bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dennis Redux
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

This chapter starts on a typical April day in Paris, when Philippa met her friend Georges Apedo-Amah and they dined at their favourite restaurant and talked. The next day, she received a letter from Dennis, telling her that he had not won the Granada Prize for the concerto he had written and dedicated to her, and and he was blaming her. Returning to England, Philippa decided to play it cool and she delivered four concerts in a row and met Dennis every day, whom she was going to marry. Dennis asked Philippa to consult a priest before marrying him, but she did not give him an immediate answer because she was lecturing in some western states as Miss Monterro. Dennis did not know that in mid-August of that same year, Philippa suddenly realized she was pregnant, and the father was Georges. Philippa was troubled because the father of her child was black and she didn't want her child to experience what she had.
Good Men Die
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

Philippa was both intrigued and appalled by Vietnam and she found its people the most beautiful she had ever seen. Vietnamese curiosity in the occult resonated with her, as well as their approach to healing and medicine and she was particularly attracted to their children especially those which were “half-caste”: products of American GIs and Vietnamese women. She then co-founded an organization called the Amerasian Foundation to help these children. By mid-September, Philippa had already decided to write a book about Vietnam. Philippa concluded her first trip to Vietnam in the late autumn of 1966, having spent almost six weeks there, and returned to America for some concerts but realized that she was more inclined into writing. She continued to bash American through her writing.
Introduction
Authors: Klawans Jonathan
Published: October 2011

Reevaluation of the topic of impurity and sin is necessary since the question of the relationship between the two in ancient Judaism has not been adequately addressed since Buchler's Studies appeared in 1928. A few classic works on impurity in ancient Judaism, scholarship that has had, for better or worse, a significant impact on the scholarly discussion, are described in detail. The two “classics”—works of scholarship from before the Second World War, which remain significant today—are also presented. The first is Adolph Buchler's Studies in Sin and Atonement, with its two chapters on the defiling force of sin. Then, Gedalyahu Alon's essay “The Bounds of the Laws of Levitical Cleanness” is addressed. Next, the Introduction considers Douglas' Purity and Danger. It also examines Neusner's The Idea of Ancient Judaism. The second section of the introduction identifies the scholarship devoted to clarifying the relationship between impurity and sin in the Hebrew Bible. Moreover, the scholars who have contributed positively to the understanding of the fact that certain grave sins have their own distinct force in the Hebrew Bible are reported.
Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting F. Ellen
Published: October 2011

This Epilogue summarizes all the challenges faced by managerial supervisors, and assesses the forces that can contribute to both professional and personal satisfaction in a career well spent in the delivery of effective services to people in need. Topics discussed include meeting professional challenges for managerial supervisors, responding to legal mandates, building strategic alliances, humanizing technology, facilitating communication, and supporting diversity.
Reading or Listening and Remembering
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses three skills—sight-reading, playing by ear, and recalling a memorized performance—related to an individual's ability to retain and recall information from memory. These are then related to a musician's performance. The first two are necessary for the effective learning of a musical piece, while the last is vital in retaining and enriching musical performances. Based on research, it is shown that some teachers consider learning music by ear more natural than the use of musical notation. Also, it is posited that expert musicians have developed unique access to their long-term memories which is vital in the skills of sight-reading, ear-playing, and recall. Another theory presented is that musical reading is dependent on prior knowledge and stimulus, and that from this, parallels can be drawn with memorized performance. Lastly, it is shown that sight-reading and memory skills can be developed and enhanced through practice and training.
Managing Performance Anxiety
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses performance anxiety or “stage fright,” which is a serious problem for a lot of musicians and often has its roots in an individual's early experiences in coping with stress and pressure. The first section of the chapter discusses the physiological symptoms of performance anxiety, which are likened to a person's instinctive response to threat. Training and medicine are prescribed to address these symptoms. The remaining sections discuss the sources of performance anxiety, which can originate from within the musician himself, the particular situation, or the musical task itself. Predispositions to anxiety or unrealistic performance expectations may be addressed through cognitive treatment. Situational stress, on the other hand, can be minimized by identifying and mitigating stress-inducing factors. The last remedy is related to the musician's mastery of the piece being performed and suggests that the musical piece must not be beyond the musician's skill level.
The Critical Nexus
Authors: Atkinson Charles M.
Published: October 2011

This book confronts an enigma of early writings on music: why chant, which was understood to be divinely inspired, needed to be altered in order to work within the then-operative modal system. To unravel this mystery, the book creates a broad framework that moves from Greek harmonic theory to the various stages in the transmission of Roman chant, citing numerous music treatises from the 6th to the 12th century. Out of this examination emerges the central point behind the problem: the tone system advocated by writers coming from the Greek harmonic tradition was not suited to the notation of chant and this basic incompatibility led to the creation of new theoretical constructs. By tracing the path of subsequent adaptation at the nexus of tone system, mode, and notation, the book promises insights into what mode meant to the medieval musician and how the system responded to its inherent limitations. Through an examination of the major musical treatises from the 6th through the 12th centuries, this text establishes a central dichotomy between classical harmonic theory and the practices of the Christian church. The book builds the foundation for a broad and original reinterpretation of the modal system and how it relates to melody, grammar, and notation.
The Heritage of Antiquity
Authors: Atkinson Charles M.
Published: October 2011

It has often been said that Western European intellectual life in the Middle Ages rested on two bases—the heritage of Antiquity and the traditions and practices of the Christian church. The bifurcate nature of medieval intellectual history is nowhere better exemplified than in the formation of a theory of melodic classification into tones or modes and the concomitant establishment of a tone-system or scalar matrix for medieval music. Whereas in some areas the two main sources of influence stood in conflict with each other, the formation of a theory of both mode and tone-system in the medieval Latin West represents not so much a conflict as a construct of ideas from both Antiquity and the Christian church. This chapter begins with a brief look at two fundamental aspects of ancient Greek music that are particularly relevant to this study, and then turns to the ways the knowledge of Greek music was transmitted to the Middle Ages.
How to Improve Bayesian Reasoning without Instruction
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: October 2011

This chapter defines the concepts of natural sampling, natural frequencies, and reports experimental evidence for the impact of various external representations on statistical thinking. The mental strategies or shortcuts people use, not only their numerical estimates of risks, turn out to be a function of the external representation of numbers we choose. This chapter provides a theoretical framework that specifies why frequency formats should improve Bayesian reasoning and presents two studies that test whether they do. Its goal is to lead research on Bayesian inference out of the present conceptual cul-de-sac and to shift the focus from human errors to human engineering: how to help people reason the Bayesian way without even teaching them.
Domain-Specific Reasoning
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: October 2011

This chapter first introduces the challenge of domain specificity and then applies a domain-specific theory for a specific adaptive problem, social exchange, to a reasoning task that has puzzled researchers for several decades. It describes a domain-specific theory of cognition that relates reasoning to the evolutionary theory of reciprocal altruism. This theory turns the traditional approach upside down. It does not start out with a general-purpose principle from logic or probability theory or a variant thereof: it takes social objectives as fundamental, which in turn makes content fundamental, because social objectives have specific contents. Traditional formal principles of rationality are not imposed; they can be entailed or not, depending on the social objectives.
The Superego, the Ego, and the Id in Statistical Reasoning
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: October 2011

Statistical reasoning is an art and so demands both mathematical knowledge and informed judgment. When it is mechanized, as with the institutionalized hybrid logic, it becomes ritual, not reasoning. Many experts have argued that it is not going to be easy to get researchers in psychology and other sociobiomedical sciences to drop this comforting crutch unless one offers an easy-to-use substitute. This chapter argues that this should be avoided — the substitution of one mechanistic dogma for another. At the very least, this chapter can serve as a tool in arguments with people who think they have to defend a ritualistic dogma instead of good statistical reasoning. Making and winning such arguments is indispensable to good science.
The Mystic Nun
Authors: San Joseé Madre María De
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the Mexican nun María de San José. It investigates a third institutional practice examined in this book that shaped the outcome of many lives with paradoxical results: the role of confession, both as a sacrament promoted by the Council of Trent and as a practice for religious women that could produce autobiographical and biographical life stories. The extensive confessional journals and Stations of the Cross written by María and her posthumous biography by Sebastián Santander y Torres serve as the basis for this study. As a mystic and founder of a prestigious reformed convent, she carefully followed the path of the model nun, the perfecta religiosa. She illustrates the delicate process of simultaneously casting herself as a repentant sinner and chosen saint, and carefully negotiates a path between self-will, divine will, and the confessor's will.
The Happy Saint
Authors: Suárez Ursula
Published: October 2011

The talented nun Ursula Suaárez employed humor in the account of her call to the religious life. This chapter examines Ursula's use of humor to criticize norms that dictated women's subordination to men and that made many women economically dependent on men. Writing a vida at the behest of her confessor, Ursula employed the convention of the divine call and authorship, but only to redefine sanctity: she quotes God as saying he gave her a good wit and that he wanted an entertaining actress and preacher among his saints. Ursula added into her narrative elements from popular literature, in particular the scenes and ideology from picaresque tales.
Perspectives on the Economy as an Evolving Complex System
Authors: Samuelson Larry
Published: October 2011

This chapter explores the microfoundations of social interactions and attempts to address an important lacuna in the theory of social interactions: namely, the absence of a theory as to why social interactions exist (as opposed to their implications). It argues that one way to understand social interactions is that they arise as a consequence of informational or competitive pressures. The chapter shows how these factors can produce consumption interdependences in equilibrium.
Prosocial Emotions
Authors: Bowles Samuel , Gintis Herbert
Published: October 2011

This chapter argues that one can understand the evolution of emotions such as guilt and shame as mechanisms that facilitate social cooperation. As such, emotions evolved because of their reproductive value to groups and hence their individual members. The chapter provides an explanation of the long-term evolutionary success of prosocial emotions in term of both the individual and group-level benefits they confer. This study is part of a new wave of social science research at the Santa Fe Institute and so, likely represents a bridge to the next Economy as an Evolving Complex System conference.
The Story and the Mission
Authors: Stackhouse John G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines biblical views on Christian ethics. It suggests that to obey fully the creation commandments is to live in the Kingdom of God and that Jesus Christ's proclamation of the arrival of the Kingdom is the proclamation that God is setting things right. It also contends that Christian ethics should not be restricted to the project of redemption and thus to its particular vocabulary of self-sacrifice and non-coercive invitation.
Principles of a New Realism
Authors: Stackhouse John G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the principles of the new Christian realism. It discusses the complexity with the simple recognition of tensions that people must acknowledge in their daily dealings at home, in traffic, at school or work, in politics and in church. It also analyses the question of unity and diversity in the church and highlights the experience of disestablishment in major societies including the US, Canada, and Australia.
Crossing Confessional Boundaries
Authors: Frandsen Mary
Published: October 2011

This book is an examination of the uneasy alliance of two confessions, Lutheran and Catholic, at the prominent seventeenth-century Germany court of Dresden. It examines the implications of this alliance for the repertoire of sacred art music cultivated there; an influential repertoire that has received only scant attention from scholars.
The Advent of the Italians, 1651–56
Authors: Frandsen Mary E.
Published: October 2011

Despite his oft-bemoaned status as a cash-strapped monarch-in-waiting, at some point in 1650 Prince Johann Georg decided to take the radical step of enhancing his own musical ensemble with Italians. His decision represents a fundamental change in his approach, for until this time the prince had either collaborated or consulted with Schütz in his various efforts to influence personnel decisions in his father's ensemble. By the fall of 1656, the recruitment and appointment of Italian musicians had solidified into a well-established practice. At the time of his father's death in 1656, the prince's ensemble not only exceeded the Hofkapelle in size, but also differed quite radically from that ensemble in its ethnic and confessional composition.
Johann Georg II and the Problem of Catholicism
Authors: Frandsen Mary E.
Published: October 2011

In the complex religious history of Germany, Saxony stands as the “urevangelisches Land” and the birthplace of the Reformation. From the time of his protection of the Reformer himself following the 1521 Diet of Worms, the Elector of Saxony had played a pivotal role in the development of the new church; Ernestinian Saxony became Lutheran in 1525, and Albertinian Saxony followed suit in 1539–40. But after over 120 years of nearly unflagging stewardship of the new church by the incumbents of the office of Saxon elector, strong suspicions began to arise concerning Prince Johann Georg's fidelity to the “true religion,” and it was widely rumored that he would convert to Catholicism. Given the conflicts between contemporary reports and Johann Georg's statements on the subject, as well as his actions, it remains difficult to characterize the exact nature of the elector's own religious beliefs and confessional attitudes.
Musica pathetica: Style and Affect in the Dresden Concerto
Authors: Frandsen Mary E.
Published: October 2011

Albrici and Peranda lived in an era when musicians and philosophers alike displayed a fascination with the “passions” or “affects”: the various states of emotion experienced by the human being. Not only did writers seek to distinguish between and quantify the essential emotions, they also sought to explain the phenomenon by which the exposure of the individual to certain stimuli, including musical sounds, could effect emotional change, and attempted to explain the psycho-physiological processes set in motion by such stimuli that in turn produced these emotional changes. Not surprisingly, music's ability to move the emotions of its listeners became a focus of theoretical inquiry during this era, as well as an aspect of its nature that was exploited in practical composition. In contrast to the sixteenth century, the manipulation of the listener's emotional state by means of text and music was now privileged as a primary objective of compositional activity.
Hierarchy, Circularity, and Double Reduction
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines a potential circularity in the idea that to identify with a desire is, roughly, to have a self-governing policy in favor of treating that desire as reason-providing. Without circularity, we cannot simply appeal to such treatment by the agent in the content of the policy by appeal to which we aim to understand identification. The solution is to appeal instead to a form of functioning of a desire—functioning as end-setting—that has two features. First, that functioning does not itself entail agential identification with that desire. But, second, if that functioning is in fact guided by a relevant self-governing policy in its favor, then the agent does identify with that desire and treat it as reason-providing. This chapter comments on Harry G. Frankfurt's views on hierarchy, discusses double reduction, and brings together both hierarchical and planning structures. It describes a complex range of ways in which higher-order intentions and policies can structure phenomena of agency and will.
Conclusion
Authors: Barnett Louise
Published: October 2011

Swift did not categorize himself as a misogynist. After all, in addition to his enduring special relationships with two women whom he admired greatly, he liked many women as friends or protégées, enthusiastically praising their talents and generously motivating their intellectual development. He did refer to himself as a misanthrope, but one who made immunities for individuals. Whether this statement included women by default, it defines Swift's attitude to women as well as men. On a personal level he had, at all periods of his adult life, women friends whose company he enjoyed and who reciprocated his friendship.
LANDSCAPE
Authors: Maher Neil M.
Published: October 2011

Chapter Two analyzes CCC conservation projects on a national scale, and links the landscape changes caused by such work to both a broadening of conservationist concerns and to Franklin Roosevelt's desire for political support from rural America. It argues that although Corps conservation work appeared haphazard and static, it actually evolved over time and involved two types of labor on a trio of rural landscapes. While the Corps began its work in forests, primarily in the far West, the Dust Bowl of 1934 forced CCC enrollees onto the nation's farms as well, both on the Great Plains and in the soil-eroded South. This first type of conservation work involving both reforestation and soil conservation not only embodied the goals of Progressive era conservationists, who advocated the efficient use of natural resources, but also popularized the New Deal throughout these rural regions. During the late-1930s the Corps expanded its work projects yet again, this time into the country's state and national parks where CCC enrollees built hiking trails, campgrounds, motor roads, and visitor centers to increase public access to outdoor recreation. This second type of Corps work, which echoed the Boy Scouts' desire to rejuvenate Americans through healthful contact with nature, represented a broadening of conservationist ideology beyond the wise use of natural resources to include concern for public health. Chapter Two concludes that the dueling progressive philosophies that influenced Franklin Roosevelt's creation of the CCC—those of the conservation movement and of the Boy Scouts—became physically realized across the New Deal landscape.
COMMUNITY
Authors: Maher Neil M.
Published: October 2011

This part of the book investigates how the Corps and its conservation work transformed local communities situated near the more than five thousand CCC camps scattered across the country. To do this, Chapter Four focuses on two local communities in particular and their relationship with nearby Corps camps. In Coon Valley, Wisconsin, residents embraced both conservation and the New Deal as agricultural production rose on local farms cooperating with the Corps' soil conservation camps. Residents from a second community, located near CCC camps developing Great Smoky Mountains National Park for outdoor recreation, also welcomed Corps conservation and the New Deal but for very different reasons. In the Smokies locals supported the CCC not because it increased natural resource production, as in Coon Valley, but rather because CCC projects such as the building of hiking trails, visitor centers, and motor roads promised increased tourism to the nearby national park. While the CCC helped popularize this alternative form of conservation based outdoor recreation throughout the country, during the mid-1930s a vocal minority in each of these communities began criticizing the Corps in particular, and the New Deal by association, for being environmentally unsound. Chapter Four concludes by introducing the leaders of this critique, Aldo Leopold in Coon Valley and Robert Marshall in the Great Smokies, and suggests that this local opposition by two of the most important figures in modern environmentalism would greatly shape both the conservation movement and the New Deal during the later Great Depression period.
EPILOGUE
Authors: Maher Neil M.
Published: October 2011

The final chapter traces the CCC's legacy into the post–World War II period. It does so by focusing on the controversy, during the mid-to-late 1940s, surrounding the Bureau of Reclamation's plan to construct a hydroelectric dam in Dinosaur National Monument's Echo Park, which straddles the Utah—Colorado border. While environmental historians have long viewed the defeat of the Echo Park dam as one of the founding moments of the American environmental movement, this chapter argues that this victory by environmentalists was predicated on the Corps and its conservation work during the New Deal period. For instance, during the 1930s the CCC developed Dinosaur National Monument for outdoor recreation, a process that later brought outdoor enthusiasts into the anti-dam camp. Criticism of Corps conservation work during the early 1940s, however, raised public concern about the destruction of wilderness and ecological balance in the region as well. When the federal government announced plans for the Echo Park dam during the late 1940s, these concerns resurfaced and guided environmentalist opposition. This chapter ends by discussing the declining power of the federal government within postwar conservation, and concludes, somewhat ironically, that the strong hand of the New Deal helped make what eventually became environmentalism a more democratic movement.
Introduction
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the main topic of this book, which is musical meaning. The question “Does music have meaning?” has been asked ever since music became a subject of discourse. While some think that musical meaning is intrinsic, extrinsic, autonomous, or permanent, the chapters in this book provide an exercise in musical analysis. Several terms that are used in the following chapters are mentioned and defined here, such as semiotic adventures, music as discourse, and discourse.
Criteria for Analysis I
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses three of six rubrics created by the author that help in considering the reality of Romantic music. It looks at the topics or topoi, beginnings, middles, and endings, and high points. Each rubric is discussed in detail, and the chapter illustrates these with excerpts from popular compositions to foster a better understanding of the rubric.
The Early Servant Church
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

If the instance already discussed in Mark bears but dubious testimony to the existence among early Christians of the modern notion of “diakonia”—and leaves us with an intriguing problem of interpretation—to what extent do the others instances echo, to use Lemaire's phrase, the loving attitude of the master? Since the 12th century, the cardinal deacons of Rome have taken their titles from ancient churches that have the word “diaconia” in their name, as in Diaconia San Teodoro. Much earlier, according to the Liber Pontificalis, Pope Fabian (236–50) had divided the city into seven administrative regions under seven deacons who were responsible for temporal administration and for the implementation of the “frumentatio” or relief of the poor. Because the words “deacon” and “diaconia” are cognate, the opinion was, at least from the time of Baronius and as late as E. Hatch, that the “diaconiae” were the centers from which the deacons had distributed this relief. At the end of the last century, however, L. Duchesne showed that a connection is not sustainable.
The Politics of Containment
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

Arguments for containment come in diverse forms. Some of these precede, or have developed adjacently to, the post/modern critique of the subject, since containment theories have always recognised that identity is an effect of the social domains which subversion and transgression would contest. Containment theory is sometimes seen as having little to do with the materialist critique, and is sometimes conveniently disavowed, often by gestural materialists, as a kind of bourgeois intellectual bad faith. However, Raymond Williams, for one, knew otherwise and gave an astute summary of the crucial issue. To that end, his account is indebted to but also departs from a European Marxist tradition of cultural critique, one which has recognised the complexity and indirect effectiveness of domination, and is acutely aware of the fact that human potentialities have not only been savagely repressed, but also abandoned and repudiated by their former adherents and those with most to gain from them.
Freud's Theory of Sexual Perversion
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This chapter is a sketch of Sigmund Freud's theory, as expounded in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, and further elaborated in later works. First, it explores the way Freud addresses the paradoxical dynamic of perversion; a theory more challenging than most contemporary versions of psychoanalysis allow — even those which have sought to use Freud in the name of a progressive sexual politics. In fact, since Freud, we are faced not only with the crassness of Sandor Feldman's version of perversion but also, within more sophisticated versions of psychoanalysis, with a disregard of Freud's much more challenging account of perversions. It is part of the longer argument that the perverse dynamic begins to undermine key aspects of the psychoanalytic project itself, just as it did within theology earlier.
From the Polymorphous Perverse to the Perverse Dynamic
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

The undifferentiated desire of polymorphous perversity, liberated into its own truth, freed from repressive constraint, could become an inherently subversive force. In Life against Death, Norman O. Brown argued that our survival, as individuals and as a species facing the possibility of nuclear destruction, depended on undoing repression. Such notions of what might actually comprise a liberated desire, polymorphous or otherwise, were revealingly culture-bound. Thus, even as he spoke of a transhistorical instinctual structure, Wilhelm Reich, the most famous of all sexual radicals, articulated it in terms which presupposed heterosexual genital norms. The perverse dynamic also suggests that the anthropologist's boundary between the lawful and the illicit is not so much a dividing line as the visible manifestation of an overlap. Something like this is true of John Rechy's gay cruising grounds, which are all public spaces and places where straight and gay men both go without mixing or meeting.
Early Modern: Cross-Dressing in Early Modern England
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

Humanist transgression in the name of authenticity has never been able to comprehend the kind of transgression peformed in the name of inversion, perversion, and reinscription. ‘Inversion’ could signify reversal of position and/or reversal of direction, both being inimical to effective government and social control. So it is worth recalling at the outset of this discussion that it is in these senses that the female cross-dresser of early 17th-century England could be described as an ‘invert’ or ‘pervert’. One might also usefully recall that to cross is not only to traverse, but to mix and to contradict; also that cross-dressing potentially involves both inversion and displacement of gender binaries. The controversy over dress was no less complex than the social shifts which provoked it.
The Charisma of Italy
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard
Published: October 2011

On 23 July I553 Mr John Lock, on his voyage to Jerusalem, glimpsed ‘the white walles’ of the fortified city of Ragusa, on the coast of Dalmatia or, by its ancient name, Illyria. Ragusa was, however, more than a fortified city. It was an ancient sovereign republic, with a system of government that differed from, though it somewhat resembled, that of Genoa, and which was maintaining itself as an important maritime and trading city on the fringe of the Ottoman Empire. When finally destroyed by the armies of Napoleon, it would have subsisted for a thousand years. Nothing might seem more remote from English political awareness than the longevity and constitution of the little republic of Ragusa, and at the time of Lock's voyage that was perhaps the case. Yet such were the historical changes to take place in England that, just over a century later, in I659, a tract entitled Government Described…, setting forth the constitution of Ragusa, was one of several in the debate conducted by James Harrington, Matthew Wren, and others, concerning the merits and resilience of the republican form of government.
Defeat and the Relevance of Epic
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard
Published: October 2011

Milton and Dryden, though conventionally considered to belong to different phases of English literary culture, inhabited the same historical world. They were part-contemporaries (Dryden living through the major crises of Milton's career) and each, towards the end of his life, survived a change of state, Milton the revolution of 1660, Dryden that of 1688, in which almost all his political hopes were dashed. Each of them produced an epic poem, Dryden's Aeneis being a sufficiently independent version of its original to sustain comparison with Milton's original Christian epic, Paradise Lost, which was sufficiently aware of the Aeneid to make comparison with Dryden's Aeneis a matter of interest. Before the forcing away of James II Dryden wrote, in support of that monarch and of the Catholic faith they now shared, his greatest and most mysterious long poem, The Hind and the Panther (1687). To some, perhaps, Catholicism seemed to be enjoying a triumph in that year; to the intelligent and politically sagacious Drydenthe scene was lit as much by portents of disaster as of ‘James his late nocturnal victory’ (II. 655) of Sedgernore. There could hardly be a less triumphalist poem, politically speaking, than The Hind and the Panther. Like certain of Milton's later writings to Oliver Cromwell it conveys anxiety about the future. Like Paradise Regained it is a poem of temptation and isolation, of argument, statement, and counter-statement. Utterly different in faith and form, each poem is at heart a vision of the Word in the wilderness and in each the dangers of the secular kingdom are never far from view. The poets have so much in common, but are yet so different, that they could be subjects of a parallel-life study, such as one finds in Plutarch.
Narrativity and the Case against Contradiction
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the single concept which seems crucially instrumental to both deconstructors and Marxists in their interpretative efforts. This concept is basically that of contradiction. In the deconstructive case, the critics in question produce both their own formulations, such as ‘double logics’ or ‘self-deconstruction’, and their own definitions to deal with the problem, and the author's own critique is based on these formulations and definitions. Nevertheless, both categories of critic claim that from a certain angle of analysis many or even most narratives will be logically incoherent in their internal organization. The chapter concentrates on the work of two influential critics of a Marxist persuasion, Terry Eagleton and Pierre Macherey. The critique has a dual aspect. It seeks to question the way in which the concept of contradiction is applied by Eagleton and Macherey, and in doing so it seeks to advance an opposing theoretical approach based on the concept of a logic of narrativity.
Introduction
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter begins with five images which depict women readers absorbed in texts, apparently oblivious to artist and observer. One of the paintings, Ralph Hedley’s Seeking Situations (1904), serves to alert one to the proximity of textuality and sexuality in discourses of reading throughout the Victorian and early Edwardian period. This book offers suggestions as to why ‘the woman reader’ was an issue addressed with such frequency throughout the period. It treats reading both as a leisure activity and as an essential component of more formal education, whether this education was home based or, increasingly, obtained at school. The study of literature, in particular, became an area for discussion as girls’ education widened in availability and seriousness in the second half of the nineteenth century. The book presents a variety of accounts of reading, providing evidence of the wide-ranging practices of particular girls and women throughout the period; their opportunities for obtaining books and the differing degrees of supervision exercised over their consumption of print.
An Introduction
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

This book explores some of the processes and the playing companies which helped to produce William Shakespeare. The groupings that made the playing companies into teams usually worked individualistically, in competition with one another. Their individualism, like their professionalism, was driven by the common need for money. They were a peculiar, unique, new phenomenon in London and in the country at large. Even their place in society was anomalous, since they functioned as workers in time of carnival. We already have histories of the theatres that the different companies used, studies of the staging practices, biographies of individual players, and even histories of some individual companies. This book is an attempt at the largest context, a comprehensive history of the companies which generated the London plays and first put them on stage. As in any study of historical process, the principal concern in this book is change and the processes that determined change. It follows the London companies through all the more general transformations and looks at the history of the individual companies.
The Changes of 1603
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

Among the inferences that can be made from the hints thrown out by the Privy Council in the years after the great settlement of 1594, one of the most potent for the players is the new policy over playing-places in the London area. Up to 1594, the playing companies that were ‘at home’ in London had to use a multitude of venues for their performances. The Queen’s Men are known to have played at different times at all the city inns that were used for plays and at every one of the amphitheatres, the Theatre, the Curtain, and the Rose. There is nothing to tell what governed this spread of activity, except the fact of the playhouses being built in the suburbs outside the direct jurisdiction of the city, the location of the inns inside that jurisdiction, and the evident preference of the companies to play inside the city whenever they could, rather than in the suburbs. It also took time for the expectation of travelling to give place to the expectation of playing in only one venue indefinitely.
The Early Elizabethan Companies: Berkeley’s, Essex’s, Rich’s, Lane’s, Clinton’s, Lincoln’s, Warwick’s, and Sussex’s
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

In the twenty years up to the formation of the Queen’s Men in 1583, a total of eleven adult playing companies performed at court in London. Of these eleven companies, Howard’s, Hunsdon’s, and Derby’s proved to be durable well past the cut-off point when the Queen’s Men took their leaders. The remaining eight are Berkeley’s Men, Lady Essex’s Men, Rich’s Men, Lane’s Men, Clinton’s Men, Lincoln’s, Warwick’s Men, and Sussex’s Men. This chapter looks at the history of these companies, their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, and their travelling records.
The Lord Admiral’s/Prince’s/Palatine’s Men, 1576–1625
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

There is enough continuity of player membership and other kinds of cohesion to identify a single long-running company which might most easily be called the Admiral’s Men, even though its first patron had three titles at different times, and the company later ran under two different royal patrons. It began its London-based activities in 1576 and only faded from the London scene in 1625. Its presence in London gives it an eminence and a durability that more than matches the forty-eight-year run of the Chamberlain’s-King’s Men. It had a variety of existences in its fifty years. It started in 1576 as a company patronized by a lord who was serving or had just served a short stint as deputy to the Lord Chamberlain. This chapter looks at the history of the Lord Admiral’s/Prince’s/Palatine’s Men, their performances from 1576 to 1625, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
Strange’s/Derby’s Men, 1564–1620, and Pembroke’s Men, 1591–1601
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

Too little is known about the involvement in playing of the Lancashire Stanleys, the earls of Derby, and especially about Lord Strange, Ferdinando Stanley, who became the fifth earl of Derby a few months before his death in 1594. The Stanleys were the largest landowners in Lancashire, and they liked plays: most of the major playing companies made regular visits to perform at their great houses. It was a family packed with historically famous names, which had exercised a peculiar if marginal role in Tudor government. One of the main questions is the Stanleys’ religious allegiances. The Puritans might have associated the Stanley enthusiasm for plays with an enthusiasm for ritual and the rites of the Catholic church. Whether that had anything to do with the strong Stanley tradition of patronizing playing companies there is no way of knowing. This chapter looks at the history of Strange’s/Derby’s Men and Pembroke’s Men, their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
The Caroline Hall Companies: Queen Henrietta’s Men, 1626–1642, King’s Revels, 1629–1637, and Beeston’s Boys, 1637–1642
Authors: Gurr Andrew
Published: October 2011

The division of Caroline audiences between hall and amphitheatre playhouses is a stronger and more consistent way of distinguishing the Caroline companies than the division of the playing companies themselves. Companies switched between hall and amphitheatre, and between amphitheatre and amphitheatre, almost at three-yearly intervals. Hence, calling any of them a hall company or an amphitheatre company is rather misleading. Moreover, there is rarely sufficient evidence even about their repertories to identify any one company as principally hall-fixated or open-air-playhouse-orientated. But the process which appears to make all the companies interchangeable does not apply to the playhouses. Buildings are more resistant to change than the companies, and so were the playgoers who went to each playhouse. This chapter looks at the history of the Caroline hall companies: Queen Henrietta’s Men, King’s Revels, and Beeston’s Boys. It focuses on their performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
God and the World
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

Arnobius' understanding of God takes into account the relationship between the deity and the world, including humanity, man's natural environment, and the great cosmos beyond him. Two main subdivisions are discernible. First, a significant number of passages focuses upon a divine concern for mankind's temporal and nontemporal (eschatological) welfare. Arnobius believed in a God who initiates a beneficial association with mankind which sometimes has spiritual applications, and at others, material. God is depicted as being immanent and approachable in some passages and, indeed, as he who makes the initial step forward to man. This understanding of the divine nature is frequently found in a description about worshipping the Christian God. Second, another set of passages portrays an exalted, quite transcendent deity. His nature and being are mysterious, almost totally unknown and unknowable, and often Arnobius' only recourse is to describe God in apophatic terms. Organically related to this is his affirmation that the High God is not the immediate creator of human souls. This chapter analyzes the concept of God in the Adversus nationes, focusing on the relationship between God and the world.
Divinity of Christ and the Mortality of the Gods Arnobius’ Response to Porphyry’s Hecatean Oracle and Commentary
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers the question of whether Porphyry might be the principal opponent in Adversus nationes I. The Hecatean Oracle and Porphyry's commentary upon it served a useful purpose in the anti-Christian propaganda disseminated in Roman North Africa during the period immediately preceding the outbreak of the Diocletianic Persecution. Although scholarship has traditionally focused upon the Contra Christianos as the most important work representing the pagan intelligentsia during this period, the Phil. or. should now be considered as a serious piece of anti-Christian propaganda in its own right. The subtle but vicious attack upon the deity of Christ that Porphyry developed in the Phil. or., accentuating above all his mortality, to which two great doctors of the Church — Eusebius and Augustine — responded with sharp counter-attacks, would perhaps help to explain the absence of any reference to the birth narratives and the name Jesus in the Adversus nationes.
The Mortality of the Gods
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: October 2011

This chapter demonstrates the specific manner in which the response to Porphyry's rejection of Christ's deity is developed in the Adversus nationes. There is one grand thème littéraire in the work related to the pagan gods of the myths: in respect of their anthropomorphic depictions and anthropopathic behaviour, all pagan religious literature accentuates the humanness, and therefore the mortality, of the deities. The discussion of divine anger serves as a sub-theme under the anthropopathic motif and is not the main theme of the work. In developing the anthropopathic motif, Arnobius indeed argues that the expression of ira among the deities proves their humanness, mortality, and therefore perishability. Yet he also makes the same point concerning such emotions as adfectio, adfectus, aegritudo, cupiditas, gaudium, libido, passio, perturbatio, sensus, tristitia, and voluptas. The main purpose of his argument is to demonstrate that Porphyry's rejection of Christ's deity, while simultaneously classifying him as a good and wise mortal, could easily be turned against him.
Objectives
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Literature is similar to an organism. It is in constant motion, ever evolving, keeping with the changing times. It is a special skill to be able to transform this from the traditional to something fresh and modern. It involves a very intricate web of cultural, social, and psychological aspects. Yiddish literature is an entirely distinct class on its own, just as its traditions and culture are unique. Literature is a tool to preserve and maintain these traditions intact, in language that is their own, such as Jewish and Aramaic. It is set in religious and spiritual aspects; it gives a feel of the ancient, mixed with new and modern concepts. This book examines the history and origins of Yiddish literature, tracing back the roots in order to understand and appreciate its form and content.
The Structure and History of Yiddish
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Yiddish was the proud language of the European Jewish communities and their offspring, which can be found scattered throughout the world. It has been observed that Yiddish is a mixture of various elements, both traditional and modern. There are what is termed stock languages, those that are the original form of the language. Determinants are those that have sprung out of the stock languages at any time in history; and finally, components are those that arise from the fusion of the influences of cultural and current events and the language advances through decades. The position of the Jews in the European region exposed them to different traditions and influences. These, with emerging forms of modern writing, have led to the alteration of the literature at various levels.
Yiddish as a Literary Language
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

Although the word language is always loosely connected with speech, literature is an entirely different form. It relies more heavily on style and technique, and is more artful and fluid in structure. Again, European and Western influences are mentioned; however, strong traditions such as taysh have held rigid standards among Yiddish authors. With the fiercely growing and developing world, the need for change could not be contained, and the age of modern literature began. This chapter describes and enumerates the various elements that have shaped Yiddish literature as it is today. Religious movements and the times of oppression for the Jewish people are some of the triggers that provoked this change. Clearly, literature adapts and molds into the needs and experiences of the people.