bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bryophytes of Mona Island Natural Reserve, Puerto Rico
Authors: Reyes-Colón Carmen M. , Sastre-DJ Inés
Published: September 2015

This checklist provides in addition to a list of mosses and hepatics, a key to the species. We report 17 moss species of which 9 are new to Mona Island and 3 are new records for Puerto Rico (Fissidens minutus, Plaubelia sprengelii and Brymela callicostelloides). This report represents a 35% increase to the moss flora of Mona Island. Thirteen hepatics are reported of which 8 are new records, representing an increase of 31%. Two new synonyms (Bryum microdecurrens = Bryum coronatum, Riccia brittonii = Riccia elliottii) are included. No hornworts are known for the island.
Sustained Increases in Lower-Tropospheric Subsidence over the Central Tropical North Pacific Drive a Decline in High-Elevation Rainfall in Hawaii
Authors: Longman Ryan J. , Diaz Henry F. , Giambelluca Thomas W.
Published: September 2015

Consistent increases in the strength and frequency of occurrence of the trade wind inversion (TWI) are identified across a ~40-yr period (1973–2013) in Hawaii. Changepoint analysis indicates that a marked shift occurred in the early 1990s resulting in a 20% increase in the mean TWI frequency between the periods 1973–90 and 1991–2013, based on the average of changes at two sounding stations and two 6-month (dry and wet) seasons. Regional increases in the atmospheric subsidence are identified in four reanalysis datasets over the same ~40-yr time period. The post-1990 period mean for the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis shows increases in subsidence of 33% and 41% for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Good agreement was found between the time series of TWI frequency of occurrence and omega, suggesting that previously reported increases in the intensity of Hadley cell subsidence are driving the observed increases in TWI frequency. Correlations between omega and large-scale modes of internal climate variability such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) do not explain the abrupt shift in TWI frequency in the early 1990s in both seasons. Reported increases in TWI frequency of occurrence may provide some explanation for climate change–related precipitation change at high elevations in Hawaii. On average, post-1990 rainfall was 6% lower in the dry season and 31% lower in the wet season at nine high-elevation sites. Rainfall was significantly correlated with TWI frequency at all of the stations analyzed.
Daily Precipitation and Tropical Moisture Exports across the Eastern United States: An Application of Archetypal Analysis to Identify Spatiotemporal Structure
Authors: Steinschneider Scott , Lall Upmanu
Published: September 2015

This study examines the spatiotemporal variability of two sets of daily precipitation from ERA-Interim across the eastern United States between 1979 and 2013: 1) total precipitation and 2) precipitation originating from tropical moisture exports (TMEs), which have been linked to extremes of midlatitude precipitation. Archetypal analysis (AA) is introduced as a new method to decompose and characterize structures within the spatiotemporal climate data. AA is uniquely suited to identify extremal patterns and is a complementary method to empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The authors provide a brief comparison between AA and EOF analysis and then examine the spatiotemporal variability, circulation anomalies, and sea surface temperature teleconnections associated with the archetypes of the two precipitation variables. Markovian structure, seasonal variability, and interannual trends in archetype occurrence are explored using nonparametric generalized linear models (GLMs). Results show that the modes of precipitation variability and their associated teleconnections are very similar between total and TME precipitation, suggesting that TMEs can help explain prevailing modes of total precipitation variability. Both total and TME precipitation shift longitudinally conditional on the phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic, and they are inhibited during strong, negative PDO and positive Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) regimes. The GLM analysis reveals distinct seasonal cycles and decadal trends in archetypes likely associated with the strength and position of the North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH). The study concludes with a discussion of the limitations of the analysis and other promising applications of AA.
Hydrologically Aided Interpolation of Daily Precipitation and Temperature Fields in a Mesoscale Alpine Catchment
Authors: Le Moine Nicolas , Hendrickx Frédéric , Gailhard Joël , Garçon Rémy , Gottardi Frédéric
Published: September 2015

Hydrological modeling in mountainous regions, where catchment hydrology is heavily influenced by snow (and possibly ice) processes, is a challenging task. The intrinsic complexity of local processes is added to the difficulty of estimating spatially distributed inputs such as precipitation and temperature, which often exhibit a high spatial heterogeneity that cannot be fully captured by measurement networks. Hence, an interpolation step is often required prior to the hydrological modeling step. Usually, the reconstruction of meteorological forcings and the calibration of the hydrological model are done sequentially. The outputs of the hydrological model (discharge estimates) may give some insight into the quality of the forcings used to feed it, but in this two-step independent analysis, it is not possible to easily feed the interpolation scheme back with the discrepancies between observed and simulated discharges. Yet, despite having undergone the rainfall–runoff (or snow–runoff) transformation, discharge at the outlet of a (sub)catchment is still an interesting integrator (spatial low-pass filter) of the forcing fields and is ancillary areal information complementing the direct, point-scale data collected at gauges. In this perspective, choosing the best interpolation scheme partly becomes an inverse hydrological problem. Here, a joint calibration strategy is presented where the parameters of both the interpolation model (i.e., reconstruction procedure of meteorological forcings) and the hydrological model (snow cover, soil moisture accounting, and flow-routing schemes) are jointly inferred in a multisite and multivariable approach. Interpolated fields are daily rainfall and temperature, whereas hydrological variables consist of discharge and snow water equivalent time series at several locations in the Durance River catchment.
Long-Term Mortality After Invasive Angiography and Endovascular Revascularization in Patients With PAD Having Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Gebauer Katrin , Engelbertz Christiane , Malyar Nasser M. , Meyborg Matthias , Lüders Florian , Freisinger Eva , Reinecke Holger
Published: September 2015

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with increased mortality rates. We assessed long-term outcomes of patients with PAD and CKD. Patients with PAD undergoing invasive angiography and/or endovascular revascularization between 2005 and 2010 were retrospectively classified into 5 CKD stages. A follow-up was performed and 572 patients were included, 116 patients (20%) had normal renal function, 245 were in CKD stage 2 (43%), 156 in CKD stage 3 (27%), and 55 in CKD stages 4 + 5 (10%). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and anemia were more frequent in higher CKD stages ( P < .03). During follow-up (mean 1135 days; 95% confidence interval 1159-1259), cumulative mortality was 21% and increased with advanced CKD stages (9%, 16%, 29%, and 47%, respectively, P < .001). In multivariate Cox regression models, higher CKD stages were significantly associated with poor survival. Medication adherence for secondary prevention was significantly lower than recommended but irrespective of CKD stages. Kidney function is an independent predictor of worse long-term survival in patients with PAD. While standard medications were used less often than recommended, no differences between CKD stages were noted.
The Relationship Between Gastroesophageal Reflux and Chronic Unexplained Cough in Children
Authors: Pavić Ivan , Čepin-Bogović Jasna , Hojsak Iva
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study was to assess the association between chronic cough and acid or weakly acid gastroesophageal reflux (GER) determined by 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring and to assess whether the association is age dependent. Overall 150 children (mean age 7.5 years; range 0.3-18.0 years; male/female 90/60) were enrolled. Median of 87.5% (0% to 100%) of all cough episodes were associated with reflux; 9% (0% to 100%) with acidic and 60% (0% to 100%) with weakly acidic episodes. In 52 children (34.7%), all cough episodes were associated with GER (100% association). Children younger than 2 years had significantly higher number of cough episodes associated with total ( P = .03) and weakly acidic GER ( P = .01). Binary logistic regression confirmed that only increase in age decreases the risk for complete (100%) association between cough episode and GER. Cough is significantly associated with weakly acidic GER and children of younger age are at higher risk.
An Analysis of US Emergency Department Visits From Falls From Skiing, Snowboarding, Skateboarding, Roller-Skating, and Using Nonmotorized Scooters
Authors: Nathanson Brian H. , Ribeiro Kara , Henneman Philip L.
Published: September 2015

We analyzed the US incidence of emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations for falls from skiing, snowboarding, skateboarding, roller-skating, and nonmotorized scooters in 2011. The outcome was hospital admission from the ED. The primary analysis compared pediatric patients aged 1 to 17 years to adults aged 18 to 44 years. The analysis used ICD-9 E-codes E885.0 to E885.4 using discharge data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Approximately 214 000 ED visits met study criteria. Skiing injuries had the highest percentage of hospitalizations (3.30% in pediatric patients and 6.65% in adults 18-44 years old). Skateboard and snowboard injuries were more likely to require hospitalization than roller skating injuries in pediatric patients (odds ratio = 2.42; 95% CI = 2.14-2.75 and odds ratio = 1.83; 95% CI =1.55-2.15, respectively). In contrast, skateboard and snowboard injuries were less severe than roller-skating injuries in adults.
Affirmative Action in Malaysia and South Africa: Contrasting Structures, Continuing Pursuits
Authors: Lee Hwok-Aun
Published: September 2015

This paper examines affirmative action in Malaysia and South Africa, two regimes that favor majorities. Malaysia’s highly centralized and discretionary programme is in contrasts with South Africa’s more democratized, decentralized and statutory structure. With regard to affirmative action outcomes, both countries have made quantitative gains in increasing representation of Bumiputeras in Malaysia and blacks in South Africa, in tertiary education and high-level occupations. However, there is also evidence to suggest continuing, primarily qualitative, shortfalls, in terms of graduate capability, dependence on public sector employment, and persistent difficulty in cultivating private enterprise. The results reported here emphasize the importance of implementing affirmative action effectively in education, while exercising restraint in employment and enterprise development.
“Our Ancestors Were Material Scientists”
Authors: Ogundiran Akinwumi , Ige O. Akinlolu
Published: September 2015

The quest for a comprehensive understanding of Africa’s indigenous technology has been an important intellectual agenda in Black Studies. In some instances this interest has tended to be speculative and derivative because most Black Studies scholars are not trained in the disciplinary fields that are relevant for investigating Africa’s indigenous technology through primary field and laboratory research. Collaboration between Black Studies scholars and those in the physical sciences is therefore important in order to develop new insights into Africa’s indigenous technology. One of such collaborations has led to a new archaeological and geochemical evidence for primary glass manufacture in Yorubaland. Based on the recent archaeological finds of glass artifacts from Osun Grove (Osogbo, Nigeria), we present the laboratory data that lead us to the conclusion that the Yoruba of West Africa developed a unique glassmaking technology that lasted till the seventeenth century.
Military Size and the Effectiveness of Democracy Assistance
Authors: Savage Jesse Dillon
Published: September 2015

Countries interested in the promotion of political development often provide aid in the form of democracy assistance. However, some regimes resist these attempts to promote democracy, introducing repressive measures to counteract their effectiveness. Hence, democracy assistance sometimes has the unintended consequence of curtailing democracy. This article explains how the size of the targeted regime’s military determines the effectiveness of democracy assistance and why it can sometimes result in lower levels of political freedom. Large militaries, often holding a privileged position in authoritarian regimes, will be threatened by political liberalization and its associated redistribution of resources. They will thus work with the regime to limit the effect of democracy assistance, while their size makes this repression more feasible. In states with smaller militaries, regimes have less incentive and capacity for repression, and democracy assistance is more successful at empowering democratic opposition. Cross-national statistical analysis of the United States Agency for International Development democracy assistance supports the argument.
When Security Dominates the Agenda
Authors: Schroeder Theresa
Published: September 2015

The level of female representation has been found to lead to lower military spending and a lower level of state aggression. However, I argue that previous work has largely overlooked the impact of the international system on these three domestic characteristics. Specifically, the presence of an external threat from an interstate rival increases military spending, increases state aggression, and lowers female representation. Tests of this theory on democratic states from the years 1981 to 2007 find that the level of female representation decreases in states involved in an interstate rivalry and has a greater effect on female representation than factors routinely found to influence female representation. This article brings the international system into the discussion of factors that influence female representation while adding to previous literature on how the international system influences domestic politics.
Teacher Preparation for Profit or Prestige
Authors: Lincove Jane Arnold , Osborne Cynthia , Mills Nick , Bellows Laura
Published: September 2015

With increasing awareness of the importance of teacher quality for student learning, education policy leaders have turned their attention to the nation’s teacher training programs as a potential target for reform. One proposed strategy is to increase competition for university-based programs by encouraging new program types. This study examines the relative effectiveness of universities and new program types using the diverse market in Texas. We examine program effectiveness through a framework integrating certificate pathways, organizational goals, and market incentives. We find that independent nonprofits have positive effects on student performance in math that are not explained by teacher sorting or program selectivity. Effects of program types vary across student and school demographics, and some types are particularly effective with high-risk populations. However, some program types are not available to all schools, and thus small differences between program types do not justify focusing reforms on any one type of program.
Differences in Study Motivation Within and Between Genders: An Examination by Gender Typicality Among Early Adolescents
Authors: Vantieghem Wendelien , Van Houtte Mieke
Published: September 2015

Despite boys’ educational underachievement, gender differences in study motivation have received little research attention. Guided by self-determination theory and the identity-based motivation model, this study investigates differences in study motivation between boys and girls, as well as within each gender. To adequately consider these within-gender differences, we investigate gender and gender typicality interactions in a sample of 6,380 Flemish seventh graders collected in 2012-2013. Results from multilevel analyses show that, in line with the educational gender gap, girls display higher levels of autonomous motivation. Furthermore, gender-typical girls score highest on autonomous motivation. Gender-typical boys score considerably lower, though they outperform self-perceived atypical boys and girls. In controlled motivation, no differences are observed between boys and girls of equal ability. Nevertheless, higher scores on gender typicality contribute to a higher sense of controlled motivation. The results are discussed in light of well-being, the need for autonomy, and gendered expectations of teachers.
Consider the Context
Authors: Marchetti Kathleen
Published: September 2015

How are the disadvantaged represented in politics? Using an original survey of 204 advocacy groups in fourteen U.S. states, this research considers how state legislative and lobbying conditions shape interest groups’ representation of disadvantaged identities. Analysis shows that several aspects of state legislative environments affect the diversity of groups’ policy agendas, whereas aggregate measures of lobbying context have surprisingly little effect. These findings have important implications for scholars’ and practitioners’ understanding of the factors motivating advocacy on behalf of the disadvantaged and the broader role that interest organizations play in politics.
The effects of innovation by inter-organizational knowledge management
Authors: Tsai August
Published: September 2015

Inter-organizational knowledge sharing and innovation are critical for organizational survival, and innovation processes involve not only techniques and experiment, but also knowledge-based processes to promote new behavioral models. However, there are limited studies on how different types of knowledge management (KM) applications fit the business context and achieve innovation through inter-organizational knowledge sharing. This paper studies the effects of inter-organizational KM on strategic knowledge sharing among allied organizations for innovation to understand the correlation between inter-organizational KM applications in line with factors of KM governance and inter-organizational innovation. A multiple-case study on two Asian companies, with multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) questionnaire design for interviews and focus group discussion was adopted to collect and analyze the data. The findings address how organizations could adopt inter-organizational KM approaches and practical principles to improve the realization of innovation and serve as guidance for organizations in strategic alliances to employ inter-organizational KM for improving innovative performance.
Pinhole Viewing Strengthens the Hollow-Face Illusion
Authors: Koessler Trent , Hill Harold
Published: September 2015

A hollow (concave) mask appears convex when viewed from beyond a certain distance even when viewed stereoscopically—this is the hollow-face illusion. At close viewing distances, the same mask is seen as hollow even when disparity information is eliminated by monocular viewing. A potential source of nonpictorial, monocular information that favors a veridical percept at close distances is accommodation in conjunction with focus blur. In this article, we used pinhole viewing to minimize this potential source of information and test whether it affects whether a hollow mask is seen as veridical (concave) or illusory (convex). Since monocular viewing also facilitates the illusory (convex) percept, it was included in the design both as a comparison and to test whether any effect of accommodation depends on vergence. Pinhole viewing was found favor the illusory percept, and its effect was at least as large as, and added to, that of monocular viewing. A control experiment using tinted glasses that attenuate illumination at least as much as the pinholes did not strengthen the illusion ruling out explanations in terms of reduced luminance. For pinhole viewing, there was no difference between monocular and binocular conditions. The results are interpreted as evidence that focus driven depth information affects perceived three-dimensional shape at close distances even when other sources of depth information are available. The lack of a difference between monocular and binocular pinhole viewing suggests that, by disrupting accommodation, pinholes may also interfere with linked vergence cues to depth.
Radiographic Prevalence of Dysplasia, Cam, and Pincer Deformities in Elite Ballet
Authors: Harris Joshua D. , Gerrie Brayden J. , Varner Kevin E. , Lintner David M. , McCulloch Patrick C.
Published: September 2015

Background:

The demands of hip strength and motion in ballet are high. Hip disorders, such as cam and pincer deformities or dysplasia, may affect dance performance. However, the prevalence of these radiographic findings is unknown.

Purpose:

To determine the prevalence of radiographic cam and pincer deformities, borderline dysplasia, and dysplasia in a professional ballet company.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

An institutional review board–approved cross-sectional investigation of a professional ballet company was undertaken. Male and female adult dancers were eligible for inclusion. Four plain radiographs were obtained (standing anteroposterior pelvis, bilateral false profile, and supine Dunn 45°) and verified for adequacy. Cam and pincer deformities, dysplasia, borderline dysplasia, and osteoarthritis were defined. All plain radiographic parameters were measured and analyzed on available radiographs. Student t test, chi-square test (and Fisher exact test), and Spearman correlation analyses were performed to compare sexes, groups, and the effect of select radiographic criteria.

Results:

A total of 47 dancers were analyzed (21 males, 26 females; mean age (±SD), 23.8 ± 5.4 years). Cam deformity was identified in 25.5% (24/94) of hips and 31.9% (15/47) of subjects, with a significantly greater prevalence in male dancers than females (48% hips and 57% subjects vs 8% hips and 12% subjects; P < .001 and P = .001, respectively). Seventy-four percent of subjects had at least 2 of 6 radiographic signs of pincer deformity. Male dancers had a significantly greater prevalence of both prominent ischial spine and posterior wall signs ( P = .001 and P < .001, respectively), while female dancers had a significantly greater prevalence of coxa profunda (85% female hips vs 26% male hips; P < .001). Eighty-nine percent of subjects had dysplasia or borderline dysplasia in at least 1 hip (37% dysplastic), with a significantly greater prevalence of dysplasia or borderline dysplasia in female versus male dancers (92% female hips vs 74% male hips; P < .022). Further, in those with dysplasia or borderline dysplasia, 92% of female and 82% of male dancers had bilateral findings.

Conclusion:

In this professional ballet company, a high prevalence of radiographic abnormalities was found, including cam and pincer deformity and dysplasia. The results also revealed several sex-related differences of these abnormalities in this unique population. The long-term implications of these findings in this group of elite athletes remain unknown, and this issue warrants future investigation.
Validation of the Chinese Version of the Social Achievement Goal Orientation Scale
Authors: Zhao Yanhua , Zhu Xiangru , Zhao Guoxiang
Published: September 2015

This study examined the validity of a Chinese version of the Social Achievement Goal Orientation Scale (C-SAGOS), a measure testing the trichotomous framework of achievement goal orientations in a social domain. A total of 208 college students (51% female) aged 18 to 23 participated in the study. Factor analyses showed that the three-factor model best fits the current sample and is invariant across gender groups. Results indicate that the C-SAGOS has acceptable psychometric properties, and the framework of social achievement goal is applicable to a Chinese culture.
Decompressive Hemicraniectomy in Acute Neurological Diseases
Authors: Crudele Angela , Shah Syed Omar , Bar Barak
Published: September 2015

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) secondary to severe brain injury is common. Increased ICP is commonly encountered in malignant middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage. Multiple interventions—both medical and surgical—exist to manage increased ICP. Medical management is used as first-line therapy; however, it is not always effective and is associated with significant risks. Decompressive hemicraniectomy is a surgical option to reduce ICP, increase cerebral compliance, and increase cerebral blood perfusion when medical management becomes insufficient. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date summary of the use of decompressive hemicraniectomy for the management of refractory elevated ICP in malignant middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage.
From My Own Brother in My Own Home: Children’s Experiences and Perceptions Following Alleged Sibling Incest
Authors: Katz Carmit , Hamama Liat
Published: September 2015

Sibling incest is an understudied field despite its high prevalence rates. The current study was designed to characterize the way children describe their experiences and perceptions following alleged sibling incest. The sample consisted of 20 forensic investigations with children who were referred to forensic investigation following suspected sibling incest. The age range of the children was between 6 and 12 years old, including 17 girls and three boys. Thematic analysis was conducted on all the interviews and the children’s perceptions greatly echoed the ecological framework while they elaborated on three levels: family level, in which children discussed the context of the abuse and the disclosure; sibling level, in which children discussed their siblings’ behaviors and the grooming process; and the child level, in which the children discussed their own behavior during the abuse. The discussion highlights the relevance of the ecological framework to the study’s results and stresses the complexity of this phenomenon and the challenges it raises for practitioners in various contexts—child protective, forensic, and clinical.
Paid Employee or Entrepreneur? How Approach and Avoidance Career Goal Orientations Motivate Individual Career Choice Decisions
Authors: Jaskiewicz Peter , Luchak Andrew A. , Oh In-Sue , Chlosta Simone
Published: September 2015

The focus of much career choice research is framed around a unidimensional conceptualization of motivation in which the tendency to approach a career assumes a proportionately equal and opposite willingness to avoid it. Drawing upon regulatory focus theory, we advance a dual-channel model of career choice, which allows us to capture the competing goal orientations leading individuals to approach and avoid any given career choice decision. Our results support our main hypothesis that both promotion and prevention career goal orientations mediate the relationship between individual differences, situational characteristics, and career choices in either paid employment or entrepreneurship.
Preterm Birth and Adult Wealth
Authors: Basten Maartje , Jaekel Julia , Johnson Samantha , Gilmore Camilla , Wolke Dieter
Published: September 2015

Each year, 15 million babies worldwide are born preterm. Preterm birth is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes across the life span. Recent registry-based studies suggest that preterm birth is associated with decreased wealth in adulthood, but the mediating mechanisms are unknown. This study investigated whether the relationship between preterm birth and low adult wealth is mediated by poor academic abilities and educational qualifications. Participants were members of two British population-based birth cohorts born in 1958 and 1970, respectively. Results showed that preterm birth was associated with decreased wealth at 42 years of age. This association was mediated by decreased intelligence, reading, and, in particular, mathematics attainment in middle childhood, as well as decreased educational qualifications in young adulthood. Findings were similar in both cohorts, which suggests that these mechanisms may be time invariant. Special educational support in childhood may prevent preterm children from becoming less wealthy as adults.
Between Sun and Shadow – Navigating between the Extremes and Beyond
Authors: Gerle Elisabeth
Published: September 2015

Muslim women often come to mind when we think of women and their lives between the sharp borders of sun and shadow, male/female, private/public, veiled/naked, imprisoned/liberated. However, women exposed to patriarchal patterns within different faith traditions, and within many secular contexts, have some similarities even if no group is monolithic or can be compared with other groups as if there were easy analogies. In recent years there have been strong forces in Europe, and elsewhere, that seem to have as their goal to antagonize groups against each other. Jews are set up against Muslims, Christians against Muslims and vice versa. In such a situation, secularism seems to be the only positive alternative. However, the sharp border between secularism and religious traditions has also been criticized for being simplistic. The notion of intersectionality has created an awareness of the interrelatedness of multiple layers of oppression and the need to be whole as a person. This article warns against falling into simplistic categories such as those used by neo-nationalists as well as of ultraliberal neo-atheists. Secularism, culture and religion, and thus multiculturalism, need be seen in nonessential terms that honour fluidity, process, ambivalence and hybridity. In this article I want to argue that women’s religious agency intersects with education, health, economy and moral autonomy based on an affirmation of multi-layered, fluid identities.
‘RE/TRS’ is a Girl’s Subject: Talking about Gender and the Discourse of ‘Religion’ in UK Educational Spaces
Authors: Jasper Alison
Published: September 2015

This article addresses what appears to be a retrenchment into narrower forms of identification and an increased suspicion of difference in the context of educational policy in the UK – especially in relation to ‘Religious Education’. The adoption of standardized management protocols – ‘managerialism’ – across most if not all policy contexts including public educational spaces reduces spaces for encountering or addressing genuine difference and for discovering something new and creative. A theory of the ‘feminization of religion’ associated historically with Barbara Welter, provides some useful insights as to why this might be, suggesting that those in British society who would prefer to see greater separation from ‘religion’ in ‘secular’ schools may well also be caught up in forms of gender stereotyping.
Over the Fence: Learning about Education for Sustainability with New Tools and Conversation
Authors: McClam Sherie , Diefenbacher Lori
Published: September 2015

The metaphor of talking ‘over the fence’ underscores the neutrality of tools. Shovels and hoes do the job, but the gardener creates the transformation of earth to food. Each garden requires a unique approach. Such are the tools of education for sustainable development (ESD). Pre-packaged textbooks and toolkits provide definitions and activities, but sometimes leave educators feeling unsure of the subject. Framed in Lave and Wenger’s communities of practice and Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theories, this self-study seeks to explain how participation in a community of practice has greater transformational capacity for ESD than pre-formulated, off-the-shelf curriculum and instructional materials. When we collaborated to create generative tools for ESD, we engaged in a process of socially constructing knowledge and becoming members of a community. By engaging others in this process, we cultivated the kind of transformation that had been missing from many of our experiences with other ESD materials and conferences.
Framework for Introducing Education for Sustainable Development into University Curriculum
Authors: Holdsworth Sarah , Thomas Ian
Published: September 2015

Inclusion of education for sustainable development (ESD) in the curricula of universities, and in many forums, has been promoted for over a decade. Despite this apparent enthusiasm, there is little to show that ESD has been implemented in most universities. In Australia, surveys indicate an interest in ESD but it is rarely a part of the curriculum. Having identified barriers to the adoption of ESD and building on past experience with curriculum change at RMIT, we undertook the Beyond Leather Patches project to introduce ESD into two discipline fields. Using an action learning approach, where academics were involved in audits of their courses/subjects, workshops and renewal of their curricula, the project led to new and revised courses and more capable academic staff. From the experiences of the project, the framework reported in this article was developed to guide within RMIT and at other universities who are seeking a process to implement ESD.
What is an Education for Sustainable Development Supposed to Achieve— A Question of What, How and Why
Authors: Hofman Maria
Published: September 2015

This is a theoretical article to open the discussion of what an education for sustainable development is supposed to achieve and how teachers can help students to develop skills that might be needed in order to support a sustainable future. The focus in the article will be on education. As it is an article aiming to open this kind of discussion for further research, it summarizes a part of the research in the research area. This article presents the view that even as international organizations, states and governments advocate a change of the educational system to educate for sustainable development, researchers suspect that the change remains at a rhetorical level. If one wants to change the society and education, one of the cornerstones to start with is the education and training of already qualified teachers and teacher educators. This requires a change both in education and in teacher education.
Ethnocultural Gerontological Nursing
Authors: Mentes Janet C. , Salem Nancy , Phillips Linda R.
Published: September 2015

The aging population is growing increasingly more diverse, with one in four older adults from an ethnic minority group by 2050, while the nursing force will largely remain members of a single race White population. The purpose of this review is to appraise the state of nursing knowledge in relationship to meeting the needs of elders in unique racial/ethnic groups using two approaches: evaluating the efficacy of current knowledge and evaluating the state of nursing knowledge about ethnocultural gerontological nursing based on an integrative review of nursing literature. Thirty-four articles were reviewed. Most articles used qualitative methodology focused on a single ethnic group, with several articles focused on health promotion/prevention. Cultural perspectives were better addressed than aging concepts and few articles integrated ethnocultural and gerontological nursing concepts. This evaluation indicates many gaps in the knowledge base about ethnocultural gerontological nursing. Specific areas for future knowledge development are identified.
Personality and Small Groups
Authors: Liu Yi-Ching , McLeod Poppy Lauretta , Moore Ozias A.
Published: September 2015

This review illuminated the need for interdisciplinary integration of research on personality and groups. Network analysis of references cited in 13 previous reviews showed that this literature is fragmented; the disciplinary base has narrowed over time; is dominated by psychology, organization studies, and small group studies; and is poorly integrated with other relevant disciplines. Research from an additional seven disciplines is reviewed. Insights from the review help to identify new research directions, based on reconsidering assumptions about the temporal nature and direction of personality causality and the locus of group interaction. Implications for research practices are discussed.
The History of Teamwork’s Societal Diffusion
Authors: Weiss Matthias , Hoegl Martin
Published: September 2015

In the literature, the notion of the ever-growing prevalence of teamwork is dominating. First, has there indeed been a steadily increasing trajectory of the societal diffusion of and academic research on teamwork? If so, what have the main drivers of this trajectory been? In this review, we apply a multi-method approach to examine these questions. Specifically, we combine the established bibliometric method of scholarly article counts with the innovative approach of culturomics that allows the content analysis of a literature corpus spanning millions of books, both popular and scholarly. The results show that although academic research on teamwork has grown constantly and has shown a sharp increase over the past 40 years, the societal diffusion of teamwork, as indicated through the culturomics approach, actually followed a volatile trend in the past century. Certain large-scale events and developments, such as war, may serve as an explanation for these changing trends.
Palbociclib
Authors: Mangini Neha S. , Wesolowski Robert , Ramaswamy Bhuvaneswari , Lustberg Maryam B. , Berger Michael J.
Published: September 2015

Objective: To review palbociclib, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6, and its current place in therapy for the treatment of hormone receptor (HMR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2)-negative advanced breast cancer. Study Selection and Data Abstraction: Four phase I trials, 2 phase II trials, and 1 phase III trial were identified from May 2004 to May 2015 using PubMed, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) abstracts, and European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) abstracts. Data Synthesis: In the first-line setting, the phase II PALbociclib: Ongoing trials in the Management of breast cAncer (PALOMA)-1 trial randomized patients to receive letrozole alone or letrozole plus palbociclib 125 mg daily for 3 weeks, followed by 1 week off, as initial therapy for advanced breast cancer. The investigator-assessed median progression-free survival (PFS) was 20. 2 months for the combination versus 10.2 months for letrozole alone (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.488; 95% CI = 0.319-0.748; 1-sided P = 0.0004). The ensuing Food and Drug Administration approval of palbociclib was given a “breakthrough therapy” designation, where preliminary evidence suggests substantial improvement over existing therapies for a serious or life-threatening disease. A confirmatory phase III trial, PALOMA-2, is under way. In patients who were previously treated with endocrine therapy for advanced breast cancer, the phase III PALOMA-3 trial randomized patients to fulvestrant plus palbociclib versus fulvestrant plus placebo. The investigator-assessed median PFS at the time of a preplanned analysis was 9.2 months with palbociclib-fulvestrant compared with 3.8 months with placebo-fulvestrant (HR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.32-0.56; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Palbociclib, the first-in-class CDK4/6 inhibitor, significantly extended PFS in combination with endocrine therapy in the first and subsequent lines of treatment for HMR-positive, Her2-negative advanced breast cancer.
Adverse Drug Reactions Reported With Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Kröger Edeltraut , Mouls Marie , Wilchesky Machelle , Berkers Mieke , Carmichael Pierre-Hugues , van Marum Rob , Souverein Patrick , Egberts Toine , Laroche Marie-Laure
Published: September 2015

Background: No worldwide pharmacovigilance study evaluating the spectrum of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) induced by cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) in Alzheimer’s disease has been conducted since their emergence on the market. Objective: To describe ChEI related ADRs in Alzheimer’s disease (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) and characterize their seriousness as reported by national pharmacovigilance systems to VigiBase, a World Health Organization International Drug Monitoring Program database, between 1998 and 2013. Methods: All ChEI related reports, submitted to VigiBase between 1998 and 2013 from the five continents were extracted. Analyses were carried out for general, serious, and nonserious ADRs. Results: A total of 18 955 reports (43 753 ADRs) from 58 countries were reported: 60.1% in women; mean age 77.4 ± 9.1 years. Most reports originated from Europe (47.6%) and North America (40.4%). Rivastigmine and donepezil were involved in most reports (41.4% each). The most frequently reported ADRs were neuropsychiatric (31.4%), gastrointestinal (15.9%), general (11.9%), and cardiovascular (11.7%) disorders. During the 2006-2013 period, serious ADRs remained more often reported than nonserious ones; the most serious were neuropsychiatric (34.0%), general (14.0%), cardiovascular (12.1%), and gastrointestinal (11.6%) disorders. Medication errors were reported in 2.0% of serious cases. Death occurred in 2.3% of the reports. Conclusions: This international pharmacovigilance study highlights the ADR pattern induced by ChEIs. Neuropsychiatric events were the most frequently reported ADRs. Serious cardiovascular events were frequently reported, suggesting that their significance has probably been previously underestimated. Given the frailty of the patients and the frequent comedications, caution is advised before introducing a ChEI.
Adverse Drug Reactions in Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Authors: Darnis Domitille , Mahé Julien , Vrignaud Bénédicte , Guen Christèle Gras-Le , Veyrac Gwenaelle , Jolliet Pascale
Published: September 2015

Background: The pediatric population displays its own pharmacological characteristics, making children vulnerable to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Objective: To determine the incidence of ADRs among the pediatric emergency department (PED) population. Methods: This is a descriptive, noncontrolled, prospective, and single-center study, during 4 consecutive months in the PED of Nantes University Hospital. Results: Setting up active gathering of data on ADRs enabled 121 reports of 11 095 consultations at the emergency department, which corresponds to an ADR incidence of 1.09%. Digestive and cutaneous reactions made up the majority of reactions judged as being nonserious (53%) and were mainly found in children between 2 -11 years old. Of the serious ADRs, 25% were found in the 12-15-year-old age range because of the drug overdose. The main medications administered, which were responsible for the majority of the ADRs, were an equimolar mix of oxygen and nitrogen monoxide, amoxicillin, and acetaminophen. Three means of collecting data were possible: collecting files data, oral communication, or filling a form, the last being the most used method. Conclusions: This active data gathering shows the incidence and nature of the adverse effects as well as the age distribution in the PED population. It highlights the considerable misuse of medications among young teenagers and the high incidence of overmedication in the younger age group. This work also revealed the need for a better reporting system. Future joint studies should be carried out between clinical and pharmacological departments to optimize communication and the correct use of medications in children.
Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Their Use in Treatment and Secondary Prevention of Acute Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Granziera Serena , Hasan Arjumand , Cohen Alexander (Ander) T.
Published: September 2015

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been compared with standard therapy in large phase III studies to assess their safety and efficacy in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism and in the secondary prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Although the mean population age and the gross inclusion and exclusion criteria were similar across these studies, they differed in other aspects such as overall study design and acute treatment strategies. The 4 DOACs examined in phase III trials (apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran) showed noninferiority compared with standard therapy for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism and for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Furthermore, these DOACs exhibited a similar safety profile to standard therapy, with the risk of major bleeding significantly reduced in some of these studies. Rivaroxaban and apixaban were tested as a single-drug approach, whereas in the dabigatran and edoxaban studies, initial bridging with parenteral agents was employed. The purpose of this review is to compare the phase III studies of DOACs in this indication, to highlight the differences, and to discuss a series of clinically relevant issues, including the management of key patient subgroups (eg, fragile patients, those with cancer or renal impairment), extended treatment, use of comedications, heparin pretreatment versus a single-drug approach, and the bleeding profiles of the DOACs.
Green’s functions for an anisotropic half-space and bimaterial incorporating anisotropic surface elasticity and surface van der Waals forces
Authors: Wang Xu , Schiavone Peter
Published: September 2015

In this paper we derive explicit expressions for the Green’s functions in the case of an anisotropic elastic half-space and bimaterial subjected to a line force and a line dislocation. In contrast to previous studies in this area, our analysis includes the contributions of both anisotropic surface elasticity and surface van der Waals interaction forces. By means of the Stroh sextic formalism, analytical continuation and the state-space approach, the corresponding boundary value problem is reduced to a system of six (for a half-space) or 12 (for a bimaterial) coupled first-order differential equations. By employing the orthogonality relations among the corresponding eigenvectors, the coupled system of differential equations is further decoupled to six (for a half-space) or 12 (for a bimaterial) independent first-order differential equations. The latter is solved analytically using exponential integrals. In addition, we identify four and seven non-zero intrinsic material lengths for a half-space and a bimaterial, respectively, due entirely to the incorporation of the surface elasticity and surface van der Waal forces. We prove that these material lengths can be only either real and positive or complex conjugates with positive real parts.