bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Searching for the seafloor signature of the 21 May 2003 Boumerdès earthquake offshore central Algeria
Authors: Cattaneo A. , Babonneau N. , Ratzov G. , Dan-Unterseh G. , Yelles K. , Bracène R. , Mercier de Lépinay B. , Boudiaf A. , Déverchère J.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Shaking by moderate to large earthquakes in the Mediterranean Sea has proved in the past to potentially trigger catastrophic sediment collapse and flow. On 21 May 2003, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake located near Boumerdès (central Algerian coast) triggered large turbidity currents responsible for 29 submarine cable breaks at the foot of the continental slope over ~150 km from west to east. Seafloor bathymetry and backscatter imagery show the potential imprints of the 2003 event and of previous events. Large slope scarps resulting from active deformation may locally enhance sediment instabilities, although faults are not directly visible at the seafloor. Erosion is evident at the foot of the margin and along the paths of the numerous canyons and valleys. Cable breaks are located at the outlets of submarine valleys and in areas of turbiditic levee overspilling and demonstrate the multi-source and multi-path character of the 2003 turbiditic event. Rough estimates of turbidity flow velocity are not straightforward because of the multiple breaks along the same cable, but seem compatible with those measured in other submarine cable break studies elsewhere. While the signature of the turbidity currents is mostly erosional on the continental slope, turbidite beds alternating with hemipelagites accumulate in the distal reaches of sediment dispersal systems. In perspective, more chronological work on distal turbidite successions offshore Algeria offers promising perspectives for paleoseismology reconstructions based on turbidite dating, if synchronous turbidites along independent sedimentary dispersal systems are found to support triggering by major earthquakes. Preliminary results on sediment core PSM-KS23 off Boumerdès typically show a 800-yr interval between turbidites during the Holocene, in accordance with the estimated mean seismic cycle on land, even if at this stage it is not yet possible to prove the earthquake origin of all the turbidites.
Linking glacier annual mass balance and glacier albedo retrieved from MODIS data
Authors: Dumont M. , Gardelle J. , Sirguey P. , Guillot A. , Six D. , Rabatel A. , Arnaud Y.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Albedo is one of the variables controlling the mass balance of temperate glaciers. Multispectral imagers, such as MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the TERRA and AQUA satellites, provide a means to monitor glacier surface albedo. In this study, different methods to retrieve broadband glacier surface albedo from MODIS data are compared. The effect of multiple reflections due to the rugged topography and of the anisotropic reflection of snow and ice are particularly investigated. The methods are tested on the Saint Sorlin Glacier (Grandes Rousses area, French Alps). The accuracy of the retrieved albedo is estimated using both field measurements, at two automatic weather stations located on the glacier, and albedo values derived from terrestrial photographs. For summers 2008 and 2009, the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) between field measurements and the broadband albedo retrieved from MODIS data at 250 m spatial resolution was found to be 0.052 or about 10% relative error. The RMSD estimated for the MOD10 daily albedo product is about three times higher. One decade (2000–2009) of MODIS data were then processed to create a time series of albedo maps of Saint Sorlin Glacier during the ablation season. The annual mass balance of Saint Sorlin Glacier was compared with the minimum albedo value (average over the whole glacier surface) observed with MODIS during the ablation season. A strong linear correlation exists between the two variables. Furthermore, the date when the average albedo of the whole glacier reaches a minimum closely corresponds to the period when the snowline is located at its highest elevation, thus when the snowline is a good indicator of the glacier equilibrium line. This indicates that this strong correlation results from the fact that the minimal average albedo values of the glacier contains a considerable information regarding the relative share of areal surfaces between the ablation zone (i.e. ice with generally low albedo values) and the accumulation zone (i.e. snow with a relatively high albedo). As a consequence, the monitoring of the glacier surface albedo using MODIS data can provide a useful means to evaluate the inter-annual variability of the glacier mass balance. Finally, the albedo in the ablation area of Saint Sorlin Glacier does not exhibit any decreasing trend over the study period, contrasting with the results obtained on Morteratsch Glacier in the Swiss Alps.
Android and the political economy of the mobile Internet: A renewal of open source critique
Authors: Spreeuwenberg Kimberley , Poell Thomas
Published: July 2012

This paper examines how and why Google in developing Android, the popular mobile operating system, has strategically adopted particular open source practices, but ignored others. It explores how through these practices, the corporation has been able to cultivate and control a vast mobile Internet ecology. This ecology involves large telcos and equipment manufacturers, as well as a mass of third party application developers and hundreds of millions of mobile Internet users. It allows Google to use and build on the contributions of independent programmers. More importantly, it facilitates the harvesting of valuable metadata of Android users, crucial for the development of new location–specific services and advertising. This paper shows how these corporate strategies, which combine intricate technical, legal, and political–economic maneuvering, shape the rapidly growing mobile Internet, and, consequently, have far–reaching economic and cultural consequences.
Anti-Inflammatory Entrapment in Polycaprolactone/Silica Hybrid Material Prepared by Sol-Gel Route, Characterization, Bioactivity and in Vitro Release Behavior
Authors: Catauro Michelina , Bollino Flavia
Published: July 2012

Aim

A novel organic/inorganic hybrid material, based on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and silica (SiO2), were synthesized by the sol-gel method. An anti-inflammatory agent (indomethacin) was incorporated into the hybrid material to verify its local controlled drug delivery system.

Methods

The structure of the interpenetrating network was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of the materials was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The structure of a molecular level dispersion was disclosed by atomic force microscopy. The bioactivity of the synthesized hybrid materials was revealed by the formation of a layer of hydroxyapatite on the surface of samples soaked in a simulated body fluid (sBF). Release kinetics in SBF were subsequently investigated. The amount of drug released was detected by UV-VIS spectroscopy.

Results

Pure anti-inflammatory agent exhibited linear release with time; in contrast, sol-gel silica entrapped drugs were released with a logarithmic time dependence starting with an initial burst effect followed by a gradual decrease.

Conclusions

SiO2/PCL (3, 6, 9 and 12 %wt) materials, prepared via sol-gel process, are organic/inorganic hybrid and bioactive materials. All the materials showed a good release and therefore could be used as drug delivery system.
Spiral Analysis in Subjects with Parkinson's Disease before and after Levodopa Treatment: A New Protocol with Stereophotogrammetric Systems
Authors: Galli Manuela , Vimercati Sara L. , Manetti Elena , Cimolin Veronica , Albertini Giorgio , De Pandis Maria F.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

A method for the quantification of handwritten spirals in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) pre and post levodopa treatment is reported.

Methods

Fifteen PD patients (mean age: 66.80±9.75 years) were assessed in the absence of medication (OFF condition) and under levodopa administration (ON condition). The control group was composed of 15 age-matched healthy (H) individuals (mean age: 63.70±9.40). They were asked to hand draw a spiral at self-selected speed, without resting their forearm on the table. The participants drew on a paper sheet, using a normal pen. The trace of the pen was determined from the 3D coordinates of passive markers placed on the pen and on the sheet, acquired with an optoelectronic system and some parameters were identified and computed.

Results

The method revealed to be significant in highlighting the differences between H and PD subjects and in detecting pharmacologic effect. PD patients are impaired in spiral drawing execution and levodopa improves drawing performance, evidenced by spatio-temporal parameters and velocity profiles.

Conclusions

The protocol is easily employable in clinic analysis because of its simplicity, the short duration of the test, and the natural test conditions. These characteristics suggest the applicability of this protocol to other fields of motor and cognitive assessments.
The Effect of the NRT Files Instrumentation on the Quality of the Surface of the Root Canal Wall
Authors: Pirani Chiara , Buonavoglia Alessio , Cirulli Pier Paolo , Baroni Chiara , Chersoni Stefano
Published: July 2012

Purpose

To analyze in vitro, trough scanning electron microscope (SEM), the shaping ability of NRT NiTi rotary system (Mani, Inc, Toshigi-Ken, Japan).

Methods

Ten extracted human teeth were cut at the level of the CEJ and prepared with Gates-Glidden burs 4-3-2 and NRT rotary files up to size #35. Irrigation was performed with 7.5 mL of 5% NaOCl and 7.5 mL of 10% EDTA during each canal instrumentation. Following the shaping sequence, a final irrigation was performed with EDTA followed by NaOCl, each left in situ for three minutes. Teeth were then fractured longitudinally, and the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the canals were inspected with SEM. Three parameters, divided into four different levels (Alfa and Bravo, considered clinically acceptable; Charlie and Delta, considered clinically unacceptable), were used to score the canal morphology: presence and amount of smear layer; presence of organic and inorganic debris; surface profile.

Results

SEM assessment revealed that in the coronal and middle third the majority of canals shaped with NRT rotary system presented a clinically acceptable surface. The apical third presented a higher amount of smear layer and dentinal debris instead, compared to the coronal and middle third.

Conclusions

NRT files demonstrated that they provided good instrumentation of the coronal and middle third, while being unable to obtain a defects-free surface in the apical third.
Global Bioethics: Transnational Experiences
Authors: Ten Have Henk
Published: July 2012

In 1970, Van Rensselaer Potter was the first to the use the term ‘bioethics’ in a publication to advocate a new discipline needed to address the basic problems of human flourishing. In his early publications, Potter conceptualized bioethics as a bridge. First, it is a bridge between the present and the future; because of growing concerns about the future and the need to make sure that humankind will survive, bioethics is necessary as a new discipline to focus on long-term interests and goals; therefore, it can be regarded as the science of survival. Second, it is a bridge between science and values. The priority problems of humankind are multidimensional requiring us to combine all categories of knowledge and use really interdisciplinary approaches. Third, it is a bridge between nature and culture. From an evolutionary perspective, both are not static but dynamic notions; they are continuously changing, evolving, sometimes for the better sometimes for the worse. All available knowledge should be brought together to direct developments towards real progress in the future. Fourth, bioethics is a bridge between humankind and nature. Because the environment is increasingly polluted and natural resources are becoming more and more scarce, we need new ethics that take the findings of the new science of ecology seriously; one that regards human beings as interrelated with their environment.

In later publications Potter introduced the new name of ‘global bioethics’. On the one hand, he was disappointed about the development of bioethics with merely a focus on individual and medical issues. On the other hand, he wanted to underline the need for a broader perspective, transcending ethics specialties such as: medical ethics, environmental ethics, agricultural ethics, social ethics and religious ethics, and integrating them into a new interdisciplinary intellectual and practical endeavor to approach the global problems of the world community and future generations. Today, there appears to be an increased interest in global bioethics so that it may be timely to retrieve Potter’s original insights. Particularly, the efforts of UNESCO translate Potter’s views into a range of activities to promote bioethical infrastructure, among other in Islamic countries.
Organ Transplantation in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Shaheen Faisal
Published: July 2012

The achievements of the organ transplantation program in Saudi Arabia during the year 2011 reflected the progressive success in the number of organ donations and transplantations, but with escalating numbers of end stage organ failure patients awaiting transplantation. The organ failure census during 2011 showed more than 12,500 patients are on dialysis in 178 hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and about 22.3% are on the active waiting list for transplantation, with another 20% being evaluated for inclusion in it. The KSA has an active deceased transplant program under the supervision of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation (SCOT). Clear policies have been laid down to facilitate diagnosis of death by brain function criteri, and the management of potential deceased donors. At the end of the year 2011, a total of 8820 possible deceased cases have been reported to SCOT, of which 710 were reported from 97 intensive care units around the Kingdom during that year. In the last five years, an average of 615 cases per year were reported. More energetic measures are still required to increase the number of reports of possible deceased cases, as well as obtaining consents. Only this will help bridge the gap between supply and demand of organs for more than 3000 patients in the active waiting list for organ transplantation. Inside the Kingdom by the end of 2011, renal transplantation have been performed from a total of 4830 living donors and 2349 deceased donors, of which 489 were transplanted in 16 active renal transplant centers. Also, liver transplations were performed from a total of 439 living donors and 620 deceased donors, in which 130 of them were transplanted in 4 active liver transplant centers. Whole heart transplantations have been performed from a total of 205 deceased donors; 540 were used as sources for heart valves, and 18 whole hearts were transplanted in one active heart transplant center, during that year. In addition, during that year, 19 lung transplant operations and two harvested pancreases were successfully transplanted. The consent for corneal donation was obtained from 43 eligible deceased organ donors, a result of 37 % of total consented cases. Finally, bone transplantations have been active since 2009. Although we still have to work harder to achieve the self-sufficiency of organ donation and transplantation, we believe we have made major strides towards this goal in the KSA, especially in the last year.
Does it make sense to speak of an "Islamic Bioethics"? Some lessons from the organ transplant controversy in Egypt
Authors: Hamdy Sherine
Published: July 2012

Why has Egypt, a pioneer of organ transplantation, been reluctant to pass a national organ transplant law for more than three decades? The talk will be based on Sherine Hamdy's newly released book, Our Bodies Belong to God: Organ Transplants, Islam, and the Struggle for Human Dignity in Egypt (2012) which analyzes the national debate over organ transplantation in Egypt as it has unfolded during a time of major social and political transformation—including mounting dissent against a brutal regime, the privatization of health care, advances in science, the growing gap between rich and poor, and the Islamization of public space. She will ask what implications this has for an “Islamic Bioethics” in general.
A Muslim Clinical Ethics Consultant in the Western Healthcare System: Experience and Challenges
Authors: Bagheri Alireza
Published: July 2012

Clinical ethics consultation is defined as a service provided by an individual or a group to help patients, families and healthcare providers, to address uncertainty or conflict regarding value-laden issues that emerge in healthcare. Currently, in many Western societies, healthcare providers and patient populations increasingly come from diverse religious and cultural backgrounds. In this situation, the practitioner and patient or even the clinical ethicist do not share a common moral perspective or the same set of values regarding health, disease, life and death. Culture and religion, give identity and shape people’s moral reasoning and responses; for example, while in Western societies, bioethics relies on human reason to find out what is right or wrong, in many other societies people turn to traditional or religious values to understand what constitutes moral conduct.

Given the fact that in many cases clinical ethics consultations are needed when there is a disagreement on a value-laden decision making, the question is how should a clinical bioethicist advise, and help patients, families and healthcare providers in decision making in a diverse, cultural and religious setting? In other words, when a clinical ethicist is bound to her/his own cultural and religious inclination(s), how can s/he ensure that professional approaches in resolving the conflict between physician and patient are unbiased? For example, how can a Muslim ethics consultant provide consultation about abortion for an 18 weeks pregnant woman, or providing clinical ethics advice to a homosexual patient?

By providing some examples such as the concept of individual autonomy, the importance of religious principles, the model of decision making in Islamic and non-Islamic context(s), this paper presents some of the challenging issues in which a Muslim clinical ethicist may face, while providing clinical ethics consultation in a non-Muslim society.
Stem Cell Research from an Islamic Perspective
Authors: Osman Raafat
Published: July 2012

الخلايا الجذعية هي خلايا تنشأ ساعة تلقيح البييضة بالحيوان المنوي، وإجراء التجارب والأبحاث على الخلايا الجذعية من أهم التجارب والأبحاث التي يعلق عليها العلماء آمالاً كباراً في التوصل إلى علاج أمراض لازالت مستعصية على العلاج. والذين يعارضون هذه التجارب يطبقون مفهوم الكرامة الإنسانية على البذرة الأولى، وهي البييضة الملقحة بالحيوان المنوي سواء كانت هذه البذرة داخل رحم المرأة أو خارجه، ويقولون إنه يجب أن ينظر إلى هذه البذرة على أنها فرد بشري له جميع مورثات الكرامة الإنسانية، ومادامت فرداً بشرياً فلا يجوز إتلافها في التجارب للوصول إلى علاج أفراد آخرين لأنه لا يجوز إتلاف إنسان لإنقاذ إنسان آخر.
ونرى أنه من وجهة نظر إسلامية جواز إجراء التجارب على الخلايا الجذعية، لأنها وإن كانت أساساً للإنسان إلا أنها لا تعد إنساناً لأن الجنين لا يعد إنساناً إلا إذا دبت فيه الروح الإنسانية، والروح الإنسانية تجئ كما بينت بعض الأحاديث النبوية بعد مرور 120 يوماً على الجنين، هذه الخلايا لا تعد أجنة إلا على سبيل المجاز لا الحقيقة، وإذا كان إتلاف هذه الخلايا أثناء التجارب مفسدة فإن الهدف منها هو دفع مفسدة أعظم وهي بقاء الملايين من البشر مصابون بأمراض لم يهتد العلم إلى الآن إلى علاجها، ونصوص الشريعة الإسلامية تبين أن المفسدة الأعظم يجب درؤها بارتكاب المفسدة الأخف.
Fiqh Councils & Health Policy Actors: Gaps in the Applied Islamic Bioethics Discourse around Vaccines with Porcine Components
Authors: Padela Aasim
Published: July 2012

During a 1995 meeting of the Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences [IOMS] medical experts and Islamic jurists deliberated on “Judically (sic) Prohibited and Impure Substances in Foodstuffs and Drugs.” The seminar resulted in the religious declaration that “gelatin formed as a result of transformation…of a judicially impure animal (e.g. pig)…is permissible to (consume).” This verdict was disseminated to health policy stakeholders by the Regional Office of the World Health Organization for the Eastern Mediterranean, so as to “relieve all Muslims…from the embarrassment they feel” when taking medicines with gelatin-based products.

More than a decade later in 2009, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) issued a religious verdict, fatwa, declaring the GlaxoSmithKline meningitis vaccine to be impermissible, haram, as a result of the vaccine having porcine gelatin components. This judgment caused an uproar within the pharmaceutical industry and the Indonesian health ministry, as not only was a multi-million dollar market at stake, but the ability of Indonesians to fulfill the religious rite of the Hajj, for which the vaccine is required, was at-risk. The following year the MUI issued another fatwa declaring meningitis vaccines produced by Novartis and Tian Yuana to be porcine-free and thus halal.

In this paper we apply a policy-oriented, applied Islamic bioethics lens to the Islamic bioethical deliberations around the use of vaccines with porcine components. We will illustrate areas of an incomplete dialogue between the biomedical community, the Islamic jurist community, and the health policy community that contribute to misunderstandings and misappropriation of Islamic juridical concepts and rulings. As we analyze these arguments, we will discuss how the biomedical community can help inform about the usage and definition of the concepts of istihala (transformation) and darurah (necessity), as used by jurists in their verdicts. We will then highlight how understanding the roles of the hakim (state authority), the differences between tayyib (pure and good) and halal (permissible), and between the normative ideal and contingent ruling within Islamic ethico-legal debate, can inform the biomedical and health policy communities about the application of Islamic bioethical verdicts.

In this manner, we hope to contribute to efforts aimed at an engagement between science and religion where health promotion is valued, while fidelity to Islamic ethico-legal tradition is maintained. A continued dialogue in the encounter between the Islamic tradition, globalized medicine, and public health will enable Islamic legists to develop an enhanced technoscientific image, and will facilitate health actors to gain greater literacy with the pluralistic Islamic ethico-legal tradition, such that Islamic verdicts and health policies better meet the needs of Muslim communities.
The Ensoulment Debates Then and Now: Aristotelian, Thomist and Islamic Interfaith and Cross-Disciplinary Discourses
Authors: Weber Alan
Published: July 2012

International bioethicists and theologians have been grappling since 1978–when Louise Brown became the first viable In Vitro Fertilized birth–with the meaning of the human. The birth in 1996 of Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, further accelerated debate on a number of related issues including the ethics of human stem cell research and cloning, the moral status of embryos, the dignity of human life, and the point when life begins. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and Human Embryonic Stem Cell (hESC) research involving fertilized zygotes have further come under serious moral and religious scrutiny.

Detailed discussions of embryogenesis, including how and when the soul enters the conceptus, date to at least the time of the Presocratics (Heraclitus), and later the Pythagoreans (metempsychosis) and Aristotle. Not surprisingly, this philosophical discourse became intertwined with Galenic-Hippocratic medical ideas; when these topics later resurfaced in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas, medieval Christian scholasticism, Jewish philosopher Moses ben Maimonides, as well as Islamic physicians and natural philosophers Ibn Rushd, Al Ghazali, Al Farabi, and Ibn Sina, a similar interplay among science, religion and philosophy can be uncovered.

Examining how the ensoulment disputes and debates were framed, carried out and resolved in both the classical world and in late medieval Christianity, Judaism and Islam can provide insight by analogy and contrast into the current epistemological, hermeneutic and theological tools which are used today to help determine bioethical policy. Thus apart from an antiquarian or history of ideas interest in previous bioethical moral reasoning, a close analysis of how previous thinkers grappled with these difficult and not easily resolvable conundrums may contribute to the development of a robust and widely acceptable international framework and protocol for bioethical decision making.
Regulating novel methods of reproduction: Womb transplantation and Islamic Bioethics
Authors: Alghrani Amel
Published: July 2012

As scientific progress in the realm of assisted reproduction and biotechnology continues to race ahead, the next revolutionary breakthrough on the horizon is the prospect of womb transplantation. Fertility doctors around the world are researching how to attain the first human pregnancy following a womb transplant. The world’s first human womb transplant was first attempted in Saudi Arabia in 2000 with some success . On the 9th of August 2011, the world’s second human womb transplant was performed in Turkey and thus far it has been considered to be a success, since the new uterus has been inside the recipient for more than 120 days without any complications. We await to see whether it can successfully carry a foetus to term.

The purpose of womb transplantation is to restore fertility to patients with an abnormal, damaged, or absent uterus. In the UK alone, it is estimated that approximately 15,000 women per year who seek the help of fertility specialists are found to be incapable of becoming pregnant because of uterine factor infertility. Even though these women may have functioning ovaries, the lack of a functioning womb means they have no chance of gestating their own child to term. The only other option for such woman to achieve genetic motherhood is via surrogacy. For Muslim women, surrogacy is regarded as prohibited in Islam and thus not an option. The possibility of womb transplantation would provide a welcome means by which these women could experience gestational and genetic motherhood. However, this advance raises a host of legal and bioethical questions that have thus far been relatively neglected in legal and Islamic and Western bio-ethical discourse. Should this “non-life-saving transplant” be permissible? Is it akin to the transplantation of any other major organ or does it raise separate and unique ethical questions? This presentation outlines the research currently underway into this advance and considers the legal, bio-ethical and regulatory ramifications this advance could raise.
Music, Moving Image, and the "Missing Majority": How Vernacular Media Competence Can Help Music Studies Move into the Digital Era
Authors: Tagg Philip
Published: July 2012

Given that over half the music heard in the urban West accompanies the moving image, it’s strange that most institutions of music education and research still treat it as an extra. Part of the problem is that knowledge relevant to music’s production and structural denotation is separated from that relating to its perception, uses and meanings. Despite the obvious skill with which the population at large can musically distinguish in a split second between, say, detective chords, horse-riding rhythms, and Japanese or Parisian instrumentation, such musical competence is often trivialized or ignored in conventional music teaching and research. Drawing on experience from running Music and the Moving Image courses since 1993, this article suggests ways in which the vernacular competence of the "nonmuso majority" can not only help improve communication between musicians/composers and other professionals involved in audiovisual production but also contribute to a reform of musicology by introducing a perception-based vocabulary for aspects of musical expression (timbre, meter, acoustic staging, vocal persona etc.) that are often marginalized in conventional music theory.
Walk This Way: The Pedagogical Value of Soundwalking to the Study of Film Sound
Authors: Spring Katherine
Published: July 2012

A soundwalk, according to Hildegard Westerkamp, is "any excursion whose main purpose is listening to the environment." This article describes and assesses a soundwalk exercise that was assigned to a class of upper-level undergraduate students enrolled in a course on film sound. The value of the assignment is discussed in light of scholarship on the theoretical and material distinctions between live/original and recorded/represented sound. The article concludes that the soundwalk effectively enhanced the abilities of student to listen attentively to films, acquire and employ a musical vocabulary, understand theoretical frameworks for discussions of film sound, and perform close analyses of film sound.
Teaching Film Sound as Material Form
Authors: Campanini Sonia
Published: July 2012

This article illustrates a possible approach to teaching film sound in academic courses focusing on the concept of material form, described as the interrelation of the soundtrack, the sound apparatus, and the sound text. This approach takes into consideration issues and ideas from other approaches and theories, such as film preservation and presentation, media archaeology, history of sound technologies, cinema as event, and performance.
Real ear unaided gain and its relation with the equivalent volume of the external and middle ear
Authors: Ferrari Deborah Viviane , Blasc Wanderléia Quinhoneiro , Bastos Bárbara Guimarães
Published: July 2012

Introduction: Old age is associated with changes in the characteristics of the middle ear transmission system and in external ear resonance, and these carry implications for the hearing aid (HA) verification process for which targets and measures of the real ear insertion gain (REIG) are used.

Aim: To compare the real ear unaided gain (REUG) and the equivalent volumes of the external ear (VeqEE) and the middle ear (VeqME) between elderly and adult patients.

Methods: This is a retrospective study in which the medical records of 28 elderly patients (aged between 61 and 102 years, average hearing thresholds between 38.75 and 85 dB HL) and 23 adult patients (aged 20–59, mean hearing thresholds between 31.25 and 116.25 dB HL) with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and no history of middle ear abnormalities were analyzed. Immittance measurements (VeqEE, VeqME, and pressure of the peak of maximum compliance) and the REUG (frequency and amplitude of the primary peak) were recovered for a total of 40 ears. These data were compared between elderly and adults as well as between men and women, using Student's t test. Correlations (Pearson) between immittance and REUG data were also verified.

Results: No statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) were found for immittance and REUG data between elderly and adults, or between men and women. A negative and weak but significant correlation was observed between the REUG primary peak and VeqEE.

Conclusion: Hearing aid verification can be performed with target and measures of the REIG in the elderly population.
Comparative study of continuous lateral osteotomy and microperforating osteotomy in patients undergoing primary rhinoplasty
Authors: Berger Cezar Augusto Sarraf , Pizzamiglio Diego Sherlon
Published: July 2012

Introduction: Lateral osteotomies play an important role in rhinoplasty and can be performed with different techniques.

Objective: To compare the results of narrowing of the nasal dorsum and base through 2 types of lateral osteotomy: continuous and microperforating.

Method: We selected 74 patients undergoing rhinoplasty: 37 patients underwent lateral continuous osteotomy and the other 37 underwent microperforating osteotomy, all performed by the same surgeon. We analyzed frontal photography from the pre- and post-operative (6 months) periods, evaluating the width of the nasal dorsum and base. This was a retrospective study.

Results and Conclusion: Using Student's t-test, statistical analysis concluded that there was a statistically significant difference in the post-operative narrowing of the nasal dorsum and base following both osteotomy techniques, and there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 techniques.
Prelingual deafness: Benefits from cochlear implants versus conventional hearing aids
Authors: Torre Ana Adelina Giantomassi Della , Bento Ricardo Ferreira , Tsuji Robinson Koji , Brito Rubens de , Bittencourt Aline Gomes
Published: July 2012

Introduction: The majority of patients with hearing loss, including those with severe hearing loss, benefits from the use of hearing aids. The cochlear implant is believed to achieve better results in a child with hearing loss in cases where the severity of disability renders hearing aids incapable of providing adequate sound information, as they require sufficient cochlear reserve so that acoustic detention occurs.

Objective: To assess if cochlear implants provide more benefit than conventional hearing aids in prelingually deaf patients.

Summary of the findings: The study was a systematic review of scientific papers selected by a search of the SciELO, Cochrane, MEDLINE, and LILACS-BIREME databases. Among the 2169 articles found, 12 studies proved relevant to the issue and presented an evidence strength rating of B. No publications rated evidence strength A. Seven of the studies analyzed were prospective cohorts and 5 were cross-sectional studies.

Conclusion: Based on several studies, cochlear implants were demonstrated to be the best current alternative for bilateral severe or profound hearing loss, achieving better results in speech perception and development in prelingual children when compared to conventional hearing aids.
Nose tip refinement using interdomal suture in caucasian nose
Authors: Mocelin Marcos , Berger Cezar Augusto Sarraf , Pasinato Rogério
Published: July 2012

Introduction: Refinement of the nose tip can be accomplished by a variety of techniques, but currently, the use of sutures in the nasal tip with conservative resection of the alar cartilage is the most frequently recommended approach.

Objective: To classify the nasal tip and to demonstrate the interdomal suture applied to nasal tip refinement in the Caucasian nose, as well as to provide a simple and practical presentation of the surgical steps.

Method: Development of surgical algorithm for nasal tip surgery: 1. Interdomal suture (double binding suture), 2. Interdomal suture with alar cartilage weakening (cross-hatching), 3. Interdomal suture with cephalic removal of the alar cartilage (McIndoe technique) based on the nasal tip type classification. This classification assesses the interdomal distance (angle of domal divergence and intercrural distance), domal arch width, cartilage consistency, and skin type. Interdomal suture is performed through endonasal rhinoplasty by basic technique without delivery (Converse-Diamond technique) under local anesthesia.

Conclusion: This classification is simple and facilitates the approach of surgical treatment of the nasal tip through interdomal suture, systematizing and standardizing surgical maneuvers for better refinement of the Caucasian nose.
Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the larynx
Authors: Sônego Thiago Branco , Artico Marina Spadari , Leal Carolina de Farias Aires , Bellotto Silvana , Pinto José Antônio
Published: July 2012

Introduction: The extramedullary plasmocytoma is one of the localized forms of malignancy of the plasma cells, which has multiple myeloma main diagnosis. Its main site to the head and neck, but with a rare presentation in the larynx.

Objective: To describe a case of extramedullary plasmocytoma of the larynx, with literature review.

Case Report: Patient female, 49, referring to intermittent dysphonia for 01 years with progressive worsening associated with vocal fatigue and vocal effort, with reddish lesion, smooth edges fold left ventricular endoscopy. Being subjected to excisional biopsy diagnosed with extramedullary histopathological plasmocytoma.

Conclusion: Extramedullary Plasmocytoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of rare tumors of the larynx. It is essential after the diagnosis of multiple myeloma research and a “follow up” appropriate.
Posséder le dena’ina
Authors: Bell Lindsay
Published: July 2012

Dans ce texte, je me baserai sur le cas du dena’ina, une langue autochtone de l’Alaska, pour montrer que le discours sur les « langues en danger » s’appuie sur une définition de la langue, de l’identité et du territoire qui se présente comme naturelle et essentielle, mais qui est en réalité un terrain de luttes discursives traversées par des rapports de pouvoir. La construction de l’identité ethnolinguistique repose en effet sur des processus de définition et de légitimation du dena’ina qui induisent des phénomènes d’inclusion/exclusion pour les Dena’ina. D’autre part, différents acteurs sont impliqués dans des luttes pour le pouvoir de définir la langue dena’ina et, donc, les pratiques linguistiques et sociales qui comptent comme étant légitimement du dena’ina. Ceci m’amène à interroger par ailleurs la façon dont le chercheur, à travers son discours et son intervention sur le terrain, est également impliqué dans ces luttes discursives et dès lors dans la production et la reproduction d’idéologies et de rapports de pouvoir.
Frontières du « proche » et du « lointain »
Authors: Therrien Catherine
Published: July 2012

Les nouveaux paramètres de l’anthropologie contemporaine tendent à rendre la frontière entre les notions de « proche » et de « lointain » de plus en plus floues. Basé sur un terrain de recherche mené auprès de couples mixtes au Maroc, ce texte propose une réflexion sur la mouvance de cette frontière et plus précisément sur trois aspects liés à la particularité de ma recherche doctorale : mon statut de chercheure-immigrante qui brouille les frontières classiques de l’anthropologie en faisant de mon terrain, mené en terre exotique, un second chez moi ; mon choix méthodologique, celui de placer l’expérience partagée au coeur de ma recherche, puisqu’il amène un questionnement sur ma posture de chercheure ; et finalement la production d’une connaissance scientifique sur un sujet dans lequel on est personnellement engagé. Cette proximité avec mon sujet de recherche soulève une réflexion sur les notions d’engagement et de distanciation, mais également sur la part de biographie présente dans l’élaboration d’une théorie.
Ethnographier les silences de la violence1
Authors: Vanthuyne Karine
Published: July 2012

Est fréquemment souligné, en ce qui concerne les mémoires d’atrocités, à quel point celles-ci sont en partie sinon pas totalement indicibles. Or, bien que de nombreux survivants témoignent de l’absence de mots pouvant traduire l’ampleur de l’horreur vécue, l’indicible est dit. Ces récits comportent certes des silences. Néanmoins, si on leur prête l’oreille, aurais-je appris en analysant ceux de survivants du conflit armé guatémaltèque, on peut parfois en apprendre davantage que des récits eux-mêmes. A partir de l’examen du silence de Mateo, seul témoin oculaire du massacre de la finca San Francisco, Nentón, Huehuetenango, je cherche à démontrer l’importance de s’intéresser aux non-dits si l’on veut véritablement se saisir de ce que « survivre » signifie dans le Guatemala d’aujourd’hui.
Esquisse d’une anthropologie impliquée auprès des victimes de la « disparition forcée »
Authors: Verstaeten Alice
Published: July 2012

La « disparition forcée » en Argentine questionne la capacité, pour l’anthropologie, d’aborder la violence et ce qu’elle a d’indicible. Il s’agit donc, comme tout préalable à l’immersion dans un terrain « miné », de questionner la tension qui nous habite. Faite d’oscillation entre empathie, engagement et distanciation, notre position ethnographique interroge notre rapport de sens à la société qui nous entoure et qui nous fait, alors même que nous en avons expérimenté la capacité d’autodestruction. Il s’agira d’éclairer ici ce que je comprends comme la double implication possible des chercheurs : réélaboration du sens, reconstruction des liens. Car face à la « mort sociale », l’anthropologue peut participer d’une dynamique sociale de reconnaissance (comme recomposition du lien social et politique depuis une relation de réciprocité). Participer de cette dynamique, c’est aussi en questionner les enjeux éthiques et politiques. Face au déni, à la dépersonnalisation de l’autre, à son effacement, s’engager sur la voie du personnel, de l’intime, c’est rappeler que ces crimes contre l’humanité ont d’abord touché des intimités. Cette démarche anthropologique, impliquée aux côtés des victimes de la « disparition », élaborée avec elles, est vécue comme une co-naissance du sens, comme un parcours menant de l’intimité blessée à l’histoire et la mémoire collectives (D. Fassin, F. Laplantine, C. Coquio). Il s’agit, somme toute, de transmettre l’intime pour penser la terreur.
Action politique zapatiste et contexte régional
Authors: Castillo Eduardo González
Published: July 2012

Cet article porte sur la diffusion du mouvement zapatiste dans la région centrale de l’État de Puebla, au Mexique. L’objectif du document est de mettre en valeur les processus locaux qui ont rendu possible la diffusion nationale de « La otra », campagne politique initiée par l’Armée Zapatiste pour la Libération Nationale (EZLN) au Mexique en 2005. L’analyse s’appuie sur un survol de l’histoire récente de cet État mexicain à partir d’une approche qui relève de l’économie politique. Ainsi, nous étudierons l’évolution économique de cette région du Mexique ainsi que les implications politiques de ces changements. Ainsi que le suggère le titre de l’article, une attention spéciale sera portée à l’évolution des mouvements sociaux contestataires dans l’État. De cette façon, nous ferons allusion aux moments de rayonnement et de recul des organisations politiques de la ville.
Le pouvoir tutélaire et la lutte pour la souveraineté des peuples autochtones du Brésil
Authors: Vitenti Livia
Published: July 2012

La souveraineté autochtone existe-t-elle? Dans cet article, j’aborde cette question à travers une lecture critique des ouvrages de quelques chercheurs d’Amérique Latine, qui examinent les droits spécifiques des peuples autochtones, leurs conditions et leurs déterminants. À partir de ces lectures, je propose d’une part une réflexion sur le droit étatique occidental, caractérisé par le monisme juridique, d’abord défendu par Hans Kelsen. D’autre part, je discute des possibilités de la création d’un État multiculturel et de l’imposition d’un pluralisme juridique. Je développe mon argument en affirmant que toutes les sociétés ont des formes spécifiques de droit, mais que cela implique plutôt une affirmation sur le plan de l’identité sociale et culturelle. Pour finaliser mon argument, je me base sur l’ouvrage d’Antônio Carlos de Souza Lima pour discuter des effets du pourvoir tutélaire sur les peuples autochtones du Brésil.
L’inaltérable mémoire des exemples
Authors: Legrain Laurent
Published: July 2012

À travers quelle sorte de panoptique une communauté sociale regarde-t-elle la société dans laquelle elle vit et comment donne-t-elle à l’image de cette société l’apparence d’une totalité bienveillante? Ce texte pose l’hypothèse de la perpétuation, dans la Mongolie postsocialiste, d’un dispositif de mise en confiance façonné dans la dernière phase de l’édification du socialisme en Mongolie (vers la fin des années 1950). Ce dispositif ancre un type particulier de mémoire sociale – la mémoire sociale des exemples – dans un sentiment nostalgique commun mais très prégnant en Mongolie : l’absence des êtres chers. J’avance que cet ancrage permet de comprendre la pérennité de ce dispositif dans une société mongole postsocialiste surtout caractérisée par une situation de précarité de la confiance sociale.
L’anthropologie et ses lieux
Authors: Castillo Eduardo González , Lavanchy Anne , Rhani Zakaria , Truchon Karoline
Published: July 2012

Cet article résulte d’une rencontre entre quatre « jeunes » anthropologues originaires de différentes parties du monde pour échanger au sujet de la condition actuelle -et du futur souhaitable- des anthropologies du monde. Malgré la pluralité de nos avis, une certaine convergence fondamentale émerge : celle d’une critique contre, et d’un refus des inerties qui de temps en temps s’acharnent sur le travail anthropologique un peu avec le consentement des anthropologues, sous la forme d’un élitisme désengagé, d’une confortable réification du sujet d’étude et de l’oubli des conditions historiques et socioéconomiques qui sont à la base de l’expansion mondiale et de la reproduction de la discipline. Nous soulignons donc l’urgence de prendre la mesure des préoccupations quotidiennes de nos interlocuteurs et interlocutrices, de revendiquer des espaces et une légitimité dans des champs politiques de recherche étatiques comme dans la sphère médiatique.
Traduire, ou bien ré-écrire…
Authors: Buathier Florence
Published: July 2012

Cet article traite des réalités du métier de traducteur littéraire, à travers l’expérience de Christine Le Boeuf, traductrice aux Éditions Actes Sud/Paris. Il est bâti autour d’un entretien qui en est le pivot. Après une analyse générale de la situation actuelle de la traduction littéraire, l’auteure retrace le parcours de Christine Le Boeuf. Cette dernière répond ensuite à une série de questions visant à connaître sa méthode de travail, ses difficultés et ses joies de traductrice.
Presuppositions in Literary Translation: A Corpus-Based Approach
Authors: Şerban Adriana
Published: July 2012

This paper investigates the use of existential presuppositions in a corpus of literary translations from Romanian into English (novels and short stories). In particular, we are interested in ascertaining whether there are any differences between the ways in which definiteness and indefiniteness are used in translations compared to source texts, and whether any pattern can be found to be in operation; the aim is to explore presuppositions in terms of what they can tell us about translators’ assumptions about their readers. The main finding is the presence of a [- definite] trend in the corpus, whereby definite references tend to be translated by indefinite references. The study suggests that this is linked todistancing; i.e., target readers are presented with texts which position them as distant observers, rather than in-the-know in-group members.
Télévision : Les artefacts de la traduction-adaptation
Authors: Lebtahi Yannicke
Published: July 2012

L’étude comparative des dialogues entre les versions originales (V.O.), les versions originales sous-titrées en français (V.O.S.T.) et les versions françaises doublées (V.F.) d’un numéro de trois sitcoms différentes : Dingue de toi, Friends et Les dessous de Véronica, permet d’observer quatre catégories d’artefacts de traduction-adaptation :

Les résultats détaillés sont présentés dans l’analyse de la sitcom Dingue de toi.

La comparaison de la V.O.S.T. et de la V.F. montre que la V.O.S.T. est moins infidèle que la V.F. Reste que la traduction-adaptation est délibérément conçue comme une opportunité de repositionnement pour la V.O.S.T. et de changement de cible pour la V. F., avec l’hypothèse d’une demande différente du public français. Toutefois, les altérations de la trame narrative et les incohérences de reciblage montrent que la traduction-adaptation souffre d’une insuffisance des moyens consacrés au travail de la post-production.