bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subclinical Endocarditis Might be a Hidden Trigger of Early Prosthetic Valve Calcification: A Histological Study
Authors: Ghazy Tamer , Dittfeld Claudia , Jannasch Anett , Haase Michael , Galli Roberta , Plötze Katrin , Waldow Thomas , Matschke Klaus
Published: July 2018

Objective: Despite various improvements in valve prosthetics, early valve deterioration still occurs, leading to prosthetic failure. Studying the early phase of this deterioration is quite difficult, as the prosthesis to be examined is almost always explanted only after extensive deterioration. The objective of this research is to study the pathology of early valve deterioration in an early stage in order to reveal the possible trigger of the process.
Methods: Three cusps of the same type of bovine pericardium valve prosthesis underwent comparative examination. Two cusps (cusps 1 and 2) were retrieved from a valve prosthesis explanted three months post-implantation, and the third cusp was from a non-implanted valve prosthesis and used as a reference cusp (ref. cusp). The examination included macroscopic examination, Non-linear Optical Microscopy using a multiphoton microscope, and histological examination with staining, using Hematoxylin and Eosin, Movat Pentachrome stain, Von-Kossa stain, and Alizirin-Red stain. Parallel sections were decalcified using Osteosoft® solution prior to Von-Kossa and Alizirin-Red staining to exclude false positive results.
Results: Macroscopically, cusp 1 showed early deterioration, and cusp 2 showed endocarditic vegetations. Histologically, cusp 1 showed calcifications in acellular deposits on the surface of the cusp, with pathological signs of subacute/healed endocarditis and intact cusp tissue. The examination did not show calcifications of the cellular remnants within the valve tissue. Cusp 2 showed florid endocarditis, with microscopic destruction of the valve tissue.
Conclusion: Early prosthetic valve deterioration can exist as early as three months post-implantation. Subacute or subclinical endocarditis can be the cause for early valve calcification and deterioration.
Surgical Resection Of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms In Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome
Authors: Onalan Mehmet Akif , Sayin Omer Ali , Tireli Emin
Published: July 2018

Aortic aneurysms are a rare condition in children. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by infections, thrombocytopenia, and eczema. Aortitis and aneurysm formation seem to be progressive in patients with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. The risk of death from aneurysmal rupture in patients with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome is high and surgery is required for resection of aneurysms. We report a case where a successful resection of a descending thoracic aneurysm. We present a-12 year-old child with this syndrome who underwent a one-stage descending aortic aneurysm repair under continuous visceral perfusion.Histologic examination showed the presence of an aortitis withgranulomatous inflammatory response and multinucleated cells.
New Approaches to Treat Sepsis: Animal Models «Do Not Work» (Review)
Authors: Cavaillon Jean-Marc
Published: July 2018

Like many other pathological infectious processes, sepsis is mainly studied in vivo using mice models. Over the past 30 years, such studies have led to significant achievements in understanding of the sepsis pathophysiology. However, unfortunately, none of them led to any «discoveries» in the treatment of patients. In this review, we question the relevance of the experimental models applied, list some aspects rarely taken into account and discuss ways to resolve the deadlock.

The text is a translation of the article: Cavail-lon J. M. New methods of treating sepsis: failure of animal models, Bull. Assoc. Anc. El. Inst. Pastor, 2017, 59,230, 58—60. Translation from French by «Akademperevod», Moscow, Russia.
POLITENESS: CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF LINGUISTIC CHOICE
Authors: Fitriah Fitriah , Hidayat Didin Nuruddin
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTLanguage has a social function to make connection between human beings. Without language, people seem to be impossible to interact with others in their daily communication. In order to sustain the communication well, speakers should be able to choose strategies to have polite conversation. Often politeness strategies are affected by cultural convention, which is based on community’s social values. However, every society operates a normative notion of their own politeness, which is not the same for all interlocutors, situations and cultures. In Javanese norm, for instance, the linguistic choice is often influenced by the addressee’s age, status, position, relationship, social constraints and gender.  This essay will first summarize and comment on some of the salient aspects in Coulmas’ article entitled ‘Politeness: cultural dimension of linguistic choice’, part of his book chapters in ‘Sociolinguistics: The study of speakers’ choices’ (2013). As an English teacher, we should be aware of this difference so that we could introduce the politeness strategies in the target culture to the students.ABSTRAKBahasa memiliki fungsi sosial dalam menjaga hubungan dengan sesama individu. Tanpa bahasa, seseorang tidak akan mampu berinteraksi dengan orang lain dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Untuk mempertahankan komunikasi dengan baik, pembicara harus dapat memilih strategi yang tepat dalam melakukan percakapan yang sopan. Seringkali norma-norma kesopanan yang ada dipengaruhi oleh konvensi budaya, yang didasarkan dari nilai-nilai social kemasyarakatan. Namun, setiap kelompok masyarakat memiliki nilai kesopanan tersendiri yang didasarkan dari norma kesopanan yang mereka percayai, dan norma kesopanan tersebut tidak sama bagi semua lawan bicara, situasi dan budaya. Dalam norma Jawa, misalnya, pemilihan linguistik atau kata sering dipengaruhi oleh usia, status, posisi, hubungan, pertimbangan sosial dan gender si penerima. Artikel ini akan mengidentifikasi dan mengomentari beberapa aspek yang penting dari tulisannya Coulmas yang berjudul 'Kesopanan: dimensi budaya pilihan linguistik', bagian dari bab dari bukunya Coulmas yang berjudul: 'Sosiolinguistik: Studi tentang pilihan pembicara' (2013). Sebagai guru bahasa Inggris, kita harus menyadari perbedaan penggunaaan kata atau pilihan linguistic sehingga kita bisa memperkenalkan strategi kesopanan dalam budaya tertentu kepada siswa.  How to Cite: Fitrah., Hidayat. D. N. (2018). Politeness: Cultural Dimensions of Linguistic Choice. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 5(1), 26-34. doi:10.15408/ijee.v5i1.2041
WHY STUDY ERROR?
Authors: Irawansyah Irawansyah
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT There are many students still doing errors or mistakes in learning English as a foreign language (EFL) in Indonesia. Therefore, it is very important to study error. The error itself has long been an interest among foreign language researchers. The main task of error is how to describe a learning which occurs by examining students' output. It consists of correct and incorrect utterances. In this case, there are two approaches to learning students' errors, namely error analysis (EA) and contrastive analysis (CA). This paper only explains how error analysis is important in the teaching-learning process. It has many advantages when it is learned. EA has been classified into four types: linguistics category taxonomy, surface strategy taxonomy, comparative taxonomy, and communicative effect taxonomy. This study found error as an important tool for teachers and students to observe students’ learning process and learning strategies. ABSTRAK Ada masih banyak siswa yang melakukan error atau mistake dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing (EFL) di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, hal ini sangat penting  untuk mempelajari error. Error itu sendiri sudah lama menjadi perhatian peneliti-peneliti bahasa asing. Fungsi utama dari error itu sendiri adalah bagaimana mendeskripsikan pembelajaran yang terjadi dengan memeriksa hasil siswa. Hal ini terdiri dari ujaran yang benar dan salah. Dalam hal ini, ada dua pendekatan dalam mempelajari kesalahan siswa, yaitu analisis error (EA) dan analisis kontrastif (CA). Makalah ini hanya untuk menjelaskan bagaimana error analisis yang mempunyai banyak pengaruh dalam proses pembelajaran. Error analysis telah dikelompokkan menjadi empat jenis, yaitu kategori linguistik, kategori permukaan, kategori komparatif, dan kategori komunikatif. Temuan penelitian ini menyampaikan bahwa error sebagai sebuah alat yang penting bagi guru dan siswa untuk mengamati proses belajar dan strategi pembelajaran siswa.   How to Cite: Irawansyah (2017). Why Study Error?. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 4(2), 120-129. doi:10.15408/ijee.v4i2.5972
MORAL VALUES IN NARRATIVE TEXTS OF ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS PUBLISHED BY THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE
Authors: Setiawan Iwan , Fahriany Fahriany
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT This study aimed to reveal the moral values in the narrative texts of English textbooks for senior high school students published by the Ministry of Education and Culture and also the English teachers’ and students’ responses at SMK Triguna Utama, South Tangerang City, related to the topic under investigation. This research used content analysis design. The data sources were the narrative texts in the English textbooks and teachers’ and students’ responses. The data were collected through documentation, interview, and questionnaire. Data analysis procedures consisted of perusing, eliciting, coding, tabulating, interpreting, drawing conclusions and validating. The research found that the English textbooks lacked fables and gave a smaller portion to Indonesian local stories. Moreover, the narrative texts were dominated by the value of kindness, while, fairness was included least explicitly in the stories. These findings were supported by the views and preferences of the teachers and students. Lastly, the teachers and students compactly argued that vocabulary is the greatest barrier to teaching and learning narrative text, and the effectiveness of the school’s atmosphere in instilling moral values still needed further research.   ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap nilai-nilai moral dalam teks naratif buku teks bahasa Inggris untuk siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas yang diterbitkan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan dan juga tanggapan guru dan siswa bahasa Inggris di SMK Triguna Utama, Kota Tangerang Selatan, terkait dengan topik yang diselidiki. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain analisis isi. Sumber datanya adalah teks naratif dalam buku teks bahasa Inggris dan tanggapan guru dan siswa. Data dikumpulkan melalui dokumentasi, wawancara dan angket. Sedangkan, prosedur analisis data meliputi pembacaan teks secara cermat, pemilahan data, penyandian, tabulasi, interpretasi, penarikan simpulan dan validasi. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa buku teks bahasa Inggris tersebut masih kekurangan fabel dan cerita lokal Indonesia. Selain itu, teks naratif didominasi oleh nilai kebaikan, sementara nilai keadilan kurang tergambarkan dalam cerita. Temuan ini didukung oleh pandangan dan preferensi para guru dan siswa. Terakhir, para guru dan siswa secara sepakat berpendapat bahwa kosa kata merupakan penghalang terbesar dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran teks naratif, dan efektivitas atmosfer sekolah dalam menanamkan nilai moral masih memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut.   How to Cite: Setiawan, I., Fahriany. (2017). Moral Values in Narrative Texts of English Textbooks for Senior High School Students Published by the Ministry of Education and Culture. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 4(2), 130-143. doi:10.15408/ijee.v4i2.5977
INTERACTION IN EFL WRITING CLASS: LECTURERS’ REFLECTION
Authors: Monalisa Monalisa
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT In writing class, producing a well-polished text passes two main stages: pre writing and drafting. During these stages, interactions take place which can be in form of learners-learners and learners-lecturers interactions. Dealing with this, two main questions should be directed towhat practices of interaction conducted  during writing class and how lecturers reflect them. The data were collected from four writing lecturers of English Education Program of State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifudin Jambiwho have at least two years teaching experience. An interview conducted to each of them to explore what interactions were facilitating and less facilitating learners.The result showed that oral and written interaction were found from both learners-learners and learners-lecturers interactions.As reflected by the lecturers, both oral and written interactions made sense for the learners with particular assistances. Specifically, a long written comments on the learners’ drafts contributed better revision. ABSTRAK Untuk memproduksi sebuah teks yang terpoles dengan baik, ada dua tahapan utama yang dilalui di kelas Writing yakni tahapan pramenulis dan tahapan membuat draft. Selama tahapan tersebut,  interaksi berlangsung antara mahasiswa dengan mahasiswa dan antara dosen dengan mahasiswa. Terkait dengan hal ini, ada dua pertanyaan yang diajukan yakni apa saja praktek interaksi yang terjadi di kelas Writing dan bagaimana dosen merefleksikannya. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari empat orang dosen Writing di program studi pendidikan Bahasa Inggris UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifudddin Jambi yang memiliki pengalaman mengajar paling sedikit dua tahun. Interview dilakukan dengan mereka untuk mengetahui interaksi apa saja yang dapat memfasilitasi mahasiswa dalam menulis. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat interaksi secara oral dan tertulis dari mahasiswa dengan mahasiswa dan mahasiswa dengan dosen. Seperti yang direfleksikan oleh para dosen, kedua tipe interaksi tersebut bermakna bagi mahasiswa dengan asistensi khusus. Temuan spesifiknya adalah bahwa komentar panjang tertulis pada draft mahasiswa mampu membuat revisi draft mereka menjadi lebih baik.How to Cite: Monalisa. (2017). Interaction in EFL Writing Class: Lecturers’ Reflection. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 4(2), 144-155. doi:10.15408/ijee.v4i2.8323
A MODEL OF AN ONLINE READING COMPREHENSION SUMMATIVE TEST FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Sofa Sofa , Sulistyo Gunadi H
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT There is an emerging phenomenon in some universities including STKIP PGRI Jombang regarding a compelling need of a test that can replace the existing paper-and-pencil based reading comprehension test, which is conventional, impractical, and time consuming. To fulfill the need, a model of an online reading comprehension summative test was developed, involving a number of essential micro skills of reading. The design of the study was Educational Research and Development (R&D), involving 100 subjects in the try-out stage. The instruments used were interview guides and questionnaire. Based on the tryout analysis, the reliability was .779, in which thirty one items were categorized as valid items. For the ease of scoring and the balanced number of the indicators under interest, only 25 items were included in the model test. Based on the students’ questionnaire, more than 80% subjects responded positively. The final product of this research was a set of an online reading comprehension test kit that includes the blueprint, the test (in form of paper and screenshot of the online version), the answer key, and the instruction to access the online test.  ABSTRAK Di beberapa universitas termasuk STKIP PGRI Jombang, muncul kebutuhan penting sebuah tes yang bisa menggantikan tes membaca berbasis paper-and-pencil sebelumnya yang konvensional, tidak praktis dan memakan banyak waktu. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tes yang bisa mengatasi masalah tersebut, dikembangkanlah sebuah model tes membaca sumatif online. Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan, yang melibatkan 100 subjek dalam tahap try-out. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah interview guide dan kuesioner. Berdasarkan analisis butir soal, nilai alpha atau reliabilititas adalah 0.779. 31 butir soal dikategorikan sebagai butir soal yang valid. Untuk kemudahan penilaian dan keseimbangan jumlah indikator yang diinginkan, hanya 25 butir soal yang digunakan dalam model tes. Berdasarkan kuesioner mahasiswa, lebih dari 80% subjek merespon secara positif. Produk akhir dari penelitian ini adalah satu set online reading comprehension test yang meliputi kisi-kisi, tes (dalam bentuk kertas dan screenshot versi online), kunci jawaban dan instruksi untuk mengakses tes online.   How to Cite: Sofa., Sulistyo, G.H. (2017). A Model of an Online Reading Comprehension Summative Test for College Students. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 4(2), 168-187. doi:10.15408/ijee.v4i2.8344
Strategy for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in East Asian Countries Based on the Experience of Japan
Authors: Ueshima Hirotsugu ,   Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science
Published: July 2018

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in East Asian countries as well as in western countries. However, it is a characteristic specific to East Asia that stroke is more prevalent than coronary heart disease (CHD). In 1965, Japan had the highest stroke mortality rate in the world, but the rate has since declined substantially: the age-adjusted stroke mortality rate fell by around 80% from 1965 to 1990. Risk factors for stroke in Asian countries include hypertension, smoking and diabetes. Hypercholesterolaemia is not a strong risk factor for stroke or even for ischemic stroke, but it is a risk factor for CHD in Asian countries as well as in western counties. Therefore, the control of blood pressure and diabetes and cessation of smoking are crucial for preventing stroke and disability in the elderly. During the last four decades in Japan, the blood pressure level has fallen among both sexes and in all age groups: the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of men 60–69 years of age fell by 16mmHg from 1965 to 1990. This is estimated to have reduced stroke mortality by around 50% because, based on Japanese cohort studies, an SBP reduction of 1mmHg may lead to a 3% reduction in the incidence of stroke. Similarly, a 1% reduction in the incidence of smoking may lead to a 1.3% reduction in the incidence of stroke, so the 20% reduction of the smoking rate during this period is estimated to have led to a 26% reduction in the incidence of stroke. In addition, the significant reduction in salt consumption over this time period, by at least 10–15g per day, has substantially reduced blood pressure among the Japanese population. Lowering blood pressure by reducing salt intake, promoting smoking cessation and preventing diabetes are therefore key strategies for preventing stroke and disability in the elderly.
Cross-talk Between Statins and the Renin-angiotensin System
Authors: Han Seung Hwan ,   Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Koh Kwang Kon ,   Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon
Published: July 2018

Hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension are major public health problems that are frequently treated with statins and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockades. Although the mechanisms of action for these two classes of drugs differ, both classes have beneficial effects on the vasculature. Experimental and clinical studies demonstrated that combined statins and RAS blockades improve endothelial function as reflected by improved flow-mediated dilation, improved fibrinolysis potential and reduced oxidant stress, inflammatory markers and insulin sensitivity. There is a strong scientific rationale for recommending combination therapy, especially statins and RAS blockades, to treat or prevent atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. In this article, we address the mechanisms on the cross-talk between statins and RAS and discuss the rationale and importance of combination therapy with statins and RAS blockades in treating and preventing cardiovascular events.
Conceptual Framework of Collateral-promoting Therapy for Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Fujita Masatoshi ,   Professor of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
Published: July 2018

Human coronary collateral circulation (CCC) serves as an alternative blood-conveying circuit to the ischaemic myocardium. Functional potentiation of CCC is considered as a therapeutic approach in patients with intractable angina for whom revascularisation procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass graft surgery are not indicated. Augmentation of CCC is established by collateral recruitment and growth. Nitrates and sarpogrelate are representative drugs that enhance collateral recruitment. Exercise, enhanced external counterpulsation and whole-body periodic acceleration accelerate and potentiate collateral growth via increased mechanical stress at pre-existent collateral arterioles. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and heparin favourably modulate the cascade of coronary collateral growth. Further experimental and clinical studies will be needed to create more sophisticated coronary collateral-promoting therapies.
Diagnosis and Ablation of Fascicular Tachycardia
Authors: Nogami Akihiko ,   Director, Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, and Clinical Professor of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Published: July 2018

Verapamil-sensitive fascicular ventricular tachycardia (VT) is the most common form of idiopathic left VT. According to the QRS morphology and the successful ablation site, left fascicular VT can be classified into three subgroups: left posterior fascicular VT, whose QRS morphology shows right bundle branch block (RBBB) configuration and superior axis (common form); left anterior fascicular VT, whose QRS morphology shows RBBB configuration and right-axis deviation (uncommon form), and upper septal fascicular VT, whose QRS morphology shows narrow QRS configuration and normal or right-axis deviation (rare form). Posterior and anterior fascicular VT can be successfully ablated at the posterior or anterior mid-septum with a diastolic Purkinje potential during VT or at the VT exit site with a fused pre-systolic Purkinje potential. Upper septal fascicular VT can also be ablated at the site with diastolic Purkinje potential at the upper septum. Recognition of the heterogeneity of this VT and its unique characteristics should facilitate appropriate diagnosis and therapy.
Recent Advances in Pacing and Defibrillation
Authors: Lee Kathy L ,   Cardiologist and Electrophysiologist, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
Published: July 2018

Cardiac pacemakers have been the standard therapy for patients with bradyarrhythmias for several decades. The pacing lead is an integral part of the system, serving as a conduit for the delivery of energy pulses to stimulate the myocardium. However, it is also the Achilles’ heel of pacemakers, being the direct cause of most device complications both acutely during implant and chronically years afterwards. Leadless pacing with ultrasound-mediated energy has been demonstrated in animals and humans to be safe and feasible in acute studies. Implantable defibrillators revolutionised the treatment and prevention of sudden cardiac death. Subcutaneous implantable defibrillators have been under development for more than 10 years. A permanent implantable system has been shown to be feasible in treating induced and spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias. These developments and recent advances in pacing and defibrillation will arouse further interest in the research and development of leadless cardiac implantable electronic devices.
Identification of High-risk Patients for Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator Therapy in Asia
Authors: Ko Cyril YK ,   Department of Medicine, North District Hospital, Fung Jeffrey WH ,   Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong
Published: July 2018

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a serious medical problem worldwide. Multiple landmark studies have demonstrated the benefit of implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) therapy in preventing SCD in at-risk patients. Although the data available in Asia are limited, the disease pattern seems to be different from that in the western world. The Asian population seems to have a lower incidence of SCD. Coronary heart disease, which is the major underlying cause of SCD in the west, may play a less important role in Asian countries. In addition, non-structural heart disease seems to be a more prevalent cause of SCD in Asia. It is thus questionable whether the results of ICD trials can be applied directly to Asian countries, as most of these trials seldom recruited Asian patients. This article will review SCD in Asia, focusing on the epidemiology and risk factors for SCD in Asia and highlighting some unique features that may be different from those seen in the western world.
Santiago Perez Triana (1898-1916) and the Pan-Americanization of the Monroe Doctrine
Authors: Rausch Jane M.
Published: July 2018

En los últimos años, los historiadores se han concentrado en los esfuerzos realizados a comienzos del siglo XX por Alejandro Álvarez, Luis María Drago y Baltasar Brum (todos diplomáticos del Cono Sur) para fomentar la cooperación continental mediante la panamericanización de la Doctrina Monroe. Se han pasado por alto en este esfuerzo las notables actividades del autor, periodista y diplomático colombiano, Santiago Pérez Triana. Utilizando fuentes primarias y secundarias, este artículo analiza el apoyo de Pérez Triana a la Doctrina Drago en la Convención de la Haya de 1907, sus discursos en la Conferencia Financiera Panamericana de 1915 y sus ensayos publicados en Hispania —revista editada por él mismo entre 1912 y 1916— para mostrar cómo él ganó el respeto de los diplomáticos americanos y europeos al constituirse en un portavoz influyente de la panamericanización de la Doctrina Monroe y de la unidad hemisférica.
Patricia Phillips Marshall y Jo Ramsay Leimenstoll. Thomas Day: Master Craftsman and Free Man of Color. Chapel Hill: The North Carolina Museum of History, The University of North Carolina Press, 2010, 320 pp.
Authors: Pérez Morales Edgardo
Published: July 2018

Reseña de Patricia Phillips Marshall y Jo Ramsay Leimenstoll, Thomas Day: Master Craftsman and Free Man of Color(Chapel Hill: The North Carolina Museum of History, The University of North Carolina Press, 2010).
Gremios artesanos, castas y migraciones en cuatro ciudades coloniales de Latinoamérica
Authors: Nieto Sánchez José Antolín
Published: July 2018

En esta investigación se estudia el papel de los gremios artesanos en la integración o segregación étnica del trabajo y en los movimientos migratorios que tuvieron lugar en Latinoamérica en la época colonial. El énfasis se centra en los gremios de dos capitales virreinales —México y Lima— más su contrapunto en las corporaciones de dos ciudades más o menos cercanas a cada una, como Puebla de los Ángeles y Cusco. El artículo se sustenta en el análisis de aproximadamente 1200 cartas de examen, fuente que permite conocer si la regulación corporativa en materia de castas se llevó a la práctica. El texto también pretende integrar la revisión de la procedencia de los nuevos maestros artesanos en el problema más general de la evolución urbana latinoamericana y de la composición étnica de los flujos migratorios que se dieron del campo a la ciudad.
Industria de la seda y labor femenina a fines del siglo XVIII en la Nueva España: María Gertrudis Gutiérrez Estrada
Authors: García Corzo Rebeca Vanesa
Published: July 2018

El objetivo de este artículo es ahondar en la historia de la industria colonial de la seda en México y de sus trabajadores para demostrar, a partir de un análisis microsocial, la existencia de procesos de exclusión laboral de género de rancia raigambre, así como los mecanismos de integración manifiestos en el marco de modernización institucional que supusieron las reformas borbónicas en ambos lados del Atlántico. Para ello se ha hecho un examen de la bibliografía sobre el tema, se han reconstruido brevemente las políticas virreinales para reavivar la industria y, con esa contextualización necesaria, se han podido entender las circunstancias en que ese proceso se llevó a cabo. Se ha recurrido a fuentes de múltiples fondos del Archivo General de la Nación de México para profundizar en un episodio de la historia social de la Nueva España. En el devenir de la investigación se ha encontrado que las mujeres en la industria de la seda no se hallaban limitadas al rubro de hilanderas y que podían tener aspiraciones mayores. La oposición de Gertrudis Gutiérrez Estrada al gremio de hiladores de seda de la ciudad de México en 1795, y su triunfo, hizo patente la evasión de las restricciones impuestas en el ramo sedero por la pertenencia a un sexo determinado, y la puesta en práctica de mecanismos de resistencia que le fueron construidos tanto institucional —con la legislación borbónica— como socialmente —por su familia—. Fue un caso paradigmático que sirvió para modifi car, en 1806, todas las ordenanzas gremiales de la época, y es al mismo tiempo uno de tantos ejemplos que deben rastrearse en los archivos para replantear el papel de las mujeres en la industria colonial.
Immunity and longevity
Authors: Csaba György
Published: July 2018

The role of immune system is to protect the organism from the not built-in program-like alterations inside and against the agents penetrating from outside (bacteria, viruses, and protozoa). These functions were developed and formed during the evolution. Considering these functions, the immune system promotes the lengthening of lifespan and helps longevity. However, some immune functions have been conveyed by men to medical tools (e.g., pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, and prevention), especially in our modern age, which help the struggle against microbes, but evolutionarily weaken the immune system. Aging is a gradual slow attrition by autoimmunity, directed by the thymus and regulated by the central nervous system and pineal gland. Considering this, thymus could be a pacemaker of aging. The remodeling of the immune system, which can be observed in elderly people and centenarians, is probably not a cause of aging, but a consequence of it, which helps to suit immunity to the requirements. Oxidative stress also helps the attrition of the immune cells and antioxidants help to prolong lifespan. There are gender differences in the aging of the immune system as well as in the longevity. There is an advantage for women in both cases. This can be explained by hormonal differences (estrogens positively influences both processes); however, social factors are also not excluded. The endocrine disruptor chemicals act similar to estrogens, like stimulating or suppressing immunity and provoking autoimmunity; however, their role in longevity is controversial. There are some drugs (rapamycin, metformin, and selegiline) and antioxidants (as vitamins C and E) that prolong lifespan and also improve immunity. It is difficult to declare that longevity is exclusively dependent on the state of the immune system; however, there is a parallelism between the state of immune system and lifespan. It seems likely that there is not a real decline of immunity during aging, but there is a remodeling of the system according to the claims of senescence. This is manifested in the remaining (sometimes stronger) function of memory cells in contrast to the production and number of the new antigen-reactive naive T-cells.
Richard Feynman e a QED
Authors: Pleitez Vicente
Published: July 2018

Resumo Neste artigo comentamos e contextualizamos os dois principais artigos de Richard Feynman nos quais reformula a eletrodinâmica quântica incluindo o algoritmo da renormalização.
Factors associated with overweight and childhood obesity in Spain according to the latest national health survey (2011)
Authors: Ajejas Bazán Maria Julia , Sellán Soto Maria del Carmen , Vázquez Sellán Antonio , Díaz Martínez Maria Luisa , Domínguez Fernández Silvia
Published: July 2018

Abstract Objective: To describe the factors associated with overweight/obesity in Spain according to the latest National Health Survey (2011). Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study with 3,752 children aged 2 to 15 years (boys=2,007; girls=1,745). Main variables: overweight; obesity; gender; level of education of the head of the family; monthly income; hours of sleep; physical exercise; hours of TV and/or computer use; daily breakfast; parents' weight perception. Diagnostic criterion was based on WHO growth patterns, defined overweight with +1SD and obesity, +2SD. Results: Boys more obese than girls. Children whose parents had a lower level of education, those who did not practice physical activity and whose parents had an income of less than 900€ per month showed a higher percentage of overweight/obesity. Conclusions: Children whose parents had a lower education and monthly income presented a higher percentage of obesity. Sleeping the recommended hours and doing some type of physical activity reduces obesity.
Oxidative Degradation of Phenol using in situ Generated Hydrogen Peroxide Combined with Fenton’s Process
Authors: Underhill Ricci , Lewis Richard J. , Freakley Simon J. , Douthwaite Mark , Miedziak Peter J. , Akdim Ouardia , Edwards Jennifer K. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: July 2018

Oxidative destruction of organic compounds in water streams could significantly reduce environmental effects associated with discharging waste. We report the development of a process to oxidise phenol in aqueous solutions, a model for waste stream contaminants, using Fenton’s reactions combined with in situ synthesised hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Bifunctional palladium-iron supported catalysts, where Pd is responsible for H2O2 synthesis while Fe ensures the production of reactive oxygen species required for the degradation of phenol to less toxic species is reported. A comparison is made between in situ generated and commercial H2O2 and the effect of phenol degradation products on catalyst stability is explored.
Industrial production of limestone calcined clay cement: experience and insights
Authors: Krishnan Sreejith , Emmanuel Arun C , Shah Vineet , Parashar Anuj , Mishra Geetika , Maity Soumen , Bishnoi Shashank
Published: July 2018

The reduction of the clinker factor in cement has emerged as the most promising solution to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and to improve sustainability. Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is a ternary cement where the synergy between calcined clay and limestone allows the reduction of clinker factors to 0·5. In order to understand practical issues in the production of LC3, such as the selection of raw material and production conditions, industrial production of LC3 has been carried out at three locations in India. A wide range of raw materials was collected from various parts of India and characterised to evaluate their suitability for the production of LC3. Both static and rotary calciners were used for the production of calcined clay. Open- and closed-circuit ball mills were used. Limestones with various impurities and compositions were utilised. It has been observed that lower-grade clay and limestone can be used and that the quality control during the production process can be carried out using widely available techniques. Field trials have shown that the cement can be used without any changes to the existing construction methodologies. This paper discusses the key lessons and insights gained from these trial productions.
Akıllı Telefon Tasarımına Etki Eden Parametrelerin Bulanık Kano Modeli İle Analizi
Authors: ÇEBİ Selçuk , İLBAHAR Esra
Published: July 2018

Gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte mobil telefonlara internete erişim imkânı sağlanmış ve bu da mobil telefonların kullanımı yaygınlaştırmıştır. Çeşitli firmalar farklı mobil telefon tasarımlarını çeşitli ürün özellikleriyle birlikte küresel pazara sunmaktadır. Ancak sunulan bu özelliklerin müşteri beklentisi ve algısı açısından önemi belirsizdir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmanın kapsamında, mobil telefon tasarım özelliklerini kullanıcı algısı ve beklentisi doğrultusunda sınıflandırması amaçlanmaktadır. Böylece üreticilerin kullanıcı beklentisi ve algısına yönelik tasarımlarını geliştirme imkânı sunulacaktır. Çalışma kapsamında bulanık Kano Modeli yöntemiyle telefon tasarım parametreleri sınıflandırılmış ve elde edilen sınıflandırma klasik Kano Modeli yöntemiyle kıyaslanmıştır. Son zamanlarda işletmelerin pazara sundukları mobil telefon tasarımlarında ön plana çıkan özelliklerin kullanıcı açısından önemini tanımlamak amacıyla Kano Model anketleri hazırlanmış ve bu anketler 18-35 yaş arasında değişen 118 katılımcıya uygulanmıştır.
Cartografias da pesquisa-ação: em busca de deslocamentos da epistemologia do Sul
Authors: Sousa Lumárya Souza de , Oliveira Thaiane
Published: July 2018

A proposta deste trabalho é discutir sobre a pesquisa-ação como uma das possibilidades de desenvolvimento de uma epistemologia do Sul, na qual possa se atrelar o conhecimento científico e outras ecologias de saberes. Propomos, neste trabalho, realizar uma cartografia sobre o que vem sendo desenvolvido sobre pesquisa-ação no Brasil, buscando discutir esta dimensão de produção de conhecimento a partir de perspectivas que busquem romper o abismo entre ciência colonizadora e a ciência invisibilizada na geopolítica do conhecimento científico. Assim, nossa proposta busca compreender o que vem sido produzido sobre pesquisa-ação no Brasil, quem são os atores que estão desenvolvendo este tipo de pesquisa e como esta pode ser entendida como própria de uma epistemologia do Sul.
Potentialities and limitations of network analysis methodologies: a theoretical model focused on the Social Sciences
Authors: Filho Francisco Conrado , Santos Luís António
Published: July 2018

This paper explores the potentialities and limitations of network analysis, not only as a methodological tool that may be used in Social Science research but also as a separate discipline, with its own well-tested theories. Providing a framework for the use of network analysis involves discussing the role that it can play in understanding objects using a field that is sometimes accused of being too technical. Despite the fact that it has increased in popularity over recent years, driven by new communication technologies and especially social media channels, network analysis has a much broader use, and we therefore aim to demonstrate some innovative approaches that may be used in Social Science research. Finally, because it is an interdisciplinary methodology, we discuss some of the associated risks and biases.
Знание научное и стигматизированное: особенности конкуренции религии нью-эйдж и академической археологии за легитимность
Authors: Тюхтяев Андрей Ефимович
Published: July 2018

Андрей Ефимович Тюхтяев – аспирант, Европейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге, Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера) РАН, Санкт-Петербург, Россия. Электронная почта: atiukhtiaev@eu.spb.ru

Статья посвящена проблеме конкуренции между последователями религии нью-эйдж и официальными академическими институциями в лице археологов. Cвязана она с попытками некоторых активистов в рамках паломничества к археологическим памятникам переопределить создаваемые государственными акторами понятия и иерархии. Показано, каким образом происходит взаимодействие дискурсов, свойственных этим двум группам, на примере обращения представителей альтернативной религиозности к научному знанию. Специфика подобного взаимодействия определяется двумя факторами. Во-первых, для религии нью-эйдж свойственна оппозиционность по отношению к официальным властным институтам. Во-вторых, в связи с секуляризацией и утратой религией монополии на производство знания различные религиозные группы обращаются к науке с целью легитимировать собственные убеждения. Именно поэтому для последователей религии нью-эйдж научные данные и элементы академического дискурса оказываются ресурсом для создания собственной экспертной индустрии. Обращение последователей нью-эйдж к науке основано на специфической логике, лежащей в основании «стигматизированного знания». Носители идей нью-эйдж, обращаясь к науке, делают это таким образом, чтобы одновременно легитимировать собственный статус и подвергнуть сомнению статус академии. Для нью-эйдж оказывается важным подчеркнуть факт стигматизации со стороны властных институтов, поскольку это является подтверждением истинности собственных убеждений. В результате альтернативные эксперты в различных дискурсивных практиках разыгрывают воображаемую дискуссию с учеными. В этой дискуссии первые всегда оказываются победителями за счет того, что приписывают ученым идеи, которых те не придерживаются, исходя из критерия несоответствия базовым принципам мировоззрения последователей нью-эйдж. К таким принципам относятся представление о существовании в прошлом человечества «золотого века», а также холистическое мировоззрение, предполагающее единство духовной и материальной сторон жизни. Отвергая легитимный статус академической науки, альтернативные эксперты отказываются и от тех понятий, которые навязываются им со стороны представителей официальных институтов. Стремясь выйти за пределы категории «религия», последователи нью-эйдж в лице альтернативных экспертов нередко позиционируют себя как научный проект.
Осознание прав и правил сельскими протестующими в Китае (на примере протестов в селе Укань)
Authors: Лю Янь
Published: July 2018

Янь Лю – соискатель, научный сотрудник, Центр китайского сельского исследования, Центральный китайский педагогический университет, Ухань, Китай. Электронная почта: karenly_62@mail.ru

Осознание прав китайскими сельскими протестующими в основном изучается в контексте демократических правовых отношений между государством и гражданами. При этом недостаточно внимания уделяется связи с использованием протестующими социалистического учения, сельской культуры и других идеологем. В немногих исследованиях, посвященных этой проблематике, обсуждается главным образом только осознание прав выживания. Между тем актуализируется задача понимания того, каким образом характеризуется осознание прав и правил протестующими в современном сельском обществе Китая, где выживанию жителей села уже ничего не угрожает. В качестве объекта исследования используются протесты в селе Укань провинции Гуандун Китая. Влияние идеологем на осознание прав и правил изучается методом фрейм-анализа. Эмпирическую базу исследования составили материалы (тексты, фото- и видеозаписи), отражающие ход протестов и заявления сторон конфликтов. Показано, что жители Уканя протестовали, поскольку считали распределение доходов от сделок с коллективной землей несправедливым. Требования протестующих касаются не выживания, а главным образом защиты экономических интересов. Осознание прав жителями Уканя формируется на базе сельской культуры и партийной идеологии и отличается от осознания гражданских прав, потому что, хотя требования протестующих не защищаются законом, сельчане не ставили под сомнение правомерность существующих законов и политики. Осознание прав на основе сельской культуры усиливает интенсивность протестов, а осознание прав на базе партийной идеологии предполагает укрепление авторитета центральных органов государства и компартии. Заимствование дискурса о социалистической революции придает протестам оттенок классовой борьбы. Так как в Китае коллективные действия с самого начала сталкиваются с кризисом законности, осознание правил касается необходимости легитимации протестных действий. В этом и отражается роль официальной идеологии Китая (принципа верховенства права и партийной идеологии) в «деполитизации» сельских протестов.
Around-the-horn PCR and cloning v1
Authors: Floor Stephen
Published: July 2018

This protocol is designed for 'around-the-horn' or 'divergent' PCR, where primers go around most or all of a plasmid but are pointed away from each other so they generate a linear product. Note that this protocol is written for Q5 polymerase, but works fine with other polymerases. To switch polymerases, just change the PCR reaction setup.
Application of OptiTrack motion capture systems in human movement analysis
Authors: Nagymáté Gergely , M. Kiss Rita
Published: July 2018

With the spreading of motion analysis decisions to invest into a new system demand scientific reference applications. The aim of the present systematic review is to reveal the biomechanical scientific applications of OptiTrack motion capture systems and to overview documented usage conditions and purposes. Six major scientific literature databases were used (PubMed, PubMed Central, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, PLOS and Web Of Science). An OptiTrack camera system had to be used for human or biologically related motion capture. A total of 85 articles were included, 4 out of which dealt with the validation of OptiTrack systems and 81 utilized the system for biomechanical analyses. The data analysed and extracted from the system validation studies included: description of the validated and the reference system, measured features and observed errors. The data extracted from the utilizing studies also included: OptiTrack application, camera type and frequency, marker size, camera number, data processing software and the motion studied. The review offers a broad collection of biomechanical applications of OptiTrack motion capture systems as scientific references for certain motion studies. The review also summarizes findings on the accuracy of the systems. It concludes that the method descriptions of system usage are often underspecified.
Unmanaging Managed Care: The Challenges of Privatizing Medicaid in Illinois
Authors: Dalstrom Matt , McCullough Kim , Slayton Miaake
Published: July 2018

Patients can face significant challenges when government administered Medicaid plans are transitioned to private Medicaid Managed Care (MMC). This is especially true for the homeless population, since transitioning to MMC shifts the responsibility of health insurance coverage to the individual by requiring them to “choose” their health insurance coverage and understand how the plans operate. In Illinois, enrollees are expected to use the state HealthChoice Illinois website to learn about MMC, evaluate their healthcare options, and select a MMC plan. This study provides an anthropological critique of this process. We collected data from focus groups with Medicaid enrollees, interviews with healthcare navigators, and reviews of MMC educational materials from the state of Illinois. Understanding new healthcare challenges that resulted from the transition to MMC will hopefully lead to the development of an improved educational and enrollment process.
RECOGNITION AND THE RIGHT TO DIFFERENCE: CRITICAL THEORY, DIVERSITY AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS CULTURE
Authors: Bittar Eduardo Carlos Bianca
Published: July 2018

This article intends to analyze the several historical experiences forming the culture of the actual stage of human rights culture. How Brazilian Law is absorbing this transformation is a focused analysis of this research.
SIDE-EFFECTS OF THE GROWING TREND TOWARDS THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF MEDIATION
Authors: Pinho Humberto Dalla
Published: July 2018

For some time, Europe, Brazil and the United States have been suffering from the systemic inefficiency of their Courts, with a significant impact on the guarantee of access to justice for their citizens, making alternative dispute resolution (A.D.R.) a constant presence in both civil and common law systems of jurisdiction. The upshot has been the institutionalization of ADRs, taking the form of a routine presence in codes of civil procedure, while their practice is connected to the courts. However, both institutionalization and the obligation to take part in mediation programs before or after starting the suit are exceptional measures, which must be adopted with caution. The experience of the European Union with its Directive, the Brazilian experience of inserting mediation into the project for the new Code of Civil Procedure and the use of mediation to overcome the conflicts arising from the serious mortgage crisis in the U.S.A. will be analyzed in this article, seeking to demonstrate that the progress and diffusion of ADRs does not necessarily entail a breach with their underlying foundation, and particularly with regard to mediation, the loss of its identity, for it to be inserted into the context of access to justice.