bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atomic level deposition to extend Moore’s law and beyond
Authors: Chen Rong , Li Yi-Cheng , Cai Jia-Ming , Cao Kun , Lee Han-Bo-Ram
Published: March 2020

In the past decades, Moore’s law drives the semiconductor industry to continuously shrink the critical size of transistors down to 7 nm. As transistors further downscaling to smaller sizes, the law reaches its limitation, and the increase of transistors density on the chip decelerates. Up to now, extreme ultraviolet lithography has been used in some key steps, and it is facing alignment precision and high costs for high-volume manufacturing. Meanwhile, the introduction of new materials and 3D complex structures brings serious challenges for top-down methods. Thus, bottom-up schemes are believed to be necessary methods combined with the top-down processes. In this article, atomic level deposition methods are reviewed and categorized to extend Moore’s law and beyond. Firstly, the deposition brings lateral angstrom resolution to the vertical direction as well as top-down etching, such as double patterning, transfer of nanowires, deposition of nanotubes, and so on. Secondly, various template-assisted selective deposition methods including dielectric templates, inhibitors and correction steps have been utilized for the alignment of 3D complex structures. Higher resolution can be achieved by inherently selective deposition, and the underlying selective mechanism is discussed. Finally, the requirements for higher precision and efficiency manufacturing are also discussed, including the equipment, integration processes, scale-up issues, etc. The article reviews low dimensional manufacturing and integration of 3D complex structures for the extension of Moore’s law in semiconductor fields, and emerging fields including but not limited to energy, catalysis, sensor and biomedicals.
What do more intelligent brains look like?
Authors: Deary Ian J.
Published: March 2020

‘What do more intelligent brains look like?’ considers a study that used data from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 to test the strength of the correlation between the general intelligence scores of the participants and different measures of their brain’s structure. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure total brain volume, brain cortical thickness, brain white matter integrity (or health), and brain white matter hyperintensities. The study showed that people who have higher general intelligence tend to have larger brains, thicker grey matter on the surface of the brain, and healthier white matter brain connections. The associations are not strong, but some aspects of brain structure do relate to intelligence test scores.
Is intelligence increasing generation after generation?
Authors: Deary Ian J.
Published: March 2020

‘Is intelligence increasing generation after generation?’ discusses the ‘Flynn effect’ of rising IQ. James Flynn noticed that tables of norms for intelligence tests had to be changed every several years. Newer generations were scoring too well on the tests, by comparison with people who were their age some years before. The first response to the Flynn effect suggests that it is real, marking an actual improvement in brain power in successive generations across the 20th century. The second response states that people are not more intelligent, but have become more familiar with the mental tests’ materials. Something in the environment or culture of many countries across the 20th century has led to cognitive ability test scores increasing substantially.
9. Per ardua ad astra?
Authors: Ledwidge Frank
Published: March 2020

We are only at the beginning of the age of the drone and many possibilities are mooted for their future. The idea of unmanned fighters making air combat and manoeuvring decisions in microseconds may only be a couple of decades away. Will fighter pilots exist then? Will aircrew in combat aircraft become a thing of the past? ‘Per ardua ad astra?’ explains how, today, major air forces such as the RAF and US air force consider themselves aerospace forces, operating in space, cyberspace, and airspace. Whether the structures of air forces remain similar, or change radically, one thing is certain—aircraft of one kind or another will continue to be vital components of any military operation.
What are renewables?
Authors: Jelley Nick
Published: March 2020

‘What are renewables?’ defines renewable energy and provides a brief history of its use. It focuses on energy generated by solar, wind, and hydropower. These energy sources are renewable, in the sense that they are naturally replenished within days to decades. Only a few years ago, giving up our reliance on fossil fuels to tackle global warming would have been very difficult, as they are so enmeshed in our society and any alternative was very expensive. Nearly all of the sources of energy up to the 18th century were from renewables, after which time the world increasingly used fossil fuels. They powered the industrial revolution around the globe, and now provide most of our energy. But this dependence is unsustainable, because their use causes global warming, climate change, and pollution. Other than hydropower, which grew steadily during the 20th century and now provides almost a sixth of the world’s electricity demand, renewable energy was a neglected resource for power production for most of this period, being economically uncompetitive. But now, renewables are competitive, particularly through the support of feed-in tariffs and mass production, and governments are starting to pay more attention to clean energy, as the threat of climate change draws closer. Moving away from fossil fuels to renewables to supply both heat and electricity sustainably has become essential.
Why do we need renewables?
Authors: Jelley Nick
Published: March 2020

‘Why do we need renewables?’ describes the dangers of fossil fuels and explains the importance of renewable energy as an alternative. It shows that the use of fossil fuels causes global warming and climate change, leading to widespread concern, and also to a growing realization of the harm caused by the air pollution from coal burning and from internal combustion engines in cars and lorries. These threats are causing a switch away from fossil fuels to renewables that is gaining impetus from the growing awareness of the increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather seen in recent years. This transition is also being aided by the falling price of clean energy from renewables, in particular, solar and wind farms, which will become the dominant sources. The area of land or sea required for these farms is readily available, as are the back-ups required to handle their variability. Alternative supplies of low-carbon energy are examined. In the Paris Agreement in 2015, it was recognized that carbon dioxide emissions must reach net-zero by 2050 to avoid dangerous climate change.
Other low-carbon technologies
Authors: Jelley Nick
Published: March 2020

‘Other low-carbon technologies’ examines other low-carbon technologies, and sees how they fare against those already discussed in previous chapters. These are the renewables: tidal, wave, and geothermal power; and the low-carbon technologies of nuclear power and carbon capture. The contribution from tidal and wave power is small, with only a few tidal stream and underwater wave devices under development, and that the power from geothermal sources is potentially large, but difficult to extract. The deployment of nuclear power has been affected by concerns over its safety, the disposal of its waste, and its cost. By 2050, the total generation from all renewables and nuclear power could be close to 90 per cent of current global demand. While capture at fossil-fuel power plants looks uncompetitive, air capture through reforestation and through using chemical absorbers might remove 10 per cent of the emissions of carbon dioxide and help the world to be on target to achieve net-zero emissions.
Renewable electricity and energy storage
Authors: Jelley Nick
Published: March 2020

‘Renewable electricity and energy storage’ addresses the transmission of electricity using high voltage alternating or direct current (HVAC or HVDC), the effect of the variability of renewable energy supplies, and the importance of energy storage. Solar and wind farms are now providing an increasing proportion of electricity on many electricity grids. This is changing the requirements on power plants, requiring fast-reacting generators, interconnectors to other grids, demand response, smart grids, and energy storage. There is a cost in accommodating the variability in supply of electricity from wind and solar farms, and surplus supply can lower revenues and give rise to a ‘missing money problem’. Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly important in providing storage for the grid and for electric vehicles. Other storage options are explored, including pumped and compressed air storage, flow batteries, and using electricity to heat or cool water or to generate a combustible fuel (power-to-gas), such as hydrogen, which can be used to provide heat sustainably.
2. Exciting new puzzles
Authors: Voit Eberhard O.
Published: March 2020

Systems biologists want to understand how biological systems operate within their natural surroundings. These ‘systems’ may be whole cells, organisms, or even populations, but they are more often comprised of biological molecules and their interactions. Even seemingly simple systems in biology are complex, and often enormous amounts of information are involved. ‘Exciting new puzzles’ explains how computational systems biologists, or systems modellers, depend on mathematics and computing to extract information from available data and then piece this information together, thereby generating genuinely new insights and narrowing gaps in knowledge. Systems biology is in its infancy and the complexity of nature offers ambitious researchers truly tantalizing puzzles with potentially huge rewards and worldwide implications.
3. The demise of scientific racism
Authors: Rattansi Ali
Published: March 2020

In the aftermath of the Holocaust and the ending of World War II in 1945, the role of eugenics and scientific racism in underpinning the ideology of Nazism was impossible to ignore. It was clear that the question of racism and its scientific basis had to be confronted at an international level as part of the attempt to build a successful post-fascist world order. ‘The demise of scientific racism’ describes the post-1950 period of work by biologists and social scientists to undermine the scientific claims of the category of race. It outlines the role of genetics, DNA sequencing, and genomics in showing that there is more genetic variety within different population groups than between them.
5. Structural racism and colourblind whiteness
Authors: Rattansi Ali
Published: March 2020

From a sociological perspective, current racialized inequalities in white-dominated societies in the USA and Europe need to be explored in systemic, structural terms. Systemic or structural racism characterizes a set of interrelated relationships that include institutions and individuals, which reproduce the subordinate and superior positions occupied by racialized populations. ‘Structural racism and colourblind whiteness’ explains how structural or systemic racism cannot be treated completely separately from institutional racism, and how that differs from institutional racialization. It also considers racial discrimination and ethnic inequalities in Britain and the USA, as well as the culture of ‘whiteness’ and the concept of colourblind racism.
Self-reported Age of Hypertension Onset and Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage in Middle-Aged Individuals
Authors: Suvila Karri , McCabe Elizabeth L , Lima Joao A C , Aittokallio Jenni , Yano Yuichiro , Cheng Susan , Niiranen Teemu J
Published: March 2020

Background

Objectively defined early onset hypertension, based on repeated blood pressure measurements, is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to assess if also self-reported hypertension onset age is associated with hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD). Additionally, we evaluated the agreement between self-reported and objectively defined hypertension onset age.

Methods

We studied 2,649 participants (50 ± 4 years at the time of outcome assessment, 57% women) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who underwent measurements for echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), coronary calcification, and albuminuria. We divided the participants into groups according to self-reported hypertension onset age (<35 years, 35–44 years, ≥45 years, and no hypertension). We used multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models to assess the relation between self-reported hypertension onset age with the presence of HMOD, with those who did not report hypertension as the referent group.

Results

Compared with individuals without self-reported hypertension, self-reported hypertension onset at <35 years was associated with LVH (odds ratio (OR), 2.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.51–3.76), LVDD (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.28–4.18, coronary calcification (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.50–5.47), and albuminuria (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.81–3.26). Self-reported hypertension onset at ≥45 years was only associated with LVDD (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.06–3.08). The agreement between self-reported and objectively defined hypertension onset age groups was 78–79%.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that self-reported hypertension onset age, a pragmatically feasible assessment in clinical practice, is a reasonable method for assessing risk of HMOD and CVD.
Indigenous Destinies
Authors: Cox James H
Published: March 2020

Gerald Vizenor displays his playful wit and provocative theorizing of Indigenous creativity in Native Provenance (2019), a collection of essays adapted from material that appeared in other forms between 2004 and 2019. He uses familiar concepts (survivance, transmotion, gossip theory) to drive discussions of familiar topics (World War I veterans from White Earth, the White Earth constitution, Indigenous abstract expressionist painters). Devoted readers of Vizenor will appreciate but also wonder about the persistence in his work over many decades of certain topics and critical emphases. A decreased interest in crossbloods as trickster figures represents one of the most significant shifts in emphasis from the middle to the later part of Vizenor’s career. Louis Owens admired Vizenor’s work on crossbloods, and he lived an experience fundamental to his view of the world that he called, similarly, “mixedblood.” Yet, as many of the contributors to Louis Owens: Writing Land and Legacy (2019) demonstrate, Owens consistently recognized distinct Native and non-Native worlds in his scholarship and drew upon tribal nation-specific beliefs and practices in his novels. His characters often struggled to understand their connection to Indigenous histories, communities, and families, all of which Owens valued, even when they remained inaccessible, either to him or his characters.
Safe Composite Calf Augmentation: A Staged Procedure
Authors: Andjelkov Katarina , Atanasijevic Tatjana C , Popovic Vesna M , Colic Milan , Llull Ramon
Published: March 2020

Background

Calf augmentation can be achieved by fat grafting, calf implants, or a combination of both methods (composite augmentation). For safety reasons, it is important to be aware of important calf anatomic features, specific physiologic considerations, and some health conditions that can hinder the outcome of these procedures.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to present our experience with performing composite calf augmentation, and to describe indications, surgical techniques and safety issues.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 63 patients who had undergone composite calf augmentation for cosmetic and reconstructive surgery in our practice. We reviewed group demographics, complications, and results, and identified all the pitfalls encountered in our cases. Additionally, dissection of the calf regions in fresh cadavers was performed to obtain more accurate anatomy. We also measured intracompartmental pressures before and after calf augmentation with implants in 6 cases to determine pressure changes.

Results

All cases received subfascial implant insertion and fat grafting as a delayed procedure. If there is a need for multiple implants, we recommend a staged procedure. Our study showed high muscle sensitivity to pressure increase after augmentation. Hence, from the standpoint of safety, we advocate subcutaneous fat grafting only. No patients developed compartment syndrome.

Conclusions

Composite calf augmentation surgery is safe and easy to reproduce, with a short recovery period and a low complication rate when done as a staged procedure and respecting specific anatomic and physiologic calf features.

Level of Evidence: 4
Histological Evaluation of the Skin After Fat Grafting: A Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Study
Authors: Maricevich Juan P B R , Lima Marcel F M B , Maricevich Ana Carolina , Maricevich Marco A B R , Silva Larissa F J , Takano Daniela M , Anlicoara Rafael , Ferraz Álvaro Antônio Bandeira
Published: March 2020

Background

Autologous fat graft is often employed to treat body contour defects. There is currently increased interest in the regenerative properties of fat grafting.

Objectives

The authors evaluated the histological changes of fat grafting in a blinded randomized controlled trial of staged fat grafting-abdominoplasty.

Methods

Ten women between 24 and 55 years of age with a body mass index <30 kg/m2 and previous cesarean scar were submitted to fat grafting followed by staged abdominoplasty. The C-section scar served as a landmark for standardization of fat grafting site and control. One side of the abdomen was fat grafted and the other was left intact (control). At the time of abdominoplasty, 4 months later, a full-thickness skin sample from each hemi abdomen (fat-grafted area and control) was collected and sent to histological analysis.

Results

All of the fat-grafted samples showed extracellular lipids and signs of fat graft viability, whereas no such changes occurred in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in fat-grafted vs control samples regarding skin inflammatory infiltrate (P = 0.582), dermis thickness (P = 0.973), vascular density (P = 0.326), and amount of elastic fibers (P = 1).

Conclusions

The histological evaluation of women’s abdominoplasty surgical site skin after 4 months of fat grafting showed signs of fat graft in 100% of the grafted sides but no change in skin inflammatory infiltrate, dermis thickness, vascularity density, or elastic fiber quantity.
The Traditional or Reverse Algorithm for Diagnosis of Syphilis: Pros and Cons
Authors: Ortiz Daniel A , Shukla Mayur R , Loeffelholz Michael J
Published: March 2020

We reviewed relevant syphilis diagnostic literature to address the question “What diagnostic considerations should be taken into account when screening for syphilis using the traditional or reverse algorithm?” Improved laboratory diagnosis of syphilis is an important element of the effort to reduce syphilis rates. Screening for syphilis is performed using either a nontreponemal or treponemal test (part of the traditional or reverse algorithm, respectively). Both syphilis algorithms are used by laboratories. However, there are limited data on the performance and cost-effectiveness of the algorithms. An expert panel generated “key questions” in the laboratory diagnosis of syphilis. This paper pertains to the key factors that should be considered when deciding whether to screen for syphilis using either the traditional or the reverse algorithm. A systematic literature review was performed, and tables of evidence were created to address this question.
Resist the Temptation of Response-Adaptive Randomization
Authors: Proschan Michael , Evans Scott
Published: March 2020

Response-adaptive randomization (RAR) has recently gained popularity in clinical trials. The intent is noble: minimize the number of participants randomized to inferior treatments and increase the amount of information about better treatments. Unfortunately, RAR causes many problems, including (1) bias from temporal trends, (2) inefficiency in treatment effect estimation, (3) volatility in sample-size distributions that can cause a nontrivial proportion of trials to assign more patients to an inferior arm, (4) difficulty of validly analyzing results, and (5) the potential for selection bias and other issues inherent to being unblinded to ongoing results. The problems of RAR are most acute in the very setting for which RAR has been proposed, namely long-duration “platform” trials and infectious disease settings where temporal trends are ubiquitous. Response-adaptive randomization can eliminate the benefits that randomization, the most powerful tool in clinical trials, provides. Use of RAR is discouraged.
Trends in assisted peritoneal dialysis over the last decade: a cohort study from the French Peritoneal Dialysis Registry
Authors: Boyer Annabel , Lanot Antoine , Lambie Mark , Guillouet Sonia , Lobbedez Thierry , Béchade Clémence
Published: March 2020

Background

There is limited information available on the use of assisted peritoneal dialysis (PD) over time and the impact of economic incentives on its utilization. The aim of this study was to describe the trends in assisted PD utilization and the type of assistance provided. We wanted to estimate if an economic incentive implemented in 2011 in France was associated with an increase in the utilization of nurse-assisted PD.

Methods

This retrospective, multicentre study, based on data from the French Language Peritoneal Dialysis Registry, analysed 11 987 patients who initiated PD in France between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2015. Adjusted Cox regression with robust variance was used to examine the initiation of assisted PD, both nurse-assisted and family-assisted, accounting for the nonlinear impact of the PD starting time.

Results

There were 6149 (51%) incident patients on assisted PD, 5052 (82%) on nurse-assisted PD and 1097 (18%) on family-assisted PD over the study period. In the adjusted analysis, calendar time was associated with the assisted PD rate: it declined from 2008 until 2013 before flattening out and then it increased after 2014. Nurse-assisted PD utilization increased significantly after 2012, whereas family-assisted PD utilization decreased linearly over time (prevalence ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.92–0.97).

Conclusions

The assisted PD rate decreased until 2013, mainly because of a decline in family-assisted PD. The uptake in nurse-assisted PD observed from 2013 reflects the effect of an economic incentive adopted in late 2011 to increase PD utilization.
2015 Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and survival after adult and paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Granfeldt Asger , Holmberg Mathias J , Donnino Michael W , Andersen Lars W ,   CARES Surveillance Group
Published: March 2020

Aims

To evaluate whether the introduction of the 2015 Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation were associated with a change in outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

Methods and results

Patients with OHCA were divided into adults (≥18 years) and paediatric cases (<18 years). An interrupted time-series analysis was used to compare survival before (pre-guidelines 1 January 2013 to 31 October 2015) and after (post-guidelines 1 May 2016 to 31 December 2018) introduction of the 2015 guidelines. We fitted a regression model after dividing the time-period into segments with separate intercept and slope estimates. We included 309 499 adults and 8668 children with OHCA. There was no difference in the change in survival to hospital discharge with a favourable functional outcome per year between the two periods for adults {slope difference: −0.07% [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.30 to 0.16], P = 0.55} and paediatric cases [slope difference: −0.01% (95% CI −1.35 to 1.32), P = 0.98]. Likewise, we found no immediate change in survival to hospital discharge with a favourable functional outcome between the two periods for adults [0.20% (95% CI −0.21 to 0.61), P = 0.33] and paediatric cases [−1.08 (95% CI −3.44 to 1.27), P = 0.37].

Conclusion

Publication of the 2015 Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation was not associated with an increase in survival to hospital discharge with a favourable functional outcome after OHCA. Outcomes for OHCA have not improved the last 6 years in the USA.
Rapid two-stage Starnes approach in high-risk neonates with Ebstein anomaly
Authors: Asou Toshihide , Kawataki Motoyoshi , Takeda Yuko , Asai Hidetsugu , Tachibana Tsuyoshi , Toyoshima Katsuaki , Kim Ki-Sung , Ueda Hideaki
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study is to review the short- and long-term outcomes of high-risk neonates with Ebstein anomaly treated with a newly developed rapid 2-stage Starnes procedure, which is aimed at reducing the size of the enlarged right side of the heart.

METHODS

Fifty-two foetuses with Ebstein anomaly were analysed in this study and divided into 2 groups. The control group comprised 25 foetuses, referred to us before 2008, and the study group was composed of 27 foetuses, referred to us after 2009. The right atrial area index was defined as high risk when it was >1.5. We applied our management approach to 6 high-risk neonates in the study group. This approach consisted of reducing the size of the right side of the heart through a 2-stage process: (i) right atrial plication without the use of a bypass and (ii) a Starnes procedure. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the effects of our management approach on the survival rates of the neonates.

RESULTS

The mean follow-up period was 7.5 ± 3.3 years. All 6 high-risk neonates in the study group survived. The overall hazard ratio was 0.12 (95% confidence interval of 0.03–0.43) in the study group as compared with the control group (P = 0.0007). A Fontan operation was completed in all but 1 case, with the remaining case awaiting a Fontan operation.

CONCLUSIONS

We suggest that a rapid 2-stage Starnes approach can be effective in the treatment of high-risk neonates with Ebstein anomaly.
Individualized Relationship Practices and Union Dissolution: Differences Between Marriage and Cohabitation
Authors: Hiekel Nicole , Wagner Michael
Published: March 2020

Emotional disclosure, self-determination and egalitarianism are considered central benefits of individualized relationships. Yet, the body of research linking relationship practices and union stability is sparse. We study the extent to which relationship practices in the spheres of intimacy, autonomy, and democracy affect the risk of union dissolution, comparing marriage and cohabitation. Using longitudinal data from nine waves of the German Pairfam survey, we predict union dissolution of n = 3,650 cohabiting and married women and men. Cohabiters report higher levels of individualized relationship practices compared to the married. Intimacy is the key dimension predicting union stability. Individuals thus exhibit relatively low resilience towards decline in emotional gratification in their couple relationships. Autonomy and democracy are not empirically relevant to predict union stability beyond the extent to which they were connected to levels of intimacy. Differences between cohabitation and marriage were marginal with spouses’ benefits from higher levels of intimacy for union stability being larger compared to cohabiting individuals. Our study contributes to the analytical clarification of the consequences of the changing meaning of intimate relationships in individualized societies, and ultimately, to cultural explanations for increased relationship instability.
Understanding seismic path biases and magmatic activity at Mount St Helens volcano before its 2004 eruption
Authors: Gabrielli S , De Siena L , Napolitano F , Del Pezzo E
Published: March 2020

In volcanoes, topography, shallow heterogeneity and even shallow morphology can substantially modify seismic coda signals. Coda waves are an essential tool to monitor eruption dynamics and model volcanic structures jointly and independently from velocity anomalies: it is thus fundamental to test their spatial sensitivity to seismic path effects. Here, we apply the Multiple Lapse Time Window Analysis (MLTWA) to measure the relative importance of scattering attenuation vs absorption at Mount St Helens volcano before its 2004 eruption. The results show the characteristic dominance of scattering attenuation in volcanoes at lower frequencies (3–6 Hz), while absorption is the primary attenuation mechanism at 12 and 18 Hz. Scattering attenuation is similar but seismic absorption is one order of magnitude lower than at open-conduit volcanoes, like Etna and Kilauea, a typical behaviour of a (relatively) cool magmatic plumbing system. Still, the seismic albedo (measuring the ratio between seismic energy emitted and received from the area) is anomalously high (0.95) at 3 Hz. A radiative-transfer forward model of far- and near-field envelopes confirms this is due to strong near-receiver scattering enhancing anomalous phases in the intermediate and late coda across the 1980 debris avalanche and central crater. Only above this frequency and in the far-field diffusion onsets at late lapse times. The scattering and absorption parameters derived from MLTWA are used as inputs to construct 2-D frequency-dependent bulk sensitivity kernels for the S-wave coda in the multiple-scattering (using the Energy Transport Equations—ETE) and diffusive (AD, independent of MLTWA results) regimes. At 12 Hz, high coda-attenuation anomalies characterize the eastern side of the volcano using both kernels, in spatial correlation with low-velocity anomalies from literature. At 3 Hz, the anomalous albedo, the forward modelling, and the results of the tomographic imaging confirm that shallow heterogeneity beneath the extended 1980 debris-avalanche and crater enhance anomalous intermediate and late coda phases, mapping shallow geological contrasts. We remark the effect this may have on coda-dependent source inversion and tomography, currently used across the world to image and monitor volcanoes. At Mount St Helens, higher frequencies and deep borehole data are necessary to reconstruct deep volcanic structures with coda waves.
Convergent Evolution of Elongate Forms in Craniates and of Locomotion in Elongate Squamate Reptiles
Authors: Bergmann Philip J , Mann Sara D W , Morinaga Gen , Freitas Elyse S , Siler Cameron D
Published: March 2020

Synopsis Elongate, snake- or eel-like, body forms have evolved convergently many times in most major lineages of vertebrates. Despite studies of various clades with elongate species, we still lack an understanding of their evolutionary dynamics and distribution on the vertebrate tree of life. We also do not know whether this convergence in body form coincides with convergence at other biological levels. Here, we present the first craniate-wide analysis of how many times elongate body forms have evolved, as well as rates of its evolution and reversion to a non-elongate form. We then focus on five convergently elongate squamate species and test if they converged in vertebral number and shape, as well as their locomotor performance and kinematics. We compared each elongate species to closely related quadrupedal species and determined whether the direction of vertebral or locomotor change matched in each case. The five lineages examined are obscure species from remote locations, providing a valuable glimpse into their biology. They are the skink lizards Brachymeles lukbani, Lerista praepedita, and Isopachys anguinoides, the basal squamate Dibamus novaeguineae, and the basal snake Malayotyphlops cf. ruficaudus. Our results support convergence among these species in the number of trunk and caudal vertebrae, but not vertebral shape. We also find that the elongate species are relatively slower than their limbed counterparts and move with lower frequency and higher amplitude body undulations, with the exception of Isopachys. This is among the first evidence of locomotor convergence across distantly related, elongate species.
A Generalization of Steinberg Theory and an Exotic Moment Map
Authors: Fresse Lucas , Nishiyama Kyo
Published: March 2020

For a reductive group $G$, Steinberg established a map from the Weyl group to the set of nilpotent $G$-orbits by using moment maps on double flag varieties. In particular, in the case of the general linear group, it provides a geometric interpretation of the Robinson–Schensted correspondence between permutations and pairs of standard tableaux of the same shape. We extend Steinberg’s approach to the case of a symmetric pair $(G, K)$ to obtain two different maps, namely a generalized Steinberg map and an exotic moment map. Although the framework is general, in this paper we focus on the pair $(G,K) = (\textrm{GL}_{2n}({\mathbb{C}}), \textrm{GL}_n({\mathbb{C}}) \times \textrm{GL}_n({\mathbb{C}}))$. Then the generalized Steinberg map is a map from partial permutations to the pairs of nilpotent orbits in $ \mathfrak{gl}_n({\mathbb{C}}) $. It involves a generalization of the classical Robinson–Schensted correspondence to the case of partial permutations. The other map, the exotic moment map, establishes a combinatorial map from the set of partial permutations to that of signed Young diagrams, that is, the set of nilpotent $ K$-orbits in the Cartan space $(\textrm{Lie}(G)/\textrm{Lie}(K))^* $. We explain the geometric background of the theory and combinatorial algorithms, which produce the above-mentioned maps.
Poetry in action: Networks of literary communication and the cultural leverage in the eighteenth-century Seoul
Authors: Yoo Jamie Jungmin
Published: March 2020

This article revisits the study of the poetry communities, sisa, in the eighteenth-century Seoul, in terms of their membership, structural patterns, and boundaries of interaction. By applying methods in the digital humanities such as social network analysis and geographical information systems, I argue that literary activities in the sisa were performed beyond the factional demarcations, and cultural leverage was determined by their positional advantage in the community structure, not imposed by the political dominance. The factional affiliations of the participants were not directly correlated with the formation of cultural identities. The poetry communities functioned as major loci of cultural textual networks in the late Chosŏn Seoul. Paying no heed to hierarchical distinction, the participants enjoyed the convivial spontaneous environments and shared their literary works with one another. Focusing on the collaborative nature of the era, many modern scholars have examined the kinship, social classes, and political orientations of the community members; furthermore, some argue that those who belonged to influential political factions also exercised their cultural influence and set mainstream literary trends. My research differs from previous contributions in its emphasis on the relational community structure and the information flow. Measuring the homogeneity, centralities, and membership, I prove that the cultural practices were much more complicated beyond the social–political system, and explain how politically marginalized people were able to gain leverage in the cultural world.
Making the Case
Authors: McCarty Richard
Published: March 2020

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionized the field of psychiatric genetics by examining genetic variation at millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in many thousands of individual genome using microarrays. The sample sizes for these studies range from tens of thousands on up. Results to date from GWAS have called into question the validity of current diagnostic categories in psychiatry. For example, there may be some level of genetic risk that is shared across many psychiatric disorders, with the final symptom clusters of a given disorder being shaped by other genetic, epigenetic, and environmental variables. Research findings on three mental disorders are evaluated to make the case that stressful life events play a crucial role in the etiology of mental disorders. The mental disorders discussed include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. These findings set the stage for the remainder of the book.
Stress-Sensitive Brain Circuits
Authors: McCarty Richard
Published: March 2020

A series of forebrain, midbrain, and brainstem nuclei exert stimulatory or inhibitory effects on sympathetic outflow from the intermediolateral cell column in thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord. Some of these brain areas contain cell bodies that serve as command neurons that can simultaneously activate sympathetic outflow to multiple target tissues. CRF-containing cell bodies in the paraventricular nuclei receive multiple direct and indirect inputs from various brain areas that participate in the regulation of the HPA axis. Hormones of the adrenal cortex have been shown to exert damaging structural effects on the structure of neurons in the hippocampus and amygdala. The immune system is stress-responsive, and circulating immune cells and proinflammatory cytokines are able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier during exposure to stressors. Brain microglia appear to serve as neuroimmune sensors of stress. Optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques have been essential tools in probing the functions of stress-responsive brain circuits and their impact on behavior.
Session 1: An Overview of This Treatment Program
Authors: Sprich Susan E. , Safren Steven A.
Published: March 2020

In this first chapter, information is provided about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and how it manifests in adolescents. The chapter describes the symptoms of ADHD and discusses why adolescents sometimes need additional therapy, even if they have been treated with medication for ADHD. The Cognitive Behavioral Model of ADHD is presented along with background information on how this program was developed. It includes descriptions of the supporting research studies and the findings from these studies. Attention is paid to debunking some myths about ADHD, such that individuals with ADHD are lazy and/or not intelligent. Information is provided regarding what clients can expect when participating in the program, as well as descriptions of each of the modules of the treatment program. Use of task lists and calendar systems is introduced and motivation for change is discussed.
Session 2: How Can Parents Help? First Parent/Adolescent Session
Authors: Sprich Susan E. , Safren Steven A.
Published: March 2020

In this session, a joint meeting is held with the adolescent client and their parent or parents. The chapter includes educational information for the parents about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and an overview of the treatment for the parents. The primary goal of the session is to ensure that all involved parties are “on the same page.” Parent and adolescent goals are set, and the use of a motivational/reward system is discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role that parents will play in the adolescent’s treatment.
Session 12: Keeping It Going
Authors: Sprich Susan E. , Safren Steven A.
Published: March 2020

This final chapter of the workbook provides information about how to maintain the gains made during treatment after the treatment has ended. The chapter includes a review of all the skills that were taught in the treatment program and instructs participants to think about which skills were helpful and which were not. The chapter also includes a troubleshooting worksheet as well as a worksheet that can be used for a self-check-in after treatment has ended to review things that are going well as well as those skills that need to be practiced.
Session 1: An Overview of the Program
Authors: Sprich Susan E. , Safren Steven A.
Published: March 2020

In this first chapter, information is provided about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and how it manifests in adolescents. The chapter describes the symptoms of ADHD and discusses why adolescents sometimes need additional therapy, even if they have been treated with medication for ADHD. The Cognitive Behavioral Model of ADHD is presented along with background information on how this program was developed. It includes descriptions of the supporting research studies and the findings from these studies. Attention is paid to debunking some myths about ADHD, such that individuals with ADHD are lazy and/or not intelligent. Information is provided regarding what clients can expect when participating in the program, as well as descriptions of each of the modules of the treatment program. Use of task lists and calendar systems is introduced, and motivation for change is discussed.
Session 3: Do The Most Important Things First!
Authors: Sprich Susan E. , Safren Steven A.
Published: March 2020

Client behaviors serve as signposts of change, showing that the therapy is on track and progressing well. If your client is not exhibiting these behaviors, discuss and conduct problem-solving to uncover any obstacles that might be preventing the client from using the skills. This chapter describes how to decide on effective calendar and task list systems. It also includes information on how to manage multiple tasks. Information is provided about how to set up a prioritization system for tasks.
Session 8: Thinking, Feeling, and Acting
Authors: Sprich Susan E. , Safren Steven A.
Published: March 2020

This chapter provides information about the cognitive component of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The identification of automatic thoughts and the relationship between thoughts, behaviors, and feelings is outlined. Information about various types of thinking errors/thinking traps is provided as well as instructions about how to begin to self-monitor thoughts and identify different types of thinking errors/thinking traps using a thought record.
Session 9: Self-Coaching
Authors: Sprich Susan E. , Safren Steven A.
Published: March 2020

This chapter continues the discussion of the cognitive component of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) introduced in Chapter 8. It includes instructions regarding how to review thought records and uses a coaching metaphor to discuss various styles of coaching. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to formulate helpful alternative thoughts to use in place of negative automatic thoughts.
Session 13: Parent Coaching Session 1: Between Adolescent Sessions 3–5
Authors: Sprich Susan E. , Safren Steven A.
Published: March 2020

This chapter describes the first optional parent coaching session. The primary goal of this session is to assess parent motivation for and hopefulness about cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in helping their adolescent with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The therapist can also discuss services that the adolescent is currently receiving at school, help the parents decide if other services are needed, and talk about how to advocate for these services. Other topics discussed in this chapter are how the contingency management system is working, how to address any issues with this system that may have come up, parenting style, and limit-setting with adolescents.
Report Writing and Testimony
Authors: Corey David M. , Zelig Mark
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, the authors offer suggestions on how to write a report that answers the organizational client’s referral questions in a logical and effective manner. The chapter informs readers of the multiple audiences, well beyond the retaining party, that can be expected to scrutinize a written report, and offers guidance on how to write the report in a manner that anticipates the uses those various audiences may eventually make of the report and on how to avoid common errors. In recognition of the fact that the written report establishes the foundation for any future legal testimony, the authors describe the requirements for the admissibility of expert testimony in federal courts and differences between fact and expert witnesses. Finally, the chapter contains guidance on providing written reports and testimony in instances where the psychologist is retained by the examinee or the examinee’s attorney, as well as referrals for tie-breaking opinions.
Getting to the ABNS Oral Board Examination
Authors: Starke Robert M.
Published: March 2020

This chapter describes the process of preparing for the American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS) Oral Board Examination. This lengthy process is required to attain ABNS confirmation as a board-certified neurosurgeon. This includes the necessary timing for application, accrual of necessary cases, online portal, application for oral examination and certification following case submission, and the ABNS assessment of candidates’ eligibility for oral examination. Each candidate must now submit their prospective cases to the Practice and Outcomes Surgical Therapies (POST) online portal. This chapter reviews the steps in this process to help candidates successfully deliver their cases. Additionally, the chapter reviews study techniques and mentorship guidance.
Endovascular Neurosurgery
Authors: Sweid Ahmad , Jabbour Pascal
Published: March 2020

This chapter is designed in a case base fashion covering common vascular problems treated by endovascular techniques such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and strokes. The neurointerventionalist armamentarium is becoming rich with alternatives enabling management of broad range of pathologies in a less invasive way. The most recent innovation was the endosaccular flow diversion device indicated for wide-neck bifurcating aneurysms. Preliminary reports have shown it’s efficacy in treating both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Similarly, stents for aneurysm and stroke treatment, and microcatheters for embolization procedures are in continuous refinements for improved safety, deliverability, and outcomes. Six clinical cases are presented in this chapter with an analysis of the cases, a clinical management, and a focused review on the topic relevant to each scenario.
Epilepsy, Functional, and Pain Neurosurgery
Authors: Tandon Nitin , Slavin Konstantin V.
Published: March 2020

This chapter covers several aspects of the management of seizures and epilepsy relevant to a general neurosurgical practice. First, all candidates should know how to manage a patient presenting with a new-onset seizure or in status epilepticus with a brain lesion or after a craniotomy. Second, they are expected to be able to explain how to perform fundamental epilepsy procedures such as a temporal lobectomy for hippocampal sclerosis or resection of an epileptogenic lesion. Third, it is useful to have a clear process in place for mapping language and motor function for the resection of tumors located in the eloquent cortex. Lastly, the thought process behind developing an appropriate plan for the surgical management of movement disorders and the technical nuances of managing such cases are discussed. Historically, surgery for pain has been a large part of general neurosurgical practice. A variety of destructive and decompressive interventions have been developed over the years, and a number of comprehensive textbooks have summarized neurosurgical involvement with management of all kinds of medically refractory pain syndromes. It is included in the core neurosurgical education curriculum and is an integral part of neurosurgical knowledge that is tested during the oral board examination. Not surprisingly, cases involving complex pain conditions that require neurosurgical interventions may show up during examinations, and it is expected that examinees are comfortable performing these interventions and able to discuss indications, surgical details, outcomes and complications. Cases include trigeminal neuralgia, cordotomy versus morphine pain pump for cancer pain and a spinal cord stimulator.