bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGEMBANGAN WEB SERVICE SISTEM PEMBAYARAN MULTIBANK UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA
Authors: Achmad Ahlar Ridha  , Hamidillah Ajie  , M. Ficky Duskarnaen
Published: October 2021

Transaksi pembayaran di Universitas Negeri Jakarta bekerja sama dengan empat bank. Meski pun bekerja sama dengan empat bank, sistem pembayaran yang ada tidak bersifat multibank. Masing-masing bank secara terpisah menangani jenis pembayaran mahasiswa berdasarkan fakultas dan/atau tahun masuk. Hal ini dapat mengurangi fleksibilitas bank sebagai media pembayaran. Perlu adanya sistem yang menangani setiap pembayaran secara luwes dan terpadu, serta mampu beradaptasi dengan perubahan baik dalam hal pengembangan maupun kerja sama dalam hal bisnis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan dan menghasilkan web service yang dapat digunakan untuk mengimplementasikan multibank di Universitas Negeri Jakarta dan bersifat adaptif terhadap perubahan-perubahan yang akan datang. Web Service Multibank dikembangkan dengan konsep Service Oriented Architecture, model pengembangan spiral, ruang lingkup Node.js, framework Express, dan database MySQL menghasilkan 8 unit endpoint. Unit Testing akan digunakan sebagai metode pengujian terhadap 8 unit endpoint yang dikembangkan. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa 8 unit endpoint yang telah diuji berfungsi dengan baik dan layak digunakan sebagai web service untuk sistem multibank di Universitas Negeri Jakarta.
Natural Progression and Symptomatic Management of Tarsal-Carpal Coalition Syndrome
Authors: Berg Ari R. , Pletcher Beth A. , Edobor-Osula O. Folorunsho
Published: October 2021

Case:

Tarsal-carpal coalition syndrome (TCCS) is a disorder identified by fusion of the carpals, tarsals, and phalanges of the hands and feet. We describe a case of an 11-year-old girl who has been followed at our outpatient clinic from the age of 8 months.

Conclusion:

Although patients with TCCS can experience a wide range of symptoms, the primary complaint arises from the foot deformity and associated pain. Using advanced imaging such as 3D computed tomography reconstruction and genetic testing, this report details the clinical, genetic, and radiographic characteristics of the disorder. We highlight the natural progression and symptomatic management of TCCS.
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis After Spinal Surgery
Authors: Buijs Sanne M. , Hendriksz Tadek R. , van Bommel Eric F.H.
Published: October 2021

Case:

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare chronic fibroinflammatory disorder with typically unknown etiology (i.e., idiopathic). However, several causes have been identified, including retroperitoneal injury or inflammation. In this study, we describe 2 patients who developed RPF complicated by hydroureteronephrosis after (combined) anterior lower interbody fusion (ALIF) and posterior spine fusion. We also reviewed 6 additional cases from the literature of suspected RPF development after spinal surgery. In these cumulative 8 cases, ALIF was the common denominator.

Conclusion:

RPF may develop after ALIF and should be considered a potential longer term complication of this procedure.
Cozen's Phenomenon After Repair of a Medial Collateral Ligament Periosteal Avulsion in a Pediatric Athlete
Authors: Hobson Taylor E. , Mortensen Alexander J. , Metz Allan K. , Aoki Stephen K.
Published: October 2021

Case:

A 13-year-old boy sustained an acute, grade III medial collateral ligament (MCL) distal periosteal avulsion injury while playing noncontact football. Treatment consisted of diagnostic knee arthroscopy with open physeal-sparing MCL repair. At approximately 1-year follow-up, new development of genu valgum in the operative extremity was noted. After 8 months of nonoperative treatment with deformity progression, the patient underwent correction with proximal medial tibial hemiepiphysiodesis.

Conclusion:

Although Cozen's phenomenon commonly occurs after a proximal metaphyseal tibial fracture in children aged 2 to 7 years, it can occur as a rare complication of MCL injury/repair and remains a possible outcome in skeletally immature patients.
Especies carismáticas y de interés para el turismo y conservacuión en la cuenca del río Claro, Antoiquia
Authors: Nova-Leon Laura , Caleño-Ruiz Blanca Luz , Garcia-Loaiza Lina M. , Castellanos-Castro Carolina , Niño-Rodriguez Nelsy , Martinez-Callejas Sindy J. , Mahecha-Escobar Maria Laura , Medina Uribe Claudia Alejandra , Londoño Carvajal Carlos Andres , Baptiste E. Maria Piedad
Published: October 2021

Cada vez más, las comunidades se empoderan de los valores naturales que encuentran en sus territorios. Los ejercicios de apropiación social del conocimiento permiten entablar un diálogo de saberes entre los especialistas de los diferentes grupos biológicos y los actores locales. En estos diálogos, la biodiversidad emerge como un activo biocultural y un patrimonio para quienes habitan los territorios. El proyecto Huella Viva, en Río Claro, ha estado cargado de diálogos entre múltiples actores, que han permitido llegar a productos de apropiación, como este catálogo de especies carismáticas y de interés para la cuenca. Este tipo de publicaciones, además de fortalecer los procesos de gestión y apropiación de las comunidades, se espera se constituyan en una herramienta valiosa para la gestión de su territorio. Como ejemplos de su uso tendríamos, desde el desarrollo de ejercicios de planificación de sus predios, que se traduzcan en acuerdos concretos de conservación de los mismos, hasta iniciativas de turismo de naturaleza, que permitan mejorar sus ingresos. Desde el Instituto Humboldt queremos acercarnos cada vez más a las comunidades con los productos de comunicación que desarrollamos en alianza con los diferentes aliados, y estamos convencidos de que el proceso Huella Viva en la cuenca del río Claro, es uno de los más emblemáticos para el Instituto en la actualidad, por el grado de apropiación social que ha tenido por parte de las comunidades. Esperamos que publicaciones de esta naturaleza se multipliquen en otras regiones del país.
Determinantes de Innovación Pública en Ecuador: Un Análisis Descriptivo.
Authors: Argothy Almeida Anderson , González Álvarez Nuria
Published: October 2021

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los determinantes de la innovación Pública. Este trabajo utiliza metodología basada en revisión de la literatura, estadística descriptiva y análisis correlacional. Los datos corresponden a la Encuesta de Actividades de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación (ACTI) del Ecuador para el periodo 2009-2011. Los resultados muestran que existen 12 determinantes de innovación en las empresas públicas de Ecuador y se clasifican en internos y externos. Además, existe correlación significativa para siete determinantes con respecto a la innovación pública. Este es el primer trabajo que clasifica y evalúa empíricamente los determinantes de la innovación en las empresas públicas ecuatorianas.
Consequentes de Motivação do Serviço Público: Proposição de um Framework de Análise em Organizações Públicas Brasileiras
Authors: Oliveira Jefferson Menezes de , Estivalete Vania de Fátima Barros
Published: October 2021

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor um framework de análise para a Motivação do Serviço Público (MSP) em organizações do setor público brasileiro, mais especificamente, explorando seus reflexos sobre o Ajuste Indivíduo-Organização (AIO) e o Comportamento de Cidadania Organizacional (CCO). O modelo oferecido apresenta proposições elaboradas a partir da teoria e, uma vez validado empiricamente, possibilitará investigar as influências da MSP sobre a percepção de congruência de valores entre indivíduo e organização e, também, sobre a propensão à manifestação de comportamentos discricionários que podem ser positivos ao ambiente organizacional.
Capacidades Analíticas no Processo de Produção de Políticas Públicas: Quais Fontes de Evidências Utilizam o Serviço Civil da Administração Pública Federal?
Authors: Macedo Alex Santos , Viana Rafael , Nascimento Maricilene Isaira Baia
Published: October 2021

O objetivo central deste estudo foi identificar quais fontes de evidências usa o serviço civil da Administração Pública Federal brasileira (APF) no processo de produção da política pública. A partir da análise estatística descritiva e multivariada, recorremos às informações de 2000 servidores da APF sobre o uso de evidências, considerando (1) as características demográficas do serviço civil da APF; (2) tipos de função na política pública; (3) diferentes órgãos da administração federal; (4) tipos de cargos na administração federal e (5) áreas de política pública. Os resultados apontam que, em média, a depender da função exercida na política pública e da natureza da política pública, diferentes fontes de evidência são recorridas. Além disso, os órgãos se diferenciam no grau de recorrência a essas fontes.
Um convite à internacionalização em prol da Gestão Pública Brasileira
Authors: Cavalcanti Bianor Scelza
Published: October 2021

Informe escrito pelo Prof. Bianor Cavalcanti para a edição especial da APGS com a SBAP.
Geological Evolution of the Central Marib-Shabwa Basin, Yemen
Authors: Brannan Joe , Sahota Gurdip , Gerdes Keith D. , Berry Jonathan A.L.
Published: October 2021

The Marib-Shabwa Basin is part of an extensive west-northwest oriented, petroliferous rift system straddling Southern Arabia and the Horn of Africa. The history of the basin has been unravelled using well and seismic data gathered by Nimir Petroleum Company between 1992 and 1995. Four megasequences have been defined using seismic data and these have been further subdivided using integrated well and seismic information. A fifth megasequence is identified from regional information but has been eroded within Nimir’s Block 4. Pre-Rift Megasequence sedimentation began in the Middle Jurassic when transgression from the southeast resulted in the deposition of paralic clastic rocks and shallow-marine carbonates of the Kohlan and Shuqra formations. Rapid deepening in the Oxfordian resulted in the deposition of anoxic shales in the basin immediately prior to rifting. The Syn-Rift Megasequence is of Kimmeridgian-Tithonian age. Adjacent to basin margins and elevated intra-basinal highs, thick turbidites of the Lam Formation accumulated. However, over much of Block 4, rift geometries produced sediment-starved areas where Madbi Formation carbonates accumulated. As rift topography was infilled, fine-grained clastics of the upper Lam Formation spread throughout the basin. Following minor fault reactivation, rifting stopped in the mid-Tithonian. Carbonate deposition (Ayad Formation) in early post-rift times was rapidly followed by isolation of the basin from the open ocean to the southeast. As a result an extensive salt basin (Sabatayn Formation) developed throughout the Marib-Shabwa system. However the salt basin was short-lived and marine carbonate deposition was re-established by late Tithonian times. Initially these carbonates were very clean (Lower Naifa Formation) but the clastic component gradually increased (Upper Naifa Formation) before sedimentation abruptly stopped in the Berriasian.

The Ayad, Sabatayn, Lower Naifa and Upper Naifa formations comprise Post-Rift Megasequence 1. Sedimentation resumed in the Barremian (Post-Rift Megasequence 2) with the deposition of mixed marine clastics and carbonates of the Qishn Formation. Sediment loading at this time mobilised the salt which flowed updip and formed a series of elongate ridges overlying the footwall crests of major fault blocks. As a result, Qishn clastics were deposited in a series of discrete, elongate salt withdrawal basins. Paralic clastics prograded eastwards into the accommodation space left by retreating salt. The most distal basins were initially starved and contain condensed limestones. These basins were infilled by Tawilah Group fluvial sandstones which constitute the upper part of Post-Rift Megasequence 2. Following resubmergence in the Early Tertiary the widespread Hadramaut Group carbonates and evaporites (Post-Rift Megasequence 3) were deposited but uplift and erosion in the Late Tertiary has removed them from large parts of the Shabwa Basin, including Block 4.
The 3-D MegaProject in Petroleum Development Oman: A 3-D Data Management Concept for Seismic, Workstation Support and Interpretation
Authors: Ligtendag Maarten H.P.
Published: October 2021

The concession of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is covered with some 30,000 square kilometres of 3-D seismic data, consisting of some 90 individual surveys, acquired and processed since 1984. With the 3-D coverage rapidly growing, more and more continuous coverage over large parts of the PDO concession is established. Traditionally surveys were processed on a survey-by-survey basis, incorporating some data from neighbouring surveys whenever possible. This approach resulted in a patchwork of often overlapping stand-alone 3-D projects, all with different datums, amplitude normalisations and processing histories.

PDO strongly believes in the value of large integrated interpretation projects and the information that can be gained by using them. In order to achieve this the 3-D MegaProject was conducted during part of 1996 and 1997. As part of the 3-D MegaProject all 3-D seismic surveys acquired to date by PDO have been harmonised and merged. The concession area has been split up into four separate 3-D MegaGrids according to the dominant acquisition direction. Within each MegaGrid a consistent in-line and cross-line numbering is used. The data are stored in cubes of 10 by 10 kilometres, referred to as MegaCells, which serve as the 3-D seismic data library. In the future, processing and merging of newly-acquired seismic data will follow the same procedures according to the common framework of MegaCells.
Back-thrust Origin of the Hafit Structure, Northern Oman Mountain Front, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Noweir M. Atef
Published: October 2021

The Tertiary structures of the Northern Oman Mountains are marked by a discontinuous belt of jebels peripheral to their western margin. Detailed field mapping of the northern Hafit structure in the Northern Oman Mountains indicates that the structures consist of two en echelon anticlines, the main Hafit Anticline to the south, and the Al-Ain Anticline to the north. Both anticlines are related to the same deformation event. Structural analysis, using geometric balancing techniques suggests that the Hafit structure developed over a west-vergent basal thrust. The depth to detachment of the thrust indicates that the basal detachment occurs at different stratigraphic positions and progressively increases northward, while the magnitude of deformation increases southward. The thrust wedges back to the east and propagated upward through the structure during a major Tertiary deformational event resulting in an east-vergent, fault-propagation fold. The recent interpretation that the Hafit structure grew as a detachment fold above a basal decollement and synchronously with sedimentation, is at variance with structural evidence from the Hafit area. It is believed that the Hafit structure formed after the Miocene time.
Design and Development of Information Systems for the Geosciences: An Application to the Middle East
Authors: Seber Dogan , Steer David , Sandvol Eric , Sandvol Christine , Brindisi Carrie , Barazangi Muawia
Published: October 2021

As our understanding grows of how the Earth functions as a complex system of myriad interrelated mechanisms, it becomes clear that a revolutionary and novel approach is needed to study and understand it. In order to take advantage of an ever-growing number of observations and large data sets and to employ them efficiently in multidisciplinary studies aimed at solving earth system science problems, we are developing a comprehensive Solid Earth Information System (SEIS). The complex nature of the solid earth sciences raises serious challenges for geoscientists in their quest to understand the nature and the dynamic mechanisms at work in the planet. SEIS forms a first step in developing a broader and more comprehensive information system for earth system sciences designed for the needs of the geoscientists of the 21st century. In a way, SEIS is a step towards the Digital Earth. Application of SEIS to the complex tectonics of the Middle East shows that information systems are crucial in multidisciplinary research studies and open new avenues in research efforts. SEIS includes an Internet module that provides open access to anyone interested. Researchers as well as educators and students can access this knowledge and information system at http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu.
Structural Style and Stratigraphy of the Huwayyah Anticline: an Example of an Al-Ain Tertiary Fold, Northern Oman Mountains
Authors: Noweir M. Atef , Alsharhan Abdulrahman S.
Published: October 2021

Detailed field mapping and structural studies in the Jebel Auha-Jebel Huwayyah area northeast of Al-Ain indicate that folding of neoautochthonous sedimentary rocks produced the north-northwest-trending Huwayyah Anticline. The anticline at the surface is composed of the Maastrichtian Qahlah and Simsima formations unconformably overlain by shallow-marine carbonate rocks that are correlated on faunal grounds with the Middle Eocene Dammam Formation. The investigation of the Huwayyah Anticline has identified three microfacies of bioclastic packstone, nummulitic packstone, and nummulitic packstone-grainstone in the local Dammam Formation. Diagenesis in the form of silicification, cementation, recrystallization, dissolution, compaction and neomorphism is widespread.

The Huwayyah Anticline is a fault-propagation fold above a thrust ramp. The ramp developed from a pre-existing Late Cretaceous basal thrust within the Semail Ophiolite on the Oman Mountain Front. The anticline was formed as a result of regional compressive deformation due to rejuvenation of the Late Cretaceous thrust in post-Middle Eocene times. Westward-directed high-angle reverse faults of Jebel Auha trend parallel to the fold axis of the anticline. The Auha faults probably originated as west-dipping thrusts on the western flank of the anticline and were subsequently rotated to their present attitude as the flank of the anticline became steeper due to compression from the east.
A possible Albian impact crater at Murshid, southern Oman
Authors: Levell Bruce , Richard Pascal , Hoogendijk Folco
Published: October 2021

During interpretation of a 3-D seismic survey in southern Oman a solitary, 2.5-km-wide circular basin with a central peak and raised rim was identified in the subsurface 35 km west of the Marmul oil field. The feature is the only one of its kind in the area. The basinal structure is probably of Late Cretaceous (Albian) age and the regional geology strongly suggests that it is neither a volcanic crater nor related to salt-dome tectonics or salt dissolution. It possibly represents a crater formed by a terrestrial impact event and has been named the Murshid crater. This report does not constitute a detailed investigation of the possible impact crater but rather records the 3-D seismic observations and the drilling that has taken place near the structure so far.
Stratigraphic architecture of the northern Oman continental margin - Mesozoic Hamrat Duru Group, Hawasina complex, Oman
Authors: Blechschmidt Ingo , Dumitrica Paulian , Mater Albert , Krystyn Leopold , Peters Tjerk
Published: October 2021

The Triassic to Late Cretaceous deep-marine sediments of the Hamrat Duru Group, Oman Mountains, represent a subunit of the Hawasina nappe-complex which was deposited in a deep marine basin. During the Late Cretaceous SSW-directed obduction of the Semail Ophiolite, the Hawasina complex was emplaced onto the autochthonous cover of the Arabian basement, while the original configuration of the basin was destroyed.

New lithostratigraphic results and high-resolution radiolarian and conodont biostratigraphy lead to a revised stratigraphic scheme of the Hamrat Duru Group which conforms with the standard stratigraphical nomenclature. The Hamrat Duru Group is divided into six formations: (1) The Early Triassic (Olenekian) to Late Triassic (Upper Norian) Zulla Formation (Limestone and Shale Member, Sandstone and Shale Member, Radiolarian Chert Member and Halobia Limestone Member); (2) The Late Triassic (late Norian to Rhaetian) Al Ayn Formation; (3) The Early Jurassic (late Pliensbachian) to Middle Jurassic (early Callovian) Guwayza Formation (Tawi Sadh Member and Oolitic Limestone Member); (4) Middle Jurassic (Callovian) to Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian?) Sid’r Formation (Lower Member, Upper Member); (5) Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian? to Santonian?) Nayid Formation; and (6) Late Jurassic (early Callovian) to Early (Late?) Cretaceous Wahrah Formation. Most of the lithostratigraphic units (formations and members) show isochronous boundaries between the different outcrop areas.

The stratigraphic architecture of the Hamrat Duru Group megasequence is controlled by alternating siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentation possibly related to the second-order sea-level variations. The sediments accumulated on the continental rise of the Arabian margin mostly by submarine sediment-gravity flows and hemipelagic to pelagic rainout. A close relationship of the evolution of the Arabian Platform and the adjoining slope and basinal environments is evident. Changes in carbonate supply, oceanographic circulation and/or variations in silica productivity resulted in two distinct phases of radiolarian sedimentation. The first phase corresponds to the Triassic late Anisian-early Norian time interval; the second started in the Early Jurassic late Pliensbachian and lasted, with some interruptions, up to the Late Cretaceous Coniacian. The litho- and biostratigraphic similarities between the Mesozoic Hamrat Duru Basin of the northern/central Oman Mountains and the Mesozoic Batain Basin of northeastern Oman are seen as related to Neo-Tethys-wide palaeoceanographic changes and suggest a strong interdependence of the two basins with the evolution of the Arabian Platform.
Heavy minerals in the Wajid Sandstone from Abha-Khamis Mushayt area, southwestern Saudi Arabia: implications on provenance and regional tectonic setting
Authors: Hussain Mahbub , Babalola Lameed O. , Hariri Mustafa M.
Published: October 2021

The Wajid Sandstone (Ordovician-Permian) as exposed along the road-cut sections of the Abha and Khamis Mushayt areas in southwestern Saudi Arabia, is a mediun to coarse-grained, mineralogically mature quartz arenite with an average quartz content of over 95%. Monocrystalline quartz is the dominant framework grain followed by polycrystalline quartz, feldspar and micas. The non-opaque heavy mineral assemblage of the sandstone is dominated by zircon, tourmaline and rutile (ZTR). Additional heavy minerals, constituting a very minor fraction of the heavies, include epidote, hornblende, and kyanite. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations between zircon, tourmaline, rutile, epidote and hornblende. Principal component R-mode varimax factor analysis of the heavy mineral distribution data shows two strong associations: (1) tourmaline, zircon, rutile, and (2) epidote and hornblende suggesting several likely provenances including igneous, recycled sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. However, an abundance of the ZTR minerals favors a recycled sedimentary source over other possibilities.

Mineralogical maturity coupled with characteristic heavy mineral associations, consistent north-directed paleoflow evidence, and the tectonic evolutionary history of the region indicate a provenance south of the study area. The most likely provenances of the lower part (Dibsiyah and Khusayyan members) of the Wajid Sandstone are the Neoproterozoic Afif, Abas, Al-Bayda, Al-Mahfid, and Al-Mukalla terranes, and older recycled sediments of the infra-Cambrian Ghabar Group in Yemen to the south. Because Neoproterozic (650-542 Ma) rocks are not widespread in Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia, a significant source further to the south is not likely. The dominance of the ultrastable minerals zircon, tourmaline and rutile and apparent absence of metastable, labile minerals in the heavy mineral suite preclude the exposed arc-derived oceanic terrains of the Arabian Shield in the west and north as a significant contributor of the sandstone. An abundance of finer-grained siliciclastic sequences of the same age in the north, is consistent with a northerly transport direction and the existence of a deeper basin (Tabuk Basin?) to the north. The tectonic and depositional model presented in this paper differs from the existing model that envisages sediment transportation and gradual basin filling from west to east during the Paleozoic.
Tectono-Stratigraphic Note: Time calibration of late Carboniferous, Permian and Early Triassic Arabian stratigraphy to orbital-forcing predictions
Authors: Al-Husseini Moujahed , Matthews Robley K.
Published: October 2021

The recent publication of GTS 2004 (Gradstein et al., 2004) provides an opportunity to recalibrate in time the late Carboniferous, Permian and Early Traissic Arabian Stratigraphy (GeoArabia Special Publication 3, Edited by Al-Husseini, 2004) as represented by the rock units in subsurface Interior Oman (Osterloff et al., 2004a, b) and the Haushi-Huqf Uplift region (Angiolini et al., 2004) (Figure). Additionally, sequence stratigraphic models of orbital forcing (Matthews and Frohlich, 2002; Immenhauser and Matthews, 2004) provide new insights in regards to the time calibration of depositional sequences: the “Rosetta Stone” approach. The Rosetta Stone approach predicts that the period of a third-order depositional sequence is 2.430 ± 0.405 my (denoted DS3 and here adjusted to increase the fourth-order ‘geological tuning fork’ from 0.404 to 0.405 my based on Laskar et al., 2004). The present calibration is also tied to the orbital-forcing model developed by R.K. Matthews (in Al-Husseini and Matthews, 2005; this issue of GeoArabia) that predicts that a second-order depositional sequence (denoted DS2) consists of six DS3s that were deposited in a period of about 14.58 my (6 x 2.430 my); the DS2 being bounded by two regional second-order sequence boundaries (SB2) corresponding to sea-level maximum regression surfaces.
Paleozoic petroleum systems of Saudi Arabia: a basin modeling approach
Authors: Abu-Ali Mahdi , Littke Ralf
Published: October 2021

The major Paleozoic petroleum system of Saudi Arabia is qualitatively characterized by a proven Silurian (Qusaiba Member, Qalibah Formation) source rock, Devonian (Jauf Formation), Permian and Carboniferous (Khuff and Unayzah formations) reservoirs, a laterally extensive, regional Permian seal (basal Khuff clastics and Khuff evaporites), and four-way closed Hercynian structures. Hydrocarbons found in these systems include non-associated gas in Eastern Arabia and extra light oil in Central Arabia. A basin modeling approach was used to quantify important aspects of the petroleum system. Firstly, seventeen regional wells were selected to establish a reference tool for the three-dimensional (3-D) basin model using multiple one-dimensional (1-D) models. This was accomplished by studying core material from source rocks and other lithologies for thermal maturity and kerogen quality. The major emphasis was on the Silurian section, other Paleozoic intervals and to a lesser extent on the Mesozoic cover from which only few samples were studied. Although vitrinite macerals, solid bitumen, and other vitrinite-like particles were not abundant in most of the investigated samples, enough measured data established valid maturity-depth trends allowing for calibrated models of temperature history. Sensitivity analyses for maturity support the view that thermal boundary conditions and Hercynian uplift and erosion did not greatly influence the Paleozoic petroleum systems. Secondly, a 3-D basin model was constructed using major geologic horizon maps spanning the whole stratigraphic column. This model was used to gain insight into the general maturity distribution, acquire a better control of the model boundary conditions and investigate charge, drainage, migration and filling history of the main Paleozoic reservoirs. The 3-D hydrocarbon migration simulation results qualitatively account for the present gas accumulations in the Permian-Early Triassic Khuff and Carboniferous-Permian Unayzah reservoirs in the Ghawar area. This kind of study illustrates the importance of basin modeling when used with other geologic data to describe petroleum systems. It provides a predictive exploratory tool for efficiently modeling hydrocarbon distribution from known fields. Real earth models can only be described in 3-D as pressure variations and fluid movements in the subsurface are impossible to address in 1-D and 2-D domains.
Combining high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and mechanical stratigraphy for improved reservoir characterisation in the Fahud field of Oman
Authors: Morettini Elena , Thompson Anthony , Eberli Gregor , Rawnsley Keith , Roeterdink Roeland , Asyee Wenche , Christman Peter , Cortis Anthony , Foster Karen , Hitchings Victor , Kolkman Wilhelm , van Konijnenburg Jan-Henk
Published: October 2021

In the Fahud field of Oman, the integration between hierarchies of sequence stratigraphic units and fracture systems has proven to be crucial to explain the distribution of flow and mechanical units. The study focused on the Upper Cretaceous, Albian to Lower Cenomanian Natih e unit (Natih Formation, Wasia Group), a 170-mthick carbonate sequence/reservoir, which exhibits heterogeneities in both facies and reservoir quality. Based on a core-derived high-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis, the Natih e reservoir can be subdivided into four orders of depositional cycles (from 6th- to 3rd-order). Each cycle consists of a transgressive and regressive hemicycle with characteristic facies and rock properties. The facies and diagenetic overprint of the higher-order cycles vary according to their position within the 3rd-order sequences. Analysis of core, borehole images, seismic, tracer and production data indicate a hierarchy of fractures and faults that seems to follow the stratigraphic subdivisions. A relationship between depositional and diagenetic architecture of the cycles, and the aforementioned data, led to the identification of mechanical layering and stratigraphy within the reservoir. This finding was validated and supported by the successful history match of the three-phase production data within the dynamic model of the reservoir. The combination of sequence and mechanical stratigraphy provides a framework for the correlation of facies and mechanical units across the field. Furthermore, the facies and mechanical units are related to reservoir quality and fracture distribution for consistent upscaling into large-scale reservoir models. Through close co-operation between geologists and reservoir engineers utilising dynamic data, it was possible to determine the most appropriate scale for flow and ensure that such a scale was then used as input for dynamic modelling and for planning of the future exploitation of the Fahud field. As a result of this study, Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) has evaluated a 20% increase in risked reserves, and a 25% reduction of well costs.
Nautiloids of the Permian-Triassic Khuff Formation, central Saudi Arabia
Authors: Chirat Régis , Vaslet Denis , Le Nindre Yves-Michel
Published: October 2021

Nautiloids are described for the first time from the outcrops of the lower part of the Midhnab Member and the lower part of the Khartam Member of the Khuff Formation in central Saudi Arabia. The nautiloids from the lower Midhnab Member, including Tirolonautilus gr. hoernesi, were found at two localities, and are associated with conical shaped cephalopodes (bactritids), bivalves, brachiopods, foraminifers, algae and ostracods. The nautiloids were recovered from the most marine horizon of the Khuff Formation. The nautiloid fauna confirms the Late Permian (Changhsingian) age assigned to the Midhnab Member based on the foraminiferal assemblage. In the lower part of the Khartam Member, a single specimen of Tirolonautilus feltgeni n. sp. is described here. It occurs in association with other cephalopods (bactritids), bivalves, foraminifers, and ostracods. The specimen confirms the Late Permian age (late Changhsingian) assigned to the Lower Khartam Member based on foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages. This marine fauna is located within the latest Permian maximum flooding event of central Saudi Arabia. The Khuff Formation nautiloids are compared to other fauna in the Peri-Tethys, particularly the southern Alps, where similar forms are described. Their similarity confirms a Late Permian marine exchange between the Arabian platform and the Western Tethyan realm.
Pre-stack 3-D Tau migration and velocity analysis: application to 3-D seismic data from offshore Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Alkhalifah Tariq , Al Sharif Saif , Belaid Kamal
Published: October 2021

A pre-stack 3-D Tau migration was applied to a 3-D seismic data set acquired in offshore Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The velocity model was built through an initial series of 2-D Tau migration velocity analysis, and supplemented by 3-D subset migration. A 3-D Tau migration velocity analysis was used for the final two updates of the model. The final interval velocity model provided low residuals in the common-image gathers from different offsets and was consistent with velocities from four wells located in the region. This velocity model included the main known features of the region including a low-velocity zone and a major fault. A final 3-D pre-stack Tau migration was applied using the velocity model and a relatively moderate aperture. This migration imaged the region including part of the critical poor data quality region, which includes the reservoir as well as reflections from the fault. Based on the derived velocity model, we concluded that the major cause for the poor image is the presence of a shallow high-velocity anomaly separated by a fault from a low-velocity anomaly.
A stable Cenozoic geologic time scale is indispensable
Authors: Amos Salvador
Published: October 2021

A stable, standard geologic time scale is indispensable for the clear and precise communication among geologists; it is a basic tool of geologic work. Considerable progress has been made to achieve such a stable time scale. However, during the last few years several proposals have been made to modify the Cenozoic section of the geologic time scale that threaten to destabilize it. Seven articles published in Episodes since 2000 that could contribute to this destabilization are discussed. They provide excellent examples of the profusion of different terminologies, hierarchies, and stratigraphic relationships that have been proposed: to eliminate the Tertiary and the Quaternary or to raise their rank to suberathems; to extend the Neogene to the present, to make the Quaternary a formal subsystem of the Neogene, or consider it an informal stratigraphic unit; to eliminate the Holocene, and to decouple the base of the Pleistocene from the base of the Quaternary. If adopted, these proposals would cause nothing but great confusion and controversy. They disregard the clear preferences of geologists the world over as reflected by the terminology they have been using for many decades. Common sense would dictate the continued use of this terminology in its current, widely accepted form.
Key elements to clarify the 110 million year hiatus in the Mesozoic of eastern Syria
Authors: Caron Cécile , Mouty Mikhail
Published: October 2021

Log correlations, biostratigraphical results and seismic data were combined to show that from Late Triassic Norian to Early Cretaceous Aptian times, the Euphrates area (Eastern Syria) was part of a huge saddle-like northeast-trending ridge (the Hamad Uplift) characterized by a prolonged stratigraphic hiatus. This uplift, developed in the Late Triassic, was multiply reactivated during the Mesozoic, particularly in the Early Cretaceous Aptian-Albian times, during a major reorganization phase of the Neo-Tethyan rift system. This uplift marked the separation between two regions with distinctive tectono-sedimentary evolutions: an eastern isolated and starved region (Euphrates Graben) and a western region that was mainly influenced by the sedimentary dynamics of the westerly Bishri Trough, linked to the Palmyrides Basin. The Hamad Uplift broke-up into a N140°E-oriented graben system in late Albian times. This early NE-trending extensional stage was accompanied by volcanic activity and introduced the main phase of horst-and-graben development within the Euphrates Graben in the Late Cretaceous Senonian times.
Lithology estimation from a multicomponent 3D-4C OBC seismic survey over a clastic reservoir in the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Macrides Costas G. , Neves Fernando A.
Published: October 2021

In 2002, Saudi Aramco conducted its first 3D, 4-component (4C) ocean-bottom cable (OBC) seismic survey in the Arabian Gulf. The main objective was to delineate the middle Cretaceous Upper Khafji Sand Stringers Reservoir overlying the massive Main Khafji Sand Reservoir in the Zuluf field. The Upper Khafji Sand Stringers Reservoir in the Wasia Formation is typically characterized by weak acoustic impedance contrasts. A pre-survey modeling study, based on the logs of compressional (P) and shear-wave (S) velocities (Vp and Vs), indicated that converted compressional-to-shear waves (P-S) could better-image the structure and stratigraphy of the target reservoir. Commensurate with the objectives of the experiment, a pilot 100-square-kilometer survey was acquired with an inline swath-shooting geometry that employed two seabed receiver cables, with a symmetric split-spread deployment of the 4-C sensors. The acquisition geometry consisted of six sail lines per swath with a single-boat, dual-source, flip-flop configuration.

The data were processed through dual-sensor summation, horizontal-component rotation and P-P/P-S pre-stack time migration. Post-stack enhancement using non-stationary Gabor deconvolution proved beneficial in compensating for the missing high frequencies in the acquired converted-wave data. Well-to-seismic calibration for both P-P and P-S data at five wells aided in the interpretation of the data. Five horizons were interpreted and correlated between the P-P and P-S sections. The horizons were analyzed using both amplitude and interval times such that the lateral variations of the Vp/Vs ratio of the Upper Khafji Sand Stringers Reservoir could be mapped. A region of low Vp/Vs ratios in the northwest quadrant, obtained from the isochron interval-time analysis, was correlated with higher ‘net sand’ pay at a hidden well located in the middle of this region. These results were further corroborated by seismic facies analysis and provide a qualitative reservoir quality index in the Upper Khafji Sand Stringers Reservoir.
Correlation of the Al Khlata Formation in the Mukhaizna field, Oman, based on a new downhole, cuttings-based palynostratigraphic biozonation
Authors: Stephenson Mike H. , Al Rawahi Asya , Casey Brian
Published: October 2021

Palynology is the primary method of correlating the subsurface glaciogenic Al Khlata Formation of Oman, due to extreme lateral variability of lithofacies, and poor seismic resolution. Up to now, however, it has been difficult to use cuttings samples because published and in-house palynological zonations rely mainly on quantitative variations in palynomorph groups, and such samples are susceptible to downhole caving. Study of around 400 samples from 12 well sections in the Mukhaizna field in south-central Oman has revealed a small number of palynomorphs that can be used alongside quantitative assemblage character to distinguish five biozones. The biozones are defined downhole using mainly cuttings samples. The top of the highest, Biozone A, is marked by the first downhole increase of Microbaculispora tentula and Cycadopites cymbatus and is associated with high gamma-ray readings indicating the Rahab Member of the Al Khlata Formation. Its quantitative character is similar to the upper parts of Oman and Saudi Arabia Palynological Zone 2 (OSPZ2) as well as the Converrucosisporites confluens Zone of the Collie Basin, Western Australia, and is therefore Sakmarian (Early Permian) in age. The top of Biozone B is distinguished by the first downhole appearance (FDA) of common cavate-zonate spores, and Densoisporites truswellii sp. nov., and is also likely to be Sakmarian in age. It is associated with shaley diamictites and more distal lacustrine mudstones with considerable lateral variability. The top of Biozone C is marked by the FDA of Anapiculatisporites concinnus but also contains persistent occurrences of Ahrensisporites cristatus, Spelaeotriletes triangulus and Deusilites tentus and is similar to Stage 2 of the Collie Basin and is therefore likely to be Asselian (earliest Permian) in age. It is associated with thick sequences of shaley diamictites that occur throughout the Mukhaizna field with relatively little lateral variability, suggesting very long-lived, large, proglacial or subglacial lakes. A lower subdivision of Biozone C, termed Sub-Biozone C1 is distinguished by very high percentages of cavate-zonate spores. Biozone D, of probable Carboniferous age, is characterised by dominant monosaccate pollen and Punctatisporites, contains small numbers of distinctive spores such as Indotriradites fibrosus sp. nov. and Auroraspora sp. A, and is associated with thick, stacked sandstone sequences and sandy diamictites with extremely high lateral variability. The thickness of the upper biozones, A to C, is relatively constant across the Mukhaizna field, and some consistency in log character is also apparent. However Biozone D varies greatly in thickness and is the most internally heterogeneous in terms of log character. This, and the marked discontinuity in the palynological succession at the Biozone C/D boundary, suggests a possible break in the depositional sequence at the top of Biozone D.
Siliciclastic sedimentation in the interlude between two Neoproterozoic glaciations, Mirbat area, southern Oman: A missing link in the Huqf Supergroup?
Authors: Rieu Ruben , Allen Philip A.
Published: October 2021

The Huqf Supergroup in Oman contains an exceptionally well-preserved and complete sedimentary record of the Late Neoproterozoic era, including the oldest components in some of Oman’s hydrocarbon plays. Outcrops of the Huqf Supergroup in northern and central Oman are now well-documented. However, a key succession in the Mirbat area of southern Oman, the Mirbat Group, which includes a stratigraphic interval missing elsewhere in the Arabian Peninsula, remains poorly understood. The <1.5 km-thick Cryogenian (850–635 Ma) Mirbat Group comprises an essentially continuous succession of little-deformed sedimentary rocks containing two glacial intervals separated by c. 1 km of non-glacial marine deposits. The lowermost glacial interval (Ayn Formation) occupies deep paleovalleys incised into crystalline basement. The overlying Arkahawl Formation records at its base a major post-glacial transgression over the previous basin margin and a 300 to 400 m-thick turbidite complex consisting of 1 to 5 km-wide, coarse-grained depositional lobes embedded vertically and laterally in fine-grained distal turbidite fan deposits. Ayn Formation paleovalleys continued to serve as sediment transport routes for the coarse-grained turbidite complexes of Arkahawl times. The turbidite complex deposits gradationally pass up into a c. 500 m-thick unit of distal-marine mudstone and siltstone. The overlying c. 100 m-thick Marsham Formation records highstand deposition and the pulsed progradation of shallow-marine and fluvial deposits over offshore mudstone and siltstone in the approach to a second glaciation, represented by the Shareef Formation. The sedimentary succession described in this paper is believed to largely fill the stratigraphic gap present between the Ghubrah and Fiq formations in the Al Jabal al-Akhdar in northern Oman represented by an unconformity.
Dolomitization and porosity evaluation of the Cretaceous Upper Qamchuqa (Mauddud) Formation, Khabbaz oil field, Kirkuk area, northern Iraq
Authors: Al-Qayim Basim , Qadir Fuad M. , Albeyati Fawzi
Published: October 2021

The Khabbaz Field in northern Iraq produces oil and gas from the Albian Upper Qamchuqa Formation, which corresponds to the Mauddud Formation of southern and central Iraq and the Arabian Gulf. The Formation is layered into Units A, B and C, of which Unit A is the main reservoir zone characterized by correlatable flow units and barriers/baffles. Units B and C generally have lower overall reservoir quality compared to Unit A. A detailed examination of cuttings, cores, and wireline logs from ten wells in the field revealed an important link between sedimentary facies, dolomitization, and heterogeneity of reservoir characteristics. The wide range of dolomite fabrics include microcrystalline, planar-e, planar-s, planar-p, non-planar as well as saddle and cement types. These fabrics imply successive phases of dolomitization, which profoundly influence the enhancement of reservoir character. Intercrystalline, micromoldic, and microvuggy porosity are the most influential byproducts of this dolomitization. Fracturing and stylolitization, in addition to the uniform network of intercrystalline pore systems, especially of the fine- to medium-crystalline dolomite, effectively contributed to the collective porosity and permeability of the reservoir.
Sedimentary facies and trilobite and conodont faunas of the Ordovician Rann Formation, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Fortey Richard A. , Heward Alan P. , Miller C. Giles
Published: October 2021

The Rann Formation occurs as unique ‘exotic’ rafts in front of the Semail Ophiolite in the northern Oman Mountains. Its Ordovician age has been poorly constrained and it is often associated with the Ayim rock unit, which has been considered Devonian, Carboniferous or Ordovician by different workers. Here we present new trilobite and conodont evidence for the Ordovician ages of the three members of the Rann Formation, which includes the Ayim. The members are readily distinguishable on sedimentological and faunal grounds.

The Lower Member comprises shales, quartzitic sandstones and thin fossiliferous shell beds. Large Cruziana are common, as is lingulacean debris and, at several horizons, possible hyolithids. Assemblages of graptolites, acritarchs, trilobites (Neseuretus cf. arenosus and Taihungshania cf. miqueli) and conodonts (Baltoniodus sp., Drepanodus arcuatus, Drepanoistodus sp. and Protopanderodus sp., Scolopodus sp.) are considered to range in age from Floian to early Dapingian, late Early Ordovician. The Ayim Member (previously formation) consists of fossiliferous shales and griotte-like nodular bioclastic limestones. The member is distinguished by its red colour and by numerous orthoconic nautiloids. Conodont faunas (Complexodus cf. originalis, Eoplacognathus protoramosus, Dapsilodus sp., Cornuodus sp. and Panderodus sp.) imply a late Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician age. The Upper Member consists of siltstones and sandstones generally lacking bioturbation and with rare shell beds and faunas. Trilobites (Deanaspis goldfussii seftenbergi, Vietnamia teichmulleri and Dreyfussina taouzensis) and chitinozoans are interpreted to indicate an early-middle Katian, Late Ordovician age.

The three members represent shallow-marine deposits on a continental shelf subject to changing sand supply, storm-wave activity and sea-bottom oxygenation. The three periods of deposition, Floian – early Dapingian, late Darriwilian and early – middle Katian, correspond to highstands of Paleo-Tethys that also flooded interior Oman and Arabia. The limited burial and lack of metamorphism of the Rann is remarkable given its proximity to the Semail Ophiolite and to subduction related metamorphic rocks occurring nearby.