bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vaginitis in women of reproductive age group: A hospital-based study from North India
Authors: Singh Sweety , Saha Rumpa , Suneja Amita , Das Shukla , Singh N P
Published: July 2020

Background: Vaginal discharge is a common problem faced by women of the reproductive age group seeking consultation in the gynecology outpatient department (GOPD). If not treated, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and further complicate pregnancy. Objective: The present study explores the etiology and clinical presentations of vaginal discharge among women of reproductive age presenting to the GOPD of our tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised of 200 sexually active women of age group ?18 years attending our GOPD. Four vaginal swabs were taken from the posterior fornix under aseptic condition. Direct wet mount microscopy, gram stain, and culture on Sabaroud’s dextrose agar and Kupferberg media were carried out. Results: Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and mixed infection was 30%, 20%, 2%, and 2%, respectively. Candida albicans were present in 55% patients and non-albicans Candida in 45%. The most common associated presenting symptom of patients presenting with the discharge was lower abdominal pain. Conclusion: Simple diagnostic techniques such as microscopy and culture help in diagnosis and the precise managementprocess of such women presenting with discharge and thus circumvent impending complication.
Childhood nephrotic syndrome in Southeast Nigeria: The old story or any change in pattern?
Authors: Okoronkwo Nneka Chioma , Onyearugha Chukwuemeka Ngozi
Published: July 2020

Background: The chronic course of nephrotic syndrome (NS), it is racial/regional variations, and associated risk of end-stage renal disease is of great pediatric importance. This underscores the need to study the characteristics of this cohort of patients in every nephrology setting. Objective: This study was aimed at documenting the characteristics of children presenting with NS in our hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of children aged 29 days–16 years admitted and managed for NS over 5 years at the Pediatric Nephrology Unit of the Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Children diagnosed with NS in our setting were consecutively enrolled in the study. The parameters documented and analyzed for each patient with NS included Biodata, presenting complaints, duration of illness before the presentation, intake of herbal concoctions, results of investigations done, response to the steroids, duration of treatment before remission, and outcome of admission. Steroid sensitive NS was followed up for a median (range) period of 18.2 (12.0–24.0) months to monitor remission and relapse. Results: A total of 6108 children were admitted into the pediatric wards during the study period, of which 104 were renal disorders. NS accounted for 0.8% of all the pediatric admissions and 49 (47.1%) of the admitted renal disorders. Male:female ratio was 2.3:1. The mean age was 8.35±3.99 years, with peak ages between 7 and 9 years. The major clinical features at first presentation were pedal edema (93.9%) and oliguria (87.8%). A total of 19 patients (38.9%) took herbal concoctions before the presentation (p<0.05) and 12 patients had culture-proven urinary tract infections. There were four patients seropositive to human immunodeficiency virus and two had sickle cell anemia. There were 39 patients (90.7%) who were steroid-sensitive, while four (9.3%) were steroid-resistant. A total of 47 patients were discharged. There was one patient who was referred, while one signed against medical advice. Over this period, 76.9% remained in remission, while relapse was noted in 23.1% of patients. The mortality was 2.0%. Conclusion: NS forms a significant part of our pediatric admissions. Herbal concoction intake among our cohort with NS was high. There was an increased response to the steroid, even in older children. A majority maintained their remission while on follow-up. The mortality rate was low. The prognosis of NS in African children is changing for the better, age notwithstanding.
Cohort study showing correlation of Vitamin D levels with severity of illness in children admitted with acute febrile illness
Authors: Badjate Priyanka , Prasad Brijendra
Published: July 2020

Background: Acute febrile illness (AFI) which is characterized by illness without any identified source has been less explored. However, no studies have correlated AFI, its various etiologies along with stay in hospital duration, and admission in paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with Vitamin D levels as per our knowledge. Objective: The present study was conducted with a cohort of children having Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and individuals with adequate levels of Vitamin D and a correlation among them was tried to be established. Materials and Methods: We conducted this study at the pediatric department of a tertiary hospital of Western India using the standard protocol. We determined severity of illness using six observational items and their scales as per acute illness observation scale (AIOS). Laboratory investigations such as complete hemogram, renal function tests, liver function tests, bacteriology cultures, radiography, and sonography were done as per indication. Serum calcium, serum phosphorous, and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were evaluated in all patients. Evaluation of Vitamin D status was done in all children within 48 h of admission to the hospital using chemiluminescent immunoassay method. Outcome parameters such as the duration of hospital stay and final outcome as discharged or death were noted. Results: We found bronchiolitis as the major etiology in most of the AFI cases. The children which required NICU admission had VDD. Children, who had AIOS score >10, indicating that severity of disease was also maximum from VDD group. Moreover, the hospital stay of VDD group was significantly higher. Conclusion: Overall data suggested that condition of children with AFI deteriorated more in the group which are deficient in Vitamin D suggesting that supplementation of Vitamin D could be fruitful strategy to reduce the disease severity.
Investigation of the Hall-Petch Relationship Using Strain Gradient Plasticity Model for Finite Deformation Framework
Authors: Song Yooseob
Published: July 2020

The Hall-Petch relationship in metals is investigated using the strain gradient plasticity theory within the finite deformation framework. For this purpose, the thermodynamically consistent constitutive formulation for the coupled thermomechanical gradient-enhanced plasticity model is developed. The corresponding finite element method is performed to investigate the characteristics of the Hall-Petch relationship in metals. The proposed model is established based on an extra Helmholtz-type partial differential equation, and the nonlocal quantity is calculated in a coupled method based on the equilibrium conditions. An excellent agreement between the simulation results and the test data is resulted in the Hall-Petch graph. Furthermore, it is observed that the Hall-Petch constants do not remain unchanged but vary with the strain level.
Fincas productoras de arándano azul en Cañete, Lima, Perú
Authors: Collantes González Rubén , Altamirano Aquije Jessica
Published: July 2020

El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar fincas productoras de arándano azul (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), en Cañete, Lima-Perú. Para ello, se visitó 13 fincas al azar y se encuestó a productores, sobre aspectos sociales, económicos y técnico-ambientales. Como resultados, todos los productores tienen servicios básicos y 69; 2 % poseen instrucción superior. El costo de instalación promedio esUSD37 653; 85/ha, el mantenimiento anualUSD10 361; 54/ha, el precio de venta para exportación USD 9; 87/kg en finca y el rendimiento 4; 40 t/ha. La calidad de frutos es definida por grados Brix, calibre, color y presentación; los principales insumos requeridos son plantones certificados, plaguicidas, fertilizantes solubles y sustratos orgánicos. El 61; 5 % de los productores reportó a Heliothis virescens como principal plaga, aplicándose control químico y etológico; el 38 % reportó daños ocasionados por Phytophthora cinnamomi. Como artrópodos benéficos, sólo en dos fincas se encontró arañas. El cultivo se desarrolla mediante hidroponía, en bolsas plásticas con sustrato preparado y fertirriego por goteo. En conclusión, se caracterizó fincas de arándano azul en Cañete. Dicho frutal es una alternativa de desarrollo con valor agregado, genera oportunidades de empleo en igualdad de género, optimiza recursos suelo y agua, pero el control químico limita el establecimiento de organismos benéficos.
Language Usage in Different Domains by the Chakmas of Bangladesh
Authors: Afreen Nayma
Published: July 2020

The language policy of Bangladesh advocates the use of the national language ‘Bengali’ in all spheres of life. While English serves as a foreign language and taught as a compulsory subject in the academic domain, the dominance of Bengali prevails. As a result, the leading indigenous group known as the ‘Chakma’ has no other choice but to speak these languages regardless of having a distinct vernacular. The situation evoked the possibility of language shift by the Chakmas to Bengali which brought about this investigation. For serving the purpose, a mixed-method approach was applied through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to know the language usage in seven major domains by the Chakmas who live in the Chattogram city and Rangamati of Bangladesh. The research outcomes portray the domination of the national language Bengali in the formal domains along with a noticeable interference of it in the intimate spheres. The Use of English turned out minimal in all domains. The findings confirmed that the Chakmas have not completely shifted their language to the Bengali. However, the presence of Bengali in the intimate domain may indicate that the coming generations who will live in the city areas will completely shift their language to Bengali. The study will draw the attention of the policymakers of Bangladesh to acknowledge the indigenous languages in the existing language policy. Besides, both the Bengali and Chakma society will be aware of the necessity of maintaining the Chakma language, which is a part of the national cultural heritage. The study will further inspire the Chakma speakers to increase their Chakma use in the social domains, especially the migrated families in the city areas.
Antibacterial Test from Ekstract of Kirinyuh Leaves to Inhibit Vibrio sp. Bacteria Growth which Caused Ice-ice Diseases in Seaweed (Eucheuma cottoni)
Authors: Suharli Lili , Mangguntungi Baso , Rimbun Riri , Chaidir Anggih , Muhamad Arif
Published: July 2020

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country so it has enormous coastal potential as well. One of the coastal potential that has great benefits for the community is seaweed cultivation. Production of seaweed cultivation in NTB province in 2012 reaches 657,700 tons and increase every year. But in fact, the development of seaweed cultivation business have several obstacles, one of them is the presence of ice-ice disease that infects the seaweed Eucheuma cottoni species. This ice-ice disease causes a decrease in the quality and quantity of seaweed causing crop failure. This ice-ice disease attacks the thallus in the seaweed and causes the seaweed thallus to become brittle and breaks easily due to the lysis of epidermal cells and chloroplasts. The ice-ice disease is caused by a bacterial infection of Vibrio sp. which occurs when seaweed become stress due to adverse environmental conditions such as rising temperatures and salinity. The ice-ice disease can be threat using antibacterial compounds which found in plants such as tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. One of the plants that contain antibacterial is kirinyuh (Chromolaena ordorata). The antibacterial content on kirinuyuh leaves is extracted using a simple maceration method with aquadest as a solvent, and yields of extraction was diluted into concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Leaf extract of kirinyuh with variation of concentration was tested in vitro condition by using diffusion agar method with paper disk on solid NB media which has been overgrown with Vibrio sp. The result of in vitro test using diffusion agar method with paper disk was obtained that kirinyuh extract is able to inhibit the growth of Vibrio sp. bacteria with the widest inhibit zone is 10.315 mm at 100% concentration.
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL HERBA TUMBUHAN BALSEM (Polygala paniculata L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus DAN Escherichia coli
Authors: Simanjuntak Helen Anjelina , Nababan Hotnauli , Gurning Kasta
Published: July 2020

Penyakit infeksi ialah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh masuk dan berkembangbiaknya mikroorganisme seperti bakteri. Tumbuhan balsem (Polygala paniculata L.) bermanfaat dalam menyembuhkan gonorrhoea, rematik dan menyembuhkan luka. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol tumbuhan balsem dan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan eksperimental, dan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi agar. Variasi konsentrasi ektrak terdiri dari 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, Akuades sebagai kontrol negatif dan kloramfenikol sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pada semua konsentrasi menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri dengan katergori sedang.
"The praise of that I yeld for sacrifice": Anne Lock and the Poetics of the Eucharist
Authors: Burton Ben
Published: July 2020

La Réforme a provoqué une crise linguistique, tout aussi importante que doctrinale et interprétative, en particulier au sujet de la signification de l’Eucharistie du point de vue des mots, des choses, et des signes. Cet article montre dans quelle mesure la poésie de dévotion d’Anne Vaughan Lock (c.1534 – c.1590) tient compte des différentes pressions de ces débats, exercées par la théologie sacramentelle calviniste sur la communauté divine anglaise de Genève. Dans sa Méditation sur le Psaume 51, Lock présente la séquence de son sonnet comme le seul vrai sacrifice de louange que les véritables fidèles offrent à Dieu. En soulignant la puissance affective de la sainte Cène, Lock vivifie la théologie calviniste en tant qu’une manière de ressentir, et un mode de méditation poétique.
Metrical Psalmody and the Bannatyne Manuscript: Robert Pont's Psalm 83
Authors: Reid-Baxter Jamie
Published: July 2020

Cet article remet dans son contexte, ou plutôt dans ses contextes, la paraphrase métrique du psaume 83 écrite par Robert Pont pour le premier psautier métrique de l'Église reformée écossaise (1564). On y montre que cette paraphrase constitue le seul lien textuel entre les trois grands receuils de vers qui virent le jour dans l'Écosse des années 1560, après le triomphe de la Réforme, à savoir, les Gude and Godlie Ballatis, le Psautier officiel, et le manuscrit Bannatyne. Cet article décrit ces trois contextes fort différents, et montre que dans chacun d'eux, le psaume 83 incarne un concept bien différencié de la continuité au sein des bouleversements et les incertitudes de l'époque.
The Public Sermon: Paul's Cross and the culture of persuasion in England, 1534-1570
Authors: Kirby W. J. Torrance
Published: July 2020

La tribune en plein air située dans l’enceinte de la cathédrale St-Paul de Londres, et connue sous le nom de la «croix de Paul», compte parmi les plus importants lieux publics de l'Angleterre de la Renaissance. Dans une société où le sermon était le vecteur principal d'éducation des adultes, de direction morale et de contrôle politique, la croix de Paul constituait la tribune ultime, voire la tribune publique de l'Angleterre elle-même. Elle était de longue tradition le lieu des proclamations officielles civiles et religieuses. Les intervenants dûment approuvés y exposaient les politiques gouvernementales et y dénonçaient les hérésies et les rébellions. Pourtant, à l'opposé de l'abbaye royale de Westminster, St-Paul appartenait davantage aux sujets qu'à la monarchie. En dépit du règlement officiel, la croix de Paul offrait un forum populaire favorisant l'exposition de divers points de vue dans le domaine turbulent des idées religieuses et politiques. Dès le XIIIe siècle, l'enceinte cathédrale avait été le lieu préféré des protestations populaires, un endroit où le peuple pouvait donner libre cours à ses doléances, et où les enjeux vitaux de la nation prenaient corps. On a dit que «la Réforme anglaise s'était faite à la croix de Paul». Dans ce cas, quel était le rôle du sermon public dans la formation du public religieux et des identités de l'Angleterre de l'époque? Qui étaient les principaux agents et acteurs? Comment étaient constitués les auditoires? Quelles sont les ruptures et les continuités dans l'utilisation de cette tribune publique au cours des différentes étapes de la Réforme anglaise, du règne d’Henri VIII à celui d'Élizabeth Ière?
Africaines esclaves au Portugal: dynamiques d'exclusion, d'intégration et d'assimilation à l'époque moderne (XVe-XVIe siècles)
Authors: Mendes António de Almeida
Published: July 2020

Between 1440 and 1640, from 300,000 to 350,000 African slaves were forcefully moved from sub-Saharan Africa to the Iberic Peninsula. Mostly female and young, this population was led to Portugal, to live among different cultural practices-in a society where the smallest religious, ethnic, or cultural difference was a cause of exclusion. How did men and women of foreign origins and cultures share a life, and have children, with the Portuguese, without sharing the society's values? Through exclusion, integration, and assimilation, the African presence in Portugal, from the sixteenth century onwards, created a plural nation and complex identities.
Popular Literary Depictions of Black African Weddings in Early Modern Spain
Authors: Casares Aurelia Martín , Barranco Marga G.
Published: July 2020

Les caractéristiques des noirs d’Afrique sont abondamment décrites dans la littérature espagnole de la Renaissance. Ces descriptions littéraires révèlent beaucoup au sujet de l’image que l’on en avait dans les représentations collectives. La création de protagonistes et de personnages secondaires africains offre une cristallisation des observations des réalités sociales et de l’élaboration artistique de préjugés et de stéréotypes sociaux. Cet article analyse deux textes présentant des mariages de noirs d’Afrique: le premier texte est une courte pièce du XVIIe siècle de Francisco de Avellaneda, et le deuxième est une ballade populaire, datant du XVIIIe siècle, et portant sur la célébration d’un mariage noir en Andalousie. Ces deux sources décrivent le mariage en se concentrant spécialement sur la dégradation des caractéristiques féminines et de la «beauté noire».
KEMAHIRAN TMK DALAM KALANGAN GURU-GURU BAHASA TAMIL SEKOLAH MENENGAH [ICT SKILLS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL TAMIL LANGUAGE TEACHERS]
Authors: Ambikapathy Alagesan , Halili Siti Hajar , Ramasamy Mohana Dass
Published: July 2020

The present-day education system and its needs have changed drastically, with the advant of information and communication technologies and their application in teaching and learning. The use of traditional methods has gradually been replaced information-based methods in deliverying information to students. In respond to call, the Ministry of Education of Malaysia has formulated the Malaysian Education Development Plan 2013-2025, aiming at encouraging the utilization of ICT among the teachers in their teaching practices. The purpose of this study is to examine the level of ICT skills of Tamil teachers, whether it corresponds to the level of ICT facilities aptness in schools. This qualitative study involved four Tamil teachers as a sample of the study. The semi-structured interview data were thematically analyzed. The findings show that the Tamil language teachers have moderate proficiency in ICT, and ICT facilities of their school did not meet the requirements adequately, showing that the interest of teachers in utilizing the ICT in their teaching has direct corresponding influence with the aptness of the facilities. In summation, the ICT facilities in schools is an important aspect for one to use the ICT-based teaching aids in teaching and learning and developing the ICT skills of the teachers.
ROLE OF “NEWSPAPER’ FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING
Authors: J.Preethi
Published: July 2020

Learning a language involves the establishment of the links between the language forms and their meanings. The three factors involved in the process are the form, the content or meaning and their association. Language is a skill rather than a subject. Though a skill does not altogether prelude intellectual activity, it is more a matter of ‘doing’ than of knowing’. This skill of learning second language can be acquired by providing the students sufficient opportunities to hear / read the language being used in meaningful situations and to make them use it. This paper outlines a few exercised that can be designed to make language learning happen in the classroom and also help learners to enhance their vocabulary, grammar and idioms and phrases. Newspapers give scope for readers to understand the content better, easier and interesting as they have lot of choice in reading.
Uji Kemampuan Ekstrak Daun Beberapa Jenis Sirih (Piper sp.) Untuk Mengendalikan Jamur Aspergillus sp. Pada Benih Kacang Tanah Secara In Vitro
Authors: Zahara Nela , Ali Muhammad , Puspita Fifi
Published: July 2020

Vegetable fungicides are fungicides made from natural ingredients that are widely available in nature. One of the plants that can be used as a vegetable fungicide include several species of betel plants such as forest betel (Piper aduncum L.), red betel (Piper crocatum L.) and green betel (Piper betle L.). The use of several betel extracts can be used as an effective and efficient alternative control. This study aims to obtain the type of betel extract which has the potential as a vegetable fungicide that is able to control the fungus Aspergillus sp. The stages of this study consisted of the isolation of Aspergillus sp., Extraction and inhibition test of several betel extracts against the fungus Aspergillus sp., Seed treatment test with extracts of several types of betel. Based on research results giving green betel leaf extract, forest betel and red betel can inhibit the growth of the fungus Aspergillus sp. With the percentage of inhibition of 32.08%, 37.53% and 33.03% respectively. Giving betel leaf extract green, betel forest and red betel also can reduce the percentage of Aspergillus sp. amounted to 19.60%, 19.20% and 18.80% when compared to controls without administration of betel leaf extract. Application of several types of betel leaf extract and without betel leaf extract both produce a high percentage of normal sprouts (> 80%).
Tracking the marine migration routes of South Pacific silver eels
Authors: Chang YLK , Dall’Olmo G , Schabetsberger R
Published: July 2020

It is still a mystery how catadromous eels find their way through the seemingly featureless open ocean to their spawning areas. Three catadromous Pacific eels (2Anguilla marmorata, 1A. megastoma) from the Archipelago of Vanuatu were tagged with pop-up satellite archival transmitters, and their migration tracks towards their presumed spawning area approximately 870 km northeast of the point of release were reconstructed in order to evaluate their movements in relation to oceanographic conditions. We used the timing of diel vertical migrations to derive the eels’ positions. The 2A. marmorataexhibited steep-angled turns resulting in a zig-zag migration path along the east-west axis, while theA. megastomatook a relatively straight course towards the presumed spawning area. They migrated with a speed over ground of 21-23 km d-1. In this region, the eastward flow of the South Equatorial Counter Current (SECC, ~5°-10°S) separates the westward flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC; ~0°-5°S and 10°-18°S) into 2 branches. During shallower nighttime migration depths around 150 m, eels crossed a variable flow field through the southern branch of the westward SEC with westward propagating mesoscale eddies and the eastward SECC, but stayed south of the stronger northern branch of the SEC, possibly increasing retention time of larvae within this area. The eels headed towards a tongue of high-salinity Subtropical Underwater (STUW). The eels did not move beyond a salinity front of 35.9-36.0 at a depth of 100-200 m, which may have provided cues for orientation towards the spawning area.
NIRS: Forage analysis and livestock feeding
Authors: Corson D.C. , Waghorn G.C. , Ulyatt M.J. , Lee J.
Published: July 2020

This paper describes analysis by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and demonstrates the capacity of this technology to provide rapid, low cost and accurate estimates of feed composition. The need for an extensive database against which the instruments is calibrated and the importance of good wet chemistry backup to NIRS are emphasised, together with some of the diverse uses for NIRS in research and agriculture. Examples are given of contrasting analyses for quality of maize silage and pastures. NIRS prediction of pasture, silage and supplement composition can be used in conjunction with a ration balancing model developed for the New Zealand dairy industry, allowing farmers to formulate diets able to meet desired levels of production. Keywords: dairy, feed quality, forage analysis, NIRS, nutrition
Progress towards development and adoption of integrated management systems against flystrike and lice in sheep
Authors: Cole D.J.W. , Heath A.C.G.
Published: July 2020

Ectoparasites of sheep, principally blowflies and lice, cost the New Zealand farming industry an estimated $60 million each year. This figure includes the cost of chemicals and labour used to treat or prevent flystrike and lice, together with the lost production. An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) trial project involving four groups of farmers (overall total 15) in four regions of New Zealand has been set up with the aim of adopting a holistic approach to managing these parasites and already early benefits have accrued to the farmers involved. Procedures were set up to reduce insecticide residues in wool by using techniques such as jetting which apply less chemical to the sheep but target it more appropriately and maintain or improve protection against flystrike and control of lice. As a consequence, savings in chemical and labour costs have been made. On two farms in particular, savings on these items ranged from $578 (27% reduction) on a property with 2000 Corriedale ewes to $3608 (52% reduction) on the other property with 8000 Romney ewes. An understanding that clean, healthy sheep, free of nematodes and dags, are less susceptible to flystrike and lice has also assisted in controlling the diseases. This paper also discusses the potential for biological control against blowfly populations, with large fly traps, sterilising baits and parasitoid wasps all being investigated. Research continues on specialist pastures such as birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) to evaluate the practicalities of incorporating their use in management systems for both nematode and flystrike control. Keywords: biological control, blowflies, flystrike, insecticides, IPM, lice, pasture varieties, sheep
How do sheep and beef farmers manage pasture quality?
Authors: Lambert M.G. , Paine M.S. , Sheath G.W. , Webby R.W. , Litherlandr A.J. , Fraser T.J. , Stevens D.R.
Published: July 2020

Four groups of sheep and beef farmers located throughout New Zealand were asked questions relating to pasture quality management. Answers were grouped into themes. In answer to the question "what do you do to manage pasture quality", themes identified were manipulation of wholefarm feed demand throughout the year to match feed supply; use of specific grazing strategies; topping and mowing; cropping and regrassing; fertiliser application; weed and pest control; conservation and supplementation; monitoring, predicting and planning; irrigation, drainage and aeration; and internal parasite control. In answer to the question "what is pasture quality", themes identified were animal performance; chemical composition of the herbage; botanical and morphological composition of the herbage; factors affecting intake and utilisation; and anti-quality factors. Most management practices were designed to control the spring surplus or provide alternative high quality feed through cropping or regrassing. Keywords: current practices, farmers, management, pasture quality, sheep and beef
The impacts of change in forage quality and seasonality on sheep farm profitability
Authors: Webby R.W. , Sheath G.W.
Published: July 2020

benefits of altering the quality and seasonality of pasture supply in sheep farming enterprises. Three representative regions in New Zealand were studied; winter-cold and summer-wet (e.g., Southland, Otago and Central North Island); winter-cold, summer-dry (e.g., South Island East Coast); and winter-warm, summer-dry (e.g., North Island East Coast). Two different lamb-finishing enterprises were also analysed within each region; a conventional system where the lamb supply pattern was aligned with feed availability, and a supply contract system where more lambs were supplied for processing outside the normal season. Improving the seasonality of feed supply increased gross margins by $26 to $126 per hectare depending on the region. The greatest gains from improved seasonality occurred in the winter-cold scenarios. Improving forage quality had a more positive impact than improved seasonality changes with gross margins increasing by $53 to $148 per hectare depending on region. Overall the impact of the forage supply and forage quality changes was similar for the two lamb-finishing systems. Keywords: lamb-finishing, pasture production, pasture quality, systems analysis
The effect of weaning weight on subsequent lamb growth rates
Authors: Fraser T.J. , Saville D.J.
Published: July 2020

The effect of weaning weight on the subsequent growth rate of lambs was estimated from data collected at Winchmore Research Station. The lamb weight data were collected over a 3-year period involving dryland and irrigated farmlets with two contrasting forage systems. Lambs were weighed at 2-weekly intervals with the weights for the periods immediately pre- and post-weaning being used for the comparisons in this study. Results overall indicated that, following adjustments for pasture type, gender, birth and rearing rank, heavier lambs at weaning had faster growth rates post-weaning than lighter lambs. However, lighter lambs suffered a lower drop in growth rate (defined as growth rate before weaning minus growth rate post-weaning) than heavier lambs. This was universal across both pasture types, both genders and all combinations of birth and rearing ranks. Possible explanations are that the lighter lambs at weaning were receiving less milk from their mothers or that they were under some mob pressure and had limited access to quality pastures. In some cases, the lighter lambs even increased their growth rates post-weaning when compared to pre-weaning. It is suggested that weaning light lambs is an option for farmers, particularly when feed supply is limiting or when dry stock are required to clean up poor quality pastures and set up high quality feed for young stock. Keywords: dryland, irrigated, lamb growth, lamb weaning, pasture quality, weaning weights
Aspects of accumulated heat patterns (growing-degree days) and pasture growth in Southland
Authors: Hutchinson G.K. , Richards K. , Risk W.H.
Published: July 2020

and patterns of accumulated heat are important limits on pasture growth, especially over the period from late autumn to spring, and data on these factors are crucial for best land-use management in the southern farming community. The Topoclimate South Project is mapping soil and climate characteristics over 805 000 ha of Southland/South Otago using a network of 900 automated dataloggers. Temperature data for individual sites, and from local climate stations are being used to generate 30-year daily temperature and, thereafter, growing degree-day (GDD) records. Literature reviews show that several authors report considerable growth of temperate pasture species at about 5°C, so a base temperature of 4°C is used as a threshold for pasture growth and, thus, in GDD computations. Strong relationships are evident when pasture growth rates and GDDs are compared. For data recorded at Winton, Southland in the period 1950-1961, GDD patterns strongly reflect patterns of both clover and grass growth, accounting for 88% of the variability in mean patterns of clover growth and 75% of the variability in total pasture production. In practice, rainfall seasonality, nutrients, solar radiation, pasture management, plant pests and plant ecotype will also affect growth rates. To ensure that information gathered is also communicated, Topoclimate South is issuing soil and GDD maps to participating farmers. They have also established a service to provide detailed information and interpretation for end users, be they farmers, scientists, teachers, consultants or other service providers to the agricultural community. Keywords: growing degree-day, pasture growth, temperature threshold, topoclimate
Marker-assisted selection to accelerate forage improvement
Authors: Barrett B. , Griffiths A. , Mercer C. , Ellison N. , Faville M. , Easton S. , Woodfield D.R.
Published: July 2020

The use of biotechnology, in the form of gene mapping, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and map-based cloning can increase breeding efficiency and the array of traits amenable to selection. The increased efficiency is achieved by combining conventional glasshouse and field evaluations with DNA marker-based selection for superior genes; thereby maximising genetic gain from selection and/or improving traits with low heritability which are not amenable to improvement by conventional breeding alone. Implementation of MAS also reduces costs by permitting selection of superior plants at an early developmental stage or in the absence of the pathogen or pest. Robust genetic linkage maps are the basic requirement for identifying the genes controlling agronomically significant traits, and subsequent implementation of MAS. Recent advances in biotechnology have developed high-throughput, gene-targeted marker systems that allow rapid development of comprehensive genome maps and MAS programmes. Core linkage maps based on multiple DNA marker technologies are being developed for two of New Zealand's most important forage genomes, white clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Markers from these maps will be used to: a) identify genes controlling simple and complex traits, b) implement targeted MAS strategies, c) transfer novel traits from related species into elite forage cultivars via crosshybridisation, d) clone genes to be inserted directly into elite cultivars, e) provide DNA fingerprints for variety identification, and f) identify putative heterotic groups for hybrid cultivar development. Keywords: DNA markers, EST, gene mapping, linkage, Lolium perenne, marker-assisted selection, Trifolium repens
Breaking the feed barrier using maize silage
Authors: Densley R. , Miller D. , Kolver E.S.
Published: July 2020

This paper reviews the key factors that have led to the widespread adoption of maize silage in North Island and Canterbury dairying systems and explores current maize silage feeding strategies. Maize silage has proven to be a cost effective supplementary feed that allows farmers to achieve higher MS/ha production. The worldwide significance of maize ensures a large plant breeding and research input that has resulted in significant ongoing genetic gains. Current maize feeding systems are based around systems quantified and described by research at Waimate West Demonstration Farm. A number of new technologies using maize silage are being investigated. These centre on manipulating the feed value of the silage through both plant breeding mechanisms and harvest-management strategies. Keywords: maize silage, supplementary feed
Practical use of the rising plate meter (RPM) on New Zealand dairy farms
Authors: Lile J.A. , Blackwell M.B. , Thomson N.A. , Penno J.W. , Macdonald K.A. , Nicholas P.K. , Lancaster J.A.S. , Coulter M.
Published: July 2020

Herbage mass and rising plate meter (RPM) height was estimated using the RPM as part of a farmlet trial, at No. 2 Dairy, Dexcel Hamilton. Herbage mass estimations were collected over a 3-year period, from pre- and post-grazing and weekly farm walk estimates. The aim of the study was to determine how appropriate the RPM was for use on New Zealand dairy farms. The RPM gives reliable information using 50 readings per paddock for paddock selection, grazing residual, and average herbage mass between 1000 and 4000 kg DM/ha. There was a tendency however, for the RPM to underestimate herbage mass when compared with visual estimates. The RPM is limited in its estimation of herbage mass above 4000 kg DM/ha and cannot be relied upon to give useful results for dry matter intake and net herbage accumulation (particularly with weekly farm walk data). As long as RPM limits are observed, overall results show that the RPM is an inexpensive tool to aid in farm monitoring and decision making. Keywords: dairy farming, grazing residual, herbage mass, rising plate meter, RPM height
FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI KOSMETIK DEKORATIF PERONA PIPI DARI EKSTRAK ANGKAK (Monascus purpureus) SEBAGAI PEWARNA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN LESITIN SEBAGAI PELEMBAB KULIT
Authors: Yuliana Anna , Nurdianti Lusi , Fitriani Fitriani , Amin Saeful
Published: July 2020

Perona pipi merupakan salah satu contoh kosmetik dekoratif fungsinya adalah untuk memberikan aksen tirus dan lebih segar pada wajah. Pewarna alami yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah angkak yang merupakan hasil fermentasi dari kapang (Monascus purpureus). Selain digunakan sebagai kosmetik, angkak juga bisa digunakan sebagai pengobatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses pembuatan perona pipi dari ekstrak angkak (Monascus purpureus) dalam bentuk compact powder dengan menggunakan lesitin sebagai pelembab. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Lesitin sebagai pelembab dalam formula perona pipi yang divariasikan dengan konsentrasi F0 0%, F1 1%, FII 2%, FIII 3% dan diperoleh formula terbaik yaitu pada formula II dengan konsentrasi lesitin 2% dengan hasil uji stabilitas sediaan, uji organoleptik, uji homogenitas warna, uji pH, uji iritasi, uji keretakan, uji kekerasan, uji kesukaan, dan uji kelembaban. Hasil kelembaban sediaan perona pipi selama 2 minggu menunjukkan bahwa formula II adalah formula terbaik dengan hasil 42,3%. Hasil pengamatan sediaan perona pipi compact powder yang didapat memenuhi persyaratan yang berlaku dengan menggunakan lesitin dalam formula perona pipi sebagai pelembab.
Från integrering till specialisering – om organisering av socialtjänstens individ- och familjeomsorg 1988-2008
Authors: Lundgren Minna , Blom Björn , Morén Stefan , Perlinski Marek
Published: July 2020

Individ- och familjeomsorgen i Sveriges kommuner har under de senaste tjugo åren gått från ett mer generalistiskt orienterat arbetssätt till en organisation med specialiserade arbetsgrupper. I den här artikeln visar vi på olika former av specialisering och redovisar en kartläggning över hur det ser ut i kommunerna idag. Vi diskuterarockså möjliga anledningar till förändringen.
Religion och social förändring. En introduktion
Authors: Carlbom Aje , Hedina Ulla-Carin , Månsson Sven-Axel
Published: July 2020

.
Medikaliseringen av det psykosociala fältet. Om en kunskapssammanställning från Socialstyrelsen, IMS
Authors: Topor Alain
Published: July 2020

Tecknen på en medikalisering av det psykosociala fältet har ökat under senare tid. Denna artikel undersöker denna medikaliseringsprocess utifrån Socialstyrelsens kunskapssammanställning »Effekter av psykosociala insatser för personer med schizofreni och bipolär sjukdom«, som ska resultera i riktlinjer för socialtjänsten.
Förändringar och nya riktningar inom human service
Authors: Berg Elisabeth
Published: July 2020

.
Ekonomiskt bistånd vid hyresskulder
Authors: Kjellbom Pia
Published: July 2020

Financial aid from the social services due to rent arrears The starting point for this study is landlords’ applications to the county bailiff, threatening individuals with eviction from housing due to rent arrears. Various workplace standards of importance for assistance from the social services are investigated. The study shows that financial aid plays a limited role in relation to evictions, and the interpretation of the rights provision in the Social Services Acts displays a considerable span. Decisions on aid are based on everything from an individual needs assessment to a group-oriented and retrospective behavioural assessment. The Social Services Act is, in practice, exclusively perceived to be a framework law, rather than a rights law, that enables this breadth of interpretation.
Debatt: Primär och sekundär diskurs om heder
Authors: Ouis Pernilla
Published: July 2020

Att problematisera givna föreställningar om förövare och brottsoffer i ”hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck”
Varför forskarutbildning?
Authors: Dellgran Peter , Höjer Staffan
Published: July 2020

Why doctoral education? Motivational factors and aspirations among nurses, teach- ers and social workers A significant feature of our knowledge-based society is the gradual academization and professionalization of a growing numbers of occupations. In Sweden, as in other countries, this academization has in several cases led to the establishment of profession-based university disciplines, with professors and PhD programmes, in order to develop and reinforce a scienti c base for profes- sional practice and education. A crucial element in this process is that professional practitioners are expected to seek admission to these doctoral programmes, and thereby choose a career as a researcher, and in varying degrees become involved in the continued development of scientific knowledge within their discipline.

This article is based on a survey with 749 respondents and the aim is to examine and compare motives and aspirations among nurses, teachers and social workers to undertake doctoral educa- tion. Over 90 per cent of the respondents have stayed in academia as teachers and researchers after their PhD. e results show that multiple motives are normal but that desire for personal growth and personal challenge dominates declared motives in all groups. However, social workers more often stresses political aspirations, while nurses and teachers more often highlight professional and practice-oriented motivation. Furthermore, motives also have some impact on the subject of the dissertation. Studies on patients and professional practice and methods are, for instance, more common among nurses compared to social workers, where research more frequently deals with organizations, social problems and social policy issues. Finally, some implications for research policy, and the continual debate about the gap between research and professional practice, are discussed.
Mot en situerad standardisering inom socialtjänsten
Authors: Björk Alexander
Published: July 2020

Under de senaste två decennierna har det ställts allt högre krav på standardiserad dokumentation och uppföljning inom socialtjänstens fält, både nationellt och internationellt (Socialstyrelsen, 2004; Tilbury, 2004; Lynch-Cerullo & Cooney, 2011). Utvecklingen hänger ihop med övergripande strömningar som Evidensbaserad praktik (EBP) och New Public Management (NPM) som sätter fokus på att mäta effektiviteten av offentlig verksamhet utifrån kvantitativa mått. Den grundläggande idé som förts fram är att standardiserad dokumentation inom den reguljära verksamheten ska möjliggöra kontinuerlig mätning av socialtjänstens utfall, både på individuell och aggregerad nivå, och att informationen ska användas till att förbättra insatsernas kvalitet.
Vem är fattig, vem är rik?
Authors: Tornberg Jakob , Wallander Lisa
Published: July 2020

Who is poor, who is rich? A factorial survey of students’ beliefs about povertyAccording to Swärd (2012, p. 36), poverty has “many faces and its appearance is dependent upon time, place and type of society, ideological ideas and values”. The aim of this article was to study the beliefs about poverty held by Swedish students of social work, nursing and pre-school teaching. The study employed the experimental factorial survey vignette method, involving the use of fictitious descriptions made up of randomly varying characteristics. In this study, these characteristics included operationalized measures of poverty in terms of input (the person’s income) and output (a number of relative deprivations, comprising various forms of consumption deemed as necessary for the inclusion of individuals in society, as well as the duration of these deprivations). In the study, each of 383 students was asked to assess 20 randomly varying fictitious persons and to note their judgements on a nine-point scale ranging from extremely poor to extremely rich. The results of two multilevel multivariate linear regression analyses showed that the students’ beliefs about poverty were related to both the input and the output of poverty, even though income was the dimension with by far the strongest effect on the judgements. Among the relative deprivations, those relating to the lack of economic means to pay bills or to buy medicine in general or clothes for one’s child were most strongly associated with beliefs about poverty. The analyses also showed that professional affiliation mattered, in the sense that students embarking on a nursing or a pre-school teaching career were generally less inclined to judge a person as poor, in comparison with students of social work. Further, the poorer the students judged themselves to be, the poorer they believed the vignette person to be. Finally, remaining unexplained variance indicated the existence of potentially significant unmeasured respondent characteristics or of random variation in poverty beliefs held by students within the three studied welfare professions.
Gränsytor under förhandling
Authors: Ekström Veronica
Published: July 2020

Boundaries under negotiation – social services’ responsibility for support to women exposed to violence in close relationshipsThis article examines social workers’ perceptions of the social services’ mission and task as regards support for women who are subjected to violence in close relationships and where the social services are considered to be limited. The study is qualitative and based on interviews with 16 social workers in eleven municipalities. The interviews have been analysed with conventional content analysis. The analysis shows that the task or obligation of the social services can be formulated in two different ways: to offer support to women exposed or previously exposed to violence in close relationships, or to offer support to women who have left or intend to leave a relationship where they have been subjected to violence. In the analysis of social workers’ descriptions of support they offer, as well as the boundaries for what is beyond the social services’ responsibility, three levels can be identified. The first level, consisting of financial support, placements at women’s shelters and a social worker to talk to, forms a sort of core for the work in the social services, which most, albeit to varying degrees, offer. The second level describes forms of enhanced support, and the third level describes such support which only a few state that they work with or where responsibility issues are more diffuse.