bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demography, Perceived Risks, Desired Benefits, And Saving Behavior Of Thai Consumers
Authors: Termprasertsakul Santi , Kulsiri Panid
Published: March 2016

This study aims to explore the associations between the saving behavior of Thai individuals and variables, including demography, perceived risks, and desired benefits. The sample composed of 167 individuals in Bangkok. The data were collected by utilizing self-administered questionnaires in a survey. The findings demonstrate that most of the respondents chose to save in terms of depositing money with banks followed by self cash keeping. The saving behavior is associated with demographic variables (except gender) and the perception of saving instrument risks. The desired benefits in terms of profit making had association with the saving behavior.
An Investigation Of Country-Of-Origin Effect On The International Marketing Of Star Lager Brand In The Great Lakes States Market Area Of The United States
Authors: Mbah Chris , Ogbuehi Alphonso , Enyinda Chris
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate consumer preference for the place of origin, and its potential effect on the internationalization of the Star lager brand. It is pertinent to fully explore and understand the role of consumer stereotyping associated with the Star brand in order to craft a more appropriate international marketing strategy for the selected market area. While the study provided in-depth insights into consumer perception of imported Star lager brand using the country-of-origin (COO) theme, results were mixed but mainly favorable. When compared with other leading international brands, however, the Star lager brand attained less consumer favorable perception and preference.
Competitiveness In A Post Sarbanes-Oxley Economy And Its Impact On Small And Mid-Size Companies
Authors: Samuel Martin , Sabot David , DelPiano Peter
Published: March 2016

With the increase in the number of people who had a stake in the Stock market coupled with 9/11 and Enron (which created a climate of uncertainty); a need was created for more assurance in the Stock market. Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) was created to answer the need for accuracy and reliability of financial reporting. SOX imposed unprecedented close government oversight of publicly traded companies through rigid internal control of corporate processes.
The Effectiveness Of The Auditing Standards To Detect Fraudulent Financial Reporting Activities In Financial Statement Audits In Malaysia
Authors: Moyes Glen D. , Din Hesri Faizal Mohamed , Omar Normah H.
Published: March 2016

In identifying relevant red flags to be used to detect possible fraud in financial statements, this study adopts the International Auditing Standard AI240 and adapts the US-based Statement of Auditing Standard No 99 (SAS 99). Both SAS 99 and AI240 classify the red flags into three categories: Opportunity, Pressure, and Rationalization. Opportunity Red Flags are found in situations that are ideal for people to commit fraud more easily due to ineffective internal controls, inadequate supervision or managers overriding internal controls. Pressure Red Flags are circumstances in which people have a financial incentive to commit fraud such as falsely overstating sales or profits to receive their bonuses or exerting pressure on managers to reduce actual expenses to be under budgeted costs. Rationalization Red Flags are situations where people have certain traits and abilities to commit fraud and justify it with false reasons which they believe are true. A Red Flag Questionnaire which contains 15 demographic multiple choice questions, followed by a five-point Likert scale with questions for 14 Opportunity Red Flags, 15 Pressure Red Flags and 11 Rationalization Red Flags was developed and distributed to three groups of auditors: External, internal and governmental. The study indicates the direct or inverse relationships between each demographic factor and each red flag. These relationships were identified by using multiple regression models. Three types of relationships are possible: direct, inverse and no relationship. These three types of relationships are as follows: (1) the relationship between the level of fraud-detecting effectiveness of each Opportunity Red Flag and each demographic factor, (2) the relationship between the level of fraud-detecting effectiveness of each Pressure Red Flag and each demographic factor, and (3) the relationship between the level of fraud-detecting effectiveness of each Rationalization Red Flag and each demographic factor. These relationships indicate which specific professional demographic factors are more likely associated with more effective fraud-detecting red flags. In contrast, other relationships also indicate which specific demographic factors are more likely associated with less effective fraud-detecting red flags. In conclusion, this research project should be conducted in other countries, so the result from one country can be compared to the results from other countries. Some results may vary between developed countries and developing countries. The learning curve or the period of time necessary for auditors to learn how to use red flags and then interpret the findings may also explain differences in the results between countries. This study may enhance the auditors understanding of the different levels of fraud-detecting effectiveness of red flags as well as when the auditors may benefit from using them in financial statement audits.
The U.S. Economic Downturn And The Euro-Dollar Exchange Rates
Authors: Shahrestani Hamid , Anaraki Nahid Kalbasi , Ghaffari Farhad
Published: March 2016

In this article, we test the forecasting performance of empirical exchange rate models to assess in-and out-of-sample fits. The recent U.S. economic downturn has induced the Federal Reserve to decrease the federal fund rate (FFR) regularly, which has further weakened the dollar against major currencies, particularly the euro. To overcome the economic recession, the European Central Bank has also followed this trend by lowering the Euribor. Therefore, the parity power of these two currencies is basically affected by the reaction of European Central Bank against the Federal Reserve. By using the generalized method of moments (GMM), we attempt to predict the behavior of the euro-dollar exchange rates according to various empirical models. Based on different criteria which includes the root mean squared error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), the Theil coefficient, and variance proportion, our results suggest that the interest rate parity model can predict the euro-dollar exchange rate more accurately than other structural models including a random walk, which alters the results of Meese and Rogoffs work.
The Effects Of Customer Dissatisfaction On Switching Behavior In The Service Sector
Authors: Cho Yoon C. , Song Juyeon
Published: March 2016

Customer acceptance in the online environment has been drastically changed due to the presence of the Internet. After adopting products, customers willingness to adopt services in the online environment has received increased attention. This study explores how customers are willing to switch from offline to online services by examining i) the factors of dissatisfaction in the offline service environment; ii) how overall dissatisfaction affects regret and complaining behavior; and iii) how the level of regret and complaining behavior affects switching behavior. Proposed relationships are developed based on the theoretical background of satisfaction/dissatisfaction in the virtualized environment. By applying various statistical analyses, this study identifies managerial and theoretical implications and offers suggestions for the management of e-business customer relationships.
Internal Controls For The Income Producing Real Estate Industry
Authors: Kizirian Tim , Heinze Tim , Leese Wallace , Nissan Samir , Pobloske Paule
Published: March 2016

The current paper focuses on internal controls in the income producing real estate industry. The industry is unique in that most revenue is generated from contractual lease agreements. Since the revenue cycle is a principal area of waste, fraud and abuse, revenue-related internal controls are critical. An industry-specific list of controls is presented and can be used by accounting professionals and managers of income producing real estate firms to benchmark the appropriateness and sufficiency of their own internal controls. The paper can also be used in training settings to demonstrate the manner in which internal controls are often industry-specific.
The Differential Roles Of Product Brand Image And Store Brand Image In Retail Loyalty: A Self-Concept Image Congruity Perspective
Authors: Rocereto Joseph F. , Mosca Joseph B.
Published: March 2016

The effects of self-concept congruity constructs on retail loyalty have received various attentions in the marketing literature. However, to date, few studies have simultaneously investigated the differential roles of product brand image congruity and store brand image congruity in the creation of retail loyalty between different retail store types. To address this gap, two empirical models are proposed and tested to assess the differential effects of these congruity constructs under the context of two different types of retail stores (i.e., The Gap, Macys). Results show that, for retailers who predominately carry merely their own store-brand named products (i.e., The Gap), product brand image congruity plays a central role in the creation of retail loyalty. However, for retailers that offer a wide array of manufacturer named products (i.e., Macys), findings indicate that both congruity constructs, particularly store brand image congruity, serve significant roles in the creation of retail loyalty. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Inflation Expectations, Business Taxation And The Incentive To Invest In Depreciable Capital Goods
Authors: Mantell Edmund H.
Published: March 2016

A parochial issue in business taxation - one which was discussed vigorously during the U.S. 2007-2009 economic contraction is the issue of how corporate Federal income tax policy affects incentives for businesses to undertake new investments in capital goods. This paper focuses on the question of how the tax treatment of depreciation affects the incentives of business to invest in capital goods when businesses (rightly or wrongly) expect significant inflation during the depreciable life of the investment. An innovative idea of adjusting the system of tax depreciation for inflation is to allow an immediate deduction for the present value of the future economic depreciation that firms could claim if there were zero inflation. No adjustment for inflation would ever be needed because the depreciation charge would be taken in the same year in which the asset was purchased. The result of this approach is consistent with the result for inflation-adjusted historical cost depreciation because gains from changes in the relative prices of depreciable assets would be included in income.
The Turn-Of-The-Month Effect In The S&P 500 (2001-2011)
Authors: Liu Lan
Published: March 2016

This paper investigates if theturn-of-the-month effect exists in the broad US equity market from January 2001to December 2011 and if applying the knowledge of the turn-of-the-montheffect to move the dates of investment without engaging active tradingstrategies can improve the investment performance during the same period oftime. We find that the turn-of-the-month effect still exists, but its occurrencehas moved to earlier dates. We also find that investment made on days beforethe turn-of-the-month performs better than those made during theturn-of-the-month. Simple time diversification strategy of spreading investmentthroughout the month, which doesnt require a perfect foresight, is also foundto generate a better performance.
Exploring The Relationship Between Accounting Professionals And Small And Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
Authors: Banham Heather , He Yunke
Published: March 2016

This study explores the relationship between SMEs and professional accountants and the expectations that they hold for each other. The findings show that SMEs use a combination of insourcing and outsourcing to meet their accounting needs; however, how to balance the two is a very important decision making issue. SMEs frequent reliance on external accountants extends well beyond the normal scope of accounting into other aspects of business administration. The study has important implications for growth and survival of professional accounting firms, education providers, and SMEs.
The Economic Impact Of Sports And Sporting Events On The Charlotte Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Economy
Authors: Connaughton John E. , Swartz Caroline
Published: March 2016

The sports economy in the Charlotte MSA has grown dramatically in the past twenty-five years. In 1980, attendance was less than 500,000 and total revenue was less than $15 million. In 2011, Charlotte hosted a National Basketball team, a National Football team, two major NASCAR Cup events, several college teams, and a number of other important events. This study calculated the economic impact of sports and sports events in the Charlotte MSA in 2011. NAICS data cannot be readily recast to isolate the sports industry, so this study used primary and secondary data. The data were divided into four categories: Professional and College Sports TeamsSpecial Events (PGA, NASCAR, etc.)Major Amateur and Youth Events (including TEAM Charlotte Swimming, BASS/ESPN Outdoors)Sports Video and Media Productions Once data on the direct output from sporting activities are assembled, the IMPLAN 382 by 382 multiplier matrix was used to calculate the indirect effects and the induced effects of the sporting activities and the employment supported by the estimated economic activity. In 2011, sports and sporting events contributed over $1 billion directly to the regional economy and a total of more than $2 billion when indirect and induced effects are considered. The direct effect amounts to 0.7 percent of the MSA GDP and the total effect is 1.7 percent. This economic contribution supports nearly 14,000 jobs directly and more than 23,000 when indirect and induced effects are taken into account. This corresponds to 0.6 percent and 0.8 percent of total employment, respectively.
Earnings Management: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Laux Judith A.
Published: March 2016

This study looks at some of the recent literature on quality of earnings and earnings management and debates the propositions that earnings management (1) is not new, (2) is an expected outcome of a GAAP approach to accounting, and (3) is not necessarily detrimental to efficient capital markets. It also offers suggestions for using earnings management in a positive fashion to influence the future of the profession.
The Cycles Of The Accounting Cycle
Authors: Rude John A.
Published: March 2016

Early in the first course in financial accounting, students learn the accounting cycle.  The accounting cycle is very simple.  It is just a list of the basic actions of accountants that lead to the financial statements.  However, students beginning the study of accounting seem to find it difficult to understand and remember.  I believe the difficulty stems from the way is which the accounting cycle is presented in accounting texts.  In this paper, I reviewed principles of accounting and financial accounting texts and some intermediate accounting texts to summarize the way the accounting cycle is currently presented.  I then proposed a method of teaching the accounting cycle that focuses on the substance of the steps, not just their form. I further proposed that this method be used as a framework to teach many of the subjects in financial accounting.  Lastly, I surveyed accounting students regarding the presentation of the accounting cycle.  The results have been very favorable.
The Macroeconomic Effects Of 9/11
Authors: Andreopoulos Giuliana Campanelli , Panayides Alexandros
Published: March 2016

There has been an extensive discussion on the effects of the September 11 terrorist attacks.  The economic literature on this issue appears to be unsatisfactory. In particular it shows three main shortcomings: it provides very different estimations of the costs, does not consider properly the macroeconomic implications, and it is fragmentary. The scope of this paper is to address some of these shortcomings. For this purpose, we will discuss the economic costs of the attacks and will provide a theoretical framework to illustrate and explain its macroeconomic effects.
Option Pricing And Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Jabbour George M. , Liu Yi-Kang
Published: March 2016

The advantage of Monte Carlo simulations is attributed to the flexibility of their implementation. In spite of their prevalence in finance, we address their efficiency and accuracy in option pricing from the perspective of variance reduction and price convergence. We demonstrate that increasing the number of paths in simulations will increase computational efficiency. Moreover, using a t-test, we examine the significance of price convergence, measured as the difference between sample means of option prices. Overall, our illustrative results show that the Monte Carlo simulation prices are not statistically different from the Black-Scholes type closed-form solution prices.
Advanced Healthcare: A Look At The Current Online Trends
Authors: Erdem S. Altan , Love Dianne
Published: March 2016

Since it took a while to recognize the significance of marketing in the field of healthcare, one could have doubts when it comes to the use of the Internet in healthcare marketing.  Yet, the growing use of the Internet in healthcare supports the notion that the Internet is probably the most powerful vehicle for distributing health information to millions of individuals and it is one of the best marketing tools in this field.  Accordingly, we are now witnessing so many practices that we can safely assume that it is now the time for e-commerce in healthcare industry.  While this may be true for many, there are also some who are concerned about using the online options in the field of healthcare.  Since these concerns are mostly about the questionable accuracy of the “health” information on the net, they are rather serious and deserve an in-depth look.  This paper reviews some of the current practices in the field and provides some examples of “good” and “not-so-good” online options.  It is hoped that the review of these examples will result in similar inquiries in the future and as these “not-so-good” options are exposed more, they will eventually be replaced with the “good” ones.
Monitoring Regional Economies With Synthetic Indicators
Authors: Mondéjar-Jiménez José
Published: March 2016

The way regional economies change is an increasingly evident concern in developed economies. To meet this need for quantitative analysis of the economic situation, the starting point is analysis of a series of simple indicators in order to learn about the regional economies. But this provides a view of the particular sector described by the indicator used, not an overall view of the economy. For this reason, it becomes necessary to prepare a synthetic regional indicator showing the growth of a particular region with the as little delay and error as possible. For this purpose, the basic economic indicators need to be chosen and the relevant information extracted from them, and they need to be aggregated in such a way as to produce a synthetic indicator summarizing the features common to them all. This study explains the main procedures and techniques for the preparation of traditional synthetic indicators, and their empirical application to the autonomous region of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
Analysts Earnings Forecast Accuracy And Activity: A Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Myring Mark , Wrege William
Published: March 2016

We examine time-series variations in the accuracy of analysts’ earnings forecasts and analyst-specific factors that may explain these variations.  Our analysis shows that the accuracy of analysts’ annual earnings forecast accuracy has increased over our sample period (1984-2006).  In addition, forecasts have become more timely and frequent and analysts tend to issue forecasts for more consecutive years before being replaced.  We also find evidence that analysts issue forecasts for fewer companies per year and have a greater degree of industry-specific specialization.  Results of our analysis suggest that changes in analyst-specific characteristics have enhanced analysts’ ability to make accurate forecasts.
Assessing Customers Attitudes/Expectations Toward Online Grocery Businesses
Authors: Cho Yoon C.
Published: March 2016

Customer attitudes toward online purchasing behavior have relied on various factors, such as product category, price, and brand name awareness of the store. Customer attitudes toward online shopping are also greatly affected by the inherent limitation of virtual shopping: quality is not easily judged on the Web, particularly for products which the Web cannot deliver sensory experiences. The purpose of this study is to examine customer attitudes toward an online store that sells “look-and-feel” products with various qualities[1] that appear to grow and receive increased attention. In particular, the author investigated i) the factors affecting customer attitudes toward the online grocery store; ii) how those factors affected the perceived ease of use (EOU) and usefulness (U); and iii) the effects of the perceived ease of use (EOU) and usefulness (U) on overall expected customer satisfaction toward the online grocery store. Surveys were conducted and the major findings suggest that customers’ purchase decisions in the electronic marketplace are affected by how online stores apply strategies to maximize customer satisfaction. Furthermore, this study provides managerial implications and offers suggestions for e-businesses.
The Study On The Effects Of Organizational Members Job Burnout
Authors: Kwag Seon-Hwa , Kim Mi-Hee
Published: March 2016

The rapidity with which the concept of job burnout has been incorporated into everyone's life is astonishing. During the two decades, many organizational members had been experienced job stresses. Because of chromic job stresses, they have fallen into job burnout. Generally speaking, Job burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, and is defined by the three dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. But there are not enough studies about a profession outside human service. In this point of view, this study examines the effect of organizational member's job burnout on job performance and what are the major antecedents of job burnout. Also the present study is designed to test the moderating effect of supervisor's support, job discretion, and self-esteem on relationship between role overload and role conflict and members' job burnout.   The purposes of this study are as follows;  First of all, this study purposed to examine the factors which affect the organizational members’ job burnout.  Secondly, this study was to examine the effect of the members' job burnout on job performance. Thirdly, this study aimed to test moderating effect of supervisor's support, job discretion, and self-esteem on relationship between role overload and role conflict and the members' job burnout.  For the practical analysis, 100 structured questionnaires were distributed to Korean employees in Korean employees in Busan, and Gyeongnam, Korea. 100 questionnaires were distributed and 100 were returned. However, 3 questionnaires out of those returned were considered to be statistically valueless for analysis since some questions were left unanswered and some were clearly biased. Therefore, a total of 97 questionnaires were used for analysis. The collected data has been analyzed by using SPSS 12.0 for windows. The statistical techniques used in this study were descriptive analysis, reliability test, factor analysis, discriminate analysis, correlation analysis, multi regression analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis.  The major findings of the study are as follows;  First of all, role overload and role conflict are shown to be the major antecedents of job burnout, particularly of the exhaustion and disengagement components. Secondly, the disengagement of job burnout was related to lower levels of job performance.  Thirdly, moderating effect of supervisor's support on the relationship between role overload and the members of exhaustion was statistically significant. But moderating effect of job performance and self-esteem was not significant.
Investment Strategies For Tax Diversification: Dont Put All Your Eggs In One Tax Basket
Authors: Ashby J. David , Williams Darla G. , Stinson Terrye A.
Published: March 2016

Traditional analysis on the use of Roth accounts often focuses on the expectations of tax rates in the future. However, tax diversification into tax-free accounts such as the Roth accounts may make sense independent of expectations regarding future tax rates. This is due to the taxation of Social Security benefits and the laws relating to required minimum distributions for traditional retirement accounts. Many taxpayers may find their overall income tax burden lighter in the retirement years by making use of taxable, tax deferred and tax-free investment accounts.
Fair Value Accounting Fact Or Fancy?
Authors: Wagner Andrew , Garner Don
Published: March 2016

Accounting methods had used historical costs prior to FAS 115 and FAS 157. For financial intermediaries in particular, fair value accounting (FVA) has replaced verifiable historical costs with market valuations that, for illiquid assets, rely on assumptions and are not a priori verifiable. The effect of using these relatively new financial accounting standards has been to convert the valuation basis from historical costs accounting to fair value accounting. The recent literature seems to indicate that the current guideline about fair value accounting may be appropriate in certain cases; but in many cases, it does not appear so. Nevertheless, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) are, apparently, maintaining their current directives for accounting valuation. The Enron case clearly showed that FVA aided the firm in misstating income statements and balance sheets. Given the accounting literature on the subject, the use of FVA also appears to have contributed to the liquidity crisis of 2008 in a negative way in that (1) the use of FVA combined with mandatory capital adequacy requirement introduced a negative feedback mechanism which caused asset prices to fall more than they otherwise would have, and (2) the use of FVA seems to have caused a lack of confidence in valuations reported on banks’ financial reports. This paper will examine the problems inherent in the replacement of historical cost accounting with fair value accounting, with particular focus on the veracity and verifiability of FVA numbers. Our result indicates that accounting methods cannot possibly be responsible for various valuation models, particularly with respect to certain derivative contracts, such as energy swaps and credit default swaps which cannot be replicated in practice.
Whos Running Corporate America? A Study Of S&P 500 CEOs In 2005
Authors: Howard Bruce
Published: March 2016

Spencer Stuart Research & Insight is one of the world’s leading executive search consulting firms.  The firm was founded in 1956, is privately owned and operates 50 offices in 26 countries around the world.  Clients range across industries and size from start-ups to the world largest firms. Spencer Stuart gathered and published raw data on the educational backgrounds of CEO’s of S&P 500 companies in 2005. (See spencerstuart.com/research/articles/936)  This paper draws on that data and compiles it in summary fashion to provide an overview of the persons serving in the role of CEO of S&P 500 corporations.  Particular attention is given to the educational background of the CEO’s.
The Mortgage Crisis: Government Intervention And Debtors Options
Authors: Shetty Anand , Kroleski Steven L.
Published: March 2016

The real estate market crash was a major contributor in creating the dismal global economic situation. The paper reviews the options of the homeowners in debt and the government’s actions to stimulate the real estate market.
Measuring The Usefulness Of Information For Investors Inferences: The Case Of Quarterly Earnings Announcements
Authors: Chiang C. Catherine , Mensah Yaw M.
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we propose a new method for assessing the usefulness of information, its inferential value. In the context of accounting and finance, we define the inferential value of information about a firm as how efficaciously the information enables investors to draw correct inferences regarding its future financial performance. On the basis of this definition, we develop a stylized model to measure the proximity of a firm’s future realized rates of return to the estimated rates of return implied by its current stock price. We then use the new measure to test the hypothesis that quarterly earnings announcements have a higher inferential value than other information arriving during interim (non-earnings announcement) periods. Our empirical findings suggest that investors are able to make more informative inferences about a firm’s future profitability based on quarterly earnings announcement than based on information available during interim periods. However, our findings also suggest that, in general, investors do not correctly anticipate future losses. Finally, we find that earnings announcements are as important in anticipating future profitability for larger firms as they are for smaller firms.
Assessing Customer Satisfaction And Acceptance On Perishable Goods In The Telepresent Environments
Authors: Cho Yoon C.
Published: March 2016

Customer satisfaction and willingness to purchase a product in the telepresent environment varies based on how attributes of the products are easily determined. Considering the impact of the telepresent, this study explored factors that affect customer satisfaction and willingness to adopt perishable goods. This study also considered customer satisfaction and willingness to purchase products based on their previous experiences with online or other interactive home shopping wherein they encountered limitations in delivery of certain features or product attributes. The purpose of this study is to examine factors that affect customer satisfaction and willingness to purchase perishable goods in the online environment and how experiences with sensory goods (besides perishable goods) from online and other interactive home shopping channels affect satisfaction and willingness to purchase perishable goods. Surveys were conducted and statistical analyses, such as factor, regression, ANOVA, and ANCOVA, were applied to investigate the findings. Further, this study provides managerial and theoretical implications and offers suggestions for e-businesses.
Derivatives Usage: Value-Adding Or Destroying?
Authors: Naito John , Laux Judy
Published: March 2016

The following article tests the wealth-building nature of derivatives usage in non-financial firms. Investigating 434 firms and employing univariate and multivariate tests, it uses both the fair values and notional values of firms derivatives contracts to determine whether derivatives usage enhances or destroys firm value.
Bank Deregulation, Asset Concentration And Safety & Soundness Of Banking Industry
Authors: Zhou Dan , Shakoori Ken
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we examine the pattern of asset concentration among 900 largest bank holding companies in the United States during 1986-2008. The entropy coefficient is used as a measure of concentration because it is said to be theoretically sound and superior to other models due to its decomposition properties (Theil, 1972). Decomposing 900 bank holding companies in nine 100-subgroups and testing the within-set and between-set concentration of total assets and selected groups of individual assets revealed that the bottom 850 bank holding companies did not exhibit a noticeable change in asset concentration. However, a significant concentration of assets took place among the top 50 bank holding companies. The result of this study, in light of the recent financial turmoil that showed the largest bank holding companies (i.e., Bank of America, Citicorp, etc.) systematic risk exceeded their ability to remain solvent, has significant policy implication (i.e., bail out the largest bank under the too-big to-fail doctrine).
The Impact Of Rome I Regulatıon In Albanıan Prıvate Internatıonal Law
Authors: Mucmataj Ilda
Published: March 2016

In terms of globalization, the economic activities have overcome national boundaries of states. So due to people’s mobility and their frequent relations in private field, the number of private international actions has increased as well, and gives in this way the importance of private international law. The conflict of law rules in the national law were not unaffected by European integration. So, the developments that took place in the European Union in the field of private international law over the past years had a large impact on the national conflict of laws rules in Albania, especially on the conflict of laws rules of certain specific areas of law. The aim of this article is to analyze the interaction between European Union law and the Albanian conflict of laws rules in the area of contractual obligations. So on one hand, I have presented a general analysis on the main provisions of the EC Regulation No. 593/2008 of The European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the Law applicable to contractual obligations, known as (Rome I), as the role of the European Union is becoming increasingly active in PIL. While, on the other hand I have presented a short introduction of the historical development of APIL and its characteristics and then I have given a comparative view of Albanian Private international Law relating to the contractual obligations with the focus on party autonomy provisions. The article concludes with a short conclusion.
Euro-Med And Intercultural Management
Authors: Atala Issam
Published: March 2016

As technological inventions and innovations are bewildering the human mind, destroying barriers between peoples, cultures, time and space, globalization trends are sweeping civilizations, nations, nationalisms and other ethnic narrow circles. The winds of human revolutions overwhelm governments, leaders and citizens in pursuit of a better world, based on human freedoms and rights, economic well-being, peace and sustainable ecosystem. This positive cultural change is subjected to many obstacles and much dichotomy, whereby some do promote a negatively extreme pole of violence, terror and death. The objective of this research is to deeply explore the inner venues of both trends, embraced by a new breed of international mangers, leaders, and further determine their impact upon the birth of a world culture, primarily adopted by international businesses. The proposed methodology of research relies, primarily on data gathering from many thinkers and organizations aiming at laying a possible foundation for promoting intercultural management between Europe and the Middle Eastern countries.
Use Of Informatıon And Communıcatıon Technology (Ict) Devıces For Instructıonal Delıvery In Secondary Schools In Ebonyı State Of Nıgerıa
Authors: Aja S. N , Eze P. I.
Published: March 2016

The study examined teachers perceptions on the use of information and communication technology (ICT) devices for instructional delivery in secondary schools in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Four research questions guided the study. The population of the study comprised of all the three thousand two hundred and eighty-five (3,285) teacher in the two hundred and twenty-one (221) public secondary schools in Ebonyi State. Simple random sampling technique was used to select (8) teachers each from ninety schools used for the study to give a sample of seven hundred and twenty (720) respondents. The instrument used for data collection was structured questionnaire. Pearson’s Moment Correlation Co-efficient was used to calculate the reliability co-efficient of the pilot tests to get established reliability value of 0.79. The data collected were analysed using mean scores. It was found among other things that ICT devices are not adequately available, most available ICT devices are not in good working condition in schools studied, hence they are not adequately used and above all trained personnel are not also adequately available to operate the functional ones. Government through her appropriate agencies should as a matter of urgency procure and distribute the necessary ICT devices to secondary schools, more trained personnel should be recruited but for the interim the available ones could be retrained through short term holiday programmes, workshops and conferences to ensure adequate use and maintenance of these ICT devices as this will go a long way in improving instructional delivery in Ebonyi State Secondary Schools.
The Significance Of Work Ethics İn Human Resource Management For Upgrading The Performance Of Employees: An Applied Study
Authors: Mathani Belal A.
Published: March 2016

This study was aimed at learning about the reality of work ethics practices in human resource management. This work was performed in conjunction with organizations that are affiliated with public services, such as Greater Irbid Municipality. It measured their effectiveness in raising the standard of performance. Additionally, the aim of the study is to identify the most important fields of application of work ethics in human resource management (attracting human resources, training and development, remuneration and rewards, and evaluating employees). The study begins with addressing the problem through the aforementioned main premise. However, there was no statistically significant impact at a=0.05 level of significance for work ethics practices in human resource management to improve the performance of the workers of Greater Irbid Municipality. Following up the descriptive analytical method, the study has shown that there is a statistically significant relationship between the dimensions of work ethics practices in human resource management in improving the performance of Greater Irbid Municipality. The sample of the study was made up of a population of 350 employees of Greater Irbid Municipality, who were selected by random method. The study analyzes the aforementioned items under two hypothetical theories using the well-known six statistical methods. The methods showed that the samples fell in a range greater than 0.05 ≥ α which were proven to be within a normal distribution. Additionally, the linear correlation test showed that the inflation coefficient of variation (VIF) is ranged between 2.22 and 4.30, while the Tolerance value for all independent variables greater than 0.05 ranged between 0.23 and 0.45. Therefore, it can be said that there is no high correlation problem between independent variables. This enhances the possibility of finding out which of the independent variables have a statistically significant impact on development variables, as well as to know the percentage of that impact factor. Furthermore, the methods showed the correlation between dependent and independent variable, giving a value greater than 0.77 and an R-square value of 0.58. This is statistically significant, which reveals the effectiveness of work ethics of human resource management in influencing the performance level.
The Use of Feedback in Classroom Interaction in Moroccan Primary School
Authors: Chafi My Essaid , Elkhouzai Elmostapha
Published: March 2016

This study explores the verbal feedback utilized by a group of Moroccan primary school teachers. The intent is to identify feedback types used and how effective they are in building knowledge and scaffolding thinking. The theoretical framework underpinning this study is embedded within the sociocultural perspective that conceptualizes the classroom as a cultural location of meaning in which relationships, functions, regulations, values, and norms are socially constructed. The study draws on observation data in large-class settings. Twenty two teachers from five different schools took part in the study. Twenty two lessons covering a range of subjects and topics were observed. Verbal manuscripts of classroom discourse were analyzed qualitatively. The analysis of the transcripts revealed that although four different types of feedback were identified, there was little variation in teacher provision of feedback. One particular form was preponderant— evaluative feedback. Interactional issues related to encouraging student responses and thinking are also addressed. Findings reveal that teachers infrequently offer the types of feedback interventions categorized as effective in improving learning during typical classroom interactions. These results are important as they provide an awareness of the feedback practices employed in the observed classrooms and the significant effects they have on classroom interaction and student learning. We conclude by highlighting consequences of these findings on professional development, and offer opportunities for future research.
Economic Determinants of Capital Flight in Jordan: An Empirical Study
Authors: Al-basheer Ameen B. , Al-Fawwaz Torki M. , Alawneh Ateyah M.
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study is to estimate the constraints of Capital Flight during the period from 2000 to 2013. The statistical analysis showed a positive statistical significant relationship between the external public debt, taxes, economic openness, previous capital flight, and Capital flight in Jordan. However, it also showed a negative statistical significant relationship between the growth rate of the economy and capital flight. This was together with the most important recommendations of the need to monitor the flight of capital through creating a Department in the central bank to control money flight. Therefore, this was aimed in reducing the external public debts that increase the phenomenon of Capital flight and cooperate with international institutions and the United Nations to locate the place of money flight.
The Influence Of Long-Term Tangıble Asset’s Valuatıon On Fınancıal Indıcators: The Attıtude Of Shareholders And Credıtors
Authors: Paliuliene Lina
Published: March 2016

In the article the long-term tangible asset’s valuation methods by the historical cost and the fair value are generalized, indicators that are analyzed by shareholders and creditors when assessing the company's financial condition are identified. For the research eight Lithuanian companies which apply different long-term tangible asset’s valuation methods were selected from two industries. The influence of long-term tangible asset’s valuation was explored by five relative indicators. It was determined that valuation method is associated with long-term tangible asset’s part in the total company's asset. When long-term tangible asset’s part in the total company’s asset constitutes less than 50 percent, the asset’s valuation method has no influence on the analyzed indicators. When long-term tangible asset’s part in the total asset constitutes more than 50 percent, the asset’s valuation method affects solvency and investment indicators. Long-term tangible asset’s valuation method does not affect profitability indicators, independent of long-term tangible asset’s part in the total asset.
The Legal Order And İts Relation With The Power And The Economy İn The Current Brazilian Scenery, İnstrumentality a priori And Rationality a posteriori
Authors: Fuga Bruno Augusto Sampaio
Published: March 2016

The Brazilian Legal system and its relation with the power in the current Brazilian scenery, and also the use of a posteriori rationality of the judge and the priori instrumentality of the legislator and of the Executive, is the theme of the present study. Its goal is to show a brief historical evolution of the Law and the State, the Power aspects, the forms of State and its acting with the origin of population. The next step is to present the use of Brazilian Legal System as a form of organization, that is, a priori instrumentality and the evolution from Liberal State to Social State, with significant changes in the legal aspects and in its form of acting. Furthermore, we carry on with the world crisis, especially the one of 1929, whose changes imposed by the end of Second World War (the decline of legal positivism) and also the advances which came with the globalization in 1990. Still considering crisis, it is discussed about the 2008 crisis and its consequences, the European crisis with its high costs of a Social State. A parallelism was done between the economy and the Law and besides that, it was drawn a legal scenery after these evolutions. Regarding these relations of power and the crisis of the power tripartism, we also showed that an ascension of Legal Law can be named as the legal protagonist or, for some, legal activism. These role has some reflexes in the Judicial Discretion, in the active management of processes, in the legal inflation of the Legislative and Executive (provisional measures), in the use of process as a strategy of power, in the legalization of politics and in the creation of binding overviews. Some case studies and considerations about justice were showed. This research is justified because the power, the contemporary legal scenery, the judicial role, the economy and the Law, and the forms of acting of the State (Liberal and Social) are current themes in the study of operators and Law scholars. Thus as these inquiries show great influence in the democratic state of Law.
Bankruptcy Prediction Using Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks In Jordan
Authors: Al-Hroot Yusuf Ali Khalaf
Published: March 2016

This study attempts to develop bankruptcy prediction model for the Jordanian industrial sector with a recent approach—neural networks. The multilayer perceptron neural network (MPNN) approach was used to develop the bankruptcy prediction model for the Jordanian industrial companies for the period from 2000 to 2015. The samples have been divided into two subsets: the first set for developing or building the model, made up of 14 companies, of which 7 are bankrupt and 7 are non-bankrupt; while the second is a hold-out sample for testing the model, made up of 18 companies, of which 9 are bankrupt and 9 are non-bankrupt. The main variables in predicting bankruptcy were ten financial ratios. The results show that the accuracy rate of final prediction model is found to be 100 percent. While the hold-out sample testing provides that the model correctly predicted all 18 test cases.
Multilevel Approach In Organizational Research: A Review Of Dual-Level Transformational Leadership
Authors: Pourbarkhordari Amin , Zhou Er Hua (Iris) , Pourkarimi Javad
Published: March 2016

Due to the nature of organizations as hierarchically nested systems, multilevel theoretical models are relevant to the vast majority of organizational phenomena; hence, the main purpose of this review was clarifying the importance of conceptualization and testing theories at multiple levels of analysis. By doing this, the current study added to the gloom by providing a comprehension literature review with explicit consideration of multilevel directed theory and measures in organizational studies. Specifically, this review answered call for deliberate distinction between individual and group levels of analysis in leadership research, in particular transformational leadership (TFL) which in recent years, based on well-grounded theory stating to multiple levels is scarce. Our multilevel approach in examining organizational phenomena at different levels corroborates the recommendation to investigate the impact of constructs and their relationships at multiple levels of analysis. Finally, two prominent measurement models which have been conducted to exhibit dual level transformational leadership behaviors were recommended.