bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Blanton, IV Thomas R.
Published: May 2017

The “free gift” posited by Christian theology indicates that “salvation” may not be bought in a market transaction. This, however, does not imply that no reciprocal donations are expected: gifts, offerings, tithes, and labor time are expended in gratitude for the “gift” of salvation. Although gifts are characterized by an irreducible complexity, they are typically described by parties to the exchange using verbs such as “give” or “donate,” they are followed by countergifts of which neither the value nor the time of their giving is determined in advance, they are regulated not by legal but by social sanctions, and they are accompanied by displays of gratitude and thanksgiving. The introduction briefly outlines the material to be presented in subsequent chapters.
The Benefactor’s Account Book: The Rhetoric of Gift Reciprocation According to Seneca and Paul
Authors: Blanton, IV Thomas R.
Published: May 2017

In his treatise De beneficiis, “On Benefits,” Seneca indicates that patrons ought never to call attention to the fact when they have given gifts; to do so would humiliate the donee. Paul commits what in Seneca’s terms is a faux pas when he calls attention to the fact that he had mediated the “gift of salvation” to the slaveholder Philemon. For Paul’s mediation of that heavenly gift, Paul reminds Philemon that he owes Paul his very life; Paul indicates, however, that if Philemon were to grant Paul the continued use of the slave Onesimus, that would go a long way toward repaying Philemon’s debt. The economic locations of Paul and Seneca inflect their diametrically opposed practices: the inordinately wealthy Seneca can afford to give expensive gifts in abundance—accruing honor and prestige as a lavish donor in the process—whereas the impoverished Paul attempts (in his letter to Philemon) to gain access to the labor services of a wealthier man’s slave, an evident material benefit. Seneca and Paul differently utilize discourses and practices of gift exchange to gain access to valued resources, whether prestige or labor services
Gift or Commodity? On the Classification of Paul’s Unremunerated Labor
Authors: Blanton, IV Thomas R.
Published: May 2017

The distinction between gift and commodity, recognized by Marcel Mauss and elaborated by James Carrier (among others), has been shown in previous studies to be tenuous in some respects. Based on a close examination of the rhetoric of 1 Cor 9, in which Paul classifies apostolic labor as a commodity but then insists that he offers his own labor “free of charge”—thus placing it into the register of the gift—this chapter shows that static or essentialist notions about what constitutes a “gift” or “commodity” are inadequate to grasp the complexity of the data as they pertain to many types of exchange relations. The classification of an exchange as “gift” or “commodity” is not based solely on the objective features of a given transaction; the sociopolitical interests of the transacting parties play a significant role in their choice between classificatory categories.
Classification and Social Relations: The Dark Side of the Gift
Authors: Blanton, IV Thomas R.
Published: May 2017

Although gift exchange is often vaunted for its socially integrative functions, it is also associated with negative effects: obligation, coercion, indebtedness, and the psychological and social oppression of the donee. Perhaps due to the refusal of an offer of hospitality in Corinth, Paul becomes embroiled in hostile relations that indicate the “dark side of the gift.” Paul can classify the same exchange differently at different times, and, in attempts to activate social responses of friendship or hostility, he can label his own labor a “gift” while labeling the same type of labor performed by others a “commodity.” The chapter shows that since the classification of exchange carries significant implications for social interaction, attempts to classify a given exchange cannot be disassociated from attempts to orchestrate sociopolitical relations and, in fact, always serve sociopolitical functions.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Blanton, IV Thomas R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter summarizes the previous chapters and notes that Paul’s letters shift the temporal framing of the classic formulation do ut des, “I give so that you might give.” Paul’s reformulation was rather “I give because you have given”; in his view, the preeminent gifts—God’s gift of his son, and Jesus’ gift of himself on the cross—had already been given. The effect was to render members of early Christian assemblies and other potential converts in the role of recipients of divine gifts, to which they were to respond with thanksgiving, gratitude, and reciprocal gifts of labor time, money, and other material goods. In this way, religious myth served as the catalyst for an entire system of exchange in the sociopolitical realm of the early Christian assembly: it facilitated the creation of a “spiritual economy.” Today, Paul’s letters facilitate the elaboration of a number of theoretical perspectives on gift exchange developed within the fields of anthropology and sociology; the conjunction in Paul’s letters of “religion” and “gift” provides significant opportunity for interdisciplinary study.
Lost
Authors: McKee Sally
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how the free people of color in New Orleans pointed to Edmond Dede as an example of what African Americans could achieve if given opportunities like the ones he found in France. To his death, Creoles of color thought Dede was so unusually accomplished for an American black man that they elevated what little they knew about his life in France to the level of drama. Problems for the historian start with the realization that although the reports about his life were certainly exaggerated by his friends and admirers, some of the enhancements came from Dede himself. For those who seek to understand his opportunities and choices within their historical context, the process of separating fact from wishful thinking awakens a sympathy for the man who risked all and mustered the resources to act on his dreams.
City of Song
Authors: McKee Sally
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how Dede was unlikely to have made common cause with the poor migrants who were black or mixed race passing through or settled in Bordeaux. By the time he moved to the Folies-Bordelaises, mixed-race people perhaps did not associate him with a spirit of adventure. But whatever prejudice Dede confronted in France paled in comparison to what he would have experienced back in New Orleans. He had steady employment as an orchestra leader throughout the 1860s–1880s, perhaps not in the professional milieu he would have preferred, but he competed against French musicians for jobs and won them. Popular music has always been popular chiefly among the young; growing older, then, cannot have been easy for him, as styles changed and the imperative of keeping up with the public's taste required a young person's energy.
City of Exile
Authors: McKee Sally
Published: May 2017

This chapter details how other immigrants, like Edmond Dede, became seemingly out of place in Bordeaux. In late January 1864, Dede was putting the dancers through their paces in the Grand Theatre. The chapter describes how Madame Isaac Louverture at the same time was sitting in her room two blocks away. Over toward the river, at that time, Clarendon Davisson was finishing his letters. Closer to the Grand Theatre, Camille Thierry was sitting in a cafe with friends. Although it is hard to believe that any one of them would have called Bordeaux, much less France, home, the evidence of their actions and the choices they made suggest that the meaning of “home” had shifted since they had been in their native lands.
The Unfinished Project
Authors: Rose Louis
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how two Viennese scholars—Ernst Kris and E.H. Gombrich—worked in 1936 to complete a book manuscript. The manuscript explored the subject of caricature: the art of comic distortion and willful exaggeration, of irreverence and, according to its most serious practitioners, absolute fidelity to truth. Inspired by recent advances in psychology and by contemporary innovations in art, the two scholars approached caricature not as a low form of creativity or a debased mode of communication but as a distinctive psychological and cultural phenomenon with its own functions and evolution. They interpreted caricature as an ambitious psychological and artistic experiment, and their effort to grasp each aspect led them to employ theories and methods from both mental science and cultural history.
Toward a Psychology of Art, 1919–32
Authors: Rose Louis
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how Kris' status as a convert to Catholicism temporarily provided him with professional and personal protection. His work abroad with international collectors, museum directors, and art patrons supplied a safety net beyond Austria if it became necessary. When the Metropolitan Museum of Art required an expert to catalog its cameo collection, it brought Kris to New York in 1929 to undertake the job. At the same time, Kris kept close track of deteriorating conditions in Austria and employed his contacts to find work abroad for his younger, Jewish colleagues. A liberal royalist in post-imperial Vienna, Kris remained convinced of the irreversible disintegration of Austrian political life. At his first meeting with Ernst Gombrich, he made sure that the young researcher understood fully the uncertainties attached to an art historical career in Vienna.
The Vienna–London Connection, 1932–36
Authors: Rose Louis
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Kris organized the Daumier exhibition from the spring of 1935 to the autumn of 1936—the period coinciding with the inception and rise of the Popular Front movement in France. Through Honoré Daumier, he and Gombrich moved beyond the psychology and theory of caricature to engage directly with its history. In the world of European galleries, the exhibition was unique: in continental Europe, Daumier's art appeared in no other place outside France during the 1930s. By displaying Daumier's work in Vienna at that moment, Kris and Gombrich attached their scholarly researches to the antifascist cause. The space for examining Daumier's artwork would allow the public to view a culture of republicanism and internationalism that was disappearing in Austria but that still survived beyond its borders.
Between Past and Future, 1945–65
Authors: Rose Louis
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers how Kris and Gombrich decided to update the caricature book in two directions. First, they planned to expand the use of social psychology, tracing links from caricature to magic, propaganda, and social aggression. Second, they looked to tie caricature to conceptual constructs in image making. These ambitions meant rewriting the manuscript nearly from scratch. By September 1949, Gombrich and Kris had four different drafts of the caricature book: the prewar manuscript, the abbreviated wartime manuscript, the one incorporating the new emphasis on a psychology of perception, and the one giving greater prominence to social psychology. During the next four months, the two scholars attempted to salvage a project that threatened to break apart.
Disorder dissected (i): the inversion of the gender order
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the inversion of the gender order in the Henry VI plays. The plays show a good deal of this disorder stemming from women either aspiring to get or else successfully climbing ‘on top’. This process can be seen quite clearly—in the first half of part II—in the pairing of the duchess of Gloucester with Queen Margaret, and throughout both plays in the progression of Queen Margaret from ambitious and unfaithful wife and subject to faction leader, warrior and ruler, until finally she becomes the virtual personification of violent revenge pursued for its own sake. From the outset, the play portrays both duchess and queen as disobedient, proud, and ambitious women, aspiring to a degree of power and influence first over their husbands, and then over the wider political system, far greater than anything a properly obedient and ordered woman and wife ought to aspire to.
Disorder dissected (ii): the inversion of the social order
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies Shakespeare's treatment of the Cade rebellion in one of his Henry VI plays. The play presents Cade's rebellion as a straightforward consequence of Henry's non-rule and of the noble factionalism and succession disputes that that non-rule enabled. Certainly, in one of the soliloquies that mark York out as the play's leading Machiavel, he expounds his double-sided plan to seize the political initiative and the crown. The play also leaves readers in doubt that elite political manoeuvres lay behind Cade's insurrection. On this view, the roots of popular revolt must lie, not in the agency of subaltern political actors, be they plebeian or female, but rather in the dereliction of duty of their social superiors and natural rulers, and thus in the machinations of court politics.
Going Roman: Richard III and Titus Andronicus compared
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a comparison of Richard III and Titus Andronicus. Both Titus and Richard III have at their centre an elaborated picture of tyranny. While Titus comes off as a revenge tragedy, it also features a political under-plot, in which, as well as revenge being achieved by the Andronici, legitimacy is restored to a Rome ravaged by the tyranny of Saturninus and the Machiavellian atheism and evil counsel of Tamora and her lover Aaron, the Moor. While the radical purport of what actually happens in Richard III is obscured rather than highlighted by the heavily providential mix of prophecy and prodigy that suffuses the action, none of that is true of Titus Andronicus.
The loss of legitimacy and the politics of commodity dissected
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the attachment to a version of the Essexian and Stuart loyalist projects imputed to both King John and Richard II continued to animate the Henry IV plays and Henry V, which returned to the question of how, through the political and personal virtue and prowess of particular human agents, a polity plunged into the moral and political chaos of commodity politic might be returned to legitimate monarchical rule. They did so, through both a chronological continuation of the events staged in Richard II and a reworking of themes and tropes, questions and, indeed, answers, central to King John. In particular the central problematic addressed by these plays, and allegedly resolved in the persona of Hal/Henry, involved the ways in which the politics of honour, of martial virtue and prowess, could be combined both with the politics of popularity and of monarchical legitimacy.
Learning to be a bastard: Hal’s second (plebeian) nature
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Hal performs the task of bastardisation. As the legitimate son of the reigning monarch, Hal has no problem with the dynastic bit of legitimacy; the capacity that he has to acquire is something that the bastard can do quite naturally. Just as the bastard, precisely because he is a bastard, has to be remade as a member of the royal family in order to emerge, as he does in the second half of the play, as a genuinely princely presence, so Hal, precisely because he is the legitimate issue of a reigning monarch, has to retrain as a bastard before he can emerge, as he does at the end of part II and throughout Henry V, as the true prince, able to elicit and mobilise the spontaneous valour and prowess of the English in the war against the foreigner and in the interests of royal power.
Henry V and the fruits of legitimacy
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that from the outset of Henry V, the transformation of both the king and the polity consequent upon Henry's accession is figured as almost complete. In the Henry IV plays, Shakespeare had put a great deal of energy into showing that the miracle of the king's two bodies portrayed in the Famous victories had been no such thing; not a sudden transformation but a long-planned, and entirely calculated performance or facsimile of such a transformation. However, at the start of Henry V, Shakespeare went out of his way to show both that that was precisely how the transformation of Hal into Henry was perceived by even the most learned and eminent of his new subjects and that that perception had worked an almost miraculous transformation on the condition of the body politic.
Contemporary readings: Oldcastle/Falstaff, Cobham/Essex
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how the plays studied in this book were read and received by contemporaries in order to test and confirm aspects of the analysis conducted thus far. It starts with an examination of the fuss attendant upon the identification of the first version of the character subsequently known as Falstaff with Sir John Oldcastle, then read central elements in The merry wives of Windsor as a quite remarkably daring response to that fuss, before moving on to an analysis of the Oldcastle play as a response to the Henry IV plays. As David Womersley puts it, ‘dramatic ripostes—that is to say, plays written in response to an earlier play or group of plays—carry within themselves encoded readings of the earlier works to which they reply. Once a work has been identified as a dramatic riposte, it can be used as a lens to focus at least the outline of a contemporary reading of the work to which it responds’.
The politics of honour (in a popular state)
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the politics of honour. ‘Honour’ is at least as ubiquitous in Julius Caesar as it is in the Henry plays, but the notions of honour to be found in the Roman play are very different from those in the Henriad. Set in a monarchy, the honour on display in the Henry plays is recognisably ‘chivalric’ and military, obsessed with noble lineage and monarchical right, while precisely because Caesar is set in a republic, the honour code in operation there is just as overtly ‘republican’ and ‘civic’. Ultimately, ‘honour’ features equally prominently both on the monarchical, Caesarean and on the conspiratorial and republican sides of the equation.
Performing honour and the politics of popularity (in a popular state)
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on performing honour. To be honourable one must be accepted as such by other men of honour. In nearly all the scenes and speeches analysed in the previous chapter, honour is being performed by one or other of the characters before an audience of his peers and that is because, in the absence of a single source of honour or title, of the sort provided in a monarchy by the prince, honour must be continually asserted and conferred on the members of the honour community by that community itself. On this account, opinion becomes the final court of appeal in deciding just who and what is honourable in republican Rome. This goes a good way to explaining why the play's versions of Roman republican honour and virtue are so performative, indeed theatrical.
Hamlet
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Hamlet. In the period between Essex's return from Ireland and the immediate aftermath of his rebellion and execution, in Hamlet, Shakespeare wrote another play about a man trapped in a ‘phantasma or hideous dream’. Hamlet is faced with a situation that, viewed in one way, demands instant action, but that, when viewed in another, threatens disaster both to him and the state, if he acts precipitately. While Brutus must decide whether Caesar is a tyrant, Hamlet must decide whether Claudius is a murderer and a usurper. In that sense, both men confront inherently political situations. However, unlike the pagan Romans in Julius Caesar, Hamlet enters the action encumbered or enabled with a set of residually Christian assumptions and beliefs.
The history play and the post-reformation public sphere
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the public theatre most definitely sought to feed off, and in so doing to expand, the resulting ‘post-reformation public sphere’. Not, of course, out of a principled desire to disseminate or increase political knowledge or to inculcate civic virtue, but rather because the spread of such attitudes and interests was likely to increase the appetite for a certain sort of play and thus redound to the considerable profit of those providing such plays to the viewing and reading publics. On the face of it, one might think that that essentially parasitic, secondary role would be the extent of the public theatre's contribution to the development of the post-reformation public sphere. After all, plays were precisely not pamphlets or position papers. They neither made a case nor advanced or refuted arguments; plays merely told stories, the resolutions of which represented, not successfully clinched arguments, but emotionally satisfying endings.
Contexts and structures
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an outline of some of the ideological, political, and institutional structures and contexts within which the plays under discussion in this study were produced and consumed. Shakespeare's stagings of history were peculiarly intense in their concentration on the doings of kings and princes. In an emergently absolutist personal monarchy and during a period in which issues of succession and legitimacy were much on people's minds, plays that were so insistently about kings and queens were also quintessentially political plays. As a great deal of recent work has shown, such political concerns could well structure and, in their turn, be structured by, parallel sets of concerns and beliefs about the workings of the social order and the gender hierarchy. Political narratives then became useful ways to figure and interrogate the dynamics of economic exchange and value determined by the market or the workings of the gender hierarchy.
Antibiotic stability over six weeks in aqueous solution at body temperature with and without heat treatment that mimics the curing of bone cement
Authors: Samara E. , Moriarty T. F. , Decosterd L. A. , Richards R. G. , Gautier E. , Wahl P.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

Thermal stability is a key property in determining the suitability of an antibiotic agent for local application in the treatment of orthopaedic infections. Despite the fact that long-term therapy is a stated goal of novel local delivery carriers, data describing thermal stability over a long period are scarce, and studies that avoid interference from specific carrier materials are absent from the orthopaedic literature.

Methods

In this study, a total of 38 frequently used antibiotic agents were maintained at 37°C in saline solution, and degradation and antibacterial activity assessed over six weeks. The impact of an initial supplementary heat exposure mimicking exothermically curing bone cement was also tested as this material is commonly used as a local delivery vehicle. Antibiotic degradation was assessed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, or by immunoassays, as appropriate. Antibacterial activity over time was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay.

Results

The heat exposure mimicking curing bone cement had minimal effect on stability for most antibiotics, except for gentamicin which experienced approximately 25% degradation as measured by immunoassay. Beta-lactam antibiotics were found to degrade quite rapidly at 37°C regardless of whether there was an initial heat exposure. Excellent long-term stability was observed for aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, tetracyclines and quinolones under both conditions.

Conclusions

This study provides a valuable dataset for orthopaedic surgeons considering local application of antibiotics, and for material scientists looking to develop next-generation controlled or extended-release antibiotic carriers. Cite this article: E. Samara, T. F. Moriarty, L. A. Decosterd, R. G. Richards, E. Gautier, P. Wahl. Antibiotic stability over six weeks in aqueous solution at body temperature with and without heat treatment that mimics the curing of bone cement. Bone Joint J 2017;6:296–306. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.65.BJR-2017-0276.R1.
Temporal Biomarker Profiling Reveals Longitudinal Changes in Risk of Death or Myocardial Infarction in Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Chan Mark Y , Neely Megan L , Roe Matthew T , Goodman Shaun G , Erlinge David , Cornel Jan H , Winters Kenneth J , Jakubowski Joseph A , Zhou Chunmei , Fox Keith A A , Armstrong Paul W , White Harvey D , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Ohman E Magnus ,   for the TRILOGY ACS Investigators, Huber Kurt
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

There are conflicting data on whether changes in N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations between time points (delta NT-proBNP and hs-CRP) are associated with a change in prognosis.

METHODS

We measured NT-proBNP and hs-CRP at 3 time points in 1665 patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS). Cox proportional hazards was applied to the delta between temporal measurements to determine the continuous association with cardiovascular events. Effect estimates for delta NT-proBNP and hs-CRP are presented per 40% increase as the basic unit of temporal change.

RESULTS

Median NT-proBNP was 370.0 (25th, 75th percentiles, 130.0, 996.0), 340.0 (135.0, 875.0), and 267.0 (111.0, 684.0) ng/L; and median hs-CRP was 4.6 (1.7, 13.1), 1.9 (0.8, 4.5), and 1.8 (0.8, 4.4) mg/L at baseline, 30 days, and 6 months, respectively. The deltas between baseline and 6 months were the most prognostically informative. Every +40% increase of delta NT-proBNP (baseline to 6 months) was associated with a 14% greater risk of cardiovascular death (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.14, 95% CI, 1.03–1.27) and with a 14% greater risk of all-cause death (adjusted HR 1.14, 95% CI, 1.04–1.26), while every +40% increase of delta hs-CRP (baseline to 6 months) was associated with a 9% greater risk of the composite end point (adjusted HR 1.09, 95% CI, 1.02–1.17) and a 10% greater risk of myocardial infarction (adjusted HR 1.10, 95%, CI 1.00–1.20).

CONCLUSIONS

Temporal changes in NT-proBNP and hs-CRP are quantitatively associated with future cardiovascular events, supporting their role in dynamic risk stratification of NSTEACS.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00699998
Revised dynamic characteristics of uniform beams with free - hinged and free - free end conditions
Authors: Shulemovich Alexander
Published: May 2017

The uniform beams with free-hinged ends and with free-free ends have very slack bonds and, therefore, in accordance with Rayleigh’s theorem, their lowermost eigenvalue must be lesser compared to the lower most eigenvalue of beams with clamped-free and clamped-hinged ends. In spite of the physical evidence, the magnitudes of lowermost eigenvalue of beams with slack bonds, available in all publications, are larger. This contradiction signifies that there are the missing modes of vibration with the lowermost eigenvalue for beams with free-free and free-hinged ends. The rigorous analysis of uniform beams vibration with free-free and free-hinged ends conditions defines these missing lowermost natural frequencies and normal modes and ascertains the frequencies and modes for all uniform beams with various end conditions into the ordered system. The lowermost mode of vibration of a beam with free-free ends, caused by ocean choppiness and determined in this investigation, is paramount for estimation of the ships structural strength, particularly important for the tankers.
Party system change at work: the 2014 legislative election in Bulgaria
Authors: Rashkova Ekaterina R.
Published: May 2017

Als relativ neue Demokratie sieht sich Bulgarien einer Reihe Herausforderungen gegenüber; dazu gehört etwa die Schwierigkeit politisch stabile Bedingungen für die weitere ökonomische Entwicklung des Landes sowie seine Rolle in der Europäischen Union herzustellen. Nach wie vor übt Rußland großen Einfluß auf Bulgarien aus; gleichzeitig gibt es verstärkte Ambitionen das Land mehr nach Westen zu orientieren. Als Konsequenz ergaben die Wahlen in 2014 ein parteipolitisch äußerst fragmentiertes Parlament. Dennoch argumentiert dieser Beitrag, dass dieses Ergebnis das Ende der dominanten Rolle der ehemals kommunistischen Partei (jetzt BSP) bedeuten könnte; trotz politischer Turbulenzen in der Gegenwart könnte daraus eine stärkere und mehr nach Westen orientierte Regierung resultieren.
Austrian Corporatism – erosion or resilience?
Authors: Pernicka Susanne , Hefler Günter
Published: May 2017

Ungeachtet der fortdauernden Liberalisierungs- und Desorganisierungsprozesse in allen kapitalistischen Ökonomien weist der österreichische Korporatismus eine erstaunliche Resilienz über  verschiedene institutionelle Felder auf. Der Aufsatz fokussiert auf die Rolle von sozialen Akteuren in der (Re-)Produktion oder dem Wandel von institutionellen Strukturen und Praktiken des österreichischen Korporatismus. In den vier untersuchten Feldern, d.h. der Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik, kollektiver Lohnverhandlungen, der Arbeitsbeziehungen auf Betriebsebene und der beruflichen Aus- und Weiterbildung, haben kollektive Akteure nicht zu institutioneller Erosion, sondern zu einer institutionellen Konversion von korporatistischen Institutionen in Richtung neuer Ziele in einem internationalen Kontext beigetragen. Während der Regierungskoalition der konservativen Volkspartei und der rechtsstehenden, populistischen Freiheitlichen Partei (2000-2006) wurde allerdings deutlich, dass das normative Bekenntnis zur Sozialpartnerschaft dann an seine Grenzen stößt, wenn sich das Machtgleichgewicht zugunsten einer stärker neoliberalen Position verschiebt. Nicht-marktbestimmte Institutionen stellen daher eher eine ‚geliehene Stabilität“ zur Verfügung, als eine robuste Basis für eine Resilienz des Austro-Korporatismus. Gewerkschaften sind im Besonderen gefordert ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf ihre Mitglieder zu richten und neue Wege zu finden, wie sie ihre Rolle als Sozialpartnerschaftsorganisationen und soziale Bewegungen kombinieren können, um die nichtmarktbestimmten Institutionen zu bewahren.
Forward to the Past
Authors: Brackett David
Published: May 2017

This chapter charts the emergence of “race music”: the earliest music industry category associated with African Americans. This emergence is set against “presentist” histories of blues and jazz, in which historical narratives are tailored to present day beliefs about those genres. The argument is that now-current ideas about racial homogeneity, anti-commercialism, and gender (i.e., the dominance of male participants) in these genres is projected onto the past, creating a more orderly picture than existed in the public discourse of the time. After a discussion of the dominance of minstrelsy tropes in early blues and jazz prior to 1920, the chapter analyzes the stabilization of the race music category following the commercial success of Mamie Smith’s “Crazy Blues” in 1920. The conclusion proposes that the label “race music” brought together then-current ideas of African American identity with an identifiable sound.
The Dictionary of Soul
Authors: Brackett David
Published: May 2017

One of the most striking occurrences in the history of Billboard’s popularity charts was the disappearance of the R&B chart from November 1963 to January 1965. This chapter analyzes this event in depth in order to examine the relationship of R&B to the mainstream. R&B continued to have an active existence (illustrated by a discussion of radio formats) despite the disappearance of Billboard’s chart; the temporary cessation of the chart was due to conflictual understandings of genre based in part on different weightings of musical style versus the importance of audience. The “British Invasion” and the emergence of folk-rock during 1964-65 created greater racial division of the mainstream than had existed since the arrival of early rock ‘n’ roll. In the period immediately following, greater emphasis on black identity, musically and politically during the late 1960s led to the re-naming of the R&B category to Soul in 1969.
Crossover Dreams
Authors: Brackett David
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the rise of the concept of “crossover” in response to the transformation of radio formats and music industry categories during the 1970s and early 1980s. Country music is examined for its close proximity to the “Adult Contemporary” radio format, and the music for the film Urban Cowboy is analyzed for how it uses a variety of country music sub-genres. The transformation of Billboard’s popularity chart from “Soul” to “Black,” and of the radio format for black popular music from “Soul” to “Urban Contemporary” is examined in relation to the almost all-white format of “Album-Oriented Rock” (“AOR”). Michael Jackson’s breakthrough album Thriller is discussed for its ability to transcend what were widely viewed as impermeable boundaries. In spite of Thriller, however, a recording such as George Clinton’s “Atomic Dog” reveals how mainstream popular music remained largely segregated at the beginning of the 1980s.
A Nordic Mediterranean
Authors: Chapoutot Johann
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates the drawing of Greece and Rome into the orbit of the Nordic race and its civilization—upon which the reimagining of the new rhetoric on racial origins was founded. The Nordicism of the Greeks and Romans was confirmed by historians and racial scientists and publicized in a number of ways, not all of them scholarly. This rhetoric was also adopted by the regime's political leaders, to a surprising degree. Yet this issue assumed a singular importance for the Nazi leadership, because it allowed them to define and promote their vision of the Nordic race, including its proprietary claims on Europe's most prestigious cultural and historical heritage, as a prelude to their other plans for territorial conquest.
From Empire to Reich
Authors: Chapoutot Johann
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Rome as a source of political, military, and even architectural inspiration for Nazism. A source of infinite lessons and precise instructions, the history of Rome showed not only how to build empires but also the tangible symbols of that empire. National Socialism would thus have to pursue its imperial pretensions by imitating and eclipsing the shadows of the ancients in the granite of Nuremberg, where once the living, breathing mass of the Volksgemeinschaft met and rallied in congress, now only a desolate wasteland haunted by the devastation of the Nazi Walpurgisnacht. This chapter describes an organic link between the monuments of modern Germany, the distant history of the race, and its imperial future.
History as Racial Struggle
Authors: Chapoutot Johann
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates the National Socialist vision of history, in which the class conflict of material determinism was replaced by the racial conflict of biological determinism. Here, social Darwinism and racism converged in an unending binary dynamic of two peoples locked in mortal combat. The chapter reveals that the ideological training materials of the National Socialist party and its various organs described six thousand years of race war and three thousand years of Jewish hatred for the Indo-Germanic master race. The strong, harrowing drama of this rewriting of ancient history, particularly that of Rome, this chapter demonstrates, was perfect for the construction of the racial enemy as a monstrous terror.
Volkstod or Rassenselbstmord
Authors: Chapoutot Johann
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the downfall of civilization within the National Socialist discourse. Their recurrent references to antiquity to explain the various causes of Volkstod—the “death of a people”—attest to the degree of world-historical importance that they attached to the disappearance of the great and powerful Indo-Germanic civilizations. Rassenselbstmord, or “racial suicide,” is also discussed here in the context of antiquity. The lessons of the past constituted an unmistakable warning in bold print: complacence, miscegenation, fratricidal war, and neglect of the superiority of Nordic blood had all cost the Indo-Germanic race dearly, leading to the deaths of Greece and Rome, its two finest and most beautiful expressions before National Socialist Germany.
The Choreography of the End
Authors: Chapoutot Johann
Published: May 2017

This chapter details how the Nazis had envisioned their end and sought to fashion it for the generations to come. While it was certainly preferable to emerge victorious, should it prove impossible they determined to shift focus, to envisage and even to welcome absolute defeat, and to actively contribute to that defeat. For this deliberate welcoming of death, this surrender by suicide, to possess real meaning, the Nazis' end would have to be so spectacular that it would resound for all eternity, giving birth to a heroic myth comparable to those left behind by their glorious Indo-Germanic ancestors. The chapter thus shows how the Nazis' relationship to time betrayed a profound anxiety about the end, an anxiety that could be assuaged only by the certainty of being able to master the image and the memory they would leave for future generations.
Conclusion
Authors: Chapoutot Johann
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes the previous chapters in order to reconstruct the Nazi myth—a myth of death that was nevertheless intended to impregnate others, to awaken the future race and urge new generations of Aryans to rise up once more, out of sacred respect for their ancestors. From the beginning, the leaders of the Third Reich abandoned the realm of history to live in the realm of myth, where everything was sign or symbol and where all chance was perceived as being of necessity. Hitler and his associates responsible for the regime were haunted by myths, obsessed with imitating the acts of their predecessors, possessed by visions of reliving the great ancient epics. From here, the chapter turns to the historian's role to snuff out the myth, and thus to overturn the Nazis' manipulation of time and history.
Valley of the Willamette
Authors: Kopp Peter A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins with an explanation of the geology, climate, ecosystems, and first peoples of Oregon’s Willamette Valley after the last ice age. It then explains how those factors contributed to success of commercial agriculture upon resettlement by Europeans in the nineteenth century. While hops had been grown Fort Vancouver as early as the 1830s, there is no record of them growing anywhere else in the Pacific Northwest. Instead, the Fort Vancouver and subsequently the Willamette Valley emerged as centers of livestock and wheat production by midcentury. The end of the chapter explains how the new residents transformed the Willamette Valley into a major center of agriculture in the Far West, and this ultimately helped set the stage for hop production.
Hop Fever
Authors: Kopp Peter A.
Published: May 2017

Following increased settlement of the Far West and the completion of transcontinental railroads by the 1870s, farmers expanded specialty crop agriculture. This chapter provides context for the movement to hops and other specialty crops in diversified farming to provide cash income, not only in the Willamette Valley but elsewhere across the Pacific Coast. The chapter is framed by the story of Ezra Meeker, of Puyallup, Washington, who, from the 1860s to the 1890s, was the largest producer and promoter of hops in the Pacific Northwest. His story and others show how hop growing was an intensely global enterprise, from the importation of hop roots to the Far West to the transfer of knowledge that included multiple trips back and forth across the country and across the Atlantic to establish markets and acquire information.
Fiesta and Famine
Authors: Kopp Peter A.
Published: May 2017

With the repeal of Prohibition and the reemergence of a domestic beer market, Willamette Valley farmers once again caught “hop fever.” Acreage expanded to its peak level in history by 1936. This chapter explains how hop farmers became more organized and initiated the first successful hop grower organizations. These organizations achieved success in marketing controls and improving the region’s reputation. Simultaneously, Willamette Valley growers successfully expanded the celebratory nature of the hop harvest by implementing a Hop Fiesta to attract workers. The event became one of Oregon’s most important annual cultural affairs, as growers drew in thousands of harvest workers with the promise of clean camping, live music, dancing, parades, and even the crowning of a Hop Queen. Despite this success in the 1930s, however, a botanical disease, called downy mildew, had crept its way to the Pacific Coast, leaving many hop fields in ruins. By 1943, Oregon relinquished its hold as the national leader in hop production.
Hop Wars
Authors: Kopp Peter A.
Published: May 2017

Alfred Haunold’s hybrid hops saved the Oregon hop industry by appealing to macro brewers such as Anheuser Busch, Miller, and Coors. But, at the same time, a craft beer revolution unfolded on the Pacific Coast. This chapter explains that, while the big brewers helped sponsor the hop breeding efforts, they did not always want the end result. In fact, the big brewers used only a handful of the two dozen hop varieties that Haunold released until his retirement in 1996. The hops we have in our microbrews today are the result of newfound collaborations resulting from the craft brewers of the 1980s and 1990s. And, unlike the 1950s and 1960s, the hop has become a visible component of beer marketing.
Introduction
Authors: Hobson Emily K.
Published: May 2017

Narratives of the LGBT past have been constrained by exceptionalist narratives of Stonewall, the 1960s, and ACT UP. These narratives describe gay and lesbian radicalism as disappearing soon after 1969 and obscure the genealogies that fostered AIDS activism. The history of the gay and lesbian left counters these narratives, showing that across the 1970s and 1980s, radicals pursued an interconnected politics in which sexual liberation was the theory and radical solidarity the practice. Gay and lesbian leftists drew anti-imperialism from Black radicalism and the anti-war movement, engaged socialist and women of color feminisms, and redefined queer community by tying it to Central American solidarity. By the end of the Cold War these influences proved central to direct action against AIDS.
Talk About Loving in the War Years
Authors: Hobson Emily K.
Published: May 2017

Between 1984 and 1990, lesbian and gay activists in the Bay Area and in Nicaragua built transnational ties that reshaped the gay and lesbian left. Two solidarity brigades composed largely of lesbians of color, Somos Hermanas and the Victoria Mercado Brigade, traveled from San Francisco to Nicaragua and made Nicaraguan solidarity a vehicle for multiracial, transnational, and women of color feminism. Meanwhile, the Nicaraguan lesbian and gay movement sought recognition in the Sandinista Revolution. They resisted repression by Sandinista security forces but kept that repression unknown in the United States to ensure ongoing support from solidarity activists. By managing solidarity efforts, Nicaraguan activists pursued their own goals and won Sandinista support for AIDS prevention and lesbian and gay activism.
Prosecution and Punishment
Authors: Oleson James C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the arrest and conviction rates of the index and control groups. The data are consistent with the differential detection and differential reaction hypotheses: index respondents reported more successful offenses (i.e., offenses that did not end in arrest or conviction) than controls. Then, building upon the US Supreme Court’s logic in Atkins v. Virginia (prohibiting the execution of mentally retarded defendants), it explores the culpability of high-IQ offenders. Noting that people with genius-level IQ scores are as statistically abnormal as the mentally handicapped defendants protected under Atkins, it asks whether criminal geniuses, vis-à-vis normal offenders, are equally, less, or more culpable. If it is true that people separated by thirty IQ points cannot communicate meaningfully, gifted defendants might be functionally insane because of social isolation. The chapter also describes several challenges associated with punishing high-IQ offenders.
Literature Review and Background
Authors: Irwin Katherine , Umemoto Karen
Published: May 2017

The youth’s narratives can add depth to many literatures, and chapter one reviews some of the core assumptions within the fields of youth violence, critical youth studies, and punishment in the juvenile justice system and schools. Chapter one also includes a brief review of the colonial history of Hawai‘i.
Fighting for Her Honor
Authors: Irwin Katherine , Umemoto Karen
Published: May 2017

We take up the subject of peer and school-based culture for teens in chapter four, where we outline at the femininity norms confronting female teens. In this chapter we note that notions of femininity were complicated and sometimes contradictory. In this way, girls’ violence is viewed against the backdrop of multiple constraints and contradictions.
Boys’ Fights and the Jacked-Up System
Authors: Irwin Katherine , Umemoto Karen
Published: May 2017

In chapter five we explain boys’ perspectives of violence, as we explore the boys’ critical consciousness of larger power arrangements, with racial hierarchies being a primary lens through which boys saw the world. Gender expectations were an important backdrop in boys’ narratives as well, and in this chapter we look at how historic acts of injustice in colonial lands lived on in the collective memories of youth. Indeed, some boys summarized these past and present injustices succinctly as the “jacked up” U.S. system. As males, boys sensed that they had agency and strength, and they used these resources to resist or manipulate what they saw as the unjust systems and stereotypes set against them.
Entering Farmwork
Authors: Horton Sarah Bronwen
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on migrant men’s experiences of farmwork in both their sending countries and in the U.S in order to understand why foreign-born Latino men face higher rates of workplace illness and death, The majority of farmworkers in California come from peasant origins in Mexico and Central America, where they learn that hard work is the foundation of masculinity. Yet U.S. labor and immigration policies intersect with the pressures of working on labor crews to transform migrants farmworkers’ work habitus. Farmworkers’ historic exclusion from the promises of the New Deal makes work one of their only forms of economic security, forcing them to be “exceptional workers.” By delivering an indebted workforce to the fields, U.S. immigration policy only heightens migrants’ dependence on their jobs. Meanwhile, the intensified work pressures created by subcontracting teach migrant men to privilege their work over their health in order to keep their jobs.
Burning Up
Authors: Horton Sarah Bronwen
Published: May 2017

Taking the reader on an ethnographic tour of the melon harvesting fields during a historic heat wave in Fresno County, this chapter provides a close-up examination of how the organization of labor crews forces migrant farmworkers to privilege their work about their health. It shows that subcontracting intensifies the labor demands placed on field hands by creating a hierarchy of descending pressures on labor crews. To maximize field hands’ productivity, labor supervisors strategically draw upon a code of male honor to impugn men’s virility when they become ill while harvesting. Meanwhile, migrant men on labor crews discipline each other and themselves as they buy into this code of masculinity. As they work through the early symptoms of heat illness, their silence expedites the transfer of value to their employers even as it increases their risk of heat death.