bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Combinations For the Moss Flora of China
Authors: Redfearn, Jr. P. L. , Tan B. C.
Published: September 2015

The following twenty three new combinations and new names are proposed for Chinese moss taxa: Barbula chenia, B. dixoniana, Barbula propaguliferum, Bryum ochianum, Chrysocladium retrorsum var. pinfaense, Dicladiella trichophora, Didymodon rigidulus var. perobustus, Entodon caliginosus var. subtilis, Microdus brotheri, Platydictya sinensis-subtilis, P. yuennanensis, Pohlia cavalieri, P. ciliifera, C. graciliformis, P. laticuspes, P. propagulifera, P. pygmaea, P. tapintzense, P. timmioides, Sinskea flammea ssp. ochracea, S. flammea ssp. rufiflolioides, Trichostomum sinochenii and T. zanderi.
Diplasiolejeunea involuta Winkler, una especie poco conocida

Authors: Z. María Isabel Morales , Gradstein S. Rob
Published: September 2015

Diplasiolejeunea involuta Winkler, a species formerly known only from El Salvador, was collected from shrubs in a non pure Sphagnum - Blechnum bog in Costa Rica. The plant is easily recognized by its large leaves, very convex lobes and very large lobules with obviously involute apex; the species has 3-7 oil bodies of the Jungermannia type per cell. Most characteristics of D. involuta fit with those of the subgenus Austrolejeuneopsis, the size of the underleaves are like those of the subgenus Diplasiolejeunea and the stout lobule covers up to 85% of the lobe, as in the subgenus Physolejeunea.
Las Lejeuneaceae (Hepaticae) de Misiones, Argentina III. Drepanolejeunea y Leptolejeunea
Authors: Reiner-Drehwald M. Elena
Published: September 2015

The species of Drepanolejeunea (D. mosenii (Steph.) Bischl.) and Leptolejeunea (L. exocellata (Spruce) Evans) found in the province of Misiones, Argentina, are described and illustrated. The two genera, members of the subfam. Lejeuneoideae, are new records for Misiones. Drepanolejeunea sabaliana Schust is proposed as new synonym of D. mosenii.
Three new and remarkable species of mosses from China and the Philippines

Authors: Tan Benito C. , Lin Pang-juan
Published: September 2015

Distichophyllum meizhii Tan & Lin and D. wanianum Tan & Lin (Hookeriaceae) collected from southwestern region of China are described as new to science. Also, Horikawaea redfearnii Tan & Lin is described as a new species based on collections from Hainan Island of China and Palawan Island of the Philippines. The sporophytic specimen of Horikawaea Nog. was collected for the first time and support a family placement in Pterobryaceae.
Bryophytes of Rio Branco Municipality, Acre, Brazil
Authors: Vital Daniel Moreira , Visnadi Sandra Regina
Published: September 2015

A survey of the bryophyte flora of Rio Branco Municipality, State of Acre, Brazil, has revealed a total of 76 species of bryophyte; 66 are new records for the State of Acre and two hepaticas, Cololejeunea dzumacensis P. Tix. and Lejeunea bermudiana (Evs.) Schust., are new records for Brazil. The Anthocerotae are represented only by Notothylas vitalii Udar & Singh.
New species and records of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) for Vietnam
Authors: Parris Barbara , Chen Cheng Wei , Hsu Tian Chuan , LU Thi Ngan , Nguyen Quoc Dat , Luu Hong Truong
Published: September 2015

Three new species (Calymmodon concinnus, Oreogrammitis parvula, Xiphopterella parva), and seven new records (Dasygrammitis brevivenosa, Oreogrammitis sinohirtella, Radiogrammitis beddomeana, R. jagoriana, Scleroglossum pyxidatum, S. sulcatum and Themelium halconense) of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) are reported for the flora of Vietnam, mostly from newly collected specimens. We provide detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, ecology and distribution, and taxonomic notes for each new species. Furthermore, type information, distribution, voucher specimens and taxonomic notes are provided for each newly recorded species. A checklist including synonymy and a key to Vietnamese grammitid ferns are also given.
Checklist of Recent thecideoid brachiopods from the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, with a description of a new species of Thecidellina from Europa Island and a re-description of T. blochmanni Dall from Christmas Island
Authors: LOGAN ALAN , HOFFMANN JANA , LÜTER CARSTEN
Published: September 2015

Compilation of a checklist of Recent thecideoid brachiopods from the Indian Ocean and Red Sea indicates that members of this superfamily are represented by a small number of species. The subfamily Lacazellinae is represented by Ospreyella maldiviana from the Maldive Islands but the presence of Lacazella cannot yet be confirmed in the Indian Ocean as the holotype of Lacazella mauritiana from Mauritius is lost. The subfamily Thecidellininae is represented by Thecidellina blochmanni from Christmas Island in the eastern Indian Ocean and the Red Sea while a new species T. europa is here described from Europa Island in the Mozambique Channel. The subfamily Minutellinae is represented by Minutella minuta from Samper Bank and Walters Bank in the south-western Indian Ocean and in the Red Sea. Since the holotype of Thecidellina blochmanni from Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Island is also lost, this species is re-described and illustrated mainly from topotypes in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, from which a suggested neotype has been selected.
Three new species of myrmecophilous scutacarid mites (Acari: Scutacaridae) from Western Siberia, Russia
Authors: KHAUSTOV ALEXANDER A.
Published: September 2015

Three new species of myrmecophilous mites of the genus Scutacarus Gros, 1845 (Acariformes: Pygmephoroidea: Scutacaridae), S. lasiophilus sp. nov., S. myrmicinus sp. nov., and S. crinitus sp. nov. are described from ants and their nests in Tyumen Province, Western Siberia, Russia.
Contribution to the study of Chinese Tersilochinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: KHALAIM ANDREY I. , SHENG MAO-LING
Published: September 2015

New data on Chinese Tersilochinae are provided: one species, Tersilochus scutatus sp. n., is described from Liaoning province of China and the Russian Far East, and two species, Barycnemis bellator (Müller) and Tersilochus curvator Horstmann, are new records from China. Thus, this work raises the total number of known Chinese species to 31. Two close species, Diaparsis pulchra Khalaim and D. rara (Horstmann), are compared; specimens previously treated as  D. rara, var. from the Russian Far East are found to belong to D. pulchra. Tersilochine faunas of China, South Korea and Primorskiy region of Russia are discussed. The fauna of Palaearctic China is still poorly known, being represented by an equal number of genera and somewhat fewer species than the fauna of South Korea, and it is half the size of the fauna of Primorskiy Region of Russia; the Oriental fauna of China, with only four described species, is virtually unknown.
HErZ: The German Hans-Ertel Centre for Weather Research
Authors: Simmer Clemens , Adrian Gerhard , Jones Sarah , Wirth Volkmar , Göber Martin , Hohenegger Cathy , Janjic´ Tijana , Keller Jan , Ohlwein Christian , Seifert Axel , Trömel Silke , Ulbrich Thorsten , Wapler Kathrin , Weissmann Martin , Keller Julia , Masbou Matthieu , Meilinger Stefanie , Riß Nicole , Schomburg Annika , Vormann Arnd , Weingärtner Christa
Published: September 2015

In 2011, the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development laid the foundation of the Hans-Ertel Centre for Weather Research [Hans-Ertel-Zentrum für Wetterforschung (HErZ)] in order to better connect fundamental meteorological research and teaching at German universities and atmospheric research centers with the needs of the German national weather service Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). The concept for HErZ was developed by DWD and its scientific advisory board with input from the entire German meteorological community. It foresees core research funding of about €2,000,000 yr−1 over a 12-yr period, during which time permanent research groups must be established and DWD subjects strengthened in the university curriculum. Five priority research areas were identified: atmospheric dynamics and predictability, data assimilation, model development, climate monitoring and diagnostics, and the optimal use of information from weather forecasting and climate monitoring for the benefit of society. Following an open call, five groups were selected for funding for the first 4-yr phase by an international review panel. A dual project leadership with one leader employed by the academic institute and the other by DWD ensures that research and teaching in HErZ is attuned to DWD needs and priorities, fosters a close collaboration with DWD, and facilitates the transfer of fundamental research into operations. In this article, we describe the rationale behind HErZ and the road to its establishment, present some scientific highlights from the initial five research groups, and discuss the merits and future development of this new concept to better link academic research with the needs and challenges of a national weather service.
Linear Trends and Closures of 10-yr Observations of AIRS Stratospheric Channels
Authors: Pan Fang , Huang Xianglei , Strow L. Larabbe , Guo Huan
Published: September 2015

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) level-1b radiances have been shown to be well calibrated (~0.3 K or higher) and have little secular drift (~4 mK yr−1) since operation started in September 2002. This paper investigates the linear trends of 10 years (2003–12) of AIRS global-mean radiances in the CO2 v2 band that are sensitive to emissions from the stratosphere (stratospheric channels). AIRS lower-stratospheric channels have a cooling trend of no more than 0.23 K decade−1 whereas the midstratospheric channels consistently show a statistically significant cooling trend as large as 0.58 K decade−1. The 95% confidence interval for the trend is ~±0.20 K decade−1. Two sets of synthetic AIRS radiances are computed using the principal component–based radiative transfer model (PCRTM), one based on a free-running GFDL Atmospheric Model, version 3 (AM3), over the same period and one based on ERA-Interim. The GFDL AM3 simulations overestimate the cooling trends in the mid- to upper-stratospheric channels but slightly underestimate them in the lower-stratospheric channels. The synthetic radiances based on ERA-Interim, however, have statistically significant positive trends at virtually all stratospheric channels. This confirms the challenge to the GCM modeling and reanalysis community to create a better simulation or assimilation of the stratospheric climate. It is shown that the linear trends in AIRS radiances can be reproduced to a large extent by the spectral radiative kernel technique and the trends from the AIRS L2 temperature retrievals and from the change of CO2. This suggests a closure between AIRS L1 radiances and L2 retrievals and the potential merit of AIRS data in studies of stratosphere changes.
Functional Electrical Stimulation of the Feline Larynx With a Flexible Ribbon Electrode Array
Authors: Bliss Morgan R. , Wark Heather , McDonnall Daniel , Smith Marshall E.
Published: September 2015

Objectives:

Success of laryngeal reanimation through neurorrhaphy has been limited by synkinesis and preoperative muscle atrophy. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of epimysial electrode arrays as a means of delivering electrical stimulation to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles in order to control laryngeal abduction.

Methods:

Ribbon electrode arrays with 4 or 8 electrode contacts were used. Four cats underwent implantation of electrode arrays along the surface of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. The glottis was visualized with a 0° telescope while electrodes were stimulated at different amplitudes and pulse-width durations. Recordings of stimulated vocal folds were analyzed, and the degree of vocal fold abduction was measured in order to create recruitment curves for the left and right posterior cricoarytenoid. Recruitment curves from electrode channels within the array were compared.

Results:

Electrodes oriented along the medial aspect of the posterior cricoarytenoid stimulated graded physiologic degrees of abduction depending on the amplitude of stimulation. Electrodes oriented laterally along the posterior cricoarytenoid stimulated greater degrees of simultaneous adduction with abduction.

Conclusion:

Acute studies of ribbon surface electrode arrays placed onto the posterior cricoarytenoid reproduce graded degrees of abduction necessary for the precise function of respiration and speech.
Positive Outcomes and Surgical Strategies for Bilateral Cochlear Implantation in a Child With X-Linked Deafness
Authors: Kim Leslie , Wisely C. Ellis , Lucius Shana , Weingarten Jori , Dodson Edward Eugene
Published: September 2015

Objectives:

To recognize that bilateral cochlear implantation (CI) in X-linked deafness is safe, describe techniques to maximize successful electrode placement and minimize surgical risks, and recognize that normalization of hearing as well as language acquisition is achievable.

Methods:

A 6-month-old male patient presented with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss and was confirmed to have X-linked deafness secondary to POU3F4 gene mutation. Due to lack of benefit from amplification, he underwent bilateral CI in a staged fashion at 12 (right) and 15 months (left) of age. A transmastoid-facial recess approach was used bilaterally utilizing perimodiolar electrodes. High-flow gushers were controlled with muscle plugs. C-arm fluoroscopy was used during insertion of electrodes.

Results:

Follow-up data are available for 12 months. No complications were encountered, including no postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage or facial stimulation. Postoperative audiograms in aided conditions showed hearing thresholds <40 dB. At 11 months following activation of his second CI, he scored in the normal range for his chronological age on standardized language measures.

Conclusion:

With careful preparation and the assistance of intraoperative fluoroscopy, CI in patients with congenital X-linked deafness can be done safely. Performing bilateral CI followed by dedicated auditory-verbal rehabilitation may allow patients to achieve normal language development.
Guns, butter, and debt
Authors: DiGiuseppe Matthew
Published: September 2015

I argue that favorable access to sovereign credit provides governments with greater autonomy to invest in security by allowing political incumbents to relax fixed-budget constraints. Borrowing permits leaders to delay and minimize the macroeconomic and redistributive costs associated with domestic sources of finance. Consequently, leaders of creditworthy states face fewer political costs when increasing military expenditure in response to growing demand or maintaining military expenditure when government revenues fall. A cross-sectional time-series analysis supports two observable implications of the argument. First, creditworthiness is positively associated with military spending with an effect on par with regime type. Second, creditworthiness conditions the effect of external threats on military expenditure, suggesting that poor credit terms constrain the provision of security.
Social cleavages, wartime experience, and ethnic cleansing in Europe
Authors: Bulutgil H Zeynep
Published: September 2015

What explains ethnic cleansing? Recent research has used systematic evidence to explore the causes of civilian victimization and mass killings. Yet, comparable studies that focus on ethnic cleansing are still rare. This article conceptualizes ethnic cleansing as a group-level phenomenon that is distinct from civilian victimization or mass killings and studies its causes by using systematic evidence from Europe 1900–2000. The article makes two theoretical moves. First, it highlights the salience of non-ethnic cleavages such as social class as a background condition that has the ability to hinder ethnic cleansing. Second, it distinguishes between two causal mechanisms, one that considers wars as ‘strategic environments’ and the other as ‘transformative experiences’, that relate to the proximate causes of ethnic cleansing. Using original data from 20th-century Europe, the empirical analysis offers two main findings. First, it shows that salient social cleavages, measured through levels of land inequality, political competition, and support for left-wing parties, substantially decrease the risk of ethnic cleansing. Second, the analysis suggests that the arguments that underscore psychological mechanisms related to wartime experiences provide a better explanation for ethnic cleansing than the arguments that emphasize the role of strategic wartime aims. This finding is further supported by a brief discussion of key cases in which both causal mechanisms predict ethnic cleansing. The results highlight the importance of treating ethnic cleansing as a conceptually separate phenomenon and offer implications for the debate on democracy and mass ethnic violence.
Young Learner Writing Performance in Swiss Elementary Schools – Which Teacher Variables Matter?
Authors: Loder Buechel Laura
Published: September 2015

Elementary school English language teachers in Swiss public schools often question the role of writing in early years language instruction because there is a significant disparity in messages they receive from Board of Education members, from fellow teachers and from teacher trainers. This study describes the issues concerning writing in the first years of English language instruction in Switzerland and presents data that suggest that teaching reading, writing, listening and speaking in every lesson is associated with better learner performance in writing (and the other skills) than teaching with a different balance of skills. A general writing rubric and some recommendations for writing with young learners in the Swiss setting are provided and the argument is made that teachers should indeed start with writing in the first year of English language instruction.
HIV infection in pregnancy: maternal and perinatal outcomes in a tertiary care hospital in Calabar, Nigeria
Authors: Ikpim Ekott Mabel , Edet Udo Atim , Bassey Akpan Ubong , Asuquo Otu Akaninyene , Inyang Ekanem Etim
Published: September 2015

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is likely to have untoward effects on pregnancy and its outcome. This study assessed the impact of maternal HIV infection on pregnancy outcomes in a tertiary centre in Calabar, Nigeria.

Methods

This retrospective study analysed delivery records of 258 HIV-positive and 257 HIV-negative women for pregnancy and delivery complications. Maternal and fetal outcomes of HIV-positive pregnancies were compared with those of HIV-negative controls.

Results

Adverse pregnancy outcomes significantly associated with HIV status were: anaemia: 33 (8.1%) vs. 8 (3.1%) in controls; puerperal sepsis: 18 (7%) vs. 2 (0.8%); and low birth weight: 56 (21.7%) vs. 37 (14.4%). Caesarean delivery was higher among HIV-positive women than controls: 96 (37.2%) vs. 58 (22.6%). Preterm births were higher in those HIV cohorts who did not receive antiretroviral therapy (ART): 13 (16.9%) vs. 7 (3.9%).

Conclusion

HIV-positive status increased adverse birth outcome of pregnancy. ART appeared to reduce the risk of preterm births in HIV-positive cohorts.
Two Plants Are Better Than One?
Authors: Reith Ines
Published: September 2015

Cannabis cultivation is a thriving business, whether for profit or personal use. The reasons for engaging in illegal drug growing and the effects of drug policy on it are mostly unexplored. This paper tries to shed some light on the impact of cannabis policy on this phenomenon through two models that predict first, the kilograms of marijuana herbs seized as an outcome variable and second, the number of cannabis plants eradicated. We found a significant policy effect on the number of cannabis plants eradicated while controlling for favorable outdoor (temperature) and indoor (electricity consumption) growing conditions, exports, land area, the rural population, corruption, and neighboring countries that have previously decriminalized cannabis. However, the effect on the amount of marijuana herbs seized was merely weakly significant and only in a reduced sample of developed countries.
Risks and Benefits of Legislative Budgetary Oversight
Authors: Ríos Ana-María , Bastida Francisco , Benito Bernardino
Published: September 2015

Although some studies highlight the risks to fiscal discipline, others regard legislative scrutiny as essential for fiscal transparency. We consider it necessary to analyze the potential risks and benefits associated with legislative budgetary oversight simultaneously. In particular, this article aims to ascertain whether legislative budgetary oversight is a risk to fiscal discipline as well as a benefit to budget transparency. Using a sample of 75 countries from around the world for 2009, we find that legislative budgetary oversight is not only a risk in terms of decreasing fiscal discipline but also a benefit, as stronger legislative oversight leads to greater budget transparency.
Administrative Decision Making
Authors: Wagenaar Hendrik
Published: September 2015

We make values explicit when routines break down. I do not deduct a particular pragmatic way of dealing with such conflicts from a position of value pluralism, something that seems to have attracted the ire of my learned colleagues in this debate. Instead, it is the other way around. I used value pluralism to explain not only how administrators dealt with difficult choices but also that, in the large majority of cases, they managed to arrive at decisions that seemed judged to be reasonable. This makes for a very different project than my colleagues make it out to be.
Analgesic effects of self-chosen music type on cold pressor-induced pain: Motivating vs. relaxing music
Authors: Garcia Rebecca L. , Hand Christopher J.
Published: September 2015

The attenuation of perceived pain through exposure to music is known as music analgesia. The present study used a mixed-methods design, investigating whether self-chosen music moderated participants’ psychological and physiological responses to pain during cold pressor (CP) tasks. Thirty participants took part (14 males, 16 females; Mage = 27.77 years). Three levels of musical stimulation were employed—relaxing music, motivating music and a silent control condition. Dependent variables included: CP tolerance time, Profile of Mood score, visual analogue pain rating—intensity and unpleasantness (VAS-I & VAS-U), blood pressure and pulse rate. Qualitative semi-structured interviews further investigated perceived differences between musical stimulation types. Results demonstrated a significant effect of musical exposure on VAS-U scores [ F (2, 56) = 3.60, p = .034]. Pairwise comparisons revealed that VAS-U scores were significantly lower after exposure to relaxing music than after silence. Qualitative analyses of interview transcripts revealed dominant themes of distraction, absorption and context-dependent memory induction, with the most-preferred condition being motivational music. Results of the current study suggest that active listening to music reduces pain unpleasantness ratings, and that individual preference is an important determinant of the overall emotional and distraction properties of musical stimuli.
How Should the Other be Judged?: Justice and Cultural Difference in French Assize Courts
Authors: Bouillier Véronique
Published: September 2015

This paper shows how, in the French Assizes Courts, the accusation of foreign defendants (here, mainly Sri Lankans) and the verbal exchanges with them during their trial reveal the implicit codes and presuppositions that govern the French judiciary system. Through an analysis of the part that the language plays in court, and hence the importance of interpreters, this paper will consider the emotions that are revealed during the trial and the role assigned to ‘culture’. It will conclude that the two requirements of equality before the law and of individualization of punishment are often in contradiction.
Be careful what you ask for
Authors: Popp Janice K. , Casebeer Ann
Published: September 2015

Agents of government have increasingly used networks as policy tools to connect organizations within and/or across public sector jurisdictions. This has been particularly striking in health systems across Canada. Cynics argue they are pseudo-fixes; we take a more optimistic view. We explore the unique features of mandated networks, sharing their limitations and possibilities and providing targeted messages for policy-makers considering using them, ultimately suggesting that they should “be careful what they ask for.”
Curcumin delivered through bovine serum albumin/polysaccharides multilayered microcapsules
Authors: Paşcalău V , Soritau O , Popa F , Pavel C , Coman V , Perhaita I , Borodi G , Dirzu N , Tabaran F , Popa C
Published: September 2015

The aim of the paper is to obtain and characterize k-carrageenan–chitosan dual hydrogel multilayers shell BSA gel microcapsules, as a carrier for curcumin, and as a possible antitumoral agent in biological studies. We used the CaCO3 template to synthesize non-toxic CaCO3/BSA particles as microtemplates by coprecipitating a CaCl2 solution that contains dissolved BSA, with an equimolar Na2CO3 solution. The microcapsules shell is assembled through a layer-by-layer deposition technique of calcium cross-linked k-carrageenan hydrogel alternating with polyelectrolite complex hydrogel formed via electrostatic interactions between k-carrageenan and chitosan. After the removal of CaCO3 through Ca2+ complexation with EDTA, and by a slightly treatment with HCl diluted solution, the BSA core is turned into a BSA gel through a thermal treatment. The BSA gel microcapsules were then loaded with curcumin, through a diffusion process from curcumin ethanolic solution. All the synthesized particles and microcapsules were stucturally characterized by: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, UV–Vis Spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The behavior of curcumin loaded microcapsules in media of different pH (SGF, SIF and PBS) was studied in order to reveal the kinetics and the release profile of curcumin. The in vitro evaluation of the antitumoral activity of encapsulated curcumin microcapsules on HeLa cell line and the primary culture of mesenchymal stem cells is the main reason of the microcapsules synthesis as BSA-based vehicle meant to enhance the biodisponibility of curcumin, whose anti-tumor, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are well known.
The State of Food Mapping
Authors: Sweeney Glennon , Hand Michelle , Kaiser Michelle , Clark Jill K. , Rogers Christy , Spees Colleen
Published: September 2015

Various mapping methodologies have been used to explore complex social, economic, and environmental components of the food system. Planning scholars, geographers, public health officials, and community organizations have created maps to better understand disparities in the food environment. This review provides an analysis of the nature of geographic information systems mapping in scholarly research and web-based food mapping since 2008. Our review of thirty-four journal articles and seventy web-mapping projects covers the purpose, study area, topics, methods, and application of food mapping research and initiatives. Scholars and community stakeholders will benefit from this review of methodologies to inform their research and policy initiatives.
Effects of Intimate Partner Physical Violence on Newborns’ Birth Outcomes Among Jordanian Birthing Women
Authors: Abujilban Sanaa , Mrayan Lina , Al-Modallal Hanan , Isaa Esra’a
Published: September 2015

Intimate partner physical violence against women (VAW) during pregnancy is a common experience all over the world. In Jordan, the number is double the reported international average. Data on effect of violence on birth outcomes are important for planning, implementing, and evaluating maternal health programs. The research question was, “Does intimate partner physical VAW during pregnancy increase the risk of negative birth outcomes for newborns among birthing women in Jordan?” Natural experiment design was used for this study. A consecutive sampling technique was used for selecting the victims of physical violence ( n = 79) and a simple random sampling for selecting non-victims ( n = 79). Intimate partner physical violence was measured by using the Arabic version of World Health Organization’s (WHO) domestic violence questionnaire, which has an accepted interrater validity. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and chi-square were used to detect the differences in birth outcomes between the victims and non-victims of physical violence. The results showed that there is a significant difference in newborn’s birth weight between the victims of violence and non-victims with a small effect size. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in preterm birth and assisted newborn ventilation. The non-significant effect of violence on the incidence of preterm birth contradicts the published literature. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is rooted in Jordanian culture and widely accepted among married Jordanian women. Midwives, doctors, educators, and policy makers should work together to eradicate violence and detect victims of it, to improve birth outcomes and decrease newborn morbidity and mortality rates.
The Use of Drinking and Sexual Assault Protective Behavioral Strategies: Associations With Sexual Victimization and Revictimization Among College Women
Authors: Neilson Elizabeth C. , Gilmore Amanda K. , Pinsky Hanna T. , Shepard Molly E. , Lewis Melissa A. , George William H.
Published: September 2015

Despite consistent high rates of campus sexual assault, little research has examined effective strategies to decrease sexual assault victimization. Sexual assault and drinking protective behavioral strategies (PBS) may be important means of reducing sexual assault victimization risk on college campuses but need further examination. The current study examined the relationship among sexual assault in childhood, before college, and since college to evaluate the mitigating roles of both sexual assault PBS and drinking PBS on sexual assault victimization. Participants ( n = 620) were undergraduate women, 18 to 20 years old. The current study was a cross-sectional online survey assessing participants’ sexual assault PBS and sexual assault history. Sexual assault history was positively associated with future sexual assault experiences. Pre-college sexual assault was associated with increased since-college sexual assault and increased drinks per week. Since-college adolescent/adult sexual assault was associated with less use of sexual assault PBS. These findings suggest that PBS may have an important role in sexual assault victimization and future research should examine their usefulness in risk reduction programs for college women.
“I Am Not Just a Feminist Eight Hours a Day”
Authors: Coe Anna-Britt
Published: September 2015

This article focuses on youth feminist political action in Ecuador and Peru and its relationship to contemporary gender hierarchies. I examine how and why youth gender justice activists understand their political action differently from the professionalized adult feminists who mobilize them. Grounded theory was used to collect and analyze interviews with 21 young women and men activists on gender justice. Youth activists seek cultural changes using social advocacy to target the family, household, and intimate partnerships, what I describe as politicizing the sociocultural. They develop new ways of perceiving political action in response to challenges produced by emergent gender hierarchies, which they understand as blurred gender inequalities or processes that simultaneously enable and constrain gender equality.
“I’m Not One of Those Girls”
Authors: Fjær Eivind Grip , Pedersen Willy , Sandberg Sveinung
Published: September 2015

Sexual morality is not keeping up with the new sexual practices of young people, even in cultures oriented toward gender equality. The Norwegian high school graduation celebration constitutes an exceptionally liberal context for sexual practices. Many of the 18-year-old participants in this three-week-long celebration engage in “hookup” activities, involving kissing, fondling, and sexual intercourse. Through an analysis of qualitative interviews with 25 women and 16 men, we argue that while they avoided overt slut-shaming, the morally abject position of the “slut” was still sustained by implication. The young women drew symbolic boundaries against anonymous other women who failed to value safety, hygiene, and self-control. This boundary-work was combined with declarations of tolerance of hookup practices, reflecting a sexually liberal culture geared toward gender equality. That young women who hooked up also drew boundaries against “other” women indicates a lack of alternative gender beliefs that allow young women to positively associate with hooking up. The young men also drew symbolic boundaries in their talk about sex, but enjoyed more freedom in their moral positioning. Although the liberal context was evident, the gendered difference in sexual boundary-work may contribute to the persistence of a sexual double standard among young people.
An investigation on the machinability of newly developed low-carbon sulphurised free-cutting steels
Authors: Xia Xiquan , Zhang Junsheng , Zou Yuming
Published: September 2015

An investigation into the cutting performance of newly developed free-cutting steels was conducted at high cutting speeds (150, 200 and 300 m/min) using cemented carbide cutting tools. The tool life, cutting force and surface roughness were measured to study the effect of the Mn/S ratio in weight percent on the cutting performance of the steel. The experimental results confirmed that the Mn/S ratio had a great influence on the machinability of the steel. It was more beneficial to form a MnS lubricant zone during the machining when the ratio is 3.33. The MnS lubricant zone formed on the rake face could reduce the tool wear and improve the tool life. A lower main cutting force could reduce the friction and bonding between the tool rake face and chip. The best machinability of the steel in terms of the tool life and main cutting force was obtained when the ratio was 3.33. The surface roughness decreased as the cutting speed increased when the Mn/S ratio was less than 3.33, and it increased when the ratio was greater than 3.33. The surface roughness of the steel also had a notable connection with the radial force. A properly high radial force could be beneficial in reducing the surface roughness because of the extrusion between the tool and the machined surface.
Maintaining a politicised climate of opinion? Examining how political framing and journalistic logic combine to shape speaking opportunities in UK elite newspaper reporting of climate change
Authors: Matthews Julian
Published: September 2015

This article explores the importance of issue politicisation and mediation for the reporting of climate change in UK elite newspapers. Specifically, this investigates how journalistic logic mediates political framing to produce commentaries on and discussion about climate change in the news. In analysing elite newspaper coverage over time in this case, the article shows that (1) various frames introduce the issue as a legitimate problem within coverage and that (2) the news stories these inform are opened to specific commentaries according to ‘elite journalistic logic’. This configuration of coverage orders the speaking opportunities of established voices of science, politics and industry as well as those less established voices that enter to explain and qualify these elite accounts. The article concludes that the ingrained combination of issue politicisation and journalistic logic observed here will likely shape future elite reporting and those voices that it will include.
Public perceptions of expert disagreement: Bias and incompetence or a complex and random world?
Authors: Dieckmann Nathan F. , Johnson Branden B. , Gregory Robin , Mayorga Marcus , Han Paul K. J. , Slovic Paul
Published: September 2015

Expert disputes can present laypeople with several challenges including trying to understand why such disputes occur. In an online survey of the US public, we used a psychometric approach to elicit perceptions of expert disputes for 56 forecasts sampled from seven domains. People with low education, or with low self-reported topic knowledge, were most likely to attribute disputes to expert incompetence. People with higher self-reported knowledge tended to attribute disputes to expert bias due to financial or ideological reasons. The more highly educated and cognitively able were most likely to attribute disputes to natural factors, such as the irreducible complexity and randomness of the phenomenon. Our results show that laypeople tend to use coherent—albeit potentially overly narrow—attributions to make sense of expert disputes and that these explanations vary across different segments of the population. We highlight several important implications for scientists, risk managers, and decision makers.
The Systems Theory Framework of career development: 20 years of contribution to theory and practice
Authors: Patton Wendy , McMahon Mary
Published: September 2015

The development and sustained contribution of the Systems Theory Framework to career development theory and practice is well documented in national and international literatures. In addition to its contribution to theory integration, it has added to the growing literature on connecting career theory and practice, in particular for non-Western populations. In addition, it has been the basis of the development of a broad array of constructivist approaches to career counselling, and indeed specific reflective career assessment activities. This article begins with a brief history of the Systems Theory Framework which is then followed by a rationale for its development. The contribution of the Systems Theory Framework to theory and practice is then described prior to concluding comments by the authors.
Parties, Preferences, and Congressional Organization
Authors: Ragusa Jordan M. , Birkhead Nathaniel A.
Published: September 2015

When does Congress repeal laws enacted by prior generations? Although the substantial body of work on policy creation provides tentative explanations, we believe repeals represent an alternative way of examining the effects of congressional organization on legislative behavior. In this paper, we develop hypotheses based on both the conditional nature of party power and the location of pivot points, and test these hypotheses with a new data set of repeals from 1877 to 2012. We find that the largest effects on Congress’s capacity to repeal legislation are variation in the majority’s positive agenda control and shifts in the gridlock interval. We also find that when the majority claims control of both chambers after a long stretch in the minority, there is an increased likelihood of repeal beyond what is predicted by conditional party government alone. Because the partisan factors in our model have the largest substantive effects, and because repeals do not occur automatically in productive Congresses, we characterize repeals as long-term contests between two great “teams” over the location of the status quo.
Effect of sliding distance on dry sliding tribological behaviour of Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite (AlHMMC): An alternate for automobile brake rotor – A Grey Relational approach
Authors: Kumar M , A Megalingam Murugan , Baskaran V , Ramji KS Hanumanth
Published: September 2015

In fact, aluminium alloys have impressive mechanical and physical properties which make them robust for number of automobile applications. Reinforcing hard ceramic particles and solid lubricants with aluminium alloys gives balanced mechanical, physical and tribological characteristics for cast composites. The effect of sliding distance on tribological behaviour of Al6061-T6 alloy and its composite reinforced with hard ceramic constituent alumina (3 wt.%) and solid lubricant graphite (3 wt.%) fabricated through stir casting technique is discussed in this work. The American Society for Testing of Materials-G99-95 standard specimens prepared from cast composites are supposed to dry slide on the steel disc of a pin-on-disc apparatus. It is observed from the results that, for all combinations of applied load, sliding velocity and sliding distance aluminium hybrid metal matrix composite (AlHMMC) reveal superior tribological properties than the Al6061 alloy. Experimental wear test results exhibit an increasing trend of specific wear rate of AlHMMC for increasing load and sliding distance which is absolutely lesser than Al6061 alloy. However, the impact of sliding velocity evident decrease in specific wear rate upto 4.18 m/s later it starts increasing with increase in sliding distance. The worn-out specimen surfaces are examined for their elemental, compound characterization and morphological analysis through energy dispersive X-ray detector spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Optimized process parameters are obtained by grey optimization approach which yields improved specific wear resistance and coefficient of friction. Improved results of hybrid composite offers an assurance to alternate existing cast iron brake rotor for the future.
From colonial categories to local culture: Evolving state practices of ethnic enumeration in Oceania, 1965–2014
Authors: Kukutai Tahu Hera , Broman Patrick
Published: September 2015

Numerous scholars have examined how governments in particular times and places have classified their populations by ethnicity, but studies that are both cross-national and longitudinal are rare. Using a unique database of census questionnaires, we examine state practices of ethnic enumeration over a 50-year period (1965–2014) in the 24 countries and areas that comprise Oceania. The region’s extraordinary linguistic and cultural diversity, combined with its complex colonial history and indigenous politics, make it an ideal site for comparative analyses. We find a shift from biological conceptions of difference to a more cultural understanding of group identity, exemplified by a sharp rise in language questions and the decline of race-based inquiries. While local identity labels have largely displaced colonial categories, the imprimatur of previous regimes still lingers, particularly in Melanesia. These shifts in official constructions of ethnoracial differences reflect a gradual lessening of colonial influences on demographic practices.
The early Spanish and English writing development of simultaneous bilingual preschoolers
Authors: Soltero-González Lucinda , Butvilofsky Sandra
Published: September 2015

This qualitative study investigated the progression in the biliterate levels of conceptualization about writing in Spanish and English of 28 simultaneous bilingual preschoolers. Using a constructivist framework, a holistic bilingual and translanguaging perspective, this qualitative study examined the children’s understanding of the nature of writing in Spanish and English as demonstrated in their written productions and interpretation of their own texts as well as how such understanding develops over time. The findings indicate that while similar conceptualization levels to those found in previous studies with monolingual children were identified in the simultaneous bilingual children in our sample, some unique patterns were observed that shed light on the nature of early bilingual writing development. More importantly, the findings reveal that, from the start, most children’s progression in their levels of conceptualization about writing in the two languages was similar, even when they did not receive formal literacy instruction in English.
The 2012 metamorphosis of the common law of compulsory acquisition valuation in Australia
Authors: Parker David RR
Published: September 2015

Following over a century of development, Australian common law concerning the comparable sales method of valuation for land and property, within the context of compulsory acquisition and rating statutes, had evolved to provide a focus on individual elements within the method but did not provide a clear sequential process. However, three decisions of the NSW Land and Environment Court in 2012, which are described and critically analysed in this paper, formed a metamorphosis of the common law by clearly setting out the legal principles of the comparable sales method of valuation while leaving the valuation practice to expert witness valuers. With relatively little research undertaken into the legal aspects of the valuation of land and property, this paper forms an original contribution to the literature through the critical analysis and discussion of recent court decisions. Given the significant imminent development of major infrastructure projects in Australia, likely to necessitate the extensive compulsory acquisition of land and property, such metamorphosis is contended to be timely and potentially relevant to other common law jurisdictions having similar compulsory acquisition statutory regimes and land and property valuation practices.
Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board
Authors: Campbell Mark
Published: September 2015

This case note discusses the decision of the UK Supreme Court in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board, a case concerning the negligent failure by a doctor to disclose a risk associated with childbirth. The significance of the case lies in the Supreme Court’s departure from Sidaway, an earlier decision of the House of Lords. The consequence is that the Bolam test can no longer be applied to questions about breach of duty where the alleged negligence involves a failure to disclose medical risks. The note considers the reasons for the decision in Montgomery, as well as the kinds of issues that it will raise as the courts in the UK attempt to apply it in future cases.
Injured passengers and the defence of illegality
Authors: Buckley Richard A
Published: September 2015

The scope of the defence of illegality in the law of tort is often controversial and difficult. This paper examines the issues in the specific context of negligence claims for personal injury suffered by a passenger against a driver with whom he was engaged in an illegal venture. This problem has been considered in a recent decision of the High Court of Australia and two decisions of the Court of Appeal in England. These cases are analyzed and several different approaches to the application of the illegality defence are identified. The proposition that it is impossible to identify the driver’s standard of care in such cases is rejected. The notion that the scope of the defence of illegality can be determined by considering whether to decline to apply it would lead to ‘incongruity’ within the law has attracted support in Australia and Canada. Nevertheless the paper argues that the apparent utility of the test as a relatively straightforward means of determining when claims should fail is deceptive, and that it is unworkable in cases of any complexity. The proposition that causation can provide a necessary but not sufficient condition for the application of the illegality defence in the type of case under consideration, however, is welcomed. But it is also concluded that some reference to intuitive perceptions as to the gravity of the parties’ illegal adventure will often be inescapable in order to avoid applying the defence to less serious cases in which its application would be unjust.