bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Impact of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Arresting, Prosecuting, and Convicting Suspects of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Morrow Weston J. , Katz Charles M. , Choate David E.
Published: June 2016

The perceived benefits that generally accompany body-worn cameras (BWCs) include the ability to increase transparency and police legitimacy, improve behavior among both police officers and citizens, and reduce citizen complaints and police use of force. Less established in the literature, however, is the value of BWCs to aid in the arrest, prosecution, and conviction of intimate partner violence (IPV) offenders. We attempt to fill that void by examining the effect of pre- and post-camera deployment on a number of outcomes related to arrest, prosecution, and conviction. The findings provide initial evidence for the utility of BWCs in IPV cases. When compared with posttest non-camera cases, posttest camera cases were more likely to result in an arrest, have charges filed, have cases furthered, result in a guilty plea, and result in a guilty verdict at trial. These results have several implications for policing, prosecuting, and convicting IPV cases.
Effects of material heterogeneity on surface fatigue for rough lubricated rolling–sliding contacts
Authors: Morales-Espejel Guillermo E , Boffy Hugo , Venner CH
Published: June 2016

In view of increasingly severe operating conditions and the use of composite (strongly) heterogeneous materials, detailed modelling and optimisation methods are needed to predict the effects of subsurface material topology, either by design or resulting from inclusions and material anisotropy, on rolling-sliding contact fatigue life. In this paper, a method is proposed showing that such predictions can at present be obtained for realistic configurations on small-scale computers by integrating efficient numerical solution of the 3D displacement and stress field in the (heterogeneous) material with fast rough surface-lubricated contact models.

Contact pressures, subsurface stresses and surface fatigue effects are shown for cases of bonded individual or multiple (clusters) of statistically distributed inhomogeneities close to the surface in realistic actual rolling–sliding rough contact geometries. The model contributes to the development of optimised failure criteria for composite/heterogeneous materials close to the surface.
Putting a face and context on pediatric surgery cancelations
Authors: Vaughn Lisa M , DeJonckheere Melissa , Pratap Jayant Nick
Published: June 2016

Last-minute cancelation of planned surgery can have substantial psychological, social, and economic effects for patients/families and also leads to wastage of expensive health-care resources. In order to have a deeper understanding of the contextual, psychological, practical, and behavioral factors that potentially impact pediatric surgery cancelation, we conducted a qualitative study to create ‘personas’ or fictional portraits of parents who are likely to cancel surgery. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 21 parents of children who were considered ‘at risk’ for surgical cancelation and whose scheduled surgery was canceled at late notice. From the themes, patterns, and associated descriptive phrases in the data, we developed and validated five different personas of typical scenarios reflecting parent experiences with surgery and surgery cancelations. The personas are being employed to guide contextualized development of interventions tailored to prototypical families as they prepare and attend for surgery.
Creative precariousness, urban discontent and cultural networks: An introduction to a public lecture with Néstor García Canclini
Authors: Dinardi Cecilia
Published: June 2016

Following from a public lecture at City University London, the articles discuss the interface between creativity, urban transformation, precariousness and social networking. This introduction places the lecture within the framework of North–South academic exchanges and in relation to how Latin American cities are responding to the rise of the creative economy in urban policy development. The main article, written by Néstor García Canclini, provides the foundation for an anthropology of precariousness and creativity in the context of globalised urban discontent and the transformation of space through information technologies. Voicing classical cultural studies concerns about identities, economy, global imaginaries and political resistance, he examines the strategies and networks that young creative producers, cultural entrepreneurs and artists use to navigate contradictory transnational processes. The article offers a renewed critical perspective into creative urbanism, connecting local cultural practices with global processes of neoliberal economic restructuring, urban violence and social exclusion. In doing so, it delineates the possibilities for an emancipatory transformation of urban space in times of increasing uncertainty.
Disease burden attributed to alcohol: How methodological advances in the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study have changed the estimates in Sweden
Authors: Kellerborg Klas , Danielsson Anna-Karin , Allebeck Peter , Coates Matthew M. , Agardh Emilie
Published: June 2016

Aim: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study continuously refines its estimates as new data and methods become available. In the latest iteration of the study, GBD 2013, changes were made related to the disease burden attributed to alcohol. The aim of this study was to briefly present these changes and to compare the disease burden attributed to alcohol in Swedish men and women in 2010 using previous and updated methods. Methods: In the GBD study, the contribution of alcohol to the burden of disease is estimated by theoretically assessing how much of the disease burden can be avoided by reducing the consumption of alcohol to zero. The updated methods mainly consider improved measurements of alcohol consumption, including less severe alcohol dependence, assigning the most severe injuries and removing the protective effect of drinking on cardiovascular diseases if combined with binge drinking. Results: The overall disease burden attributed to alcohol in 2010 increased by 14% when using the updated methods. Women accounted for this overall increase, mainly because the updated methods led to an overall higher alcohol consumption in women. By contrast, the overall burden decreased in men, one reason being the lower overall alcohol consumption with the new methods. In men, the inclusion of less severe alcohol dependence resulted in a large decrease in the alcohol attributed disease burden. This was, however, evened out to a great extent by the increase in cardiovascular disease and injuries. Conclusions: When using the updated GBD methods, the overall disease burden attributed to alcohol increased in women, but not in men.
Green taxation theory in practice
Authors: Lawton Amy
Published: June 2016

In light of the increasing focus on Greenhouse Gases (GHG), this article seeks to put green tax theory into practice by analysing the 2012 reforms of the Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC). It is a scheme that targets high carbon-emitting organisations which do not fall within either the European Emissions Trading Scheme or the Climate Change Agreements. It is a scheme, therefore, that fills an important lacuna in the emissions reducing toolbox. Little academic attention has been spent considering the CRC, which started in 2010 and which has been accused of being an administrative burden on both participants and the regulator. The CRC has received extensive scrutiny from industry following a consultation in 2012 which proposed the simplifying reforms. The article considers both the principles of effective taxation, alongside a narrower study of effective green taxation and in doing so outlines four factors of an effective emissions tax: comprehensiveness, certainty of emissions reduction, flexibility and administrative costs. It is using these four factors that the author conducts a deep and thick analysis of the reforms, using a cost-benefit analysis approach, in order to determine whether the CRC has become a more efficient environmental tax.
The environmental implications of redistributive land reform
Authors: Combe Malcolm M.
Published: June 2016

Ownership of land is important for a number of reasons. One reason is the agenda-setting role the landowner has in terms of its use, which in turn has an impact on the environment. Environmental law plays a role in regulating the use of land, as do other devices such as planning law and private law controls including the law of nuisance. In the absence of such regulation the decisions of the owner are crucial. Land reform, by which it is meant the process that is geared towards the reallocation of property rights, either: changes who is invested with that crucial decision-making power; or influences the decision making of an existing owner, who might act in a way to negate any policy argument for reallocation of ownership. Both of these reactions can impact on the environment. How well are those impacts understood, and to what extent do they feature in the law-making process or the application of land reform measures? This article will use the contemporary Scottish scene, particularly its two land reform statutes of 2003 and 2016, to scrutinise where the environment sits in the land reform debate. This will provide an opportunity to assess the environmental implications of actual and forthcoming land reform measures where the environment has featured in a specific land reform process.
Allocating Personal Budgets/Grants to Carers
Authors: Mitchell Wendy , Glendinning Caroline
Published: June 2016

English policy and practice guidance recommends local authorities offer personal budgets to all adults eligible for social care support using transparent and equitable allocation systems which maximise choice and control for users. This includes family and other unpaid carers as carers in England are entitled to their own personal budget. The Care Act 2014 strengthens carers’ rights and places duties on authorities to assess and meet carers eligible support needs. However, little is known about how authorities assess and allocate resources to carers. This article explores this information gap drawing on data from a survey of English local authorities in two regions completed by carers lead officers and complemented by follow-up telephone interviews with a sub-sample of these officers.

Findings

Survey and interview results demonstrate wide practice variations around how social workers assess, calculate and distribute resources to carers. There is little uniformity across authorities. Carer eligibility criteria are used but thresholds vary and are often unclear. Most grants/personal budgets are allocated as single annual payments but how the level of these grant/personal budgets are calculated varies with little standardisation.

Applications

The article develops the evidence base surrounding resource allocation to carers through carer grants/personal budgets. Findings are timely as the Care Act 2014 will strengthen carers’ rights alongside the continuing personalisation of adult social care. Discussing local authority policy and practice around key objectives of equity, transparency and carer choice, implications for future social work practice and its development are considered in light of the Care Act 2014 .
A data-driven temperature compensation approach for Structural Health Monitoring using Lamb waves
Authors: Fendzi C , Rébillat M , Mechbal N , Guskov M , Coffignal G
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a temperature compensation method for Lamb wave structural health monitoring. The proposed approach considers a representation of the piezo-sensor signal through its Hilbert transform that allows one to extract the amplitude factor and the phase shift in signals caused by temperature changes. An ordinary least square (OLS) algorithm is used to estimate these unknown parameters. After estimating these parameters at each temperature in the operating range, linear functional relationships between the temperature and the estimated parameters are derived using the least squares method. A temperature compensation model is developed based on this linear relationship that allows one to reconstruct sensor signals at any arbitrary temperature. The proposed approach is validated numerically and experimentally for an anisotropic composite plate at different temperatures ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. A close match is found between the measured signals and the reconstructed ones. This approach is interesting as it needs only a limited set of piezo-sensor signals at different temperatures for model training and temperature compensation at any arbitrary temperature. Damage localization results after temperature compensation demonstrate its robustness and effectiveness.
Ecopsychosocial Interventions in Cognitive Decline and Dementia
Authors: Zeisel John , Reisberg Barry , Whitehouse Peter , Woods Robert , Verheul Ad
Published: June 2016

Dementia is a major medical and social scourge. Neither pharmacological nor nonpharmacological interventions and treatments have received sufficient funding to be meaningful in combatting this tsunami. Because the term—“nonpharmacological”—refers to what these interventions are not, rather than what they are, nonpharmacological treatments face a special set of challenges to be recognized, accepted, funded, and implemented. In some ways, the current situation is analogous to using the term “nonhate” to mean “love.” This article presents a carefully reasoned argument for using the terminology “ecopsychosocial” to describe the full range of approaches and interventions that fall into this category. These include interventions such as educational efforts with care partners, social support programs for individuals with various levels of dementia, efforts to improve community awareness of dementia, an intergenerational school where persons with dementia teach young children, and the design of residential and community settings that improve functioning and can reduce behavioral symptoms of dementia. The proposed terminology relates to the nature of the interventions themselves, rather than their outcomes, and reflects the broadest range of interventions possible under the present rubric—nonpharmacological. The goal of this new label is to be better able to compare interventions and their outcomes and to be able to see the connections between data sets presently not seen as fitting together, thereby encouraging greater focus on developing new ecopsychosocial interventions and approaches that can improve the lives of those with dementia, their care partners, and the broader society.
Cognitive Attentional Syndrome and Metacognitive Beliefs in Male Sexual Dysfunction: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Giuri Simona , Caselli Gabriele , Manfredi Chiara , Rebecchi Daniela , Granata Antonio , Ruggiero Giovanni Maria , Veronese Guido
Published: June 2016

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation (PE) are two forms of male sexual disorder with both psychological and physical features. While their cognitive, attentional, and affective components have been investigated separately, there is a lack of knowledge about the role played by cognitive attentional syndrome in their onset and maintenance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible contribution of perseverative thinking styles and thought control strategies to the development and maintenance of ED and PE. The authors hypothesized that such modes of processing might constitute a cognitive attentional syndrome specific to these disorders and sustained by particular metacognitive beliefs. A semistructured interview was administered to 11 participants with ED and 10 with PE in order to assess their metacognitive beliefs and cognitive attentional processes. The results suggest that individuals with ED and PE adopt a range of cognitive attentional strategies aimed at improving their sexual performance, and endorse both positive and negative metacognitive beliefs about these thinking responses. Overall, their cognitive and attentional patterns worsened negative internal states, reduced sexual excitement, detached them from their bodily sensations, and hindered sexual functioning. These preliminary findings suggest that perseverative thinking, thought control strategies, and metacognitive beliefs may play a key role in the onset and maintenance of male sexual dysfunction.
Acculturation Factors Related to Obesity of Latino American Men Nationwide
Authors: Ai Amy L. , Appel Hoa B. , Lee Jungup
Published: June 2016

Obesity is a public health epidemic, particularly among underrepresented populations. With a large proportion of immigrants, Latino Americans comprise the largest minority population in the United States. This study examined the association of acculturation factors with obesity among Latino American men ( n = 1,127) using the National Latino and Asian American Study. The result identified two acculturation-related factors (being U.S.-born and living in the United States for the longest period/5-10 years) as positive correlates. In contrast, a different study on obesity in Latino American women demonstrated discrimination, but not the above factors, as significant correlates. The men’s pattern suggests that the Hispanic/Latino paradox might have greater implications for men with respect to weight issues. Furthermore, Mexican American and Other Latino American men presented a greater likelihood of being obese than Cuban and Puerto Rican men. The findings, if replicated in prospective research, suggest the need for gender- and ethnic-specific intervention for obesity in Latino American men, particularly for the largest subgroup, Mexican Americans.
Defining media freedom in international policy debates
Authors: Richter Andrei
Published: June 2016

The current debate in intergovernmental organizations about the object of freedom of the media has its origins in recent history. Conventions and other international legal and political documents provide, in retrospect, an insight into the relevant ideas shared by many, while accord on their meaning is usually reached by agreement that results from intense negotiations by both experts and diplomats. I argue that notions and concepts of what exactly should be protected under the umbrella of media freedom have been transformed during three distinct periods in post-war history. The related definitions are placed in the hierarchy of universal human rights. The contemporary international debate is illustrated with an example of the latest challenges to the scope of freedom of the media. The document analysis leads to a possible solution to the current intergovernmental argument.
Networked idiots: Affective economies and neoliberal subjectivity in a Russian viral video
Authors: Khalikova Dinara , Fish Adam
Published: June 2016

Idiot is usually a term of derision. In this article, we reconsider the common meaning as designating a stupid person and return to an earlier etymology as signifying a private and independent individual. In ancient Greece, being idiotic meant engaging in the contemplative process of becoming an individual. At times, this pursuit of individuation differentiated such individuals as their acts occurred in public and were seen as absurd, out-of-the-ordinary and, frankly, idiotic, as most now know the term. With the widespread use of social media and digital video, these once private or semi-public acts of individuation often become explicitly public acts for others to see, critique and mimic. Social media has made it possible for these explorations of self to circulate where their emotional intensities resonate with or are rejected by viewers, are captured for profit by media corporations, and leveraged by their producers into media careers. Using a case study from Russian social media, this article describes the affective economy of idiotic videos and how the history of one Internet video illustrates the circulation, capture and self-capitalization attendant with neoliberalism.
Seeking Self-Verification: Motives for Private and Personal Chefs’ Boundary Work
Authors: Hendley Alexandra
Published: June 2016

Drawing on interviews with private and personal chefs, this study highlights the interplay between internal and external forces shaping boundary work. Private and personal chefs’ social and professional position is ambiguous, and their employment is precarious. In order to navigate their uncertain standing and assert self-worth, some drew boundaries between themselves and clients. They disliked clients who were wasteful, lacked the ‘right’ motivations for hiring a chef, or lacked the ‘right’ taste or approach to food. But rather than simply seeking to establish superiority, the chefs distanced themselves from and disregarded clients who seemed not to see them as they saw themselves – as skilled and valuable workers. This article argues that a desire for self-verification – to have one’s self-views verified by others – can activate boundaries. It suggests that an uncertain standing might foster this desire, and that workers’ views of themselves vis-à-vis other workers can drive their evaluations of clients.
How different data sources and definitions of neighbourhood influence the association between food outlet availability and body mass index: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Hobbs Matthew , Green Mark , Griffiths Claire , Jordan Hannah , Saunders Joanna , McKenna Jim
Published: June 2016

Inconsistencies in methodologies continue to inhibit understanding of the impact of the environment on body mass index (BMI). To estimate the effect of these differences, we assessed the impact of using different definitions of neighbourhood and data sets on associations between food outlet availability within the environment and BMI. Previous research has not extended this to show any differences in the strength of associations between food outlet availability and BMI across both different definitions of neighbourhood and data sets. Descriptive statistics showed differences in the number of food outlets, particularly other food retail outlets between different data sets and definitions of neighbourhood. Despite these differences, our key finding was that across both different definitions of neighbourhood and data sets, there was very little difference in size of associations between food outlets and BMI. Researchers should consider and transparently report the impact of methodological choices such as the definition of neighbourhood and acknowledge any differences in associations between the food environment and BMI.
Say our name (and say it right)! Extending Walton et al. on the evolution of race in political science scholarship
Authors: McClerking Harwood K. , Block Ray
Published: June 2016

To explore the evolution of political-science research on race, Walton et al., have done a systematic review of more than a century of publications appearing in the discipline’s oldest and most prestigious journals: Political Science Quarterly and the American Political Science Review, respectively. Walton and his colleagues uncover “dual traditions” of race scholarship: an “African American Politics” (AAP) paradigm emphasizing empowerment and Blacks’ cultural distinctiveness, and a “Race Relations Politics” (RRP) approach that focuses on Blacks’ socio-political status vis-à-vis Whites. Using computer-assisted text analyses, we introduce a measure of racial dialogue that is informed by theory and has suitable empirical properties. We replicate and extend Walton’s research by adding a third periodical (the Journal of Politics) and demonstrating that, while race conversations are becoming more frequent over time, the dialogues taking place in mainstream journals typically fit Walton’s RRP (rather than AAP) tradition. Following our analyses, we offer guidelines for researchers seeking to apply our measure to alternative contexts.
From a “Culture of Blame” to an Encouraged “Learning from Failure Culture”
Authors: Rami Ursula , Gould Caroline
Published: June 2016

Although making mistakes is a part of human nature, they are still tabooed, covered up, or kept secret. This behavior probably has its origin in our socialization. Research has shown that errors made by people are perceived as a competence deficit. Causing of errors leads to a negative self-assessment, and also to rising perception of penalty as a necessity ( März, 2007 , Dimensions analytische Untersuchung zur Fehlerfreundlichkeit, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen). Since organizations can learn from both good and bad actions, a rethinking of these adopted settings is required ( Argyris & Schön, 2006 , Die lernende organisation: Grundlagen, methode, praxis. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta).

This article provides a concept for understanding and examining critical factors which support or inhibit the development of an encouraged “learning from failure culture” in an organization.
Work-life Interaction Skills: An Exploration of Definitional and Functional Perspectives within the Austrian and Finnish ICT Industry
Authors: Chydenius Tarja , Gaisch Martina
Published: June 2016

Being able to interact effectively and efficiently in the networked professional environments appears to be a crucial skill for junior job seekers. Graduates possessing these skills can markedly increase their possibilities of being hired.

A sample analysis on recruitment advertisements revealed that interaction skills are of paramount importance in the information and communications technology (ICT) industry. In view of the scarcity of terminological definitions, the authors of this article sought to make a cross-cultural comparison on the scope and definition of interactional skills required in the sector at hand. The data were gathered by means of open-ended questionnaires and interviews in which first year ICT students from Austria and Finland defined their understanding of work-life interaction skills. The wide variety of responses was clustered by subsuming particulars into general categories (see Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2014 , pp. 279–286). In parallel, recruitment staff was interviewed to shed light on their perceptions of the necessity and definition of interaction skills for future ICT employees.

Preliminary findings suggested that there are many similarities in the Finnish and Austrian definitions for work-life interaction skills. Both student groups appeared to be highly aware of the necessity of T-shaped graduates, placing a heavy emphasis on generic skills. However, while Finnish ICT students connected interaction skills strongly with communication, listening, and social skills, Austrian students adhered to more societal values, such as reliability, punctuality, and dedication to interaction skills per se.

Interestingly, and although pointed out by a number of recruitment advertisements and employers, neither student group identified intercultural competence as being a central skill set of work-life interaction skills. However, in view of the interconnectivity of the ICT field, which is increasingly performing on a global stage, it is important for future employees to understand the various demands of interacting in an intercultural setting.
Posterior Wall Blowout in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Mitchell Justin J. , Dean Chase S. , Chahla Jorge , Menge Travis J. , Cram Tyler R. , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: June 2016

Violation of the posterior femoral cortex, commonly referred to as posterior wall blowout, can be a devastating intraoperative complication in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and lead to loss of graft fixation or early graft failure. If cortical blowout occurs despite careful planning and adherence to proper surgical technique, a thorough knowledge of the anatomy and alternative fixation techniques is imperative to ensure optimal patient outcomes. This article highlights anatomic considerations for femoral tunnel placement in ACL reconstruction and techniques for avoidance and salvage of a posterior wall blowout.
Fibrinolytic crosstalk with endothelial cells expands murine mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Dhahri Douaa , Sato-Kusubata Kaori , Ohki-Koizumi Makiko , Nishida Chiemi , Tashiro Yoshihiko , Munakata Shinya , Shimazu Hiroshi , Salama Yousef , Eiamboonsert Salita , Nakauchi Hiromitsu , Hattori Koichi , Heissig Beate
Published: June 2016

Key Points

tPA expands mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the bone marrow by a cytokine (KitL and PDGF-BB) crosstalk with endothelial cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases (c-Kit and PDGFRα) impairs tPA-mediated MSC proliferation.
Estimating a starting model for full-waveform inversion using a global optimization method
Authors: Datta Debanjan , Sen Mrinal K.
Published: June 2016

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) has become a popular method to estimate elastic earth properties from seismograms. It is formulated as a data-fitting least-squares minimization problem that iteratively updates an initial velocity model with the scaled gradient of the misfit until a satisfactory match between the real and synthetic data is obtained. However, such a local optimization approach can converge to a local minimum if the starting model used is not close enough to an optimal model. We have developed a two-step process in which we first estimate a starting model using a global optimization method. Unlike local optimization methods, a global optimization method starts with a random starting model and is not generally susceptible to be trapped in a local minimum. The starting model for FWI that we aim to estimate is sparsely parameterized and contains a set of interfaces and velocities that are used to represent the entire velocity model. We have obtained the depth of the interfaces and the velocities by minimizing the data misfit in the least-squares sense using a global optimization method called very fast simulated annealing (VFSA). Once the sparse velocity model was obtained from VFSA, we used that as a starting model in a conventional gradient-based FWI to obtain the final model. We have applied the proposed method to one synthetic data set and two field data sets from offshore India. The proposed method was able to estimate a velocity model that was not cycle skipped for realistic frequency bands. We have demonstrated that with the proper choice of model parameterization and optimization parameters, the global and gradient optimization algorithms converge in a finite number of iterations. We have determined that the resulting algorithm is computationally feasible in two dimensions and accurate for practical implementation of FWI.
Experimental study on the effects of fractures on elastic wave propagation in synthetic layered rocks
Authors: Li Tianyang , Wang Ruihe , Wang Zizhen , Wang Yuzhong
Published: June 2016

Fractures greatly increase the difficulty of oil and gas exploration and development in reservoirs consisting of interlayered carbonates and shales and increase the uncertainty of highly efficient development. The presence of fractures or layered media is also widely known to affect the elastic properties of rocks. The combined effects of fractures and layered media are still unknown. We have investigated the effects of fracture structure on wave propagation in interlayered carbonate and shale rocks using physical models based on wave theory and the similarity principle. We have designed and built two sets of layered physical models with randomly embedded predesigned vertically aligned fractures according to the control variate principle. We have measured the P- and S-wave velocities and attenuation and analyzed the effects of fracture porosity and aspect ratio (AR) on velocity, attenuation, and power spectral dimension of the P- and S-waves. The experimental results indicated that under conditions of low porosity ([Formula: see text]), Han’s empirical velocity-porosity relations and Wang’s attenuation-porosity relation combined with Wyllie’s time-average model are a good prediction for layered physical models with randomly embedded fractures. When the porosity is constant, the effect of different ARs on elastic wave properties can be described by a power law function. We have calculated the power spectrum fractal dimension [Formula: see text] of the transmitted signal in the frequency domain, which can supplement the S-wave splitting method for estimating the degree of anisotropy. The simple power law relation between the power spectrum fractal dimension of the P-waveform and fracture density suggests the possible use of P-waves for discriminating fracture density. The high precision and low error of this processing method give new ideas for rock anisotropy evaluation and fracture density prediction when only P-wave data are available.
Clinical status of comorbid bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder
Authors: Parker Gordon , Bayes Adam , McClure Georgia , del Moral Yolanda Romàn Ruiz , Stevenson Janine
Published: June 2016

Background

The status and differentiation of comorbid borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder is worthy of clarification.

Aims

To determine whether comorbid borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder are interdependent or independent conditions.

Method

We interviewed patients diagnosed with either a borderline personality disorder and/or a bipolar condition.

Results

Analyses of participants grouped by DSM diagnoses established that those with comorbid conditions scored similarly to those with a borderline personality disorder alone on all key variables (i.e. gender, severity of borderline personality scores, developmental stressors, illness correlates, self-injurious behaviour rates) and differed from those with a bipolar disorder alone on nearly all non-bipolar item variables. Similar findings were returned for groups defined by clinical diagnoses.

Conclusions

Comorbid bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder is consistent with the formal definition of comorbidity in that, while coterminous, individuals meeting such criteria have features of two independent conditions.
YBR/EiJ mice: a new model of glaucoma caused by genes on chromosomes 4 and 17
Authors: Nair K Saidas , Cosma Mihai , Raghupathy Narayanan , Sellarole Michael A , Tolman Nicholas G , de Vries Wilhelmine , Smith Richard S , John Simon WM
Published: June 2016

A variety of inherited animal models with different genetic causes and distinct genetic backgrounds are needed to help dissect the complex genetic etiology of glaucoma. The scarcity of such animal models has hampered progress in glaucoma research. Here, we introduce a new inherited glaucoma model: the inbred mouse strain YBR/EiJ (YBR). YBR mice develop a form of pigmentary glaucoma. They exhibit a progressive age-related pigment dispersing iris disease characterized by iris stromal atrophy. Subsequently, these mice develop elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma. Genetic mapping studies utilizing YBR as a glaucoma susceptible and C57BL/6J as a glaucoma resistant strain was performed to identify genetic loci responsible for the iris disease and high IOP. A recessive locus linked to Tyrp1b on Chr4 contributes to iris stromal atrophy and high IOP. However, this is not the only important locus. A recessive locus on YBR Chr17 causes high IOP independent of the iris stromal atrophy, and in eyes with angles (location of the ocular drainage tissue) that are largely open. The YBR alleles of genes on Chromosomes 4 and 17 underlie the development of high IOP and glaucoma but do so by independent mechanisms. Together, these two loci act in an additive manner to increase the susceptibility of YBR mice to developing high IOP. The Chromosome 17 locus is important not only as it causes IOP elevation in mice with largely open-angles but also because it exacerbates IOP elevation and glaucoma induced by pigment dispersion. Therefore, YBR mice are a valuable resource for studying the genetic etiology of IOP elevation and glaucoma, as well as for testing new treatments.
Alterations in nuclear structure promote lupus autoimmunity in a mouse model
Authors: Singh Namrata , Johnstone Duncan B. , Martin Kayla A. , Tempera Italo , Kaplan Mariana J. , Denny Michael F.
Published: June 2016

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the development of autoantibodies that recognize components of the cell nucleus. The vast majority of lupus research has focused on either the contributions of immune cell dysfunction or the genetics of the disease. Because granulocytes isolated from human SLE patients had alterations in neutrophil nuclear morphology that resembled the Pelger-Huet Anomaly, and had prominent mis-splicing of mRNA encoding the nuclear membrane protein Lamin B receptor (LBR), consistent with their Pelger-Huet-like nuclear morphology, we used a novel mouse model system to test the hypothesis that a disruption in the structure of nucleus itself also contributes to the development of lupus autoimmunity. The lupus-prone mouse strain New Zealand White (NZW) was crossed with c57Bl/6 mice harboring a heterozygous autosomal dominant mutation in Lbr (B6.Lbric/+), and the (NZW×B6.Lbric)F1 offspring were evaluated for induction of lupus autoimmunity. Only female (NZW×B6.Lbric)F1 mice developed lupus autoimmunity, which included splenomegaly, kidney damage, and autoantibodies. Kidney damage was accompanied by immune complex deposition, and perivascular and tubule infiltration of mononuclear cells. The titers of anti-chromatin antibodies exceeded those of aged female MRL-Faslpr mice, and were predominantly of the IgG2 subclasses. The anti-nuclear antibody staining profile of female (NZW×B6.Lbric)F1 sera was complex, and consisted of an anti-nuclear membrane reactivity that co-localized with the A-type lamina, in combination with a homogeneous pattern that was related to the recognition of histones with covalent modifications that are associated with gene activation. An anti-neutrophil IgM recognizing calreticulin, but not myeloperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase 3 (PR3), was also identified. Thus, alterations in nuclear structure contribute to lupus autoimmunity when expressed in the context of a lupus-prone genetic background, suggesting a mechanism for the development of lupus autoimmunity in genetically-predisposed individuals that is induced by the disruption of nuclear architecture.
DDA3 and Mdp3 modulate Kif2a recruitment onto the mitotic spindle to control minus-end spindle dynamics
Authors: Kwon Hye Jin , Park Ji Eun , Song Haiyu , Jang Chang-Young
Published: June 2016

Active turnover of spindle microtubules (MTs) for the formation of a bi-orientated spindle, chromosome congression and proper chromosome segregation is regulated by MT depolymerases such as the kinesin-13 family and the plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs). However, the control mechanisms underlying the spindle MT dynamics that are responsible for poleward flux at the minus end of MTs are poorly understood. Here, we show that Mdp3 (also known as MAP7D3) forms a complex with DDA3 (also known as PSRC1) and controls spindle dynamics at the minus end of MTs by inhibiting DDA3-mediated Kif2a recruitment to the spindle. Aberrant Kif2a activity at the minus end of spindle MTs in Mdp3-depleted cells decreased spindle stability and resulted in unaligned chromosomes in metaphase, lagging chromosomes in anaphase, and chromosome bridges in telophase and cytokinesis. Although they play opposing roles in minus-end MT dynamics, acting as an MT destabilizer and an MT stabilizer, respectively, DDA3 and Mdp3 did not affect the localization of each other. Thus, the DDA3 complex orchestrates MT dynamics at the MT minus end by fine-tuning the recruitment of Kif2a to regulate minus-end MT dynamics and poleward MT flux at the mitotic spindle.
Take-off speed in jumping mantises depends on body size and a power limited mechanism
Authors: Sutton G.P. , Doroshenko M. , Cullen D.A. , Burrows M.
Published: June 2016

Many insects such as fleas, froghoppers and grasshoppers use a catapult mechanism to jump and a direct consequence of this is that their take-off velocities are independent of their mass. In contrast, insects such as mantises, caddis flies and bush crickets propel their jumps by direct muscle contractions. What constrains the jumping performance of insects that use this second mechanism? To answer this question, the jumping performance of the mantis, Stagmomantis theophila, was measured through all its developmental stages, from 5 mg first instar nymphs to 1200 mg adults. Older and heavier mantises have longer hind and middle legs and higher take-off velocities than younger and lighter ones. The length of the propulsive hind and middle legs scaled approximately isometrically with body mass (exponent, 0.29 and 0.32 respectively). The front legs, which do not contribute to propulsion, scaled with an exponent of 0.37. Take-off velocity increased with increasing body mass (exponent, 0.12). Time to accelerate increased and maximum acceleration decreased but the measured power that a given mass of jumping muscle produced remained constant throughout all stages. Mathematical models were used to distinguish between three possible limitations to the scaling relationships; first, an energy-limited model (which explains catapult jumpers); second, a power-limited model; third, an acceleration-limited model. Only the model limited by muscle power explained the experimental data. Therefore, the two biomechanical mechanisms impose different limitations on jumping; those involving direct muscle contractions (mantises) are constrained by muscle power, catapult mechanisms by muscle energy.
Metabolic allometric scaling model. Combining cellular transportation and heat dissipation constraints
Authors: Shestopaloff Yuri K.
Published: June 2016

Living organisms need energy to be "alive". Energy is produced by biochemical processing of nutrients. The rate of energy production is called metabolic rate. Metabolism is very important from evolutionary, ecological perspectives, and for organisms' development and functioning. It depends on different parameters, of which organisms' mass is considered as one of the most important. Simple relationships between the mass of organisms and their metabolic rates were empirically discovered a while ago. Such dependence is described by a power function, whose exponent is called allometric scaling coefficient. With the increase of mass the metabolic rate usually increases slower; if mass increases by two times, the metabolic rate increases less than two times. This fact has far reaching implications for organization of life. The fundamental biological and biophysical mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still not well understood. Here, we show that one of such primary mechanisms relates to transportation of substances, like nutrients and waste, at a cellular level. We show how variations in cell size and associated cellular transportation costs explain the known variance of allometric exponent. The introduced model also includes heat dissipation constraints. The model agrees with experimental observations and reconciles experimental results across different taxa. It ties metabolic scaling to organismal and environmental characteristics; helps defining perspective directions of future researches; allows predicting allometric exponents based on characteristics of organisms and environments they live in.
Targeted temperature management in deceased organ donors
Authors: Kadir Sajid , Al-Khafaji Ali
Published: June 2016

An evaluation of a recent study by Niemann CU, Feiner J, Swain S et al. Therapeutic Hypothermia in Deceased Organ Donors and Kidney-Graft Function. New England Journal of Medicine 2015; 373 (5):405-414. PubMed PMID: 26222557. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01680744
Trees with given maximum degree minimizing the spectral radius
Authors: Du Xue , Shi Lingsheng
Published: June 2016

The spectral radius of a graph is the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of the graph. Let $T^*(n,\Delta ,l)$ be the tree which minimizes the spectral radius of all trees of order $n$ with exactly $l$ vertices of maximum degree $\Delta $. In this paper, $T^*(n,\Delta ,l)$ is determined for $\Delta =3$, and for $l\le 3$ and $n$ large enough. It is proven that for sufficiently large $n$, $T^*(n,3,l)$ is a caterpillar with (almost) uniformly distributed legs, $T^*(n,\Delta ,2)$ is a dumbbell, and $T^*(n,\Delta ,3)$ is a tree consisting of three distinct stars of order $\Delta $ connected by three disjoint paths of (almost) equal length from their centers to a common vertex. The unique tree with the largest spectral radius among all such trees is also determined. These extend earlier results of Lov\' asz and Pelik\'an, Simi\' c and To\u si\' c, Wu, Yuan and Xiao, and Xu, Lin and Shu.
«Batir bandera»: las emociones en los debates sobre género y clientelismo en Argentina
Authors: Tabbusch Constanza
Published: June 2016

Este artículo examina los supuestos sobre el funcionamiento generizado de las emociones en los debates sobre género y clientelismo en Argentina. A través del caso de la red de referentes barriales que realizan la distribución territorial del programa de asistencia alimentaria Plan Vida en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, distingo dos formas de concebir lo afectivo en la participación política de las mujeres de sectores populares. Mientras que la primera enfatiza el gerenciamiento de la expresión externa de las propias emociones como parte del hacer política, la segunda considera el trabajo afectivo territorial que establece conexiones entre actores, genera capital social y permite la circulación de información local. La conclusión sugiere que la segunda perspectiva da mayor relevancia a la agencia de estas intermediarias políticas y abre la posibilidad de transformar relaciones de dominación.
CCS, A Needed Technology for the Mexican Electrical Sector: Sustainability and Local Industry Participation
Authors: González Santaló José Miguel
Published: June 2016

The plans for developing the electrical sector in México are reviewed and compared with the targets set up for emissions and for participation of clean energies in the electrical generation considering a time horizon up to year 2050. The options required to meet the targets are discussed, with particular emphasis on the necessity for CCS. The electrical sector in México is one of fast growth, with the installed capacity essentially doubling over the next 15 years. This growth has to be compatible with the commitments that the country has made to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Sector’s development strategy includes new technologies such as renewables, nuclear energy and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), in amounts larger than the minimum values established in the legislation. It is also concluded that CCS will be a necessity for Mexico. It is proposed that the energy policies to be established should be accompanied by industrial development policies, in order to maximize the participation of the Mexican Industry in the supply chain of the energy systems.
Ladders and Snakes in Second Language Fluency
Authors: Skehan Peter , Foster Pauline , Shum Sabrina
Published: June 2016

This article reports a study comparing first and second language fluency during narrative retelling tasks of varying degrees of tightness in structural organisation, exploring in particular a distinction between discourse-based and clause-based fluency. We argue that positive and negative influences on fluency are linked to the Conceptualiser and Formulator stages of Levelt’s model of speaking. Task structure and degree of subordination, which were related to greater fluency for both native and non-native speakers, are Conceptualiser and discourse oriented. Formulaic language, which was also related to fluency, is more Formulator and clause oriented. Contrastingly, higher lexical sophistication and longer clauses are associated with clause-linked fluency problems, but only for native speakers.