bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the design of straight bevel gear with reduced scoring effect
Authors: Rai Paridhi , Barman Asim Gopal
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to minimize the volume of straight bevel gear and to develop resistance towards scoring failure in the straight bevel gear. Two evolutionary and more advance optimization techniques were used for performing optimization of straight bevel gears, which will also save computational time and will be less computationally expensive compared to a previously used optimization for design optimization of straight bevel gear.

Design/methodology/approach

The following two different cases are considered for the study: the first mathematical model similar to that used earlier and without any modification to show efficiency of the optimization algorithm for straight bevel gear design optimization and the second mathematical model consist of constraints on scoring and contact ratio along with other generally used design constraints. Real coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) and accelerated particle swarm optimization (APSO) are used to optimize the straight bevel gear design. The effectiveness of the algorithms used has been validated by comparing the obtained results with previously published results.

Findings

It has been found that APSO and RCGA outperform other algorithms for straight bevel gear design. Optimized design values have reduced the scoring effect significantly. The values of the contact ratio obtained further enhances the meshing operation of the bevel gear drive by making it smoother and quieter.

Originality/value

Low volume is one of the essential requirements of gearing applications. Scoring is a critical gear failure aspect that leads to the broken tooth in both high speed and low-speed applications of gears. The occurrence of scoring is hard to detect early and analyse. Scoring failure and contact ratio have been introduced as design constraints in the mathematical model. So, the mathematical model demonstrated in this paper minimizes the volume of the straight bevel gear drive, which has been very less attempted in previous studies, with scoring and contact ratio as some of the important design constraints, which the objective function has been subjected to. Also, two advanced and evolutionary optimization algorithms have been used to implement the mathematical model to reduce the computational time required to attain the optimal solution.
Shuffled shepherd optimization method: a new Meta-heuristic algorithm
Authors: Kaveh Ali , Zaerreza Ataollah
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to present a new multi-community meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, which is called shuffled shepherd optimization algorithm (SSOA). In this algorithm.

Design/methodology/approach

The agents are first separated into multi-communities and the optimization process is then performed mimicking the behavior of a shepherd in nature operating on each community.

Findings

A new multi-community meta-heuristic optimization algorithm called a shuffled shepherd optimization algorithm is developed in this paper and applied to some attractive examples.

Originality/value

A new metaheuristic is presented and tested with some classic benchmark problems and some attractive structures are optimized.
Psychosocial risks of healthcare professionals and occupational suicide
Authors: Sullivan Shantel , Germain Marie-Line
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore compassion fatigue and psychosocial risks among healthcare professionals, which lead to increased work-related costs, including occupational suicide. Through this review and synthesis of the literature, the authors shed light on the causes that lead medical professionals to take their own lives. In addition, the authors explore the role of compassion fatigue as a leading cause of self-inflicted death.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic approach was used to guide the review and synthesis of the literature. Key bibliographic and review databases were searched from the fields of social work, nursing, medical education, educational leadership, psychology, sociology and human resources.

Findings

In the USA alone, suicide has increased by 25 per cent since 1999, making it a leading cause of death. Data indicate that medical professionals are prone to compassion fatigue, work-related stresses and suicide at a greater rate than the general population, with surgeons reporting up to three times more thoughts of suicide than the general population. The synthesis and analysis of the literature yielded the following themes: compassion fatigue and suicides, burnout and compassion fatigue, career longevity and moral distress.

Research limitations/implications

Job stress and its negative impact on the workforce is rather well documented. Yet, job stress has shown to be a leading cause of workplace suicide, which represents a commensurable human and economic loss and has a direct impact on multiple human resources variables. Ongoing research is needed to see how the initial literature has evolved as new data emerges.

Practical implications

This paper presents best practices for training and development professionals to better respond to psychosocial risks and reduce work-related costs in the medical profession and beyond.

Originality/value

Studies on employee stress and suicide in the healthcare industry are scarce. Yet, they have human and economic impacts on organisations.
Bridging the industry–education skills gap for human resource development
Authors: Arthur-Mensah Nana
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to describe one advanced manufacturing company’s efforts to build a channel of skilled workforce by developing an apprenticeship programme with high schools.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a qualitative case study approach, the authors interviewed the members of the organisation to gain insights into opportunities and challenges they faced in addressing their skills needs.

Findings

The analysis showed that the collaboration and commitment of stakeholders were essential to the success of the programme. Furthermore, flexibility in employer’s expectations to allow for career progression was critical to motivating students to continue in the programme. A positive impact of the programme on overall employee morale and organisational culture was revealed.

Research limitations/implications

Although the findings may be relevant to other similar organisations, they may have limitations in their applicability to other contexts.

Practical implications

The study holds promise for the field of human resource development, as practitioners and scholars can benefit from the renewed interest in youth apprenticeship to identify how their activities within and outside of the organisation can build and retain the human capacity needed for organisational performance and competitiveness.

Originality/value

Employer–education partnerships have been touted as a solution to the skills gaps in industries. However, there is very little literature on employer-initiated apprenticeships focused on youth in the USA. Industry–education apprenticeship programmes offers employers an opportunity to address the skills problem in ways that meet their need.
Worldview-based hospitality brand support: belief in a just world theory perspectives
Authors: Legendre Tiffany S. , Baker Melissa , Warnick Rodney , Assaf Albert
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Despite the well-established branding literature, how a brand is connected to individual, market and societal/ideological levels are largely unknown. Grounded in the belief in a just world (BJW) theory, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of brand positioning status (BPS) on the support of certain brands (financially and non-financially) and examine the moderating roles of brand ideology and protestant work ethic (PWE).

Design/methodology/approach

In Study 1, a 2 (BPS: topdog vs underdog) × 2 (brand ideology: universalism vs power) between-subjects experimental design is conducted on overall brand support, purchase intention and word-of-mouth. To build upon the findings, Study 2 explores the three-way interaction effects on the same dependent variables by using a 2 (BPS: topdog vs underdog) × 2 (ideology: universalism vs power) × 2 (PWE: high vs low) quasi-experimental between-subjects design study.

Findings

The results of these studies reveal that customers have a strong intention to support the brands with universalism values, regardless of BPS, as power imbalance in the marketplace is not as salient. When a brand conveys the power ideology, the BPS greatly matters in earning customers’ support. This tendency, however, is varied among customers based on their level of PWE. This is because customers’ justification and evaluation on capitalism differs and their views toward market competitions between topdogs and underdogs are influenced by the personal worldviews.

Originality/value

The findings build upon belief in a just world theory and branding literature and discuss the importance of considering the BPS and the ideology a brand conveys in the marketplace, as the meanings and messages could be perceived differently based on what kind of work ethic one possesses and supports.
The demographics of forced marriage of people with learning disabilities: findings from a national database
Authors: Clawson Rachael , Patterson Anne , Fyson Rachel , McCarthy Michelle
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to compare the UK demographics of forced marriage of people with learning disabilities and people without learning disabilities to inform effective safeguarding practice.

Design/methodology/approach

An analysis of all cases of forced marriage reported to the UK Government’s Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) between 2009 and 2015.

Findings

People with learning disabilities are at five times greater risk of forced marriage than people without learning disabilities. Men and women with learning disabilities are equally likely to be forced to marry, whereas amongst the general population, women are more likely than men to be forced to marry. Patterns of ethnicity, geographic location within the UK and reporters are the same for people with and without learning disabilities.

Research limitations/implications

The analysis is based on cases reported to the FMU, and for some cases, data held was incomplete. More importantly, many cases go unreported and so the FMU data does not necessarily reflect all cases of forced marriage in the UK.

Practical implications

Forced marriage of people with learning disabilities is a safeguarding issue. Practitioners across health, education, criminal justice and social care need to better understand the risk of forced marriage for people with learning disabilities. Links to practice resources developed as part of the wider project are provided.

Originality/value

This is the first time that researchers have been given access to FMU data and the first time that a statistical analysis of cases of forced marriage involving someone with a learning disability have been analysed.
Corruption at Rolls-Royce: can it happen again?
Authors: Peltier-Rivest Dominic
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This study aims to analyse Rolls-Royce’s (RR) recent corruption case, its 2017 global anti-bribery and corruption (ABC) manual, and its 2017 annual report to assess whether it has put the best corruption prevention strategies into place.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a legal case study based on RR’s 2017 deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) with the UK serious fraud office. It uses the new ISO 37001 standard as a theoretical framework.

Findings

RR’s DPA suspends an indictment covering 12 counts of conspiracy to corrupt, false accounting and failure to prevent bribery. RR’s ABC manual exhibits significant shortcomings as compared to ISO 37001’s requirements. RR’s ABC manual does not provide any reference to the setting, reviewing and achievement of measurable anti-bribery objectives; does not state that anti-bribery training is provided at planned intervals to employees and external business associates that pose more than a low risk of bribery; does not explain the authority and independence of its head of ethics and compliance; does not state any maximum for gifts and hospitality given or received; does not provide clear assurances that reports made through its main internal channels will be treated confidentially and that complaints about senior management will be investigated by an outside firm; and does not subject its advisers to a formal due diligence process. RR’s annual report notes that it operates in an industry prone to corruption. Finally, internal control failure and compliance fatigue mean that no anti-bribery management system can be completely effective.

Research limitations/implications

This paper extends previous research by analysing the best corruption prevention strategies that organizations can implement. It does not endeavour to certify whether RR is ISO 37001 compliant, and it analyses only publicly available documents.

Practical implications

This study’s prevention strategies will help deter corruption and improve internal controls within organizations.

Originality/value

No previous study has used the new ISO 37001 standard as a framework for such corruption case analysis.
The effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering policies and procedures within the Banking Sector in Bahrain
Authors: Lokanan Mark Eshwar , Nasimi Noor
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the anti-money laundering (AML) policies and procedures applied by the banks operating in Bahrain and assess the effectiveness of these policies.

Design/methodology/approach

Data for the study came from semi-structured interviews with compliance officers in Bahrain’s banking sector. A total of 22 interviews were conducted with Bahraini money laundering reporting officers and bankers.

Findings

The findings indicate that the banks in Bahrain comply with international AML procedures in combating money laundering. Despite Bahrain being ranked as having strong compliance policies and AML procedures among the Gulf Cooperation Council region, there are still issues with regulatory technology that needs to be addressed.

Practical implications

While there has been a positive impact of AML procedures, there are always more procedures that can be taken into consideration by banks in Bahrain to have more robust mechanisms to mitigate against the threat of money laundering.

Originality/value

To the best of authors’ knowledge, this paper is among the first to conduct an informed study of the effectiveness of compliance in the Bahrain’s financial sector. It can be used as a foundation paper for more mix-research on money laundering threats facing Bahrain’s banks.
Impact of choice of kinetic model for the determination of transcutaneous FITC‐sinistrin clearance in rats with streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetes
Authors: Ullah Md Mahbub , Ow Connie P. C. , Evans Roger G. , Hilliard Krause Lucinda M.
Published: March 2020

Transcutaneous assessment of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐sinistrin clearance using an optical device was recently validated for determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in conscious animals. In the current study, we compared four available kinetic models for calculating FITC‐sinistrin clearance, to provide further insight into whether the choice of model might influence findings generated using this device. Specifically, we calculated the excretion half‐life of FITC‐sinistrin (minutes), rate constant (minute−1) and GFR indexed to bodyweight in control rats and rats with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes across a 4‐week experimental period using standard one‐compartment (1‐COM), two‐compartment (2‐COM) and three‐compartment (3‐COM) kinetic models (1‐COM), and a three‐compartment kinetic model with baseline correction (3‐COMB). Glomerular hyperfiltration was detected in STZ‐induced diabetic rats with the 2‐COM or 3‐COMB at day 14 and with the 3‐COM at day 3 and 14 after induction of diabetes, but not at any time point using the 1‐COM. From a theoretical perspective, we reasoned that the 3‐COMB model provides a better estimate of t1/2 than the other models. Linear regression analysis of data generated using the 3‐COMB showed a significant relationship between blood glucose and calculated GFR at the day 14 (P = .004) and day 28 (P = .01) time points, and a strong tendency for a relationship at the day 3 time point (P = .06). We conclude that hyperfiltration is an early and sustained characteristic of STZ‐induced diabetes in rats. Furthermore, we propose that the 3‐COMB model provides the most valid t1/2 for estimation of GFR via transcutaneous detection of FITC‐sinistrin clearance.
Sick but healthy: bariatric patients and the social construction of illness and disability
Authors: Stevens Corey
Published: March 2020

Bariatric (weight loss) surgery modifies the digestive system, which produces impairments and symptoms which might be considered illness or disability. Bariatric patients, however, do not view themselves as ill or disabled, but healthier than before surgery. For this study, 35 bariatric patients – from a clinic located in the Midwestern United States – were interviewed to investigate how moral and medical discourses surrounding obesity impact how patients experience their bodies after bariatric surgery. While previous literature on bariatric patients has explored discourses of medicine, stigma and discipline, fewer have analysed how patients interpret physiological symptoms. Patients often reduce or discontinue medications for chronic illness after bariatric surgery, then replace them with a strict regimen of dietary supplements. Even though these supplements are taken to manage an impaired digestive system, they do not carry the same moral weight as medications for chronic illness. Patients also experience painful and humiliating symptoms after bariatric surgery. Bariatric patients interpret symptoms not as illness, but as important disciplinary tools to lose weight. These findings have implications for the social construction and experience of illness and disability in the context of fat stigma, health morality and biomedicalisation.
Dietary or supplemental intake of antioxidants and the risk of mortality in older people: A systematic review
Authors: Das Arpita , Hsu Michelle S. H. , Rangan Anna , Hirani Vasant
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Antioxidants have a protective role in the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality. The association between dietary or supplemental intake of various antioxidants and all‐cause mortality or cause‐specific mortality among older populations is inconclusive. This systematic review aimed to systematically evaluate whether higher dietary or supplemental intake of antioxidants can lower the risk of all‐cause mortality or cause‐specific mortality in the older population.

Methods

Five electronic databases were searched to identify studies that evaluated the effects of dietary or supplemental intake of antioxidants on cause‐specific or all‐cause mortality in the older population aged ≥65 years. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Twenty‐two longitudinal, prospective observational studies and randomised controlled trial (RCT) studies involving 1 090 844 cases of cause‐specific and all‐cause mortality were included. The overall quality of studies was high with a low risk of bias.

Result

Of the 22 studies, 16 were observational studies and 6 were RCTs. The overall quality of evidence for observational studies and RCTs were rated down as low (due to very serious risk of bias and indirectness) and moderate (due to unable to rule out publication bias), respectively. Nine studies showed significant decreases, four found significant increases and nine reported no association between antioxidant intake and risk of mortality.

Conclusion

There was inconclusive evidence on the associations between dietary or supplemental intake of antioxidants and mortality in the older population. More clinical trials are required to confirm the associations.
Chromosomal‐level reference genome of the incense tree Aquilaria sinensis
Authors: Nong Wenyan , Law Sean T. S. , Wong Annette Y. P. , Baril Tobias , Swale Thomas , Chu Lee Man , Hayward Alexander , Lau David T. W. , Hui Jerome H. L.
Published: March 2020

Trees in the genus Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) are known as lign aloes, and are native to the forests of southeast Asia. Lign aloes produce agarwood as an antimicrobial defence. Agarwood has a long history of cultural and medicinal use, and is of considerable commercial value. However, due to habitat destruction and over collection, lign aloes are threatened in the wild. We present a chromosomal‐level assembly for Aquilaria sinensis, a lign aloe endemic to China known as the incense tree, based on Illumina short‐read, 10X Genomics linked‐read, and Hi‐C sequencing data. Our 783.8 Mbp A. sinensis genome assembly is of high physical contiguity, with a scaffold N50 of 87.6 Mbp, and high completeness, with a 95.8% BUSCO score for eudicotyledon genes. We include 17 transcriptomes from various plant tissues, providing a total of 35,965 gene models. We reveal the first complete set of genes involved in sesquiterpenoid production, plant defence, and agarwood production for the genus Aquilaria, including genes involved in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids via the mevalonic acid (MVA), 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose‐5‐phosphate (DXP), and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. We perform a detailed repeat content analysis, revealing that transposable elements account for ~61% of the genome, with major contributions from gypsy‐like and copia‐like LTR retroelements. We also provide a comparative analysis of repeat content across sequenced species in the order Malvales. Our study reveals the first chromosomal‐level genome assembly for a tree in the genus Aquilaria and provides an unprecedented opportunity to address a variety of applied, genomic and evolutionary questions in the Thymelaeaceae more widely.
Opioid tapering after spine surgery: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Uhrbrand Peter , Phillipsen Anne , Rasmussen Mikkel M. , Nikolajsen Lone
Published: March 2020

Background

Patients are often prescribed opioids at discharge from hospital following surgery. Several studies have shown that a large number of patients do not taper off but continue to use opioids after surgery. Tapering plans and follow‐up after discharge may reduce opioid consumption.

Methods

This is a single‐centre, investigator‐initiated, randomized, controlled trial. One hundred and ten preoperative opioid users, scheduled to undergo spine surgery at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, are randomized into two groups: 1) an intervention group receiving an individually customized tapering plan at discharge combined with telephone counselling one week after discharge; 2) a control group receiving no tapering plan or telephone counselling. The primary outcome is number of patients exceeding their preoperative intake one month after discharge. Secondary outcomes are withdrawal symptoms during the first month after discharge, number of patients tapering off to zero three months after discharge, patient satisfaction and contacts with the health care system within the first two weeks after discharge.

Conclusion

Our study is expected to provide valuable information on opioid tapering after surgery in patients with preoperative opioid use.
The economic consequences of fair value disclosures: a manifestation of the buried facts doctrine
Authors: Bar‐Hod Assaf , Chen Ester , Gavious Ilanit
Published: March 2020

There is an ongoing debate about the need for improved intelligibility of corporate information. In particular, there is widespread dissatisfaction with the length and understandability of the information provided in firms’ financial statements. This paper investigates the determinants and effectiveness of corporate disclosures. To identify variation in the quantity and quality of corporate disclosures, we use fair‐value‐related disclosures as our setting. We create a firm‐year‐specific disclosure index to evaluate the quantity of fair‐value‐related information the firms convey. The quality of the information is measured via its ex ante ability to mitigate investors’ uncertainty about the estimated fair values. Our results suggest that managers regard quantity and quality as complementary features of corporate disclosures. Nevertheless, the evidence reveals that, for investors, this is not the case. Rather, large quantities of information appear to overload investors, thereby obscuring high‐quality disclosures. Moreover, neither the value relevance, nor the informativeness, of the fair‐valued items increase with the amount of related disclosures provided. Overall, we document the detrimental effect of information overload in burying facts critically important to investors and diminishing investor reliance on financial statements as a source of information for decision making.
National Surgical Quality Improvement Program risk calculator validity in South Australian laryngectomy patients
Authors: Kao Stephen Shih‐Teng , Frauenfelder Claire , Wong Daniel , Edwards Suzanne , Krishnan Suren , Ooi Eng Hooi
Published: March 2020

Background

Assessing an individual patient's post‐operative risk profile prior to laryngectomy for cancer is difficult. The American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS‐NSQIP) risk calculator was developed to better inform preoperative decision‐making. The calculator uses patient‐specific characteristics to estimate the risk of experiencing post‐operative complications within 30 days of surgery. We investigated the ACS‐NSQIP risk calculator's performance for Australian laryngectomy patients.

Methods

The ACS‐NSQIP risk calculator was used to retrospectively calculate the 30‐day post‐operative predicted outcomes in patients who underwent laryngectomy for laryngeal, hypopharyngeal and thyroid cancers (with laryngeal involvement) in two institutions in South Australia. These data were compared against the actual mortality, morbidity, complications and length of stay (LOS) collected from a retrospective chart review.

Results

A total of 144 patients underwent surgical intervention for malignancies with laryngeal involvement. The median LOS was 25 days (range 13–197) compared to the predicted LOS of 6.5 days (range 3.5–12.5). Overall mortality was 2.78% with post‐operative complications occurring in 63% of patients. The most common complication was wound infection, occurring in 33% of patients. Hosmer–Lemeshow plots demonstrated good agreement between predicted and observed rates for complications.

Conclusion

The ACS‐NSQIP risk calculator effectively predicted post‐operative complication rates in South Australian laryngeal cancer patients undergoing laryngectomy. However, differences in predicted and actual LOS may limit the usefulness of the calculator's LOS predictions for Australian patients.
Farmers' perceptions and approaches to detection, treatment and prevention of lameness in pasture‐based dairy herds in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Ranjbar S , Rabiee AR , Ingenhoff L , House JK
Published: March 2020

Aims

The objective of this study was to investigate farmers' perception of lameness in comparison to the estimated prevalence of lameness in NSW pasture‐based dairies to evaluate farmers' perceptions and approaches to detection, treatment and prevention of lameness.

Methods

Across‐sectional study was conducted on 62 pasture‐based dairy farms across NSW, Australia. The prevalence of lameness in these farms was estimated using locomotion scoring (1–4 scale). A survey was also conducted, using a questionnaire and face‐to‐face interview, to explore farmers' perceived prevalence of lameness and approaches to treatment and prevention.

Results

The prevalence of lameness estimated by farmers was 3.7 times less (mean: 5%; range 0% to 26%) than that determined by locomotion scoring (mean: 19.1%; range 5.0%–44.5%). Approaches to treatment included antimicrobial therapy, hoof inspection with or without application of wooden blocks. In 28% of the farms, the lame cows were managed by farmers or farm staff with no official training in treatment of lame cows. The mean interval from detection of lameness to examination of the affected hoof was almost 55 hours (range 2–720 hours). A very low percentage of farms kept lameness records or implemented lameness preventive strategies such as footbaths and prophylactic foot trimming.

Conclusions

Farmers and farm managers were found to underestimate the prevalence of lameness which could be due to the low level of awareness and can contribute to subsequent lack of implementation of prophylactic procedures and preventive management strategies for lameness. These findings accentuate the need to improve farmers' ability to detect lame cows and to emphasise the importance of recording in order to facilitate the management of lameness in dairy herds.
Content acquisition podcasts’ impact on preservice teachers’ understanding of language and disability
Authors: McNamara Scott W. T. , Wilson Kylie R. , Petersen Amy
Published: March 2020

Educators’ understanding and use of language is particularly relevant in relation to historically marginalized groups, such as people with disabilities. However, previous research has suggested that teacher education programs do not adequately address the concepts of language and disability. Content acquisition podcasts (CAPs) may provide them with knowledge related to language and disability. The purposes of this investigation were to determine how a CAP impacts undergraduate students’ understanding of language with regards to people with disabilities, and examine undergraduate students’ perceptions towards CAPs as a learning tool. Qualitative analyses, a pairwise t‐test, and a Pearson’s correlation analysis were used to determine CAP’s impact on 43 preservice educators. Results revealed that the CAP significantly increased the participants’ knowledge and that the participants had positive perceptions towards the CAP. Findings from focus group discussions indicated a number of themes emerged in relation to both language use regarding people with disabilities and CAPs.

Practitioner Notes

What is already known about this topic

Language allows for one to build and understand the world around them, as well as reflects how one views others.

The language educators use when referring to and addressing students with disabilities creates a unique environment that can impact students with disabilities’ self‐esteem, and provides a model for typically developing students on how to interact with their peers with disabilities.

Podcasts have been noted as an educational phenomenon, with social and “media‐rich” features that exemplify the uniqueness and broad appeal of online learning.

What this paper adds

Although there has been a great deal of research with regards to content acquisition podcasts (CAPs), most of the research has focused on topics that have singular answers, rather than focusing on complex issues that are often contextual, such as language use.

This study utilized focus groups to better understand undergraduate students’ perceptions of CAPs. To the best of the investigators’ knowledge, is the first CAP study to do so.

Implications for practice and/or policy

This investigation suggests that CAPs can be used to teach ambiguous and complex information, such as language usage and disability, to preservice teachers.

CAPs that are able to teach complex issues are a promising tool, as this would allow faculty members to positively impact preservice teachers’ instructional skills and enable CAPs to be used to prepare preservice teachers to build meaningful relationship with their students and create a positive learning environment.
Fungal infections in children with haematologic malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Otto William R. , Green Abby M.
Published: March 2020

Children with haematologic malignancies and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are at high risk for invasive fungal diseases (IFD). There has been an increased number of at‐risk children over the past two decades due to improvements in cancer therapies resulting in improved survival of children with high‐risk and refractory malignancies. The predominant organisms that cause IFD include Candida spp., Aspergillus spp. and the Mucorales molds. Clinical presentations of IFD vary based on host immune status and the causative organism. Though serum biomarkers such as the galactomannan assay and beta‐D‐glucan assay have been validated in adults, there are limited data regarding their diagnostic value in children. Thus, the gold standard for IFD diagnosis remains tissue biopsy with histopathological and microbiological evaluation. Treatment of IFD is multimodal and involves antifungal drugs, correction of immune dysfunction and surgical resection when feasible. Paediatric practice regarding IFD is largely extrapolated from data generated in adult patients; in this review, we evaluate both primary paediatric studies and guidelines intended for adult patients that are applied to paediatric patients. There remain significant knowledge gaps with respect to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of IFD in immunocompromised children, and further research is needed to help guide management decisions.
Retrospective clinical evaluation of 2‐ to 6‐unit implant‐supported fixed partial dentures: Mean follow‐up of 9 years
Authors: Chrcanovic Bruno R. , Kisch Jenö , Larsson Christel
Published: March 2020

Background

Implant‐supported fixed partial dentures (ISFPDs) are one of the most common options to rehabilitate partially edentulous patients.

Purpose

To assess the clinical outcomes of ISFPDs.

Methods

This retrospective study included all patients treated with ISFPDs with 2 to 6 prosthetic units at one specialist clinic. Implant/prosthesis failure and technical complications were the outcomes analyzed.

Results

Six hundred and forty‐two patients with 876 ISFPDs (2241 implants) were included, followed up for 108.0 ± 76.2 months. Eighty‐eight prostheses and 112 implants (26 before, 86 after prosthesis installation) failed. The estimated CSR of ISFPDs at 30 years was 72.7%. Smokers presented lower implant survival than nonsmokers. Two hundred and ninety‐nine ISFPDs (33.2%) presented technical complications. Bruxism was a factor to exert a higher risk of screw and implant fracture, and ceramic chipping. ISFPDs with cantilever presented higher risk of failure, and screw loosening/fracture. Prostheses supported by implants with internal abutment connection or with two pontics had higher risk of presenting ceramic chipping. Extension of the prosthesis did not seem to exert influence on prosthesis failure/complications.

Conclusions

ISFPDs presented good long‐term prognosis. Implant failure was the main reason for ISFPD failure. The results suggest that bruxism and the presence of cantilever may contribute to the increased rate of mechanical complications and prosthesis failure.
THE DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM: A SURVEY
Authors: Lawson Robert A. , Murphy Ryan , Powell Benjamin
Published: March 2020

A large literature has found positive associations between economic freedom and income, growth, and a variety of other desirable outcomes. This paper surveys the literature that seeks to explain the causes of economic freedom. Some of the most consistent findings in this literature are that current levels of economic freedom are strongly correlated with past levels; freer countries have more difficulty continuing to improve their economic freedom; democracy and political freedom are positively associated with economic freedom; and inequality is negatively related. (JEL E02, E14, O17, O43, P1)
A novel methodology for the development of an optimal agricultural crop field using Internet of Things
Authors: Ramasamy Manikandan , Santhanam Prasanna , Muniyappan Ashwin , Lakshmanan Sathish Kumar , Pandiyan Sanjeevi
Published: March 2020

The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a vital role in the entity sharing and minimizing the workload of the human beings in various aspects. Nowadays the term IoT is used in various fields such as health care, automobiles, industry, agriculture, and so on. Agriculture is the main source of food to whole world. There are various problems faced by the farmers in agriculture due to shortage and wastage of water and fertilizers. In this regard, an optimal IoT model has been developed and proposed to attain an effective crop field. The proposed IoT model will monitor, record temperature, and soil moisture values, which will be continuously analyzed to achieve optimal plant growth and yield. The motor will be connected to the IoT model which automatically switch on/off based on optimal threshold temperature and soil moisture content value. A novel irrigation algorithm named differential waterflow algorithm has been proposed and deployed in the proposed IoT model for the automatic usage of the motor in the field. The proposed IoT model provides a web interface to the user through the cloud storage, so that the farmer can control and monitor the system in remote. The proposed system will reduce the water consumption and will ensure the uniform water distribution to the crops through the Poisson distribution which results in increasing yield.
Social media trends in dermatology, dermatopathology, and pathology publications: The social construction of medical subdisciplines
Authors: Saleh Jasmine , Dahiya Madhu
Published: March 2020

Background

An increase in the number of publications on social media has paralleled the growth of social media use in the past decade. Our study examined the trends in these publications relating to the fields of dermatology, pathology, and dermatopathology.

Methods

PubMed was searched for relevant literature from 2009 to present, using the following key terms: “social media”, “dermatology”, “dermatopathology”, and “pathology.” Topics of articles, years of publication, countries of origin, and contributing journals were compiled and analyzed.

Results

A total of 99 publications was retrieved during the period between January 2009 and November 2019. Top publication years included 2019 (n = 21), 2018 (n = 24), 2017 (n = 20), and 2016 (n = 13). The most common topic areas noted were related to dissemination of information (n = 17; 17.2%), knowledge exchange for physicians (n = 16; 16.2%), and social networking (n = 15; 15.2%).

Conclusion

The number of published articles on social media in these specialties has increased since 2009, signifying the widespread use of social media for professional networking, knowledge exchange, real‐time communication with patients and colleagues, and patient care. Social media in the areas of dermatology, dermatopathology, and pathology has undergone social construction during the past decade because of changes in technology and ideologies surrounding the use of social media within medicine.
When slowing down processing helps learning: Lexico‐semantic structure supports retention, but interferes with disambiguation of novel object‐label mappings
Authors: Borovsky Arielle
Published: March 2020

This project explores how children disambiguate and retain novel object‐label mappings in the face of semantic similarity. Burgeoning evidence suggests that semantic structure in the developing lexicon promotes word learning in ostensive contexts, whereas other findings indicate that semantic similarity interferes with and temporarily slows familiar word recognition. This project explores how these distinct processes interact when mapping and retaining labels for novel objects (i.e., low‐frequency objects that are unfamiliar to toddlers) via disambiguation from a semantically similar familiar referent in 24‐month‐olds (N = 65). Toddlers’ log‐adjusted looking to labeled target objects (relative to distractor objects) was measured in three conditions: Familiar trials (familiar label spoken while viewing semantically related familiar and novel objects), Disambiguation trials (unfamiliar label spoken while viewing semantically similar familiar and unfamiliar object), and Retention trials (unfamiliar label spoken while viewing novel object pairs). Toddlers’ individual vocabulary structure was then compared to performance on each condition. Vocabulary structure was measured at two levels: category‐level structure (semantic density) for experimental items, and lexicon‐level structure (global clustering coefficient). The findings suggest, consistent with prior results, that semantic density interfered with known word recognition, and facilitated unfamiliar word retention. Children did not show a significant novel word preference during disambiguation, and disambiguation behavior was not impacted by semantic structure. These findings connect seemingly disparate mechanisms of semantic interference in processing and semantic leveraging in word learning. Semantic interference momentarily slows word recognition and resolution of referential uncertainty for novel label‐object mappings. Nevertheless, this slowing might support retention by enabling comparison between related objects.
Evaluation of lumican effects on morphology of invading breast cancer cells, expression of integrins and downstream signaling
Authors: Karamanou Konstantina , Franchi Marco , Onisto Maurizio , Passi Alberto , Vynios Demitrios H. , Brézillon Stéphane
Published: March 2020

The small leucine‐rich proteoglycan lumican regulates estrogen receptors (ERs)‐associated functional properties of breast cancer cells, expression of matrix macromolecules, and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition. However, it is not known whether the ER‐dependent lumican effects on breast cancer cells are related to the expression of integrins and their intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we analyzed the effects of lumican in three breast cancer cell lines: the highly metastatic ERβ‐positive MDA‐MB‐231, cells with the respective ERβ‐suppressed (shERβMDA‐MB‐231), and lowly invasive ERα‐positive MCF‐7/c breast cancer cells. Scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, real‐time PCR, western blot, and cell adhesion assays were performed. Lumican effects on breast cancer cell morphology were also investigated in 3‐dimensional collagen cultures. Lumican treatment induced cell–cell contacts and cell grouping and inhibited microvesicles and microvilli formation. The expression of the cell surface adhesion receptor CD44, its isoform and variants, hyaluronan (HA), and HA synthases was also investigated. Lumican inhibited the expression of CD44 and HA synthases, and its effect on cell adhesion revealed a major role of α1, α2, α3, αVβ3, and αVβ5 integrins in MDA‐MB‐231 cells, but not in MCF‐7/c cells. Lumican upregulated the expression of α2 and β1 integrin subunits both in MDA‐MB‐231 and in shERβMDA‐MB‐231 as compared to MCF‐7/c cells. Downstream signaling pathways for integrins, such as FAK, ERK 1/2 MAPK 42/44, and Akt, were found to be downregulated by lumican. Our data shed light to the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anticancer activity of lumican in invasive breast cancer.
Commodities, merchants, and refugees: inter‐Asian circulations and Afghan mobility
Authors: MARSDEN MAGNUS
Published: March 2020

This article consists of an analysis of ethnographic material on Afghan trading networks involved in both the export of commodities from China to a variety of settings across Eurasia and the movement of ‘refugees’ from Afghanistan to Europe. Much recent work on trading networks has deployed the concept of trust to understand the functioning of such social formations. By contrast, in this article I assess the durability of Afghan networks in three ways. First, recognition of how they are polycentric and multi‐nodal. Second, how they are successful in transforming their collective aims and projects in changing shifting political and economic circumstances. Third, how they are made up of individuals able to switch their statuses and activities within trading networks over time. Furthermore, I argue that a focus on the precise ways in which traders entrust capital, people and commodities to one another, reveals the extent to which social and commercial relationships inside trading networks are frequently impermanent and pregnant with concerns about mistrust and contingency. Recognition of this suggests that scholars should focus on practices of entrustment rather than abstract notions of trust in their analyses of trading networks per se, as well as seek to understand the ways in which these practices enable actors to handle and address questions of contingency.
Evaluation of filling material remnants after basic preparation, apical enlargement and final irrigation in retreatment of severely curved root canals in extracted teeth
Authors: Bago I. , Plotino G. , Katić M. , Ročan M. , Batinić M. , Anić I.
Published: March 2020

Aim

To compare the retreatment ability of several rotary and reciprocating file systems in curved root canals of extracted teeth and to evaluate the influence of additional apical enlargement performed after a basic retreatment on the amount of remaining filling material.

Methodology

A total of 65 round curved root canals were used. The root canals were prepared with the ProTaper Next rotary system to size 25, .06 taper and filled with an epoxy resin‐based sealer and gutta‐percha using continuous wave vertical compaction and warm injection back‐filling. The canals were randomly divided into four groups according to the retreatment system used: Group I. ProTaper Universal Retreatment system + ProTaper Gold (PTG) instrumentation system up to PTG F2; Group II. Reciproc Blue system up to the instrument RB25; Group III. Reciproc system up to the instrument R25; Group IV. Wave One Gold (WOG) system up to the instrument WOG25. After the basic retreatment, additional apical enlargement was performed in each group with an instrument that was one size larger: in Group I, II and III up to apical size 40, and in Group IV up to 35. The final irrigation protocol included the following: 15% ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid followed by NaOCl irrigation. The volume of filling material was measured using an industrial micro‐CT four times: after root canal filling (Volume I), after basic retreatment with size 25 files (Volume II), after additional root canal enlargement with larger instruments (Volume III), and after the final irrigation protocol (Volume IV). The decrease in the amount of filling material after each retreatment protocol was analysed using a Kruskal–Wallis test. Intergroup analyses were performed with a Kruskal–Wallis test and between‐group differences were further analysed with Mann–Whitney U test.

Results

There were no significant differences amongst the systems tested in the amount of remaining filling material, or the reduction rates after each phase of the retreatment procedures (P > 0.05). Intragroup analysis indicated that the use of a larger final instrument removed significantly more filling material in all groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The four tested instrumentation systems were equally effective in removing filling materials from curved root canals in extracted teeth. Additional apical enlargement with larger files improved the removal of filling remnants after basic retreatment.