bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges for Newly Credentialed Athletic Trainers During Their Transition to Practice
Authors: Walker Stacy E. , Thrasher Ashley B. , Singe Stephanie Mazerolle , L. Rager Jessica
Published: September 2019

Context

Understanding the challenges faced by newly credentialed athletic trainers (ATs) as they transition into clinical practice could assist employers and professional programs in developing initiatives to enhance this transition.

Objective

To explore the challenges faced by newly credentialed ATs during their transition from student to autonomous practitioner.

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting

Individual phone interviews.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 34 ATs certified between January and September 2013 participated in this study (18 women, 16 men; age = 24 ± 2 years; work settings = college, secondary school, clinic, and other). Data saturation guided the number of participants.

Data Collection and Analysis

An interview guide was used. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed via phenomenologic reduction, with data coded for common themes and subthemes. Trustworthiness was established via intercoder reliability, member checks, and peer review.

Results

Initially, participants had difficulty making decisions independently. However, making decisions and receiving positive feedback helped them develop confidence. Communication with coaches and parents was challenging, especially for those in the secondary school setting. Participants also experienced role ambiguity, as they were unsure of basic organizational and administrative structures and expectations. Mentor inaccessibility was the final challenge described by respondents. In particular, those in the secondary school setting and with part-time employment felt they did not have a supervisor or mentor whom they could contact for support and guidance.

Conclusions

Professional programs should educate students on potential challenges to help them understand what they might encounter during the transition to clinical practice. Employers should provide clear expectations and job descriptions to alleviate some of the stress and role ambiguity. If a mentor is not provided by the employer, the newly credentialed AT should seek one to assist during the transition.
A retrospective study to assess the risk of bladder cancer in type-2 diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone
Authors: Agrawal Prabhat , Jain Apoorva , Gautam Ashish , Nigam Ashwini Kumar , Pursnani Nikhil , Farooqui Maaz
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

Pioglitazone has been a cornerstone of oral hypoglycemic therapy. Concerns have been raised about its association with urinary bladder cancer. Considering the wide usage of this drug, concrete and multiple population-based studies are needed to establish the safety of this drug. The present retrospective study is aimed to assess the association of pioglitazone with urinary bladder cancer.

Materials and Methods:

Clinical records of 4170 patients (2085 pioglitazone users and similar number of nonpioglitazone users) attending the diabetes clinic at a tertiary level teaching hospital were accessed, and the patients were subjected to symptom-directed questionnaire, urine examination, and cystoscopy and bladder biopsy (whenever clinically indicated). The risk of bladder cancer was also assessed with respect to cumulative dose and duration of pioglitazone.

Results:

We did not observe any increased risk of bladder malignancy with pioglitazone exposure; furthermore, there was no association with cumulative dose and duration of pioglitazone therapy. Pioglitazone was found to be effective and safe in managing glycemic control in diabetic patients.
A Community-Based Survey on Health-Care Utilization for Pneumonia in Children in Peri-Urban Slums of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Kerai Salima , Nisar Imran , Muhammad Ilyas , Qaisar Sana , Feroz Khalid , Raza Azhar , Khalid Faizan , Baloch Benazir , Jehan Fyezah
Published: September 2019

Pneumonia, as defined by WHO, is a syndromic diagnosis characterized by presence of cough or difficult breathing. Presentation to health-care provider depends on timely identification of signs and symptoms by caretakers. We explored patterns of health-care utilization among caretakers of a randomly selected sample of 1,152 children aged 2–59 months, residing in low-income settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. Information on household demographics, occurrence of pneumonia-specific symptoms, care seeking, air quality, and knowledge regarding preventive measures for pneumonia was collected. Predictors of care seeking were estimated using weighted logistic regression. Prevalence of pneumonia with cough and rapid or difficulty in breathing was found to be 40.8% and 37.1% in infants (2–11 months) and children (12–59 months), respectively. Ninety-five percentage of caretakers sought care, 68.5% privately. Odds ratios (ORs) for independent predictors of care-seeking were as follows: younger age of child (infants compared with children), 3.60 (95% CI = 2.65–4.87); caretaker with primary education compared with none, 3.40 (2.46–4.70); vaccine awareness, 1.65 (1.45–1.87); and breastfeeding awareness, 1.32 (1.13–1.53). Presence of symptoms such as fever OR, 1.51 (1.30–1.76); tachypnea, 1.57 (1.35–1.83); chest indrawing, 2.56 (2.05–3.18); persistent vomiting, 1.69 (1.37–2.09); and recurrent illness, 2.57 (2.23–2.97) were also predictive. There is high health-care utilization for pneumonia with the skewed presentation toward private services. Strategies should be focused on making pneumonia care standardized, efficient and affordable, especially in the private sector.
Das Incapacidades ao Maior Acompanhado — Breve apresentação da Lei n.º 49/2018
Authors: Pinto Monteiro António
Published: September 2019

A mudança impulsionada pela Convenção de Nova Iorque promove a capacidade jurídica da pessoa com deficiência, que passa à condição de sujeito de direitos e deveres. Destaca-se a sua condição de sujeito, e não apenas a posição de mero destinatário das políticas assistencialistas e paternalistas. Pela Convenção mencionada, a autonomia e a dignidade dessas pessoas é sobrelevada para impor severas reformas na legislação infraconstitucional dos países signatários. Em Portugal, impôs uma reforma do Código Civil, especialmente no que toca ao regime das incapacidades e aos institutos da interdição e da inabilitação, inaugurando o chamado regime do maior acompanhado. Apontam-se, em linhas gerais e em termos sucintos, os principais aspectos do novo regime jurídico do maior acompanhado, instituído pela Lei n.º 49/2018 que promoveu as alterações ao Código Civil, traçando um breve comparativo com as alterações legislativas experimentadas no direito comparado para o mesmo fim de atender aos imperativos da Convenção.
Electrostatic forces alter particle size distributions in atmospheric dust
Authors: Toth III Joseph R. , Rajupet Siddharth , Squire Henry , Volbers Blaire , Zhou Jùn , Xie Li , Sankaran R. Mohan , Lacks Dan J.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Large amounts of dust are lofted into the atmosphere from arid regions of the world before being transported up to thousands of kilometers. This atmospheric dust interacts with solar radiation causing changes in the climate, with larger-sized particles having a heating effect, and smaller-sized particles having a cooling effect. Previous studies on the long-range transport of dust have found larger particles than expected, without a model to explain their transport. Here, we investigate the effect of electric fields on lofted airborne dust by blowing sand through a vertically-oriented electric field, and characterizing the size distribution as a function of height. We also model this system, considering the gravitational, drag, and electrostatic forces on particles, to understand the effects of the electric field. Our results indicate that electric fields keep particles suspended at higher elevations and enrich the concentration of larger particles at higher elevations. We extend our model from the small-scale system to long-range atmospheric dust transport to develop insights on the effects of electric fields on size distributions of lofted dust in the atmosphere. We show that the presence of electric fields and the resulting electrostatic force on particles can help explain the transport of unexpectedly larger particles and cause the size distribution to become more uniform as a function of elevation. Thus, our experimental and modelling results indicate that electrostatic forces should be considered when determining the effect of atmospheric dust on the climate.
Wintertime carbon uptake of managed temperate grassland ecosystems may influence grassland dynamics
Authors: Katata Genki , Mauder Matthias , Zeeman Matthias J. , Grote Rüdiger , Ota Masakazu
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Rising temperatures and changes in snow cover, as can be expected under a global warmer climate, may have large impacts on mountain grassland productivity limited by cold and long winters. Here, we elaborated a multi-layer atmosphere-soil-vegetation model to account for snow, freeze-thaw events, grass growth, and soil microbiology. The model was applied to simulate the responses of managed grasslands to anomalously warm winter conditions. The grass growth module represented key ecological processes under a cold environment, such as leaf formation, elongation and death, tillering, carbon allocation, and cold acclimation, in terms of photosynthetic activity. Input parameters were derived for the pre-alpine grassland sites in Germany, for which the model was run using three years of data that included a winter with an exceptionally limited amount of snow cover. The model reproduced the temporal variability of observed daily mean heat fluxes, soil temperatures and snow depth throughout the simulation period. High physiological activity levels during the extremely warm winter led to a simulated CO2 uptake of 100 gC m−2, which was mainly allocated into the below-ground biomass and only to a minor extend used for additional plant growth during early spring. If this temporary dynamics is representative of the long-term changes, this process, which is so far largely unaccounted for in scenario analysis using global terrestrial biosphere models, may lead to carbon accumulation in the soil and/or carbon loss from the soil as a response to global warming.
Formation and origin of Fe-Si oxyhydroxide deposits at the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge
Authors: Ta Kaiwen , Wu Zijun , Peng Xiaotong , Luan Zhaofu
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Low-temperature hydrothermal system is dominated by Fe-Si oxyhydroxide deposits. However, the formation process and mechanism on modern hydrothermal Fe-Si oxyhydroxides at ultra-slow spreading centers remain poorly understood. The investigation presented in this paper focuses on six Fe-Si deposits collected from different sites at the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). The mineralogical and geochemical evidence showed significant characteristics of a low-temperature hydrothermal origin. The Mössbauer spectra and iron speciation data further provided an insight into iron-bearing phases in all deposits. Two different types of biomineralized forms were discovered in these deposits by Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and nano secondary ion mass spectrometry revealed that distinct biogenic structures were mainly composed of Fe, Si, and O, together with some trace elements. The Sr and Nd isotope compositions of Fe-Si deposits at the SWIR were closely related to interaction between hydrothermal fluids and seawater. The remarkably homogeneous Pb isotope compositions can be attributed to hydrothermal circulation. Based on these findings, we suggest that microbial activity plays a significant role in the formation of Fe-Si oxyhydroxides at the at ultra-slow spreading SWIR. Biogenic Fe-Si oxyhydroxides potentially provide insights into the origin and evolution of life in the geologic record.
Chemotaxonomic patterns of vegetation and soils along altitudinal transects of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, and implications for paleovegetation reconstructions – Part 1: stable isotopes and sugar biomarkers
Authors: Mekonnen Betelhem , Zech Wolfgang , Glaser Bruno , Lemma Bruk , Bromm Tobias , Nemomissa Sileshi , Bekele Tamrat , Zech Michael
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Today, on the Sanetti Plateau in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia, only fragmented patches of Erica species can be found at high altitudes (between 3900 and 4200 m a.s.l.). However, it is hypothesized that during the later part of the last glacial period and the early Holocene the plateau was extensively covered by Erica shrubs. Furthermore, it is assumed that the vegetation was later heavily destroyed by human-induced fire and/or climate change phenomena. The objective of this study is to contribute to paleovegetation reconstructions of the Sanetti Plateau by evaluating the potential of stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and sugar biomarkers for distinguishing the dominant plant species, including Erica, and the soils below the plants. In a companion paper (Lemma et al., 2019a) we address the same issue by evaluating lignin-derived phenols and leaf-wax-derived n-alkane biomarkers. The stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values of the plant samples range from −27.5  ‰ to −23.9  ‰ and −4.8  ‰ to 5.1  ‰, respectively. We found no significant δ13C and δ15N differences between the dominant plant species. Mineral topsoils (Ah horizons) yielded more positive values than plant samples and organic layers (O layers), which reflects mineralization processes. Moreover, the δ15N values became generally more negative at higher altitudes. This likely indicates that the N cycle is more closed compared to lower altitudes. δ15N maxima around 4000 m a.s.l. point to fire-induced opening of the N cycle at the chosen study sites. Erica species yielded the lowest overall total sugar concentration (ranging from 58 to 118 mg g−1), dominated by galactose (G) and mannose (M). By contrast, Festuca species revealed much higher total sugar concentrations ranging from 104 to 253 mg g−1, dominated by the pentose sugars arabinose (A) and xylose (X). Although a differentiation between Erica versus Festuca, Alchemilla and Helichrysum is possible based on (G + M) ∕ (A + X) ratios, Erica cannot be unambiguously distinguished from all other plant species occurring on the Sanetti Plateau. In addition, plant-characteristic (G + M) ∕ (A + X) sugar patterns change during soil organic matter formation in the Ah horizons. This can be likely attributed to degradation effects and soil microbial build-up of galactose and mannose. In conclusion, soil degradation processes seem to render sugar biomarker proxies unusable for the reconstruction of the past extent of Erica on the Sanetti Plateau, Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. This finding is of relevance beyond our case study.
Remapping of Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance anomalies for
large ensemble sea-level change projections
Authors: Goelzer Heiko , Noel Brice P. Y. , Edwards Tamsin L. , Fettweis Xavier , Gregory Jonathan M. , Lipscomb William H. , van de Wal Roderik S. W. , van den Broeke Michiel R.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Future sea-level change projections with process-based standalone ice sheet models are typically driven with surface mass balance (SMB) forcing derived from climate models. In this work we address the problems arising from a mismatch of the modelled ice sheet geometry with the one used by the climate model. We present a method to apply SMB forcing from climate models to a wide range of Greenland ice sheet models with varying and temporally evolving geometries. In order to achieve that, we translate a given SMB anomaly field as a function of absolute location, to a function of surface elevation for 25 regional drainage basins, which can then be applied to different modelled ice sheet geometries. The key feature of the approach is the non-locality of this remapping process. The method reproduces the original forcing data closely when remapped to the original geometry. When remapped to different modelled geometries it produces a physically meaningful forcing with smooth and continuous SMB anomalies across basin divides. The method considerably reduces non-physical biases that would arise by applying the SMB anomaly derived for the observed geometry directly to a large range of modelled ice sheet model geometries.
Un acercamiento a la problemática de la protección de las expresiones culturales tradicionales mediante la propiedad intelectual: ¿qué protección jurídica hay para las banderas de los pueblos indígenas de Chile?
Authors: Pedeflous Patricia Denise
Published: September 2019

La protección de los conocimientos tradicionales (CC.TT.) es un tema que ha ganado en interés durante los últimos decenios, no sólo por los aspectos económicos que dependen de la misma sino también porque las reivindicaciones en torno al reconocimiento de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas han cobrado mayor visibilidad.

En el presente artículo nos interesamos en la relación particular entre conocimientos tradicionales y propiedad intelectual (PI). Nos enfocamos en un elemento singular, la bandera de los pueblos indígenas.

En Chile, el amparo de los CC.TT. es residual y si bien el actual proyecto de ley sobre PI contiene disposiciones interesantes, pensamos que se debe explorar la posibilidad de la creación, dentro de la plataforma del INAPI, de una base de datos dedicada a las Expresiones Culturales Tradicionales (ECT).

Dicho eso, lo que se busca en este trabajo es sugerir pistas de reflexiones. No se pretende proponer soluciones ya que ellas sólo se podrán obtener trabajando en conjunto con los pueblos indígenas, dentro de un proceso político y jurídico más amplio de reconocimiento, reafirmación y valoración de los derechos y de la cultura indígena.
Estudio de la identidad de género en Chile a la luz de la acción de no discriminación arbitraria (ley 20.609) y el derecho a la identidad
Authors: Mallea Cardemil Rodrigo Tomas , Canales Guzmán Valentina Leda
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo tiene como finalidad dar cuenta del contexto legal y judicial del reconocimiento y protección de la identidad de género en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno, actualmente sólo abordada de forma indirecta por la Ley Nº 17.344, que autoriza el cambio de nombre y apellido en los casos que indica, y en la Ley Nº 20.609, establece medidas contra la discriminación como una categoría sospechosa de discriminación. Se contempla un análisis jurisprudencial originado por la aplicación de estas normas y de los tratados y convenciones internacionales suscritos, ratificados y actualmente vigentes en Chile, que permite dar cuenta entre otras cosas, de la consideración autónoma del derecho a la identidad de género y la perspectiva de género en el ejercicio judicial.
Estandarización y automatización en medicina: El deber de cuidado del profesional entre la legítima confianza y la debida prudencia
Authors: Perin Andrea
Published: September 2019

En la primera parte de este artículo se retoma el debate sobre la responsabilidad penal por mala práctica médica imprudente ante la progresiva estandarización de las prácticas clínicas. Su consideración crítica permite configurar un paradigma de imputación capaz de conjugar los intereses de los pacientes con aquéllos de los profesionales de la salud. En la segunda parte se plantea la hipótesis principal, argumentando cómo el mismo paradigma puede permitir marcar los límites de la responsabilidad del profesional por eventos adversos causados por la adopción de indicaciones erróneas de sistemas de inteligencia artificial. En las conclusiones se destaca cómo todo proceso de uniformación y automatización encuentra límites insuperables en el pluralismo, la autonomía y la ética de la responsabilidad.
Autorización ambiental para actividades de desalinización de agua de mar
Authors: Skewes Urtubia Fernanda
Published: September 2019

En un contexto de creciente escasez del recurso hídrico alrededor del mundo, la desalación o desalinización de agua de mar ha surgido como una alternativa para satisfacer la demanda por un suministro de agua seguro y estable. En Chile, las políticas públicas de los últimos años en materia de aguas han generalmente señalado a la desalinización como una fuente de suministro a potenciar. En la actualidad, existe una cantidad no menor de plantas desalinizadoras instaladas y en evaluación, especialmente en el norte del país. Ahora bien, este tipo de faenas producen indudables impactos sobre el medio ambiente marino existente y, a diferencia de lo ocurrido en el Derecho comparado, en nuestro país no se ha ahondado suficiencientemente en el estudio del régimen jurídico aplicable a este tipo de procesos. De esta manera, y contrario a lo generalmente aseverado, bajo el marco regulatorio actual no resulta claro si se trata de faenas que deben o no ingresar al Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental y contar con una Resolución de Calificación Ambiental. En este contexto, el presente trabajo busca otorgar criterios para responder a la interrogante planteada, y dilucidar a qué obligaciones ambientales debiesen someterse las actividades de desalación de agua de mar.
El rol de la conducta anterior del infractor en el procedimiento administrativo sancionatorio de la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente
Authors: Avilés Bezanilla Sebastián , Núñez Reyes Máximo , Villanueva González José Domingo
Published: September 2019

La conducta anterior del infractor corresponde a una de varias circunstancias que la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente (“SMA”), de conformidad al artículo 40 de su Ley Orgánica (“LOSMA”), debe considerar para la determinación de la sanción específica que se resuelva aplicar en un caso particular. Al respecto, sobre dichas circunstancias, cabe señalar que existen algunas que son consideradas como base a la hora de determinar una sanción -beneficio económico-, y otras, que son valoradas como factores de aumento o disminución -agravantes o atenuantes- de dicha sanción. En este último grupo, encontramos a la conducta anterior del infractor, circunstancia que analizamos en detalle en el presente trabajo para efectos de determinar su adecuada aplicación, tanto en su dimensión positiva como negativa, desde la perspectiva constitucional y de los principios penales aplicables al derecho administrativo sancionador.
Las funciones de la responsabilidad de la administración por la carencia de vigilancia ambiental – A propósito de la Sentencia de Corte Suprema del 5 de enero de 2016, Fisco de Chile con I. Municipalidad de lo Barnechea
Authors: Harris Pedro
Published: September 2019

La responsabilidad de la administración por el daño ambiental ajeno ya no solo es teórica. Ella ha sido reconocida por la Sentencia de Corte Suprema del 5 de enero de 2016, Fisco de Chile con I. Municipalidad de Lo Barnechea. En la especie, la Corte aplica el deber de vigilancia consagrado por la Sentencia del 26 de junio de 2013, Fisco de Chile con Sociedad Sarao SA. No obstante, alterando su base legal, desde el derecho de propiedad, hasta el deber de ejercer determinadas competencias administrativas. Se trata de un reconocimiento que no solo destaca por recaer sobre actividades fiscalizadoras, cuya omisión no suele ser interpretada como atributiva de responsabilidad. Es también una sentencia característica por la forma en que emerge dicho régimen, a saber: desplazando a la aplicación de la falta de servicio, que sanciona por regla general la anormalidad en el funcionamiento municipal. Un desplazamiento en este sentido facilita el surgimiento de la función sancionadora de la responsabilidad, dadas las particularidades de la legislación ambiental. Una vez determinado que ella es responsable, dicha legislación permitirá concretar la función aseguradora de la reparación, más allá de su indemnización, conservando la funcionalidad socializadora de la responsabilidad subjetiva a través de la repetición.
Editorial
Authors: Durán Medina Valentina
Published: September 2019

Los desafíos del Derecho Ambiental actual tienen características nunca antes vistas para las sociedades que han hecho parte de sus estatutos legales la preocupación por el medio ambiente. Por un lado los desafíos son globales, con problemas que traspasan fronteras políticas, el cambio climático, la pérdida de biodiversidad, la contaminación transfronteriza son algunas preocupaciones que solo pueden ser abordadas a partir de las soluciones que la Comunidad Internacional puede otorgar y que decantan en los diferentes instrumentos internacionales adoptadas por los países.
Acceso a la Justicia Ambiental: Análisis del criterio jurisprudencial respecto de la legitimación activa para recurrir en contra de las resoluciones de la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente
Authors: Torres Pamela , Ibarra Emanuel
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar el criterio jurisprudencial entregado por el Segundo Tribunal Ambiental en relación a la legitimación activa para re-clamar las resoluciones de la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente. Lo anterior llevará a examinar el contenido que se le ha dado al concepto de “afectado” o “directamente afecta-do” entregado por la Ley N° 20.417 y la Ley N° 20.600. Sobre la base de lo anterior, se analizará también si dicho criterio respecto de la legitimación activa para recurrir al órgano jurisdiccional especial, satisface completamente un verdadero y real acceso a la justicia ambiental. En este sentido, se mencionará la necesidad de que dichos “afectados” puedan contar con las herramientas y los medios necesarios que les garanticen una participación oportuna y de calidad desde la sede administrativa, ya que, considerando el “carácter revi-sor” del contencioso administrativo, llegar solo a la sede judicial, significa comenzar la carrera con mucha desventaja. Finalmente, se esbozaran algunas posibles soluciones para atender este último problema en sede administrativa.
Los principales retrocesos promovidos por la Ley Forestal brasileña de 2012
Authors: Carvalho Edson Ferreira , Giessen Lukas , Fernández Encarnación
Published: September 2019

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los principales retrocesos introdu-cidos por la Ley Forestal de Brasil de 2012 y el contexto político de su formulación. El aná-lisis se basa en la comparación de las reglas que disciplinan los Institutos del Área de Pre-servación Permanente (APP) y del Área de Reserva Legal (ARL) en propiedades agrarias privadas por las Leyes Forestales de 1965 y 2012. Así como en las posiciones y los intere-ses de los actores más relevantes en relación con la protección de los bosques naturales, poniendo de relieve la gran influencia del sector agrario. El estudio demuestra que la Ley Forestal de 2012 fue formulada para anular casi completamente los dos principales Institu-tos Jurídicos de protección de la vegetación nativa en propiedades agrarias privadas, legali-zar las ocupaciones ilegales de los dos espacios protegidos, amnistiar a los infractores y aumentar el territorio susceptible de deforestación legal. A pesar de las alteraciones legisla-tivas promovidas por la Ley Forestal de 2012 la indiscutible violación a la garantía consti-tucional de prohibición de retroceso ambiental y de los deberes de protección ambiental del Estado brasileño, el Supremo Tribunal Federal las refrendó, con base en el principio de la división de poderes.
Justicia Ambiental y participación ciudadana en el Sistema de Evaluación de Impactos Ambientales
Authors: Donoso Cáceres Alejandra
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo propone una interpretación amplia de la satisfacción de los elementos que configuran el concepto de cargas ambientales, requisito de procedencia de la participación ciudadana (PAC) en las declaraciones de impacto ambiental (DIA), que se condiga con la concreción de la justicia ambiental en su variable participativa. Para ello, se propone una revisión del concepto de justicia ambiental y de la participación ciudadana como uno de sus elementos configurativos, así como del concepto de beneficios sociales en tanto requisito de procedencia de la apertura de un procedimiento de PAC en la evaluación ambiental de los proyectos y actividades ingresados por DIA, considerando lo que ha dicho al respecto la jurisprudencia administrativa y judicial.
“Políticas, derechos y territorios indígenas en Venezuela” de Soledad Torrecuadrada García-Lozano y Vladimir Aguilar Castro
Authors: García Fuente Pedro
Published: September 2019

Reseña del libro Soledad Torrecuadrada García-Lozano y Vladimir Aguilar Castro, 2014, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida (Venezuela), 207 pp.
Homenaje de la Sociedad Chilena de Derecho Internacional al Profesor Francisco Orrego Vicuña
Authors: Infante Caffi María Teresa
Published: September 2019

La Sociedad Chilena de Derecho Internacional rinde homenaje al reconocido jurista y académico Francisco Orrego Vicuña, recientemente fallecido.
El Estatus jurídico de la Antártica
Authors: Gajardo Flores Gisselle
Published: September 2019

La comunidad internacional ha estado permanentemente en búsqueda de un rótulo adecuado para el sistema de administración que rige en la Antártica, toda vez que el Sistema del Tratado Antártico establece un régimen jurídico excepcional para un territorio terrestre que no es posible circunscribir en ninguna de las estructuras del derecho internacional clásico. Dentro de las propuestas, es posible encontrar conceptos derivados del derecho romano como el de res commune junto a conceptos más modernos como el patrimonio común de la Humanidad. El estatus jurídico de la Antártica debería describir adecuadamente la situación del territorio en relación a las cuestiones de soberanía, así como el acceso, destino y uso de sus recursos.
Nickel-Copper Sulfide Mineralization in the Ntaka Hill Ultramafic Complex, Nachingwea Region, Tanzania
Authors: Barnes Stephen J. , Mole David R. , Hornsey Richard , Schoneveld Louise E.
Published: September 2019

The Ntaka Hill Ni-Cu deposit in Tanzania lies within the Mozambique belt, a complex, long-lived Neoproterozoic suture zone that formed during the amalgamation of Gondwana. The deposit is hosted within the moderately deformed Ntaka Ultramafic Complex, which was emplaced at ~660 Ma, around 20 m.y. before the East African orogeny. Due to strain partitioning into amphibolites and metapyroxenites at the margins of the sills, magmatic cumulate textures are very well preserved. The Ntaka Hill mineralization is predominantly disseminated sulfides within orthopyroxenites and harzburgites. Sulfides show typical magmatic mineralogy and occur as isolated blebs and interstitial networks as well as in soft-walled segregation veins that form localized shoot-like high-grade zones. Deformation had relatively little effect on the deposition of sulfides other than minor localization of strain within some preexisting sulfide-dominant veins. Grade shells define elongate tubular channels that coincide broadly with the more magnesian cumulate rocks. Base and precious metal tenors are widely variable, ranging from 1 to 17% Ni and 0.5 to 10% Cu with no particular correlation with host-rock type, although the tenor range in the more magnesian cumulates is more restricted, with the low-tenor component (<3% Ni, <1% Cu) missing. Olivine compositions vary widely, with forsterite contents ranging from Fo84 to Fo89 with up to 0.85% NiO. These unusually high Ni contents are attributed to equilibration with high-Ni-tenor sulfides percolating through the intercumulus pore space. Complex zoning patterns in the Cr content of orthopyroxenes record fluctuating crystallization conditions attributed to wall-rock assimilation. The intrusion emplacement setting is interpreted to be derived from a flow of xenolith-, crystal-, and sulfideladen magma through channelized sills where much of the sulfide was incompletely equilibrated with the host magma, resulting in highly variable R-factors. Despite the widespread presence of graphite in the marginal pyroxenites, olivine-sulfide Fe/Ni partitioning records typical redox conditions that are slightly more oxidized than quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM)—further evidence of a lack of extensive large-scale equilibrium within the intrusive complex. The Ntaka Ultramafic Complex preserves an arrested stage of the amalgamation of small sulfide-bearing sill-sediment complex intrusions into larger convecting magma chambers, forming one end of a process continuum including Kevitsa (Finland) as an intermediate stage and Mirabela (Brazil) as the layered intrusion end member.
A case of wide complex tachycardia in wolff-parkinson-white syndrome
Authors: Lowenthal Jonathan , Xu Jack , Pagan Eric , Tangel Richard , Schaer Daniel , Maglione Theodore , Saluja Amardeep
Published: September 2019

The manifestation of atrial flutter, particularly with 1:1 conduction, is rare in patients with ventricular preexcitation secondary to Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW). Very few cases have been reported in the literature. We present a 40-year old male with a history of untreated WPW who presented with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. He was found to have a rapid, regular, wide complex tachycardia. He underwent successful synchronized cardioversion, in which the patient converted tonormal sinus rhythm with classic WPW waveform characteristics, including a shortened PR interval and prolonged QRS complex with a slurred upstroke. Surprisingly, a subsequent electrophysiology study revealed atrial flutter, with bystander conduction of 1:1 atrial flutter being the most likely cause of the patient’s presenting symptoms, and a posteroseptal accessory pathway consistent with the diagnosis of WPW. While considerably rarer than ventricular tachycardia or AVRT, it is nevertheless important for clinicians to consider atrial flutter with 1:1 conduction as a potential diagnosis in patients with WPW presenting with wide complex tachycardia.
Developing in Investment Environment in Jordan from the Perspective of Jordan Investments Commission
Authors: Anhier Al-Froukh Mohammad
Published: September 2019

Globalization; along with its developed technology and wide opened window has facilitated interaction between countries that surpassed import and export. Attracting foreign investments to a country is an added value which helps in developing the workforce within the country and get use from different experiences that other countries employ. From that point, current study seeks to examine the influence of a group of CSF on the investment environment in Jordan from the perspective of Jordan Investment Commission. In order to achieve the aim of study, (412) questionnaire were distributed on senior managers, managers and tram leaders within JIC. Results of study indicated that foreign direct investment is a real means to achieve a number of objectives, including: decrease unemployment, exploitation of natural resources, contribution to the increase of GDP, the abundance of goods for domestic markets, increased exports, and technology transfer. What is important to us in all this is the transfer of technology from developed countries with direct investments to the host countries of this investment, where the transfer of the most efficient and developed means of production, since the foreign investor is always looking for the greatest return through investments in other countries, Create appropriate conditions for this.
Assessing the Usability of Online Food Ordering Websites Using a New Fuzzy Kano Method: Implications for Improvement
Authors: Taimouri Arshia , Emamisaleh Korosh , Mohammadi Davoud
Published: September 2019

Following the rapid development of the Internet, e-commerce websites are widely used today for various goals. An essential point in the prosperity of these websites is their level of usability. Accordingly, measuring this usability is indispensable for these websites to check whether they are moving in the right path. Thus, in this article, the usability scores of five well-known online food-ordering websites in Iran have been evaluated using a novel fuzzy Kano method with respect to design parameters. In addition to assessing usability scores, the design parameters of these websites have been classified and reviewed in a detailed manner in order to determine the design priorities of these websites as one of the main results of this study. Data were gathered using a questionnaire with 190 respondents. Results demonstrated that Snappfood is the best online food-ordering website in Iran. In addition, sorting restaurants based on customer satisfaction score, using high-quality images of foods along with the image zooming feature, and the existence of complete information about foods and restaurants are the most effective and important design parameters of these types of websites according to the findings of this study.
Volumetric properties of binary mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl phosphonate + methanol or 2-propanol
Authors: ALLAL Farida , DAHMANİ Abdellah , SAİDAT Boubaker
Published: September 2019

The present study aimed to determine the refractive
indices at 293.15 K and density data at T= (283.15, 293.15, 303.15 and 313.15)
K of the binary mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylphosphonate + methanol or 2-propanol
under the atmospheric pressure. The excess molar volume, the apparent molar
volume, the partial molar and excess partial molar volumes of the components at
infinite dilution were calculated from the experimental values. The results of
excess molar volumes were fitted to a Redlich– Kister equation, leading thus to
obtain the coefficients and to estimate the standard deviations between the
experimental and the calculated quantities. Also, the results of excess molar
volumes of the two investigated binary mixtures showed negative deviations from
ideal behavior of the investigated binary systems which can be then discussed in
terms of ion-dipole interactions, formation of hydrogen bonds and structural
factors. Additionally, the refractive indices measurements and the deviations
of refractive index were determined.
On the Integration of the matrix modified Korteweg-de Vries equation with a self-consistent source
Authors: Urazboev G. U. , Babadjanova A. K.
Published: September 2019

In this work we deduce laws of the evolution of the scattering  data for the matrix Zakharov Shabat system with the potential that is the solution of the matrix modied KdV equation with a self consistent source.
Phosphoryl trichloride. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)
Authors: Konieczko Katarzyna , Czerczak Sławomir
Published: September 2019

Phosphoryl trichloride is a clear, colorless or yellowish liquid with an unpleasant, pungent odor. In contact with water or steam, it rapidly hydrolyses by releasing hydrogen chloride and phosphoric(V) acid. Phosphoryl trichloride is used in industry primarily for the production of alkyl and aryl triesters of phosphoric(V) acid. It is also used in the production of plasticizers, flame retardants, hydraulic fluids, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, gasoline additives and dye intermediates. Phosphoryl trichloride is also used as chlorinating agent, pH regulator, catalyst, solvent in cryoscopy, dopant for semiconductor grade silicon, and as reagent in laboratories. Phosphoryl trichloride is classified for acute toxicity as category 2 with inhalation (inhalation may lead to death) and as category 4 if swallowed (harmful if swallowed). In addition, it is classified as corrosive category 1A (causes severe skin burns and eye damage) and toxic to target organs due to repeated exposure, category 1 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure). Both in acute and chronic cases of inhalation exposure, the primary effect was irritating to the respiratory tract and eyes (burning eyes and throat, feeling of breathlessness, tearing, coughing, bronchospasm, pain behind the sternum, pleurisy). In exposed workers, deterioration of pulmonary spirometric parameters was observed. The late effects of exposure were asthmatic problems and obstructive respiratory disease. Available animal studies are poorly documented. Phosphoryl trichloride did not show any mutagenic effects. There is no information on the carcinogenic, embryotoxic or teratogenic effects of this substance in the available literature. The critical effect of the action of phosphoryl trichloride is a strong irritation on the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. A concentration of 0.48 mg/m3 constituting the threshold for toxic effects of phosphoryl trichloride in studies in rats and guinea pigs was taken as the LOAEC value. After applying the uncertainty coefficients, the MAC value of phosphoryl trichloride calculated on this basis is 0.06 mg/m3. It is proposed to adopt the MAC value in accordance with the SCOEL and ACSH recommendation, i.e., 0.064 mg/m3. Phosphoryl trichloride is a strongly irritating substance, in order to prevent peak concentrations of this substance it is proposed to set the maximum allowable short-term concentration (MAC-STEL) at level 2 x MAC value, i.e., 0.13 mg/m3. There are no substantive foundations to determine the permissible biological exposure indices to phosphoryl trichloride (DSB). Due to the corrosive effect of phosphoryl chloride, it is proposed to label it with the letter "C" (a substance with a corrosive effect). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.
Use of Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) Staining to Separate Sarcomatoid Malignant Mesotheliomas From Benign Mesothelial Reactions
Authors: Derakhshan Fatemeh , Ionescu Diana , Cheung Simon , Churg Andrew
Published: September 2019

Context.—

The separation of benign from malignant mesothelial proliferations is a difficult morphologic problem. Some mesotheliomas stain for programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1).

Objective.—

To determine whether PD-L1 staining can separate mesotheliomas from reactive mesothelial proliferations (RMPs).

Design.—

We stained 2 tissue microarrays containing in toto 62 malignant mesotheliomas and 88 RMPs, using anti-PD-L1 antibody 22C3. Staining was graded by using an immunoreactive score encompassing intensity/distribution and was divided into negative, weak, moderate, and strong. Because PD-L1 staining can be heterogeneous, we also stained 10 whole sections of sarcomatoid/desmoplastic mesotheliomas (SMMs) and 10 whole sections of spindled RMPs in the form of organizing pleuritis, the major morphologic differential of SMM. These 20 cases were not on the tissue microarrays.

Results.—

RMPs showed generally negative, or occasionally weak staining in either the epithelioid or spindle cell compartments, whereas moderate to strong staining was seen in 10 of 14 SMMs but only in 6 of 48 epithelioid mesotheliomas (EMMs). The difference between SMM and RMP staining was statistically significant (P < .001), but between EMM and RMP was not significant. Whole section cases of organizing pleuritis showed no staining (N = 8) or weak staining (N = 2), whereas moderate/strong staining was seen in 9 of 10 whole sections of SMMs, a statistically significant difference (P = .02). There were no “hot spots” of RMP staining, suggesting that heterogeneous staining of RMPs is not a confounder.

Conclusions.—

Strong diffuse PD-L1 staining using antibody 22C3 supports a diagnosis of SMM when the differential diagnosis is RMPs, but PD-L1 staining is not useful for separating EMMs from RMPs.
Activation of hedgehog signaling in mesenchymal stem cells induces cartilage and bone tumor formation via Wnt/β-Catenin
Authors: Deng Qi , Li Ping , Che Manju , Liu Jiajia , Biswas Soma , Ma Gang , He Lin , Wei Zhanying , Zhang Zhenlin , Yang Yingzi , Liu Huijuan , Li Baojie
Published: September 2019

Indian Hedgehog (IHH) signaling, a key regulator of skeletal development, is highly activated in cartilage and bone tumors. Yet deletion of Ptch1, encoding an inhibitor of IHH receptor Smoothened (SMO), in chondrocyte or osteoblasts does not cause tumorigenesis. Here, we show that Ptch1 deletion in mice Prrx1+mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) promotes MSC proliferation and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation but inhibits adipogenic differentiation. Moreover, Ptch1 deletion led to development of osteoarthritis-like phenotypes, exostoses, enchondroma, and osteosarcoma in Smo-Gli1/2-dependent manners. The cartilage and bone tumors are originated from Prrx1+ lineage cells and express low levels of osteoblast and chondrocyte markers, respectively. Mechanistically, Ptch1 deletion increases the expression of Wnt5a/6 and leads to enhanced β-Catenin activation. Inhibiting Wnt/β-Catenin pathway suppresses development of skeletal anomalies including enchondroma and osteosarcoma. These findings suggest that cartilage/bone tumors arise from their early progenitor cells and identify the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway as a pharmacological target for cartilage/bone neoplasms.
Nexus between Technical Efficiency and Financial Sustainability: Evidence from Small Scale Sunflower Oil Processing Firms in Tanzania
Authors: Njiku Anastasia R. , Nyamsogoro Ganka D.
Published: September 2019

Studies on technical efficiency and financial sustainability of firms respectively, have captured the attention of many scholars in both developed and developing economies over several decades. There are patchy empirical evidences however, that link technical efficiency and financial sustainability of small scale agro-processing firms in the context of developing economies like Tanzania. Sunflower Oil Processing Firms are of no exception as the sub-sector is dominated by small scale firms with no well documented relationship between technical efficiency and their financial sustainability. This study was set to determine the relationship between technical efficiency and financial sustainability while controlling for staff productivity. The study used firm level cross-sectional data collected from 219 sunflower oil processing firms randomly selected in Dodoma and Singida regions. A Multiple Linear Regression Model was used in analysing the data. Technical efficiency scores were estimated using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) model. It was found that there exists a relationship between technical efficiency and financial sustainability of sunflower oil processing firms in Tanzania. The higher the technical efficiency the more Sunflower Oil Processing Firms will be financially sustainable. The findings of this study imply that improving technical efficiency levels is a pre-requisite for financial sustainability of Sunflower oil processing firms in Tanzania.
Analysis of Quaternary Sediments of Quartz Grains Applied to the Identification of the Environment of Some Ivory Beaches East of Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)
Authors: Ernest Konan Konan , Kouadio Gbangbot Jean-Michel , Eric Diangone , Valérie Wognin Ama , Jan Nyssen
Published: September 2019

Morphoscopic and exoscopic analysis of quartz grains collected on the Ivorian beaches of the gulf of Guinea between Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) and Aforenou (Ghana) during topographic surveys between March 2007 and March 2009 on the examination of quartz at the binocular loupe, reveals blunting grains shining on all beaches (50% to 70%).

In Abidjan area, the majority of the grains are reddish, indicates a ferrous and inherited environment. The exoscopy for the fine and detailed study of the morphology and the surface of the quartz grains was made with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). This approach makes it possible to interpret traces related to events (energy level) or environments (transport, transition and storage environments).

These observations indicate that the quartz after a long transport in a fluvial environment have been reworked in a marine environment. They were finally deposited in a low-energy aquatic continental medium marked by the polishing of the crystalline points and the siliceous corpuscles dotting the surface of the grains.

The energy of the transport environments crossed is high in a turbulent environment through traces of shock, as large and numerous as they are. SEM examination of the samples reveals that beach quartz has generally been transported by river and recovered in an intertidal and/or subtidal environment. They have a continental and marine origin.