bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban Transformation and Associated Emerging Urban Forms: An Examination of Physical Density from Planning Interventions Perspective
Authors: Zelelew Samuel , Mamo Zegeye
Published: May 2023

Rapid urbanization frequently results in unanticipated morphological traits that could have multifaceted consequences, especially in the urban physical transformation of cities in developing countries. This study aimed to examine these spatial transformation events and identify the related emergent urban forms in the morphogenesis of Dire Dawa, Ethiopia from the perspective of plan-led and spontaneous developments. The researchers conducted a thorough on-site investigation to gather the necessary physical information and supplemented it with a desk review and focus group discussion. We utilized the Spacematrix software to examine the data and pinpoint the evolving urban structures from different time periods. Overall, the research demonstrated that point-type low-rise development dominated organically developed sites, whereas plan-driven developments were dominated by block-type low-rise and block-type midrise forms. Furthermore, except for outlying areas, there has been a rising trend in the floor space index and spatial coverage patterns over the course of the city’s morphological eras. This may indicate a growing concern for space efficiency and sustainable development. The density of the street network in organically developed portions, on the other hand, was greater than that in formally planned areas. This shows the relevance of considering the concept behind organic development in planning and designing interventions besides the formal western planning philosophy.
A Ira – Um estudo sobre o impacto da ira nas relações amorosas
Authors: Cunha Maria Zulmira , Pinto Silvia Marisa , Romeira Sandra
Published: May 2023

O ser humano dispõe de recursos inatos fundamentais para o seu correto funcionamento e sobrevivência. Os recursos inatos aqui em estudo são as emoções básicas. Estas são processos neuro-psicofisiológicos que o ser humano necessita no sentido de desenvolver uma determinada ação que funcionará como resposta aos estímulos vindos do meio ambiente e dos outros seres humanos. De certa forma, pode-se dizer que são informações a que se deve atender como forma de adaptação. Nesta reflexão pretende-se aprofundar o conhecimento de uma dessas emoções básicas: a ira. As investigadoras tentarão entender qual a sua função, quais as suas manifestações e consequências tanto físicas como psicológicas, e em particular refletir no possível impacto da ira nas relações amorosas. Quando o ser humano sente, mostra emoções através do corpo, de forma mais imediata através da face. Quando se altera o que o ser humano sente, este torna-se capaz de mudar o que pensa mas também como age, logo o ser humano torna-se mais adaptado ao meio. Apoiadas no trabalho do Prof. Investigador Freitas-Magalhães, as investigadoras tentarão identificar e codificar duas imagens que demonstrem os marcadores da ira na face, como o intuito de demonstrar a pertinência desta habilidade na identificação, reconhecimento, regulação e uso das emoções.
DIURNAL EVOLUTION OF FIRE BEHAVIOR AND MICROCLIMATE IN AREAS OF Eucalyptus urograndis (CLONE H13) IN THE CERRADO AMAZONIA TRANSITION ZONE
Authors: Souza Adilson P. , Lima Daiane C. , Casavecchia Bruno H. , Bouvié Luana , Borella Daniela R. , Carmo Fábio H. D. J.
Published: May 2023

Background. Forest fires generate several economic, social and environmental losses in native and planted forests. For the prevention and combat of forest fires it is important to know the behavior of fire in each environment potential for its development. This analysis depends on the direct measurement in the field of the parameters associated with the speed of propagation of the fire line and the length of the flames. The fire behavior is influenced by the interaction between meteorological and topographic conditions and plant residues (combustible material) inherent to the environment in which they occur. Objective. This paper evaluated of the fire behavior and microclimate in prescribed burnings performed at different times of the day, on the areas of 5.5-year-old Eucalyptus urograndis (clone H13), in the Cerrado Amazonia transition zone, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Methodology. Prescribed burnings was carried out in eucalyptus/crop (EC), eucalyptus/eucalyptus (EE), and eucalyptus/forest (EF) interfaces from 8:00 to 16:00 (considering solar time), in subdivided plots with ten replications. We conducted characterizations of the combustible material - CM (density, moisture, and dry mass), meteorological variables (air temperature, relative air humidity, and wind speed/ direction), and fire behavior (flame length, fire spread rate, and fire intensity). Results. The EF interface showed the highest density, moisture, and herbaceous material. The changes in solar energy scattering represented by the zenith angle (Z) directly affected the meteorological variables, with a gradual increase in the interfaces EC, EE, and EF, respectively. Implications. The results obtained allow the definition of the best times to carry out burns prescribed in forest monocultures, optimizing the available resources (water, retardants, labor, among others) in the direct fight against forest fires. Conclusion. Diurnal evolution of Z affected the fire behavior; in addition, the greater solar radiation between 10:00 and 14:00 resulted in fire intensification in the environmental interfaces.
CULTIVO DE YACÓN INTERCALADO CON COFFEA CANÉFORA
Authors: Teixeira Ariany Das Graças , Oliveira Fábio Luiz , Passos Otácilio Rangel , Cabral Mateus Oliveira , Parajara Magno Do Carmo , Olivas Dionicio Luis
Published: May 2023

Background. The yacon cultivation in Brazil occurs in several states, among them Espírito Santo. Objective. To evaluate the growth and yield of yacon cultivated in a consortium with conilon coffee, from three spacings between plants. Methodology. The three treatments, corresponding to three yacon plant spacings (spacings between plants of 20, 40 and 60 cm). The yacon were planted in a center line between the lines of the coffee tree. Evaluations were made regarding the vegetative development (plant height, number of leaves, number of stems and leaf area); temperature and moisture soil; accumulation of dry mass, productivity and gross income. Results. The adaptability of yacon in intercropped systems was demostrated, however, the final yield will depend on the spacing adopted for yacon planting. Despite the lower individual production (0.281 kg plant-1), the higher productivity (4687.75 kg ha-1) and, consequently, the higher gross income (U$ 1.464,75) were observed with the spacing of 20 cm between plants. Conclusion. The intercropping of yacon with conilon coffee can be a viable strategy for the introduction of the crop in the region, meaning an income to the family farmer
PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF IRRIGATED MELON CULTIVARS IN ORGANIC PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Authors: Ferreira Luiz Leonardo , Nascimento Porto Vania Christina , De Medeiros Jose Francismar , Amaral Uira Do , Fernandes Marilaine De Sá , Carrijo dos Santos Núbia Sousa , Carnevale Ariana Bertola
Published: May 2023

Background. The melon plant is herbaceous annual plant with a large social and economic relevance in Brazil, specially to the Northeast in of the country. Given the importance of this culture to the region, there is enormous demand for information trying to define a productive system that presents cost-saving, increases productivity, and achieve the minimum standards of fruit quality. In this scenario, a lot of researches were made as a way of trying to potentialize the organic production systems. Objective. The purpose of this work was to verify the different melon cultivars/types behavior, when it comes to the quality and production when cultivated under irrigation in organic production system. Methodology. The work was developed between the months of July and October in 2014, in the Hortvida rural propriety. The experimental design was a randomized block with treatments applied to seven different types of melon (Zelala Harpér, Magisto F1 Cant, Medellín Pele de Sapo, Hibrix F1 Amarelo, Yelogal F1 Gália, Magritte F1” and Solarnet Gália) with four repetitions. Morphological, qualitative and yield characteristics of melon fruits were analyzed. Results. The highest yields were obtained for cultivars Medellín Pele de Sapo (45.19 t ha-1) and Hibrix F1 Amarelo (34.24 t ha-1). Implications. The system of organic production of irrigated melon in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte maintained the productivity of most cultivars above 25 t ha-1, however, the content of soluble solids was higher for only three cultivars. Conclusions. The cultivar Medellín Pele de Sapo was the most productive one, but it also presented low soluble solids content.
LAND USE AND SLOPE POSITION EFFECT ON THE HYDROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SANDY LOAM SOILS OF KOUPENDRI CATCHMENT, NORTH-WEST OF BENIN
Authors: Azuka Chukwuebuka Vincent , Igué Mouinou Attanda , Diekkrüger Bernd
Published: May 2023

Background. Land use and landscape characteristics influence soil hydrological properties and catchment hydrology. Objective. To investigate the effect of land use and slope positions on soil hydrological properties. Methodology. The study was done in Koupendri catchment, northwest Benin. The experimental design was a 2x2 factorial scheme replicated ten times. The study considered two land use types and two slope positions. The soil texture was sandy loam with high gravel (50-71%) and low organic carbon (11-18.4 g/kg) contents. Results. The Ksat in-situ and steady state infiltration were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by land use. Higher Ksat values of 5.33-11.96 cm/h and steady state infiltration (13.53 cm/h) were obtained under fallow shrub-grassland (FSG) compared to 2.21-3.04 cm/h and 3.58 cm/h respectively under tilled maize-beans (MBT). At both daily and 30-minute timescales, the maximum in-situ soil moistures were 0.270cm3/cm3 and 0.393cm3/cm3, respectively under FSG compared to 0.221cm3/cm3 and 0.202cm3/cm3 recorded under MBT. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the soil hydrological properties was low (<10%) for BD and porosity, moderate (<30%) for  14 Î¸i"> ,  14Î¸f"> , and Ksat in-situ and very high (>50%) for Ksat-Lab. Conclusion. Land use significantly influenced soil hydrological properties 
Trophic interactions; Rhizobacteria; Plant growth; Preference
Authors: Meneses Lazo Rocío Elizabeth , Garruña René
Published: May 2023

Background. Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is a vegetable of economic interest, its fruits have unique characteristics of flavor and pungency. Its pungency is due to the capsaicinoids, which were the starting research interest on this crop. In this review, the historical scientific information about habanero pepper in Mexico was analyzed, in order to have an overview of the past, present and the perspectives for research. Objective. To analyze the scientific research of habanero pepper in different regions of Mexico and identify its importance as a model plant study. Methodology.  Fifteen databases and several key words were used to found the scientific research articles. Using their titles and aims, articles were grouped in eight research topic: 1) Biochemistry, 2) Genetics-Biotechnology, 3) Microbiology-Pests-Diseases, 4) Nutrition, 5) Physiology-Phenology, 6) Agronomic productivity, 7) Plant genetic resources and 8) Food and medical uses. The publications were sorted by year and region, the status of the journals and impact factor were analyzed. Main findings. In total 127 articles were analyzed and 69.3% of these were carried out at Yucatan Peninsula, 67% were published in journals indexed in the Journal of Citation Reports (JCR). Along years, publications of habanero peppers increased in other regions of Mexico; in addition, the research topics diversified. The first research article about habanero pepper in Mexico was published in 1998. In the area of biochemistry there were more publications (29), of which 24 were indexed in JCR. Implications. Most of the research of habanero pepper in Mexico can be classified as basic science, few manuscripts were about applied research. Conclusions. The capsaicinoids studies were the topic detonating research interest in this species as a model plant study, over time, the themes on this crop were diversified and the number of articles on habanero pepper has strengthened. However, more emphasis should be placed on studies focusing in solving the main problems of producers.
CONCENTRACIÓN DE K+, Ca2+ Y NH4+ EN LA PRODUCCIÓN Y CALIDAD DEL FRUTO Y BROTACIÓN VEGETATIVA DE CUATRO CULTIVARES DE FRESA
Authors: Escorcia-Luna Luis Alfredo , Bugarín-Montoya Rubén , Luna-Esquivel Gregorio , Alejo-Santiago Gelacio , Juárez-Rosete Cecilia Rocío , Calderón-Zavala Guillermo , García-Sánchez Prometeo
Published: May 2023

Background. The yield and the quality of the fruits in strawberry, it’s depending of the genotype, the environmental conditions and the nutritional state of the crop. The composition of the nutrient solution is decisive in the vegetative development, yield and quality of fruits in strawberry. Objective. To evaluate the effect of nutrient solutions with different concentrations of K+, Ca+2 and presence or not of NH4+ in the vegetative growth, production and quality of fruit from four strawberry cultivars: Festival, Monterey, Zamorana and CP-LE-07. Methodology. A hydroponic system was used in plastic containers with red basaltic volcanic rock. Steneir’s nutrient solution (1961) was supplied by changing the concentrations (in meq L-1) of potassium 1.75 and 5.25, calcium 2.25, 4.5 and 6.75, and ammonium 1.5. In the vegetative-flowering stage, the number of leaves, stolons and small plants was quantified in the flowering fruiting stage, the production of fruit per plant was determined. Fruit quality was evaluated by fresh weight, diameter and length of fruits, firmeness, color, total soluble solids, titrable acidity, pH ant the º Brix /Titrable acidity ratio. Results. In the variables of vegetative sprouting, there were highly significant differences in the two study factors: nutrient solution and cultivars. There was an interactive effect between both study factors. Production per plant showed no differences in the nutrient solution factor. In the post-harvest quality of the fruit there were highly significant differences for º Brix, firmness and the relationship º Brix/Titrable acidity in the nutrient solution factor. Implications. The composition of the nutrient solution should be adjusted according to cultivar to promote vegetative and generative growth and fruit quality. Conclusions. The addition of NH4+ only increased the vegetative growth in the Monterey cultivar and the different concentrations of K+ and Ca+2 in the nutrient solution had not effect on the vegetative-flowering stage. The concentration of 5.25 meq L-1 of K+ in the nutrient solution increased the weight, length and firmness of the fruit. The increase from 2.25 to 6.75 meq L-1 of Ca+2 negatively affected the post-harvest quality of the fruit. In most of the variables studied, strawberry cultivars had an interactive response with nutrient solutions.
EVALUACIÓN DEL EFECTO DE LA COMBINACIÓN DE DISULFURO DE DIBENCILO, TRISULFURO DE DIBENCILO Y METIL ÉSTER DE ÁCIDO OCTADECENOICO SOBRE EL PROCESO DE OVOGÉNESIS EN RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS RESISTENTE A ACARICIDAS
Authors: Arceo-medina G.N. , Rosado Aguilar Jose Alberto , Rodriguez-Vivas R.I. , Borges-Argaez R. , Barredo-Pool F.A.
Published: May 2023

Background. The aromatic compounds of P. alliacea are a good alternative for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus resistant to acaricides; however, there are not reports evaluating the effect of these compounds on the reproductive system of R. microplus. Methodology. In the present work, the effect of the combination of three compounds: dibenzyl disulfide (63.1%), dibenzyl trisulfide (32.5%) and octadecenoic acid methyl ester (0.7%), on mortality and the oogenesis process was evaluated on Rhipicephalus microplus ticks resistant to acaricides. To evaluate the effects of this combination of compounds, the adult immersion test (AIT) was used, where mortality values, inhibition of oviposition and inhibition of hatching were obtained. Histopathology (HP) was used to evaluate the effect on oogenesis of the reproductive system. Results. In the AIT, non-significant mortalities (26.4 ± 9.8%) were obtained, high efficiency in percentages of oviposition inhibition (85.6 ± 3.7%) and moderate efficacy in the inhibition of hatching (57.0 ± 4.0%). In HP, the uteri of ticks subjected to immersion in the mixture of benzylsulfur compounds (1%) for one minute showed changes in the normal structure of their oocytes: morphological alterations that appear as deformed and heterogeneous cell masses. Implications. These compounds do not affect adult mortality; however, they have a high impact on larval progeny, breaking the R. microplus cycle. Conclusion. The mixture of the studied compounds exerts an inhibiting effect on the process of oogenesis in R. microplus, which is promising for the control of this ectoparasite.
EFFECT OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE INDUCTORS ON PR´S ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES AND SEVERITY OF MANGO ANTHRACNOSE
Authors: Monteon Ojeda Abraham , Damián-Nava Agustín , Vargas-Madriz Haidel , Talavera-Villareal Antonio , Bautista-Bañuelos Cecilio , Piedragil Ocampo Betsabe , Azuara-Domínguez Ausencio
Published: May 2023

Background: anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is an important disease in mango (Mangifera indica) due to its worldwide distribution and inducting of severe epidemics in vegetative and reproductive states, causing significant losses. In nature, plants produce defense mechanisms to protect themselves from biotic and abiotic factors by increasing the synthesis of secondary metabolites and enzymes involving processes such as the accumulation of phenolic compounds, β-1, 3-glucanases and chitinases. Objective: in the present work, the increase in the accumulation of phenolic compounds and enzymes related to pathogenesis β-1, 3-glucanases and chitinases was evaluated as a function of inducers of systemic resistance acquired: acibenzolar-S-methyl, salicylic acid and sodium phosphonate (phosphite). Methodology: the applications of treatments were initiated when the plants were approximately 2 years old (6 months of acclimation), the treatments were applied via foliage, the foliage sampling for the enzymatic analysis was performed taken at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days after inoculations (dai) and the variables evaluated were: phenolic compounds concentration, enzymatic activity of β-1,3-glucanasess (GLU) and chitinases (CHI) by chromatographic methods, also the incubation period, incidence, severity were evaluated. Results: analysis of variance, growth dynamics and correlation showed that those treatments where a resistance inducer was applied had significantly lower incidence and severity levels than the control, as well longer incubation periods. The dynamics of phenolic compound concentration and enzymatic activity were similar in all treatments except for control, observing peaks at 5 and 20 days after application. In addition, a significant correlation between the variables: area under the progress curve of the accumulation of phenolic compounds and activity of β-1, 3-glucanases and chitinases with the anthracnose incidence, severity and incubation period could be observed. Implications: in future studies it is recommended to analyze the behavior of treatments in multiple cultivars. Conclusion: these results contribute to the mango agronomic management in the region as precedent in the search to low environmental impact alternatives for diseases management, also contributing to the determination of disease’s etiology.
DIVERSIDAD DE AVES EN UN PAISAJE ANTRÓPICO EN EL CENTRO DEL ESTADO DE VERACRUZ, MÉXICO
Authors: Fuentes-Moreno Axel , Mogollón-Serrano Monica , Servín-Torres José Luis , Serna-Lagunes Ricardo , Leyva-Ovalle Otto Raúl , Andrés-Meza Pablo , Llarena-Hernández Régulo Carlos , García-Martínez Miguel Ángel
Published: May 2023

Background. Studying the bird community in urban, semi-urban or agroecosystem anthropic spaces allows us to identify the effects of human disturbance on biodiversity and, thus, design conservation strategies. Objective. To analyzed the structure of the bird community in an anthropized stratum in the center of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, during the spring-summer 2016 season. Methodology. The sampling method was carried out in two strata by plot mapping: the garden plot and the plot agricultural fields were sampled by two observers, between 7:00 and 12:00 h, every 8.6 days on average. Wealth, abundance, seasonality and conservation status of birds were determined. Results. 98 species belonging to 28 families and 14 orders were observed, with the Parulidae family showing the greatest wealth. 54 species were recorded in the gardens and 87 in the agricultural fields, but the indicators predicted up to 70 and 115, respectively, representing 76% of sampling completeness. The Shannon index did not differ significantly between the birds of each stratum, but the rarefaction analysis indicated a wealth of birds significantly higher in the fields than in the gardens. Conclusion. This anthropized landscape it serves as a refuge for seven species at risk.
USO DE INSUMOS ALTERNATIVOS PARA LA MICROPROPAGACIÓN EN MEDIO SEMISÓLIDO Y SISTEMA DE INMERSIÓN TEMPORAL DE Solanum tuberosum, Ullucus tuberosus Y Oxalis tuberosa
Authors: Peña Rojas Gilmar , Sanchez Hector , Roel Barahona Indira , Andía Ayme Vidalina , Segura-Turkowsky Martha , Estrada Jimenez Rolando
Published: May 2023

Background. Micropropagation allows high rates of clonal multiplication of plants in short periods of time. However, despite being a simple technique, its implementation can be costly for regions and producers with limited resources. One of the main limiting factors is the lack of access to the inputs (QP) for the basic media that is widely published and disseminated in the literature. Other limiting factors include high costs, logistical difficulties and timely access to such inputs. Objective. In order to address these problems, the present work proposes the use of alternative inputs in the composition of the culture media for micropropagation of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas), and oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) in semi-solid and liquid media, as well as in temporary immersion systems (SIT). Methodology. All the macro and micronutrients of the basic media were replaced with inputs available at low cost in any local market. Results. The best results for micropropagation rate, plant vigor and rooting were obtained in the medium with substituted and accesible inputs (EP medium). These results were validated for micropropagation by nodal cutting in liquid and semi-solid médium and SIT. Implications. The basic medium (EP), formulated herein may be used by any laboratory and resource-poor farmers to apply micropropagation and improve revenues. Conclusion.The production cost of the EP medium, with easily accessible inputs in low-cost local markets, is significantly cheaper than MS medium used as a control, without differences in micropropagation.
APORTES DE LA AGROBIODIVERSIDAD A LA SUSTENTABILIDAD DE LA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR EN COLOMBIA
Authors: Acevedo-Osorio Alvaro , Ortiz Przychodzka Stefan , Ortiz Pinilla Jorge Eduardo
Published: May 2023

Background. Family gardens represent spaces that promot the conservation and use of agrobiodiversity, generating welfare and sustainability conditions for rural communities. Objective. This study explores the relationship between biodiversity, agrobiodiversity and family farming economy in rural areas in departments of Caldas (Association of Indigenous and Peasant Producers) and Cundinamarca (Reserve Zone of Cabrera), Colombia. Methodology. Data on farm size, land use, present agrobiodiversity, income generation and self-consumption levels were compiled. The variability in these characteristics is strongly influenced by the size of the farms and by the areas destined for production and conservation. It is noted that smaller farms tend to generate higher agricultural income and self-consumption values per unit of productive area. Conclusions. The article concludes the importance of considering agrobiodiversity as a determinant component for the sustainability of the agro-food system and highlights the fundamental role of family farming in protecting it through its knowledge and traditional systems of use and management. At the end, the authors recommend the promotion of agrobiodiversity in public policies for national food security and sovereignty including its conservation as a criterion in land planning plans.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF SMALLHOLDER COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE FARMS IN CUENCA (ECUADOR)
Authors: Zea Pedro , Chilpe Jeimy , Sánchez Diego , Chica Eduardo J.
Published: May 2023

Background. Vegetable crops in Ecuador are produced primarily by smallholders in the Andes. Cuenca is an intermediate city in Southern Ecuador whose demand of fresh vegetables is supplied mostly by small farms located < 60 Km from the city. Objective. The objective of this study was to characterize smallholder vegetable farms located on the outskirts of Cuenca using input/output energy balances. Methodology. One hundred and four vegetable farms were visited during the first semester of 2016. Farmers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire about the inputs used by them for crop production and the outputs of their crops. Results. Most of the farms (83) produced negative energy balances with energy efficiencies ranging from 0.16 to 0.97 whereas farms with positive energy balances had efficiencies ranging from 1.03 to 1.97. The largest energy input in most farms was from organic fertilizers, followed by the planting material and direct energy use for pumping and other farm activities. A positive significant correlation was detected between farm size and energy efficiency. Implications. Our results reveal opportunities to improve the functioning of these farming systems and the need to take into account efficiency considerations in the design of technological and policy interventions oriented to improve the sustainability of these systems. Conclusions. Most smallholder vegetable farms in periurban Cuenca operate producing negative energy balances. Organic fertilizers and direct energy are the largest energy inputs used in these farms.  Potential energy economies of scale were detected both in energy efficient and energy inefficient farms.
GENETIC VARIABILITY OF Pun1 GENE (CAPSAICIN SYNTHASE) IN PUNGENT CULTIVARS OF Capsicum annuum OF NORTHERN MEXICO.
Authors: González-Zamora Alberto , Olvera-Carranza Clarita , Ávalos-Calleros Jesús Aarón , Hernández-García José Luis , Ríos-Sánchez Efraín , Pérez-Morales Rebeca
Published: May 2023

Background: Capsaicinoids are exclusive of the genus Capsicum and are responsible for fruit pungency. The genetic basis of pungency is not yet fully understood, although several candidate genes have been analyzed including the Pungent gene (Pun1). Objective: The main aim of this study was to identify the Pun1 in some pungent samples of Capsicum annuum of Northern Mexico adapted to conditions of high temperature and analyze the variability of polymorphisms in the gene. Methodology: The coding sequence of the Pun1 gene was analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length. Results: The Pun1 gene showed highly variable patterns; the variable regions were sequenced, and we found 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the first exon and 7 in the intron, some polymorphisms generated amino acid changes; while that of Chiltepin cultivar showed more than one sequence. Implications: The protein homology model suggests that these polymorphisms could affect their functionality. Conclusion: All the pungent cultivars of Mexican C. annuum analyzed were positive to Pun1 gene and have a high variety of polymorphisms, this study provides evidence of the high variability that exists in the Pun1 gene responsible for pungency and could allow the selection of pungent variants to obtain a greater quantity of capsaicinoids for different applications.
ÁRBOLES Y ARBUSTOS TROPICALES CON POTENCIAL PARA DISMINUIR LA PRODUCCIÓN DE METANO EN RUMIANTES
Authors: Sandoval Pelcastre Adrian Adolfo , Ramirez Mella Mónica , Rodríguez Ávila Norma Laura , Candelaria Martinez Bernardino
Published: May 2023

Background. Worlwide ruminants are an important source of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) as they contribute with around 115 million tons of methane on a yearly basis. Methane is generated by the fermentation of the feed inside the rumen by a microbial consortia constituted by bacteria, archaea, fungi and protozoa. Due to the warming power of methane, which is 28 higher than carbon monoxide, current research focuses on diminishing the emissions of this gas by domestic ruminants. The use of several species of tropical trees and shrubs as a supplement of ruminant feed have resulted ideal within silvopastoral systems. Objective. To analyze the current research on trees tropical foliage through the implementation of silvopastoral systems in conventional livestock systems with the aim to diminish GHG generated by ruminal fermentation. Methodology. The search of bibliographic information was performed during august 2018 and june 2019 using key terms. Results. The results from the diverse research shows that foliage from trees and shrubs located in tropical regions not only increase livestock performance, but al so diminish methane synthesis within the rumen due to the action of derived plant secondary metabolites such as condensed tannins, phenolic compounds, essential oils, flavonoids and saponins present in leaves and pods. Implications. The information presented in this paper focuses on the use of foliage of tree and shrub species with forage potential in tropical conditions, which have a significant effect on the reduction of methanogenesis in ruminants due to an improvement in nutritional quality of the diet and the presence of secondary metabolites Conclusion.  The use of silvopastoral systems with tropical legumes species have the potential of reducing the GHG produced by cattle by 20 up to 38 %.
MARCOS METODOLÓGICOS PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LA SUSTENTABILIDAD AGRÍCOLA EN CUENCAS HIDROGRÁFICAS: UNA REVISIÓN
Authors: Cuervo-Osorio Victor Daniel , Ruiz-Rosado Octavio , Vargas-Villamil Luis Manuel , García-Pérez Eliseo , Gallardo-López Felipe , Díaz-Rivera Pablo
Published: May 2023

Background. The selection of indicators and their use for the evaluation of agricultural sustainability at the watershed level is addressed. Objective. To discuss the importance of their use and the options of existing methodological frameworks for this purpose. Main findings. the concept of indicator and its characteristics are defined; subsequently, the main methodological frameworks used in the selection of indicators are described, with emphasis on the assessment of agricultural sustainability in watersheds. Conclusions. In the evaluation of agricultural sustainability at the watershed level, it is highlighted the selection of indicators based on a methodological framework that integrates the three dimensions of sustainability (social, ecological and economic). It was considered the management and interactions of the agroecosystems with other external systems and internal subsystems within the watershed. It is emphasized the importance of selecting indicators in a participatory manner, with producers and the application of multivariate analysis that may contribute to the generation of sustainability indices
EVALUACIÓN DEL DESEMPEÑO DE HUMEDALES CONSTRUIDOS VERTICALES PARCIALMENTE SATURADOS PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES PORCINAS
Authors: Sandoval-Herazo Mayerlin , Nani Graciela , Sandoval Luis , Rivera Saul , Fernández-Lambert Gregorio , Alvarado-Lassman Alejandro
Published: May 2023

Background. The operation of partially saturated vertical constructed wetlands (HC-VPS) are novel systems that improve the elimination of nitrogen present in wastewater and have been used mainly in Europe. However, there are no known reports of its use in the treatment of wastewater with a high content of Nitrogen and organic matter such as pig wastewater. Objective. This paper reports the performance of HC-VPS at the mesocosm level for the treatment of porcine sewage sown in triplicate with Canna Hybrids and Germanic Iris. Methodology. Six experimental HC-VPS units, filled with red tezontle and with the water outlet control level 0.5 m high from the base upwards, were fed with 1: 1 diluted swine wastewater and intermittently fed with 4 liters of water every 4 hours. The elimination of COD, SST, N-NH4, NTK and total CF at the entry and exit of the systems was measured. Results. It was found that HC-VPS improve the removal of contaminants in COD (5%), SST (20%), N-NH4 (25%), NTK (32%) and total CF (20%) in relation to traditional vertical constructed wetland systems. No significant differences were found (p> 0.05) for the elimination of any type of parameters including COD between the two species used as vegetation. Implications. These results contribute to improve operation parameters and species selection that are used in partially saturated vertical constructed wetlands in tropical and intertropical zones. Conclusions. The two species used managed to develop and adapt the new water quality conditions to which they were exposed. The water derived from these systems can be used in agro-industrial processes or incorporated into the production cycle once treated in HC-VPS.
GARLIC (Allium sativum L.) ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST GROWTH AND AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION OF Aspergillus parasiticus
Authors: Vargas-Ortiz Manuel Alejandro , San Martín-Hernández Cesar , Angulo-Escalante Miguel Ángel , Muy-Rangel María Dolores , Quintana-Obregón Eber Addí
Published: May 2023

Background: Aspergillus parasiticus is a mold to produce aflatoxins, and growth in maize; the used synthetic fungicides for their inhibition are risk to health and the environment.  However, garlic essential oil to have antifungal activity and can be alternative for control A. parasiticus. Objective/hypothesis: Essential garlic oil can inhibit the in vitro growth of A. parasiticus and its aflatoxins.  Methodology: The in vitro antifungal activity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) essential oil was evaluated against A. parasiticus (radial growth and spore germination). In addition, the mean inhibitory concentrations (IC50) and minimum inhibitory (MIC) were calculated. Aflatoxins were tested on maize with High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Results: The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) and minimum inhibitory (MIC) obtained by Probit analyses with radial growth were 971 and 2875 ppm of garlic essential oil, respectively, in A. parasiticus. These concentrations inhibited spore germination until 24 h. Starting from 100 ppm of garlic essential oil, mycelial inhibition was shown. Evidence of inhibition of aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus in maize was not possible at concentrations of 971 and 2875 ppm garlic essential oil. Implications: The concentrations 971 and 2875 ppm of garlic essential oil inhibited the growth in vitro of A. parasiticus. However, they did not inhibit aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus into maize. Conclusion: Garlic essential oil inhibit the in vitro growth of A. parasiticus on growth radial and germination spores; but not inhibit aflatoxins production on maize to concentrations 971 and 2875 ppm of garlic essential oil.
AGROBIODIVERSIDAD VEGETAL COMESTIBLE EN EL TERRITORIO INDÍGENA MAYA-CH’OL DE CHIAPAS, MÉXICO
Authors: Ubiergo Corvalán Paola Andrea , Rodríguez Galván María Guadalupe , Zaragoza Martínez María Lourdes , Ponce Díaz Pilar , Casas Alejandro , Mariaca Méndez Ramón
Published: May 2023

Background. Agrobiodiversity represents the importance of the knowledge that indigenous peoples possess about the use of species, a component that has been fundamental in the food system and the subsistence of families. Chiapas is the second state with the greatest biological and cultural diversity in Mexico; however, agroecological research on indigenous communities in the north of the state is still little explored. Objective. Document the edible plant agrobiodiversity represented in the agroecosystems of the mayan-ch’ol people. Methodology. For this research, communities located in Salto de Agua and Tumbalá municipalities of the Chiapas state were selected, where contact was made with the local authority to propose work agreements. Participatory research techniques, surveys of 10% of family production units, interviews with key informants, participant observation and ethnobotanical collections were applied. Results. Seven agroecosystems called milpa, backyard, agroforestry family plot, coffee plantation, oil palm, paddock and forest were presented in the family production units, destined for the production, management and exploitation of forest and livestock, both for self-sufficiency and for sale. Likewise, 107 edible species were registered, corresponding to 45 families, with Fabaceae being the most diverse with 16 species. The edible category was classified into six subcategories, the most representative were food (32%), dessert (28.9%) and drink (17.2%) and, less frequently, consumption in the field (10.9%), seasoning (9.4%) and snacks (1.6%). 38 species with use values between 3 and 2 are documented, with higher value in Zea mays L., Cucurbita pepo L. and Brosimum alicastrum Sw. Implications. This study understands the ethical importance of linking with indigenous communities, which is documented under the criteria of systems of life and rescue of knowledge, which serve to direct the context of managing community proposals towards the sustainability of local resources. Conclusions. The analysis of edible plant species allowed documenting the agrobiodiversity of the ch'ol family production units, which constitutes an essential component of the complex system for the use of resources, whose form of conservation and management depends on the family context, with the main influence and sustenance in their traditional knowledge.
EFFECTS OF GRASS-WEED INTERACTIONS ON MORPHO-ECOLOGICAL TRAITS AND WEEDING BENEFITS OF RANGE GRASSES IN SOUTHERN KENYA RANGELANDS
Authors: Kasai Yahya Sabdow , Nyangito Moses , Koech Oscar
Published: May 2023

Background: Weeds invasion into rangeland ecosystems is a precursor for biodiversity loss, increased soil erosion, declining wildlife habitats, and decline in carrying capacity for livestock. These weeds are fierce competitors with range grasses often possessing attributes of high seedling vigor and short life cycles compared to the grasses. Weeds invasion to a pasture land, can starve the grasses grown in the land. Objective: To investigate the competitive interactions of three range grasses with weed infestation. Methodology: The grasses evaluated were; Chloris roxburghiana (CHLORIS), Cenchrus ciliaris (CECI), and Eragrotis superba (ERASU). Four weed control regimes were applied: Continuous weeding (T1), weeding on the 8th week (T2), weeding on 10th week (T3) and the control (T4). The grass species Morpho-ecological data was collected on parameters such as; tiller density, grass height, grass density and biomass yield at the grass bloom stage. Results: A significant difference in morpho-ecological traits of all the weeding regimes was found. Continuous weed management and weeding at 8th week of establishment, respectively showed the highest performance in all the parameters measured. None-weeding management demonstrated the least performance. Implication: These research findings will help in developing a long term pasture weeds management plans to prevent encroachment of problematic weed species and to rehabilitate the already degraded rangelands. Conclusion: On all the grass species, continuous, weeding, periodic weeding at 8 weeks and 10 weeks demonstrated an increase in dry matter biomass respectively. None-weeding had the least pasture performance. 
PRESENCIA DE HONGOS ENTOMOPATÓGENOS ASOCIADOS A SUELOS CULTIVADOS CON AGUACATE (Persea americana Mill.) EN COLIMA, MÉXICO
Authors: Rodríguez-Rodríguez José Carlos , Castruita-Domínguez José Pedro , Rodríguez-Vélez Beatriz , Neri-Luna Cecilia , Ayala-Zermeño Miguel Angel
Published: May 2023

Background: Entomopathogenic fungi (EF) play a key role in the regulation of arthropod populations and biotransformation in natural systems, as well as biological pest control agents in different agroecosystems, including avocado cultivation (Persea americana Mill.), where Mexico is a leader in production and export worldwide. Objective: Determine the presence of EF in soil in commercial avocado orchards in the state of Colima, Mexico. Methodology: Sampling was carried out in three avocado orchards (Piedra rajada, El Guardián, and Montitlán) located in Comala and Cuauhtémoc in the state of Colima, Mexico, from July 2016 to June 2017. Soil samples were collected around avocado trees. Isolation of entomopathogenic fungi was performed using the Galleria mellonella Linnaeus insect trap technique. The isolates were identified considering their micro- and macroscopic characteristics with the taxonomic keys of Humber (2012). Results: A total of 108 samples were collected, of those, 120 isolates were obtained, of which 112 belong to the genus Metarhizium and eight to Beauveria. Implications: The recovered fungi have a great value for the avocado-growing areas of the state of Colima, either for the conservation of natural enemies of soil pests or for their potential use as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. Conclusion: Knowing the native micro-biota of the soil should be considered within biological pest control strategies, since it allows selecting the best adapted species, and including sustainable alternatives for the environment. 
PREDICTION OF LIVE WEIGHT BY MORPHOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN FEMALES AND MALES OF CRIOLLO SHEEP OF THE OAXACAN MIXTECA, MEXICO
Authors: Avalos-Castro Raul , Segura-Correa Jose C. , Palacios-Espinoza Alejandro , Angulo Carlos , Yam-Tze Jose Benjamin , Nulutagua-Hernandez Manuel Alejandro , Romero-Santillan Fernando
Published: May 2023

Background. The live weight (LW) and morphometric variables of sheep are useful characteristics to generate adequate criteria for genetic improvement and conservation of Creole animal resources. Objective. To establish morphological relationships and through them predict LW of females and males in Creole sheep of the Oaxacan Mixteca, Mexico. Methodology. LW, thoracic perimeter (TP), height at withers (HW), back length (BL), cane perimeter (CP), head length (HL), neck length (NL), abdominal perimeter (AP) and rump width (RW) were recorded in 720 Creole sheep in 24 production units, measured in animals of both sexes. First, they were analyzed using general linear model procedures to determine the effect of sex on the variables of interest, and then, they were analyzed using discriminant analysis. Simple correlations between morphometric variables were calculated and step-by-step multiple linear regression equations were generated to predict LW. Results. Differences were found between sexes for LW and morphometric measures, which were correlated (p ≤ 0.05). The variables TP, AP and BL had the highest correlations (0.92, 0.90 and 0.89, respectively) and the variables CP, NL and RW, the lowest (0.75, 0.82 and 0.83, respectively). The statistical models explained a large proportion of the total variability (R2 from 85 to 91 %). According to sex, males had R2 (0.90 to 0.94) higher than females (0.83 to 0.89). In both cases TP and HW were the most important characteristics for predicting LW. Conclusions. Under the conditions of this work, the model that included TP and HW was the one that best predicted the LW of the Creole sheep of the Oaxacan Mixteca. It is recommended to use different equations for each sex and training of sheep producers in the use of those equations.
Seasonal Diet Variation of (Tetracerus quadricornis) Four-horned Antelope in Rangayyanadurga Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, Southern India
Authors: Asha B. S. , Kumara Vijaya
Published: May 2023

In the ecosystem, the four-horned antelope were selective feeders by browsing and grazing plant species in different compositions. These species have adaptable characteristics to feed on nutritious parts of available shrubs and trees in their habitat. The study was conducted through fecal analysis studies on the diet of four-horned antelopes in Rangayyanadurga four-horned Antelope Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, Southern India. The study identified 95.7% of the plant species that occurred in the pellet sample, with 4.30% remaining unidentified. The percentage occurrence of dicots in the pellet sample was 80.85%, while monocots had a minimum occurrence of 19.15%. In point of growth forms, trees accounted for 34.52%, shrubs for 19.15%, herbs for 19.10%, grasses for 19.14%, and climbers for 3.5%. The Poaceae family had the highest composition percentage of occurrence in the diet with 19.13%, followed by Fabaceae at 17.53% in the diet of four-horned antelope. The study concluded that antelopes were adaptable in nature when it comes to the matter of food and survival, picking out the nutritious food that they need as available in nature. The composition of plant species in the diet helps in understanding the food habits and habitats of the four-horned antelope, which is essential for conservation and management in their natural habitat. This study provides valuable knowledge of the food habits and habitats of four-horned antelopes for further studies in this area.
Agreement Between MDRD and CKD-EPI eGFR Results: A Large Population-Based Method Comparison
Authors: Türkeş Gülsüm Feyza , Yıldız Serkan , Gürsoy Doruk Özlem , Keskinoğlu Pembe , Küme Tuncay , Şişman Ali Rıza
Published: May 2023

Amaç: 24 saatlik idrarla belirlenen glomerüler filtrasyon hızı (GFR) külfetli ve hataya yatkın olduğundan, günümüzde nefrologlar tahmini bir GFR (eGFR) kullanılmasını önermektedir. Bu çalışma, yüksek vaka sayılarında Renal Hastalıkta Diyet Modifikasyonu (MDRD) ve Kronik Böbrek Hastalığı Epidemiyolojisi Birliği (KBH-EPI) eGFR arasındaki uyumu araştırmayı amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Dışlama kriterleri sonrasında 56228 eGFR sonucu çalışmaya dahil edildi. MDRD ve KBH-EPI eGFR sonuçları arasındaki uyum için kappa analizi kullanıldı. Ek olarak, iki yöntem Klinik ve Laboratuvar Standartları Enstitüsü (CLSI) standardına göre karşılaştırıldı.

Bulgular: İki eGFR yöntemin arasındaki uyum %84.4, uyumsuzluk ise %15.6 saptandı. Kronik BöbrekHastalığı (KBH) Evre 1'den 5'e göre sınıflandırıldığında uyumsuzluk sırasıyla %3.0, %33.2, %13.0, %7.2 ve %1.1 olarak bulundu. KBH-EPI eGFR sonuçları, MDRD'denortalama %4.4 daha yüksekti. Toplamda MDRD ve KBH-EPI eGFR sonuçlarında güçlü bir korelasyon (r=0.949) saptandı. Evreler dikkate alındığında Evre 1 ve Evre 2 için korelasyon katsayısının daha düşük olduğu belirlendi. (sırasıyla r=0.711 ve r=0.924). Tıbbi karar limiti olarak sınıflandırması geçiş limitleri alındığında en yüksek farkın Evre 1-2 geçiş seviyesinde (90 ml/dk) %9.8 olduğu saptandı.

Sonuç: İki yöntem arasındaki %fark <%9.8 olmakla birlikte, %15.6'lik kategorik uyumsuzluk hasta izleminde takip sorunu yaratacaktır. MDRD'nin düşük serum kreatinininde daha yüksek sonuçlar verdiği göz önüne alındığında, sağlıklı bir popülasyonda kullanımının uygun olmayacağını göstermektedir.