bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Black Male Teachers as Role Models: Resisting the Homogenizing Impulse of Gender and Racial Affiliation
Authors: Rezai-Rashti Goli M. , Martino Wayne J.
Published: December 2009

This article reports on research with one Black male elementary school teacher in Toronto and draws on feminist, queer, and antiracist analytic perspectives to raise important questions about the discourse of teachers as role models. The voice of this teacher is used to challenge discourses about role modeling in their capacity to address adequately the limits imposed by both cultural and structural problems experienced by minority boys in urban school communities. Important questions about the role of teachers as transformative or organic intellectuals are also raised. A case study approach is employed to draw attention to both important pedagogical issues and the limits of role modeling as a conceptual framework that continues to be used to support generalizable claims about the influence of male teachers on the basis of their gender and racial affiliation with boys in schools. What is required, the authors conclude, is a disarticulation and, hence, a separating out of role modeling from a discussion about the need for a greater representation of minority teachers in urban schools.
Deleuze, Marx and the Politicisation of Philosophy
Authors: Choat Simon
Published: December 2009

Against those who wish to marginalise Deleuze's political relevance, this paper argues that his work – including and especially that produced before his collaborations with Guattari – is not only fundamentally political but also profoundly engaged with Marx. The paper begins by focusing on different possible strategies for contesting the claim that Deleuze is apolitical, attempting to debunk this claim by briefly considering Deleuze's work with Guattari. The bulk of the paper is concerned with a close examination of the appearance of Marx in both Nietzsche and Philosophy and Difference and Repetition, establishing that the ‘pre-Guattari’ Deleuze was fully engaged with both politics and Marx and demonstrating that the concepts and arguments of the Marxist politics of the Deleuze–Guattari books can be traced back to Deleuze's own work. It is argued that an analysis of Deleuze's work on Marx is significant not only for deepening our understanding of Marx, but also for understanding the possibilities for Deleuzian politics.
Recent Progress of Flower Colour Modification by Biotechnology
Authors: Tanaka Yoshikazu , Brugliera Filippa , Chandler Steve
Published: December 2009

Genetically-modified, colour-altered varieties of the important cut-flower crop carnation have now been commercially available for nearly ten years. In this review we describe the manipulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway that has lead to the development of these varieties and how similar manipulations have been successfully applied to both pot plants and another cut-flower species, the rose. From this experience it is clear that down- and up-regulation of the flavonoid and anthocyanin pathway is both possible and predictable. The major commercial benefit of the application of this technology has so far been the development of novel flower colours through the development of transgenic varieties that produce, uniquely for the target species, anthocyanins derived from delphinidin. These anthocyanins are ubiquitous in nature, and occur in both ornamental plants and common food plants. Through the extensive regulatory approval processes that must occur for the commercialization of genetically modified organisms, we have accumulated considerable experimental and trial data to show the accumulation of delphinidin based anthocyanins in the transgenic plants poses no environmental or health risk.
Dimethyl 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-4-(4-methoxylphenyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
Authors: Zhang Wenwen , Pan Ning , Liu Qingjian
Published: December 2009

Dimethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-4-(4-methoxylphenyl)–pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate has been synthesized via Hantzsch condensation reaction of p-methoxybenzaldehyde, methyl acetoacetate and p-toluidine promoted by microwave irradiation (MWI) in the presence of iodine under solvent-free conditions.
Highly Loaded Fe-MCM-41 Materials: Synthesis and Reducibility Studies
Authors: Mokhonoana Malose  P. , Coville Neil  J.
Published: December 2009

Fe-MCM-41 materials were prepared by different methods. The Fe was both incorporated into the structure and formed crystallites attached to the silica. High Fe content MCM-41 (~16 wt%) with retention of mesoporosity and long-range order was achieved by a range of new synthetic methodologies: (i) by delaying the addition of Fe3+(aq) to the stirred synthesis gel by 2 h, (ii) by addition of Fe3+ precursor as a freshlyprecipitated aqueous slurry, (iii) by exploiting a secondary synthesis with Si-MCM-41 as SiO2 source. For comparative purposes the MCM-41 was also prepared by incipient wetness impregnation (IWI). Although all these synthesis methods preserved mesoporosity and long-range order of the SiO2 matrix, the hydrothermally-fabricated Fe materials prepared via the secondary synthesis route has the most useful properties for exploitation as a catalyst, in terms of hydrothermal stability of the resulting support. Temperatureprogrammed reduction (TPR) studies revealed a three-peak reduction pattern for this material instead of the commonly observed two-peak reduction pattern. The three peaks showed variable intensity that related to the presence of two components: crystalline Fe2O3 and Fe embedded in the SiO2 matrix (on the basis of ESR studies). The role of secondary synthesis of Si-MCM-41 on the iron reducibility was also demonstrated in IWI of sec-Si-MCM-41.
Recovery of Proteolytic and Collagenolytic Activities from Viscera By-products of Rayfish (Raja clavata)
Authors: Murado Miguel Anxo , González María del Pilar , Vázquez José Antonio
Published: December 2009

The aim of this work was to study the recovery of proteolytic and collagenolytic activities from rayfish (Raja clavata) viscera wastes. Initially, different parts of the gastrointestinal tract by-products (stomach, duodenum section including pancreas, final intestine) were evaluated. The extracts from proximal intestine yielded the highest values of both enzymatic activities. Optimal conditions for protease activity quantification were established at pH = 6, T = 40 °C and incubation time ≤20 min. The mathematical equation used to model the joint effect of pH and temperature led to maximum activity at pH = 8.66 and 59.4 °C, respectively. Overcooled acetone was found to be best option for recovery of enzymatic activities in comparison with ethanol, PEG-4000, ammonium sulphate and ultrafiltration system. Finally, a simple and systematic protocol of partial purification and total recovery of proteases and collagenases was defined.
MALDI-TOF MS Profiling of Annonaceous Acetogenins in Annona muricata Products for Human Consumption
Authors: Champy Pierre , Guérineau Vincent , Laprévote Olivier
Published: December 2009

Annonaceous acetogenins are proposed as environmental neurotoxicants consumed through medicinal and alimentary habits and responsible for atypical parkinsonian syndromes observed in tropical areas. Potential sources of exposure still have to be determined, as, to date, only a few batches of products for human consumption were searched for these compounds. To assess the presence of acetogenins, we propose a fast, sensitive and accurate method of screening, using MALDI-TOF MS, with minimal sample preparation. Development of the technique is discussed. Its application to leaves of herbal tea, pulp and bottled nectar of Annona muricata is presented.
Interferons as Therapy for Viral and Neoplastic Diseases: From Panacea to Pariah to Paragon
Authors: Friedman Robert  M. , Contente Sara
Published: December 2009

For more than 20 years after the excitement engendered by their discovery in 1957 as antiviral agents, there were no significant clinical uses of interferons; however, following their cloning they have been employed as effective treatment for several viral, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases.
Using an Integrated Participatory Modeling Approach to Assess Water Management Options and Support Community Conversations on Maui
Authors: Bassi Andrea M. , Harrisson John , Mistry Rushil S.
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this study is to provide an integrated analysis of water distribution on Maui and the cross-sectoral impacts of policies and regulations aimed at rejuvenating and sustaining the deep-rooted culture on the island. Since the water diversion system was implemented in 1876 on the island of Maui, there has been contention among local interest groups over the right way to manage and allocate this precious resource. There is also concern over the availability of the precious resource in the long term, as the demand for water is expected to exceed the potential supply of water on Maui by 2020. This paper analyzes various long run scenarios of policy options presently being discussed on Maui. By collaborating with local experts, business leaders, and community members, to develop a tool that facilitates policy formulation and evaluation, informed decisions can then be made by the local community to ensure sustainable development.
MANUFACTURING STRATEGIES AND CHOICES IN CULTURAL CONTEXTS
Authors: Alas Ruth , Kraus Ants , Niglas Katrin
Published: December 2009

Although any firm operates in a local environment, which includes specific economic, social and cultural contexts, there is still a lack of studies connecting culture and values with operations strategies and practices. This paper attempts to explore a look at how cultural dimensions are connected with manufacturing strategies and choices. The current article is based on data from the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS) project and the GLOBE study. Advanced mass production is more common to countries with high assertiveness, power distance and uncertainty avoidance. The model of manufacturing strategies and choices in cultural context is developed based on empirical results of the study.
LITHUANIAN STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS USING A SET OF GARCH MODELS
Authors: Teresienė Deimantė
Published: December 2009

This article analyses the main factors that influence stock price volatility. The author offers a three‐stage system for explaning a set of stock price volatility factors. The main point is to pay attention to investor's psychology as the main factor of price volatility. For practical analysis the returns of the OMXV index and stock prices of the Lithuanian stock market are taken and applied to a set of GARCH models. The main idea is to choose the best of the general autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity models (GARCH) for OMXV index and all sectors. All models are ranged according to their ability to model stock price return. The main tendencies of the Lithuanian stock market are also analysed in this article by highlighting the leverage effect.
Initial Clinical Evaluation of an Intraocular Femtosecond Laser in Cataract Surgery
Authors: Nagy Zoltan , Takacs Agnes , Filkorn Tamas , Sarayba Melvin
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate femtosecond laser lens fragmentation and anterior capsulotomy in cataract surgery.

Methods:

Anterior capsulotomy and phacofragmentation procedures performed with an intraocular femtosecond laser (LenSx Lasers Inc) were initially evaluated in ex vivo porcine eyes. These procedures were then performed in an initial series of nine patients undergoing cataract surgery. In addition to standard intraoperative assessments (including capsulotomy diameter accuracy and reproducibility), optical coherence tomography was used to evaluate human procedures.

Results:

For an intended 5-mm capsulorrhexis in porcine eyes, average achieved diameters were 5.88±0.73 mm using a standard manual technique and 5.02±0.04 mm using the femtosecond laser. Scanning electron microscopy revealed equally smooth cut edges of the capsulotomy with the femtosecond laser and manual technique. Compared to control porcine eyes, femtosecond laser phacofragmentation resulted in a 43% reduction in phacoemulsification power and a 51% decrease in phacoemulsification time. In a small series of human clinical procedures, femtosecond laser capsulotomies and phacofragmentation demonstrated similarly high levels of accuracy and effectiveness, with no operative complications.

Conclusions:

Initial results with an intraocular femtosecond laser demonstrate higher precision of capsulorrhexis and reduced phacoemulsification power in porcine and human eyes.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:1053–1060.]
Vector Analysis of Cross Cylinder LASIK With the NIDEK EC-5000 Excimer Laser for High Astigmatism
Authors: Abolhassani Abbas , Shojaei Ahmad , Baradaran-Rafiee Ali Reza , Eslani Medi , Elahi Behzad , Noorizadeh Farsad
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate visual outcomes of LASIK in eyes with high astigmatic refractive errors with low spherical component.

Methods:

We prospectively evaluated cross cylinder LASIK in patients with high astigmatic eyes with low spherical component over a 2-year period. All laser surgeries were performed with the NIDEK EC-5000 excimer laser. We used power vectors (M [spherical equivalent] and J
0,
and J
45
[cylinder]) to analyze the astigmatic results. Main outcome measures were uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), manifest refraction, and complications.

Results:

Thirty-four eyes of 22 patients were included. Patients were followed for 21.8±3.7 months. At the last examination, UCVA of 20/40 or better was observed in 33 (97.1%) eyes. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity after LASIK improved significantly in comparison to BSCVA before surgery (
P
<.005). Mean preoperative cylinder was −4.73±0.89 diopters (D) (range: −4.00 to −7.00 D), which decreased to −0.29±0.47 D (range: 0.00 to −1.50 D) at last follow-up (
P
<.001). Reduction in the magnitude of power vectors was 92.4% for M, 103.2% for J
0
, and 76.4% for J
45
. No cases of postoperative astigmatic regression or corneal haze were observed.

Conclusions:

Cross cylinder LASIK with the NIDEK EC-5000 excimer laser is a successful procedure for correcting high astigmatism and improving vision.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:1075–1082.]
THE BIOLOGY AND PHEROMONE-BASED MONITORING OF THE DRIEDFRUIT MOTH, VITULA EDMANDSAE SERRATILINEELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Scott Cynthia D. , Winston M. L. , Slessor K. N. , King G. G. S. , Grant G. G.
Published: December 2009

In western Canada, three wax-infesting moth species are serious pests of honey bee products, Vitula edmandsae serratilineella Ragonot, Achroia grisella (F.), and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). The latter two species are found only in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia, while the driedfruit moth (sometimes called the bumble bee wax moth), V. edmandsae, is found throughout western Canada.

Three female-produced pheromone components of V. edmandsae were identified as (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, and field tested. Pheromone baits were used in traps outdoors and in bee equipment storage facilities in the Fraser and Okanagan valleys of British Columbia. The peak indoor trapping period occurred during May in the Okanagan Valley, while catches in indoor traps in the Fraser Valley were negligible throughout the entire trapping period. Catches in outdoor traps peaked during July in both regions. Traps baited with (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol, alone or in binary combination with (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, were significantly more attractive to male V. edmandsae than all other treatments tested. At one apiary, cumulative moth catch from a trap line 1.0 m from hives was significantly greater than that from a trap line 4.5 m away. The results suggest that a pheromone-based monitoring and control program for V. edmandsae is feasible.
COMPARATIVE EFFICACIES OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE APPLICATIONS OF COMMERCIAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA IN BALSAM FIR STANDS
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (B.t.) is the most widely used biological control agent against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), a major defoliator of coniferous forests. The technology of applying the bacterium, however, is still not fully developed and the strategy of applying single or split applications of B.t. in unmixed stands is still in question. Double applications are generally accepted as necessary in mixed stands of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, red spruce, P. rubens Sarg., black spruce, P. mariana (Mill.) BSP, and balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., due to difference in the phenological development of the host trees and of the budworm infesting them. Field trials were conducted at Mine Centre, Ontario, to compare the efficacies of double and single applications of B.t. against the budwonn infesting balsam fir stands.
SPATIAL DISPERSION AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING OF THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON PROCESSING-TOMATOES IN OHIO
Authors: Walker Gregory P. , Madden Laurence V. , Simonet Donald E.
Published: December 2009

Spatial dispersion of potato aphids was studied in fields of processing-tomatoes for 2 years to develop a sequential sampling scheme for the aphid. Potato aphids were found on upper, middle, and lower leaf strata in the percentages 60, 31, and 8. Dispersion was clumped, apterates more so than alates. Among-plant variance was generally greater than within-plant variance. There was a good linear relationship between mean crowding and the population mean and an excellent linear fit between log variance and log mean on all leaf strata for green and pink forms of the aphid and for alates and apterates. The log variance – log mean relationship was used as a basis for sequential sampling.
EFFECT OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON POST-DIAPAUSE EMERGENCE AND SURVIVAL OF SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Lucuik G. S.
Published: December 2009

Earlier attempts to correlate spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), outbreaks and weather conditions were usually carried out by comparing seasonal data and spruce budworm outbreak development in broad terms: it was found that warm, dry weather favored outbreak development, while cool, wet weather retarded development. In this paper, laboratory experiments and historical data are examined to determine the effect of temperature and precipitation on second-instar larvae, just prior to and after spring emergence. Results tend to show that prolonged rain and freezing temperatures during and shortly after emergence are detrimental and may, in some cases, have a profound impact on outbreak development.
RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SIX PYRETHROID AND TWO ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS INSECTICIDES ON SOIL SURFACE AGAINST DARKSIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cheng H. H.
Published: December 2009

Six pyrethroids, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate and permethrin, and two organophosphorous insecticides, acephate and chlorpyrifos, were applied to the soil surface in the greenhouse and field to evaluate their effectiveness and residual toxicity against the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), in Ontario.

Four years of tests indicated that the pyrethroid insecticides were consistently similar in effectiveness and residual toxicity at the rates applied. On air-dry soil surfaces in the greenhouse, the pyrethroids were significantly more toxic and persistent than was chlorpyrifos. On moderately moist soil surfaces in the field, chlorpyrifos was as toxic to the cutworm larvae as were the pyrethroid insecticides, but less persistent. None of the pyrethroids was affected by soil moisture to the same extent as was chlorpyrifos. Acephate-treated soil surfaces, regardless of indoor or outdoor conditions, were less toxic and the toxicity less persistent than with chlorpyrifos-treated soil. Although not statistically different, the high rates of pyrethroids were consistently more toxic and persistent to the cutworm larvae than the low rates of the same materials. All the pyrethroid insecticides have excellent potential as soil treatments for controlling cutworms on tobacco.
CAPTURE OF BLUEBERRY MAGGOT ADULTS, RHAGOLETIS MENDAX (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), ON PHEROCON® AM TRAPS AND ON TARTAR RED DARK STICKY SPHERES IN LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY FIELDS
Authors: Neilson W. T. A. , Knowlton A. D. , Fuller M.
Published: December 2009

Adults of the blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, were captured on Pherocon® AM traps and on 8.5 cm tartar red dark sticky spheres from early July to mid-August in lowbush blueberry fields. Spheres captured significantly more (P < 0.05) adults than Pherocon AM traps deployed vertically and at 45 °angles, but did not capture significantly more adults than Pherocon traps deployed above the plants. Immature females were captured more frequently on Pherocon traps whereas mature females and males were captured more frequently on spheres.

The use of either type of trap to monitor adult prevalence to determine the time and need for control treatments appears feasible, but will require further study to provide reliable indexes of adult populations for predicting the need for treatments.
PREDICTING THE TIME OF HATCH OF THE STRAWBERRY APHID, CHAETOSIPHON FRAGAEFOLII (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Frazer B.D. , Raworth D. A.
Published: December 2009

The rate of hatch of overwintered eggs of the strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), at five temperatures in controlled environment chambers was used to determine the thermal threshold of development. Samples of eggs were taken from two field locations several times before hatch. These samples were subdivided and placed into two or three different constant temperature chambers. The day-degree requirements for hatching from the time of collection were estimated. These estimates corresponded to the number of day-degrees actually accumulated in the field between the time of egg collection and the time of hatching.

This method of simulating the effect of temperature on egg development was an accurate method of predicting the time of hatch in the field at least 3 weeks prior to the observed time.
LABORATORY STUDIES OF RADIATION-INDUCED STERILITY ON THE ONION MAGGOT, DELIA ANTIQUA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: McEwen F. L. , Ritcey G. , Liu H. J.
Published: December 2009

A dose of 4 krad was the most appropriate for sterilizing pupae of Delia antiqua (Meigen) for field release: adult emergence was not reduced, emerging female flies were sterile, and the eggs produced by normal females which had mated with males irradiated as pupae had a lower hatch than those resulting from matings with normal males. Males irradiated as 6- to 8-day-old pupae were fully competitive under laboratory conditions. Continuous scrutiny of laboratory cultures to detect reduction in adult emergence or reduced competitiveness of males is stressed.
BIONOMICS OF PLATYLYGUS LURIDUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) IN WISCONSIN JACK PINE SEED ORCHARDS
Authors: Rauf Aunu , Benjamin D. M. , Cecich R. A.
Published: December 2009

Platylygus luridus (Reuter) causes conelet abortion and reduces seed production in jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., seed orchards in northern Wisconsin. One generation a year occurs and the insect overwinters as an egg that hatches during late May. The nymphs pass through 5 instars within 5 to 6 weeks. Adults were abundant during July and early August 1982. Eggs were laid singly within the phloem tissues of current year's shoots just below the bases of needle fascicles. The nymphs fed predominantly on the tender tissues of shoots or needles. The adults preferred to feed on ovules in the conelets, and conelet abortion resulted. About 74% of the total abortion occurred during adult feeding periods. Conditions favoring P. luridus population increases in the jack pine seed orchards included: densely planted seed orchards on high fertility sites; trees 6 to 10 years old with closed crowns or in shade; vigorously growing trees that were well watered and fertilized. Natural enemies included predators Deraeocoris albigulus, D. (possibly) laricicola, Evarcha nr. hoyi, and Misumenops asperatus.
EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TIME TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ON MORTALITY AND RECOVERY OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Fast Paul G. , Régnière Jacques
Published: December 2009

Spruce budworm larvae were subjected to bioassay with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to study the effects of exposure time and assay period on mortality, as well as on the possibility of recovery after a feeding-inhibitory dose. At all concentrations cumulative mortality increased until about day 10 of the assay. Extension of the exposure period from 1 day to continuous (equivalent to a 6 day exposure), resulted in a 500-fold reduction in LC50 (increase in potency) and an equivalent reduction in LT50. Some larvae recover if allowed to feed on diet without Bt even after exposure for 4 days to a very high concentration of Bt. The growth rate of recovered larvae is normal, but the time required for normal growth to resume varies with dose and exposure duration. Equations expressing the effect of exposure duration and dose on mortality and recovery period are presented. The implications of these findings for control of spruce budworm are discussed.
SEASONAL FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF THE SMALLER EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLE, SCOLYTUS MULTISTRIATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), AND ASSOCIATES IN GEORGIA
Authors: Hanula James L. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: December 2009

The smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham), had three distinct periods of adult flight annually in Georgia. Adults of the associated native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichhoff, were trapped on elm logs during only one period in the spring, but some adults were reared from infested bolts in the fall. Seasonal abundance of the S. multistriatus parasite Spathius benefactor Matthews (Braconidae) showed little temporal relationship to its host. However, Entedon leucogramma Ratzeburg (Eulophidae) emergence was highly synchronized with S. multistriatus emergence. Scolytus multistriatus overwintered as fully developed larvae as in other parts of its range.
APICAL DOMINANCE ASSERTED OVER LATERAL BUDS BY THE GALL OFRHABDOPHAGA STROBILOIDES(DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Weis Arthur E.
Published: December 2009

Plant galls are growth deformities developed under the influence of parasitic insects. The process of differentiation of normal plant tissue into gall tissue has been examined by many authors (Kostoff and Kendall 1929; Rohfristch 1977; see also Mani 1964) but less effort has been made to study the effects of the gallmaker on plant tissues outside the vicinity of active gall formation. Negative effects on the overall growth of the host plant can be expected because the gall acts as an energy and nutrient sink (Palct 1972; Hartnett and Abrahamson 1979), which can cause abnormal patterns of resource allocation among plant organs.
FIELD RELEASES OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) FOR SUPPRESSION OF EPIDEMIC SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), EGG POPULATIONS IN MAINE
Authors: Houseweart Mark W. , Jennings Daniel T. , Lawrence Robert K.
Published: December 2009

Trichogramma minutum Riley was released in the field for suppression of epidemic spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), egg populations in Maine from 1977 to 1981. Commercially reared California-strain T. minutum were released from the ground at single-point sources in 1977. In 1978, using 4-point-source releases, we found that the native Maine-strain performed better than the California strain. In 1979, broadcast and multiple releases from the ground gave slight improvement in parasitism over 4-point releases. In 1981, three closely timed, aerially broadcast releases from a helicopter yielded increases in parasitism rates significantly higher than those in control plots, but not sufficient to suppress epidemic spruce budworm populations. Important variables and suggestions for future aerial releases are discussed.
HOST RANGE OFLEMA CYANELLA(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), A CANDIDATE FOR BIOCONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE, AND OF FOUR STENOPHAGOUS, FOREIGN THISTLE INSECTS IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Peschken D. P.
Published: December 2009

In the field in Europe,Lenta cyanella(L.) has been reported to breed only on Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.) whereas in the laboratory it breeds on species in the generaCirsium,Carduus, andSilybum. In one laboratory choice test,L. cyanellapreferredCirsium drummondiiT.&G. over Canada thistle. In one field-cage test, it concentrated feeding and oviposition on oneC. drummondiiwhich thrived in preference to three otherC. drummondiiand Canada thistle which grew poorly. In a second field-cage test, Canada thistle predominated andL. cyanellafed and oviposited most on Canada thistle although its intrinsic preference forC. drummondiiwas still apparent. A review of the field host-plants of three accidentally introduced thistle-feeding insects,Orellia ruficauda(F.),Cleonus pigerScop, andCassida rubiginosaMüller, and the introduced biocontrol agentRhinocyllus conicusFroel., showed that these insects, which have a wider range of hosts than hasL. cyanella, concentrate breeding on introduced species of Cynareae (Compositae). Based on this evidence, it is extrapolated thatL. cyanellawill exploit Canada thistle and will not damage populations of nativeCirsiumspecies when established in North America.
EFFICIENCY OF FOOD UTILIZATION BY HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FED ARTIFICIAL DIETS OR GREEN BEANS
Authors: Cohen Allen C. , Patana Raymond
Published: December 2009

Second-instar Heliothis zea (more than the 275th generation) larvae from a 16-year-old culture, were fed either green beans or artificial diet until they reached the pupal stage and then were compared to determine their relative fitness to the two diets. They proved at least as well adapted to beans as to artificial diet with regard to most parameters. Final larval weights were equal, as were pupal dry weights. Wet weights were higher in diet-fed than in bean-fed pupae. Dry food consumption was higher in diet-fed larvae than in bean-fed larvae, but the reverse was true of wet food consumption. Total food consumption by larvae was limited by food volume rather than weight or composition. The larval stage was shorter in diet-fed than in bean-fed larvae; and diet-fed larvae had better survival, higher body nitrogen, and body energy content. Oxygen consumption was lower in bean-fed than in diet-fed larvae. Efficiency of food utilization was higher for bean-fed than for diet-fed larvae both in terms of dry matter conversion and energy conversion. Nitrogen utilization efficiencies were the same for both diets.
CATHEPSIN B AND AMINOPEPTIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE POSTERIOR MIDGUT OF EUSCHISTUS EUSCHISTOIDES (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Houseman Jon G. , MacNaughton W. K. , Downe A. E. R.
Published: December 2009

The posterior midgut of a seed-feeding pentatomid, Euschistus euschistoides (Vollenhoven), contains the proteinases cathepsin B and aminopeptidase. Cadiepsin B hydrolysis of benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide is activated by thiol chemicals and EDTA. Aminopeptidase hydrolysis of leucine-p-nitroanilide is activated by MgCl2 and inhibited by cysteine, glutathione, EDTA, and CaCl2. These results are similar to those obtained for cathepsin B and aminopeptidase from blood-feeding Hemiptera and support the hypothesis that catheptic proteinases are unique to this order.
DETERMINATION OF THE SEX-PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF CHEIMOPHILA SALICELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OECOPHORIDAE), A PEST OF BLUEBERRY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Gillespie David R. , King G. G. S. , Salas-Reyes Victor A. , Slessor Keith N.
Published: December 2009

The female-produced sex pheromone Cheimophila salicella (Hbn.) was found to be a mixture of E-11-tetradecenyl acetate, E-11-tetradecen-1-ol, tetradecyl acetate and E-11-tetradecenal, as determined by chemical analyses and field-trapping results. Capillary gas-liquid chromatography of individual female tip washes indicated relative ratios of 100:15:10:2. Field-trapping experiments showed the E-11 acetate to be essential and the E-11 aldehyde to be a powerful synergist for trapping of male moths.
CUBANOTYPHLUS LARGO, A NEW SPECIES OF LEPTOTYPHLINAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) FROM FLORIDA
Authors: Frank J. H. , Thomas M. C.
Published: December 2009

Adults of the new species Cubanotyphlus largo Frank, from Florida, U.S.A., are described, illustrated, and differentiated from adults of C. jimenezi Coiffait and Decou and of C. poeyi Decou, which are known only from Cuba. Distinguishing characteristics of Cubanotyphlus and of the 12 other described genera of New World Neotyphlini are given in a table, as are bibliographic citations and distribution of the 39 known species of New World Leptotyphlinae. The habitat of C. largo in the northern part of Key Largo, Monroe Co., Florida has been threatened by encroaching urban development but recently has been listed for acquisition and conservation by the government of Florida.
EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF A MICROSPORIDIUM IN FIELD POPULATIONS OF AULOCARA ELLIOTTI AND PSOLOESSA DELICATULA (INSECTA: ORTHOPTERA)
Authors: Streett D. A. , Henry J. E.
Published: December 2009

An undescribed microsporidium was isolated from a grasshopper species, Aulocara elliotti Thomas, in Platte County, Wyoming. A subsequent survey of grasshoppers revealed infections of the microsporidium in the other predominant grasshopper species, Psoloessa delicatula (Scudder). In a generation cycle, P. delicatula hatch in mid-summer, overwinter as late-instar nymphs, and become adults and oviposit in late spring, whereas A. elliotti diapause as eggs during winter, hatch in late spring, become adults and oviposit in early to mid-summer. The purpose of the present investigation is to report on the comparative incidence and transmission of the parasite in A. elliotti and P. delicatula.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF A CEANOTHUS LEAF MINER, TISCHERIA IMMACULATA (LEPIDOPTERA: TISCHERIIDAE)
Authors: Fasoranti Joshua Olaniyan
Published: December 2009

Plantings of Ceanothus griseus L. (also Ceanothus thyrsiflorus var. griseus L.) were invaded by a rare leaf miner, Tischeria immaculata (Braun). Adults appeared at the beginning of May and most flew between 1750 and 2400 h. Mating and egg laying started immediately and females laid an average of 35 eggs (range: 15–48). Eggs measured 0.12 mm by 0.08 mm, were translucent, and hatched to minute larvae which did not feed until 24 h after hatch. Larvae reared at different temperatures and moisture regimes performed best at 21 °C and 70% relative humidity. Frass was ejected through the oval trap door constructed at the initiation of the larval mine. Pupation took place anywhere within the mine but the adult emerged through a crescentic exit hole at the end of the mine.The principal enemy was a eulophid, Pnigalio flavipes Ashmead. Various species of spiders and a bird, Junco hyemalis L., preyed on adults. Emerging adults were also trapped and killed in spittle-bug froth.
EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): IDENTIFICATION OF ADDITIONAL PHEROMONE COMPONENTS RESULTING IN AN IMPROVED LURE
Authors: Gray T. G. , Slessor K. N. , Shepherd R. F. , Grant G. G. , Manville J. F.
Published: December 2009

Investigation of the European pine shoot moth pheromone has revealed three components in addition to the previously identified E-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9-12:Ac): E-9-dodecenol, dodecyl acetate, and dodecanol. Inclusion of E-9-dodecenol makes lures more attractive to the moth than unmated females or E9-12:Ac alone. Dodecyl acetate had no apparent effect when added to this more attractive mixture whereas dodecanol had an inhibitory effect. Dodecyl acetate appeared to mask the inhibitory effect of dodecanol when 0.3% or more of the former component is present in the lure. Relative proportions of components are critical in comparative testing or monitoring populations of the moth.
EFFICACY AND FIELD PERSISTENCE OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AFTER GROUND APPLICATION TO BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE IN WISCONSIN
Authors: Reardon R. C. , Haissig K.
Published: December 2009

Bacillus thuringiensis was applied at three dosages (1.0 BIU/tree, 0.1 BIU/tree, and.01 BIU/tree) to balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., and white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, with mist blowers. Crystalline proteins were detected on balsam fir foliage for a maximum of 16 days (d) after B. thuringiensis was applied at 1.0 BIU/tree. Higher levels of crystalline proteins were detected on white spruce foliage treated with Thuricide 16B than on that treated with Dipel 4L. On balsam fir, the situation was the opposite. Mist-blower-treated foliage collected for up to 16 d posttreatment caused mortality of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), larvae. Viable endospores of B. thuringiensis were recovered on white spruce foliage collected 1 year after treatment.
CONNATICHELA ARTEMISIAE, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF WEEVIL FROM THE YUKON TERRITORY (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: LEPTOPIINAE): TAXONOMY, PALEONTOLOGY, AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
Authors: Anderson Robert S.
Published: December 2009

Connatichela artemisiae, a new genus and species of leptopiine weevil endemic to the Yukon Territory, Canada, is described and illustrated. The genus is placed in the group of leptopiine genera characterized by the absence of metepisternal suture, lack of scales on antennal funiculus, and presence of broad scales on antennal scape. Connatichela members are readily distinguished from related leptopiine genera by the presence of connate tarsal claws and the structure of male and female genitalia. Phylogenetic and zoogeographic relationships of the genus are unresolved at present. Adult specimens were found in association with plants of a small species of Artemisia.

Fossil material of mid-Wisconsin age assignable to C. artemisiae from the Yukon Territory, extreme western Northwest Territories, and Alaska suggests a slightly more widespread Pleistocene distribution, with recent restriction to the Yukon Territory. This restriction may have resulted from a decrease, during the post Wisconsin, in availability of dry steppe-tundra habitats throughout most of Beringia.
AN ATTRACTANT-BAITED STICKY TRAP FOR MONITORING THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Trimble R. M.
Published: December 2009

The spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), is an important pest of apple in Michigan (Dutcher and Howitt 1978), New York (Weires et al. 1980), and Ontario (Pree et al. 1980). In Ontario, the leafminer has three generations per year (Johnson et al. 1976) and overwinters as a diapausing pupa in the leaf litter (Johnson et al. 1976; Trimble 1983a). The spring activity period usually begins during late April or early May (Trimble 1983b) and the two summer activity periods usually begin during mid-June and mid-August (Johnson et al. 1976; Trimble, unpublished).
DESCRIPTION AND BIOLOGY OF A NEW SPECIES OFDIPLOLEPISFOURCROY (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) INDUCING GALLS ON THE STEMS OFROSA ACICULARIS
Authors: Shorthouse J. D. , Ritchie A. J.
Published: December 2009

Diplolepis triforman. sp. is described and distinguished from other members of the genus. Diagnoses are given for closely related species:D. ashmeadi(Beut.),D. inconspicuisDailey and Campbell,D. nodulosa(Beut.), andD. verna(O.S.). Lectotypes are designated forD. ashmeadi,D. nodulosa, andD. verna. The genusDiplolepisFourcroy is briefly reviewed. The biology and ecology ofD. triformaand its gall are described.Diplolepis triformainduces a multichambered, polymorphic stem gall onRosa acicularisand is distributed throughout central and western Canada. The form of the gall depends on the developmental condition of the host plant at the time of oviposition.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF NEOATHYREUS HOWDEN AND MARTÍNEZ FROM COSTA RICA WITH DISTRIBUTION NOTES ON OTHER ATHYREINI FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: GEOTRUPINAE)
Authors: Howden H. F. , Gill B.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Neoathyreus, lyriferus and apiculatus, both from Costa Rica, are described and illustrated. New records for Mexico and Central America are listed for eight other species of Neoathyreus.
THE OVERWINTERING POTENTIAL OF TRUE ARMYWORM, PSEUDALETIA UNIPUNCTA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), POPULATIONS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Fields Paul G. , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: December 2009

The true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.), has no evident diapausing stage, is not freeze tolerant, shows no consistent seasonal changes in either supercooling-point values or longevity at 0 °C for different developmental stages, and did not survive when held in overwintering cages in the field. These facts support the hypothesis that this species cannot overwinter in Quebec and that the adult populations observed each spring must therefore be the result of a northerly migration from sites, such as Tennessee, where overwintering is known to occur.
ODOR-MEDIATED RESPONSES OF BEMBIDION OBTUSIDENS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) IN A WIND TUNNEL
Authors: Evans W. G.
Published: December 2009

Cyanobacterial mats of Oscillatoria spp., found in the habitat of Bembidion obtusidens, a halophilic carabid beetle, emit metabolites that act as allelochemic attractants to these insects. In a wind tunnel designed for use with small, fast-running carabid beetles, B. obtusidens adults responded to a homogeneously dispersed wind-borne mixture of these allelochemics by walking upwind. These results suggest that wind-borne metabolites of Oscillatoria spp. could act as distant chemical cues that invoke positive, odor-mediated anemotaxis in migrant B. obtusidens, enabling them to locate their habitat.
PREDATION OF CRYPTORHOPALUM RUFICORNE (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE) ON EGG MASSES OF THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Mason Thomas L. , Ticehurst Mark
Published: December 2009

Invertebrate predation of egg masses of the gypsy moth has been little studied in North America despite its reported impact on populations of this pest in Eurasia and North Africa (Nonveiller 1959; Stefanov and Keremidchiev 1961; Hérard 1979). There, on occasion, this feeding guild has regulated local gypsy moth outbreaks (DeLépiney 1933). The most important predators were dermestids of the genera Anthrenus, Dermestes, Megatoma, and Trogoderma.
LES TAONS (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE) D'UNE TOURBIÈRE À PALSES SITUÉE À LA LIMITE DES FORÊTS (NOUVEAU-QUÉBEC)
Authors: Maire Alain
Published: December 2009

Dans la toundra forestière, zone correspondant non seulement à la limite des forêts et des arbres (Payette 1983), mais aussi à celle de la plupart des espèces de tabanides (Chvála et al. 1972; Baribeau et Maire 1983), les tourbières constituent le principal type de milieux humides propice au développement des larves de tabanides (Miller 1951; Teskey 1969).
A PRELIMINARY ANNOTATED LIST OF THE COLLEMBOLA OF SANTA CRUZ COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Authors: Muzzio Suzanne F.
Published: December 2009

Forty-three species of Collembola were found, 37 of which were new records for the county.
THE LARVA OFANAQUEDIUS VERNIX(COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: LeSage Laurent
Published: December 2009

The larva ofAnaquedius vernix(LeConte) is a typical quediine larva but has many distinctive morphological characteristics: tibial comb on the whole length of front tibia, not only on the apical part as in other quediine larvae; tubular organ of the third segment of the maxillary palp at the apex of the segment rather than at the base; pygopod and anal diverticula elongated and well developed, a condition probably related to the almost aquatic life habits of the larva.
DIFLUBENZURON: DIFFERENTIAL TOXICITY TO LARVAE OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) AND ITS INTERNAL PARASITE, DORYPHOROPHAGA DORYPHORAE (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Tamaki George , Chauvin R. L. , Moffitt H. R. , Mantey K. D.
Published: December 2009

An insecticide, diflubenzuron, suppressed 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), with reduced effect on the tachinid parasite, Doryphorophaga doryphorae (Riley), developing within the larvae. Concentrations applied to potato foliage were 50, 100, 300, and 500 mg/L. In laboratory and greenhouse tests, parasite survival was not adversely affected when the 3rd instars were treated with 50 mg/L diflubenzuron but survival decreased to 0 and 4% at 300 and 500 mg/L. Survival and emergence of the parasite from treated 4th instars were not adversely affected at any concentration tested. Fourth-instar beetle larvae were much more tolerant of diflubenzuron than were the 3rd instars. Neither fertility nor the ability to parasitize beetle larvae was adversely affected in adult parasites emerging from treated 3rd or 4th instars. Adult beetles developing from treated larvae mated normally and laid fertile eggs. Foliage consumption by the beetle larvae decreased progressively as dosage of diflubenzuron increased but only slowly once the dosage increased beyond 100 mg/L.
SURVIVAL OF PUPAE OF MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND TWO OF ITS PARASITES IN UNTILLED AND TILLED SOIL
Authors: Turnock W. J. , Bilodeau R.J.
Published: December 2009

The survival of Mamestra configurata Wlk. was determined from autumn and spring samples in 1973/74, 1980/81, and 1981/82 taken from unfilled and tilled portions of 12 fields of canola (Brassica campestris L. and B. napus L.). Survival from the pre-pupal stage in the autumn to post-diapause pupae in the spring varied from 2.9 to 56.5% in unfilled soil and from 0 to 25.4% in tilled soil. In untilled soil, the variations among fields in total mortality of M. configurata were related to parasitism by Banchus flavescens and to overwintering mortality. In tilled soil, overwintering mortality accounted for most of the variability in total mortality among fields. The percentage of mortality from injury to pupae, and their disappearance following tillage, greatly increased but this type of mortality did not account for much of the variability in total mortality. The disappearance of pupae following tillage was attributed to predation. In both untilled and tilled soils, the amount of overwintering mortality was related to the depth of accumulated snow, and mortality was lower in untilled soil because the stubble trapped more snow. The survival of M. configurata was not related to soil type, the type of tillage equipment, or the frequency of tillage. The number of adults emerging from untilled and tilled soil in one field were 2.58 and 0.27/m2 for M. configurata, 5.22 and 2.85/m2 for the parasite B. flavescens, and 4.46 and 3.60/m2 for the parasite Athrycia cinerea, indicating that the survival of the parasites was less affected by tillage than that of their host.

Tillage may reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks of M. configurata not only by increasing mortality but also by differentially affecting the survival of its main parasites.
A KEY TO THE GENUS NEARCTAPHIS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

A key is given for 13 species and two subspecies of the genus Nearctaphis in North America, including all species formerly in the genus Roepkea. The hosts, life histories, and forms for all species are poorly known and more collecting and host transfer experiments are urgently required.