bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rural ‘Community’, Chiefs and Social Capital: The Case of Southern Ghana
Authors: GRISCHOW JEFF D.
Published: September 2010

Social capital emphasizes community and social cohesion as the foundation of development. In Africa, this has prompted the promotion of traditional authorities as agents of development because chiefs and elders are assumed to embody communal norms. Critics have argued that this vision is ahistorical. In response, social capitalists have attempted to ‘historicize’ their analyses. But in many cases, ‘history’ simply refers to the micro‐level production of trust, networks and norms. From a historian's perspective this is problematic because it ignores historical processes that often produce social hierarchies and inequality within ‘traditional’ communities. Using a case study from southern Ghana, I argue that, because of their particular view of history, many social capitalists remain blind to differentiation and conflict at the community level. As a result, social capital‐driven projects run the risk of reproducing deeply rooted inequalities.
Phylogenetic patterns differ for native and exotic plant communities across a richness gradient in Northern California
Authors: Cadotte Marc W. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Seabloom Eric W. , Cavender‐Bares Jeannine , Harpole W. S. , Cleland Elsa , Davies Kendi F.
Published: September 2010

Aim Increasingly, ecologists are using evolutionary relationships to infer the mechanisms of community assembly. However, modern communities are being invaded by non‐indigenous species. Since natives have been associated with one another through evolutionary time, the forces promoting character and niche divergence should be high. On the other hand, exotics have evolved elsewhere, meaning that conserved traits may be more important in their new ranges. Thus, co‐occurrence over sufficient time‐scales for reciprocal evolution may alter how phylogenetic relationships influence assembly. Here, we examined the phylogenetic structure of native and exotic plant communities across a large‐scale gradient in species richness and asked whether local assemblages are composed of more or less closely related natives and exotics and whether phylogenetic turnover among plots and among sites across this gradient is driven by turnover in close or distant relatives differentially for natives and exotics.

Location Central and northern California, USA.

Methods We used data from 30 to 50 replicate plots at four sites and constructed a maximum likelihood molecular phylogeny using the genes:matK,rbcl,ITS1and5.8s. We compared community‐level measures of native and exotic phylogenetic diversity and among‐plot phylobetadiversity.

Results There were few exotic clades, but they tended to be widespread. Exotic species were phylogenetically clustered within communities and showed low phylogenetic turnover among communities. In contrast, the more species‐rich native communities showed higher phylogenetic dispersion and turnover among sites.

Main conclusions The assembly of native and exotic subcommunities appears to reflect the evolutionary histories of these species and suggests that shared traits drive exotic patterns while evolutionary differentiation drives native assembly. Current invasions appear to be causing phylogenetic homogenization at regional scales.
Change in reflections of physiotherapy students over time in clinical placements
Authors: Wessel Jean , Larin Hélène
Published: September 2010

Physiotherapy programmes are expected to develop reflective practitioners. Research has indicated that the reflections of senior students and clinicians are different from students beginning their clinical experience. However, most of these studies are cross‐sectional in nature. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the changes in the reflections of a group of physiotherapy students from their first to their third clinical placements. Subjects were 15 female students (mean age: 20.1 years) in an undergraduate physiotherapy programme in the United Arab Emirates. They wrote weekly entries in a journal during their first and third clinical placements. They described an event, their reaction to it and how it might affect their future behaviour. Two evaluators independently read and coded the content of all journals, and then worked together to categorize the data, rate the level of reflection of each weekly entry and develop themes. The levels of reflection and the themes from the two time periods were compared. Quotes from individual students from both time periods illustrated the changes in reflections. Students’ highest level of reflection for each entry ranged from level 1 (only described the event) to level 4 (gained a new understanding), with a slightly higher mean level of reflection during the third clinical placement. Themes derived from the journals were Professional behaviour, Learning, Self‐development, and Ethical issues, in the first placement, and Communication, Ethics, Learning, and Scope of practice, in the third placement. In the latter placement, students were more confident and more focused on the client compared with their first placement. Although the overall themes were somewhat similar in the first and third clinical placements, students broadened their perception of the roles and responsibilities of physiotherapists and of the ultimate impact of their actions on the patient.
Team working but no blurring thank you! The importance of team work as part of a teaching ward experience
Authors: Wakefield Ann , Boggis Caroline , Holland Mark
Published: September 2010

This article examines the theme of teamwork emergent from qualitative data amassed during a small‐scale research project. The study was intended to establish whether it was feasible to introduce an educational teaching ward within the medical and nursing undergraduate curriculum. The study took place on a general medical ward at one of the hospital sites linked to the University of Manchester. During the project, students were encouraged to work as teams to share their knowledge and skills related to practice. From the recorded interview data and facilitator/researcher reflective diary notes, it soon became apparent that despite enjoying the opportunity to engage in collaborative working and learning, the students felt that there could be too much sharing. For this reason, the students made it very clear that interprofessional education was not the panacea, given that it could result in professionals losing their distinct identity. Moreover, the students felt that as each profession has a different role, different job and different agenda, a large proportion of the teaching should remain discipline specific. Hence, the article closes by considering why a blurring of the professional boundaries was not perceived to be a wholly positive educational outcome by the students.
Practical training as a means of reflecting on practice: an evaluation of a vocational and education and training programme for rescue officers
Authors: Aarkrog Vibe
Published: September 2010

In a revision of a vocational and education and training (VET) programme for rescue officers, practical training in the rescue company was supplemented with periods of training in hospital wards. The purposes of this were to teach the rescue officers basic nursing and to qualify them to inform the patients in the ambulances about the procedures at the hospital. An evaluation of the revised programme showed that these two purposes were fulfilled. However, the trainees also described another kind of outcome, which could be called awareness of own practice. The practical training in the hospital seems to provide a profitable space for reflection. In this article, the trainees’ learning from their practical training in the hospitals is investigated in order to explain why the hospital succeeds as a space for reflection.
HYBODONT SHARKS OF THE ENGLISH BATHONIAN AND CALLOVIAN (MIDDLE JURASSIC)
Authors: REES JAN , UNDERWOOD CHARLIE J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Recent bulk sampling and study of museum collections has revealed a high diversity of hybodont sharks from the English Bathonian, with 15 species being recognised. In addition, study of dental and skeletal material from the English Callovian has allowed the diagnosis of a new genus and species,Planohybodus peterboroughensisgen. et sp. nov., allowing the Bathonian speciesHybodus grossiconusAgassiz to be referred toPlanohybodus. Two additional new genera,SecarodusandFrangerodus, are erected for the Bathonian taxaHybodus polyprionAgassiz andStrophodus lingualisWoodward, respectively.Egertonodus duffinisp. nov. is described and the diagnosis ofEgertonodusbased on dental material is discussed. The previously unrecordedHybodussp.,Parvodussp., andLonchidionsp. are recognised but left in open nomenclature.Asteracanthus medius(Owen) is recorded in the British Bathonian for the first time, and the status of Bathonian nominal species ofAsteracanthusare assessed. Bathonian hybodonts showed great diversity in trophic ecology and many of the species are specific to particular palaeoenvironments.
CHARNIAAT 50: DEVELOPMENTAL MODELS FOR EDIACARAN FRONDS
Authors: ANTCLIFFE JONATHAN B. , BRASIER MARTIN D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Correct interpretation of the Ediacara biota is critical to our understanding of the dramatic events at the base of the Cambrian. We review here the history of thought and examine new laser images of the holotype ofCharnia masoniFord, 1958, of the Ediacara biota, in terms of growth and development. Growth and development are argued to provide critical tools for understanding this and other enigmatic fossil groups. We show thatCharniacannot be related to the modern cnidarian group, the sea pens, with which it has for so long been compared, because they have opposite growth polarities. This is shown by our work on material collected by HMS challenger. Recent evolutionary studies also show that sea pens are a highly derived group of actively burrowing cnidarians that are likely to have evolved later than the Palaeozoic. The traditional paradigm of translating Phanerozoic animal phyla back into the Ediacaran is therefore questioned.
FOSSIL WOODS IN INTERGLACIAL SEDIMENTS FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS HOYADA VERDE FORMATION, SAN JUAN PROVINCE, ARGENTINA
Authors: PUJANA ROBERTO R. , CÉSARI SILVIA N.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Fossil woods are described and assigned to Cuyoxylon multipunctatus gen. et sp. nov. The woods were deposited in shales from an interglacial period, and are the first to be described in detail from the Carboniferous glaciation of western Gondwana. They have the primitive characters of Early Carboniferous woods, such as mesarch protoxylem and numerous contiguous pits in an alternate arrangement. They are the oldest fossil woods to have been described from South America. The growth ring characteristics are consistent with a seasonal cool climate.
KATBERGIA GEN. NOV., A NEW TRACE FOSSIL FROM UPPER PERMIAN AND LOWER TRIASSIC ROCKS OF THE KAROO BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT THE P/TR EXTINCTION EVENT
Authors: GASTALDO ROBERT A. , ROLERSON MARCY W.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  A new ichnogenus and ichnospecies of burrow, Katbergia carltonichnus, are described from Upper Permian and Lower Triassic rocks of the Karoo Basin, South Africa, where they are preserved in pedogenically modified overbank deposits that are interpreted as inceptisols subsequently gleysol overprinted. Sigmoidal burrows consist of a long (≥0.5 m) cylindrical tube, ranging from 1–2 cm in diameter, terminating in a slightly larger living chamber. The burrows are unlined and passively filled, preserving a hierarchy of scratch patterns on the burrow walls. Scratch patterns include longitudinal, transverse, and crescent‐shaped markings found around the circumference of the burrow, but which are less densely concentrated on the burrow floor. Calcareous concretions are associated with burrowed siltstone intervals, generally restricted to the lowermost decimetre, with nodules nucleating around burrows. Stable δ13C and δ18O isotope data on calcite cement in the burrow fill, entombing siltstone, and associated calcareous nodules all cluster together when plotted, indicating that nodule formation occurred following burrow horizon abandonment and a rise in regional water table. Isotopic data reflect calcite precipitation under a semi‐closed system in saturated conditions. A model for burrow emplacement, abandonment and infill, and subsequent cementation by calcite is presented demonstrating that previous interpretations of Late Permian and Early Triassic palaeosol types associated with the P/Tr extinction event must be re‐evaluated.
EOCENE RECORDS OF BEE FLIES (INSECTA, DIPTERA, BOMBYLIIDAE, COMPTOSIA): THEIR PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS AND REMARKS ON THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF BOMBYLIIDS
Authors: WEDMANN SONJA , YEATES DAVID K.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The first fossil records of Holarctic representatives of the genus ComptosiaMacquart, 1840 from the middle Eocene Messel Pit, Germany, and the upper Eocene of Florissant, USA, are reported. The fossil from Messel, Comptosia pria sp. nov., is represented by a well‐preserved wing, displaying characteristic wing venation, remains of the second wing and elements of the thorax. The Florissant fossil, C. miranda comb. nov., is preserved almost completely with both wings and most parts of the body visible. Extant members of the genus Comptosia are currently found only in Australia, and close relatives are known from southern South America. Previously this group of genera has been thought to be of Gondwanan origin, but these Eocene fossil representatives of Comptosia from the Holarctic region argue against this interpretation, and suggest that Comptosia and its relatives were more widespread in both Northern and Southern hemispheres during the Palaeogene. The fossil record of bee flies suggests a major radiation of bombyliids in the late Cretaceous or early Cenozoic. This assumption is supported by the comparatively young geological age of many bombyliid host taxa. A key factor driving the specialization of many bombyliid larvae on ground‐dwelling hosts may have been avoidance of competition with tachinid flies and parasitic hymenopterans.
GROWTH ACCOUNTING AND PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT*
Authors: Norsworthy J. R.
Published: September 2010

This paper compares the growth accounting approaches to aggregate productivity measurement and analysis of three major researchers: E. F. Denison, D. W. Jorgenson, and J. W. Kendrick. The investigetors are compared in terms of their treatment of a number of crucial elements, including measurement of output and of capital and labor inputs (including composition or quality changes), total factor productivity growth, economies of scale, and intensity of demand (for output). Judged by the standard of the neoclassical economic theory of production‐the only generally accepted basis for input aggregation‐Denison departs significantly from the production theory framework in his measurement of output and capital input, Kendrick to some degree in his measure of capital input, and Jorgenson not at all. The effects of these departures are illustrated with reference to the recent productivity slowdown. The probable near‐term future utility of growth accounting methods for productivity analysis is assessed, and some related econometric modeling issues are noted.
THE STRUCTURE OF AMERICAN INCOME INEQUALITY*
Authors: Cowell Frank A.
Published: September 2010

Income inequality is examined using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and a consistent decomposition analysis. I only use inequality measures that satisfy the Principle of Transfers, have the property that a ceteris paribus increase in inequality within any subgroup increases overall inequality, and are independent of the scale of income and population. Decompositions are carried out by family size and by age of head for several definitions of income and income recipient. Whilst changing the time unit over which income is measured has a substantial impact on inequality, the effect of removing the between‐age‐group component of inequality is relatively slight.
A BOUNDED INDEX TEST TO MAKE ROBUST HETEROGENEOUS WELFARE COMPARISONS
Authors: Decoster André , Ooghe Erwin
Published: September 2010

Fleurbaey et al. (2003) develop a bounded dominance test to make robust welfare comparisons, which is intermediate between Ebert's (1999) cardinal dominance criterion—generalized Lorenz dominance applied to household incomes, divided and weighted by an equivalence scale—and Bourguignon's (1989) ordinal dominance criterion. In this paper, we develop a more complete, but less robust bounded index test, which is intermediate between Ebert's (1997) cardinal index test—an index applied to household incomes, divided and weighted by the equivalence scale—and a (new) sequential index test—an index applied to household incomes of the most needy only, the most and second most needy only, and so on. We illustrate the power of our test to detect welfare changes in Russia using data of the RLMS‐surveys.
AN ESTIMATE OF AVERAGE INCOME AND INEQUALITY IN BYZANTIUM AROUND YEAR 1000
Authors: Milanovic Branko
Published: September 2010

Using recent economic statistics from the peak period of Byzantine political and economic influence, we estimate the average income around the year 1000 to have been about 6 nomismata per capita per annum. This is then translated into current prices using two independent methods. They both yield an estimate around $PPP 640–680 in 1990 international prices. It is argued that this amount is some 20 percent below an average estimate of Roman incomes at the time of Augustus (around year one). Assuming that most of income differences in Byzantium were due to the differences in average incomes between social classes, we estimate the Gini coefficient to have been in the range between 40 and 45.
Scientific Certainty Argumentation Methods (SCAMs): Science and the Politics of Doubt*
Authors: Freudenburg William R. , Gramling Robert , Davidson Debra J.
Published: September 2010

At least since the time of Popper, scientists have understood that science provides falsification, but not “proof.” In the world of environmental and technological controversies, however, many observers continue to call precisely for “proof,” often under the guise of “scientific certainty.” Closer examination of real‐world disputes suggests that such calls may reflect not just a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of science, but a clever and surprisingly effective political‐economic tactic—“Scientific Certainty” Argumentation Methods, or SCAMs. Given that most scientific findings are inherently probabilistic and ambiguous, if agencies can be prevented from imposing any regulations until they are unambiguously “justified,” most regulations can be defeated or postponed, often for decades, allowing profitable but potentially risky activities to continue unabated. An exploratory examination of previously documented controversies suggests that SCAMs are more widespread than has been recognized in the past, and that they deserve greater attention in the future.
Status and Solidarity: A Reformulation of Early Durkheimian Theory*
Authors: Adair Stephen
Published: September 2010

Previous scholars have charged that Durkheim provides an inadequate theory of inequality, that the concept of organic solidarity is not well supported, and that egoistic and anomic suicide cannot be adequately distinguished. Although these problems appear distinct, they each arise because Durkheim naturalized inequality and ignored social status. Introducing a concept of status permits a reconceptualization of the types of suicide and creates new analytic connections betweenThe Division of LaborandSuicide. Social solidarity and status hierarchies are presented as variations in the relationship between social integration and social regulation. The interplay between status and solidarity influences the expression of social practice, power, belief, and justice.
Globalization is What We Make of It: Contemporary Globalization Theory and the Future Construction of Global Interconnection
Authors: Brown Garrett Wallace
Published: September 2010

There are four perennial questions that preoccupy globalization theory. For those who write about globalization, there is a constant attempt to discover what globalization is, when it may have started, what benefits and burdens it offers for global cohabitation and whether globalization is ultimately a good thing or a bad thing. The purpose of this article is to review several new works in contemporary globalization theory and to assess what new answers they offer to these questions. Through this examination it will be argued that although these recent works provide significant improvements to former discussions on globalization, they still tend to lack an obvious insight. Namely, they fail to highlight fully the fact that whatever globalization is, it is as important to think normatively about directing its future as it is to understand its past. In other words, globalization is entirely what we make of it, both in how we cognitively come to understand it, but also in how we decide to shape its future.
Changes in Coping Moderate Substance Abuse Outcomes Differentially across Behavioral Treatment Modality
Authors: Kuper Laura E. , Gallop Robert , Greenfield Shelly F.
Published: September 2010

In this secondary data analytic study, we examined whether the relationship between changes in coping and treatment outcome differed between women enrolled in either the Women's Recovery Group (WRG) (n = 29), a new manualized group treatment for women with substance use disorders, or Group Drug Counseling (GDC) (n = 7), an empirically supported mixed‐gender group treatment. We examined subscales of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire and found that while changes in coping did not differ significantly across treatment groups, the association between changes in coping and substance abuse outcome was related to treatment condition. Increases in problem‐focused coping were associated with decreased drinking days in WRG, but paradoxically with increased drinking days in GDC. For both groups, increases in wishful thinking were associated with increases in substance use, and increases in social support coping associated with decreases in use, but these associations were greater in GDC. Our results highlight the importance of examining the impact of treatment modality on coping, as well as contextual factors that may help to explain the specific pattern of results. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1–7)
Application of Modified Threat Reduction Assessments in Lebanon
Authors: MATAR DIANE A. , ANTHONY BRANDON P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Worldwide efforts have concentrated on developing monitoring methods that would enhance the assessment of progress toward achieving the 2010 conservation objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Threat reduction assessment is one such method. It provides an indirect measure of the effects of a conservation project by evaluating changes in human‐induced direct threats to protected areas. We applied modified threat reduction assessments and the 2008 International Union for Conservation of Nature standardized lexicon for classification of threats to Horsh Ehden and Al‐Shouf Cedar nature reserves in Lebanon. Our goal was in part to test the suitability of this tool for improving monitoring and management effectiveness of protected forests in Lebanon. In Horsh Ehden, composite threats decreased by 24% from 1997 to 2002, and then increased from 2002 to 2009 by 78% in the core area of the reserve and by 118% in the reserve's buffer zone (surrounds core area, conservation and recreational activities allowed). In Al‐Shouf Cedar reserve threats decreased by 51% from 2006 to 2009. Management teams from both reserves have integrated the use of this method to prioritize actions for new management plans. We believe that in Lebanon and other countries with limited resources and weak monitoring programs or that are experiencing political instability threat reduction assessments could be used to improve the effectiveness of protected areas management.
Novel regulation of yolk utilization by thyroid hormone in embryos of the direct developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui
Authors: Singamsetty Srikanth , Elinson Richard P.
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY
Thyroid hormone (TH) is required for metamorphosis of the long, coiled tadpole gut into the short frog gut. Eleutherodactylus coqui, a direct developing frog, lacks a tadpole. Its embryonic gut is a miniature adult form with a mass of yolky cells, called nutritional endoderm, attached to the small intestine. We tested the TH requirement for gut development in E. coqui. Inhibition of TH synthesis with methimazole arrested gut development in its embryonic form. Embryos treated with methimazole failed to utilize the yolk in their nutritional endoderm, and survived for weeks without further development. Conversely, methimazole and 3,3′,5‐tri‐iodo‐l‐thyronine, the active form of TH, stimulated gut development and utilization and disappearance of the nutritional endoderm. In Xenopus laevis, the receptor for TH, TRβ, is upregulated in response to TH. Similarly, EcTRβ, the E. coqui ortholog, was upregulated by TH in the gut. EcTRβ expression was high in the nutritional endoderm, suggesting a direct role for TH in yolk utilization by these cells. An initial step in the breakdown of yolk in X. laevis is acidification of the yolk platelet. E. coqui embryos in methimazole failed to acidify their yolk platelets, but acidification was stimulated by TH indicating its role in an early step of yolk utilization. In addition to a conserved TH role in gut development, a novel regulatory role for TH in yolk utilization has evolved in these direct developers.
The Health of Shelter‐Based Foster Youth
Authors: Ensign Jo
Published: September 2010

There is a lack of information on the health needs of foster care adolescents in emergency shelters or group homes. The purpose of this study was to conduct an assessment of access to health care among shelter‐based foster care adolescents in Baltimore, Maryland. The health passports of all the foster care youth staying at two emergency shelters had data extracted to a standardized chart audit tool. In addition, semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 of the adolescents and five shelter staff. Of the 84 passports, only nine (10.7%) had documented up‐to‐date immunizations, and only one (1.2%) had documented purified protein derivative (PPD) application and reading. A total of 11 (13.1%) met the criteria for significant delay in recommended follow‐up to care. Major themes of the interviews revealed that shelter staff and youth were unaware of specific health care recommendations, or were unable to obtain needed health care due to insurance problems or prolonged waiting for appointment times. The results of this health passport audit indicate that shelter‐based foster care youth suffer from worse access to health care than do comparable nonshelter‐based foster care youth from the same city. Specific public health nursing recommendations are made for improving health supervision for these vulnerable youth.
Factors Influencing Adolescents' Decision Not to Smoke
Authors: Kulbok Pamela A. , Rhee Hyekyun , Botchwey Nisha , Hinton Ivy , Bovbjerg Viktor , Anderson Nancy Lois Ruth
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Objective: Although adolescents ultimately make their own decisions to smoke or not to smoke, social, economic, and environmental circumstances shape their choices. Most research on prevention of youth tobacco use focuses on predictors of smoking initiation. In this study, we explored nonsmoking attitudes, beliefs, and norms from the perspective of 16–17‐year‐old nonsmokers.

Design: This qualitative study targeted nonsmoking youths because most social policy in the arena of tobacco prevention aims to support adolescents who are tobacco free.

Sample: Participants were 39 nonsmokers recruited from youth organizations in an urban community and included 22 African Americans (12 females; 10 males) and 17 Caucasian Americans (10 females; 7 males).

Methods: A health behavior framework guided the development of semistructured questions on attitudes, beliefs, and norms associated with nonsmoking, used in eight in‐depth group interviews.

Results: Concerns for health and addiction, a positive self‐image, and perceived confidence, emerged as factors affecting participants' decisions not to smoke. The approval of parents and friends, and personal beliefs further reinforced adolescents' nonsmoking decisions.

Conclusions: There were more commonalities than differences in nonsmoking attitudes across gender and race. Future studies of youth tobacco prevention should employ multifaceted approaches targeting adolescents' attitudes, families, and peer networks.
Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms Among Norwegian Adults Aged 20–50
Authors: Augestad Liv Berit , Slettemoen Ragnhild Prytz , Flanders William Dana
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Introduction: To analyze the association between physical activity (PA) and occurrence of depressive symptoms in The Nord‐Trøndelag Health Survey (HUNT 1 1984–1986, HUNT 2 1995–1997).

Methods: In this prospective follow‐up study, we studied men and women who were 21–40 years old in HUNT 1, and participated in HUNT 2. The sample consisted of 3,353 women and 3,308 men. We used logistic regression and calculated odds ratios (OR) to assess the association between physical activity and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale depression subscale [HADS‐D]). Confounding was addressed by excluding those with relevant health conditions and adjustment.

Results: Among women 272 (8.1%) and among men 293 (8.9%) scored higher than 8 on the HADS‐D scale. We found a higher mean on HADS‐D in men and women who were inactive. Men participating in low PA had significantly lower scores on depression (OR=0.63, confidence interval [CI]=0.43–0.93, p=.02) than inactive men. Women participating in medium PA had significantly lower scores on depression (OR=0.69, CI=0.49–0.97, p=.03) than inactive women.

Conclusions: Young men and women who exercised were less likely to have a high depression score, compared with inactive people. Our prospective, observational study included a large population and indicated some significant associations between physical activity and depression.
The Mixed Evidence for Brief Intervention in Emergency Departments, Trauma Care Centers, and Inpatient Hospital Settings: What Should We Do?
Authors: Field Craig A. , Baird Janette , Saitz Richard , Caetano Raul , Monti Peter M.
Published: September 2010

Background:  This qualitative review is based on a symposia presented at the 2009 annual conference of the Research Society on Alcoholism (Baird et al., 2009; Field et al., 2009; Monti et al., 2009; Saitz et al., 2009a). The purpose is to describe the mixed evidence supporting brief interventions in the emergency department, trauma care, and in‐patient medical care settings; examine potential moderators of treatment outcome in light of the mixed evidence; and identify methods to move the research and practice of brief interventions beyond their current state.

Methods:  By drawing upon existing reviews and selected individual studies, we provide examples that reflect the current complexity of research in this area and propose steps for advancing the field.

Results:  Emergency departments, inpatient hospital settings, and trauma care settings represent three unique contexts within which brief interventions have been tested. While the general efficacy of brief alcohol interventions in these settings has been recognized, the evidence is increasingly mixed. Recent studies investigating potential moderators of treatment outcomes suggest that a more sophisticated approach to evaluating the effectiveness of brief interventions across varying patient populations is needed to further understand its effectiveness.

Conclusions:  Current dissemination efforts represent a significant advance in broadening the base of treatment for alcohol problems by providing an evidence‐based intervention in health care settings and should not be curtailed. However, additional research is required to enhance treatment outcomes, refine current practice guidelines, and continue to bridge the gap between science and practice. Given the current state of research, a multisetting clinical trial is recommended to account for potential contextual differences while controlling for study design.
Autoimmune Hepatitis Induced by Syngeneic Liver Cytosolic Proteins Biotransformed by Alcohol Metabolites
Authors: Thiele Geoffrey M. , Duryee Michael J. , Willis Monte S. , Tuma Dean J. , Radio Stanley J. , Hunter Carlos D. , Schaffert Courtney S. , Klassen Lynell W.
Published: September 2010

Background and aims:  Aldehydes that are produced following the breakdown of ethanol (acetaldehyde) and lipid peroxidation of membranes (malondialdehyde) have been shown to bind (adduct) proteins. Additionally, these two aldehydes can combine (MAA) on nonsyngeneic and syngeneic proteins to initiate numerous immune responses to the unmodified part of the protein in the absence of an adjuvant. Therefore, these studies provide a potential mechanism for the development of antigen‐specific immune responses resulting in liver damage should syngeneic liver proteins be adducted with MAA.

Methods:  This study sought to test whether MAA‐modified syngeneic liver cytosolic proteins administered daily in the absence of adjuvant into C57BL/6 mice abrogates tolerance to initiate a MAA‐induced autoimmune‐like hepatitis.

Results:  In mice immunized with MAA‐modified cytosols, there was an increase in liver damage as assessed by aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase levels that correlated with liver pathology scores and the presence of the pro‐fibrotic factors, smooth muscle actin, TGF‐β, and collagen. IgG antibodies and T‐cell proliferative responses specific for cytosolic proteins were also detected. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines were produced in the livers of animals exposed to MAA‐modified cytosols. Finally, transfer of immunized T cells to naïve animals caused biochemical and histological evidence of liver damage.

Conclusions:  These data demonstrate that a disease with an autoimmune‐like pathophysiology can be generated in this animal model using soluble MAA‐modified syngeneic liver cytosols as the immunogen. These studies provide insight into potential mechanism(s) that the metabolites of alcohol may play in contributing to the onset of an autoimmune‐like disease in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
Electrophysiological Signals of Familiarity and Recency in the Infant Brain
Authors: Snyder Kelly A. , Garza John , Zolot Liza , Kresse Anna
Published: September 2010

Electrophysiological work in nonhuman primates has established the existence of multiple types of signals in the temporal lobe that contribute to recognition memory, including information regarding a stimulus’s relative novelty, familiarity, and recency of occurrence. We used high‐density event‐related potentials (ERPs) to examine whether young infants represent these distinct types of information about previously experienced items. Twenty‐four different highly familiar and initially novel items were each repeated exactly once either immediately (Experiment 1), or following one intervening item (Experiment 2). A late slow wave (LSW) component of the ERP exhibited neural responses consistent with recency signals over right‐central leads, but only when there were no intervening stimuli between repetitions. The LSW also exhibited responses consistent with familiarity signals over anterior‐temporal leads, but only when there were intervening stimuli between repetitions. A mid‐latency negative component (i.e., the Nc) also distinguished familiar from novel items, but did not exhibit a pattern of responding consistent with familiarity signals. These findings suggest that infants encode information about a variety of objects from their natural environments into long‐term memory, and can discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar items, and between recently seen and new items, very quickly (within 1 sec). They also suggest that infants represent information about not only whether a stimulus is familiar or unfamiliar but also whether it has been seen recently.
Computational Modeling of Statistical Learning: Effects of Transitional Probability Versus Frequency and Links to Word Learning
Authors: Mirman Daniel , Graf Estes Katharine , Magnuson James S.
Published: September 2010

Statistical learning mechanisms play an important role in theories of language acquisition and processing. Recurrent neural network models have provided important insights into how these mechanisms might operate. We examined whether such networks capture two key findings in human statistical learning. In Simulation 1, a simple recurrent network (SRN) performed much like human learners: it was sensitive to both transitional probability and frequency, with frequency dominating early in learning and probability emerging as the dominant cue later in learning. In Simulation 2, an SRN captured links between statistical segmentation and word learning in infants and adults, and suggested that these links arise because phonological representations are more distinctive for syllables with higher transitional probability. Beyond simply simulating general phenomena, these models provide new insights into underlying mechanisms and generate novel behavioral predictions.
Body Representation in the First Year of Life
Authors: Zieber Nicole , Bhatt Ramesh S. , Hayden Angela , Kangas Ashley , Collins Rebecca , Bada Henrietta
Published: September 2010

Like faces, bodies are significant sources of social information. However, research suggests that infants do not develop body representation (i.e., knowledge about typical human bodies) until the second year of life, although they are sensitive to facial information much earlier. Yet, previous research only examined whether infants are sensitive to the typical arrangement of body parts. We examined whether younger infants have body knowledge of a different kind, namely the relative size of body parts. Five‐ and 9‐month‐old infants were tested for their preference between a normal versus a proportionally distorted body. Nine‐month‐olds exhibited a preference for the normal body when images were presented upright but not when they were inverted. Five‐month‐olds failed to exhibit a preference in either condition. These results indicate that infants have knowledge about human bodies by the second half of the first year of life. Moreover, given that better performance on upright than on inverted stimuli has been tied to expertise, the fact that older infants exhibited an inversion effect with body images indicates that at least some level of expertise in body processing develops by 9 months of age.
Twelve‐Month‐Olds Know Their Cups From Their Keps and Tups
Authors: Mani Nivedita , Plunkett Kim
Published: September 2010

Fourteen‐month‐olds are sensitive to mispronunciations of the vowels and consonants in familiar words (N. Mani & K. Plunkett (2007), Journal of Memory and Language, 57, 252; D. Swingley & R. N. Aslin (2002), Psychological Science, 13, 480). To examine the development of this sensitivity further, the current study tests 12‐month‐olds’ sensitivity to different kinds of vowel and consonant mispronunciations of familiar words. The results reveal that vocalic changes influence word recognition, irrespective of the kinds of vocalic changes made. While consonant changes influenced word recognition in a similar manner, this was restricted to place and manner of articulation changes. Infants did not display sensitivity to voicing changes. Infants’ sensitivity to vowel mispronunciations, but not consonant mispronunciations, was influenced by their vocabulary size—infants with larger vocabularies were more sensitive to vowel mispronunciations than infants with smaller vocabularies. The results are discussed in terms of different models attempting to chart the development of acoustically or phonologically specified representations of words during infancy.
Two Methods for the Treatment of Ureterolithiasis in a Mare
Authors: MACHARG MARGARET A. , FOERNER JOSEPH J. , PHILLIPS THOMAS N. , BARCLAY WILLIAM P.
Published: September 2010

Ureteroliths were removed on two occasions from a mare by different techniques. A 3 cm calculus was removed by right ureterolithectomy during a ventral midline celiotomy. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine were measured monthly and remained within normal limits for 5 months. During the fifth postoperative month, after 9 days of lumbar pain, the mare was represented with an increased BUN and creatinine and a ureterolith in the left ureter. Using a Dormia basket stone dislodger, the second ureterolith was removed through a vestibulourethral approach. Fourteen days after surgery, the BUN and creatinine had returned to normal limits and the mare remained asymptomatic for 3 months. The mare then developed severe laminitis after 2 days of strenuous exercise and was euthanized. At necropsy, both kidneys contained multiple calculi.
Osteochondral Defects of the Lateral Trochlear Ridge of the Distal Femur of the Horse Clinical, Radiographic, and Pathological Examination and Results of Surgical Treatment
Authors: PASCOE JOHN R. , POOL ROY R. , WHEAT JOHN D. , O'BRIEN TIMOTHY R.
Published: September 2010

Osteochondral defects of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur were identified in 15 joints of 10 horses. Lesions were bilateral in five horses and unilateral in five horses. Thirteen of these 15 defects were treated by curettage through a craniolateral femoropatellar arthrotomy. Subcutaneous seroma formation and partial skin dehiscence occurred in nine stifles. Lameness attributable to the stifle joint was no longer apparent at 6 and 12 months after surgery. The normal subchondral bony contour of the lateral trochlear ridge was altered in all joints after surgery. The subchondral bone was uniformly increased in density in all joints, and six lateral trochlear ridges had small focal radiolucent regions within the subchondral bone, which suggested that complete removal of the original lesion had not been achieved. Healing of the surgical site between 2 weeks and 14 months was evaluated in four joints. Granulation tissue from mesenchymal elements in subchondral marrow spaces gradually filled the defects with fibrocartilage.
Comparison of Computer Assisted Surgery with Conventional Technique for Treatment of Abaxial Distal Phalanx Fractures in Horses: An In Vitro Study
Authors: ROSSOL MELANIE , GYGAX DIEGO , ANDRITZKY‐WAAS JULIANE , ZHENG GUOYAN , LISCHER CHRISTOPH J. , ZHANG XUAN , AUER JOERG A.
Published: September 2010

Objective— To (1) evaluate and compare computer‐assisted surgery (CAS) with conventional screw insertion (conventional osteosynthesis [COS]) for treatment of equine abaxial distal phalanx fractures; (2) compare planned screw position with actual postoperative position; and (3) determine preferred screw insertion direction.

Study design— Experimental study.

Sample population— Cadaveric equine limbs (n=32).

Methods— In 8 specimens each, a 4.5 mm cortex bone screw was inserted in lag fashion in dorsopalmar (plantar) direction using CAS or COS. In 2 other groups of 8, the screws were inserted in opposite direction. Precision of CAS was determined by comparison of planned and actual screw position. Preferred screw direction was also assessed for CAS and COS.

Results— In 4 of 6 direct comparisons, screw positioning was significantly better with CAS. Results of precision analysis for screw position were similar to studies published in human medicine. None of evaluated criteria identified a preferred direction for screw insertion.

Conclusion— For abaxial fractures of the distal phalanx, superior precision in screw position is achieved with CAS technique compared with COS technique.

Clinical Relevance— Abaxial fractures of the distal phalanx lend themselves to computer‐assisted implantation of 1 screw in a dorsopalmar (plantar) direction. Because of the complex anatomic relationships, and our results, we discourage use of COS technique for repair of this fracture type.
Skin disinfection with a single‐step 2% chlorhexidine swab is more effective than a two‐step povidone‐iodine method in preventing bacterial contamination of apheresis platelets
Authors: Benjamin Richard J. , Dy Beth , Warren Ryan , Lischka Michael , Eder Anne F.
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: Skin commensal bacteria account for most septic reactions after apheresis platelet (PLT) transfusion. Consequently, we evaluated the effectiveness of two skin disinfection methods in preventing bacterial contamination of PLT collections.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three regional blood centers evaluated a one‐step 2% chlorhexidine/70% isopropyl alcohol (2% CHX/IPA) skin disinfection method (trial group), while 32 blood centers (control group) continued to use a two‐step povidone‐iodine (P‐I) method. Aerobic quality control bacterial culture results and adverse donor events were compared between April 1, 2009, and December 31, 2009.

RESULTS: The rate of initial positive bacterial cultures was significantly lower in the trial regions compared to control regions in 2009 (143 vs. 321 per million: odds ratio [OR] 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23‐0.86]). Trial regions also tended to have lower rates of both true‐positive cultures (100 vs. 214 per million: OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.21‐1.03) and false‐positive (contamination) cultures (43 vs. 96 per million: OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.14‐1.49). No differences were seen in the corresponding periods in 2007 and 2008 when all centers used P‐I skin preparation. Allergic reactions were reported after 89 of 73,247 apheresis procedures (0.12%) in the trial regions representing a 16‐fold increase (OR 15.9, 95% CI 9.9‐25.6) compared to control regions.

CONCLUSION: The 2% CHX/IPA single‐step skin swabs are more effective in preventing bacterial contamination of apheresis PLT components than a two‐step P‐I skin disinfection method and may reduce the risk of septic transfusion reactions. Skin irritation and allergic reactions were more likely among donors in trial regions, but reactions were generally mild and self‐limiting.
Why Has U.S. Inflation Become Harder to Forecast?
Authors: STOCK JAMES H. , WATSON MARK W.
Published: September 2010

We examine whether the U.S. rate of price inflation has become harder to forecast and, to the extent that it has, what changes in the inflation process have made it so. The main finding is that the univariate inflation process is well described by an unobserved component trend‐cycle model with stochastic volatility or, equivalently, an integrated moving average process with time‐varying parameters. This model explains a variety of recent univariate inflation forecasting puzzles and begins to explain some multivariate inflation forecasting puzzles as well.