bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The compasse of that Islands space’: Insular fictions in the writing of Edmund Spenser
Authors: BADCOE TAMSIN
Published: November 2010

This article builds on previous work that has explored the geographies of Spenser's writing and places a new focus on his depictions of islands. It considers how these isolated landmasses present unique opportunities for fiction‐making in light of their reputation in cartographical history and their appearance in works by Spenser's contemporaries. Recent criticism and theory has drawn attention to the importance of islands in the early modern imagination and this article argues that they can be regarded as key sites of creativity in Spenser's work, which are used by the author to negotiate, for example, the limits of fiction and the strained relationship between England and Ireland at the end of the sixteenth century.
Samuel Daniel's The Complaint of Rosamond and the arrival of Tasso's Armida in England
Authors: LAWRENCE JASON
Published: November 2010

This essay argues that the earliest English work to offer a sustained poetic engagement with the figure of Armida, the celebrated pagan enchantress from Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata (1581), is Daniel's The Complaint of Rosamond (1592). Unlike Spenser in The Faerie Queene (1590), who pays little attention to the enchantress herself even as he imitates Tasso directly in his construction of the Bower of Bliss, Daniel's portrayal of his long‐dead royal mistress is repeatedly, if unexpectedly, associated with Armida's beauty. The essay considers how Daniel might have first encountered Tasso's character in Italy, and goes on to demonstrate how frequently he translated from Tasso in describing the analogous impact of Rosamond's beauty at the court of Henry II. A few of Daniel's direct imitations from the Italian were detected by his contemporary Francis Davison, but many others were missed, and they have all been entirely ignored in modern criticism. This essay then seeks to demonstrate their centrality to Daniel's conception of his spectral narrator, concluding that his translation and creative adaptation of material related to Armida from Tasso's poem adds a significant level of interpretative ambiguity to the figure of Rosamond.
Bringing the house down: religion and the household in Marlowe's Jew of Malta
Authors: PREEDY CHLOE
Published: November 2010

Christopher Marlowe's depictions of religious conflict engage with major political and national issues, but they also acknowledge the domestic implications of such conflict. In sixteenth‐century England, theological dissent split households as well as nations, and Marlowe introduces his audiences to characters who cite religious precedents to justify domestic treason: committed in the name of religion, their actions fracture families, and turn servants against masters. Marlowe's interest in households devastated by religious difference is most evident in The Jew of Malta. As this article argues, Malta's households are destroyed by characters who use religious rhetoric to rationalise self‐interested and anti‐social agendas: the anti‐Semitic Ferneze, seizing Barabas' property; Barabas, killing a daughter who varies from him in religion; and Ithimore the Turk, betraying his Jewish master. This article suggests that Marlowe's play responds to contemporary experiences of religious persecution, in particular the Protestant state's campaign to eradicate the English recusant household, and concludes that Marlowe is, within a domestic setting, exposing the hypocritical appropriation of religious rhetoric by characters selfinterestedly pursuing purely secular advantage.
The Rule of Law: What is it and why is it ‘Constantly on People's Lips'?
Authors: May Christopher
Published: November 2010

In this review of the late Tom (Lord) Bingham's last book on the Rule of Law I briefly note that the rule of law has become an increasingly normal trope of (global) politics, before setting out Bingham's characterisation of the norm itself. I then ask how we might explain the ascendance of the term (in light of Bingham's lack of interest in the issue), such that Bingham's book might find a mainstream non-academic publisher.
Pain and Self‐Injury Ideation in Elderly Men and Women Receiving Home Care
Authors: Li Lydia W. , Conwell Yeates
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the associations between self‐injury ideation and pain severity, pain control, and their combination in older adults receiving home care and to examine sex differences in the associations.

DESIGN: Secondary data analysis, mixed‐model repeated‐measures design.

SETTING: Two publicly funded home care programs in Michigan.

PARTICIPANTS: Elderly participants of home care programs (N=16,700).

MEASUREMENTS: All participants received in‐home assessments at baseline and every 3 months thereafter using a standardized instrument that included questions about self‐injury ideation and pain experience. Assessment data collected over 1 year after baseline were used.

RESULTS: Participants' average age was 77.5; 72.2% were female, and 81.4% were white. At baseline, 1.4% of the sample (2.1% of men and 1.2% of women) had self‐injury ideation. The risk of self‐injury ideation in men increased with pain severity (some pain: adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.12–3.13; severe pain: AOR=2.36, 95% CI=1.29–4.30) and pain control (controlled by medication: AOR=1.81, 95% CI=1.08–3.04; uncontrolled by medication: AOR=3.39, 95% CI=1.45–7.95). Men with severe and uncontrolled pain were at especially high risk (AOR=4.10, 95% CI=1.37–12.28). No measures of pain were significantly associated with self‐injury ideation in women. Sex differences in the association between pain severity and self‐injury ideation were significant at P<.05.

CONCLUSION: Pain in older adults receiving home care should be taken seriously and treated as one means to reduce risk of suicide. Pain assessment should include severity and control of pain. In men, complaints about pain should prompt questioning about self‐injury ideation.
Quality of Life in Nursing Home Residents with Advanced Dementia
Authors: Cordner Zachary , Blass David M. , Rabins Peter V. , Black Betty S.
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine quality of life (QOL) in nursing home (NH) residents with advanced dementia and identify correlates of QOL near the end of life.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional data derived from NH records, interviews with residents' surrogate decision‐makers, QOL ratings by NH caregivers, and assessment of residents' cognitive function.

SETTING: Three NHs in Maryland.

PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of NH residents with dementia (n=119) who were receiving hospice or palliative care or met hospice criteria for dementia and their surrogates.

MEASUREMENTS: QOL based on the proxy‐rated Alzheimer' Disease‐Related Quality of Life (ADRQL) scale administered to NH staff and validated against a single‐item surrogate‐rated measure of QOL, the Severe Impairment Rating Scale, to measure cognitive function and dichotomous indicators of neuropsychiatric symptoms (behavior problems, mood disorders, psychosis, delusions).

RESULTS: Total ADRQL scores, ranging from 12.4 to 95.1 out of 100, were normally distributed and positively correlated (P<.001) with surrogate‐rated QOL. Multiple regression analysis of ADRQL scores showed that residents with higher cognitive function (P<.001, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.97–1.65) and those receiving pain medication (P=.006, 95% CI=3.30–19.59) had higher QOL, whereas residents with behavior problems (P=.01, 95% CI=−11.60 to −1.30) had lower QOL.

CONCLUSION: The ADRQL is a valid indicator of QOL in NH residents with advanced dementia. QOL in this population may be improved near the end of life using appropriate assessment and treatment of pain and effective management of behavior problems.
Silence, the ‘Virtue of Speaking’. David Malouf’s An Imaginary Life and Walter Benjamin’s philosophy of language
Authors: Sestigiani Sabina
Published: November 2010

This article examines David Malouf ’s An Imaginary Life through the lens of Walter Benjamin’s philosophy of language. Confined for the rest of his life at Tomis, a distant and foreign outpost on the eastern border of the Roman Empire, the main character of Malouf’s book, the Latin poet Ovid, endeavours to master a silent language. In doing so, Ovid overcomes the lack of correspondence between word and object. His efforts of learning a language made of ‘silence’, I argue, are an example of Benjamin’s notion of Ursprache (primeval language), the primordial essence or ‘the kinship’ of language, a pivotal element of Benjamin’s philosophy of language.
Antiobesity Effects of Undaria Lipid Capsules Prepared with Scallop Phospholipids
Authors: Okada Tomoko , Mizuno Yasuyuki , Sibayama Shinichi , Hosokawa Masashi , Miyashita Kazuo
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Based on previous research findings, a capsule was developed containing n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich scallop phospholipids (PLs) with an incorporation of brown seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) lipids (ULs) containing fucoxanthin. The antiobesity effects of the capsules were evaluated with an animal model using 3‐wk‐old male KK‐Ay mice. Each group received different combinations of lipid (UL, PL, UL + PL, or UL + PL capsule) either incorporated into the diet or into drinking water. Animals were sacrificed after a 4‐wk experimental feeding period, and adipose tissues and organs were dissected and weighed. Blood samples were obtained to determine plasma lipid profiles. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mRNA expression levels were determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and UCP1 expression was determined by western blotting analysis. Treatment with either UL alone or UL + PL (capsule) through drinking water resulted in a significant reduction in body weight, compared to the control group. The total white adipose tissue weight of mice fed the UL + PL capsule in drinking water was significantly reduced. Both UCP1 and UCP1 mRNA expression in epididymal fat from mice fed the capsule were significantly higher than in the control group. These results suggest that incorporation of UL into scallop‐derived PL by means of capsulation may lead to an additive increase in the antiobesity properties of these bioactive lipids.
How Realistically Does Outdoor UV‐B Supplementation with Lamps Reflect Ozone Depletion: An Assessment of Enhancement Errors
Authors: Kotilainen Titta , Lindfors Anders , Tegelberg Riitta , Aphalo Pedro J.
Published: November 2010

Limitations in the realism of currently available lamps mean that enhancement errors in outdoor experiments simulating UV‐B radiation effects of stratospheric ozone depletion can be large. Here, we assess the magnitude of such errors at two Finnish locations, during May and June, under three cloud conditions. First we simulated solar radiation spectra for normal, compared with 10% and 20% ozone depletion, and convoluted the daily integrated solar spectra with eight biological spectral weighting functions (BSWFs) of relevance to effects of UV on plants. We also convoluted a measured spectrum from cellulose‐acetate filtered UV‐B lamps with the same eight BSWFs. From these intermediate results we calculated the enhancement errors. Differences between locations and months were small, cloudiness had only a minor effect. This assessment was based on the assumption that no extra enhancement compensating for shading of UV radiation by lamp frames is performed. Under this assumption errors between spectra are due to differences in the UV‐B effectiveness rather than differences in the UV‐A effectiveness. Hence, conclusions about plant growth from past UV‐supplementation experiments should be valid. However, interpretation of the response of individual physiological processes is less secure, so results from some field experiments with lamps might need reassessment.
Methanol-Tolerant Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Pt–Pd/C Alloy Nanocatalysts
Authors: Remona A. Mary , Phani K. L. N.
Published: November 2010

Carbon-supported platinum and Pt–Pd alloy electrocatalysts with different Pt/Pd atomic ratios were synthesized by a microemulsion method at room temperature (metal loading is 10 wt %). The Pt–Pd/C bimetallic catalysts showed a single-phase fcc structure and the mean particle size of Pt–Pd/C catalysts was found to be lower than that of Pt/C. The methanol-tolerant studies of the catalysts were carried out by activity evaluation of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Pt–Pd catalysts using a rotating disk electrode (RDE). The studies indicated that the order of methanol tolerance was found to be PtPd3/C>PtPd/C>Pt3Pd/C. The oxygen reduction activities of all Pt–Pd/C were considerably larger than that of Pt/C with respect to onset and overpotential values. The Pd-loaded catalysts shift the onset potential of ORR by 125 mVMSE, 53 mVMSE, and 41 mVMSE to less cathodic potentials for Pt3Pd/C, PtPd/C, and PtPd3/C, respectively, with reference to Pt/C and the Pt3Pd/C catalyst showed greater shift in the onset value than the other PtPd catalysts reported in literature. Moreover, the Pt–Pd/C catalysts exhibited much higher methanol tolerance during ORR than the Pt/C, assessing that these catalysts may function as a methanol-tolerant cathode catalysts in a direct methanol fuel cell.
The Ejector Performance of a 75 kW Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell System
Authors: Kim Beomjoo , Kim Do Hyung , Lee Junghyun , Won Kang Seung , Lim Hee Chun
Published: November 2010

An ejector is a machine for mixing and transporting fluid under vacuum. Ejectors enhance system efficiency, are easily operated, have a mechanically simple structure, and do not require a power supply. Because of these advantages, ejectors have been used in a variety of industrial fields such as refrigeration systems, power plants, and oil plants. In this work, an ejector was used to safely recycle anode tail gas in a 75 kW molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) system at Korea Electric Power Research Institute. In this system, the ejector was placed at the mixing point between the anode tail gas and either the cathode tail gas or fresh air. Because commercial ejectors are not designed for the operating conditions of our fuel cell system, a new ejector was designed for use beyond the operating limits of conventional ejectors. In this study, the entrainment ratio and anode outlet pressure were measured according to the ratio of the nozzle diameter to the throat diameter in the newly designed ejector. These results help to define important criteria of ejectors for MCFC recycling.
Multicomponent Proton Conducting Ceramics of SiO2–TiO2–ZrO2–P2O5–Bi2O3 for an Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cell
Authors: Seo Dongho , Park Sangsun , Lim Byeong-Mu , Cho Yong-Soo , Shul Yong-Gun
Published: November 2010

The multicomponent proton conducting ceramics SiO2–TiO2–ZrO2–P2O5 (STZP) and SiO2–TiO2–ZrO2–P2O5–Bi2O3 with three different compositions (STZPBi3, STZPBi10, and STZPBi15) were synthesized via a wet chemical route. These prepared materials showed good thermal stability up to around 900°C by TG/DTA analyses. Introduction of optimum quantity of bismuth as a sintering aid into the samples contributed to enhance the densification of microstructure, which is essential for the utilization of proton conducting ceramics in fuel cells operated at elevated temperature. The proton conductivity of STZP was 3.6×10−5 S/cm at 80°C and that of STZPBi10 was 4.6×10−3 S/cm at 180°C. The fuel cell performances using STZP and STZPBi10 were implemented at 80°C and up to 230°C, respectively. The maximum power density was 0.03 mW/cm2 at 80°C for the STZP sample and 2.5 mW/cm2 at 150°C for the STZPBi10 sample under wet hydrogen and dry oxygen. The reduction of CO poisoning on platinum catalyst was demonstrated in fuel cell operating at temperatures of 180°C, 200°C, and 230°C.
The Physical Mechanism of Heat Transfer Augmentation in Stagnating Flows Subject to Freestream Turbulence
Authors: Gifford Andrew R. , Diller Thomas E. , Vlachos Pavlos P.
Published: November 2010

Experiments have been performed in a water tunnel facility to examine the physical mechanism of heat transfer augmentation by freestream turbulence in classical Hiemenz flow. A unique experimental approach to studying the problem is developed and demonstrated herein. Time-resolved digital particle image velocimetry (TRDPIV) and a new variety of thin-film heat flux sensor called the heat flux array (HFA) are used simultaneously to measure the spatiotemporal influence of coherent structures on the heat transfer coefficient as they approach and interact with the stagnation surface. Laminar flow and heat transfer at low levels of freestream turbulence (Tux¯=0.5–1.0%) are examined to provide baseline flow characteristics and heat transfer coefficients. Similar experiments using a turbulence grid are performed to examine the effects of turbulence with mean streamwise turbulence intensity of Tux¯=5.0% and an integral length scale of Λx¯=3.25 cm. At a Reynolds number of ReD¯=U∞¯D/υ=21,000, an average increase in the mean heat transfer coefficient of 64% above the laminar level was observed. Experimental studies confirm that coherent structures play a dominant role in the augmentation of heat transfer in the stagnation region. Calculation and examination of the transient physical properties for coherent structures (i.e., circulation, area averaged vorticity, integral length scale, and proximity to the surface) shows that freestream turbulence is stretched and vorticity is amplified as it is convected toward the stagnation surface. The resulting stagnation flow is dominated by dynamic, counter-rotating vortex pairs. Heat transfer augmentation occurs when the rotational motion of coherent structures sweeps cooler freestream fluid into the laminar momentum and thermal boundary layers into close proximity of the heated stagnation surface. Evidence in support of this mechanism is provided through validation of a new mechanistic model, which incorporates the transient physical properties of tracked coherent structures. The model performs well in capturing the essential dynamics of the interaction and in the prediction of the experimentally measured transient and time-averaged turbulent heat transfer coefficients.
Temperature Created by a Tilted Moving Heat Source: Heating Line and Cylinder
Authors: Nemchinsky Valerian
Published: November 2010

Temperatures created by a moving tilted line and a moving tilted cylinder are considered. Analytical expressions for low Peclet (Pe⪡1) and high Peclet (Pe⪢1) numbers are obtained for the whole range of possible tilt angles. These expressions almost overlap: It is shown that these analytical expressions describe very well the results of numerical calculations at any Peclet numbers except for a very narrow range of Pe close to unity. A method of calculation of the cut shape (variation of the tilt angle inside the cut) is discussed.
Heat Transfer in Thin Multilayered Plates—Part I: A New Approach
Authors: Papathanasiou T. K. , Markolefas S. I. , Filopoulos S. P. , Tsamasphyros G. J.
Published: November 2010

We present a new model for the determination of temperature distributions in thin plates consisting of many different layers. The method uses both continuous and discrete approaches. The derived set of equations is based on a continuous representation of heat transfer phenomena at the midplane of each layer, whereas it facilitates a discrete process for introducing ply to ply, through thickness, heat transfer. For the steady state case, the resulting equations are of the Helmholtz type. Methods of solutions for the resulting system are discussed, and comparisons with the first order lamination theory are presented in a benchmark example.
Class 1 Integrons, Selected Virulence Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance in
Escherichia coli
Isolates from the Minjiang River, Fujian Province, China
Authors: Chen Bin , Zheng Weiwen , Yu Ying , Huang Wenwen , Zheng Siping , Zhang Yun , Guan Xiong , Zhuang Yiting , Chen Ning , Topp Edward
Published: November 2010

Widespread fecal pollution of surface waters in developing countries is a threat to public health and may represent a significant pathway for the global dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The Minjiang River drainage basin in Fujian Province is one of China's most intensive livestock and poultry production areas and is home to several million people. In the study reported here,
Escherichia coli
isolates (
n
= 2,788) were sampled (2007 and 2008) from seven surface water locations in the basin and evaluated by PCR for carriage of selected genes encoding virulence factors, primarily for swine disease. A subset of isolates (
n
= 500) were evaluated by PCR for the distribution and characteristics of class 1 integrons, and a subset of these (
n
= 200) were evaluated phenotypically for resistance to a range of antibiotics. A total of 666 (24%)
E. coli
isolates carried at least one of the virulence genes
elt
,
fed
A
,
ast
A
,
fas
A
,
est
A
,
stx
2e
,
paa
, and
sep
A
. Forty-one percent of the isolates harbored class 1 integrons, and these isolates had a significantly higher probability of resistance to tobramycin, cefoperazone, cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, azitromycin, and rifampin than isolates with no class 1 integron detected. Frequencies of resistance to selected antibiotics were as high as or higher than those in fecal, wastewater, and clinical isolates in published surveys undertaken in China, North America, and Europe. Overall,
E. coli
in the Minjiang River drainage basin carry attributes with public health significance at very high frequency, and these data provide a powerful rationale for investment in source water protection strategies in this important agricultural and urban setting in China.
CXCR4 Signaling Regulates Metastasis of Chemoresistant Melanoma Cells by a Lymphatic Metastatic Niche
Authors: Kim Minah , Koh Young Jun , Kim Kyung Eun , Koh Bong Ihn , Nam Do-Hyun , Alitalo Kari , Kim Injune , Koh Gou Young
Published: November 2010

Highly metastatic and chemotherapy-resistant properties of malignant melanomas stand as challenging barriers to successful treatment; yet, the mechanisms responsible for their aggressive characteristics are not fully defined. We show that a distinct population expressing CD133 (Prominin-1), which is highly enriched after administration of a chemotherapeutic drug, dacarbazine, has enhanced metastatic potential in vivo. CD133+ tumor cells are located close to tumor-associated lymphatic vessels in metastatic organs such as the regional lymph nodes and lung. Lymphatic endothelial cells promote the migratory activity of a CD133+ subset to target organs and regulation of lymphatic growth efficiently modulates the metastasis of CD133+ tumor cells. We found that lymphatic vessels in metastatic tissues stimulate chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)+/CD133+ cell metastasis to target organs by secretion of stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1). The CXCR4+/CD133+ cells exhibited higher metastatic activity compared with CXCR4−/CD133+ cells and, importantly, blockade of CXCR4 coupled with dacarbazine efficiently inhibited both tumor growth and metastasis; dacarbazine alone could not attenuate tumor metastasis. The current study demonstrates a previously unidentified role of the lymphatic microenvironment in facilitating metastasis of chemoresistant melanoma cells via a specific chemotactic axis, SDF-1/CXCR4. Our findings suggest that targeting the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in addition to dacarbazine treatment could therapeutically block chemoresistant CD133+ cell metastasis toward a lymphatic metastatic niche. Cancer Res; 70(24); 10411–21. ©2010 AACR.
Councils without Customs, Qadis without States: Property and Community in the Algerian Touat
Authors: Scheele Judith
Published: November 2010

This article investigates relations between qadis and local assemblies in the Touat in the Algerian Sahara. It argues that both drew on an Islamic framework of reference, even though they were frequently obliged to conjugate universal legal injunctions with local notions of overriding communal responsibility that had no place in Islamic law. Islamic notions of private property remained central to the functioning of local assemblies, in which political rights depended on ownership rather than residence. Meanwhile, qadis necessarily relied on the assembly as a source of expertise, for the validation of documents and judgments, and for political and at times also financial backing. Tensions did occur between individual rights of ownership and collective responsibilities, but assemblies and qadis tended to deal with them in similar ways.
Community and religious involvement as contexts of identity change across late adolescence and emerging adulthood
Authors: Hardy Sam A. , Pratt Michael W. , Pancer S. Mark , Olsen Joseph A. , Lawford Heather L.
Published: November 2010

Latent growth curve modeling was used to describe longitudinal trends in community and religious involvement and Marcia’s (1966) four identity statuses (diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement), as well as to assess relations between involvement and identity change. Cross-lagged regression models explored temporal ordering of relations between involvement and identity. The study involved 418 participants (Wave 1 M age = 17.44, SD = .81) over four occasions. Individuals on average showed decreases in community and religious involvement, identity diffusion, foreclosure, and moratorium, and no significant change in identity achievement. For community involvement, rates of change were related negatively to those for diffusion and positively to those for achievement. For religious involvement, rates of change correlated negatively with those for diffusion and moratorium, and positively with those for foreclosure. Cross-lagged models showed some effects in the expected direction (involvement to identity), as well as some reciprocal effects. All analyses were conducted for overall identity status as well as the three domains within each status (political, religious, and occupational). In short, the present study provides evidence for community and religious involvement as contexts facilitative of identity formation in late adolescence and emerging adulthood.
Middle School Friendships and Academic Achievement in Early Adolescence: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Véronneau Marie-Hélène , Dishion Thomas J.
Published: November 2010

Early adolescence is a critical transition period for the maintenance of academic achievement. One factor that school systems often fail to take into account is the influence of friends on academic achievement during middle school. This study investigated the influence of friends’ characteristics on change in academic achievement from Grade 6 to Grade 8 and the role of students’ own characteristics as moderators of this relationship. The sample included 1,278 participants (698 girls). Linear regressions suggest that students with academically engaged friends may achieve to levels higher than expected in Grade 8. However, when considering the significant, negative influence of friends’ problem behavior, the role of friends’ school engagement became nonsignificant. Low-achieving girls who had high-achieving friends in Grade 6 had lower academic achievement than expected by Grade 8. In contrast, high-achieving girls seemed to benefit from having high-achieving friends. Implications for theory and prevention efforts targeting young adolescents are discussed.
Review Article: A Systematic Review of Cancer-Related Fatigue Measurement Questionnaires
Authors: Seyidova-Khoshknabi Dilara , Davis Mellar P. , Walsh Declan
Published: November 2010

Purpose: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common symptom experienced by patients in all stages and in cancer survivors. The main objectives of this review were to identify validated CRF instruments, and populations in whom these tools have been validated. Methods: We used a systematic review methodology. Three separate searches were performed using different MeSH terms in Pub Med and Ovid databases. Articles were analyzed for validation and reliability. Results: A total of 1453 papers from 3 different searches identified 40 instruments (3 unidimensional and 37 multidimensional). Instruments varied by psychometric properties, items, scale, dimension, cancer site, and population. Five were optimally tested for validity and reliability. Completion rates, sensitivity to change, and test—retest reliability were reported for a few. Discussion: Most tools had been validated in mixed populations and are relatively insensitive to differences in fatigue to cancer stage. Most instruments are burdensome for those with advanced cancer. The Brief Fatigue Inventory and 3 fatigue items of the European Organization for Research and Treatment Quality of Life Questionnaire Fatigue Scale (EORTC QLQ-C30) are optimal instruments in advanced cancer. Conclusions: In all, 40 CRF instruments were identified. Validity and reliability varied by questionnaire. The ideal item numbers, scale, and domains are not established and may be population dependent.
Organizational investments in social capital, managerial coaching, and employee work-related performance
Authors: Ellinger Andrea D , Ellinger Alexander E , Bachrach Daniel G , Wang Yu-Lin , Elmadağ Baş Ayş Banu
Published: November 2010

This survey-based research study explores the influence of managerial coaching behavior on relationships between organizational investments in social capital (OISC) and employee work-related performance. The results obtained from a survey of 408 employees from multiple organizations across a wide range of industries indicate that OISC are positively related to employee job performance, commitment to service quality, and organizational citizenship behavior. However, the results from sub-group analyses also indicate that these relationships are stronger at low to moderate levels of managerial coaching suggesting that selective rather than exhaustive application of the developmental approach may be more effective. Theoretical and practical implications of these somewhat unexpected findings are developed.
New approaches to the management of traumatic external haemorrhage
Authors: Sharpe DB , Barneby EM , Russell RJ
Published: November 2010

Uncontrolled external haemorrhage, though rare in civilian practice, is responsible for up to 80% of pre-hospital deaths in military trauma. Data from recent conflicts shows that exsanguination before evacuation accounts for 50% of deaths. Severe haemorrhage leads to the lethal triad of acidosis, hypothermia and coagulopathy. A new treatment paradigm, ABC (where  stands for ‘Control of catastrophic haemorrhage) has been used to prioritise management of external haemorrhage. This approach has been augmented by the use of elastic field dressings, tourniquets and haemostatic agents. A ‘ladder’ approach is used to ensure basic wound management techniques are adopted before more sophisticated ones. Early fluid replacement via intraosseous needles and using blood and other blood products in the pre-hospital environment are other strategies used to achieve early haemostasis.
Rhipicephalus microplus salivary gland molecules induce differential CD86 expression in murine macrophages
Authors: Brake Danett K , Wikel Stephen K , Tidwell Jason P , Pérez de León Adalberto A
Published: November 2010

Background

Tick parasitism is a major impediment for cattle production in many parts of the world. The southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is an obligate hematophagous parasite of domestic and wild animals that serves as vector of infectious agents lethal to cattle. Tick saliva contains molecules evolved to modulate host innate and adaptive immune responses which facilitates blood feeding and pathogen transmission. Tick feeding promotes CD4 T cell polarization to a Th2 profile usually accompanied by down-regulation of Th1 cytokines through as yet undefined mechanisms. Co-stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells are central to development of T cell responses including Th1 and Th2 responses. Tick induced changes to antigen presenting cell signal transduction pathways are largely unknown. Here we document the ability of R. microplus salivary gland extracts (SGE) to effect differential CD86 expression.

Results

We examined changes in co-stimulatory molecule expression in murine RAW 264.7 cells in response to R. microplus SGE exposure in the presence of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand, LPS. After 24 hrs, CD86, but not CD80, was preferentially up-regulated on mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells when treated with SGE and then LPS, but not SGE alone. CD80 and CD40 expression was increased with LPS, but the addition of SGE did not alter expression. Higher concentrations of SGE were less effective at increasing CD86 RNA expression. The addition of mitogen or extracellular kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059, significantly reduced the ability for SGE to induce CD86 expression, indicating activation of MEK is necessary for SGE induced up-regulation.

Conclusions

Molecules in SGE of R. microplus have a concentration-dependent effect on differential up-regulation of CD86 in a macrophage cell line activated by the TLR4 ligand, LPS. This CD86 up-regulation is at least partially dependent on the ERK1/2 pathway and may serve to promote Th2 polarization of the immune response.
Resting in Peace? Regulating the Geological Storage of Radioactive Waste and Carbon Dioxide: Swedish and European Perspectives
Authors: Langlet David
Published: November 2010

Carbon capture and storage or sequestration (CCS) and production of nuclear energy are both associated with potentially hazardous geological disposal or storage operations (of captured carbon dioxide [CO2] and spent nuclear fuel, respectively). Using Sweden as a focal point, applicable domestic, EU, and international rules affecting site selection and the nature and allocation of responsibility for long‐term hazard management are compared and analyzed in this article. It is inter alia concluded that the legal terminology is partly misleading and that there are many similarities, but also some significant differences, with respect to spatial and temporal aspects of risks and benefits. Whereas disposal of spent nuclear fuel is mainly the reserve of domestic law, storage of CO2 is the subject of extensive EU regulation. With neither activity is the operator expected to pay for supervision of storage/disposal sites or remedial action for any extensive period of time, though the CCS regime is slightly more in keeping with the polluter pays principle. Neither regulatory framework purports to guarantee funds, knowledge, or technology to address problems that may arise beyond some decades into the future.
New Perspectives on Nuclear Waste Management
Authors: Jenkins‐Smith Hank C , Strandberg Urban , Trousset Sarah R
Published: November 2010

This paper outlines the evolution of the global public policy debate concerning the management and disposal of used nuclear fuel, with particular attention to the central points of contention that have shaped that debate. Utilizing the experience in Sweden and the U.S., we provide a frame for the application of a diverse range of social science perspectives (including law) to the used nuclear fuel policy debate, and introduce a set of papers that apply those perspectives.
Accounting Errors and Errors of Accounting
Authors: Christensen John
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT: Accounting should pay more attention to errors, as errors are essential for the updating of beliefs. Accounting is an information system, and errors are the carriers of information according to Bayes’ Theorem. Accountants are primarily concerned with the mean (value), but the variance of accounting numbers is equally important. Only autocorrelation makes historical accounting relevant for decision purposes. Endogenous errors of accounting are more common than acknowledged. First, the accounting model is linear, whereas the world is nonlinear. Second, accounting is not the only information channel, and accountants must consider the role of accounting when it supplements other information sources. This commentary discusses the consequences of endogenous errors. Errors are inherent to accounting, and accountants must address them.
SIL-based confocal fluorescence microscope for investigating individual nanostructures
Authors: Krajnik Bartosz , Schulte Tim , Piątkowski Dawid , Czechowski Nikodem , Hofmann Eckhard , Mackowski Sebastian
Published: November 2010

We developed a fluorescence confocal microscope equipped with a hemispherical solid immersion lens (SIL) and apply it to study the optical properties of light-harvesting complexes. We demonstrate that the collection efficiency of the SIL-equipped microscope is significantly improved, as is the spatial resolution, which reaches 600 nm. This experimental setup is suitable for detailed studies of physical phenomena in hybrid nanostructures. In particular, we compare the results of fluorescence intensity measurements for a light-harvesting peridinin-chlorophyll-protein (PCP) complex with and without the SIL.
Assembly of uniform photoluminescent microcomposites using a novel micro‐fluidic‐jet‐spray‐dryer
Authors: Wu Winston Duo , Amelia Ria , Hao Na , Selomulya Cordelia , Zhao Dongyuan , Chiu Yu‐Lung , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: November 2010

Generation of uniform micro‐particles containing (i) pure lactose; (ii) silica nanoparticles and lactose; (iii) silica nanoparticles/lactose doped with Eu(III) have been successfully achieved using a novel spray dryer with a uniquely designed microfluidic aerosol nozzle as the monodisperse droplet generator. Here we investigate the impacts of precursor compositions and concentrations, as well as the drying temperature profile on particle size, morphology, and surface element distribution. Distinct morphologies are observed with different precursor compositions, ranging from smooth spherical lactose microparticles to the buckled shape for composites containing silica nanoparticles. The formation of such morphology is qualitatively interpreted by using Peclet number, indicating that the presence of the suspended silica nanoparticles facilitates shell formation at the early stage of the drying process. As the drying continue, such shell is subject to buckling, induced by the capillary force due to the lower mechanical integrity inside the droplet. Post calcination, transmission electron micrographs of Eu(III)/silica nanoparticles/lactose microcomposites confirm the formation of nano‐sized Eu2O3 homogeneously embedded on the silica shell. Photoluminescence spectra of these particles indicate that enhancement of photoluminescence intensity is directly related to the europium loading, which could be adjusted from the precursor composition. This work demonstrates a scalable route to assemble relatively complex composites with uniform properties, without extensive conjugation or purification steps commonly required in wet chemistry‐based processes. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Difference in outcome among women and men after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty
Authors: Cruz‐Gonzalez Ignacio , Jneid Hani , Sanchez‐Ledesma Maria , Cubeddu Roberto J. , Martin‐Moreiras Javier , Rengifo‐Moreno Pablo , Diaz Tullio A. , Kiernan Thomas J. , Inglessis‐Azuaje Ignacio , Maree Andrew O. , Sanchez Pedro L. , Palacios Igor F.
Published: November 2010

Objective: To analyze the differences in anatomical, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of women and men undergoing PMV and to evaluate the relationship between sex, PMV success, and immediate and long‐term clinical outcome. Background: Rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) is predominantly a disease of middle‐aged women. Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) has become the standard of care for suitable patients. However little is known about the relationship between sex, PMV success, and procedural outcome. Methods and results: We evaluated measures of procedural success and clinical outcome in consecutive patients (839 women and 176 men) who underwent PMV. Despite a lower baseline echocardiographic score (7.47 ± 2.15 vs. 8.02 ± 2.18, P = 0.002), women were less likely to achieve PMV success (69% vs. 83%, adjusted OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.27–0.74, P = 0.002), and had a smaller post‐procedural MV area (1.86 ± 0.7 vs. 2.07 ± 0.7 cm2, P < 0.001). Overall procedural and in‐hospital complication rates did not differ significantly between women and men. However, women were significantly more likely to develop severe MR immediately post PMV (adjusted OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.0–5.83, P = 0.05) and to undergo MV surgery (adjusted HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.03–2.3, P = 0.037) after a median follow‐up of 3.1 years. Conclusions: Compared to men, women with rheumatic MS who undergo PMV are less likely to have a successful outcome and more likely to require MV surgery on long‐term follow‐up despite more favorable baseline MV anatomy. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solvent‐ and Guest‐Responsive Self‐Assembly of Hamilton Receptor Tethered Bis(merocyanine) Dyes
Authors: Schmidt Ralf , Uemura Shinobu , Würthner Frank
Published: November 2010

A novel supramolecular building block (8) that consists of a Hamilton receptor and two merocyanine dyes has been synthesized, and the self‐assembly based on orthogonal hydrogen bonding and dipolar interactions has been studied in detail. Different self‐assembled species, including oligomers, polymers, and inverted micelles could be observed upon variation of the solvent polarity and the concentration. Moreover, this system is highly responsive toward molecular stimuli such as merocyanine molecules with the barbituric acid motif that are bound by the Hamilton receptors. Detailed UV/Vis absorption studies provided insight into isodesmic or cooperative steps during the self‐assembly of 8 into different species. The size of the aggregates in solution and the morphology on substrates have been explored by a combination of dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and TEM investigations.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Hydrogen Absorption on Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ce2Ni2In.
Authors: Iwasieczko Waclaw , Kaczorowski Dariusz
Published: November 2010

Ce2Ni2InHx hydrides with x < 2 retain the Mo2FeB2‐type structure of Ce2Ni2In and crystallize in the tetragonal space group P4/mbm (powder XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Synthesis and Characterization of LaPO4, LaPO4:Ce3+ and LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+ by EDTA Assisted Hydrothermal Method.
Authors: Dong Hongxing , Liu Yanchao , Yang Piaoping , Wang Wenxin , Lin Jun
Published: November 2010

LaPO4, LaPO4:Ce3+ and LaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+ phosphors are synthesized by an EDTA assisted hydrothermal method from La2O3 and (NH4)2PO4 solutions (autoclave, 160 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: The Last of the Five: The Elusive “Tantalum(III) Bromide”, a Perovskite‐Related Salt, [{Ta6}Br12]Br3 [TaBr6]0.86.
Authors: Habermehl Katja , Mudring Anja‐Verena , Meyer Gerd
Published: November 2010

Black cube‐like single crystals of the title compound are prepared from TaBr5 in a NaBr or RbBr flux (tantalum container, 500 °C, 5 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Unsaturated β‐Ketoesters as Versatile Electrophiles in Organocatalysis.
Authors: Piovesana Susy , Scarpino Schietroma Daniele M. , Tulli Ludovico G. , Monaco Mattia R. , Bella Marco
Published: November 2010

The quinine‐catalyzed Michael reaction of ketoesters (I) and (IV) with nitroalkanes proceeds in a stereoselective manner to afford adducts (III) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Functionalization of Alkanes by Sequential Dehydrogenation—Hydrozirconation.
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Ureshino Tomonari , Yamamoto Shun‐ichi , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: November 2010

The iridium‐catalyzed dehydrogenation of alkanes followed by hydrozirconation of the resulting mixture of alkenes leads to isomerized 1‐alkylzirconocene intermediates, which can be readily trapped by different electrophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of Formamide Derivatives Using Thiamine Hydrochloride as a Novel Catalyst.
Authors: Lei Min , Ma Lei , Hu Lihong
Published: November 2010

Vitamin B1 is highly efficient for the reaction of formic acid with amines and amino acid esters to give formamide derivatives in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyzed Synthesis of β‐Amino Acids Esters.
Authors: Dokichev T. V. , Latypova D. R. , Shakirov R. R. , Biglova R. Z. , Talipov R. F.
Published: November 2010

A Kuganak montmorillonite that contains relatively high amount of TiO2 is used as catalyst for the Michael addition.
ChemInform Abstract: Amide Activation by Tf2O: Reduction of Amides to Amines by NaBH4 under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Xiang Shao‐Hua , Xu Jian , Yuang Hong‐Qiu , Huang Pei‐Qiang
Published: November 2010

The reaction of triflic anhydride with amides generates a highly electrophilic iminium triflate intermediate which is reduced by NaBH4 to give the target amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmentally Benign Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Tertiary Amines.
Authors: Wang Rendong , Li Jian , Li Chunju , Liu Jun , Li Dafeng , Jia Xueshun , Zhai Hongbin
Published: November 2010

Baylis—Hillman adducts (I) react regio‐ and stereoselectively with various primary aliphatic amines under neat conditions to potentially valuable building blocks containing reactive C—C double bonds and an ester and cyano group, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Selective Method for the Preparation of Triphenylmethyl Ethers of Alcohols and Nucleosides.
Authors: Zekri Negar , Alamdari Reza Fareghi
Published: November 2010

A simple and efficient method for the trityl protection of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols is presented, involving their reaction with trityl benzyl ethers in a DEAD—Ce(O‐Tf)4 catalyst system.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Approach for C—C Bond Formation Through Ruthenium‐Amido Complex Catalyzed Tandem Aldol Reaction/Hydrogenation.
Authors: Sun Haifeng , Ye Deju , Jiang Hualiang , Chen Kaixian , Liu Hong
Published: November 2010

The procedure is highly suitable for the transformation of aromatic aldehydes and tolerates a broad spectrum of functionalities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (Z)‐1‐Benzylidene‐3‐(1H‐indol‐1‐yl)‐1H‐indene‐2,2(3H)‐dicarbonitriles via Three‐Component Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldehyde, Malononitrile, and Indole.
Authors: Qiu Guanyingsheng , Ding Qiuping , Peng Yiyuan , Wu Jie
Published: November 2010

The reaction proceeds highly selectively and might involve tandem condensation, nucleophilic addition and intramolecular 5‐exo‐cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Cyclization: Synthesis of Hydroisoindol‐1‐ones from 2‐Bromocyclohex‐1‐enecarbaldehydes, Anilines and Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Cho Chan Sik , Kim Hyo Bo , Lee Sang Yeon
Published: November 2010

Palladium‐catalyzed cyclocarbonylation of bromocyclohexenylcarbaldehydes (I), (V) and (VII) with anilines under CO atmosphere proceeds smoothly for a range of aniline derivatives to give title hydroisoindolones in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Orthogonal Regioselective Synthesis of N‐Alkyl‐3‐substituted Tetrahydroindazolones.
Authors: Kim Jonghoon , Song Heebum , Park Seung Bum
Published: November 2010

Two regioisomers of title N,3‐disubstituted tetrahydroindazolones are synthesized with excellent selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,5,6‐Trisubstituted Benzimidazoles by Heck and Subsequent 6π‐Electrocyclization—Dehydrogenation Reactions of 2,4,5‐Tribromo‐N‐methylimidazole and 2‐Aryl‐4,5‐dibromo‐N‐methylimidazole.
Authors: Toguem Serge Mitherand Tengho , Langer Peter
Published: November 2010

Heck reaction of tribromo imidazoles (I) and dibromo analogues (VI), obtained by arylation of (I), with vinyl compounds produces dialkenyl imidazoles which undergo 6π‐electrocyclization—dehydration to give the title benzimidazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Three Different Substituted Thiazoles from Propargylic Alcohols.
Authors: Gao Xun , Pan Ying‐ming , Lin Min , Chen Li , Zhan Zhuang‐ping
Published: November 2010

A wide range of secondary and tertiary propargylic alcohols reacts smoothly with aromatic and aliphatic thioamides under Ag catalysis to give thiazole derivatives substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5.