bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barriers and facilitators to the use of personal information documents in health and social care settings for people living with dementia: A thematic synthesis and mapping to the COM‐B framework
Authors: Clark Emily , Wood Fiona , Wood Suzanne
Published: April 2022

Introduction

People living with dementia experience communication difficulties. Personal information documents, or healthcare passports, enable communication of information essential for the care of a person with dementia. Despite the potential for providing person‐centred care, personal information documents are not ubiquitously used. The Capability Opportunity Motivation—Behaviour (COM‐B) model can be used to understand factors determining individuals' behaviours.

Objectives

This study aimed to identify the barriers to and facilitators of the use of healthcare passports for people living with dementia through a systematic review methodology.

Methods

A systematic search of six electronic databases was undertaken. Grey literature was searched using three databases. All study types reporting barriers to or facilitators of the use of personal information documents in the care of adults living with dementia in high‐income countries were included. Study quality was assessed using the NICE Quality Appraisal Checklist. Thematic synthesis was used to develop descriptive themes, which were subsequently mapped to the COM‐B framework.

Results

Nineteen papers were included. Themes included training, awareness, embedding the process in norms and appreciating the value of the personal information documents. A broad range of barriers and facilitators was identified within each COM‐B domain.

Conclusion

This framework provides a starting point for evidence‐informed initiatives to improve the use of personal information documents in the care of people with dementia.

Patient and Public Contribution

This is a review of studies and did not involve patients or the public. Review results will guide evaluation of a local personal information document, which will be designed with input from the Dementia Champions Network (includes carers and other stakeholders).
Peripheral B‐cell dysregulation is associated with relapse after long‐term quiescence in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Marsh‐Wakefield Felix , Juillard Pierre , Ashhurst Thomas M , Juillard Annette , Shinko Diana , Putri Givanna H , Read Mark N , McGuire Helen M , Byrne Scott N , Hawke Simon , Grau Georges E
Published: April 2022

B cells play a major role in multiple sclerosis (MS), with many successful therapeutics capable of removing them from circulation. One such therapy, alemtuzumab, is thought to reset the immune system without the need for ongoing therapy in a proportion of patients. The exact cells contributing to disease pathogenesis and quiescence remain to be identified. We utilized mass cytometry to analyze B cells from the blood of patients with relapse‐remitting MS (RRMS) before and after alemtuzumab treatment, and during relapse. A complementary RRMS cohort was analyzed by single‐cell RNA sequencing. The R package “Spectre” was used to analyze these data, incorporating FlowSOM clustering, sparse partial least squares‐discriminant analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Immunoglobulin (Ig)A+ and IgG1+ B‐cell numbers were altered, including higher IgG1+ B cells during relapse. B‐cell linker protein (BLNK), CD40 and CD210 expression by B cells was lower in patients with RRMS compared with non‐MS controls, with similar results at the transcriptomic level. Finally, alemtuzumab restored BLNK, CD40 and CD210 expression by IgA+ and IgG1+ B cells, which was altered again during relapse. These data suggest that impairment of IgA+ and IgG1+ B cells may contribute to MS pathogenesis, which can be restored by alemtuzumab.
A cross‐kingdom view on the immunomodulatory role of MIF/D‐DT proteins in mammalian and plant Pseudomonas infections
Authors: Panstruga Ralph , Donnelly Seamas C. , Bernhagen Jürgen
Published: April 2022

Gram‐negative Pseudomonas bacteria are largely harmless saprotrophs, but some species can be potent pathogens of both plants and mammals. Macrophage migration‐inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homologue D‐dopachrome tautomerase (D‐DT, also referred to as MIF‐2) are multifunctional proteins that in addition to their intracellular functions also serve as extracellular signalling molecules (cytokines) in orchestrating mammalian immune responses. It recently emerged that plants also possess MIF‐like proteins, termed MIF/D‐DT‐like (MDL) proteins. We here provide a comparative cross‐kingdom view on the immunomodulatory role of MIF and MDL proteins during Pseudomon as infections in mammals and plants. Although in both kingdoms the lack of MIF/MDL proteins is associated with a reduction in bacterial load and disease symptoms, the underlying molecular principles seem to be different. We provide a perspective for future research activities to unravel additional commonalities and differences in the MIF/MDL‐mediated adjustment of antibacterial immune activities.
Consistency of self‐reported and documented historical influenza vaccination status of US healthcare workers
Authors: Regan Annette K. , Wesley Meredith G. , Gaglani Manjusha , Kim Sara S. , Edwards Laura J. , Murthy Kempapura , Jeddy Zuha , Naleway Allison L. , Flannery Brendan , Dawood Fatimah S. , Groom Holly
Published: April 2022

Background

Healthcare personnel (HCP) are a priority group for annual influenza vaccination. Few studies have assessed the validity of recall of prior influenza vaccination status among HCP, especially for more than one preceding season.

Methods

Using data from a randomized controlled trial of influenza vaccination among 947 HCP from two US healthcare systems, we assessed agreement between participant self‐report and administrative record documentation of influenza vaccination status during the preceding five influenza seasons; kappa coefficients and sensitivity values were calculated. Administrative record documentation was considered the gold standard. Documented vaccination sources included electronic medical records, employee health records, outside immunization providers, and the state immunization information system.

Results

Among 683 HCP with prior influenza immunization information, 89.7% (95% CI: 87.2%, 91.9%) of HCP were able to self‐report their vaccination status for the season preceding the survey. By the fifth preceding season, 82.6% (95% CI: 79.5%, 85.3%) of HCP were able to self‐report. Among HCP who self‐reported their vaccination status, agreement between self‐report and documented vaccination status ranged from 81.9% (95% CI: 77.2%, 86.7%) for the fifth season to 90.5% (95% CI: 87.2%, 93.9%) for the season preceding interview. HCP who received vaccine for only some of the preceding five seasons (18.3%) more commonly had ≥2 errors in their recall compared with those vaccinated all five preceding seasons (55.7% vs. 4.3%).

Conclusions

Self‐reported vaccination status is a reliable source for historical influenza vaccination information among HCP who are consistently vaccinated but less reliable for those with a history of inconsistent vaccination.
Large pyroelectricity via engineered ferroelectric‐relaxor phase boundary
Authors: Li Ling , Wang Shuhao , Li Xiang , Sha Yuxing , Liu Zhen , Liu Lisha , Zhang Ji , Zhang Shan‐Tao , Wang Yaojin
Published: April 2022

With growing demand for high‐sensitivity infrared detectors in industrial temperature monitoring and medical systems, high‐performance pyroelectric materials are vitally required. In this work, large pyroelectric performance is achieved in (1 − x)Pb0.99Nb0.02[(Zr0.57Sn0.43)0.937Ti0.063]0.98O3–xBaTiO3 (1 − x)PNZST–xBT ceramics by tuning the ferroelectric (FE)‐relaxor phase boundary near room temperature. The FE‐ and ergodic‐relaxor phase boundaries are engineered by breaking the long‐range antiferroelectric order with the introduction of BaTiO3. It is found that the ceramics with x = 0.15 exhibit a large pyroelectric coefficient of 11.3 × 10–4 C m–2 K–1 and figures of merit of Fi = 20.1 × 10–10 m V–1, Fv = 3.44 × 10–2 m2 C–1, and Fd = 3.87 × 10–5 Pa–1/2 around room temperature due to engineered phase boundary. Our results provide the potential technological application for ultrasensitive infrared detector and scientific insights into pyroelectric ceramic design.
Post‐Pleistocene dispersal explains the Rapoport effect in North American salamanders
Authors: Radomski Tom , Kuchta Shawn R. , Kozak Kenneth H.
Published: April 2022

Aims

In many taxa, the latitudinal span of species' geographic ranges are positively correlated with median latitude (the Rapoport effect). This correlation is frequently explained as adaptation to contemporary climate; however, variability in post‐glacial range expansion among species could also explain this observation. We analyse geographic data for North American salamanders to test the potential causes of Rapoport effects.

Location

Temperate North America.

Taxon

Salamanders (order Caudata).

Methods

We tested for a Rapoport effect by estimating correlations between the latitudinal midpoint and latitudinal range among species. Next, we manipulated species' latitudinal ranges by removing post‐glacial habitat and assessing the impact of species demonstrating post‐glacial range expansion in forming a Rapoport effect. We built ecological niche models for species found south of the Wisconsin Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum and transferred these models to post‐glacial areas. If dispersal is important in forming a Rapoport effect, then some species may tolerate northern climates but have not expanded northward as a result of variation in geographic access to post‐glacial habitats. We created binary ecological niche models by thresholding using the equal sensitivity and specificity value.

Results

We recovered a Rapoport effect that was robust to the null models we tested. Analyses that manipulated ranges and species pools supported a role for variation in post‐glacial range expansion among species, especially for eastern North America. Results from transferring ecological niche models indicated that species have suitable habitat north of their range limit.

Main conclusions

Variation in post‐glacial range expansion is important in shaping geographic range size clines among species in areas where climates changed rapidly, though we also found support for the climatic variability hypothesis. Post‐glacial colonization and range expansion likely plays an important role in forming latitudinal biodiversity gradients in northern taxa. While ecophysiology and biotic interactions have been emphasized as important contributors to diversity gradients, our study indicates that post‐glacial colonization also plays a key role in forming latitudinal gradients.
Investigating oral and systemic pathways between unhealthy and healthy dietary patterns to periodontitis in adolescents: A population‐based study
Authors: Costa Susilena Arouche , Nascimento Gustavo G. , Colins Patrícia Maria Gomes , Alves Cláudia Maria Coelho , Thomaz Erika Barbara Abreu Fonseca , Carvalho Souza Soraia de Fátima , da Silva Antônio Augusto Moura , Ribeiro Cecilia Claudia Costa
Published: April 2022

Aim

To investigate pathways between unhealthy and healthy dietary patterns and periodontitis in adolescents (18–19 years of age).

Materials and Methods

This population‐based study (n = 2515) modelled direct and mediated pathways (via biofilm and obesity) from patterns of healthy diet (fruits, fibre, vegetables, and dairy) and unhealthy diet (sugars, snacks, and salty/fast foods) with initial periodontitis (bleeding on probing [BoP], probing depth [PD] ≥ 4 mm, clinical attachment loss [CAL] ≥ 4 mm), moderate periodontitis (BoP, PD ≥ 5 mm, and CAL ≥ 5 mm), and European Federation of Periodontology and the American Academy of Periodontology (EFP‐AAP) periodontitis definitions, adjusting for sex, socio‐economic status, smoking, and alcohol, through structural equation modelling (α = 5%).

Results

Higher values of healthy diet were associated with lower values of initial periodontitis (standardized coefficient [SC] = −0.160; p < .001), moderate periodontitis (SC = −0.202; p < .001), and EFP‐AAP periodontitis (p < .05). A higher value of unhealthy diet was associated with higher values of initial periodontitis (SC = 0.134; p = .005) and moderate periodontitis (SC = 0.180; p < .001). Biofilm mediated the association between higher values of unhealthy diet and all periodontal outcomes (p < .05).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that both healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns may contribute to reduced or increased extent and severity of periodontitis by local and systemic mechanisms, preceding the effect of other established causes such as smoking and obesity, in younger population.
Epigenetic aging in Williams syndrome
Authors: Okazaki Satoshi , Kimura Ryo , Otsuka Ikuo , Tomiwa Kiyotaka , Funabiki Yasuko , Hagiwara Masatoshi , Murai Toshiya , Hishimoto Akitoyo
Published: April 2022

Background

Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion at the 7q11.23 region and is characterized by diverse symptoms encompassing physical and cognitive features. WS was reported to be associated to altered DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns. However, due to the limited information from long‐term studies, it remains unclear whether WS accelerates aging. Genome‐wide DNAm profiles can serve as “epigenetic clocks” to help estimate biological aging along with age‐related markers, such as plasma proteins and telomere length.

Methods

We investigated GrimAge, DNAm‐based telomere length (DNAmTL), and other epigenetic clocks in blood samples of 32 patients with WS and 32 healthy controls.

Results

We observed a significant acceleration in GrimAge, DNAmTL, and other epigenetic clocks in patients with WS as compared with those of controls. In addition, several GrimAge components, such as adrenomedullin, growth differentiation factor‐15, leptin and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, were altered in patients with WS.

Conclusions

This study provides novel evidence supporting the hypothesis that WS may be associated to accelerated biological aging. A better understanding of the overall underlying biological effects of WS can provide new foundations for improved patient care; thus, long‐term follow‐up studies are still warranted.
An extension of the RIGHT statement for introductions and interpretations of clinical practice guidelines: RIGHT for INT
Authors: Zhou Qi , Xing Dan , Li Qinyuan , Zhang Jingyi , Luo Xufei , Yang Nan , Wang Xiaoqin , Yang Kehu , Tian Jinhui , Li Hui , Li Bo , Cai Yujia , Jin Yinghui , Lv Lanting , Sun Feng , Shang Shuxian , Yuan Beibei , Li Jiang , Ma Bin , Li Xiuxia , Yuan Yuanzhi , Wu Lei , Wang Bin , Jiang Lei , Wang Zhiwen , Chen Yaolong , Liang Du
Published: April 2022

Objective

The purpose of the extension of the RIGHT Statement for INTroductions and INTerpretations of Clinical Practice Guidelines (RIGHT for INT) is to promote the development of comprehensive and clear articles that introduce and interpret clinical practice guidelines.

Methods

The RIGHT for INT checklist was developed following methods recommended by the EQUATOR Network. The development process included three stages. In the first stage, a multidisciplinary team of experts was recruited by email and WeChat and further divided into three groups (a steering group, a consensus group, and a secretariat group); in the second stage, the initial items were collected by literature review and brainstorming; and in the third stage, the final items were formed through a Delphi survey and expert consultation.

Results

A total of 40 initial items were collected through literature review and brainstorming. A final checklist of 27 items was formed after the Delphi survey and expert consultation. The RIGHT for INT checklist contains items on the following 10 topics: title, abstract, background of guideline interpretation, background of guideline development, guideline development methodology, recommendations, strengths, and limitations, implications for local guidelines and clinical research, dissemination and implementation, and reporting quality.

Conclusion

The RIGHT for INT checklist provides guidance for guideline interpreters on how to introduce and interpret clinical practice guidelines in a scientific and comprehensive manner.
Reply to: Comment on: The associations of plasma neurofilament light chain and progranulin with frailty in older adults
Authors: Lu Wan‐Hsuan , Vellas Bruno , de Souto Barreto Philipe
Published: April 2022

This letter comments on the letter by Kaloostian.
Interaction between serum vitamin C levels and smoking on the periodontal condition in older adults
Authors: Yoshihara Akihiro , Nakashima Keisuke , Suwama Kana , Odajima Ayuko , Yamaga Takayuki , Ogawa Hiroshi
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives

Several epidemiological studies have reported that smokers have a higher prevalence and severity of periodontal disease than do nonsmokers, and that smoking negatively affects nutritional status and is associated with a reduced intake of antioxidants, particularly vitamin C. The present investigation aimed to examine the relationship between serum vitamin C levels and smoking and its influence on the periodontal condition in older adults.

Materials and Methods

A total of 353 respondents met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the present study. The periodontal status of the study participants was determined through examinations of one or more residual teeth, which included a measurement of the probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) at six regions of each tooth. Blood samples were collected during the dental examinations and then sent to a laboratory to evaluate serum vitamin C and cotinine levels. A serum cotinine concentration of 100 ng/ml was considered a relevant threshold for active smoking. After dividing the participants into two groups according to serum cotinine levels, Poisson regression analysis was carried out to compare vitamin C levels with the prevalence rate ratio (PRR) for periodontal condition markers for each group based on serum cotinine levels.

Results

We evaluated differences in the PRR of serum vitamin C tertiles between participants with high (≥100 ng/ml) or low (<100 ng/ml) serum cotinine levels after adjusting for sex, the use of interdental brushes or dental floss, and the number of teeth. A negative tendency between the PRR of vitamin C tertiles for the PPD or CAL was seen for both groups. Especially, a bigger difference was observed in the group with high serum cotinine levels. The PRR of the first tertiles in the high serum cotinine group was 5.03, compared with 2.69 in the low serum cotinine group (relative risk: 1.9).

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest a potential association between vitamin C levels and the periodontal condition, which may be influenced by smoking status.
Patient related outcomes of mechanical lead extraction techniques (PROMET) study: A comparison of two professions
Authors: Akhtar Zaki , Gallagher Mark M. , Elbatran Ahmed I. , Starck Christoph T. , Gonzalez Elkin , Al‐Razzo Omar , Mazzone Patrizio , Delnoy Peter‐Paul , Breitenstein Alexander , Steffel Jan , Eulert‐Grehn Jürgen , Lanmüller Pia , Melillo Francesco , Marzi Alessandra , Leung Lisa WM , Domenichini Giulia , Sohal Manav
Published: April 2022

Background

With an increasing number of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), there has been a paralleled increase in demand for transvenous lead extraction (TLE). Cardiac surgeons (CS) and cardiologists perform TLE; however, data comparing the two groups of operators is scarce.

Objective

We compared the outcomes of TLE performed by cardiologists and CS from six European lead extraction units.

Method

Data was collected retrospectively of 2205 patients who had 3849 leads extracted (PROMET) between 2005 and 2018. Patient demographics and procedural outcomes were compared between the CS and cardiologist groups, using propensity score matching. A multivariate regression analysis was also performed for variables associated with 30‐day mortality.

Results

CS performed the majority of extractions (59.8%), of leads with longer dwell times (90 [57–129 interquartile range (IQR)] vs. 62 [31–102 IQR] months, CS vs. cardiologists, p < .001) and with pre‐dominantly non‐infectious indications (57.4% vs. 50.2%, CS vs. cardiologists, p < .001). CS achieved a higher complete success per lead than the cardiologists (98.1% vs. 95.7%, respectively, p < .01), with a higher number of minor complications (5.51% vs. 2.1%, p < .01) and similar number of major complications (0.47% vs. 1.3%, p = .12). Thirty‐day mortality was similarly low in the CS and cardiologist groups (1.76% vs. 0.94%, p = .21). Unmatched data multivariate analysis revealed infection indication (OR 6.12 [1.9–20.3], p < .01), procedure duration (OR 1.01 [1.01–1.02], p < .01) and CS operator (OR 2.67, [1.12–6.37], p = .027) were associated with 30‐day mortality.

Conclusion

TLE by CS was performed with similar safety and higher efficacy compared to cardiologists in high and medium‐volume lead extraction centers.
Economic Distress and Populism: Examining the Role of Identity Threat and Feelings of Social Exclusion
Authors: Manunta Efisio , Becker Maja , Easterbrook Matthew J. , Vignoles Vivian L.
Published: April 2022

Populism has been a major political phenomenon in liberal democracies throughout the last decade. Focusing on economic distress as one of the basic triggers of populism, we proposed a model integrating individual‐level indices of economic distress and status‐based identity threat (i.e., frustration of identity motives) as predictors of populism. We conducted two survey studies operationalizing populism as an individual‐level thin ideology among members of the general French population (Study 1: N = 458; Study 2: N = 1,050). Structural equation models supported status‐based identity threat as a partial mediator in the links between indices of relative deprivation and populism (Study 1). Additional analyses revealed frustrated belonging (i.e., feelings of social exclusion) as the central identity motive in this pattern. Reproducing the same model with belonging frustration instead of global‐identity motive frustration gave similar results (Studies 1 and 2). These findings provide the first evidence implicating identity threat—and belonging threat in particular—in the development of populist thin ideology and showed how identity motives are related to the economic distress pattern that predicts populism.
Clymene sutherlandiae sp. nov.: A new species of Bangiales (Rhodophyta) from the southern hemisphere
Authors: Nelson Wendy A.
Published: April 2022

A new species of the southern hemisphere genus Clymene, C. sutherlandiae, is described based on collections from the Otago coast, south east South Island of New Zealand, and from a site in western Tasmania. Found on mid‐upper intertidal rocks on open coasts, and frequently adjacent to sandy shores, this is a second species for the genus, previously known solely from the type species C. coleana found in the North Island, northern South Island and Chatham Islands of New Zealand.
Neural dynamics of effort‐modulated reward processing
Authors: Zhang Mang , Zheng Ya
Published: April 2022

Previous studies have established that effort can either decrease reward value as a cost or increase reward value as an augmenter, which is referred to as the effort paradox. The present event‐related potential study investigated the neural dynamics underlying the modulation of reward processing by effort expenditure. Thirty‐two participants completed a modified monetary incentive delay task in a high‐effort context and a low‐effort context to earn monetary rewards while their EEG was recorded during effort anticipation, effort execution, and effort completion, respectively. Results revealed the multiphase nature of the effort–reward relationship, which unfolds over time. During effort anticipation, effort discounts reward value as reflected by a reduced contingent negative variation for high‐ versus low‐effort trials. During effort exertion, the target‐P3 reward effect was accrued by effort expenditure. Finally, effort also provides its own value following effort completion, as revealed by an enhanced stimulus‐preceding negativity for high‐effort relative to low‐effort trials. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between effort expenditure and reward processing and are helpful to mitigate the effort paradox.
Factors affecting quality of life in low‐income overweight and obese women: The mediating effects of health‐promoting behaviors
Authors: Nho Ju‐Hee , Kim Hye Young , Kim Eun Jin
Published: April 2022

Background

It is necessary to comprehensively consider the personal and environmental factors of women who experience overweight or obesity and low‐income households (WOOL) to improve their quality of life (QoL).

Aims

The aim of this study was to test a hypothetical path model to estimate the effects of self‐efficacy, psychological distress, social support, and health‐promoting behaviors (HPB) on QoL and verify the mediating effects of HPB among WOOL.

Methods

A total of 151 women with a monthly household income less than 50% of the national median income at eight welfare centers in South Korea participated in this study. Data were collected from January to December 2019 and analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and Amos 23.0.

Results

The fit indices of the model were adequate (χ2 = 0.197, p = .657; normed χ2 = 0.197, GFI = 0.999, CFI = 1.000, NFI = 0.999, TLI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.000, and SRMR = 0.005). Self‐efficacy had significant indirect and total effects on QoL (β = 0.064, p = .004, 95% CI [0.015, 0.139]; β = 0.064, p = .004, 95% CI [0.015, 0.139]). HPB completely mediated the path of self‐efficacy to QoL. Social support had significant total, direct, indirect, and total effects on QoL (β = 0.326, p = .001, 95% CI [0.010, 0.025]; β = 0.047, p = .015, 95% CI [0.008, 0.120]; β = 0.373, p = .001, 95% CI [0.015, 0.369]). HPB partially mediated the path of social support to QoL. Psychological distress had significant direct effects on QoL (β = −0.307, p = .001, 95% CI [−0.022, −0.007]). Self‐efficacy, psychological distress, social support, and HPB explained 42.3% of the total variance in QoL.

Linking Evidence to Action

Integrated nursing interventions that consider self‐efficacy, psychological distress, social stress, and HPB can be useful for improving the QoL of WOOL.
Climate of Optimism
Authors: Webber Micheal E.
Published: April 2022

Expressions of optimism in the world's ability to tackle climate change often meet disbelief. This energy expert lays out the case for why we wil succeed against climate change, and do it faster than most people anticipate.
Study on acoustic radiation force of an elastic sphere in an off-axial Gaussian beam using localized approximation
Authors: Li Shuyuan , Shi Jingyao , Zhang Xiaofeng
Published: April 2022

In this paper, the expansion coefficients of the off-axial Gaussian beam are obtained using the localized approximation and the translational addition theorem for spherical wave function. The three-dimensional acoustic radiation force of a sphere positioned in an off-axial Gaussian beam is derived. The axial acoustic radiation force of a rigid sphere is computed to verify the derived expressions. The effect of the position of a polystyrene sphere in an off-axial Gaussian beam on the transverse and axial acoustic radiation forces is studied to explore the changing law of particle acoustic manipulation using a Gaussian beam. The calculated results show that the axial force repels the polystyrene particle away from the center of the beam. However, for the transverse force, there is a negative acoustic radiation force at some positions, which is related to the position of the polystyrene sphere in the Gaussian beam, and the negative transverse forces usually pull the polystyrene particle toward the beam axis. In addition, the numerical simulations based on the finite element method are presented to validate the analytical theory, and the comparison results are in good agreement with each other. The study may provide a theoretical basis for the development of single-beam acoustic tweezers using a Gaussian beam.
Does Symptom Severity Moderate the Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Motor Competence in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders? An Exploratory Study
Authors: Song Yu , Shen Bo , Dong Liansan , Pang Yanli , Bo Jin
Published: April 2022

To date, there has been little research considering both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptom severity and motor impairment simultaneously when investigating their associations with obesity. This study was designed to identify the moderating role of symptom severity in the relationship between motor competence and overweight/obesity for children with ASD. Seventy-eight children with a clinical diagnosis were recruited from a large autism rehabilitation center in Wuhan, China. Chi-square, partial correlation, and moderation regression analyses revealed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was similar regardless of symptom severity. Balance was the only motor skill that correlated with body mass index. Furthermore, symptom severity significantly moderated the correlation. Children with low autism severity might be more likely to demonstrate the relationship between balance and body mass index than those with high autism severity. Combating obesity by enhancing motor competence should cautiously consider personal and environment factors such as individual severity of ASD.
Acute Effects of Concurrent High-Intensity Interval Cycling and Bench-Press Loading on Upper- and Lower-Body Explosive Strength Performance
Authors: Dragutinovic Boris , Feuerbacher Joshua F. , Jacobs Mats W. , Bloch Wilhelm , Schumann Moritz
Published: April 2022

Purpose: This study examined the acute effects of lower-body high-intensity interval loading (HIIT) on explosive upper- and lower-body strength, as well as the combined effect of HIIT and bench-press loading versus HIIT and squat loading on the explosive upper- and lower-body strength. Methods: Fifteen physically active men completed 2 sessions consisting of HIIT (4 × 4 min cycling at 80% of peak power output) immediately followed by lower- (HIIT + LBS) or upper-body (HIIT + UBS) strength loading (3 × 5 + 3 × 3 repetitions at 80% 1-repetition maximum [ie, 6 sets in total]) in a randomized order. Squat and bench-press mean propulsive velocity (MPV) was assessed before HIIT (T0), immediately after HIIT (T1), immediately after the strength loading (T2), and 24 hours after the experimental session (T3). Results: Squat MPV decreased to a similar magnitude at T1 in HIIT + LBS (−5.3% [7.6%], P = .117, g = .597) and HIIT + UBS (−5.7% [6.9%], P = .016, g = .484), while bench press remained unchanged (−1.4% [4.7%], P = 1.000, g = .152, and −1.0% [7.0%], P = 1.000, g = .113, respectively). Both squat and bench-press MPV were statistically reduced at T2 compared to T0 (HIIT + LBS: −7.5% [7.8%], P = .016, g = .847, and −6.8% [4.6%], P < .001, g = .724; HIIT + UBS: −3.9% [3.8%], P = .007, g = .359, and −15.5% [6.7%], P < .001, d = 1.879). Bench-press MPV at T2 was significantly lower in HIIT + UBS when compared to HIIT + LBS (P = .002, d = 1.219). Conclusion: These findings indicate lower- but not upper-body explosive strength to be acutely reduced by preceding lower-body HIIT. However, lower-body HIIT combined with either upper- or lower-body strength loading resulted in a similar acute reduction of both squat and bench-press explosive strength.
Glucocorticoid-induced loss of beneficial gut bacterial extracellular vesicles is associated with the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis
Authors: Chen Chun-Yuan , Rao Shan-Shan , Yue Tao , Tan Yi-Juan , Yin Hao , Chen Ling-Jiao , Luo Ming-Jie , Wang Zun , Wang Yi-Yi , Hong Chun-Gu , Qian Yu-Xuan , He Ze-Hui , Liu Jiang-Hua , Yang Fei , Huang Fei-Yu , Tang Si-Yuan , Xie Hui
Published: April 2022

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) commonly occurs after glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. The gut microbiota (GM) participates in regulating host health, and its composition can be altered by GC. Here, this study demonstrates that cohousing with healthy mice or colonization with GM from normal mice attenuates GC-induced ONFH. 16
S
rRNA gene sequencing shows that cohousing with healthy mice rescues the GC-induced reduction of gut
Lactobacillus animalis
. Oral supplementation of
L. animalis
mitigates GC-induced ONFH by increasing angiogenesis, augmenting osteogenesis, and reducing cell apoptosis. Extracellular vesicles from
L. animalis
(
L. animalis
-EVs) contain abundant functional proteins and can enter the femoral head to exert proangiogenic, pro-osteogenic, and antiapoptotic effects, while its abundance is reduced after exposure to GC. Our study suggests that the GM is involved in protecting the femoral head by transferring bacterial EVs, and that loss of
L. animalis
and its EVs is associated with the development of GC-induced ONFH.
NK cells limit therapeutic vaccine–induced CD8
+
T cell immunity in a PD-L1–dependent manner
Authors: Diniz Mariana O. , Schurich Anna , Chinnakannan Senthil K. , Duriez Marion , Stegmann Kerstin A. , Davies Jessica , Kucykowicz Stephanie , Suveizdyte Kornelija , Amin Oliver E. , Alcock Frances , Cargill Tamsin , Barnes Eleanor , Maini Mala K.
Published: April 2022

A better understanding of mechanisms that regulate CD8
+
T cell responses to therapeutic vaccines is needed to develop approaches to enhance vaccine efficacy for chronic viral infections and cancers. We show here that NK cell depletion enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses to chimp adenoviral vector (ChAdOx) vaccination in a mouse model of chronic HBV infection (CHB). Probing the mechanism underlying this negative regulation, we observed that CHB drove parallel up-regulation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on liver-resident NK cells and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) on intrahepatic T cells. PD-L1–expressing liver-resident NK cells suppressed PD-1
hi
CD8
+
T cells enriched within the HBV-specific response to therapeutic vaccination. Cytokine activation of NK cells also induced PD-L1, and combining cytokine activation with PD-L1 blockade resulted in conversion of NK cells into efficient helpers that boosted HBV-specific CD8
+
T cell responses to therapeutic vaccination in mice and to chronic infection in humans. Our findings delineate an immunotherapeutic combination that can boost the response to therapeutic vaccination in CHB and highlight the broader importance of PD-L1–dependent regulation of T cells by cytokine-activated NK cells.
Tissue-resident memory CD8
+
T cells cooperate with CD4
+
T cells to drive compartmentalized immunopathology in the CNS
Authors: Vincenti Ilena , Page Nicolas , Steinbach Karin , Yermanos Alexander , Lemeille Sylvain , Nunez Nicolas , Kreutzfeldt Mario , Klimek Bogna , Di Liberto Giovanni , Egervari Kristof , Piccinno Margot , Shammas Ghazal , Mariotte Alexandre , Fonta Nicolas , Liaudet Nicolas , Shlesinger Danielle , Liuzzi Anna Rita , Wagner Ingrid , Saadi Cynthia , Stadelmann Christine , Reddy Sai , Becher Burkhard , Merkler Doron
Published: April 2022

In chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), immune cells persisting behind the blood-brain barrier are supposed to promulgate local tissue destruction. The drivers of such compartmentalized inflammation remain unclear, but tissue-resident memory T cells (T
RM
) represent a potentially important cellular player in this process. Here, we investigated whether resting CD8
+
T
RM
persisting after cleared infection with attenuated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can initiate immune responses directed against cognate self-antigen in the CNS. We demonstrated that time-delayed conditional expression of the LCMV glycoprotein as neo-self-antigen by glia cells reactivated CD8
+
T
RM
. Subsequently, CD8
+
T
RM
expanded and initiated CNS inflammation and immunopathology in an organ-autonomous manner independently of circulating CD8
+
T cells. However, in the absence of CD4
+
T cells, TCF-1
+
CD8
+
T
RM
failed to expand and differentiate into terminal effectors. Similarly, in human demyelinating CNS autoimmune lesions, we found CD8
+
T cells expressing TCF-1 that predominantly exhibited a T
RM
-like phenotype. Together, our study provides evidence for CD8
+
T
RM
-driven CNS immunopathology and sheds light on why inflammatory processes may evade current immunomodulatory treatments in chronic autoimmune CNS conditions.
Preclinical Data on the
Gardnerella
-Specific Endolysin PM-477 Indicate Its Potential to Improve the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis through Enhanced Biofilm Removal and Avoidance of Resistance
Authors: Landlinger Christine , Oberbauer Vera , Podpera Tisakova Lenka , Schwebs Timo , Berdaguer Rocío , Van Simaey Leen , Vaneechoutte Mario , Corsini Lorenzo
Published: April 2022

Antibiotics are the mainstay of therapy for bacterial vaginosis (BV). However, the rate of treatment failure in patients with recurrent BV is about 50%.
Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa Can Produce Calcium-Gelled Biofilms Independent of the Matrix Components Psl and CdrA
Authors: Jacobs Holly M. , O’Neal Lindsey , Lopatto Edward , Wozniak Daniel J. , Bjarnsholt Thomas , Parsek Matthew R.
Published: April 2022

The opportunistic pathogen
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
produces a complex biofilm matrix comprised of exopolysaccharides (EPSs), nucleic acids, and proteins.
P. aeruginosa
biofilm formation canonically depends on a variable combination of the exopolysaccharides Psl and Pel and the matrix protein CdrA. We demonstrate that mucoid
P. aeruginosa
, which overproduces the EPS alginate, possesses an entirely alternate and calcium-dependent method of biofilm formation.
Two Conserved Phenylalanine Residues in the E1 Fusion Loop of Alphaviruses Are Essential for Viral Infectivity
Authors: Lucas Cormac J. , Davenport Bennett J. , Carpentier Kathryn S. , Tinega Alex N. , Morrison Thomas E.
Published: April 2022

Alphaviruses are human pathogens that cause both debilitating acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease and potentially fatal encephalitis. In this study, we determined that two highly conserved phenylalanine residues in the alphavirus E1 glycoprotein are required for fusion of viral and host cell membranes and viral entry into target cells.
Report of SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Lineage in Morocco
Authors: El Mazouri Safae , Bendani Houda , Boumajdi Nasma , Chaoui Roqai Mhammed , Aanniz Tarik , Seffar Myriam , Kabbaj Hakima , El Amin Ghizlane , Zouaki Amal , Amzazi Saaïd , Ouadghiri Mouna , Belyamani Lahcen , Ibrahimi Azeddine
Published: April 2022

Here, we report the near-complete genome sequence and genetic variations of a clinical sample of SARS-CoV-2 for the newly emerged Omicron variant (BA.1). The sample was collected from a nasopharyngeal swab of a Moroccan patient, and the sequencing was done using Ion S5 technology.
Congestion in the tube: air trapping in a ventilated patient with COVID-19 secondary to mucinous valves
Authors: Arsanious Mina Nasr , Ambrasas Eduardas , Phull Mandeep , Wickrama Thusith
Published: April 2022

A woman in her 50s was admitted to the intensive therapy unit with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 pneumonitis. The patient was intubated on admission and worsening gas exchange necessitated multiple rounds of proning . She later improved, and her ventilation was switched to spontaneous mode. However, the patient started to develop air trapping with subsequent respiratory and cardiovascular compromise. Routine investigations showed no clear cause for her sudden deterioration and a suction catheter passed easily through the endotracheal tube. Bronchoscopy revealed mucinous/phlegmatic membranes had developed across the inner diameter of the endotracheal tube. This had created a one-way valve that allowed positive pressure ventilation through the tube into her lungs but only allowed a fraction of air to passively escape in expiration. This case report highlights a less commonly regarded complication associated with long-term intubation and lack of circuit humidification in the context of productive lung pathology.
Optimising the management of childhood acute diarrhoeal disease using a rapid test-and- treat strategy and/orLactobacillus reuteriDSM 17938: a multicentre, randomised, controlled, factorial trial in Botswana
Authors: Pernica Jeffrey M , Arscott-Mills Tonya , Steenhoff Andrew P , Mokomane Margaret , Moorad Banno , Bapabi Mbabi , Lechiile Kwana , Mangwegape Oarabile , Batisani Boswa , Mawoko Norah , Muthoga Charles , Vanniyasingam Thuvaraha , Ewusie Joycelyne , Lowe Amy , Bonsu Janice M , Gezmu Alemayehu M , Smieja Marek , Mazhani Loeto , Stordal Ketil , Thabane Lehana , Kelly Matthew S , Goldfarb David M
Published: April 2022

Introduction

The study aim was to determine if rapid enteric diagnostics followed by the provision of targeted antibiotic therapy (‘test-and-treat’) and/orLactobacillus reuteriDSM 17938 would improve outcomes in children hospitalised in Botswana with acute gastroenteritis.

Methods

This was a multicentre, randomised, factorial, controlled, trial. Children aged 2–60 months admitted for acute non-bloody diarrhoea to four hospitals in southern Botswana were eligible. Participants were assigned to treatment groups by web-based block randomisation. Test-and-treat results were not blinded, but participants and research staff were blinded toL. reuteri/placebo assignment; this was dosed as 1×108 cfu/mL by mouth daily and continued for 60 days. The primary outcome was 60-day age-standardised height (HAZ) adjusted for baseline HAZ. All analyses were by intention to treat. The trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov.

Results

Recruitment began on 12 June 2016 and continued until 24 October 2018. There were 66 participants randomised to the test-and-treat plusL. reuterigroup, 68 randomised to the test-and-treat plus placebo group, 69 to the standard care plusL. reuterigroup and 69 to the standard care plus placebo group. There was no demonstrable impact of the test-and-treat intervention (mean increase of 0.01 SD, 95% CI −0.14 to 0.16 SD) or theL. reuteriintervention (mean decrease of 0.07 SD, 95% CI −0.22 to 0.08 SD) on adjusted HAZ at 60 days.

Conclusions

In children hospitalised for acute gastroenteritis in Botswana, neither a test-and-treat algorithm targeting enteropathogens, nor a 60-day course ofL. reuteriDSM 17938, were found to markedly impact linear growth or other important outcomes. We cannot exclude the possibility that test-and-treat will improve the care of children with significant enteropathogens (such asShigella) in their stool.

Trial registration number

NCT02803827.
Comparison of labour and postnatal satisfaction between women with and without severe maternal morbidity: a double-cohort study
Authors: Fatin Imtithal Adnan , Norhayati Mohd Noor , Nor Akma Yunus
Published: April 2022

Objective

To compare labour and postnatal satisfaction between women with and without severe maternal morbidity in a tertiary hospital in Kelantan, Malaysia.

Design

A prospective double-cohort study.

Setting

Hospital and community based.

Participants

Women at childbirth and 1-month post partum.

Outcome measures

Labour satisfaction measured using the Malay version of the Women’s Views of Birth Labour Satisfaction Questionnaire and postnatal satisfaction measured using the Malay version of the Women’s Views of Birth Postnatal Satisfaction Questionnaire.

Results

A total of 198 participants responded following childbirth, while 193 responded 1-month post partum. Accordingly, although no significant difference in labour satisfaction scores following childbirth was observed between women with and without severe maternal morbidity, a significant difference in postnatal satisfaction score 1-month post partum had been noted (adjusted mean difference [95% CI]: 3 [0.54 to 5.45]; p=0.019). Moreover, domains for nursing a baby (0.08 [0.024] vs 0.06 [0.029]; p=0.022) and professional support (0.03 [0.022] vs 0.03 [0.029]; p=0.023) differed significantly between women with and without severe maternal morbidity.

Conclusions

Healthcare professional support and nursing of babies influenced the relationship between satisfaction and severe maternal morbidity during the later postpartum period.
Patterns and demographic correlates of domain-specific physical activities and their associations with dyslipidaemia in China: a multiethnic cohort study
Authors: Du Lunwei , Hong Feng , Luo Peng , Wang Ziyun , Zeng Qibing , Guan Han , Liu Haiyan , Yuan Zhiping , Xu Degan , Nie Fang , Wang Junhua
Published: April 2022

Objective

To evaluate the patterns and demographic correlates of domain-specific physical activities (PAs) and their associations with dyslipidaemia among ethnic minorities in China.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Participants

In total, 17 081 individuals were included.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Domain-specific PAs were assessed using a questionnaire related to occupational, transportation, housework and leisure-time PAs. Dyslipidaemia was measured using an automatic biochemical instrument. Demographic variables were self-reported.

Results

Housework accounted for most PAs in the study. Elderly people were more likely to participate in housework and leisure-time PA, whereas the mean level of PA in people with low education level and household income was high. With G3–G4 levels of occupational PA, Dong men (G4: OR=0.530, 95% CI 0.349 to 0.806), Miao women (G3: OR=0.698, 95% CI 0.524 to 0.931; G4: OR=0.611, 95% CI 0.439 to 0.850) and Bouyei women (G3: OR=0.745, 95% CI 0.566 to 0.981; G4: OR=0.615, 95% CI 0.440 to 0.860) tended to have a low risk of dyslipidaemia. With G2 levels of transportation, PA could reduce the risk of dyslipidaemia in Bouyei women (G2: OR=0.747, 95% CI 0.580 to 0.962). G2–G3 levels of leisure-time PA could reduce the risk of dyslipidaemia in Miao men (G2: OR=0.645, 95% CI 0.446 to 0.933; G3: OR=0.700, 95% CI 0.513 to 0.954). However, a high risk of dyslipidaemia was observed with G4 levels of leisure-time PA among Bouyei women (G4: OR=.353, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.905) and with transportation PA among Dong men (G4: OR=1.591, 95% CI 1.130 to 2.240).

Conclusion

The main PA of the ethnic minorities in Guizhou Province involved housework. Domain-specific PAs varied with demographic factors, and active domain-specific PAs were associated with a reduced risk of dyslipidaemia.