bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIVE ROBOT — BUGNOID
Authors: DOI MASATAKA , SUZUKI KENJI , HASHIMOTO SHUJI
Published: April 2004

A communicative robot — BUGNOID — which integrates various sensory data and behavior modules is introduced with some experimental results. To achieve flexible communication with humans, the robot has a multi-modal interface with diverse channels of communication. Moreover, the robot can create an environmental map and recognize its environment taking human behavior into account with the aim of co-existing with humans.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole and Polythiophene in Supercritical Trifluoromethane
Authors: Atobe Mahito , Ohsuka Hisashi , Fuchigami Toshio
Published: April 2004

Supercritical trifluoromethane (scCHF3) has been used as an electrolytic medium for the electrooxidative polymerization of pyrrole and thiophene; both monomers could be electropolymerized apparently faster in scCHF3 than in the coventional organic media like an acetonitrile solution, and the obtained films had highly-regulated structure.
Noncatalytic Disproportionation and Decarbonylation Reactions of Benzaldehyde in Supercritical Water
Authors: Nagai Yasuharu , Matubayasi Nobuyuki , Nakahara Masaru
Published: April 2004

In supercritical water at 400 °C and 0.5 g/cm3 (37 MPa), benzaldehyde is decomposed into benzene and CO at a yield of 16% in 4 h; the latter is considered to be further converted into formic acid in the reaction condition. The decomposition competes against two types of disproportionation reactions. One is cross-disproportionation between benzaldehyde and formic acid, leading to the formation of benzyl alcohol and CO2. The other is self-disproportion of benzaldehyde where benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid are equally generated. The weight of the cross-disproportionation is larger than that of the self-disproportionation. As a result, the yield (6.6%) of benzyl alcohol is ≈2.5 times as large as that of benzoic acid.
Preparation of Zwitterionic Polymethacrylamide Modified with l-Lysine and Its Effect on Fibrinolytic Activity
Authors: Shiraishi Kohei , Kohta Masushi , Sugiyama Kazuo
Published: April 2004

Zwitterionic polymethacrylamides, poly(Nα-methacrylamide-l-lysine) [poly(α-LysMA)] and poly(Nε-methacrylamide-l-lysine) [poly(ε-LysMA)] were prepared to examine their bioactivity by an evaluation of fibrinolytic activity and a binding assay using resonant mirror biosensor (IAsys). Poly(α-LysMA) enhanced the fibrinolytic activity by plasminogen/tissue-type plasminogen activator while no enhancement was observed in the case of poly(ε-LysMA). A strong interaction between Plg to poly(α-LysMA) was also observed by IAsys when compared with poly(ε-LysMA).
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Thermal Gas-Phase Reaction between NO2 and Perfluoropropene
Authors: Romano R. M. , Czarnowski Joanna
Published: April 2004

The reaction of NO2 with perfluoropropene (C3F6) has been studied at 413.1, 421.0 and 432.8K, using a conventional static system. The initial pressure of NO2 was varied between 43.6 and 204.0Torr and that of C3F6 between 10.2 and 108.5Torr. Several experiments were made adding CF4, varying its pressure from 338.8 to 433.6Torr. Four products were observed: NO and perfluoropropene oxide (PFPO), formed in equivalent amounts, CF3CF(NO2)CF2NO2 and CF3C(O)CF2NO2. The relation R=[PFPO]/([CF3CF(NO2)CF2NO2] + [CF3C(O)CF2NO2]) increases with temperature and decreases as the concentration of NO2 and the total pressure M increase. The yields of PFPO, based on the amount of C3F6 consumed, varied between 63 and 89% and those of CF3CF(NO2)CF2NO2 between 0.33 and 0.08%. Increasing the temperature, the yields of CF3C(O)CF2NO2 decreased from 0.04 to 0.01%. The reaction is homogenous and the consumption rate of perfluoropropene, −d[C3F6]/dt= k
1[C3F6][NO2], is independent of the total pressure. The following mechanism is postulated to explain the experimental results: 1) C3F6 + NO2 → CF3C•FCF2NO2, 2) CF3C•FCF2NO2 → PFPO+NO, 3) CF3C•FCF2NO2 + NO2+M → CF3CF(NO2)CF2NO2+M, 4) CF3C•FCF2NO2 + NO2 → CF3C(O)CF2NO2+FNO. k
1=(4.57±1.4)×106exp(−(15.44±1.2) kcal mol−1/RT) dm3mol−1s−1. The value of k
2, the rate constant for the unimolecular dissociation of the radical CF3C•FCF2NO2, was found to be of order of 1014s−1.
The Elections of 1809: Transforming Political Culture in New Spain
Authors: Benson Nettie
Published: April 2004

In the face of French occupation, the people of Spain in 1809 organized a Junta Suprema Central y Gubernativa del Reino (Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom) to represent all the Spanish Monarchy, including the American territories, to coordinate resistance against the French and to sustain and finance the Monarchy in the absence of the Spanish king. Elections of representatives to the Junta Central were held throughout the Spanish world during the year. This article relates the processes and results of the elections in New Spain and examines their importance in the development of a democratic political culture in pre-independence Mexico.
¿Hacia una nueva síntesis del pasado colonial mexicano?
Authors: Carmagnani Marcello
Published: April 2004

Reviews of: Mexico. From the Beginning to the Spanish Conquest. By Alan Knight; Mexico. The Colonial Era. By Alan Knight; Hacia el ser histórico de México. Una Reinterpretación de la Nueva España. By Jaime E. Rodríguez O. y Colin M.McLachlan; El mundo novohispano: Población, ciudades y economía, siglos XVII y XVIII. By Manuel Miño Grijalva.
Cyclospora: Review of an Emerging Parasite
Authors: Brown Gigi H. , Rotschafer John C.
Published: April 2004

Cyclospora is a parasite traditionally associated with diarrhea in travelers to endemic countries. Recently, several cases of cyclosporiasis were reported in nontravelers in the United States and Canada, implicating various fruits and vegetables as vehicles of infection. The life cycle of cyclospora is not fully known, but is believed to involve both asexual and sexual stages of proliferation. Food‐ and water‐borne transmission of infection have been implicated. Patients infected with Cyclospora cayetanensis have protracted watery diarrhea. Various generalized symptoms are also present, making cyclosporiasis indistinguishable from infectious diarrhea caused by other microorganisms. Diagnosis depends on identifying the organism by microbiologic examination of stool samples. Treatment consists of supportive care, maintenance of fluid and electrolyte status, symptomatic relief, and antibiotic therapy. Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole is the only antibiotic available that is effective in eradicating the organism.
Pharmacologic and Bacteriologic Properties of SCH‐27899 (Ziracin), an Investigational Antibiotic from the Everninomicin Family
Authors: Foster David R. , Rybak Michael J.
Published: April 2004

SCH‐27899 is an investigational antibiotic from the everninomicin family, a group of oligosaccharide antibiotics produced by Micromonospora carbonacea. Information regarding the pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and toxicity of this agent was obtained from a MEDLINE search and a review of abstracts presented at recent scientific meetings. SCH‐27899 has in vitro bacteriostatic activity against a wide variety of gram‐positive organisms, including highly resistant organisms such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin‐intermediate‐sensitivity S. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae (both penicillin‐susceptible and ‐nonsusceptible), and vancomycin‐resistant enterococci. In vitro data, animal studies, and preliminary human studies indicate that it is effective and fairly well tolerated. Its place in therapy remains to be determined, and clinical trials continue.
Therapeutic Range of Digoxin's Efficacy in Heart Failure: What Is the Evidence?
Authors: Terra Steven G. , Washam Jeffrey B. , Dunham Gary D. , Gattis Wendy A.
Published: April 2004

Clinical studies have solidified the utility of digoxin in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and normal sinus rhythm. No definitive data have been published to clarify the range of serum digoxin concentrations associated with clinical benefit. The traditional therapeutic range of 0.8–2.0 ng/ml was developed originally to classify digoxin toxicity, not efficacy. In addition, this reference range was used before publication of the Digitalis Investigators Group trial. Clinical and neurohormonal studies have attempted to characterize serum concentrations that are associated with clinical efficacy.
A Review of Interleukin‐2 Receptor Antagonists in Solid Organ Transplantation
Authors: Berard Jennifer L. , Velez Rebecca L. , Freeman Richard B. , Tsunoda Shirley M.
Published: April 2004

Daclizumab and basiliximab, engineered human IgG monoclonal antibodies to the interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) receptor α‐subunit, were approved to prevent acute rejection after rnal transplantation. Daclizumab was studied in adult and pediatric renal allograft recipients, liver allograft recipients, and calcineurin‐sparing protocols in renal transplant recipients. Basiliximab was studied in renal allograft recipients and subgroups of recipients of living‐related and cadaveric transplants, and in patients with diabetes mellitus. Both agents reduced acute rejection and were associated with few adverse effects. However, information regarding their long‐term effects on infection, malignancy, chronic rejection, and patient survival must be available before a final decision is made regarding their proper administration. We propose that a likely role the drugs will play in the field of solid organ transplantation is in new protocols that allow sparing of other more toxic immunosuppressive agents.
Medical Options for Treating Crohn's Disease in Adults: Focus on Antitumor Necrosis Factor‐α Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Wall Geoffrey C. , Heyneman Catherine , Pfanner Timothy P.
Published: April 2004

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can present with symptoms throughout the gastrointestinal system. Though the etiology of Crohn's disease is unknown, genetic and environmental factors seem to play a role. An imbalance of proinflammatory versus antiinflammatory cytokines is responsible for many of the symptoms. Tumor necrosis factor α, a potent proinflammatory cytokine, plays a particularly important role. Several treatment modalities for Crohn's disease exist, recently including antitumor necrosis factor chimeric monoclonal antibody (cA2). Treatment for Crohn's disease, including data on the safety and efficacy of cA2, will be reviewed.
Acetic Anhydride and Mixed Fatty Acid Anhydrides
Authors: Held Heimo , Rengstl Alfred , Mayer Dieter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Acetic Anhydride1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.2.1.Acetylation1.2.2.Dehydration1.2.3.Reactions of theα‐Protons1.2.4.Reactions of a Single Carbonyl Group1.2.5.Production of Silver Ketenide1.3.Production1.3.1.Ketene Process1.3.1.1.Production of Ketene1.3.1.2.Reaction of Ketene with Acetic Acid1.3.1.3.Pure Anhydride Distillation1.3.1.4.Environmental Problems1.3.2.Oxidation of Acetaldehyde1.3.3.Carbonylation of Methyl Acetate1.4.Analysis1.5.Quality Specifications1.6.Storage and Transportation1.7.Uses2.Mixed Fatty Acid Anhydrides2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Uses3.Economic Aspects4.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Adipic Acid
Authors: Musser Michael Tuttle
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Nitric Acid Oxidation of Cyclohexanol4.2.Butadiene‐Based Routes4.3.Other Routes5.Byproducts6.Quality Specifications7.Storage and Transportation8.Derivatives8.1.Adiponitrile8.2.Other Derivatives9.Uses10.Economic Aspects11.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Cyclopentadiene and Cyclopentene
Authors: Hönicke Dieter , Födisch Ringo , Claus Peter , Olson Michael
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Cyclopentadiene and Dicyclopentadiene1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Production1.4.Uses2.Cyclopentene2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Uses3.Toxicology
Electrochemical and Chemical Deposition
Authors: Durney Lawrence J.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Glossary of Terms

3.

Protection Against Corrosion

4.

The Plating Process

4.1.

Design for Plating

4.2.

Control

4.3.

Impurities

4.4.

Inspection

5.

Substrate Preparation

5.1.

The Nature of the Adhesive Bond

5.2.

The Part Preparation Cycle

5.3.

Preparation of Specific Substrates

5.3.1.

Steel

5.3.2.

Cast and Malleable Iron

5.3.3.

Copper and Copper Alloys

5.3.4.

Zinc

5.3.5.

Aluminum

5.3.6.

Magnesium

5.3.7.

Stainless Steel

5.3.8.

Nickel

5.3.9.

Nonmetallic Substrates

6.

Equipment

6.1.

Tanks

6.2.

Power Supply

6.3.

Heating Equipment

6.4.

Ventilation

6.5.

Filters

6.6.

Agitation

6.7.

Water Supply

6.8.

Racks

6.9.

Waste Disposal

6.10.

Site Location

6.11.

Layout

7.

Stripping of Deposits

8.

Specific Deposits and Plating Solutions

8.1.

Aluminum Deposits

8.2.

Antimony and Arsenic Deposits

8.3.

Cadmium Deposits

8.4.

Chromium Deposits

8.5.

Cobalt Deposits

8.6.

Copper Deposits

8.7.

Gallium Deposits

8.8.

Germanium Deposits

8.9.

Gold Deposits

8.10.

Indium Deposits

8.11.

Iron Deposits

8.12.

Lead Deposits

8.13.

Manganese Deposits

8.14.

Nickel Deposits

8.15.

Niobium Deposits

8.16.

Rhodium Deposits

8.17.

Silver Deposits

8.18.

Tin Deposits

8.19.

Zinc Deposits

9.

Specific Alloy Deposits

9.1.

Chromium Alloys

9.2.

Copper Alloys ‐ Brass Plating

9.3.

Gold Alloys

9.4.

Lead Alloys

9.5.

Nickel Alloys

9.6.

Tin Alloys

9.7.

Zinc Alloys and Other Alloys

10.

Nonelectrolytic Deposits

10.1.

Immersion Deposits

10.2.

Noncatalytic Chemically Reduced Coatings

10.3.

Catalytic Electroless Plating

11.

Chromating

12.

Oxide Coatings

12.1.

Immersion

12.2.

Electrolytic Oxidation

12.2.1.

Aluminum

12.2.2.

Magnesium

12.2.3.

Titanium

12.3.

Colors of Oxide Layers

13.

Testing of Electrodeposited Coatings

13.1.

Quality Control

13.2.

Thickness Testing

13.2.1.

Destructive Testing

13.2.2.

Nondestructive Testing

13.3.

Adhesion Tests

13.4.

Corrosion Testing

13.5.

Other Tests
Emulsions
Authors: Heusch Rudolf
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Definitions2.Properties of Emulsions2.1.Droplet Formation2.2.Enveloping of the Droplet Surface2.3.Electrical Charge of Emulsion Droplets2.4.Interfacial Tension2.5.Stability2.6.Sedimentation and Coalescence2.7.Phase Volume Ratio2.8.Emulsion Type2.9.Phase Reversal2.10.Rheology3.Basic Processes in the Preparation of Emulsions3.1.Breaking up to Drops3.2.Increase in Surface Area3.3.Work of Division3.4.Decreasing the Interfacial Tension3.5.Other Factors Governing Emulsification3.6.Mixed Emulsifiers4.Basic Processes in the Stabilization of Emulsions4.1.Electric Charge4.2.Steric Factors4.2.1.Molecular Mobility4.2.2.Complex Formation4.2.3.Polymers in Emulsions4.3.Further Stability Factors4.4.Long‐Term Stability4.5.Emulsion Thickening Agents4.6.Cream Formation5.Preparation of Emulsions5.1.Theories Relating to Mechanical Disintegration5.2.Emulsifying Machines5.3.Use of Emulsifiers5.3.1.General Rules5.3.2.Preparation of Multiple Emulsions5.3.3.Preparation of Microemulsions5.3.4.Spontaneous Emulsification5.3.5.Inorganic Emulsifiers6.Breaking of Emulsions7.Chemical Structure of Emulsifiers7.1.Surface‐Active Emulsifiers7.2.Natural Products7.3.Inorganic Emulsifiers7.4.Sources of Supply8.Chemical Structure of Emulsion Promoters8.1.Polymers8.2.Special Emulsion Promoters9.Selection of Emulsifiers9.1.Selection Criteria9.2.Selection Systems9.3.Assignment of HLB Values9.4.Selection Procedure10.Fields of Application10.1.Cosmetics10.2.Pharmaceutical Preparations10.3.Agriculture10.4.Crop Protection10.5.Food Industry10.6.Textile Industry10.7.Plastics Industry10.8.Building Industry10.9.Paints and Coatings10.10.Paper Industry10.11.Leather Industry10.12.Mining10.13.Metal Industry10.14.Electroplating10.15.Polishes, Manufacture and Removal10.16.Petroleum Industry10.17.Mineral Oil Industry10.18.Adhesives Industry10.19.Photographic Industry10.20.Chemical Industry10.21.Detergents and Cleansers10.22.Special Applications11.Investigation of Emulsions11.1.Stability11.2.Emulsion Type11.3.Droplet Size and Droplet Size Distribution11.4.Interfacial Tension11.5.Required HLB Value11.6.Physical Parameters of Emulsions
Films
Authors: Schmitz Peter , Janocha Siegfried
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production Technology2.1.Solution Casting2.2.Thermoplastic Film Forming2.2.1.Calendering2.2.2.Extrusion2.3.Stretching2.3.1.Monoaxial Stretching2.3.2.Biaxial Stretching2.4.Film Modification and Converting2.4.1.Corona Treatment2.4.2.Coating2.4.3.Lamination3.Additives4.Delivery Forms5.Test Methods6.Film Products6.1.Cellulose Derivatives6.1.1.Cellulose Hydrate6.1.2.Cellulose Esters6.2.Hydrocarbon Polymers6.2.1.Low‐Density Polyethylene (LDPE)6.2.2.High‐Density Polyethylene (HDPE)6.2.3.Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)6.2.4.Polypropylene (PP)6.2.5.Poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) (PMP)6.2.6.Ionomers6.2.7.Polystyrene (PS)6.3.Halogenated Hydrocarbon Polymers6.3.1.Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)6.3.1.1.Rigid PVC6.3.1.2.Plasticized PVC6.3.2.Poly(Vinylidene Chloride) (PVDC)6.3.3.Fluoropolymers6.3.3.1.Poly(Vinyl Fluoride) (PVF)6.3.3.2.Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF)6.3.3.3.Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)6.3.3.4.Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)6.4.Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)6.5.Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA)6.6.Ethylene‐Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH)6.7.Polyamide (PA)6.8.Polyester6.9.Polycarbonate (PC)6.10.Polysulfone (PSU)6.11.Polyimide (PI)6.12.Other Films6.12.1.Polyetherimide (PEI)6.12.2.Polyethersulfone (PES)6.12.3.Poly(ether ketone) (PEK)6.12.4.Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) (PPS)6.13.Composite Films7.Summary of Uses8.Environmental Aspects
Floor Coverings
Authors: Heisterberg‐Moutsis Gudrun , Heinz Rainer , Wolf Thomas F. , Harper Dominic J. , James David , Mazzur Richard P. , Kettler Volker , Soiné Hansgert
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Textile Fiber Floor Covering

1.1.

Fiber Production

1.1.1.

Staple Fiber

1.1.2.

Bulked Continuous Filament

1.1.3.

Polymer Selection

1.1.4.

Fiber Design

1.2.

Yarn Preparation

1.2.1.

Staple Yarn Processing

1.2.2.

Twisting, Heat‐Setting, and Intermingling

1.3.

Production of Textile Floor Coverings

1.3.1.

Flooring Types and Manufacturing Methods

1.3.2.

Carpet Constructions

1.3.3.

Coloration and Finishing

1.4.

Carpet Properties and Performance

1.4.1.

Carpet Esthetics

1.4.2.

Carpet Performance

1.4.3.

Test Methods

1.5.

Disposal and Recycling

2.

Resilient Floor Covering

2.1.

Introduction

2.2.

Linoleum

2.3.

Vinyl Flooring

2.3.1.

Raw Materials

2.3.2.

Sheet Vinyl Flooring

2.3.3.

Tile Flooring

2.4.

Rubber Tile and Sheet

2.5.

Specialty Flooring Products

3.

Laminate Flooring

3.1.

Development

3.2.

Construction

3.3.

Materials

3.4.

Production and Installation

3.5.

Testing

3.6.

Environmental Aspects

3.7.

Economic Aspects
Fluorine
Authors: Jaccaud Michel , Faron Robert , Devilliers Didier , Romano René
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Mineral Resources4.Industrial Production4.1.History4.2.Cell Tanks, Cooling Systems, Skirts, and Diaphragms4.3.Electrodes, Polarization, and Anode Effect4.4.Electrolyte4.5.Overall Industrial Process5.Handling, Storage, and Transport6.Environmental Protection and Disposal of Fluorine7.Uses and Economic Aspects
Foamed Plastics
Authors: Weber Heinz , De Grave Isidoor , Röhrl Eckhard
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production2.1.Principles2.2.Blowing Agents2.3.Additives3.Properties4.Specific Foamed Plastics4.1.Polyolefin (PO) Foams4.1.1.Low‐Density Polyolefin Foams (25 ‐ 250 kg/m3)4.1.2.High‐Density Polyolefin Foams (250 ‐ 700 kg/m3)4.2.Polystyrene (PS) Foams4.2.1.Expandable Polystyrene (EPS) Foams4.2.2.Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) Foams4.2.3.Structural Polystyrene Foams4.3.Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Foams4.3.1.Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Foams4.3.2.Flexible Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Foams4.4.Foams from Phenol‐Formaldehyde (PF) Resins4.5.Foams from Urea‐Formaldehyde (UF) Resins4.6.Foams from Melamine‐Formaldehyde (MF) Resins4.7.Silicone (SI) Foams4.8.Epoxy (EP) Foams4.9.Polyimide (PI) Foams4.10.Polymethacrylimide (PMI) Foams4.11.Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Foams4.12.Polyamide (PA) Foams4.13.Poly(Phenylene Oxide) (PPE) Foams4.14.Polysulfone (PSU) Foams4.15.Polycarbonate (PC) Foams5.Testing5.1.Mechanical Properties5.1.1.Rigid Foams5.1.2.Flexible Foams5.2.Thermal Properties5.3.Miscellaneous Properties6.Economic Aspects7.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
Foods, 3. Food Additives
Authors: Lück Erich , von Rymon Lipinski Gert‐Wolfhard
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

History

1.2.

Safety Aspects

2.

Substances with Nutritive and Other Dietary Effects

2.1.

Vitamins and Provitamins

2.2.

Amino Acids

2.3.

Minerals and Trace Elements

2.4.

Bulking Agents

3.

Substances with Stabilizing Effects

3.1.

Preservatives

3.1.1.

Mode of Action

3.1.2.

Methods of Evaluation

3.1.3.

Uses and Individual Substances

3.2.

Antioxidants

3.2.1.

Mode of Action

3.2.2.

Methods of Evaluation

3.2.3.

Uses and Individual Substances

3.3.

Synergists and Sequestrants

3.4.

Packaging Gases

3.5.

Stabilizers

3.6.

Emulsifiers

3.6.1.

Mode of Action

3.6.2.

Uses and Individual Substances

3.7.

Thickeners

3.7.1.

Mode of Action

3.7.2.

Methods of Evaluation

3.7.3.

Uses and Individual Substances

3.8.

Gelling Agents

3.9.

Foam Stabilizers

3.10.

Clouding Agents

3.11.

Humectants

3.12.

Anticaking Agents

3.13.

Coating Agents

4.

Substances with Sensory Effects (Organoleptic Substances)

4.1.

Coloring Agents

4.1.1.

Specifications

4.1.2.

Uses and Individual Substances

4.2.

Color Stabilizers

4.3.

Bleaching Agents

4.4.

Intense Sweeteners

4.5.

Nutritive Sweeteners

4.6.

Acidulants

4.7.

Substances with a Salty Taste

4.8.

Substances with a Bitter Taste

4.9.

Substances with an Alkaline Taste

4.10.

Flavor Enhancers

4.11.

Spices and Flavorings

4.12.

Chewing Gum Bases

5.

Processing Aids

5.1.

Extractants

5.2.

Clarifying Agents

5.3.

Filter Aids

5.4.

Propellants

5.5.

Cooling Agents and Cryogens

5.6.

Mold‐Release Agents

5.7.

Antifoaming Agents

5.8.

Acidity Regulators

5.9.

Emulsifying Salts

5.10.

Dough Conditioners and Flour Improvers

5.11.

Leavening Agents

5.12.

Enzymes

5.13.

Microbial Cultures

6.

Legal Aspects

6.1.

Food Law Authorizations

6.2.

Definitions

6.2.1.

Codex Alimentarius

6.2.2.

United States of America

6.2.3.

Japan

6.2.4.

Federal Republic of Germany

6.2.5.

Regulations and Specification
Gout Remedies
Authors: Silverman Larry J. , Palella Thomas D.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Gout and Hyperuricemia2.1.Pathophysiology2.2.Clinical Manifestations3.Treatment3.1.Drugs Used to Treat Acute Gout3.1.1.Colchicine3.1.2.Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs3.1.3.Corticosteroids3.2.Antihyperuricemic Drugs3.2.1.Uricosuric Drugs3.2.2.Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors3.3.Dietary Management
Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Pouliquen Francois , Blanc Claude , Arretz Emmanuel , Labat Ives , Tournier‐Lasserve Jacques , Ladousse Alain , Nougayrede Jean , Savin Gérard , Ivaldi Raoul , Nicolas Monique , Fialaire Jean , Millischer René , Azema Charles , Espagno Lucien , Hemmer Henri , Perrot Jacques
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties3.1.Acid Properties3.2.Reducing Properties3.3.Reactions with Organic Compounds3.3.1.Hydrogen Sulfide as a Nucleophilic Reagent3.3.2.Hydrogen Sulfide as a Radical Reagent3.3.3.Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Form of Hydrosulfide4.Production4.1.Production by Chemical Reaction4.2.Recovery from Gas5.Environmental Protection6.Analysis7.Storage, Handling, and Transportation7.1.Storage and Handling7.2.Transportation8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology11.Occupational Health and Safety
Imidazole and Derivatives
Authors: Ebel Klaus , Koehler Hermann , Gamer Armin O. , Jäckh Rudolf
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.The Radziszewski Reaction4.2.Dehydrogenation of Δ2‐Imidazolines4.3.Functionalized Imidazoles by Modification of Simple Imidazoles5.Quality Specifications and Analysis6.Uses6.1.Intermediates for Herbicides and Pharmaceuticals6.2.Other Uses7.Toxicology and Occupational Health7.1.Imidazoles without Nitro Substituents7.2.Nitroimidazoles
Insect Control
Authors: Metcalf Robert L.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Insects as Enemies of Man1.1.Development of Insecticides1.2.Insect Resistance to Insecticides1.2.1.Cross‐Resistance and Multiple Resistance1.2.2.Persistence of Genes for Insecticide Resistance1.3.Resurgence and Secondary Pests1.4.Insecticides and Environmental Quality1.5.Integrated Pest Management2.Inorganic Insecticides2.1.Arsenicals2.2.Fluorides3.Natural Product Insecticides3.1.Nicotinoids3.2.Rotenoids3.3.Veratrine Alkaloids3.4.Ryanodine3.5.Pyrethroid Insecticides3.5.1.Synthetic Pyrethroids3.5.1.1.Chrysanthemate Esters3.5.1.2.Chrysanthemate Analogues3.5.1.3.Phenylacetate Esters3.5.2.Mode of Action3.5.3.Environmental Toxicology3.5.4.Pyrethroid Synergists4.Dinitrophenols5.Organochlorine Insecticides5.1.DDT and Derivatives5.1.1.Mode of Action5.1.2.Environmental Toxicology5.2.Hexachlorocyclohexanes5.3.Cyclodienes5.4.Chlorinated Camphenes6.Organophosphorus Insecticides6.1.Phosphoric Acid Anhydrides6.2.Vinyl Phosphates6.3.Aliphatic Phosphorothioate Esters6.4.Phosphorothioate Esters of Phenols6.5.Phosphonothioate Esters of Phenols6.6.Phosphorothioate Esters of Heterocyclic Enols6.7.Phosphorothioate Esters of S‐MethylHeterocycles6.8.Miscellaneous Organophosphorus Esters6.9.Mode of Action and Toxicity6.9.1.Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase6.9.2.Delayed Neuropathy6.9.3.Selective Toxicity6.10.Environmental Toxicology7.Carbamate Insecticides7.1.Dimethylcarbamates of Heterocyclic Enols7.2.Methylcarbamates of Phenols7.3.Methylcarbamates of Oximes7.4.Mode of Action7.5.Environmental Toxicology8.Formamidines9.Insect Growth Regulators9.1.Juvenoids9.2.Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors10.Other Types of Insecticides11.Fumigants12.Microbial Insecticides13.Genetic Control13.1.Sterile Male Release13.2.Chemosterilants13.3.Host Plant Resistance14.Repellents14.1.Repellents for Plant‐Feeding Insects14.2.Repellents for Blood‐Feeding Insects14.3.Repellents for Wood‐Feeding Insects14.4.Repellents for Fabric‐Eating Pests15.Attractants15.1.Sex Pheromone Attractants15.2.Aggregation Pheromones15.3.Kairomone Attractants16.Insecticide Formulation17.Insecticide Residues in Foods17.1.Residue Persistence17.2.Environmental Chemistry of Insecticide Residues17.2.1.Inactivation17.2.2.Activation17.3.Toxicology of Insecticide Residues
Social disadvantage and neglectful parenting as precursors to the development of antisocial and aggressive child behavior: Testing a theoretical model
Authors: Knutson John F. , DeGarmo David S. , Reid John B.
Published: April 2004

The present study tested a theoretical model advanced to understand the direct and mediated effects of social disadvantage, neglectful parenting, and punitive parenting in the developmental trajectory of aggressive and antisocial behavior in young school‐aged children. To test the model, families of 310 first grade children and 361 fifth grade children, participating in a universal prevention trial in high‐risk areas of a medium‐sized metropolitan area, provided data. Multi‐method and multi‐source indices of the four predictive constructs (Social Disadvantage, Denial of Care Neglect, Supervisory Neglect, and Punitive Discipline) were obtained at the time of enrollment. Multi‐method and multi‐source indices of the criterion construct (Aggression and Antisocial Behavior) were obtained at the time of enrollment and at a five year follow‐up. Based on structural equation modeling, the results established care neglect as a mediator of social disadvantage, and the importance of care neglect to both punitive discipline and antisocial outcomes in the first‐ and fifth‐grade cohorts. Supervisory neglect, however, was important in the antisocial outcome of the fifth‐grade cohort only. Overall, the results established the importance of distinguishing between two subtypes of neglect and the need to consider the role of discipline in concert with neglect when attempting to understand the impact of parenting on the development of antisocial behavior. Aggr. Behav. 30:187‐205, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nature, extent, and causes of bullying among personality‐disordered patients in a high‐secure hospital
Authors: Ireland Jane L.
Published: April 2004

The present study explored the perceptions and experiences of the nature, extent and causes of bullying among personality‐disordered patients, with a subsidiary aim of exploring differences in perceptions between staff and patients. The sample was selected from the Personality Disorder Unit of a high secure hospital. The total sample consisted of 60 participants, 30 patients and 30 staff. Participants engaged in a semi‐structured interview based on that developed by Brookes [1993] and modified by Ireland and Archer [1996] and Ireland [2002a]. The interview assessed their perceptions and experiences of patient‐to‐patient bullying. One fifth of patients and staff reported that they had seen a patient being bullied in the previous week. One‐fifth of patients reported that they had been bullied in the previous week and less than one tenth reported that they had bullied others. The most frequent types of bullying reported were theft‐related, verbal abuse, being made to do chores, physical assaults and intimidation. One fifth of the sample reported that sexual abuse took place. Victims were generally perceived to be ‘easy targets’ that were vulnerable, either physically or emotionally. Staff identified a wider range of victim types than patients. The results highlight how patient‐to‐patient bullying does occur and is an important issue worthy of further research. A number of similarities were found between the current findings and those of prison‐based research suggesting that both hospitals and prisons share a number of environmental similarities that help to explain why bullying takes placed in secure forensic settings. Aggr. Behav. 30:229–242, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative, cross‐national analysis of partner‐killing by women in cohabiting and marital relationships in Australia and the United States
Authors: Mouzos Jenny , Shackelford Todd K.
Published: April 2004

Using a national‐level United States database, T. K. Shackelford [Partner‐killing by women in cohabiting relationships and marital relationships. Homicide Studies 5: 253‐266, 2001] calculated rates of partner‐killing by women by relationship type (cohabiting or marital), by partner ages, and by the age difference between partners. Men in cohabiting relationships were 10 times more likely to be killed by their partners than were married men. Within marriages, the risk of being killed by a partner decreased with a man's age. Within cohabiting relationships, in contrast, middle‐aged men were at greatest risk of being killed by their partners. The risk that a man will be killed by his partner generally increased with greater age difference between partners. We sought to replicate the findings of Shackelford [2001] using national‐level data held as part of the National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP) at the Australian Institute of Criminology in Australia. The NHMP holds data on over 3,500 homicides that occurred in Australia between 1989 and 2000. Despite the higher rate of partner‐killing in the United States, and despite other cultural differences between the two countries (for example, the prominent gun culture in the United States), we replicated the key patterns with the Australian data. Aggr. Behav. 30:206–216, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrospective accounts of recurrent parental physical abuse as a predictor of adult laboratory‐induced aggression
Authors: Moe Brian K. , King Alan R. , Bailly Matthew D.
Published: April 2004

Child abuse has been frequently associated with adult aggression in its many forms. The Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP) is a popular laboratory‐based procedure derived from the retaliatory responses of participants engaged in a monetary‐reinforced computer game. PSAP responses have been found to discriminate between participants with and without violent, antisocial, substance abuse, and even contact‐sport athletic histories. The present study provided an initial test of the sensitivity of the PSAP and the Overt Aggression Scale (OAS) in discriminating between college students (n=28) with and without reported histories of recurrent physical abuse as defined by incidents of being pushed, shoved, struck, punched, or threatened with physical violence by a parent more than once every six weeks over 15 years of upbringing. PSAP responses were substantially higher (d=2.1) among participants reporting histories of recurrent parental physical abuse, with 46% (as opposed to 0% for controls) of these individuals generating PSAP responses in excess of 400 (average found for violent parolees). Group differences on the OAS were also considerable (>1 SD). Larger factorial designs examining relationships between a range of developmental variables (e.g., domestic abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, parental divorce, family climate, etc.) and adult PSAP responding may help advance present knowledge regarding the impact of childhood adversity on psychological development. Aggr. Behav. 30:217–228, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Size‐Controlled Formation of a Calcium Phosphate‐Based Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Vector for Gene Delivery Using Poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(aspartic acid)
Authors: Kakizawa Y. , Miyata K. , Furukawa S. , Kataoka K.
Published: April 2004

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐covered hybrid particles (see Figure) of calcium phosphate (CaP), and plasmid DNA (pDNA) have been prepared in a size‐controllable manner in the presence of a block copolymer. The particles show a substantial colloidal stability as well as tolerance of entrapped pDNA against nuclease attack in the medium, and achieve a significantly higher gene expression compared to conventional precipitates.
Self‐Organized Organic Thin‐Film Transistors on Plastic
Authors: Choi H. Y. , Kim S. H. , Jang J.
Published: April 2004

The development of the self‐organized growth of pentacence thin films on the channel region of a thin‐film transistor (TFT) using surface modifications induced by organic vapor phase deposition is reported (see Figure). A bottom‐contact TFT on plastic using an organic gate insulator of cross‐linked poly‐(4‐vinylphenol) exhibited a field‐effect mobility of 1.2 cm2/Vs and an on/off current ratio of ∼ 107.
Full‐Range Tunability of Electron and Hole Carrier Mobilities and Density Ratios via Incorporation of Highly Electron‐Deficient Moieties in Poly(phenylene vinylene) Side Chains
Authors: Yu L.‐S. , Chen S.‐A.
Published: April 2004

The incorporation of a triazole moiety in poly(phenylene vinylene) (see Figure) allows tuning of the ratio of electron flux to hole flux over a broad range. Originally hole‐dominated transport can be turned to electron‐dominated transport. At proper triazole content, electron and hole fluxes are balanced, and the efficiency and brightness of a device with a high work function Al cathode can be improved to the level of low work function Ca.
Smooth Continuous Films of Stoichiometric Silicon Carbide from Poly(methylsilyne)
Authors: Pitcher M. W. , Joray S. J. , Bianconi P. A.
Published: April 2004

A new synthesis of the silicon‐network‐backbone polymer poly(methylsilyne) gives a material that is easily converted by pyrolysis to smooth continous films of stoichiometric silicon carbide (see Figure). The films are adherent to the silicon or alumina substrates, and show root mean square roughness of 169 Å over a 500 μm range. Applications in electronics are envisaged.
The Development of Bidentate P,N Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Guiry Patrick J. , Saunders Cormac P.
Published: April 2004

In this review, an attempt is made to systemise the rôle which bidentate phosphinamine (P,N) ligands play in asymmetric catalysis. The ligands will be classified, not by the reaction to which their metal complexes have been applied, but by the nature of their donor atoms. In this manner the development of ligand architectural design can be more easily monitored. The asymmetric transformations to which metal complexes of these ligands have been applied include among others, palladium‐catalysed allylic substitutions, copper‐catalysed 1,4‐additions to enones and rhodium‐catalysed hydroboration of vinylarenes. Excellent enantioselectivities, regioselectivities and reactivities have been achieved in each of these processes.
Chemoselective Reduction of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyls over Novel Mesoporous CoHMA Molecular Sieves under Hydrogen Transfer Conditions
Authors: Selvam P. , Sonavane S. U. , Mohapatra S. K. , Jayaram R. V.
Published: April 2004

Chemoselective reduction of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyls to the corresponding alcohols was achieved by a catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) method using cobalt(II)‐substituted hexagonal mesoporous aluminophosphate (CoHMA) molecular sieve catalyst. Further, the catalyst was found to be promising as a heterogeneous catalyst as the yield was practically unchanged after up to six cycles.
Catalytic Dimerization of Allyl Phenyl Sulfone in the Presence of a Proazaphosphatrane Catalyst
Authors: Yu Zhengkun , Verkade John G.
Published: April 2004

In the presence of a proazaphosphatrane catalyst P(RNCH2CH2)3N, allyl phenyl sulfone readily dimerizes to give the product shown, for which only incomplete and inconclusive data exist in the literature. The dimer was shown from 1H NMR spectral considerations to have the E configuration.
Polymer‐Supported Indium Lewis Acid: Highly Versatile Catalyst for Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ring‐Opening of Epoxides
Authors: Bandini Marco , Fagioli Matteo , Melloni Alfonso , Umani‐Ronchi Achille
Published: April 2004

The first example of a polymer‐supported indium Lewis acid is presented. This new heterogeneous Amberlyst 15/indium complex effectively catalyses (20 mol % based on indium) the formation of new CC as well as CS bonds through the highly regio‐ and stereoselective ring‐opening reaction of enantiomerically pure epoxides. The easily prepared Amberlyst 15/indium Lewis acid does not require inert atmosphere conditions or anhydrous media and can be easily recovered and recycled for several times without loss of activity.
Bicyclic O,P Ligands for Catalytic Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Modin Stefan A. , Pinho Pedro , Andersson Pher G.
Published: April 2004

A new class of bicyclic O,P ligands has been prepared and evaluated in the 1,4‐addition to α,β‐unsaturated ketones. The best results with the bicyclic ligand were obtained using a lower catalyst loading than what has been reported with similar ligands when adding a Grignard reagent to 2‐cyclohexenone.
A novel presenilin 1 mutation associated with Pick's disease but not β‐amyloid plaques
Authors: Dermaut Bart , Kumar‐Singh Samir , Engelborghs Sebastian , Theuns Jessie , Rademakers Rosa , Saerens Jos , Pickut Barbara A. , Peeters Karin , Van Den Broeck Marleen , Vennekens Krist'l , Claes Stephen , Cruts Marc , Cras Patrick , Martin Jean‐Jacques , Van Broeckhoven Christine , De Deyn Peter Paul
Published: April 2004

Familial forms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with tauopathy are mostly caused by mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT). However, rare forms of familial tauopathy without MAPT mutations have been reported, suggesting other tauopathy‐related genetic defects. Interestingly, two presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations (Leu113Pro and insArg352) recently have been associated with familial FTD albeit without neuropathological confirmation. We report here a novel PS1 mutation in a patient with Pick‐type tauopathy in the absence of extracellular β‐amyloid deposits. The mutation is predicted to substitute Gly→Val at codon position 183 (Gly183Val) and to affect the splice signal at the junction of the sixth exon and intron. Further clinical‐genetic investigation showed a positive family history of FTD‐like dementia and suggested that Gly183Val is associated with a phenotypically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder. Our results suggest PS1 as a candidate gene for Pick‐type tauopathy without MAPT mutations.
Clinical impact of antibody formation to botulinum toxin A in children
Authors: Herrmann Jochen , Geth Katrin , Mall Volker , Bigalke Hans , Schulte Mönting Jürgen , Linder Michaela , Kirschner Jan , Berweck Steffen , Korinthenberg Rudolf , Heinen Florian , Fietzek Urban M.
Published: April 2004

We studied the clinical impact of neutralizing antibodies to botulinum toxin A that occurred during long‐term treatment of children between 1993 and 2001. Antibodies were found in high titers in 35 of 110 (31.8%) samples from individual patients. Antibody formation correlated with secondary nonresponse (p < 0.001). The most significant risk factors for antibody formation were the frequency of treatments (p = 0.0001) and the injection of a higher weight‐adapted maximum dose per treatment (p = 0.001).
Basal ganglia activity remains elevated after movement in focal hand dystonia
Authors: Blood Anne J. , Flaherty Alice W. , Choi Ji‐Kyung , Hochberg Fred H. , Greve Douglas N. , Bonmassar Giorgio , Rosen Bruce R. , Jenkins Bruce G.
Published: April 2004

Although previous studies of focal hand dystonia have detected cortical sensorimotor abnormalities, little is known about the role of the basal ganglia in this disorder. We report here that when focal hand dystonic patients performed finger‐tapping tasks, functional magnetic resonance imaging showed persisting elevations of basal ganglia activity after the tasks ended. We posit that inhibitory control of the basal ganglia may be faulty in focal hand dystonia, and that the increases we observe in “resting” activity may mask basal ganglia abnormalities in standard imaging contrast analyses.
Changes in brain anatomy in focal hand dystonia
Authors: Garraux Gaëtan , Bauer Andrew , Hanakawa Takashi , Wu Tao , Kansaku Kenji , Hallett Mark
Published: April 2004

No consistent cerebral anatomical abnormality has ever been reported in primary focal hand dystonia (FHD). The present voxel‐based morphometry study showed a significant bilateral increase in gray matter in the hand representation area of primary somatosensory and, to a lesser extent, primary motor cortices in 36 patients with unilateral FHD compared with 36 controls. The presence of anatomical changes in the perirolandic cortex for the unaffected hand as well as that for the affected hand suggests that these disturbances may be, at least in part, primary.
Thermal studies: A comparison of the thermal properties of different oligomers by thermogravimetric techniques
Authors: Lizymol P. P.
Published: April 2004

Thermal properties of conventional organic oligomers and organically modified ceramic hybrid materials (Ormoresin) were characterized and compared by using thermogravimetric techniques. Thermal properties were compared in terms of initial thermal decomposition temperature (T0, which is the temperature at which 5% weight loss occurred), the temperature at which 50% weight loss occurred (T50), and the percentage of residue remained at 600°C. Organically modified ceramic resins are found to have improved thermal stability. It is also found that the type of inorganic material incorporated in organically modified ceramics resin (Ormoresin) has considerable influence on its thermal characteristics. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 977–985, 2004
Meeting the environmental challenge: a case of win–win or lose–win? A study of the UK baking and refrigeration industries
Authors: Drake Frances , Purvis Martin , Hunt Jane
Published: April 2004

The idea that what is good for the environment is good for business has come to dominate environmental thinking and provides one of the cornerstones of ecological modernization. Studies of this win–win philosophy have tended to concentrate on large companies. This study considers how the UK refrigeration and baking industries have responded to the main drivers for change. By eliciting managers' views of environmental issues through semi‐structured interviews, the problems and opportunities facing these two industries are explored. The responses were remarkably similar, given the different characteristics of the two industries. The interviews revealed that legislation maintains its pre‐eminence as a motivation for change. Win–win situations arising out of environmental legislation were found in some SMEs; however, for most the perception was one of lose–win. The demand for environmental products and processes, necessary for win–win, has yet to materialize. Companies, therefore, remain driven by the commercial, rather than the environmental, imperative. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Combinatorial Synthesis of Bimetallic Complexes with Three Halogeno Bridges
Authors: Gauthier Sébastien , Quebatte Laurent , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay
Published: April 2004

Methods for the synthesis of bimetallic complexes in which two different metal fragments are connected by three chloro or bromo bridges are reported. The reactions are general, fast, and give rise to structurally defined products in quantitative yields. Therefore, they are ideally suited for generating a library of homo‐ and heterobimetallic complexes in a combinatorial fashion. This is of special interest for applications in homogeneous catalysis. Selected members of this library were synthesized and comprehensively characterized; single‐crystal X‐ray analyses were performed for 15 new bimetallic compounds.
Computational Study of the Vibrational Spectra of α‐ and β‐Keggin Polyoxometalates
Authors: Bridgeman Adam J.
Published: April 2004

The structures and vibrational frequencies of the α‐ and β‐isomers of the phosphomolybdate Keggin anion [PMo12O40]3− have been calculated by using density functional theory. Good agreement between the calculated unscaled vibrational frequencies and those determined experimentally and between the calculated and observed IR traces has been obtained allowing the IR and Raman spectra to be assigned. For the α‐isomer, the agreement with experiment using the current level of theory is superior to that obtained previously. For the β‐isomer, for which no non‐empirical study has previously been reported, the agreement with experiment is slightly poorer but still allows the spectrum to be assigned unambiguously. To calculate the structure and vibrational spectra of these large molydate cluster ions requires large basis sets and a good treatment of electron correlation and relativistic effects. For the 53‐atom [PMo12O40]3− ions, the computational demands are very high, requiring several months computational time. The calculated IR spectral traces for the two isomers are quite similar due to the relative flexibility of the molybdates, where the slight weakening of the bonding of the rotated trimetallic unit to the rest of the cluster in the β‐isomer is compensated by contraction of the bonds within the unit, and the structure of the [MO6] and [PO4] units in the two isomers is nearly identical. The vibrations characteristic of the bridging Mo‐O‐Mo bonds involve both the “2–2” junctions between rotated [M3O13] units and the “1–2” junctions between rotated and unrotated units. The separation of “ligand” and “interligand” vibrations is not clear. The vibrational analyses confirm the high symmetry, namely Td and C3v for the α‐ and β‐isomers, respectively, assumed by previous workers in this field. The characteristic group frequencies for the Type I polyoxometalates containing both edge‐ and corner‐sharing I octahedra have been identified.