bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bats and Mayan temples: Bat diversity and the potential for conservation of archeological zones in Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Cafaggi Daniela , Marín Ganesh , Medellin Rodrigo A.
Published: June 2024

The role of archeological zones in biological conservation has been highlighted because of their restrictions over land‐use change, size, and maintenance of upstanding vegetation. The Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico has over 2000 archeological zones amidst biological, ecological, and culturally diverse landscapes. However, due to population centers and tourism growth, the peninsula is experiencing high deforestation and habitat fragmentation rates. To explore the role of archeological zones in biological conservation, we focused on bat species because of their high mobility, use of human structures as refugia, and the ecosystem services they provide. Using mist nets and roost surveys, we compared the bat diversity in four highly visited archeological zones during the dry and wet seasons. In a total effort of 34,560 m2 mist net hours, we found 23 species from six families and seven guilds, representing 53% of all bat species known from the Yucatan state, including two endangered species for Mexico: Mimon cozumelae and Micronycteris schmidtorum. We found between 12 and 19 species in each archeological zone, and the communities were similar between the four sites and between seasons. The Phyllostomidae family was dominant across all sites, accounting for 92% of all the captures. We also recorded 12 species across 52 diurnal and nocturnal roosts, suggesting that Mayan archeological structures could offer several advantages to bats despite the high visitation of tourists. Our results emphasize the need to conduct research beyond natural protected areas to complement conservation policies and incentivize the inclusion of archeological zones in Yucatan's bat conservation plans.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Creditors at the Gate: Effects of Selective Environmental Disclosure on the Cost of Debt
Authors: Attig Najah , Rahaman Mohammad , Trabelsi Samir
Published: June 2024

Research Question/Issue

What is the impact of selective environmental disclosure, also known as greenwashing, on firms' credit risk profiles? Can the superior information and monitoring abilities of private lenders serve as environmental governance mechanisms to promote the adoption of ESG best practices by firms?

Research Findings/Insights

Through detailed examination of private debt contracts and environmental disclosure practices, we reveal that private lenders impose financial penalties on firms with poor environmental records, manifesting as higher spreads and loan‐related fees. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that greenwashing, or misleading environmental transparency, results in increased debt financing costs for firms. Moreover, lenders may adopt lenient nonprice terms to mitigate the impact of higher loan costs on firms engaged in selective environmental disclosure. This intricate contract design allows lenders to extract appropriate returns without hindering firms' access to external financing.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Our findings underscore the significance of private creditors in enhancing environmental disclosure standards within the corporate sphere. Additionally, our evidence emphasizes the importance of integrating firms' environmental impact into theoretical and empirical credit risk models.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

The intricate contract structures of bank loans can effectively address the informational risks associated with selective disclosure, without impeding firms' access to external financing. Hence, this financing mechanism holds the potential to enhance the ESG performance of firms.
The adiponectin‐derived peptide ALY688 protects against the development of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis
Authors: Huang Zhe , Sung Hye Kyoung , Yan Xingqun , He Shiyu , Jin Leigang , Wang Qin , Wu Xuerui , Hsu Henry H. , Pignalosa Angelica , Crawford Kathryn , Sweeney Gary , Xu Aimin
Published: June 2024

Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is the severe form of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease which has a high potential to progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, yet adequate effective therapies are lacking. Hypoadiponectinemia is causally involved in the pathogenesis of MASH. This study investigated the pharmacological effects of adiponectin replacement therapy with the adiponectin‐derived peptide ALY688 (ALY688‐SR) in a mouse model of MASH. Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell‐derived hepatocytes were used to test cytotoxicity and signaling of unmodified ALY688 in vitro. High‐fat diet with low methionine and no added choline (CDAHF) was used to induce MASH and test the effects of ALY688‐SR in vivo. Histological MASH activity score (NAS) and fibrosis score were determined to assess the effect of ALY688‐SR. Transcriptional characterization of mice through RNA sequencing was performed to indicate potential molecular mechanisms involved. In cultured hepatocytes, ALY688 efficiently induced adiponectin‐like signaling, including the AMP‐activated protein kinase and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways, and did not elicit cytotoxicity. Administration of ALY688‐SR in mice did not influence body weight but significantly ameliorated CDAHF‐induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, therefore effectively preventing the development and progression of MASH. Mechanistically, ALY688‐SR treatment markedly induced hepatic expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, whereas it significantly suppressed the expression of pro‐inflammatory and pro‐fibrotic genes as demonstrated by transcriptomic analysis. ALY688‐SR may represent an effective approach in MASH treatment. Its mode of action involves inhibition of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, possibly via canonical adiponectin‐mediated signaling.
Safeguarding and inheriting intangible cultural heritage music in the Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir area: A case study on Lore
Authors: Yang Su
Published: June 2024

Safeguarding and inheriting a society's intangible cultural heritage (ICH) music is essential for preserving cultural identity and fostering cultural diversity. A primary motivation for the formation and continuous activities of the heritage preservation community is the concern over losing valuable cultural assets. Incomplete histories, missing documents, and limited access to both tangible and intangible resources are all repercussions of lost heritage, affecting both the public and scholarly sectors. Given the inherent fragility of intangible cultural forms such as dance, language, and music, archives tasked with preserving these records face unique challenges. These forms can easily vanish without proper documentation and preservation, reinforcing the vital role of the relevant organizations. So, this study explores the unique musical traditions of the Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir area (CTGRA), along with the various methods for protecting and promoting this ICH. In‐depth information on regional musical traditions, as well as the challenges and possibilities related to conserving and transmitting these practices, was gathered via participant observation, interviews, and field study. The major ways of preserving and transmitting ICH music are storytelling and oral practices that connect communities and musical histories and promote their identity. This study reveals several practices of preserving and transmitting ICH music, such as raising awareness of people, encouraging local artists, and using digital media and advanced technology. This study argues that the rich cultural heritage of the CTGRA is preserved and inherited to future generations by implementing strategies that leverage the power of narrative and support the continuation of these musical practices.
Corporate culture as a theory of the firm
Authors: Gorton Gary B. , Zentefis Alexander K.
Published: June 2024

Markets and firms offer contrasting methods to arrange production. In markets, contracts govern the purchase of parts and services. In firms, the shared values, customs and norms coming from a corporate culture govern employees' joint development of parts and services. We argue for this distinction as a theory of the firm. Firms exist because corporate culture at times is more efficient to carry out production than are detailed contracts. The firm's boundary encircles the areas of production for which a manager optimally chooses corporate culture as the organizing device. Consistent with empirical evidence, the model explains why some mergers and acquisitions fail, and why corporate cultures are hard to change.
Prognosis of pediatric BCP‐ALL with IKZF1 deletions and impact of intensive chemotherapy: Results of SCCLG‐2016 study
Authors: Lin Shaofen , Liao Ning , Li Xinyu , Yang Lihua , He Yun‐yan , Tang Yan‐Lai , Wan Wu‐Qing , Jia Wenguang , Zhang Ya‐jie , Kong Qian , Long Xingjiang , Lan Xiang , Ling Ya‐yun , Lin Danna , Zhang Xiao‐li , Wen Chuan , Li Chi‐kong , Xu Hong‐gui
Published: June 2024

Background

IKZF1 deletion (IKZF1del) is associated with poor prognosis in B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP‐ALL). But the prognosis of IKZF1del combined with other prognostic stratification factors remains unclear. Whether intensified treatment improves BCP‐ALL prognosis has not been determined.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on 1291 pediatric patients diagnosed with BCP‐ALL and treated with the South China Children's Leukemia 2016 protocol. Patients were stratified based on IKZF1 status for comparison of characteristics and outcome. Additionally, IKZF1del patients were further divided based on chemotherapy intensity for outcome assessments.

Results

The BCP‐ALL pediatric patients with IKZF1del in south China showed poorer early response. Notably, the DFS and OS for IKZF1del patients were markedly lower than IKZF1wt group (3‐year DFS: 88.7% [95% CI: 83.4%–94.0%] vs. 93.5% [95% CI: 92.0%–94.9%], P = .021; 3‐year OS: 90.7% [95% CI: 85.8% to 95.6%] vs. 96.1% [95% CI: 95% to 97.2%, P = .003]), with a concurrent increase in 3‐year TRM (6.4% [95% CI: 2.3%–10.5%] vs. 2.9% [95% CI: 1.9%–3.8%], P = .025). However, the 3‐year CIR was comparable between the two groups (5.7% [95% CI: 1.8%–9.5%] vs. 3.7% [95% CI: 2.6%–4.7%], P = .138). Subgroup analyses reveal no factor significantly influenced the prognosis of the IKZF1del cohort. Noteworthy, intensive chemotherapy improved DFS from 85.7% ± 4.1% to 94.1% ± 0.7% in IKZF1del group (P = .084). Particularly in BCR::ABL positive subgroup, the 3‐year DFS was remarkably improved from 53.6% ± 20.1% with non‐intensive chemotherapy to 100% with intensive chemotherapy (P = .026).

Conclusions

Pediatric BCP‐ALL patients with IKZF1del in South China manifest poor outcomes without independent prognostic significance. While no factor substantially alters the prognosis in the IKZF1del group. Intensified chemotherapy may reduce relapse rates and improve DFS in patients with IKZF1del subset, particularly in IKZFdel patients with BCR::ABL positive.
Modeling individual growth reveals decreasing gray whale body length and correlations with ocean climate indices at multiple scales
Authors: Pirotta Enrico , Bierlich K. C. , New Leslie , Hildebrand Lisa , Bird Clara N. , Fernandez Ajó Alejandro , Torres Leigh G.
Published: June 2024

Changes in body size have been documented across taxa in response to human activities and climate change. Body size influences many aspects of an individual's physiology, behavior, and ecology, ultimately affecting life history performance and resilience to stressors. In this study, we developed an analytical approach to model individual growth patterns using aerial imagery collected via drones, which can be used to investigate shifts in body size in a population and the associated drivers. We applied the method to a large morphological dataset of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) using a distinct foraging ground along the NE Pacific coast, and found that the asymptotic length of these whales has declined since around the year 2000 at an average rate of 0.05–0.12 m/y. The decline has been stronger in females, which are estimated to be now comparable in size to males, minimizing sexual dimorphism. We show that the decline in asymptotic length is correlated with two oceanographic metrics acting as proxies of habitat quality at different scales: the mean Pacific Decadal Oscillation index, and the mean ratio between upwelling intensity in a season and the number of relaxation events. These results suggest that the decline in gray whale body size may represent a plastic response to changing environmental conditions. Decreasing body size could have cascading effects on the population's demography, ability to adjust to environmental changes, and ecological influence on the structure of their community. This finding adds to the mounting evidence that body size is shrinking in several marine populations in association with climate change and other anthropogenic stressors. Our modeling approach is broadly applicable across multiple systems where morphological data on megafauna are collected using drones.
Alder expansion stimulates nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from southern Eurasian permafrost peatlands
Authors: Liu Chunyan , Yue Hongyu , Zhang Wei , Yao Zhisheng , Pan Yuepeng , Wang Xianwei , Song Changchun , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus , Dannenmann Michael
Published: June 2024

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) play an important role for atmospheric chemistry and radiative forcing. However, NOx emissions from the vast northern circumpolar permafrost regions have not been studied in situ due to limitations of measurement techniques. Our goals were to validate the offline analytical technique, and based on this, to widely quantify in situ NOx emissions from peatlands in the southern Eurasian permafrost region. To this end, we conducted a comparison of online and offline flux measurements in 2018 and 2019 using the synthetic air flushing, steady‐state opaque chamber method. With differences in annual average and cumulative fluxes less than 0.1 μg N m−2 h−1 and 0.01 kg N ha−1 year−1, the online and offline fluxes were in good agreement, demonstrating the feasibility of conducting offline measurements in remote regions without power supply. The flux measurements over 2 years showed obvious NOx emissions of 0.05–0.14 and 0.13–0.30 kg N ha−1 year−1 in the hollow and hummock microtopography of permafrost peatlands, respectively. The rapid expansion of alder (Alnus sibirica) in the peatlands induced by permafrost degradation significantly increased soil mineral N contents and NOx emissions depending on the age of alder (0.64–1.74 and 1.44–2.20 kg N ha−1 year−1 from the alder forests with tree ages of 1–10 years and 11–20 years, respectively). Alder expansion also intensively altered the thermal state of permafrost including the sharp increases of soil temperatures during the non‐growing season from October to April and active layer thickness. This study provides the first in situ evidences of NOx emissions from the northern circumpolar permafrost regions and uncovers the well‐documented expansion of alders can substantially stimulate NOx emissions and thus, significantly affect air quality, radiative forcing, and ecosystem productivity in the pristine regions.
Using big data to study small places: Small‐town voting patterns in the 2020 U.S. presidential election
Authors: Mapes Jennifer
Published: June 2024

Differences between urban, suburban, and rural voting outcomes in U.S. presidential elections is a common area of both academic research and news media analysis. Most scrutiny and mapping of the geography of the presidential vote is done at the county scale, with counties described as either urban, suburban, or rural. Small towns are often assumed to mirror surrounding rural areas, with little research examining election results and historic patterns in these places. This is understandable: Accurate spatial data at a fine scale for national elections is difficult and, in some states, impossible, to obtain. Research presented here (in states where precinct‐level data is readily available) indicates that while most small towns indeed voted Republican in the 2020 U.S. election, a closer inspection indicates that they are more Democratic‐leaning than surrounding rural areas. This research indicates the value of studying these fine‐scale data as well as the challenges faced in acquiring these data and resulting lack of research and visualization of these differences.
Involvement of children and young people in the conduct of health research: A rapid umbrella review
Authors: Wyatt Katherine A. , Bell Jessica , Cooper Jason , Constable Leanne , Siero William , Pozo Jeria Carla , Darling Simone , Smith Rachel , Hughes Elizabeth K.
Published: June 2024

Background

Patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) have long been considered important to good research practice. There is growing, yet diverse, evidence in support of PPIE with children and young people (CYP). We must now understand the various approaches to involvement of CYP in research.

Aims

This rapid umbrella review aimed to provide an overview of when, how and to what extent CYP are involved in the conduct of health research, as well as the reported benefits, challenges, and facilitators of involvement.

Methods

We searched OVID Medline, Embase and PubMed. Published reviews were included if they reported meaningful involvement of CYP in the conduct of health research. Extracted data were synthesised using thematic analysis.

Results

The 26 reviews included were predominately systematic and scoping reviews, published within the last decade, and originating from North America and the United Kingdom. CYPs were involved in all stages of research across the literature, most commonly during research design and data collection, and rarely during research funding or data sharing and access. Researchers mostly engaged CYP using focus groups, interviews, advisory panels, questionnaires, and to a lesser extent arts‐based approaches such as photovoice and drawing. Visual and active creative methods were more commonly used with children ≤12 years. The evidence showed a shared understanding of the benefits, challenges, and facilitators for involvement of CYP, such as time and resource commitment and building partnership.

Conclusion

Overall, the review identified consistency in the range of methods and approaches used, and stages of research with which CYP are commonly involved. There is a need for more consistent reporting of PPIE in the literature, both in terminology and detail used. Furthermore, the impact of approaches to CYP involvement on research and community outcomes must be better evaluated.

Patient/Public Contribution

This review forms part of broader research initiatives being led by the authors. Together, these projects aim to support embedding of child voices in research practice and to explore the desirability and suitability of Young Persons Advisory Groups within birth cohort studies. The findings from this review, alongside public and stakeholder consultation, will inform development of resources such as practice recommendations to guide future involvement of CYP in health research undertaken at the author's respective institutions.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status in breast cancer: practice points and challenges
Authors: Laokulrath Natthawadee , Gudi Mihir , Salahuddin Syed Ahmed , Chong Angela Phek Yoon , Ding Cristine , Iqbal Jabed , Leow Wei Qiang , Tan Benjamin Yongcheng , Tse Gary , Rakha Emad , Tan Puay Hoon
Published: June 2024

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐enriched breast cancer benefits significantly from anti‐HER2 targeted therapies. This highlights the critical need for precise HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) interpretation serving as a triage tool for selecting patients for anti‐HER2 regimens. Recently, the emerging eligibility of patients with HER2‐low breast cancers for a novel HER2‐targeted antibody–drug conjugate (T‐DXd) adds challenges to HER2 IHC scoring interpretation, notably in the 0–1+ range, which shows high interobserver and interlaboratory staining platform variability. In this review, we navigate evolving challenges and suggest practical recommendations for HER2 IHC interpretation.
Preoperative high serum total testosterone levels predict preserved postoperative sexual function in patients after nerve‐sparing robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy
Authors: Saito Kohei , Kohada Yuki , Hieda Keisuke , Shikuma Hiroyuki , Hatayama Tomoya , Tasaka Ryo , Miyamoto Shunsuke , Kobatake Kohei , Sekino Yohei , Kitano Hiroyuki , Goto Keisuke , Ikeda Kenichiro , Goriki Akihiro , Hinata Nobuyuki
Published: June 2024

Objective

To assess the association among preoperative total testosterone levels, postoperative sexual function, and prognosis after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy.

Methods

Patients who underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy in our institution were included in the study. Based on preoperative total testosterone levels, they were divided into low (<3.0 ng/mL) and high (≥3.0 ng/mL) total testosterone groups. Sexual function was evaluated using the International Index of Erectile Function scores, Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite scores, and the potency rate from preoperatively to 12 months after surgery. Oncological outcomes were evaluated based on biochemical recurrence.

Results

Out of 233 patients included, no significant difference in sexual function was found between the high (n = 183) and the low (n = 50) total testosterone groups at any point before or after surgery. However, in nerve‐sparing cases, preservation in postoperative sexual function was observed only in the high total testosterone group (International Index of Erectile Function scores and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite sexual function scores, at any point after surgery, p < 0.05; potency rate, at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery; p < 0.05). Additionally, the high total testosterone group showed better biochemical recurrence‐free survival than the low total testosterone group (p = 0.008).

Conclusions

In the high total testosterone group, preservation in sexual function was observed after the nerve‐sparing procedure, while the biochemical recurrence rate was low. Therefore, patients with high levels of total testosterone may be advised to consider nerve‐sparing interventions.
Coronary and Cerebrovascular Events and Exacerbation of Existing Conditions After Laboratory‐Confirmed Influenza Infection Among US Veterans: A Self‐Controlled Case Series Study
Authors: Korves Caroline , Neupane Nabin , Smith Jeremy , Young‐Xu Yinong , van Aalst Robertus , Mahmud Salaheddin M. , Loiacono Matthew M.
Published: June 2024

Background

Influenza may contribute to coronary/cerebrovascular events and exacerbate underlying conditions.

Methods

We used self‐controlled case series (SCCS) design to analyze data from US Veterans ≥18 years with coronary/cerebrovascular or exacerbation event +/−1 year of lab‐confirmed influenza (LCI) during 2010–2018. We estimated the incidence ratio (IR) (95% CI) of the event for risk interval (Days 1–7 post‐LCI) versus control interval (all other times +/−1 year of LCI) with fixed‐effects conditional Poisson regression. We included biomarker data for mediation analysis.

Results

We identified 3439 episodes with coronary/cerebrovascular‐related hospitalizations. IRs (95% CI) for LCI risk versus control interval were STEMI 0.6 (0.1, 4.4), NSTEMI 7.3 (5.8, 9.2), ischemic stroke 4.0 (3.0, 5.4), hemorrhagic stroke 6.2 (3.4, 11.5), and coronary spasm 1.3 (0.5, 3.0). IR significantly increased for NSTEMI and ischemic stroke among those ≥ 65 years. IR for NSTEMI and ischemic stroke dropped 26% and 10%, respectively, when white blood cell (WBC) and platelet count were considered. LCI was significantly associated with exacerbation of preexisting asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and congestive heart failure.

Conclusions

We found significant association between LCI and hospitalization for NSTEMI, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke, the latter possibly due to unaccounted time‐varying confounding in SCCS design.
Ghanaian Graphic Design Education: Redefining Western Influences and Reclaiming Indigenous Cultures
Authors: Mensah Bonsu Frank , Wragg Nicole , Phillipson Sivanes , Waller Christopher
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we explore the evolution of graphic design and its education in Ghana. Graphic design emerged in Ghana through colonisation, which influenced the perceptions of traditional art forms. We review the tensions between Western and indigenous trends in Ghanaian art and design and explore existing pedagogical philosophies in Ghana's graphic design education. Ghana's rich traditional and cultural values, including spirituality, proverbial meaning and symbolism, are embedded in its art and design. Colonisation and the adoption of Western religion and global values caused indigenous Ghanaian art to be regarded as primitive and fetishistic. Similarly, Ghanaian graphic design was and continues to be influenced by the West. We argue that designers must embrace their cultural identity, both professionally and educationally, to empower the graphic design community to decolonise Ghanaian design.
Four‐Stage Rocket technique: A novel strategy for lead extractions using laser sheaths from the femoral vein
Authors: Kawano Daisuke , Matsumoto Kazuhisa , Narita Masataka , Tanaka Naomichi , Naganuma Tsukasa , Sasaki Wataru , Mori Hitoshi , Ikeda Yoshifumi , Kato Ritsushi
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Transvenous lead extractions (TLEs) for cardiac implantable electronic device complications often encounter difficulties with strong adhesions to the myocardium or vessels. In this report, we introduce a novel “Four‐Stage Rocket” technique for effective TLE in cases where conventional methods fail.

Methods and Results

Two challenging cases where conventional TLE methods failed were treated using a combination of four devices: Needle's Eye Snare, Agilis NxT Steerable Introducer, GlideLight Laser sheath, and GORE® DrySeal Flex Introducer sheath, employed via the inferior vena cava. The “Four‐Stage Rocket” technique successfully detached firmly adhered leads near the tricuspid valve annulus, where the traditional superior vena cava approach was inadequate.

Conclusion

The “Four‐Stage Rocket” technique offers a potential alternative in complex TLE cases, aligning the laser direction with the adhesion detachment and reducing the tissue damage risk.
The threat of voiced shareholder disapproval and the value of voting
Authors: Balthrop Justin , Bitting Jonathan
Published: June 2024

We study how granting shareholders an advisory compensation vote affects the subsequent demand for shareholder voting rights. We find that the voting premium decreases when shareholders are given the right to disapprove firm compensation plans, consistent with shareholders preemptively negotiating concessions, which results in a diminished need to use their votes. Potential concessions extend beyond compensation; firms that experience a decrease in voting premiums also experience changes to investment and dividend policy, as well as the number of independent directors. The same firms experience positive abnormal stock returns over the following year.
Geriatric conditions and healthcare utilization among older adults living in subsidized housing
Authors: Kler Sarah E. , Diaz‐Ramirez L. Grisell , Ryskina Kira L. , Young Jeon Sun , Patel Kanan , Cudjoe Thomas K. M. , Ritchie Christine S. , Harrison Krista L. , Boscardin W. John , Brown Rebecca T.
Published: June 2024

Background

Nearly 2.9 million older Americans with lower incomes live in subsidized housing. While regional and single‐site studies show that this group has higher rates of healthcare utilization compared to older adults in the general community, little is known about healthcare utilization nationally nor associated risk factors.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 enrolled in the National Health and Aging Trends Study in 2011, linked to Medicare claims data, including individuals living in subsidized housing and the general community. Participants were followed annually through 2020. Outcomes were hospitalization, short‐term skilled nursing facility (SNF) utilization, long‐term care utilization, and death. Fine–Gray competing risks regression analysis was used to assess the association of subsidized housing residence with hospitalization and nursing facility utilization, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to assess the association with death.

Results

Among 6294 participants (3600 women, 2694 men; mean age, 75.5 years [SD, 7.0]), 295 lived in subsidized housing at baseline and 5999 in the general community. Compared to older adults in the general community, those in subsidized housing had a higher adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR] of hospitalization (sHR 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03–1.43), short‐term SNF utilization (sHR 1.49; 95% CI, 1.15–1.92), and long‐term care utilization (sHR 2.72; 95% CI, 1.67–4.43), but similar hazard of death (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.69–1.08). Individuals with functional impairment had a higher adjusted subdistribution hazard of hospitalization and short‐term SNF utilization and individuals with dementia and functional impairment had a higher hazard of long‐term care utilization.

Conclusions

Older adults living in subsidized housing have higher hazards of hospitalization and nursing facility utilization compared to those in the general community. Housing‐based interventions to optimize aging in place and mitigate risk of nursing facility utilization should consider risk factors including functional impairment and dementia.
Identifying Drivers and Barriers to Precepting Midwifery Students: “A Little Part of Me Lives on in Each Student Midwife”
Authors: Blumenfeld Julie , Alspaugh Amy , Wright Lindsay , Lindberg Laura
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Increased access to midwifery care is one strategy that could improve perinatal health outcomes and help address the maternal health crisis in the United States. A modifiable barrier to increasing the workforce is greater access to midwifery preceptors for clinical training. The objective of this research is to use the socioecological framework to identify midwives’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to precepting students in clinical areas.

Methods

Midwives attending a preceptor education and training workshop series responded to 3 different questions at the end of each session: (1) What makes precepting midwifery students challenging? (2) What makes precepting midwifery students possible? and (3) What makes precepting midwifery students worthwhile? Responses were coded to align with the socioecological framework, which distinguishes individual, interpersonal, community, institutional, and policy‐level influences.

Results

Midwives’ responses were spread across the levels of the socioecological model except for policy. Participants identified institutional influences such as support as factors that made precepting feasible, both individual and interpersonal factors such as time constraints as areas that presented challenges to precepting, and community factors, like the joy of sharing midwifery, contributing to what made precepting worthwhile.

Discussion

Multiple levels of influence were identified in the preceptor process. Participants were internally motivated to precept while also articulating that to make precepting possible, there is a need for support from both colleagues and the greater systems within which they worked. Further studies are needed to investigate an ecosystem that facilitates an effective and sustainable model for midwifery precepting. Additionally, there is a need for efforts to engage and educate midwives in clinical practice about government advocacy that could actualize policy initiatives to support clinical midwifery education.
Characteristics of painful temporomandibular disorders and their influence on jaw functional limitation and oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: Yap Adrian Ujin , Lei Jie , Liu Chengge , Fu Kai Yuan
Published: June 2024

Background

There is limited knowledge about the impact of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and pain characteristics on jaw functional limitation and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in TMD patients.

Objectives

The influence of painful TMDs and pain characteristics on jaw functional limitation and OHRQoL was investigated. Inter‐relationships between limitation in jaw function and various OHRQoL domains, along with facial pain attributes predicting impaired jaw function and diminished OHRQoL were also examined.

Methods

TMD patients were recruited from a university‐based hospital. A comprehensive questionnaire comprising demographic variables, the DC/TMD Symptom Questionnaire, Graded Chronic Pain Scale, Jaw Functional Limitation Scale‐8 (JFLS‐8) and Oral Health Impact Profile‐TMD (OHIP‐TMD) was administered. Participants underwent a protocolized physical examination, and TMD diagnoses were determined utilising the DC/TMD algorithms. Participants were subsequently stratified into intra‐articular/pain‐related/combined TMD groups, as well as no TMD pain, acute/chronic pain and low/high‐intensity pain groups. Data were assessed using non‐parametric and hierarchical linear regression analyses (α = .05).

Results

The final sample consisted of 280 participants (mean age 31.2 (SD 11.8) years; 79.3% women). Significant differences in pain characteristics, JFLS‐8, and global OHIP scores were observed across the various TMD subtypes, pain chronicity and pain intensity categories. Pain intensity and pain‐related interference exhibited moderate correlations with JFLS‐8 and global OHIP scores (rs = 0.53–0.60). Moderate associations were also noted between JFLS‐8 and global OHIP, as well as most OHIP domains (rs = 0.42–0.64). Both jaw functional limitation and OHRQoL were predicted by sex, pain intensity and pain‐related interference.

Conclusions

Sex, pain intensity and pain‐related interference are key determinants for both impaired jaw function and diminished OHRQoL, with pain‐related interference exerting a more pronounced effect.
Life after life: Recidivism among individuals formerly sentenced to mandatory juvenile life without parole
Authors: Sbeglia Colleen , Simmons Cortney , Icenogle Grace , Levick Marsha , Peniche Monica , Beardslee Jordan , Cauffman Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

In Miller v. Alabama (2012), the Supreme Court abolished mandatory juvenile life without parole (JLWOP) sentences and subsequently decided that the ruling applied retroactively (Montgomery v. Louisiana, 2016), effectively rendering thousands of inmates eligible for resentencing and potential release from prison. In its decisions, the Court cited developmental science, noting that youth, by virtue of their transient immaturity, are less culpable and more amenable to rehabilitation relative to their adult counterparts. Specifically, the Court notes adolescents' propensity for impulsive action, sensitivity to social influence, and difficulty understanding long‐term consequences. Even so, these rulings raised concerns regarding the consequences of releasing prisoners who had committed heinous crimes as juveniles. Several years after the Court's decision, preliminary data are now available to shed light on rates of recidivism among those released. The current paper comprises three goals. First, we discuss the science of adolescent development and how it intersects with legal practice, contextualizing the Court's decision. Second, we present recidivism data from a sample of individuals formerly sentenced to JLWOP in Pennsylvania who were resentenced and released under Miller and Montgomery (N = 287). Results indicate that 15 individuals received new criminal charges up to 7 years postrelease (5.2%), the majority of which were nonviolent offenses. This low rate of recidivism is consistent with the developmental science documenting compromised decision‐making during the adolescent years, followed by desistance from criminal behavior in adulthood. Lastly, we discuss the importance of interdisciplinary collaborations between researchers and legal practitioners, as well as critical future avenues of research in this area.
Association of cord blood vitamin D with child neurodevelopment at 7 years of age
Authors: Gould Jacqueline F , Cuthbert Alana R , Yelland Lisa N , Gibson Robert A , Smithers Lisa G , Zhou Shao J , Makrides Maria
Published: June 2024

Aim

The role of fetal vitamin D [25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)], one of the nuclear steroid transcription regulators, and brain development is unclear. We previously found a weak but persistent association between cord blood 25(OH)D and child language abilities at 18 months and 4 years of age, but no association with cognition or behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cord blood 25(OH)D and a range of neurodevelopmental outcomes in these same children at 7 years of age.

Methods

Cord blood samples from 250 Australian mother–child pairs were analysed for 25(OH)D by mass spectroscopy. Children underwent tests of cognition, language, academic abilities and executive functions with a trained assessor at 7 years of age. Caregivers completed questionnaires to rate their child's behaviour and executive functioning in the home environment. Associations between standardised 25(OH)D and outcomes were assessed using regression models, taking into account possible social and demographic confounders.

Results

Standardised 25(OH)D in cord blood was not associated with any test or parent‐rated scores. Nor was there any association with the risk of having a poor test or parent‐rated score. Likewise, cord blood 25(OH)D categorised as <25, 25–50 and >50 nmol/L was not associated with test scores or parent‐rated scores.

Conclusions

There was no evidence that cord blood vitamin D concentration or deficiency was associated with cognition, language, academic abilities, executive functioning or behaviour at 7 years of age.
The immune response in chronic HBV infection
Authors: Bertoletti Antonio
Published: June 2024

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an ancient virus that has evolved unique strategies to persist as a chronic infection in humans. Here, I summarize the innate and adaptive features of the HBV‐host interaction, and I discuss how different profiles of antiviral immunity cannot be predicted only on the basis of virological and clinical parameters.
In vitro screening model for compound interactions with human and dairy animal BCRP orthologs
Authors: Le Roux‐Pullen Lérica , Van den Heuvel Jeroen J.M.W. , Jonis Noraly B. , Scheer‐Weijers Tom , Dubbelboer Ilse R. , Koenderink Jan B. , Russel Frans G.M. , Gehring Ronette
Published: June 2024

Orthologs of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), an ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) efflux transmembrane transporter, are present in several species. The list of compounds known to interact with BCRP is growing, and many questions remain concerning species‐specific variations in substrate specificity and affinity and the potency of inhibitors. As the most abundant efflux transporter known to be present in the blood–milk barrier, BCRP can increase the elimination of certain xenobiotics to milk, posing a risk for suckling offspring and dairy product consumers. Here we developed a model that can be employed to investigate species‐specific differences between BCRP substrates and inhibitors. Membrane vesicles were isolated from transiently transduced human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, overexpressing BCRP, with human, bovine, caprine, and ovine cDNA sequences. To confirm BCRP transport activity in the transduced cells, D‐luciferin efflux was measured and to confirm transport activity in the membrane vesicles, [3H] estrone‐3‐sulfate ([3H]E1S) influx was measured. We also determined the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and Vmax of [3H]E1S for each species. We have developed an in vitro transport model to study differences in compound interactions with BCRP orthologs from milk‐producing animal species and humans. BCRP transport activity was demonstrated in the species‐specific transduced cells by a reduced accumulation of D‐luciferin compared with the control cells, indicating BCRP‐mediated efflux of D‐luciferin. Functionality of the membrane vesicle model was demonstrated by confirming ATP‐dependent transport and by quantifying the kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax for the model substrate [3H]E1S. The values were not significantly different between species for the model substrates tested. This model can be insightful for appropriate inter‐species extrapolations and risk assessments of xenobiotics in lactating woman and dairy animals.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing of cystic fibrosis liver disease explants reveals endothelial complement activation
Authors: Declercq Mathias , Treps Lucas , Geldhof Vincent , Conchinha Nadine V. , de Rooij Laura P. M. H. , Subramanian Abhishek , Feyeux Magalie , Cotinat Marine , Boeckx Bram , Vinckier Stefan , Dupont Lieven , Vermeulen Francois , Boon Mieke , Proesmans Marijke , Libbrecht Louis , Pirenne Jacques , Monbaliu Diethard , Jochmans Ina , Dewerchin Mieke , Eelen Guy , Roskams Tania , Verleden Stijn , Lambrechts Diether , Carmeliet Peter , Witters Peter
Published: June 2024

Background & Aims

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is considered a multisystemic disorder in which CF‐associated liver disease (CFLD) is the third most common cause of mortality. Currently, no effective treatment is available for CFLD because its pathophysiology is still unclear. Interestingly, CFLD exhibits identical vascular characteristics as non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension, recently classified as porto‐sinusoidal vascular disorders (PSVD).

Methods

Since endothelial cells (ECs) are an important component in PSVD, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) on four explant livers from CFLD patients to identify differential endothelial characteristics which could contribute to the disease. We comprehensively characterized the endothelial compartment and compared it with publicly available scRNA‐seq datasets from cirrhotic and healthy livers. Key gene signatures were validated ex vivo on patient tissues.

Results

We found that ECs from CF liver explants are more closely related to healthy than cirrhotic patients. In CF patients we also discovered a distinct population of liver sinusoidal ECs—coined CF LSECs—upregulating genes involved in the complement cascade and coagulation. Finally, our immunostainings further validated the predominant periportal location of CF LSECs.

Conclusions

Our work showed novel aspects of human liver ECs at the single‐cell level thereby supporting endothelial involvement in CFLD, and reinforcing the hypothesis that ECs could be a driver of PSVD. Therefore, considering the vascular compartment in CF and CFLD may help developing new therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
Revealing the profound influence of diapause on gene expression: Insights from the annual transcriptome of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus
Authors: Payton Laura , Last Kim S. , Grigor Jordan , Noirot Céline , Hüppe Lukas , Conway David V. P. , Dannemeyer Mona , Wilcockson David , Meyer Bettina
Published: June 2024

Annual rhythms are observed in living organisms with numerous ecological implications. In the zooplanktonic copepod Calanus finmarchicus, such rhythms are crucial regarding its phenology, body lipid accumulation, and global carbon storage. Climate change drives annual biological rhythms out of phase with the prevailing environmental conditions with yet unknown but potentially catastrophic consequences. However, the molecular dynamics underlying phenology are still poorly described. In a rhythmic analysis of C. finmarchicus annual gene expression, results reveal that more than 90% of the transcriptome shows significant annual rhythms, with abrupt and dramatic upheaval between the active and diapause life cycle states. This work explores the implication of the circadian clock in the annual timing, which may control epigenetic mechanisms to profoundly modulate gene expression in response to calendar time. Results also suggest an increased light sensitivity during diapause that would ensure the photoperiodic entrainment of the endogenous annual clock.
A cross‐sectional study on the dietary patterns of multiethnic Malaysian preschoolers and their sociodemographic determinants
Authors: Hasmuni Chew Nurul Hasanah , Mohd Saat Nur Zakiah , Wong Jyh Eiin , Lee Shoo Thien , Singh‐Povel Cécile M. , Khouw Ilse , Poh Bee Koon ,   the SEANUTS II Malaysia Study Group
Published: June 2024

Early childhood is a critical developmental stage where established dietary patterns can impact lifelong health outcomes. This study investigates dietary patterns and their relationships with sociodemographic factors among Malaysian preschoolers. A total of 643 preschoolers of Malay, Indian, Chinese and other ethnicities participating in South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS II) were included. Dietary intake was assessed using a single triple‐pass 24‐h dietary recall method. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis and their association with sociodemographic factors was determined using complex sampling logistic regressions. Five dietary patterns were identified: “healthy eating,” “wholegrains and starchy vegetables,” “high salt and sugar,” “Western food,” and “sugary drinks and legumes”. Having older siblings was inversely associated with a “healthy eating” pattern (adjusted OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.33–0.87). Malay ethnicity was associated with higher odds of adhering to the “high salt and sugar” pattern (adjusted OR: 4.12, 95% CI: 2.20–7.75). Meanwhile, children living in urban areas (adjusted OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.03–3.01), those from middle‐income families (adjusted OR: 3.20, 95% CI: 1.38–7.40) and whose fathers were overweight (adjusted OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.58–4.94) showed a higher association with “Western food” pattern. Conversely, children whose mothers had overweight were less likely to adhere to the “Western food” pattern (adjusted OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30–0.83). Older age was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of the “sugary drinks and legumes” pattern (adjusted OR: 3.99, 95% CI: 1.75–9.06). There was no significant association between “wholegrains and starchy vegetables” pattern with sociodemographic characteristics (all p > 0.05). These findings suggest that ethnicity, age, residence area, having older siblings, parental weight status and household income level are associated with dietary patterns among multiethnic preschoolers in Malaysia. Thus, these sociodemographic characteristics should be considered when designing targeted dietary strategies and interventions for preschoolers.