bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Initial Development of the Health Promoting Activities Scale to Measure the Leisure Participation of Mothers of Children With Disabilities
Authors: Bourke-Taylor Helen , Law Mary , Howie Linsey , Pallant Julie F.
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE. The Health Promoting Activities Scale (HPAS) measures the frequency with which mothers participate in self-selected leisure activities that promote health and well-being. We undertook an initial evaluation of the scale with mothers of school-age children with developmental disabilities (N = 152).

METHOD. We used a mixed methodology in the instrument design: a qualitative study to generate items and a quantitative study to evaluate the instrument. Our statistical analysis assessed the internal consistency, factor structure, and construct validity of the HPAS.

RESULTS. The HPAS showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .78). Construct validity was supported by moderate correlations with subjective maternal mental and general health (Short Form 36, Version 2) and by differentiation in leisure participation among groups of mothers reporting differences in mental health status.

CONCLUSION. Initial evaluation of the HPAS indicates that this brief tool is psychometrically sound. The HPAS allows professionals to evaluate clients’ participation in leisure occupations that promote health and well-being. Further development of the HPAS is warranted.
Modifying Health Outcome Measures for People With Aphasia
Authors: Tucker Frances M. , Edwards Dorothy F. , Mathews Leslie Kirchner , Baum Carolyn M. , Connor Lisa Tabor
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE. The goal for this study was to determine methods to modify outcome measures for people with aphasia and to provide beginning support for the efficacy of these suggested modifications.

METHOD. Twenty-nine community-dwelling people with aphasia participated. Modified outcome measures included the Stroke Impact Scale, the 36-item short form Medical Outcomes Study, Reintegration to Normal Living Scale, and Activity Card Sort. Participants were supported in their responses by systematically applying a hierarchy of support. An Independence Scale score was determined for each measure for each participant.

RESULTS. Data from an examiner-rated Independence Scale, internal consistency of participants’ responses, correlations among subscale scores across measures, and correlations between aphasia severity and reported outcome provide evidence that people with aphasia are able to understand and respond with these supports.

CONCLUSION. We provide key recommendations for making self-report measures accessible for people with aphasia.
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating Cognitive Strategy Use to Improve Goal Performance After Stroke
Authors: Polatajko Helene J. , McEwen Sara E. , Ryan Jennifer D. , Baum Carolyn M.
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE. The authors compared changes in client performance on three goals poststroke after the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO–OP) intervention or standard occupational therapy (SOT) to determine the magnitude and direction of change.

METHOD. Eight people living in the community following a stroke were randomly assigned to receive CO–OP (n = 4) or SOT (n = 4). CO–OP is a 10-session, cognitive-oriented approach to improving performance that uses client-driven cognitive strategies. SOT was therapist driven and combined task-specific and component-based training. Goal performance was measured by the therapist-rated Performance Quality Rating Scale (PQRS) and the participant-rated Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM).

RESULTS. Using Mann-Whitney U test, we found that CO–OP participants showed significantly greater improvement in performance (PQRS, p = .02; COPM Performance, p = .02) compared with SOT but no improvement in satisfaction (COPM Satisfaction, p = .38).

CONCLUSION. The CO–OP group demonstrated larger performance improvements than the SOT group. Because of the promising results, an investigation using a larger sample is warranted.
Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Pediatric Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy: 6-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Case-Smith Jane , DeLuca Stephanie C. , Stevenson Richard , Ramey Sharon Landesman
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE. Pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a promising intervention for children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP). This multisite randomized controlled trial (RCT) tested the hypothesis that 6 hr versus 3 hr per day for 21 days would produce larger maintenance of gains 6 mo posttreatment.

METHOD. Three sites recruited 18 children (6 per site) ages 3–6 yr with unilateral CP. Children were randomly assigned to 3 or 6 hr/day of CIMT for 21 days and wore a cast on the unaffected extremity the first 18 days. Occupational therapists applied a standardized pediatric CIMT protocol. Evaluators blinded to condition administered the Assisted Hand Assessment and the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test, and parents completed the Pediatric Motor Activity Log pre- and posttreatment (1 wk, 1 mo, and 6 mo).

RESULTS. Both CIMT dosage groups showed significant gains on all five assessments with no significant group differences at 6-mo follow-up. Effect sizes (n = 15) comparing preintervention to postintervention measures (partial η2) ranged from .33 to .80.

CONCLUSION. This first multisite RCT of pediatric CIMT confirmed the maintenance of positive effects at 6 mo follow-up across multiple functional performance measures. The hypothesis that maintenance of effects would differ for children who received 6 versus 3 hr/day of CIMT (126 vs. 63 total hr) was not supported.
Neurocognitive Habilitation Therapy for Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Adaptation of the Alert Program®
Authors: Wells Anne M. , Chasnoff Ira J. , Schmidt Christine A. , Telford Erin , Schwartz Linda D.
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE. This study evaluated the effectiveness of neurocognitive habilitation, a group therapy intervention for foster and adoptive caregivers and their children who were prenatally exposed to alcohol.

METHOD. Participants were recruited from clients seeking evaluation for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) and were randomly assigned to treatment and no-treatment control groups. Forty children participated in the treatment program and were compared with 38 control participants using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Roberts Apperception Test for Children (RATC).

RESULTS. Significant differences between the treatment and control groups were demonstrated on the BRIEF and on the RATC, suggesting that the intervention improved executive functioning and emotional problem-solving skills.

CONCLUSION. These findings yield promising evidence of the effectiveness of the neurocognitive habilitation intervention in improving executive functioning and emotional problem solving in children with FAS or ARND.
The cycle of form and function in cardiac valvulogenesis
Authors: Lindsey Stephanie E. , Butcher Jonathan T.
Published: December 2011

The formation and remodeling of the embryonic valves is a complex and dynamic process that occurs within a constantly changing hemodynamic environment. Defects in embryonic and fetal valve remodeling are the leading cause of congenital heart defects, yet very little is known about how fibrous leaflet tissue is created from amorphous gelatinous masses called cushions. Microenvironmental cues such as mechanical forces and extracellular matrix composition play major roles in cell differentiation, but almost all research efforts in valvulogenesis center around genetics and molecular approaches. This review summarizes what is known about the dynamic mechanical and extracellular matrix microenvironment of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves during embryonic development and their possible guidance roles. A variety of new computational tools and sophisticated experimental techniques are progressing that enable precise microenvironmental alterations that are critical to complement genetic gain and loss of function approaches. Studies at the interface of mechanical and genetic signaling in embryonic valvulogenesis will likely pay significant dividends, not only in terms of increasing our mechanistic understanding, but also lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for patients with congenital valve abnormalities.
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma: Clinicopathologic Study of 20 Cases
Authors: Shakked Rachel J , Geller David S , Gorlick Richard , Dorfman Howard D
Published: December 2011

Context.—Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare, high-grade malignancy of bone or soft tissue with a unique, biphasic histology and poor prognosis. Because of its rarity and variable length of disease-free survival, the natural history of the disease remains poorly understood.

Objective.—To present clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma from one of the largest case series collected by a single, senior-level bone pathologist.

Design.—Twenty cases were reviewed in consultations spanning 45 years.

Results.—Eighteen tumors (90%) originated in bone, and 2 tumors (10%) were of extraskeletal origin. Of the skeletal tumors, locations included craniofacial bones (n  =  9; 50%), ribs and chest wall (n  =  4; 22%), sacrum and spinal elements (n  =  3; 17%), and lower extremities (n  =  2; 11%), whereas soft tissue tumors were located about the scapula (n  =  1; 50%) and lower extremity (n  =  1; 50%). Plain radiographs demonstrated calcified, osteolytic lesions with extraosseous extension. Typical histologic features were identified consisting of small, round or spindled cells, interspersed with hyaline cartilage islands. Seventeen patients (85%) were treated surgically, and 8 patients (40%) received adjuvant treatment. Seven patients (35%) were living at last follow-up, 1.8 to 12.5 years after diagnosis, and 8 patients (40%) died between 1.2 and 21.8 years after diagnosis.

Conclusions.—Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma presents multiple challenges. Diagnostic pitfalls include inadequate biopsy samples, which may result in sample error. Sox9 has been proposed as a unique marker for mesenchymal chondrosarcoma which may improve diagnostic specificity. Treatment and prognosis vary considerably. Patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy seem to fare better. Multicenter studies with higher sample numbers may improve our understanding of this malignancy.
Validation of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Using an Analyte-Specific Reagent for Detection of Abnormalities Involving the Mixed Lineage Leukemia Gene
Authors: Saxe Debra F , Persons Diane L , Wolff Daynna J , Theil Karl S ,   for the Cytogenetics Resource Committee of the College of American Pathologists
Published: December 2011

Context.—Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic assay that is commonly used in laboratory medicine. Most FISH assays are not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration but instead are laboratory-developed tests that use analyte-specific reagents. Although several guidelines exist for validation of FISH assays, few specific examples of FISH test validations are available in the literature.

Objective.—To provide an example of how a FISH assay, using an analyte-specific reagent probe, may be validated in a clinical laboratory.

Design.—We describe the approach used by an individual laboratory for validation of a FISH assay for mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene.

Results.—Specific validation data are provided illustrating how initial assay performance characteristics in a FISH assay for MLL may be established.

Conclusions.—Protocols for initial validation of FISH assays may vary between laboratories. However, all laboratories must establish several defined performance specifications prior to implementation of FISH assays for clinical use. We describe an approach used for assessing performance specifications and validation of an analyte-specific reagent FISH assay using probes for MLL rearrangement in interphase nuclei.
MDM2 Amplification in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Correlates With p53 Protein Expression
Authors: Wallander Michelle L , Tripp Sheryl , Layfield Lester J
Published: December 2011

Context.—MDM2 is known to be abnormally upregulated in a variety of human neoplasms, secondary to gene amplification. Assessment of MDM2 amplification is most useful clinically for separating lipomas (nonamplified) from atypical lipomatous neoplasms or well-differentiated liposarcomas (amplified). MDM2 amplification occurs in approximately 7% of all human neoplasms. In this study, we sought to determine the utility of MDM2 amplification for the separation of benign (schwannomas) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). The expression of p53 was correlated with MDM2 amplification because early studies have indicated that MDM2 is rarely amplified in MPNSTs that express p53.

Objectives.—To determine the percentage of MPNSTs with MDM2 amplification and the specificity of MDM2 amplification for malignancy in nerve sheath tumors.

Design.—Fifteen MPNSTs, 14 neurofibromas, and 15 schwannomas were obtained from the files of the Department of Pathology. These cases underwent fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis for the presence of MDM2 amplification. Assessments were also made for cellularity (low or high), percentage of cells staining positively for p53 and MDM2 protein, and percentage of cells staining with MIB-1.

Results.—Of 15 MPNSTs, 3 (20%) demonstrated amplification of the MDM2 gene. No neurofibromas or schwannomas demonstrated MDM2 amplification. All 3 MDM2-amplified MPNSTs were positive for p53. Correlation of MDM2 amplification status and p53 immunoreactivity was statistically significant (P  =  .004).

Conclusions.—The low frequency (20%) of MDM2 amplification in our series of MPNSTs demonstrates that MDM2 fluorescent in situ hybridization has limited diagnostic value for the separation of benign schwannomas and MPNSTs. Our study demonstrated a positive correlation (P  =  .004) between MDM2 amplification and p53 expression.
Pathologic Diagnostic Correlation With Breast Imaging Findings: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of 48 Institutions
Authors: Idowu Michael O , Hardy Linday Bonner , Souers Rhona J , Nakhleh Raouf E
Published: December 2011

Context.—Correlation of radiologic and pathologic findings is important for optimal management of patients with image-guided breast biopsies.

Objectives.—To (1) evaluate the rates of radiologic and pathologic correlation in breast needle core biopsies, (2) evaluate laboratory and radiology practices associated with greater correlation rates, and (3) determine the rates at which the lack of radiologic-pathologic correlation is documented in pathology reports.

Design.—The study was offered and conducted as a College of American Pathologists voluntary Q-Probes program. Participants in this study retrospectively reviewed 30 consecutive, initial, diagnostic needle core biopsy cases performed for abnormal radiologic findings. If 12 months of accessioned cases were reviewed without identifying 30 qualifying cases, participants stopped the retrospective review and included all cases identified. For each case or specimen, the participants provided detailed information about the radiologic and pathologic findings.

Results.—In aggregate, a radiologic-pathologic correlation was found in 94.9% (1328 of 1399) of the cases reviewed, based on the participants' judgments. Significant differences in the correlation rates existed when cases were discussed at an interdepartmental, multidisciplinary conference (P < .001). No significant differences were found in the correlation rates of the following: whether surgeons or radiologists performed the biopsy, whether cores with calcifications were identified by any method, and whether the laboratory had one or more designated breast pathologists.

Conclusions.—Participation in a multidisciplinary breast conference is useful in radiologic-pathologic correlation. Active involvement by pathologists in correlating pathologic and radiologic findings is important.
Validation of KRAS Testing for Anti-EGFR Therapeutic Decisions for Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Kamel-Reid Suzanne , Zhang Tong , Persons Diane L , Nikiforova Marina N , Halling Kevin C ,   for the Molecular Oncology Resource Committee of the College of American Pathologists
Published: December 2011

Context.—KRAS mutation status is a molecular marker for predicting patient response to treatment with anti-EGFR antibodies (cetuximab and panitumumab) in metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Different approaches may be taken to detect KRAS mutations. There currently are no US Food and Drug Administration–approved assays for the detection of KRAS mutations. For assays that are not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, the performance characteristics of the assay must be determined and validated by the clinical laboratory before implementation.

Objective.—To provide an example of how a KRAS mutation-analysis assay may be validated in a clinical laboratory.

Design.—Describing the approach used by an individual laboratory to compare different assays for validation of KRAS mutation analysis in metastatic colon carcinoma.

Results.—Specific validation data are provided, illustrating how a laboratory established assay performance characteristics for KRAS mutation analysis.

Conclusions.—All clinical laboratories must establish several performance specifications mandated by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 before implementation of any laboratory-developed test. Approaches to the validation of such assays may vary among laboratories. We describe an approach used for validation of a KRAS mutation-analysis assay by one laboratory.
Ecogeographical associations between climate and human body composition: Analyses based on anthropometry and skinfolds
Authors: Wells Jonathan C.K.
Published: December 2011

In the 19th century, two “ecogeographical rules” were proposed hypothesizing associations of climate with mammalian body size and proportions. Data on human body weight and relative leg length support these rules; however, it is unknown whether such associations are attributable to lean tissue (the heat‐producing component) or fat (energy stores). Data on weight, height, and two skinfold thickness were obtained from the literature for 137 nonindustrialized populations, providing 145 male and 115 female individual samples. A variety of indices of adiposity and lean mass were analyzed. Preliminary analyses indicated secular increases in skinfolds in men but not women, and associations of age and height with lean mass in both sexes. Decreasing annual temperature was associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), and increasing triceps but not subscapular skinfold. After adjusting for skinfolds, decreasing temperature remained associated with increasing BMI. These results indicate that colder environments favor both greater peripheral energy stores, and greater lean mass. Contrasting results for triceps and subscapular skinfolds might be due to adaptive strategies either constraining central adiposity in cold environments to reduce cardiovascular risk, or favoring central adiposity in warmer environments to maintain energetic support of the immune system. Polynesian populations were analyzed separately and contradicted all of the climate trends, indicating support for the hypothesis that they are cold‐adapted despite occupying a tropical region. It is unclear whether such associations emerge through natural selection or through trans‐generational and life‐course plasticity. These findings nevertheless aid understanding of the wide variability in human physique and adiposity. Am J Phys Anthropol 147:169–186, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteological and molecular identification of brucellosis in ancient Butrint, Albania
Authors: Mutolo Michael J. , Jenny Lindsey L. , Buszek Amanda R. , Fenton Todd W. , Foran David R.
Published: December 2011

Ancient skeletal remains can harbor unique information about past civilizations at both the morphological and molecular levels. For instance, a number of diseases manifest in bone, some of which have been confirmed through DNA analysis, verifying their presence in ancient populations. In this study, anthropological analysis of skeletal remains from the ancient Albanian city of Butrint identified individuals with severe circular lytic lesions on their thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Differential diagnosis suggested that the lesions resulted from pathologies known to affect these skeletal regions, such as tuberculosis (TB) or brucellosis. Relevant bones of two adolescent males from the 10th to 13th century AD that displayed the lesions, along with unaffected individuals, were collected in the field. Genetic screening of the skeletal samples for TB was repeatedly negative, thus additional testing forBrucellaspp.—bacteria of livestock and the causative agent of brucellosis in humans—was conducted. Two Brucella DNA markers, theIS6501insertion element andBcsp31gene, amplified from the affected vertebrae and/or ribs, whereas all unaffected individuals and control samples were negative. Subsequent DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of the brucellarIS6501insertion element. On the basis of the skeletal lesions, negative tests for TB, and positive Brucella findings, we report a confirmed occurrence of brucellosis in archaeologically recovered human bone. These findings suggest that brucellosis has been endemic to the area since at least the Middle Ages. Am J Phys Anthropol 147:254–263, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutual mate choice in a female‐dominant and sexually monomorphic primate
Authors: Gomez Doris , Huchard Elise , Henry Pierre‐Yves , Perret Martine
Published: December 2011

Sexual dimorphism is common in polygynous species, where intrasexual competition is often thought to drive the evolution of large male body size, and in turn, male behavioral dominance over females. In Madagascar, the entire lemur radiation, which embraces diverse mating systems, lacks sexual dimorphism and exhibits frequent female dominance over males. The evolution of such morphological and behavioral peculiarities, often referred to as “the lemur syndrome,” has proven difficult to understand. Among other hypotheses, a potential role of intersexual selection has been repeatedly proposed but hardly ever tested. Here, we investigate whether female choice favors small and compliant males, and whether male choice favors large females in captive gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Detailed analysis of a combination of behavioral observations and hormonal data available for both sexes shows that (1) females accept more matings from males with higher fighting abilities, (2) males adjust their investment in intrasexual competition to female fertility, and (3) both male and female strategies are weakly influenced by the body mass of potential partners, in directions contradicting our predictions. These results do not suggest a prominent role of intersexual selection in the evolution and maintenance of the lemur syndrome but rather point to alternative mechanisms relating to male–male competition, specifically highlighting an absence of relationship between male body mass and fighting ability. Finally, our findings add to the growing body of evidence suggesting flexible sex roles, by showing the expression of mutual mate choice in a female‐dominant, sexually monomorphic and promiscuous primate. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells and Their Microenvironment in the Caveolin‐1‐Deficient Mouse
Authors: Jung Kristina , Schlenz Heike , Krasteva Gabriela , Mühlfeld Christian
Published: December 2011

Caveolin‐1 (Cav‐1) is highly expressed in alveolar epithelial type I (AE1) and endothelial cells of the alveolar region of the lung. Interestingly, alveolar epithelial type II (AE2) cells that are progenitors of the AE1 cells do not express Cav‐1. We investigated whether genetic Cav‐1 deficiency alters the phenotype of AE2 cells and their microenvironment using stereology. Total number, mean volume, and subcellular composition of the AE2 cells were not altered in Cav‐1−/− when compared with wild‐type mice. The alveolar septa were thickened and contained a significantly greater volume of extracellular matrix. Thus, AE2 cells as progenitors of AE1 cells are not critically involved in the severe pulmonary phenotype in Cav‐1‐deficient mice. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous quantification of berberine and lysergol by HPLC‐UV: evidence that lysergol enhances the oral bioavailability of berberine in rats
Authors: Patil Shrikant , Dash Ranjeet Prasad , Anandjiwala Sheetal , Nivsarkar Manish
Published: December 2011

A sensitive and simple HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of berberine and lysergol in rat plasma. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using isocratic elution with methanol–acetonitrile–0.1% ortho‐phosphoric acid (25:20:55, v/v/v), pH adjusted to 6.5 with triethylamine and detected at a UV wavelength of 230 nm. The extraction of the berberine and lysergol from the rat plasma with methylene chloride resulted in their high recoveries (82.62 and 90.17%). HPLC calibration curves for both berberine and lysergol based on the extracts from the rat plasma were linear over a broad concentration range of 50–1000 ng/mL. The limit of quantification was 50 ng/mL. Intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were <15% and accuracy was 87.12–92.55% for berberine and 87.01–92.26% for lysergol. Stability studies showed that berberine and lysergol were stable in rat plasma for short‐ and long‐term period for sample preparation and analysis. The described method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of berberine as well as lysergol following oral administration in Sprague–Dawley rats. The results of the study inferred that lysergol improved the oral bioavailability of berberine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative determination of sauchinone in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Xu Chun‐lei , Chen Jian‐wei , Ju Wen‐zheng , Liu Shi‐jia , Chen Yong , Chen Zhi‐peng , Xue Ping , Chen Hong‐jiang , Li Xiang
Published: December 2011

A rapid, sensitive and specific method using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC‐MS) was developed for the analysis of sauchinone in rat plasma. Di‐O‐methyltetrahydrofuriguaiacin B was used as internal standard (IS). Analytes were extracted from rat plasma by liquid–liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. A 2.1 mm i.d. × 150 mm, 5 µm, Agilent Zorbax SB‐C18 column was used to perform the chromatographic analysis. The mobile phase was methanol–deionized water (80:20, v/v). The chromatographic run time was 7 min per injection and the flow‐rate was 0.2 mL/min. The tandem mass spectrometric detection mode was achieved with electrospray ionization interface in positive‐ion mode (ESI+). The m/z ratios [M + Na]+, m/z 379.4 for sauchinone and m/z 395.4 for IS were recorded simultaneously. Calibration curve were linear over the range of 0.01–5 µg/mL. The lowest limit of quantification was 0.01 µg/mL. The intra‐day and inter‐day precision and accuracy of the quality control samples were 2.94–9.42% and 95.79–108.05%, respectively. The matrix effect was 64.20–67.34% and the extraction recovery was 93.28–95.98%. This method was simple and sensitive enough to be used in pharmacokinetic research for determination of sauchinone in rat plasma. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding “silver” consumers through cognitive age, health condition, financial status, and personal values: Empirical evidence from the world's most mature market Japan
Authors: Kohlbacher Florian , Chéron Emmanuel
Published: December 2011

Older consumers remain under‐researched, especially in Japan, the country most severely affected by demographic change with a rapidly aging and shrinking population. This paper aims at a better understanding of Japanese older consumers through cognitive age, health condition, financial status, and personal values. This study is the first one using these variables together on a sample of 316 older Japanese consumers. The age perception of the respondents was found on average 8 years younger than their actual chronological age, in line with the assumption of cognitive age being universal. Four groups were identified revealing a decrease in the difference between chronological and cognitive age with lower levels of health and wealth. The difference was found higher for people feeling healthy and poor than for people feeling in poor health and wealthy, thus indicating that feeling in good health was having somewhat more impact on the difference between actual and cognitive age than feeling wealthy. Respondents gave top ranking to “warm relationships with others”, second importance to “security”, and third importance to “fun and enjoyment in life”. The rankings of “excitement”, “fun and enjoyment in life”, and “sense of accomplishment” were showing a significant decrease of importance with higher cognitive age groups. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Brønsted and Lewis Acidities on Catalytic Activity of Heteropolyacids in Transesterification and Esterification Reactions
Authors: Shi W. , Zhao J. , Yuan X. , Wang S. , Wang X. , Huo M.
Published: December 2011

Some salts of H3PW12O40‐Mx/nH3–xPW12O40 (abbreviated as Mx/nH3–xPW) were prepared and used as acid catalysts for transesterification and esterification reactions. These catalysts have double acidity properties, i.e., Lewis acidity and Brønsted acidity, that are suitable for the conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel. The highest efficiency was 59.2 % and 94.7 % corresponding to transesterification and esterification reactions by Ti0.6H0.6PW with moderate Lewis acidity. The relationship between the acidic properties and the catalytic activity is discussed in detail.
Influence of Particle Size and Single‐Tube Diameter on Thermal Behavior of Fischer‐Tropsch Reactors. Part II. Eggshell Catalysts and Optimal Reactor Performance
Authors: Jess A. , Kern C.
Published: December 2011

The optimal combination of particle and tube size for simulation of a single tube of a wall‐cooled multitubular Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) reactor with cobalt as catalyst was determined. The maximum size of the tubes, realized without temperature runaway, enhances with increasing particle size until an optimal value is reached, thereby improving the production rate of liquid fuels per tube. Reasons for this are that heat transfer to the cooled tube wall for a given tube size is considerably enhanced by increasing the particle size and that the influence of pore diffusion on the effective rate of FT synthesis gets stronger with rising particle size, which reduces the temperature sensitivity of the reactor and decreases the danger of a temperature runaway. The simulations indicate that the use of FT eggshell catalysts is not an option for fixed‐bed reactors. The temperature sensitivity of the reactor is strongly enhanced, which decreases the maximum tube size and with that the productivity per tube. All these effects are valid in general for wall‐cooled fixed‐bed reactors. Respective criteria are presented.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Organic D‐π‐A Systems Containing Three‐Coordinate Boron Moieties as both π‐Donor and π‐Acceptor
Authors: Weber Lothar , Eickhoff Daniel , Marder Todd B. , Fox Mark A. , Low Paul J. , Dwyer Austin D. , Tozer David J. , Schwedler Stefanie , Brockhinke Andreas , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Neumann Beate
Published: December 2011

Four linear π‐conjugated systems with 1,3‐diethyl‐1,3,2‐benzodiazaborolyl [C6H4(NEt)2B] as a π‐donor at one end and dimesitylboryl (BMes2) as a π‐acceptor at the other end were synthesized. These unusual push–pull systems contain phenylene (1,4‐C6H4; 1), biphenylene (4,4′‐(1,1′‐C6H4)2; 2), thiophene (2,5‐C4H2S; 3), and dithiophene (5,5′‐(2,2′‐C4H2S)2; 4) as π‐conjugated bridges and different types of three‐coordinate boron moieties serving as both π‐donor and π‐acceptor. Molecular structures of 2, 3, and 4 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Photophysical studies on these systems reveal blue‐green fluorescence in all compounds. The Stokes shifts for 1, 2, and 3 are notably large at 7820–9760 cm−1 in THF and 5430–6210 cm−1 in cyclohexane, whereas the Stokes shift for 4 is significantly smaller at 5510 cm−1 in THF and 2450 cm−1 in cyclohexane. Calculations on model systems 1′–4′ show the HOMO to be mainly diazaborolyl in character and the LUMO to be dominated by the empty p orbital at the boron atom of the BMes2 group. However, there are considerable dithiophene bridge contributions to both orbitals in 4′. From the experimental data and MO calculations, the π‐electron‐donating strength of the 1,3‐diethyl‐1,3,2‐benzodiazaborolyl group was found to lie between that of methoxy and dimethylamino groups. TD‐DFT calculations on 1′–4′, using B3LYP and CAM‐B3LYP functionals, provide insight into the absorption and emission processes. B3LYP predicts that both the absorption and emission processes have strong charge‐transfer character. CAM‐B3LYP which, unlike B3LYP, contains the physics necessary to describe charge‐transfer excitations, predicts only a limited amount of charge transfer upon absorption, but somewhat more upon emission. The excited‐state (S1) geometries show the borolyl group to be significantly altered compared to the ground‐state (S0) geometries. This borolyl group reorganization in the excited state is believed to be responsible for the large Stokes shifts in organic systems containing benzodiazaborolyl groups in these and related compounds.
Catalytic Non‐Conventional trans‐Hydroboration: A Theoretical and Experimental Perspective
Authors: Cid Jessica , Carbó Jorge J. , Fernández Elena
Published: December 2011

We have studied the non‐conventional trans‐hydroboration reaction of alkynes both experimentally and theoretically. A catalytic system based on the in situ mixture of [{Rh(cod)Cl}2]/PCy3 (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene, Cy=cyclohexyl) has been able to activate pinacolborane and catecholborane and transfer boryl and hydride groups onto the same unhindered carbon atom of the terminal alkynes. The presence of a base (Et3N) favored the non‐conventional trans‐hydroboration over the traditional cis‐hydroboration. Varying the substrate had a significant influence on the reaction, with up to 99 % conversion and 94 % regioselectivity observed for para‐methyl‐phenylacetylene. Both DFT and quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical ONIOM calculations were carried out on the [RhCl(PR3)2] system. To explain the selectivity towards the (Z)‐alkenylboronate we explored several alternative mechanisms to the traditional cis‐hydroboration, using propyne as a model alkyne. The proposed mechanism can be divided into four stages: 1) isomerization of the alkyne into the vinylidene, 2) oxidative addition of the borane reagent, 3) vinylidene insertion into the RhH bond, and finally 4) reductive elimination of the CB bond to yield the 1‐alkenylboronate. Calculations indicated that the vinylidene insertion is the selectivity‐determining step. This result was consistent with the observed Z selectivity when the sterically demanding phosphine groups, such as PCy3 and PiPr3, were introduced. Finally, we theoretically analyzed the effect of the substrate on the selectivity; we identified several factors that contribute to the preference for aryl alkynes over aliphatic alkynes for the Z isomer. The intrinsic electronic properties of aryl substituents favored the Z‐pathway over the E‐pathway, and the aryl groups containing electron donating substituents favored the occurrence of the vinylidene reaction channel.
Nucleic Acid Functionalized Graphene for Biosensing
Authors: Bonanni Alessandra , Ambrosi Adriano , Pumera Martin
Published: December 2011

There is immense demand for complex nanoarchitectures based on graphene nanostructures in the fields of biosensing or nanoelectronics. DNA molecules represent the most versatile and programmable recognition element and can provide a unique massive parallel assembly strategy with graphene nanomaterials. Here we demonstrate a facile strategy for covalent linking of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) to graphene using carbodiimide chemistry and apply it to genosensing. Since graphenes can be prepared by different methods and can contain various oxygen containing groups, we thoroughly investigated the utility of four different chemically modified graphenes for functionalization by ssDNA. The materials were characterized in detail and the different DNA functionalized graphene platforms were then employed for the detection of DNA hybridization and DNA polymorphism by using impedimetric methods. We believe that our findings are very important for the development of novel devices that can be used as alternatives to classical techniques for sensitive and fast DNA analysis. In addition, covalent functionalization of graphene with ssDNA is expected to have broad implications, from biosensing to nanoelectronics and directed, DNA programmable, self‐assembly.
The effect of taxol microinjection on the microtubular structure in polar body formation of starfish oocytes
Authors: Kikuchi Yohei , Hamaguchi Yukihisa
Published: December 2011

In starfish oocytes, microtubules (MTs) form a spindle, which plays an important role in contributing to the selective loss of chromosomes and centrosomes to the polar bodies (PBs) during meiosis. When Taxol was locally injected near the germinal vesicle (GV) or the mitotic apparatus during meiosis I, PB formation was inhibited as mentioned below. In the oocytes, which were injected with Taxol after spindle formation, the spindle became large, and then the volume of the first PB also increased more than that of the control. In contrast, in the oocytes injected with Taxol before the spindle formation, chromosome capture and alignment were inhibited. These oocytes did not form PB, but only a bulge at the cell cortex was occasionally observed. Moreover, in the oocytes injected with Taxol before GV breakdown, the chromosomes did not gather in one place, and then two asters were observed at distant positions from the cell cortex. These results suggested that MTs lost not only the ability to obtain the bipolar attachment of chromosomes by Taxol injection but also the aster closer to the cell cortex lost its interaction with the cell cortex of the animal pole. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanostructure‐Driven Analyte–Interface Electron Transduction: A General Approach to Sensor and Microreactor Design
Authors: Gole James L. , Goude Eddie C. , Laminack William
Published: December 2011

A concept describing the nanostructure‐directed dynamics of acid/base interaction and the balance between physisorption and chemisorption on an extrinsic semiconductor interface is evaluated and compared for n‐ and p‐type semiconductors. The inverse hard/soft acid/base (IHSAB) concept, as it complements the HSAB concept, defines the nature of a dominant physisorption behavior and enables the creation of a matrix of controllable interactions. The technology results in the coupling of Lewis acid/base chemistry with the extrinsic semiconductor majority carriers. Nanoporous silicon layers facilitate the application of nanostructured metal/metal oxides, which provide sensitivity and selectivity for the modified interface. Applied fractional depositions can produce a dominant reversible physisorptive (sensors) or chemisorptive (microreactors) interaction at the semiconductor interface as the nanostructures act as antennas to focus the interaction. The dynamic natures of n‐ and p‐type silicon are evaluated and compared, by focusing on the controlled manipulation of these semiconductors as they are modified with nanostructures and interact with the gas‐phase analytes. The observed semiconductor responses correlate well with the temperature dependence of the extrinsic semiconductor, the population of the donor or acceptor levels, and the inherent mobilities of electrons. The response of the modified n‐type semiconductors is found to exceed that of comparable p‐type systems. The IHSAB concept can be extended to assess the properties of several additional semiconductor interfaces including nanowires. The results obtained not only pertain to sensor and microreactor array design, but also suggest the importance of the dynamic changes created, as the majority charge‐carrier concentrations are manipulated and the Fermi energies are modified through chemical interaction.
High temperature x‐ray diffraction studies of zirconia thin films prepared by reactive pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Balakrishnan G. , Kuppusami P. , Murugesan S. , Mohandas E. , Sastikumar D.
Published: December 2011

Zirconium oxide thin films have been deposited on Si (100) substrates at room temperature at an optimized oxygen partial pressure of 3x10‐2 mbar by reactive pulsed laser deposition. High temperature x‐ray diffraction (HTXRD) studies of the film in the temperature range room temperature‐1473 K revealed that the film contained only monoclinic phase at temperatures ≤ 673 K and both monoclinic and tetragonal phases were present at temperatures ≥ 773 K. The tetragonal phase content was significantly dominating over monoclinic phase with the increase of temperature. The phase evolution was accompanied with the increase in the crystallite size from 20 to 40 nm for the tetragonal phase. The mean thermal expansion coefficients for the tetragonal phase have been found to be 10.58x10‐6 K‐1 and 20.92x10‐6K‐1 along a and c‐axes, respectively. The mean volume thermal expansion coefficient is 42.34x10‐6 K‐1 in the temperature range 773‐1473 K. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Isosorbide as a Renewable Platform chemical for Versatile Applications—Quo Vadis?
Authors: Rose Marcus , Palkovits Regina
Published: December 2011

Isosorbide is a platform chemical of considerable importance for the future replacement of fossil resource‐based products. Applications as monomers and building blocks for new polymers and functional materials, new organic solvents, for medical and pharmaceutical applications, and even as fuels or fuel additives are conceivable. The conversion of isosorbide to valuable derivatives by functionalization or substitution of the hydroxyl groups is difficult because of the different configurations of the 2‐ and 5‐positions and the resulting different reactivity and steric hindrance of the two hydroxyl groups. Although a substantial amount of work has been published using exclusively the endo or exo derivatives isomannide and isoidide, respectively, as starting material, a considerable effort is still necessary to transfer and adapt these methods for the efficient conversion of isosorbide. This Minireview deals with all aspects of isosorbide chemistry, which includes its production by catalytic processes, special properties, and chemical transformations for its utilization in biogenic polymers and other applications of interest.
Intergroup anxiety from the self and other: Evidence from self‐report, physiological effects, and real interactions
Authors: Greenland Katy , Xenias Dimitrios , Maio Greg
Published: December 2011

Intergroup anxiety has become important in understanding the success or failure of intergroup contact. In this paper, we suggest that intergroup anxiety is made up from two constructs: self‐anxiety (anxiety over thinking or doing something that is prejudiced) and other‐anxiety (anxiety that the other might do something to you). Over four studies, we show how these two dimensions have different correlates and independently predict psychophysiological reactivity to an intergroup interaction. Other‐anxiety was associated with negative intergroup attitudes and negative affect. In contrast, self‐anxiety had no simple relationship with conventional measures of intergroup attitudes but was associated with a flattening of responses that were indicative of freezing (Study 3) and simultaneous approach and avoidance (Study 4). We suggest that whereas other‐anxiety is associated with negative affect and avoidance, self‐anxiety is associated with ‘freezing’ responses to intergroup interaction. Thus, the distinction between these two constructs has important repercussions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of recycling waste diatomite and fly ash cosintered as porous ceramics
Authors: Lin Kae‐Long , Chang Jen‐Chieh
Published: December 2011

This investigation demonstrates the feasibility of using diatomite and coal fly ash as alternative raw materials in the production of the porous ceramics. The following operating conditions are set for sintering process; a constant pressure of 5 MPa, a sintering temperature of 1000–1270°C, a sintering time of 2 h, and various proportions (0–20%) of coal fly ash in waste diatomite. This investigation concerns the effects of heating temperature and proportion of fly ash on the characteristics of porous ceramics that are formed from a mixture of fly ash and waste diatomite. Heat‐treated samples were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), which supported the following conclusions. When the heating temperature was increased above 1270°C, the compressive strength of the ceramics was between 5.85 and 15.8 MPa. When the amount of coal fly ash exceeds 20%, the porosity of the porous ceramics decreases sharply with increasing temperature from 61.6% obtained at 1100° C to 52.9% obtained at 1270° C. When heating to 1270° C, the pore sizes of sintered samples ∼2.5–3 μm, and a smaller peak around 0.3–2 μm. Adding coal fly ash to the porous ceramics increased their compressive strength, indicating that waste diatomite and coal fly ash can indeed be 100% recycled and reused as porous ceramics. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 25–34, 2013.
Advanced treatment of coking wastewater by conventional and modified fenton processes
Authors: Güçlü Dünyamin , Şirin Nazan , Şahinkaya Serkan , Sevimli Mehmet Faik
Published: December 2011

Coking wastewater contains high a concentration of refractory and toxic compounds to be treated before being discharged into the environment. The water quality usually cannot meet the discharge limits after conventional biological treatment processes. This article initially investigated the treatability of coking wastewater with conventional and modified Fenton processes for advanced treatment of coking wastewater. Based on the experimental results, up to 86% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 99.5% of phenol removals were achieved by the conventional Fenton process at original pH 7.8 within 60 min. pH adjustment was not performed due to the sudden drop in the original pH value, after the addition of Fenton's reagents. A modified Fenton process yielded comparable COD (82%) and phenol (98.5%) removals within 120 min at pH 3.0. The optimal operating conditions were determined as [Fe2+] = 300 mg/L, [H2O2] = 4000 mg/L, and pH = 7.8 for a conventional Fenton process, and [Fe0] = 300 mg/L, [H2O2] = 4500 mg/L, and pH = 3 for a modified Fenton process. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 176‐180, 2013