bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small, Dense High-Density Lipoprotein-3 Particles Are Enriched in Negatively Charged Phospholipids
Authors: Camont Laurent , Lhomme Marie , Rached Fabiana , Le Goff Wilfried , Nègre-Salvayre Anne , Salvayre Robert , Calzada Catherine , Lagarde Michel , Chapman M. John , Kontush Anatol
Published: October 2013

Objective—

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) displays multiple atheroprotective activities and is highly heterogeneous in structure, composition, and function; the molecular determinants of atheroprotective functions of HDL are incompletely understood. Because phospholipids represent a major bioactive lipid component of HDL, we characterized the phosphosphingolipidome of major normolipidemic HDL subpopulations and related it to HDL functionality.

Approach and Results—

Using an original liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry methodology for phospholipid and sphingolipid profiling, 162 individual molecular lipid species were quantified across the 9 lipid subclasses, in the order of decreasing abundance, phosphatidylcholine>sphingomyelin>lysophosphatidylcholine>phosphatidylethanolamine>phosphatidylinositol>ceramide>phosphatidylserine>phosphatidylglycerol>phosphatidic acid. When data were expressed relative to total lipid, the contents of lysophosphatidylcholine and of negatively charged phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid increased progressively with increase in hydrated density of HDL, whereas the proportions of sphingomyelin and ceramide decreased. Key biological activities of HDL subpopulations, notably cholesterol efflux capacity from human THP-1 macrophages, antioxidative activity toward low-density lipoprotein oxidation, antithrombotic activity in human platelets, cell-free anti-inflammatory activity, and antiapoptotic activity in endothelial cells, were predominantly associated with small, dense, protein-rich HDL3. The biological activities of HDL particles were strongly intercorrelated, exhibiting significant correlations with multiple components of the HDL phosphosphingolipidome. Specifically, the content of phosphatidylserine revealed positive correlations with all metrics of HDL functionality, reflecting enrichment of phosphatidylserine in small, dense HDL3.

Conclusions—

Our structure–function analysis thereby reveals that the HDL lipidome may strongly affect atheroprotective functionality.
Transition of European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study III Results to Clinical Practice
Authors: Cronin Carolyn A. , Langenberg Patricia , Dutta Tara M. , Kittner Steven J.
Published: October 2013

Background and Purpose—

The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) III showed benefit of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke 3 to 4.5 hours from onset in selected patients from Europe, with this extended treatment subsequently recommended by the American Stroke Association. We prospectively enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator, during the time this recommendation was being applied in clinical practice to determine safety and efficacy in a representative cohort from the United States.

Methods—

Patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator were enrolled at 18 primary stroke centers throughout Maryland, including community hospitals and academic medical centers. Patients grouped by time to treatment (≤3 versus 3–4.5 hours) were compared for the presence of exclusion criteria from ECASS III that are not standard practice in the United States for ≤3 hours (age, >80 years; history of stroke and diabetes mellitus; oral anticoagulant treatment; and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, >25). Outcomes included good function at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale, 0–1 and 0–2), mortality, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage.

Results—

In the 3- to 4.5-hour treatment group, there were significantly fewer patients aged >80 years and no patients with the combination of stroke and diabetes mellitus. There were no statistically significant differences by time to treatment in symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, mortality, or functional outcome.

Conclusions—

For patients treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator 3 to 4.5 hours from onset in everyday practice in the United States, there is no evidence for increased risk or worse outcomes compared with standard treatment ≤3 hours.
Adoptive Regulatory T-Cell Therapy Preserves Systemic Immune Homeostasis After Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Li Peiying , Mao Leilei , Zhou Guoqing , Leak Rehana K. , Sun Bao-Liang , Chen Jun , Hu Xiaoming
Published: October 2013

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral ischemia has been shown to result in peripheral inflammatory responses followed by long-lasting immunosuppression. Our recent study demonstrated that intravenous delivery of regulatory T cells (Tregs) markedly protected against transient cerebral ischemia by suppressing neutrophil-derived matrix metallopeptidase 9 production in the periphery. However, the effect of Tregs on systemic inflammatory responses and immune status has not been fully characterized.

Methods—

Cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 minutes in mice or 120 minutes in rats. Tregs were isolated from donor animals by CD4 and CD25 double selection and transferred intravenously to ischemic recipients at 2 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Animals were euthanized on different days after reperfusion. The effects of Tregs on systemic inflammation and immune status were evaluated using flow cytometry, ELISAs, and immunohistochemistry.

Results—

Systemic administration of purified Tregs raises functional Tregs in the blood and peripheral organs, including spleen and lymph nodes. These exogenous Tregs remain in the blood and peripheral organs for ≥12 days. Functionally, Treg adoptive transfer markedly inhibits middle cerebral artery occlusion–induced elevation of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α) in the blood. Furthermore, Treg treatment corrects long-term lymphopenia and improves cellular immune functions after ischemic brain injury. As a result, Treg-treated animals exhibit decreased bacterial loads in the blood during recovery from cerebral ischemic attack.

Conclusions—

Treg treatment did not exacerbate poststroke immunosuppression. On the contrary, Treg-treated animals displayed improved immune status after focal cerebral ischemia.
Can DWI-ASPECTS Substitute for Lesion Volume in Acute Stroke?
Authors: de Margerie-Mellon Constance , Turc Guillaume , Tisserand Marie , Naggara Olivier , Calvet David , Legrand Laurence , Meder Jean-François , Mas Jean-Louis , Baron Jean-Claude , Oppenheim Catherine
Published: October 2013

Background and Purpose—

The extent of diffusion lesion on pretreatment imaging is a risk factor for poor outcome and hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolysis, and volumes of 70 to 100 mL have been advocated as cut-offs. However, estimating diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion volume (Vol
DWI
) in the acute setting may be cumbersome. We aimed to determine whether the DWI-Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (DWI-ASPECTS) can substitute for Vol
DWI
.

Methods—

DWI-ASPECTS and Vol
DWI
were measured retrospectively on pretreatment MRI (median onset-to-MRI delay=122 minutes) in 330 consecutively treated patients with middle cerebral artery stroke.

Results—

DWI-ASPECTS and Vol
DWI
were strongly correlated (ρ=−0.82), but each DWI-ASPECTS point corresponded to a wide range of Vol
DWI
. All patients with DWI-ASPECTS ≥7 (n=207) had Vol
DWI
<70 mL, whereas 32 of the 34 patients with DWI-ASPECTS <4 had Vol
DWI
>100 mL. However, intermediate DWI-ASPECTS (4–6; n=89) corresponded to highly variable Vol
DWI
(median, 66 mL; interquartile range, 40–98).

Conclusions—

Although each DWI-ASPECTS point corresponds to a wide range of volumes, DWI-ASPECTS <4 or ≥7 may be used as reliable surrogates of Vol
DWI
>100 or <70 mL, respectively.
The Aesthetics of Curriculum and Taoism
Authors: Hung Yung-Shan , Yeh Shih-Fen
Published: October 2013

Inspired by the understanding of curriculum as aesthetic text, study on the aesthetics of curriculum has attracted more and more interests in Taiwan. Based on the cultural lens of Taoism, this article aims to explore the theory and implementation of aesthetics of curriculum in a case study. The study found the aesthetics of Taoism in the curriculum can be understood from the aesthetics of relation, and the aesthetics of simplicity and plainness, which lead to the reconstruction of the way of “Being” in education. The aesthetics of curriculum from a Taoist perspective sheds important light on educational reform. In the era of globalization, we should reconsider the implications of curriculum by looking back on and reviving our culture.
The Impacts of Student Background and Extracurricular Activities on the Output of General Education; A Manuscript for the International Journal of Chinese Education
Authors: Li Manli , Zhang Yu
Published: October 2013

This is an empirical study in the field of general education evaluation. Using data collected from three elite Chinese universities where general education is emphasized and promoted at institutional level, this study investigates the impacts of student background and extracurricular activities on student performance measured from the perspective of general education objectives, i.e., critical thinking, creativity, value judgment, decision-making, and communication skill. Female students perform significantly better in value judgment and decision-making, and students with higher socioeconomic status perform significantly better in decision-making and communication skill. Students with art talent perform significantly better in all the five skills. And high quality extracurricular activities are found to have positive effect on these skills, too.
Cloud Detection of MODIS Multispectral Images
Authors: Murino Loredana , Amato Umberto , Carfora Maria Francesca , Antoniadis Anestis , Huang Bormin , Menzel W. Paul , Serio Carmine
Published: October 2013

Methods coming from statistics and pattern recognition to estimate the cloud mask from radiance measured by visible and infrared sensors on board satellites are gaining greater consideration for their ability to properly exploit the increasing number of channels available with current and next-generation sensors. Endowed with physical arguments, they give rise to robust methods for accurately estimating the cloud mask. Application of such classification methods to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data is discussed in this paper. Three different types of MODIS datasets are considered: synthetic (radiance is simulated by proper radiative transfer models); annotated (real MODIS data labeled by a meteorologist as clear or cloudy); and real MODIS data, whose truth is obtained from the official MODIS cloud mask product. A full assessment of the MODIS spectral bands is performed, aimed at understanding the role of the spectral bands in detecting clouds and at achieving top performance with very few properly chosen spectral channels. Local methods that use spatial correlation of images to improve classification, reducing the pseudonuisance of nonlocal methods, have also been tested on real data.
An Investigation of the Goshen County, Wyoming, Tornadic Supercell of 5 June 2009 Using EnKF Assimilation of Mobile Mesonet and Radar Observations Collected during VORTEX2. Part I: Experiment Design and Verification of the EnKF Analyses
Authors: Marquis James , Richardson Yvette , Markowski Paul , Dowell David , Wurman Joshua , Kosiba Karen , Robinson Paul , Romine Glen
Published: October 2013

High-resolution Doppler radar velocities and in situ surface observations collected in a tornadic supercell on 5 June 2009 during the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) are assimilated into a simulated convective storm using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). A series of EnKF experiments using a 1-km horizontal model grid spacing demonstrates the sensitivity of the cold pool and kinematic structure of the storm to the assimilation of these observations and to different model microphysics parameterizations. An experiment is performed using a finer grid spacing (500 m) and the most optimal data assimilation and model configurations from the sensitivity tests to produce a realistically evolving storm. Analyses from this experiment are verified against dual-Doppler and in situ observations and are evaluated for their potential to confidently evaluate mesocyclone-scale processes in the storm using trajectory analysis and calculations of Lagrangian vorticity budgets. In Part II of this study, these analyses will be further evaluated to learn the roles that mesocyclone-scale processes play in tornado formation, maintenance, and decay. The coldness of the simulated low-level outflow is generally insensitive to the choice of certain microphysical parameterizations, likely owing to the vast quantity of kinematic and in situ thermodynamic observations assimilated. The three-dimensional EnKF wind fields and parcel trajectories resemble those retrieved from dual-Doppler observations within the storm, suggesting that realistic four-dimensional mesocyclone-scale processes are captured. However, potential errors are found in trajectories and Lagrangian three-dimensional vorticity budget calculations performed within the mesocyclone that may be due to the coarse (2 min) temporal resolution of the analyses. Therefore, caution must be exercised when interpreting trajectories in this area of the storm.
Adopting Model Uncertainties for Tropical Cyclone Intensity Prediction
Authors: Rios-Berrios Rosimar , Vukicevic Tomislava , Tang Brian
Published: October 2013

Quantifying and reducing the uncertainty of model parameterizations using observations is evaluated for tropical cyclone (TC) intensity prediction. This is accomplished using a nonlinear inverse modeling technique that produces a joint probability density function (PDF) for a set of parameters. The dependence of estimated parameter values and associated uncertainty on two types of observable quantities is analyzed using an axisymmetric hurricane model. When the observation is only the maximum tangential wind speed, the joint PDF of parameter estimates has large variance and is multimodal. When the full kinematic field within the inner core of the TC is used for the observations, however, the joint parameter estimates are well constrained. These results suggest that model parameterizations may not be optimized using the maximum wind speed. Instead, the optimization should be based on observations of the TC structure to improve the intensity forecasts.
The Comparative Effectiveness of Prednisolone and Dexamethasone for Children With Croup
Authors: Garbutt Jane M. , Conlon Bridget , Sterkel Randall , Baty Jack , Schechtman Kenneth B. , Mandrell Kathy , Leege Erin , Gentry Shannon , Stunk Robert C.
Published: October 2013

Background. Although common practice, evidence to support treatment of croup with prednisolone is scant. Methods. We conducted a community-based randomized trial to compare the effectiveness of prednisolone (2 mg/kg/d for 3 days, n = 41) versus 1 dose of dexamethasone (0.6 mg/kg) and 2 doses of placebo (n = 46). Participants were children 1 to 8 years old with croup symptoms ≤48 hours, categorized as mild (42%) or moderate (58%). Results. There were no differences for those treated with dexamethasone or prednisolone for additional health care for croup (2% vs 7%, P = .34), duration of croup symptoms (2.8 vs 2.2 days, P = .63), nonbarky cough (6.1 vs 5.9 days, P = .81), nights with disturbed sleep for the parent (0.68 vs 1.21 nights, P = .55), and days with stress (1.39 vs 1.56 days, P = .51). Conclusion. There were no detected differences in outcomes between the 2 croup treatments for either child or parent.
Work–family conflict between two greedy institutions – the family and the military
Authors: Vuga Janja , Juvan Jelena
Published: October 2013

The importance of getting the job done is taking over our personal lives and causing a potential work–family conflict. There are some institutions that have traditionally placed high demands on their members and have been termed ‘greedy institutions’. This article analyses the relationship between two greedy institutions – the family and the military – considering the demands they both place on their members. The article strives to establish which one of them is greedier and consequently responsible for a potential work–family conflict. The in-depth analysis is based on the findings of 10 years’ research among service members of the Slovenian Armed Forces and a sample of their families. The results indicate that: (1) both the family and the military might be greedy institutions, although especially during deployment the greediness of the military outweighs that of the family; (2) the contemporary military organization does not only require service members’ loyalty, but the whole family’s support; (3) Slovenian military families remain highly supportive, regardless of military demands; (4) there are no significant differences in balancing work/family between genders ( p = .119), with women reporting less work–family conflict than men ( p = .041) and women feeling more support for their deployment from their family and friends than men.
Scoperchiare un baule di racconti: Sull’Atlante della letteratura italiana Einaudi
Authors: Morra Eloisa
Published: October 2013

Nel terzo volume dell’ Atlante della letteratura italiana Einaudi, studiosi di diversa formazione saldano nel loro sguardo rigore filologico e passione del racconto entro una struttura reticolare, che alterna “saggi-evento” e “saggi grafici.” I saggi-evento aprono squarci narrativi su momenti che hanno avuto un particolare potere catalizzante nello sviluppo della storia letteraria italiana. Ai saggi grafici spetta invece il compito di materializzare la Storia (e le storie) attraverso mappe, diagrammi, cronologie, grafici e didascalie: sono questi elementi, insieme ai risultati derivati da rigorose ricerche d'archivio, a costituire l’impalcatura e la novità dell’intera opera.
Disadvantaged former miners’ perspectives on smoking cessation: A qualitative study
Authors: White Simon , Baird Wendy
Published: October 2013

Objective:

To explore disadvantaged former miners’ perspectives in north Derbyshire, United Kingdom (UK) on smoking and smoking cessation.

Methods:

In-depth, audiotaped interviews with 16 disadvantaged former miners who smoked or had stopped smoking within six months.

Results:

Perceptions of being able to stop smoking with minimal difficulty and without support appeared common, despite most participants having previously made unsuccessful quit attempts. Smoking was often viewed as being less risky than coal mining. Smoke-free legislation appeared to be perceived as a threat to local social capital.

Conclusions:

Former miners in disadvantaged communities may attempt to stop smoking in response to illness, but persuading them to stop smoking before they develop ill health perhaps requires health educators to directly engage with significant local factors. These issues may include the benefits and availability of support in quitting, epidemiological concerns in determining smoking-related harm and a perceived threat to local social capital posed by smoke-free legislation.
The Cosmopolitan Creative-Intellectual
Authors: Wilson Khonsura A.
Published: October 2013

The focus of this article is Paul Robeson’s creative ideal (aesthetic). Though there is much literature that discusses the creative accomplishments and social activism of Robeson, with much agreement on his importance to the Africana intellectual history, a comprehensive discussion on his creative ideal, that is, his conception of beauty, creativity, and expression, has yet to emerge in the current literature. The absence of such a discussion represents a missing area of research. Robeson shared a wealth of creative insight and values that would provide an Afrocentric point of departure and heuristic resource of concepts for the Africana scholar. With an interest in using the African intellectual heritage as a resource, the main objective of this research is to cull ideal creative themes and values from the writings and interviews of Robeson that render a portrait of his creative-intellectual thought. This article will not only discuss the finding of Robeson’s creative insights but also suggest that a Robesonian framework of creative themes, insights, and categories might be on the horizon.
Voice or Consistency? What You Perceive as Procedurally Fair Depends on Your Level of Power Distance
Authors: Summereder Susanne , Streicher Bernhard , Batinic Bernad
Published: October 2013

Power distance (PD) is a cultural value known for its moderating effect on subordinates’ reaction to procedural justice. The reaction to procedural justice in general as well as the reaction to the voice criterion exclusively emerged to be stronger among low PD (LPD) than high PD (HPD) individuals. Until now, no research exists, however, on the effect of PD on Leventhal’s procedural justice criteria, when measured separately. By means of two studies, the effect of PD on voice was therefore compared with the effect of PD on Leventhal’s consistency criterion. Consistency was chosen due to HPD individuals’ preference for structure and stability. Study 1 ( n = 258), a cross-cultural scenario-based study examining the effect in terms of received and violated fairness, revealed a moderating effect of PD on the reaction to voice, but not on the reaction to consistency. Voice was found to be exclusively important for LPD individuals, whereas consistency emerged to be important regardless of PD. Study 2, a mono-cultural within-subjects study ( n = 161), replicated these results. Accordingly, not voice but consistency seems to be the procedural justice criterion of particular relevance for managers to consider in times of globalization and increasing cultural diversity.
A Meta-Analysis of Interventions for Struggling Readers in Grades 4–12
Authors: Scammacca Nancy K. , Roberts Greg , Vaughn Sharon , Stuebing Karla K.
Published: October 2013

This meta-analysis synthesizes the literature on interventions for struggling readers in Grades 4 through 12 published between 1980 and 2011. It updates Scammacca et al.’s analysis of studies published between 1980 and 2004. The combined corpus of 82 study-wise effect sizes was meta-analyzed to determine (a) the overall effectiveness of reading interventions studied over the past 30 years, (b) how the magnitude of the effect varies based on student, intervention, and research design characteristics, and (c) what differences in effectiveness exist between more recent interventions and older ones. The analysis yielded a mean effect of 0.49, considerably smaller than the 0.95 mean effect reported in 2007. The mean effect for standardized measures was 0.21, also much smaller than the 0.42 mean effect reported in 2007. The mean effects for reading comprehension measures were similarly diminished. Results indicated that the mean effects for the 1980–2004 and 2005–2011 groups of studies were different to a statistically significant degree. The decline in effect sizes over time is attributed at least in part to increased use of standardized measures, more rigorous and complex research designs, differences in participant characteristics, and improvements in the school’s “business-as-usual” instruction that often serves as the comparison condition in intervention studies.
Data and progress in peace and conflict research
Authors: Gleditsch Kristian Skrede , Metternich Nils W , Ruggeri Andrea
Published: October 2013

We highlight how efforts to collect systematic data on conflict have helped foster progress in peace and conflict research. The Journal of Peace Research has played a key role in these developments, and has become a leading outlet for the new wave of disaggregated conflict data. We survey progress in the development of conflict data and how this interacts with theory development and progress in research, drawing specifically on examples from the move towards a greater focus on disaggregation and agency in conflict research. We focus on disaggregation in three specific dimensions, namely the resolution of conflict data, agency in conflict data, and the specific strategies used in conflict, and we also discuss new efforts to study conflict processes beyond the use of violence. We look ahead to new challenges in conflict research and how data developments and the emergence of ‘big data’ push us to think harder about types of conflict, agency, and the ‘right’ level of aggregation for querying data and evaluating specific theories.
Trends in Demographics, Charges, and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Excision of Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma
Authors: Ahmed Omar H. , Mahboubi Hossein , Lahham Sari , Pham Cory , Djalilian Hamid R.
Published: October 2013

Objective

To assess demographics, charges, and outcome measures by temporal and volume analysis in the treatment of vestibular schwannoma.

Design

Cross‐sectional analysis.

Setting, Subjects, and Methods

The California Hospital Inpatient Discharge Databases from 1996 to 2010.

Results

A total of 6545 cases from 1996 to 2010 were identified. Of these, 86.2% occurred at high‐volume centers (HVCs), and the number of annual cases decreased by 28.5%. Patients presenting for surgery were increasingly younger, non‐Caucasian, and likely to have comorbidities. Total charges significantly increased over time (P <. 001), with the median total charge in 2006‐2010 being $91,338 compared with $38,607.92 in 1996‐2000 after adjusting for inflation. Routine discharges (home or residence) were more likely at HVCs (odds ratio [OR] 5.48, P <. 001) and less likely if patients had Medicaid (Medi‐Cal; OR 0.51, P =. 002) or Medicare (OR 0.55, P =. 022), were 65 years or older (OR 0.56, P =. 025), or had comorbidities (OR 0.54, P <. 001). Shorter hospital stays were more likely at HVCs (OR 3.77, P <. 001) and less likely if patients had Medicaid (OR 0.36, P <. 001) or comorbidities (OR 0.61, P <. 001). Lesser total charges were more likely at HVCs (OR 2.12, P =. 002) and less likely if patients had comorbidities (OR 0.70, P <. 001). Mortality was less likely at HVCs (OR 0.10, P =. 011).

Conclusion

The profile of patients undergoing vestibular neuroma excision is changing. Surgical volume is decreasing, suggesting a trend toward more conservative management or stereotactic radiation. Patients are best served at HVCs, where routine discharges, shorter length of stay, decreased mortality, and lower total charges are more likely.
Airway Management and Perioperative Concerns in Acromegaly Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Tumors
Authors: Friedel Mark E. , Johnston Doug R. , Singhal Saurabh , Khalili Kenan Al , Farrell Christopher J. , Evans James J. , Nyquist Gurston G. , Rosen Marc R.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Patients with acromegaly present unique challenges to cranial base surgery and anesthesia teams in the perioperative period, especially with regard to airway management. Abnormal airway anatomy may result from soft tissue hypertrophy and bony alterations. Additional perioperative challenges relate to the management of medical comorbidities. We aim to review perioperative airway concerns in acromegalic patients for the skull base surgeon in order to reduce preventable perioperative complications.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care academic institution.

Subjects

Thirty‐two acromegaly patients undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.

Results

Videoscopic direct laryngoscopy intubation was required in 7 of 32 patients (21.9%) and fiberoptic intubation in 4 of 32 patients (12.5%). Overall failure rate for first intubation technique used was 12.5% (4/32). Cardiovascular comorbidities (hypertension and conduction abnormalities predominated) were present in 16 of 32 patients (50%), and obstructive sleep apnea, or other respiratory conditions, existed in 12 of 32 patients (37.5%).

Conclusions

Acromegaly patients present a particular challenge to the endoscopic skull base surgeon. Despite preoperative anesthesia and otolaryngology evaluation, many of these patients will experience an unanticipated airway challenge during intubation. Preoperative preparation and perioperative awareness of anatomic and physiologic abnormalities of acromegalic patients is essential for successful endoscopic surgery in this unique population.
Two questions on bilateral internal mammary artery usage
Authors: Parissis Haralabos , Chughtai Zeb , Soo Alan
Published: October 2013

The use of a single internal mammary graft to the left anterior descending artery has been the gold standard in surgical coronary revascularization since its introduction. However, the take-up rate of use of bilateral internal mammary arteries has been slow despite emerging evidence. This has been partly due to the worry of postoperative complications, in particular, sternal wound complications. Skeletonization of the internal mammary has been proposed as a technique that can preserve the sternal microcirculation and therefore reduce this complication. In this article, we examine the evidence comparing the skeletonization technique versus the conventional pedicled technique for harvesting the internal mammary artery.
Ascending aorta thrombus: A diagnostic and treatment dilemma
Authors: Soo Alan , Marley Dominic , McGrath-Soo Lorraine , Herron Brian , Parissis Haralabos
Published: October 2013

Due to its position, a mass lesion in the ascending aorta poses a diagnostic and treatment dilemma. We describe the management of a symptomatic mass in the ascending aorta in a 35-year-old man who presented with a cerebrovascular accident.
Innovation in probation practice
Authors: Annison Jill
Published: October 2013

This article derives from the opening speech I made at Napo's Centenary Conference in July 2012. It considers innovation in relation to probation practice, exploring examples from the past in order to review and analyse issues in the present and to look ahead to the challenges that lie ahead for probation.
Restorative justice
Authors: Daniels Griff
Published: October 2013

Restorative justice is a comparative newcomer to the world of the probation service; however, there are new imperatives and drivers such as the recent paper ‘Punishment and Reform: Effective Community Sentences’ (2012) which signal a changing mood and a willingness to investigate the possibilities of restorative justice. It also makes reference to resources made available. In other parts of the criminal justice system, particularly within the youth justice service, restorative justice has been around, ‘officially’ – by means of legislation – for 14 years, and unofficially (in innovative practice), for longer. The knowledge and skills associated with restorative justice have slowly but surely migrated to other services, such as education, with startling results. Significantly, numerous police forces have begun to adopt the use of restorative justice. The plenary session at the National Conference explored some personal insights and took some time to examine important underlying concepts and thinkers who have influenced restorative work. The session posed the question of whether we are on the cusp of significant change in our outlook toward the purpose of justice. This article will reflect that as well as exploring later some of the broader implications for the probation service in the immediate future.
The future of probation in Europe
Authors: Durnescu Ioan
Published: October 2013

This article aims to picture a potential future of probation in Europe based on a very well known principle of probation practice: that future behaviour can be predicted based on past behaviour. Of course, this estimation is based on the assumption that no ‘black swans’ (Taleb, 2001) will show up in the future. The estimation looks in particular to the legislative aspects relevant to probation practice. This article concludes on a rather optimistic note by suggesting that while there seems to be a European trend towards harmonization and penal expansionism there is still room for innovation and local developments.
The Ten Steps towards a culture of Knowledge Management
Authors: Nunn Rosemary
Published: October 2013

This article outlines why it is essential to consider Knowledge Management (KM) from a situational perspective. There is simply not a one size fits all solution. The author presents an overview of her Ten Steps approach, and explains how she approaches the challenges of developing an effective Knowledge Strategy and securing organizational support for KM activities through ensuring the required change is realized and embedded in the organization – and that its benefits demonstrate a return on investment. Two very different organizations have provided the backdrop for the development and delivery of this in recent years and a case study is included from both.
Self-Structures, Negative Events, and Adolescent Depression
Authors: Cohen Joseph R. , Spiegler Kevin M. , Young Jami F. , Hankin Benjamin L. , Abela John R. Z.
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this multiwave longitudinal study was to examine the structure of self-complexity and its relation to depressive symptoms in 276 adolescents ( M = 12.55; SD = 1.04). Self-complexity, depressive symptoms, and negative events were assessed during a laboratory assessment at baseline, and then depressive symptoms and negative events were tracked every 3 months over the next 2 years. Findings from the present research showed that girls had higher levels of Overlap (e.g., the degree to which one sees his or her roles as similar) and NASPECTS (the number of aspects) compared with boys, and that older adolescents had lower levels of Overlap. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that low levels of positive Overlap (e.g., utilizing the same positive adjectives to describe numerous roles) predicted depressive symptoms, especially in the presence of negative events. Other findings along with developmental and clinical implications for this research are discussed.
Reliability of on-call radiology residents’ interpretation of 64-slice CT pulmonary angiography for the detection of pulmonary embolism
Authors: Joshi Rohit , Wu Ke , Kaicker Jatin , Choudur Hema
Published: October 2013

Background

Computed tomography (CT) angiography for pulmonary embolism (PE) is the present standard for diagnosing PE. In many teaching hospitals, radiology residents are the first to review the case and to make an initial interpretation of the images. Accurate diagnosis of PE is crucial, especially in the emergency care setting.

Purpose

To evaluate the discrepancies between resident and staff interpretations of 64-slice CT angiogram for PE.

Material and Methods

Discrepancies between the preliminary reports by the on-call radiology resident were compared to the final report by the staff radiologist in 215 consecutive cases of 64-slice CT angiogram performed for PE, from May 2005 to March 2008.

Results

Discrepancies were noted in 25 of the 215 studies (11.6%). These residents’ discrepancies consisted of three false-positive, four false-negative, and 18 equivocal cases. There was a decrease in the discrepancy rate from the second year to the fifth year of training by approximately 60%.

Conclusion

The rate of discrepancy fell steeply between the second and fifth year of the residents training from 18.5% to 6.9%. Our study suggests that it is reasonable to have on-call radiology residents perform the preliminary interpretations of 64-slice CT for PE studies.
Inhibition of proliferation and invasiveness of ovarian cancer C13* cells by a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor and the role of nuclear factor-κB
Authors: Wang Zhe , Li Yan , Lv Shuqing , Tian Yongjie
Published: October 2013

Objective

To investigate the effect of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor PJ34 on the proliferation and invasiveness of ovarian cancer C13* cells and the role of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).

Methods

Proliferation of C13* cells was measured using a 3 -(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay after incubation with PJ34 at different concentrations and for different treatment durations. In addition, expression of PARP-1 and the NF-κB p65 subunit after treatment with PJ34 was measured using Western blot and immunocytochemistry. The effect of PJ34 on cell invasiveness was examined using a transwell invasion assay.

Results

PJ34 inhibited proliferation of C13* cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. PJ34 treatment was also associated with a dose-dependent decrease in PARP-1 and NF-κB p65 expression and attenuated invasiveness of C13* cells. PARP-1 expression was positively correlated with NF-κB p65 expression.

Conclusion

The PARP-1 inhibitor PJ34 can markedly inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of C13* cells, possibly due to PARP-1-mediated attenuation of NF-κB activity.
Whole-Slide Imaging and Automated Image Analysis
Authors: Webster J. D. , Dunstan R. W.
Published: October 2013

Digital pathology, the practice of pathology using digitized images of pathologic specimens, has been transformed in recent years by the development of whole-slide imaging systems, which allow for the evaluation and interpretation of digital images of entire histologic sections. Applications of whole-slide imaging include rapid transmission of pathologic data for consultations and collaborations, standardization and distribution of pathologic materials for education, tissue specimen archiving, and image analysis of histologic specimens. Histologic image analysis allows for the acquisition of objective measurements of histomorphologic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical properties of tissue sections, increasing both the quantity and quality of data obtained from histologic assessments. Currently, numerous histologic image analysis software solutions are commercially available. Choosing the appropriate solution is dependent on considerations of the investigative question, computer programming and image analysis expertise, and cost. However, all studies using histologic image analysis require careful consideration of preanalytical variables, such as tissue collection, fixation, and processing, and experimental design, including sample selection, controls, reference standards, and the variables being measured. The fields of digital pathology and histologic image analysis are continuing to evolve, and their potential impact on pathology is still growing. These methodologies will increasingly transform the practice of pathology, allowing it to mature toward a quantitative science. However, this maturation requires pathologists to be at the forefront of the process, ensuring their appropriate application and the validity of their results. Therefore, histologic image analysis and the field of pathology should co-evolve, creating a symbiotic relationship that results in high-quality reproducible, objective data.
Tumor Microenvironment Regulates Metastasis and Metastasis Genes of Mouse MMTV-PymT Mammary Cancer Cells In Vivo
Authors: Werbeck J. L. , Thudi N. K. , Martin C. K. , Premanandan C. , Yu L. , Ostrowksi M. C. , Rosol T. J.
Published: October 2013

Metastasis is the primary cause of death in breast cancer patients, yet there are challenges to modeling this process in vivo. The goal of this study was to analyze the effects of injection site on tumor growth and metastasis and gene expression of breast cancer cells in vivo using the MMTV-PymT breast cancer model (Met-1 cells). Met-1 cells were injected into 5 sites (subcutaneous, mammary fat pad, tail vein, intracardiac, and intratibial), and tumors and metastases were monitored using bioluminescent imaging and confirmed with gross necropsy and histopathology. Met-1 tumors were analyzed based on morphology and changes in gene expression in each tissue microenvironment. There were 6 permissible sites of Met-1 tumor growth (mammary gland, subcutis, lung, adrenal gland, ovary, bone). Met-1 cells grew faster in the subcutis compared to mammary fat pad tumors (highest Ki-67 index). Morphologic differences were evident in each tumor microenvironment. Finally, 7 genes were differentially expressed in the Met-1 tumors in the 6 sites of growth or metastasis. This investigation demonstrates that breast cancer progression and metastasis are regulated by not only the tumor cells but also the experimental model and unique molecular signals from the tumor microenvironment.
Safety Biomarkers in Preclinical Development
Authors: Sasseville V. G. , Mansfield K. G. , Brees D. J.
Published: October 2013

The identification, application, and qualification of safety biomarkers are becoming increasingly critical to successful drug discovery and development as companies are striving to develop drugs for difficult targets and for novel disease indications in a risk-adverse environment. Translational safety biomarkers that are minimally invasive and monitor drug-induced toxicity during human clinical trials are urgently needed to assess whether toxicities observed in preclinical toxicology studies are relevant to humans at therapeutic doses. The interpretation of data during the biomarker qualification phase should include careful consideration of the analytic method used, the biology, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the biomarker, and the pathophysiology of the process studied. The purpose of this review is to summarize commonly employed technologies in the development of fluid- and tissue-based safety biomarkers in drug discovery and development and to highlight areas of ongoing novel assay development.
Kinematic Analysis of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament, Part 2
Authors: Wijdicks Coen A. , Kennedy Nicholas I. , Goldsmith Mary T. , Devitt Brian M. , Michalski Max P. , Årøen Asbjørn , Engebretsen Lars , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: October 2013

Background:

A more thorough understanding of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) has led to an increase in awareness and treatment of complex PCL injuries. Controversy exists about whether PCL reconstruction (PCLR) using an anatomic single-bundle (aSB) or anatomic double-bundle (aDB) technique is the most effective.

Hypothesis:

An aDB PCLR provides significantly better anterior-posterior and rotatory knee stability compared with an aSB PCLR and more closely recreates normal knee kinematics.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

A total of 18 match-paired, cadaveric knees (mean age, 54.8 years; range, 51-59 years; 5 male and 4 female pairs) were used to evaluate the kinematics of an intact PCL, an aSB and aDB PCLR, and a complete sectioned PCL. A 6 degrees of freedom robotic system was used to assess knee stability with a 134-N applied posterior tibial load, 5-N·m external and internal rotation torques, 10-N·m valgus and varus rotation torques, and a coupled 100-N posterior tibial load and 5-N·m external rotation torque at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, and 120°.

Results:

The aDB PCLR had significantly less posterior translation than the aSB PCLR at all flexion angles of 15° and greater. The largest difference in posterior translation was seen at 105° of flexion, where the aSB PCLR had 5.3 mm ( P = .017) more posterior translation than the aDB PCLR. The aDB PCLR also had significantly less internal rotation than the aSB PCLR at all tested angles of 90° and greater. Neither reconstruction was able to fully restore native knee kinematics.

Conclusion:

An aDB PCLR more closely approximated native knee kinematics when compared with an aSB PCLR. Specifically, the aDB PCLR demonstrated significantly more restraint to posterior translation at flexion angles between 15° and 120° and less internal rotational laxity at high flexion angles 90° to 120°.

Clinical Relevance:

Comparison of the 2 reconstruction techniques illustrates the time-zero kinematic advantage imparted by the addition of the posteromedial bundle reconstruction. The benefit is most pertinent for resistance to posterior translation across a full range of flexion and rotational stability beyond 90° of knee flexion.
Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Distinctions Between Tumefactive Demyelination and Brain Tumors in Children
Authors: Yiu Eppie M. , Laughlin Suzanne , Verhey Leonard H. , Banwell Brenda L. ,   Canadian Pediatric Demyelinating Disease Network
Published: October 2013

Tumefactive demyelinating lesions can be difficult to distinguish from tumors. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of children with tumefactive demyelination and supratentorial brain tumors were compared. Patients were identified through a 23-site national demyelinating disease study, and from a single-site neuroradiology database. For inclusion, lesions met at least 1 of 3 criteria: maximal cross-sectional diameter >20 mm, local or global cerebral mass effect, or presence of perilesional edema. Thirty-one children with tumefactive demyelination (5 with solitary lesions) were identified: 27 of 189 (14.3%) from the demyelinating disease study and 4 from the database. Thirty-three children with tumors were identified. Children with tumefactive demyelination were more likely to have an abnormal neurologic examination and polyfocal neurologic deficits compared to children with tumors. Tumefactive demyelination was distinguished from tumor by the presence of multiple lesions, absence of cortical involvement, and decrease in lesion size or detection of new lesions on serial imaging.
A Comparison of Line and Supervisory Officers and the Impact of Support on Commitment to the Prison Organization
Authors: Vickovic Samuel G. , Griffin Marie L.
Published: October 2013

With the increasing number of studies examining work outcomes among prison staff, it is surprising that little attention has been paid to corrections officers who hold supervisory positions. Using multivariate analysis of survey results from 2,302 corrections line officers and 369 supervisors employed in one Western prison system, this study examined the conditioning effect of supervisory status on an officer’s reported commitment to the organization. The results suggest that compared with line officers, supervisory officers experience significantly higher levels of commitment to the prison organization. Less variation was found in the manner and magnitude of the effects of individual-level variables (gender, race, age) and work environment variables (organizational support, hostile work environment, quality of supervision, coworker support) on organizational commitment for both groups. The findings provide insight into the importance of officers’ perceived sources of support and the need to encourage organizational commitment within an arguably difficult work environment.
When Poverty Is the Worst Crime of All
Authors: Henry Jessica S.
Published: October 2013

This review of the Sundance Award-winning documentary film, Gideon’s Army, examines the disparate impact of the criminal justice system on the poor and, particularly, poor people of color.