolation or regression with a nearby
station record (Level 2). All stations chosen for this data set were known
or documented to be regularly maintained and components checked and
calibrated during the period. Additional time-series data included are
available snow water equivalent records from automated stations (8) and
manual snow courses (22), as well as distributed snow depth and co-located
soil moisture measurements (2–6) from four locations spanning the
rain–snow transition zone in the center of the domain. Spatial data
layers pertinent to snowpack modeling in this data set are basin polygons
and 100 m resolution rasters of elevation, vegetation type, forest canopy
cover, tree height, transmissivity, and extinction coefficient. All data are
available from online data repositories (https://doi.org/10.6071/M3FH3D).
Efficient surrogate modeling methods for large-scale Earth system models based on machine learning techniques
Authors: Lu Dan , Ricciuto Daniel
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Improving predictive understanding of Earth system variability and change requires data-model integration. Efficient data-model integration for complex models requires surrogate modeling to reduce model evaluation time. However, building a surrogate of a large-scale Earth system model (ESM) with many output variables is computationally intensive because it involves a large number of expensive ESM simulations. In this effort, we propose an efficient surrogate method capable of using a few ESM runs to build an accurate and fast-to-evaluate surrogate system of model outputs over large spatial and temporal domains. We first use singular value decomposition to reduce the output dimensions, and then use Bayesian optimization techniques to generate an accurate neural network surrogate model based on limited ESM simulation samples. Our machine learning based surrogate methods can build and evaluate a large surrogate system of many variables quickly. Thus, whenever the quantities of interest change such as a different objective function, a new site, and a longer simulation time, we can simply extract the information of interest from the surrogate system without rebuilding new surrogates, which significantly saves computational efforts. We apply the proposed method to a regional ecosystem model to approximate the relationship between 8 model parameters and 42 660 carbon flux outputs. Results indicate that using only 20 model simulations, we can build an accurate surrogate system of the 42 660 variables, where the consistency between the surrogate prediction and actual model simulation is 0.93 and the mean squared error is 0.02. This highly-accurate and fast-to-evaluate surrogate system will greatly enhance the computational efficiency in data-model integration to improve predictions and advance our understanding of the Earth system.
Spatiotemporal Changes in Aridity of Pakistan during 1901–2016
Authors: Ahmed Kamal , Shahid Shamsuddin , Wang Xiao-Jun , Nawaz Nadeem , Khan Najeebullah
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The changing characteristics of aridity over a larger spatiotemporal scale have gained interest in recent years due to climate change. The long-term (1901–2016) changes in spatiotemporal patterns of annual and seasonal aridity during two major crop growing seasons of Pakistan, Kharif and Rabi are evaluated in this study using gridded precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data. UNESCO aridity index was used to estimate aridity at each grid point for all the years between 1901 and 2016. The temporal changes in aridity and its associations with precipitation and PET are evaluated by implementing a moving window of 50-years data with 11-year interval. The modified Mann Kendall trend test is applied to estimate unidirectional change by eliminating the effect of natural variability of climate and the Pettitt’s test is used to detect year of change in aridity. The results reveal that climate over 60 % of Pakistan (mainly in southern parts) is arid. The spatial patterns of aridity trends show a strong influence of the changes in precipitation on aridity trend. The increasing trend in aridity is noticed in the southeast where precipitation is low during Kharif while a decreasing trend in Rabi season in the region which receives high precipitation due to western disturbances. The annual and Kharif aridity are found to decrease at a rate of 0.0001 to 0.0002 per year in northeast while Kharif and Rabi aridity are found to increase at some locations in the south at a rate of −0.0019 to −0.0001. The spatial patterns of aridity changes show a shift from arid to the semi-arid climate in annual and Kharif over a large area while a shift from arid to hyper-arid region during Rabi in a small area. The most of the significant changes in precipitation and aridity are observed in the years between 1971 and 1980. Overall, aridity is found to increase in 0.52 %, 4.44 %, and 0.52 % area and decrease in 11.75 %, 7.57 %, and 9.66 % area for annual, Rabi and Kharif seasons respectively during 1967–2016 relative to 1901–1950.
An improved perspective in the spatial representation of soil moisture: potential added value of SMOS disaggregated 1 km resolution “all weather” product
Authors: Khodayar Samiro , Coll Amparo , Lopez-Baeza Ernesto
Published: January 2019

Abstract. This study uses the synergy of multi-resolution soil moisture (SM) satellite
estimates from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, a dense
network of ground-based SM measurements, and a soil–vegetation–atmosphere
transfer (SVAT) model, SURFEX (externalized surface), module ISBA
(interactions between soil, biosphere and atmosphere), to examine the benefits of
the SMOS level 4 (SMOS-L4) version 3.0, or “all weather” high-resolution soil moisture
disaggregated product (SMOS-L43.0; ∼1 km).
The added value compared to SMOS level 3 (SMOS-L3; ∼25 km) and SMOS level 2 (SMOS-L2; ∼15 km) is investigated. In situ SM observations over the
Valencia anchor station (VAS; SMOS calibration and validation – Cal/Val – site in
Europe) are used for comparison. The SURFEX (ISBA) model is used to simulate
point-scale surface SM (SSM) and, in combination with high-quality
atmospheric information data, namely from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the Système d'analyse
fournissant des renseignements atmosphériques à la neige (SAFRAN) meteorological
analysis system, to obtain a representative SSM mapping over the VAS. The
sensitivity to realistic initialization with SMOS-L43.0 is assessed to simulate the spatial and temporal distribution of SSM.
Results demonstrate the following: (a) All SMOS products correctly capture the temporal
patterns, but the spatial patterns are not accurately reproduced by the
coarser resolutions, probably in relation to the contrast with point-scale in
situ measurements. (b) The potential of the SMOS-L43.0 product is pointed
out to adequately characterize SM spatio-temporal variability, reflecting
patterns consistent with intensive point-scale SSM samples on a daily timescale. The restricted temporal availability of this product dictated by the
revisit period of the SMOS satellite compromises the averaged SSM
representation for longer periods than a day. (c) A seasonal analysis points
out improved consistency during December–January–February and
September–October–November, in contrast to significantly worse correlations in
March–April–May (in relation to the growing vegetation) and June–July–August
(in relation to low SSM values < 0.1 m3 m−3
and low spatial
variability). (d) The combined use of the SURFEX (ISBA) SVAT model with the
SAFRAN system, initialized with SMOS-L43.0 1 km disaggregated data, is
proven to be a suitable tool for producing regional SM maps with high
accuracy, which could be used as initial conditions for model simulations, flood
forecasting, crop monitoring and crop development strategies, among others.
Characteristics of Water Masses in the Atlantic Ocean based on GLODAPv2 data
Authors: Liu Mian , Tanhua Toste
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The characteristics of the main water masses in the Atlantic Ocean are investigated and defined as Source Water Types (SWTs) from their formation area by six key properties based on the GLODAPv2 observational data. These include both conservative (potential temperature and salinity) and non-conservative (oxygen, silicate, phosphate and nitrate) variables. For this we divided the Atlantic Ocean into four vertical layers by distinct potential densities in the shallow and intermediate water column, and additionally by concentration of silicate in the deep waters. The SWTs in the upper/central water layer originates from subduction during winter and are defined as central waters, formed in four distinct areas; East North Atlantic Central water (ENACW), West North Atlantic Central Water (WNACW), East South Atlantic Central Water (ESACW) and West South Atlantic Central Water (WSACW). Below the upper/central layer the intermediate layer consist of three main SWTs; Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), Subarctic Intermediate Water (SAIW) and Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW). The North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is the dominating SWT in the deep and overflow layer, and is divided into upper and lower NADW based on the different origins and properties. The origin of both the upper and lower NADW is the Labrador Sea Water (LSW), the Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) and Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW). Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is the only natural SWT in the bottom layer and this SWT is redefined as North East Atlantic Bottom Water (NEABW) in the north of equator due to the change of key properties, especial silicate. Similar with NADW, two additional SWTS, Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW), are defined in the Weddell Sea in order to understand the origin of AABW. The definition of water masses in biogeochemical space is useful for, in particular, chemical and biological oceanography to understand the origin and mixing history of water samples.
Anticlockwise metamorphic pressure–temperature paths and nappe stacking in the Reisa Nappe Complex in the Scandinavian Caledonides, northern Norway: evidence for weakening of lower continental crust before and during continental collision
Authors: Faber Carly , Stünitz Holger , Gasser Deta , Jeřábek Petr , Kraus Katrin , Corfu Fernando , Ravna Erling K. , Konopásek Jiří
Published: January 2019

Abstract. This study investigates the tectonostratigraphy and metamorphic and tectonic
evolution of the Caledonian Reisa Nappe Complex (RNC; from bottom to top:
Vaddas, Kåfjord, and Nordmannvik nappes) in northern Troms, Norway.
Structural data, phase equilibrium modelling, and U-Pb zircon and titanite
geochronology are used to constrain the timing and pressure–temperature
(P–T) conditions of deformation and metamorphism during nappe stacking
that facilitated crustal thickening during continental collision. Five
samples taken from different parts of the RNC reveal an anticlockwise
P–T path attributed to the effects of early Silurian heating (D1)
followed by thrusting (D2). At ca. 439 Ma during D1 the
Nordmannvik Nappe reached the highest metamorphic conditions at
ca. 780 ∘C and ∼9–11 kbar inducing kyanite-grade partial
melting. At the same time the Kåfjord Nappe was at higher, colder, levels
of the crust ca. 600 ∘C, 6–7 kbar and the Vaddas Nappe was
intruded by gabbro at > 650 ∘C and ca. 6–9 kbar. The
subsequent D2 shearing occurred at increasing pressure and decreasing
temperatures ca. 700 ∘C and 9–11 kbar in the partially molten
Nordmannvik Nappe, ca. 600 ∘C and 9–10 kbar in the Kåfjord
Nappe, and ca. 640 ∘C and 12–13 kbar in the Vaddas Nappe.
Multistage titanite growth in the Nordmannvik Nappe records this evolution
through D1 and D2 between ca. 440 and 427 Ma, while titanite
growth along the lower RNC boundary records D2 shearing at 432±6 Ma. It emerges that early Silurian heating (ca. 440 Ma) probably
resulted from large-scale magma underplating and initiated partial melting
that weakened the lower crust, which facilitated dismembering of the crust
into individual thrust slices (nappe units). This tectonic style contrasts
with subduction of mechanically strong continental crust to great depths as
seen in, for example, the Western Gneiss Region further south.
Differential InSAR for tide modelling in Antarctic ice-shelf
grounding zones
Authors: Wild Christian T. , Marsh Oliver J. , Rack Wolfgang
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) is an essential tool for detecting ice-sheet motion near Antarctica's oceanic margin. These space-borne measurements have been used extensively in the past to map the location and retreat of ice-shelf grounding lines as an indicator for the onset of marine ice-sheet instability and to calculate the mass balance of ice-sheets and individual catchments. The main difficulty in interpreting DInSAR is that images originate from a combination of several SAR images and do not indicate instantaneous ice deflection at the time of satellite data acquisition. Here, we combine the sub-centimetre accuracy and spatial benefits of DInSAR with the temporal benefits of tide models to infer the spatiotemporal dynamics of ice-ocean interaction during the times of satellite overpasses. We demonstrate the potential of this synergy with TerraSAR-X data from the almost stagnant Southern McMurdo Ice Shelf. We then validate our algorithm with GPS data from the fast-flowing Darwin Glacier, draining the Antarctic Plateau through the Transantarctic Mountains into the Ross Sea. We are able to match DInSAR to 0.84 mm; generally improve traditional tide models by up to −39 % from 10.8 cm to 6.7 cm RMSE against GPS data from areas where ice is in local hydrostatic equilibrium with the ocean; and up to −74 % from 21.4 cm to 5.6 cm RMSE against GPS data in feature-rich coastal areas where contemporary tide-models are most inaccurate. Numerical modelling then reveals a Young’s modulus of E = 1.0 GPa and an ice viscosity of 10 TPa s when finite-element simulations of tidal flexure are matched to 16 days of tiltmeter data; supporting the theory that strain dependent anisotropy may significantly decrease effective viscosity compared to isotropic polycrystalline ice on large spatial scales. Applications of our method range from (i) refining coarsly-gridded tide models to resolve small-scale features at the spatial resolution and vertical accuracy of SAR imagery, to (ii) separating elastic and viscoelastic contributions in the satellite derived flexure measurement and (iii) gaining information about large-scale ice heterogenity in Antarctic ice-shelf grounding zones, the missing key to improve current ice-sheet flow models. The reconstruction of the individual components forming DInSAR images has the potential to become a standard remote-sensing method in polar tide modelling. Unlocking the algorithm's full potential to answer multi-disciplinary research questions is desired and demands collaboration within the scientific community.
Implications of Policy and Legal Frameworks on Higher Education in Zambia
Authors: Kazonga Eustarckio
Published: January 2019

Policy and legal frameworks are enablers for the delivery of appropriate higher education (HE) in a country. Zambia is currently implementing reforms in the HE sub-sector within the context of the policy and legal frameworks. These frameworks have implications on the provision of HE. The objectives of the paper are to: identify the policy and legal frameworks for the HE sub-sector; and determine the implications of these frameworks on HE. A document analysis method was used for the study in order to determine the relevant policy and legal frameworks on HE. In particular, the analysis used qualitative data purposively collected from the following documents: (1) Educating Our Future: National Policy on Education of 1996; (2) Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Policy of 1996; (3) Higher Education Act No. 4 of 2013 and Zambia Qualifications Authority Act No. 13 of 2011; (5) Higher Education Loans and Scholarships Act No. 31 of 2016; (6) Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training (TEVET) Act No. 13 of 1998 as amended by the TEVET Act No. 11 of 2005; and (7) selected Government Gazette notices. The study findings are that the higher education policy and legal frameworks implications are liberalization, quality assurance, appropriate responses to the national needs, flexibility in training programs, financing, partnerships, accountability, and relevance of training programs offered. The paper concludes that there are multiple policy and legal frameworks implications on HE in Zambia but key among these are registration and accreditation of learning programs, and development of quality assurance systems to address the multitude of the twenty-first century challenges and demands of excellence in HE.
The Effects of Capital Market Development and Foreign Direct Investment on the Entrepreneurial Process and Economic Growth
Authors: Honoré Tékam Oumbé
Published: January 2019

This article seeks to study the effects of the development of the capital market and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the entrepreneurial process and economic growth. The technical methods used in this study are the panel-based dynamic estimation method of the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the Calderon-Rossell model, in order to assess the relative impact of the development of capital markets on the entrepreneurial process in the CEMAC zone. The results show that capital market and capitalization initiatives can lead to an entrepreneurial process and economic growth in the CEMAC region. In addition, the incidence of corruption, the rule of law and the quality of the regulatory framework are identified as the most important institutional frameworks that determine the attractiveness of CEMAC countries to the inflow of FDI.
Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Modified Multiscale Entropy and Global Distance Evaluation for Valve Fault of Reciprocating Compressor
Authors: Li Ying , Wang Jin Dong , Zhao Hai Yang , Song Mei Ping , Ou Ling Fei
Published: January 2019

According to the nonlinearity, nonstationarity and multi-component coupling characteristics of reciprocating compressor vibration signals, a fault diagnosis method of reciprocating compressor valve based on the modified multiscale entropy (MMSE) and global distance evaluation (GDE) is proposed. Firstly, to eliminate the noise interference, the VMD method with superior anti-interference performance was utilized to a strong non-stationarity vibration signal for all fault states. To overcome the obstacle of the conventional multiscale entropy (MSE) may yield undefined entropy or an imprecise estimation of entropy by the large scale factor, the MMSE method provided for moving-average procedure by replacing mean-average coarse-grained procedure was developed to the vibration signals, and then the GDE method of overall parameter selection was introduced to evaluate the extracted MMSE and select the optimal sensitivity scale feature. Finally, binary tree of Support Vector Machine (BTSVM), suitable for small sample classification, was selected as the classifier to identify the reciprocating compressor valve fault type. By analyzing the experimental data, it can be shown that the method can effectively identify the fault type of reciprocating compressor valve.
Strategisch procederen in het milieurecht: bestuursrechter en civiele rechter
Authors: van der Veen G.A. (Gerrit)
Published: January 2019

Strategisch procederen in het milieurecht: bestuursrechter en civiele rechter

Dit artikel gaat nader in op het strategisch procederen in het milieurecht en begint met een korte terreinverkenning. Aan de orde komt welke mogelijkheden al bestonden om vraagstukken aan de rechter voor te leggen en wat nu daadwerkelijk nieuw is. Vervolgens wordt bezien welke beperkte mogelijkheden de bestuursrechter heeft om zich over grote maatschappelijke vragen te uiten, en hoe de burgerlijke rechter met grote maatschappelijke vragen recent is omgegaan. Daarbij komen twee aandachtspunten van civiele procedures aan de orde. Deze leiden tot de conclusie dat het nog maar de vraag is of bereikte successen beklijven.
De bakens verzet (!?)
Authors: Bauw E. (Eddy)
Published: January 2019

De bakens verzet (!?). De civiele rechter in milieuzaken tegen de overheid

Dit artikel bevat een reflectie op de stand van zaken waar het gaat om de behartiging van het milieubelang door middel van het privaatrecht. Een dergelijke reflectie begint in het verleden: hoe zijn wij gekomen waar wij nu zijn? En strekt zich uit naar de toekomst: welke ontwikkeling is te verwachten en wat is wenselijk? In deze bijdrage staan deze vragen centraal.
Het Nederlandse stelsel van rechtsbescherming tegen plannen en programma’s getoetst
Authors: Plambeck E.J.H. (Ernst)
Published: January 2019

Het Nederlandse stelsel van rechtsbescherming tegen plannen en programma’s getoetst. Over het belang van het Verdrag van Aarhus en het Unierecht

In deze bijdrage, die een weerslag biedt van de door Lorenzo Squintani gehouden presentatie tijdens de VMR-bijeenkomst op 31 mei 2018, staat de vraag centraal welke eisen het internationaal en Unierecht stellen aan rechtsbescherming tegen plannen en programma’s in het omgevingsrecht, en in hoeverre Nederland daaraan voldoet. Ter beantwoording van deze vraag wordt eerst het Verdrag van Aarhus en de implementatie daarvan in het Unierecht bekeken, waarbij ook de reikwijdte van het begrip ‘plannen en programma’s’ in het EU-milieurecht wordt geschetst. Daarna wordt ingegaan op de toetsing overeenkomstig het Unierecht en de (on)mogelijkheid van exceptieve toetsing. Dit wordt gevolgd door een analyse van het Nederlandse rechtssysteem, waarna geconcludeerd wordt dat dit rechtssysteem op onderdelen tekort lijkt te schieten, gelet op het internationaal en Unierecht.
‘Nothing like Textiles’: Manufacturing Traditions in Textile Archaeology
Authors: Banck-Burgess Johanna
Published: January 2019

Textiles are evaluated mainly in regard to their visual appearance and technical features of textile production. From a modern point of view, it is their optical perception that is most often displayed in reconstructions. This, however, can rarely be achieved due to the poor and fragmentary preservation of archaeological textiles, which hinders gathering basic information about details of the production technique. Sources illustrating garments or putative textile patterns are often additionally consulted to achieve a better understanding of the textiles. Over the past two decades, the author has made an effort to present a different approach to textile archaeology, that is to demonstrate that the significance of textiles was predominantly governed by culture-specific production techniques whose differences were optical – i.e. at the first glance imperceptible even for experts. Textile patterns were predominantly applied during production. There was little subsequent embellishment where textiles acted as a carrier of the decoration. This means that patterns were rarely additionally integrated after the basic weave was complete, for instance as in the case of embroidery. In consequence, archaeological textiles assume a different cultural and historical significance than previously thought. They are not merely objects whose surfaces served as carriers for culture-specific patterns. In this context, embroidery is of particular significance, as it is a procedure for subsequent decoration of fabrics. In this article, the author presents prehistoric, including the Bronze and Iron Ages, textile finds that have been described as embroidery but are actually a combination of weaving and wrapping weaving techniques.
Beyond Textiles: Alternative Uses of Twisted Fibres and Evidence from Akrotiri, Thera
Authors: Vakirtzi Sophia , Georma Fragoula , Karnava Artemis
Published: January 2019

Fibre crafts are among the oldest technological practices of mankind. Although commonly associated with textile manufacture, twisted fibres in the form of threads have always had a wider range of use in everyday life. Strings and ropes constitute a humble but essential category of fibre products deriving from the same technology and organic matter as threads. Due to their organic nature, however, they are rarely preserved in the archaeological record, unless special environmental conditions occur. This paper explores the research potential of the imprints of threads and strings in a study focusing on the alternative uses of fibre-spun artefacts. The focus is on the Bronze Age Aegean imprints of threads and strings preserved on objects made of clay and on wall paintings recovered at Akrotiri on Thera. The technical properties of the original threads and strings are evaluated through observation of their imprints, and the fibre technology used for their production is assessed. The methodologies of spindle whorl metrology and experimental spinning are also integrated in the discussion. Ultimately, the use of threads and strings for a variety of purposes, including but not limited to textile production, is discussed.
PROPOSALS OF NEW METHODS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM
Authors: Kwiatkowski Adam
Published: January 2019

The study is an attempt to show the vision of solving complex international problems and threats related to terrorism. This attempt, although controversial, is a search for unconventional, not always acceptable methods of minimizing the terrorist threat.
Innovation and Value Creation in Local Media
Authors: Morlandstø Lisbeth
Published: January 2019

Almost everything written on innovation in public media is about large, national or international media companies. Research on innovation in local media is rather underexposed, which is something that this article aims to remedy. Qualitative findings from four different case studies of local media innovation are investigated using a meta-ethnographic approach. The purpose of meta-ethnography is to synthesize research findings on a specific topic across different qualitative studies. By identifying concepts, metaphors and themes that are translated and compared across cases, the aim is to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the topic under investigation than what individual studies may allow for. The research question asked in this particular meta-ethnography is: What characterises innovations in local newspapers? Synthesized findings show that innovations in local newspapers are often complex, comprising several local alliances and multiple objectives, often pursuing different values at the same time. This is probably due to their many and close relationships to the communities they serve, which simultaneously challenge the possibility of being a professional and independent media actor.
Playability as Realism
Authors: Garthoff Jon
Published: January 2019

In this essay I discuss how realism operates to constrain games, especially role-playing games, that take place in a fantasy milieu. The design of these games involves tradeoffs between two values, which are sometimes labeled “realism” and “playability”. These values are ordinarily understood to be wholly independent and competing. Using resources drawn from John Rawls's conception of political theory as a search for a “realistic utopia”, I show how these values can instead be understood as aspects of the more general value of creating and conceiving a realistic fantasy through the medium of game play. I also explain how realism operates differently as a constraint on tabletop role-playing games from how it operates in realistic video games and live-action role-playing.
Fictionally Flipping Tetrominoes? Defining the Fictionality of a Videogame Player’s Actions
Authors: Van de Mosselaer Nele
Published: January 2019

In this paper, I use the case of player actions in Tetris to explore possible problems in existing descriptions of videogame actions as fictional actions. Both in the philosophy of computer games and videogame studies, authors often make use of Kendall Walton’s make-believe theory to describe videogame actions as fictional. According to the Waltonian description of fictional actions, however, the actions players perform when playing Tetris, such as flipping tetrominoes, would also be fictional. This is a counterintuitive idea, as players of Tetris seem to be really manipulating the graphical shapes in this game. I will thus discuss two other possible descriptions of fictional actions hinted at by Grant Tavinor (2009). Firstly, the (non-)fictional status of videogame actions might depend on the nature of the affordances to which they are reactions. Secondly, it might be the case that the player must take on a role in the fictional world for her action to be fictional. In the end, I will combine this second idea with a Waltonian description of fictional actions to form a new description of fictional actions that corresponds to and explains videogame players’ experiences.