bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘You’re Just Chopped Off at the End’: Retired Servicemen’s Identity Work Struggles in the Military to Civilian Transition
Authors: Williams Rachel , Allen-Collinson Jacquelyn , Hockey John , Evans Adam
Published: July 2018

Promoting positive transition to retirement and cultural adaption for ex-service personnel has been identified as a priority for both social-science research and for public health policy in the UK. The Royal British Legion aims to provide support to service and retired service personnel, but to date the transition to retirement experiences of older (60-plus) ex-service personnel remain under-researched. In this article, we employ a symbolic interactionist theoretical framework to examine older servicemen’s experiences and identity challenges post-retirement from the British armed forces. Data were collected primarily through semi-structured, focus-group interviews with 20 former servicemen. Here, we focus specifically upon the challenges encountered by these ex-servicemen in the retirement transition from military to civilian life, a time of identity flux of sociological interest. To navigate this period of identity change and challenge, many participants constructed a ‘modified military self’ through involvement with the Royal British Legion as a key social support network. For many retired personnel the Royal British Legion offered a form of identification and group identity that resonated strongly with earlier experiences of comradeship in the military.
Youth, social class and privilege in the antipodes: Towards a new research agenda for youth sociology
Authors: France Alan , Roberts Steve , Wood Bronwyn
Published: July 2018

In recent decades, youth sociology in the antipodes has paid inadequate attention to social class and the question of privilege. We critique narrow and utilitarian ways that social class has been analysed in the antipodes, arguing that the primary focus on the marginalised has overlooked the significance of privilege in perpetuating and maintaining social reproduction. While there is some evidence of a growing interest in the subjective experiences of class, we propose a new research agenda for youth sociology in the antipodes which includes a much more explicit focus on class and approaches that recognise its complex, longitudinal and intersectional nature, and its relationship with privilege. As an example of how such a research agenda could be developed, we conclude by drawing upon the work of Pierre Bourdieu to show how his theoretical tools can provide deeper insights into how privilege operates through institutional and intergenerational processes
Thermodynamic modelling of a stratified charge spark ignition engine
Authors: Smith Jamie Karl , Roberts Phil , Kountouriotis Alexandros , Richardson David , Aleiferis Pavlos , Ruprecht Daniel
Published: July 2018

Combustion of a charge with spatially and temporally varying equivalence ratio in a spark ignition engine was modelled using the Leeds University Spark Ignition Engine quasi-dimensional thermodynamic code. New sub-models have been integrated into Leeds University Spark Ignition Engine that simulate the effect of burnt gas expansion and turbulent mixing on an initial equivalence ratio distribution. Realistic distribution functions were used to model the radially varying equivalence ratio. The new stratified fuel model was validated against experimental data, showing reasonable agreement for both the pressure trace and percentage heat released. Including the effect of turbulent mixing was found to be important to reproduce the trend in the differences between the stratified and homogeneous simulations.
Antitumor Efficacy of Huqizhengxiao (HQZX) Decoction Based on Inhibition of Telomerase Activity in Nude Mice of Hepatocarcinoma Xenograft
Authors: Yu XiaoXiao , Lin Xue-Jun , Wang Shuang , Liu XiuHong , Li WeiHua , Kou Bu-Xin , Chai MengYin , Chen DeXi , Liu XiaoNi , Wang XiaoJun
Published: July 2018

Objective: Huqizhengxiao (HQZX) decoction is a mixture of traditional Chinese medicines comprising 10 herbs, with inhibitory effects on hepatocarcinoma. The aim of the study is to observe the antitumor efficacy and mechanism of HQZX decoction in nude mice with hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts. Methods: HepG2-luc subcutaneous hepatocarcinoma was established in nude mice. The mice were divided into 5 groups: control, cinobufagin, HQZXS, HQZXM, and HQZXH with doses 13.52, 27.03, and 54.06 g/kg, respectively. HQZX decoction was prepared for intraperitoneal intragastric administration for 3 weeks. Tumor growth was measured with Vernier calipers and in vivo imaging system. α-Fetoprotein (AFP) was determined by radioimmunoassay. Tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. Telomerase activity was measured with polymerase chain reaction–ELISA. Nuclear mitosis and necrosis were observed with hematoxylin-eosin stain. Apoptotic proteins of caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax were examined by Western blot. Signaling molecules of ERK, mTOR, and STAT3 were measured with Luminex assay. Results: HQZX decoction showed good inhibition of HepG2-luc xenografts. Compared with control group, the relative tumor proliferation rate was less than 60% in the HQZXH and HQZXS. The tumor inhibition rate of HQZXH group reached 52% ± 15%. Relative average optical density values of the HQZXS and HQZXH groups decreased significantly. The mitotic index in HQZXS, HQZXM, and HQZXH groups decreased greatly. Telomerase activity of HQZXS was clearly reduced, and, the caspase-3 expression upregulated in HQZXH group. Bcl-2 expression was downregulated in HQZXS and HQZXH. The ratios of p-ERK/ERK and p-STAT3/STAT3 in HQZXS group were significantly downregulated. Conclusion: HQZX decoction can clearly inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma and induce tumor apoptosis. Its antitumor mechanism may be related to reducing telomerase activity and regulating the STAT3 and ERK signal pathway.
A new robotic horseback-riding simulator for riding lessons and equine-assisted therapy
Authors: Lee Wonsik , So Byung-Rok , Lee Youngdae , Moon Chanwoo
Published: July 2018

Robotic horseback-riding simulators have been successfully used as a substitute for real horses in areas of therapy, riding lessons, fitness, and entertainment, and several have been developed. However, recent research has illuminated significant differences in motion, response, and feel between a real horse and a simulator, which may result in incorrect posture and muscle memory for the rider. In this study, we developed a hybrid kinematic structure horseback-riding simulator to provide more realistic motion than currently available ones. The basic system has 4 degrees of freedom and provides a base motion platform. An additional revolving system with 2 degrees of freedom is mounted on the base platform. Real horse motion data were captured, normalized, filtered, and fitted to provide the motion trajectory. Furthermore, active neck, saddle, and tail mechanisms were implemented to provide realistic simulation. For interactive horse riding, bridle and beat sensors were included to control the simulator motion and a large screen was installed for virtual reality effect. Expert tests were conducted to evaluate the developed horseback-riding system, the results of which indicated that the developed simulator was considered sufficient for riding lessons and therapeutic use.
Measurement of transversus abdominis activation in chronic low back pain patients using a novel standardized real-time ultrasound imaging method
Authors: Flavell Carol A , Marshman Laurence G , Gordon Susan J
Published: July 2018

Real-time ultrasound imaging (US) to measure abdominal muscle dimensions has aided low back pain rehabilitation and research. Notwithstanding, ultrasound imaging measurement of transversus abdominis muscle activation in chronic low back pain populations has been characterized by variable and generally suboptimal intra-observer reliability. Methodological deficiencies of ‘freehand’ ultrasound imaging are uncontrolled probe–skin pressure, inclination and roll of the probe. Despite previous attempts to standardize these parameters, intra-observer reliability in chronic low back pain was poor to moderate (0.32–0.62). Therefore, a standardized method that controls and records probe force, inclination and roll during ultrasound imaging may optimize measurement reliability in chronic low back pain. This pilot study investigated utility, standardization and intra-observer reliability of ultrasound imaging transversus abdominis thickness measurement in chronic low back pain patients (n = 17). Transversus abdominis imaging over two separate measurement sessions was conducted using a novel method to standardize probe parameters. Resting and contracted transversus abdominis thickness, and transversus abdominis activation measurements were obtained from duplicate paired images (n = 68). Intra-class correlation coefficients were reported with 95% confidence intervals. Transversus abdominis thickness at rest (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.97 confidence interval: 0.93, 0.99), when contracted (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.99 confidence interval: 0.97, 0.99) and transversus abdominis activation (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.93 confidence interval: 0.81, 0.97) measurements were highly reliable. Ultrasound imaging of transversus abdominis using the novel standardized ultrasound imaging method produced highly reliable intra-observer transversus abdominis measurements, superior to ‘freehand’ ultrasound imaging, despite the physical limitations typically associated with a chronic low back pain population. Unique standardizing ranges for ‘probe force device’ probe parameters were obtained. This novel standardized ultrasound imaging method may optimize transversus abdominis activation assessment in chronic low back pain and other populations, aiding future research.
Big History as a Scaffold for Futures Education
Authors: Voros Joseph
Published: July 2018

This paper does several things. First, it reports on some of the history of the Master of Strategic Foresight (MSF) at Swinburne (2001–2018) to provide some background information that, it is hoped, may be useful for others seeking to create or develop under- and postgraduate foresight courses in the future. Second, it also describes some observations made during the early years of the MSF regarding some of the characteristics of the students undertaking it—as compared with other nonforesight students also undertaking comparable-level postgraduate studies—which had a bearing on how we designed and revised the MSF over several iterations, and which, it is similarly hoped, may also be useful for foresight course designers of the future. Third, it notes that the introduction of “Big History” in 2015 at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels seems to have engendered a somewhat easier “uptake” of futures/foresight thinking by those students who were introduced to it, in contrast to cohorts of comparable students in previous years who were not. It is speculated that the Big History perspective was an important factor in this, and some related writings by other academics supporting this conjecture are sketched. It is then argued that, in particular, Big History seems to be especially well-suited to the framing of global-scale/civilizational futures. Finally, a number of remarks are made about how and why I believe Big History provides an ideal basis for engendering futures/foresight thinking, especially with regard to global/civilizational futures, as noted, as well as for framing The Anthropocene.
Levosimendan in pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure
Authors: Hansen Mona Sahlholdt , Andersen Asger , Nielsen‐Kudsk Jens Erik
Published: July 2018

Pulmonary hypertension is a multifactorial disease with a high morbidity and mortality. Right ventricular function is the most important predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from pulmonary hypertension, but currently there are no approved treatments directly supporting the failing right ventricle. Levosimendan is a calcium sensitizing agent with inotropic, pulmonary vasodilatory, and cardioprotective properties. Given its pharmacodynamic profile, levosimendan could be a potential novel agent for the treatment of right ventricular failure caused by pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the effects of levosimendan in pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.
HbA1c and hypoglycaemia in intensively treated type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study in primary care
Authors: Malawana Manil , Kerry Sally , Mathur Rohini , Robson John
Published: July 2018

Objective

To establish whether low HbA1c is associated with clinical hypoglycaemia among people with type 2 diabetes prescribed insulins or sulphonylureas.

Design

Retrospective cohort study using routine electronic GP health records collected between January 2013 and December 2015.

Setting

Three east London Clinical Commissioning Groups.

Participants

Two cohorts of adults with type 2 diabetes prescribed either (i) insulins with or without other oral antidiabetic medication (n = 6788, 36.4%) or (ii) sulphonylureas with or without other oral antidiabetic medications excluding insulins (n = 11,840, 63.6%).

Main outcome measures

First clinically recorded hypoglycaemia and all-cause mortality. Hazard ratios (HR) adjusting for age, ethnicity, renal function and comorbidities were calculated using Cox regression models.

Results

Compared with an HbA1c of 53–63 mmol/mol, the adjusted HR of hypoglycaemia in those with a low HbA1c, below 53 mmol/mol, in the insulin and sulphonylurea cohorts were 1.26 (95% CI, 0.97 to 1.62) and 1.54 (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.87), respectively. Adjusted HRs of all-cause mortality from low HbA1c in the insulin and sulphonylurea cohorts were 1.54 (95% CI, 1.15 to 2.07) and 1.42 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.81), respectively. Increasing age and renal impairment were also associated with increased hypoglycaemic risk in both cohorts.

Conclusions

HbA1c below 53 mmol/mol was associated with episodes of clinical hypoglycaemia among people with type 2 diabetes prescribed sulphonylureas, and all-cause mortality in those prescribed insulins and sulphonylureas. These findings support the need for reviewing glycaemic targets and the intensities of treatment in those with low HbA1c prescribed insulins or sulphonylureas to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia.
Case Series: Abscopal Benefit of Surgery in 3 Immunotherapy-Treated Patients With Unresectable Cancer
Authors: Oronsky Bryan , Larson Chris , Reid Tony R. , Carter Corey A.
Published: July 2018

For all of the optimism that immunotherapy has engendered, the flip side is that 7/10 patients with susceptible tumor types do not respond, while in nonsusceptible tumor types the response rates are significantly lower. In contradiction of the current orthodoxy against surgery in the setting of unresectable disease, we present 3 examples of immunotherapy-treated patients with widespread recurrence who experienced dramatic clinical improvement following debulking/metastasectomy. Taken together with examples from the literature that correlate longer survival with surgical intervention during treatment with immunotherapy, these 3 cases suggest that a new paradigm involving a wider role for surgery in the management of these patients should be explored. Possible mechanisms by which surgery may synergize with immunotherapy and improve outcomes are also discussed.
Ifosfamide-Induced Metabolic Encephalopathy in 2 Patients With Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Successfully Treated With Methylene Blue
Authors: Vakiti Anusha , Pilla Ravi , Alhaj Moustafa Muhamad , Joseph Jacinth J. , Shenoy Aarthi G.
Published: July 2018

Ifosfamide, an alkylating agent used in cancer treatments, can cause neurotoxicity. The clinical presentation can range from mild symptoms such as acute confusion to non-convulsive seizures, severe irreversible coma, and death. The benefit of methylene blue use in treating ifosfamide-induced metabolic encephalopathy is not well established. In this article, we present 2 cases of ifosfamide-induced metabolic encephalopathy responsive to methylene blue treatment.
One English Language Arts Teacher’s Journey as a Secondary Teacher-Mentor: Life in the Hyphen
Authors: Marsh Josephine Peyton , Goff Maria Hernandez
Published: July 2018

This article shares the results of a case study that explored Annie’s socially situated identity as a secondary English Language Arts teacher-mentor over 5 years at an urban school. Annie’s identities as a teacher-mentor occupied the space of the hyphen—sometimes a teacher, sometimes a mentor, sometimes both. Using discourse analysis, we describe how Annie positioned herself and was positioned as a mentor and a teacher. We explore Annie’s transformations informed by figured worlds associated with the Discourses of Mentor and Teacher at College Prep. Annie’s teacher-mentor identity shifted, evolved, and overlapped in this space as she interacted at College Prep and was influenced by institutional and societal Discourses, including students’ home Discourses. The study points to the need for more and perhaps different kinds of support for mentor-teacher/teacher-mentors who work in urban school environments to prepare them to negotiate potential conflicts in their identities.
Development of multifunctional cotton using fluorocarbon resin
Authors: Jain Anil Kumar , Tesema Addisu Ferede , Haile Adane
Published: July 2018

An attempt has been made to develop multifunctional cotton fabric, possessing water repellent, stain repellent, shrink resistance and quick dry properties using fluorocarbon resin. The hydrophobicity of cotton fabric was determined by carrying out water repellency test, taking scanning electron microscopic photographs and measuring water contact angle. The durability of hydrophobicity of cotton was tested till 20 washes and found satisfactory. Oil repellency was determined employing hydrocarbons resistance test. The air permeability of cotton fabric was also determined keeping in view the impact on breathability of treated cotton and was found quite good. The untreated and treated cotton fabric was subjected to repeated domestic laundry condition, and shrinkage was measured, which indicated excellent shrink resistance behaviour because of its water repelling characteristic. This hydrophobicity of cotton also added to its quick dry behaviour even at low temperature and high relative humidity. The physical properties of treated dyed cotton fabric samples were compared with untreated, and no significant changes were observed in colour fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration and light. The tensile and tear strength showed good retention even at higher concentration of fluorocarbon resin. This work is of great industrial importance for textile products used in home textiles. The textile industry can fetch more export earnings by doing multiple value addition using the same chemical. The work reported in the literature is about using fluorocarbon and developing water- and oil-repellent fabrics. In the present work, apart from water and oil repellency, shrink resistance and quick dry behaviour of cotton textile has also been established using same fluorocarbon because of hydrophobicity imparted to cotton.
Telomere shortening correlates with leukemic stem cell burden at diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Bouillon Anne-Sophie , Ventura Ferreira Monica S. , Awad Shady Adnan , Richter Johan , Hochhaus Andreas , Kunzmann Volker , Dengler Jolanta , Janssen Jeroen , Ossenkoppele Gert , Westerweel Peter E. , te Boekhorst Peter A. W. , Mahon Francois-Xavier , Hjorth-Hansen Henrik , Isfort Susanne , Fioretos Thoas , Hummel Sebastian , Schemionek Mirle , Wilop Stefan , Koschmieder Steffen , Saußele Susanne , Mustjoki Satu , Beier Fabian , Brümmendorf Tim H.
Published: July 2018

Key Points

TL in LSCs is significantly shortened at diagnosis of CML and correlates with LSC burden. TL in nonleukemic myeloid cells in deep molecular remission is unaffected by long-term TKI treatment.
Big issues for small feet: developmental, biomechanical and clinical narratives on children's footwear
Authors: Morrison Stewart C. , Price Carina , McClymont Juliet , Nester Chris
Published: July 2018

The effects of footwear on the development of children's feet has been debated for many years and recent work from the developmental and biomechanical literature has challenged long‐held views about footwear and the impact on foot development. This narrative review draws upon existing studies from developmental, biomechanical and clinical literature to explore the effects of footwear on the development of the foot. The emerging findings from this support the need for progress in [children's] footwear science and advance understanding of the interaction between the foot and shoe. Ensuring clear and credible messages inform practice requires a progressive evidence base but this remains big issue in children's footwear research.
The Drosophila insulin pathway controls Profilin expression and dynamic actin-rich protrusions during collective cell migration
Authors: Ghiglione Christian , Jouandin Patrick , Cérézo Delphine , Noselli Stéphane
Published: July 2018

Understanding how different cell types acquire their motile behaviour is central to many normal and pathological processes. Drosophila border cells represent a powerful model for addressing this issue and to specifically decipher the mechanisms controlling collective cell migration. Here, we identify the Drosophila Insulin/Insulin-like growth factor signalling (IIS) pathway as a key regulator in controlling actin dynamics in border cells, independently of its function in growth control. Loss of IIS activity blocks the formation of actin-rich long cellular extensions that are important for the delamination and the migration of the invasive cluster. We show that IIS specifically activates the expression of the actin regulator chickadee, the Drosophila homolog of Profilin, which is essential for promoting the formation of actin extensions and migration through the egg chamber. In this process, the transcription factor FoxO acts as a repressor of chickadee expression. Altogether, these results show that local activation of IIS controls collective cell migration through regulation of actin homeostasis and protrusion dynamics.
Dynamic cytoplasmic projections connect mammalian spermatogonia in vivo
Authors: Niedenberger Bryan A. , Cook Kenneth , Baena Valentina , Serra Nicholas D. , Velte Ellen K. , Agno Julio E. , Litwa Karen A. , Terasaki Mark , Hermann Brian P. , Matzuk Martin M. , Geyer Christopher B.
Published: July 2018

Throughout the male reproductive lifespan, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) produce committed progenitors that proliferate and then remain physically connected in growing clones via short cylindrical intercellular bridges (ICBs). These ICBs, which enlarge in meiotic spermatocytes, have been demonstrated to provide a conduit for postmeiotic haploid spermatids to share sex chromosome-derived gene products. In addition to ICBs, spermatogonia exhibit multiple thin cytoplasmic projections. Here, we have explored the nature of these projections in mice and find that they are dynamic, span considerable distances from their cell body (≥25 μm), either terminate or physically connect multiple adjacent spermatogonia, and allow for sharing of macromolecules. Our results extend the current model that subsets of spermatogonia exist as isolated cells or clones, and support a model in which spermatogonia of similar developmental fates are functionally connected through a shared dynamic cytoplasm mediated by thin cytoplasmic projections.
Fetal articular cartilage regeneration versus adult fibrocartilaginous repair: secretome proteomics unravels molecular mechanisms in an ovine model
Authors: Ribitsch Iris , Mayer Rupert L. , Egerbacher Monika , Gabner Simone , Kańduła Maciej M. , Rosser Julie , Haltmayer Eva , Auer Ulrike , Gültekin Sinan , Huber Johann , Bileck Andrea , Kreil David P. , Gerner Christopher , Jenner Florien
Published: July 2018

Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage degeneration, is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide owing to the limited regenerative capacity of adult articular cartilage. Currently, there are no disease-modifying pharmacological or surgical therapies for OA. Fetal mammals, in contrast to adults, are capable of regenerating injured cartilage in the first two trimesters of gestation. A deeper understanding of the properties intrinsic to the response of fetal tissue to injury would allow us to modulate the way in which adult tissue responds to injury. In this study, we employed secretome proteomics to compare fetal and adult protein regulation in response to cartilage injury using an ovine cartilage defect model. The most relevant events comprised proteins associated with the immune response and inflammation, proteins specific for cartilage tissue and cartilage development, and proteins involved in cell growth and proliferation. Alarmins S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 and coiled-coil domain containing 88A (CCDC88A), which are associated with inflammatory processes, were found to be significantly upregulated following injury in adult, but not in fetal animals. By contrast, cartilage-specific proteins like proteoglycan 4 were upregulated in response to injury only in fetal sheep postinjury. Our results demonstrate the power and relevance of the ovine fetal cartilage regeneration model presented here for the first time. The identification of previously unrecognized modulatory proteins that plausibly affect the healing process holds great promise for potential therapeutic interventions.
Estratégias e Mediatos Utilizados pelo Tráfico de Drogas para Integração dos Presídios às Redes Territoriais Externas: uma Revisão da Literatura
Authors: Reis Netto Roberto Magno , Chagas Clay Anderson Nunes
Published: July 2018

Este estudo teve como objetivo a realização de uma revisão literária em torno da relação entre droga e cárcere com intuito de identificar as estratégias e os mediatos utilizados pelo tráfico de drogas para a integração dos presídios às redes territoriais externas. Sob um método hermenêutico e dialético, foi proposta a análise de obras selecionadas conforme critérios metodológicos específicos, seguida de uma análise de conteúdo para construção de categorias científico-analíticas. Ao fim, foram identificadas seis espécies de estratégias que, se aplicadas de forma simultânea e intercruzada, garantem o exercício de poderes no mundo externo por agentes territoriais dentro do dos presídios.
Evoluções Históricas da Atuação do Poder Judiciário no Controle do Tabagismo por Meio de Decisões Judiciais
Authors: Efing Antônio Carlos , Mottin Letícia
Published: July 2018

O presente artigo versa sobre a importância da atuação do Poder Judiciário para o controle do tabagismo, tendo como objetivo principal contribuir e aprimorar o estudo do tópico, com enfoque na jurisprudência que trata de danos ocasionados pelo contato com os produtos derivados do tabaco. Pode concluir-se que, com base na coleta dos julgados nacionais, delimitado no período entre 1º de janeiro de 2010 a 30 de agosto de 2016, tornou-se claramente perceptível que, em sua grande maioria, a responsabilidade pelos danos é transferida para a sociedade civil, ficando, assim, a indústria do tabaco livre de qualquer ônus que a sua atividade econômica é capaz de gerar. Ainda, conclui-se que a atuação do Poder Judiciário pode contribuir para a redução dos danos ocasionados pelo uso de produtos derivados do tabaco. Para tanto, o presente estudo utilizou-se da técnica de revisão bibliográfica para instrumentalizar o artigo científico, por meio da base lógica indutiva para relatar os resultados do trabalho, como também da metodologia documental e legislativa.
Il Diritto Internazionale Può Scongiurare Le Guerre?
Authors: Perra Livio
Published: July 2018

Nel presente articolo l’autore muove la sua analisi partendo dall’interrogativo se il diritto internazionale possa scongiurare le guerre. Il diritto internazionale ha sempre ricercato l’obiettivo di dirimere le controversie tra gli Stati in maniera pacifica. La spinta verso questo fine si avverte in misura maggiore dopo i grandi conflitti bellici. La Lega delle Nazioni vede la propria nascita in funzione di questo intento pacificatore. Anche se viene definita come una impresa fallimentare, l’autore ritiene che abbia posto le basi per i successivi progressi. Importanti passi vengono compiuti dall’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite, la quale cerca di salvaguardare la pace attraverso l’utilizzo di misure che contemplano l’uso della forza e misure che non prevedono l’utilizzo della forza. In particolare, l’autore esamina entrambe le tipologie di strumenti e giunge alla conclusione che anche questo approccio sembra non essere del tutto efficace. Egli esamina il concetto di pace giusta ed il diritto dei popoli alla pace. Infine, l’attenzione si concentra sulla tendenza più recente alla promozione dell’educazione alla cultura della pace.
Governança Global da Tributação e os Tratados Internacionais de Cooperação e Transparência Fiscal
Authors: Mauricio Junior Alceu
Published: July 2018

Este trabalho objetiva analisar os novos instrumentos de governança global da tributação e a controvérsia sobre a possível inconstitucionalidade das normas domésticas que implementam tratados fiscais internacionais de cooperação e troca automática de informações. O trabalho aborda os impactos da globalização sobre os sistemas tributários, apontando que a mobilidade do capital internacional e a ausência de mecanismos eficientes e transparentes de cooperação e troca de informações fiscais facilitam a evasão fiscal e o planejamento tributário agressivo. Sistemas fiscais domésticos isolados e não coordenados não são capazes de apresentar resposta adequada a esses efeitos indesejados, e, consequentemente, os Estados perdem sua capacidade de financiar a efetivação dos direitos humanos. Nesse cenário, surge um novo paradigma de governança global da tributação e do Direito Fiscal Internacional, que volta sua atenção para os problemas da evasão fiscal e da erosão das bases imponíveis. Partindo dessas premissas, este artigo apresenta dois instrumentos de governança global da tributação – os tratados relativos ao FATCA e a Ação 12 do Projeto BEPS. Por fim, investiga-se a possível violação de direitos de privacidade e de livre iniciativa em razão da implementação desses instrumentos internacionais na ordem jurídica nacional, efetuando-se uma análise a partir de precedentes do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do direito comparado. Conclui-se que a implementação de tratados internacionais para cooperação e transparência fiscal não é prima facie inconstitucional, embora gere maiores responsabilidades às autoridades tributárias no que tange à preservação dos direitos dos contribuintes.
The Pediment of the Statue
Authors: Korres Manolis
Published: July 2018

Δε διατίθεται περίληψη
ΤΤΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΙΣ ΟΜΑΔΙΚΗΣ ΥΠΕΡΙΚΙΑΣΕΩΣ ΕΙΣ ΒΟΟΕΙΔΗ
Authors: ΣΤΟΦΟΡΟΣ ΕΥΘ.
Published: July 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
ΣΥΓΓΕΝΗΣ ΑΠΛΗ ΒΡΟΓΧΟΚΗΛΗ ΝΕΟΓΕΝΝΗΤΩΝ ΔΙΔΥΜΩΝ ΕΡΙΦΙΩΝ
Authors: ΓΚΩΓΚΟΣ ΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΙΟΣ Ι.
Published: July 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
Effect of river inputs on environmental status and potentially harmful phytoplankton in a coastal area of eastern Mediterranean (Maliakos Gulf, Greece)
Authors: VARKITZI IOANNA , MARKOGIANNI VASSILIKI , PANTAZI MARIA , PAGOU KALLIOPI , PAVLIDOU ALEXANDRA , DIMITRIOU ELIAS
Published: July 2018

In this work we study the response of phytoplankton and potentially harmful species to river inflows in a coastal area of eastern Mediterranean, within the context of environmental status assessment suggested by the European Commission’s Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) and Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC). The spatio-temporal distribution of phytoplankton communities and biomass (as chlorophyll a), potentially harmful species, nutrient levels, dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature were studied. A marginal good to moderate physicochemical status was assigned in the delta of Spercheios river that outflows in Maliakos Gulf. Silicates and nitrates were indicated as proxies of freshwater influence in Maliakos Gulf, whereas ammonium, nitrites and phosphates as proxies of pollutants from non-point sources. Phytoplankton biomass and abundances reached high levels throughout Maliakos Gulf inter-seasonally. High silicates favored the dominance of Diatoms. The potentially harmful species were blooming frequently, with higher levels in the estuary, and they were associated with low salinity, showing the riverine influence on them. Pseudo-nitzschia was the most frequent potentially harmful genus with an interesting strong linkage with low silicates and nitrates. Maliakos Gulf demonstrated an overall mesotrophic condition and failed to achieve good ecological status.
Nest-mediated parental care in a marine fish: Are large-scale nesting habitats selected and do these habitats respond to small-scale requirements?
Authors: SINOPOLI MAURO , CATTANO CARLO , CHEMELLO RENATO , TIMPANARO ANGELA , MILISENDA GIACOMO , GRISTINA MICHELE
Published: July 2018

Fishes have evolved various reproductive strategies including mechanisms that involve parental care and demersal eggs laid into nests. Symphodus ocellatus has a seasonal reproduction period during which large, dominant males become territorial and build nests with fragments of algae, where they attract females to spawn and provide care to the developing eggs. Based on the hypothesis that the S. ocellatus males choose the reproductive habitat based on some characteristics of the substrate, here we assessed whether, on a coastal area scale, the distribution of this species changes during the reproductive period because of the selection of some suitable sites or substrates, and whether the nesting microhabitat used by this species responding to certain requirements in relation to different characteristics. From April to September 2010, at four locations and on three substrate types, the fish were counted in three periods related to different stages of reproduction. Furthermore, several physical and biological variables have been recorded around numerous nests to select those with more recurrence. We found that S. ocellatus prefers to live on rocky substrates populated by photophilic algae, regardless of the phases of the reproductive cycle. We identified depth (1.7–3.2 m), the presence of a hole, a 10–20 cm algal canopy, and high algal coverage of Dyctiotales as nest requirements. S. ocellatus is mostly distributed in coastal sites sheltered from the action of waves. This allows the construction and maintenance of nests and the possibility to remain in a water temperature range similar to the reproductive physiological constraints.
The Atlantic–Mediterranean ecological connection: a study on decapod larval communities
Authors: PIRES RITA F.T. , PAN MARIA , CATALÁN IGNÁCIO A. , PRIETO LAURA , SANTOS MIGUEL P. P. , FARIA CLÁUDIA , FERREIRA SUSANA , SANTOS ANTONINA DOS
Published: July 2018

Larval dispersal mechanisms, although significantly studied, are far from being completely resolved. Local studies are needed to clarify key interactions between individual life cycles and transport processes. The Atlantic-Mediterranean connection through the Strait of Gibraltar is a particularly important area to explore these processes, as a hotspot for detecting species fluxes and/or invasions between several Large Marine Ecosystems. However, the area dynamics and the mechanisms used by larvae to cope with the system hydrological conditions are scantly explored.Summer data on decapod larvae and ocean water masses from an extended area of the southern Portugal, Gulf of Cadiz, Strait of Gibraltar and Alboran Sea were analyzed, and the larval assemblages and their potential retention/dispersal mechanisms were explored. Different larval assemblages were linked to the hydrological conditions of each basin. Shelf width differences and its influence in along/cross-shore transport were the main drivers of decapod distribution, acting as biological barriers. Larvae of mesopelagic species dominated the northern Alboran Sea innershelf, highly influenced by offshore currents. Here, nearshore processes were limited to surface waters, while in the Gulf they extended more deeply and to the outer shelf. Results on species ecological traits can easily be applied to oceanographically similar areas of world coastal regions and could be used for further development of ecological modelling studies.
Assessment of the impact of Atlantic bluefin tuna farming on Adriatic benthic habitats by analysing macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at family level
Authors: SANCHEZ-JEREZ PABLO , FERNANDEZ-GONZALEZ VICTORIA , MLADINEO IVONA , MATIJEVIĆ SLAVICA , BOGNER DANIJELA , GRUBIŠIĆ LEON , FERNANDEZ-JOVER DAMIAN
Published: July 2018

The rapidly expanding Atlantic bluefin tuna fattening industry is characterized by high stock densities and a high input food biomass in the form of whole bait seafood.  The environmental impact of this activity must be effectively monitored within a proper sustainable development framework, to address concerns about the potential adverse effects. However, evaluation of monitoring tools for tuna farming has received less attention than other activities. Based on the principles of key taxa (Pocklington and Wells, 1992), we tested the potential use of changes in benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, polychaetes and amphipods for this purpose. Applying a non-parametric multivariate approach for monitoring the impact of this aquaculture activity on the benthic habitat, we checked for correlations with the physicochemical environmental variables of the sediment. A hierarchical spatial design was followed, using multiple controls. Amphipods and polychaetes showed dissimilarities between impacted and control locations, with significant differences for total assemblage structure at a taxonomic level of families. Total nitrogen (TN) and total sulfur (TS) concentrations were the variables best associated with these changes for amphipods, and d 13C and total phosphorus (TP) were the best for polychaetes. However, total free sulfides (TFS) and TP were the chemical variables that best indicated the effects on sediment. Using this approach, surrogating the whole benthic assemblage to a single taxocene, our data suggest that monitoring tuna farming impact by comparing the changes in amphipod and polychaete assemblages at family level could be an optimal procedure with an excellent cost/benefit ratio.
The Presence of the invasive Lionfish Pterois miles in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: BARICHE M. , TORRES M. , AZZURRO E.
Published: July 2018

Here we report the occurrence of Pterois miles in the Mediterranean Sea, based on the capture of two specimens along the coast of Lebanon. Previously, only one record of the species from the Mediterranean Sea had been documented. The new records highlight the arrival of new propagules of P. miles, more than two decades later, hinting to a future potential invasion of the Mediterranean Sea.
In-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation performed by the hospital emergency team: A 6-year retrospective register analysis at Danderyd University Hospital, Sweden
Authors: Widestedt Hedwig , Giesecke Jasna , Karlsson Pernilla , Jakobsson Jan G.
Published: July 2018

Background: Cardiac arrest requires rapid and effective handling. Huge efforts have been implemented to improve resuscitation of sudden cardiac arrest patients. Guidelines around the various parts of effective management, the chain of survival, are available. The aim of the present retrospective study was to study sudden in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) and the outcomes of emergence team resuscitation in a university hospital in Sweden.

Methods: The Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Registry was used to access all reported cases of IHCA at Danderyd Hospital from 2012 through 2017. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), discharge alive, 30-day mortality and Cerebral Performance Scales score (CPC) were analysed.

Results: 574 patients with cardiac arrests were included in the study: 307 patients (54%) had ROSC; 195 patients (34%) were alive to be discharged from hospital; and 191 patients (33%) were still alive at day-30 after cardiac arrest. Witnessed cardiac arrests, VT/VF as initial rhythm and experiencing cardiac arrest in high monitored wards were factors associated with success. However, 53% of patients’ alive at day-30 had a none-shockable rhythm, 16% showed initially a pulseless electrical activity and 37% asystole.

CPC score was available for 188 out of the 195 patients that were alive to be discharged: 96.5% of patients where data was available had a favourable neurological outcome, a CPC-score of 1 or 2 at discharge, and only 6 of these patients had a CPC-score of 3 or higher (3%).

Conclusions: One third of patients with sudden IHCA were discharged from hospital and alive at day-30, a clear majority without cognitive deficit related to the cardiac arrest. High monitored care, witnessed cardiac arrest and shockable rhythm were factors associated with high success; however, more than half of surviving patients had initially a none-shockable rhythm.
The effect of local antibiotic prophylaxis when treating open limb fractures
Authors: Morgenstern M. , Vallejo A. , McNally M. A. , Moriarty T. F. , Ferguson J. Y. , Nijs S. , Metsemakers WJ.
Published: July 2018

Objectives

As well as debridement and irrigation, soft-tissue coverage, and osseous stabilization, systemic antibiotic prophylaxis is considered the benchmark in the management of open fractures and considerably reduces the risk of subsequent fracture-related infections (FRI). The direct application of antibiotics in the surgical field (local antibiotics) has been used for decades as additional prophylaxis in open fractures, although definitive evidence confirming a beneficial effect is scarce. The purpose of the present study was to review the clinical evidence regarding the effect of prophylactic application of local antibiotics in open limb fractures.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Cohort studies investigating the effect of additional local antibiotic prophylaxis compared with systemic prophylaxis alone in the management of open fractures were included and the data were pooled in a meta-analysis.

Results

In total, eight studies which included 2738 patients were eligible for quantitative synthesis. The effect of antibiotic-loaded poly(methyl methacrylate) beads was investigated by six of these studies, and two studies evaluated the effect of local antibiotics applied without a carrier. Meta-analysis showed a significantly lower infection rate when local antibiotics were applied (4.6%; 91/1986) than in the control group receiving standard systemic prophylaxis alone (16.5%; 124/752) (p < 0.001) (odds ratio 0.30; 95% confidence interval 0.22 to 0.40).

Conclusion

This meta-analysis suggests a risk reduction in FRI of 11.9% if additional local antibiotics are given prophylactically for open limb fractures. However, due to limited quality, heterogeneity, and considerable risk of bias, the pooling of data from primary studies has to be interpreted with caution. Cite this article: M. Morgenstern, A. Vallejo, M. A. McNally, T. F. Moriarty, J. Y. Ferguson, S. Nijs, WJ. Metsemakers. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:447–456. The effect of local antibiotic prophylaxis when treating open limb fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.77.BJR-2018-0043.R1
Effect of Filling Humidity on the Propagation of High-Amplitude Stress Waves through an Artificial Joint
Authors: Huang Xiaolin , Qi Shengwen , Yao Wei , Xia Kaiwen
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this article is to further investigate the seismic response of an artificial filled joint under high-amplitude stress waves considering the effect of filling humidity, following our earlier work on dry infill. A steel split Hopkinson pressure bar system is utilized to induce high-amplitude stress waves to the filled joint. In this study, the wet infill is a mixture composed of quartz sand, kaolinite clay, and water. It is found that when the water content is relatively low, i.e., 8.25 %, the seismic response of the joint with wet infill is similar to that of the joint with dry infill, as shown in the literature. When the stress wave amplitude increases, the infill is progressively compacted and the transmission coefficient increases. However, there exists a crushing deformation stage for the infill in which many particles are crushed, and the transmission coefficient decreases as the incident wave amplitude increases. The water in the infill can reduce the friction between grains, which may lead to the decrease of the joint stiffness. As a result, the transmission coefficient is smaller than the case with dry infill under similar loading conditions. When the water content is moderate, such as 16.75 %, particles are very difficult to crush and the infill dominantly experiences compaction even when loaded by very high-amplitude stress waves. Consequently, the transmission coefficient through the wet infill always increases with the increase of the incident wave amplitude. When the infill is fully saturated (water content = 25.0 %), it can only experience approximately elastic deformation, and few particles can be crushed. In this case, the transmission coefficient is independent of the incident wave amplitude. When the infill is dry or fully saturated, the transmission coefficient is insensitive to the amplitude of the incident wave.
Electrochemical Characterization of a Nickel-Phosphorus Coating on Diamond Grits
Authors: Ma Lian , He Xihua , Fang Alex , Liang Hong
Published: July 2018

Machining tools electroplated with coated diamond abrasives are widely used because of their high wear resistance. However, the inconsistent quality caused by coating failure has hindered tools’ performances and service lives. In the present work, experimental investigation through electrochemical approach was conducted on a coating electrolessly plated on diamond grits. A newly designed working electrode with nickel-phosphorus alloy coating was fabricated. Subsequently, immersion test, potentiodynamic polarization, and linear polarization resistance (LPR) and open circuit potential (OCP) monitoring were performed on this electrode, in order to reveal insight from the failure mechanisms of coatings. Morphological characterization was carried out before and after both the potentiodynamic polarization experiments and immersion test. The results showed that, in a low-concentration (60 g/L nickel sulfamate) bath, the coating cracked and stripped off because of the current assisted breakthrough of pinholes, while the coating has less damage in the high-concentration (300 g/L nickel sulfamate) bath because of an extra passivation stage at lower potential (−0.30 V versus OCP). The increase in OCP and decrease in corrosion rate over time indicated the continuous coating cracking and exposure of the nobler diamond substrate. LPR and OCP monitoring is an effective approach to evaluate the coating durability before the coated diamond grits are actually used in wire saw manufacturing. The electrochemical characterization methods used in this work can be applied to other core-shell systems with metal coatings and particulate substrates.