bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When being hospitable hurts (staff experiences of bullying from hotel guests)
Authors: Doe Frederick , Essiaw Mary Naana
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The hospitality industry is one of Ghana's key economic contributors. It is an industry that has significant indigenous investment. The sector also brings in foreign exchange for Ghana. In 2019, it generated $325 m through tourist visits. This makes the hospitality industry critical for the attraction of foreign direct investments. The research was therefore aimed at examining the business environment of the hospitality industry for evidence of negative factors that can hamper its greater contribution to the attainment of Goal 8 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the UN such as guest-bullying and the incivility in hospitality occupations.

Design/methodology/approach

A convenience sampling method was used to select 346 samples out of the accessible 3,500 targeted population from 38 hotels in the capital city of Ghana, Accra, comprising of junior to senior employees of various departments. The questionnaires were scripted from a paper-based to digital format supported by the Opine software installed on tablets and smartphones, to enable complete adherence to all coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) safety protocols. The study used a regression to ascertain the relationships between the dependent variables and the independent variables.

Findings

The study found the “Level of Permissiveness for Guests” positively and significantly “encouraged” guests to bully staff, while “Management and Staff Laxity” negatively but significantly explained guest bullying behaviour.

Originality/value

The study makes the first attempt in context to shed light on workplace bullying which represents one of the main factors that can inhibit or erode any gains or attempts to foster the achievement of Goal 8 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the UN which is to create “Decent Work and Economic Growth”.
Evaluating the effectiveness of the fatigue and shift working risk management strategy for UK home office police forces: a pilot study
Authors: James Lois , James Stephen , Hesketh Ian
Published: December 2021

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of a fatigue-management training and sleep health promotion intervention in a sample of officers from UK Home Office Police Forces.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a pre- and post-design we exposed 50 officers from selected UK police forces to a fatigue-management training intervention. Pre- and post-intervention data collection included wrist actigraphy, a physiological and objective measure of sleep quantity and quality, as well as surveys including the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) instrument, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5).

Findings

We found the training significantly increased sleep quantity by 25 min per 24-h period, from 6.9 h to 7.3 h (f = 9.2; df = 519; p = 0.003), and improved sleep quality scores from 84% before the intervention, to 87% after the training (f = 10.6; df = 519; p = 0.001).

Research limitations/implications

Continued research is necessary to guide nationwide implementation of fatigue-management and sleep health promotion programs.

Practical implications

Our findings show that a fatigue-management training resulted in a significant and meaningful increase in sleep among police officers.

Originality/value

This is the first piece of research to emerge from a full population survey (response rate 16.6%) of the UK police service exploring issues of sleep and fatigue.
Stock returns, oil prices and leverage: evidence from US firms
Authors: Amin Md Ruhul , Mollick Andre Varella
Published: December 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate how the relation between stock returns of US firms and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil prices is affected by leverage from 1990 to 2020.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper examines how the relationship between stock returns of US firms and WTI oil prices is affected by leverage from 1990 to 2020 using a fixed-effect model estimation framework.

Findings

Results from the fixed-effect regression models suggest that leverage effects on stock returns are pervasive both in aggregate and cross-industry levels, while the mining industry is more sensitive. In addition to the positive oil price effects attenuated by leverage at the aggregate level, the authors observe stronger marginal effects of leverage only for the mining sector. Being more exposed to commodity prices, the positive effects of oil prices on stock returns in the mining sector are offset by large debt ratios. Asymmetries, effects of debt maturity structure and implications are also discussed.

Research limitations/implications

This study is grounded on the contemporary cash flow claim of leverage NOT on the long-run effect of leverage considering cash flow constraints. The oil price increase is assumed to represent an advancement of the overall economy. This study does not capture the oil prices response to some other economic forces and vice-versa.

Practical implications

Mining companies should therefore reduce the stock of debt with respect to their assets to make possible the “pass-through” from oil prices to the stock market.

Originality/value

Previously undocumented and the authors show that leverage reduces the total effect of oil prices on stock returns, consistent with the hypothesis. Asymmetric and debt maturity structures effects are also discussed.
Lexicon of pandemics: a semantic analysis of the Spanish flu and the Covid-19 timeframe terminology
Authors: Lanza Claudia , Folino Antonietta , Pasceri Erika , Perri Anna
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study is a semantic comparative analysis between the current pandemic and the Spanish flu. It is based on a bilingual terminological perspective oriented to evaluate and compare the terms used to describe and communicate the pandemic's issues both to biomedical experts and to a non-specialist public.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis carried out is a terminological comparative investigation performed on two corpora, the first containing scientific English articles, the second Italian national newspapers' issues on two pandemics, the Spanish flu and the current Covid-19 disease, towards the detection of semantic similarities and differences among them through the implementation of computational tasks and corpus linguistics methodologies.

Findings

Given the cross-fielding representativeness of terms, and their relevance within specific historical eras, our study is conducted both on a synchronic and on a diachronic level to discover the common lexical usages in the dissemination of the pandemic issues.

Originality/value

The study presents the extraction of the main representative terms about two pandemics and their usages to share news about their trends among the population and the integration of a topic modeling detection procedure to discover some of the main categories representing the lexicon of the pandemics with reference to a list of classes created by external thesauri and ontologies on pandemics. As a result, a detailed overview of the discrepancies, as well as similarities, retrieved in two historical corpora dealing with a common subject, i.e. the pandemics' terminology, is provided.
Time and temporality in library and information science
Authors: Haider Jutta , Johansson Veronica , Hammarfelt Björn
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The article introduces selected theoretical approaches to time and temporality relevant to the field of library and information science, and it briefly introduces the papers gathered in this special issue. A number of issues that could potentially be followed in future research are presented.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors review a selection of theoretical and empirical approaches to the study of time that originate in or are of particular relevance to library and information science. Four main themes are identified: (1) information as object in temporal perspectives; (2) time and information as tools of power and control; (3) time in society; and (4) experiencing and practicing time.

Findings

The paper advocates a thorough engagement with how time and temporality shape notions of information more broadly. This includes, for example, paying attention to how various dimensions of the late-modern time regime of acceleration feed into the ways in which information is operationalised, how information work is commodified, and how hierarchies of information are established; paying attention to the changing temporal dynamics that networked information systems imply for our understanding of documents or of memory institutions; or how external events such as social and natural crises quickly alter modes, speed, and forms of data production and use, in areas as diverse as information practices, policy, management, representation, and organisation, amongst others.

Originality/value

By foregrounding temporal perspectives in library and information science, the authors advocate dialogue with important perspectives on time that come from other fields. Rather than just including such perspectives in library and information science, however, the authors find that the focus on information and documents that the library and information science field contributes has great potential to advance the understanding of how notions and experiences of time shape late-modern societies and individuals.
CEO cognitive trust, governmental support and marketing innovation: empirical evidence from Chinese small, medium and micro enterprises
Authors: Gu Jiafeng , Ardito Lorenzo , Natalicchio Angelo
Published: December 2021

Purpose

This study aims to verify the influence of chief executive officer (CEO) cognitive trust and governmental support on marketing innovation. Additionally, it evaluated the influence of CEO cognitive trust on the marketing innovation of small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs).

Design/methodology/approach

The authors empirically assessed the impact of CEO cognitive trust on SMME marketing innovation. Furthermore, the authors examined the mediating effect of governmental support on this relationship. The authors then studied a sample of 1,770 SMMEs in China by applying partial least squares structural equation modeling.

Findings

The authors found that CEO cognitive trust was negatively associated with marketing innovation. Moreover, governmental support has a competitive mediating effect on this relationship. Thus, while governmental support is urgently needed to enhance the marketing innovation of SMMEs, CEO cognitive trust negatively impacts this relationship.

Research limitations/implications

This study empirically establishes the importance of CEO cognitive trust and governmental support as antecedents in SMME marketing innovation. This contributes to the knowledge base of the management field, adding to important streams in the wider business literature, such as marketing studies, leadership management, strategic management and innovation. While the model is parsimonious, the relationships it highlights are robust and can be generalized to other contexts.

Practical implications

Managers must not only have high levels of trust and authority but must also embody these characteristics rationally. Simultaneously, managers must actively establish a trusting relationship with the government, thereby improving their company’s ability to integrate government policy information while also actively seeking governmental support. These measures are helpful in enhancing the marketing innovation capabilities of SMMEs.

Social implications

SMMEs occupy an important position in all countries’ economies and their vitality directly determines the strength of the economy. Formulating reasonable marketing strategies will help enhance market competitiveness and promote the rapid development of SMMEs.

Originality/value

The literature on marketing innovation has paid little attention to CEO cognitive trust, while CEOs’ cognitive characteristics are an increasingly relevant antecedent in SMME marketing innovation. This study analyzed CEO cognitive trust as a possible antecedent of marketing innovation activities in SMMEs, with this influence path being evaluated. This study extends the current knowledge in this field by considering the effects of CEO cognitive trust on marketing innovation.
Power law scaling relationships link canopy structural complexity and height across forest types
Authors: Atkins Jeff W. , Walter Jonathan A. , Stovall Atticus E. L. , Fahey Robert T. , Gough Christopher M.
Published: December 2021

Forest canopy structural complexity (CSC), an emergent ecosystem property, plays a critical role in controlling ecosystem productivity, resource acquisition and resource use‐efficiency; yet is poorly characterized across broad geographic scales and is difficult to upscale from the plot to the landscape.

Here, we show that the relationship between canopy height and CSC can be explained using power laws by analysing lidar‐derived CSC data from 17 temperate forest sites spanning over 17 degrees of latitude. Across three plant functional types (deciduous broadleaf, evergreen needleleaf and mixed forests), CSC increases as an approximate power law of forest height. In evergreen needleleaf forests, increases in canopy height do not result in increases in complexity to the same magnitude as in other forest types.

We attribute differences in the slope of height:complexity relationships among forest types to: (a) the limited diversity of crown architectures among evergreen conifer trees relative to broadleaf species; (b) differences in how vertical forest layering develops with height; and (c) competitive exclusion by needleleaf species. We show support for these potential mechanisms with an analysis of 4,324 individual trees from across 18 National Ecological Observatory Network sites showing that crown geometry‐to‐tree height relationships differ consistently between broadleaf and needleleaf species.

Power law relationships between forest height and CSC have broad implications for modelling, scaling and mapping forest structural attributes. Our results suggest that forest research and management should consider the nonlinearity in scaling between forest height and CSC and that the nature of these relationships may differ by forest type.

A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Geographical variation of floral scents in generalist entomophilous species with variable pollinator communities
Authors: de Manincor Natasha , Andreu Benjamin , Buatois Bruno , Lou Chao Hineiti , Hautekèete Nina , Massol François , Piquot Yves , Schatz Bertrand , Schmitt Eric , Dufay Mathilde
Published: December 2021

Floral scents are considered major attractants for pollinator species and scent composition is likely to be under pollinator‐mediated selection. Relatively, few studies have investigated geographical variation in floral scents in plant species with generalist pollination, and little is known about the mechanism behind this variation, often interpreted as the result of local adaptation to pollinators without considering phenotypic plasticity. One possible way to investigate this question is to compare floral bouquets both in natural populations and in populations reared under controlled conditions.

We compared the identity and proportions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), collected on plants both in the field and in the greenhouse, emitted by four generalist plant species found in six calcareous grasslands distributed along an environmental and diversity gradient. We recorded pollinator visits in the field to document geographical variation of pollinator communities associated with each plant species. We then analysed the relation between VOCs and pollinator variation using a redundancy analysis (RDA).

We found that VOC composition differed among species and among populations, but also between field and greenhouse. The RDA showed a significant effect of the variation in pollinator communities associated with the variation in the VOCs emission, even after removing potential confounding effects, suggesting some stability in the compounds attractive to a given pollinator species. However, only one species showed significant geographical differences among populations tested in both conditions, suggesting local genetic adaptation. Another species showed geographical variation in VOC proportion in the field, but these results were not confirmed by the greenhouse extractions, suggesting an effect of phenotypic plasticity.

Our findings suggest that geographical variation of floral scent may, in some cases, be genetically based and possibly explained by pollinator‐mediated selection, even in generalist pollinated species, which represent the large majority of pollination systems. However, our results also showed significant phenotypic plasticity, suggesting that studies of floral volatiles must be conducted in natural populations to obtain a representative picture of the signal that can be potentially perceived by pollinators.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
A novel hybrid method based on discontinuous Galerkin method and staggered‐grid method for scalar wavefield modelling with rough topography
Authors: Huang Jiandong , Hu Tianyue , Song Jianyong , Li Yandong , Yu Zhenzhen , Liu Lichao
Published: December 2021

In recent years, the discontinuous Galerkin method and the finite‐difference method have been widely applied to simulate seismic wave propagation. However, few studies have focused on the combination of the finite‐difference method with the discontinuous Galerkin method. We develop a new hybrid algorithm based on domain decomposition that combines the high efficiency of the finite‐difference method with the flexibility of the discontinuous Galerkin method. A computational domain is decomposed into two types of subregions where the finite‐difference method is applied in the main part of the model, whereas the discontinuous Galerkin method is employed to handle the complex structure with a free surface or caves. Total variation diminishing Runge–Kutta time discretization is used to enhance the stability of implementation. The approach inherits the advantages of the discontinuous Galerkin method and the finite‐difference method and does not need a transition zone, which reduces the computational cost caused by the additional conversion. In addition, some mesh patterns are provided to make the discontinuous Galerkin method domain discretized as needed without changing the grid size of the finite‐difference method region, which makes our hybrid algorithm more flexible. Numerical experiments prove that our hybrid scheme is capable of dealing with complex structures and maintains moderate computational efficiency.
The Swedescore: Does structured image scoring improve colposcopy performance?
Authors: Cruickshank Margaret
Published: December 2021

Linked article: This is a mini commentary on Emilia Alfonzo et al., pp. 1261–1267 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17054.
Female executive leadership and corporate social responsibility
Authors: Hyun Soonchul , Kim Jong Min , Han Jeongsoo , Anderson Mark
Published: December 2021

We examine how increased female participation in top executive leadership affects corporate social responsibility (CSR). Applying a long‐window, event study approach with matching, we first document that CSR ratings improve with increased female participation in the top executive team, consistent with expectations based on previous research. Then, we examine specific ways that female participation impacts CSR decision‐making. We predict and find that increased female participation brings more attention to remediating CSR concerns. We also predict and find that, in the uncertain economic times following the global financial crisis, increased female participation moderated addition of new CSR strengths.
Preventing postpartum weight retention following antenatal lifestyle intervention: One year postpartum follow up of the Healthy Lifestyles in Pregnancy (HeLP‐her) randomised controlled trial
Authors: Li Heidi Z. , Boyle Jacqueline A. , Harrison Cheryce L.
Published: December 2021

Antenatal lifestyle interventions optimise gestational weight gain, yet longer‐term efficacy on postpartum weight retention is unclear. Overall, 228 pregnant women <15 weeks gestation were randomised to intervention (four behavioural self‐management sessions) or control (generic health information). Median weight retention at 12 months postpartum was significantly reduced in the intervention with a between group difference of −2.3 (−2.8 (−5.9 to 0.35) vs −0.5 (−2.6 to 2.1) kg, respectively P < 0.05, (n = 75) ± 6.3 kg vs −0.5 ± 4.7 kg, respectively, P < 0.05) and associated increased self‐weighing behaviours, compared with the control group (regular weighing: 68% vs 43%, P < 0.01). Results demonstrate the efficacy of a low‐intensity, behavioural lifestyle intervention in limiting postpartum weight retention.
Debate: Inequalities within understanding of Eco Distress
Authors: Hawkins Rhiannon
Published: December 2021

Increased attention and youth action on Climate Change have increased global societal awareness of the climate crisis. However, this has not come without a cost, lack of international political action and increased media attention towards climate change has triggered a surge in young people experiencing Eco Distress. I discuss how increased levels of Eco Distress experienced by young people has uncovered vast inequalities within child and adolescent mental health provision and research across the globe, which follow geopolitical and Economic divides formed during the colonial period. I also discuss how psychiatrists can embrace different knowledge systems and collaborate across socio‐political barriers, to support and enable equality in the access of mental health care for all young people, regardless of location in helping manage Eco Distress or climate‐related worries. I conclude this piece by suggesting actions which psychiatrists can undertake to show themselves to be allies with young people, in not only tackling climate change, but systemic inequality harboured in child and adolescent mental health care.
Natural history of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review of cardiometabolic outcomes from longitudinal cohort studies
Authors: Kiconco Sylvia , Tay Chau T. , Rassie Kate L. , Azziz Ricardo , Teede Helena J. , Joham Anju E.
Published: December 2021

Objective

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a worsened metabolic profile but the progression of cardiometabolic features over time is unclear. Understanding this natural history is a key priority in PCOS research and vital for guiding the prevention and management of this common condition. We explored cardiometabolic changes that are observed in women with PCOS compared to those without PCOS across the life course.

Design, Patients and Measurements

A systematic review of longitudinal cohort studies was conducted across MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid PsycInfo, CINAHL PLUS and EBM reviews between 15 January 2020 and 11 February 2021. Eligible studies included participants with or without PCOS diagnosed according to the 2003 Rotterdam or the 1990 National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria. We included studies that were published from the year 1990 to 2021 with data on cardiometabolic outcomes as per the PCOS core outcomes set.

Results

There were 31 longitudinal studies with 28,316 participants from four continents. At the start of follow up, participants were aged between 1 year and 49 years with a follow‐up period ranging from 2 to 32 years. Changes in BMI and the risk of coronary heart disease were similar in adult women with and without PCOS. Women with PCOS had a higher risk of Type 2 diabetes than their non‐PCOS counterparts. Evidence for the majority of all other outcomes was conflicting and with inadequate data.

Conclusion

Understanding the natural history of PCOS and particularly changes in cardiometabolic features remains challenging. Existing literature is extensive but heterogeneous and inconsistent. Longitudinal studies in unselected populations are needed to provide high‐quality data in this area.
Kontaktekzem auf Haarkosmetikprodukte: Aktuelle Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik
Authors: Thomas Zita‐Rose Manjaly , Jamiolkowski Dagmar , Chantraine Sibylla , Steveling‐Klein Esther , Hofmeier Kathrin Scherer , Hartmann Karin
Published: December 2021

Haarkosmetikprodukte wie Shampoos, Färbe‐, Bleich‐ oder Glättmittel enthalten häufige Kontaktallergene. Diese können insbesondere bei Friseuren, aber auch bei ihren Kunden und bei Selbstanwendern, zu allergischen Kontaktekzemen führen. Während sich Kontaktekzeme bei Friseuren in der Regel als Handekzem manifestieren, sind bei Kunden und Selbstanwendern vor allem Kopf, Hals und Gesicht betroffen. Wir schlagen einen zweistufigen Algorithmus zur strukturierten allergologischen Abklärung mittels Epikutantestung bei Verdacht auf ein haarproduktbedingtes allergisches Kontaktekzem vor. Als ersten Schritt empfehlen wir die Testung der Deutsche Kontaktallergie‐Gruppe (DKG)‐Standardreihe, DKG‐Externareihe, DKG‐Konservierungsmittelreihe, DKG‐Friseurreihe, DKG‐Duftstoffreihen sowie (vor allem bei Friseuren) der DKG‐Gummireihe. Wird mittels der standardisierten Testreihen kein auslösendes Allergen identifiziert, sollte spätestens in einem zweiten Schritt – bei entsprechendem Verdacht – eine personalisierte Testung mit Eigensubstanzen, wie Shampoos, Haarsprays und Färbemitteln, durchgeführt werden.
Mikrovaskuläre Pathologien bei Patienten mit Psoriasis vulgaris mittels Nagelfalzkapillarmikroskopie identifiziert: Ergebnisse einer prospektiven kontrollierten Studie
Authors: Bardehle Felicitas , Sies Katharina , Enk Alexander , Rosenberger Albert , Fink Christine , Haenssle Holger
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund: Die Psoriasis gilt als unabhängiger kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktor und Treiber einer Atherogenese. Mikrovaskuläre Veränderungen in psoriatischen Plaques sind gut beschrieben, wohingegen Veränderungen außerhalb betroffener Hautareale kaum untersucht wurden. In dieser Studie wurden Nagelfalzkapillaren von Psoriasispatienten in nicht betroffener Haut systematisch untersucht.

Patienten und Methodik: Prospektive Studie mit Untersuchung von Nagelfalzkapillaren bei Psoriasispatienten im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen mittels digitaler Videokapillarmikroskopie. Es wurden 21 kapillarmikroskopische Parameter bewertet und die Ergebnisse mit Charakteristika der Patienten und der Psoriasiserkrankung, mit Laborparametern und Messungen der Intima‐Media‐Dicke der Arteria carotis communis korreliert.

Ergebnisse: Die 77 Psoriasispatienten (24 mit zusätzlicher Psoriasisarthritis) und 71 Kontrollen zeigten sich hinsichtlich demographischer Merkmale und relevanter Einflussfaktoren für eine Mikroangiopathie ausbalanciert. Im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe zeigten Psoriasispatienten eine signifikante Minderung der kapillaren Dichte, häufigere Kapillarerweiterung mit mehr Verzweigungen, Torquierungen und kapillaren Unregelmäßigkeiten. Zusätzlich zeigten Psoriasispatienten signifikant höhere inflammatorische Serummarker und eine gesteigerte Intima‐Media‐Dicke. In unserem Kollektiv bestand kein Zusammenhang zwischen Krankheitsdauer oder Schweregrad der Psoriasis und spezifischen Kapillarveränderungen.

Schlussfolgerungen: Die Nagelfalzkapillaren der untersuchten Psoriasispatienten zeigten ausgeprägte mikrovaskuläre Veränderungen, welche mit erhöhten Markern einer systemischen Entzündung und Frühzeichen einer Atherosklerose korrelierten. Weitere Studien sind erforderlich, um die Rolle der digitalen Videokapillarmikroskopie in der Bewertung des kardiovaskulären Risikos von Psoriasispatienten zu untersuchen.
Etablierung und Validierung eines didaktischen muskuloskelettalen Ultraschallkurses für Dermatologen unter Verwendung eines innovativen Hand‐Ultraschallsystems – die MUDE‐Studie (Muskuloskelettaler Ultraschall für Dermatologen)
Authors: Grobelski Jakub , Recker Florian , Wilsmann‐ Theis Dagmar , Hartung Wolfgang , Karakostas Pantelis , Brossart Peter , Schäfer Valentin Sebastian
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund

Der muskuloskelettale Ultraschall (MSUS) schmerzhafter Gelenke spielt bei der Früherkennung der Arthritis, wie zum Beispiel der Psoriasisarthritis, eine wichtige Rolle. Pathologische Befunde können bei der klinischen Untersuchung übersehen werden, insbesondere wenn sie von Ärzten durchgeführt werden, die nicht in der Durchführung geschult sind. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung eines Pilot‐MSUS‐Kurses anhand des MUDE‐Protokolls, welches speziell für Dermatologen entwickelt wurde.

Methodik

Um den Grad der MSUS‐Expertise der Teilnehmer zu ermitteln, wurde vor dem Kurs eine Umfrage mittels SurveyMonkey® durchgeführt. Das Kurskonzept umfasste nur die wichtigsten Ultraschallschnitte aller Gelenke und konzentrierte sich auf die Erkennung von Gelenkergüssen und Hyperperfusion der Synovia. Der Kurs bestand aus drei Modulen und wurde über sechs Monate durchgeführt. Das tragbare Butterfly IQ® System in Kombination mit einem Apple iPad wurde allen Teilnehmern zur Verfügung gestellt, um das Üben zwischen den Kursen zu ermöglichen. Die abschließende Lehrevaluation wurde als objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Zwölf Dermatologen nahmen teil. Die Umfrage ergab keine Vorkenntnisse des MSUS. Die Gesamtpunktzahl aller Teilnehmer in der OSCE betrug 21,86 (87,44 %) von insgesamt 25 Punkten, was der Schulnote „gut“ entsprach.

Schlussfolgerung

Das innovative Lehrkonzept MUDE eignet sich somit, unabhängig von Vorkenntnissen, in besonderer Weise für die Ausbildung von Dermatologen im MSUS.
Moderne Sensortechnik zur kontinuierlichen Glukosemessung: Anwendungseinschränkungen durch Kontaktallergien
Authors: Kamann Stefanie , Wagner Nicola , Oppel Eva
Published: December 2021

Diabetes‐Erkrankungen haben in den letzten Jahren weltweit stark zugenommen. Genauso rasant entwickeln sich jedoch auch neue Technologien wie die kontinuierliche Glukosemessung mittels subkutaner Sensoren. Auch die stetig optimierte Insulinpumpentherapie trägt zur verbesserten Lebensqualität bei.

Diesen modernen Geräten zur Diabetestherapie ist gemein, dass sie über mehrere Tage an einer Stelle auf der Haut fixiert werden. In den letzten Jahren wurde zunehmend über Hautreaktionen, insbesondere ausgeprägte Kontaktallergien, im Haftareal berichtet. Als Hauptallergen wurde Isobornylacrylat identifiziert, das initial in einem Sensorset zur Glukosemessung enthalten war. Die Entwicklung einer Kontaktallergie kann sowohl den notwendigen kompletten Verzicht auf das Messsystem als auch Kreuzreaktionen zu anderen Systemen bedeuten.
„Indische“Trichophyton mentagrophytes‐Stämme mit reduzierter Itraconazol‐Empfindlichkeit in Deutschland
Authors: Brasch Jochen , Gräser Yvonne , Beck‐Jendroscheck Vera , Voss Karen , Torz Kaspar , Walther Grit , Schwarz Thomas
Published: December 2021

Wir nehmen die publizierten und drei eigene Fälle von Tinea durch „indische“ Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes‐Stämme vom ITS‐Genotyp VIII mit reduzierter Itraconazol‐Empfindlichkeit bei der Mutation c.1342G>A im SQLE‐Gen zum Anlass, über diesen Erreger in Deutschland zu berichten. Resistenzbestimmungen in vitro zeigten eine normale Terbinafin‐Empfindlichkeit, aber eine deutlich reduzierte Azol‐Empfindlichkeit – wenngleich bisher keine validierten Breakpoints definiert und minimale Hemmkonzentrationen (MHK) methodenabhängig sind. Die Probleme bei den Bestimmungen und der Interpretation der MHK werden erläutert. Unsere Fälle zeigen, dass in Deutschland Azol‐resistente „indische“ T. mentagrophytes‐Stämme vom ITS‐Genotyp VIII bereits ab 2011 auftraten, also früher als bislang vermutet. Phänotypisch ist diese Erregervariante nicht von herkömmlichen T. mentagrophytes‐Stämmen zu unterscheiden; ihre Identifikation muss genetisch erfolgen. Die taxonomische Einordnung wird noch diskutiert. Diese Variante ist anthropophil und verursacht erregerreiche, wenig entzündliche Tineaherde. Daher ist mit ihrer weiteren Verbreitung zu rechnen. Die Voraussetzungen für eine rasche und valide Antimykotikatestung bei Dermatophyten sollten geschaffen werden.
Häufige Nagelerkrankungen: Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Löser Christoph R. , Nenoff Pietro , Mainusch Oliver , Dippel Edgar , Balakirski Galina
Published: December 2021

Diese Übersicht widmet sich Nagelveränderungen, die nicht zu den gut‐ oder bösartigen Tumoren des Nagelorgans gehören. Zu diesen häufigen Nagelerkrankungen gehören strukturelle Veränderungen in und unter der Nagelplatte sowie Entzündungen im und um das Nagelbett. Dazu zählen Onychomykosen, Nagelpsoriasis, das weite Spektrum der Onychodystrophien, subunguale Hämatome, Paronychien, eingewachsene Zehennägel und Zangennägel. Aufgrund der besonderen Anatomie und den physiologischen Wachstumsbedingungen des Nagels ist der Ursprung der pathologischen Veränderungen nicht immer am Ort der Problematik zu finden und bedarf einer eingehenderen Beurteilung und Interpretation.
Modelling learning in Caenorhabditis elegans chemosensory and locomotive circuitry for T‐maze navigation
Authors: Sakelaris Bennet G. , Li Zongyu , Sun Jiawei , Banerjee Shurjo , Booth Victoria , Gourgou Eleni
Published: December 2021

Recently, a new type of Caenorhabditis elegans associative learning was reported, where nematodes learn to reach a target arm in an empty T‐maze, after they have successfully located reward (food) in the same side arm of a similar, baited, training maze. Here, we present a simplified mathematical model of C. elegans chemosensory and locomotive circuitry that replicates C. elegans navigation in a T‐maze and predicts the underlying mechanisms generating maze learning. Based on known neural circuitry, the model circuit responds to food‐released chemical cues by modulating motor neuron activity that drives simulated locomotion. We show that, through modulation of interneuron activity, such a circuit can mediate maze learning by acquiring a turning bias, even after a single training session. Simulated nematode maze navigation during training conditions in food‐baited mazes and during testing conditions in empty mazes is validated by comparing simulated behaviour with new experimental video data, extracted through the implementation of a custom‐made maze tracking algorithm. Our work provides a mathematical framework for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying this novel learning behaviour in C. elegans. Model results predict neuronal components involved in maze and spatial learning and identify target neurons and potential neural mechanisms for future experimental investigations into this learning behaviour.
Association of the COVID‐19 outbreak with acute stroke care in Switzerland
Authors: De Marchis Gian Marco , Wright Patrick R. , Michel Patrik , Strambo Davide , Carrera Emmanuel , Dirren Elisabeth , Luft Andreas R. , Wegener Susanne , Cereda Carlo W. , Kägi Georg , Vehoff Jochen , Gensicke Henrik , Lyrer Philippe , Nedeltchev Krassen , Khales Timo , Bolognese Manuel , Salmen Stephan , Sturzenegger Rolf , Bonvin Christophe , Berger Christian , Schelosky Ludwig , Mono Marie‐Luise , Rodic Biljana , von Reding Andrea , Schwegler Guido , Tarnutzer Alexander A. , Medlin Friedrich , Humm Andrea M. , Peters Nils , Beyeler Morin , Kriemler Lilian , Bervini David , Fandino Javier , Hemkens Lars G. , Mordasini Pasquale , Arnold Marcel , Fischer Urs , Bonati Leo H. ,   the Swiss Stroke Registry Investigators
Published: December 2021

Background and purpose

In Switzerland, the COVID‐19 incidence during the first pandemic wave was high. Our aim was to assess the association of the outbreak with acute stroke care in Switzerland in spring 2020.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis based on the Swiss Stroke Registry, which includes consecutive patients with acute cerebrovascular events admitted to Swiss Stroke Units and Stroke Centers. A linear model was fitted to the weekly admission from 2018 and 2019 and was used to quantify deviations from the expected weekly admissions from 13 March to 26 April 2020 (the “lockdown period”). Characteristics and 3‐month outcome of patients admitted during the lockdown period were compared with patients admitted during the same calendar period of 2018 and 2019.

Results

In all, 28,310 patients admitted between 1 January 2018 and 26 April 2020 were included. Of these, 4491 (15.9%) were admitted in the periods March 13–April 26 of the years 2018–2020. During the lockdown in 2020, the weekly admissions dropped by up to 22% compared to rates expected from 2018 and 2019. During three consecutive weeks, weekly admissions fell below the 5% quantile (likelihood 0.38%). The proportion of intracerebral hemorrhage amongst all registered admissions increased from 7.1% to 9.3% (p = 0.006), and numerically less severe strokes were observed (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale from 3 to 2, p = 0.07).

Conclusions

Admissions and clinical severity of acute cerebrovascular events decreased substantially during the lockdown in Switzerland. Delivery and quality of acute stroke care were maintained.
Epigenetics and the city: Non‐parallel DNA methylation modifications across pairs of urban‐forest Great tit populations
Authors: Caizergues Aude E. , Le Luyer Jeremy , Grégoire Arnaud , Szulkin Marta , Senar Juan‐Carlos , Charmantier Anne , Perrier Charles
Published: December 2021

Identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in rapid adaptation to novel environments and determining their predictability are central questions in evolutionary biology and pressing issues due to rapid global changes. Complementary to genetic responses to selection, faster epigenetic variations such as modifications of DNA methylation may play a substantial role in rapid adaptation. In the context of rampant urbanization, joint examinations of genomic and epigenomic mechanisms are still lacking. Here, we investigated genomic (SNP) and epigenomic (CpG methylation) responses to urban life in a passerine bird, the Great tit (Parus major). To test whether urban evolution is predictable (i.e. parallel) or involves mostly nonparallel molecular processes among cities, we analysed both SNP and CpG methylation variations across three distinct pairs of city and forest Great tit populations in Europe. Our analyses reveal a polygenic response to urban life, with both many genes putatively under weak divergent selection and multiple differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between forest and city great tits. DMRs mainly overlapped transcription start sites and promotor regions, suggesting their importance in modulating gene expression. Both genomic and epigenomic outliers were found in genomic regions enriched for genes with biological functions related to the nervous system, immunity, or behavioural, hormonal and stress responses. Interestingly, comparisons across the three pairs of city‐forest populations suggested little parallelism in both genetic and epigenetic responses. Our results confirm, at both the genetic and epigenetic levels, hypotheses of polygenic and largely nonparallel mechanisms of rapid adaptation in novel environments such as urbanized areas.
Latina farmworkers' experiences: Maintaining dignity in an oppressive workplace
Authors: Areguin Maira A. , Stewart Abigail J.
Published: December 2021

Farmworkers in the United States support the billion‐dollar agriculture industry, but they and their work are largely undervalued and ignored. While workplace research has thoroughly examined mistreatment at work, there is little research that delves into non‐traditional workplaces–like those that employ farmworkers. Moreover, a focus on women farmworkers is even rarer, given that farmwork is a field dominated by men. However, an intersectional approach reveals Latina farmworkers' position in the U.S. in terms of the multiple hierarchies of status, power and privilege that affect them. Our study used thematic analysis to examine Latina farmworker experiences. Interviews with 14 Latina farmworkers revealed that they experience an oppressive workplace where discrimination and harassment are present. Despite these indignities, women still name positive aspects of their place of employment and ways in which they maintain their dignity in these challenging work settings.
The emerging association between bronchiectasis and systemic sclerosis: assessing prevalence and potential causality
Authors: Smith Rosemary , Harrison Megan , Lam Kay‐Vin , Adler Brendan , Bulsara Max , Sahhar Joanne , Stevens Wendy , Proudman Susanna , Nikpour Mandana , Gabbay Eli
Published: December 2021

Background

Bronchiectasis has been observed in association with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Theorised aetiology includes aspiration related to oesophageal dysmotility, immunosuppressant medication use and the direct effect of collagen deposition on airway calibre.

Aims

To detail bronchiectasis prevalence in an SSc population who have had a high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax. We assessed whether oesophageal dysmotility, demographic variables, SSc duration or subclass were associated with bronchiectasis.

Methods

Participants in the Australian Scleroderma Cohort Study (ASCS) with a HRCT were included. The ASCS provided demographic and clinical data. HRCT studies were reviewed for bronchiectasis, oesophageal dilatation and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Traction bronchiectasis associated with ILD was recorded as a separate entity to bronchiectasis. Oesophageal dysmotility was defined by symptoms and/or oesophageal dilatation.

Results

Of the 256 participants, 16.4% (n = 42) had bronchiectasis. Logistic regression analysis revealed no significant association between bronchiectasis and oesophageal dysmotility (observed in 95.7%), any demographic variable, SSc duration or subclass. A negative association between bronchiectasis and ILD was observed (P = 0.009; odds ratio 0.322; 95% confidence intervals 0.137–0.756).

Conclusion

Those with SSc appear to have an increased risk for bronchiectasis. Since bronchiectasis was not more frequent in participants with a longer duration of SSc, we hypothesise that its development is not related to immunosuppression alone. Oesophageal dysmotility was almost universal in our population such that its effect on bronchiectasis development could not be concluded. A negative association between bronchiectasis and ILD reflects that bronchiectasis occurring alongside ILD was recorded as a separate entity.
Whole-genome sequencing links Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile in a single hospital to diverse environmental sources in the community
Authors: Lim Su-Chen , Collins Deirdre A. , Imwattana Korakrit , Knight Daniel R. , Perumalsamy Sicilia , Hain-Saunders Natasza M. R. , Putsathit Papanin , Speers David , Riley Thomas V.
Published: December 2021

Aims

To investigate if Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile infection (CDI), traditionally thought of as hospital-acquired, can be genomically linked to hospital or community environmental sources, and to define possible importation routes from the community to the hospital.

Methods and Results

In 2019, C. difficile was isolated from 89/300 (29.7%) floor and 96/300 (32.0%) shoe sole samples at a tertiary hospital in Western Australia. Non-toxigenic C. difficile ribotype (RT) 010 predominated among floor (96.6%) and shoe sole (73.2%) isolates, while toxigenic RT 014/020 was most prevalent among contemporaneous clinical cases (33.0%) at the hospital. Whole-genome sequencing and high-resolution core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis on C. difficile strains from hospital and community sources showed no clinical C. difficile RT 014/020 strains were genetically related, and evidence of frequent long-distance, multi-directional spread between humans, animals and the environment. In addition, cgSNP analysis of environmental RT 010 strains suggested transportation of C. difficile via shoe soles.

Conclusions

While C. difficile RT 014/020 appears to spread via routes outside the healthcare system, RT 010 displayed a pattern of possible importation from the community into the hospital.

Significance and Impact of Study

These findings suggest developing community-based infection prevention and control strategies could significantly lower rates of CDI in the hospital setting.
Gender, hidden profiles, and the individual preference effect
Authors: Nicholson Dawn H. , Hopthrow Tim , Randsley de Moura Georgina
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we meta‐analyzed nine of our own studies to examine gender effects in decision‐making when information is asymmetrically distributed among group members in a hidden profile (HP). In particular, we examined the influence of individual preferences on decision‐making outcomes and how, or whether, they differed by gender. The meta‐analysis of our studies, which focused on individual decision‐making, suggested that the individual preference effect (IPE), a form of confirmation bias, may manifest differently by gender: Female participants in the HP condition demonstrated greater improvement in decision quality when moving from viewing partial to full information than their male counterparts. No gender differences in decision quality were found when information was presented in a structured one‐page Manifest Profile (MP), with all information made immediately available to all participants. This gender differential in the IPE is not contemplated by previous IPE or HP research, so this finding is of significant interest. We discuss our results in the context of previous mixed findings regarding the effect of gender diversity in improving group decision‐making and potential workplace changes required to recognize this gender difference.
Neotropical niche evolution of Otoba trees in the context of global biogeography of the nutmeg family
Authors: Frost Laura , Santamaría‐Aguilar Daniel A. , Singletary Daisy , Lagomarsino Laura P.
Published: December 2021

Aim

Plant distributions are influenced by species’ ability to colonize new areas via long‐distance dispersal and propensity to adapt to new environments via niche evolution. We use otobas, a clade of ecologically dominant trees found in low‐to mid‐elevation wet forests, as a system to understand the relative importance of these processes within the Neotropics.

Location

Neotropics and global.

Taxon

Otoba and entire Myristicaceae.

Methods

We resolve the first phylogeny of Otoba the Angiosperms353 loci and plastome sequences from 13 accessions representing seven species. We pair this with the most densely sampled phylogeny of Myristicaceae to date, inferred using publicly available plastid data. We then use environmental niche modelling, biogeographical reconstruction, phylogenetic principle components analysis and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models to infer biogeography and examine patterns of niche evolution.

Results

Myristicaceae has an Old World origin, with a single expansion into the Americas. Divergence dates, fossil evidence and a notable lack of long‐distance dispersal are consistent with a Boreotropical origin of Neotropical Myristicaceae. Mirroring the rarity of dispersal at the family level, Otoba's biogeography is marked by few biogeographical events: two expansions into Central America from a South American ancestor and a single dispersal event across the Andes. This limited movement contrasts with rapid climatic niche evolution, typically occurring across geographically proximate habitats.

Main conclusion

Contrasting with previous studies, long‐distance dispersal does not need to be invoked to explain the pantropical distribution of Myristicaceae, nor the biogeography of Otoba. This likely results from the family's relatively large seeds that are dispersed by large‐bodied vertebrates. Instead, rapid niche evolution in Otoba has facilitated its occurrence throughout mesic habitats of the northern Neotropics, including the Amazon rainforest and Andean montane forests. Otoba adds to a growing group of Neotropical plant clades in which climate adaptation following local migration is common, implying an important role of niche evolution in the assembly of the Neotropical flora.