bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing for Cytomegalovirus in Pregnancy
Authors: Saldan Alda , Forner Gabriella , Mengoli Carlo , Gussetti Nadia , Palù Giorgio , Abate Davide
Published: December 2016

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection represents a relevant cause of deafness and neurological damage in newborns. Intrauterine CMV transmission might result after primary or nonprimary infections, though at different rates (30% versus 0.2%, respectively). At present, a prenatal diagnosis of CMV infection is based mainly on maternal serology, the detection of CMV-DNA in amniotic fluid and fetal blood, and ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recent evidences suggest that congenital CMV infection may be an immune-mediated disease and that evaluation of humoral and especially T-cell immunities may improve the overall prenatal diagnosis. This review summarizes the most recent advancements in the diagnosis of maternal and prenatal CMV infections.
Integrating Advanced Molecular Technologies into Public Health
Authors: Gwinn Marta , MacCannell Duncan R. , Khabbaz Rima F.
Published: December 2016

Advances in laboratory and information technologies are transforming public health microbiology. High-throughput genome sequencing and bioinformatics are enhancing our ability to investigate and control outbreaks, detect emerging infectious diseases, develop vaccines, and combat antimicrobial resistance, all with increased accuracy, timeliness, and efficiency. The Advanced Molecular Detection (AMD) initiative has allowed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to provide leadership and coordination in integrating new technologies into routine practice throughout the U.S. public health laboratory system. Collaboration and partnerships are the key to navigating this transition and to leveraging the next generation of methods and tools most effectively for public health.
Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus AC83 is aPer OsInfectivity Factor (PIF) Protein Required for Occlusion-Derived Virus (ODV) and Budded Virus Nucleocapsid Assembly as well as Assembly of the PIF Complex in ODV Envelopes
Authors: Javed Muhammad Afzal , Biswas Siddhartha , Willis Leslie G. , Harris Stephanie , Pritchard Caitlin , van Oers Monique M. , Donly B. Cameron , Erlandson Martin A. , Hegedus Dwayne D. , Theilmann David A.
Published: December 2016

Baculovirus occlusion-derived virus (ODV) initiates infection of lepidopteran larval hosts by binding to the midgut epithelia, which is mediated byper osinfectivity factors (PIFs). Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) encodes seven PIF proteins, of which PIF1 to PIF4 form a core complex in ODV envelopes to which PIF0 and PIF6 loosely associate. Deletion of anypifgene results in ODV being unable to bind or enter midgut cells. AC83 also associates with the PIF complex, and this study further analyzed its role in oral infectivity to determine if it is a PIF protein. It had been proposed that AC83 possesses a chitin binding domain that enables transit through the peritrophic matrix; however, no chitin binding activity has ever been demonstrated. AC83 has been reported to be found only in the ODV envelopes, but in contrast, the Orgyia pseudotsugata MNPV AC83 homolog is associated with both ODV nucleocapsids and envelopes. In addition, unlike knownpifgenes, deletion ofac83eliminates nucleocapsid formation. We propose a new model for AC83 function and show AC83 is associated with both ODV nucleocapsids and envelopes. We also further define the domain required for nucleocapsid assembly. The cysteine-rich region of AC83 is also shown not to be a chitin binding domain but a zinc finger domain required for the recruitment or assembly of the PIF complex to ODV envelopes. As such, AC83 has all the properties of a PIF protein and should be considered PIF8. In addition,pif7(ac110) is reported as the 38th baculovirus core gene.

IMPORTANCEODV is essential for theper osinfectivity of the baculovirus AcMNPV. To initiate infection, ODV binds to microvilli of lepidopteran midgut cells, a process which requires a group of seven virion envelope proteins called PIFs. In this study, we reexamined the function of AC83, a protein that copurifies with the ODV PIFs, to determine its role in the oral infection process. A zinc finger domain was identified and a new model for AC83 function was proposed. In contrast to previous studies, AC83 was found to be physically located in both the envelope and nucleocapsid of ODV. By deletion analysis, the AC83 domain required for nucleocapsid assembly was more finely delineated. We show that AC83 is required for PIF complex formation and conclude that it is a trueper osinfectivity factor and should be called PIF8.
Unraveling the Armor of a Killer: Evasion of Host Defenses by African Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Reis Ana Luisa , Netherton Chris , Dixon Linda K.
Published: December 2016

African swine fever is an acute hemorrhagic disease of pigs. Extensive recent spread in the Russian Federation and Eastern Europe has increased the risk to global pig production. The virus is a large DNA virus and is the only member of the
Asfarviridae
family. In pigs, the virus replicates predominantly in macrophages. We review how the virus overcomes the barriers to replication in the macrophage and the virus mechanism to inhibit key host defense pathways.
Species in the Cryptococcus gattii Complex Differ in Capsule and Cell Size following Growth under Capsule-Inducing Conditions
Authors: Fernandes Kenya E. , Dwyer Christine , Campbell Leona T. , Carter Dee A.
Published: December 2016

Infections with the fungal pathogen
Cryptococcus gattii
have been increasing in recent years. Recently, four different species have been described within
C. gattii
, which correspond to four previously known molecular genotypes (VGI to VGIV). Examining traits related to infection and disease is important for determining whether these different species have clinical relevance. This study examined variation in attributes that are important for infecting and surviving in the host, including tolerance to various stresses, yeast cell size, and the amount of polysaccharide capsule that covers the cell. The cell size and capsule size were significantly different and inversely correlated across the species. Thermotolerance was highest in
C. deuterogattii
(VGII), the only species known to cause outbreaks, while most strains of the species
C. bacillisporus
(VGIII) and
C. tetragattii
(VGIV) grew poorly at 37°C. These findings argue for increased acceptance of the new species and may be useful for informing diagnosis and prognosis in clinical infection.
Randomised feasibility study of a novel experience-based internet intervention to support self-management in chronic asthma
Authors: Newhouse Nikki , Martin Angela , Jawad Sena , Yu Ly-Mee , Davoudianfar Mina , Locock Louise , Ziebland Sue , Powell John
Published: December 2016

Objective

To determine the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) assessing the effects of an experience-based website as a resource for the self-management of chronic asthma.

Design and setting

Feasibility, single-blind RCT in 2 regions of England. Randomisation used computer-generated random number sequence in a 1:1 ratio, after baseline data collection, to website access for 2 weeks.

Participants

Adults (age ≥18 years), with clinically diagnosed asthma as coded in their primary care electronic record, prescribed inhaled corticosteroids for at least 3 months in the previous year, were recruited from 9 general practices.

Intervention

The EXPERT asthma intervention is an interactive PC/laptop/tablet/smartphone compatible website designed with extensive input from adults with asthma. It provides experience-based information and aims to support subjective perception of self-efficacy, self-management and improve health status.

Outcome measures

Primary outcomes were consent/recruitment, website usage and completion of outcome measures. Secondary outcomes included Partners in Health (PIH) questionnaire, the Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale, the SF36 and the E-Health Impact Questionnaire. Participant blinding postrandomisation was not possible. The analysis was blind to allocation.

Results

Recruitment target exceeded. 148 participants randomised (73 intervention group). Age range 19–84 years; 59% female. 121 of 148 (84%; 62 intervention group) followed up. The median number of logins was 2 (IQR 2–3, range 1–48). Minimal differences of change from baseline between groups; both showed improvement in health state or management of their condition with no significant differences between arms. No adverse events.

Conclusions

Recruitment and retention confirmed feasibility. The trends towards improved outcomes suggest that further research on digital interventions based on exposure to others’ personal experiences may be of value in the self-management of chronic asthma.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN29549695; Results.
Intra-arterial nitroglycerin as directed acute treatment in experimental ischemic stroke
Authors: Maniskas Michael E , Roberts Jill M , Trueman Rebecca , Learoyd Annastazia E , Gorman Amanda , Fraser Justin F , Bix Gregory J
Published: December 2016

Background

Nitroglycerin (also known as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)), a vasodilator best known for treatment of ischemic heart disease, has also been investigated for its potential therapeutic benefit in ischemic stroke. The completed Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke trial suggested that GTN has therapeutic benefit with acute (within 6 hours) transdermal systemic sustained release therapy.

Objective

To examine an alternative use of GTN as an acute therapy for ischemic stroke following successful recanalization.

Methods

We administered GTN IA following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Because no standard dose of GTN is available following emergent large vessel occlusion, we performed a dose–response (3.12, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 µg/µL) analysis. Next, we looked at blood perfusion (flow) through the middle cerebral artery using laser Doppler flowmetry. Functional outcomes, including forced motor movement rotor rod, were assessed in the 3.12, 6.25, and 12.5 µg/µL groups. Histological analysis was performed using cresyl violet for infarct volume, and glial fibrillary activating protein (GFAP) and NeuN immunohistochemistry for astrocyte activation and mature neuron survival, respectively.

Results

Overall, we found that acute post-stroke IA GTN had little effect on vessel dilatation after 15 min. Functional analysis showed a significant difference between GTN (3.12 and 6.25 µg/µL) and control at post-stroke day 1. Histological measures showed a significant reduction in infarct volume and GFAP immunoreactivity and a significant increase in NeuN.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that acute IA GTN is neuroprotective in experimental ischemic stroke and warrants further study as a potentially new stroke therapy.
A Simplified GCS-DCSK Modulation and Its Performance Optimization
Authors: Xu Weikai , Wang Lin , Chi Chong-Yung
Published: December 2016

In this paper, a simplified Generalized Code-Shifted Differential Chaos Shift Keying (GCS-DCSK) whose transmitter never needs any delay circuits, is proposed. However, its performance is deteriorated because the orthogonality between substreams cannot be guaranteed. In order to optimize its performance, the system model of the proposed GCS-DCSK with power allocations on substreams is presented. An approximate bit error rate (BER) expression of the proposed model, which is a function of substreams’ power, is derived using Gaussian Approximation. Based on the BER expression, an optimal power allocation strategy between information substreams and reference substream is obtained. Simulation results show that the BER performance of the proposed GCS-DCSK with the optimal power allocation can be significantly improved when the number of substreams [Formula: see text] is large.
Parameter Identification of a Chaotic Circuit with a Hidden Attractor Using Krill Herd Optimization
Authors: Panahi Shirin , Jafari Sajad , Pham Viet-Thanh , Kingni Sifeu Takougang , Zahedi Abdulhamid , Sedighy Seyed Hassan
Published: December 2016

Parameter estimation plays an important role in modeling and system identification. However, parameter estimation of chaotic systems has some basic differences with other dynamical systems due to butterfly effect. In this paper, we apply a new cost function for parameter estimation in a very interesting chaotic system, a system with a plane of equilibrium which belongs to a newly introduced category of dynamical systems: systems with hidden attractor. The nonlinear dynamics of this system is described in terms of equilibria and its stability, phase portraits, bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponents. In order to minimize the proposed cost function and obtain the correct parameters, we use a new efficient optimization method, Krill Herd algorithm. The results show the success of proposed procedures.
A Very Simple Method to Calculate the (Positive) Largest Lyapunov Exponent Using Interval Extensions
Authors: Mendes Eduardo M. A. M. , Nepomuceno Erivelton G.
Published: December 2016

In this letter, a very simple method to calculate the positive Largest Lyapunov Exponent (LLE) based on the concept of interval extensions and using the original equations of motion is presented. The exponent is estimated from the slope of the line derived from the lower bound error when considering two interval extensions of the original system. It is shown that the algorithm is robust, fast and easy to implement and can be considered as alternative to other algorithms available in the literature. The method has been successfully tested in five well-known systems: Logistic, Hénon, Lorenz and Rössler equations and the Mackey–Glass system.
Chaos of Transformations Induced Onto the Space of Probability Measures
Authors: Wu Xinxing
Published: December 2016

For a dynamical system [Formula: see text], let [Formula: see text] be its induced dynamical system on the space of Borel probability measures with weak*-topology. It is proved that [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]-transitive (resp., exact, uniformly rigid) if and only if [Formula: see text] is weakly mixing and [Formula: see text]-transitive (resp., exact, uniformly rigid), where [Formula: see text] is an [Formula: see text]-vector of integers. Moreover, some analogous results are obtained for the hyperspace.
Non-Linear Dynamics and Optimization of a Harvester–Absorber System
Authors: Kecik Krzysztof , Brzeski Piotr , Perlikowski Przemyslaw
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we propose a novel concept of a harvester-absorber system. The idea is based on usage of the dynamic absorber for energy harvesting. The device consists of three elements: a main system (damped body), a pendulum (tuned mass absorber) and an electromagnetic harvester. The ultimate goal of this investigation is to achieve simultaneous mitigation of vibrations and energy harvesting. We show the dynamics of the system and ranges of parameters where we observe good damping properties and high energy recovery. Additionally, an optimization of the harvester device parameters has been performed.
The Gravitational Search Algorithm in Antiresonance Layer Optimization of Laminated Composite Plates
Authors: Haeri Ali , Fadaee Mohammad Javad
Published: December 2016

In the present study, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is combined with Finite Element Method (FEM) for optimizing laminated composites vibration behavior. The fiber orientation angle of layers is considered as design variable. The 8-layerd and 12-layerd plates with both of square and rectangular shapes are investigated. Twenty distinct boundary conditions and [Formula: see text] of fiber angle increment are considered. The results of the proposed method are in good agreement with reference methods, and in some cases the GSA-FEM is more efficient. Moreover, the simple structure of GSA and its exploration and exploitation features avoids trapping in a local optimum.
Developing an Analytical Framework to Assess the Consistency of Contents and Terminology used by SEA Reports for Similar Types of Plans
Authors: Fidélis Teresa , Rosa Ana Rita , Albergaria Rita
Published: December 2016

Environmental reports are important documents within strategic environmental assessment (SEA). They identify, describe and evaluate the likely significant effects on the environment of implementing a plan or programme, playing, therefore, a key role for communication during the consultation and public participation processes. For similar decision-making contexts, environmental reports for the same types of plans should be consistent in terminology to assure a clear understanding by stakeholders of the aims and problems dealt with by SEA. This paper assesses to what extent SEA reports prepared for a similar type of plan and under similar regulations are comparable and how their contents are consistent in terms of structure, methodological approaches, critical sustainability factors and terminology used. To pursue this task an analytical framework is developed to compare a set of SEA reports. The SEA reports used as case study are the nine river basin management plans (RBMPs) prepared in Portugal for the first planning cycle of the Water Framework Directive. These plans must be subject to SEA, following the Portuguese regulations implementing the SEA Directive. The results show a significant similarity in the reports inside the same hydrographic region but relevant diversities among regions. The major differences are related to the methodological approaches and to the SEA terminology used. These differences resulted not from the features of the regions or of the plans, but from the different consulting teams involved in the assessment process. For an exercise undertaken by similar state agencies, under similar planning decision-making contexts and with broadly similar objectives, the disparities in SEA reports may threaten the consistency of the inherent communication process, disturb the credibility of the technical exercise and hinder the overall understanding of SEA by the stakeholders.
Prorenin receptor controls renal branching morphogenesis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling
Authors: Song Renfang , Janssen Adam , Li Yuwen , El-Dahr Samir , Yosypiv Ihor V.
Published: December 2016

The prorenin receptor (PRR) is a receptor for renin and prorenin, and an accessory subunit of the vacuolar proton pump H+-ATPase. Renal branching morphogenesis, defined as growth and branching of the ureteric bud (UB), is essential for mammalian kidney development. Previously, we demonstrated that conditional ablation of the PRR in the UB in PRRUB−/−mice causes severe defects in UB branching, resulting in marked kidney hypoplasia at birth. Here, we investigated the UB transcriptome using whole genome-based analysis of gene expression in UB cells, FACS-isolated from PRRUB−/−, and control kidneys at birth (P0) to determine the primary role of the PRR in terminal differentiation and growth of UB-derived collecting ducts. Three genes with expression in UB cells that previously shown to regulate UB branching morphogenesis, including Wnt9b, β-catenin, and Fgfr2, were upregulated, whereas the expression of Wnt11, Bmp7, Etv4, and Gfrα1 was downregulated. We next demonstrated that infection of immortalized UB cells with shPRR in vitro or deletion of the UB PRR in double-transgenic PRRUB−/−/ BatGal+mice, a reporter strain for β-catenin transcriptional activity, in vivo increases β-catenin activity in the UB epithelia. In addition to UB morphogenetic genes, the functional groups of differentially expressed genes within the downregulated gene set included genes involved in molecular transport, metabolic disease, amino acid metabolism, and energy production. Together, these data demonstrate that UB PRR performs essential functions during UB branching and collecting duct morphogenesis via control of a hierarchy of genes that control UB branching and terminal differentiation of the collecting duct cells.
Circulating microRNAs in acute and chronic exercise: more than mere biomarkers
Authors: Sapp Ryan M. , Shill Daniel D. , Roth Stephen M. , Hagberg James M.
Published: December 2016

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNAs that influence biological processes by regulating gene expression after transcription. It was recently discovered that miRNAs are released into the circulation (ci-miRNAs) where they are highly stable and can act as intercellular messengers to affect physiological processes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the studies to date that have investigated the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on ci-miRNAs in humans. Findings indicate that specific ci-miRNAs are altered in response to different protocols of acute and chronic exercise in both healthy and diseased populations. In some cases, altered ci-miRNAs correlate with fitness and health parameters, suggesting causal mechanisms by which ci-miRNAs may facilitate adaptations to exercise training. However, strong data supporting such mechanisms are lacking. Thus, a purpose of this review is to guide future studies by discussing current and novel proposed roles for ci-miRNAs in adaptations to exercise training. In addition, substantial, fundamental gaps in the field need to be addressed. The ultimate goal of this research is that an understanding of the roles of ci-miRNAs in physiological adaptations to exercise training will one day translate to therapeutic interventions.
Spontaneous Remission in an Older Patient with RelapsedFLT3ITD Mutant AML
Authors: Vachhani Pankit , Mendler Jason H. , Evans Andrew , Deeb George , Starostik Petr , Wallace Paul K. , Wang Eunice S.
Published: December 2016

Spontaneous remission (SR) of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a very rare phenomenon. AML characterized byFLT3internal tandem duplication (FLT3ITD) is typically associated with an aggressive clinical course with rapid progression, relapse, and short overall survival in the absence of transplantation. We report here the first case of SR ofFLT3ITD mutant AML in the literature. Our patient was an elderly woman with relapsedNPM1andFLT3ITD mutant AML whose disease underwent SR for a brief duration without precipitating cause. We review the potential immune mechanisms underlying SR in AML and discuss the implications for novel immunotherapeutic approaches forFLT3mutant AML.
Psychometric Properties of the Family Inventory of Resources for Management in a Sample of Iranian Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients
Authors: Mirsoleymani Seyed Reza , Rohani Camelia , Matbouei Mahsa , Nasiri Malihe , Vasli Parvaneh
Published: December 2016

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Family Inventory of Resources for Management (FIRM) in a sample of family caregivers of cancer patients. Methods. In this methodological study, construct validity of the FIRM was evaluated by known groups and convergent validity in a convenience sample of family caregivers of cancer patients (n=104) referred to the outpatient oncology wards of five educational hospitals in Tehran from January to April 2016. Reliability was determined by assessing the internal consistency and stability of the instrument. Results. The known-groups findings showed that there is a significant difference between the scores of the FIRM in family caregivers with different levels of caregiver burden (p<0.001). Also, the results of convergent validity showed that there is a moderate negative correlation (r=-0.50; p<0.001) between the total scores of the FIRM and the scores of the caregiver burden inventory (CBI). The FIRM showed a good internal consistency (α=0.85) and a good stability of the test-retest reliability result. Conclusions. There is a sound psychometric basis for the use of the Persian translation of the FIRM for family studies in the Iranian population.
Renal Protective Effect of DPP-4 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Cohort Study
Authors: Kim Young-Gun , Byun JungHyun , Yoon Dukyong , Jeon Ja Young , Han Seung Jin , Kim Dae Jung , Lee Kwan-Woo , Park Rae Woong , Kim Hae Jin
Published: December 2016

Aims. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP-4i) are among the most popular oral antidiabetic agents. However, the effects of DPP-4i on diabetic nephropathy are not well-established. The aim of this study was to determine the renoprotective effects of DPP-4i, using albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as indicators, in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods. This retrospective observational cohort study used the clinical database of a tertiary hospital. The changes of urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), estimated GFR (eGFR), and metabolic parameters after treatment were compared with the changes of those parameters before treatment using paired Student’s t-test. Results. The mean UACR in the entire study population decreased to approximately 45 mg/g 1 year after DPP-4i treatment, while it was increased approximately 39 mg/g 1 year before DPP-4i treatment (p<0.05). Patients with macroalbuminuria showed a significant reduction in albumin levels after DPP-4i treatment (p<0.05); however, patients with microalbuminuria and normoalbuminuria did not show improvements in albuminuria levels after treatment. Although eGFR was not changed 1 year after DPP-4i treatment, reductions in eGFR were slowed in patients with microalbuminuria and reversed in the macroalbuminuria or normoalbuminuria groups, 4 years after treatment. Conclusions. Administration of DPP-4i reduces urine albumin excretion and mitigates reduction of eGFR in T2DM patients.
Successful Treatment of Multiple Multidrug Resistant Intracranial Tuberculomata
Authors: Sullivan Richard P. , Goldberg Hazel F. , Mellick Ross S. , Post Jeffrey J.
Published: December 2016

A 21-year-old Bangladesh-born man presented with a month history of evolving neurological symptoms in the context of a six-month history of fever, night sweats, and axillary lymphadenopathy. He was subsequently diagnosed with multiple multidrug resistant intracranial tuberculomata and was successfully treated over two years. Intracranial multidrug resistant tuberculosis has a high mortality and successful treatment is rarely reported. Management is complex and requires consideration of the penetration and likely effect of antituberculous agents within the central nervous system. We discuss the role of various antituberculous agents, the duration of therapy, the utility of corticosteroids, the value of intrathecal and systemic therapy, and the need for rapid diagnosis.
Immediate Function of Anodically Oxidized Surface Implants (TiUnite™) for Fixed Prosthetic Rehabilitation: Retrospective Study with 10 Years of Follow-Up
Authors: Maló Paulo , de Araújo Nobre Miguel , Gonçalves Yolande , Lopes Armando , Ferro Ana
Published: December 2016

Purpose. To report the long-term outcome at 10 years of fixed prosthetic rehabilitation supported by dental implants with anodically oxidized surfaces in immediate function. Materials and Methods. This retrospective cohort study included 75 consecutive patients (44 females and 31 males; 14 bruxers; 21 smokers; 14 systemic compromised), with average age of 60 years, rehabilitated with 264 implants. Outcome measures were implant cumulative survival rates (calculated through life tables) and marginal bone level at 10 years. Results. Twenty-one patients with 66 implants (25%) were lost to follow-up. Six patients lost 12 implants (MkIII implants: n=9; MkIV implants: n=3). The overall implant cumulative survival rate at 10 years was 95.2% (maxilla: 95.6%; mandible: 94.7%). The average (standard deviation) marginal bone level at 10 years was 1.96 mm (1.50 mm), with 1.92 mm (1.31 mm) for the maxilla and 2.00 mm (1.71 mm) for the mandible, with a significant difference between nonsmokers (average = 1.60 mm) and smokers (average = 2.95 mm). Conclusions. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that fixed prosthetic rehabilitation supported by implants with anodically oxidized surface in immediate function is a viable and safe treatment option for both jaws.
Mammalian Cochlear Hair Cell Regeneration and Ribbon Synapse Reformation
Authors: Lu Xiaoling , Shu Yilai , Tang Mingliang , Li Huawei
Published: December 2016

Hair cells (HCs) are the sensory preceptor cells in the inner ear, which play an important role in hearing and balance. The HCs of organ of Corti are susceptible to noise, ototoxic drugs, and infections, thus resulting in permanent hearing loss. Recent approaches of HCs regeneration provide new directions for finding the treatment of sensor neural deafness. To have normal hearing function, the regenerated HCs must be reinnervated by nerve fibers and reform ribbon synapse with the dendrite of spiral ganglion neuron through nerve regeneration. In this review, we discuss the research progress in HC regeneration, the synaptic plasticity, and the reinnervation of new regenerated HCs in mammalian inner ear.
Release of Type 2 Cytokines by Epithelial Cells of Nasal Polyps
Authors: Boita Monica , Bucca Caterina , Riva Giuseppe , Heffler Enrico , Rolla Giovanni
Published: December 2016

Background. T2 inflammation of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) may be influenced by epithelial cytokines release (TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33). We investigated the release of TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 by epithelial CRSwNP cells compared to epithelial sinus mucosa cells of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP).Methods. IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP were measured by ELISA in the supernatant of cell cultures derived by CRSwNP (9 patients, 6 atopic) and CRSsNP (7 patients, 2 atopic) in baseline condition and following stimulation withDermatophagoides pteronyssinus(DP),Aspergillus fumigatus(AF), and poly(I:C).Results. CRSwNP epithelial cells released increased levels of IL-25 (from 0.12 ± 0.06 pg/ml to 0.27 ± 0.1 pg/ml,p<0.01) and TSLP (from 0.77 ± 0.5 pg/ml to 2.53 ± 1.17 pg/ml,p<0.001) following poly(I:C) stimulation, while CRSsNP epithelial cells released increased levels of IL-25 and IL-33 following AF and DP stimulation, respectively (IL-25: from 0.18 ± 0.07 pg/ml to 0.51 ± 0.1 pg/ml,p<0.001; IL-33: from 2.57 ± 1.3 pg/ml to 5.7 ± 3.1 pg/ml,p<0.001).Conclusions. CRSwNP epithelial cells release TSLP and IL-25 when stimulated by poly(I:C) but not by DP or AF, suggesting that viral infection may contribute to maintain and amplify the T2 immune response seen in CRSwNP.
A Study on the Practical Carrying Capacity of Large High-Speed Railway Stations considering Train Set Utilization
Authors: Guo Bin , Zhou Leishan , Yue Yixiang , Tang Jinjin
Published: December 2016

Methods for solving the carrying capacity problem for High-Speed Railways (HSRs) have received increasing attention in the literature in the last few years. As important nodes in the High-Speed Railway (HSR) network, large stations are usually the carrying capacity bottlenecks of the entire network due to the presence of multiple connections in different directions and the complexity of train operations at these stations. This paper focuses on solving the station carrying capacity problem and considers train set utilization constraints, which are important influencing factors that have rarely been studied by previous researchers. An integer linear programming model is built, and the CPLEX v12.2 software is used to solve the model. The proposed approach is tested on a real-world case study of the Beijing South Railway Station (BS), which is one of the busiest and most complex stations in China. Studies of the impacts of different train set utilization constraints on the practical station carrying capacity are carried out, and some suggestions are then presented for enhancing the practical carrying capacity. Contrast tests indicate that both the efficiency of the solving process and the quality of the solution show huge breakthroughs compared with the heuristic approach.
Genetic Structure and Drug Susceptibility Patterns ofMycobacterium tuberculosisComplex Strains Responsible of Human Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Major Rearing Region in Cameroon
Authors: Koro Koro Francioli , Um Boock Alphonse , Kaiyven Afi Leslie , Noeske Juergen , Gutierrez Cristina , Kuaban Christopher , Etoa François-Xavier , Eyangoh Sara Irène
Published: December 2016

Background. Cameroon this last decade continues to present a low contribution ofM. africanumandM. bovisin human tuberculosis (TB), whileM. boviswas prevalent in cattle but all these pieces of information only concerned West and Center regions.Methods. We carried out the first study in Adamaoua, one of the most rearing regions of Cameroon, on the genetic structure and drug susceptibility of the MTBC strains isolated from newly diagnosed sputum smear-positive patients aged 15 years and above. For that purpose, spoligotyping, a modified 15 standard MIRU/VNTR loci typing, and the proportion method were used.Results. Four hundred and thirty-seven MTBC isolates were analyzed by spoligotyping. Of these, 423 were identified asM. tuberculosis, within the Cameroon family being dominant with 278 (65.7%) isolates; twelve (2.75%) isolates were classified asM. africanumand two asM. bovis. MIRU/VNTR typing of the most prevalent sublineage (SIT 61) suggested that this lineage is not a unique clone as thought earlier but could constitute a group of strains implicated to different pocket of TB transmission. OnlyM. tuberculosissublineages were associated with antituberculosis drug resistance.Conclusion. These results showed the weak contribution ofM. africanumandM. bovisto human active pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon even in the rearing region.
Simultaneous versus Sequential Accelerated Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking and Wave Front Guided PRK for Treatment of Keratoconus: Objective and Subjective Evaluation
Authors: Abou Samra Waleed Ali , El Emam Dalia Sabry , Farag Rania Kamel , Abouelkheir Hossam Youssef
Published: December 2016

Aim. To compare objective and subjective outcome after simultaneous wave front guided (WFG) PRK and accelerated corneal cross-linking (CXL) in patients with progressive keratoconus versus sequential WFG PRK 6 months after CXL.Methods. 62 eyes with progressive keratoconus were divided into two groups; the first including 30 eyes underwent simultaneous WFG PRK with accelerated CXL. The second including 32 eyes underwent subsequent WFG PRK performed 6 months later after accelerated CXL. Visual, refractive, topographic, and aberrometric data were determined preoperatively and during 1-year follow-up period and the results compared in between the 2 studied groups.Results. All evaluated visual, refractive, and aberrometric parameters demonstrated highly significant improvement in both studied groups (allP<0.001). A significant improvement was observed in keratometric andQvalues. The improvement in all parameters was stable till the end of follow-up. Likewise, no significant difference was determined in between the 2 groups in any of recorded parameters. Subjective data revealed similarly significant improvement in both groups.Conclusions. WFG PRK and accelerated CXL is an effective and safe option to improve the vision in mild to moderate keratoconus. In one-year follow-up, there is no statistically significant difference between the simultaneous and sequential procedure.
Relative Hypodense Vertebral Artery Sign on Computerized Tomography in Atherosclerotic Near Occlusion
Authors: Raghib Muhammad Faraz , Pikija Slaven
Published: December 2016

A 52-year-old white male presented with an acute onset of slurred speech along with hypoesthesia in the entire left arm. The acute computed tomography (CT) showed relative hypodensity in the intracranial segment of left vertebral artery (VA) that was not present in historical images, pointing to the possible lack of flow. The site of occlusion was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that showed susceptibility effect in the affected artery. By means of historical native CT comparison the site of VA thrombosis was correctly predicted. Local atherosclerotic thrombosis of the VA could be relatively hypodense on native CT and still have positive susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) sign.
Fabrication of Novel Hydrogel with Berberine-Enriched Carboxymethylcellulose and Hyaluronic Acid as an Anti-Inflammatory Barrier Membrane
Authors: Huang Yu-Chih , Huang Kuen-Yu , Yang Bing-Yuan , Ko Chun-Han , Huang Haw-Ming
Published: December 2016

An antiadhesion barrier membrane is an important biomaterial for protecting tissue from postsurgical complications. However, there is room to improve these membranes. Recently, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) incorporated with hyaluronic acid (HA) as an antiadhesion barrier membrane and drug delivery system has been reported to provide excellent tissue regeneration and biocompatibility. The aim of this study was to fabricate a novel hydrogel membrane composed of berberine-enriched CMC prepared from bark of theP. amurensetree and HA (PE-CMC/HA). In vitro anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated to determine possible clinical applications. The PE-CMC/HA membranes were fabricated by mixing PE-CMC and HA as a base with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol to form a film. Tensile strength and ultramorphology of the membrane were evaluated using a universal testing machine and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Berberine content of the membrane was confirmed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 260 nm. Anti-inflammatory property of the membrane was measured using a Griess reaction assay. Our results showed that fabricated PE-CMC/HA releases berberine at a concentration of 660 μg/ml while optimal plasticity was obtained at a 30 : 70 PE-CMC/HA ratio. The berberine-enriched PE-CMC/HA had an inhibited 60% of inflammation stimulated by LPS. These results suggest that the PE-CMC/HA membrane fabricated in this study is a useful anti-inflammatory berberine release system.
Electrical Characterization of Postmetal Annealed Ultrathin TiN Gate Electrodes in Si MOS Capacitors
Authors: Khan Z. N. , Ahmed S. , Ali M.
Published: December 2016

Focusing on sub-10 nm Silicon CMOS device fabrication technology, we have incorporated ultrathin TiN metal gate electrode in Hafnium Silicate (HfSiO) based metal-oxide capacitors (MOSCAP) with carefully chosen Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) process parameters. Gate element of the device has undergone a detailed postmetal annealed sequence ranging from 100°C to 1000°C. The applicability of ultrathin TiN on gate electrodes is established through current density versus voltage (J-V), resistance versus temperature (R-T), and permittivity versus temperature analysis. A higher process window starting from 600°C was intentionally chosen to understand the energy efficient behavior expected from ultrathin gate metallization and its unique physical state with shrinking thickness. The device characteristics in form of effective electronic mobility as a function of inverse charge density were also found better than those conventional gate stacks used for EOT scaling.
Solid-Pseudopapillary Tumor of the Pancreas: A Single Center Experience
Authors: Beltrame Valentina , Pozza Gioia , Dalla Bona Enrico , Fantin Alberto , Valmasoni Michele , Sperti Cosimo
Published: December 2016

Aim of this study was to review the institutional experience of solid-pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas with particular attention to the problems of preoperative diagnosis and treatment. From 1997 to 2013, SPT was diagnosed in 18 patients among 451 pancreatic cystic neoplasms (3.7%). All patients underwent preoperative abdominal ultrasound, computed assisted tomography, and tumor markers (CEA and CA 19-9) determinations. In some instances, magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, and endoscopic ultrasound with aspiration cytology were performed. There were two males and 16 females. Serum CA 19-9 was slightly elevated in one case. Preoperative diagnosis was neuroendocrine tumor (n=2), mucinous tumor (n=2), and SPT (n=14). Two patients underwent previous operation before referral to our department: one explorative laparotomy and one enucleation of SPT resulting in surgical margins involvement. All patients underwent pancreatic resection associated with portal vein resection (n=1) or liver metastases (n=1). One patient died of metastatic disease, 77 months after operation, and 17 are alive and free with a median survival time of 81.5 months (range 36–228 months). Most of SPT can be diagnosed by CT or MRI, and the role of other diagnostic tools is very limited. We lack sufficient information regarding clinicopathologic features predicting prognosis. Caution is needed when performing limited resection, and long and careful follow-up is required for all patients after surgery.
A Case of a Paracardial Osteophyte Causing Atrial Compression
Authors: Tzikas Stergios , Triantafyllou Konstantinos , Papadopoulos Christodoulos , Vassilikos Vassilios
Published: December 2016

Osteophytes are pointed or beaked osseous outgrowths at the margins of articular surfaces that are often associated with degenerative changes of articular cartilage. They are the most common aspect of osteoarthritis and they infrequently cause symptoms by compression of the adjacent anatomic structures, such as nerves, vessels, bronchi, and esophagus. We present here a rare case of a patient with a left atrial deformation by a large osteophyte.
Minimally Invasive TLIF Using Unilateral Approach and Single Cage at Single Level in Patients over 65
Authors: Lee Hyeong-Jin , Kim Jin-Sung , Ryu Kyeong-Sik
Published: December 2016

Background. Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) is a widely accepted surgical procedure. But there are only a few reports of MIS-TLIF using the unilateral approach and single cage in elderly patients. Objective. The study investigated the clinical and radiological outcomes of MIS-TLIF using the unilateral approach and single cage in the patients over 65 years of age. Methods. Thirty-eight patients were followed for a mean of 15.5±11.61 months. Radiological data include fusion rate, change of disc height, and central canal area. The numeric rating scale (NRS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were used to assess clinical outcomes. Results. The mean age of these patients at operation was 71.82±4.71 years (range, 65–82 years). Evidence of fusion was observed radiologically in 64.71% at 6 months and 87.5% at 12 months after surgery, giving a final fusion rate of 100%. The mean NRS scores for back and leg pain and ODI scores improved significantly at the final follow-up. Conclusions. Clinical and radiologic outcomes of MIS-TLIF using unilateral approach and single cage in elderly patients indicate an acceptable method for the treatment of various kinds of lumbar spinal diseases.
High Interleukin-12 Levels May Prevent an Increase in the Amount of Fungi in the Gastrointestinal Tract during the First Years of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Authors: Kowalewska Beata , Zorena Katarzyna , Szmigiero-Kawko Małgorzata , Wąż Piotr , Myśliwiec Małgorzata
Published: December 2016

The objective of the research was to investigate serum levels of interleukin-12 (IL12) in relation to percentage of yeast-like fungi colonies residing in the gastrointestinal tract in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The study involved 83 children and adolescents, including 53 T1DM patients and 30 healthy control subjects. In the studied population biochemical tests were performed and yeast-like fungi were identified in the faeces. Moreover, IL12 absorbance was measured and measurements ofCandida albicansIgG and IgM antibodies were performed with microplate reader ChroMate 4300 (Awareness Technology, Inc., USA) at wavelengthλ=450 nm. In the group of T1DM children and adolescents with disease duration ≤ 2 years, high levels of IL12 were found with lower percentage of yeast-like fungal colonies versus T1DM patients with disease duration > 2 years and ≤5 years, as well as versus T1DM patients with disease duration > 5 years. Additionally, serum levels of IL12 were found to be decreasing by 18.1 pg/ml with each year of diabetes duration. IL12 serum levels were also found to be decreasing by 52.9 pg/ml with each 1% increase in HbA1c. We suggest that high IL12 levels can inhibit infection with yeast-like fungi colonizing the gastrointestinal tract in children and adolescents with T1DM. Further studies are needed to confirm the antifungal activity of IL12.
Comparison of Analysis and Spectral Nudging Techniques for Dynamical Downscaling with the WRF Model over China
Authors: Ma Yuanyuan , Yang Yi , Mai Xiaoping , Qiu Chongjian , Long Xiao , Wang Chenghai
Published: December 2016

To overcome the problem that the horizontal resolution of global climate models may be too low to resolve features which are important at the regional or local scales, dynamical downscaling has been extensively used. However, dynamical downscaling results generally drift away from large-scale driving fields. The nudging technique can be used to balance the performance of dynamical downscaling at large and small scales, but the performances of the two nudging techniques (analysis nudging and spectral nudging) are debated. Moreover, dynamical downscaling is now performed at the convection-permitting scale to reduce the parameterization uncertainty and obtain the finer resolution. To compare the performances of the two nudging techniques in this study, three sensitivity experiments (with no nudging, analysis nudging, and spectral nudging) covering a period of two months with a grid spacing of 6 km over continental China are conducted to downscale the 1-degree National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) dataset with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Compared with observations, the results show that both of the nudging experiments decrease the bias of conventional meteorological elements near the surface and at different heights during the process of dynamical downscaling. However, spectral nudging outperforms analysis nudging for predicting precipitation, and analysis nudging outperforms spectral nudging for the simulation of air humidity and wind speed.
Power-Aware Resource Reconfiguration Using Genetic Algorithm in Cloud Computing
Authors: Deng Li , Li Yang , Yao Li , Jin Yu , Gu Jinguang
Published: December 2016

Cloud computing enables scalable computation based on virtualization technology. However, current resource reallocation solution seldom considers the stability of virtual machine (VM) placement pattern. Varied workloads of applications would lead to frequent resource reconfiguration requirements due to repeated appearance of hot nodes. In this paper, several algorithms for VM placement (multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA), power-aware multiobjective genetic algorithm (pMOGA), and enhanced power-aware multiobjective genetic algorithm (EpMOGA)) are presented to improve stability of VM placement pattern with less migration overhead. The energy consumption is also considered. A type-matching controller is designed to improve evolution process. Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGAII) is used to select new generations during evolution process. Our simulation results demonstrate that these algorithms all provide resource reallocation solutions with long stabilization time of nodes. pMOGA and EpMOGA also better balance the relationship of stabilization and energy efficiency by adding number of active nodes as one of optimal objectives. Type-matching controller makes EpMOGA superior to pMOGA.