bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subarachnoid—pleural fistula after resection of thoracic tumors
Authors: Hentschel Stephen J. , Rhines Laurence D. , Wong Franklin C. , Gokaslan Ziya L. , McCutcheon Ian E.
Published: May 2009

Object. Little has been written about the appropriate diagnosis, investigation, and management of subarachnoid—pleural fistula (SPF). The authors report a series of patients with SPF that developed after resection of spinal tumor and discuss the diagnosis and treatment of this entity.

Methods. Between 1993 and 2002, nine patients with SPF observed after spinal surgery at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center were prospectively followed. In all patients the tumors were located in the thoracic region, and the most common entity was vertebral body metastasis (six cases), with renal cell carcinoma being the most common form of the disease (three cases). All but one patient underwent surgery via a transthoracic approach; in only one patient an intradural approach was performed. The most common presentation was overt cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, manifesting as chest tube drainage (four cases) or as leakage through the wound (one case). A definitive diagnosis of SPF was established in four patients, with evidence of extraspinal leakage on an 111In-radionuclide CSF study. Although all patients initially underwent a trial of lumbar CSF drainage, all but one required open repair, including creation of intercostal muscle (three cases) and omental (one case) flaps.

Conclusions. After spinal surgery in which the thorax is entered, a diagnosis of SPF should be considered in any patient with abnormal chest tube output, persistent pleural effusion, or clinical evidence of intracranial hypotension. The diagnosis should be confirmed by performing a radionuclide-labeled CSF study. Definitive open repair is required in most cases and preferentially consists of a vascularized tissue graft, which is most easily obtained from an intercostal muscle flap.
Intramedullary and extramedullary solitary fibrous tumor of the cervical spine
Authors: Bohinski Robert J. , Mendel Ehud , Aldape Kenneth D. , Rhines Laurence D.
Published: May 2009

✓ Solitary fibrous tumor is a spindle cell tumor deriving from mesenchymal cells that arises most commonly in the pleura. Only very recently has this tumor been reported in the spine. A solitary fibrous tumor strongly resembles other spindle cell neoplasms of the spine and may be an unrecognized entity if not routinely considered in the differential diagnosis of spinal neoplasms. The authors report an unusual intra- and extramedullary location for a solitary fibrous tumor of the cervical spine. Findings in this case and a comprehensive review of the literature indicate that solitary fibrous tumors can originate from various spinal anatomical substrates and mimic both intra- and extramedullary tumor types.
Subacute spinal subdural hematoma after spontaneous resolution of cranial subdural hematoma: causal relationship or coincidence?
Authors: Bortolotti Carlo , Wang Huan , Fraser Kenneth , Lanzino Giuseppe
Published: May 2009

✓ The etiopathogenesis of traumatic spinal subdural hematoma (SSH) is uncertain. Unlike the supratentorial subdural space, no bridging veins traverse the spinal subdural space. The authors describe a case of subacute SSH that occurred after spontaneous resolution of traumatic intracranial SDH and suggest a causal relationship between the two.

A 23-year-old woman suffered an acute intracranial SDH after a snowboarding accident. There was no clinical or radiological evidence of spine injury. Conservative management of the supratentorial SDH resulted in spontaneous radiologically documented resolution with redistribution of blood in the subdural space.

Four days after the injury, the patient started noticing new onset of mild low-back pain. The pain progressively worsened. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral spine 10 days after the original injury revealed a large L4—S2 SDH. Ten days after the original injury, bilateral L5—S1 laminotomy and drainage of the subacute spinal SDH were performed. The patient experienced immediate pain relief.

The authors hypothesize that in some cases spinal SDH may be related to redistribution of blood from the supratentorial subdural space.
Metastatic prostate carcinoma to the intradural extramedullary spinal compartment
Authors: Hentschel Stephen J. , Mendel Ehud , Singh Sanjay , Rhines Laurence D.
Published: May 2009

✓ Despite the relatively high incidence of prostate carcinoma involving the spinal column, those that are associated with spinal intradural extramedullary metastases are rare. The role of surgery for metastases to this spinal compartment is limited and palliative because presentation tends to be late in the course of the disease, particularly for prostate carcinoma. It is also considered to be part of the spectrum of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and is associated with a high incidence of brain metastases. The authors review a rare case of prostate carcinoma metastatic to the spinal intradural extramedullary space and discuss its clinical presentation, imaging features, and surgical management.
Dural arteriovenous fistula as a late complication of upper cervical spine fracture
Authors: Vankan Yoeri , Demaerel Philippe , Heye Sam , Calenbergh Frank Van , van Loon Johannes , Maleux Geert , Wilms Guy
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors report an unusual case of a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) in the cervical spine after a C1–2 fracture. The patient presented with a delayed epidural hematoma and quadriparesis. The DAVF was successfully treated by coil embolization and the patient made a full recovery. The possibility of a DAVF as a late complication of an upper cervical spine fracture should be considered when a patient presents with a spinal epidural hematoma.
Oscillating field stimulation for complete spinal cord injury in humans: a Phase 1 trial
Authors: Shapiro Scott , Borgens Richard , Pascuzzi Robert , Roos Karen , Groff Michael , Purvines Scott , Rodgers Richard Ben , Hagy Shannon , Nelson Paul
Published: May 2009

Object.An electrical field cathode (negative pole) has trophic and tropic effects on injured spinal cord axons in in vitro and in vivo models of sea lamprey, rodent, and canine spinal cord injury (SCI) and it improves functional outcome. A human oscillating field stimulator (OFS) was built, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) exemption number was obtained, and institutional review board approval was given for a Phase 1 trial to study 10 humans with complete motor and sensory SCI.

Methods.Entry criteria were complete SCI between C-5 and T-10 in patients 18 to 65 years of age and no transection demonstrated on magnetic resonance imaging. All participants received the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (NASCIS) III methylprednisilone protocol. Cord compression and/or vertebral instability was treated before study entry. After treatment complete SCI (according to the American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] score) remained in all patients with no somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) below the injury level after surgery or for 48 hours. All patients underwent implantation of the OFS within 18 days. Patients underwent evaluation every 2 weeks postimplantation; the OFS was explanted at 15 weeks. Independent neurological status was assessed based on the ASIA score, visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, and SSEPs at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. Statistical analyses were performed using the two-tailed Wilcoxon test and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

There were no complications at insertion of the OFS; there was one case of wound infection after explantation (5% infection rate). One patient was lost to follow up after 6 months. In all 10 patients the mean VAS pain score was 8 at implantation, 2 at 6 months, and in the nine attending follow up for 1 year it remained 2. At 1 year, the mean improvement in light touch was 25.5 points (ANOVA p < 0.001, Wilcoxon test p = 0.02), the mean improvement in pinprick sensation was 20.4 points (ANOVA p < 0.001, Wilcoxon test p = 0.02), and the mean improvement in motor status was 6.3 points (ANOVA p < 0.01, Wilcoxon test p = 0.02). Of five cases involving cervical cord injuries, bilateral upper-extremity SSEPs were normal in one, unilateral upper-extremity SSEPs were recovered in four, bilateral upper-extremity SSEPs were recovered in one, and abnormal lower-extremity SSEPs resolved in one case. In one of the five cases involving thoracic injuries an abnormal lower-extremity SSEP resolved.

Conclusions.The use of OFS treatment in patients with SCI is safe, reliable, and easy. Compared with the outcomes obtained in compliant NASCIS III plegic patients, the results of the present study indicate efficacy, and the FDA has given permission for enrollment of 10 additional patients.
Experience with cervical stenosis and temporary paralysis in athletes
Authors: Bailes Julian E.
Published: May 2009

Object. Transient spinal cord injury (TSCI) in athletes presents one of the most challenging clinical scenarios. Management difficulties in and subsequent return-to-play decisions are especially important in those with cervical canal stenosis.

Methods. Ten athletes (nine male and one female patients) were evaluated for TSCI. The diagnostic survey included physical and neurological examinations, plain radiographs with flexion—extension dynamic studies, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Clinical courses were followed and, in those who returned to contact sports activities, subsequent experience was noted.

Symptoms consisted of paralysis, weakness, or numbness in all four extremities, their duration ranging from 15 minutes to 48 hours. Radiography revealed no evidence of fracture/dislocation or ligamentous instability. Spinal stenosis of 8 to 13 mm in length at three or more levels was evident in all cases. Four patients returned to competition without recurrent TSCI (mean follow-up duration 40 months); six individuals retired.

The occurrence of TSCI is not uncommon in athletes involved in contact sports. The diagnostic workup focuses on excluding fracture/dislocation, cord contusion, ligamentous infolding or instability, herniated nucleus pulposus, syrinx, or other surgically correctable lesions. There appear to be two groups of athletes who sustain TSCI: those who experience TSCI yet in whom radiographic studies are normal, and those with cervical stenosis, the most difficult management group.

Conclusions. It does not appear that a single episode of TSCI in an athlete with spinal stenosis will substantially increase the risk of subsequent catastrophic spinal cord injury in those in whom MR imaging demonstrates preservation of cerebrospinal fluid signal.
Comparison of spinal and general anesthesia in lumbar laminectomy surgery: a case-controlled analysis of 400 patients
Authors: McLain Robert F. , Kalfas Iain , Bell Gordon R. , Tetzlaff John E. , Yoon Helen J. , Rana Maunak
Published: May 2009

Object. Despite a history of safety and efficacy, spinal anesthesia is rarely used in lumbar surgery. Application of regional anesthetics is widely preferred for lower-extremity surgery, but general anesthesia is used almost exclusively in spine surgery, despite evidence that spinal anesthesia is as safe and may offer some advantages.

Methods. In this case-controlled study the authors analyzed outcomes obtained in 400 patients in whom either spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia was induced to perform a lumbar decompression. Patients were matched for anesthesia-related class, preoperative diagnosis, surgical procedure, and perioperative protocols. All aspects of surgery, recovery, postanesthesia care, and pain management were uniform irrespective of the anesthetic type. Case complexity was equivalent. An independent observer performed analysis of the data. Data from the intraoperative period through hospital discharge were collected and compared.

Two hundred consecutive patients meeting inclusion criteria were included in each group. Patients were treated for either lumbar stenosis or herniated nucleus pulposus. Demographically, both groups were well matched. Anesthetic and operative times were longer for patients receiving a general anesthetic (p < 0.05), in whom more nausea and greater requirements for antiemetics and pain medication were also present during recovery (p < 0.05). Overall complication rates and, specifically, the incidences of urinary retention were significantly lower in spinal anesthesia—induced patients (p < 0.05). There were no neural injuries in either group, and the incidence of spinal headache was lower in patients receiving a spinal anesthetic (1.5% compared with 3%).

Conclusions. Spinal anesthesia was as safe and effective as general anethesia for patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy. Potential advantages of spinal anesthsia include a shorter anesthesia duration, decreased nausea, antiemetic and analgesic requirements, and fewer complications. Successful surgery can be performed using either anesthesia type.
Surgical experience with symptomatic thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum
Authors: Liao Cheng-Chih , Chen Tzu-Yung , Jung Shih-Ming , Chen Li-Rong
Published: May 2009

Object. Symptomatic thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is rare, and its prognostic factors remain unclear. The authors retrospectively studied 24 patients with surgically treated thoracic OLF to delineate its prognostic factor.

Methods. The clinical manifestations, radiological studies, surgical records, and pathological findings were reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative neurological data were reappraised using the American Spinal Injury Association and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring systems. Spearman rank-correlation coefficients and nonparametric tests were used to analyze the correlations between the variables of patient characteristics, preoperative duration of symptoms, preoperative neurological status, associated spinal disorder(s) other than thoracic OLF, and the final functional outcome.

Conclusions. Decompressive surgery is indicated in patients in whom symptomatic thoracic spinal cord compression is caused by intruding OLF. Magnetic resonance imaging can provide sufficient clues for the diagnosis of thoracic OLF. Higher preoperative modified JOA scores of 3 and 4 are positively correlated with better postoperative functional recovery than lower scores. Surgery should be performed as soon as possible before independent ambulatory function is impaired.
Use of “MAPS” for determining the optimal surgical approach to metastatic disease of the thoracolumbar spine: anterior, posterior, or combined
Authors: Fourney Daryl R. , Gokaslan Ziya L.
Published: May 2009

✓ The surgical treatment of thoracolumbar metastases is controversial, and various approaches have been described. No single approach, however, is always applicable, and the optimal surgical strategy for any individual is determined by several interrelated factors. The authors have grouped these factors into four preoperative planning considerations that form the mnemonic “MAPS”: 1) method of resection; 2) anatomy of spinal disease; 3) patient's level of fitness; and 4) stabilization. The choice of approach is also considered in light of the goals of surgery, including the relief of pain, neurological palliation, spinal stabilization, and oncological control.
Role of granulocyte—macrophage colony—stimulating factor in preventing apoptosis and improving functional outcome in experimental spinal cord contusion injury
Authors: Ha Yoon , Kim Young Soo , Cho Jin Mo , Yoon Seung Hwan , Park So Ra , Yoon Do Heum , Kim Eun Young , Park Hyung Chun
Published: May 2009

Object. Granulocyte—macrophage colony—stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent hemopoietic cytokine that stimulates stem cell proliferation in the bone marrow and inhibits apoptotic cell death in leukocytes. Its effects in the central nervous system, however, are still unclear. The present study was undertaken to determine if GM-CSF can rescue neuronal cells from apoptosis and improve neurological function in a spinal cord injury (SCI) model.

Methods. To study the effect of GM-CSF on apoptotic neuronal death, the authors used a staurosporine-induced neuronal death model in an N2A cell line (in vitro) and in a rat SCI model (in vivo). The N2A cells were preincubated with GM-CSF for 60 minutes before being exposed to staurosporine for 24 hours. To inhibit GM-CSF, N2A cells were pretreated with antibodies against the GM-CSF receptor for 60 minutes. Clip compression was used to induce SCI. Animals were treated with daily doses of GM-CSF (20 µg/day) for 5 days. The number of apoptotic cells in the spinal cord and neurological improvements were assessed.

Pretreatment with GM-CSF was found to protect N2A cells significantly from apoptosis, and neutralizing antibodies for the GM-CSF receptors inhibited the rescuing effect of GM-CSF on apoptosis. In the rat SCI model, neurological function improved significantly in the GM-CSF—treated group compared with controls treated with phosphate-buffered saline. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase—mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining showed that GM-CSF administration reduced apoptosis in the injured spinal cord.

Conclusions. Treatment of SCI with GM-CSF showed beneficial effects. Neuronal protection against apoptosis is viewed as a likely mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of GM-CSF in SCI.
Biomechanical comparison: stability of lateral-approach anterior lumbar interbody fusion and lateral fixation compared with anterior-approach anterior lumbar interbody fusion and posterior fixation in the lower lumbar spine
Authors: Kim Sung-Min , Lim T. Jesse , Paterno Josemaria , Park Jon , Kim Daniel H.
Published: May 2009

Object. The stability of lateral lumbar interbody graft—augmented fusion and supplementary lateral plate fixation in human cadavers has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate biomechanical stabilities of the following: 1) femoral ring allograft (FRA)—augmented anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) after left lateral discectomy combined with additional lateral MACS HMA plate and screw fixation; and 2) ALIF combined with posterior transpedicular fixation after anterior discectomy.

Methods. Sixteen human lumbosacral spines were loaded with six modes of motion. The intervertebral motion was measured using a video-based motion-capturing system. The range of motion (ROM) and the neutral zone (NZ) in each loading mode were compared with a maximum of 7.5 Nm.

The ROM values for both stand-alone ALIF approaches were similar to those of the intact spine, whereas NZ measurements were higher in most loading modes. No significant intergroup differences were found. The ROM and NZ values for lateral fixation in all modes were significantly lower than those of intact spine, except when NZ was measured in lateral bending. All ROM and NZ values for transpedicular fixation were significantly lower than those for stand-alone anterior ALIF. Transpedicular fixation conferred better stabilization than lateral fixation in flexion, extension, and lateral bending modes.

Conclusions. Neither approach to stand-alone FRA-augmented ALIF provided sufficient stabilization, but supplementary instrumentation conferred significant stabilization. The MACS HMA plate and screw fixation system, although inferior to posterior transpedicular fixation, provided adequate stability compared with the intact spine and can serve as a sound alternative to supplementary spinal stabilization.
Lipoma with dumb-bell extradural extension through the intervertebral foramen into the spinal canal
Authors: Park Jin Soo , Shirachi Isao , Sato Kimiaki , Ando Noriyuki , Nagata Kensei
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors present the case of a 60-year-old woman with a neck lipoma that developed dumb-bell extradural extension, causing radiculopathy. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a lipoma originating in the neck with dumb-bell extradural extension through the intervertebral foramen and into the spinal canal. The lipoma was first excised from the foramen via a posterior approach to allow decompression of the nerve roots. The remaining lipomatous tissue was then resected via an anterior approach to avoid the region around the vertebral artery.
Rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage: spinal meningeal carcinomatosis
Authors: Inci Servet , Bozkurt Gokhan , Gulsen Salih , Firat Pinar , Ozgen Tuncalp
Published: May 2009

✓Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) of spinal origin is a rare entity accounting for approximately 1% of all cases of SAH. Its most frequent causes are trauma and vascular malformations. Although primary spinal tumors, especially ependymomas, are also relatively common causes, SAH secondary to a metastatic spinal tumor arising from outside the central nervous system is an extremely rare condition; only one case has been reported in the literature. The authors present a case of spinal meningeal carcinomatosis secondary to cutaneous malignant melanoma in which the patient presented with only symptoms of SAH.

Although very rare, this case underscores several factors. 1) Spinal SAH due to spinal metastases should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with previously known malignancy. 2) Spinal SAH may manifest without paraparesis or sensory deficit. 3) Magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord may be important to determine the source of SAH in patients in whom four-vessel cerebral angiography demonstrates no abnormal findings.
Novel treatment of basilar invagination resulting from an untreated C-1 fracture associated with transverse ligament avulsion
Authors: Ames Christopher P. , Acosta Frank , Nottmeier Eric
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors describe the case of a traumatic C-1 ring fracture and transverse ligament injury in an otherwise healthy adult woman; the lesion was essentially untreated for 3 months and resulted in basilar invagination. On presentation 3 months postinjury, the patient complained of severe increasing suboccipital pain and a grinding sensation in her upper neck. Axial computerized tomography (CT) scans revealed a C-1 ring fracture, basilar invagination with the dens abutting the clivus, and significant lateral splaying of the C-1 lateral masses. Flexion—extension radiography demonstrated abnormal motion at the atlantoaxial junction. A unique surgical technique was used to address simultaneously the C1–2 instability, the displaced C-1 fracture, and basilar invagination without having to perform occipital fixation. The authors believe that an understanding of the mechanism of the cranial settling in this case (further splaying of the C-1 lateral masses and downward migration of the occipital condyles) permitted full reduction of the deformity; this was accomplished by performing a horizontal reduction of the C-1 lateral masses, using direct C-1 lateral mass screws, a rod compressor, and a cross-link. Postoperative CT scanning confirmed the success of reduction. The results in this report highlight a rare but important complication of untreated C-1 fracture and ligament disruption, and the authors describe a novel treatment technique with which to restore vertical alignment and preserve occipital C-1 motion. A variation of this technique may also be used to treat Type II transverse ligament injuries associated with C-1 ring fractures as an alternative to halo immobilization.
The development of techniques for resection of spinal cord tumors by Harvey W. Cushing
Authors: Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. , Spencer Dennis D. , Krauss William E.
Published: May 2009

✓ Harvey Cushing's refinement of Halsted's meticulous surgical techniques facilitated safe resection of intradural spinal tumors. Although Cushing focused his attention on brain tumors at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, his numerous contributions to the treatment of intradural spinal tumors include the description of these tumors' natural histories and their histological classifications. The application of his experienced intracranial techniques to the resection of spinal tumors improved outcomes. The authors review selected operative notes and sketches to demonstrate his technique in the excision of the spinal cord tumors.
Use of the Solis cage and local autologous bone graft for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: early technical experience
Authors: Shad Amjad , Leach John C. D. , Teddy Peter J. , Cadoux-Hudson Tom A. D.
Published: May 2009

Object. The authors prospectively evaluated the clinical and radiological outcomes after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) involving placement of a Solis cage and local autograft in patients who presented with symptomatic cervical spondylosis.

Methods. Twenty-two consecutive patients underwent ACDF for radiculopathy (13 cases), myeloradiculopathy (eight cases), or myelopathy alone (one case) and were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months. Plain cervical spine radiography demonstrated a significant change in both local (p < 0.05) and regional (p < 0.05) kyphotic angles as well as an increase in segmental height (p < 0.05). At 12 months, plain radiography demonstrated Grades I, II, and III new bone formation in two, three, and 17 patients, respectively. Clinical outcomes were assessed using a visual analog scale for both neck and arm pain and a modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scale for myelopathy. There was a significant improvement in both arm (p < 0.05) and neck pain (p < 0.05). At 12 months, 16 (84%) of 19 and 19 (86%) of 22 patients reported complete resolution of arm pain and neck pain, respectively. There was a significant improvement in JOA scores following surgery (p < 0.05). There were two complications in the series: one case of deep venous thrombosis and one case of postoperative arm pain that resolved after conservative treatment. There were no technical complications.

Conclusions. Early experience with Solis cage—augmented ACDF indicates good clinical and radiological outcomes; additionally, there are the advantages of absent donor site morbidity and anterior plate system—related morbidity.
Chronological changes of postsympathectomy compensatory hyperhidrosis and recurrent sweating in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis
Authors: Chiou Thomas S. M.
Published: May 2009

Object. The author sought to investigate the temporal changes of postsympathectomy compensatory hyperhidrosis and recurrent sweating in patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis.

Methods. The author examined 91 consecutive patients for this prospective 6-year study. The patients were interviewed at least twice during a 6-month interval; the first follow up was conducted at a median of 1.7 years after surgery (range 2.5–60.5 months). Overall, 24 patients (26.4%) were followed for more than 2 years. Attention was focused on patient satisfaction and the incidence of compensatory hyperhidrosis and recurrent sweating.

The overall mean patient satisfaction rate was 78%, with a median 80% improvement on a visual analog scale from 0% (poor) to 100% (excellent). Overall, 88 patients (96.7%) developed compensatory hyperhidrosis, with the mean initial occurrence at 8.2 weeks. The symptoms of compensatory hyperhidrosis progressively worsened to the maximum degree within another 2 weeks after onset (mean 10.3 ± 1.83 weeks). In 19 patients (21.6%), symptoms of compensatory hyperhidrosis improved spontaneously within 3 months after sympathectomy (mean 13.3 weeks). Postoperative compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred in 71.4% of patients within the 1st year. Recurrent sweating occurred in only 17.6% of patients. None of these patients required repeated operation. The earliest onset of recurrent sweating was noted at 2 weeks postoperatively by three patients, and the mean initial postoperative reccurrence was 32.7 weeks after surgery.

Conclusions. Compensatory hyperhidrosis and recurrent sweating are normal thermoregulatory responses that occurred after upper thoracic sympathectomy. Compensatory hyperhidrosis was more prevalent and developed earlier than recurrent sweating. The severity of both compensatory hyperhidrosis and recurrent sweating symptoms remained stable 6 months after surgery.
Atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation: a review of surgical indications, fusion rate, complications, and lessons learned in 67 pediatric patients
Authors: Gluf Wayne M. , Brockmeyer Douglas L.
Published: May 2009

Object. In this, the second of two articles regarding C1–2 transarticular screw fixation, the authors discuss their surgical experience in treating patients 16 years of age and younger, detailing the rate of fusion, complication avoidance, and lessons learned in the pediatric population.

Methods. The authors retrospectively reviewed 67 consecutive patients (23 girls and 44 boys) younger than 16 years of age in whom at least one C1–2 transarticular screw fixation procedure was performed. A total of 127 transarticular screws were placed in these 67 patients whose mean age at time of surgery was 9 years (range 1.7–16 years). The indications for surgery were trauma in 24 patients, os odontoideum in 22 patients, and congenital anomaly in 17 patients. Forty-four patients underwent atlantoaxial fusion and 23 patients underwent occipitocervical fusion. Two of the 67 patients underwent halo therapy postoperatively.

All patients were followed for a minimum of 3 months. In all 67 patients successful fusion was achieved.Complications occurred in seven patients (10.4%), including two vertebral artery injuries.

Conclusions. The use of C1–2 transarticular screw fixation, combined with appropriate atlantoaxial and craniovertebral bone/graft constructs, resulted in a 100% fusion rate in a large consecutive series of pediatric patients. The risks of C1–2 transarticular screw fixation can be minimized in this population by undertaking careful patient selection and meticulous preoperative planning.
Endoscopic partial laminectomy for cervical myelopathy
Authors: Yabuki Shoji , Kikuchi Shin-ichi
Published: May 2009

Object. The authors report the results of endoscopic partial laminectomy performed in 10 patients with degenerative cervical compressive myelopathy.

Methods. Endoscopic partial laminectomy was performed safely in 10 patients with cervical myelopathy. All of the patients experienced symptomatic improvement with slight postoperative wound pain. The mean operative duration was 164 ± 35 minutes and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 45.5 ± 27 ml.

Conclusions. Endoscopic partial laminectomy may be used as a minimally invasive alternative for the treatment of cervical compressive myelopathy.
En bloc resection of multilevel cervical chordoma with C-2 involvement
Authors: Rhines Laurence D. , Fourney Daryl R. , Siadati Abdolreza , Suk Ian , Gokaslan Ziya L.
Published: May 2009

✓ Chordomas are locally aggressive neoplasms with an extremely high propensity to recur locally following resection, despite adjuvant therapy. This biological behavior has led most authors to conclude that en bloc resection provides the best chance for the patient's prolonged disease-free survival and possible cure.

The authors present a case of an extensive upper cervical chordoma treated by en bloc resection, reconstruction, and long-segment stabilization. Total spondylectomy of C2–4 with sacrifice of the right C2–4 nerve roots and a segment of the right vertebral artery was performed. The inherent anatomical complexities of en bloc resection in the upper cervical spine are discussed. To the authors' knowledge, this represents the first report of an en bloc resection for multilevel cervical chordoma.
Vertebral osteonecrosis associated with sarcoidosis
Authors: Ito Manabu , Motomiya Makoto , Abumi Kuniyoshi , Shirado Osamu , Kotani Yoshihisa , Kadoya Ken , Murota Eihiro , Minami Akio
Published: May 2009

✓ Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease commonly affecting lung, skin, or eye. Sarcoidosis involved with osseous structures occurs in approximately 5% of patients, usually involving small bones. Spinal sarcoidosis is extremely rare. The authors report on a man in whom examination of a subclavicular lymph node biopsy specimen and its spinal involvement had established a diagnosis of sarcoidosis and who had undergone steroid therapy. Despite intensive conservative treatment, the authors observed progressive collapse of L-2 requiring spinal decompressive and reconstructive surgeries. Histological evaluation of the collapsed vertebra did not show the typical noncaseating granuloma; rather, the authors observed osteonecrosis of the entire L-2 structure without reactive cellular activities. Other potential diagnoses including infectious disease, metastatic spinal tumor, and osteoporotic vertebral collapse were excluded based on laboratory data, imaging studies, and pathological findings. Complete necrosis of the entire L-2 vertebra in this case can be considered as a rare clinical manifestation of spinal sarcoidosis. Because of osteopenia and systemic bone fragility, combined anterior—posterior spinal reconstructive surgery was performed to restabilize the severely damaged spine.
A transsternoclavicular approach for the anterior decompression and fusion of the upper thoracic spine
Authors: Tamura Mutsuhiro , Saito Masashi , Machida Masafumi , Shibasaki Keiichi
Published: May 2009

✓ The anterior approach is commonly used to reach the upper thoracic region to achieve decompression and stabilization; however, upper thoracic lesions are difficult to treat because of the regional anatomical structures, and this approach is associated with risks of complication. The authors evaluated the advantages of using a transsternoclavicular approach to aid in treating upper thoracic lesions. The procedure and surgery-related outcomes are discussed.
Efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty combined with radiotherapy in osteolytic metastatic spinal tumors
Authors: Jang Jee-Soo , Lee Sang-Ho
Published: May 2009

Object. Vertebroplasty involves the percutaneous injection of polymethylmethacrylate into collapsed vertebral bodies due to hemangioma, osteoporosis, or malignant tumor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the merits and efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) combined with radiotherapy in treating patients with osteolytic metastatic spinal tumors (OMSTs).

Methods. Twenty-eight patients with OMSTs underwent PVP for the treatment of 72 vertebrae after administration of a local anesthetic or induction of general anesthesia for pain relief and spinal stabilization. Radiotherapy for suppressing tumor or inducing pain relief was performed immediately after PVP in 22 patients. Pain levels were assessed before and after the procedure by using a visual analog scale (VAS), and follow-up assessment was conducted at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months. On postoperative Day 3, marked-to-complete VAS score—based pain relief was achieved in 13 patients (48%) and moderate relief was demonstrated in 11 (41%). The mean VAS pain score was reduced from 8.2 to 3, and major complications were absent in all cases. Follow-up plain radiography was performed to assess vertebral column stability. Neither additional vertebral collapse in the treated vertebrae nor neurological deterioration was observed.

Conclusions. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive procedure and, when combined with radiotherapy, seems to be effective in providing pain relief and stabilization in patients with OMSTs.
Intramedullary spinal cord tumors in patients older than 50 years of age: management and outcome analysis
Authors: Shrivastava Raj K. , Epstein Fred J. , Perin Noel I. , Post Kalmon D. , Jallo George I.
Published: May 2009

Object. Intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) in the older-age adult population pose complex management issues regarding the extent of resection and functional outcome, especially in terms of quality of life. Historically, IMSCTs in the older adult population were treated with irradiation alone because it was assumed that functional recovery would be poor. The authors examined their IMSCT database and report the first large series of IMSCTs in patients older than 50 years of age.

Methods. In this retrospective clinical and chart review there were 30 cases meeting inclusion criteria drawn from databases at three different institutions. A modified McCormick Scale was used to assess functional levels in all 30 patients pre- and postoperatively. The mean age of patients in this cohort was 59.8 years (range 50–78 years), and the mean follow- up period was 10.6 years (range 2–16 years).

Ependymoma was the most common tumor (83%), and 55% were located in the thoracic spine. The most common presenting symptom was sensory dysesthesia, with rare motor loss. The prodromal period to treatment was 19.4 months. Based on the McCormick Scale score at last follow-up examination 67% of patients were clinically functionally the same, 9% were worse, and 24% were improved after surgery. There were two deaths due tumor progression (both malignant tumors) and one recurrence (anaplastic astrocytoma). All three patients in whom malignant astrocytomas were diagnosed underwent postoperative radiation therapy.

Conclusions. In the population of patients older than age 50 years, thoracic ependymomas are the most common IMSCTs that present characteristically with sensory symptoms. The longer prodromal period in the older adult population may reflect the fact that their diagnosis and workup is inadequate. There was no significant increase in the length of stay in the neurosurgical ward. The authors recommend motor evoked potential-guided aggressive microsurgical resection, because the long-term outcome of benign lesions is excellent (good functional recovery and no tumor recurrence).
Conical working tube: a special device for endoscopic surgery of herniated lumbar discs
Authors: Husain Mazhar , Jha Deepak K. , Agrawal Sunil , Husain Nuzhat , Gupta Rakesh K.
Published: May 2009

Object. The instrumentation for endoscopic discectomy continues to evolve to allow for acceptable clinical outcomes and expanding applications. The authors describe their experience in using a conical working tube equipped with a guide for angular entry of the telescope to perform endoscopic discectomy in patients with lumbar disc herniation.

Methods. Fifty-one patients (38 men and 13 women) with herniated lumbar discs underwent endoscopic lumbar surgery during the past 2.5 years at the authors' institutions. A conical working tube was inserted over sequential coaxial dilators via a muscle-splitting approach. Conventional neurosurgical instruments were used in conjunction with an angled insertion telescope. Endoscopic discectomy was performed at the L1–2 (one case), L3–4 (two cases), L4–5 (32 cases), and L5—S1 (18 cases) levels. The surgical approach was bilateral in two patients: bilateral L4–5 in one, and right L4–5 and left L5—S1 in the other. The remaining patient suffered adjacent two-level (right-sided L4–5 and L5—S1) herniations. Outcome was assessed at a mean of 11 months after surgery by using modified Macnab criteria.

Outcomes were excellent in 46 (90%), fair in three (6%), and poor in two patients (4%). Complications occurred in four patients and included a dural tear in one case, postoperative neurological deterioration in two, and discitis in two; in two of these patients open surgical exploration was required.

Conclusions. A separate angled entry of the telescope shortens the effective length of the working sheath and creates a better working space, thereby allowing greater instrument maneuverability and ability to use conventional neurosurgical instruments. In addition, use of this telescope in other endoscopic procedures reduces overall cost of instrumentation and treatment, and results are comparable to those reported in association with microscopic lumbar discectomy.
A novel rat model for the study of intraosseous metastatic spine cancer
Authors: Mantha Ajay , Legnani Federico G. , Bagley Carlos A. , Gallia Gary L. , Garonzik Ira , Pradilla Gustavo , Amundson Eric , Tyler Betty M. , Brem Henry , Gokaslan Ziya L.
Published: May 2009

Object. Although metastatic spinal disease constitutes a significant percentage of all spinal column tumors, an accessible and reproducible animal model has not been reported. In this study the authors describe the technique for creating an intraosseous spinal tumor model in rats and present a functional and histological analysis.

Methods. Eighteen female Fischer 344 rats were randomized into two groups. Group 1 animals underwent a transabdominal exposure and implantation of CRL-1666 breast adenocarcinoma into the L-6 vertebral body (VB). Animals in Group 2 underwent a sham operation. Hindlimb function was tested daily by using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scale. Sixteen days after tumor implantation, animals were killed and their spines were removed for histological assessment. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

By Day 15 functional analysis showed a significant decrease in motor function in Group 1 animals (median functional score 2 of 21) compared with Group 2 rats (median functional score 21 of 21) (p = 0.0217). The onset of paraparesis in Group 1 occurred within 14 to 16 days of surgery. Histopathological analysis showed tumor proliferation through the VB and into the spinal canal, with marked osteolytic activity and spinal cord compression.

Conclusions. Analysis of these findings demonstrates the consistency of tumor growth in this model and validates the utility of functional testing for onset of paresis. This new rat model allows for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutic treatments for patients harboring metastatic spine disease.
Neuroprotection and functional recovery after application of the caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEHD-fmk in a rat model of traumatic spinal cord injury
Authors: Çolak Ahmet , Karaoǧlan Alper , Barut Şeref , Köktürk Sibel , Akyildiz Aysşenur Iǧdem , Taşyürekli Mustafa
Published: May 2009

Object. Apoptosis is considered one of the most significant mechanisms in the pathogenesis of neuronal damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). This form of cell death occurs via mediators known as caspases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the caspase-9 inhibitor, z-LEHD-fmk, in a rat model of spinal cord trauma.

Methods. Fifty-four Wistar albino rats were studied in the following three groups of 18 animals each: sham-operated controls (Group 1); trauma-only controls (Group 2); and trauma combined with z-LEHD-fmk—treated animals (0.8 µM/kg; Group 3). Spinal cord injury was produced at the thoracic level by using the weight-drop technique. Responses to SCI and the efficacy of z-LEHD-fmk treatment were determined on the basis of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase—mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick—end labeling staining and light and electron microscopy findings in cord tissue at 24 hours and 7 days posttrauma. Six rats from each group were also assessed for functional recovery at 3 and 7 days after SCI. This was conducted using the inclined-plane technique and a modified version of the Tarlov motor grading scale.

At 24 hours postinjury, light microscopic examination of Group 2 tissue samples showed hemorrhage, edema, necrosis, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, and vascular thrombi. Those obtained in Group 3 rats at this stage showed similar features. At 24 hours postinjury, the mean apoptotic cell count in Group 2 was significantly higher than that in Group 3 (90.25 ± 2.6 and 50.5 ± 1.9, respectively; p < 0.05). At 7 days postinjury, the corresponding mean apoptotic cell counts were 49 ± 2.1 and 17.7 ± 2.6, also a significant difference (p < 0.05). Electron microscopy findings confirmed the occurrence of programmed cell death in different cell types in the spinal cord and showed that z-LEHD-fmk treatment protected neurons, glia, myelin, axons, and intracellular organelles.

Conclusions. Examination of the findings in this rat model of SCI revealed that apoptosis occurs not only in neurons and astrocytes but also in oligodendrocytes and microglia. Furthermore, immediate treatment with the caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEHD-fmk blocked apoptosis effectively and was associated with better functional outcome. More in-depth research of the role of programmed cell death in spinal cord trauma and further study of the ways in which caspases are involved in this process may lead to new strategies for treating SCI.
Pituitary carcinoma with a single metastasis causing cervical spinal cord compression
Authors: Ayuk John , Natarajan Geetha , Geh J. Ian , Mitchell Rosalind D. , Gittoes Neil J. L.
Published: May 2009

✓ Pituitary carcinoma is rare, with fewer than 100 cases having been reported in the English-language literature. The diagnosis of pituitary carcinoma requires the demonstration of cerebrospinal and/or systemic metastases rather than local invasion. The lesion carries a poor prognosis; fewer than 50% of patients survive beyond 1 year after diagnosis. In this report the authors describe the case of a 68-year-old man who had undergone transsphenoidal debulking surgery and pituitary radiotherapy 4 years earlier for a pituitary adenoma. He presented with cervical cord compression due to a single metastasis from pituitary carcinoma. The authors discuss the management of this entity and review the literature for current opinion on the pathogenesis of these tumors, factors resulting in malignant transformation, and the reliability of markers that predict future malignant behavior. Evidence for the various treatment modalities is also appraised.
Intramedullary neurenteric cysts of the spine
Authors: Rotondo Michele , D'Avanzo Raffaele , Natale Massimo , Pasqualetto Luigi , Bocchetti Antonio , Agozzino Lucio , Scuotto Assunta
Published: May 2009

✓ Neurenteric spinal cysts are infrequently occurring dysraphic lesions that are caused by persistent or abnormal communication among neuroectoderm, notochord, and endoderm. They are generally located at the intradural, extramedullary compartment of the low cervical or upper spinal canal. They occur primarily in infants and in young adults in combination with other congenital abnormalities. The authors report on three cases of lower-thoracic and thoracolumbar intramedullary neurenteric cysts that atypically presented in adult patients in whom there was no concomitant malformation. These lesions appear notable for location, clinical presentation, intraoperative findings, and imaging features.
Cervical arthroplasty complicated by delayed spontaneous fusion
Authors: Parkinson Jonathon F. , Sekhon Lali H. S.
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors describe the case of a 55-year-old woman who presented with a left C-6 radiculopathy and neck pain and in whom there was evidence of disc/osteophyte compression of the left C-6 nerve root. The patient underwent a C5–6 anterior cervical decompression and placement of a Bryan disc prosthesis. More than 7000 cervical discs have been inserted worldwide. Postoperatively, dynamic imaging demonstrated loss of motion at the instrumented level. The patient suffered persistent neck and arm pain that was slow to resolve. Seventeen months after the initial surgery osseous fusion was observed across the interspace and posterior surface of the prosthesis. This is the first documented case of fusion occurring at the level at which cervical arthroplasty had been performed. The precise reason for this phenomenon is unclear, but potential contributing factors include patient-related issues, poor motion due to neck pain, or possibly implant-related issues. To date, this is an exceedingly rare complication and warrants careful and prolonged follow up of all arthroplasty-treated cases.
Posterior atlantoaxial transpedicular screw and plate fixation
Authors: Chen Jyi-Feng , Wu Chieh-Tsai , Lee Sai-Cheung , Lee Shih-Tseng
Published: May 2009

✓ The authors describe a modified posterior atlantoaxial fixation technique for the treatment of reducible atlantoaxial instability, which can be performed simply and easily, and can decrease the risk of vessel and/or neural damage.

During an 18-month period, this technique was undertaken in 11 patients with atlantoaxial instability. There was no procedure-related morbidity. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 18 months (mean 13.2 months). Fusion was documented in all 11 patients, and there was no progression of spinal deformity.

This technique can be considered an effective alternative in the treatment of atlantoaxial subluxation.