bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is climate an important driver of post‐European vegetation change in the Eastern United States?
Authors: Nowacki Gregory J. , Abrams Marc D.
Published: June 2014

Many ecological phenomena combine to direct vegetation trends over time, with climate and disturbance playing prominent roles. To help decipher their relative importance during Euro‐American times, we employed a unique approach whereby tree species/genera were partitioned into temperature, shade tolerance, and pyrogenicity classes and applied to comparative tree‐census data. Our megadata analysis of 190 datasets determined the relative impacts of climate vs. altered disturbance regimes for various biomes across the eastern United States. As the Euro‐American period (ca. 1500 to today) spans two major climatic periods, from Little Ice Age to the Anthropocene, vegetation changes consistent with warming were expected. In most cases, however, European disturbance overrode regional climate, but in a manner that varied across the Tension Zone Line. To the north, intensive and expansive early European disturbance resulted in the ubiquitous loss of conifers and large increases ofAcer, Populus,andQuercusin northern hardwoods, whereas to the south, these disturbances perpetuated the dominance ofQuercusin central hardwoods.Acerincreases and associated mesophication inQuercus‐Pinussystems were delayed until mid 20th century fire suppression. This led to significant warm to cool shifts in temperature class where cool‐adaptedAcer saccharumincreased and temperature neutral changes where warm‐adaptedAcer rubrumincreased. In both cases, these shifts were attributed to fire suppression rather than climate change. Because mesophication is ongoing, eastern US forests formed during the catastrophic disturbance era followed by fire suppression will remain in climate disequilibrium into the foreseeable future. Overall, the results of our study suggest that altered disturbance regimes rather than climate had the greatest influence on vegetation composition and dynamics in the eastern United States over multiple centuries. Land‐use change often trumped or negated the impacts of warming climate, and needs greater recognition in climate change discussions, scenarios, and model interpretations.
Estimation of vegetation photosynthetic capacity from space‐based measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence for terrestrial biosphere models
Authors: Zhang Yongguang , Guanter Luis , Berry Joseph A. , Joiner Joanna , van der Tol Christiaan , Huete Alfredo , Gitelson Anatoly , Voigt Maximilian , Köhler Philipp
Published: June 2014

Photosynthesis simulations by terrestrial biosphere models are usually based on the Farquhar's model, in which the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) is a key control parameter of photosynthetic capacity. Even though Vcmax is known to vary substantially in space and time in response to environmental controls, it is typically parameterized in models with tabulated values associated to plant functional types. Remote sensing can be used to produce a spatially continuous and temporally resolved view on photosynthetic efficiency, but traditional vegetation observations based on spectral reflectance lack a direct link to plant photochemical processes. Alternatively, recent space‐borne measurements of sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) can offer an observational constraint on photosynthesis simulations. Here, we show that top‐of‐canopy SIF measurements from space are sensitive to Vcmax at the ecosystem level, and present an approach to invert Vcmax from SIF data. We use the Soil‐Canopy Observation of Photosynthesis and Energy (SCOPE) balance model to derive empirical relationships between seasonal Vcmax and SIF which are used to solve the inverse problem. We evaluate our Vcmax estimation method at six agricultural flux tower sites in the midwestern US using spaced‐based SIF retrievals. Our Vcmax estimates agree well with literature values for corn and soybean plants (average values of 37 and 101 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively) and show plausible seasonal patterns. The effect of the updated seasonally varying Vcmax parameterization on simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) is tested by comparing to simulations with fixed Vcmax values. Validation against flux tower observations demonstrate that simulations of GPP and light use efficiency improve significantly when our time‐resolved Vcmax estimates from SIF are used, with R2 for GPP comparisons increasing from 0.85 to 0.93, and for light use efficiency from 0.44 to 0.83. Our results support the use of space‐based SIF data as a proxy for photosynthetic capacity and suggest the potential for global, time‐resolved estimates of Vcmax.
Nitrogen deposition contributes to soil acidification in tropical ecosystems
Authors: Lu Xiankai , Mao Qinggong , Gilliam Frank S. , Luo Yiqi , Mo Jiangming
Published: June 2014

Elevated anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition has greatly altered terrestrial ecosystem functioning, threatening ecosystem health via acidification and eutrophication in temperate and boreal forests across the northern hemisphere. However, response of forest soil acidification to N deposition has been less studied in humid tropics compared to other forest types. This study was designed to explore impacts of long‐term N deposition on soil acidification processes in tropical forests. We have established a long‐term N‐deposition experiment in an N‐rich lowland tropical forest of Southern China since 2002 with N addition as NH4NO3 of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha−1 yr−1. We measured soil acidification status and element leaching in soil drainage solution after 6‐year N addition. Results showed that our study site has been experiencing serious soil acidification and was quite acid‐sensitive showing high acidification (pH(H2O)<4.0), negative water‐extracted acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and low base saturation (BS,< 8%) throughout soil profiles. Long‐term N addition significantly accelerated soil acidification, leading to depleted base cations and decreased BS, and further lowered ANC. However, N addition did not alter exchangeable Al3+, but increased cation exchange capacity (CEC). Nitrogen addition‐induced increase in SOC is suggested to contribute to both higher CEC and lower pH. We further found that increased N addition greatly decreased soil solution pH at 20 cm depth, but not at 40 cm. Furthermore, there was no evidence that Al3+ was leaching out from the deeper soils. These unique responses in tropical climate likely resulted from: exchangeable H+ dominating changes of soil cation pool, an exhausted base cation pool, N‐addition stimulating SOC production, and N saturation. Our results suggest that long‐term N addition can contribute measurably to soil acidification, and that shortage of Ca and Mg should receive more attention than soil exchangeable Al in tropical forests with elevated N deposition in the future.
Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition on fatty acid molecular and isotope composition of above‐ and belowground tree biomass and forest soil fractions
Authors: Griepentrog Marco , Eglinton Timothy I. , Hagedorn Frank , Schmidt Michael W. I. , Wiesenberg Guido L. B.
Published: June 2014

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and reactive nitrogen (N) concentrations have been increasing due to human activities and impact the global carbon (C) cycle by affecting plant photosynthesis and decomposition processes in soil. Large amounts of C are stored in plants and soils, but the mechanisms behind the stabilization of plant‐ and microbial‐derived organic matter (OM) in soils are still under debate and it is not clear how N deposition affects soil OM dynamics. Here, we studied the effects of 4 years of elevated (13C‐depleted) CO2 and N deposition in forest ecosystems established in open‐top chambers on composition and turnover of fatty acids (FAs) in plants and soils. FAs served as biomarkers for plant‐ and microbial‐derived OM in soil density fractions. We analyzed above‐ and belowground plant biomass of beech and spruce trees as well as soil density fractions for the total organic C and FA molecular and isotope (δ13C) composition. FAs did not accumulate relative to total organic C in fine mineral fractions, showing that FAs are not effectively stabilized by association with soil minerals. The δ13C values of FAs in plant biomass increased under high N deposition. However, the N effect was only apparent under elevated CO2 suggesting a N limitation of the system. In soil fractions, only isotope compositions of short‐chain FAs (C16+18) were affected. Fractions of ‘new’ (experimental‐derived) FAs were calculated using isotope depletion in elevated CO2 plots and decreased from free light to fine mineral fractions. ‘New’ FAs were higher in short‐chain compared to long‐chain FAs (C20−30), indicating a faster turnover of short‐chain compared to long‐chain FAs. Increased N deposition did not significantly affect the quantity of ‘new’ FAs in soil fractions, but showed a tendency of increased amounts of ‘old’ (pre‐experimental) C suggesting that decomposition of ‘old’ C is retarded by high N inputs.
Strong Influences of Melting Time and Tm3+ Concentration on Blue Up‐Conversion Photoluminescence for Tm3+/Yb3+ Co‐Doped TeO2–TlO0.5–ZnO Glass
Authors: Uchida Masayuki , Hayakawa Tomokatsu , Suhara Toshiki , Duclère Jean‐Rene , Thomas Philippe
Published: June 2014

In this study, by a conventional melt quenching method, we synthesized novel up‐conversion phosphors of 60TeO2–30TlO0.5–(9−x)ZnO–xTm2O3–1Yb2O3 (x = 0.1–0.5) glasses, whose system was recently developed in our collaborative group, and their blue up‐conversion photoluminescence (UCPL) of Tm3+ ions via three‐step energy transfer from near‐infrared (NIR) sensitizer of Yb3+ ions was observed. In particular, the substantial rate of the energy transfer <γd5> in the third step from Yb3+ to Tm3+ under excitation at 975 nm, which determined the final blue UCPL intensity, was estimated as a function of the rare‐earth concentration. With an aid of analytical methods of PL lifetime and Judd–Ofelt theory, it was revealed that the highest energy transfer rate <γd5> was achieved to be 2.07 × 10−17 cm3/s for x = 0.2, and further increasing Tm2O3 content x in the fixed Yb2O3 resulted in the decrease in the energy transfer rate <γd5>. One of the plausible causes was concentration quenching of Yb3+ ions. The other was back‐transfer from Tm3+ to Yb3+ ions. The influence of the condition of glass synthesis and the melting time on <γd5> was also discussed.
Role of individual's T‐cell immunome in controlling HIV‐1 progression
Authors: Grifoni Alba , Montesano Carla , Palma Paolo , Giovannetti Marta , Castelli‐Gattinara Guido , Ciccozzi Massimo , Mattei Maurizio , Mancino Giorgio , Salerno Alfredo , Colizzi Vittorio , Amicosante Massimo
Published: June 2014

Viral and host factors can influence HIV‐1 progression, among them human leucocyte antigen (HLA) has shown the strongest effect. However, studies on the functional contribution of HLA in controlling HIV progression toward AIDS are limited by multiple issues, including the viral strain variability within the study subjects. In this study, in a cohort of children infected with a monophyletic strain (CRF02_AG) during an outbreak, we evaluated the HIV‐1 Gag, Vif, Vpr, Tat and hepatitis C virus E1/E2 (as control) proteins circulating in a cohort for the capability to be presented by the HLA molecules in the same population. A total of 70 Non‐progressors and 37 Progressors to AIDS were evaluated. In the presence of a constant capability of HIV‐1 to mutate in the region containing epitopes of Gag protein, the number of epitopes recognized in silico by the combination of the HLA alleles along the Gag consensus sequence is significantly higher in the Non‐progressors compared with Progressors (HLA‐A: Non‐progressors = 1·532 ± 1·211, Progressors = 0·7714± 1·031, P = 0·0016; HLA‐B: Non‐progressors = 1·556 ± 1·298, Progressors = 1·000 ± 0·817, P = 0·0319; HLA‐DR: Non‐progressors = 13·30± 9·488, Progressors = 7·294 ± 6·952, P = 0·0006). Similar results were obtained for the other HIV‐1 proteins Vif and Vpr, whereas no differences were obtained in the number of epitopes for the hepatitis C virus E1/E2 protein sequence or for the scrambled HIV‐1 sequence. Finally, the results were confirmed also in a subgroup of subjects where both HLA typing and Gag sequence were available. In conclusion, in the absence of bias due to viral strain diversity, it is the overall fitting of the HLA molecules that are capable of better binding HIV‐1 proteins in determining the major role in the control of HIV‐1 replication and progression to AIDS.
Trends in parent‐ and teacher‐rated emotional, conduct and ADHD problems and their impact in prepubertal children in Great Britain: 1999–2008
Authors: Sellers Ruth , Maughan Barbara , Pickles Andrew , Thapar Anita , Collishaw Stephan
Published: June 2014

Background

Evidence from Western countries indicates marked increases in diagnosis and treatment of childhood psychiatric disorders in recent years. These could reflect changes in prevalence of mental health problems, changes in their impact or increased clinical recognition and help‐seeking. Epidemiological cross‐cohort comparisons are required to test possible changes in prevalence, but are lacking for pre‐adolescent children in Great Britain.

Methods

Parent and teacher Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) ratings were used to compare rates of emotional, conduct and hyperactivity problems in 7‐year‐old children across three nationally representative British samples assessed in 1999 (n = 1033), 2004 (n = 648) and 2008 (n = 13 857). The SDQ impact supplement was used to assess associated distress, social, and educational impairment. Stratified analyses examined trends by gender and socio‐economic group.

Results

There was a decline in mean problem scores and a fall in the percentages scoring in the ‘abnormal’ range for all symptom types across the period of study. This decline was observed for all demographic groups, for parent and teacher reports, and was more marked for boys than girls. Both parent‐ and teacher‐rated impact scores differed across the three cohorts for boys. Teacher‐rated impact scores differed across cohorts for girls.

Conclusions

The first decade of the 21st Century saw a reduction in perceived levels of emotional and behaviour problems in pre‐adolescent children in Great Britain. The threshold at which mental health problems have an impact on children's distress and classroom learning has changed over time. Continued monitoring of child mental health remains a priority.
A systematic review of CAD/CAM fit restoration evaluations
Authors: Boitelle P. , Mawussi B. , Tapie L. , Fromentin O.
Published: June 2014

The evolution and development of CAD/CAM systems have led to the production of prosthetic reconstructions by going beyond the use of traditional techniques. Precision adjustment of prosthetic elements is considered essential to ensure sustainable restoration and dental preparation. The purpose of this article was to summarise the current literature on the fitting quality of fixed prostheses obtained by CAD/CAM technology.
Periconceptional undernutrition increases quantity and quality of oocyte population, but not cognitive or emotional response of 60‐day‐old lambs
Authors: Abecia J. A. , Casao A. , Pascual‐Alonso M. , Lobón S. , Aguayo‐Ulloa L. A. , Forcada F. , Meikle A. , Sosa C. , Marín R. H. , Silva M. A. , Maria G. A.
Published: June 2014

Maternal periconceptional undernutrition is associated with altered development and increased risks of adverse outcomes in the offspring. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of periconceptional undernutrition on behavioural and reproductive aspects of the offspring. Fifty ewes were synchronized in oestrus (day 0) and allocated to two groups (n = 25) to be fed diets that provided 1.5 (C) or 0.5 (L) times the requirements for maintenance until day 15. Ewes were mated and fed the control diet from day 16 until lambing. Two months after lambing, 26 lambs were exposed to tests to determine their cognitive/emotional responses. Six ewe lambs were euthanized and in vitro oocyte maturation and fertilization procedures performed. The experimental diets produced no changes of mean live weight (LW) of C ewes, L ewes presenting a reduction in their initial LW with significant differences at day 15, in comparison with C ewes (p < 0.05). L ewes experienced a significant reduction in their body condition (BC) in comparison with C ewes (p < 0.05). Fourteen days after the onset of the experimental diets, mean LW and BC of L ewes was significantly lower than those of C ewes (p < 0.05). Undernourished ewes presented a trend to a reduction of prolificacy and fecundity (p < 0.10) in comparison with C ewes. Emotional and cognitive test revealed a similar response between groups. Ewe lambs from the undernourished ewes presented a population of oocytes 1.7 times higher than ovaries from control ewe lambs (66.0 ± 0.73 vs. 113.7 ± 15.6 oocytes; p < 0.05) and had more oocytes in the ‘good’ (p < 0.05) and ‘healthy’ (p < 0.05) categories. In conclusion, a low plane of nutrition around conception significantly increases quantity and quality of the oocyte population of 60‐day‐old female descendants. Modifications of the cognitive and emotional responses of the progeny have not been evidenced.
Density, porosity, mineralogy, and internal structure of cosmic dust and alteration of its properties during high‐velocity atmospheric entry
Authors: Kohout T. , Kallonen A. , Suuronen J.‐P. , Rochette P. , Hutzler A. , Gattacceca J. , Badjukov D. D. , Skála R. , Böhmová V. , Čuda J.
Published: June 2014

X‐ray microtomography (XMT), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and magnetic hysteresis measurements were used to determine micrometeorite internal structure, mineralogy, crystallography, and physical properties at μm resolution. The study samples include unmelted, partially melted (scoriaceous), and completely melted (cosmic spherules) micrometeorites. This variety not only allows comparison of the mineralogy and porosity of these three micrometeorite types but also reveals changes in meteoroid properties during atmospheric entry at various velocities. At low entry velocities, meteoroids do not melt and their physical properties do not change. The porosity of unmelted micrometeorites varies considerably (0–12%) with one friable example having porosity around 50%. At higher velocities, the range of meteoroid porosity narrows, but average porosity increases (to 16–27%) due to volatile evaporation and partial melting (scoriaceous phase). Metal distribution seems to be mostly unaffected at this stage. At even higher entry velocities, complete melting follows the scoriaceous phase. Complete melting is accompanied by metal oxidation and redistribution, loss of porosity (1 ± 1%), and narrowing of the bulk (3.2 ± 0.5 g cm−3) and grain (3.3 ± 0.5 g cm−3) density range. Melted cosmic spherules with a barred olivine structure show an oriented crystallographic structure, whereas other subtypes do not.
Constraints on interpretation of the Eltanin impact from numerical simulations
Authors: Shuvalov Valery , Gersonde Rainer
Published: June 2014

The results of numerical simulations of the Eltanin impact are combined with the available geological data in order to reconstruct the impact dynamics and to get some constraints on the impact parameters. Numerical simulations show that the Eltanin projectile size should be less than 2 km for a 45° oblique impact and less than 1.5 km for a vertical impact. On the other hand, we demonstrate that the projectile diameter cannot be considerably smaller than 1 km; otherwise, the impact‐induced water flow cannot transport eroded sediments across large distances. The maximum displacement approximately equals the water crater radius and rapidly decreases with increasing distances. Numerical simulations also show that ejecta deposits strongly depend on impact angle and projectile size and, therefore, cannot be used for reliable estimates of the initial projectile mass. The initial amplitudes of tsunami‐like waves are estimated. The presence of clay‐rich sediments, typical for the abyssal basins in cores PS2709 and PS2708 on the Freeden Seamounts (Bellingshausen Sea, Southern Ocean) combined with numerical data allow us to suggest a probable point of impact to the east of the seamounts. The results do not exclude the possibility that a crater in the ocean bottom may exist, but such a structure has not been found yet.
An intrinsic volatility scale relevant to the Earth and Moon and the status of water in the Moon
Authors: Albarède Francis , Albalat Emmanuelle , Lee Cin‐Ty A.
Published: June 2014

The notion of a dry Moon has recently been challenged by the discovery of high water contents in lunar apatites and in melt inclusions within olivine crystals from two pyroclastic glasses. The highest and most compelling water contents were found in pyroclastic glasses that are not very common on the lunar surface. To obtain more representative constraints on the volatile content of the lunar interior, we measured the Zn content, a moderately volatile element, of mineral and rock fragments in lunar soils collected during Apollo missions. We here confirm that the Moon is significantly more depleted in Zn than the Earth. Combining Zn with existing K and Rb data on similar rocks allows us to anchor a new volatility scale based on the bond energy of nonsiderophile elements in their condensed phases. Extrapolating the volatility curve to H shows that the bulk of the lunar interior must be dry (≤1 ppm). This contrasts with the water content of the mantle sources of pyroclastic glasses, inferred to contain up to approximately 40 ppm water based on H2O/Ce ratios. These observations are best reconciled if the pyroclastic glasses derive from localized water‐rich heterogeneities in a dominantly dry lunar interior. We argue that, although late addition of 0.015% of a chondritic veneer to the Moon seems required to explain the abundance of platinum group elements (Day et al. 2007), the volatile content of the added material was clearly heterogeneous.
Oral histories in meteoritics and planetary science—XXV: Vagn F. Buchwald
Authors: Sears Derek W. G.
Published: June 2014

Vagn Buchwald (Fig. ) was born in Copenhagen where he attended school and college. Then after 18 months of military service, he assumed a position at the Technical University of Copenhagen. A few years later, he was presented with a piece of the Cape York meteorite, which led to an interest in iron meteorites. Through a campaign of informed searching, Vagn found the 20 ton Agpalilik meteorite (part of the Cape York shower) on 31st July 1963 and by September 1967 had arranged its transport to Copenhagen. After sorting and describing the Danish collection, which included application of the Fe‐Ni‐P phase diagram to iron meteorite mineralogy, Vagn was invited to sort and describe other iron meteorite collections. This led to a 7 yr project to write his monumental Handbook of Iron Meteorites. Vagn spent 3 yr in the United States and visited most of the world's museums, the visit to Berlin being especially important since the war had left their iron meteorites in bad condition and without labels. During a further decade or more of iron meteorite research, he documented natural and anthropomorphic alterations experienced by iron meteorites, discovered five new minerals (roaldite, carlsbergite, akaganeite, hibbingite, and arupite); had a mineral (buchwaldite, NaCaPO4) and asteroid (3209 Buchwald 1982 BL1) named after him; and led expeditions to Chile, Namibia, and South Africa in search of iron meteorites and information on them. Vagn then turned his attention to archeological metal artifacts. This work resulted in many papers and culminated in two major books on the subject published in 2005 and 2008, after his retirement in 1998. Vagn Buchwald has received numerous Scandinavian awards and honors, and served as president of the Meteoritical Society in 1981–1982.
Characterization of resistance to Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 in cultivated and wild potato species accessions from the Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry
Authors: Limantseva Ludmila , Mironenko Nina , Shuvalov Oleg , Antonova Olga , Khiutti Alexandr , Novikova Lubov , Afanasenko Olga , Spooner David , Gavrilenko Tatjana
Published: June 2014

Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) collected in six localities in the Leningrad region of North West Russia were identified as Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 and were used for subsequent resistance tests. Seventy‐nine accessions of cultivated and closely related wild potato species from the VIR collection in Russia were screened on resistance to G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 and on the presence of molecular markers for H1 and Gro1‐4 resistance genes. No associations were detected between the resistance level of diploid and tetraploid Andean and tetraploid Chilean potato landraces (indigenous cultivars) and their related wild species and their geographical distribution or presence of PCR‐based markers that are associated with the H1 and Gro1‐4 genes. At the same time, all susceptible genotypes lacked such markers. New sources of resistance were found and could be used in breeding.
Digestive physiology of spiny lobsters: implications for formulated diet development
Authors: Perera Erick , Simon Cedric
Published: June 2014

The development of cost‐effective and nutritionally adequate formulated feeds is a key step for developing sustainable technologies for new aquaculture species. There has been many research effort for over 30 years on feed development for spiny lobsters, but amazingly, poor performance of formulated feeds remains one of the major obstacles to progressing commercial aquaculture of these crustaceans. This is partially due to a lack of information on how spiny lobsters digest and assimilate formulated feeds. The aim of this review is to integrate recent information on the digestive physiology of spiny lobsters to identify areas where further studies are needed for advancing to more physiologically tailored formulated feeds. Increasing the efficiency of mechanical and chemical digestion is imperative for better digestion of formulated feeds. This is likely to be achieved by improving feed format, reducing the particle size of ingredients, using digestible binders, preprocessing or selecting more soluble macronutrients and supplementing feeds with additives such as pH buffers, emulsifying agents and/or exogenous enzymes. Future research needs to adopt a holistic approach for investigating the digestive processes in spiny lobsters by focusing on digestion as well as downstream processes. The protein‐sparing effect of lipids and carbohydrates on spiny lobster metabolism is of a particular significance as the spiny lobster metabolism is strongly directed towards the use of protein. This review provides important insights, practical solutions and key research directions to improve both our understanding of spiny lobster digestive physiology and the performance of formulated feeds for spiny lobsters.
Ore‐Forming Fluids as Sampled by Sulfide‐ and Quartz‐Hosted Fluid Inclusions in the Jinwozi Lode Gold Deposit, Eastern Tianshan Mountains of China
Authors: Pan Xiaofei , Liu Wei , Hou Zengqian
Published: June 2014

The Jinwozi lode gold deposit in the eastern Tianshan Mountains of China includes auriferous quartz veins and network quartz veins that are exemplified by the Veins 3 and 210, respectively. This paper presents H‐, O‐isotope compositions and gas compositions of fluid inclusions hosted in sulfides and quartz, and S‐, Pb‐isotope compositions of sulfide separates collected from the principal Stage 2 ores in Veins 3 and 210. Fluid inclusions trapped in quartz and sphalerite are pseudo‐secondary and primary. They were trapped from the fluids during the successive or alternate precipitation of quartz with sulfides. H‐ and O‐isotope compositions of fluid inclusion of three pyrite and one quartz separates from Vein 210 plot within the field of degassed melt, which is evidence for the incorporation of magmatic fluid as well with some possibility of contribution of metamorphic water to the hydrothermal system since the two datasets show a higher oxygen isotopic ratio than those of degassed melt. However, δD and δ18O values of fluid inclusions hosted in sulfides and quartz from Vein 3 are distinctly lower than those from Vein 210. In addition, salinities of fluid inclusion from Vein 3, approximately 3 to 6 wt% NaCl equivalent, are considerably lower than those from Vein 210, which are approximately 8 to 14 wt% NaCl equivalent. Ore‐forming fluids of Veins 3 and 210 have migrated through the relatively high and low levels in the imbricate‐thrust column where rock deformation is characterized by dilatancy or ductile–brittle transition, respectively. Therefore, the ore‐forming fluid of Vein 3 is interpreted to have mixed with greater amounts of meteoric‐derived groundwater than that of Vein 210. Fluid inclusions hosted in sulfides contain considerably higher abundances of gaseous species of CO2, N2, H2S, and so on, than those hosted in quartz. Many of these gaseous species exhibit linear correlations with H2O. These linear trends are interpreted in terms of mixing between magmatic fluid and groundwater. The relative enrichment of gaseous species in fluid inclusions hosted in sulfides, coupled with the banded ore structure, suggests that the magmatic fluid was involved with the ore‐forming fluid in pulsation. Lead isotope compositions of 21 pyrite and galena separates form a linear trend, suggesting mixing of metallic materials from diverse reservoirs. The δ34S values of pyrite and galena range from +5.6‰ to +7.9‰ and from +3.1‰ to +6.3‰, respectively, indicating sulfur of the Jinwozi deposit has been leached mainly from the granodiorite and partly from the Jinwozi Formation by the circulating ore‐forming fluid.
Geochemical Characteristics, Origin, and Evolution of Ore‐Forming Fluids of the Khut Copper Skarn Deposit, West of Yazd in Central Iran
Authors: Zahedi Azam , Boomeri Mohammad , Nakashima Kazuo , Mackizadeh Mohammad Ali , Ban Masao , Lentz David R.
Published: June 2014

The Khut copper skarn deposit is located at about 50 km northwest of Taft City in Yazd province in the middle part of the Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic arc. Intrusion of granitoid of Oligocene–Miocene age into carbonate rocks of the Triassic Nayband Formation led to the formation of marble and a calcic skarn. The marble contains high grade Cu mineralization that occurs mainly as open space filling and replacement. Cu‐rich sulfide samples from the mineralized marble are also anomalous in Au, Zn, and Pb. In contrast, the calcic skarn is only weakly anomalous in Cu and W. The calcic skarn is divided into garnet skarn and garnet–pyroxene skarn zones. Paragenetic relationships and microthermometric data from fluid inclusions in garnet and calcite indicate that the compositional evolution of skarn minerals occurred in three main stages as follows. (i) The early prograde stage, which is characterized by Mg‐rich hedenbergite (Hd53.7Di42.3–Hd86.1Di9.5) with Al‐bearing andradite (69.8–99.5 mol% andradite). The temperature in the early prograde skarn varies from 400 to 500°C at 500 bar. (ii) The late prograde stage is manifested by almost pure andradite (96.2–98.4 mol% andradite). Based on the fluid inclusion data from garnet, fluid temperature and salinity in this stage is estimated to vary from 267 to 361°C and from 10.1 to 21.1 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Pyrrhotite precipitation started during this stage. (iii) The retrograde stage occurs in an exoskarn, which consists of an assemblage of ferro‐actinolite, quartz, calcite, epidote, chlorite, sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite that partially replaces earlier mineral assemblages under hydrostatic conditions during fracturing of the early skarn. Fluids in calcite yielded lower temperatures (T < 260°C) and fluid salinity declined to ∼8 wt% NaCl equivalent. The last stage mineralization in the deposit is supergene weathering/alteration represented by the formation of iron hydroxide, Cu‐carbonate, clay minerals, and calcite. Sulfur isotope data of chalcopyrite (δ34S of +1.4 to +5.2‰) show an igneous sulfur source. Mineralogy and mineral compositions of the prograde assemblage of the Khut skarn are consistent with deposition under intermediately oxidized and slightly lower fS2 conditions at shallow crustal levels compared with those of other typical Fe‐bearing Cu–Au skarn systems.
Application of ASTER and Landsat TM Data for Geological Mapping of Esfandagheh Ophiolite Complex, Southern Iran
Authors: Pournamdari Mohsen , Hashim Mazlan , Pour Amin Beiranvand
Published: June 2014

This research developed an approach to enable the discrimination of lithological units and detection of host rock of chromitite bodies within ophiolitic complexes using the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) and Landsat thematic mapper (TM) satellite data. Three main ophiolite complexes located in southern Iran were selected for the study. A specialized band ratio (4/1, 4/5, 4/7) of ASTER, minimum noise fraction (MNF) components and spectral angle mapper (SAM) on ASTER and Landsat TM data were used to distinguish ophiolitic rock units. Results show that the specialized band ratio was able to identify different rock units and serpentinized dunite as host rock of chromitites within ophiolitic complexes. Minimum noise fraction components of ASTER and Landsat TM data are suitable for distinguishing ophiolitic rock complexes at a regional scale. The integration of SAM and feature level fusion used in this investigation discriminated the ophiolitic rock units and provided geological map for the study area, including identification of high potential areas (serpentinite dunite) for chromite exploration targets.
Re–Os Isotopic Age of the Hongqiling Cu–Ni Sulfide Deposit in Jilin Province, NE China and its Geological Significance
Authors: Han Chunming , Xiao Wenjiao , Zhao Guochun , Su Benxun , Ao Songjian , Zhang Jien , Wan Bo , Wang Zhongmei , Ding Jiaxin , Qu Wenjun , Du Andao
Published: June 2014

The Hongqiling Cu–Ni sulfide deposit in central Jilin Province is located in the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Rhenium and osmium isotopes in sulfide minerals from the deposit are used to determine the timing of mineralization and the source of osmium, and ore metals. Sulfide ore samples have osmium and rhenium concentrations of 0.28–1.07 ppb and 2.39–13.17 ppb, respectively. Ten analyses yield an isochron age of 223 ± 9 Ma, indicating that the Cu–Ni sulfide deposit in the area formed in the Triassic. The initial 187Os/188Os ratio is around 0.295 ± 0.019 (MSWD = 1.14) and the δ34S values of sulfide ores vary from −1.50 to +3.00‰. These data indicate that the mineralizing materials were derived mainly from a mantle with some quantities of crustal components introduced into the rock‐forming and ore‐forming systems during mineralization and magmatic emplacement.
Characterization of Secondary Native Selenium in the Yutangba Se Deposit, Western Hubei, China
Authors: Liu Jiajun , Cao Ye , Carranza Emmanuel John M. , Feng Caixia , Zhai Degao , Wang Jianping , Li Jingxian
Published: June 2014

Secondary native Se minerals that are appreciably coarser grained and vary morphologically than primary native Se minerals were observed in the abandoned dumps of the No. 3 and No. 4 orebodies of the Yutangba Se deposit, western Hubei Province, China. The secondary native Se minerals exhibit three crystal forms, namely prismatic, tabular, and granular. Based on geochemical and mineralogical data, the secondary native Se minerals are interpreted to have resulted from natural oxidation of selenide minerals in the primary Se ores, or from vaporization of Se caused by burning of “stone coal” (a highly carbonaceous mudstone) during the production of lime. The occurrence of secondary native Se minerals in the deposit would be helpful not only to further study on mineralogy, ore geochemistry and environmental geochemistry of Se, but also to improve the technology of reclaiming Se from the black rock series.
Complex symptomatology among young women who present with stress‐related problems
Authors: Strömbäck Maria , Wiklund Maria , Salander Renberg Ellinor , Malmgren‐Olsson Eva‐Britt
Published: June 2014

Introduction

In Scandinavia and globally, mental health and stress‐related problems among adolescent girls and young women are public health concerns that need attention. The aim of this study was to investigate mental health and somatic symptoms with a special focus on internalised problems, self‐image and body‐mind aspects of body perception in a group of adolescent girls and young women presenting with stress‐related problems at a youth‐friendly Swedish health centre, and to compare them with normative and clinical reference groups.

Methods

The participants were 47 adolescent girls and young women, aged 17–25 years. The adult self‐report (ASR), social analysis of social behaviour (SASB) and body perception questionnaire (BPQ) were used to measure multiple symptom areas.

Results

Compared to reference groups, adolescent girls and young women report complex symptomatology with high levels of internalised problems such as anxiousness, depression and somatic complaints. This manifested in attention problems, negative self‐image and perceived bodily discomfort and distrust.

Conclusion

Adolescent girls and young women emerging into adulthood present complex symptomatology of stress‐related problems. This study gathered valuable information about their symptoms when they were seeking help. These young women showed higher symptom frequency than normative groups, and similar or higher symptom frequency than other clinical groups. Our findings of internalised and cognitive problems, including impaired self‐image and body perceptions, point to the need for preventive strategies and tailored multidisciplinary interventions involving body‐based methods to meet this complexity. Using tenets of stress theory, the complex symptomatology may be understood as logical responses to overwhelming stimuli and demands that exceed their ability to cope and disturb their ‘equilibrium’. However, the complex gendered interplays between various external/internal stressors and a broad range of stress responses and health outcomes need further study in a long‐term perspective.
Power to the patient: care tracks and empowerment a recipe for improving rehabilitation for hip fracture patients
Authors: Löfgren Susanne , Hedström Margareta , Ekström Wilhelmina , Lindberg Lene , Flodin Lena , Ryd Leif
Published: June 2014

Background/Aim

New surgical procedures, early operation and medical optimisation in patients with hip fracture have shown positive results on length of hospital stay. Our aims were to investigate whether patient empowerment along with an individually designed, postoperative rehabilitation programme could reduce length of hospital stay and whether the patients would have better chances to return to their previous living.

Design/Method

Patients were recruited during a 12‐month period 2009–2010, with an intervention group treated with an individually designed, postoperative rehabilitation programme and a control group treated in a traditional way according to the hospitals routines. Final assessment was performed 4 month after surgery. The postoperative programme for the intervention group consisted of four standardised care tracks adapted individually for the patients. Assessments of Activity of Daily Living, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification of medical disease status and Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire and living conditions were used to determine which care track was most appropriate. The patients were cared for with focus of empowerment in their rehabilitation.

Results

The study involved 503 hip fracture patients, 285 patients in the intervention group and 218 patients in the control group. The mean length of stay was 4 days shorter in the intervention group than in the control group (p = 0.04). Varied only to a small extent between the age groups in the intervention group and was greater between the age groups in the control. Patients in the intervention group returned to their previous living in 90% compared with 80% in the control group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the age groups.

Conclusion

Patient empowerment administrated by specially trained nursing staff and with specialised, tailor‐made rehabilitation programme may be of benefit in helping patients to a shorter hospital stay and to return to their previous living.
Women's experiences of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a short‐term perspective – a qualitative content analysis
Authors: Dahlviken Rønnaug M. , Fridlund Bengt , Mathisen Lars
Published: June 2014

Background

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a reversible condition mimicking acute myocardial infarction. The phenomenon is associated with emotional and physical stressful trigger events. Evidence‐based patient counselling should be based on disease‐specific knowledge of patient experiences.

Aim

The aim of the study was to describe women's experiences of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a short‐term perspective.

Design

The study design was explorative and descriptive.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 14 women diagnosed with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, 1 day to 9 months after hospitalisation. The transcriptions underwent qualitative content analysis.

Findings

The main theme that emerged was Takotsubo cardiomyopathy as a continuous process of making sense and adapting. To begin with, understanding and coping with signs and symptoms were described as having a diversity of signs and symptoms, taking actions towards signs and symptoms, receiving treatment for suspected ST/non ST‐elevation myocardial infarction diagnosis and finally being diagnosed with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Understanding the context of illness was expressed as getting treated for Takotsubo cardiomyopathy diagnosis and having previous stressful conditions of life. The changing perspective that emanated was a combination of having prospects and expectations and experiencing limitations. Finally, managing to live with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was manifested as returning home with the illness and receiving follow‐up health care.

Conclusion

Information on regaining prior health status and capacity within a short‐term perspective may not be accurate. These women struggle and require education and counselling from healthcare professionals to comprehend and manage having a Takotsubo cardiomyopathy diagnosis. Women experiencing Takotsubo cardiomyopathy may be a target group for holistic and individual health care with a longer duration of follow‐up.
Export Performance, Invoice Currency and Heterogeneous Exchange Rate Pass‐through
Authors: Fabling Richard , Sanderson Lynda
Published: June 2014

Using comprehensive, shipment‐level merchandise trade data for a small, open economy, we examine heterogeneity in exporters' exchange rate pass‐through (ERPT) behaviour. We draw together two recent studies of ERPT, linking invoice currency decisions and firm performance to heterogeneity in ERPT. Like these studies, we find that the short‐run reaction of export unit values to exchange rate fluctuations is significantly related to both invoice currency choice and exporter characteristics when these are analysed separately. However, we then show that when the two factors are jointly accounted for, the role of exporter characteristics largely disappears. That is, some firm types are more inclined to invoice in the producer currency, while others use either the local or a vehicle currency. In the short run, this translates into differences in exchange rate pass‐through because of price rigidity in the invoice currency. Firm characteristics do not have an independent impact on pass‐through beyond their effect on currency composition. Differences across invoice currencies diminish over time, but do not disappear, as prices adjust to reflect bilateral exchange rate movements.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress‐mediated autophagy protects against lipopolysaccharide‐induced apoptosis in HL‐1 cardiomyocytes
Authors: Zou Xiaojing , Xu Jianjun , Yao Shanglong , Li Jian , Yang Yan , Yang Le
Published: June 2014

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Cardiac dysfunction in sepsis is associated with apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated cardiomyocytes? Does ER stress‐induced autophagy protect against LPS‐induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes? What is the mechanism in detail?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Our results indicate that ER stress is activated and mediates autophagy in LPS‐treated murine atrium‐derived cardiac HL‐1 cells. Protein kinase regulated by RNA‐like ER‐associated kinase (PERK), one arm of ER stress, is involved in protecting against LPS‐induced apoptosis of HL‐1 cells by promotion of autophagy.

Apoptosis of cardiomyocytes limits the contractile efficiency of the heart during sepsis. Prosurvival autophagy has been proposed as a novel mechanism to maintain normal heart function. Here, we demonstrated that autophagy was activated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated HL‐1 cells, and it counteracted the LPS‐induced apoptosis. We investigated further the mechanism by which LPS triggered autophagy in HL‐1 cells. We discovered that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress played an important role in LPS‐triggered autophagy. The ER activated a survival pathway through the ER‐localized transmembrane protein PERK, which was essential for LPS‐induced autophagy. Lipopolysaccharide increased expression of GRP78, phosphorylated PERK and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α. Similar results were observed after administration of tunicamycin, a well‐known ER stressor. Most importantly, we found that 4‐phenylbutyrate, an inhibitor of ER stress, suppressed LPS‐activated autophagy in the presence of LPS in HL‐1 cells. The same results were observed after small interfering RNA‐mediated silencing of PERK protein. We also noticed that LPS‐induced apoptosis appeared early, at 4 h. Our findings revealed that PERK, one arm of ER stress, facilitated survival of LPS‐treated HL‐1 cells by promoting autophagy, and could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate septic myocardial dysfunction.