bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mons Claudianus and the problem of the ‘granito del foro’: a geological and geochemical approach
Authors: Peacock D. P. S. , Williams-Thorpe Olwen , Thorpe† R. S. , Tindle* A. G.
Published: February 2017

Granito del foro is a distinctive igneous rock, in fact a granodiorite rather than a granite, long known and named for its use in buildings of the Roman Forum. Exactly what is it? Where does it come from? Where else was it used and not used? What does the granito del foro say about ownership and empire?
Tin sources for prehistoric bronze production in Ireland
Authors: Budd P. , Gale D. , Ixer R. A. F. , Thomas R. G.
Published: February 2017

Ireland is important in the early metallurgy of northwest Europe, for it has given us a large majority of the Early Bronze Age artefacts from the whole British Isles. Is there tinore to have been mined in early Ireland to produce this bronze or must it have come from elsewhere?
A grave error concerning the demise of ‘Hunstanton Woman’
Authors: Hoare Peter G. , Sweet Caroline S.
Published: February 2017

‘Hunstanton Woman’, a skeleton found in 1897 within glacial gravels at Hunstanton on the east English coast, has now been carbon-dated. She turns out to be yet another intrusive burial, rather than an ‘Ice Age’ person.
About the age of the oldest passage-graves in western Brittany
Authors: Giot Pierre-Roland , Marguerie Dominique , Morzadec Hervé
Published: February 2017

The acid rocks and soils of northwest France are not kind to preservation of organic material. Radiocarbon dating has mostly depended on charcoal, for want of a better dating medium that survives. In Brittany, Finistère can sometimes contribute to the dating of early passage-graves from human bones.
Seeing stars: character and identity in the landscapes of modern Macedonia
Authors: Brown K. S.
Published: February 2017

In 1978, the excavation of the Macedonian royal tombs at Vergina in north Greece gave a more physical aspect to the historical place of Philip and of Alexander the Great. These archaeological finds now have an active role in the region's politics, where the present is again being re-made by the pictures of the past.
The Monuments At Risk Survey: an introduction
Authors: Darvill Timothy , Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: February 2017

Another step has started in trying to figure out just what the collected archaeology of England amounts to — this time, with its change in mind.
Microscopic views of Swiss Lake Villages
Authors: Wallace Gillian
Published: February 2017

Neolithic and Bronze Age lake villages have captured the public imagination since their recognition in the 19th century. Commonly thought of as 'Swiss' although similar types of sites are found throughout Europe and beyond, these villages are renowned for unusually well preserved organic finds and the romantic image of being raised above water. Today it is held that both raised and groundlevel dwellings existed, and that each site must be interpreted on an individual basis. Current research analyses sedimentary sequences from thrcc Neolithic lakeside villages on the northern rim of the European Alps using micromorphology, or the study of thin-sectioned in situ sediments from and around archaeologicals ites (FIGUR1E). This research is the first time sediment from lakeside villages was treated as material culture, with the specific purpose of detailing human use of the landscape through the identification of archaeological features (FIGURE2). Features on lakeside villages are often distorted by wave action, sediment loading and/or erosional episodes.
New observations on the Bandkeramik house and social organization
Authors: Hachem Lamys
Published: February 2017

The careful study of faunal and artefact remains associated with Bandkeramik houses in France has shown new details about activity zones and village organization in the Early Neolithic. Lamys Hachem describes the result of work from Cuiry-lès-Chaudardes in the Aisne valley, France.
New AMS dates on human bone from Mesolithic Oronsay
Authors: Richards M. P. , Sheridan J. A.
Published: February 2017

Continuing our focus on the Hebridean Mesolithic, this paper describes new dating on the human bone from Oronsay, showing that late Mesolithic occupation may coincide with the coming of the Neolithic.
Continuity and change in Minoan palatial power
Authors: Knappett Carl , Schoep Ilse
Published: February 2017

The relationship between economic power and political centralization during the First and Second Palace Periods of Bronze Age Crete is a topical theme in Aegean studies. Here, two scholars argue the case for continuity in the economic base of palatial political authority.
Fortified castles on Okinawa Island during the Gusuku Period, AD 1200–1600
Authors: Ladefoged Thegn N. , Pearson Richard
Published: February 2017

The locations of the medieval castles of the Japanese island of Okinawa have been analysed through a variety of environmental and statistical methods, showing the development of different polities in the Gusuku period.
Environmental thresholds and the empirical reality of state collapse: a response to Erickson (1999)
Authors: Kolata Alan L. , Binford Michael W. , Brenner Mark , Janusek John W. , Ortloff Charles
Published: February 2017

We are grateful for the opportunity to respondto Erickson's (1999) critique of our articles onhuman-environment interactions in the LakeTiticaca basin of Bolivia (Ortloff & Kolata 1993;Abbott et al. 1997; Binford et al. 1997). Hisdecision to publish this critique in ANTIQUITY,rather than in the journals in which our articlesappeared, permits us to reach a broaderaudience. Erickson labels our interpretationsa form of 'neo-environmental determinism', buthis rejection of our conclusions stems fromserious misunderstandings and is misleadingto readers who have not examined our originaldata. He (p. 634) claims:1 our research represents 'simplistic reductionistthinking' that treats humans as 'passivepawns' of environmental change;2 our dating of the chronic drought in the Andeanaltiplano after AD 1150 is impreciseand not correlated with the 12th-centurydisintegration of the Tiwanaku state; and3 the drought did not affect intensive agriculturalproduction.
Marija Gimbutas: some observations about her early years, 1921–1944
Authors: Milisauskas Sarunas
Published: February 2017

Many scholars emphasize the Soviet Union's invasion of Lithuania in 1940 as the first traumatic event in Marija Gimbutas'life, but she was exposed to conflict from the time of her birth. She was born in Vilnius, a city that was at the root of conflict between Lithuanians and Poles during the 1920s and 1930s. It is unclear why she created an image of a peaceful ‘Goddess-oriented Old Europe’, as her life was inseparable from various ethnic and ideological conflicts of 20th-century Europe.
Agro-pastoralist colonization of Cyprus in the 10th millennium BP: initial assessments
Authors: Peltenburg Edgar , Colledge Sue , Croft Paul , Jackson Adam , McCartney Carole , Murray Mary Anne
Published: February 2017

Unexpectedly early evidence for the precocious spread of farming has recently emerged in Cyprus. It is argued that the transmission occurred as a result of migration related to ecosystem stress in the Levant. So strong are the connections of the colonists with the mainland that we suggest the term Cypro-Pre-Pottery Neolithic B to describe what has hitherto been a major lacuna in Cypriot prehistory. Consistent dates from key sites and the evolution of material culture indicate that this Cypro-PPNB sequence represents the hitherto elusive ancestry for the Khirokitian.
Assessing earliest human settlement of Eurasia: Late Pliocene dispersions from Africa
Authors: Turner Alan
Published: February 2017

Continued discussion of the timing and intensity of earliest human occupation of Europe takes little account of the wider patterning of mammalian dispersions between Africa and Eurasia as guide. Viewed as a palaeontological event, the maximum period of such movement appears to be of latest Pliocene age, while conditions during the Early Pleistocene seem to have been particularly unsuited to dispersions through the Levant.
Contested ethnicities and ancient homelands in northeast Chinese archaeology: the case of Koguryo and Puyo archaeology
Authors: Pak Yangjin
Published: February 2017

In many countries of east Asia, archaeological knowledge is frequently used in the construction of ethnic histories, and the discipline of archaeology is often employed to emphasize ethnic and cultural identities (Fawcett 1995; Nelson 1995). It is thus important for archaeological research in this region to understand how archaeological knowledge is used in each country to establish national identity, to promote national solidarity, to delineate various ethnic groups and to proclaim ancestral territories, cultural antiquity and unbroken cultural and ethnic continuity.
Late woodland landscapes of Wisconsin: ridged fields, effigy mounds and territoriality
Authors: Gartner William Gustav
Published: February 2017

Sauer (1925) saw the terrestrial scene as more than a natural arena for human action. He recognized the repeated human impact on a living earth which created an ever-changing stage of landscape. Geographical conceptions of landscape have changed in the intervening 75 years. Today, geographers acknowledge the historically contingent qualities of nature and society and their inter-relationships (Zimmerer 1994).
Changing places
Authors: Stoddart Simon , Zubrow Ezra
Published: February 2017

Rummidge and Euphoria are places on the map of a comic world which resembles the one We are standing on without corresponding exactly to it, and which is peopled by figments of the imagination.
Technical strategies and technical change at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey
Authors: Conolly James
Published: February 2017

Analysis of knapped obsidian and flint artefacts from the early ceramic Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük has shown that there were several strategies used for the production of knapped-stone tools, and that there was a profound change in the character of lithic production occurring approximately during the middle of the occupation sequence. This paper outlines the details of this technical change and, with reference to possible changes in subsistence strategies and the organization of production, offers some explanations for its occurrence.
Paradise Lost: the bombing of the Temple of the Tooth — a UNESCO World Heritage site in Sri Lanka
Authors: Coningham Robin , Lewer Nick
Published: February 2017

The bombing of the Temple of the Tooth at Kandy in 1998 provides the focus for an analysis of the political targeting of heritage in Sri Lanka.
Cimex lectularius L., the common bed bug from Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Panagiotakopulu Eva , Buckland Paul C.
Published: February 2017

Bed bugs have been troubling humans for at least 3550 years, as shown by examples from Tell el-Amarna. Here we report on the bug's habits and history, as revealed by archaeology.
A Middle Palaeolithic origin of music? Using cave-bear bone accumulations to assess the Divje Babe I bone ‘flute’
Authors: D'Errico Francesco , Villa Paola , Llona Ana C. Pinto , Idarraga Rosa Ruiz
Published: February 2017

The discovery of a perforated cave-bear femur from the Neanderthal levels at Divje Babe has been interpreted as the oldest musical instrument in Europe. Here we present the current discussion on the ‘flute’ and its implications for other similar bone finds from early prehistory.
Headroom and human trampling: cave ceiling-height determines the spatial patterning of stone artefacts at Petzkes Cave, northern New South Wales
Authors: Theunissen Robert , Balme Jane , Beck Wendy
Published: February 2017

Going into a cave or shelter, one walks where one can stand upright or has to crouch less. That affects which zones objects are trampled on, which zones they may be kicked out of, which zones they may be kicked into. And those effects interact with the usual spatial order–with its activity zones and drop zones–that develops through occupation of the enclosed cave or shelter.
Knowth before Knowth
Authors: Eogan George
Published: February 2017

Recent research at the great Irish passage tomb of Knowth has revealed new decorated stones, which were apparently recycled from an earlier tomb. Here, George Eogan describes the finds and discusses the implication of an early phase of tomb building pre-dating the major passage tombs of the Boyne Valley.
Human occupation at Jinmium, northern Australia: 116,000 years ago or much less?
Authors: Spooner N. A.
Published: February 2017

The rock-shelter of Jinmium in the Northern Territory of Australia hit the headlines a year-and-a-half ago when TL dates suggested human occupation might date from 116,000 years ago. Such dates were much earlier than any previously obtained for Australia, and thus suggested the continent was colonized at a very early stage in human dispersal around the Pacific. However, some TL dating is notoriously difficult to interpret, and here Nigel Spooner has re-assessed one of the later dates in the Jinmium sequence. His interpretation calls into doubt some of the earlier claims.
Whose rationality? A response to Fekri Hassan
Authors: Hodder Ian
Published: February 2017

In December 1997 we published Fekri Hassan's comments on Ian Hodder's ‘Reflexive excavation methods’ (ANTIQUITY 71: 1020–25). Ian Hodder responds here to the criticisms and defends his position.
Bois Laiterie Cave and the Magdalenian of Belgium
Authors: Straus Lawrence Guy , Otte Marcel
Published: February 2017

The Magdalenian of Belgium, following important new excavations at Bois Laiterie Cave has been subject to new discussion and greater chronological precision. Here Straus & Otte discuss the results.
Consuming power: Kamares Ware in Protopalatial Knossos
Authors: Day Peter M. , Wilson David E.
Published: February 2017

A new study of Kamares ware, integrating stylistic and petrographic analysis, suggests that Protopalatial Knossos was a centre of ritual consumption rather than production, obtaining some of its specialized vessels for drinking and feasting ceremonies from production centres elsewhere in central Crete.
Incised motifs in the passage-graves at Quoyness and Cuween, Orkney
Authors: Bradley Richard
Published: February 2017

The decoration of Neolithic passage-graves in Scotland and the British Isles/Ireland has come under renewed scrutiny–showing interesting patterns between tombs and houses. Here Richard Bradley examines two Orkney tombs and compares their decorated stones with motifs in Ireland and elsewhere.
Two early finds of gold-of-pleasure (Camelina sp.) in middle Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites in western France
Authors: Bouby Laurent
Published: February 2017

Two new finds of Camelina seeds prove the presence of the plant in middle Neolithic and Chalcolithic western France nearly 3000 years before widespread cultivation in France.
Historicism, chronology and straw men: situating Hawkes' ‘Ladder of inference’
Authors: Evans Christopher
Published: February 2017

Christopher Hawkes was one of the leading British archaeological theorists in the middle decades of this century. Much underrated, Hawkes is reassessed here in the broader development of processual archaeology in Britain.
Declassified satellite photographs and archaeology in the Middle East: case studies from Turkey
Authors: Kennedy David
Published: February 2017

Recent availability of declassified satellite images of landscapes and ancient cities in Turkey offer new and valuable material for archaeolgical research. Here David Kennedy explains the significance and use of some images in the Euphrates Valley.
Rosses Point revisited
Authors: Woodman Peter C.
Published: February 2017

The re-evaluation of artefacts sometimes reveals a long history of misinterpretation. Here Peter Woodman re-assesses stone tools from western Ireland which have important lessons for how our personal biases influence our interpretation of lithic assemblages.
Early hunter-gatherers in the Americas: perspectives from central Brazil
Authors: Kipnis Renato
Published: February 2017

There is a preconception among American archaeologists that the late Pleistocene (c. 12,000-10,000 hap.) and early Holocene human occupation of the Americas would have had highly formalized and diagnostic technologies (Bryan 1986), as seen in bifacial fluted projectiles (Clovis and/or Folsom points) or Palaeoarctic microblades. This bias carries with it two presumptions which have no reason to exist:

• Clovis and related industries had to be diffused throughout the Americas; and

• there should be a ‘big-game hunting’ horizon in South America.
Paviland Cave: contextualizing the ‘Red Lady’
Authors: Aldhouse-Green Stephen , Pettitt Paul
Published: February 2017

Paviland is the richest Early Upper Palaeolithic site in the British Isles and has produced Britain's only ceremonial burial (the ‘Red Lady’) of that age. Excavations in the 19th and early 20th centuries, combined with the action of the sea, have removed virtually all of the cave's sedimentary sequence. A new, definitive study of the site and its finds, together with over 40 radiocarbon dates, shows that Paviland currently holds the key to our understanding of the chronology of human activity and settlement from c. 30,000 to 21,000 years ago. The age of the ‘Red Lady’ is also finally resolved at c. 26,000 b.p.
The cultural life of early domestic plant use
Authors: Hastorf Christine A.
Published: February 2017

To what extent was gender an important factor in plant domestication? How much of the domestication process can be considered as cultural rather than biological? Christine Hastorf considers these and many associated questions in this topical essay about plants and people.
Ancient monuments of the Mississippi Valley by E.G. Squier & E.H. Davis: the first classic of US archaeology
Authors: Welch Paul D.
Published: February 2017

The two most important 19th-century books on archaeology in the United States both dealt with earthworks. The earlier of these two, Ancient monuments of the Mississippi Valley by Ephraim G. Squier & Edwin H. Davis, was the first volume published by the fledgling Smithsonian Institution, and is 150 years old this year. It presented, with lavish illustrations, information about hundreds of earthworks. Its principal argument was that the mounds had been built by an American race distinct from the historically known indigenes, no less and perhaps considerably more than 1000 years ago. This volume in no small measure catalysed the development of archaeology in the United States. Without Squier & Davis’ extensive documentation of the vast number, size, complexity and variety of earthworks, the later book might never have been commissioned or might have been conceived in far less ambitious terms.
The ‘Kilnsea-boat’, and some implications from the discovery of England's oldest plank boat remains
Authors: van de Noort Robert , Middleton Richard , Foxon Andrew , Bayliss Alex
Published: February 2017

A single plank with integral cleats, recently discovered on the East Riding of Yorkshire coast at Kilnsea, has been identified as a fragment of a Bronze Age plank boat, and dated to 1870–1670 BC. This makes the ‘Kilnsea-boat’ England's oldest dated plank built boat.
The last Pleniglacial and the human settlement of Central Europe: new information from the Rhineland site of Wiesbaden-Igstadt
Authors: Street Martin , Terberger Thomas
Published: February 2017

AMS and other dating methods have been applied to the problem of Upper Palaeolithic occupation in Central Europe. The results from the excavations at the Rhineland site of Wiesbaden-Igstadt provide an opportunity for comparison and discussion of whether central Europe was really subject to abandonment at various times during Glacial/Pleniglacial episodes.
The Late Quaternary of the Western Amazon: climate, vegetation and humans
Authors: Athens J. Stephen , Ward Jerome V.
Published: February 2017

The Amazon rain-forest we know today is quite a recent phenomenon. New research on climate and vegetation changes from a series of cores in Ecuador provide a chronology for early agriculture and forest clearance from early Holocene times.
Old World irrigation technology in a New World context: qanats in Spanish colonial western Mexico
Authors: Beekman Christopher S. , Weigand Phil C. , Pint John J.
Published: February 2017

Spanish colonists imported ancient Arabic irrigation methods into Mexico. Even though historians have made little of the qanat systems, archaeological research in Jalisco has revealed their significance in the colonial economy of Mexico.
Investigating population movement by stable isotope analysis: a report from Britain
Authors: Budd Paul , Millard Andrew , Chenery Carolyn , Lucy Sam , Roberts Charlotte
Published: February 2017

Stable isotopes present in local ground water get into people's teeth before they are 12 years old, and act as a signature to the area where they grew up (and drank the water). In a review of recent work in Britain the authors show the huge potential of this method for detecting population movement – and thus ultimately for investigating questions of migration, exogamy and slavery.
Interpreting standing stones in Africa: a case study in north-west Cameroon
Authors: Asombang Raymond N.
Published: February 2017

Combining history and ethnography with a survey on the ground, the author shows how the megalithic monuments of Cameroon were the remains of many different kinds of site. Some were house platforms, others places for washing dishes. Others are certainly ceremonial, for family and kin-group meetings. The memory and opinion of current residents adds a fascinating aside to the function of these monuments, probably introduced four centuries ago, and their subsequent rôles in society.
Evaluating CORONA: A case study in the Altai Republic (South Siberia)
Authors: Gheyle Wouter , Trommelmans Raf , Bourgeois Jean , Goossens Rudi , Bourgeois Ignace , Wulf Alain De , Willems Tom
Published: February 2017

Satellite photographs, such as the CORONA series, are proving valuable instruments of archaeological reconnaissance, especially for landscapes that are relatively unknown or unprotected. Moreover, satellite imagery can be used for detailed mapping of remote areas, so that a topographic map or Digital Elevation Model can form the background for the archaeological information. However, images seen on the photographs may not be immediately recognisable as sites, and sites on the ground may escape detection from a satellite. In a current project in south Siberia the authors test the visibility of the one against the other.
Retrospective
Authors: Rahtz Philip
Published: February 2017

Philip Rahtz, one of Britain’s finest excavators and first Professor of Archaeology at the University of York, offers his perception of the development of theory, practice – and, especially, of medieval archaeology.
Neanderthal behaviour and stone tool function at the Middle Palaeolithic site of La Quina, France
Authors: Hardy Bruce L.
Published: February 2017

Neanderthal diet is explored by examining stone tools found at the site of La Quina for residues and microwear. The Neanderthal people are found to be using their scrapers for working plants and woods as well as meat.
Roman Game Boards from Abu Sha’ar (Red Sea Coast, Egypt)
Authors: Mulvin Lynda , Sidebotham Steven E.
Published: February 2017

The discovery of twenty game boards – including some in a dedicated den or gaming room – in the late Roman fort at Abu Sha’ar, on the Red Sea coast of Egypt, conjures up images of daily life at a well established, but remote Roman military station. Here, during the long hot days and cool nights, soldiers no doubt played board games and gambled incessantly. This paper describes the boards, the likely games played on them and the areas of the fort where they were played.
The Neolithic transition and European population history – a response
Authors: Steele James , Gkiasta Marina , Shennan Stephen
Published: February 2017

We thank Crombé and Van Strydonck for their comments on our earlier paper (Gkiasta et al. 2003). They kindly draw attention to recent surveys of radiocarbon data from Belgium, most of which were published subsequent to our own work, which was carried out in 1999. Even at the time we were under no illusion that our compilation was complete: “It became clear in the course of the project that, despite the large sums of money which have been spent over the years on radiocarbon dating in Europe, the state of public availability of the dates, their context and associations and details which enable users to judge the reliability of dates is in general very poor. Thus, no claim is made that the database is in any sense complete” (Gkiasta et al. 2003: 48). It would probably also be as well to correct the impression that the dates we used were mainly derived from Gob (1990). Over half those finally included were extracted from the University of Lyon Banadora database; the remainder came from a wide range of other sources. The new dates from Belgium may well shed new light on the chronology of the transition in that region. New discoveries frequently do cause old interpretations to be modified or revised; we look forward to their analysis and demonstration of the implications of the new data to which they refer.
An early eighteenth-century denture from Rochester, Kent, England
Authors: Anderson T. , O’Connor S. , Ogden A.R.
Published: February 2017

The authors report an unusual denture, fashioned from elephant ivory and designed for someone who had probably lost their teeth. It was found in a latrine pit together with pottery and tobacco pipes, indicating that it had belonged to a wealthy tea-drinker of the early eighteenth century.
Neolithic land-use and environmental degradation: a study from the Western Isles of Scotland
Authors: Mills Coralie M , Armit Ian , Edwards Kevin J , Grinter Pamela , Mulder Ymke
Published: February 2017

Investigation of a partially waterlogged Neolithic site, on an islet in a Scottish Hebridean loch, showed that early strategies of exploitation were already environmentally damaging. Loss of soil fertility through intensive ploughing is well-documented, but stripping the turf can be equally damaging to the environment. Working on the lake settlement of Eilean Domhnuill in North Uist, the authors show that turf was cut for building material and used as fuel and that this practice contributed to a rapid degradation of the land surface through erosion.
The first modern humans in Europe? A closer
look at the dating evidence from the Swabian Jura
(Germany)
Authors: Verpoorte A.
Published: February 2017

The origins of anatomically modern humans,
modern behaviour and the Aurignacian form one of
the most dynamic fields of European research.
Conard & Bolus (2003) opened a new debate by
proposing that the Aurignacian arose from the
migration of modern humans. Reviewing the data
from the Swabian Jura, the author shows that
radiocarbon dating cannot of itself presently
support models of the primacy of art, industries
or the arrival of modern humans at a particular
place.
The Umayyad congregational mosque of Jarash in Jordan and its relationship to early mosques
Authors: Walmsley Alan , Damgaard Kristoffer
Published: February 2017

The early mosque at Jarash is reconstructed by archaeological excavation and survey and attributed to a wave of urban renewal in the reign of caliph Hisham (AD 724-743).
The spread of farming in the Eastern Adriatic
Authors: Forenbaher Stašo , Miracle Preston T.
Published: February 2017

The authors present a new, two-stage model of the spread of farming along the eastern Adriatic coast based on the first appearance of pottery. The initial stage was a very rapid dispersal, perhaps by ‘leapfrog colonisation’, associated with cave sites in southern Dalmatia. The second stage was a slower agropastoral expansion associated with cave and open-air sites along the northern coast. Migration was a significant factor in the process. The mountainous hinterland formed an agricultural frontier zone, where farming was adopted piecemeal by indigenous groups.
Pine, prestige and politics of the Late Classic Maya at Xunantunich, Belize
Authors: Lentz David L. , Yaeger Jason , Robin Cynthia , Ashmore Wendy
Published: February 2017

Comparing the source of a commodity with the social levels of the people amongst whom it is found can reveal important aspects of social structure. This case study of a Maya community, using archaeological and ethnographic data, shows that pine and pine charcoal was procured at a distance and distributed unevenly in settlements. The researchers deduce that this commodity was not freely available in the market place, but was subject to political control.
Clerics and Scriptures: Experimentally Disentangling the Influence of Religious Authority in Afghanistan
Authors: Condra Luke N. , Isaqzadeh Mohammad , Linardi Sera
Published: February 2017

This article unpacks the psychological influence of a Muslim cleric’s power to mobilize for collective action in an experiment in Afghanistan. The same cleric requests contributions for a hospital from day laborers when dressed as a civilian and as a cleric. InCiviliancondition, 50 per cent contributed and 17 per cent made large contributions; inClericcondition, 83 per cent contributed but average giving did not increase as most gave the smallest possible amount. Inclusion of a recitation of Qur’anic verses in theClericcondition maintains the 82 per cent contribution rate while increasing large contributions to 30 per cent, doubling average contributions. Formal education and subjective perception of poverty appear to drive the opposing effects of cleric and scripture. These results suggest that the power to activate spiritual channels lies in the scripture, not with the human wielding religious authority, who instead appears to induce minimal compliance with Islamic norms of charitable giving.
Adolescent Women and Antiabortion Politics in the Reagan Administration
Authors: JEFFRIES CHARLIE
Published: February 2017

Since theRoev.WadeSupreme Court ruling in 1973 made abortion legal in the United States, it has consistently been subject to attempts to limit its reach, to make abortions harder to access, and thus to restrict their availability or frequency. In recent years, both pro-life and pro-choice groups have been reenergized, through calls to defund Planned Parenthood in Congress in 2015, and the 2016 Supreme Court ruling which prohibited a Texas “clinic-shutdown” law, for obstructing women's legal access to abortion underRoe. An era where this law was particularly contested, however, was the 1980s, which saw the Christian right crystallize and rally together to support the election of Ronald Reagan as President, in the hopes that he would promote their goals. Though extra-governmental pro-life groups and antiabortion individuals within the federal government were not ultimately able to do away withRoe, and would eventually become disappointed with Reagan's efforts in securing this, a series of measures over the course of the administration saw abortion access limited for one group of women in particular: teenage girls. This essay follows these legislative moves over the course of the 1980s, which include the first federal abstinence-only education bill, the Adolescent Family Life Act, a series of laws that allowed states to enact parental notification or consent clauses for minors’ abortions, and a “squeal rule” for doctors who treated sexually active teenagers. It analyses the discourse of and around each of these measures in order to understand how young women's sexual conduct mobilized abortion policy in this era. In doing so, it offers new perspectives on the significance of adolescent female sexuality to Reagan, to the Christian right, and to progressives involved in the heated debates over abortion and related battles of the 1980s culture wars.
1. The Man
Authors: Langford W. J.
Published: February 2017

Our Association was founded deliberately to “improve” the teaching of geometry, and its work has extended to cover every branch of the mathematics taught in the pre-undergraduate years. It is no surprise that, among the many distinguished mathematicians who have contributed to this development, a few stand apart clearly for the extent of their influence. Judged by any standards, E. H. Neville was one of the greatest of them all, and this tribute, by one of his earliest pupils at University College, Reading, is written with a sense of deep personal affection and gratitude.
“Back to 1941”
Authors: Littlewood J. E.
Published: February 2017

§1. The problem is to evaluate, with an absolute error o(l) or better,

where m and n are large and positive and c is a positive constant.
The blancmange function: Continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere
Authors: Tall David
Published: February 2017

One of the problems of the first introduction to the calculus and the subsequent mental imagery developed by the student is that the functions involved are usually given by simple formulae such as f(x) = xn and the derivatives calculated by formulae crunching: f′(x) = nxn−1. The fundamental ideas of the calculus and any relational understanding recede into the background. Getting out of the strait-jacket and considering more general functions at some stage is rarely considered. When it is, it is usually performed in the context of university analysis where pictures are banned because they are claimed to mislead the intuition.
From a Public School Point of View
Authors: Siddons A.W.
Published: February 2017

The course of Mathematics suggested by Professor Perry at the British Association “is recommended for training colleges and for boys and girls.” It may be admirably adapted to the wants of training colleges, but seems quite impracticable for public schools, though, as we shall see later, there are several suggestions that might well be adopted.
Four Fours. Some Arithmetical Puzzles
Authors: Rouse Ball W. W.
Published: February 2017

An arithmetical amusement, said to have been first propounded in 1881, is the expression in the ordinary arithmetic and algebraic notation of the consecutive integers from 1 upwards, as far as practicable, by the use of four “4”s. I have mentioned the problem in my Mathematical Recreations, but my friend Mr. Oscar Eckenstein has now carried the solutions considerably further. I think a bare statement of our procedure may be of interest, and perhaps some readers of the Gazette may amuse themselves by filling in the details of the analysis or applying similar methods to higher numbers.
The Bearing of Statistical and Quantum Mechanics on School Work.
Authors: Hartree D. R.
Published: February 2017

As the President has told you, the subject of this lecture was not my own choice. When first asked to speak on it my impression was that, as the phrase goes, the answer was a lemon; but, on thinking it over further, it seemed that quantum mechanics might have some bearing on school work, although that influence is in a sense only accidental, as I will explain. As far as I can see, however, statistical mechanics, the other half of the subject of the paper, has no bearing on school work, and it only occurs in the title because that title was given me!
Prof. Bryan’s “Mean Rate of Increase”
Authors: Whipple F. J. W.
Published: February 2017

The Mean Rate of Increase which was investigated by Prof. Bryan in No. 48 of the Mathematical Gazette may evidently be thought of as the inclination of a straight line to an axis. The object of the following note is to point out an example in which this inclination naturally occurs.
Modular forms of degree n and representation by quadratic forms IV
Authors: Kitaoka Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2017

Let M be a quadratic lattice with positive definite quadratic form over the ring of rational integers, M’ a submodule of finite index, S a finite set of primes containing all prime divisors of 2[M: M’] and such that Mp is unimodular for p ∉ S. In [2] we showed that there is a constant c such that for every lattice N with positive definite quadratic form and every collection (fp)p∊s of isometries fp: NP → MP there is an isometry f: N → M satisfying

f ≡ fp mod M′p for every p |[M: M],

f(Np) is private in Mp for every p ∉ S,

provided the minimum of N ≥ c and rank M ≥ 3 rank N + 3.
A decomposition formula for representations
Authors: Kempf George
Published: February 2017

Let H be the Levi subgroup of a parabolic subgroup of a split reductive group G. In characteristic zero, an irreducible representation V of G decomposes when restricted to H into a sum V = ⊕mαWα where the Wα’s are distinct irreducible representations of H. We will give a formula for the multiplicities mα. When H is the maximal torus, this formula is Weyl’s character formula. In theory one may deduce the general formula from Weyl’s result but I do not know how to do this.
From Nature as Proxy to Nature as Actor
Authors: Gille Zsuzsa
Published: February 2017

What if Sheila Fitzpatrick's string-pulling, free-loadingHomo sovieticuswas compelled to enroll creatively not only his compatriots but also materials and nature in the struggles for survival? What if the fuzziness of private property in postsocialist Romania in Katherine Verdery's classic article “The Elasticity of Land,” had just as much to do with meandering streams, winds, and trees dying or growing, as with the absence of proper legal or cartographic documentation due to “purely social” history? What if figurative spaces such as Alexei Yurchak's “internal exile,” “zagranitsa,” “parallel universe,” or “vnye” were real places and were in and of nature—as Douglas Weiner started to consider when he called his nature preserves and circles of conservationists “little corners of freedom”?
Who Holds the Axe? Violence and Peasants in Nineteenth-Century Russian Depictions of the Forest
Authors: Costlow Jane
Published: February 2017

In this article, Jane Costlow considers the ways in which Ivan Turgenev and Vladimir Korolenko use literary conventions—from gothic setting and narrative voice to metaphors of natural community—to reflect on poaching, violence, usufruct, and rational forestry. While both authors demonstrate concern for the fate of Russia's forests, the narratives discussed here (two stories and a travel memoir) are tempered by a sense of complex moral and political context, and the realities of property law and class both before and after 1861. Costlow considers foresters' advice and assumptions about peasant violence and the need for “enlightened” surveillance but focuses on imaginative writing that refuses simple solutions to vexed questions. Turgenev's narrative emphasizes the moral entanglements of a narrator who wants to intervene and protect, whereas Korolenko's account of the trans-Volga woodlands balances critique and ecological vision in dialogic form.
Everyday Environmentalism: The Practice, Politics, and Nature of Subsidiary Farming in Stalin's Lithuania
Authors: Mincyte Diana
Published: February 2017

In this article, Diana Mincyte looks at subsidiary farming during the years of intense collectivization and political repressions in Soviet Lithuania, 1948-1953. Through an analysis of how peasants imagined, experienced, and interacted with their environments, Mincyte constructs agricultural labor as a site through which Lithuania's peasants negotiated their relationship to the state and nature. She argues that because the peasants’ physical survival during this period depended solely on the harvests from the farms, the peasants constructed themselves primarily as subjects of land and nature, rather than as citizens of the Soviet state. Instead of focusing on how individuals reinvented themselves according to the ideologies of the New Soviet Man/Woman, the environmental approach she develops here shows that creative agricultural labor played a significant role in the processes of building socialism in Lithuania's villages.
The Formation of Tunka National Park: Revitalization and Autonomy in Late Socialism
Authors: Metzo Katherine
Published: February 2017

In this article, Katherine Metzo examines the creation of Tunka National Park in Russia's Lake Baikal region. Formed in the last days of the Soviet Union, the park represents the efforts of local indigenous elite to manipulate state policies on conservation to return control over natural resources to the local population. Metzo sees the formation of the park as part of a cultural revitalization movement through its ties to a broader Buriat national-cultural movement that emerged in late socialism. Movement leaders werevnye, in Alexei Yurchak's sense of the word, as they promoted their personal as well as the national-cultural agenda through the inbetween spaces created in the discussion of nature conservation.
FromPartiinost'toNauchnost'and Not Quite Back Again: Revisiting the Lessons of the Lysenko Affair
Authors: Pollock Ethan
Published: February 2017

Stalin's support for Trofim Lysenko in the late 1940s has come to exemplify Stalinist science and the deleterious effects of gross political intervention in scientific affairs. In this article, Ethan Pollock turns our attention to the harsh criticism of Lysenko that occurred in the Central Committee in the last years of Stalin's life and situates that criticism within a broader move in Soviet ideology towardnauchnost'or scientific truthfulness. In the later 1950s nauchnost' grew even stronger in nearly every other field of science. Still, Lysenko prolonged his hold on power in Soviet agricultural science as Nikita Khrushchev attempted to reassert the importance ofpartiinost’or partymindedness. Lysenko's promises of great agricultural rewards and plans to radically transform nature were only fully rejected by the party when Khrushchev himself was removed from office.
Abram Room, A Strict Young Man, and the 1936 Campaign against Formalism in Soviet Cinema
Authors: Belodubrovskaya Maria
Published: February 2017

This article addresses the aesthetic history and banning of Abram Room's Strogii iunosha (A strict young man, 1936) in the context of the 1936 campaign against formalism and naturalism in Soviet art. I show that the film's experimental style was not the cause of its banning and argue that the antiformalism campaign was a political rather than aesthetic event. What the campaign demanded was a shift in mode, from form centered to theme centered, and it was this disruptive shift that rendered Soviet cinema unproductive after 1936.
Too Much Trust: Regional Party Leaders and Local Political Networks under Brezhnev
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram
Published: February 2017

Why did the campaign for “trust in cadres” (doverie k kadram) come to be so emblematic of the Brezhnev era? In this article, Yoram Gorlizki argues that following the failure of Nikita Khrushchev's institutional experiments, Leonid Brezhnev turned to “trust”—ties grounded in ongoing personal relationships—as a means of lowering the Soviet system's high transaction costs. Focusing on in-depth studies of three regions, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kirov, and Krasnodar, Gorlizki suggests that the leadership system in each shifted towards a pattern marked by modest but stable institutional constraints on regional leaders, a carefully calibrated system of seniority, and a set of order-enhancing norms that are referred to as ”hierarchical ethics.“ Mirroring the new leadership arrangements in Moscow, this combination of regional institutional constraints and political norms was the most compatible with a pattern of informal devices for cooperation that would come under the label of “trust” (doverie). Gorlizki contends that while Soviet officials had always resorted to personal relationships in order to attain their official goals, the campaign for “trust in cadres” gave cover to such practices by in effect elevating them into a component part of the regime's ideology. Gorlizki concludes by describing the variety of dangers these arrangements carried with them.
Placing Faith in Development: How Moscow's Religious Communities Contribute to a More Civil Society
Authors: Caldwell Melissa L.
Published: February 2017

The development-oriented work of Moscow's religious communities is examined in this article, with a focus on how a core group of faith organizations present themselves as offering an alternative vision of intervention and improvement that seeks to protect Russian citizens from what proponents suggest are the shortcomings of previous democratizing and civil society ventures. Staff and supporters within Moscow's faith-based assistance sphere contend that religiously affiliated assistance organizations are successful, not only because they parallel secular development programs in promoting values and practices of capitalism, democracy, and global human rights, but more importantly because they also claim to move beyond these approaches to tend to the well-being and transformation of the entire human being. Consequentiy, proponents argue that faith-based organizations are more attuned to values of humane treatment and civility, thereby making them better positioned to build a new Russian society that brings citizens and the state together in productive and caring relationships. Ultimately, this attention to the perspectives and ideals of religiously oriented development organizations provides a different vantage point for reconsidering the promises and consequences of Russia's neoliberal and democratizing transformations.
Empowering Muslim Women: Independent Religious Fellowships in the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Borbieva Noor O'Neill
Published: February 2017

In this article, Noor O'Neill Borbieva presents research on the work of Muslim female activists in the Kyrgyz Republic and on the religious fellowships they organize, revealing these groups as important but neglected civil society actors. These religious fellowships are “hybrid,” neither complicit with coercive interests nor fully independent of diem. Borbieva explores how the religious sensibilities of her informants inspired unique responses to the institutions and discourses that otherwise shape their lives as Muslim women and Kyrgyz citizens. These women are engaged in more than a struggle for female empowerment; they are crafting a response to national and international power structures, a response informed equally by their gendered identities and their spiritual sensibilities.
Doing the Democracy Dance in Kazakhstan: Democracy Development as Cultural Encounter
Authors: Roberts Sean R.
Published: February 2017

This article explores democracy development efforts in the former Soviet Union as a cultural encounter between the producers and consumers of development assistance. Drawing on literature in both anthropology and development studies, Sean R. Roberts suggests that the divergent worldviews of these different actors in the development process problematizes their interaction, often leading to unintended results. Highlighting a case study of U.S. assistance to Kazakhstan's 2004 parliamentary elections, Roberts also suggests that, although democracy assistance does foster change, this change is both gradual and unpredictable. More generally, Roberts argues that the challenges of democracy development are less related to technical issues than to cultural factors. Furthermore, democracy development efforts in the long term are likely to produce a contested arena in which to negotiate the meaning of “democracy” or acceptable “good governance” in the context of globalization and today's increasingly multipolar geopolitics.
“Swarm Life” and the Biology of War and Peace
Authors: Newlin Thomas
Published: February 2017

In the spring of 1863, Lev Tolstoi, newly married and soon to be a father, began to conceive of the work that would eventually become War And Peace. That same spring he also took up beekeeping. While in practical terms his “bee passion” proved relatively short-lived, it was an exceptionally intense engagement with a miniaturized and uniquely observable biological and social universe. In this article, Thomas Newlin explores how Tolstoi's dual enmeshment in “swarm life”—that is, in the biologically fraught realms of marriage and beekeeping—influenced both the unconventional form of War and Peace and its equally unconventional ideas (in particular Tolstoi's linked conceptions of the nature of history and of consciousness). The implications of a “swarm” model of history ultimately troubled Tolstoi, however; his doubts about the imperatives of biology do not play themselves out fully in War and Peace but instead lurk just beneath its surface.