bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Università e riforme
Authors: Roversi-Monaco Fabio
Published: November 2021

La disciplina giuridica delle figure soggettive riconosciute dall’ordinamento, e dei loro rapporti con le istituzioni, le formazioni sociali ed i singoli, costituisce un elemento che può valorizzare o all’opposto deprimere, in vario grado e misura, l’azione e gli interventi delle figure soggettive stesse. Di questo occorre tenere debito conto, specie quando si propongono a getto continuo innovazioni legislative non supportate da un’adeguata visione storico-ordinamentale, come è avvenuto per la recente riforma delle Università italiane. Con riguardo alle Università, la l. 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, che ha già prodotto i suoi effetti (essendo trascorsi alcuni anni dalla sua entrata in vigore ed essendo stati adottati molti dei provvedimenti attuativi), sembra purtroppo aver collocato gli Atenei nella posizione di enti strumentali piuttosto che in quella di enti autonomi, mortificando così la storia di molti Atenei e ciò senza neppure assicurare l’economicità, l’efficienza e l’efficacia della loro azione ed operatività.
L'idoneità psicofisica del lavoratore pubblico
Authors: Casale Davide
Published: November 2021

A vent’anni dall’avvio della riforma strutturale degli anni Novanta, il presente studio indaga le peculiarità regolative delle questioni di salute del dipendente nel rapporto di lavoro pubblico c.d. “privatizzato”. Non limitata ad un unico istituto identificato secondo le classificazioni tradizionali, la trattazione considera plurimi versanti disciplinari, afferenti alle fasi di costituzione, svolgimento ed estinzione del rapporto lavorativo, dando conto anche delle interferenze con il sistema previdenziale. Rispetto alle questioni giuridiche relative alla malattia, all’inidoneità alle mansioni, alla disabilità ed alla riduzione di capacità lavorativa causata dalla senescenza, l’analisi assume come concetto unificante quello della “idoneità” del dipendente pubblico al lavoro, intesa dal punto di vista dell’interesse datoriale all’adempimento e, al contempo, sotto il profilo della protezione della persona. Detti versanti sono ricondotti a una visione d’insieme che valorizza l’effettività della condizione psicofisica del dipendente quale presupposto delle tutele giuridiche. Nella complessità regolativa del lavoro pubblico, i profili esaminati risultano oggetto di una considerazione peculiare da parte del legislatore, più spiccata di quella, comunque crescente, riservata in generale alle implicazioni lavoristiche della condizione di salute delle persone.
Gender Differences in the Link Between Marital Quality and Cognitive Decline Among Older Adults in Korea
Authors: Kim Yujin
Published: November 2021

Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between positive marital quality and cognitive health over time and to examine gender differences in this association.Methods Drawing on 2006–2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging data (n=7,427 respondents, 35,066 person-year observations), a series of hybrid mixed-effects models were used to estimate the effects of time-invariant (gender) and time-variant (marital quality) variables on within-person changes and on between-person differences in cognitive decline over the observation period.Results The results showed that individuals’ likelihood of having higher cognitive health grew when their spousal relationship became more positive and that, compared with those with lower levels of marital quality, people with higher levels of marital quality were more likely to have higher cognitive health. Interestingly, improvements in marital quality were more beneficial for men than for women, whereas level of marital quality had similar effects on men’s and women’s cognitive health.Conclusion Couple-based intervention programs aiming to improve marital quality should be encouraged, especially among older adults.
Classification of Adolescent Psychiatric Patients at High Risk of Suicide Using the Personality Assessment Inventory by Machine Learning
Authors: Kim Kyung-Won , Lim Jae Seok , Yang Chan-Mo , Jang Seung-Ho , Lee Sang-Yeol
Published: November 2021

Objective There are growing interests on suicide risk screening in clinical settings and classifying high-risk groups of suicide with suicidal ideation is crucial for a more effective suicide preventive intervention. Previous statistical techniques were limited because they tried to predict suicide risk using a simple algorithm. Machine learning differs from the traditional statistical techniques in that it generates the most optimal algorithm from various predictors.Methods We aim to analyze the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) profiles of child and adolescent patients who received outpatient psychiatric care using machine learning techniques, such as logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB), to develop and validate a classification model for individuals with high suicide risk.Results We developed prediction models using seven relevant features calculated by Boruta algorithm and subsequently tested all models using the testing dataset. The area under the ROC curve of these models were above 0.9 and the RF model exhibited the best performance.Conclusion Suicide must be assessed based on multiple aspects, and although Personality Assessment Inventory for Adolescent assess an array of domains, further research is needed for predicting high suicide risk groups.
Effects of Indirect Experience of Client Violence on Social Workers’ Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Lee Yongwoo , Kim Sun Mi , Han Doug Hyun , Yoo Seo-Koo , Kim HyunSoo
Published: November 2021

Objective This study aims to empirically determine if indirect exposure to client violence has significant negative effects on social workers’ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) the same way direct victimization does.Methods Using a sample of 1,359 social workers drawn from the data collected by the Seoul Association of Social Workers, this study employs descriptive statistics to examine the prevalence of indirect experiences with client violence, and utilizes a series of hierarchical regression analyses to demonstrate the potential impact of indirect exposure to client violence on PTSD. To assess the severity of PTSD symptoms in participants, the Korean version of the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R-K) was employed.Results A descriptive analysis shows that 12.4% of the sample indirectly experienced client violence by witnessing it or hearing about a violent incident, whereas 6.0% were directly victimized. Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that direct experience (B=4.548, p<0.05) and indirect experience (B=7.297, p<0.001) of client violence have a significant association with the scores on IES-R-K. An investigation of the interaction terms between experiences of client violence and violence-prevention training illustrates that such training significantly moderates the influence on the scores on IES-R-K from indirect exposure to client violence (B=-8.639, p<0.01).Conclusion Social workers who are indirectly exposed to client violence experience PTSD symptoms comparable to their colleagues who were directly victimized. Further, violence-prevention training has greater ameliorative effects with regard to indirect experience of client violence than for direct victimization.
Association Between CLOCK Gene Variants and Restless Legs Syndrome in Koreans
Authors: Seo Jae Eun , Yeom Ji Won , Jeon Sehyun , Cho Chul-Hyun , Jeong Seunghwa , Lee Heon-Jeong
Published: November 2021

Objective Previous studies have suggested various causes of restless legs syndrome (RLS), including iron and dopamine concentrations in the brain. Genetic influences have also been reported in many studies. There is also a possibility that circadian clock genes may be involved because symptoms of RLS worsen at night. We investigated whether CLOCK and NPAS2 gene polymorphisms were associated with RLS.Methods A total of 227 patients with RLS and 229 non-RLS matched controls were assessed according to the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group diagnostic criteria. Genotyping was performed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and high-resolution melting curve analyses.Results Although the genotype distributions of the CLOCK variants (rs1801260 and rs2412646) were not significantly different between patients with RLS and non-RLS controls, the allele frequencies of CLOCK rs1801260 showed marginally significant differences between the two groups (X2 =2.98, p=0.085). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the distribution of CLOCK haplotypes (rs1801260-rs2412646) between patients with RLS and non-RLS controls (p=0.013). The distributions of allelic, genotypic, and haplotypic variants of NPAS2 (rs2305160 and rs6725296) were not significantly different between the two groups.Conclusion Our results suggest that CLOCK variants may be associated with decreased susceptibility to RLS.
Fen bilgisi öğretmenlerinin perspektifinden sürdürülebilir kalkınma için eğitim ve yeterlikleri
Authors: ŞEKER Fatih , AYDINLI Bahattin
Published: November 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı fen bilgisi öğretmenlerinin sürdürülebilir kalkınma, sürdürülebilir kalkınma için eğitim, sürdürülebilir kalkınma için eğitim yeterlikleri ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma için eğitimde öğretmenlerin hangi yeterliklere sahip olması gerektiğine dair görüşlerini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Temel nitel araştırma yöntemi araştırmanın deseni olarak seçilmiştir. Araştırmada üç farklı okuldan 12 fen bilgisi öğretmeni katılımcılar olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmış ve veriler toplanmıştır. Veriler içerik ve betimsel analizine göre çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda fen bilgisi öğretmenlerinin sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı çevre, ekonomi, toplum ve gelişme gibi kelimelerle ilişkilendirdiği, doğanın ve çevrenin korunması şeklinde nitelendirdiği belirlenmiştir. Öğretmenler, sürdürülebilir kalkınma için eğitimle ilgili bireylerin konuyla ilgili yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadıklarını ve bireylere eğitim verilmesi gerektiğini belirtmiştir. Fen bilgisi öğretmenleri tutum ve bilgi öğrenme alanının diğer öğrenme alanlarından daha önemli olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda ayrıca öğretmenlerin sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın yeterlikleri arasında yer alan değerleri açıklamak ile karar verme, katılıma ve değişim için hareket etmeye daha çok vurgu yaptığı, eleştirel düşünme ile geleceği/alternatif senaryoları görmeye herhangi bir vurgu yapmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin sahip olması gereken yeterlikleri arasında sürdürülebilir kalkınma hakkında donanımlı olması ve çevre bilincine sahip olması, edindiği bilgileri yaşam biçimi haline getirmesi ve proje üretebilmesi yer almaktadır.
Morpho-anatomical features of the leaves and stems of Baccharis notosergila (Asteraceae) and their relationship with the environment and chemical control
Authors: Carbone Alejandra V. , Fernández Federico E. , Hernández Marcelo P. , Martínez Alonso Santiago M. , Arambarri Ana Maria
Published: November 2021

Background and aims: Baccharis notosergila is an aggressive weed inhabiting the Salado river basin, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The aims of this work were: to analyze the morpho-anatomy and histochemistry of aerial vegetative organs in order to understand the adaptation strategies that ensure its survival, as well as to expand knowledge on traits determining resistance to the control methods applied.
M&M: The material collected was prepared and examined with conventional techniques of microscopy. Histochemical tests to identify starch, resins, polyphenols, and lipophilic substances were performed. 
Results: The major features found were small and deciduous leaves; uniseriate epidermis with massive and striate cuticle; stomata at level or slightly above the other epidermal cells and glandular trichomes secreting oily substances; stomata on both surfaces and isobilateral mesophyll. Tannins, starch and lipophilic substances were identified in leaves and stems; polyphenols, resins and lipids in ducts, and calcium oxalate crystals in leaves, stems and capitate trichomes.
Conclusions: The aerial vegetative organs features of B. notosergila explain its tolerance to the unfavorable conditions of the Salado river basin area, as well as its high competitive ability over others species of the natural prairie. The reduced and deciduous leaves, the epidermal traits, and chemical substances found constitute a physical and chemical barrier reducing dehydration as well as the penetration of the herbicides applied for its control. Botanical knowledge of B. notosergila is the basis for the design and development of new and appropriate management methods for this species.
Mechanisms that could increase cancer vulnerability in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine recipients
Authors: Azakarian Paz
Published: November 2021

The BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines have been rolled out globally in high numbers. Even minimal risk groups have been fully vaccinated in many countries. We observe certain links that show there are ways cancer can have an easier path to establishing itself as a result of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.
Preprint - Different Interactions with Appearance-Focused Social Media Content and Adolescents’ Body Dissatisfaction: A Within-Person Perspective
Authors: Schreurs Lara , Vandenbosch Laura
Published: November 2021

Social media use has often been linked to adolescents’ body dissatisfaction, but longitudinal investigations of this relation are scarce. This three-wave panel study among N = 1,032 adolescents contributes to the existing literature by testing the within-person relations between different interactions with appearance-focused social media content (i.e., exposure, liking, positively commenting and posting) and adolescents’ body dissatisfaction, measured with a current versus ideal size discrepancy figure rating scale. The results of RI-CLPM’s showed that increased posting of appearance-focused content predicted decreased body dissatisfaction four months later. Yet, this finding was not consistent across both time intervals. In addition, increased exposure predicted decreased body dissatisfaction, yet only among boys. Liking and positively commenting did not predict adolescents’ body dissatisfaction over time. These results indicate a self-affirming role of posting self-related appearance content and highlight boys’ positive agency over their social media use and body image.
Memperkukuh Persatuan dan Kesatuan Bangsa dalam Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia
Authors: SARI PUTRI DEVITA
Published: November 2021

Bersatunya bangsa Indonesia didorong oleh kesadaran dengan penuh tanggung jawab untuk mencapai kehidupan bangsa yang bebas dalam suatu wadah negara yang merdeka, berdaulat, adil, dan makmur. Persatuan dan kesatuan berasal dari kata satu yang berarti utuh dan tidak terpecah belah. Persatuan mengandung makna terikatnya beberapa bagian menjadi satu kesatuan. Persatuan dalam Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) mengandung arti bahwabersatunya macam-macam corak yang beraneka ragam menjadi satu kebulatan yang utuh dan serasi yang mendiami suatu wilayah yaitu Indonesia. Adapun kesatuan berarti keadaan yang merupakan satu kebutuhan. Konsep kesatuan yang kita anut meliputi aspek ilmiah (konsep kewilayahan) dan aspek sosial (politik, sosial budaya, ekonomi, serta pertahan dan keamanan). Negara Indonesia adalah suatu negara kesatuan yang tidak terpecah-pecah yang dibentuk di atas dan di dalam bangsa Indonesia yang tidak terbagi-bagi. Mengingat luasnya wilayah negara Indonesia, urusan pemerintahan yang semakin kompleks, serta jumlah warga negara yang semakin banyak dan heterogen, dalam perkembangannya dilaksanakan asas otonomi dan tugas pembantuan. Pasal 18, 18A, dan 18B UUD 1945 mengadakan bahwa Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) adalah negara kesatuan dengan sistem pemerintahan daerah yang berasaskan desentralisasi, dekonsentrasi, dan tugas pembantuan. Persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa Indonesia yang kita rasakan saat ini terjadi dalam proses yang dinamis dan berlangsung lama karenapersatuan dan kesatuan bangsa terbentuk dari proses yang tumbuh dari unsur-unsur sosial budaya Masyakarat Indonesia sendiri, yang ditempa dalam jangkauan waktu yang sangat lama.
Feasibility of SMS Booster for Alcohol Reduction in Injury Patients in Tanzania
Authors: Staton Catherine A. , Minnig Mary Catherine , Phillips Ashley J. , Kozhumam Arthi S. , Pesambili Msafiri , Suffoletto Brian , Mmbaga Blandina T. , Rocha Thiago , Ngowi Kennedy , de Oliveira Aline Chotte
Published: November 2021

BackgroundAlcohol use is associated with 3 million annual deaths globally. Harmful alcohol use, which is particularly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), often increases the probability of traumatic injury. Treatments for harmful alcohol use in LMICs, such as Tanzania, lack trained personnel and adequate infrastructure. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using SMS boosters to augment a hospital based brief intervention (BNI) in this low resourced setting.Methods:We conducted a three stage, four arm feasibility trial of a culturally adapted BNI for injury patients with harmful and hazardous drinking admitted to Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) in Moshi, Tanzania. Post hospital discharge, two of the four arms included patients receiving either a standard or personalized short message service (SMS) booster to enhance and or perpetuate the effect of the in-hospital BNI. Text messages were sent weekly throughout a 3-month follow-up period. SMS feasibility was assessed according to the TIDier checklist evaluating what, when, how much, tailoring processes, modifications and how well (intervention fidelity). Data was collected with SMS logs and short answer surveys to participants. Results:While 42 study participants were intended to each receive 12 SMS over a three-month period, 38 received messages correctly, 6 did not receive messages but were supposed to, and 1 received a message who was not supposed to. Of the 258 attempted texts, 73% were successfully sent through the messaging system. Of the messages that failed delivery, the majority were not able to be sent due to participants travelling out of cellular service range or turning off their phones. Participants in both booster arms reported that messages were appropriate, and that they would appreciate the continuation of such reminders. At 6-month follow-up, 100% (n=11) of participants believed that the boosters had a positive impact on their behavior, with 90% reporting a large impact.ConclusionThis study demonstrated feasibility and acceptability of the integration of SMS mobile health technology to supplement this type of nurse-led BNI. SMS booster is a practical tool that can potentially prolong the impact of a brief hospital based intervention to enact behavioral change in injury patients with AUD.
Gibsonian Information: an agent-based paradigm for quantitative information
Authors: Alicea Bradly , cialfi daniela , Lim Anson , Parent Jesse
Published: November 2021

We propose a new way to quantitatively characterize information: Gibsonian Information (GI). This framework is relevant to both the study of cognitive agents and single cell systems that exhibit cognitive behaviors. GI provides a means to characterize how agents extract information from direct perceptual signals. This differs from existing information theories in two ways. The first involves an emphasis on sensory processing, engagement in collective behaviors, and the dynamic evolution of such interactions. GI is useful for understanding first-order sensory inputs in terms of agent interactions with naturalistic contexts and higher-order representations. This allows us to extend GI to cybernetic and other types of symbolic systems representations. GI also emphasizes the role of information content in the relationship between ecology and nervous systems. Along with direct sensory input and simple internal representations, statistical affordances (clustered information that is spatiotemporally dependent perceptual input) facilitate extraction of GI from the environment. As a quantitative accounting of perceptual information, GI provides a means to measure a generalized indicator of nervous system input, and can be characterized by three scenarios: disjoint distributions, contingent action, and coherent movement. All of these cases provide a means to create a differential system between both motion (information) and random noise/stasis (non-information). By applying this framework to a variety of specific contexts, including a four-channel model of multisensory embodiment, we demonstrate how GI is essential to understanding the full scope of cognitive information processing.
New Approaches for the Quantification and Targeting of Noradrenergic Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: David Michael , Malhotra Paresh A.
Published: November 2021

There is clear and early noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. This is likely secondary to pathological tau deposition in the locus coeruleus, the pontine nucleus that produces and releases noradrenaline, which occurs prior to involvement of cortical brain regions. Disruption of noradrenergic pathways affects cognition, especially attention, which impacts on memory and broader functioning in daily life. Additionally, it leads to the autonomic and neuropsychiatric symptoms that are frequently observed with disease progression.Despite the strong evidence of noradrenergic involvement in Alzheimer’s, there are no clear trial data supporting the clinical use of any noradrenergic treatments. Several approaches have been tried, including both proof-of-principle studies and randomised controlled trials, although most of the latter have been relatively small scale. Treatments have included drug therapies as well as stimulation modalities thought to modulate noradrenergic transmission. The lack of clear positive findings is likely secondary to limited capacity for gauging locus coeruleus integrity and noradrenergic dysfunction at an individual level. However, the recent development of several novel biomarkers holds potential and should allow quantification of dysfunction. This in turn may inform inclusion criteria and stratification for future trials. Imaging approaches in particular have improved greatly following the development of neuromelanin-sensitive sequences, enabling the use of structural MRI scans to estimate locus coeruleus integrity. Additionally, functional MRI and PET scanning have the potential to quantify network dysfunction. As well as neuroimaging, EEG and pupillometry techniques may prove useful in assessing noradrenergic tone and dynamic response to stimulation.Here we review the development of these biomarkers and discuss how they might augment clinical studies, particularly randomised trials, through stratification and identification of patients most likely to benefit from treatment. We outline the biomarkers with most potential, and how they hold promise as a means of transforming symptomatic therapy for people living with Alzheimer’s disease.
Functional Inferences of Mating Orientations Through Body Fat and Sex-Typical Body Features
Authors: Brown Mitch , Boykin Kaitlyn , Sacco Donald F.
Published: November 2021

Identifying reproductive opportunities and intrasexual rivals has necessitated the evolution of sensitivity to features diagnostic of mate value. In determining the presence of good genes through physical features, individuals may additionally infer targets’ short- and long-term mating motives. This study tested how individuals perceive men and women’s mating intentions through physical features conducive to reproductive goals. Participants evaluated preferred mating strategies of male and female targets varying in size of sex-typical features (i.e., muscles or breasts) and adiposity. Greater adiposity connoted long-term mating interest. Large muscles and breasts connoted short-term mating interests. We frame results from an affordance management framework with respect to inferences regarding parental investment and intrasexual competition.
AUTOMAP: solution for geospatial monitoring in public health
Authors: de Moraes Gil Nelly Lopes , de Oliveira Aline Chotte , Ganassin Gabriela , Luca Carolina , Pelloso Sandra , Dalva  , Andrade Luciano , Carvalho Elias , Rocha Thiago , Staton Catherine A. , Goldemeyer Silvia , de Oliveira Aline Chotte , Rodrigues Clarissa Garcia
Published: November 2021

Background: Health decision-makers currently face the challenge of accumulating health data in time to inform evidence-based interventions to improve health outcomes. The Brazilian healthcare system is in need of daily primary care data reported in real-time to support evidence-based policy decisions. This study aims to detail the development of a solution for geospatial monitoring in public health called AUTOMAP. Its main objective is to facilitate epidemiological surveillance and promote that rapidly available data improve the provision of health services. Methods: AUTOMAP is an application that articulates concepts inherent to epidemiological surveillance, geographic information systems, and free access technologies to design a monitoring tool of health conditions. The system architecture consists of three modules: user, application, and database. They work together to collect information regarding health conditions, its processing, and dynamic viewing. AUTOMAP design uses the statistical language R, which employs literate programming through a Shiny application package to transform statistical results of health conditions into interactive maps in real-time. AUTOMAP is a web application that has two interfaces: one for loading data and another for generating dynamic epidemiological maps. Conclusion: AUTOMAP allows a variety of clinical solutions, such as risk calculators, spatial evaluation of events of interest, decision models, simulations, and epidemiological patient monitoring. The software is open-source with easy accessibility, allowing anyone to make adjustments and handle a myriad of health conditions, thus being applicable globally. AUTOMAP is a tool that will facilitate and advance data collection for evidence generation and expedite evidence-based health system improvements.
Relationship between Parental Autistic Traits and Parenting Difficulties in a Japanese Community Sample
Authors: Saito Aya , Matsumoto Satoko , Sato Minori , Sakata Yukina , Haraguchi Hideyuki
Published: November 2021

Background: Previous studies have suggested an association between higher levels of parental autistic traits and negative aspects of parenting; however, the domain of autistic traits specifically associated with parenting difficulties has not been investigated yet. Moreover, it remains to be determined whether this association exists even after controlling for children’s characteristics.Aims: This study examined the relationship between each domain of parental autistic traits and parenting difficulties after controlling for children’s characteristics in a Japanese community sample.Methods and Procedures: Surveys were administered to 1,373 Japanese adults who were parents to children in kindergartens, nursery schools, and elementary schools. Outcomes and Results: The results showed that parents with higher levels of autistic traits had more parenting difficulties. Even after controlling for children’s sex, age, and emotional/behavioral problems, paternal impaired communication and maternal poor attention switching, impaired communication, and lack of imagination related to higher parenting difficulties, while a higher maternal level of attention to detail was associated with lower difficulties in parenting. Conclusions and Implications: The findings of this study highlight the importance of focusing on parental autistic traits and providing appropriate parenting support considering these traits.
Preferences need inferences: Learning, valuation, and curiosity in aesthetic experience
Authors: Van de Cruys Sander , Bervoets Jo , Moors Agnes
Published: November 2021

More than 40 years ago, pioneering social psychologist Robert Zajonc (1980) published his seminal work titled “Preferences need no inferences” in which he argued for the primacy of affect over cognition. Affective evaluation (the preference) comes first, he claimed, and only then do cognitive processes (the inferences) kick in. The view is untenable in light of recent predictive processing accounts of the mind, which hold that all mental functioning is built from (approximate) Bayesian inference. It casts perception, action, and learning as inference but, perhaps counterintuitively, valuation too. We discuss how valuation —understood as the process of how we come to value, prefer or like things— emerges as a function of learning and inference, and how this conception may help us resolve traditional conundrums in the science of aesthetic experience, such as the nature of the "beholder's share", the link between curiosity and appreciation, Keats' "negative capability" and the tension between the mere exposure principle and the goldilocks (optimal level) principle.
Unequal power, voting, and the management of common resources
Authors: Bogliacino Francesco , Mantilla Cesar , Niño Eslava Daniel
Published: November 2021

We designed and conducted an experiment of common-pool resource management involving economic and political inequality. Participants are assigned to different types differing in their endowments-Poor, Middle and Rich-and play an appropriation dilemma, with and without a voting procedure to select a quota limiting maximum extraction. Political inequality is introduced by allocating a higher likelihood to select the voted quota of a given player type: in the Ptochocracy treatment, the "Poor" type has a higher chance of setting her choice as quota; whereas in the Demarchy and Plutocracy treatments, this is true for the "Middle" and "Rich" types, respectively. These are contrasted with Democracy, where the votes of all three types are equally likely to be selected. Theoretically, each player type selfishly prefers the quota closer (i.e., one unit below) their endowment, although the lower quota would be socially desirable.We find that participants voted for the selfishly preferred quota between half and two-thirds of the time, and the introduction of these quotas decreased the absolute extraction in about 17.5%, even though participants were more likely to choose extraction levels closer to their maximum capacity (now set by the quota). Nonetheless, we do not find systematic differences in extraction patterns between treatments.
"The Phenomenon of Trade-Based Money Laundering in Bangladesh" - A Critical Review
Authors: Morshed Monzur , Rahman Taiabur
Published: November 2021

Bangladesh is one of the victims of financial crime like money laundering. Bangladesh's gross domestic product (GDP) has risen to 329.12 billion dollars in recent years and is steadily expanding. According to BASEL AML Index data (2020), Bangladesh's current AML score is 5.88. It stands in 38 rankings among 141 countries where Afghanistan ranks in the number one position, scoring 8.16, and Estonia ranks in 141 places with a score of 2.36. To fight financial crime like money laundering, The Central Bank of Bangladesh has taken necessary steps to be in line with FATF Status. In this connection, Trade-Based Money Laundering is a type of money laundering that shall closely monitor. Under-invoicing and over-invoicing are regularly practiced by the importers and exporters while declaring false prices of the goods. The remaining capital flies through "Hundi" and other media like Bitcoin or cryptocurrency platforms and uses offshore tax havens to hide the money. Though ML / TBML is a common problem over the entire world, in comparison to others, Bangladesh's progress is not significant, and not enough academic research is being published, which creates a considerable gap between the Government agencies and academia. This study attempts to break the ice between government agencies and academia. Still, more in-depth research shall be needed to combat Money Laundering (ML) or Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML).
Not (just) a protest: the Youth Strike for Climate as cultural exchange and collaborative text
Authors: Germaine Chloé , Bowman Benjamin
Published: November 2021

In this essay, Chloé Germaine Buckley and Benjamin Bowman discuss the School Strike for Climate movement. Rather than consider the strikes as a protest movement for a large-scale shift in climate policy, they suggest viewing them as a form of global cultural exchange. They highlight the role of three themes to make this case: 1. the role of young people’s positionalities in building relationships and global solidarities;2. young people’s repertoires beyond attempting to shift climate policy into wider civic activity such as intergenerational care or mental health support;3. the functioning of the strikes as a polyphonic ‘text’ that invites dialogue, incorporating a multitude of voices in a variety of forms. In their essay, Buckley and Bowman interpret the efforts of young people not only as a protest against the world as it is today, but as a process that envisions the world as it could be, with all the struggles that come with bringing this view into being. The authors draw on a range of materials produced by young people, from informal protest signs to songs.
SABDALOKA: The Light of the Words
Authors: Sondhi Sunil
Published: November 2021

This monograph is a compilation of my three articles published in Kalākalpa: IGNCA Journal of Arts during 2020-21. The articles are based on research work for the ICSSR-IMPRESS project on ‘Culture and Communication in India: Contemporary Relevance of Indian Classical Texts’. It is the premise of this project that problems in language and communication within and between different cultures and societies emerge from a complex web of linguistic, social, and cultural factors that go beyond any individual, or event. The hypothesis is that to resolve this problem we need to look within the individual and the society and examine the disconnect between language and culture. India’s rich linguistic heritage is embedded in its composite and integrated culture. It is therefore imperative that problems in language proficiency and competence in India should be resolved on the basis of cultural foundations of Indian languages.
The Transition to Village Life Required Mechanisms to Constrain Disruptive Violence
Authors: Dunbar R. I. M.
Published: November 2021

In hunter-gatherer societies, social friction can be alleviated by families moving between bands. However, the transition to a settled village lifestyle (usually associated with the adoption of agriculture) removes this possibility. Living in large communities necessitates the development of behavioral mechanisms for defusing these stresses. I use data on the proportion of deaths that are due to violence in contemporary small-scale societies to show that these stresses increase linearly with living-group size in hunter-gatherers, but not in horticulturalists living in permanent settlements, where instead there appear to be a series of ‘glass ceilings’ below which homicide rates oscillate. These glass ceilings correlate with the adoption of behavioral mechanisms that allow social friction to be managed. These results suggest that the transition to a settled lifestyle may be more challenging than previously assumed and that the increases in settlement size that followed the first villages necessitated what amounts to a series of structural rearrangements so as to manage inter-individual discord.
An overview of global layered intrusions, with a special focus on the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Authors:   Cardiff University, Maier W.D. , Xia Qun-Ke ,   Zhejiang University
Published: November 2021

Layered intrusions host some of the world’s most important ore deposits, yet their global distribution, age, and petrogenesis remain poorly known. Here we provide an update on our current understanding and highlight some key outstanding research questions, notably on the potential importance of reactive flow. We present some preliminary data on water contents of Bushveld orthopyroxenes from which we calculated the water contents of the magma. The analysed Bushveld rocks, including the Merensky Reef, crystallised from relatively water-poor magma, similar to many other continental basalts.
Knowledge of Basic Life Support among Final Year Dental Students of BPKIHS
Authors: Yadav Anjani Kumar , Rajesh Jaisani Mehul , Dongol Ashok , Acharya Pradeep
Published: November 2021

Introduction: The chance of survival of a victim after cardiac arrest/foreign-body airway obstruction is doubled by early institution of Basic Life Support (BLS). Besides medical doctors, dental doctors might also encounter the patients in emergency situation requiring BLS, especially during peripheral district teaching hospital posting in internship.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge about BLS among final year dental students of BPKIHS.

Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, structured questionnaires were distributed to BDS final year students (purposive sampling, sample size=53). Each question responded correctly was awarded as point +1 and total points were calculated by adding all the correct answers. The collected data were entered in Microsoft excel 2010 and descriptive analysis was done by SPSS 16.

Results: Out of 53 questionnaires distributed, 49 were responded and returned (response rate= 92.45%). Twenty participants were male and twenty-nine were female. Four participants had taken BLS training in the past. Only twenty participants scored ≥ 50% and none of the participant scored ≥75%. Only one question was responded correctly by 100% participants. Ten questions were responded correctly by ≥50% participants. Although 65.3% participants were aware about high quality CPR, only 49% knew the exact location of chest compression. The chest compression to ventilation ratio for each of single rescuer and two rescuers was known by 20 participants (40.8%) and 28 participants (57.1%) respectively.

Conclusion: Knowledge of  BLS is poor among BDS final year students.
Utility of Triglyceride-Glucose index in predicting glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Timalsina Santosh , Mahato Shishir , Nepal Sandesh
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR) and glycemic control are two very important aspects to be considered during management of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has been proposed as a simple and inexpensive parameter that correlates well with IR and glycemic control.

Objectives: To explore the association of TyG index (and other TyG derived indices) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and evaluate their predictive ability for glycemic control in patients with T2DM.

Methodology: This cross-sectional study comprised of 160 adult patients diagnosed with T2DM visiting the medical outpatient department of Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan between July–December 2019. Socio-demographic data and anthropometric measurements were collected. Glycemic control was assessed by HbA1c. TyG index was calculated by the formula: ln [fasting TG (mg/dl) x fasting glucose (mg/dl)/2]. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to analyze the predictive ability of TyG-index for poor glycemic control.

Results: One hundred and sixty patients (mean age: 53.6 ± 10.7 years, 55.0% males) were included in the study. Eighty (50.0%) had good glycemic control (HbA1c <7.0%). TyG index, along with TyG-BMI and TyG-WC (other TyG derived indices) were significantly increased in the poor glycemic control group. TyG index had a good predictive ability for poor glycemic control (AUC: 0.803, 95% CI: 0.731 – 0.874). A TyG cutoff ≥ 9.12 was optimal for predicting poor glycemic control, with 86.1% sensitivity and 61.5% specificity.

Conclusion: TyG index could be a simple and cost-effective screening tool for assessment of glycemic control in patients with T2DM.
Epidemiology of risk factors of various morphological types of age-related cataract in eastern region of Nepal
Authors: Gupta Namrata , Lavaju Poonam , Shah Sangeeta , Badhu Badri Prasad
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Age related cataract is the leading cause of preventable blindness globally, with multifactorial risk factors. Multiple mechanism contributes to the progressive loss of lens transparency.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the risk factors for different morphological types of senile cataract in eastern region of Nepal.

Methodology:  A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Four hundred patients aged ≥ 50 years with senile cataract attending eye out patient department for one year were enrolled and divided into two groups based on Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS) III grading. Group A consisted of ‘no-moderate’ cataract and group B consisted of ‘severe’ cataract. The parameters studied were age, gender, education, occupation, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes and hypertension, body mass index and use of topical or oral medication. Statistical analysis was conducted to find an association of various parameters to different morphological type of cataract.

Results: The mean age of presentation was 61±9.07 years. Male to female ratio was 1:02. Group A had 154 and group B 246 patients respectively. Statistically significant association was seen between older age group and severe cataract (p <0.002). Household activities and moderate alcohol consumption alcohol was seen associated with moderate nuclear sclerosis (p <0.001) and posterior sub-capsular cataract (p <0.003) respectively. High blood pressure was associated with severe Nuclear Sclerosis and Posterior Subcapsular Cataract (p <0.014).

Conclusion: Older age groups, household activities, moderate alcohol consumption and high blood pressure were found to have significant association with age-related cataract.
Validity of Ottawa Knee Rules at a Teaching Hospital of Eastern Nepal
Authors: Mishra Bibhuti Nath , Nepal Santosh , Parajuli Surya Bahadur
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Knee injuries are encountered frequently in Orthopedic emergency and Outpatient departments. Radiographs are routinely ordered in them, but not all of them demonstrate clear fractures. The decision for radiography based on subjective evaluation can help to reduce cost, decrease waiting time, and unnecessary radiation exposure. We lack this information in our context.

Objective: The objective of this study was to find the validity of the Ottawa knee rule (OKR) in patients presenting with acute knee injuries at a teaching hospital in eastern Nepal.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2018 to February 2019 including 210 cases of acute knee injuries. The patients were evaluated as per OKR and their X-rays were evaluated too. Collected data were entered in MS Excel and analyzed by SPSS for validity.

 

Results: Out of the total of 210 eligible patients (122 males and 88 females) with a mean age of 43.97 years, the radiography rate was 100% but the yield rate was only 10.5%. Overall 69% of patients presented to the hospital within 24 hours of the injury and direct hit/trauma was the commonest mode of injury. Patella fractures were commonest followed by proximal tibia fractures. There was a high sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 42.02%.  The rule yielded a Positive and Negative Predictive value of 16.79% and 100%, respectively. The OKR, if applied correctly, could result in radiography rate reduction by 37.61%. The Fisher exact test result was significant at p<0.05.

Conclusion: OKRs is a valid tool to predict fractures in patients who has a history of acute knee injuries without chances of missing fractures. This rule can reduce unnecessary radiography in our setup as well.
Attitudes of Health Care Professionals on Parental Presence During Invasive Procedures and Resuscitation: A Cross-sectional Study in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Kafle Shyam Prasad , Bhatta Mukesh , Koirala Namu , Koirala Anupam
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Trends are changing to allow parents and families to be with their child during invasive procedures. Because of the intense workload, there is a tendency to overlook the parents’ feelings. Attitudes of physicians and nurses are the common obstacles for this.

Objective: To determine health care professionals’ attitudes toward parental presence during invasive procedures.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the health professionals in the department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine of a tertiary care center in Eastern Nepal. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of the institute. Total sample size was 112 (83 nursing staff and 29 physicians). Attitudes of physicians and nursing staff towards parental presence during various invasive procedures were recorded in the predesigned proforma. Data was entered in MS Excel and analysed using SPSS version 21.0. Frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test, independent t-test and one-way ANNOVA were used for data analysis at p<0.05.

Results: Simple procedures like intravenous blood sampling and the simple wound repair or suture majority of the health professionals (71.1% to 79.3%) agreed for parental presence. Other major procedures including resuscitations, majority (69.0 % to 85.5%) disagreed for the parental presence. The most important factors considered was the child’s request (62.1% to 80.7%) for parental presence. The major likely reason for declining was unjustly blaming the medical staff for common/ simple complications (69.9%). Only for the simple wound repair, statistically significant differences were noted between the physicians and the nursing staff (p= 0.033) on the basis of years of experiences where the physicians preferred for the parental presence.

Conclusion: Both the physicians and the nursing staff preferred not to allow the parents in the major invasive procedures including resuscitations whereas when the level of invasiveness decreased, the rate of approval increased in both the groups.
Penerapan Metode Promethee Pada Aplikasi Perizinan Di Dinas Kominikasi Dan Informatika Kota Tasikmalaya
Authors: Roza Lucky Hermawan
Published: November 2021

Dalam proses perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, menjadi sangat penting bagi suatu organisasi perangkat daerah memiliki sistem yang dapat menunjang pemberian informasi kepada masyarakat dan menjadi salah satu tugas Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika untuk menyeleksi sistem yang bisa dipublikasikan kepada masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian tugas akhir ini adalah membuat sistem perizinan pengembangan aplikasi dengan menggunakan metode PROMETHEE untuk menentukan ranking setiap permohonan yang masuk dan akan di proses oleh petugas Diskominfo dari ranking teratas. PROMETHEE adalah suatu metode penentuan urutan (prioritas) dalam analisis multi kriteria yang menawarkan kesederhanaan, kejelasan, dan kestabilan dalam proses analisisnya. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu dalam sistem layanan perizinan pengembangan aplikasi hasil perbandingan antara penentuan prioritas perizinan berdasarkan sistem menggunakan metode PROMETHEE dengan hasil penentuan berdasarkan perhitungan menggunakan Microsoft Excel terhadap 4 data uji maka diperoleh 4 data urutan pemohon pengembangan aplikasi dengan urutan yang sama. Dari hasil pengujian diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaaan yang signifikan antara hasil penentuan sistem menggunakan metode PROMETHEE dengan hasil penentuan menggunakan Microsoft Excel. Berdasarkan pengujian yang dilakukan ini diharapkan mampu membantu pihak Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika dalam memutuskan prioritas pemohon yang harus di proses terlebih dahulu terutama dalam hal mengefisiensikan waktu dan untuk mengindari human error dalam penentuan prioritas perizinan pengembangan aplikasi.