bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression characteristics of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) lungs
Authors: He Wan-hong , Zhang Wang-dong , Cheng Cui-cui , Lu Jia , Liu Lei , Chen Zhi-hua , Wang Wen-hui
Published: March 2022

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), the transmembrane transporter of polymeric immunoglobulin A and M, has multiple immune functions. To explore the characteristics of pIgR expression in Bactrian camel lungs, twelve healthy adult (2–7 years old) Bactrian camels were systematically studied. The results showed that pIgR was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane of ciliated cells, as well as in the cytoplasm and membrane of basal cells, serous cells of bronchial glands, club cells and alveolar type 2 cells in Bactrian camel lungs. Specially, as the bronchial branches extended, the pIgR expression level in ciliated cells significantly declined (p<0.05), and the corresponding bronchial luminal areas obviously decreased (p<0.05). However, pIgR was not expressed in goblet cells, endocrine cells, alveolar type 1 cells and mucous cells of bronchial glands. The results demonstrated that ciliated cells continuously distributed throughout the whole bronchial tree mucosa were the major expression sites of pIgR, and pIgR was also expressed in basal cells, serous cells of bronchial glands, club cells and alveolar type 2 cells, which would facilitate secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) transmembrane transport by pIgR and form an intact protective barrier. Moreover, the pIgR expression level in ciliated cells was positively correlated with the bronchial luminal areas; but negatively correlated with the cleanliness of airflow through the bronchial cross-sections, showing that the pIgR expression level in the bronchial epithelium was inhomogeneous. Our study provided a foundation for further exploring the regulatory functions of immunoglobulins (i.e., SIgA) after transport across the membrane by pIgR in Bactrian camel lungs.
The incremental value of the contribution of a biostatistician to the reporting quality in health research—A retrospective, single center, observational cohort study
Authors: Held Ulrike , Steigmiller Klaus , Hediger Michael , Cammann Victoria L. , Garaiman Alexandru , Halvachizadeh Sascha , Losdat Sylvain , West Erin Ashley , Gosteli Martina , Reeve Kelly A. , von Felten Stefanie , Furrer Eva
Published: March 2022

Background

The reporting quality in medical research has recently been critically discussed. While reporting guidelines intend to maximize the value from funded research, and initiatives such as the EQUATOR network have been introduced to advance high quality reporting, the uptake of the guidelines by researchers could be improved. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of a biostatistician to the reporting and methodological quality of health research, and to identify methodological knowledge gaps.

Methods

In a retrospective, single center, observational cohort study, two groups of publications were compared. The group of exposed publications had an academic biostatistician on the author list, whereas the group of non-exposed publications did not include a biostatistician of the evaluated group. Rating of reporting quality was done in blinded fashion and in duplicate. The primary outcome was a sum score based on six dimensions, ranging between 0 (worst) and 11 (best). The study protocol was reviewed and approved as a registered report.

Results

There were 131 publications in the exposed group published between 2017 and 2018. Of these, 95 were either RCTs, observational, or prediction / prognostic studies. Corresponding matches in the group of non-exposed publications were identified in a reproducible manner. Comparison of reporting quality overall revealed a 1.60 (95%CI from 0.92 to 2.28, p <0.0001) units higher reporting quality for exposed publications. A subgroup analysis within study types showed higher reporting quality across all three study types.

Conclusion

Our study is the first to report an association of a higher reporting quality and methodological strength in health research publications with a biostatistician on the author list. The higher reporting quality persisted through subgroups of study types and dimensions. Methodological knowledge gaps were identified for prediction / prognostic studies, and for reporting on statistical methods in general and missing values, specifically.
Assessment of feeding, ruminating and locomotion behaviors in dairy cows around calving – a retrospective clinical study to early detect spontaneous disease appearance
Authors: Fadul Mahmoud , D’Andrea Luigi , Alsaaod Maher , Borriello Giuliano , Di Lori Antonio , Stucki Dimitri , Ciaramella Paolo , Steiner Adrian , Guccione Jacopo
Published: March 2022

The study aims to verify the usefulness of new intervals-based algorithms for clinical interpretation of animal behavior in dairy cows around calving period. Thirteen activities associated with feeding-ruminating-locomotion-behaviors of 42 adult Holstein-Friesian cows were continuously monitored for the week (wk) -2, wk -1 and wk +1 relative to calving (overall 30’340 min/animal). Soon after, animals were retrospectively assigned to group-S (at least one spontaneous diseases; n = 24) and group-H (healthy; n = 18). The average activities performed by the groups, recorded by RumiWatch® halter and pedometer, were compared at the different weekly intervals. The average activities on the day of clinical diagnosis (dd0), as well as one (dd-1) and two days before (dd-2) were also assessed. Differences of dd0 vs. dd-1 (ΔD1), dd0 vs. wk -1 (ΔD2), and wk +1 vs. wk -1 (Δweeks) were calculated. Variables showing significant differences between the groups were used for a univariate logistic regression, a receiver operating characteristic analysis, and a multivariate logistic regression model. At wk +1 and dd0, eating- and ruminating-time, eating- and ruminate-chews and ruminating boluses were significantly lower in group-S as compared to group-H, while other activity time was higher. For ΔD2 and Δweeks, the differences of eating- and ruminating-time, as well as of eating-and ruminate-chews were significantly lower in group-S as compared to group-H. Concerning the locomotion behaviors, the lying time was significantly higher in group-S vs. group-H at wk +1 and dd-2. The number of strides was significantly lower in group-S compared to group-H at wk +1. The model including eating-chews, ruminate-chews and other activity time reached the highest accuracy in detecting sick cows in wk +1 (area under the curve: 81%; sensitivity: 73.7%; specificity: 82.4%). Some of the new algorithms for the clinical interpretation of cow behaviour as described in this study may contribute to monitoring animals’ health around calving.
Locuciones nominales complejas
Authors: Llorens García Roque
Published: March 2022

El escaso consenso bibliográfico que existe sobre lo que es una locución, una colocación y un compuesto sintagmático plantea la necesidad de revisar el funcionamiento de cada uno de estos tipos de construcciones para tratar de identificar las características más relevantes que permitan discriminar un tipo de construcción de otro. En el presente trabajo presentamos una revisión sobre algunas características de las locuciones y las colocaciones que servirá para mostrar lo que entendemos por locución, y muy particularmente por locución nominal. A este respecto revisaremos una investigación de Barrios Rodríguez en la que pretende distinguir, mediante la prueba de la definición ostensiva, los compuestos sintagmáticos de las locuciones nominales. Por otra parte, también propone la clasificación de las locuciones nominales predicativas, distinguiéndolas de las locuciones nominales designativas (ampliamente estudiadas). Con el fin de valorar la viabilidad de estas propuestas de sistematización, hemos confeccionado un corpus en el que clasificamos compuestos sintagmáticos, locuciones nominales designativas y locuciones nominales predicativas. Al hilo del análisis de los datos de nuestro corpus, proponemos un nuevo tipo de locuciones nominales cuyas propiedades y características se alejan tanto de las designativas como de las predicativas a las que hemos denominado locuciones nominales complejas. Los datos de nuestro corpus corroboran que la prueba de la definición ostensiva permite distinguir con precisión los compuestos sintagmáticos de las locuciones y colocaciones nominales. Asimismo, hemos comprobado que las locuciones nominales predicativas se diferencian sustancialmente de las designativas porque funcionan como adjetivos, de hecho, este tipo de locuciones pueden ser sustituidas en todos los casos por un adjetivo o por la correspondiente paráfrasis semántica de la locución. Las locuciones nominales complejas tienen una especial importancia en esta investigación porque ni siquiera están reconocidas como locuciones, y algunos autores afirman que su estudio corresponde a la sintaxis y no a la fraseología. A pesar de ello, consideramos que deben categorizarse como locuciones nominales y diferenciarse de los otros tipos de locuciones nominales.
De algunos esquemas fraseológicos que son pragmatemas
Authors: Ovejas Martín Vanesa
Published: March 2022

Los pragmatemas son unos de los últimos frasemas que han pasado a formar parte de la tipología propuesta por Mel’čuk en el seno de la Teoría Sentido-Texto. Un pragmatema es un frasema con valor de enunciado restringido por la situación extralingüística en la que se emite. Prohibido fumar —en un cartel—, Las damas primero —cuando un hombre cede el turno a una mujer, generalmente el paso—, Recién pintado —en un cartel— o ¿De cuánto estás? —a una embarazada— son pragmatemas. En este trabajo se ahonda en este concepto, concretamente en los pragmatemas que responden a la categoría de esquema fraseológico. Es decir, se centra en los pragmatemas conformados por una parte fija y una parte libre necesaria para adquirir sentido completo que varía en función de la situación extralingüística de enunciación (Fabricado en [lugar] —en la etiqueta de un producto—, Tiene la palabra […] —en un evento institucional, como un juicio— o (Que) la paz sea {contigo / con vosotros / con ustedes…} —en una ceremonia religiosa—). En este trabajo se defiende el concepto amplio de pragmatema, es decir, la transversalidad de este concepto, lo que permite incluir en él los esquemas fraseológicos que cumplen los rasgos definitorios del pragmatema. Además, se examinan los rasgos de los esquemas fraseológicos que son pragmatemas mediante la recopilación de un repertorio de en torno a cuatrocientos pragmatemas, conformado por unidades extraídas de un corpus de seis diccionarios (cuatro fraseológicos y dos de partículas), dos repertorios de funciones comunicativas, la traducción al español del repertorio de pragmatemas franceses de Blanco Escoda et alii (2018) y dieci-siete guiones cinematográficos. Este análisis permite distinguir, por una parte, los esquemas fraseológicos que son pragmatemas de los que no lo son. Por otra parte, y de acuerdo con la descripción de Montoro del Arco (2008) de casillas vacías y casillas libres, distinguimos los pragmatemas con casillas vacías —en este trabajo pragmatemas con casillas léxicas—, cuya parte libre se rellena con constituyentes léxicos, de los pragmatemas con casillas libres —en este trabajo pragmatemas con casillas gramaticales—, cuya parte libre se completa con constituyentes gramaticales.
The unmet needs of family caregivers in the management of childhood community-acquired pneumonia in Indonesia: a qualitative study
Authors: Purwati Nyimas Heny , Rustina Yeni , Supriyatno Bambang
Published: March 2022

Background Childhood community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. Objective To explore the unmet needs of family caregivers of children with community-acquired pneumonia. Methods A qualitative study using in-depth interviews was conducted at one referral hospital located in Jakarta, Indonesia. Convenience sampling was used to select participants.  Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results Ten family caregivers participated in our study. The results of this research are shown in five main themes: (1) the burden of persistent symptoms; (2) exposure to cigarette smoke at home; (3) home remedies as initial treatment; (4) fulfilling the children’s nutritional needs; and (5) health promotion needs. The care of children with CAP involves more than antibiotic treatment and vaccines. Conclusion This study found several unmeet needs of family caregivers in caring for children with CAP, particulary pertaining to health promotion and the fulfilment of nutritional needs.
Hubungan antara Durasi Penggunaan Gawai Terhadap Status Gizi Anak Usia Prasekolah Taman Kanak-Kanak di Kota Pontianak
Authors: Yuanda Bella Faradiska , Ilmiawan Muhammad In’am , Andriani Rini
Published: March 2022

Latar belakang. Menurut World Health Organization (WHO) sebanyak 41 juta anak usia prasekolah di dunia mengalami status gizi berat berlebih dan obesitas. Obesitas pada anak prasekolah disebabkan oleh kurang aktivitas fisik termasuk penggunaan gawai yang berlebihan.Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan antara durasi penggunaan gawai terhadap status gizi anak usia prasekolah di Taman Kanak-kanak (TK) Kota Pontianak Metode. Penelitian ini bersifat survei analitik dengan desain cross sectional pada 96 siswa di Taman Kanak-kanak (TK) Kota Pontianak. Hasil penelitian diuji dengan uji chi square dengan bantuan program SPSS 23.0.Hasil. Durasi gawai dibagi menjadi ≥3 jam per hari (heavy user) atau <3 jam per hari (light user). Analisis univariat menunjukkan gawai milik orang tua sebesar 83,3% dan pengenalan gawai dilakukan oleh orang tua sebesar 82,4% serta usia rata-rata anak mulai menggunakan gadget adalah 24 bulan. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara heavy user terhadap obesitas (p: 0.038) Kesimpulan. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara durasi penggunaan gawai terhadap status gizi anak usia prasekolah di Kota Pontianak.
Automated 3D Reconstruction of LoD2 and LoD1 Models for All 10 Million Buildings of the Netherlands
Authors: Peters Ravi , Dukai Balázs , Vitalis Stelios , van Liempt Jordi , Stoter Jantien
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we present our workflow to automatically reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) building models based on two-dimensional building polygons and a lidar point cloud. The workflow generates models at different levels of detail (LoDs) to support data requirements of different
applications from one consistent source. Specific attention has been paid to make the workflow robust to quickly run a new iteration in case of improvements in an algorithm or in case new input data become available. The quality of the reconstructed data highly depends on the quality of the
input data and is monitored in several steps of the process. A 3D viewer has been developed to view and download the openly available 3D data at different LoDs in different formats. The workflow has been applied to all 10 million buildings of the Netherlands. The 3D service will be updated
after new input data becomes available.
Generación de una colonia de ratones transgénicos homocigotas K18-hACE2 para la evaluación de candidatos vacunales y terapéuticos contra el SARS-CoV-2
Authors: BERENGENO Andrea , MATILLER Valentina , DIAZ Pablo U. , REBELINDO Enrique , RODRIGUEZ F. M. , ANWEG Ayelen , SILVESTRINI P. , CATTANEO M. L. , PERALTA M. B. , DURANTE L. I. , NOTARO Ulises S. , CAINELLI S. , TABORDA P. , STALDER V. , ETCHEVERS L. , REY Florencia , SALVETTI Natalia R. , ORTEGA Hugo H.
Published: March 2022

EL SARS-CoV-2 es el agente etiológico responsable de la enfermedad COVID-19 que inició una pandemia desde finales de 2019. Existen distintos modelos animales para esta enfermedad siendo el modelo de ratón transgénico K18-hACE2, originalmente desarrollado para el estudio del SARS-CoV-1, de gran relevancia en el contexto actual. Considerando que los ratones se comercializan como hemicigotas y dada la ausencia de ratones homocigotas para el transgén K18-hACE2, el objetivo de este trabajo fue generar una colonia de ratones homocigotas K18-hACE2-Tg/Tg bajo condiciones ambientales controladas. Para la F1 se utilizaron 10 ratones hemicigotas (7 hembras y 3 machos), de 6-8 semanas de edad, provenientes de The Jackson Laboratory (USA). De la F1 se identificaron mediante genotipificación por PCR 78 animales: 62 hemicigotas (Tg/0) y 16 salvajes (0/0). Aquellos animales identificados como transgénicos se cruzaron con ratones C57BL/6J para seleccionar los parentales homocigotas que generaron 100% de hemicigotas en la F2. De 224 crías analizadas, se obtuvieron 7 parentales homocigotas K18-hACE2-Tg/Tg que fueron utilizados para la colonia fundación de ratones homocigotas K18-hACE2-Tg/Tg. El modelo de ratón homocigota K18-hACE2-Tg/Tg desarrollado en este trabajo podrá ser empleado para el estudio de la patogénesis de la enfermedad y la evaluación de posibles terapéuticos contra el SARS-CoV-2
Potensi Bakteri Simbion Endofit Mangrove Avicennia marina sebagai Antifouling
Authors: Sa’adah Nor , Novitasari Alifia Rizky
Published: March 2022

Biofouling is micro-organism and makrofouling attached to the submerged substrate. Prevention of biofouling organism called antifouling.Tributyltin organotin was using to mixture antifouling paint. Antifouling paints containing toxic and environmentally unfriendly. Symbiotic bacteria have secondary metabolites, there are tanin, steroid, and triterpenoid. This research aimed to obtain antifouling bacteria through isolation process of bacteria obtained from the roots of mangrove Avicennia marina, and analyze the bacterial symbiont inhibitory zone of mangrove Avicennia marina as antifouling. The method was beginning with the isolation of bacteria roots of mangrove Avicennia marina, identification of symbiotic bacteria, and the antifouling activity test. Results obtained from the isolation of bacteria, there are 21 symbiotic endophytic on a sample of the inner root, and 15 epiphytic bacteria on a sample of the outer root. Endophytic bacteria inhibition zone test potential as antifouling from mangrove Avicennia marina that was from the root part that inhibitory zone size strong category for> 10 mm. Biofouling merupakan organisme mikro dan makrofouling yang menempel pada substrat terendam. Pencegahan terhadap organisme biofouling disebut antifouling. Antifouling menggunakan campuran cat Tributyltin organotin. Cat antifouling mengandung bahan beracun dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Bakteri simbion memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder, seperti tanin, steroid dan triterpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bakteri antifouling melalui proses isolasi bakteri yang diperoleh dari akar mangrove Avicennia marina dan menganalisis zona hambat bakteri simbion mangrove Avicennia marina sebagai antifouling. Metode yang digunakan diawali dengan isolasi bakteri akar mangrove Avicennia marina, identifikasi bakteri, dan uji aktivitas antifouling. Hasil yang diperoleh dari isolasi bakteri, yaitu 21 bakteri simbion endofit dan sampel akar bagian luar diperoleh 15 bakteri epifit. Uji zona hambat bakteri endofit yang berpotensi sebagai antifouling dari tumbuhan mangrove Avicennia marina yaitu memiliki ukuran zona hambat kategori kuat karena >10 mm.
Expression of regional identity in urban toponomy of major Kosovar cities
Authors: Ejupi Arsim
Published: March 2022

This paper presents the model of identity research using the street names from five major Kosovar cities. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the fact that identity in the urban environment can be determined through the analysis of street names, to uncover the difference in the presence of hodonyms that express regional identity from those that express national identity, and to investigate the presence of urban toponyms of international importance. This paper also aims to examine the relationship between regional identity and ethnic and religious structure, as well as to identify the role of historical-political circumstances at the level of the manifestation of regional identity. We found that the regional identity has been expressed more deeply compared to the national and international hodonyms, which have a lower representation. Although regional hodonyms dominated in all cities that were analyzed, there were differences in the representation of regional hodonyms which were related to personalities, events, or geographical objects that belong to the respective city or surroundings.
Perfiles analíticos pre-configurados en insuficiencia cardiaca: implementación y uso en el Sistema Nacional de Salud Español
Authors: Almenar Bonet Luis , Blasco Peiró Ma Teresa , Laiz Marro Begoña , Camafort Babkowski Miguel , Buño Soto Antonio , Crespo-Leiro Maria Generosa
Published: March 2022

Objetivos

El uso de los perfiles analíticos pre-configurados (PAPs) en el contexto de la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) podría ayudar a realizar un mejor manejo clínico y gestión eficiente del paciente. Los objetivos del estudio son entender el grado actual de implantación de los PAPs en el manejo de la IC en España y conocer la opinión de expertos sobre los mismos, prestando particular atención a los parámetros del metabolismo del hierro.

Métodos

Se recopiló la opinión de expertos en IC en tres fases. FASE 1: nivel de implantación de los PAPs (n=40). FASE 2: ventajas y desventajas de su uso (n=12). FASE 3: grado de conformidad con la composición de tres PAPs específicos de IC (perfil de evaluación inicial, perfil de seguimiento y perfil de novo; n=16).

Resultados

Un 62,5% de los hospitales hacen uso de PAPs para el manejo clínico de la IC, sin encontrarse asociación con su nivel de referencia (p=0,132), localización (p=0,486) o presencia de Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardíaca (p=0,737). Los expertos opinaron que emplear los PAPs en la práctica clínica presenta más ventajas que inconvenientes (8 vs. 3), resaltando los beneficios sobre el diagnóstico. Se identificaron un total de 3 motivaciones y 3 barreras para la implantación de los PAPs. Los expertos valoraron positivamente la composición de los 3 PAPs de IC propuestos.

Conclusiones

La estandarización y homogenización de las pruebas de diagnóstico y seguimiento en los pacientes con IC es un área de mejora en los hospitales españoles analizados, a pesar de que los expertos consultados se han mostrado partidarios de su utilización.
Towards a dynamic behavioral profile of the Mandarin Chinese temperature termre: a diachronic semasiological approach
Authors: Liu Meili
Published: March 2022

This study adopts a corpus-based behavioral profile approach, combining multifactorial usage-feature analysis with frequency-based quantitative analysis, to investigate the diachronic semasiological variation of the Mandarin Chinese temperature term 热re‘hot’. The result shows a dynamic behavioral profile, i.e., both the usage patterns and the semasiological structural weight of senses have been constantly shifting. The semasiology ofrehas been becoming more and more diversified over time. Methodologically, this study extends the traditional behavioral profile approach—hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis by applying multiple correspondence analysis and corroborating its validity in accounting for and visualizing the multifactorial nature of semasiological change of lexical items. Theoretically, the present study not only corroborates basic assumptions of usage-based cognitive semantics (e.g., non-discreteness, non-equality of senses, and bodily experience) but also complements it by demonstrating that sociocultural factors also play an important role in semasiological boundary variation of a lexical item.
Rescue of persons in traffic accidents on roads
Authors: Strohmandl Jan , Tomek Miroslav , Vičar Dušan , Molnár Vieroslav , Mikušová Nikoleta
Published: March 2022

The article deals with traffic accident rates in the Czech Republic and activities of the basic component parts of the integrated rescue system in relation to traffic accident addressing. On the basis of statistical data from the period 2011 to 2018, the purpose of the main component parts of the integrated rescue system in providing aid to victims of traffic accidents is emphasized. A real traffic accident is used to describe the intervention procedure with an emphasis on disentangling individuals from wrecked motor vehicles and provision of pre-hospital emergency care. Assessment of traffic accidents and the methods of their addressing are summed up in proposals for the safe rescue of victims, provision of (first) aid, and elimination of intervention-related complications.
Key competences for Transport 4.0 – Educators’ and Practitioners’ opinions
Authors: Gąsiorek Kamila
Published: March 2022

This study deals with the subject of the Fourth Industrial Revolution; that is, Industry 4.0 or Revolution 4.0 discusses its impact on contemporary road transport and the development of Transport 4.0. The needs of the industry as well as the transport industry change diametrically with the correspondingly sudden and rapid development of technology, as well as the requirements of companies hiring new employees. To meet the future requirements of Revolution 4.0, the vocational training program should undergo a major overhaul. Therefore, it is important to determine what skills and qualifications of employees of transport companies should be currently developed. The study presents fragments of analyses performed as part of the F2J – “Future-Ready Ed Right Skills To Right Job” project, financed by the European Commission under the Erasmus + Program. The main goal of this article is to identify the skills and characteristics of transport companies’ employees that are most required from the point of view of the Revolution 4.0. Both technical and soft skills to be imparted into the human workforce for Transport 4.0 were reported. Study shows the need to address the integration of the concept of Revolution 4.0 into the current education system. The article is based on the analysis of data from highly qualified employees who work in transport companies (practitioners), as well as people involved in education and comprehensive preparation of people for work in the transport industry (educators). A total of 63 people participated in the study.
Enzymatic treatments for improved dyeing of solid wood
Authors: Widsten Petri , Chittenden Colleen , West Mark , Thumm Armin , Donaldson Lloyd
Published: March 2022

Full penetration-dyed solid wood has the advantage that furniture or other items fabricated from it do not require additional painting or staining. However, anatomical barriers along potential dye infiltration pathways may result in unsatisfactory dyeing in terms of depth of dye penetration or colour intensity and uniformity. Dyed wood items, even those intended for interior use, should also possess a certain degree of water fastness. In the present paper, full-thickness dyeing of radiata pine blocks was achieved with fibre-reactive and direct dyes as well as pine tannin. Leaching of the treated blocks in cold water removed excess dye but the target colours were well retained. Pectinase pre-treatment of wood blocks was shown to increase the uptake of fibre-reactive and direct dyes by tracheid cell walls and the uptake of tannin by rays, resin canals, and tracheid lumina. In the case of a direct dye and pine tannin, pectinase treatment markedly increased the intensity of the target colours. Combining tannin with laccase to achieve covalent bonding of tannin to wood lignin was associated with a small, albeit not statistically significant, shift towards the target colour.
Thermodynamic optimizing of the Li–Sn system
Authors: Du Zhenmin , Jiang Zhenquan , Guo Cuiping
Published: March 2022

The Li –Sn system was critically assessed by means of the CALculation of the PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) technique. The solution phases (liquid, body-centered cubic (αLi), body-centered tetragonal (βSn), hexagonal close-packed (βLi) and diamond (αSn)) were modeled with the Redlich-Kister equation. The intermetallic compounds Li7Sn2 and LiSn, which have a homogeneity range, were treated as the formulae (Li, Sn)7Sn2 and Li(Li, Sn) by a two-sublattice model with Li and Sn or Li on the first sublattice, Sn or Li and Sn on the second one, respectively. The others were treated as stoichiometric compounds. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters describing the Gibbs energy of each individual phase in the Li –Sn system was obtained.
Thermodynamic analysis of high-temperature heazlewoodite
Authors: Waldner Peter
Published: March 2022

Experimental data for phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties have been used for thermodynamic analysis of the high-temperature heazlewoodite. A two-sublattice model in the framework of the Compound Energy Formalism is proposed for the Gibbs energy of a second high-temperature heazlewoodite phase around the composition Ni3S4. Optimized model parameters have been obtained which reproduce all data simultaneously within experimental error limits. The Gibbs energy modeling is carried out consistently with the recent assessment by the author of the nickel – sulfur system at 1 bar pressure over the entire composition range for temperatures from 25 °C to above the liquidus.
Effect of various niobium additions on microstructure and mechanical behavior of a NiAl–Cr–Mo eutectic alloy
Authors: Huai Kaiwen , Guo Jianting , Gao Qiang , Yang Rui
Published: March 2022

The microstructure and compressive behavior of the NiAl – 28Cr – 6Mo alloy doped with various amounts of Nb have been investigated. The results show that the microstructure of all Nb-doped alloys mainly consists of three phases, viz. the gray lamellar Cr(Mo) plate, the black NiAl matrix, and Cr2Nb with C14-structure-type 1 Laves phase semicontinuously distributed at the cell boundary. All Nb-doped alloys exhibit relatively good room-temperature compressive ductility and higher yield strength at all temperatures compared to the NiAl – 28Cr – 6Mo eutectic alloy due to the presence of Laves phase. It is found that the NiAl – 28Cr – 6Mo alloy doped with 1 at.% Nb attains the optimum concerning high temperature strength and room temperature ductility.
Phase diagram of the Co–Cu–Ti system at 850 °C
Authors: Xu Honghui , Du Yong , Huang Baiyun , Jin Zhanpeng , Li Shitong , Zhang Xiang
Published: March 2022

The phase equilibria of the Co–Cu –Ti system at 850 °C are investigated using a high-efficiency diffusion couple and six key ternary alloys. The samples are examined by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. At 850 °C, no ternary compound is found. The Ti3Cu phase is a metastable phase. The solubilities of Cu in Ti2Co, TiCo, TiCo2(c) and TiCo3 were determined to be 8.7, 35.8, 2.1, and 5.4 at.%, respectively. And the solubilities of Co in Ti2Cu, TiCu, Ti3Cu4, and TiCu2 were measured to be 6.6, 0.7, 2.4, and 10.2 at.%, respectively. The following 9 three-phase equilibria are observed: (Ti) + Ti2Co + Ti2Cu, Ti2Co + Ti2Cu + TiCo, Ti2Cu + TiCu + TiCo, TiCu + Ti3Cu4 + TiCo, Ti3Cu4 + TiCu2 + TiCo, TiCu2 + TiCo + (Cu), TiCo + TiCo2(c) + (Cu), TiCo2(h) + TiCo3 + (Cu), and TiCo3 + (Co) + (Cu).
Characterisation of short-range order using dislocations
Authors: Pettinari-Sturmel Florence , Douin Joël , Coujou Armand , Clément Nicole
Published: March 2022

The mobile dislocation pile-ups observed during in situ straining experiments have been used as probes to describe the short-range order (SRO) present in the γ phase of nickel-base superalloys. An experimental approach, based on the measurement of the dislocation positions, to characterise the SRO has been developed. This paper focuses on the main results we have obtained on this topic. A quantitative analysis allows to get the chemical forces associated with SRO, and also the SRO degree. For the first time, the energies associated with SRO are evaluated along a dislocation pile-up as a function of temperature. More generally, a description of the SRO is proposed: SRO is seen as a heterogeneous distribution at the micrometer scale of nanometric areas. Another characteristic has been evidenced: the reversible character of the SRO creation.
Between microscopic and mesoscopic descriptions of twin–twin interaction
Authors: Müllner Peter
Published: March 2022

On a microscopic scale, deformation twinning is carried by the motion of twinning disconnections. A disconnection is an interfacial line defect characterized by a Burgers vector, a line vector, and a step vector. The Burgers vector (dislocation component of the disconnection) carries the deformation while the step vector (ledge component) carries the transformation from one twin variant to the other. On a mesoscopic scale, the deformation produced by twinning is a simple shear. A moving disclination dipole provides a mesoscopic model accounting for the twinning shear. Twin – twin interaction processes including the intersection of twins, the formation of structured twins, and the nucleation of cracks, may feature very complex mechanisms when analyzed on a microscopic scale. It turns out, however, that these mechanisms are controlled by the properties of large disconnection groups containing up to 10 000 disconnections and more. These properties are sufficiently well approximated in the disclination dipole model. The disclination model for twin – twin interaction predicts orientation and volume fractions of secondary twins. The model also predicts the nucleation of cracks and crack growth. The disclination model was used to analyze the ductile-to-brittle transition of austenitic steel deformed at low temperature. The mesoscopic disclination model for twinning is successful because it accounts for the properties and mechanisms of disconnection groups.
Influence of the thermoelastic effect on the acoustic properties of pure metals at low temperatures
Authors: Natsik Vassilij , Pal-Val Pavel
Published: March 2022

The influence of the thermoelastic effect on the sound propagation in metals is discussed. A strict description of the effect based on a combined solution of the equations of elasticity and heat conductivity is presented. It is shown that acoustic relaxation resonance caused by the thermoelastic effect can be observed when metal single crystals of high purity are studied by pulse-echo spectroscopy at about 10 K.
Small-angle scattering from spherical particles on randomly oriented interfaces
Authors: Paris Oskar , Aichmayer Barbara , Fratzl Peter
Published: March 2022

Small-angle scattering (SAS) has long been used to study nucleation and growth of particles in solid or liquid matrices. In some special cases, nucleation of particles occurs on interfaces, e. g., grain boundaries in crystalline solids or membranes in a solvent. Clearly, the position of the particles is constrained in this case to a narrow region close to the interface, which leads to correlations between the particles. In the present paper, we derive simple expressions for the analysis of SAS data from particles located on planar interfaces, and compare the analytical approximations with computer simulations.
Ripening of L12 Ni3Ti precipitates in the framework of the trans-interface diffusion-controlled theory of particle coarsening
Authors: Ardell Alan J. , Kim Dongman , Ozolins Vidvuds
Published: March 2022

Data are presented on the kinetics of coarsening of γ′-type Ni3Ti precipitates (L12 crystal structure) in three binary Ni –Ti alloys containing 10.31, 11.84, and 13.72 at.% Ti aged at 720 °C for times up to 64 h. Data on the distributions of particle sizes (PSDs) are also presented. These data, as well as previously published data, are analyzed in light of a new theory of coarsening in which diffusion is controlled by transport through the non-sharp interface between the matrix and precipitate phases. The new theory, called the trans-interface diffusion-controlled (TIDC) theory of coarsening, predicts time (t)-dependent behavior of the type 〈r〉
n
∝ t for the growth of precipitates of average radius 〈r〉 and X
Ti ∝ t–1/n
for the depletion of the solute concentration of the matrix, X
Ti. The exponent n is intimately related to the width of the interface between the precipitate and matrix phases, δ, which is assumed to depend on the particle radius as δ ∝ rm
, where n = m + 2. The shape of the scaled distribution of particle sizes (PSD) depends on n and the thermo-physical kinetic constants are independent of volume fraction. The data on kinetics are evaluated and compared for n = 2.375, determined from analyses of the PSDs, and for n = 3, which is the traditionally accepted value. The agreement between the data on kinetics and predictions of the TIDC theory is acceptable, and the TIDC theory is the only one capable of explaining the experimentally observed absence of an effect of volume fraction on the kinetics at larger volume fractions, and the shapes of the PSDs.
Structure-induced order – disorder transformation in Cd – Na liquid alloys
Authors: Singh R. N. , Ali I.
Published: March 2022

The origins of the S-shaped entropy of mixing and order – disorder transformation in Cd –Na liquid alloys have been investigated within a first-principle approach of a pseudo-potential perturbation scheme with the Gibbs–Bogoliubov variation technique.We find that the deepening of the structure part of the entropy around the stoichiometric composition (c
Na ≈ 0.33) is responsible for the S-shaped entropy and suggests the existence of short-range order in the liquid state. The role of the local-field correction function, G(q), of conduction electrons on the entropy of mixing is examined. The impact of G(q) on partial structure factors is more visible towards low q (q → 0) than at higher q.
Isothermal crystallization behavior of undercooled liquid Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 in terms of crystal growth, overall volume crystallization kinetics and their relation to the viscosity temperature dependence
Authors: Russew Krassimir , Stojanova Liljana , Kovacheva Rositza
Published: March 2022

The crystallization behavior of undercooled liquid Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 metallic alloy has been studied with the aid of differential scanning calorimetry, optical metallography, and electron microscopy methods. The crystallization occurs as a single-stage process starting preferably on the surface of casting voids in the sample volume and on the outer sample cutting planes. The linear crystal growth velocity of crystallizing cells was measured at several constant temperatures in the range 590 –620 K. It is constant at constant temperatures and its temperature dependence is in good agreement with the theoretical concepts of Uhlmann using the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the alloy studied. A differential scanning calorimetry study of isothermal overall volume transformation kinetics of samples pre-annealed at 600 K for 600 s was carried out at several constant temperatures. The experimental data are interpreted on the basis of the equation of Kolmogorov-Avrami-Johnson-Mehl for the case of three-dimensional growth of a fixed number of pre-existing nuclei. The possibility to revitrify the crystallized samples by their melting in differential scanning calorimeter, followed by quick cooling with cooling rate of 5 K τ– 1 is shown. The volume transformation kinetics of revitrified samples has been also studied.
Thermodynamic properties and phase relations of Zn-rich alloys in the system Pt–Zn
Authors: Huang Yongzhang , Richter Klaus W. , Yuan Wenxia , Qiao Zhiyu , Ipser Herbert
Published: March 2022

Zinc vapor pressures over binary Pt–Zn alloys were determined in the composition range from 63 to 84 at.% Zn for temperatures between 840 –1150 K using an isopiestic method. The phase boundaries of four different phase fields in this composition range could be fixed based on the experimental data. Thermodynamic activities and partial molar enthalpies of zinc within these phase fields were derived from the vapor pressure data and the composition dependence of the zinc activity was calculated for 1023 K. The integral Gibbs energy at 1273 K was derived as a function of composition by Gibbs–Duhem integration, combining the activity data of the present investigation with earlier results from the literature.
Metastable phases and nanocrystalline-forming ability (NFA) of melt-quenched Ni-rich (Zr, Hf)–Ni alloys
Authors: Bakonyi Imre
Published: March 2022

In this paper, the basic principles of and some recent advances in rapid solidification are briefly considered, with main emphasis on the formation of single-phase metastable states during meltquenching in Ni-rich Zr –Ni and Hf–Ni alloys. Factors controlling nanocrystalline-forming ability are discussed in detail, with particular view on the preparation of single-phase nanocrystalline alloys by the melt-quenching process.
Thermodynamic assessment of the Ce–O system in solid state from 60 to 67 mol.% O
Authors: Seifert Hans Jürgen , Nerikar Pankaj , Lukas Hans Leo
Published: March 2022

A thermodynamic dataset was developed for the central part of the Ce–O system covering the range between Ce2O3 and CeO2 up to about 2000 K. All literature data for the thermodynamic functions, the phase diagram and crystallography were critically assessed. The modeling of the phases takes into account their crystal chemistry including order – disorder behavior. From the dataset, diagrams were calculated for the (1) heat capacities of CeO2 and Ce2O3, (2) enthalpy increment of CeO2, (3) chemical potentials of oxygen in CeO2–x
, (4) partial enthalpies of oxygen in CeO2–x
, (5) the partial phase diagram of Ce–O and (6) chemical potentials of oxygen in the two-phase areas. These diagrams reproduce fairly well the experimental data from literature.
Microstructure, hardness, and fracture toughness evolution of hot-pressed SiC/Si3N4nano/micro composite after high-temperature treatment
Authors: Šajgalík Pavol , Hnatko Miroslav , Lojanová Štefánia , Lenčéš Zoltán , Pálková Helena , Dusza Ján
Published: March 2022

The grain boundary phases in SiC/Si3N4nano/micro-composite changes with time of high temperature treatment at 1750 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. Stable phases were obtained after 26 hours of annealing. Moreover, the average grain diameter distribution was significantly changed. The hardness and fracture toughness of the SiC/Si3N4nano/micro-composites decreased with the duration of the high-temperature treatment. Both findings can be explained by the different secondary crystalline phases formed during the high-temperature treatment. Phases Si2N2O, Y2SiO5, and Y2Si2O7, typical for the samples treated up to 4 h, were replaced by the YNSiO2phase in the samples treated longer than 26 h. Anisotropy of the measured mechanical properties in different sample cross-sections caused by the Si3N4grain alignment become negligible after long term high-temperature treatment.
High-temperature plasticity of SiC sintered with Lu2O3-AlN additives
Authors: Rixecker Georg , Biswas Koushik
Published: March 2022

SiC ceramics containing Lu2O3–AlN sintering additives were gas-pressure sintered, and creep testing in four-point bending geometry was performed at temperatures between 1200 °C and 1500 °C in air. Compared with the more conventional additive system Y2O3 –AlN, the creep resistance of the Lu2O3-containing ceramics is higher. In particular, strain rates down to 6 ⨯ 10–10 s–1 were measured after 60 h at both 1300 °C/300 MPa and 1400 °C/100 MPa; in no case was steady-state creep reached. Annealing the ceramics at 1950 °C for extended periods of time led to significant changes in the amount and distribution of intergranular phases. However, in contrast to earlier work using Y2O3 –AlN additives, the influence of annealing on the creep resistance was negligible. Compliance testing as a function of temperature was conducted in order to monitor the softening behavior of materials with different additive compositions. In favorable cases, the drop in stiffness was only 12% up to a test temperature of 1450 °C.
Interaction of functionalised surfaces on silica with dissolved metal cations in aqueous solutions
Authors: Majewski Peter
Published: March 2022

The study clearly shows that different metal cations were efficiently removed from water by employing coated silica particles with SO3H-terminated functionalized surfaces. Significant amounts of Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, and K could be removed from natural water samples with different concentrations varying from 0.075 mg/l for Mn up to 12 000 mg/l for Na by stirring the functionalized silica particles in the water samples for 1 h at room temperature. ICP–MS verify the removal of the elements and ToF-SIMS analyses clearly showed the presence of the elements on the particles after the treatment procedure. The removal of the metal cations is believed to be due to electrostatic attraction of the positively charged presumably hydrolysed metal cations to the negatively charged deprotonated SO3H-groups. However, from the current study it can not be excluded that chemisorption of the cations by the SO3H-group may be possible.
Out-of-pile chemical compatibility of Pb–Bi eutectic alloy with Graphite
Authors: Sengupta A. K. , Bhagat R. K. , Laik A. , Kale G. B. , Jarvis T. , Majumdar S. , Kamath H. S.
Published: March 2022

Lead Bismuth eutectic alloy (Pb: 55.5 wt.%, Bi: 44.5 wt.%) is a potential candidate coolant material for high-temperature reactors because of its low melting point (124 °C), high thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and better neutronic properties. Out-of-pile chemical compatibility studies of this coolant with graphite (coolant channel) have been carried out by isothermal annealing of the liquid alloy in a graphite crucible at 800, 900, 1000, and 1100 °C for times ranging from 100 h to 1000 h. Formation of a reaction layer is observed. The growth rate of the reaction layer follows a parabolic law. Reaction layer thicknesses of 61.3 μm and 121 μm are estimated from the growth rate vs. time relation after 1 year and 5 years respectively. The growth of the reaction layer is diffusion-controlled and the activation energy of the reaction is estimated to be 100 KJ/mol.
Kinetic study of the β → α + γ transformation reaction in a CuZnAl alloy
Authors: De Micco Georgina , Bohé Ana Ester , Pasquevich Daniel Miguel
Published: March 2022

In the present work we study the phase transformation reaction of a Cu-20Zn-7Al (wt.%) alloy by isothermal and nonisothermal in situ X-ray diffraction. An effective activation energy for each phase is obtained for the range between 275 and 395 °C. The experimental data are also adjusted with the JMA equations. Finally, we present the TTT (time – temperature – transformation) diagram corresponding to the precipitation of alpha and gamma for the lower temperatures. Below 340 °C, we found for this alloy that the gamma phase precedes the formation of alpha.
Calorimetric investigation of the binary Cu–In system
Authors: Knott S. , Mikula A.
Published: March 2022

Although some investigations of the integral enthalpy of mixing of the binary Cu–In system have already been done, there is a lack of conformity of these data within the literature. Therefore the integral enthalpy of mixing was determined with a Calvet-type calorimeter. The measurements were performed at four different temperatures to determine the temperature dependence of the integral enthalpy of mixing.