bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
5‐Hydroxy‐7‐methoxyflavone derivatives from Kaempferia parviflora induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Authors: Ono Shintaro , Yoshida Naoki , Maekawa Daisuke , Kitakaze Tomoya , Kobayashi Yasuyuki , Kitano Takehiro , Fujita Takanori , Okuwa‐Hayashi Hirotaka , Harada Naoki , Nakano Yoshihisa , Yamaji Ryoichi
Published: November 2018

Skeletal muscle plays a critical role in locomotion and energy metabolism. Maintenance or enhancement of skeletal muscle mass contributes to the improvement of mobility and prevents the development of metabolic diseases. The extracts from Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes contain at least ten methoxyflavone derivatives that exhibit enhancing effects on ATP production and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ten K. parviflora‐derived methoxyflavone derivatives (six 5,7‐dimethoxyflavone (DMF) derivatives and four 5‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxyflavone (HMF) derivatives) on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Murine C2C12 myotubes and senescence‐accelerated mouse‐prone 1 (SAMP1) mice treated with methoxyflavones were used as experimental models to determine the effects of HMF derivatives on myotube diameter and size and muscle mass. The four HMF derivatives, but not the six DMF derivatives, increased myotube diameter. The 5‐hydroxyflavone, 7‐methoxyflavone, and 5,7‐dihydroxyflavone had no influence on myotube size, a result that differed from HMF. Dietary administration of the mixture composed of the four HMF derivatives resulted in increase in the soleus muscle size and mass in SAMP1 mice. HMF derivatives also promoted protein synthesis in myotubes, and treatment with the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA‐AM, which depletes intracellular Ca2+ levels, inhibited this promotion. Furthermore, BAPTA‐AM inhibited HMF‐promoted protein synthesis even when myotubes were incubated in Ca2+‐free medium. These results indicate that HMF derivatives induce myotube hypertrophy and that both the 5‐hydroxyl group and the 7‐methoxy group in the flavones are necessary for myotube hypertrophy. Furthermore, these results suggest that HMF‐induced protein synthesis requires intracellular Ca2+, but not extracellular Ca2+.
Maternal serum vitamin D levels and preterm delivery among low‐risk parturients in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Oluwole Ayodeji A. , Okunade Kehinde S. , Okojie Osemen E.
Published: November 2018

Objective

To determine the association between low maternal vitamin D levels and preterm delivery among parturients in Lagos, Nigeria.

Methods

The present study was an analytical cross‐sectional study of women with preterm deliveries (defined as <37 weeks) and women with term deliveries (defined as ≥37 weeks) at the labor unit of Lagos University Teaching Hospital between December 1, 2015, and October 31, 2016. Relevant information was obtained via a proforma, and maternal venous samples were collected immediately after delivery. Serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D was determined by a vitamin D enzyme‐linked immunoassay kit.

Results

The study enrolled 103 women in each group. The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 14.1% (29/206). 24 (23.3%) women with preterm delivery had low serum vitamin D (<30 ng/mL) as compared with only 5 (4.9%) women with term delivery (P<0.001). Compared with normal serum vitamin D levels, low maternal vitamin D had an approximately nine‐fold higher likelihood of preterm delivery (adjusted odds ratio 9.41, 95% confidence interval 2.42–36.54; P<0.001).

Conclusion

The prevalence of serum vitamin D deficiency was higher among women with preterm delivery than among those with term delivery. The potential role of prenatal vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of preterm delivery should be further investigated.
Preconceptions and awareness of good glycemic control, pregnancy contraindications, and maternal and fetal adverse events in Sudan
Authors: Dafa Elseed Eglal B. , Mohamed Hussam Khougali
Published: November 2018

Awareness around glycemic control was very low among women in Sudan who were pregnant and had diabetes.
A new direction in the alkylation of 5‐acetyl‐2‐amino‐6‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐4H‐pyran‐3‐carbonitrile with active methylene reagents
Authors: Naghiyev Farid , Mamedov Ibrahim , Khrustalev Victor , Shixaliyev Namiq , Maharramov Abel
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we report a new synthesis route to 4H‐pyran derivatives and a plausible reaction mechanism. The interaction of 5‐acetyl‐2‐amino‐6‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐4H‐pyran‐3‐carbonitrile with different active methylene reagents gives rise to the cleavage and subsequent recyclization of the pyran ring to afford the corresponding 4H‐pyran derivatives.
Comparison of non‐invasive tests with invasive tests in the diagnosis of celiac disease
Authors: Gülseren Yasemin Derya , Adiloğlu Ali Kudret , Yücel Mihriban , Dağ Zuhal , Eyerci Nilnur , Berkem Rukiye , Filik Levent , Çaydere Muzaffer
Published: November 2018

Background/Aims

Today, invasive diagnostic tests are necessary for definite diagnosis of adult celiac disease (CD). However, in selected children patients, the need for invasive tests is ceased. In this study, we evaluated adult patients according to the ESPGHAN (European Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Society) criteria.

Methods

Thirty‐nine patients (aged 17‐66) with symptoms of CD were included. Serum samples were tested for total IgA, tTG‐IgA (antitissue transglutaminase), tTG‐IgG, DGP‐IgA (antideamidated gliadin peptide), DGP‐IgG, and EMA (endomysial antibodies). HLA‐DQ typing was studied with PCR‐SSP (sequence‐specific primers) method. Biopsy samples were evaluated according to Marsh scoring.

Results

In CD patients, 71.4% (15/21) of the patients were diagnosed without biopsy according to the EPSGHAN criteria but when ESPGHAN's IgA tTG threshold value for children was taken into consideration (>200 IU/mL), the sensitivity decreased to 81%. Celiac disease diagnosed and control groups were compared in terms of HLA tissue types. DQ2.5 homozygous or DQ2.5/DQ2.2 was significantly higher in CD group, and DQ2‐ or DQ8‐negative HLA tissue type was significantly higher in control group.

Conclusion

When serological tests, HLA typing, and clinical symptoms are all in favor of CD, biopsy may not be performed in selected adult CD patients.
On distance ‐dominating and ‐independent sets in sparse graphs
Authors: Dvořák Zdeněk
Published: November 2018

Dvořák [European J. Combin. 34 (2013), pp. 833–840] gave a bound on the minimum size of a distance ‐dominating set in terms of the maximum size of a distance ‐independent set and generalized coloring numbers, thus obtaining a constant‐factor approximation algorithm for the parameters in any class of graphs with bounded expansion. We improve and clarify this dependence using a linear programming (LP)‐based argument inspired by the work of Bansal and Umboh [Inform. Process. Lett. 122 (2017), pp. 21–24].
Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Anti‐mycobacterial Activities of Propylene Tethered Benzofuran–Isatin Hybrids
Authors: Guo Hua
Published: November 2018

A series of novel propylene tethered benzofuran–isatin hybrids 5a–j were designed, synthesized, and assessed for their in vitro anti‐mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv and multidrug‐resistant (MDR)‐MTB strains. All hybrids exhibited promising anti‐mycobacterial activities against the tested two pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 2 to 32 μg/mL, and the resistance index for a significant part of the hybrids was ≤1, indicating their potential for the treatment of drug‐resistant tuberculosis. Hybrid 5g (MIC: 2 and 4 μg/mL) was found to be the most active against MTB H37Rv and MDR‐MTB, which was eightfold and >32‐fold more active than the first‐line anti‐tuberculosis drugs rifampicin (MIC: 32 μg/mL) and isoniazid (MIC: >128 μg/mL) against MDR‐MTB, and it could act as a starting point for further optimization.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Bioactivity of Novel Bicinnolines Having 1‐Piperazinyl Moieties
Authors: Al‐Qtaitat Malath A. , El‐Abadelah Mustafa M. , Sabri Salim S. , Matar Suzan A. , Hammad Hana M. , Mubarak Mohammad S.
Published: November 2018

A number of novel bicinnolines containing piperazine moieties, 4a–o, were synthesized via polyphosphoric acid‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of the respective acyl amidrazone derivatives (3a–o). On the other hand, the amidrazones (3a–o) were prepared by reaction of N′,N″‐(biphenyl‐4,4′‐diyl)bis(2‐oxopropane hydrazonoyl chloride) (2) with the appropriate cyclic sec‐amines in the presence of trimethylamine in absolute ethanol. Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by NMR and mass spectral data. The antitumor activity of compounds 4a–o was evaluated in vitro on human breast cancer MDA‐231 by a cell viability assay. Results revealed that compounds 4k, 4n, and 4o exhibit potential cytotoxic effects (>70%) on the cancer cells. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of compounds 4a–o was evaluated against three clinical microbial strains: Escherichia coli (Gram‐negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram‐positive bacteria), and Candida albicans (fungi/yeast). Results revealed that compounds 4e and 4k exhibit good activity against all three strains included in the study and that compound 4d displays excellent activity against S. aureus strain with a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 0.187 mg/mL.
Previous incarceration impacts access to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment among HIV‐HCV co‐infected patients in Canada
Authors: Kronfli Nadine , Nitulescu Roy , Cox Joseph , Moodie Erica EM , Wong Alexander , Cooper Curtis , Gill John , Walmsley Sharon , Martel‐Laferrière Valérie , Hull Mark W , Klein Marina B ,   the Canadian Co‐Infection Cohort Study
Published: November 2018

Introduction

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is far higher in prison settings than in the general population; thus, micro‐elimination strategies must target people in prison to eliminate HCV. We aimed to examine incarceration patterns and determine whether incarceration impacts HCV treatment uptake among Canadian HIV‐HCV co‐infected individuals in the direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) era.

Methods

The Canadian Co‐Infection Cohort prospectively follows HIV‐HCV co‐infected people from 18 centres. HCV RNA‐positive participants with available baseline information on incarceration history were included and followed from 21 November 2013 (when second‐generation DAAs were approved by Health Canada) until 30 June 2017. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the effect of time‐updated incarceration status on time to treatment uptake, adjusting for patient‐level characteristics known to be associated with treatment uptake in the DAA era.

Results

Overall, 1433 participants (1032/72% men) were included; 67% had a history of incarceration and 39% were re‐incarcerated at least once. Compared to those never incarcerated, previously incarcerated participants were more likely to be Indigenous, earn <$1500 CAD/month, report current or past injection drug use and have poorly controlled HIV. There were 339 second‐generation DAA treatment initiations during follow‐up (18/100 person‐years). Overall, 48% of participants never incarcerated were treated (27/100 person‐years) compared to only 31% of previously incarcerated participants (15/100 person‐years). Sustained virologic response (SVR) rates at 12 weeks were 95% and 92% respectively. After adjusting for other factors, participants with a history of incarceration (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5 to 0.9) were less likely to initiate treatment, as were those with a monthly income <$1500 (aHR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5 to 0.9) or who reported current injection drug use (aHR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.4 to 1.0). Participants with undetectable HIV RNA (aHR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.6 to 2.9) or significant fibrosis (aHR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2 to 1.9) were more likely to initiate treatment.

Conclusions

The majority of HIV‐HCV co‐infected persons had a history of incarceration. Those previously incarcerated were 30% less likely to access treatment in the DAA era even after accounting for several patient‐level characteristics. With SVR rates above 90%, HCV elimination may be possible if treatment is expanded for this vulnerable and neglected group.
Possible causes for the asymmetric evolution between the aerosol optical depth over East Asia and eastern United States during boreal spring
Authors: Jin Qihua , Liu Boqi , He Jinhai
Published: November 2018

Observations have suggested that the 550‐nm aerosol optical depth (AOD) decreases over East Asia (EA) but increases over eastern United States (EUS) in boreal spring. Based on the NCEP CFSR reanalysis and TRMM 3A25 data set, the present work indicates that this asymmetry can be ascribed to the distinct feedback of general circulation and atmospheric heat source (AHS) between the two regions. In April and May, condensation heating becomes dominant in the AHS over EA and leads to low‐level southerly and upper‐tropospheric northerly flow in response. Subsequently, deep convection with strong ascending motion is generated, which reduces AOD over EA via the effect of vertical ventilation and rainfall‐related washout. Meanwhile, the AHS over EUS is induced by circulation originating from the Tropics and mid–high latitudes. Thus, AOD further increases over EUS due to the absence of vertical ventilation and the import of dust aerosols from EA in the upper troposphere during late spring. Also discussed is the role played by the Tibetan Plateau in this distinct AHS–circulation relationship between EA and EUS.
Spatiotemporal analysis of nonlinear trends in precipitation over Germany during 1951–2013 from multiple observation‐based gridded products
Authors: Duan Zheng , Chen Qiuwen , Chen Cheng , Liu Junzhi , Gao Hongkai , Song Xianfeng , Wei Meng
Published: November 2018

Spatial and temporal patterns of trends in annual and seasonal precipitation over Germany during 1951–2013 were analysed using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method. Three widely used and recognized high‐resolution observation‐based gridded precipitation products, the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) time‐series data, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) Full Data Reanalysis data and the EU‐FP6 project ENSEMBLES derived data set (EOBS), were used and compared. Comparison among different products showed that the CRU used a considerably lower number of gauge stations (maximum 36) in the construction of gridded product over Germany and should be used with great caution for other applications, and overall CRU presented less precipitation and smaller inter‐annual variability; GPCC and EOBS agreed well in the spatial and temporal distribution of seasonal and annual precipitation, as well as the identified trends. The spatiotemporal analysis of trends showed that trends in precipitation during 1951–2013 were, in most cases, highly nonlinear and varying over time. In particular, the spring, summer and autumn precipitation showed large variations in trends. Therefore, the assumption of linear trends on which previous studies were based is invalid. Annual precipitation showed increasing trends in over 66% of Germany (particularly northern and eastern Germany), and the magnitude of increasing trends were generally enhanced over time, e.g. GPCC showed that the average magnitude of increasing trends rose from 6.3% for the 1951–1980 period to 12% for the 1951–2013 period. There were considerable spatial and temporal variabilities in trends in seasonal precipitation totals over Germany. This study is among one of the first studies applying the EEMD method to a comprehensive analysis of time‐varying trends in precipitation over Germany, which is expected to improve our understanding of the complex and nonlinear regional climate system.
Factors Related to the Assessment of Resting Metabolic Rate in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Frankenfield David C.
Published: November 2018

Background

Predicting resting metabolic rate (RMR) in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients is an important part of the nutrition care in such patients.

Methods

RMR and associated clinical data from various studies of mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients were combined, and the impact of body size, age, reason for admission, and sedation level were analyzed along with prediction methods of RMR (the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition [ASPEN] standards and the Penn State equation).

Results

Among 826 measurements, trauma patients had a higher RMR than surgical and medical patients (2077 ± 290 vs 1987 ± 282 kcal/d; P < .0001). RMR was not different in sedated vs unsedated patients. Wide ranges of weight (27–374 kg) and age (18–95 years) were captured. The relationships between weight and RMR and RMR and age were curvilinear. For weight‐based ratio methods of RMR prediction, <50% of predictions were within the range in which they were designed to work. The accuracy of the Penn State equation was better in some weight categories than others. New equations based on a wider range of body weights and ages are presented.

Conclusions

Curvilinear functions exist for weight and age in relation to RMR, but extraordinary levels of each are required for the curve to become apparent. The ASPEN energy standards (kcal/kg body weight) fail to predict RMR because the relationship is more complex than a simple ratio. The Penn State equations are better able to model these relationships. The new versions of the equation presented here await validation.
Preprocessing of spectral data in the extended multiplicative signal correction framework using multiple reference spectra
Authors: Skogholt Joakim , Liland Kristian Hovde , Indahl Ulf Geir
Published: November 2018

Extended multiplicative signal correction (EMSC) is a widely used framework for preprocessing spectral data. In the EMSC framework, spectra are scaled according to a given reference spectrum. Spectra that are far from collinear with the selected reference spectrum may not be scaled appropriately. An extension of the EMSC framework that allows for the incorporation of multiple reference spectra in the EMSC model is proposed to remedy this issue. Useful candidate reference spectra can be obtained from the dominant right singular vectors associated with the matrix of spectra, but any desired reference spectra can be used. As a part of this extension, we propose to change the basis used in the EMSC preprocessing to an orthonormal basis. Using an orthonormal basis will remove confounding issues between the basis vectors and make the obtained EMSC model simpler to interpret. We discuss the proposed modification theoretically and demonstrate its use with two data sets of Raman spectra and modelling with partial least quares regression and Tikhonov regularization. The data sets used are Raman spectra of oil samples from salmon with iodine value as the response and Raman spectra of an emulsion of water, whey protein, and different oils with polyunsaturated fatty acids as response (both as percentage of total fat content and total weight).
Effects of high temperature on the fine structure of starch during the grain‐filling stages in rice: mathematical modeling and integrated enzymatic analysis
Authors: Fan Xiaolei , Li Yingqiu , Zhang Changquan , Li Enpeng , Chen Zhuanzhuan , Li Qianfeng , Zhang Zhongwei , Zhu Yun , Sun Xiaosong , Liu Qiaoquan
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND

High temperature during the grain‐filling stage is an important factor that can affect grain quality by altering the composition and structure of starch in rice. Therefore, it is important to study the regulatory mechanism of high temperature on rice starch biosynthesis.

RESULTS

Two japonica cultivars, the waxy rice Taihunuo and non‐waxy Nangeng 5055 were used to examine the effect of high temperature on the fine structure of starch during the grain‐filling stage. Analysis of starch chain length distribution indicated that exposure to a high temperature increased the content of starch with medium‐long chains and decreased the starch with short chains in both rice varieties. The differences of amylopectin synthesis responding to high temperature between waxy and non‐waxy rice can shed light on the interactions of amylose and amylopectin synthesis under high temperature conditions. In the non‐waxy variety, the amylose biosynthesis may affect the short and medium‐long amylopectin biosynthesis under high temperature. A mathematical fitting model was used to interpret the fine structure of amylopectin and a series of parameters with enzymatical significance (β and γ) were obtained. The fitting results showed that the waxy and non‐waxy rice had similar responses to high temperature. The variations of the parameter response to high temperature was more remarkable in Taihunuo. Activity analysis of starch synthesis‐related enzymes during the grain‐filling stage demonstrated the reliability of model fitting results.

CONCLUSION

The influences of high temperature on the fine structure of starch are similar between waxy and non‐waxy rice. Amylose biosynthesis may affect amylopectin biosynthesis under high temperature. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on growth and active compounds of rhubarb from Qinghai plateau
Authors: Xiong Feng , Nie Xiuqing , Zhao Xiaohui , Yang Lucun , Zhou Guoying
Published: November 2018

Background

Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf is one of the plants generically known as rhubarb, a culinary vegetable that has long been used as a herbal remedy both in China and Europe. Increasing demand for rhubarb has triggered the overexploitation of Rh. tanguticum. Cultivation is therefore necessary for quality control and protection of wild resources. Nitrogen fertilizer plays an important role in cultivation. This study aimed to explore how nitrogen fertilizer affects the growth and quality of rhubarb on the Qinghai‐Tibetan plateau.

Results

Nitrogen fertilizer promoted growth but had no significant influence on the active compounds of Rh. tanguticum. Generally, the N2 (150 kg ha−1) and N3 (225 kg ha−1) levels showed the most improved growth indexes, with no significant differences between them. The growth index and the amounts of eight of the nine studied active compounds in Rh. tanguticum increased from each year to the next and differed among growth stages. The contents of the active compounds were higher at the green stage and lower at the growth stage, which was opposite to the seasonal trends in root dry matter ratio. Gallic acid levels decreased with the growth of the plant.

Conclusion

The N2 level (150 kg ha−1) was the recommended nitrogen fertilizer level in this study. It was revealed that seasonal changes rather than nitrogen fertilizer influenced active compounds in the root of Rh. tanguticum. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
UHD 3D medical system of small‐ and medium‐sized monitor
Authors: Tong Lu , Zhang Xiao , Guan Enhui , Leng Changlin , Chen Shuo
Published: November 2018

With the development of ultra‐high definition (UHD) display technology and stereoscopic 3D display technology, 3D ultra‐high monitor will help surgeons obtain the spatial hierarchy of internal tissues, identify tissue surfaces and blood vessels clearly, locate the focus precisely and reduce surgery time. Compared with normal 2D medical monitors, 3D medical monitors will lose more brightness because of the 3D application, so it is necessary to design a high‐brightness backlight system to guarantee the display stability and the accuracy of the diagnosis. This paper presents a novel processing system for 4K UHD 3D medical monitor with the architecture combined with universal SOC (system on a chip) and specialized FPGA (field programmable gate array). A hardware system is designed with high efficiency and reliable brightness stability control for small‐ and medium‐sized monitors. Furthermore, we analyze the two dimming modes of linear dimming and PWM dimming for a better application in medical monitor.
Preparative separation of the flavonoid fractions from Periploca forrestii Schltr. ethanol extracts using macroporous resin combined with HPLC analysis and evaluation of their biological activities
Authors: Chen Huaguo , Liang Qian , Zhou Xin , Wang Xinyue
Published: November 2018

A preparative separation method using macroporous absorptive resin coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography was developed for the separation of six fractions of the 80% ethanol extract of Periploca forrestii Schltr. The six ethanol fractions (5–95; A, B, C, D, E, and F) obtained were carefully analyzed to locate the corresponding peaks in the high‐performance liquid chromatography chromatogram of the total extract, which was established in a previous study. Furthermore, the biological activities, including antioxidant activities, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory capacities, antihyaluronidase activities, and anti‐inflammatory effects, were evaluated in MH7A cells. The results demonstrated that fraction E could significantly prevent oxidation and inhibit hyaluronidase and acetyl cholinesterase. Finally, the main flavonoids in fractions A and E from P. forrestii Schltr. were purified, and the compounds were identified as chlorogenic acid, quercetin‐3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside, and quercetin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside. The chemical structures were confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of these compounds against complete Freund's adjuvant‐induced secondary immune arthritis in rats were evaluated.
Development of an economic ultrafast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for trace analysis of multiclass mycotoxins in Polygonum multiflorum
Authors: Huang Pinxuan , Liu Qiutao , Wang Jiabo , Ma Zhijie , Lu Jinghua , Kong Weijun
Published: November 2018

Rapid, economic, and highly effective determination of multiple mycotoxins in complex matrices has given huge challenges for the analytical method. In this study, an economic analytical strategy based on sensitive and rapid ultrafast liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometry technique was developed for the determination of seven mycotoxins of different chemical classes (aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2, ochratoxin A, T‐2 toxin, and HT‐2 toxin) in Polygonum multiflorum. Target mycotoxins were completely extracted using a modified quick, easy, cheap effective, rugged, and safe method without additional clean‐up steps. The types of extraction solvents and adsorbents for the extraction procedure were optimized to achieve high recoveries and reduce coextractives in the final extracts. Due to significant matrix effects for all analytes (≤68.9% and ≥110.0%), matrix‐matched calibration curves were introduced for reliable quantification, exploring excellent linearity for the seven mycotoxins with coefficients of determination >0.9992. The method allowed high sensitivity with limit of detection in the range of 0.031–2.5 μg/kg and limit of quantitation in the range of 0.078–6.25 μg/kg, as well as satisfactory precision with relative standard deviations lower than 8%. Recovery rates were between 74.3 and 119.8% with relative standard deviations below 7.43%. The proposed method was successfully applied for 24 batches of P. multiflorum samples, and six samples were found to be positive with aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, or ochratoxin A. The method with significant advantages, including minimum analytical time, low time and solvent consumption, and high sensitivity, would be a preferred candidate for economic analysis of multiclass mycotoxins in complex matrices.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress and Related Disorders: A Prospective Longitudinal Evaluation in U.S. Army Soldiers
Authors: Howlett Jonathon R. , Campbell‐Sills Laura , Jain Sonia , Heeringa Steven G. , Nock Matthew K. , Sun Xiaoying , Ursano Robert J. , Stein Murray B.
Published: November 2018

Cross‐sectional associations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been observed, but longitudinal studies assessing this association are lacking. This prospective study evaluated the association between predeployment ADHD and postdeployment PTSD among U.S. Army soldiers. Soldiers who deployed to Afghanistan were surveyed before deployment (T0) and approximately 1 month (T1), 3 months (T2), and 9 months (T3) after their return. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between predeployment ADHD and postdeployment (T2 or T3) PTSD among 4,612 soldiers with data at all waves and no record of stimulant medication treatment during the study. To evaluate specificity of the ADHD–PTSD association, we examined associations among predeployment ADHD, postdeployment major depressive episode (MDE), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and suicidal ideation. Weighted prevalence of ADHD predeployment was 6.1% (SE = 0.4%). Adjusting for other risk factors, predeployment ADHD was associated with risk of postdeployment PTSD, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.13, 95% CI [1.51, 3.00], p < .001, including incidence among soldiers with no predeployment history of PTSD, AOR = 2.50, 95% CI [1.69, 3.69], p < .001. ADHD was associated with postdeployment MDE, AOR = 2.80, 95% CI [2.01, 3.91], p < .001, and GAD, AOR = 3.04, 95% CI [2.10, 4.42], p < .001, but not suicidal ideation. Recognition of associations between predeployment ADHD and postdeployment PTSD, MDE, and GAD may inform targeted prevention efforts. Future research should examine whether treatment of ADHD is protective against PTSD and related disorders in trauma‐exposed individuals.
The final frontier: Primary muscle dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Rutkove Seward B.
Published: November 2018

See article on pages 254–262 in this issue.
Reconfiguring clinical communication in the electronic counselling context: The nuances of disruption
Authors: Oftedal Bjørg , Kolltveit Beate‐Christin Hope , Graue Marit , Zoffmann Vibeke , Karlsen Bjørg , Thorne Sally , Kristoffersen Margareth
Published: November 2018

Aim

This study expands on an earlier study about diabetes nurses’ experiences of the Guided Self‐Determination intervention in face‐to‐face consultations among people with type 2 diabetes. This current study investigates Guided Self‐Determination in an electronic format with the aim to explore what can be learned about the written form for health communication from the perspectives of diabetes nurses in primary care.

Design

The study has an explorative, qualitative design.

Method

Four diabetes nurses were individually interviewed after completing the electronic intervention. The analysis was guided by Interpretive Description.

Results

Small sample size apart, the rich empirical data and quality of dialogue point to the interviewees’ earlier contact, comfort and trust with the researcher. The written electronic communication could disrupt nurses’ possibilities for using basic and advanced communication skills. Findings also indicate that written electronic communication can foster thoughtful responses to patients and increase possibilities for a transparent counselling delivery process.
On the numerical approximation of p‐biharmonic and ∞‐biharmonic functions
Authors: Katzourakis Nikos , Pryer Tristan
Published: November 2018

The ∞‐Bilaplacian is a third‐order fully nonlinear PDE given by
urn:x-wiley:0749159X:media:num22295:num22295-math-0001

In this work, we build a numerical method aimed at quantifying the nature of solutions to this problem, which we call ∞‐biharmonic functions. For fixed p we design a mixed finite element scheme for the prelimiting equation, the p‐Bilaplacian
urn:x-wiley:0749159X:media:num22295:num22295-math-0002

We prove convergence of the numerical solution to the weak solution of and show that we are able to pass to the limit p → ∞. We perform various tests aimed at understanding the nature of solutions of and we prove convergence of our discretization to an appropriate weak solution concept of this problem that of ‐solutions.
Hypothalamic Gliosis by MRI and Visceral Fat Mass Negatively Correlate with Plasma Testosterone Concentrations in Healthy Men
Authors: Berkseth Kathryn E. , Rubinow Katya B. , Melhorn Susan J. , Webb Mary F. , Rosalynn B. De Leon Mary , Marck Brett T. , Matsumoto Alvin M. , Amory John K. , Page Stephanie T. , Schur Ellen A.
Published: November 2018

Objective

This study aimed to determine whether a relationship was evident between gliosis in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and plasma testosterone concentrations in men.

Methods

A total of 41 adult men (aged 18‐50 years) from 23 twin pairs underwent fasting morning blood draw and brain magnetic resonance imaging. T2 relaxation time was used to quantify gliosis in the MBH and control areas in the putamen and amygdala. Plasma concentrations of testosterone and 17β‐estradiol were measured by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Body composition including visceral adiposity was measured by dual x‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

A negative association was found between MBH T2 relaxation time and plasma concentrations of both free and total testosterone (r = −0.29,P < 0.05 andr = −0.37,P < 0.01, respectively). Visceral adiposity exhibited a negative correlation with plasma total testosterone concentration (r = −0.45,P = 0.001) but a positive correlation with MBH T2 relaxation time (r = 0.24,P = 0.03). The negative correlation between plasma total testosterone and MBH T2 relaxation time remained significant after adjustment for visceral adiposity, age, BMI, and insulin resistance.

Conclusions

In healthy men across a range of BMIs, MBH gliosis was associated with higher visceral adiposity but lower endogenous testosterone. These findings suggest that MBH gliosis could provide novel mechanistic insights into gonadal dysfunction in men with obesity.
Central Obesity Increases the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Partially Through Increasing Insulin Resistance
Authors: Zhu Yeyi , Hedderson Monique M. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Feng Juanran , Ferrara Assiamira
Published: November 2018

Objective

This study examined the associations of central obesity measures, waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC), in early pregnancy with subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and evaluated the potential mediating role of insulin resistance markers.

Methods

Within the prospective Pregnancy Environment and Lifestyle Study cohort of 1,750 women, WC and hip circumference were measured at gestational weeks 10 to 13. In a nested case‐control study within the cohort, 115 GDM cases and 230 controls had fasting serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), and adiponectin measurements at gestational weeks 16 to 19. Poisson and conditional logistic regression models were used, adjusting for established risk factors for GDM, including prepregnancy overweight or obesity.

Results

For women with WHR < 0.85, one or more established risk factors increased GDM risk 1.99‐fold (95% CI: 0.99‐4.02). For women with WHR ≥ 0.85 but no established risk factors, GDM risk increased 2.41‐fold (95% CI: 1.14‐5.06), and in those with established risk factors it increased 6.22‐fold (95% CI: 3.49‐11.10). Similar but attenuated results were observed for WC ≥ 88 cm. Insulin, HOMA‐IR, and adiponectin levels mediated the WHR–GDM association by 9% to 11%; corresponding mediation proportions for the WC–GDM association were 35% to 41% (all P  < 0.04).

Conclusions

Central obesity in early pregnancy represented a high‐risk phenotype for GDM independent of other risk factors, including overweight or obesity, and may inform early screening and prevention strategies.
Randomized controlled trial assessing two commercial weight loss programs in adults with overweight or obesity
Authors: Arterburn L. M. , Coleman C. D. , Kiel J. , Kelley K. , Mantilla L. , Frye N. , Sanoshy K. , Cook C. M.
Published: November 2018

Objective

Lifestyle interventions remain the cornerstone for obesity treatment. Commercial programs offer one weight loss approach, yet the efficacy of few such programs have been rigorously investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercial weight‐loss programs, both utilizing pre‐portioned meal replacements (MRs) and different levels of behavioural support, compared to a self‐directed control diet in adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods

In this 16‐week study, participants were randomized to the low‐calorie OPTAVIA® 5&1 Plan® with telephone coaching (OPT), the reduced‐calorie Medifast® 4&2&1 self‐guided plan (MED), or a self‐directed, reduced‐calorie control diet. Differences in weight, body composition (DXA) and body circumferences, all measured monthly, were assessed by analysis of covariance with sex and baseline measures as covariates.

Results

Of 198 participants randomized (80.8% female, BMI 34.2 kg/m2, 45.7 years), 92.3% completed the study. The OPT and MED groups had significantly greater reductions in body weight (−5.7% and − 5.0%, respectively, p < 0.0001), fat and abdominal fat mass (p < 0.0001) and waist and hip circumferences (p ≤ 0.003) than control at 16 weeks. Weight change was correlated with MR usage and completion of coaching support calls.

Conclusions

Both structured commercial programs were more efficacious than a self‐directed, reduced‐calorie diet for weight loss and other anthropometric measures. Evidence‐based commercial programs can be an important tool to help adults with overweight and obesity lose clinically relevant amounts of weight.
Motivation for weight loss and association with outcomes in a lifestyle intervention: comparing emerging adults to middle aged adults
Authors: Lanoye A. , Grenga A. , Leahey T. M. , LaRose J. G.
Published: November 2018

Background

Emerging adults (EAs) ages 18–25 are at high risk for overweight/obesity, but little is known about their motivations for weight loss or how these may differ from those of middle aged adults (MAs) and relate to treatment outcomes.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine potential differences in weight loss motivations between EAs and MAs and determine the association between motivation and engagement/outcomes in a weight loss trial.

Methods

Data were pooled from two behavioural weight loss interventions: one targeting EAs (n = 52) and one targeting MAs ages 40–60 (n = 101). Motivation, attendance, dietary self‐monitoring and weight change were measured in both trials across 3 months of treatment.

Results

Emerging adults were less motivated by health concerns than MAs (p < .05). Motivation to lose weight in order to improve appearance was of similar importance for both MAs and EAs but demonstrated differential associations with treatment variables. Appearance‐related motivation was associated with higher program engagement for MA but was associated with poorer weight loss for EAs. Overall engagement, weight loss and retention were worse for EAs than MAs (ps < .05).

Conclusions

Specific motivations for weight loss were associated with treatment outcomes, but effects varied by developmental stage. Findings of this study highlight the potential differences between motivation to initiate weight loss efforts and motivation to successfully change weight‐related behaviours. Future research should explore methods for intervening directly on motivation within the context of weight control interventions among EAs.
How Restricted is the Job Mobility of Skilled Temporary Work Visa Holders?
Authors: Hunt Jennifer , Xie Bin
Published: November 2018

Using the National Survey of College Graduates, we investigate the job mobility of skilled workers holding U.S. temporary visas. Such workers either have legal restrictions on their ability to change employers or may be reluctant to leave an employer who has sponsored them for permanent residence. We find that the voluntary job‐changing rate is similar for temporary work visa holders and natives with similar characteristics, but that it spikes when temporary work visa holders obtain permanent residence. The spike magnitude implies mobility is reduced during the application period by about 20 percent, alleviating concerns that employers exercise strong monopsony power.
CO2‐responsive polymer surfactant formed by noncovalent binding between dimethyl‐dodecylamine and alginate
Authors: Yang Jisheng , Li Jinfeng , Dong Hongbiao
Published: November 2018

A new kind of polymer surfactant, noncovalent binding between N,N‐dimethyl‐dodecylamine and alginate (C12A‐Alg), was successfully prepared by mixing N,N‐dimethyl‐dodecylamine (C12A) and sodium alginate (NaAlg) in the appropriate mole ratio and bubbling CO2. C12A was successfully grafted onto the alginate molecule by electrostatic interaction. The structure of C12A‐Alg was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopies. The polymer surfactant C12A‐Alg has superior performance in foamability and emulsification. This foaming/defoaming and emulsification/demulsification behavior can be triggered by bubbling CO2/N2, demonstrating that the polymer surfactant C12A‐Alg is switchable. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of systematically functionalized heterogeneous and homogenous glycopolymers as toxin inhibitors
Authors: Martyn Benjamin , Biggs Caroline I. , Gibson Matthew I.
Published: November 2018

Multivalent glycosylated polymers and particles display enhanced binding affinity toward lectins compared to individual glycans. The design of glycopolymers with selectivity toward pathogen‐associated lectins (toxins) for sensing or in antiadhesion therapy is complicated due to lectins having promiscuous binding profiles and can be considered to be pattern recognition “readers,” with the capability to bind to several different glycans. Here, heterogeneous glycopolymers bearing variable densities of two different monosaccharides are synthesized by a three‐step postpolymerization modification approach, enabling systematic control over composition. It is found that heterogeneous polymers displayed increased inhibitory activity, compared to homogeneous polymers, against a RCA120 and the cholera toxin. This demonstrates that embracing heterogeneity in glycomaterials could result in improved performance or emergent properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 40–47
Enhanced Fluorescence Emission and Magnetic Alignment Control of Biphasic Functionalized Composite Janus Particles
Authors: Sakamoto Naonari , Hirai Yutaro , Onodera Tsunenobu , Dezawa Takuma , Shibata Yutaka , Kasai Hitoshi , Oikawa Hidetoshi , Yabu Hiroshi
Published: November 2018

Janus particles, particles that have two distinct aspects on their surface or interiors, have attracted much attention due to their potential for application. For the application of Janus particles to high‐resolution displays, and as light sources for optical circuits and fluorescent probes, the Janus particles should be nanosize to ensure high‐resolution display and analysis, responsive to external stimuli, and highly fluorescent. However, it is still a challenging issue to develop such highly fluorescent nanoscale Janus particles and control their alignment. Magnetoresponsive Janus particles, of which the orientation can be controlled by an external magnetic field, are prepared by the simple introduction of polymer‐coated magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) into the hemispheres of Janus particles. If these magnetoresponsive Janus particles can be combined with a strong fluorescence system, then they could be ideal candidates as components of the previously mentioned applications. In the present study, Janus particles are prepared with a fluorescent dye and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on one side. The optical properties of the resulting particles are assessed and discussed. Furthermore, the response of composite Janus particles containing dyes, Au NPs, and iron oxide NPs to an external magnetic field is discussed.
Clinical approach to cardiac pauses in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
Authors: Mitacchione Gianfranco , Bontempi Luca , Curnis Antonio
Published: November 2018

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) patients may have heart rhythm disorders related to autonomic nervous system dysfunction such as, sinus bradycardia and transient asystole with potentially dramatic syncopal events. The diagnosis of these cardiac alterations may be challenging with conventional periodical Holter monitoring. The case shows how continuous heart rhythm monitoring provided by the implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) may play a crucial role for their early diagnosis and the choice of the appropriate therapeutic intervention.
Pediatric patients with home mechanical ventilation: The health services landscape
Authors: Sobotka Sarah A. , Gaur Dipika S. , Goodman Denise M. , Agrawal Rishi K. , Berry Jay G. , Graham Robert J.
Published: November 2018

Objective

Children with invasive home mechanical ventilation (HMV) are a growing population with complex health service needs. Single institution studies provide insight into successful program structures and outcomes. Our study objectives were to assess health service structures, providers, and programs caring for this population throughout the U.S., and to understand barriers to high‐quality care.

Design

Using purposeful sampling with capture‐recapture and snowball sampling methods, we identified key informants for care of the U.S. pediatric HMV population. Informants received web‐based surveys with two reminders. Survey domains included respondent characteristics, HMV team composition, and barriers to care.

Results

Survey response was 71% with 101 completed. Respondents caring for patients in 45 states included physicians (61%), nurses (20%), therapists (12%), case managers (4%), and social workers (2%). Half (53%) of physicians were fellowship trained, most commonly pulmonology (22%) and critical care medicine (13%). The majority (65%) of providers described a dedicated HMV service. The majority (61%) of respondents from a HMV service provided both inpatient and outpatient care. Nearly all respondents (96%) described an inadequate supply of home nurses and 88% reported inadequate respite facilities.

Conclusions

Children with HMV assistance receive care from a diverse group of providers with varied team structure. Heterogeneity may reflect patient diversity and provider interest, increasing efficacy but challenging standardization nationwide. Despite team structure variability, similar home care difficulties were universally experienced. Data suggest that the home nursing shortage is a national impediment to quality and efficient discharge with limited community‐based support for this vulnerable population.