bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Precipitation Behavior of SiC/7075Al Composite Material Controlled by Pulse Current‐Assisted Treatment
Authors: Wang Xian , Zhao Wei , Yan Jie , Wang Wenxian
Published: January 2025

In order to further improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of as‐rolled SiC/7075Al composites, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites are modified by pulse current‐assisted treatment (PCAT). The results show that the pulse current acts on the interior of the material in a unique way, reducing the nucleation barrier of the precipitated phase. Two nano‐scale precipitated phases of MgZn2 (η′) and Mg2Si (β′) are formed inside the composite. The fine precipitates play a significant role in the strengthening of dislocation and dispersion of the material, which makes the material obtain excellent strength and plasticity. The mechanical properties analysis reveals that the yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation of the samples subjected to PCAT are 223.6, 434.5 MPa, and 20.6%, respectively. Compared to the as‐rolled samples, the YS exhibits an enhancement of 4.7%, the UTS increases significantly by 25.6%, and the elongation improves remarkably by 108%. PCAT enhances the strength and plasticity of SiC/7075Al composites, breaking the competition between strength and plasticity.
High‐Temperature Tensile Property of High‐W‐Content (Nb,W) Co‐Alloying TiAl‐Based Alloys under Different Tensile Rates
Authors: Gao Junchong , Dong Shulin , Qu Yingdong , Chen Ruirun , Liu Shibing , Li Guanglong , Zhang Wei , Sulaiman Abudurousuli
Published: January 2025

To investigate whether high‐W‐content (Nb,W) co‐alloying TiAl‐based alloys have better high‐temperature tensile property at different tensile rates, the Ti‐44Al‐4Nb‐1W‐0.1B alloy (high W) is designed and prepared. Meanwhile, the Ti‐44Al‐7.2Nb‐0.2W‐0.1B alloy (low W) and the Ti‐44Al‐8Nb‐0.1B alloy (pure Nb) are also prepared for comparative analysis. The tensile property is tested at 800 °C. The microstructure evolution and fracture surface are studied. Finally, the two (Nb,W) co‐alloying alloys exhibit higher ultimate tensile strength than the pure Nb alloying alloy at different tensile rates. The Ti‐44Al‐4Nb‐1W‐0.1B alloy shows higher ultimate tensile strength than the Ti‐44Al‐7.2Nb‐0.2W‐0.1B alloy at low tensile rate, but demonstrates lower ultimate tensile strength at high tensile rate. As W content increases, the alloy's grain size decreases, enhancing the fine‐grain effect. Combined Nb and W elements also contribute to solid solution strengthening, while the B2 phase improves stress coordination. These factors lead to better dislocation strengthening, so that the ultimate tensile strength of the two (Nb,W) co‐alloying alloys is higher than that of the pure Nb alloying alloy. Under different tensile rates, the three alloys exhibit a combination of trans‐lamella fracture and trans‐granular cleavage fracture modes.
2D Black Ferroelectric Perovskite Nanocatalysts Enable Defect Modulation‐Augmented Piezocatalytic Glioma Therapy
Authors: Li Huan , Ma Chao , Wang Linqi , Li Tong , Li Peng , Hu Yu , Dai Xinyue , Wu Dejun , Chang Meiqi , Chen Yu , Xu Tao
Published: January 2025

Enhancing the efficacy of glioma treatment poses a significant challenge. Ferroelectric nanomaterials, renowned for their remarkable piezoelectric properties, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to external stimuli or specific environmental conditions. This characteristic positions them as promising platforms for highly effective cancer therapies. In this study, two‐dimensional (2D) black Bi4Ti3O12 ferroelectric perovskite nanocatalysts with engineered oxygen vacancies are designed as potent sources of ROS for efficient glioma therapy. The band bending due to ferroelectric polarization and the narrowed bandgap induced by engineered oxygen vacancy defects effectively enhance carrier separation, suppress recombination rates, and markedly increase ROS production. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways contribute to the favorable anti‐tumor effects. In vitro cellular‐level assessments and in vivo antineoplastic evaluations unequivocally demonstrate the enhanced cytotoxicity and effective tumor suppression enabled by this piezo‐catalytic treatment strategy. This research underscores the role of defect engineering in optimizing the effectiveness of ferroelectric semiconductors for catalytically inducing apoptosis in glioma cells.
Giant Memory Function Based on the Magnetic Field History of Resistive Switching Under a Constant Bias Voltage
Authors: Kaneda Masaya , Tsuruoka Shun , Shinya Hikari , Fukushima Tetsuya , Endo Tatsuro , Tadano Yuriko , Takeda Takahito , Masago Akira , Tanaka Masaaki , Katayama‐Yoshida Hiroshi , Ohya Shinobu
Published: January 2025

Memristors, which are characterized by their unique input‐voltage‐history‐dependent resistance, have garnered significant attention for the exploration of next‐generation in‐memory computing, reconfigurable logic circuits, and neural networks. Memristors are controlled by the applied input voltage; however, the latent potential of their magnetic field sensitivity for spintronics applications has rarely been explored. In particular, valuable functionalities are expected to be yielded by combining their history dependence and magnetic field response. Here, for the first time, a giant memory function based on the magnetic field history of memristive switching is revealed with an extremely large magnetoresistance ratio of up to 32,900% under a constant bias voltage, using a two‐terminal Ge‐channel device with Fe/MgO electrodes. This behavior is attributed to colossal magnetoresistive switching induced by the d0 ferromagnetism of Mg vacancies in the MgO layers and impact ionization breakdown in the Ge substrate. These findings may lead to the development of highly sensitive multi‐field sensors, high‐performance magnetic memory, and advanced neuromorphic devices.
Emerging Violet Phosphorus Nanomaterial for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Mei Yijun , Cao Yuanyuan , Wang Wei
Published: January 2025

Violet phosphorus (VP) is a phosphorus allotrope first discovered by Hittorf in 1865, which has aroused more attention in the biomedical field in recent years attributed to its gradually discovered unique properties. VP can be further categorized into bulk VP, VP nanosheets (VPNs), and VP quantum dots (VPQDs), and chemical vapor transport (CVT), liquid‐phase/mechanical/laser exfoliation, and solvothermal synthesis are the common preparation approaches of bulk VP, VPNs, and VPQDs, respectively. Compared with another phosphorus allotrope (black phosphorus, BP) that is once highly regarded in biomedical applications, VP nanomaterial (namely VPNs and VPQDs) not only exhibits tunable bandgap, moderate on/off current ratio, and good biodegradability, but shows enhanced stability and biosafety as well, allowing it to be a promising candidate for a variety of biomedical applications like antibacterial therapy, anticancer therapy, and biosensing and disease diagnosis. In this review, the classification and the relevant synthesis routes of VP are initially summarized, and the unique properties of VP nanomaterial momentous to its biomedical applications are subsequently expounded. The latest research advances of this emerging nanomaterial in the biomedical field are then introduced in detail, and both the existing challenges and future prospects are also discussed.
A Smart mRNA‐Initiated Theranostic Multi‐shRNA Nanofactory for Precise and Efficient Cancer Gene Therapy
Authors: Shi Ming , He Yifang , Zhong Xiaohong , Huang Huakui , Hua Jing , Wang Shulong , Xu Jiayao , Zhao Shulin , Liang Hong , Huang Yong
Published: January 2025

Despite the significant potential of short hairpin RNA (shRNA)‐mediated gene therapy for various diseases, the clinical success of cancer treatment remains poor, partly because of low selectivity and low efficiency. In this study, an mRNA‐initiated autonomous multi‐shRNA nanofactory (RNF@CM) is designed for in vivo amplification imaging and precise cancer treatment. The RNF@CM consists of a gold nanoparticle core, an interlayer of two types of three‐stranded DNA/RNA hybrid probes, one of which is bound to aptamer‐inhibited DNA polymerases, and an outer layer of the cancer cell membrane. After the specific delivery of RNF@CM into target cancer cells, an intracellular tumour‐related mRNA target can initiate the RNF@CM with a circular strand‐displacement polymerisation reaction, resulting in the release of significantly amplified fluorescence and continuous production of three types of shRNAs. The RNF@CM effectively distinguished cancer cells from normal cells, exclusively produced multiple shRNAs in response to a specific mRNA target in cancer cells, accurately diagnosed tumours in vivo, and significantly inhibited tumour growth with negligible toxicity, expanding the toolbox for on‐demand gene delivery and precision theranostics.
PO43− Tetrahedron Assisted Chelate Engineering for 10.67%‐Efficient Antimony Selenosulfide Solar Cells
Authors: Ren Donglou , Fu Boyang , Xiong Jun , Wang Yi , Zhu Bin , Chen Shuo , Li Zhiqiang , Ma Hongli , Zhang Xianghua , Pan Daocheng , Zou Bingsuo , Liang Guangxing
Published: January 2025

Anisotropic carrier transport and deep‐level defect of antimony selenosulfide (Sb2(S,Se)3) absorber are two vital auses restraining the photovoltaic performance of this emerging thin‐film solar cell. Herein, chelate engineering is proposed to prepare high‐quality Sb2(S,Se)3 film based on hydrothermal deposition approach, which realizes desirable carrier transport and passivated defects by using tetrahedral PO43− ion in dibasic sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4, DSP). The PO43− Lewis structure, on one hand in the form of [(SbO)3(PO4)] chelate, can adsorb on the polar planes of cadmium sulfide (CdS) layer, promoting the heterogeneous nucleation, and on the other hand, the tetrahedral PO43− inhibits horizontal growth of (Sb4S(e)6)n ribbons due to size effects, thus achieving desirable [hk1] orientation. Moreover, the introduction PO43− effectively passivates the antisite defect SbS1. These synergistic effects have effectively improved carrier transport and reduced non‐radiative recombination of the Sb2(S,Se)3 absorber. Consequently, the DSP‐modified Sb2(S,Se)3 device efficiency increases from 8.59% to 10.67%.
Strong Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence Promoted by Using Chiral Co‐Assembled Liquid Crystal Polymers
Authors: Li Hang , Li Dong , Fu Chunya , Chen Yihan , Cheng Yixiang
Published: January 2025

Achieving high circularly polarized electroluminescence (CP‐EL) performance in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) remains a significant challenge. In this study, chiral nematic liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) are co‐assembled as chiral fluorescent materials by doping 1 wt% chiral binaphthyl‐based R/S‐D inducers into a LCP (P‐PyP), displaying blue circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signals (|glum| = 0.025, λem = 470 nm, ΦFL = 37%) after thermal annealing at 140 °C. Notably, the resulting chiral LCP films can serve as the emitting layer (EML) in non‐doped OLEDs, and exhibit good CP‐EL emissions (gEL = −0.019/+0.015, λEL = 484 nm). This work demonstrates a pathway for the high CP‐EL performance materials through the chiral co‐assembly of LCPs.
Genotyping as Part of Routine Clinical Care—The Outcomes for a Large Paediatric Vascular Anomaly Cohort
Authors: O'Sullivan Sinead , Shilova Maria , Webb Angharad , Francis Glenn , Robertson Jeremy , Gupta Romi Das , Kimble Roy , Richmond Christopher M.
Published: January 2025

We describe the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of patients with vascular anomaly (VA) in a paediatric multi‐disciplinary VA clinic. We measured the clinical utility of genotyping by comparing pre and posttest diagnosis and management. A 46‐month retrospective analysis occurred for 250 patients offered genetic testing in the VA clinic. DNA was extracted from biopsied vascular lesions. The coding regions of 27 genes were amplified by multiplex PCR and sequenced with mean coverage depth ranging from 3005× to 66,320×, achieving >95% amplification with at least 500 reads. The limit of detection was approximately 1%. Germline confirmatory testing was arranged where phenotype and variant allele frequency (AF) were compatible with a heritable VA. A molecular diagnosis was identified for 191 of 250 (76%). A somatic cause for VA was confirmed for 70% and a germline cause for 6%. Genetic testing supported the clinical diagnosis for 55% of our patient group and revised the clinical diagnosis for 21%. For patients with a revised clinical diagnosis, a management change occurred for 62%. 33% of patients offered genetic testing for VA had a management change. 24% were referred for consideration of molecularly targeted therapy (MTT). Routine genotyping in paediatric VA improves diagnosis and management outcomes.
Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenolysis Rearrangement of Allylic Esters to Access Axially Chiral Olefins
Authors: Shao Bing‐Ru , Jiang Wen‐Feng , Wang Chen , Shi Lei
Published: January 2025

The Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenolysis rearrangement of allylic acetates using (s‐Bu)3BHK has been described, achieving the synthesis of axially chiral alkylidene cycloalkanes with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) and a wide substrate scope (30 examples of cyclohexanes and cyclobutanes). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to achieve synthesis of axially chiral olefins via asymmetric hydrogenolysis of allylic acetates. This methodology not only offers a novel synthetic pathway for non‐atropisomeric axially chiral structures but also highlights the potential of asymmetric hydrogenolysis as a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry.
Multiple Near‐Infrared Chromisms of a Heteromerous Overcrowded Ethylene with Large Permanent Dipole Moment
Authors: Shimizu Akihiro , Misaki Yuki , Kondo Chihiro , Kayama Ayane , Hirose Takashi , Sato Hiroyasu , Shintani Ryo
Published: January 2025

An overcrowded ethylene composed of electron‐donating anion, naphthoxide, and electron‐accepting cation, acridinium, has been synthesized. It is in equilibrium between a folded conformer having a smaller permanent dipole moment with visible light absorption and a twisted conformer having a larger permanent dipole moment with NIR light absorption. The overcrowded ethylene shows multiple NIR chromisms, such as solvatochromism, thermochromism, mechanochromism, vapochromism, halochromism, and amphoteric electrochromisms, which are caused by the conformational change between folded and twisted conformers or by controlling the energy difference between the HOMO of the donor moiety and the LUMO of the acceptor moiety. The small difference between the HOMO energy level of naphthoxide moiety and the LUMO energy level of acridinium moiety, and their weak interaction are crucial for NIR absorption and large dipole moment in the twisted conformer. The drastic change in the ratio of folded and twisted conformers by changing the polarity of solvents, the detection of CO2, and the disappearance of NIR absorption by electrochemical oxidation and reduction are noteworthy for this new type of organic dye.
Dynamic Phosphorescence Behavior of Carbene‐Metal‐Amide Complexes from the Perspective of Excited State Modulation
Authors: Zeng Xiang‐Ming , Wu Minjian , Yao Liao‐Yuan , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: January 2025

Carbene‐metal‐amide (CMA) complexes have diverse applications in luminescence, imaging and sensing. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of CMA complexes, which were subsequently doped into a PMMA host. These materials demonstrate light‐induced dynamic phosphorescence, attributed to their long intrinsic triplet state lifetime (τP,int, in the μs‐ms scale), high intersystem crossing (ISC) rate constant (kISC, up to 107 s−1), and bright phosphorescence. The extended τP,int, and elevated kISC facilitate efficient sensitization of singlet oxygen (1O2) under light irradiation, which is rapidly consumed by the host material, creating a localized anaerobic environment conducive to bright phosphorescence emission. The Sn‐T1 process exhibits a large spin‐orbital coupling matrix element (SOCME) value, while the SOCME value between T1 and S0 is comparatively smaller, resulting in a large kISC and long τP,int, Computational results indicate that the hole‐electron configuration in the lowest triplet state exhibits low contributions from gold. Based on the dynamic phosphorescence properties, an encryption material capable of achieving a “burn after reading” effect was developed. This work illustrates that those phosphorescent emitters with minimal heavy atom contribution can produce dynamic phosphorescent phenomena, providing a novel strategy for designing stimuli‐responsive phosphorescent materials.
Electrosynthesis of Organonitrogen Compounds via Hydroxylamine‐Mediated Cascade Reactions
Authors: Xu Meng‐Yi , Tan Hong‐Yi , Ouyang Jie , Zhang Feng‐Xuan , Wang Bing‐Hao , Wang Xiong , Shen Sheng , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: January 2025

Hydroxylamine (NH2OH) is a key intermediate in the formation of numerous high value‐added organonitrogen compounds. The traditional synthesis of NH2OH requires the use of precious metals under high temperature conditions, which leads to high cost, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution. The NH2OH‐mediated cascade reaction integrates the electrochemical synthesis of NH2OH and the chemical synthesis of organonitrogen compounds, offering a facile, green, and efficient alternative. This review presents the recent advances on electrosynthesis of high value‐added organonitrogen compounds by NH2OH‐mediated cascade reactions. We present key concepts and the transformation process of different N‐species to NH2OH, discuss suitable substrates and electrocatalysts, and elucidate the reaction mechanisms involved in generating compounds such as amino acids, cyclohexanone oxime, urea, amine, etc.. Finally, we address current challenges and future directions in this emerging field to encourage further research effort and the development of NH2OH‐mediated cascade reaction.
Preparation and Characterization of MIL‐53(Al)‐(NH2)@PANI for Tetracycline Removal
Authors: Mandanipour Valiollah , Sadeghi‐Maleki Mohammad‐Rasool
Published: January 2025

The growing global demand for water and persistent shortages have underscored the importance of wastewater treatment from industrial and urban sources. Among various approaches, the use of adsorbent materials, particularly metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), has gained significant attention over the past decade due to their exceptional adsorption properties. This study presents a rapid, water‐based synthesis method for MIL‐53(Al)‐(NH2) and its surface modification using polyaniline (PANI). The modified MOFs, MIL‐53(Al)‐(NH2)@PANI, were utilized for the removal and photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline from aqueous solutions. Optimal operational conditions were determined to include an adsorbent dosage of 0.12 g/L, an initial tetracycline concentration of 30 mg/L, a reaction time of 30 min, and a solution pH of 2.5. Kinetic analyses revealed that the adsorption process conforms to the Pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, with the surface modification by PANI significantly enhancing the adsorption efficiency. The proposed mechanism for photocatalytic degradation involves the generation of reactive radical species, including h+, ˙OH, and ˙O2−, under sunlight irradiation, which synergistically improves the removal efficiency. This study highlights the potential of MIL‐53(Al)‐(NH2)@PANI as an effective adsorbent and photocatalyst for the treatment of antibiotic‐contaminated water, offering a sustainable solution to water pollution challenges.
Coating MOF Layer on Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Towards Enhancing Photocatalysis Activation of Peroxydisulfate via Layer Thickness Control
Authors: Chen Xi , Li Danni , Xu Mengkun , Wang Ping , Qiu Wenshuai , Lu Jinge , Li Xingchen , Yang Shaoming , Liu Yongxin , Zhang Jiali
Published: January 2025

As the photocatalytic layer, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with thickness control were coated on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to investigate the influence of photocatalysis on the activation of peroxydisulfate to degrade antibiotic pollutants. A suitable thickness of MOF layer can not only enhance the adsorption of the substrate molecules on the composite catalyst but also provide optimized electron transfer distance and path, which is conducive to improving the efficiency of electron–hole separation, thereby enhancing the activation of peroxydisulfate and the degradation efficiency of pollutants.
Active Bio‐Nanocomposite Films Based on PVA Filled With CNC and Bio‐Active Extract From Onion Skin Waste
Authors: Hamid Salim Mohamed , Abdellaoui Youness , Mennani Mehdi , Soumare Abdoulaye , Díaz‐Jimenéz Lourdes , El Achaby Mounir , Kassab Zineb
Published: January 2025

Amidst growing interest in sustainable packaging, this study delves into the preparation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐based biofilms filled with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) sourced from red onion skin waste, coupled with bio‐active red onion extract (OPE). These innovative bionanocomposite films hold promise for active food packaging applications. The investigation focuses on understanding the interplay between the added agents (OPE and CNC) and the macromolecular chains of PVA. Furthermore, the effects of various OPE concentrations on the physicochemical characteristics and antibacterial properties of CNC‐filled PVA bio‐nanocomposites were also examined. The integration of CNC and OPE noticeably enhanced the film's properties. Mechanical strength increased by 37%, thermal stability improved with a 92°C increase in decomposition temperature, and UV barrier properties were enhanced by 45%. Additionally, antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens improved, with the highest inhibition rates reaching 89% against Staphylococcus fungi and 79% against Staphylococcus aureus. The findings demonstrated that the incorporation of bio‐active OPE significantly enhanced the UV barrier, antibacterial properties, and biodegradability of PVA‐CNC bio‐nanocomposite films. These films present a promising approach for sustainable and active food packaging solutions, capable of extending shelf life while reducing environmental impact. Further research in real food systems is recommended to validate these results.
Highly Selective AIEgen‐Based “Turn On” Fluorescent Imaging for Inflammation Detection
Authors: Shao Cong , Wang Xiaoxuan , Dai Jingying , Dai Honglian
Published: January 2025

Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is released by immune cells in the immune system, and it helps the body fight off infections and inflammation by killing bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. However, tissue damage or apoptosis may also be induced by excess HClO. On this basis, we designed the probe TPE‐NS by choosing tetraphenylethylene (TPE) as the luminescent unit and dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride as the recognition site. By Gaussian's transition state calculations, HClO will cut off the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) effect of TPE‐NS by hydrolysis reaction, thus emitting strong fluorescence. TPE‐NS has rapid recognition and excellent specificity for HClO, and the limit of detection is 7.27 μM. Finally, TPE‐NS was successfully used for the visualization of endogenous and exogenous HClO in cell experiments.
Rational Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent N, S Co‐Doped Carbon Dots Using Biogenic Creatinine for Cu2+ Analysis in Drinking Water
Authors: Rizk Mohamed , Ramzy Emad , Toubar Safaa , Mahmoud Amr M. , Helmy Marwa I.
Published: January 2025

Herein, highly fluorescent sulfur and nitrogen co‐doped carbon dots (N, S‐CDs) had been employed as a fluorescent probe to analyze Cu2+ in drinking water. The biogenic creatinine is known to form a stable complex with Cu2+; hence, it was rationally selected as a bioinspired nitrogen substrate for the first time to enhance N, S‐CDs selectivity towards Cu2+. Moreover, the literature was surveyed to guide the selection of sulfur and carbon sources to optimize N, S‐CDs quantum yield (QY), so thiourea and disodium edetate are co‐carbonized with biogenic creatinine at 270°C for 40 min and characterized using different techniques. The resulting N, S‐CDs have a homogeneous particle size distribution and high QY (60.5% ± 2.09%, n = 5). The produced N, S‐CDs fluorescence intensity (FI) had been quantitatively quenched by Cu2+, achieving a detection limit reached of 0.07 μM. The developed environmentally friendly and sustainable platform, according to the results of three widely greenness assessment tools and the innovative RGB 12 model, had been successfully employed to detect Cu2+ in drinking water with excellent recovery. Finally, as this sensing platform is rapid and selective, it can be successfully employed to determine the Cu2+ in real‐life applications.
Molecular Weight‐Dependent Boron Release Effect in PVA/Chitosan Cryogels and In Vitro Mineralization Evaluations by Osteoblast Cells
Authors: Ceylan Seda , Arıcı Şule , Ege Duygu , Yang Ying
Published: January 2025

Cryogels were fabricated by combining polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan of varying molecular weights (Mw). In this study, the effects of chitosan Mw, types of boron‐containing molecules on network formation, and boron release rate in resulted cryogels were investigated. The PVA/chitosan blend maintained a constant 4.5% (w/v) polymer content. PVA to chitosan weight ratio of 6:1 was maintained and fixed. Five percent w/w boric acid and borax (sodium tetraborate) crosslinkers were added in PVA and chitosan mixtures to construct cryogels. The freeze‐dried specimens underwent crosslinking evaluation, chemical composition analysis by FTIR, and boron release studies by ICP‐MS. The pore morphology and the swelling capacity of the cryogel have been assessed by SEM and incubation in water, respectively. Mechanical test was also used to evaluate the effect of borax and Mw of chitosan on cryogels' mechanical properties. It was demonstrated that the types of boron supply had a significant role on the cryogelation capability. For different chitosan Mw, the cryogels made using borax showed stable cryogels. In contrast, even after altering the chitosan Mw, the formula with boric acid was unable to create stable cryogels. In addition, boron release assay showed that the quantity of free boron in the incubation solutions decreased as the Mw of the chitosan component of the cryogel was reduced. Cell culture studies with MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblast cells in the cryogels indicated that borax‐crosslinked samples exhibited sustained cell viability. Alizarin red staining assay was used to study mineralization capacity of boron‐containing hydrogels, which confirmed increase of mineralization in low molecular weight chitosan groups.
Bibliometric Analysis of Neuroinflammation and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Chen Zheping , Zuo Zhenxiang , Zhang Yizheng , Shan Guoliang , Zhang Le , Gong Moxuan , Ye Yuyang , Ma Yufeng , Jin Yanwu
Published: January 2025

Background

The occurrence and development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) are closely linked to neuroinflammation. This bibliometric analysis aims to provide novel insights into the research trajectory, key research topics, and potential future development trends in the field of neuroinflammation‐induced POCD.

Methods

The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched to identify publications from 2012 to 2023 on neuroinflammation‐induced POCD. Bibliometric analysis, involving both statistical and visual analyses, was conducted using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and the R software.

Results

Research on neuroinflammation‐induced POCD has exhibited an increasing trend over the past 12 years. China had the highest number of publications, Nanjing Medical University had the most collaboration with other institutions, Zhiyi Zuo was the most published author, and the Journal of Neuroinflammation served as the primary publication in the field of neuroinflammation‐induced POCD. The most frequent keyword was POCD. Keyword clustering analysis indicated that the predominant cluster is dexmedetomidine. Burst detection revealed that postoperative delirium (POD), perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND), apoptosis, and epigenetic modifications were the future research trends.

Conclusions

Our analysis identified the following key research areas associated with neuroinflammation‐induced POCD: anesthesia, surgery, dexmedetomidine, NLRP3 inflammasome, and mechanism of neuroinflammation‐induced POCD. The potential future research topics comprise POD, PND, apoptosis, and epigenetic modifications.
Ionic‐Liquid Synthesis of Atomic Molybdenum Nitride Clusters as Bifunctional Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Zn–Air Battery
Authors: Wang Nannan , Li Jing , Hei Jinpei , Chen Xiaodong , Yin Xiaojie , Yin Yanjun , Kong Yaqiong , Cui Lifeng
Published: January 2025

Transition‐metal nitrides (TMNs) have garnered considerable attention for energy conversion applications owing to their exceptional electronic structures and high catalytic activities. However, the scarcity of active sites in TMNs impedes their large‐scale application. This study describes the use of wetness impregnation and ionic‐liquid methods to enhance the electrocatalytic efficiency of molybdenum nitride (MoN) atomic clusters finely dispersed on nitrogen‐doped carbon (MoN@NC) substrates. The as‐synthesized electrocatalysts feature atomically dispersed MoN clusters, achieving an impressive onset potential of 0.93 V vs. RHE for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and maintaining an overpotential of just 295 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The MoN@NC‐based zinc–air battery demonstrated a high‐power density of 151 mW/cm2, a robust specific discharge capacity of 759 mAh/gZn at 20 mA/cm2, and superior charge–discharge cycling stability exceeding 190 cycles. The detailed experimental characterization revealed that the uniformly dispersed MoN clusters served as the primary active sites driving the observed catalytic performance. Additionally, the present findings suggested significant correlations between the phase of the material, crystallization, atomic cluster distribution, support porosity, and nitridation temperature. These insights are expected to refine strategies for achieving atomically dispersed nitrides with optimized ORR performance.
In Vitro Selection of Collagen‐Binding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Containing Genetically Encoded Mussel‐Inspired Adhesive Amino Acids
Authors: Miwa Takuya , Yumoto Akiko , Tada Seiichi , Kim Shin‐Woong , Minagawa Noriko , Matsuda Takayoshi , Ohtake Kazumasa , Shimizu Yoshihiro , Sakamoto Kensaku , Aigaki Toshiro , Ito Yoshihiro , Uzawa Takanori
Published: January 2025

Protein immobilization technology is important in medical and industrial applications. We previously reported all‐in‐one in vitro selection, wherein a collagen‐binding vascular endothelial growth factor (CB‐VEGF) was identified from a fusion library of random and VEGF sequences. However, its interaction chemistry is mainly limited to the interaction established by the 20 canonical amino acids. Herein, we incorporated an adhesive non‐natural amino acid found in marine mussels, L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), into the library for all‐in‐one in vitro selection. After selection, we identified DOPA‐containing CB‐VEGF. CB‐VEGF binds to collagen with an apparent dissociation constant of 2 nM; naïve VEGF does not bind to collagen. The collagen‐binding peptide domain of CB‐VEGF (CB‐peptide) exhibited stronger binding to collagen than a mutant peptide (substitution from DOPA to tyrosine), indicating the importance of DOPA to collagen binding. The collagen‐binding affinity of CB‐VEGF is 10‐fold higher than that of CB‐peptide, suggesting that the collagen‐binding ability of CB‐VEGF is not due to the additive function of CB‐peptide to VEGF, but is synergistic. Furthermore, increased cell growth was observed on CB‐VEGF‐treated collagen surfaces, not VEGF‐treated collagen surfaces. Thus, integrating all‐in‐one in vitro selection and DOPA incorporation shows promise in generating adhesive proteins on solid supports.
Determination of the Bioavailability of 3 Intranasal Formulations of Azelastine Hydrochloride in Healthy Male Volunteers
Authors: Bousquet Jean , Klimek Ludger , Liu Mark , Nguyen Duc Tung , Ramalingam Rajesh Kumar , Canonica Georgio Walter , Berger William E.
Published: January 2025

The primary objective of the study was to determine the bioavailability of 2 new formulations of azelastine (AZE) hydrochloride (0.10% and 0.15% AZE) containing sorbitol and sucralose compared with the commercially available 0.10% AZE. This study was performed in healthy volunteers based on the pharmacokinetic parameters maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration. This was a Phase 1, open‐label, single‐center, randomized, parallel‐group study. Subjects were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment groups: (1) 0.10% AZE (treatment A), (2) 0.15% AZE (treatment B) (Groups 1 and 2 both containing sorbitol and sucralose), and (3) the commercially available 0.10% AZE (treatment C). A total of 54 subjects were randomized and received treatment A, B, or C. Maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration–time curve were similar when compared in treatments A and C (0.1%) for AZE and its metabolite, desmethylazelastine. The most frequently reported adverse events were rhinorrhea (5.6%) and sneezing (5.6%).
Guidance for an Effective Approach to Integrated Evidence Planning in a Dynamic World
Authors: Grueger Jens , Srikant Vaidyanathan
Published: January 2025

The value of a medicine is defined by its impact on patients, caregivers, health system, and society. A pharmaceutical company will generate evidence to demonstrate this value in various studies, including randomized clinical trials, non‐interventional and observational studies, real‐world data analyses, modeling, and simulation. The quality and strength of the evidence supporting a medicine's effectiveness, safety and product quality will drive decisions by healthcare system stakeholders for marketing authorization (regulatory authorities). Additional evidence of comparative clinical, humanistic, economic, and societal value of the medicine will be critical for reimbursement coverage by HTA (health technology assessment) bodies and payers, guideline inclusion by clinical societies, and ultimately the treatment decision between a patient and their healthcare provider (HCP). The purpose of this article is to provide practical guidance for an effective approach to evidence planning for pharmaceutical companies. In the first section, we give a brief overview of the requirements for evidence generation from the perspectives of healthcare system decision makers, key functions involved in evidence generation within a pharmaceutical company, and different archetypes of products. We then discuss how a company can implement effective integrated evidence planning across the lifecycle of a product. We also review how requirements are likely to evolve given recent changes in major healthcare system regulations, such as Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) drug price negotiations in the US and EU HTA Regulation (HTAR) in Europe, and finally provide some practical recommendations of how to start implementing a new integrated evidence approach.
Enhanced Light Transmittance of Electron Transport Layer through Bilayer SnO2 for High‐Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Xianggang , Yuan Zhengbo , Fan Shuyuan , Feng Xuzheng , Sun Xiaoxu , Tang Jixiang , Yan Longfei , Wang Zishuo , Li Zhuoxin , Cui Xiaoxia , Zhang Zhao , Chen Jieqiong , Dai Songyuan , Cai Molang
Published: January 2025

Semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST‐PSCs) for building‐integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) face the challenge of achieving high efficiency due to significant light loss. The SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL), utilized in n‐i‐p PSCs and prepared via the sol‐gel method, is susceptible to aggregation on substrate, resulting in light scattering that diminishes absorption of the perovskite layer. In this study, we propose a strategy that combines atomic layer deposition (ALD) and sol‐gel solution to deposit a bilayer SnO2 structure to address these issues. The compact ALD SnO2 layer enhances subsequent deposition of the sol‐gel SnO2 layer, mitigating aggregation of SnO2 nanoparticles. Moreover, ALD SnO2 exhibits a lower refractive index compared to the sol‐gel SnO2 film due to its lower ratio of Sn4+/Sn2+, creating a refractive index gradient that improves light transmittance. Consequently, the bilayer SnO2 increases the short‐circuit current of wide‐bandgap ST‐PSCs with an energy gap of 1.66 eV up to 21.27 mA/cm2 and boosts efficiency up to a certified value of 20.22 %. Furthermore, the device demonstrates an 81.4 % bifaciality and maintains 91.47 % of its initial efficiency after exposure to 1000 hours under 1‐sun white LED illumination.
A Highly Divergent Mitochondrial Genome in Extant Cape Buffalo From Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa
Authors: de Jager Deon , Möller Marlo , Hoal Eileen , van Helden Paul , Glanzmann Brigitte , Harper Cindy , Bloomer Paulette
Published: January 2025

The reduced cost of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has allowed researchers to generate nuclear and mitochondrial genome data to gain deeper insights into the phylogeography, evolutionary history and biology of non‐model species. While the Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) has been well‐studied across its range with traditional genetic markers over the last 25 years, researchers are building on this knowledge by generating whole genome, population‐level data sets to improve understanding of the genetic composition and evolutionary history of the species. Using publicly available NGS data, we assembled 40 Cape buffalo mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from four protected areas in South Africa, expanding the geographical range and almost doubling the number of mitogenomes available for this species. Coverage of the mitogenomes ranged from 154 to 1036X. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity for Kruger National Park (n = 15) and Mokala National Park (n = 5) were similar to diversity levels in southern and eastern Africa. Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park (n = 15) had low levels of genetic diversity, with only four haplotypes detected, reflecting its past bottleneck. Addo Elephant National Park (n = 5) had the highest nucleotide diversity of all populations across Africa, which was unexpected, as it is known to have low nuclear diversity. This diversity was driven by a highly divergent mitogenome from one sample, which was subsequently identified in another sample via Sanger sequencing of the cytochrome b gene. Using a fossil‐calibrated phylogenetic analysis, we estimated that this lineage diverged from all other Cape buffalo lineages approximately 2.51 million years ago. We discuss several potential sources of this mitogenome but propose that it most likely originated through introgressive hybridisation with an extinct buffalo species, either S. acoelotus or S. antiquus. We conclude by discussing the conservation consequences of this finding for the Addo Elephant National Park population, proposing careful genetic management to prevent inbreeding depression while maintaining this highly unique diversity.
Environmental DNA Reveals Habitat Variables Driving Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) Distribution Across an Urbanised Landscape
Authors: Brunt Tamielle , Cecil Matt , Griffiths Josh , Adams‐Hosking Christine , Murray Peter J. , Smith Annabel L.
Published: January 2025

Freshwater waterways, and species that depend on them, are threatened by urbanisation and the consequences of the urban stream syndrome. In south‐east Queensland, Australia, little is known about the impacts of the urban stream syndrome on the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), meaning that populations cannot be adequately managed by conservation practitioners. The aim of this study was to determine how habitat and environmental variables, related to the urban stream syndrome, influenced platypus distribution across this region. We used environmental DNA sampling over a 5‐year period (2016–2020) to determine how platypus occurrence (presence or absence) was affected by habitat and the environment. Five scenarios based on key characteristics of the urban stream syndrome were modelled using binomial generalised linear models. The highest‐ranked model of platypus occurrence included positive effects of topographic wetness index and coarse organic matter. These findings reflect important waterway connectivity and food resources for platypus, highlighting relationships between platypus, their environment and their tolerance to urban stream threats. For example, platypuses are unlikely to occur in streams where water availability is reduced, and movement will be limited in shallow, dry streams. Therefore, waterway management should focus on water availability and connectivity, especially during drought. Our study can be used to guide management plans for the persistence of platypus and other freshwater species.
QTL‐Based Evidence of Population Genetic Divergence in Male Territorial Aggressiveness of the Japanese Freshwater Threespine Stickleback
Authors: Yamazaki Haruka , Mori Seiichi , Kishida Osamu , Nagano Atsushi J. , Kokita Tomoyuki
Published: January 2025

Territorial aggression is widespread across the animal kingdom and is expressed in diverse ecological and social contexts. In addition, there are marked variations in the degree of male reproductive territoriality within and between species. These differences are often attributed to genetic components. However, the evolutionary genetic mechanisms in wild animals are poorly understood. This study explored the genetic basis of divergent male territorial aggressiveness between two Japanese freshwater populations, Gifu (GF) and Tomakomai (TM), in the threespine stickleback, which is a well‐known model system for both behavioral ecology and evolutionary genetics. First, our field survey indicated that the distribution of reproductive territories differed greatly across breeding habitats between the focal populations, and the density of reproductive territories was much greater in the GF population. Second, a one‐on‐one arena aquarium experiment on male–male combat using wild‐caught and common‐garden‐reared males revealed that GF males were genetically more aggressive than TM males. Finally, we performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using an F2 hybrid cross between the two populations to identify the causal genomic regions contributing to the divergence in male territorial aggressiveness. Our QTL analysis identified a single significant locus in an aggression‐related behavioral component, that is, the number of bites of focal F2 males toward a GF stimulus intruder. Two notable behavior‐related genes, HTR2A and MAO‐A, are found near this locus. These genes have often been suggested to influence of aggressive behavior in animals; therefore, they are regarded as important candidate genes for further functional analyses. Thus, we are the first to provide a QTL‐based genetic basis for population divergence in male territorial aggressiveness in the threespine stickleback.
Hiking Trails Facilitate the Spread of a Native High‐Arctic Species
Authors: Zani Deborah , Lischke Heike , Åkerman Jonas , Lehsten Veiko
Published: January 2025

High‐Arctic environments are facing an elevated pace of warming and increasing human activities, making them more susceptible to the introduction and spread of alien species. We investigated the role of human disturbance in facilitating the spread of a native plant (Papaver dahlianum) in a high‐Arctic natural environment close to Isfjord Radio station and along adjacent hiking trails at Kapp Linné, Svalbard. We reconstructed the spatial pattern of the arrival and spread of P. dahlianum at Kapp Linné by combining historical records of the species occurrence (1928–2018) with a contemporary survey of the plant abundance along the main hiking trail (2023 survey) and tested the relative effects of altitude and proximity to hiking trails on the species density via a generalised linear model (GLM). We then compared historical records with the simulated annual spread of the species by assuming either only local spread or local spread plus spread from hiking trails. Finally, we used a fine‐scale UAV‐derived brightness index to test for terrain preference by applying a randomisation test. Distance from the station (56% explained variation) and minimum distance from the trail (28%) significantly explained the species density across the research area (best GLM R2 = 0.755). The modelled species spread including the trail effect (fitted spread ~30 m yr.−1) managed to capture the maximum extent of the occupied area, whereas simulations assuming only local spread (~2 m yr.−1) underestimated the historical extent. A randomisation test showed that P. dahlianum has a significant preference for gravel soils with low vegetation cover due to either trail trampling and/or natural processes. Along with climate warming, human activities can increase the rate of species range shift by providing hot spots of introduction (human settlements) and spreading corridors (hiking trails). Our results show that spatially explicit models can be applied to accurately predict the potential spread of species, leading to a more efficient monitoring plan. Systematic monitoring of alien species and sanitisation measures should be prioritised in polar habitats with a high incidence of human disturbances.
Hydroperiod Influences Tadpole Growth and Development in the Endangered Littlejohn's Tree Frog (Litoria littlejohni)
Authors: Nolan Nadine , Hayward Matt , Callen Alex , Klop‐Toker Kaya
Published: January 2025

Amphibians are among the most threatened vertebrate taxa globally. Their global decline necessitates effective conservation actions to bolster populations across both the larval and adult stages. Constructing man‐made ponds is one action proven to enhance reproduction in pond‐breeding amphibians. However, to achieve successful conservation outcomes, extensive knowledge about the ecology and behavior of the target species is required. In this study, we investigated how different hydroperiod regimes impacted the growth and development of Litoria littlejohni tadpoles. Over a 28‐week period, tadpoles were exposed to three hydroperiod treatments: constant high, declining, and constant low water levels. Weekly measurements of snout‐vent length, body mass, and Gosner stage were taken to assess treatment‐related changes. To determine whether different treatments affected locomotor performance, jump tests were conducted 3 weeks post‐metamorphosis. Individuals exhibited limited developmental plasticity in response to declining water, with a mean time to metamorphosis of 85.1 days ± 12.1. Comparatively, when L. littlejohni tadpoles were exposed to low water volumes, they were able to speed up development and reduce time to metamorphosis, with a mean time of 63.7 days ± 10.3. The speeding up of development had an apparent consequence for L. littlejohni. We found support for trade‐offs between rapid development and reduced morphometric measurements postmetamorphosis which resulted in reduced locomotive ability. Individuals from constant low water treatments exhibited an average total jumping distance of 171 cm ± 13.6 over 10 consecutive jumps, compared with 236 cm ± 17.3 in constant high and 210 cm ± 14.8 in declining treatments. Rapid larval development aids tadpoles in escaping suboptimal aquatic conditions, but its effects on locomotion may impact foraging efficiency and predator escape ability. Understanding developmental plasticity in threatened amphibians, especially in response to hydroperiod variations, is crucial for conservation programs, particularly under future climate change scenarios predicting increased drought and reduced hydroperiods in aquatic environments.