bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heavy Metal and Disinfectant Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes from Foods and Food Processing Plants
Authors: Ratani Shakir S. , Siletzky Robin M. , Dutta Vikrant , Yildirim Suleyman , Osborne Jason A. , Lin Wen , Hitchins Anthony D. , Ward Todd J. , Kathariou Sophia
Published: July 2012

The persistence of
Listeria monocytogenes
in food processing plants and other ecosystems reflects its ability to adapt to numerous stresses. In this study, we investigated 138 isolates from foods and food processing plants for resistance to the quaternary ammonium disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC) and to heavy metals (cadmium and arsenic). We also determined the prevalence of distinct cadmium resistance determinants (
cadA1
,
cadA2
, and
cadA3
) among cadmium-resistant isolates. Most BC-resistant isolates were resistant to cadmium as well. Arsenic resistance was encountered primarily in serotype 4b and was an attribute of most isolates of the serotype 4b epidemic clonal group ECIa. Prevalence of the known cadmium resistance determinants was serotype associated:
cadA1
was more common in isolates of serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b than 4b, while
cadA2
was more common in those of serotype 4b. A subset (15/77 [19%]) of the cadmium-resistant isolates lacked the known cadmium resistance determinants. Most of these isolates were of serotype 4b and were also resistant to arsenic, suggesting novel determinants that may confer resistance to both cadmium and arsenic in these serotype 4b strains. The findings may reflect previously unrecognized components of the ecological history of different serotypes and clonal groups of
L. monocytogenes
, including exposures to heavy metals and disinfectants.
Genome Sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae LZ, a Potential Platform Strain for 1,3-Propanediol Production
Authors: Tao Fei , Tai Cui , Liu Zhen , Wang Ailong , Wang Yu , Li Lixiang , Gao Chao , Ma Cuiqing , Xu Ping
Published: July 2012

Klebsiella pneumoniae
LZ is a bacterium isolated from soil which can produce 1,3-propanediol from glycerol. Here we present a 5,431,750-bp assembly of its genome sequence. We annotated 9 coding sequences (CDSs) responsible for glycerol fermentation to 1,3-propanediol, 19 CDSs encoding glycerol utilization, and 134 CDSs related to its virulence and defense.
Genome Sequence of the Filamentous Bacterium Fibrisoma limi BUZ 3
T
Authors: Filippini Manuela , Qi Weihong , Jaenicke Sebastian , Goesmann Alexander , Smits Theo H. M. , Bagheri Homayoun C.
Published: July 2012

Fibrisoma limi
strain BUZ 3
T
, a Gram-negative bacterium, was isolated from coastal mud from the North Sea (Fedderwardersiel, Germany) and characterized using a polyphasic approach in 2011. The genome consists of a chromosome of about 7.5 Mb and three plasmids.
Does preoperative steroid treatment affect the histology in giant cell (cranial) arteritis?
Authors: Bury Danielle , Joseph Jacob , Dawson Timothy P
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) has been successfully treated with steroids for many years and temporal artery biopsy (TAB) is regarded as the gold standard diagnostic test. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether steroid pretreatment abrogates histological features of GCA reducing diagnostic return, as suspected on the basis of anecdotal evidence. This impacts upon patients suspected of having GCA and the need for prompt treatment balanced with the diagnostic need for TAB.

Methods

A 6-year single-centre retrospective study of biopsies (2005–2011) was performed with interrogation of the medical notes for information regarding steroid use. The null hypothesis considered there was no association between steroid use and biopsy outcome.

Results

No significant difference was found between steroid use and biopsy outcome, with biopsies still producing positive results after weeks of steroid treatment.

Conclusions

TAB is still useful in the diagnosis of GCA, even after commencing steroid treatment.
Antitumor activity and macrophage nitric oxide producing action of medicinal herb, Crassocephalum crepidioides
Authors: Tomimori Koh , Nakama Shinji , Kimura Ryuichiro , Tamaki Kazumi , Ishikawa Chie , Mori Naoki
Published: July 2012

Background

Crassocephalum crepidioides, a plant distributed in Okinawa Islands, is known in folk medicine; however, its anticancer activity has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine thein vitroandin vivoantitumor activities ofC. crepidioideson murine Sarcoma 180 (S-180) and related molecular mechanisms.

Methods

The antitumor effect ofC. crepidioideswas evaluated in S-180-cell-bearing mice. Cell growth was assessed using a colorimetric assay. Nitrite and nitrate levels were measured by colorimetry. The expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Activation of iNOS promoter was detected by reporter gene. Activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The role of NF-κB signaling was analyzed using inhibitors of NF-κB and dominant-negative mutants, and Western blot analysis.

Results

C. crepidioidesextract delayed tumor growth in S-180-bearing mice. However, it did not inhibit S-180 cell growthin vitro. Supernatant of culturedC. crepidioides-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages was cytotoxic to S-180 cells. This cytotoxicity was associated with nitric oxide (NO) production. NF-κB signaling pathway was crucial for the transcriptional activation of iNOS gene. Isochlorogenic acid, a component ofC. crepidioides, induced NF-κB activation and iNOS expression.

Conclusions

The results highlight the oncolytic and immunopotentiation properties ofC. crepidioidesmediated through NF-κB-induced release of NO from macrophages.
Visual detection of the human metapneumovirus using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification with hydroxynaphthol blue dye
Authors: Wang Xiang , Zhang Qian , Zhang Fang , Ma Fenlian , Zheng Wenzhi , Zhao Zhihui , Bai Yinglong , Zheng Lishu
Published: July 2012

Background

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major cause of acute respiratory infections ranging from wheezing to bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children worldwide. The objective of this study is to develop a visual reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of hMPV and applied to the clinical samples.

Results

In this study, visual RT-LAMP assay for hMPV was performed in one step with the addition of hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB), and were used to detect respiratory samples. Six primers, including two outer primers (F3 and B3), two inner primers (FIP, BIP) and two loop primers (LF and LB), were designed for hMPV N gene by the online software. Moreover, the RT-LAMP assay showed good specificity and no cross-reactivity was observed with human rhinovirus (HRV), human respiratory syncytial Virus (RSV), or influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). The detection limit of the RT-LAMP assay was approximately ten viral RNA copies, lower than that of traditional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 100 RNA copies. In the 176 nasopharyngeal samples, 23 (13.1%) were conformed as hMPV positive by RT-LAMP, but 18 (10.2%) positive by RT-PCR.

Conclusion

Compared with conventional RT-PCR, the visual hMPV RT-LAMP assay performed well in the aspect of detect time, sensitivity, specificity and visibility. It is anticipated that the RT-LAMP will be used for clinical tests in hospital or field testing during outbreaks and in emergency.
Adhesion and Fusion of Two Kinds of Phospholipid Hybrid Vesicles Controlled by Surface Charges of Vesicular Membranes
Authors: Suzuki Kentaro , Aboshi Ryo , Kurihara Kensuke , Sugawara Tadashi
Published: July 2012

Vesicular adhesion and fusion of two kinds of hybrid vesicles composed of zwitterionic and anionic phospholipids were induced by a pH-change that caused a difference in vesicular surface charges. This facile vesicular fusion method can be applied to a substrate-transfer from a conveyer vesicle to a target vesicle.
CT scanning reduces the risk of missing a fracture of the thoracolumbar spine
Authors: Venkatesan M. , Fong A. , Sell P. J.
Published: July 2012

The aim of this study was first, to determine whether CT scans undertaken to identify serious injury to the viscera were of use in detecting clinically unrecognised fractures of the thoracolumbar vertebrae, and second, to identify patients at risk of ‘missed injury’.

We retrospectively analysed CT scans of the chest and abdomen performed for blunt injury to the torso in 303 patients. These proved to be positive for thoracic and intra-abdominal injuries in only 2% and 1.3% of cases, respectively. However, 51 (16.8%) showed a fracture of the thoracolumbar vertebrae and these constituted our subset for study. There were eight women and 43 men with mean age of 45.2 years (15 to 94). There were 29 (57%) stable and 22 (43%) unstable fractures. Only 17 fractures (33.3%) had been anticipated after clinical examination. Of the 22 unstable fractures, 11 (50%) were anticipated. Thus, within the whole group of 303 patients, an unstable spinal injury was missed in 11 patients (3.6%); no harm resulted as they were all protected until the spine had been cleared. A subset analysis revealed that patients with a high Injury Severity Score, a low Glasgow Coma Scale and haemodynamic instability were most likely to have a significant fracture in the absence of positive clinical findings. This is the group at greatest risk.

Clinical examination alone cannot detect significant fractures of the thoracolumbar spine. It should be combined with CT imaging to reduce the risk of missed injury.
A programming language independent framework for metrics-based software evolution and analysis
Authors: Gerlec Crt , Rakic Gordana , Budimac Zoran , Hericko Marjan
Published: July 2012

Knowledge about different aspects of software quality during software
evolution can be valuable information for developers and project managers. It
helps to reduce the number of defects and improves the internal structure of
software. However, determining software?s quality and structure in
heterogeneous systems is a difficult task. In this paper, a programming
language independent framework for evaluating software metrics and analyzing
software structure during software development and its evolution will be
presented. The framework consists of the SMIILE tool for calculation of
software metrics, extended with an analysis of software structure. The data
are stored in a central repository via enriched Concrete Syntax Tree (eCST)
for universal source code representation. The framework is demonstrated in a
case study. The development of such a framework is a step forward to
consistent support for software evolution by providing a change analysis and
quality control. The significance of this consistency is growing today, when
software projects are more complex, consisting of components developed in
diverse programming languages.
Dynamic response of sandwich shells to underwater blasts
Authors: Panciroli Riccardo , Abrate Serge
Published: July 2012

This paper presents a general approach for analysing the response of beam, plates and shells to short duration pressure pulses typically encountered as a result of underwater explosions. The problem is formulated in terms of curvilinear coordinates and the resulting equations can then be specialized for each particular geometry. Results are presented for several examples.
Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly
Authors: Gheno Ramon , Cepparo Juan M. , Rosca Cristina E. , Cotten Anne
Published: July 2012

Musculoskeletal disorders are among the most common problems affecting the elderly. The resulting loss of mobility and physical independence can be particularly devastating in this population. The aim of this article is to present some of the most frequent musculoskeletal disorders of the elderly, such as fractures, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, microcrystal disorders, infections, and tumors.
COMPATIBILITY STUDY OF NBR/PVC BLEND WITH GASOLINES AND ETHANOL FUEL
Authors: Pasa Vânya M. D. , Maciel Adriana V. , Machado José C. , Barra Guilherme O.
Published: July 2012

An NBR/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blend changed by aging (20 weeks in different fuels at room temperature) was evaluated for weight, hardness, mechanical properties, and microstructure. The exposure tests were made with premium gasoline, regular gasoline, regular gasoline doped with a rubber solvent, and an oxygenated renewable biofuel (ethanol fuel). After the aging tests, all NBR/PVC blend samples increased in both hardness and elastic modulus, whereas both elongation at break and tension at break decreased, but in different proportions. As the NBR/PVC blends aged, they became less elastomeric and more rigid. The regular gasoline doped with a rubber solvent was the most aggressive of the fuels tested because it promoted the extraction of a large quantity of the blend constituents, thus making the blend harder. In general, NBR/PVC samples immersed in the fuels showed similar mechanical behaviors, except in the case of immersion in ethanol. The values of parameters τ3 and I3 were obtained by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. The changes in the mechanical properties and the reduction of the values of parameters τ3 and I3 were related to extraction of the plasticizer, which was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis.
The Electronic Structure and the Nature of Chemical Bond of Crystalline Li12Si7. A Semiempirical Crystal Orbital (CO) Approach Based on the Self‐Consistent‐Field (SCF) Approximation in the Hartree‐Fock (HF) Scheme Applied to One‐Dimensional (1D) Subunits of the Li12Si7 Solid
Authors: Böhm Michael C. , Ramírez Rafael , Nesper Reinhard , Von Schnering Hans‐Georg
Published: July 2012

The electronic structure of crystalline Li12Si7 has been studied by means of crystal orbital (CO) calculations based on the tight‐binding formalism. The computational basis for this investigation is a semiempirical INDO model derived in the framework of the SCF HF approximation. The Li12Si7 system is divided into two substructures containing one‐dimensional infinite columns Li6Si5 and Li12Si4, respectively, which are employed as stacking units in the tight‐binding calculations. The band structure properties, density of states profiles, charge distributions and the nature of the various diatomic interactions for both substructures are discussed. In order to understand the nature of Si‐Si, Li‐Si and Li‐Li interactions we have decomposed the various diatomic potentials into elements of physical significance, i.e. covalent resonance energies, exchange parameters as well as electrostatic potentials. The one‐dimensionality of the Li6Si5 unit is partially the result of covalent Li‐Si interactions in the direction of the stacking axis. The nature and strength of the Li‐Si coupling depends strongly on the conformation of the 1D arrangement. The electronic structure (i.e. localization properties of the CO microstates) in the second fragment Li12Si4 differs drastically from the one‐electron properties encountered in the Li6Si5 system. The identity of the orbitals of the twelve Li and four Si atoms is significantly perturbed in the 1D fragments, CO microstates are predicted that contain nearly comparable admixtures from the Si and Li sites.
In‐Situ IR Study during Oscillations of the Catalytic CO Oxidation
Authors: Böcker D. , Wicke E.
Published: July 2012

From earlier investigations [1, 2] it is well known that the oscillations in reaction rate of the CO oxidation on Pt or Pd run parallel with periodic changes of the CO coverage of the metal surface. This could be confirmed by following the periodic changes of the IR absorbance of the chemisorbed CO in an infrared cell with the oscillating reaction in‐situ. ‐ Spectra taken as “snap‐shots” along the oscillating period revealed that not only the overall absorbance, but also the shape of the spectra changes. The changes indicate the formation of a densely packed CO chemisorption phase (C(4 × 2) structure with θco = 0.5) besides the “normal” CO domain structure with θco = 0.33, and its removal in the cycling reaction. The removal is accomplished, presumably, by a densely packed chemisorption phase of oxygen atoms (√3 × √3/R 30° structure), that forms under compression by the dense CO phase, and is known as particularly reactive to chemisorbed CO. ‐ The formation of this aggressive chemisorption structure of oxygen, induced by the dense chemisorption phase of CO, is one autocatalytic step in this mechanism. The second non‐linear effect is the formation of CO domains at the surface during reaction by means of a precursor mechanism of the CO adsorption. These two non‐linearities are obviously the driving forces of the oscillations.
Excess and Interaction Second Virial Coefficients for Twelve Binary Gaseous Systems Containing Carbon Tetrafluoride
Authors: Dunlop Peter J. , Biguell C. M. , Robjohns H. L.
Published: July 2012

Excess and interaction second virial coefficients have been measured in the temperature range 290–320 K for twelve binary systems containing carbon tetrafluoride. The excess virial coefficients have been used to calculate excess molar enthalpies of mixing at 300 K.
Kinetic Investigation of (a) the Collisional Quenching of Mg(33PJ) by CO2 over the Temperature Range 600–1100 K by Time‐Resolved Atomic Emission (Mg(33P1) → Mg(31S0) + hv) and (b), E—(E, V) Transfer from Mg(33PJ) to MgO by Time‐Resolved Molecular Emission (MgO, B1Σ+ ‐ A1II and B1Σ+ ‐ X1Σ+) Following Pulsed Dye‐Laser Excitation at λ = 457.1 nm (Mg(33P1) ← Mg(31S0))
Authors: Husain David , Roberts Gareth
Published: July 2012

We present a kinetic study of the collisional behaviour of Mg(33PJ) with CO2 and electronic energy transfer between Mg(33PJ) and MgO over the temperature range 600–1100 K. Mg(33P1) was generated by the pulsed dye‐laser excitation of magnesium vapour in a slow‐flow system at λ = 457.1 nm (Mg(33P1) → Mg(31S0)) and monitored by time‐resolved atomic emission at the resonance wavelength using pre‐trigger photomultiplier gating with Boxcar integration and computer interfacing. Absolute second‐order rate constants were measured for the removal of Mg(33PJ) by CO2, yielding the Arrhenius form:

k1 = (2.4 ±0.50.7)·10−10 exp (−(47.6±5.8 kJ mol−1)/RT) cm3 molecule−1s−1.

Chemiluminescence was monitored in the time‐domain for MgO, B1Σ+ ‐ A1∏ and B1Σ+ ‐ X1Σ+) for a number of vibrational levels. The molecular emission profiles were shown to be quantitatively consistent with electronic energy transfer from Mg(33PJ) to MgO, (X1Σ+ ‐ A1∏ yielding B1Σ+) yielding MgO(B1Σ+) by correlation of the atomic and molecular emission profiles. These measurements thus demonstrate the use of the B—A and B—X band systems of MgO in the time‐domain as spectroscopic markers for the kinetic behaviour of Mg(33P1), an aspect of the observations considered in detail. Vibrational temperatures were also measured for MgO(B1Σ+) using emission from vibrational levels ν′ = 0 to 4, demonstrating significant vibrational excitation on electronic energy exchange between Mg(33P1) and MgO(X1Σ+).
Frenkel Excitonic Insulator Transitions in Expanded Metals
Authors: Logan David E. , Edwards Peter P.
Published: July 2012

We present a discussion of the dipolar excitonic insulator transition believed to occur in certain expanded fluid metals, notably Hg. A mean field theory is developed which, employing ideas from continuum dielectric theory, leads to the construction of a free energy function representing the change in free energy of the system consequent upon producing a dipolar atom, and relative to the normal non‐polar insulating ground state. Analysis of this function predicts the existence of, and leads to a simple criterion for, the excitonic insulator instability. The transition to a dipolar atomic state is predicted to occur at a density where the optical absorption edge is at a finite energy. Particular attention is given to expanded fluid Hg, although fluid Li is also discussed and is concluded to be a viable candidate for an excitonic insulator transition. Consideration is also given as to whether the excitonic state of Hg is paraelectric or ferroelectric in nature.
Thin‐Film Reactions
Authors: Carter C. B. , Simpson Y. Kouh
Published: July 2012

A new method for studying the formation of nickel‐aluminate spinel during the reaction between nickel oxide and alumina has been developed in which a thin‐film substrate of alumina is exposed to nickel oxide at elevated temperatures. Single crystal or twinned particles of spinel then grow in either near‐ or exact‐topotactic alignment along the edges of the thin‐film substrate. The spinel also grows on and into the surface of the substrate, but the deviation from exact topotaxy then tends to be larger. The expected topotactic relationship between the spinel and the alumina substrate is such that the (0001) plane of the alumina is parallel or near parallel to the {111} planes of the spinel with 〈1100〉 parallel to 〈110〉. However, a second common orientation relationship is also found where a {1120} plane of the alumina is parallel or nearly parallel to a {111} plane of the spinel; 〈1100〉 is again parallel to 〈110〉. First‐order twin boundaries in the spinel particles which have grown on the edge of the thin alumina substrate are found to be common just as they are in bulk‐reacted samples. A change in the orientation of the spinel with respect to the alumina substrate as a result of reannealing has been directly observed. The morphology of the various types of spinel particles is discussed briefly.
The Microscopic Description of Mutual Diffusion and Closely Related Transport Processes in Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Weingärtner H. , Bertagnolli H.
Published: July 2012

Velocity cross‐correlation functions are discussed and their use in the analysis of inelastic neutron scattering experiments in fluid mixtures is described including both the coherent and incoherent spectra. The formal results given here permit a microscopical description of mutual diffusion and closely related transport processes. In the hydrodynamic limit the velocity cross‐correlation coefficients introduced by Hertz are related to the ω → 0, x → 0 limits of the distinct partial dynamic structure factors in the same way, as the self diffusion coefficients are related to the self partial dynamic structure factors. Some possible applications of neutron scattering experiments to study collective motions in liquid mixtures are discussed.
Röntgenstrukturuntersuchung des flüssigen Silicium‐, Germanium‐ und Zinntetrachlorids. Ein Beitrag zur Frage einer gemeinsamen Flüssigkeitsstruktur I. Streuexperimente an den reinen Komponenten und ihren binären Mischungen
Authors: Jöllenbeck K. M. , Weidner J. U.
Published: July 2012

X‐ray diffraction experiments have been performed for liquid tetrachlorides SiCl4, GeCl4, SnCl4 and special binary mixtures including isoelectronic species. They were analysed to yield experimental evidence regarding the question of a common liquid structure that is essential for separating partial structure factors by isomorphic substitution.—The scattering intensity obtained at 20°C using CuKα and AgKα radiation was corrected for background, absorption, polarisation, multiple scattering, Compton scattering, and for the wavelength distribution of the incident beam. The intramolecular contribution calculated from best fit molecular parameters was separated from the coherent differential cross section. The molecular model parameters compare excellently with those of the literature.—Based on the comparison of the properties of the intermolecular scattering functions, the experimental results point to a common type of short range order but establish that the structure factors are affected by the different intramolecular bond lengths.
Photophysical processes exploited in digital imaging microscopy: Fluorescence resonance energy transfer and delayed luminescence
Authors: Jovin T. M. , Marriott G. , Clegg R. M. , Arndt‐Jovin D. J.
Published: July 2012

The spectroscopic techniques of fluorescence resonance energy transfer and of time‐resolved delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence have been introduced into a microscope equipped with a solid‐state CCD camera and phase‐locked excitation and emission choppers. The distribution and replication of DNA in cells has been quantitated by these methods, as well as by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Sites of replication in living cells can be uniquely identified by delayed luminescence.
Photoinduced ESR Signals in Orthorhombic cyclo‐Octasulfur (α‐S8) and in Quenched Liquid Sulfur at Low Temperatures [1]
Authors: Steudel Ralf , Albertsen Jörg , Zink Klemens
Published: July 2012

Orthorhombic α‐S8 and quenched liquid sulfur have been irradiated by mercury or xenon high‐pressure lamps at temperatures of 2 – 70 K and the radicals produced detected by ESR spectroscopy. Depending on the sample, sample temperature, radiation wavelength, and microwave power three sulfur radicals (α, β, β') are produced in differing relative concentrations. They are characterized by g‐values as follows: α (isotropic signal, g = 2.025), β (g1 = 2.041, g2 = 2.025, g3 = 2.003), β' (g1 = 2.052, g2 and g3 overlapping with radical β). The thermal stability of these open‐chain type radicals (S**n) increases in the order α < β < β' and the latter two have been observed even at 300 K. Using literature data for the electronic absorption spectra of irradiated sulfur samples the likely assignment of these spectra is discussed in the light of the present results.
High‐performance work system implementation in small and medium enterprises: A knowledge‐creation perspective
Authors: Klaas Brian S. , Semadeni Matthew , Klimchak Malayka , Ward Anna‐Katherine
Published: July 2012

While it is well established that high‐performance work systems (HPWSs) affect firm‐level outcomes within large, complex organizations, less is known about how they create benefits for firms within the small‐business sector. Using a knowledge‐creation perspective, this study examines the impact of HPWSs in small and medium enterprises and examines whether the impact observed depends on the small‐business leader's capacity to obtain additional HR knowledge from an external expert, as well as the leader's HR background and knowledge. Archival and survey data were obtained from 294 small‐business organizations, with survey responses obtained from both the small‐business leader and an HR consultant assigned to the small business. Findings suggest that leader perceptions of HR effectiveness are positively related to the use of HPWSs and that this relationship is moderated both by the communication patterns between the small‐business leader and the HR consultant assigned to the firm and the small‐business leader's HR knowledge. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioural changes add validity to the construct of posttraumatic growth
Authors: Shakespeare‐Finch Jane , Barrington Allysa J.
Published: July 2012

This study aimed to identify positive behavioural changes that people may make as a result of negotiating the aftermath of a traumatic experience, thereby extending the current cognitive model of posttraumatic growth (PTG). It was hypothesised that significant others would corroborate survivors' cognitive and behavioural reports of PTG. The sample comprised 176 participants: 88 trauma survivors and 88 significant others. University students accounted for 64%; 36% were from the broader community. Approximately one third were men. All participants completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and open‐ended questions regarding behavioural changes. The PTGI scores of the survivors were corroborated by their significant others with only the Appreciation of Life factor of the PTGI differing between the 2 groups (e.g., total PTGI scores between groups explained 33% of variance). Nearly all of the survivors also reported positive changes in their behaviour; these changes were also corroborated by the significant others. Results provide validation of the PTG construct and the PTGI as an instrument of measurement. Findings may also influence therapeutic practice by pointing to the potential usefulness of corroborating others in the recovery and growth process.
Identification of proteins associated with malting quality in a subset of wild barley introgression lines
Authors: March Timothy J. , Richter Daniela , Colby Thomas , Harzen Anne , Schmidt Jürgen , Pillen Klaus
Published: July 2012

Malted barley is an important ingredient used in the brewing and distilling industry worldwide. In this study, we used a proteomics approach to investigate the biochemical function of previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on barley chromosomes 1H and 4H that influence malting quality. Using a subset of barley introgression lines containing wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) alleles at these QTLs, we validated that wild barley alleles at the chromosome 1H QTL reduced overall malting quality, whereas wild barley alleles at the chromosome 4H QTL improved the malting quality parameters α‐amylase activity, VZ45, and Kolbach index compared to the control genotype Scarlett. 2DE was used to detect changes in protein expression during the first 72 h of micromalting associated with these QTLs. In total, 16 protein spots showed a significant change in expression between the introgression lines and Scarlett, of which 14 were successfully identified with MS. Notably, the wild barley alleles in the line containing the chromosome 4H QTL showed a sixfold increased expression of a limit dextrinase inhibitor. The possible role of the identified proteins in malting quality is discussed. The knowledge gained will assist ongoing research toward cloning the genes underlying these important QTL.
Prevalence and knowledge of sexual transmitted infections, drug abuse, and AIDS among male inmates in a Taiwan prison
Authors: Feng Ming‐Chu , Feng Jui‐Ying , Chen Yen‐Hsu , Chang Pi‐Yen , Lu Po‐Liang
Published: July 2012

This cross‐sectional, descriptive, correlational study performed a structured questionnaire survey of a Taiwan population of male prison inmates to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), intravenous drug users (IDUs), and drug abuse and to assess their knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The objective was to obtain data needed to control the spread of HIV. Out of 1000 questionnaires distributed, 908 valid questionnaires were returned. Inmates were classified into three groups: IDUs with HIV (13.5%), IDUs without HIV (49.3%), and non‐IDUs without HIV (37.2%). A total of 115 (12.7%) inmates had contracted STIs other than HIV. Compared with inmates without HIV, those with HIV were more likely to have a junior high school education level or lower and a history of the following: employment as a blue‐collar laborer, STI, unprotected sexual activity, and needle sharing during intravenous drug use. The longer they have used intravenous drugs, the higher the probability that they shared needles, and the more likely they contracted with HIV. Taiwanese male inmates had a low level of knowledge about safe sex and HIV transmission routes, except for sharing needles. The three groups did not significantly differ in HIV‐related knowledge. Given the high percentage of IDU and HIV infection in male prison inmates in Taiwan, interventions are needed to educate this population in the increased risk of contracting HIV/AIDS associated with unsafe sex and needle sharing during illicit drug use. Such interventions are crucial for limiting the spread of HIV as this population reintegrates with the community.
THE IRONIES OF POP: LOCAL MUSIC PRODUCTION AND CITIZENSHIP IN A SMALL NAMIBIAN TOWN
Authors: van Wolputte Steven , Bleckmann Laura E.
Published: July 2012

This case study probes the close link between locality and musical production. The setting is Opuwo, a small city in northern Namibia, notorious for its many bars. Here the music of a local band, Bullet ya Kaoko, provides the soundtrack to the quest for belonging and identity that takes place in the marginal space constituted by these bars and pubs. Bullet ya Kaoko performances are characterized by the simultaneous articulation of paradoxical images and different models of identification: they use keyboards and synthesizers to rework an old genre (omitandu, praise songs), fuse Kwaito moves with the elders' warrior dance, and weave Herero polyphony into a jive-like beat and structure. Lyrics, music and dance address the challenges of (post-)modern life and give voice to uncertainty and fragmentation. At the same time, they embed people in kinship and place, evoking a strong yet encrypted sense of belonging. The music of Bullet ya Kaoko is ironizing: it questions, but does not answer. It challenges both the old and the new, but refrains from solving the tensions created by their juxtaposition.
History as Reflected in Capital Markets: The Case of World War II
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Kucher Marcel
Published: July 2012

Historical events are reflected in asset prices. We analyze movements in the price of bonds issued by five European governments and traded on the Swiss bourse between 1928 and 1948, with special attention to the war years. Some war events that are generally considered crucial are clearly reflected in government bond prices. This holds, in particular, for the official outbreak of the war and changes in national sovereignty. But other events to which historians attach great importance arenotreflected in bond prices, most prominently Germany's capitulation in 1945.
When the Tide Turned: Immigration and the Delay of the Great Black Migration
Authors: Collins Wiiliam J.
Published: July 2012

This article uses state and city level data to evaluate empirically Brinley Thomas's immigrant-as-deterrent view of the relationship between black emigration from the South and European immigration to the North. The article suggests a Todaro-like interpretation of the Great Migration, which emphasizes the importance of job availability to blacks in determining their expected wages. The combination of mass European immigration and hiring practices that favored white immigrants over blacks may have delayed the Great Migration by decades. The empirical work supports this view.
Rent Control and Virtual Prices: A Case Study for Interwar Belgium
Authors: Bettendorf Leon , Buyst Erik
Published: July 2012

After World War I rent control became a cornerstone of housing policy in many European countries, resulting in quantity constraints on the demand for housing. The theory on complete demand systems provides a framework for analyzing the effects of these policies on consumption. As a test case, a demand model is estimated to calculate virtual rent prices for interwar Belgium. The results are well in line with historical evidence, providing insight into the extent of rationing Simulations with the demand model show that the severe rent restrictions especially favored expenditures on food.
Selective Memory: Augustine and Contemporary Just War Discourse
Authors: Lee Peter
Published: July 2012

Recent moral justifications of military intervention in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq have drawn upon just war concepts set out by Augustine of Hippo in the early fifth century. Augustine, writing as the political hegemony of the Roman Empire was ebbing away, provides a valuable touchstone for anyone engaged in analysing the complex interplay of power, war, morality and religious faith. Like most of the problems Augustine addressed in his writings, his attitude to just war was rooted in a potent mix of imperial politics, concern for individual souls and establishing and defending church orthodoxy. Though his personal telos was to be found in the Heavenly City, Augustine did not try to avoid the difficulties of dealing with the contradictions involved in the Christian's encounter with the decidedly ungodly Earthly City. Though he never ruled out the need for political power to be wielded through the medium of martial force, Augustine would only accede to such action with great reluctance. This article investigates aspects of the use and misuse of Augustine and his ideas in both the political and academic arenas in the justification of recent military interventions. Analysis of statements made by the British Prime Minister Tony Blair and the book Just War Against Terror by American political theorist Jean Bethke Elshtain will show how Augustinian concepts have been used selectively to serve broader political agendas. Blair and Elshtain have been chosen for this study because they were both, in their respective fields, influential figures who advocated the 2003 invasion of Iraq; they are both declared Christians; Elshtain has explicitly associated herself with Blair's approach; and they both rejected any notion of religious crusade in the aforementioned interventions. By considering casus belli which included self-defence, opposing evil and liberating the oppressed, this article will demonstrate that the selective use of Augustine would eventually weaken the very case it was meant to strengthen. In the process, commonalities and discontinuities between Augustine's ideas in their original context and their application in the present will be highlighted. The article concludes that, in the process of using Augustinian concepts to justify recent military action, his renowned reticence regarding the use of force was undermined.
Is Tom Right?: An Extended Review of N. T. Wright'sJustification: God's Plan and Paul's Vision
Authors: Campbell Douglas A.
Published: July 2012

In this extended review I first describe Wright's complex account of the doctrine of justification in Paul, which combines emphases on the covenant, the lawcourt, Christ and eschatology and includes, further, important translation claims concerning ‘the righteousness of God’ as God's covenant faithfulness, ‘justification’ as vindication in a lawcourt setting, ‘works of law’ as sociological boundary markers, and ‘faith’ as speaking not infrequently of Christ's fidelity rather than the generic Christian's (although these last two things are not separate; the former grounds the latter making it a badge of Christian membership). I then suggest, second, that Wright needs to recognise more clearly a particular danger in the traditional approach to justification that he is trying to move beyond – ‘foundationalist individualism’, or ‘forward thinking’. That is, the traditional reading of justification in Paul understands him to be arguing and thinking forward, from a nasty, legalistic, and essentially Jewish, plight, to a solution which is a gospel generously grasped by faith alone. This narrative, rooted in a certain reading of Romans 1–4, creates a large number of difficulties. (It begins with natural theology. It characterises Judaism unfairly. It asks a lot of sinful individuals unenlightened by grace. And so on.) And I am not convinced that Wright's complex revisionist account of justification has avoided them all. In particular, (1) he continues to emphasise a particular notion of the lawcourt in Paul's argument and thereby unleashes an account of God's character primarily in terms of retributive justice and hence in terms of Western politics. (2) He tends to define the covenant before he has taken full account of christology. The covenant should be defined by christology, rather than the other way around. One sign that things have not been tied together here as they ought to be is the number of different definitions of Israel that Wright supplies – as many as four. Moreover (3) even his revisionist sociological account of ‘works of law’ reproduces a key difficulty in the older approach, i.e. a jaundiced description of Judaism. And (4) his account of faith in Abraham does not explicitly link Paul's controversial reification of Genesis 15:6 to a christological hermeneutic, as it needs to in order to avoid crass reductionism. But Wright's definitive account of Paul is not yet fully articulated, so suitable adjustments might well allay my concerns here, with various aspects of foundationalism presently appearing within his theological description.
On the asymptotics of the Hopf characteristic function
Authors: Guralnik Zachary , Pehlevan Cengiz , Guralnik Gerald
Published: July 2012

We study the asymptotic behavior of the Hopf characteristic function of fractals and chaotic dynamical systems in the limit of large argument. The small argument behavior is determined by the moments, since the characteristic function is defined as their generating function. Less well known is that the large argument behavior is related to the fractal dimension. While this relation has been discussed in the literature, there has been very little in the way of explicit calculation. We attempt to fill this gap, with explicit calculations for the generalized Cantor set and the Lorenz attractor. In the case of the generalized Cantor set, we define a parameter characterizing the asymptotics which we show corresponds exactly to the known fractal dimension. The Hopf characteristic function of the Lorenz attractor is computed numerically, obtaining results which are consistent with Hausdorff or correlation dimension, albeit too crude to distinguish between them.
The Ka-band 10-kW continuous wave gyrotron with wide-band fast frequency sweep
Authors: Glyavin M. , Luchinin A. , Morozkin M.
Published: July 2012

The dual-frequency gyrotron with fast 2% frequency sweep at about 28 GHz is designed to power an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS). Operation with an output power of up to 10 kW in CW mode and efficiency of 20% was demonstrated at both frequencies. Frequency manipulation has a characteristic time of about 1 ms and is based on magnetic field variation with an additional low-power coil. Fast frequency sweep will supposedly increase the ion current and the average ion charge of ECRIS. The possibility of 100% power modulation is demonstrated using the same control method.
A novel method for effective sodium ion implantation into silicon
Authors: Lu Qiu Yuan , Chu Paul K.
Published: July 2012

Although sodium ion implantation is useful to the surface modification of biomaterials and nano-electronic materials, it is a challenging to conduct effective sodium implantation by traditional implantation methods due to its high chemical reactivity. In this paper, we present a novel method by coupling a Na dispenser with plasma immersion ion implantation and radio frequency discharge. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling reveals that sodium is effectively implanted into a silicon wafer using this apparatus. The Na 1s XPS spectra disclose Na2O–SiO2 bonds and the implantation effects are confirmed by tapping mode atomic force microscopy. Our setup provides a feasible way to conduct sodium ion implantation effectively.
Defining Economic Injury Levels for Sea Lamprey Control in the Great Lakes Basin
Authors: Irwin Brian J. , Liu Weihai , Bence James R. , Jones Michael L.
Published: July 2012

We estimated economic injury levels (EILs) and associated optimal control budgets for sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus for each of the Great Lakes using common assumptions and consistent methods. The lake-specific EILs are defined as equilibrium sea lamprey abundances below which incremental increases in control expenditures do not pay for themselves in terms of benefits (in the form of increased harvest of desired host species). We assume that sea lamprey control efforts result in an increase in the availability of adult hosts for fishery harvest, which provides economic value to society. We used a stochastic population model to simulate the sea lamprey life cycle as well as management actions (e.g., treatment of streams with lampricide) over a range of potential control budgets. Prior to running simulations, the model was calibrated for each Great Lake so that resulting forecasts were consistent with recent observed adult (spawning-phase) sea lamprey abundance levels given recent control budgets. Our calculated EILs suggest that sea lamprey abundances lower than those currently observed or those specified by interim damage targets are justifiable and may be obtainable with increases in control budgets (roughly 25% to 55% per lake). This conclusion is robust to a range of plausible assumptions about the economic benefits attributable to host fish.

Received January 21, 2011; accepted April 9, 2012
Time‐variant modelling of heart rate responses to exercise intensity during road cycling
Authors: Lefever Joris , Berckmans Daniel , Aerts Jean‐Marie
Published: July 2012

The aim of this study was to determine if heart rate responses to training intensity during road cycling could be modelled with compact time‐variant mathematical model structures. The model performance was evaluated in terms of model order (complexity), number of inputs and parameter estimation methods used (time‐invariant vs. time‐variant). Thirteen male cyclists performed two identical cycling tests of 27 km on the road. Uphill sections were introduced to induce dynamic variations in heart rate. The heart rate and training intensity, represented by power output and road inclination, were measured in real‐time. Taking only power as system input allowed to explain the variations in heart rate in an accurate way , since adding the road inclination as an additional input did not significantly improve the modelling performance . Furthermore, we demonstrated that models with first‐order dynamics accurately describes the heart rate responses to power variations , but that more complex second‐order model structures were significantly better than the first‐order model structures (P=0.028). Finally, the heart rate dynamics appeared to be time‐variant, since the time‐variant model structures were significantly better than the time‐invariant model structures . So, compact time‐variant second‐order model structures could be used to model the heart rate response to training intensity as a basis for training optimisation.
On the use of omnidirectional sonars and downwards-looking echosounders to assess pelagic fish distributions during and after midwater trawling
Authors: Stockwell Jason D. , Weber Thomas C. , Baukus Adam J. , Jech J. Michael
Published: July 2012

Stockwell, J. D., Weber, T. C., Baukus, A. J., and Jech, J. M. 2013. On the use of omnidirectional sonars and downwards-looking echosounders to assess pelagic fish distributions during and after midwater trawling. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70:196–203.

Small pelagic fish can play an important role in the structure and function of ecosystems, and there is increasing interest in their non-market value. At the scale of fish aggregations, however, the impact of fishing has received relatively little attention, with most effort devoted to impacts of vessel and gear avoidance on stock size estimates. We used concurrent deployment of a downwards-looking echosounder (Simrad ES60 system) and an omnidirectional sonar (Simrad SP90 system) during commercial pairtrawling operations for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the Gulf of Maine to examine their potential for studying the impacts of fishing on herring aggregations. We compared a number of aggregation metrics to illustrate similarities and differences between the two systems, and then qualitatively examined their properties during and after pairtrawling events to illustrate potential applications. Our results suggest that using both downwards-looking and omnidirectional systems provides complementary information on fish aggregation metrics. Future applications of these systems in before–after–control-impact (BACI) designs may help inform management agencies when evaluating potential impacts of fishing at the time and space scales of pelagic fish aggregations.
Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P. , Illingworth Robin N. , Graham Colin A. , Hogg Kerstin , Robertson Colin , Clancy Michael
Published: July 2012

This resource provides practical, accessible guidelines on a huge range of situations that present to the emergency department. Deliberately precise and prescriptive, it gives up-to-date step-by-step advice on presentation, investigation, diagnosis, emergency treatment and further referral for adult and paediatric patients.