bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of long‐term left ventricular assist device support on myocardial sympathetic activity in patients with non‐ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: George Robert S. , Birks Emma J. , Cheetham Andrew , Webb Carole , Smolenski Ryszad T. , Khaghani Asghar , Yacoub Magdi H. , Kelion Andrew
Published: April 2013

Aims

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients have abundant levels of norepinephrine secondary to failure of the norepinephrine transporter uptake mechanism. Little is known about the effects of an LV assist device (LVAD) on cardiac sympathetic innervations and norepinephrine transporter dysfunction. This study examines the effects of continuous‐flow HeartMate II LVAD on cardiac sympathetic innervations using [123I]metaiodobenzylguanidine ([123I]MIBG) nuclear imaging.

Methods and results

After injecting 431 ± 21 MBq of [123I]MIBG, planar scintigraphy was performed at 15 min and 4 h in 14 consecutive non‐diabetic non‐ischaemic DCM patients. Scans were executed early post‐LVAD implantation (T1) and prior to either device explantation for myocardial recovery or transplant listing (T2). [123I]MIBG measured parameters included early and delayed heart–mediastinum (H/M) ratios and washout rate (W/O). Catecholamine levels were measured using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Following 208.4 ± 85.5 days of LVAD support, both early and delayed H/M ratios increased by 42.1% (P < 0.001) and 54.7% (P < 0.001), respectively. The W/O rate decreased by 46% (P = 0.003). Plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine decreased significantly in correlation with [123I]MIBG parameters. Ten patients had recovered and had their device explanted as they had demonstrated a higher percentage change in delayed H/M ratio, W/O rate, and norepinephrine levels. Linear regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between percentage changes in both norepinephrine and epinephrine and myocardial recovery.

Conclusion

Combination therapy with LVAD and drug resulted in enhancement of [123I]MIBG uptake in DCM patients.
The Thoracic Lordosis Correction Improves Sacral Slope and Walking Ability in Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Authors: Kim Do Yeon , Moon Eun Su , Park Jin Oh , Chong Hyon Su , Lee Hwan Mo , Moon Seong Hwan , Kim Sung Hoon , Kim Hak Sun
Published: April 2013

Study Design:

Retrospective study.

Objective:

To report on neuromuscular patients with preserved walking ability, but forward bending of the body due to thoracic lordosis, and to suggest thoracic lordosis correction as the surgical treatment.

Summary of Background Data:

It is an established fact that lumbar lordosis or pelvic parameter is directly related to thoracic sagittal balance. However, the reverse relationship has not been fully defined yet. Loss of thoracic kyphosis results in positive sagittal balance, which causes walking difficulty. Neuromuscular patients with thoracic lordosis have not been reported yet, and there have been no reports on their surgical treatments.

Methods:

This study analyzed 8 patients treated with thoracic lordosis correction surgery. Every patient was diagnosed with muscular dystrophy. In thoracic lordosis correction surgery, anterior release was performed in the first stage and posterior segmental instrumentation was performed in the second stage. Radiographic parameters were compared and walking ability was evaluated with gait analysis. All patients were classified according to the modified Rancho Los Amigos Hospital system preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively to evaluate functional ability. The average follow-up period was 2.9 years.

Results:

Before surgery, the mean thoracic sagittal alignment was −2.1-degree lordosis, the mean Cobb angle and sacral slope increased to 36.3 and 56.6 degrees, respectively. The anterior pelvic tilt in gait analysis was 29.3 degrees. At last follow-up after surgery, the mean thoracic sagittal alignment changed to 12.6-degree kyphosis, and the Cobb angle and sacral slope decreased to 18.9 and 39.5 degrees, respectively. Lumbar lordosis and the sacral slope showed significant positive correlation (P<0.001). The improvement in thoracic lordosis showed a significant correlation to the preoperative flexibility of the major curve (P=0.028). The anterior pelvic tilt in gait analysis improved to 15.4 degrees. The functional ability improved in 2 (50%) of 4 patients in class 2 and maintained in remaining 6 patients 2 years after surgery.

Conclusions:

Thoracic lordosis correction surgery in neuromuscular scoliosis patients with thoracic lordosis improved the sacral slope in the standing position and the anterior pelvic tilt in gait. Sagittal imbalance was compensated by the spinopelvic mechanism, and back and hip extensor muscles seem to play a major role in this compensation.
Non-aqueous microchip electrophoresis for characterization of lipid biomarkers
Authors: Gibson Larry R. , Bohn Paul W.
Published: April 2013

In vivo
measurements of lipid biomarkers are hampered by their low solubility in aqueous solution, which limits the choices for molecular separations. Here, we introduce non-aqueous microchip electrophoretic separations of lipid mixtures performed in three-dimensional hybrid nanofluidic/microfluidic polymeric devices. Electrokinetic injection is used to reproducibly introduce discrete femtolitre to picolitre volumes of charged lipids into a separation microchannel containing low (100 μM–10 mM) concentration tetraalkylammonium tetraphenylborate background electrolyte (BGE) in
N
-methylformamide, supporting rapid electro-osmotic fluid flow in polydimethylsiloxane microchannels. The quality of the resulting electrophoretic separations depends on the voltage and timing of the injection pulse, the BGE concentration and the electric field strength. Injected volumes increase with longer injection pulse widths and higher injection pulse amplitudes. Separation efficiency, as measured by total plate number,
N
, increases with increasing electric field and with decreasing BGE concentration. Electrophoretic separations of binary and ternary lipid mixtures were achieved with high resolution (
R
s
∼ 5) and quality (
N
> 7.7 × 10
6
plates m
−1
). Rapid
in vivo
monitoring of lipid biomarkers requires high-quality separation and detection of lipids downstream of microdialysis sample collection, and the multilayered non-aqueous microfluidic devices studied here offer one possible avenue to swiftly process complex lipid samples. The resulting capability may make it possible to correlate oxidative stress with
in vivo
lipid biomarker levels.
Prospects for land-use sustainability on the agricultural frontier of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Galford Gillian L. , Soares-Filho Britaldo , Cerri Carlos E. P.
Published: April 2013

The Brazilian Amazon frontier shows how remarkable leadership can work towards increased agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability without new greenhouse gas emissions. This is due to initiatives among various stakeholders, including national and state government and agents, farmers, consumers, funding agencies and non-governmental organizations. Change has come both from bottom-up and top-down actions of these stakeholders, providing leadership, financing and monitoring to foster environmental sustainability and agricultural growth. Goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from land-cover and land-use change in Brazil are being achieved through a multi-tiered approach that includes policies to reduce deforestation and initiatives for forest restoration, as well as increased and diversified agricultural production, intensified ranching and innovations in agricultural management. Here, we address opportunities for the Brazilian Amazon in working towards low-carbon rural development and environmentally sustainable landscapes.
Autonomous golf ball picking robot design and development
Authors: Pereira Nino , Ribeiro Fernando , Lopes Gil , Whitney Daniel , Lino Jorge
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the methodology and the results on the design and development of an autonomous, golf ball picking robot, for driving ranges.

Design/methodology/approach

The strategy followed to develop a commercial product is presented, based on prior identification requirements, which consist of picking up golf balls on a driving range in a safe and efficient way.

Findings

A fully working prototype robot has been developed. It uses two driving wheels and a third cast wheel, and pushes a standard gang which collects the balls from the ground. A hybrid information system was implemented in order to provide a statistically relevant prediction of golf balls location, to optimize the path the robot has to follow in order to reduce time and cost. Autonomous navigation was developed and tested on a simulation environment.

Research limitations/implications

Preliminary results showed that the new path planning algorithm Twin‐RRT* is able to form closed loop trajectories and improve the result over time. Kinematic constraints were already taken into account on the algorithm. This sampling based algorithm has potential usage in solving other TPP (Travelling Purchaser Problem) related problems.

Practical implications

The prototype feasibility is being tested in real driving ranges. It has autonomy of up to 8 h per day. It is capable of collecting up to 1,200 balls in one single journey. It weighs 130 kg and is capable of climbing slopes of up to 22°. The maximum speed is 8 km/h and the robot takes 140 min to completely sweep a 25,000 m2 field at 7.2 km/h (2 m/s) average speed.

Social implications

There are about 30,000 golf practice fields, of which 18,000 are located in the USA and Canada. In some countries the golf industry represents more than 15 per cent of tourism GNP. In a typical practice field, about 10,000 balls have to be picked up every day.

Originality/value

An important contribution of this paper is the algorithm for path planning in order to optimize the ball pick up task, reducing time and cost. There are two patents are pending concerning the technological novelties of this work.
Control investigation of a customizable/adjustable exoskeleton upper‐limb
Authors: Stopforth Riaan
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanical, kinematic and biological aspects that would be required for a customized upper limb exoskeleton prototype operation.

Design/methodology/approach

The research contained a literature survey, design, simulation, development and testing of an exoskeleton arm.

Findings

An adjustable/customizable exoskeleton arm was developed with a kinematic model to allow the desired motion. Tests were performed to determine the feasibility of the system.

Originality/value

The paper shows how the authors researched, designed and developed an exoskeleton arm that had similar mechanical properties to those of a biological arm. The exoskeleton must allow customization and be adaptable to the operator, without the need for major alterations.
Re‐thinking the role of the corporate sector in international development
Authors: Davis Peter
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This paper explores the paradigm of international development that has persisted for the past five decades, and asks whether a fresh approach is needed – one that builds on the developmental potential of the corporate sector, not just on donor aid.

Design/methodology/approach

This article explores both how corporations contribute to development and also the challenges in incorporating them into the wider processes of international development. This is achieved through the examination of two key sets of literature. The first is that regarding the effectiveness of the existing approach to international development. The second, smaller but growing, explores the impact that the corporate sector has had on raising countries out of poverty.

Findings

This paper finds that despite the cost and effort, most developing countries remain just that – developing. Where countries have developed, there is strong evidence to suggest that this has been the result, not of international aid, but of a thriving corporate sector. Yet companies remain outside the prevailing development paradigm, and their contribution to lifting countries out of poverty remains poorly understood. This paper makes a number of recommendations in relation to further research that is needed, and also policy approaches that need to be explored.

Research limitations/implications

It is apparent from this paper that more and detailed scholarly work is needed to improve further our understanding of how companies contribute to development.

Practical implications

For policy makers this paper demonstrates an urgent need to develop better and more thorough‐going processes to engage with the corporate sector.

Originality/value

The role that companies play in international development remains under‐explored. This paper is therefore a novel contribution to this debate, and one that has significant implications for both the academic and policy communities.
Novel linkages for development: corporate social responsibility, law and governance: exploring the Nigerian Petroleum Industry Bill
Authors: Okoye Adaeze
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the question of the role of business in development from a contextual point of view. The context is Nigeria and its development challenges contrasted with the Nigerian oil industry, which dominates the Nigerian economy as the core resource. It examines the country's attempt to reconnect the oil industry business with development through the Nigerian Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB).

Design/methodology/approach

This paper primarily examines the attempt to re‐orient the oil industry in Nigeria through the Nigerian PIB. It adopts a conceptual approach analyzing the current debates and delays surrounding the bill in line with themes of human development and corporate social responsibility (CSR). It therefore examines and questions the linkages between business, development, law and governance.

Findings

The main findings suggest that development is best viewed in context of the needs of the relevant country and therefore if corporations through CSR are to engage more meaningfully with the developmental agenda then it must move beyond “self‐interested” models of CSR and engage meaningfully and fairly with facilitative frameworks in the “local” contexts, including the use of law.

Originality/value

This paper is an exploratory discussion that examines the potential and limitations of linking business to development agendas in an ongoing context. This is because the Nigerian Petroleum Industry Bill, originally drafted in 2008, has not yet passed into law at the end of 2011. This is the result of delays and uncertainty, which is costing the industry and the country significantly at a time when the developmental needs are paramount.
Value‐added reporting as a tool for sustainability: a Latin American experience
Authors: Perera Aldama Luis , Zicari Adrián
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a collection of ongoing experiences with a value‐added reporting model in Latin America, positing its pertinence with regards to CSR accountability.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper utilises a qualitative methodology in which a series of semi‐structured telephone interviews and/or e‐mail questionnaires with managers from six reporting companies in Latin America (Chile, Colombia, Uruguay) was conducted. The fact that one of the authors of this paper created the reporting model facilitated easier access to company managers and a deeper understanding of each situation. A literature review from European, US and Latin American sources provides a framework for discussion.

Findings

The paper illustrates how value‐added statements (which are based on conventional financial accounting) can provide relevant information for CSR accountability. The variety of experiences shown (different industries and diverse company ownership in separate countries) may suggest the wide potential of this reporting model.

Research limitations/implications

As the paper deals with a recent, ongoing experience (this model has been in use for the last six years only), the results have to be treated with caution. Even though many firms are interested in adopting this value‐added model, there are currently fewer than 20 reporting firms using it.

Social implications

The paper aims to position value distribution and its accountability as relevant issues in CSR, particularly for developing countries. In addition, such an intuitive model might more easily reach the general public, something that rarely happens with conventional CSR reporting models.

Originality/value

This is the first academic paper that demonstrates the application of this reporting model (though the authors already published a practitioner‐oriented article in Spanish). Furthermore, there are few documented cases of value‐added reporting experiences in emerging markets, particularly in Latin America.
New corporate code and immediate performance change of the Nigerian firms
Authors: Adewuyi Adeolu O. , Olowookere Afolabi E.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the immediate impact of a newly released code of governance on the financial performance of Nigerian companies. Tests are carried out to determine whether firms that comply more with the code experience better performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The governance change of Nigerian listed firms after the newly released code is classified into ex ante good governance change or ex ante bad governance change; the differences in performance between the good governance change firms and bad governance change firms are then compared. Since firms in any year can change more than one governance indicator, an index of aggregate governance change is computed and the performance of firms from two extreme governance rankings is compared.

Findings

It is found that in the immediate period after the release of the code, Nigerian firms reorganised their governance mechanism, and this sometimes involved substitution among mechanisms. However, the performance increase accrued to any firm with reorganisation towards a good mechanism could have been eroded when the same firm instituted a change towards another mechanism that matches the definition of bad change. This therefore makes an attempt to differentiate performance based on governance change (pre‐ and post‐new code) difficult and insignificant.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the scarce literature on corporate governance and firm performance in developing countries. Specifically, it can be regarded as the first study to test the immediate impact of a new code of governance on Nigerian firms. Equally, the adopted methodology makes it the first study to compute and test an aggregate index of governance change for Nigeria.
Investigating the critical success factors of corporate social responsibility implementation: evidence from the Iranian banking sector
Authors: Safari Kahreh Mohammad , Mehdi Mirmehdi Seyyed , Eram Asghar
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The main purpose of this paper is to identify the critical success factors of corporate social responsibility (CSR). By illustrating the CSFs of CSR implementation, policy‐ and decision‐makers can handle the business at a higher level of effectiveness and efficiency and will achieve sustainable development in a turbulent business environment. To achieve this purpose and to identify the CSFs of CSR implementation, evidence from the banking sector of Iran will be gathered. By using the experts in this field, the CSFs identified will be validated and then ranked.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve this purpose and to identify the CSFs of CSR implementation, evidence from the banking sector in Iran will be gathered. By using the experts in this field, the CSFs identified will be validated and then ranked. This research, implemented in the banking sector, is an innovative study that can contribute valuable insights for both academicians and professionals in the field. In the final section of this work, applied and theoretical recommendations will be presented.

Findings

In this research the critical success factors for CSR implementation are identified and presented. For gathering data and sampling, the banking sector of Iran was selected as the case study of this research. Based on the viewpoint of the experts of this research, 23 CSFs for CSR implementation were identified and then the importance of these CSFs was determined. This is an innovative study in the field of CSR in the banking sector that presents a new category for critical success factors for CSR implementation. All the identified CSFs are categorized into the five main sections of the organizational functional areas. These functional areas include financial, marketing, environmental, strategic and human resources.

Originality/value

This study first provides a framework for CSR implementation in the banking sector. Also the main CSFs are identified and ranked. By means of the results of this study, decision makers in the field will be more familiar with CSR and can make higher decisions for the chief departments of the organization. Finally academicians in the field can use the framework of this research and develop CSR for other organizations and sectors of business.
Association between vision impairment and driving exposure in older adults aged 70 years and over: a population‐based examination
Authors: Sandlin Daniel , McGwin Gerald , Owsley Cynthia
Published: April 2013

Purpose:  To examine the relationship between vision impairment and driving exposure (amount of driving one does) in a population‐based sample of older drivers and to examine to what extent cognitive status impacts this relationship.

Methods:  Enrollees consisted of a population‐based sample of older adults from Alabama who were ≥70 years old, held a current driver’s license, and had driven within the last 3 months. Three aspects of visual function were measured under binocular conditions – habitual distance visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visual processing speed. General cognitive status was assessed with the mini‐mental status examination. Driving exposure was estimated by the Driving Habits Questionnaire that asked about the number of miles, places, trips and days driven per week.

Results:  Drivers with impaired contrast sensitivity exhibited reduced annual mileage, and a decreased number of places and trips driven per week compared to those with normal contrast sensitivity, even after adjustment for other factors. Slowed visual processing speed was associated with reduced number of days driven per week after adjustment. Visual acuity deficit was not associated with changes in driving exposure. Cognitive status did not impact any of the associations between vision impairment and driving exposure.

Conclusion:  Older drivers with contrast sensitivity impairment exhibit reduced driving exposure in terms of number of trips and places they drive per week, as well as decreased annual mileage. These apparent self‐regulatory practices should be viewed as adaptive because contrast sensitivity impairment elevates motor vehicle collision (MVC) risk and reduction in driving exposure can reduce MVC risk.
Use of the SAND balloon catheter in single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis
Authors: Ikegami Toru , Shirabe Ken , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Kayashima Hiroto , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: April 2013

Introduction

SILS for acute cholecystitis is technically challenging because of the difficulties in obtaining optical surgical field.

Materials and Surgical Technique

A 2‐cm incision was made through the umbilicus, a single port and trocars were introduced, and the abdomen was then insufflated. A 5‐mm SAND balloon punctured the abdominal wall and then the gallbladder wall. The distal and proximal balloons were inflated to prevent bile leakage, and the bile was aspirated. The collapsed gallbladder was then retracted cephalad, the critical structures were exposed, and the cystic artery and duct were divided. The gallbladder was dissected and removed through the umbilicus, and the abdomen was closed. We performed this procedure in three cases with acute cholecystitis. Operative times were 95, 133 and 244 min, blood loss was 5, 10 and 43 mL, and postoperative hospital stay was 2, 2 and 3 days, respectively.

Discussion

The single‐incision laparoscopic approach with the SAND balloon is a feasible technique for acute cholecystitis.
Protection by Hydrogen Against Gamma Ray‐Induced Testicular Damage in Rats
Authors: Jiang Zhitao , Xu Bo , Yang Mowen , Li Zhaozhu , Zhang Yubo , Jiang Dapeng
Published: April 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of hydrogen‐rich saline solution (HRSS) and WR‐2721 on the testicular damage induced by irradiation. Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I served as control group. Rats in group II were exposed to the irradiation. The animals in group III and IV were injected intraperitoneally with HRSS (5 ml/kg) and WR‐2721 (200 mg/kg), respectively, 15 min. before the start of gamma irradiation. Testis weight, testis dimensions, sperm count, sperm motility, apoptosis index and biochemical assays were assessed after a 4‐day initiation of irradiation. Testis weight, testis dimensions, sperm count, sperm motility in group II were significantly lower compared with those in the control group, whereas they were higher in the HRSS and WR‐2721 group. Apoptosis index was significantly increased in group II. Treatment of rats with HRSS and WR‐2721 significantly reduced the apoptosis index. On the other hand, irradiation markedly decreased activities of SOD. Activities of SOD were significantly improved when treated with HRSS and WR‐2721. Significant increase in the MDA level was observed in group II. MDA levels of group III and IV were significantly lowered when compared with group II. HRSS also played a significant role in the recovery of serum testosterone levels. The results from this experimental study suggest that hydrogen has a possible protective effect against radiation‐induced testicular damage.
Association of human cytomegalovirus DNAaemia and specific granzyme B responses in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Weseslindtner L , Kerschner H , Steinacher D , Kundi M , Jaksch P , Simon B , Hatos-Agyi L , Scheed A , Klepetko W , Puchhammer-Stöckl E
Published: April 2013

In lung transplant recipients (LTRs), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNAaemia could be associated with HCMV disease and reduced allograft survival. In the present study we analysed whether or not HCMV-specific granzyme B (Grz-B) responses indicating CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity exert an impact on HCMV DNAaemia and relate to specific interferon (IFN)-γ secretion. HCMV-specific Grz-B responses were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 70 samples from 39 HCMV seropositive LTRs who were prospectively investigated for HCMV DNA plasma levels and IFN-γ kinetics using a standardized CD8+ T cell assay (QuantiFERON®-CMV assay). In all LTRs who were protected from HCMV DNAaemia by early and persistent IFN-γ responses, Grz-B responses were also detected. In LTRs who developed episodes of HCMV DNAaemia, the Grz-B responses which were detected prior to viral DNA detection differed significantly in patients who experienced episodes with high (exceeding 1000 copies/ml) and low plasma DNA levels (P = 0·0290, Fisher's exact test). Furthermore, the extent of Grz-B release prior to viral DNAaemia correlated statistically with the detected levels of IFN-γ (P < 0·0001, Spearman's rank test). Of note, simultaneous detection of Grz-B and IFN-γ secretion was associated significantly with protection from high HCMV DNA plasma levels during the subsequent follow-up (P = 0·0057, Fisher's exact test), and this association was stronger than for IFN-γ detection alone. We conclude that, in addition to IFN-γ responses, Grz-B secretion by CD8+ T cells is essential to control HCMV replication and a simultaneous measurement of IFN-γ and Grz-B could contribute to the immune monitoring of LTRs.
High carrier frequency of 21‐hydroxylase deficiency in Cyprus
Authors: Phedonos AAP , Shammas C , Skordis N , Kyriakides TC , Neocleous V , Phylactou LA
Published: April 2013

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency (21‐OHD) is a common autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CYP21A2 gene. The carrier frequency of CYP21A2 mutations has been estimated to be 1:25 to 1:10 on the basis of newborn screening. The main objective of this study was to determine the carrier frequency in the Cypriot population of mutations in the CYP21A2 gene. Three hundred unrelated subjects (150 males and 150 females) from the general population of Cyprus were screened for mutations in the CYP21A2 gene and its promoter. The CYP21A2 genotype analysis identified six different mutants and revealed a carrier frequency of 9.83% with the mild p.Val281Leu being the most frequent (4.3%), followed by p.Qln318stop (2.5%), p.Pro453Ser (1.33%), p.Val304Met (0.83%), p.Pro482Ser (0.67%) and p.Met283Val (0.17%). The notable high CYP21A2 carrier frequency of the Cypriot population is one of the highest reported so far by genotype analysis. Knowledge of the mutational spectrum of CYP21A2 will enable to optimize mutation detection strategy for genetic diagnosis of 21‐OHD not only in Cyprus, but also the greater Mediterranean region.
In Praise of a Model but Not Its Conclusions: Commentary on Cooper, Catmur, and Heyes (2012)
Authors: Bertenthal Bennett I. , Scheutz Matthias
Published: April 2013

Cooper et al. (this issue) develop an interactive activation model of spatial and imitative compatibilities that simulates the key results from Catmur and Heyes (2011) and thus conclude that both compatibilities are mediated by the same processes since their single model can predict all the results. Although the model is impressive, the conclusions are premature because they are based on an incomplete review of the relevant literature and because the model includes some questionable assumptions. Moreover, a competing model (Scheutz & Bertenthal, 2012) is introduced that suggests the two compatibilities are not mediated by the same processes. We propose that more research is necessary before concluding that spatial and imitative compatibilities are mediated by the same processes.
Higher genetic diversity is associated with stable water refugia for a gecko with a wide distribution in aridAustralia
Authors: Duckett Paul E. , Stow Adam J.
Published: April 2013

Aim

Those locations and features providing refugia for species during unfavourable climatic phases may be important to identify and conserve to help protect biodiversity in the near future. During the Pleistocene, climates oscillated between glacial and interglacial periods. In the Northern Hemisphere, the impact from glacial ice sheets caused species to disperse to warmer southern refugia, but less is known about changes to species' distributions during these periods in the Southern Hemisphere.

Location

In Australia, the climate alternated between highly arid and wetter periods during the Pleistocene. It has been proposed that arid refugia may be associated with the inland ranges (areas of higher relief), the mesic east, or areas that maintained favourable species‐specific ecological conditions. We tested these hypotheses with a phylogeographical analysis of a widely distributed tree‐dwelling gecko,Gehyra variegata(2n = 40a chromosomal race) throughout the central and eastern regions of arid Australia.

Methods

We generated a mtDNAsequence and microsatellite dataset by sampling 740G. variegata40athroughout its known distribution. We also use species distribution modelling to predict the species' likely past, present and future distribution.

Results

The majority ofG. variegata40alineages diverged during the Pleistocene, and those located in regions of arid Australia where mean annual water run‐off is highest, displayed higher levels of genetic diversity in comparison locations with lower run‐off. We also show that genetic diversity increased with proximity to water sources.

Main conclusions

It is likely thatG. variegata40acontracted to refugia associated with stable water sources during Pleistocene arid phases. However, modelling suggests that unfavourable climate conditions will be present in this region by 2070. Therefore, Pleistocene refugia forG. variegata40aare unlikely to be refugia in the future. More generally, our results suggest that water run‐off could be a useful predictor to identify favourable conditions for some arid species.
Validating the dental subscale of the children's fear survey schedule using Rasch analysis
Authors: Lopes David , Arnrup Kristina , Robertson Agneta , Lundgren Jesper
Published: April 2013

Rasch analysis was used to examine the validity of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule – Dental Subscale (CFSS‐DS). Data were collected from parents of children in regular dental care (n = 240) and from parents of children referred to a specialized pediatric dental clinic (n = 200). The Rasch model is a probabilistic model in which estimations are based on the relationship between person ability and item difficulty, and the present study investigated the validity of the CFSS‐DS through analysis of person and item fit, dimensionality, ordering of thresholds, local dependency, and differential item functioning. The results show multidimensionality of the original scale, and an adjusted version consisting of six items with good fit to the model is suggested. The adjusted scale makes interval‐level analysis possible, and time efficiency and elimination of previously criticized items argue in favor of the adjusted scale.
NADPH oxidase is a novel target of delphinidin for the inhibition of UVB‐induced MMP‐1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Lim Tae‐Gyu , Jung Sung Keun , Kim Jong‐eun , Kim Yoona , Lee Hyong Joo , Jang Tae Su , Lee Ki Won
Published: April 2013

We investigated the reported antiphotoaging effects of the major anthocyanidin delphidin and sought to identify its specific molecular target during UVB‐induced MMP‐1 expression. Delphinidin treatment significantly inhibited UVB‐induced MMP‐1 expression in primary cultured human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), an effect associated with the suppression of MKK4‐JNK1/2, MKK3/6‐p38 and MEK‐ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Further investigation revealed that delphinidin significantly inhibited UVB‐induced ROS production and NOX activity. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of delphinidin on UVB‐induced NOX activity was stronger than that of apocynin, a pharmaceutical NOX inhibitor. Fractioned cell analysis results using a Western blot assay showed that this effect occurred through the inhibition of UVB‐induced P47phox (a NOX subunit) translocation from the cytosol to the membrane. Pull down assays demonstrated that delphinidin binds directly to P47phox in vitro. Collectively, our results suggest that delphinidin targets NOX, resulting in the suppression of UVB‐induced MMP‐1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts.
Projecting demographic responses to climate change: adult and juvenile survival respond differently to direct and indirect effects of weather in a passerine population
Authors: Dybala Kristen E. , Eadie John M. , Gardali Thomas , Seavy Nathaniel E. , Herzog Mark P.
Published: April 2013

Few studies have quantitatively projected changes in demography in response to climate change, yet doing so can provide important insights into the processes that may lead to population declines and changes in species distributions. Using a long‐term mark‐recapture data set, we examined the influence of multiple direct and indirect effects of weather on adult and juvenile survival for a population of Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) in California. We found evidence for a positive, direct effect of winter temperature on adult survival, and a positive, indirect effect of prior rainy season precipitation on juvenile survival, which was consistent with an effect of precipitation on food availability during the breeding season. We used these relationships, and climate projections of significantly warmer and slightly drier winter weather by the year 2100, to project a significant increase in mean adult survival (12–17%) and a slight decrease in mean juvenile survival (4–6%) under the B1 and A2 climate change scenarios. Together with results from previous studies on seasonal fecundity and postfledging survival in this population, we integrated these results in a population model and projected increases in the population growth rate under both climate change scenarios. Our results underscore the importance of considering multiple, direct, and indirect effects of weather throughout the annual cycle, as well as differences in the responses of each life stage to climate change. Projecting demographic responses to climate change can identify not only how populations will be affected by climate change but also indicate the demographic process(es) and specific mechanisms that may be responsible. This information can, in turn, inform climate change adaptation plans, help prioritize future research, and identify where limited conservation resources will be most effectively and efficiently spent.
Serum amyloid A and C‐reactive protein positive nodule in alcoholic liver cirrhosis, hard to make definite diagnosis
Authors: Kim Soo Ryang , Kondo Fukuo , Otono Yumi , Imoto Susumu , Ando Kenji , Hirakawa Makoto , Fukuda Katsumi , Sasaki Madoka , Kim Soo Ki , Komaki Takamitsu , Tsuchida Shinobu , Kobayashi Sawako , Matsuoka Toshiyuki , Kudo Masatoshi
Published: April 2013

We describe a case of serum amyloid A (SAA) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) positive nodule detected by immunohistochemical analysis in a 37‐year‐old woman with alcohol‐related cirrhosis. Imaging studies at first admission pointed to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a dysplastic nodule, an inflammatory pseudotumor or focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Ultrasonography‐guided biopsy in Segment 2 showed minimal atypical changes, except for a slight increase in cell density and micronodular cirrhosis in the non‐nodular portion. gadolinium‐ethoxybenzyl‐diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging carried out after a year and a half revealed hypervascularity in the arterial phase and isointensity in the hepatobiliary phase. Three years thereafter, however, the imaging displayed a change from isointensity to a defect in the hepatobiliary phase, and the nodule demonstrated minimal histological atypia. Immunohistochemical staining of the nodule was positive for SAA, CRP, liver fatty acid‐binding protein and glutamine synthetase, but negative for β‐catenin, heat shock protein 70 and Glypican 3. Organic anion transporter (OATP)8 staining was weaker in the nodule than in the non‐nodular portion of the alcohol‐related micronodular cirrhosis. The nodule was diagnosed as an SAA and CRP positive nodule, and HCC was ruled out. Despite the change from isointensity to a defect in the hepatobiliary phase, no evidence of HCC was found in the biopsy specimen. The change may be explained more by the weak OATP8 staining compared with that of alcohol‐related liver cirrhosis than by malignant transformation into HCC.
Synthesis and Properties of a New Dental Material Based on Nano‐Structured Highly Active Calcium Silicates and Calcium Carbonates
Authors: Jokanović Vukoman , Čolović Božana , Mitrić Miodrag , Marković Dejan , Ćetenović Bojana
Published: April 2013

A synthesis of a new dental material, based on nano‐structured highly active calcium silicates and calcium carbonates, is described in this paper. Phase analysis of this material, before and after hydration, was performed by X‐ray diffraction and showed that active silicate phases were transformed into tobermorite phase, while carbonates remained unchanged. The mechanism of hydration was fully described. The morphology of the sample was studied by SEM, and typical appearance of the present phases was particularly discussed. The mechanical properties and setting time of this material make it very promising for potential application in dental practice.
Effect of Particle Size on the Optical Properties of Yellow Silicate Phosphor in Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jang Min‐Suk , Kim Wan‐Ho , Kang Young‐Rae , Song Sang‐Bin , Kim Jae‐Pil , Kim Jin‐Hyeok
Published: April 2013

Understanding the effect of particle size on the optical properties of phosphor is important to increase packaging efficiency in white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). We have investigated the effect of particle size (10–20 μm, 20–25 μm, 25–32 μm) on the optical properties of a yellow silicate phosphor adopted in white LEDs. X‐ray diffraction results show negligible modification in crystallinity as the particle size of the yellow silicate phosphor varies, whereas the photoluminescence excitation intensity and quantum yield are enhanced as the particle size increased. LED packages fabricated using phosphors with different mean particle sizes, and their optical properties were analyzed. The radiant flux improved with increasing particle size, whereas the luminous flux increased with decreasing particle size. The effect of immersion on the optical properties of the LED light source has been also measured, and the details are discussed.
Reduction of prostate cancer incidence by naftopidil, an α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist and transforming growth factor‐β signaling inhibitor
Authors: Yamada Daisuke , Nishimatsu Hiroaki , Kumano Shintaro , Hirano Yoshikazu , Suzuki Motofumi , Fujimura Tetsuya , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Enomoto Yutaka , Kume Haruki , Homma Yukio
Published: April 2013

Objectives

Quinazoline‐based α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists are known to inhibit prostate tumor growth through induction of apoptosis. We investigated the effect of a naphthalene‐based α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist, naftopidil, on prostate cancer incidence, apoptosis of prostatic cell and transforming growth factor‐β signaling.

Methods

Prescription records were linked to pathological data for men who continued naftopidil (n = 766) or tamsulosin (n = 1015) for 3 months or longer between 2003 and 2010. Prostate cancer incidence was analyzed by log–rank test and the Cox proportional hazards model. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human tissues were assessed by immunohistochemical detection of Bcl2 and p21, respectively. Growth inhibition and apoptosis treatment with naftopidil and tamsulosin were assessed in cancer cell lines. Interference with transforming growth factor‐β signaling was examined by western blot analysis.

Results

Prostate cancer incidence was significantly lower in men who received naftopidil for 3 months or longer compared with tamsulosin (P = 0.035). Multivariate analysis confirmed a decreased hazard ratio, 0.46, for naftopidil use (P = 0.013), which was more evident with longer treatment. Immunohistochemical positivity for Bcl2, a marker for resistance to apoptosis, was less frequently detected in prostate cancer cells of men who received naftopidil compared with tamsulosin (P < 0.05). Naftopidil inhibited cancer cell growth, induced apoptosis and blocked Smad2 phosphorylation activated by transforming growth factor‐β in cell lines, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 1.1 µmol/L.

Conclusions

Naftopidil seems to reduce prostate cancer incidence, possibly by inducing apoptosis, preferentially in cancer cells, and blocking transforming growth factor‐β signaling.
Lingual versus buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture: A prospective comparative analysis
Authors: Sharma Adittya K , Chandrashekar Ratkal , Keshavamurthy Ramaiah , Nelvigi Girish G , Kamath Ananth J , Sharma Satyam , Venkatesh GK
Published: April 2013

Objective

To compare lingual and buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture with respect to intraoperative, postoperative parameters and urethroplasty outcome.

Methods

From January 2011 to December 2011, a total of 30 patients with anterior urethral stricture whereas group 2 underwent dorsal onlay buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty. Patients were evaluated for postoperative, tongue protrusion, oral opening, and difficulty in speech and swallowing pain score. Surgical outcome was evaluated with pre‐ and postoperative work‐up involving retrograde urethrogram, uroflow and urethroscopy.

Results

Mean age, stricture length and overall pain score were comparable in two groups. All the patients were mostly pain free by postoperative day 7. Group 1 patients had significant difficulty in speech and delayed return to normal diet as compared with group 2. The group 2 patients had a significant reduction in oral opening for the first week after surgery. In group 1, approximately 20% patients (with bilateral lingual grafts and stricture length >7 cm) complained of a change in speech character with restricted tongue movement in the long term, whereas there was no significant long‐term morbidity in group 2. At mean follow up of 14.5 months, urethroplasty outcome was comparable in the two groups with one failure in group 1, and two failures in group 2.

Conclusion

Lingual mucosa graft urethroplasty provides outcomes equivalent to those of buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty. Postoperative morbidity and long‐term change in speech make it a second choice for strictures >7 cm, only for cases where buccal mucosa graft is unavailable.
Circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are activated in inflammatory bowel disease and are associated with plasma markers of inflammation
Authors: Funderburg Nicholas T. , Stubblefield Park Samantha R. , Sung Hannah C. , Hardy Gareth , Clagett Brian , Ignatz‐Hoover James , Harding Clifford V. , Fu Pingfu , Katz Jeffry A. , Lederman Michael M. , Levine Alan D.
Published: April 2013

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by damage to the gut mucosa and systemic inflammation. We sought to evaluate the role of chronic inflammation on circulating T‐cell activation in human subjects with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. We studied 54 patients with IBD and 28 healthy controls. T‐cell activation and cycling were assessed in whole blood samples by flow cytometry. Levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured in serum by Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay, and plasma levels of inflammatory markers and LPS‐binding proteins were measured by ELISA. The proportions of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in cycle (Ki67+) are increased in patients with IBD compared with these proportions in controls. CD8+ T cells from patients with IBD are also enriched for cells that expressed CD38 and HLA‐DR, and proportions of these cells are related to plasma levels of interleukin‐6 and C‐reactive protein in these patients. Intracellular interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ levels were elevated in resting and polyclonally activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients with IBD when compared with levels from healthy controls. Surprisingly, we did not find increased levels of LPS in the serum of patients with IBD. We did, however, find a signature of recent microbial translocation, as levels of LPS‐binding protein are increased in the plasma of patients with IBD compared with plasma levels in healthy controls; LPS‐binding protein levels are also directly related to proportions of CD38 HLA‐DR‐expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Local damage to the gastrointestinal tract in IBD may result in systemic inflammation and T‐cell activation.
Ecological correlates of daily mating frequency in a wild population of ambush bugs
Authors: PUNZALAN DAVID , ROWE LOCKE
Published: April 2013

Ecological variables can exert considerable influence on the dynamics of mating systems, determining the population mean and variance in mating success.

Sex‐specific daily estimates of mating frequency in a wild population of Phymata americana Melin were determined and the way in which these covaried with three ecological variables was evaluated.

Average daily temperature had strong influence on the mating frequency of both sexes, with evidence of a maximum at intermediate values.

Female mating frequency covaried with sex ratio but density did not predict mating frequency of either sex.