bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Gait Characteristics Between Patients With Nontraumatic and Posttraumatic Medial Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Robbins Shawn M. , Birmingham Trevor B. , Jones Ian C. , Sischek Emily L. , Dietzsch Mareike , Giffin J. Robert
Published: December 2015

Objective

To compare knee kinematics and kinetics during walking in patients with posttraumatic versus nontraumatic medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Participants with medial compartment knee OA were classified as nontraumatic (n = 122) or posttraumatic (n = 93) based on evidence of previous anterior cruciate ligament tear, confirmed arthroscopically. Kellgren/Lawrence severity scores and mechanical axis angle (MAA) were determined from radiographs. Knee flexion and adduction angles and external moments were calculated from gait analysis using a 3‐dimensional optical motion capture system and force plate. Peak values were identified and principal component (PC) analysis determined waveform characteristics (PC scores). Linear regression models examined whether the OA group (posttraumatic or nontraumatic) predicted peak values and PC scores after controlling for age, gait speed, and severity. Models were repeated with and without controlling for MAA.

Results

The knee OA group was a significant predictor of peak knee adduction angles (P = 0.04) and moments (P = 0.05). Similarly, it was a significant predictor for some knee adduction angle (P = 0.02 to 0.64) and moment (P = 0.02 to 0.25) PC scores. The nontraumatic OA group had higher adduction angles and moments. There were no significant relationships between OA group and knee flexion angles and moments. After controlling for MAA, only one significant relationship remained between knee adduction moment shape characteristics and OA group.

Conclusion

Frontal plane knee kinematics and kinetics during walking differ between patients with posttraumatic versus nontraumatic medial compartment knee OA, with posttraumatic OA showing relatively decreased adduction.
Unraveling Patient‐Preferred Health and Treatment Outcomes in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study
Authors: van der Elst Kristien , Meyfroidt Sabrina , De Cock Diederik , De Groef An , Binnard Els , Moons Philip , Verschueren Patrick , Westhovens René
Published: December 2015

Objective

To unravel the perspective of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on preferred health and treatment outcomes at 2 time points during the early stage of their disease and treatment.

Methods

In a longitudinal, qualitative, explorative study, we individually interviewed 26 patients with early RA (ERA) 4–6 months after the start of initial RA treatment. Fourteen of these participants took part in 1 of 3 focus groups at least 1 year after treatment initiation. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the constant comparison method. Two patient researchers completed the interdisciplinary research team.

Results

Patients with ERA ultimately strive to be normal again, literally and figuratively. Outcome preferences inherent to this urge for normality were related to aspects of disease control, physical aspects, aspects of participation, and mental aspects. Initially, patient outcome preferences in ERA were primarily related to pain relief, medication side effects and burden, and emotional well‐being. Patient‐preferred outcomes evolved over the ERA disease course, with subtle changes in terminology used by participants and with pain relief staying in the foreground.

Conclusion

From a patient perspective, normality is the ultimate outcome to target in ERA. Our study produced knowledge for designing more targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at normalizing patients’ health and life in all its aspects during a crucial phase of RA.
Physical Fatigue, Fitness, and Muscle Function in Patients With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Authors: McClean Andrew , Morgan Matthew D. , Basu Neil , Bosch Jos A. , Nightingale Peter , Jones David , Harper Lorraine
Published: December 2015

Objective

This study investigated differences in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular function, perceived exertion, and anxiety/depression between patients and healthy controls (HCs) and assessed which of these variables may account for the fatigue experienced by patients.

Methods

Fatigue was measured in 48 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis patients and 41 healthy controls using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI‐20), focusing on the physical component. Quality of life, anxiety/depression, and sleep quality were assessed by validated questionnaires. Muscle mass was measured by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry scan, strength as the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, and endurance as sustained isometric contraction at 50% MVC of the quadriceps. Voluntary activation was assessed by superimposed electrical stimulation. Cardiorespiratory fitness (
and oxygen pulse [O2 pulse]) and perceived exertion (Borg scale) were measured during progressive submaximal exercise.

Results

Patients reported elevated physical fatigue scores compared to HCs (patients MFI‐20 physical 13 [interquartile range (IQR) 8–16], HCs MFI‐20 physical 5.5 [IQR 4–8]; P < 0.001). Muscle mass was the same in both groups, but MVC and time to failure in the endurance test were lower due to reduced voluntary activation in patients. Estimated
and O2 pulse were the same in both groups. For the same relative workload, patients reported higher ratings of perceived exertion, which correlated with reports of MFI‐20 physical fatigue (R2 = 0.2). Depression (R2 = 0.6), anxiety (R2 = 0.3), and sleep disturbance (R2 = 0.3) were all correlated with MFI‐20 physical fatigue.

Conclusion

These observations suggest that fatigue in patients is of a central rather than peripheral origin, supported by associations of fatigue with heightened perception of exertion, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance but normal muscle and cardiorespiratory function.
Advanced Materials for Applications at High Temperature: Fatigue Assessment by Means of Local Strain Energy Density
Authors: Gallo Pasquale , Berto Filippo
Published: December 2015

The interest on fatigue assessment of steel and other alloys at high temperature has increased continuously in the last years. However, high cycle fatigue of notched components at high temperature has not been deeply investigated experimentally and theoretically. The present paper investigates the accuracy of Strain Energy Density (SED) averaged over a control volume approach when applied to high‐temperature fatigue data from notched components. In the present work, a large bulk of high‐temperature fatigue data, taken from the literature and regarding notched components made of different advanced materials, is reanalyzed. In detail: C45 carbon steel at 250 °C, Inconel 718 at 500 °C, and directionally solidified superalloy DZ125 at 850 °C are considered. The main advantage of SED averaged over a control volume is that different geometries can be summarized in a single narrow scatter band. From an industrial viewpoint, the use of a geometry‐independent parameter (and fatigue curve) leads to a considerable advantage in terms of time and cost.
Sequential Prins/Pinacol Strategy for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Spiro‐β‐tetralones
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Raju N. Prudhvi , Reddy B. Jagan Mohan , Sridhar B.
Published: December 2015

A one‐pot strategy has been developed for the stereoselective synthesis of 3′,4,4′,5‐tetrahydro‐2 H,2′ H‐spiro(furan‐3,1′‐naphthalen)‐2′‐one scaffolds with excellent selectivity by using trimethylsilyl triflate (10 mol %) in dichloromethane under mild conditions. The Prins/pinacol strategy has been used to produce biologically relevant spiro‐β‐tetralone derivatives.
Changes in the primate trade in indonesian wildlife markets over a 25‐year period: Fewer apes and langurs, more macaques, and slow lorises
Authors: Nijman Vincent , Spaan Denise , Rode‐Margono Eva Johanna , Wirdateti  , Nekaris K. A. I.
Published: December 2015

Indonesia has amongst the highest primate species richness, and many species are included on the country's protected species list, partially to prevent over‐exploitation. Nevertheless traders continue to sell primates in open wildlife markets especially on the islands of Java and Bali. We surveyed 13 wildlife markets in 2012–2014 and combined our results with previous surveys from 1990–2009 into a 122‐survey dataset with 2,424 records of 17 species. These data showed that the diversity of species in trade decreased over time, shifting from rare rainforest‐dwelling primates traded alongside more widespread species that are not confined to forest to the latter type only. In the 1990s and early 2000s orangutans, gibbons and langurs were commonly traded alongside macaques and slow lorises but in the last decade macaques and slow lorises comprised the bulk of the trade. In 2012–2014 we monitored six wildlife markets in Jakarta, Bandung and Garut (all on Java), and Denpasar (Bali). During 51 surveys we recorded 1,272 primates of eight species. Traders offered long‐tailed macaque (total 1,007 individuals) and three species of slow loris (228 individuals) in five of the six markets, whereas they traded ebony langurs (18 individuals), and pig‐tailed macaques (14 individuals) mostly in Jakarta. Pramuka and Jatinegara markets, both in Jakarta, stood out as important hubs for the primate trade, with a clear shift in importance over time from the former to the latter. Slow lorises, orangutans, gibbons and some langurs are protected under Indonesian law, which prohibits all trade in them; of these protected species, only the slow lorises remained common in trade throughout the 25‐year period. Trade in non‐protected macaques and langurs is subject to strict regulations—which market traders did not follow—making all the market trade in primates that we observed illegal. Trade poses a substantial threat to Indonesian primates, and without enforcement, the sheer volume of trade may mean that species of Least Concern or Near Threatened may rapidly decline. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22517, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanosheets as Seeds for the Growth of Ultrathin Molecular Sieving Membranes
Authors: Hu Yaoxin , Wei Jing , Liang Yan , Zhang Huacheng , Zhang Xiwang , Shen Wei , Wang Huanting
Published: December 2015

A defect‐free zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8)/graphene oxide (GO) membrane with a thickness of 100 nm was prepared using two‐dimensional (2D) ZIF‐8/GO hybrid nanosheets as seeds. Hybrid nanosheets with a suitable amount of ZIF‐8 nanocrystals were essential for producing a uniform seeding layer that facilitates fast crystal intergrowth during membrane formation. Moreover, the seeding layer acts as a barrier between two different synthesis solutions, and self‐limits crystal growth and effectively eliminates defects during the contra‐diffusion process. The resulting ultrathin membranes show excellent molecular sieving gas separation properties, such as with a high CO2/N2 selectivity of 7.0. This 2D nano‐hybrid seeding strategy can be readily extended to the fabrication of other defect‐free and ultrathin MOF or zeolite molecular sieving membranes for a wide range of separation applications.
Synthesis, characterization and first application of chiral C2‐symmetric bis(phosphinite)–Pd(II) complexes as catalysts in asymmetric intermolecular Heck reactions
Authors: Karakaş Duygu Elma , Durap Feyyaz , Aydemir Murat , Baysal Akın
Published: December 2015

A series of new chiral C2‐symmetric bis(phosphinite) ligands and their palladium(II) complexes have been synthesized and for the first time used as catalysts in the palladium‐catalysed asymmetric intermolecular Heck coupling reactions of 2,3‐dihydrofuran with iodobenzene or aryl triflate. Under optimized conditions, products were obtained with high conversions and moderate to good enantioselectivities. The new C2‐symmetric bis(phosphinite) ligands and their palladium(II) complexes were characterized using multinuclear NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies and elemental analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspects of varying crosslinker and catalyst concentrations on tear strength of silicone polymer networks: Comparison of tear strengths using samples of different geometries
Authors: Shah Gul Bali
Published: December 2015

Crosslinker and catalyst concentrations have been varied to prepare different hydroxyfunctional poly(dimethylsiloxane) (HOPDMS) polymer network compositions. The tear strengths of these silicone polymer networks have been measured using different geometries, as trouser, crescent, and Graves (angled) specimens. It has been observed that the results of tear strength of Graves and crescent‐shaped specimens do not show a constant ratio with the concentration of crosslinker used for curing of HOPDMS networks. Instead, it has been observed and reported for the first time that the tear strengths of Graves and crescent‐shaped samples show a crossover at about 1.2% crosslinker. The observation of this crossover pattern for different compositions of silicone networks show that it is difficult to compare the results of the tear test of the same polymer performed on samples of different geometries with one another. The crossover pattern of the tear energy results for the test specimens of two different geometries has been explained in the light of essential work facture theory based on the geometry of the testing sample, crosslinking, and testing that alters the distribution of force over the width of the specimen. It was shown that the change in composition of the HOPDMS networks changes the order of ranking of Graves and crescent tear tests. With varying catalyst concentration in the silicone network composition, the tear property differences between the Graves and crescent‐shaped specimens are not significant. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43115.
Modification of wood flour/PLA composites by reactive extrusion with maleic anhydride
Authors: Lv Shanshan , Gu Jiyou , Tan Haiyan , Zhang Yanhua
Published: December 2015

MA modified wood flour/PLA composites were prepared by one‐step reactive extrusion, in which wood flour and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were used as raw material, maleic anhydride (MA) was used as modifier, and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used as initiator. The influences of MA concentration on the morphology, thermal stability, rheological, and mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The addition of MA improved the compatibility of the composites significantly. The thermal and rheological results showed that with the increase of the concentration of MA, the thermal stability of the composites decreased, the storage modulus and complex viscosity of the composites also decreased. The MA modified composites had an enhanced mechanical strength compared to the unmodified one. As the concentration of the MA increased, the tensile and flexural strength of the composites first increased and then decreased, and reached a maximum when the concentration of MA was 1 wt %. The MA modified composites showed a better water resistance than the unmodified ones. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43295.
CO2‐responsive swelling behavior and metal‐ion adsorption properties in novel histamine‐conjugated polyaspartamide hydrogel
Authors: Tran Ngoc Bich , Kim Jae Yun , Kim Youn‐Chul , Kim Young Jun , Kim Ji-Heung
Published: December 2015

Novel polyaspartamide copolymers containing histamine pendants (PHEA‐HIS) were prepared from polysuccinimide, which is the thermal polycondensation product of aspartic acid, via a successive ring‐opening reaction using histamine (HIS) and ethanolamine (EA). The prepared water‐soluble copolymer was then crosslinked by reacting it with hexamethylene diisocyanate in order to provide a hydrogel with both good gel strength and reversible CO2 absorption characteristics. PHEA‐HIS gel is also pH‐sensitive and eligible to coordinate to metal ions such as Pb2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ due to the imidazole units in its structure. The CO2‐responsive swelling behavior, metal‐ion adsorption, and morphology of the crosslinked gels were investigated. The approach described here results is a promising hydrogel with potential for a variety of industrial and biomedical applications including CO2 capture, CO2‐responsive and switchable sensors, and smart drug delivery systems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43305.
Association of Osteoarthritis With Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly: Findings From the Progetto Veneto Anziano Study Cohort
Authors: Veronese Nicola , Trevisan Caterina , De Rui Marina , Bolzetta Francesco , Maggi Stefania , Zambon Sabina , Musacchio Estella , Sartori Leonardo , Perissinotto Egle , Crepaldi Gaetano , Manzato Enzo , Sergi Giuseppe
Published: December 2015

Objective

The possible relevance of osteoarthritis (OA) as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor is still debated. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between OA and the onset of CVD in older individuals.

Methods

Among a sample of 3,099 elderly subjects, 2,158 were identified as having no CVD at baseline and were followed up for a mean ± SD 4.4 ± 1.2 years. OA was defined using a standardized algorithm that investigated disease history, medical documentation (including radiographic reports), symptoms, and physical examination of the joints. Incident CVD was defined as the onset of coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke/transient ischemic attack, peripheral artery disease, and CVD‐related hospitalization or mortality.

Results

At baseline, 1,336 (61.9%) of the 2,158 study participants had OA. Participants with OA had more potential CVD risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, high levels of low‐density lipoprotein, greater severity of inflammation, and worse renal function, than did those without OA. During the follow‐up, 47.8% of the subjects with OA developed a new CVD event, compared to 41.3% of those without OA. Using an adjusted Cox regression analysis, the presence of OA significantly increased the risk of CVD (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.49; P = 0.04). The association between OA and CVD was stronger when the hip or knee was affected, and also was stronger in women than in men and when ≥2 joints were involved. Considering single CVD outcomes, the presence of OA significantly increased the risk of new coronary artery disease, heart failure, and hospitalization for CVD.

Conclusion

OA may be a significant predictor of the onset of CVD in elderly individuals, particularly in women with OA and when OA affects the lower limbs or ≥2 joints are involved.
Techno‐economic analysis of cellulose dissolving ionic liquid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for fermentable sugars production
Authors: Baral Nawa Raj , Shah Ajay
Published: December 2015

Pretreatment of biomass is essential to produce fermentable sugars, which can be further transformed into biofuels. Most of the common pretreatment methods, including sulfuric acid pretreatment, lead to low sugar yields and high microbial inhibitors formation, and require an additional detoxification step prior to fermentation. Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment has the potential to reduce or eliminate these problems, and, thus, recently, has gained significant attention as an alternative pretreatment technology. However, before commercial deployment, IL pretreatment requires a thorough assessment of its techno‐economic feasibilities and bottlenecks. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess the techno‐economic feasibility of a commercial‐scale IL pretreatment for a 113 million liter/year (30 million gal/year) cellulosic biorefinery and identify operational targets for process improvement. 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate IL was used for analyses, which is one of the mostly investigated ILs and is currently best at dissolving the lignocellulosic biomass. Corn stover, poplar, and switchgrass were used as the model feedstock. Input data were obtained from recent literatures on IL pretreatment of these feedstocks. Estimated sugar production costs ($/kg) from corn stover, switchgrass and poplar were 2.7, 3.2, and 3.0, respectively. IL recovery was identified to be the most sensitive parameter followed by IL cost and heat recovery. Furthermore, for IL pretreatment to be economically competitive with sulfuric acid pretreatment, >97% IL recovery, ≤$1/kg IL cost, and >90% waste heat recovery are necessary, all of which are very optimistic considerations at the present state of technology, thus requires further research and development efforts. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
When Does Construction Enhance Product Value? Investigating the Combined Effects of Object Assembly and Ownership on Valuation
Authors: Walasek Lukasz , Rakow Tim , Matthews William J.
Published: December 2015

Recent findings have shown that even without the ability to customize a product, individuals pay more for goods that they assembled. In this paper we examine which components of this creation process account for the increase in valuation, and whether it operates equally for owners and non‐owners of the self‐assembled object. Based on the self‐extension theory of ownership, we propose a psychological mechanism by which the assembly process strengthens the self–object association. In three experiments, we find that—although witnessing the assembly process or assembling a similar product can increase participants' evaluation of, and attachment to, a product that they own—a greater and more consistent increase in valuation and attachment arises when owners assemble their product themselves. Seemingly, merely learning about the assembly process plays only a small role in enhancing value; for substantial increases in value, one must actually assemble the product oneself. Contrary to the previous findings on the effects of labour on willingness to pay, we find little effect of product assembly among non‐owners of the product. We suggest that self‐assembly encourages objects to be incorporated into the self, but that this occurs most effectively when one owns the product. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photovoltaic surfaces enable clonal myoblastic cell release using visible light as external stimulation
Authors: Bhuyan Mohammod Kabir , Rodriguez Jorge , Tseng Tzu‐Liang Bill , Boland Thomas
Published: December 2015

Many new biomedical approaches to treating disease require the supply of cells delivered to an injured or diseased organ either individually, collectively as aggregates or sheets, or encapsulated with a scaffold. The collection of cells is accomplished by using enzymatic digestion witch suffer from the need to remove the enzymes after digestion. In addition, enzymatic methods are not applicable for all cells, cell aggregates, cell sheets or 3D structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the release of cultured cells from silicon based Photovoltaic (PV) surfaces using a light source as external stimulation. C2C12 myoblasts were cultured on the negative surface of a PV device and upon confluence they were exposed to light. The amount of released cells was quantified as a function light exposure. It was found that light exposure at 25 000 lux for one hour caused equivalent cell release from the PV surface than trypsination. The released cells are viable and can be re‐cultured if needed. This mechanism may offer an alternative method to release excitable cells without using an enzymatic agent. This may be important for cell therapy if larger cell structures such as sheets need to be collected.
Enzyme activity deviates due to spatial and temporal temperature profiles in commercial microtiter plate readers
Authors: Grosch Jan‐Hendrik , Sieben Michaela , Lattermann Clemens , Kauffmann Kira , Büchs Jochen , Spieß Antje C.
Published: December 2015

Microtiter plates (MTP) and automatized techniques are increasingly applied in the field of biotechnology. However, the susceptibility of MTPs to edge effects such as thermal gradients can lead to high variation of measured enzyme activities. In an effort to enhance experimental reliability, to quantify, and to minimize instrument‐caused deviations in enzyme kinetics between two MTP‐readers, we comprehensively quantified temperature distribution in 96‐well MTPs. We demonstrated the robust application of the absorbance dye cresol red as easily applicable temperature indicator in cuvettes and MTPs and determined its accuracy to ±0.16°C. We then quantified temperature distributions in 96‐well MTPs revealing temperature deviations over single MTP of up to 2.2°C and different patterns in two commercial devices (BioTek Synergy 4 and Synergy Mx). The obtained liquid temperature was shown to be substantially controlled by evaporation. The temperature‐induced enzyme activity variation within MTPs amounted to about 20 %. Activity deviations between MTPs and to those in cuvettes were determined to 40 % due to deviations from the set temperature in MTPs. In conclusion, we propose a better control of experimental conditions in MTPs or alternative experimental systems for reliable determination of kinetic parameters for bioprocess development.
Synthesis of Depo‐Medrol–chitosan hydrogel as new drug slow‐release appliance and investigation of release kinetics by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Alizadeh Reza , Jabbari Sara Majd , Zarnani Amir H. , Barghi Hamidreza
Published: December 2015

The present study deals with preparation and optimization of a novel chitosan hydrogel‐based matrix by suspension cross‐linking method for controlled release of Depo‐Medrol. The controlled release of Depo‐Medrol for effective Rheumatoid arthritis disease has become an imperative field in the drug delivery system. In this context, it was intended to optimize loading circumstances by experimental design and also study the release kinetics of Depo‐Medrol entrapped in the chitosan matrix in order to obtain maximal efficiency for drug loading. The optimum concentrations of chitosan (2.5 g), glutaraldehyde (3.05 μL) and Depo‐Medrol (0.1 mg) were set up to achieve the highest value of drug loaded and the most sustained release from the chitosan matrix. In vitro monitoring of drug release kinetic using high‐performance liquid chromatography showed that 73% of the Depo‐Medrol was released within 120 min, whereas remained drug was released during the next 67 h. High correlation between first‐order and Higuchi's kinetic models indicates a controlled diffusion of Depo‐Medrol through the surrounding media. Moreover, recovery capacity >82% and entrapment efficiency of 58–88% were achieved under optimal conditions. Therefore, the new synthesized Depo Medrol–chitosan is an applicable appliance for arthritis therapy by slow release mechanism. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment evolution for metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer with recent introduction of novel agents: retrospective analysis of real‐world data
Authors: Flaig Thomas W. , Potluri Ravi C. , Ng Yvette , Todd Mary B. , Mehra Maneesha
Published: December 2015

Despite increasing drug treatment options for metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients, real‐world treatment data are lacking. We conducted retrospective analyses of commercial claims and electronic medical record (EMR) databases to understand how treatment patterns for mCRPC have changed in a US‐based real‐world population. Truven Health Analytics MarketScan® (2000–2013) and EMR (2004–2013) databases were used to identify patients with an index prostate cancer diagnosis (ICD‐9 codes 185X or 233.4X) and prescription claims for an mCRPC drug (mitoxantrone, estramustine, docetaxel, sipuleucel‐T, cabazitaxel, abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, or radium‐223). Regimen analyses for first line of therapy (LOT1), second line of therapy, and beyond were performed among cohorts based on year of first mCRPC drug usage. mCRPC drug usage and treatment duration were compared across cohorts and age groups within each cohort. The commercial claims cohort yielded 3437 evaluable patients. Most men (91%) commencing mCRPC treatment had docetaxel as LOT1 in 2010; this number had declined to 15% in 2013. In 2013, 67% and 9% of patients used abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, respectively, as LOT1. Among both commercial claims and EMR cohorts, treatment pattern changes were most pronounced in men aged >80 years, and median treatment duration for some mCRPC drugs was shorter than expected based on available clinical trial information. These results demonstrate a shift in mCRPC treatments during the past 5 years, with greater use of newer noncytotoxic treatments than docetaxel. These real‐world data aid in understanding the changing role of chemotherapy in the management of mCRPC.
Ataxia and focal dystonia in Kallmann syndrome
Authors: Hernando‐Quintana Natalia , Playán‐Usón Jesús , Crespo‐Burillo José Antonio , Marín‐Cárdenas Miguel Ángel , Gazulla José
Published: December 2015

Key Clinical Message

A case of Kallmann syndrome (KS) associated with rare neurological manifestations is presented. Cerebellar ataxia probably caused by a small posterior fossa and a focal dystonia affecting the left lower limb expand the spectrum of neurological manifestations occurring in KS. Further studies are needed to better understand these manifestations.
An Extension to the Analytical Evaluation of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Based On the Electrokinetics On a Rotating Ring–Disk Electrode
Authors: Wu Kuang‐Hsu , Wang Da‐Wei , Su Dang‐Sheng
Published: December 2015

The use of rotating ring–disk electrodes has become a general practice for evaluating the activity of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performed with electrocatalysts. This technique typically employs simple equations based on the charge/mass balance to calculate the average number of electrons transferred and the percentage of peroxide production. However, the underlying mechanistic assumptions of this analysis and the uncertainty involved when considering the catalytic decomposition of HO2− have not been well elucidated. This work demonstrates through electrokinetic derivations that the conventional formalism presumes a stepwise ORR pathway and four reaction parameters in total are provided for indexing ORR activity. Furthermore, we provide a method of current density deconvolution to separate the individual reaction components and exemplify its use for Tafel analysis. Finally, we provide analytical solutions to the reaction parameters for the ORR when heterogeneous HO2− decomposition is involved.
Development of a highly selective molecular topological index
Authors: Zhang Qingyou , Wu Chengcheng , Suo Jingjie , Zhou Yanmei , Xu Lu
Published: December 2015

The highly selective molecular topological indices EAID and 2‐EAID were extended in order to further improve their discrimination capability. The new 3‐EAID index is obtained as a combination of extended EAID index and the Wiener index. They were tested by screening three data sets of structures comprising over 36 million alkane trees with 25 vertices, 15 million benzenoids with 14 benzene rings, and 20 million compounds taken from real data sets. While EAID index respectively exhibited 75, 29, and 10 pair degeneracies in the three data sets, and 2‐EAID index respectively exhibited 15, 1, and 2 pair degeneracies, the 3‐EAID index could discriminate all unique molecules in virtual and real data sets with >107 million compounds including the molecules stated eralier. Therefore, the new index possesses not only significance in theory but also the practical application value for confirming new compounds (the number of registered substances in Chemical Abstracts Service in June 2015 is over 99 million). Also, 3‐EAID and 2‐EAID, as well as EAID could be used for administration of chemical information systems such as large structural data sets, evaluation of organic structures, and computer‐aided synthesis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold(I) Vinylidene Complexes as Reactive Intermediates and Their Tendency to π‐Backbond
Authors: Nunes dos Santos Comprido Laura , Klein Johannes E. M. N. , Knizia Gerald , Kästner Johannes , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: December 2015

We herein report a computational study of the bonding in gold(I) vinylidene complexes and compare them to their carbene and CO analogues. The relevance of these intermediates is analysed for the intramolecular cyclisation leading to vinyl sulfonates.
CO2 Conversion into Esters by Fluoride‐Mediated Carboxylation of Organosilanes and Halide Derivatives
Authors: Frogneux Xavier , von Wolff Niklas , Thuéry Pierre , Lefèvre Guillaume , Cantat Thibault
Published: December 2015

A one‐step conversion of CO2 into heteroaromatic esters is presented under metal‐free conditions. Using fluoride anions as promoters for the C−Si bond activation, pyridyl, furanyl, and thienyl organosilanes are successfully carboxylated with CO2 in the presence of an electrophile. The mechanism of this unprecedented reaction has been elucidated based on experimental and computational results, which show a unique catalytic influence of CO2 in the C−Si bond activation of pyridylsilanes. The methodology is applied to 18 different esters, and it has enabled the incorporation of CO2 into a polyester material for the first time.
Simultaneous Chiral Separation of Flavanone, Naringenin, and Hesperetin Enantiomers by RP‐UHPLC‐DAD
Authors: Baranowska Irena , Hejniak Judyta , Magiera Sylwia
Published: December 2015

A rapid and effective RP‐UHPLC‐DAD method for enantioseparation of three flavanones, i.e., flavanone, naringenin, and hesperetin, was developed and validated. Chromatographic separation of the analytes was performed using a Chiralpak AD‐3R analytical column under reverse phase conditions with methanol as the mobile phase. The method was validated in the concentration range of 0.2 to 50 µg/mL for enantiomers of flavanone and 0.5 to 50 µg/mL for enantiomers of naringenin and hesperetin. The limits of quantification were between 0.03 to 0.5 µg/mL. Intraday and interday precision were below 14% and accuracy varied from 0.04 to 8.17%. Chirality 28:147–152, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Specific Optical Rotations and the Horeau Effect
Authors: Covington Cody L. , Polavarapu Prasad L.
Published: December 2015

The observation of nonequivalence of optical and enantiomeric purities, referred to as the Horeau effect, is thought to arise from molecular aggregation in liquid solutions. Although this effect was first observed in 1969, the conditions under which this effect may, or may not, be observable are not established. Considering the formation of dimers as the simplest form of aggregation, the expressions for specific optical rotations in the presence of homochiral and heterochiral monomer–dimer equilibria are presented. Analysis of these equations indicates that the Horeau effect will not be observable even in the presence of aggregation under either of the following two situations: 1) The specific optical rotation of the monomeric species is equal to that of the dimeric species; 2) The heterochiral equilibrium constant is twice that of the homochiral equilibrium constant. Chirality 28:181–185, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Industrial Wastewater COD Degradation Technology – Taiwan Solar Cell Plant
Authors: Lai Kun‐Cheng , Wen Jet‐Chau , Chen Wei‐Ting , Chen Chiou‐Mei , Huang Shao‐Yang , Shen Shu‐Min , Shu Chi‐Min
Published: December 2015

The energy crisis has led to continuous cost increases for petroleum, and global climate change has exacerbated the environmental crisis. To cope with the energy crisis, many industrially developed countries have promoted photovoltaic cells as the most promising green energy alternative. However, their manufacture produces enormous amounts of pollutants that significantly impact the environment. To balance green energy and the environment, the manufacturing processes of photovoltaic cells should be environmentally benign. Therefore, a proper pollution prevention management strategy and control technologies should be developed accordingly. To adapt the growth of photovoltaic cell industries in Asia to the global green trend and contribute to environmental protection, we focused on the treatment of wastewater from plants producing photovoltaic cells. A biotechnology process was used to culture microorganisms based on wastewater characteristics from photovoltaic industries. This biotreatment system was integrated with anerobic and aerobic biotreatments, which not only are capable of treating high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations in influents but also can remove nitrate nitrogen. This process is able to remove more than 85% of the COD from influent streams. The advantages are that less sludge produced, less space required, and operating costs are lower. This study successfully established an in situ pilot plant capable of treating influent COD concentrations of 3000 mg L−1 and producing effluent COD concentrations of 100–400 mg L−1. The COD removal ratio was about 70–85% and can serve as a model reference for practical industrial treatment.
Bilayer Plates: Model Reduction, Γ‐Convergent Finite Element Approximation, and Discrete Gradient Flow
Authors: Bartels Sören , Bonito Andrea , Nochetto Ricardo H.
Published: December 2015

The bending of bilayer plates is a mechanism that allows for large deformations via small externally induced lattice mismatches of the underlying materials. Its mathematical modeling, discussed herein, consists of a nonlinear fourth‐order problem with a pointwise isometry constraint. A discretization based on Kirchhoff quadrilaterals is devised and its Γ‐convergence is proved. An iterative method that decreases the energy is proposed, and its convergence to stationary configurations is investigated. Its performance, as well as reduced model capabilities, are explored via several insightful numerical experiments involving large (geometrically nonlinear) deformations.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanistic Features of the TiO2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis of Arsenic and Uranyl Nitrate in Aqueous Suspensions Studied by the Stopped‐Flow Technique
Authors: Meichtry Jorge M. , Levy Ivana K. , Mohamed Hanan H. , Dillert Ralf , Bahnemann Detlef W. , Litter Marta I.
Published: December 2015

The dynamics of the transfer of electrons stored in TiO2 nanoparticles to AsIII, AsV, and uranyl nitrate in water was investigated by using the stopped‐flow technique. Suspensions of TiO2 nanoparticles with stored trapped electrons (etrap−) were mixed with solutions of acceptor species to evaluate the reactivity by following the temporal evolution of etrap− by the decrease in the absorbance at λ=600 nm. The results indicate that AsV and AsIII cannot be reduced by etrap− under the reaction conditions. In addition, it was observed that the presence of AsV and AsIII strongly modified the reaction rate between O2 and etrap−: an increase in the rate was observed if AsV was present and a decrease in the rate was observed in the presence of AsIII. In contrast with the As system, UVI was observed to react easily with etrap− and UIV formation was observed spectroscopically at λ=650 nm. The possible competence of UVI and NO3− for their reduction by etrap− was analyzed. The inhibition of the UVI photocatalytic reduction by O2 could be attributed to the fast oxidation of UV and/or UIV.
Cardiovascular complications of anorexia nervosa: A systematic review
Authors: Sachs Katherine V. , Harnke Ben , Mehler Philip S. , Krantz Mori J.
Published: December 2015

Objective

Anorexia nervosa portends the highest mortality among psychiatric diseases, despite primarily being a disease of adolescents and younger adults. Although some of this mortality risk is attributable to suicide, many deaths are likely cardiovascular in etiology. Recent studies suggest that adverse myocardial structural changes occur in this condition, which could underlie the increased mortality. Given limited prevalence of severe anorexia there is a paucity of clinical and autopsy data to discern an exact cause of death.

Methods

Given this background we conducted a systematic review of the medical literature to provide a contemporary summary of the pathobiologic sequelae of severe anorexia nervosa on the cardiovascular system. We sought to elucidate the impact of anorexia nervosa in four cardiovascular domains: structural, repolarization/conduction, hemodynamic, and peripheral vascular.

Results

A number of cardiac abnormalities associated with anorexia nervosa have been described in the literature, including pericardial and valvular pathology, changes in left ventricular mass and function, conduction abnormalities, bradycardia, hypotension, and dysregulation in peripheral vascular contractility. Despite the prevalent theory that malignant arrhythmias are implicated as a cause of sudden death in this disorder, data to support this causal relationship are lacking.

Discussion

It is reasonable to obtain routine electrocardiography and measurements of orthostatic vital signs in patients presenting with anorexia nervosa. Echocardiography is generally not indicated unless prompted by clinical signs of disease. Admission to an inpatient unit with telemetry monitoring is recommended for patients with severe sinus bradycardia or junction rhythm, marked prolongation of the corrected QT interval, or syncope.
Media exposure and associated stress contribute to eating pathology in women with Anorexia Nervosa: Daily and momentary associations
Authors: White Emily K. , Warren Cortney S. , Cao Li , Crosby Ross D. , Engel Scott G. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Mitchell James E. , Peterson Carol B. , Crow Scott J. , Le Grange Daniel
Published: December 2015

Objective

We examined whether media exposure and media‐induced stress contributed to eating disorder behaviors immediately and over the course of a day in women with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

Women with AN (N = 118) completed a 2‐week ecological momentary assessment protocol during which they reported on exposure to food, shape, or weight‐related media, associated stress, and eating behaviors.

Results

Food, weight, or shape‐related media exposure alone did not predict more frequent daily eating disorder behaviors. However, stress associated with media exposure was prospectively associated with a greater likelihood of binge eating and vomiting at the next assessment point. In addition, media‐induced stress increased the probability of restrictive eating and fluid intake, vomiting, and laxative abuse across the day.

Discussion

Media‐induced stress may contribute to increased eating disorder behaviors in women with AN, as women who saw a media image and reported this experience as stressful were more likely to engage in momentary binge eating or vomiting. Reducing stress associated with viewing media images could be a potential target for therapeutic intervention with disordered eating. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:617–621).
Seeing things differently: An experimental investigation of social cognition and interpersonal behavior in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Ambwani Suman , Berenson Kathy R. , Simms Lea , Li Amanda , Corfield Freya , Treasure Janet
Published: December 2015

Objective

Interpersonal difficulties among individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) may stem in part due to misperceiving social cues. The current study investigated social functioning by comparing interpersonal self‐efficacy, perceptions of dominance/submission (i.e., agency) and coldness/warmth (i.e., communion), and hypothetical behavioral reactions among individuals with and without AN.

Method

Seventy‐seven women (AN/Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder OSFED‐AN n = 41, nonclinical comparison group n = 36) completed questionnaires assessing mood symptoms and interpersonal self‐efficacy, followed by an experimental video‐rating task in which they received critical feedback from job supervisors varying in degrees of agency and communion.

Results

AN respondents perceived more coldness overall, even after adjusting for differences in depression and anxiety symptoms, and tended to respond with coldness even to videos that they perceived as being warm. However, perceptual accuracies for agency were similar across groups. Interpersonal self‐efficacy moderated the relationship between diagnostic status and behavioral responses: among those who felt competent being cold‐submissive, AN respondents selected cold‐submissive responses more frequently than did the nonclinical comparison group.

Discussion

Among those with AN symptoms, there may be a tendency toward social perceptual inaccuracies regarding communion and non‐complementary cold behavioral responses. Results suggest that improving social perceptions may be a fruitful intervention target for enhancing interpersonal functioning among individuals with AN. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:499–506).
Weak coordination among petiole, leaf, vein, and gas‐exchange traits across Australian angiosperm species and its possible implications
Authors: Gleason Sean M. , Blackman Chris J. , Chang Yvonne , Cook Alicia M. , Laws Claire A. , Westoby Mark
Published: December 2015

Close coordination between leaf gas exchange and maximal hydraulic supply has been reported across diverse plant life forms. However, it has also been suggested that this relationship may become weak or break down completely within the angiosperms. We examined coordination between hydraulic, leaf vein, and gas‐exchange traits across a diverse group of 35 evergreen Australian angiosperms, spanning a large range in leaf structure and habitat. Leaf‐specific conductance was calculated from petiole vessel anatomy and was also measured directly using the rehydration technique. Leaf vein density (thought to be a determinant of gas exchange rate), maximal stomatal conductance, and net CO2 assimilation rate were also measured for most species (n = 19–35). Vein density was not correlated with leaf‐specific conductance (either calculated or measured), stomatal conductance, nor maximal net CO2 assimilation, with r2 values ranging from 0.00 to 0.11, P values from 0.909 to 0.102, and n values from 19 to 35 in all cases. Leaf‐specific conductance calculated from petiole anatomy was weakly correlated with maximal stomatal conductance (r2 = 0.16; P = 0.022; n = 32), whereas the direct measurement of leaf‐specific conductance was weakly correlated with net maximal CO2 assimilation (r2 = 0.21; P = 0.005; n = 35). Calculated leaf‐specific conductance, xylem ultrastructure, and leaf vein density do not appear to be reliable proxy traits for assessing differences in rates of gas exchange or growth across diverse sets of evergreen angiosperms.