bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUASI KELAYAKAN EKONOMI PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL TRANS SUMATERA RUAS BAKAUHENI – TERBANGGI BESAR MELALUI COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Authors: Mitasari Windy , Iskandar Doddy Aditya
Published: December 2020

ABSTRAK  Proyek Jalan Tol Trans Sumatera ruas Bakauheni – Terbanggi Besar merupakan proyek yang tidak layak secara finansial namun layak secara ekonomi. Proyek Jalan Tol Trans Sumatera di ruas Bakahueni – Terbanggi Besar resmi dimulai pembangunannya pada tanggal 30 April 2015 dan telah diresmikan penggunaannya secara penuh pada tanggal 8 Maret 2019. Proyek ini memiliki asumsi Internal Rate of Return 11,80% dengan struktur pemodalan dan komposisi pinjaman dan ekuitas sebesar 48%:52%, termasuk porsi ekuitas proyek ini diperoleh dari Penyertaan Modal Negara dan porsi pinjaman dijamin oleh Pemerintah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode perbandingan manfaat dengan biaya (Benefit Cost Ratio) dan bertujuan melakukan evaluasi kelayakan ekonomi proyek Bakauheni – Terbanggi Besar. Biaya yang digunakan adalah biaya proyek dan biaya lingkungan sebagai bentuk eksternalitas negatif proyek ini sedangkan manfaat yang dihitung berdasarkan manfaat yang diperoleh pengguna jalan tol tersebut. Biaya total dari proyek ini adalah Rp 27,93 Triliun dan manfaat nya sebesar Rp. 31,43 Triliun sehingga BCR sebesar 1,13. Dilihat dari nilai BCR, Proyek ini merupakan proyek yang layak secara ekonomi..Kata kunci: Evaluasi, Infrastruktur, Jalan Tol Trans Sumatera, Ekonomi, Kelayakan ABSTRACTThe Trans Sumatra Toll Road Project for the Bakauheni - Terbanggi Besar section is a project that is not financially feasible but economically feasible. The Trans Sumatra Toll Road Project in the Bakahueni - Terbanggi Besar section officially began construction on April 30, 2015 and was fully inaugurated on March 8, 2019. This project assumes an Internal Rate of Return 11.80% with a capital structure and loan composition and 48%: 52% equity, including the portion of the project equity obtained from the State Equity Participation and the portion of the loan guaranteed by the Government.The research was conducted using the Benefit Cost Ratio method and aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of the Bakauheni - Terbanggi Besar project. The costs used are project costs and environmental costs as a form of negative externalities of this project, while the benefits are calculated based on the benefits obtained by the toll road users. The total cost of this project is IDR 27.93 trillion and the benefits are IDR. 31.43 trillion so that the BCR is 1.13. Judging from the BCR value, this project is an economically viable project.Keywords: Evaluation, Infrastructure, Trans Sumatra Toll Road, Economy, Feasibility
EVALUATION OF URINARY MICROALBUMIN LEVELS IN TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE GLYCEMIC CONTROL
Authors: Mohammed Sara , Nazki Faizan I Asrar , Wazir Mohsin , Anees Syyeda
Published: December 2020

Aims: To evaluate the urinary microalbumin levels in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in association with the glycemic control.
Methodology: 100 subjects were enrolled (50 controls and 50 type 1 diabetic patients) with age and sex matched. 50 Type 1 diabetic patients were grouped into 3 based on their glycemic status. Venous blood and urine is collected for the estimation of the urinary microalbumin, serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c.
Results: The present study received significant correlations between MA and HbA1c with their respective controls with p –value < 0.005. The difference of means between Group 2 and Group 3 is statistically significant, and between Group 1 and Group 3 is also statistically significant (p value <0.05).
Conclusion: The present study stated that urinary microalbumin was found to be higher in type 1 DM. The raised MA levels are found to be associated with poor glycemic control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Assumptions for a Financing Model for Maintaining Railway Station Buildings in Poland
Authors: Podleśko Paweł
Published: December 2020

The aim of this article is to present a potential financing model for the maintenance of railway stations (station buildings) with public funds. The article points out that this is an issue that needs to be solved due to the nature of the existing system of fees in the entire transport sector. This issue is also important in the context of the decisions made by the Polish Office of Rail Transport (ORT) with respect to the fees charged by infrastructure managers and operators of infrastructure facilities from railway carriers. The article also describes the current situation of railway station operators in relation to the sources of financing their activities, the ownership structure of operators, and the categories of trains commissioned by public trans-port organizers of different levels. The directions of the EU transport policy concerning the principles of creating a system of fees providing for a level playing field in terms of inter-branch competition are also presented. The article presents solutions in terms of financing the maintenance of station facilities (including station buildings) in the EU Member States with the longest railway networks (excluding the UK, i.e. Germany, Italy and France). The summary of the article highlights some suggestions of possible solutions to this problem within the framework of the Polish legal and financial system. Keywords: railway station, station building, rail yard, maintenance of infrastructure facilities, public aid, organization of rail transport
Measurements of Structure Gauge Limits on German Railways
Authors: Poliński Janusz
Published: December 2020

Knowledge of the gauge limits on operating railway lines is essential for safe railway traffic, as defined by the train time-table. The article presents, from a historical perspective, the development of diagnostic measurements. The first designs of measuring vehicles, which systematically reduced the time for diagnosing railway lines, including tunnels, are also presented here. The engineering and technology progress allowed the development of new surveying methods, successively implemented by upgrading diagnostic vehicles. Such measures simultaneously affected the quality of measurements, allowed measurements to be taken at increasing speeds, as well as to automatically create a gauge limit database on the DB AG network. This data is used, inter alia, for the codification of railway lines for the purposes of intermodal transport and special shipments. Keywords: rail transport, DB AG railways, structure gauge, measuring wagons
Cybersecurity of Railway Network Management and Partitioning
Authors: Procházka Jan , Novobilsky Petr , Procházkova Dana
Published: December 2020

The railway transport infrastructure ensures the transfer of large numbers of people and cargo every day. The importance of the railway in terms of ensuring the serviceability of the territory makes it a critical infrastructure. We can observe the development of the use of IT technologies on railway, as in all areas of the human system. The management of the railway as a physical system needs to be superseded by management of the railway as a cyberphysical system. The railway infra-structure has a large area of attack in both, physical space and cyber space. Multiple Independent Levels of Security (MILS) can meet the high system security requirements. The MILS is a high-assurance security architecture based on the concepts of separation and controlled information flow. The article discusses the possibilities of using the MILS platform in the data communication system and the control system of the railway. Keywords: Cyber Physical Systems, Critical Infrastructures, Multiple Independent Levels of Security
Brake Squeal Analysis using Finite Element Analysis Method
Authors: Patil Yatesh , Khan Subim , Iqbal Shoaib , Bankar Amol , Patil Maheshwari
Published: December 2020

The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is widely used for solving many Engineering problems. This paper focuses on use of FEA for Brake Squeal Analysis. Automobiles generates several kinds of noises like Groan, chatter, judder, moan, and squeal. Brake squeal can be defined as an unwanted noise that occurs due to dynamic instability of the system. It generally occurs in the frequency range of 1 KHz to 16 KHz.The aim of the project is to predict the squeal noise occurring at particular frequencies at an early stage of development using full corner brake model. The preprocessing of the full corner brake model is done using Hypermesh while the processing and post-processing is to
be carried out by using Abaqus. Analysis uses non-linear static simulation which is followed by Complex Eigen Value (CEA) extraction for carrying out the squeal Simulation. It provides the relation between damping ratio and frequency (Real part of the complex Eigen value). If the damping ratio at any particular frequency is above one, it can be said that squeal will occur at that particular frequency.
Modeling of Full Vehicle to Evaluate the Impact of Electric Powertrain on Steering Performance
Authors: Bodke Poornima R. , Khan Subim .N. , Iqbal Shoaib , S. Aravind
Published: December 2020

The study of dynamic behavior of Electric Power Steering System (EPAS) is very critical to understand the overall handling of the vehicle. The appropriate feedback from the steering to the driver is crucial so that the driver get the precise steering feel in order to control the vehicle with ease during all kinds of maneuvers. For a maximum tire life,
the steering system should maintain, a proper tire road contact, and proper tire geometry with respect to the chassis both during cornering and straight-ahead driving. The driver should be able to turn the vehicle with ease during low as well as high speed maneuver. A complete steering system dynamic model is developed and is integrated with the full vehicle model using AMESIM 1D simulation platform. The simulation is carried out as per the guidelines laid by the ISO 7401 standard criterion. In this project we have performed the simulation on three different vehicle models in which a behavioral comparison of EPAS between their Conventional & Electric variants is performed. A thorough implementation of various vehicle SPMM parameters and KnC files is done in AMESim simulation model. Finally a list of Performance Aggregate Target Parameters is calculated. The resulting PAT parameter values are then compared with the test data and an appropriate design modification has been suggested accordingly.
Arte, storia e prestigio. Per un’introduzione alla ‘ritrattistica genealogica’: la serie Guadagni di Firenze
Authors: Prizzon Tommaso
Published: December 2020

The paper describes the interesting and widespread phenomenon of genealogic portraiture in Florence by analyzing the case of the Guadagni family and its series of portraits. The series was commissioned during the mid-Seventeenth century by senator Tommaso di Francesco and it was intended to decorate the family House behind the Nunziata thanks to the contributions of many artists. Both in terms of quantity and artistic quality, the Guadagni portrait series represents a precious testimony of this specific portraiture genre, which started during the middle of the sixteenth century and reached its climax during the following century. This genre saw its decline in the 1700s, when the aristocratic ancient families lost their importance, and their illustrious ancestors’ portraits became simple relics of a remote past.
Per la ritrattistica di Antonio Montauti. Tre busti inediti di eruditi fiorentini
Authors: Arba Eleonora
Published: December 2020

This paper presents for the first time three plaster sculptures made by the Florentine artist Antonio Montauti (1683-1746) and currently preserved at the Biblioteca Roncioniana in Prato. The subjects of these portraits are Tuscan literates and academics Anton Maria Salvini, Francesco Baldovini and Giovanni Battista Casotti. The three busts were most likely made around 1713: this date is indicated on Salvini’s portrait, allowing us to speculate on the existence of a series of portraits of Florentine literates, much like Montauti’s famous series dedicated to Tuscan illustrious men (Ficino and Machiavelli amongst others). These busts also give us the chance to take a further look at Montauti’s style, unveiling his interest towards antique sculpture at such an early stage of his activity.
Perceived Safety and Security Concerns among Tourists in Thamel-A Tourism Hub in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Sharma Arun Kumar , KC Birendra , Calderon Araceli Hernandez
Published: December 2020

The safety and security of a destination is an essential factor that helps travelers decide whether to visit or not. In Nepal, Thamel is the main destination for tourists due to the availability of multiple facilities and services. In fact, most of the tourists who use airspace to travel to Nepal, start and conclude their journey in Thamel. Therefore, the safety and security of Thamel is an important factor that influences the fate of the Nepalese tourism industry. However, there is a lack of research to understand the safety and security situation of Thamel. The purpose of this exploratory study is to assess the overall security situation and challenges in Thamel. Descriptive statistics are used to present the findings. Findings suggest that Thamel as a tourism destination has many areas for improvement to provide better tourist experiences. Since Thamel is a starting and concluding point of attraction for tourists, we offer important managerial implications and future research directions.
COMPARATIVE FAULT LOCATION ESTIMATION BY USING IMAGE PROCESSING IN MIXED TRANSMISSION LINES
Authors: BUDAK Serkan , AKBAL Bahadir
Published: December 2020

Overhead lines are generally used for electrical energy transmission. Also, XLPE underground cable lines are generally used in the city center and the crowded areas to provide electrical safety, so high voltage underground cable lines are used together with overhead line in the transmission lines, and these lines are called as the mixed lines. The distance protection relays are used to determine the impedance based fault location according to the current and voltage magnitudes in the transmission lines. However, the fault location cannot be correctly detected in mixed transmission lines due to different characteristic impedance per unit length because the characteristic impedance of high voltage cable line is significantly different from overhead line. Thus, determinations of the fault section and location with the distance protection relays are difficult in the mixed transmission lines. In this study, 154 kV overhead transmission line and underground cable line are examined as the mixed transmission line for the distance protection relays. Phase to ground faults are created in the mixed transmission line. overhead line section and underground cable section are simulated by using PSCAD/ EMTDC ™. The short circuit fault images are generated in the distance protection relay for the overhead transmission line and underground cable transmission line faults. The images include the R-X impedance diagram of the fault, and the R-X impedance diagram have been detected by applying image processing steps. Artificial neural network (ANN) and the regression methods are used for prediction of the fault location, and the results of image processing are used as the input parameters for the training process of ANN and the regression methods. The results of ANN and regression methods are compared to select the most suitable method at the end of this study for forecasting of the fault location in transmission lines.
FUSED DEEP FEATURES BASED CLASSIFICATION FRAMEWORK FOR COVID-19 CLASSIFICATION WITH OPTIMIZED MLP
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Şaban , YİĞİT Enes , ÖZKAYA Umut
Published: December 2020

The new type of Coronavirus disease called COVID-19 continues to spread quite rapidly. Although it shows some specific symptoms, this disease, which can show different symptoms in almost every individual, has caused hundreds of thousands of patients to die. Although healthcare professionals work hard to prevent further loss of life, the rate of disease spread is very high. For this reason, the help of computer aided diagnosis (CAD) and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms is vital. In this study, a method based on optimization of convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, which is the most effective image analysis method of today, is proposed to fulfill the mentioned COVID-19 detection needs. First, COVID-19 images are trained using ResNet-50 and VGG-16 architectures. Then, features in the last layer of these two architectures are combined with feature fusion. These new image features matrices obtained with feature fusion are classified for COVID detection. A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) structure optimized by the whale optimization algorithm is used for the classification process. The obtained results show that the performance of the proposed framework is almost 4.5% higher than VGG-16 performance and almost 3.5% higher than ResNet-50 performance.
Exercise therapy as a method of anti-relapsetherapy for non-specific low back pain. Comparative study
Authors: Novikov A. Yu. , Tsykunov M. B. , Tikhomirov A. Yu.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Low back pain (LBP) is a global health problem and it concerns approximately 80% of population of the definite age period. Physical therapy (PT) has a systemic effect on the body and it is one of the main methods of increasing the level of non-specific resistance, correction of locomotor disorders. The influence of PT on the formation of persistent remission has not been studied enough.
Aim: is to evaluate the anti-relapse effect of physical therapy methods in patients with LBP. Comparative Study.
Methods. In the study, 2 groups were formed, the main group (52 people), whose patients, along with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, and physiotherapy, received individual courses of physical therapy, including independent classes. In the control group (49 people), patients who refused physical therapy and other types of additional physical activity received only medication and physiotherapy. The study of the effectiveness of therapy included neuroorthopedic examination with the calculation of the integral indicator (II) in points.
Results. The groups were comparable by gender, age, and clinical manifestations of the disease. In statistical analysis, the subjective assessment of wellbeing, at the initial level, after 3 months and 12 months-at the end of treatment, which did not differ in the groups at the beginning of the study, became significantly higher in the main group (p 0.000001) during follow-up for a year. The subjective assessment of pain by visual-analog scale (VAS) also significantly decreased (p 0.000001). The integral indicator of biomechanical disorders was significantly lower at the end of the course of treatment, as well as during the catamnestic study in the main group (p 0.000001).
Conclusion. The study showed a high significance of exercise therapy in the complex of rehabilitation measures aimed at preventing LBP, modulating both subjective well-being and the course of the pathological process, extending the period of remission and correcting pain and biomechanical manifestations.
Functional electrical stimulation for restoration of gait and motor recovery after a stroke. Review of scientific literature
Authors: Guryanova Evgenia Arkadievna , Kovalchuk Vitali V. , Tikhoplav Oleg Andreevich , Litvak Felix Grigoryevich
Published: December 2020

The article presents an analysis of studies on the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) technology in the rehabilitation of patients after stroke. We reviewed the influence of FES on improving walking speed, kinematics, gait symmetry, the ability to overcome obstacles, the range of motion of the ankle and foot clearance during walking. In the review it is considered FES influence on reducing energy costs for walking, the frequency of falls and spasticity of muscles of the lower limbs. It is also discussed FES influence on increasing confidence and comfort while walking, the speed of adaptation and patient tolerance of functional electrical stimulation devices. A comparison is made of functional electrical stimulation with using ankle orthoses (AFO).
O que sabemos sobre transparência pública? Uma revisão bibliográfica das abordagens normativa, conceitualista e empírica
Authors: Cunha Filho Márcio Camargo
Published: December 2020

Este artigo é uma revisão de literatura destinada a compreender e refletir criticamente sobre as diferentes formas de pensar e analisar o direito de acesso à informação e a transparência pública. Uma abordagem normativa preocupa-se principalmente com perguntas sobre o que desejamos ou esperamos obter como resultado de políticas de transparência pública. A abordagem conceitualista busca trazer definições sobre o significado dostermos transparência, segredo, publicidade e acesso à informação, bem como os tipos de transparência e suas conseqüências para o sistema político. Já existe uma abordagem empírica para analisar concretamente quais são os efeitos e os efeitos observáveis de políticas de transparência em contextos e sob condições específicas. Argumento que aborda exclusivamente normativa se mostra insuficiente para compreender os desafios e entra em conflito com o acesso à informação enfrentada para produzir os resultados esperados e, consequentemente, para desenvolver políticas após superá-los. É preciso ter clareza sobre conceitos e etapas seqüenciais que podem ser executadas com políticas de desbloqueio de alterações nos sistemas políticos.
AVALIAÇÃO DOS GASTOS PÚBLICOS NO SETOR AQUÍCOLA BRASILEIRO: o programa federal de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Aquicultura de 2007 a 2011
Authors: Serrano Andre Luiz Marques , Guarnieri Patricia , Araujo Neto Luiz Medeiros de , Marciniuk Fernanda Ledo
Published: December 2020

Com um PIB de 3,7 trilhões de reais, o agronegócio é um segmento produtivo relevante na economia brasileira, inclu-sive como fornecedor internacional. No entanto, especificamente quanto à produção de pescado, que engloba a pesca e aquicultura, segundo dados do Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura, o Brasil possui participação de menos de 1% da pro-dução mundial, embora existam programas estatais para o fortalecimento do setor em questão e importantes vantagens comparativas nacionais. Nesse contexto, este artigo tem como objeto o estudo da relação entre os gastos do governo federal na produção aquícola brasileira, especialmente no programa Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Aquicultura, e o aumento da produtividade do mesmo setor, com o objetivo específico de contribuir para um planejamento mais ade-quado dessa atividade econômica e possibilitar maior efetividade do gasto estatal. Identificam-se ainda as potencialidades e deficiências do setor aquícola brasileiro, apontando-se alternativas para a superação dos principais problemas, inclusive a falta de isonomia na distribuição dos recursos do programa Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Aquicultura.
Uma política transversal que transcende os números na sua avaliação – Um por todos, todos por um! Pela Ética e Cidadania!
Authors: Borba Edward Lucio Vieira
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de demonstrar o valor da avaliação qualitativa de políticas públicas que tem natureza transversal. Essas políticas transversais envolvem múltiplos atores e arranjos institucionais e exigem um olhar mais detalhado sobre sua trajetória para não frustrar as boas políticas. Como estudo de caso apresentado ou programa “Um por todos, todos por um! Pela Ética e Cidadania ”, do Ministério da Transparência e Controladoria-Geral da União - CGU, que fornece o tema de exploração de corrupção para os grupos escolares em trajetória complexa que somente os números de resultados não utilizados para determinar a responsabilidade de política pública .
Ciência de dados aplicada à Auditoria Interna
Authors: Soares Gustavo Fleury
Published: December 2020

O avanço da tecnologia de informação apresenta novas possibilidades e desafios as atividades de auditoria interna. A ciência de dados apresenta diversos conceitos e técnicas para extrair informacões e insights dos dados, objetivo desejado na auditoria interna. Este trabalho iniciou com as definições e interações das diversas especialidades de ciência de dados, inteligência artificial, mineração de dados e big data. Posteriormente, foi feita a revisão da literatura acadêmica contemporânea correlata, apresentando os principais métodos, benefícios e desafios para cada etapa da auditoria interna.
Inovação em accountability no combate à Covid-19 no Brasil: Uma análise empírica do Controle Interno
Authors: Braga Marcus Vinicius de Azevedo , Caldeira Daniel Matos , Sabença Sandro Zachariades
Published: December 2020

Este trabalho visa compilar e descrever as medidas adotadas pelos órgãos de controle interno brasileiros das esferas de governo estadual e federal, a partir de uma classificação de inovação no setor público adotada pela OCDE, e adotando como referência a relação entre as dimensões de accountability e as macrofunções do controle. As iniciativas qualificadas como inovadoras foram levantadas por meio de consulta aos sítios eletrônicos oficiais dos órgãos e entes definidos na amostra. As iniciativas de accountability vinculadas às macrofunções ouvidoria e prevenção à corrupção caracterizaram-se pela inovação orientada ao aprimoramento de estruturas ou práticas já existentes, e também pelo predomínio do domínio adaptativo da inovação, ao passo que as iniciativas de accountability horizontal brasileiras, referentes às macrofunções auditoria interna governamental, correição e combate à corrupção, foram de caráter antecipatório e orientadas à missão.
SOCIEDADE E ESTADO: QUEM CONTROLA QUEM? DIFERENTES ABORDAGENS DO CONTROLE SOCIAL E A EVOLUÇÃO DAS RELAÇÕES SOCIEDADE-ESTADO.
Authors: De Bona da Silva Rodrigo
Published: December 2020

Este artigo analisa três interpretações do conceito de controle socialsob duas abordagens diferentes usadas ao longo da história nas ciências sociais. Para tanto, são identificados alguns dos principais autores e conceitos associados a cada entendimento, bem como os modelos de administração pública vigentes sobre contextos históricos. A abordagem mais antiga surgiu na sociologia no século XIX, representando um controle do Estado sobre a Sociedade, positivo e até necessário para garantir a coesão, a integração e a ordem social. Em sentido negativo, ou termo também era usado pela teoria social crítica, especialmente na segunda metade do século XX, para tratar das relações de poder e dominação ideológica no serviço de interesses de classes dominantes, um controle social mais amplo que inclui ou usa a máquina estatal. Esses empreendimentos, embora opostos entre si, representam umcontrole sobre a Sociedade , seja por organizações, classes sociais ou pelo Estado, especialmente no contexto da antiga administração pública, patrimonial e burocrática. Uma nova abordagem, como um controle da Sociedade sobre o Estado, surgiu no início da década de 1990, em estudos sobre movimentos e atividades sociais, bem como sobre a participação da sociedade no planejamento, implementação e avaliação de políticas públicas, a partir do modelo da nova gestão pública, gerencialista e neoliberal. O controle social da antiga relação Estado-Sociedade e a teoria crítica traz consigo termos como ordem social, poder, dominação, estado, ideologia e burocracia. Já existe uma nova relação Sociedade-Estado, destacada em conceitos de movimentos sociais, democracia deliberativa, ação comunicativa, participação e empoderamento social, temáticas aplicadas à busca por um novo serviço público neste século XXI, legitimado, coproduzido e compartilhado entre público e público .
UMA PROPOSTA DE RELEITURA DO JULGAMENTO DAS CONTAS DE GOVERNO À LUZ DO ACCOUNTABILITY
Authors: Mendes Marco Aurélio Souza
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar as falhas do atual sistema de julgamento de contas entre Poder Legislativo e Tribunal de Contas e propor um novo modelo que compatibiliza em um mesmo nível a prevenção e repressão junto do mérito político e o técnico-jurídico. Haverá a apresentação da construção histórica da responsabilidade do Estado, a relação entre Finanças Públicas e Direito Constitucional e a análise dos casos paradigmas julgados pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal para evidenciar o sistema de controle de contas como não efetivo por conta da impunidade ou de sua utilização como pretexto paradesintegração política. Expondo como raízes da problemática, será proposto ou novo modelo com exposição bibliográfica de fundamentos em fontes de prestação de contas da Administração Pública, organização de democracia na América Latina através do conceito de democracia delegativa e do papel e da importância do controle externo e interno para garantir a estabilidade social e econômica.
O modelo de três linhas de defesa para uma gestão eficaz de riscos no âmbito do Poder Executivo do Estado do Espírito Santo
Authors: Souza Frederico Pinto de , Louzada Fabiano da Rocha
Published: December 2020

A corrupção é um problema para as democracias do mundo, incluindo-se o Brasil. Constantemente, surgem, na mídia, informações de casos de corrupção envolvendo a Administração Pública Brasileira. Tais fatos evidenciam a fragilidade dos sistemas de controle dos diversos entes da federação e a necessidade de se gerenciar de maneira mais adequada tais riscos. Este trabalho tem por objetivo utilizar o modelo de três linhas de defesa proposto pelo Institute of Internal Auditors - IIA para compreender a organização e funcionamento do sistema de controle interno do Poder Executivo do Estado do Espírito Santo. A análise mostra haver aderência entre a estrutura do sistema de controle interno do Poder Executivo deste estado e o modelo proposto pelo IIA. Desta forma, o resultado pode ser utilizado para orientar o processo de tomada de decisões que envolvem o aprimoramento da gestão de riscos não só no Poder Executivo do Estado do Espírito Santo, mas também em outros entes da federação que possuam sistema de controle interno organizado de maneira similar.
El rol de la inmigración alemana en el proceso de formación de la nación chilena
Authors: Ojeda Ebert Gerardo
Published: December 2020

The article describes the role of German immigrants in the formation of the Chilean nation in the 19th Century. The processes and problems related to Chile's emergence are of great complexity. The role of German immigrants was also very complex and important. According to Ebert they had great influence on economic, socio-political and military organization, and as well as on shaping of democratic institutions of the state. The presence of Germans in the late 19th Century also facilitated international relations, as it resulted in improved relations with the newly united Germany, which had official policies supporting foreign based Germans.

English abstract/description written by Michał Gilewski
La imagen de la revolución peruana en las declaraciones oficiales del gobierno militar
Authors: Nalewajko Małgorzata
Published: December 2020

On the 3rd of October of 1968 the Armed Forces of the Peru (Fuerzas Armadas del Perú) initiated the process referred to as "Revolucíon". As Nalewajko notes this term is used according to its military understanding, but is still a 'true' revolution. The changes were against traditional power structures and aimed at benefitting the majority. Nalewajko's also recounts the official propaganda of the military government, which has an obvious positive bias.

English abstract/description written by Michał Gilewski
Producción artesanal en el Tawantinsuyu
Authors: Zasada Mirosław
Published: December 2020

The paper describes the social and economic situation of the artisans in the Inca Empire (Tahuantisuyu). The study uses both historic linguistic and modern sources. Most of the artisan production took place within 3 different social groups: the conquered people, the peasants and the artisans from the coast. All artisans had to pay a tribute to the Inca authorities. Zasada's article also describes the different types of artisan and craft production.

English abstract/description written by Michał Gilewski
Hazard Indices and Human Health Risks Associated with Toxic Element Contaminants in Bivalve Shellfish from Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Ukwo Sunday , Ezeama Chidi , Abasiekong Kuyik
Published: December 2020

The quality of coastal waters in Niger delta have increasingly and adversely impacted by varieties of contaminants occasioned by environmental degradation and aquatic perturbation posed by petroleum exploration activities. This tends to undermine nutritional and health benefits derived from consumption of shellfish harvested from these waters. This study investigated tissue burden, hazard indices and human health risks associated with toxic element contaminants in bivalve shellfish harvested from coastal waters of Niger delta. Four species of bivalve shellfish; bloody cockle (Anadara senilis), donax clam (Donax rugosus), knife clam (Tagelus adansonaii) and mangrove oyster (Crassosstra gasar) collected from four locations were assessed for levels of toxic element contaminants as well as hazard indices and human health risk associated with their consumption. The tissue burden of toxic element contaminants was determined using atomic absorption spectrometer while United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) method was employed to estimate hazard indices and human health risk. Results indicated lead concentrations were within the 1.5mg/kg acceptable limits while levels of cadmium, arsenic and mercury were higher than FAO limits of 0.5, 0, 0.5 mg/kg respectively. The estimated human health risk indicated non-carcinogenic values and hazard indices higher than threshold value of one for cadmium, total arsenic and methyl mercury while values for inorganic arsenic at some locations were higher than stipulated one in one million (1.0x10-6) chances. This implies that toxic elements apart from lead in bivalves shellfish from these locations can induce potential deleterious health effects at consumption of 48g/day of bivalve shellfish.
Pelatihan Digital Marketing untuk Ibu-Ibu Rumah Tangga di Kecamatan Gempol, Kabupaten Pasuruan, Provinsi Jawa Timur
Authors:   Universitas Bakrie, Santoso Berkah Iman , Agustini Prima Mulyasari , Kurnia Ari
Published: December 2020

Household economics reinforcement, especially in village areas, has become responsibility among government through village community empowerment programs and the family economic activity. Housewives, who were managing household economy, often lack of time, power and resources while managing their household economy. Meanwhile, the husband has main responsibility to support household economy to do their job in earning money. He also has limitation to fulfil household needs. One of the alternative breakthrough to empower housewives is using the digital media as an appropriate media which is one of the goods and services home production marketing channel through digital marketing. The writers has given digital marketing workshop using social media which has been installed in audience’s smartphone, in location Kejapanan Village, Gempol, Pasuruan, Jawa Timur to its related purpose. Furthermore, the workshop is aimed to develop creative-entrepreneur housewives in Kejapanan Villages which are able to use digital marketing media for promoting household products and services independently.
Edukasi Pengelolaan Sampah Domestik dalam Mewujudkan Kampung Hijau Mandiri di RT 01 RW 06 Kelurahan Kreo Tangerang
Authors:   Universitas Bakrie, Madonna Sandra , Nursetyowati Prismita , Sugiana Astrid Dewi Meilasari , Djuitaningsih Tita
Published: December 2020

Kampung Hijau Mandiri is one of Tangerang Government’s Programs to increase public awareness for a clean, green, and beautiful surrounding. Ninety-eight of Kampung Hijau Mandiri were formed throughout Tangerang’s Sub-Districts, one of which is in RT 01 RW 06, Kreo Sub-District. Criteria for Kampung Hijau Mandiri include a lively, comfortable and clean village with waste sorting initiatives. Kreo, one of the densely populated villages in Tangerang, has 22,837 inhabitants. Waste generated in RT 01 RW 06, Kreo, Tangerang is around 2,040 liters/day, quite large and can be reduced. Presently, household wastes in RT 01 RW 06 are still managed conventionally using the collection and disposal system. The economic potential of household organic and inorganic waste has not been optimally utilized. Organic waste management through composting (Takakura baskets) and non-organic waste management through waste banks are considered appropriate for processing household wastes. Hence, the community develops a new habit of sorting and processing waste into productive means, reducing waste generation transported to landfills. The waste management educational mentoring program was attended by 14 people, especially housewives and Posyandu cadres, through presentations and question and answer. This activity has great potential to endure as housewives and Posyandu cadres in RT 01 RW 06 Kreo Sub-District are influential household stakeholders in their environment. Residents of RT 01 RW 06 Kreo Sub-District agreed to initiate waste bank establishments. This program is expected to increase citizen’s involvement in waste management. RT 01 RW 06 Kreo is an exemplary Kampung Hijau Mandiri.
Aquatic Therapy Following Total Knee Replacement
Authors: E. Endang Sri Mariani
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTTotal knee replacement (TKR) has revolutionized the care of pati ents with end-stage knee joint disease. Rehabilitation of TKR commonly consists of land-based exercises as a primary mode, but it may notalways be an optimal approach. Water provides a unique environment. The level of exertion is a function of water properties and the physical laws of motion. Aquatic therapy allows fine gradations of exercise, increase control over thepercentage of weight bearing, increase ROM and strength, decrease pain and swelling, and increase confidence in functional movements.Although there is inconsistency in research results, of all studies aquatic therapy is not said to be worst than land-based therapy. Moreover, it has a positive influence on social behavior and mood. This may bemore advantageous in the early postoperative phase when patient s are limited by pain. As a tool, aquatic therapy has desirable and undesirable effects. So, it is important to screen the patientsbefore undergoing aquatic therapy and to assess patient’s condition during and after it. However, so far there has been no agreement in post TKR aquatic protocols. The obstacle also may occur on the cost forfacility maintenance and hygiene, as well as the availability o f competent human resources.Keywords: aquatic therapy, total knee replacement
Market infrastructure: elements and significance in a market economy
Authors: Simkiv Liliya
Published: December 2020

Peculiarities of market infrastructure formation in Ukraine are studied. The genesis of the formation of the economic category "infrastructure" is considered, its main functions and role in the socio-economic development of society are determined. The paper substantiates that the market infrastructure should be considered as a set of objects and institutional structures that ensure the formation of material, financial, and information links between market participants. The complexity of the market infrastructure as a system is due to the variety of functions performed by its constituent elements. We can distinguish financial and credit, organizational, technical, and information subsystems. The interaction of elements of market infrastructure will ensure maximum efficiency and timely implementation of any programs and activities aimed at creating a competitive market environment. The shortcomings that hinder the efficient development and functioning of market infrastructure are identified, namely: lack of a regulated system of interaction between existing market infrastructure actors, insufficient innovation activity of research institutions, low perception of innovations by manufacturing enterprises, and weak provision of infrastructure network with human resources. The paper argues that the methodological approach to market infrastructure research should be based on the assessment of the existing market infrastructure, analysis of strategic directions of socio-economic development of the territory (medium and long term), taking into account the interests and needs of market participants, forecasting, identifying opportunities and risks related to the development of market infrastructure facilities, including the definition of priority areas and measures, implementation of programs and projects for the development of these facilities, and monitoring the implementation of planned measures for market infrastructure. The assessment of the existing level of market infrastructure development should be carried out in order to identify the potential additional opportunities related to market development, increase its competitiveness, and take into account the interests of market participants.
Fertiliser Concentration Detection by Means of Hydroponic Root Zone Cooling System on Roof Top Garden for Lactuca sativa Cultivation
Authors: Sulaiman Ahmad Syafik Suraidi , Bujang Ahmad Safuan , Hassim Seri Aishah , Azman Muhammad Shahiran Affief
Published: December 2020

Nutrient film technique (NFT) is a hydroponic technique, whereby a very shallow stream of water containing all the dissolved nutrients required for plant growth is re-circulated past the bare roots of plants in a watertight gully, also known as channels. Problems commonly associated with NFT hydroponic system such as water temperature, can easily increase under direct sunlight in the tropics region, especially in the roof top garden, that can affect the quality of fertiliser used to cultivate the crop. Therefore, a study to develop a cooling system for NFT hydroponic technique is significant to control the water-dissolved nutrient temperatures suitable for crop growth. This paper highlights the studies conducted on fertiliser concentration distribution in the NFT hydroponics root zone cooling (HRZC) system for Lactuca sativa cultivation on roof top garden under the influence of water temperature, air temperature, relative humidity and ambient carbon dioxide. The fertiliser concentration distribution is determined by taking the electric conductivity (EC) reading of the fertiliser flowing along the NFT channels within three targeted points (left, middle, right) atfour different height levels of the cultivation beneath the roof top garden. The EC readings of the fertiliser remained steady, except for the tank along the levels from left, middle and right locations ranging from 1.64–1.66 µS. The water temperature, air temperature, relative humidity and ambient carbon dioxide fluctuated along these three points ranging from 20.50–22.80°C, 31.39–32.23°C, 67.06–68.65%, and 459.39–472.13 ppm, respectively. It was found that under the influence of those environment parameters and NFT root zone cooling system with different level and height, the fertiliser concentration distribution from point to point of data taken is not significantly different along the NFT channels. This finding is significant that integration of NFT root zone cooling system is an alternative to Lactuca sativa cultivation on roof top garden, despite the affecting surrounding temperature that may affect the quality and quantity of fertiliser and crops cultivation. This technique can be extended for the cultivation of other hydroponic vegetables, rice and flowers and promote the culture of roof top farming in the society to avoid the highly polluted soil on the ground environment that may bioaccumulate into the plant system that may ended up as a health threat to fellow consumers.
3 In 1 Disc Ridger: Development of An Improved Implement For Sweet Potato Plant-Bed Making, Fertilizing and Mechanical Weeding
Authors: Abdullah Anuar B. , K Nurul Afza , H Md. Akhir , M J Shahmihaizan , Mail Mohd Fazly , A Khairul Idzwan , A R Norahshekin , M Zawayi
Published: December 2020

Mechanization has been the solution to counter issue such as labor shortage and low production rate on field in the agricultural sector. Adaptation of mechanization system  could lower the cost of production, improve quality and also reduce the tedious work of labor. Current practice, which contributes to high cost in labor since the job requires a lot of man power. MARDI has developed a complete machinery package for sweet potato production from land preparation until harvesting. One of the important activities that require an implementation of machinery aspect is ridge forming. This activity is essential due to the height of the ridge influences the yield. It is believed that the higher the ridge will contribute, to more aeration and thus, produce higher yields. In this manuscript, the authors report on the development and evaluation of the disc ridger. It is believed that this implement is capable to be used as ridge forming as well as inter-row cultivator. This tractor-mounted implement was designed with two units of high quality steel discs which is attached to the frame with disc diameter and thickness of 720 mm and 6 mm  respectively. This disc ridger is able to form either a single row or double row planting ridges to suit with the desired planting system for sweet potato. This is due to the location of the discs at the frame which is adjustable. Furthermore, this implement also can be employed as an inter-row cultivator for weeding control of sweet potato planting in the early stages. In addition, this implement also equipped with granular based fertilizer applicator in which 2 application can be performed together which are weeding and fertilizing. The recorded field capacity of this machine is 0.29 ha/hr for bed forming and 0.28 ha/hr for inter-row weeding and fertilizing. In terms of fertilizer application performance, the average amount of fertilizer to be withdrawn for 50m bed is 1.53kg or 7.65g/plant, which is complied to the agronomist recommendation.
Flaws in Higher Education in Pakistan: An Appraisal
Authors: Hussain Akbar  , Prof. Dr. Naushad Khan
Published: December 2020

The education system in Pakistan, unfortunately, is facing several problems due to the existence of certain flaws in education, particularly in higher education. On the other hand, a country’s progress in any sphere of life is mostly dependent on its educational structure and system because it is considered a roadmap on which the direction of national behavior is based upon. In the meantime, the government of Pakistan since the inception of the country is not properly investing in the field of education which has created numerous hurdles in the growth and development of the country. The present study aims to analyze the state of higher education by paying special attention to the flaws in higher education in Pakistan.
Attachment Styles and Self-Esteem among Adolescents
Authors: Sanober Jamil  , Dr. Hina Ayaz Habib  , Laila Lodhia
Published: December 2020

The current research aims to find the relationship between secure attachment style and self-esteem among latency adolescence. The assumptions developed for the study stated that a) secure attachment style would be positively correlated with self-esteem among Adolescents.  b) Insecure attachment style (anxious and avoidant) would be negatively correlated with self-esteem among adolescents. The sample of the study comprised of 180 adolescents including 90 male and 90 female adolescents with age ranges between 12 to 16 years (M=13.27, SD=1.13) were selected through purposive sampling technique from private schools based in Karachi, Pakistan. After taking approval from the authorities, the participant's assent to participate in the research was taken and a demographic form was administered. To measure the effect of attachment on self-esteem, the Attachment Style Classification Questionnaire (Finzi et al., 1996) and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) were used. Descriptive statistics and Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation were applied to study the correlation among the study variables. The finding shows a noteworthy relationship between secure attachment styles and self-esteem was found with an r-value of .118 and a P value of .116.