bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia from a Pathologists Point of View
Authors: Lyons Keegan , Butler Samantha
Published: November 2018

Anal squamous cell carcinoma is a relatively rare diagnosis, but its incidence has continued to rise. Anal squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), are human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated squamous neoplasias. High-risk HPV subtypes cause cellular proliferation in the anal transformation zone mucosa leading to similar dysplastic changes as seen in the cervix. Unified cytologic and histologic classification systems have emerged for all HPV-associated squamous lesions of the lower anogenital tract due to recent advancements in the understanding of these lesions. P16 immunohistochemical stain, a biomarker for HPV, is recommended in the diagnosis of HPV-associated lesions. The unity of terminology will aid in communication between pathologists and clinicians, ultimately leading to improved patient care.
Basic Science, Epidemiology, and Screening for Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Its Relationship to Anal Squamous Cell Cancer
Authors: Davis Kurt , Orangio Guy
Published: November 2018

Despite the progress made in the reduction of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, the incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) has been increasing since 1992. While it remains an uncommon disease, the prevalence is climbing steadily. Among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, especially men who have sex with men, ASCC is one of the more common non-AIDS-defining malignancies. The precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), is prevalent in the HIV-infected population. More than 90% of ASCCs are related to human papilloma virus (HPV), oncogenic types (HPV 16, 18). While the biology of HPV-related intraepithelial neoplasia is consistent in the anogenital area, the natural history of AIN is poorly understood and is not identical to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN is also considered an AIDS-defining malignancy, and the methods for screening and prevention of AIN are derived from the CIN literature. This article will discuss the epidemiology of ASCC and its association with HPV and the life cycle of the HPV, and the molecular changes that lead to clearance, productive infection, latency, and persistence. The immunology of HPV infection will discuss natural immunity, humoral and cellular immunity, and how the HPV virus evades and interferes with these mechanisms. We will also discuss high-risk factors for developing AIN in high-risk patient populations with relation to infections (HIV, HPV, and chlamydia infections), prolonged immunocompromised people, and sexual behavior and tobacco abuse. We will also discuss the pre- and post-HAART era and its effect on AINs and ASCC. Finally, we will discuss the importance of anal cytology and high-resolution anoscopy with and without biopsy in this high-risk population.
Tracheal Replacement Using an In-Body Tissue-Engineered Collagenous Tube “BIOTUBE” with a Biodegradable Stent in a Beagle Model: A Preliminary Report on a New Technique
Authors: Nakayama Yasuhide , Umeda Satoshi , Takama Yuichi , Terazawa Takeshi , Okuyama Hiroomi , Hiwatashi Shohei
Published: November 2018

Introduction Tracheal reconstruction for long-segment stenosis remains challenging. We investigate the usefulness of BIOTUBE, an in-body tissue-engineered collagenous tube with a biodegradable stent, as a novel tracheal scaffold in a beagle model.

Materials and Methods We prepared BIOTUBEs by embedding specially designed molds, including biodegradable stents, into subcutaneous pouches in beagles. After 2 months, the molds were filled with ingrown connective tissues and were harvested to obtain the BIOTUBEs. The BIOTUBEs, cut to 10- or 20-mm lengths, were implanted to replace the same-length defects in the cervical trachea of five beagles. Endoscopic and fluoroscopic evaluations were performed every week until the lumen became stable. The trachea, including the BIOTUBE, was harvested and subjected to histological evaluation between 3 and 7 months after implantation.

Results One beagle died 28 days after 20-mm BIOTUBE implantation because of insufficient expansion and retention force of the stent. The remaining four beagles were implanted with a BIOTUBE reinforced by a strong stent, and all survived the observation period. Endoscopy revealed narrowing of the BIOTUBEs in all four beagles, due to an inflammatory reaction, but patency was maintained by steroid application at the implantation site and balloon dilatation against the stenosis. After 2 months, the lumen gradually became wider. Histological analyses showed that the internal surface of the BIOTUBEs was completely covered with tracheal epithelial cells.

Conclusion This study demonstrated the usefulness of the BIOTUBE with a biodegradable stent as a novel scaffold for tracheal regeneration.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis of Water Reduction in Lower-Limb Lymphedema by Lymphaticovenular Anastomosis
Authors: Yasunaga Yoshichika , Yanagisawa Daisuke , Ohata Erika , Matsuo Kiyoshi , Yuzuriha Shunsuke
Published: November 2018

Background Although lymphedema is fundamentally abnormal accumulation of excess water in the extracellular space, previous studies have evaluated the efficacy of physiological bypass surgery (lymphaticovenular anastomosis [LVA]) for lymphedema without measuring water volume. This study clarified the water reductive effect of LVA using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).

Methods The efficacy of LVA for unilateral lower-limb lymphedema was evaluated using BIA in a retrospective cohort. The water volume of affected and unaffected legs was measured using multifrequency BIA before and after LVA. Preoperative measurements were undertaken after compression therapy for at least 3 months. The follow-up period after LVA was a minimum of 6 months.

Results Thirty consecutive patients with unilateral lower-limb lymphedema were enrolled. The mean water volume reduction of the affected leg by LVA (ΔLBW) was 0.86 L (standard deviation [SD]: 0.86, median: 0.65) with a mean number of 3.3 anastomoses (SD: 1.7). The mean reduction rate of edema was 45.1% (SD: 36.3). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed water volume difference between the affected and unaffected legs before LVA (excess LBW) as the strongest predictor of ΔLBW (R
2 = 0.759, p < 0.01; β = 0.500, p < 0.01).

Conclusion The LVA reduces the volume of accumulated body water in lower-limb lymphedema. As excess LBW most strongly predicted the amount of water volume reduction by LVA, body water volume measurement by BIA before LVA might identify patients with low excess LBW not expected to benefit from LVA, regardless of apparent differences in limb circumference.
Prediction of Flap Necrosis by Using Indocyanine Green Videoangiography in Cases of Venous Occlusion in the Epigastric Flap Model of the Rat
Authors: Ritschl Lucas , Schmidt Leonard , Fichter Andreas , Hapfelmeier Alexander , Kanatas Anastasios , Wolff Klaus-Dietrich , Mücke Thomas
Published: November 2018

Background A compromised free flap perfusion attributable to vascular occlusion requires immediate operative correction. Indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography may reduce the risk of partial skin flap necrosis in high-risk free flaps in patients undergoing head and neck reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of ICG in cases of venous congestion in a rat model.

Methods A standardized epigastric flap was raised and repositioned in 35 rats. Full venous occlusion of the draining superficial inferior epigastric vein was temporarily applied for 4, 5, 6, or 7 hours. Blood flow measurements including simultaneous laser-Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry (oxygen-to-see [O2C]) and ICG videoangiography with the FLOW 800 tool were performed before flap raising, after temporary venous stasis, and after clinical monitoring for 1 week. The Youden index computed from the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to define an optimal cutoff value for necrosis prediction after 4 and 6 hours of stasis.

Results The ICG videoangiography with the FLOW 800 tool was found to be superior to O2C in the prediction of flap necrosis. The accuracy of prediction was moderate after an interval of 4 hours of stasis (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.661; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.489–0.834) and good after 6 hours of stasis (AUC = 0.787; 95% CI: 0.65–0.915).

Conclusions The O2C does not reliably predict tissue necrosis in cases of venous congestion. ICG videoangiography is a valuable tool that can predict clinical outcome and provide guidance on whether to salvage a congested flap.
Nonlinear dynamics of U.S. equity factor portfolios
Authors: Wey Matthew A.
Published: November 2018

Evidence of both a latent nonlinear dependence and chaos is presented for U.S. equity factors, or portfolios of individual equities constructed in such a way so as to maintain exposure to some sort of financial risk premium or behavioral anomaly. Factors analyzed are value, size, momentum, long-term reversal, and short-term reversal, with daily data beginning in the early-20th century. The Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman test indicates the existence of a latent nonlinear dependence, and measures of the maximal Lyapunov exponent, correlation dimension, and Kolmogorov entropy all produce results consistent with the hallmarks of chaos, outcomes both novel and inconsistent with the random walk model for security returns.
Isotopic and symmetry breaking effects on phosphine spectra under H → D substitutions from ab initio variational calculations
Authors: Viglaska Dominika , Rey Michael , Nikitin Andrei V. , Tyuterev Vladimir G.
Published: November 2018

Variationally computed infrared spectra in the range [0-5000] cm−1 are reported for the deuterated PH2D and PHD2 molecules from accurate potential energy and dipole moment surfaces initially derived for the major isotopologue PH3(C3v). Energy level and line intensity calculations were performed by using a normal-mode model combined with isotopic and symmetry transformations for the H → D substitutions. Theoretical spectra were computed at 296 K up to Jmax = 30 and will be made available through the TheoReTS information system (http://theorets.univ-reims.fr, http://theorets.tsu.ru). For the very first time, ab initio intensity predictions of PH2D/PHD2 are in good qualitative agreement with the literature. This work will be useful for spectral intensity analysis for which accurate spectral intensity data are still missing.
Theory of optical forces on small particles by multiple plane waves
Authors: Mobini Ehsan , Rahimzadegan Aso , Rockstuhl Carsten , Alaee Rasoul
Published: November 2018

We theoretically investigate the optical force exerted on an isotropic particle illuminated by a superposition of plane waves. We derive explicit analytical expressions for the exerted force up to quadrupolar polarizabilities. Based on these analytical expressions, we demonstrate that an illumination consisting of two tilted plane waves can provide a full control on the optical force. In particular, optical pulling, pushing, and lateral forces can be obtained by the proper tuning of illumination parameters. Our findings might unlock multiple applications based on a deterministic control of the spatial motion of small particles.
Turbulent boundary layer manipulation under a proportional-derivative closed-loop scheme
Authors: Qiao Z. X. , Wu Z. , Zhou Y.
Published: November 2018

This work aims to experimentally investigate the manipulation of a turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate using a proportional-derivative (PD) controller. The control action is generated by an array of two flush-mounted piezo-ceramic actuators. Two different schemes are examined, i.e., feed-forward and feedback PD controls, with a view to suppressing the viscous-scaled near-wall cycle of high-speed events in the near-wall region and hence reducing skin friction drag. It has been found that the use of the feed-forward PD scheme may reduce the local maximum drag reduction by up to 33% at 14 wall units downstream of the actuator array, exceeding the open-loop control result (30%) as well as our previously reported combined feed-forward and feedback scheme (28%) [Z. X. Qiao, Y. Zhou, and Z. Wu, “Turbulent boundary layer under the control of different schemes,” Proc. R. Soc. A 473, 20170038 (2017)], and furthermore, this significantly cuts down the required input energy by 27%, compared to the open-loop control. On the other hand, the feedback PD scheme achieves the same control performance as the open-loop control, that is, producing a local maximum drag reduction of 30% without any saving in the input energy. The underlying control mechanism behind these control schemes is proposed based on the analyses of the hot-wire data measured with and without control.
Temperature dependence of the solid-liquid interface free energy of Ni and Al from molecular dynamics simulation of nucleation
Authors: Sun Yang , Zhang Feng , Song Huajing , Mendelev Mikhail I. , Wang Cai-Zhuang , Ho Kai-Ming
Published: November 2018

The temperature dependence of the solid-liquid interfacial free energy, γ, is investigated for Al and Ni at the undercooled temperature regime based on a recently developed persistent-embryo method. The atomistic description of the nucleus shape is obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. The computed γ shows a linear dependence on the temperature. The values of γ extrapolated to the melting temperature agree well with previous data obtained by the capillary fluctuation method. Using the temperature dependence of γ, we estimate the nucleation free energy barrier in a wide temperature range from the classical nucleation theory. The obtained data agree very well with the results from the brute-force molecular dynamics simulations.
Singly charged ion source designed using three-dimensional particle-in-cell method
Authors: Katagiri K. , Noda A. , Wakui T. , Hojo S. , Miyahara N. , Boytsov A. Yu. , Donets E. D. , Donets E. E. , Ramzdorf A. Yu. , Shirai T. , Noda K.
Published: November 2018

A singly charged ion source (SCIS) has been designed using a newly developed three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) code. The SCIS is to be used in an isotope separation on-line (ISOL) system that provides 11C ions for heavy-ion cancer therapy with simultaneous verification of the dose distribution using positron emission tomography. The SCIS uses low-energy electron beams to produce singly charged carbon ions efficiently and maintain a high vacuum in the ISOL system. Because the SCIS has to realize a production efficiency of 1% if its carbon ions are to be used in the ISOL system, a suitable design for the SCIS was investigated by using the developed PIC code to study the beam trajectories of the electrons and extracted ions. The simulation results show that hollow electron beams are produced in the designed SCIS resulting in a high effective electron current. The results also predict that the designed SCIS would realize ion-production efficiencies (IPEs) of εSCIS ≃ 6.7% for CO2+ production from CO2 gas and εSCIS ≃ 0.1% for C+ production from CH4 gas. Moreover, to examine the validity of the developed code and confirm that the SCIS was able to be designed appropriately, the space-charge-limited current of the electron gun and the total IPE obtained by adding the IPEs of each ion were compared between the experiment and the simulation.
Unified theory of plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer and hot electron injection processes for enhanced photocurrent efficiency
Authors: You Xinyuan , Ramakrishna S. , Seideman Tamar
Published: November 2018

Plasmons in metal nanoparticles (MNPs) promise to enhance solar energy conversion in semiconductors. Two essential mechanisms of enhancement in the near-field regime are hot electron injection (HEI) and plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET). Individual studies of both mechanisms indicate that the PIRET efficiency is limited by the short lifetime of the plasmon, whereas the hot electrons result from the plasmon decay. The development of a unified theory of the coupled HEI and PIRET processes is fundamentally interesting and necessary for making reliable predictions but is complicated by the multiple interactions between various components that participate in the enhancement process. In this paper, we use the model-Hamiltonian approach to develop a combined theoretical framework including both PIRET and HEI. The coupled dynamics as well as the time evolution of hot electron energy distribution are studied. The theory further predicts an interference-induced asymmetry in the spectral dependence of PIRET, which can be used to distinguish it from HEI. As the relative contributions of PIRET and HEI strongly depend on the size of the MNPs, this presents itself as a simple route to control the strength of their contributions. The results presented here can further guide future applications of plasmonic solar energy harvesting.
Development of an ion mobility spectrometer using radio-frequency electric field
Authors: Iwamoto Kenichi , Fujimoto Yusuke , Nakanishi Toshiki
Published: November 2018

This paper describes the development of a new ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) using the radio-frequency (RF) electric field. The proposed IMS has high ion transmission efficiency. Seven connected IMS devices, in which the RF and DC electric fields are created by separate electrodes, are constructed. The ions are confined by the RF electric field and drifted by the DC electric field. The electrodes in each IMS device include short quadrupole electrodes and segmented vane electrodes. The uniform electric field in the IMS is verified by simulated results obtained using SIMION. To measure the exact value of reduced mobility K0 at low Td (1 Td = 10−17 V cm2), two ion gates are installed in the IMS. By installing the ion gates at suitable positions for eliminating the effect of gas flow, the exact ion velocity through the IMS can be measured. The K0 values of O2+ and C6H6+ ions are measured as a function of Td. In addition, the K0 of CH3OCH2+ fragment ions is measured. These K0 measurement results are consistent with previous results obtained using electrostatic drift tube apparatus. In summary, as our IMS can measure K0 under low Td conditions, it can be used to better understand the structure of small molecular or fragment ions.
Effects of oblique shock waves on turbulent structures and statistics of supersonic mixing layers
Authors: Fang Xinxin , Shen Chibing , Sun Mingbo , Hu Zhiwei
Published: November 2018

A supersonic mixing layer at a convective Mach number of 0.8 was investigated by large eddy simulation. Turbulent structures and statistics of the mixing layer interacting with an oblique shock at different strengths in the self-preserving stage were investigated and compared with the shock-free mixing layer. An inflection point arises on the velocity profiles in the self-preserving region where the incident shock wave impinges, in addition to the three inflection points existing in the shock-free mixing layer. It is caused by the hairpin vortices induced through the baroclinic mechanism of the interaction of the incident shock wave. However, the induced hairpin vortices disappear quickly within a short distance. The vorticity thickness of the shocked-mixing layer experiences a sudden decrease in the vicinity of the shock impingement point, which is due to the induced hairpin vortices, followed by a more rapid growth than that of the shock-free mixing layer. So the incident shock has positive effects on the growth of the mixing layer. Both the hairpin vortices and the vortices originated from the hairpin vortices can result in a double-peak profile of the streamwise Reynolds stress in the transient stage of the mixing layer. In addition, the asymmetric profiles for the Reynolds stress are due to the hairpin vortices breakup earlier in the upper stream. The amplitudes of the Reynolds stress increase slightly and their peak positions move toward the center of the mixing layer even in the self-preserving stage. Moreover, the profiles of the transverse Reynolds stress and Reynolds shear stress have two peaks for the shocked-mixing layer which are caused by the reflected shock waves and the mixing layer. The incident shock increases energy transport and convection between the mixing layer and the mainstream. As a result, the mixing process of the shocked-mixing layer is enhanced.
Light-emitting 9R-Si phase formed by Kr+ ion implantation into SiO2/Si substrate
Authors: Nikolskaya A. A. , Korolev D. S. , Mikhaylov A. N. , Belov A. I. , Sushkov A. A. , Krivulin N. O. , Muhamatchin K. R. , Elizarova A. A. , Marychev M. O. , Konakov A. A. , Tetelbaum D. I. , Pavlov D. A.
Published: November 2018

Light-emitting layers of hexagonal 9R silicon were synthesized by ion implantation into SiO2/Si substrates. Using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, the formation of a 9R phase in a cubic silicon substrate near the interface with silicon dioxide under irradiation with Kr+ ions (80 keV) and subsequent annealing at 800 °C is demonstrated. Arguments explaining how the new phase is formed through hexagonalization of the initial cubic silicon are presented. The synthesized 9R-Si layers are characterized by a low-temperature photoluminescence line with the maximum at a wavelength around 1240 nm. First-principles calculations of the 9R-Si electronic band structure showed that this material is an indirect-gap semiconductor with the bandgap value of 1.06 eV, which is in good agreement with the spectral position of the experimentally observed photoluminescence line. Believing that the proposed approach can be extended to other semiconductors, we calculated the electronic band structure of 9R germanium and predicted that the hexagonalization converts cubic Ge into a direct-gap semiconductor with the bandgap of 0.48 eV.
A magnetic guide to purify radical beams
Authors: Toscano Jutta , Rennick Christopher J. , Softley Timothy P. , Heazlewood Brianna R.
Published: November 2018

Generating a controllable and pure source of molecular free-radicals or open-shell atoms has been one of the primary barriers hindering the detailed study of radical processes in the laboratory. Here, we introduce a novel magnetic guide for the generation of a pure beam of velocity-selected radicals—a tuneable source that will enable the study of radical interactions with exceptional control over the properties of the radical species. Only radicals with a selected velocity are transmitted through the guide; all other components of the incoming beam (radical species traveling at other velocities, precursor molecules, and seed gas) are removed. The guide is composed of four Halbach arrays—hexapolar focusing elements—and two skimming blades. The relative positions of these components can be adjusted to tune the properties of the resulting beam and to optimise transmission for a given velocity. Experimental measurements of Zeeman-decelerated H atoms transmitted through the guide, combined with extensive simulations, show that the magnetic guide removes 99% of H-atoms traveling outside the narrow target velocity range.
Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of an exploding aluminum wire immersed in argon gas
Authors: Liu Haoyu , Zhao Junping , Li Geqi , Zhang Qiaogen
Published: November 2018

Experiments involving exploding aluminum wires immersed in argon gas and driven by a pulsed current source (in the microsecond time scale) were carried out in this work. Apart from electrical measurements, a multi-frame optical camera was used to observe the spatial and temporal distributions of the plasmas produced by the explosion. A time-integrated spectrometer and a photo-electric multiplier were used to analyze the light emitted from exploding aluminum wires. Electrical explosion of wires has been classified into three types according to current and voltage waveforms. By using photographic evidence and spectrum-based measurements, characteristics of the spatial and temporal distributions of the exploding wires associated with different experimental parameters were obtained and analyzed. Furthermore, the expansion trajectories of the exploding Al wires with different specific energy depositions are presented. It was found that more deposited energy leads to faster expansion velocities of the exploding products.
Comparative physiological responses of Microcoleus vaginatus and Bryum argenteum to enhanced UV-B radiation under field conditions
Authors: Hui Rong , Jia Rongliang , Zhao Yang , Song Guang , Gao Yanhong
Published: November 2018

UV-B radiation is an important environmental factor affecting the composition and function of biological soil crusts (BSCs). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on BSCs from Tengger Desert, north-western China, which are dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus Gom. and moss Bryum argenteum Hedw. The BSCs were exposed to four UV-B supplemental treatments, including 2.75 (control), 3.08, 3.25, and 3.41Wm–2, for 40 days under field condition. In both the studied organisms, UV-B radiation significantly affected the physiological properties (total flavonoids, soluble proteins, soluble sugars, and proline contents). While marginally enhanced UV-B radiation for a short period favoured the growth of M. vaginatus and B. argenteum, excessively high and prolonged UV-B radiation suppressed the physiological properties of the two organisms. Moreover, response index revealed that UV-B radiation had more detrimental effects on B. argenteum, suggesting that B. argenteum is more sensitive to UV-B radiation than M. vaginatus. The findings of this study could help to predict and evaluate the possible changes in the structure and function of desert ecosystems, based on the variation in physiological responses of M. vaginatus and B. argenteum to enhanced UV-B radiation.
Getting pre-exposure prophylaxis to high-risk transgender women: lessons from Detroit, USA
Authors: Hood Julia E. , Eljallad Tony , Abad Julisa , Connolly Maureen , Heumann Christine , Fritz Jonathan , Roach Mary , Lukomski Dawn , Golden Matthew R.
Published: November 2018

Background
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective HIV prevention strategy, but it is unclear how best to deliver PrEP to key populations. Drawing upon a cross-sectional survey of transgender women (TW) in Detroit, USA, and experience of a PrEP clinic that serves this population, this manuscript describes the following: (1) the risk profile of Detroit TW; (2) the proportion of TW with at least one PrEP indication; and (3) perceptions of and experiences with PrEP among TW in Detroit. Methods: Between August 2017 and March 2018, 126 TW completed an online PrEP survey. Survey responses were summarised using descriptive statistics and multivariable relative risk regression. Results: Among participants who reported a negative or unknown HIV status (76% of all participants), 56% reported risk behaviour(s) consistent with PrEP indication guidelines, 17% reported currently taking PrEP and another 4% reported discontinued PrEP use. Among participants who met an indication for PrEP but were not currently taking PrEP, 64% indicated that they were not interested in taking PrEP. Approximately 60% of participants who were not currently taking PrEP reported that they would be more likely to take PrEP if it were provided at a clinic that also provided hormone replacement therapy. Conclusions: Although a substantial proportion of TW in our survey were on PrEP, interest in PrEP among high-risk TW who were not taking it was low. Specialised clinical infrastructure that is responsive to the specific needs of TW may be needed to expand PrEP to this oftentimes marginalised and high-risk population.
Physicians' preparedness for pre-exposure prophylaxis: results of an online survey in Belgium
Authors: Reyniers Thijs , Vuylsteke Bea , Pirotte Benoit , Hoornenborg Elske , Bil Janneke P. , Wouters Kristien , Laga Marie , Nöstlinger Christiana
Published: November 2018

Background
Physicians have a crucial role in the implementation and scale up of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The objective of this study is to examine Belgian physicians’ PrEP knowledge, concerns, acceptance and their willingness to prescribe PrEP. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between March and June 2016. Dissemination targeted Belgian primary care physicians (PCPs) and HIV specialists. Sociodemographic characteristics, experience with HIV and PrEP, self-assessed PrEP knowledge, concerns about PrEP, and PrEP acceptance were stratified according to professional background. Associations with willingness to prescribe PrEP were examined using univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses. Results: In total, 333 completed surveys were included in the analysis. Sixty-two physicians (18.6%) scored their knowledge of PrEP to be good, 263 (79.0%) had an accepting attitude towards PrEP and 198 (59.5%) were willing to prescribe PrEP if approved in Belgium. HIV specialists consistently reported having better knowledge of PrEP, less concerns and a more accepting attitude towards PrEP than PCPs. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, higher PrEP knowledge (OR 2.4; 95%CI: 1.0–5.7) and higher PrEP acceptance (OR: 3.8; 95%CI: 2.1–6.8) remained significantly associated with the willingness to prescribe PrEP. Conclusions: HIV specialists are better prepared to provide PrEP than PCPs in Belgium. Interventions to improve PrEP knowledge and acceptance among all providers are needed. The role of PCPs could be very important in optimising the rollout of PrEP, but additional training and guidelines will be needed.
Simulation study of grass fire using a physics-based model: striving towards numerical rigour and the effect of grass height on the rate of spread
Authors: Moinuddin K. A. M. , Sutherland D. , Mell W.
Published: November 2018

Grid-independent rate of spread results from a physics-based simulation are presented. Previously, such a numerical benchmark has been elusive owing to computational restrictions. The grid-converged results are used to systematically construct correlations between the rate of spread (RoS) and both wind speed and grass height, separately. The RoS obtained from the physics-based model is found to be linear with wind speed in the parameter range considered. When wind speed is varied, the physics-based model predicts faster RoS than the Mk III and V (McArthur) models (Noble et al. 1980) but slower than the CSIRO model (Cheney et al. 1998). When the grass height is varied keeping the bulk density constant, the fire front changes from a boundary layer flame mode to plume flame mode as the grass height increases. Once the fires are in plume mode, a higher grass height results in a larger heat release rate of the fire but a slower RoS.
The wildfire within: gender, leadership and wildland fire culture
Authors: Reimer Rachel , Eriksen Christine
Published: November 2018

This article examines findings from a 2016 study on gender and leadership within the British Columbia Wildfire Service (BCWS), Canada. The study utilised action research to facilitate an in-depth conversation among wildland firefighters about gender and leadership, and to explore participant-derived actions steps within the BCWS towards a perceived ideal future(s). The study found widespread occurrences of gender discrimination in the day-to-day practice of leadership, and that gender made a difference for wildland firefighters’ experiences of normative workplace culture. In their practice of leadership, participants described a trade-off between gender diversity and excellence. The article concludes that the practice of leadership within wildland fire must include open dialogue about, and strategic engagement with, gendered cultural norms within the workplace in order to dispel myths and latent beliefs, and support what firefighters in this study defined as ‘excellent leadership’.
Evolution of drug resistance in an antifungal-naive chronic
Candida lusitaniae
infection
Authors: Demers Elora G. , Biermann Amy R. , Masonjones Sawyer , Crocker Alex W. , Ashare Alix , Stajich Jason E. , Hogan Deborah A.
Published: November 2018

Significance

Drug-resistant subpopulations of microbes or tumor cells are difficult to detect but can confound disease treatment. In this deep characterization of a chronic fungal infection, we report unprecedented heterogeneity in the drug resistance-related gene
MRR1
among
Clavispora
(
Candida
)
lusitaniae
isolates from a single individual. Cells expressing Mrr1 variants that led to drug resistance, by elevated expression of the
MDR1
-encoded efflux protein, were present at low levels in each sample and thus were undetected in standard assays. We provide evidence that these drug-resistant fungi may arise indirectly in response to other factors present in the infection. Our work suggests that alternative methods may be able to identify drug-resistant subpopulations and thus positively impact patient care.
以多变异刺激感知汉语声调的课堂实验
Authors: Shi Jianguo , Zhang Yuanyuan
Published: November 2018

本研究以澳洲中学生的两个教学班在课堂上听辨普通话声调的实验为例，比较传统的声调演示法和多变异刺激法的不同教学效果。本研究的课堂实验数据说明，以多变异刺激法加上三声低平调的发音对学生感知汉语声调有明显效果，表现为经过很短时间的课堂练习后，实验班学生对二声和三声的听辨正确率有显著提高，同时将二声听成三声、将三声听成四声的相混率也明显下降。本研究还对该实验可能影响三声听辨的其他因素进行了分析。
Corpus-based instruction
Authors: Yeh Meng , Zhang Xian
Published: November 2018

The aim of this study is two-fold. First, it demonstrates the use of learner and native speaker spoken Chinese corpora to identify learners’ non-use of the discourse-linkingjiuin the narration of stories. To guide students to notice and practicejiuin spoken narrative contexts, we designed and implemented four 50-minute classes of corpus-based instruction. Second, this study investigates the effect of the corpus-based instruction in teaching discourse-linkingjiu. Evaluation of the oral production of story narration from the pretest and posttest reveals that the students in the experimental group outperformed the control group. The results suggest that the corpus-based instruction had a positive effect on students’ learning ofjiuin storytelling.
Dialogic features and interpersonal management in the early courtroom action game
Authors: Chaemsaithong Krisda
Published: November 2018

There are certain areas where present-day studies of language use can learn from history. Using a dialogue-analytic approach, this study investigates dialogic features and interpersonal management in the early English courtroom. Drawing upon a corpus of 81 opening statements from theProceedings of the Old Bailey(1759–1799), the quantitative and qualitative analysis reveals that this courtroom action game is highly dialogic and that an active jury was significantly presupposed in this particular historical setting. The lawyers consistently endeavored to solicit solidarity and in-groupness through pronominal choices, and to argumentatively negotiate agreement and secure consent through directives, shared knowledge markers, asides, and questions. The findings testify to the central role of dialogism and interpersonal negotiation in historical courtroom action games.
On the role of gaze in the organization of turn-taking and sequence organization in interpreter-mediated dialogue
Authors: Vranjes Jelena , Brône Geert , Feyaerts Kurt
Published: November 2018

This paper contributes to the growing line of research that takes a multimodal approach in the study of interpreter-mediated dialogues. Drawing on insights from Conversation Analysis and multimodal analysis, we investigate how extended multi-unit turns unfold with interventions of an interpreter and, more specifically, what is the role of gaze in this process. The analysis is based on videos of interpreter-mediated dialogues (Dutch-Russian) recorded with mobile eye-tracking glasses. We argue that the interpreter’s gaze direction contributes both to the local management of turn-taking (next-speaker selection) and to sequence organization. More specifically, we show how interpreter’s gaze orientation bears on the negotiation of possibletransition relevance placesand how it contributes to the smooth continuation of the projected extended multi-unit turn.
Broad properties of beliefs
Authors: Rieppel Michael
Published: November 2018

Yli-Vakkuri (2018) argues that content externalism can be established without thought experiments, as the deductive consequence of a pair of uncontroversial principles about beliefs, contents and truth. I argue that the most dialectically plausible motivation for the first principle, that truth is a broad property or beliefs, undermines the second principle, that the truth-value of a belief goes hand-in-hand with that of its content, and that other motivations are likely to depend on externalist thought experiments the argument was meant to avoid. As it stands, the argument for externalism therefore fails.
Partially non-homogeneous dynamic Bayesian networks based on Bayesian regression models with partitioned design matrices
Authors: Shafiee Kamalabad Mahdi , Heberle Alexander Martin , Thedieck Kathrin , Grzegorczyk Marco
Published: November 2018

Motivation

Non-homogeneous dynamic Bayesian networks (NH-DBNs) are a popular modelling tool for learning cellular networks from time series data. In systems biology, time series are often measured under different experimental conditions, and not rarely only some network interaction parameters depend on the condition while the other parameters stay constant across conditions. For this situation, we propose a new partially NH-DBN, based on Bayesian hierarchical regression models with partitioned design matrices. With regard to our main application to semi-quantitative (immunoblot) timecourse data from mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling, we also propose a Gaussian process-based method to solve the problem of non-equidistant time series measurements.

Results

On synthetic network data and on yeast gene expression data the new model leads to improved network reconstruction accuracies. We then use the new model to reconstruct the topologies of the circadian clock network in Arabidopsis thaliana and the mTORC1 signalling pathway. The inferred network topologies show features that are consistent with the biological literature.

Availability and implementation

All datasets have been made available with earlier publications. Our Matlab code is available upon request.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Oxytocin Modulates the Intrinsic Dynamics Between Attention-Related Large-Scale Networks
Authors: Xin Fei , Zhou Feng , Zhou Xinqi , Ma Xiaole , Geng Yayuan , Zhao Weihua , Yao Shuxia , Dong Debo , Biswal Bharat B , Kendrick Keith M , Becker Benjamin
Published: November 2018

Attention and salience processing have been linked to the intrinsic between- and within-network dynamics of large-scale networks engaged in internal (default network [DN]) and external attention allocation (dorsal attention network [DAN] and salience network [SN]). The central oxytocin (OXT) system appears ideally organized to modulate widely distributed neural systems and to regulate the switch between internal attention and salient stimuli in the environment. The current randomized placebo (PLC)-controlled between-subject pharmacological resting-state fMRI study in N = 187 (OXT, n = 94; PLC, n = 93; single-dose intranasal administration) healthy male and female participants employed an independent component analysis approach to determine the modulatory effects of OXT on the within- and between-network dynamics of the DAN–SN–DN triple network system. OXT increased the functional integration between subsystems within SN and DN and increased functional segregation of the DN with both attentional control networks (SN and DAN). Whereas no sex differences were observed, OXT effects on the DN–SN interaction were modulated by autistic traits. Together, the findings suggest that OXT may facilitate efficient attention allocation by modulating the intrinsic functional dynamics between DN components and large-scale networks involved in external attentional demands (SN and DAN).
Part-time in general practice—a remedy to a time-based problem?
Authors: Strazdins Erika , Dwan Kathryn , Pescud Melanie , Strazdins Lyndall
Published: November 2018

Background

Increasing numbers of GPs are reducing the hours they work in clinical practice. The reasons for and implications of this are not well-understood.

Objective

To investigate how the demands of general practice, especially new time pressures, impact GPs’ professional and personal lives and work hour choices.

Method

Using a grounded theory approach, we conducted 26 in-depth interviews with GPs working in Australia.

Results

Time-bound consultation windows, the complexity of patients presenting to general practice and consequent administrative and emotional burdens placed upon GPs combined to increase time pressures and an intensifying clinical load. Many GPs also strove to sequester time for family and reported burnout and poor health along with abiding concerns for quality of care.

Conclusion

This study suggests a need for new policies on how clinical consultations are timed and remunerated in keeping with a changed GP demography, new demands and a more complex patient care profile.
Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Episodic Memory in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study
Authors: Manenti Rosa , Sandrini Marco , Gobbi Elena , Binetti Giuliano , Cotelli Maria
Published: November 2018

Objectives

Episodic memory is impaired in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), which is posited as a potential prodromal form of Alzheimer’s disease. Reactivated existing memories become sensitive to modification during reconsolidation. There is evidence that the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays causal role in episodic memory reconsolidation. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the PFC after a contextual reminder enhanced episodic memory performance up to 1 month, conceivably through reconsolidation, in older adults with subjective memory complaints, a condition that may represent a “pre-mild cognitive impairment” stage. The aim of this pilot study was to test the effect of PFC-tDCS (anode over left lateral PFC, cathode over right supraorbital area) after a contextual reminder on episodic memory in older adults with aMCI.

Method

Older adults with aMCI learned a list of words. Twenty-four hours later, tDCS (Active or Sham) was applied after a contextual reminder. Memory retrieval (free recall and recognition) was tested 48 hrs and 1 month after the learning session.

Results

Active tDCS enhanced recognition memory relative to Sham stimulation.

Discussion

Modulating reconsolidation with PFC-tDCS might be a novel intervention to enhance episodic memories in aMCI.
Openness values and regional innovation: a set-analysis
Authors: Rutten Roel
Published: November 2018

Statistical studies evidence that openness values matter for regional innovation but not how they matter. A qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) study of 108 North–West European regions identifies four cross-case mechanisms that explain regional innovation: the diversity, cosmopolitan environment, technology transfer and creativity mechanisms. Only in technology transfer do openness values not play a role. This evidences that openness values connect diverse local and non-local social spaces to local and non-local physical places to unlock a larger potential for more dynamic innovation. QCA understands causality as configurational and identifies mechanisms rather than net effects, which answers how-questions better than statistical methods do. The focus on mechanisms highlights how innovation connects interactions between agents in social space to physical place, which makes an empirical contribution to the relational economic geography literature.
A Patient With Hemoptysis and the Sign of the Camalote
Authors: Studemeister Alex , Alvarez Marcos N , Studemeister Lucy
Published: November 2018

A 30-year-old woman presenting with hemoptysis followed by acute respiratory distress developed a diagnostic pulmonary radiographic finding, called the sign of the camalote, indicative of ruptured hydatid cyst. Her computed tomography scan demonstrated the characteristic detached parasitic membrane floating on cystic fluid, reminiscent of Amazonian camalote leaves. She was managed successfully surgically. Ruptured hydatid cysts may present as a diagnostic challenge, in which the sign of the camalote may provide an important clue for this serious complication.
Planar non-formality of the little discs operad in characteristic two
Authors: Salvatore Paolo
Published: November 2018

We show that the little discs operad D2 is not formal over F2 as a planar (or non-symmetric) operad. We compute explicitly the homological obstruction using as chain model the cells of the spineless cacti operad.
BASELINE STUDIES ON RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATION IN FOOD MATERIALS AND ESTIMATION OF THE COMMITTED RADIATION DOSE AROUND THE PHOSPHATE INDUSTRIAL AREA OF SOUTH TUNISIA
Authors: Machraoui Sonia , Mohan M P , Naregundi Karunakara , Labidi Salam
Published: November 2018

The activity concentration of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides was determined in different vegetable samples, and foods derived from animal origin, from different locations in the four cities of Southern Tunisia, where large-scale phosphate industries are operating. The aim of the studies was to establish a baseline database on radionuclide concentration in food materials and to evaluate the radiation dose to the general population due to its ingestion through the food chain. The activity concentrations of 40K, 210Pb, 226Ra, 228Ra and 137Cs was determined by gamma spectrometry using a HPGe detector, and from the measured activity concentrations, the doses were estimated using the dose coefficients given by the ICRP. The dose due to intake of radionuclides through mineral water was also determined. The total annual effective doses were found to be 2.2, 1.4, and 0.7 mSv y−1 for 1 y, 5–15 y and adult (>17 y) age groups, respectively. Among the radionuclides studied, 210Po was the highest contributor to the total dose, followed by 210Pb.
The Use of Ultrasonography for Verifying Gastric Tube Placement in Newborns
Authors: Dias Fla'via de Souza Barbosa , Alvares Beatriz Regina , Jales Rodrigo Menezes , Franco Aline Patricia Vicente , Silva Jessica Emile Fabri da , Fabene Suelen Mara Silva , Caldas Jamil Pedro de Siqueira , Carmona Elenice Valentim
Published: November 2018

Background:

The use of gastric tubes in newborns admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit is fairly high, and there is a risk of serious complications related to this procedure.

Purpose:

Considering the need to find a method that does not involve the patient's exposure to radiation, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for verifying gastric tube placement in newborns.

Methods:

This was a prospective, double-blind, observational study performed in a neonatal intensive care unit, in which 159 infants had gastric intubation using ultrasound examination and radiological imaging, to verify positioning. Results were analyzed in terms of diagnostic accuracy.

Results:

The tubes were correctly positioned in 157 cases (98.7%), according to radiological images, and in 156 cases (98.1%), according to ultrasound. The sensitivity analysis was 0.98 and the positive predictive value was 0.99. It was not possible to perform a specificity analysis, as there were not enough negative cases in the sample.

Implications for Practice:

The use of ultrasonography to identify correct positioning of gastric tubes in infants and newborns shows good sensitivity.

Implications for Research:

It was not possible to evaluate the ultrasonography specificity; further studies with greater samples are probably necessary, so that this objective can be achieved.

Video Abstract available at
https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx?videoId=29&autoPlay=true.