bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Reaction of CO2 with a Borylnitrene: Formation of an 3‐Oxaziridinone
Authors: Bhagat Virinder , Schumann Julia , Bettinger Holger F.
Published: August 2021

The reaction of a borylnitrene with carbon dioxide is studied under cryogenic matrix isolation conditions. Photogenerated CatBN (Cat=catecholato) reacts with CO2 under formation of the cycloaddition product CatBNCO2, a 3‐oxaziridinone derivative, after photoexcitation (>550 nm). The product shows Fermi resonances between the CO stretching and ring deformation modes that cause unusual 13C and 18O isotopic shifts. A computational analysis of the 3‐oxaziridinone shows this cyclic carbamate to be less strained than an α‐lactone or an α‐lactame.
Katalysatorkontrollierte stereoselektive Barton‐Kellogg‐Olefinierung
Authors: Schmidt Tanno A. , Sparr Christof
Published: August 2021

Sterisch überfrachtete Alkene sind durch die Barton‐Kellogg‐Olefinierung rasch herstellbar und bieten aufgrund ihrer stereochemischen Eigenschaften Anwendungen als funktionelle Moleküle. Die induzierte Stereodynamik ermöglicht dabei die kontrollierte Bewegung von molekularen Schaltern und Motoren, während die hohe Konfigurationsstabilität unerwünschte unspezifische Isomerisierungen verhindert. Bistricyclische aromatische Ene sind prototypische sterisch überfrachtete Alkene, deren stereokontrollierte Herstellung bisher schwierig war. Direkte Katalysatorsteuerung ermöglicht nun eine stereoselektive Barton‐Kellogg‐Olefinierung mit Enantio‐ und Diastereokontrolle für bistricyclische aromatische Ene. Mit Rh2(S‐PTAD)4 als Katalysator wurden Diazoverbindungen selektiv mit einem Thioketon gekuppelt, um nach Thiiran‐Reduktion eines der vier anti‐gefalteten sterisch überfrachteten Alken‐Stereoisomere zu erhalten. Vollständige Stereodivergenz wurde durch Katalysatorkontrolle in Kombination mit unterschiedlichen Reduktionen erreicht, sodass alle vier Stereoisomere mit e.r.‐Werten von bis zu 99:1 erhalten wurden. Diese Strategie dürfte die Synthese topologisch einzigartiger überfrachteter Alkene für Funktionsmaterialien, Katalyse, Energie‐ und Elektronentransfer und bioaktive Verbindungen ermöglichen.
Bright Luminescence in Three Phases—A Combined Synthetic, Spectroscopic and Theoretical Approach
Authors: Dahlen Milena , Hollesen Eike H. , Kehry Max , Gamer Michael T. , Lebedkin Sergei , Schooss Detlef , Kappes Manfred M. , Klopper Wim , Roesky Peter W.
Published: August 2021

Combining phase‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements and quantum chemical calculations is a powerful approach to help understand the influence of the molecular surroundings on the PL properties. Herein, a phosphine functionalized amidinate was used to synthesize a recently presented bimetallic gold complex, featuring an unusual charge separation. The latter was subsequently used as metalloligand to yield heterotetrametallic complexes with an Au‐M‐M‐Au “molecular wire” arrangement (M=Cu, Ag, Au) featuring metallophilic interactions. All compounds show bright phosphorescence in the solid state, also at ambient temperature. The effect of the molecular environment on the PL was studied in detail for these tetrametallic complexes by comparative measurements in solution, in the solid state and in the gas phase and contrasted to time‐dependent density functional theory computations.
Neutrophil‐Selective Fluorescent Probe Development through Metabolism‐Oriented Live‐Cell Distinction
Authors: Gao Min , Lee Sun Hyeok , Park Sang Hyuk , Ciaramicoli Larissa Miasiro , Kwon Haw‐Young , Cho Heewon , Jeong Joseph , Chang Young‐Tae
Published: August 2021

Human neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes and have been considered as the first line of defence in the innate immune system. Selective imaging of live neutrophils will facilitate the in situ study of neutrophils in infection or inflammation events as well as clinical diagnosis. However, small‐molecule‐based probes for the discrimination of live neutrophils among different granulocytes in human blood have yet to be reported. Herein, we report the first fluorescent probe NeutropG for the specific distinction and imaging of active neutrophils. The selective staining mechanism of NeutropG is elucidated as metabolism‐oriented live‐cell distinction (MOLD) through lipid droplet biogenesis with the help of ACSL and DGAT. Finally, NeutropG is applied to accurately quantify neutrophil levels in fresh blood samples by showing a high correlation with the current clinical method.
Catalyst‐Controlled Stereoselective Barton–Kellogg Olefination
Authors: Schmidt Tanno A. , Sparr Christof
Published: August 2021

Overcrowded alkenes are expeditiously prepared by the versatile Barton–Kellogg olefination and have remarkable applications as functional molecules owing to their unique stereochemical features. The induced stereodynamics thereby enable the controlled motion of molecular switches and motors, while the high configurational stability prevents undesired isomeric scrambling. Bistricyclic aromatic enes are prototypical overcrowded alkenes with outstanding stereochemical properties, but their stereocontrolled preparation was thus far only feasible in stereospecific reactions and with chiral auxiliaries. Herein we report that direct catalyst control is achieved by a stereoselective Barton–Kellogg olefination with enantio‐ and diastereocontrol for various bistricyclic aromatic enes. Using Rh2(S‐PTAD)4 as catalyst, several diazo compounds were selectively coupled with a thioketone to give one of the four anti‐folded overcrowded alkene stereoisomers upon reduction. Complete stereodivergence was reached by catalyst control in combination with distinct thiirane reductions to provide all four stereoisomers with e.r. values of up to 99:1. We envision that this strategy will enable the synthesis of topologically unique overcrowded alkenes for functional materials, catalysis, energy‐ and electron transfer, and bioactive compounds.
Nucleophilic and Radical Heptafluoroisopropoxylation with Redox‐Active Reagents
Authors: Tong Chao‐Lai , Xu Xiu‐Hua , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: August 2021

The heptafluoroisopropyl group (CF(CF3)2) is prevalent in pharmaceuticals and agrichemicals. However, heptafluoroisopropoxylated (OCF(CF3)2) compounds remain largely underexplored, presumably due to the lack of efficient access to these compounds. Herein, we disclose the practical and efficient heptafluoroisopropoxylation reactions through the invention of a series of redox‐activeN‐OCF(CF3)2reagents. These reagents were readily prepared from the oxidative heptafluoroisopropylation of hydroxylamines with AgCF(CF3)2. The substitutions on the nitrogen atom significantly affected the properties and reactivities ofN‐OCF(CF3)2reagents. Accordingly, two types ofN‐OCF(CF3)2reagents includingN‐OCF(CF3)2phthalimideAandN‐OCF(CF3)2benzotriazolium saltO′were used as OCF(CF3)2anion and radical precursors, respectively. This protocol enables the direct heptafluoroisopropoxylation of a range of substrates, delivering the corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields.
Anatomy of the sense of touch in sea otters: Cutaneous mechanoreceptors and structural features of glabrous skin
Authors: Strobel Sarah McKay , Miller Melissa A. , Murray Michael J. , Reichmuth Colleen
Published: August 2021

Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) demonstrate rapid, accurate tactile abilities using their paws and facial vibrissae. Anatomical investigations of neural organization in the vibrissal bed and somatosensory cortex coincide with measured sensitivity, but no studies describe sensory receptors in the paws or other regions of glabrous (i.e., hairless) skin. In this study, we use histology to assess the presence, density, and distribution of mechanoreceptors in the glabrous skin of sea otters: paws, rhinarium, lips, and flipper digits, and we use scanning electron microscopy to describe skin‐surface texture and its potential effect on the transduction of mechanical stimuli. Our results confirm the presence of Merkel cells and Pacinian corpuscles, but not Meissner corpuscles, in all sea otter glabrous skin. The paws showed the highest density of Merkel cells and Pacinian corpuscles. Within the paw, relative densities of mechanoreceptor types were highest in the distal metacarpal pad and digits, which suggests that the distal paw is a tactile fovea for sea otters. In addition to the highest receptor density, the paw displayed the thickest epidermis. Rete ridges (epidermal projections into the dermis) and dermal papillae (dermal projections into the epidermis) were developed across all glabrous skin. These quantitative and qualitative descriptions of neural organization and physical features, combined with previous behavioral results, contribute to our understanding of how structure relates to function in the tactile modality. Our findings coincide with behavioral observations of sea otters, which use touch to maintain thermoregulatory integrity of their fur, explore objects, and capture visually cryptic prey.
NaRbB3O4F3: A New Fluorooxoborate with a Short UV Cutoff Edge Enriching the Structural Chemistry of Borate
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhang Jie , Yang Zhihua , Han Shujuan , Pan Shilie
Published: August 2021

The combination of RbB3O4F2 and NaF generates a new member of fluorooxoborates, NaRbB3O4F3, with a wide transparency range from the IR to DUV region. NaRbB3O4F3 shows a three‐dimensional (3D) structure composed of 1D [B3O4F3]∞ chains, [NaO3F3] and [RbO5F5] polyhedra. The structural evolution from NaRbB3O4F3 to RbB3O4F2, as well as the structural comparison between NaRbB3O4F3 and its identical stoichiometry compound, Li2B3O4F3 were discussed in detail. The IR spectrum verifies its structural validity. The spectral measurement shows that the reflectance has no obvious change in the range of 175–300 nm, and its cutoff edge is below 175 nm. In addition, theoretical calculations are carried out to understand its electronic structure and optical properties.
Vinpocetine amended prenatal valproic acid induced features of ASD possibly by altering markers of neuronal function, inflammation, and oxidative stress
Authors: Luhach Kanishk , Kulkarni Giriraj T. , Singh Vijay P. , Sharma Bhupesh
Published: August 2021

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with complex etiology and phenotypes. Phosphodiesterase‐1 (PDE1) inhibitors are known to provide benefits in various brain conditions manifesting similar behavioral phenotypes. The pharmacological consequences of vinpocetine administration a PDE1 inhibitor in prenatal‐valproic acid (pre‐VPA) induced ASD related behavioral phenotypes (social behavior deficits, repetitive behavior, anxiety, hyperlocomotion, and nociception) was assessed. Also, effects on important biochemical markers of neuronal function (DCX‐neurogenesis, BDNF‐neuronal survival, synapsin‐IIa‐synaptic transmission, pCREB‐neuronal transcription factor), inflammation (interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐10, and TNF‐α) and oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance [TBARS] and glutathione (GSH) were studied in important brain areas (frontal cortex, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum). Further, neuronal cell viability was determined in dentate gyrus using Nissl staining. Pre‐VPA administration resulted into impaired behavior, brain biochemistry, and neuronal cell viability. Administration of vinpocetine resulted in improvements of pre‐VPA impaired social behavior, repetitive behavior, anxiety, locomotion, and nociception. Also, vinpocetine resulted in a significant increase in the levels of BDNF, synapsin‐IIa, DCX, pCREB/CREB, IL‐10, and GSH along with significant decrease in TNF‐α, IL‐6, TBARS, number of pyknotic and chromatolytic cells in different brain areas of pre‐VPA group. Finally, high association between behavioral parameters and biochemical parameters was observed upon Pearson's correlation analysis. Vinpocetine, a PDE1 inhibitor rectified important behavioral phenotypes related with ASD, possibly by improving neuronal function, brain inflammation and brain oxidative stress. Thus, PDE1 may be a possible target for further understanding ASD.

Lay Summary

ASD is a brain developmental disorder with a wide array of genetic and environmental factors. Many targets have been identified till date, but a clinical treatment is still afar. The results of this study indicate that vinpocetine administration resulted in amelioration of ASD associated symptomatology in rats, prenatally exposed to VPA. Our research adds a widely expressed brain enzyme PDE1, as a possible novel pharmacological target and opens‐up a new line of enquiry for ASD treatment.
Iron‐Based Layered Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Gao Xu , Liu Huanqing , Deng Wentao , Tian Ye , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo
Published: August 2021

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have grasped renewed attentions in recent years owing to the blooming growth of clean energy and corresponding demands of grid‐scale energy storage. Note that, the properties of cathode materials are quite important to the development of SIBs as they largely determine the energy density, cycle life, and cost of a battery. Direct inheriting those Co/Ni based layered cathodes that are successfully utilized in lithium‐ion batteries seems to be impracticable for SIBs in view of the high materials costs. Fortunately, the discovery of the electrochemical activity of Fe3+/Fe4+ redox couple in sodium layered materials has opened a new way to design high capacity/voltage and low‐cost cathodes for SIBs. To date, various Fe‐based layered oxides have been explored, showing encouraging electrochemical performances in SIBs. However, issues and challenges still remain upon the practical utilization of Fe‐based layered cathodes, calling for further targeted and in‐depth investigations. In this review, the developing history, key problems, and current progress of Fe‐based layered cathodes on electrochemical performances and working mechanism are summarized and discussed. In addition, possible research trends and perspectives are proposed. It is believed that Fe‐based layered oxides will be one of the most attractive cathodes for SIBs.
Synergistic Interface and Mesopore Engineering with More and Quicker Ion Storage for Enhanced Performance of Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Li Juan , Hou Shuang , Liu Tiezhong , Mei Chen , Wang Liangke , Wang Jianing , Zhao Lingzhi
Published: August 2021

Designing hetero‐nanostructures is widely recognized as an effective modification strategy to obtain ZnO/Co3O4 anode materials with superior electrochemical properties. However, the lithium‐ion storage behavior of ZnO/Co3O4 has not reached a satisfied performance. Herein, based on our previous DFT results that the interface of ZnO(110)/Co3O4(220) hetero‐nanostructure possesses fast reaction kinetics because of more negative surface adsorption energy and lower diffusion barrier energy of lithium ions, we developed ZnO(110)/Co3O4(220)@C hetero‐nanostructures with both abundant interfaces and uniform mesopores structure derived from 2D MOF precursor. Especially, ZnO/Co3O4@C hybrid materials with ZnO(110)/Co3O4(220) hetero‐nanostructure show strong electronic interactions and the widen distance of the crystal plane at the interface, resulting in stable hetero‐nanostructures with faster ion diffusion channel and more active sites. Moreover, this material possesses uniform mesopores and 2D structure, which enables quicker transport capability and cycling longevity for lithium‐ion storage. Impressively, when ZnO/Co3O4@C was used as anodes in lithium‐ion batteries, the electrodes deliver improved initial specific capacities (1,630.5 and 1,496.9 mAh g−1 at 0.2 and 0.5 A g−1), excellent capacity retention (1,758.3 mAh g−1 after 370 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, and 607.7 mAh g−1 up to 650 cycles at 5 A g−1), and superior rate capacity (937 and 468 mAh g−1 at 1.0 and 5.0 A g−1 after 360 cycles).
Finger tapping to different styles of music and changes in cortical oscillations
Authors: Stegemöller Elizabeth L. , Ferguson Thomas D. , Zaman Andrew , Hibbing Paul , Izbicki Patricia , Krigolson Olave E.
Published: August 2021

Music has been a therapeutic strategy proposed to improve impaired movement performance, but there remains a lack of understanding of how music impacts motor cortical activity. Thus, the purpose of this study is to use a time–frequency analysis (i.e., wavelet) of electroencephalographic (EEG) data to determine differences in motor and auditory cortical activity when moving to music at two different rates. Twenty healthy young adults tapped their index finger while electroencephalography was collected. There were three conditions (tapping in time with a tone and with two contrasting music styles), and each condition was repeated at two different rates (70 and 140 beats per minute). A time–frequency Morlet wavelet analysis was completed for electrodes of interest over the sensorimotor areas (FC3, FC4, FCz, C3, C4, Cz) and the primary auditory areas (T7, T8). Cluster‐based permutation testing was applied to the electrodes of interest for all conditions. Results showed few differences between cortical oscillations when moving to music versus a tone. However, the two music conditions elicited a variety of distinct responses, particularly at the slower movement rate. These results suggest that music style and movement rate should be considered when designing therapeutic applications that include music to target motor performance.
Women and men of mafia between traditional cultural contexts and new social roles
Authors: Carabellese Felice , Felthous Alan R. , Kennedy Harry G. , Montalbò Domenico , La Tegola Donatell , Coluccia Anna , Ferretti Fabio , Carabellese Fulvio , Catanesi Roberto
Published: August 2021

The Italian mafia organizations represent a subculture with values, beliefs, and goals that are antithetical to and undermining of the predominant society. The conduct of individual members includes such extreme violence for material gain, it may at least superficially suggest a severe personality disorder. Since the first edition of the DSM and into the 21st century, various terms have been used, sometimes interchangeably, but over time inconsistently, to designate the mentality and practices of mafia members. Only recently has the psychology of mafia members become a focus of serious scientific study. For the first time, investigators for the present study applied instruments, including the PCL‐R, to examine for character psychopathology and specifically degrees of psychopathy in male and female mafia members, 20 female and 21 male members. Results showed some gender difference with the women having a higher score on Factor 1, in contrast to men who showed a lower score. Psychopathy and personality disorder were not found to be associated with membership in the mafia for either gender. Some psychopathic traits and gender differences warrant further research. Meanwhile these findings are consistent with a mentality characterized by beliefs and practices determined by a deviant culture rather than psychopathology.
Combination of body mass index and albumin predicts the survival in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone: A post hoc analysis of two randomized trials
Authors: Pan Jian , Wang Jun , Wei Yu , Zhang Tingwei , Zhang Sheng , Ye Dingwei , Zhu Yao
Published: August 2021

Background

Low body mass index (BMI) and low serum albumin levels are suggested indicators of malnutrition and are associated with poor outcomes in cancer patients. Decreasing androgen can alter lipid metabolism, so the prognostic value of BMI may change in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients receiving abiraterone. We aimed to delineate the prognostic value of BMI, serum albumin, and BMI and serum albumin (ALB) combined.

Materials and methods

A post hoc analysis was performed on data from two randomized clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of abiraterone in chemotherapy‐pretreated and ‐naïve mCRPC patients. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard methods.

Results

A total of 2,205 mCRPC patients were included in this study. Low ALB independently predicted the OS in both cohorts (HR, 1.54; 95%CI, 1.34–1.78 and HR, 1.40; 95%CI, 1.21–1.64, respectively), while low BMI independently predicted the OS only in the post‐chemotherapy cohort (HR, 1.30; 95%CI, 1.12–1.50) but not in the pre‐chemotherapy cohort (HR, 1.19; 95%CI, 0.98–1.43). By combining BMI (<25 kg/m2 or ≥30 kg/m2) and ALB (<4 g/dl or >4 g/dl), the four groups were characterized and their HRs were 1, 0.60 (95%CI, 0.47–0.76, p < 0.001), 0.75 (95%CI,0.61–0.92 p = 0.006), and 0.49 (95%CI, 0.41–0.60, p < 0.001) in post‐chemotherapy patients and 1, 0.64 (95%CI, 0.46–0.89, p = 0.008), 0.75 (95%CI,0.58–0.98 p = 0.034), and 0.55 (95%CI, 0.42–0.72, p < 0.001) in chemotherapy‐naïve patients, respectively.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that the combination of BMI and ALB better characterizes the risk groups irrespective of previous chemotherapy. Patients with high BMI but low ALB have higher risk of death than patients with low BMI but high ALB.
Prognostic significance of bladder neck involvement in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: A SEER database analysis with 19,919 patients
Authors: Zhan Xiangpeng , Guo Ju , Chen Luyao , Deng Wen , Liu Xiaoqiang , Zhu Ke , Liu Weipeng , Fu Bin
Published: August 2021

Purpose

To study prognostic values of bladder neck involvement (BNI) and survival outcomes in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

Method and materials

The national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004–2015) was applied to gain further insight into the prognostic values of BNI and 19,919 patients diagnosed with NMIBC were included in our study. We used the Kaplan–Meier method with the log‐rank test and subgroup analyses to evaluate cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). In addition, the multivariable Cox proportional hazard model and propensity score matching (PSM) were utilized.

Results

In all, 3446 patients with BNI and 16,473 patients with sites except for bladder neck were enrolled in our study. Compared with other sites, a tendency toward a higher proportion of higher grade (p < 0.001), bigger tumor size (p < 0.001), and more patients with T1 and Tis stage (p < 0.001) was seen in BNI group. After 1:1 PSM, 3425 matched pairs were selected. Under the survival analyses, the BNI group had a lower survival probability in both OS (p = 0.0056) and CSS analyses (p < 0.0001) in NMIBC patients. However, in the subgroup analysis, only observed in the Ta and T1 stage in terms of CSS (all p < 0.05), and patients with Tis stage failed to show statistical survival differences (p > 0.05). In addition, subgroups stratified by tumor size and grade all revealed poor prognosis of BNI in NMIBC patients. Moreover, better survival outcomes of OS were observed in BNI patients who received radical cystectomy (p = 0.02) or chemotherapy (p < 0.001) multivariable Cox regression after PSM revealed that the BNI group had a higher risk of overall mortality (OM) (BNI vs. other sites hazards ratios [HR]: 1.127, 95% CI: 1.154–1.437, p < 0.001) and cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) (BNI vs. other sites HR: 1.127, 95% CI: 1.039–1.223, p < 0.001), while before PSM, similar situations were only existed in CSM (BNI vs. other sites HR: 1.288, 95% CI: 1.154–1.437, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The prognosis of BNI was poorer than that of the other sites. BNI was an independent risk factor for OM and CSM in patients with NMIBC, especially for those with Ta or T1 stage.
A New Monoterpene from the Rhizomes of Alpinia galanga and Its Anti‐Vpr Activity
Authors: Nam Hoang Nhat , Kodama Takeshi , Nwet Win Nwet , Prema  , Minh Do Kiep , Abe Ikuro , Morita Hiroyuki
Published: August 2021

A new menthane‐type monoterpene, alpigalanol (1), together with four known terpenes (2–5) were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the 70 % ethanol extract of the Alpinia galanga rhizomes. The structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR. The extract of the A. galanga rhizomes and all isolated compounds (1–5) possessed Vpr inhibitory activities against the TREx‐HeLa‐Vpr cells at a concentration of 1.25 μM without showing any cytotoxicity.
Utility of near‐infrared spectroscopy to detect the extent of lipid core plaque leading to periprocedural myocardial infarction
Authors: Matsuoka Takaaki , Kitahara Hideki , Saito Kan , Mori Naoto , Tateishi Kazuya , Fujimoto Yoshihide , Kobayashi Yoshio
Published: August 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate whether lipid core plaque (LCP) in the entire stented segment detected by near‐infrared spectroscopy‐intravascular ultrasound (NIRS‐IVUS) could predict procedural myocardial infarction (PMI) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary artery intervention (PCI).

Background

NIRS‐IVUS can identify LCP, described as high lipid core burden index (LCBI). Previously, the highest LCBI contained only in the 4‐mm segment (maxLCBI4mm) was reported to predict PMI.

Methods

Patients who underwent NIRS‐IVUS examination during PCI for coronary artery disease at Chiba University Hospital were included. The extent of LCP in the stented segment derived from NIRS‐IVUS analysis was presented as LCBI, maxLCBI4mm, and LCP area index (LAI), reflecting the total amount of LCP in the entire stented segment calculated as LCBI×lesion length. PMI was defined as an elevation of creatine kinase MB > 3 times upper reference level (URL), and periprocedural myocardial injury (PMInj) was defined as an elevation of troponin I>5 times URL within 12 to 24 h after PCI.

Results

Out of 141 enrolled patients, PMI occurred in 20 (14.2%) and PMInj occurred in 62 (44.0%) patients. Receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis revealed LAI was the strongest predictor for both PMI and PMInj (area under curve 0.771, p < 0.001, and 0.717, p < 0.001, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis determined high LAI value as the independent predictor of both PMI and PMInj.

Conclusions

Greater extent of LCP in the entire stented segment detected by NIRS‐IVUS was significantly associated with PMI as well as PMInj in patients undergoing PCI.
Lessons Learned Using Real‐World Data to Emulate Randomized Trials: A Case Study of Treatment Effectiveness for Newly Diagnosed Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: McGrath Leah J. , Nielson Carrie , Saul Bradley , Breskin Alexander , Yu Ying , Nicolaisen Sia K. , Kilpatrick Karynsa , Ghanima Waleed , Christiansen Christian F. , Bahmanyar Shahram , Linder Marie , Eisen Melissa , Wasser Jeffrey , Altomare Ivy , Kuter David , Sørensen Henrik T. , Kelsh Michael , Brookhart M. Alan
Published: August 2021

Regulatory agencies are increasingly considering real‐world evidence (RWE) to support label expansions of approved medicines. We conducted a comparative effectiveness study to emulate a proposed randomized trial of romiplostim vs. standard‐of‐care (SOC) therapy among patients with recently diagnosed (≤12 months) immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), that could support expansion of the romiplostim label. We discuss challenges that we encountered and solutions that were developed to address those challenges. Study size was a primary concern, particularly for romiplostim initiators, given the rarity of ITP and the stringent trial eligibility criteria. For this reason, we leveraged multiple data sources (Nordic Country Patient Registry for Romiplostim; chart review study of romiplostim initiators in Europe; Flatiron Health EMR linked with MarketScan claims). Additionally, unlike the strictly controlled clinical trial setting, platelet counts were not measured at regular intervals in the observational data sources, and therefore the end point of durable platelet response often used in trials could not be reliably measured. Instead, the median platelet count was chosen as the primary end point. Ultimately, while we observed a slightly higher median platelet count in the romiplostim group vs. SOC, precision was limited because of small study size (median difference was 11 × 109/L (95% CI: −59, 81)). We underscore the importance of conducting comprehensive feasibility assessments to identify fit‐for‐purpose data sources with sufficient sample size, data elements, and follow‐up. Beyond technical challenges, we also discuss approaches to increase the credibility of RWE, including systematic incorporation of clinical expertise into study design decisions, and separation between decision makers and the data.
A novel bias compensation recursive least square‐multiple weighted dual extended Kalman filtering method for accurate state‐of‐charge and state‐of‐health co‐estimation of lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Qiao Jialu , Wang Shunli , Yu Chunmei , Shi Weihao , Fernandez Carlos
Published: August 2021

State‐of‐charge and state‐of‐health of power lithium‐ion batteries are two important state parameters for battery management system monitoring. To accurately estimate the state‐of‐charge and state‐of‐health of in real time, the ternary lithium‐ion battery is taken as the research object, and a novel bias compensation recursive least square‐multiple weighted dual extended Kalman filtering method is proposed innovatively. The noise variance estimation is introduced to compensate the parameters identified by the general least square method to realize the accurate identification. The estimation value is corrected by using the residual and Kalman gain at multiple times, and different weights are configured for each residual according to the amount of information contained. The data of different complex conditions are used to verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm, the results show that the root‐mean‐square error of bias compensation recursive least square‐multiple weighted dual extended Kalman filtering under dynamic stress test and Beijing bus dynamic stress test condition can be controlled within 1.62% and 2.70% in state‐of‐charge estimation, 0.17% and 0.81% in state‐of‐health estimation, which verifies that the proposed algorithm in this research has good running effect. The novel bias compensation recursive least square‐multiple weighted dual extended Kalman filtering method lays a theoretical foundation for the safe operation of electric vehicles.
High vagal tone and rapid extinction learning as potential transdiagnostic protective factors following childhood violence exposure
Authors: Susman Eli S. , Weissman David G. , Sheridan Margaret A. , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: August 2021

Childhood exposure to violence is strongly associated with psychopathology. High resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is associated with lower levels of psychopathology in children exposed to violence. High RSA may help to protect against psychopathology by facilitating fear extinction learning, allowing more flexible autonomic responses to learned threat and safety cues. In this study, 165 youth (79 female, aged 9–17; 86 exposed to violence) completed assessments of violence exposure, RSA, and psychopathology, and a fear extinction learning task; 134 participants returned and completed psychopathology assessments 2 years later. Resting RSA moderated the longitudinal association of violence exposure with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and externalizing psychopathology, such that the association was weaker among youths with higher RSA. Higher skin conductance responses (SCR) during extinction learning to the threat cue (CS+) was associated with higher internalizing symptoms at follow‐up and greater SCR to the safety cue (CS–) was associated with higher PTSD, internalizing, and externalizing symptoms, as well as the p‐factor, controlling for baseline symptoms. Findings suggest that higher RSA may protect against emergence of psychopathology among children exposed to violence. Moreover, difficulty extinguishing learned threat responses and elevated autonomic responses to safety cues may be associated with risk for future psychopathology.
Links between socioeconomic disadvantage, neural function, and working memory in early childhood
Authors: Li Xinge , Lipschutz Rebecca , Hernandez Samuel Montero , Biekman Brian , Shen Shutian , Montgomery Diana A. , Perlman Susan B. , Pollonini Luca , Bick Johanna
Published: August 2021

Children reared in socioeconomically disadvantaged environments are at risk for academic, cognitive, and behavioral problems. Mounting evidence suggests that childhood adversities, encountered at disproportionate rates in contexts of socioeconomic risk, shape the developing brain in ways that explain disparities. Circuitries that subserve neurocognitive functions related to memory, attention, and cognitive control are especially affected. However, most work showing altered neural function has focused on middle childhood and adolescence. Understanding alterations in brain development during foundational points in early childhood is a key next step. To address this gap, we examined functional near‐infrared‐spectroscopy‐based neural activation during a working memory (WM) task in young children aged 4–7 years (N = 30) who varied in socioeconomic risk exposure. Children who experienced greater disadvantage (lower income to needs ratio and lower Hollingshead index) exhibited lower activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex than children who experienced less to no disadvantage. Variability in prefrontal cortex activation, but not behavioral performance on the WM task, was associated with worse executive functioning in children as reported by parents. These findings add to existing evidence that exposure to early adversity, such as socioeconomic risk, may lead to foundational changes in the developing brain, which increases risk for disparities in functioning across multiple cognitive and social domains.
Restoration of species‐rich grasslands by transfer of local plant material and its impact on species diversity and genetic variation—Findings of a practical restoration project in southeastern Germany
Authors: Kaulfuß Franziska , Reisch Christoph
Published: August 2021

Restoration of species‐rich grasslands is a key issue of conservation. The transfer of seed‐containing local plant material is a proven technique to restore species‐rich grassland, since it potentially allows to establish genetically variable and locally adapted populations. In our study, we tested how the transfer of local plant material affected the species diversity and composition of restored grasslands and the genetic variation of the typical grassland plant species Knautia arvensis and Plantago lanceolata.

For our study, we selected fifteen study sites in southeastern Germany. We analyzed species diversity and composition and used molecular markers to investigate genetic variation within and among populations of the study species from grasslands that served as source sites for restoration and grasslands, which were restored by transfer of green hay and threshed local plant material.

The results revealed no significant differences in species diversity and composition between grasslands at source and restoration sites. Levels of genetic variation within populations of the study species Knautia arvensis and Plantago lanceolata were comparable at source and restoration sites and genetic variation among populations at source and their corresponding restoration sites were only marginal different.

Our study suggests that the transfer of local plant material is a restoration approach highly suited to preserve the composition of species‐rich grasslands and the natural genetic pattern of typical grassland plant species.
Impact of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces: Cichlidae) invasion on taxonomic and functional diversity of native fish species in the upper Kabompo River, northwest of Zambia
Authors: Jere Arthertone , Jere Wilson W. L. , Mtethiwa Austin , Kassam Daud
Published: August 2021

Invasive alien species have been revealed to drastically alter the structure of native communities; however, there is scarce information on whether taxonomic and functional spaces occupied by native species are equally filled by exotic species. We investigated the diversity of native species to understand the impact of exotic Oreochromis niloticus in the upper Kabompo River, northwest of Zambia using taxonomic and functional diversity indices. To achieve this, two tests were performed (Test 1, compared natives in invaded and uninvaded sections; Test 2, compared natives in invaded section). A total of 17 species were collected for functional diversity computation, out of which fourteen (14) functional trait measurements linked to feeding, locomotion, and life history strategy were taken. Findings revealed that taxonomic and functional diversity values changed with invasion in both tests. Taxonomic diversity was 15% more in invaded than uninvaded sections in Test 1 and was not consistent across sampling points of invaded section in Test 2. Invaded areas were taxonomically less diverse, but functionally diverse in both tests. The analysis of similarity and nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed no difference in Bray–Curtis similarity assemblages in both tests. Our findings revealed that exotic species more often occupy unfilled gaps in the communities often occupied by the native species; this is achieved by occupying functional spaces. Overall, changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of native species documented here partially confirmed impacts of O. niloticus invasion. Therefore, we recommend a multifaceted approach to assess cumulative impacts of invasion on native species.
Intensity and mode of Lindera melissifolia reproduction are affected by flooding and light availability
Authors: Leininger Theodor D. , Gardiner Emile S. , Lockhart Brian Roy , Schiff Nathan M. , Wilson Alphus Dan , Devall Margaret S. , Hamel Paul B. , Connor Kristina F.
Published: August 2021

We studied the impact of flooding and light availability gradients on sexual and asexual reproduction in Lindera melissifolia (Walt.) Blume, an endangered shrub found in floodplain forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV), USA. A water impoundment facility was used to control the duration of soil flooding (0, 45, or 90 days), and shade houses were used to control light availability (high = 72%, intermediate = 33%, or low = 2% of ambient light) received by L. melissifolia established on native soil of the MAV. Sexual reproductive intensity, as measured by inflorescence bud count, fruit set, and drupe production, was greatest in the absence of soil flooding. Ninety days of soil flooding in the year prior to anthesis decreased inflorescence bud counts, and 45 days of soil flooding in the year of anthesis lessened fruit set and drupe production. Inflorescence bud development was the greatest in environments of intermediate light, decreased in high‐light environments, and was absent in low light environments. But low fruit set diminished drupe production in intermediate light environments as compared to high light environments. Asexual reproduction, as measured by development of new ramets, was greatest in the absence of soil flooding and where plants were grown in high or intermediate light. Plants exhibited plasticity in reproductive mode such that soil flooding increased the relative importance of asexual reproduction. The high light environment was most favorable to sexual reproduction, and reproductive mode transitioned to exclusively asexual in the low light environment. Our results raise several implications important to active management for the conservation of this imperiled plant.
Long‐term trophic state responses of a large tropical coastal lagoon to land use changes and nutrient transport
Authors: Campaneli Leonardo Bernardo , Rezende Carlos Eduardo de , Lacerda Luiz Drude de , Almeida Marcelo Gomes , Molisani Mauricio Mussi
Published: August 2021

The watershed of a large tropical coastal lagoon, historically hosting large sugarcane crops, which has been reduced during the last decades. It suggests that land use and land cover changes (LULCC) would lower the trophic state of the coastal lagoon due to less fertilization application and consequently reducing nutrient transfer into the lagoon. In this context, this study assessed the influence of LULCC, represented by the reduction of the sugarcane crops on the trophic state of a large tropical coastal lagoon. This influence was assessed by means of information about the long‐term overall mass‐balance budget, involving the estimation of the N and P loads from the sugarcane crops, other anthropogenic sources and natural processes; measurements of the river N and P fluxes into the lagoon; its seaward outflow and the long‐term lacustrine nutrient retention. The results indicate that sugarcane crop reduction represented a decrease of 686 t of N and 51 t of P being emitted to the lagoon watershed. However, N and P loads from sugarcane crops were partially replaced by other anthropogenic activities, but even with the reduction of the nutrient fluxes, the long‐term supereutrophic responses of the coastal lagoon was maintained. The sediment‐related C/N and isotopic composition of the lagoon was sensitive to LULCC, indicating changes on the organic matter inputs into the lagoon. The trophic state was also influenced by the soil N and P accumulation and the long‐term nutrient retention within the lagoon imposed by its restricted water connection to the sea.
Quantifying the diet diversity of herbivorous coral reef fishes using systematic review and DNA metabarcoding
Authors: Nalley Eileen M. , Donahue Megan J. , Heenan Adel , Toonen Robert J.
Published: August 2021

Herbivorous reef fishes are an important component of coral reef ecosystems and a focal point in reef management. Herbivore diets have been examined using a myriad of methods, making it difficult to compare between analyses and to examine consistency or variability in diet across large spatial scales or heterogeneous environments. Here, we present a method to quantify and validate the diet diversity of these important coral reef species. We compile a database of information on Pacific herbivorous reef fishes through a systematic review of published diet data, and for those studies in which appropriate information is reported, we calculate a single Simpson's Diversity Index value to represent the diet diversity of each. We then validate this approach by examining the diet diversity of five species using DNA metabarcoding to sequence the algae present in their stomach contents. The two approaches provided comparable estimates of diet diversity, and we find evidence for considerable diet variability both within functional groups and between closely related species. Although there is a wide range of diet specialization within each functional and taxonomic group, parrotfishes and detritivorous surgeonfishes appear to have more limited diets than other nominal herbivorous fishes in our survey. This may make them more vulnerable to habitat degradation, which is important considering that both groups face considerable fishing pressure in Hawaiʻi and elsewhere in the Pacific. Finally, we demonstrate how this approach to quantifying diet can be incorporated into trait matrices that offer valuable insight into the dissimilarity between species, regardless of their taxonomic and functional classification. This analysis offers a simplified quantitative index of diet diversity that can contribute to better management of herbivores and increased understanding of their functional effects on changing, degraded reefs.
Outcome of patients with non‐ischaemic cardiogenic shock supported by percutaneous left ventricular assist device
Authors: Haurand Jean M. , Haberkorn Sandra , Haschemi Jafer , Oehler Daniel , Aubin Hug , Akhyari Payam , Boeken Udo , Kelm Malte , Westenfeld Ralf , Horn Patrick
Published: August 2021

Aims

Percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (pVADs) are used to haemodynamically stabilize patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) caused by acute myocardial infarction (AMI). One out of every two patients has a non‐ischaemic cause of CS, and these patients differ profoundly from patients with AMI‐related CS. We assessed the usefulness of pVAD support for patients with non‐ischaemic CS.

Methods and results

We analysed 106 patients with CS and Impella® support between 2015 and 2018. CS was non‐ischaemic in 36 patients and AMI‐related in 70 patients. Compared with the AMI group, those in the non‐ischaemic group were significantly younger [median age 62 (50.8, 70.8) years vs. 68 (58.0, 75.5) years, P = 0.007] and had more patients with severely reduced left ventricular function (94% vs. 79%, P = 0.035) and worse glomerular filtration rate [45 (27, 57) mL/min vs. 60 (44, 78) mL/min]. Propensity score matching yielded 31 patients with non‐ischaemic CS and 31 patients with AMI‐related CS, without a difference in baseline laboratory values or comorbidities. In both groups, pVAD support was performed along with haemodynamic stabilization, reduction of catecholamines and normalization of lactate levels. In 7 days, systolic blood pressure increased from 91 (80, 101) mmHg at baseline to 100 (100, 120) mmHg in the non‐ischaemic CS group (P = 0.001) and 89 (80, 100) mmHg at baseline to 112 (100, 128) mmHg in the AMI‐related CS group (P = 0.001). Moreover, in 7 days, the need of catecholamines (calculated as vasoactive‐inotropic score) decreased from 32.0 (11.1, 47.0) at baseline to 5.3 (0, 16.1) in the non‐ischaemic group (P = 0.001) and from 35.2 (18.11, 67.0) to zero (0, 0) in the AMI‐related CS group (P = 0.001). Lactate level decreased from 3.8 (2.8, 5.9) mmol/L at baseline to 1.0 (0.8, 2.1) mmol/L (P = 0.001) in the non‐ischaemic CS group and from 3.8 (2.6, 6.5) mmol/L to 1.2 (1.0, 2.0) mmol/L in the AMI‐related group (P = 0.001).

In the non‐ischaemic CS group, eight patients (25.8%) were upgraded to veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA‐ECMO) or long‐term mechanical circulatory support. Two of these upgraded patients received heart transplantation. In the AMI group, eight patients (25.8%) were upgraded to VA‐ECMO or long‐term mechanical circulatory support. Ninety‐day survival did not significantly differ between the groups (non‐ischaemic CS group 48.4%, AMI‐related CS group 45.2%, P = 0.799).

Conclusions

pVAD support is useful for haemodynamic stabilization of patients with non‐ischaemic CS and is valuable as a bridge to patients' recovery or long‐term left ventricular support and heart transplantation.
Synthesis of Open‐Cage Fullerenes with Pyrrole, Pyrrolone, Pyridinone, Iminofuran, and Pyranone Fragments Embedded on the Rim of the Orifice
Authors: Liu Zhen , Gao Rui , Liu Zeyu , Xia Zongpu , Liu Xueli , Ming Jialin , Wang Xiaoge , Su Jie , Gan Liangbing
Published: August 2021

An open‐cage fullerene derivative with a pyranone and a diiminopentanone moiety was prepared. Further reaction with aniline could convert the pyranone moiety into a pyrrole moiety through the pyridinone moiety as an intermediate. During the process, decarboxylation and dehydroxylation aromatization reactions also took place on the diiminopentanone moiety and the two adjacent hydroxyl groups, thus forming iminofuran or pyrrolone moiety on the rim of the open‐cage fullerene. Protonation experiment showed that the imino nitrogen atom on the rim of the orifice is more basic than the pyrrole nitrogen atom. The lone pair of the pyrrole nitrogen is partially conjugated with the π system of the fullerene cage as shown by single crystal X‐ray structures.
Voltammetric Determination of Hesperidin on the Electrode Modified with SnO2 Nanoparticles and Surfactants
Authors: Ziyatdinova Guzel , Yakupova Elvira , Davletshin Rustam
Published: August 2021

Highly sensitive voltammetric method for hesperidin determination is developed using glassy carbon electrode modified with SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) and surfactants. The highest oxidation currents of hesperidin are observed in the case of cationic 0.50 mM cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB). Parameters of hesperidin electrooxidation have been calculated. Adsorptive anodic differential pulse voltammetry (AdADPV) in phosphate buffer pH 7.0 after 120 s accumulation provides linear dynamic ranges of 0.10–10 and 10–75 μM with the detection limit of 0.077 μM. The selectivity of hesperidin response is proved in the presence of inorganic ions, saccharides, ascorbic acid and other natural phenolics.