bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Plant Part Composition of Forest Logging Residue Using Infrared Spectral Data and Linear Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Acquah Gifty , Via Brian , Billor Nedret , Fasina Oladiran , Eckhardt Lori
Published: August 2016

As new markets, technologies and economies evolve in the low carbon bioeconomy, forest logging residue, a largely untapped renewable resource will play a vital role. The feedstock can however be variable depending on plant species and plant part component. This heterogeneity can influence the physical, chemical and thermochemical properties of the material, and thus the final yield and quality of products. Although it is challenging to control compositional variability of a batch of feedstock, it is feasible to monitor this heterogeneity and make the necessary changes in process parameters. Such a system will be a first step towards optimization, quality assurance and cost-effectiveness of processes in the emerging biofuel/chemical industry. The objective of this study was therefore to qualitatively classify forest logging residue made up of different plant parts using both near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) together with linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Forest logging residue harvested from several Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) plantations in Alabama, USA, were classified into three plant part components: clean wood, wood and bark and slash (i.e., limbs and foliage). Five-fold cross-validated linear discriminant functions had classification accuracies of over 96% for both NIRS and FTIRS based models. An extra factor/principal component (PC) was however needed to achieve this in FTIRS modeling. Analysis of factor loadings of both NIR and FTIR spectra showed that, the statistically different amount of cellulose in the three plant part components of logging residue contributed to their initial separation. This study demonstrated that NIR or FTIR spectroscopy coupled with PCA and LDA has the potential to be used as a high throughput tool in classifying the plant part makeup of a batch of forest logging residue feedstock. Thus, NIR/FTIR could be employed as a tool to rapidly probe/monitor the variability of forest biomass so that the appropriate online adjustments to parameters can be made in time to ensure process optimization and product quality.
Improving Farming Practices for Sustainable Soil Use in the Humid Tropics and Rainforest Ecosystem Health
Authors: Moura Emanoel , Gehring Christoph , Braun Heder , Ferraz Junior Altamiro , Reis Fabricio , Aguiar Alana
Published: August 2016

Unsustainable farming practices such as shifting cultivation and slash-and-burn agriculture in the humid tropics threaten the preservation of the rainforest and the health of the local and global environment. In weathered soils prone to cohesion in humid tropic due to low Fe and carbon content and the enormous amounts of P that can be adsorbed, sustainable soil use is heavily dependent on the availability and efficient use of nutrients. This paper reviews the literature in the field and provides some insights about sustainable soil use in the humid tropics, mainly for the Brazilian Amazonia region. Careful management of organic matter and physical and chemical indicators is necessary to enhance root growth and nutrient uptake. To improve the rootability of the arable layer, a combination of gypsum with continuous mulching to increase the labile organic matter fraction responsible for the formation of a short-lived structure important for root growth is recommended, rather than tillage. Unlike mulching, mechanical disturbance via ploughing of Amazonian soils causes very rapid and permanent soil organic matter losses and often results in permanent recompaction and land degradation or anthropic savannization; thus, it should be avoided. Unlike in other regions, like southeast Brazil, saturating the soil solely with inorganic potassium and nitrogen soluble fertilizers is not recommended. Nutrient retention in the root zone can be enhanced if nutrients are added in a slow-release form and if biologically mediated processes are used for nutrient release, as occurs in green manure. Therefore, an alternative that favors using local resources to increase the supply of nutrients and offset processes that impair the efficiency of nutrient use must be pursued.
Spatial Correlation between Type of Mountain Area and Land Use Degree in Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Zhao Yuluan , Li Xiubin
Published: August 2016

A scientific definition of the type of mountain area and an exploration of the spatial correlation between different types of mountain areas and regional land use at the county level are important for reasonable land resource utilization and regional sustainable development. Here, a geographic information system was used to analyze digital elevation model data and to define the extent of mountainous land and types of mountain areas in Guizhou province. Exploratory spatial data analysis was used to study the spatial coupling relation between the type of mountain area and land use degree in Guizhou province at the county level. The results were as follows: (1) Guizhou province has a high proportion of mountainous land, with a ratio of mountainous land to non-mountainous land of 88:11. The county-level administrative units in Guizhou province were exclusively mountainous, consisting of eight semi mountainous counties, nine quasi mountainous counties, 35 apparently mountainous counties, 13 type I completely mountainous counties, and 23 type II completely mountainous counties; (2) The land use degree at the county level in Guizhou province have remarkable spatial differentiation characteristics. Counties with a high cultivation coefficient are mainly located in the western area along the line between Yinjiang county and Anlong county in west Guizhou province. Counties with a large proportion of construction land or a high integrated index of land use degree are mainly distributed in the economically developed area of central Guizhou province, including parts of the counties (districts/cities) administrated by Guiyang, Zunyi, Liupanshui, Anshun, Duyun, and Kaili; (3) County-level administrative units with relatively flat topography and a low proportion of mountainous land have a large proportion of construction land and a large degree of regional land exploitation. However, the extent of cultivation of county-level administrative units under similar topography differs considerably; (4) The increase in urban land intensity and the decrease in cultivated land intensity are distinctive features of land system change in mountain areas, which is conducive to the sustainable development of mountain.
Synergy and Transition of Recovery Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Various Rice Genotypes under Organic Farming
Authors: Huang Lifen , Yang Jie , Cui Xiaoyi , Yang Huozhong , Wang Shouhong , Zhuang Hengyang
Published: August 2016

Despite the growing demand for organic products, research on organic farming (OF) such as genotype screening, fertilizer application and nutrition uptake remains limited. This study focused on comparisons of the apparent recovery efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer (REN) in rice grown under OF and conventional farming (CF). Thirty-two representative conventional Japonica rice varieties were field grown under five different treatments: control check (CK); organic farming with low, medium and high levels of organic fertilizer (LO, MO and HO, respectively); and CF. Comparisons of REN between OF and CF classified the 32 genotypes into four types: high REN under both OF and CF (type-A); high REN under OF and low REN under CF (type-B); low REN under OF and high REN under CF (type-C); and low REN under both OF and CF (type-D). Though the yield and REN of all the rice varieties were higher with CF than with OF, organic N efficient type-A and B were able to maintain relatively high grain yield under OF. Physiological activities in flag leaves of the four types from booting to maturity were subsequently investigated under OF and CF. Under OF, high values of soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) and N were observed in type-B varieties, while in contrast, both indexes slowly decreased in type-C varieties under CF. Moreover, the decline in N content in type-C and D varieties was greater under OF than CF. The decrease in glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activity in flag leaves was smaller under OF than CF in type-A and B varieties, while in contrast, type-C and D varieties showed an opposite trend. The findings suggest that OF slows the decline in key enzymes of N metabolism in organic N-efficient type rice, thus maintaining a relatively high capacity for N uptake and utilization and increasing yield during the late growth period. Accordingly, we were able to screen for varieties of rice with synergistically high REN and high grain yield under OF.
Biogenic Amines as Quality Marker in Organic and Fair-Trade Cocoa-Based Products
Authors: Restuccia Donatella , Spizzirri Umile , Luca Michele , Parisi Ortensia , Picci Nevio
Published: August 2016

In this study, the quantitative determination of eight biogenic amines (cadaverine, serotonin, histamine, spermidine, spermine, tyramine, putrescine and β-phenylethylamine) by an liquid chromatography method with evaporative light scattering detection was performed. The analysis of several samples of conventional, organic and fair trade cocoa-derivatives showed that organic and fair trade samples always contain much lower amine concentrations in comparison with their conventional counterparts, supporting the idea that biogenic amines can be regarded as cocoa quality markers. Irrespective of the kind of sample, results also showed that the most abundant amines were histamine, tyramine, spermidine, putrescine and spermine while β-phenylethylamine, cadaverine and serotonine have been found more rarely, all the amines never reaching dangerous amounts for consumer health. With the aim to confirm the experimental results, clustering analysis was performed on samples and instrumental results using principal component analysis.
Underperformance of Planning for Peri-Urban Rural Sustainable Development: The Case of Mentougou District in Beijing
Authors: Lin Jing , Cai Jianming , Han Fei , Han Yan , Liu Junping
Published: August 2016

As the basic cell of social structures and spatial units, rural settlement is now experiencing profound changes through the rapid urbanization process underway in China, particularly in peri-urban areas which serve as the main platform and battlefield for urban–rural integration in China’s latest round of new urbanization. Therefore, how to achieve better planning for rural settlement in peri-urban areas is becoming a pressing and paramount research agenda. This paper attempts to explore the possible reasons for the underperformance of planning practice for rural settlement in peri-urban areas of China by taking the Mentougou district of Beijing as a case study. Following a quick and comprehensive review of planning in Mentougou district, a systematic and critical evaluation is then conducted accordingly. It shows that the plans generally play a positive role in development orientation and implementation. Yet, there is still a lot of room for improvement, particularly in the following aspects: (1) lack of initiative and innovation at the local level; (2) lack of long-term vision and consistent implementation; (3) lack of rationale-oriented approach; (4) lack of scientific and in-depth research; (5) lack of multi-stakeholder participation. As a way forward, this paper thus proposes a revised planning scheme for local practice, including classification of typologies and the customized planning design for each typology. At last, this paper calls for more in-depth scientific research on some key topics in the planning field, domestically and internationally.
The Use of Oral Histories to Identify Criteria for Future Scenarios of Sustainable Farming in the South Yangtze River, China
Authors: Liu Pingyang , Moreno Juan , Song Peiying , Hoover Elona , Harder Marie
Published: August 2016

Agricultural practices in Jiangnan water towns have historically been identified as maintaining a balance between human activity and the local environment, but are now a significant local source of water pollution. Using a multi-methods approach, this study deduces the environmental impact of traditional practices, and the socially desired conditions for successfully reintroducing critical ones. Oral histories from 31 farmers in Tianshanzhuang village, South Yangtze River were in order to chart changes in farming practices over four historic periods, and used to estimate the nitrogen and phosphorus burdens per acre. Findings show that the use of Lan River Mud—dredged mud for fertilizer—was key in producing a positive impact, but abandoned after the 1980s. Four criteria hindering reintroduction of traditional practices were identified, and potentially useful but fragmented emerging local candidate practices are considered against these, as are recent practices in Japan. We propose that the cooperation of several stakeholders with various related government departments in China could lead to a portfolio of effective policy changes and should be studied further: to include new methods and uses of Lan River Mud; the integration of aquaculture, leisure and tourism industries with agriculture; and the production of organic produce with well-planned internet-linked sales, delivery and coordination mechanisms.
A Grey Forecasting Approach for the Sustainability Performance of Logistics Companies
Authors: Yu Min-Chun , Wang Chia-Nan , Ho Nguyen-Nhu-Y
Published: August 2016

Logistics plays an important role in globalized companies and contributes to the development of foreign trade. A large number of external conditions, such as recession and inflation, affect logistics. Therefore, managers should find ways to improve operational performance, enabling them to increase efficiency while considering environmental sustainability due to the industry’s large scale of energy consumption. Based on data collected from the financial reports of top global logistics companies, this study uses a DEA model to calculate corporate efficiency by implementing a Grey forecasting approach to forecast future sustainability values. Consequently, the study addresses the problem of how to enhance operational performance while accounting for the impact of external conditions. This research can help logistics companies develop operation strategies in the future that will enhance their competitiveness vis-à-vis rivals in a time of global economic volatility.
Spatial Determinants of Urban Land Expansion in Globalizing Nanjing, China
Authors: Chen Jianglong , Gao Jinlong , Yuan Feng , Wei Yehua
Published: August 2016

This paper proposes a cost-benefit framework to address the role of parcel and neighborhood conditions, as well as government policies, and investigates the spatial determinants of urban land expansion in Nanjing, one of the sub-centers of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Using spatial regression models, we find the significance of the economy of scale, agglomeration, accessibility, and government policies in Nanjing’s urban growth. In the earlier stage, urban expansion in Nanjing was mainly driven by the development of infrastructure. Since entering the 21st century, the emerging commercial and industrial sub-centers have become the major centers of growth, which has changed Nanjing’s spatial structure from compact monocentric to a polycentric one. We also highlight the importance of government policies that have been strengthened by various national strategies, including the “New-type Urbanization” and “Beautiful China” strategies. Different from cities in the Pearl River Delta, Nanjing has a more significant top-down process in its development, which indicates that the municipal government of Nanjing is playing a more important role in urban growth.
Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Health Based on Entropy Weight Extension Decision Model in Urban Agglomeration
Authors: Yang Qian , Lin Aiwen , Zhao Zhenzhen , Zou Ling , Sun Cheng
Published: August 2016

Urban ecosystem health evaluation can assist in sustainable ecological management at a regional level. This study examined urban agglomeration ecosystem health in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River with entropy weight and extension theories. The model overcomes information omissions and subjectivity problems in the evaluation process of urban ecosystem health. Results showed that human capital and education, economic development level as well as urban infrastructure have a significant effect on the health states of urban agglomerations. The health status of the urban agglomeration’s ecosystem was not optimistic in 2013. The majority of the cities were unhealthy or verging on unhealthy, accounting for 64.52% of the total number of cities in the urban agglomeration. The regional differences of the 31 cities’ ecosystem health are significant. The cause originated from an imbalance in economic development and the policy guidance of city development. It is necessary to speed up the integration process to promote coordinated regional development. The present study will aid us in understanding and advancing the health situation of the urban ecosystem in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and will provide an efficient urban ecosystem health evaluation method that can be used in other areas.
Monthly Precipitation Patterns in a Region Vulnerable to Climate-Related Hazards—A Case Study from Poland
Authors: Kasperska-Wołowicz Wiesława , Smarzyńska Karolina , Miatkowski Zygmunt , Bolewski Tymoteusz , Farat Ryszard
Published: August 2016

Precipitation totals at annual and monthly scale are key elements affecting water availability for a number of human activities. Thus, the multi-year variability and probability distribution of precipitation form the basis information for water management and damage risk assessment (caused by drought and heavy rains). The main goal of this paper is to analyse the precipitation patterns and to determine the non-exceedance probability (p, %) of extreme monthly precipitation in the region influenced by lignite mining and dominated by traditional agricultural production. Monthly precipitation totals recorded in 1961–2010 at four weather stations close to the analysed region were examined, including comparative analysis of precipitation patterns between the stations. Different non-exceedance probability (p, %) was determined with focus on extreme precipitation. Annual and monthly precipitation was characterised by a large variation of values. Temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability. The highest average sums were registered in July and the lowest in February. Minimum monthly precipitation (<10 mm) were recorded between January and April, and in October at all four weather stations. Maximum totals, amounting to more than 200 mm, were noted in July. The largest share of absolute minimum and maximum monthly precipitation was recorded at the turn of 20th and 21st centuries. Temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation for very dry, abnormally dry and extremely dry months (p ≤ 20%) were characterised by lower dispersion of values compared with wet months (p ≥ 80%). The precipitation probability distribution at p ≤ 20% may be useful to determine agricultural drought risk assessment in the region. Monthly precipitation at p ≥ 80% may be the background for planning drainage system efficiency and assessment of flooding risk of lignite deposits.
Les risques naturels dans les Pyrénées-Orientales : de l'inventaire au zonage, questions d'échelle et de méthode
Authors: Gispert Claude-Marie
Published: August 2016

La prise en compte officielle des risques naturels est à l'ordre du jour dans les Pyrénées Orientales où, depuis quelques années en particulier, automnes pluvieux et hivers neigeux apportent leur lot de catastrophes ou de simples désagréments. Pourtant l'inventaire des domaines sensibles est loin d'être exhaustif et la connaissance du risque et de sa fréquence encore imparfaite. On en propose l'illustration à trois niveaux scalaires différents. A l'échelle du département, le recensement des communes estimées à risques par les enquêtes officielles procure une image cartographique souvent révélatrice de ces difficultés. On expose ensuite la méthode et les résultats d'un inventaire détaillé mené à l'échelle d'une petite région, celle du Conflent, et on évoque la question des fréquences à propos des avalanches et des crues. Enfin, le problème du zonage est abordé à travers l'exemple du risque torrentiel sur le cône du Saint Vincent, dans le site de Vernet les Bains.
Évaluation des risques d'incendies dans une zone sensible : les Aspres (Pyrénées-Orientales)
Authors: Galtié Jean-François , Trabaud Louis
Published: August 2016

L'évaluation des risques potentiels d'incendie de végétation et l'expression cartographique de leur diversité spatiale, mettent en évidence, à l'échelle des Aspres (P.-O.), une forte sensibilité au feu et un risque de combustibilité modérée. Les importantes distorsions d'intensité de risques sont à corréler au gradient altitudino-longitudinal, au type d'association végétale et à la mise en valeur actuelle passée du milieu (susceptibilité croissante depuis le NE vers le SW).
La diffusion des modèles agricoles : essai d'interprétation des agricultures de l'est et du sud de l'Europe
Authors: Sivignon Michel
Published: August 2016

Les systèmes de production agricole actuellement en fonctionnement en Europe procèdent de deux modèles : l'anglais et le danois. Ce dernier, au contraire du premier, a essaimé dans toute l'Europe du nord-ouest. L'Europe du sud et l'Europe de l'est sont marquées par le maintien du grand domaine agricole. A ce dernier se substitua dans l'Europe de l'est et du centre le modèle soviétique, qui s'effondra en 1989. Aujourd'hui, le modèle danois, repris dans la politique agricole commune (PAC), est menacé en Europe de l'ouest, cependant que le sud et l'est hésitent sur la direction à suivre. Désormais, le sort des espaces ruraux et celui des sociétés rurales viennent au premier rang des préoccupations.
L'Europe des grands domaines
Authors: Drain Michel
Published: August 2016

Das Europa des grossen Landgüter. Am Vorabend des ersten Weltkrieges bestimmten zwei Landwirtschaftsformen Europa : die der bauerlichen Familienbetriebe und die der grossen Güter. Letztere, weit verbreitet an der Peripherie des bauerlichen Europa, schien zukunftsorientiert und besser geeignet die Modernisierung der europäischen Landwirtschaft bewerkstelligen zu können. Diese, ihr vorausgesagte Rolle entrann ihr nicht nur, sie verlor zudem, durch die Auswirkungen der von sozialem Ausgleich und ökonomischer Rationalität inspirierten und durch nationale Stromungen verscharften Bodenreformen, an Gewicht. Der fortgeschrittene Rückgang der Grossgüterlandwirtschaft zugunsten bâuerlicher Familienbetriebe am Vorabend des zweites Weltkrieges erschwerte das Fussfassen sozialistischer, grossflächiger Landwirtschaftsformen. Von diesem Zeitpunkt an stellt die Grossgüterlandwirtschaft nur noch im westlichen Südeuropa ein Überbleibsel dar und auch dort wirkt sie ais nicht zeitgemäss was 1975 in Portugal die letzte grosse Welle der europäischen Bodenreformen auslöst.
L'agriculture portugaise est-elle condamnée ?
Authors: Drain Michel
Published: August 2016

A agricultura portuguesa está condenada ? A agricultura Portuguese nâo tem grande peso na economía da Europa Comunnitária e nao atinge un nivel satisfatório para o próprio Portugal, o quai tem que importar urna boa parte dos produtos agrícolas que consomé. No entanto, a agricultura portuguesa tem suma impartância, de ponto de vista social e cultural. Maioritaria- mente familiar, apresenta porém aspectos extremamente diversos que vâo das exploraçôes de pessoas jubiladas ou de simples passatempo, até as que podemos encontrar no litoral noroeste, verdaderamente dinámicas. Por tanto as perspectivas de evoluâo também sao bastante diferentes. Mesmo se as do sector dos lacticinios sâo pouco encorajadoras à escala européia, este é um sector onde se verificou ser possível a modernizaçâo de exploraçôes muito pequeñas, e a regióes costeiras do Norte apresentam bastantes possibilidades de desenvolvimiento. Mas as regióes interiores, e particularmente o Alentejo onde a reforma agraria foi finalmente destruida, parecem evoluir para urna economía florestal que as ajudas importantes da Comunidade Europeia tem vivamente encorajado.
Propos sur l'histoire anglaise et le modèle danois en Italie centrale et méridionale
Authors: Bergeron Robert
Published: August 2016

Riflessione sulla storia agraria e il modello dáñese nell' Italia centrale e meridionale. I contesti agrari dell' Italia centrale e meridionali sono specifici. La scomparsa, o il regresso netto, del latifondo nel Sud e della mezzadria nel Centro è un processo contemporáneo. Ma le aziende familiari che sonó emerse entraño solo parzialmente nel campo del modello danese.
Relations de parenté et solidarité économique dans l'agriculture familiale de plaine en Grèce
Authors: Goussios D. , Tsimboukas Konstandinos
Published: August 2016

La pequeña explotación agrícola en Grecia : impacto de los vínculos familiares y de las resultantes relaciones socioeconómicas. La pequeña explotación familiar, característica de las llanuras de la Grecia central y norte desde la reforma agraria de 1922 experimentó en los años 60 dificultades para modernizarse y e incluso mantenerse : el sistema de partición dotal favorecía la parcelación de la tierra y el subempleo de los agricultores empujándoles a emigrar. Hoy, estas mismas explotaciones se mantienen y se desarrollan sin que se note concentración de fincas. Aquello resulta de la solidaridad manifestada mediante el arrendamiento dentro de los propios grupos familiares que siguen solidarios a pesar de la diversidad de su estatuto económico. Lo cual es indicio de que los paqueños campesinos van rompiendo con una tradición de individualismo para favorecer su progreso y garantizar su autonomía.
Mémoire de 1989 et littérature postcommuniste. Couvrir les silences fracassants de l'histoire
Authors: Vrinat-Nikolov Marie
Published: August 2016

Памет за 1989. и пост-комунистическа литература Как да се покрият гърмящите мълчания на историята.

Ако до 2005 г. литературният критик можеше да се чуди защо българската литература все още премълчава комунистическото минало, защо все още липсва значима творба за това минало, то оттогава излязоха редица романи и творби с хибриден жанр. Междувременно се случиха литературни, но и политически и социални събития, които пренасочиха като че ли проблематиката. Изглежда, сега проблематично е не толкова мълчанието - институционално, семейно-поколенческо, историографско, литературно и т. н. - колкото дилемата между колективна и индивидуална отговорност. Това именно ще бъде анализирано в настоящата статия, която се позовава, от една страна, на развиваните от Пол Рикьор понятия за прекомерна памет и прекомерно малко памет, затормозена памет, манипулирана памет и задължена памет ; от друга страна, на две книги, ем- блематични за отношението към миналото, отразено в досиетата на Държавна сигурност - Следеният човек от Веселин Бранев и Наблюдение и разработка : Художествената проза на Държавна сигурност от Жерминал Чивиков.
L'argot et les changements linguistiques en Bulgarie après 1989
Authors: Armianov Gueorgui
Published: August 2016

Жаргонът и езиковите промени в България след 1989 година.

Статията разглежда развитието на българския език пред последните 20 години, промените, настъпили след смяната на политическия режим, демократизацията на езиковите изяви. В центъра на вниманието са социалните диалекти - групови говори, професиолекти и криминално арго - които претърпяват също значителни промени. Младежките жаргони напускат отделеното им от предишните идеолози място на развалени, долнокачествени прояви езика и се настаняват осезателно в речта на хората, в литературата, пресата, радиото, телевизията, киното, дори и в политическите дебати. Професионалното арго се модернизира и европеизира, появяват се нови криминални социолекти. Промени настъпват вътре в самите социолекти : активно се подменя лексикалният им фонд, отпадат думи, свързани с предишния социално- политически контекст, раждат се нови, възкресяват се излезли от употреба изрази и форми. Този социолектен ренесанс, обаче, не само разкрепостява езика, но и поражда редица въпроси, като например за чистотата на езика, за стиловете и тяхната употреба, за езиковата култура и образованието, чиито отговори често предизвикват горещи дискусии.
La littérature bulgare après 1989. Tendances des débats, débats tendancieux
Authors: Dojnov Plamen
Published: August 2016

Българската литература след 1989 година : дискусионни тенденции, тенденционни дискусии.

В рамките на тази сатия ще се опитам да съположа главните черти, характеризиращи българското литературно поле след 1989 г. с най-новите тенденции от последните години (след 2005 г.), за да откроя онези прилики и разлики, които ни дават основание да говорим, от една страна, за единство на пост -комунизма - или периода на Втората българска република -, а от друга страна, за вътрешните му разграничения на отделни фази : краевековие (1990 - 2000 г.), междувековие (2000 - 2003/2004 г.) и начало на века (след 2004 г.). По-нататък ще става дума колкото за поезията като специфично поле за текстови практики, така и за цялата българска литература след 1 989 г., в която се помества поезията - доминираща в жанровите йерархии през 90-те години, леко отстъпваща в междувековната фаза и все по-категорично маргинализирана в първите години на XXI век за сметка на белетристиката и най- вече на различините романови форми.
Fragmentation du sujet. Le nouveau drame bulgare après 1989
Authors: Dečeva Violeta
Published: August 2016

Fragmentation of the Self. The New Bulgarian Drama after 1989.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the changes that occurred in our post-industrial societies, the economie and cultural globalization, the invasion of new media and means of communication, the changes in the social system and the media, ail these events considerably influenced Bulgarian dramatic art and its process. The cost of freedom has been much higher than expected. Dramatic art has also been 'dramatically' affected : post-modernism has reached its limits, new and unexpected issues hâve corne to light as well as new research on aesthetics. What is interesting in our new societies is precisely this new process, invisible, hard to perceive and to characterize, confused.

The purpose of this study is clearly to présent the new Bulgarian drama in the light of the important changes that occurred after 1989, to show the logical parrallel between the changes and the cultural continuum of the Bulgarian dramaturgy and to analýze the innovations in the Bulgarian society due to the revolutionary changes during the transition period from communism to democracy. The relationship between Man and society, so important in the field of théâtre is our starting point for the study of subjects, authors and important plays. We want to show in this study that the most important point for the new Bulgarian drama after 1989 is the fragmentation o f the self.
PREDICTION OF THE SPECTROSCOPIC PARAMETERS OF NEW IRON COMPOUNDS: HYDRIDE OF IRON CYANIDE/ISOCYANIDE, HFeCN/HFeNC
Authors: Redondo Pilar , Barrientos Carmen , Largo Antonio
Published: August 2016

Iron is the most abundant transition metal in space. Its abundance is similar to that of magnesium, and until today only, FeO and FeCN have been detected. However, magnesium-bearing compounds such as MgCN, MgNC, and HMgNC are found in IRC+10216. It seems that the hydrides of iron cyanide/isocyanide could be good candidates to be present in space. In the present work we carried out a characterization of the different minima on the quintet and triplet [C, Fe, H, N] potential energy surfaces, employing several theoretical approaches. The most stable isomers are predicted to be hydride of iron cyanide HFeCN, and isocyanide HFeNC, in their 5Δ states. Both isomers are found to be quasi-isoenergetics. The HFeNC isomer is predicted to lie about 0.5 kcal/mol below HFeCN. The barrier for the interconversion process is estimated to be around 6.0 kcal/mol, making this process unfeasible under low temperature conditions, such as those in the interstellar medium. Therefore, both HFeCN and HFeNC could be candidates for their detection. We report geometrical parameters, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants that could help with their experimental characterization.
ALMA SURVEY OF LUPUS PROTOPLANETARY DISKS. I. DUST AND GAS MASSES
Authors: Ansdell M. , Williams J. P. , Marel N. van der , Carpenter J. M. , Guidi G. , Hogerheijde M. , Mathews G. S. , Manara C. F. , Miotello A. , Natta A. , Oliveira I. , Tazzari M. , Testi L. , van Dishoeck E. F. , van Terwisga S. E.
Published: August 2016

We present the first high-resolution sub-millimeter survey of both dust and gas for a large population of protoplanetary disks. Characterizing fundamental properties of protoplanetary disks on a statistical level is critical to understanding how disks evolve into the diverse exoplanet population. We use the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) to survey 89 protoplanetary disks around stars with

in the young (1–3 Myr), nearby (150–200 pc) Lupus complex. Our observations cover the 890 μm continuum and the 13CO and C18O 3–2 lines. We use the sub-millimeter continuum to constrain

to a few Martian masses (0.2–0.4 M
⊕) and the CO isotopologue lines to constrain

to roughly a Jupiter mass (assuming an interstellar medium (ISM)-like

abundance). Of 89 sources, we detect 62 in continuum, 36 in 13CO, and 11 in C18O at

significance. Stacking individually undetected sources limits their average dust mass to

Lunar masses (0.03 M
⊕), indicating rapid evolution once disk clearing begins. We find a positive correlation between

and M
*, and present the first evidence for a positive correlation between

and M
*, which may explain the dependence of giant planet frequency on host star mass. The mean dust mass in Lupus is 3× higher than in Upper Sco, while the dust mass distributions in Lupus and Taurus are statistically indistinguishable. Most detected disks have

and gas-to-dust ratios

, assuming an ISM-like

abundance; unless CO is very depleted, the inferred gas depletion indicates that planet formation is well underway by a few Myr and may explain the unexpected prevalence of super-Earths in the exoplanet population.
THE HOT COMPANION AND CIRCUMBINARY DISK OF THE Be STAR HR 2142
Authors: Peters Geraldine J. , Wang Luqian , Gies Douglas R. , Grundstrom Erika D.
Published: August 2016

We present a spectroscopic investigation of the Be+sdO binary system HR 2142 that is based upon large sets of ultraviolet observations from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) and ground-based Hα observations. We measured radial velocities for the Be star component from these spectra and computed a revised orbit. In order to search for the spectral signature of the hot subdwarf, we cross-correlated the short wavelength end of each IUE spectrum with a model hot star spectrum, and then we used the predicted Doppler shifts of the subdwarf to shift-and-add all the cross-correlation functions to the frame of the subdwarf. This merged function shows the weak signal from the spectral lines of the hot star, and a best fit is obtained with a mass ratio

, companion temperature

kK, projected rotational velocity

km s−1, and a monochromatic flux ratio near 1170 Å of

. This hot subdwarf creates a one-armed spiral, tidal wake in the disk of the Be star, and we present a circumbinary disk model that can explain the occurrence of shell absorption lines by gas enhancements that occur where gas crossing the gap created by the subdwarf strikes the disk boundaries. The faint companion of HR 2142 may be representative of a significant fraction of Be stars with undetected former mass donor companion stars.
THE MOLECULAR CLOUDS FUELING A 1/5 SOLAR METALLICITY STARBURST
Authors: Kepley Amanda A. , Leroy Adam K. , Johnson Kelsey E. , Sandstrom Karin , Chen C.-H. Rosie
Published: August 2016

Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, we have made the first high spatial and spectral resolution observations of the molecular gas and dust in the prototypical blue compact dwarf galaxy II Zw 40. The

and

emission is clumpy and distributed throughout the central star-forming region. Only one of eight molecular clouds has associated star formation. The continuum spectral energy distribution is dominated by free–free and synchrotron; at 870 μm, only 50% of the emission is from dust. We derive a CO-to-H2 conversion factor using several methods, including a new method that uses simple photodissocation models and resolved CO line intensity measurements to derive a relationship that uniquely predicts

for a given metallicity. We find that the CO-to-H2 conversion factor is 4–35 times that of the Milky Way (18.1–150.5  

). The star formation efficiency of the molecular gas is at least 10 times higher than that found in normal spiral galaxies, which is likely due to the burst-dominated star formation history of II Zw 40 rather than an intrinsically higher efficiency. The molecular clouds within II Zw 40 resemble those in other strongly interacting systems like the Antennae: overall they have high size–linewidth coefficients and molecular gas surface densities. These properties appear to be due to the high molecular gas surface densities produced in this merging system rather than to increased external pressure. Overall, these results paint a picture of II Zw 40 as a complex, rapidly evolving system whose molecular gas properties are dominated by the large-scale gas shocks from its ongoing merger.
ON THE NATURE OF THE ENIGMATIC OBJECT IRAS 19312+1950: A RARE PHASE OF MASSIVE STAR FORMATION?∗
Authors: Cordiner M. A. , Boogert A. C. A. , Charnley S. B. , Justtanont K. , Cox N. L. J. , Smith R. G. , Tielens A. G. G. M. , Wirström E. S. , Milam S. N. , Keane J. V.
Published: August 2016

IRAS 19312+1950 is a peculiar object that has eluded firm characterization since its discovery, with combined maser properties similar to an evolved star and a young stellar object (YSO). To help determine its true nature, we obtained infrared spectra of IRAS 19312+1950 in the range 5–550 μm using the Herschel and Spitzer space observatories. The Herschel PACS maps exhibit a compact, slightly asymmetric continuum source at 170 μm, indicative of a large, dusty circumstellar envelope. The far-IR CO emission line spectrum reveals two gas temperature components: ≈0.22 M
⊙ of material at 280 ± 18 K, and ≈1.6 M
⊙ of material at 157 ± 3 K. The O i 63 μm line is detected on-source but no significant emission from atomic ions was found. The HIFI observations display shocked, high-velocity gas with outflow speeds up to 90 km s−1 along the line of sight. From Spitzer spectroscopy, we identify ice absorption bands due to H2O at 5.8 μm and CO2 at 15 μm. The spectral energy distribution is consistent with a massive, luminous (∼2 × 104
L
⊙) central source surrounded by a dense, warm circumstellar disk and envelope of total mass ∼500–700 M
⊙, with large bipolar outflow cavities. The combination of distinctive far-IR spectral features suggest that IRAS 19312+1950 should be classified as an accreting, high-mass YSO rather than an evolved star. In light of this reclassification, IRAS 19312+1950 becomes only the fifth high-mass protostar known to exhibit SiO maser activity, and demonstrates that 18 cm OH maser line ratios may not be reliable observational discriminators between evolved stars and YSOs.
A novel hybrid catalyst for the esterification of high FFA in Jatropha oil for biodiesel production
Authors: Mushtaq M. , Tan I. M. , Sagir M. , Suleman Tahir M. , Pervaiz M.
Published: August 2016

The synthesis and application of a hybrid catalyst for the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in Jatropha oil is reported. Three catalysts, namely silica sulfuric acid, silica supported boron trifluoride and a combination of the two in the weight ratio of 1:1, the hybrid catalyst, were investigated. Jatropha oil samples with a wide range of FFA values i.e. 6.64 to 45.64% were prepared and utilized for the experimental work. This study revealed that silica sulfuric acid and silica supported boron trifluoride were not very effective when used independently. However, a strong synergistic effect was noted in the catalytic activity of the hybrid catalyst which reduced the FFA value from 45.64 to 0.903% with a conversion efficiency of 98%. Reusability of the catalyst was also tested and the results were promising in up to three cycles of use when used with lower amounts of FFA (6.64%) in the oil. Under the influence of the catalyst, the reaction was found to follow first order kinetics. Activation energy was calculated to be 45.42 KJ·mol-1 for 2 wt.% of hybrid catalyst. The products were analyzed by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques and the results are reported.
Culture of microalgae biomass for valorization of table olive processing water
Authors: Contreras C. G. , Serrano A. , Ruiz-Filippi G. , Borja R. , Fermoso F. G.
Published: August 2016

Table olive processing water (TOPW) contains many complex substances, such as phenols, which could be valorized as a substrate for microalgae biomass culture. The aim of this study was to assess the capability of Nannochloropsis gaditana to grow in TOPW at different concentrations (10- 80%) in order to valorize this processing water. Within this range, the highest increment of biomass was determined at percentage of 40% of TOPW, reaching an increment of 0.36 ± 0.05 mg volatile suspended solids (VSS)/L. Components of algal biomass were similar for the experiments at 10-40% of TOPW, where proteins were the major compounds (56-74%). Total phenols were retained in the microalgae biomass (0.020 ± 0.002 g of total phenols/g VSS). Experiments for 80% of TOPW resulted in a low production of microalgae biomass. High organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and phenol removal were achieved in all TOPW concentrations. Although high-value products, such as proteins, were obtained and high removal efficiencies of nutrients were determined, microalgae biomass culture should be enhanced to become a suitable integral processing water treatment.
Influence of the type of cellulosic derivatives on the texture, and oxidative and thermal stability of soybean oil oleogel
Authors: Totosaus A. , Gonzaléz-Gonzaléz R. , Fragoso M.
Published: August 2016

The use oleogels (defined as edible oils entrapped in a three-dimensional network employing a self-assembled structuring agent) has recently been proposed to replace saturated fat or trans-fats in foods. In this work the effects of different cellulose derivative mixtures (Avicel, ethyl cellulose and α-cellulose) on lipid stability, glass transition temperature and the texture of soybean oil oleogels were determined by employing a mixture design approach. Avicel affected lipid stability, increasing the oxidative rancidity and peroxide values of oleogels. Oleogels with higher proportions of Avicel also presented higher transition temperatures. A higher percent of ethyl cellulose and α-cellulose in the oleogel mixture resulted in a more stable system with lower oil rancidity and lower glass transition temperatures. In addition, Avicel resulted in a softer and less tacky texture, an important characteristic to consider for food applications.
Virgin almond oil: Extraction methods and composition
Authors: Roncero J. M. , Álvarez-Ortí M. , Pardo-Giménez A. , Gómez R. , Rabadán A. , Pardo J. E.
Published: August 2016

In this paper the extraction methods of virgin almond oil and its chemical composition are reviewed. The most common methods for obtaining oil are solvent extraction, extraction with supercritical fluids (CO2) and pressure systems (hydraulic and screw presses). The best industrial performance, but also the worst oil quality is achieved by using solvents. Oils obtained by this method cannot be considered virgin oils as they are obtained by chemical treatments. Supercritical fluid extraction results in higher quality oils but at a very high price. Extraction by pressing becomes the best option to achieve high quality oils at an affordable price. With regards chemical composition, almond oil is characterized by its low content in saturated fatty acids and the predominance of monounsaturated, especially oleic acid. Furthermore, almond oil contains antioxidants and fat-soluble bioactive compounds that make it an oil with interesting nutritional and cosmetic properties.
Fatty acids and astaxanthin composition of two edible native Mexican crayfish Cambarellus (C.) montezumae and Procambarus (M.) bouvieri
Authors: Coral-Hinostroza G. , Díaz-Martínez M. , Huberman A. , Silencio-Barrita J. L.
Published: August 2016

The content and composition of the fatty acids (FAs) and astaxanthin (AST) in the edible forms of crayfish: the whole animal of Cambarellus (C.) montezumae, and the tail meat (TM) of Procambarus (M.) bouvieri were determined by GC and HPLC. The exoskeleton (EXK) of P. (M.) bouvieri was also studied. Unsaturated FAs, and mostly oleic acid (C18:1 n-9), were predominant in both edible forms. The contents of the polyunsaturated eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n-3, EPA), arachidonic (C20:4 n-6, ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3, DHA), were higher in the TM of P. (M.) bouvieri than in the complete C. (C.) montezumae (p < 0.05). Total carotenoids ranged between 2.31 ± 0.33 μg·g-1 and 66.3 ± 3.91 μg·g-1, and were composed mainly of AST ( > 79.50%). AST esters were enriched with saturated FAs in C. (C.) montezumae and with PUFAs in EXK of P. (M.) bouvieri. We conclude that both C. (C.) montezumae and the TM of P. (M.) bouvieri are traditional foods rich in n-3 PUFAs and C. (C.) montezumae in AST. The EXK of P. (M.) bouvieri is a rich potential source of AST, n-3 PUFAs, and the combination AST-DHA.
Free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibition, two potential mechanisms involved in the anti-diabetic activity of oleanolic acid
Authors: Castellano J. M. , Guinda A. , Macías L. , Santos-Lozano J. M. , Lapetra J. , Rada M.
Published: August 2016

This work investigates the role of oleanolic acid (OA), isolated from the olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf, as a radical scavenger and inhibitor of the hydrolyzing enzymes of dietary carbohydrates. New evidence is provided showing that OA may capture 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and peroxyl radicals, and also exert a strong and non -competitive inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 10.11 ± 0.30 μM). The kinetic and spectrometric analyses performed indicate that OA interacts with this enzyme inside a hydrophobic pocket, through an endothermic and non spontaneous process of a hydrophobic nature. These are two possible mechanisms by which OA may facilitate a better control of post-prandial hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress, so contributing to preserving insulin signalling. Obesity, insulin resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus are considered the first pandemics of the 21st century. In this sense, OA might be used in future preventive and therapeutic strategies, as an ingredient in new drugs and functional foods.
Theology: Still a queen of science in the post-modern era
Authors: Oliver Erna
Published: August 2016

Theology is just as relevant today as it was in the time of Aquinas who called theology ‘the queen of science’ although the knowledge-driven network society does not seem to be in agreement. By using the tools provided by the fourth revolution in the development of society, theology can, as part of the academic world of higher education that is supposed to lead society, strengthen ties with the past, seek explanations and solutions to current problems and produce guidelines for future investigation through multi- and interdisciplinary discourse. Theology can and should influence people to become positive change agents, re-shape the way in which the message of salvation is brought to the world in order to stay relevant in changing circumstances and be on the forefront of progressive transformation in society. This should be achieved through constant dialogue with other academic disciplines, the Church as institution and with society in general.