bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinct cortical populations drive multisensory modulation of segregated auditory sources
Authors: Cai Huaizhen , Shirley Harry , Escabí Monty A. , Cohen Yale E.
Published: December 2024

Auditory perception can be modulated by other sensory stimuli. However, we do not fully understand the neural mechanisms that support multisensory behavior. Here, we recorded spiking activity from the primary auditory cortex (A1) in non-human primates, while they detected a target vocalization that was embedded in a background chorus of vocalizations. We found that a congruent video of a monkey eliciting a vocalization improved the monkeys’ behavior, relative to their performance when we only presented a static image of the monkey. As a proxy for the functional organization of A1, we compared the contribution of neurons with significant spectrotemporal response fields (STRFs) with those that had non-significant STRFs (nSTRFs). Based on spike-waveform shape and functional connectivity, STRF and nSTRF neurons appeared to belong to distinct neural populations. Consistent with this, we found that although STRF neurons encoded stimulus information through synchronized activity, the population of nSTRF neurons encoded task-related information in the primate A1 more as a structured dynamic process. Together, these findings demonstrate a functional distinction between the behavioral contributions of nSTRF and STRF neurons.
Estimation of fluid flow velocities in cortical brain tissue driven by the microvasculature
Authors: Koch Timo , Mardal Kent-André
Published: December 2024

We present a modelling framework for describing bulk fluid flow in brain tissue. Within this framework, using computational simulation, we estimate bulk flow velocities in the gray matter parenchyma due to static or slowly varying water potential gradients—hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients. Working with the situation that experimental evidence and some model parameter estimates, as we point out, are presently insufficient to estimate velocities precisely, we explore feasible parameter ranges resulting in a range of estimates. We consider the effect of realistic microvascular architecture (extracted from mouse cortical gray matter). Although the estimated velocities are small in magnitude (e.g. in comparison to blood flow velocities), the passive transport of solutes with the bulk fluid can be a relevant process when considering larger molecules transported over larger distances. We compare velocity magnitudes resulting from filtration and pulsations. Filtration can lead to continuous directed fluid flow in the parenchyma, while pulsation-driven flow is (at least partly) reversible. For the first time, we consider the effect of the vascular architecture on the velocity distribution in a tissue sample of ca. 1 mm3cortical gray matter tissue. We conclude that both filtration and pulsations are potentially potent drivers for fluid flow.

Summary (lay abstract)

Fluid transport through brain tissue is dynamic, but the basic properties of this flow and its variability are poorly characterised. Disturbed fluid transport was linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, fluid flow may be exploited to administer drugs to the brain. Using computer simulations, we estimate bulk flow velocities in the gray matter functional brain tissue due to changes in blood pressure and solute concentrations in unseen detail. We show that microvessel pulsations as filtration across the blood capillaries are potentially potent drivers of fluid flow in brain tissue.
Activity-Dependent Localization and Heterogeneous Dynamics of STIM1 and STIM2 at ER-PM contacts in Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Chhikara Arun , Maciąg Filip , Sorush Nasrin , Heine Martin
Published: December 2024

Stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) are calcium sensors integral to store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), a process critical for non-excitable cells and contributing to homeostatic functions in neurons. Upon depletion of Ca2+from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), STIMs translocate to ER-plasma membrane (PM) junctions to contact the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Using single-particle tracking (SPT), we characterized the dynamic properties of neuronal STIM1 and STIM2 in hippocampal neurons.Our data reveal that STIMs exhibit heterogenous dynamics in dendrites and axons, while only transiently visiting synaptic compartments. A substantial fraction of STIM2 proteins define ER-PM contacts under resting conditions, whereas STIM1 proteins are recruited to ER-PM junctions during strong activation of glutamatergic synapses. Junctions organized by KV2.1 channels are not particularly enriched with STIM proteins. Activity-dependent confinement of STIM proteins is not influenced by L-type calcium channel (CaV1.2) activity. We propose that STIM proteins predominantly regulate the contact area and frequency of contacts between ER and PM.
Virus-free continuous directed evolution in human cells using somatic hypermutation
Authors: Bram Stanley , Quenneville Jordan , Lindsey Graeme , Leach Sarah , Guthmiller Jenna J. , Mehta Angad P.
Published: December 2024

Random mutations followed by natural selection is one of the key mechanisms during natural evolution that results in the generation of new functions. This process is typically slow in nature because of low mutational frequency. In contrast, the B cells of mammalian immune systems have evolved somatic hypermutation (SHM) mechanisms that introduce mutations at the immunoglobulin genomic loci at a significantly higher frequency than the rest of the genome. SHM allows B cells to rapidly evolve new antibody sequences without compromising their fitness as a consequence of genome-wide mutations. In this work, we developed a continuous directed evolution platform in human B cell lines (CODE-HB) that recruits and repurposes the SHM mechanisms to rapidly evolve reporter proteins like the Green Fluorescent Protein. This approach uses a stable, non-immunoglobulin locus within the genomes of human B cell lines. To comprehensively characterize the mutational profile and breadth of this strategy, we performed single-molecule sequencing experiments. We illustrate the utility of the platform by rapidly evolving antibody fragments in a continuous manner by B cell surface display targeting avian subtypes of influenza hemagglutinin (e.g., H5) from emerging strains.
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood associated mutations inAtp1a3reveal diverse neurological alterations in mice
Authors: Terrey Markus , Krivoshein Georgii , Adamson Scott I. , Arystarkhova Elena , Anderson Laura , Szwec John , McKee Shelby , Jones Holly , Perkins Sara , Selvam Vijay , Piec Pierre-Alexandre , Chhaya Dweet , Dehn Ari , Zuberi Aamir , Murray Stephen A. , Morsci Natalia S. , Sweadner Kathleen J. , Knowles David A. , Tolner Else A. , van den Maagdenberg Arn M.J.M. , Lutz Cathleen M.
Published: December 2024

Pathogenic variants in the neuronal Na+/K+ATPase transmembrane ion transporter (ATP1A3) cause a spectrum of neurological disorders including alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC). The most commonde novopathogenic variants in AHC are p.D801N (∼40% of patients) and p.E815K (∼25% of patients), which lead to early mortality by spontaneous death in mice. Nevertheless, knowledge of the development of clinically relevant neurological phenotypes without the obstacle of premature death, is critical for the identification of pathophysiological mechanisms and ultimately, for the testing of therapeutic strategies in disease models. Here, we used hybrid vigor attempting to mitigate the fragility of AHC mice and then, performed behavioral, electrophysiological, biochemical, and molecular testing to comparatively analyze mice that carry either of two most common AHC patient observed variants in theAtp1a3gene. Collectively, our data reveal the presence but also the differential impact of the p.D801N and p.E815K variants on disease relevant alterations such as spontaneous and stress-induced paroxysmal episodes, motor function, behavioral and neurophysiological activity, and neuroinflammation. Our alternate AHC mouse models with their phenotypic deficits open novel avenues for the investigation of disease biology and therapeutic testing for ATP1A3 research.
Governing relationships: the direct and interactive role of perceived fairness in distribution channels
Authors: Trada Sandip , Singh Baljeet
Published: December 2024

Purpose

This research aims to analyse the potential role of perceived fairness as a complete governance mechanism in distribution channels. In doing so, this study examines the direct impact of perceived fairness on governance costs and its interactive effect on the driver (i.e. relationship-specific investments (RSIs) and deterrent (i.e. communication) of suppliers’ governance costs.

Design/methodology/approach

This research used a structural modelling approach to analyse the matched data collected from 241 pharmaceutical suppliers and distributors and test the proposed model.

Findings

The findings reveal that perceived fairness directly reduces governance costs in distribution channels. Further, they suggest that perceived fairness weakens the positive impact of suppliers’ RSIs and strengthens the negative effects of communication on suppliers’ governance costs.

Research limitations/implications

This study suggests that perceived fairness is a novel and effective way to govern distribution channels. These findings provide a holistic understanding of how perceived fairness reduces governance costs, directly and indirectly.

Practical implications

The findings suggest managers should design fair channel policies and train sales personnel to emphasise fairness during channel interactions. This would foster an equitable channel climate that safeguards investments and reduces governance efforts.

Originality/value

Prior literature has mostly overlooked the potential role of perceived fairness in distribution channels; however, this study addresses this gap and highlights the dual role of perceived fairness in channel governance.
Complementarity effects of financial development and remittance on agricultural production in Africa
Authors: Raifu Isiaka Akande , Afolabi Joshua Adeyemi
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Empirical evidence abounds on the individual effect of financial development and remittances on agricultural production, but little is known about their complementary role, especially in the context of African countries. This study fills this knowledge gap by examining the moderating role of financial development in the agricultural production–remittance nexus in Africa.

Design/methodology/approach

Different measures of financial development were employed, and the panel quantile regression model was adopted to analyse panel data of 33 African countries covering the period 2005–2020.

Findings

The results indicate that the effects of financial development on agricultural production vary across quantiles, and the dynamics of agricultural production are sensitive to the choice of financial development indicator. Nevertheless, financial development and remittances are highly indispensable for improved agricultural production in Africa, as financial development complements the positive effect of remittances on agricultural production.

Practical implications

African countries need to strengthen their financial sector to facilitate the effective mobilization of remittances and other financial resources for investment in the agricultural sector and the improvement of the sector’s productivity.

Originality/value

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that documents empirical evidence on the complementary role of financial development and remittances on agricultural production in Africa.
Entrepreneurial leadership: a systematic literature review and research agenda
Authors: Hoang Giang , Luu Tuan Trong , Babalola Mayowa T.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Despite the increasing scholarly attention, the existing literature on entrepreneurial leadership remains fragmented due to the absence of a comprehensive framework that illustrates the overarching research direction of this domain. Consequently, our systematic review of the antecedents, consequences and boundary conditions of this leadership construct is both timely and vital in addressing this challenge.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a rigorous and systematic selection process, our review has identified 93 empirical studies that meet our predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Findings

By analyzing and synthesizing these articles, our study contributes significantly to the expanding literature on entrepreneurial leadership by identifying commonly used theoretical frameworks and measurement methods in entrepreneurial leadership research; developing a comprehensive framework that outlines the antecedents, mediators, moderators and outcomes; and proposing a nomological network of entrepreneurial leadership and its associations.

Research limitations/implications

First, our review meticulously examines the extant literature on entrepreneurial leadership, encompassing a comprehensive assessment of theories embraced and the diverse array of variables associated with this domain. Furthermore, we critically synthesize the methodological approaches deployed in the study of entrepreneurial leadership. Finally, leveraging insights gleaned from our review, we offer actionable recommendations to guide future research endeavors in this dynamic and evolving field.

Originality/value

Entrepreneurial leadership has emerged as an effective approach to motivate innovation and enhance business performance, particularly in a market environment with increasing uncertainties and competitive intensity. Our study offers theoretical directions for future research on entrepreneurial leadership and practical implications that can inform leadership practices in organizational contexts.
Safe Laparoscopic Treatment of a Giant Hepatic Cyst That Compressed the Inferior Vena Cava With Severe Kyphosis
Authors: Araki Tatsuhiro , Tsuchiya Yasunori , Omura Tetsuya , Ota Nagayoshi , Shimada Katsuo , Fujii Tsutomu
Published: December 2024

We report a case in which a giant hepatic cyst located at the hepatic hilum and compressing the inferior vena cava was safely treated laparoscopically with careful attention to hemodynamics in a difficult fenestrated resection in a patient with severe kyphosis. The anatomic location of the cyst was evaluated preoperatively via 3D reconstruction of computed tomography images to identify a site where safe fenestrated resection could be performed. This was challenging because the surgical field was narrow due to the presence of severe kyphosis, and there was a risk of damage to surrounding organs during fenestrated resection. The cyst was filled with a greater omentum because the opening site was covered due to compression of the liver by the costal arch, and there was a risk of recurrence. Even when severe kyphosis makes fenestration of the cyst difficult, laparoscopic surgery may be a useful option given the appropriate preoperative preparation.
The Problems of Public Procurement in Canada: Rule Layering, Strategic Purchasing, and Risk Aversion as a Toxic Stew
Authors: Howlett Michael , Migone Andrea
Published: December 2024

This article analyzes persistent challenges in Canadian public procurement, examining in particular the federal government's complex, multi‐layered purchasing processes which have contributed to high‐profile failures, such as most recently the ArriveCan app and, over the past century, the majority of major military procurement projects. The primary issues found to contribute to these problems include excessive rule layering, unnecessary strategic purchasing complexities, bureaucratic risk aversion and political interference which together form a “toxic stew” leading to poorly designed processes hampering procurement efficiency and effectiveness. The article highlights three main strategic directions for improvement: streamlining procurement to increase efficiency, rethinking strategic purchasing to simplify decision‐making, and enhancing transparency and accountability for all projects to combat excessive caution and political interference. These proposals aim to address the key structural and political issues that have undermined procurement and help reform this key area of government activity.
Low Richness of Invasive Non‐Native Plants in New Zealand Indigenous Forests May Not Reflect Low Impact
Authors: Rossignaud Laureline , Hulme Philip E.
Published: December 2024

Aim

Identifying habitats vulnerable to plant invasions is essential for developing efficient management programmes. We assessed trends in richness and cover of non‐native plants in indigenous shrublands and forests across New Zealand. We investigated whether species classed as invasive species exhibited higher levels of plant invasion than naturalised species and the extent to which this reflected plant life form.

Location

New Zealand.

Time Period

From January 2009 to March 2014.

Major Taxa Studied

Plant.

Methods

We analysed 839 permanent 20 × 20 m plots spread across New Zealand that could be classified to a recognised forest type: mānuka‐kānuka shrubland, beech, beech‐broadleaved, beech‐broadleaved‐podocarp and broadleaved‐podocarp forests. Generalised additive models were run with native canopy richness or cover and spatial coordinates as co‐variables in order to compare non‐native plant richness and cover across forest types in relation to their invasive status and growth form.

Results

Overall, 35% of the plots had at least one non‐native species. Mānuka‐kānuka shrubland exhibited the highest mean non‐native richness (11 species) and cover (32%) with broadleaved‐podocarp forest presenting the next highest invasion level but to a much lesser extent (1.7 species and 3% cover). Despite presenting overall greater non‐native richness, naturalised species had lower cover than invasive species (4.2%, 13.5%, respectively). This pattern was mainly related to non‐native woody species that, despite their low richness, can reach greater cover than herbaceous species once established.

Main Conclusions

Despite half the New Zealand flora being composed of non‐native plant species, relatively few were found in forest habitats. However, indigenous shrubland and early successional forests showed higher vulnerability to plant invasion. Woody species, which are overrepresented among invasive species, had higher cover than herbaceous species and were less limited by native canopy cover. Such findings highlight the threat posed by non‐native woody species and the need for more targeted management programmes.
Optimal sugar components provide essential cues for the formation of host‐specialised cotton‐melon aphids
Authors: Zhang Yongqian , Zhang Yue , Wang Xinxiang , Yan Hongyu , Zhang Zhiyong , Huo Ran , Chen Aiqing , Du Yanli , Guo Honggang
Published: December 2024

Host specialisation is a common phenotype in herbivores and is considered as an important driver for species diversity of herbivores. Previous studies have revealed that a distinct plant defence mechanism underlies herbivores' host specialisation. However, the role of plant nutritional status, especially sugar metabolism, is a widely overlooked driver of host specialisation formation.

Here, the Cucurbitaceae biotype (CA) and Malvaceae biotype (MA) of cotton‐melon aphids, Aphis gossypii, were used to reveal the potential role of plant sugar metabolism in the formation of host‐specialised aphid biotypes.

The abundance, intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate of CA and MA biotypes significantly decreased after reciprocal host transfer, suggesting a host utilisation trade‐off between these biotypes. Further analysis of sugar quality showed differences in sugar components, especially raffinose‐family oligosaccharides (RFOs), between watermelon and cotton plants. The concentrations and ratios of raffinose and stachyose were higher in watermelon leaves than in cotton leaves, respectively. Exogenous application of different sugar substrates showed that CA biotypes performed the best on artificial diets with sucrose and raffinose (3:8) while MA biotypes established populations on artificial diets with only sucrose.

Moreover, the level of aphid's galactosidase activity, a key enzyme in RFOs metabolism, decreased in CA biotypes but increased in MA biotypes after reciprocal host transfer for acclimatising themselves to changes in RFOs of host plants.

Consequently, optimal sugar components provide essential cues for the formation of host‐specialised cotton‐melon aphids.
Temporal Alpha and Beta Diversity of Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Reveals Biotic Heterogenisation in Urban Ponds
Authors: Liao Wenfei , Soininen Janne
Published: December 2024

Urbanisation has led to decreasing quantity and quality of both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, resulting in biodiversity loss in urban ecosystems. Current research has focused on spatial patterns of biodiversity along urban gradients, while temporal patterns have received little attention.

Here, we investigated how alpha and beta diversity of beetles changed through time, and if pond structural connectivity (i.e., clustering of the ponds) and the presence or absence of fish affected the temporal change. We trapped diving beetles (Dytiscidae) in 20 ponds in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland, for six years and analysed the data using generalised linear mixed models and temporal beta diversity index.

We found that (a) dytiscid alpha diversity, i.e., species richness and total abundances, decreased through time, while dytiscid temporal beta diversity increased. (b) Clustered ponds had higher alpha diversity than isolated ponds, but temporal beta diversity did not differ between clustered and isolated ponds; clustered ponds had lower species losses and higher species gains than isolated ponds. (c) Ponds with fish had little change in alpha diversity during the study period, but ponds without fish experienced declining alpha diversity over time; ponds with fish experienced lower species losses and higher species gains than ponds without fish.

Our results indicate that dytiscid assemblages experienced biotic heterogenisation during the six years, but the heterogenisation processes are different in the presence and absence of fish. Dytiscids in clustered ponds are more likely to maintain stable populations due to immigration via the rescue effects than in isolated ponds.

Urbanisation has long‐lasting negative effects on biodiversity and may replace urban‐sensitive species with urban‐adapted species. The temporal dynamics of aquatic invertebrates suggest that improving landscape connectivity and local habitat conditions can mitigate species losses and support biotic communities in urban ponds.
Investigating Entanglements in Experienced Language Teachers’ Sense of Belonging and What Belonging Does
Authors: Miller Elizabeth R. , Gkonou Christina
Published: December 2024

The vast body of research on language teacher identity from the past two decades along with more recent research on language teacher emotions has shown that identity and emotions are mutually shaping facets of language teachers’ professional lives. (Un)belonging is a key link between teacher identity and emotions in that the feeling of belonging typically corresponds to insider identities and unbelonging with peripheral or outsider status. However, we still know relatively little about how the feeling of (un)belonging is experienced by language teachers, particularly veteran teachers. Given that belonging can deepen teachers’ ongoing commitment to their students and enhance their overall well‐being, it is important to have a theoretically informed understanding of (un)belonging and to examine how veteran teachers perceive and experience it and what it moves them to do. This study focuses on accounts of (un)belonging that emerged unsolicited in semi‐structured qualitative interviews with 24 experienced language teachers working in Germany and Norway. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed that (un)belonging is entangled in teachers’ decisions to become language teachers, relationships with colleagues and students, perceptions of their professional efficacy, and attachments to school communities. The article also explores what (un)belonging does.
Single‐Cell RNA‐Seq Reveals Injuries in Aortic Dissection and Identifies PDGF Signalling Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target
Authors: Han Yichi , Cui Yongji , Liu Juli , Wang Dingchen , Zou Guoxiang , Qi Xin , Meng Jinxiu , Huang Xiaoran , He Haiwei , Li Xin
Published: December 2024

Aortic dissection (AD) represents a critical condition characterised by a tear in the inner lining of the aorta, leading to the leakage of blood into the layers of the aortic wall, posing a significant risk to life. However, the pathogenesis is unclear. In this study, scRNA‐seq was applied to cells derived from aortas of both AD and non‐AD donors (control) to unveil the cellular landscape. ScRNA‐seq data uncover significant cellular heterogeneity in AD aortas. Specifically, we observed an accumulation of CD4+ T cells, which contributed to inflammation and cell death, and abnormal collagen formation mediated by fibroblast cells in AD. Moreover, we revealed a greater prevalence of cell death, oxidative stress and senescence in AD aorta cells. Furthermore, we found a decrease in the percentage of vascular stem cells (VSCs), along with a repression in their ability to differentiate into contractile vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Finally, our data demonstrated that the PDGF signalling pathway was activated in AD. We found that PDGF activation could lead to VSMCs aberrant switch from contractile to synthetic phenotype, which could be ameliorated by PDGF inhibitor. This underscores the potential of the PDGF as a therapeutic target for AD. In summary, our study highlights the cellular heterogeneity and associated injuries within aortas affected by AD, including cell death, oxidative stress, senescence and dysregulation of signalling pathways influencing the aberrant phenotypic switch of VSMCs. These insights offer valuable contributions to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying AD and present new avenues for therapeutic intervention in this condition.
A Systematic Review of the Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Association Between PCOS and Endometrial and Ovarian Cancers
Authors: Zanjirband M. , Nasr‐Esfahani M. H. , Curtin N. J. , Drew Y. , Sharma Saha S. , Adibi P. , Lunec J.
Published: December 2024

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a major cause of female infertility, affects 4%–20% of reproductive‐age women. Metabolic and hormonal alterations are key features of PCOS, potentially raising the risk of endometrial (EC) and ovarian (OVCA) cancers. This systematic review aims to summarise the proposed molecular mechanisms involved in the association between PCOS and EC or OVCA. This is achieved by conducting a thorough literature review and utilising specific search terms to identify all relevant studies published in English from 2010 to December 2022. PRISMA was followed, and the protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022375461). The QUADAS‐2 tool and Review Manager Software were employed to evaluate study quality and risk of bias respectively. Forty‐five eligible studies were selected with molecular signatures based on genomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, proteomic and epigenetic analyses. Genes and their products deregulated in EC and/or OVCA were identified, including BRCA1, MLH1, NQO1 and ESR1, which were also deregulated in PCOS. Serum levels of IGF1, IGFBP1, SREBP1 and visfatin in women with PCOS were also identified as potential biomarkers of enhanced EC risk. Salusin‐β serum levels in individuals with PCOS were identified as a potential biomarker for increased risk of OVCA. Gene signature–based drug repositioning identified several drug candidates: metformin, fenofibrate, fatostatin, melatonin, resveratrol and quercetin, some already established and prescribed for PCOS. In conclusion, this study provides a strong basis for further research to confirm the identified molecular signatures and associated causal links for potential therapeutic prevention strategies for EC and OVCA in women with PCOS.
Tag attachment innovation on spurdog (Squalus acanthias) reveals year‐round coastal association of pregnant females in northeastern Atlantic waters
Authors: Junge Claudia , Ferter Keno , Klöcker C. Antonia , Bjelland Otte , Albretsen Jon , Lennox Robert J. , Økland Finn , Jac Romaric , Andrade Hector , Albert Ole Thomas
Published: December 2024

The spurdog (Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758) is a globally distributed squaliform shark that has historically been overfished but is now recovering in the northeast Atlantic. Data series on spurdog movement and habitat use have been somewhat limited to research surveys due to challenges associated with electronic tagging. Here, we offer a revised attachment method for externally attached pop‐up satellite archival tags that was successful in long‐term deployments on pregnant females. Twenty‐one spurdogs were tagged in two fjord systems in western Norway for an average of 243 days and provided new details about their behaviour, demonstrating affinity for coastal habitat based on the pop‐up locations and recovery positions of the tags (84% within 40 km from tagging location), and depth–temperature profiles. It is likely that parturition therefore occurs in these coastal waters, making them important to the life cycle of this species. The realized depth niche of tagged individuals suggested that surveys may miss sharks if they do not cover the full water column because the sharks used large parts of the water column and spent much time in shallower waters, albeit with seasonal variations (deeper and shallower in winter and summer, respectively). Adoption of this tagging method and combination with movement data from acoustic transmitters will help to better resolve the behaviour of this species as it transitions from a species at risk to a managed fishery. Such studies will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the species' habitat requirements that will empower better informed protections against a return to the red list of threatened species.
The impact of therapeutic jurisprudence on juvenile recidivism: The country road to rehabilitation
Authors: Watkins Mallory Noelle
Published: December 2024

This study investigated juvenile recidivism among the statewide population of juvenile drug court graduates from 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 in West Virginia. One notable strategy to combat juvenile crime is the therapeutic jurisprudence approach that focuses on intervention by the judiciary to head the rehabilitation of offenders. This study analyzed recidivism data for 3 years following a juvenile drug court participant's completion of the program to determine the effectiveness of the therapeutic jurisprudence approach in West Virginia. Recidivism data were analyzed through chi‐square tests of independence, multiple linear regression, and an ANOVA to ascertain the impact of the therapeutic jurisprudence approach. This writer tracked recidivism rates of graduates 3 years following completion of the juvenile drug court program to determine the overall effectiveness of the community‐based, judicial treatment approach. The study examined recidivism rates for participants who received evidence‐based treatment based on age to highlight if an offender's age at the time of graduation influenced future recidivism. Finally, the study investigated if there was a noteworthy difference in recidivism depending on where the participant participated in juvenile drug court across 19 separate juvenile drug court programs throughout the state.
Juvenile justice at a crossroad between crime control and rehabilitation: A study of philosophies and practices in Austria and the United States
Authors: Moak Stacy C. , Kaiser Nina
Published: December 2024

This study examines philosophies and practices of juvenile justice in Austria and the United States specifically using cases of juvenile homicide to provide context to examine divergent outcomes in the two countries. Grounding the paper in the culture of control theory, findings indicate that Austria has not been as heavily influenced by punitive policies as has the United States and maintains a focus as a welfare state. Although the United States has made progress in parts of the juvenile justice system, for more serious offenses, it remains largely focused on crime control and punitiveness. Penalties for juvenile crimes, even the most serious cases, in Austria are geared toward resocialization, education, and treatment instead of punishment. Possible explanations for these differences are explored through local cultural and sociological examination.
Skill‐Honey Badger Optimisation Algorithm‐Enabled Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Multiclass Leaf Disease Detection in Tomato Plant
Authors: Trivedi Naresh Kumar , Jain Sachin , Misra Alok , Tiwari Raj Gaurang , Maheshwari Shikha , Gautam Vinay
Published: December 2024

In today's life, agriculture holds considerable importance in human life and the economy of a nation. Agriculture, including tomato farming, plays a vital role as one of the most extensively consumed vegetables worldwide. However, tomato crops are very prone to diseases, leading to reduced production and economic down in agricultural fields. To solve these issues, an effective method is proposed named Skill‐Honey Badger Optimisation Algorithm‐enabled deep convolutional neural network (CNN) (SHBOA_DeepCNN) for detecting leaf disease in tomato plants. In this method, the input is primarily preprocessed by utilising Savitzky–Golay (SG) filtering. Then, segmentation is performed by utilising Dense‐Res‐Inception Net (DRINet), which is trained by using devised SHBOA. The proposed SHBOA is designed by incorporating the Skill Optimisation Algorithm (SOA) and Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA). Subsequently, image augmentation is performed on segmented images by using two augmentation techniques, namely, colour augmentation and position augmentation. At last, multiclass leaf disease detection is performed using DeepCNN, which is trained by devised SHBOA. The experimental analysis of the devised SHBOA_DeepCNN method showed a high accuracy of 91.91% and a true positive rate (TPR) of 90.24%. Moreover, it achieved a minimum false positive rate (FPR) of 7.38%. The code of the article is available at “https://github.com/Amisra‐98/SHBOA_DeepCNN.git”.
Bioagents and Beyond: Harnessing the Diversity of Nematophagous Microorganisms and Predators for Sustainable Management of Plant–Parasitic Nematodes
Authors: Shukuru Bitaisha Nakishuka , Politaeva Natalia Anatolievna , Sharma Neeta Raj , Akhtar Nahid , TS Archana , Rana Meenakshi
Published: December 2024

The scientific interest in using natural methods to control plant diseases and pests is significantly growing. Microorganisms and predators that feed on plant–parasitic nematodes are important in controlling these pests. Many studies show promising results in using these natural enemies to manage nematode populations. Our review identifies the most promising natural enemies for different types of nematodes. We highlight fungi such as Purpureocillium lilacinum, Metacordyceps chlamydosporia, Hirsutella rhossiliensis, Orbilia oligospora and Arthrobotrys spp., and bacteria such as Pasteuria penetrans, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. These species show strong potential against specific nematode genera such as Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Pratylenchus and Globodera. Despite their effectiveness, several challenges hinder their widespread use. These include a lack of awareness among farmers, difficulties in mass‐producing and applying bioagents and limited research on their effectiveness in various environmental conditions. Future research should focus on overcoming these challenges. This includes improving the production and application of bioagents, educating farmers and conducting more field studies to confirm their effectiveness. By addressing these concerns, biological control can become a reliable and sustainable method for managing nematode pests in agriculture.
HBV‐Induced Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms, Correlation With Viral Suppression, and Implications for Treatment
Authors: Tu Thomas , McQuaid Thomas J. , Jacobson Ira M.
Published: December 2024

Background

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common but underdiagnosed and undertreated health condition and is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. HBV (rated a Grade 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer) drives the transformation of hepatocytes in multiple ways by inducing viral DNA integrations, genetic dysregulation, chromosomal translocations, chronic inflammation, and oncogenic pathways facilitated by some HBV proteins. Importantly, these mechanisms are active throughout all phases of HBV infection. Nevertheless, most clinical guidelines for antiviral therapy recommend treatment based on a complex combination of HBV DNA levels, transaminasemia, liver histology, and demographic factors, rather than prompt treatment for all people with infection.

Aims

To determine whether current antiviral treatment frameworks address the impacts of chronic HBV infection, particularly in preventing cancer development.

Materials and Methods

We reviewed recent data demonstrating that antiviral therapy can inhibit pro‐oncogenic factors acting throughout a chronic HBV infection.

Results

We conducted an extensive review of Hepatitis B virology data and correlating clinical outcomes based on these findings we propose simplifying and expanding treatment initiation to reduce the incidence of new infections, prevent progression of liver disease, and lower the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, we draw insights from other blood‐borne pathogens, emphasizing the benefits of antiviral treatment in preventing transmission, reducing stigma, and reframing treatment as a strategy for cancer prevention.

Conclusion

Incorporating these practice changes into treatment is likely to reduce the overall burden of chronic HBV infections and HCC. Through this, we may better achieve the World Health Organization's goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat and minimise its impact on people's lives.
The Role of Exercise in Steatotic Liver Diseases: An Updated Perspective
Authors: Alabdul Razzak Iyiad , Fares Ahmed , Stine Jonathan G. , Trivedi Hirsh D.
Published: December 2024

Background

The increasing prevalence of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), parallels the rise in sedentary lifestyles. MASLD is the most common form of steatotic liver disease (SLD), which represents the umbrella beneath which the vast majority of chronic liver diseases fall, including alcohol‐related liver disease and their overlap. These conditions are the leading contributors to chronic liver disease, significantly impacting global morbidity and mortality. Despite the emergence of new pharmacotherapies, exercise represents the foundation of MASLD treatment.

Objective

This review aims to provide an updated perspective on the role of exercise in the management of SLD, highlight its molecular and clinical benefits, and explore its benefits and safety in the stage of cirrhosis.

Methods

Evidence from pre‐clinical and clinical studies was reviewed to evaluate the impact of exercise on SLD (mainly MASLD), advanced chronic liver disease stages, and its relevance in the context of evolving therapies such as Resmetirom and incretin‐based anti‐obesity medications.

Conclusion

Exercise remains a cornerstone intervention in the management of MASLD, with suggested benefits even for patients who have progressed to cirrhosis. Personalized exercise regimens should be prioritized for all patients, including those receiving pharmacotherapy. Further research is needed to refine exercise protocols and investigate their impact on histologic and clinical outcomes, as well as their potential synergistic effects with emerging treatments.
The Association of Race With Outcomes in Hospitalised Patients With Hepatorenal Syndrome: Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Prakash Shahana , Vander Weg Mark , Tanaka Tomohiro
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Racial/ethnic disparities have been previously reported in renal and hepatic disease care; however, acute kidney injury (AKI) in the setting of cirrhosis (hepatorenal syndrome [HRS]‐AKI) despite its complexity requiring a multidisciplinary approach, remains understudied.

Methods

To identify unique associations of clinical and sociodemographic factors with mortality and length of stay (LOS) among patients hospitalised with HRS‐AKI, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted, along with a mediation analysis to estimate how race‐related differences in in‐hospital mortality were influenced by payer type, area household income, and clinical severity.

Results

Black patients demonstrated a significantly higher odds of in‐hospital mortality, compared to their white counterparts, adjusting for (1) sex and age, (2) sex, age, payer type, and area household income and (3) sex, age, and clinical severity [OR 1.16–1.20, 95% confidence intervals (CI) > 1]. Higher mortality rates among Black patients were partially mediated by clinical severity and area household income [proportion mediated (PM): 0.1890.190.192 and 0.160.170.18, respectively]. Black patients with HRS‐AKI had longer LOS than White patients. Hispanic patients tended to have lower odds of in‐hospital mortality [OR: 0.770.860.97] despite their lower income and more severe illness.

Conclusion

Our nationwide US study demonstrated that, partly due to higher clinical severity and lower household income, Black patients with HRS‐AKI experience higher inpatient mortality, compared to White patients. On the other hand, Hispanics with HRS‐AKI have a survival advantage. More awareness is warranted to address racial disparities in HRS‐AKI outcomes.
Comparing the Impacts of Czech ALMP Training Programmes Implemented During the 2020 COVID‐19 Pandemic to Programmes in 2016 and 2019
Authors: Hora Ondřej , Suchanec Miroslav
Published: December 2024

This article focuses on the impacts of training programmes on leaving unemployment during the COVID‐19 period. The main issue addressed is uncertainty about the effects of ALMP programmes during the pandemic. We implemented the matched‐pairs quasi‐experimental design on administrative data from the 2016, 2019, and 2020 program implementation, counting 21,990 participants and controls. We found lower hazard rates of employment entry in absolute terms in the COVID‐19 period than before, but training programmes had greater positive impacts due to the economic cycle effect prevailing over implementation difficulties. The main conclusion is that the effects of training programmes during the COVID pandemic were sound because the situation among the disadvantaged worsened proportionally; on average, it took them much longer to find work than in the previous periods.
Characterizing the antibody response to amustaline/glutathione pathogen‐reduced red blood cells
Authors: Karim Christopher , Panigrahi Anil , Pearl Ronald G. , Sodha Neel R. , Beaver Thomas M. , Pelletier J. Peter R. , Nuttall Gregory A. , Reece T. Brett , Erickson Anna , Hedrick Teresa , Liu Kathy , Bentow Stanley , Corash Laurence , Mufti Nina , Varrone Jeanne , Benjamin Richard J.
Published: December 2024

Background

The clinical significance of natural and treatment‐emergent antibodies specific for amustaline/glutathione pathogen‐reduced red blood cells (PRRBCs) is not known.

Study Design and Methods

A Phase 3, randomized clinical trial of PRRBCs (ReCePI) compared PRRBCs with conventional RBCs in cardiac or thoracic‐aorta surgery. Subjects transfused during and for 7 days after surgery were screened for PRRBC‐specific antibodies at baseline, 28 and 75 days post‐surgery. Subjects with treatment‐emergent antibodies were assessed for evidence of hemolysis. Cryopreserved subject RBC samples were assayed by flow cytometry for circulating PRRBCs using an acridine‐specific (2S197‐2M1) monoclonal antibody, and for human IgG‐coated RBCs. RBC‐surface acridine density was quantitated using a commercial calibrated phycoerythrin (PE)‐bead panel.

Results

Five of 159 (3.1%) PRRBC and zero of 162 conventional RBC recipients developed treatment‐emergent PRRBC‐specific IgG, low titer antibodies detected 26–80 days post‐surgery after exposure to 1–3 PRRBC units, without clinical evidence of hemolysis. DAT and eluate were weak (w+) positive and PRRBC‐specific in one subject. A monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) was non‐reactive in the three subjects with an interpretable result. Flow cytometry demonstrated circulating PRRBCs in all five subjects expressing surface acridine concentrations at the limit of detection (approximately 150–301 PE molecules/RBC) compared with freshly transfused PRRBCs (approximately 7500 PE molecules/RBC). In some samples, loss of surface acridine expression could not be distinguished from clearance of the PRRBCs.

Discussion

Treatment‐emergent PRRBC‐specific antibodies with the characteristics of nonclinically significant antibodies were detected in five subjects transfused with PRRBCs. Flow cytometry demonstrated persistent circulating PRRBCs with minimal surface acridine expression. (www.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03459287).
What can the location of skin sheds tell us? A case study on Montpellier snake Malpolon monspessulanus in southeast France
Authors: Cheylan Marc , Stubbs David , Priol Pauline
Published: December 2024

Montpellier snake Malpolon monspessulanus (Hermann, 1804) skin sheds were collected over four years from an olive grove (0.21 ha) in southeast France. Examination of the cephalic scales allowed us to identify the individuals that frequented the site and the regularity of their visits for shedding. Reconstruction of the life histories of the individuals by capture-mark-recapture modelling showed that they visited the site during four consecutive years to shed. This site fidelity could be linked to mating opportunities or egg laying and foraging, or to the distinctive nature of the site, which is a sunny clearing within a dense woodland not very suitable for this thermophilic species. The concentration of the population in a very small area at certain times of the year risks making it vulnerable to predators as well as to changes that the site may undergo in the future, particularly if its agricultural use is abandoned and the woodland encroaches the open field area.
Flare June 7, 2011, and Analysis of Eruptive Prominence Fragments
Authors: Kupryakov Yu. A. , Bychkov K. V. , Malyutin V. A. , Gorshkov A. B. , Belova O. M.
Published: December 2024

Solar flares can be accompanied by high plasma velocities exceeding several hundred km/s. Detection and measurement of such velocities is limited by narrow-band and small wavelength range in most solar instruments. However, similar events with Doppler velocities exceeding two hundred km/s have been detected by the solar optical spectrographs at the Ondřejov Observatory. The results of the analysis of our multi-wavelength observation performed during the solar flare of June 7, 2011 and the calculation of several physical parameters of the coronal mass ejection fragments following the flare have been present. The calculation of the radiation of heated gas have been performed with allowance for self-absorption in the spectral lines of hydrogen and calcium. All the crucial processes of discrete level populating and depopulating have been taken into account in the balance equations. The theoretical radiation fluxes in the lines have coincided with those observed in the temperature range of 6300–10000 K at a gas concentration of  ~$$(3{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} 5) \times {{10}^{{10}}} {\text{c}}{{{\text{m}}}^{{ - 3}}}$$, a gas layer thickness of $$6800{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} 7000$$ km, and a linear concentration of $$(2{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} 4) \times {{10}^{{19}}} {\text{c}}{{{\text{m}}}^{{ - 3}}}$$.