bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decorating Phosphorus‐Doped g‐C3N4 with Zinc Porphyrin Metal–Organic Framework via an Electrostatic Self‐Assembly Process: An Efficient Strategy to Boost Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Performance
Authors: Ma Dandan , Shi Jian-Wen , Pu Zengxin , Mao Siman , Xu Xuan , He Dan , Guo Rui , Chen Feng
Published: October 2022

Herein, a novel 2D/2D heterostructure, phosphorus‐doped carbon nitride nanosheet/zinc porphyrin metal–organic framework (MOF) (HPCNN/ZnPMOF), is elaborately fabricated through an electrostatic self‐assembly process for photocatalytic H2 evolution from water splitting. The as‐prepared HPCNN/ZnPMOF 2D/2D photocatalyst displays the highest H2 evolution rate of 65.3 mmol g−1 h−1 under simulated solar irradiation, which is 2.2 and 49.1 times higher than that of HPCNN and ZnPMOF, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity can be ascribed to the intimate contact interface and the shortened migration distance formed by the unique 2D/2D structure, resulting in dramatically enhanced separation and transfer efficiencies of hole–electron pairs. Furthermore, P doping endows carbon nitride with more separation sites of photoinduced charge carriers and consequently establishes type‐II heterojunction with ZnPMOF. This work shed lights on the potential of designing the highly efficient MOF/g‐C3N4 2D/2D system for water splitting H2 evolution.
Beta‐cyclodextrin covalent organic framework coated silica composite as chiral stationary phase for high‐performance liquid chromatographic separation
Authors: Yan Yilun , Cai Xinting , Cheng Siyuan , Xie Xuexian , Lan Yixin , Wu Jialin , Fan Jun , Zheng Shengrun , Cai Songliang , Zhang Weiguang
Published: October 2022

A beta‐cyclodextrin covalent organic framework coated silica composite, namely beta‐cyclodextrin covalent organic framework@SiO2, was prepared by coating the beta‐cyclodextrin covalent organic framework onto a spherical aminized silica matrix and used as the chiral stationary phase for high‐performance liquid chromatography separation in both normal‐ and reversed‐phase modes. The beta‐cyclodextrin covalent organic framework@SiO2 packed column showed good separation performance towards positional isomers such as nitrotoluene and aminophenol, and benzene homologs in the reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography mode. While chiral drug molecules including omeprazole and lansoprazole could be also enantioseparated on beta‐cyclodextrin covalent organic framework@SiO2 packed column in the normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography mode. Besides, the effects of mobile phase composition, column temperature, and other factors of high‐performance liquid chromatography separation on beta‐cyclodextrin covalent organic framework@SiO2 packed column were studied in detail. Moreover, the stability test of the beta‐cyclodextrin covalent organic framework@SiO2 packed column was also investigated. The results of continuous injections and monthly detection were basically identical, suggesting the excellent durability of the obtained high‐performance liquid chromatography column. This work indicated that beta‐cyclodextrin covalent organic framework@SiO2 composite could effectively separate different compounds in high‐performance liquid chromatography normal/reversed‐phase modes, making it a promising chiral stationary phase in the field of high‐performance liquid chromatography separation.
The mitochondrial genome of the red icefish (Channichthys rugosus) casts doubt on its species status
Authors: Muschick Moritz , Nikolaeva Ekaterina , Rüber Lukas , Matschiner Michael
Published: October 2022

Antarctic notothenioid fishes are recognised as one of the rare examples of adaptive radiation in the marine system. Withstanding the freezing temperatures of Antarctic waters, these fishes have diversified into over 100 species within no more than 10–20 million years. However, the exact species richness of the radiation remains contested. In the genus Channichthys, between one and nine species are recognised by different authors. To resolve the number of Channichthys species, genetic information would be highly valuable; however, so far, only sequences of a single species, C. rhinoceratus, are available. Here, we present the nearly complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of C. rugosus, obtained from a formalin-fixed museum specimen sampled in 1974. This sequence differs from the mitochondrial genome of C. rhinoceratus in no more than 27 positions, suggesting that the two species may be synonymous.
Development of a Frailty Index in the Irish Hip Fracture Database
Authors: Walsh Mary , Ferris Helena , Brent Louise , Ahern Emer , Coughlan Tara , Romero-Ortuno Roman
Published: October 2022

Introduction

In older people, hip fracture can lead to adverse outcomes. Frailty, capturing biological age and vulnerability to stressors, can indicate those at higher risk. We derived a frailty index (FI) in the Irish Hip Fracture Database (IHFD) and explored associations with prolonged length of hospital stay (LOS ≥ 30 days), delirium, inpatient mortality and new nursing home admission. We assessed whether the FI predicted those outcomes independently of age, sex and pre-operative American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) score.

Materials and methods

A 21-item FI was constructed with 17 dichotomous co-morbidities, three 4-level ordinal pre-morbid functional variables (difficulty with indoor mobility, outdoor mobility, and shopping) and nursing home provenance (yes/no). The FI was computed as the proportion of items present and divided into tertiles (low, medium, high risk). Independent associations between FI and outcomes were explored with logistic regression, from which we extracted adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) and Areas Under the Curve (AUC).

Results

From 2017 to 2020, the IHFD included 14,615 hip fracture admissions, mean (SD) age 80.4 (8.8), 68.9% women. Complete FI data were available for 12,502 (85.5%). By FI tertile (low to high risk), prolonged LOS proportions were 5.9%, 16.1% and 23.1%; delirium 5.5%, 13.5% and 17.6%; inpatient mortality 0.6%, 3.3% and 10.1%; and new nursing home admission 2.2%, 5.9% and 11.3%. All associations were statistically significant (p < 0.001) independently of age and sex. AUC analyses showed that the FI score, added to age, sex, and ASA score, significantly improved the prediction of delirium and new nursing home admission (p < 0.05), and especially prolonged LOS and inpatient mortality (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

A 21-item FI in the IHFD was a significant predictor of outcomes and added value to traditional risk markers. The utility of a routinely derived FI to more effectively direct limited orthogeriatric resources requires prospective investigation.
Internal auditory canal volume in normal and malformed inner ears
Authors: Bächinger David , Breitsprecher Tabita M. , Pscheidl Alexander , Dhanasingh Anandhan , Mlynski Robert , Dazert Stefan , Langner Sönke , Weiss Nora M.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

A narrow bony internal auditory canal (IAC) may be associated with a hypoplastic cochlear nerve and poorer hearing performances after cochlear implantation. However, definitions for a narrow IAC vary widely and commonly, qualitative grading or two-dimensional measures are used to characterize a narrow IAC. We aimed to refine the definition of a narrow IAC by determining IAC volume in both control patients and patients with inner ear malformations (IEMs).

Methods

In this multicentric study, we included high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans of 128 temporal bones (85 with IEMs: cochlear aplasia, n = 11; common cavity, n = 2; cochlear hypoplasia type, n = 19; incomplete partition type I/III, n = 8/8; Mondini malformation, n = 16; enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome, n = 19; 45 controls). The IAC diameter was measured in the axial plane and the IAC volume was measured by semi-automatic segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction.

Results

In controls, the mean IAC diameter was 5.5 mm (SD 1.1 mm) and the mean IAC volume was 175.3 mm3 (SD 52.6 mm3). Statistically significant differences in IAC volumes were found in cochlear aplasia (68.3 mm3, p < 0.0001), IPI (107.4 mm3, p = 0.04), and IPIII (277.5 mm3, p = 0.0004 mm3). Inter-rater reliability was higher in IAC volume than in IAC diameter (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.92 vs. 0.77).

Conclusions

Volumetric measurement of IAC in cases of IEMs reduces measurement variability and may add to classifying IEMs. Since a hypoplastic IAC can be associated with a hypoplastic cochlear nerve and sensorineural hearing loss, radiologic assessment of the IAC is crucial in patients with severe sensorineural hearing loss undergoing cochlear implantation.
Perinatal Depressive Symptoms and Viral Non-suppression Among a Prospective Cohort of Pregnant Women Living with HIV in Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania
Authors: Concepcion Tessa , Velloza Jennifer , Kemp Christopher G. , Bhat Amritha , Bennett Ian M. , Rao Deepa , Polyak Christina S. , Ake Julie A. , Esber Allahna , Dear Nicole , Maswai Jonah , Owuoth John , Sing’oei Valentine , Bahemana Emmanuel , Iroezindu Michael , Kibuuka Hannah , Collins Pamela Y.
Published: October 2022

Depression is common during pregnancy and is associated with reduced adherence to HIV-related care, though little is known about perinatal trajectories of depression and viral suppression among women living with HIV (WLHV) in sub-Saharan Africa. We sought to assess any association between perinatal depressive symptoms and viral non-suppression among WLWH. Depressive symptomatology and viral load data were collected every 6 months from WLWH enrolled in the African Cohort Study (AFRICOS; January 2013–February 2020). Generalized estimating equations modeled associations between depressive symptoms [Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) ≥ 16] and viral non-suppression. Of 1722 WLWH, 248 (14.4%) had at least one pregnancy (291 total) and for 61 pregnancies (21.0%), women reported depressive symptoms (13.4% pre-conception, 7.6% pregnancy, 5.5% one-year postpartum). Depressive symptomatology was associated with increased odds of viral non-suppression (aOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2–4.0, p = 0.011). Identification and treatment of depression among women with HIV may improve HIV outcomes for mothers.
Pathways to diagnosis of endometrial and ovarian cancer in the 45 and Up Study cohort
Authors: Yap Sarsha , Vassallo Amy , Goldsbury David , O’Connell Dianne L. , Brand Alison , Emery Jon , DeFazio Anna , Canfell Karen , Steinberg Julia
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To determine pathways to endometrial or ovarian cancer diagnosis by comparing health service utilization between cancer cases and matched cancer-free controls, using linked health records.

Methods

From cancer registry records, we identified 238 incident endometrial and 167 ovarian cancer cases diagnosed during 2006–2013 in the Australian 45 and Up Study cohort (142,973 female participants). Each case was matched to four cancer-free controls on birthdate, sex, place of residence, smoking status, and body mass index. The use of relevant health services during the 13–18-, 7–12-, 0–6-, and 0–1-months pre-diagnosis for cases and the corresponding dates for their matched controls was determined through linkage with subsidized medical services and hospital records.

Results

Healthcare utilization diverged between women with cancer and controls in the 0–6-months, particularly 0–1 months, pre-diagnosis. In the 0–1 months, 74.8% of endometrial and 50.3% of ovarian cases visited a gynecologist/gynecological oncologist, 11.3% and 59.3% had a CA125 test, 5.5% and 48.5% an abdominal pelvic CT scan, and 34.5% and 30.5% a transvaginal pelvic ultrasound, respectively (versus ≤ 1% of matched controls). Moreover, 25.1% of ovarian cancer cases visited an emergency department in the 0–1-months pre-diagnosis (versus 1.3% of matched controls), and GP visits were significantly more common for cases than controls in this period.

Conclusion

Most women with endometrial or ovarian cancer accessed recommended specialists and tests in the 0–1-months pre-diagnosis, but a high proportion of women with ovarian cancer visited an emergency department. This reinforces the importance of timely specialist referral.
Environmental injustice among Hispanics in Santa Clara, California: a human–environment heat vulnerability assessment
Authors: Rivera Ana , Darden Joe T. , Dear Nicole , Grady Sue C.
Published: October 2022

In the United States, there is a growing interest in understanding heat stress in lower-income and racially isolated neighborhoods. This study spatially identifies heat-vulnerable neighborhoods, evaluates the relationship between race/ethnicity and temperature exposure, and emphasizes differences among Hispanics by origin to capture environmental injustices in Santa Clara County (SCC), CA. The current methodology uses Landsat 8 via Google Earth Engine to measure the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to assess the physical environment. The human environment is evaluated using the Modified Darden-Kamel Composite Socioeconomic Index to determine the spatial variability of socioeconomic status (SES) and the Index of Dissimilarity to determine the level of segregation between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites and among Hispanics/Latinos. The combination of these assessments comprises a comprehensive human–environment approach for health exposure evaluation by which to define environmental injustice. Results reveal socioeconomic inequalities and an uneven residential distribution between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. Low NDVI and high LST values were found in Mexican neighborhoods, implying possible environmental racism. Almost half the Mexican population lives in highly segregated neighborhoods with low and very low SES, mainly located in East San Jose, where, historically, they have been ghettoized. Mexicans, in general, could be at a higher risk of heat stress and heat mortality during heat waves. Future work should examine additional variables (e.g., housing characteristics, crime, social cohesion, and collective behaviors) to comprehensively evaluate the at-risk Mexican population.
Comparing unconstrained parametrization methods for return covariance matrix prediction
Authors: Bucci Andrea , Ippoliti Luigi , Valentini Pasquale
Published: October 2022

Forecasting covariance matrices is a difficult task in many research fields since the predicted matrices should be at least positive semidefinite. This problem can be overcome by including constraints in the predictive model or through a parametrization of the matrices to be predicted. In this paper, we focus on the latter approach in a financial application and analyse four parametrizations of the covariance matrices of asset returns. The aim of the manuscript is to understand if the parametrizations of the covariance matrices exhibit differences in terms of predictive accuracy. To this end, we critically analyse their predictive performance through both a Monte Carlo simulation and an empirical application with daily and weekly realized covariance matrices of stock assets. Our findings highlight that the Cholesky decomposition and the parametrization recently introduced by Archakov and Hansen are the overall best-performing methods in terms of forecasting accuracy.
The Italian coal shortage: the price of import and distribution, 1861–1911
Authors: Licio Vania
Published: October 2022

This paper estimates a measure of coal price for all NUTS3 Italian provinces between 1861 and 1911. Italy was a latecomer country and its late industrialization was characterized by the absence of coal in a time when the steam engine powered factory work. The new variable accounts for the main input factor of manufacturing production during that period in which the Italian economy registered a long-term growth of GDP and an increase in its industrial activity. The measure allows to speculate on the importance of coal for Italian industrialization and on the origins of the North–South divide.
Efficiency of ant-control agents in colony-level oral toxicity tests using Tetramorium tsushimae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for post-establishment control of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Sakamoto Hironori , Goka Koichi
Published: October 2022

The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) causes serious damage worldwide as an invasive alien species. The species has expanded its range to the Pacific Rim since 2000s and Japan has faced its multiple introductions since 2017. While colony-level control methods are urgently needed, testing living colonies of the unestablished species is challenging especially due to various restrictions under the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we proposed alternative long-term toxicity assays using artificial colonies of Tetramorium tsushimae Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a Japanese native species belonging to the same subfamily (Myrmicinae) as S. invicta. We conducted an acute toxicity test to determine if T. tsushimae is a suitable substitute for S. invicta using fipronil and found the LD50 value in T. tsushimae was close to that in S. invicta. Then, we conducted the long-term toxicity test with fipronil and two insect growth regulators (pyriproxyfen and etoxazole) using artificial colonies of T. tsushimae. All workers and larvae in the fipronil-treated colonies died within 3 days of treatment initiation. Emergence of new workers was observed after 18 days in the etoxazole-treated and control colonies, but not in the pyriproxyfen-treated colonies. We concluded that fipronil was the most promising insecticide for post-establishment control, and pyriproxyfen was effective as a toxic-bait agent for colony-level control.
The second demographic transition: also a 21st century Asian challenge?
Authors: Lesthaeghe Ron J.
Published: October 2022

This introduction aims at placing the unfolding sub-patterns of the Asian “Second Demographic Transition” (SDT) in a global context by contrasting them with those of societies with other than patriarchal histories. Firstly, fertility transitions to below-replacement level can be achieved as part of the first “altruistic” transition without any SDT traits being present. Secondly, Asian societies are by no means immune to genuine SDT developments, as illustrated by the emergence and spread of pre-marital cohabitation. Thirdly, the SDT cohabitation pattern is still conservative: it is followed by marriage, pregnancies result in shotgun marriages or abortions, and parenthood within consensual unions remains rare. Also divorce rates are low. But it is also argued that all Asian cases are still at the beginning of the possible SDT evolution or have barely started it, and that old ways can die off rather quickly with the succession of generations. Finally, it is shown that the cultural component, i.e. the “Willingness” condition, can act as a bottleneck slowing down the transition to a new pattern of behaviour. We therefore illustrate on a global scale how the spread of cohabitation is part of a broader ethical revolution stressing individual rather than societal discretion in matters of life and death. On the basis of these profiles we expect stronger resistance to SDT patterns of partnerhip formation in Hindu and Muslim societies.
Carbon-negative cement-bonded biochar particleboards
Authors: Chen Liang , Zhang Yuying , Labianca Claudia , Wang Lei , Ruan Shaoqin , Poon Chi Sun , Ok Yong Sik , Tsang‬ Daniel C. W.
Published: October 2022

Biochar from bio-waste pyrolysis presents excellent CO2 sequestration capacity. This study innovated the design of cement-bonded particleboards utilizing a substantial amount of 50–70 wt.% pre-soaked biochar to render the products carbon-negative. We investigated the roles of biochar in magnesium oxysulfate cement (MOSC) system and demonstrated good mechanical and functional properties of biochar cement particleboards. In the presence of biochar, the amounts of hydration products were enriched in the cement systems as illustrated by the thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). We further incorporated supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and generated 5 Mg(OH)2⋅MgSO4·7H2O (5–1–7) phase in the MOSC system. As a result, our designs of biochar particleboards satisfied the standard requirements for flexural strength (> 5.5 MPa) and thickness swelling (< 2%). Moreover, our biochar particleboards presented a low thermal conductivity as the biochar pores disrupted thermal bridging within particleboards. We illustrated that the high dosage ratio of biochar could significantly offset the CO2 emissions of the particleboards (i.e., carbon-negative) via life cycle assessment. Noticeable economic profits could also be accomplished for the biochar particleboards. For instance, the 50BC-MOSC bonded particleboard (with 50 wt.% pre-soaked biochar as aggregate, 50 wt.% MOSC as binder) with promising mechanical properties could store 137 kg CO2 tonne−1 and yield an overall economic profit of 92 to 116 USD m−3 depending on the carbon prices in different countries. In summary, our new designs of carbon-negative biochar particleboards could curtail carbon emissions in the construction materials and promote the realization of carbon neutrality and circular economy.

Graphical Abstract
Order selection with confidence for finite mixture models
Authors: Nguyen Hien D. , Fryer Daniel , McLachlan Geoffrey J.
Published: October 2022

The determination of the number of mixture components (the order) of a finite mixture model has been an enduring problem in statistical inference. We prove that the closed testing principle leads to a sequential testing procedure (STP) that allows for confidence statements to be made regarding the order of a finite mixture model. We construct finite sample tests, via data splitting and data swapping, for use in the STP, and we prove that such tests are consistent against fixed alternatives. Simulation studies and real data examples are used to demonstrate the performance of the finite sample tests-based STP, yielding practical recommendations of their use as confidence estimators in combination with point estimates such as the Akaike information or Bayesian information criteria. In addition, we demonstrate that a modification of the STP yields a method that consistently selects the order of a finite mixture model, in the asymptotic sense. Our STP is not only applicable for order selection of finite mixture models, but is also useful for making confidence statements regarding any sequence of nested models.
An Investigation Into the Variant‐Weight Multi‐Model Ensemble Forecasting Technique Based on the Analyses of Model Systematic Errors Calculation and Elimination
Authors: Liang Zhaoming , Wei Xiaomin , Sun Xiaogong
Published: October 2022

Eliminating the systematic errors of member models is a key step before the variant‐weight multi‐model ensemble forecasting. However, how to reasonably calculate model systematic errors is a problem worthy study. Taking surface temperature as the subject investigated, this study explores this problem through comparative analyses of a series of variant‐weight multi‐model ensemble forecasting experiments. The results showed that eliminating the systematic errors of member models dramatically improves the ensemble forecasting outcomes. The calculation of model systematic errors based on the optimal time lengths regarding the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of model forecasting errors is a reasonable and effective approach. The surface temperature forecasts with model systematic errors calculated with the optimal time lengths and those beyond the optimal time lengths exhibit higher accuracies. Owing to the approximately uniform distribution of temperature, no significant difference happens between the accuracies of the surface temperature forecasts with model systematic errors calculated using the average and quantile methods. In addition, the updating of the models participating into the ensemble forecasting would weaken the representativeness of the optimal time lengths for model systematic errors calculation that are obtained based on historical period data, and thus, weaken the forecasting skill. The research results provide some train of thought for enhancing the variant‐weight multi‐model ensemble forecasting accuracy.
Estimation of Sea Ice Production in the North Water Polynya Based on Ice Arch Duration in Winter During 2006–2019
Authors: Ren Haiyi , Shokr Mohammed , Li Xinqing , Zhang Zhilun , Hui Fengming , Cheng Xiao
Published: October 2022

The North Water Polynya (NOW) is the largest recurrent Arctic coastal polynya. The formation of the NOW is critically dependent on the development of an ice arch that defines its northern boundary. In this study, high‐resolution ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar data, Sentinel‐1A data, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data were employed to identify the spatio‐temporal characteristics of the ice arch during 2006–2019. Polynya pixels were identified based on the thin ice thickness (TIT), using a threshold of TIT <0.2 m, from which the polynya extent, heat flux, and ice production (IP) were estimated. The results show the different locations of the ice arch in different years, with a mean duration of 132 ± 69 days. The average annual polynya extent over the 14 years is ∼38.8 ± 8 × 103 km2, and we found that it is more closely correlated with wind speed during the winter and air temperature during early spring. The average heat flux drops from about 248 W/m2 in the winter months to about 34 W/m2 in May. The average accumulated IP varies significantly every year, with an average of 144 ± 103 km3, and peak values in March in most years. No apparent interannual trends are shown for the polynya area, heat flux, and IP during 2006–2019. The results also show that IP calculated based on the ice arch data is approximately 25% lower than that obtained by assuming a fixed time, location, and duration for the polynya.
Statistical Study of F‐Region Short Period Ionospheric Disturbances Related to Convection in the Lower Atmosphere Over Wuhan, China
Authors: Yang Zhenlin , Gu Sheng‐Yang , Qin Yusong , Teng Chen‐Ke‐Min , Huang Fuqing , Sun Wenjie , Dou Xiankang
Published: October 2022

We investigated the relationship between convective activity and F‐region short‐period ionospheric disturbances at middle latitudes from 2018 to 2020. The ionospheric variations were extracted from the total electron content (TEC) data obtained by the BeiDou geostationary orbit receiver in Wuhan, China, while the convective activities were represented by precipitation data from the fifth generation European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA5). Additionally, an ionosonde located in Wuhan, China, was used to study the variation in the sporadic E (Es)‐layer. Seasonal variations in the convective activity and TEC disturbances were studied. It was found that short‐period ionospheric disturbances occurred mainly around summer midnight and around the June solstice. In addition, the correlations between convective activity and the ionosphere have also been studied. A positive correlation between precipitation and short‐period ionospheric disturbances was found. Similarly, precipitation and also had a positive correlation. By analyzing the precipitation azimuth and upward propagation of convective gravity waves, we proposed a possible coupling mechanism between the ionosphere and the troposphere, through which convective gravity waves could indirectly affect F‐region short‐period ionospheric disturbances by modulating the Es‐layer.
72‐Hour Time Series Forecasting of Hourly Relativistic Electron Fluxes at Geostationary Orbit by Deep Learning
Authors: Son Jihyeon , Moon Yong‐Jae , Shin Seungheon
Published: October 2022

In this study, we forecast hourly relativistic (>2 MeV) electron fluxes at geostationary orbit for the next 72 hr using a deep learning model based on multilayer perceptron. The input data of the model are solar wind parameters (temperature, density and speed), interplanetary magnetic field (|B| and Bz), geomagnetic indices (Kp and Dst), and electron fluxes themselves. All input data are hourly averaged ones for the preceding 72 consecutive hours. We use electron flux data from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)‐15 and ‐16, and perform a mapping for matching these two data. Total period of the data is from 2011 January to 2021 March (GOES‐15 data for 2011–2017 and GOES‐16 data for 2018–2021). We divide the data into training set (January–August), validation set (September), and test set (October–December) to consider the solar cycle effect. Our main results are as follows. First, our model successfully predicts hourly electron fluxes for the next 72 hr. Second, root‐mean‐square error of our model is from 0.18 (for 1 hr prediction) to 0.68 (for 72 hr prediction), and prediction efficiency is from 0.97 to 0.53, which are much better than those of the previous studies. Third, our model well predicts both diurnal variation and sudden increases of electron fluxes associated with fast solar winds and interplanetary magnetic fields. Our study implies that the deep learning model can be applied to forecasting long‐term sequential space weather events.
Approaches to long-read sequencing in a clinical setting to improve diagnostic rate
Authors: Sanford Kobayashi Erica , Batalov Serge , Wenger Aaron M. , Lambert Christine , Dhillon Harsharan , Hall Richard J. , Baybayan Primo , Ding Yan , Rego Seema , Wigby Kristen , Friedman Jennifer , Hobbs Charlotte , Bainbridge Matthew N.
Published: October 2022

Over the past decade, advances in genetic testing, particularly the advent of next-generation sequencing, have led to a paradigm shift in the diagnosis of molecular diseases and disorders. Despite our present collective ability to interrogate more than 90% of the human genome, portions of the genome have eluded us, resulting in stagnation of diagnostic yield with existing methodologies. Here we show how application of a new technology, long-read sequencing, has the potential to improve molecular diagnostic rates. Whole genome sequencing by long reads was able to cover 98% of next-generation sequencing dead zones, which are areas of the genome that are not interpretable by conventional industry-standard short-read sequencing. Through the ability of long-read sequencing to unambiguously call variants in these regions, we discovered an immunodeficiency due to a variant in IKBKG in a subject who had previously received a negative genome sequencing result. Additionally, we demonstrate the ability of long-read sequencing to detect small variants on par with short-read sequencing, its superior performance in identifying structural variants, and thirdly, its capacity to determine genomic methylation defects in native DNA. Though the latter technical abilities have been demonstrated, we demonstrate the clinical application of this technology to successfully identify multiple types of variants using a single test.
Review of surface defect detection of steel products based on machine vision
Authors: Tang Bo , Chen Li , Sun Wei , Lin Zhong‐kang
Published: October 2022

Steel plays an important role in industry, and the surface defect detection for steel products based on machine vision has been widely used during the last two decades. This paper attempts to review state‐of‐art of vision‐based surface defect inspection technology of steel products by investigating about 170 publications. This review covers the overall aspects of vision‐based surface defect inspection for steel products including hardware system, automated vision‐based inspection method, existing problems and latest development. The types of steel product surface defects composition of visual inspection system are briefly described, and image acquisition system is introduced as well. The image processing algorithms for surface defect detection of steel products are reviewed, including image pre‐processing, region of interest (ROI) detection, image segmentation for ROI, feature extraction and selection and defect classification. The important problems such as small sample and real time of steel surface defect detection are discussed. Finally, the challenge and development trend of steel surface defect detection are prospected.
A super-linear ‘radio-AGN main sequence’ links mean radio-AGN power and galaxy stellar mass since z ∼ 3
Authors: Delvecchio I. , Daddi E. , Sargent M. T. , Aird J. , Mullaney J. R. , Magnelli B. , Elbaz D. , Bisigello L. , Ceraj L. , Jin S. , Kalita B. S. , Liu D. , Novak M. , Prandoni I. , Radcliffe J. F. , Spingola C. , Zamorani G. , Allevato V. , Rodighiero G. , Smolčić V.
Published: October 2022

Mapping the average active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity across galaxy populations and over time reveals important clues regarding the interplay between supermassive black hole and galaxy growth. This paper presents the demography, mean power, and cosmic evolution of radio AGN across star-forming galaxies (SFGs) of different stellar masses (ℳ*). We exploit deep VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz data to build the rest-frame 1.4 GHz AGN luminosity functions at 0.1 ≤ z ≤ 4.5 hosted in SFGs. Splitting the AGN luminosity function into different ℳ* bins reveals that, at all redshifts, radio AGN are both more frequent and more luminous in higher ℳ* than in lower ℳ* galaxies. The cumulative kinetic luminosity density exerted by radio AGN in SFGs peaks at z ∼ 2, and it is mostly driven by galaxies with 10.5 ≤ log(ℳ*/ℳ⊙) < 11. Averaging the cumulative radio AGN activity across all SFGs at each (ℳ*,z) results in a ‘radio-AGN main sequence’ that links the time-averaged radio-AGN power ⟨L1.4AGN⟩ and galaxy stellar mass, in the form: log ⟨[L1.4AGN/ W Hz−1]⟩ = (20.97 ± 0.16) + (2.51 ± 0.34)⋅ log(1+z) + (1.41 ± 0.09)⋅(log[ℳ*/ℳ⊙] – 10). The super-linear dependence on ℳ*, at fixed redshift, suggests enhanced radio-AGN activity in more massive SFGs as compared to star formation. We ascribe this enhancement to both a higher radio AGN duty cycle and a brighter radio-AGN phase in more massive SFGs. A remarkably consistent ℳ* dependence is seen for the evolving X-ray AGN population in SFGs. This similarity is interpreted as possibly driven by secular cold gas accretion fuelling both radio and X-ray AGN activity in a similar fashion over the galaxy’s lifetime.
Toward measuring supermassive black hole masses with interferometric observations of the dust continuum
Authors:   GRAVITY Collaboration, Amorim A. , Bourdarot G. , Brandner W. , Cao Y. , Clénet Y. , Davies R. , de Zeeuw P. T. , Dexter J. , Drescher A. , Eckart A. , Eisenhauer F. , Fabricius M. , Förster Schreiber N. M. , Garcia P. J. V. , Genzel R. , Gillessen S. , Gratadour D. , Hönig S. , Kishimoto M. , Lacour S. , Lutz D. , Millour F. , Netzer H. , Ott T. , Paumard T. , Perraut K. , Perrin G. , Peterson B. M. , Petrucci P. O. , Pfuhl O. , Prieto M. A. , Rouan D. , Santos D. J. D. , Shangguan J. , Shimizu T. , Sternberg A. , Straubmeier C. , Sturm E. , Tacconi L. J. , Tristram K. R. W. , Widmann F. , Woillez J.
Published: October 2022

This work focuses on active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and on the relation between the sizes of the hot dust continuum and the broad-line region (BLR). We find that the continuum size measured using optical/near-infrared interferometry (OI) is roughly twice that measured by reverberation mapping (RM). Both OI and RM continuum sizes show a tight relation with the Hβ BLR size, with only an intrinsic scatter of 0.25 dex. The masses of supermassive black holes (BHs) can hence simply be derived from a dust size in combination with a broad line width and virial factor. Since the primary uncertainty of these BH masses comes from the virial factor, the accuracy of the continuum-based BH masses is close to those based on the RM measurement of the broad emission line. Moreover, the necessary continuum measurements can be obtained on a much shorter timescale than those required monitoring for RM, and they are also more time efficient than those needed to resolve the BLR with OI. The primary goal of this work is to demonstrate a measuring of the BH mass based on the dust-continuum size with our first calibration of the RBLR–Rd relation. The current limitation and caveats are discussed in detail. Future GRAVITY observations are expected to improve the continuum-based method and have the potential of measuring BH masses for a large sample of AGNs in the low-redshift Universe.
Simulation of Reconstructive Microsurgery in Soft Embalmed Cadavers: A Teaching Module for Plastic Surgery Residents
Authors: Manikumari Baswa , Jaggavarapu Sasidhar Reddy , Subha Kakumanu , Kalpana Tumma , Muni Roopesh Kumar Nambi , Kishve Prajakta , Bheemesh P.
Published: October 2022

Background Cadaveric dissection courses—comprising flap harvesting techniques, vessel dissections, flap transfers to the defect, and microvascular anastomosis—would help residents gain confidence and master these difficult major reconstructive microsurgery procedures. Formalin embalmed bodies lack natural softness and many other features of a live body. Many soft embalming techniques have evolved to mimic live tissue and Theil technique is the most popular one among them. We explored alternate soft embalming options and started using Genelyn.

Materials and Methods Over a span of 2 years (2019–2021), we have conducted three flap dissection workshops using soft-embalmed cadavers. Six soft-embalmed and two formalin-embalmed cadavers were used. Total number of participants was 80.

Results Feedback of experience from the third course participants in the form of grades (1–5) for different criteria was obtained and evaluated. Confidence in the dissection of the various flaps and microsurgery is noticeable in all the participants.

Conclusion Based on our experience, we propose that flap dissection and microsurgery training on soft-embalmed cadavers be included as a teaching module in the plastic surgery postgraduate curriculum.
A novel forecast framework for unsteady flows based on a convolutional neural network
Authors: Wu Pei Li , Gao Hang Shan , Wang Qiong , Wang Pei Yan
Published: October 2022

Fluid mechanics is an important area where deep learning produces excellent results and can bring about scientific innovation because of its high dimensionality, significant nonlinearity, and ability to process an enormous amount of data. Deep learning technology is currently being used to study fluid mechanics, and its application potential is gradually being demonstrated. We propose a novel multi-resolution convolutional interaction network (MCIN), a hierarchical forecast framework based on a convolutional neural network. This structure can capture temporal dependencies at multiple temporal resolutions to enhance the forecasting performance of the original time series. The high-dimensional data of the flow around a cylinder are projected into a low-dimensional subspace using a variational autoencoder (VAE) as a nonlinear order-reduction technique. Then, the data of the subspace are used as the input to MCIN to forecast future velocity fields. The proposed MCIN is compared to non-intrusive reduced-order models based on dynamic mode decomposition and long short-term memory, combined with a VAE. The results demonstrate that MCIN has superior stability to other models in forecasting the evolution of complicated fluid flows and has the potential to forecast a greater number of future outcomes.
Nutritional stress and population density influence risk/reward decisions by elk
Authors: Found Rob
Published: October 2022

Context Optimal foraging strategies can be influenced at the group level by population density, which can increase competition, hunger, and activity levels. Optimal foraging can also be influenced at the individual level by personality, which in part governs how individuals assess risk versus reward. Aims The purpose of this study was to quantify the influence of population density on risk-taking. I focused on captive elk that had previously been studied in tandem with wild elk in order to quantify personality trait characteristics. I hypothesised that risk-taking would be shown to be a density-dependent affect, in addition to varying individually. Methods Automated cameras recorded visitation to four rotating treatments sites in each of high and low density pens, and which had either: forage, a novel object, forage + novel object, or a control site. Novel objects were regularly changed to elicit a spectrum of responses ranging from neofilia to neophobia. Selection or avoidance of sites was determined by comparing elk visitation to visits to control sites. The experiment was done in summer when natural forage was most abundance, and in again in autumn when natural forage was limited. Key results High density elk showed year-round selection for all treatment sites. In summer low density elk showed weak selection for forage and forage + novel and no selection for novel objects, and no selection for any site in autumn. These patterns showed that elk in the high density pen, which were in poorer condition, had to increase their levels of both activity and risk taking. Neither elk pen exhibited any group-wide avoidance of novel objects, indicating a group-wide gradient of neophobia to neofilia, known personality traits in elk. Conclusions These results show that risk-taking behaviour can be a density dependent effect. This increase in neofilia may be driven by hunger stress, but also through increases in competition that may favour elk of certain personalities. Implications Increasing density may increase the prevalence of both neofilia and other personality traits correlated with neofilia, which include aggression, and so may contribute to increasing human–wildlife conflicts in areas where human disturbance has resulted in ungulate hyperabundance.
Magnetic Interactions and Band Gaps of the (CrO2)2/(MgH2)
n
Superlattices
Authors: Shan Wanfei , Du Jiangtao , Luo Weidong
Published: October 2022

Lattice superlattices constructed with different materials such as ferromagnets and insulators at atomic scale provide an ideal platform for exploring many emergent physical phenomena. In the present work, a new type of superlattices composed of ferromagnetic half-metal CrO2, with a thickness of two atomic layers, together with insulating MgH2 are constructed. Systematic theoretical studies on the (CrO2)2/(MgH2)
n
(n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) superlattices are carried out based on first-principles density-functional theory calculations. These superlattices are ferromagnetic semiconductors with similar intra-layer magnetic exchange couplings between Cr ions. As the thickness of the MgH2 layer increases, the magnetic exchange interaction between inter-layer Cr ions shows oscillating decaying behavior, while the energy band gaps show a small increase. The understanding of magnetic couplings in these superlattices provides a pathway for constructing new ferromagnetic semiconductors.
Binding energies of proton-rich nuclei determined from their mirror pairs*
Authors: Liu 刘 Shuai 帅 , Jia 贾 Hao-Kang 昊康 , Wang 王 Teng-Fei 腾飞 , Qian 钱 Yi-Bin 以斌
Published: October 2022

In addition to the Coulomb displacement energy, the residual differences between the binding energies of mirror nuclei (a pair of nuclei with the same mass number plus interchanged proton and neutron numbers) contribute to the shell effect via the valence scheme in this study. To this end, one linear combining type of valence nucleon number, namely,

, is chosen to tackle this shell correction, in which

and

are the valence proton and neutron numbers with respect to the nearest shell closure, respectively. The mass differences of mirror nuclei, as the sum of the empirical Coulomb displacement energy and shell effect correction, are then used to obtain the binding energies of proton-rich nuclei through the available data of their mirror partners to explore the proton dripline of the nuclear chart.
Anti-Stokes excitation of optically active point defects in semiconductor materials
Authors: Lin Wu-Xi , Wang Jun-Feng , Li Qiang , Zhou Ji-Yang , Xu Jin-Shi , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can
Published: October 2022

Optically addressable point defects in semiconductor materials have been identified as promising single-photon sources and spin qubits in quantum information technologies. The traditional method of exploring the optical and spin properties of these defects is using a laser with a wavelength shorter than the point defects’ zero-phonon-line (ZPL) to Stokes exciting and detecting the Stokes photoluminescence (PL). On the other hand, anti-Stokes excitation with the pumping laser’s wavelength longer than the defects’ ZPL can also be used to investigate their optical and spin properties. The anti-Stokes excitation has shown many advantages and attracted great interest. Here, we provide a brief review of the anti-Stokes excitation of optically active point defects in semiconductor materials. The Stokes and anti-Stokes PL spectra of different point defect systems in semiconductor materials are compared. We then discuss the main mechanisms of the anti-Stokes excitation of different physical systems and conclude that the anti-Stokes excitation of the point defect system in the semiconductor is a single-photon absorption phonon-assisted process. Finally, we summarize some practical applications of anti-Stokes excitation, including laser cooling of semiconductor materials, high-sensitivity quantum thermometry, and enhancement of the readout signal contrast of the point defect spin states. The anti-Stokes excitation of point defects in semiconductors extends the boundary of quantum technologies.
‘It’s just incredible the difference it has made’: family carers’ experiences of a specialist Lewy body dementia Admiral Nurse service
Authors: Brown Laura J E , Aldridge Zena , Pepper Amy , Leroi Iracema , Dening Karen Harrison
Published: October 2022

Background

Lewy body dementia (LBD) is characterised by a complex array of symptoms. Being a family carer of someone with LBD can be challenging, and is associated with high levels of stress, depression and anxiety. Admiral Nursing services support family carers of people with dementia in the UK by providing tailored information, advice and therapeutic support. Recently, the Admiral Nurse model has been adapted to the needs of more specific populations, including the introduction of a new, specialist LBD Admiral Nurse.

Objective

to explore family carers’ experiences of the LBD Admiral Nurse service.

Methods

fourteen family carers of people with LBD were interviewed about their experiences of the LBD Admiral Nurse service. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

four themes were identified: theme 1 described how participants valued the LBD Admiral Nurse’s specialist expertise, which contrasted with the lack of knowledge they encountered in other services. In theme 2, participants described how the practical, tailored support provided by the LBD Admiral Nurse enabled them to better manage a variety of caring-related challenges. Theme 3 captured the emotional benefits that participants gained from being able to talk to someone who understood their situation. In theme 4, participants explained how the reliability of the LBD Admiral Nurse’s support helped them feel supported in their role.

Conclusions

the specialist knowledge and expertise of the LBD Admiral Nurse enabled family carers to better support the people they cared for, and to relieve some of the emotional stress associated with caring.