bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Procedural and declarative memory task performance, and the memory consolidation function of sleep, in recent and abstinent ecstasy/MDMA users
Authors: Blagrove Mark , Seddon Jennifer , George Sophie , Parrott Andrew C , Stickgold Robert , Walker Matthew P , Jones Katy A , Morgan Michael J
Published: July 2010

Ecstasy/MDMA use has been associated with various memory deficits. This study assessed declarative and procedural memory in ecstasy/MDMA users. Participants were tested in two sessions, 24 h apart, so that the memory consolidation function of sleep on both types of memory could also be assessed. Groups were: drug-naive controls ( n = 24); recent ecstasy/MDMA users, who had taken ecstasy/MDMA 2–3 days before the first testing session ( n = 25), and abstinent users, who had not taken ecstasy/MDMA for at least 8 days before testing ( n = 17). Procedural memory did not differ between groups, but greater lifetime consumption of ecstasy was associated with poorer procedural memory. Recent ecstasy/MDMA users who had taken other drugs (mainly cannabis) 48–24 h before testing exhibited poorer declarative memory than controls, but recent users who had not taken other drugs in this 48–24-h period did not differ from controls. Greater lifetime consumption of ecstasy, and of cocaine, were associated with greater deficits in declarative memory. These results suggest that procedural, as well as declarative, memory deficits are associated with the extent of past ecstasy use. However, ecstasy/MDMA did not affect the memory consolidation function of sleep for either the declarative or the procedural memory task.
A 52-week open-label study of the safety and tolerability of paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Gopal S , Vijapurkar U , Lim P , Morozova M , Eerdekens M , Hough D
Published: July 2010

The safety and tolerability of paliperidone palmitate, an injectable atypical antipsychotic agent, were assessed in a 1-year open-label extension of a double-blind study in patients with schizophrenia. Patients from the double-blind study who experienced a recurrence, remained recurrence free until study end, or who were in the transition, maintenance or double-blind phases and had received at least one injection of paliperidone palmitate when enrollment was stopped, were eligible for the open-label extension. Patients received gluteal injections of paliperidone palmitate once every 4 weeks: starting dose 50 mg eq. followed by 25, 50, 75, or 100 mg eq. flexible dosing. Of the 388 patients enrolled, 288 completed the open-label extension. During the open-label extension, the median (range) duration of exposure to paliperidone palmitate was 338 days (10; 390), and 74% of patients received all 12 open-label injections of paliperidone palmitate. The most frequent (≥5% in total group) adverse events were insomnia (7%); worsening of schizophrenia; nasopharyngitis; headache; and weight increase (6% each). Potentially prolactin-related adverse events occurred in 13 (3%) patients, mostly women, and none resulted in study discontinuation. Extrapyramidal treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 25 (6%) patients; tremor was the most frequently reported ( n = 8, 2%). At open-label extension endpoint, investigator-rated redness at the injection site was observed in ≤4% of patients in each group. Injection-site pain was rated by investigators as absent in 82–87% of patients. Schizophrenia symptoms measured by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and personal and social performance changes improved during the open-label extension.
The Spectre of Montezuma: Hospitality and Haunting
Authors: Baker Gideon
Published: July 2010

By way of a retelling of the story of Montezuma’s tragic end at the hands of his inhospitable guest, Cortés, this article recovers the spectral presence of wronged hosts in the history of international hospitality. While conditional hospitality, as Jacques Derrida shows, is stalked by the absent or wronged guest, unconditional hospitality is disturbed by the abused host. Derridean deconstruction allows for this counter-haunting; but the host-harming history of hospitality has nonetheless been neglected for two reasons, which a genealogy of hospitality illuminates. Firstly, because it is the hospitality narrative of the little people who, though risking more in offering hospitality, have been marginal in writing its history. Secondly, because the little people’s narrative was overwritten by the Homeric account of hospitality — the unlimited welcome of heroes by their fellow elites. Offering more but risking less, this aristocratic hospitality narrative no longer portrayed hosting as precarious. What deconstruction and genealogy together show is that hospitality could never be anything other than precarious, lacking both conceptual stability and historical unity. Thus the ethics of hospitality is always already a politics of hospitality.
America in Space: The International Relations of Star Trek and Battlestar Galactica
Authors: Buzan Barry
Published: July 2010

Popular culture can be used as a mirror to reflect on how societies think about themselves. Here Star Trek and the recent version of Battlestar Galactica are used to reflect on how America views its own destiny, its relationship to technology and its place in the universe. Space and ‘final frontiers’ are particularly resonant in American culture, and these two television series provide numerous benchmarks by which to contrast the optimistic and outgoing America of the 1960s with the darker and more paranoid America of post-9/11. Can an America that has given up the goal of returning to the moon still claim to own the future, and is the US becoming inward- and backward-looking — a new Middle Kingdom?
The Power of Big Box Retail in Global Environmental Governance: Bringing Commodity Chains Back into IR
Authors: Dauvergne Peter , Lister Jane
Published: July 2010

This article focuses on analysing the consequences for global governance of the growing power of the world’s biggest retailers, illustrating with the case of global forest governance. It argues that the rising power of big retail within global commodity chains is creating both significant challenges — and some opportunities — for global environmental governance. The analysis suggests a need for IR to focus more on the shifting political power of multinational corporations, as both barriers to, and progress in, the governance of complex global issues such as deforestation and climate change increasingly occur in the corporate sphere. More specifically, the authors see great value in bringing research on globalising commodity chains back into IR, first revealing the power dynamics within these chains, then building on this to analyse the implications for global change and world politics. This reinforces and complements the message in Bernstein et al. (in this volume) that understanding the future of global climate governance must include the complex interactions between transnational governance practices and interstate negotiations. But it also suggests a need for IR scholars to go even further to unpack the consequences of how the shifting power dynamics of governance practices within the corporate sphere are intersecting — or running parallel — with more overarching multilateral and transnational environmental processes.
Home is Where the Human is? Ethics, Intervention and Hospitality in Kosovo
Authors: Bulley Dan
Published: July 2010

The human is frequently made central to the way international ethics is thought and practised. Yet, the human can be used to close down ethical options rather than open them up. This article examines the case of British foreign policy in Kosovo. It argues that the human in this context was placed at the centre of ethical action, but was discursively constructed as a silent, biopolitial mass which could only be saved close to its territorially qualified home. It could not be protected by being brought to the UK. To remain human, the subject of ethical concern, the Kosovan refugee, had to remain near Kosovo. This construction of the human—home relationship meant that military humanitarian intervention became the only ethical policy available; hospitality, a welcoming of the Kosovan refugee into the British home, was ruled out. This article questions such a construction of the human, listening to the voices of Kosovan refugees to open up the relationship between the human and its home. The complexity that results shows that a more nuanced view of the human would not allow itself to be co-opted so easily to a simplistic logic of intervention. Rather, it could enable the possibility of hospitality as another way of practising international ethics.
A Tale of Two Copenhagens: Carbon Markets and Climate Governance
Authors: Bernstein Steven , Betsill Michele , Hoffmann Matthew , Paterson Matthew
Published: July 2010

Assessments of the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009 have tended to see it as a ‘return to realism’ — as the triumph of hard interstate bargaining over institutional or normative development about climate change. This article contests that interpretation by showing how it focuses too closely on the interstate negotiations and neglects the ongoing development of carbon markets as governance practices and systems to deal with climate change. It shows that there remains a strong normative consensus about such markets, and a deepening set of transnational governance practices. These governance practices only partly depend on the interstate negotiations. Thinking about the future of global climate governance needs to start with the complexity of interactions between these transnational governance systems and the interstate negotiations.
Snowflakes on a Scarred Knuckle: The Biopolitics of the ‘War on Terror’ through Steve McQueen’s Hunger and Kathryn Bigelow’s The Hurt Locker
Authors: Assem El-Khairy Omar
Published: July 2010

This review explores the various micro-struggles at the heart of the biopolitics of the ‘war on terror’. Through a discussion of the ethico-political and aesthetic dimensions of Steve McQueen’s Hunger and Kathryn Bigelow’s The Hurt Locker, it critically evaluates questions of humanity, solidarity and conviviality under the most extreme and Manichean situations of occupation and colonialism. The article focuses on how contemporary strategies and techniques of power intersect and oscillate between biopower and sovereignty. It argues that the body remains a central site for violence and protest, while sites of exception — such as Guantanamo Bay — clearly symbolise not only the boundaryless and limitless reach of this war, but also the nexus of identity, security and law that binds life in the ‘war on terror’. An appraisal of these two very different films thus opens up new ways of interrogating the technologies at work in our post-9/11 landscape.
Why They Don’t Hate Us: Emotion, Agency and the Politics of ‘Anti-Americanism’
Authors: Ross Andrew A.G.
Published: July 2010

This article reconceptualises the emotions associated with ‘anti-Americanism’ and sketches an alternative account of impassioned protest in the Middle East and South Asia. I identify two overlapping discursive images that mistake what emotions are and how they fuel political resistance: ‘Islamic anger’, which delegitimises emotional expression as a form of political agency, and ‘anti-American hatred’, which assumes that popular emotions in these regions are tied to a clear and distinct object — America. Drawing on two recent cases widely discussed in the American media, I show how the emotional quality of political resistance is used to undermine its legitimacy. Using ethnographic sources, I then offer a preliminary sketch of the normative, historical and interactive contexts of those protests. The article encourages international relations scholars to view grassroots actors as neither impulsive insurgents nor aggregations of survey data but instead complex moral agents embedded in local struggles.
African Criminals/African Victims: The Institutionalised Production of Cultural Narratives in International Criminal Law
Authors: Sagan Ann
Published: July 2010

Since 2002, the International Criminal Court (ICC) has opened 13 cases against African individuals who have been accused of crimes under the purview of the Rome Statute. This article critically examines the centrality of African subjects and African conflicts to the operation of the court. I argue that representations of criminality and victimhood, which define the construction of the African subject at the ICC, are crucial to the self-identity of the ICC through their discursive corroboration of the court’s cosmopolitan and liberal narratives. These representations are consequently institutionalised in the operation of the court, which encourages the repeated indictment of African subjects at the ICC and the reproduction of the criminal—victim dichotomy in the representation of African subjects in the discourse of international criminal law. Rather than presenting this trend as a simple phenomenon of the court’s mechanisms of referral, or alternatively suggesting that the court is engaged in a conscious neo-colonial subordination of African justice systems, I argue that the focus on crimes located in Africa during the court’s first decade is related to the particular discursive compatibility between representations of African criminals and victims and the cosmopolitan and liberal conceptions of international criminal law.
Tree rings and debris flows: Recent developments, future directions
Authors: Bollschweiler Michelle , Stoffel Markus
Published: July 2010

The sudden and unpredictable occurrence of debris flows poses major problems in many mountain areas in the world. For a realistic hazard assessment, knowledge of past events is of crucial importance. As archival data is generally fragmentary, additional information sources are needed for an appraisal of past and contemporary events as well as for the prediction of potential future events. Tree rings represent a very valuable natural archive on past debris-flow occurrence as they may record the impact of events in their tree-ring series. In the past few years, dendrogeomorphology has evolved from a pure dating tool to a broad range of applications. Besides the reconstruction of frequencies, tree rings allow — if coupled with spatial positioning methods — the determination of spread and reach of past events. Similarly, the wide field of applications includes the identification of magnitudes and triggers of debris-flow events. Besides demonstrating recent developments in the use of tree rings for debris-flow research, this contribution also provides a short overview on the application of tree rings for other mass-movement processes and highlights further possibilities of the method. Established techniques can be applied to related processes such as debris floods, flash floods or lahars. Data obtained can also be used to calibrate modeling approaches. The impact of past and future climatic changes on debris-flow occurrence is furthermore an important aspect where tree rings can be of help.
Innovative services for libraries through the Virtual Reading Rooms of the Digital Dissertation Library, Russian State Library
Authors: Avdeeva Nina
Published: July 2010

The Russian State Library (RSL) is a unique repository of candidates’ and doctors’ dissertations on all subjects except medicine and pharmacy that have been defended in the country since 1944. In 2003, the RSL started the Digital Dissertation Library (DDL) to ensure that the valuable collection was safely kept and also widely accessible. To enable potential readers to access the resources of the DDL, Virtual Reading Rooms have been set up in the libraries of various organizations in Russia and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The DDL catalogue and search engine are on open access at the DDL website. A licensed programme, DefView, allows the viewing of copyright protected documents and prevents unauthorized copying. Within the framework of the DDL project there exists the Open Digital Dissertation Library (ODDL), which allows authors to place their dissertations or abstracts on open access at the DDL website. The Russian State Library is constantly working on the development of the DDL in order to form a common information zone.
Swedish libraries: An overview
Authors: Thomas Barbro
Published: July 2010

The Swedish library infrastructure is well developed. A substantial part of the Swedish population is library users. This article gives an overview of the library landscape. It gives a background to the public library development as well as the development of university and university college libraries. Some special library collections are mentioned. A background to the 1997 Library Act is given. There is an overview of the national policy on literature and the remuneration system for Swedish writers, translators and illustrators. The new national structure with the National Library as the supervising authority for both academic and public libraries concludes the article, and indicates that co-operation between public and research libraries will deepen.
Professionalizing the library and information science profession in Nigeria
Authors: Opara Umunna N.
Published: July 2010

This paper examines briefly the concept of profession and traced the origin of professionalization of library and information science (LIS) in Nigeria. Using the six most widely accepted attributes of profession, the paper assesses library and information science in Nigeria with a view to determining whether or not LIS in Nigeria could qualify as a profession. The result is that LIS in Nigeria possesses four of the six attributes, most important of which is legal recognition. The paper identifies some challenges facing the professionalization of LIS in Nigeria as well as opportunities.
Sports Activity after Anatomical Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Schumann Katrin , Flury Matthias P. , Schwyzer Hans-Kaspar , Simmen Beat R. , Drerup Susann , Goldhahn Joerg
Published: July 2010

Background

Implant functionality has clearly increased over the past decades because of improvements in total shoulder arthroplasty systems. This means that prostheses are now being implanted in younger patients with high sports activity.

Hypothesis

The implantation of the total shoulder arthroplasty does not mainly influence the sports activity.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

One hundred consecutive patients with unilateral total shoulder arthroplasty, followed for at least 1 year, were included in the study. Assessment preoperatively and 1 year and 2 years after operation included clinical examination and a validated questionnaire (Constant, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index [SPADI], and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand [DASH] scores, and the Short Form 36 [SF-36]). In addition, all patients received a sports questionnaire developed in house.

Results

Of the 55 patients who took part in sports before having shoulder disease, 49 (89%) were still able to participate after a mean follow-up of 2.8 years (range, 1.3-4.6 years). Seventeen patients had given up sports before total shoulder arthroplasty; 11 of them resumed activities after joint replacement but 6 did not start again. No patient had to stop sports because of the total shoulder arthroplasty. The sports most commonly mentioned were swimming (10 patients [20.4%]), golf (8 patients [16.3%]), cycling (8 patients [16.3%]), and fitness training (8 patients [16.3%]). Strength and range of motion, as well as the physical component summary (PCS) of the SF-36 and the Constant score (CS) after total shoulder arthroplasty, were significantly better in the sports group (49 of 100; PCS = 46, CS = 77) than in the nonsports group (45 of 100; PCS = 41,CS = 71). Eighteen patients (36.7%) stated that even after joint replacement, they still suffered restrictions on their sports activities because of shoulder problems. Whereas the overall mean age at follow-up was 68.9 years (range, 26-92 years), the mean age of patients participating in sports was significantly lower than in the nonsports group (63 vs 70 years; P = .002).

Conclusion

Total shoulder arthroplasty allows patients to participate in sports without significant restriction of their level of activity. The probability of being able to do sports postoperatively—if done preoperatively—is high. Long-term studies are needed to determine whether the greater loading on the joint will lead to more rapid wear and a higher rate of loosening with time.
Incidence of Acute Traumatic Patellar Dislocation among Active-Duty United States Military Service Members
Authors: Hsiao Mark , Owens Brett D. , Burks Robert , Sturdivant Rodney X. , Cameron Kenneth L.
Published: July 2010

Background

Although some studies have reported an increased incidence of patellar dislocations within active populations, few studies have reported incidence rates and examined risk factors for this injury.

Purpose

To examine the incidence of patellar dislocation injuries and the influence of demographic and occupational risk factors associated with injury among active-duty United States (US) service members between 1998 and 2007.

Study Design

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

Using the Defense Medical Surveillance System, a search was performed for International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision (ICD-9) code 836.3 among all US service members on active duty during the study period. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate the rate of patellar dislocation per 1000 person-years at risk to injury. Incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for patellar dislocation along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by gender, age, race, branch of military service, and rank while controlling for the other variables in the model.

Results

There were a total of 9299 individuals with documented patellar dislocation injuries among a population at risk of 13 443 448 person-years. The IR was 0.69 per 1000 person-years at risk. Women were 61% more likely (IRR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.53-1.69) to sustain a patellar dislocation injury than men. Rates were highest in the youngest age group and decreased with increasing age. Service members aged <20 years were 84% more likely (IRR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.61-2.10) to sustain a patellar dislocation injury as service members aged ≥40 years. Differences were also noted by race, service, and rank.

Conclusion

The incidence of patellar dislocation injuries among US service members was an order of magnitude greater than that previously reported in civilian population studies. Gender, age, race, rank, and branch of military service are important risk factors related to the incidence of patellar dislocation injuries in this population.
Residential Land Use, the Urban Heat Island, and Water Use in Phoenix: A Path Analysis
Authors: Guhathakurta Subhrajit , Gober Patricia
Published: July 2010

While previous studies have shown that urban heat islands (UHI) tend to increase residential water use, they have not yet analyzed the feedbacks among vegetation intensity, diurnal temperature variation, water use, and characteristics of the built environment. This study examines these feedback relationships with the help of a path model applied to spatially disaggregated data from Phoenix, Arizona. The empirical evidence from the observations in Phoenix suggests the following: (1) impervious surfaces contribute to increased residential water use by exacerbating UHI; (2) larger lots containing pools and mesic vegetation increase water demand by reducing diurnal temperature difference; and (3) smart design of urban environments needs to go beyond simplistic water body- and vegetation-based solutions for mitigating uncomfortably high temperatures and consider interactions between surface materials, land use, UHI, and water use.
The Impact of Residential Mortgage Foreclosure on Neighborhood Change and Succession
Authors: Yanmei Li  , Morrow-Jones Hazel A.
Published: July 2010

Many factors contribute to neighborhood change and succession, one being residential mortgage foreclosures. Limited attention has been paid to how residential mortgage foreclosures in a neighborhood are related to households’ socioeconomic status and mobility decisions and, thus, lead to overall neighborhood change. We use sheriff’s foreclosure sales data in Cuyahoga County between 1983 and 1989 to predict changes in neighborhood indicators from 1990 to 2000, controlling for various neighborhood and census place indicators and their changes. Results suggest that higher foreclosure rates are positively related to changes in percentage black population, female headship rate, median household income, and unemployment rate. We thus conclude that foreclosures speed up the housing filtering process, and racial and economic turnover of residents. Our results will enable planners and policy makers to understand the transitional process of these neighborhoods so that they can be stabilized in the years following concentrated foreclosures.
Is the Third Sector an Emerging Economic Institution? Social Preferences Versus Poverty Traps
Authors: Amendola Adalgiso , Garofalo Maria Rosaria , Nese Annamaria
Published: July 2010

Relying on social preference theory and on poverty trap literature, this article suggests a richer and more nuanced role of the third sector as an institution complementary to the state and to the market in an economy’s development process. Social preferences are considered as the micro—fundaments of the third sector in that this promotes activities, laws, and organizational forms coherent with those preferences. The third sector contributes to overcoming poverty traps not only by spreading behavior based on altruism and solidarity but also by promoting investments in welfare services and human capital and by favoring the access of all the agents to the various markets.
In Treatment: Writing Beneath the Surface
Authors: Tierney William G. , Hallett Ronald E.
Published: July 2010

How a text is written influences what is written. The writing process involves more than grammar and sentence structure. The authors use Laurel Richardson’s “writing-story” to discuss the process of writing a dissertation. The authors share how they negotiated the advisor—advisee relationship throughout the dissertation process. Narratives are used to illustrate the differing perceptions experienced and negotiated within the advisor—advisee relationship. Mentoring emerging scholars requires knowledge of the student beyond evaluation of his or her manuscript. Five aspects writing frame the discussion: trust, communication, time, identity, and reflexivity.
The Relationship Between ADHD Symptomology and Decision Making
Authors: Schepman Stephen , Weyandt Lisa , Schlect Sarah Diane , Swentosky Anthony
Published: July 2010

Objective: To explore the relationship between the symptoms of ADHD, the extent to which college students seek to maximize their decisions, and the degree to which students feel regret for their decisions. Method: Undergraduate students ( N = 275) completed four questionnaires measuring ADHD symptomology, internal restlessness, maximization tendencies, and regret. It was hypothesized that (a) participants who reported more behaviors associated with ADHD and internal restlessness would report more maximizing tendencies, (b) participants reporting greater ADHD symptoms and internal restlessness symptoms would be more likely to report feelings of regret, (c) men would report more symptoms of ADHD and internal restlessness than women, and (d) men would be more likely to report maximization tendencies than women. Results: Findings supported the hypotheses and interaction were found. Conclusions: Findings provided new information concerning relationships between ADHD symptomology, internal restlessness, maximization tendencies, and regret.
Adverse Effects of Heavy Prenatal Maternal Smoking on Attentional Control in Children With ADHD
Authors: Motlagh Maria G. , Sukhodolsky Denis G. , Landeros-Weisenberger Angeli , Katsovich Liliya , Thompson Nancy , Scahill Lawrence , King Robert A. , Peterson Bradley S. , Schultz Robert T. , Leckman James F.
Published: July 2010

Objective: Exposure to heavy maternal cigarette smoking in pregnancy and severe maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy appear to be important risk factors for the development of ADHD. This study aimed to determine whether these perinatal risk factors were associated with neuropsychological deficits commonly seen in ADHD. Method: We examined the effect of these two risk factors on measures of attentional control, motor inhibition, visual-motor integration, and fine motor coordination in a group of 81 children with ADHD, aged from 8 to 18 years. The neuropsychological battery included the Connors’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test, the Beery Visual-Motor Integration Test, and the Purdue Pegboard Test. Results: Heavy maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with slower reaction times ( p < .002), and reaction time variability ( p < .007) on the CPT. Conclusions: This study suggests a persistent negative effect of heavy prenatal maternal smoking on attentional control in children with ADHD. Future studies should examine the neurobiological basis and determine the degree to which inherited genetic susceptibility factors contribute to this finding.
Experimental Tests of Mediation Models
Authors: Stone-Romero Eugene F. , Rosopa Patrick J.
Published: July 2010

Experimental tests of assumed mediation models have been recommended by numerous methodologists. However, they may prove problematic for a number of reasons. Thus, this article considers (a) experimental designs that can be used in tests of mediation, (b) problems that may arise in manipulating mediator variables, (c) distributional issues in experimental tests of mediation, (d) statistical approaches for testing mediation models, including strategies for testing for direct versus indirect effects in experimental tests of mediation models, and (e) a set of conclusions stemming from our analysis.
Alterations in serum MMP-8, MMP-9, IL-12p40 and IL-23 in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon-β1b
Authors: Alexander JS , Harris MK , Wells SR , Mills G. , Chalamidas K. , Ganta VC , McGee J. , Jennings MH , Gonzalez-Toledo E. , Minagar A.
Published: July 2010

Background: Interferon-β1b (IFN-β1b), an effective treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), lessens disease severity in MS patients. However, the mechanisms of its immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in MS remain only partially understood. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) are involved in blood brain barrier disruption and formation of MS lesions. Th1/Th17 cytokines e.g. interleukins IL-12p40, IL-17, and IL-23, are associated with MS disease activity and are significant players in pathogenesis of MS.

Objective: During a 1-year prospective study, we serially measured serum MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1, IL-12p40, IL-17, and IL-23 in 24 patients with relapsing—remitting MS. We compared the results to clinical course and to brain magnetic resonance imaging. IFN-β1b decreased serum MMP-8 and MMP-9 (not TIMP-1).

Results: The sustained treatment with IFN-β1b attenuated the pro-inflammatory environment by significantly reducing the serum IL-12p40, IL-23, and showed a trend for decreasing IL-17. Decreased serum MMP-8, MMP-9, IL-12 and IL-23 levels were correlated with a decrease in the number of contrast-enhanced T2-weighted lesions.

Conclusion: Early treatment of MS with IFN-β1b may stabilize clinical disease by attenuating levels of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs. Serial measurement of inflammatory mediators may serve as sensitive markers to gauge therapeutic responses to IFN-β1b during the first year of treatment.
Improving Subjective Well-being of the Poor in the Eastern Cape
Authors: Cramm J.M. , Møller V. , Nieboer A.P.
Published: July 2010

This study investigated the effects of income, health, social capital, marital status, employment, education and crime experience on subjective well-being within a poor community in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It appeared that higher income is associated with higher subjective well-being and that social capital serves as an important subjective well-being predictor in all income groups. Efforts must be made to ensure that countries do not develop economically at the expense of other aspects of life important for well-being in the very poor, such as social capital.
Creating New Career Pathways to Reduce Poverty, Illiteracy and Health Risks, while Transforming and Empowering Cambodian Women’s Lives
Authors: Lee Helen , Pollock Gabe , Lubek Ian , Niemi Stacy , O'Brien Katie , Green Michelle , Bashir Sabina , Braun Ellyn , Kros Sarath , Huot Virakboth , Ma Vanna , Griffiths Neela , Dickson Brett , Pring Noeun , Sphkurst Huon-Ribeil Kris , Lim Natalie , Turner Jasmin , Winkler Chris , Mee Lian Wong  , Van Merode Tiny , Bun Cheem Dy  , Prem Sophiap , Idema Roel
Published: July 2010

Community health psychology provides a framework for local citizens themselves to systematically affect change in health and social inequalities, particularly through Participatory Action Research (PAR). The Cambodian NGO SiRCHESI launched a 24-month Hotel Apprenticeship Program (HAP) in 2006 to provide literacy, English, social skills, health education, hotel skills-training, work experience and a living wage to women formerly selling beer in restaurants; there they had faced workplace risks including HIV/AIDS, alcohol overuse, violence and sexual coercion. Quantitative and qualitative analyses indicate changes in health-related knowledge, behaviour, self-image and empowerment, as HAP trainees were monitored and evaluated within their new career trajectories.
Measurement Structure of the Wolf Motor Function Test: Implications for Motor Control Theory
Authors: Woodbury Michelle , Velozo Craig A. , Thompson Paul A. , Light Kathye , Uswatte Gitendra , Taub Edward , Winstein Carolee J. , Morris David , Blanton Sarah , Nichols-Larsen Deborah S. , Wolf Steven L.
Published: July 2010

Background. Tools chosen to measure poststroke upper-extremity rehabilitation outcomes must match contemporary theoretical expectations of motor deficit and recovery because an assessment’s theoretical underpinning forms the conceptual basis for interpreting its score. Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the theoretical framework of the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) by (1) determining whether all items measured a single underlying trait and (2) examining the congruency between the hypothesized and the empirically determined item difficulty orders. Methods. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis were applied to existing WMFT Functional Ability Rating Scale data from 189 participants in the EXCITE (Extremity Constraint-Induced Therapy Evaluation) trial. Fit of a 1-factor CFA model (all items) was compared with the fit of a 2-factor CFA model (factors defined according to item object-grasp requirements) with fit indices, model comparison test, and interfactor correlations. Results. One item was missing sufficient data and therefore removed from analysis. CFA fit indices and the model-comparison test suggested that both models fit equally well. The 2-factor model yielded a strong interfactor correlation, and 13 of 14 items fit the Rasch model. The Rasch item difficulty order was consistent with the hypothesized item difficulty order. Conclusion. The results suggest that WMFT items measure a single construct. Furthermore, the results depict an item difficulty hierarchy that may advance the theoretical discussion of the person ability versus task difficulty interaction during stroke recovery.
The Social and the Aesthetic: For a Post-Bourdieuian Theory of Cultural Production
Authors: Born Georgina
Published: July 2010

This article sets out new methodological principles for the sociology of art, a sub-discipline that it seeks to broaden conceptually by shifting the ground from art to cultural production. This shift suggests the utility of overcoming the boundaries that demarcate the sociology of art from adjacent fields, augmenting the sociological repertoire with reference to anthropology, cultural and media studies, art and cultural history, and the music disciplines. At the same time the article proposes that an explanatory theory of cultural production requires reinvention in relation to five key themes: aesthetics and the cultural object; agency and subjectivity; the place of institutions; history, temporality and change; and problems of value and judgement. The first half of the article approaches these issues through a sustained critique of Bourdieu. It proceeds through an exposition of generative research from contemporary anthropology, including the work of Alfred Gell, Christopher Pinney, Fred Myers and others, which highlights the analysis of mediation, ontology, materiality and genre. The second half develops fur ther an analytics of mediation and of temporalities, exemplifying this and expanding on the five themes through a discussion of two institutional ethnographies of cultural production (of the computer music institute IRCAM in Paris, and of the BBC). In pursuing this programme the paper advocates a novel conception of the relation between theoretical model and empirical research, one that might be termed post-positivist empiricism, while also suggesting that the framework outlined offers the basis for an enriched cultural criticism.
In Defence of Theoretical and Methodological Pluralism in the Sociology of Art: A Critique of Georgina Born’s Programmatic Essay
Authors: De La Fuente Eduardo
Published: July 2010

This article welcomes Born’s proposal that the sociology of art learn from ‘adjacent fields’ that can ‘augment the sociological repertoire’. It agrees especially that sociologists can learn much from the anthropology of art and material culture studies. However, it challenges Born’s claim that the sociology of art has ‘seen little progress in recent years’ and thus questions certain aspects of her proposal for a ‘post-Bourdieuian theory of cultural production’. The central argument is: rather than an ‘analytics of mediation’ — which Born recommends — the sociology of art can benefit from studying material ‘mediators’ at work in concrete artistic networks, and the role of aesthetic agency and art in the constitution of social life more generally. The ar ticle concludes that the path forward for a sociology of art may lie precisely in not trying to force a reconciliation between macro and micro approaches, or between humanities and social science perspectives.
Michael Baxandall and the Sociological Interpretation of Art
Authors: Tanner Jeremy
Published: July 2010

Art historian Michael Baxandall’s writings have played a key role in defining the major paradigms in the sociology of art: the production of culture perspective, Bourdieu’s critical sociology of art, Hennion and DeNora’s ‘new sociology of art’. Although making fruitful use of Baxandall’s focus on markets, material visual practices and the concept of the period eye, these appropriations have overlooked the centrality to Baxandall’s work of the concept of art as an institution. This institutional focus permits Baxandall to integrate social, cultural and visual analysis in a way which shows not only how visual art is socially constructed, but also how it plays an active role in the construction of social orders on a variety of levels of emergence, from the interaction order to larger social structures.
What Does ‘Sociology of Culture’ Mean? Notes on a Few Trans-Cultural Misunderstandings
Authors: Heinich Nathalie
Published: July 2010

This article attempts to clarify some misunderstandings between English-speaking and French-speaking scholars in the field of the sociology of arts and culture. In addition to a number of ambiguities in the definition of what ‘culture’, ‘ar ts’ and ‘sociology’ mean within the French and the Anglo-American academic traditions, the very words ‘culture’, ‘cultural sociology’ and ‘cultural studies’ exhibit important differences between each other as they are understood within each linguistic context. Seen from a French point of view, so-called ‘French theory’ appears as a typically Anglo-American category, along with ‘post-modernism’, while French debates among sociologists of art seem to have few echoes abroad. The linguistic dissymmetry between French and Anglo-American academic cultures should be taken into account in order better to understand the nature of these misunderstandings.
Significance of Expressions for the Development of Emotions
Authors: Holodynski Manfred , Friedlmeier Wolfgang
Published: July 2010

This reply to three reviews of the book Development of Emotions and Emotion Regulation (2006) discusses the criticisms of our internalization model of emotional development. The model highlights the significance of expressions for the ontogenetic differentiation of emotions. We focus particularly on the reviewers’ remarks on the degree and usefulness of an internalization of emotional expression signs, on the methodological problems when assessing internalized expression signs, and on the development of a strategic use of expression signs in social interactions. Finally, we agree with the reviewers’ emphasis on the need to consider how the interplay between the development of emotions and emotion regulation leads to the emergence of increasing cultural differences throughout the course of ontogenesis.
Emotion is an Entity at Both Biological and Ecological Levels: The Ghost in the Machine is Language
Authors: Buck Ross
Published: July 2010

In “Emergent Ghosts of the Emotion Machine,” James Coan neglects emotion displays involved in social communication and activity in central neurochemical systems associated with drug-induced changes in feelings and desires. Also, he fails to recognize that emotions are not rigidly bound to action tendencies, but rather have evolved internal signals to afford flexibility of response. Emotion indices naturally lack close coordination because different aspects—physiological arousal, expressive display, subjective experience—are differentially accessible to the responder and interaction partner, and therefore undergo different social learning histories. Emotions are entities both at the biological level, involving special-purpose primes, and at the ecological level, involving displays reflecting communicative demands characteristic of a species. Language, not emotion, is the ghost in the machine.
Emergent Ghosts in the Developmental Machine
Authors: Camras Linda A.
Published: July 2010

Coan’s article persuasively argues for an emergent variable model of emotion. This commentary highlights one version of such an approach that has been adopted by some developmental researchers, the dynamical systems perspective.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Emotion
Authors: Coan James A.
Published: July 2010

In this article I respond to commentaries of my review of latent versus emergent variable models of emotion. I note that Ross Buck’s view of emotion as stated in his commentary largely endorses an emergent variable model. Drawing from Dynamical Systems Theory, Camras frames the emergent variable model as softly-assembled attractor states. This implies that emotions are “fuzzy sets” of indicators that vary in the degree to which they indicate an emergent emotional state. Calvo offers affective computing as a method of evaluating indicators according to their incremental contribution to predicting human emotional responses. This innovative perspective holds a great deal of promise. Ultimately, I hope that this discussion has contributed to the field's understanding of emotion and emotional processes.
Indicators for the monitoring of antibiotic use
Authors: Curtis CE
Published: July 2010

Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance have been related to increased rates of antibiotic prescribing. This paper describes the use of indicators to measure and compare antibiotic use and enable hospitals to benchmark their practice. The Defined Daily Dose measure may be combined with a number of denominators that quantify patient activity in order to correct for workload variations between hospitals. This may be combined with data from mandatory surveillance schemes for various infections to inform prescribing practice.
Specialist antimicrobial pharmacists
Authors: Jamieson CE , Woodford Guegan EM
Published: July 2010

Recent years have seen the development of specialist roles for hospital pharmacists within the sphere of infection management. This paper examines the background to this role, describes current activities and looks to future developments in this important area.
Development of new antimicrobials
Authors: Woodford Guegan EM
Published: July 2010

This paper describes the need for developing new antimicrobial drugs and outlines techniques used in the developmental process for new drugs. The second section details some of the newer antimicrobial agents that have been launched recently and those that are currently under development.
The pharmaceutical industry and development of antimicrobials
Authors: Woodford Guegan EM
Published: July 2010

Industrial pharmacists working within the pharmaceutical industry make an important contribution to the infection control agenda through their involvement in developing new medicines, including antimicrobial agents. This paper reviews the main activities of industrial pharmacists in the pharmaceutical industry and the developmental history of some notable antimicrobial drugs.
Sex Differences in Jealousy: Comparing the Influence of Previous Infidelity Among College Students and Adults
Authors: Tagler Michael J.
Published: July 2010

Many studies have found that traditionally aged college students differ in their relative distress when asked to imagine a partner’s sexual versus emotional infidelity. This study examined how real partner infidelity experiences among college students and older adults influence these responses, using both forced choice and continuous scales. Consistent with evolutionary theory, and regardless of previous real infidelity experiences, male college students were more likely to be distressed by hypothetical partner sexual infidelity, whereas female college students were more distressed by emotional infidelity. In contrast, infidelity experience moderated adult responses. As hypothesized, sex differences were found only among adults who had not previously experienced real partner infidelity.
Fc-engineered anti-CD40 antibody enhances multiple effector functions and exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity against hematologic malignancies
Authors: Horton Holly M. , Bernett Matthew J. , Peipp Matthias , Pong Erik , Karki Sher , Chu Seung Y. , Richards John O. , Chen Hsing , Repp Roland , Desjarlais John R. , Zhukovsky Eugene A.
Published: July 2010

CD40 is highly expressed on various B-lineage malignancies and represents an attractive immunotherapy target for neoplastic disease. Previous work showed that engineering the Fc domain of an antibody for increased binding to Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) significantly enhanced Fc-mediated immune effector function and antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. We developed a humanized anti-CD40 antibody similarly Fc-engineered for increased FcγR binding (XmAbCD40) and compared its efficacy with that of an anti-CD40 native IgG1 analog and the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. XmAbCD40 increased antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) up to 150-fold relative to anti-CD40 IgG1 against B-lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma cell lines, and significantly enhanced ADCC against primary tumors. XmAbCD40 was also superior to rituximab in enhancing ADCC (both in cell lines and primary tumors) and in augmenting antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. XmAbCD40 significantly inhibited lymphoma growth in disseminated and established mouse xenografts and was more effective than the IgG1 analog or rituximab. An anti-CD40 antibody constructed to abrogate FcγR binding showed no reduction of tumor growth, indicating that the in vivo antitumor activity of XmAbCD40 is primarily mediated via FcγR-dependent mechanisms. These data demonstrate that XmAbCD40 displays potent antitumor efficacy and merits further evaluation for the treatment of CD40+ malignancies.