bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of genomic within‐family selection in aquaculture breeding programmes
Authors: Toro M.A. , Saura M. , Fernandez J. , Villanueva B.
Published: May 2017

In aquaculture breeding programmes, selection within families cannot be applied for traits that cannot be recorded on the candidates (e.g., disease resistance or fillet quality). However, this problem can be overcome if genomic evaluation is used. Within‐family genomic evaluation has been proposed for these programmes as large family sizes are available and substantial levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) within families can be attained with a limited number of markers even in populations in global linkage equilibrium. Here, we compare by computer simulation: (i) within‐family and population‐wide LD; and (ii) the accuracy of within‐family genomic selection when genomic evaluations are carried out either at the population level or within families. The population simulated was composed by a varying number of families of full‐sibs (half for training and half for testing). The results indicate that, to practice within‐family selection, performing the genomic evaluation separately for each family using only molecular information from the family could be recommended for populations either in linkage equilibrium or with a low level of disequilibrium.
Variations in status of preparation of personal protective equipment for preventing norovirus gastroenteritis in long‐term care facilities for the elderly
Authors: Fujiki Saori , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Nakayama Takeo
Published: May 2017

Rationale, aim, and objectives

Residents of long‐term care facilities are highly susceptible to norovirus gastroenteritis, and each facility is concerned about the need to implement norovirus infection control. Among control measures, personal protective equipment (PPE), such as disposable gloves and masks, plays a major role in reducing infectious spread. However, the preparation status of PPE in facilities before infection outbreaks has not been reported. The aim was to clarify the implementation status of preventive measures for norovirus gastroenteritis and the cost of preparing the necessary PPE in long‐term care facilities.

Method

A questionnaire survey of facilities affiliated with the Kyoto Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture branches of the Japan Association of Geriatric Health Services Facilities was conducted. The survey items were the characteristics of the facility, whether preventive measures had been implemented for norovirus gastroenteritis from October through the following March in both 2009 and 2010, and the quantities and unit prices of PPE prepared for preventive measures.

Results

Twenty‐six (11.2%) of 232 surveyed facilities (as of August 2011) answered the survey. Among them, 24 (92.3%) in 2009 and 25 (96.2%) in 2010 reported having implemented preventive measures for norovirus gastroenteritis, while 21 facilities (80.8%) in 2009 and 22 facilities (84.6%) in 2010 had prepared PPE. The median total cost for preparing the PPE needed for the preventive measures was US $2601 (range US $221‐9192) in 2009 and US $3904 (range US $305‐6427) in 2010.

Conclusion

Although the results need careful interpretation because of the low response rate, most of the surveyed long‐term care facilities had implemented preventive measures for norovirus gastroenteritis. However, the cost of preparing the PPE needed for the preventive measures varied among the facilities.
Impact of co‐morbidities on resource use and adherence to guidelines among commercially insured adults with new visits for back pain
Authors: Rundell Sean D. , Gold Laura S. , Hansen Ryan N. , Bresnahan Brian W.
Published: May 2017

Rationale, aims and objectives

To assess if co‐morbidity is associated with higher use of back‐related care and adherence to back pain guidelines.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative claims data from 2007‐2011. We included individuals ≥18 years with an index visit for back pain. Co‐morbidities were measured 12 months prior to index. Co‐morbidity burden was measured using Quan's Co‐morbidity Index. Co‐morbidities categories were measured using chronic condition indicators from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Total lumbar spine‐related resource use for three years was ascertained using procedure codes. A clustering algorithm identified higher long‐term utilizer. We identified initial use from day 0‐42 for several categories of spine‐related care. We used logistic regression to test the association between co‐morbidities and resource use.

Results

Greater co‐morbidity burden was associated with higher long‐term spine‐related resource use. Those with ≥2 on Quan's Co‐morbidity Index had 29% higher odds of being a high back‐specific resource user compared to those with no co‐morbidities [Odds Ratio (OR): 1.29, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.23‐1.35]. Greater co‐morbidity burden was associated with more frequent initial use of imaging, emergency visits, injections, and opioid fills; and less frequent initial use of medical and physical therapy visits. Co‐morbid musculoskeletal conditions had the strongest association with being a high utilizer of long‐term back‐specific resources (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.50‐1.57).

Conclusions

Co‐morbidity burden and the presence of specific chronic conditions, such as musculoskeletal conditions, were associated with high long‐term use of back‐related care and care inconsistent with guidelines.
Microbial Eukaryotes that Lack Sterols
Authors: Takishita Kiyotaka , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Tanifuji Goro , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Hashimoto Tetsuo , Fujikura Katsunori , Roger Andrew J.
Published: May 2017

It is widely held that sterols are key cyclic triterpenoid lipids in eukaryotic cell membranes and are synthesized through oxygen‐dependent multienzyme pathways. However, there are known exceptions―ciliated protozoans, such as Tetrahymena, along with diverse low‐oxygen‐adapted eukaryotes produce, instead of sterols, the cyclic triterpenoid lipid tetrahymanol that does not require molecular oxygen for its biosynthesis. Here, we report that a number of anaerobic microbial eukaryotes (protists) utilize neither sterols nor tetrahymanol in their membranes. The lack of detectable sterol‐like compounds in their membranes may provide an opportunity to reconsider the physiological function of sterols and sterol‐like lipids in eukaryotes.
Comparison of vertical and horizontal swimming behaviour of the weather loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
Authors: Shi X. , Zhao S. , Ding C. , Jiang W. , Kynard B. , Liu L. , Niu S. , Liu D.
Published: May 2017

Experiments on the swimming kinetics and behaviour of weather loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus showed that horizontal swim speed was significantly greater than swim speeds when ascending to or descending from the water surface to gulp air. Vertical swimming speeds during ascending or descending were similar. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus swam unsteadily during vertical movements compared with horizontal movements.
Field application studies of the effect of an underground storage chamber using an urban inundation model
Authors: Ko D. , Nakagawa H. , Kawaike K.
Published: May 2017

Recently, urban inundation disasters resulting from torrential rain have led to serious problems in many countries worldwide. To mitigate the damage of urban inundation, various structural strategies have been carried out, one of which is the creation of underground storage chambers attached to sewerage systems. In this strategy, part of the storm water within a sewer pipe is diverted over the side weir into the storage chamber. The function of this storage chamber is to manage the storm water runoff at a developed site to prevent flooding, and it is essential for providing a temporary storage area for excess storm water. In this study, the differences in the effects of the storage chamber using an urban inundation model due to several conditions such as the rainfall type, changes in the weir shape, installation locations that have different areal features, and changes in the storage capacity volume are verified. Lastly, a suitable installation site is verified via assessments of the inundation damage costs. The results show that the criteria for the degree of mitigation that can be expected in these conditions.
A Revised Sociogenomic Model of Personality Traits
Authors: Roberts Brent W.
Published: May 2017

In this article, I seek to update the sociogenomic model of personality traits (Roberts & Jackson, 2008). Specifically, I seek to outline a broader and more comprehensive theoretical perspective on personality traits than offered in the original version of the sociogenomic model of personality traits. First, I review the major points of our 2008 article. Second, I update our earlier model mostly with insights derived from a deeper reading of evolutionary theoretical systems, such as those found in life‐history theory and ecological‐evolutionary‐developmental biology. In particular, this revision incorporates two evolutionary‐informed systems, labeled pliable and elastic systems, that provide new insights into how personality traits develop. Third, I describe some of the implications of this new understanding of the biological and evolutionary architecture that underlies human phenotypes such as personality traits.
Occurrence of fenhexamid resistance in Botrytis cinerea from greenhouse strawberries in China
Authors: Zhou Feng , Lu Fan , Zhang Can , Qi He‐Xing , Wang Xiao‐Dong , Zhang Guo‐Zhen
Published: May 2017

This study assessed the fenhexamid sensitivity of 143 Botrytis cinerea isolates collected from greenhouse strawberries in five regions of China between 2012 and 2013, and identified four isolates with moderate levels of resistance: two from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and two from Hebei Province. The baseline fenhexamid sensitivity of B. cinerea exhibited a unimodal distribution with a mean EC50 value of 0.20 ± 0.10 μg/ml (SD). The EC50 values of the fenhexamid‐resistant isolates ranged from 0.05 to 0.40 μg/ml. Molecular analysis of the fenhexamid target gene erg27 revealed that the resistant isolates collected from Xinjiang (163‐6 and 163‐22) contained three mutations that led to amino acid changes (V365A, E368D and A378T) known to be associated with fenhexamid resistance, but that the isolates from Hebei lacked any mutations, indicating that an alternative mechanism could be responsible for their resistance. Most of the biological characteristics of the fenhexamid‐resistant isolates, such as mycelial growth, sclerotia production and pathogenicity, did not significantly differ from those of the sensitive ones (p ≤ .05), but it was noted that some of the resistant isolates exhibited reduced rates of sporulation and spore germination. In addition, the resistant isolates exhibited lower osmotic sensitivity than the sensitive ones. The study found no evidence of cross‐resistance with other fungicides, but that there was negative cross‐resistance with procymidone, iprodione, carbendazim and pyraclostrobin, which indicates that the inclusion of these fungicides within an integrated pest management (IPM) programme could help to minimize the risk of fenhexamid resistance developing in B. cinerea.
How Do Established Firms Produce Breakthrough Innovations? Managerial Identity‐Dissemination Discourse and the Creation of Novel Product‐Market Solutions
Authors: Perra Diana B. , Sidhu Jatinder S. , Volberda Henk W.
Published: May 2017

Despite the legacy of experience, some established firms are able to avoid a mindset, behaviors, and routines that can be expected to lead them down paths of local search and incremental product innovations of ever‐declining value. Indeed, established firms are often adept at introducing successful path‐breaking innovations. To explain this apparent paradox, this article draws on the organizational identity literature to present a model that ascribes breakthrough innovations by established firms to managerial identity‐dissemination discourse (MIDD). MIDD is argued to provide a sense‐giving framework, which fosters an understanding of the firm as a nexus of values around which the firm can be continuously rediscovered and reconstituted in new ways. By exposing the firm as an idea that can assume fresh forms in terms of product‐market combinations, MIDD stimulates and coordinates creative endeavor, thus increasing the disposition to produce breakthrough innovations. The model also suggests that the impact of MIDD is likely to depend on transformational leadership and the level of centralization and formalization in the company. The results of a cross‐sectional empirical study provide support for the model. In contrast to the focus of earlier research on behavioral and structural explanations for breakthroughs by established firms, this article advances understanding by offering a cognitive explanation. In doing so, the article highlights that creativity and innovation in firms are mentally located in an interpretive schema of the firm's identity, which has important implications in relation to organizing for breakthroughs. The article discusses these implications with particular reference to the use of multifunctional teams and advanced information and communication technologies for facilitating breakthroughs.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Bysmatrum subsalsum (Dinophyceae) from the western Mediterranean Sea reveals the existence of cryptic species
Authors: Anglès Sílvia , Reñé Albert , Garcés Esther , Lugliè Antonella , Sechi Nicola , Camp Jordi , Satta Cecilia Teodora
Published: May 2017

Bysmatrum subsalsum is a cosmopolitan dinoflagellate species that inhabits marine and transitional habitats. Despite its wide distribution, information on the morphological variability, phylogeny and ecology of B. subsalsum is scarce. In this study, we provide morphological and molecular data on B. subsalsum strains and wild cells from different locations in the Mediterranean Basin. The dynamics of cell abundances and the associated environmental conditions during a field bloom are also described. Genetic sequences of B. subsalsum obtained in this study showed large intraspecific differences, clustering in two well‐differentiated clades. Despite a certain degree of variation with respect to cell size, apical pore complex (APC) morphology and size, and cingulum displacement, cells from the two clades showed similar morphological traits. These findings indicated the occurrence of cryptic species. Comparisons of the morphology of our B. subsalsum specimens with the few descriptions available in the literature revealed larger than previously known intraspecific morphological variability. Phylogenetic trees inferred from the concatenated SSU, 5.8S‐ITS, and LSU rRNA and the individual 5.8S‐ITS regions suggested the inclusion of Bysmatrum in the Peridiniales and a close phylogenetic relationship with Peridinium sensu stricto. However, the low statistical support prevented the assignment of Bysmatrum to a particular family of Peridiniales. Ecological data obtained from a bloom in La Pletera salt marshes (Catalan Coast, Spain) suggested the species reaches high cell abundances at water temperatures >20°C and salinity levels >30. Our results add new information regarding the morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of B. subsalsum.
Subversion of host kinases: a key network in cellular signaling hijacked by Helicobacter pylori CagA
Authors: Tegtmeyer Nicole , Neddermann Matthias , Asche Carmen Isabell , Backert Steffen
Published: May 2017

Helicobacter pylori is a paradigm of persistent pathogens and major risk factor for developing severe diseases including adenocarcinoma in the human stomach. An important bacterial factor linked to gastric disease progression is the cag pathogenicity island‐encoded type‐IV secretion system (T4SS) effector protein CagA. Translocated CagA undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation at EPIYA‐motifs and then activates or inactivates multiple host signaling proteins in a phosphorylation‐dependent and phosphorylation‐independent fashion. In this way, intracellular CagA acts as a ‘masterkey’ or ‘picklock’, which evolved during evolution to hijack key host cell signal transduction functions. Crucial targets of CagA represent a variety of serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases, which control major checkpoints of eukaryotic signaling. Here we review the signal transmission by translocated CagA on multiple receptor kinases (c‐Met and EGFR) and non‐receptor kinases (Src, Abl, Csk, aPKC, Par1, PI3K, Akt, FAK, GSK‐3, JAK, PAK1, PAK2 and MAP kinases), manipulating a selection of fundamental processes in the human gastric epithelium such as cell adhesion, polarity, proliferation, motility, receptor endocytosis, cytoskeletal rearrangements, apoptosis, inflammation and cell cycle progression. This enormous complexity generates a highly remarkable and puzzling scenario during H. pylori infection. The contribution of these signaling pathways to bacterial survival, persistence and gastric pathogenesis is discussed.
Lon protease modulates virulence traits in Erwinia amylovora by direct monitoring of major regulators and indirectly through the Rcs and Gac‐Csr regulatory systems
Authors: Lee Jae Hoon , Ancona Veronica , Zhao Youfu
Published: May 2017

Lon, an ATP‐dependent protease in bacteria, influences diverse cellular processes by degrading damaged, misfolded and short‐lived regulatory proteins. In this study, we characterized the effects of lon mutation and determined the molecular mechanisms underlying Lon‐mediated virulence regulation in Erwinia amylovora, an enterobacterial pathogen of apple. Erwinia amylovora depends on the type III secretion system (T3SS) and the exopolysaccharide (EPS) amylovoran to cause disease. Our results showed that mutation of the lon gene led to the overproduction of amylovoran, increased T3SS gene expression and the non‐motile phenotype. Western blot analyses showed that mutation in lon directly affected the accumulation and stability of HrpS/HrpA and RcsA. Mutation in lon also indirectly influenced the expression of flhD, hrpS and csrB through the accumulation of the RcsA/RcsB proteins, which bind to the promoter of these genes. In addition, lon expression is under the control of CsrA, possibly at both the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. Although mutation in csrA abolished both T3SS and amylovoran production, deletion of the lon gene in the csrA mutant only rescued amylovoran production, but not T3SS. These results suggest that CsrA might positively control both T3SS and amylovoran production partly by suppressing Lon, whereas CsrA may also play a critical role in T3SS by affecting unknown targets.
Bone core and implant retrieval tool – a review of three trephine bur systems
Authors: Badr Mohamed , Coulthard Paul , Oliver Richard
Published: May 2017

Aim

To assess and compare the difficulty and structural integrity of bone core harvesting and retrieval prior to implant placement using three different trephine bur systems.

Methods

Bone core samples were harvested from patients scheduled to receive maxillary dental implants following iliac crest bone graft augmentation. Three trephine bur systems were used and comparison was based on the retrieval time, sample integrity, and implant stability.

Results

Differences existed between the systems in terms of difficulty and the retrieved bone cores. The formerly planned implant size could be placed in all cases. More structurally intact cores could be achieved although this came at the expense of reliability.

Conclusions

The Easy Retrieve trephine bur system might be recommended in situations where bone sample structural integrity is paramount. Nevertheless, the potential reliability issue with the smaller bur in this system should be taken into consideration.
CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated targeted mutagenesis of GmFT2a delays flowering time in soya bean
Authors: Cai Yupeng , Chen Li , Liu Xiujie , Guo Chen , Sun Shi , Wu Cunxiang , Jiang Bingjun , Han Tianfu , Hou Wensheng
Published: May 2017

Flowering is an indication of the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth and has considerable effects on the life cycle of soya bean (Glycine max). In this study, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to specifically induce targeted mutagenesis of GmFT2a, an integrator in the photoperiod flowering pathway in soya bean. The soya bean cultivar Jack was transformed with three sgRNA/Cas9 vectors targeting different sites of endogenous GmFT2a via Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation. Site‐directed mutations were observed at all targeted sites by DNA sequencing analysis. T1‐generation soya bean plants homozygous for null alleles of GmFT2a frameshift mutated by a 1‐bp insertion or short deletion exhibited late flowering under natural conditions (summer) in Beijing, China (N39°58′, E116°20′). We also found that the targeted mutagenesis was stably heritable in the following T2 generation, and the homozygous GmFT2a mutants exhibited late flowering under both long‐day and short‐day conditions. We identified some ‘transgene‐clean’ soya bean plants that were homozygous for null alleles of endogenous GmFT2a and without any transgenic element from the T1 and T2 generations. These ‘transgene‐clean’ mutants of GmFT2a may provide materials for more in‐depth research of GmFT2a functions and the molecular mechanism of photoperiod responses in soya bean. They will also contribute to soya bean breeding and regional introduction.
Randomized crossover trial of a pressure sensing visual feedback system to improve mask fitting in noninvasive ventilation
Authors: Brill Anne‐Kathrin , Moghal Mohammad , Morrell Mary J. , Simonds Anita K.
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

A good mask fit, avoiding air leaks and pressure effects on the skin are key elements for a successful noninvasive ventilation (NIV). However, delivering practical training for NIV is challenging, and it takes time to build experience and competency. This study investigated whether a pressure sensing system with real‐time visual feedback improved mask fitting.

Methods

During an NIV training session, 30 healthcare professionals (14 trained in mask fitting and 16 untrained) performed two mask fittings on the same healthy volunteer in a randomized order: one using standard mask‐fitting procedures and one with additional visual feedback on mask pressure on the nasal bridge. Participants were required to achieve a mask fit with low mask pressure and minimal air leak (<10 L/min). Pressure exerted on the nasal bridge, perceived comfort of mask fit and staff‐ confidence were measured.

Results

Compared with standard mask fitting, a lower pressure was exerted on the nasal bridge using the feedback system (71.1 ± 17.6 mm Hg vs 63.2 ± 14.6 mm Hg, P < 0.001). Both untrained and trained healthcare professionals were able to reduce the pressure on the nasal bridge (74.5 ± 21.2 mm Hg vs 66.1 ± 17.4 mm Hg, P = 0.023 and 67 ± 12.1 mm Hg vs 60 ± 10.6 mm Hg, P = 0.002, respectively) using the feedback system and self‐rated confidence increased in the untrained group.

Conclusion

Real‐time visual feedback using pressure sensing technology supported healthcare professionals during mask‐fitting training, resulted in a lower pressure on the skin and better mask fit for the volunteer, with increased staff confidence.
Kinematics and timing of continental block deformation from margins to interiors
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhou Liyun , Luo Zhaohua
Published: May 2017

During the deformation of continental blocks, the magnitude of tectonic stress generally decreases with increasing distance from the margin of the block. However, the timing and kinematics of stress transmission from the margins to the interiors of continents are poorly resolved, even though this information is critical to our understanding of the dynamics of continental deformation. Here, we present a case study of Mesozoic deformation of the North China Craton (NCC). Field investigations of Mesozoic thrust faults and folds, granitic intrusions and dykes, combined with zircon SHRIMP and LA–ICP–MS dating and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages, reveal the age of the NE–SW‐trending tectonic belts as ~180–155 Ma, where the deformation of the craton margin occurred 10–20 Ma earlier than that of the craton's interior. Although the kinematics of deformation are similar for the interior and the margin of the NCC, strain decreases with increasing distance from the margin. Notably, the bulk of the strain in the cratonic interior was focused in zones of pre‐existing weakness. Overall, we determined that the NCC deformed under conditions of uniaxial compression, a conclusion that is compatible with simple rheological models, and that the stress magnitude attained in the cratonic interior was much less than that along its margin.
Malignancies in hepatitis C virus‐positive and ‐negative kidney transplant recipients: A case‐controlled study
Authors: Dörr Gaëlle , Del Bello Arnaud , Abravanel Florence , Marion Olivier , Cointault Olivier , Ribes David , Lavayssière Laurence , Esposito Laure , Nogier Marie Béatrice , Hebral Anne Laure , Sauné Karine , Izopet Jacques , Kamar Nassim
Published: May 2017

Background

Malignancies and lymphoma are common complications after kidney transplantation. However, no link has been made between the incidence of malignancies and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in this setting. This case‐controlled study compared the incidence of malignancies, including lymphoma, between kidney transplant (KT) patients with or without HCV replication.

Patients and Methods

A total of 99 HCV‐positive RNA‐positive KT patients were matched with 198 (1:2) anti‐HCV‐negative patients according to age, gender, and date of transplantation, and were followed for 145.8±78.4 months.

Results

During the follow‐up period, 28 HCV‐positive (28%) cases developed at least one cancer, and 64 (32%) patients developed cancer in the HCV‐negative group (P=not significant [ns]). Survival without a cancer was similar between both groups. Thirteen HCV‐positive patients (13%) developed at least one solid cancer vs 29 (15%) HCV‐negative patients (P=ns). Survival without a solid cancer was similar between both groups. Three patients from the HCV‐positive and 4 from the HCV‐negative group developed a lymphoma. Only 2 patients from the HCV group died from hepatocellular carcinoma. Survival without a skin cancer was similar between both groups. Patient and death‐censored graft survival rates were significantly lower in the HCV group.

Conclusion

The incidences and types of malignancies were similar in the HCV‐positive and HCV‐negative KT patients.
Isolation of tissues and preservation of RNA from intact, germinated barley grain
Authors: Betts Natalie S. , Berkowitz Oliver , Liu Ruijie , Collins Helen M. , Skadhauge Birgitte , Dockter Christoph , Burton Rachel A. , Whelan James , Fincher Geoffrey B.
Published: May 2017

Isolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) aleurone layers have been widely used as a model system for studying gene expression and hormonal regulation in germinating cereal grains. A serious technological limitation of this approach has been the inability to confidently extrapolate conclusions obtained from isolated tissues back to the whole grain, where the co‐location of several living and non‐living tissues results in complex tissue–tissue interactions and regulatory pathways coordinated across the multiple tissues. Here we have developed methods for isolating fragments of aleurone, starchy endosperm, embryo, scutellum, pericarp‐testa, husk and crushed cell layers from germinated grain. An important step in the procedure involves the rapid fixation of the intact grain to freeze the transcriptional activity of individual tissues while dissection is effected for subsequent transcriptomic analyses. The developmental profiles of 19 611 gene transcripts were precisely defined in the purified tissues and in whole grain during the first 24 h of germination by RNA sequencing. Spatial and temporal patterns of transcription were validated against well‐defined data on enzyme activities in both whole grain and isolated tissues. Transcript profiles of genes involved in mitochondrial assembly and function were used to validate the very early stages of germination, while the profiles of genes involved in starch and cell wall mobilisation matched existing data on activities of corresponding enzymes. The data will be broadly applicable for the interrogation of co‐expression and differential expression patterns and for the identification of transcription factors that are important in the early stages of grain and seed germination.
Canine reticulocyte hemoglobin content (RET‐He) in different types of iron‐deficient erythropoiesis
Authors: Fuchs Jannika , Moritz Andreas , Grußendorf Esther , Lechner Jörg , Neuerer Felix , Nickel Rafael , Rieker Thomas , Schwedes Claudia , DeNicola Dennis B. , Russell James , Bauer Natali
Published: May 2017

Background

Reticulocyte hemoglobin content (RET‐He) is a diagnostic marker for iron deficiency (ID) in people and dogs.

Objectives

The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical utility of RET‐He in the diagnosis of different causes of iron‐deficient erythropoiesis (IDE).

Methods

Canine CBCs were separated into 2 groups according to RET‐He values, < 20.9 pg or ≥ 20.9 pg. Erythrocyte and reticulocyte variables were compared between dogs with decreased and normal RET‐He values. Additional data for a subgroup of dogs were collected, and dogs with low RET‐He values were categorized as having ID, inflammatory disorders (INFL), portosystemic shunt (PSS), miscellaneous diseases (MISC), or combinations of these diseases (ID+INFL, ID+PSS). Hematologic variables were compared between dogs of the different disease groups.

Results

Overall, 10.3% (1084/10,553) of canine CBCs showed decreased RET‐He values. Significant differences between dogs with decreased and normal RET‐He values were found for all erythrocyte and reticulocyte variables. The majority (68.9%, 747/1084) of dogs with low RET‐He values was anemic; 28.9% (216/747) of those anemic dogs had microcytosis and hypochromasia. In the subgroup of dogs, 8.9% (205/2306) had low RET‐He values. According to their diagnosed diseases, anemic dogs (138/205) could be categorized as ID (17/138; 12.3%), INFL (16/138; 11.6%), PSS (30/138; 21.7%), ID+INFL (63/138; 45.7%), ID+PSS (8/138; 5.8%), and MISC (4/138; 2.9%). Distribution in nonanemic dogs (67/205) was similar, except for a lower number of dogs with PSS.

Conclusions

Low RET‐He values indicate IDE even in dogs with other CBC variables within the RIs.
Retrospective evaluation of the impact of early enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes in dogs with pancreatitis: 34 cases (2010–2013)
Authors: Harris Jessica P. , Parnell Nolie K. , Griffith Emily H. , Saker Korinn E.
Published: May 2017

Objective

To evaluate the effect of early enteral nutritional therapy on time to return to voluntary intake, maximum food consumption, incidence of gastrointestinal intolerance (GI), and total hospitalization time for dogs with acute pancreatitis.

Design and Setting

Retrospective analysis of dogs with pancreatitis at a veterinary teaching hospital between 2010 and 2013.

Animals

Thirty‐four client‐owned dogs diagnosed with acute or acute‐on‐chronic pancreatitis.

Procedures and Interventions

Medical records of dogs evaluated for inappetence, anorexia, and GI for which a diagnosis of pancreatitis was recorded were reviewed. The time to initiation of food offerings since hospitalization were recorded in addition to signalment, historical medical conditions, chief complaint, physical examination findings, diagnostic results, treatments provided, timing of food offering (within 48 h of hospitalization, early feeding group (EFG) versus delayed feeding group (DFG), diet therapy (low fat versus high fat), caloric intake (% resting energy requirement), incidence of GI (%), and length of hospitalization (LOH) (days). A Clinical Severity Index Score (CSIS) was determined for each patient.

Measurements and Main Results

Dogs in the EFG demonstrated a decreased time to return of voluntary intake (2.1 days, EFG versus 2.7 days, DFG;P= 0.05) and time (days) to maximum intake (3, EFG versus 3.4 DFG) as compared to the DFG dogs. The DFG exhibited more GI versus EFG irrespective of CSIS grouping (60% versus 26%,P= 0.04). A CSIS ≥ 7 was associated with prolonged LOH (P= 0.004); however, time to initiation of feeding and diet selection did not impact LOH (P= 0.8).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results of the study suggested that feeding within 48 hours of hospitalization for canine pancreatitis has a positive impact on return to voluntary intake and decreases the frequency of GI in these patients, independent of CSIS. The traditional protocol of withholding food during hospitalization may not be necessary nor yield the most benefit for patient recovery; subsequently early enteral refeeding should be considered.
Scotopic electroretinography in fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) and leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)
Authors: Sussadee Metita , Vorawattanatham Narathip , Pinyopummin Anuchai , Phavaphutanon Janjira , Thayananuphat Aree
Published: May 2017

Objective

To establish baseline normal scotopic electroretinograpic (ERG) parameters for two wild cat species: fishing cats (FC) and leopard cats (LC).

Animal studied

Twelve normal, FC and eight LC kept in the Chiang Mai Night Safari Zoo, Thailand. The mean ages of FC and LC were 7.08 and 5.00 years, respectively.

Procedure

All animals were studied using a standard scotopic protocol of a portable, handheld, multi‐species electroretinography (HMsERG).

Results

There were significant differences in the means of ERG b‐wave amplitude of the rod response (Rod, 0.01 cd.s/m2), a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes of standard light intensity of rod and cone response (Std R&C, 3 cd.s/m2) and b‐wave amplitude of high light intensity of rod and cone response (Hi‐int R&C, 10 cd.s/m2) with LC having higher amplitudes than FC. There was no significant difference in a‐ and b‐ wave implicit time except for the b‐wave of Hi‐int (P=0.03). No significant differences were observed in b/a amplitude ratios.

Conclusions

Data from this report provides reference values for scotopic ERG measurements in these two wild cat species. It showed that the normal scotopic ERG responses have some differences between the two species which might be due to the skull conformation, eye size or physiology of the retina.
The Relationship of Physiopsychosocial Factors and Spiritual Well‐Being in Elderly Residents: Implications for Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Chen Yi‐Heng , Lin Li‐Chan , Chuang Li‐Lan , Chen Mei‐Li
Published: May 2017

Background

Older adults in residential settings frequently suffer from functional decline, mental illness, and social isolation, which make them more vulnerable to spiritual distress. However, empirical evidence of the interrelationships between physiopsychosocial variables and spiritual well‐being are still lacking, limiting the application of the biopsychosocial–spiritual model in institutional healthcare practice.

Aims

To explain the mechanisms by which these variables are linked, this cross‐sectional study tested a causal model of predictors of spiritual well‐being among 377 institutionalized older adults with disability using a structural equation modeling approach.

Methods

The primary variables in the hypothesized model were measured using the Barthel Index for functional ability, the Geriatric Depression Scale‐short form for depression, the Personal Resources Questionnaire 85‐Part 2 for perceived social support, and the Spiritual Well‐Being Scale for spiritual well‐being.

Results

The model fit indices suggest that the hypothesized model had a reasonably adequate model fit (χ2 = 12.18, df = 6, p = .07, goodness‐of‐fitness index [GFI] = 0.99, adjusted GIF index [AGFI] = 0.93, nonnormed fit index [NFI] = 0.99, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.99). In this study, perceived social support and depression directly affected spiritual well‐being, and functional ability indirectly affected spiritual well‐being via perceived social support or depression. In addition, functional ability influenced perceived social support directly, which in turn influenced depression and ultimately influenced spiritual well‐being.

Discussion

This study results confirm the effect of physiopsychosocial factors on institutionalized older adults’ spiritual well‐being. However, the presence and level of functional disability do not necessarily influence spiritual well‐being in late life unless it is disruptive to social relationships and is thus bound to lead to low perceived social support and the onset of depression.

Linking Evidence to Action

The findings address the fact that the practice of spirituality is multidimensional and multileveled. Psychosocial interventions for institutionalized elders with disabilities should focus on increasing nurse‐patient interaction and providing access to meaningful social activities to improve mental health and spiritual well‐being.
Perspectives in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Based Microcombined Heat and
Power Systems
Authors: Ahmed Khaliq , Föger Karl
Published: May 2017

Fuel cell technology has undergone extensive research and development in the past 20 years. Even though it has not yet made a commercial breakthrough, it is still seen as a promising enabling technology for emissions reduction. The high electrical efficiency (Powell et al., 2012, “Demonstration of a Highly Efficient Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power System Using Adiabatic Steam Reforming and Anode Gas Recirculation,” J. Power Sources, 205, pp. 377–384; Föger and Payne, 2014, “Ceramic Fuel Cells BlueGen—Market Introduction Experience,” 11th European SOFC & SOE Forum 2014, Lucerne, Switzerland, Paper No. A0503; and Payne et al., 2009, “Generating Electricity at 60% Electrical Efficiency From 1-2 kWe SOFC Products,” ECS Trans., 25(2), pp. 231–240) of an solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based fuel cell system and the ability to operate on renewable fuels make it an ideal platform for transition from fossil-fuel dependency to a sustainable world relying on renewable energy, by reducing emissions during the transition period where fossil fuels including natural gas remain a major source of energy. Key technical hurdles to commercialization are cost, life, and reliability. Despite significant advances in all areas of the technology cost and durability targets (Papageorgopoulos, 2012, “Fuel Cells, 2012 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting,” U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, accessed May 14, 2012, http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review12/fc_plenary_papageorgopoulos_2012_o.pdf) have not been met. The major contribution to cost comes from tailor-made balance of plant (BoP) components as SOFC-based systems cannot be optimized functionally with off-the shelf commercial items, and cost targets for BoP and stack cannot be met without volume manufacturing (Föger, 2008, “Materials Basics for Fuel Cells,” Materials for Fuel Cells, M. Gasik ed., Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp. 6–63). Reliability issues range from stack degradation and mechanical failure and BoP component failure to grid-interface issues in a grid-connected distributed generation system. Resolving some of these issues are a key to the commercial viability of SOFC-based microcombined heat and power (CHP) systems. This paper highlights some of the technical and practical challenges facing developers of SOFC-based products.
Sterilization, hydration-dehydration and tube fabrication of zwitterionic hydrogels
Authors: Han Xia , Hung Hsiang-Chieh , Jain Priyesh , Sun Fang , Xu Xuewei , Yang Wei , Bai Tao , Jiang Shaoyi
Published: May 2017

Terminal sterilization of hydrogel-based biomaterials is crucial for their clinically relevant applications. The authors synthesized nonfouling zwitterionic hydrogels consisting of carboxybetaine (CB) acrylamide monomer and a carboxybetaine dimethacrylate crosslinker. The mechanical and biological stability of nonfouling hydrogels were investigated using three main terminal sterilization techniques, i.e., steam autoclave, ethylene oxide gas, and gamma irradiation. It was found that CB hydrogels are very stable at high temperature and pressure and in oxidative gas environments without changing their stress, modulus, and nonfouling properties. Gamma irradiation of CB hydrogels in dry state showed high mechanical and nonfouling stability by avoiding the adverse effect of the free radicals resulted from water inside the hydrogel network. The CB hydrogels can be dehydrated and hydrated back and forward reversibly in several cycles without any loss in mechanical properties, which is desirable for hydrogel storage, handling, and sterilization. The CB hydrogel tubes are easily prepared using a simple procedure, and they are uniformly transparent and tough after swelling. Furthermore, the good mechanical properties of the CB hydrogel tubes and their resistance to red blood cells indicate great potential of this nonfouling material for medical applications.
Measuring the spatial resolution of an optical system in an undergraduate optics laboratory
Authors: Leung Calvin , Donnelly T. D.
Published: May 2017

Two methods of quantifying the spatial resolution of a camera are described, performed, and compared, with the objective of designing an imaging-system experiment for students in an undergraduate optics laboratory. With the goal of characterizing the resolution of a typical digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera, we motivate, introduce, and show agreement between traditional test-target contrast measurements and the technique of using Fourier analysis to obtain the modulation transfer function (MTF). The advantages and drawbacks of each method are compared. Finally, we explore the rich optical physics at work in the camera system by calculating the MTF as a function of wavelength and f-number. For example, we find that the Canon 40D demonstrates better spatial resolution at short wavelengths, in accordance with scalar diffraction theory, but is not diffraction-limited, being significantly affected by spherical aberration. The experiment and data analysis routines described here can be built and written in an undergraduate optics lab setting.
Epistemic beliefs of non-STEM majors regarding the nature of science: Where they are and what we can do
Authors: Willoughby Shannon D. , Johnson Keith
Published: May 2017

Students enrolled in introductory astronomy at a mid-sized land grant institution were surveyed at the start and end of each semester for three years regarding their epistemic beliefs about the physical sciences. After collecting data for two years in the control (baseline) course, the course was revised to include regular discussions of the nature of science, practice identifying pseudoscientific claims, and practice with metacognition. Survey data on epistemic beliefs were collected for one more academic year after the course was revised. This work details how the course was structured during the baseline and revised portions of the study. Data from both portions of the study are analyzed as a whole as well as broken down by gender. Negative trends seen in the baseline data are mostly eradicated in the revised portion of the course. The data analysis motivates a discussion of why including content regarding the nature of science should be integrated in classes geared toward non-science majors.
A quantitative analysis of the chain fountain
Authors: Pantaleone J.
Published: May 2017

When a chain flows up over the edge of a container and then falls to the ground below, it is observed that the top of the chain rises up above the container's edge. This is called a “chain fountain,” and is an entertaining and counterintuitive phenomenon. In this paper, the steady-state motion of the fountain is analyzed experimentally and theoretically. Measurements are given for the speeds and heights for three different chains and three different distances from the container to the floor. It is shown that the distance the chain rises above the container is proportional to the force from the container on the chain. A simple model is developed for how the chain interacts with the container, and shows that a link lifts-off from the container after rotating by a relatively small angle. The model's predictions agree very well with the measurements for the two ball-chains.
A smooth trip to Alpha Centauri: Comment on “The least uncomfortable journey from A to B” [Am. J. Phys. 84(9) 690–695]
Authors: Antonelli Riccardo , Klotz Alexander R.
Published: May 2017

We consider the relativistic generalization of the problem of the “least uncomfortable” linear trajectory from point A to point B. The traditional problem minimizes the time-integrated squared acceleration (termed the “discomfort”), and there is a universal solution for all distances and durations. This universality fails when the maximum speed of the trajectory becomes relativistic, and we consider the more general case of minimizing the squared proper acceleration over a proper time. The least uncomfortable relativistic trajectory has a rapidity that evolves like the motion of a particle in a hyperbolic sine potential, agreeing with the classical solution at low velocities. We consider the special case of a hypothetical trip to Alpha Centauri and compare the minimal-discomfort trajectory to the one with uniform Earth-like acceleration.
Wiedemann-Franz law demonstration in a student practicum
Authors: Glazkov V. N. , Ginzburg L. , Orlov A.
Published: May 2017

The Wiedemann-Franz law, a prediction of the electronic theory of electrical and thermal conduction in metals, states that the Lorenz number L = κ/σT, where κ, σ, and T are the thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and absolute temperature, respectively, is a universal constant in certain cases. We present here a simple experimental setup to verify this prediction in a teaching laboratory.
On the scattering of torsional waves from axisymmetric defects in buried pipelines
Authors: Duan Wenbo , Kirby Ray , Mudge Peter
Published: May 2017

This article develops a numerical model suitable for analysing elastic wave scattering in buried pipelines. The model is based on a previous so-called hybrid approach, where a nominally infinite length of pipe is split up into uniform and non-uniform regions. The key challenge for buried structures is in enforcing the appropriate boundary conditions in both the axial and radial directions, which must encompass the entire length of the structure, as well as the surrounding material. Accordingly, the focus of this article is on developing a model suitable for accurately applying these boundary conditions, and so the analysis is restricted here to the study of axisymmetric defects and to an incident sound field that consists of the fundamental torsional mode only. It is shown that this problem may be addressed in a numerically efficient way provided one carefully choses a perfectly matched layer for the surrounding material, and then integrates over this layer using a complex co-ordinate stretching function. This enables the use of mode matching to deliver a convergent system of equations that enforce the appropriate axial and radial boundary conditions.
Cascade of blind deconvolution and array invariant for robust source-range estimation
Authors: Song H. C. , Cho Chomgun , Byun Gihoon , Kim J. S.
Published: May 2017

The array invariant proposed for robust source localization in shallow water is based on the dispersion characteristics in ideal waveguides. It involves conventional plane-wave beamforming using a vertical array, exploiting multiple arrivals separated in beam angle and travel time, i.e., beam-time migration. The approach typically requires either a short pulse emitted by a source or the Green's function that can be estimated from a probe signal to resolve distinct multipath arrivals. In this letter, the array invariant method is extended to unknown source waveforms by extracting the Green's function via blind deconvolution. The cascade of blind deconvolution and array invariant for robust source-range estimation is demonstrated using a 16-element, 56-m long vertical array at various ranges (1.5–3.5 km) from a towed source broadcasting broadband communication waveforms (0.5–2 kHz) in approximately 100-m deep shallow water.