bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prices versus costs of production for molnupiravir as a COVID-19 treatment
Authors: Hill Andrew , Ellis Leah , Wang Junzheng , Pepperrell Toby
Published: December 2021

Background

Molnupiravir has been recently approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment of COVID-19 for showing promising survival benefits in clinical trials. This analysis will estimate and compare potential generic minimum costs of molnupiravir as well as observe countries eligible for pricing discounts as agreed by Merck and The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP).
Methods

Drug prices were searched for molnupiravir using active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) data extracted from global shipping records. This was compared with national pricing data from a range of low, medium, and high-income countries. Annual API export volumes from India were used to estimate the current availability. Trends of molnupiravir drugs prices were also evaluated for the last 6-month period. Mean daily COVID-19 diagnosis rates were calculated for the countries eligible for voluntary licensing.
Results

Molnupiravir can be generically manufactured at the very low per-course cost of $9.00. Over the past 6 months, prices of molnupiravir have fallen significantly, and when comparing reported international prices, we found wide variations between countries. Only 9% of diagnosed patients worldwide were in the countries eligible for voluntary licensing.
Conclusions

Prices of molnupiravir range from $20 to $750 per course. Only 9% of worldwide COVID-19 diagnoses are made in countries covered by voluntary licenses. Middle income countries not eligible for voluntary licensing may need to issue compulsory licenses to secure access to molnupiravir at affordable prices.
Challenges and uncertainty in plot-scale emissivity and surface temperature estimation using flux tower measurements
Authors: Thakur Gitanjali , Schymanski Stanislaus J. , Trebs Ivonne , Sulis Mauro , Mallick Kaniska
Published: December 2021

Land surface temperature (LST) is a preeminent state variable that controls the energy and water exchange between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere. At the landscape-scale, LST is derived from thermal infrared radiance measured using space-borne radiometers. At the plot-scale, the flux tower recorded longwave radiation components are inverted to retrieve LST. Since the down-welling longwave component was not measured routinely until recently, usually only the up-welling longwave component is used for the plot-scale LST retrieval. However, we found that ignoring reflected down-welling longwave radiation for plot-scale LST estimations can lead to substantial error. This also has important implications for estimating the correct surface emissivity using flux tower measurements, which is needed for plot-scale LST retrievals. The present study proposes a new method for plot-scale emissivity and LST estimation and addresses in detail the consequences of omitting down-welling longwave radiation as frequently done in the literature. Our analysis uses ten eddy covariance sites with different land cover types and found that the LST values obtained using both up-welling and down-welling longwave radiation components are 0.5 to 1.5 K lower than estimates using only up-welling longwave radiation. Furthermore, the proposed method helps identify inconsistencies between plot-scale radiometric and aerodynamic measurements, likely due to footprint mismatch between measurement approaches. We also found that such inconsistencies can be removed by slight corrections to the up-welling longwave component and subsequent energy balance closure, resulting in realistic estimates of surface emissivity and consistent relationships between energy fluxes and surface-air temperature differences. Landscape-scale daytime LST obtained from satellite data (MODIS TERRA) was strongly correlated with our plot-scale estimates for most of the sites, but higher by several Kelvin at two sites. We also quantified the uncertainty in estimated LST and surface emissivity using the different methods and found that the proposed method does not result in increased uncertainty. The results of this work have significant implications for the combined use of aerodynamic and radiometric measurements to understand the interactions and feedbacks between LST and surface-atmosphere exchange processes.
Minimum inhibitory concentration of Ceftazidime-Avibactam against Clinical isolates of XDR Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi
Authors: Jabeen Kokab , Saleem Sidrah , Nizam-ud-din Summiya , Arshad Faiqa , Zill-e-huma  , jahan Shah
Published: December 2021

Background: Typhoid fever is a major healthcare problem in low and middle-income countries. The emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid has further narrowed down the way to already limited therapeutic options. WHO has listed S.Typhi amongst the priority pathogens against which new treatment options should be discovered.Objective: To determine In-vitro activity of Ceftazidime-avibactam against clinical isolates of XDR S.Typhi.Study design: This is a cross-sectional studyPlace and duration of the study: The Department of Microbiology, University of health sciences, Lahore from January to June 2021.Methodology: Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed initially by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method for 150 of XDR Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi and MICs of all the recommended antibiotics was determined by VITEK 2 (bioMérieux) fully automated system using Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) 2021 guidelines. MICs by the E-test method were determined for Ceftazidime-avibactam and Azithromycin only. All tests were done in duplicate.Results: All 150 (100%) isolates were sensitive to Ceftazidime-avibactam by disc diffusion and E-test methods. Out of 150 isolates 8(5.3%) were having high MICs against Azithromycin.Conclusions: Ceftazidime-avibactam can be used wisely to treat ESBL producing XDR typhoid fever cases especially in countries like Pakistan where Typhoid fever is endemic and majority of isolates are extensively drug resistant.
Large spontaneous HBV DNA fluctuations and potential usefulness of a single point measurement of combined HBV DNA and quantitative HBsAg for the exclusion of HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B: A prospective Tunisian cohort study
Authors: Chtourou Amel , Gargouri Saba , Elleuch Emna , Taktak Awatef , Fki-Berrajah Lamia , Mnif Khouloud , Kassis Mondher , Hammami Adnene , Jemaa Mounir Ben , KARRAY HELA
Published: December 2021

Background/Aims: We aimed to describe spontaneous short-term hepatitis B Virus (HBV) DNA fluctuations and to assess the usefulness of quantitative HBsAg (qHBsAg) in Tunisian patients with HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection.Methods: We included 174 treatment-naïve patients with chronic HBeAg-negative HBV. A one-year prospective follow-up was carried out with serial determinations of HBV DNA, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and qHBsAg. Patients were classified into three groups: inactive carriers (G1), patients with HBeAg negative CHB (G2) and patients with “indeterminant state” (G3). For this latter group, a liver biopsy was indicated.Results: Genotype D was the only detected. During the follow-up, 21.6% and 19.5% of patients with low initial (<2000 IU/mL) and intermediate viral load (2000-20000 IU/mL), experienced a subsequent increase in their HBV DNA levels above 2000 and 20000 IU/mL, respectively. Significant variations of HBV DNA levels (≥0.5 log10 IU/mL) were observed in 61.1% of patients at 6 months-interval. Among the 174 patients, 89 (51.1%) belonged to G1, 33 (19%) to G2 and 52 (29.9%) to G3. Fourteen patients have undergone liver biopsy, among whom 7 (50%) showed moderate to severe liver disease. Combination of HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL and qHBsAg <832 IU/mL excluded CHB in 98.4% of cases.Conclusions: This study highlights the large short-term HBV DNA fluctuations in Tunisian patients with HBeAg negative chronic HBV of genotype D. HBV DNA < 2000 IU/mL along with qHBsAg < 832 IU/mL excluded CHB in 98.4% of cases. Significant proportion of patients with “indeterminant state” within genotype D would have HBeAg negative CHB.
Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing (VCT): Knowledge, attitudes, hinderances, and practices of adults seeking treatment at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital on the spread of HIV in Northern Uganda. A cross-sectional study
Authors: Aduk Mary Assumpta , Atama Isaac Malon , Dayo Leonard , Kizza Cissy Namujuzi , Musinguzi Brian , Ndomeirwe Pretty Precious , Okiror William , Senteza Ignatius , Wanjiku Grace Wachira , Ikoona Eric Nzirakaindi , Kitara David Lagoro
Published: December 2021

Background: In 2011, Uganda had a national HIV prevalence of 6.7%. Between 2008 and 2009, there was an upsurge in HIV in Gulu District from 9.4% to 16.0% with Gulu Municipality at 22.1%. Similarly, in 2020, the prevalence of HIV in Gulu District persistently remained high at 14.0%, much higher than the national average at 6.0%.The objective of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, hindrances, and practices on voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) and determine factors associated with VCT practices among adults seeking treatment at the outpatient department of Gulu Regional Referral Hospital.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 384 participants. Simple random sampling was used to recruit participants. Knowledge and practices on VCT were determined using knowledge ratings and attitudes using a modified Likert scale. A questionnaire with an internal validity of Cronbach’s α=0.71 was used. Ethical approval was obtained, and SPSS was used for data analysis at univariate, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results: The most significant findings were that knowledge and attitude significantly affect VCT practices among adults in Gulu Hospital. Most participants had adequate knowledge (297/379, 78.4%), the most common source of VCT information was radio (236/372, 63.4%) and few from parents (30/372, 8.1%). 158/380(41.6%) had strongly positive attitudes however, 4/10(40.0%) believed knowing HIV status was not beneficial because of fear of stigma, 299/380(78.7%) had good practices,13/45(28.9%) did not undertake VCT due to ignorant on the importance, 9/45(20.0%) feared positive results, and 5/45(11.0%) for far-off service centers. Among those who discouraged others, 15/45 (83.0%) did it for no reason, while 2/45 (11.0%) believed it was a risky and painful process.Knowledge and attitude on VCT practices had an adjusted R square of 0.421, p<0.001. The independent predictors of VCT practices in a multivariable regression analysis was knowledge (β=0.478, t=10.374, p<0.001) and attitudes (β=0.257, t=5.570, p<0.001).Conclusion: Knowledge and attitudes significantly influenced VCT practices among adults attending outpatient services at Gulu Hospital. The independent determinants of VCT practices were knowledge and attitudes. However, HIV stigma, fear of positive results and divorce/separation were the most deterring factors on VCT practices among participants.
Regional Health Care Profiles – An Improved Method For Generating Case Studies On The Catchment Areas of Envisaged Primary Health Care Units In Austria: A Report To The Infact Joint Action
Authors: Mathis-Edenhofer Stefan , Röthlin Florian , Wachabauer David , Haneef Romana , Ventura Ilana , Fülöp Gerhard
Published: December 2021

Background: The recent Austrian Primary Care Act established new primary health care units (PHCUs) and obliged them to draw up a “care strategy” specifying their focal care tasks and objectives and emphasizing the health care needs of the population in their catchment area with its specific local health and epidemiological profile. The main purpose of these care strategies is thus to ensure that care-providers meet the local needs, but they also provide a rationale for evaluation and organizational development. To assist new PHCUs in establishing care strategies it was necessary to develop a method for automatically generating comprehensive local case studies for any freely definable location in Austria. Results: We designed an interactive report generator capable of producing location-specific regional health care profiles for a PHCU located in any of Austria’s 2,122 municipalities and of calculating the radius of its catchment area (defined by different levels of maximum car-travelling times). The reports so generated, called “regional health care profiles for primary health care” (RHCPs/PHC), are in comprehensive PDF report format. The core of each report is a set of 35 indicators, classified under five health and health service domains. The reports include an introductory text, definitions, a map, a graphic and tabular presentation of all indicator values, including information on local, supra-regional and national value distribution, a ranking, and numbers of service providers (e.g. pharmacies, surgeries, nursing homes) located within the catchment area.Conclusions: The RHCPs/PHC support primary health care planning, efforts to improve care-effectiveness, and strategic organizational development by providing comprehensive information on the health of the population, the utilization of health services and the health structures within the catchment area. In addition to revealing the scope and nature of the health care needed, they also provide information on what public health approaches are necessary. RHCPs/PHC for different locations have already been distributed to numerous stakeholders and primary health care providers in Austria.
Comparative study of flood coincidence risk estimation methods in the mainstream and its tributaries
Authors: Li Na , Guo Shenglian , Xiong Feng , Wang Jun , Xie Yuzuo
Published: December 2021

The coincidence of floods in the mainstream and its tributaries may lead to a large flooding in the downstream confluence area, and the flood coincidence risk analysis is very important for flood prevention and disaster reduction. In this study, the multiple regression model was used to establish the functional relationship among flood magnitudes in the mainstream and its tributaries. The mixed von Mises distribution and Pearson Type III distribution were selected to fit the probability distribution of the annual maximum flood occurrence dates and magnitudes, respectively. The joint distributions of the annual maximum flood occurrence dates and magnitudes were established using copula function, respectively. Fuhe River in the Poyang Lake region was selected as a study case. The joint probability, co-occurrence probability and conditional probability of flood magnitudes were quantitatively estimated and compared with the predicted flood coincidence risks. The results show that the selected marginal and joint distributions can fit observed flood dataset very well. The coincidence probabilities of flood occurrence dates in the upper mainstream and its tributaries mainly occur from May to early July. It is found that the conditional probability is the most consistent with the predicted flood coincidence risks in the mainstream and its tributaries, and is more reliable and rational in practice.
The Effects of The MTHFR 677C>T (Rs1801133) Genetic Variant on Susceptibility and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis Patients are Mediated by Homocysteine But Not Folate Levels
Authors: Ribeiro Claudia Mara , Oliveira Sayonara Rangel , Flauzino Tamires , Alfieri Daniela Frizon , Simão Andrea Name Colado , Lozovoy Marcell Alysson Batisti , Maes Michael , Reiche Edna Maria Vissoci
Published: December 2021

We investigated whether the MTHFR 677C>T (rs1801133) variant and plasma homocysteine and folate are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), disability, disability progression, and inflammatory biomarkers. We included 163 MS patients categorized using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) as mild (EDSS<3) and moderate/high (EDSS≥3) disability, and 226 healthy controls. Disability progression was evaluated using Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) and the MTHFR 677C>T was genotyped using real time polymerase chain reaction. The levels of some inflammatory biomarkers and inflammatory activity index (IAI) were determined. There was no association between the MTHFR 677 C>T genotypes and MS, EDSS, and MSSS (p>0.05). Plasma folate and homocysteine were higher and adiponectin was lower in MS patients than controls (p<0.001). Moreover, 21.8% of the EDSS variance was explained by age, IAI and C-reactive protein (CRP) (all positively associated); 10.9% of the MSSS variance was predicted by IAI and CRP (both positively) and vitamin D3 (negatively), whereas 54.4% of the MS-EDSS-MSSS score was explained by the regression on age, IAI, homocysteine, folate, and CRP (all positively) and adiponectin, body mass index, and vitamin D3 (all negatively), female sex and the MTHFR 677 TT genotype. In patients and controls, 16.6% of the variance in the homocysteine was explained by the MTHFR 677 TT genotype and age (both positively), folate (negatively) and male sex. In conclusion, the MTHFR 677C>T variant was not directly associated with MS, disability, and disability progression; however, the TT genotype showed indirect effects on MS susceptibility and disability mediated by homocysteine.
Convolutional Neural Networks for Automatic Image Quality Control and EARL Compliance of PET Images
Authors: Pfaehler Elisabeth , Euba Daniela , Rinscheid Andreas , Hoekstra Otto S. , Zijlstra Josee , Sluis Joyce van , Brouwers Adrienne H. , Lapa Constantin , Boellaard Ronald
Published: December 2021

Background: Machine learning studies require a large number of images often obtained on different PET scanners. When merging these images, the use of harmonized images following EARL-standards is essential. However, when including retrospective images, EARL accreditation might not have been in place. The aim of this study was to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) that can identify retrospectively if an image is EARL compliant and if it is meeting older or newer EARL-standards. Materials and Methods: 96 PET images acquired on three PET/CT systems were included in the study. All images were reconstructed with the locally clinically preferred, EARL1, and EARL2 compliant reconstruction protocols. After image pre-processing, one CNN was trained to separate clinical and EARL compliant reconstructions. A second CNN was optimized to identify EARL1 and EARL2 compliant images. The accuracy of both CNNs was assessed using 5-fold cross validation. The CNNs were validated on 24 images acquired on a PET scanner not included in the training data. To assess the impact of image noise on the CNN decision, the 24 images were reconstructed with different scan durations.Results: In the cross-validation, the first CNN classified all images correctly. When identifying EARL1 and EARL2 compliant images, the second CNN identified 100% EARL1 compliant and 85% EARL2 compliant images correctly. The accuracy in the independent dataset was comparable to the cross-validation accuracy. The scan duration had almost no impact on the results. Conclusion: The two CNNs trained in this study can be used to retrospectively include images in a multi-center setting by e.g. adding additional smoothing. This method is especially important for machine learning studies where the harmonization of images from different PET systems is essential.
Crystal shapes, triglyphs, and twins in minerals: The case of pyrite
Authors: Arrouvel Corinne
Published: December 2021

The euhedral shapes of pyrite FeS2 are usually exposing three main surfaces: striated (001), smooth (111), and striated (210), leading to the cubical, octahedral, and pyritohedral morphology, respectively. The macroscopic striations, sometimes called triglyphs on cubic crystals, are parallel on specific surfaces and aligned to the <100> directions. Other types of striated and unstriated (hkl) surfaces can be observed on pyrite crystals from Peru, a country offering a rich diversity of pyrite shapes. A rare specimen from Elba Island (Italy) is a pyritohedron with uncommon directions of striations (so-called “negative” striations, first described in Japanese minerals). The Wulff kinetic growth and the periodic bond chain (PBC) theories were not relevant enough to explain crystal shapes, the texture of the surfaces, and twinning. To bring some new insights on crystal growth, twinning, and anisotropy, pyrite samples are analyzed using XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques coupled with atomistic simulations. A first analysis points out that sulfur terminations play a key role in the growth of striations in distinguishing the six <001> directions. The negative striated pyritohedral pyrite would be, in fact, a special case that has stabilized the {120} surfaces, which are structurally different from the {210} facets. The {120} surface has a slightly higher surface energy than the {210} surface (surface energies of 1.68 and 1.65 J/m2, respectively, calculated with force field methods). {120} pyritohedra from Elba, Italy, are growing next to micaceous iron oxides (a type of hematite), which are also peculiar specimens with magnetic properties. Another specificity is that some rare earth elements have been identified in the pyrite sample from Elba, which leads to a hypothesis that geothermal conditions favor “negative” striations (e.g., discernible in Akita prefecture-Japan, Boyacá-Colombia, and Cassandra-Greece). The striation directions become useful to distinguish (hkl) surfaces and to identify twinning as they follow the same patterns on each interpenetrated crystal. The most common twinning is the “iron cross,” a penetration twin of two crystals defined by a rotation of 90° along an [001] axis with a coincidence in the iron sub-lattice (e.g., twinning by merohedry) and with a twin center. The sulfur network also plays a fundamental role in stabilizing the (001) interface and in keeping the chemical bulk properties at the boundary, as confirmed by additional ab initio simulations. The grain boundary is a 2D defect in which the (001) twinning is relatively stable as it is common. The calculated formation energy of the rotation twinning is 0.8 J/m2. The rotation twinning is associated with an apparent reflection on (110) planes. The formation energy of the (110) mirror grain boundary is 1.7 J/m2, and the interface at the atomic scale is relatively uniform in agreement with experimental observations.
Pomite and pseudopomite, two new carbonate-encapsulating mixed-valence polyoxovanadate minerals
Authors: Kampf Anthony R. , Hughes John M. , Ma Chi , Marty Joe , Rose Timothy P.
Published: December 2021

Pomite (IMA2021-063), ideally Ca3[V54+V105+O37(CO3)]·37H2O, and pseudopomite (IMA2021-064), ideally Ca3.5[V64+V95+O37(CO3)]·32H2O, are two new polyoxometalate minerals from the Blue Streak mine, Bull Canyon, Montrose County, Colorado, U.S.A. Pomite properties: striated blades up to ~1 mm long; very dark green-blue color; green-blue streak; vitreous luster; brittle; Mohs hardness ≈2; irregular, splintery fracture; good cleavages on {010} and {001}; 2.19(2) g/cm−3 density; refractive indices in the vicinity of 1.70; weakly birefringent with little or no pleochroism. Pseudopomite properties: striated prisms and blades up to ~1 mm; very dark blue-green color; blue-green streak; vitreous luster; brittle; Mohs hardness ≈2; curved, irregular fracture; probably two fair cleavages, {100} and {001}; 2.40(2) g/cm−3 density; refractive indices in the vicinity of 1.72; no discernable birefringence or pleochroism. Electron microprobe analyses provided the empirical formulas Ca3.11[V5.234+V9.775+O37 (CO3)]·37H2O and Ca3.49[V5.984+V9.025+O37(CO3)]·29H2O for pomite and pseudopomite, respectively. Pomite is triclinic, P1, with a = 12.3668(10), b = 12.9692(12), c = 22.068(2) Å, α = 99.038(7), β = 95.689(7), γ = 103.249(7)°, V = 3368.7(5) Å3, and Z = 2. Pseudopomite is triclinic, P1, with a = 12.2910(18), b = 12.6205(15), c = 20.917(3) Å, α = 77.381(6), β = 85.965(5), γ = 64.367(7)°, V = 2853.6(7) Å3, and Z = 2. The crystal structures of both minerals (pomite, R1 = 0.103; pseudopomite, R1 = 0.116) contain a novel [Vx4+V15−x5+O37(CO3)](1+x)– heteropolyanion, which is unique in natural and synthetic materials but has similarities to the [V84+V75+O36(CO3)]7– and [H8V154+O36(CO3)]6– heteropolyanions reported in synthetic phases.
Optimization of Turning Parameter of Composite Materials Using Response Surface Method in Minitab
Authors: Kulkarni S. S , Sharma Sarika
Published: December 2021

This paper represents the optimization method utilized in machining process for figuring out the most advantageous manner design. Typically, the technique layout parameters in machining procedures are noticeably few turning parameters inclusive of reducing velocity, feed and depth. The optimization of speed, feed depth of cut is very tough because of several other elements associated with processing situations and form complexities like surface Roughness, material removal rate (MRR) that are based Parameters. On this task a new fabric glass fibre composite is introduced through which could lessen costing of manufacturing and time and additionally it will boom the technique of productiveness. Composite substances have strength, stiffness, light weight, which gives the large scope to engineering and technology. The proposed research work targets to analyze turning parameters of composite material. The machining parameters are very important in manufacturing industries. The present research work is optimized surface roughness of composite material specifically in turning procedure with the aid of changing parameter including intensity of reduce, slicing velocity and feed price and additionally expect the mechanical houses of composite material. The RSM optimization is important because it evaluates the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more responsive variables. It is observed that the material removal rate increases and surface roughness decreases as per the increase of Spindle speed and feed rate.
Development of Forced Convection Heat Transfer Enhancement System by using Mesh Inserts in a Circular Tube
Authors: Sapkal Avinash D. , Pawar Akash A , Kulkarni Shridhar V , Andh Umesh B , Kashid Digambar T , Chavan Vikram R
Published: December 2021

In the present work, aluminium mesh type inserts flow has been developed. The aluminium meshes are arranged on spokes at the angle of 00, 450, 900 concerning horizontal are inserted in the test section to create turbulence. To carry out an experimental investigation using this mesh inserts, we have developed a forced convection system. In this system, we have wounded three 200 Volt heaters over a 500 mm test section of 25 mm diameter respectively. The input to the heater is controlled by a variable dimmer stat, and the mass flow rate is controlled by an orifice meter with a diameter of 25 mm across which the manometer is connected to measure flow rate. Experiments were carried out at Reynolds number greater than 4000. The experimental setup was validated first and readings with different inserts were taken. This led to the conclusion that the rate of heat transfer was improved by using mesh inserts inclined at an angle 00, 450, and 900. Among these, the inserts inclined at 450 angles showed maximum heat transfer rate i.e., 37.44%, 29.95%, and 38.40% for the manometric reading of 5 mm, 4 mm, and 3 mm respectively.
Efficiency Improvement by Using Solar Tracking System and Thermoelectric Generator
Authors: Jagtap Priyanka , Kakade Shradha , Pawar Pooja , Patil Swapnali , Pawar Swapnil , Kamble Pravin
Published: December 2021

In this paper maximum power point tracker battery charger is proposed for extracting maximum power from a photovoltaic panel to charge the battery. The output power of the PV system continuously varies with change in irradiance and temperature. It is a very important to improve the efficiency of solar panel. There are number of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods available to operate the PV system at maximum power point. The proposed system has used perturb & observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm for the design and implementation. And also describes thermoelectric power generation from waste heat from PV panel, utilizing generators that can convert heat energy directly to electrical energy.
Denial-of-Service Attack Detection using multivariate Correlation Information Based SVM Method
Authors: Solankar Prajakta P , Hipparkar Jaymala K
Published: December 2021

Now day’s network technology is developing rapidly and the network security is important issue. DoS attack is serious threat in network. Denial of service attack forces victim machine out of service several days or few minutes. DoS attack degrades the system performance. This paper constitutes detecting denial of service attack using Multivariate correlation analysis technique. This approach is used to characterize the features of network traffic.This MCA method consists of Triangular area determination methodology for correlation analysis. Normalization is used before this process to remove the bias from data .Normalization technique has greater impact on the performance.
Diversified Methodologies to Prepare Metal Oxide Thin Film for Super Capacitor Applications – A Review
Authors: Deshmane A. A , Bhosale R. B , Salunkhe D. J
Published: December 2021

In this review, we focused on various deposition methods. Viewing to the literature, the metal oxides have been synthesized by many chemical and thermal treatments, including, chemical oxidation, reduction, chemical vapor deposition, calcinations, annealing, plus laser deposition, and arc discharge, chemical bath deposition etc.1-4. Thin film technology is applicable to various materials, like polymers or metals. Common substrate materials are silicon, steel. The deposition materials and the technology, properties of the substrate material could be enhanced for Specific applications by using Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). In addition to this, recently thin film technology is applicable for plane objects. In broad view thin film has the number of applications like corrosion preventive, decorative coating, photo detector, image processing, optical memories and mainly storage of energy. With these basic ideas, thin-film is the very easiest accurate, sensitive method for deposition purposes. Apart from this technique, there are various methods for deposition. An innovative way of advancement of thin-film acceptable. Thin-film has more advantages in device preparation from electrochemical characterization. Electrochemical supercapacitor is unique electrochemical devices with high power density, high charge-discharge cycle life with high energy efficiency.
Analytical Investigation of Response Reduction Factor (R) for R.C. Elevated Water Tank with Non-linear Static (Pushover) Analysis
Authors: Kulkarni Saurabh , Kadam S. S , Zambare P. B
Published: December 2021

In the present work, an attempt is made to investigate response reduction factor (R) values of different soil types by using nonlinear static (Pushover) analysis for R.C. elevated rectangular water tank structure. All the parameters were investigated by varying properties of soft, medium and hard soils to cover a method of nonlinear static (Pushover) analysis. The zone factor (Z) kept constant Z – III for pandharpur site location and capacity of 150 m3 tank full in condition. This has resulted into SAP 2000 finite element software. The analysis of response reduction factor (R) value was done under three different soil conditions i.e. soft soil properties, medium soil properties, and hard soil properties. Response reduction factor (R) values indicate that R.C. elevated rectangular water tank structure without soil properties behaves quite the one value as per codal provisions.
A expansão do ensino primário rural na região de Birigui - Noroeste Paulista – Brasil (1920-1960)
Authors: Serra Áurea Esteves
Published: December 2021

Este estudo compreende a atividade educativa formal desenvolvida pelo governos municipal e estadual na zona rural do município de Birigui/SP, entre 1920 a 1960, levando em consideração os antecedentes de colonização e imigração. O objetivo consiste em apontar algumas notas sobre o desenvolvimento da escola primária rural no município de Birigui/SP, por meio da localização, reunião e analise de fontes documentais. Para a analise desse objeto de estudo, procedeu-se à utilização tanto de indicadores do tipo quantitativo, como qualitativos. O ensino primário rural no Brasil segundo Ávila e Souza (2013) na década de 1940 foi concebido para instruir, civilizar, moralizar, higienizar e nacionalizar, tendo por objetivo fixar o homem no campo para segurança nacional, daí o expressivo número de escolas rurais, inclusive em Birigui/SP.
Notas Sobre a Educação no Governo Pedro Gondim e a Criação da Escola Normal Estadual de Campina Grande (1955-1960)
Authors: Sousa Pâmella Tamires Avelino de , Lima Niédja Maria Ferreira de , Silva Fabiana Sena da
Published: December 2021

Este estudo apresenta a Escola Normal Estadual de Campina Grande (1960), primeira instituição pública da cidade para formação de professoras. Consideramos a relevância do estudo na temática de instituições escolares, concebendo a escola enquanto produto da sociedade (Tanuri, 2000, Nosella E Buffa, 2013; Saviani, 2007), recorremos às fontes documentais, periódicos das décadas de 1950 e 1960. A partir da análise, pudemos conhecer as prerrogativas educacionais pública para esse município, identificamos os principais sujeitos envolvidos na criação da escola. Destacamos como relevante o período nacionalista desenvolvimentista nos discursos dos dirigentes locais e como resultados o descompasso temporal da criação da escola, bem como o envolvimento do governador Pedro Moreno Gondim em proporcionar para cidade uma Escola Normal para moças.
Neural Substrates for the Regulation of Sleep and General Anesthesia
Authors: Yang Qianzi , Zhou Fang , Li Ao , Dong Hailong
Published: December 2021

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General anesthesia has been successfully used in the clinic for over 170 years, but its mechanisms of effect remain unclear. Behaviorally, general anesthesia is similar to sleep in that it produces a reversible transition between wakefulness and the state of being unaware of one’s surroundings. A growing discussion has been imposed regarding the common circuits of sleep and general anesthesia, as an increasing number of sleep-arousal regulatory nuclei are reported to participate in the consciousness shift occurring during general anesthesia. Recently, with progress in research technology, both positive and negative evidence for overlapping neural circuits between sleep and general anesthesia have emerged. This article provides a review of the latest evidence on the neural substrates for sleep and general anesthesia regulation by comparing the roles of pivotal nuclei in sleep and anesthesia.
Application of a HPLC-Q/TOF Method with Post-column Compensation
for Separation and Identification of Polar Impurities in Cytidine Disodium
Triphosphate for Injection
Authors: Gu Xiao , Huang Qiaoqiao , Zheng Jinqi , Zhao Mingjuan , Yang Lishi , Chen Yue
Published: December 2021

Background:

Cytidine Disodium Triphosphate (CTP-2Na) for injection is mainly used
for treating nervous system diseases. Currently, there are few studies focused on the separation
and identification of polar impurities in CTP-2Na for injection, which is important for ensuring
drug safety and efficacy.

Objective:

The study aimed to establish an HPLC-Q/TOF method for the separation and identification
of polar impurities in CTP-2Na for injection.

Methods:

Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters Atlantis T3 column using 5 mM
aqueous ammonium acetate solution as the mobile phase in an isocratic elution mode. A postcolumn
compensation technology was used to improve the ionization efficiency of impurities in
the spray chamber.

Results:

Three polar impurities (disodium cytidine tetraphosphate, disodium cytidine diphosphate,
disodium cytidine monophosphate) were detected in CTP-2Na for injection. The former one is
probably the overreaction product during the production of CTP-2Na, the latter two were reported
as degradation products. The fragmentation patterns of cytidine phosphate compounds in negative
ion mode are summarized.

Conclusion:

This study provides a good reference for the separation and identification of polar
impurities in nucleotide drugs.
Design and Synthesis of Novel Quinazolinone-Based Oxobutanenitrile Derivatives as
Antiproliferative Agents Targeting Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Ezz-ElDien Eman Salah , AboulWafa Omaima Mohamed , Daabees Hoda Mohamed Gamal El-Din
Published: December 2021

Background:

Breast cancer (BC) is among the leading causes of death in women worldwide. Medical interest
has focused on quinazolinone derivatives approved and utilized in antitumor medications.

Objective:

Novel quinazolinone-based oxobutanenitrile derivatives were designed, synthesized, and screened for in
vitro anti-breast cancer activity.

Methods:

The antiproliferative activities were determined using MTT assay against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell
lines. EGFR, ARO, and caspase-9 enzymes were selected to explore the mechanism of action of the most potent compounds.

Results:

Tested compounds showed better EGFRIs than ARIs. In addition, significant overexpression of caspase-9
level in treated MCF-7 breast cell line samples was observed with the most active compounds. The thienyl derivative 5
induced the greatest activation in caspase-9 level in treated MCF-7 breast cancer samples. The o-tolylhydrazone 3b,
exhibiting promising ARO inhibition and weak EGFR inhibition, produced a noticeable high overexpression of caspase-
9 and showed pre-G1 apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase for MCF-7 cells and at S-phase for MDA-MB-
231 cells. Docking results revealed that 3b elicited binding affinities to ARO comparable to those of letrozole.

Conclusion:

The obtained results support the therapeutic importance of some of these compounds as anti-breast cancer
agents in light of the simple methodology used for their synthesis. Their design offered a way for the optimization and
development of apoptotic quinazolinone-based ARO and EGFR inhibitors.
Erythrocyte Indices and Long-Term Blood Pressure Variability in Military
Males
Authors: Lai Shiue-Wei , Tsai Kun-Zhe , Wang Shen-Huei , Lin Yu-Kai , Lin Yen-Po , Lin Gen-Min
Published: December 2021

Backgrounds:

Severe microcytic anemia has been associated with BP changes.

Aims and Objectives:

Whether the erythrocyte indices are associated with long-term BPV is unknown.
This study aimed to investigate the association of hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte size
with long-term blood pressure variability (BPV) in young males.

Methods:

This study included 1,112 healthy military males, averaging 32 years of age, in Taiwan.
All participants took a measurement of systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) every two-year
from 2012 to 2018 (2012-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-18). Levels of hemoglobin and mean corpuscular
volume (MCV) of erythrocytes were obtained at the first visit. Long-term BPV was assessed
by the standard deviation (SD) and average real variability (ARV). Multivariate linear regression
analysis with adjustment for the baseline BP levels and other covariates was used to elucidate the
association.

Results:

Hemoglobin levels were borderline positively correlated with SD DBP (β and standard errors
= 0.016 (0.009), P =0.06). In those with hemoglobin levels of 10.0-13.9 g/dL, hemoglobin was
negatively correlated with SDSBP (β= -0.039 (0.018), P =0.03). In contrast, MCV levels were borderline
positively correlated with SDSBP (β =0.085 (0.052), P =0.09). In those with MCV levels <80
fL, MCV was positively correlated with SDSBP and ARVSBP (β= 0.445 (0.210) and 0.286 (0.149), p
= 0.03 and 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion:

There were inconsistent patterns for the associations of erythrocyte indices with longterm
BPV. We found a U-shaped relationship of hemoglobin levels with systolic BPV, whereas
there was a positive linear relationship of hemoglobin and MCV levels with diastolic BPV, respectively.
Challenges Faced by Nurses in the Provision of Health Care to Men in Primary Care, Brazil
Authors: de Sousa Anderson Reis , Leal Borges Cléa Conceição , Araújo Isabella Félix Meira , Almeida Éric Santos , de Andrade Nhamuave Edson , Escarcina Jesús Enrique Patiño , Escobar Oscar Javier Vergara , Pereira Álvaro
Published: December 2021

Introduction:

The provision of primary care to men by nurses has been relevant, but there are challenges to be overcome.

Objective:

To analyze the challenges faced by Brazilian nurses in the provision of primary care to men.

Methods:

This was a qualitative descriptive study carried out by including 40 nurses working in the Family Health Strategy of a Basic Health Unit in Northeastern Brazil. Individual in-depth interviews were carried out and analyzed using the Discourse of the Collective Subject (CSD) method, supported by the Praxis Intervention Theory for Nursing in Collective Health – Tipesc.

Results:

The challenges faced by nurses in the provision of care to men originate in the academy and are transposed into professional practice, manifesting as limitations in the work process, lack of a specific health agenda, difficulties in raising male adherence, and professional demotivation.

Conclusion:

These challenges significantly affect the development and promotion of men’s health, resulting in the maintenance of the indicators of male morbidity and mortality in Brazil.
Meanings Assigned by Primary Care Professionals to Male Prenatal Care: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Almeida Sousa Bruna Sabrina , Almeida Camila Aparecida Pinheiro Landim , dos Santos Joseane Rodrigues , Lago Eliana Campêlo , de Oliveira Jéssika Felix , Areas da Cruz Tatiana , Lima Shirley Verônica Melo Almeida , Camargo Emerson Lucas Silva
Published: December 2021

Background:

Considering recent strategies used in prenatal care, the involvement of fathers has been considered an important factor in ensuring that pregnancy and delivery are successful.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to identify the meanings assigned by primary health care professionals to male prenatal care.

Methods:

This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. A total of 19 interviews were conducted with primary health care professionals registered in the City Health Department of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed according to the Collective Subject Discourse methodology.

Results:

Three themes emerged from the reports’ analysis: The importance of the role of fathers in the gestational process, attitudes of men toward male prenatal care and formal education and training in primary health care. Health practitioners understand the importance of male prenatal care but reported they lack proper training to provide effective care.

Conclusion:

The expansion of continuing education strategies focusing on male prenatal care and directed to primary health care professionals is recommended to promote greater adherence on the part of fathers in prenatal care, with the purpose of strengthening bonds and improving the care provided to the entire family. The humanized care can facilitate the approach of the paternal figure during male prenatal care.
The Effect of Dipeptidyl Nitrile Derivatives on Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Cells In Vitro
Authors: Botelho Sabrina Mendes , dos Reis Rocho Fernanda , Cianni Lorenzo , Montanari Carlos A. , Leitão Andrei
Published: December 2021

Aims:

This study aims to evaluate the bioactivity of dipeptidyl nitrile inhibitors of human
cysteine cathepsins that could work as anticancer agents in a drug discovery and development
project.

Background:

Human lysosomal cysteine proteases promote cancer progression, migration, and metastasis,
targeted by inhibitors.

Objective:

Here, 19 cysteine protease inhibitors known as dipeptidyl nitriles were tested using MIA
PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells and Balb/3T3 clone A31 non-tumoral mouse fibroblasts.

Method:

In vitro assays evaluated cell migration, colony formation, inhibition of the enzymatic activity
in cell lysates, and combination therapy with gemcitabine.

Result:

There were mixed results; the inhibitors reduced the number of colonies but did not affect
the total area. Cells migrated despite enzyme inhibition by Neq0709 and Neq0712. As expected,
the compounds were non-cytotoxic; they improved the potency of gemcitabine in the combined
therapy assay, especially for Neq0707.

Conclusion:

In summary, our findings revealed the complexity of dealing with the translation from
biochemical to cell-based assays in the hit-to-lead step.
Work effectiveness in relation with communication, workload, and work discipline
Authors: Meianto Subangkit , Bahiramsyah Achmad , Endri Endri
Published: December 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of Aeronautical Communication Officer Competence, Workload, and Work Discipline on the Work Effectiveness of Apron Movement Service Personnel at Soekarno - Hatta International Airport Cengkareng. Data collection techniques were carried out by distributing questionnaires using a Likert measurement scale. This research was conducted on 68 respondents using a quantitative descriptive approach and hypothesis testing. The collected data was then analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis techniques through SmartPLS (Partial Least Square) software. The results of this study indicate that the Competence of Aeronautical Communication Officer, Workload and Work Discipline of Apron Movement Service Personnel have a positive and significant impact on the Work Effectiveness of Apron Movement Service Personnel at Soekarno - Hatta International Airport.
Evolução da Linguagem e Ordem Natural de Palavras os verbos reversíveis e não reversíveis da Língua Gestual de São Tomé e Príncipe num estudo piloto
Authors: Mineiro Ana
Published: December 2021

search on language evolution has recently focused on the issue of natural word order, that is, word order in the phylogenetic and cognitive sense (Pagel 2009; Gell-Mann and Ruhlen 2011). Sign language and gesture studies have inspired this discussion in the literature, with special emphasis on the seminal study by Goldin-Meadow and colleagues (2008). The results of this study revealed that participants tend to produce SVO and SOV word order, regardless of the syntax of their native language. This finding has been corroborated in later studies (Gibson et al. 2013; Hall et al. 2013; Sandler et al. 2005). Our study aims to verify if there is dominant word order, or not, in linguistic emergence of Sign Language of São Tomé and Príncipe.
Reir la risa de un niño, chorar lágrimas de crocodilo um revisitar dos objetos cognatos entre expressões lexicalizadas e construções com verbos leves
Authors: Morgado Celda Gonçalves
Published: December 2021

gnate objects (OC) (espirrar um espirro...) can be paraphrased by light verbs (dar um espirro). However, some paraphrases appear to be ungrammatical or generate several readings (brito & Choupina 2018; Gonçalves et al. 2010; Mirto 2007). Cognate objects are of various types (Choupina 2013a and b), with real cognates being more restrictive syntactically and semantically. There are more or less inflexible expressions that resemble structures with OC (reir la risa.., chorar lágrimas de crocodilo...) and that occur in certain languages, not being subject to the same morphosyntactic restrictions of good formation as the OC and distinguishing them for the conditions of use. It is the properties that OC, constructions with light verbs and lexicalized expressions share and those that individualize them that we will deal with in this article