bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halomicrobium
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: June 2016

Ha.lo.mi.cro'bi.um. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
(from Gr. adj.
mikros
small and Gr. n.
bios
life), a microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Halomicrobium
small salt‐life form.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Halomicrobium

The genus
Halomicrobium
is classified with the family
Halobacteriaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Phylogenetically, the genus is closely related to
Haloarcula
. Cells are short rods or pleomorphic and stain Gram‐negative. Colonies are red to orange‐red‐pigmented.
Halomicrobium
spp. are extremely halophilic and require at least 1.4–3.4 M
NaCl
for growth. They are chemo‐organotrophic and can grow on a wide range of substrates, including single and complex carbon sources. Acid is produced from carbohydrates. Polar lipids are diphytanyl diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, the methyl ester of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate, a monosulfated diglycosyl diether lipid, and a nonsulfated diglycosyl diether lipid. Phosphatidylglycerol sulfate may also be present. Currently, the genus consists of three species:
Halomicrobium mukohataei
(the type species of the genus; basonym:
Haloarcula mukohataei
),
Hmc. katesii
, and
Hmc. zhouii
. Isolates have been recovered from salterns, salt flats, salt lakes, and sabkhas.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 65.1–69.1.

Type species
:
Halomicrobium mukohataei.
Halopelagius
Authors: Cui Heng‐Lin , Xu Xue‐Wei , Wu Min , Oren Aharon
Published: June 2016

Ha.lo.pe.la'gi.us. Gr. n.
hals halos
, salt; L. masc. adj.
pelagius
, of or pertaining to the sea; N.L. masc. n.
Halopelagius
, salt organism from the sea.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Haloferacaceae / Halopelagius

The genus
Halopelagius
is classified with the family
Haloferacaceae
, order
Haloferacales,
in the class
Halobacteria
. Phylogenetically, the genus is most closely related to the genera
Haloferax
and
Halogeometricum
. Cells are pleomorphic or irregular long rods under optimal growth conditions. Some species produce gas vesicles. Some species are motile, and pigmentation is variable.
Halopelagius
spp. are neutrophiles that grow optimally at
pH
6.5–7.3 and 37–48 °C. They are aerobic, chemoorganotrophic, and can grow in a wide range of carbohydrates and organic acids. Acid is produced from carbohydrates. Some species can also use amino acids as carbon and energy source. The principal lipids are diphytanyl glycerol diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol (
PG
), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (
PGP
‐Me), sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S‐
DGD
‐1), and mannosyl glucosyl diether (
DGD
‐1). Currently, the genus consisted of three species:
Halopelagius inordinatus
(the type species of the genus),
Halopelagius fulvigenes
and
Halopelagius longus
. All known
Halopelagius
strains were isolated from salt lakes or a salt mine.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 59.9–66.3.

Type species
:
Halopelagius inordinatus
Cui, Li, Gao, Xu, Zhou, Liu, Oren and Zhou 2010, 2092
VP
.
Salinirubrum
Authors: Cui Heng‐Lin
Published: June 2016

Sa.li.ni.ru'brum. L. fem. pl. n.
salinae
salterns, salt works; L. neut. adj.
rubrum
red; N.L. neut. n.
Salinirubrum
the red archaeon from salt works.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae/

The genus
Salinirubrum
is classified with the family
Halobacteriaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Cells are pleomorphic under optimal growth conditions, red pigmented, stain Gram‐negative, and lyse in distilled water.
Salinirubrum
spp. are neutrophile that grow optimally at pH 7.0 and at 37 °C. They are aerobic, chemoorganotrophic extreme halophiles (optimum growth at 2.1–3.1 M NaCl), and can grow on a wide range of carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids as carbon and energy source. Sugars are metabolized with the formation of acids. The major polar lipids are the diphytanyl glycerol diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), and two major glycolipids chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S‐DGD‐1) and mannosyl glucosyl diether (DGD‐1). Three unidentified glycolipids are also detected. Currently, the genus consists of one species:
Salinirubrum litoreum
(the type species of the genus).
Salinirubrum
strains were isolated from marine solar salterns.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 65.1–65.5.

Type species
:
Salinirubrum litoreum
Cui and Qiu 2014, 1456
VP
(Effective publication: Cui and Qiu 2014, 138; corrig. Cui and Qiu 2014, 621 as
Salinarubrum litoreum
).
Methylovirgula
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N.
Published: June 2016

Me.thy.lo.vir'gu.la. N.L. neut, n.
methylum
the methyl group; N.L. pref.
methylo
‐, pertaining to the methyl radical; L. fem. n.
virgula
, a little rod; N.L. fem. n.
Methylovirgula
, methyl‐using rod‐shaped cell.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Beijerinckiaceae

Aerobic, obligately acidophilic, facultatively methylotrophic bacteria. Cells are Gram‐negative, nonpigmented, nonmotile rods that reproduce by binary fission and occur singly or are arranged in rosettes and misshapen cell clusters. Intracellular granules of poly‐ß‐hydroxybutyrate are formed at each cell pole. Colonies are small, circular, opaque, light cream, or white. Methanol is the preferred growth substrate; carbon is assimilated via the ribulose‐bisphosphate pathway. Alternative growth substrates are ethanol, pyruvate, and malate. Mesophilic and psychrotolerant bacteria. N
2
is fixed under reduced oxygen tension. Phospholipid fatty acid profiles contain high amounts of C
18:1
ω7
c
fatty acid. The major phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylglycerol. The predominant quinone is Q‐10.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 61.8–62.8 (
T
m
). Known habitats are acidic soils and decaying wood.

Type species
:
Methylovirgula ligni
Vorob'ev, de Boer, Folman, Bodelier, Doronina, Suzina, Trotsenko, and Dedysh 2009, 2544
VP
.
The Hinterland Urbanised?
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: July 2016

What defines the urban? And can the non‐urban necessarily always be classified as rural? Neil Brenner, Director of the Urban Theory Lab at Harvard University Graduate School of Design, reflects on the lack of an overarching theory to describe these realms, and argues that what we call the countryside or the hinterland has become key to the process of capitalist urbanisation.
An Overview and Future Perspectives of Aluminum Batteries
Authors: Elia Giuseppe Antonio , Marquardt Krystan , Hoeppner Katrin , Fantini Sebastien , Lin Rongying , Knipping Etienne , Peters Willi , Drillet Jean‐Francois , Passerini Stefano , Hahn Robert
Published: June 2016

A critical overview of the latest developments in the aluminum battery technologies is reported. The substitution of lithium with alternative metal anodes characterized by lower cost and higher abundance is nowadays one of the most widely explored paths to reduce the cost of electrochemical storage systems and enable long‐term sustainability. Aluminum based secondary batteries could be a viable alternative to the present Li‐ion technology because of their high volumetric capacity (8040 mAh cm−3 for Al vs 2046 mAh cm−3 for Li). Additionally, the low cost aluminum makes these batteries appealing for large‐scale electrical energy storage. Here, we describe the evolution of the various aluminum systems, starting from those based on aqueous electrolytes to, in more details, those based on non‐aqueous electrolytes. Particular attention has been dedicated to the latest development of electrolytic media characterized by low reactivity towards other cell components. The attention is then focused on electrode materials enabling the reversible aluminum intercalation‐deintercalation process. Finally, we touch on the topic of high‐capacity aluminum‐sulfur batteries, attempting to forecast their chances to reach the status of practical energy storage systems.
Auf neuen Pfaden – per Anhalter durch die Berylliumchemie
Authors: Naglav Dominik , Buchner Magnus R. , Bendt Georg , Kraus Florian , Schulz Stephan
Published: July 2016

Dieser Kurzaufsatz soll eine Einführung für alle weniger Erfahrenen auf dem Gebiet der Berylliumchemie darstellen. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse über die Giftigkeit des Elements und seiner Verbindungen werden rezensiert und diverse grundlegende und nötige Orientierungshilfen für die sichere und richtige Handhabung in modernen chemischen Forschungslaboren vorgestellt. Phänomenologische Beobachtungen bezüglich der Einzigartigkeit des Elements und seiner Chemie werden mitgeteilt und in den historischen Kontext gestellt. Wir fassen viele Beiträge und Erfahrungen von auf diesem Gebiet leidenschaftlich tätigen Wissenschaftlern zusammen. Es ist uns ein Herzensanliegen, dass unsere Kommilitonen die über Generationen aufgebauten Vorbehalte gegenüber Beryllium und seinen Verbindungen kritisch hinterfragen und überdenken und so eine neue Ära intensiver Forschung zu diesem verschmähten Element eingeleitet wird. Wer in aller Welt soll denn das Beryllium und seine Verbindungen sicherer und fachkundiger handhaben können als wir Chemiker?
[2](1,3)Adamantano[2](2,7)pyrenophane: A Hydrocarbon with a Large Dipole Moment
Authors: Kahl Paul , Wagner J. Philipp , Balestrieri Ciro , Becker Jonathan , Hausmann Heike , Bodwell Graham J. , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: July 2016

The fusion of the sp3‐hybridized parent diamondoid adamantane with the sp2‐hybridized pyrene results in a hybrid structure with a very large dipole moment which arises from bending the pyrene moiety. Presented herein is the synthesis, study of the electronic and optical properties, as well as the dynamic behavior of this new hydrocarbon.
Sequence‐Defined Oligomers from Hydroxyproline Building Blocks for Parallel Synthesis Applications
Authors: Kanasty Rosemary L. , Vegas Arturo J. , Ceo Luke M. , Maier Martin , Charisse Klaus , Nair Jayaprakash K. , Langer Robert , Anderson Daniel G.
Published: July 2016

The functionality of natural biopolymers has inspired significant effort to develop sequence‐defined synthetic polymers for applications including molecular recognition, self‐assembly, and catalysis. Conjugation of synthetic materials to biomacromolecules has played an increasingly important role in drug delivery and biomaterials. We developed a controlled synthesis of novel oligomers from hydroxyproline‐based building blocks and conjugated these materials to siRNA. Hydroxyproline‐based monomers enable the incorporation of broad structural diversity into defined polymer chains. Using a perfluorocarbon purification handle, we were able to purify diverse oligomers through a single solid‐phase extraction method. The efficiency of synthesis was demonstrated by building 14 unique trimers and 4 hexamers from 6 diverse building blocks. We then adapted this method to the parallel synthesis of hundreds of materials in 96‐well plates. This strategy provides a platform for the screening of libraries of modified biomolecules.
Nicotine functionalized‐silica palladium (II) complex: a highly efficient, environmentally benign and recyclable nanocatalyst for C‐C bond forming reactions under mild conditions
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Tadayoni Nayereh S. , Mohammadsaleh Fatemeh
Published: June 2016

An environmentally friendly silica‐grafted nicotine‐based palladium(II) complex was successfully prepared and evaluated for the first time as novel and efficient nanocatalyst in C‐C bond forming reactions. Grafted‐nicotine in this catalytic system plays an important role, and as an effective ligand and a quaternary ammonium salt demonstrates an efficient stabilizing effect on the Pd(II) species by a synergistic effect of coordination and electrostatic interactions. The catalyst was well characterized by FT‐IR, CHN, XRD, TEM, SEM–EDX, ICP and TG analysis, and demonstrated a highly efficient catalytic activity in the reaction system under phosphine‐free and low Pd loading conditions, and the coupled products were produced in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, the catalyst can be easily recovered and reused without a significant loss of activity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aufzugsnachrüstung Österreichischer Platz
Authors: Novák Balthasar , Boros Vazul , Hauck Claus‐Dieter , Herrmann Hansjörg , Koster Gerhard
Published: July 2016

In den letzten Jahren hat das Bauen im Bestand, bzw. der Umbau der bestehenden Infrastruktur, immer mehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. Dies stellt nicht nur erhöhte Anforderungen an die Beteiligten am Bau, sondern erfordert auch einen fachlichen Austausch zwischen Planer, wissenschaftlichem Berater, Bauherr und ausführendem Unternehmen. Am Beispiel der Aufzugsnachrüstung am Österreichischen Platz in Stuttgart soll diese komplexe Wechselwirkung verdeutlicht werden. Für den barrierefreien Umbau dieser Stadtbahnhaltestelle musste eine vorgespannte Fertigteildecke im Verankerungsbereich der Spannglieder unter fließendem Kfz‐Verkehr zurückgebaut werden. Hierzu waren die glatten Spannglieder neu zu verankern und die Vorspannkräfte an das veränderte statische System anzupassen. Die Maßnahme wurde durch die Montage von Dehnungsmessstreifen messtechnisch überwacht und es wurde bestätigt, dass durch die eingebauten Verankerungselemente die Vorspannkraft an den geplanten neuen Verankerungsstellen zielsicher wieder eingeleitet werden kann. Weitere wichtige baupraktische Herausforderungen waren zu bewältigen, wie z. B. die Herstellung der erforderlichen Oberflächenrauigkeit zwischen Alt‐ und Neubeton, die Betonage von Aufbetonschichten auf der Bauteilunterseite und das gezielte stellenweise Ausschalten der Vorspannung.

Installation of elevators for the subway station Österreichischer Platz

Recently upgrading and redevelopment of buildings and infrastructure has gained an increasing importance. The involved parties, such as the planner, scientific adviser, investor and the contractor have to face new challenges and therefore close consultation among them is essential. The installation of elevators for the subway station Österreichischer Platz provides an excellent example to demonstrate the importance of close interaction between the participants. The newly built elevator shaft required the trimming of several prestressed precast beams. Thus, the smooth prestressing cables had to be reanchored, while maintaining the traffic on the beams throughout the entire time of the construction. The process was monitored by strain gauges and as a result it could be confirmed, that the developed anchorage devices effectively transmitted the prestressing forces at the new anchorage zones. Finally some important challenges throughout the construction project are addressed, such as the preparation of the interface roughness between concrete layers, the technical features of concreting overhead elements and the targeted deactivation of redundant prestressing cables.
Brücke Wolken
Authors: Alex Jörg , Berlin Manfred
Published: July 2016

Eine 1847 errichtete Eisenbahnbrücke, ein technisches Denkmal, das zuletzt als landwirtschaftliche Wege‐ und Radwegbrücke genutzt wurde, musste mit einer Zustandsnote 4,0 gesperrt werden. Die Planung einer additiven Lösung für das historische Bauwerk ermöglicht eine grundhafte Instandsetzung, die sowohl die Anforderungen des Denkmalschutzes und die heutigen technischen Vorschriften erfüllt.

Bridge in the town of Wolken – Renovation of a 165‐year‐old former railway bridge as part of the international cycle route Berlin‐Copenhagen

A railway bridge built in 1847, which has been classified as an historic technical monument and until recently been used as an agricultural road and cycle route bridge, had to be closed due to its 4.0 condition rating (i.e. very poor). The planning of an additive solution for the historic structure will allow for a basic renovation that will both fulfil monument protection requirements and today's technical regulations.
Integrated fabrication‐conjugation methods for polymeric and hybrid microparticles for programmable drug delivery and biosensing applications
Authors: Jung Sukwon , Choi Chang‐Hyung , Lee Chang‐Soo , Yi Hyunmin
Published: July 2016

Functionalized polymeric microparticles possess significant potential for controlled drug delivery and biosensing applications, yet current fabrication techniques face challenges in simple and scalable fabrication and biofunctionalization. For programmable manufacture of biofunctional microparticles in a simple manner, we have developed robust micromolding methods combined with biopolymeric conjugation handles and bioorthogonal click reactions. In this focused minireview, we present detailed methods for our integrated approaches for fabrication of microparticles with controlled 2D and 3D shapes and dimensions toward controlled release, and for biomacromolecular conjugation via strain promoted alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) and tetrazine‐trans‐cyclooctene (Tz‐TCO) ligation reactions utilizing a potent aminopolysaccharide chitosan as an efficient conjugation handle. We believe that the fabrication‐conjugation methods reported here from a range of our recent reports illustrate the simple, robust and readily reproducible nature of our approaches to creating multifaceted microparticles in a programmable, cost‐efficient and scalable manner toward a wide range of medical and biotechnological application areas.
Transformation of Silicon Nanowire into Nanopyramid in Alkaline Solution and its Implication in Silicon‐Air Battery
Authors: Sarwar Saad , Kim Minsun , Baek Giljae , Oh Ilwhan , Lee Hochun
Published: June 2016

Si–air battery (SAB) comprising of Si nanowire (SiNW) anode and alkaline solution and showing a working voltage of ca. 1.2V is investigated to elucidate the origin of superior discharge performance of the nanostructured Si anode to that of a planar Si anode. The SiNWs are found to transform into Si nanopyramids (SiNPs) upon immersion in the alkaline solution or when subjected to SAB discharge. In this regard, the improved performance of the SiNW anode is attributed to the formation of SiNPs with (111) facets that are intrinsically resistant to passivation. In addition, the nanostructured Si anode also shows a lower threshold temperature for the surface passivation than the planar Si anode, a merit that leads to a sustained discharge even at room temperature.
Experimental Investigation of Operating Parameters in Power Generation by Lab‐Scale Reverse Electro‐Dialysis (RED)
Authors: Choi Insoo , Han Jun Young , Yoo Sung Jong , Henkensmeier Dirk , Kim Jin Young , Lee So Young , Han Jonghee , Nam Suk Woo , Kim Hyoung‐Juhn , Jang Jong Hyun
Published: June 2016

The reverse electro‐dialysis (RED) is a renewable technology to produce electricity by mixing of differently concentrated water. In this study, the authors fabricated lab‐scale RED, and attempted to evaluate the RED performance upon different operating parameters. Firstly, the effect of salinity ratio on the RED performance was examined by varying the concentration of low‐salinity water. The performance was optimized by an increase in open circuit voltage (OCV) and cell resistance with salinity ratio. Individual resistances were analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and their impacts on power output were addressed. Second, the effect of flow rate of salinity solutions was studied, and it was found to affect the concentration polarization in RED. Lastly, the effect of the flow rate of electrode rinse solution was investigated, which increased the ionic shortcut current and decreased boundary layer resistance accordingly. Consequently, estimations on the trends in power output by changing operating parameters were made to determine the effective operation of RED.
One‐Pot Preparation of a TiO2/Cu2ZnSnS4 Heterojunction and its Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Kim Sung‐Duk , Park Yong‐Kwang , Bu Chung‐Heon , Jung Dongwoon
Published: June 2016

The semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), was synthesized by reacting CuO, ZnO, and SnO with ethanolamine, 2‐methoxyethanol, and thioglycolic acid. Anatase TiO2 particle was dispersed into the CZTS precursor solution, so that TiO2/CZTS heterojunction was created through the nucleation of CZTS onto the TiO2 surface. The photocatalytic efficiencies of TiO2/CZTS heterojunction samples with different TiO2:CZTS ratios were then investigated. The photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2/CZTS heterojunction sample was found to be superior to those of CZTS and the efficiency decreased with an increase in the TiO2:CZTS ratio. The highest efficiency, obtained from the 1:1 sample, was about 1.7 times that of P‐25.
The use and misuse of student samples: An empirical investigation of European marketing research
Authors: Ashraf Rohail , Merunka Dwight
Published: June 2016

In spite of the five decade old debate on the merits of student samples, to date, no systematic review of the practice is undertaken. The need for such a review is warranted considering the impasse in the debate and inconsistencies among scholars in their approach to student sample usage. This paper thus presents a systematic review of student sample usage in European Marketing Research (EJM, IJRM and IMR during 2005–2014, inclusive) to highlight existing reporting practices, identify sub‐domains of marketing where the usage is more prevalent and to report best practices. Results demonstrate that 99 (19.96 per cent) papers making generalization claims used student samples exclusively, had inconsistent reporting practices (e.g. demographic profile, limitations) and demonstrated trivial concern (e.g. bias estimation treatment, identification of moderators) for the implications of student sample usage on their study findings. In addition, 11 clusters representing sub‐domains of marketing research and where the practice is prevalent are identified. These clusters provide novel direction to the debate on student sample usage by framing it away from the broader discipline of marketing and bringing it closer to the interests of scholars, i.e. linking it to sub‐domains of marketing research. Finally, best practices related to student samples usage are reported to help academicians enhance the validity of their findings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual‐chamber implantable cardioverter–defibrillator. Is it useful in patient with permanent atrial fibrillation?
Authors: Porres‐Aracama José M. , Cerezuela José Luis , García‐Urra Francisco , Luque‐Lezcano Oscar , Herrero Vicente
Published: June 2016

Key Clinical Message

In patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) and implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) implant indication, a single‐chamber device is the choice because AF does not provide interesting information for the treatment. It is very unusual to find patients with permanent AF that coexist with atrial tachycardia with various degree of Atrioventricular block.
Insights into the Formation and Structures of Molecular Gels by Diimidazolium Salt Gelators in Ionic Liquids or “Normal” Solvents
Authors: Rizzo Carla , D'Anna Francesca , Noto Renato , Zhang Mohan , Weiss Richard G.
Published: July 2016

Insights are provided into the properties of molecular gels formed by diimidazolium salts both in “normal” solvents and ionic liquids. These materials can be interesting for applications in green and sustainable chemistry in which ionic liquids play a significant role, like catalysis and energy. In particular, two positional isomers of a diimidazolium cation have been examined with a wide range of anions for their ability to form gel phases. In particular, di‐, tri‐, and tetravalent anions bearing aliphatic or aromatic spacers were paired with the divalent cations. The properties of the organo‐ and ionogels formed have been analyzed by means of several different techniques, including calorimetry, rheology, resonance light scattering, UV/Vis absorption, polarizing optical microscopy, and powder X‐ray diffraction measurements. The investigations performed enabled us to obtain a wide range of conductive materials characterized by a high thermal stability and a low corrosiveness of the gelator (organogels) or of both gelator and solvent (ionogels). The information gained should be useful in the broader quest to identify and promote their applications.
Tuning One‐Dimensional Nanostructures of Bola‐Like Peptide Amphiphiles by Varying the Hydrophilic Amino Acids
Authors: Zhao Yurong , Deng Li , Yang Wei , Wang Dong , Pambou Elias , Lu Zhiming , Li Zongyi , Wang Jiqian , King Stephen , Rogers Sarah , Xu Hai , Lu Jian R.
Published: July 2016

By combining experimental measurements and computer simulations, we here show that for the bola‐like peptide amphiphiles XI4X, where X=K, R, and H, the hydrophilic amino acid substitutions have little effect on the β‐sheet hydrogen‐bonding between peptide backbones. Whereas all of the peptides self‐assemble into one dimensional (1D) nanostructures with completely different morphologies, that is, nanotubes and helical nanoribbons for KI4K, flat and multilayered nanoribbons for HI4H, and twisted and bilayered nanoribbons for RI4R. These different 1D morphologies can be explained by the distinct stacking degrees and modes of the three peptide β‐sheets along the x‐direction (width) and the z‐direction (height), which microscopically originate from the hydrogen‐bonding ability of the sheets to solvent molecules and the pairing of hydrophilic amino acid side chains between β‐sheet monolayers through stacking interactions and hydrogen bonding. These different 1D nanostructures have distinct surface chemistry and functions, with great potential in various applications exploiting the respective properties of these hydrophilic amino acids.
An Ultrahydrophobic Fluorous Metal–Organic Framework Derived Recyclable Composite as a Promising Platform to Tackle Marine Oil Spills
Authors: Mukherjee Soumya , Kansara Ankit M. , Saha Debasis , Gonnade Rajesh , Mullangi Dinesh , Manna Biplab , Desai Aamod V. , Thorat Shridhar H. , Singh Puyam S. , Mukherjee Arnab , Ghosh Sujit K.
Published: July 2016

Derived from a strategically chosen hexafluorinated dicarboxylate linker aimed at the designed synthesis of a superhydrophobic metal–organic framework (MOF), the fluorine‐rich nanospace of a water‐stable MOF (UHMOF‐100) exhibits excellent water‐repellent features. It registered the highest water contact angle (≈176°) in the MOF domain, marking the first example of an ultrahydrophobic MOF. Various experimental and theoretical studies reinforce its distinctive water‐repellent characteristics, and the conjugation of superoleophilicity and unparalleled hydrophobicity of a MOF material has been coherently exploited to achieve real‐time oil/water separation in recyclable membrane form, with significant absorption capacity performance. This is also the first report of an oil/water separating fluorinated ultrahydrophobic MOF‐based membrane material, with potential promise for tackling marine oil spillages.
Domino Radical Addition/Oxidation Sequence with Photocatalysis: One‐Pot Synthesis of Polysubstituted Furans from α‐Chloro‐Alkyl Ketones and Styrenes
Authors: Wang Shuang , Jia Wen‐Liang , Wang Lin , Liu Qiang , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: July 2016

A new domino reaction has been developed that allows the combination of styrenes and α‐alkyl ketone radicals to afford a wide array of polysubstituted furans in good to excellent yields under mild and simple reaction conditions. The key to success of this novel protocol is the use of photocatalyst fac‐Ir(ppy)3 and oxidant K2S2O8. Mechanistic studies by a radical scavenger and photoluminescence quenching suggest that a radical addition/oxidation pathway is operable.
Cooperative Effects Between Arginine and Glutamic Acid in the Amino Acid‐Catalyzed Aldol Reaction
Authors: Valero Guillem , Moyano Albert
Published: June 2016

Catalysis of the aldol reaction between cyclohexanone and 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde by mixtures of L‐Arg and of L‐Glu in wet dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) takes place with higher enantioselectivity (up to a 7‐fold enhancement in the anti‐aldol for the 1:1 mixture) than that observed when either L‐Glu or L‐Arg alone are used as the catalysts. These results can be explained by the formation of a catalytically active hydrogen‐bonded complex between both amino acids, and demonstrate the possibility of positive cooperative effects in catalysis by two different α‐amino acids. Chirality 28:599–605, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geography and capital structure
Authors: Wang Xiaoqiao , Wang Jin , Johnson Lewis
Published: July 2016

We investigate the impact of geographic location on firms’ capital structure decisions. We find strong evidence that location of a firm influences its capital structure. In particular, we find that centrally located firms have lower leverage ratios than do remotely located ones. Moreover, consistent with the hypothesis that those remotely located firms face more severe adverse selection problems, the effect of geographic location on capital structure is more pronounced when information asymmetry is higher. We further examine alternative explanations of the negative relation between firm geographic proximity and capital structure and show that the financial constraint effect and industry clustering effect do not explain our results. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement in thermo‐chemical stability of nanocomposite preformed particle gels for conformance control in harsh oil reservoir conditions
Authors: Saghafi Hamid Reza , Naderifar Abbas , Gerami Shahab , Emadi Mohammad Ali
Published: June 2016

Gel treatment is one of the most promising technologies to improve conformance control in heterogeneous reservoirs. In this paper, new enhanced preformed particle gels (PPGs) are introduced for conformance control in high‐temperature and high‐salinity oil reservoirs. The thermo‐chemical stability of this product is due to the incorporation of a new monomer, N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide (DA), to the structure of the last well‐known nano‐composite PPGs. Four species, N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide, 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulphonic sodium salt (AMPSNa), acrylamide (AM), and N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) monomers, were used to synthesize these PPGs via free radical cross‐linking polymerization at room temperature using N,N‐methylenebis (acrylamide) as a cross‐linker. The mechanical properties of these new classes of PPGs were enhanced by adding the nano‐clay montmorillonite Na+. A temperature stability agent was also used to make these special PPGs compatible with high temperature and salinity reservoir conditions. A systematic study on PPGs preparation was conducted to improve PPGs stability for harsh reservoir conditions that exist in Persian Gulf oil reservoirs (a temperature of 145 °C and a water total dissolved solid of 225 000 mg/L). PPGs prepared with 0.30 g/g (30 wt%) of a 2:1:1:2 molar mass ratio of AM, DA, NVP, and AMPSNa could be completely stable for the mentioned conditions. Rheological behaviours of these PPGs were investigated and a mathematical model for prediction of storage modulus up to onset of elastic to viscous phase was presented. The results of this study reveal useful insights about the selection of appropriate material for successful conformance control in the heterogeneous reservoirs.
Impact of Frailty and Other Geriatric Syndromes on Clinical Management and Outcomes in Elderly Patients With Non–ST‐Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Rationale and Design of the LONGEVO‐SCA Registry
Authors: Alegre Oriol , Ariza‐Solé Albert , Vidán María T. , Formiga Francesc , Martínez‐Sellés Manuel , Bueno Héctor , Sanchís Juan , López‐Palop Ramón , Abu‐Assi Emad , Cequier Àngel
Published: June 2016

The incidence of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is high in the elderly. Despite a high prevalence of frailty and other aging‐related variables, little information exists about the optimal clinical management in patients with coexisting geriatric syndromes. The aim of the LONGEVO‐SCA registry (Impacto de la Fragilidad y Otros Síndromes Geriátricos en el Manejo y Pronóstico Vital del Anciano con Síndrome Coronario Agudo sin Elevación de Segmento ST) is to assess the impact of aging‐related variables on clinical management, prognosis, and functional status in elderly patients with ACS. A series of 500 consecutive octogenarian patients with non–ST‐segment elevation ACS from 57 centers in Spain will be included. A comprehensive geriatric assessment will be performed during the admission, assessing functional status (Barthel Index, Lawton‐Brody Index), frailty (FRAIL scale, Short Physical Performance Battery), comorbidity (Charlson Index), nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment–Short Form), and quality of life (Seattle Angina Questionnaire). Patients will be managed according to current recommendations. The primary outcome will be the description of mortality and its causes at 6 months. Secondary outcomes will be changes in functional status and quality of life. Results from this study might significantly improve the knowledge about the impact of aging‐related variables on management and outcomes of elderly patients with ACS. Clinical management of these patients has become a major health care problem due to the growing incidence of ACS in the elderly and its particularities.
A novel attack to track users based on the behavior patterns
Authors: Gu Xiaodan , Yang Ming , Shi Congcong , Ling Zhen , Luo Junzhou
Published: June 2016

Currently, people around the world daily use the Internet to access various services, such as e‐mail and online shopping. However, the behavior‐based tracking attacks have posed a considerable threat to users' privacy. Relying on characteristic patterns within the Internet activities, this attack can link a user's multiple sessions. In this paper, we investigate the behavior‐based tracking attack and propose some countermeasures to mitigate the threat. We preprocess the raw traffic data and then extract features ranging from lower layer network packets to high‐level application‐related traffic. Specifically, we focus on four types of application‐level traffic to infer users' habits, including HTTP, IM, e‐mail, and P2P. In addition, we extract the web queries entered into shopping websites and classify them to infer users' preferences. Then, we construct the preference models and propose an improved method. For evaluation, we collect traffic in the real‐world environment to construct a large‐scale dataset. Five hundred and nine users are selected in terms of the user's active degree. When the term frequency–inverse document frequency transformation is used, the improved method can identify an average of 93.79% instances correctly. Our extensive empirical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approaches. Finally, we discuss and evaluate several countermeasures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sanguinarine Induces Apoptosis of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma KB Cells via Inactivation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Lee Tae Kyung , Park Cheol , Jeong Soon‐Jeong , Jeong Moon‐Jin , Kim Gi‐Young , Kim Wun‐Jae , Choi Yung Hyun
Published: July 2016

Preclinical Research

Sanguinarine, an alkaloid isolated from the root of Sanguinaria canadensis and other plants of the Papaveraceae family, selectively induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of human cancer cells, but its mechanism of action requires further elaboration. The present study investigated the pro‐apoptotic effects of sanguinarine in human oral squamous cell carcinoma KB cells. Sanguinarine treatment increased DR5/TRAILR2 (death receptor 5/TRAIL receptor 2) expression and enhanced the activation of caspase‐8 and cleavage of its substrate, Bid. Sanguinarine also induced the mitochondrial translocation of pro‐apoptotic Bax, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release to the cytosol, and activation of caspase‐9 and ‐3. However, a pan‐caspase inhibitor, z‐VAD‐fmk, reversed the growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by sanguinarine. Sanguinarine also suppressed the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) and Akt in KB cells, while co‐treatment of cells with sanguinarine and a PI3K inhibitor revealed synergistic apoptotic effects. However, pharmacological inhibition of AMP‐activated protein kinase and mitogen‐activated protein kinases did not reduce or enhance sanguinarine‐induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. Collectively, these findings indicate that the pro‐apoptotic effects of sanguinarine in KB cells may be regulated by a caspase‐dependent cascade via activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways and inactivation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Drug Dev Res 77 : 227–240, 2016.   © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid determination of nine barbiturates in human whole blood by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Lin Zebin , Li Jiaolun , Huang Zhibin , Rao Yulan , Liang Hao , Yan Jie , Zheng Feng
Published: July 2016

A rapid, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of nine barbiturates (barbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital, secobarbital, thiopental, butalbital, butabarbital, and hexobarbital) in human whole blood. Barbiturates were extracted from 100 μL of human whole blood samples using a simple liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE) procedure, and detected by LC‐MS/MS. An UPLC C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 µm) column was used at 40 °C for the separation and acetonitrile/water system was used as the mobile phase with gradient elution. This method showed excellent accuracy (86–111%) and precision (relative standard deviation <15%). The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.2 ng/mL for barbital and secobarbital and 0.5 ng/mL for the other barbiturates. The linearity ranged from 2 ng/mL to 2000 ng/mL, with r2 > 0.99 over the range. This method achieved the separation and detection of pentobarbital and amobarbital at the same time in a convenient way. Moreover, it was both simple and sensitive for the determination of nine most commonly used barbiturate drugs, which was meaningful in the field of clinical and forensic toxicology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preference for C4 shade grasses increases hatchling performance in the butterfly, Bicyclus safitza
Authors: Nokelainen Ossi , Ripley Brad S. , van Bergen Erik , Osborne Colin P. , Brakefield Paul M.
Published: June 2016

The Miocene radiation of C4 grasses under high‐temperature and low ambient CO2 levels occurred alongside the transformation of a largely forested landscape into savanna. This inevitably changed the host plant regime of herbivores, and the simultaneous diversification of many consumer lineages, including Bicyclus butterflies in Africa, suggests that the radiations of grasses and grazers may be evolutionary linked. We examined mechanisms for this plant–herbivore interaction with the grass‐feeding Bicyclus safitza in South Africa. In a controlled environment, we tested oviposition preference and hatchling performance on local grasses with C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways that grow either in open or shaded habitats. We predicted preference for C3 plants due to a hypothesized lower processing cost and higher palatability to herbivores. In contrast, we found that females preferred C4 shade grasses rather than either C4 grasses from open habitats or C3 grasses. The oviposition preference broadly followed hatchling performance, although hatchling survival was equally good on C4 or C3 shade grasses. This finding was explained by leaf toughness; shade grasses were softer than grasses from open habitats. Field monitoring revealed a preference of adults for shaded habitats, and stable isotope analysis of field‐sampled individuals confirmed their preference for C4 grasses as host plants. Our findings suggest that plant–herbivore interactions can influence the direction of selection in a grass‐feeding butterfly. Based on this work, we postulate future research to test whether these interactions more generally contribute to radiations in herbivorous insects via expansions into new, unexploited ecological niches.
Feral Cat Globetrotters: genetic traces of historical human‐mediated dispersal
Authors: Koch Katrin , Algar Dave , Schwenk Klaus
Published: July 2016

Endemic species on islands are highly susceptible to local extinction, in particular if they are exposed to invasive species. Invasive predators, such as feral cats, have been introduced to islands around the world, causing major losses in local biodiversity. In order to control and manage invasive species successfully, information about source populations and level of gene flow is essential. Here, we investigate the origin of feral cats of Hawaiian and Australian islands to verify their European ancestry and a potential pattern of isolation by distance. We analyzed the genetic structure and diversity of feral cats from eleven islands as well as samples from Malaysia and Europe using mitochondrial DNA (ND5 and ND6 regions) and microsatellite DNA data. Our results suggest an overall European origin of Hawaiian cats with no pattern of isolation by distance between Australian, Malaysian, and Hawaiian populations. Instead, we found low levels of genetic differentiation between samples from Tasman Island, Lana'i, Kaho'olawe, Cocos (Keeling) Island, and Asia. As these populations are separated by up to 10,000 kilometers, we assume an extensive passive dispersal event along global maritime trade routes in the beginning of the 19th century, connecting Australian, Asian, and Hawaiian islands. Thus, islands populations, which are characterized by low levels of current gene flow, represent valuable sources of information on historical, human‐mediated global dispersal patterns of feral cats.
Deconstructing the relationships between phylogenetic diversity and ecology: a case study on ecosystem functioning
Authors: Davies T. Jonathan , Urban Mark C. , Rayfield Bronwyn , Cadotte Marc W. , Peres‐Neto Pedro R.
Published: July 2016

Recent studies have supported a link between phylogenetic diversity and various ecological properties including ecosystem function. However, such studies typically assume that phylogenetic branches of equivalent length are more or less interchangeable. Here we suggest that there is a need to consider not only branch lengths but also their placement on the phylogeny. We demonstrate how two common indices of network centrality can be used to describe the evolutionary distinctiveness of network elements (nodes and branches) on a phylogeny. If phylogenetic diversity enhances ecosystem function via complementarity and the representation of functional diversity, we would predict a correlation between evolutionary distinctiveness of network elements and their contribution to ecosystem process. In contrast, if one or a few evolutionary innovations play key roles in ecosystem function, the relationship between evolutionary distinctiveness and functional contribution may be weak or absent. We illustrate how network elements associated with high functional contribution can be identified from regressions between phylogenetic diversity and productivity using a well‐known empirical data set on plant productivity from the Cedar Creek Long‐Term Ecological Research. We find no association between evolutionary distinctiveness and ecosystem functioning, but we are able to identify phylogenetic elements associated with species of known high functional contribution within the Fabaceae. Our perspective provides a useful guide in the search for ecological traits linking diversity and ecosystem function, and suggests a more nuanced consideration of phylogenetic diversity is required in the conservation and biodiversity–ecosystem‐function literature.
(Still) Modern Times: Objectification at work
Authors: Andrighetto Luca , Baldissarri Cristina , Volpato Chiara
Published: July 2016

A great deal of research has investigated gender‐related objectification. In the current work, we aim to extend the empirical research on this phenomenon to the working domain. Consistent with several theoretical assumptions, we expected that factory workers would be objectified as a consequence of their work. In Study 1, we showed that each of the critical features of factory work (i.e., repetitiveness of movements, fragmentation of activities and dependence on the machine) significantly affected the view of the worker as an instrument (vs. a human being) and as less able to experience human mental states. Coherently, we found that factory workers, unlike artisans, were perceived as more instrument‐like (Study 2) and as less able to experience mental states (Study 3) when participants were asked to focus on the target's manual activities rather than on the target as a person. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are considered.
Perspective taking and member‐to‐group generalization of implicit racial attitudes: The role of target prototypicality
Authors: Todd Andrew R. , Simpson Austin J.
Published: June 2016

Actively considering an individual outgroup member's thoughts, feelings, and other subjective experiences —perspective taking— can improve attitudes toward that person's group. Here, we tested whether such member‐to‐group generalization of implicit racial attitudes is more likely when perspective‐taking targets are viewed as prototypical of their racial group. Results supported a gendered‐race‐prototype hypothesis: The positive effect of perspective taking on implicit attitudes toward Black people and Asian people, respectively, was stronger when the perspective‐taking target was a Black man or Asian woman (gender–race prototypical) versus a Black woman or Asian man (gender–race nonprototypical). These findings identify a boundary condition under which perspective taking may not improve intergroup attitudes and add to a growing literature on social cognition at the intersection of multiple social categories.
Faking revisited: Exerting strategic control over performance on the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure
Authors: Hughes Sean , Hussey Ian , Corrigan Bethany , Jolie Katie , Murphy Carol , Barnes‐Holmes Dermot
Published: July 2016

Across four studies, we demonstrate that effects obtained from the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure, like those obtained from other indirect procedures, are not impervious to strategic manipulation. In experiment 1, we found that merely informing participants to “fake” their performance without providing a concrete strategy to do so did not eliminate, reverse, or in any way alter the obtained outcomes. However, when those same instructions orientated attention toward the core parameters of the task, participants spontaneously derived a strategy that allowed them to eliminate their effects (experiment 2). When the participants were provided with a viable response strategy, they successfully reversed the direction of their overall Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure effect (experiment 3). By refining the nature of those instructions, we managed to target and alter individual trial‐type effects in isolation with some success (experiment 4).
Making sense of positive self‐evaluations in China: The role of sociocultural change
Authors: Zhang Rui , Noels Kimberly A. , Guan Yanjun , Weng Liping
Published: July 2016

Recent research points to Chinese people's elevated tendency to make positive self‐evaluations, despite the general claim that East Asians do not self‐enhance. We present three studies in support of a novel prediction that sociocultural change in China plays an important role in augmenting self‐enhancement. We operationalized self‐enhancement primarily in terms of the better‐than‐average effect (BTAE) and accounted for trait desirability or importance. We found that: (i) compared with Chinese Canadians, Chinese showed a stronger BTAE; (ii) within the Chinese, identification with contemporary Chinese culture uniquely predicted a stronger BTAE; and (iii) priming contemporary (vs. traditional) Chinese culture led to a stronger BTAE. Finally, we provided further evidence that motivation, in part, underlies the rising Chinese BTAE. We conclude by discussing the importance of both socioeconomic and cultural perspectives for understanding how and when of self‐enhancement in contemporary China and other societies undergoing social change.