bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer’s Disease, the Parietal Lobes, and the Evolution of the Human Genus
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , Jacobs Heidi I. L.
Published: August 2024

Brain evolution is a key feature in the natural history of Primates, in particular of the human genus. Paleoneurology deals with the study of the endocranial anatomy, as proxy to investigate brain morphology in extinct species. Considering the fossil evidence, it has been hypothesized that modern humans experienced a recent expansion of the parietal cortex. The precuneus, for example, is much larger in humans than in apes and likely larger in Homo sapiens compared with fossil hominids. The deeper region of the precuneus is characterized by high heat load, complex topological organization, and allometric constraints, and it is interposed between major vascular territories. In this chapter, the authors discuss the evolutionary changes of the parietal cortex in the human genus, the parietal lobe changes in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, and how these changes can impact cognition and social aspects, integrating paleoneurological and neurobiological perspectives.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Swanepoel Annie
Published: August 2024

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder which is characterized by symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention that impact on functioning. It can be adaptive for an unborn child of a mother, who is stressed due to a dangerous environment, to undergo intra-uterine programming and develop ADHD, which predisposes individuals to a fast life history and increases the chances of reproduction in a harsh environment. In our modern society, children with ADHD may be conceptualized as being caught in an evolutionary mismatch between what they are adapted to cope with and the current school environment, where children are expected to sit still and pay attention. This raises ethical questions about whether medication is justified instead of adapting schools to allow more exercise and hands-on learning. Finally, people with ADHD may be better understood as being at the extreme end of a spectrum of neurodiversity, rather than having a disorder.
A practical classification of epilepsy with regard to comorbidity
Authors: Zuberi Sameer M.
Published: August 2024

The classifications of seizure types, epilepsy types, and epilepsy syndromes in adults, children, and newborns have all been revised in recent years. One of the drivers for change was to emphasize the importance of recognizing and actively managing the comorbidities of epilepsy. The definition of epilepsy now allows a diagnosis, within the appropriate context, to be made after a single seizure and also acknowledges that epilepsy can resolve and need not be a lifelong disorder. The relationships a person with epilepsy has with their family, peers, and wider society are influenced by the concepts clinicians use in classifying and managing the condition. The language used in classification is becoming more accessible to non-specialists who can access medical knowledge more freely in the internet age. Also, the framework for classification of seizures guides more personalized management by leading the clinician through descriptions of the epilepsy phenotype, comorbidities, and aetiology.
Epilepsy, marriage, and other social relationships
Authors: Kinariwalla Neha , Sen Arjune
Published: August 2024

Aside from the physiological disease, the psychosocial ramifications of the epilepsy greatly affect a person’s social relationships and, in turn, their quality of life. The social perception of epilepsy is shaped through a long history of stigma and discrimination, dating back millennia. Even in the 21st century, epilepsy can remain a very stigmatizing condition around the world. Stigma can influence nearly every component of a person’s life, from their education and workplace to marriage and childbearing. In addition to testing the resilience of those with the condition, epilepsy can apply additional pressure on parents, siblings, carers, and life partners. This chapter reviews these factors and discusses future directions for research in this field.
Neuropsychological Testing
Authors: Harris James C. , Coyle Joseph T.
Published: August 2024

Developmental neuropsychological testing is an important component of the developmental neuropsychiatric examination. This chapter provides an orientation to using developmental neuropsychological testing in assessing mental functioning. It discusses a neuropsychological model of functional domains, proceeding from domain-general to domain-specific interactive specialization; introduces the construct of neuroconstructionism; reviews current issues in the application of tests and instrument development; provides a comparison of neuropsychological and clinical psychological approaches to assessment; considers the differences in brain–behavior relationships between adults and children on neuropsychological testing; reviews indications for neuropsychological testing; discusses assessment strategies for the neuropsychological capacities tested; and provides a description of the types of tests used and a rationale for their use.
Language
Authors: Harris James C. , Coyle Joseph T.
Published: August 2024

This chapter reviews current issues in language development regarding two perspectives: Whether language is an innate system with specialized language centers in the brain that involves the reconfiguration of mental and neural systems which are present in other species and continue to serve a nonlinguistic function in the human species, or whether it is an emergent function that results from competition between lexical items, phonological forms, and syntactic patterning. The chapter also reviews the anatomy of language, discusses simulated language learning in neural networks, considers event-related potential studies that relate to language development, and emphasizes special issues in language development. Special issues relate to children with focal brain injury, specific language impairments, and deafness; children with genetic disorders involving language; and children who have been linguistically derived.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Harris James C. , Coyle Joseph T.
Published: August 2024

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed in children who are seen in psychiatric clinics. It is estimated to affect children worldwide with an overall prevalence of 5%, and it is a factor in one-third of referrals to child psychiatric clinics. In addition to attentional problems, difficulties with social perception and social awareness commonly occur, leading to psychosocial difficulties. This chapter reviews ADHD with an emphasis on the associated social cognitive and affect regulation problems that lead to dysfunctional relationships in the family and at school. It reviews the history, classification, epidemiology, etiology, environmental risk factors, neuroimaging, neurochemistry, social cognitive domain, interpersonal aspects, effect of the disorder on others, developmental course, diagnostic assessment, and treatment for this disorder.
Challenging Behavior
Authors: Harris James C. , Coyle Joseph T.
Published: August 2024

Challenging behavior is a term that collectively refers to self-injury, temper outbursts, and aggressive/destructive behavior. These problem behaviors are a major feature in developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly in severe intellectual developmental disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Aggression toward others and self-injurious behavior are of particular concern for psychiatrists and other health professionals because of their severity, frequency, and resistance to treatment. Aggression/destructive behavior and self-injury have adverse effects on family life and can result in failure of community placement for children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, classification, differential diagnosis, assessment, predisposing factors, etiologic models, treatment, and medicolegal issues of challenging behavior.
Build or Buy? Managing the New Technology Decision Tree
Authors: Mahoney Kevin B. , Merchant, Raina M. , Schnall Mitchell D.
Published: August 2024

Technology plays a role in nearly every aspect of healthcare delivery. Health systems must continually invest in new and existing technology and analytics platforms to scale initiatives, enable innovation, and achieve interoperability to meet the needs and expectations of patients and clinicians while remaining focused on the organization’s mission and strategic priorities. In this process, decision-makers must determine how to allocate technological resources to platforms that meet clinical and administrative needs while reducing the need for frequent replacement or reconfiguration. Advances in artificial intelligence and its capabilities add urgency and complexity to technology investment decisions. An important consideration during this process is when to build new technology infrastructure and when to partner with existing companies and buy technology solutions. This case study explores a major academic medical center’s approach to that decision, including the factors that influenced it and the outcomes of two solutions that were developed in-house.
Intraoperative closure of large full thickness macular holes with perfluorocarbon liquid
Authors: Sabatino Francesco , Banderas-García Sandra , Patton Niall , Dhawahir-Scala Felipe
Published: August 2024

Purpose:

To report the role of perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) and passive extrusion for management of large full thickness macular holes (FTMHs).

Methods:

A standard pars plana vitrectomy with induction of posterior vitreous detachment was performed for all patients. After internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel, a bubble of perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) was injected over the posterior pole and passive extrusion of fluid was performed with a backflush instrument below the PFCL bubble, without touching the FTMH edges, until the FTMH centre was reached. Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed formation of an inner retina roof in all cases and confirmed intraoperative FTMH closure. Complete PFCL removal was performed after fluid-air exchange and gas tamponade was utilised in all cases.

Results:

Preoperative FTMH mean aperture size was 761um and standard deviation (SD) 100um (range 682-918um). FTMH closure was achieved in all eyes and visualised intraoperatively with OCT. After an average follow-up of 2 months, there was improvement in the mean BCVA and central scotoma.

Conclusion:

FTMH closure can be achieved intraoperatively with the use of PFCL and passive extrusion. The described surgical technique could be a valid alternative for repair of large FTMHs.
Panuveitis after ultraviolet light treatments for light adjustable intraocular lens
Authors: Wang Jay C. , Ramirez Jose , Khurana Rahul N.
Published: August 2024

Purpose:

To resport a case of panuveitis after light adjustable intraocular lens (LAL) implantation and ultraviolet (UV) light treatment.

Methods:

Case report.

Results:

A 68-year-old woman with a history of herpes zoster without ocular involvement presented with panuveitis in her right eye two weeks after a UV light lock-in treatment for a recently implanted LAL. An infectious and inflammatory workup was only notable for positive HSV-1 and VZV IgG, but the patient did not have any history of ocular HSV or VZV. Over the course of five months, the panuveitis resolved completely with topical steroids and the patient had a good visual outcome.

Conclusion:

Though causality cannot be established in this case, physicians should be aware of the possibility of uveitis after UV light treatments. Extra caution should be observed in patients with history of herpetic disease.
Comparison of Automated and Manual Measurement of Corneal Epithelial Thickness in Eyes With Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency
Authors: Kittipibul Thanachaporn , Unhale Rutuja , Bonnet Clemence , Tseng Chi-Hong , Deng Sophie X.
Published: August 2024

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of manual and automated corneal epithelial thickness (CET) assessments using anterior segment optical coherence tomography in eyes with limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD).

Methods:

Eighty-seven eyes from 64 patients with LSCD and 65 eyes from 39 healthy subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. OCT images of corneas were acquired using a Fourier-domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The automated measurement of CET was obtained using the manufacturer's program and the manual measurements were obtained by 2 masked observers. The average CET was obtained from 3 consecutive epithelial profile maps. The average CET of manual measurement was obtained from 3 consecutive cross-line scans using 3-point measurement as previously described.

Results:

The central CET was thinner in patients with LSCD compared with healthy individuals by both manual and automated measurements. Automated CET measurements were similar to the manually obtained CET in the healthy controls (r = 0.911). However, there is a lower correlation between the automated and manually obtained CET in the LSCD group (r = 0.497). Manual measurements of CET (39.8 ± 11 μm) in eyes with LSCD were significantly lower than the automated measurements (48.8 ± 7.2 μm, P = 0.001, 95% CI -11.0 to −6.9). The correlations between the automated and manually obtained measurements in the mild, moderate, and severe stages of LSCD were 0.623, 0.632, and 0.378, respectively.

Conclusions:

There is a large discrepancy between the manual and automated measurements in eyes with LSCD but not in normal eyes. Automated measurements in LSCD exhibited a higher rate of errors and nonuniform measurements due to the presence of subepithelial scars. Automated CET measurements appear to be unreliable in eyes with corneal scars in LSCD.
Müller Muscle Conjunctival Resection: A Prospective Multicenter Comparison of Eyelid Height at the Immediate, 1-Week, and 3-Month Postoperative Time Points
Authors: Lussier Charlotte , El-Khazen Dupuis Jessica , Leung Victoria C. , Ashraf Davin C. , Idowu Oluwatobi O. , Massicotte Erika , Vagefi M. Reza , Kersten Robert C. , Kalin-Hajdu Evan
Published: August 2024

Purpose:

The primary objective was to document change in postoperative marginal reflex distance-1 (MRD1) after Müller muscle conjunctival resection surgery. The secondary objective was to identify predictors of change in postoperative MRD1.

Methods:

A multicenter prospective cohort study was performed on patients consecutively recruited for Müller muscle conjunctival resection. MRD1 was measured immediately after Müller muscle conjunctival resection, at the 1-week postoperative visit, and the ≥3-month postoperative visit. MRD1 at the immediate and 1-week time points were compared with MRD1 ≥3 months using descriptive statistics. Predictors of change in MRD1 were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis.

Results:

A total of 150 patients (226 eyelids) were included. Regarding the immediate to ≥3-month interval, 53.8% of eyelids remained clinically similar (rise or fall ≤0.5 mm), 19.8% rose ≥1 mm, and 26.4% fell ≥1 mm. Regarding the 1-week to ≥3-month interval, 76.5% remained clinically similar, 17.3% rose ≥1 mm, and 6.2% fell ≥1 mm. No variable predicted change in MRD1 over either interval with both clinical and statistical significance.

Conclusions:

Immediate postoperative MRD1 is likely to reflect the late result in only 54% of cases. However, 1-week postoperative MRD1 is similar to the late result in 77% of cases and is highly unlikely (6%) to fall by the final visit. No variable significantly impacts change in postoperative MRD1.
Factors Associated With Nasogastric Tube Placement-Related Complications in a Single Academic Medical Center
Authors: Pickel Whitney , Talbott Elizabeth , Abram Justine , Bernardi Richard , Forester DaWanda , Hawkins Joshua , Henry Jennifer , Nesbitt Danielle , Smith Candice , Gray Keith
Published: August 2024

Objective:

At our 710-bed academic medical center, nine (9) patients sustained injuries during nasogastric (NG) tube insertion attempts over a 16-month period (March 2021–July 2022). No injuries were reported during the comparable period before these events. This increase in reported events prompted an in-depth analysis to determine the root causes and implement a process improvement plan.

Methods:

Root cause analysis (RCA) of these events failed to identify risk factors or actionable themes. The RCAs demonstrated wide variation in the number of insertion attempts and techniques.

Results:

A standard process was created to provide team members with guidance for escalation when NG tube placement was difficult.

Conclusions:

Although the complication rate for NG tube insertion was comparable with the criterion standard for large tertiary care institutions, we focused on minimizing risk and improving outcomes by creating a standard process for NG tube placement.
Dinutuximab-beta after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation improved event-free survival of newly diagnosed children with high-risk neuroblastoma but overall survival remains unchanged: Saudi Arabia's multi-institutional experiences
Authors: AlAzmi Aeshah A. , Awwad Sameh , Essa Mohammed , Althubaiti Sami , AlSenaini Ghusun , Al Shaikh Adnan M. , Amer Samar A.
Published: August 2024

Background:

Despite the use of multimodal therapy to treat high-risk neuroblastoma, the prognosis of this patient population remains poor. The addition of dinutuximab-beta to standard maintenance therapy after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (auto-PBSCT) has been found to improve survival rates. We present treatment outcome of high-risk neuroblastoma (HR NBL) before and after the introduction of dinutuximab-beta in comprehensive large cancer centers in Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods:

This is a multicenter retrospective chart review of all patients aged 1–14 years diagnosed with HR-NBL who received multimodal therapy including dinutuximab-beta during maintenance phase after auto-PBSCT compared with patients who did not receive between 2015 and 2020. Supportive therapy was administered to manage dinutuximab-beta-associated adverse events.

Results:

The treatment outcome was evaluated for 32 patients (21 received dinutuximab-beta and 11 patients did not receive it). Among 21 patients who received dinutuximab-beta, 12 (57.1%) patients received all planned five cycles of dinutuximab-beta (cumulative 100% of the dose) and 9 (42.9%) patients received less than 5 cycles of dinutuximab-beta maintenance mainly secondary to toxicities, which is reported in 11.1%, and progressive disease during dinutuximab-beta therapy, which is reported in 88.9%. The 5-year mean and median survival were 67.3 and 99 months, respectively, while the overall survival (OS) rate was approximately 57%. The mean and median disease-free survival (DFS) were 36.3 and 20 months, respectively, while the DFS rate was approximately 22%. There was nonsignificant difference in OS and DFS between patients who received dinutuximab-beta and patients who did not receive it (P values 0.970 and 0.113). From all examined factors, there were no statistically significant differences between patients who received dinutuximab-beta and patients who did not receive it with the baseline characteristics, except for relapse status with P = 0.013, time from PBSCT to relapse with P = 0.023, and mortality with P=0.049. Dinutuximab-beta maintenance treatment was generally well tolerated with proper use of supportive therapy, with the most prevalent toxicities being nonhematological in nature and being reported in 52%.

Conclusion:

There is a noticeable improvement and reduction in disease progression-free survival with manageable adverse events in patients who received dinutuximab-beta maintenance therapy, but the overall survival rate remains unchanged.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Serum-Free Media Supplemented with Protein Isolates for Bovine Satellite Cell Proliferation: A Sustainable Approach for Cultivated Meat Production
Authors: Amirvaresi Arian , Ovissipour Reza
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the short- and long-term efficacy of serum-free media supplemented with protein isolates from algae, alfalfa, silkworm pupae, and grasshoppers for the proliferation of bovine satellite cells (BSCs). Fresh and spent media were analyzed to monitor metabolites, while cell proliferation was assessed using the CyQUANT assay. The results of the short-term growth study indicated that a lower concentration of alfalfa protein isolate (0.05 mg/mL) significantly enhanced cell proliferation, achieving a 1.47-fold increase compared to basal media, thereby demonstrating its potential as a viable alternative to fetal bovine serum (FBS). The capability of the developed serum-free media for cell passaging was examined using different coating strategies, with vitronectin outperforming others; however, it was unable to support the long-term growth of cells compared to FBS-containing media. Given the critical role of glutamine, this study also evaluates the impact of L-glutamine supplementation at different concentrations on cell growth and metabolism in alfalfa-based media. However, while glutamine supplementation showed trends toward increased cell growth, the enhancements were not statistically significant. Based on the results, this study highlights the potential of alfalfa protein isolate as a promising component of serum-free media for BSC proliferation and underscores the need for continued research into alternative protein sources and media formulations to support the sustainable and ethical production of cultivated meat.
Withaferin A reduces pulmonary eosinophilia and IL-25 production in a mouse model of allergic airways disease
Authors: Agner Kevin , McQuade Victoria L. , Womble Jack , Guttenberg Marissa A. , Phatak Sanat , Ingram Jennifer L.
Published: August 2024

Several studies report that ashwagandha, a traditional Ayurvedic supplement, has anti-inflammatory properties. Type 2 (T2) asthma is characterized by eosinophilic airway inflammation. We hypothesized that allergen-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation in mice would be reduced following administration of Withaferin A (WFA), the primary active phytochemical in Ashwagandha. C57BL/6J mice were given 10 total intra-peritoneal injections of 2 mg/kg WFA or vehicle control, concurrent with 6 total intranasal administrations of 50 µg house dust mite extract (HDM) or saline control over 2 weeks. We observed that treatment with WFA reduced allergen-induced peribronchial inflammation and airway eosinophil counts compared to mice treated with controls. In addition, we observed that treatment with WFA reduced lung levels of interleukin-25 (IL-25) but increased lung gene expression levels of its co-receptor,Il17ra, in HDM-challenged mice compared to HDM-challenged mice that received the vehicle control. This study pinpoints a potential mechanism by which WFA modulates allergen-induced airway eosinophilia via the IL-25 signaling pathway. Future studies will investigate the effects of WFA administration on lung eosinophilia and IL-25 signaling in the context of chronic allergen-challenge.
Molecular basis of convergent evolution of ACE2 receptor utilization among HKU5 coronaviruses
Authors: Park Young-Jun , Liu Chen , Lee Jimin , Brown Jack T , Ma Chen-Bao , Liu Peng , Xiong Qing , Stewart Cameron , Addetia Amin , Craig Caroline J , Tortorici M. Alejandra , Alshukari Abeer , Starr Tyler , Yan Huan , Veesler David
Published: August 2024

DPP4 was considered a canonical receptor for merbecoviruses until the recent discovery of African bat-borne MERS-related coronaviruses using ACE2. The extent and diversity with which merbecoviruses engage ACE2 and their receptor species tropism remain unknown. Here, we reveal that HKU5 enters host cells utilizing Pipistrellus abramus (P.abr) and several non-bat mammalian ACE2s through a binding mode distinct from that of any other known ACE2-using coronaviruses. These results show that several merbecovirus clades independently evolved ACE2 utilization, which appears to be a broadly shared property among these pathogens, through an extraordinary diversity of ACE2 recognition modes. We show that MERS-CoV and HKU5 have markedly distinct antigenicity, due to extensive genetic divergence, and identified several HKU5 inhibitors, including two clinical compounds. Our findings profoundly alter our understanding of coronavirus evolution and pave the way for developing countermeasures against viruses poised for human emergence.
Perceived environmental responsibility: how environmental pollution promotes self-improvement product preference
Authors: Wang Yaming , Han Jie , Li Junhai , Mou Chunlan
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This research is aimed to examine how environmental pollution affects consumers' preference for self-improvement products.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a series of three experimental studies, this research substantiates our hypotheses by employing various manipulations of environmental pollution and examining different types of self-improvement products.

Findings

The research demonstrates that environmental pollution enhances consumers' preference for self-improvement products via the mediation of perceived environmental responsibility. And the effect is negatively moderated by social equity sensitivity.

Originality/value

The recurrent incidence of environmental pollution has elicited significant concern among the general public and academic scholars. An overwhelming majority of research examining the impact of pollution on consumer behavior has concentrated on its influence on environmentally friendly and healthy consumption patterns. Nevertheless, the current research proposes that pollution fosters a preference for products associated with self-improvement, mediated by perceived environmental responsibility, with the effects being moderated by social equity sensitivity.
Labor discrimination in the higher education system of Georgia: problems and modern challenges
Authors: Paresashvili Nino , Okruashvili Nanuli , Tikishvili Mzia , Pirtskhalaishvili Dea
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This paper is dedicated to labor discrimination, the most challenging and acute problem of the modern higher education system, which is one of the primary global concerns of the 21st century in higher education. This study aims to analyze the causes of discrimination in the higher education system of Georgia, to determine the priority types and forms of discrimination in the process of career management of personnel employed in educational institutions and to develop specific recommendations based on the successful antidiscrimination experience of developed countries, which will contribute to the development of an effective mechanism for eliminating discrimination in the higher education system of Georgia.

Design/methodology/approach

The statistical software package was used to process the data obtained during the research process. Throughout the analysis, numerous statistical techniques were employed, such as conducting an interview, running Mann–Whitney test, hypothesis testing, ANOVA test and much more. It is important to emphasize that various important hypotheses were developed during the research process. Finally, we presented conclusions and recommendations.

Findings

The study found that personnel discrimination is a severe, urgent and pervasive problem in Georgia. As a result of research, hypotheses N1, N2, N4, N5 and N7 were confirmed. In particular, the respondents’ discrimination is influenced by their field of employment; employees with low- and medium-level job positions are the most frequently discriminated against in both the private and public sectors; discrimination in both sectors has an impact on a person's work performance, personal life and health; weakening oversight of discriminatory issues leads to increased discrimination in both sectors.

Research limitations/implications

One of the disadvantages of the mentioned study is that it was only conducted in several Georgian universities. The results of the study can be generalized only to the employees of the universities participating in the study. In the future, research is planned in all universities in Georgia, which will give us a unified picture. In addition, it would be ideal to do international research with foreign colleagues to compare the described findings by country.

Practical implications

The authors anticipate that the mentioned study’s findings will have theoretical and practical implications. Universities must consider the recommendations presented, as doing so will significantly reduce discrimination and employee stress levels. As a result, their performance and sense of belonging inside the organization will improve.

Originality/value

This study is a novelty in terms of Georgian reality, as the discrimination exploration has not been investigated in the higher education. Therefore, all the interested parties, such as policymakers, institutions, scholars and far more, will benefit from the findings.
Deaths in custody in Senegal from 2017-2019: a retrospective chart review
Authors: Seck Famara , Kinner Stuart A. , Borschmann Rohan
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aims to document the incidence and causes of deaths in custody in Senegal from 2017 to 2019 and to describe the demographic and criminal justice characteristics of decedents.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors examined medical records and death reports relating to all deaths occurring between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019 during a period of incarceration in Senegal.

Findings

Among the estimated 83,568 people incarcerated in Senegal during the study period, 83 deaths were recorded in custody; 24 in 2017, 32 in 2018 and 27 in 2019. This resulted in a rate of 1.0 deaths per 1,000 incarcerated people. Of the 83 decedents identified, 79 (95%) were males. Similar proportions of decedents were serving custodial sentences (n = 44; 53%) and awaiting trial (n = 39; 47%) at the time of death. Most deaths were recorded as being because of natural causes (n = 67; 81%); the most common causes recorded were cardiovascular disease (n = 22; 27%), cancer (n = 12; 15%) and infectious diseases (n = 11; 13%). Two people (2.4%) died by suicide, and one (1.2%) died as a result of interpersonal violence. Most deaths (n = 59; 71%) occurred in hospitals, 14 (17%) occurred in prisons and 7 (8%) occurred in prison health centers.

Originality/value

The authors observed a higher rate of death and a markedly lower proportion of deaths in custody in Senegal because of suicide and violence, when compared with similar studies from high-income countries. The findings of this study point to a need for greater investment in screening, health care and health promotion in custodial settings to reduce potentially preventable deaths among people in custody in Senegal.
Studying the role of corporate social responsibility, green HRM and green innovation to improve green performance of SMEs
Authors: Azam Tamoor , Jamil Khalid
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between the corporate social responsibility (CSR) and green performance (GP) of Pakistani manufacturing SMEs. This study further explores the mediating roles of green human resource management (GHRM) and green innovation (GI) in the relationship between CSR and GP.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey method was used to collect data from manufacturing SMEs. Data were collected from 366 respondents working in higher positions and playing a decisive role in the organization. The collected data were analysed by applying structural equation modelling with the help of smart PLS.

Findings

The study shows that CSR (customers, society, employees) helps significantly improve a firm's GP. Furthermore, this study explores how GI (process, product) and GHRM (skills development, motivation and involvement) mediate the relationship between CSR and GP.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited to manufacturing SMEs and a single developing country, Pakistan. However, this study will significantly contribute to the existing literature on GP and help manufacturing firms’ top management take steps to minimize carbon emissions and improve GP. Furthermore, this study will also provide valuable insights to government agencies in the Asian context to adjust their policies regarding the manufacturing sector to reduce pollution in the country.

Originality/value

As a pioneering study encompassing CSR, GHRM, GI and GP under one research paradigm in an emerging economy environment, the current research provides substantial additions to the literature on the impact of CSR on GP.
A high-efficiency positioning error compensation method for a large parallel mechanism based on pose correction similarity
Authors: Li Hongbin , Wang Zhihao , Sun Nina , Sun Lianwen
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Considering the influence of deformation error, the target poses must be corrected when compensating for positioning error but the efficiency of existing positioning error compensation algorithms needs to be improved. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose a high-efficiency positioning error compensation method to reduce the calculation time.

Design/methodology/approach

The corrected target poses are calculated. An improved back propagation (BP) neural network is used to establish the mapping relationship between the original and corrected target poses. After the BP neural network is trained, the corrected target poses can be calculated with short notice on the basis of the pose correction similarity.

Findings

Under given conditions, the calculation time when the trained BP neural network is used to predict the corrected target poses is only 1.15 s. Compared with the existing algorithm, this method reduces the calculation time of the target poses from the order of minutes to the order of seconds.

Practical implications

The proposed algorithm is more efficient while maintaining the accuracy of the error compensation.

Originality/value

This method can be used to quickly position the error compensation of a large parallel mechanism.
ESG Disclosures in the Private Equity Industry
Authors: ABRAHAM JEFFERSON , OLBERT MARCEL , VASVARI FLORIN
Published: August 2024

This paper offers the first systematic evidence on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures provided by a large global sample of private equity (PE) firms. Using historical websites from 2000 to 2022, we develop and validate a novel dictionary‐based measure of voluntary PE firm ESG disclosures. Descriptive statistics reveal an increasing time trend in these disclosures, with social topics becoming as important as environmental topics recently. Multivariate analyses show that the demand for ESG information from fund investors is a significant determinant of PE firms’ ESG disclosures. Leveraging data on PE firms’ portfolio companies, we document that more PE firm ESG disclosures are associated with better ESG outcomes at the portfolio company level, suggesting that voluntary ESG disclosures align with real actions for the average PE firm.
Simultaneous top–down and bottom–up control of cereal aphids by predation, companion planting and host‐plant diversity
Authors: Zeller Julian W. , Khudr Mouhammad Shadi , Fylypchuk Tetiana V. , Bahlei Oksana V. , Buzhdygan Oksana Y.
Published: August 2024

Aphids are among the most economically significant pests in cereal crops worldwide. Despite high interest in the natural control of aphids by applying natural enemies, intercropping and companion planting, the concurrent effects of the combinations of these methods due to their synergistic or antagonistic interactions remain largely unknown for both aphids and their host crops. Here we identify the relative effectiveness of simultaneous bottom–up and top–down factors in controlling one of the most economically important species of cereal aphids, the bird cherry‐oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. For this, we conducted microcosm experiments using a full‐factorial design of three aphid‐control treatments including predator presence (i.e., lacewing larvae of Chrysoperla carnea), host‐plant intercropping (i.e., barley alone vs barley in combination with wheat and rye) and companion planting with an aphid‐repellent plant (garlic), and estimated their direct, indirect and interactive effects on aphid density. Our results show strong simultaneous top–down control of the aphid population by predation and bottom–up control by both host‐plant biomass and companion planting with garlic. The use of garlic as a companion plant for cereal crops in our study neither altered crop biomass nor suppressed the efficiency of aphid predator. Our findings suggest that the simultaneous application of aphid predator and companion planting with garlic holds promise as a potential strategy for the natural control of cereal aphid populations on grain crops, without generating related agroecosystem disservices, such as loss in crop production and deterioration of the natural enemies of pests. However, given the controlled lab conditions and limited timeframe of our study, further research is needed to confirm its effectiveness in field conditions to ensure its broader applicability in sustainable agricultural practices.
Parenthood and gender inequality on labor market outcomes: Evidence from South Korea
Authors: Kim Eunha , Hong Baegeui
Published: August 2024

This study estimates the long‐term effect of parenthood on labor market outcomes and explores the variations within this effect by gender and education. We use the event study method to track changes in a range of labor market outcomes from 3 years before to 8 years after the first birth, with a sample of 556 married women and 528 married men from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS). We find that women experience an immediate drop in wages following birth, whereas men experience continuous wage growth even before birth. The decline in women's wages arises largely from their withdrawal from the labor market, while the increase in men's wages could be explained by a positive selection bias among fathers. In addition, mothers' wage trajectories do not vary significantly by education level, whereas other labor market outcomes show discernible trends. These patterns are the opposite of those observed for men. The findings indicate that severe gender inequality in the Korean labor market lowers the wages of mothers, regardless of their education, while the wages of fathers are more likely to be affected by education. Based on the findings, we make policy suggestions for improving the work‐family balance for all genders.
Microbiome in sickle cell disease: Pathophysiology and therapeutic insights
Authors: Gupta Chhedi Lal , Jaganathasamy Nagaraj , Madkaikar Manisha
Published: August 2024

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a complex genetic blood disorder characterized by abnormal haemoglobin, resulting in sickle‐shaped red blood cells. While extensive research has concentrated on the genetic and physiological aspects of SCD, recent studies suggest a potential role of the human microbiome in SCD pathophysiology, adding new dimensions to its understanding. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the microbiome's involvement in SCD, focusing on alterations in the gut microbiome composition and diversity compared to healthy individuals, and their implications for disease pathogenesis. We explore how microbiome changes may contribute to vaso‐occlusive crises and other complications, along with the possible associations of specific microbial taxa or markers with disease crises and clinical outcomes. Additionally, we discuss the potential of microbiome‐targeted interventions, including probiotics, dietary modifications, and faecal microbiota transplantation, in managing SCD complications and improving patient outcomes. Understanding the intricate relationship between the microbiome and SCD could lead to innovative therapeutic strategies and personalized interventions for better managing the disease. This review underscores the importance of further microbiome research and its integration into holistic SCD care.
Effect of group play therapy as holistic geriatric interventional modality on feelings of loneliness among older people: A randomized control trial
Authors: Jamei Fateme , Saleh Moghadam Amir Reza , Mazlom Seyed Reza , Namazinia Mohammad , Asghari Nekah Seyed Mohsen , Mohajer Samira
Published: August 2024

Aim

Previous research has identified loneliness as a significant social stressor among the older adult population, and highlights the scarcity of empirical research on the efficacy of group play therapy as a method for addressing loneliness in this demographic. This study aimed to explore the impact of group play therapy on reducing feelings of loneliness among older individuals.

Methods

A randomized clinical trial was carried out in 2018 on 60 older adult participants from two governmental health centers in Mashhad, Iran. The intervention group received adult‐centered play therapy for 12 sessions over 6 weeks, with each session lasting 60 min. The therapy protocol combined traditional and modern games, structured into three stages: warm‐up, working and closing. The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) scale was used to measure feelings of loneliness at baseline and after the intervention. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 21.

Results

There was a significant decrease in feelings of loneliness in the intervention group compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Additionally, a significant difference in feelings of loneliness was observed within the intervention group between baseline and follow up (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Group play therapy, involving a combination of traditional and modern games, can reduce feelings of loneliness among older adults. This method can promote healthy aging and improve mental health issues, such as loneliness, among older people. These findings can be utilized in healthcare centers and nursing homes for older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; ••: ••–••.
Self‐normalization inference for linear trends in cointegrating regressions
Authors: Cho Cheol‐Keun
Published: August 2024

In this article, statistical tests concerning the trend coefficient in cointegrating regressions are addressed for the case when the stochastic regressors have deterministic linear trends. The self‐normalization (SN) approach is adopted for developing inferential methods in the integrated and modified ordinary least squares (IMOLS) estimation framework. Two different self‐normalizers are used to construct the SN test statistics: a functional of the recursive IMOLS estimators and a functional of the IMOLS residuals. These two self‐normalizers produce two SN tests, denoted by and respectively. Neither test requires studentization with a heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) estimator. A trimming parameter must be chosen to implement the test, whereas the  test does not require any tuning parameter. In the simulation, the test exhibits the smallest size distortion among the inferential methods examined in this article. However, this may come with some loss of power, particularly in small samples.
Rethinking rural: Public health advocates' views on ENDS cessation for young adults in rural areas
Authors: Thongpriwan Vipavee , Christraksa Wilawan , Eyadat Anwar , Gwon Seok Hyun
Published: August 2024

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, commonly referred to as e‐cigarettes), have become popular among young adults (YAs, 18–24 years) in the United States. YAs in rural areas increasingly consume more ENDS than those in urban areas. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the perspectives of public health advocates (PHAs) on ENDS use and cessation among YAs in rural areas.

The objectives of the study are to describe the perspectives of PHAs and identify strategies to strengthen the capacity for promoting the cessation of ENDS among YAs in rural communities.

A qualitative study and interpretive description were used with semi‐structured interviews. The content analysis was used to analyze the data.

Twenty‐two PHAs, including public health officers, nurses, and tobacco‐free educators, from Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota, were invited to the semi‐structured interviews.

Four themes emerged: (a) Perceived ENDS use and cessation; (b) rural contexts and infrastructure influencing ENDS use; (c) essential public health responsibilities controlling ENDS use in rural areas; and (d) regulating ENDS use: Policies and law. PHAs stressed the importance of increased awareness of ENDS use in YAs, improved regulation, and tailored policies to tackle rural communities’ distinct challenges.

The study emphasizes the urgency for specialized programs to aid YAs in quitting ENDS in rural areas. A comprehensive strategy is needed to effectively address ENDS use among YAs in rural areas, involving education, policy adjustments, and community‐based initiatives.
Facilitators and barriers in the implementation of a fall prevention program based on physical activity for elderly people living in the community: A qualitative study
Authors: Costa‐Menén Maria Àngels , Gimeno‐Pi Iraida , Martin‐Servet Gemma , García‐Martínez Ester , Porté‐Llotge Mercè , Blanco‐Blanco Joan
Published: August 2024

Background

Physical activity is recognized as beneficial for older individuals in preventing falls. Achieving high adherence to exercise programs among the elderly poses challenges for administrations and healthcare systems. This study explored the facilitators and barriers perceived by both the participants and nurse trainers involved in an exercise program aimed at preventing falls in primary healthcare.

Methods

Sixteen semi‐structured interviews with elderly people who had participated in the Otago Exercise Program and a focus group of nurse trainers of this program were conducted between October 2018 and September 2019 in primary health care centers in Lleida, Spain. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis with Atlas.ti 8 software.

Results

Analysis revealed five overarching categories and 17 subcategories. Key facilitators included personal motivation, the perceived benefits of exercise, and the supportive role of nurse trainers. Primary barriers encompassed factors such as the excessive duration of the program, not considering personal preferences for individual or group participation, and differences in physical condition among group participants.

Conclusions

To increase participation and adherence to exercise programs, it is necessary to consider the important role of the nursing professionals that recommend program enrolment and the participants’ personal motivations. The program with group sessions is a model that is easy to integrate into Primary Healthcare centers, which must always take into account the preferences and physical conditions of the participants.
A modern concept of Lagrangian hydrodynamics
Authors: Margolin L. G. , Canfield J. M.
Published: August 2024

We offer a modern interpretation of Lagrangian hydrodynamics as employed in Lagrangian simulations of compressible fluid flow. Our main result is to show that artificial viscosity, traditionally viewed as a numerical artifice to control unphysical oscillations in flows with shocks, actually represents a physical process and is necessary to derive accurate simulations in any compressible flow. We begin by reviewing the origins of two numerical devices, artificial viscosity and finite‐volume methods. We proceed to construct a mathematical (PDE) model that incorporates those numerics and in which a new length scale, the observer, arises representing the discretization. Associated with that length scale, there are new inviscid fluxes that are the artificial viscosity as first formulated by Richtmyer and an artificial heat flux postulated by Noh but typically not included in Lagrangian codes. We discuss the connection of our results to bivelocity hydrodynamics. We conclude with some speculation as to the direction of future developments in multidimensional Lagrangian codes as computers get faster and have larger memories.