bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compact module for complementary-channel THz pulse slicing
Authors: Price Brad D. , Sojka Antonín , Agladze Nikolay I. , Sherwin Mark S.
Published: January 2024

We present a modular quasi-optical pulse slicer designed for use at terahertz (THz) frequencies. Given a quasi-cw input, the two outputs of a module are (1) a pulse with programmable duration and (2) its complement. The quasi-optical design incorporates a laser-driven silicon switch at Brewster's angle to the incoming THz beam, which limits undesired reflections before the switch is activated such that THz power is only transmitted when the switch is “on.” An “off” switch ensures that no power is leaked after the pulse and that the switching profile is sharp. The slicer's small footprint (0.048×0.072×0.162 m3) and small insertion loss (1.2 dB at 320 GHz) as well as high switching efficiency (∼70%) allows modules to be stacked to create multiple pulses. The output channel that is not used for experiments can be used for concurrent analysis of beam parameters. Stacking modular assemblies will enable more complex sequences of kW-level pulses than are currently achievable for applications including free-electron-laser or gyrotron-powered pulsed electron spin resonance at high magnetic fields.
All-organic arrayed photodetectors with fast UVA–UVC response based on self-aligned planar BPEA nanowires
Authors: Zhou Wei , Wang Xingyu , Li Yajun , Liu Hanyu , Huang Pingyang , Chen Xiangtao , Xu Jinyou
Published: January 2024

Single-crystalline 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) nanowires are promising building blocks for all-organic ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors owing to their environmental stability and efficient absorption of UV radiation. However, many of the intrinsic properties of BPEA nanowires become largely smeared when they adopt disordered ensembles. In this study, by exploiting the exceptional graphoepitaxial effect of hydrophobic parallel nanogrooves, self-aligned planar BPEA nanowires with high crystallinity and chemical purity are grown over the entire sapphire surface. They are then integrated in situ to form arrayed photodetectors by direct deposition of metal electrodes. This strategy helps preserve the exceptional properties of single-crystalline BPEA nanowires to improve photoresponse performance, as unwanted structural damage and chemical impurities associated with the demanding post-growth transfer and alignment steps can be eliminated. Under ambient conditions, these photodetectors exhibit fast and sensitive photoresponse to UV radiation in the 200–400 nm range, covering the short-wave UV (UVC), the middle-wave UV (UVB), and the long-wave UV (UVA) bands. The arrayed photodetectors also enable statistical testing and evaluation of their performance, a prerequisite for advancing nanowire devices into real-world applications. Averaging over 81 detectors gives a responsivity of 0.30 A/W, a detectivity of 3.11 × 109 Jones, and a response time of 31.0 ms under 380 nm light at 20.32 mW/cm2 and 20-V bias. The proposed methods for the rational growth of aligned nanowires and scaled-up production of photodetectors represent a substantial advance toward the implementation of UV photodetectors from organic molecules.
Emergent magneto-inductance effect in permalloy thin films on flexible polycarbonate substrates at room temperature
Authors: Matsushima Yu , Zhang Zijing , Ohashi Yuri , Hatakeyama Tsunagu , Xiao Gang , Funato Takumi , Matsuo Mamoru , Kaiju Hideo
Published: January 2024

Emergent inductance has attracted significant interest for its relevance in both interesting fundamental physics and practical applications in magnetic devices that demand miniaturization without compromising inductance. In this Letter, we report the discovery of a stepwise magnetic field-induced emergent magneto-inductance (EML) effect in Permalloy (Py) thin films deposited on polycarbonate (PC) substrates. Remarkably, Py/PC devices exhibit an exceptionally large inductance variation exceeding 1 μH at room temperature, and intriguingly, a sign reversal of inductance occurs around the zero magnetic field. The dependencies of the EML effect on frequency, step magnetic field changes, and film width can be explained from the theory based on the spin motive force driven by transient domain wall motion. This study opens up exciting avenues for advancing our understanding of emergent inductance in fundamental physics and paves the way for practical applications in flexible magnetic devices.
A numerical simulation research on fish adaption behavior based on deep reinforcement learning and fluid–structure coupling: Implementation of the “perceive-feedback-memory” control system
Authors: Zhang Chunze , Li Tao , Zhang Guibin , Gou Xiangjie , Zhou Qin , Ma Qian , Zhang Xujin , Hou Ji
Published: January 2024

The autonomous swimming of fish in a complex flow environment is a nonlinear and intricate system, which is the focus and challenge in various fields. This study proposed a novel simulation framework for artificial intelligence fish. It employed a high-precision immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann coupling scheme to simulate the interactions between fish and flow in real time, and utilized the soft actor-critic (SAC) deep reinforcement learning algorithm for fish brain decision-making module, which was further divided into a vision-based directional navigation and a lateral line-based flow perception modules, each matched with its corresponding macro-action space. The flow features were extracted using a deep neural network based on a multi-classification algorithm from the data perceived by the lateral line and were linked to the fish actions. The predation swimming and the various Kármán gait swimming were explored in terms of training, simulation, and generalization. Numerical results demonstrated significant advantages in the convergence speed and training efficiency of the SAC algorithm. Owing to the closed-loop “perceive-feedback-memory” mode, intelligent fish can respond in real-time to changes in flow fields based on reward-driven requirements and experience, and the accumulated experience can be directly utilized in other flow fields, and its adaptability, model training efficiency, and generalization were substantially improved.
Surface p-type band bending and energy level alignment minimizes voltage loss in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Fu Hongyang , Shi Donghong , Ren Yingke , Xu Guoliang , An Xingtao
Published: January 2024

Due to the significant energy level mismatch and contact energy loss between the perovskite absorber layer and p-type hole-transporting layer (HTL), there exists a large hole transport barrier between the perovskite absorber layer and HTL, which hinders hole transport and leads to lower open circuit voltage (VOC) in perovskite devices. Therefore, the surface contact process between the perovskite film and the hole-transporting layer becomes particularly important. Here, we doped cesium silver bismuth bromide (Cs2AgBiBr6) quantum dots (QDs) into ethyl acetate (EA) as an anti-solvent to achieve the formation of a bulk heterojunction structure with quantum dot solution on the surface of the MAPbI3 perovskite film. The perovskite film exhibits appropriate band edge bending and forms a p-type semiconductor. This facilitates the directed transport of photo-induced charge carriers to the hole-transporting layer, reducing carrier recombination losses and enhancing the collection efficiency of holes by the HTL. Through characterization experiments, we have found that this method significantly improves the VOC and photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells. The perovskite solar cells fabricated using this method show a better PCE with a VOC of 1.06 V.
Transition metal element doping to optimize the photochromic properties of WO3
Authors: Jin Xuhui , Yao Aihua
Published: January 2024

This research prepared a photochromic material of WO3 doped with Mo or Cu through a solvothermal method. The material exhibits selective absorption of UV light in the 200–350-nm range. The crystal structure of WO3 remained unchanged after doping, but the bandgap was reduced, thereby increasing its coloration rate. The doping of Mo or Cu brought different new features to WO3: Mo-doping imparted a purple hue upon UV irradiation, whereas Cu-doping accelerated the bleaching of WO3 due to its multi-valent state. WO3-0.1Mo and WO3-0.1Cu were preferentially selected through a practical photochromic process and bandgap calculations, and further used to prepare photochromic ink. This ink is suitable for the preparation of writing and photochromic rewriting paper and retains good photochromic properties even after 50 uses.
Inactivation of face-selective neurons alters eye movements when free viewing faces
Authors: Azadi Reza , Lopez Emily , Taubert Jessica , Patterson Amanda , Afraz Arash
Published: January 2024

During free viewing, faces attract gaze and induce specific fixation patterns corresponding to the facial features. This suggests that neurons encoding the facial features are in the causal chain that steers the eyes. However, there is no physiological evidence to support a mechanistic link between face-encoding neurons in high-level visual areas and the oculomotor system. In this study, we targeted the middle face patches of the inferior temporal (IT) cortex in two macaque monkeys using an functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) localizer. We then utilized muscimol microinjection to unilaterally suppress IT neural activity inside and outside the face patches and recorded eye movements while the animals free viewing natural scenes. Inactivation of the face-selective neurons altered the pattern of eye movements on faces: The monkeys found faces in the scene but neglected the eye contralateral to the inactivation hemisphere. These findings reveal the causal contribution of the high-level visual cortex in eye movements.
High-resolution map of the Fc functions mediated by COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Paciello Ida , Maccari Giuseppe , Pantano Elisa , Andreano Emanuele , Rappuoli Rino
Published: January 2024

A growing body of evidence shows that fragment crystallizable (Fc)-dependent antibody effector functions play an important role in protection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. To unravel the mechanisms that drive these responses, we analyzed the phagocytosis and complement deposition mediated by a panel of 482 human monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) neutralizing the original Wuhan virus, expressed as recombinant IgG1. Our study confirmed that nAbs no longer neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants can retain their Fc functions. Surprisingly, we found that nAbs with the most potent Fc function recognize the N-terminal domain, followed by those targeting class 3 epitopes in the receptor binding domain. Interestingly, nAbs direct against the class 1/2 epitopes in the receptor binding motif, which are the most potent in neutralizing the virus, were the weakest in Fc functions. The divergent properties of the neutralizing and Fc function–mediating antibodies were confirmed by the use of different B cell germlines and by the observation that Fc functions of polyclonal sera differ from the profile observed with nAbs, suggesting that non-neutralizing antibodies also contribute to Fc functions. These data provide a high-resolution picture of the Fc-antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that the Fc contribution should be considered for the design of improved vaccines, the selection of therapeutic antibodies, and the evaluation of correlates of protection.
Minimal requirements for the epigenetic inheritance of engineered silent chromatin domains
Authors: Yuan Andy H. , Moazed Danesh
Published: January 2024

Mechanisms enabling genetically identical cells to differentially regulate gene expression are complex and central to organismal development and evolution. While gene silencing pathways involving DNA sequence–specific recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes are prevalent in nature, examples of sequence-independent heritable gene silencing are scarce. Studies of the fission yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
indicate that sequence-independent propagation of heterochromatin can occur but requires numerous multisubunit protein complexes and their diverse activities. Such complexity has so far precluded a coherent articulation of the minimal requirements for heritable gene silencing by conventional in vitro reconstitution approaches. Here, we take an unconventional approach to defining these requirements by engineering sequence-independent silent chromatin inheritance in budding yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
cells. The mechanism conferring memory upon these cells is remarkably simple and requires only two proteins, one that recognizes histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me) and catalyzes the deacetylation of histone H4 lysine 16 (H4K16), and another that recognizes deacetylated H4K16 and catalyzes H3K9me. Together, these bilingual “read–write” proteins form an interdependent positive feedback loop that is sufficient for the transmission of DNA sequence–independent silent information over multiple generations.
Coming in from the Cold: Promoting Community and Self-Identity through Women-Only Wild Swimming Retreats in North Wales, UK
Authors: Corry Sheena , Richards Dr Vicky , Matthews Dr Nic
Published: January 2024

This case study explores the experience of well-being, life transitions and self-discovery of women tourists participating in wild swimming retreats operated by a sustainability conscientious glamping business,
The Forge
in Corwen North Wales, UK. Their thoughts and feelings were sought as part of
The Forge’s
visitor evaluation activities. The women were all middle-aged and all going through a transition in their lives. Through consideration of their perspectives, the case study explores the potential value of glamping and wild swimming as a liminal space for older women. The pillars central to visitor experience – play, experiential and atmosphere – are reflected in the women’s recounting of their time immersing themselves in all the retreats offered. This case study focuses on the liminal hotspots of glamping and wild swimming, environments that allow freedom, temporarily, from norms and cynicisms, positing that it can provide a transformative moment in the lives of older women and by extension engender communitas and self-identity.

Information

© The Authors 2024
Yukiko Gotoh: I am fascinated by the beauty of science
Authors: Van Emmenis Lucie
Published: January 2024

Yukiko Gotoh is a professor in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Tokyo. Her lab studies the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of neural stem/progenitor cell fate during brain development and homeostasis. They are particularly interested in the underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that control cell fate and neuronal maturation, as well as the relevance of neural stem/progenitor cell dysregulation in neurodevelopmental disorders. We recently spoke to Yukiko about her current work, the joys of teamwork, and her passion for helping other scientists in Japan.
Adaptive chessboard-like high-frequency projection method for three-dimensional measurement of shiny surfaces
Authors: Zhao Xinyue , Yu Tiancheng , Kang Lianpeng , Shen Huarong , He Zaixing
Published: January 2024

Shiny surface is challenging for the structured light fringe projection three-dimensional measurement technique, since the image saturation caused by highlight results in incorrect intensities in captured images of fringe patterns, and leads to serious phase errors and measurement errors. To address the issue, an adaptive chessboard-like high-frequency projection intensity adjustment technique is proposed. The proposed method alleviates image saturation by adaptively adjusting the intensity of the high-frequency chessboard-like projection pattern. And the complementary patterns are projected to suppress reflections and enhance the robustness of decoding. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieve high measurement accuracy for shiny surfaces.
UMC-PET: a fast and flexible Monte Carlo PET simulator
Authors: Galve Pablo , Arias-Valcayo Fernando , Villa-Abaunza Amaia , Ibáñez Paula , Udías José Manuel
Published: January 2024

Objective. The GPU-based Ultra-fast Monte Carlo positron emission tomography simulator (UMC-PET) incorporates the physics of the emission, transport and detection of radiation in PET scanners. It includes positron range, non-colinearity, scatter and attenuation, as well as detector response. The objective of this work is to present and validate UMC-PET as a a multi-purpose, accurate, fast and flexible PET simulator. Approach. We compared UMC-PET against PeneloPET, a well-validated MC PET simulator, both in preclinical and clinical scenarios. Different phantoms for scatter fraction (SF) assessment following NEMA protocols were simulated in a 6R-SuperArgus and a Biograph mMR scanner, comparing energy histograms, NEMA SF, and sensitivity for different energy windows. A comparison with real data reported in the literature on the Biograph scanner is also shown. Main results. NEMA SF and sensitivity estimated by UMC-PET where within few percent of PeneloPET predictions. The discrepancies can be attributed to small differences in the physics modeling. Running in a 11 GB GeForce RTX 2080 Ti GPU, UMC-PET is ∼1500 to ∼2000 times faster than PeneloPET executing in a single core Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU W-2155 @ 3.30 GHz. Significance. UMC-PET employs a voxelized scheme for the scanner, patient adjacent objects (such as shieldings or the patient bed), and the activity distribution. This makes UMC-PET extremely flexible. Its high simulation speed allows applications such as MC scatter correction, faster SRM estimation for complex scanners, or even MC iterative image reconstruction.
Transformer CycleGAN with uncertainty estimation for CBCT based synthetic CT in adaptive radiotherapy
Authors: Rusanov Branimir , Hassan Ghulam Mubashar , Reynolds Mark , Sabet Mahsheed , Rowshanfarzad Pejman , Bucknell Nicholas , Gill Suki , Dass Joshua , Ebert Martin
Published: January 2024

Objective. Clinical implementation of synthetic CT (sCT) from cone-beam CT (CBCT) for adaptive radiotherapy necessitates a high degree of anatomical integrity, Hounsfield unit (HU) accuracy, and image quality. To achieve these goals, a vision-transformer and anatomically sensitive loss functions are described. Better quantification of image quality is achieved using the alignment-invariant Fréchet inception distance (FID), and uncertainty estimation for sCT risk prediction is implemented in a scalable plug-and-play manner. Approach. Baseline U-Net, generative adversarial network (GAN), and CycleGAN models were trained to identify shortcomings in each approach. The proposed CycleGAN-Best model was empirically optimized based on a large ablation study and evaluated using classical image quality metrics, FID, gamma index, and a segmentation analysis. Two uncertainty estimation methods, Monte-Carlo Dropout (MCD) and test-time augmentation (TTA), were introduced to model epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty. Main results. FID was correlated to blind observer image quality scores with a Correlation Coefficient of −0.83, validating the metric as an accurate quantifier of perceived image quality. The FID and mean absolute error (MAE) of CycleGAN-Best was 42.11 ± 5.99 and 25.00 ± 1.97 HU, compared to 63.42 ± 15.45 and 31.80 HU for CycleGAN-Baseline, and 144.32 ± 20.91 and 68.00 ± 5.06 HU for the CBCT, respectively. Gamma 1%/1 mm pass rates were 98.66 ± 0.54% for CycleGAN-Best, compared to 86.72 ± 2.55% for the CBCT. TTA and MCD-based uncertainty maps were well spatially correlated with poor synthesis outputs. Significance. Anatomical accuracy was achieved by suppressing CycleGAN-related artefacts. FID better discriminated image quality, where alignment-based metrics such as MAE erroneously suggest poorer outputs perform better. Uncertainty estimation for sCT was shown to correlate with poor outputs and has clinical relevancy toward model risk assessment and quality assurance. The proposed model and accompanying evaluation and risk assessment tools are necessary additions to achieve clinically robust sCT generation models.
Eleven competing phases in the Heisenberg-Gamma (
JΓ
) ladder
Authors: Avakian Sebastien J , Sørensen Erik S
Published: January 2024

The spin-orbit generated Γ interaction is known to induce strong frustration and to be significant in realistic models of materials. To gain an understanding of the possible phases that can arise from this interaction, it is of considerable interest to focus on a limited part of parameter space in a quasi one-dimensional model where high precision numerical results can be obtained. Here we study the Heisenberg–Gamma (

J
Γ

) ladder, determining the complete zero temperature phase diagram by analyzing the entanglement spectrum (ES) and energy susceptibility. A total of 11 different phases can be identified, among them the well known rung-singlet (RS) phase and 5 other phases, FM, FM-Z, FM-XY, AF and AF-Z, with conventional long-range magnetic order. The 3 ferromagnetic phases, FM, FM-Z and FM-XY simultaneously have non-zero scalar chirality. Two other phases, the antiferromagnetic Gamma (AΓ) and ferromagnetic Gamma (FΓ) phases, have previously been observed in the Kitaev–Gamma ladder, demonstrating that the AΓ-phase is a symmetry protected topological phase (SPT) protected by TR

×

R

b

symmetry, the product of time-reversal (TR) and π rotation around the b-axis (

R

b

), while the FΓ-phase is related to the RS phase through a local unitary transformation. The 3 remaining phases, ϒ, Ω and δ show no conventional order, a doubling of the ES and for the ϒ and Ω-phases a gap is clearly present. The δ-phase has a significantly smaller gap and displays incommensurate correlations, with a peak in the static structure factor, S(k) continuously shifting from

k

/

π
=
2

/

3

to

k
=
π

. In the Ω-phase we find pronounced edge-states consistent with a SPT phase protected by the same TR

×

R

b

symmetry as the AΓ-phase. The precise nature of the ϒ and δ-phases is less clear.
Detailed analysis of the 6Li breakup in the field of the 209Bi nucleus
Authors: Morzabayev A , Amangeldi N , Ibraheem Awad A , Soldatkhan D , Yergaliuly G , Mauyey B , Hamada Sh
Published: January 2024

At energies between 24 and 50 MeV, the angular distributions of 6Li + 209Bi elastic scattering are reanalyzed phenomenologically as well as microscopically. The performed analysis adds to previous studies and aims to further explore the cluster nature of the 6Li nucleus by examining the associated breakup effects on the elastic scattering channel, in addition to probing the consistency of the different implemented potentials in reproducing the considered data. The strong coupling to the breakup channel has a strong influence on elastic data and reproduces a repulsive dynamical polarization potential (DPP), which dramatically reduces the real potential strengths. Such an observed effect was simulated by introducing a semi-microscopic repulsive DPP as well as by applying the continuum discretized coupled channels (CDCC) method. The analysis was extended to check the effect of direct deuteron stripping 209Bi(6Li,d)211Po on the elastic 6Li + 209Bi channel.
Phase diagram and physical properties of pyrocarbonate CaC2O5: first-principles calculations
Authors: Guo Yuan , Qi Jian-Hong , Liu Zi-Jiang , Jin Neng‑Zhi , Sun Xiao-Wei , Zhang Cai-Rong , Xue Si-Min , Li Yun-Xia
Published: January 2024

Understanding the physical properties of Ca-carbonate at high pressure is crucial for comprehending the carbon cycle in the Earth’s interior. Recently, a new pyrocarbonate, CaC2O5, has been discovered. In this work, we update the phase diagram of CaC2O5. The structure, elastic, and seismic properties of CaC2O5 polymorphs under lower mantle pressure are studied using first-principles calculations, and compared with those of orthocarbonate Ca2CO4. Our findings reveal that CaC2O5 may have four stable phases under lower mantle temperature and pressure conditions, namely the

I

4

̅

2
d
,

Fdd2, Pc, and C2 phases. The carbon may be stored in the new pyrocarbonate CaC2O5 polymorphs. The thermodynamic properties of CaC2O5-

I

4

̅

2
d

are obtained by quasi-harmonic approximation. This work contributes to our understanding of the behavior of Ca-carbonate in the Earth’s lower mantle conditions.
Generalized Gibbons-Werner method for stationary spacetimes
Authors: Huang Yang , Cao Zhoujian , Lu Zhenyan
Published: January 2024

The Gibbons-Werner (GW) method is a powerful approach in studying the gravitational deflection of particles moving in curved spacetimes. The application of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem (GBT) to integral regions constructed in a two-dimensional manifold enables the deflection angle to be expressed and calculated from the perspective of geometry. However, different techniques are required for different scenarios in the practical implementation which leads to different GW methods. For the GW method for stationary axially symmetric (SAS) spacetimes, we identify two problems: (a) the integral region is generally infinite, which is ill-defined for some asymptotically nonflat spacetimes whose metric possesses singular behavior, and (b) the intricate double and single integrals bring about complicated calculation, especially for highly accurate results and complex spacetimes. To address these issues, a generalized GW method is proposed in which the infinite region is replaced by a flexible region to avoid the singularity, and a simplified formula involving only a single integral of a simple integrand is derived by discovering a significant relationship between the integrals in conventional methods. Our method provides a comprehensive framework for describing the GW method for various scenarios. Additionally, the generalized GW method and simplified calculation formula are applied to three different kinds of spacetimes — Kerr spacetime, Kerr-like black hole in bumblebee gravity, and rotating solution in conformal Weyl gravity. The first two cases have been previously computed by other researchers, affirming the effectiveness and superiority of our approach. Remarkably, the third case is newly examined, yielding a innovative result for the first time.
Supersymmetric U(1)
B-L
flat direction and NANOGrav 15 year data
Authors: Maji Rinku , Park Wan-il
Published: January 2024

We show that, when connected with monopoles, the flat D-flat direction breaking the local U(1)
B-L
symmetry as an extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model can be responsible for the signal of a stochastic gravitational wave background recently reported by NANOGrav collaborations, while naturally satisfying constraints at high frequency band.
Thanks to the flatness of the direction, a phase of thermal inflation arises naturally.
The reheating temperature is quite low, and suppresses signals at frequencies higher than the characteristic frequency set by the reheating temperature.
Notably, forthcoming spaced based experiments such as LISA can probe the cutoff frequency, providing an indirect clue of the scale of soft SUSY-breaking mass parameter.
Interaction of photons with silver and indium nuclei at energies up to 20 MeV*
Authors: Khushvaktov J. H. , Demichev M. A. , Demin D. L. , Evseev S. A. , Gostkin M. I. , Kobets V. V. , Rasulova F. A. , Rozov S. V. , Ruziev E. T. , Solnyshkin A. A. , Tran T. N. , Yakushev E. A. , Yuldashev B. S.
Published: January 2024

The yields of photonuclear reactions in the 107Ag, 113In, and 115In nuclei were measured. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the Geant4 code, and the results were compared with the experimental values. The isomeric ratios of the yields in the reactions 107Ag(γ, n)106m,g
Ag and 113In(γ, n)112m,g
In were determined, and the cross sections for the reactions 107Ag(γ, n)106g
Ag and 107Ag(γ, 2n)105Ag at an energy of 20 MeV were calculated based on the experimental data.
GRB 200612A: An Ultralong Gamma-Ray Burst Powered by Magnetar Spinning Down
Authors: Chen 陈 Liang-Jun 良军 , Wang 王 Xiang-Gao 祥高 , Yang 杨 De-Long 德龙 , Liang 梁 En-Wei 恩维
Published: January 2024

GRB 200612A could be classified as an ultralong gamma-ray burst due to its prompt emission lasting up to ∼1020 s and the true timescale of the central engine activity t
burst ≥ 4 × 104 s. The late X-ray light curve with a decay index of α = 7.53 is steeper than the steepest possible decay from an external shock model. We propose that this X-ray afterglow can be driven by dipolar radiation from the magnetar spindown during its early stage, while the magnetar collapsed into the black hole before its spindown, resulting in a very steep decay of the late X-ray light curve. The optical data show that the light curve is still rising after 1.1 ks, suggesting a late onset. We show that GRB 200612A’s optical afterglow light curve is fitted with the forward shock model by Gaussian structured off-axis jet. This is a special case among GRBs, as it may be an ultralong gamma-ray burst powered by a magnetar in an off-axis observation scenario.
3D radiated power analysis of JET SPI discharges using the Emis3D forward modeling tool
Authors: Stein-Lubrano B. , Sweeney R. , Bonfiglio D. , Lovell J. , Carvalho P. , Baylor L. , Granetz R.S. , Jachmich S. , Joffrin E. , Kong M. , Lehnen M. , Maggi C. , Marmar E. , Nardon E. , Puglia P. , Sheikh U. , Shiraki D. , Silburn S. ,   JET Contributors
Published: January 2024

Precise values for radiated energy in tokamak disruption experiments are needed to validate disruption mitigation techniques for burning plasma tokamaks like ITER and SPARC. Control room analysis of radiated power (P
rad) on JET assumes axisymmetry, since fitting 3D radiation structures with limited bolometry coverage is an under-determined problem. In mitigated disruptions, radiation is toroidally asymmetric and 3D, due to fast-growing 3D MHD modes and localized impurity sources. To address this problem, Emis3D adopts a physics motivated forward modeling (‘guess and check’) approach, comparing experimental bolometry data to synthetic data from user-defined radiation structures. Synthetic structures are observed with the Cherab modeling framework and a best fit chosen using a reduced χ
2 statistic. 2D tomographic inversion models are tested, as well as helical flux tubes and 3D MHD simulated structures from JOREK. Two nominally identical pure neon shattered pellet injection (SPI) mitigated discharges in JET are analyzed. 2D tomographic inversions with added toroidal freedom are the best fits in the thermal quench (TQ) and current quench (CQ). In the pre-TQ, 2D reconstructions are statistically the best fits, but are likely over-optimized and do not capture the 3D radiation structure seen in fast camera images. The next-best pre-TQ fits are helical structures that extend towards the high-field side, consistent with an impurity flow under the magnetic nozzle effect also observed in JOREK simulations. Whole-disruption radiated fractions of

0.98
+
0.03

/

−
0.29

and

1.01
+
0.02

/

−
0.17

are found, suggesting that the stored energy may have been fully mitigated by each SPI, although mitigation efficiencies well below ITER and SPARC requirements for high energy pulses are still within the large uncertainties. Emis3D is also used to validate JOREK SPI simulations, and confirms improvements in matching experiment from changes to impurity modeling. Time-dependent toroidal peaking factors are calculated and discussed.
Impact of gas injection location and divertor surface material on ITER fusion power operation phase divertor performance assessed with SOLPS-ITER
*
Authors: Park Jae-Sun , Bonnin Xavier , Pitts Richard , Lore Jeremy
Published: January 2024

The ITER divertor design and performance assessment, primarily based on the SOLPS-4.3 burning plasma database (Pitts R. et al 2019 Nucl. Mater. Energy 20 100696), assumes the use of beryllium (Be) as the divertor surface material and the injection of gas from the main chamber top. However, the current ITER baseline favors gas injection from the more toroidally symmetric sub-divertor region. This paper evaluates the implications of these assumptions for divertor performance in the ITER fusion power operation phase. The impact of the divertor surface material and the gas injection location on the main ions mirrors the hydrogen only low power phase scenario shown in Park J.-S.et al (2020 Nucl. Fusion 61 016021). However, during burning plasma operation, extrinsic impurity seeding will be required. In the case of neon (Ne), studied here, impurity retention is influenced by both the divertor surface material and the fueling location. Neon leakage increases due to more energetic reflection from tungsten than beryllium, but equivalent divertor performance can be achieved by adjusting the neon seeding rate. While the impurity seeding location does not affect the distributions of impurity or radiation, the fueling location does. Top fueling provides local ionization sources mainly in the mid-SOL under detached conditions, enhancing divergences of the flux there (source-driven flow), bringing stagnation points close to the fueling location, and equilibrating flows towards both targets. In contrast, the global flow pattern (in the absence of fluid drifts) in the case of sub-divertor fueling is biased towards the inner target. Impurity flows, driven by force balance, largely mirror those of the main ion flow, including the stagnation point. The case with top fueling enhances Ne retention and corresponding radiation in the outer divertor, effectively reducing the total and peak target heat fluxes by 20%–40%, compared to the case with divertor fueling. Meanwhile, the case with outer target fueling also achieves similar reductions by enhancing plasma-neutral interactions. These results suggest the possibility that the selection of the fueling location and throughput can be used as an actuator to control impurity divertor retention and divertor radiation asymmetry.
Study on yield limit of steel containment under external pressure considering initial defects
Authors: Zhang Chenming , Li Huapeng , Ying Yuchen , Zhang Meng , Liu Hongbing
Published: January 2024

The main objective of floating nuclear power plants (FNPP) is an emerging technology product formed by applying land small-scale nuclear power plant technology to the marine field. The containment structure studied in this article plays a great role in protecting the safety of FNPP’s nuclear power system. When exploring the safety performance of the containment structure under accident conditions, it is necessary to analyze and study the external pressure yield limit of the containment. This study provides a reference basis for the static buckling limit calculation of spherical shell structures similar to steel safety shells. The article adopts a geometric initial defect analysis method based on buckling mode to consider the initial defects of the model and explores the external pressure yield limit of the safety shell through the arc length method. The research results analyzed that the external pressure yield limit of the containment vessel decreased by about 30% under the influence of initial defects and pointed out the weak structural parts of the containment vessel in the buckling analysis.
Analysis of acidolysis hydrocarbon anomaly in the Chaoshan Depression of the Northern South China Sea and its response to reservoir properties
Authors: Zhong Guangjian , Zhao Jing , Zhao Zhongquan , Tu Guanghong , Yi Hai , Li Wu , Yu Junhui , Feng Changmao
Published: January 2024

Chaoshan Depression is a Mesozoic residual depression in the northeast of the South China Sea. It mainly develops two sets of Source rock, i.e., upper Triassic lower Jurassic shallow marine bathyal facies mudstone, lower Jurassic shallow marine shelf facies mudstone, upper Jurassic shallow marine reef limestone, and upper Jurassic basin floor fan sandstone, with good oil-gas exploration potential. It has gone through six tectonic evolution stages in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, with strong uplift and denudation, developed fault structures, complex hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, and unknown hydrocarbon distribution laws. Analysing the Carbon Isotope Values of Acidolysis Hydrocarbons and Methane in Seabed Sediments through Detection δ 13C (‰) prediction of favourable oil-gas exploration zones, oil-gas traps, and types of oil-gas reservoirs is a fast and effective method for oil and gas geochemical exploration. The first detection of trace amounts of light and heavy hydrocarbon components and methane carbon isotope values in marine surface sediments at 200 stations in the Chaoshan Depression based on acidolysis δ 13C (‰), quantitative analysis of abundance and structural anomalies of light and heavy hydrocarbons using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and quantitative analysis of carbon isotope values of light, heavy, and methane using the Kriging method δ13C (‰) plane distribution characteristics delineate two comprehensive anomaly zones for oil-gas exploration in the northeast and southwest of the Chaoshan Depression. CS depression is a petroleum depression, and DS-A structure is an oil gas structure.
Analysis on flexibility resources of Western Inner Mongolia power grid
Authors: Hu Sile , Wang Yuan , Yu Yuan , Zhao Yucan , Bi Yue , Cao Linfeng , Yang Jiaqiang
Published: January 2024

This paper defines the concept of flexibility in the power system as the ability of the individual components or the system itself to meet the net load changes and respond to power regulation demands. It then reviews the existing methods for evaluating flexibility and their classification, identifies the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, and provides a mathematical model for the flexible operation of the Western Inner Mongolia power grid. Based on the data provided by production units, the paper summarizes the output characteristics of various flexibility resources in the Western Inner Mongolia power grid, including the output curves of typical photovoltaic power stations, typical wind power plants, the overall load curve, typical regional load curves, and power transfer curves of three interconnecting busbars. It also studies the potential regulation capabilities of new energy sources, loads, and interconnecting lines. Finally, the paper evaluates the flexibility level of the Western Inner Mongolia power grid by drawing the net load curve, points out the shortcomings in flexibility in the construction of the new power system in the Western Inner Mongolia region, and provides corresponding suggestions.
Thoughts on green mine construction of sand and gravel industry in China
Authors: Guo Dongyan , Yang Fan , Zhong Xiaoyong , Chuai Yafei
Published: January 2024

Green mine construction is an essential manifestation of ecological civilization in the mining industry. The green mine construction of China’s sand and gravel industry has five significant progress as follows. First, the standard system for Green Mine Construction in the sand and gravel industry has been established. Second, large-scale and intensive sand and gravel production promotes sand and gravel supply-side reform. Third, the green industrial chain of sand and gravel has been extended. Fourth, a circular economy fosters resource conservation. Fifth, “Mine restoration+” has become a new development trend. On this basis, this article summarizes three development characteristics and proposes five policy recommendations, aiming to provide Chinese cases for promoting green mining construction globally.
Range and light output measurements of trajectory images in a GAGG plate with different alpha particle energies
Authors: Yamamoto Seiichi , Yoshino Masao , Nakanishi Kohei , Kamada Kei , Yoshikawa Akira , Kataoka Jun
Published: January 2024

An imaging method that utilizes a scintillator plate
combined with a magnifying unit and a cooled electron multiplying
charge-coupled device (EM-CCD) camera shows promise for obtaining
high-resolution trajectory images. However, it is not yet clear
whether the ranges of the trajectory images change with the energy
of the alpha particles. Additionally, it remains unclear whether the
intensity of the trajectory images is affected by the energy of the
alpha particles. To address these questions in our trajectory
imaging research, we conducted experiments to capture trajectory
images of alpha particles with varying energy levels. To generate
alpha particles with different energies, we modulated the energy
using an americium-241 (Am-241) source covered with varying numbers
of Mylar films. With this alpha source and imaging system, we
successfully captured trajectory images with different alpha
particle energies and were able to assess the ranges and intensities
of these trajectories at various energy levels. The estimated ranges
from the measured images with different alpha particle energies
closely matched the results obtained through simulations. However,
it's worth noting that the light output, as evaluated for the
measured trajectory images, was slightly lower than the simulated
results at lower energy levels probably due to the
non-proportionality of the GAGG plate with respect to alpha particle
energies.
Modification of Vertical Type of Patchiculate Waste Collection Machine
Authors: Yasar M , Irmayanti K , Bulan R , Foo J
Published: January 2024

This research aims to modify a vertical type patchouli waste chopping machine based on a structural and functional approach to the machine. The technical analysis used in this study was to the effective capacity of the machine, and the percentage of patchouli waste chopped. The results showed that the working capacity of the machine was greatest with a pulley size of 2.5 inches, the effectiveness of the engine performance was 2 kg/hour with a final weight of 0.5 kg, the time required was 0.25 hours. The rotational speed of the 2.5-inch pulley has an initial speed of 2,200 rpm and a final speed of 1,442 rpm, a 3-inch pulley has an initial speed of 2,200 rpm and a final speed of 1,171 rpm, and a 4-inch pulley has an initial speed of 2,200 rpm and a final speed of 856 rpm. The largest number of accommodated chopped results is in the 2.5-inch pulley size with an average yield percentage of 92%. The least percentage of stuck pieces is found in the 4-inch pulley with an average yield percentage of 17.8%. The smallest percentage of loss of pieces is found in the 2.5-inch pulley with a yield percentage of 0.4%.
Formulation optimization of bionanocomposite film based on polyvinyl alcohol/glycerol/cellulose nanocrystal from pineapple crown leave fibers using response surface methodology
Authors: Dzulhijjah W A , Fitriani F , Aprilia S , Arahman N , Bilad M R , Rahmah K , Akbar E H , Raqib M
Published: January 2024

The current research is intended to optimize the formulation of bionanocomposite films produced from polyvinyl alcohol by adding glycerol (4–8%) and cellulose nanocrystals extracted from pineapple crown leaf (3–7%). The interaction between the bionanocomposite films characteristic, such as thickness, tensile strength, and elongation are determined using a response surface methodology with a central composite design. To show the practical relevance of the prediction model, the optimized bionanocomposite film composition required additional validation. Adding glycerol at 4% and cellulose nanocrystal at 3.52% was determined to be the film’s optimum parameters. Improved mechanical properties with a low thickness value and high elongation were found in the enhanced film formulation. The findings showed that an optimized bionanocomposite film formulation based on polyvinyl alcohol with glycerol and cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple crown leaves provided good model validation and could be utilized optimally in the food packaging application.
Application of User Interface and User Experience for Smart Greenhouse Mobile Application Design
Authors: Meirieta H N , Nugroho A P , Sutiarso L , Falah M A F
Published: January 2024

Smart greenhouses enable remote control and monitoring of the planting environment through a mobile application. However, existing mobile applications designed for smart greenhouses often suffer from unattractive user interfaces and limited features, reducing their effectiveness in monitoring and controlling greenhouse conditions. This study’s primary objective is to design a prototype mobile application for smart greenhouses by incorporating user interface and user experience (UI/UX) principles. The performance of the designed system is evaluated through the System Usability Scale (SUS) assessment. The study follows the design thinking principles, including empathizing, defining, ideating, prototyping, and testing, to identify user problems, generate innovative ideas, and create a design prototype that aligns with user needs. The design prototype is developed using the Figma application. Results from performance testing involving 10 prospective application users indicate an outstanding usability score of 82.75, categorizing it as excellent. This outcome demonstrates the successful development of a smart greenhouse application prototype that, through thoughtful UI/UX design, offers an attractive interface and features that effectively address user requirements.
Optimization of avocado oil solvent extraction assisted by CaCO3 as coadjuvant using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Humairah R , Annisa D , Moulana R , Maulida A , Supardan M D , Syamsuddin Y , Satriana
Published: January 2024

Coadjuvants, such as CaCO3, are essential to improve the effectiveness of the extraction process. This study aimed to assess how the addition of CaCO3 as a coadjuvant impacts the yield of avocado oil through the process of solvent extraction using hexane. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize parameters influencing oil yield during solvent extraction. A Box-Behnken design with three factors and three levels was utilized for the optimization process. Factors involved are, concentration of CaCO3 (1, 1.5, 2%), extraction time (30, 60, 90 min), and temperature of extraction (25, 35, 45 °C). The linear model provided the most accurate fit to the experimental data, substantiated by the highest determination coefficient (R2) value. The experiment showed that the highest yield of avocado oil, reaching 48.06%, was obtained by extracting it under the specified conditions: a CaCO3 concentration of 1.92%, an extraction time of 89.85 minutes, and a temperature of 43 °C. The extraction yield of 48.77±0.14% obtained from the experiments using optimized conditions.
Formulation and evaluation of peel-off gel masks ethanol extract off straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea (Bull.) Singer)
Authors: Sadli S , Septa D L , Faradilla M , Nurhidayati N
Published: January 2024

Since straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea (Bull) Singer) have a very substantial antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 5.828 ppm, they have the potential to be turned into cosmetics, one of which is a gel peel-off mask. Peel-off gel masks are easy to apply, hydrate, and soften the skin on the face. The yield of the extracted material is 14.2%; the water content is 15.660.57; and the total amount of ash is 10.161.03. The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids in secondary metabolite form, per phytochemical examination. A cream-colored, sticky gel with a unique aroma was produced by the prepared formulation, which was carried out using 14% PVA and 0.582% extract. The gel preparation has the following properties: a pH of 6.06; spreadability of 6.17 cm; stickiness of 4.40 seconds; viscosity of 14.745 kg/m.s.; drying time of 25.09 minutes; mechanical properties showing the preparation can withstand a tensile strength of up to 1.80 kgf/mm2 and is not easily broken and stretches with an elongation of up to 375.04%. After the cycling test, analysis showed that the preparation had stayed quite stable. The irritation test established the mask’s safety for use.