bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electroanatomic Correlates of Depolarization Abnormalities in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy
Authors: TANAWUTTIWAT TANYANAN , TE RIELE ANNELINE S.J.M. , PHILIPS BINU , JAMES CYNTHIA A. , MURRAY BRITTNEY , TICHNELL CRYSTAL , SAWANT ABHISHEK C. , CALKINS HUGH , TANDRI HARIKRISHNA
Published: January 2016

EAM Correlates of Depolarization in ARVD

Background

Epsilon waves and other depolarization abnormalities in the right precordial leads are thought to represent delayed activation of the right ventricular outflow tract in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C). However, no study has directly correlated cardiac electrical activation with the surface ECG findings in ARVD/C.

Methods and Results

Thirty ARVD/C patients (mean age 32.7 ± 11.2 years, 16 men) underwent endocardial and epicardial electroanatomical activation mapping in sinus rhythm. Twelve‐lead ECGs were classified into 5 patterns: (1) normal QRS (11 patients); (2) terminal activation delay (TAD) (3 patients); (3) incomplete right bundle branch block (IRBBB) (5 patients); (4) epsilon wave (5 patients); (5) complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB) (6 patients). Timing of local ventricular activation and extent of scar was then correlated with surface QRS. Earliest endocardial and epicardial RV activation occurred on the mid anteroseptal wall in all patients despite the CRBBB pattern on ECG. Total RV activation times increased from normal QRS to prolonged TAD, IRBBB, epsilon wave, and CRBBB, respectively (103.9 ± 5.6, 116.3 ± 6.5, 117.8 ± 2.7, 146.4 ± 16.3, and 154.3 ± 6.3, respectively, P < 0.05). The total epicardial scar area (cm2) was similar among the different ECG patterns. Median endocardial scar burden was significantly higher in patients with epsilon waves even compared with patients with CRBBB (34.3 vs. 11.3 cm2, P < 0.01). Timing of epsilon wave corresponded to activation of the subtricuspid region in all patients.

Conclusion

We found that epsilon waves are often associated with severe conduction delay and extensive endocardial scarring in addition to epicardial disease. The timing of epsilon waves on surface ECG correlated with electrical activation of the sub‐tricuspid region.
Progranulin deficiency leads to severe inflammation, lung injury and cell death in a mouse model of endotoxic shock
Authors: Yu Yuan , Xu Xiaoying , Liu Lu , Mao Sheng , Feng Tingting , Lu Yi , Cheng Yizhe , Wang Hongyan , Zhao Weiming , Tang Wei
Published: January 2016

Progranulin (PGRN) is a crucial secreted growth factor involved in various kinds of physiologic and disease processes and often has a protective role in inflammatory diseases. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of PGRN on endotoxic shock in a mouse model of PGRN deficiency. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection to induce endotoxic shock in mice, PGRN levels were induced in wild‐type (WT) mice at 6 and 24 hrs. Survival rate analysis, haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated uridine triphosphate nick‐end labelling assay were used to reveal the susceptibility, lung injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, production of inflammatory mediators and lung cell death in mice after LPS injection. PGRN‐deficient (Grn−/−) mice were highly susceptible to LPS‐induced endotoxic shock, with decreased survival, severe lung injury, increased production of pro‐inflammatory mediators, and inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptotic death in the lung. Additionally, recombinant PGRN (rPGRN) administration before LPS stimulation ameliorated the survival of and abnormalities in both WT and Grn−/− mice. Altogether, these findings indicate that PGRN may be a novel biologic agent with therapeutic potential for endotoxic shock probably by inhibiting LPS‐induced systemic and local inflammation in mice for treating endotoxic shock.
Local controversies of flood risk reduction measures in Germany. An explorative overview and recent insights
Authors: Otto A. , Hornberg A. , Thieken A.
Published: January 2016

In light of the flood event in June 2013, local disputes of flood risk reduction measures became a public concern in Germany, as it was argued that these controversies delayed the implementation of flood defence schemes and thus aggravated the flood impacts. However, actual knowledge about such disputes is generally quite limited. Therefore, this paper uses different empirical approaches to present first an explorative overview of such ongoing controversies with a focus on the measures under dispute and their geographical distribution. Second, current insights in the disputes are delineated, and the following four central conflict lines are expounded: (1) the desire for safety, (2) arguments of nature and landscape protection, (3) questions regarding economic development, and (4) participation issues. The results are discussed comprehensively, and conclusions are drawn regarding further research as well as planning practice in the field of risk reduction measures.
Seasonal and Growth‐Dependent Dynamics of Bacterial Community in Radish Sprouts
Authors: Asakura Hiroshi , Tachibana Masato , Taguchi Masumi , Hiroi Toyoko , Kurazono Hisao , Makino Sou‐Ichi , Kasuga Fumiko , Igimi Shizunobu
Published: January 2016

Bacterial counts of 170 radish sprout (Raphanus sativus) retailed in Japan between June 2012 and February 2013 was examined. Aerobic plate counts and coliform counts exhibited seasonal variations. No Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp. were detected from them. 16S rRNA pyrosequencing analysis of 16 representative samples from one farm (farm D) revealed a predominance of Pseudomonas spp. throughout seasons, and summer samples exhibited an increase in Enterobacteriaceae including Escherichia spp. and decreases in Oxalobacteraceae (primarily Duganella and Janthinobacterium spp.) and Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium spp.) compared with winter samples. Quantitative‐PCR analysis of 40 samples from the farm D confirmed the seasonal dynamics of E. coli and Flavobacterium spp. Radish seeds increased proportion of Pseudomonas spp. after sprouting, compared with pre‐sprouted seeds, suggesting that increased proportion of Pseudomonas spp. in retailed samples might be sourced from their seeds. Our data thus provides that atmospheric control at postsprouting stage might be hygienic practical point to secure microbial safety.

Practical Applications

Fresh sprouts are common vehicles of foodborne pathogens that have been responsible for much numbers of outbreaks worldwide. Through the use of indicator bacterial counts in combination with metagenomic approaches, we confirmed the seasonal and growth‐dependent variation of bacterial community structure in retailed radish sprouts. Information and relief provided to manufacturers/consumers could help to secure microbial safety associated with fresh sprouts.
Antimicrobial Activity of Roselle Hibiscus Sabdariffa Calyx Extracts on Culture Media and Carrots Against Multidrug‐Resistant Salmonella Strains Isolated from Raw Carrots
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Alcántara Eduardo J. , Gómez‐Aldapa Carlos A. , Román‐Gutiérrez Alma D. , Rangel‐Vargas Esmeralda , González‐Olivares Luis G. , Castro‐Rosas Javier
Published: January 2016

Presence of antibiotic‐resistant Salmonella strains on raw carrots was evaluated, as was the antibacterial activity of roselle calyx extracts against any identified resistant Salmonella strains. One hundred samples of carrots were collected from markets in Pachuca, Mexico. Salmonella was isolated from the carrot samples by culture procedure. Susceptibilities to sixteen antibiotics were determined for the isolated Salmonella strains by standard test. Antibacterial activity versus the isolated strains was measured for roselle extracts produced with water, methanol, acetone and ethyl acetate. Finally, the antibacterial effect of roselle extracts, sodium hypochlorite, acetic acid and colloidal silver against Salmonella strains isolated from carrots was evaluated on contaminated carrots. Thirteen Salmonella strains were isolated from 11% of the carrot samples. All strains exhibited resistance to at least two of the tested antibiotics. Roselle extracts caused a greater reduction in concentration of Salmonella than the sodium hypochlorite, acetic acid and colloidal silver on contaminated carrots.

Practical Applications

Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity on culture media and on carrots against multidrug‐resistant Salmonella strains. The information presented shows that water extract of roselle calyx may be a potentially useful addition to disinfection procedures of raw carrots in field, carrot processor plants, restaurants and home.
Effect of Environmental Conditions on Biofilm Formation and Related Characteristics of Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Kim Bo‐Ram , Bae Young‐Min , Lee Sun‐Young
Published: January 2016

This study investigated the biofilm formation and gene expression of Staphylococcus aureus depending on growth phase under various environments. Compared to control conditions, biofilm formation of S. aureus D8, D29 and C52 strains was significantly different in the presence of dextrose, NaCl or both dextrose and NaCl. The expression of icaA, icaD, agrD, sigB and sar genes was observed in all S. aureus. However, there was no obvious correlation of gene expression with either the growth phases of S. aureus or the additional compounds of the medium. When biofilm of S. aureus was produced in TSB alone or TSB supplemented with dextrose, NaCl or ethanol on stainless steel coupons, the survival of D8, D29 and C52 strains of S. aureus was higher than that of S. aureus ATCC 12600. These results provide new insights into the biofilm‐forming ability, gene expression and survival of S. aureus grown under various environmental conditions.

Practical Applications

Biofilm‐forming ability of S. aureus was strongly dependent on environmental factors. And resistance of S. aureus biofilms on the surface of stainless steel was different depending on bacteria origin and environmental conditions. This study contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of biofilm formation in S. aureus under various environmental conditions.
COGNITIVE EVALUATION AS A FOOD SAFETY TOOL – A FOOD HANDLER CASE STUDY
Authors: Latorres Juliana Machado , Rancatti Aline , Lasta Daiane , Queiroz Maria isabel , Mitterer‐Daltoé Marina leite
Published: January 2016

This research aimed to evaluate the perception of professionals and future professionals in the food industry on concepts related to food safety. Therefore, we conducted a course to evaluate knowledge and perception of issues related to food safety by the cognitive word association technique, with total workload of 24 hours. The target audience was made up of two distinct groups, one consisting of 52 cooks responsible for handling of school meals at public schools and another formed by 73 students from public agricultural technical school. For data collection, self‐administered surveys were applied, before and after the capacitation course. The results revealed word association technique as an important tool to evaluate the perception of issues related to food safety and reinforced the importance of constant participation and improvement of the professionals in the food industry.

Practical Applications

Food safety focuses on ensuring that food will not cause harm to health when prepared or consumed. It is associated with a set of rules and techniques needed to ensure food safety in all stages of the food chain, in this context, it is important that the knowledge on issues related to food safety is the first step in its pursuit.
Elevated serum miR‐93, miR‐191, and miR‐499 are noninvasive biomarkers for the presence and progression of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Yang Ting , Song Jiaxi , Bu Xiaomin , Wang Cheng , Wu Jia , Cai Jialu , Wan Shujun , Fan Chunli , Zhang Chunni , Wang Junjun
Published: January 2016

The levels of miR‐93, miR‐191, and miR‐499 have been reported to be up‐regulated in the tissues of experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) rat models. However, the clinical diagnostic and prognostic values of the serum signatures of these 3 miRNAs in TBI remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression levels of these 3 microRNAs (miRNAs) in the sera of TBI patients and to evaluate their relationships with the severity and clinical outcome of TBI. The serum levels of these miRNAs were assessed in TBI patients (n = 76) and healthy controls (n = 38) by quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR. The severities and clinical outcomes of the TBI patients were evaluated with the Glasgow coma scale and the Glasgow outcome scale. The serum miR‐93, miR‐191, and miR‐499 levels were significantly increased in the TBI patients compared with the controls at all examined time points, and these levels were significantly higher in the patients with severe TBI than in those with moderate or mild TBI (p < 0.05). The serum miR‐93, miR‐191, and miR‐499 levels were significantly higher in the patients with a poor outcome than in those with a good outcome (p < 0.05). The AUCs of miR‐93, miR‐191, and miR‐499 for distinguishing the TBI patients from the healthy controls were 1.000 (p < 0.001), 0.727 (p < 0.001) and 0.801 (p < 0.001), respectively. Interestingly, the AUCs of miR‐93, miR‐191, and miR‐499 for distinguishing the mild TBI patients from the healthy controls were 1.000 (p < 0.001), 0.742 (p < 0.001) and 0.819 (p < 0.001), respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that miR‐93, miR‐191, and miR‐499 are potentially valuable indicators of the diagnosis, severity, and prognosis of TBI.

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Our study showed that the serum levels of miR‐93, miR‐191, and miR‐499 are all increased in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Their serum levels are associated with TBI severity and outcome, which suggest that these miRNAs play important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of TBI. We think these findings should provide a new strategy for the diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment of TBI.
Loss of stability and hydrophobicity of presenilin 1 mutations causing Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Somavarapu Arun Kumar , Kepp Kasper P.
Published: January 2016

Nearly 200 mutations in the gene coding for presenilin 1 (PSEN1) cause early‐onset Alzheimer's disease, yet the molecular mechanism remains obscure. As a meta‐analysis, we compiled available clinical and biochemical data for PSEN1 variants and correlated these to chemical properties of the mutants. We found statistically significant relationships between relative Aβ42 levels and clinical age of onset. We then computed chemical properties of the mutants from a variety of computational chemistry tools. Relative Aβ42 levels correlated significantly (95% confidence or more from p‐values of linear regression) with loss of hydrophobicity for four different regression analyses (squared correlation coefficient of linear regression R2 of 0.41−0.53) and with increased polarity (R2 = 0.47, 0.59) and loss of protein stability (R2 = 0.39, 0.63) for two independent data sets. Age of onset of patients carrying PSEN1 variants correlated with increased polarity (R2 = 0.49, 0.40) and loss of stability (R2 = 0.75, 0.44) of the protein for both data sets. These relations suggest that mutants impair the membrane‐associated structural integrity of presenilin by reducing hydrophobic membrane association and overall protein stability. This explains why the many mutations that spread out across the protein and far from the catalytic aspartates can cause disease. The identified molecular determinants of clinical age of symptom onset may be relevant to future presenilin‐modulating therapies specifically directed towards increasing the structural integrity and packing of the protein.

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Close to 200 mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) cause Alzheimer's disease, but the biochemical relating these to disease remains debated. The chemical properties of PSEN1 variants were computed and correlated against clinical age of symptom onset. Loss of stability and hydrophobicity and gain of polarity relate to disease onset, suggesting that mutants impair the membrane structure of PSEN1 and that therapies should increase PSEN1 structural integrity.
A Systematic Review of Self‐Management Interventions for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Conley Samantha , Redeker Nancy
Published: January 2016

Purpose

To conduct a systematic review of self‐management interventions for adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to (a) describe self‐management skills in the interventions and (b) describe the effects of the interventions on the health‐related outcomes measured.

Design

Systematic review of self‐management interventions for adults with IBD using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Methods

The search was conducted using Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, and Proquest databases. Search terms were inflammatory bowel disease OR Crohn* disease OR ulcerative colitis AND self‐management. We also used additional limits (adults ≥18 years of age and published in English). The self‐management skills were organized according to Lorig and Holman's five self‐management skills.

Findings

Six reports met the inclusion criteria. One intervention contained all five of the self‐management skills. Most interventions contained two skills. Four studies demonstrated positive effects of self‐management on disease activity. Two interventions revealed positive effects on disease‐specific health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), and one intervention revealed positive effects on generic HRQOL. One study showed positive effects of symptoms.

Conclusions

The interventions reviewed varied in the approaches, theoretical perspectives, self‐management skills, and outcomes measured. Additional research is needed to understand which are the active components of self‐management.

Clinical Relevance

Support for self‐management skills is an important component of nursing care for people with IBD.
The relationship between EMT, CD44high/EGFRlow phenotype, and treatment response in head and neck cancer cell lines
Authors: Johansson Ann‐Charlotte , La Fleur Linnea , Melissaridou Styliani , Roberg Karin
Published: January 2016

Background

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors are often therapy resistant and may originate from cancer stem cells or tumor cells with an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. The aim of this study was to characterize HNSCC cell lines with regard to EMT profile and to investigate the influence of EMT on the response to treatment.

Methods

mRNA expression of the EMT‐associated genes CDH1 (E‐cadherin), CDH2 (N‐cadherin), FOXC2, TWIST1, VIM (vimentin), and FN1 (fibronectin) was determined using quantitative real‐time PCR. Cell morphology and migration were investigated by phase‐contrast microscopy and Boyden chamber assay, respectively. The cell surface expression of CD44 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was examined by flow cytometry. The response to radiotherapy, cetuximab, and dasatinib was assessed by crystal violet staining.

Results

A total of 25 cell lines investigated differed greatly with regard to EMT phenotype. Cell lines with an EMT expression profile showed a mesenchymal morphology and a high migratory capacity. In addition, they exhibited a high cell surface expression of CD44 and a low expression of EGFR, a pattern previously associated with stemness. When the EMT inducer transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) was added to non‐EMT cells, changes in treatment responses were observed. Moreover, the expression of TWIST1 was found to correlate with radioresistance.

Conclusions

The data presented in this report suggest that EMT is associated with a CD44high/EGFRlow phenotype and possibly negative impact on radiotherapy response in HNSCC cell lines.
The Significance of Napier Grass Stunt Phytoplasma and Its Transmission to Cereals and Sugarcane
Authors: Asudi George O. , van den Berg Johnnie , Midega Charles A. O. , A. Pickett John , Khan Zeyaur R.
Published: January 2016

Production of Napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum, the most important forage crop in Africa, is severely constrained by Napier grass stunt (NGS) disease. Wild grasses have been identified as alternative hosts for NGS, but there is no record regarding the ability of this phytoplasma to infect cultivated food crops. To assess this threat, six crop species were placed around phytoplasma‐infected Napier grass with the vector Maiestas banda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in transmission cages for a period of 30 days. The crop plants were observed for 3 months after removal from the cages for disease development. Polymerase chain reaction based on the conserved 16S gene, primed by P1/P6‐NapF/NapR nested primer sets, was used to diagnose phytoplasma in test plants, before and after transmission experiments. Pennisetum purpureum showed the highest infection level (81.3%), followed by Saccharum officinarum (56.3%), Eleusine coracana (50%), Sorghum bicolor (43.8%), Oryza sativa (31.3%) and Zea mays (18.8%). All the test plants remained symptomless except sugarcane that exhibited mild to moderate symptoms comprising yellow leaves and bright white or yellow midribs. Napier grass, however, was stunted with small yellow leaves. The study showed that food crops could be infected, suggesting their possible role as sources of inoculum for NGS and their contribution in the spread of the disease in regions where these crops are cultivated. This implies an additional disease cycle could occur for NGS disease, highlighting the challenges to development and implementation of management strategies for the disease.
Evaluation of Clove Essential Oil as a Mycobiocide Against Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium solani, Tuber Rot Causing Fungi in Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.)
Authors: Sameza Modeste Lambert , Nguemnang Mabou Lile Christere , Tchameni Séverin Nguemezi , Boat Bedine Marie Ampère , Tchoumbougnang François , Jazet Dongmo Pierre Michel , Boyom Fekam Fabrice
Published: January 2016

To exploit natural products for plant disease control, the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perr. (clove) was investigated for its antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium solani, the postharvested yam tuber rot pathogens. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger‐type apparatus. The chemical composition of the oil was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Antifungal activities of the oil were tested in vitro against mycelia growth and spores germination. In situ tests were conducted on healthy yam tubers, and necrosis symptoms were assessed. Results showed that eugenol (79.4%), eugenylacetate (9.2%) and isocaryophyllene (7.0%) were the major components. The oil exerted antifungal activities with total inhibition (TI) of the mycelia growth of R. stolonifer and F. solani was recorded at 200 and 300 ppm, respectively, while TI of spores germination was recorded at 31.25 and 250 ppm, respectively. For the standard fungicide (Ridomil®), TI value of mycelia growth was 1600 ppm for the both pathogens, while TI of spores germination were 200 ppm and 1600 ppm, respectively, for Rhizopus and Fusarium. In situ tests showed complete inhibition of yam tuber rot when the essential oil was applied at 2000 ppm for preventive tests. This oil also reduced significantly (P ≤ 0.05) necrosis development on yam tuber for curative test at the same concentration. Total inhibition of the necrosis by Ridomil (3000 ppm) was observed only for Rhizopus on preventive test. There were positive correlations between the oil concentration and the reduction of necrosis cause by R. stolonifer and F. solani. These findings showed that clove essential oil may serve as environmental friendly bio‐fungicide for the management of postharvest yam tuber rot.
Uneven Distribution of Mating‐Type Alleles Among Togninia minima Isolates, One of the Causal Agents of Leaf Stripe Disease on Grapevines in Northwest Iran
Authors: Narmani Abolfazl , Arzanlou Mahdi , Babai‐Ahari Asadollah
Published: January 2016

Togninia minima is the main fungal species associated with grapevine leaf stripe disease worldwide. This species is mainly known from its asexual state in nature; nevertheless, a biallelic heterothallic mating strategy has been confirmed for this species based on in vitro crossing studies. There are no data available on the incidence of an active sexual cycle within the populations of this species in many grapevine‐producing countries as well as Iran. The possibility of a clandestine sexual cycle within the Iranian isolates of T. minima was evaluated by analysing the distribution and frequency of the mating‐type alleles on a microspatial and a macrogeographical scales. Towards this aim, a total of 90 T. minima isolates were recovered from grapevines with esca disease from the vineyards in north and north‐western Iran. A multiplex PCR method previously designed by authors was applied for simultaneous identification and determination of the mating‐type alleles in T. minima populations. The results on the screening of mating‐type alleles using multiplex PCR method revealed the mating‐type identity of 77 isolates as Mat1‐2 and 23 isolates as Mat1‐1. Our results showed that both Mat1‐1 and Mat1‐2 isolates are present in a single vineyard and even on single vines. The distribution of mating‐type alleles in the sampled area skewed from the 1 : 1 ratio (77 : 23); however, co‐occurrence of both mating types in a single vineyard and even on single vines is suggestive for the presence of an active sexual cycle for T. minima in north‐western Iran.
Signaling Strategies for Innovative Design: A Study on Design Tradition and Expert Attention
Authors: Micheli Pietro , Gemser Gerda
Published: January 2016

There is increasing acknowledgement that innovative product design has a positive effect on financial performance. However, innovative design may require specific efforts to aid interpretation and appreciation by the market. So far, little is known about how companies can enhance their chances of success when introducing innovative designs. This study contributes to the development of this area of research. Drawing on signaling theory, it examines the role of two types of signals that may act as enablers for market acceptance of innovative design: adherence to a national design tradition, and attention from experts and specialized media. Using data collected fromDanish design‐intensive companies, findings show that design innovativeness has a positive impact on financial performance. The analyses demonstrate that the effect is reinforced if a novel design adheres to a national design tradition. In addition, novel designs will be more positively accepted if they receive attention from design experts and attract media coverage. Research also contributes to signaling theory, as it shows how intrinsic—design innovativeness and adherence to a design tradition—and extrinsic—expert and media attention—cues interact and influence financial performance. The paper concludes by discussing managerial implications, particularly in relation to the new product development process and the role of design, and by suggesting avenues for further research.
The Role of “Ikiiki (Psychological Liveliness)” in the Relationship between Stressors and Stress Responses among Japanese University Students
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiyuki , Tsuda Akira
Published: January 2016

“Ikiiki: psychological liveliness” is a concept indigenous to Japan that resembles the concepts of subjective well‐being (SWB) and psychological well‐being (PWB) in Western culture. We investigated the role of ikiiki in the relationship between stressors and stress responses. We also examined whether SWB or PWB had greater impacts on this relationship to perhaps redefine ikiiki. Participants were 303 university students who completed the Psychological Lively Scale‐Revised and a questionnaire assessing perceived stressors and stress responses. Structural equation modeling confirmed the buffering effect of the SWB factor of ikiiki against stress via reductions in perceived stressors and stress responses (comparative fit index = .971; root mean square error of approximation = .099; standardized root mean square residual = .033). A hypothetical circular model was also suggested in which ikiiki is enhanced through reduction of stress responses while the SWB factor of ikiiki affects the stress process. These results showed the importance of ikiiki in discussing Japanese mental health. The results can also inform the directions of future research and stress‐management interventions; interventions could for instance, aim to develop ikiiki to enhance mental health.
A Review of Posttraumatic Growth and Help‐Seeking Behavior in Cancer Survivors: Effects of Distal and Proximate Culture
Authors: Matsui Tomoko , Taku Kanako
Published: January 2016

Recent studies have shown that cancer survivors experience severe psychological distress, but some also experience personal growth, known as posttraumatic growth (PTG). Help‐seeking behavior (HSB) is critical for cancer survivors to better cope with stress and possibly experience PTG. The existing theoretical models of PTG and HSB assume that cancer survivors, regardless of their cultural background or personality, will receive benefit from actively interacting with others. The purpose of this review article is to critically examine this assumption and to propose that the roles of distal and proximate cultures need to be considered in further understanding the psychological mechanisms of PTG and HSB. Future studies should identify the culture‐specific meanings and implications of experiencing PTG and engaging in HSB.
The power and promise of RNA‐seq in ecology and evolution
Authors: Todd Erica V. , Black Michael A. , Gemmell Neil J.
Published: January 2016

Reference is regularly made to the power of new genomic sequencing approaches. Using powerful technology, however, is not the same as having the necessary power to address a research question with statistical robustness. In the rush to adopt new and improved genomic research methods, limitations of technology and experimental design may be initially neglected. Here, we review these issues with regard to RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq). RNA‐seq adds large‐scale transcriptomics to the toolkit of ecological and evolutionary biologists, enabling differential gene expression (DE) studies in nonmodel species without the need for prior genomic resources. High biological variance is typical of field‐based gene expression studies and means that larger sample sizes are often needed to achieve the same degree of statistical power as clinical studies based on data from cell lines or inbred animal models. Sequencing costs have plummeted, yet RNA‐seq studies still underutilize biological replication. Finite research budgets force a trade‐off between sequencing effort and replication in RNA‐seq experimental design. However, clear guidelines for negotiating this trade‐off, while taking into account study‐specific factors affecting power, are currently lacking. Study designs that prioritize sequencing depth over replication fail to capitalize on the power of RNA‐seq technology for DE inference. Significant recent research effort has gone into developing statistical frameworks and software tools for power analysis and sample size calculation in the context of RNA‐seq DE analysis. We synthesize progress in this area and derive an accessible rule‐of‐thumb guide for designing powerful RNA‐seq experiments relevant in eco‐evolutionary and clinical settings alike.
A novel sweet potato potyvirus open reading frame (ORF) is expressed via polymerase slippage and suppresses RNA silencing
Authors: Untiveros Milton , Olspert Allan , Artola Katrin , Firth Andrew E. , Kreuze Jan F. , Valkonen Jari P. T.
Published: January 2016

The single‐stranded, positive‐sense RNA genome of viruses in the genus Potyvirus encodes a large polyprotein that is cleaved to yield 10 mature proteins. The first three cleavage products are P1, HCpro and P3. An additional short open reading frame (ORF), called pipo, overlaps the P3 region of the polyprotein ORF. Four related potyviruses infecting sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) are predicted to contain a third ORF, called pispo, which overlaps the 3′ third of the P1 region. Recently, pipo has been shown to be expressed via polymerase slippage at a conserved GA6 sequence. Here, we show that pispo is also expressed via polymerase slippage at a GA6 sequence, with higher slippage efficiency (∼5%) than at the pipo site (∼1%). Transient expression of recombinant P1 or the ‘transframe’ product, P1N‐PISPO, in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed local RNA silencing (RNAi), but only P1N‐PISPO inhibited short‐distance movement of the silencing signal. These results reveal that polymerase slippage in potyviruses is not limited to pipo expression, but can be co‐opted for the evolution and expression of further novel gene products.
Caries and Candida colonisation in adult patients in Basque Country (Spain)
Authors: De‐la‐Torre Janire , Marichalar‐Mendia Xabier , Varona‐Barquin Aketza , Marcos‐Arias Cristina , Eraso Elena , Aguirre‐Urizar José Manuel , Quindós Guillermo
Published: January 2016

Candida albicans is one of the most frequent pathogens of the oral cavity, as a major cause of opportunistic disease. Moreover, Candida could be a cofactor of common oral diseases, such as dental caries. The aim of this study was to analyse the oral yeast colonisation in adults with dental caries and to evaluate its relationship with this clinical entity. We studied 190 patients distributed into controls (58 patients) and patients with caries (132 patients). Oral samples were collected by oral rinse and cultured in a chromogenic agar. C. albicans was the most prevalent species isolated from oral specimens in both groups. Patients with caries had a greater Candida colonisation (74 patients, 56.1%), than persons without caries (18 patients, 31%, P < 0.01). Patients with caries were significantly more colonised by non‐C. albicans species than individuals without caries (P = 0.006). Moreover, the diversity of Candida species was richer in patients suffering from caries. The odds ratio of the colonisation of patients with caries was 3.144 (95% CI 1.525–5.478). There is a significant clinical correlation between dental caries and oral Candida colonisation in adults.
Family‐based interventions to increase physical activity in children: a systematic review, meta‐analysis and realist synthesis
Authors: Brown H. E. , Atkin A. J. , Panter J. , Wong G. , Chinapaw M. J. M. , van Sluijs E. M. F.
Published: January 2016

Objective

Family‐based interventions represent a potentially valuable route to increasing child physical activity (PA) in children. A dual meta‐analysis and realist synthesis approach examined existing interventions to assist those developing programmes to encourage uptake and maintenance of PA in children.

Design

Studies were screened for inclusion based on including participants aged 5–12 years, having a substantive aim of increasing PA by engaging the family and reporting on PA outcome. Duplicate data extraction and quality assessment were conducted. Meta‐analysis was conducted in STATA. Realist synthesis included theory development and evidence mapping.

Results

Forty‐seven studies were included, of which three received a ‘strong’ quality rating, 21 ‘moderate’ and 23 ‘weak’. The meta‐analysis (19 studies) demonstrated a significant small effect in favour of the experimental group (standardized mean difference: 0.41; 95%CI 0.15–0.67). Sensitivity analysis, removing one outlier, reduced this to 0.29 (95%CI 0.14–0.45). Realist synthesis (28 studies) provided insight into intervention context (particularly, family constraints, ethnicity and parental motivation), and strategies to change PA (notably, goal‐setting and reinforcement combined).

Conclusion

This review provides key recommendations to inform policy makers and other practitioners in developing evidence‐based interventions aimed at engaging the family to increase PA in children, and identifies avenues for future research.
Nitric oxide function in plant abiotic stress
Authors: Fancy Nurun Nahar , Bahlmann Ann‐Kathrin , Loake Gary J.
Published: January 2016

Abiotic stress is one of the main threats affecting crop growth and production. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underpin plant responses against environmental insults will be crucial to help guide the rational design of crop plants to counter these challenges. A key feature during abiotic stress is the production of nitric oxide (NO), an important concentration dependent, redox‐related signalling molecule. NO can directly or indirectly interact with a wide range of targets leading to the modulation of protein function and the reprogramming of gene expression. The transfer of NO bioactivity can occur through a variety of potential mechanisms but chief among these is S‐nitrosylation, a prototypic, redox‐based, post‐translational modification. However, little is known about this pivotal molecular amendment in the regulation of abiotic stress signalling. Here, we describe the emerging knowledge concerning the function of NO and S‐nitrosylation during plant responses to abiotic stress.
Early predictive echocardiographic features of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm VLBW infants
Authors: Polat Tugcin Bora , Celik Istemi Han , Erdeve Omer
Published: January 2016

Background

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in very low‐birthweight (VLBW) preterm infants due to significant left‐to‐right shunting, which leads to pulmonary edema/hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, acute renal failure and necrotizing enterocolitis. In this prospective study, echocardiography was carried out in VLBW preterm infants soon after birth and at the end of 72 h to evaluate the relationship between early ductal anatomic features and significant ductal shunt during follow up.

Methods

Preterm infants with a gestational age ≤ 28 weeks, birthweight < 1000 g and who had ductal patency during the first 6–12 h of life underwent color Doppler echocardiograms through the first 3 days after birth.

Results

Fifty‐eight patients were enrolled. The DA remained open in 42 preterm infants (72.4%) and was hemodynamically significant in 36 (62%) at the end of 72 h postnatal age. The preterm infants with hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA) had shorter ductal length from aortic to pulmonary insertion and from ductal constriction to pulmonary insertion in the initial exam. Cut‐offs for these lengths were 5.2 and 1.7 mm, respectively. These parameters had significant univariate correlation with ductal closure time after treatment.

Conclusions

Echocardiographic features such as short ductal length and short or absent ductal constriction area can be used to predict hsPDA for early decision making strategies in VLBW preterm infants.
Can Mycosporine‐Like Amino Acids Act as Multifunctional Compounds in Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae)?
Authors: Vale Paulo
Published: January 2016

MAAs originating from Gymnodinium catenatum were subjected to H2O2 oxidation, light and heat. Shinorine and porphyra‐334 were the more resistant to all treatments, mycosporine‐glycine (MYGL) was the least resistant to oxidation and heat, whereas palythene and M‐370 were the least resistant to light. MYGL and M‐311 were similarly resistant to photodegradation and oxidation in the dark and low temperature, but M‐311 was more resistant to oxidation under light or heat. The ratio M‐370/M‐365 changed from 29:1 to 6:1 ratio after 240 h of exposure to fluorescent light, indicating that M‐365 could represent the M‐370 cis‐isomer. The role of MAAs as antioxidants and/or osmolytes was evaluated by studying effects of abrupt salinity reduction. Both increases or decreases in concentrations were observed and were dependent on the MAA initial concentration and its chemical structure. The relative increase in MAAs with a known antioxidant capacity (MYGL, palythene) followed an exponential decay trend related to initial concentration. The relative decrease in highly polar MAAs (shinorine, porphyra‐334, M‐332) with a suspected osmolyte role followed a rise to a maximum with the increase in initial concentration. Whether or not MAAs play a significant role in osmoregulation, their loss can occur upon hypoosmotic shock.
Comparison ofUVProtection Properties of Cotton Fabrics Treated with Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts ofAchyranthes asperaandAlhagi maurorumPlants
Authors: Nazir Ahsan , Saleem Muhammad Asad , Nazir Faiza , Hussain Tanveer , Faizan Muhammad Qasim , Usman Muhammad
Published: January 2016

UVradiations are high‐energy radiations present in sunlight that can damage human skin. Protection against these radiations becomes vital especially in those areas of the globe whereUVindex is quite high that makes the inhabitants more prone to dangerous effects ofUVradiations. Clothing materials are good blockers ofUVradiations, particularly when the fabric cover factor is high and/or the fabrics contain suitableUV‐blocking finishes. In this study, effect of application of aqueous and methanolic extracts of two different plants,i.e.,Achyranthes asperaandAlhagi maurorumonUVprotection properties of cotton fabric was investigated. The results showed that the fabric samples treated with extracts of both the plants have excellentUVprotection properties as indicated by their ultraviolet protection factor. It was concluded that both the aqueous and methanolic plant extracts are very effective in blockingUVAandUVBradiations, when applied on cotton fabrics. TheUVprotection performance ofAchyranthes asperaextracts was much better as compared to that ofAlhagi maurorum, and methanolic extracts of both the plants outperformed the aqueous extracts in terms ofUVprotection.
Cytokeratin immunohistochemistry improves interobserver variability between unskilled pathologists in the evaluation of tumor budding in T1 colorectal cancer
Authors: Kai Keita , Aishima Shinichi , Aoki Shigehisa , Takase Yukari , Uchihashi Kazuyoshi , Masuda Masanori , Nishijima‐Matsunobu Aki , Yamamoto Mihoko , Ide Kousuke , Nakayama Atsushi , Yamasaki Makiko , Toda Shuji
Published: January 2016

Tumor budding is a major risk factor for T1 colorectal cancer. Quality control of the pathological diagnosis of budding is crucial, irrespective of the pathologist's experience. This study examines the interobserver variability according to pathologists' experience and evaluates the influence of cytokeratin (CK) immunostaining in the assessment of budding. Hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) and CK‐immunostained slides of 40 cases with T1 primary colorectal cancer were examined. Budding grades were individually evaluated by 12 pathologists who we categorized into three groups by their experience (expert, with >10 years of experience (n = 4), senior, with 5–10 years (n = 4), and junior, < 5 years (n = 4)). The results revealed a tendency for the more experienced pathologists to assign higher budding grades compared to the less‐experienced pathologists. In the junior group, the interobserver variability obtained with HE slides was poor, but it was markedly improved in the evaluation using CK‐immunostained slides. The benefit of CK immunostaining was only slight in the expert group. CK immunostaining would be useful when a pathologist is not experienced enough or does not have enough confidence in the assessment of budding.
Reversal of cerebral glucose hypometabolism on positron emission tomography with electroconvulsive therapy in an elderly patient with a psychotic episode
Authors: Hassamal Sameer , Jolles Paul , Pandurangi Ananda
Published: January 2016

AB, a 74‐year‐old Caucasian woman, was admitted for acute onset of psychosis, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. Pharmacotherapy was unsuccessful and the patient was referred for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Pre‐ECT, 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography showed extensive frontal, parietal, and temporal cortical hypometabolism suggestive of a neurodegenerative disease. After eight ECT sessions, the psychotic and anxiety symptoms as well as the cognitive impairment resolved. The rapid improvement in symptoms was more suggestive of a psychotic episode rather than dementia. Two days after the ECT course, 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐PET/computed tomography showed improvements in cerebral cortical hypometabolism, especially in the left parietal cortex, left temporal/occipital cortex. and bifrontal regions. At a follow‐up visit 2 months after the ECT course, the psychotic episode was still in remission, and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐PET/computed tomography continued to show improved cerebral cortical hypometabolism in these areas. This case illustrated the effect of ECT in reversing cerebral glucose hypometabolism on PET. The improvement in cerebral glucose hypometabolism may represent the neurophysiological mechanism of ECT in the treatment of a psychotic episode. Improved cerebral glucose hypometabolism was present 2 months post‐ECT, which suggests that ECT caused sustained functional neural changes.
Patterns of hippocampal atrophy differ among Alzheimer's disease, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and late‐life depression
Authors: Joko Taisuke , Washizuka Shinsuke , Sasayama Daimei , Inuzuka Shin , Ogihara Tomomi , Yasaki Takehiko , Hagiwara Tetsuya , Sugiyama Nobuhiro , Takahashi Tohru , Kaneko Tomoki , Hanihara Tokiji , Amano Naoji
Published: January 2016

Aim

This study investigated whether the characteristic changes in hippocampal atrophy seen in coronal scans are useful for differentiating Alzheimer's disease (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

Subjects included 58 patients with AD, 33 with aMCI, 20 with MDD, and 22 normal controls, all aged 60 years or older. For each subject, eight coronal short TI inversion recovery images perpendicular to the hippocampal longitudinal axis were obtained. Images were manually measured using the conventional region of interest method of quantitative analysis.

Results

The overall trend in the corrected volumes of the hippocampus was AD < aMCI < MDD < normal controls. We found atrophy in all slices in AD, atrophy centred on the hippocampal head in aMCI, and atrophy in the slice of the hippocampal body 12 mm from the amygdala in MDD.

Conclusions

The present study suggested that our method of comparing hippocampal atrophy by region may be useful in distinguishing AD, aMCI, MDD, and normal controls.