bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invasive ants influence native lizard populations
Authors: Darracq Andrea K. , Smith Lora L. , Oi David H. , Conner L. Mike , McCleery Robert A.
Published: January 2017

The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta; hereafterRIFA) is an invasive predator found on four continents, namely South America, North America, Australia, and Asia. Red imported fire ants are implicated in the decline of native invertebrates and vertebrates throughout their invaded range. We used the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) as a model species to understand the influence ofRIFAs on native reptiles in the southeastern United States. Our objective was to quantify the effects ofRIFAs on fence lizard recruitment and survival. We experimentally stocked populations of fence lizards into eight enclosures with either ambient or reduced numbers ofRIFAs from May 2012 to October 2013. Fitting Link‐Barker models, we found that theRIFAtreatment affected fence lizard recruitment (f), but not survival (Φ). Recruitment was 1.6 times greater in the enclosures with reduced numbers ofRIFAs than in those with ambient numbers. Red imported fire ants likely affect reptiles with analogous life history strategies to those of fence lizards similarly. Consequently,RIFAs may have undesirable consequences for the biodiversity of reptiles in the southeastern United States and on other continents with establishedRIFApopulations.
Environmental niche models for riverine desert fishes and their similarity according to phylogeny and functionality
Authors: Whitney James E. , Whittier Joanna B. , Paukert Craig P.
Published: January 2017

Environmental filtering and competitive exclusion are hypotheses frequently invoked in explaining species' environmental niches (i.e., geographic distributions). A key assumption in both hypotheses is that the functional niche (i.e., species traits) governs the environmental niche, but few studies have rigorously evaluated this assumption. Furthermore, phylogeny could be associated with these hypotheses if it is predictive of functional niche similarity via phylogenetic signal or convergent evolution, or of environmental niche similarity through phylogenetic attraction or repulsion. The objectives of this study were to investigate relationships between environmental niches, functional niches, and phylogenies of fishes of the Upper (UCRB) and Lower (LCRB) Colorado River Basins of southwestern North America. We predicted that functionally similar species would have similar environmental niches (i.e., environmental filtering) and that closely related species would be functionally similar (i.e., phylogenetic signal) and possess similar environmental niches (i.e., phylogenetic attraction). Environmental niches were quantified using environmental niche modeling, and functional similarity was determined using functional trait data. Nonnatives in the UCRB provided the only support for environmental filtering, which resulted from several warmwater nonnatives having dam number as a common predictor of their distributions, whereas several cool‐ and coldwater nonnatives shared mean annual air temperature as an important distributional predictor. Phylogenetic signal was supported for both natives and nonnatives in both basins. Lastly, phylogenetic attraction was only supported for native fishes in the LCRB and for nonnative fishes in the UCRB. Our results indicated that functional similarity was heavily influenced by evolutionary history, but that phylogenetic relationships and functional traits may not always predict the environmental distribution of species. However, the similarity of environmental niches among warmwater centrarchids, ictalurids, fundulids, and poeciliids in the UCRB indicated that dam removals could influence the distribution of these nonnatives simultaneously, thus providing greater conservation benefits. However, this same management strategy would have more limited effects on nonnative salmonids, catostomids, and percids with colder temperature preferences, thus necessitating other management strategies to control these species.
Judging Degradation of Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using a Real‐Time Capacitance Measurement
Authors: KANEKO FUTAO , KAWAKAMI TAKAHIRO , SHINBO KAZUNARI , BABA AKIRA , KATO KEIZO , MIYAZAKI SHIGETOSHI , SHIMIZU KOICHI , SATO KENICHI , HANAOKA OSAMU
Published: January 2017

A novel method was proposed to judge degradation/health of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) using the capacitance that was estimated from the real‐time voltage and current characteristics of the batteries. It is thought that the capacitance of LIBs decreases with degradation because of undesirable components formed on the electrodes that are the main cause of the degradation. As the LIBs are active, the capacitance was evaluated from the differential equation, ∆Q/∆v = I/(∆v/∆t) = i/(dv/dt), using the voltage and current characteristics during the charging or discharging. The capacitances of the commercial LIBs with different SOHs; 100%, 92%, and 88% were estimated during the charging and discharging using the equation. The average capacitance in the specific voltage region of the batteries was directly proportional to the state of health. Therefore, the proposed measurement is thought to be a useful method for judging degradation of LIBs.
PEPPSI‐Type Palladium–NHC Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity in the Direct C5‐Arylation of 2‐Substituted Thiophene Derivatives with Aryl Halides
Authors: Kaloğlu Murat , Özdemir İsmail , Dorcet Vincent , Bruneau Christian , Doucet Henri
Published: January 2017

Six benzimidazolium salts, having two nitrogen atoms substituted by various alkyl groups, have been synthesized in high yields. The benzimidazolium salts readily converted into the corresponding PEPPSI‐type palladium–NHC complexes (PEPPSI = pyridine‐enhanced precatalyst preparation, stabilization, and initiation). The structures of all compounds have been characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy, as well as elemental analysis techniques, which support the proposed structures. The molecular structure of one complex has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The catalytic activity of the PEPPSI‐type palladium–NHC complexes has been evaluated with respect to the direct C5‐arylation of 2‐substituted thiophene derivatives with various aryl halides. This arylation occurs efficiently and selectively at the C5‐position of 2‐substituted thiophene derivatives.
Prediction of postoperative opioid analgesia using clinical‐experimental parameters and electroencephalography
Authors: Gram M. , Erlenwein J. , Petzke F. , Falla D. , Przemeck M. , Emons M.I. , Reuster M. , Olesen S.S. , Drewes A.M.
Published: January 2017

Background

Opioids are often used for pain treatment, but the response is often insufficient and dependent on e.g. the pain condition, genetic factors and drug class. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers to enable selection of the appropriate drug for the individual patient, a concept known as personalized medicine. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) and clinical parameters can provide some guidance for response, but better and more objective biomarkers are urgently warranted. Electroencephalography (EEG) may be suitable since it assesses the central nervous system where opioids mediate their effects.

Methods

Clinical parameters, QST and EEG (during rest and tonic pain) was recorded from patients the day prior to total hip replacement surgery. Postoperative pain treatment was performed using oxycodone and piritramide as patient‐controlled analgesia. Patients were stratified into responders and non‐responders based on pain ratings 24 h post‐surgery. Parameters were analysed using conventional group‐wise statistical methods. Furthermore, EEG was analysed by machine learning to predict individual response.

Results

Eighty‐one patients were included, of which 51 responded to postoperative opioid treatment (30 non‐responders). Conventional statistics showed that more severe pre‐existing chronic pain was prevalent among non‐responders to opioid treatment (p = 0.04). Preoperative EEG analysis was able to predict responders with an accuracy of 65% (p = 0.009), but only during tonic pain.

Conclusions

Chronic pain grade before surgery is associated with the outcome of postoperative pain treatment. Furthermore, EEG shows potential as an objective biomarker and might be used to predict postoperative opioid analgesia.

Significance

The current clinical study demonstrates the viability of EEG as a biomarker and with results consistent with previous experimental results. The combined method of machine learning and electroencephalography offers promising results for future developments of personalized pain treatment.
Self‐image and schadenfreude: Pleasure at others' misfortune enhances satisfaction of basic human needs
Authors: Brambilla Marco , Riva Paolo
Published: January 2017

The present research tested whether observing the failure of another individual and experiencing schadenfreude (i.e., pleasure at others' misfortune) enhance the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in terms of self‐esteem, control, belongingness, and meaningful existence. Considering hypothetical scenarios (Experiments 1 and 4), real‐life experiences (Experiment 2), and ostensibly real interactions (Experiment 3), four experiments revealed that individuals reported higher levels of need satisfaction when another's setback occurred in a competitive circumstance rather than in a non‐competitive circumstance. Moreover, the increased feeling of schadenfreude accounted for the effect of observing the misfortune befalling a competitor on the subsequent satisfaction of human needs. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications for research on schadenfreude, and future research directions are outlined.
Copper oxide nanoparticles and copper sulphate act as antigenotoxic agents in drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Alaraby Mohamed , Hernández Alba , Marcos Ricard
Published: January 2017

The biological reactivity of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials is attributed to their redox properties, which would explain their pro‐ or anti‐cancer properties depending on exposure circumstances. In this sense, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONP) have been proposed as a potential anti‐tumoral agent. The aim of this study was to assess if CuONP can exert antigenotoxic effects using Drosophila melanogaster as an in vivo model. Genotoxicity was induced by two well‐known genotoxic compounds, namely potassium dichromate (PD) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). The wing‐spot assay and the comet assay were used as biomarkers of genotoxic effects. In addition, changes in the expression of Ogg1 and Sod genes were determined. The effects of CuONP cotreatment were compared with those induced by copper sulfate (CS), an agent releasing copper ions. Using the wing‐spot assay, CuONP and CS were not able to reduce the genotoxic effects of EMS exposure, but had the ability to decrease the effects induced by PD, reducing the frequency of mutant twin‐spots that arise from mitotic recombination. In addition, CuONP and CS were able to reduce the DNA damage induced by PD as determined by the comet assay. In general, similar qualitative antigenotoxic effects were obtained with both copper compounds. The antigenotoxic effects of environmentally relevant and non‐toxic doses of CuONP and CS may be explained by their ability to partially restore the expression levels of the repair gene Ogg1 and the antioxidant gene Cu,ZnSod, both of which are inhibited by PD treatment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:46–55, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On Patient Well‐being and Professional Authority
Authors: Solomon Mildred Z.
Published: January 2017

Two papers in this issue address the limits of surrogates’ authority when making life‐and‐death decisions for dying family members or friends. Using palliative sedation as an example, Jeffrey Berger offers a conceptual argument for bounding surrogate authority. Since freedom from pain is an essential interest, when imminently dying, cognitively incapacitated patients are in duress and their symptoms are not manageable in any other way, clinicians should be free to offer palliative sedation without surrogate consent, although assent should be sought and every effort made to work with surrogates as harmoniously as possible. Ellen Robinson and her colleagues report on the implementation of a policy at Massachusetts General Hospital that supports do‐not‐resuscitate orders when cardiopulmonary resuscitation is likely to be ineffective or harmful, even if surrogates disagree. The “Doing No Harm” policy at MGH allows for what MGH calls a “medically indicated DNR” and what in some other places is called “a unilateral DNR”—the writing of an order not to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation, regardless of surrogate disapproval. These kinds of DNR policies have emerged in some hospitals across the country and for much the same reason that Berger provides in his argument regarding palliative sedation. I support the reasoning and the policies in both the Berger and Robinson papers. However, as the authors would most likely agree, the problems they aim to remedy are not simply about the scope of surrogate and professional authority. They are also symptoms of inattention to professional obligations and system failures.
Care under the Influence
Authors: Fins Joseph J. , Knowlton Samantha F.
Published: January 2017

A forty‐year‐old man is brought to the emergency room by his wife at five in the morning, two hours after he fell down the stairs at home, hitting his head and injuring his arm. He tells the ER physician that he got up to get a drink of water and tripped in the dark. His speech is slurred, and he smells strongly of alcohol. Lab results reveal elevated liver enzymes, and his blood alcohol level is 0.1. His medical history is unremarkable. When asked about his alcohol consumption, he says he usually has one or two drinks a night with dinner but that he drinks more on holidays and special occasions. He admits he had more to drink than usual last night because it had been a stressful day at work, but he is vague about how much he drank. His wife takes the ER physician aside and describes a very different situation. She says that her husband regularly has three or four drinks a night. She always goes to bed before he does and thinks he stays up later so he can continue to drink. She says that he often has no memory of conversations they had the night before and is concerned because he makes work‐related calls at night. When asked what he does for a living, she hesitates, and then answers that he is an internist. He does not work at this hospital but works at one of its affiliated clinics.

The ER doctor is concerned that his patient is an impaired physician. Yet when the admitting hospitalist, to whom he explains the situation, asks if he really wants to “go there,” he shrugs his shoulders. “I suppose,” she replies, “you might as well call an ethics consult.”
Maternal c‐reactive protein and oxidative stress markers as predictors of delivery latency in patients experiencing preterm premature rupture of membranes
Authors: Ryu Hyun Kyung , Moon Jong Ho , Heo Hyun Ji , Kim Jong Woon , Kim Yoon Ha
Published: January 2017

Objective

To evaluate the usefulness of maternal serum c‐reactive protein (CRP), lipid peroxide, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), to predict the interval between membrane rupture and delivery in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).

Methods

The present prospective study included patients with singleton pregnancies experiencing PPROM at earlier than 34 weeks of pregnancy who underwent spontaneous vaginal delivery between August 1, 2010 and July 31, 2013 at Chonnam National University Hospital, Republic of Korea. Patients were categorized based on whether delivery occurred within 3 days of PPROM or after. CRP levels, lipid peroxide (using malondialdehyde levels), ORAC, protein carbonyl, and other potential risk factors were compared between the groups.

Results

There were 72 patients included. Maternal serum CRP levels, malondialdehyde levels, and Bishop Score were higher in patients who underwent delivery within 3 days (all P<0.05); ORAC levels were lower among these patients (P=0.002). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that CRP, malondialdehyde, and ORAC levels were predictive of delivery within 3 days after PPROM.

Conclusion

Maternal serum CRP, malondialdehyde, and ORAC levels at admission were useful in predicting the latent period in patients with PPROM.
RETRACTED: Association of biochemical markers with the severity of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Maged Ahmed M. , Aid Gamal , Bassiouny Nehal , Eldin Doaa S. , Dahab Sherif , Ghamry Nevein K.
Published: January 2017

Objective

To assess the association between pre‐eclampsia severity and biochemical and ultrasonography markers.

Methods

A retrospective study was undertaken of women with severe pre‐eclampsia (group 1, n=90), mild pre‐eclampsia (group 2, n=90), or a normal pregnancy (group 3, n=90) who attended a hospital in Egypt in October 2013–April 2015. Associations between pre‐eclampsia and biochemical, cardiotocography, and ultrasonography markers were investigated.

Results

There were significant differences between the groups in C‐reactive protein (331.44±112.38, 251.43±59.05, and 23.81±16.19 nmol/L; P≤0.05 for all), platelet count (113.40±36.72, 172.93±57.60, and 212.68±70.00×109/L; P≤0.05 for group 1 comparisons), alanine transaminase (52.24±14.83, 38.34±13.12, and 23.11±6.92 U/L; P≤0.05 for group 1 comparisons), and serum uric acid (600.80±117.19, 481.83±118.97, and 243.89±53.54 μmol/L; P=0.050 for group 3 comparisons). Cardiotocography score was worse among women with severe pre‐eclampsia than among those in the other two groups (P=0.039 for both comparisons). Biophysical profile score and umbilical artery resistance index differed by group (P≤0.05 for all). Middle cerebral artery resistance index was lower among women with severe pre‐eclampsia (P≤0.05).

Conclusion

The levels of C‐reactive protein, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, and alanine transaminase, and the platelet count were linked with the presence and severity of pre‐eclampsia.
Does breech delivery in an upright position instead of on the back improve outcomes and avoid cesareans?
Authors: Louwen Frank , Daviss Betty‐Anne , Johnson Kenneth C. , Reitter Anke
Published: January 2017

Objective

To compare breech outcomes when mothers delivering vaginally are upright, on their back, or planning cesareans.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was undertaken of all women who presented for singleton breech delivery at a center in Frankfurt, Germany, between January 2004 and June 2011.

Results

Of 750 women with term breech delivery, 315 (42.0%) planned and received a cesarean. Of 269 successful vaginal deliveries of neonates, 229 in the upright position were compared with 40 in the dorsal position. Upright deliveries were associated with significantly fewer delivery maneuvers (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.31–0.68) and neonatal birth injuries (OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.58), second stages that were 42% shorter on average (1.02 vs 1.77 hours), and nonsignificantly decreased serious perineal lacerations (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.05–3.99). When upright position was used almost exclusively, the cesarean rate decreased. Serious fetal and neonatal morbidity potentially related to birth mode was low, and similar for upright vaginal deliveries compared with planned cesareans (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.10–19.11). Three neonates died; all had lethal birth defects. Forceps were never required.

Conclusion

Upright vaginal breech delivery was associated with reductions in duration of the second stage of labor, maneuvers required, maternal/neonatal injuries, and cesarean rate when compared with vaginal delivery in the dorsal position.
Tertiary‐level study of the implementation of a technique checklist for cesarean deliveries at a university hospital in Uruguay
Authors: Viroga Stephanie , Vitureira Gerardo , Artucio Santiago , Lauría Washington
Published: January 2017

Objective

To assess the adherence of healthcare providers to cesarean‐delivery techniques before and after the introduction of a technique checklist at a university hospital.

Methods

A retrospective cross‐sectional cohort study included data from all cesarean deliveries at Gynecology Clinic B of the University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay, between January 1 and December 31, 2011. The data were grouped based on whether delivery occurred before or after the implementation of the checklist and were compared across a range of cesarean‐delivery techniques.

Results

Data from 296 cesarean deliveries were included; 130 from before implementation and 166 from after. After the implementation of the checklist, complete adherence to all techniques was observed in 28 (16.9%) deliveries. Following the introduction of the checklist, the odds of prophylactic cefazolin (OR 8.35, 95% CI 3.74–20.9), chlorhexidine (OR 8.98, 95% CI 3.72–23.7), cord traction for the third stage of labor (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.33–3.85), and double‐layer hysterorrhaphy (OR 3.65, 95% CI 2.09–6.55) being properly applied increased compared with before the implementation of the checklist.

Conclusions

Overall adherence to the prescribed techniques was low. The implementation of this checklist improved the odds of several techniques being applied by between two‐ and eight‐fold.
Rape‐myth acceptance among students at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Authors: Rominski Sarah D. , Darteh Eugene , Munro‐Kramer Michelle
Published: January 2017

Levels of rape‐myth acceptance were high among a sample of students at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana.
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEM CYBER SECURITY AND THE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES
Authors: Weiss Joe
Published: January 2017

Industrial control systems (ICSs) are critical to the operation of a modern society. ICS design is to be reliable and safe, rather than cyber secure. There is insufficient understanding of ICS cyber threats and what makes them different from traditional IT malware. ICSs throughout the world monitor and control electric grids, power plants, water and waste water systems, chemical plants, refineries, pipelines, manufacturing, transportation, and other physical processes. ICSs are systems of systems requiring cyber security to address the networks, the control centers, field devices, communication protocols, software, and firmware of each device.

Cyber incidents, defined by US Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) 41 (https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/07/26/presidential-policy-directive-united-states-cyber-incident), are electronic communications between systems that can impact confidentiality, integrity, and/or availability. As of November 2016, I have a database of more than 900 actual ICS cyber incidents. Most of the incidents were not malicious and most were not identified as being cyber‐related. Cyber attacks against ICSs have been rare. The most famous attack was Stuxnet (http://www.langner.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/To-kill-a-centrifuge.pdf). In December 2015, the Ukrainian electric grid was cyber attacked and more than 230,000 customers lost power (https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/alerts/IR-ALERT-H-16-056-01). The test at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in March 2007 (Swearingen et al. 2013) demonstrated the Aurora vulnerability. Aurora exploits a physical gap in protection of the electric grid affecting ALL substations. It uses the protective devices as the vehicle for the attack, which effectively removes any protection. It also uses the electric infrastructure against itself and its customers. The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) inadvertently made the true nature of the Aurora vulnerability public in July 2014 (https://www.muckrock.com/foi/united-states-of-america-10/operation-aurora-11765/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter#1212530-14f00304-documents, May 22, 2014). Most publicly available information about Aurora has been misleading which resulted in most utilities not taking actions to prevent this real threat. The reason for the explanation about Aurora is the Ukrainian cyber attack used step 1 of the 2 steps of Aurora – remotely opening the breakers. The attackers chose not to go to Step 2 – reclosing the breakers out‐of‐phase with the grid.
CYBERSECURITY AND THE CRITICAL VULNERABILITY OF THE DUTCH WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS
Authors: de Liefde Berber , de Liefde Jan
Published: January 2017

Everyone can imagine what will happen when the Internet undergoes a major cyber attack or when it is no longer possible to get money out the automated teller machine (ATM). The consequences of a cyber attack for water barriers, locks and sluices, retaining structures, pumping stations and tunnels are not visible to most Dutch people, or a thought for most people anywhere in the world. Depending on the season and the level of the water, the mainland in the Netherlands will flood or will be in a drought if the water control system is inoperable due to cyber attack, and thus the mainland will be unprotected by retaining structures or pumping stations, that are controlled via the Internet. Transportation on water or road will stop by locks, sluices, and tunnels. The effect will be that stores and companies do not receive stock. In the worst case, the import and export of the Netherlands will be on hold; this will have a major impact on the Dutch economy, because we depend on the trading.

This article will examine the cyber effects in relation to many critical water and transportation systems of the Netherlands. The second part of the article will give an idea of which measures the Dutch government prescribed to the different contracting parties involved during design, realisation, operation, and maintenance of the infrastructure systems. The last part gives you a glimpse in the consequences of these measures for each of the phases of development, realisation, and maintenance executed by private companies.
A HUMAN‐FOCUSED, HOLISTIC MODEL OF COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
Authors: McDermott Tom , Folds Dennis , Hutto C.J. , Nadolski Molly
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a model‐based systems engineering framework used to integrate physical, socio‐ecological, and psychological factors of community resilience in urban areas. The first year of a multi‐year project, the use of systems engineering methods to produce a combined human development and infrastructure development model for city resilience building provides an interesting case study for evolving systems engineering methods. The project used a sociotechnical‐modeling framework to capture social factors of community sustainability and resilience in the context of critical infrastructure renewal. Two system constructs of human capital, standard of living, and subjective well‐being, were linked to environmental, infrastructure, economic, and institutional factors to represent human capital aspects of community resilience at multiple scales. The framework identified causal relationships between individual micro‐scale indicators of infrastructure and social program development, and aggregate effects of human capital development. The goal is to define a full set of evaluation factors and computer‐based decision analysis tools for macro‐scale decision criteria for social, behavioral, and economic decision‐making in community infrastructures.
Multiple Paths to Success: Degree Completion of 4‐Year Starters Taking Various Pathways
Authors: Li Dai
Published: January 2017

With the use of data from the institutional research office at a comprehensive public 4‐year university, this chapter describes an in‐depth analysis of the institutional attendance, transfer, and graduation of three first‐time student cohorts, revealing that not all types of multi‐institutional attendance hurt degree completion, and strategic transferring could improve graduation rates.
Student Flow and Success at 2‐ and 4‐Year Broadly Accessible Institutions
Authors: Crisp Gloria
Published: January 2017

This chapter describes student flow among a national cohort of students who transferred to and from institutions of varying selectivity.
Hypophosphatasia: Enzyme Replacement Therapy Brings New Opportunities and New Challenges
Authors: Whyte Michael P
Published: January 2017

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is caused by loss-of-function mutation(s) of the gene that encodes the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). Autosomal inheritance (dominant or recessive) from among more than 300 predominantly missense defects of TNSALP (ALPL) explains HPP's broad-ranging severity, the greatest of all skeletal diseases. In health, TNSALP is linked to cell surfaces and richly expressed in the skeleton and developing teeth. In HPP,TNSALP substrates accumulate extracellularly, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), an inhibitor of mineralization. The PPi excess can cause tooth loss, rickets or osteomalacia, calcific arthropathies, and perhaps muscle weakness. Severely affected infants may seize from insufficient hydrolysis of pyridoxal 5ʹ-phosphate (PLP), the major extracellular vitamin B6. Now, significant successes are documented for newborns, infants, and children severely affected by HPP given asfotase alfa, a hydroxyapatite-targeted recombinant TNSALP. Since fall 2015, this biologic is approved by regulatory agencies multinationally typically for pediatric-onset HPP. Safe and effective treatment is now possible for this last rickets to have a medical therapy, but a number of challenges involving diagnosis, understanding prognosis, and providing this treatment are reviewed herein. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Suicide Intervention Training for K–12 Schools: A Quasi‐Experimental Study on ASIST
Authors: Shannonhouse Laura , Lin Yung‐Wei Dennis , Shaw Kelly , Porter Michael
Published: January 2017

This quasi‐experimental study investigated differences between 104 school personnel who received a standardized suicide awareness and prevention training (i.e., Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training) and 45 control group participants. Pre‐ and posttraining data included experimental and control group participants' (a) suicide intervention skills; (b) attitudes toward suicide; (c) knowledge of suicide; and (d) comfort, competence, and confidence in responding to individuals at risk of suicide. Results indicated a significant positive effect for training on all measures. Implications for training of school personnel and future research are discussed.
From the Couch to the Chair: Applying Psychoanalytic Theory and Practice in Counseling
Authors: Redekop Frederick , Luke Chad , Malone Frank
Published: January 2017

In this article, the authors offer a contemporary perspective on psychoanalytic theory. The authors present a clinical vignette that illustrates how one analyst applied the principles of transference, countertransference, and resistance in a modern clinical setting. The authors describe how analysis is similar to and different from humanistic counseling and conclude by describing how analytic insights might be applied in the clinical practice of counselors.
A Case Conceptualization Using Thematic Mapping
Authors: Jeffrey Christina E. , Ridley Charles R.
Published: January 2017

This article, the last in a series of 5, presents a detailed case summary in which thematic mapping, a novel method of case conceptualization, was used to conceptualize an adult struggling with chronic depression. The case illustrates the process and therapeutic outcomes that resulted from the therapist's use of the 3‐stage thematic mapping model: theme identification, theme interpretation, and theme intervention. The article also demonstrates how the case formulation guided the therapist in selecting therapeutic techniques that matched to the client's goals, needs, and interpersonal style. Overall, this article aims to demonstrate how thematic mapping utilizes transtheoretical and transdiagnostic approaches to create a case formulation that is client‐centered, process‐oriented, and useful across a broad spectrum of training.
Targeting stroma in pancreatic cancer: Promises and failures of targeted therapies
Authors: Bahrami Afsane , Khazaei Majid , Bagherieh Fariba , Ghayour‐Mobarhan Majid , Maftouh Mina , Hassanian Seyed Mahdi , Avan Amir
Published: January 2017

Desmoplasia or abundant fibrotic stroma is a typical property of most malignancies, which has a great effect on tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and resistance to therapy. The activated stroma cells comprises several cell types including endothelial cells, nerve cells, inflammatory/macrophages cells, stellate cells, and extracellular matrix. In other word, the interactions of cancer‐stroma modulate tumorigenesis, therapy resistance, and poor delivery of drugs. Therefore, targeting the tumor stroma in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents could provide a promising approach in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge about pancreatic stellate cells, targeting stroma compartments with particular emphasis on preclinical, and clinical trials on targeting of stroma as an option in pancreatic cancer treatment.
State of the art in microRNA as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Mirzaei Hamed , Fathullahzadeh Sima , Khanmohammadi Razieh , Darijani Mansoreh , Momeni Fatemeh , Masoudifar Aria , Goodarzi Mohammad , Mardanshah Omid , Stenvang Jan , Jaafari Mahmoud Reza , Mirzaei Hamid Reza
Published: January 2017

Early diagnostic is one of the most important steps in cancer therapy which helps to design and choose a better therapeutic approach. The finding of biomarkers in various levels including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics levels could provide better treatment for various cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The CLL is the one of main lymphoid malignancies which is specified by aggregation of mature B lymphocytes. Among different biomarkers (e.g., CD38, chromosomes abnormalities, ZAP‐70, TP53, and microRNA [miRNA]), miRNAs have appeared as new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in patients with the CLL disease. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that deregulation of miRNAs could be associated with pathological events which are present in the CLL. These molecules have an effect on a variety of targets such as Bcl2, c‐fos, c‐Myc, TP53, TCL1, and STAT3 which play critical roles in the CLL pathogenesis. It has been shown that expression of miRNAs could lead to the activation of B cells and B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Moreover, exosomes containing miRNAs are one of the other molecules which could contribute to BCR stimulation and progression of CLL cells. Hence, miRNAs and exosomes released from CLL cells could be used as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for CLL. This critical review focuses on a very important aspect of CLL based on biomarker discovery covers the pros and cons of using miRNAs as important diagnostics and therapeutics biomarkers for this deadly disease.
To Pad or Not to Pad: Towards Better Sanitary Care for Women in Indian Slums
Authors: Garikipati Supriya , Boudot Camille
Published: January 2017

A number of programmes have recently been initiated to popularise the use of sanitary pads among poor women in developing countries. In this light, we review the prevailing menstrual practices in different contexts across India, as well as the initiatives undertaken to improve sanitary care. We also report findings from a study amongst women in slums of Hyderabad. We find high usage of sanitary pads (56 to 64 percent), suggesting that development initiatives have percolated down to the urban poor. Furthermore, we find that although a large number of cloth users (57 percent) are willing to change practice, an overwhelming number of them (94 percent) elicit a preference for re‐usable cloth pads. This suggests a disengagement with public policy discourses on menstrual care that have so far focused singularly on promotion of sanitary pads. We draw upon these results to comment on better sanitary care for women slum dwellers in a rapidly urbanising context. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On My Terms: Sharing a Story of Hypocrisy and Transformation
Authors: Clauss‐Ehlers Caroline S. , Parham William D.
Published: January 2017

The 4th interviewee for the Hearing Our Elders series is Mr. Bob Zellner. Mr. Zellner's experience growing up in the segregated South underscores a commitment to stand up to obstacles and societal norms, even when to do so was life threatening. His experiences remind us of a historical time not too long ago that, to hear, one might think could never happen. And yet, witnessing his experience in the context of modern‐day struggles portrayed in the civil rights movement; the 2016 Tennessee denial of service law for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals; and the 2016 Orlando shooting outside a gay nightclub reminds us that the historical events of Mr. Zellner's past are not too distant from the present. The interview captures 6 themes: being nonconforming in the face of punitive measures, living a purposeful life, pushing beyond comfort zones, early experiences as resilience building, self‐evaluation as a cornerstone for commitment, and giving meaning to grief.

El señor Zellner creció en una comunidad segregada del sur, y su experiencia subraya su compromiso para enfrentar obstáculos y normas sociales, aunque hacerlo pueda poner en riesgo la vida. Sus vivencias nos recuerdan un periodo histórico no muy lejano que hoy podría parecer inconcebible. Y aun así, contemplar sus experiencias en el contexto de las luchas actuales del movimiento por los derechos civiles (como la ley de 2016 en Tennessee que permitía denegar servicios a personas lesbianas, gais, bisexuales, transexuales y queer; y el tiroteo de 2016 en Orlando en un club gay) nos recuerda que los eventos históricos del pasado del señor Zellner no están tan alejados del presente. La entrevista captura 6 temas: el inconformismo frente a medidas punitivas, vivir la vida con decisión, salir de las zonas de confort, experiencias tempranas como factores de resiliencia, la autoevaluación como cimiento del compromiso, y darle sentido al sufrimiento.
Gadolinium‐based contrast agents: A comprehensive risk assessment
Authors: Fraum Tyler J. , Ludwig Daniel R. , Bashir Mustafa R. , Fowler Kathryn J.
Published: January 2017

Gadolinium‐based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) since the 1980s and are now administered in up to 35% of all MRI examinations. While GBCAs were initially felt to carry minimal risk, the subsequent identification of GBCAs as the key etiologic factor in the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) has raised concerns about the broader health impacts of gadolinium exposure. Clinicians, radiologists, and patients should be aware of the most up‐to‐date data pertaining to the risks of GBCA administration. Specific issues covered in this review article include immediate adverse reactions; pregnancy and lactation; and gadolinium deposition and toxicity, with a special focus on NSF. Practice recommendations based on the presented data, as well as current professional society guidelines, are provided for each section.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 5

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:338–353
Predicting early symptomatic osteoarthritis in the human knee using machine learning classification of magnetic resonance images from the osteoarthritis initiative
Authors: Ashinsky Beth G. , Bouhrara Mustapha , Coletta Christopher E. , Lehallier Benoit , Urish Kenneth L. , Lin Ping‐Chang , Goldberg Ilya G. , Spencer Richard G.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of a machine learning algorithm to classify in vivo magnetic resonance images (MRI) of human articular cartilage for development of osteoarthritis (OA). Sixty‐eight subjects were selected from the osteoarthritis initiative (OAI) control and incidence cohorts. Progression to clinical OA was defined by the development of symptoms as quantified by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis (WOMAC) questionnaire 3 years after baseline evaluation. Multi‐slice T2‐weighted knee images, obtained through the OAI, of these subjects were registered using a nonlinear image registration algorithm. T2 maps of cartilage from the central weight bearing slices of the medial femoral condyle were derived from the registered images using the multiple available echo times and were classified for “progression to symptomatic OA” using the machine learning tool, weighted neighbor distance using compound hierarchy of algorithms representing morphology (WND‐CHRM). WND‐CHRM classified the isolated T2 maps for the progression to symptomatic OA with 75% accuracy. Clinical significance: Machine learning algorithms applied to T2 maps have the potential to provide important prognostic information for the development of OA. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2243–2250, 2017.
Humeral head circle‐fit method greatly increases reliability and accuracy when measuring anterior–posterior radiographs of the proximal humerus
Authors: Mears Chad S. , Langston Tanner D. , Phippen Colton M. , Burkhead Wayne Z. , Skedros John G.
Published: January 2017

Measurements made on routine A–P radiographs can predict strength/quality of the proximal humerus, as shown in terms of two easy‐to‐measure parameters: Cortical index (CI) and mean‐combined cortical thickness (MCCT). Because of high variability inherent when using established methods to measure these parameters, we describe a new orientation system. Using digitized radiographs of 33 adult proximal humeri, five observers measured anatomical reference locations in accordance with: (i) Tingart et al. (2003) method, (ii) Mather et al. (2013) method, and (iii) our new humeral head Circle‐Fit method (CFM). The Tingart and Mather methods measure CI and MCCT with respect to upper and lower edges of 20 mm tall rectangles fit to a proximal diaphyseal location where endosteal (Tingart) or periosteal (Mather) cortical margins become parallel. But high intra‐ and inter‐observer variability occurs when placing the rectangles because of uncertainty in identifying cortical parallelism. With the CFM an adjustable circle is fit to the humeral head articular surface, which reliably and easily establishes a proximal metaphyseal landmark (M1) at the surgical neck. Distal locations are then designated at successive 10 mm increments below M1, including a second metaphyseal landmark (M2) followed by diaphyseal (D) locations (D1, D2 ⋯D6). D1 corresponds most closely to the proximal edges of the rectangles used in the other methods. Results showed minimal inter‐observer variations (mean error, 1.5 ± 1.1 mm) when the CFM is used to establish diaphyseal locations for making CI and MCCT measurements when compared to each of the other methods (mean error range, 10.7 ± 5.9 to 13.3 ± 6.7 mm) (p < 0.001). © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2313–2322, 2017.
Short‐term fluctuations in regional radiocarbon reservoir age recorded in coral skeletons from the Ryukyu Islands in the north‐western Pacific
Authors: Hirabayashi Shoko , Yokoyama Yusuke , Suzuki Atsushi , Miyairi Yosuke , Aze Takahiro
Published: January 2017

Radiocarbon (14C) dating is a widely used and powerful tool for determining the ages of samples in studies of palaeoclimatology, palaeoseismology and archaeology. 14C ages of marine samples often require correction for local reservoir age (ΔR). Although ΔR in the mid‐ to low latitudes has varied through time, few spatiotemporal reconstructions of ΔR have been published for those regions. Here we report on new and previously published ΔR data for the early 1900s to 1950 obtained from coral skeletons from the Kuroshio region off southern Japan. The data presented here show a marked positive‐to‐negative shift of ΔR from the early 1900s to the 1940s, which has important implications for calibration of radiocarbon ages in the region and for understanding the relationship of ΔR in the western Pacific with both the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
Mirrored stainless steel substrate provides improved signal for Raman spectroscopy of tissue and cells
Authors: Lewis Aaran T. , Gaifulina Riana , Isabelle Martin , Dorney Jennifer , Woods Mae L. , Lloyd Gavin R. , Lau Katherine , Rodriguez‐Justo Manuel , Kendall Catherine , Stone Nicholas , Thomas Geraint M.
Published: January 2017

Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a powerful technique that permits the non‐destructive chemical analysis of cells and tissues without the need for expensive and complex sample preparation. To date, samples have been routinely mounted onto calcium fluoride (CaF2) as this material possesses the desired mechanical and optical properties for analysis, but CaF2 is both expensive and brittle and this prevents the technique from being routinely adopted. Furthermore, Raman scattering is a weak phenomenon and CaF2 provides no means of increasing signal. For RS to be widely adopted, particularly in the clinical field, it is crucial that spectroscopists identify an alternative, low‐cost substrate capable of providing high spectral signal to noise ratios with good spatial resolution. Results show that these desired properties are attainable when using mirrored stainless steel as a Raman substrate. When compared with CaF2, data show that stainless steel has a low background signal and provides an average signal increase of 1.43 times during tissue analysis and 1.64 times when analyzing cells. This result is attributed to a double‐pass of the laser beam through the sample where the photons from the source laser and the forward scattered Raman signal are backreflected and retroreflected from the mirrored steel surface and focused towards collection optics. The spatial resolution on stainless steel is at least comparable to that on CaF2 and it is not compromised by the reflection of the laser. Steel is a fraction of the cost of CaF2 and the reflection and focusing of photons improve signal to noise ratios permitting more rapid mapping. The low cost of steel coupled with its Raman signal increasing properties and robust durability indicates that steel is an ideal substrate for biological and clinical RS as it possesses key advantages over routinely used CaF2. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Number‐of‐layer resolved (Mo, W)‐(S2, Se2) phonon relaxation
Authors: Liu Yonghui , Bo Maolin , Guo Yongling , Yang Xuexian , Zhang Xi , Sun Chang Q. , Huang Yongli
Published: January 2017

We unified the number‐of‐layer dependence of the A1g and the E12g phonon frequencies of the layered MX2 (M = Mo and W; X = S and Se) semiconductors with derivative of quantitative information on the bond relaxation dynamics and clarification of their physical origins. Theoretical reproduction of observations confirms that atomic undercoordination stems the unusual behavior of phonons of the MX2. The difference in electronegativity and ionic radius between the constituent elements resolves the bond nature index m and the relaxation extents of phonon frequencies. It is also clarified that the dimer interaction dictates the blue shift of the E12g phonon but the collective interaction of an atom with its z‐neighbors governs the red shift of the A1g phonon dynamics as the number‐of‐layer reduces. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.