bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction Analysis Based on Logistic Regression Modelling
Authors: Sanchez-Varela Zaloa
Published: April 2022

The chapter aims to show an application of logistic regression modelling for prediction analysis in the offshore industry. The different variables shown in dynamic positioning incident reports are analysed and processed using logistic regression modelling. The results of the models are then analysed, showing which data influence the loss of positioning and human errors and how the model can be interpreted. Afterwards, and based on the obtained models, operational limits can be proposed to reduce downtimes and thus improve the safety of the operations and the productivity of the offshore operations when using dynamic positioning systems.
Extraction, Applications and Characterization of Plant Fibers
Authors: Ntenga Richard , Saidjo Saidjo , Wakata Annie , Djoda Pagore , Tango Martin , Mfoumou Etienne
Published: April 2022

During the second half of the twentieth century, industrial and scientific interests in plant fibers (PFs) have resulted in their resounding comeback as engineering materials. This chapter is concerned with the characterization of PF materials. Good knowledge of the properties of these materials is essential for safe design of the related structures. Bast fibers that are collected from the phloem surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants, for instance, are among the most used, owing to their higher tensile strength. However, for an optimum utilization of PFs, a relevant assessment of their physico-chemical and mechanical properties is very crucial. As it is now well established, PFs’ properties are largely influenced by their hierarchic composite microstructure and their viscoelastic behavior. This book chapter focuses on the presentation of various experimental approaches used to characterize the elastic and viscoelastic behaviors of plant fibers. Consideration of their blending in sheet form and relevant mechanical properties will also be of interest.
Treatment of Hypoglycemia
Authors: Simsek Yasin , Urhan Emre
Published: April 2022

Hypoglycemia is an important condition that can be seen in everyone, more often in those with diabetes mellitus, and can sometimes be life-threatening. Hypoglycemia is a condition that can be prevented with simple precautions. It is a simple procedure that can be done mostly by ordinary people when the treatment is known. The most important step in the treatment is the education of those at risk of hypoglycemia and their relatives. The first step in treatment is to measure blood glucose, if possible. If blood sugar is below 70 mg/dl, hypoglycemia is diagnosed; if it is below 50 mg/dl, it is called severe hypoglycemia. The first approach in a conscious patient is to give the patient 15 mg of carbohydrate and measure the blood glucose again after 15 minutes. If the measured value is <70 mg/dl, the procedure should be repeated. If possible, glucagon should be administered to unconscious, out-of-hospital hypoglycemic patients until emergency help arrives. If glucagon is not available, glucose gel can be applied to the buccal mucosa. 50 ml of 50% glucose IV is administered to an unconscious hypoglycemic patient in the hospital. If the blood sugar does not rise above 70 mg/dl, the procedure is repeated.
Murburn Model of Photosynthesis: Effect of Additives like Chloride and Bicarbonate
Authors: Murali Manoj Kelath , Bazhin Nikolai , Wu Yanyou , Manekkathodi Afsal
Published: April 2022

Oxygenic photosynthesis essentially involves photo-lysis (splitting of water to release oxygen), photo-reduction (formation of NADPH), and photo-phosphorylation (synthesis of ATP) reactions. These reactions use photoactive pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids. Z-scheme and Kok-Joliot cycle, the acclaimed and deterministic model of photosynthesis, are founded on the classical enzyme reaction mechanisms that depend solely on affinity-based interactions of enzymes with the substrates at defined active sites, for explaining electron/moiety transfers. In contrast, the new murburn model is built on stochastic collisions between diffusible reactive species (DRS) and other milieu components (including enzymes, substrates and ions). This novel perspective explains fast kinetics and action spectrum, and affords a spontaneously probable/evolvable biochemical system. The murburn perspective proposes that the photo-excitation of pigments in the chloroplast leads to effective charge separation and DRS-formation. DRS are stabilized/utilized by a pool of redox-active components via disordered/parallel bimolecular interactions at the thylakoid membrane interface. Herein, we provide details of how murburn model is a thermodynamically, kinetically, and mechanistically viable mechanism for the formation of ATP, NADPH and oxygen. The murburn model also provides more viable explanations for several classical experimental observations in photosynthesis (Emerson enhancement effect, Jagendorf/Racker experiments, etc.) and the non-specific effects of diverse additives (such as chloride and bicarbonate).
Parameters for Designing Functional and Quality Pocket Open Spaces in High-Density Cities
Authors: Thilakaratne Ruffina
Published: April 2022

This study discusses parameters that are important for designing quality and functional open spaces in high-density cities. Research is often limited to large parks and public squares; studies on open spaces in high-density cities are rare. Hong Kong is a high-density high-rise city where people live in compact living environments small as 12 sqm. In such contexts, open spaces play a pivotal role on human well-being. Hong Kong consists of many pocket open spaces that are intended for passive recreation. Elderly use these public amenities predominantly. Therefore, accessibility, safety and user comfort become significant considerations. Improving existing pocket open spaces is essential since there are no plans for new parks in old districts. This study analysed eight pocket open spaces, adopting for their qualitative attributes. Microclimatic field data, photographic analysis, shadow analysis simulation and user perception survey shed light on spatial design, comfort and functional aspects. This study contributed to knowledge by developing guidelines to promote quality and functionality of pocket open spaces in high-density cities.
Space-Time-Parameter PCA for Data-Driven Modeling with Application to Bioengineering
Authors: De Vuyst Florian , Dupont Claire , Salsac Anne-Virginie
Published: April 2022

Principal component analysis is a recognized powerful and practical method in statistics and data science. It can also be used in modeling as a dimensionality reduction tool to achieve low-order models of complex multiphysics or engineering systems. Model-order reduction (MOR) methodologies today are an important topic for engineering design and analysis. Design space exploration or accelerated numerical optimization for example are made easier by the use of reduced-order models. In this chapter, we will talk about the use of higher-order singular value decompositions (HOSVD) applied to spatiotemporal problems that are parameterized by a set of design variables or physical parameters. Here we consider a data-driven reduced order modeling based on a design of computer experiment: from high-dimensional computational results returned by high-fidelity solvers (e.g. finite element ones), the HOSVD allows us to determine spatial, time and parameters principal components. The dynamics of the system can then be retrieved by identifying the low-order discrete dynamical system. As application, we will consider the dynamics of deformable capsules flowing into microchannels. The study of such fluid-structure interaction problems is motivated by the use of microcapsules as innovative drug delivery carriers through blood vessels.
Localization Context-Aware Models for Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Zaarour Nour , Hakem Nadir , Kandil Nahi
Published: April 2022

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are emerging as the key technology to support the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart objects. Small devices with low energy consumption and limited computing resources have wide use in many applications and different fields. Nodes are deployed randomly without a priori knowledge of their location. However, location context is a fundamental feature necessary to provide a context-aware framework to information gathered from sensors in many services such as intrusion detection, surveillance, geographic routing/forwarding, and coverage area management. Nevertheless, only a little number of nodes called anchors are equipped with localization components, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) chips. Worse still, when sensors are deployed in an indoor environment, GPS serves no purpose. This chapter surveys a variety of state-of-the-art existing localization techniques and compares their characteristics by detailing their applications, strengths, and challenges. The specificities and enhancements of the most popular and effective techniques are as well reported. Besides, current research directions in localization are discussed.
Carriage of Beta-Lactamase and Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Izevbizua Eghe
Published: April 2022

Studies have shown that Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of bacteria infections in human and it has developed different resistance patterns to different antibiotics, making it a bit difficult to eradicate completely. This study focuses on the resistance of S. aureus producing beta-lactamase.
Tools for Rapid Detection and Control of Foodborne Microbial Pathogens
Authors: Chowdary Akkina Rajani , Payala Vijayalakshmi , Sushma Maganti Sharon
Published: April 2022

Foodborne illnesses have become more common over time, posing a major threat to human health around the world. Foodborne pathogens can be present in a variety of foods, and it is critical to detect them in order to ensure a safe food supply and prevent foodborne illnesses. Traditional methods for detecting foodborne pathogens are time-consuming and labor-intensive. As a result, a range of technologies for quick detection of foodborne pathogens have been developed, as it is necessary for many food analysis. Nucleic acid-based, biosensor-based, and immunological-based approaches are the three types of rapid detection methods. The ideas and use of modern quick technologies for the detection of foodborne bacterial infections are the focus of this chapter.
Hermaphroditism in Fragaria moschata, a Cultivated Strawberry Species Preceding the Evolution and Growing of F. ×ananassa in Europe
Authors: Ahokas Hannu
Published: April 2022

Two cases of hermaphroditism in Fragaria moschata Weston, (2n = 42), are described from Finland. One of them is a mutation in a clone known as a female since 1941 but appearing as a somatic segregant in 2013. The clone also carries a recessive gene for yellow-green leaf variegation. The mutations probably date back to the airborne radioactive fallout from the fire of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union in 1986. By interspecific crosses with the diploid (2n = 14) strawberry species, F. ×bifera Duch., Fragaria vesca L., and Fragaria. viridis Weston, the genetic determination of sex in F. moschata was studied and shown to depend on different genetic mechanisms in the two hermaphroditic musk strawberries. Selected tetraploid hybrids from crosses between musk and diploid strawberry species provide a wide variation of berry flavor and may have used as home garden strawberries. Two spontaneous hybrids between F. moschata and F. vesca are shown.
The Knowledge and Use of Intra-Uterine Device by Women Attending Ante-Natal Clinic at Enugu State Teaching Hospital, Parklane
Authors: Caleb Aniechi Chukwuasokam , Cynthia Ezuma Uloma
Published: April 2022

Intrauterine contraception has been recognized globally as one of the modern long-term reversible contraceptive methods suitable for women of all reproductive ages. It represents the most cost-effective method for preventing unwanted pregnancies, scientifically proven for its safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness and is known to last longer in preventing pregnancy than other methods. This study assessed the knowledge of mothers attending ESUT teaching hospital, Parklane on intrauterine contraceptive device, the use as well as the common side effects experienced by the users. A descriptive survey research design was used to sample 175 mothers. A structured researcher developed questionnaire was used for data collection. The findings revealed that more than half of the respondents have good knowledge of intrauterine device but only 23 (14%) respondents make use of it. The commonly experienced side effects identified were irregular bleeding (75%) and vaginal discharge (62.5%). Although, the respondents had good knowledge of intrauterine device, their uptake of the method was poor. Therefore, there is a need to improve contraceptive counseling to ensure that women understand the relative effectiveness of IUDS. The study also recommended the need for better education for both clients and providers to improve the accessibility and acceptability of intrauterine device.
New Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Tarhan Nevzat , Konuk Muhsin , Karahan Mesut , Özge Özcan Öznur , Öztürk Ayvaz Sibel , Hızlı Sayar Gökben , Ülküer Nurper , Ayas Hazal , Zeynep Güder Feride
Published: April 2022

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition and disorder causing psychological deterioration triggered by terrifying events or traumatic experiences either by experiencing or by witnessing it. Though many people have common feelings, PTSD symptoms vary from one person to another. So it is strongly recommended to focus on new diagnostic and therapeutic methods relying and structured on a neurobiological dimension by collecting and processing neuroimaging data. It is crucial to make a profound analysis of PTSD in terms of its ontological, biological, developmental, psychological, and sociological aspects. Both with the new treatment opportunities and involvement of in silico-based artificial intelligence applications, new psychotherapy techniques and new discourses in digital media will be possible. Within the scope of the study, ontological discussions are followed and juxtaposed by Neuro-Biological Perspectives on Genomics and Epigenomics as well as the clinical and neuro-imaginative perspectives and clinical overviews of PTSD. Besides, the neuro-developmental views in the context of children along with adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and their relation to PTSD are analyzed by emphasizing the significance of brain development. Sociological aspects of PTSD in the digital habitus are collocated to develop unique therapy approaches that embrace sociological perspectives of Information Society.
Ionic Liquids in Liquid Chromatography
Authors: David Victor , C. Moldoveanu Serban
Published: April 2022

Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts of organic cations that are present in liquid state. They can be used as alternative to organic solvents for various analytical processes such as extracting solvents in sample preparation, or as mobile phase or components of the mobile phase in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Also they can be used as stationary phase in gas chromatography (GC), or attached to a solid support as stationary phase in HPLC. Ils are typically more environmentally-friendly solvents than the classic organic solvents having low volatility, flammability and toxicity. The chapter presents various applications of ILs in liquid chromatography.
Autonomous Warehousing: Development and Application of a Maturity Model
Authors: Ruile Herbert , Lichtsteiner Lukas
Published: April 2022

Warehouse systems are complex elements in the flow of goods and information in value-creating systems. Their efficiency and effectiveness depend to a large extent on the availability and continuity of information flow and their advanced technical and organizational resources. Recent technological developments in robotics, digitalization and Internet of Things open the pathway towards integrated and autonomous value chain operations. This book chapter describes the development of a measurement model to assess the maturity of autonomous warehouse systems beyond partially automated processes. The model considers technology readiness level, business process maturity as well as organizational capabilities. The maturity model is applied and discussed in a case study.
Application of the Sewage Sludge in Agriculture: Soil Fertility, Technoeconomic, and Life-Cycle Assessment
Authors: Muter Olga , Dubova Laila , Kassien Oleg , Cakane Jana , Alsina Ina
Published: April 2022

Disposal of sewage sludge, which is a by-product of wastewater treatment, has become one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Conversion of sewage sludge to a soil amendment can be performed by a broad spectrum of methods, which greatly differ by substrate/amendment composition, treatment time, and physicochemical conditions. The book chapter is focused on (i) environmental and legislative aspects of sewage sludge application in agriculture; (ii) risk factors related to the abundance of pathogens in sewage sludge and methods of SS hygienization; (iii) optimization of the use of SS-derived fertilizers. Application of sewage sludge in combination with mineral fertilizers positively influenced crop growth and soil microbiological activity. An environmental impact of sewage sludge related to its disposal to agricultural areas has been analyzed in terms of global warming, ecotoxicity, and other internationally recognized issues. Narrowly targeted measures may aggravate the situation. Some site-specific factors make sewage sludge unique, hence this specificity must be considered to predict the outcome of its treatment. Determination of these factors remains challenging. Therefore, the complexity of sewage sludge can be reduced by employing integrated biorefinery approaches that will result in circular bioeconomy and industrial ecology solutions.
Role of Gut Microbiome and Enteric Bacteria in Gallbladder Cancer
Authors: Sharma Jyoti , Huda Farhanul , Naithani Manisha , Kumar Singh Sudhir , Kumar Navin , Basu Somprakas
Published: April 2022

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is associated with a sinister prognosis, a short survival time, and early metastasis to distant sites. Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder due to gallstone disease and biliary bacteria remain key factors in the pathogenesis of GBC. The association of chronic bacterial infections with the development of GBC has provided a new perspective on the causation of GBC. A strong link between chronic Salmonella infection and enterohepatic strains of Helicobacter species with GBC has been suggested. It is believed that many other enteric bacterial strains, predominantly the Enterobacteriaceae species, are associated with the development of GBC. However, the available literature mainly comprises observational studies and small meta-analyses necessitating the requirement of a higher level of evidence. This chapter discusses the role of the gut microbiome, dysbiosis and its association with carcinogenesis, and the organisms associated with the causation of GBC.
Malnutrition in the Elderly: A Recent Update
Authors: Çevik Varol Aydan
Published: April 2022

Malnutrition is a common problem in the elderly. Malnutrition prevalence has been reported to be between 5 and 10% in elderly living at home and quite more in hospitilized ones. It has been observed that elderly people in need of home care services face malnutrition problems more frequently than general elderly population. Elderly people cared by home care services, especially when they have chronic, mental, or physical disease, they are inclined to be at a higher risk for malnutrition. If malnutrition is not detected and properly managed, it makes it difficult to treat other existing, clinical diseases. On the other hand, it causes increase of complications related to the patient and accordingly prone to higher morbidity and mortality risks. Therefore, all the elderly patients admitted to home care service have to be examined and evaluated for malnurtition risk and managed accordingly.
The Mystery of Dimensional Effects in Ferroelectricity
Authors: Verma Rolly , Kumar Rout Sanjeeb
Published: April 2022

The dimensional effect on ferroelectricity is a subject of long-understanding fundamental interest. While the low-dimensional finite ferroelectric structures are committed to the potential increase in electronics miniaturization, these anticipated benefits hinged on the existence of stable ferroelectric states in low-dimensional structures. This phenomenon can be understood from the point of basic physics. This chapter reviews the literature on the finite-size effects in ferroelectrics, emphasizing perovskite and polyvinylidene-based polymer ferroelectrics having technological importance. The reviewed data revealed that despite critical dimensionality being predicted in ferroelectrics, polarization switching phenomenon is possible in as thin as one monolayer film, at least in the case of P(VDF-TrFE) Langmuir–Blodgett thin film with stabilized functional properties. The roles of the depolarization field, electrode interfaces, domain wall motion, etc. in controlling the measured ferroelectric properties have been discussed. Further, the observed deviation from the bulk properties is explained based on both experimental and theoretical modeling.
High-Intensity Ultrasound and Its Interaction with Foodstuff and Nanomaterials
Authors: Luisa Rentería-Monterrubio Ana , Chávez-Martínez América , Juárez-Moya Julianna , Sánchez Vega Rogelio , Manuel Tirado Juan , Alberto Reyes-Villagrana Raúl
Published: April 2022

In recent decades, food research has focused on hybrid systems, that is, the application of nanomaterials and the so-called emerging technologies, whose objective is to increase the quality of food. Among these technologies that are different from thermal is high intensity ultrasound. This chapter presents and describes the interaction of acoustic waves supported by classical physics and nanomaterials generated by nanotechnology carried out in contemporary physics, all integrated as a multidisciplinary knowledge applied to food. Acoustic waves have a spectrum called ultrasound, with an approximate frequency range between 20 kHz and 1 GHz, and this is divided into low-intensity ultrasound (LIU), whose objective is to characterize materials. On the contrary, high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) has the objective of carrying out destructive tests, modifying the study samples. This happens because the HIU generates a phenomenon called acoustic cavitation, which consists of the generation, growth, and implosion of microbubbles, causing alterations in the near and far acoustic field. The proposed review focuses on the application of high-intensity ultrasound to be used in the food industry. Subsequently, a brief approach is made to nanotechnology and nanomaterials and how they have been incorporated into the food industry.
Zinc Biofortification in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Singh Anjali
Published: April 2022

Rice is a major energy source and micronutrient for more than half of the world’s population, but it lacks enough zinc to meet human nutritional needs. In addition, climate change, especially rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, is reducing zinc levels in grains. Therefore, rice bio-enrichment has been identified as a major goal for increasing zinc levels in grains to alleviate global zinc deficiency. There is a wide range to accelerate the development of High Zn varieties by applying biotechnology tools such as gene gun method and advanced genomics technology Successful intake and consumption requires an effective rice value chain, quality control and promotion of Zn bio-enriched varieties. Low zinc uptake, transport, and grain load have been identified as major bottlenecks in rice zinc bio enrichment. Nevertheless, the environmental and genetic factors of grain zinc accumulation in rice have not been fully studied. This review critically examines important genetic, physiological, and environmental variables that affect zinc uptake, transport, and utilization in rice. It also studies the genetic diversity of rice germ plasms and provides new genetic tools for bio-enhancement of zinc.
Fundamentals and Practical Aspects of Acid Mine Drainage Treatment: An Overview from Mine Closure Perspective
Authors: Montes-Atenas Gonzalo
Published: April 2022

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is perhaps one of the most relevant challenges the mining industry has faced during the last few decades. This issue is particularly important in the scenario of mine closure where mining processes cease to be active, and the sustainability of the sites needs to be re-established. This chapter reviews the fundamentals behind the generation of AMD as well as a set of physicochemical phenomena (chemisorption, precipitation, neutralisation, etc.) usually considered by researchers to mitigate it. Mine closure conditions where human presence is seldom or frankly rare turn the wastewater treatment even more challenging as it cannot be intensive in the utilization of reagents, energy, or human resources. Therefore, from a practical standpoint, passive-like wastewater treatment strategies mimicking nature are preferred. Finally, insights with regards to the complexities behind the implementation of pilot plant and industrial wastewater treatment systems conformed by long-term reactive barriers and constructed wetlands are also revised.
Pediatric Heart Transplantation
Authors: Azeka Estela
Published: April 2022

Despite advances in medical management, patients submitted for heart transplantation procedures still are at risk to development of complications. This chapter will discuss some specific topics of pediatric heart transplantation, focusing on perioperative care: (i) recipient management, (ii) donor evaluation, (iii) immunosuppression, (iv) early postoperative management, (v) complications, and (vi) conclusions.
Environmental Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and Disinfection of Work Surfaces in View of Pandemic Outbreak of COVID-19
Authors: Ranjan Koushlesh
Published: April 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a respiratory illness, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 across the world has been responsible for high morbidity and mortality, which emphasizes the role of the environment on virus persistence and propagation to the human population. Since environmental factors may play important roles in viral outbreaks, and the severity of the resulting diseases, it is essential to take into account the role of the environment in the COVID-19 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 may survive outside the human body from a few hours to a few days, depending upon environmental conditions, probably due to the relatively fragile envelope of the virus. The shedding and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment on animate and inanimate objects contributes to the risk of indirect transmission of the virus to healthy individuals, emphasizing the importance of various disinfectants in reducing the viral load on environmental surface and subsequently control of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population.
Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Collectors – A Rising Solar Technology for an Urban Sustainable Development
Authors: O. Cabral Diogo
Published: April 2022

The increasing global warming awareness related to climate change due to the high emissions of carbon dioxide in recent decades linked all nations into a common cause, which requires ambitious efforts to combat climate change by adapting energy systems to its effects. This book chapter aims at investigating the potential role of Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) solar collector technologies for an urban sustainable development based on the current state-of-art, system components and subsidies for PVT technologies. PVT technologies are a practical solution to compete with isolated systems such as photovoltaic (PV) modules and solar thermal collectors if a significant reduction in manufacturing cost is achieved, coupled with an increased energy production performance. Therefore, its success is intensely linked to the capacity of the PVT industry/researchers to scale down its current system cost and complexity in a way that can shorten the cost/performance gap to both PV and Solar Thermal (ST) technologies. The knowledge gained presented in this book chapter has been acquired through an extensive literature review, market surveys and project development made by several PVT experts with extensive expertise in the development of PVT technologies, which establishes the foundations for more efficient and cost-effective PVT solar collectors.
Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide System: A Link between Adipose Tissue, Obesity, and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Öztop Mustafa
Published: April 2022

Cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) play critical roles in body systems, besides essentially maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. White adipose tissue exerts functions such as energy storage, hormone secretion, thermal insulation, regulation of insulin sensitization, and prevention of traumatic injuries to vital organs. Brown adipose tissue is a thermogenic tissue that protects the body from cold environments by dissipation of chemical energy derived from fuel substrates as heat. NPs have potent regulatory effects on adipose tissues having high expression of NP receptors. Evidence suggests that the NP system participates in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism during obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Reduced NP synthesis and changed clearance receptor expression may adversely affect NPs’ target organ metabolism during obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Defective NP system might lead to adipose tissue dysfunction during obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Improved NP levels have been associated with positive metabolic outcomes. The positive association between increased NP levels and lower incidence of insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes holds promise for future applications of NPs system in clinical settings. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of the NP system on adipose tissue metabolism in cardiometabolic diseases.
Breastfeeding during COVID Pandemic
Authors: Yip Ka-Huen , Chow Mei-Kuen , Yip Yuk-Chiu , Tsui Wai-King
Published: April 2022

As new mothers are understandably concerned about COVID-19 and its high rate of infection, they are often unsure if they should breastfeed their infants. In general, hospitals do not allow direct breastfeeding by mothers with an active infection of SARS-CoV-2. Some neonatal units in Hong Kong maintain safe practices by isolating infants and mothers for at least 7 to 14 days, even if the infant remains SARS-CoV-2 negative. During isolation, mothers encourage the expression of milk to maintain milk duct patency and to prepare for lactation when they and their infants are discharged. Infants are fed formula milk by cup feeding with added supplements based on the recommended daily feeding volume for neonates and their appetite during hospitalization. At present, data that indicates COVID-19 could be transmitted from mother to infant postnatally through breastfeeding are insufficient. Major organizations recommend that mothers should breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months, and thereafter continue to provide their infants with breast milk up until the age of two or beyond. With new findings arising from research, updated information is important to reassure mothers that breastfeeding at home during the COVID-19 pandemic is safe and recommended for both the mother and the infant.
Cotton Breeding in the View of Abiotic and Biotic Stresses: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Kamburova Venera , Salakhutdinov Ilkhom , Y. Abdurakhmonov Ibrokhim
Published: April 2022

Global climate change manifested in average annual temperature rise and imbalance of most natural factors, such as changes in annual mean rainfall, air humidity, average temperature of cold and warm months, soil quality, etc., lead to climatic zones displacement. All these have a significant impact on agricultural production in total, including cotton growing. Cotton is one of the most important technical crops in the world. However, it is very sensitive to environmental changes. The influence of abiotic stresses (high temperature, changes in the mean rainfall and soil salinity) causes a dramatic decrease yield of this crop. Moreover, temperature anomalies and climatic zones displacement cause a change in the area of pathogens and pests distribution, which also reduces the cotton yield. One of the possible ways to increase the cotton yield under the influence of abiotic and biotic stresses is the development of new resistant varieties, using both classical breeding methods and genetic engineering achievements.
Superoxide Dismutase in Psychiatric Diseases
Authors: Djordjević Vladimir
Published: April 2022

As with many other human diseases, oxidative stress is implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and Alzheimer’s disease. Due to high oxygen consumption and a lipid-rich environment, the brain is highly susceptible to oxidative stress or redox imbalance. Both increased production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense disorders have been demonstrated in psychiatric patients. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the primary, critical enzyme in the detoxification of superoxide radicals, because they are the main ROS, primarily generated in the most biological reactions of free radical formation. There are inconsistent data on this enzyme activity in patients with different psychoses. Since psychotic disorders are complex and heterogeneous disorders, it is not surprising that different authors have found that SOD activity is increased, decreased, or unchanged in the same type of psychosis. This review examines and discusses some recent findings linking SOD activity to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and Alzheimer’s disease.
Invisible Solidarity
Authors: Łazarewicz-Wyrzykowska Elżbieta ,   Villanova University
Published: April 2022

In this article the author uses Pope Francis’s understanding of solidarity expressed in the encyclical Fratelli tutti to interpret the hitherto unacknowledged role of women’s invisible work in the Polish social movement Solidarność (Solidarity). The author then juxtaposes their contribution with the work of volunteers involved in helping the migrants in the humanitarian crisis on the border between Poland and Belarus, considered from the perspective of the exegesis of the parable of the Good Samaritan in Fratelli tutti. A postscript places these events in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
Obstetric and Newborn Weak D-Phenotype RBC Testing and Rh Immune Globulin Management Recommendations: Lessons From a Blinded Specimen-Testing Survey of 81 Transfusion Services
Authors: Ramsey Glenn , Park Yara A. , Eder Anne F. , Bobr Aleh , Karafin Matthew S. , Karp Julie K. , King Karen E. , Pagano Monica B. , Schwartz Joseph , Szczepiorkowski Zbigniew M. , Souers Rhona J. , Thomas Lamont , Delaney Meghan
Published: April 2022

Context.—

Modern RHD genotyping can be used to determine when patients with serologic weak D phenotypes have RHD gene variants at risk for anti-D alloimmunization. However, serologic testing, RhD interpretations, and laboratory management of these patients are quite variable.

Objective.—

To obtain interlaboratory comparisons of serologic testing, RhD interpretations, Rh immune globulin (RhIG) management, fetomaternal hemorrhage testing, and RHD genotyping for weak D-reactive specimens.

Design.—

We devised an educational exercise in which 81 transfusion services supporting obstetrics performed tube-method RhD typing on 2 unknown red blood cell challenge specimens identified as (1) maternal and (2) newborn. Both specimens were from the same weak D-reactive donor. The exercise revealed how participants responded to these different clinical situations.

Results.—

Of reporting laboratories, 14% (11 of 80) obtained discrepant immediate-spin reactions on the 2 specimens. Nine different reporting terms were used to interpret weak D-reactive maternal RhD types to obstetricians. In laboratories obtaining negative maternal immediate-spin reactions, 28% (16 of 57) performed unwarranted antiglobulin testing, sometimes leading to recommendations against giving RhIG. To screen for excess fetomaternal hemorrhage after a weak D-reactive newborn, 47% (34 of 73) of reporting laboratories would have employed a contraindicated fetal rosette test, risking false-negative results and inadequate RhIG coverage. Sixty percent (44 of 73) of laboratories would obtain RHD genotyping in some or all cases.

Conclusions.—

For obstetric and neonatal patients with serologic weak D phenotypes, we found several critical problems in transfusion service laboratory practices. We provide recommendations for appropriate testing, consistent immunohematologic terminology, and RHD genotype–guided management of Rh immune globulin therapy and RBC transfusions.
Reducing Laboratory Turnaround Time in Patients With Acute Stroke and the Lack of Impact on Time to Reperfusion Therapy
Authors: Trongnit Sasipong , Reesukumal Kanit , Kost Gerald J. , Nilanont Yongchai , Pratumvinit Busadee
Published: April 2022

Context.—

Timely reperfusion improves the recovery of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Laboratory results are crucial to guide treatment decisions in patients when abnormal laboratory tests are suspected.

Objective.—

To implement a new laboratory workflow for acute stroke patients and compare laboratory turnaround time (TAT) preimplementation and postimplementation.

Design.—

We conducted a retrospective pre-post intervention study of patients with suspected acute stroke during the 4-month periods before and after the implementation of a new laboratory workflow process. The improvement process included relocating the specimen registration site, laboratory notification before specimen arrival, a color-coding system on tubes, timing at all processes, and eliminating the smear review if platelets were normal. TATs of the laboratory and door-to–clinical intervention times before and after the improvement process were compared.

Results.—

Postintervention, median specimen transportation time decreased from 11 (interquartile range [IQR], 8.4–16.4) to 9 minutes (IQR, 6.3–12.8), P < .001. The intralaboratory and total TATs of complete blood cell count, coagulation tests, and creatinine significantly decreased (P < .001 for all). Blood drawn–to–laboratory reported time decreased from 43 (IQR, 36.0–51.5) to 33 minutes (IQR, 29.2–35.8, P < .001). However, door-to-needle time for thrombolysis and door-to-puncture time and door-to-recanalization time for mechanical thrombectomy were not statistically different (P = .11, .69, and .50, respectively).

Conclusions.—

The new laboratory workflow significantly decreased transportation time, TAT of individual tests, and the blood drawn–to–laboratory reported time. However, the time to treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients was not different between preimplementation and postimplementation.
Riscos de inundação em bacias regularizadas: Estudo de caso da cheia do rio Mondego, Portugal
Authors: Vargas Marcelle Martins , Nagel Gustavo Willy , Moura Maíra Martim de
Published: April 2022

Estudos hidrológicos de cheias em bacias hidrográficas com históricos alarmantes de inundações são de valiosa importância para aplicar metodologias de prevenção e mitigação. Para a cheia de 2001 no rio Mondego, em Portugal, estimou-se 460,1 mm mensal próximo à cidade de Coimbra, gerando grandes prejuízos econômicos e sociais. Esse estudo propôs calcular o Tempo de Retorno (TR) da cheia ocorrida em 2001, utilizando uma metodologia desenvolvida para a análise de risco à inundação em bacias regularizadas. As informações utilizadas nessa análise foram dados de precipitação e nível médio dos reservatórios. Os resultados indicaram que a cheia no rio Mondego, ocorrida em 2001, possui TR de 439,4 anos. A combinação de dados de chuva e de reservatório se mostrou importante para compreender a dinâmica de inundações em uma bacia regularizada. Nesse sentido, a metodologia utilizada neste trabalho pode ser aplicável a qualquer bacia que sofra grande influência de barramentos a montante e com vazões bem regularizadas.
Protection measures against Plum pox virus
Authors: Cikuša Milica
Published: April 2022

Plum pox virus is one of the most studied viruses due to the economic damage it can causes, as well as large investments required for its control and prevention. The main hosts are species that belong to the genus Prunus - plum, apricot, peach, nectarine, almond and cherry. PPV was first time discovered in Bulgaria in 1917-1918, and the virus has spread from Europe to Africa, South America, Asia and North America. The virus has not been detected in Australia and New Zealand. The virus spreads nonpersistent through more than 20 species of aphids and by vegetative propagation of infected plants. Stems of infected plants do not decay, they continue to bear fruit, but in smaller amounts and lower quality. Plant viruses cannot be defeated with chemicals. Action with a goal to eliminate or reduce the source of infection as prevention are necessary. To this day, 10 different strains of PPV have been identified based on biological, serological and molecular properties (M, D, Rec, EA, T, W, C, CR, CV, An).
Transformative experiences in nature-based tourism as a chance for improving sustainability of tourism destination
Authors: Seočanac Marijana
Published: April 2022

The consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, such as social isolation and physical (social) distancing, have led many people to become more aware of the values of nature. Natural destinations provide tourists with the opportunity for easy social distancing and improvement of mental and physical health. At the same time, they provide an opportunity for various stakeholders in the destination to, through experiences in the natural environment, encourage the transformation of tourists towards values and behaviours aimed at preserving the environment. Therefore, this paper aims to present, based on a review of existing literature, transformative experiences in nature-based tourism as a means to improve the sustainability of a tourist destination and identify possible solutions for designing such experiences.
Prediabetes: From diagnosis to prognosis
Authors: Beljić-Živković Teodora
Published: April 2022

Pre-diabetes is a condition of intermittent hyperglycemia, insufficient to define diabetes, which is characterized by combination of insulin resistance, alpha and beta cell dysfunction. It carries a risk for type 2 diabetes, often with pre-existing vascular complications, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, fatty liver and kidney disease. A reliable diagnosis is made on the basis of the oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) and the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c. Based on that, the presence of 3 basic disorders within pre-diabetes is determined: elevated fasting glycemia, glucose intolerance or both. However, this is not enough to predict the outcome. Extensive epidemiological studies have defined the minimum tests that should be performed in people with pre-diabetes. These are: calculation of body mass index (BMI), analysis of body composition, oGTT with analysis of glycemia, insulin and c-peptide in 0, 60 and 120 min, or just analysis of insulin and c-peptide with calculation of HOMA IR and HOMA B index, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, transaminases, gamma GT, albuminuria and glomerular filtration according to CKD-EPI creatinine formula. Based on these parameters, 6 subtypes of pre-diabetes have been proposed that can predict outcomes: 1. Moderately obese with initial disturbance in insulin sensitivity, but normal insulin secretion; 2. Normal body weight with normal insulin sensitivity of tissues, but somewhat reduced insulin secretion; 3. Moderate obesity or grade I obesity with moderately reduced insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion; 4. Grade I obesity, more subcutaneous than visceral fat, with preserved insulin sensitivity and secretion; 5. Grade I, II degree or morbidly obese with fatty liver and low insulin sensitivity and secretion and 6. Obesity I, II degree or morbidly obese with increased visceral adipose tissue and risk of kidney disease. Monitoring of outcomes found that the metabolically healthier subtypes of pre-diabetes are 1, 2 and 4. Type 2 diabetes is most common in subtypes 3 and 5. Phenotype 5 has the highest cardiovascular risk and phenotype 6 has the highest mortality. Chronic kidney disease is most common in subtype 6. The presence of fatty liver increases mortality. Identification of pre-diabetes has preventive therapeutic potential. It is important to make a diagnosis, clarify the prognosis and prevent comorbidity by proper diet and physical activity and drugs to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Market fire disaster experience in Lagos State, Nigeria: The chronicle of traders
Authors: Alabi Moruf , Adekalu Bankole , Popoola Ayobami
Published: April 2022

Urban market fire disasters in recent times are becoming rampant, rendering many homeless and loss of livelihood. This study examines response and recovery measures to market fires in Lagos metropolis using market fire data from the Lagos State Fire Service and questionnaire from traders who are victims of fire disaster in the area. In this study, questionnaire was administered to two hundred and fifty market traders in twenty-five markets of sixteen local government area where fire disaster occurred. Interview was also conducted for market stakeholders and government officials. Findings from the analysis show that in a seven year period market fires have affected over 50 markets in Lagos metropolis. Traders reported that response to fire calls has been poor from emergency responders who, more often than not, arrive late and ill-equipped at fire scenes. Traders have also often been helpless resorting to crude and less effective means of firefighting like pouring water and detergent solution on the fire. It also shows that 68.6% of the market fires were caused by electrical faults. The Chi-square analysis revealed an observed difference in the recovery duration amongst markets affected with a chi-square coefficient of 0.000, in which biasness was observed in the distribution of relief materials amongst the different local government involved with a chi-square coefficient of 0.000. The study reveals that the rate and duration amongst markets affected varied with wealth of the traders and the type of wares sold. Some traders never returned after the incident. It also appears from the field study that markets in the affected areas were not designed or prepared to combat fire eventualities due to their inaccessibility to fire fighting vehicles. Some others were far from the available water hydrants and lacked enough fire extinguishers. The study concluded that Lagos market fire outbreaks are avoidable incidences. However, it would remain recurrent if the markets vulnerable are not restructured for safety. The researchers recommend that governments at all levels should strengthen the capacity and revitalise emergency management agencies towards urban market fire disaster preparedness and mitigation.