bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of bioethanol production from sorghum green malt and cane molasses using Saccharomyces bayanus in submerged cultivation
Authors: Sepúlveda León Kevin E. , Hernández Calderón Oscar M. , Alarid García Cristian , Cervantes Gaxiola Maritza E. , Rubio Castro Eusiel , Ortiz del Castillo Jesús R. , Rios Iribe Erika Y.
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on optimizing bioethanol production using Saccharomyces bayanus in a submerged culture medium containing sorghum green malt and cane molasses as mixed carbon sources. A Taguchi experimental design L9 (34) was employed to evaluate the effects of the concentrations of cane molasses, urea, and CaCO3, as well as the initial pH, on bioethanol yield. The results demonstrated that molasses concentration and initial pH were the most significant factors influencing bioethanol production. The optimal treatment achieved a bioethanol concentration of 139.10 g/L after 48 h of fermentation, with a productivity of 2.90 g/(L · h) and a yield of 1.22 g of bioethanol produced per g of reducing sugars consumed. Additionally, the modified Monod model accurately described the fermentation kinetics, capturing trends in yeast growth and substrate consumption. This model is an essential tool for scaling up the bioethanol production process in continuous bioreactors. Results suggest that sorghum green malt, supplemented with cane molasses, provides a low‐cost, nutritionally complete, and environmentally friendly culture medium for bioethanol production.
Expert opinion on gray areas in asthma management: A lesson from the innovative project “revolution in asthma” of the Italian thoracic society (AIPO‐ITS)
Authors: Vaghi Adriano , Incalzi Raffaele Antonelli , Barbaglia Simona , Bilò Maria Beatrice , Bini Francesco , Carone Mauro , Cecchi Lorenzo , Chetta Alfredo Antonio , Comel Andrea Claudio , De Michele Fausto , Insalaco Giuseppe , Musarra Antonino , Pomponio Giovanni , Spanevello Antonio , Tognella Silvia , Vatrella Alessandro , Zuccatosta Lina , Micheletto Claudio
Published: February 2025

Background

Despite the availability of numerous guidelines for asthma management, their recommendations are not consistently implemented in clinical practice. This discrepancy between guidelines and real‐world practice among Italian healthcare professionals was explored during the “Revolution in Asthma” training program, which identified “gray areas” and barriers preventing clinicians from adopting guideline‐based approaches.

Objective

This study aims to analyze the key challenges in asthma management and provide evidence‐based solutions to improve adherence to guidelines in clinical practice.

Methods

A group of experts from the Scientific Committee of the Revolution in Asthma project reviewed the program's findings, focusing on three main areas of asthma management: diagnosis, control, and treatment. The experts summarized clinicians' main needs and questions for each area and provided evidence‐based responses and practical recommendations.

Results

The study highlights critical challenges in asthma treatment, addressing two key questions: (a) What are the possible uses and indications for short‐acting β‐agonists in asthma patients? (b) How should asthma treatment be initiated and adjusted based on asthma control? The expert panel developed practical, operational tools to support general practitioners and specialists (pulmonologists and allergists) in optimizing asthma management.

Conclusion

This paper serves as a knowledge co‐creation initiative, bridging the gap between clinical guidelines and daily practice. By offering concrete recommendations, it aims to enhance the application of guideline‐based asthma management among healthcare professionals.
Exploring Anatomical Links Between the Crow's Nidopallium Caudolaterale and Its Song System
Authors: Moll Felix W. , Kersten Ylva , Erdle Saskia , Nieder Andreas
Published: February 2025

Crows are corvid songbirds that exhibit remarkable cognitive control, including their ability to vocalize on command. The activity of single neurons from the crow's associative telencephalic structure nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) is correlated with the execution of this vocal and many non‐vocal behaviors. However, whether anatomical connections directly link the crow NCL to its “song system” remains unclear. To address this, we used fluorescent tracers along with histological staining methods to characterize the connectivity of the crow's NCL in relation to its song system. Consistent with previous findings in other songbirds, we found that the NCL sends dense projections into the dorsal intermediate arcopallium (AID) directly adjacent to the song system's telencephalic motor output, the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). Similarly, we demonstrate dense NCL projections into the striatum engulfing the basal ganglia song nucleus “area X.” Both of these descending projections mirror the projections of the nidopallial song nucleus HVC (proper name) into RA and area X, with extremely sparse NCL fibers extending into area X. Furthermore, we characterized the distribution of cells projecting from the lateral part of the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (MAN) to NCL. Notably, a separate medial population of MAN cells projects to HVC. These two sets of connections—MAN to NCL and MAN to HVC—run in parallel but do not overlap. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that the NCL is part of a “general motor system” that parallels the song system but exhibits only minimal monosynaptic interconnections with it.
Prototype Models of Personality Disorders: Prototype Convergence and Association With Pathological Traits
Authors: Huprich Steven K. , Jowers Callie , Dowgwillo Emily , Ethridge Hannah , Nelson Sharon M. , Porcerelli John H.
Published: February 2025

The goal of this study was to evaluate whether personality disorder prototypes derived from three different models have similar pathological trait profiles within the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD). Trainee clinicians (N = 329) rated a patient they were currently treating using the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure, the DSM‐5 hybrid model prototype match (modified from the original prototype DSM‐5 proposal) and the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual prototype match. Correlations among each PD prototype model with the DSM‐5 traits were assessed. Theoretically similar prototypes across the SWAP‐II, DSM‐5 hybrid model and PDM were correlated with several traits across models, ranging from small‐to‐large effect sizes. Similar prototypes also appeared to display similar trait profiles with some exceptions. Results suggest that the SWAP‐II, DSM‐5 and PDM prototype models tend to assess similar constructs overall, even though the methods are theoretically distinct. Implications of these findings for PD diagnosis are discussed.
High‐sensitivity Epimutations Testing with MS‐HRM
Authors: Taryma‐Leśniak Olga , Sokolowska Katarzyna E. , Liput Magdalena , Wojdacz Tomasz K.
Published: February 2025

Epimutation is defined as any heritable change in gene activity that does not affect the actual sequence of DNA. One of the most researched epimutations is promoter methylation of breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. This epimutation may arise de novo in somatic tissues, such as breast or ovarian cancer tissue, but has also been shown to be widely distributed throughout tissues. BRCA1 methylation detectable in peripheral blood has been associated with the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer in patients without a germline pathogenic variant status of this gene. The strength of this association suggests that diagnostic screening for the BRCA1 epimutation should be considered with potential implications in cancer risk assessment. However, the detection of BRCA1 epimutation may be challenging, as it is generally detectable at a very low level in blood. Methylation‐sensitive high‐resolution melting (MS‐HRM) was shown to provide a high sensitivity of methylation detection, and as it is a PCR‐based method, epimutation screening based on MS‐HRM is labor‐ and cost‐effective. Here we describe the MS‐HRM protocol for BRCA1 epimutation screening. © 2025 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: High sensitivity constitutional epimutations testing with MS‐HRM
Exploring the Nexus Between Ecosystem Services and Economic Sustainability: A Stakeholder Perspective
Authors: Jiang Yanjie , Ding Xiaodi
Published: February 2025

Unlocking the power of ecosystem services reveals how their integration can drive meaningful economic sustainability and shape future development strategies. This study takes a multifaceted approach to explore the relationship between ecosystem services (ES) and economic sustainability, employing a rigorous quantitative research design. Data were gathered from 147 business leaders, 111 government officials, and 150 environmental and economic researchers using purposive sampling, with subsequent analysis conducted via SPSS software. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the value of ES and economic sustainability indicators at both regional and national levels. Policy interventions that focus on enhancing ES valuation were found to lead to improved economic outcomes and long‐term sustainability. Furthermore, stakeholder collaboration emerged as a crucial factor in boosting the effectiveness of ecosystem management practices. Economic sectors that are heavily reliant on ES demonstrated greater resilience and adaptability to environmental changes compared to those with limited reliance. Moreover, the integration of ES valuation into economic decision‐making processes was shown to foster more informed and sustainable development strategies. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive approach, which integrates quantitative data analysis, policy evaluation, stakeholder perspectives, and sector‐specific assessments to provide a holistic understanding of the complex interplay between ecological conservation and economic prosperity. These findings underscore the critical role of ES in enhancing economic resilience and sustainability, emphasizing the importance of their strategic integration into policy frameworks and decision‐making processes for future development.
The Impact of Board Gender Diversity on Environmental Innovation and the Mediating Role of the CSR Committee
Authors: Ashraf Sumaira , Alodat Ahmad Yuosef , Zeitun Rami Mohammad Ahmad
Published: February 2025

This study investigates how the corporate social responsibility (CSR) committee mediates the relationship between board gender diversity (BGD) and environmental innovation in European countries. This research analyzed data from non‐financial companies listed in Europe over a period spanning from 2013 to 2022 in order to investigate the direct influence of BGD on environmental innovation. Moreover, this study also explored an indirect influence in the form of the mediating role of the CSR committee, thus making a noteworthy contribution to the field. Furthermore, by integrating insights from the areas of gender diversity, corporate governance, and sustainability, this research enhances our understanding of the various factors that influence environmental innovation. Indeed, the results indicate a positive and significant relationship between BGD and environmental innovation. Additionally, the findings showed that the CSR committee plays a partially mediating role in this relationship.
Design of a Nonisolated Bidirectional Multiport DC‐DC Converter With Improved Efficiency for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Hosseinpour Hadi , Nazarpour Daryoush , Farhadi‐Kangarlu Mohammad
Published: February 2025

In this paper, a novel multiport and bidirectional converter is presented that possesses the capability to multiply the voltage gain and enhance overall efficiency. The converter integrates the input, energy storage, and load ports into a single unit for renewable energy applications. The circuit structure incorporates only a single coupled inductor; however, a significant issue arises from the energy stored in the leakage inductor, which leads to voltage spikes on the power switch and diodes. To solve this problem, a passive clamp circuit has been implemented. This auxiliary circuit not only limits the voltage on the power switch but also recovers the energy stored in the leakage inductor and transfers it to the output. To increase voltage gain, this method employs the technique of switched capacitor and voltage lift, along with adjustments to the winding turns ratio of the coupled inductor. As a result, it achieves high voltage gain with a low duty cycle. By reducing the duty cycle, the circulating current duration in the circuit is minimized, which improves the overall efficiency. In this study, the prominent design features of this converter are high voltage gain with a low duty cycle, low voltage stress on switches, low winding turns ratio of the coupled inductor, and high efficiency. The various operating stages for the three modes—single‐input single‐output (SISO), single‐input double‐output (SIDO), and double‐input single‐output (DISO)—are analyzed, and design requirements are presented theoretically. Eventually, to evaluate the veracity of the theoretical analysis and the stated equations, a laboratory prototype of the proposed converter has been constructed. The prototype has an input (PV) voltage of 30 V, battery voltage of 45 V, and an output voltage of 400 V with a rated power of 300 W.
Analysis of Content About Infant Development From Formal Parent Education Sources in Different World Regions
Authors: Lobo Michele A. , Orlando Julie M. , Cunha Andrea B. , Atun‐Einy Osnat , Oudgenoeg‐Paz Ora , de Toledo Aline Martins , Machado de Souza Rosana , Alghamdi Zainab S. , Alhindi Eman , Klein Michal
Published: February 2025

This study evaluated information shared with parents about infant development through formal sources in five countries and international organizations (i.e., regions). Consistent findings among regions were: (1) Tendency to format information as developmental milestones; (2) Sharing primarily information about motor development, but most often repeating recommendations for advancing language development; (3) Variability in specific information shared among regions and among sources within each region about the same general topics; and (4) Consensus mentioning seven behaviors representing early exploratory, mobility, and communication abilities that support learning and expression. Differences in the content shared among the regions are also described. The findings provide insight into commonalities and differences in educational practices that likely reflect more universal versus regional cultural beliefs and values.
Disaster planning for individuals with disabilities
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: February 2025

In the last year, natural disasters have devastated many parts of the U.S., ranging from hurricanes in Florida and North Carolina to flooding in the Northeast to wildfires in Los Angeles. Disaster response after such events often rightly focuses on addressing hazards, repairing infrastructure, restoring electricity, and mitigating further damage to affected regions. However, individuals with disabilities frequently face inequities before and after natural disasters and may not receive adequate support in such events.
Dominant species drove the balance between biodiversity and productivity in mown grasslands under nitrogen fertilization
Authors: Zhang Xiaojing , Yang Guojiao , Ning Yu , Jiang Liangchao , Han Xingguo , Lü Xiao‐Tao
Published: February 2025

Annual mowing, a main management strategy of grasslands, would reduce primary productivity, though might increase plant diversity. Nitrogen (N) fertilization is widely used to raise productivity in global pastures, but always results in biodiversity losses. It is thus a challenge to balance the divergent impacts of mowing and N fertilization on biodiversity and productivity. Here, we examine 9‐year responses of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and species richness to mowing across a N addition gradient (0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 g N m−2 year−1) in a temperate steppe. The negative impacts of mowing on ANPP were exacerbated over time under N fertilization with rates at or lower than 10 g N m−2 year−1 but were reversed by higher N fertilization rates. Such responses of community‐level ANPP were largely driven by the dominant grass, Leymus chinensis (L.c.), instead of species richness. Nitrogen fertilization reversed the negative impacts of mowing on the contribution of L.c. to community‐level production over time, with less time being needed for the critical reverse under higher fertilization rates. A “win–win” pattern of biodiversity and production could be reached in the mown grasslands under the N fertilization rate of 5 g N m−2 year−1, as evidenced by no temporal variation in both production and biodiversity over time in comparison with grasslands under ambient conditions (unmown and non‐fertilization). Our results highlight the role of dominant species instead of species diversity in driving the fundamental functioning of mown grasslands and thus facilitate adaptive grassland management.
Structural and electronic double effects on S‐doping dendritic mesoporous CeFeW/DM catalyst for enhancing SO2 tolerance in the low temperature NH3‐SCR reaction
Authors: Huang Xiaosheng , Ling Weitong , Cui Rongji , Li Xiaona , Xi Yongjie , Tang Zhicheng
Published: February 2025

SO2 poisoning severely impedes the development of Ce‐based catalysts in NH3‐SCR process for nitrogen oxides elimination. S‐doping dendritic mesoporous

(DM)‐structured CeFeW/DM catalyst has been carefully designed in this work and its tolerance to SO2 has been effectively enhanced. The DM structure allowed metal oxides to be highly dispersed and generated Ce–O–Fe active pairs with enhancing redox ability via the efficient electron transfer between Ce3+ + Fe3+ ↔ Ce4+ + Fe2+. Importantly, the opened center–radial pore channels not only facilitated rapid adsorption of NO and NH3, but also distinctly alleviated the problem of ammonium sulfate blocking the catalyst pores during the NH3‐SCR process. Notably, S‐doping enhanced the surface acidity and inhibited the adsorption and oxidation of SO2 effectively. Besides, density functional theory calculation revealed that S‐doping further perturbed the local electronic environment and formed an electron enrichment region around the Ce–O–Fe interface, which made SO2 preferentially adsorbed on Fe sites, whereas NO was more inclined to be adsorbed on Ce sites. Therefore, the Ce active site was protected from SO2 poisoning, enabling both L‐H and E‐R reaction pathways simultaneously occurring with smooth adsorption and activation of NO on CeFeW/DM. This study deeply reveals the coordination efforts between catalyst structure and electronic effects, which provided a new idea for designing highly efficient SO2‐resistant Ce‐based catalysts for low temperature NH3‐SCR reaction.
Sex Influences the Genetic Structure of Greenland Halibut in the North Atlantic
Authors: Estévez‐Barcia Daniel , Roy Denis , Vihtakari Mikko , Gíslason Davíð , Lindegren Martin , Christensen Asbjørn , Wheeland Laura , Treble Margaret , Úbeda Julio , Nogueira Adriana , Hedges Kevin , Láruson Áki Jarl , Rivera Alejandro Mateos , Dahle Geir , Westgaard Jon‐Ivar , Elvarsson Bjarki , Ofstad Lise Helen , Hallfredsson Elvar H. , Albert Ole Thomas , Boje Jesper , Johansen Torild
Published: February 2025

Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) is a commercially important species in the North Atlantic whose spatial population structure has not yet been fully determined across its entire range. We genotyped individuals from across the North Atlantic using a subset of informative single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers to assess their usability as a SNP panel. We assessed whether these purportedly structured SNPs had any association with sex. We found several of these loci to be in sex‐determining chromosomes and that their inclusion generated genetic structure mainly in males. The population structure without the sex‐associated SNPs was weak and followed an isolation‐by‐distance pattern, likely with a large regional population on each side of the North Atlantic. We discuss how different sex ratios in the samples and/or an evolving sex‐determination system in this species likely caused the inclusion of sex‐associated loci in the panel. We found suggestive evidence of polymorphisms at sex‐determining chromosomes differentiating males on east and west locations, indicating evolution of the sex‐determination system. These results highlight the importance of documenting sex‐based differences in genetic studies and call for a better understanding of genomic architecture to understand sex‐determination systems across the whole distribution of sexually dimorphic species.
The contribution of pollinator‐mediated versus pollinator‐independent interactions to plant reproduction
Authors: James Aubrie R. M. , Geber Monica A.
Published: February 2025

Pollinator‐mediated and pollinator‐independent interactions both affect plant reproductive success but are often studied independently. Evaluating the separate and cumulative effect of both types of interactions is necessary to understand population dynamics and species coexistence. Here, we ask how interactions during growth and flowering contribute to pollinator‐mediated and pollinator‐independent density dependence in components of reproduction and total fecundity in communities of Clarkia species. Using experimental plots embedded in natural communities of forbs and grasses, we examine the response of flower number, ovule number per flower, seed set (% of ovules in a fruit that are filled seed), and total fecundity (total seed number per plant) of focal plants of four Clarkia species to varying densities of background Clarkia, forbs, and grasses, with (control) or without supplemental pollination of focal flowers. A comparison of seed set and total fecundity between control and pollen‐supplemented flowers provided an estimate of pollen limitation to reproduction, which was largely pollinator mediated in this study. Forbs and grasses exerted a density‐dependent, pollinator‐independent competitive effect on all reproductive components and on total fecundity. By contrast, interactions between focal and background Clarkia were entirely density‐independent, pollinator‐mediated, and affected only seed set. Pollinator‐mediated effects on seed set between pairs of focal and background Clarkia species were largely competitive, and in line with the known pollination biology of Clarkia species. Our results point to the importance of evaluating pollinator‐mediated interactions in the context of natural communities, and that pollinator‐mediated interactions between Clarkia species, while strong, are not likely to affect population dynamics at the scale of the small local neighborhood but may do so at larger spatial and/or temporal scales.
Pygoscelis penguins prefer different oceanographic and terrestrial habitats during the austral summer
Authors: Gallagher Katherine L. , Herman Rachael , Walton Katherine , Dinniman Michael S. , Lynch Heather J.
Published: February 2025

Pygoscelis penguins interact with both terrestrial and marine environments, especially during the austral summer when they raise their chicks. Accessible ice‐free ground spaces serve as locations for penguins to build colonies and successfully raise chicks while the surrounding marine environment serves as the foraging grounds for adult birds. Penguins must be able to navigate through the waters around their colonies to forage for Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), their primary prey during the austral summer. Krill, whose distributions are driven partially by the surrounding physics and partially by their behaviors, must also be plentiful in the waters near the colonies to support foraging penguins. Here, we test the hypothesis that terrestrial and oceanographic variables can describe habitat suitability for Pygoscelis penguins along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) during the austral summer and hypothesize that oceanographic and terrestrial covariates contribute differently to each species based on their life‐histories. We built habitat suitability models using logistic regressions with a variety of datasets and determined important covariates using jackknife analysis. We developed a novel method to estimate the contribution of oceanographic and terrestrial covariates using the model terms. Models performed well across all species (area under the curve [AUC] >0.85) and predicted existing habitats as highly suitable for each species. The models also predicted new habitat for each species, including potential habitat for gentoo penguins in Marguerite Bay. While jackknife analysis suggests that terrestrial elevation is the single most important variable for some species, variables such as spring sea ice extent, prey persistence, and near‐shore current velocities also were major contributors to the model across the Peninsula. Oceanographic covariates contributed the most (~65%) to chinstrap penguin habitat suitability, and the least (20%–40%) to Adélie habitat suitability. Different oceanographic variables made up most of this oceanographic term for different species, suggesting that the species select for different oceanographic habitats near breeding colonies. Understanding the major habitat suitability drivers for Pygoscelis penguins today will help us understand how habitat suitability will change in future climate conditions.
Dynamic Activation of NADPH Oxidases in Immune Responses Modulates Differentiation, Function, and Lifespan of Plasma Cells
Authors: Bucheli Olivia T. M. , Rodrigues Daniela , Ulbricht Carolin , Hauser Anja E. , Eyer Klaus
Published: February 2025

NADPH‐oxidase (NOX)‐derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been described to play essential roles in B‐cell activation processes. However, several key questions concerning NOX activity and subsequent ROS production remain unaddressed, including fundamental processes such as differentiation, functional competence, cellular metabolism, and viability. This study investigated these questions in a murine B‐cell response after secondary immunization. We combined single‐cell transcriptomics and single‐cell detection of NOX activity and observed that various subsets of B cells dynamically express NOX1 and NOX2. The NOX+ cellular phenotype correlated with increased activity of metabolic pathways, augmented lactate production, lower IgG secretion rates, and markers for longevity. The NOX+ cellular phenotype was also associated with increased cellular stress and apoptosis, underscoring the intricate relationship between ROS and cellular survival. Consequently, these insights advance our understanding of how long‐lived humoral immunity is formed.
NK Cell Immaturity and NKp30 Expression Positively Correlate with Clinical Outcome in Multiple Myeloma Patients from the IFM2009 Clinical Trial
Authors: Villard Marine , Viel Sébastien , Karlin Lionel , Avet‐Loiseau Hervé , Martinet Ludovic , Marçais Antoine , Walzer Thierry
Published: February 2025

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a proliferation of tumoral plasma cells that is still incurable. Natural killer (NK) cells can recognize and kill MM cells in vitro. However, previous literature suggests an alteration of NK cell function in MM patients. To further evaluate this point, we used multi‐parametric flow cytometry to monitor NK cell phenotype in bone marrow samples at diagnosis of MM, taking advantage of the IFM2009 trial and associated samples. Our results show an increase in the frequency of NK cells in MM patients. A detailed analysis of NK cell phenotype showed a decreased expression of terminal maturation markers such as KLRG1 or CD57 and an increased expression of CD56bright/tissue resident markers among NK cells from MM patients. The extent of these alterations is even more pronounced as the ISS score increases in patients. Finally, a favorable clinical evolution correlates with NK cell immaturity, on the one hand, and with the level of NKp30, a receptor more expressed in immature NK cells on the other hand. Altogether, these data suggest that immature and resident NK cells are particularly involved in the anti‐myeloma response, notably via NKp30, which could pave the way for future therapeutic strategies.
ISG15‐Dependent Stabilisation of USP18 Is Necessary but Not Sufficient to Regulate Type I Interferon Signalling in Humans
Authors: Vasou Andri , Nightingale Katie , Cetkovská Vladimíra , Scheler Jonathan , Bamford Connor G. G. , Andrejeva Jelena , Rowe Jessica C. , Swatek Kirby N. , Schwarz‐Linek Ulrich , Randall Richard E. , McLauchlan John , Weekes Michael P. , Bogunovic Dusan , Hughes David J.
Published: February 2025

Type I interferon (IFN) signalling induces the expression of several hundred IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) that provide an unfavourable environment for viral replication. To prevent an overexuberant response and autoinflammatory disease, IFN signalling requires tight control. One critical regulator is the ubiquitin‐like protein IFN‐stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), evidenced by autoinflammatory disease in patients with inherited ISG15 deficiencies. Current models suggest that ISG15 stabilises ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 18 (USP18), a well‐established negative regulator of IFN signalling. USP18 also functions as an ISG15‐specific peptidase that cleaves ISG15 from ISGylated proteins; however, USP18's catalytic activity is dispensable for controlling IFN signalling. Here, we show that the ISG15‐dependent stabilisation of USP18 involves hydrophobic interactions reliant on tryptophan 123 (W123) in ISG15. Nonetheless, while USP18 stabilisation is necessary, it is not sufficient for the regulation of IFN signalling; ISG15 C‐terminal mutants with significantly reduced affinity still stabilised USP18, yet the magnitude of signalling resembled ISG15‐deficient cells. Hence, USP18 requires non‐covalent interactions with the ISG15 C‐terminal diGlycine motif to promote its regulatory function. It shows ISG15 is a repressor of type I IFN signalling beyond its role as a USP18 stabiliser.
Valorization of Biodiesel Into Bio‐Based Plasticizers: Optimization of Epoxidized Fatty Acid Isobutyl Ester Production Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Liang Xiaojiang , Fei Haotian , Wu Fengjiao , Ma Jiawei , Wu Zhenyu , Nie Yong
Published: February 2025

Biodiesel is a promising green chemical feedstock due to its renewability and sustainability. In this study, bio‐based plasticizers, epoxidized fatty acid isobutyl esters (Ep‐FABEs), were prepared using biodiesel as a feedstock through a combination of transesterification and the formic acid autocatalytic method. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, FA/C═C molar ratio, and H2O2/C═C molar ratio on the conversion to oxirane (RCO) during the epoxidation process were investigated using a central composite design. Both response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed to model and optimize the epoxidation process. Comparative analysis revealed that the ANN model demonstrated superior predictive capabilities, with lower mean squared error (MSE), lower mean absolute error (MAE), and a higher coefficient of determination (R2) compared to the RSM model. The ANN model predicted an RCO of 92%, which was closely aligned with the experimental value of 91% under optimized conditions (reaction temperature of 66°C, reaction time of 6.7 h, FA/C═C molar ratio of 0.35, and H2O2/C═C molar ratio of 2.70). Additionally, the physico‐chemical properties of Ep‐FABEs were further analyzed. These findings provide valuable insights into the production of bio‐based plasticizers using biodiesel as a feedstock.
Advances in Light‐Emitting Diode‐Based Transparent Displays
Authors: Hong Jia , Zou Mingjie , Ai Sidan , Zheng Xi , Zhou Guohua , Lu Yijun , Chen Zhong , Guo Weijie
Published: February 2025

The transparent displays can provide unprecedented see‐through visual experiences, facilitating the implementation of augmented reality and human–machine interaction in the metaverse era. In recent years, self‐emissive technology has been increasingly applied in the development of transparent displays. This review introduces the latest advancements in self‐emissive transparent display technologies that employ small‐pitch light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), organic LEDs, mini‐LEDs, micro‐LEDs, and quantum dots. Additionally, it highlights the basic principles, key devices, and future pathways for achieving high‐performance transparent displays.
Experimental study on heterogeneous Fenton reaction oxidation of NO by reducing modified biochar loaded Fe3O4
Authors: Yang Zhengyin , Zheng Shihang , Wen Zhengcheng , Wei Xiaohan
Published: February 2025

Heterogeneous Fenton method stands out due to its simplicity, rapid reaction rates, low costs, and high degradation efficiency, making it an ideal candidate for NO oxidation removal in low‐temperature flue gas. The catalyst plays a crucial role in determining the catalytic efficiency of heterogeneous Fenton reaction. Biochar, characterized by its rich pore structure, abundant surface functional groups, and high adsorption strength, serves as an excellent carrier for Fenton catalysts. This paper investigates the impact of various factors on NO oxidation using biochar loaded with nano Fe3O4 as the catalyst. The study identifies optimal process conditions and the improvement mechanism of reducing modification of biochar is also analyzed in depth. Results indicate that NO oxidation efficiency increases with higher concentrations and injection rates of H2O2. The optimal temperature range for the atomization zone is found to be between 150 and 170°C. Increasing the iron content in the catalyst significantly enhances NO oxidation efficiency, with an optimal iron content of approximately 50%. The reducing modification of biochar is controlled by adjusting the pH of the synthesis solution, and increasing the pH from 7 to 13 raises NO oxidation efficiency from 84.1% to 99.1%. Quantum chemical calculations further demonstrate that higher pH levels correlate with greater degrees of biochar reduction, an increased number of CC sp2 hybrids, and enhanced electron transfer rates, all of which contribute to improved catalytic efficiency.
Early MRI changes in status epilepticus: Associations with seizure characteristics, EEG findings, and prognosis in patients without large lesions
Authors: Guven Munevver Ece , Pazarci Nevin Kuloglu
Published: February 2025

Objective

To investigate the role, frequency, and pattern of signal changes in cranial MRI associated with status epilepticus (SE) and their correlation with EEG and clinical findings in patients with large lesions, such as tumors, strokes, or major space‐occupying anomalies.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 44 patients diagnosed with SE between January 2013 and June 2019. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics, seizure semiology, SE features (type and prognosis), and EEG and MRI findings were collected from hospital records. The relationships between periictal MRI abnormalities, MRI lateralization, clinical semiology, EEG findings, SE prognosis, and outcome at discharge were analyzed.

Results

The median age of participants was 61.5 years, with 65.91% being female. Bilateral MRI signals were significantly more common in patients with generalized convulsive SE. Patients with SWI signal changes had a significantly lower median age and a higher percentage of previous epilepsy history. Increased signal intensity on DWI and T2‐FLAIR sequences was observed in 86.4% and 22.7% of patients, respectively. Among those with increased DWI signals, the neocortex was a common localization (45.45%). The group with T2‐FLAIR signal increases had a significantly lower median age, a higher percentage of generalized convulsive SE, and a lower percentage of non‐convulsive SE. Poor prognosis was observed in 40.91% of patients, with generalized EEG findings significantly more frequent in this group.

Significance

Periictal MRI findings in SE patients demonstrated significant associations with clinical presentation but showed no correlation with EEG or prognosis. Further research is needed to explore the link between MRI findings and SE prognosis in the acute phase.
Insights into temporal changes in debris flow susceptibility following fire in the Southwest USA from monitoring and repeat estimates of soil hydraulic and physical properties
Authors: Martinez Joseph R. , McGuire Luke A. , Youberg Ann M.
Published: February 2025

Wildfire influences geomorphic process rates, increasing the potential for runoff‐generated debris flows in steep watersheds. Runoff‐generated postfire debris flows (PFDFs) often initiate when overland flow rapidly mobilizes sediment from steep hillslopes and channels. Fire effects on soil hydraulic properties, including their magnitude and temporal persistence, can therefore play an influential role in determining the degree to which fire increases debris‐flow potential and the time period for heightened debris‐flow hazards following fire. There is a paucity of measurements that quantify the timing of changes in soil hydraulic properties throughout the first 1–2 years after fire. Here, we monitored rainfall and debris‐flow activity in two watersheds burned by the 2022 Contreras Fire in Arizona, USA, over the first 1.5 years following fire. We quantified changes in soil hydraulic properties during 11 site visits using in‐situ measurements with a tension infiltrometer to provide insight into the temporal persistence of heightened debris‐flow hazards. Specifically, we estimated field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), wetting front potential (hf) and sorptivity (S). We further tracked changes in soil water repellency, ground cover and soil physical and chemical properties, including bulk density, carbon and organic matter content to help explain temporal trends in soil hydraulic properties. Seasonal variations in Kfs, hf and S were substantial, leading to non‐monotonic relationships between these properties and time since fire. Rainfall‐runoff modelling demonstrates that the magnitude of these seasonal changes are sufficient to influence runoff ratios and suggest postfire debris‐flow susceptibility could change over timescales as short as several months. A comparison of Kfs, hf and S at similar times during the first and second postfire years indicates that Kfs hf and S decreased immediately following the fire. We observed two debris flows, which occurred during the first three months after the fire. The relatively short time associated with notable fire effects on soil hydraulic properties, combined with substantial increases in ground cover during the first postfire year, help explain observations that PFDFs primarily initiate in the first rainy season following fire in the Southwest USA.
Form‐Stable Composite Phase Change Material With In Situ Constructed Phase‐Changeable Polymer Adsorption Backbone
Authors: Xiao Changren , Zhang Jiangyun , Zhang Guoqing
Published: February 2025

The strategy of mixing adsorption skeleton to obtain composite phase change materials (CPCM) aiming to strengthen its thermal stability is confirmed to be simple but effective, and CPCM's thermal stability is directly proportional to the weight ratio of the adsorption skeleton. However, the processability and thermal storage density of which are inversely proportional to the content of adsorption backbone. To relieve the above contradiction, this paper proposed an in situ construction method for a phase‐changeable adsorption backbone (PCPB). The in situ growth strategy avoided the processing difficulties caused by high stirring viscosity owing to the addition of large dosage of adsorption filler. Moreover, PCPB prepared via in situ polymerization of octadecyl methacrylate and 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate in PCM matrix presented obvious endothermic peak with latent heat of 89.5 J g−1, which could undoubtedly alleviate the decay rate of CPCM's latent heat. In details, the maximum PCM loading percentage of PCPB could reach 50 wt%, and CPCM at this loading amount could reach latent heat as high as 149.7 J g−1 and maintain form‐stable without leakage even after thermal storage saturation. In addition, with the growth of PCPB in the phase change matrix, the 50% degradation temperature increased dramatically from 164.6°C to 350.0°C.
Enhanced Strategies of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations and Reliability Assessment in Distribution Networks With Solar‐Based Distributed Generation
Authors: Singh Abhishek Kumar , Kumar Ashwani
Published: February 2025

Industry insiders who want to lower the greenhouse gas emissions linked to conventional fuel cars consider electric vehicles (EVs) as a practical alternative for mobility. EVs are a potential problem even though their performance is limited by their low battery power, long service charging times, and high resource costs. To improve the EV performance, this manuscript presents the hybrid technique for the optimal position of electric vehicles fast‐charging stations (EVFCSs) in the distribution network. The proposed scheme is a joined execution of Wild Horse Optimizer (WHO) and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), which is commonly named the WHO‐GBDT technique. The primary goal of the research is to decrease loss of power and voltage deviation. The optimal position for an electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) is determined using the WHO method. GDBT is used to predict the load demand. The proposed WHO‐GDDT regulates the placement of EVCS, balancing their integration with distributed generation while enhancing the sustainability and reliability of distribution networks. The proposed WHO‐GBDT algorithm is actualized in the MATLAB platform and compared their performance with various existing strategies like the Forensic Investigation Algorithm, Archimedean Optimization Algorithm (FBIAOA), Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (TSA), and Cuttlefish Algorithm (CA). The simulation findings of the proposed scheme are validated under three cases in the IEEE 33 bus system, like load 1, load 2 and load 3. From the result, the proposed method effectively reduced loss of power and voltage variation by 58.24% and 90.47%, respectively.
Birth of Paranthropus
Authors: Wood Bernard , Biggs Daniel
Published: February 2025

Robert Broom, who is best known among vertebrate paleontologists for his research on mammal‐like reptiles, was drawn into paleoanthropology because of his defense of Raymond Dart's interpretation of the Taung infant skull. Our contribution documents Robert Broom's background, his life and career, and how he became directly involved with human origins research in South Africa in the second and third decades of the 20thC. It focuses on the circumstances surrounding Broom's interest in what was being recovered at Sterkfontein, how Broom “discovered” the site of Kromdraai, and the fossil evidence that led to his 1938 paper announcing the discovery of a new hominin genus and species, Paranthropus robustus. It also summarizes subsequent discoveries assigned to P. robustus, and developments in interpretations of its evolutionary history. Broom was a complex character who combined remarkably “modern” interpretations of the early hominin fossil record, with decidedly idiosyncratic views about science and evolution, and attitudes to modern human variation that were overtly racist.
Cancer Immunotherapy Based on the Bidirectional Reprogramming of the Tumor Microenvironment by a “Brakes Off/ Step on the Accelerator” Core‐Shell Manganese Phosphate/siPD‐L1 Modulator
Authors: Xia Fei , Lu Yuqian , Gong Zipeng , Tu Qingchao , Liang Shuntao , Wang Chen , Yao HaiLu , Zhong LinYing , Fu Yuanfeng , Guo Pengbo , Hou Yichong , Zhou Xinyu , Zou Li , Gan Licheng , Chen Weiqi , Yan Jiawei , Zhang Junzhe , Pang Huanhuan , Meng Yuqing , Shi Qiaoli , Pan Chen , Tao Xiaomei , Wang Jigang , Du Qingfeng , Qiu Chong
Published: February 2025

The insufficient infiltration and functional inhibition of CD8+ T cells due to tumor microenvironment (TME) are considered enormous obstacles to anti‐tumor immunotherapy. Herein, a pH‐responsive core‐shell manganese phosphate nanomodulator co‐loading siPD‐L1 and Mn2+ into nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid was prepared, which was aimed at the bidirectional reprogramming the tumor microenvironment: (1) “Brakes off,” restoring CD8+ T cells function by siPD‐L1 knockdowning PD‐L1 expression of tumor cells; (2) “Step on the accelerator,” promoting CD8+ T cells infiltration in tumors tissue based on the multidimensional immune effects of Mn2+ (immunogenic cell death induced the enhancing cGAS‐STING pathway, the proliferation and maturation of relative immune cells). Additionally, this strategy could induce macrophage polarization and inhibit the regulatory T cells in tumor site. This work provided a manganese phosphate nanomodulator to reprogram the immune TME for an enhanced comprehensive anti‐tumor effect of triple negative breast cancer, which offers a robust method for tumor immunotherapy in future clinical applications.
Effect of Fuel Structure and Species on Grassy Fuel Ignition: Insights From Bench Scale Experiments and Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Saha Shusmita , Cobian‐Iñiguez Jeanette
Published: February 2025

Grassy vegetation represents a significant fuel source in multiple fire‐prone regions around the globe. These fuels are a major component of surface fuel beds and are therefore typically the first layer of the wildland fuel strata that ignites. Thus, understanding the drivers of successful grassy fuel ignition is key to developing a comprehensive description of the process leading to fire spread. In the wildland‐urban interface, hot metal particles produced by powerline failures or mechanical equipment operations are a leading ignition source for these types of fuels. The goal of this study is to develop improved understanding of the role of fuel species and physical characteristics on the ignition behavior of grass fuels when exposed to hot metal particles. Three common California invasive grass species were studied in their natural configuration as well as in configurations in which fuel particles have been shredded or made into a powder. Overall, it was observed that the ignition temperature was lower in fuels in their powder form than fuels in a shredded or natural form. Furthermore, the findings here align with prior works, indicating that the presence of chemical compounds such as lignin and proteins may hinder ignition. Consequently, wheatgrass fuels, which have higher lignin and protein content, consistently required higher temperatures to ignite (460°C) compared to Avena (370°C), Bromus (348°C), and excelsior fuels (350°C), which contain these compounds in lower concentrations.
Bird‐mediated ecosystem services and disservices in cities and towns
Authors: Pejchar Liba , Rega‐Brodsky Christine C , Vázquez Luis‐Bernardo , MacGregor‐Fors Ian
Published: February 2025

All cities are home to birds, which, through their activities, can either enhance or detract from human well‐being. To identify such interactions, we synthesize current understanding of bird‐mediated ecosystem services and disservices in cities. We find widespread evidence that birds provide cultural services, but the link between urban bird diversity and these benefits is surprisingly tenuous. Birds also have potential to provide regulating services; however, rather than being measured, these services are usually assumed from non‐urban research, and may be overestimated (eg pollination, seed dispersal) or undervalued (decomposition, nutrient cycling). People's perceptions of birds are not uniform, and services are not always delivered equitably among residents. We call for moving beyond using species richness and traits as proxies, and instead explicitly measuring services and disservices across the heterogeneous urban landscape. Such information is critical to designing cities that sustain biodiversity and result in net positive, and equitable, benefits to people.