bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WHITE‐CROWNED MANAKIN (DIXIPHIA PIPRA) USE OF SPACE IN THE ECUADORIAN AMAZON
Authors: Tori Wendy P , Bodawatta Kasun H , Tanager Kevin , Lewis Erin L , Neumeister Dörte S , Hogle Joel
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ Animal patterns of space use have fundamental consequences for ecological processes such as animal‐ mediated seed dispersal. This study examines the use of space of an understory frugivore: the White‐crowned Manakin (Dixiphia pipra) during the non‐breeding season at Tiputini Biodiversity Station in Ecuador. We radio‐tracked seven individuals of different sexes and ages. We found that White‐crowned Manakins have relatively small home ranges varying from 1.19 to 5.73 ha. The home ranges of male juveniles (2.25 ± 0.62 SE) were larger than that of the adult males (1.20 ± 0.01 SE), but smaller than those of females (4.27 ± 0.77 SE). Females and second‐year males were found to perform more long distance flights outside their core home range than hatch‐year or adult males. These movement differences suggest that they disperse seeds longer distances and more evenly across their home range. Adult and hatch‐year males appear to perform more short distance seed dispersal events. We argue that these contributions are complementary, and that White‐crowned Manakins are key dispersal agents that have a significantly influence in the structure and composition of understory plant communities in the Amazon rainforest.Resumen ∙ Uso de espacio del Saltarín Coroniblanco (Dixiphia pipra) en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana Los patrones de uso espacial utilizados por animales tienen consecuencias fundamentales en procesos ecológicos, tales como la dispersión de semillas. Este estudio examina el uso espacial de una especie frugívora de sotobosque: el Saltarín Coroniblanco (Dixiphia pipra) durante el ciclo no‐reproductivo en la Estación de Biodiversidad de Tiputini en Ecuador. Seguimos por radio telemetría a siete individuos de diferentes sexos y edades. Encontramos que el Saltarín Coroniblanco tiene un rango de hogar relativamente pequeño, variando entre 1,19 a 5,73 ha. El rango de hogar de los machos juveniles (2,25 ± 0,62 EE) es más grande que el de los machos adultos (1,20 ± 0,01 EE), pero más pequeño que el de las hembras (4,27 ± 0,77 EE). El estudio encontró que las hembras y los machos de segundo año realizaron vuelos más largos fuera del núcleo de su rango de hogar, comparado con machos juveniles del año o machos adultos. Estas diferencias sugieren que podrían dispersar semillas a mayores distancias y de manera más homogénea a lo largo de su rango de hogar. Los machos adultos y los juveniles del año parecen llevar a cabo eventos de dispersión de semillas a distancias más cortas. Nosotros argumentamos que estas contribuciones son complementarias y que los Saltarines Coroniblancos son agentes de dispersión claves, influenciando considerablemente la estructura y la composición de las comunidades de plantas del sotobosque en el bosque tropical lluvioso de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana.
TOCO TOUCAN (RAMPHASTOS TOCO) PREDATION ON BUFF-NECKED IBIS (THERISTICUS CAUDATUS) NESTS
Authors: Moroni Edson , Batisteli Augusto Florisvaldo , Guillermo-Ferreira Rhainer
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ Toucans (Ramphastidae) are primarily frugivorous birds that occasionally prey on eggs and nestlings of other birds, often Passeriformes. Here, we report predation events by the Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) on eggs and nestlings of the Buff‐necked Ibis (Theristicus caudatus) at the “Buraco das Araras” ecological reserve, Mato Grosso do Sul, central Brazil. At least three of six ibis nests monitored between October 2016 and January 2017 were depredated by the Toco Toucan. In one nest, the single egg was carried to a nearby perch, where the embryo was swallowed completely. In two other nests, the nestlings were 10–15 days old when are depredated. The toucan killed the nestlings by grabbing the head with the beak and shaking vigorously, probably attempting to break the neck. During the attack, the nestlings tried to defend themselves by snapping their bills at the toucan. Once a nestling stopped reacting (dead or dying), the toucan fed on pieces of flesh from the neck. To our knowledge, these are the largest eggs and the heaviest birds preyed upon by toucans. Resumo ∙ Predação pelo tucano‐toco (Ramphastos toco) em ovos e ninhegos de curicaca (Theristicus caudatus) Tucanos (Ramphastidae) são aves tipicamente frugívoras que eventualmente predam ovos e filhotes de outras espé‐ cies de aves, geralmente de Passeriformes. Neste estudo, descrevemos eventos de predação pelo Tucano‐toco (Ramphastos toco) em ninhos da Curicaca (Theristicus caudatus), na RPPN Buraco das Araras, Mato Grosso do Sul, região central do Brasil. Ao menos três dos seis ninhos de curicaca monitorados entre outubro de 2016 e janeiro de 2017 foram predados pelo Tucano‐toco. Em um dos ninhos, o único ovo foi carregado para uma árvore próxima, onde o embrião foi engolido por inteiro. Em dois outros ninhos, os ninhegos estavam com 10–15 dias de vida quando foram predados. O tucano matou os ninhegos agarrando suas cabeças com o bico e agitando‐as vigorosamente, provavelmente tentando quebrar seus pescoços. Durante o ataque, os ninhegos tentaram se defender projetando seus bicos contra o tucano. Assim que as reações dos ninhegos cessaram (mortos ou morrendo), o tucano alimentou‐se de alguns pedaços de carne do pescoço dos filhotes. Ao nosso conhecimento, esses são o maior ovo e a maior ave preda‐ das por um tucano.
FIRST REPORT OF BURROWING PARROT (CYANOLISEUS PATAGONUS) NESTING IN TREE CAVITIES
Authors: Lopez Fernando Gabriel , Grande Juan Manuel , Berkunsky Igor , Santillan Miguel Angel , Rebollo María Emilia
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ The Burrowing Parrot Cyanoliseus patagonus is known to breed in burrows mostly on cliffs and ravines in arid or semi‐arid regions of Argentina and Chile. However, during a tree cavity monitoring project we confirmed at least two active nests in tree cavities. Cavity entrances were located between 3.1 and 5.3 m above the ground in live caldén (Prosopis caldenia) trees, Parque Luro, province of La Pampa, Argentina. One nest failed while the other one successfully produced three fledglings. The absence of cliffs and scarcity of ravines in the region, and the presence of a nesting colony of the Blue‐crowned Parakeet (Thectocercus acuticaudatus) in the site may have promoted the adoption of this new nesting substrate for the species. Resumen ∙ Nidificación inusual del Loro Barranquero (Cyanoliseus patagonus) en cavidades naturales de árboles El Loro Barranquero (Cyanoliseus patagonus) nidifica mayoritariamente en cavidades en barrancos y acantilados en regiones áridas y semiáridas de Argentina y Chile. Sin embargo, durante un proyecto de monitoreo de cavidades en árboles, confirmamos al menos dos nidos activos de Loro Barranquero. La entrada de las cavidades estuvo localizada entre 3.1 y 5.3 m de altura en árboles vivos de caldén (Prosopis caldenia), en Parque Luro, provincia de La Pampa, Argentina. Un nido fracasó mientras que el otro tuvo éxito produciendo tres volantones. La escasez de barrancos y la presencia de una colonia de nidificación de Calancate Común (Thectocercus acuticaudatus) en el sitio, podrían haber favorecido la adopción de este nuevo sustrato de nidificación para la especie.
WOODPECKER CAVITY‐TREE SELECTION IN THE ECUADOREAN AMAZON REGION
Authors: Van der Hoek Yntze , Martin Kathy
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ Tree cavities are important as sites for nesting and roosting, but their availability or use has been little studied in the Neotropics. We studied woodpecker (Picidae) cavity‐tree selection in disturbed and undisturbed landscapes in the Amazonian region. We found that woodpeckers excavated predominantly in large dead trees (mean diameter 44 cm). We highlight the importance of dead trees as substrates for cavities in the Ecuadorean Amazon region. We propose that woodpeckers in our study region are potentially important cavity formation agents for other cavity‐nesters, especially in disturbed landscapes.Resumen ∙ Selección de árboles para excavar cavidades por pájaros carpinteros en la región Amazónica Ecuatoriana Las cavidades en árboles son importantes para animales como sitios para anidar y dormir, pero su disponibilidad o uso han sido poco estudiados en el Neotrópico. Estudiamos la selección de árboles como sustratos para cavidades hechos por pájaros carpinteros (Picidae) en paisajes perturbados y no perturbados. Encontramos que los pájaros carpinteros excavaban predominantemente en árboles muertos grandes (diámetro medio de 44 cm). Destacamos la importancia de los árboles muertos como sustratos para las cavidades en la región amazónica ecuatoriana. Proponemos que los pájaros carpinteros son potencialmente importantes para la formación de cavidades para otras aves en la región de estudio.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND FOOD HABITS OF THE ACORN WOODPECKER (MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS) IN THE NEOTROPICS INCLUDING OBSERVATIONS IN CENTRAL HONDURAS
Authors: Flores Stefany Lucía , Ardón Diego Alfredo
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ Acorn Woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) have been widely studied in North America, mainly due to their complex social system. As a resident bird, Acorn Woodpeckers in much of North America hoard acorns for use during the winter and following spring. The importance of this resource, along with geographic differences in the woodpecker’s ecology, has not been as widely studied elsewhere in its range, which extends all the way through Middle America to northern Colombia. This review summarizes published research from five different countries and adds information gathered for a new locality, central Honduras. The results show a gradual change in the importance of acorn storage and a greater variety of foraging behaviors, but with little or no change in social organization. The review highlights the many geographical voids and the need for more thorough studies in most locations to further understand the variation in social and foraging behaviors present throughout this bird’s wide geographical range. Resumen ∙ Organización social y hábitos alimenticios del Carpintero Bellotero (Melanerpes formicivorus) en el Neotrópico incluyendo observaciones del centro de Honduras El Carpintero Bellotero (Melanerpes formicivorus) ha sido ampliamente estudiado en Norteamérica, principalmente debido a su complejo sistema social. Como ave residente, el Carpintero Bellotero en gran parte de Norteamérica acumula bellotas de roble para utilizarlas durante el invierno, y la primavera siguiente. La importancia de este recurso, junto con las diferencias geográficas en la ecología del Carpintero Bellotero, no han sido estudiadas tan ampliamente en el resto de su rango que se extiende a lo largo de Centroamérica hasta el norte de Colombia. Esta revisión resume resultados de investigaciones publicadas de cinco países diferentes y agrega información recopilada para una nueva localidad, el centro de Honduras. Los resultados muestran una diferencia gradual en la importancia del almacenamiento de bellotas y una gran variedad de comportamientos de forrajeo, pero patrones similares en la organización social. La revisión resalta los grandes vacíos geográficos y la necesidad de estudios más exhaustivos en la mayoría de las localidades en orden de comprender las variaciones en comportamiento social y de forrajeo presentes en el amplio rango de esta ave.
PREFORMATIVE WING MOLT IN 23 NEOTROPICAL RESIDENT PASSERINE SPECIES
Authors: Guallar Santi Xavier , Ruiz-Sánchez Angelina , Rueda-Hernández Rafael , Pyle Peter
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT ∙ Quantitative descriptions of wing‐feather replacement during the preformative and prealternate molts of resident Neotropical passerines are deficient: no more than 100 species possess adequate information. Here, we present quantitative molt data for 23 Neotropical passerines in three blocks: wing and tail molt extent, frequency of wing‐molt pattern, and frequency of wing‐feather replacement. We used Bayesian bootstrapping to estimate mean and 95% credible intervals of wing‐ and tail‐molt extent. We found four molt patterns in the preformative molt, of which most species present more than one. Twenty‐one species undergo partial molt, being the general pattern most frequent. Only Northern Beardless‐Tyrannulet (Camptostoma imberbe) and Black‐chested Sparrow (Peucaea humeralis) undergo a complete preformative molt, the latter also undergoing an extensive prealternate molt. Basic life‐history information may inspire hypotheses to explain molt phenomena. In this sense, our results suggest that lack of time constraints has a small influence on completeness of preformative molt, at least in Neotropical passerines.RESUMEN ∙ Muda preformativa de 23 especies residentes de paseriformes Neotropicales La deficiencia de descripciones cuantitativas sobre el reemplazo de plumas del ala en las mudas preformativa y prealterna de paseriformes neotropicales es dramática: no más de 100 especies poseen información adecuada. A continuación, presentamos datos cuantitativos de muda para 23 paseriformes neotropicales en tres bloques: extensión de muda en ala y cola, frecuencia de patrón de muda alar, y frecuencia de reemplazo de plumas del ala. Utilizamos “bootstrapping” bayesiano para estimar la media e intervalos de credibilidad del 95% de la extensión de muda en ala y cola. Encontramos cuatro patrones de muda en la muda preformativa, de los cuales la mayoría de las especies presentan más de uno. Veintiuna especies mostraron patrones parciales, siendo el patrón general el más frecuente. Sólo Camptostoma imberbe y Peucaea humeralis realizan una muda completa (este último también presenta una extensa muda prealterna). La información básica sobre historia natural puede inspirar hipótesis que expliquen los fenómenos de muda. En este sentido, nuestros resultados sugieren que la ausencia de limitaciones temporales tiene una influencia limitada sobre la compleción de la muda preformativa, al menos en paseriformes neotropicales.
FIRST RECORD OF THE CLAY-COLORED SPARROW (PASSERELLIDAE: SPIZELLA PALLIDA) FOR SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Tigreros Andrade Andres Felipe , Giraldo Dávila Sebastian , Londoño Gustavo
Published: February 2023

Abstract · The species of the genus Spizella breed in Canada and in the United States, and five of this six species are migrants. One of this migratory species is the Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida) that is rarely observed south of Mexico and Guatemala. We present the first record of the Clay-colored Sparrow in South America. An individual of S. pallida collided with a window on 11 May 2016 in Santiago de Cali, Colombia. The specimen was an adult male that had abundant fat throughout the body and was deposited at the Icesi University zoological collection (ICZ-A0017). This is the first record for this species in South America.Resumen · Primer registro del Arrocero Pálido (Paserellidae: Spizella pallida) para Sudamérica Las especies del género Spizella se reproducen en Canadá y en los Estados Unidos y cinco de estas seis especies son migratorias. Una de estas especies migrantes es el Arrocero Pálido (Spizella pallida) el cual es raramente observado al sur de México y Guatemala. Aquí presentamos el primer registro del Arrocero Pálido en Sudamérica. Un individuo de S. pallida chocó con una ventana el 11 de mayo de 2016 en Santiago de Cali, Colombia. El espécimen correspondía a un macho adulto que poseía abundante grasa por todo el cuerpo y fue depositado en la colección zoológica de la Universidad Icesi (ICZ-A0017). Este es el primer registro de esta especie para el continente Sudamericano.
THE PURPLISH JAY (CYANOCORAX CYANOMELAS) IS A CLEANER OF THE MARSH DEER (BLASTOCERUS DICHOTOMUS)
Authors: Londei Tiziano
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ I observed two Purplish Jays (Cyanocorax cyanomelas) foraging on the body of a marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) in the Brazilian Pantanal. My observation adds the marsh deer to the very few mammals found to act as clients of the Purplish Jay and suggests that this opportunistic cleaner chooses the client depending on the presence of some forest cover nearby. This may be a reason for the lack of observations of the Purplish Jay and other, more arboreal, corvids as cleaners in the Neotropics.Resumen ∙ La Urraca Morada (Cyanocorax cyanomelas) es una especie limpiadora del ciervo de los pantanos (Blastocerus dichotomus) Observé a dos Urracas Moradas (Cyanocorax cyanomelas) alimentándose de ectoparásitos sobre un ciervo de los pantanos (Blastocerus dichotomus) en el Pantanal de Brasil. Mi observación agrega a este especie de ciervo a los pocos mamíferos clientes que son limpiados por la urraca y sugiere que esta especie limpiadora oportunista elige a sus clientes cuando se encuentran cerca de cobertura boscosa. Esta podría ser la razón por la cual existen pocas observaciones de la Urraca Morada y otras especies de córvidos arborícolas actuando como especies limpiadoras de mamíferos.
UNIFORM SPERM MORPHOLOGY IN THE LEK-BREEDING WIRE-TAILED MANAKIN (PIPRA FILICAUDA)
Authors: Cramer Emily Rebecca Alison , Rowlison Tricia , Comizzoli Pierre , Ryder Thomas B
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ When females copulate with multiple males, selection on spermatozoa can reduce variation in sperm morphology. We describe sperm morphology for a polygynous lek-breeding suboscine, the Wire-tailed Manakin (Pipra filicauda). Total sperm length averaged 41.5 ± 0.7 μm and the among-individual coefficient of variation in total sperm length was 1.8%. Variation was considerably lower than in the other manakin species with known sperm morphology, the Lance-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia lanceolata), despite similar promiscuity levels. This result highlights the need for further work on spermatozoa in lek-breeding species. Resumen ∙ Morfología uniforme en el esperma del Saltarín Uirapuru (Pipra filicauda), una especie con sistema de apareamiento de lek Cuando las hembras copulan con más de un macho, selección actuando al nivel del espermatozoide puede reducir la variación en la morfología del esperma. Aquí describimos la morfología del esperma para una especie poligínica de suboscín con sistema de apareamiento de lek, el Saltarín Uirapuru (Pipra filicauda). Los espermatozoides tuvieron una longitud total promedio de 41.5 ± 0.7 μm, y el coeficiente de variación para la longitud total fue de 1.8%. El nivel de variación fue menor que en la otra especie de saltarín estudiada al respecto, el Saltarín Lanceolado (Chiroxiphia lanceolata), aunque ambas especies tienen casi el mismo nivel de promiscuidad. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de más estudios sobre especies de aves con este sistema de apareamiento.
FOOD HABITS AND TROPHIC ATTRIBUTES OF THE MAGELLANIC HORNED OWL (BUBO MAGELLANICUS) IN PATAGONIAN STEPPE, SOUTHERNMOST CHILE
Authors: Martinez David R.
Published: February 2023

For most of southern South America, the food habits of Magellanic Horned owls (Bubo magellanicus) are well known. In Chile, several researchers have reported the owl’s diet in northern xerophytic environments, as well as subpolar forests; however, other than a short note on the owls’ summer diet in Punta Dungeness, no major studies have documented the food habits of Magellanic Horned owls in the Chilean Patagonian steppe. Based on 278 fresh pellets, we reported the food habits of owls inhabiting two sites located at > 52°S in the southernmost Patagonian steppe in continental Chile, and compared our findings with those reported for owls inhabiting eight localities from 39 to 52°S in the Argentinean Patagonian steppe. Our results indicate that in Patagonian steppe environments of both Argentina and Chile, the Magellanic Horned Owl is a generalist predator, which consumes whatever prey available, ranging in size from inver- tebrates to introduced juvenile lagomorphs. Because all five major vertebrate prey here reported (Abrothrix olivacea, Loxodontomys micropus, Microcavia australis, Reithrodon auritus, Lepus europaeus) are broadly distributed in the Argentinean Patagonian steppe and occur abundantly from 36°S southwards to the Strait of Magellan and Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, their generalized occurrence as prey does not allow for expression of latitudinal trends in species composition in the owl’s diet.
FIRST DESCRIPTION OF THE NEST AND EGGS OF THE PERUVIAN PIPIT (ANTHUS PERUVIANUS, AVES: MOTACILLIDAE)
Authors: Arcco Mamani Andy Rodrigo , Van Els Paul , Ferrandiz Catacora Yaquelyn Doris , Norambuena Heraldo V.
Published: February 2023

We described the nest of the recently recognized Peruvian Pipit (Anthus peruvianus) in Islay Province, department of Arequipa, southern Peru, and compared it to the known nests of other Neotropical pipits. We found the nest, which was concealed below dense salt grass (Distichilis spicata), on 20 May 2017 in an estuarine grassland adjacent to the Tambo river, approximately 200 m from the Pacific coast. The nest consisted of a shallow, loosely domed cup of dried salt grass stems, and contained three greenish-white eggs with rusty brown and bluish-gray speckles, with a denser speckling on the larger side of the egg. Nests of sister species of the Peruvian Pipit are generally cup- shaped and similar in size, and the clutch size of the Peruvian Pipit’s nest falls within the range found in other Neotropical pipits.
HUMMINGBIRD FRUGIVORY IN A COSTA RICAN CLOUD FOREST
Authors: Elliott Harry , Smith Charlotte , Clotfelter Ethan
Published: February 2023

Four species of hummingbirds Ppurple-crowned Fairy, Heliothryx barroti; Stripe-tailed Hummingbird, Eupherusa eximia; White-tailed Emerald, Elvira chionura; and White-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis castaneoventris) were observed feeding on the fruits of the tree Saurauia montana (Actinidiaceae) in secondary cloud forest in the Talamanca mountains of Costa Rica. These fruits are small (1 cm) berries with mucilaginous pulp; feeding occurred via repeated puncture of the epicarp. This is the first record of frugivory in any of these hummingbird species and one of the few records of hummingbird frugivory on plants other than Cactaceae.
FREQUENCY OF AVIAN HAEMOSPORIDIAN PARASITES IN BIRDS FROM MARGARITA AND COCHE ISLANDS, VENEZUELA
Authors: Sanz Virginia , Mijares Alfredo , Rosales Romel , Silva-Iturriza Adriana
Published: February 2023

By amplifying and sequencing a mitochondrial DNA barcode (cytb), we screened the frequency of haemosporidian parasites (Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon) in 366 birds (23 species) from Margarita and Coche islands, Venezuela. In Coche (N = 24), none of the birds were infected, while in Margarita (N = 342) 13 individuals were (3.8%). The frequency of these parasites in endemic bird subspecies was more than double than in non-endemic forms (endemics = 7.3% vs non-endemic = 3.1%, N = 342), but it was not statistically significant. We found eight parasite lineages, four of which are novel (COLPAS09, COLSQU03, COLSQU04, HYPRUF01). COLSQU03, recorded in a dove (Columbina squammata), falls within the Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) subgenus. This was unexpected because a strong signal of co-speciation has been found between Columbidae and the Haemoproteus (Haemoproteus) subgenus, suggesting a host-switching event.
RESPONSES OF POTENTIAL HOST SPECIES TO SIMULATED BRONZED COWBIRD PARASITISM AT TWO SITES IN COSTA RICA
Authors: Sealy Spencer G.
Published: February 2023

To assign responses of acceptance and rejection of potential hosts to parasitism by the Bronzed Cowbird (Molothrus aeneus), in Costa Rica, 110 egg manipulations were performed at nests of 17 species, from which 10 responses, by three species, were scored as ejections (Pitangus sulphuratus, Cyclarhis juganensis, Turdus grayi) and nests were deserted by three species (Zonotrichia capensis, Arremenops conirostris, Piranga bidentata). None of the artificial eggs removed from nests at which they were accepted exhibited peck marks that would indicate attempted ejection. Additional experiments are necessary to determine whether mixed responses of acceptance and rejection by individuals of the same species is more common in tropical environments.
THE DIET OF THE TUCÚQUERE (BUBO VIRGINIANUS MAGELLANICUS) IN ANDEAN CENTRAL CHILE
Authors: Pizarro Gabriela , Silva Alonso , Ramirez-Alvarez Diego , D´Elia Guillermo , Mondaca Fredy , Cañon Jones Hernan A
Published: February 2023

The tucúquere (Bubo virginianus magellanicus) is a bird of prey with an agro-ecological and environmental relevance in Chile. However, there is a gap about the composition of the diet of B. v. magellanicus in mountainous regions of central Chile, where interaction with the human population is large and anthropic derived habitat changes are increasing. Ninety-one regurgitated pellets from two birds were collected. Analysis of pellet weight, length and width and prey characterisation to the species level, absolute and relative abundance were obtained. Trophic niche (Levin Shannon-Wiener and Smith index) were calculated. The average weight, length and width of pellets were 9.84 g, 5.67 cm and 3.26 mm, respectively. A consumption of 12 different species of prey was evidenced, being the most consumed Lepus capensis (23.53%), followed by Abrocoma bennetti (20.59%) and then other species of small rodents, and an undetermined bird and insect. The trophic niche amplitude for normal and standardised Levin, normal and standardised Shannon-Wiener and Smith (TF) indexes were 6.72, 0.52, 2.11, 0.85 and 0.90, respectively. This is the first evidence of a diet based mainly on Lepus capensis in central Chile for B. v. magellanicus, who seems to be a more generalist predator than previous studies. The results are of significance for the understanding of feeding habits and conservation efforts for raptor species in Chile and South America.
LONGITUDINAL AND CYCLIC POLEWARD MIGRATION OF A SOUTH AMERICAN INTRATROPICAL MIGRANT FLYCATCHER, THE LESSER ELAENIA (ELAENIA CHIRIQUENSIS)
Authors: Guaraldo André de Camargo
Published: February 2023

Research on terrestrial migratory birds is incipient in Brazil. Geolocators have recently allowed tracking small migratory passerines, and such data combined with intrinsic markers such as stable isotopes has become invaluable in revealing migratory behavior. Here we used data from a long-term banding program in a Cerrado reserve in central Brazil where we also deployed geolocators to track adults of a 15g flycatcher, the Lesser Elaenia (Elaenia chiriquensis). The literature defines it as a resident or migrant that may overwinter in the Amazon or Central Brazil. Our general goals were to describe the breeding site fidelity of individuals, their migratory behavior and wintering grounds, thus assessing the migratory connectivity of the studied population. We tagged 40 birds in 2011-2012 and successfully extracted data for three recaptured individuals. We analyzed data using GeoLight and QGIS. Recapture data showed that individuals lived for at least 12yrs and that ~15% of all marked birds returned to a ~200 ± 185m radius from where it was recorded in a previous breeding season. Tracking data revealed low migratory connectivity of the studied population. One individual remained resident. The other two individuals migrated through distinct routes: one made a longitudinal northeast-southwest route and the other a cyclic migration consisting of a poleward section to south Brazil, a NW flight to the Pantanal surroundings and ending with a longitudinal NE spring migration. These are the first detailed data of the migratory movements of individual Lesser Elaenias, supporting its partial rather than obligatory migration in central Brazil. Moreover, we found that migrants overwintered in savanna-like areas, supporting previous studies. We included and discussed a list of hypotheses we expect to guide further studies on this and other intratropical migrant species, thus contributing to improving knowledge on this complex and understudied migratory system.
CONSERVATION OF THE ORINOCO GOOSE (NEOCHEN JUBATA) IN THE MIDDLE ARAGUAIA RIVER, TOCANTINS, BRAZIL.
Authors: Pinheiro Renato T , Carrara Lucas A. , Faria Luciene C.P. , Uhlmann Lidiane Andressa C. , Antas Paulo de Tarso Zuquim , Terborgh John Whittle , Davenport Lisa Clare
Published: February 2023

The Orinoco goose, (Neochen jubata) is a grazing herbivore of open habitats that was once widely distributed in tropical South America. Centuries of overhunting and habitat loss have reduced it to widely scattered remnant populations; it is categorized as Near Threatened globally. Within the Cerrado biome, the Middle Araguaia River houses the largest remnant population. In August 2017, a study was started to assess the situation of the Orinoco Goose in the regions of Araguaia National Park, Cantão State Park, and adjacent rice fields. We conducted counts from an aerial census (a 700 km transect), monthly boat censuses (40 km) and land censuses in rice plantations. The aircraft census counted 367 individuals in August 2017, while monthly monitoring of a stretch of the lower Javaés River over more than two years showed a seasonal population variation associated with the flood regime, with the species virtually disappearing during the flood period between January and April when river beaches are submerged. During this period, large flocks of about 1,000 Orinoco Geese were discovered not far away, concentrated in small stretches of rice plantation agro-systems in the region.  This behavioral seasonal concentration makes the species susceptible to poisoning and epizootic diseases. The findings suggest the need to re-categorize the Orinoco Goose population of the Middle Araguaia River as “Threatened” for the State of Tocantins due to the decline observed in the last 10 years, the maximum estimated population size, and the significant seasonal concentrations in a restricted area. At the same time, it is necessary to develop an action plan for its conservation in the surroundings of Ilha do Bananal, and throughout Brazil, where its threat status must be reviewed.
FORAGING ECOLOGY OF PSITTACINES IN THE TAMBOPATA NATIONAL RESERVE
Authors: Matsufuji Daphne , Williams Martha , Reynel Carlos , Quinteros Karina , Martinez Paola , Brightsmith Donald J.
Published: February 2023

Between May 2004 and April 2005 we observed 15 species of psittacines foraging along transects and during fortuitous encounters in the Tambopata National Reserve. Psittacines fed on 84 plant species from 62 genera and 30 families. We report 51 plant species as new food sources for psittacines in Southeastern Peru. The greatest foraging activity took place from 6:00 h to 7:00 h. The most consumed plant part was the seed (41% of 469 foraging encounters), followed by pulp (15%), whole fruit (13%), flower (12%), aril (10%), leaves (1.5%), bark (0.6%), floral buds (0.4%) and fruit juice (0.4%). We found no preference between ripe and unripe seed consumption (48% and 47% respectively), but other fruit parts were eaten mostly ripe (more than 67%).
NESTING RECORDS OF THE TINY HAWK (ACCIPITER SUPERCILIOSUS) IN EASTERN PERU
Authors: Rivas Fuenzalida Tomás Antonio , Angulo Pratolongo Fernando
Published: February 2023

Knowledge about the breeding biology of the Tiny Hawk (Accipiter superciliosus) is scarce. Here we describe the discovery of two nests in the rainforest of eastern Peru. The first nest was detected during the incubation period (September 2018) at a height of 14 m above the ground on a branch bifurcation in a 20 m tall unidentified tree, at 525 m a. s. l. The second nest was detected during the fledging period (October 2020) and was located 16 m from the ground on the bifurcation of branches of a 20 m tall and 0.89 m DBH Flame tree (Erythrina velutina), at 1.070 m a. s. l. That nest had been built and occupied during the previous season by a pair of Plumbeous Kite (Ictinia plumbea). Both nests were located within remnants of secondary forest surrounded by currently or previously cultivated land. Observations are presented on the feeding behavior and nest defense.
¿DÓNDE DUERMEN LAS AVES? OBSERVACIONES DE AVES DESCANSANDO EN EL SOTOBOSQUE DE LAS TIERRAS BAJAS DE COSTA RICA
Authors: Thompson Michelle Elaine , Salicetti-Nelson Enrique , Donnelly Maureen A.
Published: February 2023

El uso del hábitat nocturno de las aves diurnas es poco conocido. Este estudio presenta observaciones de los sitios de descanso y comportamiento nocturnal de 18 especies de aves en el sotobosque de las tierras bajas de Costa Rica. Realizamos muestreos nocturnos en hábitats riparios y no-riparios en potreros, bosques secundarios y bosques maduros. Observamos un mayor número de aves posadas en hábitats riparios (67) que en hábitats no riparios (3). El sotobosque ripario es utilizado por un grupo diverso de especies de aves como dormidero. Nuestras observaciones resaltan la importancia de corredores riparios, especialmente en hábitats alterados por el ser humano como los potreros.
RUTA MIGRATORIA, FENOLOGÍA Y SITIOS DE PARADA DEL ZARAPITO DE PICO RECTO (LIMOSA HAEMASTICA) DURANTE SU CICLO MIGRATORIO (2016-2017) ENTRE CHILOÉ Y ALASKA
Authors: Delgado Claudio , Espinosa Luis , Pfeifer Ana , Cárdenas Jaime , Cursach Jaime
Published: February 2023

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer la ruta migratoria, tiempos y zonas de parada de Limosa haemastica, durante su ciclo migratorio (años 2016-2017) entre Chiloé y Alaska, mediante el seguimiento satelital de cinco individuos capturados en el humedal marino de Chullec (42°28’04,8’’S; 73°32’21,6’’W), Chiloé, sur de Chile. En los dos años de monitoreo, los individuos mostraron un patrón migratorio similar en cuanto a la ruta realizada, los tiempos de salida desde Chiloé (mes de abril) y llegada a sus zonas de reproducción en Alaska (mes de mayo). Las aves utilizaron la Ruta del Pacífico exclusivamente para un vuelo sin parada desde Chiloé hasta el sur de América del Norte. En adelante, las aves utilizaron la Ruta Midcontinental tanto para llegar hacia Alaska, como en su retorno hacia el hemisferio sur. Durante un ciclo migratorio completo, las aves monitoreadas destinaron una mayor proporción de su tiempo para permanecer en Chiloé (43%), seguido por la duración de su migración hacia el sur (31%). De esto último, se identificó un mayor número de sitios de parada (25) durante su ruta migratoria hacia el sur. De acuerdo con las bases de datos oficiales disponibles, una proporción importante (54,3%) de los sitios de parada identificados para L. haemastica no poseen figuras de protección para la conservación de la naturaleza. Los presentes resultados entregan un insumo de importancia para la definición de nuevas áreas naturales protegidas enfocadas a la conservación de aves playeras migratorias, a nivel continental.
THE DEGREE OF FRUGIVORY OF BIRDS AS ESTIMATED FROM GASTRIC AND FECAL SAMPLES
Authors: Gomes Arthur , Anciães Marina , Cestari César , Hashimoto Shizuka , Pizo Marco Aurélio
Published: February 2023

The degree of frugivory (DF) has long been used to characterize the relative importance of fruits to the diet of a bird and, more recently, as a functional trait related to the role of birds in seed dispersal networks. Although quantitative estimations of DF are desirable, general, categorical classifications or coarse estimations of diet composition based in qualitative information are often used. Data on stomach, fecal and regurgitation contents scattered in the literature or easily obtained in the field could be used to provide a quantitative, potentially more reliable assessment of DF. We compiled such data from the literature and our own fieldwork to obtain 12,576 samples for 985 Neotropical bird species, of which 489 species (49.6%) from 61 families had at least one fruit-containing sample. Gastric (i.e. stomach plus regurgitation) and fecal samples provided similar estimates of DF, despite potential differences in the degree of food digestion. The DF we obtained were higher than those presented in the most frequently used source of quantitative DF estimates in the literature (the Elton Traits database). We further explored with a few study cases the utility of stomach, fecal and regurgitation samples to evaluate intraspecific geographic, sexual, and ontogenetic variations in DF, topics rarely investigated so far. We argued that stomach, fecal and regurgitation sample data abundantly available in the literature or obtained from mist-netted birds may be used to produce quantitative assessments of DF likely more reliable than the estimates used so far and useful for a plethora of ecological studies.
SIBLING AGGRESSION IN A NEOTROPICAL RAPTOR, BLACK-CHESTED BUZZARD-EAGLE (GERANOAETUS MELANOLEUCUS): A FIRST REPORT FOR CHILE
Authors: Basso Enzo , Oyarzún-Ruiz Pablo , Urbina Julio
Published: February 2023

Avian siblicide is the consequence of extreme sibling aggression in the nest. However, sibling rivalry does not always lead to brood reduction. Depending on the frequency of this behavior in the population and the results of the attacks, siblicide is classified as obligate or facultative. During one breeding season we observed the nests of two different pairs of Black-Chested Buzzard-Eagle in central Chile. The brood size of nests was of 2-3 chicks; then, 5-7 days after hatching, the first sibling aggression were observed in both nests, characterized by vigorous attacks from the both older and younger chick. This behavior extended up to 20-25 days after hatching with no brood reduction. This work represents the first detailed record of sibling aggression in a diurnal raptor in Chile, providing additional evidence for considering the Black-Chested Buzzard-Eagle as a facultative siblicide.
Reading for Students in English Language Education Programs
Authors: Rohmat Hidayat Agus , Alifah Nur
Published: February 2023

Reading is one of the literacy skills needed in facing the challenges of the 21st century. Moreover, as a student, one who is an agent of change must have broad insight. The purpose of this study was to determine the reading interest of English Education study program students in the second semester of the academic year 2021/2020. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The number of research samples using random cluster sampling was 116 students. From the results of statistical calculations, it was found that the mean value on the reading material indicator was more excellent at 2.68, meaning that reading material was the factor that most influenced students' reading interest. However, the reading material that students prefer is entertainment, such as story books and books containing romantic stories. In addition, reading has not become a student hobby. This is also indicated by the time they spend reading, which is only less than one hour. So, it is suggested that lecturers can continue to motivate students to foster students’ interest in reading, one of which is with a reading assignment system, then review and make a summary of the book that has been read. Reading material is the factor that most influences students' interest in reading. The types of books commonly read by students are entertainment books such as storybooks and books containing romantic stories. The time students read books every day is less than one hour. Reading has not become a hobby for students. The intensity of student visits to the library is rare, either during breaks or every day.
The Effect of Organizational Culture and Work Environment on Employee Performance at PT. Galih Estetika Indonesia
Authors: Listiana Aina
Published: February 2023

Introduction: This study aims to determine the effect of organizational culture and work environment on employee performance at PT. Galih Indonesian Aesthetics. Method: The population of this research is the Production Employees of PT. Galih Indonesian Aesthetics. The technique used in sampling uses a saturated sample, where the total population is used as a sample of 64 respondents. Methods in data collection using multiple linear regression. Result: The results of this study indicate a positive and significant influence between organizational culture and employee performance seen from tcount>ttable, namely 4.613 > 1.99897, the work environment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance seen from tcount>ttable 4.418 > 1.99897. Conclusion: There is a significant influence between organizational culture and work environment on employee performance, as shown by the value of Fcount>Ftable, namely 45.015 > 3.17.
CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE EL ENRIQUECIMIENTO SIN CAUSA EN EL DERECHO ADMINISTRATIVO
Authors: Araújo Ferreira Paulo Rangel , Da Silva Santos Filho Itamar
Published: February 2023

El enriquecimiento sin causa puede ser conceptuado como el acrecimiento de bienes que se verifica en el patrimonio del sujeto, en detrimento de otro, sin que para ello tenga ningún fundamento legal. Así, se puede decir que su proscripción en el ordenamiento jurídico se constituye en un principio general del derecho. No obstante, hay que observar que las reglas sobre el enriquecimiento sin causa no son exclusivamente aplicables a las relaciones entre individuos, sino que se extienden a las esferas de derecho público. Este estudio se presenta en la forma de una investigación bibliográfica que busca debatir el tema del enriquecimiento injusto en el Derecho Administrativo, teniendo como aporte teórico doctrinas y jurisprudencia relativas al tema con el fin de elucidar los casos de configuración y no configuración del enriquecimiento sin causa dentro de la Administración Pública.
A ÉTICA DE DADOS COMO UMA POSSÍVEL RESPOSTA PARA ALGUNS DESAFIOS DO DIREITO INTERNACIONAL FRENTE A INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL
Authors: Bigaton Tainá Rafaela , Teixeira Marcelo Markus , Massaro Bilhalva João Vítor
Published: February 2023

O desenvolvimento tecnológico de ferramentas digitais e de Inteligência Artificial utilizadas nos mais diversos campos de atuação da humanidade, atingiram com força a sociedade em nível global. Tal fato provocou uma corrida regulamentária, além de uma enorme discussão em torno da necessidade de recorrer a ética como solução para a ausência de normatização para o tema, e até mesmo, para o desenvolvimento de uma governança global da Inteligência Artificial, uma vez que a velocidade com a qual são desenvolvidas novas tecnologias é absolutamente maior do que o alcance da regulação jurídica. O presente artigo faz uma breve análise sobre a Inteligência Artificial como uma tecnologia disruptiva, os desafios do direito internacional na regulação de um tema transnacional e a possível resposta de institutos como o Data Ethics que podem traçar o futuro surgimento de novas legislações internacionais, aliadas a códigos de conduta e códigos éticos, costurado por novos atores internacionais, que possam cobrir, se não todos, os mais diversos conflitos sobre o uso e desenvolvimento de sistemas de Inteligência Artificial. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, de caráter exploratório com enfoque metodológico construtivista social, e foram adotadas técnicas de revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental.
RACISMO E SEXISMO ALGORÍTMICOS:
Authors: Amaral Augusto Jobim do , Elesbão Ana Clara Santos
Published: February 2023

O presente trabalho assenta sua a abordagem em torno da temática privilegiada dos algoritmos, visando a enfrentar o seguinte problema: como os algoritmos criam condições de exposição desigual a situações discriminatórias assinaladas por marcadores de raça e gênero? O objetivo do trabalho é, portanto, demonstrar o modo como os algoritmos operam contemporaneamente, notadamente em termos da expressão de vieses de raça e gênero. Concebendo-se o dispositivo algorítmico como agenciador de multiplicidades numa sociedade expositiva, o estudo possui como ponto privilegiado o exame de uma das maiores e mais poderosas companhias de Internet da contemporaneidade, a saber, a Google. Buscando compreender as lógicas discriminatórias engendradas por algoritmos de classificação de informações em seu mecanismo comercial de busca, em suma, percebe-se que a lógica algorítmica produz e é produzida por formas sociais, político-econômicas e tecnológicas que articulam, desenvolvem e aprofundam novas práticas punitivas.
LEI GERAL DE PROTEÇÃO DE DADOS PESSOAIS (LGPD) E COMPLIANCE: UM PANORAMA DA ADEQUAÇÃO NORMATIVA PARA ORGANIZAÇÕES CONTEMPORÂNEAS
Authors: Lima Ricardo Alves de , Garrido Guilherme Leite
Published: February 2023

O presente trabalho busca relacionar um panorama das adequações normativas as quais as organizações estão sujeitas a partir das diretrizes firmadas pela Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais. A pesquisa é realizada a partir da apresentação dos conceitos e aplicações de políticas de compliance para o âmbito corporativo, seguido por um estudo da Lei 13.709/2018, de artigos científicos que tocam o tema e da doutrina de Direito Civil Brasileiro para fundamentação das análises de ajuste normativo para as empresas, em suas variações de porte, estrutura e características de negócio. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam a dificuldade encontrada não somente para âmbito de efetividade da lei, dada sua complexidade inerente, mas também para as entidades de direito privado, em razão de questões técnicas e administrativas concernentes à governança corporativa. Tais desafios se apresentam como um hiato na efetividade da norma sobre a realidade fática, apontando para a assessoria jurídica customizada às características do negócio como esforço de adequação normativa.
Nerūsējošā tērauda apvirpošanas procesa precizitāte atkarībā no Al2O3 nano pārklāta griezējinstrumenta nodiluma
Authors:   , Gutakovskis Viktors
Published: February 2023

Promocijas darbā izstrādāta apvirpotas virsmas raupjuma noteikšanas metode grūti apstrādājamām materiālam palielinātos apstrādes režīmos virpošanās procesā bez dzesēšanas emulsijas lietošanas, izmantojot jaunus griezējinstrumentus, kā arī ir izpētīts griešanas process, pētot skaidu veidošanos un griezējinstrumenta nodiluma rezultātu, lietojot analoģiskus instrumentus. Veikts literatūras apskats, un definēti pētījumu virzieni. Apskatītas divu nerūsējošo tēraudu struktūru grupu materiālu apvirpošanas rezultāti, izstrādāti vairāki apvirpošanas procesa matemātiskie modeļi virsmas raupjuma prognozēšanai, lietojot regresijas analīzi. Pētīta materiālu leģējošo elementu ietekme uz skaidu veidošanās procesu, izvērtēta regresijas prognozēšanas modeļu precizitāte, kā arī veikta eksperimentālā modeļa atbilstības pārbaude un apvirpošanas procesa galīgo elementu metodes modelēšana, iegūstot datus, ko nebija iespējams noskaidrot ar praktiskā eksperimenta palīdzību.
Snow damage in plantations of Austrian pine and Scots pine in the western part of the Republic of Srpska
Authors: Stanivuković Zoran , Vasiljević Ranko
Published: February 2023

The paper presents research related to the harmful effects of snowfall in Austrian pine and Scots pine plantations in the western part of the Republic of Srpska. The most common types of tree damage are snow break and snowfall. The harmful effect of snow is more present in Scots pine plantations and at lower altitudes. Also, the harmful effect of snow is reflected in the reduction of the vitality of damaged trees, which become suitable for the attack of other harmful biotic factors, primarily harmful insects and fungi.
Contribution to the knowledge of the distribution of the rare orchid Epipogium aphyllum Swartz in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Brujić Srđan
Published: February 2023

In 2020, a new site of the ghost orchid (Epipogium aphyllum Swartz) was found in the area of Mt. Jadovnik, near Drvar in the western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This mycoheterotrophic orchid belongs to one of the rarest and least known species of orchids in the world. The paper gives a brief description of the ecology of the species, a description of the habitat conditions in the site area, and an overview of the previous records for Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was found in beech and fir dominated primeval forest, in Visućka draga on Mt. Jadovnik. So far, it has been confirmed in only a few locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.