bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3‐D photonic bandgap structures in the microwave regime by fused deposition of multimaterials
Authors: Pilleux Mauricio E. , Safari Ahmad , Allahverdi Mehdi , Chen Youren , Lu Yicheng , Jafari Mohsen A.
Published: July 2002

Three‐dimensional photonic bandgap (PBG) structures using alumina (Al2O3) as the high permittivity material were modeled and then the structures were fabricated by Fused Deposition of Multi‐materials (FDMM) technology. A finite element method and a real‐time electromagnetic wave propagation software were used to simulate and design the layered PBG structures for applications in the microwave frequency range. The modeling predicted a 3‐D photonic bandgap in the 16.5–23.5 GHz range. FDMM provides a computer‐controlled process to generate 3‐D structures, allowing high fabrication flexibility and efficiency. Electromagnetic measurements displayed the presence of a bandgap between 17.1–23.3 GHz, showing a good agreement with the predicted values. These PBG structures are potential candidates for applications in advanced communication systems.
Effects of orifice shape in contour crafting of ceramic materials
Authors: Kwon Hongkyu , Bukkapatnam Satish , Khoshnevis Behrokh , Saito Jason
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the experimentation and modeling efforts at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, to study the material flow patterns in the extrusion and deposition stages of the Contour Crafting (CC) process. A preliminary finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted for extrusion and deposition mechanisms of CC with ceramic materials (e.g. clay) as the fabrication material. Using the FEA simulations, certain basic understandings of the effect of extrusion orifice geometry on the performance of CC were derived. A square orifice was found to be aptly suited, both in terms of delivering excellent fusion between layers as well as creating the desired external surface profile. The experimental observations support these results.
Methods and algorithms for the slicing process in microstereolithography
Authors: Vogt C. , Bernhard P. , Bertsch A. , Renaud PR.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, methods and algorithms are presented for an efficient slicing process specifically designed for microstereolithography, a high‐resolution rapid prototyping technology. Modifications are given for different implementation environments (FPU, Parallel Computing, directly wired processes). They use the common STL‐format as the description of the 3D objects and compute bitmapped layers for the layered manufacturing step. Specific attention was paid to the requirements for flexibility, accuracy, supporting standards and performance. A layer‐resolution of up to 32767×32767 pixels is supported. The described system is a flexible solution easy to be coupled with almost any system controller for a micro‐stereolithography machine using the integral irradiation process.
The high technology small firm sector in the UK
Authors: Jones‐Evans Dylan , Westhead Paul
Published: July 2002

Charts an increase in the total stock of high technology firms over the 1987 to 1991 period in the UK, as well as the employment contribution of firms over the same period. Finds that total employment in high technology firms declined over this period. However, the employment contribution of small high technology firms, particularly those engaged in technology‐based services activities increased. The employment contribution of this group was unable to offset the major employment losses made by large high technology firms (those with 100 or more employees) and firms engaged in more “conventional” activities in the wider economy, Claims that policy makers should continue to encourage the formation, survival and development of a growing and diverse stock of new and small high technology firms in the UK.
Corporate design: a tool for testing
Authors: Gabrielsen Gorm , Kristensen Tore , Hansen Flemming
Published: July 2002

Affirms the great need for corporate designs, yet states that the tests most frequently used are certainly not comprehensive. The reasons for these “partial” tests are explored (focusing on incorrect assumptions, as well as research design and methodology). Concludes that data collection was not completed, and that the next steps are to complete the testing of the current designs.
A comparison of values in infomercials and commercials
Authors: Hetsroni Amir , Asya Ilan
Published: July 2002

The study compared values represented in infomercials with values represented in conventional commercials. A total of 318 infomercials and 861 commercials broadcast in Israel in the late 1990s were coded to examine the prominence of value systems and of specific values. Of the three value systems examined – functionalism, hedonism and altruism – functionalism was over three times more frequent in infomercials than in commercials, and altruism was over three times more frequent in commercials than in infomercials. The frequency of hedonism in commercials was 25 percent greater than it was in infomercials. Joy, the most prominent value in commercials, ranked only third in infomercials. Overall, the results show that in spite of the fact that the infomercials are longer than the commercials, they present a more limited selection of values. Infomercials repeatedly mention only the product’s price, its basic qualities and its obvious uses.
Development of a reliable packaging process for flip chip on ceramics
Authors: Zhong Zhaowei
Published: July 2002

A reliable packaging process for flip chip on ceramic substrate using gold bumps and adhesive was successfully developed. The bonding parameters and flip chip assemblies using four adhesive materials were investigated by means of design of experiments and yield runs. The packaging yield was 100 per cent. All the packages assembled during the yield runs passed various reliability tests. The packages attained 100 per cent reliability required for an industrial application.
Studying electro‐physical material characteristics of vacuum‐deposited layers of aluminium (tantalum) when using aluminium sheet as a carrier for MCM, interconnections, vias and resistive groups
Authors: Philippov Ph. , Arnaudov R. , Yordanov N. , Ianev V. , Gospodinova M.
Published: July 2002

Investigations of material parameters within the system Al, Al2O3, Ta, Ta2O5 and TaOxN1‐x are presented. This combination is characteristic when using Al sheet for production of substrates including electronic interconnections, vias and resistive groups. They can serve for MCMs due to the specific features of Al. The technological process includes first electrochemical oxidation of Al‐sheet as base isolation layer Al2O3 (50‐70μm). This process is followed by vacuum deposition of relatively thick layers of Al (2‐5μm). Each layer is then processed by lithographic methods followed by selective electro‐chemical oxidation as a help process for structuring. The development of this combined structuring method allows the simultaneous achievement of interconnections (Al) and isolation (Al2O3) levels with least size up to 50μm. The importance of the method consists of a vertical combination of several conductive layers of Al structured as described above, “burying” the interconnections in the insulating Al2O3 films. All necessary combinations and configurations of different kinds of microstrip lines are possible. The dielectric characteristics of Al2O3, achieved through the above mentioned method, can be changed in accordance with the parameters of the technological steps and filling of the porous structure. Thus some interesting high frequency features of microstrips are obtained. Extra advantage is the ability of combination of conductive Al layers with other types of such layers as tantalum (Ta). With Ta can be achieved other permittivity constants of the insulation layers and in combination with TaOxN1‐x intermediate planes of resistive groups are developed. The measurement of the stripline parameters is done by microwave technics, because the desired application of the substrates is for high‐speed digital signals in the GHz range.
Strategic quality management
Authors: Srinidhi Bin
Published: July 2002

Notes that to be effectively implemented, quality management has to be aligned with strategy and properly co‐ordinated. Develops a systems framework entitled congruence management business architecture. Notes that under this architecture an activity is the core entity for change and that every quality or related initiative will change, eliminate or create activities. Considers various quality management mechanisms under this architecture and considers various barriers. Suggests that the congruence management framework can help make quality management more effective.
Supplier involvement in design: a comparative survey of automotive suppliers in the USA, UK and Japan
Authors: Liker Jeffrey K. , Kamath Rajan R. , Nazli Wasti S.
Published: July 2002

This paper examines supplier involvement in design based on survey data from 145 Japanese, 189 US and 87 UK automotive component suppliers. First, cross‐national differences in the degree of supplier involvement are examined. Second, regression analysis is used to identify factors which predict high or low levels of supplier involvement in design. Third, the effects of supplier involvement in product development on the degree to which products are designed for manufacturability are assessed. The data show that, contrary to much of the literature that suggests the highest levels of supplier involvement in design are in Japan, suppliers in the USA and UK are more likely to report greater influence on product design decisions, earlier involvement and more frequent communications with customers about design. Moreover, manufacturing planning and design begin later, as a proportion of the development cycle, in Japan than in the USA and the UK. Regression analysis shows that involving suppliers early and giving them influence over design is associated with greater contributions of suppliers to cost reduction, quality improvement and design for manufacturability. Suppliers are given the greatest influence and communication is most intensive for the design of complex subsystems and new designs, and this does not vary by country.
QUALITY CORNER
Authors: Reames J. Michael
Published: July 2002

Companies of all types are investing significant time and resources in regularly “assessing” themselves according to an internally designed set of criteria. More and more, these assessments are focused broadly on entire company systems and less on pure quality criteria, such as the quality of products and services. Although each firm strives to find the “right” set of criteria for their unique position, set of circumstances, and idiosyncratic culture, most seem to gravitate toward a set of loosely defined, generic characteristics which, to a remarkable extent, reflect the broad categories of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Criteria. This article examines the linkages between broadly defined assessment criteria and the comprehensive structure of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award.
The strategic challenge of electronic commerce
Authors: Fraser John , Fraser Nuran , McDonald Frank
Published: July 2002

Based on the results of an ongoing study into the impact of e‐commerce on UK business. The authors have provided input from both academic and commercial viewpoints. The intention is to monitor the changing landscape of the commercial world over a period of time and this study provides grounding to this process, drawing some important conclusions that will have an effect across a large section of UK business. The paper charts the advent of the e‐commerce revolution and how business is adapting to this new paradigm. Examples include the Co‐operative Bank, Waterstones and RS Components. Legal aspects of the Internet and commerce on it are also interpreted with ramifications for organisations that are protecting their data as well as positioning themselves to exploit the commercial opportunities that the Internet offers.
A practical framework for understanding the outsourcing process
Authors: McIvor Ronan
Published: July 2002

Over the last number of years, outsourcing has become an important issue for many organisations. The potential for outsourcing has moved from peripheral activities such as cleaning and catering to critical activities such as design and manufacturing. However, there is evidence to suggest that organisations are not achieving the desired benefits from outsourcing. Outsourcing decisions are rarely taken within a thoroughly strategic perspective with many firms adopting a short‐term perspective and being motivated primarily by the search for short‐term cost reductions. The aim is to illustrate that outsourcing should be carried out from a strategic perspective and integrated into the overall strategy of the organisation by proposing an outsourcing framework. The framework attempts to overcome some of the problems associated with outsourcing by integrating a number of key strands related to outsourcing including a value chain perspective, core competency thinking and supply base influences into the decision‐making process.
The impact of information sharing and ordering co‐ordination on supply chain performance
Authors: Zhao Xiande , Xie Jinxing , Zhang W.J.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a study on the impacts of information sharing and ordering co‐ordination on the performance of a supply chain with one capacitated supplier and multiple retailers under demand uncertainty. In particular, a computer model is proposed to simulate inventory replenishment decisions by the retailers and production decisions by the supplier under different demand patterns and capacity tightness. It is found that information sharing and ordering co‐ordination significantly impact the supply chain performance in terms of both total cost and service level. It is also found that the value of sharing information and ordering co‐ordination is significantly affected by demand patterns and capacity tightness. Guidelines are developed for companies to share information and co‐ordinate orders under different conditions. These guidelines can help companies reduce costs and improve customer service levels in the supply chain.
Squaring online reverse auctions with the Caux Round Table Principles for Business
Authors: Emiliani M.L. , Stec D.J.
Published: July 2002

Examines if online reverse auctions are consistent with the Caux Round TablePrinciples for Business. Identifies numerous contradictions that contribute to the perpetuation of divisive business practices. Concludes that buyer behaviors must evolve from focusing on short‐term tactics designed to reduce purchase price and instead pursue collaborative cost reduction practices with key suppliers.
Realizing the potential benefits of real‐time, online data exchange
Authors: Williams Thomas
Published: July 2002

Discusses how the combined application of Thomas Group’s Total Cycle Time methodologies and real‐time inventory control software from Interlink Technologies has recently enabled the US retailing organization Tuesday Morning Corporation to increase business performance, reduce inventory, save costs and unlock cash for other uses. Describes how Interlink Technologies’ new system, Distribution Process Control (DPC Link), utilizes the unique “moveable unit” concept for comprehensive system‐directed warehouse operations.
EDI network and logistics management at Unilever‐Sagit
Authors: Calza Francesco , Passaro Renato
Published: July 2002

Unilever‐Sagit is the main Italian competitor in the Italian frozen food market. The company has very recently innovated its distribution channel by creating a private Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) network. Examines the effects generated by the implementation of EDI technology on supply chain management. Discusses the theoretical aspects of the impact of EDI on strategic management of logistics and examines the Unilever‐Sagit EDI network in detail.
Is just‐in‐time applicable in paper industry logistics?
Authors: Lehtonen Juha‐Matti , Holmström Jan
Published: July 2002

There is a large body of knowledge on logistics and production control, including just‐in‐time (JIT) logistics. However, the applications specific to paper industry logistics are scarce and somewhat conflicting. Examines the potential contribution of alternative logistics systems in the paper industry and the scope for efficiency gains through the application of JIT logistics systems. Multiple case studies are used, with simulation for alternative business scenarios. The results indicate considerable scope for improvements in paper industry logistics, with many of the benefits deriving from JIT applications.
Enterprise resource planning ‐ the end of the line for the sales automation market and a major step towards sales process definition standards?
Authors: Siragher Nick
Published: July 2002

Reviews the current status of sales, marketing and customer service processes. Outlines how business processes or other disciplines are not necessarily appropriate to marketing. Asserts that there will continue to be greater emphasis to integrate ERP and sales and marketing systems and that sales and marketing departments which develop “best practice” sales process will be in a better position to exploit new technology. This implies that traditional “back office” and “front office” processes should be integrated to provide the overall supply chain management system.
Barriers to partnerships in the public sector: the case of the UK construction industry
Authors: Burnes Bernard , Coram Ron
Published: July 2002

This article examines the changes in the relationship between government departments and the UK construction industry brought about by the privatisation of the Property Services Agency (PSA). In particular, it shows that while there has been some encouragement for closer, and more long‐term, collaboration, in reality government departments seem to be stuck in a short‐term, win‐lose orientation. The article concludes by arguing that this is a product of four factors: the lack of experience among both purchasers and providers of long‐term partnership arrangements; the risk‐aversive nature of the Civil Service; the pressure on departments from ministers to minimise risk; and government guidelines on competitive tendering which make it difficult to enter into long‐term agreements.
The impact of coupled‐consolidation: experiences from the Irish food industry
Authors: Collins Alan , Henchion Maeve , O’Reilly Paul
Published: July 2002

The Irish food industry is of significant importance to the Irish economy. Given its dependence on UK multiple retailers, their supply chain management practices have considerable implications for the whole of the Irish economy. Retailers’ attempts at improving efficiency at their regional distribution centres have resulted in the growing use of consolidation centres whereby food products from several manufacturers are consolidated into full loads for delivery into RDCs. Results of three case studies suggest that the use of a particular form of consolidation (i.e. coupled‐consolidation where in‐bound logistics are coupled with consolidation services) results in the imposition of costs, especially in terms of lost flexibility, to food manufacturers. The distribution of these costs is asymmetric, with smaller firms bearing the greater costs.
From reversed logistics to green supply chains
Authors: van Hoek Remko I.
Published: July 2002

To lower the environmental damage of business we need to examine our “ecological footprint”. We need to move forward with the business at the same time. In order to solve that dilemma, a value‐seeking and proactive approach to greening is proposed in the (general) management literature. However, literature on the role of supply chain operations, mostly published in the area of reversed logistics, has failed to develop grounded theory and frameworks to support the application of such an approach. Furthermore, research is needed that goes beyond the partial and fragmented contribution of reversed logistics. This research note looks at challenges for research on green steps to take, and green supply chains to make in practice, as a step up to lowering the ecologic footprint of supply chains.
Strategic initiatives in a transitional economy
Authors: Taplin Ian M.
Published: July 2002

This paper examines how Western management techniques have been introduced by a new owner to implement strategic initiatives in a newly privatized clothing firm in Hungary. In an attempt to reposition the firm in a higher value‐added niche and avoid the intense competition of a cost‐based competitive strategy, the foreign owner has introduced Western management techniques that focus upon changes in work organization and work monitoring. Detailing how such changes are implemented and the problems that emerge, are the focus of this paper. The paper concludes with a critical evaluation of the failed attempt by the firm to reposition itself strategically and what this might portend for other firms that seek respite from cost‐based competitive strategies.
Longitudinal assessment of Web retailers
Authors: Wachter Kathy
Published: July 2002

Presents results of a study to investigate reliability and consistency of e‐tailer site features when used by a browser/shopper over time. Sites are assessed for information (product, personal, company); product (search, currency, pricing); ordering (online, help, security); user friendliness; format interactivity; and homepage updates. It was found that the sites presented varied results. Discusses implications for a browser/shopper and long‐term loyalty.
Career management in information technology: a case study
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H. , Ayre Heather , Shapiro Barbara T.
Published: July 2002

Examines career management, development and performance as proposed in the career management research by Noe, which was defined for studying individual career management. Reviews the organizational career management program and the outcomes of organizational development and performance. Applies the Noe model to measure outcomes and determine if there is a direct relationship between career management programs, performance and development. The study involved three different organizations in the IT sector and HRPs as the respondents. A questionnaire was developed using Burack’s career management audit, and selected measures from various sources for development and performance. The results do not prove that the relationships exist. However, recommendations for future study involve performance as a precursor to career management and development. Recommendations for organizations include a review of career paths, development moves, retirement planning, and a research oriented human resources database.
Organizational career planning and management techniques and activities in use in high‐tech organizations
Authors: Baruch Yehuda
Published: July 2002

Summarizes a study that consisted of an empirical analysis of organizational career planning and management techniques ‐ activities, programmes and processes that are part of the human resource management role. Focuses on the actual use of these techniques and their evaluation by management and employees in 60 high‐technology organizations in Israel and the UK. The findings illustrate the applications of these techniques, their perceived quality and their estimated necessity. Presents an analysis ofthe management perceptions and employees’ attitudes towards the various techniques. Reports findings which indicate the actual use of the career development techniques and reveal problems of organizational communication.
Perception is reality: using 360‐degree appraisal against behavioural competences to effect organizational change and improve management performance
Authors: Parker‐Gore Shirley
Published: July 2002

Presents a case study of work done in Mercury One 2 One on defining and using management competences. The reasons for taking this approach are explained, as is the way that the competences were defined to reflect and support company goals. Provides details on how the initiative was implemented and to what uses the data have been put. Draws out the benefits to the company.
High flyers: glorious past, gloomy present, any future?
Authors: Baruch Yehuda , Peiperl Maury
Published: July 2002

The concept of high‐potential career management programmes needs to be re‐examined in the new era of organizational flexibility, given the prevalence of such practices as downsizing and re‐engineering. New types of psychological contracts are emerging, in which promotions cannot be guaranteed or expected as a reward, even for the most promising managers. Organizations need to retain the best people and motivate them to stay and lead organizations. Different approaches are called for. Former methods for selection and assessment of high potentials are likely to become redundant or obsolete as the status of the high‐potential employee fades away altogether. This trend is part of the new way organizations will be managed towards the twenty‐first century.
Applying empowerment: organizational model
Authors: Baruch Yehuda
Published: July 2002

Empowerment is not merely a new buzzword introduced to capture the imagination of current trends in management science. It comprises an innovative approach to working with people and a shift from top‐down management styles which have dominated control mechanism and managerial concepts in both theory and practice since the industrial revolution. This paper suggests a novel typology and analytical framework based on a two dimensional model of organizational contexts of empowerment. These dimensions are belief (in the underlying ideas of empowerment) and fairness (honesty). The model’s four quadrants are labelled as dissociated, enlightened, fraudulent, and miser. It goes on to describe the constituted four prototypes associated with each quadrant. Each quadrant is illustrated by actual or hypothetical cases. All in all, the paper provides a clear depiction of the options organizations are faced with in applying empowerment and their consequences.
Rethinking career development in an era of portfolio careers
Authors: Templer Andrew J. , Cawsey Tupper F.
Published: July 2002

In this exploratory article we argue that changes in society, the nature of work and of the employment relationship have changed the nature of careers and consequently require a re‐conceptualization of the nature of career development. The traditional functional models of human resource management are hopelessly inadequate in addressing the changed reality of competitive advantage in business organizations of today. We propose new models of career development in the context of the era of the portfolio career reality, draw implications for human resource management practice and suggest fruitful avenues for future research.
Mentor and Athene: supervising professional coaches and mentors
Authors: Mead Geoff , Campbell Jan , Milan Mike
Published: July 2002

The authors have drawn on their experience of professional supervision, coaching and mentoring in a variety of circumstances to examine the theory and practice of supervision in the context of the fast‐growing field of executive coaching. They suggest some fundamental principles that underpin effective supervision, explore the various domains of supervisory conversations, consider aspects of the supervisor’s personal style and present a range of possible structures for providing supervision one‐to‐one and in groups. Some tried and tested practical “tips” for getting the most out of supervision are included together with contrasting personal reflections on the supervisory relationships shared by the authors over a three‐year period. The authors conclude that regular supervision of professional coaches and mentors is an ethical and practical (though often neglected) imperative. Suggestions for further research in this area are directed at the need to pay attention to client outcomes as a test for effective supervision.
Work demographics and officers’ perceptions of the work environment which add to the prediction of at risk alcohol consumption within an Australian police sample
Authors: Davey Jeremy D. , Obst Patricia L. , Sheehan Mary C.
Published: July 2002

This study examined aspects of the work environment, which may impact on individual police officers’ risk of harm from alcohol consumption. A self report survey containing demographic questions, the AUDIT and questions relating to perceived control over the job, overtime, pressure, boredom and job satisfaction was completed by 67 per cent of officers in an Australian state police service. The results of the current study indicate that gender, age and marital status, are individual risk factors for problem drinking, as has been shown in previous research. Within the policing context, years of service, job satisfaction, perceived control within the job and being an operational officer, also emerged as significant predictors of at risk alcohol consumption patterns. Findings further suggest that there is a strong norm of drinking at work or after a shift, which suggests a culture of acceptance of drinking within the workplace. This acceptance is strongly predictive of both risk of alcohol dependency and negative consequences from drinking within the police service. This study suggests directions for future research, which may lead to the introduction of informed interventions within the police service that could reduce officers’ risk of harm from alcohol consumption.
The future of the Nigeria police
Authors: Edobor Igbinovia Patrick
Published: July 2002

Future‐time is of concern – and of increasing concern – with police system. The modern police has existed in Nigeria for about 69 years (1930‐1999). These comments are an attempt to predict the future of the Nigerian police. Using the events of more than six decades in Nigeria as a baseline, intelligible guesses are made about what to expect of the general shape and character of the Nigerian police in 20 years from now – the year 2043. Prognostication of the future with respect to the Nigerian police is made in two broad areas: areas of continuities in policing; and areas of changes that might or might not occur in the police. And awareness of the continuities in policing in Nigeria provides perspective for predicting changes that might occur in the Nigeria police in the future. The essay is aimed at enabling the Nigerian police to anticipate and keep pace with changes so that it can minimize its own problems, enhance its functional performance and fulfil its proper role in society.
Dutch “COP”
Authors: Punch Maurice , van der Vijver Kees , Zoomer Olga
Published: July 2002

Dutch policing has followed the three generations of community policing identified elsewhere. The paper outlines the three waves, arguing that progressive Dutch society has influenced policing styles, giving Dutch policing a strong social orientation. The material draws on action research projects from the 1970s and 1980s and current innovations with special attention to developments in Amsterdam and Utrecht in which the authors are involved as researchers or consultants. Following models from the USA there is a tendency to run hard and soft features of policing together. Contemporary community policing has then both a problem‐solving and a crime‐control rhetoric. New‐style community beat officers are better integrated into the organisation and are strongly involved in crime prevention. Difficulties arise in areas that are not conventional communities, such as inner cities, with a diverse public, an accumulation of social problems side‐by‐side with “entertainment”, and a potential for public order disturbances. Policing in The Netherlands has changed significantly in recent years to an emphasis on problem solving, partnerships with other agencies, crime prevention, fostering self‐reliance among citizens, and sponsoring the return of early social control mechanisms in public life – in schools, transport and with “town patrols” on the streets. Police have taken others on board and have relinquished their monopoly on safety and crime.
Keeping up appearances?
Authors: Van den Broeck Tom
Published: July 2002

Summarises and discusses findings of roundtable discussions on the opinions of the citizens of two Belgian (Flemish) cities about the policing and security policy in their cities. Citizens question the organisational and cultural readiness of their local police forces for the full‐scale development of community policing. In practice, problem‐oriented policing tends to dominate, whereby it is the police who define the problems to be tackled. Despite decentralisation of policy and participation procedures, the public complains about the lack of citizen democracy in government. Problems of transparency and participation are related to the plethora of projects and initiatives which have been launched by different authorities at different policy levels. Finally, the consensual vision of community policing is discussed since geographically decentralised policing and the encouragement of community involvement will logically confront the police with ever diverging socio‐economic and cultural interests in the neighbourhood.
What Fourth Amendment? HR 666 and the satanic expansion of the good faith exception
Authors: Davis Rebecca
Published: July 2002

Discusses the origin, the purposes, and the development of the Exclusionary Rule and the good faith exception to the rule with special emphasis on the now defunct HR666 (Exclusionary Rule Reform Act, 1995), which would have allowed the admission of evidence not now admissible under the currently recognized exceptions of the rule. Proposes that the judicially created exceptions to the rule have been excessive and suggests that police officers are tempted to violate intentionally the warrant rule, so causing innocent persons to be caught in the net.
Private investigators in Britain and America
Authors: Gill Martin , Hart Jerry
Published: July 2002

Presents recent research on private detectives in the UK which raised fascinating differences between British and American investigators. Not only are these evident from analysis of their roles, responsibilities and histories, but also in cultural representations of private investigators in literature, film and factual reporting in the mass media. How private investigators are portrayed in the two countries raises interesting questions about public and private policing and differing attitudes to the politics of order maintenance. Explores private investigators’ British and American history, both in fact and fiction. Develops an original perspective on individual and collective approaches to policing and justice.
Cost‐effectiveness and officer morale of a personally assigned patrol vehicle program
Authors: Zhang Sheldon X. , Benson Theodore D.
Published: July 2002

Presents a study which compares two police fleet management programs in San Diego County and combines both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to evaluate the costs and effectiveness of a personally‐assigned vehicle program to that of a conventional pool car program. Concludes that personally‐assigned vehicles are most cost‐effective to maintain. Moreover, officers report a higher level of satisfaction using a personally‐assigned vehicle than a shared patrol car. Finds that those officers with individually‐assigned vehicles have less job stress and higher levels of morale.
Emerging liability issues in the implementation and adoption of community oriented policing
Authors: Worrall John L. , Marenin Otwin
Published: July 2002

The adoption of community oriented policing (COP) is likely to have an impact on patterns of civil liability claims filed against police departments and officers. We hypothesize that COP practices may lead to an increase in civil liability claims by expanding the scope of police responsibilities and roles and by altering patterns of police citizen interactions which, in turn, could affect the clarity and uses of three legal standards which support civil liability claims: negligence in state tort claims, “color of law” under Section 1983, and the “legal duty” standard. We call for further research and suggest some managerial strategies to avoid the eventualities presented.
Swedish police selection and training: issues from a comparative perspective
Authors: Lord Vivian B.
Published: July 2002

Compares the relationship of selection and training of police officers in Sweden and the USA. The ability to identify stable, effective police officers continues to baffle police administrators. The selection of US police officers has become a complex procedure that often requires six months to complete, consuming a great deal of the department’s recruiting resources. In spite of such intricate investigations, rates of dropouts in recruit training and termination for misconduct is high. In Sweden, law enforcement is considered one of the highest regarded professions. More than 8,000 individuals compete for the approximately 400 law enforcement positions filled annually. In comparison to most US police departments, Sweden’s selection process appears simplistic; however, a minute number of officers have been lost through terminations or drop out from training. The current study compares the relationship between the Swedish community’s perception of the police, the ability to select from a large pool of applicants, and an elaborate three‐year education/ socialization period with the US public perception of the police, an intricate selection process, and relatively short training period. Implications of the potential changes in Sweden’s selection and training process are also discussed.
The “unpayable” police
Authors: van Reenen P.
Published: July 2002

The American economist Baumol discovered that some services and products are incompatible with cost reduction. A dance production, for example, depends so heavily on people that costs can hardly be reduced and become more and more “expensive” without producing more. This phenomenon is known as the “cost disease” of Baumol. This article explores to what extent this cost disease is applicable to the police. The preliminary conclusion is that, although requiring some amendment, it is indeed applicable. However, the disease is caused not only by the actual impossibility of saving costs, but also by normative restrictions. In particular, the monopoly position of the police itself plays an important role.
The use of public attitude surveys: what can they tell police managers?
Authors: Beck Karen , Boni Nadia , Packer Jeanette
Published: July 2002

In recent times, police policy makers have been encouraged to use public opinion surveys to identify, and target the allocation of resources to, activities that members of the public believe are important. However, these surveys have concentrated on the types of problems that the public would like addressed, and have not determined what types of activities they would prefer the police to be undertaking. In the present study, a comprehensive list of police activities formed the basis of a survey used to examine attitudes toward police priorities in Australia. Comparisons were made between police and public understanding of the police role, and between present and preferred priorities. The results suggest that the public has an understanding of policing which differs from that of police officers. However, the picture of what they want police to be doing is similar to that of the police, albeit giving higher priorities to almost all of the activities. Police managers may need to educate the public about the functions of the police service, emphasizing functions other than investigating crime and providing advice. At the same time, the police may need to alter their resource allocation and modify organizational structure and reward systems to encourage operational officers to be more involved in the activities that the public see as high priority. This should result in better ties with the community, a better understanding within the community of the police role, and more realistic expectations on both sides of the outcomes of policing.
W3E – a Web‐based instruction system for leveraging corporate intelligence
Authors: Joia Luiz Antonio
Published: July 2002

Analyzes what corporate intelligence means, and presents a re‐engineering project to rethink training in the work environment through the use of Web‐based instruction systems. Presents the main concepts and modules of Web‐based instruction systems, as well as the communication, co‐ordination and co‐operation tools needed to develop a computer‐aided learning environment. Presents a recently developed Web‐based instruction system called W3E. Depicts the architectural logic of the system, and a new modus operandi offered to companies in order to transform learning into an ongoing process within them. Draws some conclusions from this proposed model, the benefits are outlined and the latest challenges this new paradigm has posed to us all are also presented.
Charismatic leadership, manipulation and the complexity of organizational life
Authors: Aaltio‐Marjosola Iiris , Takala Tuomo
Published: July 2002

Charismatic leadership can be defined by the features of the leaders, but also by the multiple‐level interaction processes that take place between the leaders and the led. As we approach the phenomenon, it is easy to see that in earlier research charismatic leadership is faced with many kinds of criticism. As seen, its consequences may be dangerous for organizations which may be led for “shared madness”. The undesirable consequences at the societal level include totalitarian aspects as well as truth manipulation practised by charismatic leaders. At the same time, charismatic leadership can be regarded as part of transformational leadership, where vision, intrapreneurship and emotions play a vital role. In this paper we explore charismatic leadership and followership taking a case from ice hockey coaching as an example. We suggest that ethics usually takes a guardian’s role in evaluating the outcome of charismatic leadership processes, that emotionality plays a vital role both in charismatic leadership and followership, and that charismatic leadership needs to be understood in the contexts that may culturally trigger it.
Kaizen and technology transfer instructors as work‐based learning facilitators in overseas transplants: a case study
Authors: Elsey Barry , Fujiwara Asahi
Published: July 2002

This study takes the Japanese concept of kaizen, that is, continuous quality improvement, as a means of looking behind the Toyota Production System (TPS), to examine in some detail the work of kaizen and technology transfer instructors in overseas transplants. Special attention is paid to their role as learning facilitators. The research provides insights into how these workers prepare for their overseas transplant assignments, the methods they use to instruct other workers and the kinds of problems they experience in relating to and communicating with foreign employees of Toyota. The findings show the commitment the technology transfer instructors have to doing their work well and living by example the corporate culture and values of Toyota. These workers recognize the special challenge of communicating effectively as learning facilitators across different national cultures and languages and make practical suggestions for improvements in this regard.
Towards eccentric organisations – a case study of new product development
Authors: Fisscher Olaf A.M. , de Weerd‐Nederhof Petra C.
Published: July 2002

Eccentric organisations are characterised by the capability to reflect on their own functioning within their industrial environment and societal context. Organisational responsibility, identity and intelligence are the three interrelated aspects of the concept of eccentricity applied to organisations. In order to achieve this, fitting social dynamical processes (reflection, communication and integration), systems and structures need to be introduced into the organisation. In this paper, a case study of new product development (NPD) is used to illustrate eccentricity in organisations. In NPD, where the goal is to develop a capability of innovativeness both in the short‐term‐oriented operational effectiveness of NPD prospects, as well as in the longer‐term‐oriented strategic flexibility of the NPD function, developing such an ability for reflecting‐in‐collective‐action is especially crucial.
Learning and story‐telling: the next stage in the journey for the learning organization
Authors: Gold Jeff
Published: July 2002

Examines how the idea and practice of the learning organization (or company) has made swift and rapid progress in the UK, and as a label, it is one that many organizations aspire to. States that it would seem that many of the aspirants are having a hard time trying to convince others of the validity of learning organizations. Argues that the visions commonly associated with the learning organization may just reflect a particular way of talking or a story about the world which is not sufficiently shared by others to prompt joint action. Goes on to examine the way learning may occur in organizations through ways of talking or story‐telling within nets of collective action. Utilizes a story about normal work in an organization to show how ongoing relationships contribute to a diverse pattern of learning within the organization. Finally, argues that if organization leaders are really serious about making the learning organization vision a reality, they will have to work a lot harder and be a lot cleverer to make their voices heard and listened to ‐ they will have to become better story‐tellers.
Communicating through self‐directed work teams (SDWTs) within an SME learning organization
Authors: Irani Z. , Sharp J.M. , Kagioglou M.
Published: July 2002

Teamwork is increasingly becoming a prerequisite for many job functions in those learning organizations striving towards total quality management (TQM). However, the daunting task of creating a teamwork environment in many manufacturing companies is often left to proactive senior management, who assume the responsibility for creating a culture of interdependency, among all employees. This opportunity for maximizing employee potential through empowered teamwork represents a challenge for many managers. These “champions for success” will inevitably contribute towards improving business performance through re‐engineering the people process. Their actions will also facilitate the development of an organizational culture, which thrives on teamwork. Describes a case experience of an SME that has developed a team‐based learning organization, where all employees are empowered to challenge the status quo and make continuous improvements. Then reports on how the formation of self‐directed work teams (SDWTs) have been used as a strategy for getting a diverse group of people with different attitudes, skills and personalities, to work together towards common goals. Continues by presenting the use of a simple decision‐making framework which was developed by the case study company, and is contributing towards the empowerment of all team members. Concludes with some of the benefits experienced by the company, during their pursuit of TQM, through flexible SDWTs.
Action learning and the leadership development challenge
Authors: Peters John , Smith Peter A.C.
Published: July 2002

Argues that action learning is the most appropriate methodology for developing leadership abilities, due to its being centred on questioning to address uncertainty, rather than on the ingestion of a pre‐set body of knowledge, which the authors argue is not congruent with the leadership challenge.
HRD tasks of first‐level managers
Authors: de Jong Jan A. , Leenders Frieda J. , Thijssen Jo G.L.
Published: July 2002

First‐level managers are increasingly held accountable for the training and development of their team members. In order to explore how this HRD responsibility is executed, HRD officers of 23 innovative companies were interviewed. Delegation of HRD responsibility to first‐level managers turns out to be a feasible option, providing certain conditions are met. Three distinct HRD roles of first‐level managers can be observed: an analytic role, a supportive role and a trainer role.