bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Number of processing cycle effect on the properties of the composites based on alfa fiber
Authors: Hammiche Dalila , Bourmaud Alain , Boukerrou Amar , Djidjelli Hocine , Grohens Yves
Published: December 2014

The objective of the investigation described in this work was to study the reprocessing effects on the alfa fiber reinforced polyvinylchloride composites with and without maleic anhydride-grafted polyvinyl chloride used as compatibilizer. The material was characterized after each extrusion using tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical, and thermal analysis. Results indicated that generally after four cycles, the recycled composites had considerably higher modulus as compared with the original composites, which were attributed to changes in physical and chemical properties of the composites induced by the recycling process. This effect was enhanced for the compatibilized samples. Increase of the modulus strength of the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix is detected due to the molecular chain cross-linking resulting from degradation. In addition, it was found that the reprocessing cycles increase in glass transition temperature of PVC and PVC/alfa composites.
Processing, characterization and erosion wear response of Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag filled polypropylene composites
Authors: Pati Pravat Ranjan , Satapathy Alok
Published: December 2014

This article reports a study on the erosion response of polypropylene (PP) composites filled with micro-sized Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag particles. LD slag is a major solid waste generated in huge quantities during steel making. It comes from slag formers such as burned lime/dolomite and from oxidation of silica, iron etc. while refining the iron into steel in the LD furnace. In this work, composites with different LD slag content (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30 wt%) in a thermoplastic PP matrix base are prepared by injection molding technique. The composites are characterized with regard to their density, porosity, micro-hardness and strength properties. Solid particle erosion trials, as per ASTM G 76 test standards, are conducted on the composite samples following a well-planned experimental schedule based on Taguchi design of experiments. An air jet type erosion test rig capable of creating reproducible erosive wear situations is used for this purpose. Significant process parameters predominantly influencing the rate of erosion are identified. The study reveals that the LD slag content and impact velocity in the composites are most significant among various factors influencing the wear rate.
Mechanical properties of polyimide composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers
Authors: Jianguo Zhang , Gang Du
Published: December 2014

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were introduced into carbon fiber (CF) by chemical vapor deposition and then were incorporated in the polyimide (PI) composites. The effects of CNTs on mechanical properties of CF/PI composites were investigated. Results showed that the mechanical properties of the composites prepared from CNT filled one are found to be much better compared to those of untreated ones. Tensile strengths of the composites of both raw and treated CF/PI composites showed a decreasing trend with increasing filler content. However, the values for the treated CF/PI composites at all mixing ratios are found to be higher than that of neat PI. The surface morphologies of the fractured surfaces of the composites were recorded using scanning electron microscopy to gain information about the fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion in the composites.
Role of Medication Therapy Management in Preexposure Prophylaxis Therapy for HIV Prevention
Authors: Ferrell Kelli W. , Woodard Laresa M. , Woodard Todd J.
Published: December 2014

Patient medication adherence is a long-standing problem and is one that raises serious issues for patient health, public health, and health care quality. Medication nonadherence costs the US economy an estimated US$290 billion in avoidable medical spending every year. One of the most costly health conditions is HIV disease, which continues to be a serious health issue for parts of the world. About 34 million people are living with HIV around the world. With the emerging preventative treatment against HIV, known as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), come concerns surrounding the potential impact of nonadherence to this newly approved medication therapy. Nonadherence to antiretroviral treatments are commonly the root cause for patients not reaching their treatment goals, putting them at risk of progression and worsening of their disease and complications, such as increased risk of opportunistic infections. Therefore, it is essential to improve antiretroviral medication adherence. By identifying members who are nonadherent to their prescribed antiretroviral medications and working collaboratively with patients, physicians, and pharmacists, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) can potentially increase medication adherence by helping patients identify, resolve, and prevent issues that may affect their decision not to take a medication as intended.
Pharmacists Role in Cholesterol Management
Authors: Manigault Kendra R. , Lewis Kendra A.
Published: December 2014

Cholesterol management is an important factor in the modification of primary and secondary cardiovascular events. Guidelines emphasize incorporation of appropriate medication therapy and lifestyle adjustments to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. Of note, studies and nation-wide statistics indicate many patients do not achieve their LDL-C goals. Eliminating barriers and challenges associated with cholesterol management will allow patients to reach prespecified goals for CVD risk reduction. As the nation transitions to covering more individuals, the need for additional health care providers is evident. Pharmacists are accessible and knowledgeable health care contributors who can assist in optimizing patient outcomes. This article discusses the pharmacist’s role in addressing challenges and barriers in cholesterol management.
Gender Differences in Neighborhood Walking in Older Adults
Authors: Gallagher Nancy Ambrose , Clarke Philippa J. , Gretebeck Kimberlee A.
Published: December 2014

Objective: This study examined mobility, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, neighborhood (density, destinations, and design), and neighborhood walking in older men ( n = 106, 60-99 years, M = 76.78, SD = 8.12) and women ( n = 216, 60-99 years, M = 75.81, SD = 8.46). Method/Results: In hierarchical regression, the variables explained 32% of the variance in neighborhood walking in men ( p < .001) and 27% of the variance in women ( p < .01). Self-efficacy (β = .49, p < .01), density (β= .22, p < .05), and design (β= .21, p = .05) were associated with walking in men. Significant design characteristics included sidewalks (β= .25, p < .05) and crime (β= .36, p < .01). In women, self-efficacy (β= .48, p < .001) and destinations (β= .15, p < .05) were associated with walking. Walking was associated with self-efficacy for walking despite individual barriers in women (β= .38, p < .001) and neighborhood barriers in men (β= .30, p < .05). Conclusion: Walking interventions targeting older women should incorporate local destinations. In older men, interventions should consider neighborhood sidewalk design and crime. Walking interventions for all older adults should include enhancement of self-efficacy, but gender differences may exist in the types of self-efficacy on which to focus.
Racial Disparities in Disability Among Older Adults
Authors: Thorpe Roland J. , McCleary Rachael , Smolen Jenny R. , Whitfield Keith E. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , LaVeist Thomas
Published: December 2014

Objective: Persistent and consistently observed racial disparities in physical functioning likely stem from racial differences in social resources and environmental conditions. Method: We examined the association between race and reported difficulty performing instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in 347 African American (45.5%) and Whites aged 50 or above in the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities–Southwest Baltimore, Maryland Study (EHDIC-SWB). Results: Contrary to previous studies, African Americans had lower rates of disability (women: 25.6% vs. 44.6%, p = .006; men: 15.7% vs. 32.9%; p = .017) than Whites. After adjusting for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and comorbidities, African American women (odds ratio [OR] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.14, 0.70]) and African American men (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = [0.13, 0.90]) retained their functional advantage compared with White women and men, respectively. Conclusion: These findings within an integrated, low-income urban sample support efforts to ameliorate health disparities by focusing on the social context in which people live.
Aging and Place in Long-Term Care Settings
Authors: Bonifas Robin P. , Simons Kelsey , Biel Barbara , Kramer Christie
Published: December 2014

Objective: This article presents results of a qualitative research study that examined how living in a long-term care (LTC) home influences the quality of residents’ relationships with peers, family members, and outside friends. Method: Semistructured interviews using a phenomenological approach were conducted with 23 residents of a LTC home. Thematic analysis was employed to illuminate residents’ perspectives on the nature of social relationships in this setting. Results: Four key themes were identified that highlight the role of place in social relationships. Residing in a LTC home influences the context of social interactions, impacts their quality and process, clusters individuals with health and functional declines that hinder socialization, and poses structural and cultural barriers that impede social interactions. Health and functional limitations posed the greatest challenge to socialization relative to characteristics of the facility itself. Discussion: Residents’ insights emphasize how personal characteristics influence community culture and the experience of place.
Power distance, sub-ethnic groups, and teams of civil servants: Overlooked factors of administrative reform in Kazakhstan?
Authors: Oleinik Anton , Yermekov Momysh , Kuatbekov Zharas
Published: December 2014

Administrative reform is a key element of postsocialist transformations. There were three rounds of New Public Management-inspired administrative reform in Kazakhstan, yet they did not lead to substantial increases in the quality of governance. This lack of progress is partially the result of a lack of attention to the issues of administrative culture in the blueprints of administrative reform. This article explores elements of administrative culture in Kazakhstan such as power distance, sub-ethnic groups ( Zhuz), and teams of civil servants. The analysis is based on the outcomes of bivariate statistical tests and a multiple regression. The article shows that the prevalence of teams and ethnic groups has an impact on civil servants’ perceptions of the effectiveness of administrative reform. The study also suggests that the civil service in Kazakhstan is characterized by a high power distance, which may undermine the principles of New Public Management.
Studies on structurally different benzoxazines
Authors: Rishwana S Shamim , Mahendran A , Vijayakumar CT
Published: December 2014

Bisbenzoxazines were prepared by the condensation of the respective bisphenols bisphenol A (BA), indane bisphenol (IBP), and spirobiindane bisphenol (SBI) with paraformaldehyde and aniline. The apparent activation energies for the polymerization curing process ( Ea-C) and the degradation process ( Ea-D) were calculated using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Vyazovkin, and Friedman methods. The variation in Ea-C noted for the thermal curing of different bisbenzoxazines is attributed to the operation of different mechanisms for the curing process. The variation of the Ea-D for the degradation of spirobiindane benzoxazine polymerized at high temperature was different from the other materials investigated and is attributed to its complex structure. The volatile products obtained during the thermal degradation of the polymers were analyzed using thermogravimetric–Fourier transform infrared analyses. Aniline was found to be the major product and was released during the primary degradation. At higher temperatures, breakage of the isopropylidine, indane, and biindane structural entities were favored.
A new preset refueling mode for gasoline dispenser using frequency converter and flow rate signals
Authors: Liu Yajun , Cai J , Wang ZY , Huang ZY
Published: December 2014

Fuel dispenser is an integrated fuel pumping and metering system for automotive refueling at the service station. In this paper, we develop a preset refueling mode for the dispenser. A frequency converter and the flow rate signal from the measurement transducer are utilized instead of the solenoid valve, which is used to control the flow rate in the traditional refueling mode. With variable speed pumping system, the rotational speed of the pump is adjusted to achieve the desired flow rate and head necessary for the application. All the experiments were operated on a real dispenser system. How the frequency influences the refueling accuracy is observed. Through choosing a suitable frequency, not only accuracy but also energy efficiency improves compared with the traditional refueling mode. It is able to provide a reference for authority to fill in gaps in low-quantity (less than 5 L) refueling.
Estimating the total risk for a sun-kink by measuring wave propagation in the track
Authors: Kjell Gunnar B
Published: December 2014

A method to estimate the stress-free temperature in a rail by exciting the complete track has been theoretically investigated, by both simple beam theory and by a finite element model. For frequencies below a cut-off frequency, bending waves cannot propagate in the track. The cut-off frequency primarily depends on the stiffness of the lateral ballast. For a given ballast stiffness, the wavelength (or speed) of propagating waves depends on the axial stress in the rail. By first determining the cut-off frequency, the ballast stiffness can be determined. Then, the actual stress can be estimated by measuring the wave speed. By knowing the actual rail temperature, the stress-free temperature is then easily calculated. It is found that stress-free temperatures of 5 ℃ should cause measurable changes in the speed of wave propagation. It is determined that variations in damping of the ballast and stiffness of the pads in the rail clamps do not influence the results. Field measurements show that a track can be excited and propagating waves detected.
An improved multi-position calibration method for low cost micro-electro mechanical systems inertial measurement units
Authors: Ding Zhijian , Cai Hong , Yang Huabo
Published: December 2014

In this paper, the multi-position calibration method for low cost micro-electro mechanical systems inertial measurement unit (MEMS IMU) is significantly improved based on two principles. One is that the magnitude of the specific force should be equal to that of the gravity vector. Another is that the gravity vector should be equal to the computed gravity vector which is calculated with the gyroscope outputs. Thus, the error parameters of the MEMS IMU can be estimated without any equipment using the proposed method. Different from previous methods, this paper applied a Kalman filter to calibrate the gyroscopes. This makes the calibration method simple and convenient for the non-technical customers, as the calibration processes can be implemented only by hands. The validity of the method is verified by a real test with a set of low cost MEMS IMU, and the performance is compared with the traditional six-position and rate test methods. The results indicate that the proposed method is effective and efficient for it can be used to calibrate the low cost MEMS IMUs without any special equipment and significantly increase the measurement accuracy.
The effect of twin volutes on the flow and radial hydraulic force production in a submersible centrifugal pump
Authors: Kang Can , Li Yunxiao
Published: December 2014

A twin-volute scheme is introduced to mitigate the circumferential structural unevenness endured by commonly used vertical centrifugal pumps. Emphasis is placed upon flow characteristics associated with twin volutes and radial hydraulic forces acting upon twin volutes. For comparison, a single-volute centrifugal pump with an identical impeller is investigated as well. Large eddy simulation is employed to extract details from three-dimensional flows in the two pumps at various flow rate conditions. Momentary radial hydraulic forces acting upon the volute are calculated based upon static pressure distributions over the volute wall. Characteristic pressure fluctuation frequencies are obtained as well. Advantages of twin volutes in improving circumferential evenness of the pump and accommodating situations of large flow rates are corroborated. The strip of high static pressure adjacent to the volute wall serves as an evident indicator of the suitability of twin volutes. Relative to the conventional volute, twin volutes undergo considerably small radial hydraulic forces, which are reduced consistently as flow rate increases. Another unique feature of twin volutes lies in the similar relationship between pressure fluctuation amplitude and characteristic frequency among the monitored points near the volute throat. And the overall amplitude of pressure fluctuation corresponding to blade-passing frequency increases with flow rate, as deviates considerably from the generalized tendency associated with the conventional volute.
How secure is a Newtonian paradigm for psychological and educational measurement?
Authors: Cantley Ian
Published: December 2014

From the early 1900s, some psychologists have attempted to establish their discipline as a quantitative science. In using quantitative methods to investigate their theories, they adopted their own special definition of measurement of attributes such as cognitive abilities, as though they were quantities of the type encountered in Newtonian science. Joel Michell has presented a carefully reasoned argument that psychological attributes lack additivity, and therefore cannot be quantities in the same way as the attributes of classical Newtonian physics. In the early decades of the 20th century, quantum theory superseded Newtonian mechanics as the best model of physical reality. This article gives a brief, critical overview of the evolution of current measurement practices in psychology, and suggests the need for a transition from a Newtonian to a quantum theoretical paradigm for psychological measurement. Finally, a case study is presented that considers the implications of a quantum theoretical model for educational measurement. In particular, it is argued that, since the OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is predicated on a Newtonian conception of measurement, this may constrain the extent to which it can make accurate comparisons of the achievements of different education systems.
Bayard Holmes (1852–1924) and Henry Cotton (1869–1933): Surgeon–psychiatrists and their tragic quest to cure schizophrenia
Authors: Davidson Jonathan
Published: December 2014

Early 20th-century medicine was dominated by the infectious theory of disease. Some leading physicians believed that infection or the accumulation of toxic substances from bacterial stasis caused a wide range of diseases, including schizophrenia. In the case of schizophrenia, one theory held that intestinal stasis lead to the bacterial production of toxins that affected brain function, resulting in psychotic illness. This theory predicted that clearing the stasis by drainage or by removal of the offending organ would be curative. Bayard Holmes and Henry Cotton, surgeon–psychiatrists, achieved notoriety for their efforts to cure schizophrenia surgically. Their endeavours were not only a failure but resulted in tragedy to their families and to a wider population. Treatment of their own sons also represented a violation of the ethics of their time. This account describes the life and career of Holmes and Cotton and reappraises their work in the light of recent developments.
Nursing students’ perceptions of patient dignity
Authors: Papastavrou Evridiki , Efstathiou Georgios , Andreou Christos
Published: December 2014

Background:

Respecting patients’ dignity has been described as a fundamental part of nursing care. Many studies have focused on exploring the concept of patients’ dignity from the patient and nurse perspective, but knowledge is limited regarding students’ nursing perceptions and experiences.

Objective:

To explore the issue of patients’ dignity from the perspective of nursing students.

Research design:

A qualitative study was employed with the formation of four focus groups and the participation of nursing students. Data were analysed via a thematic content analysis of the discussions.

Participants and research context:

Thirty-four nursing students of a Cyprus University participated in the four focus groups. Each group was homogenous in terms of the year of study and heterogeneous in terms of clinical practice in various wards.

Ethical consideration:

The study’s protocol was reviewed and approved by the Cyprus National Bioethics Committee. Ethical standards were followed throughout the study.

Findings:

Several factors that maintain or compromise patients’ dignity emerged. These factors were grouped into five themes: (a) patients’ preferences, verbal abuse and regarding a patient as a unique person; (b) privacy and confidentiality; (c) loss of autonomy and need for help; (d) discrimination and (e) attribution and reciprocity.

Discussion:

Different understandings of the perceived concept of dignity and the factors that maintain or compromise patient’s dignity were expressed through the eyes and the feelings of nursing students. Students highlighted the importance of promoting patient dignity as an important component of nursing care.

Conclusion:

Nurse educators can use the findings of this study in order to tailor nursing programmes to emphasise the importance of respecting patients’ dignity. In addition, nurse ward managers can use the findings as means for persuading nurses to change current behaviour.
Moral distress
Authors: McCarthy Joan , Gastmans Chris
Published: December 2014

Aim:

The aim of this review is to examine the ways in which the concept of moral distress has been delineated and deployed in the argument-based nursing ethics literature. It adds to what we already know about moral distress from reviews of the qualitative and quantitative research.

Data sources:

CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, EMBASE, Academic Search Complete, PsycInfo, Philosophers’ Index and Socindex.

Review methods:

A total of 20 argument-based articles published between January 1984 and December 2013 were analysed.

Results:

We found that like the empirical literature, most authors in this review draw on Jameton’s original definition and describe moral distress in psychological–emotional–physiological terms. They also agree that moral distress is linked to the presence of some kind of constraint on nurses’ moral agency, and that it is best understood as a two-staged process that can intensify over time. There is also consensus that moral distress has an important normative meaning, although different views concerning the normative meaning of moral distress are expressed. Finally, the authors generally agree that moral distress arises from a number of different sources and that it (mostly) affects negatively on nurses’ personal and professional lives and, ultimately, harms patients. However, despite this consensus, many authors take issue with the way in which moral distress is conceptualized and operationalized. Moreover, while some worry that identifying nurses as a group of health professionals whose voices are ignored or marginalized might disempower nurses and encourage them to avoid their moral responsibilities, others take situations involving moral distress as indicative of more fundamental, structural inequities at the heart of contemporary healthcare provision.

Conclusion:

We conclude that research on moral distress in nursing is timely and important because it highlights the specifically moral labour of nurses. However, we suggest that significant concerns about the conceptual fuzziness and operationalization of moral distress also flag the need to proceed with caution.
Policy Responses to Address Student “Brain Drain”
Authors: Ziguras Christopher , Gribble Cate
Published: December 2014

For several decades, Singapore has experienced a high rate of outbound degree mobility with around 1 in 10 higher education students currently studying outside the country according to UNESCO figures. Singapore’s successful economic development strategy, which has seen it become a key Asian hub for knowledge-intensive industries for internationalized services, has benefited from the presence of large numbers of graduates who have been educated abroad. However, significant numbers of Singaporean students do not return home after their studies, and since the late 1990s, the government has expressed concern about the resulting “brain drain.” This article examines four strategies that have been used by the Singapore government to address this concern: reducing the number of outbound students through improvements to domestic study options, promoting the return of graduates after their studies, engagement with the Singaporean diaspora, and recruitment of incoming international students into the workforce. While data are limited, the measures adopted to support each of these approaches appear to have had some success over the past decade. While the circumstances of each sending country vary, the case of Singapore is illustrative of the types of practical measures that are effectively adopted by governments to moderate the negative impacts of student emigration.
Getting started in research: designing and preparing to conduct a research study
Authors: Macfarlane Matthew D , Kisely Steve , Loi Samantha , Macfarlane Stephen , Merry Sally , Parker Stephen , Power Brian , Siskind Dan , Smith Geoff , Looi Jeffrey C
Published: December 2014

Objective:

To discuss common pitfalls and useful tips in designing a quantitative research study, the importance and process of ethical approval, and consideration of funding.

Conclusions:

Through careful planning, based on formulation of a research question, early career researchers can design and conduct quantitative research projects within the framework of the Scholarly Project or in their own independent projects.
Getting started in research: systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Authors: Kisely Stephen , Chang Alice , Crowe Jim , Galletly Cherrie , Jenkins Peter , Loi Samantha , Looi Jeffrey C , Macfarlane Matthew D , McVie Ness , Parker Stephen , Power Brian , Siskind Dan , Smith Geoff , Merry Sally , Macfarlane Stephen
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

Systematic reviews are one of the major building blocks of evidence-based medicine. This overview is an introduction to conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Conclusions:

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) represent the most robust form of design in the hierarchy of research evidence. In addition, primary data do not have to be collected by the researcher him/herself, and there is no need for approval from an ethics committee. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are not as daunting as they may appear to be, provided the scope is sufficiently narrow and an appropriate supervisor available.
Patterns of Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients Who Have Experienced an Acute Coronary Event
Authors: Sáez María E. , González-Pérez Antonio , Johansson Saga , Nagy Péter , Rodríguez Luis A. García
Published: December 2014

Background:

Antiplatelet (AP) therapy is well established for the secondary prevention of acute coronary events. However, patients may discontinue treatment, often owing to gastrointestinal (GI) complications, leaving them at elevated risk of recurrent cardiovascular events.

Objectives:

This descriptive retrospective study assessed trends in prescription of AP agents and coprescription of gastroprotective therapy, after an acute coronary event. Discontinuation of AP therapy within 2 years of an event and factors predicting discontinuation were investigated.

Methods:

The study was conducted in a UK primary care setting from 2000 to 2008; a total of 27 351 patients aged 50 to 84 years were included in the analysis. Main outcome measures were exposures to low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), clopidogrel, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Results:

At 90 days after an acute coronary event, 85.9% of patients had been prescribed some form of AP therapy and 33.6% of patients who were issued at least 1 ASA prescription in this period were also issued a PPI prescription. The use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT) 90 days after an event increased from 2% in 2000 to over 50% in 2008. An estimated 15.1% of patients on ASA monotherapy and 37.5% on DAT discontinued treatment within 1 year. A bleeding event during follow-up, including upper GI bleeding or hemorrhagic stroke, was the strongest predictor of discontinuation.

Conclusion:

Although most patients were prescribed AP therapy in the 90 days following an acute coronary event, a substantial proportion discontinued DAT or ASA monotherapy within 1 year. It is essential that physicians consider strategies to reduce the risk of discontinuation of AP therapy.
Alterations in Blood Coagulation and Viscosity Among Young Male Cigarette Smokers of Al-Jouf Region in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Almarshad Hassan A. , Hassan Fathelrahman M.
Published: December 2014

Hemorheology, a measure of rheological properties of blood, is often correlated with cerebral blood flow and cardiac output; an increased blood viscosity may increase the risk of thrombosis or thromboembolic events. Previous studies have reported a large variation in hemorheological properties of blood among smokers. This prompted us to conduct coagulation experiments to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on hematological parameters, like cell counts, and coagulation parameters among young males in Al-Jouf region, Saudi Arabia. The hematological and coagulation parameters were used to relate the changes in viscosity and coagulation to smoking. A total of 321 male participants (126 nonsmokers and 195 smokers) were enrolled into the study as randomized sample. Complete blood count was measured by hematology analyzer, and coagulation tests were performed by coagulation analyzer. The t test analysis was performed to compare the relationships of variables between the 2 groups. The results confirmed that smoking alters some hematology parameters leading to significant deterioration in blood flow properties. Smoking also increased the hematocrit (HCT), whole blood viscosity (WBV), and plasma viscosity (PV) but decreased the international normalized ratio (INR). The decrease in INR was found to be associated with the increase in WBV, PV, and HCT. Further investigations are necessary to assess the reversibility of such changes in cessation of smoking or other elements of influence.
Frequency-dependent optimal control in independent modal space for seismic response control of structures
Authors: Chakraborty Sanjukta , Ray-Chaudhuri Samit
Published: December 2014

In this study, a frequency-dependent algorithm is proposed in independent modal space as an improvement to the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control algorithm. The passive control parameters such as mass, stiffness and damping of a dynamic system are sensitive to different frequency ratios when subjected to external excitation. Depending upon the sensitivity of these parameters, the algorithm is developed in such a way that a response reduction similar to that of an LQG algorithm can be achieved with a significantly smaller control force. An effective gain is obtained by optimizing the H2 norm of the transfer function. It is observed from the results that the algorithm works well for high frequency ratio and near resonance regimes. Thus, a combination of the LQG and the proposed algorithms is considered as a modified LQG control algorithm, where the effectiveness of both algorithms is utilized. The efficiency of the modified LQG control algorithm is demonstrated by considering a base-isolated structure when subjected to earthquake base excitations. By comparing with the results it is observed that the modified LQG control algorithm is more efficient in terms of response reduction with a much lower control force as compared to the LQG control algorithm. It is envisioned that the modified LQG control algorithm will be highly useful for response control of base-isolated structures.
Report of the APSAC Task Force on Evidence-Based Service Planning Guidelines for Child Welfare
Authors: Berliner Lucy , Fitzgerald Monica M. , Dorsey Shannon , Chaffin Mark , Ondersma Steven J. , Wilson Charles
Published: December 2014

This article presents the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) Task Force report on the evidence-based service planning (EBSP) approach to child welfare services (CWS) plans and recommendations for practice. The focus of the policy report is on formal psychosocial services. CWS plans prescribe services to promote core child welfare objectives and to benefit children and families. The goal of EBSP is to construct service plans based on the general principles of evidence-based practice and prefer services with empirical support for clinical problems or needs associated with the causes or consequences of child abuse and neglect (CAN). EBSP aims to facilitate an overarching service approach that is collaborative, respectful, and includes services that are most likely to lead to outcomes on both family identified and child welfare mission goals. EBSP emphasizes a focused, assessment-driven, and science-informed approach that both favors plans that are sufficient and avoids overburdening families with compulsory services that address problems which are not directly related to the child welfare CAN referral.
A Collaborative Approach to Experiential Learning in University Newswriting and Editing Classes
Authors: Parks Perry
Published: December 2014

This case study examines a creative approach by two journalism professors to enhance experiential learning in separate skills-based newswriting and editing courses by collaborating to produce a live online news report from campus each week on a four-hour deadline. The study builds on previous research into how innovative classroom structures that engage students in practical, published journalistic work affect learning and students’ response to their experiences.
Why Straus’s “Reanalysis” of Physical Tactics Used by Female Partners Is Wrong
Authors: Gondolf Edward W.
Published: December 2014

This article refutes Straus’s reinterpretation of our study, “Physical Tactics of Female Partners Against Male Batterer Program Participants,” drawing on our extended follow-up of batterer program participants and their partners in four cities (Gondolf, 2002). Straus claims that the rate of women’s violence in the sample is “high” and asserts the need to address women’s violence to reduce the men’s violence, which is the opposite of our findings and interpretation. We contend that our focus on the men and women who both used tactics in the total sample addresses the research question. We elaborate why our regression analyses to “explain” the women’s violence are sound, despite Straus’s unsubstantiated speculations. We argue further that the evidence points to women’s “violent resistance” against severe, repeated violence, and that those cases do not fit the “both victim” dyad type that Straus promotes. Moreover, they are inappropriate for couples counseling. Finally, we revisit the limitations of the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) as a sufficient measure of the women’s experience of male violence and raise concern about the implications of Straus’s claims.
Group Sexual Offending by Juvenile Females
Authors: Wijkman Miriam , Weerman Frank , Bijleveld Catrien , Hendriks Jan
Published: December 2014

This study examined all group sexual offending cases in the Netherlands between 1995 and 2009 ( n = 26) in which at least one juvenile female offender ( n = 35) had been adjudicated. Information from court files showed that the majority of juvenile female group sexual offenders have (inter)personal problems and (sexual) abuse experiences. The aims of the offender groups in committing the offense could be categorized in three themes: harassing the victim, sexual gratification, and taking revenge. The reasons why juvenile female offenders participated in a group could be categorized into group dynamics versus instrumental reasons. The findings are contrasted with findings on juvenile male group sexual offenders. Implications of the findings for research and treatment are discussed.
Customer Referral Behavior
Authors: Stein Alisha , Ramaseshan B.
Published: December 2014

In today’s highly competitive market environment, service providers are beginning to recognize that customer referral plays an important role in enhancing firm value through cost-effective acquisition of new customers. While a significant body of research has focused on exploring customer referral, surprisingly limited research to date has addressed how customer referral may vary for different customer groups, particularly among switchers and stayers. This article examines the moderating effect of switchers and stayers on the relationships between service quality and perceived value on customer referral behavior. Actual referral data were collected from 441 customers of an Internet Service Provider in two waves for this study. The results show that the effects of positive changes in service quality and perceived value on customer referral behavior are stronger for recently acquired customers (switchers) than for long-term customers (stayers). The findings of the study suggest that investment in service quality and value improvements yield significantly higher returns (through greater customer referrals) for switchers than for stayers. Based on the findings, the authors recommend that service managers should identify and target newly acquired customers, who have switched from different service providers, right from the outset of the relationship with service offerings that signify higher quality and value in order to maximize customer referrals.
Men and Gender Equality
Authors: Scambor Elli , Bergmann Nadja , Wojnicka Katarzyna , Belghiti-Mahut Sophia , Hearn Jeff , Holter Øystein Gullvåg , Gärtner Marc , Hrženjak Majda , Scambor Christian , White Alan
Published: December 2014

In this article, some of the most important findings of the European research project The Role of Men in Gender Equality (2011–2012) are discussed. This project was the first systematic research study of all European Union member states and associated European Free Trade Association states regarding men and gender equality in the fields of education and paid labor, the involvement of men in care and domestic work responsibilities, men’s health, gender-based violence, and men’s participation in gender equality policy. The main objective of the study was to gain better knowledge on the role and positioning of men concerning gender equality. A number of themes were emphasized. First, as the situation of men and women in societies is relational, the role of men cannot be understood, if the role of women is neglected. Second, a perspective on men as a heterogeneous social group was chosen in order to gain insights into men’s privileges as well as disadvantages according to class, ethnicity, disability, and other social indicators. This study shows that caring masculinity emerges as a central path forward, and one that is increasingly taken up in practice, together with women’s increasing education and professional role, and rising expectations of gender-balanced task divisions. But there is a need for further research on the complex relationship between caring masculinities and gender-equal roles, including marginalized and unemployed groups and men who turn their frustrations against gender equality and women’s new roles.
Working with Men and Boys to Prevent Gender-based Violence
Authors: Peacock Dean , Barker Gary
Published: December 2014

In spite of tremendous progress toward including gender equality as a global goal—included in numerous UN conventions and the Millennium Development Goals—much progress remains to be made. Men’s violence against women remains a pervasive feature of life in every country in the world. Increasing attention is being paid to engaging men and boys to end men’s violence. Programs and policies have been successfully piloted by nongovernmental organizations across the world and shown to promote important and positive change in men’s gender-related attitudes and practices, including in reducing men’s use of violence against women. Since the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994, national governments and UN agencies have steadily adopted and implemented policies and community-based interventions intended to change social norms about gender and masculinities. As cross-pollination happens across countries and regions, work with men and boys for gender equality has become more complex, ambitious, and visible, generating important synergies and successes, and some resistance. This article examines the rationale for that work; describes key findings from multicountry studies about the relationship between notions of masculinities and men’s gender-related practices; documents key principles guiding much gender equality work with men and boys; identifies emerging strategies and proposes key next steps to increase the scale, impact, and sustainability of gender transformative work with men and boys.
In place of fear: aligning health care planning with system objectives to achieve financial sustainability
Authors: Birch Stephen , Murphy Gail Tomblin , MacKenzie Adrian , Cumming Jackie
Published: December 2014

The financial sustainability of publicly funded health care systems is a challenge to policymakers in many countries as health care absorbs an ever increasing share of both national wealth and government spending. New technology, aging populations and increasing public expectations of the health care system are often cited as reasons why health care systems need ever increasing funding as well as reasons why universal and comprehensive public systems are unsustainable. However, increases in health care spending are not usually linked to corresponding increases in need for care within populations. Attempts to promote financial sustainability of systems such as limiting the range of services is covered or the groups of population covered may compromise their political sustainability as some groups are left to seek private cover for some or all services. In this paper, an alternative view of financial sustainability is presented which identifies the failure of planning and management of health care to reflect needs for care in populations and to integrate planning and management functions for health care expenditure, health care services and the health care workforce. We present a Health Care Sustainability Framework based on disaggregating the health care expenditure into separate planning components. Unlike other approaches to planning health care expenditure, this framework explicitly incorporates population health needs as a determinant of health care requirements, and provides a diagnostic tool for understanding the sources of expenditure increase.
“You think it’s hard now … It gets much harder for our children”: Youth with autism and their caregiver’s perspectives of health care transition services
Authors: Cheak-Zamora Nancy C , Teti Michelle
Published: December 2014

Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis often have complex comorbid physical and mental health conditions. These youth rely heavily on their medical providers and struggle through the often rocky transition out of pediatric care into adulthood and adult-centered care. This study is among the first to qualitatively examine the health care transition experiences of youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their caregivers. We conducted four focus groups with youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (n = 13) and their caregivers (n = 19) and used thematic analysis strategies to identify key themes. Parents’ discussions emphasized (a) loss of relationship with provider and lack of support transitioning from pediatric to adult care, (b) providers’ lack of knowledge about Autism Spectrum Disorder, and (c) concerns about losing guardianship. Youth emphasized their confusion and anxiety around (a) medical providers’ role, especially in the transition to adulthood; and (b) managing their medical lives independently. Our findings are important because they not only improve our understanding of health care transition needs among youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their caregivers but demonstrate a sound methodological procedure to facilitate input from youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
World Health Organization and disease surveillance: Jeopardizing global public health?
Authors: Blouin Genest Gabriel
Published: December 2014

Health issues now evolve in a global context. Real-time global surveillance, global disease mapping and global risk management characterize what have been termed ‘global public health’. It has generated many programmes and policies, notably through the work of the World Health Organization. This globalized form of public health raises, however, some important issues left unchallenged, including its effectiveness, objectivity and legitimacy. The general objective of this article is to underline the impacts of WHO disease surveillance on the practice and theorization of global public health. By using the surveillance structure established by the World Health Organization and reinforced by the 2005 International Health Regulations as a case study, we argue that the policing of ‘circulating risks’ emerged as a dramatic paradox for global public health policy. This situation severely affects the rationale of health interventions as well as the lives of millions around the world, while travestying the meaning of health, disease and risks. To do so, we use health surveillance data collected by the WHO Disease Outbreak News System in order to map the impacts of global health surveillance on health policy rationale and theory.
Organizing and reframing technological determinism
Authors: de la Cruz Paragas Fernando , Lin Trisha TC
Published: December 2014

Technological determinism (TD) has been critiqued as reductionist, ahistorical, and simplistic. This article, however, presents its complexity by showing four of its typologies according to the axes of objective/subjective dimensions and regulation/radical change sociologies based on Burrell and Morgan’s Four paradigms for the analysis of social theory. Through a survey of the literature and theoretical arguments about new media and their possible consequences on political, economic, and cultural systems, the article shows how TD and social determinism constitute a continuum, rather than a dichotomy, of theories about the relationship of technology and society. It recommends the revisiting of Burrell and Morgan’s concepts and their utility in organizing other communication theories.