bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults: a systematic review
Authors: Prince S. A. , Reed J. L. , McFetridge C. , Tremblay M. S. , Reid R. D.
Published: May 2017

Objective

The objective of this study was to systematically review evidence to identify intrapersonal, social environmental, physical environmental and policy correlates of sedentary behaviour (SB) among adults.

Methods

Six databases were searched to identify studies that reported on intrapersonal, social, physical environmental and/or policy correlates of SB across domains (i.e. occupational, leisure and transportation) in adults (mean ≥ 18 years old). Subgroup differences (sex, age, disease status, publication status and date, weekdays vs. weekend) were examined. Risk of bias was assessed, and a qualitative synthesis completed. PROSPERO: CRD42014009814

Results

Searching identified 22,779 articles; 257 were used in the analysis. Most studies used self‐reported SB and were cross‐sectional. The most studied domain of SB and correlate was leisure and intrapersonal, respectively. Consistent evidence found positive relationships between full‐time employment and higher transportation and lower leisure SB; higher income/socioeconomic status and greater transportation and occupation SB; living in more urban areas and greater sitting time and total SB; ownership of televisions and greater leisure SB; and, active workstations and lower occupational SB.

Conclusions

The review identifies the need for longitudinal studies, as well as further research on factors in the physical, social and policy environments. The review also recognizes the need to standardize methodology for collecting, defining and reporting SB and correlates.
Racial and ethnic minority enrollment in randomized clinical trials of behavioural weight loss utilizing technology: a systematic review
Authors: Rosenbaum D. L. , Piers A. D. , Schumacher L. M. , Kase C. A. , Butryn M. L.
Published: May 2017

Many racial and ethnic minority groups (minorities) are disproportionately affected by overweight and obesity; however, minorities are often under‐represented in clinical trials of behavioural weight loss (BWL) treatment, potentially limiting the generalizability of these trials' conclusions. Interventions involving technology may be particularly well suited to overcoming the barriers to minority enrollment in BWL trials, such as demanding or unpredictable work schedules, caregiving responsibilities and travel burdens. Thus, this systematic review aimed to describe minority enrollment in trials utilizing technology in interventions, as well as to identify which form(s) of technology yield the highest minority enrollment. Results indicated relatively low enrollment of minorities. Trials integrating smartphone use exhibited significantly greater racial minority enrollment than trials that did not; trials with both smartphone and in‐person components exhibited the highest racial minority enrollment. This review is the first to explore how the inclusion of technology in BWL trials relates to minority enrollment and can help address the need to improve minority enrollment in weight loss research.
Reallocating sedentary time to moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity but not to light‐intensity physical activity is effective to reduce adiposity among youths: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: García‐Hermoso A. , Saavedra J. M. , Ramírez‐Vélez R. , Ekelund U. , del Pozo‐Cruz B.
Published: May 2017

The aim of the study was to summarize the evidence of the effects of reallocating time spent in sedentary behaviours in different activity intensities on youth's adiposity. Five databases were searched. Studies that reported the effects of replacing sedentary behaviour with light‐intensity physical activity (LIPA) and/or moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on at least one adiposity parameter. The estimated regression coefficients (β) and 95% CIs were combined and meta‐analysed. Data from 7,351 youths and five studies were analysed. Pooled analysis from cross‐sectional studies shows that replacing sedentary time with LIPA showed no significant associations with any adiposity‐related outcomes. Replacing sedentary time with MVPA was statistically associated with total body fat percentage (β = −2.512; p = 0.003), but not with body mass index or waist circumference. In subgroup analysis, the greatest magnitude of association was observed from studies where 60 min of sedentary behaviour was reallocated to 60 min of MVPA (β = −4.535; p < 0.001). Our results highlight the importance of promoting MVPA, which may improve body composition phenotypes in young people. This information can be used to develop more effective lifestyle interventions.
Collagenase for Wound Debridement in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Huett Elizabeth , Bartley Whitney , Morris Darla , Reasbeck Della , McKitrick‐Bandy Beth , Yates Charlotte
Published: May 2017

Background/Objectives

The use of collagenase for enzymatic wound debridement has been studied extensively and has been established as the standard of care for nonhealing and necrotic wounds in individuals for whom surgical intervention is not an option. Collagenase has been shown to be effective in adults but has been studied in a limited capacity in infants and neonates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of collagenase in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods

Retrospective chart review of infants and neonates admitted to the NICU at Arkansas Children's Hospital with nonhealing wounds for which collagenase was used for wound healing over a 1‐year time period. Six wounds were identified: five surgical wound dehiscence and one intravenous infiltrate.

Results

Before the use of collagenase, five of the six wounds had been treated with an alternative dressing. Once collagenase was initiated, three of these wounds reached complete granulation and closure in less time than in the episode of prior therapy. The number of days to reach 100% granulation once treated with collagenase was 5 to 18 days (mean 12.2 days). Surgical intervention for the debridement and closure of these wounds was not required, providing cost savings to the patient. Daily wound care was completed with negligible pain recordings.

Conclusion

The use of collagenase for enzymatic debridement can be beneficial, safe, and effective for the treatment of nonhealing and necrotic wounds in infants and neonates.
Neonatal Endocrinologic Problems in Collodion Babies
Authors: Ozdemir Ahmet , Korkut Sabriye , Kurtoglu Selim , Hatipoglu Nihal , Gunes Tamer , Ozturk Mehmet Adnan
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To identify endocrinologic problems, particularly those concerning growth, in collodion babies (CBs).

Methods

Clinically identified newborn CBs were included in the study group (group 1). Because CBs are generally born premature, small for gestational age (SGA), or both, a control group matched to the study group in terms of gestational age and birthweight (group 2) was also established. Blood specimens were collected from both groups for thyroid function tests and to measure serum growth hormone (GH), insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) and IGF binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) levels.

Results

Group 1 consisted of 42 CBs (25 male, 17 female) with gestational ages of 32 to 42 weeks and birthweights of 1,400 to 4,000 g. Twelve were assessed as premature and 17 as SGA. Serum IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 levels were lower and serum GH levels higher than in controls. Primary hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 10 patients in the study group, subclinical hypothyroidism in 2, and central hypothyroidism in 1. A statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in terms of primary hypothyroidism (p = 0.01). Serum GH levels were weakly negatively correlated with birthweight (correlation coefficient [r] = −0.32, p = 0.04) and serum IGF‐1 (r = −0.38, p = 0.001) and IGFBP‐3 (r = −0.36, p = 0.002) levels.

Conclusion

Premature birth and SGA are common in CBs. GH levels are high and IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 levels low at birth as a sign of GH resistance in these patients. The greater prevalence of hypothyroidism in these children is also significant.
Mimickers of Infantile Hemangiomas
Authors: Brockman Ross M. , Humphrey Stephen R. , Moe David C. , North Paula E. , King David M. , Jensen John N. , Siegel Dawn H. , Drolet Beth A.
Published: May 2017

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common tumors of infancy and usually follow a typical course of growth and involution. We report four soft tissue tumors that were referred to the pediatric dermatology clinic as IHs and the process by which they were diagnosed and treated. Clinicians should be aware of presentations of these uncommon, but serious soft tissue tumors. Many of these mimickers have a vastly different clinical prognosis, and early intervention to limit sequelae is crucial. Biopsy of atypical lesions should be considered early in the diagnostic process since they have varied prognosis and treatment strategies.
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Newborn Presenting as “Blueberry Muffin Baby”
Authors: Larson Krista N. , Gaitan Sergio R. , Stahr Benjamin J. , Morrell Dean S.
Published: May 2017

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, life‐threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized by uncontrolled activation and proliferation of proinflammatory cytokines. Initial presentation commonly includes fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia; 6 to 65% of cases also have a concurrent cutaneous eruption. We present the case of a 6‐day‐old premature infant boy with congenital severe thrombocytopenia, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly who presented with several cutaneous violaceous papules and nodules and was found to have HLH.
Validation of a Parent‐Reported Diagnostic Instrument in a U.S. Referral Population: The Childhood Eczema Questionnaire
Authors: Leitenberger Sabra , Hajar Tamar , Simpson Eric L. , von Kobyletzki Laura , Hanifin Jon M.
Published: May 2017

Background/Objectives

There is a paucity of validated tools for diagnosing atopic dermatitis (AD) in very young children that do not rely on clinical evaluation. The Childhood Eczema Questionnaire (CEQ)—a diagnostic tool for AD in children younger than 2 years that a caretaker can complete—was recently validated in Sweden. The objective of this study was to validate the tool in a U.S. population. As a substudy, we added an additional question that was independently assessed.

Methods

Children younger than 2 years old were recruited from a dermatology clinic. Their caretakers completed a questionnaire containing the original tool's three questions as well as a fourth question that increased the time frame measured from 1 week to 6 months. Questionnaires with all “yes” answers were considered positive and were compared with a dermatologist diagnosis of AD.

Results

A total of 283 subjects were recruited. The first three questions (the original CEQ) predicted a positive diagnosis of AD with a sensitivity of 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58, 0.82) and a specificity of 0.93 (95% CI 0.87, 0.95). In a separate analysis we included the first two questions and the fourth question and found that the sensitivity increased to 0.82 (95% CI 0.69, 0.90) with a specificity of 0.89 (95% CI 0.83, 0.93).

Conclusion

This study validates a novel parental questionnaire for the diagnosis of AD in children younger than 2 years in a U.S. clinic population.
Testimony, Disbelief, and Opaque Peace Building in Postgenocide Rwanda
Authors: Eramian Laura
Published: May 2017

Following the 1994 genocide, a peace‐building industry emerged in Rwanda, one characterized by networks of local and international agents, institutions, and forms of knowledge. This article investigates the politics of peace building in postgenocide Rwanda through ethnographic study of two local civil society‐level organizations. These peace‐building organizations aim to produce testimony from genocide survivors and perpetrators to demonstrate radical personal transformations and newfound capacities to reconcile because of the organizations’ teachings. I call these public performances “reconciliation spectacles.” However, ambiguity and opacity surround the conditions under which this testimony is produced, which gives rise to corruption charges against peace‐building staff and their disciples. I argue that the opaque relationship between peace‐building organizations’ interventions and the outcomes of those interventions engenders not only accusations of ill‐gotten gains but also the power and moral authority of organization staff and their work. The analysis uncovers how irresolvable tensions emerge between guiding principles of the global peace‐building industry and the everyday practices of the local agents who enact them.
Paradoxical perceptions towards the introduction of assistants in speech‐language pathology and potential impact on consumers
Authors: O'Brien Rachael , Mitchell Rebecca , Byrne Nicole
Published: May 2017

Rationale and aim

Working with assistants has the potential to be an economically and professionally sustainable solution to workforce shortages in speech‐language pathology. However, there is some resistance to the workforce redesign, and factors that determine how assistants are utilised are not well understood. The aim of this study was to understand the perceptions that engender professional resistance and identify factors that may lessen such resistance.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 speech‐language pathologists (SLPs) to learn about perceptions towards implementing assistants into the profession.

Findings and discussion

While assistants were seen as augmenting existing capacity, findings demonstrated ambivalence towards their utilisation, with tension between perceived benefits and risks of SLPs utilising assistants. Sharing workload and reducing administrative duties in favour of increasing clinical output was an important positive perception. However, this perception was moderated by the concern that the introduction of assistants would result in a decrease in consumer focus, which was seen as being at odds with the strongly held values of the profession. Findings provide insight into professional acceptance of this vocationally trained group and highlight discrepancies between perceptions and actualities, both of which may influence how assistants are utilised. They suggest that implementation of a workforce redesign involving assistants may result in paradoxical perceptions among SLPs. Understanding the way SLPs think about working with assistants and how this workforce redesign may be realised will impact on how SLPs view their role and their relationships with co‐workers. This understanding will also be useful in a wider sense for organisations seeking to introduce assistants, by allowing enhanced understanding of likely areas of resistance, as well as highlighting possible strategies that may be useful to address such issues.
Out‐of‐hospital emergency care providers' work and challenges in a changing care environment
Authors: Mikkola Riitta , Paavilainen Eija , Salminen‐Tuomaala Mari , Leikkola Päivi
Published: May 2017

Acutely ill patients are often treated on site instead of being transported to hospital, so wide‐ranging professional competence is required from staff. The aim of this study was to describe and produce new information about out‐of‐hospital emergency care providers' competence, skills and willingness to engage in self‐development activities, and to uncover challenges experienced by care providers in the midst of changing work practices. A quantitative questionnaire was sent to out‐of‐hospital emergency care providers (N = 142, response rate 53%) of one Finnish hospital district. Data were analysed using spss for Windows 22 software. Almost all respondents found their work interesting and their ability to work independently sufficient. The majority found the work meaningful. Almost 20% felt that work was dominated by constant rush, and 40%, more than half of 25‐year‐olds but <10% of over 45‐years‐olds, found the work physically straining. The majority indicated that they had a sufficient theoretical–practical basis to perform their regular duties, and more than one‐third felt that they had sufficient skills to deal with multiple patient or disaster situations. Over 20% stated that they were unsure about performing new or infrequent procedures. A number of factors experienced as challenging were revealed. The results provide a basis for improving care providers' initial and further training.
Contrasting HCV and HIV seroepidemiology in 11 years of blood donors screening in Brazil
Authors: Levi J. E. , Lira S. M. , Bub C. B. , Polite M. B. , Terzian C. C. , Kutner J. M.
Published: May 2017

Background

Blood donors are, in principle, healthy individuals who may be revealed as infectious for blood‐borne agents by the laboratory screening process, depicting the asymptomatic burden of the disease. Therefore, monitoring hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected donor and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected donor and associating to their demographical and behavioural characteristics may shed light on the dynamics and contemporary changes in these viruses' epidemiology.

Methods

Donors presenting repeatedly reactive HCV or HIV serology/nucleic acid testing (NAT) screening results were submitted to confirmatory testing. Confirmed positive donors were invited to return to the blood bank for notification and counselling when a follow‐up sample was obtained and an interview performed to eventually disclose potential risks. HCV‐ or HIV‐infected donors identified over 11 years of screening (2004–2015) were evaluated for demographic and behavioural parameters.

Results

In the period, 139 160 donations were screened, and 36 (0.025%) were found positive for HIV, stemming from 29 male and 7 female donors. Among those, eight subjects were repeat donors. A total of 95 donations were found repeatedly reactive for HCV (0.068%), obtained from 60 men and 35 women. Noticeably, in despite of a higher HCV prevalence in the donor population, the incidence of HIV among repeat donors was 10 times that of HCV (18 × 1.6/100 000 persons‐year, respectively). On average, HIV‐seroreactive men were found to be younger (mean = 34 years old) than women (mean = 40 years old). A total of 10 donors acknowledged sexual behaviours not previously informed, including 2 who were aware of their HIV‐positive status and another 2 who admitted to be seeking HIV testing. No window period donation was verified.

Discussion

The majority of the HIV‐infected donors are young males who deny risk factors in the interview and also ignore the confidence self‐exclusion opportunity. As they may reiterate this behaviour in serial donations, use of the most sensitive laboratory testing is justified in this setting.
Metastatic diagnosis of canine sternal lymph nodes using computed tomography characteristics: A retrospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Iwasaki R. , Murakami M. , Kawabe M. , Heishima K. , Sakai H. , Mori T.
Published: May 2017

The accurate evaluation of sternal lymph nodes (StLNs) is critical for the staging of canine thoraco‐abdominal tumours. Computed tomography (CT) provides a non‐invasive means of assessing StLNs, but its diagnostic accuracy for identifying metastases is unclear. In this retrospective cross‐sectional study, we assessed the diagnostic power of various CT measurements. Fifty‐seven dogs that underwent concurrent CT and cytological examination of the StLNs were enrolled retrospectively. The size, shape, X‐ray attenuation and uniformity of the StLNs were assessed. The dogs were divided into metastasis‐negative (n = 21) and metastasis‐positive (n = 36) groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that the size (StLN‐to‐second sternebra ratio [ratio‐size]) and precontrast attenuation were significantly different between groups. Combining these parameters achieved a specificity and positive predictive value of 100% (cut‐off values: 1.0, 37.5 Hounsfield units, respectively). This suggests that the combination of ratio‐size and precontrast attenuation is effective for differentiating metastasis to the StLNs on CT.
Marriage Encounters
Authors: Sousa Lisa
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 considers the encounter between traditional indigenous practices and Christian marriage in colonial highland Mexico. The first section examines differing nuptial concepts and ceremonies of indigenous groups and Spaniards, and considers ecclesiastics’ attempts to promote indissoluble, monogamous Christian marriage as a cornerstone of the broader evangelization project. Special attention is given to how Spanish efforts to eradicate native practices of serial monogamy, polygyny, and divorce altered indigenous concepts and customs. The second part of the chapter examines how marriages were arranged and celebrated. It reconstructs indigenous weddings and traces the development of local native-Christian ceremonies, which incorporated some aspects of traditional rituals but significantly altered others. The chapter considers how the marriage encounter in colonial Mexico engendered conflict, compromise, and the creation of new practices.
Duties and Responsibilities
Authors: Sousa Lisa
Published: May 2017

Chapter 7 addresses the gendered division of labor at the household and community levels. The chapter examines women’s roles as weavers, craftpersons, producers of food and beverages, midwives and healers, community leaders, merchants, and agriculturalists. Chapter 7 challenges the gendering of “public” and “private” space that is implied in prescriptive texts by showing that women’s duties took them out of the household on a daily basis, and that men, especially craftsmen, frequently worked within the home. It also considers how increasing Spanish demands for labor and tribute and the development of a money economy shaped women’s roles and status. The chapter argues that, in examining various facets of women’s work, it becomes evident that Spanish policies contributed to the slow erosion in women’s status overtime. But Spanish pressures did not fully succeed, for underlying concepts of gender parallelism and complementarity were at the core of social organization and household relations.
Introduction
Authors: Klimke Martin , Kreis Reinhild , Ostermann Christian F.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter explores the dimensions of trust and how these are understood in the context of the Cold War. It shows how trust and distrust are, as emotions in general, often stated but rarely integrated systematically into analyses of international relations. Yet employing the concept of trust as a category for analyzing historical processes opens up new perspectives on the dynamics of international relations, the entanglement between international and domestic spheres, and relations between structural and personal aspects. The second half of the Cold War, as the chapter shows, is especially suited for an initial attempt to discern the relative weight of trust and mistrust and how such considerations may affect political dynamics and relationships. Finally, the chapter provides a brief overview of the following chapters.
Untrusting and Untrusted: Mao’s China at a Crossroads, 1969
Authors: Radchenko Sergey
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the border clashes between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union in March 1969. It details the development of Chinese leader Mao Zedong's perception of the Soviet Union as a challenge to China's autonomy and the (cultural) revolution, underscoring Mao's failure to understand how the Soviet Union interpreted his actions as a credible threat. Employing his own frame of reference, Mao failed to grasp that the Soviet Union did not see the border conflict as a catalyst for internal mobilization and political control at home and in its satellite states, but as yet another manifestation of the seeming irrationality of Chinese foreign policy. Mao's surprise and feeling of hostile encirclement, as well as the deepening of Soviet distrust, paved the way in turn for China's famous rapprochement with the United States under President Richard Nixon.
Trust and Mistrust and the American Struggle for Verification of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, 1969–1979
Authors: Schors Arvid
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the “politics of dialogue” put on display during the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) from 1969 to 1979 as one of the key components of détente efforts between the superpowers. Concentrating on how these talks were perceived by the American public, the chapter demonstrates how new verification technology seemingly compensated for the lack of trust among the negotiation partners and at first successfully redirected a deeply ingrained “distrust narrative” in public discourse. However, although the Carter administration's communicative strategy at the end of the 1970s explicitly disavowed any notion of trust with regard to SALT, the question of compliance and the belief in absolute verifiability and invulnerability ultimately became too punctured to retain its persuasiveness, thus contributing to the failure of SALT.
Whom Did the East Germans Trust? Popular Opinion on Threats of War, Confrontation, and Détente in the German Democratic Republic, 1968–1989
Authors: Gieseke Jens
Published: May 2017

This chapter outlines ideological, official, and bottom-up trust regimes within East Germany, examining the attitude of the East German population toward its own government and that of the Federal Republic. It unearths, for example, how a noticeable sympathy and trustworthiness emerged among East Germans toward West German parties and politicians in the wake of Ostpolitik. However, the departure of West German chancellor Willy Brandt in 1974, the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and the renewed nuclear arms race and NATO's decision to position nuclear weapons in Western Europe helped to offset this asymmetry of trust relations by partially alienating East Germans from Western policies. In the first half of the 1980s, this decline of vertical trust relationships and emotional bonds in East Germany opened the space for the rise of horizontal trust regimes.
“Footnotes” as an Expression of Distrust? The United States and the NATO “Flanks” in the Last Two Decades of the Cold War
Authors: Pedaliu Effie G. H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the practice of “footnoting” of joint NATO documents by states such as Denmark and Greece as an expression of disagreement with nuclear policies within the Western defense community. Both Denmark and Greece had experienced a profound decline of trust in NATO's ability and willingness to protect their national interests. In addition, sociocultural and economic change, animosity toward the increasingly bellicose tone of the Reagan administration, and a politically convenient anti-Americanism both forced and allowed the Danish and Greek governments to issue dissenting footnotes to NATO communiqués, criticizing alliance policies. These footnotes therefore can be seen as manifestations of distrust that challenged the operation and harmony of NATO as an effective alliance, even if they could not thwart particular NATO decisions.
Switzerland and Détente: A Revised Foreign Policy Characterized by Distrust
Authors: Bott Sandra , Schaufelbuehl Janick Marina
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how Switzerland aimed to redefine its neutrality in international relations in the first half of the 1970s. On the one hand, Switzerland maintained its traditional Cold War maxims of armed defense, neutrality, and solidarity. On the other hand, in the face of détente and the perception of a new global context, the Swiss Federal Council, inspired by the Federal Political Department, embarked on a more active foreign policy that aimed to rebrand Swiss neutrality by renewing “goodwill” and trust toward it. Although this reorientation was not entirely successful, it was driven by a profound distrust of previous alliance systems and the process of détente, which eventually led Switzerland to a more globally oriented and defensive posture in international relations.
Conclusion
Authors: Larson Deborah Welch
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter sums up the findings laid out in the preceding chapters and suggests directions for further research. It asserts that trust and mistrust, while intangible and subjective, deeply affect relations among allies, adversaries, and neutrals by influencing perceptions and beliefs. So far, trust is analyzed in this book as a goal, strategy, process, and emotion. Although trust and mistrust are usually conceived of as interpersonal constructs, as the previous chapters illustrate, they may be studied at the individual, societal, and alliance levels. Thus, this chapter offers some further insights on the nature and definitions of trust and how these have played out according to the narratives laid out in the previous chapters, before concluding with a discussion on the development of trust.
Introduction
Authors: Schainker Ellie R.
Published: May 2017

Thematically, the introduction first probes the role of the Russian government in managing religious diversity and toleration, and thus the relationship between mission and empire with regard to the Jews. Second, it explores the day-to-day world of converts from Judaism in imperial Russia, including the social, geographic, religious, and economic links among converts, Christians, and Jews. This exploration of daily life is attuned to convert motivations and post-baptism trajectories, and perhaps more significantly, it focuses on everyday relations of trust and attraction between Jews and their neighbors in the imperial Russian borderlands. Finally, the introduction examines the challenges of constructing, transgressing, and maintaining ethno-confessional boundaries by casting the convert as a boundary-crosser who exposes and thus renders violable the borders of faith, community, and nationhood.
The Missionizing Marketplace
Authors: Schainker Ellie R.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 uses the story of the convert from Judaism turned missionary Alexander Alekseev to highlight the overall reactive missionary policy of the state and the Orthodox Church with regard to Jews. The chapter analyzes self-appointed convert missionaries, their struggles with the strict translation politics of the Holy Synod, and how many leveraged foreign, non-Orthodox investments in proselytizing Jews to access Hebrew and Yiddish publications of scriptures. The intellectual and literary biographies of individual convert missionaries further illuminate how toleration and multiconfessionalism created ambivalence about proselytizing Jews, and how everyday Jewish encounters with Christianity were mediated by a range of religious groups beyond just the Russian Orthodox Church. These convert cum missionary stories are instructive for thinking about how converts navigated the multiconfessional landscape and were acutely aware of the marketplace of religion for Jews in a confessional state.
Shtetls, Taverns, and Baptisms
Authors: Schainker Ellie R.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 explores the social dynamics of religious toleration and the confessional state from below by examining the spaces of Jewish conversion. The chapter presents a range of conversion narratives which locate interfaith encounters at the local tavern as the springboard for migrating to a different confessional community. It analyzes daily social interactions among Jewish and neighboring Polish, Lithuanian, Belorussian, and Ukrainian communities, and how these encounters nurtured intimate knowledge of other confessional lifestyles, facilitated interfaith relationships, and provided access to the personnel and institutions of other faiths. By taking a geographical approach, the chapter presents the western provincial towns and villages of imperial Russia as interreligious zones wherein conversion was predicated on interconfessional networks, sociability, and a personal familiarity with Christianity via its adherents. In exploring forms of encounter, the chapter highlights the role of the local godparent—often local elites or civil/military personnel—in facilitating confessional transfers.
Relapsed Converts and Tales of Marranism
Authors: Schainker Ellie R.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 analyzes narratives of relapsed converts and their multiple cultural fluencies using legal cases of converts suspected of illegally relapsing back to Judaism before 1905 and petitions for relapse after the legalization of apostasy in 1905. Imperial sponsorship of Russian Orthodoxy combined with the criminality of Orthodox deviance until 1905 created an environment in which Jewish converts often lived in the interstices of communal and confessional life, defying clear religious categorization. Relapsed converts and their tales of marranism, or secret Jewish practice, called into question the confessional state’s strategy of mapping identity and community onto confessional ascription-- especially in the wake of the cantonist episode when legal and chosen religious identities were often at odds. As church and state officials grappled with these difficulties, relapsed converts and their defenders tried to inscribe their cultural mobility into imperial law through freedom of conscience measures.
Circuits of Faith
Authors: Farquhar Michael
Published: May 2017

This book considers efforts undertaken by the Saudi political and religious establishments to widen the sphere of Wahhabi influence beyond the kingdom’s borders from the mid-twentieth century. It focuses on the history of the Islamic University of Medina (IUM), founded in 1961 to offer fully-funded religious instruction to mostly non-Saudi students. It demonstrates that this Saudi state-backed missionary initiative built on political, cultural, and social transformations tracing back to the late Ottoman period. It goes on to show that, just as the IUM sought to extend the authority and influence of the Wahhabi religious establishment into distant Muslim communities, its own operation was both enabled and influenced by migrants from across the Islamic world who came to work and study on its campus. Moreover, the university’s missionary project was further complicated insofar as it was refracted through the agency of the itinerant students who were expected to convey its Wahhabi-inflected message. The book argues that the complex history of such projects of Wahhabi “religious expansion” is best understood as involving a series of unequal transactions within the terms of a transnational religious economy, comprising flows of spiritual capital, material capital, religious migrants and social technologies. This analytical framework suggests new ways of thinking about the evolution of Wahhabism, the rise of Salafism in locations around the world, and the forms of power and agency at stake in border-spanning struggles to steer the future course of the Islamic tradition.
Transformations in the Late Ottoman Hijaz
Authors: Farquhar Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter develops an account of education in mosques, madrasas and Sufi lodges in the Hijaz in the Ottoman period which hosted scholars and students from across the Islamic world. It shows that education in these settings was supported by a variety of cross-border flows of material capital, that methods of instruction were largely personalized and informal, and that these arrangements fostered a religious economy marked by considerable diversity. However, from the end of the nineteenth century, new social technologies brought by religious migrants and imperial officials contributed to the spread of increasingly rationalized, bureaucratized modes of pedagogy. The chapter argues that these new practices paved the way for private and particularly state actors to exercise more sustained control over the distribution, exchange and translation of material and spiritual capital in religious educational settings.
Rethinking Religious Instruction
Authors: Farquhar Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the styles of pedagogy which took shape at the Islamic University of Medina from the time of its founding. It argues that the university was viewed by many of those involved as a response to imperial intrusions in the cultural sphere in the colonized parts of the Islamic world in which a large proportion of them had been born and raised. At the same time, rather than engaging in an effort to shore up what had come to be seen as traditional modes of religious schooling, they instead sought to actively appropriate social technologies of education whose own genealogies traced back to European metropoles and to rework them in the name of what was understood to consist in a project of cultural resistance.
A Wahhabi Corpus in Motion
Authors: Farquhar Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the content of teaching at the Islamic University of Medina, from the time of its founding and over the decades that followed. While IUM syllabuses were from the start strongly influenced by Wahhabi norms, the bodies of knowledge that were to be transmitted to its students underwent certain subtle shifts over time. These shifts in many ways map onto, and no doubt in part reflect, the broader evolution of the Wahhabi tradition in the second half of the twentieth century. However, the chapter highlights evidence that they also related to the university’s status as a node within a transnational religious economy and its engagement in far-reaching struggles to steer the course of the Islamic tradition.
Leaving Medina
Authors: Farquhar Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the role of the Islamic University of Medina’s non-Saudi students, as religious migrants, bearers of spiritual capital accumulated on its campus and mediators of its Wahhabi-influenced message. It considers their experiences in Medina and their trajectories after graduation. It argues that agency exercised by these students, as well as efforts by an array of religious authorities and lay actors around the world to contest their authority to speak in the name of Islam, have contributed to determining the ways in which the impact of the IUM project has played out in diverse locations. This suggests that, while Saudi religious and political elites may be able to exert religious influence abroad through the IUM, that influence does not necessarily constitute control.
The Economic Institutions of the Estates
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: May 2017

The raison d’etre of the estate system was providing the Radziwiłłs with revenue from agricultural activity. There were four main strategies for doing so. The first was direct administration: the family established a complex administrative system, which gave it extensive, though never complete, control over estate management. For immediate income, it could choose to mortgage an estate, making the lender legal owner until the debt was repaid. In case of default, he retained the lands. Another option was giving an estate on leasehold. The lender would receive control, not ownership, of the lands for the term of the lease; estate incomes formed repayment and interest. The fourth strategy: leasing out the incomes from the estate owner’s monopolies—most importantly, the manufacture and sale of alcohol. This was the only field in which Jews were deeply engaged in this period. Its profitability made it the growth sector of the estate economy.
Arendarze
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: May 2017

It was leases (arendas) on various incomes from monopoly rights that kept estate revenues rising. Alcohol sales were a particularly important way of selling grain on the home market. Prices rose, boosting profits, and leading Radziwiłł to expand the number of leases by investing in tavern building. He also instituted “general arendas” that included all the incomes on a single estate, allowing the wealthy Jewish leaseholders that took them to work alongside his administration as unofficial managers of monopoly incomes. Radziwiłł also used these leaseholders as personal bankers, disbursing money through payment orders drawn on them. The leaseholders gave the separate parts of their leases to less wealthy Jews, who ran individual taverns. To keep revenues up, the administration supported its leaseholders against non-Jewish clients who avoided paying their dues. The Jewish leaseholders thus formed a powerful group in estate society, clearly identified with the Radziwiłł administration.
Conclusion
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: May 2017

The Radziwiłł administration’s economic policy provided the framework for the Jews’ success. They identified and played key roles in the estate economy by seizing the new opportunities of the eighteenth century. This allowed them to both serve Radziwiłł interests and create an ethnically dominated economic niche in trade and arenda. This proved so important to the estate economy that the administration gave them strong support. They thus increased their market domination, and, by becoming identified with the Radziwiłł administration, amassed power and authority in estate society. This power was, however, contingent on providing the services the administration wanted. The Jews’ success in boosting estate revenues helped the Radziwiłłs, like similar magnate families, become the most powerful force in Poland-Lithuania. Jewish economic activity was thus a key factor in the development of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century.
Corruption in Ukraine in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Athanasouli Daphne
Published: May 2017

Daphne Athanasouli compares corruption in Ukraine to that in Georgia, Kazakhstan, Poland, Romania, and Russia using the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators and then examines the firm level, using the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey. She shows that Ukraine’s problems are quite similar to those elsewhere in the region, and confirms that corruption in Ukraine rivals that in Russia and Kazakhstan. Nevertheless, she points to policies like improving the use of egovernance techniques and the role of a free media as potentially helping to ensure that anti-corruption efforts are fully implemented in the future.
Ukrainian Constitutional Politics: Neopatrimonialism, Rent-seeking, and Regime Change
Authors: Fisun Oleksandr
Published: May 2017

Ukraine has changed its constitution repeatedly since independence in 1991. Oleksandr Fisun focuses on the repeated renegotiation of constitutional arrangements as the political power of patronal presidents rises and falls. In this view, constitutions are effects more than causes. He then considers the various contextual shortcomings that undercut any constitutional arrangement in Ukraine. These include penetration of the government by powerful rent-seekers, the absence of a balanced tax base, and the weakness of the Weberian state. He points out that now the focus should not be on redistributing power between the president, prime minister, and parliament, but rather on subverting the ability of politicians and rent-seeking entrepreneurs to “play with the rules” and conduct frequent constitutional experiments.
Stuck in Transition: Successes and Failures of Economic Reform in Ukraine
Authors: Pivovarsky Alexander
Published: May 2017

In addressing the central issue of economic reform, Alexander Pivovarsky points out that Ukraine succeeded in making the basic market reforms by reducing the state’s role in the economy, but he sees these as necessary but not sufficient conditions for a well-functioning economy. Ukraine, he finds, lacks necessary “market enhancing” institutions that are needed to make markets effective, including rule of law, competition policies, and market institutions specific to particular economic sectors.
Order
Authors: Lehman Robert S.
Published: May 2017

The book’s fourth chapter reads Walter Benjamin’s earliest programmatic writings in light of early-twentieth-century debates over the legacy of Kantianism. And it treats in particular Benjamin’s attempt to replace Kant’s transcendental philosophy—Kant’s ostensibly complete description of the conditions of human cognition—with what Benjamin refers to as a “doctrine of orders,” a system of interlinked but non-identical structures of knowledge derived from linguistics, theology, aesthetics and other domains. It finds Benjamin taking seriously Kant’s claim that human experience is constitutively finite and expanding this notion of constitutive finitude to include the Kantian transcendental itself, leaving the latter open to transformation through its encounters with a material, historical outside. Although references to Kant are rare in Benjamin’s later writings, a modified version of Kant’s philosophy—this is the claim of the chapter—is the foundation for Benjamin’s later critique of historicism.
Anecdote
Authors: Lehman Robert S.
Published: May 2017

Focusing on some of Walter Benjamin’s scattered remarks on “anecdote” in The Arcades Project and ancillary works, this chapter asks how anecdote came to appear to Benjamin to provide a critical model of historical perception, critical in the sense that it eludes the failings of both the rationalist approach to the past (which Benjamin associates with Hegel) and the empiricist approach to the past (which Benjamin associates with Ranke). It argues, finally, that the critical, anecdotal model of historical perception is concretized in Benjamin’s late “physiognomies,” that is, in his examinations of the gambler, the flâneur, the melancholic and other modern historical types. These figures and their diverse forms of life provide historical time with the “standard” that Benjamin seeks.
The “Just and Liberal Rule” of Zuhūr al-Dīn, 1831–46
Authors: Kim Kwangmin
Published: May 2017

Through the examination of Zuhur al-Din, a powerful governor of Kashgar District, this chapter discusses the ironic result of the previous khwaja wars, namely, the emergence of new prosperity in Eastern Turkestani cities. The increased Qing military presence there in the wake of the khwaja wars had the effect of sheltering the begs and their merchant associates from the double threats from the neighboring Central Asian rulers and the refugees. In addition, the Qing military presence also invited a new investment opportunity, official and illicit, by granting permissions for the development of its government land in the oasis. The begs took charge of the tuntian in collaboration with caravan merchants who were also increasingly interested in investing in local land development. However, this new development created its own problems, reproducing into its midst the most politically dangerous elements of its society, the displaced oasis population, local and foreign.
Southwest China
Authors: Bossen Laurel , Gates Hill
Published: May 2017

China’s Southwest, lacking locally grown cotton, had imported raw cotton, cotton yarn, and cotton cloth. Among our five village sites in mountainous Yunnan and Guizhou, differences in the distance from industrial centers and the railway allowed some villages to specialize in hand woven textiles and other commercial crafts while other villages relied less on women’s handcraft labor. With milder winters, the work of cultivating double-cropped rice and opium left less time for handwork, and generated income used to buy textiles. The variations in Han women’s work and footbinding provide fertile ground for testing the relationship between girls’ labor and footbinding. The examination of Southwest China concludes with comparison to Gates’ earlier survey data on footbinding among nearly 5,000 Sichuan women.