bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio to floods and droughts in the Pampean wetlands of South America
Authors: Maiztegui Tomás , Baigún Claudio R.M. , Garcia de Souza Javier R. , Weyl Olaf L.F. , Colautti Darío
Published: July 2019

Common carp (Cyprinuscarpio) is a global invader that exhibits a wide distribution in Argentina, particularly in shallow lakes and wetlands of the Pampean region. The hydrological conditions of these environments are driven by variations in annual precipitation that determine inter annual changes in water levels leading to flood-drought cycles. The present study focused on understanding the C.carpio population responses to annual rainfall regime and long-term flood and drought events in the Ajó wetlands located in the east of the Pampean region. The results of a two-year biological sampling program showed that C.carpio feeding rate, reproduction, condition, and recruitment were associated with the hydrological cycle. Otolith derived age structure of the population and back-calculated recruitment strength revealed that extraordinary flooding events generated strong cohorts while dry years resulted in low recruitment. Its long-life span (maximum 14 years in Ajó) coupled with a high fecundity, and broad diet allows C.carpio to persist in refugia during dry years and capitalize on wet years when inundation of the floodplain enhances recruitment and facilitates spread. Management and control strategies for this invader should therefore incorporate hydrological variability by promoting intensive removal campaigns during dry years when populations are dominated by large fish confined in remnant water-bodies and, during wet years, carp harvest fisheries should be promoted to reduce population density when increased connectivity is likely to facilitate spread.
Conferencias Aranguren ¿Fin de la intimidad? Ensimismarnos: contra las amenazas transhumanistas
Authors: Echeverría Javier
Published: July 2019

La noción de intimidad tiene diversos orígenes y acepciones. En la tradición filosófica, Séneca, Agustín de Hipona, Lutero, Pascal, Descartes, Leibniz, Rousseau, Kant, Mill, Freud, Ortega y Zambrano concibieron la intimidad desde diferentes enfoques. Esta contribución dedica especial atención a Ortega y Gasset, porque vinculó ensimismamiento y técnica. Asimismo afirma una intimidad voluntariamente compartida que se desarrolla mediante relaciones íntimas en red. Sin embargo, algunos sistemas tecnológicos amenazan la intimidad. Es el caso de la inteligencia artificial promovida por el transhumanismo, que surgió con el programa NBIC (nano-bio-info-cogno, NSF 2001). Transhumanistas tecnocientíficos de gran influencia mundial, como Harari, han defendido ideas particularmente peligrosas para la intimidad de las personas. Para combatir esas amenazas se requiere promover una intimidad compartida y en red. Asimismo hay que desarrollar la noción de tecnopersona, reinvindicando el derecho a la intimidad de las tecnopersonas en el mundo digital.
El dolor como encuentro con la alteridad
Authors: Fernández Guerrero Olaya
Published: July 2019

Esta investigación se centra en tres modalidades de vivencia del dolor que posibilitan un horizonte de encuentro con la alteridad. En primer lugar se lleva a cabo un análisis fenomenológico del sufrimiento como elemento de extrañamiento, presencia heterogénea que irrumpe en la existencia y altera su curso normal. A continuación se trata sobre la violencia, entendida aquí como una relación intersubjetiva en la que un individuo interactúa con otro a través del dolor, ya sea infligiéndolo o padeciéndolo. El trabajo se cierra con varias consideraciones sobre la compasión, en tanto que supone una apertura hacia la intersubjetividad y un encuentro con una alteridad que se capta y manifiesta en su dimensión doliente.
El “espacio interior del cuerpo” y la localización del dolor físico: lecturas de Maine de Biran
Authors: Umbelino Luís António
Published: July 2019

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar la teoría del espacio interior del cuerpo de Maine de Biran a lo largo de sus tres componentes principales que son establecidos a lo largo de un diálogo crítico con Condillac y Destutt de Tracy, y desarrollados desde el punto de vista de la teoría del esfuerzo. Esos componentes son: la durabilidad del esfuerzo primordial; la posibilidad de percibir el espacio exterior; la consistencia del tiempo furtivo de la sensibilidad.
Límites y licencias a la apropiación privada en el estado de naturaleza según John Locke
Authors: Chumbita Joan Severo
Published: July 2019

Este trabajo estudia críticamente seis posibles límites a la apropiación privada, individual, unilateral y desigual en el estado de naturaleza descripto por John Locke. I) la restricción expresada bajo la forma de dejar suficiente y tan bueno en común para otros; II) la prohibición del desperdicio de los frutos perecederos; III) asociada a esta segunda condición pero aplicada a la tierra, la prohibición de cercar tierra cuyos frutos se desperdicie; IV) la limitación propuesta por Macpherson, según la cual es una condición de la apropiación mezclar el propio trabajo de modo personal con el objeto; V) el principio de caridad como derecho del necesitado a los medios de subsistencia; VI) la limitación que advierte Simmons, según la cual es posible derivar del principio de caridad un derecho al auto-gobierno, esto es, a no ser esclavizado a cambio de brindar, como es el deber del propietario al necesitado, los medios de subsistencia.
Constructing Lecturers’ Language Identities through EMI Training
Authors: Reynolds Alexandra
Published: July 2019

Within French Higher Education the use of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) impacts on lecturers’ language identities and professional development. This ethnographic case study explored fifteen French-speaking lecturers’ language identity through an EMI workshop held at an Ecole des Mines engineering school in France in 2017. The main research questions therefore focused on how the participants positioned themselves in terms of competence, how they defined themselves in relation to their multilingual identities and how they would present themselves as EMI lecturers in the future. The in situ position of the ethnographer-trainer enabled her to collect data based on written and visual documents produced by the participants during the workshop. The participants were also asked to self-assess their level of English competence and to provide written feedback on the workshop by completing a questionnaire. The results show that introducing the participants to the concepts of ELF (English as a lingua franca), and more current definitions of bilingualism broadened their views on the English language itself. The workshop helped them to feel better prepared to present themselves as EMI lecturers and to teach their academic disciplines in English.
Engineering Version of Local Approach to Fracture and its Application for RPV Lifetime Prediction
Authors: Kotrechko Sergiy , Zimina Galyna , Revka Volodymyr , Dlouhý Ivo
Published: July 2019

Theoretical basis of the simplified (engineering) version of Local Approach (LA) to fracture is summarized, and the possibility of using this version to predict the lifetime of RPV steels is demonstrated. The concept of “effective” volume, , within which stresses and strains are uniformly distributed, but the magnitude of the probability of cleavage initiation are equal to their real values at given value of , underlies the proposed engineering version of LA. A function was selected to describe the temperature dependence of local cleavage stress, and a calibration procedure was proposed for determining the constants in this dependence from the results of tests of surveillance specimens. For weld metal of WWER-1000 reactors the dependences of brittle strength on fluence were obtained, and the maximum permissible fluence values were determined. It is shown that in addition to the radiation hardening, the radiation-induced reduction in the level of brittle strength, , has a significant effect on the radiation service life of reactor pressure vessel steel.
Microstructural Change and Fracture Behavior under Different Heat Exposure Conditions on Thermal Barrier Coatings Deposited on TiAl Intermetallic Compound
Authors: Hasegawa Makoto , Hirata Kotatsu , Dlouhý Ivo
Published: July 2019

Air plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings (APS-TBCs) deposited on the TiAl intermetallic compounds was heat exposed in air at different temperatures and times to evaluate the microstructural change and delamination behavior. The thermal barrier coating (TBC) layer, bond coat (BC) layer and substrate were composed of 4 mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2, CoNiCrAlY alloy (Co-32Ni-21Cr-8Al-0.5Y (mol%)) and TiAl intermetallic compound (Ti-46Al-7Nb-0.7Cr-0.2Ni-0.1 Si (mol%)), respectively. Due to the heat exposure, diffusion of the elements occurred between the BC layer and the substrate, and diffusion layers were formed on both the BC layer and the substrate. A thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer was formed between the TBC layer and the BC layer. The thickness of the TGO layer and the diffusion layer increased with increasing exposure temperature and time. In the TBCs heat exposed at 1273 K for 200 h, a composite oxide of Al2O3 and TiO2 was formed in the BC layer. Regarding the TBCs which were as-deposited and heat exposed at 1073, 1173 K up to 200 h and at 1273 K for 10 h, delamination occurred in the TBC layer near the BC layer. In the TBCs exposed at 1273 K for 50 h or more, delamination occurred at the vicinity of the interface between diffusion layer on the substrate side and the unreacted side of the substrate too. In case that the TBCs were heat exposed at 1073 and 1173 K, the shear strength decreases after reaching the maximum value of the shear strength at 10 h heat exposure. When the TBCs were exposed to heat at 1273 K, the shear strength indicated a constant value after the shear strength increased up to 50 h. This change may be due to the change in crack path after exposure for 50 h at 1273 K.
Novel Methods for High-Cycle Fatigue Life Determination
Authors: Konopík Pavel , Procházka Radek , Rund Martin , Džugan Jan
Published: July 2019

In the present paper, two novel methods for determining the fatigue limit are presented. Despite the fact that these methods are different in principle, both represent a new approach to testing where the main benefit is reduced consumption of material. The first method is based on small round specimens and can be considered as one of semi-destructive testing methods. The second method is based on infrared thermographic analysis and requires only one specimen. Results obtained with these techniques were compared with those obtained from standard high-cycle force-controlled fatigue tests under constant loading until failure.
Anomalous Twinning as the Macroscopic Deformation Mechanism for AZ31 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Onuki Yusuke , Sato Shigeo
Published: July 2019

In order to study the plastic deformation mechanism of AZ31 magnesium alloy, in situ texture measurement during uniaxial tensile deformation is conducted by using neutron diffraction. The specimen is prepared from a rolled sheet so that the deformation axis is parallel to the rolling direction. By increasing strain, the alignment of <10-10> along the tensile axis is strengthened, which is due to the activation of the prism slip system. The basal pole concentration at the prior sheet normal direction is slightly decreased by the deformation and the new texture component is formed at the transvers direction. This can be understood by activation of the {10-12} tension twinning. These results indicate that the tension twinning plays an important role even when the tensile deformation is applied parallel to the basal plane.
STUDY OF VARIOUS FACTORS INFLUENCE ON LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Datta Debjit , K Mithun Prasad , Mandla Venkata Ravibabu
Published: July 2019

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important for urban environment. Our research mainly based on the landuse and landcover (LULC) on LST. The research of our study tells how the LST variations based especially for a rapidly developing city such as Vellore, India. This study uses the techniques of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) to detect the temperature variation of LST. The spatial variability of texture in LST was done. These variations are also present in the images, and are responsible for the spatial patterns in an urban environment. The result values shows that both the spatial and temporal variation in surface temperature is associated with CO2 concentration levels and thus affects the local land use pattern
ANALYSIS INFLUENCE OF CEMENT OF THE ASPHALT PAVEMENT DEMOLITION MATERIAL ON ROADS SEMARANG-DEMAK-INDONESIA
Authors: Pratikso P. , Purwanto A. , Sudarno S.
Published: July 2019

Natural resources such as natural material such as stone, sand, asphalt which has long been used by humans for road construction because of the limited experience any material taken will collide with the preservation of the environment so that the construction work of road infrastructure obstacles and ultimately can lead to the work stalled road infrastructure. To overcome these problems it is necessary to the implementation of the technology development of road infrastructure by using recycled (recycling). The purpose of this study is to determine levels of cement that can be used for the top layer foundation (base course) with recycled materials mixed asphalt cement / Cement Treated Recycling Base (CTRB) on road rehabilitation Semarang - Demak and to determine the uncondifined compressive strength that occurs so that the material can be reused as construction material pavement layer. This study uses an experimental method in the laboratory with a cylindrical specimen diameter of 7 cm height of 14 cm made of asphalt pavement scratching Semarang-Demak roads with cement content variation 0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, 6% and 7.5% is used for testing the uncondifined compressive strength / (UCS) at the age of 7 days, 21 days, 14 days and 28 days. The results show that the addition of cement content will increase the value of the dry weight insignificantly, but will rise UCS value significantly and utilization of scratching asphalt cement with added material from these laboratory experiments can increase the carrying capacity CTRB construction. Levels of cement that meets the requirements of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) for the construction of Cement Treated Recycling Base (CTRB) is between 6% to 7.5%. According to the results of research it is economically to used cement content at average of 6.75% for road rehabilitation works Semarang - Demak has met the required UCS test.
MODELLING THE IMPACTS OF WILDFIRE ON SURFACE RUNOFF IN THE UPPER UBERABINHA RIVER WATERSHED USING HEC-HMS
Authors: Oliveira Jean Maikon Santos , Salla Marcio Ricardo
Published: July 2019

Fire significantly affects hydrological processes in the watershed because it changes land cover and it creates a double layer of hydrophobic soil covered with ash, increasing the surface runoff and the production of debris flow in the basin. Assessing the impacts of fire on overland flow requires the use of modeling softwares capable of simulating post-fire discharge. Because a total of 760 wildfires were detected in the Upper Uberabinha River subbasin in the last nine years, it is of dire importance to understand the consequential impacts of fire on hydrological processes in this basin. In this study, the HEC-HMS model was used to evaluate post-fire discharge in the Upper Uberabinha River watershed. Model was previously calibrated and validated using two representative storms observed in the wet season. After calibration, the 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 200-year storms were simulated in scenarios with increasing burn severity. The calibrated model performed well in the prediction of discharge values at a daily basis (0% difference in peak timing; 0% difference in peak flow; 31.8% BIAS). Peak flow and discharge volume increased and peak timing shifted to the left as severity of burn increased. The highest increment in peak discharge was 74.7% for the 10-year storm, whereas overall discharge volume raised in up to 31.9% for the 50-year storm, both after simulation in the most fire-impacted scenario. The results reveal that fire highly affects hydrological characteristics, e.g. peak timing and flow and discharge volume, in the Upper Uberabinha River watershed. The authors suggest further investigations concerning the impacts of wildfire on other processes, such as the production of debris flow in the basin.
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT – A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF ECONOMIC BENEFITS TO PALM OIL MILLS IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Liew Wai Loan , Muda Khalida , Azraai Kassim Mohd. , Affam Augustine Chioma , Loh Soh Kheang
Published: July 2019

Over the decades the palm oil industry has managed some challenging environmental concerns regarding land transformation and degradation, increase in eutrophication, changing habitats of wildlife, pesticides runoff into inland watercourses, and probable climate change. Countries producing palm oil desire to do so in a more sustainable way that will leave the environment evergreen. Therefore this paper aims to encourage sustainable management of agro-industrial waste and its potential in making financial returns from the same waste. Hence, the study was conducted with the participation of seven local palm oil mills having different capacities and operation age. Attention was given to milling waste as they could cause serious environmental menace if unattended to properly. Milling waste includes lignocellulosic palm biomass namely the empty fruit bunches (EFB), oil palm shell (OPS), mesocarp fibres, palm oil mill effluent (POME), and palm oil mill sludge (POMS), as well as solid waste generated from the further processing of these biomass into the palm oil fuel ashes (POFA) and palm oil clinkers (POC). The opportunities available to the Malaysian palm oil industry and the financial benefits which may accrue from waste generated during palm oil production process cannot be over emphasized.
ANALYZING SEISMIC ACTIVITIES DURING 1900 TO 2015 TO ASSESS URBAN RISK IN NEPAL HIMALAYAS USING GEOINFORMATICS
Authors: Kumar Amit , Pandey Arvind Chandra
Published: July 2019

A high magnitude (Mw =7.8) earthquake caused a geological disaster recently on April-May 2015 in Nepal Himalayas and resulted in severe devastation in Nepal as well as neighboring states in India. Looking into its recurrent occurrence with varied intensity, in the present study, the earthquake pattern in Nepal Himalayas was analyzed during the period 1900 to 2015 using United States Geological Survey (USGS) data sources in GIS environment. The result exhibits that the intensity of earthquake events are increased in recent decade in Nepal Himalayas as compared to previous century (1900-2014). The information pertaining to earthquake epicenter, magnitude, depth to hypocenter, demography etc. was also analyzed in geospatial environment to deduce its relation with geotectonic settings and possible risk in the vicinity. The earthquake events were also observed at deeper location (more than 40 kms) during 1900-2014(414 events; 53.9%) as compared to the recent events (2015), where majority of eathquake events (146 events; 85.3%) recorded at below 10 km depth (Janakpur and Bagmati provinces in Nepal). The result exhibits high number of recent events with greater magnitudes in central Nepal during April-May 2015 affecting a very large population above and around their vicinity with varied intensity. The cities located in central Nepal are highly prone to frequent earthquake hazard and induced risk on population of 2,923,621 persons followed by north-western Nepal.
CASE STUDY ON NITRIFICATION RATES IN A NON-STIRRED MEMBRANE-AERATED BIOFILM REACTOR OPERATED UNDER LAMINAR REGIME
Authors: Molina-Burgos Judith , Jácome-Burgos Juan A. , Suárez-López Joaquín
Published: July 2019

A lab-scale non-stirred membrane-aerated biofilm reactor with a volume of 14.2 L was operated under laminar flow regime with inorganic synthetic wastewater to assess tertiary nitrification rates. Nitrifying counter-diffusive biofilm grown over microporous polypropylene tubular membranes supplied with atmospheric air at low pressure (3.45 kPa). The reactor was operated at very low water-velocities (in cm/s): from 2.3×10-4 to 2.3 × 10-3. In all runs, the influent ammonium concentration was kept constant ( 26 mg-N/L). By changing the volumetric inflow, the membrane-aerated biofilm (MAB) was tested at seven different ammonium applied loads (range: 0.57 - 6.04 g-N/m2 d). The corresponding ammonium removal rates ranged 0.56 to 3.02 g-N/(m2 d). The percentage of biological ammonium removal presented a range from 50% to 98%. As expected, due to passive experimental dynamic conditions to achieve an ammonium removal percentage greater than 80% a hydraulic retention time of 19 h was required. Clean membrane oxygen transfer rate was evaluated. The nitrifying MAB was found to enhance the oxygen transfer across the membrane when the surface nitrification rates were high. A significant drop in electrical conductivity that is proportional to the ammonium removed was observed. Thus, conductivity measurement can be used as a simple control method of ammonium removal extent. Effluent suspended solids were not detected, therefore a sedimentation process was unnecessary.
DENITRIFICATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT USING ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL BED REACTOR IMMERSED : OPERATING PERFORMANCE
Authors: Sylla Aboubacar , Ezzahra Aboussabiq Fatima , Najwa Hassou , Rihani Mohamed , Jamal Amine , Omar Assobhei , Samira Etahiri
Published: July 2019

In this study, a heterotrophic denitrification was designed for domestic wastewater treatment with unexpected water flows at different loading rates. Benefited from excellent removal ability COD, shorten operating time and lower maintenance cost. During the time of operation (six months), injection of nitrate was made in the influent RALBI 1 while the RALBI 2 was fed with sewage without addition of nitrate. The COD concentration in the influent of the two reactors was the same. This two reactors (RALBI1 and RALBI2) were fed with real wastewater for 172 days at 6 h HRT, the average COD removal were 71.55% and 54.82% for RALBI1 and RALBI2 respectively. The results showed that RALBI1 has good removal performance for COD compared with RALBI2. This could be due the injected nitrate in RALBI1 whose effect has further stimulated the activity of denitrifying bacteria.
PROPERTIES OF MORTARS CONTAINING TIRE RUBBER WASTE AND EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE (EPS)
Authors: Pczieczek Adriane , Schackow Adilson , Effting Carmeane , Gomes Itamar Ribeiro , Dias Talita Flores
Published: July 2019

This study aims to evaluate the application of discarded tire rubber waste and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) in mortar. For mortars fine aggregate was replaced by 10%, 20% and 30% of rubber and, 7.5% and 15% of EPS. We have verified the consistency, density, amount of air and water retentitivity in fresh state. The compressive strength, water absorption, voids ratio and specific gravity have been also tested in hardened state. The application of rubber powder contributed to the increase in entrained air content and in reducing specific gravity, as well as reducing compressive strength at 28 days. The addition of EPS also contributed to the increase of workability, water absorption and voids ratio, and decreased density and compressive strength when compared to the reference mortar. The use of rubber waste and EPS in mortar made the material more lightweight and workable. The mortars mixtures containing 10% rubber and 7.5% EPS showed better results.
The treatment of stabbed chests at Ngwelezana hospital, KwaZulu - Natal
Authors: Ngubane Thulile , De Charmoy S. , Eales C.
Published: July 2019

A study was undertaken at Ngwelezana hospital to determine the requirements for a cost effective physiotherapy service for patients with stabbed chests. Forty male patients between the ages of 16 and 60 who had sustained unilateral penetrating stab wounds to the chest which required intercostal drainage were randomised into one of two groups on admission to Ngwelezana hospital.The patients in group I received physiotherapy immediately after insertion of the intercostal drain, while the patients in group 2 received physiotherapy 12 to 24 hours after insertion of the drain. Mean duration of intercostal drainage in group I was 2.35 days while that of group 2 was 7.55 days. This represented a significantly shorter drainage time for the patients who had been treated immediately after insertion of the drain. Patients were discharged from hospital on the day that the intercostal drain was removed. No complications were experienced by the patients in group 1 while four patients in group 2 developed an empyema.The cost of the patients in group 2 exceeded the costs of those in group 1 by R78 728.00. It is thus imperative that patients admitted with stabbed chests should have physiotherapy immediately after insertion of the intercostal drain.
Character Codegrees of Maximal Class -groups
Authors: Croome Sarah , Lewis Mark L.
Published: July 2019

Let$G$be a$p$-group and let$\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}$be an irreducible character of $G$. The codegree of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}$is given by$|G:\,\text{ker}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D712})|/\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}(1)$. If$G$is a maximal class$p$-group that is normally monomial or has at most three character degrees, then the codegrees of$G$are consecutive powers of $p$. If$|G|=p^{n}$and$G$has consecutive$p$-power codegrees up to $p^{n-1}$, then the nilpotence class of$G$is at most 2 or$G$has maximal class.
Association between Tuberculosis, Statin Use, and Diabetes: A Propensity Score–Matched Analysis
Authors: Kim Min-Chul , Yun Sung-Cheol , Lee Sang-Oh , Choi Sang-Ho , Kim Yang Soo , Woo Jun Hee , Kim Sung-Han
Published: July 2019

Statins have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that may affect the development of tuberculosis (TB). We assessed the association between use of statins and the risk of active TB by propensity score matching. Furthermore, we analyzed the impact of statins on TB in patients according to the presence or absence of diabetes. The study was based on the National Health Insurance database and its subset database of the “medical checkup” population of South Korea. We identified 123,468 statin users and 439,546 non–statin users. After propensity score matching, 28,018 statin users and the same number of non–statin users were finally analyzed. The development of active TB was monitored in these matched pairs over 11 years. In the propensity score–matching analysis, the number of active TB cases was 30 in 30,303 person-years (0.99 per 1,000 person-years; 95% CI, 0.64–1.35) in the statin users and 235 in 167,857 person-years (1.40 per 1,000 person-years; 95% CI, 1.22–1.58) in the non–statin users. Statin users had a significantly lower risk of TB than non–statin users: hazard ratio (HR) 0.67 (95% CI, 0.46–0.98) (P = 0.04). A subgroup analysis showed that statin use reduced the risk of TB in subjects without diabetes, but not in patients with diabetes: HRs were, respectively, 0.28 (95% CI, 0.13–0.60) (P = 0.001) and 1.05 (95% CI, 0.66–1.67) (P = 0.84). There is epidemiologic evidence that statin decreases the risk of active TB. However, the protective effect of statins against TB is attenuated by diabetes.
A Stepped Wedge Cluster-Randomized Trial Assessing the Impact of a Riverbank Filtration Intervention to Improve Access to Safe Water on Health in Rural India
Authors: McGuinness Sarah L. , O’Toole Joanne , Forbes Andrew B. , Boving Thomas B. , Patil Kavita , D’Souza Fraddry , Gaonkar Chetan A. , Giriyan Asha , Barker S. Fiona , Cheng Allen C. , Sinclair Martha , Leder Karin
Published: July 2019

Sustainable and low-cost methods for delivery of safe drinking water in resource-limited settings remain suboptimal, which contributes to global diarrhea morbidity. We aimed to assess whether delivery of riverbank filtration-treated water to newly installed water storage tanks (improved quality and access, intervention condition) reduced reported diarrhea in comparison to delivery of unfiltered river water (improved access alone, control condition) in rural Indian villages. We used a stepped wedge cluster-randomized trial (SW-CRT) design involving four clusters (villages). Selection criteria included village size, proximity to a river, and lack of existing or planned community-level safe water sources. All adults and children were eligible for enrollment. All villages started in the control condition and were sequentially randomized to receive the intervention at 3-month intervals. Our primary outcome was 7-day-period prevalence of self- or caregiver-reported diarrhea, measured at 3-month intervals (five time points). Analysis was by intention to treat. Because blinding was not possible, we incorporated questions about symptoms unrelated to water consumption to check response validity (negative control symptoms). We measured outcomes in 2,222 households (9,836 participants). We did not find a measurable reduction in diarrhea post-intervention (RR: 0.98 [95% CI: 0.24–4.09]); possible explanations include low intervention uptake, availability of other safe water sources, low baseline diarrheal prevalence, and reporting fatigue. Our study highlights both the difficulties in evaluating the impact of real-world interventions and the potential for an optimized SW-CRT design to address budgetary, funding, and logistical constraints inherent in such evaluations.
Pessoas, processos e tecnologia na gestão do conhecimento: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Neves Maria Lúcia Corrêa , Varvakis Gregório jean , Fialho Francisco Antonio Pereira
Published: July 2019

Esta pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada com o objetivo de analisar a abordagem dos elementos “pessoas, processos e tecnologia” nos estudos acadêmicos de Gestão do conhecimento (GC). A partir de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, foram analisados estudos relacionados na base de dados Scopus, identificados por abordarem, concomitantemente, GC e os três elementos. Partiu-se do pressuposto que a presença dos elementos “pessoas, processos e tecnologia”, identificada em publicações oriundas de GC e, também, em distintas áreas de pesquisas, sinaliza a sinergia interdisciplinar necessária para a abordagem das complexas questões organizacionais. A pesquisa identificou um conjunto de 70 publicações contendo, concomitantemente, GC e os três elementos. Utilizando diversos filtros, foi identificado um subconjunto de nove publicações para leitura integral e síntese. A análise das publicações permitiu identificar três diferentes categorias de estudos abordando a relação entre os construtos. A pesquisa permitiu as seguintes considerações: (1) os três elementos são, recorrentemente, mencionados nos estudos de GC, sem o aprofundamento que contribuiria para a sinergia entres os distintos saberes que caracterizam os processos de gestão organizacional; e (2) o amadurecimento e consolidação de GC como disciplina, permanecem dependentes da superação da abordagem fragmentada das questões organizacionais.
Stratospheric aerosol characteristics from space-borne observations: extinction coefficient and Ångström exponent
Authors: Malinina Elizaveta , Rozanov Alexei , Rieger Landon , Bourassa Adam , Bovensmann Heinrich , Burrows John P. , Degenstein Doug
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Stratospheric aerosols are of a great importance to the scientific community, predominantly because of their role in climate, but also because accurate knowledge of aerosol characteristics is relevant for trace gas retrievals from remote-sensing instruments. There are several data sets published which provide aerosol extinction coefficients in the stratosphere. However, for the instruments measuring in the limb-viewing geometry, the use of this parameter is associated with uncertainties resulting from the need to assume an aerosol particle size distribution (PSD) within the retrieval process. These uncertainties can be mitigated if PSD information is retrieved. While occultation instruments provide more accurate information on the aerosol extinction coefficient, in this study, it was shown that limb instruments are more sensitive to the smaller particles in the visible–near-infrared spectral range. However, the sensitivity of occultation instruments improves if the UV part of the wavelength spectrum is considered. A data set containing PSD information was recently retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb measurements and provides two parameters of the unimodal lognormal PSD for the SCIAMACHY operational period (2002–2012). In this study, the data set is expanded by aerosol extinction coefficients and Ångström exponents calculated from the retrieved PSD parameters. Parameter errors for the recalculated Ångström exponents and aerosol extinction coefficients are assessed using synthetic retrievals. For the extinction coefficient the resulting parameter error is within ±25 %, and for the Ångström exponent, it is better than 10 %. The SCIAMACHY aerosol extinction coefficients recalculated from PSD parameters are compared to those from SAGE II. The differences between the instruments vary from 0 % to 25 % depending on the wavelength. Ångström exponent comparison with SAGE II shows differences between 10 % at 31 km and 40 % at 18 km. Comparisons with SAGE II, however, suffer from the low number of collocated profiles. Furthermore, the Ångström exponents obtained from the limb-viewing instrument OSIRIS are used for the comparison. This comparison shows an average difference within 7 %. The time series of these differences do not show signatures of any remarkable events (e.g., volcanic eruptions or biomass burning events). In addition, the temporal behaviour of the Ångström exponent in the tropics is analyzed using the SCIAMACHY data set. It is shown that there is no trivial relation between the Ångström exponent value at a single wavelength pair and the PSD because the same value of Ångström exponent can be obtained from an infinite number of combinations of the PSD parameters.
Structural changes of CAST soot during a thermal–optical measurement protocol
Authors: Haller Theresa , Rentenberger Christian , Meyer Jannik C. , Felgitsch Laura , Grothe Hinrich , Hitzenberger Regina
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Thermal–optical measurement techniques are widely used to classify
carbonaceous material. The results of different methods for total carbon are comparable but can vary by >44 % for elemental carbon. One
major cause of variation is the formation of pyrolyzed carbon during the
heating process which occurs mainly in samples with a high amount of brown
carbon (BrC). In this study the structural changes of two different CAST (combustion aerosol standard) aerosol samples caused by the heating procedure in a thermal–optical
instrument were investigated with UV–VIS and Raman spectroscopy, the
integrating-sphere technique (IS) and transmission electron microscopy. All
analysis techniques showed significant structural changes for BrC-rich
samples at the highest temperature level (870 ∘C) in helium. The
structure of the heated BrC-rich sample resembles the structure of an
unheated BrC-poor sample. Heating the BrC-rich sample to 870 ∘C
increases the graphitic domain size within the material from 1.6 to 2 nm.
Although the Raman spectra unambiguously show this increase in ordering only
at the highest temperature step, UV–VIS and IS analyses show a continuous
change in the optical properties also at lower temperatures. The sample with
a negligible amount of BrC, however, did not show any significant structural
changes during the whole heating procedure.
Ozone and temperature decadal solar-cycle responses, and their relation to diurnal variations in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere, based on measurements from SABER on TIMED
Authors: Huang Frank T. , Mayr Hans G.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. There is evidence that the ozone and temperature
responses to the solar cycle of ∼11 years depend on the local
times of measurements. Here we present relevant results based on SABER data
over a full diurnal cycle, which were not previously available. In this area, almost
all satellite data used are measured at only one or two fixed local times, which
can differ among various satellites. Consequently, estimates of
responses can be different depending on the specific data set. Furthermore, over
years, due to orbital drift, the local times of the measurements of some
satellites have also drifted. In contrast, SABER makes measurements at
various local times, providing the opportunity to estimate diurnal
variations over 24 h. We can then also estimate responses to the solar
cycle over both a diurnal cycle and at the fixed local times of specific
satellite data for comparison. Responses derived in this study, based on
zonal means of SABER measurements, agree favorably with previous studies
based on data from the HALOE instrument, which only measured data at sunrise
and sunset, thereby supporting the analysis of both studies. We find that
for ozone above ∼40 km, zonal means reflecting specific local
times (e.g., 6, 12, 18, 24 LST – local solar time) lead to different values of responses, and
to different responses based on zonal means that are also averages over the
24 h local time period, as in 3-D models. For temperature, the effects of diurnal variations on the responses are not negligible even at ∼30 km
and above. We also considered the consequences of local time variations
due to orbital drifts of certain operational satellites, and, for both ozone
and temperature, their effects can be significant above ∼30 km. Previous studies based on other satellite data do not describe the
treatment, if any, of local times. Some studies also analyzed data merged
from different sources, with measurements made at different local times.
Generally, the results of these studies do not agree very well among
themselves. Although responses are a function of diurnal variations, this is
not to say that they are the major reason for the differences, as there are
likely other data-related issues. The effects due to satellite orbital drift
may explain some unexpected variations in the responses, especially above 40 km.
A climatological assessment of balancing effects and shortfall risks of photovoltaics and wind energy in Germany and Europe
Authors: Kaspar Frank , Borsche Michael , Pfeifroth Uwe , Trentmann Jörg , Drücke Jaqueline , Becker Paul
Published: July 2019

Abstract. With an increased share of solar and wind energy e.g. in the German and
European energy systems it is becoming increasingly important to analyze the
impact of weather variability on the reliability of the energy production.
In this study, we calculate solar PV and wind power capacity factors using
two recently developed climatological datasets that provide information with
high spatial and temporal details on the continental (European) scale and
are of sufficient length for assessments at climatological time scales:
Surface radiation derived from meteorological satellites (SARAH-2) and wind
speed from a high-resolution regional reanalysis (COSMO-REA6). Balancing
effects are analysed: On average, the seasonal cycles of PV and wind power
production complement each other in Germany as well as in Europe. The
frequency of events with a risk of low electricity generation is analyzed
under different assumptions. When using wind energy over German land areas
as a reference case, the results illustrate that the number of low
production events is reduced when Germany's Exclusive Economic Zone is
included into the analysis, or when a combined system of PV and wind energy
is considered. A European-wide analysis also leads to a distinct reduction
of such events.
Role of the stratospheric chemistry–climate interactions in the hot climate conditions of the Eocene
Authors: Szopa Sophie , Thiéblemont Rémi , Bekki Slimane , Botsyun Svetlana , Sepulchre Pierre
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The stratospheric ozone layer plays a key role in atmospheric thermal
structure and circulation. Although stratospheric ozone distribution is
sensitive to changes in trace gases concentrations and climate, the
modifications of stratospheric ozone are not usually considered in climate
studies at geological timescales. Here, we evaluate the potential role of
stratospheric ozone chemistry in the case of the Eocene hot conditions.
Using a chemistry–climate model, we show that the structure of the ozone
layer is significantly different under these conditions (4×CO2 climate
and high concentrations of tropospheric N2O and CH4). The total
column ozone (TCO) remains more or less unchanged in the tropics whereas it
is found to be enhanced at mid- and high latitudes. These ozone changes are
related to the stratospheric cooling and an acceleration of stratospheric
Brewer–Dobson circulation simulated under Eocene climate. As a consequence,
the meridional distribution of the TCO appears to be modified, showing
particularly pronounced midlatitude maxima and a steeper negative poleward
gradient from these maxima. These anomalies are consistent with changes in
the seasonal evolution of the polar vortex during winter, especially in the
Northern Hemisphere, found to be mainly driven by seasonal changes in
planetary wave activity and stratospheric wave-drag. Compared to a
preindustrial atmospheric composition, the changes in local ozone
concentration reach up to 40 % for zonal annual mean and affect
temperature by a few kelvins in the middle stratosphere. As inter-model differences in simulating deep-past temperatures are
quite high, the consideration of atmospheric chemistry, which is
computationally demanding in Earth system models, may seem superfluous.
However, our results suggest that using stratospheric ozone calculated by
the model (and hence more physically consistent with Eocene conditions)
instead of the commonly specified preindustrial ozone distribution could
change the simulated global surface air temperature by as much as 14 %. This
error is of the same order as the effect of non-CO2 boundary conditions
(topography, bathymetry, solar constant and vegetation). Moreover, the
results highlight the sensitivity of stratospheric ozone to hot climate
conditions. Since the climate sensitivity to stratospheric ozone feedback
largely differs between models, it must be better constrained not only for
deep-past conditions but also for future climates.
Mid-Holocene climate change over China: model–data discrepancy
Authors: Lin Yating , Ramstein Gilles , Wu Haibin , Rani Raj , Braconnot Pascale , Kageyama Masa , Li Qin , Luo Yunli , Zhang Ran , Guo Zhengtang
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The mid-Holocene period (MH) has long been an ideal target for the validation
of general circulation model (GCM) results against reconstructions gathered in
global datasets. These studies aim to test GCM sensitivity, mainly to
seasonal changes induced by the orbital parameters (longitude of the
perihelion). Despite widespread agreement between model results and data on
the MH climate, some important differences still exist. There is no consensus
on the continental size (the area of the temperature anomaly) of the MH
thermal climate response, which makes regional quantitative reconstruction
critical to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the MH climate patterns.
Here, we compare the annual and seasonal outputs from the most recent
Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (PMIP3) models with an
updated synthesis of climate reconstruction over China, including, for the
first time, a seasonal cycle of temperature and precipitation. Our results
indicate that the main discrepancies between model and data for the MH
climate are the annual and winter mean temperature. A warmer-than-present
climate condition is derived from pollen data for both annual mean
temperature (∼0.7 K on average) and winter mean temperature
(∼1 K on average), while most of the models provide both
colder-than-present annual and winter mean temperature and a relatively
warmer summer, showing a linear response driven by the seasonal forcing. By
conducting simulations in BIOME4 and CESM, we show that surface processes
are the key factors creating the uncertainties between models and data. These
results pinpoint the crucial importance of including the non-linear responses
of the surface water and energy balance to vegetation changes.
Precipitation and ice core δD-δ18O line slopes and their climatological significance
Authors: Kopec Ben G. , Feng Xiahong , Osterberg Erich C. , Posmentier Eric S.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The meteoric water line, defined by the correlation of hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ18O) values, is one of the earliest described characteristics of precipitation isotopic variations. However, spatial and temporal variations in the slope of this line are less studied. The slope of the δD-δ18O relationship is coupled with how d-excess covaries with δD or δ18O, and may provide an integrated tool for inferring hydrologic processes from the evaporation to condensation site. We present a study of δD-δ18O relationships on seasonal and annual timescales for event-based precipitation and a 15-meter ice core (Owen) at Summit, Greenland. Seasonally, precipitation δD-δ18O slopes are less than eight (summer = 7.71; winter = 7.77), while the annual slope is greater than eight (8.27). We suggest intra-season slopes result primarily from Rayleigh distillation, which, under prevailing conditions, produces slopes less than eight. The summer line has a greater intercept (higher d-excess) than the winter line. This separation causes annual slopes to be greater than seasonal ones. We attribute high summer d-excess to contributions of vapor sublimated from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Higher sublimated moisture proportions in summer cause larger separations between seasonal δD-δ18O lines, and thus higher annual slopes. Intra-seasonal distributions of precipitation amount also influence annual slopes because slopes are weighed by the number of storms each season. We generate indices to quantify sublimation proportion (SPI) and precipitation distribution (PDI), and find that annual Owen core slope measurements are significantly related to these indices, demonstrating that sublimation and precipitation distribution represent important climate conditions recorded in ice cores.