bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Media coverage of women in politics: The curious case of Sarah Palin
Authors: Wasburn Philo C. , Wasburn Mara H.
Published: October 2011

Decades of research on media coverage of the campaigns of women running for high public office have identified several patterns of gendered reporting that supposedly have discouraged citizens from voting for women candidates, discouraged them from contributing to women’s campaigns and dissuaded women from entering politics. This study examines the ways in which each of the patterns was evident in media reporting on Sarah Palin, the Republican candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 election. Data reveal a mixed pattern of continuities and differences. The findings suggest that the consequences of gendered reporting may not be uniform. Rather, they can vary according to the issue or symbolic focus of a campaign, and the degree of conflict between a candidate attempting to keep reporting ‘on message’ and the commercial news media concerned with attracting a large market share.
Effect of arc ultrasonic vibration on microstructure of joint of plasma arc ‘in situ’ welding of SiCp/6061Al
Authors: Lei Y-C , Xue H-L , Hu W-X , Liu Z-Z , Yan J-C
Published: October 2011

An arc ultrasonic test system consisting of ultrasonic frequency excitation source, isolation coupling device, plasma arc welding power and signal acquisition system was created, successfully obtaining ultrasonic vibration in AC arc. The mechanism of arc ultrasonic on microstructures of joint of SiCp/6061Al matrix composites in plasma arc ‘ in situ’ welding with flux cored wire (alloy composition: Al–15Ti–3Si) as filler metal was investigated. Comparing the weld microstructures without arc ultrasonic and with arc ultrasonic (excitation frequencies: 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 kHz respectively), it can be found that newborn Al3Ti phase obviously refined owing to ultrasound, and gradually became coarse with the increasing frequency. When the frequencies were 30, 50 and 60 kHz, Al3Ti was crushed to granular or block, and uniformly distributed in the weld. When the frequencies were 20, 40 and 70 kHz, Al3Ti was partially crushed and distributed at the original location along the vertical in the weld. The analysis showed that arc ultrasonic impacted the morphology and distribution of Al3Ti mainly through cavitations and acoustic streaming, also subjected to ‘resonant wave group’ phenomenon of arc ultrasonic.
Microstructural mapping of friction stir welded AA 7075-T6 and AlMgSc alloys using electrical conductivity
Authors: Santos T G , Miranda R M , Vilaça P , Teixeira J P , dos Santos J
Published: October 2011

AlMgSc and AA 7075-T6 alloys find applications in the aeronautic industry due to their lightweight associated with high mechanical strength and fatigue resistance. Both alloys have poor weldability when joined by fusion welding processes, which is overcome with the use of friction stir welding (FSW). Recent research work shows that electrical conductivity field analysis can be used as a material characterisation technique for solid state material welding exhibiting a microstructure gradient. This study aims to apply electrical conductivity field analysis to bead on plate FSW to identify the potential application of this technique to map and characterise microstructural transformations. The FSW was conducted on AlMgSc and AA 7075-T6 plates with different parameters, and electrical conductivity measurements were performed at half thickness, complemented by other techniques as hardness, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. A good correlation was observed among electrical conductivity field, microstructure and hardness of different zones in FSW beads.
Conversion and Convergence in the Venetian-Ottoman Borderlands
Authors: Rothman E. Natalie
Published: October 2011

This study explores how Venetian and Ottoman elites rearticulated religious and linguistic boundaries in a process that spanned both metropoles and their Dalmatian borderlands. It focuses on the case of a teenage daughter of an Ottoman-Bosnian governor, who in 1622 left her hometown for nearby Venetian territory, converted to Catholicism, and ended up in the Casa delle Zitelle, a Venetian boarding school for elite girls in “moral danger.” Five years later, when her enraged father arrived in Venice alleging she had been led astray, he was taken on two carefully orchestrated tours of the Zitelle, at the end of which he declared his satisfaction at the excellent treatment his daughter had received there. Diplomatic correspondence — especially reports by the two official interpreters who mediated the Ottoman dignitary’s interactions with his Venetian hosts — demonstrates how a potentially grave diplomatic incident was averted; it also shows how the protagonists’ competing ideas about the nature of the boundaries between Venetian and Ottoman societies, and, indeed, about conversion, subjecthood, and female piety, were ultimately commensurated. The ongoing, and at times mundane, ways in which religious, social, and political boundaries were drawn and redrawn in what is now understood as a circum-Mediterranean “Age of Confessionalization” reveals the historical contingency of these boundaries themselves.
Unidirectional Transport of Small Ions by Melamine Foam Ratchets
Authors: Yonekura Nobuaki , Shiroma Ryo
Published: October 2011

We report the unidirectional transport of ionic dyes by new soft matter ratchets, which are made of melamine foam with non-centrosymmetric triangular shapes and driven by an AC electric field. The time evolution of the distributions of the ions in the ratchet has been analyzed to reveal that the ratchets can transport the ions preferentially in one direction with an asymmetric transport ratio of more than 7.
The prevalence of cam-type femoroacetabular deformity in asymptomatic adults
Authors: Jung K. A. , Restrepo C. , Hellman M. , AbdelSalam H. , Morrison W. , Parvizi J.
Published: October 2011

We performed a retrospective examination of the anteroposterior pelvic CT scout views of 419 randomly selected patients between April 2004 and August 2009 in order to determine the prevalence of cam-type femoroacetabular deformity in the asymptomatic population. The CT scans had all been undertaken for conditions unrelated to disorders of the hip. The frequency of cam-type femoroacetabular deformity was assessed by measuring the α-angle of each hip on the anteroposterior images. The α-angles were classified according to the Copenhagen Osteoarthritis Study. Among 215 male hips (108 patients) the mean α-angle was 59.12° (37.75° to 103.50°). Of these, a total of 30 hips (13.95%) were defined as pathological, 32 (14.88%) as borderline and 153 (71.16%) as normal. Among 540 female hips (272 patients) the mean α-angle was 45.47° (34.75° to 87.00°), with 30 hips (5.56%) defined as pathological, 33 (6.11%) as borderline and 477 (88.33%) as normal. It appears that the cam-type femoroacetabular deformity is not rare among the asymptomatic population. These anatomical abnormalities, as determined by an increased α-angle, appear to be twice as frequent in men as in women. Although an association between osteoarthritis and femoroacetabular impingement is believed to exist, a long-term epidemiological study is needed to determine the natural history of these anatomical abnormalities.
Allograft-prosthesis composite reconstruction for the management of failed elbow replacement with massive structural bone loss
Authors: Amirfeyz R. , Stanley D.
Published: October 2011

We studied, ten patients (11 elbows) who had undergone 14 allograft-prosthesis composite reconstructions following failure of a previous total elbow replacement with massive structural bone loss. There were nine women and one man with a mean age of 64 years (40 to 84), who were reviewed at a mean of 75 months (24 to 213). One patient developed a deep infection after 26 months and had the allograft-prosthesis composite removed, and two patients had mild pain. The median flexion-extension arc was 100° (95% confidence interval (CI) 76° to 124°). With the exception of the patient who had the infected failure, all the patients could use their elbows comfortably without splints or braces for activities of daily living. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Index improved from 9.5 (95% CI 4.4 to 14.7) pre-operatively to 74 (95% CI 62.4 to 84.9) at final review.

Radiologically, the rate of partial resorption was similar in the humeral and ulnar allografts (three of six and four of eight, respectively; p > 0.999). The patterns of resorption, however, were different. Union at the host-bone-allograft junction was also different between the humeral and ulnar allografts (one of six and seven of eight showing union, respectively; p = 0.03).

At medium-term follow-up, allograft-prosthesis composite reconstruction appears to be a useful salvage technique for failed elbow replacements with massive bone loss. The effects of allograft resorption and host-bone-allograft junctional union on the longevity of allograft-prosthesis composite reconstruction, however, remain unknown, and it is our view that these patients should remain under long-term regular review.
CT scan assessment of the pathway of the true lateral approach for transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy
Authors: Lee D.-H. , Kim N. H. , Park J.-B. , Hwang C. J. , Lee C. S. , Kim Y.-T. , Kang S. J. , Rhee J. M.
Published: October 2011

We performed a prospective study to examine the influence of the patient’s position on the location of the abdominal organs, to investigate the possibility of a true lateral approach for transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy. Pre-operative abdominal CT scans were taken in 20 patients who underwent endoscopic lumbar discectomy. Axial images in parallel planes of each intervertebral disc from L1 to L5 were achieved in both supine and prone positions. The most horizontal approach angles possible to avoid injury to the abdominal organs were measured. The results demonstrated that the safe approach angles were significantly less (i.e., more horizontal) in the prone than in the supine position. Obstacles to a more lateral approach were mainly the liver, the spleen and the kidneys at L1/2 (39 of 40, 97.5%) and L2/3 (28 of 40, 70.0%), and the intestines at L3/4 (33 of 40, 82.5%) and L4/5 (30 of 30, 100%). A true lateral approach from each side was possible for 30 of the 40 discs at L3/4 (75%) and 23 of the 30 discs at L4/5 (76.7%). We concluded that a more horizontal approach for transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy is possible in the prone position but not in the supine. Prone abdominal CT is more helpful in determining the trajectory of the endoscope. While a true lateral approach is feasible in many patients, our study shows it is not universally applicable.
The burden of arthroscopy of the knee
Authors: Jameson S. S. , Dowen D. , James P. , Serrano-Pedraza I. , Reed M. R. , Deehan D. J.
Published: October 2011

Arthroscopy of the knee is one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures worldwide. Large-volume outcome data have not previously been available for English NHS patients. Prospectively collected admissions data, routinely collected on every English NHS patient, were analysed to determine the rates of complications within 30 days (including re-operation and re-admission), 90-day symptomatic venous thromboembolism and all-cause mortality. There were 301 701 operations performed between 2005 and 2010 – an annual incidence of 9.9 per 10 000 English population. Of these, 16 552 (6%) underwent ligament reconstruction and 106 793 (35%) underwent meniscal surgery. The 30-day re-admission rate was 0.64% (1662) and 30-day wound complication rate was 0.26% (677). The overall 30-day re-operation rate was 0.40% (1033) and the 90-day pulmonary embolism rate was 0.08% (230), of which six patients died. 90-day mortality was 0.02% (47). Age < 40 years, male gender and ligament reconstruction were significantly associated with an increased rate of 30-day re-admission and unplanned re-operation. In addition, a significant increase in 30-day admission rates were seen with Charlson comorbidity scores of 1 (p = 0.037) and ≥ 2 (p <  0.001) compared with scores of 0, and medium volume units compared with high volume units (p < 0.001).

Complications following arthroscopy of the knee are rare. It is a safe procedure, which in the majority of cases is performed as day case surgery. These data can be used for quality benchmarking, in terms of consent, consultant re-validation and individual unit performance.
Self-Reported Oral Health Status of Adults Resident in Medway, Kent in 2009
Authors: Pau Allan , Allen Christopher D
Published: October 2011

Aim

In order to assess the oral health status, oral behaviours and use of oral healthcare services of the adult population of Medway (Kent) in 2009, NHS Medway commissioned an assessment. Its aims were to understand oral health and impacts, behaviours and the use of dental services in order to inform future development of dental services.

Methods

A self-reported postal questionnaire survey using relevant questions from the 1998 national Adult Dental Health Survey (ADHS) was performed. A stratified sample was drawn from all those aged 16 years and over, living in Medway and registered with a general medical practice. Stratification was into the three areas within Medway (Chatham, Gillingham and Rainham, and Rochester and Strood). Where appropriate, respondents answered the questions using a five-point Likert scale. The resulting data were analysed by area of domicile, age, gender, and deprivation.

Results

Eight thousand questionnaires were sent out, of which 3101 (39%) were returned. Because of this low response and the need to weight responses to represent the distribution of the Medway population, this investigation must be considered as a service evaluation rather than a research project. Of respondents, 4% were edentate, 16% had 1–20 teeth, and 80% had 21 or more teeth. Fifty-one per cent of respondents reported at least one oral health impact; most commonly this was physical pain and psychological discomfort; least commonly, social disability and handicap. Sixteen per cent reported that their last dental visit was over 24 months ago and 31% reported that they attended only when in trouble or never (most commonly, because of anxiety and cost). There were marked variations in oral health status and use of dental services between those living in the most and least deprived areas.

Conclusions

• Medway adults were more likely than the 2009 national ADHS respondents to be dentate but less likely to have 21 or more teeth. • Oral health impacts have been substantial, especially the experience of physical pain. • Proportionately more people than the 2009 national ADHS respondents reported attending a dentist in the previous 24 months. The most common reasons for non-attendance were anxiety and cost. • These findings have implications for the future development of the Medway oral health strategy and for all those working in primary care dentistry.
A Preliminary Investigation into the Effect of the Use of the Short Message Service (SMS) on Patient Attendance at an NHS Dental Access Centre in Scotland
Authors: Perry John GW
Published: October 2011

Aim

This study's aim was to assess whether the use of Short Message Service (SMS) text reminders sent to patients prior to their dental appointments improved attendance rates for two dentists at a dental access centre in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland.

Method

Automated SMS text reminders were set up through practice management software at Kirkcaldy Dental Access Centre. Two audits, using a research methodology, were then performed. Failure to attend appointments with the two dentists at 150 consecutive appointments was assessed before and after implementing the SMS text reminders. The null hypothesis that SMS reminders do not improve attendance rates at the dental access centre was tested. The Yates’ corrected chi-square test was applied to the resulting data, with the level for statistical significance set at P<0.05.

Results

Patients readily accepted the text messages and found them to be non-intrusive. Failed attendance at appointments for the two dentists was reduced from 46/150 (31%) before the SMS text reminders were introduced to 21/150 (14%) after its introduction ( P=0.00088). Thus the use of SMS text reminders resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the number of failed attendances at appointments for the two dentists.

Conclusions

In this preliminary study, SMS appointment reminders reduced the number of failed appointments significantly. They can provide an automated, non-intrusive, and cost-effective method of improving patient attendance at dental appointments.
Uncertainty in Fire Protection Engineering Design
Authors: Hurley Morgan J.
Published: October 2011

The SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection defines “uncertainty” as “the amount by which an observed or calculated value might differ from the true value.” In engineering, there are two types of uncertainly: epistemic and aleatory. Epistemic uncertainty is uncertainty due to lack of (complete) knowledge. Aleatory uncertainty is uncertainty due to random variation. At present, no single, widely accepted methodology exists for dealing with uncertainty in fire protection engineering. This paper reviews the sources of uncertainty that are present in fire protection engineering and methods that are used to address them.
Parity Not Perfect: Making Sense of Substance Addiction Equity for Case Managers
Authors: Swanke Jayme R. , Zeman Laura Dreuth
Published: October 2011

In October of 2008, the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act became a law. It represents a groundbreaking change in substance abuse treatment policy because it redistributes the bulk of costs for substance abuse treatment from the federal government to group health plans. The law required that employee and public insurances that cover health or surgical care also provide comparable terms of coverage and treatment limitations for substance abuse. This article considers shift within the context of a popular substance abuse motto that “reform is progress but not perfect.” Specifically, it examines policy implications and their impact on consumers, insurers, providers, and case managers.
Fluoxetine Inhibits Inflammatory Response and Bone Loss in a Rat Model of Ligature‐Induced Periodontitis
Authors: Branco‐de‐Almeida Luciana S. , Franco Gilson C. , Castro Myrella L. , dos Santos Juliana G. , Anbinder Ana Lia , Cortelli Sheila C. , Kajiya Mikihito , Kawai Toshihisa , Rosalen Pedro L.
Published: October 2011

Background: Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has been found recently to possess anti‐inflammatory properties. The present study investigates the effects of fluoxetine on inflammatory tissue destruction in a rat model of ligature‐induced periodontal disease.

Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 10 animals per group): 1) control rats (without ligature); 2) rats with ligature + placebo (saline; oral gavage); and 3) rats with ligature + fluoxetine (20 mg/kg/day in saline; oral gavage). Histologic analyses were performed on the furcation region and mesial aspect of mandibular first molars of rats sacrificed at 15 days after ligature‐induced periodontal disease. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and zymography were performed to analyze the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)‐1β, cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 and inducible nitric oxide synthase and the MMP‐9 activity, respectively, in gingival tissues samples.

Results: Compared to the ligature + placebo group, alveolar bone loss was reduced in the fluoxetine group (P <0.05), and the amount of collagen fibers in the gingival tissue was maintained. Moreover, in gingival tissue sampled 3 days after ligature attachment, fluoxetine administration reduced IL‐1β and COX‐2 mRNA expression. Fluoxetine downregulated MMP‐9 activity, without affecting MMP‐9 mRNA expression induced by ligature, compared to the ligature + placebo group (P <0.05). These data suggest that fluoxetine suppressed proinflammatory responses, as well as proteolytic enzyme activity, induced by ligature.

Conclusion: In the present study, fluoxetine suppresses the inflammatory response and protects against periodontal bone resorption and destruction of collagen fibers, suggesting that fluoxetine can constitute a promising therapeutic approach for periodontal diseases.
The Effect of Digestion and Dewatering on Sudden Increases and Regrowth of Indicator Bacteria after Dewatering
Authors: Chen Yen‐Chih , Murthy Sudhir N. , Hendrickson Donald , Araujo Gordon , Higgins Matthew J.
Published: October 2011

Several investigators have reported higher densities of indicator bacteria after dewatering of anaerobically digested biosolids. The increases appear to occur at two points in the biosolids process: the first, referred to as “sudden increase”, occurs immediately after dewatering; the second, “regrowth”, occurs during storage over longer periods. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of digestion and dewatering processes on sudden increase and regrowth of fecal coliform and E. coli. Samples were collected from five thermophilic and five mesophilic digestion processes, with either centrifuge or belt filter press dewatering. Sudden increase typically was observed in the thermophilic processes with centrifuge dewatering and was not observed in the mesophilic processes with either centrifuge or belt filter press dewatering. Regrowth was observed in both thermophilic and mesophilic processes with centrifuge dewatering but not belt filter press dewatering.
Oxidized Starch Solutions for Environmentally Friendly Aircraft Deicers
Authors: Plahuta Joseph M. , Teel Amy L. , Ahmad Mushtaque , Beutel Mark W. , Rentz Jeremy A. , Watts Richard J.
Published: October 2011

Deicers currently used for aircraft deicing, including ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, pose significant threats to surface waters, as a result of high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and toxicity to aquatic organisms. Oxidized starch may provide a less toxic deicer with lower BOD. The freezing point depression of starch formulations oxidized using hydrogen peroxide and catalysts (i.e., catalyzed hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] propagations—CHP) was 28°C, and viscosities similar to those of commercial deicers were achieved after post‐treatment with granular activated carbon. The most effective oxidized starch formulation exerted a 5‐day BOD up to 6 times lower than glycol deicers (103 versus 400 to 800 g O2/L). Toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia for this formulation (48‐hour lethal concentration, 50% [LC50] of 2.73 g/L) was greater than pure propylene glycol (13.1 g/L), but lower than propylene glycol deicer formulations (1.02 g/L). Organic acids were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as the primary constituents in the oxidized starch solution. The proposed deicing system would provide effective deicing while exerting minimal environmental effects (e.g., lower toxicity to aquatic organisms and lower BOD). Furthermore, these deicers could be made from waste starch, promoting sustainability.
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of a Pretreatment System for Removing Organics from Produced Water
Authors: Kwon Soondong , Sullivan Enid J. , Katz Lynn E. , Bowman Robert S. , Kinney Kerry A.
Published: October 2011

Co‐produced water from the oil and gas industry accounts for a significant waste stream in the United States. This “produced water” is characterized by saline water containing a variety of pollutants, including water soluble and immiscible organics and many inorganic species. To reuse produced water, removal of both the inorganic dissolved solids and organic compounds is necessary. In this research, the effectiveness of a pretreatment system consisting of surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ) adsorption followed by a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was evaluated for simultaneous removal of carboxylates and hazardous substances, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) from saline‐produced water. A laboratory‐scale MBR, operated at a 9.6‐hour hydraulic residence time, degraded 92% of the carboxylates present in synthetic produced water. When BTEX was introduced simultaneously to the MBR system with the carboxylates, the system achieved 80 to 95% removal of BTEX via biodegradation. These results suggest that simultaneous biodegradation of both BTEX and carboxylate constituents found in produced water is possible. A field test conducted at a produced water disposal facility in Farmington, New Mexico confirmed the laboratory‐scale results for the MBR and demonstrated enhanced removal of BTEX using a treatment train consisting of SMZ columns followed by the MBR. While most of the BTEX constituents of the produced water adsorbed onto the SMZ adsorption system, approximately 95% of the BTEX that penetrated the SMZ and entered the MBR was biodegraded in the MBR. Removal rates of acetate (influent concentrations of 120 to 170 mg/L) ranged from 91 to 100%, and total organic carbon (influent concentrations as high as 580 mg/L) ranged from 74 to 92%, respectively. Organic removal in the MBR was accomplished at a low biomass concentration of 1 g/L throughout the field trial. While the transmembrane pressure during the laboratory‐scale tests was well‐controlled, it rose substantially during the field test, where no pH control was implemented. The results suggest that pretreatment with an SMZ/MBR system can provide substantial removal of organic compounds present in produced water, a necessary first step for many water‐reuse applications.
Exploring the Impacts of Blog Marketing on Consumers
Authors: Chiang I-Ping , Hsieh Chung-Hsien
Published: October 2011

In this study we investigated the preferences of blog readers for the purpose of designing effective blog marketing campaigns. We surveyed 965 customers who have searched for product information via blogs before consuming, and used structural equation modeling to analyze the data. The
results showed that the convenience provided by blogs is an important reason for consumers to use the medium for product research. Blog marketing elements were also analyzed in terms of interactional sharing, novelty, and professional characteristics. It was found that interactional sharing
most affects consumers' intention to purchase. Additionally, for those who use blogs as a way to search for different types of products, degree of expertise is also an important factor.
Baudrillard's Radicalization of Fetishism
Authors: Gane Mike
Published: October 2011

Baudrillard's theories developed dramatically over his intellectual career of forty years, and throughout these years he contributed considerably to the thematic of cultural fetishism. Consistent with his conception of the consumer society, he developed the notion of sign-fetishism, and object-fetishism. These are both steps in the radicalization of Marx's idea of commodity fetishism, drawing on freud's idea of fetishism as a perverse structure. The article notes that Baudrillard provided inventories of fetishism at regular intervals in his writings, and that these remained curiously unchanging. He contrasts the structure of fetishism with that of symbolic exchange, a cultural formation which resolves fetishism. His analysis of 9/11 is shown to be a complex combination of elements of the theory of fetishism (without being named as such) with that of symbolic exchange. Although Baudrillard developed the notion of fetishism to great critical effect, he did not theorize it or apply it systematically.
Synthesis of ent-Kaurane Diterpene Monoglycosides
Authors: Chaturvedula Venkata Sai Prakash , Klucik Josef , Upreti Mani , Prakash Indra
Published: October 2011

Synthesis of two ent-kaurane diterpene glycosides, steviol 19-O-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (steviol glucuronide, 5), and 13-hydroxy ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (7) has been achieved from a common starting material, steviol, using phase transfer catalyst. Also, synthesis of an additional 17-nor-ent-kaurane glycoside, namely 13-methyl-16-oxo-17-nor-ent-kauran-19-oic acid-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (10) was performed using the starting material isosteviol and similar synthetic methodology. Synthesis of all three steviol glycosides was performed using straightforward chemistry and their structures were characterized on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR as well as mass spectral (MS) data.
The Early Grade Reading Assessment: Applications and Interventions to Improve Basic Literacy
Authors: Gove Amber , Wetterberg Anna
Published: October 2011

The Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) measures students' progress towards reading. EGRA gauges early literacy skills through a 15-minute individual oral assessment of five fundamental reading skills. RTI worked with education experts to develop the EGRA in 2006, and it has been piloted and implemented in more than 40 countries. This volume aims to take stock of the substantial amount of information and experience generated through the use of EGRA, and to share this knowledge with practitioners, policymakers, and international donors. Chapters cover not only particular applications of the instrument but also put EGRA in the context of broader issues and developments in literacy and education.
Les médiations discursives du sensible
Authors: Bertrand Denis
Published: October 2011

Résumé Sur l’horizon du débat qui traverse la sémiotique contemporaine – opposant une expression sensible somatique du sens à une médiation discursive de cette expression – l’article tente d’articuler les deux paradigmes en montrant leur étroite imbrication dans le discours en acte. Deux exemples sont proposés à l’appui de cette thèse, associant, autour d’un même phénomène, un extrait de Du côté de Guermantes de Proust, et des fragments de récits d’enfance de personnalités politiques contemporaines. Ce phénomène est celui de la suspension momentanée d’un rôle thématique, définissant le statut social des énonciateurs, au profit d’une parole sensible apparemment disjointe de ce rôle. L’analyse montre, non seulement que les deux formes de discours interagissent en profondeur, mais qu’un événement particulier de langage, un « connecteur sensible », assurant la médiation entre l’une et l’autre, libère l’expression somatique. Outre le problème théorique posé, l’étude cherche à montrer comment, à partir d’un cas concret, la sémiotique permet d’établir des liens entre la littérature et les discours sociaux.
Sur les concepts de narrateur et de narratologie non communicationnelle
Authors: Rabatel Alain
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cet article revient sur les limites des approches non communicationnelles de la narration à la lumière d’une approche énonciative de la narration. S’il est un fait que le narrateur en il n’a pas le même mode de manifestation discursif qu’un narrateur en je , cela ne plaide pas en faveur de l’inconsistance de la notion de narrateur ni n’autorise à conclure, à partir de sa prétendue absence, à l’existence d’une narratologie non communicationnelle. Dans un deuxième volet, l’article plaide pour une redéfinition de l’approche communicationnelle de la narration et montre que les textes de fiction littéraires présentent des caractéristiques qu’ils partagent avec nombre de textes ordinaires, notamment des stratégies d’effacement énonciatif dont l’interprétation requiert un processus dialogique et dialogal qui ne remet pas en cause le cadre communicationnel, même s’il ne s’agit plus de communication adressée. Enfin, l’article conclut sur les limites de l’opposition « communicationnel » vs « non communicationnel », trop étriquée pour rendre compte de la complexité des phénomènes langagiers.
Le travail des pompiers : un métier au service de l'autre
Authors: Douesnard Jacinthe , Saint-Arnaud Louise
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cette recherche, basée sur le cadre théorique de la psychodynamique du travail, propose de cerner la façon dont les pompiers préservent leur équilibre psychique malgré la dangerosité de leur métier. Cette étude, qui s’est déroulée auprès de pompiers permanents québécois en milieu urbain, s’attarde tout d’abord sur la façon dont ils réinvestissent le temps passé à la caserne entre les alarmes, met ensuite en lumière la relation qu’ils entretiennent avec le feu lors des interventions, et aborde quelques éléments de réflexion liés à l’acceptation à laquelle semblent consentir les pompiers de risquer leur vie pour leurs collègues ou les citoyens.
Clinique du travail et évolution du droit : à propos d'un suicide au travail
Authors: Tessier Hélène
Published: October 2011

Résumé L’article constitue un commentaire du jugement rendu dans l’affaire Touzet contre la Caisse primaire d’assurance maladie et la s.a. Renault , qui porte sur un cas de suicide au travail. Ce jugement a conclu que les nouvelles règles d’organisation du travail dans l’entreprise constituaient un risque significatif pour la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs, risque que l’employeur aurait dû connaître. Le commentaire décrit les principales questions de fait et de droit que comporte ce jugement en insistant sur les liens entre interprétation des faits et définition du lien causal. Il met l’accent sur l’interprétation judiciaire en tant qu’activité de travail et souligne les apports de la psychodynamique du travail dans l’interprétation de la preuve retenue par le tribunal.
Spearmint (l-Carvone) Oil and Wintergreen (Methyl Salicylate) Oil Emulsion Is an Effective Immersion Anesthetic of Fishes
Authors: Danner G. Russell , Muto Katherine W. , Zieba Anna M. , Stillman Chelsea M. , Seggio Joseph A. , Ahmad S. Tariq
Published: October 2011

This study evaluates the effects of a spearmint (/-carvone) and wintergreen oil (methyl salicylate) emulsion (CMSE) on age 1 landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar sebago (hereafter salmon). Salmon were immersed in either 257 µl/L CMSE or 75 mg/L tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) to induce anesthesia (stage 4), useful for emersion and noninvasive husbandry procedures, and then salmon were recovered in fresh water. Induction was quicker in the CMSE group; however, recovery was quicker in the MS-222 group. A second experiment was conducted in which salmon were immersed in 257 µl/L CMSE for 8.5 min, or 75 mg/L MS-222 for 8.5 min in order to compare electrocardiographs during deeper anesthesia (stage 5) between salmon continuously immersed in CMSE to those continuously immersed in MS-222. Because salmon remained sedated longer after CMSE exposure than after MS-222 exposure, a third group of salmon was immersed in 257 µl/L CMSE for just 2.5 min before undergoing the 6-min electrocardiograph procedure. Anesthesia induction rates, recovery rates, and electrocardiographs of salmon anesthetized with CMSE were comparable to salmon anesthetized with MS-222. Salmon anesthetized with CMSE and then transferred immediately to fresh water had more stable heart rates than salmon anesthetized with either MS-222 or CMSE continuously. Salmon bathed continuously in CMSE showed clinical signs of increasing anesthetic depth including decreasing heart rate, decreasing respiration rate and electrocardiograph abnormalities. The CMSE, with its mint and wintergreen concentrations less than in household products such as chewing gum, toothpaste, and mouthwash, is a potent, rapid-acting immersion fish anesthetic comparable to MS-222 for stages 4 and 5 anesthesia.
Quantile Equivalence to Evaluate Compliance With Habitat Management Objectives
Authors: Cade Brian S. , Johnson Pamela R.
Published: October 2011

Equivalence estimated with linear quantile regression was used to evaluate compliance with habitat management objectives at Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge based on monitoring data collected in upland (5,781 ha; n  =  511 transects) and riparian and meadow (2,856 ha, n  =  389 transects) habitats from 2005 to 2008. Quantiles were used because the management objectives specified proportions of the habitat area that needed to comply with vegetation criteria. The linear model was used to obtain estimates that were averaged across 4 y. The equivalence testing framework allowed us to interpret confidence intervals for estimated proportions with respect to intervals of vegetative criteria (equivalence regions) in either a liberal, benefit-of-doubt or conservative, fail-safe approach associated with minimizing alternative risks. Simple Boolean conditional arguments were used to combine the quantile equivalence results for individual vegetation components into a joint statement for the multivariable management objectives. For example, management objective 2A required at least 809 ha of upland habitat with a shrub composition ≥0.70 sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), 20–30% canopy cover of sagebrush ≥25 cm in height, ≥20% canopy cover of grasses, and ≥10% canopy cover of forbs on average over 4 y. Shrub composition and canopy cover of grass each were readily met on >3,000 ha under either conservative or liberal interpretations of sampling variability. However, there were only 809–1,214 ha (conservative to liberal) with ≥10% forb canopy cover and 405–1,098 ha with 20–30% canopy cover of sagebrush ≥25 cm in height. Only 91–180 ha of uplands simultaneously met criteria for all four components, primarily because canopy cover of sagebrush and forbs was inversely related when considered at the spatial scale (30 m) of a sample transect. We demonstrate how the quantile equivalence analyses also can help refine the numerical specification of habitat objectives and explore specification of spatial scales for objectives with respect to sampling scales used to evaluate those objectives.
Acoustic Analysis of PD Speech
Authors: Chenausky Karen , MacAuslan Joel , Goldhor Richard
Published: October 2011

According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, approximately 500,000 Americans have Parkinson's disease (PD), with roughly another 50,000 receiving new diagnoses each year. 70%–90% of these people also have the hypokinetic dysarthria associated with PD. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) substantially relieves motor symptoms in advanced-stage patients for whom medication produces disabling dyskinesias. This study investigated speech changes as a result of DBS settings chosen to maximize motor performance. The speech of 10 PD patients and 12 normal controls was analyzed for syllable rate and variability, syllable length patterning, vowel fraction, voice-onset time variability, and spirantization. These were normalized by the controls' standard deviation to represent distance from normal and combined into a composite measure. Results show that DBS settings relieving motor symptoms can improve speech, making it up to three standard deviations closer to normal. However, the clinically motivated settings evaluated here show greater capacity to impair, rather than improve, speech. A feedback device developed from these findings could be useful to clinicians adjusting DBS parameters, as a means for ensuring they do not unwittingly choose DBS settings which impair patients' communication.
Delayed Diagnosis of Hydranencephaly in a Nine-Month-Old Child
Authors: Petridis Athanasios K. , Krause-Titz Ulf R , Doukas Alexandros , Mehdorn Hubertus Maximilian
Published: October 2011

We present a case of a child suffering of hydranencephaly. The interesting fact in the case is that there were no embryological examinations during pregnancy and therefore could the anomaly, which would have been easily avoided by regular visits to the obstetrician, not be diagnosed timely. Education of mothers is always necessary irrespective on how developed a country is and how good the medical treatment and diagnostic tools are. Every pregnant woman needs to be well educated in matters of pregnancy monitoring.
I’m okay, you’re not okay: Constancy of character and Paul’s understanding of change in his own and Peter’s behaviour
Authors: Stewart Eric
Published: October 2011

Paul argues in Galatians 2:11–14 that Peter was guilty of hypocrisy because he had withdrawn from eating with Gentiles in Antioch. Paul’s argument is best understood through the social and rhetorical conventions related to the encomium. The problem for Paul is that his own behaviour is inconsistent, and the Galatians know of his changed behaviour (Gl 1:13). Paul, then, is at pains to explain how his own changed behaviour, as a result of a commissioning from God, is different from Peter’s changed behaviour, as a result of fear of those from the circumcision. Paul’s concern for explaining his own change in behaviour as positive and Peter’s as negative is related to his overall concern to prevent future changes in the Galatians’ behaviour given that they are, as Paul himself is, commissioned by God for a new freedom.
Ideology and intertextuality: Intertextual allusions in Judith 16
Authors: Nolte S. Philip , Jordaan Pierre J.
Published: October 2011

This article utilised the theory of intertextuality to investigate the way in which religious texts, specifically Judith 16, generate meaning in the act of the production of texts. The groundbreaking work on intertextuality done by Julia Kristeva served as the theoretical point of departure. Kristeva utilised Mikhail Bakhtin’s literary theory to develop her own views on intertextuality. According to the theory of intertextuality, all texts are intersections of different texts and are therefore polyvalent. The article argued that the ideology (or ideologies) of author(s) of texts underpin the ways in which other texts are used and alluded to. The purpose of the investigation was to illustrate how intertextual allusions in Judith 16 are used to describe ‘God/the Lord’ as a God of war and, thereby, to maintain an already existing ideology of war:We know now that a text is not a line of words releasing a single ‘theological’ meaning (the ‘message’ of the Author-God) but a multi-dimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash. The text is a tissue of quotations drawn from the innumerable centres of culture. (Barthes, cited in Beal 1992:27)
Do not question my honour: A social-scientific reading of the parable of the minas (Lk 19:12b–24, 27)
Authors: Van Eck Ernest
Published: October 2011

This article attempted to read the parable of the minas in a 30 CE context, employing a social scientific reading. The integrity of the parable was delimited to Luke 19:12b–24 and 27. It was argued that this version of the parable (that stems from Q) goes back to the earliest layer of the historical Jesus tradition and is a realistic version of the historical background, political background and socioeconomic background of 30 CE Palestine. In this reading of the parable, attention was given to an aspect much neglected in previous scholarship regarding the interpretation of the parable, namely that the third slave in the parable is not condemned. It was argued that this neglected aspect is important for the strategy of the parable. The reading concluded that the parable has two foci; it shows how, in the time of Jesus, the elite exploited the nonelite and how to protest in a situation where the peasantry (the exploited) had no legitimate way of protesting against the exploitative practices of the elite.
Fictive-friendship and the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Crook Zeba A.
Published: October 2011

The phenomena of friendship and giftship in antiquity have been the focus of much anthropological interest, yet those terms are still used much too broadly, wherein any one can be friends and anything exchanged is a gift. This article argued that proper friendship requires equality of exchange and status. When inequality of exchange is present, we will almost always also have inequality of status. These two things together naturally and necessarily result in the absence of frank speech. At this point, proper friendship (defined by frank speech) and the exchange of gifts (defined by equality of value) are impossible, and we have fictivefriendship, a term I have introduced in this article. Fictive-friendship refers to the practice, often but not exclusively amongst elites, of using friendship language to mask relationships of dependence (patronage and clientage). I closed my argument by looking at two examples of fictive-friendship in the Gospel of John.
Low velocity penetrating head injury with impacted foreign bodies in situ
Authors: Kataria Rashim , Singh Deepak , Chopra Sanjeev , Sinha V
Published: October 2011

Penetrating head injury is a potentially life-threatening condition. Penetrating head injuries with impacted object (weapon) are rare. The mechanism of low velocity injury is different from high velocity missile injury. Impacted object (weapon) in situ poses some technical difficulties in the investigation and management of the victims, and if the anticipated problems are not managed properly, they may give rise to serious consequences. The management practice of eight patients with impacted object in situ in context of earlier reported similar cases in literature is presented.
Alphaviruses: Semliki Forest Virus and Sindbis Virus Vectors for Gene Transfer into Neurons
Authors: Ehrengruber Markus U. , Schlesinger Sondra , Lundstrom Kenneth
Published: October 2011

Alphaviral vectors based on Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus infect many host cell types, causing rapid and high‐level transgene expression. In the CNS, Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus exhibit an outstanding preference for neurons rather than glial cells, compared to other viruses. Generation of high‐titer virus stocks is rapid (less than two days) and typically requires biosafety level 1 or 2 containment. Wild‐type vectors are cytotoxic, permitting short‐term transgene expression. However, mutant vectors with decreased cytotoxicity, to prolong host cell survival, have been developed. They also increase transgene expression and cellular co‐infection, permitting heteromeric protein expression in individual cells. In addition, mutants with temperature‐dependent control of transgene expression and altered host cell preference to target interneurons and astrocytes rather than principal neurons are available. Other alphavirus vectors based on Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Eastern equine encephalitis virus replicons have been engineered, too. Alphavirus vectors have been successfully used not only in neuroscience, but also for other applications including drug discovery, structural biology, vaccine development, and cancer therapy. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 57:4.22.1‐4.22.27. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessing Mitochondrial Redox Status by Flow Cytometric Methods: Vascular Response to Fluid Shear Stress
Authors: Li Rongsong , Jen Nelson , Yu Fei , Hsiai Tzung K.
Published: October 2011

Mitochondria are an important source of superoxide production contributing to physiological and pathological responses, including vascular oxidative stress that is relevant to cardiovascular diseases. Vascular oxidative stress is intimately linked with pro‐inflammatory states and atherosclerosis. Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (OxLDL) modulates intracellular redox status and induces apoptosis in endothelial cells. Hemodynamic, specifically, fluid shear stress imparts both biomechanical and metabolic effects on vasculature. Mitochondria are an important source of superoxide production contributing to vascular oxidative stress with relevance to cardiovascular diseases. We hereby present biophysical and biochemical approaches, including fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, to assess the dynamics of vascular redox status. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 58:9.37.1‐9.37.14. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.