bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power Tools for an Effective and Responsible Presidency
Authors: Cooper Phillip J.
Published: March 2007

The Clinton administration has made frequent and significant use of executive orders and other tools that are available to presidents on problems as diverse as the Mexican peso crisis and labor disputes over striker replacements. The tools of presidential direct administration are complex devices that often overlap and pose wide-ranging consequences. This article seeks to present a useful survey and analysis of the basic tools of presidential direct administration and points out the dangers as well as the opportunities presented by these devices.
Is Legal-Rational Bureaucracy a Prerequisite for a Rational-Productive Bureaucracy?
Authors: Heper Metin , Sancar M. Selçuk
Published: March 2007

The particular pattern the bureaucratic development in Turkey has evinced suggests that legal rationality is a prerequisite for the successful institutionalization of rational productivity. Whereas there is a zero-sum type of relationship between patrimonialism on one hand and legal rationality and rational productivity on the other, there is a positive-sum type of relationship between legal rationality and rational productivity.
Providing Culturally Relevant Mental Health Services: Collaboration between Psychology and the African American Church
Authors: Queener John E. , Martin Juanita K.
Published: March 2007

Many African American psychologists are concerned about the delivery of culturally relevant mental health services to their community. Recognizing the limitations of traditional psychotherapies and traditional mental health delivery systems, psychologists have developed African-centered models of therapy that emphasize spiritual development. Using African-centered therapies as a conceptual framework, the African American Counseling Team (AACT) was formed to overcome the limitations of traditional mental health systems. AACT provides mental health services to African Americans by integrating clinical assistance into a support system (the African American church) that, historically, African Americans have trusted, embraced, and used for a variety of personal, social, and spiritual needs. Specifically, AACT provides individual, group, and couples counseling. It offers life skills workshops and consults with mental health and other organizations to enhance the delivery of culturally relevant services by these organizations.
Racial Identity, Africentric Values, and Self-Esteem in Jamaican Children
Authors: Akbar Maysa , Chambers John W. , Thompson Vetta L. Sanders
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between Black identity, Africentric values, and self-esteem among 161 Jamaican children. The Children’s Africentric Values Scale, the Children’s Racial Identity Scale, the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, and a background questionnaire were administered to participants. It was hypothesized that Black identity would be positively correlated with Africentric values and self-esteem. It was also predicted that the correlation between Black identity and Africentric values would be stronger than the correlation between Black identity and self-esteem. Results indicated that Africentric values, Black identity, and self-esteem were correlated for female adolescents but not for male adolescents. Unexpectedly, self-esteem accounted for more variability in Black female identity, thus serving as a better predictor than Africentric values. The results suggest the need to explore gender differences in racial identity development, in addition to cross-cultural issues.
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing: The Issue of Testing Bias from the Perspective of School Psychology and Psychometrics
Authors: Wyche LaMonte G. , Novick Melvin R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the various ways in which the problem of testing bias in the context of some contemporary educa tional, legal, and societal developments can and cannot be addressed by developments in test standards. It reiterates the contention that school psychologists should utilize differ ential assessment strategies in formulating decisions regard ing school age Black children.
Towards a Metatheory of the African Personality
Authors: ya Azibo Daudi Ajani
Published: March 2007

A metatheory is one way of organizing theories on a given subject in a coherent conceptual framework. The theories usually are separate, distinct, and sometimes disparate. Organization of the given field is thereby achieved. This article specifies the minimum requisites that are necessary for a metatheory of the African (Black) personality construct. Through application of the metatheory idea, it is argued that an African persondality metatheory must at least explain the nature of the spiritual essence underlying human personality, how this spiritual essence impacts on the psychological functioning of African people, the interplay between the spiritual, mental, and physical dimensions of the human being, and how this interplay impacts African psychological functioning. This position is taken based upon an analysis of recent theorization about the African personality.
Clinical Issues in the Use of the DSM-III-R with African American Children: A Diagnostic Paradigm
Authors: Johnson Romn
Published: March 2007

Diagnosis assumes an important role in the delivery of mental health services for African American children. In addition, diagnosis has implications for emotional and cognitive development as well as for racial socialization. To no surprise, understanding family and community processes is also relevant. This article first reviews the history of concerns related to diagnosis, specifically application of DSM-IH-R principles to African Americans. Clinician-related barriers common to diagnosis are then discussed, and an alternative diagnostic paradigm is provided. Finally, recommendations are offeredfor enhancing the diagnostic process with African American children.
Further Examination of the Spirituality Scale
Authors: Jagers Robert J. , Smith Paula
Published: March 2007

This study provides additional data on a newly developed paper-and-pencil measure of spirituality from an Afrocultural perspective. Sixty-eight African American and 75 European American college students completed the Spirituality Scale and indices of internal, external, and quest religious motivation, divine and personal agency, and religious and existential well-being. Results indicated that the Spirituality Scale had good internal consistency in both cultural groups and that the level of endorsement of females was significantly higher than that of males. However, after adjusting for gender effects, mean scale endorsement was significantly higher among African Americans than it was among European Americans. There were few differences in the patterns of bivariate correlations. Standard regression procedures yielded significant, but different, predictive models of Spirituality Scale scores for both groups. For African Americans, an internal religious motivation was predictive of scores on the Spirituality Scale. Divine causality and religious well-being emerged as predictors for Spirituality Scale scoresfor European Americans. The discussion highlightsfuture directions for research using the Spirituality Scale.
Revisited Affect-Symbolic Imagery
Authors: Moore T. Owens
Published: March 2007

Affect-symbolic imagery is both a psychological and an epistemological construct that defines general knowledge acquisition in African/African American culture. Symbolic imagery is the use ofphenomena such as words, gestures, tones, rhythms, and objects to convey meaning. In contrast, the general epistemological perspective from a European/European American cultural orientation is an object-measure cognition. In this theoretical article, a historical analysis will be given to explain why affect-symbolic imagery may be more prevalent in African culture. In sum, the main purpose for revisiting affect-symbolic imagery will be to provide an educational framework in which Black psychologists can better implement culturally relevant learning paradigmsforAfrican/African American people.
Racial and Ethnic Identity: Their Relationship and Their Contribution to Self-Esteem
Authors: Goodstein Renee , Ponterotto Joseph G.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the relationship between racial identity, ethnic identity, other-group orientation, and self-esteem among 126 Black and 292 White students. Pearson product-moment correlations for Blacks revealed that those holding anti-Black and pro-White attitudes showed low ethnic group attachment, whereas those with internalized attitudes showed high ethnic attachment. There was no relationship between ethnic and racial group attachment among Whites, but a significant relationship was found between racial identity and other-group orientation. Multiple regression analyses for Blacks indicated that racial and ethnic identity explained a significant proportion of the variability in self-esteem. The results for Whites indicated that racial and ethnic identity variables did not contribute meaningfully to the variance in self-esteem. Two orientations to multicultural work-visible racial-ethnic group and salience models-were introduced and discussed in light of the results' implications for research and practice.
The Social and Cultural Context of Coping with Sickle Cell Disease: I. A Review of Biomedical and Psychosocial Issues
Authors: Barbarin Oscar A. , Christian Marcelle
Published: March 2007

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is widely conceived in the United States as a group of blood disorders that principally affect African Americans. Although pain is its principal feature, strokes, lung problems, sepsis, anxiety, depression, impaired social functioning, and maladjustment at work are frequent concomitants. This article selectively reviews biomedical and psychosocial aspects of SCD related to pain assessment, medical treatment, genetic counseling, education, and employment. The strongest support exists for claims of social deficits among adolescents and depression and work-related problems among adults. The social context of SCD, including issues related to socioeconomic status (SES), urbanicity, ethnicity, cultural values, and racial stigmatization, are important to include in empirical assessments and theoretical analyses of the effects of SCD on children and their families. The adverse psychosocial functioning often described as an effect of SCD might indeed be a consequence of these factors acting alone or in concert with the strains of SCD.
An Alternative Approach to the Identification of Gifted Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners
Authors: Lidz Carol S. , Macrine Sheila L.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the utility of an alternative approach that incorporates dynamic assessment in the identification of gifted culturally and linguistically diverse learners in first to fifth grades (approximate age ranges from six to eleven) in a school with a majority of culturally diverse students. From a total population of 473 students in a Pennsylvania (USA) school, 60 percent of whom come from either immigrant or ethnic minority backgrounds, this study identified 25 (5 percent) who qualified for inclusion in the school district’s special program for academically gifted students. The distribution of cultural backgrounds of the students who qualified for the classes for gifted students paralled the proportion of representation of students from these backgrounds in the school. Previously, the number of children identified from this school ranged between two to four students (< 1 percent). The total percentage of gifted children identified within the entire district within which this school is located is typically 5 percent and the number of children identified within this school by this study matches this proportion. The study demonstrates the contribution of dynamic assessment to the identification of gifted minority children. The study also offers evidence of construct and concurrent validity of the dynamic assessment procedure based on the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test.
A Study of Barbadian School Personnel Attitudes on Coping with Grief in the Public Schools
Authors: Reid Jon K. , Dixon Wayne A.
Published: March 2007

Public school personnel are in a unique position to assist grieving children, however preparation to meet this need is not typically included in teacher training and only minimally in counsellor training. This study replicated a previous study (Reid and Dixon, 1999) with US teachers which was a replication of a study conducted with a sample of early childhood teachers (Pratt et al., 1987) while also including the 'Death Attitude Profile Revised (DAP-R)' (Wong et al., 1994). With a sample collected in Barbados, West Indies, this study established school personnel attitudes toward death and dying and their self-perceived ability to assist grieving students. The findings are compared with the findings from the original study by Pratt et al. (1987), the findings of Reid and Dixon (1999), along with norms for the DAP-R established by Wong et al. (1994). The findings indicate the need and desire for further preparation for Barbadian school personnel in dealing with bereaved children.
A Review of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT)
Authors: Fives Christopher J. , Flanagan Rosemary
Published: March 2007

The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) is reviewed and critiqued. The UNIT is a completely nonverbal test that can be administered as an Abbreviated or Screening Battery, a Standard Battery for special education eligibility decisions, or as an Extended Battery for diagnostic purposes. Standardization was on a sample of 2,100 youths. Psychometric properties are adequate. Considerable data are presented in the manual that illustrates the appropriateness of this measure with an array of populations. The UNIT was developed to meet the needs of those who cannot be appropriately assessed using verbal methods. Clinical experience suggests that the authors realized their goal and that the UNIT is an instrument that should be used by practitioners and researchers. The main criticism of the UNIT is that it is less 'user-friendly' than optimal and it may, even for the experienced test administrator, require additional time to become proficient in its use. Interpretation procedures are similar to other cognitive measures currently available. Implications for school psychology practice and research are discussed.
Pre-School Children's Perceptions of Parental Attitudes
Authors: Turner Irene
Published: March 2007

The influence of particular parental attitudes on a child's school progress depends not only upon the extent and form of expression of these attitudes but also upon how they are construed by the child. An exploration of the ways in which parent-child relationships are construed was carried out with children attending publicly founded or subsidized playgroups which provided a traditional nursery school programme in urban areas of social need. The emotional relationships within 48 families, as perceived by their pre-school children (24 boys and 24 girls), were examined using the Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test. The patternu of the results resembled those for older 'disadvantaged' children receiving a high level of maternal interest. It is suggested that the children who respond to a pre-school programme by displaying accelerated progress are those who not only experience but also perceive a high level of maternal interest, have the support of normal emotional relationships within the family and come from homes in which pre-school provision is viewed with favour.
Standardization of the Italian form of the Rhode Island Pupil Identification Scale
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Guadagnoli Edward , Sparacino Rosalia Russello
Published: March 2007

The Rhode Island Pupil Identification Scale (RIPIS) is a pupil-behaviour observation scale developed for use by classroom teachers in the early school grades. The principal objectives of the scale are to help the classroom teacher: (1) to identify children with learning problems; (2) to indicate more readily, using the scale language, the specific aspects of the school problem requiring attention; and (3) to focus more efficiently upon the resolution of the specific problem as observed in its natural surroundings. The RIPIS was standardized and validated initially in 1972, in the United States in the state of Rhode Island. The specific details of the developmental and original validation research were published by the authors one year later (Novack, Bonaventura and Merenda, 1973). Since 1974, a number of foreign-language forms have been developed and cross-cultural research projects have been initiated in a variety of countries for the purpose of producing standardized and validated forms of the RIPIS for adoption in those countries. The first of these research projects was initiated in Italy, in 1976 in Milan.
The Psychology of Reading in China
Authors: Biyin Zhang
Published: March 2007

Chinese characters are logographic. They differ from the English alphabet system and produce the distinguishing features of Chinese reading. This paper introduces some recent discoveries made by Chinese psychologists about Chinese reading, neuropsychological differences between Chinese and English reading, and strategies for comprehending Chinese sentences. Two methods of teaching Chinese characters, concentration recognition and dispersion recognition, are also discussed.
An Intensive Approach to the Inpatient Treatment of Adolescents
Authors: Waser Christopher J. , Fishbein William , Khanna Jaswant L.
Published: March 2007

For adolescents who exhibit psychopathology, mental health costs have been exorbitant, while the various traditional forms of psychiatric treatment have neither demonstrated significant improvement in success rate nor significant ability to generalize whatever improved behaviour is obtained from the treatment setting to the adolescent patient's general life adjustment. Thus the luxury of theoretical philosophical positions should (in our opinion) be tabled pending further research developments and a more practical treatment model adopted for the interim.
Using Psychodramatic Techniques as a Means of Preventive Mental Health Work in Finland
Authors: Nieminen Seija
Published: March 2007

Recent Finnish education laws have placed great emphasis on comprehensive school teachers to concentrate on pupils' personal development and mental health. This has led to the setting up of multidisciplinary teams consisting of a school's headteacher, class teacher, psychologist, health nurse, doctor, study guidance teacher and other specialist teachers.
Iranian Children's Feelings about Themselves, their Families, Schools and Parents
Authors: Ghazi Ghassem
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire studied Iranian children's feelings toward themselves and significant adults for comparison with a similar study of American children's perceptions. The data on Iranian children allow for analysis of differences between boys and girls. The major results are fourfold. Concerning the 'self', only one child in three was aware of his or her abilities and personal characteristics. Concerning 'school', the majority of children expressed negative feelings about rough handling, corporal and verbal punishment by school personnel. Children desired friendly and warm behaviour from teachers and believed this to be important in fostering positive feelings towards school. In connection with the 'family', the majority of children regarded a warm and intimate family environment as necessary for providing comfortable and happy family relationships. They stated that parents' carelessness about their needs and rough behaviour from their parents are the primary causes of their unhappiness. Regarding relationships between children and adults, the majority of children expected adults to be friendly, provide security, protect them from dangers and facilitate a sound education for them. Children indicated that they actively sought out attention from adults and considered it to be a right.
Assessment in Response to Individual Referrals
Authors: Roberts B. , Stratford R. , Thompson D. , Wolfendale S.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides a summary of the deliberations of a working party on assessment set up by the tutors to the 14 educational psychology training courses in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. As such it reflects the thoughts of all 14 tutors who subsequently discussed the document and agreed to use it as the basis for their taught courses on assessment in the professional training of educational psychologists.
A Comparison of Preference for Familial, Social and Material Rewards between Hyperactive and Non-hyperactive Boys
Authors: Hill R. D. , Olympia D. , Angelbuer K. C.
Published: March 2007

Thirty-six boys diagnosed with attentional and hyperactive problems (ADHD) and thirty-six boys without ADHD were interviewed and assessed using a paired comparison technique to determine their preference for seven reinforcement dimensions (parents, friends, teachers, games, television, toys and candy). Both groups did not differ in their stated preference for reward type. Both groups preferred parents most frequently, followed by friends. Toys and candy were preferred least often. The results suggest that in relation to reward preference, ADHD children are similar to those without the ADHD classification. Additionally, some rewards, particularly familial attention, seem to be perceived as more valuable to both groups.
Family Approaches to School Psychology: Brief Strategic Family Intervention
Authors: Casey John A. , Buchan L. Gerald
Published: March 2007

This article describes a brief intervention family systems approach with a twelve-year-old boy and his family. The sixth-grade student, oldest of three children, lived with both parents. The school psychologist and school counselor worked conjointly with the family during four intervention sessions over a six-week period. Specific therapeutic techniques are discussed with resultant changes. School psychologist and school counselor working together became a catalyst for addressing mental health needs of children in school settings.
Some Children Die
Authors: Birtwistle John , Day Sally
Published: March 2007

No one ever told me that grief felt so much like fear. I am not afraid, but the sensation is like being afraid. The same fluttering in the stomach, the same restlessness, the yawning. I keep on swallowing.

At other times it feels like being mildly drunk, or concussed. There is a sort of invisible blanket between the world and me. I find it hard to take in what anyone says. Or perhaps, hard to want to take it in. It is so uninteresting.

Yet I want the others to be about me. I dread the moments when the house is empty. If only they would talk to one another and not me. (C.S. Lewis, 1961)
Creativity
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. , Lubart Todd I.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an investment theory of creativity, and discusses its implications for the understanding and assessment of creativity. The article opens with a consideration of the standard psychometric approach to creativity and the assessments generated under this approach, which tend to emphasize divergent thinking. The article continues with a description of the investment theory and data collected in support of it. We conclude that a broader-based theory and measurement procedure provideas more insights into creativity than are gained through the narrower, conventional psychometric approach.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Self-control
Authors: Fraser Cecile , Belzner Robin , Contec Richard
Published: March 2007

A procedure was developed to assist a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who had difficulty getting ready for class. A two-stage intervention is described. In the first stage a cognitive behavior modification program was attempted. When this proved to be unsuccessful, an alternative approach was attempted in which a reward of access to extra computer time was made contingent on getting ready for class after lunch within a five-minute time period. As soon as the intervention was introduced it was immediately successful and the child never failed to meet the criterion. Once the procedure was established, it was extended to the beginning of school in the morning, and the reward schedule was changed so that it was necessary to meet the five-minute criterion in both the morning and afternoon on three successive days in order to obtain extra computer time. Again, the criterion was met without failure. Several weeks after the intervention was initiated, the child began spontaneously to request the timing device while working on in-class written assignments as a way of aiding assignment completion. This latter result suggested that the introduction of the timing device may have assisted the child in monitoring his behavior, and in spontaneously generalizing the use of the timer across situations.
Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Hatzichristou Chryse , Hopf Diether
Published: March 2007

This study explores learning-disabled students' academic and psychosocial adjustment as compared to their non-disabled classmates within the mainstream public education system in Greece. A brief description of the special education services in Greece is also presented. The sample of the study consisted of fifth and sixth grade elementary school students in northern Greece. The learning-disabled students were identified based on teachers' evaluation (N=30). The control group consisted of all classmates of these students (N=307). Teacher-, peerand self-ratings were used and achievement data were obtained. The learning-disabled students were found to exhibit various academic and psychosocial difficulties based on the perceptions of all raters. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Viewing the Disabled Child in the Sociocultural Milieu
Authors: Gindis Boris
Published: March 2007

L. Vygotsky formulated a theoretical framework for the most comprehensive, inclusive and humane practice of special education. This article starts with a brief historical review of paedology and defectology. These two sciences existed in post-revolutionary Russia and were relevant to contemporary school psychology and special education. Vygotsky had developed many of his major concepts within paedology and defectology. Vygotsky considers handicap as a sociocultural developmental phenomenon where compensation comes from socialization and cultural enlightenment. He showed that a defect varies psychologically in different cultural and social environments. He introduced concepts of 'primary defects' (organic impairment) and 'secondary defects' (distortions of higher psychological functions due to social factors). In his search for alternatives to the standardized tests applied to handicapped students, he introduced the notion of the 'zone of proximal development'. In the area of educating and upbringing of handicapped children, his innovative idea was that the most efficient compensation for the loss or weakness of natural functions can be achieved through the development of the higher psychological functions. In Vygotsky's view, the main objective of special education should be the creation of a 'positive differential approach' that can fully develop a handicapped child's higher psychological functions and overall personality. His idea that a disabled child's development is determined by the social implications of his/her organic impairment creates a new perspective for socialization/acculturation and cognitive development of children with special needs.
Relationship between ADHD and Central Auditory Processing Disorder
Authors: Riccig Cynthia A. , Hynd George W.
Published: March 2007

It is increasingly apparent that differential diagnosis of children with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is, at best, difficult, with a majority of children identified as ADHD also diagnosed with co-occurring developmental learning disorders. Most notably, children with ADHD have been found to have a high prevalence of language problems. Research has further indicated that children with ADHD demonstrate significant difficulty on tasks used to assess central auditory processing skills and that these difficulties are ameliorated by the use of stimulant medication. Early findings raised the question of whether ADHD and Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) can be differentiated, or if they represent a singular disorder. Literature highlignting the similarity of psychoeducational and behavioral sequelae of children with CAPD and those with ADHD are presented. Studies of central auditory processing abilities in children diagnosed as having ADHD as well as a more recent study investigating the prevalence of ADHD in children diagnosed as CAPD are reviewed as well. Given the overlap in etiology and symptomatology of ADHD and auditory/linguistic disorders such as CAPD, the need for a collaborative effort on the part of professionals who work with these children (school psychologists, speech-language pathologists, audiologists) in diagnosis and intervention planning as well as other implications of this research are presented.
Self-Esteem, Response Style and Victimization
Authors: Sharp Sonia
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the findings of a questionnaire survey of 377 eleven and twelve-year-old students in two English secondary schools. The survey investigated the relationship between self-esteem, response style and the stressfulness of being bullied. Both students with high and low self-esteem had experienced bullying behaviour from their peers. However, those with low self-esteem and passive response styles had been bullied more extensively and experienced greater stress as a result of this. The results suggest that those students who respond actively to bullying behaviour (either assertively or aggressively) expe rience less stress when they are bullied. The implications of these results for schools and parents are discussed. Given that aggressive behaviour cannot be condoned in a school setting, the usefulness of assertiveness training as a targeted intervention for persistently bul lied students is explored. This kind of intervention needs to be set within the context of a whole school anti-bullying policy and in conjunc tion with strategies for working with the students who are bullying others.
Relationships between Teacher-Student Interpersonal Behaviour and Teacher Personality
Authors: Fisher Darrell , Fraser Barry , Kent Harry
Published: March 2007

Past learning environment studies have shown the importance of teacher-student interpersonal behaviour in determining student learning outcomes. This study provides a distinctive contribution to learning environment research in that it investigated the relationship between student and teacher perceptions of teacher-student interpersonal behaviour using the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI) and teacher personality using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). A sample of 108 teachers from eight secondary colleges (Grades 11 and 12) in Tasmania, Australia completed the MBTI and QTI and the students in one of the classes of each teacher completed the QTI. A greater positive association was found between teacher personality and self-perception of student-teacher interpersonal behaviour than between teacher personality and their students' perceptions. Teacher personality appeared to be consistently associated with teacher self-perception of being friendly, helpful, giving freedom, responsibility and opportunity for independent work in class, uncertainty, maintaining a low profile and being passive. Students' perceptions of their teacher's interpersonal behaviour were related to the personality of the teacher in regard to how much freedom and responsibility students thought they were allowed. The relative proportions of the 16 personality types of the MBTI in the sample were determined and the college teachers were heavily represented by TJ (Thinking-Judging) types of personality (47.5 percent).
Gender, Segmentation and the Standard Employment Relationship in Canadian Labour Law, Legislation and Policy
Authors: Fudge Judy , Vosko Leah F.
Published: March 2007

Using gender as its analytic lens, this article examines segmentation in the Canadian labour market by focusing on the standard employment relationship. It illustrates how standard employment was crafted upon a speii gender division of paid and unpaid labour, the male breadwinner norm, and was only available to a narrow segment of workers. To this end, it traces how from the lOSOs the standard employment relationship ws supelemanted by a growth in jobs associated with, and filed pnrimaly by, women workers and it shows how women's increasing labour market participation in the late 196Os and early 1970s shaped demands for equality in employment policies. Since the 1 9SOs, a deterioration in the standard employment relationship has undermined both demands for and the basis of gender equality strategies and the article concludes by raising the question of the normative basis for regulating employment in order to Move towards strategies for reregulation.
Worker Participation and the Spillover Effect: The Case of Labor-Management Committees
Authors: Peterson Steven A. , Leitko Thomas A. , Miles Wilford G.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical expectations of participatory theorists (e.g. Pateman, Blumberg) are applied to labor management committees (LMCs) in an effort to predict the spillover effects of workers' participation in firm decision-making on their political and social participation. The two focal points are Jamestown, N.Y. and Buffalo, N.Y. Witte has argued that conditions may obstruct the hypothesized spillover effects from occurring: co-optation, structural impotence, and misrepresentation. In Jamestown and Buffalo, evidence that all three can be expected is found. The hypothesized spillover effects are not likely to emerge from the LMC experiments in the areas studied. It is suggested that structural impotence is perhaps the major obstruction to the spillover effect in these cases and in firms in capitalist economies.
Education, Industrial Democracy and the State
Authors: Carnoy Martin
Published: March 2007

Worker control movements have shown considerable success in Europe and the United States, but these movements are generally restricted to the plant level, particularly in the US. This essay argues that the main variable for success in worker control is worker participation, and the possibility of participation in a worker control situation depends very much on the nature of the ideology which surrounds the movement itself. Thus, we argue that the context in which a worker control movement takes place may have a great deal to do not only with its success at the individual plant level but its possibilities for becoming more general than a single or several plant occurrence. We consider that the best ideologically cohesive force available for such a movement is a political party which serves as the ideological means through which the movement expresses itself, influences worker takeovers at the plant level, and the spread of such movements to other plants.
Education, Work and Employment in France
Authors: Hallak Jacques
Published: March 2007

Starting with a brief description of the historical development of the educational system in relation to the structure of the labour force, the article discusses the main factors that determine the ways human resources are used by the world of work. It appears that the process of production, technologies, and the organization of work are essential elements to understand the demand for labour; education, training and experience are crucial factors to explain the mode of adjustment of the supply of labour. Focussing on industrial workers, some 'profiles' for job histories are identified, thus contributing to explaining the recent trend in the relationship between education and employment in France.
The Worker-Owned Firm: The Idea and Its Conceptual Limits
Authors: Perry Stewart E. , Davis Hunt C.
Published: March 2007

Recent events in law and public policy, in scholarly development and research controversy, and in practical innovations call for a clarification and specification of what is meant by the term the worker-ownedfirm. What seems an uncomplicated idea turns out to embody conceptual problems. We propose a careful definition that includes three broad forms of worker-owned ventures but excludes other organizational forms that may be confused with them. The promptings and considerations for the elements of the definition are presented. These include specification of goals and goal hierarchies, legal formalities, passive and active ownership rights, and the integration of all these in various organizational forms.
Leading Self-managed Groups: a Conceptual Analysis of a Paradox
Authors: Manz Charles C. , Sims Henry P.
Published: March 2007

The best of all leaders is the one who helps people so that, eventually, they don't need him. (Lao Tzu, quoted in M. Maccoby, The Leader) Contemporary problems of modern organizations have stimulated the development of new work innovations, which include the emergence of self-managed work groups. One particular puzzling aspect of selfmanaged groups is the identification of an appropriate role for external work-group leaders. What is the role for an external leader of such groups? Why should such a leader be necessary if groups are indeed to be 'self-managing'? Is the existence of such a leader a logical inconsistency a paradox? In this paper, we use perspectives from socio-technical systems (STS) and social learning theory (SLT) in developing a conceptual framework that suggests a role for this unique type of leader. We call this person a 'Superleader'; one who leads others to lead themselves. The combining of STS and SLT perspectives enables an expanded view of the role of self-managed group leaders that emphasizes both contextual and motivational needs of the work groups. Limiting and contingency factors of the proposed framework are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.
Industrial Relations and Industrial Change: The Restructuring of the World Automobile Industry in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Streeck Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

The paper discusses differences in industrial relations systems between the 'winners' and 'losers' of the auto industry's restructuring period in the 1970s and 1980s. It describes a set of sometimes counter-intuitive relationships between economic success in turbulent markets, product strategies, the use of modern technology, work organization, industrial relations 'rigidities', and patterns of skills and skill generation. Arguing that specific institutional constraints imposed by industrial relations may induce and, indeed, compel managements and firms to exploit new economic opportunities, the paper urges students of industrial relations to define their subject more broadly and, in particular, not to exclude central issues such as economic efficiency and competitiveness from their concerns.
Immigrant Workers, Trade Unions and Industrial Struggle: An Overview of the Australian Experience, 1945-85
Authors: Quinlan Michael , Lever-Tracy Constance
Published: March 2007

One of the most remarkable features of the post-war long boom period was the phenomenon of mass immigration and the consequent ethnic diversification of the population and workforce of many countries. This phenomenon has provoked a large literature, entailing vigorous debates about the consequences of mass immigration in terms of class structure, politics and patterns of industrial behaviour and organization. This paper critically appraises this literature both at a conceptual and empirical level. In particular, it is concerned to see how some influential arguments developed in this literature accord with the Australian experience. In so doing an argument is developed about the key influences upon immigrant industrial behaviour, which highlights some contingent elements and challenges some of more 'universalistic' theories that have been developed.
Individual Morality and Industrialized Work: Some Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Lempert Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

Discussions about the potential for and limits of democratization deal primarily with transformations of institutional structures, but also reflect individual prerequisites for creating and maintaining participatory government and administration. This is true not only for the old debates on political democratization, which were lively already among ancient Greek philosophers, but also for the more recent controversies on the democratization of work. One of the qualities demanded of an active democrat as early as Socrates is what may be labelled 'moral maturity'. Employing a concept of morality that emphasizes democratic principles, this article focuses on moral orientations required by present and future occupational work roles and career patterns, and on the respective socialization processes. At the same time it is intended as a contribution to an interdisciplinary social theory of individual moral growth.
Social and Economic Reform in Bulgaria: Economic Democracy and Problems of Change in Industrial Relations
Authors: Wallimann Isidor , Stojanov Chrsto
Published: March 2007

Both the new labour code and the new regulation on economic activity are intended to introduce significant social and economic change. This study investigates the nature of these legal and administrative changes and the extent to which their implementation has been (or will be) successful in decentralizing economic decision-making, democratizing industrial relations and in improving both motivation and efficiency.
Recent Trends in the Worker-Ownership Movement in Canada: Four Alternative Models
Authors: Quarter Jack
Published: March 2007

Ontaro Institute for Studies in Educafton This paper analyzes four relatively recent models for the creation of worker-owned enterprises in Canada. The models are: (1) an integrated system of worker cooperatives; (2) integrating worker cooperatives within a system of other types of cooperatives; (3) a system of multi-stakeholder cooperatives; and (4) joint ventures involving a cooperative of the workers in partnership with privately owned corporations, private entrepreneurs and in some cases with established worker cooperatives. These four models are analyzed in terms of their potential to overcome problems that have traditionally plagued worker cooperative development.
Worker Ownership, Ideology and Social Structure in 'Third-way' Work Organizations
Authors: Rosner Menachem
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the relationship between type of ownership, social structure and ideology in communal societies, cooperatives and other types of 'third-way' organizations. A typology is suggested differentiating between two polar ideal types of such organizations. One polar type is that of non-utilitarian multifunctional communities with a high level of solidarity and ideological commitment. The Israeli kibbutz was originally close to that type. On the other pole would be unifunctional organizations based mainly on utilitarian economic motivations, as exemplified by ESOPs and many conventional cooperatives. The location of other types of 'third-way' organizations between the two poles is suggested.
The Shortcomings of an Organizational Revolution that is Out of Step
Authors: Linhart Daniele
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the evolution of French firms, distinguishing three areas within a firm: the internal functioning, the social relationships and the organization of work in its strictest sense. The author points out that the implementation of participative management affects only the first two, whereas the organization of work remains deeply influenced by traditional Tayloristic principles. It is argued that this incomplete organizational revolution generates many serious problems.
New Forms of Work Organization and Employee Involvement in Two Case Study Sites: Plural, Mixed and Protean
Authors: Geary John F.
Published: March 2007

This article critically examines the introduction of new forms of work organization and employee involvement in two American electronics companies operating in the Republic of Ireland. The success of these initiatives was found to be intimately related to three factors: management commitment, workers' response and operational pressures. It was found that a number of different forms of labour regulation existed side-by-side within the same organization. This paper tries to account for the persistence of these 'older' forms of labour regulation. In addition, it is argued that workers remain suspicious of, and removed from, management.
Equity and Economic Restructuring in the Canadian Labour Movement
Authors: Briskin Linda
Published: March 2007

Although the feminization of labour and of the work-force are centrally implicated in the process of economic restructuring, union discussions of strategy do not take this reality fully into account and, furthermore, in developing new strategic positions, do not appear to draw actively on the successes of union women's organizing. This article contends that feminist unionism has much to contribute to the struggle around economic restructuring. With specific reference to Canada, it considers five themes: organizing the unorganized, developing an alternative economic vision, increasing grass-roots participation in unions, playing a new kind of leadership role and, finally, building national and international coalitions and alliances.
Canadian Labour's Response to Work Reorganization
Authors: Kumar Pradeep
Published: March 2007

This paper documents and evaluates Canadian labour's response to work reorganization, focusing on the recent agendas of the Canadian Auto Workers, the Steelworkers and the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union. The paper argues that while the three unions differ in their precise goals, approaches and strategies towards workplace changes, reflecting their distinct history and culture and the nature of employers and industry they deal with, the broad philosophical orientation and the scope and nature of their agenda are very similar. Common features include: (1) the recognition of the need to develop an independent agenda; (2) a culture of resistance and change within an adversarial framework; (3) insistence on negotiated change; (4) emphasis on major improvements in work environment; (5) expanded opportunities for and joint control of training; (6) a meaningful employee/union voice in strategic and shop-floor decision-making; and (7) involvement in work reorganization as a part of the broader social and economic change agenda and a programme of legislative and political action to extend labour's influence.
The Role of Professional Engineers in the Diffusion of 'Best Practice' Production Concepts: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Smith Chris , Meiksins Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that engineers are a central yet largely neglected agency within the labour process, and that their different pattern of formation influences the opportunities for work reform within advanced capitalist economies. It explores the making of engineers in several capitalist societies, and highlights four primary models of integrating engineers into the firm. The paper then goes on to explore the effects of these cross-national differences in the formation of engineers on the generation and diffusion of 'best practice' production concepts within global capitalism. It suggests that some societies and systems of engineer formation are more in keeping with modern trends in manufacturing organization, while others offer more radical or societal-specific recipes for work organization. The paper argues that by inserting the different ways in which engineers are produced into the debate about the global impact of new production methodologies, we are in a stronger position to evaluate their differential impact, and better able to criticize the assumed universal or essential influence these ideologies will have.