bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinearity Manipulation for Highly Efficient Modal Phase‐matched Second Harmonic Generation on Thin‐Film Lithium Niobate
Authors: Li Hanwen , Liu Weixi , Wu Zhouyi , Chen Bin , Wen Chengfeng , Wu Jiahao , Liu Ruoran , Yi Xiaolin , Song Lijia , Liu Liu , Dai Daoxin , Shi Yaocheng
Published: January 2025

While modal phase matching (MPM) shows great potential for adaptable engineering in quadratic nonlinear optical processes, poor mode overlap in traditional MPM persists as a key challenge. In this paper, a flexible domain engineering method are proposed and demonstrated for second‐harmonic generation (SHG) on thin‐film lithium niobate (TFLN). By meticulously tuning the electric field intensity applied to the poling electrodes with an Al2O3 layer, the depth of domain inversion layer in TFLN can be controlled flexibly and locally, leading to the manipulation of nonlinearity, which effectively increases the mode overlap. SHG in the dual‐layer TFLN ridge waveguides has been experimentally realized with a normalized conversion efficiency of 8300% W−1 cm−2. The flexible and fabrication‐friendly approach provides a versatile method for diverse MPM scenarios, and presents considerable potential for efficient quadratic nonlinear processes.
Applications of density functional theory to corrosion and corrosion prevention of metals: A review
Authors: Chen Dihao , Zhou Wenjie , Ji Yucheng , Dong Chaofang
Published: January 2025

Recently, density functional theory (DFT) has been a powerful tool to model the corrosion behaviors of materials, provide insights into the corrosion mechanisms, predict the corrosion performance of materials, and design the corrosion‐resistant alloys and organic inhibitors. DFT enables corrosion scientist to fundamentally understand the corrosion behaviors and corrosion mechanisms of materials from the perspective of atomic and electronic structures, combining with the traditional and advanced experimental tests. This review briefly summarizes the main features of DFT calculations and present a comprehensive overview of their typical applications to corrosion and corrosion prevention of metals, involving potential‐pH diagrams, hydrogen evolution reaction, anodic dissolution, passivity and passivity breakdown, and organic inhibitor for metals. The paper also reviews the correlations between DFT‐computed descriptors and the micro/macro physiochemical parameters of corrosion. Despite the great progress achieved by DFT, there are still some challenges in addressing corrosion issues due to the lack of bridges between the DFT‐calculated electronic parameters and the macro corrosion performance of materials. The DFT modeling‐experiment‐engineering‐theory model will be a potential method to clarify and build the links.
Addressing the Mental Health Needs of Older People in Prison: Development of an Initial Programme Theory (IPT) Based on Realist Synthesis
Authors: Mulligan Lee D. , Buck Deborah , Ghafur Falaq , Southworth Joshua , Minchin Matilda , Shaw Jenny , Senior Jane , Forsyth Katrina
Published: January 2025

The mental health needs of older people in prison (OPiP) are considerable but remain overlooked. This review aimed to develop an Initial Programme Theory (IPT) to understand how the mental health needs of OPiP can be addressed and how mental health care for older people in the community could be adapted for the prison environment. A review and realist synthesis pertaining to the mental health needs of OPiP was conducted across three stages, including: (1) a systematic review of empirical work; (2) a scoping review of prison guidance documents; and (3) a scoping review of community mental health guidance documents. Synthesis of eligible literature and development of the IPT followed realist principles and was supplemented by a stakeholder workshop of experts by personal and occupational experience. Overall, 122 sources were included. The IPT suggested that prisons can address the mental health needs of OPiP via micro‐level mechanisms (i.e., screening, assessment, care planning, intervention, continuity of care/release), meso‐level mechanisms (i.e., accommodation, environment, activities, religion/spirituality, peer support, family support) and macro‐level mechanisms (i.e., staff training/education, governance). Each mechanism is underpinned by trauma‐informed, integrated and patient‐centered care principles and their implementation should be guided by a local assessment of prison‐specific needs. Our IPT provides a framework for how prisons can address the mental health needs of OPiP, informed by community care provision, via several mechanisms across different levels. Future research should build on this work to inform a full evaluation of its impact on meaningful outcomes to promote equivalency of care for OPiP and non‐discriminatory access to mental health support for those at risk of marginalization.
FDA approves first monotherapy standalone MDD treatment
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2025

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) last week approved the supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) for spravato (esketamine), CII nasal spray considered the first and only monotherapy for adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) for adults who have failed to respond to at least two oral antidepressants.
A simple algorithm to derive virtual non‐contrast electron density from dual‐energy computed tomography data for radiotherapy treatment planning
Authors: Saito Masatoshi , Saito Tatsuki
Published: January 2025

Background

The use of iodinated contrast‐enhancing agents in computed tomography (CT) improves the visualization of relevant structures for radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP). However, it can lead to dose calculation errors by incorrectly converting a CT number to electron density.

Purpose

This study aimed to propose an algorithm for deriving virtual non‐contrast (VNC) electron density from dual‐energy CT (DECT) data. This algorithm was developed by extending the formula previously developed by Saito, which enables the calculation of the electron density of human tissue through weighted subtraction of CT numbers acquired from DECT scans.

Methods

To investigate the feasibility of the proposed VNC algorithm, we performed analytical DECT image simulations at 90 and 150 kV/Sn on virtual phantoms consisting of various tissue/iodine surrogates with known mass densities and elemental compositions. Two different shapes of phantoms made of water‐mimicking surrogates were generated as inputs: a circular phantom (33 cm diameter) for calibration and an elliptical phantom (33 cm width and 28 cm height) for validation. The circular phantom was equipped with inserts of human‐tissue‐mimicking substitutes, pure water, and iodine‐enhanced soft‐tissue substitutes (2, 5, 10, and 15 mg/mL iodine). The elliptical phantom contained inserts of reference human tissues, iodine‐enhanced soft‐tissue substitutes (2, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/mL iodine), and a 10‐mm‐diameter core of 4 mg/mL iodine surrounded by a blood‐mimicking base material. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated by comparing the accuracy of VNC electron densities with those of non‐contrast (NC) base materials (water‐ or blood‐mimicking surrogates).

Results

The derived algorithm enabled the calculation of VNC electron density in a manner similar to that of unenhanced human tissues by adapting a VNC‐specific weighting factor, thereby eliminating the intermediate step of converting CT numbers to electron density. The simulated results showed that the VNC algorithm could almost completely remove the contrast in the electron density image between iodine‐enhanced and base materials. The relative deviations of simulated VNC electron density values from the corresponding pre‐contrast value were within ± 0.4% for all tested materials, with a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 0.2%.

Conclusions

Within the limits of the analytical DECT image simulation used in this study, the simple VNC algorithm could effectively provide accurate VNC electron densities for iodine‐enhanced materials. This may allow the contrast agent to be used for CT scans during RTP without compromising dose calculation accuracy.
Exploring Moral Distress, Related Factors and Coping in Emergency Nurses: A Mixed Method Study
Authors: Kızıltepe Selin Keskin , Koç Zeliha
Published: January 2025

Aim

To determine emergency nurses with moral distress level, related factors and coping.

Design

This is a mixed‐methods study which included quantitative and qualitative approaches.

Methods

In quantitative phase, surveys were completed to 252 emergency nurses, while in the qualitative phase, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 23 nurses. Descriptive analysis was used for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data.

Results

The related factors of moral distress in nurses were as follows; educational status, work experience, satisfaction, and employment status. EN usually uses positive reinterpretation and development to cope with problems and tried to solve moral distress by getting own individual solutions and getting support from colleagues, friends and families due to lack of support from managers. In order to improve healthy working environment and conditions, it is important to create plans and strategies for EDs. It is recommended to develop practical and structural strategies and interventions that effective coping with moral distress by hospital managers.

Patient or Public Contribution

It will increase the quality of care provided by nurses and patient satisfaction.
Citrus Black Spot Symptoms on Fruit Exposed to Phyllosticta citricarpa Infections at Different Developmental Stages
Authors: Moyo Providence , Fialho Régis Oliveira , Silva Junior Geraldo José , Fourie Paul
Published: January 2025

Citrus black spot (CBS), caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa, is an important fungal disease of citrus. Higher CBS severity has been associated with P. citricarpa infections at the young and green stages of fruit. The length of the fruit susceptibility period may be influenced by the amount of inoculum and the climate of the citrus growing region. This study was conducted in orchards across two South African provinces to assess the intensity of CBS under two conditions: (i) unsprayed fruit of Valencia sweet orange, Nova, and Empress mandarins inoculated with P. citricarpa at 101, 103, and 105 pycnidiospores/mL at various intervals after fruit set, from October (petal fall stage) to March (for mandarins) or June (for sweet orange), and (ii) non‐inoculated Valencia fruit from orchards subjected to spray programs ranging from one to nine applications between October and June. Higher CBS intensity was observed in Valencia fruit inoculated between November and January, with an average disease severity index (DSI) of 0.94, compared to a significantly lower (0.07) for fruit inoculated from February to June. Inoculations in November or December for Nova mandarins and in December for Empress with 105 pycnidiospores/mL resulted in higher CBS intensity compared to those with lower pycnidiospore concentrations. The absence of fungicide applications from October to December during the 2017–2018 season led to increased CBS intensity, with a DSI of ~0.47, a value which was not significantly different from that of non‐treated control (NTC) trees. Leaving sweet orange trees unprotected from January onwards did not significantly increase the CBS intensity. These results confirm that citrus growers should focus on protecting citrus fruit, against P. citricarpa infection, in their dark green and young stages (c.15–30 mm diameter) to control CBS.
Parental Psychological Control and Children's Learning Engagement and Life Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Perceived Social Mobility
Authors: Zhang Feng , Peng Wei
Published: January 2025

Exploring the child factors that alleviate the negative effects of parental psychological control has important practical value. This study aimed to uncover whether perceived social mobility moderates the relationships between parental psychological control and children's learning engagement and life satisfaction. A total of 1725 Chinese children participated in this study (M age = 10.77 years; 53.20% boys). The results showed that perceived social mobility moderated the correlation between parental psychological control and learning engagement. For children with lower perceived social mobility, parental psychological control was negatively related to learning engagement; for children with higher perceived social mobility, parental psychological control was not correlated with learning engagement. Moreover, perceived social mobility did not moderate the negative relationship between parental psychological control and life satisfaction. These findings suggested that perceived social mobility is a child resilience factor that protects children's learning engagement from the adverse effects of parental psychological control.
Cationic‐Hydrophilic Di‐Block Copolymers: Surface‐Shielded Vectors for Gene Delivery
Authors: Hrdá Eliška , Androvič Ladislav , Filipová Marcela , Pechar Michal , Laga Richard
Published: January 2025

To tackle the main challenges in gene therapy, synthetic polycationic vectors are developed for nucleic acid (NA) delivery. In this work, vectors based on di‐block copolymers consisting of a methacrylate‐type cationic block and an electroneutral hydrophilic block are designed and synthesized to condense NA into compact particles shielded with a bioinert hydrophilic polymer layer. The results confirm that the cationic vector blocks, containing permanently charged trimethylammonium (TMA) or tributylphosphonium (TBP) groups and 0–20 mol% hydrophobic butyl groups, are able to efficiently complex DNA to form 100 to 200 nm spheroids, while the hydrophilic blocks based on 2‐methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine or N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide coat the nanoparticle surfaces with an electroneutral polymer layer. Additionally, pH‐responsive hydrazone bonds are incorporated between the TMA and TBP groups and the main polymer backbone of the polycationic block to ensure hydrolysis of the hydrazone bond. Theoretically, this should be accompanied by DNA release from the complex in a mildly acidic environment inside the cells while maintaining its stability under neutral blood conditions. In summary, this model study provides insight into the process of complexation/decomplexation of NA by pH‐responsive di‐block polycationic vectors. The results may contribute to the development of safe and efficient delivery systems for gene therapy applications.
A novel method for expressing and purifying large quantities of functional and stable human voltage‐gated proton channel (hHv1)
Authors: Carmona Emerson M. , Cortes D. Marien , Cuello Luis G.
Published: January 2025

Purifying membrane proteins has been the limiting step for studying their structure and function. The challenges of the process include the low expression levels in heterologous systems and the requirement for their biochemical stabilization in solution. The human voltage‐gated proton channel (hHv1) is a good example of that: the published protocols to express and purify hHv1 produce low protein quantities at high costs, which is an issue for systematically characterizing its structure and function. Based on a pipeline approach, we developed a novel method to produce large quantities of properly folded and fully functional hHv1. We found that using the correct Escherichia coli strain in an autoinduction medium at low temperatures maximized protein expression. Furthermore, solubilization screenings showed that the detergent Anzergent 3‐12 was a better alternative than Fos‐choline‐12 to purify hHv1, considerably reducing the costs. Buffers with high ionic strength increased the protein extracted during detergent solubilization and the stability of hHv1 during downstream processing. Finally, a further improvement was achieved when an enterokinase cutting site was inserted at the N‐terminus of the protein. Our novel method produces properly folded and fully functional hHv1, increasing the protein yield by 100 times and reducing the cost by 96% while improving the protein stability compared to the previously published protocols. Our work will accelerate studies on hHv1 and its possible future therapeutic use, while serving as an example for developing purification methodologies for other challenging membrane proteins.
Engineered protein G variants for multifunctional antibody‐based assemblies
Authors: Slezak Tomasz , O'Leary Kelly M. , Li Jinyang , Rohaim Ahmed , Davydova Elena K. , Kossiakoff Anthony A.
Published: January 2025

We have developed a portfolio of antibody‐based modules that can be prefabricated as standalone units and snapped together in plug‐and‐play fashion to create uniquely powerful multifunctional assemblies. The basic building blocks are derived from multiple pairs of native and modified Fab scaffolds and protein G (PG) variants engineered by phage display to introduce high pair‐wise specificity. The variety of possible Fab‐PG pairings provides a highly orthogonal system that can be exploited to perform challenging cell biology operations in a straightforward manner. The simplest manifestation allows multiplexed antigen detection using PG variants fused to fluorescently labeled SNAP‐tags. Moreover, Fabs can be readily attached to a PG‐Fc dimer module which acts as the core unit to produce plug‐and‐play IgG‐like assemblies, and the utility can be further expanded to produce bispecific analogs using the “knobs into holes” strategy. These core PG‐Fc dimer modules can be made and stored in bulk to produce off‐the‐shelf customized IgG entities in minutes, not days or weeks by just adding a Fab with the desired antigen specificity. In another application, the bispecific modalities form the building block for fabricating potent bispecific T‐cell engagers (BiTEs), demonstrating their efficacy in cancer cell‐killing assays. Additionally, the system can be adapted to include commercial antibodies as building blocks, greatly increasing the target space. Crystal structure analysis reveals that a few strategically positioned interactions engender the specificity between the Fab‐PG variant pairs, requiring minimal changes to match the scaffolds for different possible combinations. This plug‐and‐play platform offers a user‐friendly and versatile approach to enhance the functionality of antibody‐based reagents in cell biology research.
Insights into the flexibility of the domain‐linking loop in actinobacterial coproheme decarboxylase through structures and molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Patil Gaurav , Alonso de Armiño Diego Javier , Guo Yirui , Furtmüller Paul G. , Borek Dominika , Estrin Dario A. , Hofbauer Stefan
Published: January 2025

Prokaryotic heme biosynthesis in Gram‐positive bacteria follows the coproporphyrin‐dependent heme biosynthesis pathway. The last step in this pathway is catalyzed by the enzyme coproheme decarboxylase, which oxidatively transforms two propionate groups into vinyl groups yielding heme b. The catalytic reaction cycle of coproheme decarboxylases exhibits four different states: the apo‐form, the substrate (coproheme)‐bound form, a transient three‐propionate intermediate form (monovinyl, monopropionate deuteroheme; MMD), and the product (heme b)‐bound form. In this study, we used cryogenic electron microscopy single‐particle reconstruction (cryo‐EM SPR) to characterize structurally the apo and heme b‐bound forms of actinobacterial coproheme decarboxylase from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The flexible loop that connects the N‐terminal and the C‐terminal ferredoxin domains of coproheme decarboxylases plays an important role in interactions between the enzyme and porphyrin molecule. To understand the role of this flexible loop, we performed molecular dynamics simulations on the apo and heme b coproheme decarboxylase from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Our results are discussed in the context of the published structural information on coproheme‐bound and MMD‐bound coproheme decarboxylase and with respect to the reaction mechanism. Having structural information of all four enzymatically relevant states helps in understanding structural restraints with a functional impact.
The Prototypical Oligopeptide Transporter YdgR From E. coli Exhibits a Strict Preference for β‐Ala‐Lys(AMCA)
Authors: Sajid Salvia , Ninh Cecilia , Yan Ruyu , Rafiq Maria , Christensen Lars Porskjær , Jørgensen Mikkel Girke , Hansen Paul Robert , Franzyk Henrik , Mirza Osman , Prabhala Bala Krishna
Published: January 2025

Fluorescent probes are widely used in cellular imaging and disease diagnosis. Acting as substitute carriers, fluorescent probes can also be used to help transport drugs within cells. In this study, commonly used fluorophores, TAMRA (5‐carboxytetramethylrhodamine), PBA (1‐pyrenebutyric acid), NBD (nitrobenzoxadiazole), OG (Oregon Green), and CF (5‐carboxyfluorescein) were conjugated with the dipeptide β‐Ala‐Lys, the peptide moiety of the well‐established peptide transporter substrate β‐Ala‐Lys(AMCA) (AMCA: 7‐amino‐4‐methyl‐coumarin‐3‐acetic acid) by modifying it with respect to side‐chain length and functional end groups. The analogs were tested for transport through or inhibition of YdgR, a prototypical peptide transporter from E. coli and apparently homologous to the human PEPT1. Strikingly, none of the dipeptide‐fluorophore conjugates nor minor modifications in the reporter substrate were tolerated by YdgR, indicating discrepancies to PEPT1. These findings underscore intricate substrate recognition mechanisms governing substrate recognition by YdgR.
Mist‐Chemical Vapor Deposition Homoepitaxial β‐Ga2O3 Films Grown on Ni Mask
Authors: Butenko Pavel , Boiko Michael , Guzilova Liubov , Obidov Barzu , Timashov Roman , Krymov Vladimir , Shapenkov Sevastian , Sharkov Michael , Nikolaev Vladimir
Published: January 2025

Homoepitaxial β‐Ga2O3 films grown by mist‐chemical vapor deposition technique utilizing Ni mask as a buffer interlayer are studied. The films are successfully grown on (100) and (01) oriented gallium oxide substrates upon Ni deposition with subsequent formation of Ni sub‐micron‐island mask. The thicknesses of the (100) and (01) Ni/β‐Ga2O3 films are estimated as 4 and 1.5 μm, respectively. The films grown on Ni/(01) β‐Ga2O3 wafers have relatively high crystal perfection, while films grown on Ni/() β‐Ga2O3 wafers are characterized by high growth rate. Although the proposed approach deteriorates the surface morphology and crystallinity of homoepitaxial films compared to the initial substrates, it can be applied to implement some exfoliation techniques, since the epitaxial layer has a large thickness and acceptable crystal perfection.
Bayesian Borrowing With Multiple Heterogeneous Historical Studies Using Order Restricted Normalized Power Prior
Authors: Han Zifei , Zhang Qiang , Tiwari Ram , Bai Tianyu
Published: January 2025

The recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance on complex innovative trial designs acknowledges the use of Bayesian strategies to incorporate historical information based on clinical expertise and data similarity. Also, data from multiple previous studies with similar settings often qualify for historical borrowing. Although several classes of informative priors can semi‐automatically leverage historical information based on data compatibility, it is common that some exogenous factors, such as the year of patient enrollment, can also influence the relevance of each historical study to the current trial. Consequently, a natural a priori ordering among historical trials often arises, a constraint that many current informative priors fail to accommodate. Motivated by a pediatric lupus clinical study and an oncology trial, we introduce a variant of the power prior, named the ordered normalized power prior, which ensures a targeted order restriction on the power parameters and maintains data‐adaptive borrowing. We further explore and compare two distinct normalization strategies and outline computational details with efficient sampling algorithms. The clinical datasets mentioned are analyzed, and extensive simulations are conducted for comparison. An efficient implementation is provided in our updated package NPP available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network.
Improving the Effectiveness of Sample Size Re‐Estimation: An Operating Characteristic Focused, Hybrid Frequentist‐Bayesian Approach
Authors: Gao Ping
Published: January 2025

Sample size re‐estimation (SSR) is perhaps the most used adaptive procedure in both frequentist and Bayesian adaptive designs for clinical trials. The primary focus of all current frequentist and Bayesian SSR procedures is type I error control. We propose a hybrid frequentist‐Bayesian SSR approach that focuses on optimizing operating characteristics (OC), which uses simulations to investigate the associated OC and adjusts accordingly. The hybrid approach incorporates the Bayesian predictive power into the frequentist framework of SSR. Simulations show that the hybrid approach can substantially outperform popular frequentist type error‐focused SSR procedure. The hybrid approach can substantially improve the effectiveness of SSR using Bayesian predictive power.
Supramolecular Self‐Assembly of Monosubstituted Pillar[5]Arenes Under the Control of the Nature of the Amide Moiety
Authors: Shurpik Dmitriy N. , Aleksandrova Yulia I. , Makhmutova Lyaysan I. , Akhmedov Alan A. , Nazarova Anastasia A. , Lodochnikova Olga A. , Ivshin Kamil , Kataeva Olga N. , Islamov Daut R. , Huang Feihe , Stoikov Ivan I.
Published: January 2025

In this study, we have shown for the first time that the introduction of a single alkylamide substituent into the macrocyclic platform of pillar[5]arene opens up the possibility to control the supramolecular properties of this macrocyclic platform. The ability of the synthesized pillar[5]arenes to form supramolecular pseudorotaxane associates both in solutions and in the crystalline state was studied by a complex of physical methods. Linear secondary amide fragments such as N,N‐diethylethane‐1,2‐diamide, N,N‐dimethylpropane‐1,3‐diamide, or N‐aminoethylmorpholide in the structure of pillar[5]arene promote the formation of self‐inclusion complexes both in solution and crystalline states. Whereas tertiary amides such as pyrrolidide or morpholide moieties favor the formation of supramolecular polymers both in solution and in crystalline states. The obtained results show the prospects for the use of amide fragments in the structures of pillar[n]arenes as customization units for controlling supramolecular self‐assembly.
Enhanced Charge Transport through Ion Networks in Highly Concentrated LiSCN‐Polyethylene Carbonate Solid Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Kumbhakar Kajal , Palchowdhury Sourav , Pham Thuy Duong , Shin Seoeun , Chun So Yeon , Shim Joong Won , Lee Kyung‐Koo , Cho Minhaeng , Kwak Kyungwon
Published: January 2025

Challenging the preference for bulky anions due to low binding energy with Li+ ion, the lithium thiocyanate‐polyethylene carbonate (LiSCN‐PEC) solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) demonstrates higher ionic conductivities (3.16 × 10−5 S cm−1) at polymer‐in‐salt concentration (100 mol%) compared to those with lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI, 1.01 × 10−5 S cm−1) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI, 1.72 × 10−7 S cm−1). Through the careful selection of PEC and LiSCN as components of SPE, the carbonyl stretching of PEC and the SCN− stretching band as vibrational reporters provide detailed structural insights into the Li+ ion transport channel. Spectroscopic investigations reveal that enhanced ion aggregation alters the solvation structure around the Li+ and diminishes the interaction between Li+ and polymer (PEC) with increasing LiSCN concentrations, promoting faster segmental motion as a major transport mechanism. However, the transition observed from subionic to superionic behavior in the Walden plot indicates the onset of segmental motion decoupled charge transport pathway. The SCN− vibrational spectrum elucidates the evolution from a Li–SCN–Li type chain‐like structure to a Li2 > SCN < Li2 type extended ion network with increasing LiSCN concentration, revealing that the ion network provides an alternative channel for Li+ ion transfer at higher concentrations, enhancing conductivity.
The Matrix Reloaded: A Revised Framework for the Inference of the Four Basic Forms of Social Differentiation
Authors: Roth Steffen
Published: January 2025

This paper revisits and refines Niklas Luhmann's framework for understanding social differentiation, addressing unresolved ambiguities in his original theory. Luhmann's approach, which initially identified three core forms of social differentiation—segmentation, stratification and functional differentiation—expanded to include a fourth form, centralization. By critically examining the theoretical underpinnings and limitations of Luhmann's distinctions, this study shows how the four basic forms of social differentiation can be inferred from a cross‐tabulation of the equality/inequality distinction, provided that this distinction is treated as a false distinction and decomposed into two true ones. This new approach not only resolves existing ambiguities but also enhances the analytical capacity of the theory, potentially extending its application beyond social sciences to other domains of differentiation.
Perception and utilisation of veterinary services by rodent owners in the United Kingdom
Authors: James Lucy , Wills Alison P.
Published: January 2025

Background

There is limited research on how rodent owners use and perceive veterinary services and what the demand for pet insurance for these species is.

Methods

An online survey of owners of pet rodents (guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, gerbils and mice) measured owner confidence in recognising signs of illness, their opinions on and use of veterinary services and their willingness to purchase pet insurance.

Results

A total of 1700 respondents completed the survey. Rat owners had increased confidence in recognising signs of illness, as did owners who acquired their pet from a breeder or rescue centre. Most respondents had used veterinary services, with owners perceiving exotics specialists to have increased knowledge. Economic challenges with accessing veterinary care were common. Where rodents were purchased for children, the amount owners were willing to spend on veterinary care was significantly less.

Limitations

Responses may have been biased towards keen owners who self‐selected to participate in the survey. Respondents were predominantly female, which may have affected willingness to access and pay for veterinary services.

Conclusion

Veterinary spending was not affected by income; however, owners who purchased their animal for their children were less willing to pay for veterinary services and pet insurance.
Exploring the popularity of raw meat‐based diets for dogs and cats: A cross‐sectional opinion survey in Spain
Authors: Díaz‐Regañón David , Llorca Celia , Sainz Ángel , Rodríguez‐Franco Fernando , Villaescusa Alejandra , Olmeda Patricia , García‐Sancho Mercedes
Published: January 2025

Background

Research on the general public's knowledge and usage patterns of pet food, particularly regarding raw meat‐based diets (RMBDs), is limited in many countries, including Spain.

Methods

An anonymous cross‐sectional web‐based survey was conducted to assess the Spanish population's understanding and perceptions of RMBDs for cats and dogs.

Results

Of the 712 respondents, 46.77% were familiar with RMBDs, and 6% of pet owners reported using them. Dogs (7.61%) were more likely to be fed an RMBDs than cats (3.23%). While 66% of those familiar with RMBDs believed in their benefits, 96.40% recognised potential disadvantages. Concerns about risks to pets (63%) and those handling the food items (44.74%) were noted. Moreover, almost one in four owners (22.58%) who fed their pet an RMBDs lived with immunologically vulnerable people. Interestingly, confidence in veterinary advice was lower among owners using these diets.

Limitations

Limitations intrinsic to questionnaire studies, such as potential response bias, are acknowledged.

Conclusion

The study highlights the importance of improved veterinarian‒client communication regarding pet nutrition, emphasising the need for veterinarians to play a more active educational role.
Endocan as a marker of endotheliitis in COVID-19 patients: modulation by veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, arterial hypertension and previous treatment with renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors
Authors: Reina-Couto Marta , Alves David , Silva-Pereira Carolina , Pereira-Terra Patrícia , Martins Sandra , Bessa João , Teixeira-Santos Luísa , Pinho Dora , Morato Manuela , Dias Cláudia Camila , Sarmento António , Tavares Margarida , Guimarães João T. , Roncon-Albuquerque Roberto , Paiva José-Artur , Albino-Teixeira António , Sousa Teresa
Published: January 2025

Background and aims

Endocan has been scarcely explored in COVID-19, especially regarding its modulation by veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO), hypertension or previous renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors treatment.

We compared endocan and other endotheliitis markers in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and assessed their modulation by VV-ECMO, hypertension and previous RAAS inhibitors treatment.

Material and methods

Serum endocan, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin were measured in “severe” (n = 27), “critically ill” (n = 17) and “critically ill on VV-ECMO” (n = 17) COVID-19 patients at admission, days 3–4, 5–8 and weekly thereafter, and in controls (n = 23) at a single time point.

Results

Admission endocan and VCAM-1 were increased in all patients, but “critically ill on VV-ECMO” patients had higher endocan and E-Selectin. Endocan remained elevated throughout hospitalization in all groups. “Severe” and “critically ill” hypertensive patients or previously treated with RAAS inhibitors had higher endocan and/or VCAM-1, but in VV-ECMO patients the raised endocan values seemed unrelated with these factors. Among all COVID-19 hypertensive patients, those with previous RAAS inhibitors treatment had higher endocan.

Conclusions

In our study, endocan stands out as the best marker of endotheliitis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, being upregulated by VV-ECMO support, hypertension and previous RAAS inhibitor treatment.
Pericytes mediate neuroinflammation via Fli-1 in endotoxemia and sepsis in mice
Authors: Li Pengfei , Liu Liu , Halushka Perry V. , Trojanowska Maria , Wang Guirong , Ergul Adviye , Fan Hongkuan
Published: January 2025

Background

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) often results from neuroinflammation. Recent studies have shown that brain platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) cells, including pericytes, may act as early sensors of infection by secreting monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which transmits inflammatory signals to the central nervous system. The erythroblast transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factor Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (Fli-1) plays a critical role in inflammation by regulating the expression of key cytokines, including MCP-1. However, the role of pericyte Fli-1 in neuroinflammation during sepsis remains largely unknown.

Methods

WT and pericyte-specific Fli-1 knockout mice were subjected to endotoxemia through LPS injection or sepsis via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). In vitro, Fli-1 was knocked down using small interfering RNA in cultured mouse brain pericytes, followed by LPS stimulation.

Results

Elevated Fli-1 levels were observed in isolated brain pericytes 2 h after LPS administration, in brain tissues 4 h after CLP, and in cultured mouse brain pericytes 2 h after LPS stimulation in vitro. In endotoxemic mice, pericyte-specific Fli-1 knockout reduced expression of MCP-1 and IL-6 in brain tissue 2 h after LPS injection. At 24 h post-LPS administration, protein levels of MCP-1 and IL-6, and microglia activation were suppressed in pericyte-Fli-1 knockout mice. Additionally, Fli-1 deficiency in pericytes significantly reduced MCP-1 and IL-6 mRNA levels in the brain tissue 4 h after CLP. Moreover, in cultured brain pericytes, Fli-1 knockdown markedly decreased MCP-1 and IL-6 levels after LPS stimulation. Notably, LPS stimulation increased Fli-1 levels via TLR4-Myd88 signaling, which subsequently led to elevated production of MCP-1 in brain pericytes.

Conclusions

Fli-1 in pericytes may serve as a crucial mediator of neuroinflammation during sepsis by directly regulating pivotal cytokines such as MCP-1 and IL-6. Therefore, Fli-1 has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target in SAE and other neuroinflammatory disorders.
Stability of Weak Electrokinetic Flow
Authors: Lee Fizay-Noah
Published: January 2025

We consider the Nernst-Planck-Stokes system on a bounded domain of

$${{\mathbb {R}}}^d$$

R

d

,

$$d=2,3$$

d
=
2
,
3

with general nonequilibrium Dirichlet boundary conditions for the ionic concentrations. It is well known that, in a wide range of cases, equilibrium steady state solutions of the system, characterized by zero fluid flow, are asymptotically stable. In these regimes, the existence of a natural dissipative structure is critical in obtaining stability. This structure, in general, breaks down under nonequilibrium conditions, in which case, in the steady state, the fluid flow may be nontrivial. In this short paper, we show that, nonetheless, certain classes of very weak nonequilibrium steady states, with nonzero fluid flow, remain globally asymptotically stable.
AI-based generative image production systems in the artistic problematisation of the past: the thematisation of memory and temporality in "AI art"
Authors: Martín Prada Juan
Published: January 2025

This text analyses how generative AI systems are being employed in current artistic practice to question certain historical visual narratives, creating representations that challenge some conventional perceptions of the past and thus opening up new perspectives on the experience of temporality. In this regard, special emphasis will be placed on some artistic projects based on generative historical photography practices. These are works that develop new ways around ‘archival aesthetics’ (Sekula in October 39:3–64 1986; Buchloh in Deep storage. collecting, storing and archiving in art [Exhibition catalog]. P.S.1, Nueva York, 1999; Guasch in Arte y archivo, 1920-2010. Genealogías, tipologías y discontinuidades. Akal, Madrid, 2015, etc.) by producing visual archives that do not exist or are alternatives to others. We will therefore analyse works that critically examine how these generative systems can contribute to a revision and re-evaluation of the past, as well as to the problematisation of the ways in which photography has been used for the historical record. These poetics invite subtle reflections on the role of the visual archive in the processes of shaping subjectivity and personal and communal identity. In the final part of the text, we will deal with the study of some artists who, through appropriationist strategies and remakes assisted by generative AI models, revise artistic works from the past, specifically from the photoconceptualism of the 1970s. In these strategies, the thematisation of the relations between photographic register and temporality also plays a leading role.
Unmet clinical needs in women with polycystic ovary syndrome regarding fertility and obesity: a cross-sectional study from the patient’s perspective
Authors: Bachmann Annette , Weidlinger Susanna , von Wolff Michael , Bitterlich Norman , Karn Thomas , Estermann Julia , Sourouni Marina , Stute Petra
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, often leading to anovulatory infertility. Obesity exacerbates the reproductive, metabolic and psychological features of PCOS, making fertility treatment and patient satisfaction difficult. Despite guidelines from the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) emphasizing lifestyle modifications and specific treatments, there remains a significant gap in adherence to these guidelines by both healthcare providers and patients.

Methods

A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from 1 January to 14 March 2021 among PCOS patients in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. A non-standardized, non-validated questionnaire covering several aspects of reproductive health was distributed via online channels. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, Student’s t-tests and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results

Out of 2029 participants, 1902 completed the fertility questionnaire. Of these, 73.9% perceived their fertility to be impaired, with this perception being higher in obese women (80.8% vs. 67.4%, p < 0.001). The analysis focused on 564 childless women with a current desire to have children, 67.0% of whom met WHO criteria for infertility. Obese women (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) reported lower satisfaction with fertility treatment (40.9 vs. 47.8, p = 0.009) and were less likely to receive fertility treatment (56.7% vs. 75.8%, p < 0.001). Despite recommendations, only 34.1% reported lifestyle changes as part of their treatment. Letrozole, the recommended first-line treatment, was underused (14.6%) and clomiphene citrate was more commonly prescribed (35.4%). Obese women reported fewer current pregnancies (4% vs. 13.9%, p < 0.001) and were more likely to be infertile for more than one year (77.0% vs. 53.0%, p < 0.001). They also expressed a greater desire for possibilities to ask more questions about PCOS and fertility and to undergo more infertility tests. (56.1% vs. 45.3%, p = 0.013; 69.4% vs. 59.8%, p = 0.020).

Conclusions

Fertility management in PCOS patients, especially in obese patients, shows significant gaps in adherence to recommended guidelines, highlighting the need for improved patient education, professional training and individualized treatment strategies. Improved health care is essential to address reproductive concerns and improve outcomes in this population.
Diaphragmatic stripping versus full-thickness diaphragmatic resection in cytoreductive surgery: a meta-analysis of the current evidence
Authors: Stylianidi Maria Chara , Vaghiri Sascha , Pandkhahi Alireza , Kazziha Sultan , Al Akeel Ward , Knoefel Wolfram Trudo , Prassas Dimitrios
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The primary objective was to compare the intra- and postoperative outcomes of diaphragmatic stripping versus full-thickness diaphragmatic resection in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis who underwent cytoreductive surgery.

Methods

According to the PRSIMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted for studies comparing postoperative pulmonary complications as well as intra- and postoperative outcomes of diaphragmatic stripping versus full-thickness diaphragmatic resection in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis necessitating cytoreductive surgery. Data from eligible studies were extracted, qualitatively assessed, and included in a meta-analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95 per cent confidence intervals were calculated.

Results

Ten studies with 1325 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Diaphragmatic stripping was associated with lower incidence of pleural effusion (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.35–0.63, p < 0.00001) and pneumothorax (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.35–0.78, p = 0.002), less severe postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo Grade ≥ 3) (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.30–0.63, p < 0.0001), and shorter duration of surgery (SMD -0.31, 95% CI -0.54 – -0.08, p = 0.007). No significant differences were observed in postoperative subdiaphragmatic abscess occurrence, intraoperative blood loss, hospital- and ICU-stay, and 90-day mortality.

Conclusions

Diaphragmatic stripping leads to a significantly lower rate of postoperative pulmonary and severe complications compared to diaphragmatic full-thickness resection, while oncological outcomes do not appear to be worse. Larger trials with standardized study protocols and long-term survival data are needed to validate the results presented here.
Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
Authors: Pigeot Iris , Ahrens Wolfgang
Published: January 2025

The global increase of overweight and obesity in children and adults is one of the most prominent public health threats, often accompanied by insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The simultaneous occurrence of these health problems is referred to as metabolic syndrome. Various criteria have been proposed to define this syndrome, but no general consensus on the specific markers and the respective cut-offs has been achieved yet. As a consequence, it is difficult to assess regional variations and temporal trends and to obtain a comprehensive picture of the global burden of this major health threat. This limitation is most striking in childhood and adolescence, when metabolic parameters change with developmental stage. Obesity and related metabolic disorders develop early in life and then track into adulthood, i.e., the metabolic syndrome seems to originate in the early life course. Thus, it would be important to monitor the trajectories of cardio-metabolic parameters from early on. We will summarize selected key studies to provide a narrative overview of the global epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome while considering the limitations that hinder us to provide a comprehensive full picture of the problem. A particular focus will be given to the situation in children and adolescents and the risk factors impacting on their cardio-metabolic health. This summary will be complemented by key findings of a pan-European children cohort and first results of a large German adult cohort.
Higher-order accurate mass lumping for explicit isogeometric methods based on approximate dual basis functions
Authors: Hiemstra R. R. , Nguyen T. H. , Eisenträger S. , Dornisch W. , Schillinger D.
Published: January 2025

This paper introduces a mathematical framework for explicit structural dynamics, employing approximate dual functionals and row-sum mass lumping. We demonstrate that the Petrov–Galerkin method developed in our previous work—utilizing row-sum mass lumping—can be interpreted as a Galerkin method with a customized higher-order accurate mass matrix. Unlike prior work, our method correctly incorporates Dirichlet boundary conditions, while preserving optimal spatial accuracy. The mathematical analysis is substantiated by spectral analysis, two-dimensional linear benchmarks illustrating robustness under mesh distortion and a three-dimensional geometrically non-linear forced vibration analysis. The obtained results reveal that our approach achieves accuracy and robustness comparable to a traditional Galerkin method employing the consistent mass formulation, while retaining the explicit nature of the lumped mass formulation.