bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal analysis of the sweating response of pre‐, mid‐, and late‐pubertal boys during exercise in the heat
Authors: Falk B. , Bar‐Or O. , MacDougall J. D. , Goldsmith C. H. , McGillis L.
Published: June 2005

The thermoregulatory response to exercise in the heat, especially sweating pattern, differs between children and adults. This study investigated the changes with physical maturation in the thermoregulatory response to exercise (50% V̇O2max) in the heat (42°C 20% RH) among circum‐pubertal boys, using a mixed cross‐sectional, longitudinal design. Subjects were initially divided into three groups, based on Tanner (pubic hair) criteria: 16 pre‐pubertal (PP, stage I), 15 mid‐pubertal (MP, stages II, III, IV), and 5 late‐pubertal (LP, stage V). The thermoregulatory response was observed every 6 months for a period of 18 months (4 sessions). Thirty of the 36 boys completed the four sessions. During each session, the exercise task consisted of three 20‐min bouts of cycling with 10‐min rest periods. Measurements included rectal and skin temperatures and heart rate continuously, V̇O2 at the midpoint of the second bout, sweat collection during each bout, photography of sweat drops after bouts 1 and 2, and whole body sweating rate. During each session, body temperatures tended to be higher among LP relative to the other two groups; however, the rate of increase in body temperatures was similar among groups. Sweating rate per body surface area and per gland were consistently higher among LP compared to PP. This was accompanied by lower sweat lactate concentrations during the initial stages of exercise and lower activated sweat gland population density. Longitudinal observations tended to support cross‐sectional findings. It is concluded that physical maturation is characterized by enhanced sweating rate per body surface area and per gland, and that this may be associated with increased sweat gland anaerobic metabolism. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commingling and segregation analysis of blood pressure in consanguineous and nonconsanguineous families from Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Nirmala A. , Rice Treva , Reddy P. Chengal , Krishna K. Sreerama , Ramana P. Venkata , Rao D. C.
Published: June 2005

The hypothesis of a major gene effect for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was examined in families from Andhra Pradesh, India, where consanguinity and marriage within caste are commonly practiced. The data were examined separately by noninbred versus complete (inbred + noninbred) families, both before and after correction for residual skewness. For SBP in the noninbred sample prior to skewness transformation, evidence consistent with a relatively common major recessive gene (q = 0.31) accounted for approximately 30% of the variance. In the combined sample, although Mendelian τs were rejected, the major gene estimates were similar to those in the noninbred data, and failure to account for inbreeding in the likelihood function may have influenced the results. After transformation of the data for residual skewness only a multifactorial component resulted, which accounted for about 80% (complete sample) and 100% (noninbred sample) of the offspring variance, and less than 10% of the parental variance. Even though the major gene effect disappeared after skewness transformation, the putative recessive major gene found for SBP prior to the transformation may be genuine since the tests on the transmission probabilities supported Mendelian transmission while the equal τs hypothesis was rejected. For DBP, both a major nontransmissible effect accounting for about 20% of the variance and a multifactorial component accounting for about 55% (offspring) and about 15% (parents) was found. For the noninbred DBP data, transformation for residual skewness removed the major non‐Mendelian effect altogether. These data suggest inbreeding effects for SBP, with a pattern of smaller variances due to multifactorial sources (i.e., polygenic and/or cultural) in the sample which included consanguineous families. Adding inbred families reduced the evidence for Mendelian transmission of the major effect. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth and motor performance of healthy Senegalese preschool children
Authors: Bénéfice Eric
Published: June 2005

Body dimensions, motor performance tests, and an aerobic stress test were measured on three different occasions on a group of 88 healthy Senegalese children, 3–6 years of age. The children were divided into 3 cohorts according to year of birth: 1985, 1984, and 1983. The children displayed linear growth approaching North American reference data but had significant weight deficits. Their growth, however, proceeded favorably compared to Senegalese children of the previous generation. In the group of children born in 1983, boys were more muscular and had less arm fat than girls. Motor performances of Senegalese children were inferior to those of European children, but after normalization by body mass, differences in jumping and throwing tasks tended to diminish. Stepwise regression showed that variations in motor performances were particularly due to age, body weight, and stature. The importance of nutritional factors is stressed to explain the development of performance and cardiorespiratory fitness of these children. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical growth and age at eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth in well‐nourished Indian girls from birth to 20 years
Authors: Kaur Balvinder , Singh Raghbir
Published: June 2005

The results of a cross‐sectional anthropometric survey of 1,643 well‐nourished girls, from birth to 20 years, from the city of Delhi (India) are reported. The standardized measurements of body weight, height/crown–heel length, sitting height/crown–rump length, biacromial and bicristal diameters, head circumference, chest girth, upper arm girth, calf girth and skinfolds at biceps, triceps, and subscapular regions were taken for each subject. Medians fall between the 10th and 25th percentiles of National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference data for height and the 10th and 50th percentiles for weight. The mean height and weight of the present girls are above the national reference values given by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Means and standard deviations of the weight/height ratio and body mass index (BMI) are also presented. The height/weight ratio increases continuously with age to 18 years. The mean values of the BMI, however, decrease to 6 years, rising afterward to adulthood. Median ages of eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth are presented. The first deciduous tooth to emerge in present girls is mandibular I1 at 7.6 months. The sequence of emergence based on ascending median ages is I1, I2, M1, C, and M2 for both maxillary as well as mandibular deciduous teeth. The permanent set of dentition starts with the emergence of mandibular M1 at 5.75 years. Despite the rapid physical growth of American and British girls, the present girls are ahead in dental emergence and show earlier emergence of maxillary and mandibular permanent premolars, suggesting a genetic basis for the emergence of deciduous and permanent teeth. Partial correlation coefficients with age constant between height and the number of erupted deciduous and permanent teeth are positive and significant, reflecting an association, to some degree, with height and weight. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The analysis and identification of homologizer/moderator variables when the moderator is continuous: An illustration with anthropometric data
Authors: Allison David B. , Heshka Stanley , Pierson Richard N. , Wang Jack , Heymsfield Steven B.
Published: June 2005

Human biological data often contain homologizers, that is, variables which moderate the strength rather than the form of the relationship between two other variables. Current methods for the identification and analysis of continuous homologizer variables [Z] (variables which moderate the strength rather than the form of a relationship between other variables [X,Y]) recommend dividing the sample into subgroups on the basis of the homologizer variable (Z) and testing whether correlations (X,Y) are significantly different among subgroups. We propose an alternative strategy which avoids the use of subgroups and which offers greater power to detect homologizer effects. In addition, it allows the identification of homologizer effects in data sets where multiplicative as well as additive terms are included in the model. The proposed strategy is validated through Monte Carlo simulations and an example of its application to a set of anthropometric data is given. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apolipoprotein polymorphisms and phenotypic variability in American Samoans: Preliminary data
Authors: Crews Douglas E. , Bindon James R. , Kamboh Mohammad I.
Published: June 2005

Human apolipoprotein genetic variation is associated with phenotypic variability in body habitus and in lipid and glucose metabolism, interrelated aspects of human physiology. In this study, structural variation at the apolipoprotein E and H loci, documented for 67 residents of American Samoa, was investigated for associations with body habitus, plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, pulse rate, and blood pressure. Compared to men with the common APO E*3 allele, those with APO E*2 had higher weight, percent trunk fat, ratio of subscapular to triceps skinfold, and larger subscapular, suprailiac, and medial calf skinfolds; men with the APO E*4 allele had lower weight, body mass index (BMI), upper arm circumference, estimated arm muscle circumference, and a smaller suprailiac skinfold. Such variability by apolipoprotein E types was not observed in Samoan women nor when men and women were combined for analysis with or without statistical control for sex. At the APO H locus, little difference in aspects of body habitus was observed between men carrying the most common APO H*2 allele and the less common APO H*1 allele. Percent trunk fat and the subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio tended to be larger in women with the APO H*1 allele. Plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were lower in Samoans with the APO E*2 and E*4 alleles, but higher in those with the APO H*1 allele. Blood pressure and pulse rate were lower and higher, respectively, in those with the APO E*4 allele. The observed associations differ from those observed in Caucasian, Japanese, and Hispanic samples, and support suggestions that associations between apolipoprotein polymorphisms and morphological measures vary across ethnic groups. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fertility and infertility in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Jenkins Carol
Published: June 2005

Fertility levels in selected populations of coastal and highland Madang Province of Papua New Guinea are analyzed from reproductive history data. Changing levels of fertility between 1964 and 1984 are examined using reconstructed censuses. Age‐specific infertility rates are calculated and evaluated with available data on rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and contraceptive usage. These suggest that STD‐associated infertility may be a major factor underlying levels of fertility lower than expected. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Twice‐daily measurements of stature and body weight in two children and one adult
Authors: Kobayashi Masako , Togo Masami
Published: June 2005

Stature and body weight of two children, 12.5 and 9.3 years, and their mother were measured twice daily for 488 days, immediately after rising and just before bed. The time of the measurements was also recorded and diurnal changes during daytime and nighttime were estimated. Stature began to decrease instantaneously after rising. Therefore, morning measurements were made immediately after rising. Stature decreased during the day, and the mean daytime loss was 1.78 cm in the older child, 1.61 cm in the younger child, and 1.43 cm in the adult. Stature increased during sleep hours at night, and the mean nighttime gain was 1.79 cm, 1.63 cm, and 1.43 cm in each subject, respectively. Stature also increased after naps and a bath. Body weight decreased during sleep hours at night, and the mean nighttime loss was 0.46 kg, and 0.38 kg, and 0.36 kg in each subject, respectively. Diurnal changes were largest in the older child, while the ratios of changes (ΔST/ST, ΔWT/WT) were largest in the younger child whose growth rate was the greatest. In the children, the nighttime gain of stature was not as highly correlated with hours of sleep as in the adult. Diurnal change varies depending upon sleep hours and stage of growth. Rapid growth in stature of 1 cm in only three weeks was observed once in the younger child. During this period, diurnal change was smaller than the mean value over 488 days. In the older child, the growth rate decreased in both stature and weight about three months after menarche. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body elemental composition of the neonate: New reference data
Authors: Ellis Kenneth J. , Shypailo Roman J. , Schanler Richard J. , Langston Claire
Published: June 2005

The total body elemental content of seventeen neonates at postmortem was examined; deaths had occurred within 10 days of birth. Body weights ranged from 510 to 4,050 g at examination; gestational ages at birth ranged from 24 to 42 weeks. Nondestructive in situ procedures were used: 40K counting and delayed‐gamma neutron activation analysis. The total body content of K, Ca, P, Na, and Cl was measured and compared with estimates for the reference fetus model. Body elemental contents were significantly correlated with body weight (r = 0.92−0.98, P < 0.001). These data will be useful in determining postnatal nutritional needs. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of energy intake and energy expenditure of activity on the familial transmission of adiposity in an indian population
Authors: Mitchell L. E. , Nirmala A. , Rice T. , Reddy P. Chengal , Rao D. C.
Published: June 2005

The effect of current energy intake and energy expenditure of activity on the familial transmission of five adiposity phenotypes was assessed using data from 473 nuclear families from the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Three measures of fatness, body mass index, the sum of six skinfolds, and the sum of three trunk skinfolds, and two measures of fat patterning, the ratio of trunk to extremity subcutaneous fat and the ratio of the subscapular skinfold to the sum of the subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds, were analyzed. Maximum likelihood estimates of the transmissibility of each phenotype were obtained under a pseudopolygenic model, after adjusting for the effects of (1) age within sex, and (2) current energy intake, energy expenditure of activity, and age within sex. The transmissible variance component for each phenotype was less after adjustment for age and energy than after adjustment for age alone. This difference was greater for the three measures of fatness than it was for the fat patterning phenotypes. However, even after adjusting for the effects of age, energy intake and energy expenditure, there is evidence of a low to moderate, but significant, transmissible component, which accounts for 4–22% of the variance in each of the five phenotypes. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships of motor performance of adult men to anthropometry: A multivariate analysis
Authors: Lefevre Johan , Dufour Anne‐Beatrice , Beunen Gaston , Claessens Albrecht L.
Published: June 2005

Relationships between 12 anthropometric characteristics and motor performance, as measured by various fitness tests, were considered in a sample of 165 Flemish adults observed at age 30 years. In addition to a bivariate correlation study, a canonical correlation analysis was carried out. More than 72% of the variance was shared by the first three canonical variables. The first canonical variable can be explained as a general size function. Static and functional strength are clearly related to this function. The second canonical variable can be interpreted as a size‐fatness function. Nearly all motor tests are projected on the second composite, indicating that in adult men, subcutaneous fatness is negatively related to physical fitness. By means of a biplot of the first two canonical variables, interrelationships between body dimensions and motor performance are clarified. A combination of the first two functions seems to provide information about physique. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population structure of the Island of Korcula, Croatia
Authors: Janicijevic B. , Roberts D. F. , Rudan P.
Published: June 2005

Serogenetic data on 16 systems and migration data from birthplaces of parent and offspring, collected from 949 inhabitants of 8 vilages on the island of Korcula in the eastern Adriatic (Croatia), were analysed. Geographic distance is not a strong determinant of the population structure on the island. The pattern of the genetic variation now observed derives mainly from history and migration behavior. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validity of anthropometric techniques for estimating percentage body fat in obese females before and after sizable weight loss
Authors: Seip Richard L. , Snead David , Weltman Arthur
Published: June 2005

The validity of selected generalized (n = 7) and obese population‐specific (n = 2) skinfold and girth based anthropometric equations (using hydrostatic weighing as the criterion measure) was evaluated in 19 obese women before and after a mean body weight loss of 19.4 kg (percent body fat was reduced from 45.3% to 35.4%). For the present study, evaluation criteria of mean differences in percent body fat (%BF) of < 3%, r values > 0.70, and total error (T.E.) values of < 5% were selected. Only the equations that utilized girths as part of the prediction technique (Barrows and Snook, 1987; Jackson et al., 1980; Tran and Weltman, 1989; Weltman et al., 1988) resulted in mean differences in %BF of less than 3%, r values of > 0.70 and T.E. values of less than 5% in obese women before weight loss. After 19.4 kg of weight loss, all but three of the equations resulted in mean differences in %BF of less than 3%, r values of > 0.70 and T.E. values of less than 5%. The obese population‐specific equations of Barrows and Snook (1987) and Weltman et al. (1988) were not accurate predictors of body composition after weight loss as they resulted in mean differences of 4.5–7.0 %BF. Although some of the equations examined were valid predictors of %BF either before or after weight loss, only the Jackson et al. (1980) equations which utilized both skinfolds and hip girth, and the Tran and Weltman (1988) equation which utilized trunk girths, resulted in mean differences of < 3 %BF, r values > r = 0.70, and T.E. scores of < ± 5 %BF both before and after weight loss. It was concluded that the prediction techniques of Jackson et al. (1980) and Tran and Weltman (1989), which utilize girth measures as part of the prediction technique, may have clinical utility for estimating changes in %BF in obese females before and after sizable weight loss. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth weight and weight, stature, and body mass index at ages 6 and 14 years
Authors: Gofin Rosa , Adler Bella , Maddela Rolando
Published: June 2005

To analyze the effect of birth weight on weight, stature, and the Body Mass Index (BMI) at the ages of 6 and 14 years, 1,115 Jerusalem schoolchildren were studied. Correlations were low, but higher between birth and 6 years (range 0.10–0.31) than between birth and 14 years (range 0.04–0.20). The positive predictive values for the highest quartile of BMI at 6 and 14 years were 29.6 and 29.4% among boys, 31.4 and 33.0% among girls. They were highest for menstruating girls, 35.6 and 40.0%, respectively. These girls were already heavier at age 6 than other girls and bodys. Aanalysis of covariance showed that birth weight was consistently associated with weight, stature, and the BMI, while mother's origin, education and age, and the number of children in the family were not. Overall, the explained variance was low and decreased with age in both sexes. It was higher for stature than for weight, and was specially low for the BMI. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obesity and upper body fat distribution in Mexican American children from families with a diabetic proband
Authors: Chakraborty Bandana M. , Mueller William H. , Joos Sandra K. , Hanis Craig L. , Barton Sara A. , Schull William J.
Published: June 2005

Upper and centralized body fat distribution is associated with non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Few studies have focused on anthropometric characteristics of preadults from families in which there is a diabetic (NIDDM) proband. This study explores the prevalence of upper and centralized body fatness in Mexican American children from the Diabetes Alert study (1981–1983) in Starr County, Texas. Anthropometric data on 165 males and 224 females 9–19 years include measures of adiposity such as skinfold thicknesses and the body mass index (BMI), a measure of overweight. They show rates of obesity two to three times that of White children of comparable age and sex from National Health Surveys. In comparison with U.S. White subjects, Mexican American adults are shorter, have more adiposity and arm muscle mass and have sitting heights and body breadths at the mean of these dimensions for the U.S. population. Children from Diabetes Alert families show only marginal excess of severe obesity (> 95th percentile of BMI) when compared to the general population of children surveyed in Starr County schools. Girls from these families, but not boys, have excess fatness in the BMI compared to Mexican American children from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES); suprailiac skinfold thicknesses are also greater in children of the Diabetes Alert study than in HHANES children. From 1972 through 1982, Mexican American children in South Texas showed an increase in average stature, weight, and the BMI. These data together suggest that excessive obesity exists and may be increasing in children in populations at risk for NIDDM. The prevention of NIDDM in the Mexican American population may be more effective if educational and promotional interventions include the school aged population. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical use of the knee height measuring device to detect growth deficiency
Authors: Stallings Virginia A. , Cronk Christine E.
Published: June 2005

Assessment of growth deficiency cannot usually be carried out until after 6 months of observation because errors associated with height measurement preclude use of shorter periods. In an effort to shorten this time period, the Knee Height Measuring Device (KHMD), a highly precise and reliable instrument and method for measuring child growth, was compared with height in detecting and clasifying growth in a group of healthy school children, and in a small group of children with Crohn disease known to be experiencing growth failure. Children were measured at 28 day intervals. Measurement error (me) (the standard deviation of the replicates for knee height, and technical error of measurement \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \sqrt {\sum {{\rm d}^{\rm 2} {\rm /2n,}}} $$\end{document} for height) was used as the basis for detection and classification of growth. To estimate an error that might be typical in a clinical setting, the me from this study was doubled. Then to account for errors associated with both the first and second measurements used to compute growth rates, this value was doubled again. The me for knee height was 0.33 mm (SD = 0.22), yielding a minimum detectable growth of 1.32 mm, and the me for height was 2.7 mm, yielding a minimum detectable growth of 10.8 mm. Using 56 day knee height growth (mean 3.77 mm SD 1.43) more than 95% of growth rates for healthy children exceeded the minimum criterion, whereas for 56 day height growth (mean 8.7 mm, SD = 5.3), only about 28% of the growth rates for healthy children were greater than the criterion. Sensitivity and specificity for 56 day growth knee height and height growth were compared for classifying growth rates of the healthy children and children with Crohn disease using the me criteria. For knee height, a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96% were achieved, whereas the sensitivity and specificity for 56 day height growth were 75% and 30% respectively. Parallel analyses comparing 56 day knee height with 6 month height velocity could not be carried including the children with Crohn disease. However, using the 5th centile from age and sex specific height velocity from Baumgartner et al. [Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43:711–722, 1986], the expected number of healthy children in this sample (5.7%) were less than 5th centile. This would yield a specificity for 6 month height growth (94.2%) which is similar to that for 56 day knee height. It is concluded that measurement of knee height over 56 days may potentially be useful in shortening the time for clinical detection of growth deficiency. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crown size variability in the deciduous dentition of South Australian children
Authors: Farmer Victoria , Townsend Grant
Published: June 2005

Although many studies of the permanent dentition have been published, there are still relatively few reports relating to variability within the deciduous dentition. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed description of crown size variability in the deciduous dentition of South Australian children. Dental impressions were obtained of 160 children, 3–6 years of age, and stone models constructed. Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were recorded from the dental models using a computerized data acquisition system. Several aspects of deciduous tooth size were studied, including variation within and between dental arches, sexual dimorphism, and correlations within and between crown diameters. Principal components analysis was used to summarize the inter‐correlated tooth size data and to facilitate the biological interpretation of common variability. The magnitude and pattern of mean values for deciduous tooth size were similar in South Australian children to published data for other Caucasian populations. Although mean values for tooth size were generally larger in boys than in girls, sexual dimorphism in deciduous tooth size was low. Correlation analyses indicated low to moderate associations for size between teeth in the same arch, with highest values between the molars. In both sexes there was a tendency for correlations between buccolingual dimensions to exceed those between mesiodistal dimensions. Although distinct morphogenetic fields have not been defined in the deciduous dentition, there appeared to be a gradient of decreasing size variability from anterior to posterior, with the second deciduous molar being particularly stable. The observed pattern of phenotypic variation appeared to be directly related to the relative length of the developmental period that tooth crowns spent in the soft tissue stage prior to calcification. Multivariate analyses confirmed some overall coordination for crown size of deciduous teeth, but also highlighted specific size patterning related to incisor, canine, and molar regions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of fat‐free mass in black and white pre‐adolescent and adolescent girls from anthropometry and impedance
Authors: Guo Shumei S. , Khoury Philip R. , Specker Bonny , Heubi James , Chumlea Wm. Cameron , Siervogel Roger M. , Morrison John A.
Published: June 2005

As an ancillary project of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Growth and Health Study (NGHS), data of 31 black girls and 38 white girls, 10–16 years of age, were used to develop equations to predict fat‐free mass (FFM) from selected anthropometric dimensions and bioelectric impedance measures of resistance and reactance. Subjects were drawn from ongoing projects at the Children's Hospital Medical Center (CHMC) to obtain girls of both races from a wide range of body mass indices. FFM was estimated from measures of dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). The resulting equations had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.9 kg and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.9% for black girls using independent variables: stature divided by resistance squared (S2/R), thigh circumference, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses. The corresponding values for white girls were 1.1 kg and 3.2% using independent variables: S2/R, arm circumference, weight, and reactance divided by resistance (R/Rc). In addition to cross‐validating the ethnic‐specific equations using PRESS statistics, the equation for white girls was also cross‐validated using an independent sample of 35 girls from the Fels Longitudinal Study selected to match the CHMC sample. The cross‐validation yielded a pure error of 2.4 kg FFM and a CV of 7%. The predicted values for FFM from the equations were used to calculate percentage of body fat in the CHMC sample and the pure errors for estimating percentage of body fat were 3% for blacks and 2% for whites. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aging, bone loss, and the body mass index in Arizona retirees
Authors: Stini WA , Chen Zhao , Stein P.
Published: June 2005

In order to identify relationships between changes in the body mass index (BMI) and those occurring in bone density with age, data from a sample of 2,075 Arizona retirees aged 60–90 years were compared by age and sex. Remodeling of the diaphysis of the radius follows a pattern that results in an increased diameter of the cortex and medullary cavity in both sexes. However, the resultant decrease in percentage cortical area (PCA) was greater in women than in men. The positive relationship between BMI and PCA is more pronounced in women, who begin to lose bone density earlier than men, and also lose it more rapidly. Despite the fact that average age at menopause is about 50 years and it is generally believed that bone loss slows within 5–10 years after menopause, average PCA values decline from 44% in 60–70 year old women to 37% in 80–90 year old Sun City women and to 36% in Tucson women. The decline in average PCA ranges from 45% in Sun City men and 46% in Tucson for 60–70 year old men to 43% and 42%, respectively, in 80–90 year olds. When the PCA values of women in four BMI categories are compared, cortical area increases with BMI, while medullary cavity values are similar across BMI categories. This relationship between BMI and PCA is much weaker in men. This pattern suggests more vigorous subperiosteal apposition in women with higher BMIs. Endosteal resorption does not seem to be as much affected by the BMI. An additional observation is that the BMIs of Sun City women are lower than those of Tucson women, although the decline in average values with age is very similar in the two populations, with a sharper decline from the 70–80 year group to the 80–90 year group than seen between the 60–70 year group and the 70–80 year group. Average BMIs of males are consistently higher than those of females in all age groups in the Sun City sample, but means for the sexes are very similar in the Tucsonans beyond 70 years. Sun City males of more advanced age are heavier than Tucson males, but the situation is reversed when women are similarly compared. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal variation of growth in body weight of Japanese children and its relationship to physique
Authors: Tobe Hideyuki , Arai Kazuko , Togo Masami
Published: June 2005

The present study examined the pattern and amplitude of seasonality of growth in body weight of Japanese children living in Tokyo, and analyzed the relationship between physique and seasonal variation. The body weights of 125 school children were measured monthly for 6 years (excluding August). The data were analyzed by time‐series analysis. Significant seasonal variations were observed in about 80% of the children. Although individual seasonal patterns and amplitudes varied among children, minimum seasonal factors generally appeared in the Summer. Seasonal variations of group means of body weight were significant in both sexes. The seasonal pattern in boys was low in the Summer and high in the Fall and Winter. Deceleration of weight growth in the Summer was observed in both sexes, even though there were no major stresses in the Summer. The amplitudes of seasonal variation were 1.2% for body weight in boys and 0.7% in girls. In addition, children who were high on the BMI or Rohrer's index had larger amplitudes of seasonal variation, even when body weight of each child was taken into consideration. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlates of dietary intake of lactating women in South Turkana
Authors: Gray Sandra J.
Published: June 2005

Previous studies of nutrition among nomadic pastoralists in South Turkana, Kenya, have suggested that social mechanisms may be used to buffer vulnerable members of the group from acute nutritional stress. During 1989–1990, 24‐hour dietary recall data were collected from 101 lactating women in Ngisonyoka, Turkana. Multivariate regression was then used to quantify the effects of environmental, socioeconomic, and demographic variables on dietary intake. The location of individual herding camps had the greatest impact on maternal diet. After the site of camps, rainfall patterns, the socioeconomic ranking of the herding unit, and the age and rank of wives were the most significant predictors of maternal food consumption. The results suggest that some women in the study were buffered from moderate seasonal nutritional stress by the practice of food‐sharing among members of their social network, as well as by voluntary reduction in dietary intake by other women. Maternal dietary intake differed both qualitatively and quantitatively between herding camps of higher and lower socioeconomic ranking. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in body weight in Basotho women: Seasonal coping in households with different socioeconomic conditions
Authors: Himmelgreen David A. , Romero‐Daza Nancy
Published: June 2005

The ability of populations to cope biologically with seasonal stress may depend upon socioeconomic conditions at the household level. In this study seasonal weight change (i.e., absolute weight change, weight change as a percentage of total body weight, and weight loss episodes) was examined in the context of household socioeconomic status (SES) for women from 195 households in highland Lesotho over a period of three seasons. Households were divided into close (CHHs) vs. distant households (DHHs), according to the distance from the district headquarters, and into female‐managed (FMHs) vs. multiple‐parent households (MPHs). There are no significant differences in SES between FMHs and MPHs. Conversely, CHHs have significantly higher SES, are more involved in the wage economy, and are less dependent upon subsistence agriculture than DHHs. For the total sample there is a significant difference in body weight between seasons (P = 0.005). There are no significant differences in body weight across seasons between FMH and MPH women. However, DHH women have significantly lower body weight throughout the three seasons (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001), and a greater change in body weight as a percentage of total body weight between seasons (P = 0.001) than do CHH women. In addition, more DHH women lose weight seasonally (P < 0.001) than do CHH women. These results suggest that seasonal fluctuations in body weight are greater in women from households that depend upon subsistance agriculture than in women from households more involved in the wage economy. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood polymorphisms and morphological variability in Brazilian Indians
Authors: Rodriguez‐Delfin Luis A. , Salzano Francisco M. , Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Neel James V.
Published: June 2005

A total of 1,025 adults belonging to four Brazilian tribes were simulataneously studied for 12–16 anthropometric characteristics and 7–11 blood polymorphic loci. Several comparisons using both univariate and multivariate statistical techniques failed to show the negative correlation between these two sets of variables found by other workers. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stunting and delayed motor development in rural West Java
Authors: Pollitt Ernesto , Husaini Mahdin A. , Harahap Hervudarini , Halati Siti , Nugraheni Anita , Sherlock Anna Otto
Published: June 2005

The association between physical growth and gross motor development, particularly self‐produced locomotion, was considered in 557 children 3–18 months of age. Gross motor development was assessed with nine preselected milestones representing the major landmarks in self‐produced bipedal locomotion. Motor development is presented by age and by milestone, and is compared to developmental ranges of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Consistent with other studies of undernutrition and motor development, length‐for‐age, but not weight‐for‐length, was a significant predictor of gross motor development (i.e., delayed or not delayed). The effect of weight‐for‐age on motor development was not statistically significant after accounting for length‐for‐age. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age at menarche at sea level and high altitude in Peruvian women of different ethnic background
Authors: Gonzales Gustavo F. , Ortiz Ivan
Published: June 2005

The objective of the present study was to determine recalled age at menarche in women of Quechua and non‐Quechua ancestry living in the cities of Lima (altitude 150 m), Cusco (altitude 3,400 m), and Cerro de Pasco (altitude 4,340 m), Perú. The sample included 296 Mestizo urban women, 20–30 years, who were natives of Lima (n = 72), Cusco (n = 81), and Cerro de Pasco (n = 143). Ethnic composition was determined by two parental surnames, and women were classified as Quechua when one or both surnames were of Quechua origin and non‐Quechua when both surnames were of Spanish origin. Age at menarche was obtained by recall to nearest year. In Quechua as in non‐Quechua women, age at menarche occurred later as residence altitude increased. Mean ages at menarche for the combined Quechua and non‐Quechua samples were 13.1 ± 1.4 years in Lima, 13.9 ± 1.9 years in Cusco, and 14.6 ± 1.69 years in Cerro de Pasco. Thus age at menarche occurs later at high altitude independent of ethnic influence. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histomorphological and geometric properties of human femoral cortex in individuals over 50: Implications for histomorphological determination of age‐at‐death
Authors: Walker Robert A. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Meindl Richard S.
Published: June 2005

Cortical area, area moment of inertia, and polar moment of inertia were determined from the midshafts of a series of 62 femurs (34 female and 28 male) from a U. S. white population, ages 51–95. The density of osteons and osteon fragments (per mm2) was also determined. Neither osteon nor osteon fragment density was significantly correlated with age. These variables were correlated, however, with normalized cortical and endosteal areas, normalized area moment of inertia, and polar moment of inertia. Osteon fragment numbers alone are not highly correlated with cross‐sectional properties. This research suggests that osteon density and osteon fragment density are significantly related to cortical mass and distribution in older people, but are not a direct function of age in persons over 50 years of age. Histological age estimates in older individuals must, therefore, be used with extreme caution. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicted maximal oxygen consumption of indigenous Siberians
Authors: Katzmarzyk PT , Leonard WR , Crawford MH , Sukernik RI
Published: June 2005

This study presents physical fitness data on two indigenous Siberian populations, the Evenki and Keto. The Canadian Aerobic Test of Fitness (CATF) was utilized to provide estimates of maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2 max) for a sample of 44 subjects (30 males, 14 females) as baseline data for further studies on changing fitness levels and the health problems associated with acculturation. Estimates of V̇O2 max average 46.2 ml kg−1 min−1 for males and 33.9 ml kg−1 min−1 for females. These values are comparable to those previously reported for other semisubsistence, cold adapted populations. The Siberian groups are below the Canadian norms in the 15–19 year age range, and thereafter track at about the 50th percentile throughout adulthood. This suggests that the cardiorespiratory systems of adult Evenki and Keto are functionally comparable to the average adult Canadian. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do type B women have more offspring?: An instance of asymmetrical selection at the ABO blood group locus
Authors: Kelso A. J. , Siffert Tobi , Thieman Angela
Published: June 2005

Though several studies have examined the relationship between parental ABO blood types and reproductive success, results have been inconsistent. In this paper, the relationship is considered using the data collected by Newton Morton and colleagues from a sample of 1,068 nuclear families of migrant workers in Brazil. Morton et al., using segregation analysis, compared parental and offspring generations and found evidence of selection acting through the mechanisms of maternal/fetal incompatibility in the ABO blood group system (Morton et al. [1966] Am J Hum Genet 18:153–171). Further analysis of the same sample yields results which favor the conclusions that: (1) type B mothers have, on average, more offspring than mothers of other ABO blood types; (2) selection as expressed in reproductive differences affects females and not males; and (3) the ABO polymorphism in this sample is maintained by favoring reproductive success in heterozygous mothers. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal versus proximal electrode placement in the prediction of total body water and extracellular water from multifrequency bioelectrical impedance
Authors: Deurenberg P. , van Malkenhorst E. , Schoen T.
Published: June 2005

In 48 normal weight subjects, 25 females and 23 males, body impedance was measured at multiple frequencies. Two different electrode placements were used, one the commonly used distal electrode placement, in which the source electrodes are on the dorsal sides of the hand and foot and the sensor electrodes are on ankle and wrist, and a second placement, in which the sensor electrodes are placed more proximally, at the knee and elbow. Theoretically a proximal electrode placement could result in more precise estimates of body water compartments. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were determined using deuterium oxide dilution and bromide dilution, respectively. The aim of the study was to investigate whether proximal electrode placement results in a more precise estimation of TBW and ECW using multifrequency impedance analysis. Correlation coefficients of impedance and the impedance index stature2/impedance) with TBW and ECW were not or were only slightly higher using proximal impedance values, resulting in slight improvement of the estimation error for TBW (0.13 kg) and ECW (0.04 kg). The differences between measured and predicted values (residuals) of TBW and ECW were not correlated with TBW and ECW, but they were correlated with body fat and body water distribution (ECW/TBW). These correlations did not differ between distal and proximal impedance measurements. It is concluded that proximal impedance measurements do not substantially improve the prediction of body water compartments. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of sex, age, weight, and heredity on blood pressure in baboons
Authors: Kammerer Candace M.
Published: June 2005

Using data on a population of 498 pedigreed baboons, the effects of several covariates, including sex, age, weight, and subspecies, on arterial blood pressures were studied. Females had significantly higher systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure than males. Both systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures increased significantly with increasing weight, and for diastolic pressure, the increase was significantly greater in females than in males. Systolic arterial blood pressure significantly decreased with increasing age and the decrease was larger in males. There were significant differences in arterial blood pressures that corresponded with degree of subspecies admixture. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body fat and fat distribution in relation to sex differences in blood pressure
Authors: Gerber Linda M. , Schwartz Joseph E. , Schnall Peter L. , Pickering Thomas G.
Published: June 2005

The extent to which the relationship between body fat and blood pressure either differs by sex or explains sex differences in blood pressure is examined. Estimates of the relationship of blood pressure to several measures of adiposity in men and women were obtained from a systematic review of the literature and tests of whether these relationships differ by sex were performed. Analysis of covariance (controlling for age and race) was used for both casual and ambulatory blood pressure in the Cornell Worksite Blood Pressure Study (N = 276). In general, most adiposity measures were significantly related to casual and ambulatory blood pressure in men and women. Subscapular skinfold thickness and body mass index exhibited the strongest associations. The vast majority of adiposity/blood pressure associations were not significantly different for men and women. Finally, sex differences in adiposity did not account for much of the sex difference observed in blood pressure. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High altitude and hypertension during pregnancy
Authors: Zamudio Stacy , Plamer Susan K. , Regensteiner Judith G. , Moore Lorna Grindlay
Published: June 2005

Hypertensive complications of pregnancy are more common at high than low altitudes. Hypertension in pregnancy is associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality; thus natural selection may be operating against women who develop the disorder and their infants. It has long been hypothesized that chronic hypoxia due to residence at high altitude predisposes women to develop hypertension during pregnancy. Prior studies indicate that maternal adaptation to pregnancy is altered by residence at high altitude such that some physiological characteristics of women pregnant at high altitude resemble those of women who develop hypertension during pregnancy at low altitude. This paper reviews data from studies, conducted over the past decade, which support a relationship between chronic hypoxia and hypertension during pregnancy. The results suggest that both the requirements for successful adaptation to high altitude, as well as the effect of lowered PO2 during pregnancy, may contribute to the development of hypertension during pregnancy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thoughts on gender‐related research: Models, myths, and medicine
Authors: Newell‐Morris Laura
Published: June 2005

Gender‐related research directed to hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) is discussed in terms of the one‐sex and two‐sex models. Gender “blind” research on the two conditions has resulted in questionable treatment regimes for women. In addition, the biomedical myth of CAD as a male disease has also perpetuated less‐than‐optimal treatment. Finally, the role of amount and distribution of body fat in the development of hypertension and CAD should be considered within an evolutionary framework. Body fatness in women has been of evolutionary survival value and current standards for ideal weight and risk for disease have to take this into account. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.