bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
203 Efficiency of SID lysine utilization and maximum SID lysine retention for gilts in early, mid and late gestation
Authors: Ramirez-Camba Christian D , Navales Ron , Dunn James , Htoo John K , Gonzalez-Vega Caroline , Touchette Kevin , Thaler Robert , Samuel Ryan S , Levesque Crystal L
Published: November 2020

Efficiency of amino acid (AA) use is presumed constant across gestation but may not reflect changes in metabolic demand during gestation nor consider changes in efficiency depending on level of AA intake. Two experiments were conducted to determine efficiency of SID Lys utilization in gilts during early (d 48-52), mid (d 75-79) and late gestation (d 103-107). Each experiment provided 4 isocaloric (3,335 kcal ME/kg) and isoproteic (11.75 % CP) diets containing 4 SID Lys levels (Table 1). Diets were randomly assigned to 45 gilts (PIC 1050, 158.0 ± 8.0 kg at d 39.4 ± 1 of gestation) in Exp. 1 and 27 gilts (PIC 1050, 169.0 ± 7.5 kg at d 41 ± 1 of gestation) in Exp. 2. Dietary indispensable AA were set to meet or exceed 100% of AA:Lys ratios in both experiments. The SID Lys retention was estimated from whole body nitrogen (N) retention balance studies in each period (7 d diet adaptation, 5 d total urine collection and grab fecal sampling) according to the NRC (2012) equations. The relationship between SID Lys intake and SID Lys retention was determined by nonlinear regression models using the CurveExpert Professional software. According to the Hoerl regression model: E(y)=exp(β 0+β 1X)[Xβ2] best-fitting line, maximum efficiency of SID Lys utilization (i.e. g SID Lys retention/g SID Lys intake) was 65%, 57%, and 53% in early, mid and late gestation and occurred at 6.6, 8 and 12 g of SID Lys intake/d, respectively. Maximum SID Lys retention occurred at 8.1 and 9.8 g of SID Lys intake/d for early and mid-gestation. The SID Lys retention did not reach a maximum value in late gestation. These results suggest that efficiency of SID Lys utilization is not constant across gestation and that maximal efficiency occurs at intake below current recommendations.
180 Effects of copper hydroxychloride and distillers dried grains with solubles on intestinal microbial protein concentration and digestibility of energy, crude protein, and fat by growing pigs
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine , Fry Robert Scott , Kocher Matthew , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride (IntelliBond CII, Micronutrients, LLC, Indianapolis, IN) improves nutrient digestibility and alters microbial protein concentration in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Twenty-four barrows (33.3 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 or 45%) and 2 levels of supplemental Cu from Cu hydroxychloride (0 or 150 mg/kg). Pigs were allotted to a 2-period switch back design with 4 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet in each period resulting in 12 replicate pigs per diet for the 2 periods. For each period, feces were collected on d 10, 11, and 12, and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on d 13 and 14. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using SAS. Fixed effects included Cu, DDGS, and the interaction between Cu and DDGS, whereas random effects included pig and period. Results indicated that inclusion of 45% DDGS to diets reduced (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein (Table 1), and increased (P < 0.05) the microbial protein concentration in the hindgut. The AID and ATTD of crude protein were not affected by dietary Cu concentrations, but the AID and ATTD of fat were greater (P < 0.05) in diets with Cu hydroxychloride than diets without Cu hydroxychloride. There was a reduction (P < 0.05) in microbial protein and concentration of volatile fatty acids in feces when diets were supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved AID and ATTD of fat and reduced concentration of microbial protein in the hindgut.
259 Effects of dietary crude protein level on growth performance, fecal score, gastrointestinal pH, and blood characteristics in weanling pigs fed antibiotic-free diets
Authors: Limbach Joseph R , Calvo Estefania Pérez , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

Reducing dietary CP with crystalline AA supplementation has been proposed as a nutritional strategy to control post-weaning diarrhea in response to global concerns about negative effects of sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics. One hundred eighty weaned pigs (5.53 ± 0.88 kg) were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 12 replicate pens per treatment for 28 d. Treatments included antibiotic-free, corn-soybean meal diets containing 22% and 19% CP, adequate in AA, and a 16% CP diet that provided AA below the requirement. Daily feed provisions and pig weights were recorded weekly. Fecal scores were assessed every other day. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 6, 13, 20, and 27 and 1 pig per pen was euthanized on d 12. Data for growth performance, fecal scores, and intestinal pH were analyzed by contrast statements and data for blood characteristics were analyzed using repeated measures. Results indicated that reducing dietary CP linearly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced overall ADG, G:F, body weight, and fecal scores of pigs. Reduction in dietary CP resulted in greater reduction in BUN after d 13 (treatment × day interaction, P ≤ 0.05). Total protein, albumin, and vitamin A and E in serum were lowest (P ≤ 0.05) on d 13, and pigs fed 16% CP had reduced (P ≤ 0.05) albumin compared with pigs fed other diets. The pH in the ileum was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) as dietary CP decreased but pH in the colon of pigs fed 19% CP was the lowest (P < 0.05) at d 13. In conclusion, reducing CP to 19% and 16% in antibiotic-free diets for weanling pigs reduces fecal score without impairing the growth performance during the first 14 d after weaning. However, additional strategies are needed to maintain growth performance during the next two weeks.
267 Determining the effects of diet complexity and body weight categories on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Lunedo Raquel , Perondi Dani , Vier Carine , Orlando Uislei , Lima Gustavo , Junior Ademir , Kummer Rafael
Published: November 2020

Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding complex or simple diets to nursery pigs sorted by body weight (BW) on growth performance. A total of 1,296 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 5.8±0.10 kg) were used in a 35-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by gender and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments. Treatments included three BW categories: light (4.7±0.10 kg), medium (5.8±0.10 kg), and heavy (7.1±0.10 kg); and two dietary strategies: simple (SD) or complex (CD) diets. Treatments were fed in two phases from d 0-10 and 10-20, followed by 15-d with common diet. Simple diets had greater soybean meal (20/26 vs 12/20%) and phytase levels (2,000 vs 500FTU/kg), lower specialty protein (8.1/4.2 vs 12.0/6.8%) and lactose levels (12/5.3 vs 18/11.5%) compared to CD. There were 8 or 11 pens per treatment and 24 pigs per pen. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There was no evidence of interaction for any response criteria. During the treatment period (d 0-20), pigs fed CD had greater (P< 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and improved (P< 0.10) feed efficiency (G:F) compared to pigs fed SD. During the common period (d 20-35), pigs fed SD had greater (P< 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed CD. Overall (d 0-35), there was no evidence of differences in ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW between SD or CD. Heavy pigs had the greatest (P< 0.05) ADG and ADFI followed by medium and light pigs. In conclusion, pigs fed SD after weaning had poorer performance compared to pigs fed CD but were able to recover the loss in performance when switched to a common diet. This indicates nursery nutrition programs can be simplified without negatively affecting performance from 5.8 to 16.6 kg.
288 Dietary calcium decreases digestibility of phosphorus in late gestating sows, but blood biomarkers may be used to predict bone formation and resorption
Authors: Lee Su A , Bedford Mike R , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

The objective was to test the hypothesis that Ca levels in diets fed to late gestating sows affect apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and retention of Ca and P, blood Ca and P, and serum concentrations of hormones and blood biomarkers. Thirty-six sows (parity = 2.8) were divided in 3 blocks, housed individually in metabolism crates from d 91 to 105 of gestation and randomly allotted to 4 experimental diets containing 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the requirement for Ca with a constant P concentration. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. At the conclusion of the experiment, a blood sample from all sows was collected. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and parity, block, and replicate within block as random effects. Values for the ATTD and retention of Ca increased quadratically (P < 0.05) as dietary Ca increased. Fecal P output increased linearly (P < 0.001) as dietary Ca increased, which resulted in a linear decrease (P < 0.001) in the ATTD of P. Urine P output decreased linearly (P < 0.001) as dietary Ca increased with a linear increase (P < 0.05) in P retention. Serum Ca and P and estrogen, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone were not affected by dietary Ca. Carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) in serum decreased linearly (P = 0.033) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.091) as Ca in diets increased. Osteocalcin in serum was not affected by Ca levels, but the ratio between osteocalcin and CTX-I tended to increase (P = 0.055) as dietary Ca increased. In conclusion, P digestibility decreases, but retention of P increases, as dietary Ca increases and blood biomarkers may be useful to predict bone formation and resorption by late gestating sows.
290 Phosphorus and calcium requirements of growing pigs predicted by mechanistic modelling
Authors: Lautrou Marion , Pomar Candido , Dourmad Jean-Yves , Narcy Agnès , Schmidely Philippe , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre
Published: November 2020

Phosphorus (P) is a key element for the sustainability of pork production systems. The response of pigs to P intake is complex and optimize P utilization requires a multicriteria approach. A mechanistic mathematical model representing the P and Ca absorption and bone and soft tissues deposition was developed and used to optimize these minerals utilization. Model P and Ca requirements (g/kg) were also compared to those of INRA (Jondreville and Dourmad, 2005; apparent total tract digestible P, ATTD-P) and NRC (2012; standardized total tract digestible P, STTD-P) requirements in different bone mineralisation scenarios (100 and 85%). The proposed model showed lower ATTD-P and STTD-P requirements than INRA (6%) and NRC (7%), between 29 to about 98 kg of body weight (BW) and higher (up to 17%) at other weights. The proposed model Ca requirements increase after 95 kg BW unlike NRC and INRA Ca requirements that decrease. For 100 % of bone mineralisation, INRA show the highest Ca requirements (21%) while NRC requirements are similar between 35 to 65 kg and the model requirements are higher for other weights. For 85% objective, the model showed lower Ca requirements than NRC from 25 to 82 kg of BW (9%). The Ca:ATTD-P ratio increased curvilinearly with BW varying from 2.2 to 2.6. The differences observed with the current model and NRC and INRA are due to the structure of the model, that simulates the bone independently of the protein, the first evolving linearly with the weight while the second follows a Gompertz function. Therefore a non-fixed Ca:ATTD-P (or STTD-P) ratio could be consider to maximize bone mineralisation. By predicting bone and muscle growth independently the model offers greater allometric insight into nutrient requirements and their interactions. Studies such as this one will help to usher in a new era of sustainable and eco-friendly livestock production.
291 Determining the effects of manganese source and level on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economics of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Kerkaert Hayden R , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D
Published: November 2020

A total of 1,944 pigs (PIC 337×1050; initially 34.5±0.50 kg) were used in a 107-d growth trial to determine two different manganese source at 3 doses level effects on performance of growing-finishing pigs. Pens (27 pigs) were assigned to treatments in a RCB based on weight with 12 replicates/treatment. Diets were corn-SBM-based and fed in 4 phases. Treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial with Mn source (MnSO4 or Mn hydroxychloride: IBM, Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) and level (8, 16, or 32 ppm) as main effects. Overall, there was a marginal Mn source×level interaction (quadratic, R=0.057) for G:F, with the lowest and highest level of Mn IBM being best, but G:F improved with increasing Mn from MnSO4. There was no evidence for Mn source differences for ADG or ADFI, but 16 ppm of Mn tended to have the poorest (quadratic, R< 0.097) ADG and final BW (quadratic, R< 0.05) compared to other levels. There was a tendency for Mn source′level interaction (quadratic, R=0.075) for carcass yield, where yield did not change by increasing MnSO4, but was greatest for 16 ppm Mn from IBM. Loin depth increased (source×level, R=0.041) for increasing Mn from MnSO4 but decreased when Mn was increased from IBM. The intermediate level of Mn had the lightest HCW (quadratic, R=0.071) and decreased loin depth (quadratic, R=0.044). No evidence of difference (R >0.10) was observed for concentration of Cu and Zn in the liver. Manganese concentration increased (linear, R=0.015) as Mn supplementation increased and tended to be greater (P=0.075) when Mn was supplied by MnSO4 compared to IBM. These data suggest little difference between source but did show improvements in growth performance for 8 and 32 ppm of Mn compared with 16 ppm. Further research is needed to understand why the poorest performance was observed at the intermediate level of Mn.
285 Effects of dietary MINTREX trace minerals and validation of serum biomarkers in measuring lameness in pigs
Authors: Wedekind Karen J , Provin Ashley , Foran Chelsie , Hampton Tom , Ren Ping , Chen Juxing , Herbstreit Sara , Vazquez-Anon Mercedes
Published: November 2020

Lameness is a welfare issue and is the most common involuntary reason for culling pigs. Study objectives were to compare objective measures of lameness to gait score and assess effects of dietary chelated trace minerals in finisher pigs. The study was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement consisting of naturally- occurring lame vs healthy pigs and 2 dietary treatments: 1) metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MMHAC) supplied as MINTREX® Zn-Cu-Mn (Novus International, Inc.) supplemented at 80-10-20 mg/kg diet; and 2) sulfates Zn-Cu-Mn supplemented at 120-20-40 mg/kg diet. The study consisted of 4 groups of pigs (50-70 kg; 8 lame/8 non-lame per group) staggered one month apart. Dietary treatments were fed 53d. Measurements included gait scoring (0-4) and a panel of serum biomarkers (P2CP, CTX2, C2C, CTX1, osteocalcin) and were measured at baseline, d28 and d53. Serum biomarkers included bone synthesis (osteocalcin), bone degradation (CTXI), cartilage synthesis (P2CP), and cartilage degradation (C2C, CTX2) as well as the ratio of synthesis/ degradation for a total of 8 biomarkers. Proc Mixed GLM procedure of SAS was used and means were determined using a Tukey test. The main effects of healthy vs lame and dietary treatment were significant, but no diet x lameness interactions were observed. Lame pigs had elevated CTX2 (P< .01), C2C (P=.02) and tended to have reduced ratio of P2CP:CTX2 (P=.09) compared to healthy pigs. MMHAC increased P2CP (P=.01) and P2CP:CTX2 ratio (P=.03) in both healthy and lame pigs compared to sulfates. These findings demonstrate that biomarkers can distinguish mildly lame pigs (average score of 1) from healthy pigs and lower concentrations of MMHAC vs commercial level of sulfates increased cartilage synthesis and the ratio of cartilage synthesis/degradation in both lame and healthy pigs.
281 Young Scholar Presentation: Digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in feed ingredients fed to gestating sows and growing pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

In practical diet formulation, values for standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and P obtained in growing pigs are also applied to sows. However, gestating sows have reduced digestibility and retention of Ca and P compared with growing pigs, and the impact of microbial phytase on the digestibility of P and Ca is much less in sows than in growing pigs. Applying STTD values for Ca and P obtained in growing pigs to diets for gestating sows, therefore, results in an overestimation of the absorbed Ca and P in sows (Table 1). Further research, however, indicated that the digestibility of Ca and P in late gestating sows is greater than in sows in early or mid-gestation and retention of Ca and P was greater in late-gestation compared with earlier gestation periods, which indicates that digestion and absorption of Ca and P may be under hormonal control in sows (Table 2). It was also demonstrated that a wide Ca:P ratio decreased P digestibility in both growing pigs and sows in late-gestation, which demonstrates the need for not overfeeding STTD Ca. In follow-up research, it was demonstrated that several serum biomarkers may be used to predict if a sow is in a positive or a negative Ca and P state, but more research is needed to quantify this effect and to determine if biomarkers can be used in Ca and P requirement experiments. In conclusion, gestating sows have much lower digestibility of Ca and P than growing pigs, which demonstrates that digestibility values obtained in growing pigs cannot be used to accurately formulate diets for gestating sows. Likewise, effects of microbial phytase on digestibility of Ca and P are much less predictable in gestating sows than in growing pigs and phytase effects in sows are much smaller than in growing pigs.
32 What determines placental size in beef cattle? The consideration of maternal and fetal factors
Authors: Redifer Colby A , Duncan Natalie B , Meyer Allison M
Published: November 2020

Expelled placentas and calf size at birth were collected from crossbred beef cows during Spring 2017 (n = 27; age: 2-7 yr), Fall 2017 (n = 24; age: 3-6 yr), and Fall 2018 (n = 22; age: 2-4 yr) to determine the relationships of placental characteristics with cow parameters, calf sex, and fetal growth. Placentas deemed complete were dissected (cotyledonary vs. intercotyledonary) and dry weights determined. Mixed linear models were used to individually determine main effects of peripartum BCS category (< 5, =5, or ≥6), cow age category (2, 3-4, or 5-7 yr), and calf sex on placental measures. Study was included in all models. Correlations were determined for placental characteristics with pre-calving cow BW and calf size. Cow BCS and calf sex had no effect (P ≥ 0.25) on placental characteristics. Primiparous cows had less (P ≤ 0.02) total placental and average cotyledon weights compared with young cows. Cow BW and calf BW had moderate positive correlations (P < 0.001) with intercotyledonary and total placental weights and weak positive correlations (P ≤ 0.01) with cotyledonary weight. Cow BW had a weak negative correlation (P = 0.05) with placental efficiency [calf BW/placental weight]. Average cotyledon weight had a moderate positive correlation (P < 0.001) with cow BW and a weak positive correlation (P = 0.001) with calf BW. Shoulder to tailhead length had a weak positive correlation (P = 0.001) with placental efficiency. Heart girth had moderate positive correlations (P < 0.001) and abdominal girth had weak positive correlations (P ≤ 0.04) with cotyledonary, intercotyledonary, total placental, and average cotyledon weights. Ponderal index [calf BW/length3] had a weak positive correlation (P ≤ 0.06) with cotyledonary, intercotyledonary, and total placental weights. These data suggest that fetal and placental growth occur in concert; however, which imparts more influence on the other is unknown.
33 Influence of age of dam on daughter reproductive performance and follicle numbers in beef heifers
Authors: Cushman Robert , Spuri-Gomes Renata , Tenley Sarah , Rosasco Shelby , Rich Jerica , Northrop Emmalee , Miles Jeremy , Lindhom-Perry Amanda , Keel Brittney , Perry George , Summers Adam , Cupp Andrea
Published: November 2020

Heifers born to heifers have fewer primordial follicles in their ovaries at a year of age than heifers born to mature cows. We, therefore, hypothesized that heifers born to heifers would have decreased reproductive efficiency compared to heifers born to mature cows. Data were extracted from the USMARC database for replacement heifers (n = 7053) born between 2003 and 2010, representing 4631 dams. Ovaries were collected from neonatal (< 20 d) heifers born to heifers (n = 53) or heifers born to mature cows (n = 96) to examine influence of age of dam on follicle numbers immediately after birth. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with age of dam as a class effect. For production data, dam was a random effect to account for dams having more than one daughter represented in the data. Heifers born to dams less than 6 years of age produced fewer calves than heifers born to cows greater than 5 years of age (5.2 ± 0.1 or 5.5 ± 0.1 calves, respectively; P < 0.0001). Heifers born to heifers weighed less at birth and weaning than heifers born to mature cows (P < 0.0001). Age of dam, however, did not influence number of antral follicles in the ovaries of neonatal heifers between heifers born to heifers and heifers born to mature cows (9.6 ± 1.4 and 8.0 ± 1.0; P = 0.36). As hypothesized, age of dam influences daughter reproductive performance; however, this does not appear to be completely driven by mechanisms associated with size of the ovarian reserve. Divergence in number of follicles in the ovaries does not occur until after 1 month of age, but this could be a carry-over effect of intra-uterine growth restriction in heifers born to heifers. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
148 Nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development: Introduction to current knowledge
Authors: Caton Joel S
Published: November 2020

Processes associated with appropriate fetal and neonatal development from the periconceptual through the neonatal phases of life are critical for offspring health and productivity throughout life. The objectives are to provide a brief introduction to the current knowledge associated with nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development. The concept of developmental or fetal programming is that inappropriate events during critical developmental stages can have lasting impacts on offspring outcomes. This idea has emerged over the past three decades to become a major research focus in both animal and human biomedical arenas. Perturbed maternal nutrition and/or nutrient supply from prebreeding through early neonatal life has long been known to shape reproductive efficiency and offspring outcomes. Nutrient supply to the conceptus varies during the time course of placental and fetal development. Uterine glandular secretions are major suppliers of nutrients during early placental and conceptus development. As the placenta develops and becomes fully functional, fetal nutrient supply becomes dependent on placental function. Research investigating changes in total maternal nutrient supply, including both an under and over abundance, has clearly demonstrated impacts on offspring outcomes. Investigations into supply of specific nutrients on development outcomes has increased rapidly in recent years with results demonstrating that in some cases, even small changes in supply can have developmental consequences. Specific amino acids, minerals, fatty acids, and nutrient supply interactions can influence developmental outcomes. Underlying mechanisms of developmental programming are associated with epigenetic events which are driven, at least in part, by methyl donors and one carbon metabolites. Emerging knowledge associated with how critical supply of specific nutrients influences offspring development and postnatal health, function, and productivity is shaping our understanding of parental, fetal, and neonatal nutrition and creating opportunities for enhanced livestock production through strategic nutrient supplementation.
146 Nutritional Advances in Fetal and neonatal development: effect of fatty acid supplementation
Authors: Relling Alejandro E
Published: November 2020

Data from a series of experiments demonstrates that maternal supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), during late gestation affects offspring growth. The increase in growth is independent on the fatty acid supplemented during the growing or finishing phase of the offspring; but it is sex dependent. Dam PUFA supplementation increases wether growth. Supplementation with EPA and DHA to pregnant ewes and to their offspring after weaning showed a treatment interaction in mRNA concentration of hypothalamic neuropeptides associated with dry matter intake (DMI) regulation. A dose increased in EPA and DHA in pregnant ewe diets shows a linear increase in growth, but a quadratic change in DMI or feed efficiency; growth was associated with a linear increase in plasma glucose concentration and a linear decrease in plasma ghrelin concentration. In lambs born from ewes supplemented with different sources of FA during a glucose tolerance test; males’ plasma insulin concentration increased as FA unsaturation degree increased in the dam diet, the opposite happened with females’ plasma insulin concentration. Recent data from our lab showed that the supplementation with EPA and DHA during the last third of gestation to pregnant ewes increased liver and small intestine global DNA methylation and small intestine transporters for amino acids in the fetus. Despite EPA and DHA during late gestation increase growth in the offspring; when EPA and DHA were supplemented in early gestation, offspring growth was lesser that lambs born from ewes supplemented a saturated and monounsaturated lipid. The reason for the difference in results it is not clear. However, more studies focusing in some aspect of the biology will help to understand what specific fatty acid needs to be supplemented at different stages of gestation to improve offspring growth.
123 Precision Animal Management – The Future of Animal Ag?
Authors: Brown-Brandl Tami
Published: November 2020

Sustainability in today’s animal production is more than economics – considerations need to include environmental concerns, animal well-being, hiring employees, worker safety and satisfaction, careful use of antibiotics, food safety, foreign animal disease, among others. In order to satisfy these pressures and concerns, new approaches should be carefully considered. In-depth evaluations of current animal facilities have and continue to identify new areas to apply technology. Research has shown promising results for implementing technology. The objective of this presentation is to provide an understanding of current and future technologies to help further discussion and develop creative solutions for sustainable animal production systems. Some of the specific areas that will be addressed include group housing systems for sows and grow-finishing swine systems. The development of precision animal management systems will create methods of capturing and utilizing real-time data to aid management decisions. Topics to be considered when developing these systems include sensor selection, method of data capture, and types of data processing. Current technologies that are being used in precision animal management systems include sound, images, and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. The data processing methods for this type of data are continuing to change and improve, ensuring that the end product for precision animal management is information, not data alone. Among application examples will be the evaluation of individual animal data for pig weight, illness detection, and detection of lameness, and the errors associated with different components.
6 Feed intake variability and performance implications of adjusting for dry matter content of cattle feedlot feed ingredients exposed to the elements
Authors: VanDerWal Allison , DiCostanzo Alfredo
Published: November 2020

Objectives of this study were: 1) validate on-farm dry matter (DM) testing methods, and 2) determine how as-fed dietary composition adjustment to respond to DM content changes affected performance. One-hundred fifty-one crossbred steers (n = 85; 404 kg initial BW) and heifers (n = 66; 384 kg initial BW) were allocated randomly (4 to 6 hd/pen), within truck load and sex, to one of two 15-pen rows in a deep-bedded confinement barn. Treatments included control (n = 15 pens), where diets were only modified to account for changes in ingredient DM every 28 d or adjusted (ADJ; n = 15 pens), in which diets were modified daily to account for changes in ingredient DM. Target composition of diets was (DM basis) hay (3.73%), corn silage (CS; 8.28%), high moisture corn (HMC; 50.86%), dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 11.83%), dry rolled corn (DRC; 20.07%), and a liquid supplement (5.23%). Cattle were fed for 84 d. Dry matter content of hay was determined daily using a microwave oven and that of CS and HMC were determined using a forced-air dryer every other day upon removal from bunker silos; these methods were validated against DM determination using a forced-air oven set at 105 °C. Hay or corn silage DM measured indirectly was similar (P > 0.10) to that measured using a forced-air oven at 105 °C. Adjusting as-fed dietary composition daily to compensate for changes in ingredient DM had no effect on DMI, ADG, feed conversion or final BW. Within-pen feed delivery residual variance tended to be greater (P = 0.06) for pens managed under ADJ. Within-pen and between-treatment residual DMI variance was not different (P > 0.10). Under the conditions of this study, exposure to the elements did not precipitate in large changes in diet DM composition or content. This resulted in similar performance response whether dietary as-fed composition was adjusted or not.
104 Effects of nutritional management and implant strategies on growth and carcass performance of steers selected for superior marbling
Authors: Lundy Erika L , Beenken Aubree M , Wall Patrick B , Loy Daniel D
Published: November 2020

A 187-day study utilizing Angus steers (283±4.4 kg) in a 2 x 2 factorial examined the effects of diet and implant strategy on growth and carcass performance of steers selected from Iowa State’s Angus herd genetically selected for enhanced marbling. Factors included diet: finishing (63 NEg; 12% roughage; FIN) or backgrounding (57 NEg, 30% roughage) fed for first 70 days before transitioning to finishing diet (BKG) and implant strategy (IMP): single, long duration implant administered on d0 (Synovex One Feedlot, Zoetis; ONE) or a multiple, regular duration implant strategy (Synovex S on d0, Synovex Choice on d70 and d155, Zoetis; SCC) designed to match trenbolone acetate delivery of 200 mg. Steers were stratified to treatment by marbling potential and initial body weight, and fed via bunks that captured individual steer feed disappearance (n = 15 steers/treatment). Carcass ultrasound, including percent intramuscular fat (IMF), was collected on d0, 70, 155, and 187. Data were analyzed in Proc Mixed of SAS with fixed effects of diet, IMP, and interaction. Initial weight was covariate for performance data, and initial IMF was covariate for IMF analysis. Steers fed BKG had greater DMI, lower ADG, and decreased G:F (P< 0.01) during first 70 days versus FIN. Implant strategy had no effect on growth at d0-d154. From d155-d187, IMP affected ADG (P=0.01) with ONE having lesser ADG, while BKG had greater ADG than FIN. ONE had greater marbling and IMF (P=0.01) on d187 than SCC, suggesting greater IMF deposition during the final re-implant period (d155-d187) and reinforcing the importance for timing of implant administration. Regardless of IMP or diet, steers selected for enhanced marbling graded 100% Choice and higher with 65% of carcasses grading Prime, suggesting potential for using implants to increase efficiency without sacrificing carcass quality.
101 Effects of traditional growth-promoting re-implant or long-acting implant programs on growth performance and carcass characteristics of heifers fed for 221 days
Authors: Streeter Marshall , Hutcheson John , Nichols Wade , Nuttelman Brandon , Crawford Grant , Walter Lee-Anne , Davis Shane
Published: November 2020

Beef heifers (n=1478) were used in a randomized complete block design to compare the effects of a traditional re-implant (Revalor-IH/Revalor-200) or a long-acting implant program (Revalor-XH) on feed yard growth performance and carcass characteristics. Heifers (initial BW = 263 kg; SD = 3.44 kg) were randomized to 1 of 20 pens with pens randomly assigned to Revalor-IH (80 mg trenbolone acetate [TBA], 8 mg estradiol [E]) at initial processing followed by Revalor-200 (200 mg TBA, 20 mg E; Rev-IH/200) 103 days later or Revalor-XH (200 mg TBA, 20 mg E; Rev-XH) implant treatments. Heifers were on feed for an average of 221 d with Rev-XH heifers remaining in their pens for the duration of the study. Final BW (559 kg) and feed efficiency (0.175) did not differ (P > 0.11) between treatments. Dry matter intake was greater (P < 0.10) for Rev-IH/200 (7.70 kg) compared with Rev-XH (7.60 kg) heifers causing greater (P < 0.10) ADG for Rev-IH/200 (1.35 kg) versus Rev-XH (1.33 kg). Heifers implanted with Rev-IH/200 (365 kg) had greater (P < 0.10) HCW than those implanted with Rev-XH (361 kg). However, differences in dressing percentage were not detected (P > 0.15). Longissimus muscle area was greater (P < 0.05) for heifers implanted with Rev-IH/200 (89.55 cm2) versus those implanted with Rev-XH (87.87 cm2). Back fat thickness (1.76 cm), calculated yield grade (3.28) and marbling score (487) did not differ (P > 0.42) due to implant treatment. Differences resulting from implant treatment in the percentage of carcasses within USDA Quality Grades (P > 0.34) and USDA Yield Grades (P > 0.18) were not observed. Heifers that were re-implanted had improved ADG, DMI and HCW compared with those receiving a long-acting implant with minimal effects on carcass characteristics.
153 Effect of dietary live yeast supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea severity, antioxidant status and immunological parameters of weaned piglets
Authors: He Tengfei , Shang Qinghui , Long Shenfei , Gebreyohannes Tadele K , Piao Xiangshu
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast as a substitute to AGP on intestinal health and performance of piglets. A total of 192 piglets weaned at 28 d of age were randomly assigned into one of four treatment groups with 8 pens/ treatment and 6 pigs/pen. Piglets were supplemented with either a regular nursery diet with two phase feeding (Phase 1: d1-d14 and Phase 2: d15-d28) (CON); CON diet supplemented with 75mg/kg Chlortetracycline plus ZnO 2000 mg/kg in phase 1 and 160 mg/kg in phase 2 (AGP); Con diet supplemented with 2kg/ton live yeast in both phases (LY); Con diet plus live yeast 1kg/ton in both phases plus ZnO 2000 mg/kg in phase 1 and 160 mg/kg in phase 2 (LY-ZnO). During Phase 1, LY and LY-ZnO group had significantly higher ADG (p< 0.01). In Phase 2 only the LY group has a significantly higher ADG (P=0.02). The LY and LY-ZnO group had also better feed efficiency (P< 0.05) during phase 1. On the other hand, the CON group had significantly higher (P< 0.01) diarrhea score. Test on antioxidant status has not shown any significant difference between the groups for most parameters measured; however, the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker for oxidative stress) was significantly decreased (P< 0.01) in the LY and LY-ZnO group on day 28. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD, the most powerful antioxidant) was significantly increased (P< 0.05) in these two treatment groups at different time points. Live yeast and Live yeast plus ZnO treatment has also significantly increased (P< 0.01) concentration of IgA and IgG in the serum of piglets on d7 and d14. In conclusion, supplementation of nursery piglet diets with either live yeast or live yeast plus ZnO improved zootechnical performance of animals by improving gut health through reduction of oxidative stress and enhancement of immune response, suggesting that yeast probiotics could be a suitable alternative to substitute AGP.
PSV-6 Effects of chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads on behavior of lactating sows under heat stress
Authors: Li Yuzhi , Zhu Yunhui , Reese Michael , Buchanan Eric , Johnston Lee
Published: November 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads on behavior of lactating sows under heat stress. Sows were housed in individual farrowing stalls in two rooms with temperatures being controlled at 29.4°C (0700h to 1900h) and 23.9°C (1900h to 0700h). Sows in one room (treatment), but not in the other room (control) were provided with chilled drinking water (13 to 15°C) and cooled floor pads (15 to 18°C). Behavior of sows (n=15 sows/treatment; parity=1 to 6) was video recorded during farrowing, and d 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after farrowing. Videos were viewed to register birth time of each piglet. Number of drinking bouts and duration of each bout were registered for 2 h (1530h to 1730h) each day after farrowing. Postures (lying laterally, lying ventrally, sitting, and standing) were recorded by scanning video-recordings at 5-min intervals for 24 h each day after farrowing, and time budget for each posture was calculated. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix Procedure of SAS. No effect of treatment was detected for litter size born, farrowing duration, or birth interval (P >0.33; Table 1). Neither frequency nor duration of drinking bouts was affected by treatment (P >0.27). No significant difference was observed in time budget for each posture (P >0.46) between treatment and control groups. As lactation progressed, sows increased drinking frequency (from 1.2 drinks/2h on d 1 to 4.9 drinks/2h on d 21; P< 0.001) and time spent lying ventrally (8% to 14%; P< 0.0001), standing (4% to 10%; P< 0.001), and sitting (2% to 4%; P< 0.0001), and decreased time spent lying laterally (86% to 67%; P< 0.0001) in both control and treatment rooms. These results indicate that chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads did not affect behavior of sows during farrowing and lactation in the current study.
PSV-9 The effect of warming and drying piglets at birth under cool or warm farrowing room temperatures on post-natal rectal temperatures
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine , Tolosa Andres , Ellis Michael , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , da Silva Stephan
Published: November 2020

Piglets are born into a relatively cool environment, resulting in body heat loss, especially at low environmental temperatures. Drying and warming reduces this heat loss, but may be less effective at the higher temperatures experienced in farrowing houses in summer. This study compared the effect of warming and drying piglets at birth on post-natal rectal temperature under winter vs. summer conditions. The study was carried out at a commercial facility using a CRD with 96 sows/litters in a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments (applied at birth): 1) Piglet Management: Control (no treatment); Warmed (in a heated box for 30 min); Dried+Warmed (dried with desiccant and warmed); 2) Season: Winter (January-March; farrowing room temperature 21.0 ± 1.65°C); Summer (August-September; 25.3 ± 1.67°C). At birth, piglets were weighed; rectal temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a subsample of litter. The model included Season, Piglet Management, and the interaction. There were treatment interactions (P < 0.05) for rectal temperatures at all measurement times except at birth. For both Seasons, the Dried+Warmed treatment resulted in greater (P < 0.05) temperatures than Warmed between 20 and 60 min; both treatments had greater (P < 0.05) temperatures than the Control between 10 and 120 min. Rectal temperatures were lower (P < 0.05) in Winter than Summer for the Control and Warmed treatments between 10 and 60 min. However, for the Dried+Warmed treatment, rectal temperatures were similar between Seasons at all times after 10 min. In conclusion, drying and warming piglets at birth was more effective for reducing rectal temperature decline than warming alone and this effect was greater in winter than summer. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.
PSV-4 Direct-fed microbial program improved survivability of nursery pigs in commercial production
Authors: Perez Victor G , Parrott Terry , Remus Janet C , Perry Michael
Published: November 2020

A total of 2,304 newly weaned pigs (5.8±0.06 Kg BW, ~21-day old, DNA Genetics) were used in a RCBD to evaluate the effect of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) program on pig performance and survivability, under commercial pig production. Pigs were housed in 2 barns (blocking factor) with 36 pens each (32 pigs/pen, mixed-sex), and pens randomized to treatments: Control or DFM program (36 pens/treatment). The program consisted of a DFM (blend 1) delivered through drinking water (1.32x108 CFU/pig/day) from day 0 to 7, followed by another DFM (blend 2) in feed (1.5x105 CFU/g of feed) from day 7 through 49. Those DFM consisted of spore-forming Bacillus sp. selected to inhibit enterotoxigenic E. coli growth (blend 1) and reduce local inflammation (blend 2). The feeding program included phases 1 and 2 (7 days each) in pellet, and phases 3 (11 days) and 4 (24 days) in meal. Phase 1 feeds included antibiotics Chlortetracycline and Tiamulin; both phase 4 feeds included Carbadox. A severe diarrhea outbreak was observed in week 3; antibiotic therapy (Neomycin, Sulfadiazine or Trimethoprim) throughout drinking water was used in both treatments alike between days 19 and 28. Pig and feed weight were recorded by pen; ADG and ADFI were calculated on pig-days. Pigs removed included mortality and those ill, nonresponsive to antibiotics. Performance data were analyzed by ANOVA, using the GLM procedure. Pigs removed did not follow normal distribution and was analyzed using a parametric survival option with days as time variable (JMP v14.2.0). No differences were detected through day 25. Pigs in DFM consumed less feed (923 vs. 951 g/d; SEM=10.33; P=0.05) and were more efficient (0.61 vs. 0.59 kg/kg; SEM=0.004; P< 0.05) from days 25 to 49. Total pigs removed were reduced (P< 0.05) by 23% in DFM vs. Control (Table 1). In conclusion, the DFM program improved nursery pig survivability and late performance, under commercial pig production that included a diarrhea outbreak and antibiotic therapy.
PSV-20 The effect of differing implant strategies on the galanin receptor 2 genotype on feed intake, efficiency, and feeding behavior of crossbred Angus finishing steers
Authors: Hall Jerica R , Hirchert Mara , Maddock Carlin Kasey R , Dahlen Carl R , Ward Alison K
Published: November 2020

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine how the interaction different implant strategies with the galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) would influence intake, efficiency, and feeding behavior of finishing steers along with carcass characteristics. Angus crossbred steers (n = 93) were selected for this study based on their GALR2 genotype (GG, TT, and TG) and weaning weight with 19 GG, 36 TT, and 38 TG. Calves were blocked by initial body weight and fed a standard feedlot ration for 166 d or 202 d. Body weight data and blood samples were collected every 28 d. Steers were randomly assigned to one of two implant strategies; 1) a single Revalor-S (Merk, New Jersey) on d 77, or 2) a Revalor-S with on d 0 and another on d 77. Intake and feeding behavior data were recorded using RFID tags and Insentec feeders (Hokofarm Group, B.V., Marknesse, the Netherlands). Total DMI and feeding behavior were summarized following procedures described by (Swanson et al. 2014). Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure in SAS with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The interaction of genotype x implant had a significant effect on minutes spent eating/visit (P = 0.02). The main effect of genotype had a significant effect on DMI (P = 0.05), number of meals/day (P 0.0001), and intake/minute (P = 0.002). While there was a greater DMI with the GG genotype we do not see the benefit of improved feed efficiency. The main effect of implant had a significant effect on ADG (P = 0.0008) and intake/visit (P 0.0012). Based on this data we conclude that there is no interaction between GALR2 genotype and implant strategy on efficiency or intake in finishing steers, however there may be benefit to future studies focusing on the GALR2 genotype and intake.
PSVII-5 Effect of maternal feed restriction at different stages of gestation on development of gastrointestinal tract of newborn goats
Authors: Santos Luana , Costa Thaís , Souza Ranyeri , Moura Felipe , Junior Ivam Oliveira , Gionbelli Tathyane , Duarte Marcio , Gionbelli Mateus P
Published: November 2020

We assessed the effect of maternal feed restriction at different stages of gestation on growth and development of organs and small intestine of newborn goats. A total of 14 pregnant dams were randomly divided into one of the follow dietary treatments: Animals fed at 50% of maintenance requirement from 8-84 d of gestation and then fed at 100% maintenance requirement from day 85 of gestation to parturition (R-M, n = 6), and animals fed at 100% of maintenance requirement from 8-84 d of gestation and then fed at 50% maintenance requirement from day 85 of gestation to parturition (M-R, n = 8). At birth, newborns were slaughtered for collection of corporal components. No differences were observed among treatments for birth weight (P = 0.46). The weight of the complex reticulum-rumen-omasum tended to be heavier (P = 0.057) in the M-R group, when expressed per kg of body weight. The small intestine (P = 0.038) and total intestine (P = 0.038) were heavier in the offspring of the M-R group when expressed in kg of body weight. The M-R newborns had greater length of the small intestine (P = 0.043) and total intestine (P = 0.026). Maternal feed restriction did not influence the intestinal villi height (P = 0.406). However, newborn from R-M group had lower villus height:crypt depth ratio (P = 0.016), due to the tendency of the greater of crypt depth in these animals (P = 0.081). No differences among treatments were observed in mRNA expression of the MGAM and GLP-2R in the jejunum of the offspring (P > 0.12). Newborns of the M-R group tended to present greater mRNA abundance of the SLC5A1 (P = 0.091), SLC2A2 (P = 0.091), and OCLN (P = 0.061). In summary, restriction in the first half of gestation may be more detrimental to the performance and health of offspring throughout life due to increased impairment of intestinal development.