bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wild rice: unlocking the future of rice breeding
Authors: Zheng Xiaoming , Peng Youlin , Qiao Jiyue , Henry Robert , Qian Qian
Published: August 2024

Germplasm resources serve as the foundations of advancements in breeding and are crucial for maintaining food security. Wild rice species of the genus Oryza include rich sources of genetic diversity and high adaptability, making them a substantial resource for rice breeding. The discovery of wild‐type cytoplasmic male sterility resources enabled the achievement of the ‘three lines’ goal in hybrid rice, significantly increasing rice yields. The application of resistance alleles from wild rice enables rice production to withstand losses caused by stress. Reduced genetic diversity due to rice breeding poses a significant limitation to further advances and can be alleviated through a systematic use of wild genetic resources that integrate geographic, climatic and environmental data of the original habitat, along with extensive germplasm collection and identification using advanced methods. Leveraging technological advancements in plant genomics, the understanding of genetic mechanisms and the application of artificial intelligence and gene editing can further enhance the efficiency and accuracy of this process. These advancements facilitate rapid isolation and functional studies of genes, and precise genome manipulation. This review systematically summarizes the utilization of superior genes and germplasm resources derived from wild rice sources, while also exploring the collection, conservation, identification and utilization of further wild rice germplasm resources. A focus on genome sequencing and biotechnology developments is leading to new breeding and biotechnology opportunities. These new opportunities will not only promote the development of rice varieties that exhibit high yields, superior stress resistance and high quality but also expand the genetic diversity among rice cultivars.
Characterisation of a major QTL for sodium accumulation in tomato grown in high salinity
Authors: Héreil A. , Guillaume M. , Duboscq R. , Carretero Y. , Pelpoir E. , Bitton F. , Giraud C. , Karlova R. , Testerink C. , Stevens R. , Causse M.
Published: August 2024

Soil salinity is a serious concern for tomato culture, affecting both yield and quality parameters. Although some genes involved in tomato salt tolerance have been identified, their genetic diversity has been rarely studied. In the present study, we assessed salt tolerance‐related traits at juvenile and adult stages in a large core collection and identified salt tolerance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by genome‐wide association study (GWAS). The results suggested that a major QTL is involved in leaf sodium accumulation at both physiological stages. We were able to identify the underlying candidate gene, coding for a well‐known sodium transporter, called SlHKT1.2. We showed that an eQTL for the expression of this gene in roots colocalized with the above ground sodium content QTL. A polymorphism putatively responsible for its variation was identified in the gene promoter. Finally, to extend the applicability of these results, we carried out the same analysis on a test‐cross panel composed of the core collection crossed with a distant line. The results indicated that the identified QTL retained its functional impact even in a hybrid genetic context: this paves the way for its use in breeding programs aimed at improving salinity tolerance in tomato cultivars.
A rare cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium chelonae in a pediatric patient treated with trametinib for KRAS‐mutated diffuse glioma
Authors: Ryan Chenin , Moore Angel , Davis Matthew , Yazel Caitlin , Momtahen Shabnam , Ricci Angela M. , Talbot Elizabeth A. , Mann Julianne , Pace Nicole
Published: August 2024

Mitogen‐activated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase inhibitors (MEKi) represent a promising new therapy for pediatric patients with low‐grade gliomas, which frequently have abnormal signaling within the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathway. However, understanding of long‐term efficacy and toxicity is limited in pediatric glioma patients. This article describes a rare presentation of a widespread cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium chelonae in a pediatric patient with a low‐grade glioma treated with trametinib.
The Adolescent Transplant Recipient: An Overview of Neurocognitive Functioning and Implications for Long‐Term Outcomes
Authors: Fredericks Emily M. , Rea Kelly E. , Cousino Melissa K. , Kaufman Jacqueline N.
Published: August 2024

Background

Solid organ transplantation (SOT) offers improved long‐term survival for youth with end‐stage organ disease. From a neurodevelopmental, cognitive, and academic perspective, children with solid organ transplant have a number of unique risk factors. While cognitive functioning may improve post‐transplantation, it is important to understand the trajectory of neurocognitive development starting in transplant candidacy to evaluate the implications of early deficits.

Aim

The aim of this paper is to describe the neurocognitive risks and long‐term implications for adolescent transplant recipients.

Method

This paper provides an overview of neurocognitive functioning in youth with end‐stage organ dysfunction with discussion of implications for adolescent transplant recipients.

Results

Post‐transplant, adolescent, and young adult solid organ transplant recipients exhibit significant levels of executive dysfunction, with implications for decision‐making, regimen adherence, and transition to adult transplant care.

Conclusion

Transplantation may reduce the risk for poor long‐term neurocognitive effects, yet adolescent transplant recipients remain at increased risk, particularly in executive functioning, which has implications for adherence and transition to adulthood. Baseline and follow‐up assessments for youth with end‐stage organ disease and transplant are important for the monitoring of neurocognitive development and may be used to mitigate risk for low adherence to post‐transplantation treatment regimens and reduce barriers to transitioning to adult transplant care.
Sustainable microcrystalline cellulose extracted from biowaste Albezia lebeck L. leaves: Biomass exfoliation and physicochemical characterization
Authors: Palaniappan Murugesan
Published: August 2024

There is a focus on sustainability when manufacturing materials. Utilizing biobased materials and replacing fossil‐based products is the main research focus. Bio‐composite materials are applied to packaging, filler coatings, and pharmaceuticals. Here, we used the leaves of the agro‐waste plant Albizia lebeck L. to extract cellulose. Chemical treatment causing strong acid hydrolysis successfully extracted the cellulose content from the leaves. The cellulose obtained was then strengthened with polylactic acid to make a biobased film for future applications. Fourier transform spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, particle size analysis, visible UV and elemental analysis were all used to characterize the extracted cellulose. SEM and mechanical property analysis were used to check and describe the quality of the reinforced biofilm. The greatest cellulose yield from this raw material was 50.2%. The crystallinity index and crystallite size (CI 70.3% and CS 11.29 nm) were high in the extracted cellulose. The TG (DTG) curve analysis derivative revealed cellulose particle breakdown was initiated around 305.2°C and can endure temperatures up to 600°C. Biofilms reinforced with polylactic acid cellulose (1, 2, 3, and 5% by weight %) exhibited a smooth and parallel surface. As the filler concentration increased, minor agglomeration occurred. The tensile strength of pure polylactic acid (PLA) (34.72 MPa) was extended up to 38.91 MPa for 5% filler. Similarly, Young's modulus also increased to 5.24 MPa. However, the elongation break decreases with the increase of filler content, and the least value of decrease is 7.5 MPa. Concerning prospective implementations, it is expected that the biobased film and cellulose particles will prove to be more functional.
Genetic mosaic of the Mediterranean fig: comprehensive genomic insights from a gene bank collection
Authors: Bazakos Christos , Michailidis Michail , Tourvas Nikolaos , Alexiou Konstantinos G. , Mellidou Ifigeneia , Polychroniadou Chrysanthi , Boutsika Anastasia , Xanthopoulou Aliki , Moysiadis Theodoros , Skodra Christina , Kollaros Marios‐Georgios , Glavakis Evangelos , Stournaras Vasileios , Karagiannis Evangelos , Aravanopoulos Filippos , Molassiotis Athanassios , Tanou Georgia , Ganopoulos Ioannis
Published: August 2024

High‐depth whole‐genome resequencing of 53 diverse fig tree genotypes yielded a rich dataset of genetic variants. We successfully identified 5,501,460 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1,228,537 insertions and deletions (InDels), providing a high‐density and excellent‐quality genetic map of the fig tree. We also performed a detailed population structure analysis, dividing the 53 genotypes into three geographical groups and assessing their genetic diversity and divergence. Analysis of structural variants (SVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) revealed their potential functional impact, particularly in plant‐pathogen interaction and secondary metabolism. Metabolomic fingerprinting of fig genotypes uncovered extensive variation in primary metabolites and polyphenolic compounds, highlighting the influence of genotype on fruit quality traits such as nutritional content and bioactive compound composition. The genome‐wide association study (GWAS) identified critical SNPs associated with fruit quality and morphological features. The discovery of significant candidate genes, such as AGL62, GDSL, and COBRA‐like protein 4 genes, offers promising targets for marker‐assisted selection and genome editing approaches to improve fig fruit morphological and quality traits. This extensive genomic analysis of fig trees enhances our understanding of the genetic basis of important agronomic traits and provides a rich resource for future research in this economically and nutritionally significant fruit.
Effects of antioxidant Bis‐carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide added to bovine semen cryopreservation medium on in vitro assessed morphofunctional sperm parameters
Authors: Cruz Tairini E. , Sitó‐Silva Luan , Filho Rogério A. Almeida , Martins Alicio , Marqui Fernanda N. , Souza Diego G. , Berton Tatiana I. U. , Freita‐Dell'Aqua Camila P. , Oba Eunice
Published: August 2024

This study investigated the impact of various Ge132 (Bis‐carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide) concentrations on frozen bovine semen. Ejaculates from three bulls were pooled and divided into six groups, each one with different Ge132 concentrations (0, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) and each group was incubated in different conditions (33°C for 30 min (D: D0, D500, and D1000), and the other was immediately cooled to 4°C (R: R0‐control; R500 and R1000)). Thawed semen was evaluated for sperm characteristics by CASA and flow cytometer. Results showed better motility in the immediate cooling group without Ge132 compared with high Ge132 concentrations. Values for total motility dropped after 5 and 60 min in groups with high Ge132 levels and some control groups. Linearity increased with 1000 μg/mL Ge132, while straightness differed between moments in multiple groups. Membrane integrity was higher in a control group and certain Ge132 groups. Lower O2− generation occurred without Ge132. After oxidative stress induction, lipid peroxidation intensity increased with arachidonic acid, but D1000 had lower peroxidation than R0. Overall, Ge132 appears to have provided protection against PLM when subjected to oxidative stress, since even at high concentrations it maintained sperm metabolism.
The Underestimated Role of the Sports Psychiatrist in Athletic Performance Restoration, Maintenance, and Enhancement in Sports
Authors: Claussen Malte Christian , Burger James W. , Menon Ranjit , Nishida Masaki , Koh Boon Yau Eugene , Nahman Carolyn , Whitehead Jim , Edwards Carla , Baron David , Glick Ira
Published: August 2024

In competitive and elite sports, mental health and athletic performance cannot be considered separately. Mental disorders in sports are bidirectionally associated with reduced athletic performance. A decline in performance, both within and outside of sport, can be a sign of mental disorder. Additionally, poor athletic performance is a potential risk factor for mental disorders in athletes. The central role sports psychiatrists play in the mental health of athletes is well‐established. However, their role in athletic performance is less well‐described and more controversial, perhaps due to a perception that performance is purely a secondary outcome of good mental health. This paper discusses the role that sports psychiatrists can play in athletic performance within competitive and elite sports. Performance can be distinguished into three key focus areas for sports psychiatrists: (i) performance restoration, (ii) performance maintenance, and (iii) performance enhancement. These should be considered throughout the continuum of mental health care, from prevention, treatment, to ongoing care for mental disorders. When reduced performance is due to a mental disorder, psychiatric treatment should purposefully aim to restore functioning and performance as part of management. Maintenance of performance is, similarly, an important element of the prevention, psychiatric treatment, and ongoing care of mental disorders. Holistic sports psychiatrists may also choose to aim for athletic performance enhancement beyond the context of mental health symptoms and disorders, to help athletes flourish and achieve their goals.
The novel HLA‐A*24:617 allele, identified by Sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Feng Shun‐Qiao , Fan Wei , An Lin , Li Ye‐Mo , Liu Rong
Published: August 2024

HLA‐A*24:617 differs from HLA‐A*24:02:01:01 by one nucleotide in exon 4.
The novel HLA‐A*02:1146 allele, identified by Sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Xu Ying , Xie Ya‐ping , An Lin , Li Ye‐mo , Shi Peng‐fei
Published: August 2024

HLA‐A*02:1146 differs from HLA‐A*02:01:01:01 by one nucleotide in exon 1.
Identification of 43 novel HLA alleles by PacBio single molecule real‐time sequencing in haematopoietic cell donors
Authors: French Albert J. E. , Lucas Jonathan A. M. , Cooper Michael A. , Marsh Steven G. E. , Mayor Neema P.
Published: August 2024

A total of 43 novel HLA alleles detected in haematopoietic cell donors using single molecule real‐time DNA sequencing.
The full‐length genomic sequence of the HLA‐G*01:19 allele
Authors: Yuan Song Wei , Li LiXin , Tian Wei
Published: August 2024

Full genomic sequence shows HLA‐G*01:19 differs from HLA‐G*01:04:01:01 only at position 99 in exon 2.
Trade openness and growth in a small economy: Evidence from Malawi
Authors: Musila Jacob , Mpekansambo Andrew
Published: August 2024

Economists often debate whether a country should pursue a discriminatory regional trade or the broader multilateral trade expansion. This paper contributes to the discourse by presenting empirical evidence on the impacts of regional and multilateral trade openness on economic growth of expansion in Malawi. Using the ARDL‐EC model and data spanning the period 1995–2020, the estimates show that the impact of multilateral trade openness on the long‐run growth rate is positive and statistically significant. At the disaggregated level, the results show that both intra‐ and extra‐African merchandise trade openness have positive and significant impact on the long‐run growth rate. The evidence also suggests that the impact of a change in the level of intra‐African merchandise trade openness on long‐run growth is larger than that of a similar change in the level of extra‐African merchandise trade openness. Thus, our results suggest that policymakers can pursue both regional and multilateral trade expansions simultaneously to accelerate Malawi's economic growth. To augment the benefits of trade, however, we recommend that policymakers focus on deepening intra‐African trade integration and diversifying the country's export base beyond the primary commodities; and to increase the processing of export products to enhance the dynamic benefits to spur faster growth.
Data-Efficient Dimensionality Reduction and Surrogate Modeling of High-Dimensional Stress Fields
Authors: Samaddar Anirban , Ravi Sandipp Krishnan , Ramachandra Nesar , Luan Lele , Madireddy Sandeep , Bhaduri Anindya , Pandita Piyush , Sun Changjie , Wang Liping
Published: August 2024

Tensor datatypes representing field variables like stress, displacement, velocity, etc., have increasingly become a common occurrence in data-driven modeling and analysis of simulations. Numerous methods [such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs)] exist to address the meta-modeling of field data from simulations. As the complexity of the simulation increases, so does the cost of acquisition, leading to limited data scenarios. Modeling of tensor datatypes under limited data scenarios remains a hindrance for engineering applications. In this article, we introduce a direct image-to-image modeling framework of convolutional autoencoders enhanced by information bottleneck loss function to tackle the tensor data types with limited data. The information bottleneck method penalizes the nuisance information in the latent space while maximizing relevant information making it robust for limited data scenarios. The entire neural network framework is further combined with robust hyperparameter optimization. We perform numerical studies to compare the predictive performance of the proposed method with a dimensionality reduction-based surrogate modeling framework on a representative linear elastic ellipsoidal void problem with uniaxial loading. The data structure focuses on the low-data regime (fewer than 100 data points) and includes the parameterized geometry of the ellipsoidal void as the input and the predicted stress field as the output. The results of the numerical studies show that the information bottleneck approach yields improved overall accuracy and more precise prediction of the extremes of the stress field. Additionally, an in-depth analysis is carried out to elucidate the information compression behavior of the proposed framework.
Enhanced nucleation mechanism in ruthenium atomic layer deposition: Exploring surface termination and precursor ligand effects with RuCpEt(CO)2
Authors: Rothman Amnon , Seo Seunggi , Woodruff Jacob , Kim Hyungjun , Bent Stacey F.
Published: August 2024

Miniaturization of microelectronic devices necessitates atomic precision in manufacturing techniques, particularly in the deposition of thin films. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is recognized for its precision in controlling film thickness and composition on intricate three-dimensional structures. This study focuses on the ALD nucleation and growth mechanisms of ruthenium (Ru), a metal that has significant future implications for microelectronics. Despite its advantages, the deposition of a high surface-free energy material like Ru on a low surface-free energy material such as an oxide often faces challenges of large nucleation delays and non-uniform growth. To address these challenges, we explored the effectiveness of organometallic surface pretreatments using trimethylaluminum (TMA) or diethylzinc (DEZ) to enhance Ru film nucleation and growth. Our study employed a less-studied Ru precursor, cyclopentadienylethyl(dicarbonyl)ruthenium [RuCpEt(CO)2], which demonstrated promising results in terms of reduced nucleation delay and increased film continuity. Ru ALD was performed on silicon substrates with native oxide, using RuCpEt(CO)2 and O2 as coreactants. Our findings reveal that surface pretreatment significantly improves nucleation density and film thickness within the initial 60 ALD cycles, achieving up to a 3.2-fold increase in Ru surface coverage compared to nonpretreated substrates. Supported by density functional theory calculations, we propose that the enhanced nucleation observed with RuCpEt(CO)2 compared to previously-studied Ru(Cp)2 is due to two key mechanisms: the facilitated removal of CO ligands during deposition, which enhances the reactivity of the precursor, and a hydrogen-abstraction reaction involving the ethyl ligand of RuCpEt(CO)2 and the metal-alkyl groups on the surface. This study not only advances our understanding of Ru ALD processes but also highlights the significant impact of precursor chemistry and surface treatments in optimizing ALD for advanced microelectronic applications.
Poor Activities of Daily Living Predict Future Weight Loss in Older Adults After Hospital Discharge—Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial
Authors: Eymundsdottir Hrafnhildur , Blondal Berglind S. , Geirsdottir Ólöf G. , Ramel Alfons
Published: August 2024

This study examined whether participants with poor activities of daily living (ADLs) at hospital discharge had increased weight loss after 6 months of follow-up and whether nutrition therapy can prevent this weight loss. This dietary randomized controlled trial (N = 104) examined community-dwelling older adults (66–95 years) discharged from hospital and at risk for malnutrition, receiving either 6 months of nutrition therapy (intervention) or only standard care (control). ADL was assessed using seven questions on self-care based on the Katz et al.’s method. At discharge, 45 (43%), 36 (35%), and 23 (22%) had high, medium, and poor ADL, respectively, with no differences between the control and intervention groups according to chi-square test. Participants in the control group with poor ADL had significantly higher weight loss than participants with high ADL (age- and sex-adjusted analysis of covariance: 3.6 kg; 95% confidence interval [1.0, 6.1] kg, p = .007). No such difference was observed in the intervention group. Participants with poor ADL at hospital discharge develop lower body weight by around 3.5 kg 6 months later when compared with participants with high ADL. Receiving nutrition therapy could help older adults with poor ADL to maintain body weight after hospital discharge.
A Pre–Post Study Design Exploring the Potential Benefits of a Hiking Intervention for Active and Inactive Older Adults
Authors: Lesser Iris A. , Thomson Cynthia J.
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is essential for healthy aging, yet PA levels are low in older adults. Group-based nature programming may be an ideal opportunity for engaging older adults in PA and improving health-related quality of life. Methods: Twenty-seven older adults, 55–75 years of age (n = 14 active and n = 13 previously inactive), enrolled in a biweekly 8-week hiking program. At baseline, participants completed online questionnaires on health-related quality of life, behavioral and psychological outcomes, and a one-mile walk test to assess cardiorespiratory fitness. Results: Average attendance was 81% in the previously inactive groups and 74% in the active group. There was a significant increase in the physical component of quality of life over time in the previously inactive group (p = .03, d = 0.71). Participants significantly improved their cardiorespiratory fitness (p = .003, d = 0.77) and competency (p = .005, d = 0.41) as assessed by the Basic Psychological Needs for Exercise Scale. The previously inactive group additionally increased their self-efficacy for exercise (p = .001, d = 1.43). Both active and previously inactive groups exercised at a similar relative intensity during the hikes based on heart rate; however, perceived exertion at the end of the hike on average was lower among active participants (p = .014). Conclusion: Group-based hiking for previously inactive older adults significantly improved physical health-related quality of life over an 8-week biweekly intervention. Hiking at an individualized pace may allow for hiking to be an appropriate PA program in previously inactive older adults.
The source craters of the martian meteorites: Implications for the igneous evolution of Mars
Authors: Herd Christopher D. K. , Hamilton Jarret S. , Walton Erin L. , Tornabene Livio L. , Lagain Anthony , Benedix Gretchen K. , Sheen Alex I. , Melosh H. J. , Johnson Brandon C. , Wiggins Sean E. , Sharp Thomas G. , Darling James R.
Published: August 2024

Approximately 200 meteorites come from ~10 impact events on the surface of Mars, yet their pre-ejection locations are largely unknown. Here, we combine the results of diverse sets of observations and modeling to constrain the source craters for several groups of martian meteorites. We compute that ejection-paired groups of meteorites are derived from lava flows within the top 26 m of the surface. We link ejection-paired groups to specific source craters and geologic units, providing context for these important samples, reconciling microscopic observations with remote sensing records, and demonstrating the potential to constrain the ages of their source geologic units. Furthermore, we show that there are craters that may have produced martian meteorites not represented in the world’s meteorite collections that have yet to be discovered.
Direct observation of degassing during decompression of basaltic magma
Authors: Bonechi Barbara , Polacci Margherita , Arzilli Fabio , La Spina Giuseppe , Hazemann Jean-Louis , Brooker Richard A. , Atwood Robert , Marussi Sebastian , Lee Peter D. , Wogelius Roy A. , Fellowes Jonathan , Burton Mike R.
Published: August 2024

Transitions in eruptive style during volcanic eruptions strongly depend on how easily gas and magma decouple during ascent. Stronger gas-melt coupling favors highly explosive eruptions, whereas weaker coupling promotes lava fountaining and lava flows. The mechanisms producing these transitions are still poorly understood because of a lack of direct observations of bubble dynamics under natural magmatic conditions. Here, we combine x-ray radiography with a novel high-pressure/high-temperature apparatus to observe and quantify in real-time bubble growth and coalescence in basaltic magmas from 100 megapascals to surface. For low-viscosity magmas, bubbles coalesce and recover a spherical shape within 3 seconds, implying that, for lava fountaining activity, gas and melt remain coupled during the ascent up to the last hundred meters of the conduit. For higher-viscosity magmas, recovery times become longer, promoting connected bubble pathways. This apparatus opens frontiers in unraveling magmatic/volcanic processes, leading to improved hazard assessment and risk mitigation.
SERS surgical navigation with postsurgical immunotherapy of local microtumors and distant metastases for improved anticancer outcomes
Authors: Wen Yu , Liu Ruoxuan , Xie Yangcenzi , Liu Xinyu , Li Ming
Published: August 2024

The standard of clinical care of most malignant solid cancers is surgery, followed by postsurgical adjuvant therapy, but microtumor lesions left behind after surgery and invisible distant metastases are the major reasons for treatment failure. Here, we report an integrated strategy combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) surgical navigation with postsurgical immunotherapy elicited by near-infrared II photothermal treatment and programmed death-1 antibody. The SERS surgical navigation is principally based on the multifunctional optical probes (namely, MATRA probes) integrating with T
1
-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, photothermal effect and Raman spectroscopic detection. We demonstrate in a 4T1 breast tumor mouse model that the pre-surgical MR/SERS dual-modal imaging is capable of providing comprehensive tumor information, and intraoperative SERS detection allows accurately delineating the tumor margins and guiding the surgical resection in real time with the least residual microscopic foci. We verify that the postsurgical immunotherapy effectively eradicates those local microtumor lesions and invisible distant metastases, greatly inhibiting the postsurgical cancer recurrence and distant metastasis.
Zap the clap with DNA: a novel microbicide for preventing
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
infection
Authors: Rendon Maria A. , So Magdalene
Published: August 2024

Each year,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(Ngo) causes over 1.5 million new infections in the United States, and >87 million worldwide. The absence of a vaccine for preventing gonorrhea, the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant Ngo strains, and the limited number of antibiotics available for treating gonorrhea underscore the importance of developing new modalities for addressing Ngo infection. Here, we describe DNA-based microbicides that kill Ngo but not commensals. Previously, we showed that Ngo is killed when it takes up differentially methylated DNA with homology to its genome. We exploited this Achilles heel to develop a new class of microbicides for preventing Ngo infection. These microbicides consist of DNA molecules with specific sequences and a methylation pattern different from Ngo DNA. These DNAs kill low-passage and antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates with high efficiency but leave commensals unharmed. Equally important, the DNAs are equally effective against Ngo whether they are in buffered media or personal lubricants. These findings illustrate the potential of this new class of practical, low-cost, self-administered DNA-based microbicides for preventing Ngo transmission during sexual intercourse.
RSV enhances
Staphylococcus aureus
bacterial growth in the lung
Authors: Rich Helen E. , Bhutia Simran , Gonzales de Los Santos Francina , Entrup Gabrielle P. , Warheit-Niemi Helen I. , Gurczynski Stephen J. , Bame Monica , Douglas Michael T. , Morris Susan B. , Zemans Rachel L. , Lukacs Nicholas W. , Moore Bethany B.
Published: August 2024

Patients coinfected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and bacteria have longer hospital stays, higher risk of intensive care unit admission, and worse outcomes. We describe a model of RSV line 19F/methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) USA300 coinfection that does not impair viral clearance, but prior RSV infection enhances USA300 MRSA bacterial growth in the lung. The increased bacterial burden post-RSV correlates with reduced accumulation of neutrophils and impaired bacterial killing by alveolar macrophages. Surprisingly, reduced neutrophil accumulation is likely not explained by reductions in phagocyte-recruiting chemokines or alterations in proinflammatory cytokine production compared with mice infected with
S. aureus
alone. Neutrophils from RSV-infected mice retain their ability to migrate toward chemokine signals, and neutrophils from the RSV-infected lung are better able to phagocytize and kill
S. aureus ex vivo
on a per cell basis. In contrast, while alveolar macrophages could ingest USA300 post-RSV, intracellular bacterial killing was impaired. The RSV/
S. aureus
coinfected lung promotes a state of overactivation in neutrophils, demonstrated by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can drive formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), resulting in cell death. Mice with RSV/
S. aureus
coinfection had increased extracellular DNA and protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and histological evidence confirmed NETosis
in vivo
. Taken together, these data highlight that prior RSV infection can prime the overactivation of neutrophils leading to cell death that impairs neutrophil accumulation in the lung. Additionally, alveolar macrophage killing of bacteria is impaired post-RSV. Together, these defects enhance USA300 MRSA bacterial growth in the lung post-RSV.
Heterogeneous incorporation of trace elements at the microscale and nanoscale during episodic epitaxial growth of pyrite
Authors: Wang Yan-Yan , Long Tao , Fougerouse Denis , Liu Xue-Min , Li Qi , Yu Xue-Feng , Ma Ming-Zhu , Liu Dun-Yi
Published: August 2024

Understanding the complex interplay between the processes of mineral crystallization and the incorporation of trace elements, particularly in economically significant deposits like Carlin-type gold systems, is essential for unraveling geological processes. This study investigates the microscale to nanoscale texture and composition of weakly deformed arsenian pyrite from the Shangmanggang Carlin-type Au deposit in Southwest China, employing advanced techniques such as scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. Trace element–rich oscillatory zones in the pyrite are characterized by ~30-nm-thick bands enriched in As, Au, and Cu. Cu, As, Sb, Pb, Hg, and Tl are distributed heterogeneously and form clusters and discontinuous planar features on the outer edge of As-rich oscillatory bands. Discontinuous planar features, nucleating from trace element–enriched clusters, are oriented approximately in line with the direction of epitaxial growth. The nanoscale epitaxial growth zones are likely the result of the incorporation of impurity defects coupled with diffusion-limited self-organization and fluctuations in fluid composition. Arsenic-induced lattice distortion facilitates surface adsorption of dopant trace metals, which leads to “unstructured” impurities (Sb, Pb, Hg, and Tl) clustering locally in misfit crystal defects. The transition from homogeneous element distribution in As-rich bands to clustered trace elements suggests a Stranski-Krastanov growth process. Discontinuous planar features may represent the propagation of crystal defects locally and the further incorporation of trace elements. Our study provides insights into the factors governing the heterogeneous incorporation of trace elements, particularly Au, into pyrite during epitaxial growth.
Momentum flux coefficient effect on vertical two-phase flows: Numerical method comparison
Authors: Afrouzi Hamid Hassanzadeh , Seyyedi Mostafa , Pashaie Pouya , Hosseini Mirollah , Dallakehnejad Morteza
Published: August 2024

The governing equations of two-phase flows have a safe operating range, and exceeding this range can negatively impact the results. To extend this safe range, one key strategy is to incorporate the momentum flux coefficient into the governing equations. This paper introduces the application of the momentum flux coefficient to no-pressure or free-pressure model equations for the first time, specifically evaluating its performance in downward co-current two-phase flows through numerical methods. A new and improved version of the no-pressure model is also presented. Findings suggest that the force approach method yields more accurate results compared to other methods, whereas the Richmeier method produces unrealistic outcomes at discontinuities. A comparison between the standard and the developed no-pressure models reveals that the latter does not prevent nonphysical mutations and even exacerbates their occurrence. However, the developed no-pressure model successfully reduces numerical distribution production.
Reduction of the separation bubble size using the pressure feedback channel in supersonic flow across a forward-facing step
Authors: Kumar P. Vinoth , Murugan Jayaprakash N.
Published: August 2024

In high-speed flow applications, increased aero-thermodynamic loads, localized turbulent regions, instability, excessive drag and pressure losses are among the negative effects of the interaction between shock waves and boundary layers and the subsequent separation of the boundary layer. These drawbacks emphasize how crucial it is to look into ways to control the boundary layer separation caused by shock waves. In order to determine whether using a pressure feedback technique to regulate boundary layer separation on a two-dimensional forward-facing step (FFS) is effective, a numerical study is conducted. The pressure feedback technique utilizes a channel to remove fluid from the separated area and reintroduce it into the mainstream flow, by leveraging the pressure contrast as the motivating factor. Ansys Fluent 2021 simulation software is used to conduct a numerical study investigating shock wave boundary layer interaction over a FFS at a supersonic Mach number of 2.5. The present study aims to explore the effectiveness of implementing a pressure feedback channel near the FFS as a strategy for controlling flow separation induced by the step. Turbulence effects are simulated using a k-omega model, and the study employs a finite-volume method with upwind flux difference splitting and second-order upwind flow discretization. The simulation results indicate the efficacy of the pressure feedback mechanism in reducing flow separation, thus enhancing its role in separation control. Integration of an 80[Formula: see text]mm channel results in a notable 42.85% decrease in separation bubble size, while the longer 90[Formula: see text]mm channel yields an even more substantial 52.38% reduction.
Dynamics and event-triggered control of rumor propagation model with saturated incidence and time delay on heterogeneous networks
Authors: Yang Li , Yu Shuzhen , Yu Zhiyong , Jiang Haijun
Published: August 2024

Considering the impact of user’s cognitive ability in rumor propagation, this paper proposes a new susceptible infection recovery (2SIR) rumor propagation model with saturation incidence and time delay on heterogeneous networks. First, the existence of the equilibria is discussed by using mean field theory and basic reproduction number. Second, the dynamic behaviors of the rumor-free and persistent equilibria are analyzed via the local linearization method, Lyapunov stability theory and irreducible matrix properties. Furthermore, an event-triggered impulsive control strategy is proposed to control the rumor spreaders and some corresponding control conditions are given. Finally, some numerical simulation results and a practical example are presented to verify the correctness of the theoretical results and reflect the impact of cognitive ability and time delay on rumor propagation.
Research progress on long lifetime MCP-PMT for the DTOF detector in STCF
Authors: Li Kuinian , Chen Ping , Wei Yonglin , Liu Hulin , Sai Xiaofeng , He Jianping , He Luanxuan , Chen Riguang , Tian Jinshou , Zhao Wei , Shao Ming , Liu Jianbei , Wu Shengli
Published: August 2024

The Super Tau Charm Facility (STCF) is a state-of-the-art electron-positron collider operating in the center-of-mass energy range of 2–7[Formula: see text]GeV and achieving a peak luminosity of more than [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm−2s−1, which is pivotal for advancing particle physics research. The DIRC-like time-of-flight (DTOF) detector is one of the crucial components of the STCF, designed to identify high-momentum charged particles with high precision. A significant element of the DTOF is the microchannel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT), known for its exceptional time resolution in the detection of Cherenkov light. With the STCF expected to operate for over a decade, stringent requirements are imposed on the MCP-PMT, requiring an integrated anode charge (IAC) in excess of 10[Formula: see text]C/cm2. In this paper, the lifetime of the single anode MCP-PMT prototypes is investigated and a multi-anode MCP-PMT design is presented. The results show that the lifetime of the single anode MCP-PMT is greater than 11[Formula: see text]C/cm2 when a 6 nm-thick ALD layer is deposited on the inner surface of the MCP and an electron scrubbing dosage of 0.75[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]h/cm2 is applied to the MCP. The lifetime is expected to be further improved by increasing the electron scrubbing dosage and optimizing the ALD layer. The studies on the single anode MCP-PMTs will be applied to the development of the long-life multi-anode MCP-PMT.
Casimir effect of a rough membrane in an aether-like Lorentz-violating scenario
Authors: Droguett Byron , Bórquez Claudio
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we explore the Casimir effect of a rough membrane within the framework of theories that break Lorentz symmetry. We consider two constant aether vectors: one time-like and other space-like, simultaneously. We employ an appropriate change of coordinates such that the membrane assumes a completely flat border and the remaining terms associated with the roughness are considered as part of the potential. Quantum fluctuations are induced by a scalar quantum field subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions. The spectrum is obtained through perturbation theory and regularized using the [Formula: see text]-function method. We provide an explicit example of a membrane with periodic boundaries. The presence of aether vectors has a significant impact on the dominant term of the Casimir effect, while roughness only affects the secondary terms. Additionally, we examine the finite-temperature case.
A 17pJ-External Oscillator Less Differential Delay Cell-Based Time-Domain Smart Temperature Sensor
Authors: Chakraborty Kuntal , Mondal Abir J.
Published: August 2024

This work presents an all-digital time-mode subthreshold temperature sensor for monitoring SoC self-heating problem. The sensor incorporated a low-power differential inverter interlaced cascaded delay cell followed by a gated ring oscillator with different temperature coefficients of [Formula: see text]1736.10 and [Formula: see text]5880.33 ppm/∘C, respectively. The differential inverter interlaced cascaded delay cell and XOR gate produce a temperature-dependent large delay pulse, whereas the gated ring oscillator produces temperature-dependent output code for each point of temperature within the delay pulse generated by the differential inverter interlaced cascaded delay cell and XOR. The corresponding temperature code is recorded by an asynchronous counter. At 90-nm CMOS process and 0.6/0.3[Formula: see text]V supply voltage Vdd, the sensor occupies 0.009[Formula: see text]mm2 and consumes only 876[Formula: see text]nW at 27∘C. The sensor has a sampling rate of 52.16[Formula: see text]KS/s and the resolution is noted to be 0.40∘C for a temperature span of 0–100∘C. Besides, the proposed design achieves a very small energy/conversion of 17 pJ, which ensures 2.72 pJ[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]C2 and 0.13 nJ%2 resolution FoM and inaccuracy FoM, respectively.
A Multimodal Deep Neural Network-Based Financial Fraud Detection Model Via Collaborative Awareness of Semantic Analysis and Behavioral Modeling
Authors: He Dingzhou
Published: August 2024

The monitoring and early warning of financial risks have become a crucial link in maintaining market stability and safeguarding the rights and interests of investors. Traditional financial risk monitoring methods often rely on a single data source or analysis model, making it challenging to comprehensively and accurately capture risk signals. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel financial risk monitoring model based on multimodal neural networks, which innovatively integrates multiple data sources, such as vision, language and audio, and utilizes their inherent correlations to enhance the accuracy of risk identification. First, by employing the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network (BiLSTM) structure and incorporating the self-attention mechanism, the semantic information of financial texts is deeply analyzed through the calculation of dynamic weight coefficients. Additionally, Option-based Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (OHRL) is utilized to accurately model the behavior of market participants, capturing nuanced changes in their decision-making process. By integrating these two types of information, a comprehensive BiLSTM-OHRL model is formulated to evaluate the risk status of financial markets in a more comprehensive and accurate manner. The results demonstrate that the model performs impressively in financial risk monitoring, accurately capturing the emotional and behavioral characteristics of market participants, thereby enhancing the comprehensiveness and predictive capability of the monitoring model. It provides robust technical support for the stable operation of the financial market.
Enhancing Cooperative Lane-Changing for Intelligent Connected Vehicles: A DDPG-Based Approach
Authors: Zhan Haobai , Zhang Xiangming
Published: August 2024

Current research on lane-changing for intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) primarily focuses on the control of a single ICV. Even studies on cooperative lane-changing among multiple ICVs often use fixed control algorithms, which are difficult to adapt to constantly changing traffic conditions. This paper proposes a method based on the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) model. The DDPG algorithm has strong generalization capabilities, enabling it to handle complex traffic scenarios. Combined with the design of innovative reward functions, it successfully achieves the control of cooperative lane-changing for multiple ICVs. The novelty of this model is mainly reflected in the implementation of multiple ICVs control and cooperative strategies through the design of a speed reward function. Specifically, when two or more ICVs come within a 15-m range, a collaborative strategy is implemented. In this strategy, the original speeds of the vehicles involved are replaced with their average speed. This average speed is then used to compute the velocity reward. Moreover, an additional headway reward is introduced when two vehicles are on the same lane with a distance of less than 10[Formula: see text]m between them, further optimizing lane-changing decisions and enhancing driving efficiency. The innovative approach described in this paper has been validated through simulations in the highway-env simulation environment. The model’s effectiveness was tested under various conditions, including different road densities and numbers of ICVs. Results indicate that with an increasing number of episodes, the model consistently enhances both the fleet’s and each individual vehicle’s average speed and steps. It also ensures that the headway is maintained within a desired range of 10–20[Formula: see text]m. This paper showcases the potential applications of a new DDPG-based multi-networked vehicular cooperative lane-changing decision model across different scenarios. These findings provide important reference values for future research and development in intelligent transportation systems (ITS), particularly in optimizing vehicle cooperative behaviors and enhancing traffic efficiency. This paper emphasizes the model’s potential to significantly impact the management and operation of future vehicular networks, paving the way for more sophisticated and efficient transportation systems.
Peripheral elements in reduced Alexander modules: An addendum
Authors: Silver Daniel S. , Traldi Lorenzo
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we answer a question raised in “Peripheral elements in reduced Alexander modules” [J. Knot Theory Ramifications 31 (2022) 2250058]. We also correct a minor error in that paper.