bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A System of Multimodal Image‐Text Retrieval Based on Pre‐Trained Models Fusion
Authors: Li Qiang , Zhao Feng , Zhao Linlin , Liu Maokai , Wang Yubo , Zhang Shuo , Guo Yuanyuan , Wang Shunlu , Wang Weigang
Published: December 2024

The algorithm for multimodal image‐text retrieval aims to overcome the differences between visual and textual data, enabling efficient and accurate recognition between images and text. Since manually labeled data are usually expensive, many researchers attempted to use low‐quality multimodal data obtained through network batch operations. This presents a challenge for the model's generalization performance and prediction accuracy. To address this issue, we construct a system of multimodal image‐text retrieval based on the fusion of pre‐trained models. Firstly, we enhance the diversity of the original data using the MixGen algorithm to improve the model's generalization performance. Next, we employ Chinese‐CLIP as the most suitable foundational model based on comparative experiments among three different models. Finally, we construct a comprehensive ensemble model with three base Chinese‐CLIP models based on the specific characteristics of the tasks, which includes a prediction‐based fusion model for the text‐to‐image task and a feature‐based fusion model for the image‐to‐text task. Extensive experiments show that our model outperforms state‐of‐the‐art single foundation models in generalization, especially with low‐quality image‐text pairs and small datasets in the Chinese context.
Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota Between Wild and Captive Guizhou Snub‐Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi)
Authors: Huang Xiaolong , Li Haibo , Zhang Lan , Zhang Xu , Cheng Shaochuan , Yan Yuying , Yang Wei , Meng Bingshun , Wang Zuobo , Zhao Juanjuan , Ran Jingcheng
Published: December 2024

Maintaining a healthy status is crucial for the successful captive breeding of critically endangered Rhinopithecus brelichi, it is conducive to ex situ conservation of this species and rejuvenation of its population. However, changes in the feeding environment and food can affect the composition and function of the gut microbiota in R. brelichi, ultimately impacting its health and adaptation. Herein, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was employed to determine the gut microbiota composition and functional variations between wild and captive R. brelichi populations. The results showed that the captive group had higher alpha diversity than the wild group, and significant differences were observed in their beta diversity. Captive and wild R. brelichi showed similar microbiota at the phylum level, which mainly comprised Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Spirochaetota, but captivity reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio. Differential abundance analysis revealed that the relative abundance of microbiota related to cellulose degradation, such as Prevotellaceae_UCG_001, Christensenellaceae_R_7_group, Ruminococcus, and Fibrobacter, differed significantly between the two groups. Furthermore, the potential pathogens Acinetobacter and Treponema were significantly abundant in wild and captive groups, respectively. Functional predictions demonstrated that the most significant functional pathways at the second level between captive and wild monkeys were carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolisms. The captive monkeys exhibited higher digestive capacity and endocrine regulation as well as a higher risk of infectious diseases than wild monkeys. These findings can serve as a valuable theoretical basis for promoting the healthy breeding of R. brelichi and as a guide for future evaluation of the health of wild and captive monkeys.
Genetic Determination of a Cryptic Species in the Littoraria Genus With Whole‐Genome Molecular Resolution
Authors: Xu Jia‐Wei , Wang Jie , Dong Yun‐Wei
Published: December 2024

Recognizing cryptic species is crucial for understanding global biodiversity. The intertidal snail Littoraria flammea is potentially a cryptic species of L. melanostoma widely distributed in the Northwest Pacific. However, the evidence from traditional morphology and single genetic markers is inconsistent. Our study combined quantitative morphological and whole‐genome molecular data to clarify the phylogenetic relationship of three species (L. flammea, L. aff. melanostoma, and L. melanostoma). Three‐dimensional models of shells revealed significant differences in morphology between L. flammea and L. melanostoma. Neutral SNPs indicated that individuals of L. flammea and L. melanostoma were in different clusters. The ratio of interspecific FST to intraspecific FST between L. flammea and L. melanostoma (16) was much larger than the lowest ratio (2.31) in six published genera with cryptic species in gastropods. Non‐neutral SNPs disclosed divergence in functional genes related to reproduction and protein binding. The morphological and phylogenetic analyses corroborated the transitional status of L. aff. melanostoma. These results confirmed that the L. flammea snails north of the Yangtze River Estuary is a cryptic species of L. melanostoma, and allopatric speciation occurs in the L. melanostoma complex.
Ebolavirus evolution and emergence are associated with land use change
Authors: Lange Christian E. , Barnum Thomas R. , McIver David J. , LeBreton Matthew , Saylors Karen , Kumakamba Charles , Lowes Sara , Montero Eduardo , Cohen Robert L.
Published: December 2024

Anthropogenic land use change facilitates disease emergence by altering the interface between humans and pathogen reservoirs and is hypothesized to drive pathogen evolution. Here, we show a positive association between land use change and the evolution and dispersal of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV). We update the phylogeographies of EBOV and SUDV, which reveal that the most recent common ancestor of EBOV was circulating around 1960 in the forests of what is now the northwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo, while the most recent common ancestor of SUDV was circulating around 1958 in the southern Sudanese savanna. Both landscapes underwent significant anthropogenic fragmentation between 1940 and 1960, associated with specific colonial “schemes,” which substantially altered local human settlement patterns and the surrounding vegetation to support intensive cash crop agriculture. Since these disturbances, landscape fragmentation was spatiotemporally associated with the divergence and dispersal of new variants of both viruses into new ecoregions of Africa. These variants segregated geographically along ecoregion boundaries, resembling a pattern observable for other bat‐borne viruses. The amino acid changes which characterized each variant disproportionately involved glycosylation‐sensitive amino acids in the surface glycoprotein domain responsible for immune evasion and attachment to host cells, suggesting adaptation to new hosts amidst changing landscapes. Our results show that land use change not only increases the risk of spillover, but also impacts the evolution of viruses themselves.
Anthropogenic and Climate‐Driven Changes on Harmful Algal Blooms in Two Chinese Reservoirs
Authors: Zahir Muhammad , Su Yuping , Chen Yinxin , Shahzad Muhammad Imran , Ayub Gohar , Rahman Sami Ur , Ahmed Toqeer , Ijaz Jehangir
Published: December 2024

This study assessed the impacts of anthropogenic and climate change on harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the Dongzhang and Shanzai Reservoirs from 1990 to 2023, focusing on land use and land cover change (LULCC) analysis. Through supervised classification of Landsat imagery, the study examined changes in cropland, forest, shrub, grassland water, barren and built‐up areas in the watersheds of both reservoirs and monitor HABs events. The Dongzhang catchment saw forest cover increase from 72.0% in 1990 to 75.3% in 2010 before decreasing to 71.7% in 2022, while cropland and built‐up areas fluctuated. Similarly, Shanzai's forest cover declined from 94.4% in 1996 to 91.4% in 2022, with cropland increasing. Significant HAB events in Dongzhang Reservoir peaked in 1990, 2010 and 2022, affecting up to 40% of the reservoir's area in 2022. In Shanzai Reservoir, HAB events showed an increasing trend from 1996 to 2018, with a peak in 2018 when 40% of the reservoir's area was affected. Land use changes exacerbate HABs, as seen in declining forest cover and increasing cropland and built‐up areas. Analysis using Landsat imagery showed HAB occurrences increasing from 1990 to 2023, with rising water temperatures indicating potential future increases. Addressing anthropogenic activities and climate change are vital to prevent and manage HABs, requiring improved monitoring and early warning systems. With remote sensing, water quality issues can be identified and managed. The findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring, improved LULCC analysis, sediment pollution research and effective management strategies to protect water quality and ecosystem health under climate change. Recommendations include long‐term monitoring, nutrient input investigations, modelling studies, early warning systems and adaptation strategies.
Research Progress of Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed C(sp2)−H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Chen DeMao , Dong Dao‐Qing , Qiu Zhao‐Xin , Wang Yi‐Meng , Yan Shi‐Qiang , Xu Xin‐Ming , Wang Zu‐Li
Published: December 2024

Over the past decade, rhodium‐catalyzed C−H bond activation reactions have made significant progress and found broad applications in organic synthesis, biomedicine, and materials science. This is primarily attributed to their broad substrate scope, excellent functional group compatibility, and high reactivity. Currently, although considerable progress has been made, rhodium‐catalyzed C(sp2)−H functionalization still heavily relies on directing groups to achieve selectivity, which significantly diminishes the reaction's efficiency. Additionally, the challenge of selectively functionalizing remote (meta/para) C−H bonds further complicates research in this field. In this review, we primarily focus on the research progress in rhodium‐catalyzed C(sp2)−H functionalization from 2018 to 2024, categorizing reactions by type and providing a systematic overview of the mechanistic insights for each.
Photochemical‐, Electrochemical‐, and Photoelectrochemical‐ Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer from Aldehydes to Acyl Radicals and Their Transformations
Authors: Wang Fang , Wang Bin , Wang Qidi , Wang Lei
Published: December 2024

Acyl radical has assumed an eminent position in the synthetic chemistry due to its unique and often highly reactivity. Using aldehyde as acyl radical source does not require the prefunctionalization of substrate. Furthermore, the formation of acyl radical can be achieved through a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process. In recent years, photochemical‐, electrochemical‐, and photoelectrochemical‐catalyzed intermolecular HAT from aldehydes have been regarded as mild and sustainable routes to acyl radicals. Herein, we discuss the important advancements in the past 6 years in photo‐, electro‐, and photoelectro‐catalyzed generation of acyl radicals from aldehydes and their applications in organic synthesis. We also highlight the mechanistic insights that have emerged from these transformations.
Dehydrogenative Photoredox Catalyzed Synthesis of Indolyl Δ2‐Isoxazolines via a Formal C(sp3)−H Functionalization
Authors: Da Luz Jonathan , Dobah Farhaan , Rossi‐Ashton James A. , Payne Richard J. , Unsworth William P. , Petersen Wade F.
Published: December 2024

The discovery of a dehydrogenative photoredox catalyzed formal C(sp3)−H intramolecular cyclization of indolyl‐oximes to generate indolyl Δ2‐isoxazolines is reported. In contrast to the current state‐of‐the‐art, the reaction avoids the use of super stoichiometric chemical oxidants and high reaction temperatures and is proposed to operate via two sequential single electron oxidation events.
Design of Chitin Partial Dissolution System for Construction of High‐Efficiency Energy Storage Porous Carbon
Authors: Gu Zhuoling , Xu Zhigang , Jing Yidan , Li Taixi , Gai Xinran , Deng  , Meng Deqian , Hu Yunzhi , Tang Guochu , Zhang Xiaomin
Published: December 2024

Chitin is a cost‐effective and abundant resource, enriched with nitrogen and oxygen elements, making it an ideal precursor for carbon‐based materials. However, traditional methods for preparing activated carbon from chitin often require substantial amounts of activators and complex carbonization processes, leading to suboptimal energy storage efficiency. This study presents a partial dissolution system achieved by modulating the mass ratio of chitin to activators (KOH and urea) and optimizing freeze‐thaw cycles. When chitin/KOH/urea is mixed at a 1:1:1.5 mass ratio and subjected to three freeze‐thaw cycles, the resulting porous carbon demonstrates a high specific surface area of 1783 m2 g−1 with significant N (4.75%) and O (11.16%) doping. The electrode achieves a specific capacitance of 309.1 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in a three‐electrode system with 6 m KOH as the electrolyte. After 5000 charge–discharge cycles at 5 A g−1, the capacitance retention rate remains at 91.08%, indicating excellent cycling stability. When assembled into a symmetrical supercapacitor, it exhibits an energy density of 5.69 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 4996.1 W kg−1, demonstrating remarkable energy storage performance. This work introduces a novel method for preparing chitin‐derived porous carbon materials.
Strain‐Level Screening of Human Gut Microbes Identifies Three Lactobacillus Strains as Next‐Generation Antidiabetic Probiotics
Authors: Yang Yanan , Li Mingxi , Zhang Fang , Yu Jiaqi , Cheng Jiale , Xu Wenyi , Wu Chongming
Published: December 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Probiotic supplementation improves glucolipid metabolism by modulating the gut microbiota. However, current research lacks a systematic understanding of the overall hypoglycemic ability of human gut microbes. First, a high‐throughput screening platform based on HepG2 cells was developed to screen candidate strains with hypoglycemic potential. Subsequently, we utilized a T2DM mouse model to investigate the antidiabetic effects and mechanisms of three selected Lactobacillus strains through biochemical analyses, histopathological analyses, RNA‐seq analyses, and metagenomics analyses. We categorized and ranked the hypoglycemic ability of 4811 strains belonging to 8 phyla, 17 orders, 68 genera, and 241 species. The hypoglycemic ability of all tested strains showed a significant normal distribution, and several species with significant efficacy were screened, primarily from Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Subsequently, we found that three Lactobacillus strains significantly improve glycolipid metabolism disorders in T2DM mice, and the mechanisms include inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis via the AKT–FOXO1–PEPCK/G6pase pathway and activating GPR41 and GPR43 to bind short‐chain fatty acids, promoting glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) secretion. These strains also significantly regulate the gut microbiota structure and composition, contributing to their hypoglycemic effects. This study comprehensively examined the hypoglycemic efficacy of 4811 strains for the first time, resulting in a functional map of human gut microbiota for hypoglycemia. Additionally, we investigated the hypoglycemic efficacy and the mechanisms of three Lactobacillus strains. This study provides a rich bacterial pool for the targeted development of probiotics as potential treatments for diabetes and related metabolic diseases.
Edaravone Protects Trophoblast Cells From Hypoxic Injury in Preeclampsia: Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT Pathway as a Promising Therapeutic Approach
Authors: Liu Xin , Wan Jun , Wei Ming , Tong Yanan , Yao Zhaomin
Published: December 2024

Objective

Preeclampsia (PE) is a multifaceted medical condition that manifests during pregnancy, characterized by hypertension and damage to multiple organs. In PE, the placenta's impaired functionality leads to continuous hypoxia in placental tissues, which is considered the primary cause of the condition. Inhibition of hypoxia‐induced injury in trophoblast cells presents a potential therapeutic strategy for PE. Edaravone (EDA) is a potent antioxidant with proven efficacy against various diseases and injuries, yet its impact on PE requires further exploration.

Methods

Placenta tissues from pregnant women, with or without PE, were collected, and levels of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF‐1α), P‐AKT, AKT, and PI3K proteins were analyzed using Western blotting. An in vitro anoxia model was established by treating the human trophoblast cell line HTR‐8/SVneo with cobalt chloride (CoCl2). Standard techniques were employed to measure proliferation, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production rates in the anoxic cells, with and without EDA treatment.

Results

HIF‐1α, P‐AKT, AKT, and PI3K protein levels were significantly elevated in the placenta of the PE group compared with the control group. EDA mitigated the CoCl2‐induced decrease in HTR‐8/SVneo cell viability and reduced apoptosis and ROS production. Furthermore, EDA counteracted the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in CoCl2‐treated trophoblasts.

Conclusion

EDA protected trophoblasts against hypoxic injury by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway, suggesting that it may serve as a promising therapeutic option for PE.
Biosphere reserves in the megadiverse Cape Floristic Region are effective in conserving arthropod diversity
Authors: Samways Michael J. , Pryke James S. , Gaigher René , Deacon Charl
Published: December 2024

Biosphere reserves (BRs) aim to protect global biodiversity alongside social and economic development. Each BR is composed of a core area where biodiversity conservation is maximal. Surrounding this zone is a buffer and then a transition zone where agroecological farming and other low‐intensity land‐uses are undertaken to an increasing degree. The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is a biodiversity hotspot at the southern tip of Africa, extremely rich in endemic plants and arthropods. We review the instigation of four CFR BRs for effective conservation to protect this unique biodiversity, and where new species are regularly being discovered. Core areas protect many endemic and rare arthropod species with impacts from human activities in these critical areas being softened by the outer zones. Within the buffer and transition zones, agroecological approaches are advancing arthropod conservation, largely through maintenance of natural patches in the agricultural matrix. While larger patches are better, small patches also have high value for arthropods, especially when functionally connected. Other biodiversity‐friendly farming methods such as high vegetation cover between vine rows are also proving to be effective for indigenous arthropod conservation, as is an ecologically sensitive pest management strategy. Furthermore, a national programme aimed at removal of invasive alien trees is enabling arthropod recovery, especially endemic stream insects. Although fire is a natural CFR phenomenon, increased fire frequency is of concern. Nevertheless, natural fire refuges remain vitally important and are playing a critical role, especially for vulnerable species‐rich groups like pollinators. Overall, there is optimism that most arthropod species will remain at effective population levels in this megadiversity hotspot by putting in place effective precautionary measures. Here we show that the BR model contributes towards the protection of the CFR's endemic arthropod fauna, with potential to expand the BRs beyond the four official reserves.
A cross‐taxon study in Thailand demonstrates significance of vertical stratification and seasonality in monitoring tropical forest insects
Authors: Punthuwat Laksamee , Taveesri Ronnarot , Stewart Alyssa B. , Yongsiri Ponrujee , Janmaneeporn Achariyaporn , Waitayachart Pattharawadee , Kongnoo Pitoon , Reshchikov Alexey , Alcantara Mark Jun M. , Cao Min , Lin Luxiang , Blanchard Benjamin David , Jeratthitikul Ekgachai , Nakamura Akihiro
Published: December 2024

In tropical rainforests, trees and associated plants create vertically heterogeneous habitats mediated by seasonal changes in climate and plant phenology. Despite extensive studies on the spatiotemporal dynamics of tropical forest ecosystems, insect monitoring programs often neglect the vertical and seasonal dimensions because the relative importance of muti‐dimensional dynamics of insect diversity has not been well understood. In this study, we employed a spatially explicit sampling design to understand the distribution patterns of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and two families (Noctuidae and Nolidae) of Lepidoptera in the canopy and understory during the dry and wet seasons in two tropical rainforests located at lower and higher latitudes in Thailand. We compared the vertical stratification of gamma diversity, alpha diversity, total abundance, and beta turnover and nestedness. We also identified the insect species characteristic of certain vertical strata and/or seasons. Our samples resulted in a total of 4,452 insects (1,622 coleopterans, 1,763 hymenopterans, and 1,067 lepidopterans) representing 437 Coleoptera species, 694 Hymenoptera species, and 98 Lepidoptera species. All insect groups generally displayed moderately higher diversity in the canopy than in the understory, but the significance of this pattern varied among seasons, forests, and insect groups. Over 50% of significant habitat indicator species were restricted to certain vertical strata but were only found in certain seasons. Our findings demonstrate that spatiotemporal dynamics of insect diversity are highly context‐dependent and are not as clearly discernible as we hypothesized in three major insect groups, suggesting the importance of monitoring insects across vertical strata and seasons, even in low‐latitude tropical rainforests.
Nephroprotective Potential of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivative Against Methotrexate‐Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats by Upregulating Nrf2 and Downregulating NF‐κB and TNF‐α Signaling Pathways
Authors: Rafique Zubaria , Aabid Muhammad , Nadeem Humaira , Rehman Ayema , Khan Jehan zeb , Waqas Muhammad , Irshad Nadeem
Published: December 2024

Nephrotoxicity is a prominent complication of methotrexate (MTX) therapy that limits clinicians in its extensive use. MTX triggers oxidative burden and inflammation, so the nephroprotective potential of the synthetic derivative of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole (5b) was explored in this research. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups i.e., control group, MTX group, 5b (5 mg/kg) + MTX group and 5b (10 mg/kg) + MTX group, respectively. All treatments were given, intraperitoneally (i.p.) during 12 days of the animal model. The MTX‐induced nephrotoxicity was evaluated by renal function markers i.e., serum creatinine (Cret), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and albumin (Alb). Furthermore, antioxidant markers, catalase (CAT), glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), and reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidative stress, markers lipid peroxidase (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO), were analyzed. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), were also calculated. DNA damage was assessed by the comet assay. Histopathological staining (Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome) was done and immunohistochemistry was performed against Caspase‐3, Nrf2, HO‐1, TLR‐4, TNF‐α, and NF‐κB. A significant improvement in the serum Cret, BUN, and Alb was observed in (5b) treated groups. Antioxidant markers were elevated, oxidative stress markers and pro‐inflammatory cytokines were reduced, moreover, histopathological analysis revealed less tissue damage in (5b) administered groups. Immunohistochemistry showed increased immune expression of Nrf2 and HO‐1 and decreased expression of TLR‐4, TNF‐α, Caspase‐3, and NF‐κB in 5b (5 mg/kg) + MTX group and 5b (10 mg/kg) + MTX group as compared to the MTX group. Hence, the results of this study favor the use of (5b) against MTX‐induced nephrotoxicity.
pKa prediction in non‐aqueous solvents
Authors: Zheng Jonathan W. , Al Ibrahim Emad , Kaljurand Ivari , Leito Ivo , Green William H.
Published: December 2024

Acid dissociation constants () are widely measured and studied, most typically in water. Comparatively few datasets and models for non‐aqueous values exist. In this work, we demonstrate how the in one solvent can be accurately determined using reference data in another solvent, corrected by solvation energy calculations from the COSMO‐RS method. We benchmark this approach in 10 different solvents, and find that values calculated in six solvents deviate from experimental data on average by less than 1 unit. We observe comparable performance on a more diverse test set including amino acids and drug molecules, with higher error for large molecules. The model performance in four other solvents is worse, with one MAE exceeding 3 units; we discuss how such errors arise due to both model error and inconsistency in obtaining experimental data. Finally, we demonstrate how this technique can be used to estimate the proton transfer energy between different solvents, and use this to report a value of the proton's solvation energy in formamide, a quantity that does not have a consensus value in literature.
Free‐Breathing Ungated Radial Simultaneous Multi‐Slice Cardiac T1 Mapping
Authors: Le Johnathan V. , Mendes Jason K. , Sideris Konstantinos , Bieging Erik , Carter Spencer , Stehlik Josef , DiBella Edward V. R. , Adluru Ganesh
Published: December 2024

Background

Modified Look‐Locker imaging (MOLLI) T1 mapping sequences are acquired during breath‐holding and require ECG gating with consistent R‐R intervals, which is problematic for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Consequently, there is a need for a free‐breathing and ungated framework for cardiac T1 mapping.

Purpose

To develop and evaluate a free‐breathing ungated radial simultaneous multi‐slice (SMS) cardiac T1 mapping (FURST) framework.

Study Type

Retrospective, nonconsecutive cohort study.

Population

Twenty‐four datasets from 17 canine and 7 human subjects (4 males, years; 3 females, years). Canines were from studies involving AF induction and ablation treatment. The human population included separate subjects with suspected microvascular disease, acute coronary syndrome with persistent AF, and transthyretin amyloidosis with persistent AF. The remaining human subjects were healthy volunteers.

Field Strength/Sequence

Pre‐ and post‐contrast T1 mapping with the free‐breathing and ungated SMS inversion recovery sequence with gradient echo readout and with conventional MOLLI sequences at 1.5 T and 3.0 T.

Assessment

MOLLI and FURST were acquired in all subjects, and American Heart Association (AHA) segmentation was used for segment‐wise analysis. Pre‐contrast T1, post‐contrast T1, and ECV were analyzed using correlation and Bland–Altman plots in 13 canines and 7 human subjects. T1 difference box plots for repeated acquisitions in four canine subjects were used to assess reproducibility. The PIQUE image quality metric was used to evaluate the perceptual quality of T1 maps.

Statistical Tests

Paired t‐tests were used for all comparisons between FURST and MOLLI, with indicating statistical significance.

Results

There were no significant differences between FURST and MOLLI pre‐contrast T1 reproducibility ( and , ), FURST and MOLLI ECV ( and , ), or FURST and MOLLI PIQUE scores ( and , ). The ECV mean difference was with .

Conclusions

FURST had similar quality pre‐contrast T1, post‐contrast T1, and ECV maps and similar reproducibility compared to MOLLI.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy

1
Tick‐Borne Encephalitis Virus Surveillance—Vaccination‐ and Infection‐Induced Seroprevalences in Western Austria 2024
Authors: Siller Anita , Chitimia‐Dobler Lidia , Hitzl Wolfgang , Astl Manfred , Schennach Harald , Fraunberger Peter , Cadamuro Janne , Borde Johannes P. , Willeit Peter , Dobler Gerhard , Mink Sylvia
Published: December 2024

Reported tick‐borne‐encephalitis (TBE) cases have been increasing in Western Austria, but no data are available on vaccination‐ and infection‐specific seroprevalence. This study aimed to estimate current TBEV‐seroprevalence in the region and inform prevention programs by comparing anti‐NS1‐based‐incidence rates with reported case numbers and vaccination coverage. Between December 2023 and February 2024, serum samples from 4619 blood donors in Western Austria were collected and analyzed using TBEV‐ and WNV‐IgG‐ELISA assays. Seropositive samples were tested with a TBEV‐anti‐NS1‐IgG‐ELISA to distinguish infections from vaccinations. Borderline samples were retested with serum neutralization and triple‐NS1‐assays. The overall anti‐TBEV‐IgG‐seroprevalence was 80.1% (95%CI 78.9–81.3); 2.7% (95%CI 2.3–3.2) of donors tested positive for anti‐TBEV‐NS1 IgG antibodies, indicating previous infection. The notified incidence rate in Western Austria was 2.7/100 000/year, compared to 136.2/100 000/year based on anti‐TBEV‐NS1‐seropositive donors, denoting a substantial number of unreported cases (mean manifestation index 1.9%). The number of donors with TBEV‐infections varied considerably by district, highlighting potential hotspots for TBEV‐infections. The high anti‐NS1‐based, estimated annual TBE incidence rates show significant differences between districts, highlighting the need for targeted prevention programs. The high rate of undiagnosed TBE cases further suggests that estimated anti‐NS1‐based incidence rates should be considered when defining high‐risk areas.
Maduramicin ammonium impairs autophagic flux through activating AMPK‐mediated eIF2α‐ATF4 endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in skeletal muscle
Authors: Chen Xin , Xie Xin , Liu Chang , Chen Lin , Zhang Meng , Zhang Yumei
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Maduramicin ammonium (MA), a widely used coccidiostat, has been reported to cause skeletal muscle degeneration in animals and even humans. In this study, we explore the underlying mechanism of its toxicity in skeletal muscle.

RESULTS

First, we observed that MA impaired autophagic flux which was evidenced by increased protein level of LC3‐II and p62 in skeletal myoblast C2C12 and L6 cell lines and rectus femoris muscle tissues of rats and broilers. Then, we found that MA induced eIF2α phosphorylation and ATF4 expression in the cells and tissues. Co‐treatment with ISRIB attenuated MA‐induced LC3‐II and p62 in C2C12 and L6 cells, suggesting that MA‐induced eIF2α‐ATF4 pathway contributed to impairment of autophagic flux in the cells. Lastly, we showed that MA activated AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle, since the phosphorylation of AMPK was increased by MA treatment in skeletal myoblast cell lines and muscle tissues. Furthermore, in AMPK downregulated C2C12 cells, MA‐induced LC3‐II, ATF4 and phosphorylation of eIF2α was reversed, supporting that AMPK was involved in the regulation of the eIF2α‐ATF4 pathway and autophagic flux during MA exposure.

CONCLUSION

Our findings showed that MA impairs autophagic flux through activating the AMPK‐induced eIF2α‐ATF4 pathway in skeletal muscle. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Stapled Arterial Divestment in Surgery for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Kotecha Krishna , Chui Juanita , Brown Kai , Mittal Anubhav , Samra Jaswinder
Published: December 2024

Background

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma has a predisposition to invade the neural tissue surrounding the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Before the advent of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), any invasion of this tissue was often considered as unresectable disease. Currently, patients who respond favourably to NAC have potentially resectable disease. There is debate over the exact technique of removing this shell of tumour tissue surrounding the SMA, and whether it is comparable to arterial resection and reconstruction.

Methods

We describe a technique of en bloc arterial divestment in which an endovascular stapler combined with sharp dissection is used to divide the shell of periadventitial SMA tissue.

Conclusions

In patients with locally advanced disease, the technique of arterial divestment can be safely performed where the tumour is not invading below the external elastic lamina. This allows complete tumour resection without incurring the higher morbidity and mortality associated with SMA resection.
How Does Green Knowledge Sharing Improve Sustainable Business Performance?
Authors: Zairbani Abdulkader , J. P Senthil Kumar
Published: December 2024

This study aims to investigate the mediating impact of green innovation (GI) on the relationship between green knowledge sharing (GKS) with sustainable business performance (SBP) and sustainable competitive strategy (SCA). Furthermore, we investigate the moderator effect of green organizational culture (GOC) on the relationship between GKS and SBP. A conceptual model structured with six hypotheses that are tested through articulated study, the study with an empirical approach is developed and applied to 350 questionnaires of middle‐level managers in Bangalore city and rural areas. The results of the study indicate that GKS has a significant impact on SBP and SCA. While GOC plays an insignificant moderator role on the relationship between GKS and SBP. In contrast, GI plays a positive mediation impact on the relationship between GKS with SBP and SCA. In addition, GS has a positive impact on SCA.
Improving Accuracy of Gridded Livestock Mapping by Combining Trend Modeling and Residual Assignment
Authors: Wu Tianjun , Gao Peng , Zhang Shenlin , Cheng Tong , Wang Yuxia
Published: December 2024

The accurate distribution of livestock is a fundamental data set upon which sustainable land development in agricultural and pastoral areas can be promoted. Nevertheless, the current gridded livestock mapping methods exhibit considerable scope for improvement in accuracy, given that the issue of residual assignment has not been addressed effectively. We attempt to propose a combinatorial methodological framework that decomposes gridded livestock mapping into two stages, trend modeling, and residual assignment, through the perspective of uncertainty. Investigating the relative efficacy of different combinations of methods within the framework aims to identify the optimal total mapping solution. Ridge regression (RR), geographically weighted ridge regression (GWRR), and random forest (RF) methods with varying characteristics were used to represent the trend modeling component and combined with area‐to‐point kriging interpolation based on spatial autocorrelation for residual assignment, respectively. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from China provides a multi‐scale case validation of the framework. The experimental results show that GWRR has high robustness and prediction accuracy for predicting livestock distribution trends across scales. By using residual assignment optimization as a post‐processing tool, the total accuracies of the three trend models were improved in different degrees, with the greatest accuracy gains obtained by RF (RMSE reduced by 13.731 and MAE reduced by 12.247, in units/km2). Therefore, the combined two‐stage methodological framework proposed in this study can effectively improve the accuracy of gridded mapping. This provides an effective complement to current gridded livestock mapping, thereby facilitating more sustainable land use, ecological environmental protection, and livestock development.
Carbazole, Fluorene, and Silafluorene Bearing Non‐Fullerene Acceptors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance in Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Balcı Seher , Hosseini Shadi , Demirgezer Elif , Yaşa Mustafa , Çırpan Ali , Toppare Levent
Published: December 2024

Due to their tunable energy levels, ability for intense light absorption, stability and ease of purification, non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have significantly contributed to the progress of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Herein, a series of newly designed and synthesized NFAs specifically tailored are presented for OPV applications. A new class of NFAs possessing carbazole, fluorene, silafluorene derivatives, and benzothiadiazoles are synthesized. The electrochemical and optical investigations are conducted thoroughly. The utilization of these new materials with commercial donor polymers P3HT and PTB7‐Th in OPVs shows their potential applications for future studies. The optimal performance is achieved with an inverted structured OPV device, which demonstrates a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.77%, an open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.06 V, a short‐circuit current (JSC) of 9.66 mA cm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 37.08%.
Biomimetic nanosystems based on cell membranes (BNCMs) for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Yixi , Huang Xianzhou , Wu Qinjie , Gong Changyang
Published: December 2024

With the development of nanosystems, they are gradually utilized to ameliorate diverse cancer therapies. Specifically for immunotherapy, most nanosystems are elaborately designed to initiate the self‐sustaining “cancer immunity cycle (CIC)” to elicit the immune response. However, owing to the highly complex circulatory environment, nanosystems may face issues like nonspecific nanoparticle uptake and rapid clearance, leaving enormous room for advancement. For employing the biomimetic design in nanosystems, biomimetic nanosystems based on cell membranes (BNCMs) inherit various functional molecules from source cells, permitting precise tumor targeting, enhancing blood circulation, and conferring more desired functionality for a more robust immune response. To take full advantage of the BNCMs, understanding their functions in cancer immunotherapy is essential. In this review, the unique properties of BNCMs derived from various cells and main preparation strategies are introduced. Subsequently, the recent advances of BNCMs for improving cancer immunotherapy are discussed from the aspects of their roles in particular stages of the CIC, and the working mechanisms of the outer cell membranes are highlighted. Finally, along with the analysis of existing bottlenecks for clinical translation, some suggestions for the future development of BNCMs are put forward.
Implications of increased spatial and trophic overlap between juvenile Pacific salmon and Sablefish in the northern California Current
Authors: Daly Elizabeth A. , Chasco Brandon E. , Morgan Cheryl A. , Burke Brian J. , Osborne Kaitlyn E. , Draper Douglas L.
Published: December 2024

Objective

The study was designed to assess long-term variability in the distribution of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria. The study also evaluated whether Sablefish and Pacific salmon shared food resources and looked to characterize Sablefish during an understudied period of their life cycle.

Methods

To meet the objectives, the study used data from 26 years of surface trawls conducted in Oregon and Washington coastal waters (1998–2023). Spatial–temporal models were used to measure changes in abundance and distribution of Pacific salmon and Sablefish along with covariates of ocean temperature. The study evaluated trophic characteristics of Pacific salmon and Sablefish from 2020 for differences. The temporal variation in size and diets of Sablefish were also analyzed, along with energy density of fish caught in 2020.

Result

The spatial–temporal model demonstrated that there has been a nearshore expansion of juvenile Sablefish over the past 26 years that was correlated with increased ocean temperature. The nearshore expansion of Sablefish resulted in increased spatial and trophic overlap with juvenile Pacific salmon. While feeding in nearshore waters, juvenile Sablefish demonstrated competitive feeding advantages over juvenile Pacific salmon during a critical phase of salmonid early marine life history. Juvenile Sablefish exhibited significant ontogenetic diet and energetic shifts, and even the smallest (68–80 mm fork length) were piscivorous.

Conclusions

If juvenile Sablefish numbers continue to increase relative to Pacific salmon, they could exert more competitive pressure, especially if food resources become limited. Pacific salmon may experience adverse effects from competition, regardless of whether or not juvenile Sablefish, which have recently expanded into nearshore waters, successfully recruit to the adult population.
Predicting the high intensity focused ultrasound focus in vivo using acoustic radiation force imaging
Authors: Shi Xinwang , Zhao Fenglong , Feng Lian , Liu Yijing , Zhou Xiaowei
Published: December 2024

Background

One big challenge in the noninvasive high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) surgery is that the location and shape of its focus is unpredictable at the preoperative stage due to the complexity of sound wave propagation. The Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging is a potential solution to this problem, but artifacts resulting from shear wave propagation remain to be solved.

Purpose

In this study, we proposed avoiding those artefacts by applying the ARFI technique at a high imaging frame rate within a very short time before the shear waves start to propagate.

Methods

Using single transmission with a convex imaging probe, two ultrafast imaging modalities (the diverging wave and the wide beam), were developed in the ARFI framework, and their reliabilities were validated on a nylon string phantom by the centroid tracking method borrowed from ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM). The proposed ARFI method was tested on a clinically equivalent HIFU system under different acoustic radiation intensities by in‐vitro, ex‐vivo and in‐vivo experiments. In three experimental scenarios, we delivered short HIFU stimulation pulses at varying acoustic powers to induce tissue motion within the focal region. At each experimental site, both diverging wave and wide‐beam imaging techniques were employed for motion estimation. Based on the focus prediction derived from the motion estimation, HIFU ablation treatment was performed. The treated samples were then incised to examine the damaged areas. Additionally, ultrasound B‐mode images were acquired before and after the procedure and saved for analysis.

Results

Quantitative analysis showed that the ARFI with wide beam imaging was able to predict the HIFU focus preoperatively, only with 1 to 3 mm of errors in focal central location, and less than 23% of percentage errors in focal area in most cases. However, the diverging wave imaging failed to predict the HIFU focus due to its low signal‐to‐noise ratio.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the inherent shear wave artefacts in ARFI for predicting the HIFU focus can be successfully avoided by carefully designing the imaging strategy and its working sequence. This ARFI technique was validated through a series of experiments on a clinically equivalent HIFU system, which demonstrated its capability in assisting surgical planning.
Validity and Reliability of the 6‐min Pegboard and Ring Test in Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Maden Çağtay , Karabulut Demet Gözaçan , Yiğit Sedat
Published: December 2024

Introduction/Aims

Tests for assessing upper extremity (UE) functional capacity in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the 6‐min pegboard and ring test (6PBRT) as a practical tool for this purpose.

Methods

Children with DMD (n = 22) were evaluated using the 6PBRT for UE functional capacity, the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Q‐DASH) for functionality, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) for quality of life, and a dynamometer for handgrip strength and UE muscle strength.

Results

The 6PBRT showed excellent test–retest reliability, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.978 (95% confidence interval, 0.946–0.984). A very strong positive correlation was observed between the test and retest 6PBRT mean scores (r = 0.981). The mean 6PBRT score exhibited moderate‐to‐strong correlations with handgrip strength (r = 0.653, r = 0.646, right/left, respectively), muscle strength (shoulder flexors [r = 0.793, r = 0.797, right/left, respectively], shoulder abductors (r = 0.763, r = 0.743, right/left, respectively), elbow flexors [r = 0.743, r = 0.755, right/left, respectively]), mean Q‐DASH score (r = −0.555), and mean PedsQL score (r = 0.611).

Discussion

The 6PBRT appears to be a valid and reliable measure for assessing upper extremity functional capacity in patients with DMD. This test is suitable for patients who are able to lift both hands above their heads.

Trial Registration: NCT06174025
Cyclic Lateral Response of Large‐Diameter Monopiles in Soft Clays Using Bounding Surface‐Based Analytical p‐y Curves
Authors: Cheng Xinglei , Yang Jinhui , Wang Piguang , El Naggar Mohamed Hesham , Wang Mingyuan , Lu Qun , Sun Rui
Published: December 2024

The p‐y curve method provides a relatively simple and efficient means for analyzing the cyclic response of horizontally loaded piles. This study proposes a p‐y spring element based on a bounding surface p‐y model, which can be readily implemented in Abaqus software using the user‐defined element (UEL) interface. The performance of these p‐y spring elements is validated by simulating field tests of laterally loaded piles documented in the literature. The developed spring element effectively replicates the nonlinear hysteresis, displacement accumulation, and stiffness degradation observed in soft clay. Subsequently, a finite element model of a large‐diameter monopile is established using the proposed spring element. A comprehensive numerical investigation is conducted to explore both the monotonic and cyclic responses of large‐diameter monopiles in soft clays. The results are presented and discussed in terms of pile head load–displacement curves, the evolution of rotation angles at the mud surface, and cyclic p‐y curves. Additionally, empirical formulas are proposed to predict the evolution of cumulative rotation angles and peak bending moments under both one‐way and two‐way cyclic loading conditions. The results provide valuable insights into the mechanism of pile–soil interaction under lateral cyclic loading.
Macroscopic and Mesoscopic Damage Characteristics and Energy Evolution Laws of Rock Mass With Double Arcuate Fractures Under Uniaxial Compression
Authors: Ren Qingyang , Gao Senlin , Xiao Songqiang , Meng Xin , Li Zhongyao
Published: December 2024

In order to reveal the influence of double arc‐shaped fissure dip angles on the macro‐micro failure and energy evolution laws of rock masses, a numerical model of red sandstone was firstly established using the PFC2D. Moreover, mesoscopic parameters of the numerical model were calibrated based on the uniaxial compression tests on intact and single straight fissure red sandstone specimens. Then, particle flow simulation tests of red sandstone with different arc‐shaped fissure dip angles were carried out. The results show that the peak strength and elastic modulus both increase with the increase of arc‐shaped fissure dip angle α, exhibiting an oblique shear‐tensile failure pattern. Six types of cracks evolved during the instability and rupture of the rock mass with double arc‐shaped fissures. The macroscopic fissures in the rock mass ultimately penetrate along the extension direction of the arc‐shaped fissures. As the arc‐shaped fissure dip angle α increases, the crack evolution is positively correlated with the acoustic emission (AE) of the specimen. When approaching instability failure, the AE ringing count rapidly increases. There is a critical angle limit inflection point for the total energy absorbed by the rock between 60° and 75°, with a total energy increase of about 54%. During instability failure, it is dominated by dissipative energy, with elastic energy as a supplement. This article derived a damage constitutive model of red sandstone with different arc‐shaped fissure dip angles, revealing the damage laws of red sandstone under different arc‐shaped fissure dip angles.