bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introducing OMOV: The Labour Party–Trade Union Review Group and the 1994 Leadership Contest
Authors: Wickham‐Jones Mark
Published: June 2013

Most scholars conclude that the introduction of one member, one vote (OMOV) into the electoral college that chooses the Labour leader demonstrates a new, reduced role for the party's affiliated trade unions. This article examines the adoption of OMOV by Labour. It looks at discussions in the Labour party–trade union review group that moulded the decision to adopt OMOV during 1992–1993. Drawing on the full breakdown of results, it goes on to examine the outcome of the 1994 leadership contest. The distribution of votes, union by union, indicates that, contrary to the conventional view, trade union leaderships retained the capacity to shape the pattern of voting through their ability to nominate candidates. The article concludes that the introduction of OMOV did not reduce the role of trade union leaderships in Labour's internal affairs in the manner that many scholars have concluded to be the case.
Psychosocial Management of Patients with Cutaneous Cancers. A Preliminary Report
Authors: FREIDENBERGS INGRID
Published: June 2013

Based on 50 interviews with patients attending the New York University Skin and Cancer Clinic for cutaneous malignancies, an impression was gained of the psychosocial impact of cutaneous cancer upon those afflicted. On the basis of this impression, guidelines for physicians in psychological management of such patients are offered.
Biopsy of Lesions in the Mouth
Authors: FRIM SUMNER P.
Published: June 2013

The need for biopsy of lesions in the mouth is briefly discussed, and techniques are briefly described and extensively illustrated.
Distribution of Langerhans Cells in Normal and Carcinogen‐Treated Mucosa of Buccal Pouches of Hamsters
Authors: SCHWARTZ JOEL , SOLT DENNIS B. , PAPPO JACQUES , WEICHSELBAUM RALPH
Published: June 2013

The distribution of Langerhans cells in normal and carcinogen‐treated mucosa of buccal pouches of hamsters was studied. Decrease in density and in focal aggregates of Langerhans cells and loss of their complex dendritic networks were found in carcinogen‐treated mucosa.
Alterations in the Oral Mucosa Caused by Chemotherapeutic Agents.
Authors: LOCKHART PETER B. , SONIS STEPHEN T.
Published: June 2013

Histologic changes in the oral mucosa of 120 specimens from 30 patients who had received chemotherapy for a variety of extra‐oral malignancies were studied in an attempt to relate the phenomena to pharmacologic toxicity of the chemotherapeutic agents and other factors.
Basal‐Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva
Authors: COLLINS PAUL S. , FARBER GEORGE A. , HEGRE ANDREW M.
Published: June 2013

Basal‐cell carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm on the vulva and is indistinctive in appearance there. A review of the literature shows that basal‐cell carcinomas on the vulva are insidious in development, that they are not recognized early, and that wide surgical excision is the treatment of choice.
Accessory Tragi and Associated Syndromes Involving the First Branchial Arch
Authors: RESNICK KENNETH I. , SOLTANI KEYOUMARS , BERNSTEIN JOEL E. , FATHIZADEH AHMAD
Published: June 2013

Although most deformities in front of the tragi are limited abnormalities, they may be signs of certain associated congenital syndromes that result from maldevelopment of the mandibular arch.
The Midline Forehead Flap for Resurfacing the Nose
Authors: KOTLER ROBERT
Published: June 2013

A method of resurfacing the nose using tissue of like thickness and color is presented. The midline forehead flap is a reliable source of tissue that can be developed using standard procedures of reconstructive surgery.
Telethermography in the Diagnostics and Management of Malignant Melanomas
Authors: HARTMANN MICHAEL , KUNZE JOHANNES , FRIEDEL STEFAN
Published: June 2013

Telethermography is a harmless, noninvasive method of examining some patients for some conditions. There are more important differential criteria than thermography for the diagnosis of malignant melanomas, but in some cases the proof of a surrounding difference in temperature may make a contribution to the diagnosis of malignant melanoma, especially if it gives decisive information as to the otherwise clinically inapparent extent of the malignancy locally, and thus guides the surgeon to excise widely enough. Also, thermography of the whole body is complementary to established techniques of examination used in evaluation of patients with malignant melanomas. By making visible hypo‐ or hyperthermic areas, it helps to detect metastases and confirms or denies suspicious findings obtained by other methods of examination.
Linear Verrucous Nevus
Authors: MAHLER DAN , BEN‐YAKAR YONA , EL‐HAI ZOHAR , ROSENBERG LIOR
Published: June 2013

Linear verrucous nevi may be troublesome lesions to extirpate with satisfactory cosmetic results. Conventional practice has been to excise them in full‐thickness skin. A simpler technique of shaving them off to a depth between the papillary and reticular dermis and allowing spontaneous re‐epithelization from the remaining portions of adnexa is recommended as better and cosmetically more satisfactory.
Blepharoplasty for Orientals
Authors: HARAHAP MARWALI
Published: June 2013

The creation of palpebral folds in the upper eyelids of Orientals is a cosmetic operation requested by patients who wish to “Westernize” their eyes. The anatomy of the Oriental and Occidental eyelid is discussed. Two surgical techniques of operation are described and illustrated.
Clinical Observations on the Development and Eventual Character of Hair in the Axillae of Human Beings
Authors: INABA MASUMI , McKINSTRY CHIEKO T. , UMEZAWA FUMIHIKO
Published: June 2013

The authors examined clinically growth and patterns of axillary hair of Japanese males and females of various ages with a specific interest in the differences between vellus and coarse hairs. One notable finding was that in the axillae of children, vellus hairs are equidistant and solitary, whereas the coarse hairs that replace them emerge during puberty as solitary hairs and in bundles or groups. A statistical summary and speculation as to why growth of vellus hair and growth of coarse hair differ are the substance of this report.
Multifocal Basal‐Cell Carcinomas in a Nevus Sebaceus of Jadassohn
Authors: WESTFRIED MORRIS , MIKHAIL GEORGE R.
Published: June 2013

A lesion of nevus sebaceus with multifocal basal‐cell carcinomas was excised by Mohs' fresh‐tissue technique. Histologically, most of the foci of basal‐cell carcinomatosis were of the superficial type, but the few more deeply situated foci had adamantinoid features. The malignancies extended well beyond the clinically discernible margins of the nevus sebaceus. Spontaneous healing of the wound of ablation resulted in a satisfactory appearance.
A Short Review of Some Methods of Excisions from and Reconstructions of Lower Lips
Authors: JEMEC BORUT I. E.
Published: June 2013

Various methods of excising lesions from the lower lip are discussed and schematically illustrated. Advantages and disadvantages are pointed out and individualization of operations is advised.
Pachyonychia Congenita. Surgical Management of the Nail Changes
Authors: THOMSEN ROBERT J. , ZUEHLKE RICHARD L. , BECKMAN BRADLEY I.
Published: June 2013

The fingernails of a woman with pachyonychia congenita were ablated by several different methods. The most effective, most rapidly performed, and most acceptable method was vigorous curettage and electrofulguration of the matrices and beds of the nails. The responses to treatment suggest that the matrix, rather than the bed, is the site from which the abnormality of the nails develops in pachyonychia congenita. Removal of the nail beds is not necessary to prevent recurrence of deformed nails, but it may reduce hyperkeratosis in their sites.
Surgery with the Argon Laser. Recent Advances in Instrumentation and Techniques
Authors: GOLDMAN LEON , YOUNGER BRUCE , PERRY EDWARD
Published: June 2013

There have been several recent advances in the instrumentation and techniques of use of the argon laser in dermatologic surgery. Dispersion lenses that enlarge the areas of impact, operation through a microscope that permits precise microsurgery, templates that delimit areas of treatment, special eyeshields, nerve block anesthesia, and intermittent, light general anesthesia feasible in an out‐patient setting are discussed.
Malignant Melanomas of the Skin Diagnosed and Treated in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1980
Authors: REDMAN JACK C. , MORA DOLORES B.
Published: June 2013

Miscellaneous data on cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanomas diagnosed and treated in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1980 are presented and discussed.
The Sturge‐Weber Syndrome
Authors: KOUSKOUKIS CONSTANTINE E. , KANITAKIS CONSTANTINE J.
Published: June 2013

The Sturge‐Weber syndrome is a congenital anomaly that is characterized principally by unilateral angiomatosis of the skin, cerebral meninges and choroid of the eye. It may be attended by mental retardation, convulsions, hemiplegia, and visual disturbances. The complete syndrome is rare. We herewith report a case of the syndrome fairly fully developed.
A Giant Pendulous Fibrolipoma
Authors: FIELD LAWRENCE M.
Published: June 2013

A case of a giant fibrolipoma dependent from the perineum and appearing like a second penis is described and illustrated in clinical and histologic aspects. Surgical ablation was accomplished easily and without incident.
A Simple Solution to the Therapeutic Dilemma of Pilonidal Cysts
Authors: HOEHN GUSTAVE H.
Published: June 2013

An old, simpler method of managing pilonidal cysts by a combination of conservative surgery and chemical cautery with crystals of silver nitrate is redescribed and the author's practice of and experience with it are recounted.
A Foreign Body Granuloma Produced by an Injectable Collagen Implant at a Test Site
Authors: BROOKS NORMAN
Published: June 2013

Zyderm collagen implant, a solubilized, purified, bovine collagen preparation for augmentation of soft tissue, produced a foreign body granuloma in a 37‐year‐old woman who had no history of immunologic disorders or autoimmune disease. The patient had received a small test implant to determine if she were sensitive to Zyderm. A very slight, borderline response occurred and a second test implant was administered. This second implant resulted in a foreign body granuloma that has persisted for ten months.
Onychogryphosis
Authors: KOUSKOUKIS CONSTANTINE E. , SCHER RICHARD K.
Published: June 2013

A case of onychogryphosis of the left index nail is presented. This classical toenail dystrophy in our case involves a fingernail and is associated with onychomycosis.
Repair of Split Earlobes: A Review and a New Technique
Authors: HARAHAP MARWALI
Published: June 2013

Numerous techniques for repairing split earlobes have been described in the literature. They range from excision of skin on the cleft edges and resuturing to fashioning flaps of skin from the posterior aspects of the ear‐lobes, with or without a Z‐plasty at the free margins. A different technique, which has not been described before, is presented in this paper.
Photographic Gem:
Authors: ROSENBERG STEVEN
Published: June 2013

This is the first in a series of articles by Dr. Rosenberg on photographic materials and techniques. Other topics to be covered include flash equipment; types of film; backgrounds; framing, cropping, and close‐ups; photography of black skin; documentation of surgical procedures and follow‐up of dermatologic conditions.
Lymphocytic Response to Basal‐Cell Carcinoma: In Situ Identification of Functional Subsets Using Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Alt Thomas H. , EAGLSTEIN N. FRED , HERNANDEZ ALFRED D. , ALLEN JOSEPH E.
Published: June 2013

We studied the cellular infiltrate surrounding basal‐cell carcinomas in eight patients using immunoperoxidase staining of monoclonal antibodies directed against lymphocyte functional markers—B cells, T cells, and T‐cell subsets. Approximately 90% of the infiltrate were T cells, 70–80% were helper/inducer T cells, 30–50% were cytotoxic/suppressor T cells, and less than 10% were B cells. There was no selective recruitment of specific T‐cell subsets into the infiltrate. The ability to identify and quantitate lymphocytes in tissue by their functions will enhance our knowledge of the pathologic processes operative in various diseases.
The Nevoid Basal‐Cell Carcinoma Syndrome Resulting in Chronic Iron‐Deficiency Anemia
Authors: TOROK JAMES A. , CAMISA CHARLES , WILLIAMS HOMER
Published: June 2013

An unusual case of the nevoid basal‐cell carcinoma syndrome with chronic iron‐deficiency anemia is described. The patient had numerous large, fungating basal‐cell carcinomas and chronic blood loss from these lesions, which resulted in severe anemia. His treatment included transfusion of eight units of packed red blood cells and surgical excision of the carcinomas under general anesthesia.
CO2 Laser Treatment of Port‐Wine Stains: A Preliminary Report
Authors: RATZ JOHN L. , BAILIN PHILIP L. , LEVINE HOWARD L.
Published: June 2013

A preliminary report of the effectiveness of the CO2 laser in the treatment of port‐wine stains is presented. A comparison of this system with the argon laser is made and the benefits and drawbacks of both are discussed.
The Surgical Treatment of Keloids
Authors: POLLACK SHELDON V. , GOSLEN J. BLAKE
Published: June 2013

Keloids can be a difficult problem for the dermatologic surgeon. In this article we review a variety of simple and practical surgical procedures for treating selected keloids.
Obsidian Surgical Blades: Modern Use of a Stone Age Implement
Authors: SCOTT MICHAEL J. , SCOTT MICHAEL J.
Published: June 2013

Owing to their exquisite sharpness and because they can be produced in various shapes, volcanic glass surgical blades are a valuable adjunct to certain procedures in plastic and dermatologic surgery, and we describe them here.
New Perspectives in Diagnosis and Management of Thrombophlebitis of the Superficial Dorsal Vein of the Penis
Authors: KHAN S. ALI , SMITH NOEL L. , HU KANG‐NING
Published: June 2013

Thrombophlebitis of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis, “Mondor's disease” of the penis, is a rare peripheral venous disease. The causes are interesting and multifactorial, including sexual trauma, tourniquet effect produced by occlusive devices applied to the penis, venipuncture, and local infection. We found that doppler examination of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis, using a “percussion maneuver,” is very useful for detecting patency and following the course of recannalization. In the acute stage, we found local paravenous infiltration of 0.5% Marcain to be effective in prompt relief of symptoms.
Familial Occurrence of Aplasia Cutis Congenita
Authors: FUKAMIZU HIDEKAZU , MATSUMOTO KICHIRO , INOUE KUNIO , MORIGUCHI TAKAHIKO
Published: June 2013

A mother and two children with aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp are presented. Similar cases with familial occurrence have been reported. The frequent familial occurrence of this disease indicates that genetic constitution is an important predisposing factor.
Photo‐Mapping for Microscopically Controlled Surgery
Authors: KORANDA FRANK C. , HEFFRON EDWARD T. , MODERT CHRISTOPHER W. , PERKINS LARRY L.
Published: June 2013

Photo‐mapping with a Polaroid system can increase the precision of micro‐controlled surgery in certain cases. The systems available and our method are described.
Squamous‐Cell Carcinoma of the Nail Bed
Authors: KOUSKOUKIS CONSTANTINE E. , SCHER RICHARD K. , KOPF ALFRED W.
Published: June 2013

Squamous‐cell carcinoma of the nail bed is uncommon and is frequently misdiagnosed as a verruca vulgaris. Causes, clinical and histologic features, and procedures of treatment of subungual carcinoma are reviewed. In our patient the clinical appearance was that of a chronic infection associated with onycholysis.
Keratoacanthomas Arising within a Linear Epidermal Nevus
Authors: ROSEN TED
Published: June 2013

An example of keratoacanthomas arising within a congenital linear epidermal nevus is documented. Previously reported cases indicate that squamous‐cell carcinoma, basal‐cell epithelioma, and keratoacanthoma may develop in linear epidermal nevi. Any recently appearing nodule in a linear epidermal nevus should raise the clinician's index of suspicion for one of these secondary tumors.
Synovial Sarcoma of the Foot
Authors: CHIMENTI SERGIO , CALVIERI STEFANO , RIBUFFO MARCELLA
Published: June 2013

The authors, after a review of the world's literature and histogenetic theories, present a case of synovial sarcoma and emphasize the importance to dermatologists of knowledge of this neoplasm.
Sulfur Concentration in Geochemical Reference Materials by Solution Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Erdman Monica E. , Lee Cin‐Ty A. , Yang Wenbo , Ingram Lynn
Published: June 2013

With implications for the origin of ore deposits, redox state of the atmosphere, and effects of volcanic outgassing, understanding the sulfur cycle is vital to our investigation of Earth processes. However, the paucity of sulfur concentration measurements in silicate rocks and the lack of well‐calibrated reference materials with concentrations relevant to the rocks of interest have hindered such investigations. To aid in this endeavour, this study details a new method to determine sulfur concentration via high mass resolution solution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The method is based on an aqua regia leach, involving relatively rapid sample preparation and analysis, and uses small test portion masses (< 50 mg). We utilised two independently prepared standard solutions to calibrate the analyses, resulting in 4% accuracy, and applied the method to eight geochemical reference materials. Measurements were reproducible to within ~ 10%. Sulfur concentrations and isotopes of six reference materials were measured additionally by elemental analyser‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry to independently evaluate the accuracy of the ICP‐MS method. Reference materials that yielded reproducible measurements identical to published values from other laboratories (JGb‐1, JGb‐2 and MAG‐1) are considered useful materials for the measurement of sulfur. Reference materials that varied between studies but were reproducible for a given test portion perhaps suffer from sample heterogeneity and are not recommended as sulfur reference materials.
Inconsistent associations between sweet drink intake and 2‐year change in BMI among Victorian children and adolescents
Authors: Jensen B. W. , Nichols M. , Allender S. , de Silva‐Sanigorski A. , Millar L. , Kremer P. , Lacy K. , Swinburn B.
Published: June 2013

What is already known about this subject

Sugar‐sweetened beverages have been suggested as a possible contributor to the development of obesity.

However, longitudinal evidence is limited, and most previous studies were conducted in the United States. It is unclear if the results are applicable to other parts of the world.

What this study adds

We assessed the longitudinal association between sweet drink intake and body mass index in a large sample of children and adolescents in the Australian state of Victoria.

We generally found limited evidence for a longitudinal association between various indicators of sweet drink consumption and body mass index.

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine whether baseline (T1) or 2‐year change in sweet drink intake in children and adolescents was associated with age‐ and gender‐standardized body mass index (BMIz) at time two (T2), 2 years later.

Methods

Data on 1465 children and adolescents from the comparison groups of two quasi‐experimental intervention studies from Victoria, Australia were analysed. At two time points between 2003 and 2008 (mean interval: 2.2 years) height and weight were measured and sweet drink consumption (soft drink and fruit juice/cordial) was assessed.

Results

No association was observed between T1 sweet drink intake and BMIz at T2 among children or adolescents. Children from higher socioeconomic status families who reported an increased intake of sweet drinks at T2 compared with T1 had higher mean BMIz at T2 (β: 0.13, P = 0.05). There was no evidence of a dose–response relationship between sweet drink intake and BMIz. In supplementary analyses, we observed that more frequent usual consumption of fruit juice/cordial was associated with a higher BMIz at T2 among children.

Conclusion

This study showed limited evidence of an association between sweet drink intake and BMIz. However, the association is complex and may be confounded by both dietary and activity behaviours.
Vision Deficits in Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Krinsky‐McHale Sharon J. , Silverman Wayne , Gordon James , Devenny Darlynne A. , Oley Nancy , Abramov Israel
Published: June 2013

Background

In individuals with Down syndrome, virtually all structures of the eye have some abnormality, which likely diminishes vision. We examined basic vision functions in adults with Down syndrome.

Materials and Methods

Participants completed a battery of psychophysical tests that probed a comprehensive array of visual functions. The performance of adults with Down syndrome was compared with younger and older adults without intellectual disability.

Results

Adults with Down syndrome had significant vision deficits, reduced sensitivity across spatial frequencies and temporal modulation rates, reduced stereopsis, impaired vernier acuity and anomalies in colour discrimination. The pattern of deficits observed was similar to those seen by researchers examining adults with Alzheimer's disease.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that a common mechanism may be responsible for the pattern of deficits observed, possibly the presence of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology in the visual association cortex. We also showed that individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disability are capable of participating in studies employing state‐of‐the‐art psychophysical procedures. This has wider implications in terms of their ability to participate in research that use similar techniques.
Sexism and anatomy, as discerned in textbooks and as perceived by medical students at Cardiff University and University of Paris Descartes
Authors: Morgan Susan , Plaisant Odile , Lignier Baptiste , Moxham Bernard J.
Published: June 2013

Contemporary textbooks of anatomy and surface anatomy were evaluated to ascertain whether they were gender‐neutral. The evidence of this, and previous studies, suggests that, both in terms of imagery and text, many textbooks lack neutrality. To further investigate such matters, we provided second‐year medical students studying at Cardiff University (n = 293) and at the Paris Descartes University (n = 142) during the 2011–2012 academic year with a questionnaire inviting them to address the possibility that social/gender factors hinder the dispassionate representation of anatomy. Ethical approval was obtained from both Cardiff and Paris universities. Eighty‐six percent of the students at Cardiff and 39% at Paris Descartes responded and provided data for analysis. The hypothesis tested is that medical students perceive a gender bias that is reflected in the books they read and the tuition they receive. Our findings suggest that, while students recognise the importance of gender issues and do not wish to associate with sexism, most are unaware of the possible negative aspects of sexism within anatomy. In this respect, the findings do not support our hypothesis. Nevertheless, we recommended that teachers of anatomy and authors of anatomy textbooks should be aware of the possibility of adverse effects on professional matters relating to equality and diversity issues.
Femoral neck‐shaft angle in humans: variation relating to climate, clothing, lifestyle, sex, age and side
Authors: Gilligan Ian , Chandraphak Supichya , Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk
Published: June 2013

The femoral neck‐shaft angle (NSA) varies among modern humans but measurement problems and sampling limitations have precluded the identification of factors contributing to its variation at the population level. Potential sources of variation include sex, age, side (left or right), regional differences in body shape due to climatic adaptation, and the effects of habitual activity patterns (e.g. mobile and sedentary lifestyles and foraging, agricultural, and urban economies). In this study we addressed these issues, using consistent methods to assemble a globalNSAdatabase comprising over 8000 femora representing 100 human groups. Results from the analyses show an averageNSAfor modern humans of 127° (markedly lower than the accepted value of 135°); there is no sex difference, no age‐related change in adults, but possibly a small lateral difference which could be due to right leg dominance. Climatic trends consistent with principles based on Bergmann's rule are evident at the global and continental levels, with theNSAvarying in relation to other body shape indices: medianNSA, for instance, is higher in warmer regions, notably in the Pacific (130°), whereas lower values (associated with a more stocky body build) are found in regions where ancestral populations were exposed to colder conditions, in Europe (126°) and the Americas (125°). There is a modest trend towards increasingNSAwith the economic transitions from forager to agricultural and urban lifestyles and, to a lesser extent, from a mobile to a sedentary existence. However, the main trend associated with these transitions is a progressive narrowing in the range of variation in theNSA, which may be attributable to thermal insulation provided by improved cultural buffering from climate, particularly clothing.
Method in Anthropological Discourse Analysis: The Comparison of Units of Interaction
Authors: Philips Susan
Published: June 2013

Forum: Methods and Analysis in Linguistic Anthropology

Following the very well‐attended Presidential Panel “Frontiers in Methodology in Linguistic Anthropology,” organized by Diane Riskedahl and chaired by Barbra Meek at the November 2012 American Anthropological Association meeting, we are inaugurating a new forum for essays and commentary on linguistic anthropological methods and analysis in this issue.

We are very pleased to have Susan Philips's essay as our first piece, and are confident that it will be a valuable resource and will prompt lively discussion. Authors who would like to contribute an essay or brief commentary to this forum should contact either one of us to discuss the specific proposal.
Changes in Weight Over the School Year and Summer Vacation: Results of a 5‐Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Moreno Jennette P. , Johnston Craig A. , Woehler Deborah
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Evidence suggests that children gain more weight during the summer months compared with the school year. To examine the impact of the school and summer environment on children's weight further, we conducted a 5‐year longitudinal study examining changes in standardized BMI (zBMI) of students entering kindergarten.

METHODS

Heights and weights were obtained at the beginning and end of each school year for 3,588 ethnically diverse (Caucasian: 27.2%, Black: 29.0%, Hispanic: 26.4%, and Asian 17.4%) students aged 5‐7.

RESULTS

A significant difference in change in zBMI during the school and summer months was found (−0.52, 95% CI: −0.59 to −0.45, p < .001; Wald χ2 = 171.89, p < .001). Overall, children decreased BMI percentile during time spent in school by 1.5 percentile points and increased by 5.2 percentile points during summer months. Differences in the velocity of weight gain were found across weight classification categories with only overweight and obese children decreasing their zBMI during the school year.

CONCLUSION

Time spent in school was shown to have a beneficial impact on students' weight, especially for students who were overweight or obese. However, these results are alarming because weight gain during elementary school occurs primarily during the relatively short span of summer break.
Physical Fitness, Academic Achievement, and Socioeconomic Status in School‐Aged Youth
Authors: Coe Dawn P. , Peterson Thomas , Blair Cheryl , Schutten Mary C. , Peddie Heather
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

This study examined the association between physical fitness and academic achievement and determined the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on the association between fitness and academic achievement in school‐aged youth.

METHODS

Overall, 1,701 third‐, sixth‐, and ninth‐grade students from 5 school districts participated in the assessments. Fitness was assessed using FITNESSGRAM (aerobic fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition). Results were used to determine individual fitness scores. Academic achievement was measured by standardized tests for Math (all grades), English (all grades), and Social Studies (sixth and ninth grades only). The SES was determined using eligibility for free and reduced lunch program.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between fitness groups for Math and English in third‐grade students. Sixth‐ and ninth‐grade students with high fitness scored significantly better on Math and Social Studies tests compared with less fit students. Lower SES students scored significantly worse on all tests. Muscular strength and muscular endurance were significantly associated with academic achievement in all grades.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with all other variables, SES appears to have the strongest association with academic achievement. However, it also appears that high fitness levels are positively associated with academic achievement in school‐aged youth.
Nurses and Teachers: Partnerships for Green Health Promotion
Authors: Sendall Marguerite C. , Lidstone John , Fleming MaryLou , Domocol Michelle
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

The term green health promotion is given to health promotion underpinned by the principles of ecological health and sustainability. Green health promotion is supported philosophically by global health promotion documents such as the 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and the ecological public health movement. Green health promotion in schools means the practice, the principles of ecological health, and sustainability.

METHODS

A literature review revealed a paucity of publications about green health promotion in schools. Literature about nurses and health promotion in schools is generally found in nursing publications. Literature about ecological sustainability in schools is mostly found in teaching publications.

RESULTS

This article explores the nexus between nursing and health promotion, and teachers and ecological sustainability. Collaborative partnerships between health and education do not capitalize on programs such as Health Promoting Schools and the School Based Youth Health Nurse Program in Queensland, Australia. The authors consider how collaborative partnerships between health and education in schools can work toward green health promotion.

CONCLUSION

Nursing's approach to health promotion and education's approach to ecological sustainability need to be aligned to enhance green health promotion in schools.
Changing Multiple Adolescent Health Behaviors Through School‐Based Interventions: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Busch Vincent , de Leeuw Johannes Rob Josephus , de Harder Alinda , Schrijvers Augustinus Jacobus Petrus
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

In approaches to health promotion in adolescents, unhealthy behaviors are no longer regarded as independent processes, but as interrelated. This article presents a systematic literature review of school‐based interventions targeting multiple adolescent behaviors simultaneously.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, and PsychInfo. Only papers written in English and describing original research were included.

RESULTS

Of 33 papers included, 23 focused on quantitative behavioral changes, and 10 on the evaluation of intervention development, implementation, and/or institutionalization. Parental and community involvement in the intervention seemed to be positively associated with effective changes in student health behaviors, whereas creating a healthy school environment and/or policies were less strongly associated with intervention effectiveness. Findings indicated that, for adequate implementation, an intervention should be integrated in pre‐existent school settings, fine‐tuned to its target population or environment, involve family and the community, and be led by the school itself, with there being a “healthy school coordinator” to coordinate the program.

CONCLUSION

A multi‐behavior, multi‐actor approach would appear to be the most effective way to promote, at school, healthy behaviors among adolescents.
Influenza infection in infants aged <6 months during the H1N1‐09 pandemic: A hospital‐based case series
Authors: Esterman Emilia E , Lahra Monica M , Zurynski Yvonne A , Booy Robert , Elliott Elizabeth J
Published: June 2013

Aims

To document risk factors, clinical features and outcomes in infants <6 months old admitted with laboratory‐confirmed influenza to The Children's Hospital at Westmead during the H1N1‐09 pandemic.

Methods

Prospective, hospital‐based case series of infants admitted June–September 2009, identified by the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance system and supplemented by telephone interview post‐discharge.

Results

Thirty‐two infants <6 months old had influenza A: 18 H1N1‐09, 11 H3N2 and three unknown subtypes. After discharge, 28 (88%) families were telephoned and provided additional information. Documented risk factors included close contact with young children (46%), living with a smoker (36%), intensive or special care at birth (25%), pre‐existing illness (16%) and preterm birth (14%). The number of persons per household was double the state average. Only 14% of mothers were vaccinated against seasonal influenza. Infants commonly presented with cough (69%), coryza (69%), lethargy (38%), fever (31%), dyspnoea (31%) and vomiting (28%). Complications included pneumonia (22%), and bacterial (9%) and viral (6%) co‐infection. Five infants (15%) required admission to intensive care, and one was mechanically ventilated. Sixteen (57%) had ongoing respiratory problems, and six (21%) presented to the Emergency Department within 6 months of discharge.

Conclusions

These novel data are clinically important. Rates of influenza in infants may be reduced by vaccinating close contacts and minimising exposure to infected contacts and cigarette smoke.
Prospective population‐based study on the burden of disease from post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritis of hospitalised children in New Zealand: Epidemiology, clinical features and complications
Authors: Wong William , Lennon Diana R , Crone Sonja , Neutze Jocelyn M , Reed Peter W
Published: June 2013

Aim

A nationwide 24‐month study was conducted (2007–2009), via the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit to define epidemiology and clinical features of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) in children hospitalised with the illness.

Methods

Paediatricians (n = 215) were requested to report new hospitalised cases fulfilling a case definition of definite (haematuria with low C3 and high streptococcal titres or biopsy proven APSGN) or probable (haematuria with low C3 or high streptococcal titres).

Results: 

A total of 176 cases were identified (definite: n = 138, probable: n = 38) with 63% residing in the Auckland metropolitan region. Sixty‐seven percent were in the most deprived quintile. Annual incidence (0–14 years) was 9.7/100 000 (Pacific 45.5, Maori 15.7, European/other 2.6 and Asian 2.1/100 000). Annual incidence was highest in the South Auckland Metropolitan region (31/100 000), Central Auckland 14.9, West/North Auckland metropolitan region 5.9 and for the remainder of New Zealand 5.5/100 000. Age‐specific incidence was highest in age 5–9 years (15.1/100 000). Reduced serum complement C3, gross haematuria, hypertension, impairment of renal function and heavy proteinuria were present in 93%, 87%, 72%, 67% and 44% of patients, respectively. Severe hypertension was closely associated with either symptoms of an acute encephalopathy or congestive heart failure.

Conclusions

New Zealand children carry a significant disease burden of hospitalised APSGN with socio‐economically deprived; Pacific and Maori children are being over‐represented. Significant short‐term complications were observed in hospitalised children with APSGN. Persistently very low rates in European/other suggest a preventable disease.
Retrospective cohort study of long‐gap oesophageal atresia
Authors: Maheshwari Rajesh , Trivedi Amit , Walker Karen , Holland Andrew JA
Published: June 2013

Aim

Long‐gap oesophageal atresia (LGOA) remains a rare variant of a relatively common congenital malformation. Objectives of this study were to review the short‐term results including survival, length of stay and post‐operative complications for infants with LGOA managed at a single centre in addition to their growth and neurodevelopmental assessment.

Methods

Retrospective review of the case notes of all infants admitted with oesophageal atresia to our institution from January 2001 to May 2011. Infants with LGOA were selected based on pre‐defined criteria. Demographic and clinical variables and details of follow‐up visits including developmental assessments were extracted from their case notes.

Results

Of 101 infants with oesophageal atresia, 15 fulfilled the criteria for LGOA. Overall survival was 80%. Median length of stay was 83 days. Additional congenital anomalies were present in nine (60%). A fall in weight centile during hospitalisation or outpatient follow‐up signifying growth failure was seen in a majority with 11 of 13 patients showing this phenomenon. Follow‐up at our institution ranged from 6 months to 9 years. Developmental assessments (Bayley‐III) commenced in August 2006 were available in four patients (age 5–13 months) and were abnormal in all, with particular delay in the gross motor domain.

Conclusions

Infants with LGOA spend a long time in hospital. They remain at significant risk of growth failure during hospitalisation and following discharge. There appears to be a risk of developmental delay that warrants close monitoring.
Assessment of atherosclerosis in obese adolescents: Positive correlation of mean platelet volume and carotid intima media thickness
Authors: Arslan Nur , Makay Balahan , Hızlı Şamil , Koçyiğit Ali , Demircioğlu Fatih , Tuncel Alpaslan Sedat , Çakmakçı Handan
Published: June 2013

Aims

This study aims to assess the correlation of mean platelet volume (MPV) and common carotid artery (CCA) thickness in a population of obese adolescents.

Methods

Sixty‐eight patients and 23 controls were enrolled. Anthropometric measurements, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelet count, MPV and insulin resistance by homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance were investigated. Furthermore, CCA thickness was measured by high‐resolution ultrasound.

Results

MPV and the left CCA thickness were significantly higher in obese adolescents than the healthy controls. The association between MPV and left CCA was checked by linear regression analysis. MPV explained 19% of the variation in left CCA (P < 0.001). At multiple regression analysis, MPV maintained a positive association with the left CCA thickness (P = 0.002) independently of fatty liver grade, relative weight, total cholesterol and homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance.

Conclusion

MPV is significantly correlated with CCA thickness in obese adolescents.
HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL IN JORDAN
Authors: Naylor D. , Al‐Rawi M. , Clayton G. , Fitzpatrick M. J. , Green P. F.
Published: June 2013

The paper presents results from a range of petroleum exploration studies carried out in Jordan – some regional in approach, others focussed on the NE of the country – together with a review of existing literature and industry reports. The dominant active structural feature in Jordan is the NNW‐SSE striking Dead Sea Transform, characterised in southern Jordan by extensional splay fault arrays, pull‐apart basins and relay‐sag basins. Elsewhere in the country there are regional‐scale strike‐slip faults (ENE‐WSW, NNW‐SSE) with multiple phases of reactivation. Stratigraphic studies have identified potential reservoir intervals within the Lower Palaeozoic Salib, Umm Sahm, Disi and upper Dubaydib (Risha Sandstone Member) Formations, and also within the Triassic and Cretaceous intervals. Potential source rocks occur within the Lower Palaeozoic Burj, lower Hiswa and Dubaydib Formations and at basal and Upper Silurian levels, with limited additional potential in the Triassic and possibly Permian successions. Apatite fission track analysis (AFTA), zircon fission track analysis (ZFTA) and vitrinite reflectance (VR) studies of selected wells and outcrop samples indicate that the thermal history of eastern Jordan is dominated by the effects of two major periods of relatively deep burial, with subsequent exhumation phases beginning in the Late Palaeozoic and Late Cenozoic. An intermediate episode (Mesozoic) of deep burial and exhumation is possible. Significant variations in heat flow regimes and burial patterns occur in different parts of Jordan, probably controlled by deep structure and burial history. Over much of the north of the country, the Lower Palaeozoic succession is in the gas window and the underlying section is overmature. The main hydrocarbon generation and expulsion phase in this region was in the Late Palaeozoic and was terminated by “Hercynian” (Late Palaeozoic) uplift. Further south, the Silurian and Upper Ordovician sections are in the oil window, and deeper source intervals are mature for gas. The Triassic interval is a valid hydrocarbon play in the NW and NE of Jordan, with oil sourced from either Permian, Triassic or Cretaceous kitchens. Upper Cretaceous source rocks within the thicker Mesozoic sections in the Azraq Graben are in the oil window and have sourced the small‐scale Hamza oilfield. In addition to the known widespread Upper Cretaceous – Paleocene oil shale potential in Jordan, the Ordovician and Silurian sections have potential for shale gas in northern Jordan and for shale oil further south.
Human Rights Law for Persons With Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific: The Need for a Disability Rights Tribunal
Authors: Perlin Michael L.
Published: June 2013

Human rights are arguably the most significant political force shaping the life experience of people with disability. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities sets the standard at an international level, creating both positive and negative rights, and calls upon member states of the United Nations (UN) to develop policies and enact programs to safeguard and progress these rights for people with disabilities. However, without some means of enforcement, UN conventions and national policies can amount to little more than political rhetoric. The paper reviews legal mechanisms and processes established in various regions of the world to enforce the human rights of people with disability. The author examines the role of litigation in upholding the rights of individuals and of groups and critiques the proposed facilitators and barriers to the establishment and effective operation of regional human rights tribunals. Evidence from case law demonstrates that national courts can be powerful forces in mandating the practical implementation of international law. However, litigation in these jurisdictions appear most evident and effective where there has been a body of law established by regional commissions; such as The European Court on Human Rights, The Inter‐American Commission on Human Rights, and The African Commission on Human Rights. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is, potentially, the single most transformative legal initiative affecting persons with disabilities. However, it is unlikely that it will have any significant impact in Asia and the Pacific because of the absence of a regional court or commission in that area of the world. The creation of a Disability Rights Tribunal for Asia and the Pacific offers a solution to this dilemma.
Inclusive Education in Korea: Policy, Practice, and Challenges
Authors: Kim Yong Wook
Published: June 2013

Even though the Korean experience with special education in the public education system is limited, inclusive education for special education needs (SEN) students has been at the center of attention at the national policy level since the mid‐1990s. Since then, Korean educators and administrators have put an emphasis on the revision and regulation of special education policies, guaranteeing the rights of SEN students to learn, and fostering the quality of teachers to strengthen inclusive education. These efforts have led to progress supporting inclusive education. However, there is still much to be achieved. The author examined the current practices and policies of inclusive education and the challenges to implementing successful inclusive education in Korea and found that what is needed is to transform the existing climate of the schools from being competition‐driven to being more cooperative and human‐centered. We need strong leadership from principals and administrators. The Korean process also needs to implement disability awareness programs at the national level in order to improve social perceptions. There is a need for closer collaboration and a stronger partnerships between regular and special education teachers. Teachers need to adopt a positive attitude and perception toward SEN students, and to achieve this, there is a need to provide preservice and in‐service education to promote among teachers the notions inherent to inclusive education. The challenges are long standing complicated issues with respect to the practice of inclusion in Korea. Many of these challenges at times appear almost impossible to resolve. However, every year, more SEN students want to participate in inclusive education and both regular and special education teachers, together with administrators and parents, believe inclusive education is a worthwhile ideal for the education of SEN students.