bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verfassungsrechtliche Fragen zur landesrechtlichen Abweichung von der Bundeskompensationsverordnung
Authors: Faßbender Kurt
Published: October 2020

Der Beitrag geht am Beispiel des Art. 8 Abs. 3 S. 2 BayNatSchG der Frage nach, auf welche Weise
die Länder von der Bundeskompensationsverordnung (BKompV) abweichen dürfen, die der Bund vor kurzem
zur Konkretisierung der naturschutzrechtlichen Eingriffsregelung erlassen hat. Er kommt dabei zu dem Ergebnis,
dass die derzeit geltende bayerische Regelung verfassungswidrig ist und somit eine Anwendbarkeit der BKompV
in Bayern nicht verhindern kann, weil die Voraussetzungen einer Abweichung von der BKompV zum Zeitpunkt
des Erlasses des Art. 8 Abs. 3 S. 2 BayNatSchG noch nicht vorlagen. Zudem handelt es sich bei der bayerischen
Regelung um eine unzulässige Form der Negativgesetzgebung.
Behavior factor of concrete portal frames with dissipative devices based on carbon-wrapped steel tubes
Authors: Pollini Andrea Vittorio , Buratti Nicola , Mazzotti Claudio
Published: October 2020

The key element characterizing the seismic vulnerability of existing prefabricated RC structures, not designed for earthquake actions, are friction-based connections between structural members; mainly those between beams and columns and beams and roofing beams. The paper discusses the effectiveness of dissipative connectors made of carbon wrapped steel tubes. In particular, it presents the results of Incremental Dynamic Analyses on portal frames, aimed at evaluating behavior factor values to be used in design. A simplified formula for estimating the behavior factor is also proposed. Results of nonlinear IDAs suggest that the introduction of these dissipative devices in friction-based beam-column joints provides an effective connection between structural members and, in addition, reduces the forces transmitted to columns, improving the seismic behavior of the entire structure.
Quantum Teleportation via Entangled State of Light in Schwarzschild Black Hole
Authors: Mirzaei Sevda , Akbarieh Amin Rezaei
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we describe the properties of quantum entanglement and teleportation between Alice and Bob who is freely falling toward the Schwarzschild black hole. To this aim, in the flat Minkowski spacetime before a black hole is formed, Alice and Bob share a two-mode entangled coherent state (ECS) generated by Kerr medium and the beam splitter. We will show that the degree of entanglement decreases with increasing the radius of black hole r. Moreover, the fidelity of quantum teleportation via ECS, as a quantum channel, is also reduced because of the Hawking-Unruh effect.
Extraction of Naturalistic Driving Patterns with Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Balsa-Barreiro José , Valero-Mora Pedro M. , Menéndez Mónica , Mehmood Rashid
Published: October 2020

A better understanding of Driving Patterns and their relationship with geographical driving areas could bring great benefits for smart cities, including the identification of good driving practices for saving fuel and reducing carbon emissions and accidents. The process of extracting driving patterns can be challenging due to issues such as the collection of valid data, clustering of population groups, and definition of similar behaviors. Naturalistic Driving methods provide a solution by allowing the collection of exhaustive datasets in quantitative and qualitative terms. However, exploiting and analyzing these datasets is complex and resource-intensive. Moreover, most of the previous studies, have constrained the great potential of naturalistic driving datasets to very specific situations, events, and/or road sections. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology for extracting driving patterns from naturalistic driving data, even from small population samples. We use Geographic Information Systems (GIS), so we can evaluate drivers’ behavior and reactions to certain events or road sections, and compare across situations using different spatial scales. To that end, we analyze some kinematic parameters such as speeds, acceleration, braking, and other forces that define a driving attitude. Our method favors an adequate mapping of complete datasets enabling us to achieve a comprehensive perspective of driving performance.
PEGIDA: Rechtspopulistischer Protest als Schlüsselthema zur Erschließung jugendlicher Mentalitäten?
Authors: Trittel Katharina , Schenke Julian
Published: October 2020

Eignet sich das zwischen 2014 und 2017 besonders virulente Protestphänomen „PEGIDA“, um die Strukturen (post-)adoleszenter politischer Mentalitäten in einem sich verändernden politischen Klima zu erschließen? Dass es dafür aussagekräftige Anhaltspunkte gibt, soll hier in der Rückschau auf ein Forschungsprojekt diskutiert und in Bezug zu den seitherigen gesellschaftspolitischen Entwicklungen gesetzt werden.
Case report: a fatal combination of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with extensive pulmonary microvascular damage in COVID-19 pneumonia
Authors: von der Thüsen Jan H. , van Bommel Jasper , Kros Johan M. , Verdijk Robert M. , Lopuhaä Boaz , Lam King H. , Dik Willem A. , Miedema Jelle R.
Published: October 2020

The clinical features of COVID-19 have a considerable range from a mild illness to severe disease. Underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the rapidly progressive, and often fatal, pulmonary disease frequently observed in COVID-19 need to be elucidated, in order to develop new treatment strategies for different disease endotypes. Fatal cases can display features of a cytokine storm, which may be related to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Also, a spectrum of vascular changes, including microvascular damage, is known to accompany severe COVID-19. In this paper, we describe the co-occurrence of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and extensive pulmonary microvascular damage with thrombosis and its sequelae in a patient with fatal COVID-19. We believe these response patterns may be linked by common mechanisms involving hypercytokinemia and require further investigation as a fatal constellation in COVID-19, to generate appropriate treatment in patients who display these combined features.
How to Use Virtue Ethics for Thinking About the Moral Standing of Social Robots: A Relational Interpretation in Terms of Practices, Habits, and Performance
Authors: Coeckelbergh Mark
Published: October 2020

Social robots are designed to facilitate interaction with humans through “social” behavior. As literature in the field of human–robot interaction shows, this sometimes leads to “bad” behavior towards the robot or “abuse” of the robot. Virtue ethics offers a helpful way to capture the intuition that although nobody is harmed when a robot is “mistreated”, there is still something wrong with this kind of behavior: it damages the moral character of the person engaging in that behavior, especially when it is habitual. However, one of the limitations of current applications of virtue ethics to robots and technology is its focus on the individual and individual behavior and insufficient attention to temporal and bodily aspects of virtue. After positioning its project in relation to the work of Shannon Vallor and Robert Sparrow, the present paper explores what it would mean to interpret and apply virtue ethics in a more social and relational way and a way that takes into account the link between virtue and the body. In particular, it proposes (1) to use the notion ofpracticeas a way to conceptualize how the individual behavior, the virtue of the person, and the technology in question are related to their wider social-practical context and history, and (2) to use the notions ofhabitandperformanceconceptualize the incorporation and performance of virtue. This involves use of the work of MacIntyre, but revised by drawing on Bourdieu’s notion of habit in order to highlight the temporal, embodiment, and performative aspect of virtue. The paper then shows what this means for thinking about the moral standing of social robots, for example for the ethics of sex robots and for evaluating abusive behaviors such as kicking robots. The paper concludes that this approach does not only give us a better account of what happens when people behave “badly” towards social robots, but also suggests a more comprehensive virtue ethics of technology that is fully relational, performance-oriented, and able to not only acknowledges but also theorize the temporal and bodily dimension of virtue.
Identifying damage on a bridge using rotation-based Bridge Weigh-In-Motion
Authors: OBrien E. J. , Brownjohn J. M. W. , Hester D. , Huseynov F. , Casero M.
Published: October 2020

Bridge Weigh-in-Motion (B-WIM) systems use the bridge response under a traversing vehicle to estimate its axle weights. The information obtained from B-WIM systems has been used for a wide range of applications such as pre-selection for weight enforcement, traffic management/planning and for bridge and pavement design. However, it is less often used for bridge condition assessment purposes which is the main focus of this study. This paper presents a bridge damage detection concept using information provided by B-WIM systems. However, conventional B-WIM systems use strain measurements which are not sensitive to local damage. In this paper the authors present a B-WIM formulation that uses rotation measurements obtained at the bridge supports. There is a linear relationship between support rotation and axle weight and, unlike strain, rotation is sensitive to damage anywhere in the bridge. Initially, the sensitivity of rotation to damage is investigated using a hypothetical simply supported bridge model. Having seen that rotation is damage-sensitive, the influence of bridge damage on weight predictions is analysed. It is shown that if damage occurs, a rotation-based B-WIM system will continuously overestimate the weight of traversing vehicles. Finally, the statistical repeatability of ambient traffic is studied using real traffic data obtained from a Weigh-in-Motion site in the U.S. under the Federal Highway Administration’s Long-Term Pavement Performance programme and a damage indicator is proposed as the change in the mean weights of ambient traffic data. To test the robustness of the proposed damage detection methodology numerical analysis are carried out on a simply supported bridge model and results are presented within the scope of this study.
Guida pratica alla prevenzione e gestione dell’infezione da COVID-19 nelle persone con diabete
Authors: Apicella Matteo , Campopiano Maria Cristina , Mantuano Michele , Mazoni Laura , Del Prato Stefano
Published: October 2020

Sommario

La pandemia di COVID-19 rappresenta un’enorme sfida per il sistema sanitario nazionale. Sulla base dei dati ad oggi disponibili è emerso che le persone con diabete mellito presentano un maggior rischio di complicanze e morte per COVID-19. Pertanto, adottare misure preventive di igiene e di distanziamento sociale è cruciale, a maggior ragione in questa categoria di soggetti. A sostegno dei pazienti con diabete sono state intraprese molteplici iniziative al fine di garantire la continuità assistenziale, tra cui la proroga della validità dei piani terapeutici per i farmaci ipoglicemizzanti, le procedure per il rinnovo della patente di guida e l’attivazione di servizi di telemedicina. In caso di infezione da COVID-19 e sintomi lievi è possibile una gestione domiciliare della persona con diabete, raccomandando un attento monitoraggio glicemico. Il paziente diabetico che necessita di ospedalizzazione richiede una gestione multidisciplinare che includa il diabetologo, con l’obiettivo di mantenere un adeguato controllo glicemico in assenza di ipoglicemie. Le persone con diabete rappresentano un gruppo vulnerabile per il quale devono essere poste in atto strategie specifiche sia in termini di prevenzione che di trattamento.
Soziale Isolation im Homeoffice im Kontext der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Lengen Julia Christine , Kordsmeyer Ann-Christin , Rohwer Elisabeth , Harth Volker , Mache Stefanie
Published: October 2020

Hintergrund

In der von Kontaktbeschränkungen geprägten Hochphase der COVID-19-Pandemie ermöglichen viele Unternehmen ihren Beschäftigten aus Gründen des Infektionsschutzes das Arbeiten aus dem Homeoffice.

Fragestellung

In dieser Literaturübersicht wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie Arbeit im Homeoffice und somit die digitale Zusammenarbeit in Teams möglichst gesundheitsfördernd und sozialer Isolation vorbeugend gestaltet werden kann.

Ergebnisse

Die bestehende arbeitspsychologische Forschung benennt als Grundvoraussetzung für Zusammenarbeit von ortsunabhängigen Teams angemessene, bestenfalls angereicherte, Informations- und Kommunikationsmedien, begleitet von ausreichend und verständlicher technischer Unterstützung. Auch eine stetige, sozial unterstützende Kommunikation innerhalb der Teams und mit der Führungskraft sowie gesundheitsfördernde Führung haben einen positiven Einfluss auf die psychische Gesundheit der Beschäftigten. Ergänzend werden individuelle (digitale) Gesundheitsförderungsmaßnahmen und flexible Arbeitszeiten empfohlen.

Fazit

Diese aus der Literatur abgeleiteten multifaktoriellen Maßnahmenansätze werden Betrieben mit Beschäftigten im Homeoffice vorgeschlagen, um die arbeitsbezogenen, gesundheitsgefährdenden Auswirkungen der Krise – vor allem hinsichtlich sozialer Isolation – abzumildern und die Gesundheit ihrer Beschäftigten zu fördern.
The missing piece in E. Cassirer’s theory of symbolic forms: the economy
Authors: Blind Georg D. , Steineck Raji
Published: October 2020

Ernst Cassirer’sPhilosophy of Symbolic Forms(PSF) primarily reflects on culture as a system of normative domains that are path-dependently configured.PSFelaborates on the domains of myth/religion, language, and science, but misses a discussion of the economy. By sketching a corresponding exposition, we contribute to the ongoing discussion of how economic science may investigate the world beyond utility functions. Our argument proceeds along historical and comparative lines with a ‘reciprocal comparison’ of the medieval economies of Europe and Japan. We thus approach the normative essence of economic thought and behaviour and test its variability in socio-cultural contexts diverging from ‘now’ and ‘here’. Our sketch of the economy as a symbolic form has important implications for the theoretical understanding of change in social systems. We argue that existing factors of change recognised in the economics discipline, such as fluctuations in supply and demand, and institutional innovation, critically require a superposition with patterns of cognition as they guide agents in their grasp of economic problems and, consequently, in their responses that shape material economies. We suggest that conceiving of the economy as a symbolic form makes these patterns of cognition accessible.
Global connections and the structure of skills in local co-worker networks
Authors: Lőrincz László , Chihaya Guilherme Kenji , Hannák Anikó , Takács Dávid , Lengyel Balázs , Eriksson Rikard
Published: October 2020

Social connections that reach distant places are advantageous for individuals, firms and cities, providing access to new skills and knowledge. However, systematic evidence on how firms build global knowledge access is still lacking. In this paper, we analyse how global work connections relate to differences in the skill composition of employees within companies and local industry clusters. We gather survey data from 10% of workers in a local industry in Sweden, and complement this with digital trace data to map co-worker networks and skill composition. This unique combination of data and features allows us to quantify global connections of employees and measure the degree of skill similarity and skill relatedness to co-workers. We find that workers with extensive local networks typically have skills related to those of others in the region and to those of their co-workers. Workers with more global ties typically bring in less related skills to the region. These results provide new insights into the composition of skills within knowledge-intensive firms by connecting the geography of network contacts to the diversity of skills accessible through them.
Changes in the social behavior of urban animals: more aggression or tolerance?
Authors: Łopucki Rafał , Klich Daniel , Kiersztyn Adam
Published: October 2020

Behavioral traits play a major role in successful adaptation of wildlife to urban conditions. However, there are few studies showing how urban conditions affect the social behavior of urban animals during their direct encounters. It is generally believed that the higher density of urban populations translates into increased aggression between individuals. In this paper, using a camera-trap method, we compared the character of direct encounters in urban and non-urban populations of the striped field mouseApodemus agrarius(Pallas, 1771), a species known as an urban adapter. We confirmed the thesis that urbanization affects the social behavior and urban and rural populations differ from each other. Urban animals are less likely to avoid close contact with each other and are more likely to show tolerant behavior. They also have a lower tendency towards monopolization of food resources. The behavior of urban animals varies depending on the time of day: in the daytime, animals are more vigilant and less tolerant than at night. Our results indicate that, in the case of the species studied, behavioral adaptation to urban life is based on increasing tolerance rather than aggression in social relations. However, the studied urban adapter retains the high plasticity of social behavior revealed even in the circadian cycle. The observation that tolerance rather than aggression may predominate in urban populations is a new finding, while most studies suggest an increase in aggression in urban animals. This opens an avenue for formulating new hypotheses regarding the social behavior of urban adapters.
Roussoelins A and B: two phenols with antioxidant capacity from ascidian-derived fungus Roussoella siamensis SYSU-MS4723
Authors: Chen Senhua , Shen Hongjie , Deng Yanlian , Guo Heng , Jiang Minghua , Wu Zhenger , Yin Huimin , Liu Lan
Published: October 2020

Ascidian-derived microorganisms are a significant source of pharmacologically active metabolites with interesting structural properties. When discovering bioactive molecules from ascidian-derived fungi, two new phenols, roussoelins A (1) and B (2), and ten known polyketides (3–12) were isolated from the ascidian-derived fungus Roussoella siamensis SYSU-MS4723. The planar structure of compounds 1 and 2 was established by analysis of HR-ESIMS and NMR data. The conformational analysis of the new compounds was assigned according to coupling constants and selective gradient NOESY experiments, and absolute configurations were completed by the modified Mosher’s method. Among the isolated compounds, 1, 2, and 9 showed moderate antioxidant capacity.

Graphical abstract
The impact of endoscopic sinus surgery and aspirin desensitization on psychological burden in aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease
Authors: Locke Tran , Sweis Auddie , Lin Theodore , Sweis Brian , Gleeson Patrick , Kohanski Michael , Adappa Nithin , Palmer James , Bosso John
Published: October 2020

Background

Aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is an aggressive inflammatory disorder of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), aspirin (ASA) desensitization, and biological immunomodulators are currently used to treat the disorder.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the psychosocial impact of ESS and ASA desensitization on AERD patients.

Methods

All AERD patients who underwent complete ESS were divided into two cohorts based on ASA desensitization status. The psychosocial metrics of the SNOT‐22 were collected and analyzed at the following time points: pre‐operative, 1‐month, 3‐month, 6‐month, and 12‐month after ESS.

Results

One hundred and eighty‐four AERD patients underwent ESS from November 2009 to November 2018. From this group, 130 patients underwent ASA desensitization (AD cohort) and 54 patients remained non‐desensitized (ND cohort). AD patients showed a significantly greater reduction in total SNOT‐22 scores over the study period compared to ND patients (p = 0.0446). Analysis of SNOT‐22 psychosocial metrics showed a significantly greater improvement in patient productivity in the AD cohort when compared to the ND cohort (p = 0.0214). Further, a sub‐group analysis accounting for subject attrition showed a significantly greater improvement in both productivity and concentration in AD patients when compared to the ND cohort (productivity: p = 0.0068; concentration: p = 0.0428).

Conclusions

ESS followed by ASA desensitization decreases the overall psychosocial burden in AERD patients with a significant improvement in perceived productivity and concentration. This has significant implications given the psychosocial impact of chronic diseases.
Islanders and Empire
Authors: Ponce Vázquez Juan José
Published: October 2020

Islanders and Empire examines the role smuggling played in the cultural, economic, and socio-political transformation of Hispaniola from the late sixteenth to seventeenth centuries. With a rare focus on local peoples and communities, the book analyzes how residents of Hispaniola actively negotiated and transformed the meaning and reach of imperial bureaucracies and institutions for their own benefit. By co-opting the governing and judicial powers of local and imperial institutions on the island, residents could take advantage of, and even dominate, the contraband trade that reached the island's shores. In doing so, they altered the course of the European inter-imperial struggles in the Caribbean by limiting, redirecting, or suppressing the Spanish crown's policies, thus taking control of their destinies and that of their neighbors in Hispaniola, other Spanish Caribbean territories, and the Spanish empire in the region.
GE Energy Power Conversion France SAS, Corp. v. Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC (U.S. Sup. Ct.)
Authors: Skulnik Steven
Published: October 2020

On June 1, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court decided GE Energy Power Conversion France SAS, Corp. v. Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC. The decision is significant for its holding that nothing in the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the Convention or the New York Convention) or the Federal Arbitration Act (the FAA) prohibits courts from deciding that non-signatories may be bound by or enforce international arbitration agreements based on contract, agency, equity, or related principles.
An audit of assessment rooms for mental health assessments in Ireland’s emergency departments
Authors: Jeffers A. , Jennings R. , O’Mahony J.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To audit compliance of mental health assessment rooms in Irish adult emergency departments (EDs) which are open 24 hours on 7 days a week with standards identified by the Psychiatric Liaison Accreditation Network (PLAN).

Methods

A self-audit tool was sent via email to Clinical Nurse Specialists and Consultant Psychiatrists in Ireland’s 26 Adult EDs that are open 24 hours on seven days a week. Results were collated and are presented ensuring anonymity.

Results

A response rate of 100% was achieved. Full or substantial compliance with PLAN standards was recorded in 73% of services. In seven services, the rooms used for mental health assessments were unsuitable when measured against the PLAN standards. A number of services identified the presence of ligature points within the rooms.

Conclusion

The Health Service Executive (HSE) National Clinical Programme for the Assessment and Management of patients presenting to the ED following self-harm is committed to achieving 100% compliance with PLAN standards in all services. Recommendations include introducing formal ligature risk assessments and risk assessments of the use of the assessment rooms. The Chief Executive Officers of all hospital groups were informed of the results of the audits and advised on recommendations for each hospital ED.
A SIMPLIFIED ORDINAL ANALYSIS OF FIRST-ORDER REFLECTION
Authors: ARAI TOSHIYASU
Published: October 2020

In this note we give a simplified ordinal analysis of first-order reflection. An ordinal notation system$OT$is introduced based on$\psi $-functions. Provable$\Sigma _{1}$-sentences on$L_{\omega _{1}^{CK}}$are bounded through cut-elimination on operator controlled derivations.
ON THE SHARPNESS OF TIAN’S CRITERION FOR K-STABILITY
Authors: LIU YUCHEN , ZHUANG ZIQUAN
Published: October 2020

Tian’s criterion for K-stability states that a Fano variety of dimension n whose alpha invariant is greater than
${n}{/(n+1)}$
is K-stable. We show that this criterion is sharp by constructing n-dimensional singular Fano varieties with alpha invariants
${n}{/(n+1)}$
that are not K-polystable for sufficiently large n. We also construct K-unstable Fano varieties with alpha invariants
${(n-1)}{/n}$
.
Factors influencing women’s decisions regarding birth planning in a rural setting in Kenya and their implications for family planning programmes
Authors: Obare Francis , Odwe George , Cleland John
Published: October 2020

Evidence suggests that socio-cultural barriers that limit the ability of women in sub-Saharan Africa to make decisions regarding contraceptive use and childbearing contribute to the slow uptake of contraception in this region. This paper explores factors influencing women’s decisions regarding contraceptive uptake, switching and discontinuation, and the implications of those decisions for family planning programmes. Data were from in-depth interviews that were conducted in 2018 with 42 women who participated in a longitudinal research project implemented in Homa Bay County of Kenya. Participants comprised women who were aged 15–39 years at the time of recruitment into the study and who discontinued using injectables or implants between the first and second rounds of data collection. Data were analysed using an exploratory inductive content analytic approach. The findings show that uptake of contraception was largely driven by concerns about the negative consequences of frequent childbirth on individual health and household socioeconomic well-being. Most women discontinued methods because of dissatisfaction but, instead of abandoning contraception altogether, switched to alternative methods, albeit sometimes less-effective ones. However, some women had difficulties in identifying an appropriate new method after experiencing side-effects, contraceptive failure or stock-out of their current method. Securing the cooperation of sexual partners was an additional problem especially for women whose partners did not support contraception. The findings suggest that concerns about the negative consequences of frequent childbirth outweigh challenges associated with contraceptive use. This presents an opportunity for family planning programmes to improve contraceptive uptake and continuation by addressing the health system challenges related to commodity stock-out and poor quality of care, as well as the concerns of men.
Effect of a training course on the diagnosis of vocal fold leukoplakia by narrow-band imaging
Authors: Zhang B-G , Zhu J-Q , Zhang W , Su F-X , Wang G-Q , Ni X-G
Published: October 2020

Objective

To investigate the value of narrow-band imaging training for differentiating between benign and malignant vocal fold leukoplakia.

Method

Thirty cases of vocal fold leukoplakia were selected.

Results

Narrow-band imaging endoscopy training had a significant positive effect on the specificity of the differential diagnosis of vocal fold leukoplakia. In addition, the consistency of diagnostic typing of vocal fold leukoplakia by narrow-band imaging improved to ‘moderate agreement’ following the combination of types I and II and the combination of types IV, V and VI in the typing of vocal fold leukoplakia.

Conclusion

The narrow-band imaging training course may improve the ability of laryngologists to diagnose vocal fold leukoplakia. The new endoscopic diagnostic classification by narrow-band imaging needs to be further simplified to facilitate clinical application.
Estimating hunting prevalence and reliance on wild meat in Cambodia's Eastern Plains
Authors: Ibbett Harriet , Keane Aidan , Dobson Andrew D.M. , Griffin Olly , Travers Henry , Milner-Gulland E.J.
Published: October 2020

Hunting is a primary driver of biodiversity loss across South-east Asia. Within Cambodia, the use of wire snares to capture wildlife is a severe threat in protected areas but there have been few studies of the behaviour of hunters from local communities. Here, we combine the unmatched count technique with direct questioning to estimate the prevalence of hunting behaviours and wildlife consumption amongst 705 households living within Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. We assessed respondents’ knowledge of rules, and their perceptions of patrols responsible for enforcing rules. Estimates of hunting behaviour were variable: results from the unmatched count technique were inconclusive, and direct questioning revealed 9% of households hunted, and 20% set snares around farms to prevent wildlife eating crops. Hunting with domestic dogs was the method most commonly used to catch wildlife (87% of households owned dogs). Wild meat was consumed by 84% of households, and was most frequently bought or caught, but also gifted. We detected a high awareness of conservation rules, but low awareness of punishments and penalties, with wildlife depletion, rather than the risk of being caught by patrols, causing the greatest reduction in hunting. Our findings demonstrate the challenges associated with reliably estimating rule-breaking behaviour and highlight the need to incorporate careful triangulation into study design.
Bidirectional interactions between host social behaviour and parasites arise through ecological and evolutionary processes
Authors: Hawley Dana M. , Gibson Amanda K. , Townsend Andrea K. , Craft Meggan E. , Stephenson Jessica F.
Published: October 2020

An animal's social behaviour both influences and changes in response to its parasites. Here we consider these bidirectional links between host social behaviours and parasite infection, both those that occur from ecologicalvsevolutionary processes. First, we review how social behaviours of individuals and groups influence ecological patterns of parasite transmission. We then discuss how parasite infection, in turn, can alter host social interactions by changing the behaviour of both infected and uninfected individuals. Together, these ecological feedbacks between social behaviour and parasite infection can result in important epidemiological consequences. Next, we consider the ways in which host social behaviours evolve in response to parasites, highlighting constraints that arise from the need for hosts to maintain benefits of sociality while minimizing fitness costs of parasites. Finally, we consider how host social behaviours shape the population genetic structure of parasites and the evolution of key parasite traits, such as virulence. Overall, these bidirectional relationships between host social behaviours and parasites are an important yet often underappreciated component of population-level disease dynamics and host–parasite coevolution.
Reversing retirement frontiers in the spaces of post-socialism: active ageing through migration for work
Authors: Lulle Aija
Published: October 2020

This paper reworks the notion of active ageing through analysis of a case which reverses the retirement-migration nexus – people in the post-socialist realm who approach retirement age and then migrate to begin a new working life. They are thereby introducing a new and complex arrangement to the general concept of ‘international retirement migration’. In the post-socialist world, new retirement migration frontiers emerge in the context of a severe weakening of welfare systems. I illustrate this case with data from long-term research with ageing Latvian migrant women to the United Kingdom and the Nordic countries. Even those whose old-age pensions are more or less adequate nevertheless seek temporary employment and new cultural experiences abroad. However, the dominant trend has been towards the pauperisation of older parents and those approaching retirement age due to the significant decline in state welfare. This case of many older-age Latvians whode factocannot retire due to low disposable income reveals ‘reverse frontiers of retirement’: working as long as they can, pushing their personal geographical frontiers outward by emigrating for work and making national frontiers more porous through transnational practices. Conceptually and geographically, the research holds relevance for a wider discussion of trends and contextual factors in other post-Soviet and post-socialist countries with increasing diversities among retirees.
Evaluating the Latest Performance of Precise Point Positioning in Multi-GNSS/RNSS: GPS, GLONASS, BDS, Galileo and QZSS
Authors: Chen Jian , Zhao Xingwang , Liu Chao , Zhu Shaolin , Liu Zhiqiang , Yue Dongjie
Published: October 2020

The single initial Global Positioning System (GPS) has been expanded into multiple global and regional navigation satellite systems (multi-GNSS/RNSS) as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) is restored and the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), Galileo Satellite Navigation System (Galileo) and Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) evolve. Using the differences among these five systems, the paper constructs a consolidated multi-GNSS/RNSS precise point positioning (PPP) observation model. A large number of datasets from Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations are employed to evaluate the PPP performance of multi-GNSS/RNSS. The paper draws three main conclusions based on the experimental results. (1) The combined GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BDS/QZSS presents the PPP with the shortest mean convergence time of 11·5 min, followed by that of GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BDS (12·4 min). (2) The combined GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo/QZSS shows the optimal PPP performance when the cut-off elevation angle is basically the same because of the rich observation data due to a large number of satellites. To be specific, for combined GPS/GLONASS/BDS/Galileo/QZSS, the PPP convergence percentage is 80·9% higher relative to other combined systems under 35° cut-off elevation angle, and the percentages of the root mean square values of PPP within 0–5 cm are enhanced by 80·5%, 81·5% and 87·3% in the North, East and Up directions relative to GPS alone at 35° cut-off elevation angle. (3) GPS alone fails to conduct continuous positioning due to the insufficiency of visible satellites at 40° cut-off elevation angle, while the kinematic PPP of multi-GNSS/RNSS remains capable of obtaining positioning solutions with relatively high accuracy, especially in the horizontal direction.
Social media use as a predictor of handwashing during a pandemic: evidence from COVID-19 in Malaysia
Authors: Zhang Stephen X. , Graf-Vlachy Lorenz , Looi Kim Hoe , Su Rui , Li Jizhen
Published: October 2020

Although handwashing is an effective way to prevent infections, there is scarce evidence on predictors of handwashing during a pandemic. This paper aims to identify behavioural and demographic predictors of handwashing. The study surveyed 674 adults in Malaysia in May 2020 regarding whether the time spent on social media predicted handwashing contingent on gender and number of children. More time spent on social media was positively associated with handwashing for males with three or more children. However, for males without children, social media use was negatively associated with handwashing. The association was not significant for males with one or two children. For females, more time spent on social media was significantly linked to more handwashing only for females with one child. Gender, a traditional predictor of handwashing, was a useful predictor only for those who spent more than three hours per day on social media and had at most one child. Number of children was a novel negative predictor for males who did not use social media and who averaged one hour per day on social media, a positive predictor for males who spent lots of time on social media, but not a predictor for females. In sum, social media use predicts handwashing, and is thus a helpful variable for use in targeted health communication during a pandemic – particularly through social media. Further, more conventional predictors like gender and number of children exhibit contingency effects with social media use.
Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 with cardiac injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zeng Linwen , Wang Shihui , Cai Jianing , Sun Shaoqing , Wang Suhuai , Li Jingjie , Sun Lin
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Cardiac injury is associated with poor prognosis of 2019 novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the risk factors for cardiac injury have not been fully studied. In this study, we carried out a systematic analysis of clinical characteristics in COVID-19 patients to determine potential risk factors for cardiac injury complicated COVID-19 virus infection.

Methods

We systematically searched relevant literature published in Pubmed, Embase, Europe PMC, CNKI and other databases. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA 16.0.

Results

We analysed 5726 confirmed cases from 17 studies. The results indicated that compared with non-cardiac-injured patients, patients with cardiac injury are older, with a greater proportion of male patients, with higher possibilities of existing comorbidities, with higher risks of clinical complications, need for mechanical ventilation, ICU transfer and mortality. Moreover, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, D-dimer, NT-proBNP and blood creatinine in patients with cardiac injury are also higher while lymphocyte counts and platelet counts decreased. However, we fortuitously found that patients with cardiac injury did not present higher clinical specificity for chest distress (P = 0.304), chest pain (P = 0.334), palpitations (P = 0.793) and smoking (P = 0.234). Similarly, the risk of concomitant arrhythmia (P = 0.103) did not increase observably either.

Conclusion

Age, male gender and comorbidities are risk factors for cardiac injury complicated COVID-19 infection. Such patients are susceptible to complications and usually have abnormal results of laboratory tests, leading to poor outcomes. Contrary to common cardiac diseases, cardiac injury complicated COVID-19 infection did not significantly induce chest distress, chest pain, palpitations or arrhythmias. Our study indicates that early prevention should be applied to COVID-19 patients with cardiac injury to reduce adverse outcomes.
Cooperation, technical education and politics in early agricultural policy in Catalonia (1914–24)
Authors: Planas Jordi
Published: October 2020

After the crisis of the late nineteenth century, the role of the state in European agriculture expanded to many new areas: education and technical innovation; commercial policies and market regulations; farm support policies, and sometimes interventions in property rights. The development of these policies was a difficult and costly process, without the intervention of intermediary organisations like agricultural cooperatives and farmers’ associations. This article analyses the early agricultural policy in Catalonia (Spain) and the role of cooperatives in its implementation. It argues that this regional case was quite exceptional in the early twentieth-century Spanish context, where state intervention in agriculture was extremely limited. In 1914, an autonomous government was set up in Catalonia, and a modern agricultural policy was introduced in which technical education and cooperatives played a crucial role, as well as politics. The agricultural policy promoted and developed by the Catalan government was part of a state-building project based on a regionalist ideology.
Rare cause of dynamic aortic obstruction in pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries: a case report
Authors: Correia-Costa Ana , Casanova Jorge , Granja Sofia
Published: October 2020

A 2-month-old infant with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries developed an aneurysmatic elongation of the tricuspid valve tissue that partially closed and dynamically protruded through the ventricular septal defect, beneath the aortic valve. This rare finding caused dynamic left ventricle outflow tract obstruction and recurrent cardiac arrests and ultimately required surgical intervention.
Neural circuits of anxiolytic and antidepressant pherine molecules
Authors: Monti Louis , Liebowitz Michael R.
Published: October 2020

In this review, we describe proposed circuits mediating the mechanism of action of pherines, a new class of synthetic neuroactive steroids with demonstrated antianxiety and antidepressant properties, that engage nasal chemosensory receptors. We hypothesize that afferent signals triggered by activation of these peripheral receptors could reach subgroups of olfactory bulb neurons broadcasting information to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the limbic amygdala. We propose that chemosensory inputs triggered by pherines project to centrolateral (CeL) and centromedial (CeM) amygdala neurons, with downstream effects mediating behavioral actions. Anxiolytic pherines could activate the forward inhibitory GABAergic neurons that facilitate the release of neuropeptide S (NPS) in the locus coeruleus (LC) and GABA in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and inhibit catecholamine release in the LC and ventral tegmental area (VTA) leading to rapid anxiolytic effect. Alternatively, antidepressant pherines could facilitate the CRH and GABAergic neurons that inhibit the release of NPS from the LC, increase glutamate release from the BNST, and increase norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin release from the LC, VTA, and raphe nucleus, respectively. Activation of these neural circuits leads to rapid antidepressant effect. The information provided is consistent with this model, but it should be noted that some steps on these pathways have not been demonstrated conclusively in the human brain.
Reminiscence of a Teacher of Medical Genetics — E. M. Nicholls
Authors: Stark Alan E.
Published: October 2020

A brief account is given by E. M. Nicholls, M.D., of the formation and demise of the School of Human Genetics of the University of New South Wales.
Improving the Use of Calibrated Language in U.S. Climate Assessments
Authors: Crimmins Allison
Published: October 2020

Key Points

Despite improvements to better characterize risk in climate assessments, scientists' certainty in findings is often misinterpreted

U.S. climate assessments often report high confidence and likelihood findings and rarely report low certainty, potentially severe impacts

Alternative representations of calibrated language may alleviate confusion caused by the common use of colloquial likelihood terms
Warmer and Drier Fire Seasons Contribute to Increases in Area Burned at High Severity in Western US Forests From 1985 to 2017
Authors: Parks S. A. , Abatzoglou J. T.
Published: October 2020

Increases in burned area across the western United States (US) since the mid‐1980s have been widely documented and linked partially to climate factors, yet evaluations of trends in fire severity are lacking. Here we evaluate fire severity trends and their interannual relationships to climate for western US forests from 1985 to 2017. Significant increases in annual area burned at high severity (AABhs) were observed across most ecoregions, with an overall eightfold increase in AABhs across western US forests. The relationships we identified between the annual fire severity metrics and climate, as well as the observed and projected trend toward warmer and drier fire seasons, suggest that climate change will contribute to increased fire severity in future decades where fuels remain abundant. The growing prevalence of high‐severity fire in western US forests has important implications to forest ecosystems, including an increased probability of fire‐catalyzed conversions from forest to alternative vegetation types.
Using Thermal Springs to Quantify Deep Groundwater Flow and Its Thermal Footprint in the Alps and a Comparison With North American Orogens
Authors: Luijendijk Elco , Winter Theis , Köhler Saskia , Ferguson Grant , von Hagke Christoph , Scibek Jacek
Published: October 2020

The extent of deep groundwater flow in mountain belts and its thermal effects are uncertain. Here, we use a new database of discharge, temperature, and composition of thermal springs in the Alps to estimate the extent of deep groundwater flow and its contribution to the groundwater and heat budget. The results indicate that thermal springs are fed exclusively by meteoric water and make up 0.1% of the total groundwater budget. Spring water circulates on average to a depth of at least 2 km. The net heat extracted from the subsurface equals 1% of the background heat flow, which equals an average thermal footprint of 7 km2. Cooling by downward flow and heating by upward flow are three and two times higher than the net heat flow, respectively. Comparison with North American orogens shows that hydrothermal activity is higher in areas with high relief or areas under extension.
Coupling of the Subpolar Gyre and the Overturning Circulation During Abrupt Glacial Climate Transitions
Authors: Klockmann M. , Mikolajewicz U. , Kleppin H. , Marotzke J.
Published: October 2020

We present a mechanism for self‐sustained ocean circulation changes that cause abrupt temperature changes over Greenland in a multimillennial climate model simulation with glacial CO2 concentrations representative of Marine Isotope Stage 3. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the subpolar gyre (SPG) oscillate on millennial time scales. When the AMOC is strong, the SPG is weak and contracted; when the AMOC is weak, the SPG is strong and extensive. The coupling between the two systems via wind‐driven and density‐driven feedbacks is key to maintaining the oscillations. The SPG controls the transport of heat and salt into the deep‐water formation sites and thus controls the AMOC strength. The strength and location of the deep‐water formation affect the density‐driven part of the SPG and thus control the mean strength and extent of the SPG. This mechanism supports the hypothesis that coupled ocean‐ice‐atmosphere interactions could have triggered abrupt glacial climate change.
How Does El Niño–Southern Oscillation Change Under Global Warming—A First Look at CMIP6
Authors: Fredriksen Hege‐Beate , Berner Judith , Subramanian Aneesh C. , Capotondi Antonietta
Published: October 2020

The latest generation of coupled models, the sixth Coupled Models Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), is used to study the changes in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in a warming climate. For the four future scenarios studied, the sea surface temperature variability increases in most CMIP6 models, but to varying degrees. This increase is linked to a weakening of the east‐west temperature gradient in the tropical Pacific Ocean, which is evident across all models. Just as in previous generations of climate models, we find that many characteristics of future ENSO remain uncertain. This includes changes in dominant time scale, extratropical teleconnection patterns, and amplitude of El Niño and La Niña events. For models with the strongest increase in future variability, the majority of the increase happens in the Eastern Pacific, where the strongest El Niño events usually occur.