bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of recycled concrete as a new aggregate
Authors: Malhotra V M
Published: April 2018

Large urban centres in Canada and the United States are finding it increasingly difficult to locate and develop natural aggregate sources for use in concrete. The reason for this is twofold: first, the increased tempo of construction during the last three decades
has exhausted most of the easily accessible sources; second, the pressure from environmentalists has increasingly affected exploration and exploitation of new sources. The study reported herein was therefore undertaken to investigate the possibility of producing aggregates from discarded concrete
control test cylinders, normally sent to waste dumps after testing. A series of 2.2-ft3 (0.062-) concrete mixes were made covering the low, medium and high strength levels. Two sets of mixes were made at each strength level, one set consisted of a control mix and a mix made using coarse aggregate
prepared from recycled concrete and reference fine aggregate; the second set consisted of a control mix, and a mix using fine aggregate prepared from recycled concrete and reference coarse aggregate. Cylinder and prism specimens were cast from each mix to determine mechanical properties of concretes
at various ages and to study the durability of concrete after exposure of freeze-thaw cycling. The analyses of the test results have shown that satisfactory concrete can be made with aggregates prepared from recycled concrete. At higher water: cement ratios, the compressive and flexural strength of
concrete made with aggregates prepared from recycled concrete are somewhat lower than the strength of concrete made with reference aggregates; however this can be overcome with suitable adjustments in mix proportions. At lower water: cement ratios, strength of the two types of concrete are
comparable. The durability of concrete made with aggregates prepared from recycled concrete is comparable to the durability of concrete made with reference aggregates.
Zinc-copper ore RU-1: its characterization and preparation for use as a certified reference material
Authors: Faye G H , Bowman W S , Sutarno R
Published: April 2018

As a facet of the Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project, a zinc-copper ore, RU-1, has been prepared as a compositional reference material. Approximately 300kg of raw ore was dry-ground to minus 74p blended, tested for homogeneity by X-ray fluorescence
and chemical methods, and bottled in 200-g units. In a "free-choice" program for the certification of RU-1, 25 laboratories each provided analytical results for zinc, copper, iron and sulphur on each of two bottles of the ore. A statistical treatment of the data yielded recommended values for the
four constituents which are: zinc - 2.24%, copper - O. 85%, iron - 24.4%, and sulphur - 21.7%. Experiments have shown that RU-1, like many other sulphidebearing materials, should be protected from undue exposure to air. In properly capped bottles, RU-1 is expected to have a
shelf-life of at least five years. The stability of RU-1 will be monitored periodically at CANMET.
X-ray fluorescence on-line analysis of lead-zinc ore fractions in mineral slurries - a comparison of wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive techniques
Authors: Kawatra S K , Dalton J L
Published: April 2018

The work reported herein is part of a series of on-line X-ray fluorescence analysis studies dealing with copper-zinc ore, iron ore, and coal. Wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis techniques were simultaneously compared, using a
slurry recirculation system consisting of a gammaray density gauge and flow cells attached to an X-ray tube excitation-wavelength dispersive system, and an isotope-excitationenergy dispersive system. In both cases, the composition of the solids in complex lead-zinc ore slurries was determined as a
function of the iron, zinc, lead, and scatter X-ray intensities, and the density gauge intensity, using multiple linear regression techniques. It was found that the energy dispersive system which is less expensive than a wavelength dispersive system, gives acceptable results for mill control
purposes.
Mineral waste resources of Canada. Report no.2 - Mining wastes in Quebec
Authors: Collings R K
Published: April 2018

Legislation restricting mining in many urban centres, exhaustion of ore deposits, and increased cost of locating and developing new orebodies have combined to focus attention on mineral wastes as possible supplemental sources of mineral raw material. Current
annual production of such wastes by the mining industry of Canada is in the order of 350 million tons. Only a small quantity of this is used, however, because of such factors as remote location, low purity or lackof information on their nature and possible uses. Current applications include road
construction and maintenance, railroad ballast, smelter flux, and mine backfill. Other uses being studied by researchers within and outside CANMET include the recovery of contained metal and minerals, the production of concrete and construction aggregate, the manufacture of bricks, blocks, and
mineral wool insulation, and as a soil additive or neutralizer. This report provides background information on waste rock and mill tailings in Quebec which annually produces about 140 million tons. Data on the occurrence, mineralogy, physical and chemical characteristics -of wastes from thirty-three
operating mines are provided in tabular form for the four principal types of mines - base metals, iron ore, precious metals, and industrial minerals. Potential uses for certain wastes are noted along with relevant research. Several of the mining and mineral processing wastes of Quebec are of
particular interest. Asbestos tailings from the Eastern Townships contain potentially recoverable short fibre, magnesium, iron, nickel and chromium, and may also be useful for producing mineral wool. Waste rock and mill tailings from the recently defunct Hilton Mines Limited at Shawville hold
promise-the former as construction aggregate, the latter for making drypressed building brick. Calcite tailings from the columbium oxide mine formerly operated at Oka by St. Lawrence Columbium and Metals Corporation Limited can serve as a neutralizer for acid soils and plant effluents. Tailings from
Canadian Refractories Limited at Kilmar are of potential value as a source of refractory-grade magnesia. Future development of viable uses for mineral waste is a complex problem that will require the full co-operation of producers and potential consumers at all stages. Solutions, although difficult
to find, will aid conservation of Canada's native, non-renewal mineral resources and help to reduce pollution.
Blast furnace slag SL-1: its preparation for use as a certified reference material
Authors: Mason G L , Bowman W S
Published: April 2018

As a facet of the Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project, a Canadian blast furnace slag has been prepared as a compositional reference material. Twenty-one laboratories participated in the interlaboratory certification program by providing analytical
results for up to thirteen constituents on each of two bottles of the slag. A statistical treatment of the data yielded recommended values for six of these constituents: CaO - 37.5%, SiO2 - 35.7%, MgO - 12.3%, Al203 - 9.6%, Fe (expressed as FeO) - 0.92%, and S - 1.26%. Four
others were assigned provisional values: TiO2 - 0.38%, MnO - 0.86%, Na20 - 0.39%, and 1(20 - 0.51%. The remainder are given for information only: P205 - 0.019%, V205 - 0.004%, and Cr203 - 0.009%.
Radioactive ores DH-1, DL-1, BL-1, BL-2, BL-3 and BL-4 - certified reference materials
Authors: Ingles J C , Sutarno R , Bowman W S , Faye G H
Published: April 2018

The preparation and characterization of a set of six ores of the naturally radioactive elements, for use as certified reference materials in chemical and radiometric analysis, is described. The set consists of two series representing Canada's original
uranium-producing areas--Elliot Lake in Ontario and Beaverlodge in Saskatchewan. The Elliot Lake series comprises two samples, one of ore and the other of waste-grade material, both of whichcontain uranium and thorium. The second series consists of essentially thorium-free material from Beaverlodge,
covering the rangeof 0.02% to The former is intended as a reference material for chemical determination of uranium and thorium, while the latter may also be employed in calibrating and verifying radiometric surveying and assaying equipment. In addition to their uranium and thorium contents,
supplementary information as to mineralogical composition, state of radioactive equilibrium, and composition with respect to most common and many trace elements of significance in ore processing is given. The recommended values for uranium in DH-1, DL-1, BL-1, BL-2, BL-3, and BL-4 aie respectively:
0.177%, 0.0041%, 0.022%, 0.453%, 1.02% and 0.173%; recommended values for thorium in DH-1, DL-1 and BL-1 are respectively: 0.104%, 83 ppm (83 lig/g) and 15 ppm (15 pg/g).
Revision of recommended values for reference ores MP-1 and KC-1
Authors: Faye G H , Bowman W S
Published: April 2018

The composition of CCRMP reference ores MP-1 and KC-1 has altered by oxidation since their original certification in 1972 and 1974 respectively. Because of the continuing demand for these reference materials, an interlaboratory program was undertaken to
re-certify the remaining stock. Statistical evaluation of results for total zinc, obtained from 10 independent analysts, indicated that bottle-to-bottle homogeneity had remained satisfactory and that the new means and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for zinc are 15.90 ± 0.06% and
20.07 ± 0.07Uor MP-1 and KC-1 respectively. The recommended values for constituents other than zinc have been revised by using correction factors of 0.974 and 0.985 for MP-1 and KC-1 respectively. These factors are the ratios of the new zinc values to the original values for the two reference
materials. To prevent further oxidation, all bottles of MP-1, KC-1, and of other CCRMP reference materials containing appreciable concentrations of sulphide minerals, will be fitted with improved cap closures and sealed in gas-tight laminated foil pouches under nitrogen.
Performance of high-alumina cement concrete strored in water and dry heat at 25, 35 and 50oC
Authors: Quon D H H , Malhotra W M
Published: April 2018

in Canada, is nevertheless frequently used in this country for special applications. Canadian Standards Association Committee A 23.1, Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction, in Appendix A of its 1977 edition has recommended against the use of
this cement for structural purposes because of the recent structural failures associated with its use in England. This investigation is a continuation of the work undertaken in 1975 at CANMET and involves a study of the performance of high-alumina cement stored in water and dry heat at 25°,
35° and 50°C. A series of 0.056-m 3 (2-ft 3 ) concrete mixes was made in the laboratory using crushed gravel and natural sand as coarse and fine aggregates respectively. Thirty 102 x 203-mm (4 x 8-in,) cylinders were cast from each mix. Following the initial moist-curing period of 24 hours
at 18°C, one third of the cylinders were subjected to standard moist curing at 21°C, one third were cured in water at 25°C and one third were cured in dry heat at 25°C. A similar procedure was repeated for 35° and 50°C exposure conditions. The curing period varied from
1 day to 365 days for each exposure condition. At selected ages, the weights and pulse velocity of the cylinders were determined before the specimens were tested in compression. Small samples of mortar from the tested specimens were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal
analysis (DTA) to determine the phase composition of thé samples and hence to estimate the degree of conversion. High-alumina cement concretes exposed to moist curing at 21°C show continuous gain in strength at least up to one year regardless of the water/cement ratio of the concrete.
However at 25° and 35°C under both dry and humid conditions there is a loss in strength with age; the loss in strength increases with an increase in the water/cement ratio of the concrete. For continuous exposure at 50°C under both humid and dry conditions, the change in strength with
age depends upon the water/cement ratio of the concrete. At a water/cement ratio 0.31 there is only an insignificant drop in strength at early ages, in spite of the high degree of conversion, following which the strength increases with age, reaching a value of 125 per cent of one-day strength at age
365 days. This is significant as it suggests a means by which very high strengths can be achieved and maintained at least up to one year. The degree of conversion should not be used as a measure of compressive strength of high-alumina cement concrete because of lack of correlation between the two
parameters.
Fly ash for use in concrete, part II - a critical review of the effects of fly ash on the properties of concrete
Authors: Berry E E , Malhotra V M
Published: April 2018

Fly ash may be employed as a pozzolan to replace a portion of the portland cement used for the manufacture of concrete. Such replacement is often a means to achieve energy and cost savings and to impart specific engineering properties to the finished product. To
use fly ash effectively and economically it is important to develop a fundamental understanding of the differences between fly ash concrete and portland cement concrete. The differences in the rate of strength development between the two types of concrete and the ways in which this may be influenced
by methods of mix proportioning are of particular importance. Within limits, the application of appropriate proportioning methods and the use of a high quality fly ash permit the economic manufacture of concrete of adequate early strength. When properly proportioned and placed, fly ash concrete
generally shows improved workability, pumpability, cohesiveness, finish, ultimate strength and durability. It has been found that fly ash is of particular value in high-strength concrete. Its use has often been shown to improve the performance of concretes exposed to sulphate attack or to
deterioration caused by alkali-aggregate interactions. In common with many areas of technology, the use of fly ash in concrete has largely preceeded a fundamental understanding of its properties. As a result, much of the reported research has been concerned with studies wherein fly ash concretes
have been compared directly with concretes made with portland cement. Most of these studies have ignored rational proportioning methods and, as a result, the unique properties of fly ash concrete have not been adequately examined. It is concluded that research should be carried out to aid in
improving the knowledge of fly ash as a concrete material and to assist in developing specifications and test methods that recognize its usefulness. In particular, research is required to elucidate the physical and chemical mechanisms whereby fly ash interacts with portland cement and water. Such
factors as degree of hydration, gel-space ratio, strength, porosity, permeability and their inter-relationships should be examined. More extensive studies on the durability of rationally proportioned fly ash concretes, are also required.
Coal associated materials as potential non-bauxite sources of alumina
Authors: Winer A A , Tibbetts T E
Published: April 2018

An important task in the CANMET project for recovering alumina from non-bauxite sources is the evaluation of alumina-bearing materials. Of potential interest are coal-associated rejects from mining coal washeries and fly ash. A study of the potential of these
materials has shown that coal mine and wash plant rejects from southern Alberta and British Columbia represent a potential source of alumina. The Hat Creek area of British Columbia represents the best potential source of coalassociated alumina both quantitatively and qualitatively. Alumina contents
of up to 32% of the ash have been determined in samples from this area. Fly ash from pulverized coal-fired power generating plants in Alberta and possibly from Hat Creek, British Columbia and in Ontario also represent potential sources of alumina-containing material. Coal-associated shales
represents an unknown source. Presently, Alberta and possibly Saskatchewan may have materials of this type which could be of interest. However, sufficient information is not yet available, and exploratory drilling will be required to evaluate their potential.
Synthesis and characterization of zirconia electrolytes for potential use in energy conversion systems
Authors: Wheat T A
Published: April 2018

The present work is part of a program to develop ionically conducting materials for potential use in energy storage and conversion systems. With applications in hie energy-density batteries, magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) generators, fuel cells and sensors, they are
playing an increasingly important role in developing more efficient energy storage and conversion devices. Of more than 30 presently known solid-state ionically conducting materials, zirconia is probably the most extensively used. It combines the desirable properties of refractoriness, high
mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, making it a candidate material for use in both fuel cells and MHD generators. Because of limited data available in the literature, particularly on its microstructural, electrical and thermal properties as a function of thermal history, a study was
initiated to determine the stability of various compositions in the Ca0-Zr02 system appropriate to fuel cell and MHD applications. Using a wet-chemical procedure, a series of compositions having between 0 and 22.2 mol % CaO, was prepared and subsequently formed into sintered samples having a
relative density from 95 to 98%. Sintered samples were prepared of each composition with a geometry appropriate for determining the thermal, electrical or microstructural characteristics. This report covers only the microstructural aspects of powder synthesis and the development of sintered
materials. Using the reactive, homogeneous, chemically prepared powders, it has been shown that cubic and monoclinic zirconia can coexist in compositions containing up to 10 mol % CaO. From 10 to 20 mol % CaO, only the cubic phase is formed, whereas at higher CaO concentrations the cubic
phase coexists with CaZr0 3 . The change from a two-phase to singlephase system as the CaO concentration is increased above 10 mol %, increases the grain size nearly an order of magnitude. It has been found that 5 and 7.6 mol % CaO materials develop considerable stress during the cooling
stage of the firing cycle. As a result, they undergo a progressive and irreversible expansion with each thermal shock cycle: the magnitude of the expansion is proportional to the severity of the thermal shock. The microstructural texture of these partially stabilized materials was also shown to be
dependent on the thermal history and hence a strong dependence of the electrical and thermal properties can be anticipated.
Soil samples SO-1, SO-2, SO-3 and SO-4 - certified reference materials
Authors: Bowman W S , Faye G H , Sutarno R , McKeague J A , Kodama H
Published: April 2018

Through the cooperation of the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANNET) and the Land Resource Research Institute of Agriculture Canada, four soil samples have been prepared as compositional reference materials: a clayey soil, a sandy podzolic B
horizon with a high organic content, a calcareous till, and a chernozemic A horizon. All have a wide range of compositions. Bulk samples of 180 to 280 kg of each were dried, ground to minus 74 pm, blended, tested for homogeneity and bottled in 200-g units. Thirty-six laboratories participated in the
certification program by providing analytical results for 1 to 25 constituents for each of two bottles of each sample. Based on statistical analyses of the data, the four reference samples were certified for Al, Fe, Mn, K, Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb, and one or more were certified for Si, Na, Mg, Ca, P, Ti,
Hg, Ni, Sr and V. Preliminary data were obtained for another 47 elements.
Lead concentrate CPB-1 - a certified reference material
Authors: Faye G H , Bowman W S , Sutarno R
Published: April 2018

A 250-kg sample of a lead (flotation) concentrate, CPB-1, from Kimberley, British Columbia, has been prepared as a compositional reference material. CPB-1 was ground to minus 74 pm, mixed in one lot, tested for homogeneity by X-ray and chemical methods and
bottled in 200-g units. In a "free-choice" analytical program, 25 laboratories contributed results for one or more of 21 elements in each of two bottles of CPB-1. Based on a statistical analysis of the data, recommended values have been assigned for: Ag, Al 20 , As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, S, Sb,
Si0 2 and Zn. Also, non-certified 3values have been determined for: Au, CaO, In, MgO, Mn, Se, Sn and Te.
Removal of radionuclides from process streams - a survey
Authors: Itzkovitch I J , Ritcey G M
Published: April 2018

This report details the origin and control of radium 226, thorium 230 and lead 210 contamination of mill effluent streams from conventional and non-conventional milling of uranium ores, reviews the basic chemistry of the radionuclides as it relates to potential
alternatives for control and presents these alternatives along with a summary of published cost data. The conclusions from the study indicate that the current technology, using sulphuric acid processing, solubilizes only a comparatively small quantity of the radionuclides, with the solid tailings
containing approximately the same concentration as the original ore. Present technology does not provide for complete removal and isolation of the radionuclides. Current practice for control of thorium 230 in liquid effluents by neutralization is adequate to meet present Governmental guidelines.
Radium in solution is presently being controlled by precipitation with barium chloride but levels of less than 3 pCi/L of soluble radium could be difficult if not impossible to achieve consistently by this treatment. A specification limit of 10 pCi/L would appear possible to achieve, but such a
target level of 10 pCi/L for a total radium in tailings effluent will not be attained by simple settling of barium radium sulphate. Additional technology may be required although the use of flocculants appears promising. Indications are that the concentration of lead 210 in liquid effluent may
exceed present guidelines. No specific control procedures are employed for lead 210. The leaching characteristics of the radionuclides from solid tailings are such that on mill shutdown, seepage and run-off will have to be treated to prevent environmental contamination. Alternatives include
processing of tailings,toTeu,ge,tbe.rpdionuctie,..concentration or using different process technology that woul_be,ec,opomi, cally and environmentally acceptable for the processing and recovery of uranium from ores. These technologies are in the early stage of'development. A level of 50 pCi/g radium
226 in finaUta'hbilids,àeeàrs, attainablelinLpeactice; one prOcess produces a level of 10-20 pCi/g. Methods of isolating radrüM226Aare required for treating effluents from con; ventional m:i41l1Gl:)i ng _as.well as,from,alternative . _ pi bj of_isola.tiqg these
radionuclides.
Selection of ternary fused chlorides for the electrowinning of lead and zinc based on calculated thermodynamic properties
Authors: Skeaff J M , Bale C W , Pelton A D , Thompson W T
Published: April 2018

After an extensive literature survey, the available thermodynamic data and phase diagrams of the following binary systems were critically evaluated by a computerized optimization technique: KC1-LiC1, KC1-NaC1, KC1-PbC12, KC1-ZnC12, LiC1-PbC12, LiC1-ZnC12,
NaCl-PbC12 and NaC1-ZnC12. The thermodynamic properties of all known binary phases have been represented by equations, "optimum" binary phase diagrams have been calculated, and error limits have been estimated. The thermodynamic properties of the following four ternary systems were then estimated
from the properties of their binary subsystems by means of interpolation techniques: KC1-LiCl-PbC12, KC1- LiC1-ZnC12, KC1-NaCl-PbC12, KC1-NaC1-ZnC12. From these estimated ternary thermodynamic properties, the phase diagrams of the four ternary systems have been calculated. These are presented as
polythermal projections of the liquidus surfaces and also as isothermal sections. Comparison to measured ternary diagrams was made in the two cases where reliable data exist. Error estimates are given in all cases. The estimated ternary thermodynamic properties were also used to generate
iso-activity curves for the components ZnC12 and PbC12 at several temperatures. From these iso-activity curves, iso-vapour pressure curves and iso-decomposition potentials were calculated from equations given in the text. Tables of standard vapour pressures and standard decomposition potentials have
been provided. Error estimates are given in all cases. Temperatures and compositions of chloride electrolytes suitable for the electrowinning of lead and zinc have been proposed from the isothermal sections of the phase diagrams and from iso-vapour pressure curves.
Mineralogy of samples from the Lac des Iles area, Ontario
Authors: Cabri L J , Laflamme J H G
Published: April 2018

Samples from the Lad des Iles area, Ontario, were investigated as part of a study to determine the mineralogy and distribution of the platinum-group elements from different areas and rock types. The samples contain low-grade disseminated Cu-Ni sulphides, with
trace arsenides and sulpharsenides, all highly variable from sample to sample. The principal minerals are pentlandite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite, but one sample had no pyrrhotite and some had variable amounts of millerite (NiS). Although chalcopyrite is the principal source of copper,
nickel is distributed among 13 opaque minerals, exclusive of the platinum-group minerals; nevertheless, more than 95% of the nickel is estimated to occur in pentlandite. The platinum-group minerals in decreasing order of frequency are: braggite series [(Pd,Pt)S] kotulskite (PdTe)
>isomertieite (PdllAs 2Sb 2 ) >merenskyite (PdTe 2 ) >sperrylite (PtAs 2 ) plus three other rarer minerals. Palladium also occurs as a solid-solution in pentlandite, gold and melonite (NiTe 2 ). These findings, together with data on mineral associations and size
variations, should be helpful in guiding more detailed mineralogical studies and beneficiation tests.
Sulphur concrete and sulphur infiltrated concrete: properties, applications and limitations
Authors: Malhotra V M
Published: April 2018

Sulphur is one of the most important and useful industrial materials. In recent years there has been a considerable oversupply of this element resulting in investigations to find new uses for it. This paper in two parts, describes sulphur and sulphur-infiltrated
concretes. Sulphur concrete consists of elemental sulphur, stone and fine aggregates and contains no water or cement. Its high compressive strength at early age - of the order of 35 MPa at eight hours - makes it ideal for small precast units for outdoor use; its good chemical durability makes it
suitable in industrial plants. However, its low melting point at 119°C, its vulnerability to combustion and the production of toxic gases, its corrosive effect on reinforcing steel . under wet or humid conditions and its brittleness make it unfit for most structural uses. The available
published data suggest that concrete made with unmodified sulphur is unsuitable under thermal cycling, including freeze-thaw, because the thermal coefficient of expansion of sulphur is much higher than that of aggregates; concretes made with modified sulphur perform only marginally better.
Sulphur-infiltrated concrete is produced by infiltrating conventional portland cement concrete having water to cement ratios of the order of 0.70, with or without pressure. The infiltrated composite has increased mechanical properties, its compressive and flexural strengths being of the order of 100
and 10 MPa respectively. Its performance under freeze-thaw cycling is generally satisfactory although there are exceptions. This concrete is more durable than conventional concretes in acidic environments but is unstable in alkaline solutions and when left submerged in water over long periods. Both
sulphur concrete and sulphur infiltrated concrete are specialized products. They are not intended as substitutes for conventional concrete but are useful alternatives where conventional concrete has a limited life expectancy and the use of the above concretes can increase it by a factor of 2 or
3.
Sodium beta- and beta"-alumina ceramics: powder preparation
Authors: Green D J , Wheat T A
Published: April 2018

The present work forms part of a program to develop ionically conducting materials for potential use in energy storage and conversion systems. With applications in high energy-density batteries, high temperature thermoelectric generators, fuel cells and sensors,
they are playing an increasingly important role in the development of more efficient energy storage and conversion devices. Of the many solid-state cationic conductors known, the most widely studied at present are those occurring in the system Na20-Al203 in which occur the two forms: beta-alumina
(nominally Na 20.11A1203 ) and the more conductive beta"-alumina (nominally Na 20.6A1203 ). Because of the practical importance of these sodium-conducting materials in future energy systems, a program was initiated in CANMET to study the relationship between the various processing parameters and the
properties of the final sintered product. To minimise contamination and other extrinsic effects, the materials were prepared using wet chemical techniques. Powders of sodium beta/beta-alumina were prepared by the techniques of solution spray freezing-freeze drying and solution spray drying. After
drying, powders were in the form of spheres with the physical structure of these spheres depending on the drying process. The powders were found to have high surface areas after decomposition and to form a mixture of the beta and beta" phases at ,P1250°C. During calcination there is a tendency
for the powders to agglomerate but the spherical nature of the dried powder still persists. The calcined spheres were found to be complex aggregates of very fine crystals. The powders were shown to be prone to sodium loss at temperatures above e1300°C.
Examen des isolants minéraux
Authors: Winer A A , Wang S B
Published: April 2018

Mineral insulation, a glass fibre product formed from melting mixtures of inorganic material, is a simple and economical component in energy conservation. Because of expected shortages in energy fuels and subsequent increases in costs, all economic sectors will
be effected. The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) is involved in a project on mineral insulation. As part of this project, a critical study of the literature and field trips to industry have been made and discussions held with experts in insulation technology. Composition of
the inorganic mixture and temperature both influence glass structure, and structure in turn determines glass properties. Important parameters in fiberizing the glass are viscosity, temperature, surface tension and density. Phase equilibria diagrams are very useful in determining optimum composition
and correct fiberizing temperature. Most mineral producers in Canada use the cupola melting furnace and wheel spinning process but the electric furnace is becoming more popular because of its inherent advantages such as the ability to use a finer and therefore more homogeneous charge; it is also
more easily controlled and inhibits environmental pollution. In electric melting, electrical conductivity is an important parameter and is related to the degree of ionization. Tests are performed on mineral insulation products to satisfy standards established for applications in industry, building,
and homes. Such standards are not all uniform across the country but may vary according to local requirements.
Release of lead from typical Canadian pottery glazes
Authors: Quon D H H , Bell K E
Published: April 2018

In recent years intensive world-wide research began into the problem of release of lead and other toxic metals from glazed ceramic ware used for food and beverage service. One such study was conducted in the Mineral Sciences Laboratories, CANMET, to assess the
instability of glasses melted from typical glaze compositions in contact with 4% acetic acid. The present study was made to determine the stability of typical Canadian pottery glazes under conditions simulating domestic use and to examine the mechanisms of Pb release and stabilization as a
contribution to developing stable, safe glazes. Lead release from glazes in contact with 4% acetic acid was studied as a function of applied glaze thickness and firing temperature. It was shown that the amount of lead release was dependent not only on composition, but also on glaze thickness and
firing temperature. The reported inhibiting effect of chromate additions was examined. It was found that lead release from copper-bearing glazes can be suppressed by adding about 0.5% m/m BaCr04 or Cr 203 . The inhibiting effect of the chromate compounds is attributed to modification of the
glaze structure.
Mineral waste resources of Canada report no. 5 - mining wastes in the prairie provinces
Authors: Collings R K
Published: April 2018

Legislation restricting mining in many urban centres, exhaustion of ore deposits, and increased cost of locating and developing new orebodies have combined to focus attention on mineral waste accumulations as possible supplemental sources of mineral raw material.
Current annual production of such wastes by the mining industry of Canada is about 650 x 106 t. Only a small portion of this is used because of the remote location and low quality of these wastes and a lack of detailed information on their nature and possible uses. Current applications include road
construction and maintenance, railroad ballast, smelter flux, and mine backfill. Uses for selected wastes studied by CANMET researchers include the recovery of contained metals and minerals, the production of concrete and construction aggregates, the manufacture of bricks, building blocks and
mineral wool insulation, and use as mineral filler and soil additive. This report provides background information on waste rock and mill tailings in the Prairie Provinces where more than 90 x 106 t of such wastes are produced annually. Data on the occurrence, mineralogy, petrography, and physical
and chemical characteristics of wastes from 21 operating mines are provided in tabular form for 4 principal types of mines - metal, uranium, non-metallic or industrial mineral, and coal. Potential uses for these wastes are noted along with relevant research.
Lightweight aggregates - vermiculite, perlite, pumice - for insulating concretes
Authors: Wilson H S
Published: April 2018

Various lightweight aggregates both natural and processed, are used in concrete having densities between 240 and 1920 kg/m3 and compressive strengths between 0.7 and 41.5 MPa. Processed vermiculites and perlites, being at the lower end of the density spectrum,
are used in insulating concretes having thermal conductivities from 0.07 to 0.15 W/(me 0 C). Pumice, having a higher density, produces concrete having a thermal conductivity from 0.25 to 0.50 W/(m.°C). Although deposits of these materials exist in Canada, very few have been exploited; hence the
country is almost entirely dependent on foreign sources. The Canadian deposits are not as large nor as high in quality as many of the foreign deposits. This report discusses their mineralogy and geology, distribution of the world's deposits, mining and processing, and their properties and
applications, for both construction and other purposes. The specifications pertaining to concrete, plaster and other structural applications are also described.
Small-scale continuous selective flotation of a New Brunswick massive sulphide ore
Authors: Stemerowcz A J , Berry T F , Bredin R H , Leigh G W
Published: April 2018

This investigation is a continuation of a research program begun in 1975 to increase recoveries from massive sulphide ores of New Brunswick. floating a high-recovery Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag bulk with a grade of 30% zinc and then treating posed hydrometallurgical methods
to recover The primary objective was to test the complex, fine-grained, massive sulphide ores of New Brunswick. This was accomplished by concentrate from the ore it by any of several pro posed hydrometallurgical methods to recover the contained metals. in the continuous process development unit
(CPDU) an alternative scheme for producing bulk concentrates. This was done by selectively floating lead and zinc concentrates and then combining them to produce the desired grades of bulk concentrates. In batch tests this scheme gave superior results to direct bulk flotation. Upon producing
satisfactory bulk concentrates, additional test runs were carried out to levels for the production of high-grade lead and Two secondary objectives were also fulfilled: (1) determine recovery zinc concentrates. an opportunity was afforded for observing CPDU flotation machine performance at much lower
concentrate production rates than encountered previously and (2) additional bulk concentrate was provided for hydrometallurgical extraction tests. In the best test run, lead and zinc concentrates assaying 28.5% lead and 39.4% zinc were selectively floated from the ore and combined to produce
a bulk concentrate assaying 29.0% zinc, 10.8% lead, 0.7% copper and 264 ppm silver with recoveries of 95.6%, 8 3.9%, 65.9% and 78.3%, respectively. These results were achieved by conventional selective flotation techniques at a grind of 86% minus 25 pm and were
similar to those obtained in batch tests except copper and silver recoveries were lower. Contrary to what was predicted from batch tests, however, CPDU results for this scheme were no better than those obtained for continuous, direct bulk flotation of the ore in a previous CPDU investigation.
Success was achieved in making a relatively high-grade lead concentrate - in the best test run a concentrate assaying 61.5% lead was produced with a recovery of 56.5%. On the other hand, attempts to make a high-grade zinc concentrate (55%+) were unsuccessful. Because of incomplete
liberation of sphalerite from pyrite it was not possible to produce a zinc concentrate grade higher than about 48%. It was not possible to control concentrate grades with any degree of precision at the low concentrate production rates encountered (as low as 15 g/min). Also, cleaning efficiency
of the CPDU cleaner cells was much lower than batch cleaning of similar feed. These deficiencies are related to the very high froth surface to volume ratio of the greatly down-scaled CPDU cleaner flotation cells (76-78 cm2/L compared with 8.4 cm2/L for large plant-size flotation
cells).
Le gisement McMaster, un gisement de sulfure de cuivre allogène massif dans la région de Bathurst au Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Jambor J L
Published: April 2018

The McMaster deposit near Bathurst, northern New Brunswick, consists of massive and disseminated pyrite in phyllite of the Ordovician Tetagouche Group. The deposit is small, averages only 0.7% Cu, and unlike most massive sulphide prospects in this region, the
sphalerite and galena content is subordinate to that of chalcopyrite. Fine-grained, poorly layered pyrite is present in only small amounts, and most of the massive sulphide consists of coarser, allogenic pyrite. Other minerals present in trace amounts are lead-bismuth sulphosalts, bismuthian
tetrahedrite, tennantite, arsenopyrite, native bismuth, pyrrhotite, magnetite, and superene copper sulphides. The principal silicate in the pyritite is quartz; chlorite is common whereas carbonates are represented only by trace amounts of siderite. Phyllite with abundant muscovite and disseminated
sulphides is gradational to massive sulphides that are in sharp contact with chloritic rocks almost devoid of muscovite. The chloritic zone is mainly conformable, 10 to 15 m thick, and is continuous along the strike length of the massive sulphides.
Une évaluation de deux méthodes pour déterminer la teneur en indium dans les minerais, les concentrés et les produits de traitement du zinc, soit la spectrophotométrie d'émission atomique et d'absorption atomique à la flamme
Authors: Donaldson E M
Published: April 2018

Two methods for the determination of small amounts of indium in ores, concentrates and zinc processing products have been evaluated. A method involving the separation of indium from matrix elements by n-butyl acetate extraction as the bromide yields more accurate
and precise results than a method based on the coprecipitation of indium with hydrous ferric oxide. For small amounts of indium, a flame atomic-emission finish gives greater accuracy and precision than an atomic-absorption finish. The enhancing effects of aluminum on the determination of indium by
both flame atomic-emission and atomic absorption spectrophotometry in nitric and hydrochloric acid media have been studied and a possible mechanism is proposed to explain the anomalous behaviour observed in the absence and presence of potassium as an ionization suppressant.
Problèmes et aspects favorables des minéraux industriels
Authors: Collings R K , Andrews P R A
Published: April 2018

An industrial minerals task group, established in CANMET in the fall of 1981, recommended that CANMET strengthen its R & D capability in the area of industrial minerals to better assist in the solution of problems peculiar to the industry and, further,
that an approach be made to industry and government to more fully identify problem areas and opportunities. In response to these recommendations, a two-page questionnaire on R & D needs and a covering letter were sent to 160 producers of industrial minerals in Canada. In addition, reviews
were made of a CANMET paper on mineral processing, of the proceedings from a number of recent federal/provincial seminars on industrial minerals, and of a CANMET/ORF mineral filler symposium. This report summarizes the results of these studies and the appendices provide a list of government contacts
and various federal assistance programs.
Alkali-resistant mineral fibres - a review
Authors: Wang S S B
Published: April 2018

This literature review presents background information outlining the function of mineral fibres in cement and concrete mixes. Asbestos fibres are currently used because of their alkali-resistant properties. Newly developed alkali-resistant man-made mineral fibres
(MMMF) have been developed as possible substitutes. Problems relative to such fibres are noted along with the desirability of researching alternate fibre-forming mineral materials, e.g., asbestos tailings and diopside. The various types and grades of mineral wool and typical raw mineral materials
are identified and reviewed as are the major mineral woolforming processes, furnaces and fiberization methods. Glass fibre properties and fundamental considerations of the nature of glass and glass fibre are then reviewed following which the mechanics of chemical attack on glasses in aqueous
solutions is considered. Finally, alkali-resistant fibres are reviewed and alkali-resistant evaluation tests described.
Distribution of free and unliberated sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena in concentrates and tailings from the mill of Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corporation ltd.
Authors: Hughson M R , Petruk W
Published: April 2018

Three suites of samples were obtained from the concentrator of Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corp. Ltd. over a two-year period to characterize the nature of the sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite in the mill feed, in the zinc, lead and copper concentrates and in
the plant tailings. The degree of liberation of each mineral and the size distribution of the free and unliberated mineral grains were determined using a Quantimet 720 image analyzer. These results were treated by the MATBAL 3 program to obtain a materials balance by appropriately adjusting the
analyzed values. Generally, the required adjustments were negligible.
Répartition de la sphalérite, de la chalcopyrite et de la galène, libres et non libérées, dans les concentrés et les résidus de l'usine de Brunswick Mining and Smelting corp. ltd.
Authors: Hughson M R , Petruk W
Published: April 2018

Three suites of samples were obtained from the concentrator of Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corp. Ltd. over a two-year period to characterize the nature of the sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite in the mill feed, in the zinc, lead and copper concentrates and in
the plant tailings. The degree of liberation of each mineral and the size distribution of the free and unliberated mineral grains were determined using a Quantimet 720 image analyzer. These results were treated by the MATBAL 3 program to obtain a materials balance by appropriately adjusting the
analyzed values. Generally, the required adjustments were negligible.
Matériaux de référence czn-1, cpb-1, ccu-1, mp-la et mp-2: valeurs recommandées additionnelles
Authors: Steger H F , Bowman W S
Published: April 2018

A second interlaboratory analytical program has been performed for reference materials CZN-1, CPB-1, CCU-1, MP-la and MP-2 in order to assign recommended values for several elements which had not been sufficiently well characterized in the initial interlaboratory
programs of 1978 to 1982. Ten laboratories under CANMET contract provided analytical results by methods of their choice. Based on a statistical analysis of the combined results of the present and initial programs, the following recommended values were assigned: CZN-1: Bi, 27 Pg/g; Sn, 65 ug/g; Se,
5.5 pg/g CPB-1: Mn, 0.039%; Sn, 0.019%; Se, 30 pg/g CCU-1: Fe, 30.87%; S, 35.4%; As, 41 pg/g; Se, 120 Peg MP-1 : W, 0.040% MP-2 : Sn, 0.043%.
Lead-210 in certified uranium reference ores DL-la, BL-4a, DH-la and BL-5
Authors: Smith C W , Steger H F
Published: April 2018

Lead-210 radioactivity in uranium reference ores BL-4a and BL-5 and uranium-thorium reference ores DL-la and DH-la was determined by an interlaboratory program. Ten of eleven participating laboratories employed Amersham Corporation certified 210Pb solutions for
caliibration for measurements by gamma-ray spectrometry, beta-counting of 210 Bi or alpha spectrometry of 210 Po following radiochemical separations. No significant methodological bias was detected. Recommended values for 210Pb activities and associated parameters were determined by statistical
treatment of the results. The recommended values for the activity of 210Pb are 1.40, 15.5, 30.8, and 866 Bq g-1 for DL-la, BL-4a, DH-la and BL-5, respectively. These values are consistent with secular equilibrium in the 238 U decay series in each material.
Recent developments in process mineralogy of complex sulphide ores
Authors: Petruk W , Mainwaring P
Published: April 2018

The term "complex sulphide ores" generally refers to the relatively fine-grained, pyritic, polymetallic base-metal ores of volcanogenic origin. The metals of economic value in these ores are copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold, tin, cadmium, indium, selenium, and
tellurium. The metals occur principally as constituents of the minerals chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite, cassiterite, electrum, and many sulphosalts. The metal-bearing minerals are recovered by flotation in copper, lead, and zinc concentrates, which are then smelted and refined to
recover the metals. Process mineralogy provides fundamental information for designing mineral beneficiation, extraction metallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and other plants for treating the ore, concentrates, and other products. Recent developments of equipment such as the automatic SEM-IPS-IAS image
analysis system have made it possible to perform rapid quantitative analysis of mineralogical characteristics that affect processing. Previously, these analyses could only be determined qualitatively or not at all. The analyses have provided a better understanding of the behaviour of minerals and
phases during processing, leading to improved metal recoveries at processing plants.