bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gilbert Of Sempringham And The Gilbertine Order c. 1130–c. 1300
Authors: Golding Brian
Published: November 2023

One of the most striking features of the twelfth-century Church was the growing desire of women for a greater role in the monastic life. Contemporary monastic reformers responded to his demand in various ways: some focused their appeal on women, others actively discouraged all contact; but all were agreed on the need to regularise religious life for women. In England this phenomenon is most clearly seen in the emergence of the Gilbertine order, founded by the Lincolnshire priest, Gilbert of Sempringham. The Gilbertines were the only native monastic order in medieval England, and were highly unusual in their provision for both nuns and canons. In the first full-scale study since 1902, Brian Golding provides a comprehensive account of the history of the order from its mid-twelfth century origins up to the early fourteenth century. His detailed analysis of the economy of the Gilbertines reveals much about monastic revenue and organization, and about the order's relations with their lay patrons and benefactors. Dr Golding goes on to show that by 1300 the Gilbertine experiment was largely dead. The founding ideals of a structure in which men and women could live in harmony and order had given way to male domination and the marginalization of the nuns. This stimulating and informative study will be essential reading for all historians of medieval monasticism.
Women Academics in England, 1870–1930
Authors: Perrone Fernanda
Published: November 2023

Women’s Work, a careers handbook for girls published in 1894, referred to the existence of a few teaching posts at the Oxford and Cambridge women’s colleges in the following way: ‘These are not well paid, and are chiefly attractive for the pleasant university life they afford’. Less than twenty years later, however, another handbook described university work as ‘a fascinating career for the keenly intellectual woman with a love of teaching. ‘ The change in emphasis between these two contemporary observations indicates that during the early twentieth century university teaching was gradually coming to be seen as a profession for the intellectually gifted woman.
The Middle Ages
Authors: Davis Charles
Published: November 2023

To the Middle Ages as a whole as well as to the Renaissance, Rome was the image of a common and glorious if sometimes disturbing past. This chapter will attempt to describe that image as it existed in the West before Petrarch’s reinterpretation of it. Excluding Byzantium and disregarding, except incidentally, the influence exerted by Rome’s physical, philosophical, legal, and literary remains, it will emphasize instead the extension of aspects of its past into contemporary institutions and political conceptions.
German History 1770-1866
Authors: Sheehan James J
Published: November 2023

This volume, in the Oxford History of Modern Europe series contains extensive accounts of social and cultural, as well as political developments in Germany from 1770-1866. Rather than viewing the creation of a Prussian-led Nation State, as 'natural' or inevitable, the book emphasizes alternative forces of unity and division which existed up until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
Prologue
Authors: Byron Reginald
Published: November 2023

Irish America is an amalgam of images drawn from Irish and American history and popular culture, the product of two worlds in two centuries: Irish nation-building in the old world in the nineteenth century, and American pluralism and multiculturalism in the new world in the twentieth century. Interpretations of the past have merged into the present and have come to colour our understandings of social memory, self-image, and ethnic identity among the current generations of Americans who are descended from Irish immigrant ancestors.
Over the Generations
Authors: Byron Reginald
Published: November 2023

Of the 500 people whom we interviewed, only a handful, all in their sixties, seventies, and eighties had grandparents who had been born in Ireland before 1854. The rest of our informants were one, two, or three further generations removed from the Great Famine, the epochal event that brought many of their ancestors to Albany. After a century and a half, no one is any longer able to ask living relatives about their first impressions of America, or about their lives in the old country. Those who emigrated may have grown up in Ireland; a time and place they would never forget. Others might have been brought to America as infants or young children and have had no lasting memories of Ireland.
Nietzsche’s Use and Abuse of Schopenhauer’s Moral Philosophy for Life
Authors: Cartwrlght Davide.
Published: November 2023

Friedrich Nietzsche’s youthful enthusiasm for Arthur Schopenhauer’s philosophy and his more mature disgust is a well-known story, one that Nietzsche tells us himself. Yet Nietzsche’s account of his relationship to his ‘only educator, the great Arthur Schopenhauer’ almost betrays one of the attitudes he esteemed the most about Schopenhauer, his honesty, when Nietzsche classifies both Wagner and Schopenhauer as his ‘antipodes’.
Plato. S Semantics And Plato.S Cave
Authors: Bestor Thomas Wheaton
Published: November 2023

The allegory of the Cave is not as straightforward as it seems. Plato supposes his Prisoners to have a common language and to communicate with one another in the ordinary way, even though they are unable to do anything else. This is more than a little strange. And it tells us a lot about Plato’s own theory of language and communication.
Epictetus On How The Stoic Sage Loves
Authors: Stephens William O
Published: November 2023

While much excellent work has been done on the Stoic doctrine of the emotions in general, and some work on the Stoic concept of friendship, there has been little systematic study of the Stoic account of that spectrum of emotional dispositions covered by our term .love𣀙 What kind of love is the Stoic Sage (¢,poviµ.os) capable of? Cicero’ Cato declares that . Even the passion of love when pure is not thought incompatible with the character of the Stoic Sage𣀙 Seneca reports: I think Panaetius gave a charming answer to the youth who asked whether the wise man would fall in love: .As to the wise man, we shall see. What concerns you and me, who are still a great distance from the wise man, is to ensure that we do not fall into a state of affairs which is disturbed, powerless, subservient to another and worthless to oneself.’ (Ep. 116. 5, trans. Long and Sedley).
On the Stoic Conception of the Good
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: November 2023

Following the Socratic tradition, the Stoics assume that, in order to achieve true well-being, in order to have a good life, one needs a certain competence which we may call virtue. One must be good at taking care of oneself, at dealing with the kinds of situations and problems one encounters in life. Following Socrates, the Stoics think that this competence is a real art, the art of living, and that wisdom, perfect rationality, the perfection of reason, consists in having mastered this art.Reasonably enough, the Stoics assume that virtue is not something we are born with, which in this sense we have by nature. It is something which we, by our own efforts, have to toil to acquire. But the Stoics also believe that there is another sense in which we are by nature virtuous. They believe that nature has constructed human beings in such a way that, if nothing went wrong, we would, in the course of our natural development, become virtuous.
Aristotelian Accidents
Authors: Ebert Theodor
Published: November 2023

Among the many concepts launched successfully by Aristotle, the notion of accident (σνμβϵβηκóς,) stands out prominently. it has found its way not only into the technical language of the philosophical tradition, but also into common parlance. The OED defines ‘accident’ as ‘a property or quality not essential to our conception of a substance’. And Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, states that an accident is ‘that which may change in the existence of a substance’ (A 187 B 230).
On Kant s Response to Hume: The Second Analogy as Transcendental Argument
Authors: Stern Robert
Published: November 2023

Whilst it was once held that transcendental arguments could provide a direct and straightforward refutation of scepticism, this view now seems over-optimistic. It has proved remarkably difficult to formulate a transcendental argument convincingly, that puts us in a position to make some sort of knowledge-claim regarding how things are, and so see off the spectre of widespread error in our view of reality. My approach in this paper is to accept that this way of using transcendental arguments is unworkable.
The Goal of Transcendental Arguments
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: November 2023

The earliest use of the phrase ‘transcendental argument’ that I am familiar with is by J. L. Austin in a I939 Joint Session symposium on ‘Are There A Priori Concepts?’ (I96I: I-22).I As far as I know, Kant never used the corresponding German expression, although he spoke of many different things as ‘transcendental’, including ‘transcendental philosophy’. I have not seen the expression ‘transcendental argument’ used anywhere in the nineteenth century, or in this century before Austin. I cannot say I have searched.
Modest Transcendental Arguments and Sceptical Doubts: A Reply to Stroud
Authors: Hookway Christopher
Published: November 2023

In a number of papers published since the 1960s, Barry Stroud has challenged the philosophical use of transcendental arguments when seen as a response to Cartesian scepticism. Such arguments explored the necessary conditions of thought or experience through an a priori inquiry which revealed that (for example) facts about the existence, nature, and causal structure of the external world are themselves presuppositions of thought and experience. For example: unless we inhabited a world of spatially located substances standing in causal relations, we could not be self conscious subjects of thought about such a world.
Truth and the Divine Intellect
Authors: Campbell Richard
Published: November 2023

Shortly after the death of Jesus, a vigorous Jewish intellectual suddenly switched from being a persecutor of the new Christians to become their most effective publicist. St Paul’s activities precipitated a number of disputes amongst them; in particular he clashed with the ‘.Judaizers’ over whether Christian converts from paganism should be circumcised. This question focused the larger, more ill-defined issue of whether the followers of the Way, as they first called themselves, were to become another sect within Judaism, or something quite new: a universal Church. Paul’s was the view which won out. Christianity broke out of the institutions and patterns of thinking which characterized Palestinian Judaism and be came committed to penetrating the Hellenistic world and to finding ways of presenting its Gospel to people whose thought-forms were very different from those expressed in the Hebrew Scriptures.
Philippa Foot on Double Effect
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

St Thomas Aquinas, in discussing killing in self-defence, remarks that one and the same action may have two effects, one of them intended, and the other beside the intention. Later Catholic theologians developed from this a doctrine of double effect, stated as follows by John of St Thomas. If an act, not evil in itself, has both good and bad effects, then it may be permissible if (1) the evil effect is not intended; (2) the good effect is not produced by means of the bad; (3) on balance, the good done outweighs the harm.
Tragedy and Self-Sufficiency: Plato and Aristotle On Fear and Pity
Authors: Nussbaum Martha
Published: November 2023

‘Honour then the gods, Achilleus, and take pity on me remembering your father, yet I am still more pitiful; I have gone through what no other mortal on earth has gone through; I put my lips to the hands of the man who killed my children.’ So he spoke, and stirred in the other a passion of grieving for his own father. He took the old man’s hand and pushed him gently away, and the two remembered, as Priam sat huddled at the feet of Achilleus and wept close for manslaughtering Hektor and Achilleus wept now for his own father, now again for Patroklos. The sound of their mourning moved in the house.
Metacommentary
Authors: Barnes Jonathan
Published: November 2023

‘Some people have condemned the first book of the Meteorologica as spurious, on the grounds that Aristotle has here gone out of character and practised clarity. Against them, I shall maintain that there is a great deal of obscurity in the book’ (Olympiodorus, In Meteor. 4. I6–18).
Aristotle on Identity
Authors: Charlton William
Published: November 2023

In the section of the Treatise entitled ‘Of scepticism with regard to the senses’ Hume distinguishes identity and non-identity from unity and plurality: ‘One single object conveys the idea of unity, not of identity. On the other hand a multiplicity of objects can never convey this idea, however resembling they may be supposed ... Since, then, both number and unity arc incompatible with the relation of identity, it must lie in something that is neither of them.’ But alas, he goes on, ‘at first sight this seems utterly impossible. Betwixt unity and number there can be no medium.’ Luckily the Humean imagination thrives on impossibilities. By means of a ‘fiction’ concerning time it is able to cobble together ‘an idea which is a medium betwixt unity and number, or more properly speaking is either of them according to the view in which we take it: And this idea we call that of identity’ (1888: 200-1).
Free Action and the Swerve
Authors: Asmis Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Whether free will is compatible with determinism has been much debated in modern ethics. It is often overlooked that this debate may be traced back to ancient Greek philosophy. There has been some question whether Aristotle and earlier philosophers confronted the issue.2 But clearly the Epicureans, Stoics, and other Hellenistic philosophers tackled the problem and proposed answers. Epicurus believed that free will is not compatible with determinism. In order to save free will, he introduced a physical indeterminacy, the swerve, to account for it.
Between Rationalism and Romanticism: Whewell’s Historiography of the Inductive Sciences
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey N
Published: November 2023

Writing to Richard Jones in the summer of 1834, Whewell outlined his planned series of three books, the first of which would deal with the ‘History of Inductive Science ... historiographized in a new and philosophical manner’. Three years later this first stage of Whewell’s project reached fruition with the publication of three volumes entitled History of the Inductive Sciences (1837a). This work ranks among the most impressive nineteenth-century contributions to the genre, containing not just the history of one science, but of a range of sciences stretching from astronomy to mineralogy and covering the period from the ancients to Whewell’s own day. However, the significance of the History for the history of science does not lie either in its scope or in Whewell’s interpretation of specific events, but in the ‘new and philosophical’ historiography he brought to the subject.
What is a Theory of Meaning? (II)*
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

It is unnecessary to labour the observation that an affirmative answer to these questions represents by far the most popular approach, among those philosophers who would not jettison the concept of meaning altogether, to an account of that concept, and that it has been explicitly contended for by Frege, by the Wittgenstein of the Tractatus, and by Davidson. I am far from being certain that an affirmative answer is wrong. I am quite certain, however, that such an answer faces formidable difficulties, and that we have no right to assume it correct until we have shown how it is possible to overcome them.
Platonic Pessimism And Moral Education
Authors: Scott Dominic
Published: November 2023

For Socrates, the purpose of philosophical argument was the moral improvement of himself and his interlocutors. Optimistically, perhaps, he was prepared to debate with anyone, ‘young or old, foreigner or fellow citizen’; no one was beyond hope of salvation by rational argument. Plato inherited his concern with moral education but, in the Republic, is more pessimistic about the ability of reason and argument to change our ways. True, the educational programme for the rulers of the state includes a formidable intellectual component. They wiU have to spend ten years on mathematical studies to equip themselves for their five-year stint of philosophical dialectic. Yet it is well known that in this work philosophical argument is something for which one has to be prepared very carefully indeed. Mathematics and dialectic form only a part of moral education. Trainee guardians wiU not be let near philosophy before they have had a thorough training in gymnastics and the arts. Without such preparation, a philosophical training would be of no avail.
Aristotle, Objectivity, and Perception
Authors: Broackes Justin
Published: November 2023

Aristotle has a scientific image and a manifest image of the world, and it would be easy to suppose that they coincide. In a sense they do: things really are pretty much as we perceive them to be, not only when we see a cat on the mat, but also when we see its colour, or hear a sound from it. Aristotle, as we are often told, believes in the straightforward reality of the secondary qualities later impugned by Descartes and Locke. What is more, the terms of his science, like hot, cold, wet, and dry (unlike charm and charge today), pick out ordinary perceptible qualities. But that leaves a further question. What is the position of sensible qualities like colour and smell in Aristotle’s world? Are they fundamental, like hot, cold, wet, and dry, or in some way derivative? The question is difficult. Sarah Broadie has argued that colours are fundamental, since sentience itself is fundamental in Aristotle’s world.
Retrospective and Prospective Timing: Memory, Attention, and Consciousness
Authors: Block Richard A , Zakay Dan
Published: November 2023

For millions of years, organisms have been products of evolution, gradually becoming increasingly adapted to their changing environments. Plants regulate their metabolism according to seasons, daily rhythms, and weather. Animals regulate their behaviour according to temporal constraints as well. Their nervous systems, down to at least planarians if not more simple organisms, have evolved to time events. However, only in the last several hundred years have humans consciously developed various external timing mechanisms, including four different kinds of chronometers (Roberts, 1998). This reflects the needs of humans for accurate timing that is not provided by natural mechanisms.
Memory Demonstratives
Authors: Campbell John
Published: November 2023

Perceptual demonstratives-terms such as ‘this man’ or ‘that building’, used to refer to currently perceived o jects-seem to be fundamental to our understanding of concepts and language. There are two ways in which they display this fundamental character. First, they are used in the explanation of observational concepts like ‘red’ or ‘square’. These terms are learnt in the context of propositions like, ‘that chair is red’, or ‘that box is square’, where the demonstrative refers to a currently perceived object. Secondly, other types of reference to concrete objects, such as our use of proper names, seem to depend, directly or indirectly, on our use of perceptual demonstratives. The use of a name like ‘Sigmund Freud’ is ultimately dependent on it having been possible to introduce and use the name in contexts such as ‘this man is Sigmund Freud’. And even a singular term such as “the Big Bang’ which does not refer to a perceptible event at all, can refer only because we understand how its referent is causally connected to o jects which we can perceptually demonstrate.
Is Memory Purely Preservative?
Authors: Dokic Jerome
Published: November 2023

Let us start with a familiar distinction between two forms of memory: episodic memory (remembering a thing or an episode) v. factual memory (remembering that something is the case).
Memories, Traces and the Significance of the Past
Authors: Cockburn David
Published: November 2023

A certain, fairly widespread, pair of assumptions are, perhaps, implicit in the project which the present volume represents. It is assumed, first, that the notion of consciousness’ should have a fundamental place in our attempts to understand the phenomenon of human memory; and, secondly, that that understanding will be enhanced by an attempt at dialogue between philosophy and psychology. Now it is perhaps worth saying at the start that this chapter is, in part, an attempt to raise certain worries about these assumptions. I say this at the start partly in order to stress that, perhaps contrary to appearances, my scepticism is far from total. I take it to be obvious that there is an important place for inter-disciplinary dialogue here; and that no discussion of the memory of experienced events can be complete without a consideration of, for example, the idea of a conscious reliving of past events. Still, I believe that there are dangers here: that we may end up setting an agenda for the discussion that skews it in quite the wrong direction, leading to a seriously distorted account of this phenomenon of human life.
Real Robots and the Missing Thought-Experiment in the Chinese Room Dialectic
Authors: Bringsjord Selmer , Noel Ron
Published: November 2023

John Searle’s Chinese Room Argument (CRA, see Searle 1980,11984) is arguably the twentieth century’s greatest philosophical polarizer. On the one hand, as the years pass, it looks more and more as if his argument is headed for philosophical immortality. (Consider the book you’re holding, published a full two decades after the argument’s debut.) On the other hand, a common attitude among Strong Alniks is that CRA is not only unsound, but silly, based as it is on a fanciful story (CR) far removed from the practice of AI, practice which is year by year moving ineluctably toward sophisticated robots that will once and for all silence CRA and its proponents.
Searle’s Misunderstandings of Functionalism and Strong AI
Authors: Rey Georges
Published: November 2023

I want to expand here on some objections I’ve made elsewhere (Rey 1986, 1990, 1997) to arguments that John Searle (1980a,b/91, 1984, 1990a, 1992) has raised against computational theories of mind. For reasons of space, I will confine my remarks to issues surrounding intelligence and intentionality, and not take on the (to my mind) much more special issues surrounding qualia and consciousness that Searle also sometimes raises.1 I will presume the reader is familiar with Searle’s (1980a) statement of the example of the man in a room, who, ignorant of Chinese, is responding to Chinese sentences with appropriate Chinese responses by following a computer program for Chinese conversation.
Post-Biblical Features of Biblical Hebrew Vocalization
Authors: Hughes Jeremy
Published: November 2023

In his important and influential book Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament James Barr has argued persuasively for the antiquity and essential reliability of the Masoretic vocalization tradition. The Masoretes did not invent the vocalization of the Hebrew Bible; they recorded a tradition that had originated at an earlier stage of the Hebrew language. This tradition, Barr argued, is linguistically reliable, in that it is related to earlier forms of Hebrew by natural processes of linguistic change. It is not infallible, of course, but it is not substantially less reliable than the consonantal transmission of the text of the Bible.
Die Ubersetzung der Septuaginta im Licht ihr vorgegebener und auf ihr grilndender Tradition
Authors: Hanhart Robert
Published: November 2023

‘The Septuagint and its relations to the Dead Sea scrolls and other writings’: Das Thema der Tagung kiindigte das Problem an, das immer im Mittelpunkt der Septuagintaforschung stand und das durch die neueren Funde hebraischer und griechischer Texte, die in allernachster zeitlicher Nahe zu dem Ereignis stehen, das wir zusammenfassend als ‘die griechische Ubersetzung der “Heiligen Schriften” des Alten Testamentes’ und als die ‘Entstehung des alexandrinischen Kanons der Septuaginta’ bezeichnen, in ein neues Licht geriickt ist.
The Centre of the Psalms
Authors: Mays James l.
Published: November 2023

When the psalms are read as the components of a book of the Old Testament, the question can arise about their common relationship. What holds them together as religious texts? What makes it possible to read them, as they have been read for centuries, all together? Is there anything in the text of the Psalms themselves that furnishes common ground to the reading and use of the book? It is generally agreed that the book of Psalms is the outcome of a long and complex history of composition, revision, and collection.
Isaiah 35 in Recent Research and Translation
Authors: Harrelson Walter
Published: November 2023

Advent texts understandably stress those promises that the early Christian community found coming to consummation in God’s work through Jesus the Christ. The New Testament shows the process under way, and that process continued and continues to the present day. But these Advent texts are also important documents of faith for the community of Israel, a fact not always adequately recognized and heeded in Christian usage. Recent efforts to provide a better sampling of readings from the Hebrew Scriptures have made some real improvements. There is, for example, a much larger collection of continuous readings from the Hebrew Bible, so that something of the sweep of Israelite history and thought gets laid out.
Ancient Judaism: Contours And Complexity
Authors: Scott Green W M
Published: November 2023

Rabbi Nehemiah used to say, ‘Always assemble the words of Torah into general rules. You might think that just as you assemble them into general rules, so you should dispense them as general rules. Therefore the verse says, My doctrine shall drop as rain ... Assemble the words of Torah into general rules, but then break them up and dispense them like drops of dew—not like drops of rain, which are large, but like drops of dew, which are small.
Luis de Leon and the Song of Songs
Authors: Barr Jane
Published: November 2023

James Barr, in making contributions to volumes such as this, has always given a great deal of thought to the appropriateness of the topic, endeavouring to find some subject or theme which would reflect the various academic interests of the recipient, and give pleasure to him or her as well. It seemed to me particularly appropriate to write about Fray Luis de Le6n, Latinist, Hebrew scholar, student of the Vulgate, biblical translator, and lover of the Spanish language and countryside. (Spain, its people, culture, language, and landscape have brought James great delight, in recent years, through the marriage of our son Allan to Maria Donapetry.)
Audit, Accountability and Government
Authors: White Fidelma , Hollingsworth Kathryn
Published: November 2023

This book explains, from a public law perspective, the constitutional purpose and significance of audit, a topic which has been largely neglected, and casts light on important aspects of accountability in the British system of government. The book suggests that audit, as an accountability mechanism, has been underplayed to date and that greater significance should be attributed to its role in delivering both democratic accountability and, within government, managerial accountability. The focus of the book is central government audit in Britain, but the constitutional role of audit at a local level and at a European Union level is also considered. The book begins by explaining, in a non -technical way, the basic concepts of accounting and audit, and sets audit in its historical context. The different types of audit and the institutional framework within which audit is conducted are then analysed. Any shortcomings in each area are identified and suggestions for change are explored. The constitutional significance of the changes to the role of audit that are currently taking place are analysed, as are the effects of developments, such as the creation of agencies, contracting-out, and more recently, resource accounting and budgeting and devolution, on the constitutional role of audit. The fundamental principles, both institutional and substantive, of public sector audit are identified and new tasks that audit could fulfil at central government level are proposed.
Audit, Accountability and Government
Authors: White Fidelma , Hollingsworth Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In the British constitutional tradition, the ‘ power of the purse’ is central to the ability of Parliament to call government to account. The power of the purse flows from the basic constitutional principle that government expenditure must be authorized by legislation. This forms the basis of requirements of financial control and accountability.
Bedouin Poetry from Sinai and the Negev
Authors: Bailey Clinton
Published: November 2023

The desert-dwelling Bedouin have always been a subject of intense fascination. Their culture and ethics are still largely a mystery, both for the peoples with whom they share the Middle-Eastern and African lands, and for those living in the West. Like other non-literate peoples, the Bedouin have a strong oral tradition and use poetry for many forms of communication and entertainment. Clinton Bailey has spent the last twenty years among the Bedouin of Sinai and the Negev studying their culture and recording their poems as recited around campfires. This book presents the fruit of his work: 113 poems reflecting Bedouin attitudes to a variety of personal, social, and political experiences. Each poem is translated into English, appears in Arabic script and transliteration, and is accompanied by an introduction and notes on the cultural, linguistic, and historical background. This thorough and original study makes a vital contribution to our knowledge of the Bedouin, and will be of great interest to Arabists, anthropologists, linguists, sociologists, and all those who visit this part of the Arab world. Dr Bailey has has lectured on Bedouin culture and history at various universities, and is a founder of the Museum of Bedouin Culture in the Negev.
Josephus’ TreatiseAgainst A pion
Authors: Goodman Martin
Published: November 2023

The work in two books preserved in Greek (in part only in Latin) in the manuscripts of Josephus’ writings and commonly known by the titleAgainst Apion contains much explicit apologetic, and the author’s numerous references to his own aims and techniques make this ‘skilfully planned, well-written and clever’treatise a fine test case of the techniques which could be used in defence of a religious tradition.The original title of the work is unknown: the text deals only in the first half of book with the eponymous Apion, and the present title is first attested by Jerome(On Famous Men, 13) only in the fourth century. Before Jerome, the pagan philosopher Porphyry(On Abstinence, 4. 11) described the work as ‘Against the Greeks’, and Origen referred to it as ‘On the Antiquity of the Jews’(Against Celsus, 1. 16; 4. 11), which accurately reflects Josephus’ claims about its contents (cf.Against Apion, 1. 3, 160, 217; 2. 1) and may have been the original title.
Variations, Processes, and Alternatives
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: November 2023

Britain and Sweden are similar industrial societies with strong labour movements but very different patterns of industrial relations, though their differences have changed dramatically in character in recent years. In the 1960s Sweden was the land of smoothly functioning institutions and labour peace, much envied in strike torn Britain, and this image of Sweden has proved remarkably persistent, though in reality strikes had by the 1980s become more of a problem in Sweden than they were in Britain.
Institutional Inadequacy, Corporatism, and Industrial Conflict in Post-war Britain
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: November 2023

In the early 1950s Britain was, in the eyes of many, a model of industrial relations maturity (Fox 1985: 368-73). Indeed, in some years at this time Britain lost proportionately fewer working days per year in industrial disputes than Sweden. By the middle of the 1950s, however, the days lost figure had doubled and was far higher than it was in Sweden. In a context of growing economic weakness industrial relations became defined as a national problem in the 1960s and 1970s, and the governments of the time were preoccupied with the issue of controlling labour. Sweden, in contrast, was apparently the land of labour peace, where strikes had ‘withered away’.
The Social Dimensions of Sectarianism
Authors: Wilson Bryan R
Published: November 2023

In this wide-ranging collection of essays, Bryan Wilson explores the complex relationships between religious sects and contemporary Western society. He examines the controversial social, political, and religious issues that arise as sects seek to pursue a way of life at variance with that of other people, and which at times brings them into conflict with outsiders or with the state. Sects are often subject to negative theological and moral judgements that are by no means always well-informed. Dr Wilson makes clear that they can be understood only as social entities, and that, as in the case of other social phenomena, a scientifically neutral and unbiased approach is essential if their emergence and persistence are to be explained. He traces the growth and expansion of various movements, such as the Unification Church, the Scientologists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Exclusive Brethren, relates them to their social context, and indicates the sections of society from which their support is likely to come. Particular essays are devoted to the attraction of sects for converts, the means by which commitment is sustained, and the personal and social consequences of sectarianism.
A Revisionist Approach to Religious Change
Authors: Brown Callum g.
Published: November 2023

Social-Scientific study of religion has been dominated by the theory of secularization—the assumption of the inevitability of the decline of religion in modern societies. The contention of this chapter is that secularization theory is deficient both as a workable hypothesis of historical change and as an explanation of the available evidence on the growth and decline of religion in the world’s first two industrial—urban nations-Britain and the USA.
An Unsecular America
Authors: Finke Roger
Published: November 2023

Since the founding of the discipline, sociologists have used the secularization model to explain the inevitable decay of religion. Harboured within the broad theoretical framework of modernization, the traditional model has long proposed that as industrialization, urbanization, and rationalization come to dominate a society, religion will recede. Yet support for this model is far from uniform and, in recent years, debate over the secularization model has come to the fore. The debate, however, has often strayed from a systematic evaluation or testing of the traditional model of secularization. Indeed, Hadden has argued that support and opposition for the secularization model are driven by ideology as well as science. Hadden states that ‘secularization theory has not been subjected to systematic scrutiny because it is a doctrine more than it is a theory’1 He suggests that the notion of secularization was quickly adopted because it fitted well with the evolutionary model of modernization an’tl with the beliefs of sociologists.
Reflections on Sociology and Theology
Authors: Martin David
Published: November 2023

Reflections on Sociology and Theology is a collection of essays by a distinguished sociologist exploring the relationship between sociology and religious issues. After laying out the main themes to be explored, David Martin divides the essays into three sections: Part I: Theoretical Considerations have a strong methodological content, and examine the nature of sociology and theology, and their inter-relationship. Part II: Practical Issues discusses sociological and practical issues of interest to theologians, such as peace studies, Christian Unity, and the nature of religious comment on politics. Part III: Addresses to Clergy and to Teachers of Sociology divides into two parts: the first address is directed against the notion of collective guilt as propagated by both religious and secular sources. The second, aimed at the clergy, sets out the empirical situation of western Christianity and suggests a socio-theological response. David Martin presents an elegant, compelling argument that religion and sociology can - and should - co-exist.
Divided Women: Labour Market Segmentation and Gender Segregation
Authors: Burchell Brendan , Rubery Jill
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the empirical evidence for segmentation of the labour supply with particular reference to gender. Segmentation involves the cumulative development of advantage and disadvantage in the labour market, and divergences in attitudes and expectations between labour-force groups, often related to these objective experiences.
The Gender Wage Differential and Discrimination in the Six Scelt Local Labour Markets
Authors: Sloane Peter J
Published: November 2023

The difference in earnings between women and men can be decomposed analytically into three elements: that which arises from different personal characteristics (e.g. levels of qualification, work experience, preferences), that which arises from variations in employment (e.g. type of job, firm, industry), and a residual element of discrimination, which means that women are paid less than men even after all other supply and demand factors have been controlled for. In this chapter, all three elements are examined in a modified earnings function analysis.
Gender Segregation in the Retail Industry
Authors: Scott Alison Macewen
Published: November 2023

The retail industry is an important case for the study of gender segregation for several reasons. First, until the recent recession, retailing was a modern, dynamic industry, a significant contributor to the ever growing service sector. This was manifested in the development of out-of-town hypermarkets and remodelled shopping precincts in city centres. Such centres have become the symbols of the post-modern age, the focus of a major leisure activity as well as a source of employment. Second, the retail industry is a significant employer of women and has a predominantly female work-force. In 1980, 9 per cent of working women were employed in retailing (Martin and Roberts 1984: 23) and almost two-thirds of the total retail work-force were women, many of them part-timers (NIESR 1986).
Unemployment and Attitudes to Work
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Vogler Carolyn
Published: November 2023

How far must vulnerability to unemployment be accounted for in terms of the personal characteristics and work attitudes of the unemployed themselves, and how far must it be seen as the result of the labour market conditions that the unemployed confront? The argument that the unemployed themselves bear the responsibility for their marginality to the labour market implies that they have qualities that make them difficult to employ. For instance, they may have a degree of behavioural instability that makes it difficult for them to hold any job for long or a low level of commitment to employment, which means that they make little effort to get work once they have lost it. The alternative view is that the unemployed are largely victims of their circumstances: they may have been unlucky enough to have been employed in industries that engaged in large-scale redundancies and find themselves in labour markets where there is little demand for their skills. Finally, there is a set of arguments that emphasize the heterogeneity of the unemployed, suggesting that they should be seen as a set of diverse categories for whom unemployment has a very different significance. For instance, some see a major difference between those that are registered for benefit and those that are not. For others, unemployment is held to have a different significance for men than for women, due to differences in underlying social identities.
The Effects of Labour Market Position, Job Insecurity, and Unemployment on Psychological Health
Authors: Burchell Brendan
Published: November 2023

Often, when considering the impact of unemployment on the individual, we are not so much concerned with the simple lack of a job itself, but the impact of worklessness on the quality of life. Unravelling this link is a complex task. For instance, the economic consequences of unemployment do not simply depend on the loss of the wage. They are a complex function of the unemployment insurance or benefits available, and also the duration of the spell of unemployment and the difference in pay and prospects between the jobs that precede and follow the spell of unemployment (e.g. whether the individual has experienced a loss of seniority or a downgrading because of the spell of unemployment).
Unemployment, the Household, and Social Networks
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Gershuny Jonathan , Vogler Carolyn
Published: November 2023

Most research on the social consequences of unemployment has tended to focus on its implications for the individual. In particular, it has shown that the loss of work leads to a marked rise in anxiety and depression (Warr 1987). However, some of the earliest qualitative studies (Bakke 1935, 1940a,b; Komarovsky 1940) also suggested that unemployment had major implications for the quality of household relations and for the relationship between the household and the wider community (Jahoda et al. 1972). In particular, it was seen as leading to a shift in roles within the household and to the increased social isolation of unemployed people. Both of these factors were seen as reinforcing the psychological distress generated by unemployment.
An Examination of the Relationship between Marital Dissolution and Unemployment
Authors: Lampard Richard
Published: November 2023

Much evidence exists showing a relationship between male unemployment and marital dissolution. Payne (1989) notes that in 1985 the proportion of widowed, divorced, and separated men aged 16-64 who were unemployed was approximately twice the proportion of married men aged 16-64 who were unemployed. (Source: OPCS General Household Survey, 1985). Other authors, such as Ross and Sawhill (1975), Daniel (1981), Haskey (1984), Eekelaar and Maclean (1986), Warr (1987), and Liem and Liem (1988), have also referred to data which suggests that there may be a causal connection between male unemployment and marital dissolution.
Towards Meritocracy? Recent Evidence on an Old Proble
Authors: Heath Anthony , Mills Colin , Roberts Jane
Published: November 2023

Equality of opportunity, particularly equality of opportunity for children from different social classes, has been one of the central topics of educational debate. It has been one of the key issues in the pre-war debates over access to grammar schools, in the post-war debates over comprehensive reorganization, and in current debates about student grants for higher education. It has also been one of the classic topics of research in British education, and is one of the areas where there has been a clear link between research and reform. Notable contributions included Lindsay 1926, Gray and Moshinsky 1938, and Floud, Halsey, and Martin 1956. More recently, concerns with gender and ethnicity have been added to those with social class.
Internal and External Labour Markets: Towards an Integrated Analysis
Authors: Rubery Jill
Published: November 2023

Internal labour markets have provided a major focus of labour- market analysis in the 1970s and 1980s. This interest has come from a number of sources; from institutional economists associated with the labour market segmentation debate (Doeringer and Piore 1971; Wilkinson 1981; Osterman 1984); from the neoinstitutionalists within the neo-classical tradition and some Marxist economists concerned with information and transactions costs (Williamson 1975; Bowles 1985; Lindbeck and Snower 1985); from sociologists and economists analysing the organization of the labour process (Friedman 1978; Burawoy 1979Z>); from economists concerned to relate forms of labour-market organization to macro-economic conditions (Boyer 1979; Gordon et al. 1982); and from policy-makers and practitioners concerned with explaining the existence of different employment forms and the apparent success of the Japanese form of internal labour market (OECD 1986b).
Shame, Status, and the Power of Women
Authors: Gardner Katy
Published: November 2023

Sylhet, middle-class Dhaka friends told me, is a particularly conservative district. Questioned further, they would cite adherence to adab (Islamic codes of conduct), the importance of ‘traditional’ law, and the seclusion of women as central components of this conservatism. Notions of modernity are embedded in such descriptions: the progressive nature of Dhaka and bidesh, versus the un changing and old-fashioned ‘interior’, as exemplified by regions such as Sylhet. As we have seen, however, migrant Sylheti villages are extremely dynamic; so-called ‘traditionalism’ is part and parcel of contemporary circumstances. Gender relations must be understood in this context.
The Global and the Local: Conclusions
Authors: Gardner Katy
Published: November 2023

Sylheti pir embody many of the processes which I have been discussing throughout this book. Whilst they have been influenced by what Hannerz calls ‘global flows’ (1992): remittances, the countervailing forces of modernity and revivalism, the establishment of the Sylheti diaspora, and the wider framework of the world political economy, so too do they negotiate and counter these changes on their own terms. Local pir have not simply vanished in a puff of smoke. Instead, some have been transformed, and now carry new messages of internationalist purism, but within local idioms.
Employer Policies and Trade Union Influence
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Rose Michael
Published: November 2023

There are a number of grounds for thinking that employer attitudes to the trade unions might have hardened in the 1980s. First, there was a shift in the size distribution of establishments. It is generally thought that employers are more favourable to the unions in larger establishments, where there is a greater need to ensure formal communications with the workforce and to negotiate agreements about employment conditions. However, the direction of change in the 1980s had been for the growth of smaller, and the relative decline of larger, establishments. Second, it was a period of rapid technological change.
Introduction
Authors: Bertaux Daniel , Thompson Paul
Published: November 2023

Behind this book lies a dream, which we have shared for many years: a dream of a renewed study of social mobility rising to grapple with the astonishing diversity and complexity of its fundamental theme. We are convinced that such a renewal must depend upon a broadening of methodological and theoretical perspectives. The closely linked case studies which we present here are demon-strations of the richness of insights which new approaches to social mobility can bring.
Migration, Mobility, and Social Process: Scottish Migrants in Canada
Authors: Elliott Brian
Published: November 2023

Let’s begin with a question. What happens when immigrants from an ethnic group commonly regarded as part of the dominant ‘Anglo’ elite in Canada confront downward social mobility or find the pathways to greater achievement blocked? The question arises out of an on-going study of social mobility among Scots who mi grated to Canada in the period 1945-1975. Most came, of course, expecting that in the New World they would be able to ‘succeed’, but some of them found that there were serious obstacles to the realization of their ambitions. A number, discovering that their qualifications were unacceptable or that both qualifications and experience were heavily ‘discounted’ by prospective employers, had to accept jobs (at least initially) that were inferior in class or status terms to those they had left behind.