bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjective and Objective Evaluation Methods to Determine the Peak-trough Threshold of the Drape Fabric Node
Authors: Shyr Tien-Wei , Wang Pin-Ning , Lin Jer-Yan
Published: August 2009

This study focused on the use of subjective and objective evaluation methods to determine the peak-trough threshold of the drape fabric node. Nineteen different dynamic drape images of fabric, obtained using a dynamic drape instrument with a maximum rotation speed of 450 rpm, were used to evaluate the fabric node number and the fabric drape coefficient. After the ANOVA and the Duncan analysis, 13 consistent evaluators for determining the subjective fabric node number were selected from 19 candidates. The mean values of the subjective node numbers were then used as a basis for determining the peak-trough threshold of the drape fabric node. The fabric drape image plot was obtained by a self-devised dynamic drape instrument for fabric, and then converted to a drape waveform diagram. When the mean value of the drop-height between the outward protruding and adjacent dent positions on the drape waveform diagram at rotation speeds from 175 rpm to 450 rpm was taken as the test value, then the 1 % confidence lower limit of the mean drop-height could be used to obtain fabric node numbers which were subjectively and objectively consistent. This meant that the difference in the distance from peak and trough to the center point in the drape profile was 0.30 cm, which was defined as the peak-trough threshold of the node of a fabric drape image plot. The greater the rotation speed, the greater the drape coefficient of wool woven fabric. The smaller the distance from the peak and trough to the center point, the smaller the node number.
Studies on the Changes in Tensile Properties of Sewing Thread at Different Sewing Stages
Authors: Vinay Kumar Midha  , Mukhopadhyay A. , Chatopadhyay R. , Kothari V.K.
Published: August 2009

A lockstitch is formed by the interlacement of needle and bobbin threads. During high-speed sewing, needle thread is subjected to repeated tensile stresses, heat, bending, pressure, torsion, and wearing. Therefore, the mechanical properties of thread, which become altered during sewing, are very important for its performance and durability. In order to design a sewing machine and threads for maximum strength retention, it is important to understand how the mechanical properties of the thread change as it progresses through the machine and become incorporated into the seam. In this paper, the tensile properties of the needle thread are measured at four sewing stages: before sewing, after dynamic loading at the tension regulator, after passage through the needle and fabric, and after bobbin thread interaction. Mercerized cotton, polyester staple spun, polyester—cotton core spun, and polyester—polyester core spun threads are used and the contribution of dynamic loading, passage through the needle and fabric, and bobbin thread interaction to the change in tensile properties is analyzed. The loss in tenacity, elongation, and breaking energy for cotton thread is the highest, followed by polyester staple and core spun threads. However, the cotton thread shows lower loss in initial modulus as compared with the other threads. Bobbin thread interaction is mainly responsible for the loss in thread strength, elongation, initial modulus, and breaking energy for all threads, barring breaking elongation in cotton threads. Dynamic loading leads to an increase in the initial modulus for all threads. Passage through the needle and fabric assembly has a relatively small contribution to the reduction in tensile properties.
The Intersection of Race, Culture, Language, and Disability
Authors: Blanchett Wanda J. , Klingner Janette K. , Harry Beth
Published: August 2009

To date, few researchers have sought to examine the effect of issues of race, culture, language, and disability, let alone to look specifically at the intersection of these issues, as it relates to special education identification, special education service delivery, and students of color’s access to an equitable education. Thus, this article will attempt to help urban education researchers and educators understand (a) why the intersection of race, culture, language, and disability is an urban education issue; (b) how issues of race, culture, language, and disability affect students’ and their families’ quest for an equitable education; (c) how to advocate for and provide culturally responsive services to racially, culturally, linguistically, and economically diverse students and their families; and (d) the implications of the intersection of race, culture, and disability for urban education practice, research, and policy.
Role of School Counselors in Creating Equitable— Educational Opportunities for Students With Disabilities in Urban Settings
Authors: Mitcham Michelle , Agahe Portman Tarrell Awe , Afi Dean Asabi
Published: August 2009

This article will explore the school counselor’s role of advocate, champion of social justice, social change agent, and urban school counselor to empower marginalized students, specifically those with disabilities, to increase achievement and educational opportunities and be successful.
Rainbow, Snow, and the Poplar’s Song: The ‘‘Annihilative Naming’’ of Israeli Military Practices
Authors: Gavriely-Nuri Dalia
Published: August 2009

This article explores the phenomenon of military naming, that is, the act of giving a name to military practices such as military operations, weaponry, and military units. The basic theoretical supposition is that military naming is a simple and useful mechanism that might be employed to blur undesired aspects—such as the human and economical costs—associated with the respective practices. Inspired by John B. Thompson’s ‘‘strategies of operation of ideology,’’ the research uses the construct of strategies of annihilative naming to analyze a corpus of 239 Israeli names of military operations and weaponry. By using names coming from nature and the Bible, the Israeli military uses three strategies—naturalization, euphemization, and legitimation—that mediate Israeli public opinion toward controversial military operations as well as weaponry development. Future research of other military names will support the construction of generalizations about this important phenomenon.
Identifying Effectiveness in ‘‘The Old Old’’
Authors: Will Catherine M.
Published: August 2009

This article explores some implications of the increasing reliance on clinical trials in contemporary health care, particularly health care payers’ efforts to use them in the so-called fourth hurdle decisions. How do these agencies manage medical uncertainty given the desire to produce clear guidelines for clinicians? Their solutions take account of trials in at least two ways, reflecting broader debates about the meaning of these medical experiments. Trials can be read as either ‘‘proofs of protocol’’—straightforward guides to action with individual drugs in specific populations—or ‘‘proofs of principle’’— where extrapolation is made possible through an appeal to underlying biological mechanisms. These contrasting readings of trials are illustrated with reference to guidelines on heart disease prevention/cholesterol reduction using statins among the elderly in North America and the United Kingdom. Uncertainty in these cases does not lead to inertia but solutions use different fixed points to aid navigation, including both physiological principles and moral values.
Music performance teachers’ conceptions about learning and instruction: a descriptive study of Spanish piano teachers
Authors: Bautista Alfredo , Del Puy Pérez Echeverría Ma , Ignacio Pozo J.
Published: August 2009

There has been little research into the conceptions music performance teachers have about learning and instruction, by either psychological or educational researchers. The main aim of this study was to describe the conceptions of 45 Spanish piano teachers from music conservatories, by analysing their differences according to the variable ‘Years of teaching experience’ (YTE). Three groups of 15 teachers were studied as follows: (1) highly experienced teachers (more than 15 YTE); (2) experienced teachers (between five and 15 YTE); and (3) novice teachers (less than five YTE). Data was collected using written open-ended questionnaires, and analysed by means of the lexicometrical method. Three different conceptions were identified between these groups: direct, interpretative and constructive. The findings suggested that the less experienced the teachers were, the more sophisticated, complex and adapted to music education their conceptions about learning and instruction were. Psychological, educative and curricular implications are discussed.
Music lessons, pitch processing, and g
Authors: Schellenberg E. Glenn , Moreno Sylvain
Published: August 2009

Musically trained and untrained participants were administered tests of pitch processing and general intelligence ( g). Trained participants exhibited superior performance on tests of pitch-processing speed and relative pitch. They were also better at frequency discrimination with tones at 400 Hz but not with very high tones (4000 Hz). The two groups also performed similarly on a measure of g. The findings suggest that music training is associated positively with various aspects of pitch processing for tones in the typical pitch range for music. They also imply that general associations between music lessons and nonmusical cognitive functioning stem from individual differences in psychological mechanisms distinct from g.
Political ecology II: theorizing region
Authors: Neumann Roderick P.
Published: August 2009

In this second of three reports exploring the incorporation of human geography theory within political ecology I focus on regions. I review how regions are theorized in human geography and conclude that political ecologists have used the concept inconsistently. I suggest that three trajectories in recent studies offer possibilities for a more rigorous theorization of regions within political ecology: (1) work employing theorizations of the social production of space and the co-constitution of nature, space, and society; (2) engagements with the political economy of natural resources literature, especially resource conflict; and (3) work linking historical materialist-oriented ‘new’ regional geography with discourse theory.
Experiments and Modeling of Large-scale Benchmark Enclosure Fire Suppression
Authors: Yoon Sam S. , Figueroa Victor , Brown Alexander L. , Blanchat Thomas K.
Published: August 2009

This article presents a series of experiments on benchmark fire suppression. The experiments were performed in a controlled environment, utilizing a cylindrical object or calorimeter centered above a 2 m diameter pan filled with kerosene-based hydrocarbon fuel, JP8. The experimental setup and procedure for gathering data on water suppression performance are presented. The characteristics of the nozzles used in the experiments are presented as well. The experimental results provide the boundary condition and temporal data necessary for validation of the fire suppression models used. The article also includes simulation results on the fire suppression experimental tests. The suppression simulations were carried out using a numerical model based on a Temporally Filtered Navier-Stokes (TFNS) formulation coupled with a Lagrangian model for droplets, which includes detailed descriptions of the interaction between the water droplets and the fire plume. The results from both experiments and simulations suggest that the criterion for complete suppression depends on a combination of factors including the mass flow rate (or nozzle diameter), nozzle operating pressure, and calorimeter presence. A critical regime which distinguished the regions of suppression and no-suppression in the domain of the mass flow rate versus operating pressure is found.
A Profile of Adolescent-Onset Epilepsy
Authors: Simard-Tremblay Elisabeth , Shevell Michael
Published: August 2009

To describe the profile of children with adolescent-onset epilepsy and to determine factors predictive of outcome. A database was searched for all patients with a first seizure between the age of 12 and 16 years. Sixty-five adolescents met inclusion criteria. Ten patients needed at least two medications to control seizures, 36 remained on medication at their last visit and 12 patients had at least 1 seizure in the year preceding. A diagnosis of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, the presence of coexisting seizures, coexisting myoclonic seizures, age ≤14.5 years at initial diagnosis, and the presence of compliance issues were significantly associated with the need for medication at last visit. Female gender and the presence of compliance issues were associated with the occurrence of at least 1 seizure in the year preceding last visit. A good outcome for adolescent-onset epilepsy can generally be expected in the short term.
Effect of Sodium-mixed Anion Doping in PEO-based Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Bhattacharya Bhaskar , Nagarale R.K. , Singh Pramod K.
Published: August 2009

Three poly(ethylene oxide) based sodium ion-conducting mixed anion systems, namely . PEO: (1 - x )NaI + xNaSCN, PEO:(1 - x )NaI + xNaCH3COO, PEO:(1 - x) NaSCN + xNaCH 3COO have been studied. The characteristic dip in conductivity isotherm for all the three systems was observed below and above the melting of the complex. The isolated cation transference number has also been reported by the combined a.c.—d.c. technique for all three systems. The value of tNa+ was found to be modified due to mixed anion doping. The detailed analysis of the systems under optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, complex impedance spectroscopy and dielectric constant is discussed in the paper. It is shown that the mixed anion doping in polar-non polar combination of the anions is more effective in terms of changes in σ and tNa+ The percentage crystallinity and dielectric constant of the medium are also correlated with the observed effect. The electrolyte dissociation model has been applied to explain the composition-dependent behavior.
A New Crosslinked Sulfonated Polystyrene for Proton Exchange Fuel Cell Membrane
Authors: Jing Xu  , Jianjia Yu  , Rong Guan  , Cuihua Li  , Lingna Sun  , Jianhua Fang
Published: August 2009

A series of crosslinked sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) membranes with different degree of sulfonation (DS) were prepared in the presence of phosphorous pentoxide-methanesulfonic acid (PPMA) in the ratio of 1:10 by weight via the condensation reaction between the sulfonic acid groups and the activated hydrogen atoms of SPS. The crosslinking reaction was confirmed by 1H-NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. In comparison with uncrosslinked SPS membrane, the crosslinked one showed much higher thermal stability as the degradation temperature increased from about 200 to 300 °C, lower but enough ion exchange capacity (IEC), lower water uptake, and lower swelling ratio. Moreover, the crosslinked SPS membranes still maintained high proton conductivity (3.3—6.1 × 10-2 S cm-1) and keep good shape at room temperature in 100% relative humidity. The relationships among crosslinking time, crosslinking ratio, DS and membrane properties are discussed.
Balancing Play, Meaning and Reality: The Design Philosophy of LEVEE PATROLLER
Authors: Harteveld Casper , Guimarães Rui , Mayer Igor S. , Bidarra Rafael
Published: August 2009

Most serious games have been developed without a proper and comprehensive design theory. To contribute to the development of such a theory, this article presents the underlying design philosophy of LEVEE PATROLLER , a game to train levee patrollers in the Netherlands. This philosophy stipulates that the design of a digital serious game is a multiobjective problem in which trade-offs need to be made. Making these trade-offs takes place in a design space defined by three equally important components: (a) Play, (b) Meaning, and (c) Reality. The various tensions between these three components result in design dilemmas and trilemmas that make it difficult to balance a serious game. Each type of tension is illustrated with one or more examples from the design of LEVEE PATROLLER.
Design Improvement by Damage Tolerance Test in Airframe Development
Authors: Kim Hyung-Jin , Kim Sang-Tae
Published: August 2009

In aircraft development process, several essential tests including flight test should be conducted to validate the performance of aircraft. Ground structural tests for airworthiness certification should be performed in various levels of static and durability tests. This evaluation is intended for the result implementation of design improvement, which provides structural integrity verification according to Test & Evaluation Master Plan. For the life-time testing, a random flight-by-flight spectrum of loads consistent with the design mission profile was applied to the test article under tight control, while all the strain and deflection data were measured and acquired. Through inspection works including both close visual inspection and nondestructive inspection were conducted periodically. All the related discrepancies between analysis and test results, which were found in the inspection, have been evaluated for prompt assessment. The required design improvement action could be made, soon after the fractographic analysis results were available.
A Comparison of the Biological Activity of 2 Formulations of Enoxaparin in 12 Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Sharma Vineeta , Madhu Sirisha , Natarajan Parthiban , Muniyandi Ganesan , Jaiswal Vijaya , Saxena Renu
Published: August 2009

Introduction: India is one of the few countries where biosimilar enoxaparin is available for clinical use. Despite availability since past 4 to 5 years, there is a paucity of published literature regarding their biological activity. The aim of the current study is to compare the biological activity of an endogenously developed formulation of enoxaparin with the branded formulation. Materials and Methods: Twelve healthy male volunteers received 1 subcutaneous injection of 2 different formulations of enoxaparin in a randomized, open-label, balanced, 2-treatment, 2-period, 2-sequence, cross-over study. The test formulation was Injection Troynoxa (enoxaparin sodium 40 mg/0.4 mL, Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India) and reference formulation was Injection Clexane (enoxaparin sodium 40 mg/ 0.4 mL, Sanofi-Aventis, UK). The plasma anti-Xa activity and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were estimated on fully automated coagulometer predose and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours following dosing with 40 mg/0.4 mL of enoxaparin. Results: The results of mixed model analysis of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for estimating difference between least square means of test and reference formulations, at all time points, showed no significant differences in anti-Xa activity and plasma aPTT levels. Both formulations were well tolerated and there were no bleeding episodes. Conclusion: After a single-dose injection in healthy participants, anti-Xa activities of 2 formulations of LMWH enoxaparin were comparable. No significant difference was observed in the mean plasma aPTT. It remains to be seen whether the 2 formulations would show comparable clinical efficacy.
Rivaroxaban in Orthopedic Surgery — A Change of Paradigm?
Authors: Schulman Sam
Published: August 2009

Two selective, orally available anticoagulant agents, although with different targets in the coagulation cascade, have recently been approved in many countries on the indication of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism (VTE) after major joint arthroplasty. This review discusses mainly the antifactor Xa drug, rivaroxaban, with a focus on the orthopedic trials. Pharmacokinetic characteristics and other clinical development programs with rivaroxaban are briefly reviewed. Although the aim of this article is not to review the direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, some comparisons are made. For clinical results, these are obviously indirect and conclusions must be drawn with caution until head-to-head comparisons are performed. Whether the introduction of rivaroxaban is a change of paradigm will ultimately be decided in the eyes and mind of the beholder.
Use of Recombinant Activated Factor VII for Intractable Bleeding in Patients Without Hemophilia: A Developing Country Tertiary Care Center’s Experience
Authors: Musallam Khaled M. , Abi Saad George S. , Majdalani Marianne N. , Muwakkit Samar A. , Bou-Khalil Pierre K. , Aoun Elie G. , Sawaya Raja A. , Khalil Ismail , Taher Ali T.
Published: August 2009

Although the use of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) to control intractable bleeding in nonhemophiliac patients is expanding, several issues pertinent to its potential thrombotic complications and effect on patient mortality are still of concern. We herein describe our experience at a developing country tertiary care center over a period of 4 years. A total of 49 patients were identified of whom 28.6% belong to the pediatric age group. The most common bleeding settings were intracerebral hemorrhage, abdominal aortic surgery, general surgery, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. All patients achieved cessation or significant reduction in bleeding. Only 1 patient had a documented postuse thrombotic complication. Of the whole group, 12 patients (24.4%) eventually died with only 1 death having a possible association to rFVIIa use. There was a statistically significant reduction in the need for blood product transfusion after the use of rFVIIa. The use of rFVIIa was in accordance with the hospital’s algorithm (identifying salvageable patients, preconditioning, blood product replacement, and dosing) in 30 (61.2%) patients. We conclude that rFVIIa should continue to be considered in nonhemophiliac patients failing to respond to conventional measures of bleeding control. However, this off-label use should be coupled with strict adherence to the treatment algorithms, which remains essential in developing countries with limited health care resources.
Recurrent Abdominal Thrombosis Despite Heparin Thromboprophylaxis in a Patient With Transient Eosinophilia
Authors: Ames P.R.J.
Published: August 2009

A 21-year-old girl with an ischemic bowel developed portal and splenic vein thrombosis 3 weeks later, despite thromboprophylaxis low-molecular-weight heparin. An extensive thrombophilia screen was negative and the only possible reason for her vascular occlusion was transient but severe eosinophilia. The role of transient eosinophilia in thrombosis is discussed in the light of other similar rare cases.
Changes in Nursing Home Staffing Levels, 1997 to 2007
Authors: Seblega Binyam K. , Zhang Ning Jackie , Unruh Lynn Y. , Breen Gerald-Mark , Seung Chun Paek  , Wan Thomas T. H.
Published: August 2009

A positive relationship has been demonstrated between the quality of care delivered in nursing homes and the quality of nursing staff providing the care. The general perception, however, is that there is a decline in registered nurses’ staff hours in nursing homes. The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether the levels of registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses (LPNs), and nursing assistants (NAs) as well as skill mix has changed in nursing homes between the years 1997 and 2007. A descriptive research design was employed on data derived from Online Survey Certification and Reporting System database. After accounting for facility size and ownership, it was found that more nursing homes have increased—rather than decreased—LPN and NA hours per resident day between 1997 and 2007. On the other hand, more nursing homes have decreased—rather than increased—RN hours per resident day and skill mix during the same time period.
The Functions of Gender Role Traditionality, Ambivalent Sexism, Injury, and Frequency of Assault on Domestic Violence Perception
Authors: Yamawaki Niwako , Ostenson Joseph , Brown C. Ryan
Published: August 2009

This study examined the mediating influence of gender-role traditionality (GRT), ambivalent sexism, and victim injury and frequency of assault on domestic violence (DV) perception differences between Japanese and American college students. As predicted, Japanese tended to minimize, blame, and excuse DV more than did Americans, and these national differences were mediated by GRT. Participants viewed the DV incident more seriously when the victim presented injury or when the incident had occurred frequently. Those high in benevolent and hostile sexism were more likely to minimize DV, whereas those high only in benevolent sexism were more likely to blame the victim.
Developing Teen Dating Violence Prevention Strategies
Authors: Noonan Rita K. , Charles Dyanna
Published: August 2009

Intimate partner violence (IPV) peaks in youth and young adulthood and is associated with multiple adolescent risk behaviors and negative health outcomes. Targeting youth with prevention messages before they start dating may avert teen dating violence and subsequent adult IPV. This article discusses findings from focus groups with middle school youth to determine behaviors and beliefs regarding dating violence. To develop effective prevention messages, participants were asked questions about characteristics of middle school dating relationships, healthy relationships, relationship norms, unhealthy relationships, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, intervening in violent situations, and trusted sources for information about dating violence. The recommendations for prevention efforts include an emphasis on skill building, tailoring efforts for particular subgroups, and identifying innovative ways of reaching youth.
General Competencies for the HRD Scholar-Practitioner: Perspectives From Across the Profession
Authors: Kormanik Martin B. , Lehner Rachelle D. , Winnick Terri A.
Published: August 2009

The term scholar-practitioner can be found in many fields, including human resource development (HRD).Although other disciplines have developed general competency models for scholar-practitioners, none has been formerly developed for the HRD scholar-practitioner. This article proposes a preliminary general competency model for HRD scholar-practitioners. The model is based on empirical data collected from a convenience sample of self-identified HRD scholars, scholar-practitioners, and practitioners. The discussion includes each group’s perceptions on the general competencies for HRD scholar-practitioners, noting similarities and differences.The article concludes with implications for research and practice.
Clinical errors, nursing shortage and moral distress: The situation in Jordan
Authors: Mrayyan Majd T , Hamaideh Shaher H
Published: August 2009

Abstract

In the current healthcare arena, clinical errors are receiving much attention. Unintentionally, nurses commit errors, which require guiding ethical principles. This replicated study aimed to assess Jordanian Registered Nurses’ (RNs) perceptions of clinical errors they had committed over the past year: assess nurses’ perceptions of clinical errors committed by other nurses’ detect if these errors were related to the nursing shortage and assess whether or not nurses felt any moral distress. The studied phenomena were compared across different hospitals as well as in various units and wards. A survey was used to collect data from 420 nurses from 13 hospitals. A considerable percentage of RNs reported that they omitted to give medication/treatment or gave medication/treatment at the wrong time, and also indicated that other nurses gave incorrect medication or incorrectly administered treatments; practice issues which were related to the nursing shortage and causing moral distress. RNs perceived that clinical errors/untoward clinical incidents that they and other nurses experienced occurred largely because of the nursing shortage and resulted in moral distress. Moreover, a considerable percentage of RNs perceived that other nurses made clinical errors and/or experienced untoward clinical incidents related to the nursing shortage more frequently than the RNs themselves. Across different types of hospitals, nurses were not different in regard to clinical errors and their treatments, and the resultant moral distress. Nurses in units were slightly higher than nurses in wards in reporting clinical errors, treating them when they occurred, relating these errors to the nursing shortage, and thus were experiencing more moral distress. Aggravated by the nursing shortage, moral distress that occurs as a result of clinical errors is increasing, thus nurse managers should assess the contributing factors of moral distress and find ways to eliminate them.
Differences of hospitals’ organisational climates and nurses’ intent to stay: Nurses’ perspectives
Authors: Mrayyan Majd T
Published: August 2009

Abstract

This research studied the differences of hospitals’ organisational climates and nurses’ intent to stay at different types of Jordanian hospitals and investigated the relationship between the two concepts, from the point views of nurses. In 2005, using convenience sampling technique, a survey was used to collect the data. A total of 361 nurses were recruited; 190 nurses from governmental hospitals, 107 nurses from teaching hospitals and 64 nurses from private hospitals. Comparisons were performed using the total scores and the individual items of scales. Farley’s Nursing Practice Environment Scale (NPES) was used to assess the organisational climates (Farly, MJ, Nyberg, J (1990) Nurs Health Care11: 532–535). McCain’s Behavioral Commitment Scale (1990) was used to measure nurses’ intent to stay (McCloskey, JC (1990) Image J Nurs Sch22: 140–143). Nurses ‘somewhat disagree’ about the organisational climates of their hospitals. Quality of care and professionalism were the most important variables that influence hospitals’ organisational climates. There were some significant differences between nurses at different types of hospitals in their perceptions about hospitals’ organisational climates. Nurses were neutral in reporting their intent to stay; but there were no statistically significant differences. Although, nurses plan to stay at their jobs for at least 2–3 years and as long as possible, some nurse reported that they will not stay at their jobs to the end of their careers. Nurse administrators have to create supportive organisational climates that would encourage nurses to stay at their jobs to the end of their careers. This would influence positively the quality of patient care and nurses’ professionalism. These outcomes could be achieved if nurse administrators use supportive leadership styles in organisations that are adaptive to change and professionals’ needs.
A thousand words paint a picture: The use of storyline in grounded theory research
Authors: Birks Melanie , Mills Jane , Francis Karen , Chapman Ysanne
Published: August 2009

Abstract

This paper explores the use of storyline in grounded theory research and potentially other research methodologies that seek to explain phenomena. Storyline as a research strategy has had limited discussion in the literature. Although stories have been used as both a source of data and a means of reporting research findings, the use of storyline is underutilised and undeveloped as a method of constructing and conveying grounded theory. Construction of a theory that is grounded in the data and not influenced by external concepts is possible through the use of storyline. In presenting grounded theory in the form of a storyline, the nurse researcher is able to explain and describe the theoretical contribution in the context of nursing knowledge. Theoretical precedence, variation, limited gaps, the use of evidence and appropriate style are characteristics of an effective storyline. As both a means and an end in itself, storyline enhances the development, presentation and comprehension of the outcomes of grounded theory research in nursing.
Caring for persons with Parkinson’s disease in care homes: Perceptions of residents and their close relatives, and an associated review of residents’ care plans
Authors: Armitage Gerry , Adams Jenny , Newell Robert , Coates David , Ziegler Lucy , Hodgson Ian
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Through qualitative in-depth interviews, we collected the views of persons with Parkinson’s disease (pwPD) and their close relatives in care homes to establish their collective views of the effectiveness of care. We also reviewed the corresponding care plans. Drawing on these two forms of data collection, we compared similarities and differences between the qualitative interview data and the care plan analysis to elaborate on the experience of residential care for pwPD. Close relatives of care home residents can be a fruitful source of information for care home staff, throughout the care planning process, especially in relation to the specific needs of a pwPD. Although health and social policy advocate active collaboration between people with long-term conditions, their families, and their formal carers, there is limited evidence of such collaboration in the data examined here. There is an apparent shortfall in the knowledge and understanding of PD among care home staff. There are important pragmatic (e.g. drug administration) as well as psycho-social reasons for flexibility in routine care provision to meet the dynamic needs of pwPD. The findings here support the need for further, larger scale research into the quality of care for pwPD who are care home residents.
Comparative analysis of NLN NCLEX-RN readiness exam performance: BSN versus ADN
Authors: Simon Elizabeth , Augustus Lois
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Nursing schools are committed to improving the passing rate of the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) and to remain above acceptable levels. Therefore, the National League for Nursing (NLN) readiness exam taken before graduation can be used as a diagnostic test. The NLN scores are used to investigate which clinical course grade has the highest correlation with the readiness exam and ultimately with the NCLEX. With that knowledge, educators could strengthen particular courses in order to ultimately enhance a higher NCLEX-RN passing rate. To investigate the relationship among nursing clinical course grades, foundational science courses, and NCLEX-RN readiness exam scores, the initial study in 2004 on BSN performance was compared to a follow-up study on ADN students in 2007 in another college within the same university. Stepwise regression and Pearson moment correlation analysed the data. The first nursing course, adult health nursing and maternal child health nursing, truly appears foundational for the NCLEX readiness exam. These results were consistent in both BSN and ADN programs. As adult learning theory suggests, the first nursing course may provide an overview into which the facts and skills of later courses are integrated.
Recent Technical Advances in Polypropylene
Authors: Mei Gabriele , Beccarini Enrico , Caputo Tiziana , Fritze Cornelia , Massari Paola , Agnoletto Dania , Pitteri Silvio
Published: August 2009

The Spherizone process technology, which is based on a multizone circulating reactor (MZCR), represents a significant innovation in polypropylene (PP) production. In comparison to traditional multi-step technologies, the MZCR provides a step change in the polymer homogeneity of the final product, obtained by continuously circulating the growing polymeric granules between two interrelated zones where different gas-phase compositions are realized. In addition to traditional Z-N catalysts, metallocene catalysts are also being introduced in PP manufacture: single-site catalysts allow differentiated products with outstanding property combinations. Due to its versatility and sustainability, PP continues to be utilized in a large range of applications. Innovative polymer structures featuring diverse comonomers exhibit improved properties (i.e., stiffness-impact balance, aesthetics, transparency, processability), which reinforce the capability of PP to replace traditional materials such as wood, paper, glass, and metals, as well as standard polymer products.
The regulatory T-cell response during acute retroviral infection is locally defined and controls the magnitude and duration of the virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell response
Authors: Zelinskyy Gennadiy , Dietze Kirsten K. , Hüsecken Yvonne P. , Schimmer Simone , Nair Savita , Werner Tanja , Gibbert Kathrin , Kershaw Olivia , Gruber Achim D. , Sparwasser Tim , Dittmer Ulf
Published: August 2009

Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells control acute viremia in many viral infections. However, most viruses that establish chronic infections evade destruction by CD8+ T cells, and regulatory T cells (Treg) are thought to be involved in this immune evasion. We have infected transgenic mice, in which Treg can be selectively depleted, with Friend retrovirus (FV) to investigate the influence of Treg on pathogen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in vivo. We observed that Treg expansion during acute infection was locally defined to organs with high viral loads and massive activation of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cells. Experimental ablation of Treg resulted in a significant increase of peak cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against FV. In addition, it prevented the development of functional exhaustion of CD8+ T cells and significantly reduced FV loads in lymphatic organs. Surprisingly, despite the massive virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response after temporary Treg depletion, no evidence of immunopathology was found. These results demonstrate the important role of Treg in controlling acute retrovirus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, and suggest that temporary manipulation of Treg might be a possible therapeutic approach in chronic infectious diseases.
Rho GTPase Cdc42 is essential for B-lymphocyte development and activation
Authors: Guo Fukun , Velu Chinavenmeni S. , Grimes H. Leighton , Zheng Yi
Published: August 2009

Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family that has been implicated in several cell functions including proliferation and migration, but its physiologic role needs to be dissected in each cell type. We achieved B-cell and hematopoietic stem cell deletion of Cdc42 by conditional gene targeting in mice. Deletion of Cdc42 from proB/preB-cell stage significantly blocked B-cell development at T1 and later stages, resulting in reduced mature B-cell populations and reduced antigen-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG1, and IgG3 production. The Cdc42−/− B cells, themselves, were abnormal with impaired proliferation and survival. The mutant B cells were further characterized by a B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling defect with increased Erk and decreased Akt activation, as well as a defect in BCR-mediated B-cell–activating factor (BAFF) receptor up-regulation and subsequent BAFF receptor signaling in mature resting B cells. Surprisingly, Cdc42 was dispensable for stromal cell–derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)– or B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC)–induced B-cell migration. Finally, loss of Cdc42 from hematopoietic stem cells did not alter common lymphoid progenitor production but severely reduced proB/preB- and immature B-cell populations, indicating that Cdc42 is also involved in B-cell precursor differentiation. These results reveal multifaceted roles of Cdc42 in B-cell development and activation.
Evaluation of bone marrow reticulin formation in chronic immune thrombocytopenia patients treated with romiplostim
Authors: Kuter David J. , Mufti Ghulam J. , Bain Barbara J. , Hasserjian Robert P. , Davis Wende , Rutstein Mark
Published: August 2009

Romiplostim is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist that increases platelet counts in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Thrombopoietin receptor agonists are reported to increase the risk for reticulin fiber deposition within bone marrow. This report describes bone marrow findings from romiplostim-treated rats, a retrospective analysis of reticulin observed in romiplostim ITP clinical trials, and a prospective clinical study of the effects of romiplostim on bone marrow morphology. In rats, romiplostim produced a dose-dependent increase in bone marrow fibrosis that resolved after treatment withdrawal. Of 271 ITP patients in romiplostim clinical trials, 10 were reported to have reticulin deposition; reticulin grade was increased in 4 of 5 patients with both pretreatment and on-treatment bone marrow results. Reticulin grade often decreased soon after romiplostim discontinuation. In the prospective study, reticulin grade during romiplostim treatment remained within the normal range for all patients and was increased in only 1 of 6 patients with pretreatment and on-treatment bone marrow results. This report suggests that romiplostim produces reversible, dose-dependent bone marrow changes in rats and produces modest increases in bone marrow reticulin in some ITP patients that decrease when therapy is discontinued. These studies were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00102323, #NCT00102336, #NCT00861224, and #NCT00116688.
Nitric oxide protects the heart from ischemia-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage via protein kinase G mediated blockage of permeability transition and cytochrome c release
Authors: Borutaite Vilmante , Morkuniene Ramune , Arandarcikaite Odeta , Jekabsone Aiste , Barauskaite Jurgita , Brown Guy C
Published: August 2009

Background

Heart ischemia can rapidly induce apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via mitochondrial permeability transition-induced cytochromecrelease. We tested whether nitric oxide (NO) can block this damage in isolated rat heart, and, if so, by what mechanisms.

Methods

Hearts were perfused with 50 μM DETA/NO (NO donor), then subjected to 30 min stop-flow ischemia or ischemia/reperfusion. Isolated heart mitochondria were used to measure the rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential using oxygen and tetraphenylphosphonium-selective electrodes. Mitochondrial and cytosolic cytochromeclevels were measured spectrophotometrically and by ELISA. The calcium retention capacity of isolated mitochondria was measured using the fluorescent dye Calcium Green-5N. Apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by measuring the activity of caspase-3 in cytosolic extracts and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in perfusate, respectively.

Results

30 min ischemia caused release of mitochondrial cytochromecto the cytoplasm, inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and stimulation of mitochondrial proton permeability. 3 min perfusion with 50 μM DETA/NO of hearts prior to ischemia decreased this mitochondrial damage. The DETA/NO-induced blockage of mitochondrial cytochromecrelease was reversed by a protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor KT5823, or soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ or protein kinase C inhibitors (Ro 32-0432 and Ro 31-8220). Ischemia also stimulated caspase-3-like activity, and this was substantially reduced by pre-perfusion with DETA/NO. Reperfusion after 30 min of ischemia caused no further caspase activation, but was accompanied by necrosis, which was completely prevented by DETA/NO, and this protection was blocked by the PKG inhibitor. Incubation of isolated heart mitochondria with activated PKG blocked calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition and cytochromecrelease. Perfusion of non-ischemic heart with DETA/NO also made the subsequently isolated mitochondria resistant to calcium-induced permeabilisation, and this protection was blocked by the PKG inhibitor.

Conclusion

The results indicate that NO rapidly protects the ischemic heart from apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via PKG-mediated blockage of mitochondrial permeability transition and cytochromecrelease.
Improvement in survival among HIV-infected individuals in the Republic of Korea: Need for an early HIV diagnosis
Authors: Kee Mee-Kyung , Lee Jin-Hee , Kim Eun-Jin , Lee Jiae , Nam Jeong-Gu , Yoo Byung-Hee , Kim Sung Soon
Published: August 2009

Background

There is little information describing survival in HIV-infected patients after primary diagnosis in Korea, and changes in survival over time. This study investigated survival times, survival characteristics, and changes in survival after initial HIV diagnosis. Survival was characterized by evaluation of the immune status at primary HIV diagnosis nationwide.

Methods

A total of 5,323 HIV-infected individuals were registered with the government and followed until the end of 2007. Survival following HIV diagnosis was estimated based on epidemiological characteristics. We examined 3,369 individuals with available initial CD4+ T-cell counts within 6 months of HIV diagnosis to estimate survival based on immune status at diagnosis. The association between epidemiological variables and survival times was analyzed with univariate and multivariate Cox's proportional hazards model.

Results

Individuals died during the study period (n = 980), and 45% of the individuals died within 6 months of HIV diagnosis. The median survival following HIV diagnosis was 16.7 years. Survival were longer in women, in younger persons, in individuals diagnosed at blood centers, and in individuals diagnosed later in the study period. Survival were shortest in individuals with CD4+ T-cell counts <200 cells/mm3 at HIV diagnosis. These results suggest that early HIV diagnosis in Korea is imperative to increase survival and to promote the quality of life for HIV-infected individuals with governmental support.

Conclusion

The median survival time of HIV-infected individuals following HIV diagnosis was 16.7 years in Korea. The survival was significantly lower in individuals with CD4+ T-cell counts <200 cells/mm3 at HIV diagnosis and higher by introduction of drugs and development of therapy.
Participation of older newly-diagnosed cancer patients in an observational prospective pilot study: an example of recruitment and retention
Authors: Puts Martine TE , Monette Johanne , Girre Veronique , Wolfson Christina , Monette Michele , Batist Gerald , Bergman Howard
Published: August 2009

Background

There have been few prospective observational studies which recruited older newly-diagnosed cancer patients, and of these only some have reported information on the number needed to screen to recruit their study sample, and the number and reasons for refusal and drop-out. This paper reports on strategies to recruit older newly-diagnosed cancer patients prior to treatment into an observational prospective pilot study and to retain them during a six-month period.

Methods

Medical charts of all patients in the Segal Cancer Centre aged 65 and over were screened and evaluated for inclusion. Several strategies to facilitate recruitment and retention were implemented. Reasons for exclusion, refusal and loss to follow-up were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to report the reasons for refusal and loss to follow-up. A non-response analysis using chi-square tests and t-tests was conducted to compare respondents to those who refused to participate and to compare those who completed the study to those who were lost to follow-up. A feedback form with open-ended questions was administered following the last interview to obtain patient's opinions on the length of the interviews and conduct of this pilot study.

Results

3060 medical charts were screened and 156 eligible patients were identified. Of these 112 patients participated for a response rate of 72%. Reasons for refusal were: feeling too anxious (40%), not interested (25%), no time (12.5%), too sick (5%) or too healthy (5%) or other reasons (5%). Ninety-one patients participated in the six-month follow-up (retention 81.3%), seven patients refused follow-up (6.2%) and fourteen patients died (12.5%) during the course of the study. The median time to conduct the baseline interview was 45 minutes and 57% of baseline interviews were conducted at home. Most patients enjoyed participation and only five felt that the interviews were too long.

Conclusion

It was feasible to recruit newly-diagnosed cancer patients prior to treatment although it required considerable time and effort. Once patients were included, the retention rate was high despite the fact that most were undergoing active cancer treatment.