bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of multi-trait plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolated from alfalfa rhizosphere and evaluation of their efficacy on tomato and watermelon growth
Authors: Ünlü Emel , Yilmaz Semih , Yetişir Halit , Karim Abdul Aziz , Gün Büşra , Idris Abeer Babiker
Published: December 2024

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are free-existing soil-borne bacteria that can be used as bioinoculants in place of chemical fertilizers to directly or indirectly enhance plant growth. This study aimed to characterize PGPR native to the rhizosphere of alfalfa plants in Kayseri and evaluate their efficacy on the growth parameters of tomato and watermelon. A total of 56 potential PGPR isolates were isolated and 24 were selected based on their ability to produce multiple PGP traits. 16S rDNA and phylogenetic analysis characterized these isolates to be novel strains of Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Staphylococcus, Lycinibacillus, and Bacillus. Sequence analysis revealed nucleotide variations and insertion/deletion mutations in their 16S rRNA genes (nucleotides 913–1408). All selected isolates demonstrated nitrogen fixation ability, whereas 54%, 83%, 71%, 54%, and 38% of isolates possessed genes for phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis, phytase, ACC deaminase, and siderophore, respectively. Fifty-eight day old tomato and watermelon plants grown from PGPR-treated seeds showed significantly higher improvements in plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, and root fresh weight compared to non-inoculated control plants. Furthermore, treatment of watermelon seeds with these isolates significantly increased the fresh weight of shoots and the root dry weights in watermelon plants. Thus, these indigenous PGPR isolates can be used as effective seed inoculants and chemical fertilizer alternatives to enhance tomato and watermelon growth.
Distributed cooperative guidance law without numerical singularity with field-of-view angle constraint
Authors: Liu Z. , Li S. , Ren L. , Ma D.
Published: December 2024

A distributed cooperative guidance law without numerical singularities is proposed for the simultaneous attack a stationary target by multiple vehicles with field-of-view constraints. Firstly, the vehicle engagement motion model is transformed into a multi-agent model. Then, based on the state-constrained consensus protocol, a coordination control law with field-of-view (FOV) constraints is proposed. Finally, the cooperative guidance law has been improved to make it more suitable for practical application. Numerical simulations verified the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed guidance law in the presence of acceleration saturation, communication delays and measurement noise.
Incidence, healthcare and out-of-pocket costs, and mortality of Clostridioides difficile infection among US adults aged 18 to 64 years
Authors: Yu Holly , Alfred Tamuno , Zhou Jingying , Judy Jennifer , Olsen Margaret A.
Published: December 2024

Objective:

To estimate incidence and healthcare costs and mortality associated with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) among adults <65 years old.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients:

First CDI episodes among commercially insured US patients 18–64 years old were identified from a large claims database. CDI+ patients were propensity score−matched (PSM) 1:1 with CDI− controls using clinically relevant variables including comorbidities.

Methods:

Annual CDI incidence was calculated by age group and year (2015−2019). Healthcare utilization, costs, and mortality were analyzed by age group, acquisition (healthcare and community), and hospitalization status by calculating CDI-excess costs and mortality as the difference between PSM CDI+ and CDI− individuals.

Results:

In 50–64- and 18–49-year-olds, respective CDI incidence per 100,000 person-years decreased from 217 and 113 cases in 2015 to 167 and 87 cases in 2019. Most cases (76.5%–86.9%) were community-associated. The costs and mortality analyses included 6,332 matched CDI+/− 50–64-year-olds and 6,667 CDI+/− 18–49-year-olds. Among 50–64-year-olds, mean 2-month healthcare and patients’ out-of-pocket costs were $11,634 and $573 higher, respectively, in the CDI+ versus CDI− group. Among 18–49-year-olds, 2-month costs were $7,826 and $642 higher. Healthcare costs were higher for healthcare- versus community-associated CDI. At the 12-month follow-up, mortality was significantly higher in the CDI+ versus CDI− groups for both 50–64-year-olds (4.2% vs 2.0%; P < .001) and 18–49-year-olds (1.2% vs 0.6%; P < .001). Mortality rates were higher for hospitalized versus nonhospitalized CDI+ patients.

Conclusions:

Prevention of CDI among adults 18–64 years old may significantly reduce costs and mortality.
Global distribution and gap analysis of equine housing research: The findings so far and where to go next
Authors: Robertson Theresa , Thomas Ella , Starbuck Gareth , Yarnell Kelly
Published: December 2024

As a free-ranging, social species, the housing of horses (Equus caballus) may limit their opportunity to display natural behaviour, compromising well-being. This review records and presents studies that have investigated horse housing design, evaluates the location and number of studies carried out to date, and reports the methods used to assess impact on equine well-being. A Boolean search was conducted in two databases: Web of Science and Scopus, filtered according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, resulting in 60 peer-reviewed papers for evaluation. Key findings are that a significant amount of work to date has been carried out in Europe and the USA, and the frequency of horse housing studies has steadily increased over the last 33 years, with 52% of them occurring in the last eight years. Health and welfare measures indicate benefits of housing horses in more natural management systems, particularly with conspecifics. Generally, the studies reviewed were only conducted in the short term, therefore future research should aim to increase the length of time over which housing is evaluated, particularly to ensure studies continue beyond an adaptation period. The review also highlights a requirement for more standardised methodology in housing welfare evaluation to allow for more meaningful comparisons to be made. Studies seeking to improve horse welfare in existing housing systems, in the face of limited space or other management constraints, are of high value to the end user and are encouraged. The studies reviewed here represent a significant and diverse body of work from which gaps in knowledge and future research directions can be determined.
Nation Branding and Covid-19: An Empirical Investigation of Self-Reports of Medical Donations in Chinese Digital Diplomacy
Authors: Villegas-Cruz Angel M.
Published: December 2024

This research examines how Beijing uses social media to publicize donations and engage in nation branding as it responds to the global backlash sparked by Covid-19. It argues that self-reports of medical donations aim to enhance China’s national brand, leading to an expectation that reports about donations will primarily target countries more severely affected by the virus. To test its claims, the research analyzes over 55,000 tweets published by Chinese diplomatic missions. The results—controlled for Chinese donation exports—show a positive and significant relationship between self-reports of medical donations and the host’s spread of Covid-19. In contrast, donations are not correlated with political or economic allies. A comparison of government (CCP, ministries, etc.) and non-government donors (immigrants, firms, etc.) shows that only donations by the latter are positively correlated with the spread of the virus. This research advances our knowledge of Chinese diplomats’ online political behavior.
Time-dependent low-rank input–output operator for forced linearized dynamics with unsteady base flows
Authors: Amiri-Margavi Alireza , Babaee Hessam
Published: December 2024

Understanding the linear growth of disturbances due to external forcing is crucial for flow stability analysis, flow control, and uncertainty quantification. These applications typically require a large number of forward simulations of the forced linearized dynamics, often in a brute-force fashion. When dealing with simple steady-state or periodic base flows, there exist powerful and cost-effective solution operator techniques. Once these solution operators are constructed, they can be used to determine the response to various forcings with negligible computational cost. However, these methods do not apply to problems with arbitrarily time-dependent base flows. This paper develops and investigates reduced-order modelling with time-dependent bases to build low-rank solution operators for forced linearized dynamics with arbitrarily time-dependent base flows. In particular, we use forced optimally time-dependent decomposition (f-OTD), which extracts the time-dependent correlated structures of the flow response to various excitations. Several demonstrations are included to illustrate the utility of the f-OTD low-rank approximation for performing global transient stability analysis. Additionally, we demonstrate the application of f-OTD in computing the post-transient response of linearized Navier–Stokes equations to a large number of impulses, which has applications in flow control.
Unsteady motion of nearly spherical particles in viscous fluids: a second-order asymptotic theory
Authors: Collis Jesse F. , Nunn Alex , Sader John E.
Published: December 2024

The motion of small non-spherical particles is often studied using the unsteady Stokes equations. Zhang & Stone (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 367, 1998, pp. 329–358) reported an asymptotic treatment for nearly spherical particles, to first order in particle non-sphericity, i.e.

$O(\epsilon )$

, where

$\epsilon$

quantifies the shape deviation from a sphere. Importantly, key physical phenomena are absent at

$O(\epsilon )$

, including (1) coupling between the torque experienced by the particle and its linear translation, (2) coupling between the force the particle experiences and its rotation and (3) the effect of non-sphericity on the orientation averages of these forces and torques. We present an explicit asymptotic theory to second order in particle non-sphericity, i.e.

$O(\epsilon ^2)$

, for the force and torque acting on a particle in a general unsteady Stokes flow. The derived analytical formulae apply to particles of arbitrary shape, providing the leading-order asymptotic theory for the three above-mentioned phenomena. The theory is demonstrated for several example nearly spherical particles including a spheroid, a ‘pear-shaped’ particle and a simple model for a SARS-CoV-2 virion. This includes formulae for force and torque as a function of particle orientation and their corresponding orientation averages. Our study reveals that the orientation-averaged forces and torques experienced by a nearly spherical particle cannot be generally represented by a perfect sphere. The reported formulae are validated using finite-amplitude three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations. A Mathematica notebook is also provided, facilitating implementation of the theory for particle shapes of the user's choosing.
White, Male, and Angry: A Reputation-Based Rationale for Backlash
Authors: WOLTON STEPHANE
Published: December 2024

From the bottom to the top of society, many white men are angry. This article provides a reputation-based rationale for this anger. Individuals care about their social status (elite vs. non-elite) and their social reputation (how they expect others to perceive them). Everyone is uncertain about how one becomes a member of the elite. When new information reveals that the system is biased in favor of white men, the social reputation of all white men decreases, causing a payoff loss. In contrast, policies meant to reduce inequalities in the access to the elite can be supported by some white men and opposed by others. The article highlights how the backlash from white men in recent years needs not be driven by racial animus or sexism and may instead be caused by a loss of status and/or reputation.
Care-giving activities, positive and negative care-giving appraisals, and care-giver psychological wellbeing during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Yan Yuqi , Lu Nan , Cai Liqing
Published: December 2024

Public health crises like Covid-19 profoundly influence informal care-givers of older adults with functional health limitations. This study deepens existing understanding of care-giving processes during the pandemic to uncover insights useful for developing effective care-giving interventions for the post-pandemic era and future public health crises. Specifically, it examined (1) how care-giving activities during the pandemic impacted care-giver psychological wellbeing by affecting caregiving burden and the positive aspects of caregiving and (2) the moderating effect of pandemic-specific factors (i.e., care recipients’ unmet health-care needs due to the pandemic). Multiple-group analyses were conducted on data on 906 informal care-givers of older adults with functional health limitations, obtained from the Covid-19 Supplement and Round 10 Survey of the National Health and Aging Trends Study conducted in the United States. The mean age of participants was approximately 60 years, and most were white women. Positive aspects of care-giving significantly mediated the relationships between providing assistance in activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADL, and emotional support and positive affect. Care-giving burden significantly mediated the relationship between assistance in ADL and positive and negative affect. Care recipients’ unmet health-care needs moderated the relationships between assistance in ADL and burden, assistance in ADL and negative affect, and emotional support and positive affect. In sum, this study underscores the positive aspects of care-giving as well as care-giving burden and demonstrates that greater attention should be paid to care-givers caring for individuals with unmet health-care needs during public health crises. The results suggest that more-effective responses to public health crises must be developed, especially within health-care systems.
Health insurance’s contribution to reducing the financial burden of tuberculosis in Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Du Rong , Ma Xiaoxue , Huang Aiju , Chen Huijuan , Guo Xueli , Zhou Jian , Li Jinlan , Wang Weibing , Zhao Qi
Published: December 2024

Despite global efforts to end tuberculosis (TB), the goal of preventing catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) due to TB remains unmet. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Guizhou Province, Southwest China. Data were collected from the Hospital Information System and a survey of TB patients who had completed standardized antituberculosis treatment between January and March 2021. Among the 2 283 participants, the average total expenditure and out-of-pocket expenditure were $1 506.6 (median = $760.5) and $683.6 (median = $437.8), respectively. Health insurance reimbursement reduced CHE by 16.8%, with a contribution rate of 24.9%, and the concentration index changed from -0.070 prereimbursement to -0.099 postreimbursement. However, the contribution of health insurance varied significantly across different economic strata, with contribution rates of 6.4% for the lowest economic group and 53.1% for the highest group. For patients from lower socioeconomic strata, health insurance contributed 10.7% to CHE in the prediagnostic phase and 23.5% during treatment. While social health insurance alleviated the financial burden for TB patients, it did not provide sufficient protection for those in lower economic strata or during the prediagnostic stage. This study underscores the need for more effective and equitable subsidy policies for TB patients .
Receiving three doses of inactivated or mRNA COVID-19 vaccines was associated with lower odds of long COVID symptoms among people with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Hong Kong, China: a cross-sectional survey study
Authors: Zheng Chen , Yu Fuk-yuen , Chan Paul Shing-fong , Sun Fenghua , Chen Xiang-Ke , Huang Wendy Ya-Jun , Wong Stephen Heung-Sang , Fang Yuan , Wang Zixin
Published: December 2024

High prevalence of long COVID symptoms has emerged as a significant public health concern. This study investigated the associations between three doses of COVID-19 vaccines and the presence of any and ≥3 types of long COVID symptoms among people with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Hong Kong, China. This is a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional online survey among Hong Kong adult residents conducted between June and August 2022. This analysis was based on a sub-sample of 1,542 participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during the fifth wave of COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong (December 2021 to April 2022). Among the participants, 40.9% and 16.1% self-reported having any and ≥3 types of long COVID symptoms, respectively. After adjusting for significant variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions and lifestyles, and SARS-CoV-2 infection, receiving at least three doses of COVID-19 vaccines was associated with lower odds of reporting any long COVID symptoms comparing to receiving two doses (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.87, P = .002). Three doses of inactivated and mRNA vaccines had similar protective effects against long COVID symptoms. It is important to strengthen the coverage of COVID-19 vaccination booster doses, even in the post-pandemic era.
Bottom-up computation using trees of sublists
Authors: MU SHIN-CHENG
Published: December 2024

Some top-down problem specifications, if executed, may compute sub-problems repeatedly. Instead, we may want a bottom-up algorithm that stores solutions of sub-problems in a table to be reused. How the table can be represented and efficiently maintained, however, can be tricky. We study a special case: computing a function

${\mathit{h}}$

taking lists as inputs such that

${\mathit{h}\;\mathit{xs}}$

is defined in terms of all immediate sublists of

${\mathit{xs}}$

. Richard Bird studied this problem in 2008 and presented a concise but cryptic algorithm without much explanation. We give this algorithm a proper derivation and discovered a key property that allows it to work. The algorithm builds trees that have certain shapes—the sizes along the left spine is a prefix of a diagonal in Pascal’s triangle. The crucial function we derive transforms one diagonal to the next.
Bidirectional analysis of the association between migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder in Nurses’ Health Study II
Authors: Crowe H. M. , Sampson L. , Purdue-Smithe A. C. , Rexrode K. M. , Koenen K. C. , Rich-Edwards J. W.
Published: December 2024

Aims

Migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are both twice as common in women as men. Cross-sectional studies have shown associations between migraine and several psychiatric conditions, including PTSD. PTSD is disproportionally common among patients in headache clinics, and individuals with migraine and PTSD report greater disability from migraines and more frequent medication use. To further clarify the nature of the relationship between PTSD and migraine, we conducted bidirectional analyses of the association between (1) migraine and incident PTSD and (2) PTSD and incident migraine.

Methods

We used longitudinal data from 1989–2020 among the 33,327 Nurses’ Health Study II respondents to the 2018 stress questionnaire. We used log-binomial models to estimate the relative risk of developing PTSD among women with migraine and the relative risk of developing migraine among individuals with PTSD, trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD, and individuals unexposed to trauma, adjusting for race, education, marital status, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, alcohol intake, smoking, and body mass index.

Results

Overall, 48% of respondents reported ever experiencing migraine, 82% reported experiencing trauma and 9% met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria for PTSD. Of those reporting migraine and trauma, 67% reported trauma before migraine onset, 2% reported trauma and migraine onset in the same year and 31% reported trauma after migraine onset. We found that migraine was associated with incident PTSD (adjusted relative risk [RR]: 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14–1.39). PTSD, but not trauma without PTSD, was associated with incident migraine (adjusted RR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.14–1.27). Findings were consistently stronger in both directions among those experiencing migraine with aura.

Conclusions

Our study provides further evidence that migraine and PTSD are strongly comorbid and found associations of similar magnitude between migraine and incident PTSD and PTSD and incident migraine.
Holding the Line – Mental Well-Being, Stressors, and Coping in Crisis Supporters
Authors: Sercombe Jayden , Devine Emma K. , Deady Mark , Mills Katherine L.
Published: December 2024

Abstract: Background: Crisis supporters can experience numerous stressors in their role that can impact their own mental well-being. The area remains underexplored in research, particularly relating to substance use, and new trends in the role such as working remotely or the impact of providing chat-based support. Aims: This study identifies crisis support-related stressors, as well as levels of mental well-being and substance use, and factors associated with mental well-being. Method: Participants ( n = 422) were recruited from four leading crisis support services and via social media advertising. They responded to an online survey, assessing demographics, stressors, mental well-being (compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and psychological distress), substance use, and coping styles. Results: Findings identified several important stressors (e.g., argumentative callers) and moderate to high rates of compassion fatigue and psychological distress. High levels of compassion satisfaction were reported, and levels of risky substance use were low. Problem-focused coping emerged as a key factor related to positive mental well-being, while emotion-focused, avoidant coping, remote work, and providing chat-based support were linked to negative well-being. Limitations: The study’s cross-sectional design and convenience sample limit causal inferences and generalizability. Conclusion: The findings reveal significant stressors and challenges in crisis supporters that require consideration and intervention.
Pluto’s Small Moons Are Unlike Any Other
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: December 2024

The strange blend of surface chemistry on Nix and Hydra raises big question about the evolution of the Pluto system.
Millions in India Vulnerable to Glacial Lake Floods
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: December 2024

Climate change–driven factors make regions more vulnerable to glacial lake outburst floods.
An Observation‐Based Estimate of Atlantic Meridional Freshwater Transport
Authors: Zheng Huayi , Cheng Lijing , Li Feili , Pan Yuying , Zhu Chenyu
Published: December 2024

Meridional freshwater transport (MFT) in the Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic meridional freshwater transport (AMFT)) plays a vital role in the Atlantic Ocean circulations, but an accurate estimate of AMFT time series remains challenging. This study uses an indirect approach that combines ocean salinity, surface evaporation and precipitation observations to derive AMFT and its uncertainty by solving the ocean freshwater budget equation. Climatologically, AMFT is southward between 18.5°S and 34.5°S, but northward from 18.5°S to 66.5°N. AMFT also shows substantial inter‐annual variability with a clear separation at ∼40°N and is more coincident with the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26°N than 47°N across latitudes. The derived time series indicates that throughout the Atlantic Ocean, there is a positive trend in the AMFT from 2004 to 2020, resulting in an AMFT convergence in the tropical Atlantic and an AMFT divergence in the subtropical North Atlantic.
Chronology, Local Stratigraphy, and Foreign Ejecta Materials at the Chang'e‐6 Landing Site: Constraints on the Provenance of Samples Returned From the Moon's Farside
Authors: Xu Luyuan , Qiao Le , Xie Minggang , Wang Yiran , Zhu Meng‐Hua , Yan Jianguo
Published: December 2024

China's Chang'e‐6 (CE‐6) mission has returned the first‐ever lunar farside samples from a mare plain on the southern Apollo basin floor. The crater statistics of the CE‐6 mare unit and the provenance of the samples are crucial in interpreting the CE‐6 sample analysis results and re‐calibrating the crater chronology function. Here, we conduct a thorough survey of the formation sequence and main source craters of ejecta materials at the sampling area. Our results show that the sampling mare unit has a model age of ∼2.8 Ga and the CE‐6 scooped and drilled samples mainly come from the proximal ejecta of nearby small craters and the local regolith. The total abundance of foreign (non‐mare) materials, primarily from Chaffee S and Vavilov craters, is ∼9.3%. The Chaffee S ejecta may contain lunar upper mantle materials previously excavated by the South Pole‐Aitken impact, which will shed light on the materials of the Moon's interior.
Primary Sulfur Isotopes of Intraplate Basalts and Implications for Deep S Recycling of Altered Oceanic Crust
Authors: Wang Xiang , Wang Zaicong , Sun Pu , Yang Zong‐Feng , Zhang Wen , Zou Zongqi , Foley Stephen , Wang Lang , Zong Keqing , Hu Zhaochu , Liu Yongsheng
Published: December 2024

Altered oceanic crust (AOC) is the largest contributor to the subducted sulfur (S) budget and its recycling modulates the redox evolution and S distribution in the mantle. However, the role of AOC in the deep cycling of S remains poorly constrained. Here we probe the primary S isotopes of Cenozoic intraplate basalts in eastern China by investigating sulfide inclusions in magmatic clinopyroxene megacrysts. These basalts were derived from the deep mantle metasomatized by melts derived from recycled AOC but show MORB‐like S isotopes (−0.9–0.9‰), suggesting that AOC‐derived melts transfer negligible sulfate and hardly change the δ34S and redox state of the deeper mantle. This contrasts with the generally high δ34S values of mantle wedge peridotites and primary arc magmas that reflect the slab addition of sulfate, indicating that S species and isotopes released from the subducted slab and associated fO2 are not constant and vary with subduction depth.
Coherent Modes of Global Coastal Sea Level Variability
Authors: Oelsmann J. , Calafat F. M. , Passaro M. , Hughes C. , Richter K. , Piecuch C. , Wise A. , Katsman C. , Dettmering D. , Seitz F. , Jevrejeva S.
Published: December 2024

Sea level variations in the coastal zone can differ significantly from those in the open ocean and can be highly spatiotemporally coherent in the alongshore direction. Yet, where and how coastal sea levels exhibit variations that emerge as persistent and recurrent patterns along the world's coastlines remain poorly understood. Here, we use a Bayesian mixture model to identify large‐scale patterns of coherent modes of monthly coastal sea level variations from coastal altimetry and tide gauge data. We determine nine clusters of coherent coastal sea level variability that explain a majority of the monthly variance measured by tide gauges (1993–2020). The analysis of along track altimetry data enables us to detect several additional clusters in ungauged regions, such as the Indian Ocean or around the South Atlantic basin, which have so far been poorly described. Although some clusters (e.g., at the eastern boundary of the Pacific, the western tropical Pacific, and the marginal and semi‐enclosed seas) are highly correlated with climate modes, other clusters share very little variability with the considered climate modes at the monthly timescale. Knowledge of these coherent regions thus motivates and enables further investigations on the impacts of local and remote forcing on coastal sea level variability, and the extent to which coastal sea level variability is decoupled from the adjacent deep ocean.
The Observation of Urban Ambient 1,3‐Butadiene Based on Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Technique and Its Potential Alteration on the Nighttime Chemistry
Authors: Gu Chuanqi , Wang Shanshan , Yan Yuhao , Zhu Jian , Jin Dan , Wu Shijian , Zhou Bin
Published: December 2024

As a highly reactive dialkenes similar to isoprene, 1,3‐butadiene (BD) is rapidly oxidized and fully involved in atmospheric oxidation processes. We have established a method for the online measurement of ambient BD using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. Lab testing demonstrated that DOAS technique can accurately measure BD concentrations in high temporal resolution of minute‐level, with accuracy and precision within ±5% and 1%, respectively. Following field measurement, the detection limit for BD reached 90 pptv, the r between DOAS and the online VOCs system results reached 0.885, and the nighttime hourly averaged concentration peaked at 0.75 ppbv. At this BD level, if the NO3 reaction pathway with BD was not considered, the maximum proportional variations in the NO3 concentration simulated by the box model exceeded 10%. In conclusion, DOAS is suitable for long‐term BD measurements, and continuous attention should be given to the potential alteration on atmospheric chemistry caused by this type of easily neglected compounds.
Visualizing risk modification of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: development and validation of prediction model for personalized interpregnancy weight management
Authors: Tano Sho , Kotani Tomomi , Ushida Takafumi , Matsuo Seiko , Yoshihara Masato , Imai Kenji , Kinoshita Fumie , Moriyama Yoshinori , Nomoto Masataka , Yoshida Shigeru , Yamashita Mamoru , Kishigami Yasuyuki , Oguchi Hidenori , Kajiyama Hiroaki
Published: December 2024

The growing recognition of the importance of interpregnancy weight management in reducing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) underscores the importance of effective preventive strategies. However, developing effective systems remains a challenge. We aimed to bridge this gap by constructing a prediction model. This study retrospectively analyzed the data of 1746 women who underwent two childbirths across 14 medical facilities, including both tertiary and primary facilities. Data from 2009 to 2019 were used to create a derivation cohort (n = 1746). A separate temporal-validation cohort was constructed by adding data between 2020 and 2024 (n = 365). Furthermore, the external-validation cohort was constructed using the data from another tertiary center between 2017 and 2023 (n = 340). We constructed a prediction model for HDP development in the second pregnancy by applying logistic regression analysis using 5 primary clinical information: maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and HDP history; and pregnancy interval and weight change velocity between pregnancies. Model performance was assessed across all three cohorts. HDP in the second pregnancy occurred 7.3% in the derivation, 10.1% in the temporal-validation, and 7.9% in the external-validation cohorts. This model demonstrated strong discrimination, with c-statistics of 0.86, 0.88, and 0.86 for the respective cohorts. Precision-recall area under the curve values were 0.90, 0.85, and 0.91, respectively. Calibration showed favorable intercepts (−0.02 to −0.00) and slopes (0.96–1.02) for all cohorts. In conclusion, this externally validated model offers a robust basis for personalized interpregnancy weight management goals for women planning future pregnancies.
Competitive co-diffusion as a route to enhanced step coverage in chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Choolakkal Arun Haridas , Niiranen Pentti , Dorri Samira , Birch Jens , Pedersen Henrik
Published: December 2024

Semiconductor devices are constructed from stacks of materials with different electrical properties, making deposition of thin layers central in producing semiconductor chips. The shrinking of electronics has resulted in complex device architectures which require deposition into holes and recessed features. A key parameter for such deposition is the step coverage (SC), which is the ratio of the thickness of material at the bottom and at the top. Here, we show that adding a co-flow of a heavy inert gas affords a higher SC for deposition by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). By adding a co-flow of Xe to a CVD process for boron carbide using a single source precursor with a lower molecular mass than the atomic mass of Xe, the SC increased from 0.71 to 0.97 in a 10:1 aspect ratio feature. The concept was further validated by a longer deposition depth in lateral high aspect ratio structures. We suggest that competitive co-diffusion is a general route to conformal CVD.
Annual 30-m maps of global grassland class and extent (2000–2022) based on spatiotemporal Machine Learning
Authors: Parente Leandro , Sloat Lindsey , Mesquita Vinicius , Consoli Davide , Stanimirova Radost , Hengl Tomislav , Bonannella Carmelo , Teles Nathália , Wheeler Ichsani , Hunter Maria , Ehrmann Steffen , Ferreira Laerte , Mattos Ana Paula , Oliveira Bernard , Meyer Carsten , Şahin Murat , Witjes Martijn , Fritz Steffen , Malek Ziga , Stolle Fred
Published: December 2024

The paper describes the production and evaluation of global grassland extent mapped annually for 2000–2022 at 30 m spatial resolution. The dataset showing the spatiotemporal distribution of cultivated and natural/semi-natural grassland classes was produced by using GLAD Landsat ARD-2 image archive, accompanied by climatic, landform and proximity covariates, spatiotemporal machine learning (per-class Random Forest) and over 2.3 M reference samples (visually interpreted in Very High Resolution imagery). Custom probability thresholds (based on five-fold spatial cross-validation) were used to derive dominant class maps with balanced user’s and producer’s accuracy, resulting in f1 score of 0.64 and 0.75 for cultivated and natural/semi-natural grassland, respectively. The produced maps (about 4 TB in size) are available under an open data license as Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFFs and as Google Earth Engine assets. The suggested uses of data include (1) integration with other compatible land cover products and (2) tracking the intensity and drivers of conversion of land to cultivated grasslands and from natural / semi-natural grasslands into other land use systems.
Automated analysis of ultrastructure through large-scale hyperspectral electron microscopy
Authors: Duinkerken B. H. Peter , Alsahaf Ahmad M. J. , Hoogenboom Jacob P. , Giepmans Ben N. G.
Published: December 2024

Microscopy is a key technique to visualize and understand biology. Electron microscopy (EM) facilitates the investigation of cellular ultrastructure at biomolecular resolution. Cellular EM was recently revolutionized by automation and digitalisation allowing routine capture of large areas and volumes at nanoscale resolution. Analysis, however, is hampered by the greyscale nature of electron images and their large data volume, often requiring laborious manual annotation. Here we demonstrate unsupervised and automated extraction of biomolecular assemblies in conventionally processed tissues using large-scale hyperspectral energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) imaging. First, we discriminated biological features in the context of tissue based on selected elemental maps. Next, we designed a data-driven workflow based on dimensionality reduction and spectral mixture analysis, allowing the visualization and isolation of subcellular features with minimal manual intervention. Broad implementations of the presented methodology will accelerate the understanding of biological ultrastructure.
Graphene Nanomaterials for Sensors
Authors: Hegde Shreeganesh Subraya , Bhat Badekai Ramachandra
Published: December 2024

In recent years, many of the sensors and biosensors have been based on graphene and graphene-related materials, which have shown excellent results in various fields, including clinical, environmental, and food science research. These nanostructured carbon materials possess unique properties, such as high chemical stability, strong electrical conductivity, and a large functional surface area. Hence, the application of different types of carbon nanomaterials has sparked the interest of researchers from all over the world since the discovery of carbon-based nanomaterials. This chapter discusses the unique properties, functionalization, and sensing applications of graphene and its derivatives.
Advancing Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS): Low-power, High-accuracy, Wide-dynamic-range, and High-throughput Impedance Measurement Circuits and Architectures
Authors: Choi Haidam , Cheon Song-I , Kang Hyoju , Suh Ji-Hoon , Park Seonghyun , Kweon Soon-Jae , Ha Sohmyung , Je Minkyu
Published: December 2024

This chapter offers an extensive introduction to readout circuit architectures designed to measure impedances across a frequency range in electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The impedance readout circuit, an essential component of on-chip EIS systems, significantly affects key system performances, including precision and speed of measurements, noise, and power consumption. With an increasing demand for implantable, wearable, and portable EIS systems, researchers have been focusing on achieving higher energy efficiency while maintaining high precision and speed in measurements. Additionally, to improve the compactness and ease of use of EIS systems, various systems use two-electrode and dry-electrode setups rather than the conventional four- and wet-electrode configurations. Numerous innovative methods have been developed to provide reliable measurements using two- and dry-electrode interfaces. This chapter discusses advances in impedance-readout architectures and their pros and cons. These approaches are designed to achieve low power consumption, broad frequency and input ranges, high accuracy with low noise, rapid measurement times, and/or high input impedance. The in-depth analyses of each of these improvements for EIS systems will provide insights into the future progress of small-form-factor EIS systems for biomedical and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
Metal complex-based probes for the detection of chloride ions
Authors: Das Bishnu , Biswas Sanwayee
Published: December 2024

Metal complex-based probes enable μM- to nM-level Cl− detection with high selectivity via coordination, H-bonding, electrostatic interactions and more, using techniques such as UV-visible absorption, luminescence, electrochemistry, and 1H NMR.
Green phosphonate chemistry – Does it exist?
Authors: Demadis Konstantinos D. , Adla Santosh Kumar , Timonen Juri , Turhanen Petri A.
Published: December 2024

Given that the EU has listed phosphorus as a critical raw material, the green aspects of phosphonate compounds, from synthesis, to applications, and recycling, are reviewed.
Development of coumarin-inspired bifunctional hybrids as a new class of anti-Alzheimer’s agents with potent in vivo efficacy
Authors: Singh Atamjit , Kaur Kirandeep , Arora Saroj , Sharma Aman , Singh Karanvir , Mohana Pallvi , Prajapati Jignesh , Kaur Uttam , Goswami Dweipayan , Chadha Renu , Singh Bedi Preet Mohinder
Published: December 2024

Keeping in mind the multifactorial and complex nature of Alzheimer’s disease and the requirement of optimum multifunctional anti-Alzheimer’s agent. A series of triazole tethered coumarin-eugenol hybrid molecules was designed as...
White circularly polarized luminescence from a dual-component emitter induced by FRET between tetraphenylene and PDI derivatives
Authors: Dong Huanhuan , Li Huajing , Tian Enquan , Zhang Yijun , Kong Jian , Li Yuangang
Published: December 2024

LHS with TPE-ASP as the chiral donor and PDI as the energy acceptor was constructed by electrostatic interaction, achieving 94.7% ΦET and glum up to |2.41 × 10−2|. Meanwhile, white CPL (0.32, 0.33) was modulated by these two components.
Blister test to measure the out-of-plane shear modulus of few-layer graphene
Authors: Calis Metehan , Boddeti Narasimha , Scott Bunch J.
Published: December 2024

We measure the out-of-plane shear modulus of few-layer graphene (FLG) by a blister test.
Base promoted regio- and stereoselective hydrophosphinylation of allenes
Authors: Zhu Fei-Min , Pu Jia-Jie , Zhang Zhen-Qiang , Zhan Zhuang-Ping
Published: December 2024

A novel strategy for the hydrophosphinylation of allenes was described, which led to the successful construction of various (E)-alkenylphosphine oxides under mild conditions.
Modulating the packing and photovoltaic performance of (bisthiophene)benzene-linked polymer acceptors through simple methylation engineering
Authors: An Ruiqi , Cao Mengqi , Li Hongxiang , Peng Zhongxiang , Wu Xiaofu , Tong Hui , Wang Lixiang
Published: December 2024

Various methyl-substituted (bisthiophene)benzene linkers are used to construct polymerized small molecule acceptors and regulate packing morphologies, and the dimethylbenzene-containing linker results in the best photovoltaic performance.
Construction of nano-lamellar expressways and multidimensional defects to realize the decoupling of carrier–phonon transport in BiSbSe1.25Te1.75
Authors: Tian Zhen , Jiang Quanwei , Su Keqiang , Shi Xiaowei , Li Jianbo , Kang Huijun , Chen Zongning , Guo Enyu , Wang Tongmin
Published: December 2024

A largely enhanced TE performance for n-type BiSbSe1.25Te1.75 by designing nano-lamellar structures and multiscale distortions to synergistically optimize the electrical and thermal transport properties.
Black phosphorus/silk fibroin films hamper filamentous and invasive growth of Candida albicans
Authors: Alunni Cardinali Martina , Casagrande Pierantoni Debora , Comez Lucia , Conti Angela , Chiesa Irene , De Maria Carmelo , Cortopassi Stefania , Caporali Maria , Paciaroni Alessandro , Libera Valeria , Cardinali Gianluigi , Sassi Paola , Valentini Luca
Published: December 2024

The interaction of black phosphorus with silk fibroin triggers the conformational transition to silk II and the film stiffness. The transition of individual C. albicans cells to biofilm colonies is hampered by physical properties of the substrate.
Evolution from [Zn9] to a record-high [Zn54] subblock and engineering a hierarchical supramolecular framework for enhanced iodine uptake
Authors: Tao Ye , Dong Qiubing , Wan Jingmeng , Huang Fu-Ping , Duan Jingui , Zeng Ming-Hua
Published: December 2024

The design of a carboxylate–pyridine–triazole integrated ligand, coupled with a strategy of “rivet” substitution and “hinge” linkage, facilitates the construction of the largest [Zn54] cluster in a hierarchical supramolecular framework.
Solvatomorphic diversity dictates the stability and solubility of metal–organic polyhedra
Authors: Yadav Ankit K. , Gładysiak Andrzej , Wolpert Emma H. , Ganose Alex M. , Samel-Garloff Bronson , Koley Dipankar , Jelfs Kim E. , Stylianou Kyriakos C.
Published: December 2024

A novel molybdenum(v) metal–organic polyhedron (MOP) crystallizes in five different solvatomorphic forms, each of which displaying a markedly distinct porosity, stability and unprecedently, solubility in water.
A novel method for enhancing vanadium extraction from calcified vanadium slag: H2SO4–Na2SO3 synergistic reduction leaching and short process preparation of vanadium dioxide
Authors: Li Changqing , Jiang Tao , Wen Jing , Yang Guangdong , Yu Tangxia , Zhang Lan
Published: December 2024

The primary shortcomings of the current vanadium extraction from the calcification vanadium slag process are low vanadium leaching efficiency, potential ammonia pollution risk, and the inability to directly obtain low-valence vanadium products.
Hybrid mechanism‐data‐driven iron loss modelling for permanent magnet synchronous motors considering multiphysics coupling effects
Authors: Liu Lin , Yin Wenliang , Guo Youguang
Published: December 2024

The precise calculation of iron losses in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) remains challenging due to the interplay between various disciplines such as electromagnetism, magnetism, and thermal/mechanical dynamics. Purely mechanistic models require detailed theoretical knowledge and exact parameters, often struggling to accurately describe complex systems, while purely data‐driven methods lack interpretability, which are susceptible to data noise and outliers in feature extraction and complicated pattern recognition. Consequently, this paper aims to present a hybrid mechanism‐data‐driven model for accurately estimating the iron loss for PMSMs, considering the multiphysics coupling effects. Specifically, based on the well‐defined physical principles, an advanced iron loss analytical model that simultaneously considers mechanical stress, temperature rise, harmonics, load currents, and changing frequency is developed and then utilised to calculate numerous loss data under different operating conditions, providing a certain level of stability and reliability for prediction accuracy. Subsequently, a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm is employed to perform deep learning to extract features and patterns from the data. By defining a suitable loss function, the pre‐trained model was fine‐tuned and optimised using a small amount of actual data. To validate its superiority, extensive numerical and experimental analyses are conducted on the prototype. The results demonstrate that the iron losses computed using this hybrid model overcome the limitations of singular methods by effectively leveraging both theoretical knowledge and real‐world data, thus accurately accommodating various application scenarios. This integrated approach enhances the accuracy, stability, and interpretability of the model, laying a solid foundation for more specialised applications in the future.
Polarisation results from the GOODS-N field with Apertif and polarised source counts
Authors: Berger A. , Adebahr B. , Wright A. H. , Hildebrandt H. , Dettmar R.-J. , Adams E. A. K. , Dénes H. , Hess K. M. , Morganti R. , Damstra S. , Kutkin A. , Loose G. M. , Mika A. , Oostrum L. C. , van Leeuwen J. , Ziemke J.
Published: December 2024

Aims. We analysed six Apertif datasets, covering the GOODS-N LOFAR deep field region, aiming to improve our understanding of the faint radio source composition, their polarisation behaviour, and how this affects our interpretation of polarised source counts.

Methods. Using a semi-automatic routine, we ran rotation measure synthesis to generate a polarised intensity mosaic for each observation. The routine also performs source finding and cross-matching with the total power catalogue, as well as NVSS, SDSS and allWISE, to obtain a catalogue of 1182 polarised sources in an area of 47.4 deg2. Using the mid-infrared (MIR) radio correlation, we found no indication of any polarised emission from star formation. To robustly estimate the source counts, we performed an investigation of our sample’s completeness as a function of the polarised flux via synthetic source injection.

Results. In contrast to previous works, we find no strong dependency of fractional polarisation on the total intensity flux density. We argue that differences regarding previous (small-scale, deep field) analyses can be attributed to sample variance. Relative to the findings of previous works, here we find a steeper slope for our Euclidean-normalised differential source counts. This is also visible as a flattening in cumulative source counts.

Conclusions. We attribute the observed steeper slope in Euclidean normalised differential source counts to a change in the source composition and properties at low total intensities.