bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Social Policy Argumentation: A case study on the opinion of the German National Ethics Council on an amendment of the Stem Cell Law
Authors: Zenker Frank
Published: March 2017

This paper analyzes and evaluates the 2007 majority opinion of the German National Ethics Council which seeks to establish new information (as to the inferior quality of legally procurable human embryonic stem cells) as a sufficient reason for a relaxation of the 2002 Stem Cell Law. A micro-level analysis of the opinion’s central section is conducted and evaluated vis à vis the strongest known opponent position in the national debate at that time. The argumentation is claimed to rely on an unsupported semantic assumption regarding the parthood relation of the 2002 compromise and to misconstrue the strongest known opponent position.
Verbal Sparring and Apologetic Points: Politeness in Gendered Argumentation Contexts
Authors: Burrow Sylvia
Published: March 2017

This essay argues that ideals of cooperation or adversariality in argumentation are not equally attainable for women. Women in argumentation contexts face oppress-sive limitations undermining argument success because their authority is un-dermined by gendered norms of po-liteness. Women endorsing or, alter-natively, transgressing feminine norms of politeness typically defend their au-thority in argumentation contexts. And yet, defending authority renders it less legitimate. My argument focuses on women in philosophy but bears the implication that other masculine dis-course contexts present similar double binds that urge social and political change.
Feminist Epistemologies of Situated Knowledges: Implications for Rhetorical Argumentation
Authors: Lang James C.
Published: March 2017

In the process of challenging epistemological assumptions that preclude relationships between knowers and the objects of knowing, feminist epistemologists Lorraine Code and Donna Haraway also can be interpreted as troubling forms of argumentation predicated on positivist-derived logic. Against the latter, Christopher Tindale promotes a rhetorical model of argument that appears able to better engage epistemologies of situated knowledges. I detail key features of the latter from Code, especially, and compare and contrast them with relevant parts of Tindale’s discussion of context on the rhetorical model, and I suggest ways that his work could be expanded to accommodate rhetorical implications of situated knowledges.
The Structure and Evaluation of Planning Arguments
Authors: Mann Thorbjoern
Published: March 2017

Arguments commonly used in discussions about design, planning, policy-making issues have not been adequately analyzed in the literature. The structure of such ‘planning arguments’ is discussed. Based on the conceptual framework of the ‘argumentative model of planning’ proposed by H. Rittel, an approach for their systematic and transparent evaluation by discourse participants is presented. Procedural implications for its application in the planning process are discussed, and the potential for information technology support for such processes explored.
The Question of Truth
Authors: Botting David
Published: March 2017

The problem with the pragma-dialectical view, it has been argued, is that it takes argumentation as aiming at consensus rather than truth or justified belief. The pragma-dialecticians often imply that an argumentative process aiming at consensus in a way constrained by the “Ten Commandments” will in the long run converge on epistemically favourable standpoints. I will argue that they are right provided (i) pragma-dialectics is construed, as they say, as a theory of criticism; (ii) pragma-dialectics and the other theories of argumentation have in common the requirement to account for the fallacies.
The pragma-dialectician’s dilemma: Reply to Garssen and van Laar
Authors: Siegel Harvey , Biro John
Published: March 2017

Garssen and van Laar in effect concede our main criticism of the pragma-dialectical approach. The criticism is that the conclusions of arguments can be ‘P-D reasonable’ yet patently unreasonable, epistemically speaking. The concession consists in the claim that the theory “remains restricted to the investigation of standpoints in the light of particular sets of starting points” which are “up to individual disputants to create” and the admission that all the relevant terms of normative appraisal have been redefined. We also discuss their criticisms of the epistemic account of argumentation and argument evaluation and raise some new questions about the approach they defend.
Is “Argument” subject to the product/process ambiguity?
Authors: Goddu Geoff
Published: March 2017

The product/process distinction with regards to “argument” has a longstanding history and foundational role in argumentation theory. I shall argue that, regardless of one’s chosen ontology of arguments, arguments are not the product of some process of arguing. Hence, appeal to the distinction is distorting the very organizational foundations of argumentation theory and should be abandoned.
“Reasonable Hostility”: Its Usefulness and Limitation as a Norm for Public Hearings
Authors: Tracy Karen
Published: March 2017

“Reasonable hostility” is a norm of communicative conduct initially developed by studying public exchanges in education governance meetings in local U.S. communities. In this paper I consider the norm’s usefulness for and applicability to a U.S. state-level public hearing about a bill to legalize civil unions. Following an explication of reasonable hostility and grounded practical theory, the approach to inquiry that guides my work, I de-scribe Hawaii’s 2009, 18-hour pub-lic hearing and analyze selected segments of it. I show that this par-ticular public hearing raised de-mands for testifiers on the anti-civil union side of the argument that rea-sonable hostility does not do a good job of addressing. Development of a norm of communication conduct for this practice, as well as others, must engage with the culture and time-specific beliefs that a society holds, beliefs that will shape not only how to argue but what may be argued and what must be assumed about particular categories of persons.
The Presumptions of Meaning. Hamblin and Equivocation.
Authors: Macagno Fabrizio
Published: March 2017

When we use a word, we face a crucial epistemic gap: we ground our move on the fact that our interlocutor knows the meaning of the word we used, and therefore he can interpret our dialogical intention. However, how is it possible to know the other’s mind? Hamblin explained this dialogical problem advancing the idea of dialectical meaning: on his view, the use of a word is based on a set of presumptions. Building on this approach, the use of a word in a dialogue can be analyzed in terms of presumptive reasoning, while the manipulative strategies based on slanted or loaded terms or redefinitions can be conceived as forms of conflicts of presumptions. A presumptive approach to meaning can also ground different dialectical strategies to solve misunderstanding or definitional disagreements, or tactics to undermine the interlocutor’s arguments by advancing charges of equivocation.
The Coherence of Hamblin’s Fallacies
Authors: Johnson Ralph
Published: March 2017

Hamblin’s Fallacies remains one of the crucial documents in the development of informal logic and argumentation theory. His critique of traditional approaches to the fallacies (what he dubbed ‘The Standard Treatment’) helped to revitalize the study of fallacies. Recently I had occasion to reread Fallacies and came to the conclusion that some of my earlier criticisms (1989, 1990) had missed the real force of what was going on there, that I and others have perhaps not fully appreciated what Hamblin is up to. In this paper, I plan to revisit Fallacies and make manifest its coherence.
Introduction: Special Issue on Charles Hamblin
Authors: Walton Douglas , Johnson Ralph
Published: March 2017

It is unfortunate that Hamblin’s contributions do not get him the credit he deserves for his remarkable achievements. Although his contributions to philosophy are well enough recognized, and his early contributions to computing have been acknowledged, it seems strange that his work has not been widely enough recognized for the interdisciplinary effect it has had. There has been a feedback loop whereby his theories on formal dialogue systems and imperatives were taken up in argumentation, applied in computing, and then used in this form to refine argumentation methods.
The Paradox of Analogy
Authors: Botting David
Published: March 2017

I will show that there is a type of analogical reasoning that instantiates a pattern of reasoning in confirmation theory that is considered at best paradoxical and at worst fatal to the entire syntactical approach to confirmation and explanation. However, I hope to elaborate conditions under which this is a sound (although not necessarily strong) method of reasoning.
Critical Thinking in Moral Argumentation Contexts: A Virtue Ethical Approach
Authors: Ciurria Michelle
Published: March 2017

In traditional analytic philosophy, critical thinking is defined along Cartesian lines as rational and linear reasoning preclusive of intuitions, emotions and lived experience. According to Michael Gilbert, this view – which he calls the Natural Light Theory (NLT) – fails because it arbitrarily excludes standard feminist forms of argumentation and neglects the essentially social nature of argumentation. In this paper, I argue that while Gilbert’s criticism is correct for argumentation in general, NLT fails in a distinctive and particularly problematic manner in moral argumentation contexts. This is because NLT calls for disputants to adopt an impartial attitude, which overlooks the fact that moral disputants qua moral agents are necessarily partial to their own values and interests. Adopting the impartial perspective would therefore alienate them from their values and interests, causing a kind of “moral schizophrenia.” Finally, I urge a re-valuation of epistemic virtue in argumentation.
Denying the Antecedent: Its Effective Use in Argumentation
Authors: Stone Mark A.
Published: March 2017

Denying the antecedent is an invalid form of reasoning that is typically identified and frowned upon as a formal fallacy. Contrary to arguments that it does not or at least should not occur, denying the antecedent is a legitimate and effective strategy for undermining a position. Since it is not a valid form of argument, it cannot prove that the position is false. But it can provide inductive evidence that this position is probably false. In this role, it is neither defective nor deceptive. Denying the antecedent provides inductive support for rejecting a claim as improbable.
Why Arguments from Expert Opinion are Weak Arguments
Authors: Mizrahi Moti
Published: March 2017

In this paper, I argue that arguments from expert opinion, i.e., inferences from “Expert E says that p” to “p,” where the truth value of p is unknown, are weak arguments. A weak argument is an argument in which the premises, even if true, provide weak support—or no support at all—for the conclusion. Such arguments from expert opinion are weak arguments unless the fact that an expert says that p makes p significantly more likely to be true. However, research on expertise shows that expert opinions are only slightly more accurate than chance and much less accurate than decision procedures. If this is correct, then it follows that arguments from expert opinion are weak arguments.
Govier's "Informal Logic"
Authors: Blair J. Anthony
Published: March 2017

In this paper I review a number of Govier’s criticisms of the standard view of logic at the time she was developing her views about the nature of logic as it applies to the critique of arguments in natural language and the development of ways to teach skills in such critique. I argue that the concept of informal logic has emerged at least in part from those criticisms and Govier’s positive alternatives.
Govier's "Invention" of the Theory of Argument
Authors: Johnson Ralph H.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, I propose that the inquiry known as a/the theory of argument is the “invention” of Trudy Govier, using that term in its rhetorical sense, viz., the process of choosing ideas appropriate to the subject. In her (1987) paper, “Is a Theory of Argument Possible?” Govier used the idea of theory of argument to focus her discussion on problems in argument analysis and evaluation that came to light in the 1970s and 1980s. The idea of a theory of argument was already there but Govier “discovered” it in the sense that she made its potential clear.
Debts, Oligarchies, and Holisms: Deconstructing the Fallacy of Composition
Authors: Finocchiaro Maurice A.
Published: March 2017

This is a critical appreciation of Govier’s 2006 ISSA keynote address on the fallacy of composition, and of economists’ writings on this fallacy in economics. I argue that the “fallacy of composition” is a problematical concept, because it does not denote a distinctive kind of argument but rather a plurality, and does not constitute a distinctive kind of error, but rather reduces to oversimplification in arguing from micro to macro. Finally, I propose further testing of this claim based on examples involving public vs. private debt in economics; oligarchic tendencies in politics, and the emergence of societal wholes in sociology.
Govier’s Distinguishing A Priori from Inductive Arguments by Analogy: Implications for a General Theory of Ground Adequacy
Authors: Freeman James B.
Published: March 2017

In a priori analogies, the analogue is constructed in imagination, sharing certain properties with the primary subject. The analogue has some further property clearly consequent on those shared properties. Ceteris paribus the primary subject has that property also. The warrant involves non-empirical, e.g., moral intuition but is also defeasible. The argument is thus neither deductive nor inductive, but an additional type. In an inductive analogy, the analogues back the warrant from below. Distinguishing these two types of arguments by analogy gives epistemic evaluative factors primacy over resemblance factors in classifying arguments—a prescient insight on Govier’s part.
Appeals to Considerations
Authors: Hitchcock David
Published: March 2017

Wellman’s “conduction” and Govier’s “conductive arguments” are best described as appeals to considerations. The considerations cited are features of a subject of interest, and the conclusion is the attribution to it of a supervenient status like a classification, an evaluation, a prescription or an interpretation. The conclusion may follow either conclusively or non-conclusively or not at all. Weighing the pros and cons is only one way of judging whether the conclusion follows. Further, the move from in-formation about the subject’s cited features to the attribution of a supervenient status is often but one moment in a more complex process.
Epistemology Mathematicized
Authors: Woods John
Published: March 2017

Epistemology and informal logic have overlapping and broadly similar subject matters. A principle of methodological symmetry is: philosophical theories of sufficiently similar subject matters should engage similar methods. Suppose the best way to do epistemology is in highly formalized ways, with a large role for mathematical methods. The symmetry principle suggests this is also the best way to do the logic of the reasoning and argument, the subject matter of informal logic. A capitulation to mathematics is inimical to informal logicians, yet formal methods and mathematical models are an emerging force in epistemology. What is to be done? What’s sauce for the goose of epistemology is sauce for the gander of informal logic.
The Dialogical Force of Implicit Premises. Presumptions in Enthymemes.
Authors: Macagno Fabrizio , Damele Giovanni
Published: March 2017

The implicit dimension of enthymemes is investigated from a pragmatic perspective to show why a premise can be left unexpressed, and how it can be used strategically. The relationship between the implicit act of taking for granted and the pattern of presumptive reasoning is shown to be the cornerstone of kairos and the fallacy of straw man. By taking a proposition for granted, the speaker shifts the burden of proving its un-acceptability onto the hearer. The resemblance (likeliness) of the tacit premise with what is commonly acceptable or has been actually stated can be used as a rhetorical strategy.
A Serious Flaw in the Collegiate Learning Assessment [CLA] Test
Authors: Possin Kevin
Published: March 2017

The Collegiate Learning Assessment Test (CLA) has become popular and highly recommended, praised for its reliability and validity. I argue that while the CLA may be a commendable test for measuring critical-thinking, problem-solving, and logical-reasoning skills, those who are scoring students’ answers to the test’s questions are rendering the CLA invalid.
Conductive Argument, An Overlooked Type of Defeasible Reasoning
Authors: Paglieri Fabio
Published: March 2017

Edited by J. Anthony Blair and Ralph H. Johnson

King’s College London, UK: College Publications, 2011. Pp. vii, 1-299. Softcover. ISBN: 978-1-84890-030-1. US$ ~20
John Stuart Mill's Philosophy of Persuasion
Authors: McCabe Helen Ruth
Published: March 2017

In his youth, John Stuart Mill followed his father’s philosophy of persuasion but, in 1830, Mill adopted a new philosophy of persuasion, trying to lead people incrementally towards the truth from their original stand-points rather than engage them antagonistically. Understanding this change helps us understand apparent contradictions in Mill’s cannon, as he disguises some of his more radical ideas in order to bring his audience to re-assess and authentically change their opinions. It also suggests a way of re-assessing the relationship between Mill’s public and private works, to which we should look if we are attempting to understand his thought.
Groundwork in the Theory of Argumentation: Selected Papers of J. Anthony Blair
Authors: Hitchcock David
Published: March 2017

Introduction by Christopher W. Tindale

Argumentation Library, Volume 21. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012. Pp. xxi, 1-355. Hardcover US$149. Softcover US$24.95.
Rhetoric, Dialectic and Logic: The Wild-Goose Chase for an Essential Distinction
Authors: Jørgensen Charlotte
Published: March 2017

Taking Blair’s recent contribution to the debate about the triad as its starting point, the article discusses and challenges attempts to reduce the intricate relationship between rhetoric, dialectic and logic to a trichotomy with watertight compartments or to separate them with a single clear-cut criterion. I argue that efforts to pinpoint an essential difference, among the various typical differences partly grounded in disciplinary traditions, obscure the complexities within the fields. As a consequence, crosscutting properties of the fields as well as the possibilities for theoretical bridging between them are neglected.
A Dialectical Analysis of the Ad Baculum Fallacy
Authors: Walton Douglas
Published: March 2017

This paper applies dialectical argumentation structures to the problem of analyzing the ad baculum fallacy. It is shown how it is necessary in order to evaluate a suspected instance of the this fallacy to proceed through three levels of analysis: (1) an inferential level, represented by an argument diagram, (2) a speech act level, where conditions for specific types of speech acts are defined and applied, and (3) a dialectical level where the first two levels are linked together and fitted into formal dialogue structures. The paper adds a new type of dialogue called advising dialogue that needs to be applied at the third level.
Deduction without Dogmas:The Case of Moral Analogical Argumentation
Authors: Bermejo-Luque Lilian
Published: March 2017

a recent paper, Fábio Perin Shecaira (2013) proposes a defence of Waller’s deductivist schema for moral analogical argumentation. This defence has several flaws, the most important of them being that many good analogical arguments would be deemed bad or deficient. Additionally, Shecaira misrepresents my alternative account as something in between deductivism and non-deductivism. This paper is both an attempt at solving this misunderstanding and an analysis and criticism of Waller and Shecaira’s forms of deductivism.
Emotive Language in Argumentation
Authors: Gilbert Michael
Published: March 2017

Book Review

Emotive Language in Argumentation

by Fabrizio Macagno and Douglas Walton

New York: Cambridge UP. 9781107676657 (pbk.).

Review by MICHAEL A. GILBERT

Department of Philosophy

York University

4700 Keele St,

Toronto, ON M3J 1P3

gilbert@yorku.ca
Evidential Modals at the Semantic-Argumentative Interface: Appearance Verbs as Indicators of Defeasible Argumentation
Authors: Musi Elena
Published: March 2017

This contribution aims at providing an argumentative method to account for epistemic modality and evidentiality. I claim that these two linguistic categories can work as semantic components of defeasible argumentative schemes based on classification processes. This kind of approximate reasoning is, in fact, frequently indicated by appearance verbs which signal that the inferred standpoint is conceived by the speaker as uncertain (epistemic value) due to the deceiving nature of perceptual data (evidential value). Drawing from an analysis at the semantic-argumentative interface, the way in which prototype theory sheds light on the processes of meaning construction underlying defeasible arguments from definition is also shown.
Critique of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal Test: The More You Know, the Lower Your Score
Authors: Possin Kevin
Published: March 2017

The Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal Test is one of the oldest, most frequently used, multiple-choice critical-thinking tests on the market in business, government, and legal settings for purposes of hiring and promotion. I demonstrate, however, that the test has serious construct-validity issues, stemming primarily from its ambiguous, unclear, misleading, and sometimes mysterious instructions, which have remained unaltered for decades. Erroneously scored items further diminish the test’s validity. As a result, having enhanced knowledge of formal and informal logic could well result in test subjects receiving lower scores on the test. That’s not how things should work for a CT assessment test.
The Use of 'No Evidence' Statements in Public Health
Authors: Cummings Louise
Published: March 2017

Public health communication makes extensive use of a linguistic formulation that will be called the “no evidence” statement. This is a written or spoken statement of the form “There is no evidence that P” where P stands for a proposition that typically describes a human health risk. Danger lurks in these expressions for the hearer or reader who is not logically perspicacious, as arguments that use them are only warranted under certain conditions. The extent to which members of the public are able to determine what those conditions are will be considered by examining data obtained from 879 subjects. The role of “no evidence” statements as cognitive heuristics in public health reasoning is considered.
Denying Antecedents and Affirming Consequents: The State of the Art
Authors: Godden David , Zenker Frank
Published: March 2017

Recent work on conditional reasoning argues that denying the antecedent [DA] and affirming the consequent [AC] are defeasible but cogent patterns of argument, either because they are effective, rational, albeit heuristic applications of Bayesian probability, or because they are licensed by the principle of total evidence. Against this, we show that on any prevailing interpretation of indicative conditionals, the premises of DA and AC arguments do not license their conclusions without additional assumptions. The cogency of DA and AC inferences rather depends on contingent factors extrinsic to, and independent of, what is asserted by DA and AC arguments.
Steps Towards an Evolutionary Account of Argumentative Competence
Authors: Yáñéz Cristián Santibáñez
Published: March 2017

In this paper a tentative explanation of the competence of argumentation from an evolutionary point of view is offered. Because in contemporary argumentation theory and the informal logic approach the evolutionary perspective has been neglected, this paper gives an initial overview on the matter with the hope that core aspects of the argumentative faculty—such as argumentative normativity, the function of arguments, or fallacious moves, among others—can be seen differently afterwards. In order to specify the proposal, the main concepts considered are the notion of collective intentionality, cooperation, reputation, niche construction and, of course, basic evolutionary terms.
A Computational Model of Pragma-dialectics as a Tool for its Analysis and Evaluation
Authors: Secades Alejandro
Published: March 2017

The overall goal of this paper is to show that computational modelling of argumentation theories is a useful tool to deepen them. Specifically, it provides a basic computational formalization of part of Pragma-dialectics’ model of a critical discussion, which serves as a basis for analyzing this influential theory of argumentation. Such analysis reveals some weaknesses and leaves some questions opened for Pragma-dialectics. Particularly, it shows that the model of a critical discussion is not independent of the model of reasoning/inference chosen, because, while it performs differently with different models of reasoning, it does not work well with some of them.
The Basic Slippery Slope Argument
Authors: Walton Douglas
Published: March 2017

Although studies have yielded a detailed taxonomy of types of slippery slope arguments, they have failed to identify a basic argumentation scheme that applies to all. Therefore, there is no way of telling whether a given argument is a slippery slope argument or not. This paper solves the problem by providing a basic argumentation scheme. The scheme is shown to fit a clear and easily comprehensible example of a slippery slope argument that strongly appears to be reasonable, something that has also been lacking.
The Argument Form "Appeal to Galileo": A Critical Appreciation of Doury’s Account
Authors: Finocchiaro Maurice A
Published: March 2017

Following a linguistic-descriptivist approach, Marianne Doury has studied debates about “parasciences” (e.g. astrology), discovering that “parascientists” frequently argue by “appeal to Galileo” (i.e., defend their views by comparing themselves to Galileo and their opponents to the Inquisition); opponents object by criticizing the analogy, charging fallacy, and appealing to counter-examples. I argue that Galilean appeals are much more widely used, by creationists, global-warming skeptics, advocates of “settled science”, great scientists, and great philosophers. Moreover, several subtypes should be distinguished; critiques questioning the analogy are proper; fallacy charges are problematic; and appeals to counter-examples are really indirect critiques of the analogy.
Argumentation & Health, Rubinelli & Snoeck Henkemans (Eds.)
Authors: McArthur Jane
Published: March 2017

by Jane E, McArthurvi, pp. 1-142. Special issue of the journal Argumentation in Context: Vol. 1, No. 1 (2012). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Available ISBN 9789027242525, € 80.00, US$ 120.00
Criticism without Fundamental Principles
Authors: Popa Eugen Octav
Published: March 2017

In this paper I develop and defend a form of argumentative normativity that is not based on fundamental principles. I first argue that research agendas that aim to discover (or claimed to have discovered) fundamental principles of ‘good’ argumentative discourse share one crucial weak spot, viz. circularity. I then argue that this weak spot can be avoided in a pancritical (Bartley, 1984) view of normativity.
Enhancing Rationality: Heuristics, Biases, and The Critical Thinking Project
Authors: Battersby Mark
Published: March 2017

Abstract: This paper develops four related claims: 1. Critical thinking should focus more on decision making, 2. the heuristics and bias literature developed by cognitive psychologists and behavioral economists provides many insights into human irrationality which can be useful in critical thinking instruction, 3. unfortunately the “rational choice” norms used by behavioral economists to identify “biased” decision making narrowly equate rational decision making with the efficient pursuit of individual satisfaction; deviations from these norms should not be treated as an irrational bias, 4. a richer, procedural theory of rational decision making should be the basis for critical thinking instruction in decision making.
An Epistemological Theory of Argumentation for Adversarial Legal Proceedings
Authors: Marrero Danny
Published: March 2017

The rhetorical view (R) suggests that the goal of factual ar- gumentation in legal proceedings is to persuade the fact-finder about the facts under litigation. However, R does not capture our social expecta- tions: we want fact-finders to know the facts justifying their decisions, and persuasion does not necessarily lead to knowledge. I want to present an epistemic theory of argumenta- tion honoring our expectations. Un- der my account, factual argumenta- tion aims to transmit knowledge to the fact-finder.
Conductive Arguments: Why is This Still a Thing?
Authors: Possin Kevin
Published: March 2017

Conductive arguments, as a separate category of reasoning, has experienced a revival.  In 2010, the University of Windsor’s Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation, and Rhetoric dedicated a two-day symposium to the topic and later published the proceedings.  In this article, I argue against the existence of conductive arguments as a usefully distinct type of argument.  Some of what are deemed conductive arguments are simply inductive arguments and some are best construed as subsets of the constituents of what is commonly called a position paper.
Logical Form, Probability Interpretations, and the Inductive/Deductive Distinction
Authors: Freeman James B.
Published: March 2017

Logical Form, Probability Interpretations, and the Inductive/Deductive Distinction
The Evaluation of Critical Thinking Programs: Dangers and Dogmas
Authors: McPeck John
Published: March 2017

The Evaluation of Critical Thinking Programs: Dangers and Dogmas
Educating Reason: Critical Thinking, Informal logic, and the Philosophy of Education
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: March 2017

Educating Reason: Critical Thinking, Informal logic, and the Philosophy of Education
Unstated Premises
Authors: Burke Michael B.
Published: March 2017

Unstated Premises
Dialectical Situations and Argument Analysis
Authors: Freeman James B.
Published: March 2017

Dialectical Situations and Argument Analysis
Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus
Authors: Wreen Michael
Published: March 2017

Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus
Un acercamiento a la concepción de gobernabilidad en los discursos presidenciales de José María Figueres Olsen
Authors: Soto Kiewit Luis Diego
Published: March 2017

El artículo analiza las alocuciones del expresidente de Costa Rica José María Figueres Olsen en sus discursos de 1 de mayo ante la Asamblea Legislativa, con la finalidad de conocer la concepción de gobernabilidadque se propone en estos. Se expone la relación que existe entre el discurso de gobernabilidad y las políticas orientadas a la transformación del Estado y la institucionalidad pública en Costa Rica. Concomitantemente, exhibe el sentido y la forma en la que el presidente entiende este fenómeno en la realidad nacional.
El espacio público entre las normas y la informalidad: diálogo de dos ciudades, San José (Costa Rica) y Bogotá (Colombia)
Authors: Víquez Abarca Rosibel , Hernández García Jaime
Published: March 2017

El presente artículo discute el uso y la apropiación del espacio público desde el diálogo de dos investigaciones, de distintos contextos y desde distintos actores para mostrar la diversidad de enfoques con las potencialidades y las dificultades de los mismos en San José y Bogotá. Por una parte, el uso que le dan los jóvenes a dichos espacios en el centro de San José en contravía de las normas establecidas dentro de las “ciudades de manual” y, por otra parte, el uso que le dan los habitantes de los barrios populares periféricos en Bogotá desde la informalidad. Estas dos aproximaciones identifican relaciones que se entretejen entre el espacio y los habitantes y entre los distintos actores, incluyendo el Estado, a partir de las cuales se aprecian lecciones de la regulación y la informalidad que bien pudieran tenerse en cuenta en el estudio y la proyección de nuestras ciudades latinoamericanas. Las lecciones que también devienen en conflictos e intrincadas relaciones de poder.
Caracterización del sector pesquero en el Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe, de noviembre de 2012 a abril de 2013
Authors: Arias Bogantes Cindy
Published: March 2017

El Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe se encuentra ubicado en el cantón de Osa, provincia de Puntarenas (Costa Rica). Dentro de las principales actividades primarias a las que se dedican las comunidades aledañas, se encuentran la pesca y la extracción de moluscos, de las cuales se depende económicamente. El propósito de esta investigación fue desarrollar un análisis del sector pesquero, con el fin de encontrar soluciones que se centraran en una gestión integrada. Los métodos incluyeron visitas a Coronado, Ciudad Cortés y Sierpe, instituciones gubernamentales y recibidores de pescado, así como un total de 75 entrevistas a los pescadores (85% del total), acerca de su condición socioeconómica y la actividad pesquera. El estudio fue desarrollado entre los meses de noviembre de 2012 y abril de 2013. Socialmente, las comunidades de pescadores se caracterizan por altos niveles de pobreza, bajo nivel de educación y un acceso limitado a los préstamos bancarios. Se presentaron debilidades en cuanto a gestión institucional, educación formal, procesos de capacitación y organización de asociaciones.
Definición de un Modelo de Calidad de Servicios Soportado por Tecnologías de la Información (TI)
Authors: Martínez John , Pino Francisco J.
Published: March 2017

Un servicio basado en tecnologías de la información (TI) es aquel que tiene una gran dependencia de la tecnología y que sin esta no podría ofrecerse, convirtiendo así el área que soporta las TI en las empresas, en una parte esencial de la cadena de valor del negocio. En este sentido, la calidad del servicio se ha con- vertido en un factor muy importante y de gran atención para las organizaciones proveedoras de servicios puesto que la buena calidad de los servicios prestados a los clientes genera una ventaja de competitividad y sostenibilidad necesaria para lograr sobresalir en un mercado. Por lo anterior, en este estudio se esta- blece una primera aproximación a un nuevo modelo de calidad de servicios soportados por TI aplicable a cualquier área de negocio. Para determinar este modelo, se ha propuesto el método del mapeo sistemático en el que, a través de una revisión bibliográfica, se han determinado y clasificado elementos de calidad de servicio en características, sub-características y atributos, estableciendo la relación entre cada uno de ellos. Como resultado de esta primera aproximación, se han logrado clasificar un total de 43 elementos de calidad y se han propuesto una serie de dimensiones encaminadas a determinar cuáles de los elementos encontrados tienen mayor o menor impacto desde la perspectiva tanto del usuario como del proveedor del servicio. Al final de este estudio, se define una estructura general del modelo y se establece, a manera de ejemplo, una jerarquía de elementos a partir de la característica de mantenibilidad del servicio.
Modelos de Ensuciamiento en Intercambiadores de Calor Tubulares en Sistemas indirectos en Procesos uHt en la Industria Láctea
Authors: Gómez Orozco Luis , Capera Urrego Ana Ilva
Published: March 2017

La tecnología de ultra alta temperatura (UAT) se utiliza ampliamente en la industria de la leche para el tratamiento térmico, ofreciendo una alta eficiencia en cuanto a la destrucción de microorganismos esporu- lados. Sin embargo, dentro de este proceso se encontró que a temperaturas entre 75°C y 110°C, se llevan a cabo procesos de agregación y desnaturalización de proteínas y precipitación de sales minerales que forman una capa o costra de ensuciamiento en las paredes del tubo de calentamiento; el componente más importante en el fenómeno de ensuciamiento, es la proteína sérica llamada  -Lactoglobulina. En este traba- jo se resumen los diferentes modelos matemáticos que explican el fenómeno de ensuciamiento a partir de la transferencia de masa. La velocidad de ensuciamiento es el resultado de la diferencia entre la velocidad de acumulación de depósitos y la velocidad con que se remueven. Se encontró que los modelos de Kern- Seaton y Fryer-Slater son los más ampliamente usados, pues son modelos de velocidad de ensuciamiento en función de la energía de activación y la temperatura de película interfacial entre la capa de ensucia- miento y la leche. Otros modelos identificados nacen en la industria petroquímica, pero son adaptados en el estudio de la desnaturalización de la proteína de la leche, como los de Ebert-Panchal y Paterson-Fryer.
Evaluando la Facilidad de Aprendizaje de Frameworks mvc en el Desarrollo de Aplicaciones Web
Authors: Pantoja Libardo , Pardo César
Published: March 2017

Uno de los aspectos relevantes al momento de elegir un framework de desarrollo de software es de- terminar la curva de aprendizaje que requiere. En los proyectos de desarrollo de software, en general, los desarrolladores disponen de poco tiempo para entregar un producto estable y usualmente requieren de frameworks de desarrollo que tengan una curva de aprendizaje baja. Actualmente, existen diversos frameworks para soportar el desarrollo web; sin embargo, elegir el más adecuado puede ser una tarea compleja, debido a que los criterios de selección pueden ser diversos, poco claros e incluso inexistentes. En este sentido, en este artículo se lleva a cabo un análisis de diferentes frameworks de desarrollo MVC Web para determinar cuáles son los más convenientes basados en un criterio de selección, el cual tiene en cuenta el tiempo que requieren durante la curva de aprendizaje.
Ros-gazebo. una valiosa Herramienta de Vanguardia para el Desarrollo de la Robótica
Authors: Cuevas Castañeda Cristian Camilo
Published: March 2017

El Sistema Operativo Robótico – ROS (de aquí en adelante ROS) representa un significativo avance en la tecnología robótica, ya que constituye un verdadero modelo colaborativo de desarrollo, abierto al público en general y con una gama de posibilidades aún por descubrir. ROS permite contar con estructuras ya diseña- das y programadas que luego se pueden modificar, evitando, de esta manera, comenzar de cero con cada diseño y superando la pérdida de tiempo inherente a la construcción de algoritmos de piezas comunes, como brazos y ruedas, entre otras. Tal plataforma se complementa con las herramientas de Rviz y Gazebo, que brindan simulaciones 3D del modelo robótico diseñado.
Percepción de los Estudiantes sobre la Utilización de Videojuegos en Cursos de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia -UNAD
Authors: López Ortiz Iván Arturo , Mosquera Angulo Hermes
Published: March 2017

El artículo parte del contexto de la industria de los videos juegos en el ámbito mundial y la cantidad de dinero que esta actividad mueve alrededor del mundo (90.000 millones de dólares para el 2015 según [1]). También se describen algunas experiencias de éxito entorno a proyectos dedicados específicamente a la educación. Sin embargo, los resultados presentados acá son el punto de partida del proyecto de investigación denominado, Los video juegos como estrategia de enseñanza-aprendizaje en cursos de la Universidad Na- cional Abierta y a Distancia -Unad- con el que se pretende dar respuesta a una de la preguntas orientadoras del proyecto: ¿Cuál es la percepción que tienen los estudiantes de educación superior sobre los video juegos? Y, en este sentido, la base fundamental de esta investigación es presentar un análisis de la aceptabilidad y uso del videojuego por parte de los estudiantes y profesores de diferentes programas de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, caracterizados por géneros, edades y programas académicos, entre otros aspectos. Como resultado, se obtuvo información importante sobre gustos, hábitos y dispositivos en los que los estudiantes tienen instalados los videojuegos, además, del tiempo que les dedican a estos, o estarían dispuestos a dedicarles en la semana. Con la información recolectada, ya es posible iniciar la construcción de un videojuego adecuado a las características propias de los estudiantes de la Universidad.
Collaborative Activities Management System Model (CAMS) for Web-based Virtual Classrooms
Authors: Onwuka Ibam E. , Catherine Agbonifo O. , Sunday Adewale O.
Published: March 2017

Online collaborative learning systems have emerged as one of the most valuable aspects of e-learning systems. E-learning products that lack features for online collaboration among participants are deemed to be incomplete or sub-standard. Collaboration modules within an e-learning system consist of assets for group communication and work “spaces” and facilities. Activities within the collaborative framework of an e-learning system advances collaborative social interaction and the social construction of knowledge. Participants in an e-learning environment get involved in many activities which if not well coordinated could hamper collaboration instead of enhancing it. Therefore, the need to create measurable tools (models) that can coordinate these collaborative activities and provide up-to-date information or status of individual participant and group participants in collaborative activities within an e-learning environment has become inevitable. This work seeks to presents the design of activities management system model for online collaborative learning systems. The model contains some mathematical models for determining the level of involvements of a participant or groups in online classes (class attendance), discussions, project and polls. Their levels of participation are assigned weights and their aggregate value interpreted to give up-to-date status of their involvement in collaborative activities. The model is developed using WAMP tools.
Hyperchaos based Cryptography: New Seven Dimensional Systems to Secure Communications
Authors: Lagmiri S.N. , Amghar M. , Sbiti N.
Published: March 2017

The growth of technology and the emphasis on privacy have intensified the need to find a fast and secure cryptographic method. As chaotic signals are usually noise-like and chaotic systems are very sensitive to the initial condition, they can be used in cryptography.

We have analyzed the properties of two new hyperchaotic systems that we have developed and then propose a secure chaotic cryptography scheme for the transmission of confidential communication.

The purpose of this article is to synchronize our two new hyperchaotic systems. These new systems are the fourth-order and six-order continuous hyperchaotic systems. After studying and verifying the hyperchaotic bihaviour of these systems, a high gain observer class is used to synchronize and stabilize the synchronization error dynamics. Then, a chaotic masking scheme is applied to secure the information between a transmitter and a receiver. The results of the simulations confirm the high performance of the observer designed for these high-dimensional systems and the proposed method leads to an almost perfect restoration of the original signal.
TAX AMNESTY DAN PELAKSANAANNYA DI BEBERAPA NEGARA: Perspektif Bagi Pebisnis Indonesia
Authors: Santoso Urip , M. Setiawan Justina
Published: March 2017

Bagi banyak Negara, pengampunan pajak (tax amnesty) seringkali dijadikan alat untuk menghimpun penerimaan Negara dari sektor pajak (tax revenue) secara cepat dalam jangka waktu yang relatif singkat. Program tax amnesty ini dilaksanakan karena semakin parahnya upaya penghindaran pajak. Kebijakan ini dapat memperoleh manfaat perolehan dana, terutama kembalinya dana yang disimpan di luar negeri, dan kebijakan ini dalam jangka panjang dapat berakibat buruk berupa menurunnya kepatuhan sukarela (voluntary compliance) dari wajib pajak patuh, bilamana tax amnesty dilaksanakan dengan program yang tidak tepat. Penelitian ini memberikan gambaran mengenai pelaksanaan tax amnesty di beberapa negara yang relatif lebih berhasil dalam melaksanakan kebijakan pengampunan pajak seperti di Afrika Selatan, Irlandia dan India, dengan maksud untuk mempelajari kebijakan dari masing-masing negara serta menganalisis faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan program ini dapat berhasil dan mencapai target yang ditetapkan, serta perspektifnya bagi pebisnis Indonesia.
STRATEGI DAN MODEL PENGEMBANGAN WAJIB BELAJAR 12 TAHUN DI KABUPATEN BENGKALIS PROVINSI RIAU
Authors: - Caska , Indrawati Henny
Published: March 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis: (1) strategi pengembangan wajib belajar 12 tahun; (2) posisi pengembangan wajib belajar 12 tahun; dan (3) model pengembangan wajib belajar 12 tahun di Kabupaten Bengkalis. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey dengan menggunakan analisis SWOT (Strengths- Weaknesses-Opportunities-Treath). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Terdapat empat strategi pengembangan model wajib belajar 12 tahun, yaitu: a) Strategi Strengths-Opportunities/SO, b) Strategi Strengths-Treath/ST, c) Strategi Weaknesses-Opportunities/WO, dan d) Strategi Weaknesses-Treath/WT; (2) Posisi pengembangan Wajib Belajar 12 tahun Kabupaten Bengkalis pada Posisi Organisasi berada pada Kuadran III (tiga); 3) Model pengembangan Wajib Belajar 12 Tahun di Kabupaten Bengkalis adalah: a) Pembangunan Unit Sekolah Baru berupa SMA/MA/SMK Reguler; b) Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Kelompok Belajar Paket C; c) Pelaksanaan Ujian Persamaan SMA; d) Pembangunan SMA Luar Biasa; dan e) Pembangunan SMA Terbuka.
RASIONAL DAN ELEMEN PERUBAHAN KURIKULUM 2013
Authors: Slameto Slameto
Published: March 2017

Kurikulum 2013 merupakan pengembangan Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi yang telah dirintis pada tahun 2004 dan KTSP 2006. Para guru harus memiliki kesiapan yang memadai dan matang, mulai dari kesiapan dari segi kualifikasi, kompetensi serta juga siap dalam hal kesamaan pemahaman dan mindset (pola pikir) terhadap kurikulum baru tersebut. Proses pembelajaran yang mendorong siswa untuk aktif hanya mungkin terwujud bila mindset guru telah berubah, telah berjalan sesuai dengan arah dan perubahan Kurikulum 2013; Kegagalan mengubah mindset guru akan menjadi sumber kegagalan implementasi Kurikulum 2013. Persoalannya adalah bahwa perubahan mindset guru tidak bisa dilakukan dalam waktu singkat; Tulisan ini membahas 3 hal terkait dengan implementasi kurikulum 2013: rasional, eleman dan perlunya perubahan mindset guru dalam implementasinya.