bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspects Of Tunnelling Phenomena In Non-Equilibrium Transport
Authors: Barker J R
Published: November 2023

During the late 1960s the semiconductor physics community was embroiled in unravelling the non-linear carrier dynamics of a number of hot-carrier phenomena, especially the Gunn effect (Gunn 1963; Butcher 1967) with its emphasis on negative differential resistance, an outcome of the transferred electron effect in high fields. Brian Ridley made seminal contributions (Ridley and Watkins 1961; Ridley 1963, 1965) to the understanding of these processes. In long samples these phenomena lead to the dramatic appearance of travelling space-charge domains, with soliton-like characteristics, and these domains are the stable limit of the growth of space-charge instabilities within a negative differential mobility regime. Unlike many other phenomena which have arisen in semiconductor physics, the Gunn effect and the later acousto-electric effect depend significantly upon the device geometry and the local field distributions. The latter require self-consistent modelling in any theoretical description, usually by coupling the charge density to the fields via Poisson’s equation.
Hot electrons in semiconductor devices
Authors: Luryi S
Published: November 2023

Hot-electron phenomena have become important for the understanding of all modem semiconductor devices. In many cases these phenomena are a nuisance that must be somehow cauterized, like for example the hot-carrier injection into the gate dielectric in silicon field-effect transistors. This unwelcome effect gives rise to a degradation of transistor characteristics and may lead to circuit failure. Another well-known hot- electron effect in devices (with more benign consequences) is the saturation of drift velocity in high electric fields. Velocity saturation is ubiquitous in modem semiconductor devices and is sometimes of central importance for their operation. Thus, it is essential for the operation of all transit-time diode oscillators (Size, 1990).
Hot-electron effects in quantum well lasers and the tunnelling injection laser
Authors: Bhattacharya P K
Published: November 2023

Quantum well and strained quantum well lasers have emerged as high-performance devices which satisfy requirements of low threshold current and large modulation bandwidth. However, as the laser performance is ‘fine-tuned’, some deleterious effects emerge, which need further investigation and should be finally eliminated, or minimized.
High-Energy Electron Diffraction And Microscopy
Authors: Peng L -M , Dudarev S L , Whelan M J
Published: November 2023

This book provides the reader with a comprehensive introduction to high energy electron diffraction and elastic and inelastic scattering of high energy electrons, with particular emphasis on applications to modern electron microscopy. Starting from a survey of fundamental phenomena, the authors introduce the most important concepts underlying modern understanding of high energy electron diffraction. Dynamical diffraction in transmission (THEED) and reflection (RHEED) geometries is treated using a general matrix theory, where computer programs and worked examples are provided to illustrate the concepts and to familiarize the reader with practical applications. Diffuse and inelastic scattering and coherence effects are treated comprehensively both as a perturbation of elastic scattering and within the general multiple scattering quantum mechanical framework of the density matrix method. Among the highlights are the treatment of resonance diffraction of electrons, HOLZ diffraction, the formation of Kikuchi bands and lines and ring patterns, and application of diffraction to monitoring of growing surfaces. Useful practical data are summarised in tables including those of electron scattering factors for all the neutral atoms and many ions, and the temperature dependent Debye-Waller factors given for over 100 elemental crystals and compounds.
Statistical Data Analysis
Authors: Cowan Glen
Published: November 2023

This book is a guide to the practical application of statistics in data analysis as typically encountered in the physical sciences. It is primarily addressed at students and professionals who need to draw quantitative conclusions from experimental data. Although most of the examples are taken from particle physics, the material is presented in a sufficiently general way as to be useful to people from most branches of the physical sciences. The first part of the book describes the basic tools of data analysis: concepts of probability and random variables, Monte Carlo techniques, statistical tests, and methods of parameter estimation. The last three chapters are somewhat more specialized than those preceding, covering interval estimation, characteristic functions, and the problem of correcting distributions for the effects of measurement errors (unfolding).
The Monte Carlo method
Authors: Cowan Glen
Published: November 2023

The Monte Carlo method is a numerical technique for calculating probabilities and related quantities by using sequences of random numbers. For the case of a single random variable, the procedure can be broken into the following stages.
The method of maximum likelihood
Authors: Cowan Glen
Published: November 2023

Consider a random variable x distributed according to a p.d.f. f(x; θ). Suppose the functional form of f(x; θ) is known, but the value of at least one parameter θ (or parameters θ = (θ  1, … , θ m)) are not known. That is, f ( x; θ) represents a composite hypothesis for the p.d.f. (cf. Section 4.1). The method of maximum likelihood is a technique for estimating the values of the parameters given a finite sample of data. Suppose a measurement of the random variable x has been repeated n times, yielding the values x1, … , Xn. Here, x could also represent a multidimensional random vector, i.e. the outcome of each individual observation could be characterized by several quantities.
The method of least squares
Authors: Cowan Glen
Published: November 2023

In many situations a measured value y can be regarded as a Gaussian random variable centered about the quantity’s true value, λ This follows from the central limit theorem as long as the total error (i.e. deviation from the true value) is the sum of a large number of small contributions.
Statistical errors, confidence intervals and limits
Authors: Cowan Glen
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 5-8, several methods for estimating properties of p.d.f.s (moments and other parameters) have been discussed along with techniques for obtaining the variance of the estimators. Up to now the topic of ‘error analysis’ has been limited to reporting the variances (and covariances) of estimators, or equivalently the standard deviations and correlation coefficients. This turns out to be inadequate in certain cases, and other ways of communicating the statistical uncertainty of a measurement must be found.
Molecule Formation in Dust-poor Environments
Authors: Babb J F , Kirby K P
Published: November 2023

Molecules have been found to exist in a number of astrophysical environments that at first glance would appear hostile to their formation or survival. Regions which are observed to have negligible amounts of dust and/or are subjected to strong radiation fields such as the ejecta from novae (cf. Chapter 18), supernovae (cf. Chapter 19), and certain stellar winds (cf. Chapters 7, 12, 13 and 17) contain molecules. No detections of primordial molecules have been made as yet. However, theoretical studies of the early Universe to examine the evolution of primordial structure leading to the first astronomical objects show the important role that molecules may have played in initiating and sustaining gravitational collapse (cf. Chapter 3). In this chapter the main processes involved in making molecules under the unusual conditions that obtain in these sources will be described and their importance assessed.
Transistors and detectors based on GaN-related materials
Authors: Duboz Jean-Yves , Khan M Asif
Published: November 2023

In order to show precisely the interest of using GaN and related compounds in bipolar transistors, we would like first to recall the main issues in bipolar transistors. A bipolar transistor is made of two back-to-back p-n junctions. The first one, called an emitter-base (E-B) junction, is forward-biased so that minority carrier are injected into the base. The second one, called a base¬ collector (B-C) junction is reverse-biased and minority carriers injected in the base can by diffusion or drift be collected in the collector (by definition, a pro¬ portion a of them actually are). The base current is due to recombination in the base, minority carrier injection into the emitter, and leakage current in the reverse-biased B-C junction. In a good transistor, almost all the carriers injected in the base are collected, so that a ““ 1. The power amplification arises from the B-C voltage being much larger than the E-B one. In the common emitter configuration, the ratio (3”“ a/(l - a) between the collector and base currents can be important: it defines the current gain.
111-V nitride-based short-wavelength LEDs and LDs*
Authors: Nakamura Shuji
Published: November 2023

Much research has been done on high-brightness blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) for use in full-color displays, full-color indicators, and light sources for lamps with the characteristics of high efficiency, high reliability, and high speed. For these purposes, II-VI materials such as ZnSe [1, 2], SiC [3], and III-V nitride semiconductors such as GaN [4] have been investigated intensively for a long time. However, it was impossible to obtain high-brightness blue LEDs with a brightness over 1 cd and reliable LDs. Much progress has been achieved recently on green LEDs and LDs using II-VI-based materials [5]. The short lifetimes prevent II-VI-based devices from commercialization at present. It is considered that the short lifetime of these II--VI based devices is caused by crystal defects at a density of 103/cm2, because one crystal defect would cause the propagation of other defects leading to failure of the devices. SiC is another wide bandgap material for blue LEDs. The brightness of SiC blue LEDs is only between 10 med and 20 med because of the indirect bandgap of this material. Despite this poor performance, 6H--SiC blue LEDs have been commercialized for a long time because there has been no competi¬ tion for blue light-emitting devices [6].
Convergence of the Energy for the Thomas-Fermi-Von Weizsäcker Model
Authors: Catto Isabelle , Bris Claude Le , Lions Pierre-Louis
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the problem under consideration is the existence of the thermo dynamic limit for the energy in Thomas-Fermi-van Weizsiicker type molecular models. We again consider a set of IAI nuclei of unit charges located on a set A of points of integer coordinates in R3. Denoting byh the energy of the neutral molecular system and by PA its electronic ground state, we investigate the behaviour of bothh and PA as the set A goes to the periodic lattice Z3. For the (quite substantial!) physical background of this mathematical problem, we refer the reader to Chapter 1 and to the references mentioned therein from solid state physics, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics.
Speciation
Authors: Grant Peter R
Published: November 2023

The biology of islands is the biology of isolation, and isolation is conducive to speciation. How does speciation occur? This is one of the most enduring questions in evolutionary biology, perhaps the most enduring, because it is an historical question and because it is complex. Its elements are how populations diverge under selection and drift, where this happens, how the diverging populations become reproductively isolated from each other, and how and when this happens. In other words there are components of geography and history, of genetics, behaviour, and ecology.
Epilogue and questions
Authors: Grant Peter R
Published: November 2023

The study of patterns and processes of evolution on islands has played an important role in the development of general theories of how and why evolution occurs. Such studies are continuing to be exciting new fields for investigation, as theoreticians attack questions of genetic change in island models and empirical biologists seek explanations of adaptive radiations in archipelagos. This book has attempted to survey our current knowledge, conveying, at the same time, the excitement of this important and developing subject.
Land Habitats
Authors: Monk Kathryn A , Fretes Yance de , Reksodiharjo-Lilley Gayatri
Published: November 2023

Tropical forests can support more species than any other terrestrial ecosystem in the world. Coral reefs are the equivalent ecosystem of the marine environment. One hectare of tropical lowland evergreen rain forest may have twenty times the number of large tree species found in the same area of European temperate woodland. In turn, these numerous tree species directly coexist with myriad diverse communities of other plants and animals.
Biodiversity and Biogeography
Authors: Monk Kathryn A , Fretes Yance de , Reksodiharjo-Lilley Gayatri
Published: November 2023

Biodiversity has become one of the most politically important ecological words of the 1990s and Indonesia is recognised as one of the six megadiversity countries in the world, possessing a major portion of the global biological diversity (Mittermeir 1988). This diversity or richness exists on many levels: from ecosystems and communities, to the basic source of variation in life, the species and, ultimately, the gene (Solbrig 199la,b; Wilson 1988).
Land Resource Use: Forests
Authors: Monk Kathryn A , Fretes Yance de , Reksodiharjo-Lilley Gayatri
Published: November 2023

With 57% forest cover in NT&M and only 6% considered permanently cultivated under upland cultivation, wetland cultivation, and tree-crop estates, much of the region has no officially recognised permanent land use: 25% of West Nusa Tenggara (WNT), 61 %-6:”>% of ENT, 54% of East Timor, and 10%-15% of Maluku. These latter areas arc often traditional village lands (as is much of the forested land), which support extensive shifting agriculture or livestock grazing ( chapter 10). Because there is no officially recognised permanent land use, the land is considered available for development or reforestation. Some forest-covered land is also marked for clearance and development, for example for plantations. Because of poor mapping and poor recognition of local land tenure systems in NT&M, this often non-locally controlled development or the land causes conflicts between local people and the government or commercial enterprises (WALHI and YLBHI 1992).
Invitation to Discrete Mathematics
Authors: Matoušek Jiří , Nešetřil Jaroslav
Published: November 2023

This book is a clear and self-contained introduction to discrete mathematics, and in particular to combinatorics and graph theory. Aimed at undergraduates and early graduate students in mathematics and computer science, it is written with the goal of stimulating interest in mathematics and encourages an active, problem-solving approach to the material. The reader is led to an understanding of the basic principles and methods of actually doing mathematics. It is more narrowly focused than many discrete mathematics textbooks and treats selected topics in unusual depth and from several points of view. The book reflects the conviction of the authors, active and internationally renowned mathematicians, that the most important gain from studying mathematics is the cultivation of clear and logical thinking and habits, invariably useful for attacking new problems. More than 400 exercises, ranging widely in difficulty, and many accompanied by hints for solution, support this approach to teaching. Readers will appreciate the lively and informal style of the text, accompanied by more than 200 drawings and diagrams. Specialists in various parts of science ( with a basic mathematical education) wishing to apply discrete mathematics in their field will find the book a useful source, and even experts in combinatorics may occasionally learn from pointers to research literature or from the presentation of recent results. Invitation to Discrete Mathematics should make delightful reading both for beginners and mathematical professionals.
Matrices
Authors: Kaye Richard , Wilson Robert
Published: November 2023

Column vectors and matrices will appear in many ways in this book. On the one hand, they provide particularly important examples of vector spaces (the subject of the next chapter) and various operations on vector spaces (the subject of Parts II and III). On the other hand, they provide elegant and convenient mathematical tools for performing calculations in all sorts of types of problems, including problems which at first sight have nothing to do with matrices. This will be done in a somewhat more ‘advanced’ way than when you perhaps learnt this material. The same basic ideas concerning matrices appear in several different contexts, and can be usefully presented in a rather ‘unified’ way.
When is a form definite?
Authors: Kaye Richard , Wilson Robert
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter we used the Gram-Schmidt process to obtain orthonormal bases for vector spaces with inner products. In this chapter we will present several variations of the idea behind Gram-Schmidt, this time applied to a form which need not be positive definite. Sections 6.1 and 6.2 both address the same question: given a real symmetric (or complex conjugate-symmetric) matrix A, how can we determine if the form XT A X is positive definite? And, if it isn’t, how can we find a nonzero vector x such that XT Ax 0? In this chapter, we consider bilinear forms on vector spaces over ℝ and sesquilinear forms on vector spaces over ℂ only, since the notion of ‘positive definite’ as we have defined it only really applies to these forms. Section 6.2 requires knowledge of determinants, and can be safely omitted or postponed until later if the reader is not familiar with these at this stage.
Quadratic forms and Sylvester’s law of inertia
Authors: Kaye Richard , Wilson Robert
Published: November 2023

Given a symmetric bilinear form F on a finite dimensional real vector space V we attempt to find ‘nice’ bases where the matrix representation of the form is as simple as possible, in the same sort of way as we did in the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process for inner products. The theorem which says that this is possible and which describes all the possible matrix representations one can get is called Sylvester’s law of inertia. (Sylvester’s law of inertia has nothing to do with inertia: the story goes that Sylvester said, ‘If Isaac Newton can have a law of inertia, then so can I’, and consequently gave this theorem the name it has been known by ever since.) This ‘law’ is exactly analogous to Theorem 2.33 which classified all finite dimensional vector spaces using dimension; it turns out that symmetric bilinear forms are classified by the dimension of the underlying vector space and two further numbers, called the rank and the signature of the form.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Authors: Kaye Richard , Wilson Robert
Published: November 2023

Rather than giving the formal definition of eigenvalues and eigenvectors — the subject of this chapter, indeed of the rest of the book — straight away, we shall give a hypothetical example of their use to motivate their study. We imagine a team of biologists studying a single-celled organism which reproduces by cell division. They have identified two different types of the organism, X and Y, and have noticed that on cell division a type X sometimes mutates into type Y, and sometimes a type Y mutates into type X. Their measurements indicate that both types of the organism reproduce at the same speed, on average doubling in number in unit time. Moreover, starting from a population of 100 type X organisms, after unit time they observe a population of 180 type X and 20 type Y. Similarly, starting from 100 type Y organisms, after unit time 190 type Y and 10 type X are observed.
Revealing the factors that promote speciation
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G , Vogler Aljiied P , Harvey Paul H
Published: November 2023

Life is made up of species, and so understanding the evolution of species richness is fundamental to our understanding of the natural world. Traditionally, however, this area is plagued by the difficulties inherent in studying a phenomenon operating over timescales many orders of magnitude greater than our own lifespans (Panchen 1992). Recent accumulation of phylogenetic information through the use of molecular techniques has provided novel possibilities for statistical tests of hypotheses concerning the evolution of species richness in extant taxa (Mooers and Heard 1996; Nee et al.1996a; Purvis 1996; Sanderson and Donoghue 1996). We illustrate this approach by concentrating on two issues. First, can biological attributes of lineages influence the tendency for those lineages to accumulate species richness? Second, can we use species-level phylogenies to identify modes of speciation and patterns of subsequent phenotypic change?
John Conduitt’s ‘memoir’
Authors: Hall A Rupert
Published: November 2023

The first and for long the most influential biographer of Isaac Newton was John Conduitt (1688-1737), Masterof the Mint from 1727to 1737. Conduitt’s narrative of Newton’s life, prepared for the Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris, but only published in 1806, dominated biographical accounts of Newton before the appearance of Sir David Brewster’s two-volume Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton in 1855. Yet even he, for many personal matters, relied heavily on Conduitt’s memoir for the Academie or his manuscript notes. Few of Newton’s contemporaries left considered accounts of him.
The Biographia Britannica article
Authors: Hall A Rupert
Published: November 2023

The second life of Isaac Newton to be written and published in England appeared in 1760, in the fifth volume of the Biographia Britannica. This large work, a ventur on the part of a group of London booksellers-also, at that time, the usual publishers-was an early attempt to compile on a comprehensive scale the lives of national worthies, written with some fullness and authority. Publication of the letter A had begun (in parts) as early as 1747. The success of the work when completed was great enough to merit, in 1776, a plan to revise and expand it in a new edition, whose editorship was first of fered to Dr Samuel Johnson.
ThIeslamic and Baha’i Calendars
Authors: Richards E G
Published: November 2023

Although the Islamic calendar was first used in the Arabian peninsula in the seventh century AD, its use has spread throughout the world to wherever Islam is practised. It is employed to regulate the feasts and fasts of that religion, but in many Islamic countries, the Gregorian calendar is used for civil purposes. From the earliest times the Arabian peoples observed a strictly lunar calen dar. In the twelfth month they made a pilgrimage to Mecca. There they indulged in rituals associated with the sacred meteorite given to Abraham by Gabriel and now embedded in the walls of the Ka’ba; at the end of the pil grimage an animal was slaughtered. Since a lunar calendar does not keep step with the seasons, this sometimes led to logistic difficulties in finding food for the trip and animals for slaughter. To ensure sufficient supplies they started to intercalate a month, so as to keep the 12th in the autumn. They had learnt of this stratagem from the Jews ofYathrith, and adopted it in AD 412.
Modern Electric Vehicle Technology
Authors: Chan C C , Chau K T
Published: November 2023

Modern Electric Vehicle Technology covers multidisciplinary aspects of electric vehicles (EVs), and is written for a wide coverage of readers including students, researchers, engineers and administrators. This book is probably the first comprehensive reference book on electric vehicles that includes the following distinct features; It concisely and precisely reviews the state of the art of EV technology and the historical development of EVs, presents the engineering philosophy of electric vehicles. Identifies new configurations, concepts and classifications of modern EV and hybrid EV (HEV) systems. Provides in-depth discussions on electric propulsion systems, emerging EV energy sources and latest EV auxiliaries. Presents the concept of system level simulation and a dedicated EV simulator for system optimisation. and discusses the key issues relating to commercialisation and implementation of EVs.
Anti-Viral Drug Therapy
Authors: Nowak Martin A , May Robert M
Published: November 2023

In January 1995, George Shaw from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and David Ho from the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York and their colleagues published two papers in the journal Nature, which hit the headlines more than any other AIDS-related paper in that year. Within a few months almost every HIV virology paper referred to the new findings, and by the end of the year, the papers had established a historical record: compared to all scientific papers ever published they received the largest number of citations in their first year of publication (about 500).
Emergence Of Drug Resistance
Authors: Nowak Martin A , May Robert M
Published: November 2023

As we have discussed in the previous chapter, anti-viral treatment of HIV-1 infection often fails because of the emergence of resistant virus. In single-drug treatment the virus population in a patient can be completely resistant within a few weeks of initiating therapy. Such treatment usually leads to a rapid, but short-lived decline in plasma virus load; after a few weeks the plasma virus load is back to its original pre-treatment level. Similarly there is an increase in the CD4 cell population followed by a return to baseline.
The Infinite Cosmos
Authors: Silk Joseph
Published: November 2023

From time immemorial, poets and philosophers have looked in awe and wonder at the Universe. Such awe is shared by astrophysicists, too, as they seek to understand its nature, and whether it has any limits. In The Infinite Cosmos, Joseph Silk, Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford University, cosmologist and well-known science writer, brings together the modern understanding of the Universe, its structure, its evolution, and its possible fate, combining the latest from theory and observation. The narrative is peppered with quotations from literature and philosophy, and reflects, too, on the process of scientific discovery, and the implications of our discoveries.
Isolated magnetic moments
Authors: Blundell Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the properties of isolated magnetic moments will be examined. At this stage, interactions between magnetic moments on different atoms, or between magnetic moments and their immediate environments, are ignored. All that remains is therefore just the physics of isolated atoms and their interaction with an applied magnetic field. Of course that doesn’t stop it being complicated, but the complications arise from the combinations of electrons in a given atom, not from the fact that in condensed matter there is a large number of atoms. Using this simplification, the large number of atoms merely leads to properties like the magnetic susceptibility containing a factor of n, the number of atoms per unit volume.
Competing interactions and low, dimensionality
Authors: Blundell Stephen
Published: November 2023

In some lattices it is not possible to satisfy all the interactions in the system to find the ground state. Often this leads to there being no single unique ground state but a variety of similar low energy states of the system in which the un happiness (by which I mean non-minimization of the energy) is shared around as much as possible. In this case the system is said to show frustration. As an example, consider the lattices in Fig. 8.1 in which only nearest-neighbour antiferromagnetic interactions operate.
Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics
Authors: Cheng Ta-pei , Li Ling-Ffong
Published: November 2023

Students of particle physics often find it difficult to locate resources to learn calculational techniques. Intermediate steps are not usually given in the research literature. To a certain extent, this is also the case even in some of the textbooks. In this book of worked problems we have made an effort to provide enough details so that a student starting in the field will understand the solution in each case. Our hope is that with this step-by-step guidance, students (after first attempting the solution themselves) can develop their skill, and confidence in their ability, to work out particle theory problems.
Field quantization
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei , Li Ling-Fong
Published: November 2023

To verify this relation diagrammatically we note that the first order in k diagrams for the two-point function are given in Fig. 1.7(a).
The parton model and scaling
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei , Li Ling-Fong
Published: November 2023

However, for light mass quarks in the long-distance range, perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is not applicable. Since the proton is not an isotopic singlet, there is really no reason to expect its quark sea to be symmetric with respect to the u and d quark distributions.
Topics in flavourdynamics
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei , Li Ling-Fong
Published: November 2023

Suppose the technifermion condensate breaks this symmetry down to SU(S)l
+r. Show that there are 60 new Goldstone bosons besides those which were removed by gauge bosons. Show that these Goldstone bosons will become massive if we turn on the gauge interaction.
Antioxidant intervention studies in humans
Authors: Patel Anushka , Keech Anthony
Published: November 2023

A great deal of interest has arisen as to the role of antioxidant vitamins in the development of atherosclerosis over the last two to three decades. From initial cross-sectional and case-control studies suggesting a protective effect of certain vitamins against vascular disease, considerable biological data has been produced which supports the concept in principle. Subsequently, much larger observational cohort studies have mostly supported similar findings that one or more of the vitamins said to function as antioxidants in man appear to be associated with less development of clinical atherosclerosis and, particularly, the development of coronary heart disease and stroke. Nevertheless, to date the large-scale randomized controlled trials designed to directly evaluate the benefits of chronic oral vitamin supplementation have been almost universally disappointing.
Oxidative stress and platelet function in atherosclerosis
Authors: Keaney John F , Freedman Jane E
Published: November 2023

Platelets are involved in all facets of atherosclerosis (Table 8.1). Beginning with the ‘response to injury’ hypothesis proposed by Ross et al.,(I) platelets, by virtue of their involvement in the healing response, have been implicated in atherogenesis. The role of platelets in atherosclerosis has since become more generalized and it is now recognized that platelets may support cellular cholesteryl ester accumulation as well as cellular proliferation. More recently, the role of platelets in atherosclerosis has focused on platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation as critically important components of clinical atherosclerotic disease. These latter features of platelet function are associated with considerable oxidative stress in the form of reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation. The purpose of this article will be to briefly review evidence implicating platelets in atherosclerosis and to discuss the role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in the modulation of platelet function.
Lymphocytes in atherogenesis
Authors: Daugherty Alan , Hansson G öran K
Published: November 2023

Atherosclerosis is increasingly described as an inflammatory disease. Many descriptions of the inflammatory nature of the disease process have focused on the role of innate immunity through infiltration of macrophages. However, while it has been known for many years that lymphocytes are present within lesions, only recently has there been a wider appreciation for a role of adaptive immunity in the atherogenic process. This recognition is largely based on the presence of activated lymphocytes within lesions that penetrate the vasculature at all stages of the atherogenic process.
Protein oxidation in atherogenesis
Authors: Fu Shaniin , Dean Roger T , Davies Michael J , Heinecke Jay W
Published: November 2023

Protein oxidation by free radicals and other oxidants has been studied since the beginning of the twentieth century (Ref. (1), reviewed in Ref. (2)). Because of constraints on space and numbers of references, we largely reference substantial review articles and the sole monograph available on protein oxidation, and concentrate on primary references pertaining to the central area of protein oxidation in atherosclerosis.
Plaque rupture and its consequences
Authors: Tofler Geoffrey H , Kelly David T
Published: November 2023

Plaque disruption and subsequent arterial thrombosis are now recognized as critical to the onset of acute coronary syndromes. Factors increasing the likelihood of a thrombotic coronary occlusion include: a plaque that is vulnerable to disruption, acute physiologic changes that induce plaque disruption, and finally a relatively hypercoagulable state and heightened vasomotor tone to promote complete lumen occlusion by thrombus.
Likelihood Methods in Statistics
Authors: Severini Thomas A
Published: November 2023

This book provides an introduction to the modern theory of likelihood-based statistical inference. This theory is characterized by several important features. One is the recognition that it is desirable to condition on relevant ancillary statistics. Another is that probability approximations are based on saddlepoint and closely related approximations that generally have very high accuracy. A third aspect is that, for models with nuisance parameters, inference is often based on marginal or conditional likelihoods, or approximations to these likelihoods. These methods have been shown often to yield substantial improvements over classical methods. The book also provides an up-to-date account of recent results in the field, which has been undergoing rapid development.
Inbreeding versus outbreeding in captive and wild populations of naked mole-rats
Authors: O’Riain M Justin , Braude Stanton
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review the evidence for inbreeding versus outbreeding as the principal mating strategy in both captive and wild colonies of naked mole-rats. The naked mole-rat is a cooperatively breeding mammal occurring in large colonies with non-breeding individuals working on behalf of a fecund minority. Evidence from preliminary genetic studies and laboratory observations suggests that these rodents routinely inbreed, with new colonies forming through fission of the parent colony.
Multiple causes of the evolution of dispersal
Authors: Gandon Sylvain , Michalakis Yannis
Published: November 2023

Dispersal evolves under the action of opposing forces. Some factors, like the cost of dispersal, select against dispersal. Several other factors, however, select for dispersal. In this chapter we focus on three main factors: (1) the temporal variability of the environment will often select for dispersal; (2) dispersal may also be adaptive if it reduces competition between relatives; and (3) dispersal may represent a way to escape the cost of inbreeding.
The effects of predation on dispersal
Authors: Weisser Wolfgang W
Published: November 2023

Predation interacts with the dispersal process in a number of ways. In this chapter I discuss the evolutionary consequences of predation for dispersal in plant-herbivore and animal predator¬ prey systems. Predation is shown to have three main effects on the dispersal process. First, predation influences whether an individual leaves its natal population, either because predators or herbivores transport the individual to a new habitat, or because dispersal serves as an adaptation to escape from predation risks.
Introduction
Authors: Dove Martin T
Published: November 2023

One of the central themes of this book is the way that macroscopic properties of solids, whether physical or thermodynamic, are linked to the underlying arrangement of atoms and the forces between the atoms. Several of the physics aspects of these relationships can be appreciated from simple observations of crystals, which we consider in this opening chapter.One of the most important physics principles that will emerge from our survey of simple observations is the role of symmetry. We will find throughout this book that symmetry underpins the form of many physical properties. The observations of thermodynamic properties will point to the important role of quantum mechanics, particularly as applied to the dynamics of the atoms within crystals. A third important feature is that of length scales. Simple observations allow us to appreciate that the forces between crystals operate over a much shorter length scale than the properties they determine. The interplay between different length scales is an important aspect of the physics of solids.
The Storm-tossed Soul
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

So why should I want anything to do with [manic depressive j illness? Depressed, I have crawled on my hands and knees in order to get across a room, and have done it for month after month. But, normal or manic, I have lived faster than most I know. And I think much of this is related to my illness-the intensity it gives to things and the perspective it forces on me. I think it has made me test the limits of my mind … always, there were those new corners ….
The Lunatic, the Lover, and the Poet
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

I am, indeed, every day of my yet spared life, more and more grateful that my mind is capable of imaginative vision, and liable to the noble dangers of delusion which separate the speculative intellect of humanity from the dreamless instinct of brutes.
Civilization and its discontents
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

In the course of this book, I have argued that madness is not a mere aberration caused by some nasty quirk of current socio-economic or environmental conditions. Instead, the capacity for madness is a fundamental part of human nature. It is inherent in our psychological make-up, and preserved in the gene pool of our species, and for good reason. It is pre served because the very traits that make madness possible also underlie one of the things that we as humans most value, namely enhanced creativity. If this thesis, which we can call the genetic-creativity argument, is correct, then we should expect psychoticism to occur with roughly the same distribution in all populations. This is because it is assumed to be very deep in the human genetic lineage, and the genetic variants underlying it are assumed to have reached their equilibrium frequency. We might thus predict that the rates of psychosis will be about the same in all places and at all times. This chapter examines whether this is the case, and if not, why not, and what it means for the genetic-creativity argument.
Bose–Einstein condensates
Authors: Annett James F
Published: November 2023

Superconductivity, superfluidity, and Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) are among the most fascinating phenomena in nature. Their strange and often surprising properties are direct consequences of quantum mechanics. This is why they only occur at low temperatures, and it is very difficult (but hopefully not impossible!) to find a room temperature superconductor. But, while most other quantum effects only appear in matter on the atomic or subatomic scale, superfluids and superconductors show the effects of quantum mechanics acting on the bulk properties of matter on a large scale. In essence they are macroscopic quantum phenomena.
Caudata
Authors: Lever Christopher
Published: November 2023

‘Specimens of this species have been collected in Taiwan in recent years (L. L. Severinghaus and K-Y Luc, pers. comm.). Whether it is native to Taiwan cannot yet be determined since it is known that Taiwanese pet shops and restaurants import them from the mainland’ (Zhao and Adler 1993).
Hermitian geometry
Authors: Salamon Simon M
Published: November 2023

These notes are based on graduate courses given by the author in 1998 and 1999. The main idea was to introduce a number of aspects of the theory of complex and symplectic structures that depend on the existence of a compatible Riemannian metric. The present notes deal mostly with the complex case, and are designed to introduce a selection of topics and examples in differential geometry, accessible to anyone with an acquaintance of the definitions of smooth manifolds and vector bundles.
Bird Migration
Authors: Berthold Peter
Published: November 2023

The question of how birds migrate over enormous distances with apparently minimal guidance continues to excite both professional and amateur ornithologists. Nearly ten years have elapsed since Peter Berthold, a leading researcher in the field, wrote the first edition of this highly readable and fascinating book. During that time the field has advanced by strides, so that this new edition has been extensively revised, expanded, and updated. No other book exists that brings together the vast amount of information that is available on the subject of bird migration, so that the book will be an inspiration to birdwatchers, naturalists, and ornithologists alike.
Fred Hoyle’s Universe
Authors: Gregory Jane
Published: November 2023

Fred Hoyle was one of the most widely acclaimed and colourful scientists of the twentieth century, a down-to-earth Yorkshireman who combined a brilliant scientific mind with a relish for communication and controversy. Best known for his steady-state theory of cosmology, he described a universe with both an infinite past and an infinite future. He coined the phrase ‘big bang ‘ to describe the main competing theory, and sustained a long-running, sometimes ill-tempered, and typically public debate with his scientific rivals. He showed how the elements are formed by nuclear reactions inside stars, and explained how we are therefore all formed from stardust. He also claimed that diseases fall from the sky, attacked Darwinism, and branded the famous fossil of the feathered Archaeopteryx a fake. Throughout his career, Hoyle played a major role in the popularization of science. Through his radio broadcasts and his highly successful science fiction novels he became a household name, though his outspokenness and support for increasingly outlandish causes later in life at times antagonized the scientific community. Jane Gregory builds up a vivid picture of Hoyle ‘s role in the ideas, the organization, and the popularization of astronomy in post-war Britain, and provides a fascinating examination of the relationship between a maverick scientist, the scientific establishment, and the public. Through the life of Hoyle, this book chronicles the triumphs, jealousies, rewards, and feuds of a rapidly developing scientific field, in a narrative animated by a cast of colourful astronomers, keeping secrets, losing their tempers, and building their careers here on Earth while contemplating the nature of the stars.
Contributions of Ascending Thalamic and Local Intracortical Connections to Visual Cortical Function
Authors: Dragoi Valentin , Rivadulla Casto , Sur Mriganka
Published: November 2023

The emergent properties of visual cortical networks arise from specific features of the cortical circuitry. A mechanistic description of how response properties arise in networks of cortical neurons is central to understanding information processing by the visual cortex. Primary visual cortical (V1) neurons receive their major input through thalamocortical or feedforward excitatory connections, with a role for local recurrent networks and of long-range connections in modulating neuronal responses in different layers of the cortex. We have examined mechanisms underlying three types of emergent responses that are created in V1 of cats—orientation selectivity, direction selectivity and spatial phase invariance—using selective blockade of neurotransmitter systems and selective inactivation of neurons by stimulus-induced adaptation.
Dissecting the Organization of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits for Skilled Limb Movement Control in Development and Maturity with Reversible Inactivation
Authors: Martin John H , Ghez Claude
Published: November 2023

Production of even the simplest movement recruits into action the multiple components of the supraspinal motor systems, including many cortical areas and subcortical motor nuclei, as well as the various descending motor pathways. The task of elucidating the contributions of the different components of the motor systems is complex. Knowledge of the anatomical organization of neural systems has traditionally provided important insights into function. Numerous anatomical studies in mature animals have shown a high degree of connectional specificity within the motor systems. However, the connections of the components of the motor systems are not sufficiently distinct from one another to provide clear insight into their particular roles in limb movement control or posture. For example, several frontal premotor areas each have direct spinal projections to the intermediate zone and ventral horn (He et al. 1993). On the basis of termination patterns this information provides little insight into the particular sets of function of one area compared with another, apart from a role in limb or trunk control.
Metamodal Cortical Processing in the Occipital Cortex of Blind and Sighted Subjects
Authors: Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Hamilton Roy H
Published: November 2023

We perceive the world by means of an elaborate set of distinct modality-specific receptor systems that feed into the myriad networks of the cerebral cortex. It is the distinctness of these sensory channels that enables us to experience sensations that are uniquely unimodal. The acquisition of information in separate modalities, however, also allows us to process the different elements of sensation in parallel in order to form a unitary multimodal percept. Moreover, information garnered by means of one sense impinges upon, enhances, and alters information acquired via others (Stein and Meredith 1993). Well known perceptual phenomena demonstrate that we are constantly integrating information from different modalities to form richer multisensory experiences. The “ventriloquism effect,” for example, refers broadly to the phenomenon by which individuals form intersensory associations between auditory and visual information (Howard and Templeton 1966). In a similar fashion, the “McGurk effect” refers to a remarkable perceptual illusion in which auditory perception of speech sounds influences visual perception of spoken speech, and vice versa (McGurk and MacDonald 1976).
Earth History, Disease, and the Evolution of Primates
Authors: Martin Larry D
Published: November 2023

Recent theoretical work on the population ecology of emergent diseases provides a model for understand ing disease in the context of earth history. As world climates change, ecologies are modified as are the parameters governing the origin and spread of new categories of sickness. Human disease is the end product of numerous evolutionary modifications and can best be understood within a historical context. It is through understanding this historical context that we may isolate and modify our own cultural contribution to emerging diseases. The extinction at the end of the Cretaceous provides a baseline for the discussion of disease origin, and the climatic and evolutionary events that follow suggest a probable sequence of emergence. Eventually, humans through domestication formed symbiotic relationships with plants and animals that opened up new avenues for the emergence and spread of disease. In spite of the advances of modem medicine, the potential disease load of any human population is probably much greater now than at any time in the past.