bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The economic case against licensing negotiation groups in the Internet of Things
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M
Published: April 2022

Competition policy generally prohibits coordination among buyers or sellers, especially coordination on price, price-related inputs, and output. In licensing markets for standard-essential patents (SEPs), it has been periodically proposed that this rule should be relaxed to permit licensing negotiation groups (LNGs), which is expected to reduce transaction costs and the purportedly ‘excessive’ royalties paid to licensors. Based on the economic structure and historical performance of wireless technology markets, this policy intervention is likely to degrade, rather than enhance, competitive conditions in the wireless, automotive, and other markets encompassed by the ‘Internet of Things’. In the short term, LNGs would most likely result in a redistributive (not an efficiency) effect that shifts value from innovators to implementers in the technology supply chain without necessarily passing on cost-savings to consumers. In the medium to longer term, LNGs are liable to impose efficiency losses by endangering the viability of licensing-based monetization models that have funded research and development, promoted dissemination of technology inputs, facilitated entry in device production, and enabled business models across multiple industries. While LNGs may reduce the transaction costs of SEP licensing, the historical record shows that pooling structures can achieve the same objective at a substantially lower risk of competitive harm.
Correlation between Thrombin Generation, Standard Coagulation Assays, and Viscoelastic Assays for Hemostatic Assessment in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Thomas Kimberly A , Shea Susan M , Saini Arun , Muszynski Jennifer A , Spinella Philip C
Published: April 2022

Background

Accurate assessment of hemostatic function is essential to guide care in critically ill children with acute and acquired coagulopathies. Thrombin generation (TG) provides a global assessment of procoagulant and anticoagulant factors and is commonly used in hemostasis research laboratories. Our objective was to determine the correlation of clinically available hemostasis assays with TG in critically ill children.

Methods

Children (<18 years old, >3 kg in weight) in the intensive care unit were enrolled from March 2016 to December 2019 in a prospective 2-center study. Coagulation tests were prothrombin time, activated thromboplastin time, anti-Xa assay, viscoelastic assays (thromboelastography [TEG], rotational thromboelastometry [ROTEM]), and TG (induced by 20 pM tissue factor in platelet poor plasma and reported as endogenous thrombin potential [ETP; nM*min]). Data are reported as median (interquartile range) or Spearman coefficient (ρ).

Results

Patients (n = 106, age 10.2 years [3.8–15.3]) were divided into 3 groups: (a) no anticoagulation (n = 46), (b) anticoagulation (unfractionated heparin) without extracorporeal life support (n = 34), or (c) with extracorporeal life support (n = 26). ETP was decreased in anticoagulated compared to non-anticoagulated patients (group 1: 902.4 [560.8–1234], group 2: 315.6 [0.0–962.2], group 3: 258.5 [0.0–716.6]; P < 0.0001). Across all patients, ETP correlated best with TEG kinetic time (TEG-K), in min (ρ = −0.639), followed by TEG reaction time, in min (ρ = −0.596). By group, ETP correlated best with international normalized ratio for group 1 (ρ = −0.469), TEG-K time for group 2 (ρ = −0.640), and anti-Xa for group 3 (ρ = −0.793).

Conclusions

Standard and viscoelastic assays have varying correlation with TG in critically ill children. TEG-K time had the most consistent moderate correlation with ETP across all groups.
Harmonizing units and values of quantitative data elements in a very large nationally pooled electronic health record (EHR) dataset
Authors: Bradwell Katie R , Wooldridge Jacob T , Amor Benjamin , Bennett Tellen D , Anand Adit , Bremer Carolyn , Yoo Yun Jae , Qian Zhenglong , Johnson Steven G , Pfaff Emily R , Girvin Andrew T , Manna Amin , Niehaus Emily A , Hong Stephanie S , Zhang Xiaohan Tanner , Zhu Richard L , Bissell Mark , Qureshi Nabeel , Saltz Joel , Haendel Melissa A , Chute Christopher G , Lehmann Harold P , Moffitt Richard A ,   the N3C Consortium
Published: April 2022

Objective

The goals of this study were to harmonize data from electronic health records (EHRs) into common units, and impute units that were missing.

Materials and Methods

The National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) table of laboratory measurement data—over 3.1 billion patient records and over 19 000 unique measurement concepts in the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) common-data-model format from 55 data partners. We grouped ontologically similar OMOP concepts together for 52 variables relevant to COVID-19 research, and developed a unit-harmonization pipeline comprised of (1) selecting a canonical unit for each measurement variable, (2) arriving at a formula for conversion, (3) obtaining clinical review of each formula, (4) applying the formula to convert data values in each unit into the target canonical unit, and (5) removing any harmonized value that fell outside of accepted value ranges for the variable. For data with missing units for all the results within a lab test for a data partner, we compared values with pooled values of all data partners, using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Results

Of the concepts without missing values, we harmonized 88.1% of the values, and imputed units for 78.2% of records where units were absent (41% of contributors’ records lacked units).

Discussion

The harmonization and inference methods developed herein can serve as a resource for initiatives aiming to extract insight from heterogeneous EHR collections. Unique properties of centralized data are harnessed to enable unit inference.

Conclusion

The pipeline we developed for the pooled N3C data enables use of measurements that would otherwise be unavailable for analysis.
Comparing the dynamics of agonistic interactions between the native crayfish Faxonius erichsonianus Faxon, 1898 and the invasive F. virilis Hagen, 1870 (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae)
Authors: Rocco Alex J , Wofford-Mares Sarah J
Published: April 2022

Alabama is a hotspot for aquatic biodiversity in North America, but that biodiversity is currently jeopardized by anthropogenic influence and invasive species. Alabama holds nearly a quarter of North America’s crayfish species, but recent introduction of invasive crayfishes poses a threat to crayfish biodiversity in the region. Previous studies suggest higher basal aggression in invasive species allows them to outcompete native species by more efficiently seizing and holding resources. Faxonius virilis (Hagen, 1870) is an invasive crayfish currently spreading throughout Alabama. Our aim was to determine if differences in basal aggression exist between an Alabama native, Faxonius erichsonianus (Faxon, 1898), and the invasive F. virilis. Individuals were used in size-matched dyadic fight trials housed in a specialized arena. Three treatment groups were used to compare basal aggression differences: native versus native, invasive versus invasive, and interspecific. Videos of fight trials were reviewed, and duration and intensity of fights were recorded using a previously established ethogram. Contest duration between individuals was compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests with a Wilcoxon post-hoc. Analyses showed the invasive control treatment was significantly (P = 0.041) shorter than both the native control and interspecific treatments; however, interspecific trials had higher intensity contests than either control treatment. These results did not show that the invasive F. virilis are more aggressive than F. erichsonianus, suggesting that a closer look is necessary to determine the factors affecting the invasion success of F. virilis. The F. virilis invasion may be attributed to other factors like fecundity or growth.
Doctrines of the Self-Defence on the High Seas under Law of the Sea
Authors: Ishii Yurika
Published: April 2022

This article assesses the current legal status of the doctrine of self-defence on the high seas in light of its theoretical and historical development. It examines the parameters of the self-defence doctrine when the intervention against a foreign vessel does not violate the Charter of the United Nations (the UN Charter) Article 2(4), and the situation does not trigger Article 51 because there is no armed attack. It traces the development of the doctrines from the mid-19th century to the UN Charter and the First Conference on the United Nations on the Law of the Sea of 1958. It points out that the normative significance of the flag state principle and the grounds of the shipping interception on the high seas were inconsistent. It explores the various basis of maritime interdiction and the scholarly arguments that denied such measures in light of the freedom of the high seas. Then, it examines the codification process of the Convention on the High Seas and Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone. The research shows that the Caroline Test is consistent with the principle of the freedom of the high seas. The development after the UN Charter did not alter this standard both in the context of the measures against vessels supporting domestic insurgents and the anti-terrorism maritime interdiction.
Efficiency of a Novel Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Trap for Trapping Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Paddy Rice Storehouses
Authors: Yao Me-Chi , Lee Chi-Yang , Chiu Hsiang-Wen , Feng Wen-Bin , Yang En-Cheng , Lu Kuang-Hui
Published: April 2022

The lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica is the major pest of stored paddy rice globally, including in Taiwan. It has strong phototaxis and is good at flying, suitable for developing a light-trapping method to monitor and control it. In the present study, a wavelength of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), i.e., 373 nm, was determined to be the most efficient to trap R. dominica using a dodecagon maze. Accordingly, an LED trap, named the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute-LED (TARI-LED) trap, was invented, which comprised LEDs of two distinct wavelengths (373 and 408 nm), a wavelength switch, a suction fan, and an insect collector. The trapping efficiency was assessed in a 4-m3 laboratory arena and two paddy rice storehouses. An initial assessment was performed in the laboratory arena and showed that the TARI-LED trap with 373-nm wavelength for R. dominica rapidly increased in the first 30 min, reaching the highest trapping rate (68.5%) after 3 h. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the suction fan turned on or off. The field tests showed that the 373-nm wavelength had the highest effectiveness for trapping R. dominica in the two paddy rice storehouses, and no significant difference was observed in the number of R. dominica trapped by the 373-nm TARI-LED trap or the CDC-UV light trap. In conclusion, our TARI-LED trap 373 nm exhibited high efficiency in trapping R. dominica in paddy rice storehouses. Moreover, a suction fan-free design should benefit long-term and safe use in paddy rice storehouses trapping R. dominica.
What Defines a Host? Oviposition Behavior and Larval Performance of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Five Putative Host Plants
Authors: Volp Trevor M , Zalucki Myron P , Furlong Michael J
Published: April 2022

When an invasive species first breaches quarantine and establishes in yet another country, it invariably causes consternation for growers, in part because of incomplete understanding of the plants that are at risk. The Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is the most recent example in Australia. The number of plants that this polyphagous noctuid is reported to attack is vast, including many crop species. Consequently, initial reactions from grower industry groups that perceived themselves at risk were to demand emergency use of insecticides. Yet the field evidence suggests that many crops might not be at risk and since S. frugiperda arrived in Australia, maize crops have suffered most damage, followed by sorghum. We question the accuracy of some of the claims of reported host plants of S. frugiperda and report experiments that compared oviposition behavior, neonate silking behavior, and larval performance on five crops: the known hosts maize and sorghum, and the putative hosts cotton, peanut, and pigeon pea. Maize ranked highest in all preference and performance measures, followed by sorghum and peanut, with pigeon pea and cotton ranking lowest. Although S. frugiperda can survive, develop, and pupate on the crop species we examined, cotton and pigeon pea are not preferred by the pest in either the larval or adult stages. We suggest that before a plant is listed as a host for a given insect that the evidence should be fully reported and carefully evaluated. Collecting an immature insect from a plant does not make that plant a host!
Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Feeding Behavior is Largely Unchanged by Soybean Mosaic Virus but Significantly Altered by the Beetle-Transmitted Bean Pod Mottle Virus
Authors: Todd Jane C , Stewart Lucy R , Redinbaugh Margaret G , Wilson Jennifer R
Published: April 2022

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is an economically important invasive pest of soybean. In addition to damage caused by soybean aphid feeding on the phloem sap, this insect also transmits many plant viruses, including soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Previous work has shown that plant viruses can change plant host phenotypes to alter the behavior of their insect vectors to promote virus spread, known as the vector manipulation hypothesis. In this study, we used electropenetography (EPG) to examine the effects of two plant viruses on soybean aphid feeding behavior: SMV, which is transmitted by many aphid species including the soybean aphid, and bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), which is transmitted by chrysomelid and some coccinellid beetles but not aphids. These two viruses often co-occur in soybean production and can act synergistically. Surprisingly, our results showed little to no effect of SMV on soybean aphid feeding behaviors measured by EPG, but profound differences were observed in aphids feeding on BPMV-infected plants. Aphids took longer to find the vascular bundle of BPMV-infected plants, and once found, spent more time entering and conditioning the phloem than ingesting phloem sap. Interestingly, these observed alterations are similar to those of aphids feeding on insect-resistant soybean plants. The cause of these changes in feeding behavior is not known, and how they impact virus transmission and soybean aphid populations in the field will require further study.
Measuring Plant Attractiveness to Pollinators: Methods and Considerations
Authors: Erickson E , Grozinger C M , Patch H M
Published: April 2022

Global pollinator declines have fostered increased public interest in creating pollinator-friendly gardens in human-managed landscapes. Indeed, studies on urban pollinator communities suggest that flower-rich greenspaces can serve as promising sites for conservation. Ornamental flowers, which are readily available at most commercial garden centers, are ubiquitous in these landscapes. These varieties are often non-native and highly bred, and their utility to pollinators is complex. In this study, we used observational data and citizen science to develop a methods framework that will assist stakeholders in the floriculture industry to incorporate metrics of pollinator health into existing breeding and evaluation protocols. The results of this study support how plant attractiveness to pollinators is often dependent on variables such as climate and plant phenology, which should be considered when developing an assessment tool. Furthermore, we found that some cultivars were consistently attractive across all observations while for other cultivars, pollinator visitation was apparently conditional. We determine using multiple statistical tests that 10 min is a sufficient length of time for observation of most plant types to broadly estimate three measures of plant attractiveness: visitor abundance, primary visitors attracted, and cultivar rank attractiveness, without sacrificing efficiency or accuracy. Additionally, we demonstrate that properly trained non-expert observers can collect accurate observational data, and our results suggest that protocols may be designed to maximize consistency across diverse data collectors.
Performance of Pyrethroid-Neonicotinoid Mixture Formulations Against Field-Collected Strains of the Tropical Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) on Different Substrates
Authors: Dang Kai , Doggett Stephen L , Lee Chow-Yang
Published: April 2022

The residual performance of two pyrethroid-neonicotinoid mixture formulations: Temprid SC (10.5% beta-cyfluthrin and 21% imidacloprid) and Tandem (3.5% lambda-cyhalothrin and 11.6% thiamethoxam) on two substrates (glass and filter paper) against eight pyrethroid-resistant strains (BM-MY, BP-MY, CH-MY, GL-MY, KL-MY, SAJ-MY, TT-MY, and QLD-AU) of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) collected from Malaysia, and Australia were evaluated. The aging effect of treatment residues on glass was also investigated. A susceptible C. lectularius L. strain (Monheim) was used for comparison. Temprid SC showed varying levels of performance against all C. hemipterus strains: TT-MY (PR50 = 6.5-fold, high performance), BM-MY, GL-MY, SAJ-MY, and QLD-AU (12.8–21.6-fold, moderate performance), BP-MY, and KL-MY (48.2–49-fold, poor performance), CH-MY (128.2-fold, very poor performance). On the other hand, Tandem displayed high performance against all C. hemipterus strains (1.8–8.3-fold). Tandem caused faster mortality than Temprid SC for all strains. Temprid SC and Tandem residues killed C. hemipterus significantly faster on glass than filter paper. Compared with fresh residues, the efficacy of Temprid SC residues significantly declined after one week of aging, while the effectiveness of Tandem residues declined after two weeks of aging. Further investigations using the topical assay method with a diagnostic dose of imidacloprid found two strains (CH-MY and GL-MY) resistant to imidacloprid. The six other strains (BM-MY, BP-MY, KL-MY, SAJ-MY, TT-MY, and QLD-AU) were susceptible.
Jewellery and precious objects in the formation of Habsburg family relationships: Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (1503–1547) and her inventories
Authors: Hausenblasová Jaroslava , Kubíková Blanka
Published: April 2022

Queen Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (1503–1547), wife of Ferdinand I of Austria, assembled a remarkable collection of jewellery and valuables. Analysis of her collection is aided by the survival of four inventories, as well as household accounts, which not only reveal its origins, development and structure during the queen’s lifetime, but also its fate after her death. The complex distribution of the artefacts involved Anne’s children and other Habsburg family members, as well as other European female rulers and noblewomen. Some of the jewels have been identified in portraits of Queen Anne and her daughters. The present study seeks to shed light on the role of jewellery in establishing personal bonds within the Habsburg family and within the cultural and political networks that linked European elites during the Renaissance.
The State of the International Human Rights System—Normativity and Compliance: Introduction
Authors: Kleinlein Thomas , Steiger Dominik
Published: April 2022

This introduction presents a special issue of the Journal of Human Rights Practice on the state of the international human rights system. It places the challenges and shortcomings of the 2020 Human Rights Treaty Body Review in the context of the broader discussion on human rights normativity and compliance. The unwillingness of member states to fulfil their budgetary commitments, as well as the ignorance with which some reform proposals were met, reflect a lack of understanding of the significance of legal procedures in the human rights treaty bodies. The main focus of reform efforts is to facilitate reporting obligations for states parties by simplifying procedures to make them more manageable for both states parties and treaty bodies. However, lack of compliance with human rights constitutes the severest shortcoming of international human rights protection today. Therefore, current reform ambitions risk losing sight of the rights holders and of actual human rights implementation on the ground. This fear explains the focus of this special issue on the normativity of human rights and compliance: treaty bodies play a continuous and crucial role for the normative force of human rights as well as their continuous development. They should be perceived as agents of social change and tools to turn rhetoric to action. At the same time, the normative meaning of human rights commitments and its (re-)construction depend on social practices in the states parties. After explaining the dialogical approach and framework of the special issue, the introduction provides an overview of individual contributions (articles and comments) and highlights the key messages of the human rights practitioners involved in the special issue against the background of the ongoing treaty body review.
The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights—The Power of Subjective Rights?
Authors: Kędzia Zdzisław
Published: April 2022

The perception of the nature and standing of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) has significantly changed and more than ever corresponds to the spirit and letter of the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. However, it would be difficult to overlook the residual impact of the scepticism towards these rights. From the very beginning of its existence, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has devoted continuous efforts to address said scepticism, focusing, inter alia, on three fundamental issues: the dependence of the implementation of ESCR on the resources available to states; the general articulation of relevant standards; and the related denial of subjectivity and justiciability of these rights. This article sketches out the Committee’s interpretation of some of the provisions of the International Covenant on ESCR and its Optional Protocol that are key to the legal standing of the Covenant rights, such as the obligation to use the maximum of available resources, the principle of progressive realization of ESCR, the standard of reasonableness, and the essential (core) content of rights and the minimum core obligations of states. The article concludes that the Committee has made a considerable contribution to the recognition of the subjective nature and justiciability of ESCR. Looking at the Committees approach over the years since its creation, it can be seen that it has consistently developed its doctrine of interpretation of the Covenant and its standards. The case law under the OP not only serves the protection of victims but has also enabled the Committee to expand its interpretation of ESCR and apply them as subjective and justiciable rights.
Enhancing Compliance and Fostering Normativity by Institutionalizing Dialogue—The Optional Protocol to the United Nations Convention Against Torture: A Comment
Authors: Steiger Dominik
Published: April 2022

The Optional Protocol to the United Nations Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) differs from other human rights treaties, especially because it follows a new approach by establishing a system of on-site visits as well as a dual supervisory mechanism, which consists of an international committee—the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture—and the National Prevention Mechanisms. The aim of this comment is to analyse these particularities in the light of the broader academic discussion on norm compliance. Furthermore, the effect of OPCAT’s characteristics on the normativity of the prohibition of torture will be examined.

The comment shows that the need for institutions and a dialogue between them is acknowledged by compliance theory and OPCAT’s design and practice alike. OPCAT is one of the prime examples of how a dialogue can function between different actors, be they international, national, governmental, or non-governmental. Moreover, it is shown that OPCAT fosters the normativity of the prohibition of torture by institutionalizing dialogue and cooperation. OPCAT is an example of how compliance—as well as normativity—can be strengthened through smart legal design. Thus, OPCAT complements the retrospective and international approach of the United Nations Convention against Torture.
Are We a Bigger Problem Than We Realize?
Authors: Hale Christopher ‘Kip’
Published: April 2022

The impact of social media — in particular Twitter — on the field of international criminal justice cannot be overstated. Thanks to an active community of online commentators made up primarily of academics, researchers, staff of non-governmental organizations and journalists, Twitter is a vibrant place to monitor the pulse of international criminal law generally and the International Criminal Court specifically. Twitter, thus, uniquely elevates a comparatively small commentator class and amplifies their narratives about the field of international criminal justice. Yet with an apparent lack of voices from across the diverse community of practitioners, or the input of diplomats and technocrats who make the field possible, commentators may exert a disproportionate influence over public perceptions of international criminal justice. Cognisant of the stark interplay between politics and law in international criminal justice — often including powerful forces with nefarious agendas — and an abundance of individuals motivated by a desire to be seen and heard, this community may at times exhibit problematic behaviours (unwittingly or otherwise). This article dissects these issues of online communication, and argues that greater care with commentary may be the best salve to these cultural flaws in the formation of public perception.
Free choice permission, legitimization and relating semantics
Authors: Glavaničová Daniela , Jarmużek Tomasz , Klonowski Mateusz , Kulicki Piotr
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we apply relating semantics to the widely discussed problem of free choice between permitted actions or situations in normative systems. Leaving aside contexts in which the free choice principle is obviously unacceptable (weak permission understood as an absence of prohibition) or uncontroversially valid (strong permission within systems with a closed repertoire of actions or situations), we concentrate on free choice for explicit permissions. In order to construct a formal representation of explicit permissions, we introduce a special constant, $\texttt {permit}$, which is analogous to the constant $\texttt {violation}$ used in the Andersonian–Kangerian approach to deontic logic with respect to prohibition and obligation. Consequently, we define a permission operator on the basis of the $\texttt {permit}$ constant and a relation of legitimization. The general idea is that $P \varphi $ is true if and only if $\texttt {permit}$ is true, which means that a permission is actually issued and $\varphi $ is legitimized by $\texttt {permit}$. The intuitive notion of legitimization is formally represented by an operator of relating implication: a non-classical implication that is semantically defined by adding a constraint to the classical meaning of implication to the effect that arguments are related by a special relation. The properties of this relation are based on an informal, intuitive meaning of legitimization and determine the properties of the permission operator. We show that the resulting permission operator possesses the free choice property and avoids certain unwanted consequences that follow from alternative approaches.
Functoriality of the Schmidt construction
Authors: Climent Vidal Juan , Cosme Llópez Enric
Published: April 2022

After proving, in a purely categorial way, that the inclusion functor $\textrm {In}_{\textbf {Alg}(\varSigma )}$ from $\textbf {Alg}(\varSigma )$, the category of many-sorted $\varSigma $-algebras, to $\textbf {PAlg}(\varSigma )$, the category of many-sorted partial $\varSigma $-algebras, has a left adjoint $\textbf {F}_{\varSigma }$, the (absolutely) free completion functor, we recall, in connection with the functor $\textbf {F}_{\varSigma }$, the generalized recursion theorem of Schmidt, which we will also call the Schmidt construction. Next, we define a category $\textbf {Cmpl}(\varSigma )$, of $\varSigma $-completions, and prove that $\textbf {F}_{\varSigma }$, labelled with its domain category and the unit of the adjunction of which it is a part, is a weakly initial object in it. Following this, we associate to an ordered pair $(\boldsymbol {\alpha },f)$, where $\boldsymbol {\alpha }=(K,\gamma ,\alpha )$ is a morphism of $\varSigma $-completions from ${{\mathscr {F}}}=(\textbf {C},F,\eta )$ to $\mathscr {G}= (\textbf {D},G,\rho )$ and $f$ a homomorphism of $\textbf {D}$ from the partial $\varSigma $-algebra $\textbf {A}$ to the partial $\varSigma $-algebra $\textbf {B}$, a homomorphism $\varUpsilon ^{\mathscr {G},0}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha }}(f)\colon \textbf {Sch}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha }}(f)\longrightarrow \textbf {B}$. We then prove that there exists an endofunctor, $\varUpsilon ^{\mathscr {G},0}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha }}$, of $\textbf {Mor}_{\textrm {tw}}(\textbf {D})$, the twisted morphism category of $\textbf {D}$, thus showing the naturalness of the previous construction. Afterwards, we prove that, for every $\varSigma $-completion $\mathscr {G}=(\textbf {D},G,\rho )$, there exists a functor $\varUpsilon ^{\mathscr {G}}$ from the comma category $(\textbf {Cmpl}(\varSigma )\!\downarrow \!\mathscr {G})$ to $\textbf {End}(\textbf {Mor}_{\textrm {tw}}(\textbf {D}))$, the category of endofunctors of $\textbf {Mor}_{\textrm {tw}}(\textbf {D})$, such that $\varUpsilon ^{\mathscr {G},0}$, the object mapping of $\varUpsilon ^{\mathscr {G}}$, sends a morphism of $\varSigma $-completion of $\textbf {Cmpl}(\varSigma )$ with codomain $\mathscr {G}$, to the endofunctor $\varUpsilon ^{\mathscr {G},0}_{\boldsymbol {\alpha }}$.
On intermediate justification logics
Authors: Pischke Nicholas
Published: April 2022

We study arbitrary intermediate propositional logics extended with a collection of axioms from (classical) justification logics. For these, we introduce various semantics by combining either Heyting algebras or Kripke frames with the usual semantic machinery used by Mkrtychev’s, Fitting’s or Lehmann and Studer’s models for classical justification logics. We prove unified completeness theorems for all intermediate justification logics and their corresponding semantics using a respective propositional completeness theorem of the underlying intermediate logic. Further, by a modification of a method of Fitting, we prove unified realization theorems for a large class of intermediate justification logics and accompanying intermediate modal logics.
Arthropod and Disease Management in Boxwood Production
Authors: Dhakal Kripa , Bika Ravi , Ghimire Bhawana , Parajuli Madhav , Neupane Sandhya , Neupane Krishna , Addesso Karla M , Baysal-Gurel Fulya
Published: April 2022

Boxwood (Buxus spp.) is the most commonly cultivated woody ornamental shrubs in landscape settings and nursery production. Boxwood is grown for its attractive evergreen foliage and versatility in both formal and informal gardens. Meeting the high demand for boxwood plants worldwide has become challenging in recent years as the boxwood industry has been negatively impacted by a growing number of serious diseases and arthropod pests. Globally, the most common arthropods of concern are boxwood leafminer (Monarthropalpus flavus, Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), boxwood psyllid (Psylla buxi; Hemiptera; Psyllidae), Eurytetranychus buxi (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the invasive moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Moreover, major diseases of boxwood include boxwood blight (Calonectria pseudonaviculata, Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), Volutella blight (Pseudonectria buxi, Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), and Phytophthora root and crown rot (Phytophthora spp., Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae). These pests and diseases can lead to significant economic losses to growers and can decimate plants in landscape settings. Here we have reviewed recent research advances focused on the description and management of boxwood arthropod pests and diseases. Boxwood arthropod pests and diseases can be managed by implementing integrated arthropod pest and disease management strategies such as sanitary and cultural practices, genetic resistant cultivars, biological and chemical control methods. This information is provided to aid nursery producers, landscape industry professionals, and other stakeholders in developing integrated arthropod pest and disease management plans for boxwood.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Molecular Insights in Overwintering Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Li Hui , Xia Xiaohong , He Xuanyu , Li Shouyin , Dai Lulu , Ye Jianren , Hao Dejun
Published: April 2022

Monochamus alternatus, the dominant vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae), has caused immense damage to forest resources. In China, this vector was native to the southern regions but has spread northward recently. To adapt to more challenging environments in the northern winter, M. alternatus has evolved an intricate strategy for overwintering, which remains largely unknown. Herein, we compared the transcriptome data of the overwintering and non-overwintering larvae of M. alternatus larvae to investigate the molecular mechanisms in overwintering. A total of 53.10 GB clean bases and 28, 245 unigenes were obtained by RNA-seq. Analysis of 2597 upregulated and 2429 downregulated unigenes, as well as the enrichment of DEGs showed that many genes and pathways were jointly involved in the overwintering period. Besides, the accuracy of the RNA-seq data was tested by using qPCR experiment involving 13 selected genes. The results revealed that the overwintering process relied largely on the energy allocation trade-off. Specifically, overwintering M. alternatus inhibited energy-intensive activities, such as growth and molting, detoxification, and trehalose transport, and the reserved energy was skewed towards the synthesis of antifreeze compounds and immune response to cope with the deleterious effects of winter.
A randomized phase III trial of denosumab before curettage for giant cell tumor of bone. JCOG1610
Authors: Urakawa Hiroshi , Nagano Akihito , Machida Ryunosuke , Tanaka Kazuhiro , Kataoka Tomoko , Sekino Yuta , Nishida Yoshihiro , Takahashi Mitsuru , Kunisada Toshiyuki , Kawano Masanori , Yoshida Yukihiro , Takagi Tatsuya , Sato Kenji , Hiruma Toru , Hatano Hiroshi , Tsukushi Satoshi , Sakamoto Akio , Akisue Toshihiro , Hiraoka Koji , Ozaki Toshifumi
Published: April 2022

Objectives

The aim of JCOG1610 (randomized controlled phase III trial) was to confirm the superiority of preoperative denosumab to curettage with adjuvant local therapy for patients with giant cell tumor of bone without possible post-operative large bone defect.

Methods

The primary endpoint was relapse-free survival and the total sample size was set at 106 patients. Patient accrual began in October 2017. However, the accrual was terminated in December 2020 due to a recommendation from the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee because of poor patient accrual. Now, we report the descriptive results obtained in this study.

Results

A total of 18 patients had been registered from 13 Japanese institutions at the time of termination on December 2020. Eleven patients were assigned to Arm A (curettage and adjuvant local therapy) and 7 to Arm B (preoperative denosumab, curettage and adjuvant local therapy). Median follow-up period was 1.6 (range: 0.5–2.8) years. Protocol treatment was completed in all but one patient in Arm A who had a pathological fracture before surgery. All patients in Arm B were treated with five courses of preoperative denosumab. Relapse-free survival proportions in Arm A and B were 90.0% (95% confidence interval: 47.3–98.5) and 100% (100–100) at 1 year, and 60.0% (19.0–85.5) and 62.5% (14.2–89.3) at 2 years, respectively [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.51 (0.24–9.41)].

Conclusion

In terms of relapse-free survival, the superiority of preoperative denosumab was not observed in patients with giant cell tumor of bone without possible post-operative large bone defect.
Timing of Medicaid Enrollment, Late-Stage Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment Delays, and Mortality
Authors: Xie Evaline , Colditz Graham A , Lian Min , Greever-Rice Tracy , Schmaltz Chester , Lucht Jill , Liu Ying
Published: April 2022

Background

Disrupted and delayed Medicaid coverage has been consistently associated with lower rates of cancer screening and early-stage cancer diagnosis compared with continuous coverage. However, the relationships between Medicaid coverage timing, breast cancer treatment delays, and survival are less clear.

Methods

Using the linked Missouri Cancer Registry-Medicaid claims data, we identified 4583 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2007 and 2016. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of late-stage diagnosis and treatment delays for prediagnosis (>30 days, >90 days, and >1 year before diagnosis) vs peridiagnosis enrollment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of breast cancer-specific mortality for pre- vs postdiagnosis enrollment.

Results

Patients enrolled in Medicaid more than 30 days before diagnosis were less likely to be diagnosed at a late stage compared with those enrolled in Medicaid peridiagnosis (OR = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60 to 0.79). This result persisted using enrollment 90-day (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.74) and 1-year thresholds (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.65). We did not observe a difference in the likelihood of treatment delays between the 2 groups. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, there was no statistically significant difference in the risk of breast cancer mortality for patients enrolled more than 30 days prediagnosis relative to patients enrolled peridiagnosis (HR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.83 to 1.14), but a lower risk was observed for patients enrolled prediagnosis when using 90 days (HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.72 to 0.999) or 1 year (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.96) as the threshold.

Conclusions

Women with breast cancer who enroll in Medicaid earlier may benefit from earlier diagnoses, but only longer-term enrollment may have survival benefits.
A Coat of Many Colours—New Concepts and Metrics of Economic Power in Competition Law and Economics
Authors: Lianos Ioannis , Carballa-Smichowski Bruno
Published: April 2022

The digital economy has brought new business models that rely on zero-price markets and multi-sided platforms nested in business ecosystems. The traditional concept of market power used by competition authorities cannot engage with this new reality in which (economic) power manifests beyond price and output within a relevant market. These developments have culminated in multiple recent calls for a more multidimensional concept of power. Consequently, suggestions over new concepts of power triggering antitrust/regulatory intervention, such as ‘strategic market status’, ‘conglomerate market power’, ‘intermediation power’, ‘structuring digital platforms’, or ‘gatekeepers’ have proliferated to complete, or even substitute, the archetypical concept of market or monopoly power in competition law. However, a theoretical framework for this multidimensional concept of power that can set the basis for new metrics is missing. This article makes three contributions in that direction. First, we conceptualize different forms of (economic) power that go beyond competition within a single relevant market in terms of competition law and economics. Second, we propose new metrics to measure two forms of power: panopticon power and power based on differential dependency between value co-creators. Third, we test the latter and show how they could reduce false positives and false negatives when assessing dominance.
Who and What DoWhoandWhatRange Over Cross-Linguistically?
Authors: Elliott Patrick D , Nicolae Andreea C , Sauerland Uli
Published: April 2022

Dayal’s (1996) account of the presuppositions of wh-questions makes faulty predictions for languages which draw number distinctions in the domain of simplex wh-expressions: (Dayal, 1996) predicts that a singular wh-expression should always give rise to a Uniqueness Presupposition; the Anti-Singleton Inference associated with its plural counterpart is expected to be parasitic on the uniqueness presupposition. Using data from Spanish, Greek, and Hungarian, where simplex wh-expressions inflect for number, we claim that singular simplex wh-expressions do not give rise to a Uniqueness Presupposition, but plural simplex wh-expressions nonetheless give rise to an Anti-Singleton Inference. We provide an analysis of these facts that is consistent with Dayal’s (1996) account of constituent questions, by assigning simplex wh-expressions a type-ambiguous denotation.
COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Scales for Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Schwartz Lisa A , Lewis Amanda M , Alderfer Melissa A , Vega Gabriela , Barakat Lamia P , King-Dowling Sara , Psihogios Alexandra M , Canter Kimberly S , Crosby Lori , Arasteh Kamyar , Enlow Paul , Hildenbrand Aimee K , Kassam-Adams Nancy , Pai Ahna , Phan Thao-Ly , Price Julia , Schultz Corinna L , Sood Erica , Wood Jordan , Kazak Anne
Published: April 2022

Objective

To understand the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on adolescents and young adults (AYAs), we adapted the COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Scales (CEFIS; Kazak et al., 2021) for AYAs. Here, we report on the development, structure, and psychometric properties of the CEFIS-AYA.

Methods

The CEFIS-AYA was developed by a multidisciplinary, multi-institutional team using a rapid iterative process. Data from 3,912 AYAs from 21 programs at 16 institutions across the United States were collected from May 2020 to April 2021. We examined the underlying structure of the CEFIS-AYA using principal component analysis (PCA), calculated internal consistencies, and explored differences in scores by gender and age.

Results

Participants reported exposure to a range of COVID-19-related events (M = 9.08 events, of 28). On the bidirectional 4-point Impact scale, mean item scores were mostly above the midpoint, indicating a slightly negative impact. Kuder–Richardson 20/Cronbach’s Alpha was good for Exposure (α = .76) and excellent for Impact (α = .93). PCA identified seven factors for Exposure (Severe COVID-19, Loss of Income, Limited Access to Essentials, COVID-19 Exposure, Disruptions to Activities, Disruptions to Living Conditions, and Designation as an Essential Worker) and five for Impact (Self and Family Relationships, Physical Well-Being, Emotional Well-Being, Social Well-Being, and Distress). Gender and age differences in CEFIS-AYA scores were identified.

Discussion

Initial reliability data are strong and support use of the CEFIS-AYA for measuring the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on AYAs in research and clinical care.
Health economic potential of oral aMMP-8 biomarker diagnostics for personalised prevention of periodontal and peri-implant diseases
Authors: Frankenberger Roland , Arweiler Nicole B , Sorsa Timo A , Volland Gerd , Gaßmann Georg , Fietz Cornelia , Thiem Helena , Rychlik Reinhard P T
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Active matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) biomarkers can be used in chair side tests for the detection of periodontitis or peri-implantitis and for targeting and monitoring individual therapy. Combined with effective secondary preventive measures, this procedure can reduce tooth loss and related costs. The authors evaluated whether out-of-pocket costs for the patient can be saved additionally.

Methods

A health economic evaluation of the total costs for secondary preventive versus prosthodontic measures was performed from the patient’s perspective using a Markov-based state transition model with three health states of periodontitis. The intervention group used aMMP-8 biomarker diagnostics in addition to standard prevention services in Germany; the control group received standard care only. Starting age of the patients was 35 years; the modelled period was 50 years. Additionally, a first estimate of the costs for patients with implants for a period of three decades was made.

Key findings

In the first decade (age group 35–44 years), patients from the intervention group initially have to bear additional costs of 929.53 € compared with the control group. From the age group 45–54 years, the savings potential for the patient increases continuously. Total costs of the intervention group, including additional aMMP-8 assessments, are 32 310.82 € compared with 47 452.04 € in the control group for the 50-year period. The greatest savings potential for patients with aMMP-8 screening and monitoring is in the field of dentures (−18.521.91 €). For the subgroup of patients with implants, the first cost statement leads to costs of 12 672.66 € with additional use of aMMP-8 biomarker diagnostics (control group: 23 185.83 €).

Conclusions

Despite higher initial costs, secondary prevention not only improves oral health but also importantly can save significant costs in the long run. Especially in implant patients, need-based prevention can prolong the lifetime of dental implants and thus significantly save long-term treatment costs.
Evaluation of ayurvedic and herbal product advertisements on electronic and print media in a developing country
Authors: Rufaideen Fathima , Liyanage Chiranthi K , Ranasinghe Chathuranga , Ranasinghe Priyanga
Published: April 2022

Objectives

To assess the content and frequency of ayurvedic and herbal product advertisements in electronic and print media in Sri Lanka.

Methods

Advertisements on ayurvedic and herbal products that did not contain any known allopathic medicine/substance with a label that claimed to have curative/preventive health benefits/indications were included in this study. Data were collected over a 2-month period from 5 national television (TV) channels and 3 radio channels, 7 national newspapers and 10 websites.

Key findings

In total, 285 ayurvedic and herbal product advertisements were identified. There were high number of TV advertisements (n = 165; 57.9%). Among TV advertisements, 80.6% of advertisements were from private TV channels. The majority of the advertisements were in the Sinhala language (67.4%). The price of the product was mentioned in 71.5% of TV advertisements. All newspaper and radio advertisements mentioned indication. Many therapeutic and non-therapeutic claims were mentioned in the advertisements. None of the advertisements mentioned about side effects. Only 8.1% of all advertisements mentioned the ayurvedic registration number of the product. Contact details (contact number or address of manufacturer) were included in only 53.3% (n = 152) of the advertisements overall, although this was given in all newspaper advertisements. In contrast, a lesser number of advertisements contained contact details on TV (n = 58; 20.4%).

Conclusions

Contents of advertisements varied between and within different media, with a significant proportion not including key information. Most advertisements included unsubstantiated therapeutics and non-therapeutic claims. There is a necessity to implement and enforce stringent guidelines to ensure the health and safety of the population.