bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The heart of China revisited, I. Proterozoic tectonics of the Qin mountains in the core of supercontinent Rodinia
Authors: Bader Thomas , Ratschbacher Lothar , Franz Leander , Yang Zhao , Hofmann Mandy , Linnemann Ulf , Yuan Honglin
Published: February 2013

The Qinling‐Dabie orogenic collage, central China, constitutes the geographic, geologic, and cultural heart of China; it plays a key role in understanding the amalgamation and breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent and the subduction and exhumation of continental crust under ultrahigh‐pressure conditions. Herein, we investigate the Proterozoic evolution of the Qinling‐Dabie orogenic collage and surrounding segments of the bounding South China craton (SCC) and North China craton (NCC), employing published and new U/Th–Pb geochronology. The Kongling, Hong'an‐Dabie, and Douling‐Foping complexes constitute the nucleus of the Yangtze block, recording a common ~2.0 Ga orogenic event that integrated the Yangtze block into the supercontinent Columbia. The ~1.10–0.95 Ga Miaowan “ophiolite”‐Shennongjia arc association of the Huangling dome‐Shennongjia massif seems to have split and reassembled that nucleus. It formed earlier than or contemporaneously with the Sibao orogeny along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze block. The ~0.95–0.80 Ga Mian‐Lue complex comprises an oceanic accretionary wedge that formed outboard of an associated fore‐arc‐arc system represented by the Bikou‐Hannan‐Micangshan massifs along the north(western) margin of the Yangtze block. The Qinling complex, currently sandwiched between the SCC and NCC, lacks pre‐Mesoproterozoic cratonal basement, and its igneous rocks intruded a ~1.7–1.0 Ga old clastic wedge that incorporates meta‐basites; it might have been part of the extended passive margin of East Antarctica and/or Australia. Neoproterozoic Qinling‐complex magmatism spanned ~260 Myr and evolved from partial melting of the thick clastic sequence over an arc to a rift setting; most Qinling‐complex paragneisses are erosional products of these igneous rocks. The ~1.0–0.85 Ga Qinling‐complex magmatism formed independently from that along the north(west)ern Yangtze‐block margin, but its ~0.8–0.7 Ga magmatism, peaking at ~750 Ma, is widespread throughout the Yangtze block; this suggests post‐ ~ 825 Ma accretion of the Qinling complex to the Yangtze block. The Daba and Wudang Shan, Douling, and Hong'an‐Dabie areas of the northern Yangtze block are dominated by ~0.8–0.6 Ga bimodal continental‐rift igneous rocks; in accordance with similar ages in the Qinling complex and the entire SCC, continental rifting appears to have been most active at ~750 Ma. Our Rodinia scenario suggests that the Qinling‐Dabie orogenic collage records the final stages of the assemblage of the core of Rodinia, and this was completed not earlier than ~825 Ma, and its breakup, which was most active at ~750 Ma.
Slab coupled optical fiber sensor calibration
Authors: Whitaker B. , Noren J. , Chadderdon S. , Wang W. , Forber R. , Selfridge R. , Schultz S.
Published: February 2013

This paper presents a method for calibrating slab coupled optical fiber sensors (SCOS). An automated system is presented for selecting the optimal laser wavelength for use in SCOS interrogation. The wavelength calibration technique uses a computer sound card for both the creation of the applied electric field and the signal detection. The method used to determine the ratio between the measured SCOS signal and the applied electric field is also described along with a demonstration of the calibrated SCOS involving measuring the dielectric breakdown of air.
A proof for insignificant effect of Brownian motion-induced micro-convection on thermal conductivity of nanofluids by utilizing molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Babaei Hasan , Keblinski Pawel , Khodadadi J. M.
Published: February 2013

It has been recently demonstrated through experiments that the observed high enhancements in thermal conductivity of nanofluids are due to aggregation of nanoparticles rather than the previously stated mechanism of the Brownian motion-induced micro-convection. In this paper, we use equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the role of micro-convection on the thermal conductivity of well-dispersed nanofluids. We show that while the individual terms in the heat current autocorrelation function associated with nanoparticle diffusion achieve significant values, these terms essentially cancel each other if correctly defined average enthalpy expressions are subtracted. Otherwise, erroneous thermal conductivity enhancements will be predicted, which are attributed to Brownian motion-induced micro-convection. Consequently, micro-convection does not contribute noticeably to the thermal conductivity and the predicted thermal conductivity enhancements are consistent with the effective medium theory.
Comparative study of rutile and anatase SnO2 and TiO2: Band-edge structures, dielectric functions, and polaron effects
Authors: Dou Maofeng , Persson Clas
Published: February 2013

SnO2 and TiO2 polymorphs (rutile and anatase) are oxides with similar crystal structures, comparable bond lengths, and electronic band-gap energies, but different optical and electronic properties. In this work, we have studied the origin of these differences from the band-edge structures and electron-phonon coupling. The band-edge structures, dielectric functions, and effective masses were calculated by means of a first-principles approach with the exchange-correlation described by a hybrid functional. The phonon frequencies were calculated using a finite displacement method with non-analytic correction, and the phonon contribution to the dielectric functions was modeled using a multi-phonon Lorentz model. The calculated band-edge structures show that the bottommost conduction bands are highly dispersive for SnO2 polymorphs but flat dispersive for TiO2 polymorphs because of the strongly localized Ti-3d states. Consequently, SnO2 polymorphs present small effective electron masses and a weak optical absorption, whereas the TiO2 polymorphs present a strong optical absorption and larger effective electron masses. Due to the strong ionic bonds, TiO2 have larger Born effective charges than that of SnO2, result in stronger polaron effect and larger average static dielectric constant ε0. For example, ε0 = 115 for rutile TiO2 whereas ε0 = 9.5 for rutile SnO2. Moreover, it is interesting to note that the ε0 in rutile TiO2 is much larger than in anatase TiO2 (ε0 = 28) although they have the same chemical compositions, which related to the local structure distortion of the phases.
Discourse of global governance
Authors: Lazar Annita , Lazar Michelle M.
Published: February 2013

This article is based on the view that in the post-Cold War period, a US-defined New World Order discourse has been in formation. Adopting a critical discourse analytical perspective, the paper examines the deployment of American liberal democratic political ideology, which forms the basis of the New World Order discourse. American liberal democracy is construed vis--vis the articulation of illiberal global threats (namely, Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein); through international consensus-building based on universalized American principles of freedom and democracy; and through Americas self-election to global leadership. While the primary focus of the study is on the speeches of President George W. Bush since the 11 September 2001 attacks, the analysis also includes speeches by the former post-Cold War presidents, Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush, in the context of earlier historic events. An intertextual analysis of the speeches shows the hegemonic form(ul)ation of American liberal democratic internationalism in the post-Cold War environment.
Association of physical activity and heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction in the elderly: the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Kraigher‐Krainer Elisabeth , Lyass Asya , Massaro Joseph M. , Lee Douglas S. , Ho Jennifer E. , Levy Daniel , Kannel William B. , Vasan Ramachandran S.
Published: February 2013

Aims

Reduced physical activity is associated with increased risk of heart failure (HF) in middle‐aged individuals. We hypothesized that physical inactivity is also associated with greater HF risk in older individuals, and examined if the association was consistent for HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) vs. HF with a reduced ejection fraction (HFREF).

Methods and results

We evaluated 1142 elderly participants (mean age 76 years) from the Framingham Study without prior myocardial infarction and who attended a routine examination when daily physical activity was assessed systematically with a questionnaire. A composite score, the physical activity index (PAI), was calculated and modelled as tertiles, and related to incidence of HF, HFPEF, and HFREF on follow‐up using proportional hazards regression models adjusting for age and sex, and then additionally for standard HF risk factors. Participants with HF and EF <45% vs. ≥45% were categorized as HFREF and HFPEF, respectively. On follow‐up (mean 10 years), 250 participants developed HF (108 with HFPEF, 106 with HFREF, 36 with unavailable EF). In age‐ and sex‐adjusted models, the middle and highest PAI tertiles were associated with a 15–56% lower risk of any HF, of HFREF, and of HFPEF, with a graded response across tertiles. In multivariable models, the association of higher PAI with lower risk of any HF and with HFPEF was maintained, whereas the association with HFREF was attenuated.

Conclusions

Our study of an older community‐based sample extends to the elderly and to HFPEF previous findings of a protective effect of physical activity on HF risk.
Hwangdonia seohaensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family

Flavobacteriaceae

isolated from a tidal flat sediment
Authors: Jung Yong-Taek , Lee Jung-Sook , Yoon Jung-Hoon
Published: February 2013

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, HD-3T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of Hwangdo in the Yellow Sea, South Korea. Strain HD-3T grew optimally at pH 7.0–8.0, at 30 °C and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain HD-3T joined the cluster comprising the type strains of

Jejuia pallidilutea

and

Hyunsoonleella jejuensis

. Strain HD-3T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 93.8 % to each of the type strains of

J. pallidilutea

and

Hyunsoonleella jejuensis

. Strain HD-3T contained MK-6 as the only menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain HD-3T, which contained phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid as major components and one unidentified phospholipid as a significant component, differed slightly from those of the type strains of

J. pallidilutea

and

Hyunsoonleella jejuensis

. The DNA G+C content of strain HD-3T was 42.3 mol%. Differential phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties and phylogenetic data of strain HD-3T demonstrated that this strain is distinguishable from

J. pallidilutea

and

Hyunsoonleella jejuensis

. On the basis of the data presented, strain HD-3T is considered to represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Hwangdonia seohaensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HD-3T ( = KCTC 32177T = CCUG 63246T).
Aequorivita viscosa sp. nov., isolated from an intertidal zone, and emended descriptions of

Aequorivita antarctica

and

Aequorivita capsosiphonis
Authors: Liu Jin-Jin , Zhang Xin-Qi , Pan Jie , Sun Cong , Zhang Yong , Li Chun-Qi , Zhu Xu-Fen , Wu Min
Published: February 2013

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, short rod-shaped, non-motile and non-sporulating bacterium, designed strain 8-1bT, was isolated from seaweed collected from the intertidal zone of Zhoushan sea area, East China Sea. Strain 8-1bT grew at 4–39 °C (optimum, 28–32 °C) and at pH 6.0–9.5 (optimum, 7.0–8.5), and with 0.5–8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1–3 %) and 0.5–10 % (w/v) sea salts (optimum, 2–3 %). Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 8-1bT was related closely to

Aequorivita capsosiphonis

JCM 15070T (96.7 % similarity). The DNA G+C content of strain 8-1bT was 36.6 mol%. Compared with reference strains, cells of strain 8-1bT showed positive activities for H2S production and utilization of d-mannose, dl-lactic acid, l-asparagine and glycyl l-aspartic acid. The major fatty acids of strain 8-1bT were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The main respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6. The polar lipids of strain 8-1bT consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), three uncharacterized aminolipids (AL1–3), four uncharacterized glycolipids (GL1–4) and five uncharacterized lipids (L1–5). Based on the phenotypic and genotypic characterization, strain 8-1bT represents a novel species of the genus

Aequorivita

, for which the name Aequorivita viscosa sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 8-1bT ( = CGMCC 1.11023T = JCM 18497T). Emended descriptions of

Aequorivita antarctica

and

Aequorivita capsosiphonis

are also presented.
Cyclobacterium

caenipelagi sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment, and emended description of the genus

Cyclobacterium
Authors: Jung Yong-Taek , Lee Jung-Sook , Yoon Jung-Hoon
Published: February 2013

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and ring-like or horseshoe-shaped bacterial strain, designated HD-17T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment in the Korean peninsula. Strain HD-17T grew optimally at pH 7.0–8.0, at 25 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain HD-17T fell within the clade comprising species of the genus

Cyclobacterium

. Strain HD-17T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 93.8–98.8 % to the type strains of species of the genus

Cyclobacterium

. Strain HD-17T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 G as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain HD-17T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain HD-17T was 43.8 mol% and its DNA–DNA relatedness values with

Cyclobacterium amurskyense

KCTC 12363T,

Cyclobacterium qasimii

KCTC 23011T and

Cyclobacterium marinum

KCTC 2917T were 10.4, 7.6 and 5.3 %, respectively. The phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and several differentiating phenotypic properties revealed that strain HD-17T was separate from other species of the genus

Cyclobacterium

. On the basis of the data presented, strain HD-17T represents a novel species of the genus

Cyclobacterium

, for which the name

Cyclobacterium

caenipelagi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HD-17T ( = KCTC 32178T = CCUG 63247T). An emended description of the genus

Cyclobacterium

is also provided.
Potential Functional Replacement of the Plastidic Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Subunit (accD) Gene by Recent Transfers to the Nucleus in Some Angiosperm Lineages
Authors: Rousseau-Gueutin Mathieu , Huang Xun , Higginson Emily , Ayliffe Michael , Day Anil , Timmis Jeremy N.
Published: February 2013

Eukaryotic cells originated when an ancestor of the nucleated cell engulfed bacterial endosymbionts that gradually evolved into the mitochondrion and the chloroplast. Soon after these endosymbiotic events, thousands of ancestral prokaryotic genes were functionally transferred from the endosymbionts to the nucleus. This process of functional gene relocation, now rare in eukaryotes, continues in angiosperms. In this article, we show that the chloroplastic acetyl-CoA carboxylase subunit (accD) gene that is present in the plastome of most angiosperms has been functionally relocated to the nucleus in the Campanulaceae. Surprisingly, the nucleus-encoded accD transcript is considerably smaller than the plastidic version, consisting of little more than the carboxylase domain of the plastidic accD gene fused to a coding region encoding a plastid targeting peptide. We verified experimentally the presence of a chloroplastic transit peptide by showing that the product of the nuclear accD fused to green fluorescent protein was imported in the chloroplasts. The nuclear gene regulatory elements that enabled the erstwhile plastidic gene to become functional in the nuclear genome were identified, and the evolution of the intronic and exonic sequences in the nucleus is described. Relocation and truncation of the accD gene is a remarkable example of the processes underpinning endosymbiotic evolution.
High Prevalence of Sacrococcygeal Teratoma in Finland – A Nationwide Population‐Based Study
Authors: Pauniaho Satu‐Liisa , Heikinheimo Oskari , Vettenranta Kim , Salonen Jonna , Stefanovic Vedran , Ritvanen Annukka , Rintala Risto , Heikinheimo Markku
Published: February 2013

Aim

The birth prevalence of sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) has been reported to range from 1:27 000 to 1:40 000. We assessed the population‐based prevalence and clinical presentation of SCT over 22 years.

Methods

We identified all cases of SCT, including live births, stillbirths and terminations of pregnancy (TOPs), in the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations, covering 1987–2008. Data on prenatal diagnoses, pregnancy outcomes, infant deaths and associated anomalies were collected.

Results

One hundred and twenty four SCT cases were identified among 1 331 699 pregnancies. There were 89 (72%) live births, 13 (10%) stillbirths and 22 (18%) TOPs. The total prevalence of SCT was 1:10 700. Tumours were detected in utero in 55% of the pregnancies with SCT. The proportion of perinatal deaths among all SCT births was 28%. Thirty percentage of the cases had associated abnormalities (mainly of the urinary tract and various syndromes).

Conclusion

This nationwide, population‐based study on SCT shows that the total and birth prevalence of SCT in Finland is markedly higher than previously reported. This may reflect true differences between populations, but may also be explained by accurate nationwide registration of SCTs. The high perinatal mortality rate has an impact on counselling of families and planning of deliveries.
Langerhans cell sarcoma: a case report
Authors: Valentín‐Nogueras Sheila M. , Seijo‐Montes Rachelle , Montalván‐Miró Elena , Sánchez Jorge L.
Published: February 2013

Primary cutaneous neoplasms of histiocytes and dendritic cells are rare. Langerhans cells are a subset of antigen‐presenting dendritic cells. Neoplasms of Langerhans cells are classified into cytologically benign Langerhans cell histiocytosis and cytologically malignant Langerhans cell sarcoma. Langerhans cell sarcoma is a rare entity characterized by multiorgan involvement and an aggressive clinical course. To date, only 30 cases of Langerhans cell sarcoma, including the present case, have been reported. We report a new case of Langerhans cell sarcoma that presented with multifocal cutaneous involvement. Diagnosis was done based on histopathological, immunohistochemical evaluation, as well as ultrastructural analysis identifying the presence of Birbeck granules. Our case represents a new case of this extremely rare, overtly aggressive neoplasm of Langerhans cells. Within 2 years of diagnosis, the patient developed metastatic disease and consequently died. Early recognition is important because of the tendency of Langerhans cell sarcoma to recur and metastasize. Therefore, ancillary techniques such as immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies to confirm the diagnosis are very advantageous.
The mentalistic basis of core social cognition: experiments in preverbal infants and a computational model
Authors: Kiley Hamlin J. , Ullman Tomer , Tenenbaum Josh , Goodman Noah , Baker Chris
Published: February 2013

Evaluating individuals based on their pro‐ and anti‐social behaviors is fundamental to successful human interaction. Recent research suggests that even preverbal infants engage in social evaluation; however, it remains an open question whether infants’ judgments are driven uniquely by an analysis of the mental states that motivate others’ helpful and unhelpful actions, or whether non‐mentalistic inferences are at play. Here we present evidence from 10‐month‐olds, motivated and supported by a Bayesian computational model, for mentalistic social evaluation in the first year of life.A video abstract of this article can be viewed at http://youtu.be/rD_Ry5oqCYE
Brain injury due to anaphylactic shock as a result of formocresol used during root canal treatment
Authors: Ding Y.‐J. , Song H. , Liu J.‐H. , Wang G.‐H.
Published: February 2013

Aim

Formocresol is still used in many parts of the world despite concerns over its toxicity. A case of a 45‐year‐old women who experienced brain injury after an analyphlactic reaction to formocresol is presented.

During routine root canal treatment, the patient experienced nausea and vomiting after formocresol was used as an antibacterial agent in the pulp chamber. The procedure was discontinued and the symptoms resolved. Four days later, the treatment was continued by a different dentist, and the patient developed anaphylactic shock within 10 min of placement of a formocresol‐soaked cotton pellet. She received emergency medical treatment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed brain injury characterized by swelling of the gyrus in the cerebral watershed territory of the left parietal–occipital lobe. The patient subsequently made a full recovery after supportive treatment.

Key learning points

A type‐I allergic reaction can be induced by formocresol.

The reasons for the brain injury are thought to be cerebral hypoxia, which was induced by the anaphylactic shock and/or cerebral parenchymal oedema.

All dentists should be aware of the risks involved in the use of formocresol and avoid using materials containing formocresol and related agents.
Salmonella Typhi OmpS1 and OmpS2 porins are potent protective immunogens with adjuvant properties
Authors: Moreno‐Eutimio Mario A. , Tenorio‐Calvo Alejandra , Pastelin‐Palacios Rodolfo , Perez‐Shibayama Christian , Gil‐Cruz Cristina , López‐Santiago Rubén , Baeza Isabel , Fernández‐Mora Marcos , Bonifaz Laura , Isibasi Armando , Calva Edmundo , López‐Macías Constantino
Published: February 2013

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causal agent of typhoid fever, a disease that primarily affects developing countries. Various antigens from this bacterium have been reported to be targets of the immune response. Recently, the S. Typhi genome has been shown to encode two porins – OmpS1 and OmpS2 – which are expressed at low levels under in vitro culture conditions. In this study, we demonstrate that immunizing mice with either OmpS1 or OmpS2 induced production of specific, long‐term antibody titres and conferred protection against S. Typhi challenge; in particular, OmpS1 was more immunogenic and conferred greater protective effects than OmpS2. We also found that OmpS1 is a Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, whereas OmpS2 is a TLR2 and TLR4 agonist. Both porins induced the production of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin‐6, and OmpS2 was also able to induce interleukin‐10 production. Furthermore, OmpS1 induced the over‐expression of MHC II molecules in dendritic cells and OmpS2 induced the over‐expression of CD40 molecules in macrophages and dendritic cells. Co‐immunization of OmpS1 or OmpS2 with ovalbumin (OVA) increased anti‐OVA antibody titres, the duration and isotype diversity of the OVA‐specific antibody response, and the proliferation of T lymphocytes. These porins also had adjuvant effects on the antibody response when co‐immunized with either the Vi capsular antigen from S. Typhi or inactivated 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus [A(H1N1)pdm09]. Taken together, the data indicate that OmpS1 and OmpS2, despite being expressed at low levels under in vitro culture conditions, are potent protective immunogens with intrinsic adjuvant properties.
Temporal dynamics of inducible anti‐herbivory defenses in the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae)1
Authors: Flöthe Carla R. , Molis Markus
Published: February 2013

Anti‐herbivory defenses support persistence of seaweeds. Little is known, however, about temporal dynamics in the induction of grazer‐deterrent seaweed traits. In two induction experiments, consumption rates of the periwinkle Littorina obtusata (L.) on the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis were measured in 3‐d intervals. Changes in palatability of directly grazed A. nodosum were tested every 3 d with feeding assays using fresh and reconstituted seaweed pieces. Likewise, assays with fresh A. nodosum assessed changes in seaweed palatability in response to water‐borne cues from nearby grazed conspecifics. Consumption rates of L. obtusata varied significantly during the 27‐d induction phase of each experiment. Direct grazing by L. obtusata lowered palatability of fresh and reconstituted A. nodosum pieces to conspecific grazers after 15 d as well as after 6 and 12 d, respectively. After 12, 18, and 24 d, fresh A. nodosum located downstream of L. obtusata‐grazed conspecifics was significantly less palatable than A. nodosum located downstream of ungrazed conspecifics. Changes in L. obtusata consumption rates and A. nodosum palatability during both induction experiments suggest temporal variation of grazer‐deterrent responses, which may complicate experimental detection of inducible anti‐herbivory defenses.
Analyzing the Efficient Execution of In‐Store Logistics Processes in Grocery Retailing—The Case of Dairy Products
Authors: Reiner Gerald , Teller Christoph , Kotzab Herbert
Published: February 2013

In this article, we examine in‐store logistics processes for handling dairy products, from the incoming dock to the shelves of supermarkets and hypermarkets. The efficient execution of the in‐store logistics related to such fast‐moving, sensitive, and essential items is challenging and crucial for grocery retailers' sales, profits, and image. In our empirical study, we survey in‐store logistics processes in 202 grocery supermarkets and hypermarkets belonging to a major retail chain in central Europe. Using a data envelopment analysis (DEA) and simulation, we facilitate process benchmarking. In particular, we identify ways of improving in‐store logistics processes by showing the performance impacts of different managerial strategies and tactics. The DEA results indicate different efficiency levels for different store formats; the hybrid store format of the small hypermarket exhibits a comparatively worse performance in the analyzed execution of in‐store logistics processes. The process simulation analysis reveals that the strategic and tactical design of in‐store logistics processes (such as store locations/layouts, capacity management, reorder time, order period, and safety stock factors) lead to substantial service performance improvements (such as higher on‐shelf availability combined with reduced inventory obsolescence costs). The results also show marginal improvements in the performance figures when delivery delays and damage to products are reduced.
Racial and Social Class Differences in How Parents Respond to Inadequate Achievement: Consequences for Children's Future Achievement
Authors: Robinson Keith , Harris Angel L.
Published: February 2013

Objective

Despite numerous studies on parental involvement in children's academic schooling, there is a dearth of knowledge on how parents respond specifically to inadequate academic performance. This study examines whether (1) racial differences exist in parenting philosophy for addressing inadequate achievement, (2) social class has implications for parenting philosophy, and (3) parents’ philosophies are consequential for children's academic achievement.

Methods

Using data from the Child Development Supplement (N = 1,041) to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we sort parents into two categories—those whose parenting repertoires for addressing poor achievement include punitive responses and those whose repertoires do not. We then determine whether racial differences exist between these categories and how various responses within the aforementioned categories are related to students’ academic achievement.

Results

The findings show that white and black parents have markedly different philosophies on how to respond to inadequate performance, and these differences appear to impact children's achievement in dramatically different ways.

Conclusion

Educators and policymakers should pay particular attention to how parents respond to inadequate achievement as imploring parents of inadequately performing students to be more involved without providing them with some guidance might exacerbate the problem.
The effect of antenatal monthly sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine, alone or with azithromycin, on foetal and neonatal growth faltering in Malawi: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Luntamo Mari , Kulmala Teija , Cheung Yin Bun , Maleta Kenneth , Ashorn Per
Published: February 2013

Objective

To examine the potential to reduce foetal and neonatal growth faltering through intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) of malaria and reproductive tract infections with monthly sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP), alone or with two doses of azithromycin.

Methods

We enrolled 1320 women with uncomplicated second trimester pregnancies into a randomised, partially placebo controlled, outcome assessor‐blinded clinical trial in Malawi. The participants received either two doses of SP (control), SP monthly (monthly SP) or SP monthly and azithromycin (1 g) twice (AZI‐SP). Newborn size was measured within two days of birth and infant growth at four weeks of age.

Results

Babies in the AZI‐SP group were on average (95% CI) 140 g (70–200) heavier at birth and 0.6 cm (0.2–0.9) longer at four weeks of age than control group babies. Corresponding differences between the monthly SP and control groups were 80 g (20–140) and 0.3 cm (−0.0 to 0.6). Compared with controls, babies in the AZI‐SP group had a relative risk of 0.61 (0.40–0.93) for low birthweight, 0.60 (0.44–0.81) for stunting and 0.48 (0.29–0.79) for underweight at four weeks of age. Corresponding differences were similar but smaller between the monthly SP and control groups.

Conclusions

An IPTp regimen with monthly SP given to all pregnant women is likely to increase mean birthweight and length at four weeks of age in malaria holoendemic areas. Adding azithromycin to the regimen appears to offer further benefits in reducing foetal and neonatal growth faltering.
Experimental Research on the Responses of Neoprene Coated Cylinder Subjected to Underwater Explosions
Authors: Chen Yong , Wang Yu , Zhang Zhiyi , Hua Hongxing
Published: February 2013

The dynamic responses of a neoprene coated cylinder subjected to underwater explosion were experimentally investigated. Two metallic cylinders of the same geometry were simultaneously fire tested in an artificial lake. One of the cylinders was coated with a layer of neoprene and the other had none. The strain and acceleration recorded at some typical locations on the cylinders and inner structures were qualitatively compared. It was shown that the shock environment associated with the inner structure can be improved to some extent after the rubber layer is coated, but the strain at the outer hull, especially in the hoop direction, is notably amplified. It verifies the fact that soft coating can cause concentration of stresses, mainly on the shell that is directly in contact with the coating layer.
Average Properties of the Largest Waves in Hurricane Camille
Authors: Santo H. , Taylor P. H. , Eatock Taylor R. , Choo Y. S.
Published: February 2013

Ocean waves are known to be both random in time and nonlinear. Surface elevation time histories measured in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane Camille in 1969 are re-analyzed. The average shapes of large crests and deep troughs in time are shown to be close to symmetric around the instant when the maximum (or minimum) occurs, with only slight evidence of asymmetry from wave breaking in the time histories. There is considerable vertical asymmetry with higher and sharper crests and smaller and more rounded troughs. Overall, the analysis supports the use of a focused wave group based on the scaled autocorrelation function (NewWave) as proposed by Lindgren and Boccotti, with sum harmonic corrections. There is a very small second order difference setup for both large crests and troughs, consistent with considerable directional spreading in the hurricane sea-state. This spreading is likely to be larger than that usually assumed for nontropical winter storms. The spectral tail is shown to have a decay rate proportional to –4.5 power law midway between the classical JONSWAP (Phillips) –5 form and the –4 slope proposed by Battjes et al. (1987, “A Reanalysis of the Spectra Observed in JONSWAP,” J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17(8), pp. 1288–1295) as a correction to JONSWAP.
Characteristics of Hydrodynamics and Generating Output of the Offshore Floating Wave Energy Device “Mighty Whale”
Authors: Osawa Hiroyuki , Miyazaki Tsuyoshi , Miyajima Shogo
Published: February 2013

In this paper, a new numerical calculation method is presented; it was developed for the analysis of the hydrodynamic characteristics of a floating, oscillating water column (OWC) type wave power device. The method is examined by comparing results calculated with the method with results of water tank experiments. The examination was concerned with the determination of hydrodynamic coefficients, characteristics of air pressure and water level in an air chamber, and characteristics of hull motion and wave energy absorption. The calculated results agreed with the results of water tank tests; the method presented adequately estimated the hydrodynamic characteristics of the floating OWC type wave power device, including the wave energy absorption effects. An estimation method is presented for the output power of a turbine-generator system. The method was developed for the design of the “Mighty Whale” turbine-generator system. Moreover, the method was assessed by comparing predictions with open sea test results. The mean value of the output power was estimated reasonably well. In conclusion, the estimation methods presented are useful for the design of floating OWC wave power devices. Such tools are useful for the designer interested in developing optimal wave power devices.
Wave Run-Up and Air Gap Prediction for a Large-Volume Semi-Submersible Platform
Authors: Matsumoto Fabio T. , Watai Rafael A. , Simos Alexandre N. , Ferreira Marcos D. A. S.
Published: February 2013

This paper addresses the problem of estimating the air gap for a large semisubmersible production platform. Although it has a great impact on the design of the floating unit, many times the minimum deck height is still defined from simplified methods that incorporate relatively large safety margins. The reason for this is the intrinsic complexity of the associated hydrodynamic problem. Nonlinear effects on the incoming and scattered waves are usually relevant and sometimes nonlinear effects on the motions of the floating hull may also play an important role. This discussion is illustrated by means of wave basin tests performed with the model of a large semisubmersible designed to operate in Campos Basin. Significant run-up effects on its squared-section columns were observed for the steepest waves in several design conditions. Also, the unit presented relatively large low-frequency motions in heave, roll and pitch, which also affected the dynamic air gap measurements. In order to evaluate the difficulties involved in modeling such phenomena, simplified tests were also performed with the model fixed and moored in regular waves of varying steepness. Wave elevation in different points was measured in these tests and compared to the predictions obtained from two different numerical methods: a BEM code that incorporates second order diffraction effects (WAMIT) and a VOF CFD code (ComFLOW), the latter employed for fixed model tests only. Results show that a standard linear analysis may lead to significant errors concerning the air gap evaluation. Extending the BEM model to second order clearly improve the results as the wave-steepness increases. Although the VOF analysis is considerably time-consuming, simulations presented very good agreement to the experimental results, even for the steepest waves tested.
The Hoodoo: A New Surface Structure for Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer
Authors: Bon Bradley , Klausner James F. , Mckenna Edward
Published: February 2013

The hoodoo is introduced as a beneficial surface structure for enhancing boiling heat transfer. A full parametric study was conducted to determine which attributes of the hoodoo structure promote boiling heat transfer enhancement. Hoodoo size and spacing were observed to have the most profound effect on boiling heat transfer, nucleation site activation, and critical heat flux (CHF). The CHF enhancement factor, defined as the ratio of CHF on the structured surface to that of a smooth surface, varies from 1.05 to 1.67 for FC-72 and hexane working fluids. Droplet spreading studies confirm the hemiwicking properties of the hoodoo surface, and it is postulated to be the primary mechanism for CHF enhancement. Measured wicking front speeds varied from 12 to 40 mm/s and were observed to obey a power-law dependence on time with an exponent of approximately 0.5. Plausible thermohydraulic mechanisms for CHF enhancement on the hoodoo surfaces are discussed.
Scaling Interface Length Increase Rates in Richtmyer–Meshkov Instabilities
Authors: Kilchyk V. , Nalim R. , Merkle C.
Published: February 2013

The interface area increase produced by large-amplitude wave refraction through an interface that separates fluids with different densities can have important physiochemical consequences, such as a fuel consumption rate increase in the case of a shock–flame interaction. Using the results of numerical simulations along with a scaling analysis, a unified scaling law of the interface length increase was developed applicable to shock and expansion wave refractions and both types of interface orientation with the respect to the incoming wave. To avoid a common difficulty in interface length quantification in the numerical tests, a sinusoidally perturbed interface was generated using gases with different temperatures. It was found that the rate of interface increase correlates almost linearly with the circulation deposited at the interface. When combined with earlier developed models of circulation deposition in Richtmyer–Meshkov instability, the obtained scaling law predicts dependence of interface dynamics on the basic problem parameters.
Characterization of Ion Transport and -Sorption in a Carbon Based Porous Electrode for Desalination Purposes
Authors: Demirer Onur N. , Clifton Rebecca L. , Perez Carlos A. Rios , Naylor Rachel , Hidrovo Carlos
Published: February 2013

New and more efficient water desalination technologies have been a topic of incipient research over the past few decades. Although the focus has been placed on the improvement of membrane-based desalination methods such as reverse osmosis, the development of new high surface area carbon-based-electrode materials have brought substantial interest towards capacitive deionization (CDI), a novel technique that uses an electric field to separate the ionic species from the water. Part of the new interest on CDI is its ability to store and return a fraction of the energy used in the desalination process. This characteristic is not common to other electric-field-based desalination methods such as electro-deionization and electrodialysis reversal where none of the input energy is recoverable. This paper presents work conducted to analyze the energy recovery, thermodynamic efficiency, and ionic adsorption/desorption rates in a CDI cell using different salt concentration solutions and various flow rates. Voltage and electrical current measurements are conducted during the desalination and electrode regeneration processes and used to evaluate the energy recovery ratio. Salinity measurements of the inflow and outflow stream concentrations using conductivity probes, alongside the current measurements, are used to calculate ion adsorption efficiency. Two analytical species transport models are developed to estimate the net ionic adsorption rates in a steady-state and nonsaturated porous electrode scenario. Finally, the convective and electrokinetic transport times are compared and their effect on desalination performance is presented. Steady test results for outlet to inlet concentration ratio show a strong dependence on flow rate and concentration independence for dilute solutions. In addition, transient test results indicate that the net electrical energy requirement is dependent on the number of carbon electrode regeneration cycles, which is thought to be due to imperfect regeneration. The energy requirements and adsorption/desorption rate analyses conducted for this water-desalination process could be extended to other ion-adsorption applications such as the reprocessing of lubricants or spent nuclear fuels in a near future.
Endoscopic Functional Imaging of Partial Tendon Tears—Proof of Concept and Intraoperative Feasibility
Authors: Li Yufei , Würgler-Hauri Carola C. , Schuppisser Mirjam C. , Gerber Christian , Snedeker Jess G.
Published: February 2013

The ability to quantify the biomechanical integrity of tendons could provide useful information for both clinical diagnostics and for clinical follow-up in tracking functional recovery of the injured tissue. This study develops and characterizes a functional endoscopy approach for intraoperative quantification of tendon tear severity using both ex vivo and in vivo experimental models. We first verified the accuracy of endoscopic strain (i.e., tissue stretch) imaging in an ex vivo tear model by comparing endoscopic measurements against gold standard measurements with research grade optics. We then tested in vivo feasibility by endoscopically quantifying altered tissue strain distributions in a rat supraspinatus model of partial tendon tear. The endoscopic method was able to achieve diagnostically relevant levels of accuracy compared to research grade optics (mean error = 26.2 ± 19.1%), and tissue strain analysis could sensitively discern torn tendon subregions. Applying this approach to free-hand in vivo endoscopic strain measurements, we were similarly able to discern functional changes in partially torn tendons (average maximum principal strains surrounding the lesion: 5.1 ± 2.9% versus intact controls: 1.9 ± 1.4%; p = 0.023). These findings indicate that the functional endoscopic assessment of tendon mechanical integrity is not only possible but could potentially offer intraoperative arthroscopic guidance for management of tendon tears in man.
X-ray enhanced sputter rates in argon cluster ion sputter-depth profiling of polymers
Authors: Cumpson Peter J. , Portoles Jose F. , Sano Naoko , Barlow Anders J.
Published: February 2013

The authors have observed for the first time that x-ray exposure of certain polymers of “degrading” type can greatly enhance the sputter rate of these polymers by gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) profiling. They have observed craters of similar dimensions to the x-ray spot well within the perimeter of sputter craters, indicating that x-rays can assist GCIB sputtering very significantly. This can be a major source of the loss of depth-resolution in sputter depth profiles of polymers. The authors have measured experimentally sputter craters in 14 different polymers by white-light interferometry. The results show that x-ray exposure can introduce much more topography than might previously have been expected, through both thermal and direct x-ray degradation and cross-linking. Within the region exposed to x-rays, the response of the polymer surface depends on its chemistry, with degrading (also known as type II) polymers being susceptible to large increases in sputter rate in some cases. For example, this leads to a sputter rate increase of a factor of 3 in poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) compared to cluster-ion sputtering in the absence of x rays under typical experimental conditions. By comparison, crosslinking (also known as type I) polymers show either the same sputter rate or a reduced sputter rate due to crosslinking. The authors model this behavior using the bond scission parameter (GS) and crosslinking parameter (GX) used to model radiation damage in polymers. Agreement is good, allowing us to provide guidelines to assist in planning XPS depth-profiling experiments, in particular, for polymers such as PMMA and PLLA, where any requirement for uniform sputter rate is a more stringent limit to x-ray exposure than the requirement for the XPS spectra to represent chemical states quantitatively without damage.
Establishment of Cellobiose Utilization for Lipid Production in Rhodococcus opacus PD630
Authors: Hetzler Stephan , Steinbüchel Alexander
Published: February 2013

Rhodococcus opacusPD630, which is known for its ability to accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols (TAG), was metabolically engineered, and a cellobiose utilization pathway was introduced. Activities of β-glucosidases were determined, and recombinant strains accumulated fatty acids up to 39.5 ± 5.7% (wt/wt) of cell dry mass from cellobiose.
Biochemical and Genetic Characterization of the Enterococcus faecalis Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase Complex
Authors: Repizo Guillermo D. , Blancato Víctor S. , Mortera Pablo , Lolkema Juke S. , Magni Christian
Published: February 2013

Enterococcus faecalis
encodes a biotin-dependent oxaloacetate decarboxylase (OAD), which is constituted by four subunits:
E. faecalis
carboxyltransferase subunit OadA (termed
Ef
-A), membrane pump
Ef
-B, biotin acceptor protein
Ef
-D, and the novel subunit
Ef
-H. Our results show that in
E. faecalis
, subunits
Ef
-A,
Ef
-D, and
Ef
-H form a cytoplasmic soluble complex (termed
Ef
-AHD) which is also associated with the membrane. In order to characterize the role of the novel
Ef
-H subunit, coexpression of
oad
genes was performed in
Escherichia coli
, showing that this subunit is vital for
Ef
-A and
Ef
-D interaction. Diminished growth of the
oadA
and
oadD
single deletion mutants in citrate-supplemented medium indicated that the activity of the complex is essential for citrate utilization. Remarkably, the
oadB
-deficient strain was still capable of growing to wild-type levels but with a delay during the citrate-consuming phase, suggesting that the soluble
Ef
-AHD complex is functional in
E. faecalis.
These results suggest that the
Ef
-AHD complex is active in its soluble form, and that it is capable of interacting in a dynamic way with the membrane-bound
Ef
-B subunit to achieve its maximal alkalinization capacity during citrate fermentation.