bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Accuracy of Sex Identification in European Skeletal Remains Using the Phenice Characters
Authors: MacLaughlin SM , Bruce MF
Published: August 2015

Three documented European skeletal series were examined to assess the accuracy and reliability of the public variables described by Phenice for correctly identifying the sex of adult human skeletal remains. The accuracy and objectivity of these variables, as reported by Phenice. Kelley, Sutherland and Suchey, and Lovell, could not be confirmed on this European material. In general, the subpublic concavity feature, when used alone, proved to be the most reliable variable for sex identification.

In this study, the level of correct sex identification that could be achieved using the Phenice variables was shown to be significantly affected by the previous experience of the observer.
Expert Systems in Forensic Science
Authors: Kingston C
Published: August 2015

Expert systems provide a means for experienced experts to make their expertise available to others. The workings of a simple expert system shell are described using several small knowledge bases for examples. Several types of materials are described which would appear to be excellent candidates around which to develop knowledge bases to assist in the identification, evaluation, or interpretation of evidence involving such materials. The knowledge bases could be used in practice by forensic scientists or for educational purposes.
The Expert Witness: Ethics and Responsibilities
Authors: Hollien H
Published: August 2015

While this paper is being written by a scientist in a specific disciplinary area, the comments to be made undoubtedly transcend that discipline and extend into other fields. As a matter of fact, nearly all of the points reviewed also have been articulated at one time or another by individuals from other areas of expertise. Hence, this effort is based as much on a kind of collective discomfort among expert witnesses as it is on the personal opinions of the author. In any case, the focus is on the problems of the expert witness in general rather than simply upon those difficulties uniquely experienced by a particular specialist. Five problems are addressed. They involve (1) the somewhat checkered legacy imposed upon the modern expert by his or her early counterparts, (2) the lack of specific forensic training for experts within their content disciplines, (3) the widely varying qualifications and professional training of current experts, (4) the pressures experienced by the expert, and (5) the conflicts of interest imposed upon them by the judicial system. Each of these problems presently affect expert witnesses; attempts to resolve or mitigate them would appear appropriate.
A Death Resulting from Trichlorotrifluoroethane Poisoning
Authors: McGee MB , Meyer RF , Jejurikar SG
Published: August 2015

Fatalities due to accidental exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbon in an industrial setting have been infrequently reported. The deaths in these cases have occurred within poorly ventilated, enclosed compartments or areas. A case is presented of a 16-year-old male who died as a result of exposure to trichlorotrifluoroethane while working in an open pit. Chromatographic results and tissue concentrations are presented.
The Tubular “Cookie Cutter” Bullet: A Unique Projectile
Authors: Nolte KB
Published: August 2015

Recently marketed PMC™ (Pan Metal Corporation) Ultramag tubular hollow point ammunition is uniquely constructed with a two-part projectile composed of a tubular copper bullet and a Teflon® wad. A fatal gunshot wound with this ammunition is described. A unique radiographic pattern and the results of test firing are also presented.
Tragedy at Gunpowder River: Amtrak-Conrail Collision, Chase, Maryland
Authors: McBay AJ
Published: August 2015

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) reported that the collision between an Amtrak train and three Conrail locomotives on 4 Jan. 1987 was caused by impairment of the engineer of the Conrail locomotives from marijuana and by the failure of and lack of safety devices. Evaluation of NTSB's report does not support marijuana impairment as a cause of the accident, but it does reveal many safety problems.
A Review of Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton
Authors: Hinkes MJ
Published: August 2015

The editors of this volume state that their purpose is “to present the state of the art of elucidating biological characteristics from skeletal remains” (p. xv) and “to offer to our colleagues … a clear profile of current research activities in skeletal anthropology” (p. 8). They do this by assembling 17 authors writing on 15 topics of interest to biological anthropologists and others. This book is an outgrowth of a 1986 seminar of the same title presented at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association. While some of the authors are not necessarily among “the most respected members of the profession” (p. xv), most of them have been publishing or presenting papers on their respective topics for some time, so their participation in this volume comes as no surprise
Introduction: Charles S. Petty, M.D.—The Quintessential Forensic Pathologist
Authors: Stembridge VA
Published: August 2015

A scientific symposium honoring Dr. Charles S. Petty was held in November 1989 in Dallas, Texas. Past and present associates and fellows were invited to recognize Dr. Petty upon his completion of 20 highly successful years as chief medical examiner of Dallas County and director of the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences. One hundred attendees came from throughout the United States, Canada, and Japan to honor Dr. Petty for what he has meant to their careers.
Relationship of Ischemic Heart Disease to Sudden Death
Authors: Buja LM , Willerson JT
Published: August 2015

A clinicopathological synthesis is presented of the relationship of ischemic heart disease to sudden cardiac death. The immediate pathophysiological process responsible for sudden cardiac death is a lethal arrhythmia, usually ventricular fibrillation. Although significant coronary atherosclerosis is present in most cases of naturally occurring sudden death, available evidence indicates that several mechanisms can be operative in the pathogenesis of the fatal event. These are (1) acute myocardial infarction in a minority of cases; (2) myocardial ischemia, without infarction, which is initiated either by (a) an exertion-induced increase in myocardial oxygen demand or (b) an acute coronary event often involving plaque degeneration and platelet aggregation; and (3) a primary arrhythmia, usually resulting from altered electrical conduction in the setting of a previous myocardial infarction.
Sudden Death Caused by Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Late Complication of Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Wreford FS , Conradi SE , Cohle SD , Lie JT , Dana SE , Puri S
Published: August 2015

The authors describe three cases (two blacks and one Latin American) of sudden death caused by late complications of Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome). At autopsy each heart contained multiple coronary artery aneurysms with luminal stenosis caused by intimal hyperplasia and thrombi. Although virtually all fatal cases of Kawasaki disease occur within six months of the onset of symptoms, there have been other reported deaths up to 14 years after the acute illness. The coronary artery aneurysms of Kawasaki disease may persist and cause death years after the acute illness.
Evaluation of Immunoassay Methods for the Screening of Cocaine Metabolites in Urine
Authors: Baugh LD , Ellen Allen E , Liu RH , Langner JG , Fentress JC , Chadha SC , Cook LF , Walia AS
Published: August 2015

Immunoassay kits for urine cocaine (and metabolite) screening, obtained from two commercial sources, were examined for correlation of their results, expressed in terms of equivalent benzoylecgonine concentration, with the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) concentration of benzoylecgonine. The correlation coefficients obtained, based on 62 (out of a total sample population of 3295) highly relevant samples, were 0.467 and 0.766 for Abuscreen® (ARIA) and TDx® (TDX), respectively. The preliminary screen cutoff values, which correspond to 150 ng/mL benzoylecgonine (as determined by GC/MS), were calculated based on the resulting regression equations and found to be 380 and 190 ng/mL for ARIA and TDX, respectively. With these cutoff values, ARIA generates 5 false negatives and 16 unconfirmed presumptive positives, while TDX results in 3 false negatives and 6 unconfirmed presumptive positives.
A Comparison of Three Computer Models for Prediction of Dose in Acute Amitriptyline Overdose
Authors: Wimbish G , Shores J , Spiehler V
Published: August 2015

The pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline in overdose have been reported not to fit conventional compartmental models. In this study, the dose-concentration-time relationships of amitriptyline in overdose were modeled with discriminant analysis, with an evolutionary heuristic search program, and with a decision-tree model based on the entropy of uncertainty of classification. The computer models all used the same data from dogs administered treatment (80 mg/kg), toxic (250 mg/kg), or fatal (500 mg/kg) doses directly into the surgically isolated duodenum. All the models achieved a high degree of success (77 to 93%) in assigning records to the high-, low-, or middle-dose groups. Two of the models gave a probability of the assignment. Results of this analysis suggest that blood amitriptyline and nortriptyline concentrations are most useful in estimating dose in acute amitriptyline overdose.
Changes in Perikymata and Their Significance to a Postmortem Dental Identification
Authors: Smith BC
Published: August 2015

Perikymata are wavelike features that are normally found in the surface enamel of teeth. These structures are known to undergo regressive changes due to gradual attrition, mechanical abrasion, or chemical erosion. Forensic science has suggested that significance be placed on some forms of their loss as indicators of age, oral habits, and alignment of individual teeth. The dental identification of victims of a Vietnam War military aircraft crash is presented. The unusual pattern of perikymata change on two of the teeth suggests the antemortem existence of a removable partial denture. These findings support the exclusionary conclusions.
The Toxicological Examination of the Victims of the British Air Tours Boeing 737 Accident at Manchester in 1985
Authors: Mayes RW
Published: August 2015

The results of toxicological analyses of the body fluids of the victims from the accident involving the British Air Tours Boeing 737 in August 1985 are presented for carboxyhemoglobin, cyanide, and volatiles.

All the victims except one had raised concentrations of carbon monoxide. All the victims had raised concentrations of cyanide. All the victims showed the presence of volatile substances in the blood. Autopsies revealed that all the victims had carbon particles in the trachea and bronchi. Thus, all the victims must have inhaled fire products in the burning aircraft cabin. Six victims had concentrations of carbon monoxide or cyanide in the blood that were neither fatal nor incapacitating; therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that these six victims survived for a comparatively short time and that there may have been other causes, in addition to toxic fumes, for their deaths. The other 48 victims must have survived long enough in the fire to accumulate incapacitating or fatal concentrations of carbon monoxide or cyanide or both. The effects of these substances found in the blood of each of the 48 victims must have combined to produce an insurmountable impediment to escape from the aircraft.
Dangerous Mentally Disordered Criminals: Unresolvable Societal Fear?
Authors: Leong GB , Arturo Silva J , Weinstock R
Published: August 2015

The average person fears dangerous criminals, especially those suffering from mental illness. Existing mental health and criminal justice systems provide social control for some of these dangerous individuals, but may be inadequate to deal with those mentally disordered offenders who were not found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGI). In California, innovative laws have attempted to address this problem. However, putative lack of efficacious treatment of mentally ill criminals, insufficient economic support, and individual liberty concerns loom as limiting factors in solving the criminal and psychiatric recidivism problem posed by non-NGI dangerous mentally disordered offenders.
Radiographic Identification by Mastoid Sinus and Arterial Pattern
Authors: Rhine S , Sperry K
Published: August 2015

A skull and some incomplete postcranial remains were discovered in two searches over a two-month period near Santa Fe, New Mexico. The discoveries could be demonstrated to be from the same person, and the remains were shown to be consistent with a specific missing person on the basis of anthropological analysis. Further work led to a positive identification on multiple grounds, including agreement of the details of the mastoid sinus and endocranial arterial patterns observed radiographically. These features may be useful for establishing positive identification from skeletal remains when antemortem radiographic studies for comparison are limited to lateral cranial vault studies.
A Review of Age Markers in the Human Skeleton
Authors: Hinkes MJ
Published: August 2015

When I first saw this book, I wondered just how much it would add to the body of knowledge on age determination from human remains. Were the claims of the editor—that the book is a comprehensive presentation and evaluation of the state of the art in this speciality—well founded?
A Review of Proactive Police Management, Second Edition
Authors: Scoopmire DH
Published: August 2015

To make an initial assessment of this volume I decided first to review the chapters that related directly to management assignments I had held in the past eleven years as a police officer in a management position. After reading four chapters (Basic Line Functions, Patrol Operations, Administrative/Staff Functions, and Training Policies), I was surprised and impressed with both the material and the approach of the authors. This book has now replaced O.W. Wilson's Police Administration, as my favorite police management text.
Representative Sampling of Drug Seizures in Multiple Containers
Authors: Frank RS , Hinkley SW , Hoffman CG
Published: August 2015

Exhibits of illicit drugs in a large number of containers are frequently submitted to crime laboratories. The forensic chemist often needs to select randomly and then examine a number of these containers to provide information regarding the composition of the overall exhibit which is sufficient to support the requirements of the criminal justice system. Although various methods of sampling can be shown to provide samples that will allow statistical inferences to be made with a high degree of confidence, no procedure has been identified that specifically meets the sampling objectives associated with an exhibit of this sort.

The authors have addressed this sampling problem by applying the probability theory of the hypergeometric distribution to the sampling of drug exhibits contained in multiple containers. The resulting model will permit strong probability statements to be made regarding the presence of the controlled substance in a predetermined quantity of the exhibit, thereby supporting the prosecution and sentencing of violators of controlled substance laws.
The Identification and Quantitation of Pharmaceutical Preparations by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Angelos SA , Janovsky TJ , Raney JK
Published: August 2015

The identification and quantitation of pharmaceutical preparations is often the most time-consuming analysis performed in the forensic science laboratory. Because of their hygroscopic and polymorphic properties, matching infrared spectra are frequently difficult to obtain. Moreover, many of these compounds also fragment in such a manner that their mass spectra are difficult to interpret. Nuclear magnetic resonance offers an attractive alternative analysis since it avoids these problems and allows simultaneous identification and quantitation of dosage forms. Typical procedures are described for pharmaceutical forms of barbiturates, phenethylamines, quinazolones, benzodiazepines, and ethchlorvynol. This method has been successfully used and in most cases does not require a preliminary separation of the pharmaceutical preparation's components.
Classification and Identification of Photocopying Toners by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): I. Preliminary Results
Authors: Mazzella WD , Lennard CJ , Margot PA
Published: August 2015

A diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform technique is described for the analysis of raw photocopying toners and small samples of toner removed from the surface of a photocopied document. The technique gives reproducible results and makes possible differentiation of toner samples obtained from different photocopying machines. In addition, toners may be classified into a number of groups, based on the presence or absence of certain absorption bands in their diffuse reflectance spectra. Preliminary results indicate the feasibility of a database of infrared spectra for the photocopying toners available on the market. Such a database would be a valuable aid to the document examiner in the increasing number of cases involving photocopies.
Document Examinations of Handwriting with a Straightedge or a Writing Guide
Authors: Morgan M , Zilly P
Published: August 2015

Occasionally sighted writers practice “straightedge writing,” sometimes referred to as “blind-man's writing,” in which a straight object is used as a baseline. Many systems are used, and individual characteristics are established especially in the descenders (lower zonc). Most of these writers try to be neat, yet wish to be unique.

The writing of sighted people differs considerably from that of the functionally blind, who use many types of writing guides. Guides used by the blind are often flexible, yet confine writing to a given space instead of only using a straight line. For example, there are check templates which fit standard checks to keep the writing in certain areas for the visually impaired. The writing of a blind person is normally not as evenly spaced and precisely formed, and the “t” crossing and “i” dots are often missing. Such writing is individualized and identifiable.
A Methodology for Near-Optimal Computational Superimposition of Two-Dimensional Digital Facial Photographs and Three-Dimensional Cranial Surface Meshes
Authors: Nickerson BA , Fitzhorn PA , Koch SK , Charney M
Published: August 2015

The authors present a methodology for human identification based on digital superimposition techniques. This methodology computes a fast, near optimal fit between a three-dimensional skull surface mesh and a two-dimensional digitized facial photograph. Since this is done digitally, (1) the photograph can be enhanced to reduce or eliminate motion blur, overexposure or underexposure, and out-of-focus distortions; (2) previous problems with skull/photograph scaling and alignment are minimized or eliminated; and (3) the photograph and skull can be numerically correlated. Two of several test cases produced from an implementation of this methodology are also presented.
Use of the Ventral Arc in Pubic Sex Determination
Authors: Sutherland LD , Suchey JM
Published: August 2015

A sample of 1284 well-documented pubic bones was studied for sex determination methods. This sample included many adolescents and could be used to expand Phenice's 1969 study, which was largely based on mature adults. In the present study, focus was placed on the ventral are which, when used alone, provided 96% accuracy in sex determination. This paper stresses the development of the ventral arc in the adolescent: a precursor condition is defined, which first appears at age 14 and becomes the most frequent condition at age 20. In mature adults, 4% show conditions that are misleading and likely to lead to sex determination errors. Practical applications of this method are discussed in relation to the forensic science setting, including three cases. A set of casts was developed to increase the reliability of the method, and these casts were then tested in interobserver error studies.
Maxillary Suture Obliteration: A Test of the Mann Method
Authors: Gruspier KL , Mullen GJ
Published: August 2015

The degree of obliteration of the maxillary sutures has recently been presented as a useful technique for predicting the age at death of adult skeletal remains. A replicative study of the method on a sample of male skeletons of verified age was undertaken to test its accuracy. Results indicated that the variability in predicted age, as reflected by the total suture score, was too great to recommend use of the method for age determination in individual forensic science cases.
Haptoglobin Phenotyping from Older Bloodstains by Enzyme Immunoassay and Haptoglobin Phenotypes Within a Nebraska Caucasian Population
Authors: Roy R , Roy IC
Published: August 2015

Enzyme immunoassay and Western blotting (electrophoretic) techniques were used to determine haptoglobin (HP) phenotypes from older bloodstains.

Serum was collected from liquid blood and the HP phenotypes were determined. Bloodstains were prepared from these specimens and stored at various temperatures for several months. The stains were extracted and applied to gradient polyacrylamide gels.

The Western blotting technique was used to achieve the transfer of HP bands from the gels to the nitrocellulose membranes. Enzyme immunoassay with goat anti-HP antiserum and rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin peroxidase were used to identify the HP bands from the extracted samples.

Enzyme immunoassay was found to be clearly more sensitive than o-dianisidine or o-tolidine in detecting HP bands from diluted serum samples.

The haptoglobin frequency in a Caucasian population in Nebraska was calculated. The frequencies of Phenotypes 1, 2-1, and 2 were found to be 15.8, 48.4, and 35.8%, respectively.
Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) Grouping of Bloodstains on Silver
Authors: Mann RL , Al Kindy AM
Published: August 2015

This paper describes a case involving alteration of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) isoenzyme patterns in bloodstains present on silver. The effect could be produced by treating blood samples with silver nitrate solution.
Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Chemistry: 1. Pigment Identification by Direct Mixture Analysis in a Case of Bank Note Falsification
Authors: Acampora A , Ferranti P , Malorni A , Milone A
Published: August 2015

A rapid mass spectrometry procedure, based on direct mixture analysis using conventional electron ionization in both the low and high resolution modes, was used to match pigments present on a counterfeit $100 United States bank note with pigments contained in two inks suspected of having been used. The results demonstrated that the pigments present on the false bank note and those contained in the inks were the same.
Appearance of Aminorex as a Designer Analog of Methylaminorex
Authors: Brewster ME , Davis FT
Published: August 2015

A case in which aminorex (cis ± 4,5-dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine) was prepared as a “designer” analog of a controlled substance, methylaminorex (cis ± 4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine) is described. The confiscated drug sample was analyzed by high-field (300-mHz) proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, as well as electron impact mass spectrometry (70 eV). These examinations proved conclusively that the material in question was aminorex.
A Review of Formaldehyde Sensitivity and Toxicity
Authors: McMartin KE
Published: August 2015

This book is an excellent compendium of studies related to the potential toxic effects of formaldehyde. Although the majority of chapters deal with allergenicity and other effects on the skin and respiratory tract, there is a broad base of information on formaldehyde chemistry, on quantitation of exposure, and on other acute and chronic cffccts in humans and animals. The author has surveyed the literature in these areas, but also has added valuable interpretation of the results. In most cases, anecdotal data are differentiated from results of controlled scientific studies. However, the overwhelming number of uncontrolled studies may bias the casual reader towards their results.
Genetic Markers in Human Bone: II. Studies on ABO (and IGH) Grouping
Authors: Lee HC , Berka KM , Folk NL , Pagliaro EM , Carroll-Reho J , Brubaker TL , Gaensslen RE
Published: August 2015

A combination absorption-elution, two-dimensional absorption-inhibition procedure was used to determine the ABH antigen composition of a series of human bone specimens of known ABO type that had been aged up to nine months under dry and humid conditions at ambient temperature, 37°C, and 56°C; at ambient temperature in dry and wet soil; and buried in soil outdoors. Grouping data for the separate elution and inhibition testing, as well as for the combination procedure, are given. The combination method was found to be a highly reliable procedure for bone tissue ABH typing. Some data on microbial contaminants of human bone specimens aging in soil, and their effects on ABH typing results, are presented. No direct correlation between the properties of microbial contaminants and specific changes in the ABH antigenic composition of aging bone tissue specimens could be ascertained. Data on IGH antigen determination and on the quantitation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in human bone tissue extracts indicated that immunoglobulin levels were typically too low to expect routinely successful Gm antigen testing results. However, these factors can sometimes be determined in fresh bone tissue extracts, particularly if the extracts are concentrated.
Site-Dependent Postmortem Changes in Blood Cocaine Concentrations
Authors: Hearn WL , Keran EE , Wei H , Hime G
Published: August 2015

When a forensic toxicologist interprets postmortem blood cocaine findings he usually must make assumptions regarding perimortem drug concentrations. In-vitro studies have shown that cocaine rapidly hydrolyzes in unpreserved blood, particularly at elevated temperatures. However, other studies have demonstrated site-dependent postmortem release of some drugs from tissue stores accompanied by increases in drug concentrations in the blood. This study was undertaken to investigate whether blood cocaine concentrations change in the body during the postmortem interval and, if so, to measure the direction and magnitude of the changes.

In medical examiner cases in which scene investigation suggested that the deceased was a cocaine user, blood samples were collected as soon after death as possible. At autopsy, a second set of samples was collected. Analysis of paired samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed dramatic differences in the cocaine concentration. The magnitude and direction of the change appears to be site dependent. Usually, but not invariably, cocaine concentration in subclavian vein blood decreases while that in heart, aorta, and femoral vein blood increases during the interval between death and autopsy.

The findings emphasize the danger inherent in attempting to estimate the concentration of cocaine in blood at the time of death from postmortem data.
N-Formyl Cocaine: A Study of Cocaine Comparison Parameters
Authors: Brewer LM , Allen A
Published: August 2015

N-formyl cocaine has been found to be a processing impurity (via potassium permanganate oxidation) in clandestine cocaine processing. Chemical isolation and spectroscopic data are presented. Its occurrence in illicit cocaine samples is examined for its value in sample comparisons. A general discussion of clandestine cocaine processing and permanganate oxidation is included.
Alleged Brain Damage, Diminished Capacity, Mens Rea, and Misuse of Medical Concepts
Authors: Perr IN
Published: August 2015

As focus on the insanity defense diminishes, defendants may place emphasis on a lack of knowing or purposeful behavior in order to negate a criminal charge. This use of a mens rea defense in accord with Model Penal Code principles is exemplified by the current New Jersey statute. Such a defense may result in a lesser charge or a finding of not guilty. In addition to reviewing applicable law, this report presents a sex offense case in which remote brain damage was invoked as a purported basis for incapacity to formulate the required intent; the study also raises the issue of the inappropriate or questionable use of medical principles, a practice that diminishes professional credibility in the courts and in the community.
The Eyes of Child Abuse Victims: Autopsy Findings
Authors: Riffenburgh RS , Sathyavagiswaran L
Published: August 2015

The authors studied 77 pairs of eyes removed from children who had died of suspected child abuse. Forty-seven of the cases had retinal hemorrhages. Those showing retinal hemorrhages were younger children and had fewer other stigmata of child abuse. Hemorrhages are more likely to occur in cases where the child was shaken or swung than in those with severe direct head trauma. The authors recommend that examination of the eyes be included in the autopsies of all small children who died without an obvious cause of death. Experience in both processing and reading of ocular material is necessary for reliable results.
Comparison of Insect Species Associated with Decomposing Remains Recovered Inside Dwellings and Outdoors on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii
Authors: Goff ML
Published: August 2015

A comparison of insects collected from 35 cases of decomposing remains on the island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (14 from indoor situations and 21 from outdoors), yielded a total of 22 species of insects in 3 orders and 12 families. Of these, five species were recovered in both indoor and outdoor situations. Remains recovered indoors had a greater variety of Diptera larvae associated with them, while remains discovered outdoors had a greater variety of Coleoptera species present. Some species of insects were restricted to remains discovered indoors, while others were found only associated with remains in outdoor situations. Knowledge of the species of insects associated with different habitats may serve to provide information concerning the history of the remains.
Differentiation of Hydrocephalic Calf and Human Calvariae
Authors: Ubelaker DH , Berryman HE , Sutton TP , Ray CE
Published: August 2015

Occasionally, partial calvariae of hydrocephalic calves are found in forensic contexts and mistakenly identified as human. Such specimens can be properly identified through immunological assessment of associated soft tissue, microscopic analysis of associated hair, and morphological comparison with documented museum specimens. Morphological comparison should focus on the form of the occiput, supraorbital grooves, and bulbous vault and presence of coronal processes.
Classification and Identification of Photocopying Toners by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): II. Final Report
Authors: Mazzella WD , Lennard CJ , Margot PA
Published: August 2015

A diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) technique has been employed to record the IR spectra of 152 different black and color toners used in photocopiers and laser printers. Based on characteristic absorption bands in the infrared (IR) spectra, 149 of these toners were classified into 36 distinct groups. A small sample of toner was removed from the surface of a questioned document (produced on a photocopier or laser printer), the IR spectrum was recorded using the diffuse reflectance technique, and the class of toner was determined by comparison with a collection of standard spectra. A knowledge of the compatibility of each type of toner can then be employed to provide a list of photocopying machines (or laser printers) that could have produced the questioned document. The technique does not appear to be affected by the age of the photocopy, the batch or toner, or the prior treatment of the questioned document with a fingerprint development reagent such as ninhydrin.
Laboratory Investigation of Deaths Due to Anaphylaxis
Authors: Yunginger JW , Nelson DR , Squillace DL , Jones RT , Holley KE , Hyma BA , Biedrzycki L , Sweeney KG , Sturner WQ , Schwartz LB
Published: August 2015

To establish a useful laboratory protocol to investigate possible cases of fatal anaphylaxis, we measured mast-cell-derived tryptase levels and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody levels in sera obtained prior to or within 24 h after death from 19 anaphylaxis victims. Elevated serum tryptase levels (range = 12 ng/mL to 150 μg/mL) were found in nine of nine Hymenoptera sting fatalities, six of eight food-induced fatalities, and two of two reactions to diagnostic/therapeutic agents. Tryptase levels were normal (<10 ng/mL) in 57 sequential sera obtained postmortem from six control patients. Tryptase could not be measured by pleural or pericardial fluids for technical reasons. Serum IgE antibodies were elevated in five of the nine Hymenoptera sting fatalities and in eight of the eight fatal food reactions; assays were unavailable for the two diagnostic/therapeutic agents. If elevated, the victim's serum IgE antibodies to food could be used to identify allergens in uneaten portions of foods consumed shortly before the anaphylactic event. IgE antibodies were moderately stable during storage in a variety of anticoagulants at room temperature for up to 11 weeks. Elevated mast-cell-derived tryptase levels in postmortem sera reflect antemortem mast cell activation and may be used as a marker for fatal anaphylaxis. If assays are available for IgE antibodies to relevant allergens, such assays provide evidence for antemortem sensitization; these assays may be modified to identify allergens in foods consumed by victims of food-induced anaphylaxis.
Polymorphisms of the Enzyme Systems Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase (GALT) and Esterase D (EsD) in the Province of Cádiz, Southern Spain
Authors: Gamero-Lucas JJ , Romero J-L , Vizcaya MA , Arufe MI
Published: August 2015

Galactose-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) and esterase D (EsD) phenotypes were determined by isoelectric focusing in ultrathin-layer polyacrylamide gel (PAGIF) for 406 healthy subjects randomly chosen and residing in the province of Cádiz, in Southern Spain. The following gene frequencies were observed: for GALT, GALT1 = 0.952 970 3 and GALT2 = 0.047 029 71; for EsD, EsD1 = 0.895 320 2, EsD2 = 0.094 827 59, and EsD5 = 0.009 852 21.
A Simplified Probability Equation for Gunshot Primer Residue (GSR) Detection
Authors: Halberstam RC
Published: August 2015

The probability of finding gunshot primer residue particles when only a portion of a specimen is to be searched is calculated exactly, without the use of a simplifying assumption made by previous authors. Probabilities obtained by the exact method are compared with those published previously.
Corrections for Age in Estimating Older Adults' Stature from Long Bones
Authors: Giles E
Published: August 2015

Stature estimates based on long bone measurements require a correction factor to compensate for stature decrease in older people. Such a correction should exclude the effect of any secular trend in stature and reflect the age at which stature begins to decrease, sex differences, and the increasing rate of change with age. Stature corrections which meet these requirements for ages 46 through 85, based upon two recent large-scale longitudinal anthropometric studies, are provided in tabular form.
Microcrystalloscopic Differentiation of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine and Related Amphetamine Derivatives
Authors: Simpson BJ , Simpson TP , Liu RH
Published: August 2015

Commonly used gold chloride and its diluted forms are compared with gold bromide for potential microcrystalloscopic differentiation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and related amphetamine derivatives. The crystal formation characteristics of MDA, mescaline, and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET) with diluted and undiluted gold chloride allow differentiation of these drugs, while 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA) form similar crystals and are not easily differentiated. The compounds 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and N-hydroxy-MDA were soluble in the gold chloride reagents, and no crystals were formed.
Ephedrone: 2-Methylamino-1-Phenylpropan-1-One (Jeff)
Authors: Zhingel KY , Dovensky W , Crossman A , Allen A
Published: August 2015

Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, commonly used in clandestine laboratories within the United States to synthesize methamphetamine by means of reduction, are utilized within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in synthetic oxidation with potassium permanganate to form 2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-one. This ketone product of methamphetamine, termed “ephedrone” and “Jeff,” is profiled with the use of spot tests, infrared spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and hydrogen (1H) and carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Fatal Acetaminophen Poisoning with Evidence of Subendocardial Necrosis of the Heart
Authors: Price LM , Poklis A , Johnson DE
Published: August 2015

The authors describe a case of fatal acetaminophen overdose which occurred in a 16-year-old female. Her serum acetaminophen concentration 11.5 h postingestion was 154 mg/L. Antidotal therapy was unsuccessful, and after 9 days she died. Autopsy findings included centrilobular zonal liver necrosis, acute proximal renal tubular necrosis, and diffuse alveolar pulmonary damage. Her heart was transplanted into a young woman with congenital heart disease. The recipient expired 14 days after the transplant as a result of sepsis complicating bowel ischemia. The transplanted heart showed extensive subendocardial myocyte necrosis related to acetaminophen toxicity and not rejection.
Bones, Blood, Pellets, Glass, and No Body
Authors: Dix JD , Stout SD , Mosley J
Published: August 2015

A man was found guilty of killing his wife, although her body was never found. The case centered on her car, which contained fragments of bone, glass, shotgun pellets, and dried blood. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprinting techniques were used to establish the decedent's identity. Examination of the bone fragments revealed that they were from the skull. These two pieces of information, added to other evidence, proved that the defendant's wife had received a fatal injury in her car, and a guilty verdict was rendered.
A Review of Forensic Pathology
Authors: Dana SE
Published: August 2015

Ever since being enticed into the field of forensic pathology some 15 years ago, I have awaited the publication of a concise, definitive text in the field which would encompass the numerous and varied aspects of potential cases sure to be encountered in the routine workday of a practicing forensic pathologist. Up until now, I had to be content with the sparse number of texts in the field, most of which were outdated, too cumbersome to carry, and filled with oversized photographs but very little text. With the publication of Forensic Pathology, the field of death investigation has finally been given a reference that encompasses a broad range of subjects, in a manner sure to instruct those individuals less familiar with scientific terminology, while at the same time acting as a reference for all pathologists, whether they are performing forensic investigation on a daily basis or only a few times a year.
Lewis Blood Group Determination in Bloodstains by Planimetric Measurement of Eluted Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Kimura H , Matsuzawa S
Published: August 2015

Planimetric measurements were employed for reading the results of an elution test to determine Lewis blood groups in dry human bloodstains. In the absorption-elution test, two varieties of indicators were used to detect eluted Lewis antibodies. First, 64 bloodstains aged between 2 to 8 months were tested with glutaraldehyde (GLA)-treated erythrocytes (planimetric hemagglutination assay, PMHA). This method demonstrated that dry stains weighing approximately 0.4 mg (equivalent to 3 µL of whole blood) were sufficient for detection of Lea or Leb antigen. Results were obtained within 1 h. Then, 37 of these stains were tested with Lewis substance-coated latex particles (planimetric latex agglutination assay, PMLA). The presence of Lea and Leb antigen were detected from dry stains weighing 0.1 mg (equivalent to 1 µL of whole blood) within 3 h. Both these assays are faster and simpler with accuracy than the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Latex particles coated with Lewis substance are, in particular, strongly agglutinated and show agglutination patterns more clearly than erythrocytes. The blind tests using these two methods properly classified 7 Le(a + b -) and 23 Le(a - b +) bloodstains; whereas, 5 Le(a - b -) stains were undetermined by the criteria for these tests. These results indicate the usefulness of the PMHA and PMLA for typing Lewis blood groups from small bloodstains.
Anabolic Steroids—Analysis of Dosage Forms from Selected Case Studies from the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Scientific Services Bureau
Authors: Colman PD , A'Hearn E , Taylor RW , Le SD
Published: August 2015

Four selected case studies are described to demonstrate the detection and identification of anabolic steroids in dosage forms as typically encountered in the forensic laboratory. General analytical schemes are presented to provide conclusive identification of anabolic steroids and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as required by the California Uniform Controlled Substances Act. Methodology designed to simplify and reduce analysis time, and yet comply with the legal reporting requirements for anabolic steroids, is reviewed.
A Method for Identification of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Using a Microscope Sampling Device with Fourier Transform Infrared (FT/IR) Spectroscopy
Authors: Harris HA , Kane T
Published: August 2015

The identification of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has posed an analytical challenge for forensic science laboratories. In those cases in which a few doses are seized, only microgram quantities are available, often in forms which make isolation of the miniscule amount of LSD difficult. A method is described which yields small crystals of pure LSD in a form well-suited for analysis using a microscope sampling device with a Fourier transform infrared (FT/IR) spectrometer. These crystals produce excellent spectra from samples containing less than 50 µg of LSD. Distinguishing between LSD, iso-LSD, and lysergic acid N-methylpropylamide (LAMPA) poses no problem with the spectra obtained. This scheme combines preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) followed by wick evaporation, an old but not well-known technique for separating soluble components from high-solid mixtures without filtration.
A Video Microscopy System for Teaching and Casework
Authors: Rowe WF
Published: August 2015

This paper discusses an inexpensive video microscopy system built around a high-resolution, solid-state color camera. The system includes a VHS-format videocassette recorder, a color monitor, and a home computer to provide titling and other data input. The entire system is mounted on a small table designed as a personal-computer workstation so that it can be moved to different locations within the laboratory.
Parentage Determination on Aborted Fetal Material Through Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Profiling
Authors: Ludes BP , Mangin PD , Malicier DJ , Chalumeau AN , Chaumont AJ
Published: August 2015

After a rape, women who are pregnant often elect to abort the fetus. The authors describe ten cases in which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing was performed on the aborted fetal material to provide evidence of the genetic constitution of the suspect. The problems encountered with this new technique are discussed.
Ethylbenzoylecgonine: A Novel Component in Illicit Cocaine
Authors: Janzen KE
Published: August 2015

Ethylbenzoylecgonine, a cocaine homolog, was identified in illicit cocaine samples that had been imported dissolved in liquor. A gas chromatogram and mass spectrum of ethylbenzoylecgonine are presented.
Review of 1989 Yearbook of Toxicology
Authors: Garriott JC
Published: August 2015

This book is a compilation of abstracts of articles published in the fields of toxicology between July 1987 and June 1988. Each abstract has a critical comment by one of 15 members of the editorial board. The abstracts are categorized into 9 subunits (for example, Animal Studies, Clinical Studies, Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), Treatment of Poisoning, Analytical Toxicology).
Review of Preventing Drug Abuse: Effective Intervention Strategies and Techniques
Authors: Cretella HE
Published: August 2015

The key word in this book's title is “effective.” In a logical, step-wise format, the authors argue for the need to measure outcomes and learn from experience. They then collate their findings and suggest alternatives to be tried and measured next. The emphasis is on effectiveness of interventions throughout.
Simultaneous Analysis of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Urine Samples by Solid-Phase Extraction, Derivatization, and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Gan BK , Baugh D , Liu RH , Walia AS
Published: August 2015

A rapid and effective solid-phase extraction procedure using Bond Elute Certify™ bonded silica sorbent cartridges was adopted to extract amphetamine, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) from urine samples. The extract was derivatized with trichloroacetic anhydride prior to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis with selected ion monitoring of the following ions: 190, 91, 188; 204, 91, 202; 162, 135, 202; 194, 123; and 211, 209 for the derivatized amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, d5-amphetamine, and d9-methamphetamine, respectively. The first of the ions listed for each compound was used for quantitation. The compound d5-amphetamine was used as the internal standard for amphetamine, and d9-methamphetamine was used for methamphetamine and MDMA. Results showed a higher than 65% recovery and a reproducibility with less than a 5% coefficient of variation. When a sample size of 2 mL was used, the lowest detectable concentration was about 50 ng/mL, and a near-perfect fit can be obtained (within the 250 to 4000-ng/mL concentration range studied) using a second-order polynomial model.
Identification of Match Head Residues in Post-Explosion Debris
Authors: Glattstein B , Landau E , Zeichner A
Published: August 2015

A method is described to detect and identify match head residues in post-explosion debris of improvised explosive devices. The method consists of visual microscopic examination, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and spot tests for elemental sulfur and chlorate ion. The technique was applied in 13 cases of exploded pipe bombs devices. In 10 of them, match head residues were detected and identified.
Flake Metal Powders for Revealing Latent Fingerprints
Authors: James JD , Pounds CA , Wilshire B
Published: August 2015

Fine flake powders, having flake diameters ranging from 50 to 1 μm and stearic acid/powder ratios varying from 0 to 50 weight percent, were produced by laboratory-scale milling of aluminum, zinc, copper, and iron powders. The effectiveness of these flakes for detection of latent fingerprints was then assessed by comparing the print qualities obtained when using these flake powders with those achieved using commercial aluminum, commercial black, and commercial dark magnetic dusting powders. While the commercial aluminum powder was found to have an average flake diameter and stearic acid level close to the optimum values required to obtain bright fingerprints, several potential avenues of development were identified which could lead to the commercial availability of superior black powders.