bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low‐Energy Electron Beam Modification of Metallic Biomaterial Surfaces: Oxygen and Silicon‐Rich Amorphous Carbon as a Wear‐Resistant Coating
Authors: Kurtz Peter W. , Lee Hwaran , Mace Annsley , Goodwin Charley , Gilbert Jeremy
Published: February 2025

Metallic biomaterials, such as cobalt chrome molybdenum (CoCrMo), Ti‐6Al‐4V, and 316L stainless steel are commonly used in orthopedic implant devices. Damage modes such as corrosion and wear are associated with the use of these alloys. One solution to limit wear and corrosion damage is to apply a surface coating to the medical device. In this study, using the low‐energy electron beam (LEEB) of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we induced a highly scratch‐resistant oxygen and silicon‐rich amorphous carbon film to grow on each of the above metallic biomaterials. LEEB interaction with adventitious surface carbon, silicone, and oxygen deposited on the above three alloys resulted in the layered‐deposition formation (LEEB‐LD) of a surface coating. Coating chemistry, morphology, and nano‐scratch wear properties on each of the three alloys were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) scratch testing and SEM/Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. We hypothesized that LEEB‐LD coatings could be deposited on these three metallic biomaterials with improved tribological properties than the underlying metal substrate. First, we generated coatings on all three biomaterials and documented the coating morphology (thickness and heterogeneity) and chemistry as a function of alloy, exposure time, and scan rate with coating thicknesses generated between 5 and 50 nm after 60 min of treatment, with each factor affecting the thickness. EDS maps showed high amounts of carbon, oxygen, and silicon in the modified surface which depended on the alloy (e.g., CoCrMo and SS had similar compositions while Ti had higher oxygen in the coatings). Coated and uncoated surfaces were then subjected to diamond scratch testing in an AFM at increasing force until the coating delaminated from the surface. Scratch‐depth versus load and nominal Hertzian stress were plotted for both the uncoated and coated surfaces. We found that scratch depths were 40%, 75%, and 38% smaller on CoCrMo, Ti, and SS coatings, respectively, at the peak contact stresses tested (⍺ < 0.05), indicating higher hardness and wear resistance for the coatings. These results support the hypothesis that controlled thickness LEEB‐LD oxygen and silicon‐rich amorphous carbon coatings can be systematically generated using low‐power electron beams and that these coatings have increased tribological (scratch‐resistance) properties compared to the substrate metal.
Myricetin Modulates Matrix Metalloproteinases Expression Induced by TEGDMA in Human Odontoblast–Like Cells
Authors: Baldión Paula Alejandra , Díaz Carlos Aldemar , Betancourt Diego Enrique
Published: February 2025

The activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a crucial role in the aging of the resin–dentin interface. The in situ action of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 has been confirmed in the process of dentin‐collagen degradation. However, the involvement of dental pulp cells in MMP secretion as a response to oxidative stress induced by contact with resin monomers has not been fully elucidated. Myricetin (MYR), like proanthocyanidin (PAC), has antioxidant properties and may help prevent extracellular matrix degradation. The objective was to evaluate the effect of MYR on the MMP expression and activity in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase induced by triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) in human odontoblast–like cells (hOLCs). hOLCs differentiated from dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to TEGDMA released from dentin blocks using a barrier model with transwell inserts for 18, 24, and 36 h. Intracellular oxidation was evaluated using the 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein probe. The effect of 600 μM MYR on the MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression was determined by reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). The extracellular MMP levels were quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and their activation by means of a proteolytic fluorometric assay. The results were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test, p ≤ 0.05. TEGDMA exposure increased intracellular ROS and upregulated MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 mRNA in hOLCs (p < 0.001). The levels of MMPs increased significantly 24 h after TEGDMA exposure (p = 0.013). These secreted proteases exhibited high activation ability. MYR reduced ROS production and downregulated MMP expression and activity at both mRNA and protein levels, similar to the effect found for PAC, which was used as a control. A relationship was observed between MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression, secretion, and early activation with ROS increase due to TEGDMA exposure. MYR showed potential as a therapeutic strategy to control MMP expression and modulate redox imbalance, offering a protective effect on cellular response.
Recent Advances in Integrated Organ‐Chip Sensing Toward Robust and User‐Friendly Systems
Authors: Schellberg Bryan G. , Koppes Ryan A. , Koppes Abigail N.
Published: February 2025

Organs‐on‐a‐chip (OOC) are an emergent technology that bridge the gap between current in vitro and in vivo models used to inform drug discovery and investigate disease pathophysiology. These systems offer improved bio‐relevance and controlled complexity through the integration of physical and/or chemical stimuli matched to physiologically relevant conditions. Although significant advancements have been made toward recreating organ‐specific physiology on chip, the methods available to study structure and function of the cell microenvironment are still limited. Established analysis approaches, including fluorescence microscopy, rely on laborious offline workflows that yield limited time‐point data. As the OOC field continues to evolve, there is a unique opportunity to engineer improved characterization methods into organ‐chip devices. This review provides an overview of current integrated sensing approaches that address current limitations and enable real‐time readout of relevant physiological parameters in OOC.
Investigating the Effect of Thickener Concentrations on the Corrosion Behavior of Pure Mg
Authors: Sahu Manas Ranjan , Yamamoto Akiko
Published: February 2025

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are promising biodegradable implant materials due to their biocompatibility and ease of corrosion in physiological environment. In the tissue, diffusion of ions and gas released by Mg corrosion reaction will be interfered by extracellular matrix and cells, which may retard the corrosion reaction. Therefore, in the present study, we developed the in vitro model tissue with different diffusion rates to understand the effect of diffusion on the Mg corrosion. A thickener called gellan gum was added to the cell culture medium at appropriate concentrations to simulate tissues with different diffusion rates. The immersion study up to 28 days and the electrochemical studies were performed to evaluate the Mg corrosion behavior. The pure Mg specimens without thickener showed the highest corrosion rate in both immersion and electrochemical tests. The highest amount of insoluble salt layer with the lowest Mg and highest O concentrations were deposited on the specimen surface without thickener. The microfocus X‐ray computed tomography (μCT) analysis confirmed these findings, showing the lowest remaining volume for specimens without thickener. There is an impediment of ion diffusion in the model tissue with increased thickener concentrations, thereby decreasing the corrosion rate. The corrosion rate for 0.2–0.3 wt. % thickener matched in the range of reported in vivo results. Hence, this model proves to be an effective tool for investigating biodegradation and understanding the mechanisms and controlling factors of this phenomenon.
Rapid Quantitative Assessment of Muscle Sodium Dynamics After Exercise Using 23Na‐MRI in Dysferlinopathy and Healthy Controls
Authors: Neal Mary A. , Bolano‐Diaz Carla F. , Richardson Mark , Michell‐Sodhi Jassi , Muni‐Lofra Robert , James Meredith K. , Hollingsworth Kieren G. , Hilsden Heather , Wilson Ian , Blamire Andrew M. , Straub Volker , Thelwall Peter E. , Diaz‐Manera Jordi
Published: February 2025

Background

Dysferlin plays a key role in cell membrane repair; its absence or malfunction in patients with dysferlin‐deficient limb girdle muscular dystrophy leads to muscle fibre death. Muscle magnetic resonance (MR) imaging allows non‐invasive and repeatable measurements that can report on pathological changes observed in dysferlinopathy patients (DP). We aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of utilising volume‐localised 23Na spectroscopy as a novel approach to characterise muscle Na+ content and biexponential T2* at rest, and dynamically post‐exercise, in patients with dysferlinopathy and in matched healthy controls.

Methods

Adult DP and age and sex matched healthy volunteers (HV) were recruited and scanned on a 3 T clinical MR scanner. Following baseline scans, participants performed physiotherapist‐guided isometric dorsiflexion contractions until tibialis anterior (TA) muscle exhaustion. Dynamic volume‐localised sodium‐23 (23Na)‐ and proton (1H)‐MR scans were acquired serially for 35 min post‐exercise. MR data were analysed to determine TA lipid content, change in TA sodium content, biexponential sodium T2* properties and TA water 1H T2.

Results

Ten DP (mean age ± standard deviation [SD]: 38.0 ± 10.8 years; 80% female) and 10 HV (mean age ± SD: 38.9 ± 11.5 years) were scanned. Baseline muscle water 1H T2 and sodium concentration were significantly higher in DP compared to matched controls (1H T2 DP [SD] = 33.8 [2.7] ms, 1H T2 HV = 29.3 [1.1] ms, p < 0.001; [23Na]DP = 36.2 [11.4] mM, [23Na]HV = 19.6 [3.1] mM, p < 0.001). 1H T2 and sodium content in healthy controls showed significant post‐exercise elevation with a slower time‐to‐peak for sodium content compared to 1H T2. 1H T2 and sodium content change post‐exercise was highly variable in the DP group. Notably, 23Na dynamics in one DP with normal muscle fat fraction were similar to HV. Biexponential 23Na T2* was measured at baseline in HV (T2*slow = 13.4 [2.3] ms, T2*fast = 2.2 [1.3] ms), and DP (T2*slow = 14.0 [1.5] ms and T2*fast = 1.0 [0.5] m). Equivalent measurements post‐exercise revealed an increase in the fraction of the slow‐relaxing component in HV (p < 0.05), consistent with oedematous changes.

Conclusions

Assessment of TA muscle fat fraction, 1H T2, sodium content and sodium T2* relaxation properties revealed differences at baseline and in post‐exercise dynamics between patients with dysferlinopathy and matched controls. Post‐exercise 23Na recovery dynamics followed a well‐defined time course in HV. Heterogeneous alterations in sodium content and MR relaxation properties in DP may reflect altered ion homeostasis associated with chronic muscle damage.
Trends in resource utilization for new‐onset psychosis hospitalizations at children's hospitals
Authors: Gupta Ankita , Hall Matt , Masserano Benjamin , Wilson Averi , Johnson Katherine , Chen Clifford , Challa Lasya , Katragadda Harita , Mittal Vineeta
Published: February 2025

Background

Children with new‐onset psychosis often require hospitalization for medical evaluation.

Objectives

The goal of this study was to assess variations in the management of children with new‐onset psychosis and characterize trends in resource utilization.

Methods

The study included index hospitalizations for children ages 7–18 admitted to children's hospitals with a primary diagnosis of psychosis from 2011 to 2022 using the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database. Children with a complex chronic condition were excluded. Resource utilization categories included medication, imaging, laboratory, and other clinical resources. Variability in resource utilization was assessed using covariance tests for random intercepts with generalized linear modes after adjusting for age, sex, payor, and severity. Trends in resource utilization were examined using generalized estimating equations adjusting for the same factors and accounting for hospital clustering.

Results

Our data set included 7126 new‐onset psychosis hospitalizations from 37 children's hospitals. Teenage males and non‐Hispanic Whites were most likely to be hospitalized. There was a significant variation in resource utilization across hospitals in all categories (p < .001). The most frequently utilized resources were antipsychotic medications (76%), serum chemistry (77%), toxicology labs (72%), and brain magnetic resonance imaging (22%). The most notable increases in utilization were in the performance of laboratory tests, brain imaging, anesthetic use, and intravenous immunoglobulin use.

Conclusion

Study findings suggest that there has been a stable rate of hospitalization for children with new‐onset psychosis, yet a significant variation in the medical evaluation exists. Significant increases and variations in resource utilization across all categories suggest an emerging need for robust evidence and consensus‐based practice guidelines.
Carpal Kinematics in the Normal, Scapholunate Ligament Deficient, and Surgically Reconstructed Wrist
Authors: Zhang Xin , Tham Stephen K. , Crepaldi Bruno , Ek Eugene T. , McCombe David , Ackland David Charles
Published: February 2025

The objective of this study was to evaluate scaphoid, lunate and capitate kinematics after disruption to the primary and secondary scapholunate ligamentous stabilizers, and to assess the effectiveness of scapholunate ligament reconstruction in restoring carpal kinematics post‐operatively. Seven upper extremities were harvested, and the scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) was divided. Specimens were mounted onto a computer‐controlled dynamic wrist simulator, and simulations of flexion‐extension, radial‐ulnar deviation, and dart‐thrower's motion were undertaken by simulated force application to the wrist tendons. Three‐dimensional kinematics of the scaphoid, lunate and capitate were measured using bi‐plane X‐ray fluoroscopy in the native and ligament deficient state. The SLIL was then reconstructed by either dorsal transarticular loop tenodesis (DTLT), or by the three‐ligament tenodesis (3LT) technique, and re‐evaluated. SLIL deficiency resulted in significant differences in carpal kinematics compared to that in the healthy wrist across all wrist motions (p < 0.05). The DTLT procedure corrected increased scaphoid ulnar deviation and pronation in the SLIL deficient wrist, but did not significantly improve scaphoid flexion or volar translation of the scaphoid. The 3LT reconstructive technique restored scaphoid flexion and ulnar deviation but did not correct pronation, the increased lunate extension, nor the volar and ulnar translation observed in the ligament deficient wrist. Three‐dimensional scaphoid, lunate and capitate motion depends on SLIL integrity, with tears to this ligament resulting in pathological kinematics, which may be partially mitigated with DTLT and 3LT surgical reconstruction. These findings suggest that this surgical reconstruction of the SLIL may not mitigate long‐term degenerative joint conditions at the wrist.
Health and Ecological Risk From Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils and Extra Virgin Olive Oils From Valdichiana Senese, Tuscany (Italy)
Authors: Grattacaso Martina , Canali Giulia , Vannini Andrea , Protano Giuseppe , Nannoni Francesco , De Lucia Vivien , Lella Luigi Antonello Di , Biagiotti Stefano , Loppi Stefano
Published: February 2025

Background

Extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) are widely consumed but rarely analysed for potentially toxic elements (PTEs), whose concentrations in EVOOs can be significantly influenced by contamination in olive grove soils. As food consumption is the main PTE accumulation pathway in humans, thorough investigation on EVOOs is necessary.

Aim

The concentrations of 12 PTEs were determined in olive grove soils and EVOOs from Valdichiana Senese (Southern Tuscany, Italy), with the aim of identifying any contamination by PTEs in olive grove soils and evaluating the associated ecological risk as well as of assessing the potential risk for human health related to PTE intake from EVOO consumption.

Methods

The soil and EVOO samples were collected from 18 farms, and the concentration of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, U, V and Zn was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). The data were used to calculate the health risk index (HRI) for EVOOs and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (PERI) for soils.

Results

Analytical data suggested that the PTE concentrations in the investigated olive grove soils are natural as comparable to their normal geochemical background in soils from Southern Tuscany formed from the same parent rocks of Valdichiana Senese soils or due to local geogenic enrichments in some parent rocks. Among the analysed PTEs in the EVOO samples, Zn, Cu and Ni had the highest concentrations, followed by Cr and Pb. Most PTEs showed a high variability of their concentrations in EVOOs from Valdichiana Senese.

Conclusion

On the basis of values of indices applied to PTE concentrations in the soil samples, a low‐to‐moderate Cu contamination emerged only in the olive grove soils of two farms, probably as a consequence of the diffuse use of Cu‐based products in agriculture, and overall, the ecological risk was low. Furthermore, although EVOOs from Valdichiana Senese have somewhat slightly high concentrations of some PTEs such as Cu and Zn, the health risk associated with their intake through the EVOO consumption is definitely negligible.
Evaluation of Agave salmiana by‐products as a functional ingredient for the development of sustainable foods
Authors: Márquez‐Rangel Isabel , Cruz Mario , Ruiz Héctor A , Rodríguez‐Jasso Rosa M , Loredo‐Treviño Araceli , Belmares Ruth
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

The generation of agro‐industrial wastes and strategies to reduce the environmental and economic impacts that this problem generates has aroused interest in the use of lignocellulosic wastes to promote food sustainability. These wastes are rich in polysaccharides, and their addition can affect the physicochemical characteristics of bakery food. In this study, agave wastes were evaluated at different substitution levels (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, w/w) in wheat flour to determine their nutritional, techno‐functional, and thermal qualities.

RESULTS

There was an improvement in the proximal chemical composition in the flour blends, mainly in crude fiber (0.01%, 0.47%, 0.80%, and 1.70%, respectively). This also resulted in differences in the coloration (ΔE; 0, 12.43, 21.05, and 24.22) owing to the brown color of agave powder. An increase in water holding capacity was obtained (1.29, 1.44, 1.52, and 1.69%), while oil holding capacity presented a decrease (1.59%, 1.38%, 1.36%, and 1.33%). Viscosities were significantly affected by the addition of agave. However, the final viscosity (3195.67, 2573.33, 2430, and 2107.33 cP) suggested that the maximum level of substitution was 20%. Thermal properties indicated a decrease in the heat capacity required for starch gelatinization (39.45, 36.36, 35.33, and 34.47 J g−1) due to its partial substitution.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that non‐conventional fiber obtained from agave waste can be incorporated into conventional flours such as wheat flour for food development within the concept of a circular economy, which is an option for the functional improvement of food from wheat and valorizing wastes of economic importance. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
A Scoping Review of the Oral Treatment Options for the Management of Detrusor Sphincter Dyssynergia
Authors: Tousignant Angélique , Blais Marc‐Antoine , Tu Le Mai , Morin Mélanie , Ismail Salima
Published: February 2025

Background

Adult neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction may be associated with detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD). Given the sparsity of the literature and the absence of official guidelines regarding the use of oral medications in the management of DSD, this scoping review aims to critically assess the available evidence to guide future research and practice.

Methods

We conducted a systematic scoping review of articles published from 1950 to July 2023 using PubMed, MedLine, Scopus and CINAHL databases to assess all oral treatment options for DSD. All study designs were included. The search was limited to English and French literature regarding human patients over 18 years of age with DSD.

Results

Of the 899 records screened, 15 studies were included, involving a total of 257 participants. Alpha‐adrenergic blockers, nitric oxyde and muscle relaxants have been used in the treatment of DSD. A decrease of postvoid residual volumes and an improvement of symptom scores as well as urine flow rates were reported in several studies. Regarding the alpha‐adrenergic blockers, five of the six studies that detailed postvoid residual volumes and subjective improvement noted benefits in most patients. Additionally, two of the three studies that addressed mean flow rate observed improvements in most patients. All six studies that documented adverse effects found side effects in only a slight minority of patients.

Conclusions

Alpha‐adrenergic blockers are promising, but there is lacking evidence on the oral treatment of DSD. This study highlights the importance of conducting more studies to draw solid conclusions and stop treating these patients empirically.
Preparation and Reliability and Validity Test of the Questionnaire on the Maintenance of Intravenous Catheter in ICU Nurses' Center
Authors: Cheng Feng , Fu Hong , Yang Wei
Published: February 2025

Aim

To compile a questionnaire Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) of ICU nurses on central venous catheter maintenance and test the reliability and validity of the questionnaire.

Design

Compile a questionnaire, conduct a questionnaire survey and test the reliability and validity of the questionnaire.

Methods

The initial questionnaire was formed based on the theory of KAP, combined with literature review and Delphi expert correspondence method; a questionnaire survey was conducted among 334 ICU nurses in five tertiary hospitals, and the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested and a formal questionnaire was compiled.

Results

The ICU nurses' CVC maintenance KAP questionnaire included 31 items in three dimensions of knowledge, attitude and behaviour. The item content validity (I‐CVI) and questionnaire content validity (S‐CVI) were 0.889 ~ 1.000 and 0.974, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis extracts three common factors (dimensions), the cumulative variance contribution rate is 65.656%, the Cronbach'α coefficient of the total questionnaire is 0.843, and the Cronbach's α coefficients of the three dimensions of KAP are 0.754, 0.887 and 0.940, respectively. The split‐half reliability is 0.816. The test–retest reliability of the total questionnaire is 0.813.

Conclusion

The ICU nurses' CVC maintenance KAP questionnaire has good reliability and validity, stable results, comprehensive coverage, and high feasibility. It can be used as a measurement tool to evaluate the maintenance level of CVC for ICU nurses in China.

No Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Observer‐Based Preview Sliding Mode Tracking Control of Discrete‐Time T‐S Fuzzy System With Input Saturation
Authors: Qin Xianghui , Ren Junchao
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the observer‐based sliding mode tracking problem of the discrete‐time fuzzy system with input saturation via a previewable information approach. Firstly, an augmented system (AS) containing discrete‐time integrators and previewable reference signals is established for the discrete‐time T‐S fuzzy system based on a previewable length. Secondly, a sliding surface and a sliding preview controller are given, which can guarantee the asymptotic stability of the quasi‐sliding motion and the reachability of the sliding region. Finally, a simulation example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.
Strengthening work requirements? Forecasting impacts of reforming cash assistance rules
Authors: Nadal‐Fernandez Josep M. , Pepin Gabrielle , Schrader Kane
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Work requirements are perhaps the most controversial aspect of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, America's sole federal cash assistance program for low‐income families with children. In 2025, for the first time in nearly 20 years, the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (FRA) will implement policy changes intended to strengthen states’ work requirements. However, researchers’ and policymakers’ understanding of how FRA will impact states’ compliance with federal requirements is hampered by a lack of research and publicly available data. We tie information from reports submitted to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that we collected to administrative caseload and expenditure data to document several strategies that states currently use to comply with federal work requirements. We estimate that FRA will increase the stringency of work requirements in 23 states and that five states will begin to fall short of requirements. We note that several compliance strategies available to these states do not encourage work. We discuss changes to states’ work requirements that would promote better long‐term economic and labor market outcomes for TANF recipients.
Effect of NiO Nanofiller on P(VdC‐Co‐AN) With PEG Polymer Blend Electrolyte for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Vijaya B. , Usha Rani M.
Published: February 2025

Solid‐state polymer electrolytes with safety and high energy density are promising novel options for energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the low ionic conductivity and limited mobility of lithium ions at room temperature have significantly impeded their practical application. A flexible composite polymer electrolyte was fabricated using a solution casting method. This electrolyte consisted of a polymer blend of poly (vinylidene chloride‐co‐acrylonitrile) (PVdC‐co‐AN) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), incorporated with lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as salt, propylene carbonate (PC) as plasticizer, and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles as filler. The electrolyte is prepared by the various concentrations of NiO nanoparticles (Nps) (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%). The prepared NiO is confirmed by the XRD analysis, and the incorporation of NiO in the polymer blend also determined. The polymer salt plasticizer and filler interactions are confirmed by the FTIR analysis. At room temperature, the sample containing 15% of NiO has a high ionic conductivity value of up to 10−3 S cm−1. The electrochemical and also thermal stability of this electrolyte is achieved at 4.8 V and 312°C. The mechanical stability is enhanced up to 29 MPa. The remarkable performance enhancement is attributed to the incorporation of NiO, which facilitated improved ionic conductivity, mechanical properties, and compatibility for energy storage applications.
Novel microbial technologies for optimizing maize plant–soil systems: the multifunctional strain Enterobacter sp. ES1
Authors: Xiao Yufeng , Dong Meiqi , Wang Siya , Yang Bingbing , Tian Bowen , Han Zhe , Wu Xian , Zhang Hao
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

In recent years, a new microbial technology has emerged to optimize maize field productivity and soil health. This is crucial because of the adverse effects of pesticide contamination and diseases on maize yields.

RESULTS

Enterobacter sp. ES1, a multifunctional strain, effectively degraded 93.09% of nicosulfuron within 4 days. Optimal degradation occurred at 35 °C and pH 6.0, with 4% inoculum and 20 mg L−1 nicosulfuron. Strain ES1 could fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorus and potassium. It also detoxified potassium and produced chrome azurol S and indole‐3‐acetic acid. Moreover, it promoted rapid maize seed germination, induced resistance to northern maize leaf blight, and up‐regulated maize genes ZmOPR2, ZmPR5, ZmHPL, ZmOX10, ZmPAL, ZmPR1, ZmAOS, and ZmCTR1. Strain ES1R‐gfp, prepared using green fluorescent protein and antibiotic domestication methods, functioned as a bacterial fertilizer with 31.04% sawdust, 32.96% straw, and 12.15% biochar, exhibiting a degradation rate of 99.65%.

CONCLUSION

The novel microbial technology of the multifunctional strain ES1 was verified through a pot experiment assessing nicosulfuron concentration and plant and soil indices, thereby providing a foundation for optimizing maize field restoration. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Establishment of pupal color as a screening marker and activity analysis of six U6 promoters in Zeugodacus cucurbitae using the white pupae gene
Authors: Fan Zizhen , Wu Yan , Zha Xuezong , Ma Siya , Ma Lujie , Liang Lei , Lin Xianwu , Yan Rihui
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

The genetic control method, which is environmentally friendly and species‐specific, has effectively reduced or eliminated pests in many areas. One essential requirement to control a species is the identification of its genetic and molecular elements. Such elements, however, are rarely available in Zeugodacus cucurbitae, a very destructive insect pest worldwide.

RESULTS

In this study, we knocked out the white pupae (wp) gene in Z. cucurbitae and generated a wp(−) strain, which has a white pupae phenotype. The white puparium color was successfully restored to brown by inserting the wp gene rescue allele into the genome of the wp(−) strain using piggyBac transgenic technology. The potential wp promoter was then truncated to drive the expression of the wp gene and the puparium color was rescued even by the 605 bp sequence upstream of its transcription initiation site. Further fertility tests showed that knocking out or rescuing the wp gene had no effect on the reproduction of adult flies. In addition, we identified six U6 promoters and tested their promoter activities in the embryos of Z. cucurbitae. The ZcU6‐2 and ZcU6‐1 promoters exhibited significantly higher activity than the others and are suitable for use in CRISPR technology‐based genetic control methods.

CONCLUSION

Our work first shows the success of applying piggyBac transgenic technology in Z. cucurbitae. Our results demonstrate a highly efficient transgenic screening marker by puparium color and the promoter activity of multiple ZcU6 promoters, facilitating the construction of transgenic strains that are used for genetic control of tephritid species. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Elastic Anisotropy and Thermal Properties of Sr2ZrMoO6 Double Perovskite under Different Pressure
Authors: Pokharel Peshal , Yadav Shshit Kumar , Pantha Nurapati , Sharma Bikash , Adhikari Devendra
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the elastic and thermal properties of the double perovskite Sr2ZrMoO6 under different pressures from 0 to 80 GPa using first‐principles calculations within the generalized gradient approximation of density functional theory. The calculated second‐order elastic constants confirm the mechanical stability of the compound up to 80 GPa. The material exhibits significant elastic anisotropy, with elastic constants C11, C33, and C44 showing distinct pressure‐dependent behavior. The elastic properties, including bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio, all increase with a rise in pressure, which enhances the material's stiffness and rigidity, improving its resistance to deformation or fracture. The Pugh ratio greater than 0.57, a negative Cauchy constant, and a low Poisson's ratio suggest that the material remains brittle within the examined pressure range. The calculated tolerance factor and formation energy confirm its thermodynamic stability. The minimum thermal conductivity of the material increases slightly with pressure across all directions, maintaining the anisotropic order  >  > , indicating improved phonon transport under compression. The specific heat capacity increases with pressure at low temperatures and approaches the Dulong–Petit limit at higher temperatures. These findings suggest Sr2ZrMoO6 holds potential for high‐performance optical waveguides and optoelectronic applications.
A Potassium Methyl Silicate/MnO2 Composite for the Rapid Removal of Dyes from Water
Authors: Li Jing , Hu Xin , Li Ting , Xue Lihong
Published: February 2025

Dye wastewater causes significant harm to the environment and human health. Adsorption is one of the most effective technologies for treating dye wastewater owing to its straightforward operation, strong applicability, and low cost. However, traditional adsorbents have drawbacks, including complicated preparation processes, low adsorption capacity, and challenges with separation, recovery, and regeneration, which fail to meet practical application requirements. Therefore, the development of adsorbents with high adsorption capacity, easy separation, and reusability is urgently required for the treatment of dye‐contaminated wastewater. Potassium methyl silicate (PMS)@MnO2 complex particles (PMS@MnO2) were successfully synthesized by adding a PMS solution to a potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution at a molar ratio of PMS to MnO2 of 1:1. The PMS@MnO2 complex is rich in functional groups and exhibits good hydrophobicity. The PMS@MnO2 complex particles demonstrated excellent adsorptive capacity (989.1 mg/g) for methylene blue (MB) with rapid degradation, achieving over 75% of their adsorptive capacity within 5 min. The adsorption process was found to be pH‐responsive and exothermic. Under neutral and alkaline conditions, the negative charges in the oxygen‐containing groups on PMS@MnO2 combine with the positive charges in the nitrogen atoms of MB via electrostatic forces. However, under acidic conditions, MB was adsorbed via hydrogen bonding and n‐π interaction between MB and PMS@MnO2. The spent adsorbent was reused for at least five cycles.
rGO‐Modified ZnO‐TiO2 Nanohybrids as Promising Antibacterial Agents for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Ghodake Vijay S. , Koyale Pramod A. , Delekar Sagar D.
Published: February 2025

This study explores the synergistic antibacterial activity of ZnO nanorods (NRs) decorated with TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGO NSs). ZnO NRs and binary ZnO‐TiO₂ nanocomposites (ZT NCs) with varying TiO₂ content were synthesized using an in situ sol–gel method and subsequently modified with different amounts of rGO NSs. The nanocomposites were characterized using advanced techniques to assess their structure and antibacterial performance. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the dominance of the hexagonal wurtzite ZnO structure, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) confirmed interconnectivity. A slight red shift in UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra indicated changes in optical properties, and BET analysis showed an increase in surface area and pore volume due to rGO incorporation. The ternary ZT‐rGO (ZTR) NCs, particularly ZTR 4 (with 4 wt% rGO), exhibited significant antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. ZTR 4 showed enhanced efficacy against both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), as well as Candida albicans. The results highlight the synergistic effects of ZTR NCs, making them promising candidates for applications in biomedical and environmental fields as effective antibacterial agents.
Structural Optimization of NVP/C Composites by an Advanced Two‐Step Spray Technique for High Energy Density and Long‐Life Symmetric Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ra Yejin , Kim Ju Hyeong , Jung Dae Soo , Kang Yun Chan
Published: February 2025

Sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)‐type Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) has emerged as a pivotal cathode material for the development of high‐durability sodium‐ion batteries, owing to its distinctive 3D open framework and exceptional chemical stability. Enhancing the electrochemical performance of NVP through the incorporation of conductive materials and precise control of the pore structure requires refining and optimizing the synthesis methodologies. In this study, robust NVP composites combined with dextrin‐derived carbon (D‐NVP/Dex) and carbon nanotubes (D‐NVP/CNT) are developed with stable cycling characteristics and high energy densities, exhibiting high capacities of 99.0 and 93.0 mA h g−1, respectively, at 1.0 C after the 300 cycles, via a two‐step synthesis approach utilizing spray techniques. These structural features, including the conformal carbon layer encapsulating the NVP particles and the connections formed through CNT networks, are validated to enhance their electrical and ionic conductivities, as demonstrated by evaluations of both half‐cell and symmetric full‐cell configurations. Specifically, symmetric D‐NVP/Dex||D‐NVP/Dex and D‐NVP/Dex||P‐NVP sodium‐ion batteries exhibit excellent cyclability, achieving capacities of 46.5 and 49.0 mA h g−1, respectively, after 150 cycles at 0.5 C.
Kinetic Pathway Control in the Synthesis of Well‐Defined Ruthenium Coordination Oligomers
Authors: Schneider Tilman , Seebauer Florian , Würthner Frank , Beuerle Florian
Published: February 2025

Ruthenium complexes with 2,2′‐bipyridine‐6,6′‐dicarboxylate (bda) ligands have emerged as highly potent catalysts for water oxidation. In this context, the accumulation of active Ru centers in macrocyclic arrays or coordination oligomers and polymers has proven to be very beneficial for an enhanced stability under operating conditions and to facilitate surface adhesion in heterogeneous systems. For a better insight into structure–activity relationships though, well–defined systems with a precise control over stoichiometry and constitution are highly desired. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of a series of structurally precise and monodisperse linear coordination oligomers [(Ru(bda))nLn−1pic2] (n = 4 or 5, L = 4,4′‐bipyridine or 1,4‐bis‐(pyridine‐4‐yl)benzene derivatives, pic = 4‐picoline), in excellent purity and yields are reported. Based on detailed mechanistic investigations, a complex network of interconnected and competing reactions is proposed that fully explains both the high overall turnover and the kinetic pathway selection between alternative endcapping and dissociation–elongation sequences.
Flexible Optical Fiber Sensor for Non‐Invasive Continuous Monitoring of Human Physiological Signals
Authors: Yu Qi , Zhang Ya‐nan , Jiang Lingxiao , Li Linqian , Li Xuegang , Zhao Jian
Published: February 2025

With increasing health awareness, monitoring human physiological signals for health status and disease prevention has become crucial. Non‐invasive flexible wearable devices address issues like invasiveness, inconvenience, size, and continuous monitoring challenges in traditional devices. Among flexible sensors, optical fiber sensors (OFSs) stand out due to their excellent biocompatibility, anti‐electromagnetic interference capabilities, and ability to monitor multiple signals simultaneously. This paper reviews the application of flexible optical fiber sensing technology (OFST) in monitoring human lung function, cardiovascular function, body parameters, motor function, and various physiological signals. It emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring in personal health management, clinical settings, sports training, and emergency response. The review discusses challenges in OFST for continuous health signal monitoring and envisions its significant potential for future development. This technology underscores the importance of constant health signal monitoring and highlights the advantages and prospects of optical fiber sensing. Innovations in OFS for non‐invasive continuous monitoring of physiological signals hold profound implications for materials science, sensing technology, and biomedicine.
Rational Design and Visualization of Multifunctional Phenothiazine‐Based Self‐Assembled Monolayers for Better Interface Contact in High‐Efficiency and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Nisa Qurrotun Ayuni Khoirun , Nasrun Rahmatia Fitri Binti , Kim Joo Hyun
Published: February 2025

Interfacial modification using self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) is crucial for defect passivation and energy level alignment in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), yet scaling SAMs remains a challenge. Organic SAMs are often too thin for large‐area homogeneous layers through spin‐coating and their hydrophobic nature complicates solution‐based perovskite fabrication, hindering uniform film formation. This study introduces SAM based on phenothiazine core that involves synergistic co‐adsorption of a hydrophilic phosphonic acid with phenothiazine core unit for use as a hole transport layer in p‐i‐n PSCs. The PTZ‐PA SAM improves film formation, energy alignment, and hole extraction, achieving a power conversion efficiency above 23.2%. It also maintains stable performance for over 500 h under continuous illumination, indicating its potential for durable PSCs. PTZ‐PA increases surface energy, overcoming non‐wetting issues and enabling the formation of high‐quality perovskite films with improved morphology and crystallinity. The phosphonic acid group coordinates with lead iodide in the perovskite, enhancing electronic charge transfer and mechanical absorption, which facilitates effective p‐type charge‐selective contacts.
Multiphysical Field Coupling Model for Simulating Thermal Stress and Deformation in Ferronickel Submerged Arc Furnace
Authors: Liu Peng , Li Maosheng , Sun Hao , Yang Yihan , Liu Zhongqiu , Zhang Hong , Han Chengjun , Hu Renguo
Published: February 2025

To address the issue of thermal expansion and stress concentration in furnace body, a 3D multiphysical field coupling model of electromagnetics, fluid flow, and temperature is developed to predict the interaction mechanisms between temperature, thermal stress, and deformation during submerged arc furnace operation. This model integrates electromagnetism, electrothermal conversion, mass and heat transfer, and multiphase flow within a unified computational framework using user‐defined functions. Additionally, it conducts thermal mechanical coupling analyses to describe the thermal deformation and stress concentration behavior in the furnace body. The results indicate that the multiphysical field exhibits strong coupling and nonuniformity. Due to the high thermal resistance of the furnace body material, the temperature between the inner wall of the furnace lining and furnace shell decreases from 1212 to 467 K. When the electrode insertion depth increases from 1.8 to 2.2 m, the maximum temperature of furnace shell increases from 456 to 498 K, and the maximum deformation of furnace shell gradually increases from 28.0 to 30.1 mm. The maximum deformation position occurs at the height of z = 2.45 m. As the electrode insertion depth increases, the stress concentration phenomena in the rib plates, the bottom of furnace shell, and the central area of furnace bottom are enhanced.
Differentiation in Dutch Secondary EFL Education: Used Strategies and Identified Challenges
Authors: Roiha Anssi , Janse Carina , Kreuh Nives , Polso Jerker
Published: February 2025

This article explores secondary English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers' differentiation practices in the Netherlands. We used the five‐dimensional (5D) model of differentiation) as an analytical framework in the study. Additionally, we sought to identify the main challenges of differentiation in Dutch EFL teaching. We collected the data through a questionnaire (n = 52) and individual theme interviews (n = 3). We analyzed the quantitative data through descriptive statistics and subjected the qualitative data to content analysis. The results revealed that overall the teachers' differentiation was at a moderate or low rate. The most common dimensions for differentiation were assessment, teaching methods, and support materials. Learning environment and teaching arrangements were the least employed differentiation dimensions. The most significant challenges for differentiation were large class sizes and lack of time and resources. The results of this study give preliminary indications that differentiation should be implemented more in Dutch secondary EFL teaching and addressed in more depth already in pre‐service teacher education. Moreover, based on this study, Dutch EFL teachers would need more resources to differentiate their teaching in a more profound manner. The results of this study have implications for EFL teaching also in other contexts.
India's Coal Conundrum: Decarbonization Amidst A Developmental Legacy
Authors: Chandra Rohit , Pai Sandeep , Nayak Suravee , Devagudi Sree Harica
Published: February 2025

India's energy system is facing two opposing pulls at the moment. On the one hand, there is remarkable momentum regarding the new, green energy economy and various, policy measures have been put in place to encourage the growth of renewable energy, green hydrogen, energy efficiency technologies and more. On the other hand, India's coal economy is still growing; while its growth has slowed, new coal power plants are still under construction, new coal mines are still being opened, and coal‐based power generation still accounts for over 65% of power generated in the country, a stock which will take decades to reduce. Perhaps more importantly, there are entire regions of the country whose economic dependence on coal runs much deeper than just the associated formal employment and energy sector spending that is usually discussed in high level energy system conversations. This review will cover the embeddedness of coal in social, economic and political life in India, and some of the developmental opportunities that have emerged as decarbonization and energy transition/just transition conversations have started entering domestic policy discourse. Through a more comprehensive engagement with labor concerns, financial dependencies, and India's engagement with global just transition conversations, this review establishes the state of coal debates in India. It concludes with a forward‐looking perspective on how a deeper engagement with regional political economy, states' interests, and coal dependencies can lead to a more constructive conversation around long‐term decarbonization.