bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The perception of plastic waste and composition of boathouse waste in floating villages on Tonlé Sap Lake, Cambodia
Authors: Habuer  , Fujiwara Takeshi , Vin Spoann , Chandara Phat , Tsukiji Makoto
Published: December 2024

Villagers living on Tonlé Sap (TS) Lake have low incomes and no access to basic public services, such as waste management, domestic water, electricity, and health care. Knowledge of the villagers’ perceptions and the composition of the waste from their boathouses will contribute to constructing a waste collection system with community participation within the framework of waste prevention and reduction. This study surveyed residents living in boathouses in four floating villages on TS Lake, Cambodia, regarding their perceptions and boathouse waste composition to assess the status of plastic waste and the villagers’ environmental awareness and their willingness to participate in waste collection. The household waste survey sought to clarify the amount of plastic waste and other recyclable waste discharged from floating houses. The perception survey revealed that in the wet season, 36% of respondents disposed of plastic waste by open burning/dumping and 40% by discharge into TS Lake; in the dry season, 76% disposed of waste by open burning/dumping, and only 4% discharged waste into TS Lake. An analysis of the boathouse plastic waste composition showed that residents of the floating villages generated 40.21 g plastic waste/day/capita, which was much lower than 340 g/day/capita in the USA, 120 g/day/capita in China, and even 70 g/day/capita in Cambodian on average, but higher than the 10 g/day/capita in India. This study proposes a novel and valuable framework to estimate and determine the level of awareness of people in floating villages related to plastic pollution effects and waste components from boathouses. At the same time, the research results provide an essential scientific basis to be able to develop an effective waste collection system in the area of TS Lake. The proposed framework of this study will help the policy decision-makers in the TS Lake area and those in similar geographical regions facing similar problems.

Graphical Abstract
Facile characterization of molecular weight distribution of cellulose by gel permeation chromatography using a dimethyl sulfoxide solution containing 1% EmimOAc
Authors: Hashizume Tomohiro , Saito Kaori , Watanabe Takashi
Published: December 2024

Recently, various methods for cellulose dissolution without derivatization pretreatment have garnered attention for measuring the molecular weight of cellulose using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). However, conventional methods require complex pretreatment procedures or use substantial quantities of ionic liquids, which are expensive and exhibit high viscosities. Herein, we report a GPC method for the successful dissolution of cellulose in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) containing 1 wt% 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimOAc). The GPC method is simple, does not require special pretreatment steps, and dissolves cellulose at room temperature. Moreover, as the concentration of the ionic liquid was as low as 1 wt%, the method was robust at low pressures in the GPC system and had low operating costs for the ionic liquid. We demonstrate the applicability of this GPC method to various types of cellulose, including cotton, pulp, and rayon. The GPC profiles of EmimOAc/DMSO were comparable to those of the conventional GPC systems using lithium chloride/dimethyl acetamide in terms of the peak top molecular weight (and shoulder peak in the low-molecular-weight region). Therefore, this GPC method can contribute to the high-throughput evaluation of the molecular weights of native and regenerated cellulose.
A Qualitative Study of Center Director, Teacher, and Parent Input for Delivering a Virtual Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation Model in the Aftermath of COVID-19
Authors: St. George Sara M. , Howe Elizabeth , Velasquez Carolina , Iglesias Anais , Awojobi Tomilola T. , Agosto Yaray , Casas Alejandra , Bulotsky-Shearer Rebecca J. , Jent Jason F. , Natale Ruby A.
Published: December 2024

Given disruptions to early care and education following the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to mitigate long-term impacts of the pandemic on child development among ethnic and racial minority children. Our team is implementing an early childhood mental health consultation (ECMHC) model, or a multi-tiered intervention to support young children’s social-emotional development, that utilizes mental health consultants to deliver a virtual toolkit to ethnically and racially diverse early care and education centers. Understanding the perspectives and ongoing needs of center directors, teachers, and parents is critical to intervention delivery. Between February and April 2023, 18 participants (n = 6 center directors, n = 6 teachers, n = 6 parents) across 12 early childcare centers completed individual interviews in English or Spanish. We used a rapid qualitative analysis to generate four themes related to participants’ perceived impact of COVID-19, including how it (1) exacerbated existing financial and administrative challenges, (2) increased their need for adaptability, (3) highlighted the importance of support for staff facing educational challenges during a public health emergency, and (4) highlighted the value of partnerships between parents and centers. We generated five additional themes specific to participants’ ongoing needs and suggestions, including (1) increased financial support, (2) outside behavioral support, (3) enhanced center staff self-care, (4) balancing in-person interaction with planned virtual delivery, and (5) use of existing smartphone applications for communication with parents. In addition to informing adaptations to our model, including expanding upon program pillars (e.g., expanding our safety planning pillar to include financial safety via linkages to community resources), these data may be used to inform the delivery of other ECMHC programs for diverse populations.
Highway systems: How good are they, really?
Authors: Chondrogiannis Theodoros , Grossniklaus Michael
Published: December 2024

Highways play a crucial role in transportation services as they facilitate long-distance traveling and allow driving at an almost constant speed, thus resulting in lower fuel consumption and emissions. Many existing highway systems were designed before practical computational tools had been developed. Furthermore, most existing approaches to evaluating highways focus on analyzing mobility data rather than studying the design of the highway system. To address this gap in existing research, in this paper, we investigate the problem of evaluating the efficacy of the design of real-world highway systems. To this end, we propose two novel measures for the effectiveness of highway systems, along with both exact and heuristic algorithms to compute them. In addition, we present a first-cut heuristic algorithm that aims to compute a highway system that optimizes our proposed measures. In our experiments, we demonstrate the potential of our methods in measuring the efficacy of real-world highway systems. We also evaluate the performance of our heuristic algorithm in computing a rough design of an efficient highway system.
3-manifolds with constant Ricci eigenvalues $$(\lambda , \lambda , 0)$$
Authors: Brooks Thomas G.
Published: December 2024

We consider complete Riemannian 3-manifolds whose Ricci tensors have constant eigenvalues

$$(\lambda , \lambda , 0)$$

(
λ
,
λ
,
0
)

. When

$$\pi _1$$

π
1

is finitely generated, we classify the topology of such manifolds by showing that they have a free fundamental group if non-trivial and that every free group is obtained. We give a description up to isometry when the metric is locally irreducible or when it is analytic.
White Dwarf envelops and temperature corrections in exponential f(T) gravity
Authors: Farrugia Gabriel , Gafa’ Carlos , Levi Said Jackson
Published: December 2024

Compact stars have long served as a test bed of gravitational models and their coupling with stellar matter. In this work, we explore the behavior of an exponential model in f(T) gravity through the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation. This is performed for different envelope thicknesses. Finally, constraints on the models parameters are obtained, which are comparable to the results obtained using cosmological survey data. This consistency across the strong astrophysical and weak cosmological scales shows reasonable viability of the underlying model.
Unveiling Neolithic Economic Behavior: A Novel Approach to Chert Procurement at Çukuriçi Höyük, Western Anatolia
Authors: Brandl Michael , Martinez Maria M. , Hauzenberger Christoph , Filzmoser Peter , Milić Bogdana , Horejs Barbara
Published: December 2024

The expansion of the Neolithic way of life triggered the most profound changes in peoples’ socioeconomic behaviors, including how critical resources for everyday life were managed. Recent research spearheaded by ancient DNA analysis has greatly contributed to our understanding of the main direction of Neolithisation spreading from western Anatolia into central Europe. Due to the diverse processes involved in Neolithisation, which resulted in a high diversity of regional and local phenomena, the underlying mechanisms of these developments are still largely unexplored. One of these mechanisms is economic behavior and resource management. Neolithic economic behavior is the result of social processes involving the physical actions of the procurement, processing, use, discard, and distribution of raw materials as well as finished products for utilitarian needs and to create and maintain social relations. Within this continuum, the key for tracing meaningful behavioral patterns is the identification of raw material procurement. Since stone tools are among the most ubiquitous and stable finds at Neolithic sites, they are ideally suited for this endeavor. Here, we present the results of a case study from the Neolithic site of Çukuriçi Höyük in western Anatolia tracing lithic raw material procurement. We employ a novel approach using geochemical provenance analyses coupled with quantitative technological and econometric methods. The key finding of this diachronic study covering almost 700 years revealed patterns of socioeconomic dynamics undetectable through conventional analytical approaches. We demonstrate that technological concepts fluctuate over time and are subject to innovations, whereas raw material procurement remains a stable element.
A Regularity Theory for Evolution Equations with Time-measurable Pseudo-differential Operators in Weighted Mixed-norm Sobolev-Lipschitz Spaces
Authors: Choi Jae-Hwan
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates the existence, uniqueness, and regularity of solutions to evolution equations with time-measurable pseudo-differential operators in weighted mixed-norm Sobolev-Lipschitz spaces. We also explore trace embedding and continuity of solutions.
A generalized condition of Clebsch under weak normality assumptions
Authors: Rosenblueth Javier F.
Published: December 2024

For unconstrained problems in the calculus of variations, the condition of Legendre is a second order necessary condition for optimality which has played a crucial role in the theory. In the presence of equality constraints, it is commonly called the condition of Clebsch. In this paper, this condition is generalized for problems with equality and inequality constraints under normality assumptions weaker than the standard assumptions found in the literature.
Influence of heat treatment and hot rolling on the microstructure and texture development of the Mg–Dy–Nd–Zn–Zr alloy Resoloy®
Authors: Ueberschär Franziska , Kittner Kristina , Ullmann Madlen , Prahl Ulrich
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the influence of heat treatment and hot rolling on the microstructure and texture development of the magnesium alloy Resoloy®, which was specifically designed for biomedical applications. The alloy was subjected to various heat treatment conditions (375 °C to 500 °C for 15 min to 6 h) and subsequently hot-rolled at equivalent strains ranging from 0.23 to 0.75 and equivalent strain rates from 24 to 183 s⁻1. Suitable preparation for hot rolling was achieved with heat treatment at 500 °C for 2 h, which facilitated reduced hardening and minimized crack formation at higher strains and strain rates. Microstructural analysis revealed the presence of lamellar long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases, twins, and kinking bands. While clear evidence of recrystallized grains is lacking, indications of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), twinning-induced dynamic recrystallization (TDRX), particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) and kink-aided dynamic recrystallization (KDRX) as the primary recrystallisation mechanisms are observed as well as the influence of the precipitated LPSO phase. Whilst the 18R phase seems to propagate dynamic recrystallisation, the 14H phase seems to hinder it. Texture analysis indicated a reduction in maximum intensity and the activation of non-basal slip systems during hot rolling. Heat treatments between 375 and 500 °C led to slight hardness increases, while prolonged treatment at 500 °C reduced hardness due to precipitate dissolution. Hot rolling further enhanced hardness, especially with the formation of the 14H phase, which supports grain boundary strengthening.
Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis of the Upper Extremity in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Oji Nnaoma M. , Sabatini Coleen S.
Published: December 2024

Purpose of Review

For pediatric osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, 10–24% of cases occur in the upper extremity (UE). Due to delays in presentation and diagnosis, UE infections are often more complex and severe than infections of the lower extremity (LE). This review evaluates the literature from the past 6 years related to pediatric osteomyelitis and septic arthritis of the UE and provides a guide for professionals managing these conditions in children.

Recent Findings

The shoulder and elbow are the most commonly affected joints, and the humerus is the most commonly affected bone. As with the LE, diagnosis of UE osteoarticular infections is based on clinical evidence, laboratory data, and diagnostic imaging. While Staphylococcus aureus is the primary bacteria identified in UE infections, there is an underappreciation of the burden from Kingella kingae as a causative organism in culture-negative patients where PCR is not performed. Septic joints should be treated with irrigation and debridement urgently, with subsequent antibiotic therapy for a minimum of 2–4 weeks. For acute osteomyelitis without abscess or concomitant septic joints, antibiotic therapy is standard of care. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is associated with more severe infection requiring more surgeries. Various strategies exist for managing segmental bone loss in chronic osteoarticular infections.

Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis tend to occur less frequently in the UE than the LE but have a devastating impact on the health and quality of life of children around the world. Complete resolution of disease can be achieved through an individualized approach to antibiotic and operative management. Further study is needed to assess the efficacy of aspiration as a primary treatment strategy in UE joints.
A Novel Depth-Connected Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Small Defect Detection in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Wang Yiming , Wang Zidong , Liu Weibo , Zeng Nianyin , Lauria Stanislao , Prieto Camilo , Sikström Fredrik , Yu Hui , Liu Xiaohui
Published: December 2024

Defect detection on the computed tomography (CT) images plays an important role in the development of metallic additive manufacturing (AM). Although some deep learning techniques have been adopted in the CT image-based defect detection problem, it is still a challenging task to accurately detect small-size defects in the presence of undesirable noises. In this paper, a novel defect detection method, namely, the depth-connected region-based convolutional neural network (DC-RCNN), is proposed to detect small defects and reduce the influence of noises. In particular, a saliency-guided region proposal method is first developed to generate small-size region proposals with the aim to accommodate the small defects. Then, the main architecture of DC-RCNN is proposed to extract and connect the consistent features across multiple frames, thereby reducing the influence of randomly distributed noises. Moreover, the transfer learning technique is utilized to improve the generalization ability of the proposed DC-RCNN. In order to verify the effectiveness and superiority, the proposed method is applied to the real-world AM data for defect detection. The experimental validations show that the proposed DC-RCNN is able to detect the small-size defects under noises and outperforms the original RCNN method in terms of detection accuracy and running time.
Conversion of cropland monoculture to agroforestry increases methane uptake
Authors: Shao Guodong , Martinson Guntars O. , Corre Marife D. , Luo Jie , Niu Dan , Veldkamp Edzo
Published: December 2024

In temperate Europe, agroforestry practice is gaining interest due to its potential to enhance carbon (C) sequestration and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agriculture. To date, the effects of agroforestry on the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes are still poorly quantified. Here we present a systematic comparison of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes between agroforestry and monoculture cropland systems for the first time, based on two-year field measurements at three sites on different soils in Germany. Each site had an adjacent alley cropping agroforestry system and monoculture, and the agroforestry was established on former monoculture croplands 1 to 11 years prior to this study. We found that area-weighted soil CO2 emissions from agroforestry (3.5−8.1 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) were comparable to monocultures (3.4−9.8 Mg C ha−1 yr−1), whereas area-weighted agroforestry generally had higher soil CH4 uptake (0.4−1.3 kg C ha−1 yr−1) compared to monocultures (0.1−1.2 kg C ha−1 yr−1). Seasonal variations of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes were strongly regulated by soil temperature and moisture, and the spatial variations were influenced by soil texture. Our results suggest that conversion of monoculture cropland to long-term alley cropping agroforestry system could be considered as a sustainable agriculture practice for its great potential for mitigating CH4 emissions.
Strategies for integrating ChatGPT and generative AI into clinical studies
Authors: Lee Jeong-Moo
Published: December 2024

Large language models, specifically ChatGPT, are revolutionizing clinical research by improving content creation and providing specific useful features. These technologies can transform clinical research, including data collection, analysis, interpretation, and results sharing. However, integrating these technologies into the academic writing workflow poses significant challenges. In this review, I investigated the integration of large-language model-based AI tools into clinical research, focusing on practical implementation strategies and addressing the ethical considerations associated with their use. Additionally, I provide examples of the safe and sound use of generative AI in clinical research and emphasize the need to ensure that AI-generated outputs are reliable and valid in scholarly writing settings. In conclusion, large language models are a powerful tool for organizing and expressing ideas efficiently; however, they have limitations. Writing an academic paper requires critical analysis and intellectual input from the authors. Moreover, AI-generated text must be carefully reviewed to reflect the authors’ insights. These AI tools significantly enhance the efficiency of repetitive research tasks, although challenges related to plagiarism detection and ethical use persist.
Incidence and outcomes of subsequent malignancy after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adult patients with severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Kwag Daehun , Park Sung-Soo , Lee Sung-Eun , Kim Hee-Je , Lee Jong Wook
Published: December 2024

Purpose

This study investigated the occurrence of subsequent malignancies (SM) in adult patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) to address the lack of large-scale, long-term data on this complication.

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis of 376 adult patients with SAA who underwent allo-HSCT between 2002 and 2021 at a single center was conducted. The incidence, risk factors, and survival impact of SM were also examined.

Results

During the follow-up period, 31 cases of SM (8.2%) were identified. Approximately one-third (32.3%) of SM cases were hematologic malignancies, including post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (16.1%), myelodysplastic neoplasm (6.5%), and acute myeloid leukemia (3.2%). Solid tumors accounted for 67.7% of cases, with thyroid cancer being the most prevalent (25.8%). The 15-year cumulative incidence of SM was 11.2%, and the hazard ratio for overall survival according to the development of SM was 16.25 (p < 0.001). High-dose total body irradiation (TBI), anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), and moderate-to-severe chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were identified as significant risk factors for subsequent malignancy. Post-transplant SAA patients exhibited a 3.54-fold higher observed cancer incidence than the expected incidence calculated from the age-, sex-, and calendar year-matched general population.

Conclusion

SM is a significant long-term complication in patients with posttransplant SAA and has a substantial survival impact. Patients receiving high-dose TBI or ATG, and those with moderate-to-severe chronic GVHD, require vigilant long-term monitoring.
The incidence and risk factors of fetuses with mirror-image dextrocardia with solitus inversus
Authors: Xu Wenjiao , Wei Yajuan , Gao Xinru , Yang Xiaoxue , Wang Liping , Gao Wenlian , Zhu Xumin , Liu Baomin
Published: December 2024

Objective:

This research seeks to ascertain the prevalence and determinants of mirror-image dextrocardia in fetuses

Study design:

With December 2022 as the reference point, we compiled colleted data on pregnant women who carried fetuses with mirror-image dextrocardia in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province: September–October 2022, November 2022, and December 2022–January 2023. An online questionnaire was distributed to 209 pregnant across China who had contracted COVID-19. The case group comprised women whose final menstrual cycle occurred in November 2022 and who had a fetus with mirror-image dextrocardia. Women with a November 2022 final menstrual period and a fetus without this condition made up the control group. To identify the risk factors associated with fetal mirror-image dextrocardia, both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed.

Results:

A significant difference was noted in the gestational age at COVID-19 infection women with a September to October 2022 and December 2022 to January 2023 final menstrual period who did not bear a fetus with mirror-image dextrocardia, and those with a November 2022 final menstrual period whose fetus exhibited this condition. The univariate and multivariate analyses conducted on pregnant women with a final menstrual period in November 2022 who had contracted COVID-19 revealed significant differences in the presence and duration of fever between those bearing fetuses with mirror-image dextrocardia and those without (P = 0.000).

Conclusion:

The findings suggest two critical factors to the increased prevalence of fetal mirror-image dextrocardia: 1) the infection timing which occurs between the 4th and 6th week of pregnancy and 2) the presence of fever and its prolonged duration.
Performance of Common Land Model in Simulating the Land Surface Thermal and Hydrological Processes Over China Improved by Including the Sub‐Grid Terrain Solar Radiative Effect
Authors: Zhang Xindan , Huang Anning , Yang Xianyu , Gu Chunlei , Cai Shuxin , Luo Jiangxin
Published: December 2024

The sub‐grid terrain solar radiative effect (STSRE) significantly affects the heterogeneity of the surface downward solar radiation (SDSR) over mountainous areas, which further exerts remarkable influences on simulations of surface energy budgets and hydrological processes. Given that two thirds of China is mountainous, we have systematically revealed the noticeable STSRE impacts on the performance of the Common Land Model (CoLM) in simulating land surface thermal and hydrological processes over China. Validations indicate that adopting the three dimensional (3D) STSRE scheme clearly improves the CoLM's ability in simulating the land thermal and moist characteristics over China in almost all seasons, and the improvements increase with the terrain complexity increasing. Over the regions with the most rugged terrain, adopting the 3D STSRE scheme can remarkably reduce the overestimated SDSR and thereafter land surface temperature (LST) warm biases in the CoLM with the plane‐parallel radiative scheme. The modeled snow cover increases corresponding to the reduced LST with the Taylor score improved the most by 52.84% in summer, and the modeled evapotranspiration (ET) over southeastern Tibet and the Hengduan Mountains is also notably improved in summer. Further analysis indicates that the surface net radiation well corrected by the 3D STSRE scheme firstly reduces the warm biases of LST simulation using the plane‐parallel radiative scheme over strong terrain shaded areas, directly leading to the depressed sensible heat flux and ET and more snow accumulation, then the inhibited ET and increased snow accumulation jointly affect the runoff and soil moisture simulations and thereafter latent heat simulation.
Contributions of Tropical Cyclones and Internal Tides To Deep Near‐Inertial Kinetic Energy Under Eddy Modulation
Authors: Zhang Zhixiang , Gao Jing , Wang Jianing , Wang Fan
Published: December 2024

Near‐inertial waves (NIWs) are essential energy sources for deep diapycnal mixing. However, the mechanisms for generating deep and abyssal NIWs are largely unknown. Here, using 3 year full‐depth mooring data at 130°E/15°N, we demonstrate that downward propagating tropical cyclone (TC)‐induced NIWs and parametric subharmonic instability (PSI) can contribute to the intensification of near‐inertial kinetic energy (NIKE) over 1,000–3,000 m. The deep warm core eddy (WCE) is found to facilitate the downward propagation of TC‐induced NIWs with fast vertical group velocity and the intensified PSI efficiency that improves the energy transfer from diurnal internal tides (DITs) to NIWs at the site poleward of critical latitude for DITs. Quantitative regression analysis suggests that compared to the PSI, downward penetrating TC‐induced NIWs contribute more to the deep NIKE. Our study emphasizes that accurately representing deep eddy activities and TC's wind intensity in numerical models is crucial to simulating the deep NIKE.
Bayesian Preprocessing for Palaeomagnetic Sediment Records Using a Flexible Lock‐In Function Approach
Authors: Bohsung L. , Schanner M. , Korte M. , Holschneider M.
Published: December 2024

Geomagnetic field models covering past millennia rely on two main data sources: archaeomagnetic data, that provide snapshots of the geomagnetic field at specific locations, and sediment records, that deliver time series of the geomagnetic field from individual cores. The limited temporal and spatial global coverage with archaeomagnetic data necessitates use of sediment data, especially when models go further back in time. However, the accurate preprocessing and interpretation of sediment data is crucial. Unlike archaeomagnetic data, sediment data does not provide absolute values for intensities and declinations; instead, it represents relative variations. The detrital remanent magnetization (DRM) of sediment records is influenced by various depositional (dDRM) effects that can result in inclination shallowing, as well as post‐depositional (pDRM) processes that cause a delayed and smoothed signal. To address the distortion associated with the pDRM effects, a novel class of flexible parameterized lock‐in functions has been proposed. These lock‐in functions involve four parameters, which are estimated using a Bayesian modeling technique and archaeomagnetic data. By extending the space of hyperparameters to include the calibration factor for intensities, the declination offsets and the inclination shallowing factor, we present a fully Bayesian preprocessing method for sediment records in form of a Python package, called sedprep. By applying the estimated parameters to the raw sediment data sedprep is able to provide a calibrated and preprocessed palaeomagnetic record.
A Numerical Study of the Impact of Topography on the July 2021 Extreme Rainfall Event in Zhengzhou, China
Authors: Wang Jingju , Zhang Shaoqing , Yu Xiaolin , Jin Yishuai , Liu Xing , Qi Yiling , Yang Gao , Li Mingkui
Published: December 2024

An unprecedented extreme rainfall event occurred in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, in July 2021. To understand the impact of local topography on this extreme rainfall event, the Weather Research and Forecasting model is configured with 27 and 9 km model grid spacings (MGS), along with United States Geological Survey (USGS) topography data at 8.3 and 0.9 km resolutions, called MGS27_USGS8.3, MGS9_USGS8.3, and MGS9_USGS0.9. Results show that the 9 km MGS, permitting activities with coarse γ scales (∼20 km), successfully reproduces the generation of mesoscale cyclones. However, the finer topography enables a more accurate representation of orographic blocking and lifting effects, thereby adjusting the position of the mesoscale cyclone. It can depict the location of adiabatic processes, local circulation, and vertical pressure gradient forces more accurately, thereby adjusting the position of topography‐induced vertical motions. The turbulence diagnostics show that the topography‐induced lifting motion enhances clouds that block longwave radiation, leading to local environment warming, which in turn enhances turbulence and further amplifies the updrafts, ultimately improving the spatial distribution and temporal variation of precipitation. This study provides insights for an in‐depth understanding of the mechanisms of topography on extreme rainfall.
Structural Difference on the Response of Microphysical and Precipitation Processes to Aerosol Perturbation in a Quasi‐Stationary Southwest Vortex System
Authors: He Yuhang , Zhao Pengguo , Xiao Hui , Zhao Chuanfeng
Published: December 2024

Using the WRF coupled with Thompson aerosol‐aware microphysics scheme, a quasi‐stationary southwest vortex (SWV) precipitation process occurring in the Sichuan Basin is simulated. Based on three experiments with low aerosol concentration background (“Low”), medium aerosol concentration background (“Medium”), and high aerosol concentration background (“High”), the effects of hydrophilic aerosol serving as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) on microphysical and precipitation processes are investigated. Results indicate the impact of hydrophilic aerosol on clouds and precipitation structure exhibits structural difference. Aerosol increases from “Low” to “Medium”, precipitation in middle circle of SWV decreases, precipitation in outer circle of SWV increases. Because the outer circle of SWV with strong convection competes with the middle circle of SWV for liquid droplets, leading to a reduction in ice‐phase particles in middle circle of SWV. In contrast, more ice‐phase particles are formed in outer circle of SWV. The increased ice‐phase particles melt into raindrops, leading to an increase in precipitation. Aerosol increases from “Medium” to “High”, precipitation in middle circle of SWV increases, precipitation in outer circle of SWV decreases. The size of liquid droplets formed in outer circle of SWV further becomes smaller. This is not conducive to the formation of ice‐phase particles, leading to weaker convection, which makes it becomes less competitive. A large number of small cloud droplets in middle circle of SWV are transported above the freezing layer and participate in the formation of ice‐phase particles. The released latent heat promotes convective development, resulting in more precipitation.
Predicting the Onset of Subglacial Drainage Channels
Authors: Warburton K. L. P. , Meyer C. R. , Sommers A. N.
Published: December 2024

The sliding speed of glaciers depends strongly on the water pressure at the ice‐sediment interface, which is controlled by the efficiency of water transport through a subglacial hydrological system. The least efficient component of the system consists of “distributed” flow everywhere beneath the ice, whereas the “channelized” drainage through large, thermally eroded conduits is more efficient. To understand the conditions under which the subglacial network channelizes, we perform a linear stability analysis of distributed flow, considering competition between thermal erosion and viscous ice collapse. The calculated growth rate gives a stability criterion, describing the minimum subglacial meltwater flux needed for channels to form, but also indicates the tendency to generate infinitely narrow channels in existing models. We demonstrate the need to include lateral heat diffusion when modeling melt incision to resolve channel widths, which allows continuum models to recover Röthlisberger channel behavior. We also show that low numerical resolution can suppress channel formation and lead to overestimates of water pressure. Our derived channelization criterion can be used to predict the character of subglacial hydrological systems without recourse to numerical simulations, with practical implications for understanding changes in ice velocity due to changes in surface melt runoff.
Sensitivity Analysis of a Dynamic Vegetation‐Sediment Transport Model Using Equadratures: Exploring Inorganic Accretion on a Marsh Platform
Authors: Allen R. M. , Ganju N. K. , Kalra T. S. , Aretxabaleta A. L. , Lacy J. R.
Published: December 2024

Salt marsh systems require a net import of inorganic sediment to maintain their structure in response to sea‐level rise. Marshes are affected by physical processes including tides, waves, sediment transport, and the influence of vegetation, and these processes interact in complex ways leading to sediment accretion or erosion. We implement a 3‐D hydrodynamic sediment transport model in an idealized marsh‐bay complex with a gently sloping edge, and use it as a laboratory to explore the processes leading to bed elevation change through the bay‐marsh continuum. We use the novel equadratures method for efficient sensitivity analysis to test the roles of wave, vegetation, and sediment parameters on wave dissipation, bed shear stress, sediment fluxes, and deposition and erosion across a transect spanning bay shallows to the marsh. Within the explored bounds of parameter uncertainty, significant wave height , settling velocity , and critical shear stress most strongly affect accretion on the marsh platform. Deposition is affected more by parameter‐parameter interactions, that is, both and or both and , than by a single parameter varying alone. The sediment that accretes on the marsh platform originates beyond the marsh edge, indicating that the dynamics of the adjacent mudflat are important for predicting the fate of the marsh. Applying efficient sensitivity analysis techniques can empower process‐based models to test more parameters, larger ranges, and longer timeframes, enabling future predictions of marsh response to sea‐level rise based on physical processes.
Toripalimab plus chemotherapy for first line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (CHOICE-01): final OS and biomarker exploration of a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial
Authors: Zhong Jia , Fei Kailun , Wu Lin , Li Baolan , Wang Zhijie , Cheng Ying , Li Xiaoling , Wang Xicheng , Han Liang , Wu Xiaohong , Fan Yun , Yu Yan , Lv Dongqing , Shi Jianhua , Huang Jianjin , Zhou Shaozhang , Han Baohui , Sun Guogui , Guo Qisen , Ji Youxin , Zhu Xiaoli , Hu Sheng , Zhang Wei , Wang Qiming , Jia Yuming , Wang Ziping , Song Yong , Wu Jingxun , Shi Meiqi , Li Xingya , Han Zhigang , Liu Yunpeng , Yu Zhuang , Liu An-Wen , Wang Xiuwen , Zhou Caicun , Zhong Diansheng , Miao Liyun , Zhang Zhihong , Zhao Hui , Yang Jun , Wang Dong , Wang Yingyi , Li Qiang , Zhang Xiaodong , Ji Mei , Yang Zhenzhou , Cui Jiuwei , Gao Beili , Wang Buhai , Liu Hu , Nie Lei , He Mei , Jin Shi , Gu Wei , Shu Yongqian , Zhou Tong , Feng Jian , Yang Xinmei , Huang Cheng , Zhu Bo , Yao Yu , Yao Sheng , Yu Jianjun , Cai Shang li , Cai Yiran , Xu Jiachen , Zhuang Wei , Luo Xianmin , Duan Jianchun , Wang Jie
Published: December 2024

A randomized double-blind phase 3 trial (CHOICE-01, NCT03856411) demonstrated that combining toripalimab with chemotherapy substantially improves progression-free survival (PFS) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients without pretreatment. This study presents the prespecified final analysis of overall survival (OS) and biomarkers utilizing circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and tissue-based sequencing. Additionally, the analysis revealed a higher median overall survival (OS, 23.8 months) in the toripalimab group than that in the control group (17.0 months). (HR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.57–0.93, nominal P = 0.01). This survival benefit was particularly notable in the non-squamous subgroup. As the first phase 3 study to perform both baseline tissue whole-exome sequencing (WES) and peripheral blood ctDNA testing, we investigated efficacy predictive biomarkers based on both tissue and ctDNA, Genomic sequencing of ctDNA showed high concordance with tumor tissue independently confirmed that individuals exhibiting a high tumor mutational burden, as well as mutations in the FA-PI3K-Akt and IL-7 signaling pathways benefited more from the toripalimab treatment. Furthermore, a ctDNA response observed on cycle 3 day 1, was associated with improved clinical outcomes for patients treated with the combination therapy. In conclusion, Toripalimab plus chemotherapy yields significant improvements in OS as a first-line treatment. The study highlights the utility of ctDNA as a proxy for tumor tissue, providing novel prospects for predicting efficacy of immuno-chemotherapy through continuous ctDNA monitoring.
Genomic and transcriptomic profiling of radioresistant prostate and head and neck cancers implicate a BAHD1-dependent modification of DNA damage at the heterochromatin
Authors: Beh Chaw Yee , Yeo Celestia Pei Xuan , Hong Boon Hao , Tan Evelyn Mui Cheng , Tan Kah Min , Poon Dennis Jun Jie , Chu Pek Lim , Susanti Dewi , Tai Pei Ling , Ryu Monica , Proudfoot James , Yeo Eugenia Li Ling , Soo Khee Chee , Chua Melvin L. K.
Published: December 2024

Radiotherapy is an integral modality in treating human cancers, but radioresistance remains a clinical challenge due to the involvement of multiple intrinsic cellular and extrinsic tumour microenvironment factors that govern radiosensitivity. To study the intrinsic factors that are associated with cancer radioresistance, we established 4 radioresistant prostate (22Rv1 and DU145) and head and neck cancer (FaDu and HK1) models by irradiating their wild-type parentals to 90 Gy, mimicking the fractionated radiotherapy schema that is often using in the clinic, and performed whole exome and transcriptome sequencing of the radioresistant and wild-type models. Comparative genomic analyses detected the enrichment of mismatch repair mutational signatures (SBS6, 14, 15, 20) across all the cell lines and several non-synonymous single nucleotide variants involved in pro-survival pathways. Despite significant inter-cell type heterogeneity of their transcriptomic profiles, 18 common dysregulated genes (5 upregulated and 13 downregulated) were identified across the 4 models, including the overexpression of bromo-adjacent homology domain containing 1 (BAHD1) gene, which is involved in heterochromatin formation. Interestingly, this coincided with our observation of increased histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) expression post-irradiation in our radioresistant cells. The dependency between BAHD1 and heterochromatin formation was confirmed by siRNA knockdown of BAHD1, indicating preferential reduction of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 expression in the radioresistant cells, but not the wild-type parentals, and confirmed by clonogenic assays showing reversal of radioresistance post-siBAHD1 treatment. We further showed that inhibition of the BAHD1-heterochromatin formation axis led to reduced DNA double-strand break repair. Finally, analyses of treatment outcomes in 4 prostate and head and neck cancer radiotherapy cohorts suggested an increased risk of failures in tumours of high heterochromatin activity. Taken together, our results support a new model implicating BAHD1-dependent modulation of the heterochromatin in acquired radioresistance of prostate and head and neck cancers.
Emerging discoveries on the role of TRIM14: from diseases to immune regulation
Authors: Li Xinhao , Zhou Feilong , Niu Kaiyi , Wang Yizhu , Shi Yanlong , Li Yunxin , Gao Xin , Zhao Weijie , Chen Tianyi , Zhang Yewei
Published: December 2024

TRIM14 is an important member of the TRIM family and is widely expressed in a variety of tissues. Like other members of the TRIM family, TRIM14 is also involved in ubiquitination modifications. TRIM14 was initially reported as an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG). In recent years, many studies have focused on the regulatory role of TRIM14 in signaling pathways such as the PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and cGAS/STING pathways and revealed its mechanism of action in a variety of pathophysiological processes, and the regulation of TRIM14 has attracted the interest of many researchers as a new direction for the treatment of various diseases. However, there are no reviews on the role of TRIM14 in diseases. In this paper, we will describe the structure of TRIM14, review its role in cancer, cardiovascular disease, cervical spondylosis, inflammation and antiviral immunity, and provide an outlook on future research directions.
Structure and composition of early biofilms formed on dental implants are complex, diverse, subject-specific and dynamic
Authors: Dieckow Sophie , Szafrański Szymon P. , Grischke Jasmin , Qu Taoran , Doll-Nikutta Katharina , Steglich Matthias , Yang Ines , Häussler Susanne , Stiesch Meike
Published: December 2024

Biofilm-associated peri-implant infections pose a major problem in modern medicine. The understanding of biofilm development is hampered by biofilm complexity and the lack of robust clinical models. This study comprehensively characterized the dynamics of early biofilm formation in the transmucosal passage of implant abutments in 12 patients. Biofilm structures and compositions were complex, diverse, subject-specific and dynamic. A total of 371 different bacterial species were detected. 100 phylogenetically diverse unnamed species and 35 taxonomically diverse disease-associated species comprised an average 4.3% and 3.1% of the community, respectively, but reached up to 12.7% and 21.7% in some samples. Oral taxa formed numerous positive associations and clusters and were characterized by a high potential for metabolic interactions. The subspecies diversity was highly patient-specific and species-dependent, with 1427 ASVs identified in total. The unprecedented depth of early biofilm characterization in this study will support the development of individualized preventive and early diagnostic strategies.
In vivo hyperphosphorylation of tau is associated with synaptic loss and behavioral abnormalities in the absence of tau seeds
Authors: Watamura Naoto , Foiani Martha S. , Bez Sumi , Bourdenx Mathieu , Santambrogio Alessia , Frodsham Claire , Camporesi Elena , Brinkmalm Gunnar , Zetterberg Henrik , Patel Saisha , Kamano Naoko , Takahashi Mika , Rueda-Carrasco Javier , Katsouri Loukia , Fowler Stephanie , Turkes Emir , Hashimoto Shoko , Sasaguri Hiroki , Saito Takashi , Islam AFM Saiful , Benner Seico , Endo Toshihiro , Kobayashi Katsuji , Ishida Chiho , Vendruscolo Michele , Yamada Masahito , Duff Karen E. , Saido Takaomi C.
Published: December 2024

Tau pathology is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the sequence of events and the form of tau that confers toxicity are still unclear, due in large part to the lack of physiological models of tauopathy initiation and progression in which to test hypotheses. We have developed a series of targeted mice expressing frontotemporal-dementia-causing mutations in the humanized MAPT gene to investigate the earliest stages of tauopathy. MAPT
Int10+3G>A and MAPT
S305N;Int10+3G>A lines show abundant hyperphosphorylated tau in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, but they do not develop seed-competent fibrillar structures. Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau was accompanied by neurite degeneration, loss of viable synapses and indicators of behavioral abnormalities. Our results demonstrate that neuronal toxicity can occur in the absence of fibrillar, higher-order structures and that tau hyperphosphorylation is probably involved in the earliest etiological events in tauopathies showing isoform ratio imbalance.
Enhancing the classification of seismic events with supervised machine learning and feature importance
Authors: Habbak Eman L. , Abdalzaher Mohamed S. , Othman Adel S. , Mansour HA
Published: December 2024

The accurate classification of seismic events into natural earthquakes (EQ) and quarry blasts (QB) is crucial for geological understanding, seismic hazard mitigation, and public safety. This paper proposes a machine-learning approach to discriminate seismic events, particularly differentiating between natural EQs and man-made QBs. The core of this study is to integrate different features into a unified dataset to train some linear and nonlinear supervised machine learning (ML) models. The proposed approach considers a collection of 837 events (EQs and QBs) with local magnitudes of $$1.5 \le M_{L} \le 3.3$$

1.5
≤

M
L

≤
3.3

from the Egyptian National Seismic Network (ENSN) seismic event catalog between 2009 and 2015. This paper’s principal contribution is applying feature selection techniques and feature importance analysis to identify the best features leading to the best events’ discrimination. In other words, the proposed approach enhances classification accuracy and provides insights into which features are most crucial for distinguishing between EQ and QB events. The results show that with only three features, corner frequency, power of event, and spectral ratio, the best-developed ML model accomplishes a discrimination accuracy of 100% among several benchmarks of linear and non-linear models.
An effective drug-free hydrogel for accelerating the whole healing process of bacteria-infected wounds
Authors: Cheng Yuanyuan , Liu Xingkun , Fan Furong , Zhang Yinchao , Cao Mingxin , Bai Liya , Ming Hong , Chen Hongli , Liu Yang , Yu Ying , Wang Yinsong
Published: December 2024

This study presents a drug-free hydrogel (HA-PT/HUOH) that accelerates wound healing by promoting hemostasis, exhibiting antibacterial, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties, and aiding tissue remodeling as an alternative to antibiotics.
Chiral synthetic hosts for efficient enantioselective molecular recognition. Design principles and synthetic aspects
Authors: Marchi Luciano Hugo , Lledó Agustí
Published: December 2024

Chiral synthetic hosts of varied typology allow the emergence of enantioselective molecular recognition with excellent levels of selectivity.
A single-step low-cost synthesis of tungsten oxide nanostructures by resistive hot wire oxidation
Authors: KC Krishna , Dopico Santiago J. , Paudel Janak , Bonney Marvin M. , Ibrahim Ghusoon J. , Herbold Meagan , Kingston Alex J. , Bourdo Shawn E. , Watanabe Fumiya , Nichols John
Published: December 2024

Scalable synthesis of WO2.76 nanostructures on W wires for low-cost catalytic device applications.