bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adultification of Black Children in Pediatric Anesthesia
Authors: Baetzel Anne , Brown David J. , Koppera Prabhat , Rentz Andrea , Thompson Aleda , Christensen Robert
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND:

Unconscious racial bias in anesthesia care has been shown to exist. We hypothesized that black children may undergo inhalation induction less often, receive less support from child life, have fewer opportunities to have a family member present for induction, and receive premedication with oral midazolam less often.

METHODS:

We retrospectively collected data on those <18 years of age from January 1, 2012 to January 1, 2018 including age, sex, race, height, weight, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, surgical service, and deidentified anesthesiology attending physician. Outcome data included mask versus intravenous induction, midazolam premedication, child life consultation, and family member presence. Racial differences between all outcomes were assessed in the cohort using a multivariable logistic regression model.

RESULTS:

A total of 33,717 Caucasian and 3901 black children were eligible for the study. For the primary outcome, black children 10–14 years were 1.3 times more likely than Caucasian children to receive mask induction (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–1.6; P = .001). Child life consultation was poorly documented (<0.5%) and not analyzed. Black children <15 years of age were at least 31% less likely than Caucasians to have a family member present for induction (AOR range, 0.4–0.6; 95% CI range, 0.31–0.84; P < .010). Black children <5 years of age were 13% less likely than Caucasians to have midazolam given preoperatively (AOR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.8–0.9; P = .012).

CONCLUSIONS:

This study suggests that disparities in strategies for mitigating anxiety in the peri-induction period exist and adultification may be 1 cause for this bias. Black children 10 to 14 years of age are 1.3 times as likely as their Caucasian peers to be offered inhalation induction to reduce anxiety. However, black children are less likely to receive premedication with midazolam in the perioperative period or to have family members present at induction. The cause of this difference is unclear, and further prospective studies are needed to fully understand this difference.
Factors Associated With Failure of Spinal Anesthetic: An 8-Year Retrospective Analysis of Patients Undergoing Elective Hip and Knee Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Colish Jane , Milne Andrew D. , Brousseau Paul , Uppal Vishal
Published: July 2019

The primary outcome of this 8-year retrospective review was the failure of spinal anesthetic (SA) in elective hip and knee joint arthroplasty surgery. Of 3542 SAs, a total of 135 failures were identified (3.8%). Factors associated with increased odds of failure were younger age (odds ratio [OR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.05), lower body mass index (BMI; OR, 1.04 [1.01–1.08]), hip arthroplasty (OR, 1.90 [1.28–2.84]) compared to knee arthroplasty, needle insertion at L4-5 (OR, 4.61 [2.02–10.54]) and L5-S1 (OR, 7.66 [2.47–23.7]) compared to L2-3, 22-gauge needle size (OR, 2.17 [1.34–3.52]) compared to 25-gauge needle, and hyperbaric bupivacaine (OR, 1.66 [1.09–2.53]) compared to isobaric bupivacaine.
Gene Variants in Hepatic Metabolism, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-ergic Reward, and Prostaglandin Pathways in Opioid-Consuming and Opioid-Naïve Patients Presenting for Lower Extremity Total Joint Replacement
Authors: Odell Daniel W. , Johnson Ken B. , Light Alan R. , Stuart Ami R. , Light Kathleen C.
Published: July 2019

Gene variants may contribute to individual differences in the experience of pain and the efficacy and reward of treatments. We explored gene variation in opioid-naïve and opioid-consuming patients undergoing elective lower extremity total joint replacement. We focused on 3 gene pathways including prostaglandin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic reward, and hepatic metabolism pathways. We report that for genes with possible or probable deleterious impact in these 3 pathways, opioid consumers had more gene variants than opioid-naïve patients (median 3 vs 1, P = .0092). We conclude that chronic opiate users may have genetic susceptibility to altered responses in reward/dependency and pain/inflammation pathways.
Continuous Noninvasive Hemoglobin Monitoring Reflects the Development of Acute Hemodilution After Consecutive Fluid Challenges
Authors: Bubenek-Turconi Şerban Ion , Văleanu Liana , Popescu Mihai , Panaitescu Eugenia , Tomescu Dana , Cacoveanu Mihai Cătălin , Perel Azriel
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND:

Consecutive fluid challenges (FCs) are frequently administered to maximize the stroke volume (SV) as part of a goal-directed therapy (GDT) strategy. However, fluid administration may also cause acute hemodilution that might lead to an actual paradoxical decrease in oxygen delivery (DO2). The aim of this study was to examine whether continuous noninvasive hemoglobin (SpHb) monitoring can be used to detect the development of acute hemodilution after graded fluid administration.

METHODS:

In 40 patients who underwent major vascular or gastrointestinal surgery, an FC, consisting of 250 mL colloid solution, was administered. When the SV increased by ≥10%, the FC was repeated up to a maximum of 3 times. Laboratory-measured hemoglobin concentrations (BHb), SpHb, SV, cardiac output (CO), and DO2 values were recorded after each FC.

RESULTS:

All 40 patients received the first FC, 32 patients received the second FC, and 20 patients received the third FC (total of 750 mL). Out of the 92 administered FCs, only 55 (60%) caused an increase in SV ≥10% (“responders”). The first and the second FCs were associated with a significant increase in the mean CO and DO2, while the mean SpHb and BHb decreased significantly. However, the third and last FC was associated with no statistical difference in CO and SV, a further significant decrease in mean SpHb and BHb, and a significant decrease in DO2 in these patients. Compared to their baseline values (T0), BHb and SpHb decreased by a mean of 5.3% ± 4.9% and 4.4% ± 5.2%, respectively, after the first FC (T1; n = 40), by 9.7% ± 8.4% and 7.9% ± 6.9% after the second FC (T2; n = 32), and by 14.5% ± 6.2% and 14.6% ± 5.7% after the third FC (T3; n = 20). Concordance rates between the changes in SpHb and in BHb after the administration of 250, 500, and 750 mL colloids were 83%, 90%, and 100%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Fluid loading aimed at increasing the SV and the DO2 as part of GDT strategy is associated with acute significant decreases in both BHb and SpHb concentrations. When the administration of an FC is not followed by a significant increase (≥10%) in the SV, the DO2 decreases significantly due to the development of acute hemodilution. Continuous noninvasive monitoring of SpHb does not reflect accurately absolute BHb values, but may be reliably used to detect the development of acute hemodilution especially after the administration of at least 500 mL of colloids.
Bone and lymph node metastases from occult mammary carcinoma: a case report of carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) Syndrome
Authors: Cattafi Antonino , Santarpia Mariacarmela , Micalizzi Martina Francesca , Sofia Carmelo , Condorelli Elvira , Dottore Alessia , Altavilla Giuseppe , Blandino Alfredo , Ascenti Giorgio , Marino Maria Adele
Published: July 2019

Cancer of unknown provenance is a rare disease, accounting approximately for up to 1% of all breast cancers. A 68-year-old female was admitted to the Medical Oncology Unit of Policlinico Universitario G.Martino

because of diffused bone-involvement, with mixed (osteolytic/osteoblastic) features, which interested almost every skeletal structure of the body (vertebral bodies of the entire column, costal skeleton, sternum, proximal third of both humeri, scapulae, clavicles, pelvis and femurs), suspicious for metastatic disease.
Εκπαιδεύοντας τους Θορώ των πόλεων: μία εμπειρία βιωματικής προσέγγισης της μη ανθρώπινης φύσης στο πλαίσιο της περιβαλλοντικής εκπαίδευσης
Authors: Τσεβρένη Ίριδα
Published: July 2019

Στο άρθρο αυτό επιχειρείται η προσέγγιση μιας βιωματικής μαθησιακής διαδικασίας στο πλαίσιο της διδασκαλίας της περιβαλλοντικής εκπαίδευσης, βασισμένης στην επίκαιρη συζήτηση που διεξάγεται στον ευρύτερο επιστημονικό και κοινωνικό χώρο για τη σχέση του σύγχρονου ανθρώπου με τη φύση. Με έμπνευση από τη ριζοσπαστική παρακαταθήκη του έργου του Θορώ και με εργαλείο τη μέθοδο του «ημερολογίου της φύσης», φοιτήτριες και φοιτητές Παιδαγωγικού Τμήματος ενεπλάκησαν σε μία βιωματική και αναστοχαστική, συνεργατική, μαθησιακή διαδικασία που βασίστηκε στην επαφή τους με τη μη ανθρώπινη φύση στα όρια της πόλης και στην καταγραφή της εμπειρίας και των σκέψεών τους. Στο άρθρο αυτό, η επαφή με τη φύση προσεγγίζεται σε συνάρτηση με τον επιστημονικό διάλογο που εξελίσσεται γύρω από την ανάγκη υπέρβασης της διχοτόμησης μεταξύ φύσης και πολιτισμού. Επίσης, επιχειρείται η ανάλυση των εμπειριών των δημιουργών των ημερολογίων της φύσης, υπό το πρίσμα της φαινομενολογίας, αναδεικνύοντας τα οφέλη της βιωματικής προσέγγισης της φύσης μέσα από τη συμμετοχή των αισθήσεων και των συναισθημάτων στο πλαίσιο της περιβαλλοντικής εκπαίδευσης.
Pipeline analysis of a vaccine candidate portfolio for diseases of poverty using the Portfolio-To-Impact modelling tool
Authors: Gunn Alexander , Bandara Shashika , Yamey Gavin , D´Alessio Flavia , Depraetere Hilde , Houard Sophie , Viebig Nicola K , Jungbluth Stefan
Published: July 2019

Background: The Portfolio-To-Impact (P2I) P2I model is a recently developed product portfolio tool that enables users to estimate the funding needs to move a portfolio of candidate health products, such as vaccines and drugs, along the product development path from late stage preclinical to phase III clinical trials, as well as potential product launches over time. In this study we describe the use of this tool for analysing the vaccine portfolio of the European Vaccine Initiative (EVI). This portfolio includes vaccine candidates for various diseases of poverty and emerging infectious diseases at different stages of development.

Methods: Portfolio analyses were conducted using the existing assumptions integrated in the P2I tool, as well as modified assumptions for costs, cycle times, and probabilities of success based on EVI’s own internal data related to vaccine development.

Results: According to the P2I tool, the total estimated cost to move the 18 candidates currently in the EVI portfolio along the pipeline to launch would be about US $470 million, and there would be 0.69 cumulative expected launches during the period 2019-2031. Running of the model using EVI-internal parameters resulted in a significant increase in the expected product launches.

Conclusions: The P2I tool's underlying assumptions could not be tested in our study due to lack of data available. Nevertheless, we expect that the accelerated clinical testing of vaccines (and drugs) based on the use of controlled human infection models that are increasingly available, as well as the accelerated approval by regulatory authorities that exists for example for serious conditions, will speed up product development and result in significant cost reduction. Project findings as well as potential future modifications of the P2I tool are discussed with the aim to improve the underlying methodology of the P2I model.
Verticalidades y horizontalidades en la configuración de la Sabana Occidente como puerto seco de Bogotá
Authors: García Herrera Sandra Yanneth
Published: July 2019

Las categorías de verticalidades y horizontalidades planteadas por el geógrafo brasilero Milton Santos permiten ilustrar y entender las relaciones entre el orden global y los desarrollos propios en un lugar o región. Dentro del proceso de expansión de capital, son relaciones de carácter asimétrico, en que las ciudades latinoamericanas se disponen para su circulación. Desde este enfoque, se plantea que las dinámicas actualmente desarrolladas en la zona occidental de la Sabana de Bogotá se derivan de las lógicas de competitividad e internacionalización de la economía y de su proceso de metropolización, que configura un importante puerto seco en el país que promete un gran crecimiento económico para este y la región desde ópticas institucionales y empresariales. Sin embargo, los impactos negativos y las problemáticas empiezan a manifestarse para la población.
Congresso Internacional de História da América (1922): Redes de intelectuais e disciplinarização do conhecimento histórico
Authors: Nascimento Júnior José Lúcio
Published: July 2019

O objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em analisar como ocorreu o Congresso Internacional de História da América realizado entre 08 a 15 de setembro de 1922, tendo como instituição promotora o Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro. Por ser um evento que reuniu historiadores e intelectuais diversos, tal evento possibilita que se observe como estavam os contornos do processo formação e de institucionalização do campo disciplinar em curso no Brasil, além das redes de sociabilidade que os historiadores brasileiros possuíam primeiro quartel do século XX.
Efficacy of a bacterial fluorescence imaging device in an outpatient wound care clinic: a pilot study
Authors: Hurley Ciaran M. , McClusky Pat , Sugrue Ryan M. , Clover James A. , Kelly Jason E.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Subsurface bacterial burden can be missed during standard wound examination protocols. The real-time bacterial fluorescence imaging device, MolecuLight i:X, visualises the presence of potentially harmful levels of bacteria through endogenous autofluorescence, without the need for contrast agents or contact with the patient. The intended use of the imaging device is to assist with the management of patients with wounds by enabling real-time visualisation of potentially harmful bacteria. The aim of this study was to establish the accuracy of the wound imaging device at detecting pathogenic bacteria in wounds.

Methods:

A single-centre, prospective observational study was conducted in Cork University Hospital in an outpatient plastic surgery wound care clinic. Patients had their wounds photographed under white and autofluorescent light with the imaging device. Auto-fluorescent images were compared with the microbiological swab results.

Results:

A total of 33 patients and 43 swabs were included, of which 95.3% (n=41) were positive for bacteria growth. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterial species identified. The imaging device had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 78% at identifying pathological bacteria presence in wounds on fluorescent light imaging. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 95.4%. The negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%. It demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 100% at detecting the presence of Pseudomonas spp.

Conclusion:

The imaging device used could be a safe, effective, accurate and easy-to-use autofluorescent device to improve the assessment of wounds in the outpatient clinic setting. In conjunction with best clinical practice, the device can be used to guide clinicians use of antibiotics and specialised dressings.
Cost-effectiveness of soluble beta-glucan gel in hard-to-heal wounds: an evaluation
Authors: Elg Fredrik , Posnett John , Hunt Sharon
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a soluble beta-glucan-containing gel as short-term adjunct therapy in the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds in a UK community health-care setting.

Methods:

A comparative clinical evaluation involving consecutive patients treated for up to eight weeks with a beta-glucan-containing gel as adjunct to standard care. This was compared with consecutive patients as retrospective controls, and using the same standard care protocol from a year previously. The inclusion criteria was wounds that were slow-healing or stalled (<40% healing in four weeks).

Results:

A total of 300 patients took part. Complete follow-up at 24 weeks was available for 144 patients in the beta-glucan group, and 136 patients in the standard care group. At 24 weeks, the beta-glucan group had a 96% healing rate compared with 75% in the standard care group (p<0.001). The improvement in healing was associated with a reduction in the mean number of weeks of treatment per patient (7.2 and 10.7 for beta-glucan and standard care, respectively), and a reduction in the mean cost of treatment (£576 versus £685 for beta-glucan and standard care, respectively). Treatment costs included nursing time, prescription medications and dressings. In a subset of ulcer wounds (50% of the full sample), at 24 weeks the beta-glucan group had a 92% healing rate compared with 46% in the standard care group (p<0.001). Mean weeks of treatment were 10.4 versus 17.6, leading to a reduction in treatment cost of £388 per patient (£1227 versus £839) over 24 weeks.

Conclusion:

The results of this evaluation suggest that short-term use of the beta-glucan gel as an adjunct to standard care on slow-healing wounds can shorten healing times and reduce NHS costs.
Cysteine/cystine-rich undenatured whey protein supplement in patients' pressure ulcers outcomes: an open label study
Authors: Gutman Jimmy B.L. , Kongshavn Patricia A.L.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

The prevalence and costs associated with treating pressure ulcers (PU) are at high levels. Frequently, PUs heal slowly or not at all, which may be due to the patient's catabolic state which may include protein energy malnutrition. The objective of this open label clinical trial was to improve healing rates by providing patients with a patented, high-quality protein containing all essential amino acids to ensure positive nitrogen balance. An additional benefit of this protein is the delivery of bioavailable cysteine (cystine) to promote glutathione (GSH) synthesis which supports immune function and heightens antioxidant defences.

Methods:

Patients with category II, III and IV PUs were fed 20g BID whey protein dietary supplement for 16–120 days, without change in ongoing ‘best practice’ PU management and their progress recorded.

Results:

A total of 10 patients were recruited, with an average age of 77 years. Most had shown no improvement in healing for ≥2 months before treatment and usually had other complications including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes and various cardiovascular diseases. There were a total of 23 PUs, with some patients having more than one. Of these, 44% (n=10) showed complete resolution 83% (n=19) had better than 75% resolution over the observation period. Healing rates ranged from 16.9–0.2cm2/month (healed PUs) and 60.0–1.6cm2/month for resolving PUs.

Conclusion:

By providing the necessary amino acids to rebuild tissues and bioactive cysteine (cystine) to promote synthesis of intracellular GSH and positive nitrogen balance, improvement in PUs healing was achieved.
Faecal incontinence: investigation and treatment
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: July 2019

Faecal incontinence (FI) is a hidden problem that is under-diagnosed, under-investigated and under-treated. Up to 10% of adults can experience an episode of FI. Linda Nazarko provides advice on managing the condition.
Why Did the World Economic Crisis of 2008-2009 End in the Great Recession? A Critical Comparison of the Great Depression and the Great Recession
Authors: Hagiwara Shinjiro
Published: July 2019

In this article, I will discuss the reasons why the US economic crisis of 2008-2009 ended in the Great Recession from a Marxist perspective. First, I will discuss a Marxist financial crisis theory. My conclusion is the formation of fictitious capital plays a crucial role in accelerating the economic growth process, creates economic over-sensitiveness and eventually leads to a crisis. Second, I will present a historical process of the Great Depression in the United States from a perspective of financial crisis. In those days, the gold reserves of Federal Reserve Banks should not be less than 40% against note liabilities. However, the government set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932 and took an aggressive monetary policy under the gold standard. Therefore the United States was finally compelled to abandon the gold standard in 1933. Third, I will discuss the financial crisis of 2008-2009 and show its difference from the Great Depression in the 1930s. And finally, I will try to critically compare the Great Depression with the Great Recession from a Marxist financial crisis theory.
Once-Per-Visit Alerts: A Means to Study Alert Compliance and Reduce Repeat Laboratory Testing
Authors: Szymanski Jeffrey J , Qavi Abraham J , Laux Kari , Jackups Ronald
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Clinical decision support alerts for laboratory testing have poor compliance. Once-per-visit alerts, triggered by reorder of a test within the same admission, are highly specific for unnecessary orders and provide a means to study alert compliance.

METHODS

Once-per-visit alerts for 18 laboratory orderables were analyzed over a 60-month period from September 2012 to October 2016 at a 1200-bed academic medical center. To determine correlates of alert compliance, we compared alerts by test and provider characteristics.

RESULTS

Overall alert compliance was 54.5%. In multivariate regression, compliance correlated with length of stay at time of alert, provider type, previous alerts in a patient visit, test ordered, total alerts experienced by ordering provider, and previous order status.

CONCLUSIONS

A diverse set of provider and test characteristics influences compliance with once-per-visit laboratory alerts. Future alerts should incorporate these characteristics into alert design to minimize alert overrides.
Phenol Biodegradation and Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase Gene Sequencing of Bacillus cereus IrC2 isolated from Rungkut Indonesia
Authors: Tahya Candra Yulius , Irawati Wahyu , Purba Friska Juliana
Published: July 2019

Phenol is toxic organic compounds that harmful to humans, mammals, and disrupt the aquatic environment, especially higher-organisms in fresh-water environment. The biodegradation method using bacteria to degrade hazardous chemical and detoxify wastewater is an effective and efficient method. Bacillus cereus IrC2 isolated from sludge in an industrial wastewater treatment plant in Rungkut – East Java, Indonesia has been examined for the ability to degrade phenols in minimal salt medium. Bacillus cereus IrC2 is Gram-positive bacterium. This bacterium is motile, rod-shaped and its nucleotides sequence of 16S rRNA gene has been sequenced and can be accessed in GenBank with accession number MK511840. Bacillus cereus IrC2 is capable to use phenol up to 400 ppm as the sole carbon source to grow for 48 hours incubation. Phenol degrades 96% from initial concentration. Degradation of phenol was calculated by colorimetric method using 4-aminoantipyrine reagent and confirmed by GC MS analysis. The aerobic degradation of phenol pathways consists of three steps; in the first step, two hydroxyl groups are inserted into aromatic ring and catalyzed by mono or dioxygenase to produce dihydroxy aromatic compounds which are mostly catechols. Catechol enters the next step of aromatic ring cleavage catalyzed by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and/or catechol 2,3- dioxygenase. The catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene of Bacillus cereus IrC2 has been amplified by PCR and cloned into pTA2 vector. The cloned plasmid (pTA2-catE) was transformed into E. coli DH5α and selected blue-white colonies. The insert sequence was determined by Sanger deoxy sequencing method. The catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene nucleotides sequence of Bacillus cereus IrC2 was submitted nto GenBank with accession number MK561609.
Common Complementary Feeding Practices Among Under-Five Children: The Case of Zambia
Authors: Mugode Raider Habulembe , Mofu Musonda , Mweemba Oliver
Published: July 2019

Introduction In the past several decades, Zambia has suffered high levels of under nutrition particularly stunting among children below 5 years of age. Although appropriate complementary feeding practices are reported to reduce child deaths by 6%, they have not received the adequate attention from programme officers and caregivers in terms of implementation. Objectives The objective was to investigate issues surrounding the common complementary feeding practices practised by caregivers of children below five years in health facilities and areas where high rates of malnutrition admission come from. Design A cross sectional research using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study used mostly proportions based mostly on global indicators on complementary feeding. Qualitative data was also analysed according to themes of global complementary feeding indicators Setting The study was conducted in five hospitals, namely Arthur Davison, Solwezi Central, Kabwe and Livingstone General, and University Teaching Hospital. Subjects The target populations were mothers whose children were admitted for malnutrition and those with children 0-59 months living in communities with the highest number of malnourished cases admitted to selected hospitals Results About45.2% (190) of caregivers introduced liquids before six months of age and 7.6% (32) after 6 months attributing child thirst, medication and advice from health worker as the main reasons. Slightly above half (54.2% of 224) of mothers/caregivers used cups to feed their babies. The use of feeding bottles was still common (8.2% of 34). Responsibility to feed the child is mostly left to the mother (86.4%, 362). In addition, children were being feed about 2.67 (SD 0-72) per day. Conclusions Child feeding practices were still poor. This contributes to poor child growth and health. More interventions should be planned to improve child care behaviour.
A Clinician's Guide to Celiac Disease HLA Genetics
Authors: Brown Nicholas K. , Guandalini Stefano , Semrad Carol , Kupfer Sonia S.
Published: July 2019

Celiac disease is a common inflammatory disease triggered by dietary gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. The strongest and best-characterized genetic susceptibilities in celiac disease are class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes known as HLA-DQ2 and DQ8. HLA genetic testing is available through a number of commercial and academic laboratories and is used in the evaluation of celiac disease and to identify at-risk family members. Importantly, HLA genetic testing has a high negative predictive value for celiac disease, but a low positive predictive value. Therefore, for a practicing clinician, it is important to understand when to order HLA genetic testing, what test to order, and how to interpret the result. This review provides a practical primer on HLA genetics in celiac disease.
The Optimization Method for Synthesis of 99mTc-Rutin as Potential Radiotracer in The Development of Cancer Drugs From Flavonoid
Authors: Widyasari Eva Maria , Kusumawardhany Esty , Sugiharti Rizky Juwita , Sriyani Maula Eka , Marzuki Muharam
Published: July 2019

Based on the Basic Health Research Data of Ministry of Health's of Indonesia in 2013, mortality rates from malignant and tumor malignancies in Indonesia are still high with prevalence of cancer is about 1.4%. Chemotherapy is still the primary choice in cancer modality that uses chemotherapeutic drugs to eradicate and inhibit the growth of cancer cells; however the cost this treatment is extremely high. Therefore, patient tends to seek alternative treatment such as consuming traditional herbal medicine for cancer treatment. Rutin is one of the attractive phytochemicals flavonoids because of its antioxidant activities. However, as traditional herbal medicine, its effectiveness is not yet been fully established due to the lack of scientific information. A radiotracer can be defined as a specific radiolabeled molecule that monitors the in vivo behaviour of a functional molecule, and can be used to provide biological information in a living system. Hence, to provide pharmacological information of rutin for cancer treatment, we synthesized radiolabeled flavonoid 99mTc-rutin as radiotracer. The aim of the present study is to develop 99mTc-rutin under varying conditions of rutin quantity, reducing agent concentration and incubation time. Labeling studies were performed by changing the selected parameters one by one and optimum labeling conditions were determined. After observing the conditions for maximum labeling efficiency, 99mTc-rutin was obtained with preparation of 700 μg of rutin with addition of 20 μg of SnCl2.2H2O as reductor and 1-3 mCi 99mTcO4- without any incubation. Radiochemical yield of 99mTc-rutin was determined with radio thin layer chromatography which was found 99.28 ± 0.14% and stable up to 4 hour. From the result of this study, the successfully labeled 99mTc-rutin can be used as a reference for following preclinical study. Furthermore radiolabeled 99mTc-rutin is expected as tools in research and development of rutin as cancer drugs from natural product to obtain detailed information its efficacy.Keywords: radiotracer, 99mTc-rutin, cancer, labeled compounds
PENYELESAIAN NUMERIK MODEL PREDATOR-PREY DENGAN SKEMA BEDA HINGGA TAK-STANDAR
Authors: Reorita Rina , Renny Renny
Published: July 2019

Interaction between predator and prey can be represented as a system of non-linear differential equation which is difficult to be solved analytically. In this research, a predator-prey model with an addition of harvesting factor is discretized into a system of difference equation using non-standard finite difference scheme. The analysis result shows that the developed scheme has qualitative property which is consistent to the continuous system.
SEMINORM PADA RUANG FUNGSI TERINTEGRAL DUNFORD
Authors: Solikhin Solikhin , Sumanto Y.D. , Aziz Abdul
Published: July 2019

This article discussed the seminorm on Dunford integrable functional space. We show that the set of all Dunford integrable functions is linear space. The results were shown that $\left( D[a,b],\ \left\| \ \cdot \  \right\| \right)$ is a seminorm space with function defined by $\left\| f \right\|=\underset{\begin{smallmatrix}  {{x}^{*}}\in {{X}^{*}} \\  \left\| {{x}^{*}} \right\|\le 1 \end{smallmatrix}}{\mathop{\sup }}\,\ \left\{ \underset{E\subset [a,b]}{\mathop{\sup }}\,\,\left| \left( L \right)\int\limits_{E}{{{x}^{*}}f} \right| \right\}$. Furthermore, $\left( D[a,b],\ d \right)$ is a pseudomatrix space with function defined by $d\left( f,g \right)=\left\| f-g \right\|=\underset{\begin{smallmatrix}  {{x}^{*}}\in {{X}^{*}} \\  \left\| {{x}^{*}} \right\|\le 1 \end{smallmatrix}}{\mathop{\sup }}\,\ \left\{ \underset{E\subset [a,b]}{\mathop{\sup }}\,\,\left| \left( L \right)\int\limits_{E}{{{x}^{*}}\left( f-g \right)} \right| \right\}$.
Peluang dan tantangan pemilu serentak 2019 dalam perspektif politik
Authors: Solihah Ratnia
Published: July 2019

Pemilihan Umum 2019 adalah pemilihan legislatif dengan pemilihan presiden yang diadakan secara serentak. Hal ini dilakukan berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 14 / PUU-11/2013 tentang pemilu serentak, yang bertujuan untuk meminimalkan pembiayaan negara dalam pelaksanaan pemilu, meminimalisir politik biaya tinggi bagi peserta pemilu, serta politik uang yang melibatkan pemilih, penyalahgunaan kekuasaan atau mencegah politisasi birokrasi, dan merampingkan skema kerja pemerintah. Pemilu serentak akan mempengaruhi komitmen penguatan partai politik dalam koalisi permanen untuk memperkuat basis kekuatan mereka di lembaga-lembaga negara yang tinggi sehingga dengan pemilu serentak diharapkan bisa memfasilitasi pembenahan Sistem Presidensial di Indonesia. Untuk mewujudkan pemilihan 2019 yang simultan, ada peluang dan tantangan yang salah satunya dapat dipelajari melalui perspektif politik, yang dalam makalah ini dilakukan melalui kajian pustaka dan dokumentasi. Menurut hasil penelitian, dalam mewujudkan pemilihan umum 2019 antara pemilihan legislatif dan pemilihan presiden, ada beberapa hal yang menjadi peluang dan tantangan dalam perspektif politik, baik untuk parpol, pemerintah, pemilih, dan penyelenggara pemilu. Untuk itu, diperlukan upaya-upaya terkait bagaimana merancang pemilihan yang serentak dalam perspektif politik, yakni dengan mereformasi sistem perwakilan, sistem pemilihan, sistem kepartaian, dan dalam melaksanakan pemilihan umum serentak 2019 memiliki tujuan menciptakan pemerintahan yang efektif.
A CASE FOR INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PERSONALITY OF CITIES AND LOCAL SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
Authors: VIJAY ANIRUDH
Published: July 2019

In 2008, with half of the world?s population comprised of homo urbanus(or urban dwellers)[1], there was a growing realization that cities have become the most prominent site for de-nationalization that runs in congruence to rising globalization.[2] In fact, authors claim that even globalization has a defined locus, which is the city.[3]Cities are reconfiguring their relations with other cities and global institutions in a bid to secure relevance. Cities are rapidly asserting their influence on the international legal order, which does not formally accept these entities as international persons. The paper advances a case for recognizing the international legal personality of these sub-national units, using different theoretical approaches to international personality, including human rights and sociological-constructivist approaches. This paper also seeks to analyze the rights and duties of cities in international law, their de facto recognition in the international framework, as well as the development of international principles governing cities.

[1]Alex Awiti, Building Cities for a Bulging World [analysis],Urban Gateway, http://www.urbangateway.org/content/news/building-cities-bulging-world-analysis

[2]SaskiaSassen, Territory, Authority, Rights31 (2006)

[3]SaskiaSassen, The global city: New York, London, Tokyo324 (1991)
A case of a severe reaction following the use of bisphosphonates in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Park Julie , Riordan Andrew , Bishop Nicholas J. , Dharmaraj Poonam , Ramakrishnan Renuka
Published: July 2019

We present a case of an unusual delayed multi-systemic reaction, following treatment with pamidronate. Although serious adverse reactions have been reported with pamidronate use, such a severe reaction, late in the course of pamidronate treatment, has not been described before. An 11-month-old boy with severe and complex osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) presented with hyperpyrexia and respiratory distress 10 days after his fifth cycle of pamidronate. He had significant derangement of his biochemical parameters including a positive urine myoglobin. His respiratory distress was out of proportion to his chest radiograph changes. Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) and paediatric intensive care (PICU) admission were required. He was extensively investigated to exclude other diagnoses, but all of these investigations were negative. The reaction resembled rhabdomyolysis. He made a full recovery with only supportive management.
Current issues in conditionals
Authors: Liu Mingya
Published: July 2019

The concept of conditionality is central to human thought and action. Conditionals are thus a widely studied topic in cognitive science. The present paper introduces the main topics addressed in this special issue and aims to provide a non-exhaustive overview of the recent research on grammatical aspects of conditionals (i.e. morphosyntax, semantics and pragmatics) and conditional reasoning.
Adverbial clauses and V3
Authors: Csipak Eva
Published: July 2019

This paper discusses word order effects in German adverbial clauses: often, the matrix clause can exhibit either V2 or V3 word order. I argue that adverbial clauses with V3 word order have an obligatory ‘biscuit’ interpretation and receive a speech act modifying interpretation, as has previously only been argued for ‘biscuit conditionals’. I show that this phenomenon holds more generally. On the other hand, a pragmatic analysis for V2 biscuit conditionals remains necessary.
The elastic nonveridicality property of indicative conditionals
Authors: Liu Mingya
Published: July 2019

Indicative conditionals are known to have the semantic property of nonveridicality, that is, they do not entail the truth of the antecedent. In this paper, I argue that the nonveridicality property of indicative conditionals is elastic in that it can be affected by the choice of conditional connectives and negative polarity items. Two experiments are reported, one on German and the other on English. They show that in both languages, the presence of negative polarity items conveys a weakened speaker commitment towards the antecedent, although there is cross-linguistic variation concerning the effect of conditional connectives.
Stability property of the prey free equilibrium point
Authors: Yue Qin
Published: July 2019

We revisit a prey-predator model with stage structure for predator, which was proposed by Tapan Kumar Kar. By using the differential inequality theory and the comparison theorem of the differential equation, we show that the prey free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable under some suitable assumption. Our study shows that although the predator species has other food resource, if the amount of the predator species is too large, it could also do irreversible harm to the prey species, and this could finally lead to the extinction of the prey species. Our result supplement and complement some known results.
Fixed Points of Meromorphic Functions and Their Higher Order Differences and Shifts
Authors: Chen Hai-Ying , Zheng Xiu-Min
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we investigate the relationships between fixed points of meromorphic functions, and their higher order differences and shifts, and generalize the case of fixed points into the more general case for first order difference and shift. Concretely, some estimates on the order and the exponents of convergence of special points of meromorphic functions and their differences and shifts are obtained.
Quantitative robustness analysis of topological edge modes in C6 and valley-Hall metamaterial waveguides
Authors: Orazbayev Bakhtiyar , Fleury Romain
Published: July 2019

Recent advances in designing time-reversal-invariant photonic topological insulators have been extended down to the deep subwavelength scale, by employing synthetic photonic matter made of dense periodic arrangements of subwavelength resonant scatterers. Interestingly, such topological metamaterial crystals support edge states that are localized in subwavelength volumes at topological boundaries, providing a unique way to design subwavelength waveguides based on engineering the topology of bulk metamaterial insulators. While the existence of these edge modes is guaranteed by topology, their robustness to backscattering is often incomplete, as time-reversed photonic modes can always be coupled to each other by virtue of reciprocity. Unlike electronic spins which are protected by Kramers theorem, photonic spins are mostly protected by weaker symmetries like crystal symmetries or valley conservation. In this paper, we quantitatively studied the robustness of subwavelength edge modes originating from two frequently used topological designs, namely metamaterial spin-Hall (SP) effect based on C6 symmetry, and metamaterial valley-Hall (VH) insulators based on valley preservation. For the first time, robustness is evaluated for position and frequency disorder and for all possible interface types, by performing ensemble average of the edge mode transmission through many random realizations of disorder. In contrast to our results in the previous study on the chiral metamaterial waveguide, the statistical study presented here demonstrates the importance of the specific interface on the robustness of these edge modes and the superior robustness of the VH edge stated in both position and frequency disorder, provided one works with a zigzag interface.
An Approach to Investigate the Fiber-Cementitious Composites Bond-Slip Mechanisms
Authors: Chin Chee Seong
Published: July 2019

The composite behavior of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites is generally governed by the total contribution of individual fiber interacting with the cementitious matrix for which fiber-matrix bridging phenomenon is the main mechanism that would influence the energy absorption capacity of the material. This would mean that the overall characteristics of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites can be predicted if the fiber pullout behavior could be better understood. Fiber pullout tests are commonly proposed in the study of fiber-matrix bonding behavior, but such a test is always difficult to perform because it is highly reliant on the configuration design and there is no valid and standard testing technique to date. The specially designed fiber pullout testing fixture presented herein was shown to be able to evaluate the fiber-matrix bond-slip characteristics. The testing results clearly demonstrated that fiber with less deformity was shown to give higher dissipated pullout energy but lower maximum pullout load, whereas more heavily deformed fiber would result in a higher maximum pullout load but with less dissipated pullout energy that is due to fiber fracture during the pullout process. This article has provided an important insight on how fiber shape could influence the ductility of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites.
Increase in Grasp Force Reflects a Desire to Improve Movement Precision
Authors: Takagi A. , Kambara H. , Koike Y.
Published: July 2019

Grasping is an action engraved in the human genome, enabling newborn infants to hang from a monkey-bar immediately after birth. The grasp force provides rich information about the brain’s control of arm movements. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the grasp force increases to improve the hand’s movement precision during reaching. In two reaching experiments, subjects increased grasp force to suppress movement imprecision that arose from both self-generated motor noise and from an unpredictable environment. Furthermore, the grasp force did not increase constantly, but increased specifically along the movement where the hand’s deviation was greatest. The increased grasp was premeditated and was not a reaction to environmental forces, suggesting that the central nervous system has a predictive, state-dependent model of movement precision during reaching. The grasp force provides a high temporal resolution and calibration-less estimate of movement precision adaptation.
When West Meets East: The Origins and Spread of Weedy Rice Between Continental and Island Southeast Asia
Authors: Neik Ting Xiang , Chai Jing-Yun , Tan Seow-Yeen , Sudo Maggie Pui San , Cui Yongxia , Jayaraj Jayasyaliny , Teo Su-Sin , Olsen Kenneth M , Song Beng-Kah
Published: July 2019

Weedy crop relatives are among the world’s most problematic agricultural weeds, and their ability to rapidly evolve can be enhanced by gene flow from both domesticated crop varieties and wild crop progenitor species. In this study, we examined the role of modern commercial crop cultivars, traditional landraces, and wild relatives in the recent emergence and proliferation of weedy rice in East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. This region of Malaysia is separated from the Asian continent by the South China Sea, and weedy rice has become a major problem there more recently than on the Malaysian peninsular mainland. Using 24 polymorphic SSR loci and genotype data from the awn-length domestication gene An-1, we assessed the genetic diversity, population structure and potential origins of East Malaysian weeds; 564 weedy, cultivated and wild rice accessions were analyzed from samples collected in East Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia and neighboring countries. While there is considerable evidence for contributions of Peninsular Malaysian weed ecotypes to East Malaysian populations, we find that local crop cultivars and/or landraces from neighboring countries are also likely contributors to the weedy rice infestations. These findings highlight the implications of genetic admixture from different cultivar source populations in the spread of weedy crop relatives and the urgent need for preventive measurements to maintain sustainable crop yields.
Interneurons Regulate Locomotion Quiescence via Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Signaling During Stress-Induced Sleep in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Cianciulli Alana , Yoslov Lauren , Buscemi Kristen , Sullivan Nicole , Vance Ryan T , Janton Francis , Szurgot Mary R , Buerkert Thomas , Li Edwin , Nelson Matthew D
Published: July 2019

Sleep is evolutionarily conserved, thus studying simple invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans can provide mechanistic insight into sleep with single cell resolution. A conserved pathway regulating sleep across phylogeny involves cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a ubiquitous second messenger that functions in neurons by activating protein kinase A. C. elegans sleep in response to cellular stress caused by environmental insults [stress-induced sleep (SIS)], a model for studying sleep during sickness. SIS is controlled by simple neural circuitry, thus allowing for cellular dissection of cAMP signaling during sleep. We employed a red-light activated adenylyl cyclase, IlaC22, to identify cells involved in SIS regulation. We found that pan-neuronal activation of IlaC22 disrupts SIS through mechanisms independent of the cAMP response element binding protein. Activating IlaC22 in the single DVA interneuron, the paired RIF interneurons, and in the CEPsh glia identified these cells as wake-promoting. Using a cAMP biosensor, epac1-camps, we found that cAMP is decreased in the RIF and DVA interneurons by neuropeptidergic signaling from the ALA neuron. Ectopic overexpression of sleep-promoting neuropeptides coded by flp-13 and flp-24, released from the ALA, reduced cAMP in the DVA and RIFs, respectively. Overexpression of the wake-promoting neuropeptides coded by pdf-1 increased cAMP levels in the RIFs. Using a combination of optogenetic manipulation and in vivo imaging of cAMP we have identified wake-promoting neurons downstream of the neuropeptidergic output of the ALA. Our data suggest that sleep- and wake-promoting neuropeptides signal to reduce and heighten cAMP levels during sleep, respectively.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Consequences of CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the Replication Origins in the rDNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Sanchez Joseph C , Ollodart Anja , Large Christopher R L , Clough Courtnee , Alvino Gina M , Tsuchiya Mitsuhiro , Crane Matthew , Kwan Elizabeth X , Kaeberlein Matt , Dunham Maitreya J , Raghuraman M K , Brewer Bonita J
Published: July 2019

The complex structure and repetitive nature of eukaryotic ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is a challenge for genome assembly, thus the consequences of sequence variation in rDNA remain unexplored. However, renewed interest in the role that rDNA variation may play in diverse cellular functions, aside from ribosome production, highlights the need for a method that would permit genetic manipulation of the rDNA. Here, we describe a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-based strategy to edit the rDNA locus in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, developed independently but similar to one developed by others. Using this approach, we modified the endogenous rDNA origin of replication in each repeat by deleting or replacing its consensus sequence. We characterized the transformants that have successfully modified their rDNA locus and propose a mechanism for how CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of the rDNA occurs. In addition, we carried out extended growth and life span experiments to investigate the long-term consequences that altering the rDNA origin of replication have on cellular health. We find that long-term growth of the edited clones results in faster-growing suppressors that have acquired segmental aneusomy of the rDNA-containing region of chromosome XII or aneuploidy of chromosomes XII, II, or IV. Furthermore, we find that all edited isolates suffer a reduced life span, irrespective of their levels of extrachromosomal rDNA circles. Our work demonstrates that it is possible to quickly, efficiently, and homogeneously edit the rDNA origin via CRISPR/Cas9.