bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The French Directory: Mirage of the Moderates
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter details events following the end of the Terror and the political and emotional crisis of the Year II. The question that a great many Frenchmen put to themselves both in France and in the emigration, and a question to which observers throughout Europe and America awaited the answer, was whether some kind of moderate or constitutional regime would be durably established. The next four years showed that constitutional quietude was still far away. The difficulty was that not everyone agreed on what either moderation or justice should consist in. Justice, for some, required the punishment of all revolutionaries and their sympathizers. For others, it meant a continuing battle against kings, priests, aristocrats, and the comfortable middle classes. Both groups saw in “moderation” a mere tactic of the opposition, and moderates as the dupes of the opposite extreme. Compromise for them meant the surrender of principle. It meant truckling with an enemy that could never be trusted, and had no real intention of compromise.
The Republics at Rome and Naples
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses the peace that prevailed on the Continent from the signing of the treaty of Campo Formio in October 1797 to the attack on Rome by the King of Naples in November 1798, which proved to be the opening episode in the War of the Second Coalition, and hence of the grand climax or confrontation in 1799 between the Old Regime and the New Republican Order. It argues that the peace was no more than a semi-peace. On the one hand, neither France nor Austria could accept the terms of Campo Formio with any finality. Each looked for bastions against the other in Switzerland and Italy. On the other hand, France with its Dutch ally remained at war with Great Britain. While British diplomacy worked to bring Continental armies back into the field against France, the French first threatened to invade England and support revolution in Ireland, then redirected their fleet and army into the expedition to Egypt, from which it was hoped that Bonaparte could counteract the growth of British power in the Indian Ocean, where both French and Dutch interests were at stake. The Egyptian campaign transferred the Anglo-French conflict to the Mediterranean and the Near East.
The Helvetic Republic
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Switzerland and the Helvetic Republic. Until 1798, all of Switzerland was an incredibly complex mosaic of dissimilar pieces. Over a millennium, there had grown up an indefinite number of small communities—from cities like Zurich to remote clusters of pastoral families in Alpine valleys—which no longer belonged to the Holy Roman Empire, and did not yet belong politically to anything else. There was no Swiss state, Swiss citizenship, Swiss law, or even Swiss government. However, nowhere else was the impact of certain principles of the Revolution more apparent and more lasting—especially of the principles of legal equality and of the unity and indivisibility of the Republic. The idea of a Swiss people became a reality under the Helvetic Republic, whose main features were confirmed in the Napoleonic Act of Mediation of 1803, and reconfirmed at the Congress of Vienna.
Germany: The Revolution of the Mind
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Germany during the revolutionary decade. The years of political change coincided with the supreme efflorescence of German thought and culture. It was the age of Goethe and Schiller, of Mozart and Beethoven, of Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Herder, Schleiermacher, and the Humboldts. Under the influence of such masters, a new German national consciousness was beginning to take form. An ambivalent attitude to revolution entered into the national outlook. The Germans neither rejected revolution in the abstract, nor accepted it in its actual manifestations. Nothing was more characteristic, in Germany before 1800, than to continue to hail the principles and goals of the French Revolution with enthusiasm, and to believe that in French hands, thanks to French faults, these principles had miscarried.
America: Democracy Native and Imported
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter first discusses the impact of the French Revolution on the United States. The development was twofold. On the one hand, there was an acceleration of indigenous movements. On the other, there was an influence that was unquestionably foreign. The latter presented itself especially with the war that began in Europe in 1792, and with the clash of armed ideologies that the war brought with it. The warring powers in Europe, which for Americans meant the governments of France and Great Britain, attempted to make use of the United States for their own advantage. Different groups of Americans, for their own domestic purposes, were likewise eager to exploit the power and prestige of either England or France. The chapter then turns to the impact of the Revolution on the “other” Americas.
Climax and Dénouement
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter details events in 1799, when a gathering and confrontation of the forces described in the preceding chapters took place with the War of the Second Coalition—a confrontation in which the matter in question was the survival of the New Republican Order in Europe. Neither side can be said to have won. Or rather, the counter-revolution was certainly defeated, but the New Order prevailed only by being transmuted into something else, the authoritarian, innovating, dynamic, and yet compromising semi-monarchism or semi-republicanism represented by Bonaparte. The struggle went on because compromise was impossible; and compromise was impossible because so few people were ready to occupy a middle ground, and because so many, on both sides, feared that any advantage gained by their adversaries would be ruinous to themselves.
The Boundaries of Evangelical Identity
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about how Protestants define the boundaries of their religious subculture. Social scientists have vigorous debates about who is, and who isn't, an evangelical. In these churches, there were only two kinds of Christians: born-again Christians who had made a personal decision for Christ, and nominal Christians who lacked this personal relationship with Christ. Other denominational or sectarian differences were meaningless to rank-and-file members, even though conservative Protestants once divided themselves rigidly between charismatics, Pentecostals, fundamentalists, and culture-engaging evangelicals. All four of these churches shared a sense of subcultural identity as “born-again” or evangelical Christians, which transcended the historical divisions between Baptist and Pentecostal worship and theology.
Evangelicals, Economic Conservatism, and National Identity
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the claim that evangelical Christians are predisposed toward economic conservatism because of their individualistic theology. In the United States, white evangelicals are more economically conservative than other Americans. Yet Canadian evangelicals are just as supportive of redistributive social policy as other Canadians, even though they share the same tools of conservative Protestant theology. To solve this puzzle, the chapter compares how U.S. and Canadian evangelical congregations talked about poverty and the role of government. In both countries, evangelicals made sense of their religious responsibilities to “the poor” by reference to national identity. Evangelicals used their theological tools differently in the United States and Canada, because different visions of national solidarity served as cultural anchors for religious discourse about poverty.
From Overseas Territory to Member State
Authors: Cooper Frederick
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins by considering Léopold Sédar Senghor's argument that French West Africans should unite in a “primary federation” that would in turn be part of a confederation of equal nations, including European France. Not all in Africa agreed with Senghor, but by 1958, the cry of “African Unity” had become practically ubiquitous. However, African political leaders faced a double problem in reconciling African unity with the realities of post-loi-cadre Africa. The tensions between a political reality in which territory played a large part and an ideal of a strong and united Africa taking its place in the world would frame political debates among African political elites for the next several years.
Conclusion
Authors: Cooper Frederick
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter argues that the spectrum of ideas through which the leaders of African and European France approached politics between 1945 and the early 1960s was much wider than a dichotomy of colonial empire and independent nation-state. The meanings of citizenship, nationality, and sovereignty were not set; they were the object of political contestation, not just the subject of treatises of jurists or philosophers. Political leaders from the colonies were able, despite opposition and setbacks, to make their metropolitan colleagues agree that citizenship had to become more open in a double sense: subjects had to be made into citizens, and France had to accept that one could be a citizen in different ways. Meanwhile, African leaders insisted that France transform itself into a polity that was multicultural as well as egalitarian. From political leaders came proposals for different variants of federalism and confederalism as alternatives to colonial empires.
Hodge Theory (MN-49)
Authors: Cattani Eduardo , El Zein Fouad , Griffiths Phillip A. , Tráng Lê Dung
Published: November 2017

This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to Hodge theory—one of the central and most vibrant areas of contemporary mathematics—from leading specialists on the subject. The topics range from the basic topology of algebraic varieties to the study of variations of mixed Hodge structure and the Hodge theory of maps. Of particular interest is the study of algebraic cycles, including the Hodge and Bloch–Beilinson Conjectures. Based on lectures delivered at the 2010 Summer School on Hodge Theory at the ICTP in Trieste, Italy, the book is intended for a broad group of students and researchers. The exposition is as accessible as possible and does not require a deep background. At the same time, the book presents some topics at the forefront of current research. The book is divided between introductory and advanced lectures. The introductory lectures address Kähler manifolds, variations of Hodge structure, mixed Hodge structures, the Hodge theory of maps, period domains and period mappings, algebraic cycles (up to and including the Bloch–Beilinson conjecture) and Chow groups, sheaf cohomology, and a new treatment of Grothendieck's algebraic de Rham theorem. The advanced lectures address a Hodge-theoretic perspective on Shimura varieties, the spread philosophy in the study of algebraic cycles, absolute Hodge classes (including a new, self-contained proof of Deligne's theorem on absolute Hodge cycles), and variation of mixed Hodge structures.
Introduction to Kähler Manifolds
Authors: Cattani Eduardo , Griffiths Phillip
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the basic results on the topology of compact Kähler manifolds that underlie and motivate Hodge theory. This chapter consists of five sections which correspond, roughly, to the five lectures in the course given during the Summer School at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP). The five topics under discussion are: complex manifolds; differential forms on complex manifolds; symplectic, Hermitian, and Kähler structures; harmonic forms; and the cohomology of compact Kähler manifolds. There are also two appendices. The first collects some results on the linear algebra of complex vector spaces, Hodge structures, nilpotent linear transformations, and representations of sl(2,ℂ) and serves as an introduction to many other chapters in this volume. The second contains a new proof of the Kähler identities by reduction to the symplectic case.
The Hodge Theory of Maps
Authors: Cataldo Mark Andrea de , Lectures 4–5 Luca Migliorini , Cataldo Mark Andrea de
Published: November 2017

This chapter showcases two further lectures on the Hodge theory of maps, and they are mostly composed of exercises. The first lecture details a minimalist approach to sheaf cohomology, and then turns to the intersection cohomology complex, which is limited to the definition and calculation of the intersection complex Isubscript X of a variety of dimension d with one isolated singularity. Finally, this lecture discusses the Verdier duality. The second lecture sets out the Decomposition theorem, which is the deepest known fact concerning the homology of algebraic varieties. It then considers the relative hard Lefschetz and the hard Lefschetz for intersection cohomology groups.
Variations of Mixed Hodge Structure
Authors: Brosnan Patrick , Zein Fouad El
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the definition of admissible variations of mixed Hodge structure (VMHS), the results of M. Kashiwara in A study of variation of mixed Hodge structure (1986), and applications to the proof of algebraicity of the locus of certain Hodge cycles. It begins by recalling the relations between local systems and linear differential equations as well as the Thom–Whitney results on the topological properties of morphisms of algebraic varieties. The definition of a VMHS on a smooth variety is given, and the singularities of local systems are discussed. The chapter then studies the properties of degenerating geometric VMHS. Next it gives the definition and properties of admissible VMHS and reviews important local results of Kashiwara. Finally, the chapter recalls the definition of normal functions and explains recent results on the algebraicity of the zero set of normal functions.
Lectures on Algebraic Cycles and Chow Groups
Authors: Murre Jacob
Published: November 2017

This chapter showcases five lectures on algebraic cycles and Chow groups. The first two lectures are over an arbitrary field, where they examine algebraic cycles, Chow groups, and equivalence relations. The second lecture also offers a short survey on the results for divisors. The next two lectures are over the complex numbers. The first of these features discussions on the cycle map, the intermediate Jacobian, Abel–Jacobi map, and the Deligne cohomology. The following lecture focuses on algebraic versus homological equivalence, as well as the Griffiths group. The final lecture, which returns to the arbitrary field, discusses the Albanese kernel and provides the results of Mumford, Bloch, and Bloch–Srinivas.
The Spread Philosophy in the Study of Algebraic Cycles
Authors: Green Mark L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the spread philosophy in the study of algebraic cycles, in order to make use of a geometry by considering a variation of Hodge structure where D is the Hodge domain (or the appropriate Mumford–Tate domain) and Γ‎ is the group of automorphisms of the integral lattice preserving the intersection pairing. If we have an algebraic cycle Z on X, taking spreads yields a cycle Ƶ on X. Applying Hodge theory to Ƶ on X gives invariants of the cycle. Another related situation is algebraic K-theory. For example, to study Kₚsuperscript Milnor(k), the geometry of S can be used to construct invariants.
Notes on Absolute Hodge Classes
Authors: Charles Franc¸ois , Schnell Christian
Published: November 2017

This chapter surveys the theory of absolute Hodge classes. First, the chapter recalls the construction of cycle maps in de Rham cohomology, which is then used in the definition of absolute Hodge classes. The chapter then deals with variational properties of absolute Hodge classes. After stating the variational Hodge conjecture, the chapter proves Deligne's principle B and discusses consequences of the algebraicity of Hodge bundles and of the Galois action on relative de Rham cohomology. Finally, the chapter provides some important examples of absolute Hodge classes: a discussion of the Kuga–Satake correspondence as well as a full proof of Deligne's theorem which states that Hodge classes on abelian varieties are absolute.
Estimating Spot Volatility
Authors: Aïıt-Sahalia Yacine , Jacod Jean
Published: November 2017

The estimation of integrated volatility in Chapter 6 has been the first object of interest in financial econometrics, because of its relevance in finance, and also because it is the simplest object which can be estimated. However, under mild assumptions, such as the volatility being right-continuous or left-continuous, not only is the integrated volatility identifiable, but the volatility process as a whole is identifiable as well, and is potentially quite useful for financial applications. This question of estimating the “spot volatility,” that is, the value of the volatility at a given time, deterministic, or possibly random, time, is the object of this chapter. It mostly describes how the volatility can be estimated at a deterministic time t, and also at a random time S, under appropriate assumptions on S.
Introductory Concepts
Authors: Del Vecchio Domitilla , Murray Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides a brief introduction to concepts from systems biology; tools from differential equations and control theory; and approaches to the modeling, analysis, and design of biomolecular feedback systems. It begins with a discussion of the role of modeling, analysis, and feedback in biological systems. This is followed by a short review of key concepts and tools from control and dynamical systems theory, which is intended to provide insight into the main methodology described in this volume. Finally, this chapter gives another brief introduction—this time to the field of synthetic biology, which is the primary topic of the latter portion of this book.
Interconnecting Components
Authors: Murray Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter illustrates problems that need to be overcome when interconnecting components into more complex systems and proposes a number of engineering solutions based on the feedback principles introduced in Chapter 3. Specifically, the chapter explains how loading effects arise at the interconnection between modules, which change the expected circuit behavior. These loading problems appear in several other engineering domains, including electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic systems, and have been largely addressed by the respective engineering communities. In this chapter, it is explained how similar engineering solutions can be employed in biomolecular systems to defeat loading effects and guarantee a “modular” interconnection of circuits.
Design Tradeoffs
Authors: Murray Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes some of the design tradeoffs arising from the interaction between synthetic circuits and the host organism. It first considers the effects of competition for shared cellular resources on circuits' behavior. In particular, circuits (endogenous and exogenous) share a number of cellular resources. The insertion or induction of synthetic circuits in the cellular environment changes for these resources, with possibly undesired repercussions on the functioning of the circuits. Independent circuits may become coupled when they share common resources that are not in overabundance. This fact leads to constraints among the concentrations of proteins in synthetic circuits, which should be accounted for in the design phase. Next, the chapter looks at the effect of biological noise on the design of devices requiring high gains. Specifically, the chapter illustrates possible design tradeoffs between retroactivity attenuation and noise amplification that emerge due to the intrinsic noise of biomolecular reactions.
What Is Fitness?
Authors: Marshall James A.R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the problem of correctly defining fitness costs and benefits in inclusive fitness theory, when competition occurs between offspring who are relatives. It reviews the definition of evolutionary fitness and shows how its misinterpretation explains many previous misunderstandings as to whether inclusive fitness theory always makes accurate predictions. The chapter begins with a discussion of Haldane's dilemma, which can be formalized with fitness equations that show that the risk of death can make fitness effects all-or-nothing. It then examines how inclusive fitness models can be constructed to deal with reproductive value and class-structured populations. It also shows how costs and benefits can be expressed as payoffs that are proportional to reproductive success, as changes in production of offspring, or as changes in evolutionary fitness. Finally, it presents examples that illustrate when fitness, payoffs, and fecundity are different, and how inclusive fitness analyses can be performed properly in such situations.
The Russian Problem and the Onset of the Pacific War, March−December 1941
Authors: Copeland Dale C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the nine months leading up to the attack on the United States on December 7, 1941. It begins with a look at US–Japanese talks in spring 1941. The chapter then explores why the US–Japanese agreement fell apart in late June 1941, after which it examines Roosevelt and US secretary of state Cordell Hull's willingness to restart talks with Tokyo in late August and their subsequent suspension of the talks in early September. Finally, the chapter discusses the last three months of peace and aborted final round of negotiations in late November 1941. It shows that US officials were highly aware that Japan's desperate economic situation, caused by the American oil embargo, was driving Tokyo into war.
Introduction
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This book deals with non-archimedean tame topology and stably dominated types. It considers o-minimality as an analogy and reduces questions over valued fields to the o-minimal setting. A fundamental tool, imported from stability theory, is the notion of a definable type, which plays a number of roles, starting from the definition of a point of the fundamental spaces. One of the roles of definable types is to be a substitute for the classical notion of a sequence, especially in situations where one is willing to refine to a subsequence. To each algebraic variety V over a valued field K, the book associates in a canonical way a projective limit unit vector V of spaces, which is the stable completion of V. In case the value group is ℝ, the results presented in this book relate to similar tameness theorems for Berkovich spaces.
Preliminaries
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides some background material on definable sets, definable types, orthogonality to a definable set, and stable domination, especially in the valued field context. It considers more specifically these concepts in the framework of the theory ACVF of algebraically closed valued fields and describes the definable types concentrating on a stable definable V as an ind-definable set. It also proves a key result that demonstrates definable types as integrals of stably dominated types along some definable type on the value group sort. Finally, it discusses the notion of pseudo-Galois coverings. Every nonempty definable set over an algebraically closed substructure of a model of ACVF extends to a definable type.
Γ‎-internal spaces
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the topological structure of Γ‎-internal spaces. Let V be an algebraic variety over a valued field. An iso-definable subset X of unit vector V is said to be Γ‎-internal if it is in pro-definable bijection with a definable set which is Γ‎-internal. A number of delicate issues arise here. A pro-definable subset X of unit vector V is Γ‎-parameterized if there exists a definable subset Y of Γ‎ⁿ, for some n, and a pro-definable map g : Y → unit vector V with image X. The chapter presents an example showing that there exists Γ‎-parameterized subsets of unit vector V which are not iso-definable, whence not Γ‎-internal. It also presents the main results about the topological structure of Γ‎-internal spaces.
Curves
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter proves the iso-definability of unit vector C when C is a curve using Riemann-Roch. Recall that a pro-definable set is called iso-definable if it is isomorphic, as a pro-definable set, to a definable set. If C is an algebraic curve defined over a valued field F, then unit vector C is an iso-definable set. The topology on unit vector C is definably generated, that is, generated by a definable family of (iso)-definable subsets. In other words, there is a definable family giving a pre-basis of the topology. The chapter explains how definable types on C correspond to germs of paths on unit vector C. It also constructs the retraction on skeleta for curves. A key result is the finiteness of forward-branching points.
Specializations and ACV2F
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the theory ACV²F of iterated places and describes some algebraic criteria for v- and g-continuity. It considers the theory ACV²F of triples (K₂,K₁,K₀) of fields with surjective, non-injective places rᵢⱼ : Kᵢ → Kⱼ for i > j, r₂₀ = r₁₀ ° r₂₁, such that K₂ is algebraically closed. The chapter shows that the family of g-open sets is definable in definable families. It also presents some applications of the continuity criteria and concludes by proving that for each definable set of definable functions V → Wsuperscript Number Sign the subset of those that are g-continuous is definable.
An equivalence of categories
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter deduces from Theorem 11.1.1 an equivalence of categories between a certain homotopy category of definable subsets of quasi-projective varieties over a given valued field and a suitable homotopy category of definable spaces over the o-minimal Γ‎. The chapter introduces three categories that can be viewed as ind-pro definable and admit natural functors to the category TOP of topological spaces with continuous maps. The discussion is often limited to the subcategory consisting of A-definable objects and morphisms. The morphisms are factored out by (strong) homotopy equivalence. The chapter presents the proof of the equivalence of categories before concluding with remarks on homotopies over imaginary base sets.
Applications to the topology of Berkovich spaces
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents various applications to the topology of classical Berkovich spaces. It deduces from the main theorem several new results on the topology of V(superscript an) which were not known previously in such a level of generality. In particular, it shows that V(superscript an) admits a strong deformation retraction to a subspace homeomorphic to a finite simplicial complex and that V(superscript an) is locally contractible. The chapter also proves the existence of strong retractions to skeleta for analytifications of definable subsets of quasi-projective varieties and goes on to prove finiteness of homotopy types in families in a strong sense and a result on homotopy equivalence of upper level sets of definable functions. Finally, it describes an injection in the opposite direction (over an algebraically closed field) which in general provides an identification between points of Berkovich analytifications and Galois orbits of stably dominated points.
Introduction
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Schneider Carl E.
Published: November 2017

This book argues that mandated disclosure as a distinctive regulatory method routinely fails to achieve its ambitious goals. Describing “mandated disclosure” as perhaps the most common and least successful regulatory technique in American law, the book explains why it fails and cannot be fixed. Mandated disclosure has been crafted to help people making unfamiliar and complex decisions while dealing with specialists ranging from lenders and doctors to vendors and the police. However, its effectiveness is hampered by a number of problems, not least of which is the “quantity question,” which comprises the “overload” problem and the “accumulation” problem. This introductory chapter discusses the reasons why mandated disclosure is appealing, including the fact that it resonates with the fundamental American principles of free market and autonomy, as well as the reasons why it can be considered a failure.
From Disclosure to Decision
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Schneider Carl E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that even if the (essentially) cognitive problems with information could be overcome—even if disclosees were offered, accepted, understood, and remembered disclosures—people might not make better decisions. First, much of the information disclosed is not needed and cannot improve decisions. Rational people make many decisions without the guidance that mandated disclosures offer. Evidence shows that people's choices systematically diverge from rationality. This includes ways that people interpret, reinterpret, and misinterpret information. Decisions are shaped by how information is framed, with implications for informed consent. Another problem is the one explored by the literature in social psychology and behavioral economics—that the human mind distorts information and reasoning. The chapter suggests that nobody can write mandates that account for the many unexpected ways people read disclosures.
Creative Dialogues with Textual Partners, Past and Present
Authors: Zim Rivkah
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the writings of Thomas More and Antonio Gramsci. It demonstrates some of the similarities in the political and intellectual methods that generated their prison writing and helped to create their posthumous reputations. These conceptual changes were partly owing to a shared heritage of classical learning that conditioned how their thought processes are reflected in their forms of expression. The mental habits of both polemicists were formed by their literary training in dialectic: they each made creative use of contrast rather than comparison or similitude. In prison these tendencies were exacerbated, as different forms of dialogue and dialectic enabled each writer to reassess the ideas for which he was being persecuted and to sustain his resolve and humanity in family relationships. More's and Gramsci's prison writings therefore engage with existential themes and the politics of authority, yet at the same time they reflect the warmth and importance of family relationships in the dialogic forms of personal correspondence. Their prison writings have been crucial to the political impact of their lives.
The Death of Pallas
Authors: Barchiesi Alessandro
Published: November 2017

This chapter pays attention to the relation between the transformation of the Homeric model (the moment of origin and construction of the new epic work) and what the Aeneid seeks to convey to its readers; and that it may also involve Vergil's attempt to construct a radically new “epic addressee.” An area particularly suited to this inquiry is a portion of the text where a maximum of Homeric redundancy occurs with a maximum of purposeful information: the episode of Pallas's death in book 10, a complex synthesis of Homeric imitation and at the same time a turning point in the plot of the Aeneid.
The Structure of Aeneid 10
Authors: Barchiesi Alessandro
Published: November 2017

This chapter discerns to what extent the presence of a model cooperates in making legible the narrative implicating it, how it serves to guide the reader, and aids in making sense of the text. It shows to what degree Homer comes into play for reading the plot. Here, the chapter is concerned with not just occasional contacts between single speech acts but also with entire implicit scripts and plot lines that the model projects upon the new text and its reading. Hence, this chapter engages a sufficiently long stretch of text, and by focusing on a larger narrative arc, it seeks to discover how the complex process unfolds and at the same time measure the presence of the Homeric model as a trace of sense and aid to narration. The text under discussion is the tenth book of the Aeneid.
Introduction
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides a brief overview of this volume, showing that this book can be used for a variety of ways and can be used to assist the reader toward a better understanding of quaternion linear algebra. Quaternions after all have become increasingly useful for practitioners in research, both in theory and applications. For example, a significant number of research papers on quaternions, perhaps even most of them, appear regularly in mathematical physics journals, and quantum mechanics based on quaternion analysis is mainstream physics. In engineering, quaternions are often used in control systems, and in computer science they play a role in computer graphics. Quaternion formalism is also used in studies of molecular symmetry. Hence, to give the reader a preliminary understanding of quaternions, this chapter also provides some notations and conventions to be used in the remainder of this volume, as well as some standard matrices.
Vector spaces and matrices: Basic theory
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter covers the basics on the vector space of columns with quaternion components, matrix algebra, and various matrix decompositions. The real and complex representations of quaternions are extended to vectors and matrices. Various matrix decompositions are studied; in particular, Cholesky factorization is proved for matrices that are hermitian with respect to involutions other than the conjugation. A large part of this chapter is devoted to numerical ranges of quaternion matrices with respect to conjugation as well as with respect to other involutions. Finally, a brief exposition is given for the set of quaternion subspaces, understood as a metric space with respect to the metric induced by the gap function.
Appendix: Real and complex canonical forms
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents canonical forms for real and complex matrices and for pairs of real and complex matrices, or matrix pencils, with symmetries. All these forms are known, and most are well-known. The chapter first looks at Jordan and Kronecker canonical forms, before turning to real matrix pencils with symmetries. It provides canonical forms for pairs of real matrices, either one of which is symmetric or skewsymmetric, or what is the same, corresponding matrix pencils. Finally, this chapter presents canonical forms of complex matrix pencils with various symmetries, such as complex matrix pencils with symmetries with respect to transposition.
Ulysses and the Devils: The Unity of Book 2
Authors: Quint David
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on book 2 of Paradise Lost. In book 2, Milton continues the story of the demilitarization of the fallen angels and of his epic more generally when he bases all of its action around the figure of Ulysses, the hero of eloquence and fraud, whose own epic comes in the aftermath of the Trojan War. The chapter demonstrates that the Odyssey, imitated and parodied in Satan's voyage through Chaos to God's newly created universe in the book's last section, is just one of the classical stories about the career of Ulysses that Milton evokes as models for its different episodes. The various parts of book 2 are held together by this pattern of allusion, as well as by the Odyssean figures of Scylla and Charybdis, the emblem of bad choices, or of loss of choice itself.
The Politics of Envy
Authors: Quint David
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Satan's envy, a condition associated with vision. Satan's envy links vision to time, and to the finite goods of the world. His refusal to bow down before what he takes to be a temporal image of God corresponds to the later historical rejection of the incarnate Son by the incredulous and envious Jews—while his adversary, the zealous Abdiel, plays the role of a fearless Nicodemus before the Sanhedrin. Satan further argues backward, from the apparently secondary, temporal status of the Son, to assert that the Father, whom the Son visibly expresses, is equally secondary and a purely temporal power to be opposed by temporal force. In his envy, the devil invents worldly monarchy by misattributing it to God and wanting it for himself, inventing war in the process.
Getting What You Wish For: A Reading of the Fall
Authors: Quint David
Published: November 2017

This chapter relates the separate falls of Eve and Adam in book 9, respectively, to deeply held wishes that Milton reveals in other writings throughout his career. The fall of Eve grows out of the desire to make trial of an otherwise cloistered virtue and to stand approved in the eyes of God: individual recognition, which Milton uneasily assimilates with the wish for fame. Adam, on the other hand, falls in the name of marital love. Both Eve and Adam have good reasons that go wrong when they disobey God, and their respective wishes—the proof, in Eve's case, of one's solitary spiritual worth and sufficiency, the remedying, in Adam's, of one's social deficiency through human love and companionship—survive and are ratified after the Fall when the couple appear to have switched positions. Adam at the poem's end asserts his vertical dependence on the only God, while Eve declares her love for and inseparability from Adam.
Leaving Eden
Authors: Quint David
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter examines the structure of the composite books 11 and 12, in which the prophesied destruction of Eden corresponds, antithetically, to the building of Pandaemonium at the beginning of Paradise Lost in book 1. After the Fall, Eden might become a temple, oracle site, a grove of pagan rites, goal of pilgrimage—it has already, at the moment that Satan invades it in book 4, been compared to the sheepfold of the Church, prey to thieves, a Church too rich to escape corruption. In books that predict the rise of empires, God dissociates his cult from power and wealth, closing down and eventually washing away Eden, lest it become another Pandaemonium—a haunt of foul spirits.
Austen’s Competing Models
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Jane Austen's competing models of human behavior that also offers important insights into strategic thinking. One competing model focuses on people's emotions, which Austen acknowledges can cause bad decisions. For example, the jealous Caroline Bingley remarks to Mr. Darcy that Elizabeth's eyes have “a sharp, shrewish look,” but this only makes him reply that Elizabeth is “one of the handsomest women of my acquaintance.” Influenced by emotion, Miss Bingley does not think her plan through and it backfires. Emotions can affect people's choices, but people can strategically manage their emotions as well. The chapter proceeds by discussing Austen's other competing models dealing with instincts, habits, rules or principles, ideology, intoxication, constraints, and social factors like envy and decorum.
Austen on Strategic Thinking’s Disadvantages
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Jane Austen's views on the disadvantages of strategic thinking, which she makes visible in her novels. First, Austen notes that strategic thinking takes mental effort: one's strategic thinking capacity is not infinite and strategic thinking competes with other cognitive demands. Second, strategic thinking makes moral life more complicated. Third, being good at strategic thinking can keep people from helping you. If others do not think you are strategic, then they confide in you, thinking that you cannot possibly be leading them on. Similarly, if others think you are strategic, they do not confide in you because they think you already know everything. Other disadvantages of being strategically skilled is that it can you make you see strategicness where none exists, or that it can lead to pride. True strategic wisdom is not proud.
The Life of Roman Republicanism
Authors: Connolly Joy
Published: November 2017

In recent years, Roman political thought has attracted increased attention as intellectual historians and political theorists have explored the influence of the Roman republic on major thinkers from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. Held up as a “third way” between liberalism and communitarianism, neo-Roman republicanism promises useful, persuasive accounts of civic virtue, justice, civility, and the ties that bind citizens. But republican revivalists, embedded in modern liberal, democratic, and constitutional concerns, almost never engage closely with Roman texts. This book takes up that challenge. With an original combination of close reading and political theory, the book argues that Cicero, Sallust, and Horace inspire fresh thinking about central concerns of contemporary political thought and action. These include the role of conflict in the political community, especially as it emerges from class differences; the necessity of recognition for an equal and just society; the corporeal and passionate aspects of civic experience; citizens' interdependence on one another for senses of selfhood; and the uses and dangers of self-sovereignty and the bodyfantasy. Putting classicists and political theorists in dialogue, the book also addresses a range of modern thinkers, including Kant, Hannah Arendt, Stanley Cavell, and Philip Pettit. Together, the book's readings construct a new civic ethos of advocacy, self-criticism, embodied awareness, imagination, and irony.
Solving the Representative’s Problem and Creating the Representative’s Opportunity
Authors: Grimmer Justin , Westwood Sean J. , Messing Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains when strategic legislators will associate themselves with spending and how constituents are likely to allocate credit in response to legislators' credit claiming messages. The complicated appropriations process makes it nearly impossible for constituents, on their own, to track their legislators' activities. This complexity creates a need for legislators to explain their work to constituents. Reelection-oriented legislators face a trade-off between adopting a nonpartisan reputation as an effective advocate for the district or cultivating an image as a partisan who effectively advocates for their party. As a result, who legislators represent affects how legislators balance these considerations in their public messages. Constituents are responsive to legislators' credit claiming efforts, but lack both the context and the information necessary to be responsive to the amount legislators claim credit for securing. Instead, constituents will seize on information they are better equipped to evaluate: the action legislators report, the recipient of the expenditure, and the purported benefits.
How Legislators Create an Impression of Influence
Authors: Grimmer Justin , Westwood Sean J. , Messing Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter characterizes legislators' credit-claiming efforts, demonstrating how often legislators claim credit for spending, what legislators claim credit for securing, and the amount legislators publicize. It develops accurate measures of legislators' credit-claiming rates and then shows how legislators' credit-claiming strategies reflect the types of districts they represent. Legislators with the greatest incentive to cultivate a personal vote claim credit more often than colleagues who can win reelection with appeals to their partisan base. The chapter also illuminates how members of Congress claim credit broadly and not just for money that is earmarked during the appropriations process. This behavior includes claiming credit for requests made during the appropriations process even if the expenditures only have a small chance of actually reaching the district. What is more, legislators claim credit for more than funds earmarked during the appropriations process. They also claim credit for grants that executive agencies allocate.
Creating an Impression, Not Just Increasing Name Recognition
Authors: Grimmer Justin , Westwood Sean J. , Messing Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter demonstrates that legislators' credit-claiming efforts do more than simply bolster name recognition—they also cultivate an impression of influence over federal funds. It examines the results of an experiment conducted on a major social media website—a setting where constituents regularly receive messages like the ones used in this book's experiment from their member of Congress. Using this study's experimental design, the chapter shows that credit-claiming messages do make constituents more familiar with their representative, but the credit-claiming messages also lead constituents to infer that their legislator is more effective at delivering money to the district. The result is that credit-claiming messages cause a larger increase in overall support than other types of messages.
Class Structure in the Old and New South
Authors: Ruef Martin
Published: November 2017

This chapter assesses whether the class structure of the South changed in the postbellum era and whether different individual and locational attributes predicted who would come to occupy preferred social positions. It suggests another source of categorical uncertainty during Reconstruction and beyond. While many Southern journalists and politicians celebrated the expansion of an entrepreneurial middle class at the time, this class actually declined numerically in the proverbial New South. Moreover, the “decaying” planter class was remarkably persistent, both in its dominance of the top of the wealth distribution and its involvement in the postwar industrialization of the region. The social categories of planters and middling Southerners that were deployed in popular discourse—and within the “New South Creed”—thus had little in common with the reality of class structure following the Civil War.
Introduction
Authors: Özyürek Esra
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter discusses some questions on the contradictions and challenges in the lives of German converts to Islam. It aims to provide a preliminary understanding of what it means to embrace Islam in a society that increasingly marginalizes and racializes Muslims. The chapter begins with a discussion of conversion to racialized religions, before considering whether Islamophobia is similar to anti-Semitism or homophobia. Afterward, the chapter narrows the context to Germany, revealing that even though Germany has a long history of racializing religion, especially Judaism, the racialization of Muslims with a clear class dimension is relatively new. This chapter also discusses the role of converts for a European Islam and Germany's long history of European conversions to Islam. Finally, the chapter lays out the methods and sources of research for this volume.
Salafism as the Future of European Islam?
Authors: Özyürek Esra
Published: November 2017

This chapter concentrates on the theological aspects of Salafism that attract non-Muslims in postunification Germany. It argues that certain characteristics of Salafism, particularly its conversionism, literalism, and anticulturalist, antinationalist stance, make it appealing to many Germans of diverse backgrounds. In these respects, it works in quite similar ways to Evangelism and Pentecostalism in fulfilling people spiritually and psychologically—aspects greatly ignored by most scholars of contemporary Islam and especially Salafism. The chapter contends that it is these characteristics of Salafism, which introduces itself as free of human interpretation and independent of national tradition, that works well in the anti-Muslim context of Germany.