bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lee Harvey Oswald: The Formative Years of an Assassin
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

The assassination of President John F. Kennedy ranks as one of the most controversial events in United States history. It is arguable that no other crime has been so closely scrutinized and analyzed. Two government investigative commissions delivered multivolume reports on the assassination—the Warren Commission in 19641 and the House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1979.2 Hundreds of books, as well as several hundred thousand government documents and scholarly research articles or reports, have been generated on the case. It is nearly impossible to cover all of the relevant material in a single volume, let alone a brief overview of the assassin’s life.
Judas Priest: A Message in the Music
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

Equally disconcerting and puzzling are cases in which young people direct violence toward themselves in the form of suicidal behavior. There are many factors that contribute to self-destructive behavior, including depression, hopelessness, substance abuse, and peer in?uences. Identifying a specific cause for violent and suicidal behavior in young people has been extremely difficult. So when a young person commits suicide and grief-stricken family members look for a reason, the direct or proximate cause of the suicide is often difficult to identify. Furthermore, if surviving family members claim that a certain product on the market or another person contributed to their child’s death, a lawsuit often quickly follows. Wrongful death suits are complex and often raise interesting questions about causation. A civil suit against the British heavy metal music group Judas Priest, brought by the family members of two teenagers who shot themselves, focused on one of the most perplexing questions ever raised about the psychological causes of self-destructive behavior.
Jeffrey Dahmer: Serial Murder, Necrophilia, and Cannibalism
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

On September 26, 1988, twenty-eight-year-old Jeffrey Dahmer went hunting on the streets of Milwaukee. His quarry? A teenage boy he could sexually molest and perhaps kill. After a number of street-wise youths spurned Dahmer’s offer of fifty dollars for the chance to take nude photographs of them in his nearby apartment, one youngster, Anoukone Sinthasomphone, a thirteen-year-old Laotian boy, agreed to the deal.
Ralph Tortorici a Question of Competence
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

Ralph Tortorici was born in 1968 with a rare condition known as hypospadias. This congenital deformity of the urethra results in an opening near the base rather than at the tip of the penis. The condition embarrassed Tortorici as a youngster and likely contributed to his later mental illness.
Mike Tyson Predicting the Violence of a Professional Fighter
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

On June 28, 1997, Mike Tyson and Evander Holyfield met in a highly touted boxing match for the heavyweight championship of the world. During the fight, Tyson committed a major foul by biting Holyfield. Boxing observers speculated that Holyfield was winning the fight and Tyson’s act may have resulted from frustration over the prospect of losing. After Tyson had two points deducted from his score, the fight resumed, but Tyson again bit Holyfield, this time taking off a piece of the defending champion’s ear. As thousands of spectators at the event and millions of people tuning in on payper-view television watched, Holyfield jumped up and down in pain as blood dripped from his ear.1 The referee disqualified Tyson and declared Holyfield the winner.
Andrea Yates an American Tragedy
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

On the evening of June 19, 2001, thirty-six-year-old Andrea Yates of Clear Lake, Texas, sat in her home and watched cartoons. After some time had passed, she went outside to play basketball with her husband, Russell, and their seven-year-old son, Noah, who was the oldest of their five children. Without uttering a word, Yates suddenly went inside and got into bed while still in her clothes and slept until the next day.1 In the morning, her husband made sure Yates took antidepressant medications prescribed by her psychiatrist. For nearly two years, Yates had been suffering from severe postpartum depression and psychosis. When Russell Yates left home for his engineering job at the Space Shuttle Program at NASA’s Johnson Space Center,2 the last image he would take in of his wife as a free person was of her eating cereal out of a box.
Analysis of Variance and Functional Measurement
Authors: Weiss David J
Published: November 2023

Analysis of variance is the backbone of experimental research. This book is a clear and straightforward guide to how to do the analyses, with an emphasis on how to interpret statistical results and translate them into prose that will clearly tell the audience what the data are saying. There are plenty of end-of-chapter practice problems, all with suggested answers. Life in the laboratory doesn’t always follow the script, so both new and established techniques are presented for coping with non-standard situations. Because data analysis is not a closed subject, pros and cons are presented for various options. The final chapter is the first elementary presentation of functional measurement, a methodology built upon analysis of variance. Initially developed by Norman H Anderson, functional measurement (also known as information integration theory) offers a powerful technology for studying cognitive processes. The accompanying CD contains analysis of variance software that is easy to use (really!), with an interface that greets the user with appropriate requests. In addition to programs for standard analyses, the software includes several specialized routines that have heretofore been presented only in journals. This guide will be an important resource for students and professionals in the social, behavioural and neurosciences.
Wegener’s Shocking Idea
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

Alfred Wegener was not the first scientist to imagine the possibility that continents could move, but he was the first one to compile extensive geological, geodetic, and paleontological evidence. His evidence had many gaps and ambiguities, partly because of incomplete world maps of geology and fossils at that time; but the great amount of supporting evidence he compiled could not be easily ignored by geologists. So they did not ignore it. Instead, the earth science community convened conferences and attacked both Wegener’s theory and him personally. Only a handful of geologists in Europe and South Africa thought Wegener’s ideas deserved further consideration.
Arriving in Greenland
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

Moving an Arctic expedition with ninety-eight tons of goods contained in twenty-five hundred crates, bags, boxes, and barrels from Copenhagen to western Greenland required an immense effort. Add to that fourteen men embarking at Copenhagen, picking up three more men and twenty-five ponies in Iceland, and transportation difficulties became enormous.

Alfred Wegener planned the entire expedition based on his experience with three earlier trips to Greenland. He delegated some purchasing tasks to Fritz Loewe and Johannes Georgi, but every detail received Wegener’s attention. He worked as carefully and methodically in expedition planning as he did in his research.
Searching for Reasons
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

Alfred Wegener’s brother, Kurt, took the job of project director when Alfred died.This contingency arrangement had been made in the contract for the expedition. Upon news of Alfred’s death, Kurt prepared for a leave of absence from his job in Hamburg and arrived in Greenland inJuly 1931.The project proceeded through the summer; Georgi returned from Eismitte in August; then both the West Station and the East Station closed, and all personnel returned to Germany. Kurt had the task of coordinating each member’s contribution with the final report of the expedition.
Remembering Wegener
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

Serious discussion of continental drift came to a standstill after the American Association of Petroleum Geologists’ conference in 1926. A few geologists, such as the two South Africans Alexander du Toit and Lester King, continued to support the theory of continental drift, but to the great majority, it was a dead issue until the 1960s.

Real scientific support for lateral continental mobility came somewhat inadvertently afterWorld War II, when oceanographic research with vastly improved instruments received an enormous boost from national governments, particularly the U.S. Navy. This research was not motivated by anything Wegener had written, and testing the concept oflateral movement was not an initial objective.

During World War II the U.S. Navy became interested in all aspects of the ocean, and afterward seafloor mapping became a priority for submarine tracking. This impetus turned into a massive, worldwide data collection effort. Initially, the purpose was only to produce worldwide seafloor topographic maps. Soon maps of magnetic variations, seismic activity, and seafloor topography provided an array of maps that had never before existed. A door was opened, giving researchers a new view of the ocean. Continental maps were now augmented by maps of the ocean floor.
Intergroup Attitudes and Relations in Childhood Through Adulthood: An Introduction
Authors: Levy Sheri R , Killen Melanie
Published: November 2023

In the 21st century, intergroup relations offer both new hope and new challenges. On the one hand, people from different backgrounds increasingly come into social contact in positive and productive ways never thought possible in the past. As examples, former rival countries are now working collaboratively in humanitarian efforts, and at more local levels, members of diverse communities are putting their differences aside to work collectively to improve the living conditions of every member of their community. These connections and interactions contribute to a hopeful view of a diverse world. On the other hand, some individuals persistently avoid intergroup contact, and, when it occurs, tension, conflict, and violence erupt. Some historic social and economic feuds continue to cripple communities and countries, while new forms of intergroup terrorism have surfaced. Thus, intergroup conflict poses new difficulties. Progress relies on continued advances in both the understanding of the origins and the trajectory of intergroup conflict and harmony, as well as insight into the contexts and conditions that contribute to positive and negative intergroup attitudes and relations.
Peer Group Rejection and Children’s Intergroup Prejudice
Authors: Nesdale Drew
Published: November 2023

Although intergroup prejudice (i.e., unjustified feelings of dislike toward members of ethnic or racial minority groups) is problematic wherever it occurs, the possibility that it may be widespread among school-age (and even younger) children is of particular concern. During this period children acquire social knowledge and attitudes that have the potential to lead to shortand long-term psychological, if not physical, harm to the members of the targeted groups. Moreover, prejudice acquired at this time may endure into adulthood and foster intergroup divisions that are long-lasting (Durkin, 1995). In view of these considerations, it is not surprising that children’s intergroup prejudice, as well as that of adults, has been of considerable interest to researchers since the 1930s.
The American Way of Strategy
Authors: Lind Michael
Published: November 2023

Americans are unlikely to lose their cherished rights because of a military coup or a foreign conquest, writes Michael Lind. The more plausible and frightening scenario is one in which foreign danger forces Americans themselves to jettison their way of life, sacrificing liberty to ensure security. To prevent this scenario from happening is the real purpose of American strategy. In The American Way of Strategy, Lind argues that the goal of U.S. foreign policy has always been the preservation of the American way of life--embodied in civilian government, checks and balances, a commercial economy, and individual freedom. Lind describes how successive American statesmen--from George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton to Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, and Ronald Reagan--have pursued an American way of strategy that minimizes the dangers of empire and anarchy by two means: liberal internationalism and realism. At its best, the American way of strategy is a well-thought-out and practical guide designed to preserve a peaceful and demilitarized world by preventing an international system dominated by imperial and militarist states and its disruption by anarchy. When American leaders have followed this path, they have lead our nation from success to success, and when they have deviated from it, the results have been disastrous. Framed in an engaging historical narrative, the book makes an important contribution to contemporary debates. The American Way of Strategy is certain to change the way that Americans understand U.S. foreign policy.
The Psychiatric Ward
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A
Published: November 2023

One flew east, one flew west, one flew over the cuckoo’s nest . . . goose swoops down and plucks you out. —Ken Kesey, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1962) From Kitchen Floor to Emergency Door When I was diagnosed at 15, my psychiatrist gave me his card and said I could call him at any hour. If I felt that it was an emergency, I could call in the middle of the night or on a weekend. I liked that he said, “If you feel it is an emergency,” not “if it is an emergency.” The determination was not someone else’s. It was mine. If I felt that it was an emergency, then by definition it was an emergency. I put the card in my wallet.
The Illness is Not Our Identity
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A
Published: November 2023

I feel like I’m taking CRAZY PILLS! —Will Ferrell playing Mugatu in Zoolander (2001) Our disorder falls into a widely misunderstood category of illnesses. This chapter could be titled, “What Should I Call It? What Should I Call Myself?” I believe we should take command of the language because words help frame the way we see the world. And people see us in part through the labels we apply and those applied to us.
The Visual Control of Object Manipulation
Authors: A.Westwood David
Published: November 2023

Objects figure prominently in most facets of everyday human behavior. Whether eating, playing, or working, there is usually an object involved out of either necessity or perhaps convenience. Humans are remarkably adept at reaching out, picking up, and using objects (i.e., object manipulation), except in cases where the physical or neurological plant has been compromised. Although objects can be manipulated with the hands, feet, or the mouth, attention here is restricted to manual object manipulation, also referred to as manual prehension. The control of object manipulation has been the focus of a considerable amount of research in a number of fields, ranging from kinesiology, neuroscience, physiology, and psychology to philosophy, engineering, computer science, and rehabilitation. There have been tremendous advances made in understanding the sensory, cognitive, and motor mechanisms that lie behind the planning and control of manipulatory actions, and a thorough review would scarcely fit in a single book let alone a single chapter in a book. This chapter focuses on the visual control of object manipulation, addressing the rather specific question of whether conscious perception is necessary for the control of manipulation.
Speech Errors and the Implicit Learning of Phonological Sequences
Authors: Dell Gary S , Warker Jill A , Whalen Christine A
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes several experiments investigating implicit learning in the speech production system. It shows that speech errors reveal the implicit learning of artificial phonotactic constraints. The learning is implicit; that is, it is independent of the speakers’ awareness and intentions. The learning also seems to be more than just priming of recent associations between consonants and positions because second-order constraints, in which such positioning is contingent on something else, can be learned as well, albeit more slowly. Moreover, some people can learn sequential constraints defining syllables that are illegal in their native language. These findings are discussed in the context of a model of learning based on connectionist principles.
The Movement of Eye and Hand as a Window Into Language and Cognition
Authors: Spivey Michael , Richardson Daniel , Dale Rick
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews different studies on the influence of a person’s own movements (and potential movements) in perceptual and cognitive performance. It then focuses on eye movements and reaching movements as particularly informative measures of real-time processing. Not only do eye and hand movements function as convenient indicators of continuous cognitive processes (for the experimenter), but they can also function as manipulators of those very same cognitive processes (for the subject). That is, where you look and what you touch can influence how you think. The chapter concludes with a discussion of studies that examine the cognitive processes of two people engaged in coordinated actions.
Action, Affect, and Two-Mode Models of Functioning
Authors: Carver Charles S , Scheier Michael F
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines several aspects of the management of action and affect. Starting with the idea that behavior reflects the processes of feedback control, it proposes that two layers of control manage two different aspects of behavior. These two layers operate together in a way that conserves resources and permits people to handle multiple tasks across time. Thus, simultaneous motives that bear on many different goals are transformed into a stream of actions that shifts repeatedly from one goal to another.
Automaticity In Situ and in the Lab: The Nature of Habit in Daily Life
Authors: Neal David T , Wood Wendy
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the attributes of habits as they manifest in situ, or naturalistic environments, and contrasts these attributes with those that have been revealed using laboratory methods. The chapter is divided into two sections. In the first, key characteristics of habits are reviewed as they emerge in naturalistic data, such as provided by observational studies and diary-based behavior sampling. These approaches show that real-world habits tend to be tied to the context cues that were contiguous with prior performance and implemented relatively independently of people’s goals and intentions. In the second section, the naturalistic profile of everyday habits is contrasted with data generated through laboratory studies of habit. Drawing on evidence from neuroimaging studies of habit formation, it is suggested that certain laboratory methods can inflate evidence for the goal-mediated nature of automated responding by directing participants’ conscious attention to what are typically unattended responses. In so doing, lab procedures may yield evidence of goal mediation that does not hold in real-world, unattended habitual responding. In contrast, naturalistic designs that use unobtrusive or post hoc assessments avoid this potential confound because they do not necessarily alter participants’ phenomenological orientation toward their actions. The value of naturalistic methods in the study of action control mechanisms is highlighted.
Abstract Algebra
Authors: Johnston William , McAllister Alex M
Published: November 2023

An important goal of mathematics is to understand the concept of quantity. This concept has an ancient anthropological origin; among the first mathematical steps made by humans was the ability to distinguish between one and many and, eventually, between one, two, three, and so on. In modern English “quantity” is synonymous with such words as amount, number, size, and magnitude. As we have seen in previous mathematics courses, the term “quantity” is also frequently used to refer to objects in mathematical expressions (for example, “substitute the quantity x = 2 into …”). We seek a more precise mathematical understanding of this concept.

The development of number systems has a rich and interesting history. In Zaire, Africa, archeologists have discovered what appear to be number representations etched into fossilized bone fragments that have been carbon-dated to 20000 b.c.e. By 2000 b.c.e., the Babylonians, who lived in the area of modern Turkey, Iraq, and Iran, had developed symbols to represent quantities and to perform basic arithmetic operations. The Babylonians also began to analyze the general properties of numbers in connection with the study of astronomy. Around 300 b.c.e., the Hindu mathematicians in India developed our modern notation for numbers, which eventually reached the Middle East through the interaction of merchants along ancient trade routes.
Real Analysis
Authors: Johnston William , McAllister Alex M
Published: November 2023

The Renaissance and Baroque periods were times of profound change in the way western Europeans chose to explore and understand the universe. The humanistic intellectual and social movement in these eras was both encouraged by and contributed to insightful shifts in developing mathematics and applying it to the physical world. The “reawakening” in classical art and literature that defined the Renaissance (originating in Italy and spreading throughout Europe during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries) was accompanied by a movement to return to rational scientific investigation. Mathematics formed the core of this movement. And just as art, literature, and music flourished into the elaborate expressions of the Baroque period of the seventeenth century, so too mathematics began to flourish. New foundational ideas in mathematics and the mathematical community’s increasing commitment to rigor during the seventeenth century paved the way for an “Age of Enlightenment” to follow—a time when the prevailing European culture strongly valued the rationalism that permeates Western culture to this day.
Nixon as Statesman: The Failed Campaign
Authors: Greenberg David
Published: November 2023

It was n’t supposed to turn out this way, at least not as far as Richard Nixon was concerned. From his days as a precocious young California congressman through his terms as Dwight Eisenhower’s vice president to his two presidential bids, Nixon had sought to build a legacy for himself based on historic achievements in foreign policy. Over the years he built up an idealized image of himself as a Great Man of History whose command of statecraft would place him among world-straddling giants like Winston Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, and Mao Zedong. His deeds, he imagined, would shape the destiny of nations, bring about peace, and redound to his glory.
Extinction In Our Times
Authors: Collins James P , Crump Martha L
Published: November 2023

For over 350 million years, thousands of species of amphibians have lived on earth, but since the 1990s they have been disappearing at an alarming rate, in many cases quite suddenly and mysteriously. What is causing these extinctions? What role do human actions play in them? What do they tell us about the overall state of biodiversity on the planet? In Extinction in Our Times, James Collins and Martha Crump explore these pressing questions and many others as they document the first modern extinction event across an entire vertebrate class, using global examples that range from the Sierra Nevada of California to the rainforests of Costa Rica and the Mediterranean coast of North Africa. Joining scientific rigor and vivid storytelling, this book is the first to use amphibian decline as a lens through which to see more clearly the larger story of climate change, conservation of biodiversity, and a host of profoundly important ecological, evolutionary, ethical, philosophical, and sociological issues.
Contextual Variables and School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Joaquin is a 15-year-old boy in tenth grade who has missed several days of school this year and is considering dropping out of his large, urban high school. Joaquin says he is bored with school and that teachers are more concerned with rules than education. He has no long-term plans but has received two offers to work in his neighborhood. Joaquin seems disenchanted with school in general and figures he can drop out and complete his GED test at some future time. His parents seem relatively unconcerned about their son’s decision process in this regard.
Perception
Authors: Edelman Shimon
Published: November 2023

The way of the senses is like the way of war: it is easy to see where and how perception starts, but not where and how it ends. When I look at, say, a cat, a causal chain of events is set in motion by photons entering my eyes. Where does it lead? If I actually see the cat while looking at it, one outcome of the perceptual act is usually the activation of a concept — a bundle of information containing various generalizations about the category to which the observed object is most readily attributed. The better-entrenched categories have names, which may be concrete (“cat”) or abstract (“danger”); these names, of course, are language-dependent. Because the conceptual system is the core of the human mind (Murphy, 2002), the nature of concepts, and their involvement in perception, memory, thinking, and language, must be explained in computational terms, and the next several chapters all focus on doing so. Conceptualizing a cat cannot, however, be the main — let alone the only— outcome of an act of seeing it, for several reasons. First, I can conceptualize a cat without seeing one (that’s what I did when writing this passage, and reading it caused you to do the same).
The Challenge: Know Thyself?
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L .
Published: November 2023

“Know thyself” was inscribed on the portico of the temple at Delphi, and the apparent uncanny accuracy of the oracular utterances depended precisely on that self-understanding. Nothing has interested us more than understanding ourselves—and other people. After thousands of years of searching, we are finally coming closer to a better understanding of the brain. More refined insights into its functions were not possible until the recent invention of new brain scanning techniques that have allowed us to track brain activity. Similarly further insights have come from deep-brain stimulation techniques that have allowed us to help patients with otherwise treatment-resistant disorders.
Conditioned Disgust, but Not Conditioned Taste Avoidance, May Reflect Conditioned Nausea in Rats
Authors: Parker Linda A , Limebeer Cheryl L , Rana Shadna A
Published: November 2023

Garcia and colleagues (e.g., Garcia, Hankins, & Rusiniak, 1974) pioneered the study of conditioned taste aversion learning; in fact, taste aversion learning is often called the Garcia effect. These early investigations were specifically directed toward understanding the nature of associations formed between flavors and toxic compounds with known emetic properties. According to Garcia (1989), a conditioned taste aversion resulted when a novel flavored food or fluid was paired with nausea produced by activation of the emetic system of the gut and the brainstem. Typically, rats served as subjects in these experiments. Although rats are incapable of vomiting, they were observed to display conditioned disgust reactions (i.e., gaping, chin rubbing) when exposed to a taste previously paired with drug-induced nausea. Garcia and colleagues (1974) argued that conditioned disgust resulted in subsequent avoidance of the taste and that these disgust reactions were established by the association between the taste and activation of the emetic neural circuitry.
Ethical and Legal Resources
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

Clinical neuropsychologists establish confidence in their conclusions because such conclusions are based, in large part, on objective data and are empirically derived. All necessary resources, including normative data, test manuals, and relevant research, are consulted. In the case of a patient presenting for evaluation with complex neurocognitive and emotional symptoms, it would be unusual to have a neuropsychologist arrive at a diagnostic conclusion without obtaining the necessary information and data and considering the professional literature. However, when considering ethical issues, it is not uncommon for the same data-driven clinicians to begin their conclusions with the words ‘‘I think.’’ They might say, ‘‘I think the problem is .. .’’ or ‘‘I think you should .. .’’ Although little empirical information is available to facilitate ethical decision making, many professional resources exist to inform and assist neuropsychologists with the ethical decision-making process.
An Ethical Decision-Making Model
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

Ethical issues become dilemmas for the following reasons: (1) they pit ethical, legal, or organizational requirements against each other; (2) the Ethics Code or laws are silent on the issue; or (3) they require the professional to use judgment. Because ethical dilemmas are complex, the preferred solutions are often difficult to discern. In addition, given the number and variety of resources that are available to assist neuropsychologists with ethical decision making, finding occasional inconsistencies among resources is understandable. To determine a preferred course of action from among conflicting directives and guidelines, practitioners benefit from use of a decision-making model that allows them to weigh the relative importance of the information obtained.
Human Relations
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

If professional competence is the foundation of ethical practice, human relations are the cornerstone. Interactions with referral sources, recipients of neuropsychological services, payors, institutions, and others determine whether services are provided and their nature. Professional interactions should be based on appreciation of the interests and obligations of the other parties; respect for individual autonomy, dignity, and differences; and a commitment to one’s professional ethics. Professional relationships should be free of unfair discrimination and harassment based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or any other basis proscribed by law (Ethical Standards 3.01, Unfair Discrimination, and 3.03, Other Harassment). Establishing the boundaries of professional relationships allows neuropsychologists to provide structure and set limits, which are needed to benefit others and minimize the potential for harm.
Addressing Ethical Misconduct
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

All neuropsychologists who engage in forensic activities and many whose practices are strictly clinical are aware of colleagues who appear to be incompetent, biased, incompetent and biased, or in some other way unethical some if not most of the time. Of course, those colleagues may think the same things about us. Shakespeare’s Autolycus at least acknowledges his moral flaws, if only to himself. Although few of us likely see ourselves as generally unethical, no one is immune from behavior that others may find ethically questionable. Dr. A is retained by a no-fault insurance carrier to review Dr. B’s neuropsychological report and bill for the purpose of determining whether the evaluation was medically necessary and the bill appropriate. Dr. B’s patient was involved in a relatively minor motor vehicle accident, with no apparent loss of consciousness or posttraumatic amnesia, and is involved in litigation. The information obtained by Dr. A indicates that Dr. B performed 12 hours.
An End and a Beginning:
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

Petty gripes aside, we live in a forgiving world, where the margin of error is usually quite generous. I have always suspected that even in the highest reaches of power, decision making is a pretty sloppy process. Once in a while, however, situations arise in the life of a human being, and in a society, which allow no margin of error. These critical situations tax the decision maker’s executive abilities to their utmost. At the age of 62, I can think of only one such situation in my life. For me, a student of executive functions, the experience had the dual significance of a personal drama and a practical study in the workings of the frontal lobes—my own.

On an early spring afternoon, my mentor, Alexandr Romanovich Luria, and I were immersed in a conversation that we had had a dozen times before. We were strolling away from Luria’s Moscow apartment, up Frunze Street and on toward the Old Arbat.1 We proceeded cautiously, because Luria had broken his leg and had developed a limp, slowing his usually brisk walking pace. Moscow was thawing after a frigid winter, and the plaza was getting crowded. But Luria was so imposingly professorial in his heavy, almost floor-length, navy cashmere coat with astrakhan collar and matching hat that the crowd gave way.
The Conductor:
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

The repertoire of every orchestra or troupe consists of pieces that have been its mainstay for years as well as relatively new additions. Likewise, the products manufactured by a company consist of older lines of products and relatively new ones. Which pieces (or products) require closer ongoing attention by the conductor/director (or the CEO)? Common sense suggests that the less streamlined or rehearsed the activities, the less likely they are to be successfully accomplished “on autopilot.” Therefore, the less rehearsed, more novel activities require closer direction from the leader.

Functional neuroimaging experiments by Raichle and his colleagues highlight the relationship between the frontal lobes and novelty quite dramatically. These researchers used positron emission tomography (PET) to study the relationship between regional cerebral blood flow levels and task novelty. When the task (saying an appropriate verb to a visually presented noun) was first introduced, the blood flow level in the frontal lobes reached its highest level. As the subjects’ familiarization with the task increased, frontal lobe involvement all but disappeared.
Emotion and Cognition
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon
Published: November 2023

Rigorous neuroscientific exploration of emotions was slow in coming, but owing to the work by Joseph LeDoux and others we now know that the amygdala plays a critical role in how with think and what we feel. From the work of LeDoux and colleagues we also know that a direct pathway exists between the thalamus and the amygdala, ensuring a preconscious, very rapid, and very coarse emotional appraisal of the environment. Presumably, this phylogenetically old mechanism of emotional appraisal is not just subcortical but also precortical. The thalamoamygdaloid interface is often thought of as the most rudimentary mechanism of emotions, even though in evolutionary terms it makes sense to think of it as a middling one, the tectal–tegmental interface of the midbrain being the truly most ancient precursor of emotional regulation.

For years, a misconception was prominent, particularly in popular science and among the general public, that rational thought processes are controlled exclusively by the neocortex and emotions, by subcortical structures. But just as the thalamus can be thought of as the evolutionarily early functional antecedent of the posterior cortex, the basal ganglia and the amygdala can be viewed as the functional antecedent of the frontal lobes.
Importance of Psychological Assessment in Treatment Planning
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

Psychological treatment whether psychodynamic, behavioral, or based on some other theoretical viewpoint proceeds best when both the therapist and the client understand the client’s problems and weaknesses, resources, and strengths. The task of assessment may precede the initiation of treatment or it may be ongoing throughout therapy. Therapists of different theoretical views approach the task of assessing and evaluating the client from different avenues. Assessment can involve providing a “normative framework” within which the therapist can compare the patient’s problems with others, or it may be more “idiographic,” with the therapist seeking to understand the patient on his or her own terms through interview, observations, and information from others such as a spouse.
Beyond Statecraft
Authors: Maier Charles S
Published: November 2023

There are moments in history when foreign policy—the strategies by which any nation seeks to regulate its relations with other countries—surges beyond its usual routines, recognizes historical actors outside the nation-state framework, and seeks to address new agents of world politics. The founders of the American Republic addressed an implicit Enlightenment global public and invoked “a decent respect for the opinions of mankind” when they declared independence. Although they negotiated very traditionally with the established states of Europe, their claim to nationhood envisaged a broader concept of foreign relations. The French revolutionaries of 1792 addressed a community of would-be revolutionary supporters abroad (as would the Bolsheviks of 1917). Looking at the terrible stalemate of World War I from the standpoint of a neutral United States, Woodrow Wilson hypothesized a democratic public opinion that would cast aside an old diplomacy and create a global community guaranteeing peace and self-determination.
Liberal Order Building
Authors: Ikenberry G John
Published: November 2023

In the twenty-first century, America confronts a complex array of security challenges—diffuse, shifting, and uncertain. But it does not face the sort of singular geopolitical threat that it did with the Fascist and Communist powers of the last century. Indeed, compared with the dark days of the 1930s or the cold war, America lives in an extraordinarily benign security environment, and it possesses an extraordinary opportunity to shape its security environment for the long term. It is the dominant global power, unchecked by a coalition of balancing states or a superpower wielding a rival universalistic ideology. Most of the great powers are democracies and tied to the United States through formal alliances and informal partnerships. State power is ultimately based on sustained economic growth—and no major state today can modernize without integrating into the globalized capitalist system; that is, if you want to be a world power, you will need to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). What made the Fascist and Communist threats of the twentieth century so profound was not only the danger of territorial aggression but also the fact that these great power challengers embodied rival political-economic systems that could generate growth, attract global allies, and create counterbalancing geopolitical blocs. America has no such global challengers today.
Soft Talk, Big Stick
Authors: Fukuyama Francis
Published: November 2023

There are four broad approaches that U.S. foreign policy can take in the post-Bush era. America can talk loudly and carry a big stick (the policy of Bush’s first term); talk loudly and carry a small stick (where Bush’s second term has ended up); talk softly and carry a big stick; or talk softly and carry a small stick. Some observers from diverse points in the ideological spectrum, from Pat Buchanan to Barry Posen and John Mearsheimer, have argued for the latter, whereby the United States largely retreats from the Middle East and takes a much narrower view of its national interests.
The Neurobiology of Desire: Dopamine and the Regulation of Mood and Motivational States in Humans
Authors: Leyton Marco
Published: November 2023

In most contemporary theories of emotion, the processes of desire, happiness, and pleasure are separable yet affect each other (Lazarus, 1991; Rolls, 2005) (see also Bindra, 1969, 1978; LeDoux, 1989, 2000; Toates, 1986). Desire reflects the focused interest in a goal object and the drive to obtain it. Happiness is an affective state linked to the appraisal that progress is being made. Pleasure, in comparison, is a positive response to obtaining the goal.
To Be Happy and to Know It: The Experience and Meta-Awareness of Pleasure
Authors: Schooler Jonathan W , Mauss Iris B
Published: November 2023

The refrain of an old favorite children’s song goes “if you’re happy and you know it, clap your hands.” Implicit in this popular lyric is the curious observation that at least in principle one might be happy but not know it. Although embedded in the folk wisdom of popular culture, the possibility that people might not necessarily know whether or not they are happy is often overlooked in scientific discussions of happiness and pleasure. While researchers who study subjective well-being acknowledge that there are limitations to self-report measures, they generally take individuals’ assessments of their happiness at face value.
Introduction
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

Nothing matches the energy and enthusiasm of three-to seven-year-old children who are thriving. Full of curiosity about themselves and the world, eager to play and quick to laugh, kids this age can bring indescribable pleasure to the adults who spend time with them. When things aren’t going so well, however, young children may leave parents and teachers feeling concerned and discouraged, even incompetent. The behaviors that cause such distress cross class and culture. An easily frustrated youngster can’t keep her emotional thermostat regulated, while a nonstop wiggler zooms impulsively from kitchen to bedroom and back again. An intensely shy child holds back from talking to his friendly teacher or beloved uncle, while one with a particularly strong will refuses to bend even an inch with her peers. A dreamy scientist-in-the-making recites detailed information about dinosaur species, yet can’t focus on the simplest requests for attention.
Conclusion
Authors: King Desmond
Published: November 2023

What I hope the preceding chapters have demonstrated is how the Federal government, in a range of areas, colluded in the maintenance of segregated race relations in the half-century before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Federal authority was used either to impose or to accommodate segregated race relations in government departments and public policies. In Chapter 2, the transformation of the US Civil Service Commission from an agent of meritocratic appointment at its establishment in 1883, to a discriminating barrier from 1914, was explained and the consequences for Black Americans investigated.
A Guide To Oral History And The Law
Authors: Neuenschwander John A
Published: November 2023

Here is the bible for oral history practitioners on all the legal aspects of their field, an essential volume for students, amateur historians, genealogists, and professionals alike, written by a leading authority. A Guide to Oral History and the Law not only presents and discusses all of the areas of law that are relevant to oral history, from copyright through defamation, but emphasizes how and when these areas intersect and overlap. It also explains how and why the Oral History Association's code of ethics provides the best foundation for the legally sound practice of oral history. Because the book is designed for non-lawyers, special effort has been taken to avoid overly legalistic discussions of important legal concepts. The cases used to illustrate key legal issues were also chosen primarily because they were most likely to foster the greatest understanding among the uninitiated. Readers are also provided with many examples of procedures, policies, and forms that are currently being utilized by oral history programs that may provide helpful guidance.
James Baldwin, 1924–1987
Authors: Kenan Randall
Published: November 2023

In death James Baldwin received something that seemed to have eluded him for several decades: recognition as one of the greatest writers America has produced.

Once upon a time, in the early 1960s, he was hailed as the voice of the civil rights movement; his books were best sellers; his image was emblazoned on the covers of national magazines; he was interviewed on television and radio; politicians and leaders sought his advice. Then, in the late 1970s and 1980s, he became viewed essentially as an exile, living on a bucolic estate in the south of France, the diminishing voice of a bygone era, slowly growing faint, less relevant, out of touch with mainstream Reagan America. His last major work was published in 1979. While his importance as a public figure had never been in doubt, the literary merit of his work and its continued aesthetic relevance was up for debate.
“In the Same Boat”
Authors: Zaborowska Magdalena J
Published: November 2023

James Baldwin’s essay “Encounter on the Seine: Black Meets Brown” (1950) frames the uneasy face-off between “American Negroes” and Africans in post–World War II Western Europe against the background of a transatlantic geopolitical context and this writer’s lifelong exploration of Americanness. From Harlem and lower-class black families who migrated South-to-North in his first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), through explorations of belonging and freedom within and without the nation in the essay collections Notes of a Native Son (1955), Nobody Knows My Name (1961), and the Fire Next Time (1963), to probing intersections of gender, race, and sexuality in his transnational novels, Giovanni’s Room (1956), Another Country (1962), and Just Above My Head (1979), Baldwin wrote about Americans of all hues caught up in search for identity.
Who Swings?
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R
Published: November 2023

Our general thesis is that long-standing predispositions, such as party identification and political context, determine the behavior of most voters. This, in turn, produces fairly predictable election outcomes. But when the party identifications of voters and the events of the day are not so one-sided, predicting winners and losers is less certain. Long ago, those who studied and practiced politics observed that close elections are often decided by a subset of voters who could “swing” to either party’s candidates.1 Beyond this simple observation, however, there is very little consensus about how many “swing voters” there are, what they look like, and what influences their behavior.
Introduction: Why Emotion?
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Over the past two decades, the theory and practice of child psychotherapy have been gradually, but radically, transformed. A new research discipline— developmental psychopathology—has emerged (Cicchetti and Cohen, 2006; Toth and Cicchetti, 1999) and the classical psychodynamic model of inner conflict, although still relevant, now occupies a smaller place in our understanding of the psychological development of the child. Evidence-based cognitive and behavioral treatments, especially for children with anxiety (Kendall, Aschenbrand, and Hudson, 2003), depression (Stark et al., 2008), and behavioral disorders (Kazdin, 2005; Webster-Stratton and Reid, 2003) have been developed; the contribution of biological factors in the etiology of childhood disorders is now widely recognized; and child therapists of all schools have come to appreciate the critical role of parents in the therapeutic process.