bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and steady states of a tracer particle in a confined critical fluid
Authors: Gross Markus
Published: July 2021

The dynamics and the steady states of a point-like tracer particle immersed in a confined critical fluid are studied. The fluid is modeled field-theoretically in terms of an order parameter (concentration or density field) obeying dissipative or conservative equilibrium dynamics and (non-)symmetry-breaking boundary conditions (BCs). The tracer, which represents, e.g., a colloidal particle, interacts with the fluid by locally modifying its chemical potential or its correlations. The coupling between tracer and fluid gives rise to a nonlinear and non-Markovian tracer dynamics, which is investigated here analytically and via numerical simulations for a one-dimensional system. From the coupled Langevin equations for the tracer-fluid system we derive an effective Fokker–Planck equation for the tracer by means of adiabatic elimination as well as perturbation theory within a weak-coupling approximation. The effective tracer dynamics is found to be governed by a fluctuation-induced (Casimir) potential, a spatially dependent mobility, and a spatially dependent (multiplicative) noise, the characteristics of which depend on the interaction and the BCs. The steady-state distribution of the tracer is typically inhomogeneous. Notably, when detailed balance is broken, the driving of the temporally correlated noise can induce an effective attraction of the tracer towards a boundary.
Seasonal prediction of Indian summer monsoon onset with echo state networks
Authors: Mitsui Takahito , Boers Niklas
Published: July 2021

Although the prediction of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) onset is of crucial importance for water-resource management and agricultural planning on the Indian sub-continent, the long-term predictability—especially at seasonal time scales—is little explored and remains challenging. We propose a method based on artificial neural networks that provides skilful long-term forecasts (beyond 3 months) of the ISM onset, although only trained on short and noisy data. It is shown that the meridional tropospheric temperature gradient in the boreal winter season already contains the signals needed for predicting the ISM onset in the subsequent summer season. Our study demonstrates that machine-learning-based approaches can be simultaneously helpful for both data-driven prediction and enhancing the process understanding of climate phenomena.
Effect of recycled aggregate on behaviour of tied reinforced fibrous rectangular short columns
Authors: Sahan Jabbar K , Sayhood Eyad K
Published: July 2021

This study focuses on studying the behaviour of fibrous rectangular short columns (tied reinforced) using recycled coarse aggregate (f’c, ft, Ec, fr) is found by using recycled aggregates with comparison to normal aggregates with and without using steel fibres. For this purpose, five (5) tied short columns were cast (150 mm length x 150 mm width x 600mm height) with different percentage of recycled coarse aggregate (0%, 50%, 100%) and different percentage of steel fibre (0%, 0.5% and 1%). The study resulted that when adding the 50% normal aggregates with 50% recycled aggregates, a decrease of (10%, 18%, 30% and 22%) (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and elasticity module) respectively was observed, when replacing the100% normal aggregates with 100% recycled aggregates, a decrease of (30%, 35%, 58% and 63%) (Compressive strength f’c, splitting tensile strength ft, flexural strength fr and elasticity module Ec) respectively was observed. The changes in the compressive strength by adding steel fibres to the RAC by a proportion (0.5%, 1 %) resulted in a significant increase of about (14 %, 35 %), respectively.
Zoonotic Diseases in the eastern region of the Iraqi capital, between 2010-2016
Authors: Barrak A S , Saeed O A , Mohammed MTA
Published: July 2021

There are several cases in geographical areas with zoonotic diseases before they were evident due to evolving human and climate patterns. This study was carried out to identify diagnosis, emerging diseases, as well as epidemics and pandemics affected by the zoonotic disease in Al-Ressafa, Baghdad. Data was collected between the years 2010-2016 by the Food Research Institute, Public Health Directorate, Iraq. This study targeted emerging infective diseases such as anthrax, brucellosis, cutaneous leishmaniosis, hydatidosis, rabies, and toxoplasmosis. Out of 20797 involved cases were presented, 29% emerging from zoonotic diseases. The zoonotic diseases were included parasite, viral and bacterial 75.4, 0.70, and 23.9%, respectively. Brucellosis showed high-frequency infections during March, April, and May, while cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred between February and June. The number of cases showed the male cases were 52.4 %, while the female 47.6 %. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, and hydatidosis cases were increased at the age between 10-19 years old. In conclusion, zoonotic diseases still common on the Eastern side of Baghdad
The adaptability of maize (Zea Mays l.) to drought tolerance by using Salicylic Acid (SA) foliar application under the middle area conditions of Iraq
Authors: Al Rawi Abdulnaser T. M. , Abdel Ghani Emad T. , Sabry Nawfal A.
Published: July 2021

A field experiment is carried out in private farm of Silty loam textured soil, in Al-Latifiya, district southern Baghdad, Iraq during the spring season of 2018. The objective is to study Maize’s adaptability (Zea maysL.) plants to drought using water stress and Salicylic acid foliar application by determining some growth traits. A split-split plots system is used within Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plots include three irrigation treatments (IQ); 100% (full irrigation), 80% and 60% available water. The subplots involve four Salicylic acids (SA) concentrations; 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg.L-1. The results were as follows: The Salicylic acid (SA) has shown a clear significant effect in all characteristics. The (300 mg.L-1) concentration of SA gives the highest rates of growth traits. Similarly, the irrigation treatments have shown a clear significant effect on all traits. The full irrigation treatment gave highest rates on growth characteristics; leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI), plant’s height (PLH), number of leaves per plant (LN). Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of making Maise plants (Zea maysL.) more adaptable to drought tolerance using water stress and Salicylic acid foliar application. Such tolerance leads to reduce plant water requirement without significant effects on growth and yield characteristics as well.
Evaluation of some soil characteristics from field SPT values using random number generation technique
Authors: Kasim Mustafa Najdat , Raheem Aram Mohammed
Published: July 2021

Several engineering attributes, such as soil strength and deformability, are very significant and are regarded as the basis of any sort of foundation design. In determining the vibration extent depending on the used soil numerical models, soil characteristics represented by the shear wave velocity, cohesion, angle of internal friction and Poisson’s ratio are crucial. Different kinds of parameters are identified in various used manuals in numerical modelling. The outputs of these numerical programs are commonly dependent on the input parameters. Thus, in the analysis of any geotechnical problem, the correct selection of rigorous values of the engineering properties of the soil is extremely serious. In this study, a set of field data for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) values has been collected from more than twenty different places in Kirkuk city. In addition, using the random number generation method, several empirical relationships of various soil properties have been advanced in terms of the spectrum of the collected SPT values. The functional benefit of the relationships developed can be used to validate the observed experimental geotechnical data integrated in the architecture of the different civil engineering ventures. As a result, for the SPT-N values ranged from 4 to 44, the predicted soil cohesion and angle of internal of friction increased from 17 kPa to 281 kPa and 4° to 38° respectively. As an overall evaluation, the shear wave velocity ranged from 72 (m/s) to 367 (m/s) whereas the field and predicted UCS varied from 60 kPa to 320 kPa and 54 kPa to 400 kPa respectively.
A Sustainable Framework to Reduce Traffic Accidents in Baghdad City
Authors: Abdulwahab Areej Muhy , Ismael Nabil T. , Aboud Ghufraan Mohammed
Published: July 2021

Traffic accidents are the most critical problems related to safety and security in the city, and they have negative effects on human life and psychological, health, and economic impacts on people, society, and the city. After 2003, the number of cars increased in Iraqi cities and traffic accidents increased, as the number of traffic accidents in Iraqi cities reached between 8-11 thousand accidents annually during the period 2012-2018. The percentage of accidents in Baghdad Governorate 12.1 % of all incidents in Iraq, 66% of accidents in Baghdad Governorate are inside the Baghdad city (the capital), divided by 70 % in Rusafa and 30% in Karkh in 2017 and 2018. By preparing a questionnaire on the causes of accidents in Iraqi cities, it showed that the most important reasons are the lack of adherence to traffic laws and the weak knowledge of them and old laws and their non-conformity with technological developments and communications in the transport sector. The research proposes to develop an integrated framework that adopts sustainable transport along its social, institutional, and economic aspects to solve the problem of accidents in Baghdad city.
An outlook on deployment the storage energy technologies in iraq
Authors: Al-Mahdawi Emad
Published: July 2021

This study aims to analyze and implement methods for storing electrical energy directly or indirectly in the Iraq National Grid to avoid electricity shortage. Renewable energy sources are changing with time and climatology conditions. Therefore, the impact of weather on power generated and demand using renewable energy is considerable. This issue becomes a new motivation for developing new energy storage systems independent of time and weather. Stored energy ensures the smooth and clean transmission of electricity in conditions where the delivery may be interrupted or mismatched. Storage energy technologies are intelligent as they diversify energy sources, develop economic growth and produce more jobs. Technologies like Redox Flow Batteries (RFB), Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS), Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) and other forms were analyzed within this study. The PHS mechanical indirect electrical energy storage system is a great way to store large amounts of off-peak energy; however, it faces geographical challenges when siting such a development. The paper has strongly recommended the PHS to be used in Iraq due to the unique characteristics of 20,000 cycles, 33 year lifespan, and 80% round trip efficiency. Although Iraq has two rivers, salinity and water management must take into consideration. The study also suggested that RFB and CAES can be added to the network. The future work will concentrate on employing biomass technology, protection and improving the life span of these technologies. Solar and Wind technologies are excluded, as many research papers are available online.
United kingdom energy survey considerations for enhancement of sustainable engineering
Authors: Al-Mahdawi Emad
Published: July 2021

The UK is dedicated to dropping its greenhouse gas emissions by not less than 80% by 2050, compared to 1990 levels. Therefore, the economy of the UK should be changed while confirming secure, low-carbon energy supplies to 2050. In most organizations, energy is one of the most substantial manageable costs. Energy-saving expands profitability along with reducing CO2 emissions and dropping impact on the environment. In this study, to determine the current energy usage of the gymnasium building, an Energy Survey was conducted at the facility assessing the following areas: a. Lighting and switching. b. Heating and Insulation. c. Appliances. d. Water usage. e. Windows. f. Building structure. These features are taken into the current study considerations for green buildings: Efficiently use of energy, availability of renewable energy sources, water resources, reduction in the waste, usage of non-toxic materials, enable reuse and recycling, good indoor air quality, and consider the quality of life of the occupants. The study provided several recommendations to reduce the energy usage of the fitness center. The results achieved a significant reduction in energy consumption at higher financial savings. From assumptions made by replacing all fluorescent luminaire tubes with compatible LED, the annual savings in energy would be approximately 104,000 kWh and a cost saving of £16,500. Replacing a 3 kW water heater with a 3 × 2 kW power shower, the total energy saving per year is 31937.5 kW that equate to £5078.06 and so on to other facilities.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Sustainability in Iraqi Construction Industry
Authors: Alsaeedi Firas , Lafta Mouhammed Jessam , Khattab Mustafa M.
Published: July 2021

The implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) has gained great attention in construction management because it provides a significant benefit such as increasing project quality, providing accurate quantity take-offs, and improving scheduling, consequently diminishing total project contingencies and costs. There is a lack of research done for ether BIM application or sustainability in the construction industry in Iraq. Therefore, the goal of this research is to investigate the use of BIM applications for sustainable construction among designers and constructors in Iraq. An online survey was developed to determine the evidence for better understanding the current role of BIM by engineers and professionals as a tool in the fields of design and construction and its application toward enhancing sustainably built projects in the construction industry in Iraq. The survey results indicated that although the majority of the respondents believed that sustainable practices and BIM applications were important within their company, most still believed that the Iraqi construction firms did not apply the most recent technologies to enhance sustainability in construction in Iraq. Also, the result indicated that respondent firms were actively advised owners to apply sustainable methods during projects, however these firms were not willing to fund training courses on advanced sustainable practice developments for their staff.
Saline irrigation water matrix (siwm) to optimize crop productivity:- (a review)
Authors: Abdulhameed Isam M. , Malloki Hala Nadhem
Published: July 2021

Due to water scarcity in the arid and semi-arid regions, it is necessary to find other renewable water alternatives to reduce its impact on the food security and drought environmental effects. Using the saline water is suitable especially in the regions containing huge quantities of this water; Iraqi Main Out Flow (MOF) discharges about 10 BCM of moderate saline water with water salinity ranging between (2.5 dS.m-1 to 10 dS.m-1) to the Arab gulf. Three salinity effects are osmotic, infiltration, and toxicity of special ions like chloride, sodium, and boron. Combining these effects with five field conditions, climate, crop tolerance, soil texture, field management, and irrigation system, constructs a matrix of three columns versus five rows representing the field conditions. This matrix is summarized any salinity effects on soil and crops. The current study aims to design and evaluate the Saline Irrigation Water Matrix (SIWM) referring to published studies that studying optimizing the use of saline water in irrigation. Many researchers recommend expanding in using these water resources to overcome food security and improve the environment by expanding green zones. The main conclusion can be summarized as a wide range of moderate saline water for irrigation proposes.
Improvement of the Ethanol activity by using leaves extract of Artemisia herb alba against Pseudomonas aeuroginosa
Authors: AlSalih Al-Bakri Salih Abdulridha , Abed Emaduldeen Hatem , Mohammed MTA , Ajeel Esraa Atea
Published: July 2021

The current study objective to improve the influence of ethanol as antibacterial via mixing it with Artemisia herba-alba leaf extract by using a good diffusion method. Ethanol is well known as antimicrobial so that has been used as a hand sanitizer and disinfectant for a long time. Nowadays microbial resistance to disinfectants become a major problem in health care centers, Pseudomonas aeruginosa one of these microbes that tend to create biofilm in low concentrations of ethanol and considered a healthcare-associated pathogen causing nosocomial infections. Seven concentrations of ethanol 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10% were used and mixed with Artemisia herba-alba leaf extract at 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.12, 1.56 and 0.78 mg/ml in all concentration of ethanol. The results showed that the clear zone (C.Z.) of ethanol alone was 10, 10, 8 and 7 mm by using 70, 60, 50 and 40% respectively, well the low concentrations don't show any antibacterial effect. Additionally, the antibacterial of A. Herba-alba extracts also calculated, showing high C.Z. was 33, 29 and 27 mm at 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/ml, respectively. All the doses of mixture ethanol and A. Herba-alba extract showed a higher effect comparing to previous results, where 50 mg extract mixed with 70% and 60% ethanol showed C.Z. 39 mm also the low concentration of ethanol showed antibacterial effect up to 33 mm, Even 0.78 mg of extract show inducing in the effect of ethanol against P. Aeruginosa. In conclusion, mixing A. Herba-alba leaf extract can improve the antibacterial effect of ethanol.
Managing public buses transportation considering environmental emissions
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Sawsan S A , Al-Kindi Luma A H , Al-Obaidi Faten F
Published: July 2021

Transportation systems and the environment are conflicting issues in nature with the main factor behind emissions of most pollutants and their impacts on the environment. The public transportation contributes by reducing negative effects of traffic and environmental pollution, as well as, its positive effects on the total transport economic costs. The aim of this paper focuses on managing the transportation network for public buses, by implementing some scientific planning techniques such as, working networks to reach maximum flow of the passengers, and minimum path method to choose the shortest way. Three parameters are considered in the problem solution these are; the maximum flow of passengers, the minimum distance and the minimum CO2 emissions. The case study of the research focuses on two main crowded areas in Baghdad governorate and theirs group transportation lines to be managed; these areas are The University of Technology and Al Mustanseria University in Baghdad/ Al Risafa. The flows of passengers between the two campuses were studied with the aim of getting minimum distance and maximum flow of passenger. Distance in kilometers and Population Density for each path were studied to calculate CO2 Emissions in Tons to fulfill the third parameter. The results shows that for minimum distance the best route is route no.15; while for maximum passenger flow, the best route is route no.10. For minimum CO2 emissions, the best route is route no.15. The conflicting results emphases on the choice for the most important target according to the governorate strategies decisions.
Oman rural grid extension employing renewable energy technology
Authors: Al-Marboui Khalid Ali Saif , Al-Mahdawi Emad
Published: July 2021

Today, the electrification of various locations is a significant challenge for governments in several countries because of many challenges, especially in desert areas far from the national grid. The paper discusses employing renewable energy sources as an alternative solution for the national grid to feed rural areas in Oman because air pollution is escalating due to the fast growth and the industrialization. The research has taken the load estimation in an Omani desert village called Yanqul, which necessitates about 40 MW. The paper has finalized that installing 12 units of the wind turbine 36 MW with 30 MW Solar Panels is feasible. The approach has included the module sizing calculations using the Power World Simulator, and HOMER Pro software for economic consideration and operational costs. The paper has encouraged using renewable energy as an alternative method over the traditional transmission system due to the technical issues connected with losses, power factor, synchronization, and pollution. The Levelized cost of renewable energy was found $1,366.56, which is cheaper than extending the national grid. This reduction has appeared on annual electricity bill per capita, which dropped to $581.3. Environmentally, the study has shown a reduction in CO
2 emissions by 22 tons, making value to air quality. The future study will discuss the reactive power compensation of the wind turbine technologies to improve power transmission.
Impact of installing renewable energy sources on a small-scale power network in the Caribbean
Authors: Knight Kurt , Al-Mahdawi Emad
Published: July 2021

Many small island states in the Caribbean like Antigua and Barbuda depend heavily on petroleum-based products for power generation. Given the fluctuating oil prices, there is now an urgent push for increased energy security. Antigua is one of the fastest-growing islands for grid-connected Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Whilst the increase in grid-connected RES improves the islands’ energy security, and it is equally important to understand the impact that RES have on the network’s reliability and security. Thus, a base case model of the power network was built, and the following areas were analysed: load flow, contingency analysis, and fault analysis. The Antigua Public Utilities Authority (APUA) 69kV power network is used as a case study for this project. PowerWorld and Homer Energy software have been used to simulate and model the grid. Results from the project show that RES changes the power flow and could help to improve the system voltage profile if placed correctly. Whilst increased penetration of Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) on the grid increases the system fault levels, they also play a key role in active and reactive power control. This means that the APUA network must be more flexible, and system operators must have network visibility to react to changes on the network. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact that RES (in particular, wind and solar PV) has on the operational, security, or reliability of a small-scale power network.
Solutions for environmental improvement: a case of dong Thanh landfill area in hoc mon district, Ho Chi Minh city
Authors: Tan Danh Nguyen
Published: July 2021

Hoc Mon District is one of the five suburban districts of Ho Chi Minh City with rapid urbanization rate every year. Many large projects and projects have been built, leading to a large number of people concentrating on living and working in the area. This puts the Hoc Mon district at risk of environmental pollution, which directly affects people’s health as well as the district’s socio-economic development. Therefore, in order to reduce environmental pollution, we need many feasible solutions. Poor sanitation is the cause of serious health consequences for people. This paper identifies human perceptions about the impact of the environment, especially the pollution of landfills on health, and once there are concrete improvements in waste management, life would be much better. The article analyses some of the causes and finds suitable solutions to improve the environment. The results show that the people’s awareness and timely support from the government play a very important role. Local governments need to have more specific policies and regulations to develop society in a sustainable way. Proposals have been studied for planning the development of eco-urban areas on the disposal sites themselves. We need to further expand the scope of urban development planning research to the vicinity of landfills, turning these places into clean land areas in order to develop modern urban areas in the future.
Conspiracy architecture in the face of globalization
Authors: Al-Yousif Ibrahim J K , Alwan Jumana Labeeb
Published: July 2021

In the current era of panic, “globalization” appears at its most fragile state, which was considered as the only way to progress, and may have been so already in our current era, but the outbreak of the Corona virus epidemic came to reveal amazing weaknesses of globalization to generate a conspiracy architecture facing globalization and evoke an identity It maintains the unity of the various buildings to benefit from the epidemic crisis. As for the current circumstances, the Corona pandemic has created what is called social separation and domestic stone and obligated many of us to stay at home and work remotely. There will come a day and this situation will end, God willing, and we will return to our offices, markets, and family connections, but there will still be affected on our future lifestyle. And from here many questions were asked first: What is the role of the architect in solving the epidemic crisis, and can we change the design method to make it healthier? Will a unified identity appear for our cities and future buildings after the spread in the epidemic, the closure of shops, and the spread of mobile cars to sell goods?

From this research came to think about finding solutions that show the role of the architect in how to deal with such epidemiological cases, which formed the goal of the research. Where the research relies on the inductive approach by defining all the vocabulary of research from identity and globalization with the epidemic crisis sweeping the world today to reach the deductive (deductive) approach to search for new vocabulary that ranges from the year to the most specific to define the subject of the research through the imposition of hypotheses such as the extinction of identity in a time Beyond the epidemic, globalization dominating the various buildings, or coming up with a new identity that carries unified characteristics to unify the different buildings after the end of the epidemic crisis, to reach valuable results that prove the conspiracy theory’s validity in the face of globalization.
Architectural journey between gratitude and presence
Authors: Kadhim Ibrahim Jawad , Rashid Ahmed Maher
Published: July 2021

The research deals with the journey of gratitude, then farewell architecture, as they are represented in the united architecture that contained them. Which defined as an architecture that combined to confront the epidemic, dealing with different theories, therefore, Architects have intellectual responses that seek to reach new formations. Consequently, the research problem emerged on the need to reveal the concept of gratitude architecture, and architecture as a farewell trip, in light of the global pandemic crisis. To be affected and interact with it, in search of balance and stability. To reach the goal of the research represented in the search for an intellectual product as a response and reaction to the architecture of gratitude and departure as part of the united architecture, whose concepts interact with the spatial, temporal in the midst of attending the epidemic crisis. The results are extracting mental concepts describing the architecture of gratitude, architecture as a farewell journey as a result of its interaction with the epidemic crisis.
Evaluating the effects of reservoir level and foundation depth on the dynamic behaviour of a rockfill dam using three-dimensional finite elements modelling
Authors: Salih Ameen Ameen Mohammed , Al-Sulttani Ali O. , Al-Bakri Basim A R
Published: July 2021

This paper presents a three-dimensional Dynamic analysis of a rockfill dam with different foundation depths by considering the dam connection with both the reservoir bed and water. ANSYS was used to develop the three-dimensional Finite Element (FE) model of the rockfill dam. The essential objective of this study is the discussion of the effects of different foundation depths on the Dynamic behaviour of an embanked dam. Four foundation depths were investigated. They are the dam without foundation (fixed base), and three different depths of the foundation. Taking into consideration the changing of upstream water level, the empty, minimum, and maximum water levels, the results of the three-dimensional FE modelling of the rockfill dam show that adding the water effect decreases the natural frequencies of the system, but not more than 45%. While, with the increase of the reservoir water level of the dam from minimum to maximum, the natural frequencies of the dam decreased, but not more than 13% in the case of maximum water level changes. The results show that the influence of changing the upstream water level affects the horizontal displacement of the dam more than the vertical displacement.
The management of heritage buildings in historical urban areas according to cost-benefit methods
Authors: Hussein Safaa Aldeen , Al-Taee Mayada Dheya
Published: July 2021

The heritage buildingsare the most prominent products of the interaction of civilizational, cultural, political, social and economic values throughout history, whose presence is concentrated in the historical urban centres, especially (the city of Baghdad - the old Rusafacentre). The lack of interest in the architectural heritage and the unexamined administrative interventions and decisions, such as preserving what has no economic or social feasibility, have determined the focus of general research with the concept of managing heritage buildings. In light of the emergence of new forms and methods in this field, it provides all information, data, and decision-making capabilities. The preservation is the specific method for dealing with heritage. For the importance of knowledge of the cost-benefit method in decision-making for the management of heritage buildings, the research problem was identified in ((the lack of local studies dealing with the cost-benefits method in making decisions about building management and preservation within historical areas)). The research has adopted the descriptive and analytical approach of previous studies leading to building a theoretical framework of knowledge and extracting indicators for the main items represented by the economic impact, social return and financial impact which were employed in the practical study on selected samples within the historical area (Rasheed Street). The research concluded that the management of heritage buildings according to the cost-benefit method is an integrated and comprehensive process for each of the economic impact, costs, social return and financial effect in a balanced manner for decision-making for conservation and investment to cover the costs of conservation, maintenance and rehabilitation while providing various and innovative sources of financing.
New Dithiocarbamates as a Possible Human Serum Albumin Metal Carrier in Drug Delivery Systems and their Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities.
Authors: Al-Nuzal Saadi M D , Haleem Azhar M , Czerwinski Ken , Haleem Salah M.
Published: July 2021

New mono- and bis-dithiocarbamates were prepared from the reaction of organic dihydrazides -NHNH-(C=O)(CH2)x-(C=O)NHNH- (where x = 0, 2, 4) and basic carbon disulfide with varying chain length 10-14 atom as a human serum metal carrier. The products were characterized by various spectrophotometric such as 1H and 13C NMR and elemental analysis. Their antiproliferative activities were examined on two species of the standard strains of the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 by following the procedure of broth micro-dilution method (BMM), which was applied at the concentrations: 0.0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm for each compound. The antioxidant properties were investigated by following the DPPH method, which was applied for each of the above concentrations. All prepared compounds exhibited antiproliferative and antioxidant activity.
Predicting long-term climate changes in Iraq
Authors: Abdaki Mohammed , Al-Iraqi Ahmed , Faisal Raid Mahmood
Published: July 2021

Changes in air temperature have a significant impact in Iraq due to global climate change. The objective of this study is to project future trends of air temperature in Iraq. In this study, the future air temperature was projected for 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100 from the CCSM4 climate model belong to CMIP5 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenario for Iraq. The historical observed air temperature data (1950 – 2014) acted as referenced as the mean air temperature data obtained from 18 meteorological stations. Statistical downscaling has implemented. The model outputs were calibrated by using around 80% of the observed historical and model historical data. After that, it proved a significant performance of a statistical downscaling process for simulation air temperature for future periods. The results revealed that the mean air temperature would increase under the four RCPs scenarios with different levels. The lower increase rate belongs to the RCP2.6 scenario, the increase rate is expected to be (0.5-0.8 °C) above the observed historical level. However, the RCP8.5 has the highest rate at (4.1 -6 °C) while, the RCP4.5 and RCP6.5 have (1-2 °C) and (2-4 °C) respectively. On the other hand, the temperature expands direction is from the south toward central, west and north of Iraq.
The action of yeast as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment: A Brief Review
Authors: Al-Najar J.A. , Lutfee T. , Alwan N.F.
Published: July 2021

Yeast is a single-celled organism that is classified as a member of the fungi kingdom. Yeast has a significant role in the biological treatment of wastewater. The bio-sorption technology is applied to remove many pollutants such as heavy metal, dyes, and organic materials such as phenol. This technology is characterized by being inexpensive and environment-friendly. This research reviews yeast’s effectiveness as an adsorbent in removing heavy metals, dyes, and phenol from wastewater. The effects of some factors such as the concentration of pollutants, pH of the solution, and yeast mass in the bio-sorption process are reviewed. The bio-sorption process at equilibrium can be described using the isotherm model such as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models reviewed in this paper.
Levels of some heavy elements in water, sediments and two aquatic plants in Al-Garraf river at Shatra district/ southern Iraq
Authors: Aljanabi Zahraa Zahraw , Maktoof Afrah A. , Al-Khairalla Roaa J. , Al-Aboody Bassad A.
Published: July 2021

The present study was conducted in the Al-Garraf river in Thi-Qar governorate (October 2018 to March 2019) and aimed to investigate the pollution in the Al-Garraf river and the possibility of using some aquatic plants as bioindicator at three selected stations along the river. The study was achieved by measurement of air and water temperature, pH, and salinity, as well as the measurement of the concentration of some heavy elements (Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu) in both dissolved and particulate phases in water and an exchangeable and residual phase in sediments and the tissues of two aquatic plants species, Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Phragmatis australis (Can.). The mean concentrations of the heavy elements (Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu) in the dissolved phase in water were (0.07, 1.19, 3.17, and 0.03μg/l) respectively, while their concentration in the particulate phase was (15.73, 24.71, 65.63 and 22.86 μg/g) respectively. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in sediments in an exchangeable phase were 15.73, 24.71, 65.63, and 22.86 (μg/g), respectively, while in the residual phase were 0.07, 0.85, 74.62, and 14.00 (μg/g) respectively. Results confirmed increased mean concentrations of heavy metals in aquatic plants tissues compared to their means in water. The maximum mean of heavy metals was recorded in Ceratophyllum demersum L. The Bioconcentration factor (B.C.F) values were more than their values of Biosedimentation factor (B.S.F) in all aquatic species.
Synthesis of Nanocomposite and Study Degradation of Phenol Red Dye
Authors: Nasief Ola A. , Abd Ahmed N.
Published: July 2021

This study aims to investigate the capability of semiconductors such as titanium dioxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide used to remove a hazardous Phenol Red organic dye texture from an aqueous solution. In this sheet, (ZnO), (CuO) and (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesised utilise a simple chemical process. Nanocomposite has been synthesised by physical process. The purpose of the research was to investigate semiconductors’ capability, such as titanium dioxide, copper oxide, and zinc oxide, to take off a hazardous Phenol Red, a texture dye from an aqueous solution. These nanoparticles and composites’ structural properties described using (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). This paper describes photocatalytic degradation of Phenol Red dye solution using composite CuO/ZnO /TiO2nanocomposite photocatalysts, in the form of CuO/ ZnO/TiO2composite as a paint on the Stainless Steel cell, under ultraviolet (UV) irradiations. The effect of factors affecting the reaction, such as the dye’s primary concentration, the effect of temperature, and the value of the acidic function, were studied. The experiential results show that the CuO/ ZnO/TiO2 composite can remove the Phenol Red from wastewater by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and an average volume of copper oxide molecules. The formula of Debar Shearer found that it is equal to 21.33 nm. For zinc oxide, the particle size constructed to be 18.13 nm and titanium oxide was found to be 42.63, and the particle size of the Nano chemical mixture was 20.48 nm. And CuO/ZnO /TiO2 Nanocomposite 20.48, respectively.
Water quality index along the Euphrates between the cities of Al-Qaim and Falluja: A comparative study
Authors: Saod Wahran M , Yosif Yasir M , Abdulrahman May F. , Mohammed Ali H.
Published: July 2021

Water Quality Index (WQI) is a useful and unique method of measuring water quality. It is often used to determine the status of water quality in simple terms (e.g. good or bad, usable or unusable) to assess water quality and evaluate its suitability for different purposes. The research objectives are to assess the spatial variability of the water quality index (WQI) and make comparisons among monitors sites on the Euphrates River in Anbar Governorate. The monitoring and assessment were carried out on eleven sampling sites along the Euphrates River between the cities of Al-Qaim and Fallujah, spatially and temporally, over a period of 4 years from 2010 to 2013. To calculate the WQI, several Physico-chemical parameters, namely, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (T.H), turbidity (TUR), dissolved oxygen (DO), alkalinity (Alk.), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride ion (Cl-), sulphate ion (SO42-) and nitrate ion (NO3-) were analysed in line with the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index methodology (CCME WQI). The water quality index values in these stations on the Euphrates River in the study area ranged from fair to a marginal category in the study period. The current results concluded that the alterations existed in the concentration of the Physico-chemical parameters in most months, except January and September, along the Euphrates between the cities of Al-Qaim and Fallujah, as a result of harmful practices. The present study revealed that the Euphrates River water is polluted due to human activities, agricultural run-off, the release of inadequately treated wastewater, making it unsuitable for human consumption unless treated properly.
Mineralogical properties of the Quaternary deposits in the Iraqi highway, east of Al Warka city- Southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Aoufi Hiba K. , Al-Jaberi Mohanad H. , Al-Saad Harith A.
Published: July 2021

The study was carried out on sub-surface sediments of quaternary deposits in the southern part of the Iraqi highway-east of the Al Warka city, Southern Iraq. This study has been focused on the variety of sedimentary environments in the quaternary period. The variations in mineralogy and texture with depths gave an indicator of environmental change. Silt, sandy silt, silt loam and sandy loam are most of sediments texture variation with depths. Quartz, anorthite feldspar, dolomite, calcite, Mg-Ca calcite, and gypsum are most of the light minerals in the studied area. Quartz and feldspar are dominant form depth intervals between 1 to 5 meters. Calcite is predominant at depth 6 meters with high shell fragments reached 38% as an indicator to change of sedimentary environments from depth interval 6 to 12m. The rate of shells growth at 6m depth was much higher in the fine-sediment and nutrient-rich channel, this conclusion may be an indicator of environmental change at this depth, suggests a high nutrient content in the river at this period allowed for molluscs shell growth. Opaque minerals, Chlorite, Pyroxene, biotite, epidote, staurolite, zircon, tourmaline, and rutile are most of the heavy metals. Chlorite, biotite, pyroxene, zircon, garnet, and rutile are increase with depths, while opaque and celestite are decreasing with depths. Chlorite, illite, and kaolinite are most of the clay minerals. Illite and kaolinite are increase with depths, while chlorite is decreased with depths.
Survival of Some Pathogenic Bacteria in Current Currency Paper in Mosul City
Authors: Abdul Kader May A. , Al-Rawi Amera M.
Published: July 2021

Currency is one of the most frequently passed items in the world. It used every day and every way, and it could act as an important vehicle for cross-contamination. This research was aimed to determine how long pathogenic bacteria can survive on currency paper, four pathogenic bacteria including E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis were provided according to laboratory standard methods. Sterile pieces of currency paper were inoculated with the pathogenic bacteria and the survival of bacteria was tested over seven days. The results showed that all tested bacteria differed in time of survival and this survives according to environmental conditions, the type of bacteria and the mode of its resistance, but they were stable and still cultivable after seven days. The second part of this research was to design a simple experimental model to check the efficacy of germicidal and attempted to use ultraviolet light radiation to evaluate the inhibitory effect of most pathogenic microorganisms on currency as a disinfectant. The results revealed that UV is an effective tool, so we recommend using it as a disinfectant for currency.
Effect of heavy metals on physiological and histological status in liver of common carp Cyprinus carpio, reared in cages and wild in the Euphrates River, Babil / Iraq.
Authors: Alshkarchy Samer Saleem , Raesen Amjed K. , Najim Salah M.
Published: July 2021

The current study was conducted to examine the concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Zn, and Cu) in sediments, chemical and physical properties of water(Temperature, pH, Salinity, Total dissolved solid, Dissolved oxygen, Biological oxygen demand5, Alanin transporter enzyme, aspartase transporter enzyme, Alkaline phosphatase, and histological effects of the studied metal on liver of 96 cage fish and wild fish 4 fish per site Cyprinus carpio (Common carp) in the Euphrates River from October of 2018 until November of 2019. Three sites were selected on the Euphrates River in the middle of Iraq. The first site was Abu Luka, the second site was Al Saddah and the third site was the village of Al-Hussein. The results showed that in the first and second sites, the concentration of heavy metal in sediments and fish liver was greater than in the third site. In general, the cage fish at the first and second sites were higher than the wild fish. It was also noticed that the heavy metal concentration of both fish and sediment took the following order according to the seasons of the year, from the highest concentration of heavy metals to the lowest (summer > spring > autumn > winter). It was found that liver enzymes were directly affected by the presence of high concentrations of heavy Metals. So, both the ALT and AST increased in the first and second sites as compared to the third site. But the ALP value decreased with the increase in the concentration of the studied metal. The results of the histological slicing of the liver in the first and second places revealed a breakdown of the hepatocytes with the creation of gaps between the cells. Several spaces filled with remains of the destructed cells from the visceral tissue of the liver with infiltration of inflammatory cells in the infected area of the fish liver. It is the region’s first study that was concerned with the impact of heavy metal levels in the environment on cage fish and their relationship to blood components and liver enzymes.
Impact of climate change on the hydrochemistry of Debaga unconfined aquifer, Kurdistan region, Iraq
Authors: Al-Dabbas Moutaz , Hussain Tariq Abed , Al-Kubaisi Qusai , Al-Dabbas Hadeel Moutaz
Published: July 2021

The available climate parameters data of the rainfall and temperature for the Iraqi meteorological stations: Mosul, Kirkuk, Baiji, Tuz, Tikrit, and Debaga were investigated. The findings indicate profound document of changein climateshowed by the noticeable increase of the average mean annual temperature with the remarkable decrease of the yearly precipitation in the investigated meteorological locations.

The impact of the climatic change on the hydrochemistry of Debaga unconfined aquifer was noticeable in increasing the water salinity as studied during the year 2014 and compared with the years before 2001. The Debaga unconfined aquifer water has indicated two groups’sulphate (79%) and chloride (21%) for the year 2014. It is clear that the climate change conditions increase the sulphate group in Debaga basin during 2014. It is recommended to overcome the water shortage by choosing an economical method of irrigation rather than the local traditional methods.
Spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in dust fallout in Basra city/ Iraq
Authors: Hassan Iqbal Fakhri , Kassaf Al-Khuzaie Dounia K. , Kzaal Rehab S. , Hassan Wesal Fakhri , Abdulnabi Zuhair A.
Published: July 2021

This study examined the distribution and dominance of some heavy metals in samples of dust fallout from Shaibah area in the province of Basra/ Iraq. The fallen dust collected by special containers of metal (diameter of 15 cm and height of 30 cm) via bags of polyethylene monthly between June 2011 and November 2012. An acid mixture of nitric and Perchloric acids (1:1) was used to digest the samples, then heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb, Fe Zn and Cr) analysed by using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The program SPSS was used to analyse data statistically using model 19. The mean of Cd concentration was a range from 0.0002 during May in St7 and 0.0158 mg/m3 September and St8. The result showed that the concentration of Cr ranges from 0.0046 to 0.4598 mg/m3. Ni conc. showed significant differences (0.871-0.0012 mg/m3), Pb range from 0.008 to 1.9042 mg/m3. Contamination of Cd, Pb and Cr might accumulate from different areas along with local pollution because of the high occurrence in whole locations, whereas Ni seems polluted locally because of high rates only at St2. The heavy metals above the reference value become seriously polluted according to WOH2008 and ATSDR, (2002), but below the target value in other studies.