bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triquinanes from Linear Ketones via Trimethylenemethane Diyls.
Authors: Lee Hee‐Yoon , Kim Won‐Yeob , Lee Sejin
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Indium‐Mediated Allylation of α‐Imino Esters in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Piao Xiane , Jung Jae‐Kyung , Kang Han‐Young
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functionalized Azobenzenes Through Cross‐Coupling with Organotrifluoroborates.
Authors: Harvey Jessica H. , Butler Brandon K. , Trauner Dirk
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acyl Palladium Species in Synthesis: Single‐Step Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones from Acid Chlorides.
Authors: Cox Russell J. , Evitt Andrew S.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sulfenic Acid Esters as Promising Sulfenylating Agents.
Authors: Zyk N. V. , Gavrilova A. Yu. , Mukhina O. A. , Bondarenko O. B. , Zefirov N. S.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Construction of Robust Ruthenium(salen)(CO) Complexes and Asymmetric Aziridination with Nitrene Precursors in the Form of Azide Compounds that Bear Easily Removable N‐Sulfonyl Groups.
Authors: Kawabata Hirotoshi , Omura Kazufumi , Uchida Tatsuya , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Polycyclic and 4,5‐Diacylthiophene‐2‐carboxylates via Intramolecular Friedel—Crafts Alkylations and Unusual Autooxidative Fragmentation of the Derivatives Obtained from the Samarium Diiodide‐Promoted Coupling Reactions of Thiophene‐2‐carboxylate with Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Yang Shyh‐Ming , Fang Jim‐Min
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 1,4‐Diphenylbutadiene Derivatives: Novel Inducer of Tissue‐Type Plasminogen Activator (t‐PA) in Cultured Bovine Endothelial Cells.
Authors: Sai Hiroshi , Ogiku Tsuyoshi , Ohmizu Hiroshi , Ohtani Akio
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile Construction of the Benz[c,d]indole Framework.
Authors: Soll Clifford E. , Franck Richard W.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Synthesis of Nitrofuran‐Containing 1,3,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted Pyrazoles via 1,3‐Dipolar Addition Reaction.
Authors: Rai N. Satheesha , Kalluraya Balakrishna
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Synthesis of Spiroisoxazoles via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxide to 6‐Arylidene‐6,7,8,9‐tetrahydrobenzocyclohepten‐5‐one.
Authors: Venkateswarlu Peesapati , Vasireddy Nageswara Rao
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Primary Cytotoxicity Evaluation of New Diaryltriazenes.
Authors: Unsalan S. , Rollas S.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient and Chemoselective Synthesis of N‐Substituted 2‐Aminopyridines via a Microwave‐Assisted Multicomponent Reaction.
Authors: Tu Shujiang , Jiang Bo , Zhang Yan , Jia Runhong , Zhang Junyong , Yao Changsheng , Shi Feng
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Continuing Efforts on the Improvement of Beckmann Rearrangement of Indanone Oxime.
Authors: Torisawa Yasuhiro , Nishi Takao , Minamikawa Jun‐ichi
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of N‐(3‐Aryl‐1,8‐naphthyridin‐2‐yl)phthalimides under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Mogilaiah K. , Sakram B.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Substituted Pyridopyrimidinones. Part 1. Convenient PTC Alkylation and Halogenation of 2‐Hydroxy‐4H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐one.
Authors: Abass Mohamed , Mayas Aisha S.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of DMJ Analogues with Seven‐ and Eight‐Membered Iminocyclitols.
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Kung Yung‐Hua , Ma Chih‐Chong , Chen Shui‐Tein
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photoinduced Cytotoxicity of Prodigiosin Analogues.
Authors: Park Gyungse , Tomlinson John T. , Misenheimer Jacob A. , Kucera Gregory L. , Manderville Richard A.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New Terpenes from the Lichen Parmelia perlata
Authors: Abdullah S. Tarique , Hamid Hinna , Ali Mohammad , Ansari S. H. , Alam M. Sarwar
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Total Synthesis of Saurufuran B via Regioselective Alkylation.
Authors: Yang Yihua , Li Yulin
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Aminoalkyl Cation Equivalents. Part 2. Novel Selenium‐Containing Non‐Natural Diamino Acids.
Authors: Caputo Romualdo , Capone Stefania , Della Greca Marina , Longobardo Luigi , Pinto Gabriella
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convolutamydine A (I): The First Authenticated Absolute Configuration and Enantioselective Synthesis.
Authors: Cravotto Giancarlo , Giovenzana Giovanni B. , Palmisano Giovanni , Penoni Andrea , Pilati Tullio , Sisti Massimo , Stazi Federica
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lycopodium Alkaloids from Huperzia serrata
Authors: Wang Heng‐Bin , Tan Chang‐Heng , Tan Jun‐Jie , Gao Ming‐Yao , Li Yi‐Ming , Jiang Shan‐Hao , Zhu Da‐Yuan
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A de novo Asymmetric Approach to Achiral Deoxy‐Melodorinol Analogues.
Authors: Ahmed Md. Moinuddin , Akhmedov Novruz G. , Cui Hu , Friedrich Dirk , O'Doherty George A.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Relativistic Effects in Homogeneous Gold Catalysis
Authors: Gorin David J. , Toste F. Dean
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
QM/MM: What Have We Learned, Where Are We, and Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Lin Hai , Truhlar Donald G.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrocarbyl Ligand Transformations on Heterobimetallic Complexes
Authors: Ritleng Vincent , Chetcuti Michael J.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Natural 8‐ and 9‐Membered Lactones: Recent Advancements in Medium‐Sized Ring Formation
Authors: Shiina Isamu
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ionic Green Solvents from Renewable Resources
Authors: Imperato Giovanni , Koenig Burkhard , Chiappe Cinzia
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbonylation of Heterocycles by Homogeneous Catalysts.
Authors: Church Tamara L. , Getzler Yutan D. Y. L. , Byrne Christopher M. , Coates Geoffrey W.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactivity of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Chowdhury Shahana , Mohan Ram S. , Scott Janet L.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Marine Metabolites: Metal Binding and Metal Complexes of Azole‐Based Cyclic Peptides of Marine Origin
Authors: Bertram Anna , Pattenden Gerald
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
What Is Responsible for the Initiating Chemistry of Iron‐Mediated Lipid Peroxidation: An Update
Authors: Cheng Zhiyong , Li Yuanzong
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nature of Dynamic Processes Associated with the SN1 Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Peters Kevin S.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A prospective, multicentric scoring system to predict mortality in febrile neutropenic children with cancer
Authors: Paganini Hugo R. , Aguirre Clarisa , Puppa Gabriela , Garbini Cecilia , Javier Ruiz Guiñazuú , Ensinck Gabriela , Vrátnica Claudia , Flynn Luis , Iacono Marisa , Zubizarreta Pedro ,   for the Febrile Neutropenia Study Group
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND.

Many studies have succeeded in identifying a subset of children with febrile neutropenia (FN) who are at lower risk of infectious complications and eventual death. Conversely, to the authors' knowledge, no scoring system has been published to date with which to assess the risk of mortality for the whole group of children with neutropenia and fever.

METHODS.

Between March 2000 and July 2004, 1520 episodes of FN in 981 children were included in a multicentric prospective study to evaluate a scoring system that was designed to identify high mortality risk at the onset of an FN episode in children with cancer.

RESULTS.

In the derivation set (714 episodes), 18 patients died (2.5%). A multivariate analysis yielded the following significant mortality‐related risk factors: advanced stage of underlying malignant disease (odds ratio [OR], 3122.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.0001–5.2), associated comorbidity (OR, 25.3; 95% CI, 7.7–83.2), and bacteremia (OR, 7.2; 95% CI, 2.4–22.0). A mortality score could be built with 3 points scored for the presence of advanced‐stage underlying malignant disease, 2 points scored for the presence of associated comorbidity, and 1 point scored for bacteremia. If patients collected 4 points of the risk score at onset, then their risk of mortality was 5.8%; if patients had a score of 5 points, then their risk of mortality was 15.4%; and, if they reached the maximum score of 6 points, then their risk of mortality was raised to 40%. The sensitivity of the scoring system was 100%, and it had a specificity of 84.2%. In the validation set (806 episodes), 19 children died (2.3%). For children with scores >3, the scoring system had a sensitivity of 84.2%, a specificity of 83.2%, and a negative predictive value of 99.54% for predicting mortality.

CONCLUSIONS.

The use of a mortality score for high‐risk patients was validated statistically by the current results. This is a major prognostic approach to categorize patients with high‐risk FN at onset. A better initial predictive approach may allow better therapeutic decisions for these children, with an eventual impact on reducing mortality. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Passive smoking and the use of noncigarette tobacco products in association with risk for pancreatic cancer: A case‐control study
Authors: Hassan Manal M. , Abbruzzese James L. , Bondy Melissa L. , Wolff Robert A. , Vauthey Jean‐Nicolas , Pisters Peter W. , Evans Douglas B. , Khan Rabia , Lenzi Renato , Jiao Li , Li Donghui
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND.

The associations between passive smoking and the use of noncigarette tobacco products with pancreatic cancer are not clear.

METHODS.

In this case‐control study, the authors collected information on passive smoking and the use of noncigarette tobacco products in 808 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and 808 healthy controls by personal interview. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).

RESULTS.

The results confirmed the previously reported association between active smoking and increased risk for pancreatic cancer. The AOR was 1.7 (95% CI, 1.4–2.2) for regular smokers, 1.8 (95% CI, 1.4–2.4) for long‐term smokers, and 3.1 (95% CI, 2.2–4.3) for former smokers. Although passive smoking showed a nonsignificantly elevated risk for pancreatic cancer in the entire study population (AOR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9–1.7), the association was present among ever smokers (AOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.03–2.6) but was absent among never smokers (AOR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.8–1.6). Neither intensity nor duration of passive smoking modified the risk of pancreatic cancer among never smokers. The use of chewing tobacco, snuff, and pipes showed no significant risk elevation for pancreatic cancer after controlling for the confounding effects of demographics and other known risk factors. The use of cigars in never smokers showed a borderline significant increase of risk for pancreatic cancer (AOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0–4.7; P = .05).

CONCLUSIONS.

The current observations did not support a role for passive smoking or the use of noncigarette tobacco products in the etiology of pancreatic cancer. The association between cigar use and the risk of pancreatic cancer needs to be confirmed in other study populations. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Development of the caudal nerve cord, motoneurons, and muscle innervation in the appendicularian urochordate Oikopleura dioica
Authors: SØviknes Anne Mette , Chourrout Daniel , Glover Joel C.
Published: May 2007

The development of the caudal nerve cord and muscle innervation in the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica was assessed using differential interference contrast and confocal microscopy, phalloidin staining of actin, and in situ hybridization for the neuronal markers tubulin and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The caudal nerve cord first appears as a stream of tubulin mRNA‐positive neurons that extends into the tail from the caudal ganglion. By this stage a few actin‐rich nerve fibers course longitudinally along the cord. As the tail lengthens, the caudal nerve cord extends and becomes more fasciculated and the neurons cluster at stereotyped longitudinal positions. The number of neurons in the nerve cord reaches a relatively stable maximum of about 29. A subset of neurons in the caudal ganglion and caudal nerve cord expresses ChAT mRNA. These putative motoneurons are distributed along nearly the full extent of the tail in numbers consistent with an independent innervation of each tail muscle cell. The longitudinal series of putative motoneurons is not aligned with the muscle cells, but peripheral nerve fibers extending to the muscle cells are, indicating that motor axons grow along the cord before exiting adjacent to their peripheral target. Muscle innervation occurs roughly coincident with the onset of ChAT mRNA expression. Our results provide the first molecular identification of motoneurons and the first developmental characterization of the motor system in an appendicularian and help set the stage for gene expression studies aimed at understanding the evolution of developmental patterning in this part of the chordate central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:224–243, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinal ganglion cell dendrites undergo a visual activity‐dependent redistribution after eye opening
Authors: Xu Hong‐Ping , Tian Ning
Published: May 2007

Recent studies showed that light stimulation is required for the maturational segregation of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) synaptic connectivity with ON and OFF bipolar cells in mammalian retina. However, it is not clear to what extent light stimulation regulates the maturation of RGC dendritic ramification and synaptic connections. The present work quantitatively analyzed the dendritic ramification patterns of different morphological subtypes of RGCs of developing mouse retinas and demonstrated that RGCs in all four major morphological subtypes underwent profound dendritic redistributions from the center to specific stratum of the IPL after eye opening. Light deprivation preferentially blocked the developmental RGC dendritic redistribution from the center to sublamina a of the IPL. Interestingly, this developmental redistribution of RGC dendrites could not be explained by a simple developmental elimination of “excess” dendrites and, therefore, suggests a possible mechanism that requires both selective dendritic growth and elimination guided by visual activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:244–259, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and migration of GABAergic neurons in the mouse myelencephalon
Authors: Tashiro Yasura , Yanagawa Yuchio , Obata Kunihiko , Murakami Fujio
Published: May 2007

GABAergic neurons are the major inhibitory interneurons that are widely distributed in the central nervous system. It is well established that they originate from a focal region in the embryonic forebrain during development, and then migrate to other regions such as the neocortex. However, the migration of GABAergic neurons remains obscure in other axial levels of the brain. We examined the early development of myelencephalic GABAergic neurons using glutamate decarboxylase 67 / green fluorescent protein (GAD67‐GFP) knockin mice. Observation of fixed tissues in coronal sections and flat whole‐mount preparations indicated that, while GFP‐positive cells are restricted to the subpial region in the ventral aspect of the myelencephalon at an early stage, they spread dorsally and eventually occupy the entire region of the myelencephalon as development proceeds. We developed a flat‐mount in vitro preparation in which these patterns of development could be recapitulated. Transplantation of dorsal myelencephalic tissue of a wildtype embryo to a corresponding region of GAD67‐GFP mouse embryos clearly demonstrated invasion of dorsally oriented GABAergic neurons from host to donor tissue. These results indicate that ventral‐to‐dorsal tangential migration of GABAergic neurons takes place in the myelencephalon. Our results extend the observations in the forebrain that inhibitory and excitatory neurons in a specific brain compartment take distinct migratory paths. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:260–269, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory ensheathing cells express smooth muscle α‐actin in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Jahed Ali , Rowland James W. , McDonald Todd , Boyd J. Gordon , Doucette Ronald , Kawaja Michael D.
Published: May 2007

One strategy for spinal cord repair after injury that has moved quickly from the research laboratory to the clinic is the implantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). These unique glial cells of the olfactory system have been associated with axonal remyelination and regeneration after grafting into spinalized animals. Despite these promising observations, there remains a lack of direct empirical evidence of the exact fate of OECs after intraspinal implantation, in large part because of a surprising paucity of defined biomarkers that unequivocally distinguish these cells from phenotypically similar Schwann cells. Here we provide direct neurochemical proof that OECs, both in vitro and in vivo, express smooth muscle α‐actin. That OECs synthesize this contractile protein (and a variety of actin‐binding proteins including caldesmon) provides compelling evidence that these cells are, in fact, quite different from Schwann cells. The identification of several smooth muscle‐related proteins in OECs points to a new appreciation of the structural and functional features of this population of olfactory glia. These biomarkers can now be used to elucidate the fate of OECs after intraspinal implantation, in particular assessing whether smooth muscle α‐actin‐expressing OECs are capable of facilitating axon remyelination and regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:209–223, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Pb on the properties of Sr2YRu1‐xCuxO6 crystals grown from PbO‐PbF2 solutions at high temperatures
Authors: Rao S. M. , Wu M. K. , Wang K. J. , Yen N. Y. , Ling M. C. , Liu H. L. , Chen C. L.
Published: May 2007

Single crystals of Sr2YRu1‐xCuxO6 with x=0 and x=0.1 were grown using PbO‐PbF2 based solutions at different temperatures in the range 1150–1350°C. The influence of Pb from the solutions and the Cu from the solid solutions of Sr2YRu1‐xCuxO6 on the resulting crystals was studied using microstructure and magnetic property measurements. The peaks in the powder X‐ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra do not change in the case of x=0 crystals but shift in the presence of Cu. A diamagnetic transition indicative of superconductivity was observed in the presence of Cu and an antiferromagnetic behavior with x=0. Based on these results it is concluded that Pb may not be incorporated in the crystals and even if it does the influence is not observed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoacoustic studies on the thermal properties of the NLO compound: L‐alaninium maleate
Authors: Britto Dhas S. A. Martin , Ramachandran E. , Raji P. , Ramachandran K. , Natarajan S.
Published: May 2007

Studies on thermal and optical properties are very essential for a nonlinear optical material. Photoacoustics (PA) is a recently developed non‐destructive testing (NDT) tool for studying such properties. L‐Alaninium maleate (C3H8NO2+·C4H3O4‐), an organic non‐linear optical (NLO) material was synthesized using submerged seed solution method and was characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and density. PA technique was used to determine the thermal parameters of LAM crystals. Moreover, possible phase transition analysis was conducted to ascertain the thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies were also carried out and crystal‐packing features discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
XRD, thermal and FTIR studies on gel grown DL‐Phenylalanine crystals
Authors: Ramachandran E. , Natarajan S.
Published: May 2007

Phenylalanine [C9H11NO2] is one of the essential amino acids in humans. DL‐phenylalanine was crystallized in silica gel under suitable pH conditions by reduction of solubility method. The grown crystals were characterized by density measurement and X‐ray powder diffraction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were also carried out. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
IL‐15‐induced human DC efficiently prime melanoma‐specific naive CD8+ T cells to differentiate into CTL
Authors: Dubsky Peter , Saito Hiroaki , Leogier Marylene , Dantin Carole , Connolly John E. , Banchereau Jacques , Palucka A. Karolina
Published: May 2007

Monocytes differentiate into dendritic cells (DC) in response to GM‐CSF combined with other cytokines including IL‐4 and IL‐15. Here, we show that IL15‐DC are efficient in priming naive CD8+ T cells to differentiate into melanoma antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). While both melanoma peptide‐pulsed IL15‐DC and IL4‐DC expand high‐precursor frequency MART‐1‐specific CD8+ T cells after two stimulations in vitro, IL15‐DC require much lower peptide concentration for priming. IL15‐DC are more efficient in expanding gp100‐specific CD8+ T cells and can expand CD8+ T cells specific for Tyrosinase and MAGE‐3. CTL primed by IL15‐DC are superior in their function as demonstrated by (i) higher IFN‐γ secretion, (ii) higher expression of Granzyme B and Perforin, and (iii) higher killing of allogeneic melanoma cell lines, most particularly the HLA‐A*0201+ Sk‐Mel‐24 melanoma cells that are resistant to killing by CD8+ T cells primed with IL4‐DC. Supernatants of the sonicated cells demonstrate unique expression of IL‐1, IL‐8 and IL‐15. Therefore, membrane‐bound IL‐15 might contribute to enhanced priming by IL15‐DC. Thus, IL‐15 induces myeloid DC that are efficient in priming and maturation of melanoma antigen‐specific CTL.
Pyridine Carboxylate Complexes of MoII as Active Catalysts in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Polymerization
Authors: Vasconcellos‐Dias Maria , Nunes Carla D. , Vaz Pedro D. , Ferreira Paula , Calhorda Maria José
Published: May 2007

New lamellar materials intercalated with molybdenum(II) complexes with potential catalytic properties were prepared by a stepwise procedure. The lamellar material was first calcined at 823 K for four hours to eliminate all the carbonate ions; the layered structure was reconstructed after treatment with a solution of either pycH (pyridine‐2‐carboxylic acid) or pydcH2 (pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid) in a KOH solution of dmf at 343 K. Impregnation with a solution of the organometallic precursor [Mo(CO)3I2(NCCH3)2] led to substitution of the nitrile groups by two pyridine ligands. All the materials were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, FTIR, and 13C CP MAS and 27Al MAS solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. Similar MoII complexes were also prepared by using pycH or pydcH2 and characterized by elemental analysis as well as FTIR and 1H and 13C solution NMR spectroscopy. These new materials and the complexes of pyc or pydc ligands containing 4.54 wt.‐% and 6.33 wt.‐% of Mo respectively, catalyze the ring‐opening‐metathesis polymerization of norbornene and the polymerization of styrene at 333 K, their performance increasing upon the addition of methylalumoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
[2.2.2]Propellane Isomerization by Grob Rearrangement: An Ab Initio MR‐AQCC Study
Authors: Antol Ivana , Eckert‐Maksić Mirjana , Lischka Hans , Maksić Zvonimir B.
Published: May 2007

The multireference average quadratic couple cluster (MR‐AQCC) method has been employed to explore isomerism in the [2.2.2]propellane 1 as well as the accompanying Grob‐type fragmentation. It is shown that the open form 2 is more stable than the conventional closed propellane 1 by 3.6 kcal mol–1. These two isomers are separated by a barrier as high as 22.7 kcal mol–1, taking 1 as a reactant, a value that is in excellent agreement with experiment. However, system 2 is not a stable species because it is located in a very shallow energy minimum. Consequently, it undergoes almost barrierless cage‐opening to the thermodynamically most stable 1,4‐dimethylenecyclohexane (3). The singlet–triplet gap along the bond‐stretch reaction coordinate has been calculated too. It is shown that intersystem crossing can be expected in the vicinity of the saddle point. It is concluded that photochemical closure of the bridgehead C–C bond yielding 1 has a lower probability than geometry relaxation leading to structure 2 and ultimately to the stable compound 3. The structural features of the elusive systems 1 and 2 are discussed in some detail. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Enantioselective γ‐Deprotonation of Alkyl‐Substituted O‐1,3‐Butadien‐2‐yl Carbamates and Regioselective Asymmetric Homoaldol Reaction
Authors: Bou Chedid Roland , Fröhlich Roland , Wibbeling Birgit , Hoppe Dieter
Published: May 2007

This work presents a facile method for the construction of geometrically defined 1,3‐dien‐2‐yl carbamates. Their highly stereoselective asymmetric deprotonation with the chiral base pair n‐butyllithium/(–)‐sparteine (2) and substitution reactions allows the flexible synthesis of substituted stereohomogeneous 1,3‐dienes. Diastereo‐ and enantioselective homoaldol reactions with aldehydes are possible after transmetallation of the lithium species with ClTi(NEt2)3. Intensive investigations for the interpretation of the stereochemical outcome of the reactions of each carbamate are also presented. Comparison of all results shows common properties of the allyllithium intermediates as well as surprising differences, which indicate a strong relationship between the structure of these intermediates and their reactivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis of Methylene‐Bridged Analogues of Biologically Active Pteridine Derivatives
Authors: Ślusarczyk Magdalena , De Borggraeve Wim M. , Toppet Suzanne , Hoornaert Georges J.
Published: May 2007

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. The HCV NS5B RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, which is a central enzyme in the replication of the virus, has become a potential target for design and synthesis of small molecule inhibitors useful in the treatment of HCV infection by interfering with viral replication. In this publication we describe the synthesis of cyclic analogues of biologically active pteridine derivatives of type B. The key step in the formation of target compounds 1–8, is the condensation reaction of tricyclic diketones 10 and 11 with commercially available 4,5‐diamino‐6‐hydroxypyrimidine (9). Subsequent chlorination and amination reactions led to the formation of the target molecules 1–8, which were further biologically evaluated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Eight‐Membered‐Ring Lactams – New Scaffolds for Combinatorial Chemistry Prepared by Ring‐Expansion of 1,4‐Diketones with Primary Amines
Authors: Pflantz Rebekka , Tielmann Patrick , Rössle Michael , Hoenke Christoph , Christoffers Jens
Published: May 2007

Eight‐membered‐ring lactams were prepared by the Bi‐catalyzed reaction of 1,4‐diketones with primary amines. These lactams define a new type of non‐planar molecular scaffold with three points allowing for diversification, which were evaluated as the basis for combinatorial library synthesis. For this reason, reaction conditions were optimized, and the scope and limitations were investigated. After the Bi‐catalyzed reaction, further diversification was achieved by ester saponification and subsequent amide formation with HATU and another primary amine. Representative examples of a model library showed sufficient stability in DMSO and solubility in aqueous buffer, which are mandatory prerequisites due to our in‐house combinatorial chemistry criteria for library production. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Analysis of protein/polypeptide interactions in human plasma using nondenaturing micro‐2‐DE followed by 3‐D SDS‐PAGE and MS
Authors: Manabe Takashi , Jin Ya
Published: May 2007

Previously, we have reported on the analysis of human plasma proteins on a nondenaturing micro‐2‐DE (μ2‐DE) gel, using in‐gel digestion followed by MALDI‐MS and PMF [1]. Many of the spots on the μ2‐DE gel showed apparent masses much larger than the calculated masses of their assigned polypeptides, suggesting noncovalent or covalent interactions between the polypeptides. In the present study, we aimed to further analyze the plasma protein spots on a nondenaturing μ2‐DE gel, on which protein/polypeptide interactions have been suggested. The proteins in the spots were extracted under alkaline conditions and subjected to 3‐D separation using SDS‐PAGE in microslab gel format (μSDS gel) with or without the sample treatment of reduction–alkylation. The clear bands in each lane of the μSDS gels demonstrated the successful extraction of proteins from the relevant gel spot and visualized the relative contents of the polypeptides in the spot. Most of the bands were assigned by in‐gel digestion followed by MALDI‐MS and PMF (MASCOT/Swiss‐Prot). The large discrepancy between the apparent mass value of a protein spot and the estimated mass values of the polypeptide bands on a nonreducing μSDS gel strongly suggested noncovalent polypeptide interactions. The differences in the polypeptide separation patterns on the μSDS gels, between with and without the treatment of reduction–alkylation, confirmed polypeptide disulfide bonding. The method employed here, aiming to integrate information on the proteins separated on nondenaturing 2‐DE gels with that on the interactions between polypeptides, would help the comprehensive understanding of complex protein systems.
Nurses making a diagnosis of dementia—a potential change in practice?
Authors: Page S. , Hope K. , Bee P. , Burns A.
Published: May 2007

Objectives

To compare nurse initial diagnoses following domiciliary visits with subsequent formal multidisciplinary formulation based upon the full possession of investigations, neuropsychological tests and brain imaging.

Design

Retrospective case note study.

Setting

Home‐based nurse assessments, secondary care based multidisciplinary memory clinic.

Participants

Four hundred and four consecutive referrals over an 18‐month period.

Results

One hundred and seventy‐five patients (43.3%) were diagnosed by the multi‐disciplinary team as having a dementia. Seventy‐three (41.5%) were classified as Alzheimer's disease, 81 (46%) of mixed sub‐type and 20 (11.4%) of vascular origin. Overall nurse‐MDT diagnosis agreement was 0.88 (Kappa = 0.82). Together, two nurses were able to detect dementia with 94% accuracy (Kappa = 0.88) Sensitivity was 92% and specificity 96%. The positive and negative predictive values of their judgements were 94% and 98% respectively. Nurses were able to sub‐diagnose dementia with 86% (kappa = 0.76) accuracy. Multivariate logistic regression modelling showed a MDT dementia diagnosis to be independently and significantly associated with lower scores on the KOLT and total MMSE, and with the absence of biological markers of depression. Nurse dementia diagnoses were associated with lower KOLT scores and the absence of biological depression markers, high past alcohol consumption or a history of hypercholesteraemia.

Conclusions

In this study, structured initial assessment by a specialist nurse was shown to be an accurate method of determining a diagnosis of cognitive impairment, when compared with formal MDT judgement. The principal benefit of this approach was that signposting to subsequent care pathways was expedited. Arguably, such distributed responsibility affords a viable option for the future detection of early dementia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavior‐dependent modulation of hippocampal EEG activity by the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine in rats
Authors: Kocsis Bernat , Li Shaomin , Hajos Mihaly
Published: May 2007

Both active wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) give rise to rhythmic synchronized hippocampal field oscillations, known as theta activity. Antidepressant drugs, including norepinephrine re‐uptake inhibitors are proven to diminish REM sleep, and REM sleep‐related hippocampal theta oscillation. Since reboxetine, a highly selective norepinephrine re‐uptake inhibitor has been shown to block REM sleep, but induce or facilitate hippocampal theta activity in anesthetized rats, the current study investigated the effects of reboxetine on stage‐ and behavior dependent theta activity. Polysomnographic recordings, which included hippocampal field potentials at the hippocampal fissure, were carried out in rats for 8 h during the light phase of the circadian cycle. Theta rhythm was analyzed during three different behavioral conditions: REM sleep, during motor activity in a familiar environment, and during exploration in a novel environment. We found that, compared with REM sleep, theta power was relatively low during periods of active wakefulness when the animal was in the familiar home cage, but considerably increased during exploration in a novel environment. Reboxetine suppressed sleep and thus abolished REM sleep‐related hippocampal theta rhythm, attenuated theta in the familiar environment, and significantly enhanced theta oscillations associated with exploratory behavior. Our findings demonstrate a state‐ and behavior‐dependent modulation of hippocampal theta activity by reboxetine, providing further evidence for a prominent role of norepinephrine in arousal and focused or selective attention © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postwar Uganda: A review of health services in Kabarole District
Authors: Kipp Walter , Kielmann Arnfield , Kwered Eric
Published: May 2007

This article summarizes the results of a comprehensive baseline survey of health services, conducted in Kabarole District, Western Uganda, in March 1989. The purpose of this survey was to obtain baseline data in order to facilitate planning, monitoring and evaluation of the Basic Health Services Programme, sponsored by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation, which started in October 1988. The survey was carried out in 12 randomly selected health facilities and in 43 adjacent households, where 435 persons were interviewed. The health service delivery system was characterized by the following score (maximum possible score 100): staff positions filled, 63; presence of staff in health facilities, 59; supervision, 39; management, 17; medical knowledge, 62; skills, 53; drug supply, 80; community participation, 8. The average attendance rate at the health facilities was calculated as 0.8 visits per head per year. The low utilization of health facilities in Kabarole District reflects the quality of government services after a civil war of 15 years, which ended in 1986. The importance of data collection is stressed, as is the methodology employed.
Cost of treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip
Authors: Kernohan George , Trainor Bernadette , Mollan Raymond , Normand Charles
Published: May 2007

Early treatment for congenital dislocation of the hip is usually simple and inexpensive. However, if the disease is not detected by 6 months of age, treatment is often complicated and expensive. We evaluated the potential cost‐saving of screening, by examining the costs in 36 late cases born in 1980 and found an average cost of £6,674 per case for treatment to this date. This amount could justifiably be spent on each case detected in an effective screening programme.
An organizational framework for achieving health for all in developing countries
Authors: Monekosso G. L.
Published: May 2007

‘Health for All by the Year 2000’, whether viewed as a goal or a process, is desirable and efforts should be made to ‘achieve’ it. For most developing countries, however, a drive towards it requires an appropriate organizational framework for planning and implementing their health development activities. This article suggests such an organizational framework. One of the attractions of the framework lies in the fact that it would enable those developing countries that adopt it to overcome major constraints at the central, intermediate and local levels.
Constraints on innovatory practice: The case of day surgery in the NHS
Authors: Beech Roger , Morgan Myfanwy
Published: May 2007

Rates of adoption of new technology or innovatory practices depend upon their inherent managerial and clinical incentives. Rates will be highest where these incentives coincide and lowest where both are weak. Within this framework we examine the current low rate of adoption of day surgery in the National Health Service (NHS) of the United Kingdom (UK). We assess the current managerial incentives for the introduction of day surgery in terms of its potential either to achieve financial savings or to allow expansions in overall hospital caseload. These are both shown to have been low within the context of the traditional method of funding health care in the NHS. Clinical attitudes and their perceptions of the barriers to day surgery are examined based on data from a survey of 240 consultant surgeons. A high proportion of surgeons regard day surgery as clinically acceptable for a wide range of procedures, but the limited clinical appeal of day surgery procedures and the lack of day facilities have further limited its adoption. These findings are considered in the context of the revised methods of funding hospital services in NHS, introduced from April 1991. Priorities may change with managerial incentives playing a greater role in the introduction of new technologies and innovatory practices.
Operating efficiency in inpatient care: An exploratory analysis of teaching hospitals in Rajasthan, India
Authors: Purohit Brijesh C. , Rai Vandana
Published: May 2007

This article reports on the results of an exploratory attempt towards the measurement of operational efficiency within hospitals. This microanalysis focuses attention on the departments of general surgery within four teaching hospitals in the State of Rajasthan in India. The analysis involves devising a costliness index, which then permits a ranking of hospitals according to their relative efficiencies. It is observed, generally, that all the study hospitals exceed their normative cost estimates on inpatient care. This is especially the case for two of the four hospitals, in respect of both fixed and variable costs. In the case of higher fixed costs, the cause seems to be a misallocation of resources resulting from high staffing levels, i.e. on the salaries of teaching or nursing staff. The variable costs are higher either on account of the high expenditure on supplies or on salary costs of common services. A further analysis was conducted to determine the presence or otherwise of inter‐unit efficiencies within the departments of general surgery, it revealed that inter‐unit differentials were mostly insignificant. More significantly, the study does suggest that expenditure efficiency on public health‐care in the hospitals studied could be enhanced through better budgetary management and cost control. This could be achieved, for instance, by enhancing the productivity of (human) resources, by checking wastages and leakages by means of appropriate monitoring, and through adoption as well as experimentation with methods of peer review and quality assurance.
Action‐based learning to improve district management: A case study from Tanzania
Authors: Barnett Elizabeth , Ndeki Sydney
Published: May 2007

Between October 1988 and December 1989, the district health management team (DHMT) of Same District, in Tanzania, tested out an action‐based learning strategy to improve its management capability. The initiative was led by the Centre for Educational Development in Health, Arusha, which was seeking alternatives to institutionbased management training, with support from WHO. The strategy involved the DHMT in an iterative process of problem analysis, action research, problem solving and review. The process combined start‐up and review workshops with on‐going work by the DHMT to tackle problems of primary health care (PHC) implementation. The team monitored its own progress in solving its problems. By December 1989, the team could identify a number of achievements, the most striking being the team spirit it had developed, and its ability to tackle a range of minor problems, and some major problems, facing its PHC work.

Following the encouraging results in Same, the Ministry of Health endorsed the strategy, and secured funds to implement it on a wider scale. A further eight districts were introduced to the process. However, whilst there was enthusiasm for the start‐up workshops, the important follow‐up work necessary from regional level failed to take place in time. Insufficient time was given to preparing facilitators, and effective monitoring was not done. Remedial strategies must now be formulated to bring the process back on course. This article demonstrates the importance of ensuring that certain necessary conditions can be met when introducing action‐based learning, as a key continuing education strategy for improving management at district level.