bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
India
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

India is not only the world’s largest and fiercely independent democracy, but also an emerging economic giant. But to date there has been no comprehensive account of India’s remarkable growth or the role policy has played in fueling this expansion. India: The Emerging Giant fills this gap, shedding light on one of the most successful experiments in economic development in modern history. Why did the early promise of the Indian economy not materialize and what led to its eventual turnaround? What policy initiatives have been undertaken in the last twenty years and how do they relate to the upward shift in the growth rate? What must be done to push the growth rate to double-digit levels? To answer these crucial questions, Arvind Panagariya offers a brilliant analysis of India’s economy over the last fifty years--from the promising start in the 1950s, to the near debacle of the 1970s (when India came to be regarded as a “basket case”), to the phenomenal about face of the last two decades. The author illuminates the ways that government policies have promoted economic growth (or, in the case of Indira Ghandi’s policies, economic stagnation), and offers insightful discussions of such key topics as poverty and inequality, tax reform, telecommunications (perhaps the single most important success story), agriculture and transportation, and the government’s role in health, education, and sanitation. The dramatic change in the fortunes of 1.1 billion people has, not surprisingly, generated tremendous interest in the economy of India. Arvind Paragariya offers the first major account of how this has come about and what more India must do to sustain its rapid growth and alleviate poverty. It will be must reading for everyone interested in modern India, foreign affairs, or the world economy.
Tackling Subsidies And Reforming The Civil Service
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

In considering government expenditures and their reform, the conceptual question we must ask is why the government should either influence the market outcome through subsidies or itself become the provider of certain goods and services. The broad rationale economists give for such involvement is the underprovision of certain goods and services by the market relative to their optimal level. In the Indian context, four factors accounting for the underprovision may be distinguished.
The Lithic Assemblages of Qafzeh Cave
Authors: Hovers Erella
Published: October 2023

This book presents the first comprehensive description of the lithic assemblages from Qafzeh Cave, one of only two Middle Paleolithic sites in the Levant that has yielded multiple burials of early anatomically modern Homo sapiens (AMHs). The record from this region raises the question of possible long-term temporal overlap between early AMHs and Neanderthals. For this reason, Qafzeh has long been one of the pivotal sites in debates on the origins of AMHs and in attempts to compare and contrast the two species' adaptations and behavior. Although the hominin fossils from the site were published years ago, until now the associated archaeological assemblages were incompletely described, often leading to conflicting interpretations. This monograph includes a thorough technological analysis of the lithic assemblages, incorporated in their geological and sedimentological contexts. This description serves as a springboard for regional comparisons as well as a more general discussion about Middle Paleolithic behavior, which is relevant to important and as yet unresolved questions on the origins of "modern" behavior patterns. The volume includes a wide-ranging and up-to-date bibliography that provides the middle-range for discussing the ecological context and behavioral complexity of the Middle Paleolithic period, and ends with some thought-provoking conclusions about the dynamic human interactions that existed in the region during this time.
Epilepsy in Our Lives
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

Epilepsy in our Lives presents accounts of seizures by women with epilepsy, and their experiences living with the problem and how this disorder has changed their lives. They discuss the impact of epilepsy on their roles as mothers, wives and individuals, and express their concerns about how epilepsy will affect pregnancy outcome, the health of their babies, and parenting. They share candidly how epilepsy impacts family planning, fertility and sexuality. ABOUT THE SERIES: With the Brainstorms series, one of the world’s leading authorities on epilepsy, Dr Steven C. Schachter, has gathered together the personal testimonies of patients, family members, and caregivers to create a poignant and gripping series of books on this misunderstood and often devastating disorder.
Epilepsy in Our Words
Authors: Schachter Steven C
Published: October 2023

Epilepsy in our Words features 68 personal accounts of seizure activity from people with epilepsy that illustrate the wide range of experiences associated with seizures and living with epilepsy. Many have had epilepsy for years, and their accounts are heartfelt and realistic. An introductory section explains epilepsy and different seizure types from a medical perspective. An index helps readers focus on particular symptoms and other specific aspects of seizures, such as seizure warnings and triggers. ABOUT THE SERIES: With the Brainstorms series, one of the world's leading authorities on epilepsy, Dr Steven C. Schachter, has gathered together the personal testimonies of patients, family members, and caregivers to create a poignant and gripping series of books on this misunderstood and often devastating disorder.
Intravitreal Pharmacotherapies for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Bakri, Sophie j. , Kaiser peter k.
Published: October 2023

In the past few years, delivering medication to the eye via the intravitreal route has become increasingly utilized. Intravitreal corticosteroids have played an increasing role in the treatment of macular edema owing to a variety of causes, and intravitreal anti-VEGF agents are currently in clinical trials.
A Clinician's Guide to Rheumatic Diseases in Children
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

In the United States alone, roughly 300,000 children suffer from some form of arthritis or rheumatic disease, and millions more are at risk of developing one of these diseases. In this marvelously down-to-earth guide, Thomas Lehman—the head of one of the leading pediatric rheumatology programs in the world—offers a gold mine of expert advice invaluable for pediatricians who want to become more proficient in understanding, diagnosing, and treating rheumatic disease in children. Dr. Lehman helps pediatricians interpret their patients’ complaints and determine whether and what type of medical attention is needed, explaining what symptoms to look for, what questions to ask, what tests to run, and what to expect when treatment begins. Using illustrative anecdotes, this book sheds light on a wide range of rheumatic disorders—including juvenile arthritis, Lyme disease, lupus, Kawasaki disease, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome—and it addresses such crucial topics as drug safety, genetic considerations, the potential risks to children posed by medications, the difficulty of family life when a child has a chronic disease, and much more. A Clinician’s Guide to Rheumatic Diseases in Children captures the expertise of a dedicated physician with over thirty years of hands-on experience helping children lead normal, happy lives. It will help pediatricians make sure that patients achieve the best possible outcome.
Afferent and Efferent Contributions to Knowledge of Eye Position
Authors: Niechwiej-Szwedo Ewa , Steinbach Martin J
Published: October 2023

To stay informed about the position of the eyes in the orbits, the brain has available two extraretinal signals: a copy of the efferent signal (outflow) to the extraocular muscles (EOM) and proprioception (inflow) from the EOM. Palisade endings, associated with the multiply innervated fibers of the global layer of EOM, are the putative receptors supplying the inflow eye position signal. Büttner-Ennever’s proprioceptive hypothesis for the control of eye movements is based on neuroanatomical tracing studies that identified a distinct set of non-twitch (NT) motoneurons whose activity does not add to the force used to move the eyes. It has been suggested that NT motoneurons could be involved in modulating the gain of sensory feedback from the eye muscles analogous to the gamma-efferent fibers that control the sensitivity of muscle spindles in skeletal muscles. We tested this in a series of studies where the activity of NT motoneurons was altered using the Jendrassik maneuver (JM). JM facilitates the amplitude of all tendon reflexes, most likely due to the general up-regulation of the gamma system. We found that the JM perturbation altered registered vergence eye position when observers localized targets in depth. Surprisingly, the JM did not affect higher-order perceptual judgments (size constancies), nor did it affect the saccadic system. Overall, our studies provide insight into the putative mechanism involved in the control of sensory feedback from the EOM.
Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: October 2023

This concise handbook provides practical, up-to-date clinical guidance on effectively selecting, prescribing and monitoring antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The book provides comprehensive coverage of current treatment options, and in addition to a formal discussion of the basic pharmacology of each antiepileptic drug, the text also discusses how to choose pharmacotherapies depending upon underlying medical conditions and the type of epilepsy. The advantages and disadvantages of various drug therapies are reviewed and clear guidance is given as to which drugs should be used in various medical conditions.
Lawyers’ Poker
Authors: Lubet Steven
Published: October 2023

Great poker players are master tacticians. Not only do they calculate odds with lightning speed and astonishing precision, but they also cunningly anticipate and manipulate the actions of their adversaries. In short, they boast skills that every lawyer can envy. This highly entertaining work might best be summed up as “better lawyering through poker.” Steven Lubet shows exactly how the tactics of the poker table can be adapted to litigation, negotiation, and virtually every aspect of law practice. In a series of engaging and informative lessons, Lubet describes concepts like “betting for value,” “slow playing,” and “reverse bluffing,” and explains how they can be used by lawyers to win their cases. The best card players, like the best lawyers, have a knack for getting their adversaries to react exactly as they want, and that talent separates the winners from the losers. Lawyers’ Poker is an irresistible guide to successful lawyering and an enjoyable read for anyone with an interest in law. No poker knowledge required.
Judgment Calls
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: October 2023

Judgment Calls tackles one of the most important and controversial legal questions in contemporary America: How should judges interpret the Constitution? Our Constitution contains a great deal of language that is vague, broad, or ambiguous, making its meaning uncertain. Many people believe this uncertainty allows judges too much discretion. They suggest that constitutional adjudication is just politics in disguise, and that judges are legislators in robes who read the Constitution in accordance with their own political views. Some think that political decision making by judges is inevitable, and others think it can be restrained by ‘strict constructionist’ theories like textualism or originalism. But at bottom, both sorts of thinkers believe that judging has to be either tightly constrained and inflexible or purely political and unfettered: There is, they argue, no middle ground. Farber and Sherry disagree, and in this book they describe and defend that middle ground. They show how judging can be--and often is--both principled and flexible. In other words, they attempt to reconcile the democratic rule of law with the recognition that judges have discretion. They explain how judicial discretion can be exercised responsibly, describe the existing constraints that guide and cabin such discretion, and suggest improvements. In exploring how constitutional adjudication works in practice (and how it can be made better), Farber and Sherry cover a wide range of topics that are relevant to their thesis and also independently important, including judicial opinion-writing, the use of precedent, the judicial selection process, the structure of the American judiciary, and the nature of legal education. They conclude with a careful look at how the Supreme Court has treated three of the most significant and sensitive constitutional issues: terrorism, abortion, and affirmative action. Timely, trenchant, and carefully argued, Judgment Calls is a welcome addition to the literature on the intersection of constitutional interpretation and American politics.
Approaches to Consent in Canadian Data Protection Law
Authors: Lawson Philippa , O’Donoghue Mary
Published: October 2023

Recognizing the dangers to privacy posed by new technologies, Canada has enacted legislation designed to protect individuals from inappropriate and unwanted uses of their personal information. Public sector privacy laws were enacted in the 1980s, followed by private sector laws in the 1990s. Since 2004, all government and commercial activity in Canada is subject to data protection legislation. Although all the statutes rely to some degree on consent for valid collection, use, and sharing of personal information, the role of consent varies significantly by sector: public sector laws rely on consent as a justification for data collection, We would like to thank Louisa Garib, James Wishart, Janet Lo, Tara Berish, Catherine Thompson, and Martin Saidla for their excellent research support, without which this paper could not have been written. Thanks also to David Matheson, Charles Raab, Marsha Hanen, George Tomlinson, Jena McGill, Jocelyn Cleary, Michael Froomkin, and Teresa Scassa for their helpful comments on a draft version of this paper.
The Catholic Tradition and the State: Natural, Necessary, and Nettlesome
Authors: Shelledy Robert B
Published: October 2023

Max Weber defines the state as a “human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force with a given territory” (Weber 1946: 78). This particular political institution is the foundation of the modern international political system, which scholars conventionally date back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Although academics might quibble over the exact date, that period marked a transition from feudal to modern authority patterns (Krasner 1993; Philpott 2001). A consistent presence throughout this period of transition was the Catholic Church. However, there have been significant changes in the Catholic perspective on the state from the medieval period to the current day.
Historical and Chronological Setting
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

It is difficult to pinpoint a time when the study of ancient Greece began. Our earliest literature from ancient Greece—Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey—deal with the history of the Trojan War and the kings of Mycenaean Greece. As a result, one could argue that the study of ancient Greece dates back as far as the eighth century, before the majority of what we now consider to be “ancient Greek history” actually took place.

The word history itself is a Greek term meaning inquiries, and it was first used in the modern sense by the Greek historian Herodotus, who wrote the history of the Persian invasions that occurred during the fifth century. This “father of history” was the first non-myth-based historian in Greece. He was followed by Thucydides who, in the fifth century, wrote the history of the Peloponnesian War. These, in turn, were followed by such fourth-century historians as Xenophon, whose work is one of our main sources for information about Cyrus of Persia, Socrates of Athens, and Sparta in general. Information about Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic kingdoms that sprang up in his wake comes from Diodorus Siculus, who wrote in the late first century B.C.E.; Justinus, who summarized the works of an otherwise lost historian of the first century C.E. named Trogus Pompeius; and Plutarch of Chaeronea, who wrote in the second century C.E. and left us several biographies of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
Acute exacerbations of asthma
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P
Published: October 2023

In the past 20 years, the number of asthma cases has doubled in the United States. According to recent studies, 22 million Americans are asthmatic, and more than 12 million of these individuals, including more than 4 million children, had an asthma attack in 2006. Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood in the United States, and exacerbations of asthma in children lead to nearly 1 million emergency department visits annually.
The War on Terror and the Laws of War
Authors: Lewis Michael W
Published: October 2023

When a soldier in the field of battle is under attack in a small village and comes upon a villager who could be a combatant or a civilian, what rules govern how that soldier should act? If the soldier detains the villager and determines that the villager is an unaffiliated combatant, what do the rules of detention require? In The War on Terror and the Laws of War, six legal scholars with experience as military officers bring practical wisdom to the contentious topic of applying international law to the battlefield. The authors apply their unique expertise to issues that have gained greater urgency during the United States' wars in Iraq and Afghanistan: including categorizing targets and properly detaining combatants. The modern battlefield has proven to be a difficult arena in which to apply traditional legal rules. The War on Terror and the Laws of War brings clarity to the subject with an insider's perspective.
Freedom from Religion
Authors: Guiora Amos N
Published: October 2023

Although many books on terrorism and religious extremism have been published in the years since 9/11, none of them written by Western authors call for the curtailment of religious freedom and freedom of expression for the sake of greater security. Rather, those terror-related debates have addressed what other civil liberties should be honored. Issues like torture, domestic surveillance, and unlawful detentions have dominated the literature in this area, but few, if any, major scholars have questioned the vast allowances made by Western nations for the freedoms of religion and speech. Freedom from Religion challenges the almost sacrosanct inviolability of these two civil liberties. By drawing the connection between politically-correct tolerance of extremist speech and the rise of terrorist activity, this book sets the context for its unique proposal that governments should introduce new limits on religious practice within their borders. To demonstrate the wisdom of this course, the author presents the disparate policies and security circumstances of five countries: the U.S., the UK, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Israel. The book benefits not just from the author’s own counter-terrorism experience in Israel and the U.S. but also from an international advisory group of leading scholars from all five of the countries under review.
The Paradox of the Archaic and the Modern in La3amon’s Brut
Authors: Brewer Derek
Published: October 2023

Story-telling is a human characteristic. In some circles nowadays all cognitive activity and explanation is summed up as story-telling: ‘strange though this may seem, many able philosophers and sociologists now believe that scientific explanations can never be more than stories, and that notions of scientific “fact” and “discovery” are merely aids which scientists use in heightening the dramatic effect of their own theatrical performance’.’ A good many scientists would hotly dispute this, and the very formulation of the proposition here suggests its dubiety. Literary historians will recall the long history of the struggle to distinguish ‘fiction’ from ‘lies’, a distinction in modern times rendered even more difficult by consciously distorted or supplemented ‘documentaries’ or ‘factions’. The problem of the status of any kind of discourse in relation to the universe of non-discourse is at the heart of all intellectual activity, and consequently of how we live. Its ramifications are infinite, but the problem can be rapidly brought down to the particular case of literary narrative and so to what I have called traditional story.
Tragedy, God, and Writing
Authors: Sinfield Alan
Published: October 2023

“It is impossible to understand the concrete utterance without accustoming oneself to its values, without understanding the orientation of its evaluations in the ideological environment”: so Mikhail Bakhtin.1 My case on protestantism is not that writers were all Calvinists. Rather, this orthodoxy hugely influenced the ideological field within which they produced diverse relations—of incorporation, conformity, negotiation, disjunction, subversion, and opposition—between religious orthodoxy and other, divergent ideological formations. Theater may well have been at times a radical medium (and at other times not; there is no reason to expect stage writing, or any genre of it, to be harmonious in outlook).2 The church perhaps encouraged dissident tendencies in drama by forbidding it to deal with religious matters: theater was driven into the arms of secularism, which was just about ready to receive it. And although the censor could delete “See, see where Christ’s blood streams in the firmament” from Marlowe’s Faustus, he could not so easily assess the general tendency of the action.
Remaking the Remake: Irma Vep (Assayas, I996)
Authors: Sutton Paul
Published: October 2023

Olivier Assayas’s sixth film, Irma Vep, charts the difficulties that beset a film crew remaking Louis Feuillade’s feuilleton Les Vampires (1915-16) for television. Reviewers have generally referred to Irma Vep as a film about film-making and as such it has been compared with Truffaut’s La Nuit am éricaine, which also featured Jean-Pierre Leaud. This comparison is pushed even further when Assayas and Truffaut are linked by their respective writings for Cahiers du cin éma. However, Irma Vep is not concerned simply with film-making, but is in fact a film about remaking. Ironically, the comparisons made by reviewers appear to position Assayas’s film as a kind of remake of Truffaut’s. This chapter is primarily concerned with the remake as a cinematic and cultural phenomenon and will argue that spectatorship itself may be regarded, as Irma Vep demonstrates, as a form of remaking. It will be asserted that the spectator ‘remakes’ the film viewed, afterwards, in and through memory.
The Apocryphal Apocalypse
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

This is the first study of the reception of the apocryphal Second Book of Esdras (4 Ezra) from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. Professor Hamilton discusses the concepts of biblical apocrypha and canonicity in connection with the increasingly critical attitude to religious authority which developed with the humanists and intensified with the Reformation. The Book owed its initial success to Hebraists such as Pico della Mirandola and Bibliander. It was used to account for the origins of Jewish Kabbalah and to prophesy political and religious events: the fall of the Ottoman empire, or the destruction of the papacy. Anabaptists, dissident Protestants of various persuasions, Rosicrucians and Paracelsians consulted it not only as a work of prophecy but, it is argued, as an emblem of dissent, rejected by the official Churches. At the same time more sober scholars, both Protestants and Catholics, scrutinized 2 Esdras with greater objectivity, endeavouring to date it correctly and establish its authorship. This study also investigates the interaction between their views and those of the Book's enthusiastic supporters.
Essays In Appreciation
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

In Essays in Appreciation, Christopher Ricks continues the work of his highly-praised The Force of Poetry, with lively and provoking essays on poets and poetry. In addition, Ricks puts his appreciative pen in the service of other literary figures and genres, including drama, the novel, history and philosophy, and a discussion of Victorian biographies. Ricks wraps up the collection with a series of critical questions on literature and theory; plus two notes--on the canon, and on Empson and political criticism. W.H. Auden once wrote of Christopher Ricks that "he is exactly the kind of critic every poet dreams of finding;" with this latest volume every scholar as well as serious reader will join the poet in finding much to appreciate.
Jane Austen and the Business of Mothering
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

And then, by not beginning the business of Mothering quite so early in life, you will be young in Constitution, spirits, figure & countenance, while Mrs Wm Hammond is growing old by confinements & nursing. (To Fanny Knight, 13 March 1817) It is a half-truth universally acknowledged that Jane Austen disliked babies and didn’t blankly like children. The other half-truth-that she sometimes loved babies and often loved children-is clear enough from her family life, where, for every chastening coolness about the little ones, there can be found a heart-warming admission. Katherine Mansfield flourished a rhetorical question: ‘Can we picture Jane Austen caring-except in a delightfully wicked way- ... that people said she was no lady, was not fond of children ... ?” Well, yes, since you ask, we can. She would have repudiated the idea that she was not fond of children almost as crisply as the idea that she was no lady. The fondness of a fond parent is a travesty of true fondness. ‘I saw their little girl, & very small & very pretty she is ... Harriet’s fondness for her seems just what is amiable & natural, & not foolish.’2 This way of putting it is not so foolish (or unamiable) as to equate the natural with the objective and rational.
Literature and the Matter of Fact
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

An ageing scholar takes his young bride, for their honeymoon, to Rome, a far cry from the English provincial town which gives its staunch name to George Eliot’s supreme novel: Middlemarch. For Dorothea Brooke, now inescapably Dorothea Casaubon, the disillusionment has already begun. Rome oppresses her, though not Rome alone. Forms both pale and glowing took possession of her young sense, and fixed themselves in her memory even when she was not thinking of them, preparing strange associations which remained through her after-years. Our moods are apt to bring with them images which succeed each other like the magiclantern pictures of a doze; and in certain states of dull forlornness Dorothea all her life continued to see the vastness of St. Peter’s, the huge bronze canopy, the excited intention in the attitudes and garments of the prophets and evangelists in the mosaics above, and the red drapery which was being hung for Christmas spreading itself everywhere like a disease of the retina.
Cooking With Mud
Authors: Trotter David
Published: October 2023

It seems safe to assume that people started to drop things as soon as they started to pick them up, and that even the most aboriginal litterings and spillages did not pass entirely without comment. Mess is age-old and universal, both as phenomenon and as topic. The evidence collected in this book suggests, however, that the second half of the nineteenth century saw the first stirrings in Western culture of a primary interest in mess for its own sake: a development which had something to do with the gradual fading, amid a great deal of reassertion, of doctrines of determinism; and something to do with democracy, which would be hard to imagine without litter. Messes, like modern identities, happen by accident; their representation, in painting and fiction, made it possible to think boldly and inventively about chance. Ranging widely-from Turner to Courbet, Cézanne, and Degas, and from Melville to Maupassant, Chekhov, Gissing, and the New Woman writers-this book outlines a style of commentary on modern life in which the ancient dichotomy of order and chaos (culture and anarchy) was supplanted, at least temporarily, by a distinction between different kinds and qualities of mess.
The Lancastrian Affinity 1361-1399
Authors: Walker Simon
Published: October 2023

John of Gaunt was arguably the most powerful nobleman in later medieval England, and his imposing affinity - household servants, indentured retainers, and estate officials - formed one of the most crucial bases of his power. This book examines in detail its genesis, composition, and actions. Simon Walker makes full use of the available sources, particularly seigneurial archives, to turn the focus away from the centre towards the local communities of shire and hundred, wherein lay the basis of law, order, and administration in Lancastrian England. Simon Walker shows the extent to which an even greater magnate like John of Gaunt was constrained in the policies he pursued by the actions and expectations of his followers. His exploration of the Lancastrian affinity in its local context modifies accepted views of `bastard feudalism', and increases our understanding of the powerful but still enigmatic figure of John of Gaunt himself.
Society and Politics
Authors: Borsay Peter
Published: October 2023

The last chapter explored the role of the Georgian image in Bath’s economic history over the last three centuries. This one will attempt a similar exercise in respect of the city’s social and political life, though in a more thematic and selective fashion. The emphasis will be on the capacity of image both to articulate socio-political forces, and to shape the form of these. Three interrelated themes will be examined: status and class, power, and national identity. Given the relative weakness of the Georgian myth during the Victorian era, the eighteenth and twentieth centuries will be the focus of attention, especially the latter period.
The Princely Court
Authors: Vale Malcolm
Published: October 2023

In this fascinating new book, Malcolm Vale sets out to recapture the splendour of the court culture of western Europe in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Exploring the century or so between the death of St Louis and the rise of Burgundian power in the Low Countries, he illuminates a period in the history of princes and court life previously overshadowed by that of the courts of the dukes of Burgundy. Taking in subjects as diverse as art patronage and gambling, hunting and devotional religion, Malcolm Vale rediscovers a richness and abundance of artistic, literary, and musical life. He shows how, despite the pressures of political fragmentation, unrest, and a nascent awareness of national identity, a common culture emerged in English, French, and Dutch court societies at this time. The result is a ground-breaking re-evaluation of the nature and role of the court in European history and a celebration of a forgotten age.
The Contribution of Medieval Universities to the Birth of Individualism and Individual Thought
Authors: Verger Jacques
Published: October 2023

It is commonly accepted that in a movement parallel to the rise of the modern State, the individual as a political subject asserted himself in Europe from the thirteenth century onwards. This subject was immediately confronted with the demands and constraints of power, but also, from this moment on, became a direct partner in the dialogue between the government and the governed, and even, sometimes, an actor within the state apparatus. Moreover, it is clear that among the elites malting up the political society of the period, the proportion of graduates educated in the universities and holding university degrees rose constantly from the last centuries of the Middle Ages to at least the beginning of the seventeenth century (the very birth of the universities having only barely preceded the political evolution considered here). It thus seems logical to wonder whether the universities were not partially responsible for the appearance of ‘individualism’ in the political domain.
The Oxford History Of England
Authors: Raper Richard
Published: October 2023

The Oxford History of England forms a continuous history from the Roman period to the Second World War, and has been described as `the most authoritative general history of England’. Each of the sixteen volumes is the work of a distinguished scholar; and the series as a whole, edited by the late Sir George Clark, forms an unparalleled repository of knowledge. The Consolidated Index to The Oxford History of England crowns this immense work of scholarship. It is fully comprehensive, covering in detail the enormous variety of themes and topics which make up nearly two thousand years of history. This final volume in the series makes the wealth of information available in its predecessors readily accessible, and will prove an invaluable tool to scholars and general readers alike.
The Later Crusades, 1274—1580
Authors: Housley Norman
Published: October 2023

The expulsion of the Christians from the Holy Land in 1291 was far from being the end of the crusading movement. Crusades continued for three centuries over a vast area stretching from Morocco to Russia, and played an important role in the politics and society of late medieval Europe. Norman Housley's comprehensive survey is the first to focus in depth on the later crusades. He explores with clarity and insight developments in all the areas touched by crusading activity, and examines the evolution of the international Military Orders and the Christian `frontier states' associated with crusading, especially Greece and Cyprus. Dr Housley illuminates the massive range and energy of the crusading movement in the late Middle Ages. He reveals the formidable problems which, as the period progressed, increasingly doomed crusades to failure, and shows how practical crusading was in a condition of decay even before the Reformation destroyed the religious framework in which it had once flourished. This is a wide-ranging and lucid study, which will be invaluable to students of the crusades. It is supplemented by fourteen maps and a guide to further reading.
Work and Hobbies in Britain, 1880-1950
Authors: Mckibbin Ross
Published: October 2023

IN 1856 R. W. Emerson concluded that while an Englishman might eat and drink ‘not much more than another man’ he laboured three times as much: everything in England ‘is at a quick pace. They have reinforced their own productivity, by the creation of that marvellous machinery which differences this age from every other age.’ Fifty years later such a view was not the predominant one. If anything, conventional opinion held the reverse to be true: Englishmen laboured less hard than others; they were ill-adapted to even more marvellous machinery; their work irritated them; ingenious Americans and docile Germans passed them on all sides. The argument that industrial life and division of labour had become intolerably monotonous to many workers was, of course, a commonplace of the nineteenth century. When Marx wrote that the ‘the worker feels himself at home outside his work and feels absent from himself in his work’ there were few who would not have conceded that he was at least partly right. By the end of the nineteenth century, when the British economy appeared to flag, it came to be argued not only that boredom demoralized the worker but that it also damaged the economy by undermining his efficiency. Thereafter it was implied in the reports of royal commissions, departmental committees of inquiry and delegations of concerned persons. It was, of course, argued explicitly as well, both by employers and by workers themselves. The London engineering employer A. Bergtheil told the Tariff Commission that not only was ‘the foreign workman–I speak more particularly of the German and the Belgian–a more intelligent and better class of labourer … but he takes more actual interest in his work’. At the same time, W. J. Davis of the Brassworkcrs’ Union could write that Berlin brassworkers ‘appear to enjoy their work more, and to be able to work more easily, and with more satisfaction, and also to have a better time than our brassworkers in Birmingham’ . Boredom had allegedly gruesome consequences: a decline in craft-skills and inattention to detail and design, irregular attendance at work, and dogged resistance to technological changes that would further accelerate and decompose labour.
Family Life and Family Policies in Europe: an Introduction
Authors: Strohmeier Klaus Peter , Kuijsten Anton
Published: October 2023

‘Individualization’ is a term commonly used in the current sociological literature to denote the new ‘horizontal’ inequalities in modern society, i.e. differentiations in terms of the organization of private life and of ‘life-style’. In a stricter scientific use of the concept, it means the emancipation of the individual life course from traditional determining influences of factors such as gender or social and regional origin. It implies an increasing possibility for everyone to lead his or her ‘own life’. Individualization in that sense has reached women only after some delay, and it operates along cohort lines, with stronger effects on the younger generations. In this process there is an observable increase in the variation of significant life events over the life course, e.g. marriage or the birth of the first child, with respect to both their timing and their incidence. The resulting increase of the individual’s degrees of freedom to choose between distinct biographic options has, on the whole, transformed the status of the family from a self-evident institution in a ‘normal’ adult’s life to a matter of (more or less rational) individual choice.
What Happened to the European Family in the 1980s? The Polarization Between the Family and other Forms of Private Life
Authors: Schulze Hans-Joachim , Tyrell Hartmann
Published: October 2023

According to broad statistical trends much change has taken place within the private sector of European nations during the 1970s and the 1980s. The average household size decreased along with a growing proportion of one-person households among all households, private life forms of unmarried partners grew and the proportion of life forms with children fell with respect to all private life forms, the proportion of married adults in younger cohorts decreased and the number of divorces grew, births outside marriage grew, and the average age of a mother giving birth to her first child rose considerably (De Singly, 1993; Kuijsten, 1996; Commaille & De Singly, 1997; Kuijsten & Strohmeier, 1997; Matthijs, 1998; Kiely, 2000). Many of these changes with respect to the 1980s are documented in the country reports of Volume 1 of this publication (Kaufmann etal.,1997).
Introduction
Authors: Spencer Paul
Published: October 2023

The two views of a pastoral continuum expressed in the above quotations represent the span of the present work. In East Africa, pastoral nomads have been depicted as the custodians of a self-contained way of life that has been largely unaffected by the spread of Western ideals or any notion of progress. They are thinly dispersed over the ecological margins where the terrain does not encourage further development and the problem of recurrent drought seems insurmountable. Meanwhile, the thrust of change has been concentrated in the more populated areas, and development (for want of a better term) is undoubtedly creeping towards these margins, bringing with it settlement and a precarious form of rain-fed agriculture that displaces pastureland formerly used by nomads. More ominously, there is an increasing spread of irrigation and flood-retreat agriculture around the permanent sources of water that have provided vital reserves on which pastoralists depend during the driest parts of the year, threatening their ultimate survival.
The Listening Ebony
Authors: James Wendy
Published: October 2023

Notions of the person and of the foundations of bodily and moral experience lie at the heart of this second ethnographic volume devoted to the Uduk-speaking people of Sudan. The first part discusses enduring elements of personal knowledge in the context of a hunters’ worldview. The second part gives an account of how alien religious discourse has confronted the Uduk in the course of the region’s political history. The third section tells the story of the contemporaneous rise of a new diviners’ movement, in part an antithetical response drawing upon the older cultural strata. The key act of the diviners is oracular consultation of the burning ebony wood: through the ebony, personal healing is sought and the foreign gods are kept at bay. The author abandons a number of older anthropological paradigms and their relativist assumptions. In drawing upon general moral philosophy, historical writing, and literary criticism, she offers a modern, humane analysis with important implications for the cross-cultural study of religion. In a new introduction Wendy James explains how the Sudan-Ethiopian borderlands were overrun by war in 1987, and how all the villages described in the original edition were destroyed. Having revisited the Uduk for various UN agencies she is able to provide an indication of the way in which they have since been embroiled in the war, and how the survivors have increasingly embraced Christianity in the course of their exile. She refers to her own reports and publications written since 1988 and to the TV documentary on the Uduk and other refugees which she made with Granada in 1993. Details of other recently published work on the region and to relevant new emphases in anthropology which focus on displacement, violence, and memory have also been added.
Compound Interest as an Item of Damage in International Law
Authors: Mann F A
Published: October 2023

There are few rules within the scope of the subject of damages in international law that are better settled than the one that compound interest is now allowable. Although in rare cases compound interest, or its equivalent, has been granted, tribunals have been almost unanimous in disapproval of its allowance.
The Territorial State
Authors: Baldwin Thomas
Published: October 2023

Max Weber famously defined states as human associations that successfully claim the monopoly of legitimate use of physical force within a given territory. Modern theorists and critics of the state who start out from Weber’s definition typically concentrate on the first part of it-the claim to a monopoly of the legitimate use of force. Thus Michael Taylor starts his discussion in Community, Anarchy, and Liberty with the Weberian definition, enters a few critical reservations concerning it, and concludes that ’What is left of the Weberian account is the notion of a concentration of force and the attempt by those in whose hands it is (incompletely) concentrated to determine who else shall be permitted to employ force and on what occasions.’ What is manifestly lacking here is any reference to the territorial aspect of Weber’s definition. This absence reflects Taylor’s interests; but my aim in this essay will be to discuss precisely that aspect of the Weberian definition which Taylor and others neglect, the claim to a territory.
Powers and Duties of an Occupant in Relation to Land and Natural Resources
Authors: Cassese Antonio
Published: October 2023

Before considering the subject of this chapter, it may prove useful briefly to touch on a preliminary issue: what legal rules govern a military occupation such as that of Israel over the Arab territories invaded in 1967? It has been contended by a distinguished scholar, and was also suggested in an official Israeli document,2 that the long duration of that occupation makes it quite unique; as a consequence, not all the legal constraints concerning ‘normal’ belligerent occupation could apply in the case of the Israeli ‘administration’ of the Arab territories.
Human Rights in the Private Sphere
Authors: Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

This book challenges several traditional assumptions concerning human rights. In particular it challenges the presumption that the fundamental rights and freedoms contained in the European Convention on Human Rights are irrelevant for cases which concern the sphere of relations between individuals. It asks whether victims should be protected from non-state actors, and attempts to develop a coherent approach to `human rights in the private sphere'. This study concentrates on the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights, and their enforcement in the courts of the United Kingdom and at the European level; at the European Commission and Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, and at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, some constitutional cases are examined from the United States and Canadian legal orders. The application of international human rights law to the private sphere has implications for the worlds of labour relations, race relations, discrimination and violence against women, and for victims of indignities everywhere. This study shows that respect for privacy need not mean excluding wrongs in the private sphere from the world of human rights.
Feelings Matter: Inverting the Hidden Equation
Authors: May* Tim
Published: October 2023

Before starting the research on the changing nature of the probation service I had completed a postgraduate course in social-research methods. During this time my, as yet, unarticulated concerns about the ‘detached’ and ‘sterile’ nature of methodological writings, design, training, and procedures were reinforced. Attention to the detail of methodological procedure was encouraged and is increasingly so in postgraduate training. Forays into the theoretical justification for these procedures were not. In fact, they were frequently dismissed as mere ‘philosophical speculation’.
Competition among rules in the single European market
Authors: Woolcock Stephen
Published: October 2023

The balance or tension between harmonization and competition among national rules is central to the development of the EC and the Single European Market (SEM). The approach to market regulation within the Single European Market embodied a constructive ambiguity. Some national regulators/governments saw the establishment of a single market as a means of retaining control over markets in the face of increased internationalization of production and economic interdependence which was undermining the viability of national regulatory policies in a number of sectors. National governments and regulators were aware that the global market pressure for change could not be resisted at a national level.
Competing Conceptions of Regulatory Competition in Debates on Trade Liberalization and Labour Standards
Authors: Langille Brian A
Published: October 2023

There has been much confusion and controversy in the popular press, political debates, and academic journals about the impact of trade liberalizing regimes, such as NAFTA or the WTO, upon domestic policy, particularly environmental and labour market regulation. To take the labour market as an example, there are two sorts of questions which are mooted in these dis cussions-first, the direct impact of trade liberalization upon the domestic labour market, i.e., jobs; and second, the indirect impact upon domestic labour market policies and laws. This chapter focuses upon the second debate about the impact of trade liberalization, and economic integration more generally, upon domestic labour market policies-that is, on policies regarding collective bargaining, employment standards, occupational health and safety, etc.