bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromium and protein supplements for growing-finishing beef steers fed barley-based diets
Authors: Mathison G. W. , Engstrom D. F.
Published: March 2010

The effect of chromium supplementation on rate and efficiency of gain and morbidity in normally managed calves and calves with additional imposed stress was assessed in a 28-d trial involving 192 crossbred steer calves (262 ± 20 kg) in exp. 1. Imposed stress consisted of withholding of feed and water for an additional 12 h after arrival in the feedlot and mixing cattle 12 and 72 h after arrival. Chromium supplementation had no influence on rate of gain or efficiency of gain or on morbidity during the initial 28 d in the feedlot. Additional imposed stress increased weight loss from 7.0 kg to 14 kg during first 10 d in the feedlot and was associated with a 19% reduction (P < 0.001) in feed dry matter (DM) intake during the first 10 d. However, by 28 d no differences in daily gain or feed conversion due to imposed stress were detected. Morbidities during exp. 1 were 31% for normally managed calves and 44% for stressed steers (P = 0.05). In exp. 2, the effect of chromium supplementation, maturity of barley silage, and type of protein supplement [control, urea, canola meal, and blood meal/corn gluten meal (bypass protein)], on rate and efficiency of gain and carcass characteristics was determined in a growing-finishing experiment using the calves from exp. 1. Supplemental chromium had no detectable effect on any measured parameter when a barley silage-based diet (silage 68% of DM) was fed for 70 d or when a high concentrate diet (concentrate 86% of DM) diet was fed for 91 d. Maturity of silage did not affect rate or efficiency of gain in the growing period however fewer steers (P = 0.03) fed the more mature silage were sick than when silage harvested 10 d earlier was fed (morbidity of 3 vs. 12%). During the 70-d growing period steers supplemented with canola meal tended (P = 0.06) to consume more DM than those fed the control or bypass protein supplements (7.84 vs. 7.37 and 7.38 kg d−1). However, no differences in rate or efficiency of gain were detected in this period. During the 91 d finishing period steers fed canola meal supplement consumed more DM (P = 0.004) than those fed control or bypass supplements. The amounts of DM consumed per kg gain during this period were 6.07, 6.05, 6.09, and 5.79 kg (P = 0.09) for steers fed the control, urea, canola, and bypass supplements, respectively. It was concluded that rate and efficiency of gain and incidence of sickness were not influenced by chromium supplementation either in the first 28 d in the feedlot or throughout the total feeding period. Protein supplementation had no detectable influence on rate or efficiency of gain in either the growing or finishing penods. Key words: Chromium, stress, protein, calves, gain, feed efficiency
Prediction of rumen undegradable amino acids that are digested post-ruminally
Authors: Boila R. J. , Ingalls J. R.
Published: March 2010

Data for in situ disappearance of DM, nitrogen (N) and amino acids in canola meal (CM) were used to determine degradation parameters required to estimate effective degradabilities of these nutrients. The non-digestible fraction of DM, N and amino acids in CM was determined using mobile bags after ruminal incubation for 12 h. Linear relationships were determined between dependent variables, ruminal disappearance (DIS) or effective degradability (EDEG) of amino acids and independent variables, DIS or EDEG of DM or N. Use of EDEG vs. EDEG relationships, (r2 greater than 0.87 for amino acids other than methionine and cystine) with the effective degradability of DM, as the independent variable, was the most effective approach over a wide range of rumen outflow rates (k) for prediction of amino acids that escaped ruminal degradation. Use of DIS vs. DIS (an estimate for EDEG of DM served as a value for the independent variable), or EDEG vs. DIS (disappearance of DM at incubation time equal to k−1 was the independent variable) relationships was not as effective. Post-ruminal digestion was predicted as the difference between ruminal escape (based on estimates of effective degradability) and that nutrient present in the residual DM in mobile bags recovered at the terminal ileum. Use of linear EDEG vs. EDEG equations, in association with a mobile bag technique, allowed for prediction of both ruminal escape and post-ruminal digestion of N and amino acids in CM over a range of outflow rates for feed particles from the rumen. Key words: Amino acids, canola meal, ruminal escape, post-ruminal digestion
Genetic trends over 20 years of selection in the three synthetic Arcotts, Suffolk and Finnish Landrace sheep breeds. 1. Early growth traits
Authors: Shrestha J. N. B. , Peters H. F. , Heaney D. P. , Vleck L. D. Van
Published: March 2010

Mixed model methodology based on a multi-trait animal model was used to estimate genetic trends for lamb weights in three synthetic Arcott (Canadian Outaouais and Rideau) breeds and two random bred control (Suffolk and Finnish Landrace) breeds. Selection in the Canadian Arcott was primarily on lamb weight at 91 d with a lesser emphasis on litter size. Outaouais and Rideau Arcotts were selected primarily for litter size with a lesser emphasis on lamb weight at 91 d. All lambs were housed indoors year-round in a controlled environment under conditions of artificial rearing and 8-mo breeding cycles. Genetic improvement over 20 yr based on predicted breeding values for lamb weights at birth, 21, 70 and 91 d of age were 0.3, 0.9, 2.1 and 2.8 kg, respectively in the Canadian, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.5 kg in the Outaouais, and 0.3, 0.5, 0.9 and 1.4 kg in the Rideau breeds. Corresponding values for the unselected Suffolk were 0.3, 0.4, 0.4 and 0.5 kg, respectively, and for the Finnsheep were 0.2, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 kg. Alternative methods of estimating genetic trends using control populations were based on deviation of the predicted mean year-season phenotype in the selected breeds from that in the corresponding random bred control breeds (Suffolk for Canadian, and Finnsheep for Outaouais and Rideau) and also as a deviation from the year-season estimate in the corresponding random bred control breeds. Genetic trends estimated from the alternative methods, which took into account the contribution of drift, were larger than those based on predicted breeding values. These values were reflected in the realized heritabilities estimated from regression of cumulative selection differential on the genetic trends. In the Arcott breeds, annual genetic trend for lamb weights varied according to breed and the estimation procedure which amounted to 0.25–0.81% of the mean. It is evident selection offers one of the most practical means for rapid and permanent improvement of early lamb growth in multi-breed synthetic populations under conditions of artificial rearing, 8-mo breeding cycle and a controlled environment. Key words: Sheep breeds, genetic trends, multi-trait animal model and growth traits
Life-history transitions among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) morphotypes
Authors: Presa P. , Blanco G. , Vázquez E. , Sánchez J. A.
Published: March 2010

Morphotype distribution in Atlantic salmon populations is a critical determinant in the migration dynamics and rearing success of this species. The achievement of smolting status depends on the individual opportunities to reach the upper mode of the bimodal size distribution in the first winter. Growth of the morphotypes between 10 and 20 mo post-hatch was investigated. For this, an individual tagging system was applied on two replicates of parr from a Sella River sample (northem Spain). The smolt-like parr of the first winter (37%) became smolts in the first spring. Meanwhile, dwarf parr (25%) and precocious males (6%) did not smolt and became precocious males in the second winter. Medium-sized parr of the first winter (32%) became smolt-like parr (19%) or precocious males (13%) in the second winter. The average smolt-like sizes in the first and the second winters were 11.39 cm and 14.97 cm, respectively. These results indicate that for the Sella River sample (i) only upper modal fish smolt in the first spring, (ii) 1 + smolts are mainly females (77%), and (iii) smolting does not depend upon a population threshold size. Key words:Salmo salar, hatchery, morphotypes, smolting
Prediction of liveweight gain by growing cattle fed silages of contrasting digestibility, supplemented with or without barley
Authors: Berthiaume R. , Buchanan-Smith J. G. , Allen O. B. , Veira D. M.
Published: March 2010

This study was conducted to determine the accuracy of average daily gain (ADG) predictions based on digestible energy (DE) estimated from acid detergent fiber (ADF) and on the nutrient requirements of beef cattle when applied to growing cattle fed silages of contrasting digestibilities with or without barley. A feeding trial was conducted with 45 Charolais × Simmental calves fed either a control silage (early cut, E) with no barley or two other silages (medium cut, M; late cut, L) fed with (M + barley and L + barley) or without 60% dry-matter (DM) basis rolled barley in the diet. Total dry-matter intake (DMI) of diet E was higher (P < 0.05) than that of diets M and L. The addition of barley in diets M + barley and L + barley led to an increase (P < 0.05) in total DMI. ADG of steers fed diet E was higher (P < 0.05) than that of steers fed diets M and L but lower (P < 0.05) than that of steers fed diets M + barley and L + barley. A digestion trial was conducted concurrently, using five steers fed at 90% ad libitum. The apparent digestibility values of the DM for the five diets tested were (E) 68.5, (M) 60.8, (L) 56.8, (M + barley) 70.8 and (L + barley) 70.1%. Gains predicted when forage DE was estimated from ADF or determined in vivo were, respectively, 57 and 92.6% of observed values. When barley–supplemented diets were studied separately, it was apparent that most of the prediction error was due to the inability to predict forage DE from ADF. Further research is needed to develop methods to accurately predict the energy content of forage silages grown in Canada. Key words: Energy, forages, silages, cattle
Use of silver hake and herring and the corresponding silages in mink diets during the growing-furring period
Authors: Rouvinen K. I. , Anderson D. M. , Alward S. R.
Published: March 2010

Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) are readily available in Atlantic Canada either as processing waste or by-catch of the fishery. There is a vital need to reduce the cost of production in the mink industry, of which feed cost is a major proportion. A research effort was therefore targeted on the use of locally available opportunity feeds including silver hake and herring. A growth trial was conducted with 192 mink of standard genotype from mid-August until pelting in December 1991. There were eight dietary groups as follows: two dry and six wet diets, with 12 male and 12 female mink in each. The dry diet groups were: control, commercial dry diet (COMDRY) and experimental dry diet (NSACDRY). The wet diets were: 10% silver hake (HAKE10), 5% silver hake silage (HASIL5), 10% silver hake silage (HASIL10), 10% herring in the diet (HER10), 5% herring silage (HERSIL5), and 10% herring silage (HERSIL10). The basal wet diet mixture consisted of; haddock offal (30–35%), chicken offal (10%), beef offal (15%), corn gluten meal (5%), extruded wheat (12%), rendered lard (1–2%), vitamin-mineral premix (0.4%) and water. The fish silages were preserved with formic acid (2% volume to weight). Body weight gain of the animals was normal throughout the study. At pelting, the females in the HAKE10 (1043.0 ± 43.2 g, 59.1 ± 1.0 cm), HASIL10 (1157.4 ± 45.1 g, 61.3 ± 1.1 cm), HER10 (1078.9 ± 45.1 g, 59.6 ± 1.1 cm), HERSIL5 (1090.5 ± 43.2 g, 59.8 ± 1.0 cm), and HERSIL10 (1057.8 ± 43.2 g, 58.6 ± 1.0) were significantly heavier and their processed pelts significantly longer, respectively, than in the females in the COMDRY group (910.7 ± 47.3 g, 55.4 ± 1.1 cm) (P < 0.05). In addition, the final weight of the females in the NSACDRY group (1051.6 ± 43.2 g) differed from the control (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the traits measured for the males among different treatments. No deleterious effects on the health of the animals fed the test diets were observed when evaluated by haematology, serum clinical chemistry and histopathology. Both herring and silver hake and the corresponding fish silages at 10% of the diet show good potential as alternative feedstuffs in growing-furring diets for mink. Key words: Mink, nutrition, silver hake, herring, fish silage
Comparison of sweet white lupin seed, canola meal and soybean meal as protein supplements for lambs
Authors: Stanford K. , Lees B. M. , McAllister T. A. , Xu Z. J. , Cheng K.-J.
Published: March 2010

Western-Canadian grown sweet white lupin seed (LS), canola meal (CM) and soybean meal (SM) were compared in situ and in digestibility and feedlot experiments using Romanov × Suffolk lambs. Barley-based (75.5% as fed) diets were isonitrogenous (15.5% crude protein, CP) with LS, CM or SM as protein source. Sunflower hulls were substituted as necessary for protein supplement to ensure the diets were isonitrogenous. The LS used in this trial was relatively low in alkaloids (0.03%), as compared with other lupins, and high in manganese (2347 mg kg−1). In situ, the effective rumen degradability of protein of LS was higher than that of either CM or SM. Rates of DM and protein disappearance were also higher for LS than for CM and SM. Digestibilities of DM organic matter, energy and nitrogen were higher (P < 0.05) in LS than in CM or SM diets, but there were no differences (P > 0.05) among the supplements in digestibilities of starch or NDF. No differences (P > 0.05) were found in feed conversion or DM intake of the three diets. Average daily gain (ADG) of the lambs receiving LS did not differ (P > 0.05) from those of lambs on the other two diets, but lambs on CM had higher ADG (P < 0.05) than lambs on SM. We conclude that LS is comparable to SM and CM as a protein supplement for lambs, provided care is taken to avoid toxic levels of manganese and alkaloids. Key words: Lupin, lamb, protein, canola meal, soybean meal
Changes of serum and blood volumes during gestation and lactation in multiparous sows
Authors: Matte J. J. , Girard C. L.
Published: March 2010

Changes of serum and plasma volumes were determined in 36 gestating sows and 20 lactating sows at their second parity. There was no change (P > 0.05) in blood and serum volumes between 4 wk pre-mating and 1 wk post-mating. During gestation, blood and serum volumes increased by approximately 25%, with most of this increase occurring between 11 and 14 wk of pregnancy (P < 0.006). From parturition to weaning at 4 wk of lactation, serum and blood volumes decreased linearly (P < 0.02) by approximately 9%. Key words: Serum volume, blood volume, packed red cell volume, sow
Behavioral and physiological responses of Meishan, Yorkshire and crossbred gilts to conventional and turn-around gestation stalls
Authors: Bergeron R. , Gonyou H. W. , Eurell T. E.
Published: March 2010

A 5-wk study involving 48 bred gilts was conducted to evaluate behavioral and physiological responses of four geneotypes (Meishan = MM, Yorkshire = YY and crossbred (sire/dam = MY and YM) to two types of gestation stalls (conventional and turn-around). The behavior of gilts was video-recorded on days 0, 7, 21, and 35. Blood samples were taken by venipuncture on days 0, 3, and 36 to determine plasma cortisol haptoglobin, and the neutrophil:lymphocyte (N:L) ratio. A skin-fold thickness response to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was determined on days 1 and 37. Gilts with a Yorkshire sire lay down less often (P < 0.05), spent more time performing chain manipulation (P < 0.05) and drinker manipulation (P < 0.01) and tended to be more active (P < 0.13) than gilts with a Meishan sire. Furthermore, their plasma cortisol levels and N:L ratios were found to be lower (P < 0.01), suggesting genetic differences in adaptive abilities or strategies. Gilts in turn-around stalls stood more frequently, performed more nosing/licking of the stall bars, and more chain manipulation than gilts in conventional stalls (P < 0.05). They also had a lower plasma cortisol level (P < 0.05). The percentage of time spent manipulating the chain increased from day 0 to day 7 (P < 0.05) and then remained constant throughout the experiment. According to our data, providing stalled gilts with the opportunity to turn increases certain activity levels and reduces plasma cortisol level, but does not affect immune system functioning. Key words: Gilts, genotype, gestation stall, behavior, stress
The effects of pre- and early post-calving management on reproductive performance of beef cows
Authors: Boadi Dinah , Price M. A.
Published: March 2010

One hundred and thirty-four pregnant beef cows (liveweight = 544.3 kg ± 73 3 kg SD; condition score = 3.5 ± 0.3 SD), were randomly assigned in January to five management treatments (combinations of feed restriction and weaning time) to study the effects on calving and rebreeding performance. Twenty-seven were feed-restricted (54.7 MJ DE d−1) for the last 3 mo of pregnancy then realimented (3REST); their calves were weaned in October. Thirty were feed-restricted for the last 3 mo of pregnancy (54.7 MJ DE d−1) and the first 2 mo of lactation (99.6 MJ DE d−1), then their calves were weaned and turned out to graze in June (5REST). The remaining 77 cows (UNREST) were supplemented on range with 153.5 MJ DE d−1 from January until calving. Their calves were weaned in either August (one group of 26 calves directly into a feedlot, a second group of 26 onto unsupplemented range) or October (25 calves directly into a feedlot). All cows grazed together on the range from June onwards. After calving, the restricted (3REST and 5REST) cows were significantly lighter (464.4 and 469.5 kg vs. 506.9 kg) and thinner (condition scores 2.5 and 2.6 vs. 3.0) than the UNREST cows, but the percentage of cows calving calf mortality, assisted births calving dates, udder scores and mean birth weight of calves were not affected (P > 0.05) by pre-calving nutrition. Catch-up growth was evident in both the 3REST and 5REST cows once exposed to higher energy feeding. There were no significant effects (P > 0.05) of the management (nutrition and weaning) treatments on the following year s breeding and calving performance. It is concluded that the combinations of nutrition and weaning used in this study did not necessarily impair calving or rebreeding performance of beef cows, which calved in condition score 2.5 or above. Key words: Beef cows, feed restriction, reproduction, condition score, rebreeding, birthweight
Intake behavior, rumen fermentation and milk production of dairy cows as influenced by dietary levels of fermentable neutral detergent fiber
Authors: McQueen R. E. , Robinson P. H.
Published: March 2010

Late lactation dairy cows were fed high fiber diets differing in the extent of 24 h in sacco NDF digestion to determine milk production and kinetic fiber digestion responses to fiber fermentability. Three TMR with 24 h in sacco NDF digestibilities of 30.7, 35.9 and 39.9% were formulated using two alfalfa silages (60% of diet DM) that differed in NDF content by only 2 percentage units and 24 h in sacco digestibilities of NDF by 15 percentage units. Other roughages were timothy hay and beet pulp which comprised 20% of the TMR and a barley–corn based concentrate which made up the balance. Five multiparous cows were used in an incomplete 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with four 28-d periods. Intake and whole-tract digestibilities of DM, NDF and fiber constitutents were not affected by fermentability of dietary NDF. While eating behavior was in general not altered by diet NDF fermentability, cows ate the TMR with the more fermentable fiber faster. Time spent ruminating and chews per unit of DM or NDF were not related to NDF fermentability. Concentrations of soluble N compounds and VFA in rumen fluid were similar among diets although small increases in pH and propionate were observed in cows fed the TMR with the more fermentable NDF. Rumen pool sizes of DM, NDF and ammonia N did not differ with dietary NDF fermentability although the rumen load of indigestible NDF was inversely related to NDF fermentability. Milk yield (23.1 kg d−1) and milk composition (4.15% fat, 3.37% protein) was not altered by diet NDF fermentability, although BW gain increased linearly with increased diet NDF fermentability. Late lactation dairy cows derived more energy from diets containing more rapidly fermentable NDF, but it was metabolized for body gain rather than milk components. Quality of alfalfa NDF, as measured by 24 h in sacco fermentability, was not a useful measure to predict DM or NDF intake, but was related to total net energy for cows in late lactation. Key words: Dairy cows, neutral detergent fiber, fibre, digestion
The effect of dietary menhaden meal and storage on the omega-3 fatty acids and sensory attributes of egg yolk in laying hens
Authors: Nash D. M. , Hamilton R. M. G. , Sanford K. A. , Hulan H. W.
Published: March 2010

The effect of dietary menhaden meal (MM) on production and egg yolk lipids of commercial White Leghorn hens was studied for 350 d. One hundred and ninety-two birds were given a corn-wheat-soybean diet that contained either 0, 4, 8, or 12% MM. Analysis of the egg yolks at four periods in the laying cycle (162, 211, 254, and 289 d) was performed on the fresh and stored (4 wk at 4 °C, [Formula: see text]) egg yolks. Sensory evaluation was performed on fresh eggs collected at the end of the laying cycle (448 d).Production whether measured as hen-day or hen-housed, increased linearly with the inclusion of MM in the diets. The level of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids increased 10- and 2.6-fold to give levels of 9 and 95 mg yolk−1, respectively. Storage had no effect (P > 0.05) on these parameters. Sensory data suggested that the level of MM in the diets of laying hens should be between 4 and 8% in order to avoid off-flavours in eggs. Key words: Menhaden meal, laying hens, omega-3 fatty acids, storage, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid
Chemical composition of plants associated with saline sites in Alberta in relation to mineral requirements for beef cattle
Authors: Miller J. J. , Read B. J. , Wentz D. J. , Heaney D. J.
Published: March 2010

Plant samples were collected from 102 saline sites in Alberta from 1990 to 1993 to determine major element and trace element concentrations in relation to mineral requirements for beef cattle. Zinc concentrations were most frequently (94%) below the minimum requirement for beef cattle, followed by Cu (92%), Se (87%), Na (49%), Mn (29%), K (21%), Mg (3%), Fe (1%) and S (1%). The element most frequently exceeding the maximum tolerable level for beef cattle was S (20%), followed by Mg (17%), Al (5%), Fe (5%) and Mo (1%). Beef cattle consuming plants from saline areas of Alberta are more likely to experience potential deficiencies than toxicities of chemical elements required for adequate nutrition. Key words: Major elements, trace elements, plants, saline areas, mineral requirements, beef cattle
Comparison of methods for isolation of protozoa from ruminal fluid
Authors: Neill L. , Ivan M.
Published: March 2010

Isolation of protozoa from ruminal fluid taken from the same cow on five different days was carried out by three methods based on sedimentaton or on filtration using 10-μm mesh (PMB-10) or 20-μm mesh (PMB-20) polyester monofilament bags. Differences among means for percentage recoveries of protozoal numbers for the three isolation methods were statistically significant (P = 0.007), but those for dry matter and diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) recoveries were not (P > 0.1). The sedimentation method produced the lowest recovery of protozoa as well as the highest recovery of DAPA, which indicated the highest bacterial contamination. Among the filtration-based methods PMB-10 produced higher recoveries of protozoal numbers and dry matter than PMB-20, but with somewhat larger bacterial contamination. Among the three methods compared, filtration with PMB-10 was considered as the most suitable. Key words: Ruminal fluid, protozoal isolation, sedimentation, filtration
Increasing piglet survival through an improved farrowing management protocol
Authors: White K. R. , Anderson D. M. , Bate L. A.
Published: March 2010

The profitability of swine production units is significantly decreased by the high rate of mortality which occurs during parturition or shortly thereafter. This study compared the survival rates of pigs subjected to different farrowing management protocols. Sixty litters of crossbred piglets (York × Landrace) were randomly assigned to one of two protocols for management at farrowing. The first, unattended or control group, corresponded to the traditional commercial farrowing practice used on most hog farms today which provides for no attention during farrowing. The second protocol consisted of attending the farrowing and executing a sequence of procedures to the newborn animals. Mortality rates and their causes, weight gains, and haematocrit levels were recorded for the first 3 wk of life. Total preweaning mortality was 18.2 and 10.1% for the control and attended groups, respectively. The main impact of the treatment was the reduction of the animals that otherwise would have been classified as stillbirths. The stillbirth rate decreased from 6.8 to 1.6% while the mortality rate during the first day decreased from 5.2% in the unattended litters to 2.2% in the attended litters, respectively. At weaning the weight of the attended piglets was higher (P < 0.05) than those of the unattended animals. The overall weight gain was higher in the attended litters when compared with those of the control litters (3.99 ± 0.08 and 3.68 ± 0.06 kg, respectively). Processing each pig takes about 2 min, but waiting for the next pig requires approximately 15 min per piglet. The reduction in mortality of 44% (equivalent to about one piglet per litter) plus the benefit of enhanced performance in the attended group could justify the implementation of a farrowing protocol which involves adding the extra labour at farrowing time, especially if several sows are attended by the same attendant. Key words: Piglets, mortality, farrowing, weight gain, haematocrit
Chemical characterization and nutrient availability of high and low fiber canola meal
Authors: Mustafa A. F. , Christensen D. A. , McKinnon J. J.
Published: March 2010

Tail-end dehulling separates regular canola meal (CM) into low (LFCM) and high (HFCM) fiber fractions. The study was designed to study the effects of tail-end dehulling of CM on the chemical composition, ruminal nutrient degradability, and intestinal protein availability of the resulting HFCM and LFCM fractions. Relative to LFCM and CM, HFCM had higher (P < 0.05) neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin (ADL) levels. Canola meal had higher (P < 0.05) ADF and ADL but not NDF relative to LFCM. Crude protein (CP) was lower (P < 0.05) in HFCM than in CM and was lower (P < 0.05) in CM than in LFCM. Neutral and acid detergent insoluble CP followed the pattern of NDF and ADF, respectively. Protein fractionation showed no difference in non-protein nitrogen between the three meals. True protein was lower (P < 0.05) in HFCM than CM and LFCM. Sub-fractionation of true protein resulted in a B1 fraction of 148, 145, and 129 g kg−1 for CM, LFCM and HFCM, respectively. Respective values for B2 and B3 fractions were 768, 769, and 751 g kg−1 and 84, 86, and 120 g kg−1. Results indicated that ruminal effective degradability of dry matter and ADF was lower (P < 0.05) in HFCM relative to CM and was lower in CP relative to LFCM. Ruminal effective degradability of CP and NDF was lower in HFCM than in CM and LFCM. No differences were observed between CM and LFCM. Intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein was higher (P < 0.05) in LFCM than in CM and was higher (P < 0.05) in CM than in LFCM. It was concluded that tail-end dehulling of canola meal resulted in a LFCM with higher protein and lower NDF and ADF content and improved nutrient availability and a HFCM with a lower protein and a higher fiber (particularly ADF) content and reduced nutrient availability. Further studies are required to determine the effect of feeding HFCM on ruminant performance. Key words: High fiber, low fiber, canola meal, chemical composition, ruminal degradability
Glycosylation of the West Nile Virus Envelope Protein Increases In Vivo and In Vitro Viral Multiplication in Birds
Authors: Murata Ryo , Eshita Yuki , Maeda Akihiko , Maeda Junko , Akita Saki , Tanaka Tomohisa , Yoshii Kentaro , Kariwa Hiroaki , Umemura Takashi , Takashima Ikuo
Published: March 2010

Many West Nile (WN) virus isolates associated with significant outbreaks possess a glycosylation site on the envelope (E) protein. E-protein glycosylated variants of New York (NY) strains of WN virus are more neuroinvasive in mice than the non-glycosylated variants. To determine how E protein glycosylation affects the interactions between WN virus and avian hosts, we inoculated young chicks with NY strains of WN virus containing either glycosylated or non-glycosylated variants of the E protein. The glycosylated variants were more virulent and had higher viremic levels than the non-glycosylated variants. The glycosylation status of the variant did not affect viral multiplication and dissemination in mosquitoes in vivo. Glycosylated variants showed more heat-stable propagation than non-glycosylated variants in mammalian (BHK) and avian (QT6) cells but not in mosquito (C6/36) cells. Thus, E-protein glycosylation may be a requirement for efficient transmission of WN virus from avian hosts to mosquito vectors.
First Report of Widespread Wild Populations of Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Valleys of La Paz, Bolivia
Authors: Buitrago Rosio , Waleckx Etienne , Bosseno Marie-France , Zoveda Faustine , Vidaurre Pablo , Salas Renata , Mamani Elio , Noireau François , Brenière Simone Frédérique
Published: March 2010

Wild populations of Triatoma infestans, the main vector of Chagas disease in the Southern Cone countries, may be involved in reinfestation of human dwellings, limiting the success of vector-control campaigns in Bolivia. Knowledge of the distribution of these populations remains incomplete. We report here the detection of T. infestans wild populations in large areas in the department of La Paz, Bolivia. Among 18 sylvatic areas investigated, 17 were positive with T. infestans specimens. The infection rate of captured T. infestans with Trypanosoma cruzi was 85.7% in adult specimens. These results expand the geographical distribution of wild populations of T. infestans; it may be distributed throughout the Inter-Andean Dry Forest eco-region of Bolivia. The current information allows us to propose the hypothesis that a sylvatic origin of the reinfestation is located in the valleys of La Paz.
A Review of the Clinical Presentation of Dientamoebiasis
Authors: Stark Damien , Barratt Joel , Roberts Tamalee , Marriott Deborah , Harkness John , Ellis John
Published: March 2010

Among 750 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, Dientamoeba fragilis was detected at a prevalence of 5.2% and more common than Giardia intestinalis. Most infected patients presented with diarrhea and abdominal pain with symptoms greater than 2 weeks duration being common. Bacterial and viral causes of infection were excluded by routine microbiological techniques. Treatment of D. fragilis infection with either iodoquinol, paromomycin, or combination therapy resulted in the eradication of the parasite and complete resolution of symptoms. Treatment failure/relapses were associated only with the use of metronidazole. Nineteen patients were examined for pin worm, no Enterobius vermicularis, a proposed vector of transmission, were detected. Intermittent shedding of D. fragilis was found to be highly variable. These studies confirm the pathogenic nature of D. fragilis and we recommend laboratories routinely test for the organism.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Shared versus Private Latrines in Preventing Trachoma in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Montgomery Maggie A. , Desai Mayur M. , Elimelech Menachem
Published: March 2010

Sharing latrines is common in sub-Saharan Africa with anecdotal accounts suggesting a link between water-, sanitation-, and hygiene-related disease and poorly maintained communal latrines. This study examines this link by assessing the association between shared latrines compared with private latrines and risk of trachoma. In 2007, as part of a larger case-control study, we conducted a sub-study on latrine sharing in 594 households (92 cases, 502 controls) in seven rural Tanzanian communities. Case households were defined by having a child with clinical signs of trachoma. Latrine use was associated with a decreased risk of trachoma and there was no difference in risk between households using shared compared with private latrines (adjusted odds ratio = 0.95 [95% confidence interval = 0.55–1.67]). This study emphasizes the need to promote latrine use, which can be facilitated through latrine sharing in resource scarce areas, for prevention of trachoma.
Identification of a High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Species Genotypes and Subtypes in a Pediatric Population in Nigeria
Authors: Molloy Síle F. , Smith Huw V. , Kirwan Patrick , Nichols Rosely A. B. , Asaolu Samuel O. , Connelly Lisa , Holland Celia V.
Published: March 2010

A longitudinal study was conducted to determine the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in 1,636 children in Nigeria. Oocyst prevalence ranged from 15.6% to 19.6% over one year. Cryptosporidium hominis (34), C. parvum (25), C. parvum/C. hominis (4), C. meleagridis (5), Cryptosporidium rabbit genotype (5), Cryptosporidium cervine genotype (3), and C. canis (1) were identified by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Glycoprotein 60 subgenotyping showed that 28 amplifiable C. hominis isolates consisted of 12 subtypes that belonged to 5 subtype families (Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and 1 novel subtype family, Ih) and 23 amplifiable C. parvum isolates consisted of 6 subtypes that belonged to 4 subtype families (IIa, IIc, Iii, and IIm). Three C. meleagridis isolates sub-genotyped by sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene fragment were type 1. This study is the first one to genetically characterize Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in Nigeria and highlights the presence of a high Cryptosporidium diversity in this pediatric population.
Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau—Focused on the Qinghai Area, China
Authors: Li Wen-Juan , Wang Jing-Lin , Li Ming-Hua , Fu Shi-Hong , Wang Huan-Yu , Wang Zhi-Yu , Jiang Shuang-Ying , Wang Xue-Wen , Guo Peng , Zhao Sheng-Cang , Shi Yan , Lu Nan-Nan , Nasci Roger S. , Tang Qing , Liang Guo-Dong
Published: March 2010

An investigation was conducted to identify the distribution of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne arboviruses in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China from July to August in 2007. A total of 8,147 mosquitoes representing six species from three genera (Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles) were collected in three locations (Geermu city, altitude of 2,780 m; Xining city, 2,200 m; Minhe county, 1,700 m). Six virus isolates were obtained including Tahyna virus (TAHV), Liaoning virus, and Culex pipiens pallens Densovirus. A serosurvey showed immunoglobulin G antibodies by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) against TAHV in residents of all three locations. The IFA-positive human samples were confirmed by 90% plaque-reduction neutralization tests (PRNT90) against TAHV with titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:10,240. In addition, TAHV seropositive cows, sheep, and swine were found in these locations. This investigation represents the first isolation of TAHV from Ae. (Och.) detritus and the first evidence of TAHV infection in residents and livestock in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Emergence of Sylvatic Echinococcus granulosus as a Parasitic Zoonosis of Public Health Concern in an Indigenous Community in Canada
Authors: Himsworth Chelsea G. , Jenkins Emily , Hill Janet E. , Nsungu Mandiangu , Ndao Momar , Andrew Thompson R. C. , Covacin Catherine , Ash Amanda , Wagner Brent A. , McConnell Athena , Leighton Frederick A. , Skinner Stuart
Published: March 2010

Within a remote Canadian Indigenous community, at least 11* of people had antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus and E. granulosus eggs were detected in 6* of environmentally collected canine fecal samples. Dog ownership, hunting, and trapping were not risk factors for seropositivity, suggesting that people are most likely exposed to E. granulosus through indirect contact with dog feces in the environment. In this situation, human exposure could be most effectively curtailed by preventing consumption of cervid viscera by free-roaming dogs.
Severe Congenital Malaria Acquired in utero
Authors: Poespoprodjo Jeanne R. , Hasanuddin Afdal , Fobia Wendelina , Sugiarto Paulus , Kenangalem Enny , Lampah Daniel A. , Tjitra Emiliana , Price Ric N. , Anstey Nicholas M.
Published: March 2010

Vertical transmission of Plasmodium falciparum is under-recognized and usually associated with asymptomatic low-level parasitemia at birth. We report symptomatic congenital malaria presenting as a neonatal sepsis syndrome. The presence at birth of a high asexual parasitemia, gametocytemia, and splenomegaly indicated in utero rather than intrapartum transmission. The neonate was successfully treated with intravenous artesunate followed by oral dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, without apparent adverse effects.
Experimental evidence that pollution with urea can degrade water quality in phosphorus‐rich lakes of the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Finlay Kerri , Patoine Alain , Donald Derek B. , Bogard Matthew J. , Leavitt Peter R.
Published: March 2010

Urea is the most abundant nitrogen (N) fertilizer used on agricultural soils, yet its effects on adjacent aquatic ecosystems are largely unknown. Here 21‐d, 3000‐liter mesocosm experiments were conducted monthly in a hypereutrophic lake during July–September 2007 to quantify how addition of urea might affect phytoplankton abundance, gross community composition, and algal toxicity in a phosphorus (P)‐rich lake. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that addition of sufficient urea to increase ratios of soluble N: P from ~ 15 : 1 to > 24 : 1 (by mass) also increased algal biomass (as Chlorophyll ά) and microcystin concentrations 200–400%, as non–N2‐fixing but toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis, Planktothrix) and less harmful chlorophytes (Micractinium, Oocystis) replaced colonial N2‐fixing cyanobacteria (Anabaena, Aphanizomenon). No significant effects of urea amendment were recorded for trials in which N: P ratios were elevated at the start of the experiment, or in which ambient light levels were reduced to 25 µmol quanta m−2 s−1, although preliminary evidence suggests that urea addition stimulated growth of heterotrophic bacteria irrespective of light regime. Development of toxic non–N2‐fixing cyanobacteria by N pollution of P‐rich lakes is consistent with findings from whole‐lake experiments and paleolimnological studies of deep lakes, and suggests that the fertilization needed to feed 3 billion more people by 2050 may create conditions in which future water quality in P‐replete regions is degraded further by urea export from farms and cities.
Oscillatory porewater bioadvection in marine sediments induced by hydraulic activities of Arenicola marina
Authors: Volkenborn N. , Polerecky L. , Wethey D. S. , Woodin S. A.
Published: March 2010

We employed real‐time pressure recording and high temporal resolution two‐dimensional oxygen imaging to characterize the porewater bioadvection related to hydraulic activities of Arenicola marina, a widespread representative of benthic macrofauna. Behavior‐specific positive and negative pressure oscillations and hydraulic pulses resulted in bidirectional porewater flow and highly dynamic redox oscillations on the scale of minutes. Pumping of water by the worm into its blind‐ending burrow pressurized the sediment and caused sediment oxygenation at depth and the exit of anoxic porewater into the overlying water. The sediment volume that was affected by bioadvective transport of oxygen and the porewater flow patterns varied strongly among sediment types. In low‐permeability sediments, localized plumes of anoxic porewater ascended from the sediment, presumably through sedimentary cracks, while porewater flowed evenly through highly permeable sediments. Hydraulic behaviors that moved water out through the open tail shaft caused a reduction of porewater pressures below the hydrostatic baseline which resulted in the collapse of plumes and enhanced oxygen penetration into the surficial sediments. Porewater bioadvection and the related perfusing and oscillatory phenomena will affect a variety of biogeochemical and ecological processes, including organic matter mineralization, benthic recruitment, and prey localization. We suggest that bidirectional porewater bioadvection and the associated transient geochemical conditions are prevalent features of biogenically active sediments.
Plasma‐Assisted Approaches in Inorganic Nanostructure Fabrication
Authors: Zheng Jie , Yang Rong , Xie Lei , Qu Jianglan , Liu Yang , Li Xingguo
Published: March 2010

Plasma is a unique medium for chemical reactions and materials preparations, which also finds its application in the current tide of nanostructure fabrication. Although plasma‐assisted approaches have been long used in thin‐film deposition and the top‐down scheme of micro‐/nanofabrication, fabrication of zero‐ and one‐dimensional inorganic nanostructures through the bottom‐up scheme is a relatively new focus of plasma application. In this article, recent plasma‐assisted techniques in inorganic zero‐ and one‐dimensional nanostructure fabrication are reviewed, which includes four categories of plasma‐assisted approaches: plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition, thermal plasma sintering with liquid/solid feeding, thermal plasma evaporation and condensation, and plasma treatment of solids. The special effects and the advantages of plasmas on nanostructure fabrication are illustrated with examples, emphasizing on the understandings and ideas for controlling the growth, structure, and properties during plasma‐assisted fabrications. This Review provides insight into the utilization of the special properties of plasmas in nanostructure fabrication.
Formate‐Based Magnetic Metal–Organic Frameworks Templated by Protonated Amines
Authors: Wang Zheming , Hu Keli , Gao Song , Kobayashi Hayao
Published: March 2010

A systematic study has been carried out on the 3d divalent metal formate 3D magnetic frameworks templated by protonated amines, and the achievements have revealed that metal formate frameworks are very malleable, and their structures depend on the size, shape, charge, and hydrogen bonding geometries of the templating cations. Six kinds of metal formate frameworks have been created. They are chiral frameworks with a (49 · 66) topology, perovskite ones with a (412 · 63) topology, bi‐nodal frameworks of (412 · 63)(49 · 66)n (n = 1, 2, 3) topologies, and porous diamond frameworks with 66 topology. These materials display promising and abundant magnetic, dielectric, porous, and optical properties and the possible combination of them. Therefore, they are of great interest for the study of molecule‐based materials. It has been demonstrated that formate, being the smallest and simplest carboxylate, cheap and with low toxicity, thus more biocompatible and environmentally friendly, and having been more or less ignored, will find an important role in the construction of molecule‐based materials and provide new materials with interesting properties.
Type IX collagen gene mutations can result in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia that is associated with osteochondritis dissecans and a mild myopathy
Authors: Jackson Gail C. , Marcus‐Soekarman Dominique , Stolte‐Dijkstra Irene , Verrips Aad , Taylor Jacqueline A. , Briggs Michael D.
Published: March 2010

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a clinically variable and genetically heterogeneous disease that is characterized by mild short stature and early onset osteoarthritis. Autosomal dominant forms are caused by mutations in the genes that encode type IX collagen, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, and matrilin‐3: COL9A1, COL9A2, COL9A3, COMP, and MATN3, respectively. Splicing mutations have been identified in all three genes encoding type IX collagen and are restricted to specific exons encoding an equivalent region of the COL3 domain in all three α(IX) chains. MED has been associated with mild myopathy in some families, in particular one family with a COL9A3 mutation and two families with C‐terminal COMP mutations. In this study we have identified COL9A2 mutations in two families with MED that also have osteochondritis dissecans and mild myopathy. This study therefore extends the range of gene‐mutations that can cause MED‐related myopathy. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periventricular nodular heterotopia and distal limb deficiency: A recurrent association
Authors: de Wit Marie Claire Y. , de Coo Irenaeus F.M. , Schot Rachel , Hoogeboom A. Jeannette M. , Lequin Maarten H. , Verkerk Annemieke J.M.H. , Mancini Grazia M.S.
Published: March 2010

Malformations of cerebral cortical development, in particular periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH), and distal transverse limb deficiency have been reported as associated congenital anomalies. Patients with PNH and transverse limb deficiency can be classified as having amniotic band sequence or Adams–Oliver syndrome (AOS). Controversy exists whether these should be considered separate entities. In some AOS patients, autosomal recessive inheritance has been shown, but in most patients causes are unknown, and both environmental and genetic factors have been implicated. We present three patients with PNH and distal transverse limb deficiency to support the hypothesis that these should be considered part of one group of disorders, and highlight the variable severity of the clinical and neuroradiological phenotype. Chromosome abnormalities were excluded by copy number analysis on 250K SNP microarray data.Research done on limb deficiency as on PNH caused by mutations in known genes, suggests the involvement of vascular developmental pathways. The combination of limb deficiency and PNH may have a common causative mechanism. Recognition and grouping of patients with this combination of abnormalities will help elucidating the cause. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A recurrence of a hydrop lethal skeletal dysplasia showing similarity to Desbuquois dysplasia and a proposed new sign: The Upsilon sign
Authors: Baynam Gareth , Kiraly‐Borri Cathy , Goldblatt Jack , Dickinson Jan E. , Jevon Gareth P. , Overkov Angela
Published: March 2010

We report on a recurrence of a lethal skeletal dysplasia with features similar to Desbuquois dysplasia (DD) to expand the phenotypic spectrum of DD‐like conditions, to increase awareness of DD‐like phenotypes in the differential diagnosis of prenatal onset skeletal dysplasias, and to suggest a new sign, the Upsilon sign, to aid in the differential diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias with an extra ossification centre distal to second metacarpal. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.