bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of functionals under uncertainties for Ito-Skorokhod stochastic differential equations in Hilbert spaces
Authors: Nikitin A. , Baliasnikova O.
Published: February 2021

In the article for the stochastic differential equations of Ito-Skorokhod, problems of optimization of functionals under conditions of uncertainty in Hilbert spaces are investigated. Purpose of the article is to investigate some properties of stochastic differential equations in Hilbert spaces. These objects arise in diverse areas of applied mathematics as models for various natural phenomena, in particular, the evolution of complex systems with infinitely many degrees of freedom. For instance, one may think of the liquid fuel motion in the tank of a spacecraft. Spacecraft constructors should take into account this motion, for it influences heavily the path of a spacecraft. Also, optimization of the motion is an issue of principal importance. It is not trivial to carry over the results concerning stochastic differential equations in finite-dimensional spaces to the infinite dimensional case. We give some statements, in which the existence, uniqueness is proved and the explicit form μ-optimal controls for such equations is constructed, in particular, μ-optimal control is found as a linear inverse relationship.
Determination of the frequencies and forms of free vibrations of pentagonal plates by the finite-element method
Authors: Grigorenko A. , Borysenko M. , Boychuk O.
Published: February 2021

Frequencies and modes of free vibrations of an isotropic thin pentagonal plate of regular shape with various configurations of rigid attachment at the edges are determined using the finite element method (FEM). The results obtained for some pentagonal plates are compared with the results obtained for square plates of an equivalent mass with corresponding boundary conditions. We present the vibration modes of the studied plates and the topology of the vibration modes for some of the considered plates corresponding to the square plates with free edges and rigidly fixed edges. The reliability of the obtained results is ensured by the use of a substantiated mathematical model, the correct formulation of the problem and the practical convergence of the calculated frequencies when using the FEM.
Generalization of the Lighthill problem for the viscous fluid filled tubes with complicated wall rheology
Authors: Kizilova N. , Maiko I.
Published: February 2021

A generalization of the Lighthill model of the plane waves propagation along fluid-filled viscoelastic tubes is proposed. The rheological relation of the wall has two relaxation times for strains and stresses. The equations of the generalized model for the averaged pressure, velocity and the cross-sectional area of the tube are obtained. The solution of the equations in the form of the running waves and the dispersion relation are obtained and compared to those for the Lighthill and Shapiro problems, and the viscoelastic Kelvin-Voigt model for the wall material. Numerical calculations for the model parameters corresponded to human circulation system have been carried out. It is shown, the complicated properties of the material allow accounting for both Young and Lame wave modes, and stabilization the modes that were unstable in the case of simpler rheology. The developed model is helpful in performing the numerical calculations on complex models of arterial vasculatures at lower computation time and resources.
Properties of $\varphi$-sub-Gaussian stochastic processes related to the heat equation with random initial conditions
Authors: Hopkalo O. , Sakhno L. , Vasylyk O.
Published: February 2021

In this paper, there are studied sample paths properties of stochastic processes representing solutions (in $L_2(\Omega)$ sense) of the heat equation with random initial conditions given by $\varphi$-sub-Gaussian stationary processes. The main results are the bounds for the distributions of the suprema for such stochastic processes considered over bounded and unbounded domains.
Metric dimension of a direct sum and direct product of metric spaces
Authors: Ponomarchuk B
Published: February 2021

For an arbitrary metric space (X, d) subset A \subset X is called resolving if for any two points x \ne y \in X there exists point a in subset A for which following inequality holds d(a, x) \ne d(a, y). Cardinality of the subset A with the least amount of points is called metric dimension.

In general, the problem of finding metric dimension of a metric space is NP–hard [1]. In this paper metric dimension for particular constructs of metric spaces is provided. In particular, it is fully characterized metric dimension for the direct sum of metric spaces and shown some properties of the metric dimension of direct product.
Heart rate and conductivity disorders in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: genetic predictors
Authors: Shnayder N. A. , Petrova M. M. , Petrov K. V. , Dmitrenko D. V. , Nasyrova R. F.
Published: February 2021

General practitioners, therapists, and cardiologists do not have formal education (training) regarding cerebrocardial syndrome, primarily heart rhythm and conduction disorders in epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), as well as the potential arrhythmogenic effect of antiepileptic drugs. This lecture presents important elements of knowledge about the genetic predictors of cerebrocardial syndrome and SUDEP in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, which is the most common form of genetic generalized epilepsy.
The Legal Nature of Business Contracts and Obligations Related to the Implementation of Business Activities
Authors: Levushkin A. N. , Alborov S. V.
Published: February 2021

The paper investigates the legal nature, essence and significance of the business contract, its role in the implementation of entrepreneurial activity. At the present stage of the development of the society and law and order, the vast majority of legal relations in countries with developed or rapidly developing market relations arise and develop on the basis of various business contracts. The business activity carried out by entrepreneurs, is, as a rule, organized on a contractual basis. As you know, the contract is a universal legal instrument that allows detailed settlement of specific relationships and relations between business entities. At the same time, the freedom of such regulation is limited by the imperative prescriptions of the rules of law and the expression of the will of the parties to the contract. That is, the contract plays a special role in the implementation of entrepreneurial activity, as it is one of the important instruments of individual legal regulation of entrepreneurial relations.

The authors note that the current legislation does not provide for any legal definition of the "business contract". On the contrary, the law-makers apply the concept of "obligations associated with the implementation of entrepreneurial activities", which, although not identical to an entrepreneurial agreement, allows us to assert that domestic legislation sets forth factual prerequisites to the legal regulation of the business contract. In conclusion, the authors attempt to define the business contract and determine its distinctive features.

The authors summarize that modern market relations, development of entrepreneurship are based on the principles of increasing the level of competition, state dispositive regulation, and equality of participants. Guided by such important principles, individuals carry out business activities where the rules of civil legislation play a significant role (as general regulations) and special rules established in certain regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation governing contractual business relations.
Legal Problems of Public Policy and Strategic Planning of Land Management
Authors: Zhavoronkova N. G. , Vypkhanova G. V.
Published: February 2021

Strategic planning in land is now at the stage of development and adoption of new documents defining goals, objectives, directions, priorities and instruments of state land policy and land management. The uniqueness of this object of public management and strategy requires a systematic approach to strategic planning based on both the ecological and social significance of the land and economic value of land resources. The authors examine the possibility of their use as a natural means of agricultural production, draw attention to forestry—the most important factor in the development of economic industries as a territorial (spatial) basis (foundation) of economic activity—location of capital construction objects, other real estate objects, development of modern systems of settling population in an urban and rural areas, urban agglomerations. Accordingly, strategic planning for land management in real estate and spatial development is an important part of land management, urban planning and other related areas.

The paper considers terminological and conceptual problems of the object and subject matter of these relations (land, land resources, territory, space, real estate, spatial development, land use ) in the cross-sectoral context of strategic planning. The authors have determined the main issues of formation of the concept and strategy of state strategic management concerning land resources in general, as well as the land use strategy in differnt settlements in the context of present day factors influencing the state of development of this strategic area. The paper examines intersectoral aspects of preparation of documents of strategic planning, the connection of the land use with other areas of strategic management of public development (socio-economic, spatial, urban planning, state property management, energy, environmental safety).

As the result of the study, the authors propose new approaches to land strategy and its improvement.
Provisional Application of Energy Treaties by the Russian Federation
Authors: Glikman O. V.
Published: February 2021

International agreements are of particular importance in interstate energy cooperation. The application by the Russian Federation of the mechanism of temporary application of treaties in the field of energy requires a comprehensive analysis, taking into account the problems that have arisen in connection with the provisional application of the Energy Charter Treaty and subsequent amendments to Article 79 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The general and sectoral approaches to the provisional application of treaties that exist in Russian practice need to be improved.

The paper analyzes and compares the norms of international law and Russian legislation regulating the provisionary application of treaties, the works of Russian scientists, which highlight the general problems of the provisional application of treaties by the Russian Federation, as well as the final provisions of treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of energy.

The author identifies common gaps in the norms of Russian legislation regulating the provisional application of treaties, trends and problems of the provisional application of multilateral and bilateral treaties by the Russian Federation in various energy sectors.

The author concludes that the new approach should be based on a restrictive approach to the use of the institute of provisional application of treaties regarding terms and types of treaties. The treaties to which a special restrictive approach should be applied are to include those that have significant financial and economic consequences, provide for expenditures or lost revenues of the budget of the Russian Federation, regulate taxes, duties, and the provision of state credit; agreements on the borders, delimitation of maritime spaces, the status or regime of individual territories; and agreements that provide for the mandatory jurisdiction of judicial and arbitration bodies.

The continuous improvement of international legal regulation in the field of energy should be a separate state task, since, despite numerous skeptical assessments, international law plays a special role and will be of great importance in the regulation of international relations, including in the field of energy.
Thyroid function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Patidar Bharti , Sapkal Rekha
Published: February 2021

Background: This study aimed to assess the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and its variation with obesity, insulin resistance and LH:FSH ratio.Methods: This was a facility based cross sectional study conducted for a period of 18 months on a total of 165 females with PCOS diagnosed based on Rotterdam 2003 criteria. A thorough history and clinical and anthropometric examination was conducted for all females. USG abdomen and serum TSH levels and fT4 were also done and the findings were recorded on questionnaire.Results: Subclinical hypothyroidism was documented in 17% females with PCOS. No statistically significant difference in mean values of LH:FSH ratio, insulin resistance, and obesity parameters were noted among euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid females with PCOS (p>0.05). TSH levels in present study showed a statsitcally significant positive correlation with BMI.Conclusions: The proportions of thyroid disorders are higher in females with PCOS and they both may present with various similar clinical features. BMI in females with PCOS has significant positive correlation with TSH levels. However, it is not clear whether thyroid dysfunction has significant effect on insulin resistance.
Blood transfusion practices in obstetrics and gynecology: study of indications as a measure to prevent maternal morbidity and mortality
Authors: Chaudhary Neeta , Tyagi Natasha , Tyagi Smita , Manchanda G. S. , . Malvika
Published: February 2021

Background: This is a study of rational use of blood transfusion in a tertiary care center. So, this study was done to find out the indications of blood transfusion in department of obstetrics and gynaecology and measures to minimize the requirement of blood transfusion to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity.Methods: This is a retrospective study in department of obstetrics and gynaecologyin Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar, U.P. in collaboration with the department of pathology including blood bank for the duration of 1 year i.e. 1st January, 2017 to 31st December, 2017.  Total transfusions in 1 year were 706 of which 406 were in obstetrics and 300 were in gynecology.Results: In our study maximum 16.20% blood transfusions were given during cesarean section in third trimester in unbooked cases who came with severe anemia in labour. Others were APH (12%) and abortions (13.05%). This shows that anemia is still a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in India. In Gynecological cases blood transfusion was more in third parity and above indicating that perimenopausal women were also more susceptible for anemia due to disease of perimenopausal age group like AUB and fibroid.Conclusions: Maximum number of transfusions specially PRBC in obstetrics were of moderate to severe anemia, mainly to the patients who were term or in labor and of high-risk pregnancies, who were unbooked with no antenatal care. In Gynecology cases, blood transfusion was of perimenopausal or menopausal group with moderate anemia. This comes to the conclusion that all preventive measures should be taken in females from womb to tomb to correct anemia and this will indirectly help to prevent maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
The impact of high maternal body mass index on obstetric and perinatal outcomes
Authors: Sharma Natasha , Patnaik Manasi
Published: February 2021

Background: The incidence of obesity has increased to pandemic proportions over the last 20 years. Maternal obesity is associated with a wide array of adverse maternal pregnancy outcomes and increased risks in the offspring. The aim of the study was to find the effect of obesity on maternal and perinatal outcome in obese women in comparison to those of normal weight women.Methods: The study was designed as a case-control study. Antenatal women with first trimester body mass index (BMI) of more than 30 kg/m2 constituted the cases and those with BMI between 18 and 24.9 kg/m2 formed the controls.Results: There was increased incidence of antepartum complications in obese women. Obese women had a significant history of prior treatment for infertility (p<0.00001). The incidence of gestational diabetes (OR 4.76, 95%CI 1.267-17.72 p=0.014), gestational hypertension (OR 3.05, 95%CI 1.01-9.20 p=0.04), induction of labor (OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.0-6.28 p=0.04), preeclampsia (OR 2.38, 95%CI 1.0-5.64 p=0.04, Caesarean section (OR 1.98, 95%CI 1.24-3.14 p=0.003), postpartum haemorrhage (OR 8.57, 95%CI 1.07-76.15 p=0.04) and wound infection (OR 8.57, 95%CI 1.07-76.15 p=0.04) and adverse neonatal outcomes such as higher mean birth weight (p<0.0001) and requirement of NICU (OR 2.79, 95%CI 1.33 -5.84 p=0.006) was higher in obese women.Conclusions: Obesity is an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes and hence, interventions directed towards weight loss and prevention of excessive weight gain must begin in the preconception period.
Changing trends and determinants of caesarean section using robson criteria in a government tertiary level hospital
Authors: Singh Anjali , Malik Renuka
Published: February 2021

Background: Robson Ten group classification system (TGCS) was proposed by World Health Organisation in 2014 for assessing, monitoring and comparing caesarean section rate between and within healthcare facilities. This tool was used in this study to analyse the determinants of caesarean section and compare with data of past.Methods: This observational comparative study was conducted at tertiary level hospital and included in study group A, 300 women delivered by caesarean section from November 2018 to November 2019 and in study group B, 300 women delivered by caesarean section from November 2015 to December 2016. The caesarean sections were classified as per TGCS to determine relative and absolute contribution made by each group to the overall caesarean section rate. The results were analysed to for determinants and change in trend.Results: In this study, the caesarean section rate in group A was 29.32% and group B was 28.03%. Group 2, 5, 1, 10 made the maximum contributions to overall caesarean section rate in both study groups. Group 2 was the largest contributor (25.00%) in study group A and 27.33% in study group B to overall caesarean sections.Conclusions: Implementing Robsons TGCS can help in comparing caesarean in an institution over a period of time and also among different institution at national and international level as a method of internal auditing, paving a way to rationalise and decrease Caesarean rate.
Awareness regarding the strategies to bring down the pandemic among general population: a questionnaire based study
Authors: Balaji Varsha Christy Rani , R. Nithya
Published: February 2021

Background: The behavior of the general public will likely have an important effect on how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic spreads, especially when the first wave is diminishing. The aim of the study is to determine the awareness regarding the strategies to bring down the pandemic among the general population of Tamil Nadu in South India.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey conducted in October 2020. A sample of consenting 500 adult, healthy caregivers of patients attending a tertiary medical institute who were representative of the general population formed the study group. They filled a pre-formed questionnaire. All data entry and analysis were performed using SPSS (version 24). Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were performed between the various sociodemographic factors of age, gender, occupation, and education, and COVID-19 exposure in the family. P≤0.05 was taken to be significant.Results: It was observed that age had a significant influence on the wearing of masks and the use of hand sanitizer. Gender, age and education are the important determinants for use of hand sanitizer, wearing a mask, practicing social distancing, avoid traveling to the infected areas as well as washing hands often and always using a facemask to prevent COVID-19 were statistically significant.Conclusions: The dynamics of the impact of the awareness campaign and public participation are understood by the results. There is a need for a training program with respect to locale-specific scenario targeted to a specific cluster of population emplaning upon their respective lifestyle, to improve the knowledge and compliance about risk and preventions.
Study on awareness, perceptions, experiences in decision process of hysterectomy in women presenting to Goa Medical College
Authors: Jindal Manjusha , Naik Viraj Ramesh , Sahasrabhojanee Mrinalini , Cacodcar Jagadish , Kulkarni Manojkumar S. , Naik Smita
Published: February 2021

Background: Hysterectomy (removal of uterus) has many indications like fibroids, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, uterine prolapse and chronic pelvic pain. The purpose of this study is to know the level of awareness of women about hysterectomy, to study their experiences, to assess their involvement in decision making process and to develop a suitable protocol, counselling and education material to ensure women’s involvement.Methods: This is a cross sectional study using validated semi-structured interview questionnaire over 6 months (1st December, 2018 to 31st May, 2019) in Goa Medical College. Data was entered in epidata manager and analysed using SPSS 22 version. Categorical variables were expressed in percentages and proportions and quantitative variables in mean±SD. Significance was checked using Chi square test and association between dependent and independent variables was assessed by using bivariate analysis. P value <0.05 was taken as significant.Results: A total of 149 women were recruited into the study who were admitted for hysterectomy. The mean age of women was 49.3 years. The awareness with respect to various aspects of hysterectomy was good in 23.4% subjects and poor in 76.6% subjects. The awareness was significantly related to level of education (p=0.002), urban location (p=0.016) and socioeconomic status (p=0.028). Education was significant factor in decision-making process (p< 0.05). It was observed that good experience had positive correlation to their perception about hysterectomy.Conclusions: It was concluded that awareness about hysterectomy was significantly related to education, urban location and socio-economic status of women. Pre-operative education would help to reduce the post-operative symptoms for a women undergoing hysterectomy.
Adnexal mass in pregnancy
Authors: Freixo Marilia Lima , Soares Elisa , Coelho Maria Liz , Costa Fernanda , Pinto Ana Rita
Published: February 2021

Adnexal masses in pregnancy are a rare finding. The majority of these masses are discovered incidentally during routine follow-up. The differential diagnosis of adnexal masses discovered during pregnancy is broad and the management of such lesions has been a subject of debate for years with no consensus regarding the best management plan. We report a case of a 38 year-old pregnant woman who was diagnosed at the time of the first trimester ultrasound with a multilocular solid arising form the right ovary. A laparoscopy followed by left oophorectomy was performed at 22 weeks and the definitive histology revealed a borderline ovarian cyst/proliferative mucinous atypical cyst. The patient delivered via vaginal at 38 weeks of gestation. This case was discussed and a secondary staging surgery (peritoneal washing, total abdominal hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, appendectomy, and peritoneal biopsies) was performed with no evidence of disease found. The surgical approach is controversial due to the increased risk of complications. In the absence of large prospective randomized trials it is difficult to know which are the best management practices and especially to determine the right moment during pregnancy to perform surgery in these patients.
Urethral prolapse- case report and photographs
Authors: Mahale Arun R. , Sakhare Anil P.
Published: February 2021

A report on menopausal age group urethral prolapse with illustrative photographs, its treatment and related literature review is presented.
Ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome - basics for gynecologist
Authors: Yadav Punita
Published: February 2021

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common problem related to infertility among women. This review looked into the evidence and options available for ovulation induction. The management protocol and their respective efficacy was looked into during the write up of the review. Weight reduction, along with metformin therapy are the initial and efficient way to regain ovulation among obese female. This should be complemented by use of first line medicine like aromatase inhibitors and selective estrogen receptor modulators. The first line is effective in significant proportion of female to induce ovulation and increase live birth rate. However, for those not responding should initially undergo the use of gonadotropins and ovarian drilling. Finally, controlled ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilization should be considered as it is an invasive, expensive and there are risks of ovarian hyperstimulation and multiple gestation.
Pulmonary hypertension in pregnancy
Authors: Durga K. , Yuvarajan S. , Praveen R. , Maria Selvam Antonious , . Yashoda , V. Karthiga
Published: February 2021

Pulmonary hypertension is defined as an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) ≥25 mmHg at rest as assessed by right heart catheterisation. Pulmonary hypertension in pregnancy is known to be associated with significantly high morbidity and mortality rate which ranges between 30% and 56%. So during pregnancy, efforts to be made to diagnose common medical ailments that can be complicated by pulmonary hypertension. Bedside 2D Echo and thoracic ultrasound are the strongly recommended in these patients to diagnose early and prevent the devastating complications. Relevant blood investigations need to be sent to diagnose the underlying etiology and to assess the prognosis. Cardiac catheterization is the gold standard investigation of choice for pulmonary hypertension. But it is 1 performed in very few cardiac centres in developing countries. In India diagnosis largely depends on echocardiography. It should be made clear to women at the time of their PAH diagnosis that pregnancy is not recommended due to the high maternal and fetal risks. If a woman with known PHT become pregnant, counselling should be given for therapeutic abortion. If they are willing for therapeutic abortion, it should be done before 22 weeks of gestation. All women with PHT should be initiated on PAH specific therapies (prostanoids, ccbs, phosphodiesterase inhibitors) except endothelin receptor blockers as it is teratogenic. Pregnancy in PAH is difficult to manage and needs mutidisciplanary team. Pregnancy is not recommended in women with PAH and appropriate counselling to be done to the mother and their relatives.
Factors influencing availability of tracer essential medicines in selected health facilities in Nyeri County, Kenya
Authors: Munga Minai Samuel , Gitau Tabither Muthoni , Kimani Lawrence Mirie , Kariuki Peterson , Ng'etich Enoch
Published: February 2021

Background: Tracer essential medicines are drugs which fully fulfil a population’s health requirements and ought to be always available allowing for a properly functioning health system all the time. They should be available in the appropriate dosage, adequate amounts and at assured quality at a price that many people and the community can easily afford.Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study design was used. This study utilized a mixed method approach (qualitative, observation and quantitative).Results: The study found out that artemether lumefantrine was the least available drug at 50% in all the sampled facilities with KEMSA cited as the main supplier of tracer essential medicines in these facilities. Policy formulation was done without any involvement of pharmacy in-charges and policies passed at the county management team merely passed onto the staff at the health facilities without their engagement.Conclusions: With the roll out of UHC program, majority of the participants indicated an increase in the availability of essential drugs in Nyeri County hence the government should roll out the program countrywide. Health management and leadership teams in the county needs to engage the pharmacy in-charges during policy making and changes, provide efficient communication in the supply chain system, including proper inventory management systems and to enhance research of drugs and emerging diseases in the county.
A study on assessment of socio-demographic characteristics and pattern of health-care support among geriatric people residing in old age homes, Nandyal
Authors: Geetha Dugavath , Pasha M. A. Mushtaq , Fatima Afsar
Published: February 2021

Background: Geriatric age is one of the vulnerable phases of life. Geriatric population in India is faster growing share of population with more special needs for health-care and support. Objective was to study the socio-demographic factors and assess pattern of health care support among geriatrics residing in old age homes, Nandyal.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among geriatric people aged more than 60 years residing in old age homes, Nandyal from October 15, 2019, to December 15, 2019.  One hundred eighty participants were included. Those who were not present during the analysis were excluded from the class using convenience sampling. Data was collected using a pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire and analysing data using SPSS version-22.Results: Around 180 subjects, 76 (42%) of the elderly received treatment for their morbidities from private clinic and hospitals, while 37.8% from government hospitals. Children bear health care expenses for 32 (17.5%) of the elderly. Among 84 (46.7%) of elderly dependent on their social security schemes. while 30 (16%) had health insurance. Around 72 (40%) of elderly financially dependent on their children. Major complaints are Arthritis (47.7%) followed by hypertension (20%) and acid-peptic disease.Conclusions: A high prevalence of arthritis, hypertension and acid peptic disease were identified. It also highlighted that economic independence and the use of social security schemes among elderly is less. Based on these findings recommended that there is a need to develop financial assistance and social security schemes are needed to enhance health care facilities, economic independence and utilization services.
COVID-19 outbreak investigation in a quarantine facility: is SARS-COV-2 exhibiting lesser known routes of spread?
Authors: Pathak Sukant M. , Patra Vinod K. , Abraham Dennis , Mishra Arpit , Khandelwal Nitish , Krishnan Anup
Published: February 2021

Background: An institutional quarantine facility in India reported 5 cases in 9 days. The latter 2 cases incited a suspicion of internal outbreak as they were residing in a different room than the index cases and onset of symptoms was after the expiry of quarantine period. Subsequently, 75 more cases tested positive from this facility.Methods: A retrospective-prospective study was conducted. Data regarding the travel history, health-events thereafter, daily activities, layout of the facility and standard procedures followed in the facility was collected. The epidemiological pattern of presentation and evolution of cases was studied.Results: The outbreak pattern and investigation revealed a common bathroom as the cause of intra-floor spread. Inter-floor spread was also observed and 93.75% cases were detected from rooms using their floor bathrooms located vertically below one another and interconnected by plumbing systems. SAR for room contacts of index cases was 90% and SAR was 82.14% for bathroom contacts of index cases. The positivity rate amongst individuals assigned bathroom number 1 on the floors vertically located below the top floor was 64.10%.Conclusions: The investigation and results show local spread of SARS-CoV-2 through usage of common bathroom facility. An interesting trend of inter-floor spread with concentration of cases only in the rooms dedicated to vertically located bathrooms was found which indicates spread through waste-water plumbing system, a phenomenon previously observed in SARS-CoV in 2003. Single floor quarantine facilities are recommended with lesser dependency on common bathrooms.
Bullying among middle school students: a cross sectional study
Authors: Dutta Gitashree , Visi Vizovonuo , Konjengbam Shantibala , Marak Rikrak Ch.
Published: February 2021

Background: Bullying is threat or physical use of force, aiming at the individual, another person, specific community or group which can result in injury, death, physical damage or some development disorders or deficiency. These actions can consist of physical contact, verbal, through obscene gestures, or through intentional exclusion from group. Despite the common assumption that bullying is a normal part of childhood and encompasses minor teasing and harassment, researchers increasingly find that bullying is a problem that can be detrimental to students’ well-being. Bullying is a psychological problem connected with public health. Keeping this background in mind, this study was conducted to find out the prevalence of bullying and its association with socio-demographic characteristics in school going children.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among 921 students of Class VII and VIII, belonging to both Government and Private schools in Imphal West District, Manipur in 2017, using a self administered questionnaire.  Data was entered in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp software for windows. Descriptive statistics like mean, SD and percentage was used. Chi square test was used to test for association between proportions of the data. A probability value of <0.05 was taken as significant.Results: Out of 921 participants, 32.4% were victims of bullying, 16.7% participants were both bully and victim. Decrease in self-confidence, reluctance to go to school and feeling unsafe at school were the consequences after getting bullied.Conclusions: Almost half of the students were victims of bullying. The high prevalence of bullying and victimization shown in this study suggests the need of prevention and intervention programs at the start of elementary school.
A cross-sectional study to assess the socio-demographic and morbidity profile among under-five children in a resettlement colony of Bihar
Authors: Kumar Navin , Jha Ravi Ranjan , Gupta Animesh
Published: February 2021

Background: The development of our society and the world largely depends on the health of the children in their first five years. These first five years lay down the foundation of their future mental and physical health. India has the largest number of children in the world. India also contributes to more than 20% of the child deaths in the world. children who are born in rural areas, poor household or illiterate families, are at major risk of dying before turning six years of age. Aim was to assess the health risk profile of under-five children and to find out its relation with socio-demographic, nutritional, cultural health care practices and other factors.Methods: This was a community based cross-sectional study, carried out from January, 2019 till July, 2019 in a resettlement colony of Rohtas district, Sasaram, Bihar. The study population comprised of all the under-five children. The study tools used for data collection included a semi-structured proforma and clinical anthropometric examination.Results: When presence of morbidity was seen among male and female children, it was more (71%) in males as compared to 58% in female children. The difference in the two groups was found to be statistically significant. (p=0.05). Respiratory system was most commonly involved (68.4%).Conclusions: There is high proportion of under nutrition and other morbidities among under five children in our country. Special focus needs to be put in resettlement colonies, as these residential colonies remain neglected.
Knowledge attitude and practices about cervical cancer among urban women working in BPO in Chennai, India
Authors: Banu Nilofur , S. Azarudheen
Published: February 2021

Background: Worldwide cervix cancer ranks fourth place among all the cancer affecting women and commonest cause of death due to cancer among women in developing countries. Business process outsourcing sector in India is a relatively new industry with each growth there is also various negative health issue emerge among people working in those sectors some risk factors associated with ca cervix. Aim of the study was to knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) toward cervical cancer, HPV vaccination and screening practice among urban women working in BPO in Chennai.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among urban women working in a BPO in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. A face-to-face interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire by the team leader who was train to interview before starting the study.Results: Among 155 female study participants only 46% of the respondents knew about cervix. Among the study participants who knew about cervix and cervical cancer, internet (26%) and TV/Radio (26%) were the most common source of information. Only 4% of respondent heard of Pap smear and none of them had undergone it. Similarly, only 3.73% of the respondents knew about vaccines that are available for Cancer Cervix.Conclusions: The findings of study will help us in planning focused health measures about CA cervix and its prevention strategies .Health awareness will play a vital role in reducing risks of casualties caused by diseases like cancer Cervix.
A study of knowledge and practice of contraception in a rural area of Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Saxena Alpana , Gupta S. B. , Singh Atul K. , Singh Meenakshi , Khan Huma
Published: February 2021

Background: It is very critical to understand that awareness of family planning and proper utilization of contraceptives is an important indicator for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. It also plays an important role in promoting reproductive health of the women in an underdeveloped country. Objective was to assess knowledge and practice of modern contraception in rural area.Methods: A community based cross sectional study. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the in a   rural area of Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. 458 randomly selected eligible couples were included in the study. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect information about family planning methods knowledge, source of knowledge and   current practices and reasons of nonuse. The appropriate statistical analysis was done to present the results.Results: 48.03% eligible couples had adopted one or the other current modern contraceptive measure. Female sterilization was the most common method used.Conclusions: Overall usage of postpartum contraception was low need to focus at every step to contact with health facility or health workers.
An outbreak of krait bite amongst people in the desert sands: the cryptic enemy within
Authors: Gupta Vivek , Mustafa M. S.
Published: February 2021

Background: Snake bite has been associated with high morbidity and mortality. Personnel are at high risk of snake bite. This investigation was carried out amongst residents with the purpose of identifying the factors that led to the bites and recommending preventive measures.Methods: Three cases bitten by a single snake were investigated retrospectively. Historical data was collected and area reconnaissance was done. The severity of envenomation was assessed using a graded scale. Local authorities were briefed on remedial measures to prevent snake bite cases in future.Results: The three cases of snake bite were rushed to the Primary health centre for first aid. Local signs of envenomation were absent in all cases. Two cases died before reaching the hospital. The third case managed to reach the hospital and was administered anti snake venom and put on ventilatory support, following which he recovered. Absence of local signs, along with the neurotoxic features led to the conclusion that the bite was caused by a krait. Environmental survey revealed that the village was surrounded with thick vegetation, waste disposal was being done too close to the cookhouse and snake trenches were not dug up.Conclusions: The key for preventing fatality in snake bite is the immediate transfer of the victim to the nearest hospital equipped with anti-snake venom and ventilatory support equipment.
Knowledge and perception about the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic among patients attending a rural primary health care facility in Delhi
Authors: Arora Ekta , Budh Nidhi , Katre Rohit , Banerjee Bratati
Published: February 2021

Another decade is suffering from the wrath of another coronavirus. Currently, this pandemic has spread to almost all countries of the world taking lives of millions of people globally. This study has uncovered the perceived facts about COVID-19 by general population as well as the effect of IEC in modulating their perception and presenting right amount of information in a scientific manner. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out at rural health training center, Barwala on patients attending out-patient department at RHTC, for a duration of 2 months. Pre-tested questionnaire for assessing public perception and awareness were used to collect data. Appropriate statistical tests were applied to find out association between different variables. Majority of study subjects (98.5%) were aware about the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19. Out of the total study subjects, 90% of them had correct knowledge about various preventive strategies undertaken to break the chain of transmission. However, only about half of the study subjects (53.1%) had correct knowledge regarding various modes of transmission of novel coronavirus. Motivating the people to report any possible infection and to follow the preventive strategies being recommended by experts on timely basis is an important aspect to curb the ongoing menace of COVID-19.
Mock meat and its role in health: a review
Authors: N. Vinod A. , A. Lahal M.
Published: February 2021

Meat doesn’t have to come from animals. The definition of meat is shifting radically from being a product of animal origin with limited choices to innovative creation with similar composition and structure like meat. Mock meat is in news for many reasons in corporate or industrial meets and research communities. These plant-based meat substitutes intended to reduce the environmental impact caused by farm animals and the potential to unravel one of the stickiest crises in the climate fight. This research was conceived as a scoping literature review and a novel attempt as a full-fledged review article on mock meat on the basis of recent proofs provided by review and research articles from various genuine sources including electronic media, newsletters, and experts in food industries. The present article touches upon the health benefits of vegan meat as well as different health problems emerge from a large-scale replacement of natural animal meat by fake one also discussed here. The next few years will be crucial to how traditional meat products and meat analogs will coexist in the consumer market. These articles when compiled together point at the same fact that there is a lot of potential may be a game changer in the field of food industries, corporates and scientific communities.
Breaking the silence around menstruation: experiences from urban and rural India
Authors: Verma Anjana , Patyal Ashish , Meena Jitendra Kumar , Mathur Medha
Published: February 2021

Menstruation being a normal physiological process is still considered a subject of shame. Discussion around “periods” is always kept private and not considered a normal health issue. There are many organizations (both government and non-government), who have been working towards providing menstrual hygiene management in India. However, even in 2020, “period” word is still associated with stigma in society. Cultural stereotypes have a huge impact in the efforts to alleviate the issues related to menstruation in India. Lack of awareness and accessibility make the behaviour change even more difficult. The ever-present stigma and taboos that adolescent girls and women face impact considerably how they understand and experience menstruation. Women are always expected to be the main source of information about menstruation. In India, especially rural areas, parents are often unprepared, uncomfortable and under-resourced to have a conversation about menstruation with their daughters. Hence it is difficult to allay the negative beliefs and attitudes that surround menstruation. The impact of shame and stigma around menstruation is an interwoven issue in Indian society felt by most of menstruating girls and women. Given the taboo around menstruation, discussions and sharing of knowledge on menstrual hygiene management practices are very limited.
Women in Otorhinolaryngolgy in Nigeria
Authors: Adebola Shofoluwe Nurudeen , Jamila Lawal , Rasheedat Sanni , Abdulrahman Afolabi Olushola , Bello Fufore Mohammed
Published: February 2021

Background: Surgery has a predominantly male-dominated population, especially in Otolaryngology. Efforts have been made worldwide to improve gender equality in medicine, including Otolaryngology. Knowing the experience will help the curriculum develop.

Methods: An anonymous web-based survey was distributed via the WhatsApp group of the Otorhinolaryngological Society of Nigeria (ORLSON) platform using the survey monkey. A questionnaire-based study using a 10 stem questions, assessing demographics, academic progression, work life balance and factors affecting women in Otolaryngology in Nigeria was carried out in April 2020 for four weeks. All information gathered from the study was entered into Statistical Package and Service Solution (SPSS) version 20 and analyzed.

Results: A total of 37 women responded out of 48 women in Otolaryngology practice. Twenty-nine (78%) had complete responses to all the ten stem questions. Mean age of responders is 39±7.28 years ±7.27 S.D. Thirty-eight percent are consultant cadre, 86% are married. The average duration of residency is 7 years. A quarter of responders are interested in Head and Neck as a subspecialty. Thirteen-point eight percent experienced some form of sexual harassment during the course of residency training, 62% believe women lack mentorship in Otolaryngology while 59.46% did not feel disadvantaged as females in otolaryngology compared to their male counterparts.

Conclusions: Despite increase in women in surgical practice and a growing number of women joining residency programs, the number of female Otolaryngologists remains just a fraction of what it should be. The curriculum has many problems affected by gender.