bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutation Rate Evolution in Partially Selfing and Partially Asexual Organisms
Authors: Gervais Camille , Roze Denis
Published: October 2017

Different factors can influence the evolution of the mutation rate of a species: costs associated with DNA replication fidelity, indirect selection caused by the mutations produced (that should generally favor lower mutation rates, given that most mutations affecting fitness are deleterious), and genetic drift, which may render selection acting on weak mutators inefficient. In this paper, we use a two-locus model to compute the strength of indirect selection acting on a modifier locus that affects the mutation rate toward a deleterious allele at a second, linked, locus, in a population undergoing partial selfing or partial clonality. The results show that uniparental reproduction increases the effect of indirect selection for lower mutation rates. Extrapolating to the case of a whole genome with many deleterious alleles, and introducing a direct cost to DNA replication fidelity, the results can be used to compute the evolutionarily stable mutation rate, U. In the absence of mutational bias toward higher U, the analytical prediction fits well with individual-based, multilocus simulation results. When such a bias is added into the simulations, however, genetic drift may lead to the maintenance of higher mutation rates, and this effect may be amplified in highly selfing or highly clonal populations due to their reduced effective population size.
Expert Opinion: Optimising Stent Deployment in Contemporary Practice: The Role of Intracoronary Imaging and Non-compliant Balloons
Authors: Seth Ashok ,   Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India, Gupta Sajal ,   Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India, Pratap Singh Vivudh ,   Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India, Kumar Vijay ,   Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India
Published: October 2017

Final stent dimensions remain an important predictor of restenosis, target vessel revascularisation (TVR) and subacute stent thrombosis (ST), even in the drug-eluting stent (DES) era. Stent balloons are usually semi-compliant and thus even high-pressure inflation may not achieve uniform or optimal stent expansion. Post-dilatation with non-compliant (NC) balloons after stent deployment has been shown to enhance stent expansion and could reduce TVR and ST. Based on supporting evidence and in the absence of large prospective randomised outcome-based trials, post-dilatation with an NC balloon to achieve optimal stent expansion and maximal luminal area is a logical technical recommendation, particularly in complex lesion subsets.
Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Aortic Stenosis Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: Out of Date and Overly Prescriptive
Authors: Kennon Simon ,   Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK
Published: October 2017

Patients with severe aortic stenosis who require non-cardiac surgery present a difficult clinical problem. The most recent clinical practice guidelines from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology for the perioperative cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery were both published in 2014. These guidelines are reviewed in the light of recently published randomised controlled trial data regarding the efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve implantation to treat aortic stenosis.
Características del habla, el lenguaje y la deglución en la enfermedad de Huntington
Authors: Camargo-Mendoza Maryluz , Castillo-Triana Nicolás , Fandiño Cardona Juan Miguel , Mateus-Moreno Angélica , Moreno-Martínez Mariana
Published: October 2017

La enfermedad de Huntington (EH) ha sido descrita como una afección de causa genética producida por una mutación en la repetición de la secuencia de nucleótidos CAG (citosina-adenina-guanina). Según el estadio que curse la enfermedad, las personas pueden presentar dificultades en el habla, el lenguaje y la deglución. El propósito de este artículo es exponer con detalle dichas dificultades, así como su tratamiento fonoaudiológico. Se destaca que en el habla se encuentran características propias de una disartria hipercinética debido a los movimientos coreicos subyacentes. En el lenguaje, las personas con EH realizan enunciados más cortos y con estructuras sintácticas mucho más simples y presentan dificultades en tareas que requieren procesamiento cognitivo complejo. En la deglución, se presenta una disfagia que progresa a medida que avanza la enfermedad. Una intervención fonoaudiológica oportuna, integral y eficaz es fundamental para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas y contribuir a su bienestar comunicativo.
Pseudotumor inflamatorio de Pott: una complicación olvidada y peligrosa de la sinusitis
Authors: Moreno Luz Ángela , Montoya Rubén Danilo , Acero de la Parra Gerhard Misael , Marrugo Gilberto
Published: October 2017

El pseudotumor inflamatorio de Pott es una de las posibles complicaciones de la sinusitis. En la literatura existen pocos casos reportados de esta entidad, pero el presente artículo expone cuatro casos con el propósito de concientizar al grupo médico sobre la existencia de esta enfermedad y cómo su manejo temprano puede prevenir complicaciones severas.
Preservación de huevos de Necator americanus con acetato de sodio-ácido acético-formalina (SAF). Estudio de caso.
Authors: Knudson-Ospina Angélica , Skantria-Salazar Ángela , Hember Tabares Juan , Restrepo Cristian Andrés , Ruiz Miguel Ángel , López Myriam Consuelo
Published: October 2017

Introducción. La técnica de Kato Katz es el método recomendado para realizar el recuento de huevos en materia fecal y determinar la intensidad parasitaria por helmintos. La calidad de los resultados se ve afectada por la tardanza en el procesamiento de la muestra, por lo que se requiere de preservantes que faciliten la lectura posterior a las 24 horas de recolección de la muestra.Objetivo. Demostrar validez de la solución con acetato de sodio-ácido acético-formalina (SAF) como preservante de huevos de Necator americanus por medio del estudio de un caso clínico.Materiales y métodos. Descripción de caso clínico con diagnóstico de parásitos intestinales por coprológico, intensidad de la infección por la técnica de Kato Katz, evaluación de la presencia de huevos N. americanus por la técnica de Kato Katz durante 10 meses en muestra preservada en SAF y determinación de especie de Uncinaria sp.por qPCR.Resultados. Los huevos de N. americanus se conservan de manera adecuada en morfología durante los primeros cinco meses.Conclusiones. A fin de ejecutar la técnica de Kato Katz, la fijación con SAF demostró ser adecuada para el mantenimiento de la intensidad parasitaria y morfología de los huevos de N. americanus en un período de hasta cinco meses.
Relación entre depresión y rasgos de personalidad en jóvenes y adultos con conducta intencional suicida de Ibagué, Colombia
Authors: Ovalle-Peña Oscar , Alejo-Riveros Argemiro , Tarquino-Bulla Leidy Carolina , Prado-Guzmán Katherine
Published: October 2017

Introducción. La conducta intencional suicida es una de las condiciones médicas más preocupantes y peligrosas en el mundo. Se presume que por cada muerte autoinfligida, se presentan alrededor de 20 intentos de suicidio.Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre depresión y rasgos de personalidad en personas con intento de suicidio.Materiales y métodos. Estudio correlacional de corte transversal en el que participaron 25 personas entre 18 y 40 años de edad, quienes intentaron suicidarse durante el 2014 y 2015 en Ibagué, Colombia. Se empleó una ficha de datos sociodemográficos, el cuestionario “Big Five” y el Inventario de depresión Estado-Rasgo.Resultados. Se evidencia que en los participantes existen correlaciones significativas de carácter negativo, por un lado, entre la subdimensión de la personalidad, el control de emociones y la depresión como estado y, por el otro, entre esta misma subdimensión y la distimia como estado. Esto sugiere que a mayor depresión como estado o como rasgo, menor estabilidad emocional. Otras correlaciones identificadas aluden a una relación moderada entre la dimensión de la personalidad, la estabilidad emocional y la depresión.Conclusión. Las variables empleadas (depresión y estabilidad emocional) cobran gran importancia al momento de diseñar acciones preventivas en salud.
Cisticercosis subcutánea
Authors: Méndez-Mathey Vanessa Elizabeth
Published: October 2017

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 57 años de edad, natural del distrito de San Martín de Porres en Lima, quien acude a emergencias en el Hospital II Lima Norte-Callao Luis Negreiros Vega de EsSalud por presentar una tumoración en el muslo derecho. La paciente refiere dolor al palpar el muslo y al ponerse en marcha, por lo que se realizan estudios y se procede a la exéresis quirúrgica de dicha tumoración. El análisis macroscópico indicó fragmento de tejido de 5x4x11cm con losange de piel de 4x1.5cm y superficie irregular compuesta de tejido adiposo; al corte a 0.8cm de la piel presenta formación nodular de color pardo amarillento de 1.5x1.8cm con formación quística de 0.6cm, bien delimitada por el tejido fibroso. Además, presenta otras tres formaciones quísticas de 0.3 a 0.8cm de diámetro. De igual forma, el diagnóstico histológico señaló formaciones quísticas en tejido celular subcutáneo de paredes fibrosas recubiertas en su parte interna por macrófagos y células epitelioides a cuerpo extraño, compatible con cisticercosis subcutánea.
Association between risky behaviors in adolescents and altered psychophysiological emotional responses
Authors: Galindo-Aldana Gilberto Manuel , Fraga-Vallejo Miguel , Menchaca-Díaz Rufino , Alvelais-Alarcón Marina , Machinskaya Regina
Published: October 2017

Introducción. La psicofisiología de la respuesta emocional en la adolescencia es un factor clave en la comprensión de conductas de riesgo y desadaptación.Objetivo. Comparar especificidades de la reacción psicofisiológica emocional entre adolescentes con y sin conductas de riesgo.Materiales y métodos. Las medidas consistieron en la caracterización de conductas de riesgo (CR), variaciones en la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) electromiografía (EMG), conductancia de la piel (CP) y temperatura durante la presentación de estímulos emocionales visuales, así como la calificación en parámetros de valencia emocional, activación y dominancia de dichos estímulos.Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los adolescentes con CR comparados con aquellos que no las presentaban: se detectaron signos de mayor reacción psicofisiológica a los estímulos emocionales.Conclusiones. El grupo control se caracterizó por una bradicardia inicial más expresiva en comparación con el grupo con CR, ambos grupos mostraron desaceleración cardíaca más pronunciada ante estímulos desagradables, niveles más altos en EMG ante estímulos agradables en el grupo con RB e indicadores más elevados de CP ante los tres tipos de estímulo. Se requiere un estudio de cohorte a fin de comparar los hallazgos actuales en CR frente a la reacción fisiológica emocional entre los grupos de adolescentes.
Co-sleeping versus sleep training: publications with advice for parents
Authors: Fuentes-Vega Sandra , Castro Pablo Javier , Van der Veer René
Published: October 2017

Introducción. Uno de los temas centrales en la crianza de los hijos, y que se sabe tiene muchas posiciones diferentes en las publicaciones, es el sueño en los bebés.Objetivo. Describir las diferentes posiciones de las publicaciones que ofrecen asesoramiento a los padres chilenos sobre el sueño en bebés durante las últimas dos décadas.Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron 63 publicaciones disponibles para su compra o de referencia en Chile de las dos últimas décadas, las cuales dan consejos a los padres en relación al sueño de los bebés. Estas publicaciones se analizaron para luego caracterizarlas en relación a las posiciones de colecho y entrenamiento del sueño.Resultados. Se encontró que el 65% de las publicaciones analizadas aconseja, de alguna forma, el colecho y el 76% menciona el entrenamiento del sueño, expresando una tendencia a defender o aceptar la estrategia conocida como “rutinas positivas” en lugar del “dejar llorar”.Conclusiones. Los padres chilenos se enfrentan con información contradictoria: existe un debate sobre la regulación del sueño infantil en Iberoamérica y la opinión de los expertos difiere de la encontrada en muestras anglosajonas.
Intervención integral de ocho meses disminuye el peso y mejora los niveles de depresión y ansiedad en obesos severos y mórbidos
Authors: Cofre-Lizama Alfonso , Delgado-Floody Pedro , Angulo-Díaz Pamela , Jérez-Mayorga Daniel
Published: October 2017

Introducción. La obesidad mórbida genera una disminución considerable de la expectativa y calidad de vida, según lo cual existen niveles aumentados de depresión y ansiedad.Objetivo. Determinar los efectos de un programa de tratamiento integral en la pérdida de peso y los niveles de ansiedad y depresión de obesos severos y mórbidos.Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 4 hombres y 12 mujeres de un promedio de 34 26 años, candidatos a cirugía bariátrica. 6 obesos severos y 10 pacientes con obesidad mórbida participaron en una intervención de tratamiento integral de 8 meses. Se evaluaron en preintervención y post intervención: peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), contorno de la cintura, capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, ansiedad y depresión.Resultados. El peso y el IMC posterior a la intervención disminuyeron de forma significativa (p<0.001) en un 12.28% y 12.30%, respectivamente, el contorno cintura presentó una disminución de un 11.67% (p< 0.001). Además, la capacidad respiratoria mejoró bastante (p<0.001). Los síntomas ansiosos y depresivos disminuyeron de manera significativa (p<0.001).Conclusión. La intervención integral de 8 meses presenta beneficios significativos en la pérdida de peso de los participantes y en la mejora de los niveles de ansiedad y depresión. Por tal motivo, la intervención realizada puede recomendarse para el tratamiento de esta condición.
Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica positiva para mutación en el gen CYTB y negativa en SOD1 y ATXN2
Authors: Cervantes-Aragón Iván , Ramirez-García Sergio Alberto , Garcia-Cruz Diana
Published: October 2017

Señor editor, se examinó a una mujer de 28 años, originaria de Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz Oaxaca, México, remitida para descartar esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) y miopatía mitocondrial por la unidad de rehabilitación básica. La paciente presentaba disfagia, debilidad muscular, calambres, fatiga e intolerancia al ejercicio, síntomas progresivos desde hace 2 años. Los familiares que la acompañaban refirieron que en ocasiones presentaba llanto sin causa alguna, así como odinofagia al pasar líquidos y comida sólida desde los 13 años, lo que había progresado a disfagia.A la paciente se le detectó sordera sensorial derecha a los tres años de edad y diabetes mellitus un año atrás, la cual se manejó con metformina 500mg cada 8 horas. No se le documentó historia de crisis convulsiva o actividad epiléptica hasta la fecha. A la exploración física no se encontró oftalmoplejía externa ni ptosis palpebral, pero sí hiperreflexia de miembros pélvicos y atrofia de los músculos de miembros torácicos muy marcada en las eminencias tenar e hipotenar. En la tomografía de cráneo contrastada no se encontraron infartos fantasmas, conocidos como stroke-like, pero la resonancia magnética simple de la columna vertebral mostró atrofia de las astas anteriores. En la historia familiar no se encontró ningún otro miembro afectado.
Evaluation of complications in postoperative of thirdmolar extraction
Authors: Costa Morgana Marielle de Almeida , De Sousa Layane Maria , De Moura Leonardo Alonso
Published: October 2017

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze parameters such as the presence of trismus, facial swelling, postoperative pain, paresthesia of the inferior alveolar and lingual nerve, alveolitis, late bleeding and correct use of prescribed medications. Relating the complication rates with age, gender and proper use of medications prescribed.METHODS: This study evaluated 20 patients who have gone through removal of third molars, using questionnaires applied by researchers in the postoperative period of seven days in the graduate and professional qualifications Pós-Doc center from April to May/2015.RESULTS: It was observed that 45% of the patients had pain, 45% had trismus, 15% had paresthesia, 85% had late light bleeding, 5% had fever, malaise or discharge from the surgical site and 45% had facial swelling.CONCLUSION: The more frequent complications found were pain and late bleeding, with no association between pain and gender and pain and age.
Radiographic assessment of the quality of dental restorations and their relationship with periodontal radiographic changes
Authors: Fortes João Henrique Parise , Dallavilla Felipe Guarda , Tirapelli Camila , Watanabe Plauto Christopher Aranha , Brito Ana Caroline Ramos , De Oliveira-Santos Christiano
Published: October 2017

INTRODUCION: The quality of dental restorations can be directly related to the maintenance of periodontal health. Particularly in relation to the contour of interproximal restorations, radiographs allow the assessment of possible excess or lack of proximal contact of restorative materials.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of adequate and inadequate restorations, the type of restorative material and the relationship of these parameters with periodontal alterations.METHODS: One hundred digital panoramic radiographs were evaluated, with interproximal restorations being observed on these examinations, classifying them according to the material used and the quality of interproximal restoration and the presence of periodontal alterations. Thepossible correlation between these parameters was evaluated.RESULTS: The frequency of adequate restorations was 48% of restored proximal surfaces. Among the inadequate restorations, 46.2% and 53.8% were over-contour and lack of proximal contact, respectively. The restorations were metallic in 64% of cases.CONCLUSIONS: Over-contour were more common among metal restorations and lack of proximal contact was more frequent among non-metal restorations. The presence of restorations was associated with increased prevalence of periodontal alterations.
Dental caries in children assisted on a dental school clinic: prevalence and associated factors
Authors: De Sousa Emerson Tavares , Maia Fabiana Barros Marinho , Alves Vanessa Feitosa , Araujo Jaiza Samara Macena , Forte Franklin Delano Soares , Sampaio Fábio Correia
Published: October 2017

Objective: This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of dental caries in users of a pediatric dental clinic. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 313 dental records during the period from 2011 to 2013 was performed. Data on demographic, socioeconomic, diet and hygiene habits, and decay rates (dmft / DMFT) were collected. Statistical analysis was based on univariate analyzes were performed and multiple logistic regression based on a conceptual model of determination. Results: The dmft proved to be similar, 3.47 ± 3.78 and 3.46 ± 3.05, for ages 0-6 and 7-9, respectively (p = 0.781). The DMFT was 0.80 ± 1.25 SD for the range of 7-9 year and 3.16 ± 3.72 SD for those older than 10 years (p = 0.000). Most children sought restorative treatment due to dental decay. There was a significant association between parental education and SOHI and the dmft, as well as the gender and DMFT. No significant association between maternal education, type of diet and DMFT was found through multivariate logistic regression. Conclusion: In conclusion, in the proposed model, there is a certain peculiarity of dental caries patterns, which may be attributed to factors beyond the variables analyzed.
Dental emergencies in public health services: what is the role of the Dental Surgeon?
Authors: Rios Leonardo Essado , Queiroz Maria Goretti
Published: October 2017

OBJECTIVE: To assess the opinions of Brazilian dental surgeons (DS) about their roles in Public Emergency Dental Services (PEDS).METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with an intentional sample of 44 DS who worked at the PEDS in a large municipality in the central-western region of Brazil, in 2013. To collect data we designed, pretested and applied a self-administered questionnaire with Likert scale assertions about the DS duties, referral of patients and execution of dental procedures in PEDS. Post-hoc tests revealed an instrument’s reliability of 91%.RESULTS: As their main duty, DS pointed out providing relief to patients’ complaints in cases of dental pain and trauma. Regarding referral of patients, they considered typically that they should refer to services at a higher complexity level those patients exhibiting infections in advanced stages under risk of disseminations. Most of them disagreed with performing dental restorations in emergency consultations, while the majority stated that they should mainly perform intraoral abscesses drainage, alveolitis and haemorrhage treatment.CONCLUSION: To provide pain and trauma relief to patients was pointed out by DS as their key role in PEDS, as well as to refer at-risk patients to high-level complexity services and to perform procedures aimed at solving emergency situations, instead of providing restorative treatment to patients.
Allometric relationship and growth models of juveniles of Cichlasoma festae (Perciforme: Cichlidae), a freshwater species native in Ecuador
Authors: Rodríguez Jorge M. , Angón Elena , González Martín A. , Perea José , Barba Cecilio , García Antón
Published: October 2017

Ecuador is considered the fishing capital of the Southeastern tropical Pacific with more than 900 native species. Cichlasoma festae represents an economic important freshwater species of much local use. Thus, in this study, our goal was to characterize this fish species during juvenile stages, as the first step for its conservation and valuation, and also for the preparation of proposals for sustainable rural development and formulation of plans for environmentally responsible fisheries management. The study lasted 25 weeks and was undertaken in the ictiohidrographic area of Province of Los Rios, which accounts for 35 % of native fish species in Ecuador. Weekly, the individual biometric parameters total length (L), body width (BW) and body depth (BD) of 90 juveniles of C. festae were measured. Growth was determined using non-linear biological regression models. The average standard length varied between 6.30 cm and 12.25 cm and the average weight varied between 4.99 and 35.71 g. The length-weight relationship was best fit by the equation 15 lnW=-3.92+2.96 ln(L)"> , and the species presented negative allometric growth. Finally, the best fit for the growth of C. festae was the Von Bertalanffy’s model where 15Lâˆž"> = 19.758 cm, k = 0.028 cm week-1 and 15t0 "> = -14.463 week-1. We concluded that to support sustainable and reliable fisheries production studies, the growth record from length may be obtained with standard methods as those evaluated in this study, or may be obtained with new safer tools such as photogrammetry.
Attractiveness of Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to different baits in the Brazilian Amazon region
Authors: Cajaiba Reinaldo L. , Périco Eduardo , Da Silva Wully B. , Santos Mário
Published: October 2017

Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) are considered essential for enhancing the physicochemical characteristics of soils, principally by changing organic materials (e.g. dead animals, faeces, fruits e leaf litter). This study compared the species richness and abundance of dung beetles captured using various types of baits, to demonstrate attractiveness differences in variable habitats of the Brazilian Amazon. Samplings were carried out with pitfall traps baited with human faeces, rotten banana, rotten meat and a non-baited trap, in February, March, June, September and October 2015. Habitats included native forests, agriculture areas, pastures and disturbed forests in different regeneration stages. A total of 13 736 Scarabaeinae beetles were captured, distributed over 98 species. Most individuals were captured using traps baited with faeces (76.7 % of individuals), followed by rotten meat baited traps (17.8 % of individuals), fermented banana baited traps (3.9 % of individuals) and finally by non-baited traps (1.6 % of individuals). A significant difference in attractiveness of the different baits used and habitats types was observed. Most of the captured assemblages were composed by coprophagous (42 %), generalist species (32 %), necrophagous (15 %) and none was classified as saprophagous. Approximately 54 % of the specimens were tunnelers, 25 % were rollers and 12 % were dwellers. The species of Scarabaeinae sampled in the region revealed qualitative and quantitative differences among their assemblages and the phytophysiognomies. The forest environments housed the greatest species richness observed, and a fraction of these is exclusive of those areas. We concluded that some species of Scarabaeinae have an important potential as disturbance indicators in the Amazonian ecosystem.
Efecto de la estacionalidad y lluvias en la avifauna del Chaco Serrano Austral, Argentina
Authors: Fava Gustavo Alfredo , Acosta Juan Carlos , Blanco Graciela Mirta
Published: October 2017

In subtropical regions like the Chaco Serrano (33° S), rainfall has a marked seasonality, and water flood, caused by heavy rains, may have important consequences for dependent ecosystems. Conversely, the high pressure on available resources during dry periods can also affect the fauna diversity and distribution. Even though birds have shown to be excellent ecological indicators of these shifts in the environment, currently little is known about the avifauna of the Argentine Chaco Serrano phytogeographic district. Our aim was to study the resident bird population status in the Southern Chaco Serrano, its fluctuations in richness and abundance, and its relationship to seasonal variations, in monthly and annual hydroperiods. In order to assess the resident bird status over a two year period (2011 Mar.-2013 Feb.) we carried out 18 sampling surveys during pre-breeding (spring), breeding (summer) and non breeding periods (autumn-winter), in the Northeastern part of the Valle Fértil Natural Park, San Juan province, Argentina. During each site survey, we recorded bird assemblages found in six transects, and obtained bird abundance and species diversity. A mixed general linear model was employed to evaluate relationships between the studied variables. We found a total of 98 species of birds belonging to 33 families (44 resident species, 23 spring visitors, six summer visitors, two winter visitors and 23 with scarce registers). We also registered 68 of these species in both hydroperiods, 28 only during rainy periods and only two during the dry period. Both richness and abundance showed the highest values during the pre-breeding and rainy seasons, while different tendencies were detected during the isolated monthly rainfalls. These changes in bird densities were associated with the arrival of migratory species, mainly spring visitors, and probably in relationship with their reproductive activity, and to seasonal fluctuations in food resources. The Southern Chaco Serrano is a subtropical semiarid place that seems to be an important breeding habitat for many migrant bird species, which in turn promoted seasonal changes in species density and diversity, mainly during rainy years. This work contributed to our understanding on the causes of richness and abundance variations on birds, and will contribute to this important group management and conservation in this area.
Spatial and temporal distribution and microhabitat use of aquatic breeding amphibians (Anura) in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Chamela, Mexico
Authors: Luna-Gómez Martha I. , García Andrés , Santos-Barrera Georgina
Published: October 2017

The distribution of amphibians is affected by abiotic and biotic factors, availability of resources and the characteristics of reproductive sites. In particular, reproductive activity of aquatic-breeding anurans that inhabit tropical dry areas is affected by rainfall, which determines the availability and quality of reproductive sites. In this study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of anurans with indirect development in a tropical dry forest in Western Mexico, during two rainy seasons (July 10-October 4, 2013, and June 26-September 26, 2014). We collected data on the occupancy and reproductive activity of 15 species in four temporary streams, and evaluated their relationship with precipitation, humidity and temperature. We determined richness, abundance and diversity of species in each stream; we also identified differences in the reproductive strategies and microhabitats used by the species. The most abundant species were: Tlalocohyla smithii and Exerodonta smaragdina, whereas the least abundant were Leptodactylus melanonotus and Incilius mazatlanensis. Species richness, abundance and reproductive activity peaked alongside the stream with the greatest number of breeding sites (e.g. pools). We found temporal segregation in the occupancy and reproductive activity of species in all streams which were mainly associated with precipitation. However, occupancy and reproductive activity of some species overlapped up to four weeks during part of the breeding season. Most species used specific substrates for particular reproductive activities (e.g. oviposition), but used a range of microhabitats (leaf-litter, water, rocks, branches, leaves, logs, etc.) for others (e.g. calling). We discuss these behavioral differences as factors that facilitate coexistence of species in this environment in the rainy season.
Respuesta fisiológica y molecular de Anadara tuberculosa (Arcoida: Arcidae) al estrés de salinidad
Authors: Mendoza Oscar , Pretell Krizia , Diringer Benoit , Avellan Ricardo , Zapata Karina , Marchan Angelita , Cedeño Virna , Peralta Tessy , Ordinola Alberto , Mialhe Eric
Published: October 2017

The pustulose ark A. tuberculosa is an emblematic species of mangrove ecosystem that is currently in a vulnerable condition. The development of its aquaculture, to begin with genetic breeding programs, requires the identification of molecular biomarkers, particularly those associated with salinity stress. With this purpose, specimens of A. tuberculosa were collected from the adjacent mangroves of Puerto Pizarro bay (Tumbes, Perú), from January 2015 to February 2016. Different assays (groups of ten animals in triplicate) were undertaken in separated periods of 16 days: hypo-osmotic stress (extreme: 5, 10 ppt); (Moderate: 15, 25 ppt) and no stress (control group: 33 ppt). The presence of salinity stress biomarkers was assessed at the genetic level throughout PCR detection of 19 genes reported to be key actors in osmoregulation, and at the proteomic level with the sequencing of peptides (tandem mass spectrometry MALDI TOF/TOF), expressed in ark tissues exposed to different salinities. None of the tested genetic markers could be amplified by PCR, suggesting that A. tuberculosa has significant genetic differences compared to other mollusks. Proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry on A. tuberculosa gill tissue, allowed to identify 26 peptides expressed in presential and differential forms at different salinities, highlighting possible markers such as HSP70 and trans-membrane chloride channel transportation protein, to be related with salinity adaptation. These amino acid sequences will allow the design of target specific primers for A. tuberculosa, to implement future research in ecophysiology of this important fishery resource.
Copépodos epipelágicos en Bahía Cupica, Pacífico colombiano: composición de especies, distribución y variación temporal
Authors: Jerez-Guerrero Mauricio , Criales-Hernández María I. , Giraldo Alan
Published: October 2017

The study of changes in abundance and composition of copepod species, at different temporal and spatial scales, help to understand the ecosystems function and how the oceanographic dynamics affects their variability and other resources abundances. Since very few studies have been developed on this group in Colombian Pacific coastal areas, the purpose of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal changes in the copepods community distribution at Cupica Bay, between December 2012 and February 2013. For this, oblique plankton hauls were performed along six transects perpendicular to the coast, in 22 stations, using a Bongo Net (30 cm diameter, 2.1 m large, with mesh size 250 µm and 500 µm) equipped with a flowmeter, during two contrasting oceanographic periods. The results showed significant changes in oceanographic conditions and superficial circulation patterns. Fifty two (52) copepods species were identified, from which thirty five (35) were new records for the Colombian Pacific. The biggest copepod abundance was recorded in February 2013 (28 604 ind. 100 m-3), and small copepods species were the most dominant. During December 2012, species of the order Poecilostomatida were the most abundant (58.2), but during February were the species of the order Calanoida (69.5 %). The community structure and species composition was characterized by five significant groups, three groups during December 2012 and two during February 2013, dividing the bay in different zones. A positive correlation between temperature and copepods assemblages was evident during both periods, but stronger during December 2012. The results suggested that community structure and species composition of resident copepods in North Colombian Pacific neritic zones, are modelled by the intensity of upwelling, superficial local pattern circulation, and continental freshwater discharges in the region. The results are helpful to understand the copepods community structure, and the future studies should attempt to examine other variables (e.g. effect of food available and oxygen concentration dissolved) to improve understanding of copepods structure in the Pacific coast region of Colombia.
Propágulos de Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) barrenados por Coccotrypes rhizophorae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en el manglar de Tumilco, Veracruz, México
Authors: Martínez-Zacarías Alejandro Arturo , Chamorro-Florescano Ivette Alicia , Pech-Canché Juan Manuel , Alanís Méndez José Luis , Basáñez-Muñoz Agustín De Jesús
Published: October 2017

Mangrove species propagules represent a particular survival and dispersal strategy. Unfortunately, some reports have stated that Rhizophora mangle propagules are frequently attacked by Coleoptera and Lepidoptera before and after their dispersion period. The beetle species Coccotrypes rhizophorae is an obligate parasite that can cause mortality in propagules and seedlings of R. mangle, and may modify the structure of its populations. Because of the importance on this mangrove species, survival and increasing human impacts in the area, this study evaluated the presence of propagules with C. rhizophorae boring evidence in the Tumilco mangrove, in Veracruz State, Mexico. For this, three sampling areas were established: 1) mangrove core of R. mangle, 2) most impacted edge of an unpaved road with R. mangle and A. germinans, and 3) edge with Typha latifolia and R. mangle; in each area, three 25x25 m random plots were analyzed. The number of bored propagules per site was recorded every 15 days over a sampling period of one year (n= 567) from January to December 2012. We also observed the damaged part of the propagule (basal, central, apical) and the number of live and dead bored propagules per season, and compared results for different seasons in the area: rainy, cold northerly fronts or “norte” and dry. Insects were identified by an expert. Our results showed that a higher number of bored propagules was observed during the dry season, mainly in zones 2 and 3. Survival of bored propagules was higher when the perforation occurred in the basal part of the plant, and during the dry and norte seasons. Study zone 2 in particular presented a higher number of live propagules when the damage occurred in the basal part of the propagule. In all three zones, mortality was higher when the damage was apical. Zones 1 and 3 presented higher propagule survival during the dry season, while survival in zone 2 was higher during the rainy and norte seasons. The number of propagules decreased with rising flooding levels. The results showed that C. rhizophorae has a wide distribution in the Tumilco mangrove, but the mortality of R. mangle propagules is influenced by the part of the propagule that suffers damage, as well as by the season of the year and the characteristics of the area in which the infestation occurs. Futher studies are required to evaluate the impact of propagule mortality on the population structure of R. mangle.
Czym jest Kraków? Analiza pola semantycznego
Authors: Warmińska Katarzyna , Urbaniak Anna
Published: October 2017

The article presents ways the inhabitants of Cracow define the city they live in. It is based on the results of qualitative research, elaborated using semantic field analysis of the term „Cracow”, which enabled us to show how people define Cracow, how they describe it, what they associate it with, what it is thought to stand against, what Cracow does and what can be done to Cracow.
Procesy starzenia się w środowisku wielkomiejskim w Polsce na początku XXI wieku. Wymiar demograficzny i społeczny
Authors: Urbaniak Anna
Published: October 2017

The article presents the basic principles of sociological analysis of the urban environment in the context of population aging in the city. It discusses the main concepts developed in social gerontology and presents the social perspective on an aging urban population. It presents the main demographic trends observed today in Poland’s cities by describing a number of indicators used in the analysis of the aging population. Conclusions resulting from the analysis show that the decreasing number of births and migration will result in shrinking cities. On the other hand, changes in the employment sector and infrastructure development will contribute to urban sprawl. As a result, the elderly will constitute a growing group in cities.
What do trainee doctors and their trainers say about workplace based assessments? A survey of UK based junior doctors and their supervisors in a rural hospital
Authors: Razai Mohammad Sharif , Theron Byron
Published: October 2017

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Purpose: To determine the opinion of recently-qualified trainee doctors and their assessors on workplace based assessments in postgraduate training in one UK rural hospital. Design: Two 10-item questionnaires (one for trainers and one for trainees) were completed anonymously by 22 trainers conducting the review and 17 trainees (postgraduate year 1 & 2) in the Northern Devon Hospital. Results: Most supervisors had formal medical education training (68%) and in giving structured feedback to trainees (82%). Most trainers (81%) spent 10 - 20 minutes on the assessment and almost all (95%) conducted it through face-to-face meeting. Most trainers (67%) believed that the assessment was useful for facilitating feedback, determining engagement with the training programme and assisting a poorly performing trainee (52%). Eighty-two percent of trainers believed the assessment was a good use of their time. Poor IT service and lack of time (50%) were believed to be the biggest challenges for trainers. Trainees rated the assessment useful for engagement with the training programme (94%), assessment of overall performance (88%), recording training and achievements (88%) and allowing structured feedback (82%). Most trainees believed feedback helped boost their confidence (58%) and made them reflect on their performance (52%). A majority (52%) found it easy to arrange the assessment and many were satisfied with the process (76%). Conclusion: This study provides insight into an important workplace based assessment for the first time. A majority of trainees and trainers viewed the assessment useful. This survey suggests that good IT infrastructure and protected time for trainers could improve the quality of the process and its outcome.
The Singularity May Never Be Near
Authors: Walsh Toby
Published: October 2017

The technological singularity, often simply called the singularity, is the hypothesis that at some point in the future we will invent machines that can recursively self improve, and that this will be a tipping point resulting in runaway technological growth. I examine half a dozen arguments against this idea.
Toward Artificial Argumentation
Authors: Atkinson Katie , Baroni Pietro , Giacomin Massimiliano , Hunter Anthony , Prakken Henry , Reed Chris , Simari Guillermo , Thimm Matthias , Villata Serena
Published: October 2017

The field of computational models of argument is emerging as an important aspect of artificial intelligence research. The reason for this is based on the recognition that if we are to develop robust intelligent systems, then it is imperative that they can handle incomplete and inconsistent information in a way that somehow emulates the way humans tackle such a complex task. And one of the key ways that humans do this is to use argumentation either internally, by evaluating arguments and counterarguments, or externally, by for instance entering into a discussion or debate where arguments are exchanged. As we report in this review, recent developments in the field are leading to technology for artificial argumentation, in the legal, medical, and e‐government domains, and interesting tools for argument mining, for debating technologies, and for argumentation solvers are emerging.
European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision Making and a “Right to Explanation”
Authors: Goodman Bryce , Flaxman Seth
Published: October 2017

We summarize the potential impact that the European Union's new General Data Protection Regulation will have on the routine use of machine‐learning algorithms. Slated to take effect as law across the European Union in 2018, it will place restrictions on automated individual decision making (that is, algorithms that make decisions based on user‐level predictors) that “significantly affect” users. When put into practice, the law may also effectively create a right to explanation, whereby a user can ask for an explanation of an algorithmic decision that significantly affects them. We argue that while this law may pose large challenges for industry, it highlights opportunities for computer scientists to take the lead in designing algorithms and evaluation frameworks that avoid discrimination and enable explanation.
Reports of the Workshops of the 31st AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Anderson Monica , Barták Roman , Brownstein John S. , Buckeridge David L. , Eldardiry Hoda , Geib Christopher , Gini Maria , Isaksen Aaron , Keren Sarah , Laddaga Robert , Lisy Viliam , Martin Rodney , Martinez David , Michalowski Martin , Michael Loizos , Mirsky Reuth , Nguyen Thanh , Paul Michael J. , Pontelli Enrico , Sanner Scott , Shaban‐Nejad Arash , Sinha Arunesh , Sohrabi Shirin , Sricharan Kumar , Srivastava Biplav , Stefik Mark , Streilein William , Sturtevant Nathan , Talamadupula Kartik , Thielscher Michael , Togelius Julian , Tran Son Cao , Tran‐Thanh Long , Wagner Neal , Wallace Byron C. , Wilk Szymon , Zhu Jichen
Published: October 2017

The AAAI‐17 workshop program included 17 workshops covering a wide range of topics in AI. Workshops were held Sunday and Monday, February 4– 5, 2017, at the Hilton San Francisco Union Square in San Francisco, California, USA.
Recycling of construction wastes for manufacturing sustainable bricks
Authors: Rojas-Valencia María Neftalí , Aquino Esperanza
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to manufacture sustainable bricks, based on three types of wastes generated in the building industry: wood-cutting residues, wastes from the excavation process and recycled aggregates (RA). Water was added as the kneading material, and Opuntia ficus-indica extract (mucilage) was supplemented as a natural additive to improve the workability of the mixtures. The conventional firing process was substituted by drying in a solar drying chamber. Nine mixtures were prepared using 62% excavation wastes, 5% wood-cutting residues and 33% RA. These mixtures were classified into two groups depending on their granulometries: the first one denominated cementitious RA only having granulometries from 3/8 inch (0·95 cm) and 1/4 inch (0·63 cm) to fines and the second group denominated all-in-one RA having granulometries from 1/4 inch to fines. The quality of the sustainable bricks was evaluated according to compressive strength and water absorption parameters. The results showed that the ecological bricks manufactured with the mixture of cementing RA only of 3/8 and 1/4 inch to fines meet the standard requirements, providing compressive strength values of up to 8 MPa; moreover, the use of O. ficus-indica extract as a natural additive notably improved the workability of the mixture.
APLICAÇÃO DE ELEMENTOS FINITOS NA ODONTOLOGIA: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Authors: Couto Brito João Victor , Garcia Dulcinéia Carlos , Crispim Silas Da Silva , Melo de Matos Jefferson David , Gonçalves de Figueiredo Viviane Maria
Published: October 2017

Objetivo:objetiva-se com esta revisão de literatura esclarecer a aplicação da ferramenta de elementos finitos na Odontologia. Método:A revisão de literatura foi pautada em uma literatura específica e relevante, ou seja, artigos científicos, teses e livros sobre a temática abordada, utilizando as bases de dados das plataformas Pubmed.gov, Google.acadêmico, Scielo e outras bibliotecas virtuais. Considerações Finais: A Odontologia encontra no método dos elementos finitos uma forma de aprimorar a prática clínica, através de uma ferramenta computacional, para análises tensionais e estruturais nos materiais dentários e estruturas orofaciais.
Analysis of the frequency of radiation therapy complications in patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Isaev I G , Guliev F A , Akperov K S , Alieva N R
Published: October 2017

Aim. Study of the frequency of radiation therapy complications in patients with prostate cancer.

Methods. The study included 142 patients who underwent radiation therapy combined with hormonal therapy in 2001-2015. Average age of patients was 68 years. All of them received 3D-conformal radiotherapy by linear accelerators with 6 to 15 MV photon beams. Single boost dose was 2 Gy, total boost dose was 75 Gy. We studied frequency and severity of acute hematological toxicity and early and late gastroenterological and urological complications of the treatment. Treatment-related toxicity was assessed by RTOG/ EORTC and CTCAE v. 4.0 scales.

Results. Early radiation-induced proctitis of I, II and III degree were registered in 95 (66.9%), 32 (22.5%) and 8 (5.6%) patients, respectively. Acute cystitis of I, II and III degree were noted in 22 (15.5%), 87 (61.3%) and 16 (11.3%) patients, respectively. Signs of late radiation-induced proctitis of I degree was diagnosed in 21 (14.8%) cases. Late radiation-induced cystitis of I degree was diagnoswed in 37 (26.1%) patients. No late complications of higher severity occurred.

Conclusion. The results of the conducted study showed that use of high-tech precision external-beam radiotherapy techniques in the treatment of prostate cancer along with high efficacy allows to reduce the number of early and late complications.