bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Nearly Zero Energy Buildings for Sustainable Development in Rural Areas
Authors: Khakian Reza , Karimimoshaver Mehrdad , Aram Farshid , Zoroufchi Benis Soghra , Mosavi Amir , Varkonyi-Koczy Annamaria R.
Published: May 2020

The energy performance of buildings and energy-saving measures have been widely investigated in recent years. However, little attention has been paid to buildings located in rural areas. The aim of this study is to assess the energy performance of two-story residential buildings located in the mountainous village of Palangan in Iran and to evaluate the impact of multiple parameters, namely building orientation, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), glazing type, shading devices, and insulation, on its energy performance. To attain a nearly zero energy building design in rural areas, the building is equipped with photovoltaic modules. The proposed building design is then economically evaluated to ensure its viability. The findings indicate that an energy saving of 29% can be achieved compared to conventional buildings, and over 22 MWh of electricity can be produced on an annual basis. The payback period is assessed at 21.7 years. However, energy subsidies are projected to be eliminated in the near future, which in turn may reduce the payback period.
Improved Direct Model Predictive Control for Grid-Connected Power Converters
Authors: Abdelrahem Mohamed , Rodríguez José , Kennel Ralph
Published: May 2020

This paper proposes a computationally efficient and robust direct model predictive control (DMPC) technique with enhanced steady-state performance for power converters tied to the electric utility. The discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) method is considered in the design of the suggested DMPC, where virtual voltage vectors (VVs) besides the real ones are utilized for improving the steady-state response of the proposed controller. Furthermore, for averting the high computational burden and making the proposed control technique simple, a deadbeat (DB) function is employed for calculating the reference VV based on the required reference current. Subsequently, a discrete-time integral term is combined with this DB function to enhance the robustness of the suggested DMPC technique against variations of the model parameters. Finally, the best virtual or real VV is chosen by a certain quality function, which will be applied to the power converter in the next sample. The suggested technique is verified by simulation results and its performance is compared with the classical DMPC and voltage-oriented control (VOC).
The Role of Suggestions and Tips in Distorting a Third Party’s Decision
Authors: Parra Daniel
Published: May 2020

This paper experimentally investigates the impact of suggestive messages and tipping on a third party’s judgment. The experimental design uses a model with three players, wherein two players (A and B) create a joint project, and the third player (C) decides how to divide the project’s earnings between the first two players. In two treatments, player B has an opportunity to influence player C’s decision via a numeric message or an ex-post tip. The main finding of this paper is that giving player B the option to suggest a specific amount to the allocator does not increase his share. In contrast, when player C knows that player B can send him a tip, the share awarded to player B increases.
Bayesian Inference in Snow Avalanche Simulation with r.avaflow
Authors: Fischer Jan-Thomas , Kofler Andreas , Huber Andreas , Fellin Wolfgang , Mergili Martin , Oberguggenberger Michael
Published: May 2020

Simulation tools for gravitational mass flows (e.g., avalanches, debris flows) are commonly used for research and applications in hazard assessment or mitigation planning. As a basis for a transparent and reproducible decision making process, associated uncertainties need to be identified in order to quantify and eventually communicate the associated variabilities of the results. Main sources of variabilities in the simulation results are associated with parameter variations arising from observation and model uncertainties. These are connected to the measurement inaccuracies or poor process understanding and the numerical model implementation. Probabilistic approaches provide various theoretical concepts to treat these uncertainties, but their direct application is not straightforward. To provide a comprehensive tool, introducing conditional runout probabilities for the decision making process we (i) introduce a mathematical framework based on well-established Bayesian concepts, (ii) develop a work flow that couples this framework to the existing simulation tool r.avaflow, and (iii) apply the work flow to two case studies, highlighting its application potential and limitations. The presented approach allows for back, forward and predictive calculations. Back calculations are used to determine parameter distributions, identifying and mapping the model, implementation and data uncertainties. These parameter distributions serve as a base for forward and predictive calculations, embedded in the probabilistic framework. The result variability is quantified in terms of conditional probabilities with respect to the observed data and the associated simulation and data uncertainties. To communicate the result variability the conditional probabilities are visualized, allowing to identify areas with large or small result variability. The conditional probabilities are particularly interesting for predictive avalanche simulations at locations with no prior information where visualization explicitly shows the result variabilities based on parameter distributions derived through back calculations from locations with well-documented observations.
A Comparative Study on Adolescents’ Health Literacy in Europe: Findings from the HBSC Study
Authors: Paakkari Leena , Torppa Minna , Mazur Joanna , Boberova Zuzana , Sudeck Gorden , Kalman Michal , Paakkari Olli
Published: May 2020

(1) Background: There is a need for studies on population-level health literacy (HL) to identify the current state of HL within and between countries. We report comparative findings from 10 European countries (Austria, Belgium (Fl), Czechia, England, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Macedonia, Poland, and Slovakia) on adolescents’ HL and its associations with gender, family affluence (FAS), and self-rated health (SRH). (2) Methods: Representative data (N = 14,590; age 15) were drawn from the HBSC (Health Behavior in School-Aged Children) study. The associations between HL, gender, FAS, and SRH were examined via path models. (3) Results: The countries exhibited differences in HL means and in the range of scores within countries. Positive associations were found between FAS and HL, and between HL and SRH in each country. Gender was associated with differences in HL in only three countries. HL acted as a mediator between gender and SRH in four countries, and between FAS and SRH in each country. (4) Conclusions: The findings confirm that there are differences in HL levels within and between European countries, and that HL does contribute to differences in SRH. HL should be taken into account when devising evidence-informed policies and interventions to promote the health of adolescents.
Why are Spanish Adolescents Binge Drinkers? Focus Group with Adolescents and Parents
Authors: Martínez-Montilla José Manuel , Mercken Liesbeth , Lima-Serrano Marta , de Vries Hein , Lima-Rodríguez Joaquín S.
Published: May 2020

Binge drinking in adolescents is a worldwide public healthcare problem. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions about determinants of binge drinking in Spanish adolescents from the perspective of adolescents and parents. A qualitative study using fourteen semi-structured focus groups of adolescents was conducted during the 2014/2015 school year (n = 94), and four with parents (n = 19), based on the I-Change Model for health behaviour acquisition. Students had a low level of knowledge and risk perception and limited self-efficacy. Girls reported more parental control, and when they get drunk, society perceives them worse. Adolescents suggested focus preventive actions to improve self-efficacy and self-esteem. Parents were permissive about alcohol drinking but rejected binge drinking. They offered alcohol to their children, mainly during celebrations. A permissive family environment, lack of control by parents, adolescents’ low-risk perception, low self-esteem and self-efficacy, as well as the increase of binge drinking in girls as part of the reduction of the gender gap, emerge as risk factors for binge drinking. Future health programmes aimed at reducing binge drinking should focus on enhancing motivational factors, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in adolescents; supervision and parental control; as well as pre-motivational factors by increasing knowledge and risk awareness, considering gender differences.
Prevalence, Correlates, and Barriers of Contraceptive Use among Women Attending Primary Health Centers in Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdel-Salam Doaa M. , Albahlol Ibrahim A. , Almusayyab Reem B. , Alruwaili Nouf F. , Aljared Manar Y. , Alruwaili Maram S. , Alnasser Renad M.
Published: May 2020

(1) Backgrounds and Objectives: with the rapid alteration in the socio-demographic pattern of the Saudi community, particularly the changes concerned with women’s education and work force, contraceptive use must be a fundamental aspect in the life of women in reproductive age. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence and correlates of contraceptive use among women attending primary health centers in Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia, and to determine the perceived barriers of stopping or not using contraceptive methods in this population. (2) Methods: a primary health center-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 369 women of reproductive age. Data collection was done by using structured questionnaires distributed during face to face interviews with the participants. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program, version 24. (3) Results: most of the participants (n = 166; 45%) were current contraceptive users and 32.2% (n = 119) reported previous use of contraceptive methods. Pills were the most frequently used method (n = 203; 71.2%) and intrauterine devices (IUDs) came next (n = 67; 23.5%) while surgery was the least common method among the respondents (n = 3; 1.1%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the significant predictors of contraceptive use were: age > 35 years (odds ratio (OR): 4.52; confidence interval (CI): 1.56–15.42), Children number ≥ 4 (odds ratio (OR): 1.41; confidence interval (CI): 1.06–1.92) and monthly income ≥ 5000 Saudi Riyal (RS) (odds ratio (OR): 2.29; confidence interval (CI): 1.24–8.27). The most perceived barriers towards contraceptive utilization were cultural, demographic, medical, administrative, and barriers related to the method itself. The least reported barriers were psychosocial and physical. (4) Conclusions: the present study showed a high prevalence of contraceptive use among Saudi women in Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia. The study recommended sustained efforts to increase population awareness of the importance of family planning. Policymakers should discover the barriers that prevent contraceptive utilization by women.
Effects on Pinus densiflora Seedlings as Affected by Different Container Growth Conditions
Authors: Kim Jae Hwan , Kang Byoung-Youn , Ryu Jungho , Nam In-Hyun
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects that different container conditions have on Pinus densiflora seedling growth. Under greenhouse cultivation, there were no statistical differences observed in plant height and the number of branches; however, significant differences in root collar diameter and root status were observed. In control container growth conditions, the roots grew in an abnormal spiral shape, while in negative phototropism container growth conditions the roots grew in a vertical shape. In outdoor cultivation, seedlings in various container growth conditions showed significant differences. The seedlings that were grown in negative phototropism container growth conditions showed the greatest increases in height, number of branches, root collar diameter, and root growth. This study determined that seedling roots in negative phototropism container growth conditions grew vertically, thus displaying successful rooting when they were transplanted outdoors. This resulted in favorable measurements in height, number of branches, root collar diameter, and root growth.
Relationship between Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Activity in Preschool-aged Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Xin Fei , Chen Si-Tong , Clark Cain , Hong Jin-Tao , Liu Yang , Cai Yu-Jun
Published: May 2020

Preschool-aged children are in a critical period of developing fundamental movement skills (FMS). FMS have a close link with physical activity (PA). This study aimed to systematically review the associations between FMS and PA in preschool-aged children. Searching Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and EBSCO (including SPORTDiscus, ERIC, and Academic Search Premier) was utilized to conduct a systematic review of the available literature. Studies were included if they examined associations between FMS and PA among typically developing children aged 3–6 years, published between January 2000 and April 2020. A total of 26 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 24 cross-sectional studies and two cohort studies. There was a strong level of evidence to support low to moderate associations between moderate to vigorous physical activity and components of FMS, specifically, the total FMS (r = 0.11–0.48, R2 = 16%–19%) and object control skill (r = 0.16–0.46, β = 0.28–0.49, R2 = 10.4%–16.9%). Similar associations were also found between the total physical activity and components of FMS, specifically, the total FMS (r = 0.10–0.45, R2 = 16%), locomotor skills (r = 0.14–0.46, R2 = 21.3%), and objective control skills (r = 0.16–0.44, β = 0.47, R2 = 19.2%). There was strong evidence that there is no significant association between light physical activity and FMS, specifically, total FMS and locomotor skills. The associations, including “stability skills–PA” and “locomotor skills–moderate to vigorous PA”, were uncertain due to insufficient evidence. Our findings provide strong evidence of associations between specific FMS components and a specific PA intensity. Future studies should consider using a longitudinal study design in order to explore the causal relationship between specific-intensity PA and the FMS subdomain.
The Risk of Subsequent Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Chang Renin , Wu Den-Ko , Wei James Cheng-Chung , Yip Hei-Tung , Hung Yao-Min , Hung Chih-Hsin
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) risk among patients with a diagnosis of nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) in an Asian population. The risk was analyzed in a cohort of 17,855 patients newly diagnosed with NTS and 71,420 individuals without NTS using a hospitalization claim dataset. Both groups were matched by age, sex, and index date as an original analysis. A Cox proportional-hazards regression model was applied to estimate the risk of DVT and PE, accounting for any competing event (death). With a follow-up of 4.94 (±3.93) years in the NTS group and 6.30 (±3.67) years in the non-NTS group, the adjusted subhazard ratios (SHRs) of DVT and PE were 1.83 (95% CI 1.44–2.31) and 1.84 (95% CI 1.30–2.60). The NTS group had an increased risk of DVT and PE compared with the control group in all of the age subgroups. Stratified analyses showed that patients aged 18–39 years in the NTS group had significantly higher DVT and PE risks compared with patients of the same age in the non-NTS group (aHR, 5.95; 95% CI, 2.22–15.91 for DVT; aHR 6.72; 95% CI, 2.23–20.30 for PE). The P-value for interaction between age and exposure of NTS is <0.001 for DVT and 0.004 for PE in our sub-group analyses. The findings were cross-validated by a re-analysis with propensity score matching (PSM), and that revealed consistent results. Despite of low absolute risk, clinicians should be aware that patients with an NTS hospitalization history is at increased risk for VTE especially when assessing patients coincident with other VTE risk factors.
Epigenome-Wide Association Study Reveals Duration of Breastfeeding Is Associated with Epigenetic Differences in Children
Authors: Sherwood William B. , Kothalawala Dilini M. , Kadalayil Latha , Ewart Susan , Zhang Hongmei , Karmaus Wilfried , Arshad S. Hasan , Holloway John W. , Rezwan Faisal I.
Published: May 2020

Several small studies have shown associations between breastfeeding and genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm). We performed a comprehensive Epigenome-Wide Association Study (EWAS) to identify associations between breastfeeding and DNAm patterns in childhood. We analysed DNAm data from the Isle of Wight Birth Cohort at birth, 10, 18 and 26 years. The feeding method was categorized as breastfeeding duration >3 months and >6 months, and exclusive breastfeeding duration >3 months. EWASs using robust linear regression were performed to identify differentially methylated positions (DMPs) in breastfed and non-breastfed children at age 10 (false discovery rate of 5%). Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified using comb-p. The persistence of significant associations was evaluated in neonates and individuals at 18 and 26 years. Two DMPs, in genes SNX25 and LINC00840, were significantly associated with breastfeeding duration >6 months at 10 years and was replicated for >3 months of exclusive breastfeeding. Additionally, a significant DMR spanning the gene FDFT1 was identified in 10-year-old children who were exposed to a breastfeeding duration >3 months. None of these signals persisted to 18 or 26 years. This study lends further support for a suggestive role of DNAm in the known benefits of breastfeeding on a child’s future health.
Eating Habits and Their Association with Weight Status in Chinese School-Age Children: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sun Minghui , Hu Xiangying , Li Fang , Deng Jing , Shi Jingcheng , Lin Qian
Published: May 2020

Background: Poor eating habits increase children’s risk of chronic diseases such as overweight and obesity, adult diabetes, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the eating habits of school-age children and their impact on children’s body mass index. Methods: Multistage cluster sampling was used to sample 2224 students in grades 4 to 6 from 16 primary schools in Changsha. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect general demographic, eating habit, and snack consumption data from school-age children. Height and weight were measured so that the body mass index Z-score could be calculated and evaluated according to the 2007 World Health Organization’s Body Mass Index (BMI) reference standard. Results: The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in school-age children were 17.0% and 8.3%, respectively. Boys had higher rates of overweight and obesity than girls (19.9% vs. 13.6%, 12.9% vs. 3.0%, respectively, p < 0.05). Among the total population of children, 71.6% reported picky eating habits, and 55.1% had late-night snacks. Children who skipped breakfast (OR 1.507 and 95% CI 1.116~2.035) and ate puffed food (OR 1.571 and 95% CI 1.170~2.110) were more likely to be overweight/obese. Conclusions: The eating habits of school-age children are closely related to their weight status. Poor eating habits can be risk factors for overweight and obesity. The dietary management of children should be strengthened so that they develop good eating habits and the incidence of overweight and obesity in school-age children decreases.
Farmers’ Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Abuse in Commercial Pig Production, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Adebowale Oluwawemimo Oluseun , Adeyemo Folashade Adefunke , Bankole Noah , Olasoju Mary , Adesokan Hezekiah Kehinde , Fasanmi Olubunmi , Adeyemo Olanike , Awoyomi Olajoju , Kehinde Olugbenga , Fasina Folorunso Oludayo
Published: May 2020

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans has been linked to non-judicious antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animals. To develop antimicrobial stewardship plans (AMSPs) for pig farmers, there is the need to understand the current status of AMU and the driving factors in the industry. Data on AMU, farmers’ perceptions of associated drivers, and biosecurity were collected through a mixed-method study design with focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaire-based interviews. Antimicrobials (AMs) were mainly used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Common AMs used were tetracycline (78.8%), gentamycin (53.8%), and tylosin (52.5%). Perceived drivers of AMU were linked to economic benefits, farmers’ previous experiences, sick animals, expensive veterinary services, easy accessibility to over-the-counter drugs, poor farm practices, and poor disease prevention strategies. AMU was poor (average 40.2%), while knowledge on AMs and implications for animal and human health was considered averagely satisfactory (56.4%). The biosecurity level was also satisfactory (53.0%) and significantly associated with having a written farm health plan (p = 0.035). Good AMU was found to be strongly associated with farmers’ use of veterinary services (p = 0.001). Diverse factors drive antimicrobial use among pig farmers in Ogun State, and these could be addressed by providing continuing education on antimicrobial stewardship and best farm practices.
Effectiveness of A Pilates Training Program on Cognitive and Functional Abilities in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: García-Garro Patricia Alexandra , Hita-Contreras Fidel , Martínez-Amat Antonio , Achalandabaso-Ochoa Alexander , Jiménez-García José Daniel , Cruz-Díaz David , Aibar-Almazán Agustín
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a Pilates exercises program on the cognitive and physical functioning of older Spanish women. This study is a randomized clinical trial; a total of 110 women aged ≥60 years were initially allocated to either a Pilates group (PG, n = 55), who underwent a 12-week Pilates exercise program, or to a control group (CG, n = 55), who did not receive any intervention. Global cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), verbal fluency (Isaacs test), executive function (Trail Making Test), functional flexibility (Back Scratch Test and Chair Sit-and-Reach Test), and lower-body strength (30 s Chair-Stand Test) were assessed before and immediately after the intervention period. The main findings of this study suggest that women in the PG (within-group differences) experienced improvements across all the variables examined except for global cognitive function. When compared with the CG (between-group differences), our analysis revealed significant benefits in the PG for all measures except for global cognitive function and functional flexibility (Back Scratch Test). In conclusion, our results suggest that Pilates has the potential to improve both cognitive and functional abilities among Spanish women aged 60 years and over.
Are Community Gardening and Horticultural Interventions Beneficial for Psychosocial Well-Being? A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Spano Giuseppina , D’Este Marina , Giannico Vincenzo , Carrus Giuseppe , Elia Mario , Lafortezza Raffaele , Panno Angelo , Sanesi Giovanni
Published: May 2020

Recent literature has revealed the positive effect of gardening on human health; however, empirical evidence on the effects of gardening-based programs on psychosocial well-being is scant. This meta-analysis aims to examine the scientific literature on the effect of community gardening or horticultural interventions on a variety of outcomes related to psychosocial well-being, such as social cohesion, networking, social support, and trust. From 383 bibliographic records retrieved (from 1975 to 2019), seven studies with a total of 22 effect sizes were selected on the basis of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Meta-analytic findings on 11 comparisons indicate a positive and moderate effect of horticultural or gardening interventions on psychosocial well-being. Moderation analysis shows a greater effect size in individualistic than collectivistic cultures. A greater effect size was also observed in studies involving community gardening compared to horticultural intervention. Nevertheless, an effect of publication bias and study heterogeneity has been detected. Despite the presence of a large number of qualitative studies on the effect of horticulture/gardening on psychosocial well-being, quantitative studies are lacking. There is a strong need to advance into further high-quality studies on this research topic given that gardening has promising applied implications for human health, the community, and sustainable city management.
Determinants of Non-Adherences to Long-Term Medical Therapy after Myocardial Infarction: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Park Yongwhi , Park Yong-Hwan , Park Ki-Soo
Published: May 2020

Purpose: Non-adherence to medications can be classified as unintentional and intentional. The aim of this study was to establish the major determinants of each non-adherence in myocardial infarction (MI). We also evaluated the effects of non-adherences on healthy behaviors. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 510 patients >1 year after MI. Nonadherences classified as unintentional or intentional were measured by a self-reported questionnaire. Polynomial and multiple regression analysis were performed to evaluate the determinant of each type of nonadherences. Results: Among patients with nonadherence, 263 (70.7%) patients were unintentionally non-adherent while 109 (29.3%) patients were intentionally non-adherent. Psychological belief and attitude were important in unintentional non-adherence (Exp(β) = 0.917, p = 0.050 for anxiety; Exp(β) = 1.191, p = 0.001 for concerns). Beliefs about medications were the strongest determinant of intentional non-adherence (Exp(β) = 0.812, p < 0.001 for necessity; Exp(β) = 1.421, p < 0.001 for concerns). Anxiety was important determinant of intentional non-adherence (Exp(β) = 0.889, p = 0.015). Conclusion: Psychological factors and beliefs about medication were important determinants of both types of non-adherence. Combined approaches targeting the beliefs about medications and psychological distress are needed to improve drug adherence in patients with MI.
Change in the Prevalence and Social Patterning of First- and Second-Hand Smoking in PORTUGAL: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study (2005 and 2014)
Authors: Alves Joana , Filipe Rita , Machado João , Nunes Baltazar , Perelman Julian
Published: May 2020

Between 2005 and 2007, important reinforcements of the tobacco legislation have been implemented in Portugal, which may have affected smoking patterns. The aim of this study was to measure the change in prevalence of first- and second-hand smoking (SHS) among adults, and its socio-demographic patterning in Portugal from 2005 to 2014. Data from the last two Portuguese National Health Interview Surveys (2005 and 2014) were used. The changes in daily smoking and SHS were measured using Poisson regressions, stratifying by sex and survey year. The inequalities were measured using relative inequality indexes (RII). From 2005 to 2014, there was a reduction in SHS (75%–54% among men, and 52%–38% among women), and a reduction in smoking among men (27%–26%), and an increase among women (9%–12%). SHS reduction was more marked among less privileged people. Among Portuguese men, inequalities in daily smoking have increased slightly, while among women the gap favoring low-educated reduced. Between 2005 and 2014, SHS decreased, but not daily smoking, particularly among women. Additionally, socioeconomic inequalities in smoking increased. Future policies should simultaneously tackle smoking and SHS prevalence, and their socioeconomic patterning. More comprehensive policies such as comprehensive national (non-partial) bans, combined with price increases could be more effective.
Vision Development Differences between Slow and Fast Motor Development in Typical Developing Toddlers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Pinero-Pinto Elena , Pérez-Cabezas Verónica , De-Hita-Cantalejo Concepción , Ruiz-Molinero Carmen , Gutiérrez-Sánchez Estanislao , Jiménez-Rejano José-Jesús , Sánchez-González José-María , Sánchez-González María Carmen
Published: May 2020

Many studies have established a relationship between visual function and motor development in toddlers. This is the first report to study two-year-olds via an assessment of their visual and motor skills. The purpose of this study is to describe the possible changes that can occur between visual and motor systems in typical developing toddlers. A total of 116 toddlers were included in this observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. Their mean age was 29.57 ± 3.45 months. Motor development variables studied were dominant hand/foot; stationary, locomotion, object manipulation, grasping, visual motor integration percentiles; gross motor, fine motor, and total motor percentiles; and gross motor, fine motor, and total motor quotients. Visual development variables were assessed including visual acuity, refractive error, ocular alignment, motor fusion and suppression, ocular motility, and stereopsis. Our findings demonstrated that typical developing toddlers with slow gross motor development had higher exophoria and further near point of convergence values compared to toddlers with fast gross motor development (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in visual acuity and stereopsis between slow and fast gross motor development toddlers.
Decision Tree Algorithms for Developing Rulesets for Object-Based Land Cover Classification
Authors: Phiri Darius , Simwanda Matamyo , Nyirenda Vincent , Murayama Yuji , Ranagalage Manjula
Published: May 2020

Decision tree (DT) algorithms are important non-parametric tools used for land cover classification. While different DTs have been applied to Landsat land cover classification, their individual classification accuracies and performance have not been compared, especially on their effectiveness to produce accurate thresholds for developing rulesets for object-based land cover classification. Here, the focus was on comparing the performance of five DT algorithms: Tree, C5.0, Rpart, Ipred, and Party. These DT algorithms were used to classify ten land cover classes using Landsat 8 images on the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. Classification was done using object-based image analysis (OBIA) through the development of rulesets with thresholds defined by the DTs. The performance of the DT algorithms was assessed based on: (1) DT accuracy through cross-validation; (2) land cover classification accuracy of thematic maps; and (3) other structure properties such as the sizes of the tree diagrams and variable selection abilities. The results indicate that only the rulesets developed from DT algorithms with simple structures and a minimum number of variables produced high land cover classification accuracies (overall accuracy > 88%). Thus, algorithms such as Tree and Rpart produced higher classification results as compared to C5.0 and Party DT algorithms, which involve many variables in classification. This high accuracy has been attributed to the ability to minimize overfitting and the capacity to handle noise in the data during training by the Tree and Rpart DTs. The study produced new insights on the formal selection of DT algorithms for OBIA ruleset development. Therefore, the Tree and Rpart algorithms could be used for developing rulesets because they produce high land cover classification accuracies and have simple structures. As an avenue of future studies, the performance of DT algorithms can be compared with contemporary machine-learning classifiers (e.g., Random Forest and Support Vector Machine).
Reply to Comments: “Molecular Functions of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Regulation of Cancer Progression and Anti-Apoptosis” Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 20, 4986
Authors: Liu Yu-Chin , Yeh Chau-Ting , Lin Kwang-Huei
Published: May 2020

Dear Editor, [...]
Adipokines Expression and Effects in Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Early Embryo Development: Lessons from Mammals and Birds
Authors: Estienne Anthony , Brossaud Adeline , Reverchon Maxime , Ramé Christelle , Froment Pascal , Dupont Joëlle
Published: May 2020

Some evidence shows that body mass index in humans and extreme weights in animal models, including avian species, are associated with low in vitro fertilization, bad oocyte quality, and embryo development failures. Adipokines are hormones mainly produced and released by white adipose tissue. They play a key role in the regulation of energy metabolism. However, they are also involved in many other physiological processes including reproductive functions. Indeed, leptin and adiponectin, the most studied adipokines, but also novel adipokines including visfatin and chemerin, are expressed within the reproductive tract and modulate female fertility. Much of the literature has focused on the physiological and pathological roles of these adipokines in ovary, placenta, and uterine functions. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the involvement of leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and chemerin in the oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development in both mammals and birds.
In Silico Prediction of Intestinal Permeability by Hierarchical Support Vector Regression
Authors: Lee Ming-Han , Ta Giang Huong , Weng Ching-Feng , Leong Max K.
Published: May 2020

The vast majority of marketed drugs are orally administrated. As such, drug absorption is one of the important drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics parameters that should be assessed in the process of drug discovery and development. A nonlinear quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model was constructed in this investigation using the novel machine learning-based hierarchical support vector regression (HSVR) scheme to render the extremely complicated relationships between descriptors and intestinal permeability that can take place through various passive diffusion and carrier-mediated active transport routes. The predictions by HSVR were found to be in good agreement with the observed values for the molecules in the training set (n = 53, r2 = 0.93, q CV 2 = 0.84, RMSE = 0.17, s = 0.08), test set (n = 13, q2 = 0.75–0.89, RMSE = 0.26, s = 0.14), and even outlier set (n = 8, q2 = 0.78–0.92, RMSE = 0.19, s = 0.09). The built HSVR model consistently met the most stringent criteria when subjected to various statistical assessments. A mock test also assured the predictivity of HSVR. Consequently, this HSVR model can be adopted to facilitate drug discovery and development.
Mitochondrial Function in Modulating Human Granulosa Cell Steroidogenesis and Female Fertility
Authors: Sreerangaraja Urs Dilip Bhargava , Wu Wen-Han , Komrskova Katerina , Postlerova Pavla , Lin Yung-Feng , Tzeng Chii-Ruey , Kao Shu-Huei
Published: May 2020

Ovarian follicle steroidogenesis associated with embryo quality results in a successful pregnancy. Each follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells, which secrete several steroid and peptide hormones. Follicles harvested from women who conceived after assisted reproductive therapy (ART) had significantly higher estradiol levels in follicular fluids than the follicles from women who failed to conceive after ART. The higher follicular estradiol levels correlate well with successful fertilization following ART. Mitochondria are the central sites for steroid hormone biosynthesis. The first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones occurs in the mitochondria of granulosa cells. In the present study, we hypothesized that the mitochondria in granulosa cells are critical for maintaining oocyte quality and fertility capacity. This study aims to clarify the relationship between mitochondrial function and granulosa cell steroidogenesis, and the relationship between hormone levels and fertility capacity. Sera, follicular fluids and granulosa cells were obtained from individuals undergoing IVF-ET treatment. The oocyte numbers, oocyte quality, fertilization rate, and pregnancy rate were also recorded. The patients who provided the granulosa cells were further classified into four groups: endometriosis, ovarian endometrioma, endometriosis without ovarian endometrioma, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); patients with other female factor infertility and male factor infertility were used as controls. We measured the levels of estradiol (E2) by radioimmunoassay. Concurrently, we analyzed the mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, and apoptosis by flow cytometry using nonyl acridine orange, TMRE, Annexin V-FITC and PI. Mitochondrial morphology was visualized by transfection with pLV-mitoDsRed. In addition, we assessed the protein levels of steroidogenic enzymes, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) by Western blot. The results showed significantly decreased serum E2 and follicular E2 levels, and decreased IVF outcomes, in the patients with endometriosis. Reduced mitochondrial mass and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential were correlated with lower E2. Furthermore, a significant decrease in StAR and 3β-HSD was found in patients with ovarian endometrioma. The enzyme levels of StAR and 3β-HSD were highly correlated with E2 levels. Finally, elevated cumulus cell apoptosis was found in the patient group with ovarian endometrioma and PCOS. In conclusion, mitochondrial dysfunction of human granulosa cells may contribute to the decline of steroidogenesis, decreased fertilization rate, oocyte maturation rate, and oocyte quality, and it can ultimately jeopardize fertility.
A Simple and Effective Flow Cytometry-Based Method for Identification and Quantification of Tissue Infiltrated Leukocyte Subpopulations in a Mouse Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Kumaraswami Konda , Salei Natallia , Beck Sebastian , Rambichler Stephan , Kluever Anna-Kristina , Lasch Manuel , Richter Lisa , Schraml Barbara U. , Deindl Elisabeth
Published: May 2020

Arteriogenesis, the growth of a natural bypass from pre-existing arteriolar collaterals, is an endogenous mechanism to compensate for the loss of an artery. Mechanistically, this process relies on a locally and temporally restricted perivascular infiltration of leukocyte subpopulations, which mediate arteriogenesis by supplying growth factors and cytokines. Currently, the state-of-the-art method to identify and quantify these leukocyte subpopulations in mouse models is immunohistology. However, this is a time consuming procedure. Here, we aimed to develop an optimized protocol to identify and quantify leukocyte subpopulations by means of flow cytometry in adductor muscles containing growing collateral arteries. For that purpose, adductor muscles of murine hindlimbs were isolated at day one and three after induction of arteriogenesis, enzymatically digested, and infiltrated leukocyte subpopulations were identified and quantified by flow cytometry, as exemplary shown for neutrophils and macrophages (defined as CD45+/CD11b+/Ly6G+ and CD45+/CD11b+/F4/80+ cells, respectively). In summary, we show that flow cytometry is a suitable method to identify and quantify leukocyte subpopulations in muscle tissue, and provide a detailed protocol. Flow cytometry constitutes a timesaving tool compared to histology, which might be used in addition for precise localization of leukocytes in tissue samples.
Actual Persistence of Abatacept in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results of the French-Ric Network
Authors: Salmon Jean-Hugues , Letarouilly Jean-Guillaume , Goëb Vincent , Kanagaratnam Lukshe , Coquerelle Pascal , Guyot Marie-Hélène , Houvenagel Eric , Lecuyer Nicolas , Marguerie Laurent , Morel Gauthier , Baudens Guy , Gervais Elisabeth , Flipo René-Marc
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Data on abatacept (ABA) persistence in routine practice are limited. We aimed to study ABA persistence rates at 12 months, according to the date of initiation, and to analyze the factors associated with persistence at 12 months. Methods: We performed an observational, ambispective, multi-center study from January 2008 to July 2016, based on the French-RIC Network. We defined three groups of patients followed up for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), according to the date of initiation of ABA therapy: Group 1 (from 2007 to 31 July 2010: ABA indicated after anti-TNF failure); Group 2 (from 1 August 2010 to 31 March 2014: ABA indicated after conventional antirheumatic drugs failure); Group 3 (from 1 April 2014 to 1 July 2016: ABA available by the subcutaneous injection). Results: Among 517 patients who initiated ABA, drug persistence at 12 months was 68%. The only factor significantly associated with persistence rate at 12 months was C-reactive protein (CRP) < 10 mg/L at ABA initiation (odds ratio (OR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.3–0.9; p = 0.0016). There was no significant difference in drug persistence according to date of initiation, the line of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARD) therapy or the route of administration. Conclusions: In routine practice, over time, ABA has come to be initiated earlier in the course of therapy for RA in France. Abatacept persistence is similar to that reported in the Orencia Rheumatoid Arthritis (ORA) registry, and does not differ according to the date of initiation. The only factor found to be associated with the persistence rate at 12 months was CRP < 10 mg/L at ABA initiation.
Clinical-Evolutionary Staging System of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Parra-Blesa Alfonso , Sanchez-Alberca Alfredo , Garcia-Medina Jose Javier
Published: May 2020

Background: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is considered one of the main causes of blindness. Detection of POAG at early stages and classification into evolutionary stages is crucial to blindness prevention. Methods: 1001 patients were enrolled, of whom 766 were healthy subjects and 235 were ocular hypertensive or glaucomatous patients in different stages of the disease. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used to determine Bruch’s membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) and the thicknesses of peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) rings with diameters of 3.0, 4.1 and 4.7 mm centred on the optic nerve. The BMO-MRW rim and RNFL rings were divided into seven sectors (G-T-TS-TI-N-NS-NI). The k-means algorithm and linear discriminant analysis were used to classify patients into disease stages. Results: We defined four glaucoma stages and provided a new model for classifying eyes into these stages, with an overall accuracy greater than 92% (88% when including healthy eyes). An online application was also implemented to predict the probability of glaucoma stage for any given eye. Conclusions: We propose a new objective algorithm for classifying POAG into clinical-evolutionary stages using SD-OCT.
Liquid Biopsies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Are We Winning?
Authors: Mocan Tudor , Simão André L. , Castro Rui E. , Rodrigues Cecília M. P. , Słomka Artur , Wang Bingduo , Strassburg Christian , Wöhler Aliona , Willms Arnulf G. , Kornek Miroslaw
Published: May 2020

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer-related death. One of the major problems faced by researchers and clinicians in this area is the lack of reliable disease biomarkers, which would allow for an earlier diagnosis, follow-up or prediction of treatment response, among others. In this regard, the “HCC circulome”, defined as the pool of circulating molecules in the bloodstream derived from the primary tumor, represents an appealing target, the so called liquid biopsy. Such molecules encompass circulating tumor proteins, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), and circulating tumor nucleic acids, namely circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA). In this article, we summarize recent findings highlighting the promising role of liquid biopsies as novel potential biomarkers in HCC, emphasizing on its clinical performance.
Effect of Passivation Layer on the Thin Film Perovskite Random Lasers
Authors: Mallick Subha Prakash , Hong Yu-Heng , Chen Lih-Ren , Kao Tsung Sheng , Lu Tien-Chang
Published: May 2020

Novel functionalities of disorder-induced scattering effect in random lasers, attributed to low spatial coherence, draw remarkable attention in high-contrast to superior quality speckle-free imaging applications. This paper demonstrates perovskite-polystyrene (PS)-based random lasing action with robust optical performance at room temperature. Optical characterizations are carried out upon perovskite thin films addition with polystyrene of different mixing concentrations (wt.%). A low threshold lasing operation is achieved with an increasing concentration of polystyrene, accompanying a wavy surface texture with high surface roughness. The rough surface dominating multiple scattering effects leads to enhanced feedback efficiency. Moreover, this study also elucidates efficient fabrication process steps for the development of high quality and durable PS-based random lasers. With the advantages of reduced coherent artifacts and low spatial coherence, speckle free projection images of the USAF (U. S. Air Force MIL-STD-150A standard of 1951) resolution test chart are shown for different PS-based random lasers.
The Morphology and Mechanical Properties of ESD Coatings before and after Laser Beam Machining
Authors: Radek Norbert , Pietraszek Jacek , Gądek-Moszczak Aneta , Orman Łukasz J. , Szczotok Agnieszka
Published: May 2020

Electro-spark deposition (ESD) and laser beam machining (LBM) are the technologies using the concentrated energy flux. This paper deals with the issue of the impact of laser modification on the morphology and mechanical properties of carbide/copper coatings produced by electro-spark treatment. The coatings were applied to C45 carbon steel samples using the EIL-8A device. The following three types of electrodes made using the powder metallurgy (PM) hot pressing technique, from copper and tungsten carbide powders of different percentage compositions, were used for the coatings: 25% WC and 75% Cu; 50% WC and 50% Cu; and 75% WC and 25% Cu. Laser modification of the surface layers was performed with an Nd:YAG laser. The research focused on the analysis of the morphology of coatings applied by electro-spark technology before and after laser processing. The analysis of the morphology of electro-spark coatings revealed that the coatings had microcracks and pores. The laser beam machining of ESD coatings led to the homogenization of chemical composition, fragmentation of the structure, and elimination of microcracks. In addition, measurements of porosity, microhardness, adhesion, and analysis of XRD phase composition of the electro-spark coatings were performed. Laser processing proved to have a positive effect on improving the adhesion of coatings and reducing their porosity. This paper also presents a simulation model of heat transfer processes for the case of laser radiation impact on a WC-Cu coating. The developed numerical model, describing the influence of laser treatment on the distribution of temperature fields in the heated material (at a given depth) is of significant importance in the development of treatment technologies. Laser-modified ESD coatings perform anti-wear and protective functions, which enable their potential application in means of transport such as rolling stock.