bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intravenous Acetylsalicylic Acid Inhibits Central Trigeminal Neurons in the Dorsal Horn of the Upper Cervical Spinal Cord in the Cat
Authors: Kaube Holger , Hoskin Karen L. , Goadsby Peter J.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is one of the most commonly used substances in the treatment of headache and other pain syndromes. It is only recently that its efficacy in the treatment of acute attacks and in the prophylaxis of migraine has been proven in clinical trials. Various peripheral and central mechanisms have been proposed for the analgesic effects of acetyl‐salicylic acid and Its mode of action in migraine. The possible actions of acetylsalicylic acid in migraine include local analgesic effects, changes in cerebral serotonin turnover, modulation of antinociceptive neurons in the hypothalamus and inhibition of the release of algogenic peptides during neurogenic inflammation. In this study trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials and single unit activity of central trigeminal neurons in the dorsolateral C2 spinal cord were monitored during electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat. Intravenous administration of the soluble acetylsalicylic salt (acetylsalicylic lysinate, 30mg/kg) reduced the peak‐to‐peak amplitudes of somatosensory evoked potentials from 219 ± 11mV by 18% after 45 minutes and by 26% after 60 minutes. Naloxone injection (0.5 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg) did not reverse the inhibition caused by ASA. The probability of trigeminal cell tiring was reduced in 63% percent of the monitored single units. The effect was not mediated through naloxone‐sensitive opioid receptors and was independent from ASA‐induced peripheral blockade of neuropeptides during neurogenic inflammation. The non‐steroidal anti‐ inflammatory agent ketorolac (0.4mg/kg, IVI) a new cyclooxygenase inhibitor, also reduced the somatosensory evoked potentials by 30% following the same time course. The data suggest that ASA exerts inhibitory effects on central trigeminal neurons, possibly mediated through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and that these may be responsible for its effects in the treatment of migraine.
Autonomic Function Testing in Patients with Migraine
Authors: Pogacnik T. , Sega S. , Pecnik B. , Kiauta T.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Autonomic nervous system function was studied in 62 patients with migraine. The Valsalva maneuver, deep breathing test, sustained handgrip test, orthostatic test and spectral analysis of heart rate variability in the supine and standing positions were performed in a group of 62 patients of both sexes, aged 21 to 50 years, and in an age‐matched control group of 45 healthy volunteers.

Heart rate increase during sustained handgrip was significantly reduced in the headache group, when compared to the control group, while the results of the remaining cardiovascular tests did not significantly differ between the control and headache groups. In standing patients, the integrals of middle frequency bands of amplitude spectra were smaller in patients than in controls because the increase induced by standing was smaller in migraine patients. The results in patients with migraine with aura (21 patients) and migraine without aura (41 patients) did not differ significantly from each other. The same was true for the results of the female and male patients.

It is concluded that sympathetic function is impaired in migraine patients.
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania (CPH) and Hemicrania Continua: Transition From One Stage to Another
Authors: Sjaastad O. , Antonaci F.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Two female patients, one suffering from CPH in non‐remitting form, and the other from hemicrania continua, in the pre‐chronic (non‐continuous) stage are described. Both were followed through transitions to other stages: the CPH patient was followed from the non‐remitting stage to a long‐lasting remission, and lastly back to another chronic stage. Indomethacin was effective in all the symptomatic stages. The hemicrania continua patient was followed from the non‐continuous to the continuous stage. Indomethacin was effective in both stages. These observations provide further evidence that the non‐chronic and chronic (“remitting” and “non‐remitting”) stages of CPH belong together. The same seems to apply to the two stages of hemicrania continua, the “continuous” and the “non‐continuous” stages.
Current Emergency Treatment of Severe Migraine Headaches
Authors: Klapper Jack A. , Stanton John
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Objective: To compare the efficacy of the combination of meperidine and hydroxyzine IM, versus dihydroergotamine and metoclopramide IV in the treatment of severe migraine headaches.

Design: This was a randomized double‐blind, double‐dummy study.

Setting: Established patients, whose headache had failed to respond to their usual abortive agent, were invited to an out‐patient headache clinic for the study.

Patients: Twenty‐eight patients, diagnosed as suffering from either migraine headache or chronic daily headache, were screened on arrival to exclude life‐threatening causes.

Intervention: Group A (14 patients) received dihydroergotamine 1mg and metoclopramide 10mg IV and a placebo injection IM, and Group B (14 patients) received meperidine 75mg and hydroxyzine 75mg IM and a placebo injection IV.

Main Outcome Measures: Patients rated their headaches on a scale of 0‐3 prior to treatment and again at 30 and 60 minutes.

Results: Both groups experienced improvement in headache severity. (Group A P=0.001 and Group B P=0.003). Improvement in pain scale score was greater for Group A than Group B, (P=0.006). The number of patients having s mild or no headache in Group A (13/14) was significantly greater than Group B (3/14). (P<0.001)

Conclusions: The combination of dihydroergotamine and metoclopramide IV should replace the standard IM narcotic and antiemetic as the parenteral treatment of choice for severe migraine headache.
Migraine and Intracranial Vascular Malformations
Authors: Monteiro J.M. Pereira , Rosas M.J. , Correia A.P. , Vaz A.R.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

The relationships between migraine and A‐V Malformations is a subject of controversy and the arguments are mainly based on case reports and retrospective data. To clarify this subject a structured inquiry and classification of headaches in large samples of patients with intracranial vascular malformations (IVM) is essential. The authors studied the prevalence of headaches in 51 patients with IVM admitted to our Department, between 1984 and 1992. The methods used were a review of medical records followed by a self‐administered headache questionnaire and clinical interview using the IHS criteria for the diagnostic classification of headaches. The relative frequency of the different types of headaches was calculated and compared with the general population data. A correlative study of the headache characteristics with the type and location of the IVM was made. A high prevalence (47%) of migraine type headaches and a strong positive correlation (88.8%) between the site of AVM and side of the pain was found. This is highly suggestive but not conclusive of a pathophysiologic relationship between these entities. The conclusion drawn is that a prospective study of headaches by questionnaire or semi‐structured clinical interview in patients with IVM is essential to discover the effective prevalence and characteristics of headaches associated with IVM and their relationships.
Musculoskeletal Dysfunction of the Neck in Migraine and Tension Headache
Authors: Kidd Robert F. , Nelson R.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

In this prospective controlled study, thirty‐seven migraine and/or tension headache patients andthirty‐seven age and sex matched controls were examined for evidence of muscuIoskeletal dysfunction inthe neck. The examination consisted of clinical range of motion testing of neck rotation, sidebending,flexion and extension while in the sitting position. The headache group had more abnormal physicalfindings than the control group. Although the difference for each particular motion test, taken by itself, wasnot statistically significant, two or more abnormalities in combination was found to reach a .05 confidencelevel of significance. It is proposed therefore that musculoskeletal dysfunction of the neck is a contributingfactor to the etiology of migraine and tension headache.
Comparison of Contingent Negative Variation Between Migraine Interval and Migraine Attack Before and After Treatment With Sumatriptan
Authors: Göbel Hartmut , Krapat Susanne , Ensink Franz‐Berhard M. , Soyka Dieter
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

We compared in a placebo controlled, double blind, cross‐over within‐subject design, the amplitude and area integral of contingent negative variation (CNV) using a 2 second interstimulus interval in migraine patients between attack and interval before and after treatment. The study was conducted on 14 female subjects suffering from migraine without aura. The measurements were performed in a balanced sequence at four different times on each patient, twice during the migraine interval and once in each of two migraine attacks. The CNV in the patients was measured first (baseline), then medication was administered on a double‐blind basis with an auto‐injector, using either 6 mg sumatriptan or a placebo solution. Thirty minutes after administration the CNV parameters were measured again and the changes between pre‐and post‐treatment were taken as dependent variables. CNV amplitude baseline readings did not differ significantly between the four conditions, Neither administration of placebo nor sumatriptan led to a significant change in CNV parameters independent of whether significant clinical improvement of migraine headache occurred or not. According to our findings CNV‐mechanisms between attack and interval are not subject to short‐term changes, even though a small, not significant tendency towards · decrease in CNV amplitude during migraine attacks appears to exist. Therefore, it can be assumed that changes in the systems which are depicted by CNV readings are not involved in initiating and terminating acute migraine attacks.
Ageism: Prejudice Against Our Feared Future Self
Authors: Nelson Todd D.
Published: May 2005

For decades, researchers have discovered much about how humans automatically categorize others in social perception. Some categorizations—race, gender, and age—are so automatic that they are termed “primitive categories.” As we categorize, we often develop stereotypes about the categories. Researchers know much about racism and sexism, but comparatively little about prejudicing and stereotyping based on age. The articles in this issue highlight the current empirical and theoretical work by researchers in gerontology, psychology, communication, and related fields on understanding the origins and consequences of stereotyping and prejudicing against older adults. With the aging baby boomer demographic, it is especially timely for researchers to work to understand how society can shed its institutionalized ageism and promote respect for elders.
Attitudes Toward Younger and Older Adults: An Updated Meta‐Analytic Review
Authors: Kite Mary E. , Stockdale Gary D. , Whitley Bernard E. , Johnson Blair T.
Published: May 2005

This meta‐analytic review of 232 effect sizes showed that, across five categories, attitudes were more negative toward older than younger adults. Perceived age differences were largest for age stereotypes and smallest for evaluations. As predicted by social role theory (Eagly, 1987), effect sizes were reduced when detailed information was provided about the person being rated. The double standard of aging emerged for evaluations and behavior/behavioral intentions, but was reversed for the competence category. Perceptions depended on respondent age also. Results demonstrated both the multi‐dimensionality and the complexity of attitudes toward older adults (Hummert, 1999;Kite & Wagner, 2002).
Ageism and Ageist Language Across the Life Span: Intimate Relationships and Non‐intimate Interactions
Authors: Nussbaum Jon F. , Pitts Margaret J. , Huber Frances N. , Krieger Janice L. Raup , Ohs Jennifer E.
Published: May 2005

The possible effects of ageist language and ageism on the structure and function of intimate and non‐intimate relationships have received significant attention from social scientists. Recent research grounded in communication accommodation theory (

Giles, Mulac, Bradac, & Johnson, 1987

), the communication predicament model of ageing (

Ryan, Giles, Bartolucci, & Henwood, 1986

), the communication enhancement model of ageing (

Ryan, Meredith, MacLean, & Orange, 1995

), and ageing and stereotype research by

Hummert (1994)

and colleagues (

Hummert & Mazloff, 2001
; Hummert, Shaner, & Garstka, 1995) point toward the numerous consequences of both negative and positive attitudes toward ageing. Focusing specifically on health care settings, this article reviews recent theoretical positions and empirical findings that link ageist language and ageism to these positive and negative social consequences, and offers pragmatic suggestions and directions for future research.
Re‐Vision of Older Television Characters: A Stereotype‐Awareness Intervention
Authors: Donlon Margie M. , Ashman Ori , Levy Becca R.
Published: May 2005

This study examines whether greater television exposure predicts older individuals' more negative images of aging, and whether an intervention based on maintaining a television diary of viewing impressions will increase their awareness of the stereotypical and infrequent manner in which elders are presented. Seventy‐six individuals, aged 60 to 92, participated. As expected, all participants showed a correspondence between greater television exposure and more negative images of aging. Also as expected, the intervention‐group participants developed a greater awareness of how elders are presented on television. Further, the intervention‐group participants expressed their intention to watch less television in the future. These findings suggest that the promotion of awareness provides a means of helping elders confront ageism.
Perceiving Age Discrimination in Response to Intergenerational Inequity
Authors: Garstka Teri A. , Hummert Mary Lee , Branscombe Nyla R.
Published: May 2005

Young (N= 57), middle‐aged (N= 57), and older adults (N= 47) were presented with an editorial that argued in favor of their age group's economic interests (e.g., their privilege was fair; their disadvantage was unfair) or against their age group's economic interests (e.g., their privilege was unfair; their disadvantage was fair). Participants completed measures of perceived age discrimination, attributions for outcomes, and support for age‐based spending. Unfavorable intergenerational comparisons elicited higher perceived age discrimination in middle‐aged adults, and more support among all age groups for funding to middle‐aged adults compared to favorable comparisons. Young and older adults reported more age discrimination than middle‐aged adults regardless of comparison type. Age group status consequences for responses to the intergenerational conflict debate are discussed.
Models of the Aging Self
Authors: Sneed Joel R. , Whitbourne Susan Krauss
Published: May 2005

Older adults are faced with numerous physical, psychological, and social role changes that challenge their sense of self and capacity to live happily. In addition, they are inundated by our youth‐oriented culture with negative ageist stereotypes. Nevertheless, most older adults live happy, fulfilling lives. In this article, we review theories of the aging individual that address this apparent paradox. These theories can be largely divided into those that emphasize control and goal attainment, and those that emphasize the self's organizational capacity. Of the self‐oriented theories, we will highlight

Whitbourne's (1996)
identity process perspective, which is specific to the aging process and attempts to explain the self's unique capacity to remain stable yet change over time.
Divided over Diversity: Political Discourse in a Chicago Neighborhood
Authors: Berrey Ellen C.
Published: May 2005

In a Chicago neighborhood made up of different racial and economic groups, nearly everyone claims to value diversity. Yet, this powerful and plastic symbol can influence political activity in opposite directions. An ethnographic study of the neighborhood shows how three different groups—white real estate professionals and politicians, white progressive organizers, and black low‐income housing advocates—deploy diversity. It presents three key findings: (1) mixed‐income housing often becomes a proxy for diversity; (2) the diversity concept can support progressive politics while downplaying certain racial and class disparities; and (3) a focus on neighborhood diversity can obscure issues that poor people care about, including tenants rights. By providing a microlevel perspective on diversity discourse, these findings demonstrate how a shared symbol can both illuminate and veil fundamental disagreements over race, class, inequality, and gentrification in cities today.
Cultivating Community Self‐Help in Deprived Urban Neighborhoods
Authors: Williams Colin C.
Published: May 2005

Attempts to nurture community self‐help in deprived urban neighborhoods currently follow the “third sector” route of developing existing community‐based groups. Here, the implications and legitimacy of pursuing this public policy approach in relation to British deprived urban neighborhoods are evaluated critically. Analyzing both secondary data from government surveys and primary data from 400 face‐to‐face interviews, I here find that such a policy approach imposes onto deprived neighborhoods a relatively foreign culture of engagement more characteristic of affluent areas. Identifying how the participatory culture in deprived neighborhoods is more oriented toward engagement in one‐to‐one reciprocal aid (i.e., informal community self‐help) rather than participation in groups (i.e., formal community self‐help), and that some form of payment is more often than not involved, a call is made for public policy to recognize the predominance of this form of community self‐help in deprived populations and to pursue policy initiatives that seek to nurture it. How this might be achieved is then outlined.
The Nasal Septum of the Dog: Is It Visible RadiographicaIly?
Authors: Harvey Colin E.
Published: May 2005

Occlusal nasal radiographs of a normal dog taken before and after resection of the cartilaginous nasal septum were compared. No differences were seen in the midline linear radiopacities previously referred to as the nasal septum. It is concluded that the cartilaginous nasal septum is not visible radiographically and that the midline linear radiopacities visible in normal dogs are the vomer bone.
Chronic Nasal Disease in the Dog: Its Radiographic Diagnosis
Authors: Harvey Colin E. , Biery Darryl N. , Morello Jane , O'Brien Joan A.
Published: May 2005

The radiographic signs of 40 dogs with chronic nasal disease were tabulated and compared with the definitive diagnoses. Erosion of the vomer bone and/or an external mass were present in 16 of 18 dogs that had nasal tumors. Areas of radiolucency in the nasal cavity were present in 8 of 15 dogs that had nasal fungal disease. Radiographic examination did not provide a highly reliable diagnosis for all dogs with chronic nasal disease.
Normal Swallowing in the Dog: A Cineradiographic Study
Authors: Watrous B. J. , Suter P. F.
Published: May 2005

Normal dog swallowing dynamics were analyzed and correlated with specific structures. There were oropharyngeal, esophageal, and gastroesophageal phases. The oropharyngeal phase was characterized by food prehension and bolus formation (oral stage), reflex pharyngeal peristalsis (pharyngeal stage), and reflex cricopharyngeal sphincter relaxation (cricopharyngeal stage). The esophageal phase was characterized by primary peristalsis initiated by the oropharyngeal phase and secondary peristalsis which occurred in response to mechanical stimuli from a bolus in the esophagus. There was a post‐peristalsis refractory period during which new peristalsis would not occur. Repeated rapid swallowing would, therefore, result in accumulation of ingesta in the esophagus. The gastroesophageal phase occurred when a bolus passed through the gastroesophageal junction, an area which serves as a lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroesophageal reflux was observed as a normal, infrequent event followed by rapid esophageal clearance. Low doses of tranquilizers had no significant influence on swallowing function. The differences observed between sternal and lateral recumbent postures related only to the rate of food consumption which, in turn, influenced esophageal motor response and inhibited gastroesophageal closure. These differences did not adversely affect the autonomous phases of swallowing.
Gastrografin as a Gastrointestinal Contrast Medium in the Cat
Authors: Allan G. S. , Rendano V. T. , Quick C. B. , Meunier P. C.
Published: May 2005

Gastrografin (diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium solution) was used to evaluate its performance as a gastrointestinal‐tract contrast medium in ten cats. It was administered through an orogastric tube to ketamine hydrochloridesedated, nonatropinized, mature cats at a dose rate of 22 mg/kg. Gastric emptying and largeintestinal filling were observed within 30–60 minutes in seven cats and in 120 minutes in the remaining three cats. The mucosal detail of the small intestine was poor, being represented by a homogeneous “halo” of decreased radiodensity surrounding the more radiodense intestinal luminal contents. The contrast medium refluxed into the esophagus in six cats. Some contrast medium precipitated in the stomach and small intestines in all ten cats. Urinary‐tract opacification occurred in all cats and was first seen 60 minutes after Gastrografin was administered. Gastrografin satisfactorily opacifies the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract of cats. It has physical and physiologic characteristics that preclude its use for routine gastrointestinal contrast studies. These characteristics are reviewed in this article.
Osteomyelitis Associated With Disseminated Blastomycosis in Nine Dogs
Authors: Roberts R. E.
Published: May 2005

Blastomycosis, a common disease entity of dogs in the southeastern United States, may be encountered elsewhere. Blastomyces dermatitidis, the cause of this disease, is a soil‐borne fungal organism. B. dermatitidis is introduced into the host by inhalation of infective spores. This results in a primary lung infection. Dissemination of the organism occurs by lymphohematogenous means and may involve any body tissue. Other tissues frequently involved are the skin, male genitals, lymph nodes, eyes, and bone. Osteomyelitis was diagnosed in nine dogs with disseminated blastomycosis. Six of nine dogs had solitary bone lesions. All nine dogs had a clinical lameness. Only two dogs had clinical signs of respiratory disease. A total of 25 bone lesions were observed in these dogs, with 19 lesions located in the tubular bones of the extremities. Typically, osteolytic lesions appeared at the ends of long bones; only two lesions were observed proximal to the stifle. No extremity lesions were seen proximal to the elbow. Approximately half of the bone lesions had an associated periosteal response or soft tissue enlargement, while no sinus or fistulous tracts were observed. Blastomycosis was confirmed in all dogs by a positive reaction to the gel immunodiffusion test and/or identification of the B. dermatitidis organism. 0rganisms were retrieved and identified from a variety of tissues, including three bone biopsy specimens and one joint aspirate. In seven of nine dogs, initial diagnosis was by identification of the organism. The radiographic differential diagnoses included primary bone neoplasia, soft tissue neoplasia with secondary bone involvement, fungal osteomyelitis, and bacterial osteomyelitis. These differential diagnoses were based on the distribution, localization, and aggressiveness of the lesions observed. The 32 percent incidence of blastomycosis‐associated osteomyelitis reported here is significantly higher than reported previously.
Radiographic Examination of the Equine Vertebral Column
Authors: Jeffcott L. B.
Published: May 2005

A method is described for routine radiography of the horse's thoracolumbar (TL) spine from T2 to L3 in the standing position. Stocks were used for restraint, and the x‐ray tube, which was mounted on an overhead gantry, was linked automatically to a cassette holder on the far side of the animal. A crosshatch grid with an ultra‐fast system of screens and film was employed to provide adequate radiographic quality. An aluminum wedge filter (dodger) was used to help compensate for the marked variation in spine thickness. For radiography of the caudal lumbar spine and lumbosacral region, it was necessary to anesthetize the horse and make radiographs in the ventrodorsal position. Exposures of up to 150 kV and 400 mAs were required for heavy horses weighing up to 750 kg. Scatter radiation was kept to a minimum by using crossed high‐ratio grids and by putting additional lead on the back of the cassette to prevent back scatter.
Radiographic Features of the Normal Equine Thoracolumbar Spine
Authors: Jeffcott L. B.
Published: May 2005

The normal radiographic anatomy of the equine thoracolumbar (TL) spine is described from birth to maturity. Closure of the vertebral epiphyses was found to take place from 30 to 38 months of age. In a series of 110 normal horses, there were few incidental radiologic abnormalities seen apart from changes associated with crowding and overriding of the dorsal spinous processes. Sixty‐six percent of horses were free from any detectable radiologic lesion, and an additional 12 percent showed only impingement of the dorsal tips of one or more summits. The remainder (22 percent) exhibited some evidence of overriding of the dorsal spinous processes, but in only 3 percent were the changes pronounced. This reduction or obliteration of the normal interspinous spaces occurred chiefly in the midback from T13 to T18 and was associated with pressure points between adjacent spines with local periosteal reaction and focal areas of radiolucency. The tips of the processes sometimes overlapped one another and became misshapen, presumably as a result of continued pressure from the adjacent impinging spines.
A STORAGE‐LIKE DISEASE WITH SKELETAL INVOLVEMENT IN A DOG
Authors: Doige Cecil E. , Farrow Charles S. , Gee Billy R.
Published: May 2005

A storage‐like disease in a 14‐month‐old Rhodesian Ridgeback dog is described. Clinically the dog was lame on all legs, and appendicular joint capsules were distended. Radiographically and at necropsy, there was evidence of osteoarthritis, increased volume of synovial fluid, and marked hypertrophy of the synovial membranes. Large mononclear cells with vacuolated cytoplasm were evident in synovial membranes. Large mononuclear cells with vacuolated cytoplasm were evident in synovial membranes. Large mononuclear cells with vacuolated cytoplasm were evident in synovial membranes, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, and endocrine glands. Vacuolated cells in lymph nodes stained positively for fat. Transmission electron microscopy revealed empty membrane‐bound cytoplasmic vacuoles. The similarity of this disease to storage diseases in man where arthropathy is a feature is discussed.
GENERALIZED EXTENSIVE IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY OSSIFICATON IN A DOG: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , Goldschmidt Michael H. , Clement Richard J. , Goldsmith Bernard
Published: May 2005

A 9‐year‐old dog was presented with generalized extensive pulmonary mineralization associated with exertional dyspnea and cyanosis. The differential diagnosis for the pulmonary mineralization included metastaticand dystrophic pulmonary calcification, atypical pulmonary neoplasia, alveolar microlithiasis, idiopathic pulmonary mineralization, and idiopathic pulmonary ossification. The dog was euthanized at the owner's request. The histologic diagnosis was idiopathic pulmonary ossification. No previous report of generalized extensive idiopathic pulmonary ossification was found. Idiopathic pulmonary ossification occurs in man, usually involves a limited area of lung, and is functionally unimportant. The pulmonary ossification in the dog reported here was generalized and associated with severe pulmonary dysfunction. The disease in man and that in the dog in this report do not appear to be directly comparable.
CONGENITAL PERITONEOPERICARDIAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA IN THE DOG AND CAT: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND 17 ADDITIONAL CASE HISTORIES
Authors: Evans Sydney M. , Biery Darryl N.
Published: May 2005

A systematic description of the history, clinical and radiographic signs, and clinical sequelae in 13 dogs and four cats with congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (CPDH) seen over ten years is presented. The predominant signs were gastrointestinal and respiratory. The animals were 8 weeks to 10 years old. Eight of the 13 dogs were male; the four cats were female. Weimaraners were 30.8 percent of the affected dogs, but only 1.1 percent of the hospital population during the ten years reviewed. There were concurrent umbilical hernias in four dogs, congenital heart disease in two dogs, and sternal deformities in six dogs and one cat. Twelge of the 13 dogs and two of the four cats had survey radiographs. Superimposed diaphragmatic and caudal heart borders were seen in nine of the 12 dogs and both cats. Abnormal soft‐tissue gas or double soft‐tissue densities in the pericardial sac were seen in 11 of the 12 dogs and the two cats. Upper gastrointestinal studies, pneumoperitoneography, thoracic tomography, and right ventricular angiography were special studies used to evaluate CPDH. Surgical correction was successful in nine of 11 dogs; signs remained in two dogs. The longest postoperative survival was 6.5 years. A 14‐week‐old English Setter without surgical correction of its CPDH or pulmonic stenosis was free of clinical signs of either disease for 2.5 years. Twenty‐five reports of CPDH from 1960 to 1979 are reviewed.
PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROPYELOCENTESIS AND ANTEGRADE URETEROGRAPHY: A FLUOROSCOPICALLY ASSISTED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIC IN CANINE UROLOGY
Authors: Ackerman Norman , Ling Gerald V. , Ruby Annette L.
Published: May 2005

Fluoroscopically assisted percutaneous nephropyelocentesis and/or antegrade ureterography was performed on six dogs. These technics were useful for obtaining renal pelvic urine specimens for culture. Percutaneous nephropyelocentesis confirmed diagnoses of pyelonephritis. Injection of a radiopaque contrast medium into the ureter or renal pelvis was useful in evaluating the ureter in those dogs in which excretory urography provided insufficient detail. No complication was associated with the technics.
COLLATERAL PULMONARY CIRCULATION IN DOGS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH DIROFILARIA IMMITIS: ITS ANGIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION*
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , Badertscher Robert R. , Levis Robert E. , McCall John W.
Published: May 2005

Collateral pulmonary circulation was evaluated angiographically 11 months after experimental infection of dogs with either 25 or 100 infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. In both groups, collateral pulmonary circulation developed from bronchial arteries and esophageal branches of the left gastric artery. Of the four dogs receiving 25 larvae, one had no detectable collateral circulation, one developed collateral pulmonary circulation from the bronchial arteries only, and two had collateral pulmonary circulation from the bronchial arteries and esophageal branches of the left gastric artery. Of the three dogs receiving 100 larvae, all had collateral pulmonary circulation from the bronchial arteries and the esophageal branches of the left gastric artery. Bronchial artery collateral pulmonary circulation was more extensive in the 100‐larvae dogs than in the 25‐larvae dogs. Collateral pulmonary circulation from the left gastric artery esophageal branches was similar in both dog groups. Angiographically detectable collateral pulmonary circulation developed within the first year of heaertworm infection. In some respects, the extent of collateral pulmonary circulation development was related to the severity of heartworm infection.
EMPHYSEMATOUS CHOLECYSTITIS IN THE NONDIABETIC DOG: THREE CASE HISTORIES
Authors: Burk Ronald L. , Johnson Gerald F.
Published: May 2005

Emphysematous cholecystitis not associated with diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in three dogs. All three dogs were examined because of vomiting. Neutrophilia, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, and normal serum glucose were present in each animal. A gas‐filled gallbladder and pericholecystic gas were seen radiographically in all three dogs; a cholecystolith was present in one dog. A cholecystectomy was performed on two dogs. Cultures of bacteria from these two bladders revealed Clostridium sp. One of these dogs was euthanized because of acute renal tubular necrosis that was diagnosed after ten days of treatment with gentamicin. The second dog recovered without incident. The third dog was treated successfully with antibiotics.
INDIRECT AND DIRECT DETERMINATION OF THE PORTAL VEIN PRESSURE IN NORMAL AND ABNORMAL DOGS AND NORMAL CATS1
Authors: Schmidt Sibylle , Vet Med , Suter Peter F. , Vet Med
Published: May 2005

Portal hypertension resulting in ascites and portosystemic shunts leading to hepatoencephalopathy are major clinical manifestations of hepatic circulatory disease. Diffuse liver disease impairing sinusoidal blood flow can induce portal hypertension, portosystemic shunts, or both. The liver may also be involved secondarily in posthepatic hypertension and become the site of ascitic fluid formation. Portosystemic shunts may or may not be associated with portal hypertension. Selective catheterization of the hepatic and portal veins permits one to record pressures and to outline gross and subgross vascular anomalies by injecting contrast medium. Sequential pressure recordings in the caudal vena cava, in a free and wedged hepatic vein position, in the splenic pulp, and directly in the portal vein are the bases for the differentiation of prehepatic, liver‐induced, and posthepatic portal hypertension. In addition to localizing the disease process along the postcaval‐portal vein axis, pressure measurements are a reliable basis for the prognosis and selection of the most appropriate therapy. In dogs with portacaval shunts, wedge hepatic vein pressure recordings assist in the detection of hepatic sinusoidal anomalies that limit blood flow and preclude surgical ablation of the shunts. The various technics and their suitability for direct and indirect portal vein pressure recording are described and evaluated. Normal portal vein pressure values in 11 dogs and two cats, using different technics, are provided. The clinical usefulness of the various technics of pressure recording and angiography was illustrated in ten dogs with ascites, hepatoencephalopathy, or both.
POSITIVE CONTRAST RETROGRADE URETHROGRAPHY: A USEFUL PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING URETHRAL DISORDERS IN THE DOG
Authors: Ticer James W. , Spencer Crispin P. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

Positive contrast retrograde urethrography proved to be a useful and relatively simple technic for the evaluation of lower urinary tract disorders in the dog. The case histories of 12 dogs with such disorders were used to illustrate the role of positive contrast retrograde urethrography in the evaluation of urethral and urinary bladder integrity after caudal abdominal and pelvic trauma, and in the investigation of incontinence, stranguria, dysuria, and hematuria.
TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE URETHRA IN FOUR FEMALE DOGS: ITS URETHROGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Authors: Ticer James W. , Spencer Crispin P. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

ansitional cell urethral carcinoma in four female dogs is reported. Lesion distribution in the proximal two thirds of the urethra and the radiographic appearance with retrograde positive contrast urethrography were similar in each dog. The normally smooth longitudinal urethral striations were replaced by multiple small, poorly marginated intraluminal masses that resulted in a generalized moth‐eaten appearance. Extension of contrast medium into the periurethral tissues also occurred. Retrograde urethrography, a simple diagnostic technic, aided in establishing a differential diagnosis in dogs that had urine retention and stranguria.
RADIOGRAPHY REVIEW: THE INTERSTITIAL PATTERN OF PULMONARY DISEASE
Authors: Myer Wendy
Published: May 2005

The interstitium supports and surrounds the blood vessels, lymph vessels, bronchi, and alveoli. One of the most common interstitial lung patterns is that of multiple, variably sized distinct nodules. Pulmonary granulomas, abscesses, and neoplasms usually have this radiographic appearance. Other interstitial patterns result from the summation of multiple areas of diseased perivascular and peribronchial interstitial tissue and/or alveolar septa. Diseases characterized by this unstructured increase in pulmonary density include pulmonary fibrosis, early dirofilariasis, interstitial edema, viral pneumonia, and certain types of metastatic neoplasia.
OROPHARYNGEAE DYSPHAGIAS IN THE DOG: A CINEFLUOROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED AND SPONTANEOUSLY OCCURRING SWALLOWING DISORDERS
Authors: Suter Peter F. , Watrous Barbara J.
Published: May 2005

Cinefluorography and videoflurography were used to record and analyze the functional swallowing deficits of nine dogs with spontaneous oropharyngeal swallowing problems. Based on the clinical and radiographic signs observed in one dog with experimentally induced bilateral hypoglossal palsy and comparison with cinefluorograms of normal dogs, the nine spontaneous dysphagias were divided into five oral dysphagias and four pharyngeal dysphagias. Dogs with oral dysphagias had problems with tongue control and in prehending and transporting food and fluid to the oropharynx. On cinefluorograms, a poor closure of the oral egress led to the loss of contrast medium from the mouth, and a weak tongue‐thrust action caused retention of contrast medium in the oropharynx. The clinical and radiographic signs could be duplicated by hypoglossal neurectomy. In contrast to the pharyngeal dysphagias, aspiration pneumonia was noticeably absent in oral dysphagias. The dogs with pharyngeal dysphagia had severe difficulties in transporting the food from the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx owing to a poor contractility of the pharyngeal muscles. The latter resulted in contrast medium retention in the pharynx and laryngotracheal aspiration. The need was stressed for a careful differentiation between oral and pharyngeal dysphagias on one hand, and cricopharyngeal dysphagias on the other hand. In oral dysphagias, cricopharyngeal myotomy appeared of no use. In pharyngeal dysphagias, cricopharyngeal myotomy severely aggravated the clinical signs by causing a cricopharyngeal chalasia.
TRANSOSSEOUS VERTEBRAL VENOGRAPHY: A DIAGNOSTIC AID IN LUMBOSACRAL DISEASE
Authors: Blevins William E.
Published: May 2005

Transosseous vertebral venography as a technic for investigating disease of the lumbosacral region is described. The technic preferred by the author is an intraosseous injection of contrast medium into the body of L7. Using a caudal needle, 10 ml of contrast medium was injected manually and a radiograph was made as the last milliliter was introduced. Contrast medium filled the lumbar venous sinuses and, by reflux, filled the sacral sinuses caudally to the S2–3 intervertebral foramen. Lumbosacral disease caused an obstruction to contrast medium flow and narrowed or deviated the vertebral venous sinus. Complications of transosseous vertebral venography were extravasation of contrast medium into the epidural space and surrounding soft tissue, and trauma to the sixth lumbar nerve in one dog. The procedure was contraindicated in the presence of local infection and when anesthesia was an undue risk.
GASTRIC LYMPHOSARCOMA IN A DOG: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Evans Sydney M. , Frate L. Arthur De
Published: May 2005

A 9‐year‐old female spayed mixed‐breed dog was presented with a ten‐week history of vomiting. A survey abdominal radiograph showed a soft tissue mass on the lesser curvature of the stomach and an adjacent thickened greater curvature. A barium contrast study confirmed the presence of this mass. The radiographic diagnosis was gastric tumor. Radiographic signs of gastric neoplasia include soft tissue masses or thickening of the stomach wall, delayed gastric emptying, immobility of portions of the stomach wall, and residual stomach‐wall staining by barium. Necropsy revealed a gastric lymphosarcoma that had infiltrated the entire circumference of the pyloric antrum. The most common gastric malignancy in the dog is adenocarcinoma. Gastric lymphosarcoma is considered rare.
ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE HEPATIC AND PORTAL VENOUS SYSTEM IN THE DOG AND CAT: AN INVESTIGATIVE METHOD*
Authors: Schmidt Sibylle , Suter Peter F.
Published: May 2005

The investigators studied the hepatic angiographic technics used in human medicine with respect to their applicability for the investigation of circulatory liver diseases in the dog and cat. The technics were performed in 11 normal dogs and 2 normal cats, and the normal radiographic anatomy of the hepatic portal system and its tributaries was described. The potential indications for the angiographic technics were defined and their respective advantages and disadvantages discussed. Splenoportography was a valuable method for outlining the intrahepatic portal vein branches and for percutaneous prehepatic portal vein pressure determination. Percutaneous transhepatic portography was more difficult to perform, but it provided better detail of the intrahepatic portal veins than splenoportography. Transjugular transhepatic portography was the most versatile but also the most cumbersome of all technics tested. Percutaneous kinetic hepatography proved impractical in dogs and cats. The mesenteric tributaries to the hepatic portal system were best outlined by cranial mesenteric arterial portography or by operative mesenteric venous portography. Operative mesenteric venous portography, in contrast to cranial mesenteric arterial portography, was also useful for prehe‐patic portal vein pressure determination. Free and wedged hepatic venography provided an opportunity for the functional and morphologic investigation of the hepatic sinusoid circula‐tion.
EXPERIMENTAL ARACHNOID FIBROSIS PRODUCED BY METRIZAMIDE IN THE DOG*
Authors: Bartels Jan E. , Braund Kyle G.
Published: May 2005

The short‐term neurologic and long‐term leptomeningeal effects of repeated subarachnoid administration of metrizamide at concentrations of 170 mg I/ml and 300 mg I/ml were investigated in dogs. After two months, arachnoid fibrosis of varying degrees was present in all dogs that had received metrizamide at the higher concentration. The higher concentration of met‐rizamide was more epileptogenic than the concentration of 170 mg I/ml. The presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage was not considered to play a role in the development of the arachnoid fibrosis. Veterinary Radiology Vol. 21, No. 2, 1980; pp 78–81.
SKULL RADIOGRAPHS: SILVER IMPREGNATION AS AN INTERPRETATION AID
Authors: Boyd J. S. , Hart G.
Published: May 2005

Individual skull bones of newly killed young cats were stained with an aqueous solution of 0.5% silver nitrate. These bones became blackened grossly and more radiodense than adjacent unstained skull bones. It was possible to correlate the gross and radiographic appearance of selected bones stained with silver nitrate. This was a useful teaching aid.
BARIUM SULFATE BRONCHOGRAPHY IN HORSES
Authors: Walker Michael , Goble Dallas
Published: May 2005

Barium sulfate bronchograms were performed on four 454‐kg (1000‐lb), adult, mixedbreed horses. Approximately 100 ml of 100% w/v premixed barium sulfate suspension was insufflated into a caudodorsal portion of one lung. Excellent bronchograms were obtained through six generations of bronchial divisions. Bronchograms of diagnostic quality were present for at least 30 minutes. Radiographs at 24 hours showed that most of the barium had been removed from the lung. At 48 hours, tiny barium nodules were essentially all that remained. One hundred and thirty milliliters of barium sulfate initially resulted in overfilling of the bronchial tree and prolonged retention of the contrast medium. Six weeks after bronchography, histopathologic examination of the perfused fixed lungs of two horses showed a very mild inflammatory response to the barium. One of the four horses received two barium sulfate bronchograms. This horse was observed and found to be free of any side effects for 15 months after the second bronchogram.
OSSEOUS METAPLASIA IN THE RENAL PELVIS OF A DOG WITH HYDRONEPHROSIS
Authors: Miller James B. , Sande Ronald D.
Published: May 2005

A 3‐year‐old male Sheltie dog was presented with abdominal distension, diarrhea, and vomiting. Hematologic and blood chemistry studies revealed a mild anemia and a few leukocytes in the urine. Radiographic examination was made, and a large mass with calcified trabeculae was present in the ventral right cranial quadrant of the abdomen. Exploratory celiotomy was performed, and a mass identified as the right kidney was removed. The excised kidney was cystic and multiloculated, and contained areas of bone and cartilage. This mass weighed 1120 g and was in excess of ten percent of the dog's body weight. Transitional epithelium can stimulate osseous metaplasia. The presence of both tissues in a biopsy specimen might indicate urinary tract disease.
METRIZAMIDE MYELOGRAPHY IN FIVE DOGS AND TWO CATS WITH SUSPECTED SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS
Authors: Northington Jerry W.
Published: May 2005

Metrizamide myelography was used in five dogs and two cats with signs of spinal cord disease. The history, clinical signs, cerebrospinal fluid examination, and myelography supported a presumptive diagnosis of spinal cord neoplasia in all seven animals. Myelography demonstrated a deviation of the subarachnoid space in each of them. Five of the animals had an expansile intramedullary spinal cord lesion causing thinning and peripheral deviation of the subarachnoid space. Two had extramedullary lesions causing a central deviation of the subarachnoid space. Spinal cord tumors in six of the seven animals were confirmed by necropsy or surgical excision and histopathologic examination. In the seventh animal, a spinal cord fungal grapuloma was diagnosed by necropsy.
RADIOGRAPHY REVIEW: THE VASCULAR AND BRONCHIAL PATTERNS OF PULMONARY DISEASE
Authors: Myer Carole W.
Published: May 2005

Pulmonary blood vessels account for the majority of radiographically visible structures in normal lung. The vascular pattern of pulmonary disease is characterized by changes in vessel size, shape, contour. Changes in size can be classified as hypo vasularity (decreased size) or hyper vascularity (increased size). The pulmonary arteries and veins may be affected separately or simultaneously. In normal lung, the bronchial structures peripheral to the hilar area are not seen clearly. The bronchial pattern of pulmonary disease is characterized by alteractions in bronchial wall thickness and dinsity, or in bronchial lumen diameter. Mixtures of the four lung patterns, i.e., alveolar, interstitial, bronchial, and vascular, occur frequently. The lung radiographic pattern in an individual animal depends not only on the disease process present, but also on the stage of the disease during which they are radiographed.