bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
South Africa’s Engagement with International Human Rights Law
Authors: Pillay Judge Navi
Published: January 2022

The commitment to human rights is the cornerstone of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. However, South Africa’s human rights record in the international community often stands in stark contrast to its constitutional commitment to human rights. In both international and regional contexts, South Africa has demonstrated an inconsistent approach to foreign policy that is often guided more by political considerations than by a principled commitment to advancing human rights. This lecture provides an overview of South Africa’s engagement with international human rights law in the constitutional era and evaluates its human rights record in the international arena in a diverse range of fields. These fields include South Africa’s record of human rights protection in peace and security operations on the African continent; its record as a member of the UN Security Council and Human Rights Council; the assessment of its performance by UN human rights treaty bodies; and its record in respect of the Covid-19 pandemic, international criminal justice, the death penalty, and the arms trade. The lecture draws on Judge Pillay’s extensive experience in international law, including as President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Judge at the International Criminal Court in The Hague and former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Airbnb in the City of Cape Town: How could the Regulation of Short-Term Rental in Cape Town affect Human Rights?
Authors: Fick Sarah
Published: January 2022

Short-term home rental in Cape Town, like Airbnb, may create tension between the interests of several affected parties. To cater for the interests of these affected parties, the state may choose to regulate the short-term rental housing market. Whichever regulatory route it will take, the state should take into account the interests of those affected. More importantly, it must consider how its regulations may affect the human rights of these interested parties. This contribution considers the way in which regulation may affect the human rights of those parties identified as (arguably) the primary parties affected by Airbnb. These are the property rights of the property owners wanting to place their properties on Airbnb and the housing rights of those wanting to live in the city. Considering how these regulations may affect the rights of these interested parties can guide lawmakers (both local – with a focus on the City of Cape Town – and national) when drafting regulations to ensure that they comply with their duty to respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights in the Bill of Rights.
Challenges for Security Threat of Ethiopia in Using Subaltern Realist Security Theory Perspective
Authors:   Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, Wachemo Branch, Hossana, Ethiopia, Sugebo Tagesse Abebe , Bogale Addisalem Tadesse ,   College of Business and Economics, Ambo University, Woliso Campus, Oromia; Ethiopia
Published: January 2022

Subaltern is the postcolonial approach to study international relation from the week states’ perspective. It is the offspring of realism which focuses on internal vulnerability is a major source of insecurity. The paper is applied as a framework to explain security threats in Ethiopia and reviewed papers that are writing on Ethiopian national security. This term paper reviewed and classified the Ethiopian security threats as internal and external. By consulting the bulk of literature and my daily academic talk with colleagues; Poverty, famine, recurrent and drought, National integrity (consolidating Ethnic conflict federalism), The danger of succession and state failure, Democratization and election issues are identified as Internal security threats. On the other hand Terrorism, Proliferation of arms, Fragile Relation with Neighboring governments, Nile politics and neighboring countries’ spreading civil wars are claimed to be External security threats. To sustain the sparkle of democracy and development achieved throughout the last decades, it is imperative to work aggressively and focus on the country’s internal vulnerability
Minimasi Waste Melalui Pendekatan Lean Manufacturing pada Proses Produksi di UMKM Nafa Cahya
Authors: Cahya Felia Ananda , Handayani Wiwik
Published: January 2022

UMKM Nafa Cahya  an individual business engaged in the industrial sector. The target of marketing is the lower class market with affordable prices. In production process, obstacles are found in the form of waste waiting and waste motion that must be trimmed or eliminated in order to achieve efficient production goals. By applying the lean manufacturing method it expected to be able to improve the current production process. The tools applied in this research are VSM, WAM which consists of WRM and WAQ, and fishbone. The results of study found that the most dominant is waste waiting by 22%, followed by an analysis fishbone and then a proposed improvement design for the production process was carried out..

Keywords: Waste, Lean Manufacturing, VSM, WAM, Fishbone
Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Perilaku Konsumen Dalam Memilih Produk Asuransi Syariah
Authors: Radianti Ami , Aslami Nuri
Published: January 2022

This study focuses on consumer behavior, sharia insurance, and the factors that influence consumer behavior in sharia insurance. The research objectives are (1) to determine consumer behavior, (2) to determine what factors influence consumer behavior factors, (3) to determine sharia insurance. The method used in this research is the literature study method, which is a method that uses a series of research activities by collecting library data, reading and recording important things, such as we can take this research material through journals, articles, trusted websites, and books that we got. The results obtained are to understand what Islamic insurance is, understand consumer behavior, consumer behavior models, and find out what factors influence consumer behavior in Islamic insurance.

Keywords: Factors, Influence, Consumer Behavior, Sharia Insurance
Peranan Manajemen Sumberdaya Manusia Dalam Organisasi
Authors: Amelia Anika , Manurung Khoirul Ardani , Purnomo Daffa Baihaqi
Published: January 2022

This paper aims to determine the role of human resource management in organizations. The writing of this paper uses the method of literature review (library research). From the discussion it can be concluded that human resource management has three functions, namely managerial functions, operational functions, and functions to achieve organizational goals in an integrated manner. Meanwhile, the duties of human resource management are staff procurement, human resource development, compensation management, occupational safety and health, labor relations and industrial relations. The main objective of human resource management is to increase the contribution of human resources (employees) to the organization. It can be understood that all organizational activities in achieving its goals depend on the humans who manage the organization. Therefore, employees must be managed properly so that they can assist the organization in achieving the organizational goals that have been determined. To achieve the objectives of human resource management carried out by HR managers, line managers and outsourcing.

Keywords :  human Resource Management and organization
Analisis Diversifikasi, Merger, dan Akuisisi
Authors: Warti Risma , Audina Dea Dara , Azizi  Adelia
Published: January 2022

Diversification analysis was developed with various objectives including increasing growth when the existing market/product has reached a maturity stage, maintaining stability by spreading the risk of fluctuations in profit, increasing credibility in the capital market, to avoid dependence on a single good or product circulating in the market, fulfill the wishes of unsatisfied consumers, increase the attractiveness or interest of consumers, increase sales turnover, increase profits by using the same ingredients, and prevent consumer boredom.

Keywords: Diversification, Merger, and Acquisition.
GENDER DAN FENOMENA TERORISME PEREMPUAN
Authors: Achievinna Mirza Senathalia  , Zaitunah Subhan  , Ida Rosyidah
Published: January 2022

Artikel ini mendiskusikan fenomena teroris perempuan dari perspektif teori gender dan femenisme. Fenomena empirik keterlibatan perempuan dalam aksi-aksi terorisme di berbagai negara, terutama di Indonesia dekade terakhir ini (2010-2020) seolah-olah menunjukkan pengakuan gender dalam aksi dan paham terorisme. Kajian artikel ini mengklaim bahwa fenomena aksi terorisme yang melibatkan perempuan tak cukup kuat dan tak logis dipandang sebagai perjuangan gender baik dari perspektif teori gender maupun sejarah femenisme. Tak ada gender dalam terorisme meski dilakukan oleh perempuan karena sifat tindakan teror yang merusak dan meresahkan. Keterlibatan perempuan dalam tindakan terorisme tetap merupakan tindakan kriminal, dan karena itu proses hukum tetap penting diupayakan oleh negara.
 
This article discusses the phenomenon of female terrorists from the perspective of gender theory and feminism. The empirical phenomenon of women's involvement in acts of terrorism in various countries, especially in Indonesia in the last decade (2010-2020) seems to show the recognition of gender in acts and understanding of terrorism. The study of this article claims that the phenomenon of acts of terrorism involving women is not strong enough and it is illogical to see it as a gender struggle, both from the perspective of gender theory and the history of feminism. There is no gender in terrorism even though it is carried out by women because of the destructive and disturbing nature of acts of terror. The involvement of women in acts of terrorism remains a criminal act, and therefore the legal process is still important to be pursued by the state.
ARAH DAN MODEL PEMBINAAN MUALLAF PADA ORGANISASI DEWAN DAKWAH ACEH DAN FORUM DAKWAH PERBATASAN
Authors: Juhari
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertitik tolak dari minimnya perhatian terhadap pembinaan kaum muallaf yang diberikan oleh banyak pihak, baik bersifat individu maupun organisasi. Dalam kondisi ini dijumpai ada dua organisasi Islam, yaitu Dewan Dakwah Islam Aceh (DDA) dan Forum Dakwah Perbatasan (FDP) yang serius memberikan perhatian terhadap pembinaan Muallaf, terutama mereka yang menjadi muslim sebagai bagian dari keberhasilan dakwah FDP dan DDA. Karena itu penelitian dilakukan di kedua organisasi Islam ini dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara,observasi dan studi dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 3 (tiga) arah pembinaan yang dilakukan, yaitu bina Agama, Bina Ekonomi dan Bina Pendidikan. Untuk melakukan pembinaan terhadap ketiga sisi tersebut, maka diperlukan model yang efektif. Berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan menunjukkan ada 2 (dua) model pembinaan yang selama ini dilakukan banyak pihak, yaitu (1) Model Strukturalis, dan (2) model Kolaboratif. Dari kedua model ini, kolaboratif merupakan model yang dipraktikkan oleh FDP dan DDA dalam membina kaum muallaf baik melalui pendekatan personal, silaturrahmi maupun halaqah. Bila dikaitkan dengan teori Constructuralis karya Von Glasersfield maka pembinaan  agama dan ekonomi dilakukan melalui  proses pendidikan. Glasersfield menyimpulkan bahwa pendidikan memegang peran strategis dalam melakukan pemberdayaan masyarakat, khususnya para muallaf.
 
This research based on the low of attention to coaching of muallaf  by many parties, both individuals and organizations. In this case, found two Islamic organizations  namely Dewan  Dakwah Aceh and the Forum Dakwah Perbatasan which seriously paid attention to empowering of the Muallaf, especially those who became Muslims as part of the process of their dakwah activities. Therefore the research was carried out in these two Islamic organizations with a qualitative approach. The data collection process was carried out by interviewing, observing and studying documents. The results of the research showed  3 (three) directions of coaching, namely Religious Development, Economic Development and Education Development. To do coaching on these three sides, an effective model is needed. Based on the data collected, it shows that there are 2 (two) coaching models that have been carried out by many parties, namely (1) the Structuralist Model, and (2) the Collaborative Model. Based on these models, collaborative is one of a model that is practiced by the FDP and DDA in fostering the muallaf through personal, friendship and halaqah approaches. In relation to the theory of Constructuralist  by Von Glasersfield, religious and economic development is carried out through the educational process. Glasersfield concluded that education is a strategic role in empowering the community, especially the Muallaf.
Keikutsertaan Care Giver Dalam Menerapkan Terapi ABA (Applied Behaviour Analysis) Pada Anak Autis
Authors: Agustina Fitri Kurniati , Kameliawati Feri , Damayanti Rika
Published: January 2022

Masih rendahnya peran serta orang tua yang memiliki anak dengan autis dapat disebabkan motivasi orang tua untuk mencapai kesembuhan anak dan tingkat kesadaran akan peran aktif orang tua. Untuk mencapai kesembuhan yang diiringi dengan kesadaran akan pentingnya peran aktif akan mendorong orang tua meningkatkatkan pengetahuan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keikutsertaan care giver dalam menerapkan terapi ABA (Applied Behaviour Analysis) pada anak autis di Pusat Terapi LPSDM Graha Jiwa Indonesia Kabupaten Pringsewu tahun 2014. Metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi digunakan untuk menggali partisipasi orang tua terhadap terapi perubahan perilaku anak autis dengan menerapkan terapi ABA. Pengambilan sampel berdasarkan pada tingkat pemenuhan terhadap informasi yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian yaitu berjumlah 4 responden. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dilengkapi dengan catatan lapangan kemudian dibuat transkip wawancara dan dilakukan analisis data yang dimulai dari mendengarkan rekaman hasil wawancara sampai membuat kesimpulan atas data kualitatif yang diperoleh. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa sebagian responden tidak begitu tahu tentang metode ABA yang diberikan terapis dan sebagaian responden sangat memperhatikan kebutuhan anaknya melebihi anak yang lainnya karena baginya anak autis memang menuntut pemenuhan kebutuhan yang ekstra atau spesial dibanding anak normal. Oleh karena itu keluarga dengan anak autis harus tetap memberikan proses terapi yang memadai seperti pemilihan tempat terapi yang baik dengan terapis yang berkompeten di bidangnya seperti memberikan terapi-terapi ringan di rumah.
Manajemen Waktu dengan Prokrastinasi Akademik Pada Mahasiswa Keperawatan
Authors: Nisa Nur Khoirun , Mukhlis Hamid , Wahyudi Dian Arif , Putri Riska Hediya
Published: January 2022

Prokrastinasi akademik dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor diantaranya manajemen waktu, ketidakmampuan untuk berkonsentrasi dan kesadaran yang rendah, ketakutan dan kecemasan terkait dengan kegagalan seseorang, dan kurang yakin terhadap kemampuan. Faktor yang sangat mempengaruhi prokrastinasi akademik adalah manajemen waktu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara manajemen waktu dengan prokrastinsi akademik. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif. Rancangan yang diganakan cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret tahun 2019 di Unversitas Aisyah Pringsewu Lampung. Populasi adalah 73 mahasiswa semester IV dan VI, sampel yang diambil dengan tekhnik total sampling. Alat ukur berupa kuesioner yang dianalisa secara univariat dan bivariat dengan uji gamma. Hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,001 (kurang dari 0,005) artinya ada hubungan anatara manajemen waktu dengan prokrastinasi akademik. Responden dengan manajemen waktu rendah terdapat 50,7persesn (37 responden) dengan prokrstinasi akademik rendah 1,36 persen (1 responden), prokrastinasi akademik sedang 10,95 persen (8 responden) dan prokrastinasi tinggi 38,35 persen (28 responden). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut bahwa manajemen waktu sangat berpengaruh terhadap prokrastinasi akademik. Jadi semakin tinggi manajemen waktu maka semakin rendah prokrastinasi akademik dan semakin rendah manajemen waktu maka semakin tinggi prokrastinasi akademik. Abstract. academic procrastination is influenced by various factors including time management, inability to concentrate and low awareness, fear and anxiety associated with someone’s failure, and not confident. The factors that influence academic procrastination is time management. The objective is research to determine the correlation between time management with academic procrastination. The type of the research is quantitative research. The research design used cross sectional. This research was conducted on March 2019 in Aisyah University of Pringsewu Lampung. The population is 73 students semester IV and VI, the sample taken with total sampling technique. The measurement is in the form of questionnaiers by analyzing univariate and bivariate with gamma analysis. The results of the research p-value 0,001 (more than 0,005) which mean there is a correlation between time management with academic procrastination. Responden with low time management 50,7 percent (37 responden) with low academic procrastination 1,36 percent (1 respondent), moderate academic procrastination 10,9 percent (8 respondent), and high academic procrastination 38,35 percent (28 respondent). Based on these results, time management is very influental on the academic procrastination. So, the higher time management, the academic procrastination is low and the lower time management, the academic procrastination is high.
Penerapan Person-Centered Untuk Meningkatkan Kepercayaan Diri Rendah Pada Mahasiswi STKIP
Authors: Nurhayati Nurhayati
Published: January 2022

Self Confidance yang tinggi merupakan salah satu faktor penting untuk meraih prestasi bagi mahasiswa, dengan meraih prestasi yang tinggi mahasiswa akan merasa bangga dan bahagia. Berbeda dengan mahasiswa yang memiliki self confidance yang rendah, mereka tidak akan mencoba untuk berhasil dalam apapun karena mereka berpikir akan gagal jika mereka melakukannya. Mahasiswa menilai dirinya mudah pesimis, malas dalam mengerjakan tugas yang diberikan dosen, mengumpulkan tugas tidak tepat waktu dan tidak bisa menargetkan lulus kuliah. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran kepercayaan diri rendah pada mahasiswa dan mengetahui hasil person centered untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan diri mahasiswa. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah dengan pendekatan single case experiment Pada penelitian ini desain yang digunakan adalah A-B-A design, yaitu desain penelitian yang terdiri dari dua fase baseline sehingga memungkinkan untuk mengetahui hubungan sebab akibat antara variabel terikat dan variabel bebas. Pengukuran perilaku menggunakan metode pencatatan berupa interval recording dengan interval waktu 30 menit. Bahwa program intervensi ini, yang terdiri dari person centered  cukup efektif dalam mengatasi kepercayaan diri rendah mahasiswa. Dengan perolehan hasil yang menunjukan adanya perubahan mean persentase percaya diri yang rendah S pada tahap baseline (A1), intervensi, dan baseline (A2). Pada tahap baseline (A1), mean persentase percaya diri rendah berkisar antara 78,7 persen sampai dengan 79,8 persen. Kemudian dilakukan intervensi psikologis dalam dalam bentuk person centered. Pada tahap intervensi, mean perilaku  berkisar antara 85 persen sampai dengan 10 persen artinya mengalami penurunan. Kemudian setelah intervensi dihentikan, peneliti melakukan pengulangan baseline (A2) dan diperoleh mean persentase percaya diri rendah berada pada kisaran 21,95 persen hingga 4,05 persen dan mengalami penurunan setelah di intervensi. Dari intervensi yang dilakukan terhadap S dengan person centered terlihat bahwa terdapat perubahan yang lebih baik, yaitu berkurangnya kepercayaan diri yang rendah.
Psikosomatis Ditinjau Dari Self-Resilience yang Dimiliki Mahasiswa Semester Akhir di Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta
Authors: Fanira Syarli , Rohmadani Zahro Varisna
Published: January 2022

Psikosomatis adalah suatu gejala fisiologis yang disebabkan oleh psikis. Mahasiswa tingkat akhir yang sedang mengerjakan skripsi, bagaimana mereka bisa menyelesaikan skripsi tepat pada waktunya, membutuhkan suatu ketekunan dan kekuatan dalam diri. Mahasiswa harus mampu beradaptasi dengan keadaan yang ada itu disebut self resilience. Self resilience merupakan daya tahan atau daya lenting yang dimiliki oleh setiap individu, untuk mampu bertahan dalam menghadapi permasalahan, kesulitan dan tekanan, serta mampu beradaptasi dengan keadaan menyulitkan tersebut.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan model penelitian deskriptif korelasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel sebanyak 51 responden di Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan skala likert yaitu skala psikosomatis dan self resilience. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi product moment dengan bantuan program SPSS versi 16.0, pada penelitian diperoleh hasil kecenderungan psikosomatis sebanyak 28 (54%) masuk dalam kategori cukup rendah, pada self resilience terdapat 28 (55%) masuk dalam kategori tinggi. Korelasi dari kedua variabel yaitu memperoleh 0,002 kurang dari 0,05 artinya terdapat korelasi yang signifikan, serta diperoleh koefesien korelasi sebesar -0,417**, dengan arah hubungan bersifat  negatif yang diasumsikan, dimana semakin tinggi self resilience yang dimiliki individu, maka semakin rendah untuk mengalami psikosomatis, begitupun sebaliknya.
The Role of Collateral in Borrowing
Authors:   Reserve Bank of Australia, Garvin Nicholas , Hughes David W. ,   Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Peydró José-Luis ,   ICREA-Universitat Pompeu Fabra: Barcelona, Catalonia, ES
Published: January 2022

This paper studies the role of collateral in credit markets under stress. Australian interbank markets at the time of the Lehman Brothers failure present a platform for identification, because the collateral is liquid and homogenous across borrowers (unlike in retail credit markets), the shock is large and exogenous (unlike in countries with bank failures), and there is comprehensive administrative collateralised and uncollateralised loan-level data. After the exogenous shock, collateralised and uncollateralised borrowing compositions diverge. Uncollateralised borrowing declines for ex ante riskier borrowers while collateralised borrowing increases for borrowers ex ante holding more high-quality collateral. Moreover, riskier banks with sufficient high-quality collateral substitute from uncollateralised to collateralised borrowing. In aggregate, collateralised borrowing expands substantially, predominantly collateralised against second-best (but still high quality) collateral, while interest rates on loans against first-best collateral fall substantially, indicating scarcity of the most-liquid safe assets. This liquid asset demand encourages collateralised lending, contrary to cash hoarding.
Incidental giant adrenal lymphangioma presenting as nonfunctional cystic mass
Authors: Tolga Kafadar Mehmet , Özyuvalı Ekrem , Mirsaleh Miryaguboğlu Abdullayev , Çaviş Tuğba , İnan Aydın
Published: January 2022

Adrenal masses can be encountered with many different clinical manifestations and a diverse spectrum of etiologies in clinical practice. Recent advances in imaging and laboratory studies as well as their increasingly widespread use and easy accessibility have currently made it possible to diagnose a greater number of surrenal masses than ever. The basic approach principles vary for incidentally detected masses, benign/malignant masses, and hormonoactive masses. Lymphangiomas are benign congenital malformations of lymphatic channels that primarily affect the neck and head region. They typically affect children younger than 2 years of age, they are uncommon in adults and they rarely involve surrenal glands. In this paper, we aimed to present a woman with a hormonally inactive right giant adrenal mass showing recent rapid growth, which was diagnosed to be a lymphangioma in an atypical localization in histopathological examination. The patient was operated with right adrenalectomy and total mass excision via laparoscopic lateral transperitoneal approach.
A new approach in bariatric operations: bridged mini gastric by-pass. Is rabbit model suitable for an experimental study?
Authors: Sümer Aziz , Çelik Sebahattin , Vartanoğlu Aktokmakyan Talar , Pekşen Çağhan , Anıl Savaş Osman , Talih Tutkun , Sancak Tunahan , Kuşçu Yağmur
Published: January 2022

Objective: Obesity is a global health epidemic with considerable co-morbidities. The increasing demand for bariatric surgery has led to the emergence of new techniques. We modified previously described Mini Gastric By-pass(MGB) technique via leaving a bridge at the most cranial 2 cm of the fundus of the human stomach to the follow-up and treatment of the remnant stomach and duodenum. We would like to entitle this new technique as Bridged MGB and aimed to apply on rabbits as an experimental study.

Material and Methods: The study was performed in the experimental animal laboratory of university after ethical approval was taken from the local ethics committee. Described new technique was applied to 2.1 and 3.2 kg 2 New Zealand rabbits.

Results: As a result of the operations, one of the rabbits died on the day of the operation; the other rabbit was exitus postoperatively on the third day. In autopsies, although no problem was detected at the anastomoses, necrosis was detected in the large curvature of both rabbits.

Conclusion: Rabbit, one of the popular experimental animals, has been shown to be different from the human gastrointestinal system in both arterial and topographic aspects and it has been emphasized that it varies according to the species and even the diet and the climate. We believe that our study failed as a result of these differences and that animals more similar to humans should be used in gastrointestinal experimental studies.
Lessons learned from blunt trauma abdomen: Surgical experience in level I trauma centre
Authors: Singh Amit , Prasad Ganpat , Mishra Prabhakar , Vishkarma Kuldeep , Shamim Rafat
Published: January 2022

Objective: The number of accident cases is increasing day by day, so as the challenges. With an emphasis on trauma care, the government started a 120 bedded level I trauma centre in northern India catering to a population of 2.8 million in June 2018. Through this article, we aimed to share our experience of blunt abdominal trauma management from a new level I trauma centre.

Material and Methods: In this retrospective observational study, historical analysis of all available records from July 2018 to March 2020 was done. Inclusion criteria included blunt trauma abdomen with or without associated injuries. Data regarding age, sex, mechanism of injury, time taken to reach the hospital, the pattern of solid organs and hollow viscus injuries, associated extra abdominal injuries, mode of treatment, complications, length of ICU and hospital stay, and mortality were reviewed.

Results: Overall, 154 cases sustained abdominal injuries during the study period. Seventy-five percent were male. The most common cause of blunt trauma abdomen was road traffic crashes. Operative management was required in 57 (37.01%) cases while 97(62.98%) were managed non-operatively (NOM). Mean ICU stay was 05.73 days, while the average hospital stay was 12 days (range 10-60 days). Procedures performed included splenectomy, liver repair, primary closure of bowel injury, and stoma formation. Complications occured in 16.88% cases and the overall mortality rate was 11.68%.

Conclusion: The study revealed that among 154 cases of fatal blunt abdominal trauma, road traffic crash was the most common cause of blunt abdominal trauma, predominantly affecting males. The visceral and peritoneal injury frequently perceived was liver in 40 cases (25.9%), spleen 66 (43%), intestine 21(13.6%) and kidney 13 cases (09%). Abdominal injury was associated with other injuries like head, chest and extremity injuries in 52.5% cases. Duration of injury, presence of associated injury and preoperative ventilation requirement were independent predictors of mortality apart from contributary factors such as clinical presentation, organ involved and presence of complications.
Is there an increasing trend of risk-reducing prophylactic mastectomy procedure in preventing breast cancer among women?
Authors: Arslan Bilal , Tazeoğlu Deniz , Dağ Ahmet , Berkeşoğlu Mustafa , Ayça Özdemir Asena
Published: January 2022

Objective: Prophylactic contralateral/bilateral mastectomy (PCM/PBM), as a risk-reducing mastectomy procedure, has a few evidence-based indica- tions; however, there is an increasing trend in the total number of operations globally. Worldwide famous actress Angelina Jolie was detected to have BRCA-1 mutation and underwent a prophylactic bilateral mastectomy in 2013. The procedure was perceived as ‘lifesaving’ worldwide, which eventually led to a significant increase in BRCA gene mutation analysis and PCM/PBM. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate our risk-reducing PCM/PBM results.

Material and Methods: Twenty-seven patients underwent risk-reducing PCM/PBM between 2010-2018, but only 22 patients were included into the study. A retrospective analysis was carried out on demographics, family history, preoperative diagnoses, pathological findings, mastectomy details, reconstructive procedures, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, BRCA analysis, educational status, and mastectomy indications.

Results: Surgical indications or major reasons for surgery were as follows: BRCA-1 mutation (n= 5), BRCA-2 mutation (n= 3), malignant-like areas in magnetic resonance imaging (n= 2), lobular carcinoma in situ (n= 3) and intense anxiety (n= 9). Eighteen patients (82%) underwent an additional re- constructive procedure via implantation or autologous tissue and four patients (18%) underwent mastectomy only. PCM/PBM by years was as: 2010 (n= 1), 2011 (n= 0), 2012 (n= 1), 2013 (n= 2), 2014 (n= 1), 2015 (n= 2), 2016 (n= 3), 2017 (n= 4), 2018 (n= 8), which represents the recently increasing trend.

Conclusion: Risk-reducing PCM/PBM was performed in 59.1% of the patients (n= 13) for a significant medical reason, whereas for distress about a relapse or a new disease on the contralateral breast on the remaining 40.9% of the patients (n= 9). Evidence in the literature shows that risk-reducing mastectomy does not affect survival, although it lowers breast cancer incidence. Close surveillance, cancer screening, and chemoprevention methods should have priority.
The comparison of short-term results of marsupialization method in operated patients with acute pilonidal abscess and chronic pilonidal sinus
Authors: Öztürk Alaattin
Published: January 2022

Objective: This study aimed to compare the short term results of the marsupialization method for the treatment of patients with acute pilonidal abscess and chronic pilonidal sinus disease treated in single step and to investigate the feasibility of final pilonidal sinus treatment in single step in patients with pilonidal abscess.

Material and Methods: A total of 58 patients who were operated on using the marsupialization method were included in this study. Patients with acute pilonidal abscess were included in Group 1 (23 patients) and those with chronic pilonidal sinus disease were included in Group 2 (35 patients). Pilonidal sinus was excised as a whole by a vertical elliptic incision, with some surrounding intact tissue. After excision, the wound edges were sutured to the postsacral fascia. Daily dressings were performed by relatives at home. The patients were instructed to visit the hospital for follow-up 1-2 times a week. Student’s t-test was used to compare the parameters between the groups.

Results: The mean wound length was 73.4 and 61.7 mm in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The mean duration of wound closure was 59.3 and 54.1 days in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, operation time, hospital stay, and duration of wound closure; however, wound length was significantly shorter in Group 2 than in Group 1.

Conclusion: The definitive treatment of acute pilonidal abscess can be achieved in single step by using marsupialization method as well as in patients with chronic pilonidal disease.
The management of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis
Authors: Şimşek Gürcan , Şahin Alpaslan , Hakan Metin Şükrü , Eşref Ulutaş Mehmet , Arslan Kemal
Published: January 2022

Objective: Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare variant of chronic cholecystitis. This rare pathology is characterized by severe and progressive fibrosis of the gallbladder wall as well as infiltration of fat-laden macrophages.

Material and Methods: The final pathology report of 8213 cholecystectomies performed between 2011 and 2019 was evaluated retrospectively, and patients whose pathology result was reported as XGC were included in the study. Patients’ demographic characteristics, pathology results, and surgical methods were evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was performed for risk factors on conversion to open cholecystectomy.

Results: The rate of XGC among cholecystectomies was 0.91%. Mean age of the patients was 57.32 years. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was applied to 92% (n: 69) of the patients. None of the patients had cancer suspicion in the preoperative period, but cancer suspicion was found in 10.6% of the patients during the operation. With the frozen test, unnecessary surgeries were prevented in these patients. Conversion rate to open cholecystectomy was found to be 26.09%. The most common reason for conversion to open cholecystectomy (66.7%) was intense fibrosis. Increased gallbladder wall thickness and acute cholecystitis were found to be statistically significant risk factors in ultrasonography (p< 0.05). Total complication rate in XGC cases was 3.9%.

Conclusion: XGC is an extremely rare disease and is difficult to diagnose before cholecystectomy. Especially in preoperative USG, in cases with no suspicion of malignancy, but with suspected malignancy during the operation, histopathological examination with frozen method before extensive surgery may prevent unnecessary dissection and related morbidities.
Impact of curative parathyroidectomy on left ventricular functions assessed with 2D ECHO and MUGA study
Authors: Abuji Kishore , Dahiya Divya , Sood Ashwani , Parmar Madan , Kumar Bhadada Sanjay , Vijayvergiya Rajesh , Behera Arunanshu
Published: January 2022

Objective: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with inconsistent results on the reversibility of cardiovascular changes after parathyroidectomy (PTx). The present study was undertaken to evaluate both structural and functional cardiac changes and their reversal after PTx in patients with PHPT.

Material and Methods: Thirty patients of symptomatic PHPT without cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated prospectively by means of 2D echocar- diography (ECHO) and Multigated Acquisition (MUGA) study before surgery and six months after curative parahyroidectomy.

Results: Nine of 30 patients had hypertension which improved in two after PTx (p 0.20). Two patients had left ventricle hypertrophy on 2D ECHO pre- operatively which improved after PTx (p< 0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) did not show significant change before and after PTx on 2D ECHO. Nine out of 30 patients had hypertension which improved in two after PTx (p 0.20). Two patients with left ventricle hypertrophy on 2D ECHO preoperatively improved after PTx (p< 0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) did not depict significant change before and after PTx on 2D ECHO. Whereas, four out of six patients with preoperative EF <50% representing systolic dysfunction on MUGA study showed improvement after PTx. On 2D ECHO, eight patients depicted diastolic dysfunction which improved in six patients after curative surgery (p= 0.07). However, on MUGA study, 13 pa- tients presented with tTPF >180 ms indicating diastolic dysfunction, of which ten showed improvement after PTx (p= 0.007).

Conclusion: The present study analyzed preoperative and postoperative cardiac function using both 2D ECHO and MUGA study. MUGA study provided a more objective assessment of the cardiac function by determining left ventricular ejection fraction and diastolic dysfunction.
An indirect effect of COVID-19 pandemic: Increased pediatric perforated appendicitis rate due to delayed admission
Authors: Ergün Ergun , Sözduyar Sümeyye , Gurbanova Aynur , Serttürk Fırat , Çiftçi Ergin , Özdemir Halil , Arga Gül , Kübra Konca Hatice , Çınar Güle , Akdemir Kalkan İrem , Gülten Ezgi , Selvi Can Özlem , Şen Akova Birsel , Suat Fitöz Ömer , Vatansever Göksel , Tekin Deniz , Göllü Gülnur , Bingöl-Koloğlu Meltem , Yağmurlu Aydın , Çakmak Murat , Ateş Ufuk
Published: January 2022

Objective: Appendicitis is a common surgical emergency among children. The coronavirus pandemic affected the system of hospitals more than any other field, and great amount of people were concerned about visiting the hospitals for any reason. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the profile of appendicitis by emphasizing perforated and acute appendicitis in the pandemic period and to compare the rates with previous three years.

Material and Methods: Charts of the children who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy due to appendicitis between March 11-September 30 between 2017-2020 were retrospectively analyzed in terms of demographic data, duration of symptoms, duration between hospital admission and surgery, radiologic imaging and perioperative outcomes.

Results: This study includes 467 children who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy. There were 97 procedures in 2020, 111 in 2019, 146 in 2018 and 113 in 2017. Multiple comparison tests revealed that age did not show difference; but onset of symptoms in admission (p= 0.004), hospitalization time before surgery (p< 0.001), total hospitalization time (< 0.001) showed statistically significant difference between years. Pairwise comparisons showed that these parameters were increased in 2020 compared to other years. Perforated appendicitis rate was significantly increased in 2020 when compared to previous years.

Conclusion: Although there is no direct relation between appendicitis and COVID-19 infection in the current knowledge, perforated appendicitis was found to be increased in children during the COVID pandemic. Reason of the higher rate of perforated appendicitis may be multifactorial; however, the pandemic appears to have a role in increased morbidity in children with appendicitis indirectly due to delay of hospital admissions.
Esophageal perforation: diagnosis, management and decision-making – a retrospective tertiary centre study
Authors: El-Sourani Nader
Published: January 2022

Objective: Perforation of the esophagus is an extremely rare but life-threatening emergency associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, time-management is of utmost importance and it is crucial to have an algorithm for diagnostic methods and the subsequent decision-making process.

Material and Methods: All patients who were diagnosed with an esophageal perforation between 2010 and 2020 at our university hospital were ret- rospectively analysed. In addition to patient demographics, the diagnostic method, treatment strategy, defect size and location, etiology and mortality were recorded.

Results: A total of 27 patients were identified with an esophageal perforation. All patients were diagnosed through a computed tomography initiat- ing the treatment algorithm 18 patients underwent conservative/endoscopic treatment, while 9 patients received primary surgery for event-related complications. The overall mortality rate was 25.9%, 11.1% within the endoscopic group and 55% within the surgical group.

Conclusion: A timely diagnosis in cases of an esophageal perforation is of utmost importance. Therefore, every patient should undergo an emergency computed tomography (CT) with oral and intravenous contrast followed by an upper endoscopy if event-related complications are ruled out in the CT.
Pediatric renal transplantation; 10 years experience
Authors: Okut Gökalp , Mert Doğan Güleç , Murat Doğan Sait
Published: January 2022

Objective: Although renal transplantation (RT) is the first treatment option for children with end-stage renal failure, the number of transplanted chil- dren remains low compared to adults. Experience of the individual pediatric transplant center is very important in the prognosis of pediatric transplant recipients. In this study, our pediatric RT experience was presented.

Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 27 patients who had RT in our clinic between April 2009 and April 2019.

Results: Fifteen of the patients were males, and mean age of all patients was 12.36 ± 4.18 years (range 4-17 years). The most frequent etiology for end- stage renal disease (ESRD) was vesicourethral reflux. Eighteen (66.7%) of the transplanted kidneys came from cadaveric donors and 9 (33.3%) from live donors. One patient had preemptive RT and one patient had a re-RT. Twenty-two patients were on peritoneal dialysis program and four patients were on hemodialysis program. Mean dialysis time before transplantation was 29 (3-104) months. Bleeding was the most common surgical complication. Delayed graft function developed in four patients, and all of their grafts were from cadaveric donors. Rejection developed in 12 of our patients, graft loss was observed in only four of them. Considering all patients, graft survival rates were 100% in the 1st and 3rd years, and 92% in the 5th year.

Conclusion: Pediatric RT program is difficult to establish, maintain and develop. Complications after transplantation are not uncommon; therefore, early detection and appropriate management are needed. Strategies are still needed to increase post-transplant success.
Extreme living donation: A single center simultaneous and sequential living liver-kidney donor experience with long-term outcomes under literature review
Authors: Yankol Yücel , Karataş Cihan , Kanmaz Turan , Koçak Burak , Kalayoğlu Münci , Acarlı Koray
Published: January 2022

Objective: Living liver and kidney donor surgeries are major surgical procedures applied to healthy people with mortality and morbidity risks not providing any direct therapeutic advantage to the donor. In this study, we aimed to share our simultaneous and sequential living liver-kidney donor experience under literature review in this worldwide rare practice.

Material and Methods: Between January 2007 and February 2018, a total of 1109 living donor nephrectomies and 867 living liver donor hepatectomies were performed with no mortality to living-related donors. Eight donors who were simultaneous or sequential living liver-kidney donors in this time period were retrospectively reviewed and presented with their minimum 2- year follow-up.

Results: Of the 8 donors, 3 of them were simultaneous and 5 of them were sequential liver-kidney donation. All of them were close relatives. Mean age was 39 (26-61) years and mean BMI was 25.7 (17.7-40). In 3 donors, right lobe, in 4 donors, left lateral sector, and in 1 donor, left lobe hepatectomy were performed. Median hospital stay was 9 (7-13) days. Two donors experienced early and late postoperative complications (Grade 3b and Grade 1). No mortality and no other long-term complication occurred.

Conclusion: Expansion of the donor pool by utilizing grafts from living donors is a globally-accepted proposition since it provides safety and successful outcomes. Simultaneous or sequential liver and kidney donation from the same donor seems to be a reasonable option for combined liver-kidney transplant recipients in special circumstances with acceptable outcomes.
Prospects for Partner-Agent Model Practice to Enhance Microinsurance Appropriateness in Tanzania
Authors: Minani Isidore
Published: January 2022

This paper examines the prospects of the Partner-Agent Model (PAM) practice in enhancing micro-insurance appropriateness among microfinance institutions (MFIs)’ clients, in Tanzania. The study adopts a quantitative technique based on primary and secondary data sampled randomly from 229 MFIs selected from ten regions, the most prone to disaster risks, in Tanzania. The Hierarchical Regression Analysis was used for the empirical investigation. The results indicate that the collaboration between the agent and the partner during microinsurance product design, sharing business information between the agent and the partner, integration of parties’ respective core competencies, transfer of specialized knowledge and parties’ compliance to contractual obligations have a positive and significant effect on microinsurance appropriateness. PAM practice and microinsurance appropriateness are nascent phenomenon in Tanzania. Thus, these areas have not yet attracted the attention of many researchers. This foundational study is, therefore, original and most relevant to MFI managers and insurance regulators to enhance microinsurance appropriateness. The Tanzania Cooperative Development Commission (TCDC), Tanzania Association of Microfinance Institutions (TAMFI) and the Tanzania Insurance Regulatory Authority (TIRA) are recommended to coordinate and regulate the PAM practice to enhance the provision of appropriate microinsurance services.
Design, development, and evaluation of a serious video game to promote visitors' engagement in a museum exhibition context
Authors: Cordova-Rangel Jessica , Caro Karina
Published: January 2022

Museums have different challenges form a lack of funding and staff to a decrease in visitors. Due to the lack of interest from visitors, museums have created more enjoyable experiences for the public. The literature has shown that serious games are beneficial to visitors, as they can both encompasses entertainment and learning. On the other hand, this technology is mainly designed without the opportunity to allow for constant changes, resulting in a short life span. In this research, we propose the design and development of a serious video game for Caracol Museo de Ciencias, inspired by escape room game mechanics, which aims to promote visitors' engagement and to provide them with a different game experience every time they visit the museum, through the continuous updating of the game by museum staff with the help of a web authoring tool.
Perilaku Remaja tentang Penerapan Pencegahan Covid-19
Authors: Ari Azizah Yusfia
Published: January 2022

Pendahuluan: Kurangnya penerapan perilaku terhadap protokol kesehatan yang dilakukan pengunjung remaja di kafe berdampak pada peningkatan penyebaran dan mempercepat penularan Covid-19 dari kluster kafe. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui perilaku remaja tentang penerapan pencegahan Covid-19 di Bangbros Coffe Rampal Kota Malang. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan deskriptif kuantitatif. Populasinya adalah seluruh remaja sejumlah 118 remaja. Teknik sampling menggunakan purposive sampling berdasarkan kriteria inklusi didapatkan sampel sejumlah 73 remaja. Variabel penelitian yaitu perilaku remaja tentang penerapan pencegahan Covid-19. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuisioner, data yang sudah didapat dianalisis dengan analisis univariat distribusi frekuensi. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian kecil remaja berperilaku baik 14 remaja (19%), hampir setengahnya remaja berperilaku cukup 32 remaja (44%), dan hampir setengahnya remaja berperilaku kurang 27 remaja (37%). Kesimpulan: Hampir seluruh penerapan pencegahan Covid-19 remaja masih dalam kategori cukup dan kurang sehingga diharapkan remaja meningkatkan motivasinya untuk aktif mencari informasi pencegahan Covid-19 dan lebih mendukung kegiatan program pemerintah dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan protokol pencegahan Covid-19.
Kata kunci: perilaku remaja, penerapan pencegahan Covid-19