bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Platelet Serotonin of Hyperactive School Age Boys
Authors: Rapoport Judith L. , Quinn Patricia , Scribanu Nina , Murphy Dennis L.
Published: August 2008

It has repeatedly been demonstrated that hyperactive children improve in behaviour and school functioning when treated with amphetamine, methylphenidate and, according to recent studies, imipramine (Conners, 1972). While these drugs affect catecholamine and indoleamine metabolism, there have been few studies intercorrelating the clinical and biochemical effects of these agents. A small number of untreated hyperactive children have been found to have normal urinary catecholamine and indoleamine excretion (Rapoport et al., 1970; Wender, 1971) although whole blood hydroxyindole concentrations have been reported as reduced (Coleman, 1971). In the present study, platelet serotonin content was examined before and during treatment with methylphenidate and imipramine of a group of boys with the hyperactivity syndrome.
What Does the P Scale Measure?
Authors: Davis Hilton M.
Published: August 2008

Beginning with the hypothesis that ‘there exists a set of correlated behaviour variables indicative of predisposition to psychotic breakdown, demonstrable as a continuous variable in the normal propulation, and independent of E and N’ (H. Eysenck and S. Eysenck, 1968), the Eysencks have been concerned to develop a questionnaire scale to measure such a variable. From an initial pool of potential items, hypothesized to be related to psychoticism, several factor analyses of adult responses have been conducted to obtain a small group of items measuring a factor orthogonal to the factors of neuroticism and extraversion, and these items have been called the Psychoticism or P Scale (H. Eysenck and S. Eysenck, 1968; S. Eysenck and H. Eysenck, 1968; S. Eysenck and H. Eysenck, 1972). The same arguments have been applied to children, and a similar set of items have been assembled to measure this variable (H. Eysenck and S. Eysenck, 1971; H. Eysenck, G. Easting and S. Eysenck, 1971; S. Eysenck and H. Eysenck, 1969).
The Repetition of Parasuicide: A Comparison of Three Cohorts
Authors: Buglass Dorothy , Horton John
Published: August 2008

For some years we have monitored a steady increase in the rates for parasuicide (attempted suicide) in Edinburgh (Aitkenet al., 1969; Kreitman, 1972). Some changes in the character of the group have been demonstrated; in particular, the proportion of young people admitted has increased. The proportion readmitted within 12 months has, however, remained constant at around 15 per cent. Identification of potential repeaters is dependent on the group possessing characteristics which remain consistent over time. In this paper the characteristics of both repeaters and non-repeaters are compared over a three-year period, and stable predictors of repetition are identified. An earlier study (Buglass and McCulloch, 1970) suggested that prediction of repetition was best considered separately for each sex. This question is reconsidered in the light of new data. Thirdly, the interaction between the type of disposal recommended after the parasuicidal episode and subsequent repetition is examined.
Process Variables and the Prediction of Outcome in Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Mathews A. M. , Johnston D. W. , Shaw P. M. , Gelder M. G.
Published: August 2008

Variables measured before or during psychological treatment may be used in several related ways: as an empirical guide to prognosis with any given treatment, as a means of studying possible treatment mechanisms, or as a method of identifying which stage or process in treatment is associated with therapeutic change. Using data from the same patients already described in a recently published study (Gelder et al., 1973), questions of relevance to each of these areas will be examined in turn.
Urinary Excretion of Adenosine 3’: 5′-Cyclic Monophosphate in Depressive Illness
Authors: Naylor Graham J. , Stansfield David A. , Whyte Susan F. , Hutchinson Frederick
Published: August 2008

Changes in the excretion of adenosine 3’:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) have been reported in depressive illness. Abdulla and Hamadah (1970) reported that urinary cyclic AMP excretion was lower than normal during depression and increased with recovery. However, these results were based on single 24-hour urine collections during depression and on recovery, with no creatinine estimations to suggest that the collections were complete. There was no control of diet, drugs or activity. The controls do not appear to have been matched for age. Paul, Ditzion, Pauk and Janowsky (1970) reported that the cyclic AMP excretion in neurotic depression was higher and in psychotic depression was lower than in a control group, but neither difference was statistically significant. However, on enlarging the study by including more psychotic depressives they reported that the cyclic AMP excretion of this group was significantly less than that of the controls (Paul, Cramer and Goodwin, 1971). These workers had controlled the patients' drug and dietary (but not fluid) intake. There appeared to be only minimal control of activity. The results were based on approximately two samples of urine per subject, which were very carefully checked for completeness of collection. Unfortunately the age of the controls (19–22 years) was very different from that of the patients (25–64 years). On two small groups of patients treated with either Laevodopa or lithium carbonate, they reported that changes in affective state were accompanied by changes in the urinary excretion of cyclic AMP. However, in serial studies on manic-depressive patients Paul, Cramer and Bunney (1971) failed to show a correlation between mood rating and cyclic AMP excretion in five out of seven patients; but they reported that the cyclic AMP excretion was increased on the day of rapid switch from depression to mania. The above groups of workers had used an enzymatic-isotope displacement technique to estimate the cyclic AMP. Brown, Salway, Albano, Hullin and Ekins (1972), using a saturation method to assay cyclic AMP, found no correlation between mood and cyclic AMP excretion in two short-cycle manic-depressive patients. Jenner, Sampson, Thompson, Somerville, Beard and Smith (1972) wrote: ‘We have measured daily excretion by a number of depressed and manic depressive patients over periods covering several mood changes without being able to establish any consistent correlation between cyclic AMP excretion and mood, … However, in one unusual case we have found a very marked correlation‘. We (Naylor, Dick, Dick, Moody and Stansfield, 1974) were unable to demonstrate any relationship between urinary cyclic AMP excretion and mood in a patient with recurrent psychotic episodes, in which depressive features predominated.
Fact and Fiction in the Care of the Mentally Handicapped
Authors: Shapiro Alexander
Published: August 2008

It is over a year since the conference on ‘The Responsibilities and Role of the Doctor in the Care of the Mentally Handicapped’ was held, at which Sir George Godber delivered the opening address published in the Journal for December 1973 (pp. 617–20).
The use of the W.H.O. International Classification of Diseases (Mental Retardation) in a Hospital for Mentally Handicapped
Authors: Spencer Douglas A.
Published: August 2008

On 17 November 1969, Dr. A. A. Baker, then Senior Principal Medical Officer, Department of Health and Social Security, sent a letter to consultants at mental subnormality hospitals in which he requested them to introduce the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Edition, 1965, in the completion of Mental Health Inquiry Index Cards. The booklet A Glossary of Mental Disorders, No. 22 in the General Register Office Studies on Medical and Population Subjects was enclosed with the letter for information and to facilitate the use of the Classification.
Transcultural Influences on Psychiatrists’ Rating of Verbally Expressed Emotion
Authors: Leff J. P.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Leff, 1973) data from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPSS) (WHO, 1974) were analysed, and it was found that patients from developed countries showed a greater ability to differentiate between unpleasant emotional states than those from developing countries. The data on which this finding was based were scores derived from the sections on Depression, Anxiety and Irritability in the Present State Examination (PSE), a semi-structured psychiatric interview (Wing, Cooper and Sartorius, 1974). The scores were the sums of ratings made by psychiatrists interviewing patients from their own countries. The psychiatrists judged whether or not a symptom was present on the basis of the patient's verbal response to a series of questions, most of which are stipulated in the PSE. The patient's nonverbal behaviour is not taken into account in making these ratings.
A Hundred Cases of Suicide: Clinical Aspects
Authors: Barraclough B. M. , Bunch J. , Nelson B. , Sainsbury P.
Published: August 2008

Historically, doctors have not always acknowledged that they have an obligation to prevent suicide, partly because they shared the prevalent idea that most suicides were caused by moral crises, no concern of theirs—and indeed suicide was a criminal matter until quite recently; but more, perhaps, because a fatalism has characterized their attitudes to its prevention, even where the suicide was clearly suffering from mental illness. Yet two recent American studies have shown more than 90 per cent of suicides to be mentally ill before their death (17, 8); this finding and the familiar clinical observation that suicidal thoughts disappear when the illness is successfully treated provide a strong case for a medical policy of prevention.
Genetic Factors in Puerperal Psychosis
Authors: Thuwe Inga
Published: August 2008

Nearly all the authors who have concerned themselves with puerperal psychoses have discussed the occurrence of mental illness in the families of the patients. However, as Jansson (1964) has pointed out, there exists no systematic study on the importance of hereditary factors in this disorder.
How Depressives View the Significance of Life Events
Authors: Schless Arthur P. , Schwartz L. , Goetz Christopher , Mendels J.
Published: August 2008

The role of a broad range of life events, especially those viewed as stressful, in the genesis of somatic illnesses or psychiatric disturbances is a subject of considerable interest. Recently attempts have been made to develop quantitative measures of life events and to explore the relationship between the ‘amount’ of life events and/or stress and illness in a general population (Rahe et al., 1968; Rahe et al., 1970): for example, The Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire (SRRQ) (Holmes and Rahe, 1967). In the development of this scale a list of 43 life events was presented to a sample of 394 subjects. Marriage was arbitrarily assigned a value of 500, and the subjects were asked to compare the amount of relative readjustment they would anticipate from the other events. Means and item rankings (Masuda and Holmes, 1967) have been reported to be relatively consistent in groups of different age, sex, marital status, education, social class, generation American, religion, race and cultural background (Holmes and Rahe, 1967). These findings have been found reliable with patients on our unit and in a group of medical students (Mendels and Weinstein, 1972). Paykel et al. (1971) performed a study of weightings of a list of life events and obtained weights which were highly significantly correlated for the 14 items that were identical to those found on the SRRQ. They tested a mixed group of psychiatric patients and found that in general those events defined as ‘exits’ were scaled high, whereas events defined as ‘entrances’ had lower values.
Battered Wives
Authors: Scott P. D.
Published: August 2008

To achieve a successful marital partnership is probably the most difficult of life's social requirements, whether successful is defined biologically as the production of healthy offspring or in the more human terms as achieving a relationship which allows each partner to lead a satisfying life. To be successful each marital partner must often defer to the other, especially if there are dependent children present. Failure to show this capacity to defer or to be unselfish inevitably leads to conflict, and conflict can easily build up to the point of violence. The ethological study of animal reproduction, including that of primates, shows how universally true this is and what a wealth of convention and ritual is developed to reduce such dangerous confrontation.
Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Illness in the Deaf
Authors: Mahapatra S. B.
Published: August 2008

While there is general agreement that deafness, either congenital or acquired in early childhood, is psychologically damaging (Oléron, 1953; Furth, 1961; and Vernon, 1966), opinions are divided on the adverse effects that deafness beginning in adolescence or in adult life may have on mental health. For example, Furth (1966) has reported that the way of life of the adult deaf should not be all that different from people with normal hearing, although it has been generally held that deafness in adults predisposes to the development of irascibility and paranoid attitudes (Kraepelin, 1915; Slater et al., 1969). The relationship between deafness and paranoid illness has been investigated by Houston et al. (1964) and Kay et al. (1961).
Urinary Cyclic AMP in the Switch Process from Depression to Mania
Authors: Hullin R. P. , Salway J. G. , Allsopp M. N. E. , Albano Janet D. M. , Barnes G. Dawn , Brown B. L.
Published: August 2008

Various reports have suggested that the urinary excretion of adenosine cyclic 3'5’ monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is increased in mania and decreased in depression. However, our own serial studies from short-cycle bipolar manic-depressive patients showed no correlation between mood and cyclic AMP excretion (2). Jenneret al.(4) confirmed our findings, except in the case of a patient with a regular 48-hour mood cycle who did show a correlation between his mood changes and changes in cyclic AMP excretion. Paulet al.(5) also reported a general lack of correlation between these variables, but found a transient increase of urinary cyclic AMP during the rapid switch from depression to mania. We have investigated the situation in a bipolar patient who shows such a rapid switch in mood but have been unable to demonstrate any increase in cyclic AMP excretion during the switch period.
Antisocial Behaviour, Barbiturate Addiction and Associated Electroencephalographic Changes
Authors: West Letitia R. , Driver M. V.
Published: August 2008

Since the implementation in April 1968 of the 1967 Dangerous Drugs Act, it has been illegal for any doctors except those working in drug centres to prescribe heroin. With the consequent introduction of the methadone maintenance clinics there has been a definite change in the overall pattern of addiction, largely governed by drug availability. It is difficult to estimate the extent of dependence on, or misuse of, barbiturates, but it is likely that the figure for the United Kingdom may be in the order of 150 to 250 per 100,000 (Bewley, 1970). In a recent study of sedative abuse, Mitcheson et al. (1970) found that 95 per cent of the heroin addicts interviewed had used sedatives.
A Scale of Disability and Prognosis in Long-Term Mental Illness
Authors: Morgan R. , Cheadle J.
Published: August 2008

Hoenig (1967) has recently and comprehensively summarized the extensive literature on the prognosis of schizophrenia. In a section on existing prognostic tests he criticizes the vagueness of the items to be scored, the variety of prognostic criteria and the low validity of the resulting scales. The present paper describes an attempt to devise a new prognostic test, using material which was originally collected in order to study the cost of rehabilitation.
Disulfiram Implantation Critically Evaluated
Authors: Malcolm M. T. , Madden J. S. , Williams A. E.
Published: August 2008

A previous paper (Malcolm and Madden, 1973) has described the use of disulfiram implantation as a method of treatment for some alcoholics. The results obtained were satisfactory, measured in terms of duration of abstinence and social improvements made in the post-implant period. However, it was suggested that the success of the implant might be due to psychological rather than pharmacological factors. In an effort to clarify the nature of any deterrent effect of the implant, further clinical and biochemical evidence has been collected.
Response of Depressed Patients to Methylamphetamine
Authors: Kiloh L. G. , Neilson Megan , Andrews Gavin
Published: August 2008

In 1959, J. M. Roberts claimed that in 50 depressed women aged 40–60 years the response to the intravenous injection of 15 mg. methylamphetamine differentiated significantly between those diagnosed as ‘psychotic’ and those diagnosed as ‘neurotic’. Following the injection each patient was observed closely for two to three hours, and in the great majority one of two responses occurred. Either the patient experienced a ‘sustained period of general uplift of mood and a feeling of greater well-being'—the ‘normalization’ response; or the patient showed ‘an immediate, or almost immediate, intensification of symptoms, particularly a worsening of any agitation present, often together with a deepening of the depressive affect'—the ‘intensification’ response. In only two patients, both with neurotic depression, was it not possible to classify the response.
The Lionel Penrose Memorial Meeting
Authors: Shapiro Alexander
Published: August 2008

Lionel Sharples Penrose was born in London on 11 June 1898. He came of Quaker stock and was brought up according to the principles of the Society of Friends. The Quaker education he received and his service in the Friends’ Ambulance Train in France during World War I, immediately after leaving school, confirmed him in his compassionate interest in human suffering and in his detestation of war.
The Long-Term Genetical Effects of Recent Advances in the Treatment and Prevention of Inherited Disease
Authors: Fraser G. R.
Published: August 2008

Even though I do not propose to discuss the work of Professor Penrose directly, I should like to express my appreciation to the organizers of this symposium in his memory for giving me an opportunity to pay tribute to a man whom I regard as having been both my teacher and my friend.
The Development of Penrose's Ideas in Genetics and Psychiatry
Authors: Harris Harry
Published: August 2008

After I had agreed to give this talk about Lionel Penrose's contributions to genetics and mental deficiency I realized what an impossible task I had undertaken. His research career in these areas spanned a period of more than forty years, during the whole of which he was making important and significant contributions on an extraordinarily diverse range of topics. Furthermore, during this period both of these subjects advanced from an almost pre-scientific infantile state to rigorous and critical disciplines, and Penrose's work played no small part in this development.
Patterns of Admission in Schizophrenia
Authors: Todd N. A.
Published: August 2008

Many surveys have been made of the course of schizophrenia, with results which may vary with diagnostic criteria, source and possible selection of patients, hospital admission and discharge policy (and facilities), and many other factors. The time scale is of particular relevance in view of the sometimes life-long course of the condition. Short-term studies thus have limitations to their value, and long-term surveys present problems, such as changes in fashions of diagnosis and management, which may affect their relevance at the time of publication. At present, there is much discussion of the relative roles of general hospital psychiatric units, mental hospitals and community care in the management of schizophrenia, and these organizational aspects are closely bound up and indeed are sometimes confused with the clinical course of the illness.
Concepts and Methods in Student Mental Health
Authors: Lucas C. J. , Crown Sidney
Published: August 2008

Considering their potential contribution to the community, the growth of clinical services in relation to the specialized mental health problems of students in higher education has been haphazard. Although most universities have developed or are on the way to developing comprehensive health services on the lines recommended in the report of the Royal College of Physicians (1966), services in the non-university sector are often less than adequate. This report accepted as established that about 5 per cent of students have psychological disorders which cause serious distress, and a further 10 to 20 per cent have less severe though handicapping disorders. It was accepted that special provision would need to be made for these mental health problems, as part of the range of preventive and treatment activities relevant to a College community.
Urinary Cyclic AMP in ‘Endogenous' and ‘Neurotic’ Depression
Authors: Sinanan K. , Keatinge A. M. B. , Beckett P. G. S. , Love W. Clayton
Published: August 2008

Since the discovery of adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) by Sutherland and Rall (1958), the concept has evolved that this nucleotide acts as the second messenger substance for many neurotransmitter and hormone-induced responses (Sutherland, Robison and Butcher, 1968). Cyclic AMP occurs in high concentration in the brain. Cyclic AMP is functionally closely related, and possibly fundamental, to the action of catecholamines and serotonin, both of which have been implicated in the amine hypothesis of depression (Granville-Grossman, 1971). Cyclic AMP is formed from ATP by the action of an enzyme adenyl cyclase, and it is degraded by the enzyme cyclic-AMP-phosphodiesterase(Lancet, Editorial, 1970) both of which occur in brain.
A Comparative Study of Infantile Autism and Specific Developmental Receptive Language Disorder
Authors: Bartak Lawrence , Rutter Michael , Cox Antony
Published: August 2008

There is now extensive evidence that autistic children manifest a specific cognitive defect involving language impairment (Rutter, 1974). The presence of such a deficit is demonstrated by the pattern of clinical findings (Rutter, 1968; Rutter, Bartak and Newman, 1971), the long term course of the disorder (Rutter, 1970), and the results of systematic experimental studies (Hermelin and O'Connor, 1970). Nevertheless, basic questions remain concerning the meaning of this deficit for theories on the nature and causation of infantile autism. First, what are the boundaries of the cognitive deficit and in particular does it extend outside language? Second, does it constitute the primary handicap which gives rise to other symptoms? Thirdly, if it does, does the cognitive deficit lead directly to the behavioural syndrome or must there be an interaction with a particular set of environmental or other circumstances for the syndrome to develop?
A Comparative Study of Infantile Autism and Specific Developmental Receptive Language Disorder
Authors: Cox Antony , Rutter Michael , Newman Steven , Bartak Lawrence
Published: August 2008

In his original description of children with early infantile autism, Kanner (1943) commented that the parents were usually highly intelligent and that many were rather obsessive individuals who lacked real warmth. Subsequently he elaborated on these parental features (Kanner, 1949), and together with Eisenberg went on to suggest that autism was the result of an interaction between an innate ‘organic’ defect and a particular family environment (Eisenberg and Kanner, 1956; Eisenberg, 1957).
A Prospective Study of the Influence of Post-Graduate Training in Psychiatry on the Rating of Mental Abnormality
Authors: Kelleher M. J.
Published: August 2008

Although psychiatrists trained in the United States and the British Isles pick out the same areas of psychopathology, American psychiatrists display a tendency, greater than British psychiatrists, to use high ratings of pathology when asked to rate a videotaped clinical interview (Kendell et al., 1971; Sharpe et al., 1974). Within the British Isles Maudsley-trained psychiatrists rated lower than psychiatrists trained at other centres (Copeland et al., 1971).
Responses to Complex Erotic Stimuli in Homosexual and Heterosexual Males
Authors: Mavissakalian Matig , Blanchard Edward B. , Abel Gene G. , Barlow David H.
Published: August 2008

The technique of measuring penile erection is the most valid assessment of sexual arousal in males (Zuckerman, 1971). The stimuli used during assessments of sexual preference with this technique have for the most part, been still or moving pictures of nude single females and males (Freund, 1963; McConaghy, 1967; Barlow, Becker, Leitenberg and Agras, 1970). Recently Abel, Barlow, Blanchard and Mavissakalian (in press) have shown that erotic films produce significantly greater penile circumference changes than either slides or audiotaped descriptions in homosexual males. Similarly, Sandford (1974) showed the superiority of films over slides in heterosexual males and suggested that sexual activity rather than nakednessper semay be the more important in producing sexual arousal. The main purpose of this study was to determine what sexual activities produce significantly different sexual responses in homosexual and heterosexual males.
Self-Destructive Behaviour in Oral and Intravenous Drug-Dependent Groups
Authors: Gossop M. R. , Cobb J. P. , Connell P. H.
Published: August 2008

Pierce-James (1967), has shown that British heroin addicts have a very much higher mortality rate than the general population. The same applies to American narcotic addicts; a 20-year follow-up study of a group of narcotic dependents showed the very high death rate of 23 per cent over this period (Vaillant, 1973). Pierce-James (1967), distinguished between suicidal, accidental, and other causes of death, and also demonstrated a higher rate of successful suicide attempts among heroin addicts than in the general population. Connell (1965) suggested that the incidence of suicidal threats and attempts in childhood and adolescence is higher than is generally recognized, and in both adolescents (Gould, 1965) and intravenous narcotic addicts (Frederick et al., 1973) suicidal and self-destructive behaviour is more common than successful suicide. The distinction between suicidal attempts and self-destructive behaviour is unclear. Stengel (1964) defined as suicidal attempts, ‘all cases of potentially dangerous self-poisoning or self-inflicted injury.’ The present study, however, does not assume that self-poisoning or self-inflicted injury necessarily implies suicidal intent.
Unilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy: How to Determine Which Hemisphere is Dominant
Authors: Clyma Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2008

One of the problems with the administration of unilateral ECT is to select the correct side for giving the treatment. If it is given routinely to the right side of the head, a proportion of patients will receive ECT to the dominant hemisphere, which is more unpleasant for the patient and more disruptive of memory than even bilateral ECT (Halliday et al., 1968; Fleminger, Horne and Nott, 1970).
The First Seventy Admissions to an Adolescent Unit in Edinburgh: General Characteristics and Treatment Outcome
Authors: Framrose R.
Published: August 2008

1.

The clinical functioning of the Young People's Unit, Edinburgh is described. This involves a relatively permissive, democratic ‘milieu‘. Psychotherapeutic efforts are devoted to the resolution of family psychopathology and the achievement of maturational progress for the adolescent.

2.

Data on the first seventy admittions to the Unit were examined. Two-thirds of the patients were diagnosed ‘developmental crisis’; the majority of these also had a personality disorder.

3.

Assessments of family functioning showed high levels of disturbance and psychiatric morbidity among the parents. The adolescents had mutually good, positive relationships with their opposite-sexed parents, but markedly negative ones with the same-sexed parents. This was not in accordance with the usual findings in ‘normal’ families. Delinquent and impulsive patients showed uniformly negative family attitudes.

4.

A simple estimation of treatment outcome at discharge gave results comparable to those of other units, with 70 per cent of patients rated as improved. Neurotic and psychotic patients had a relatively better outcome. Tension-discharge personality disorder and a history of very disruptive or antisocial behaviour were associated with poor outcome.

5.

The poor response of very disturbed, impulsive adolescents to this type of therapeutic regime is discussed. These individuals do not appear to have sufficient personality resources and organization to benefit from this type of treatment. Emerging from this is a suggestion for an increased provision of specialized units offering containment and intensive care to the very disturbed adolescent.
Two Types of Insomnia: Too Much Waking or Not Enough Sleep
Authors: Brezinová Vlasta , Oswald Ian , Loudon John
Published: August 2008

The stability of sleep was examined in two kinds of induced insomnia, namely after caffeine administration and after hypnotic drug withdrawal. The duration of each episode of any one sleep stage or any episode of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness was determined.

After caffeine mere was an increase in longer episodes of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness, but no significant change in the episode duration of any of the sleep stages. In the case of drug withdrawal there was no change in the episode duration of intervening wakefulness plus drowsiness, but there was a significant shortening of episode duration in sleep stages 2 and 3 +4, with a similar trend for REM sleep episodes.

Caffeine ‘insomnia’ thus seems characterized by increased stability of wakefulness, and hypnotic withdrawal ‘insomnia’ by decreased stability of sleep. The type of analysis undertaken in this study could increase understanding of other types of insomnia.
Evaluation of Group Therapy: Correlations Between Clients’ and Observers’ Assessments
Authors: Cabral R. , Paton A.
Published: August 2008

An attempt to compare observers’ evaluations of aspects of group psychotherapy with the patients’ assessments of the same selected variables (i.e. ‘acceptance’, ‘abreaction’ and ‘improvement’) is described.

Correlation coefficients between the observers’ and clients’ rankings of these factors were obtained, and the implications of the findings are discussed in relation to each group.
Attainment and Adjustment in Two Geographical Areas
Authors: Rutter Michael , Cox Antony , Tupling Celia , Berger Michael , Yule William
Published: August 2008

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the observation that rates of psychiatric disorder and of educational problems in children may vary considerably according to area and to types of living conditions. However, very little is known concerning the extent to which rates actually differ, and even less about how particular area characteristics co-vary with the rates of different types of child disorder. Gathet al.(1972) found that child psychiatric referral rates were higher in areas of low social status, but data were not available to determine whether the difference lay in the preyalence of disorder or in the likelihood of detection or referral. Reading backwardness has also been associated with low social class areas (Milleret al.,1957; Eisenberg, 1966). In addition, it has been found that reading standards are lower in England than in Scotland (Davieet al.,1972). None of the studies of reading have taken IQ, into account, and it is not known whether the correlates are mainly with IQ or with a specific disability in reading. The present investigation was designed to examine these issues by determining if there were differences in the rates of child psychiatric disorder and of specific reading retardation between an inner London borough and the Isle of Wight. If differences were found, it also sought to examine the reasons for them, in order to elucidate possible causal or precipitating factors.
Attainment and Adjustment in Two Geographical Areas
Authors: Berger M. , Yule W. , Rutter M.
Published: August 2008

It is generally thought that there is considerable regional variation in rates of educational retardation. American studies have shown that reading difficulties are considerably more prevalent in areas of low social status (Milleret al.,1957; Eisenberg, 1966), and Eisenberg (1966) found that inner city children had the lowest reading attainments. The National Child Development study (Davieet al.,1972) showed that reading standards were higher in Scotland than in England, and the Inner London Education Authority (1970) has shown that London primary school children have an average reading level below national norms. In south-east England, Morris (1959 and 1966) showed that levels of reading skills varied according to the characteristics of the schools the children attended. In Japan, a survey using teacher judgements has suggested that the prevalence of reading disability is greatly below that in Western countries (Makita, 1968).
Studies of Adoptees from Psychiatrically Disturbed Biological Parents: Psychiatric Conditions in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Cunningham Lynn , Cadoret Remi J. , Loftus Rosemary , Edwards James E.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatric problems were assessed in two groups of adoptees by interviewing the adopting parents. One group of 59 adoptees, the ‘experimental’, were born of psychiatrically disturbed biological parents; the other group, the ‘control’ of 54 adoptees, had psychiatrically ‘normal’ biological parents. Both groups had been separated from biological parents at birth.

The incidence of psychiatric conditions requiring professional care was significantly higher in the experimentais than in the controls (37 per centvs.14 per cent). In the experimental group more males than females were disturbed (59 per centvs.30 per cent). Most of the excess of disordered males were diagnosed hyperactive. There was some evidence of correlation of the type of psychiatric diagnosis of the biological parent with that of the adoptee.
Objectives and Training in Psychiatry
Authors: Brook Peter
Published: August 2008

The recommendations on postgraduate training made by the World Health Organization, the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust and the Royal Medico-Psychological Association are examined in the light of modern concepts of educational objectives. In this country no well defined, specific, assessable and detailed objectives have yet been formulated for postgraduate training in psychiatry.
The Prediction and Predictability of Speech in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Rutter D. R. , Wishner J. , Callaghan B. A.
Published: August 2008

Previous research suggests, though by no means consistently, that schizophrenic patients may be less able than normals to predict the speech of other people, and that schizophrenic speech is less predictable than normal speech. The present experiment tests these two suggestions and also a third possibility, that the difference between schizophrenic and normal speech is less marked for schizophrenics asked to make the predictions than for normals. Twelve schizophrenic patients recently admitted to hospital, and twelve comparable, psychiatrically normal, orthopaedic patients, were asked to predict both schizophrenic and normal speech, using Cloze Procedure, under both fourth-word and fifth-word deletion. The first hypothesis was upheld, but the second and third received only very limited support. The findings are discussed in the light of previous work, and suggestions are made for future research.
Immediate Effects of Improved Hospital Enviroment on Behaviour Patterns of Mentally Handicapped Patients
Authors: James F. E. , Spencer D. A. , Hamilton M.
Published: August 2008

In 1972 three old hospitals were closed and patients transferred to a new hospital for the mentally handicapped. Four to six weeks before transfer, disturbed and a sample of non-disturbed patients were rated on a selected scale; they were again rated four to six weeks after transfer. The disturbed patients numbered 39 per cent of the total and both men and women shared a significant improvement, though the men did not improve to the same extent as the women. There was also a significant improvement among the non-disturbed patients, though this did not apply to the epileptic patients.
The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: I. Description of the Model and its use in Psychiatry
Authors: Reich Theodore , Cloninger C. Robert , Guze Samuel B.
Published: August 2008

The assumptions and properties of the Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission are described, using the principles of quantitative genetics. No assumptions are made about the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in the transmission of a disorder. The usefulness of the Model is discussed as a device for quantifying family data, discriminating between different modes of transmission and studying variations in disorders according to such clinical variables as age, sex, and severity of illness.

When only one form of a disorder can be distinguished, the degree to which the disorder is transmissible can be measured, and the relative importance of familial factors in the aetiology can be assessed. The assumptions which underlie the Model cannot be tested.

When two or more forms of a disorder can be distinguished, family and population data can be used to test the underlying assumptions of the Model. A good fit of the Model to the observed data indicates that the two subforms of the disorder represent different degrees of the same normally distributed process. This implies that the relative importance of transmissible and non-transmissible factors is the same in determining each subform of the disorder. The testability of the Multifactorial Model with multiple thresholds offers an opportunity for relating and understanding heterogeneous subforms of a disorder, for specifying the relationship between spectrum disorders, and for classifying psychiatric disorders.
The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: II. Sex Differences in the Familial Transmission of Sociopathy (Antisocial Personality)
Authors: Cloninger C. Robert , Reich Theodore , Guze Samuel B.
Published: August 2008

Sociopathy is highly familial in both white and black families. Sociopathy in men and women clusters in the same families, but is much more frequent in men than in women. It is more prevalent among relatives of sociopathic women than among relatives of sociopathic men. The sex difference in its prevalence appears to be due to sex-related cultural or biological factors causing the threshold to be more deviant in women. There is no evidence of a genetic difference in its prevalence and transmission according to race.

The two-threshold Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission provides an explanation for the striking sex difference in the transmission of sociopathy. Such a pattern of transmission is obtained only in diseases whose genetic component is polygenic or, if only one or a few genotypes are relevant, where each of these has a small effect relative to environmental factors.

Assortative mating accounts for a large proportion of the observed similarity between relatives. However, the familial clustering of male and female sociopaths is not dependent on assortative mating.

The high correlation among siblings that is expected under conditions of random mating indicates that environmental factors common to siblings contribute to the aetiology of sociopathy. The greater deviance of the parental home experiences of sociopathic women compared to sociopathic men is further evidence of the importance of familial environment.
The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: III. Familial Relationship Between Sociopathy and Hysteria (Briquet's Syndrome)
Authors: Cloninger C. Robert , Reich Theodore , Guze Samuel B.
Published: August 2008

Hysteria (Briquet's Syndrome) and sociopathy cluster in the same families instead of segregating as independent traits. Assortative mating between hysterics and sociopaths increases the observed similarity between relatives, but the familial association between sociopathy and hysteria remains after taking assortative mating into account. The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission with three thresholds related to severity and sex accounts for population and family data about sociopathic men, sociopathic women, and women with hysteria. The data were obtained for 227 first-degree relatives and for 800 subjects in the general population.

Depending on the sex of the individual and its severity, the same aetiological process may lead to different, sometimes overlapping, clinical pictures. Specifically, analysis indicates that hysteria in women is a more prevalent and less deviant manifestation of the same process that causes sociopathy in women.
Reality Orientation, a Therapy for Psychogeriatric Patients: a Controlled Study
Authors: Brook Peter , Degun Gian , Mather Marcia
Published: August 2008

In a controlled trial, ‘reality orientation’ for elderly patients diagnosed as suffering from dementia is shown to be effective only where therapists actively participate. Exposure to change in a more stimulating environment than their own wards is not enough to produce sustained improvement.
Psychological Complications in Women Undergoing Voluntary Sterilization by Salpingectomy
Authors: Khorana Anand Bhushan , Vyas Anirudh A.
Published: August 2008

Five-hundred women electing salpingectomy for contraception and their husbands were studied by means of structured interviews and questionnaires over periods of three months to two years, beginning before surgery. The post-operative follow-up was completed for 374 couples. The subject's condition was compared before and after operation for emergence of any symptoms, and whether there was any significant difference in frequency of intercourse or other sexual behaviour, changes in sexual functioning, emotional adjustment and marital satisfaction. There was evidence of adverse psychological and sexual changes but these were apparently of a mild nature. Eighty-three per cent of the subjects complained of various symptoms, presumably of psychological origin; in 65 per cent sexual desire had declined, and 29 per cent had not resumed intercourse. The mean score of psychiatric symptoms based on clinical ratings rose from 0.38 before to 4.35 after operation, which is statistically highly significant. Paradoxically satisfaction with the operation was expressed by 92 per cent of the subjects.
The Effect of Long Term Phenothiazine Therapy on Plasma Prolactin
Authors: Wilson R. G. , Hamilton J. R. , Boyd W. D. , Forrest A. P. M. , Cole E. N. , Boyns A. R. , Griffiths K.
Published: August 2008

Plasma prolactin has been estimated in 69 psychiatric in-patients receiving either thioridazine (20–300 mg./day) or chlorpromazine (50–200 mg./day) or other phenothiazines. A homologous radioimmuno-assay was used which depends on an antiserum to human amniotic prolactin. Prolactin levels were significantly increased in these patients compared with control patients, and were dose related. Simultaneous estimation of growth hormone revealed normal levels.
Depression Spectrum Disease versus Pure Depressive Disease: Some Further Data
Authors: Winokur George , Cadoret Remi , Baker M. , Dorzab J.
Published: August 2008

In a recent letter to this Journal, Galdi (1974) stated, ‘Through what is … a genetic approach to classification, Winokur and associates … reported the isolation of two subtypes of unipolar depressive disorder differentiated by age of onset and contrasting family history pattern.’ These subtypes (Winokur, 1974) are termed depression spectrum disease (early-onset; most likely female; familial alcoholism and/or antisocial personality) and pure depressive disease (late onset; equally male or female; little familial alcoholism and/or antisocial personality).
Criminality as a Prognostic Factor in Opiate Dependence
Authors: d'Orbán P. T.
Published: August 2008

The relationship between criminality and the outcome of treatment was investigated in opiate addicts attending a drug dependence clinic. A comparison was made between the criminal records of 33 male and 7 female patients who came off drugs and a control group of 29 male and 10 female patients who remained addicted. In male patients, the extent of criminal involvement (as measured by the number of previous convictions on entering treatment) failed to discriminate between those who subsequently achieved abstinence and those who remained addicted. In the small sample of female patients the control group more often had a criminal record and had more previous convictions. These results were in keeping with a previous study of female addicts.

The findings suggest that there is a sex difference in the relationship between criminality and the prognosis for addiction. In male addicts criminal involvement has no significant influence on the outcome of treatment and previous convictions are not a helpful guide to prognosis, whereas in female addicts a criminal record is of more adverse significance.
Self-Mutilation, Obsessionality and Narcissism
Authors: Gardner Angela R. , Gardner Alan J.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes a controlled study of 22 non-psychotic female habitual self-cutters. In this study an habitual self-cutter is defined as a patient who has cut herself with a sharp object on at least two separate occasions.
The Assessment and Progress of Long-Stay and Elderly Psychiatric Patients: The Predictive Validity of a Ward Behaviour Questionnaire
Authors: Clarke Michael , Waller Jane , Webster Barbara
Published: August 2008

This paper describes an attempt to validate a behaviour rating scale used to predict the likelihood of discharge among elderly and long-stay patients in a psychiatric hospital. The scale measured behaviour on the ward as rated by nursing staff. The scale was a sensitive predictor of discharge among those with a low score (indicating least disability), except for patients with organic psychoses. However, many patients with low scores were not discharged. In order to improve the scale's use as a screening technique additional information was considered. The significance of the findings is discussed.
Age, Persistence and Improvement in an Open Out-Patient Group
Authors: Myers E. D.
Published: August 2008

The ages of 87 patients attending an open out-patient group in a general hospital psychiatric out-patient department are analysed in relation to persistence with treatment. A highly significant correlation (p <.001) is obtained between increasing age and continued attendance, and a significantly greater number are found to attend for six months or more in the age-range 37–47 than at other ages. In a sub-group of 35 patients, all of whom had attended more than four sessions and had returned a questionnaire, significant correlations are obtained between age and symptomatic improvement (p < .05) and between continued attendance and improvement in interpersonal relationships (P < .05).
The Treatment of Marital Psycho-sexual Problems
Authors: Duddle C. M.
Published: August 2008

Medical practitioners have begun to look for ways of helping the psycho-sexual problems of their patients with increasing awareness that it is impossible to ignore their sexual lives if they are to treat the whole patient. Sexual problems occurring in marriage have been treated in the past in two main ways, by some form of insight therapy or by behaviour therapy, and recently some adherents of both these schools have moved towards treating the disordered relationship rather than the individual patient. Dicks (1967) at the Tavistock Institute has pioneered the treatment of what he calls the ‘diad’ by two therapists, male and female, in a basically analytic framework, whilst Masters and Johnson (1970) in America have used an approach based largely on behaviour therapy techniques, also using two therapists.