bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visco‐elastic traffic flow model
Authors: Zhu Zuojin , Yang Chun
Published: December 2011

To increase our understanding of the operations of traffic system, a visco‐elastic traffic model was proposed in analogy of non‐Newtonian fluid mechanics. The traffic model is based on mass and momentum conservations, and includes a constitutive relation similar to that of linear visco‐elastic fluids. The further inclusion of the elastic effect allows us to describe a high‐order traffic model more comprehensively because the use of relaxation time indicates that vehicle drivers adjust their time headway in a reasonable and safe range. The self‐organizing behaviour is described by introducing the effects of pressure and visco‐elasticity from the point of view in fluid mechanics. Both the viscosity and elasticity can be determined by using the relaxation time and the traffic sound speed. The sound speed can be approximately represented by the road operational parameters including the free‐flow speed, the jam density, and the density of saturation if the jam pressure in traffic flows is identical to the total pressure at the flow saturation point. A linear stability analysis showed that the traffic flow should be absolutely unstable for disturbances with short spatial wavelengths. There are two critical points of regime transition in traffic flows. The first point happens at the density of saturation, and the second point occurs at a density relating on the sound speed and the fundamental diagram of traffic flows. By using a triangular form flow–density relation, a numerical test based on the new model is carried out for congested traffic flows on a loop road without ramp effect. The numerical results are discussed and compared with the result of theoretical analysis and observation data of traffic flows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributions of travel time variability on urban roads
Authors: Susilawati Susilawati , Taylor Michael A. P. , Somenahalli Sekhar V. C.
Published: December 2011

Reliability is an important factor in route, mode and also departure time choice analysis and is a key performance indicator for transport systems. However, the current metrics used to measure travel time variability may be not sufficient to fully represent reliability. Better understanding of the distributions of travel times is needed for the development of improved metrics for reliability. A comprehensive data analysis involving the assessment of longitudinal travel time data for two urban arterial road corridors in Adelaide, Australia, demonstrates that the observed distributions are more complex than previously assumed. The data sets demonstrate strong positive skew, very long upper tails, and sometimes bimodality. This paper proposes the use of alternative statistical distributions for travel time variability, with the Burr Type XII distribution emerging as an appropriate model for both links and routes. This statistical distribution has some attractive properties that make it suitable for explicit definition of many travel time reliability metrics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Duty to Support Nationalistic Policies
Authors: Baron Jonathan , Ritov Ilana , Greene Joshua D.
Published: December 2011

We demonstrate that citizens perceive a duty to support policies that benefit their nation, even when they themselves judge that the consequences of the policies will be worse on the whole, taking outsiders into account. In terms of actions, subjects think they would do their perceived duty rather than violate it for the sake of better consequences. The discrepancy between duty and judged consequences does not seem to result from self‐interest alone. When asked for reasons, many subjects felt an obligation to help their fellow citizens before others, and they also thought that they owed something to their nation, in return for what it did for them. The obligation to help fellow citizens was the strongest predictor of perceived duty. In an experiment with Israeli and Palestinian students, group membership affected both perceived overall consequences and duty, but the effect of group on perceived consequences did not account for the effect on perceived duty. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic review of trocar-site hernia
Authors: Swank H A , Mulder I M , la Chapelle C F , Reitsma J B , Lange J F , Bemelman W A
Published: December 2011

Background

Broad implementation of laparoscopic surgery has made trocar-related complications clinically important. Trocar-site hernia (TSH) is an uncommon, but potentially serious, complication that occasionally requires emergency surgery. This systematic review was conducted to establish the prevalence and risk factors for TSH.

Methods

The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched to 7 June 2010 for studies on TSH.

Results

Twenty-two articles were included. One study was a randomized clinical trial, five were prospective cohort studies and 16 were retrospective cohort studies. The prevalence of TSH is low, with a median pooled estimate of 0·5 (range 0–5·2) per cent. No meta-analysis on risk factors could be performed. Pyramidal trocars, 12-mm trocars and a long duration of surgery were identified as the most important technical risk factors for TSH. Older age and a higher body mass index were observed to be patient-related risk factors.

Conclusion

TSH is an uncommon complication of laparoscopic surgery. The most important technical risk factors are the design and size of the trocars. The scientific evidence for recommendations to avoid TSH is sparse.
Simultaneous HPTLC and RP‐HPLC methods for determination of bumadizone in the presence of its alkaline‐induced degradation product
Authors: Ali Nouruddin W. , ZaaZaa Hala A. , Abdelkawy M. , Magdy Maimana A.
Published: December 2011

Accurate, selective, sensitive and precise HPTLC‐densitometric and RP‐HPLC methods were developed and validated for determination of bumadizone calcium semi‐hydrate in the presence of its alkaline‐induced degradation product and in pharmaceutical formulation. Method A uses HPTLC‐densitometry, depending on separation and quantitation of bumadizone and its alkaline‐induced degradation product on TLC silica gel 60 F254 plates, using hexane–ethyl acetate–glacial acetic acid (8:2:0.2, v/v/v) as a mobile phase followed by densitometric measurement of the bands at 240 nm. Method B comprises RP‐HPLC separation of bumadizone and its alkaline‐induced degradation product using a mobile phase consisting of methanol–water–acetonitrile (20:30:50, v/v/v) on a Phenomenex C18 column at a flow‐rate of 2 mL/min and UV detection at 235 nm. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of bumadizone either in bulk powder or in pharmaceutical formulation without interference from other dosage form additives, and the results were statistically compared with the established method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of salbutamol in human plasma and urine using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and its pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Zhang Dujuan , Teng Yanni , Chen Keguang , Liu Sha , Wei Chunmin , Wang Benjie , Yuan Guiyan , Zhang Rui , Liu Xiaoyan , Guo Ruichen
Published: December 2011

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of salbutamol in human plasma and urine, and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of salbutamol in Chinese healthy volunteers after inhalation of salbutamol sulfate aerosol. Salbutamol and the internal standard (IS) acetaminophen in plasma and urine were extracted with ethyl acetate, separated on a C18 reversed‐phase column, eluted with mobile phase of acetonitrile–ammonium acetate (5 m m; 30:70, v/v), ionized by positive ion pneumatically assisted electrospray and detected in the multi‐reaction monitoring mode using precursor → product ions of m/z 240.2 → 148.1 for salbutamol and 152 → 110 for the IS. The lower limits of quantitation of salbutamol in human plasma and urine by this method were 0.02 and 1 ng/mL, respectively. The specificity, matrix effect, recovery, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and several stabilities were validated for salbutamol in human plasma and urine. In conclusion, the validation results showed that this method is robust, specific and sensitive, and can successfully fulfill the requirement of clinical pharmacokinetic study of salbutamol in healthy Chinese volunteers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctions of MelB, a Fungal Tyrosinase from Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Fujieda Nobutaka , Murata Michiaki , Yabuta Shintaro , Ikeda Takuya , Shimokawa Chizu , Nakamura Yukihiro , Hata Yoji , Itoh Shinobu
Published: December 2011

The pro form of melB tyrosinase from the melB gene of Aspergillus oryzae was over‐produced from E. coli and formed a homodimer that exhibited the spectral features of met‐tyrosinase. In the presence of NH2OH (reductant), the proenzyme bound dioxygen to give a stable (μ‐η2:η2‐peroxo)dicopper(II) species (oxy form), thus indicating that the pro form tyrosinase can function as an oxygen carrier or storage protein like hemocyanin. The pro form tyrosinase itself showed no catalytic activity toward external substrates, but proteolytic digestion with trypsin activated it to induce tyrosinase activity. Mass spectroscopy analyses, mutagenesis experiments, and colorimetry assays have demonstrated that the tryptic digestion induced cleavage of the C‐terminal domain (Glu458–Ala616), although the dimeric structure of the enzyme was retained. The structural changes induced by proteolytic digestion might open the entrance to the enzyme active site for substrate incorporation.
Recidivism in subgroups of serious juvenile offenders: Different profiles, different risks?
Authors: Mulder Eva , Vermunt Jeroen , Brand Eddy , Bullens Ruud , van Marle Hjalmar
Published: December 2011

Background

Research has shown that the treatment of juvenile offenders is most effective when it takes into account the possible risk factors for re‐offending. It may be asked whether juvenile offenders can be treated as one homogeneous group, or, if they are divisible into subgroups, whether different risk factors are predictive of recidivism.

Aims and hypotheses

Our aims were to find out whether serious juvenile offenders may be subdivided into clearly defined subgroups and whether such subgroups might differ in terms of the risk factors that predict recidivism.

Methods

In a sample of 1111 serious juvenile offenders, latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups. For each juvenile offender, 70 risk factors were registered. Severity of recidivism was measured on a 12‐point scale. Analysis was then conducted to identify the risk factors that best predicted the different patterns of recidivism.

Results

Four distinct subgroups of juvenile offenders were identified: serious violent offenders, violent property offenders, property offenders, and sex offenders. Violent property offenders were the most serious recidivists and had the highest number of risk factors. Serious violent offenders and property offenders were characterised by overt and covert behaviour, respectively. Sex offenders differed from the other three groups in the rarity of their recidivism and in the risk factors that are present. For each of these four subgroups, a different set of risk factors was found to predict severity of recidivism.

Conclusions

Differences in recidivism rates occurred in spite of the fact that most of these youngsters had been in the standard treatment programme offered to serious juvenile offenders in the Netherlands. This was not a treatment outcome study, but the indication that two of the groups identified in our study appeared to be worse after going through this programme, whereas the other two did quite well in terms of recidivism lends weight to our idea that such classification of juvenile offenders may lead to more targeted treatment programmes that would better serve both the general public and the youths concerned. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of Hydrogen Sulfide from Wastewater by Emulsion Liquid Membranes
Authors: Hu Y. , Zhang N. , Qu C.
Published: December 2011

Hydrogen sulfide was separated from highly saline wastewater by emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs). Such membranes consist of polyalkenyl succinimide as emulsifying agent, diethanolamine as carrier, kerosene as membrane, and sodium hydroxide as stripping solution. The effect of four surfactants on the stability of ELMs was investigated and every operational parameter was tested. The highest achievable separation efficiency was 99.73 % for a 100 mg L–1 solution. Obviously, the salinity of the external phase has a negligible effect on the separation of H2S using ELMs.
Influence of Particle Size and Single‐Tube Diameter on Thermal Behavior of Fischer‐Tropsch Reactors. Part I. Particle Size Variation for Constant Tube Size and Vice Versa
Authors: Jess A. , Kern C.
Published: December 2011

Simulation of a single tube of a wall‐cooled multitubular Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) reactor with a cobalt catalyst indicates that the reactor performance is improved by enlarging the catalyst particle diameter. This aspect is studied for variation of the particle size for a fixed tube diameter and vice versa. For a syngas conversion per pass of about 30 % as target and a typical industrially used single‐tube diameter of 40 mm, a particle size of > 3 mm is appropriate with regard to a high production rate of higher hydrocarbons. For a particle diameter of < 3 mm, a temperature runaway can only be avoided by rather low cooling temperatures, and the target conversion cannot be reached. In addition, the pressure drop then gets rather high. The reasons for this behavior are: (i) the heat transfer to the cooled tube wall for a given tube size is considerably enhanced by increasing the particle size; (ii) the influence of pore diffusion on the effective rate gets stronger with rising particle size which decreases the danger of temperature runaway.
A Cyclodextrin‐Based Nanoassembly with Bimodal Photodynamic Action
Authors: Kandoth Noufal , Vittorino Elisa , Sciortino Maria Teresa , Parisi Tiziana , Colao Ivana , Mazzaglia Antonino , Sortino Salvatore
Published: December 2011

We have developed a supramolecular nanoassembly capable of inducing remarkable levels of cancer cell mortality through a bimodal action based on the simultaneous photogeneration of nitric oxide (NO) and singlet oxygen (1O2). This was achieved through the appropriate incorporation of an anionic porphyrin (as1O2photosensitizer) and of a tailored NO photodonor in different compartments of biocompatible nanoparticles based on cationic amphiphilic cyclodextrins. The combination of steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic techniques showed the absence of significant intra‐ and interchromophoric interaction between the two photoactive centers embedded in the nanoparticles, with consequent preservation of their photodynamic properties. Photodelivery of NO and1O2from the nanoassembly on visible light excitation was unambiguously demonstrated by direct and real‐time monitoring of these transient species through amperometric and time‐resolved infrared luminescence measurements, respectively. The typical red fluorescence of the porphyrin units was essentially unaffected in the bichromophoric nanoassembly, allowing its localization in living cells. The convergence of the dual therapeutic action and the imaging capacities in one single structure makes this supramolecular architecture an appealing, multifunctional candidate for applications in biomedical research.
An in Situ STM and DTS Study of the Extremely Pure [EMIM]FAP/Au(111) Interface
Authors: Borisenko Natalia , Zein El Abedin Sherif , Endres Frank
Published: December 2011

Herein the structure of the interfacial layer between the air‐ and water‐stable ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([EMIM]FAP) and Au(111) is investigated using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), distance tunneling spectroscopy (DTS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. The in situ STM measurements reveal that structured interfacial layers can be probed in both cathodic and anodic regimes at the IL/Au(111) interface. The structure of these layers is dependent on the applied electrode potential, the number of subsequent STM scans and the scan rate. Furthermore, first DTS results show that the tunneling barrier during the 1st STM scan does not seem to change significantly in the cathodic potential regime between the ocp (−0.2 V) and −2.0 V.
Green synthesis by diethylene glycol based solution process and characterization of SnS nanoparticles
Authors: Ren Li , Jin Zhengguo , Cai Shu , Yang Jingxia , Hong Zhanglian
Published: December 2011

Uniform near‐spherical SnS nanoparticles were prepared by a hydrazine hydrate‐assisted diethylene glycol solution synthesis based on the reaction of tin dichloride (SnCl2·2H2O) with thioacetamide (H3CCSNH2). The as‐prepared SnS nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FETEM, EDS, XPS and UV‐vis‐NIR spectrophotometer. The results showed that the SnS nanoparticles had orthorhombic crystal structure, good stoichiometry and indirect bandgap of ∼1.1 eV. The nanoparticle size could be controlled by changing injection temperature. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol by using Gold Nanoparticles Supported on Ceria Foam
Authors: Alhumaimess Mosaed , Lin Zhongjie , Weng Weihao , Dimitratos Nikolaos , Dummer Nicholas F. , Taylor Stuart H. , Bartley Jonathan K. , Kiely Christopher J. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: December 2011

The efficacy of using cerium oxide foams as a support for Au nanoparticles and subsequent use as oxidation catalysts have been investigated. These were synthesized using L‐asparagine to produce a cerium coordination polymer foam, which was calcined to give the oxide foam. Au nanoparticles were supported on the CeO2 foams using a sol‐immobilization method. The activity of the Au/foamCeO2 for solvent‐free benzyl alcohol oxidation was superior to standard Au/CeO2 catalysts, and the activity was found to be dependent on the crystallization time of the precursor foam. A crystallization time of 4 h was found to produce the most active catalyst, which retained activity and a high selectivity to benzaldehyde (ca. 96 %) when re‐used and this is related to the structure of the material. The high activity is attributed to the greater lability of surface oxygen in the support compared with commercial CeO2 materials.
Cultural regulatory fit and strategies for coping with unsuccessful outcomes
Authors: Kurman Jenny , Hui Chin‐Ming
Published: December 2011

The present research seeks to explain cross‐cultural differences in two strategies for coping with unsuccessful outcomes (consideration of multiple options and persistence) through regulatory fit, a development of the self‐regulation theory. We propose that, because of regulatory fit, eager consideration of multiple options is more encouraged in promotion‐focused cultures, whereas vigilant persistence is more encouraged in prevention‐focused cultures (a culture‐strategy regulatory fit). In addition, if an incentive is introduced to motivate the use of these strategies, a gain‐framed incentive is more effective in promotion‐focused cultures whereas a loss‐framed incentive is more effective in prevention‐focused cultures (a culture‐incentive regulatory fit). The hypotheses for the culture‐strategy fit (Study 1) and the culture‐incentive fit (Study 2) were both supported, with samples of Israeli Jews, Israeli Arabs (in both studies), and Hong Kong Chinese (in Study 1). Taken together, the findings contribute to the understanding of cross‐cultural differences in coping with unsuccessful outcomes and suggest the existence of cultural regulatory fit. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing stereotype threat in order to facilitate learning
Authors: Boucher Kathryn L. , Rydell Robert J. , Van Loo Katie J. , Rydell Michael T.
Published: December 2011

Recent stereotype threat research has demonstrated that negative stereotypes about women's math ability can impair their mathematical learning. This experiment extends this research by examining whether presenting “gender fair” information can reduce learning decrements (on a focal and transfer task) and if the timing of this information matters. Women (N = 140) and men (N = 60) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: control, stereotype threat only, stereotype threat removed before learning, and stereotype threat removed after learning. Compared with women in the control condition and women who had stereotype threat removed before learning, learning and transfer were poorer for women in the stereotype threat only condition and women who had stereotype threat removed after learning but before learning assessment. Men's learning and transfer were unaffected by condition. These findings suggest that a manipulation that can reduce performance deficits can also reduce learning decrements if it is presented before learning occurs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion (IH2) for the direct production of gasoline and diesel fuels or blending components from biomass, part 1: Proof of principle testing
Authors: Marker Terry L. , Felix Larry G. , Linck Martin B. , Roberts Michael J.
Published: December 2011

Cellulosic biomass can be directly converted to hydrocarbon transportation fuels through the use of hydropyrolysis or integrated hydropyrolysis plus hydroconversion (IH2). Hydropyrolysis performed in a fast fluidized bed under 14–35 bar of hydrogen pressure with an effective deoxygenation catalyst directly produces a fungible hydrocarbon product with less than 1 total acid number which can either be directly fed to a refinery or polished in an integrated hydroconversion reactor to produce gasoline and diesel with less than 1% oxygen. Experimental data from a 0.45 kg/h semi‐continuous IH2 pilot plant is presented. Economics and life cycle analysis data will be presented later in this series, and will show that by employing IH2 technology, biomass can be converted to gasoline and diesel fuels at delivered costs of less and in some cases significantly less than $1.80/gallon with greater than 90% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Larger (2.08 kg/h) long‐term continuous pilot‐scale testing of the IH2 process will commence in the near future. As a biomass‐to‐fuels conversion technology, IH2 has the potential to substantially reduce US dependence on foreign oil, thereby reducing the price of transportation fuels and significantly lowering worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. © American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Effect of receiving environment on the transport and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers near two submarine municipal outfalls
Authors: Dinn Pamela M. , Johannessen Sophia C. , Macdonald Robie W. , Lowe Christopher J. , Whiticar Michael J.
Published: December 2011

The fate of contaminants entering the marine environment through wastewater outfalls depends on the contaminant's persistence and affinity for particles. However, the physical characteristics of the receiving environment, for example, current velocity and sedimentary processes, may be even more important. Because of the complexity of natural settings and the lack of appropriate comparative settings, this is not frequently evaluated quantitatively. The authors investigated the near-field accumulation of particle-reactive polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) entering coastal waters by way of two municipal outfalls: one discharging into a high-energy, low-sedimentation environment near Victoria, BC, Canada; the other into a low-energy, high-sedimentation environment, near Vancouver, BC. The authors used 210Pb profiles in box cores together with an advection-diffusion model to determine surface mixing and sedimentation rates, and to model the depositional history of PBDEs at these sites. Surprisingly, 88 to 99% of PBDEs were dispersed beyond the near-field at both sites, but a greater proportion of PBDEs was captured in the sediment near the Vancouver outfall where rapid burial was facilitated by inorganic sediment supplied from the nearby Fraser River. Although the discharge of PBDEs was much lower from the Victoria outfall than from Vancouver, some sediment PBDE concentrations were higher near Victoria. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:566–573. © 2011 SETAC
Vapor pressure of three brominated flame retardants determined by using the Knudsen effusion method
Authors: Fu Jinxia , Suuberg Eric M.
Published: December 2011

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used in a variety of consumer products in the past four decades. The vapor pressures for three widely used BFRs, that is, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and octabromodiphenyl ethers (octaBDEs) mixtures, were determined using the Knudsen effusion method and compared with those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The values measured extrapolated to 298.15 K are 8.47 × 10−9, 7.47 × 10−10, and 2.33 × 10−9 Pa, respectively. The enthalpies of sublimation for these BFRs were estimated using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation and are 143.6 ± 0.4, 153.7 ± 3.1, and 150.8 ± 3.2 kJ/mole, respectively. In addition, the enthalpies of fusion and melting temperatures for these BFRs were also measured in the present study. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:574–578. © 2011 SETAC
Significant interspecies differences in induction profiles of hepatic CYP enzymes by TCDD in bank and field voles
Authors: Murtomaa-Hautala Mari , Korkalainen Merja , Pelkonen Olavi , Hegde Nagabhooshan , Pohjanvirta Raimo , Huitu Otso , Henttonen Heikki , Rautio Arja , Viitala Pirkko , Viluksela Matti
Published: December 2011

The gene expression and induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-enzymes following 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) peroral administration was studied in the livers of two wild vole species—the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and the field vole (Microtus agrestis). The dioxin-sensitive C57BL/6 mouse was used as a reference. Doses of 0.05, 0.5, 5.0, and 50 µg/kg were applied to ascertain a dose–response relationship, and the dose of 50 µg/kg was applied to the study time course for up to 96 h. The cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) mRNA expression showed an expected dose-dependent increase equally in both vole species. Bank voles expressed notably higher CYP2A mRNA levels as compared with field voles. Both species exhibited dose-dependent increases in putative CYP1A-, CYP2B-, and CYP2A-associated activities as measured by fluorometric assays for ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), penthoxyresorufin-O-depenthylase (PROD), and 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD), respectively. Putative CYP2A-associated coumarin-7-hydroxylase (COH) activity showed a slight increase at the two highest doses of TCDD in field voles but not in bank voles, and their basal COH activity was only one-fourth or less of that in field voles. Overall, however, bank voles tended to exhibit higher CYP-associated enzyme activities measured at the two largest doses of TCDD than field voles. A western blot analysis of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) revealed that the two vole species had differential band patterns, suggesting dissimilar structures for their AhRs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:663–671. © 2011 SETAC
The Realised–Implied Volatility Relationship: Recent Empirical Evidence from FTSE‐100 Stocks
Authors: Garvey John F. , Gallagher Liam A.
Published: December 2011

This paper examines the long‐run relationship between implied and realised volatility for a sample of 16 FTSE‐100 stocks. We find strong evidence of long‐memory, fractional integration in equity volatility and show that this long‐memory characteristic is not an outcome of structural breaks experienced during the sample period. Fractional cointegration between the implied and realised volatility is shown using recently developed rank cointegration tests by Robinson and Yajima (2002). The predictive ability of individual equity options is also examined and composite implied volatility estimates are shown to contain information on future idiosyncratic or stock‐specific risk that is not captured using popular statistical approaches. Implied volatilities on individual UK equities are thus closely related to realised volatility and are an effective forecasting method particularly over medium forecasting horizons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting Temperature Indices Density with Time‐Varying Long‐Memory Models
Authors: Caporin Massimiliano , Preś Juliusz
Published: December 2011

The hedging of weather risks has become extremely relevant in recent years, promoting the diffusion of weather‐derivative contracts. The pricing of such contracts requires the development of appropriate models for the prediction of the underlying weather variables. Within this framework, a commonly used specification is the ARFIMA‐GARCH. We provide a generalization of such a model, introducing time‐varying memory coefficients. Our model satisfies the empirical evidence of the changing memory level observed in average temperature series, and provides useful improvements in the forecasting, simulation, and pricing issues related to weather derivatives. We present an application related to the forecast and simulation of a temperature index density, which is then used for the pricing of weather options. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aripiprazole altered plasma levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and catecholamine metabolites in first‐episode untreated Japanese schizophrenia patients
Authors: Yoshimura Reiji , Hori Hikaru , Ikenouchi‐Sugita Atsuko , Umene‐Nakano Wakako , Katsuki Asuka , Hayashi Kenji , Atake Kiyokazu , Tomita Masaru , Nakamura Jun
Published: December 2011

Objective

We investigated the effects of aripiprazole on plasma levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and catecholamine metabolites in first‐episode untreated schizophrenia patients.

Methods

The subjects were 50 Japanese first‐episode untreated schizophrenia patients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Text Revision criteria and were treated with aripiprazole monotherapy. Twenty‐nine were males, and 21 were females. The age ranged from 21 to 42 years (mean ± SD; 30.8 ± 5.3 years). Plasma BDNF and catecholamine metabolites were measured by ELISA and HPLC, respectively. Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated using by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

Results

Treatment with aripiprazole for 8 weeks significantly increased plasma BDNF levels. It also changed plasma levels of homovanillic acid and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol. A negative correlation was also observed between duration of psychosis and plasma BDNF levels. No correlation was observed however between plasma BDNF levels and the dose of aripiprazole.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing that aripiprazole increases plasma BDNF levels in first‐episode untreated schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was independent of the response to aripiprazole. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cognitive Career Course: From Theory to Practice
Authors: Reed Corey A. , Reardon Robert C. , Lenz Janet G. , Leierer Stephen J.
Published: December 2011

A university career development course based on cognitive information‐processing theory was assessed. Students who took the course showed a significant decrease in their negative career thoughts when the Career Thoughts Inventory (J. P. Sampson, G. W. Peterson, J. G. Lenz, R. C. Reardon, & D. E. Saunders, 1996a) was used as a pretest and posttest measure. The greatest decrease in negative thinking was found in students with the highest level of negative thinking at the beginning of the course. The specific components of negative career thinking—decision‐making confusion and commitment anxiety—contributed significantly to the main effect. There were no significant interactions with ethnicity or sex.
Referring Sex Offenders for Psychosexual Evaluation: A Review
Authors: McGrath Robert J. , Purdy Linda A.
Published: December 2011

The authors of this article provide guidance to counselors who are referred identified and alleged sex offenders for psychosexual evaluations. The article reviews the critical legal, ethical, and clinical issues that counselors should consider when responding to these referral requests. Counselors can also use this article to educate referral sources about the indications and limitations of evaluations of this population.
Counseling Juvenile Offenders: A Program Evaluation
Authors: Kadish Tara E. , Glaser Brian A. , Calhoun Georgia B. , Risler Edwin A.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the results of the effectiveness of counseling services provided by the Juvenile Counseling and Assessment Program (JCAP) of the Juvenile Court of Clarke County, Georgia. Individual and group counseling services were provided for 55 male and female adjudicated delinquent youths, ages 9 to 17, over a period of 4 to 6 months. The recidivism rates of the youths who had received counseling services were compared to the recidivism rates of a control group that had not received counseling services.
THREE BY TWO: TWO AUTHORS, TWO VOLUMES, BUT THREE BOOKS
Authors: HENNESSY THOMAS
Published: December 2011

LEE, J. M. PALLONE, N. J Guidance and Counseling in Schools: Foundations and Processes.

LEE, J. M. AND PALLONE, N. J. (EDS.) Readings in Grdidance and Conmeling.
Readers Write
Authors: SCHULTZ MERLIN W.
Published: December 2011

Even the expected egotism of an editor would not excuse the inclusion of the many laudatory letters received regarding the “new look” of the QUARTERLY. The letters included here reflect perspectives to which readers may be responsive.—DS
Readers Write
Authors: WBENN C. GILBERT
Published: December 2011

Although letters in praise of the Quarterly's progress have previously been excluded, an editor would have to be repulsively proud of his humility not to share the enthusiastic reaction of a most distinguished leader in our field.–DS
Salmagundi
Authors: MANKIN VIC
Published: December 2011

This new section of the Quarterly presents material “not elsewhere classified.” Its title is defined by the dictionary as “any miscellaneous collection of things, a mixture, medley.” Salmagundi is in a sense a sister of Serendipity.
A Summary of the 1947 Report of the New York State Commission Against Discrimination
Authors: JORDAAN JEAN P.
Published: December 2011

The 21‐page mimeographed report of the New York State Commission Against Discrimination, covering the period January 1‐December 31, 1947, contains materials of interest to all vocational counselors. The report is too long to be reproduced in full; accordingly we asked Mr. Jordaan to prepare this summary. A related document is the New York State Report to the Temporary Commission on the Need for a State University: “Inequality of Opportunity in Higher Education—a Study of Minority Group and Related Barriers to College Admission,” by David Berkowitz.
The permeability of silicone rubber to metal compounds: Relevance to implanted devices
Authors: Donaldson Nick , Baviskar Preeti , Cunningham Jim , Wilson Darren
Published: December 2011

Most implanted electrical devices use encapsulant as insulation. The encapsulant may remain functional for many years, bonded to the metallic surfaces, but eventually become partly detached allowing corrosion to occur. To understand whether the corrosion products will cause toxic effects, we need to know how quickly they will permeate through the encapsulant. In these experiments, silicone capsules (the encapsulant) containing metal compounds were left in jars of initially pure water for 6 months, and the concentration of the metal in the water was measured. The amount of metal depended on the type of compound; for the organometallic compounds tested, permeation was very rapid. However, for most of the other compounds, whether oxides or salts, the amount of metal was below the control level and therefore could have been the result of contamination. These compounds were tin sulfate and oxide (<102), lead nitrate and oxide (<102), copper sulfate (<103), and nitrates of bismuth (<101), chrome (<102), nickel (<103) and zinc (<102). The numbers in brackets are the maximum mass (ng) of permeated metal after 6 months. Three silver compounds were tested but without proper controls; however, the amount of permeated silver appeared to be low: silver oxide (1.3 × 102), silver nitrate (6.3 × 101), and silver chloride (6 × 100). The resolution of this method is limited by contamination that is detected by control capsules. The conclusion is that compounds that are likely corrosion products permeate through silicone encapsulant at a low rate and seem unlikely to cause toxic effects. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Ion permeable microcapsules for the release of biologically available ions for remineralization
Authors: Davidson Michael T. , Greving Theresa A. , McHale William A. , Latta Mark A. , Gross Stephen M.
Published: December 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical structure, ion concentration, and ion type on the release rate of biologically available ions useful for remineralization from microcapsules with ion permeable membranes. A heterogeneous polymerization technique was utilized to prepare microcapsules containing either an aqueous solution of K2HPO4, Ca(NO3)2, or NaF. Six different polyurethane‐based microcapsule shells were prepared and characterized based on ethylene glycol, butanediol, hexanediol, octanediol, triethylene glycol, and bisphenol A structural units. Ion release profiles were measured as a function of initial ion concentration within the microcapsule, ion type, and microcapsule chemical structure. The rate of ion release increased with initial concentration of ion stored in the microcapsule over a range of 0.5–3.0M. The monomer used in the synthesis of the membrane had a significant effect on ion release rates at 3.0M salt concentration. At 1.0M, the ethylene glycol released ions significantly faster than the hexanediol‐, octanediol‐, and butanediol‐based microcapsules. Ion release was fastest for fluoride and slowest for phosphate for the salts used in this study. It was concluded that the microcapsules are capable of releasing calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions in their biologically available form. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Transferable crosslinked chitosan membranes for human melanocyte culture
Authors: Xu Siyuan , Dong Dong , Wang Wen‐Jun , Fu Lifang , Xu Aie
Published: December 2011

Development of transferable biocompatible membranes, which can be used for melanocyte culture and transplantation, is considered a feasible approach to increase the success rate for vitiliginous treatment. In this study, a crosslinked chitosan membrane (CCM) was produced via physical crosslinking of chitosan with sodium sulfate. The physical and mechanical properties as well as growth and phenotype expression of melanocytes on the CCM were investigated. The CCM supported growth and proliferation of melanocytes with the existence of melanin granules in the cytoplasm. The melanocytes remained active after transplantation. The CCM absorbed water approximately doubled from its original weight and permitted ∼2400 g/m2 per day of water vapor transmission, suggesting that the CCM can function as an efficient wound dressing. Dynamic mechanical and tensile measurement results showed that the CCM possessed favorable wet strength for cell culture, separation, transfer, and transplantation application. This transferable CCM has the potential to be applied for vitiligo treatment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Evaluation of chemically modified SLA implants (modSLA) biofunctionalized with integrin (RGD)‐ and heparin (KRSR)‐binding peptides
Authors: Broggini Nina , Tosatti Samuele , Ferguson Stephen J. , Schuler Martin , Textor Marcus , Bornstein Michael M. , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Buser Daniel
Published: December 2011

Enhancing osseointegration through surface immobilization of multiple short peptide sequences that mimic extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) and lysine–arginine–serine–arginine (KRSR), has not yet been extensively explored. Additionally, the effect of biofunctionalizing chemically modified sandblasted and acid‐etched surfaces (modSLA) is unknown. The present study evaluated modSLA implant surfaces modified with RGD and KRSR for potentially enhanced effects on bone apposition and interfacial shear strength during early stages of bone regeneration. Two sets of experimental implants were placed in the maxillae of eight miniature pigs, known for their rapid wound healing kinetics: bone chamber implants creating two circular bone defects for histomorphometric analysis on one side and standard thread configuration implants for removal torque testing on the other side. Three different biofunctionalized modSLA surfaces using poly‐L‐lysine‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL‐g‐PEG) as a carrier minimizing nonspecific protein adsorption [(i) 20 pmol cm−2 KRSR alone (KRSR); or in combination with RGD in two different concentrations; (ii) 0.05 pmol cm−2 RGD (KRSR/RGD‐1); (iii) 1.26 pmol cm−2 RGD (KRSR/RGD‐2)] were compared with (iv) control modSLA. Animals were sacrificed at 2 weeks. Removal torque values (701.48–780.28 N mm), bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) (35.22%–41.49%), and new bone fill (28.58%–30.62%) demonstrated no significant differences among treatments. It may be concluded that biofunctionalizing modSLA surfaces with KRSR and RGD derivatives of PLL‐g‐PEG polymer does not increase BIC, bone fill, or interfacial shear strength. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Quantification of the effect of osteolytic metastases on bone strain within whole vertebrae using image registration
Authors: Hardisty Michael R. , Akens Margarete K. , Hojjat Seyed‐Parsa , Yee Albert , Whyne Cari M.
Published: December 2011

The vertebral column is the most frequent site of metastatic involvement of the skeleton with up to 1/3 of all cancer patients developing spinal metastases. Longer survival times for patients, particularly secondary to breast cancer, have increased the need for better understanding the impact of skeletal metastases on structural stability. This study aims to apply image registration to calculate strain distributions in metastatically involved rodent vertebrae utilizing µCT imaging. Osteolytic vertebral lesions were developed in five rnu/rnu rats 2–3 weeks post intracardiac injection with MT‐1 human breast cancer cells. An image registration algorithm was used to calculate and compare strain fields due to axial compressive loading in metastatically involved and control vertebrae. Tumor‐bearing vertebrae had greatly increased compressive strains, double the magnitude of strain compared to control vertebrae (p = 0.01). Qualitatively strain concentrated within the growth plates in both tumor bearing and control vertebrae. Most interesting was the presence of strain concentrations at the dorsal wall in metastatically involved vertebrae, suggesting structural instability. Strain distributions, quantified by image registration were consistent with known consequences of lytic involvement. Metastatically involved vertebrae had greater strain magnitude than control vertebrae. Strain concentrations at the dorsal wall in only the metastatic vertebrae, were consistent with higher incidence of burst fracture secondary to this pathology. Future use of image registration of whole vertebrae will allow focused examination of the efficacy of targeted and systemic treatments in reducing strains and the related risk of fracture in pathologic bones under simple and complex loading. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1032–1039, 2012
Shoulder muscle activation and coordination in patients with a massive rotator cuff tear: An electromyographic study
Authors: Hawkes David H. , Alizadehkhaiyat Omid , Kemp Graham J. , Fisher Anthony C. , Roebuck Margaret M. , Frostick Simon P.
Published: December 2011

Adaptive muscle activation strategies following a massive rotator cuff tear (MRCT) are inadequately understood, and the relationship among muscles during everyday activities has not been considered. Thirteen healthy subjects comprised the control group, and 11 subjects with a MRCT the patient group. Upper limb function was assessed using the Functional Impairment test‐hand, neck, shoulder, and arm (FIT‐HaNSA). Electromyography (EMG) was recorded from 13 shoulder muscles, comprising five muscle groups, during a shelf‐lifting task. Mean FIT‐HaNSA scores were significantly lower in MRCT patients (p ≤ 0.001), reflecting a severe functional deficit. In MRCT patients, EMG signal amplitude was significantly higher for the biceps brachii‐brachioradialis (p < 0.001), upper trapezius‐serratus anterior (p = 0.025), muscle groups and for the latissimus dorsi (p = 0.010), and teres major (p = 0.007) muscles. No significant differences in the correlation among muscle groups were identified, pointing to an unchanged neuromuscular strategy following a tear. In MRCT patients, a reorganization of muscle activation strategy along the upper limb kinetic chain is aimed at reducing demand on the glenohumeral joint. Increased activation of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles is an attempt to compensate for the deficient rotator cuff. Re‐education towards an alternate neuromuscular control strategy appears necessary to restore function. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1140–1146, 2012
Biomimicking Polysaccharide Nanofibers Promote Vascular Phenotypes: A Potential Application for Vascular Tissue Engineering
Authors: Shi Liya , Aid Rachida , Le Visage Catherine , Chew Sing Yian
Published: December 2011

The potential of electrospun pullulan/dextran (P/D) nanofibers (average diameter = 323 nm) for vascular tissue engineering applications is explored. The mechanical properties of the nanofibers are of the same order of magnitude as that of human arteries (Young's modulus ≈0.88 MPa; tensile strength ≈0.35 MPa). It is demonstrated that the nanofiber topography enables cell adhesion and that the endothelial phenotype is maintained on the nanofibers. Moreover, P/D nanofibers support a stable confluent monolayer of endothelial cells over 14 d. SMCs seeded on nanofibers display similar levels of alpha smooth muscle actin and a lower proliferation rate than cells on 2D cultures. The observations suggest that nanofibers promote a shift to a quiescent contractile phenotype in SMCs.

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Highly Exfoliated Natural Rubber/Clay Composites by “Propping‐Open Procedure”: The Influence of Fatty‐Acid Chain Length on Exfoliation
Authors: Rooj Sandip , Das Amit , Stöckelhuber Klaus Werner , Reuter Uta , Heinrich Gert
Published: December 2011

A high degree of exfoliation of MMT in NR is achieved by using the so‐called “propping‐open approach” in which a stepwise expansion of the interlayer spacing of MMT takes place. The nanostructure is characterized by WAXD and TEM which indicate different extents of clay dispersion depending on the fatty‐acid chain length. Curing kinetics of different nanocomposites is studied and interestingly low activation energies of the vulcanization process are observed in the case of NR/EMMT nanocomposites. The incorporation of EMMT dramatically affects composite properties whereas DMA indicates significant reduction of tan δ peak height and the tensile strength approximately doubles from 14 to 30 MPa with only 5 phr EMMT.

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The initial value problem for some hyperbolic‐dispersive system
Authors: Kawashima Shuichi , Lin Chi‐Kun , Segata Jun‐ichi
Published: December 2011

We consider the initial value problem for some nonlinear hyperbolic‐dispersive systems in one space dimension. Combining the classical energy method and the smoothing estimates for the Airy equation, we guarantee the time local well‐posedness for this system. We also discuss the extension of our results to more general hyperbolic‐dispersive system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.