bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Gold-Fields of Ballarat, Eureka, and Creswick Creek, Victoria
Authors: Rosales M. Henrique
Published: October 2009

D
uring
the voyage to Australia I carefully studied the Government Reports on the gold-fields; and on my arrival I was greatly disappointed to find that the same regulations were still in force, which entirely precluded the establishment of a regular gold-wash work. I had five men, miners and others, bound to me for two or three years; and all that remained for me to do was to follow the example of others, and try my luck in the gold-lottery, for success under the present system of claims is a mere chance.

We first entered the gold-field of Eureka; but finding that, from the exhaustion of the shallow works, there was only deep-sinking, we proceeded to Creswick Creek, about twelve miles north of Ballarat, where between November and March I have sunk many a hole, some of which proved blanks, others were too poor to pay.

Ballarat, Eureka, and Creswick Creek, although not one goldfield “in law,” belong to the same auriferous tract, geologically speaking.

[On a MS. sketch-map accompanying this memoir, the author has laid down the principal water-courses and ranges for several miles round Creswick Creek, and also Eureka, but not the intermediate country, on account of the distance.]

In the following description I shall confine myself to the auriferous region of the “Ranges,” for the basalt which hems it in on the east and west may be regarded only as a frame to the picture.

The general, character presented by the gold-fields is an undulating surface, with steeper
On the Geology of part of the Peel River District in Australia
Authors: Odernheimer Frederick
Published: October 2009

N
ear
the Dividing Range of Australia, to the east and to the west, igneous rock and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks prevail, together with breccias and conglomerates, composed of both of the preceding kinds. At a greater distance from the Dividing Range, slates, shales, limestone, and grits, belonging, as it appears, to the older carboniferous system, predominate; these are much traversed by, or sometimes regularly interstratified with igneous rocks, and are overlaid at some distance from the Dividing Range by coal-bearing beds, the age of which is yet a matter of controversy.

In the Peel District, of which I shall exclusively speak in the following remarks, true granite occurs but rarely. By becoming much charged with hornblende, it passes into syenite, and this latter, assuming a fine-grained or compact structure, passes into diorite. Porphyritic rocks appear in different places, and have either a granitic base-, felspar- and hornstone-porphyry (felsit-porphyr of the Germans),—or a syenitic or dioritic base. Serpentine is also vastly developed, especially on the Crow-land, or east side of the Peel. Trap or basalt is of less frequent occurrence in the Peel District, and is partly in the form of veins, partly intruded between the strata of sedimentary rock and forming beds parallel to the strata.

In contact with the igneous rocks is a great extent of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, especially silicified slate. The silicification of the sedimentary rocks is a remarkable and very obvious fact, and will nowhere be found to greater amount than in this locality, and all along
Notes on the Geology of New South Wales
Authors: Clarke W. B.
Published: October 2009

T
he
author alludes to the regular succession downwards of—1. Coal-bearing beds; 2. Rocks with “Lower Carboniferous” or “Devonian?” fossils, and with Coal-plants and Coal; 3. Metamorphosed grits and fine conglomerates, derived from granitic and porphyritic rocks, occasionally fossiliferous, and sometimes enclosing calcareous beds. This porphyritic grit and conglomerate the author regards as being referable to Von Humboldt's
Lozero
of Mexico, which underlies the
Grès houiller
of Quanaxato. On the western flanks of the southern part of the New England County there are conglomerates, referable to the base of the Carboniferous rocks of the flanks of the Liverpool Range, which are associated with Devonian? fossils and altered grits and shales full of
Lepidodendron
. 4. The great north and south schistose formations, in which the author has found fossils which he assigns with some doubt to the Silurian epoch. The schists have been broken through, after being metamorphosed, and before the deposition of the superjacent and unconformable grits, by intrusive porphyry.

Mr. Clarke also refers to the existence of fossil fish [of which he has sent “rubbings”] in the upper rocks of Sydney. They have some resemblance to the Permian fish; and, if they be true indication of the Permian character of the beds, “ we are able to show,” says the author, “an unbroken series from the Permian rocks to the representatives of the Old Red (?).”
On the Anthracitic Schists and the Fucoidal Remains occurring in the Lower Silurian Rocks of the South of Scotland
Authors: Harkness R.
Published: October 2009

T
he
Lower Silurians of the South of Scotland, as shown by other authors, constitute the whole of the mountainous region which, lying south of the Firths of Forth and Clyde, forms the Southern Highlands of Scotland, except a small patch at the eastern extremity of Kirkcudbright Bay, which appertains to the Upper Silurians. These Lower Silurians have a prevailing inclination towards the N.N.W., and along their northern margin we have the highest strata developed. At the north-western extremity of the range, near Girvan in Ayrshire, these higher beds consist of limestone and sandstones, abounding in fossils characteristic of the Llandeilo portion of the Lower Silurians. Towards the south deeper-seated strata occur; and as we find no traces of limestone beds in these, fossil remains become rare, the deposits consisting principally of sandstone, with some shales. Among these, however, under certain circumstances, organic remains are met with, more particularly as we approach the lowest portion of the formation.

A locality where these deep-seated strata are well seen is in Glenkiln ‡, in the parish of Kirkmichacl, about nine miles north of Dumfries. Commencing at the entrance of the glen, we find exposed, in the course of the Glenkiln Burn (see fig.) underneath the manse of Kirkmichael, a small patch of bunter-sandstone (?) conglomerate (
a
) abutting against a purple sandstone (1), which forms the lowest portion of the Silurian strata here seen. Similar sandstones or grits (1) make their appearance higher up the stream, and, although partially covered with gravel, form the
Notice of the Occurrence of a Tidal Phænomenon at Port Lloyd, Bonin Islands
Authors: Graves P. W.
Published: October 2009

At Port Lloyd, west side of Peel Island (one of the Arzobispo or Bonin Islands, lat. N. 27° 20′ long. E. 141° 45′, on the morning of the 23rd December, 1854, a sudden rise of tide occurred to the height of 15 feet above high-water mark. It then immediately receded, leaving the reefs entirely bare, and Ten Fathom Hole, in which our vessel was anchored, was turned into a complete whirlpool. The tide continued to rise and fall during the night at intervals of fifteen minutes, gradually lessening in force until evening, when it subsided nearly to its usual level. On the evening of the 25th, the waters were again agitated, and rose to the height of 12 feet, and so continued during the night. On the morning of the 26th the tides became regular.

The force of the reflux was such that the “What Cheer” was dragged from her anchorage, and was carried out of Ten Fathom Hole at the rate of 8 miles an hour, just clearing the rocks which lay only some fifteen feet on each side of her, and barely escaping destruction.

The houses of the residents were more or less injured, and some entirely swept away.

During the whole time of the occurrence of this phænomenon, the sky was clear, the wind light and the barometer at 29·90. There was no apparent oscillation of the earth.

The islands themselves seem to have undergone great changes in former times, being covered with detached boulders and numerous caverns, some of which are of great extent. There are also evidences of the island having been formerly at a lower level (at least to the extent of 50 feet), from the uniform ridges of coral and shells which I observed at that height. Pumice-stone also abounds, and the residents informed me that some years ago the sea was covered with the evidences of volcanic agency, which they said came in from seaward.

I was also told by the residents that these “bores” occurred at intervals of two or three years, but they have never known the tides during such pheenomena to rise over four feet.

Sulphur Island, which is an active volcano, and which lies in lat. N. 24° 48′, long. E. 14l° 13′, is supposed by some to be the cause of these disturbances.
On the Possible Extension of the Coal-Measures beneath the South-Eastern Part of England
Authors: Godwin-Austen R.
Published: October 2009

F
rom
the valley of the Ruhr to that of the Scheldt, near Valenciennes, there extend for 170 miles from east to west a continuous series of productive coal-measures, which are placed on the north edge of a mass or ridge of older formations, the principal part of which is known as the Ardennes. From Valenciennes the coal-beds, covered up by later formations, trend to the north-west, by Douay, Bethune, and St. Omer, to Calais, beneath which last-named place the coal-measures have been met with in boring for water.

Along the Ruhr the coal-measures have a visible breadth of at least sixteen miles, and extend far away beneath the cretaceous deposits of Westphalia. From Aix-la-Chapelle to Namur they contract in width, owing to a series of folds which they have undergone from pressure between the ancient ridge and an isolated tract of palæozoic rocks in Central Belgium to the north, which the author described in detail. From Mons, westward, they expand again,—an important consideration with regard to the speculations in this paper.

The author observed that these speculations mainly rested on the correct restoration of the boundaries of land and water areas in palæozoic times; and remarked that it was not until we ascended as high as the Upper Palæozoic deposits that we met with evidences of definite hydrographical areas; and that many terrestrial surfaces of the Carboniferous period have remained such ever since.
On the Remains of
Dicynodon Tigriceps
, Owen, from South Africa
Authors: Owen
Published: October 2009

I
n
this communication the author described certain vertebræ, the sacrum, the pectoral and pelvic arches, and one of the long bones of the extremities, of a large-sized
Dicynodon
, probably referable to the species
D. tigriceps
, the cranium of which Prof. Owen described in a previous paper. (See above, p. 532.)

These fossils form part of the extensive collection of Saurian remains collected and forwarded to England some years since by A. G. Bain, Esq.

From the indications afforded by the above-mentioned bones of the trunk and limbs, the author concluded that, although the
Dicynodon
was amphibious, and could doubtlessly swim well, it possessed limbs capable of active movements on land, and probably adapted to other uses.
On the Fossil Skull of a Mammal (
Prorastomus Sirenoïdes
, Owen), from the Island of Jamaica
Authors: Owen
Published: October 2009

T
he
subject of the present notice was submitted to me by Henry H. Shirley, Esq.: it was found in Jamaica in a river-course which is composed of red conglomerate and sandstone, overlaid by limestone, differing from the general tertiary carious limestone of the Island and beneath it: the locality is near “Freeman's Hall Estate, between the Parishes of St. Elizabeth and Trelawney, at that central high ground or ridge which forms, as it were, the back-bone of the Island.” (MS. note sent with the specimen.)

The fossil was imbedded in a nodule of hard calcareous shelly rock, which had been broken in pieces: three of the largest of these contain portions of a skull, which, on being partially cleared of the matrix, exhibited the following characters:—

An occipital portion with two condyles, and a tolerably capacious brain-case, showing its mammalian nature (Pl. XV. fig. 1); and a facial portion, figs. 2 & 3, with the fore part of the lower jaw, fig. 4, indicative of an affinity to the Manatee, but with well-marked characters distinctive from any known existing member of the Order
Sirenia.

The foramen magnum is subcircular, a little wider across than vertically; measuring 1 inch across. The condyles are 4 lines apart at their lower ends, with the articular surface divided into two triangular facets, meeting at rather more than a right angle, along an oblique ridge, where the surfaces are continuous. In
Manatus
the occipital foramen is broader across, and the condyles are more uniformly convex
Notice of the Earthquakes at Brussa
Authors: Sandison D.
Published: October 2009

A
fter
a lapse of six weeks since the first great shock, with a succession of others quite harmless, and when confidence was beginning to revive, the inhabitants were panic-struck on the evening of the 11th April, at 8 o'clock, by an earthquake incomparably more terrific and destructive than the former.

By its resistless force, computed of about thirty seconds' duration, almost every stone-building left standing was overturned, or irreparably shattered; and masses of rock falling from the Citadel Cliff overwhelmed a number of houses below in the Jewish quarter, where upwards of twenty persons were killed.

The loss of life in the town is variously computed up to 400 victims, chiefly Turks, but may not exceed 150, as most of the crazy and dangerous dwellings had already been overthrown, and the inhabitants had retired for the night to some kind of lodgings of comparative safety.
On some small Seed-Vessels (
Folliculites Minutulus
, Bronn) from the Bovey Tracey Coal
Authors: Hooker J. D.
Published: October 2009

T
he
remarkable fruit which forms the chief subject of the present communication was first brought under my notice by my lamented friend the late Prof. E. Forbes, who pointed out to me specimens of it in the Museum of the Geological Survey, and entrusted me with a couple for examination. Shortly after having made a complete analysis of these, a very fine series of Bovey Tracey peats and lignites was sent to the Museum of the Royal Gardens of Kew, by Dr. Croker, amongst which were numerous specimens of the same fossil in an excellent state of preservation. An examination of several of these has enabled me to add a little to the analysis which I had previously made, and has confirmed it in all essential points.

As was the case with
Carpolithes ovulum
, there are no fossil vegetable remains accompanying the
Folliculites
that suggest any clue to its botanical affinity. The mass of the lignite appears to be formed of coniferous wood, some in the state of charcoal, and the remainder more or less highly bituminized.

From Dr. Croker's description and accompanying sections † the main body of the formation seems to consist of

1. A bed of peat containing trunks of trees not now found in the immediate neighbourhood, but which appear to me to agree in microscopical character with the common Maple (
Acer campestre
). These are quite fresh and white, and lie in immediate contact with the surface of the uppermost bed of lignite.

2. The upper
On the Boring through the Chalk at Kentish Town, London
Authors: Prestwich J.
Published: October 2009

It is little more than half a century since Artesian wells were brought into use in and around London. The success of the first works led to so rapid an extension of this mode of procuring water that the source of supply, which was from the sands under the London Clay, proved insufficient for the demand. Consequently, in order to obtain a better supply of water, a large number of the wells more recently constructed have been carried down to variable depths into the underlying chalk. Nevertheless, the water-level in the Artesian wells, which, in 1822, rose to the level of Thames high-water-mark, now stands in London at about 50 feet below that level, and continues to fall at the rate of about 1½ to 2 feet annually.
Observations on the Structure and Affinities of Himantopterus
Authors: Huxley T. H.
Published: October 2009

From what has been stated in the preceding pages, it would appear that the following propositions embody all that is at present certainly known with regard to the great structural features of the genus
Himantopterus
.
Description of a Fossil Cranium of the Musk-Buffalo [
Bubalus moschatus
, Owen;
Bos moschatus
(Zimm. & Gmel.), Pallas;
Bos Pallasii
, De Kay;
Ovibos Pallasii
, II. Smith & Bl.] from the “Lower-level Drift” at Maidenhead, Berkshire
Authors: Owen R.
Published: October 2009

The subject of this description was discovered by the Rev. Mr. Kingsley and John Lubbock, Esq., in a gravel-pit close to the engine-house at the Maidenhead Railway Station: the deposit appears to be that called “the lower-level drift.” The specimen was submitted to my inspection by Mr. Lubbock in July 1855, and proved to be the first example of the Buffalo-tribe (
Bubalus
) which had come under my observation from a British locality, and I most heartily welcomed so interesting an accession to the catalogue of British fossil mammals.

The specimen consisted of the cranial part of the skull, from which one condyle of the occiput, and the tip of the left horn-core were broken away; but the characteristic very broad, depressed, approximated, rugged bases of the horns, covering the whole upper surface of the cranium save a narrow median channel, and a portion of the much extended telescopoid orbit at once showed the subgenus to which the fossil belonged.
On the Physical Geography of the Tertiary Estuary of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: October 2009

In this paper were first described the currents due to the action of the tide and stranding surface-waves in an estuary, and the relations between them and the physical geography of the limiting shores. These are such, that, if the direction and character of the currents were known, the physical geography of the area might be inferred within certain limits. After this were explained the various structures produced by currents in strata formed under their influence, from which the direction, velocity, character, and depth of the currents can be ascertained. This was followed by an account of the directions and other peculiarities of the currents indicated in the various sandy and other strata of the tertiary formations at numerous localities in the district under consideration. From thence the author obtains data from which many peculiarities in the physical geography of the coast-lines of the tertiary land and sea in the area now occupied by Hampshire and the Isle of Wight can be deduced. The chief of these characters are that during the tertiary period there was formed a wide estuary of a large river, running from the west towards the east; that the land from which the river came must have been to the north, the west, and south-west, whilst the estuary opened into a tidal sea towards the east; and that at the western part of the Isle of Wight area there existed a considerable shoal.
On the Cryolite of Evigtok, Greenland
Authors: Tayler J. W.
Published: October 2009

The few remarks which I am about to offer relate to the mineral Cryolite, and the nature of the district in which it occurs; and I propose to lay before the Society some observations which the explorations of a rich lead-vein situated in the Cryolite has afforded me the opportunity of making.
Description of Remarkable Mineral Veins
Authors: Ansted D. T.
Published: October 2009

This Memoir was preceded by an introduction, in which the author, after certain definitions, stated the class of facts which he considered it desirable should be recorded by mining engineers in investigating mineral veins, in order that their observations might be available for scientific purposes.
On the Affinities of the large extinct Bird (
Gastornis parisiensis
, Hébert), indicated by a Fossil Femur and Tibia discovered in the Lowest Eocene Formation near Paris
Authors: Owen R.
Published: October 2009

Having made the foregoing observations and comparisons of the tibiæ of recent and fossil birds with that of the
Gastornis
, as much as possible independently of any preconception or bias from previous opinions published as to the nature and affinities of that bird, I propose to review those opinions, commencing with the remarks of M. le Prof. Hébert, who has given a very accurate description of the fossil in question. After rightly pointing out the gradual increase of the transverse over the antero-posterior diameter of the bone as the lower fourth of the shaft approaches the condyles, he remarks:—“Cet aplatissement du tibia est très remarquable et constitue un bon caractère distinctif.” It offers a marked difference as compared with the tibia of the large species of Crane (
Ciconia
), Stork (
Grus
), Bustard (
Otis
), and most Waders, and also from the
Gallinæ
and the
Natatores
, especially in the development of the ridge or angle between the fore and outer surfaces of the bone leading to the outer condyle. The Eagle shows something like this, which is due to the anchylosed lower point of the fibula, which forms the corresponding ridge; the lower third of the tibia in all the great Aquiline birds is proportionally more compressed from before backwards; but the inner side is by no means so thick antero-posteriorly. The correspondence, however, between the
Gastornis
and the
Dinornis casuarinus
in the general form and proportions of the lower end of the tibia is very close; and the same may be said with regard to the
Aptornis
and
Notornis
. The outer ridge is not developed in the
Pezophaps
.
On some Organic Remains from the Bone-bed at the base of the Lias at Lyme Regis
Authors: Dennis
Published: October 2009

In this communication the author drew attention to some peculiar bones and teeth from the Bone-bed which occurs between the Trias and the Lias. Mr. Dennis considered that some of these fossils presented mammalian structure under the microscope. Among the specimens from the Lyme Regis bone-bed, Prof. Owen determined the remains of
Lepidotus
and
Saurichthys
, and also of a fish,
Placodus
, which had not previously been recognized among British fossils.
On the Valenciennes Coal-basin
Authors: Degousée MM. , Laurent
Published: October 2009

We are enabled to give you some particulars relative to the works in the coal-basin of the Departments of the “Nord” and the “Pas de Calais,” on the prolongation of the Belgian coal-basin of Mons. At the end of the last century, France in the north possessed only the mines of Anzin, which were first worked in 1716. This state of things lasted until 1832, when the workings had only extended to Denain. In 1839, the concessions of Douchy, Bruille, Vicoigne, Aniche, Azincourt, and Thivencelles were made. The works of research went on until 1841, at which period the adventurers, discouraged by the numerous fruitless attempts made in the supposed direction of the basin—towards Arras, abandoned them. Six years later, the works undertaken towards the north-west of Douai, in the direction of the present concessions of the “Pas de Calais,” indicated the true direction of the coal-basin, and up to 1854 numerous trial-sinkings, of which many passed through the coal, led to the establishment of nine new concessions. A tenth on the border of the basin is in progress. Two more also have been made this year, one to the north of Douai, the other to the north of Bethune, above Choques, where it is supposed that the bands of dry coal (
faisceau maigre
) end, the coal-basin beyond this place becoming narrower, and representing only the seams of caking-coal in all the concessions to the west.
On the Sandstones and Breccias of the South of Scotland of an age subsequent to the Carboniferous Period
Authors: Harkness R.
Published: October 2009

In a memoir “on the New Red Sandstone of the Southern Portion of the Vale of the Nith,” published in vol. vi. of the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (p. 389), I have given in detail the names of the localities where sections of these strata are exposed, also their dip at the several localities, and the connexion which exists between the different deposits composing what is termed the “New red sandstone” in this neighbourhood.

In describing the area occupied by this sandstone, I have been in error in supposing that, in the locality under notice, there is a connexion between the sandstone-beds of the Vale of the Nith and those of that portion of the Vale of the Annan in which the Corncocklemuir strata occur. A more perfect examination of the Dumfriesshire sandstones induces me to believe that there are five, if not seven distinct areas occupied by these deposits; and that the beds which appear in these several districts have an intimate connexion with each other, and are, for the most part, referable to the same geological age.
On the Palæontological and Stratigraphical Relations of the so-called “Sands of the Inferior Oolite”
Authors: Wright Thomas
Published: October 2009

The calcareous sands which lie between the limestone-beds of the Inferior Oolite, above, and the clays of the Upper Lias, below, have from the time of Dr. William Smith until now been referred to the Oolitic group, and described in books as “the sands of the Inferior Oolite.” These sands exhibit a very uniform lithological character throughout their entire range in England, although they differ much in thickness in different localities, thinning out or even altogether absent in some places, but attaining a considerable development in others; in this respect they do not differ from the great oolitic limestone-beds themselves, forming so important a feature in the geology of Gloucestershire; as those bold mural escarpments of freestone which impart such a picturesque effect to Leckhampton, Birdlip, and Painswick Hills thin out and almost disappear in a run of less than twenty miles from these typical sections. If we trace the so-called “Sands of the Inferior Oolite” from Cheltenham southwards, we find them gradually thickening as we proceed by Crickley, Cooper's, and Painswick Hills, to Beacon, Frocester, and Wotton-under-Edge, where fine sections are exposed. The oolitic limestones, including the pea-grit, upper and lower freestones, and the intervening oolite marl, which are about 190 feet thick at Leckhampton, gradually diminish in thickness near Stroud, and in the neighbourhood of Bath are represented by about 60 feet of freestone, the pea-grit and oolite-marl having entirely thinned out.
On the Probable Origin of the English Channel by means of a Fissure
Authors: Boué M. Ami
Published: October 2009

The author, having met with a published proposal to construct a submarine tunnel across the Straits of Dover, pointed out that it was highly probable that the English Channel had not been excavated solely by water-action, but owed its origin to one of the lines of disturbance which have fissured this portion of the earth's crust; and that, taking this view of the case, the fissure probably still exists, being merely filled with comparatively loose material, and would prove a serious obstacle to any attempt to drive a submarine tunnel which would have to traverse it.
On the Action of Ocean-currents in the Formation of the Strata of the Earth
Authors: Babbage C.
Published: October 2009

In the year 1834 the author communicated to the Society a paper on the Temple of Serapis, at Puzzuoli, near Naples, in the concluding portion of which paper he suggested an explanation of the fact that certain portions of the earth's surface are subject to periodical alternations of elevation and depression, extending through vast periods of time: and the extreme slowness with which certain very fine powders of a heavy substance (emery) subside in water, suggested to the author the vast extent to which very finely divided matter suspended by the Gulf Stream might be spread over the bottom of the Atlantic,—a subject alluded to by him in 1832 in the ‘Economy of Manufactures.’

Some years afterwards, looking for better explanations of the phænomena of outliers and the folding and inversion of strata than he had hitherto met with, Mr. Babbage reverted to the consideration of sedimentary deposition. Hence the origin of the present communication.

In the first part of this paper the author traced out the laws which regulate the distribution of very finely divided earthy matter, borne outwards from river-mouths and sea-cliffs into the ocean-currents, over extensive areas. The time that a particle of matter requires to fall through a given distance in a resisting medium depends—

1st.

On the specific gravity of the particle itself.

2nd.

On its greater or less magnitude.

3rd.

On its form.

4th.

On the law of the resistance of the medium through which it falls.
On the Movement of Land in the South Sea Islands
Authors: Sawkins James Gay
Published: October 2009

Tongataboo, one of the Friendly Islands, was visited a few months previous to my sojourn there in 1854 by an earthquake, when the north-east portion of it was tilted down to an inclination sufficient to produce an encroachment of the sea for nearly two miles inland, gradually diminishing to the south-eastern shore as far as Nukualofa, where it now washes the roots of a tree that grew within a garden adjoining a house that has been entirely destroyed. The western coast has visibly risen some feet, and a spring of water has sunk below the surface.

The island is formed of coral; there is no appearance of volcanic intrusion through it; but there have been disturbances that have elevated some parts as high as 116 feet, with a good depth of vegetable soil on them, which in the low land assumes the form of peat, emitting under the rays of the sun strong humic acid.
On a Section near Mont Blanc
Authors: Charters S.
Published: October 2009

On looking over an old note-book I found a Section which satisfies me that Mr. D. Sharpe is correct in the view he has taken of the cleavage. I send you a copy of it, which, if you have an opportunity, you may show him,—not that the observations of so unscientific a geologist as I am can have any weight, but it may be satisfactory to him, now that his paper has been attacked, to see that the difference between cleavage and stratification, as exhibited at Mont Lacha, attracted the attention of such a mere
dilettante
as myself, now five years ago,—and that I scouted the idea of strata plunging under the igneous rock that had upheaved them; and that, until I had made out the cleavage of Mont Lacha, I had attributed the anomaly to reversal.
On the Geology of Varna and its Vicinity, and of other parts of Bulgaria
Authors: Spratt T.
Published: October 2009

Capt. Spratt first noticed a series of whitish calcareous sandstones and marls, seen on the Bulgarian coasts; these are nearly 1000 feet thick, and are overlaid by reddish sands and marls. The former are of marine origin and of Eocene tertiary date; the latter are chiefly of freshwater origin. Near Varna the freshwater beds have been much denuded, and are not anywhere more than 200 feet thick. At Cape Aspro, fifteen miles south of Varna, both of the series—the grey and the red deposits—are seen disturbed and dipping to the south, but unconformably, one series (the lower) having an angle of 30°, whilst the upper dips at 20°. At Cape Emineh, south of Cape Aspro, and forming the termination of the Balkan, these beds are still more disturbed and dip to the north. Capt. Spratt then described the geological appearances along the coast southward. At the Gulf of Bourgas and in the vicinity are igneous rocks, and deposits formed from their waste. Granite occurs on the southern point of the bay.
On the Fossils found in the Chalk-flints and Greensand of Aberdeenshire
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

A notice of the occurrence of chalk-flints and greensand in Aberdeenshire has been published by W. Ferguson, Esq., F.G.S., in the Proceed. Glasgow Phil. Soc. vol. iii. p. 33, and the Phil. Mag. 1850, p. 430, and some of the facts had been previously noticed; but no lists of the fossils had been given.

This communication showed the presence of characteristic Upper Greensand fossils in the low ground at Moreseat:
Thetis minor, Arca carinata, Pinna tetragona
, and
Galerites castanea
; with other species, some of them new.

Among the Chalk fossils,
Lima elegans
of Nilsson is a new fossil to Britain, and is found with the ordinary
Inocerami
and
Echinites
of the Chalk in the rolled flints which form terraces round the hills in Aberdeenshire. The probable continuity, therefore, of these beds with those of the south of Sweden, where the same order of succession prevails, is inferred; the extension of the Upper Greensand so far north is a point of much interest.
On the Affinities of the
Stereognathus ooliticus
(Charlesworth), a Mammal from the Oolitic Slate of Stonesfield
Authors: Owen Professor
Published: October 2009

The Rev. J.P.B. Dennis, F.G.S., lately did me the favour to place in my hands, for examination, the portion of jaw with teeth, imbedded in the oolitic slate of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, which he had, two years before, submitted to Mr. Charlesworth of York, by whom the fossil was introduced to the notice of the Geological Section of the British Association at the meeting at Liverpool in 1854.

The portion of bone exposed to view is about 9 lines in extent, and is part of a ramus of the lower jaw, containing three molar teeth (Pl. I. figs. 1 & 2).
On the Correlation of the Eocene Tertiaries of England, France, and Belgium
Authors: Prestwich J.
Published: October 2009

In my paper of June 1854 I expressed an opinion that the lower members of the Sables Inférieurs of France,—the Landenian and Lower Ypresian Systems of Belgium,—and the Thanet Sands, Woolwich series, and London Clay of England, formed a natural and well-marked geological division of the Eocene Tertiaries, to which, as their development is most complete in this country, I proposed the term of the “London Tertiary Group.”

Above this group commences a new order of things; the rich fauna of the Calcaire grossier extends over the French, Belgian, and English areas, accompanied by a profuse exhibition of nummulites—a feature the more marked from the absence of these Foraminifera in the underlying London Group. For this next overlying series I have proposed the name of the “Paris Tertiary Group”.

The commencement of the Paris Group is in England represented by the unfossiliferous Lower Bagshot Sands, in Belgium by the partially fossiliferous Upper Ypresian System, and in France by the nummulite-bearing Lits coquilliers and associated sands of M. D'Archiac, or the Glauconie moyenne of M. Graves. With the evidence bearing on the synchronism of these beds I concluded my former paper, and I now propose to consider the exact correlation we should assign to the Bracklesham Sands and to the Barton Clay.
On the Volcanic Eruption at Hawaii in 1855–56
Authors: Weld F. A.
Published: October 2009

You have done me the honour to say that any notes I could furnish concerning my visit to the Hawaiian volcanos, during the great eruption of 1855–56, would be of interest, unfortunately they can be only the reminiscences of an observer, not the researches of a scientific man; but, such as they are, I place them at your service.

I landed in the Sandwich Islands in October 1855, with the Hon. J. F. Stuart Wortley, in the island of Maui; and, hearing of the great eruption of Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawaii, we lost no time in proceeding thither by the earliest opportunity that offered itself.

On the north-eastern coast, gradually rising from the clumps of cocoa-nut palms on the beach, sloping tracts of light-red volcanic soil and scoriæ, intersected by ravines, and partially covered with grass and wild indigo, led the eye up to the forests that clothe the mountain-sides. Three principal summits, Mauna Kea (13,800 ft.), Mauna Loa (the “Great Mountain,” 13,700 ft.), and Mauna Hualalei (10,000 ft.), rose above the forests and upland-valleys, not, however, with that sharp-cut rugged angularity of form usual in volcanic regions, but rather rounded and swelling in their outline. Mauna Loa, almost in the centre of the island, appeared, from its size and distance, perfectly smooth and gently rounded. A little below its summit, two jets of smoke marked the craters of the recent eruption. The whole view was imposing, calm, and grand.
On the Volcanic Eruptions in Hawaii
Authors: Coan Titus
Published: October 2009

This communication is a letter addressed to and transmitted by Mr. Miller, H.M. Consul-General at Woahoo. It describes some remarkable volcanic eruptions in the Island of Hawaii (Owhyhee), of which Mr. Coan was an eye-witness, during the last sixteen years; and includes an account of the great eruption of 1855–56. Mr. Coan has been the Resident Protestant Missionary at Hilo for twenty-one years; and was attending at the Annual Meeting in Honolulu when he wrote his letter.

In a despatch from Mr. Miller, dated July 30, 1856, the eruption in Hawaii is stated to be still active; and a copy of ‘The Pacific Commercial Advertiser’ newspaper, accompanying this despatch, contains a further notice of the eruption, which will be quoted in the sequel.
On the Occurrence of an Earthquake at Rhodes
Authors: Campbell R.
Published: October 2009

This communication referred to the severe shock of earthquake which was felt at the Island of Rhodes on the 12th October at about 3 o'clock A.M. It lasted for nearly two minutes, and was accompanied with great destruction of life and property. Its first motion was vertical, the second horizontal, and the third vertical. The shock was severe in the adjacent islands of Halki, Scarpantos, and Cassos; and was slightly felt in the island of Symi; it caused much damage also at Marmarizza on the coast opposite.
On the Analysis of Waters from the Turko-Persian Frontier
Authors: Richardson Thomas , Browell E. J. J.
Published: October 2009

The following is a report on six samples of water from the Lake of Van, the small Lake of Ardchck, situated to the east of the former, and their vicinity, not far south-west of Ararat. They were brought home by Mr. W. Kennett Loftus.
On two Silurian Species of Acidaspis, from Shropshire
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

I Take the opportunity afforded by my friend Dr. Thomson's paper, to add a figure to his plate, and a notice of two species, which will help to complete the account of the genus. They have been previously quoted in the second edition of Morris's Catalogue; but one has not been figured, and the other not described.
On some Fossiliferous Ironstone occurring on the North Downs
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

Besides a drift of red loam with flints, and the few local outliers of lower tertiary sands and pebble-beds, there are scattered on the summit of the North Downs from Folkestone to Dorking a few masses of sand, gravel, and ironstone, which present a certain regularity of structure and uniformity among themselves, and are clearly different from and of a later age than the outliers of eocene tertiaries on the same hills. Mr. Prestwich had long been acquainted with these ferruginous sands near Vigo Hill, where they are about 20 feet thick; and at Paddlesworth and other places near Folkestone, where they are even better developed; but though the ironstone fragments derived from these beds are frequently found dispersed about the Downs, it was long before he met with any fossils in these beds, with the exception of a piece of fossil wood pierced by
Teredo
, and an obscure cast of a bivalve shell, near Paddlesworth.
On the Copper-mines of Namaqualand
Authors: Rubidge R. N.
Published: October 2009

At the instance of a Mining Company, in 1854, Dr. Rubidge went to Namaqualand to report upon its metal-producing capabilities.

He found that the conditions under which the metalliferous rocks occurred there differed from any which he had previously known or read of, and that they did not take the character of “lodes,” as usually understood. On the contrary, he found that all the “runs of ore” in the southern portion of the district visited had the following characters in common, as described in his letter.
Palichthyologic Notes. No. 9. On some Fish-remains from the neighbourhood of Ludlow
Authors: de Malpas Grey Egerton Philip
Published: October 2009

At the request of Sir Roderick Murchison I have undertaken the examination of some specimens of Fossil Fishes, discovered by Mr. Salwey and Mr. Lightbody—by the former in the Old Red Sandstone of Acton Beauchamp, and by the latter in the Upper Bonebeds in the neighbourhood of Ludlow. I have performed this task with some reluctance, in consequence of the scanty number and defective condition of the specimens submitted to examination, being strongly impressed with the inconvenience which results from the attempt to define genera and species upon insufficient data, the characters so expressed being liable hereafter to alteration or modification, as our knowledge of the subject becomes enlarged by the discovery of more perfect materials.

It is no less fortunate than singular that, concomitant with the earliest discovery of Cephalaspid remains in England, the contemporaneous beds in Scotland should have furnished the clue to their true character; it is still more singular, but less fortunate, that, although so many years have elapsed since Professor Agassiz first recognized their Ichthyic affinities, and although so many zealous and talented explorers have since been ransacking the English localities, so far as I am aware, not one single specimen has been brought to light which would have enabled even that distinguished naturalist to pronounce a positive opinion as to its place in the scale of nature.
Note on the Relative Position of the Strata, near Ludlow, containing the Ichthyolites described by Sir P. Egerton
Authors: Murchison Roderick
Published: October 2009

The localities near Ludlow which afforded the fossil fishes described by Sir P. Egerton were examined by me in July 1856, accompanied by Mr. Lightbody, Professor Ramsay, Mr. Salter, and Mr. Aveline; and the relations of the strata were briefly explained in a notice offered to the British Association at the Cheltenham Meeting. As the abstract of that communication, published in the ‘Athenæum,’ was somewhat inaccurate, and does not convey my matured opinion, I here first place on record the statement which I intend to publish in a second edition of my work ‘Siluria.’
On the Species of Mastodon and Elephant occurring in the fossil state in Great Britain. Part I. Mastodon
Authors: Falconer H.
Published: October 2009

On a review of the various facts and considerations discussed in the preceding pages, it seems clear that the Mammalian fauna of the Fluvio-marine Crag is of a Pliocene age. The undoubted association of
M.
(
Tetraloph.
)
Arvernensis
and of
E.
(
Loxodon
)
meridionalis
in this deposit admits of no other inference. The mixed contents of the Red Crag, including mammalian remains of different strata from the Eocene period upwards, are inferred to have been deposited in the reconstructed strata also within the Pliocene period, since
M.
(
Tetraloph
)
Arvernensis
, which occurs so abundantly in the Red Crag, has not been met with anywhere on the Continent of Europe except in deposits of a Pliocene age. The Red Crag sea appears to have breached a previously established and populated Pliocene land, and to have buried the bones referable to various epochs in the same sea-bottom.
Description of a New Fossil Crustacean (
Tropifer lævis
, C. Gould) from the Lias Bone-bed
Authors: Gould Charles
Published: October 2009

Crustacean remains from this Bone-bed, and indeed from the Lias itself, are so rare, that I feel no apology is necessary for introducing to the notice of the Society this small Decapod, which has been kindly lent to the Geological Survey by E. Higgins, Esq., of Birkenhead.
Description of a New Crustacean (
Pygocephalus Cooperi
, Huxley) from the Coal-Measures
Authors: Huxley
Published: October 2009

The following account of a very remarkable new Crustacean has been drawn up from the examination of three specimens, two of which are the property of R. S. Cooper, Esq., of Bilston, while the third belongs to the Manchester Museum. The last-mentioned is the most perfect, and may therefore he conveniently described first, as No. 1 (Pl. XIII. fig. 1).

It was obtained from the coal-shales at Medlock Park Bridge, and consists of an ironstone-nodule split into two pieces, a larger and a smaller. The face of the latter exhibits a relief of the fossil, while the opposed surface of the larger piece presents the corresponding cast. Exclusive of the appendages, what we may call the body of the fossil (fig. 1
a
) measures about
1 1/3
inch in length, and has a width of rather more than
5/8ths
of an inch at its widest part.

The one end of the body (fig. 1
b
,
c
) is much broader than the other, and has the form of a semicircular disk, the base of the semicircle forming the widest part of the body, and being about half an inch distant from the summit of its curve.
On the Oolite Rocks of Gloucestershire and North Wilts
Authors: Buckman James
Published: October 2009

The object of the present paper is to

point out the general geological characteristics of the different members of the Oolite rocks, as they occur in the Cotteswold Hills, and as regards the extension of the higher beds into parts of North Wilts.

This will be done mainly with the assistance of two
surveyed sections
which were made purposely for this paper; one extending from the Vale of Gloucester through the bold Cotteswold scarp at Birdlip to the Chalk Hills in Wiltshire, in nearly a straight line from the N.E. to the S.W., to which is added a deviation to Swindon (Pl. VII.); the other from Cirencester, over the Oolitic wolds, and on through the Vale of Moreton to Shipton-on-Stour, in a direction nearly north and south.
On the Upper and Lower Boulder-Clays of the Gorlston Cliffs in Norfolk
Authors: Trimmer Joshua
Published: October 2009

D
uring
a recent visit to Norfolk, my friend, the Rev. Mr. Gunn, kindly drew my attention to a fact which cleared up some anomalies that had previously perplexed me while adopting the classification of previous observers respecting the tertiary deposits of the district, which are more ancient than the Boulder-clay.

The new fact then brought to my notice, while it removes those anomalies, confirms the views which I published in 1847 of the boulder-clay being the littoral deposit of an arctic sea advancing over sinking land†.

It appears that in the Gorlston Cliffs there are two boulder-clays separated by a mass of sand, which, on the authority of Woodward, has hitherto passed for the Crag, a term which has now become as indefinite as that of “drift” or “drifts.” The lower boulder-clay is the tailing-off of that so well known for its blocks of Scandinavian origin, and which extends over the north of Europe and into the eastern side of England. The upper boulder-clay is characterized by an abundance of oolitic detritus. I had traced these oolitic boulders over the south of Norfolk to the point at which they crossed the chalk-ridge of the S waffham Downs at Lopham Ford, and I had supposed that the oolitic and the Scandinavian erratics met on the same level; whereas Mr. Gunn's observations establish the fact that the former overlaps the latter, with a mass of sand interposed. In my examination of Norfolk during the three years preceding 1847, I had bestowed only