bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revolutionary Fundraising and Global Networks: A Micro‐Economic Approach to the Social Meaning of Money and Mobilization before the Second World War
Authors: WOLFF FRANK
Published: June 2017

Already decades ago Jonathan Frankel found that Russian ‘[r]evolutionary organizations depended to an extraordinary extent on the ebb and flow of fundraising’. This even increased in independent Poland where, for instance, the large school‐network TSISHO constantly required massive inflow of funds raised abroad. Among the many emigrants from Russia, Bundists overseas were especially successful fundraisers. For thousands of them, fundraising became the single most important mode of maintaining ties with a movement in which they had developed their distinct identities and which many of them sought to revitalize on distant shores. To date not a single study has asked for the backgrounds and the effects of this crucial and transnationally interdependent activism. It started with monodirectional transfers and developed into multiple forms of exchange, including ideas, organisational patterns, materials and manpower. Over the decades preceding the Second World War it constantly increased due the Bund's increasing engagement with a socialist and secular global Jewish culture. Finally it propelled the recreation of some of the movement's most successful branches in the New World. Yet, despite the common context, the practices and effects of such initiatives in the United States differed drastically from those in Argentina. Based on extensive source work in local archives, this article explores the extent and relevance of Bundist fundraising in different societies. As a result it will present a comparative perspective on practices of Bundist transnational solidarity and thereby scrutinize our understanding of the presence of eastern Europe as a factor in global history – and the other way around. This global perspective also aims in another direction. For decades historians of the Russian Revolution – as well as of revolutions and social movements in general – have been engaged in debates about who organized the movement, who ran the revolution and which micro‐ or macro level dynamics were decisive. However, we have never seriously asked who paid for the revolution and what consequences the collection of money has in revolutionary movements. The economic history of revolution still needs to be written. This article aims to be first step in this direction.
Protein Concentration of Refractory Ascites in Cancer Patients is Reflected by the Presence and Severity of Peritoneal and Liver Metastasis
Authors: Yamada Yosuke , Yamaguchi Akinori , Harada Makoto , Kurasawa Yukifumi , Hara Yuuta , Yamazaki Daiki , Fujita Satoshi , Sonoda Kosuke , Masuda Tomoe , Yamada Aiko , Ogawa Yohei , Hashimoto Koji , Kamijo Yuji
Published: June 2017

Ascites total protein concentration (A‐TP) affects the performance of cell‐free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (CART). As the factors determining A‐TP remain unclear, we examined peritoneal and liver metastasis. Among 98 patients who received CART, 68 with cancer, ascites from no other apparent cause, and complete CT and A‐TP data were recruited. Sixty‐six patients (97%) with peritoneal and/or liver metastasis on CT were divided into the peritoneal metastasis group (PM group), peritoneal and liver metastasis group (PM + LM group), and liver metastasis group (LM group). A‐TP was highest in the PM group (3.9 g/dL [3.4–4.4]), lowest in the LM group (1.0 g/dL [0.9–2.0]), and broadly dispersed in the PM + LM group (3.3 g/dL [2.0–3.8]). All differences were statistically significant. The percentage of metastasis volume occupying the liver was negatively and significantly related to A‐TP in the PM + LM group. Taken together, the presence and severity of peritoneal and liver metastasis may influence A‐TP.
The role of regulatory T cells in thymectomy‐induced autoimmune ovarian disease
Authors: Dong Yajun , Li Hongmei , Li Yuyan , Liu Yonggang , Chen Huiling , Xu Pingping , Zhao Tingting , He Wei
Published: June 2017

Problem

To evaluate the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD).

Method of study

AOD model was set up by thymectomy of BALB/C mice on day 3 (d3tx). The variation of T lymphocyte subsets, especially the Treg cells were analyzed in the peripheral blood, spleen, para‐aortic, and inguinal lymph nodes in d3tx mice. The effect of Treg cells on AOD was further evaluated by adoptive transfer of Treg cells into d3tx mice (d3tx+Treg).

Results

In d3tx mice, the ratio of Treg/CD4+ was significantly increased rapidly from 1st to 2nd week, rapidly declined in 3rd week, then decreased slowly until the 9th week. The CD3+/T lymphocytes and the ratio of CD4+/CD3+ were significantly decreased in the para‐aortic and inguinal lymph nodes of d3tx mice, but the ratio of Treg/CD4+ and CD8+/CD3+ were increased simultaneously. In d3tx mice with adoptive transfer of Treg cells (0.5×104~5×105), there was a significant increase in the Treg/CD4+ ratios in the spleen and peripheral blood. AOD score, especially adoptive transferred treg cells from the ovarian lymph nodes was significantly decreased. Oocytes were successfully obtained from d3tx+Treg mice, which could fertilize and develop to embryos normally.

Conclusion

Treg cells involved in the pathogenesis of AOD. Sufficient numbers of Treg cells can modify AOD in the early phase in d3tx mice.
Effect of active evaluation on the detection of negative dysphotopsia after sequential cataract surgery: discrepancy between incidences of unsolicited and solicited complaints
Authors: Makhotkina Natalia Y. , Nijkamp Marjan D. , Berendschot Tos T.J.M. , van den Borne Bart , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A.
Published: June 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the incidence of negative dysphotopsia after sequential cataract surgery.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study. The incidence of negative dysphotopsia was assessed by retrospective reviewing of medical records and interviews with patients between 2 and 4 months after sequential cataract surgery. Inclusion criteria were uncomplicated surgery, postoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) ≥20/25 Snellen and the absence of ocular comorbidity. The majority of intra‐ocular lens (IOL) implants were one‐piece AcrySof SN60WF (161 eyes). Other IOLs (29 eyes) were toric (SN6AT3‐6), spherical (SN60AT), three‐piece (MN60MA) and multifocal (ReSTOR SN6AD1, PanOptix TFNT00 and Finevision Micro F trifocal).

Results

The study population was comprised of 95 patients with a mean age of 72 ± 10 years. Unsolicited complaints of negative dysphotopsia were reported by eight patients (8%), and two of them had a resolution of symptoms within 1 month of follow‐up. Eighteen patients (19%) reported negative dysphotopsia at the time of the interview. Two patients reported bothersome negative dysphotopsia, and one of them was successfully treated with implantation of a supplementary IOL in the ciliary sulcus. Patients with negative dysphotopsia were younger than patients without dysphotopsia (p = 0.045) and had shorter axial eye length (p = 0.04), a tendency for higher IOL power (p = 0.09) and a higher CDVA (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

The incidence of unsolicited negative dysphotopsia after sequential cataract surgery appears to be a substantial underestimation of complaints identified in active interviewing. Although symptoms are not bothersome in the majority of cases, some patients with undiagnosed severe negative dysphotopsia may benefit from reassurance or secondary treatment.
The influence of familiar characters and other appealing images on young children's preference for low‐quality objects
Authors: Danovitch Judith H. , Mills Candice M.
Published: June 2017

This study examines the factors underlying young children's preference for products bearing a familiar character's image. Three‐year‐olds (N = 92) chose between low‐quality objects with images on or near the objects and high‐quality objects without images. Children showed stronger preferences for damaged objects bearing images of a preferred familiar character than for objects bearing images of a preferred colour star, and they showed weak preferences for damaged objects with the character near, but not on, the object. The results suggest that children's preference for low‐quality products bearing character images is driven by prior exposure to characters, and not only by the act of identifying a favourite.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Children are exposed to characters in the media and on products such as clothing and school supplies.

Products featuring familiar characters appeal to preschool children, even if they are of low quality.

What does this study add?

Three‐year‐olds prefer damaged objects with an image of a favourite character over plain undamaged objects.

Children's preference is not solely a function of having identified a favourite image or of attentional cues.
α9‐containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the modulation of pain
Authors: Hone Arik J , Servent Denis , McIntosh J Michael
Published: June 2017

Neuropathic pain is a complex and debilitating syndrome for which there are few effective pharmacological treatments. Opioid‐based medications are initially effective for acute pain, but tolerance to their analgesic effects quickly develops, and long‐term use often leads to physical dependence and addiction. Furthermore, neuropathic pain is generally resistant to non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Other classes of medications including antidepressants, antiepileptics and voltage‐gated calcium channel inhibitors are only partially effective in most patients, may be associated with significant side effects and have few disease‐modifying effects on the underlying pathology. Medications that act through new mechanisms of action, and particularly ones that have disease‐modifying properties, would be highly desirable. In the last decade, a potential new target for the treatment of neuropathic pain has emerged: the α9‐containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Recent studies indicate that antagonists of α9‐containing nAChRs are analgesic in animal models of neuropathic pain. These nerve injury models include chronic constriction injury, partial sciatic nerve ligation, streptozotocin‐induced diabetic neuropathy and chemotherapeutic‐induced neuropathy. This review details the history and state of the field regarding the role that α9‐containing nAChRs may play in neuropathic pain. An alternative hypothesis that α‐conotoxins exert their therapeutic effect through blocking N‐type calcium channels via activation of GABAB receptors is also reviewed. Understanding how antagonists of α9‐containing nAChRs exert their therapeutic effects may ultimately result in the development of medications that not only treat but also prevent the development of neuropathic pain states.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.11/issuetoc
Super‐Resolution of Point Set Surfaces Using Local Similarities
Authors: Hamdi‐Cherif Azzouz , Digne Julie , Chaine Raphaëlle
Published: June 2017

Three‐dimensional scanners provide a virtual representation of object surfaces at some given precision that depends on many factors such as the object material, the quality of the laser ray or the resolution of the camera. This precision may even vary over the surface, depending, for example, on the distance to the scanner which results in uneven and unstructured point sets, with an uncertainty on the coordinates. To enhance the quality of the scanner output, one usually resorts to local surface interpolation between measured points. However, object surfaces often exhibit interesting statistical features such as repetitive geometric textures. Building on this property, we propose a new approach for surface super‐resolution that detects repetitive patterns or self‐similarities and exploits them to improve the scan resolution by aggregating scattered measures. In contrast with other surface super‐resolution methods, our algorithm has two important advantages. First, when handling multiple scans, it does not rely on surface registration. Second, it is able to produce super‐resolution from even a single scan. These features are made possible by a new local shape description able to capture differential properties of order above 2. By comparing those descriptors, similarities are detected and used to generate a high‐resolution surface. Our results show a clear resolution gain over state‐of‐the‐art interpolation methods.
Scheduled meal accelerates entrainment to a 6‐h phase advance by shifting central and peripheral oscillations in rats
Authors: Ubaldo‐Reyes L.M. , Buijs R.M. , Escobar C. , Ángeles‐Castellanos M.
Published: June 2017

Travelling across several time zones requires a fast adjustment of the circadian system and the differential adjustment speeds of organs and systems results in what is commonly referred as jet lag. During this transitory state of circadian disruption, individuals feel discomfort, appetite loss, fatigue, disturbed sleep and deficient performance of multiple tasks. We have demonstrated that after a 6‐h phase advance of the light–dark cycle (LD) scheduled food in phase with the new night onset can speed up re‐entrainment. In this study, we explored the possible mechanisms underlying the fast re‐entrainment due to the feeding schedule. We focused on first‐ and second‐order structures that provide metabolic information to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We compared (i) control rats without change in LD cycle; (ii) rats exposed to a 6‐h phase advance of the LD cycle with food ad libitum; and (iii) rats exposed to the 6‐h phase advance combined with food access in phase with the new night. We found an immediate synchronizing effect of food on stomach distention and on c‐Fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. These observations indicate that in a model of jet lag, scheduled feeding can favour an immediate shift in first‐ and second‐order relays to the SCN and that by keeping feeding schedules coupled to the new night, a fast re‐entrainment may be achieved by shifting peripheral and extra‐SCN oscillations.
Pitfalls of Downside Performance Measures with Arbitrary Targets
Authors: Hoechner Benedikt , Reichling Peter , Schulze Gordon
Published: June 2017

Downside performance measures relate above target returns with lower partial moments. They were developed to resolve restrictive assumptions of the classical Sharpe ratio. While the Sharpe ratio evaluates whether portfolios of a mutual fund and the risk‐free asset dominate passive portfolios of the benchmark and the risk‐free asset, this characteristic cannot be transferred to downside performance measures with arbitrary targets. We show that downside performance measures assign different values to passive benchmark strategies if the target differs from the risk‐free rate. This effect can lead to reverse rankings of financial assets. Therefore, downside performance measures are only applicable in asset management if the target is set equal to the risk‐free rate.
Functional and structural effects of layer periodicity in chemical solution‐deposited Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films
Authors: Brewer Steven J. , Williams Samuel C. , Deng Carmen Z. , Naden Aaron B. , Neumayer Sabine M. , Rodriguez Brian J. , Kumar Amit , Bassiri‐Gharb Nazanin
Published: June 2017

This work investigates the role of crystallization layers’ periodicity and thickness on functional response in chemical solution‐deposited lead zirconate titanate thin films, with periodic, alternating Zr and Ti gradients normal to the surface of the film. The films were processed with a range of layer periodicities and similar total film thickness, in order to relate the number of layers and compositional oscillations to structural and functional response changes. Trends of increased extrinsic contributions to the dielectric and ferroelectric responses are observed with increasing layer periodicity, but are counterpointed by simultaneous reduction in intrinsic contributions to the same. Transmission electron microscopy reveals in‐plane crystallographic discontinuity at individual crystallization interfaces. Samples with smaller periodicity, and thus thinner layers, potentially suffer from grain size refinement and subsequent reduction in domain size, thereby limiting extrinsic contributions to the response. The strong compositional oscillations in samples with larger periodicity result in deep fluctuations to the tetragonal side of the phase diagram, potentially reducing intrinsic contributions to the response. Conversely, piezoresponse force microscopy results suggest that large chemical oscillations in samples with larger periodicity also result in closer proximity to the morphotropic phase boundary, as evidenced by local acoustic softening at switching, signaling potential field‐induced phase transitions.
Decline of a montane Mediterranean pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca population in relation to climate
Authors: González‐Braojos Sonia , Sanz Juan José , Moreno Juan
Published: June 2017

Certain populations of long‐distance migratory birds are suffering declines, which may be attributed to effects of climate change. In this article, we have analysed a long‐term (1991–2015) data set on a pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca population breeding in nest‐boxes in a Mediterranean montane oak forest, exploring the trends in population size due to changes in nestling recruitment, female survival and female immigration. We have related these changes in population parameters to local climate, winter NAO index and to breeding density. During the last 25 yr the population has declined by half, mainly in association with a decrease in nestling mass and structural size which had repercussions on the probability of nestling recruitment to the population. Lower local nestling recruitment in certain years was linked to lower female immigration rate in the same years. On the other hand, the local survival of females remained stable throughout the study period. Laying date and breeding success were negatively affected by local temperatures while breeding, recruitment rate likewise by minimum temperature prior to breeding in April. As minimum April temperatures have increased across the study period, this may have affected recruitment and immigration rates negatively. On the other hand, tarsus length and body mass of nestlings were positively associated with winter NAO index, pointing to more global climatic links. Moreover, there was also a negative temporal trend in body mass of adults, implying increasingly difficult conditions for breeding. Declining recruit production in the study area could be attributed to a mismatch between the timing of arrival and breeding in the population, and the peak of food availability in this area.
Cost‐of‐illness of patients with lymphoedema
Authors: Gutknecht M. , Herberger K. , Klose K. , Purwins S. , Dietz D. , Blome C. , Augustin M.
Published: June 2017

Background

Chronic lymphoedema is characterized by a continuous need for medical treatment, many comorbidities and impaired quality of life. In Germany, about 4.5 million patients are affected by lymphoedema. Thus, lymphoedema causes high direct and indirect costs, even more in case of complications such as erysipelas and ulcers.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the costs of illness of community lymphoedema patients living in the metropolitan area of Hamburg, Germany.

Methods

An observational cross‐sectional study in patients with lymphoedema and combined lipolymphoedema of any origin was performed analysing direct and indirect costs for the patients, the statutory health insurance and society.

Results

In total, 348 patients (90.8% female) were examined and interviewed. The mean age of the patients was 57.3 ± 14.5 years. On average, the total costs per patient and year were € 5784, of which € 4445 (76.9%) were direct costs and € 1338 indirect costs. Within the direct medical costs, € 3796 were accounted for the statutory health insurances and € 649 for the patient. The main cost drivers were costs for manual decongestive therapy and disability costs.

Conclusion

Chronic lymphoedema is associated with high direct and indirect costs. This community‐based study is the first cost analysis of chronic lymphoedema and combined lipolymphoedema giving insights to economic impact of lymphoedema treatment. There is a high need for structured disease management programs in order to diagnose and treat lymphoedema early and to avoid complications, thus limiting socio‐economic burden.
A follow‐up study of selected biomarkers of health in cod Gadus morhua L. collected from the southern Baltic off the Polish coast
Authors: Borucinska J D , Morka D , Grabowski Z , Smith H
Published: June 2017

Selected biomarkers of health were examined in 50 post‐spawning cod Gadus morhua collected in November 2015 from the southern Baltic. The biomarkers included condition factor (CF), macroscopic lesions, histopathology of spleen, liver and gonads, and morphometry of follicular atresia and hepatic and splenic melanomacrophage cells (MMC). All fish appeared in good body condition. One fish had a dermal ulcer, and in seven, macroscopic nematodes were noted within body cavity. Microscopic lesions in the liver included biliary myxozoanosis, microsporidial and necrocentric granulomas, parasitic hepatitis, multifocal necrosis, foci of cellular alterations, spongiosis, peliosis and cytoplasmic fibrillar inclusions. The spleen and gonads had microsporidial and/or necrocentric granulomas. Some of the biomarkers showed differences as compared to spawning cod collected in May from the same location in 2012, most importantly values an order of magnitude lower for splenic MMC in post‐spawning fish. In post‐spawning fish, there were statistically significant correlations between MMC, CF, follicular atresia, parasitic hepatitis and microsporidiosis. This is the first comparison of biomarkers of health in post‐spawning and spawning Baltic cod. Future studies need to examine the relationships of biomarkers to levels of pollutants in the environment and in tissues of cod.
Effects of phylogeny and locomotor style on the allometry of body mass and pelvic dimensions in birds
Authors: Anten‐Houston Matthew V. , Ruta Marcello , Deeming D. Charles
Published: June 2017

The pelvic girdle provides physical support and attachment for the hind limb musculature. In birds there is variability in pelvic morphology across different orders and this has been used as evidence for various types of locomotion. However, the morphological variation of pelvic bones has yet to be studied systematically in birds. Therefore, we investigated basic allometric relationships among female body mass (as a size proxy) and various pelvic measurements in a phylogenetic context. We also examined in detail the inter‐relationships among various pelvic measurements. Also considered were the effects of broader taxonomic relationships at the level of order, with further examination of the influence of style of terrestrial locomotion on the allometric relationships. Positive relationships were initially found among all pelvic linear measurements and female body mass (FBM). The relationships among measures of pelvic width and FBM were isometric, whereas those between pelvic length and FBM showed positive allometry. Also, FBM explained more of the variance in pelvic length than in width. Similarly, the angle of the pelvis had a significant negative relationship, but FBM only explained a very low proportion of the variation in pelvic angles. In general terms, ancova showed that the effect of FBM was smaller than the effect of locomotor style in this species set. Both the synsacrum and pelvic girdle play roles in weight support and therefore scale in proportion to body weight accordingly. All three parts of the pelvis (ilium, ischium and pubis) are attached around the acetabulum and also provide muscle attachment points, so it might be expected for them to scale in a similar manner. Increased angulation of the pelvis is linked to orders which employ their hind limbs in feeding, perching and running, although FBM also explains a very low proportion of the variation in pelvic angle. Muscle attachment and the confines on morphology presented by locomotion explain much of the variation exhibited by the relationships among pelvic measurements.
Estimate of vertical transmission of Hepatitis C virus in Pakistan in 2007 and 2012 birth cohorts
Authors: Benova Lenka , Awad Susanne Faissal , Abu‐Raddad Laith Jamal
Published: June 2017

Despite a combination of high Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence, a large adult population and high fertility, no published estimates of the scale and contribution of vertical transmission to HCV incidence in Pakistan exist. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of new HCV infections occurring in Pakistan as a result of vertical transmission. We adapted a published mathematical model based on HCV antibody and viraemia prevalence, fertility rates, risk of HCV vertical transmission and children mortality rates to estimate the number of infections in the 2007 and 2012 birth cohorts nationally and in four subnational regions. We estimated that 19 708 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 15 941‐23 819) children were vertically infected by HCV in 2007 and 21 676 (95% UI: 17 498‐26 126) in 2012. The majority of these cases (72.9% and 72.5% in 2007 and 2012, respectively) occurred in Punjab. We estimated that vertical transmission as a mode of exposure accounted for a quarter of HCV infections among children under 5 years of age (25.2% in 2007 and 24.0% in 2012). Conclusion: Our results showed that one in 260 children born in Pakistan in 2007 and 2012 acquired HCV vertically. While currently no interventions during pregnancy and childbirth are recommended to reduce this risk, prevention, testing and treatment strategies should be considered to reduce the burden of vertical HCV infections among young children. Other routes of transmission appear to contribute the majority of HCV infections among children and must also be clarified and urgently addressed.
The Effect of Geographic Location on Circannual Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Plasma Concentrations in Horses in Australia
Authors: Secombe C.J. , Tan R.H.H. , Perara D.I. , Byrne D.P. , Watts S.P. , Wearn J.G.
Published: June 2017

Background

Longitudinal evaluation of plasma endogenousACTHconcentration in clinically normal horses has not been investigated in the Southern Hemisphere.

Objectives

To longitudinally determine monthly upper reference limits for plasmaACTHin 2 disparate Australian geographic locations and to examine whether location affected the circannual rhythm of endogenousACTHin the 2 groups of horses over a 12‐month period.

Animals

Clinically normal horses <20 years of age from 4 properties (institutional herd and client owned animals) in Perth (n = 40) and Townsville (n = 41) were included in the study.

Methods

A prospective longitudinal descriptive study to determine the upper reference limit and confidence intervals for plasmaACTHin each geographic location using theASVCPreference interval (RI) guidelines, for individual months and monthly groupings for 12 consecutive months.

Results

Plasma endogenousACTHconcentrations demonstrated a circannual rhythm. The increase in endogenousACTHwas not confined to the autumnal months but was associated with changes in photoperiod. During the quiescent period, plasmaACTHconcentrations were lower, ≤43 pg/mL (upper limit of the 90% confidence interval (CI)) in horses from Perth and ≤67 pg/mL (upper limit of the 90%CI) in horses from Townsville, than at the acrophase, ≤94 pg/mL (upper limit of the 90%CI) in horses from Perth, ≤101 pg/mL (upper limit of the 90%CI) in horses from Townsville.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Circannual rhythms of endogenousACTHconcentrations vary between geographic locations, this could be due to changes in photoperiod or other unknown factors, and upper reference limits should be determined for specific locations.
Geochemical and oxygen isotope perspective of a new R chondrite Dhofar 1671: Affinity with ordinary chondrites
Authors: Ali Arshad , Nasir Sobhi J. , Jabeen Iffat , Al Rawas Ahmed , Banerjee Neil R. , Osinski Gordon R.
Published: June 2017

Dhofar 1671 is a relatively new meteorite that previous studies suggest belongs to the Rumuruti chondrite class. Major and REE compositions are generally in agreement with average values of the R chondrites (RCs). Moderately volatile elements such as Se and Zn abundances are lower than the R chondrite values that are similar to those in ordinary chondrites (OCs). Porphyritic olivine pyroxene (POP), radial pyroxene (RP), and barred olivine (BO) chondrules are embedded in a proportionately equal volume of matrix, one of the characteristic features of RCs. Microprobe analyses demonstrate compositional zoning in chondrule and matrix olivines showing Fa‐poor interior and Fa‐rich outer zones. Precise oxygen isotope data for chondrules and matrix obtained by laser‐assisted fluorination show a genetic isotopic relationship between OCs and RCs. On the basis of our data, we propose a strong affinity between these groups and suggest that OC chondrule precursors could have interacted with a 17O‐rich matrix to form RC chondrules (i.e., ∆17O shifts from ~1‰ to ~3‰). These interactions could have occurred at the same time as “exotic” clasts in brecciated samples formed such as NWA 10214 (LL3–6), Parnallee (LL3), PCA91241 (R3.8–6), and Dhofar 1671 (R3.6). We also infer that the source of the oxidation and 17O enrichment is the matrix, which may have been enriched in 17O‐rich water. The abundance of matrix in RCs relative to OCs, ensured that these rocks would be apparently more oxidized and appreciably 17O‐enriched. In situ analysis of Dhofar 1671 is recommended to further strengthen the link between OCs and RCs.
Food allergy response capabilities of mothers and related factors
Authors: Aika Satoko , Ito Misae , Yamamoto Yachiyo
Published: June 2017

A parent's ability to confidently manage a child's food allergy (i.e. food allergy response capability) is considered instrumental toward treating this disorder; however, little is known regarding this measure and associated factors. A questionnaire survey among 280 qualified participants identified the greatest food allergy response capability as “spousal collaboration”, followed by “elimination diet capacity”, “gathering information from medical professionals”, “knowledge about food allergies”, and “stress coping”. These capabilities were associated with maternal and household health status, food items eliminated and their number, anaphylaxis experience, and type of medical facility used. This measure represented a predictor of maternal quality of life and health status, household health status, and overall life stress (not related to childrearing). Thus, to improve food allergy response capability, multidisciplinary cooperation and support are required from professionals, such as physicians, nurses, nutritionists, and clinical psychologists. Nurses in particular must take an interest in the situations these mothers face and in their emotions; elicit their power to cope with stress; provide knowledge about food allergies; provide individualized, specific information about elimination diets; and conduct interventions to enable spousal cooperation.
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in osteoarthritis: can NRF2 counteract these partners in crime?
Authors: Marchev Andrey S. , Dimitrova Petya A. , Burns Andrew J. , Kostov Rumen V. , Dinkova‐Kostova Albena T. , Georgiev Milen I.
Published: June 2017

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age‐related joint degenerative disease associated with pain, joint deformity, and disability. The disease starts with cartilage damage but then progressively involves subchondral bone, causing an imbalance between osteoclast‐driven bone resorption and osteoblast‐driven remodeling. Here, we summarize the data for the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in OA pathology and discuss how these two processes are integrated during OA progression, as well as their contribution to abnormalities in cartilage/bone metabolism and integrity. At the cellular level, oxidative stress and inflammation are counteracted by transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid p45–related factor 2 (NRF2), and we describe the regulation of NRF2, highlighting its role in OA pathology. We also discuss the beneficial effect of some phytonutrients, including the therapeutic potential of NRF2 activation, in OA.
Centre‐level variation in dental treatment and oral health and individual‐ and area‐level predictors of oral health in 5‐year‐old children with non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate: the Cleft Care UK study. Part 3
Authors: Smallridge J. , Wills A. K. , Mahmoud O. , Chong A. , Clark V. , Collard M. , Sandy J. R. , Ness A. R.
Published: June 2017

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To explore centre‐level variation in fluoride treatment and oral health outcomes and to examine the association of individual‐ and area‐level risk factors with dental decay in Cleft Care UK (CCUK).

Setting

Two hundred and sixty‐eight 5‐year‐old British children with non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).

Materials and Methods

Data on caries and developmental defects of enamel (DDE) were collected. The child's history of fluoride ingestion and postcode was used to assess exposure to fluoridated water. Centre‐level variation in fluoride exposure and caries was examined using hierarchical regression. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between individual‐ and area‐level fluoride exposures and outcome.

Results

Children had high levels of caries, rampant caries and DDE. There was no evidence of variation between centres in the number of children with caries or rampant decay. There was evidence of variation in prescription of fluoride tablets and varnish and the type of toothpaste used. Area level of deprivation was associated with a higher risk of dental caries—risk ratio (RR) in the lowest quartile versus the rest was 1.43 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.81). Use of fluoride tablets and varnish was associated with higher risk of caries—RR 1.73 (95% CI 1.29 to 2.32) and RR 1.33 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.70), respectively, adjusted for age, sex and deprivation.

Conclusion

The association with use of fluoride tablets and varnish probably reflects reverse causality but indicates the need for early preventative interventions in children with UCLP.
“Making the best of what we have”: The lived experiences of community psychiatric nurses, day centre managers and social workers supporting clients with dementia attending a generic day care service
Authors: Laird Elizabeth A. , McGurk Phyllis , Reid Bernie , Ryan Assumpta
Published: June 2017

Aim and objectives

This study explored the experiences and perspectives of community psychiatric nurses, day centre managers and social workers about supporting clients living with and without dementia attending a generic day care service. The purpose of the study was to elucidate approaches that enable clients living with dementia to access and derive benefit from the service.

Background

In the light of international ageing demographics and strategy towards social inclusion, it is anticipated that demand for generic day care services for clients living with and without dementia will increase.

Design and methods

A descriptive qualitative design utilised three focus groups for data collection. Community psychiatric nurses (n = 4), day centre mangers (n = 4) and social workers (n = 12) participated in the study. Data analysis informed a narrative description of the approaches that support adults living with dementia in day care.

Findings

An exhaustive description is encapsulated in five key themes. These are “easing the transition to day care,” “proactively managing supervision and complexity of need,” “sustaining the person and family carer,” making the best of what we have” and “encountering a need for change,” The data conveyed a sensitivity to the life story and needs of clients with dementia. Whilst the data revealed deficits in the physical environment of the centres, there were indications of the generation of a positive social environment.

Conclusions

A generic day care service that provides an integrated blend of care and treatment and social and recreational support to older adults, irrespective of whether they have or have not dementia, is realistic and manageable. The routine of day centre attendance may have value in sustaining clients with dementia and family care‐giving relationships.

Implications for practice

Approaches to support the attendance of clients with dementia at day care include home visits, life story work, proactive supervision and careful planning of social groupings and recreational activities.
Variability of Delivery of Timolol for the Treatment of Infantile Hemangiomas
Authors: Yu JiaDe , Keuter Tucker , Schilter Kala , Seefeldt Marcia , Bates Brittney , Mueller Katherine , Drolet Beth A.
Published: June 2017

Background/Objectives

Topical timolol maleate solution or gel‐forming solution is used alone or in conjunction with oral propranolol for the treatment of infantile hemangiomas. The consistency of the amount of timolol dispensed has never been evaluated. We evaluated the variability of drug delivery between different brands and formulations of timolol solution and gel‐forming solution.

Methods

Five blinded volunteers sequentially dispensed five drops from each of the eight bottles containing timolol 0.5% solution or gel‐forming solution. This was repeated three times per user for each bottle. The average amount of timolol dispensed was analyzed according to brand, formulation, and user for variability. The intra‐ and interuser variability of dispensing both formulations of timolol was also measured.

Results

Our study demonstrates statistically significant differences in the amount of timolol dispensed between timolol solution and gel‐forming solution, with the latter closer to manufacturer estimates. Significant differences in the amount of timolol dispensed were noted between users regardless of the formulation or brand. Variability in the amount of timolol dispensed was greater for gel‐forming solution than 0.5% solution. Inter‐ and intrauser variability in the amount of timolol dispensed was greater for gel‐forming solution than 0.5% solution.

Conclusion

Statistically significant differences were noted in the amount of timolol dispensed according to formulation, brand, and user. Whether this is clinically significant is unknown given the lack of pharmacokinetic data available for timolol.
Not Seeing Eye to Eye on Frontline Work: Manager‐Employee Disagreement and Its Effects on Employees
Authors: Marvel John D.
Published: June 2017

The author uses nationally representative data on matched pairs of public school principals and teachers to test whether principal–teacher disagreement about the severity of school problems is associated with teacher turnover. More specifically, the author tests a managerial efficacy hypothesis that proposes that employees will be less likely to leave their jobs when their managers perceive problems to be severe, holding employees’ perceptions of the same problems constant. The author also tests a managerial buffering hypothesis that proposes that employees’ perceptions of problem severity will be more weakly related to their turnover probability when managers perceive problems to be severe. Little evidence is found for either hypothesis, raising questions about public school principals’ ability to translate problem recognition into problem remediation. More generally, the findings suggest a reexamination of the generic claim that “management matters,” which implies that public managers have the power to do things that can help employees perform their jobs well.
Antioxidative effect of BHA in soya bean lecithin‐based extender containing Glycerol or DMSO on freezing capacity of goat semen
Authors: Rahmatzadeh M , Kohram H , Zare Shahneh A , Seifi‐Jamadi A , Ahmad E
Published: June 2017

Contents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (0 or 4 mM) along with different concentrations (5 or 7%) of glycerol (G) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectant (CPAs) on freezability of goat semen. Semen was collected from four bucks (3–4 years) twice a week for five weeks. The pooled ejaculates were diluted with extender containing two different concentrations of G or DMSO in combination with BHA. Afterwards, the diluted samples were loaded into 0.25 ml straws and frozen using a standard protocol. After thawing motility parameters, viability, membrane integrity and total abnormality were assessed. The Results showed that the presence of BHA in extender, type and level of CPAs as main factors had significant effects on goat sperm viability, total and progressive motility after freezing–thawing processes (p < .05). Also, the interaction of BHA (0 and 4 mM) and levels of G or DMSO (5 or 7%) had a significant effects (p < .05) on total motility, viability and some characteristic. In this case, the addition of 5% G or DMSO with BHA resulted in highest motility and viability than the other groups (p < .05). The addition of G5 (with and without BHA) increased VSL and reduced abnormality than the other groups (p < .05). The results showed that the main effects of CPAs and CPAs level on membrane functionality were significant (p < .05). Also there were no significance differences in the interactive effects of MDA, VCL, VAP, ALH, LIN and STR among the groups (p > .05). Finally, it can be concluded that the use of 5% CPAs with or without BHA may result in better post‐thaw sperm quality of goat.
Ecological restoration should be redefined for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Martin David M.
Published: June 2017

Forty years ago, ecological restoration was conceptualized through a natural science lens. Today, ecological restoration has evolved into a social and scientific concept. The duality of ecological restoration is acknowledged in guidance documents on the subject but is not apparent in its definition. Current definitions reflect our views about what ecological restoration does but not why we do it. This viewpoint does not give appropriate credit to contributions from social sciences, nor does it provide compelling goals for people with different motivating rationales to engage in or support restoration. In this study, I give a concise history of the conceptualization and definition of ecological restoration, and I propose an alternative definition and corresponding viewpoint on restoration goal‐setting to meet twenty‐first century scientific and public inquiry.
Morphological ontogeny, ecology and some biological parameters of Achipteria magna (Acari: Oribatida: Achipteriidae)
Authors: Seniczak Anna , Seniczak Stanisław , Graczyk Radomir , Bukowski Grzegorz
Published: June 2017

The morphological ontogeny of Achipteria magna (Sellnick, 1928) is described and illustrated. The adult of this species has many morphological characters of Achipteria Berlese, 1885, such as long and wide lamellae, fused in the medial part, long anterior pteromorphic projections, and 10 pairs of notogastral setae, with longer c2 and la. However, this species has many fine pores on the notogaster and a pair of saccules S1, instead of four pairs of saccules or porose areas that occur in most species of Achipteria. In A. magna, anteroventral apophysis on genua I and II is present, genu IV is longer than tibia IV, seta bv'' on femur II is longer than seta d, seta v'' on this segment is more than twice longer than seta bv'', seta l' on femur III is short and leg claws are smooth. The juveniles of this species are stocky, with the prodorsal setae minute or short and smooth. The gastronotal setae of the larva are short or of medium size, thick and barbed, except for minute c2, c3 and h3. In the nymphs, all setae are thick and barbed, but c2 and c3 are shorter than c1, and p2 and p3 are shorter than p1. The morphological ontogeny of A. magna is compared with some congeners, and Pseudachipteria Travé, 1960 and Campachipteria Aoki, 1995 are considered junior synonyms of Achipteria. The ecology and some biological parameters of A. magna are also investigated.
Structural Strength Benefits Observed at the Hip of Premenarcheal Gymnasts Are Maintained Into Young Adulthood 10 Years After Retirement From the Sport
Authors: Erlandson Marta C. , Runalls Shonah B. , Jackowski Stefan A. , Faulkner Robert A. , Baxter-Jones Adam D.G.
Published: June 2017

Purpose: Premenarcheal female gymnasts have been consistently found to have greater bone mass and structural advantages. However, little is known about whether these structural advantages are maintained after the loading stimulus is removed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the structural properties at the hip after long-term retirement from gymnastics. Methods: Structural properties were derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans using the hip structural analysis program for the same 24 gymnasts and 21 nongymnasts both in adolescence (8–15 y) and adulthood (22–30 y). Structural measures were obtained at the narrow neck, intertrochanter, and femoral shaft and included cross-sectional area, section modulus, and buckling ratio. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to assess differences between groups in bone measures while controlling for size, age, maturity, and physical activity. Results: Gymnasts were found to have structural advantages at the narrow neck in adolescence (16% greater cross-sectional area, 17% greater section modulus, and 25% lower buckling ratio) and 14 years later (13% greater cross-sectional area and 26% lower buckling ratio). Benefits were also found at the intertrochanter and femoral shaft sites in adolescence and adulthood. Conclusion: Ten years after retirement from gymnastics, former gymnasts’ maintained significantly better hip bone structure than females who did not participate in gymnastics during growth.
Impact of a Soccer Game on Cardiac Biomarkers in Adolescent Players
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Mohsen , Azizi Mojtaba , Samadi Ali , Talebi Nahid , Gatterer Hannes , Burtscher Martin
Published: June 2017

Purpose: Biochemical markers such as cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) have become indispensable tools for the diagnosis of myocardial injury, providing highly sensitive and specific information about cardiac cell damage and wall stress. The purpose of the present research was to examine the response of cardiac biomarkers to a soccer game in adolescent male soccer players. Methods: Twenty-two trained adolescent male soccer players (14–16 y) were selected in a purposive manner. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 2 and 24 hours after the game for the determination of cTnI and NT-proBNP. Results: Serum concentration of cTnI and NT-proBNP increased immediately and 2 hours after the soccer game (P < .001). After 24 hours, the levels of cTnI dropped but remained above baseline (P = .002), whereas serum NT-proBNP levels returned to baseline. At no time point did any of the values exceed the upper reference value. Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate the acute responses of cardiac biomarkers to a soccer game in adolescent male players. The postgame elevation of cardiac biomarkers and their rapid recovery are indicative of a physiological rather than a pathological response.
mTORC1 activity repression by late endosomal phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate
Authors: Marat Andrea L. , Wallroth Alexander , Lo Wen-Ting , Müller Rainer , Norata Giuseppe Danilo , Falasca Marco , Schultz Carsten , Haucke Volker
Published: June 2017

Effects of a lipid signaling molecule depend on its subcellular location.