bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The classic: The museum in the fourth dimension
Authors: De Varine Hugues
Published: August 2018

The necessity of renewal: It is not long since the modern museum was born, the offspring of international museological research in combination with isolated museographic experiments. To a large extent the journal Museum published by Unesco has been the scene of its birth and the means ofits dissemination. Other publications, countless conferences, and the work ofinstitutions in process of renewal have been determining factors for studies, confrontations and improvements. But more still remains to be said, and we may wonder whether this modern museum, or at least the museology which backs it up, is anything more than a formal - not to say formalistic - groping after reform, when what is wanted is a totally and radically new institution.
Ekologi som kulturvetenskap – en radikal utmaning för museerna
Authors: Råberg Per
Published: August 2018

Ecology as a humanistic discipline - a challenge for museumsIn the 1970s ecology forcefully entered both public debate and scientific thinking. It caused the 'greening' of politics both nationally and internationally and is slowly making its way into community planning; it has had what could be described as a paradigmatic effect on scientific discourse, primarily in various natural science fields, but also in social sciences.
Kerstin Smeds: Helsingfors – Paris. Finlands utveckling till nation på världsutställningarna 1851-1900
Authors: Vilkuna Janne
Published: August 2018

I kriget 1808-1809 erövrade Ryssland Finland från Sverige. Under det nya väldet blev Finland ett autonomt storfurstendöme. Vid samma tid hade man börjat utforskningen av folkets språk och traditioner vid Åbo, sedermera till Helsingfors flyttade, universitet.
Museum Aktuell
Authors: Gjestrum John Aage
Published: August 2018

Høsten 1995 utkom første nummer av Museum Aktuell, et nytt museumsmagasin for den tyskspråklige museumsverden. Det utkommer månedlig med en blanding av aktuelle nyheter og fagartikler. Utgiveren, Dr. Christian Müller-Straten, forteller at den nærmest totale mangel på kontakt og kunnskap om hva som skjedde i museumsmiljøene i de tysk-talende naboland Østerrike, Sveits og Tyskland, var bakgrunnen for å starte museumsmagasinet.
Museerna och tidsandans förändring
Authors: Rosander Göran
Published: August 2018

Museums and the spirit of the time Some of the changes in museum activities in Sweden from the 1940s and onwards are examined and related to the changes in the general spirit of the time. The present structure of the Swedish museum system was established around 1940, with the setting up of a state-supported regional museum in each administrative region (län).
Museology and Research – the present situation in a Norwegian perspective
Authors: Gjestrum John Aage
Published: August 2018

In 1993 the Norwegian Museums Association celebrated its 75th anniversary with a conference attended by numerous museum professionals from allparts of Norway. The role of museology was one of the issues covered by the conference. As an introduction I want to quote two statements given by speakers at this conference: «If the proposal to introduce a Norwegian museum training programme should continue to require time and resources - seminars, reports, projects etc. - it certainly represents a deadlock and it leads us astray. The personnel with responsible scientific positions in Norwegian museums have an adequate training both when it comes to disciplinary diversity and depth.» (Niemi 1994:27) «I want to state, here and now, that museology offers training for a practical job. It is a misunderstanding to believe that it should be possible to be a 'museologist: one who studies museums in the abstract without having a basis and anchorage in the real disciplines which are the genuine roots of the museums, the reason for their existence. It is unrealistic, thoughtless and naive.» (Hohler 1994:42)
The Ostenfeld farm at the open-air museum; Aspects of the role of folk museums in conflicts of national heritage
Authors: Skougaard Mette
Published: August 2018

The founder of the Danish Folk Museum and the Open-Air Museum, Bernhard Olsen, took a special interest in former Danish provinces; Scandinavian areas lost to Sweden in the 17th century, and Schleswig lost to Prussia in 1864. This paper examines the efforts made by Bernhard Olsen to obtain a farm house from the village of Ostenfeld in Schleswigfor the Open Air Museum, and the struggle between the Danish and the German elements in the attempt to define the national and cultural heritage of the region. These nationalistic intentions are seen in relation to the choice of exhibits and exhibition language in the new folk museums of the period.
Museiljus och teaterljus
Authors: Wiktorsson Stefan
Published: August 2018

Lighting in museums and in theatres The author normally works with a theatre company. Together with a stage designer he has also assisted in the preparation of exhibitions and compares his experiences of lighting in the different settings. The general principles are the same, e.g. that our sense of light and dark is always determined by changes in the intensity of light and by its colouring. The basic difference lies in the fixed position of the audience in the theatre and the moving museum visitor added to which are strict norms governing the amount of light permitted to play on the various materials that make up museum objects with a view to counteracting deterioriation.
Museerna bör satsa på "god etnografi"
Authors: Arntsberg Karl-Olov
Published: August 2018

Museums and «thick descriptions» In Swedish museums there has been since the 1970s a marked ambition to produce descriptions and analyses of contemporary everyday life. Museum curators trained in ethnology make shorter or longer field expeditions in order to write what is labelled here as «ethnography». The museum which has so far been most productive in this field is The National Maritime Museum situated in Stockholm. Since 1971 it has published 29 reports. In this article four of them are discussed from an ethnographic point of view. They are all interesting and valuable contributions to this type of museological documentation. However, the level of ambitions could, and should, be raised in the future.
Fortsatt samtal: Aktörsperspektiv, maktperspektiv och det museala sinnelaget
Authors: Hofrén Erik
Published: August 2018

I sin uppsats Lokalmuseer og museumsprofesjonalitet diskuterar John Aage Gjestrum insiktsfullt vad jag här i korthet vill benämna aktörsperspektivet i museilandskapet. Han gör det med utgangspunkt i framförallt arbeten av tre interrnationellt kända museologer, fransmännen Georges Henri Riviere och Hugues de Varine, samt kanadensaren Duncan Ferguson Cameron. De båda förstnämnda, ICOM-direktorerna, är starkt forbundna med den nya museologin och alldeles särskilt med eko-musei-idén som den formulerades 1972.
Vad söker besökaren i museet? Massmediala aspekter på museiväsendet
Authors: Treinen Heiner
Published: August 2018

Heiner Treinen ser kommunikationsproblemet i museerna särskilt ur besökarens synpunkt. I sina omfattande, i Tyskland ofta åberopade, publikstudier bygger han sin analys av besökarbeteenden pa jämförelser med resultaten av forskningen kring hur massmediebudskap, särskilt TV-program «konsumeras» och därvid anammas eller avvisas.
Museer og succes
Authors: Laursen Janne
Published: August 2018

Museums and success In a world where economic values increasingly dominate museums have a hard job trying to find understanding for values other than the economic ones. The predominance of economic values in society is accompanied by their criteria of success: increased consumption, growing turn-over and more profit. It is difficult for the museums to point to other and more sophisticated criteria for success.
Klassikern: Våra museer och folkbildningsarbetet
Authors: Nordenskiöld Erland
Published: August 2018

Etnografen Erland Nordenskiöld (1877-1932) är mest känd som amerikanist. Han började som paleontolog fältforska i Patagonien 1899, men ägnade sig alltmer åt arkeologi och etnografi under jlera expeditioner till Peru, Bolivia och Brasilien 1904-1914, vars resultat han redovisat inte bara i vetenskapliga avhandlingar utan också i populära reseskildringar. Han blev 1913 chef för Göteborgs museums etnografiska avdelning och 1923 innehavare av en personlig professur i etnografi vid Göteborgs hogskola.
Boknotiser
Authors: Ågren Per-Uno , Melgaard Inge , Gjestrum John Aage
Published: August 2018

Jonas Anshelm (red), Modernisering och KulturarvAndre Desvallees (utg), Vagues, une anthologie de la nouvelle museologi Else Espeland, Eva Mrehre Lauritzen, Kare Sveen (red), Museer i Norge Ivan Karp, Christine Mullen Kreamer, Steven D. Lavine (red), Museums and Communities: The Politics of Public Culture  Ivan Karp og Steven D. Lavine. (red). Exhibiting Cultures. The Poetics and Politics of Museum DisplayGottfried Korff, Martin Roth (Hg), Das historische Museum Susan M. Pearce, Museums, Objects and Collections: A cultural Study John M. A. Thompson (ed) Manual of curatorship. A guide to museum practice Kevin Walsh, The Representation of the Past. Museum and heritage in the post-modern world. Wolfgang Zacharias (Hg), Zeitphanomen Musealisierung
Museipedagogik och livslångt lärande
Authors: Palviainen Ritva
Published: August 2018

The role of museum educationat a university of the Third AgeMuseum education is most often connected with the cooperation between museums, preschools and schools. The best known teaching methods are traditional guided museum visits and workshops. Museum education is often considered as a supplement to exhibitions. Museums have much more to give. Museums have the expertise of their personnel, their collections, archives, publications and research, which reach outside the museum walls to the culcural landscape, builc environment, sites and monuments - to everyone's everyday experience. All these offer diverse alternatives for many different ways of teaching and for life-long learning. Museum education is, indeed, for all and museums should have the competence to handle and offer adult education too.
Museum buildings and their functions
Authors: Enerstvedt Åse
Published: August 2018

The most beautiful museum building in Scotland - perhaps even in the world - was opened in Edinburgh at the end of 1998. The exterior is breathtaking - marble and sandstone in shades of pale rose and yellow, with a smooth surface that challenges the tactile sense of the passers-by. The Museum of Scotland is situated in a busy street, surrounded by important historical buildings. A modern building on this site could be a disaster; but though the museum is extremely modern in style, it harmonizes to the extent that it is experienced as a natural part of the existing architecture in the surrounding streets.
Notiser
Authors: Ågren Per-Uno , Vilkuna Janne , Bergdahl Ewa , Gjestrum John Aage
Published: August 2018

Marja-Liisa Rönkkö. Louvren ja Louisianan perilliset - Suomalainen taidemuseoPeter Davis: Ecomuseums - A sense of place Ingrid Bergman, Artur Hazelius. Nordiska Museets och Skansens skapare Upptackargladje! Om museipedagogikEva Silven & Maths Isacson (red.) Industriarvet i samtiden Helka Ketonen (ed.), Nykytaiteen Keraamisesta/Collecting Contemporary ArtMål og mening i museumshverdagen. Sjølevalueringsopplegg for plan og utviklingsarbeid i museene
How to manage collections? – The problem of management of collections in Tampere Museums
Authors: Palo-oja Ritva , Willberg Leena
Published: August 2018

What do you do, when collections include 200,000 objects, and only half of them are within the management system? What do you do with objects that have been damaged by fire or in transfers between collections? These questions prompted the collection management team of Tampere Museums to develop a value classification system in 1994. This system has been applied since, and has proved to be a practical tool for collection management. The system has already been refined through experience. We hope that this article will provoke discussion and motivate museums to develop common collection management methods.
The phenomenon of cultural heritage and the definition of a unit of material
Authors: Maroevic Ivo
Published: August 2018

Cultural heritage is a complex matter. To use a very concise definition, it is the value of the past that we distinguish in the present in order to be able to preserve it for the future. Through the varying course of the present it constantly transmits the experiences and the messages of past times, forever expanding human knowledge about them. The theoretical formulation of cultural heritage goes back a long way but in the modern sense began to be defined and directed towards conservation in the period of romanticism, in the mid-19th century, when a clearly focused interest in the past was one of the major features of the contemporary world-view.
Stimulating curiosity for global poverty and inequality. An explorative study of students’ experiences with the exhibition A World at Stake
Authors: Nielsen Sigurd Solhaug
Published: August 2018

This article focuses on students’ experiences with A World at Stake, an interactive exhibition inspired by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The research aim of the study was to explore factors contributing to students’ curiosity-evoking capacities for global poverty and inequality, with a particular emphasis on experiences of mastery. The research was based on a survey conducted at Glomdalsmuseet in Norway among students aged 9–17 years (n =1094). The data analysis was performed using quantitative methodology analysis in IBM SPSS version 20. Results indicate that students’ interests in social and natural environments, and their sense of responsibility and participation, seem to stimulate curiosity. In particular, students’ experiences of mastery in the exhibition are positively associated with their curiosity-evoking capacities.
Ulleråker. Cultural heritage, gender and functionality norms
Authors: Rodéhn Cecilia
Published: August 2018

This paper provides a presentation of the project Ulleråker –funktionsnedsättning och kulturarv funded by the National Heritage Board. The project seeks to investigate the transformation of Ulleråker, a former psychiatric hospital in the outskirts of Uppsala (Sweden). The project will study how cultural heritage is transformed, and formed, during urban development and rebuilding processes, with a particular focus on gender and functionality norms. The project examines different kinds of material in order to illuminate how cultural heritage is articulated and materialized in the area. The material is analyzed using a composite theory of critical heritage studies coupled with crip and gender studies. The purpose of the project is to contribute to develop methods and theories in how to deal with the cultural heritage of psychiatric hospitals during times of transformation.
Museums, museology and cultural heritage studies in Sweden 1993–2017. Some experiences and effects
Authors: Silvén Eva
Published: August 2018

In the last twenty-five years, the Swedish museum landscape has expanded and contains today several thousand museums, from the single local history museum to the merged governmental central museum, many of them organized in different networks. During the same period contemporary collecting, diversity issues and difficult matters became both attractive and urgent topics for the public cultural history museums. Also, museology and cultural heritage studies were established at several universities, with professorships as well as basic educational programmes. As a consequence, the perception of museology as research done at museums was replaced by research on museums, often with a critical view of the history of collections and exhibitions. During the last few years, however, a polarized media debate reveals that there might still be a gap between the actual, contemporary museum and the more traditional concept of the museum in (some) people’s minds.
Med himmelen som tak Ungdom, religion og fandom
Authors: Anker Trine
Published: August 2018

In this article the phenomenon “fandom” is discussed. Fandom signifies strong fan-cultures, similar to religious charismatic movements. Trough a brief introduction to fandom research I show how the field has changed from a negative view on fans, towards a more committed fandom-research. The point of departure is ”the Beliebers” – the follower of Justin Bieber. The majority of “the Beliebers” are young girls, often portrayed as a hysterical group in the medias. Texts written by Beliebers, however, show how they create meaning, identity and a sense of belonging through their commitment. I conclude that fandom not just show how difficult it can be to divide between religion and non-religion, but rather challenges the whole concept of such a division.Keywords: fandom, Belieber, fan, youth religionI artikkelen diskuteres fenomenet «fandom». Fandom brukes for å beskrive sterke fan-kulturer som har mye til felles med religiøse karismatiske bevegelser. I artikkelen gis en kort gjennomgang av fandoms-forskningens historie. Denne viser utviklingen fra et overveiende negativt syn på fans til et mer positivt forskerengasjement. Startpunktet for artikkelen er «the Beliebers» – Justin Biebers fans. Majoriteten av disse er unge jenter, ofte fremstilt av mediene som en gråtende og hylende masse. Tekstutdrag fra noen av de norske Bieber-tilhengerne viser imidlertid at deres interesse for Bieber er med på å gi dem identitet, mening og tilhørighet i livet. Artikkelen konkluderer med at fandom ikke bare viser hvor vanskelig avgrensningen mellom religion og ikke-religion er, men utfordrer selve ideen om at en slik avgrensning er mulig.Nøkkelord: fandom, Belieber, fan, ungdomsreligion
Vestel: I gråsonen
Authors: Toft Audun
Published: August 2018

Viggo Vestel (2016) I gråsonen. Ungdom og politisk ekstremisme i det nye NorgeOslo: Universitetsforlaget
Frivillighet i trosopplæringen. En refleksjon om samspill mellom ansatte og frivillige
Authors: Birkedal Erling
Published: August 2018

Ingress“Det tar mye tid å samarbeide skikkelig”, sier en prest i Den norske kirke. Dette er en erfaring mange ansatte har gjort seg i arbeid med trosopplæring for barn og unge. Tradisjonelt har frivillige drevet kirkelig arbeid med og for barn og unge i regi av frivillige organisasjoner. I Den norske kirkes trosopplæring er det nå i hovedsak ansatte medarbeidere som har ansvar og legger til rette for frivilliges involvering. Artikkelen undersøker hva menighetsledere tenker om frivillige i trosopplæringen. Hva gjør den nye ad-hoc-frivillighet med kirken? Hvordan skal en motivere og involvere frivillige, og hvordan skal disse ledes? Dette er noen av spørsmålene artikkelen vil reflektere over.
Sidsel Lied – en kraftfull innsats i norsk religions- didaktisk forskning
Authors: Skeie Geir
Published: August 2018

Prismet vil gjerne markere innsatsen til sentrale (norske) religionspedagoger idet de går av med pensjon. Det vil vi gjøre gjennom korte tekster som presenterer deres faglige bidrag og betydningen av det. Forslag og tekster mottas! I denne utgaven av Prismet skriver Geir Skeie om Sidsel Lied som gikk av som professor våren 2017.
Religion som fag – sett fra elevperspektiv. «RLE er egentlig et av de viktigste fagene»
Authors: Hovdenak Sylvi Stenersen , Leganger-Krogstad Heid
Published: August 2018

Ingress: Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i en kvalitativ studie blant ungdom i alderen 15-19 år i Groruddalen. Datamaterialet viser at de unge vurderer religion som et av skolens viktigste fag. De formidler at religionsfaget bidrar med kunnskap som er viktig for å forstå og respektere den enkeltes religiøse tilhørighet og verdigrunnlag og at faget er identitetsdannende. Det åpner for kommunikasjon mellom ulike religioner, og blir vurdert som et viktig bidrag til å forstå en global verden. Elevenes utsagn blir analysert i lys av en modell over ulike virkelighetsdimensjoner i religionsdidaktikken, utviklet av Leganger-Krogstad (2013). Det teoretiske rammeverket bygger på ulike kunnskapsdiskurser relatert til Bernsteins begreper om horisontale og vertikale diskurser, og Aristoteles’ begreper om episteme, techne og fronesis, der sistnevnte får en grunnleggende betydning. En hovedkonklusjon er at religionsundervisning er viktig for å stimulere og utvikle fronesis som kunnskapsform hos elevene. Eleverfaringene drøftes også i relasjon til hvilken plass religion som fag gis i norsk utdanningspolitikk for fremtidens skole.Nøkkelord: religionsfagets betydning for ungdom, fronesis, virkelighetsdimensjoner, religionsdidaktikk, utdanningspolitikk, kjerneelementerAbstract: The article focuses on school experiences among young students (age 15-19 years), related to religion in education in Norway studied through individual interviews. Religious education stands out as one of the most important subjects in school. The students report that religious knowledge helps them to understand and respect their school mates’ religious stands and values, to construct their own identity, and to understand the global world. The students’ responses are analysed by the use of a didactical model developed by Leganger-Krogstad (2013) to illustrate dimensions of reality in focus in religious education. The principal conclusion is that religious education is important to stimulate and develop the students’ phronesis for life. Theoretical tools are Bernstein’s concepts of horizontal and vertical discourses, and Aristotle’s concepts of episteme, techne and phronesis. The experiences of the students are then discussed in relation to national educational policy in the future for religious education.Keywords: religious education, students’ perspectives, phronesis, dimensions of reality, RE approaches, educational policy on religious education.
Pugge kritisk tenkning? Om religionskritikk i lærebøker for KRLE
Authors: Hatlebrekke Kristin
Published: August 2018

Artikkelen undersøker kapittelet om religionskritikk i to læreverk for KRLE. Analysen gjelder kritikkens innhold. I forlengelsen av dette drøfter artikkelen på hvilken måte og i hvilken grad læreboktekstene er transparente for elevene slik at de blir oppmerksomme på kritikkens avsender og videre kontekst.Nøkkelord: Religionskritikk, lærebokanalyse. The article examines the chapter concerning critique of religion in two KRLE school books. The analysis concentrates on the subject content. In addition, the article examines in which way and to what extent the school book texts are well presented for the students so that they can easily understand who has written the critique and the wider context of the article.Key words: Critique of religion, textbook analysis
Testing ‘Proportion of Females Calving’ as an indicator for population-level reproductive performance for black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
Authors: Law Peter R. , Fike Brad
Published: August 2018

The proportion of females calving (PFC) each year has been employed as an indicator of population reproductive performance in ungulates, especially for species that breed annually, because it requires less detailed population data than inter-birthing intervals and age at first reproduction. For asynchronous breeders with inter-birthing intervals longer than a year such as megaherbivores, however, it is unclear how much annual variation in PFC is expected and whether false signals of density feedback or environmental influence might result from analyzing PFC data. We used census data from a well studied, closed, expanding population of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) to study annual variation in PFC over 22 years. Our analysis of PFC data yielded no false signals of density feedback but weak evidence for an unexpected influence of rainfall. The PFC data exhibited considerable variation, which we attribute to autocorrelation in the time series of PFC data, ‘demographic-founding effects’, changes in stage structure, and demographic stochasticity, some of which the modelling of PFC appears to confuse with an influence of rainfall. We expect such variation to be common in introduced populations and to persist for some years, complicating the interpretation of PFC, though moving averages of PFC can help if employed cautiously. While our analysis does not undermine the possible utility of PFC, the analysis and interpretation of PFC values require care.
High Performance Flexible Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Monitoring Cardiac Action Potential
Authors: Liang Yuanying , Ernst Mathis , Brings Fabian , Kireev Dmitry , Maybeck Vanessa , Offenhäusser Andreas , Mayer Dirk
Published: August 2018

Flexible and transparent electronic devices possess crucial advantages over conventional silicon based systems for bioelectronic applications since they are able to adapt to nonplanar surfaces, cause less chronic immunoreactivity, and facilitate easy optical inspection. Here, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are embedded in a flexible matrix of polyimide to record cardiac action potentials. The wafer‐scale fabricated devices exhibit transconductances (12 mS V−1) and drain–source on‐to‐off current ratios (≈105) comparable to state of the art nonflexible and superior to other reported flexible OECTs. The transfer characteristics of the devices are preserved even after experiencing extremely high bending strain and harsh crumpling. A sub‐micrometer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) layer results in a fast transport of ions between the electrolyte and the polymer channel characterized by a cut‐off frequency of 1200 Hz. Excellent device performance is proved by mapping the propagation of cardiac action potentials with high signal‐to‐noise ratio. These results demonstrate that the electrical performance of flexible OECTs can compete with hard‐material‐based OECTs and thus potentially be used for in vivo applications.
Stereoselective Solid‐State Synthesis of Substituted Cyclobutanes Assisted by Pseudorotaxane‐like MOFs
Authors: Hu Fei‐Long , Mi Yan , Zhu Chen , Abrahams Brendan F. , Braunstein Pierre , Lang Jian‐Ping
Published: August 2018

Regioselective photodimerization of trans‐4‐styrylpyridine (4‐spy) derivatives is performed using pseudorotaxane‐like Zn‐based metal organic frameworks MOFs as templates. The formation of rctt‐HT (head‐to‐tail) dimers is achieved by confining pairs of coordinated 4‐spy derivative ligands within hexagonal windows and then irradiating them with UV light. It is also possible to achieve a photodimerization reaction where two different substituted 4‐spy ligands are included in such a MOF material. The ether bond formation is employed to protect the sensitive ‐OH group of HO‐spy and the methyl group of CH3O‐spy is subsequently removed after the formation of cyclobutane derivative in the CH3O‐spy‐based MOF. Introducing substituents at the 2‐ or 3‐position of the phenyl group of 4‐spy does not significantly affect the rate of the dimerization process except in the case of the strongly electron‐withdrawing nitro group where the rate is significantly decreased. These results are in striking contrast to the mixtures of photoproducts and low yields obtained by untemplated photodimerization in organic solvents.
Enzymatic Amide Tailoring Promotes Retro‐Aldol Amino Acid Conversion To Form the Antifungal Agent Aspirochlorine
Authors: Tsunematsu Yuta , Maeda Naoya , Yokoyama Mamoru , Chankhamjon Pranatchareeya , Watanabe Kenji , Scherlach Kirstin , Hertweck Christian
Published: August 2018

Aspirochlorine is an unusual antifungal cyclopeptide produced by Aspergillus oryzae, an important mold used for food fermentation. Whereas its structure suggested that a non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase assembles the cyclopeptide from phenylalanine and glycine building blocks, labeling studies indicated that one Phe moiety is transformed into Gly after peptide formation. By means of genetic engineering, heterologous expression, biotransformations, and in vitro assays, we dissected and reconstituted four crucial steps in aspirochlorine biosynthesis, which involve two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, (AclL and AclO), a methyltransferase (AclU), and a halogenase (AclH). We found that the installation of the N‐methoxylation of the peptide bond sets the stage for a retro‐aldol reaction that leads to the Phe‐to‐Gly conversion. The substrate scopes of the dedicated enzymes as well as bioassays revealed that the peptide editing has evolved to optimize the antifungal action of the natural product.
Simultaneous ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry determination of four antihypertensive drugs in human plasma using hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced reversed‐phase sorbents sample preparation protocol
Authors: Mahrouse Marianne A.
Published: August 2018

Therapeutic drug monitoring of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors has a great impact on blood pressure control in patients with heart failure and hepatic and renal impairment. To provide an efficient tool for drug assessment in plasma, a UPLC–MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of benazepril hydrochloride, fosinopril sodium, captopril and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma samples. Solid phase extraction was applied for sample preparation using OASIS® hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced reversed‐phase sorbents cartridges. Chromatographic separation was performed using an Agilent SB‐C18 column and methanol–0.1% formic acid in water (95:5, v/v) as mobile phase, at flow rate 0.3 mL/min. Detection was accomplished using a tandem mass spectrometer. The method was validated according to US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. It showed good linearity over concentration ranges 5–400 ng/mL for benazepril hydrochloride, fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide and 100–3500 ng/mL for captopril. CV% values were <13.92% whereas the mean accuracy ranged from 94.50 to 113.82% for quality control samples and their extraction recoveries ranged from 90.60 to 99.38%. In conclusion, the present study revealed method selectivity and sensitivity; it can be applied for estimation of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma for dose adjustment and therapeutic drug monitoring.
Pyrrole‐Based Zwitterionic π‐Electronic Systems That Form Self‐Assembled Dimers
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu , Okubo Takayuki , Haketa Yohei , Yasuda Nobuhiro
Published: August 2018

Pyrrole‐based zwitterionic π‐electronic systems including a phenylcarboxylate (benzoate) anionic site and an N‐methyl pyridinium cation unit were synthesized. Spectroscopic and theoretical examinations revealed the intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions of the pyrrole NH group and the 3‐pyridinium and 3‐benzoate ortho‐CH moieties of zwitterions with a carboxylate anion to form self‐assembled dimers. The self‐assembled dimers were found to exist in equilibrium with the corresponding monomers in DMSO, whose dimerization ability was examined by concentration‐dependent measurements.
No pancreatic safety concern following glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist therapies: A pooled analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials
Authors: Liu Ye , Tian Qing , Yang Jin , Wang Haining , Hong Tianpei
Published: August 2018

Aims

Evidence on the pancreatic safety of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist therapy has been limited. The objective of the study was to investigate this issue by pooling data on the incidence of acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer from four large‐scale cardiovascular outcome trials of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists.

Materials and methods

Data were extracted from four published cardiovascular outcome trials of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes, and pooled analysis was performed to evaluate the risk of acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer associated with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist treatment. Peto OR with 95% CI was used for risk evaluation.

Results

The four cardiovascular outcome trials enrolled a total of 33 457 patients with type 2 diabetes and reported 123 patients with acute pancreatitis and 70 patients with pancreatic cancer during the median follow‐ups of 2.1 to 3.8 years. There was no increased risk of either acute pancreatitis (Peto OR 0.89 [95% CI 0.63, 1.27]) or pancreatic cancer (Peto OR 0.84 [95% CI 0.53, 1.35]) associated with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists compared with placebo when added to standard care.

Conclusions

Combined analysis of the four cardiovascular outcome trials showed that treatment with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists was not associated with an increased risk of either acute pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our new analysis further supports the previously reported results.
Predicting climate types for the Continental United States using unsupervised clustering techniques
Authors: Sathiaraj D. , Huang X. , Chen J.
Published: August 2018

The problem of clustering climate data observation sites and grouping them by their climate types is considered. Machine learning–based clustering algorithms are used in analyzing climate data time series from more than 3,000 climate observation sites in the United States, with the objective of classifying climate type for regions across the United States. Understanding the climate type of a region has applications in public health, environment, actuarial science, insurance, agriculture, and engineering.

In this study, daily climate data measurements for temperature and precipitation from the time period 1946–2015 have been used. The daily data observations were grouped into three derived data sets: a monthly data set (daily data aggregated by month), an annual data set (daily data aggregated by year), and a threshold exceeding frequency data set (threshold exceeding frequency provides the frequency of occurrence of certain climate extremes). Three existing clustering algorithms from the literature, namely, k‐means, density‐based spatial clustering of applications with noise, and balanced iterative reducing and clustering using hierarchies, were each applied to cluster each of the data sets, and the resulting clusters were assessed using standardized clustering indices. The results from these unsupervised learning techniques revealed the suitability and applicability of these algorithms in the climate domain. The clusters identified by these techniques were also compared with existing climate classification types such as the Köppen classification system. Additionally, the work also developed an interactive web and map‐based data visualization system that uses efficient big data management techniques to provide clustering solutions in real time and to display the results of the clustering analysis.
Design of experiments for the optimization of electrospray ionization in the LC‐MS/MS analysis of ciguatoxins
Authors: Moreiras Guillermo , Leão José Manuel , Gago‐Martínez Ana
Published: August 2018

Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is being widely applied as an analytical tool in the field of marine biotoxins both for regulated and for new and emerging compounds. LC‐MS/MS recently became the reference method for the control of lipophilic toxins in the European Union, and new methods are being developed and optimized to extend the applicability of this technique to other toxin groups. In this work, conditions for the analysis of ciguatoxins (CTXs) by LC‐MS/MS were investigated using standard solutions of CTX1B and CTX3C, which are structurally representative compounds for the rest of the main congeners of Pacific group toxins (P‐CTXs). Preliminary studies were carried out for the selection of precursor and product ions used for multiple reaction monitoring. Two transitions based on the chemical structures of CTXs were set up, and mass spectrometer parameters were adjusted for selected reactions monitored. The electrospray ionization source has been carefully optimized through a design of experiments that consisted of a two‐level fractional factorial design of resolution IV for the screening of adequate source conditions and of response surface designs for optimization of the main interactions between factors. The statistical approach allowed maximizing the sensitivity on the MS analyzer that provides a good specificity in P‐CTX detection, which can be also used for confirmation purposes.
Analysis of atmospheric moisture transport to the Upper Paraná River basin
Authors: Zandonadi Moura Leonardo , Lima Carlos Henrique Ribeiro
Published: August 2018

The understanding of the atmospheric phase of the hydrological cycle is an important step forward in improving our abilities to predict droughts and floods, as well as the impacts of climate change on water resources. Here we focus on the study of the atmospheric moisture transport to the Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil, through the hybrid single‐particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) dispersion model, which is used to generate air masses trajectories based on the 1970–2010 National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data. In terms of moisture source regions, we found that the tropical South Atlantic is the main contributor to the Upper Paraná River basin, exporting about 175 mm/month of water vapour during the rainy season. The North Atlantic contribution is relevant in February (about 38 mm/month). Other regions over the Atlantic Ocean (North and subtropical South) are also identified as sources, and moisture evaporated from these places has a significant impact on the streamflow variability at the Itaipu streamflow gauge, located at the basin outlet. The continental sources play a more relevant role during the dry season (May–October). The Amazon region is more relevant as a moisture source during the dry season, exporting an average of 45 mm/month. A similar pattern is observed in other continental sources, such as Chaco/Pantanal/Cerrado, which together export about 99 mm/month to the Paraná River basin during the dry season. An extreme event analysis reveals that changes in moisture advection from the tropical South Atlantic are related to floods and droughts in the region. Particularly, we observe that flood events are preceded by positive anomalies of moisture advection up to 2 months in advance, while persistent, negative anomalies of moisture transport lead seasonal droughts by up to 8 months beforehand.
Diurnal cycle of rainfall in amount, frequency, intensity, duration, and the seasonality over the UK
Authors: Xiao Chan , Yuan Weihua , Yu Rucong
Published: August 2018

The diurnal variation of the rainfall amount, frequency and intensity, and the rainfall with different durations, as well as their seasonality, were analysed by using the hourly rainfall data at 90 stations in the UK during 1998–2015. The rainfall amount averaged in the entire UK presented two comparable peaks in the early morning and the late afternoon, which contributed by the frequency (the early morning) and the intensity (the late afternoon), separately. The rainfall peaks were closely related with the location and the duration of the rainfall. For the rainfall amount, the early morning peaks were more prevailing in the rainfall events lasting more than 6 hr and at the stations along the western coast of the British Isles; however, the rainfall events lasting 1–6 hr usually reached the hourly maximum in the late afternoon. For the seasonal variability, more nocturnal rainfall peaks of rainfall amount and intensity were found over the southern plains in winter. In spring to autumn, only the rainfall at some coastal stations or the stations on islands got the maximum during midnight to the early morning. For the rainfall frequency, the regional differences were more apparent in spring and summer, and the hourly rainfall frequency in the UK mainly peaked around 0600 GMT (Greenwich mean time) in autumn and in 1100–1300 GMT in winter. The results enriched the knowledge of the hourly rainfall features over the UK.
High concentration chlorophyll a rings associated with the formation of intrathermocline eddies
Authors: Lee Dongkyu
Published: August 2018

High concentration chlorophyll a (Chl a) rings formed around anticyclones have been observed frequently in the Japan/East Sea. To study their formation, an anticyclone to intrathermocline eddy (ITE) transformation is examined using hydrographic observations, remotely sensed Chl a, sea level anomaly fields, and sea surface temperature images in the Japan/East Sea. Due to the winter cooling up to March, a cold homogeneous layer forms inside the anticyclone. In April, the East Korean Warm Current from the south merges with the anticyclone and encircles the clockwise‐rotating anticyclone. The wrapping warm current generates a geostrophic flow opposite to the clockwise direction of the anticyclone and effectively decelerates it. The geostrophic flow weakens along the periphery of the eddy as the warm current gradually cools down through horizontal mixing, resulting in an accelerating anticyclonic current around the transformed ITE. A high Chl a concentration area in the form of a ring forms around the ITE along the accelerating, thus horizontally divergent surface flow. The divergence around the ITE continues throughout the summer above the submerged homogeneous lens under the stratified surface layer. Based on observations, it is shown that the accelerating surface flow induced through the anticyclone‐to‐ITE transformation process causes an upward transport of nutrients, enhancing the Chl a concentration around the ITE.
Helicoidal flat surfaces in the 3‐sphere
Authors: Manfio Fernando , dos Santos João Paulo
Published: August 2018

In this paper, helicoidal flat surfaces in the 3‐dimensional sphere are considered. A complete classification of such surfaces, that generalizes a classification of rotational flat surfaces, is given in terms of the first and second fundamental forms for asymptotic parameters. The result consists in a relation between helicoidal flat surfaces and linear solutions of the corresponding homogeneous wave equation for the angle function.
A commentary on expectations of healthcare professionals when applying the international continence society standards to basic assessment of lower urinary tract function
Authors: Drake Marcus J. , Abrams Paul
Published: August 2018

The International Continence Society (ICS) has sustained a drive to improve the clinical assessment of lower urinary tract function for many years. Increasingly, healthcare professionals (HCPs) engage with the guidance, and patients benefit from the precision that results when their carers apply a sensible and logical approach to assessment. The current supplementary issue of Neurourology and Urodynamics (NAU) summarizes the fundamentals derived from major ICS initiatives, emphasizing what HCPs must know when dealing with these patients, regardless of the medical discipline in which they work. It also introduces the basics of urodynamics testing to trainees and HCPs who may refer patients for testing. In this editorial review we draw out some additional points of consideration. We emphasize the need to avoid using terms in a clinical context that could imply causative mechanism, until the mechanism has actually been identified. We caution against the use of severity thresholds, until there is proper data to justify their application for any given patient group. Finally, we provide a description of the philosophical basis of urodynamics testing, including videourodynamics. This commentary should be read in the context of the other articles provided in the NAU supplement.
The fundamentals of uroflowmetry practice, based on International Continence Society good urodynamic practices recommendations
Authors: Gammie Andrew , Drake Marcus J.
Published: August 2018

Aims

To review the recommendations on uroflowmetry in the International Continence Society (ICS) Standardization documents in order to identify a systematic approach to the delivery and interpretation of free flow rate testing in clinical practice.

Methods

Expectations of service and good practice in uroflowmetry described in the ICS standards on Urodynamic Practice, Urodynamic Equipment, and Terminology for Lower Urinary Tract Function were identified and summarized.

Results

Urodynamic centers should provide a suitable uroflowmetry testing environment. Equipment should be calibrated and maintained according to manufacturer requirements. Patients should be well‐informed in advance of the test. They should be advised to avoid: knocking the machine; allowing the stream to move; squeezing the urethra; and body movements. It is generally appropriate to get more than one flow trace for each patient. Voided volume should be representative for the patient, for example by comparing with values recorded on a Bladder Diary. Post void residual (PVR) should be measured soon after testing. After the test, the urodynamicist should review the trace and ensure maximum flow rate and end of micturition are correctly identified in case the equipment has inappropriately taken the values from a trace artefact.

Conclusions

The summary provides a systematic approach to ensure a representative, high quality, non‐invasive flow test is carried out for individual patients.
Adolescent and young adult cancer survivors' memory and future thinking processes place them at risk for poor mental health
Authors: Sansom‐Daly Ursula M. , Wakefield Claire E. , Robertson Eden G. , McGill Brittany C. , Wilson Helen L. , Bryant Richard A.
Published: August 2018

Objective

Identity formation is a key developmental milestone for adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Autobiographical memory and future‐thinking are crucial cognitive processes underpinning this, which may be impacted by cancer experiences. We know little about how these processes might be related to AYAs' adjustment to cancer, quality of life (QoL), and mental health outcomes.

Methods

We examined autobiographical memory and future‐thinking processes, and their relationship with mental health outcomes, among 77 AYA cancer survivors (Mage = 22.3 years, 59.7% female), compared with 62 community‐based controls (Mage = 23.3 years, 50% female). Participants completed the Life Narratives Interview, Future Imaginings Task, measures assessing depression, anxiety, QoL, and cancer‐related identity. We coded two facets of autobiographical thinking: thematic content and specificity.

Results

Relative to controls, survivors recounted more negative life narratives (P = .000). Survivors' memories and future lives were more health/illness‐focused (P = .000) and they remembered past events with greater specificity (P = .007) than controls. In contrast, survivors imagined their future lives with less specificity than controls (P = .000). Regression analyses highlighted that being female, greater identification as a “cancer survivor,” worse depression, and recent cancer treatment‐completion significantly predicted maladaptive autobiographical thinking processes.

Conclusions

These findings point to key modifiable cognitive processes relevant to AYAs' cancer‐related adjustment and future mental health. To bolster resilience into longer‐term survivorship, clinicians could adapt existing evidence‐based, cognitive‐behavioural interventions to assist AYAs to imagine future events in greater detail.