bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Chromatic Performance of Three Presbyopia-Correcting Intraocular Lenses with Different Optical Designs
Authors: Montagud-Martínez Diego , Ferrando Vicente , Martínez-Espert Anabel , Garcia-Delpech Salvador , Monsoriu Juan A. , Furlan Walter D.
Published: February 2022

Most of the new premium models of intraocular lenses for presbyopia correction use diffractive optics in their optical design. The presence of multiple foci and the difference of the diffractive efficiency for different wavelengths have a great impact in the lens optical performance. In this context, there is a limited information available for clinicians to understand the optical principles that differentiate each design and their potential influence on clinical outcomes. Optical bench studies with polychromatic light are necessary to solve this limitation. In this work, a custom made optical bench was employed to assess with polychromatic light the through the focus optical quality of three different IOL designs: trifocal, EDOF effect; and enhanced monofocal. By using different and complimentary approaches: images of the USAF test, axial PSFs and TF-MTFs, each design revealed its intrinsic features, which were not previously reported for these IOLs models in a comparative way. It was found that the chromatic aberration plays a very important role in the performance of each IOL. Our results could help clinicians to understand the optical principle of each lens and also provide useful information for choosing the lens that best suits the needs of the individual patient.
Adrenal Gland Irradiation Causes Fatigue Accompanied by Reactive Changes in Cortisol Levels
Authors: Huang Yu-Ming , Chi Chih-Wen , Wu Pao-Shu , Tai Hung-Chi , Chien Ming-Nan , Chen Yu-Jen
Published: February 2022

Background: Incidental radiotherapy (RT) to the adrenal gland may have systemic effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of adrenal RT on fatigue. Methods: BALB/c mice were surgically explored to identify the left adrenal gland and delivered intra-operative RT. The swimming endurance test was used for endurance assessment to represent fatigue. Plasma levels of stress hormones and histopathological features were examined. Three patients with inevitable RT to the adrenal gland were enrolled for the preliminary study. Serum levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were measured before and after RT. Fatigue score by using the fatigue severity scale and RT dosimetric parameters were collected. Results: In the experimental mouse model, adrenal RT decreased baseline cortisol from 274.6 ± 37.8 to 193.6 ± 29.4 ng/mL (p = 0.007) and swimming endurance time from 3.7 ± 0.3 to 1.7 ± 0.6 min (p = 0.02). In histopathological assessment, the irradiated adrenal glands showed RT injury features in the adrenal cortex. In the enrolled patients, baseline cortisol significantly declined after RT. There were no significant differences in the levels of morning cortisol, aldosterone, and ACTH before and after RT. Conclusions: The RT dose distributed to the adrenal gland may correlate with unwanted adverse effects, including fatigue and adrenal hormone alterations.
Psychopathological and Interactive-Relational Characteristics in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Adolescent Outpatients
Authors: Miscioscia Marina , Angelico Caterina , Raffagnato Alessia , Gatta Michela
Published: February 2022

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is described as behaviors that directly and intentionally inflict damage to body tissue without suicidal intent and for reasons not linked to cultural expectations or norms. Literature has confirmed several “specific risk factors” related to NSSI behaviors; emotional reactivity, internalizing problems, alexithymia traits, and maladaptive family functioning can predispose an individual to intrapersonal and interpersonal vulnerabilities related to difficulties in regulating one’s own cognitive-emotional experience. The present study aims to analyze and define the psychopathological and family interactive-relational characteristics of adolescents with NSSI through a case-control study. Thirty-one patients with NSSI and thirty-one patients without NSSI paired for sex, age, and psychiatric diagnosis (ICD-10) were recruited in Padua among two Child Neuropsychiatry Units before the COVID-19 pandemic. Results show a higher prevalence of internalizing problems, alexithymia trait related to “difficulty identifying feelings”, and lower quality of family functioning related to inclusion of partners, child involvement, and child self-regulation. These results carry significant implications for the clinical management and therapeutic care of non-suicidal self-injury patients and further confirm the need for an in-depth investigation of internalizing problems, alexithymia, and quality of family interactions.
Association between Dietary Protein Intake, Regular Exercise, and Low Back Pain among Middle-Aged and Older Korean Adults without Osteoarthritis of the Lumbar Spine
Authors: Noh Hye-Mi , Choi Yi Hwa , Lee Soo Kyung , Song Hong Ji , Park Yong Soon , Kim Namhyun , Cho Jeonghoon
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein intake and regular exercise on low back pain (LBP) using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 2367 middle-aged and older adults (≥50 years) who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and plain radiography of the lumbar spine were included. LBP was defined using a questionnaire to determine the presence of LBP lasting more than 30 days in the preceding three months. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data were used to estimate protein intake, and regular exercise was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that men who did not perform regular exercise had a high probability of LBP (odds ratio [OR] 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–4.44). Low protein intake (<0.8 g/kg/day) was associated with high odds for LBP in women (OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.12–2.99). Low protein intake and lack of regular exercise were also associated with a higher probability of LBP in women (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.48–5.72). We recommend that women over 50 years of age consume the recommended daily amount of protein to prevent LBP and engage in regular exercise.
ECMO Predictors of Mortality: A 10-Year Referral Centre Experience
Authors: Treml Benedikt , Breitkopf Robert , Bukumirić Zoran , Bachler Mirjam , Boesch Johannes , Rajsic Sasa
Published: February 2022

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a specialised life support modality for patients with refractory cardiac or respiratory failure. Multiple studies strived to evaluate the benefits of ECMO support, but its efficacy remains controversial with still inconsistent and sparse information. Methods: This retrospective analysis included patients with ECMO support, admitted between January 2010 and December 2019 at a tertiary university ECMO referral centre in Austria. The primary endpoint of the study was overall all-cause three-month mortality with risk factors and predictors of mortality. Secondary endpoints covered the analysis of demographic and clinical characteristics of patients needing ECMO, including incidence and type of adverse events during support. Results: In total, 358 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria and received ECMO support due to cardiogenic shock (258, 72%), respiratory failure (88, 25%) or hypothermia (12, 3%). In total, 41% (145) of patients died within the first three months, with the median time to death of 9 (1–87) days. The multivariate analysis identified hypothermia (HR 3.8, p < 0.001), the Simplified Acute Physiology Score III (HR 1.0, p < 0.001), ECMO initiation on weekends (HR 1.6, p = 0.016) and haemorrhage during ECMO support (HR 1.7, p = 0.001) as factors with higher risk for mortality. Finally, the most frequent adverse event was haemorrhage (160, 45%) followed by thrombosis. Conclusions: ECMO is an invasive advanced support system with a high risk of complications. Nevertheless, well-selected patients can be successfully rescued from life-threatening conditions by prolonging the therapeutic window to either solve the underlying problem or install a long-term assist device. Hypothermia, disease severity, initiation on weekends and haemorrhage during ECMO support increase the risk for mortality. In the case of decision making in a setting of limited (ICU) resources, the reported risk factors for mortality may be contemplable, especially when judging a possible ECMO support termination.
Identification of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Asymptomatic Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Takamura Kazuhisa , Fujimoto Shinichiro , Mita Tomoya , Kawaguchi Yuko Okano , Kurita Mika , Kadowaki Satoshi , Kamo Yuki , Aoshima Chihiro , Nozaki Yui Okada , Takahashi Daigo , Kudo Ayako , Hiki Makoto , Tomizawa Nobuo , Ikeda Fuki , Satoh Hiroaki , Watada Hirotaka , Minamino Tohru
Published: February 2022

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are a high-risk group for coronary artery disease (CAD). In the present study, we investigated predictive factors to identify patients at high risk of CAD among asymptomatic patients with type 2 DM based on coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) findings. Methods: A single-center prospective study was performed on 452 consecutive patients with type 2 DM who were provided with a weekly hospital-based diabetes education program between 3 October 2015, and 31 March 2020. A total of 161 consecutive asymptomatic patients (male/female: 111/50, age: 57.3 ± 9.3 years) with type 2 DM without any known CAD underwent CCTA. Based on conventional coronary risk factors and non-invasive examination, i.e., measurement of intima-media thickness, subcutaneous and visceral fat area, a stress electrocardiogram test, and the Agatston score, patients with obstructive CAD, CT-verified high-risk plaques (CT-HRP), and optimal revascularization within 90 days were evaluated. Results: Current smoking (OR, 4.069; 95% C.I., 1.578–10.493, p = 0.0037) and the Agatston score ≥100 (OR, 18.034; 95% C.I., 6.337–51.324, p = 0.0001) were independent predictive factors for obstructive CAD, while current smoking (OR, 5.013; 95% C.I., 1.683–14.931, p = 0.0038) was an independent predictive factor for CT-HRP. Furthermore, insulin treatment (OR, 5.677; 95% C.I., 1.223–26.349, p = 0.0266) was the only predictive factor that correlated with optimal revascularization within 90 days. Conclusions: In asymptomatic patients with type 2 DM, current smoking, an Agatston score ≥100, and insulin treatment were independent predictive factors of patients being at high-risk for CAD. However, non-invasive examinations except for Agatston score were not independent predictors of patients being at high risk of CAD.
Antenatal Betamethasone Every 12 Hours in Imminent Preterm Labour
Authors: Saldaña-García Natalia , Espinosa-Fernández María Gracia , Martínez-Pajares Jose David , Tapia-Moreno Elías , Moreno-Samos María , Cuenca-Marín Celia , Rius-Díaz Francisca , Sánchez-Tamayo Tomás
Published: February 2022

Background: Benefits of antenatal corticosteroids have been established for preterm infants who have received the full course. In imminent preterm labours there is no time to administer the second dose 24 h later. Objective: To determine whether the administration of two doses of betamethasone in a 12 h interval is equivalent to the effects of a full maturation. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study including preterm infants ≤34 weeks gestational age at birth and ≤1500 g, admitted to an NICU IIIC level in a tertiary hospital from 2015 to 2020. The population was divided into two cohorts: complete maturation (CM) (two doses of betamethasone 24 h apart), or advanced maturation (AM) (two doses of betamethasone 12 h apart). The primary outcomes were mortality or survival with severe morbidities. The presence of respiratory distress syndrome and other morbidities of prematurity were determined. These variables were analysed in the neonates under 28 weeks gestational age cohort. Neurodevelopment at 2 years was evaluated with the validated Ages and Stages Questionnaires®, Third Edition (ASQ®-3). Multiple regression analyses were performed and adjusted for confounding factors. Results: A total of 275 preterm neonates were included. Serious outcomes did not show differences between cohorts, no increased incidence of morbidity was found in AM. A lower percentage of hypotension during the first week (p = 0.04), a tendency towards lower maximum FiO2 (p = 0.14) and to a shorter mechanical ventilation time (p = 0.14) were observed for the AM cohort. Similar results were found in the subgroup of neonates under 28 weeks gestational age. There were no differences in cerebral palsy or sensory deficits at 24 months of corrected age, although the AM cohort showed a trend towards better scores on the ASQ3 scale. Conclusions: Administration of betamethasone every 12 h showed similar results to the traditional pattern with respect to mortality and severe morbidities. No deleterious neurodevelopmental effects were found at 24 months of corrected age. Earlier administration of betamethasone at 12 h after the first dose would be an alternative in imminent preterm delivery. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.
Could the New Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies Be Effective in Migraine Aura? Case Reports and Literature Review
Authors: Albanese Maria , Mercuri Nicola Biagio
Published: February 2022

Recently, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (Eptinezumab, Fremanezumab, and Galcanezumab) or its receptor (Erenumab) have been approved for clinical use as prophylactic drugs for high-frequency episodic and chronic migraine. While their therapeutic effects on headache pain is well documented, there is scarce information on the usefulness of these medications in preventing migraine aura, which is believed to be associated with cortical spreading depression (CSD). Because of their large size, mAbs cannot easily cross the blood–brain barrier in high quantities, rendering the peripheral trigeminovascular system to likely be a major site of their action. In this paper, we report two cases of patients suffering from migraine with and without aura, who reported a complete disappearance of aura or reduced aura duration and intensity while taking Galcanezumab or Erenumab, respectively. Then, we present a brief overview of the literature about the controversial relationship between CSD and CGRP and about the potential “additional central” role of these mAbs in the pathophysiology of migraine aura.
Seasonal Trends and Diel Patterns of Downsweep and SEP Calls in Chilean Blue Whales
Authors: Redaelli Laura , Mangia Woods Sari , Landea Rafaela , Sayigh Laela
Published: February 2022

To learn more about the occurrence and behaviour of a recently discovered population of blue whales, passive acoustic data were collected between January 2012 and April 2013 in the Chiloense ecoregion of southern Chile. Automatic detectors and manual auditing were used to detect blue whale songs (SEP calls) and D calls, which were then analysed to gain insights into temporal calling patterns. We found that D call rates were extremely low during winter (June–August) but gradually increased in spring and summer, decreasing again later during fall. SEP calls were absent for most winter and spring months (July–November) but increased in summer and fall, peaking between March and April. Thus, our results support previous studies documenting the austral summer residency of blue whales in this region, while suggesting that some individuals stay longer, highlighting the importance of this area as a blue whale habitat. We also investigated the daily occurrence of each call type and found that D calls occurred more frequently during dusk and night hours compared to dawn and day periods, whereas SEP calls did not show any significant diel patterns. Overall, these findings help to understand the occurrence and behaviour of endangered Chilean blue whales, enhancing our ability to develop conservation strategies in this important Southern Hemisphere habitat.
Analytical Investigation of Tension Loads Acting on a TLP Floating Wind Turbine
Authors: Mazarakos Thomas P. , Tsaousis Theodosis D. , Mavrakos Spyros A. , Chatjigeorgiou Ioannis K.
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to scrutinize the coupled hydroaeroelastic problem for a TLP design of a floating structure consisting of multiple vertical truncated cylinders which support a 10 MW wind turbine (WT). The platform is exposed to the combined effects of water waves and wind loading. The motions of the platform are examined for seven different directions of the incident waves. The hydrodynamic problem was solved analytically by combining the physical idea of multiple scattering and the method of matched axisymmetric eigenfunction expansions in order to obtain analytical representations of the velocity potential around the cylindrical members of the platform, while the contribution of the WT is considered within the six degrees of motion of the floater. Numerical results are initially presented for the exciting forces acting on the platform, the added masses, and the hydrodynamic damping coefficients, as well as the RAOs of the platform’s motions. Furthermore, the shear forces and bending moments are calculated at the point where the WT is assembled with the floater. Finally, results for the total mooring forces are given.
Do Birds of a Feather Always Flock Together? Assessing Differences in Group and Individual Zoo Enclosure Usage by Comparing Commonly Available Methods
Authors: McConnell Heather , Brereton James , Rice Tom , Rose Paul
Published: February 2022

Data on zoo enclosure usage provide meaningful evaluation of husbandry and welfare but for social species, group-level data may not capture individual occupancy preferences. Determining zone occupancy using group data may give an inaccurate assessment of enclosure suitability for each individual. We compared three formulae (traditional and modified Spread of Participation Index and Electivity Index) to determine how estimations of space usage compare between individuals and their group overall. Two flamingo flocks at two zoos were sampled with enclosures separated into discrete zones. Counts of where each bird in the flock was located at each minute of sampling were compared against the number of minutes that randomly selected individual flamingos spent in each zone. Overall, there was little difference in preferred zone occupancy when flock data were compared to individual data. Group data suggested that flamingos were more consistent in their enclosure usage, with individual data showing wider overall usage of enclosures. Individual Electivity Index (EI) values suggested zone underuse whereas group EI suggested zone overuse. As a proxy for welfare measurement, we recommend both group-level and individual monitoring of space use to provide a complete picture of how individuals within a social group occupy their space and choose where to be.
Ageing Perception as a Key Predictor of Self-Rated Health by Rural Older People—A Study with Gender and Inclusive Perspectives
Authors: Zorrilla-Muñoz Vanessa , Agulló-Tomás María Silveria , Rodríguez-Blázquez Carmen , Ayala Alba , Fernandez-Mayoralas Gloria , Forjaz Maria João
Published: February 2022

This paper investigates positive perceptions of ageing in rural people aged 65 and over as a key predictor of the self-assessment of one’s health. Method: The sample covers a total of 3389 people from the ‘Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement’ (SHARE), wave 6 (W6, 2015). This research analyses men and women who live in a rural environment. A linear regression model is proposed to consider the dependent variable ‘self-rated health’ and independent variables based on measures of quality of life in older adults. This study confirms that rural women perceive their health on the basis of factors different to those of their male contemporaries. The variable ‘How often do you feel/think that you can do the things that you want to do?’ is associated with women’s self-perceived health. In men, a high relationship (with p < 0.001) is obtained for the variables ‘How often do you feel/think look back on your life with a sense of happiness?’ and ‘How often do you feel/think that family responsibilities prevent you from doing what you want to do?’ Certain daily activities (e.g., leisure or care), along with a positive perception of life, influence one’s perceptions of one’s own health, especially in the case of women. In sum, rural older women make a positive evaluation of their own health and ageing, while rural older men relate self-rated health to passivity and reminiscing. There is a need for further research on psycho-social and socio-spatial issues from an intergenerational, technological and gender perspective for rural and territorial influences to attain better health and quality of life for rural older people in comparison to urban people.
Global Economic and Diet Transitions Drive Latin American and Caribbean Forest Change during the First Decade of the Century: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Environmental Drivers of Local Forest Cover Change
Authors: López-Carr David , Ryan Sadie J. , Clark Matthew L.
Published: February 2022

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) contain more tropical high-biodiversity forest than the remaining areas of the planet combined, yet experienced more than a third of global deforestation during the first decade of the 21st century. While drivers of forest change occur at multiple scales, we examined forest change at the municipal and national scales integrated with global processes such as capital, commodity, and labor flows. We modeled multi-scale socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental drivers of local forest cover change. Consistent with LAC’s global leadership in soy and beef exports, primarily to China, Russia, the US, and the EU, national-level beef and soy production were the primary land use drivers of decreased forest cover. National level gross domestic product (GDP), migrant worker remittances and foreign investment, along with municipal-level temperature and area, were also significantly related to reduced forest cover. This challenges forest transition frameworks, which theorize that rising GDP and intensified agricultural production should be increasingly associated with forest regrowth. Instead, LAC forest change was linked to local, national, and global demographic, dietary and economic transitions, resulting in massive net forest cover loss. This suggests an urgent need to reconcile forest conservation with mounting global demand for animal protein.
Tropical Forest Landscape Restoration in Indonesia: A Review
Authors: Indrajaya Yonky , Yuwati Tri Wira , Lestari Sri , Winarno Bondan , Narendra Budi Hadi , Nugroho Hunggul Yudono Setio Hadi , Rachmanadi Dony , Pratiwi  , Turjaman Maman , Adi Rahardyan Nugroho , Savitri Endang , Putra Pamungkas Buana , Santosa Purwanto Budi , Nugroho Nunung Puji , Cahyono Sigit Andy , Wahyuningtyas Reni Setyo , Prayudyaningsih Retno , Halwany Wawan , Siarudin Mohamad , Widiyanto Ary , Utomo Marcellinus Mandira Budi , Sumardi  , Winara Aji , Wahyuni Tien , Mendham Daniel
Published: February 2022

Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and forest degradation have caused a range of environmental issues, including habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality and quantity, air pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Forest restoration at the landscape level has been conducted to balance ecological integrity and human well-being. Forest restoration efforts are also aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and are closely related to Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from the forestry sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the regulatory, institutional, and policy aspects of forest restoration in Indonesia, as well as the implementation of forest restoration activities in the country. The article was written using a synoptic review approach to Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)-related articles and national experiences. Failures, success stories, and criteria and indicators for forest restoration success are all discussed. We also discuss the latest silvicultural techniques for the success of the forest restoration program. Restoration governance in Indonesia has focused on the wetland ecosystem such as peatlands and mangroves, but due to the severely degraded condition of many forests, the government has by necessity opted for active restoration involving the planting and establishment of livelihood options. The government has adapted its restoration approach from the early focus on ecological restoration to more forest landscape restoration, which recognizes that involving the local community in restoration activities is critical for the success of forest restoration.
Knowledge Map of Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development: A Visual Analysis Using CiteSpace
Authors: Zhang Jiao , Wang Qian , Xia Yiping , Furuya Katsunori
Published: February 2022

Spatial planning has become an important measure for countries and regions to promote sustainable development. However, there remains a lack of systematic and quantitative research on spatial planning worldwide. In this study, CiteSpace was used to perform bibliometric analysis and visualization research on the Web of Science core collection and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database. It was found that: (1) The number of papers published in global spatial planning research shows an increasing trend, especially after 2018, with China showing an obvious increasing trend. (2) Globally, the United States has the largest number of relevant research results, and Italy has the most cooperation with other countries. The highest research output is from developed countries, while that of developing countries is relatively weak. (3) There is some intersection among countries, disciplines, and authors but it is not strong, indicating that cooperation should be strengthened. (4) Through keyword cluster, timeline, and time zone analysis, global development can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage is characterized by the study of spatial planning system theory, the second stage is characterized by building green infrastructure and providing ecological services, and the third stage is characterized by an emphasis on public participation and the establishment of justice mechanisms. China’s development corresponds to three stages: the theory and experience learning stage, the spatial planning system focused on economic development stage, and the integration of multiple plans and the sustainable development exploration stage. (5) There are differences in burst words between the world and China, indicating that there are great differences in research hotspots in different countries’ periods and conditions.
Correction: Sagar et al. Forest Restoration at Berenty Reserve, Southern Madagascar: A Pilot Study of Tree Growth Following the Framework Species Method. Land 2021, 10, 1041
Authors: Sagar Rubin , Mondragon-Botero Ariadna , Dolins Francine , Morgan Bryn , Vu Thuy Phuong , McCrae Janet , Winchester Vanessa
Published: February 2022

Correct Email Address [...]
Tribo-Surface Variation Caused by Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2 Particles-Containing Lubricant under Cyclic Impact Loading
Authors: Shen Yan , Liu Zhixiang , Xing Chuanfei , Li Qi , Fan Junjing
Published: February 2022

Mn+1AXn (MAX) phase materials present an attractive potential for friction reduction and wear resistance applications due to the ternary layered structure. This work was done to investigate how the combination of Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2 MAX phase particles with zinc dialkyl dithiophosp (ZDDP) additives in the lubricant affected the tribo-surface by means of a reciprocating test rig with cyclic impact loading. The results indicated that the friction and wear properties of Ti3AlC2-containing lubricant were better than those of Ti2AlC-containing lubricant. The distinctive microstructure of worn surface caused by the Ti3AlC2 particles was characterized by the uniform distribution of many fine scratches, while the other was distributed with more peeling pits by the Ti2AlC particles. The tribo-chemical reaction of ZDDP involving Ti3AlC2 particles promoted a larger regional distribution of the tribofilm and the generation of short-chain phosphates. The synergistic effect of Ti3AlC2 particles and ZDDP additives led to excellent tribological properties.
Charge-Transfer Adducts of Chalcogenourea Derivatives of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with Iodine Monochloride
Authors: Saab Marina , Nahra Fady , Van Hecke Kristof
Published: February 2022

In this communication, we investigate the reaction between seleno- and thiourea, derived from N-heterocyclic carbenes, with the interhalogen iodine monochloride. The formation of all three products was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, while single-crystal X-ray analyses were able to establish a charge-transfer coordination type, which showed a linear Se/S-I-Cl arrangement, for all adducts formed. Based on a detailed crystallographic analysis, we can deduce the zwitterionic character of these compounds.
Electron Heat Source Driven Heat Transport in GaN at Nanoscale: Electron–Phonon Monte Carlo Simulations and a Two Temperature Model
Authors: Muthukunnil Joseph Anish , Cao Bingyang
Published: February 2022

The thermal energy transport in semiconductors is mostly determined by phonon transport. However in polar semiconductors like GaN electronic contribution to the thermal transport is non-negligible. In this paper, we use an electron–phonon Monte Carlo (MC) method to study temperature distribution and thermal properties in a two-dimensional GaN computational domain with a localized, steady and continuous electron heat source at one end. Overall, the domain mimics the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channel of a typical GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). High energy electrons entering the domain from the source interact with the phonons, and drift under the influence of an external electric field. Cases of the electric field being uniform and non-uniform are investigated separately. A two step/temperature analytical model is proposed to describe the electron as well as phonon temperature profiles and solved using the finite difference method (FDM). The FDM results are compared with the MC results and found to be in good agreement.
RC Medium-Rise Building Damage Sensitivity with SSI Effect
Authors: Gaile Liga , Ratnika Lasma , Pakrastins Leonids
Published: February 2022

Global vibration-based methods in the field of structural health monitoring are intended to capture structural stiffness changes of buildings or other civil engineering structures. Natural frequencies of buildings or bridges are commonly used parameters to monitor these stiffness changes. Therefore, it is essential to clarify the limit at which this method is no longer sensitive enough to be useful for structural health monitoring purposes. This paper numerically investigates the effect of structural damage and soil–structure interaction on cellular-type reinforced concrete buildings’ natural frequencies. These buildings are a common housing stock of Eastern Europe but are rarely investigated in this context. Comparisons with a reinforced concrete frame and infill structure building are made. Finite element models representing three structural system types of nine-story reinforced concrete buildings were used for the numerical simulations. Furthermore, a five-story finite element model was used for a damage sensitivity comparison. It is established that, for cellular-type structure buildings to detect damage comparable to that investigated in the paper, structural health (fixed base model frequency) should be monitored directly. Then, a statistical significance level for frequency changes of no more than 0.1% should be adopted. Conversely, the rocking frequency is a very sensitive parameter to monitor building base condition changes. These changes are often a cause of the cracking of building elements.
Bioactive Properties of Composites Based on Silicate Glasses and Different Silver and Gold Structures
Authors: Tóth Zsejke-Réka , Kiss János , Todea Milica , Kovács Gábor , Gyulavári Tamás , Sesarman Alina , Negrea Giorgiana , Vodnar Dan C. , Szabó Anna , Baia Lucian , Magyari Klára
Published: February 2022

Using an ideal biomaterial to treat injured bones can accelerate the healing process and simultaneously exhibit antibacterial properties; thus protecting the patient from bacterial infections. Therefore, the aim of this work was to synthesize composites containing silicate-based bioactive glasses and different types of noble metal structures (i.e., AgI pyramids, AgIAu composites, Au nanocages, Au nanocages with added AgI). Bioactive glass was used as an osteoconductive bone substitute and Ag was used for its antibacterial character, while Au was included to accelerate the formation of new bone. To investigate the synergistic effects in these composites, two syntheses were carried out in two ways: AgIAu composites were added in either one step or AgI pyramids and Au nanocages were added separately. All composites showed good in vitro bioactivity. Transformation of AgI in bioactive glasses into Ag nanoparticles and other silver species resulted in good antibacterial behavior. It was observed that the Ag nanoparticles remained in the Au nanocages, which was also beneficial in terms of antibacterial properties. The presence of Au nanoparticles contributed to the composites achieving high cell viability. The most outstanding result was obtained by the consecutive addition of noble metals into the bioactive glasses, resulting in both a high antibacterial effect and good cell viability.
Effect of Nano-Y2O3 on the Microstructure and Properties of WC-Reinforced Ni-Based Composite Surfacing Layer
Authors: Ai Xingyu , Liu Zhengjun , Zou Zongxuan , Wang Zhenyu
Published: February 2022

In this study, a WC-reinforced Ni-based surfacing layer was prepared on Q235 steel plate by plasma arc welding. The effects of nano-Y2O3 with different contents (0 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 1.2 wt.%, and 1.6 wt.%) on the microstructure, phase composition, microhardness, and wear resistance of the surfacing layer were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness test, and pin-on-disk test. The results show that the phase composition of the surfacing layer was γ-Ni, FeNi3 solid solution, WC, W2C, M23C6, M6C, Cr7C3, and other carbides. When the addition of nano-Y2O3 was 1.2 wt.%, it has a good improvement on microstructure grain refinement and carbide hard-phase increase. Compared with other contents, 1.2 wt.% nano-Y2O3 surfacing layer has the highest microhardness and the lowest friction coefficient and wear loss. At this time, the wear mechanism is abrasive wear accompanied by slight adhesive wear.
Interfacial Polarization of Thin Alq3, Gaq3, and Erq3 Films on GaN(0001)
Authors: Grodzicki Miłosz , Sito Jakub , Lewandków Rafał , Mazur Piotr , Ciszewski Antoni
Published: February 2022

This report presents results of research on electronic structure of three interfaces composed of organic layers of Alq3, Gaq3, or Erq3 deposited on GaN semiconductor. The formation of the interfaces and their characterization have been performed in situ under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Thin layers have been vapor-deposited onto p-type GaN(0001) surfaces. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) assisted by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been employed to construct the band energy diagrams of the substrate and interfaces. The highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) are found to be at 1.2, 1.7, and 2.2 eV for Alq3, Gaq3, and Erq3 layers, respectively. Alq3 layer does not change the position of the vacuum level of the substrate, in contrast to the other layers, which lower it by 0.8 eV (Gaq3) and 1.3 eV (Erq3). Interface dipoles at the phase boundaries are found to be −0.2, −0.9, −1.2 eV, respectively, for Alq3, Gaq3, Erq3 layers on GaN(0001) surfaces.
Special Issue “Recent Advances in Thermoelectric Materials for High Efficiency Energy Conversion and Refrigeration”
Authors: Mele Paolo
Published: February 2022

It has been almost three years since I enthusiastically accepted to be guest editor for this Special Issue of Materials, entitled “Recent Advances in Thermoelectric Materials for High Efficiency Energy Conversion and Refrigeration” [...]
Spent Coffee Grounds as Building Material for Non-Load-Bearing Structures
Authors: Moussa Tala , Maalouf Chadi , Bliard Christophe , Abbes Boussad , Badouard Céline , Lachi Mohammed , do Socorro Veloso Sodré Silvana , Bufalino Lina , Bogard Fabien , Beaumont Fabien , Polidori Guillaume
Published: February 2022

The gradual development of government policies for ecological transition in the modern construction sector leads researchers to explore new alternative and low environmental impact materials with a particular focus on bio-sourced materials. In this perspective, the mechanical, thermal insulation, and the sound absorption performances of a spent coffee grounds/potato starch bio-based composite were analyzed for potential application in buildings. Based on thermal conductivity and diffusivity tests, the coffee grounds waste biocomposite was characterized as an insulating material comparable with conventional thermal insulation materials of plant origin. Acoustical tests revealed absorption coefficients in the same range as other conventional materials used in building acoustical comfort. This bio-sourced material presented a sufficient compressive mechanical behavior for non-load-bearing structures and a sufficient mechanical capacity to be shaped into building bricks. Mechanical, thermal, and acoustic performances depend on the moisture environment. The groundwork was laid for an initial reflection on how this composite would behave in two opposite climates: the continental climate of Reims in France and the tropical climate of Belém in Brazil.
Dysprosium Substituted Ce:YIG Thin Films for Temperature Insensitive Integrated Optical Isolator Applications
Authors: Wei Zixuan , Yan Wei , Qin Jun , Deng Longjiang , Bi Lei
Published: February 2022

Magneto-optical isolators are key components in photonic systems. Despite the progress of silicon-integrated optical isolators, the Faraday rotation of silicon-integrated magneto-optical materials, such as cerium-doped yttrium iron garnet (Ce:YIG), show a strong temperature dependence, limiting the temperature range for integrated nonreciprocal photonic device applications. In this work, we report dysprosium substituted Ce:YIG thin films (Dy2Ce1Fe5O12, Dy:CeIG) showing a low temperature coefficient of Faraday rotation. A temperature insensitive range of the Faraday rotation is observed in between 25 °C to 70 °C for this material, compared to 20% variation of the Faraday rotation in Ce:YIG thin films. A Dy:CeIG based temperature insensitive silicon-integrated optical isolator operating in the temperature range of 23 °C to 70 °C is experimentally demonstrated.
Heat-Induced Spalling of Concrete: A Review of the Influencing Factors and Their Importance to the Phenomenon
Authors: Mohammed Hussein , Ahmed Hawreen , Kurda Rawaz , Alyousef Rayed , Deifalla Ahmed Farouk
Published: February 2022

Heat-induced spalling in concrete is a problem that has been the subject of intense debate. The research community has, despite all the effort invested in this problem, few certain and definitive answers regarding the causes of and the way in which spalling happens. A major reason for this difficulty is the lack of a unified method for testing, which makes comparing data from various studies against each other a difficult task. Many studies have been performed that show the positive effects of using synthetic micro-fibres, such as polypropylene (PP). The mechanism with which PP fibres improve heat-induced spalling resistance in concrete, however, remains a subject of debate. This paper, therefore, looks at the work that has been performed in the field of spalling (particularly spalling of self-compacting concrete (SCC)). Influencing factors are identified and their links to each other (as reported) are discussed. A particular emphasis is put on discussing the role of PP fibres and how they improve the behaviour of high-performance concrete (HPC) at elevated temperatures. A brief summary of the reviewed papers are provided for each of the influencing factors to help the reader navigate with ease through the references. An introduction to heat-induced spalling and the common causes (as reported in the literature) is also included to highlight the wide range of theories trying to explain the spalling phenomenon.
High-Selectivity Bandpass Filter with Controllable Attenuation Based on Graphene Nanoplates
Authors: Chen Jianzhong , Zhang Jiali , Zhao Yutong , Li Liang , Su Tao , Fan Chi , Wu Bian
Published: February 2022

A high-selectivity band pass filter with controllable attenuation based on graphene nanoplates is proposed in this paper. Graphene with controllable resistance has a good uniform attenuation effect to electric field intensity. The filter utilizes quarter wavelength stepped impedance resonators and mixed electromagnetic coupling to have compact circuits and high performance. The graphene nanoplates are loaded on the microstrip resonator to reduce the electric field intensity, which results in a flat attenuation in the passband. In addition, the filter has two transmission zeros, which lead to a strong selectivity. Finally, a high-selectivity bandpass filter with controllable attenuation is formed. By changing the bias voltage of graphene, a controllable attenuation of 1.64–11.13 dB can be achieved in the working passband centered at 1.36 GHz. In order to validate the concept, the prototype is fabricated and measured. The measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation results. The proposed high-selectivity bandpass filter with controllable attenuation based on graphene nanoplates has widely potential in reconfigurable wireless communication systems and radar systems due to its high integration and versatility.
Symmetry Analysis and Conservation Laws for a Time-Fractional Generalized Porous Media Equation
Authors: Gong Tianhang , Feng Wei , Zhao Songlin
Published: February 2022

The symmetry group method is applied to study a class of time-fractional generalized porous media equations with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives. All point symmetry groups and the corresponding optimal subgroups are determined. Then, the similarity reduction is performed to the given equation and some explicit solutions are derived. The asymptotic behaviours for the solutions are also discussed. Through the concept of nonlinear self-adjointness, the conservation laws arising from the admitted point symmetries are listed.
Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Control for Type-I Diabetes: Analytical Robust System
Authors: Yan Shu-Rong , Alattas Khalid A. , Bakouri Mohsen , Alanazi Abdullah K. , Mohammadzadeh Ardashir , Mobayen Saleh , Zhilenkov Anton , Guo Wei
Published: February 2022

The insulin injection rate in type-I diabetic patients is a complex control problem. The mathematical dynamics for the insulin/glucose metabolism can be different for various patients who undertake different activities, have different lifestyles, and have other illnesses. In this study, a robust regulation system on the basis of generalized type-2 (GT2) fuzzy-logic systems (FLSs) is designed for the regulation of the blood glucose level. Unlike previous studies, the dynamics of glucose–insulin are unknown under high levels of uncertainty. The insulin-glucose metabolism has been identified online by GT2-FLSs, considering the stability criteria. The learning scheme was designed based on the Lyapunov approach. In other words, the GT2-FLSs are learned using adaptation rules that are concluded from the stability theorem. The effect of the dynamic estimation error and other perturbations, such as patient activeness, were eliminated through the designed adaptive fuzzy compensator. The adaptation laws for control parameters, GT2-FLS rule parameters, and the designed compensator were obtained by using the Lyapunov stability theorem. The feasibility and accuracy of the designed control scheme was examined on a modified Bergman model of some patients under different conditions. The simulation results confirm that the suggested controller has excellent performance under various conditions.
Different Routes or Methods of Application for Dimensionality Reduction in Multicenter Studies Databases
Authors: Boukichou-Abdelkader Nisa , Montero-Alonso Miguel Ángel , Muñoz-García Alberto
Published: February 2022

Technological progress and digital transformation, which began with Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI), are currently transforming ways of working in all fields, to support decision-making, particularly in multicenter research. This study analyzed a sample of 5178 hospital patients, suffering from exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (eCOPD). Because of differences in disease stages and progression, the clinical pathologies and characteristics of the patients were extremely diverse. Our objective was thus to reduce dimensionality by projecting the data onto a lower dimensional subspace. The results obtained show that principal component analysis (PCA) is the most effective linear technique for dimensionality reduction. Four patient profile groups are generated with similar affinity and characteristics. In conclusion, dimensionality reduction is found to be an effective technique that permits the visualization of early indications of clinical patterns with similar characteristics. This is valuable since the development of other pathologies (chronic diseases) over any given time period influences clinical parameters. If healthcare professionals can have access to such information beforehand, this can significantly improve the quality of patient care, since this type of study is based on a multitude of data-variables that can be used to evaluate and monitor the clinical status of the patient.
Fractional Calculus and Confluent Hypergeometric Function Applied in the Study of Subclasses of Analytic Functions
Authors: Lupaş Alina Alb , Oros Georgia Irina
Published: February 2022

The study done for obtaining the original results of this paper involves the fractional integral of the confluent hypergeometric function and presents its new applications for introducing a certain subclass of analytic functions. Conditions for functions to belong to this class are determined and the class is investigated considering aspects regarding coefficient bounds as well as partial sums of these functions. Distortion properties of the functions belonging to the class are proved and radii estimates are established for starlikeness and convexity properties of the class.
Improving User’s Experience in Exploring Knowledge Structures: A Gamifying Approach
Authors: Breckner Brigitte , Săcărea Christian , Zavaczki Raul-Robert
Published: February 2022

Gamifying user experience while navigating knowledge structures is the new paradigm in online learning and improving human–computer interaction. Learning by playing and learning by doing lie at the core of this approach. Rooted in the paradigm of Conceptual Knowledge Processing and conceptual landscapes of knowledge, this research proposes an immersive experience in 3D knowledge structures, the VR FCA project. We exemplify this experience, at least the amount possible in a journal paper, by using data sets about topological spaces, a mathematical field which is notoriously hard to grasp by beginners or sometimes even at an intermediate level. We present the stages of this project, the technologies we have used in the implementation and also some basics of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA), the mathematical theory which lies at heart of Conceptual Knowledge Processing.