bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rational Construction of Core‐Shell Ni−Mn−Co−S@Co(OH)2 Nanoarrays toward High‐Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Arian Ramtin , Zardkhoshoui Akbar Mohammadi , Hosseiny Davarani Saied Saeed
Published: June 2020

Abstract: Rational construction of electrode materials with exclusive structures and compositions are highly attractive for improving the electrochemical properties of supercapacitors (SCs). In the present study, we demonstrate the construction of unique core–shell Ni−Mn−Co−S@Co(OH)2 nanoarrays on nickel foam (denoted as NMCS@COH/NF) as an attractive battery‐type electrode material for SCs through the hydrothermal and electrodeposition strategies, in which the Ni−Mn−Co−S nanowires are well wrapped in the Co(OH)2 shells. Benefiting from the attractive structural properties, the NMCS@COH/NF electrode exhibits considerable electrochemical properties in the aspects of reasonable rate performance (80.3 % up to 24 A g−1), long‐term cyclability (retention rate of 93.3 % undergoing 10 000 cycles), and exceptional capacity (284.85 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1). Subsequently, the NMCS@COH electrode is assembled into a hybrid supercapacitor, which delivers a good energy density of 51.1 Wh kg−1 at 751.47 W kg−1 and a maximum power density of 18411.76 W kg−1 at 31.3 Wh kg−1. This work provides a straightforward route to rational construction of the electrode materials with promising structural and electrochemical properties for SC applications.
2‐Naphthol Moiety of Neocarzinostatin Chromophore as a Novel Protein‐Photodegrading Agent and Its Application as a H2O2‐Activatable Photosensitizer
Authors: Kitamura Takashi , Shiroshita Saori , Takahashi Daisuke , Toshima Kazunobu
Published: June 2020

A 2‐naphthol derivative 2 corresponding to the aromatic ring moiety of neocarzinostatin chromophore was found to degrade proteins under photo‐irradiation with long‐wavelength UV light without any additives under neutral conditions. Structure–activity relationship studies of the derivative revealed that methylation of the hydroxyl group at the C2 position of 2 significantly suppressed its photodegradation ability. Furthermore, a purpose‐designed synthetic tumor‐related biomarker, a H2O2‐activatable photosensitizer 8 possessing a H2O2‐responsive arylboronic ester moiety conjugated to the hydroxyl group at the C2 position of 2, showed significantly lower photodegradation ability compared to 2. However, release of the 2 from 8 by reaction with H2O2 regenerated the photodegradation ability. Compound 8 exhibited selective photo‐cytotoxicity against high H2O2‐expressing cancer cells upon irradiation with long‐wavelength UV light.
Helical γ‐Peptide Foldamers as Dual Inhibitors of Amyloid‐β Peptide and Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Oligomerization and Fibrillization
Authors: Kaffy Julia , Berardet Corentin , Mathieu Loïc , Legrand Baptiste , Taverna Myriam , Halgand Frédéric , Van Der Rest Guillaume , Maillard Ludovic T. , Ongeri Sandrine
Published: June 2020

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) belong to the 10 deadliest diseases and are sorely lacking in effective treatments. Both pathologies are part of the degenerative disorders named amyloidoses, which involve the misfolding and the aggregation of amyloid peptides, hIAPP for T2D and Aβ1‐42 for AD. While hIAPP and Aβ1‐42 inhibitors have been essentially designed to target β‐sheet‐rich structures composing the toxic amyloid oligomers and fibrils of these peptides, the strategy aiming at trapping the non‐toxic monomers in their helical native conformation has been rarely explored. We report herein the first example of helical foldamers as dual inhibitors of hIAPP and Aβ1‐42 aggregation and able to preserve the monomeric species of both amyloid peptides. A foldamer composed of 4‐amino(methyl)‐1,3‐thiazole‐5‐carboxylic acid (ATC) units, adopting a 9‐helix structure reminiscent of 310 helix, was remarkable as demonstrated by biophysical assays combining thioflavin‐T fluorescence, transmission electronic microscopy, capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.
An Isosteric Triaza Analogue of a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Monkey Saddle
Authors: Kirschbaum Tobias , Rominger Frank , Mastalerz Michael
Published: June 2020

Since a few years, the interest in negatively‐curved fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has significantly increased. Recently, the first chiral negatively‐curved PAH with the topology of a monkey saddle was introduced. Herein the synthesis of its triaza congener is reported. The influence of this CH↔N exchange on photophysical and electrochemical properties is studied as well as the isomerization process of the enantiomers. The aza analogue has a significantly higher inversion barrier, which makes it easier to handle at room temperature. All experimental results are underpinned by theoretical DFT calculations.
Perioperative COX2 and β‐adrenergic blockade improves biomarkers of tumor metastasis, immunity, and inflammation in colorectal cancer: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Haldar Rita , Ricon‐Becker Itay , Radin Arielle , Gutman Mordechai , Cole Steve W. , Zmora Oded , Ben‐Eliyahu Shamgar
Published: June 2020

Background

Preclinical studies have implicated excess release of catecholamines and prostaglandins in the mediation of prometastatic processes during surgical treatment of cancer. In this study, we tested the combined perioperative blockade of these pathways in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods

In a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled biomarker trial involving 34 patients, the β‐blocker propranolol and the COX2‐inhibitor etodolac were administered for 20 perioperative days, starting 5 days before surgery. Excised tumors were subjected to whole genome messenger RNA profiling and transcriptional control pathway analyses.

Results

Drugs were well‐tolerated, with minor complications in both the treatment group and the placebo group. Treatment resulted in a significant improvement (P < .05) of tumor molecular markers of malignant and metastatic potential, including 1) reduced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, 2) reduced tumor infiltrating CD14+ monocytes and CD19+ B cells, and 3) increased tumor infiltrating CD56+ natural killer cells. Transcriptional activity analyses indicated a favorable drug impact on 12 of 19 a priori hypothesized CRC‐related transcription factors, including the GATA, STAT, and EGR families as well as the CREB family that mediates the gene regulatory impact of β‐adrenergic– and prostaglandin‐signaling. Alterations observed in these transcriptional activities were previously associated with improved long‐term clinical outcomes. Three‐year recurrence rates were assessed for long‐term safety analyses. An intent‐to‐treat analysis revealed that recurrence rates were 12.5% (2/16) in the treatment group and 33.3% (6/18) in the placebo group (P = .239), and in protocol‐compliant patients, recurrence rates were 0% (0/11) in the treatment group and 29.4% (5/17) in the placebo group (P = .054).

Conclusions

The favorable biomarker impacts and clinical outcomes provide a rationale for future randomized placebo‐controlled trials in larger samples to assess the effects of perioperative propranolol/etodolac treatment on oncological clinical outcomes.
The microbiome in pediatric oncology
Authors: Rotz Seth J. , Dandoy Christopher E.
Published: June 2020

The human microbiome comprises a diverse set of microorganisms, which play a mostly cooperative role in processes such as metabolism and host defense. Next‐generation genomic sequencing of bacterial nucleic acids now can contribute a much broader understanding of the diverse organisms composing the microbiome. Emerging evidence has suggested several roles of the microbiome in pediatric hematology/oncology, including susceptibility to infectious diseases, immune response to neoplasia, and contributions to the tumor microenvironment as well as changes to the microbiome from chemotherapy and antibiotics with unclear consequences. In this review, the authors have examined the evidence of the role of the microbiome in pediatric hematology/oncology, discussed how the microbiome may be modulated, and suggested key questions in need of further exploration.
Complex brain activity analysis and recognition based on multiagent methods
Authors: Zhang Hao Lan , Liu Jiming , Dowens Margaret G.
Published: June 2020

Brain activity recognition research has been a challenging area for many decades since Hans Berger described electroencephalogram (EEG) in 1929. Many previous researches cannot successfully identify EEG status due to dynamic brain activities and complicated brain correlation. This article adopts multiagent‐based methods to analyze EEG datasets, which can enhance the analytical efficiency through incorporating autonomous, self‐coordination characteristics of agents. Intelligent agents are autonomous applications that can improve system compatibility. The preliminary results indicate that the combination of time‐dependency correlation method with multiagent method is an efficient solution for brain activity recognition.
Research on multi‐source mobile commerce service recommendation model of data fusion based on tree network
Authors: Zhu Wenqiang
Published: June 2020

With the rapid development of e‐commerce and computer technology, the recommendation service in business activities has no longer implemented by people, but by software technology. In general, the e‐commerce website recommendation service can have divided into two types: standardization and personalization. The design of the recommendation service should be as follows, the content presentation should meet the consumer's shopping needs; we need to provide different processing level information according to the consumer's cognitive level; appropriately select the expression and strengthen the credibility of the recommendation. This article proposes a multi‐source data fusion strategy of mobile commerce service recommendation for tree‐based networks. On this basis, the tree‐node relationship is stored through redundant data, thus achieving complete decoupling between tree‐type nodes and reaching the tree. The purpose is to have the efficient storage and access of structured data. For the multimedia mobile device is limited by hardware conditions, limited storage capacity, weak computing power, and so on, using client‐side cached partial data and on‐demand sequence request server data and other strategies, making full use of the hierarchical structure of tree structure to design efficient. The tree synchronization model enables efficient buffering and accessing of server data by mobile devices.
Tuning the Redox Chemistry of a Cr/SiO2 Phillips Catalyst for Controlling Activity, Induction Period and Polymer Properties
Authors: Jongkind Maarten K. , van Kessel Theo , Velthoen Marjolein E. Z. , Friederichs Nic. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: June 2020

The Cr/SiO2 Phillips catalyst has taken a central role in ethylene polymerization ever since its discovery in 1953. This catalyst is unique compared to other ethylene polymerization catalysts, since it is active without the addition of a metal‐alkyl co‐catalyst. However, metal‐alkyls can be added for scavenging poisons, enhancing the catalyst activity, reducing the induction period and altering polymer characteristics. Despite extensive research into the working state of the catalyst, still no consensus has been reached. Here, we show that by varying the type of metal‐alkyl co‐catalyst and its amount, the Cr redox chemistry can be tailored, resulting in distinct catalyst activities, induction periods, and polymer characteristics. We have used in‐situ UV‐Vis‐NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) for studying the Cr oxidation state during the reduction by tri‐ethyl borane (TEB) or tri‐ethyl aluminum (TEAl) and during subsequent ethylene polymerization. The results show that TEB primarily acts as a reductant and reduces Cr6+ with subsequent ethylene polymerization resulting in rapid polyethylene formation. TEAl generated two types of Cr2+ sites, inaccessible Cr3+ sites and active Cr4+ sites. Subsequent addition of ethylene also revealed an increased reducibility of residual Cr6+ sites and resulted in rapid polyethylene formation. Our results demonstrate the possibility of controlling the reduction chemistry by adding the proper amount and type of metal‐alkyl for obtaining desired catalyst activities and tailored polyethylene characteristics.
Genetic Manipulation and Virulence Assessment of Fusobacterium nucleatum
Authors: Peluso Emily A. , Scheible Matthew , Ton‐That Hung , Wu Chenggang
Published: June 2020

Considered a commensal, the Gram‐negative anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum is a key member of the oral microbiome due to its wide range of interactions with many oral microbes. While the periodontal pathogenic properties of this organism have widely been examined, its connotation with extra‐oral infections, including preterm birth and colorectal cancer, has now become apparent. Nonetheless, little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity and the associated virulence factors of F. nucleatum, most likely due to limited genetic tools and facile methodology. Here, we describe molecular techniques for the genetic manipulation of F. nucleatum, including markerless, nonpolar gene deletion, complementation, and Tn5 transposon mutagenesis. Further, we provide methodology to assess virulence potential of F. nucleatum using a mouse model of preterm birth. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Generation of a galK mutant strain

Basic Protocol 2: Complementation of a mutant strain

Basic Protocol 3: Tn5 transposon mutagenesis of F. nucleatum

Basic Protocol 4: Mouse model of preterm birth
Amine‐Mediated Bond Cleavage in Oxidized Lignin Models
Authors: Li Hongji , Liu Meijiang , Liu Huifang , Luo Nengchao , Zhang Chaofeng , Wang Feng
Published: June 2020

Introducing amines/ammonia into lignin cracking will allow novel bond cleavage pathways. Herein, a method of amines/ammonia‐mediated bond cleavage in oxidized lignin β‐O‐4 models was studied using a copper catalyst at room temperature, demonstrating the effect of the amine source on the selectivity of products. For primary and secondary aliphatic amines, lignin ketone models underwent oxidative Cα−Cβ bond cleavage and Cα−N bond formation to generate aromatic amides. For ammonia, the competition between oxygen and ammonia determined the selectivity between Cα−N and Cβ−N bond formation, generating amides and α‐keto amides, respectively. For tertiary amines, the lignin models underwent oxidative Cα−Cβ bond cleavage to benzoic acids. Control experiments indicated that amines act as nucleophiles attacking at the Cα or Cβ position of the oxidized β‐O‐4 linkage to be cleaved. This study represents a novel example that the breakage of oxidized lignin model can be regulated by amines with a copper catalyst.
Bioactivity and safety of B7‐H3‐targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells against anaplastic meningioma
Authors: Tang Xin , Liu Fujun , Liu Zhiyong , Cao Yi , Zhang Zongliang , Wang Yuelong , Huang Jianhan , Fan Shuangming , Zhao Shasha , Chen Yaxin , Li Gaowei , Wang Shan , Zheng Meijun , Hu Yating , Li Hongjian , Jiang Caiying , Yang Meijia , Yang Hui , Xu JianGuo , Guo Gang , Tong Aiping , Zhou Liangxue
Published: June 2020

Objective

We conducted a first‐in‐human study to evaluate the bioactivity and safety of B7‐H3‐targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) autologous T cells for treating recurrent anaplastic meningioma.

Methods

Tumor tissues from a patient with recurrent anaplastic meningioma were evaluated for B7‐H3 expression. B7‐H3‐targeted CAR‐T cells were delivered into the intracranial tumor resection cavity using an Ommaya device at a maximum dose of 1.5 × 107 cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening and multiple serum indexes were regularly monitored. The patient received surgical intervention after three‐cycle infusions, allowing analysis for CAR‐T‐cell infiltration and target antigen expression in post‐CAR‐T therapy tumor tissues.

Results

Immunochemical analysis demonstrated high and homogeneous B7‐H3 expression in tumor samples. MRI results indicated that the tumor near the delivery device was relatively stable compared with the rapid progression of tumors distant from the device. We found CAR‐T‐cell trafficking to regions of B7‐H3+ tumor tissues near the device, but not to tumor tissues distant from the device. Decreased B7‐H3 expression was observed near the region of CAR‐T‐cell infiltration after therapy. The intracavitary delivery of B7‐H3‐targeted CAR‐T cells was well‐tolerated and not associated with any toxic effects of grade 3 or higher.

Conclusion

Our results suggested that although intracavitary administration of B7‐H3‐targeted CAR‐T cells was safe and resulted in local bioactivity, addressing antigen loss and CAR‐T‐cell trafficking may further enhance the applications of B7‐H3‐targeted CAR‐T‐cell therapy.
Serious and enduring anorexia nervosa from a developmental point of view: How to detect potential risks at an early stage and prevent chronic illness?
Authors: Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate
Published: June 2020

This commentary on serious and enduring anorexia nervosa adopts the position of a developmental psychiatrist. It argues that this perspective illuminates the etiology and course of severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE‐AN) and could thus help to develop treatments targeting typical early characteristics of patients with SE‐AN. Based on a detailed knowledge of contributing factors, a risk score for SE‐AN should be designed by which the probability of chronicity could be calculated at an early stage and preventive measures be taken. As the formation of habits seems to play an important role in establishing a chronic course of AN, psychotherapeutic techniques that include “habit reversal” should be considered during the early stage. Another recommended step in preventing SE‐AN is the identification of resilience factors that are associated with a late favorable outcome.
Acoustic localization of terrestrial wildlife: Current practices and future opportunities
Authors: Rhinehart Tessa A. , Chronister Lauren M. , Devlin Trieste , Kitzes Justin
Published: June 2020

Autonomous acoustic recorders are an increasingly popular method for low‐disturbance, large‐scale monitoring of sound‐producing animals, such as birds, anurans, bats, and other mammals. A specialized use of autonomous recording units (ARUs) is acoustic localization, in which a vocalizing animal is located spatially, usually by quantifying the time delay of arrival of its sound at an array of time‐synchronized microphones. To describe trends in the literature, identify considerations for field biologists who wish to use these systems, and suggest advancements that will improve the field of acoustic localization, we comprehensively review published applications of wildlife localization in terrestrial environments. We describe the wide variety of methods used to complete the five steps of acoustic localization: (1) define the research question, (2) obtain or build a time‐synchronizing microphone array, (3) deploy the array to record sounds in the field, (4) process recordings captured in the field, and (5) determine animal location using position estimation algorithms. We find eight general purposes in ecology and animal behavior for localization systems: assessing individual animals' positions or movements, localizing multiple individuals simultaneously to study their interactions, determining animals' individual identities, quantifying sound amplitude or directionality, selecting subsets of sounds for further acoustic analysis, calculating species abundance, inferring territory boundaries or habitat use, and separating animal sounds from background noise to improve species classification. We find that the labor‐intensive steps of processing recordings and estimating animal positions have not yet been automated. In the near future, we expect that increased availability of recording hardware, development of automated and open‐source localization software, and improvement of automated sound classification algorithms will broaden the use of acoustic localization. With these three advances, ecologists will be better able to embrace acoustic localization, enabling low‐disturbance, large‐scale collection of animal position data.
The impact of chronic pain on patients and spouses: Consequences on occupational status, distribution of household chores and care‐giving burden
Authors: Suso‐Ribera Carlos , Yakobov Esther , Carriere Junie S , García‐Palacios Azucena
Published: June 2020

Background

Informal care‐giving by spouses has become frequent in chronic pain settings. However, the impact of pain on occupational, functional and health outcomes in spouses has not been systematically investigated.

Aims

The goal of the present study was to examine the impact of pain on both patient and spousal outcomes.

Methods

In the present study, the impact of chronic pain on 114 heterosexual dyads was explored (patients: 59% females, average age = 57.81 years, SD = 11.85; spouses: 41% females, average age = 57.32 years, SD = 12.15).

Results

Overall, both patients and spouses reported important consequences of pain on outcomes, including occupational status distribution of household chores and marital satisfaction). Almost 52% of spouses indicated a high‐to‐severe burden. A multivariate model with spouse and patient factors accounted for 37.8% of the variance of this burden. In the model, patient disability (β = 0.36, p = .002), spouses’ change in occupational status (β = 0.26, p = .002) and spousal perception of marital adjustment (β = −0.36, p < .001) were uniquely associated with burden.

Conclusions

The results indicate that the impact of chronic pain should be evaluated both for patients and spouses and point to patient and spouse factors that might contribute to spousal burden, which might help guide family interventions in a more effective manner.

Significance

Research has shown that chronic pain poses a significant burden on individuals, which increases their reliance on others for assistance. However, the burden of informal care‐giving assumed by spouses of patients with chronic pain has not been systematically investigated. This study offers new insights into the impact of chronic pain on patients and their spouses, which might provide empirical foundation for the development of new avenues for intervention aimed at promoting adjustment in patients with chronic pain and spouses who act as informal caregivers.
Country‐level and individual‐level predictors of men's support for gender equality in 42 countries
Authors: Kosakowska‐Berezecka Natasza , Besta Tomasz , Bosson Jennifer K. , Jurek Paweł , Vandello Joesph A. , Best Deborah L. , Wlodarczyk Anna , Safdar Saba , Zawisza Magdalena , Żadkowska Magdalena , Sobiecki Jurand , Agyemang Collins Badu , Akbaş Gülçin , Ammirati Soline , Anderson Joel , Anjum Gulnaz , Aruta John Jamir Benzon R. , Ashraf Mujeeba , Bakaitytė Aistė , Bi Chongzeng , Becker Maja , Bender Michael , Bërxulli Dashamir , Bosak Janine , Daalmans Serena , Dandy Justine , de Lemus Soledad , Dvorianchikov Nikolay , Etchezahar Edgardo , Froehlich Laura , Gavreliuc Alin , Gavreliuc Dana , Gomez Ángel , Greijdanus Hedy , Grigoryan Ani , Hale Miriam‐Linnea , Hämer Hannah , Hoorens Vera , Hutchings Paul B. , Jensen Dorthe Høj , Kelmendi Kaltrina , Khachatryan Narine , Kinahan Mary , Kozlowski Desiree , Lauri Mary Anne , Li Junyi , Maitner Angela T. , Makashvili Ana , Mancini Tiziana , Martiny Sarah E. , Đorđević Jasna Milošević , Moreno‐Bella Eva , Moscatelli Silvia , Bryan Moynihan Andrew , Muller Dominique , Ochoa Danielle , Adebayo Sulaiman Olanrewaju , Pacilli Maria Giuseppina , Palacio Jorge , Patnaik Snigdha , Pavlopoulos Vassilis , Piterová Ivana , Puzio Angelica , Pyrkosz‐Pacyna Joanna , Rentería‐Pérez Erico , Rousseaux Tiphaine , Sainz Mario , Salvati Marco , Samekin Adil , García‐Sánchez Efraín , Schindler Simon , Sherbaji Sara , Sobhie Rosita , Sulejmanović Dijana , Sullivan Katie E. , Torre Beatriz , Torres Claudio V. , Ungaretti Joaquín , Valshtein Timothy , Van Laar Colette , van der Noll Jolanda , Vasiutynskyi Vadym , Vohra Neharika , Zapata‐Calvente Antonella Ludmila , Žukauskienė Rita
Published: June 2020

Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross‐culturally, to test if both individual‐ and country‐level variables predict men's collective action intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which men's zero‐sum beliefs about gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile sexism. Because country‐level gender equality may threaten men's higher gender status, we also examined whether the path from zero‐sum beliefs to collective action intentions was stronger in countries higher in gender equality. Multilevel modeling on 6,734 men from 42 countries supported the individual‐level mediation model, but found no evidence of moderation by country‐level gender equality. Both country‐level gender equality and individual‐level zero‐sum thinking independently predicted reductions in men's willingness to act collectively for gender equality.
Digital Hadith authentication: Recent advances, open challenges, and future directions
Authors: Hakak Saqib , Kamsin Amirrudin , Zada Khan Wazir , Zakari Abubakar , Imran Muhammad , bin Ahmad Khadher , Amin Gilkar Gulshan
Published: June 2020

The Holy Quran and Hadith are the two main sources of legislation and guidelines for Muslims to shape their lives. The daily activities, sayings, and deeds of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) are called Hadiths. Hadiths are the optimal practical descriptions of the Holy Quran. Technological advancements of information and communication technologies (ICT) have revolutionized every field of daily life, including digitizing the Holy Quran and Hadith. Available online contents of Hadith are obtained from different sources. Thus, alterations and fabrications of fake Hadiths are feasible. Authentication of these online available Hadith contents is a complex and challenging task and a crucial area of study in Islam. Few Hadith authentication techniques and systems are proposed in the literature. In this study, we have surveyed all techniques and systems, which are proposed for Hadith authentication. Furthermore, classification, open challenges, and future research directions related to Hadith authentication are identified.
Validating the doubly weighted genetic risk score for the prediction of type 2 diabetes in the Lifelines and Estonian Biobank cohorts
Authors: Pärna Katri , Snieder Harold , Läll Kristi , Fischer Krista , Nolte Ilja
Published: June 2020

As many cases of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are likely to remain undiagnosed, better tools for early detection of high‐risk individuals are needed to prevent or postpone the disease. We investigated the value of the doubly weighted genetic risk score (dwGRS) for the prediction of incident T2D in the Lifelines and Estonian Biobank (EstBB) cohorts. The dwGRS uses an additional weight for each single nucleotide polymorphism in the risk score, to correct for “Winner's curse” bias in the effect size estimates. The traditional (single‐weighted genetic risk score; swGRS) and dwGRS were calculated for participants in Lifelines (n = 12,018) and EstBB (n = 34,129). The dwGRS was found to have stronger association with incident T2D (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.26 [95% confidence interval: 1.10–1.43] and HR = 1.35 [1.28–1.42]) compared to the swGRS (HR = 1.21 [1.07–1.38] and HR = 1.25 [1.19–1.32]) in Lifelines and EstBB, respectively. Comparing the 5‐year predicted risks from the models with and without the dwGRS, the continuous net reclassification index was 0.140 (0.034–0.243; p = .009 Lifelines), and 0.257 (0.194–0.319; p < 2 × 10−16 EstBB). The dwGRS provided incremental value to the T2D prediction model with established phenotypic predictors. It clearly distinguished the risk groups for incident T2D in both biobanks thereby showing its clinical relevance.
Emerging atypical connectivity networks for processing angry and fearful faces in very preterm born children
Authors: Mossad Sarah I , Muscat Christine , Pang Elizabeth W. , Taylor Margot
Published: June 2020

Very preterm born (VPT) children are those born before 32/40 weeks' gestational age and comprise 10% of the 15 million babies born prematurely worldwide each year. Due to advancements in neonatal medicine, the survival rate of VPT birth has increased, but few studies have investigated the nonmedical, social‐cognitive morbidities that affect these children. In this study, we examined emotional face processing networks in VPT compared to age and sex matched full‐term born (FT) children. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to test VPT and FT born children at 6 years (n= 78) and 8 years (n= 83). Children were assessed using an implicit emotion face‐processing task. Happy, fearful, and angry faces were presented for 150 ms, but children were asked to respond by button press to the location of a control pixelated image of the face displayed on the side of the screen opposite to the face. Children rated the valence of the images on a five‐point scale. Group differences showed that VPT children rated angry faces more positively than their FT peers. VPT children had reduced connectivity for angry and fearful faces at 8 years in networks including regions such as the bilateral amygdala, superior temporal sulci, and anterior cingulate gyrus. Interventions should target both emotion recognition, as well as higher cognitive processes related to emotional control and thinking about one's own emotions.
Which valued‐based price when patients are heterogeneous?
Authors: Levaggi Rosella , Pertile Paolo
Published: June 2020

We use a simple model to study the static and dynamic efficiency of alternative regulation regimes for the reimbursement of medical innovations when responses to a new treatment (effectiveness) are heterogeneous across the eligible population. When the rational behavior of profit‐maximizing firms is taken into account, only average value‐based prices can ensure both static and dynamic efficiency, but they imply higher expenditure and lower consumer surplus. Ignoring dynamic efficiency, if patients' responses are sufficiently homogeneous, marginal value‐based prices may dominate from the payer's perspective. We also present a refinement of average value‐based prices that could reverse this result. Overall, the cost of ensuring static and dynamic efficiency is increasing in the degree of heterogeneity. A real‐world example is used to illustrate these results.
Synthesis of Benzo[a]carbazoles through Visible Light‐Induced Cycloaromatization
Authors: Yao Bo , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping
Published: June 2020

We report herein a synthesis of 5,6‐diarylbenzo[a]carbazoles by a sequence of 6π‐electrocyclization followed by β‐elimination. The highly functionalized 2,3‐disubstituted indoles used for this cycloaromatization process are prepared by Pd‐catalyzed cyclizative cross‐coupling of ortho‐alkynylanilines with ortho‐alkynylbenzamides. The combination of these two reactions allows us to develop a facile synthesis of benzo[a]carbazoles directly from two easily accessible internal alkynes without isolation of the indole intermediates.
Characterising groundwater–surface water interactions in idealised ephemeral stream systems
Authors: Quichimbo Edisson A. , Singer Michael B. , Cuthbert Mark O.
Published: June 2020

Transmission losses from the beds of ephemeral streams are thought to be a widespread mechanism of groundwater recharge in arid and semi‐arid regions and support a range of dryland hydro‐ecology. Dryland areas cover ~40% of the Earth's land surface and groundwater resources are often the main source of freshwater. It is commonly assumed that where an unsaturated zone exists beneath a stream, the interaction between surface water and groundwater is unidirectional and that groundwater does not exert a significant feedback on transmission losses. To test this assumption, we conducted a series of numerical model experiments using idealised two‐dimensional channel‐transects to assess the sensitivity and degree of interaction between surface and groundwater for typical dryland ephemeral stream geometries, hydraulic properties and flow regimes. We broaden the use of the term ‘stream–aquifer interactions’ to refer not just to fluxes and water exchange but also to include the ways in which the stream and aquifer have a hydraulic effect on one another. Our results indicate that deep water tables, less frequent streamflow events and/or highly permeable sediments tend to result in limited bi‐directional hydraulic interaction between the stream and the underlying groundwater which, in turn, results in high amounts of infiltration. With shallower initial depth to the water table, higher streamflow frequency and/or lower bed permeability, greater ‘negative’ hydraulic feedback from the groundwater occurs which in turn results in lower amounts of infiltration. Streambed losses eventually reach a constant rate as initial water table depths increase, but only at depths of 10s of metres in some of the cases studied. Our results highlight that bi‐directional stream–aquifer hydraulic interactions in ephemeral streams may be more widespread than is commonly assumed. We conclude that groundwater and surface water should be considered as connected systems for water resource management unless there is clear evidence to the contrary.
Rill erosion processes on a constantly saturated slope
Authors: Huang Yuhan , Li Fahu , Wang Wei , Li Juan
Published: June 2020

Rill erosion processes on saturated soil slopes are important for understanding erosion hydrodynamics and determining the parameters of rill erosion models. Saturated soil slopes were innovatively created to investigate the rill erosion processes. Rill erosion processes on saturated soil slopes were modelled by using the sediment concentrations determined by sediment transport capacities (STCs) measurement and the sediment concentrations at different rill lengths. Laboratory experiments were performed under varying slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°) and unit‐width flow rates (0.33, 0.67, and 1.33 × 10−3 m3 s−1 m−1) to measure sediment concentrations at different rill lengths (1, 2, 4, and 8 m) on saturated soil slopes. The measured sediment concentrations along saturated rills ranged from 134.54 to 1,064.47 kg/m3, and also increased exponentially with rill length similar to non‐saturated rills. The model of the rill erosion process in non‐saturated soil rills was applicable to that in saturated soil rills. However, the sediment concentration of the rill flow increased much faster, with the increase in rill length, to considerably higher levels at STCs. The saturated soil rills produced 120–560% more sediments than the non‐saturated ones. Moreover, the former eroded remarkably faster in the beginning section of the rills, as compared with that on the non‐saturated soil slopes. This dataset serves as the basis for determining the erosion parameters in the process‐based erosion models on saturated soil slopes.
Seasonality of allergic diseases: Real‐world evidence from a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Lee Young Chan , Ju Hyun Jeong , Kwon Jin‐woo , Bae Jung Min
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Seasonal variations of allergic diseases have been of great interest in clinical practice, but large‐scale epidemiological data in the real world is lacking.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide, population‐based, cross‐sectional study using the Korean National Health Insurance claims database to examine the seasonalities of allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma, allergic conjunctivitis (AC), and atopic dermatitis (AD). In addition, we investigated the correlations between the monthly patient numbers of each disease and climate factors such as daytime length, temperature, daily temperature range, humidity, solar radiation, rainfall, UVA dose, UVB dose, and PM10.

Results

The highest seasonal variation was identified in AC, followed by AR, asthma, and AD. AR was most prevalent in September and least prevalent in July and was positively correlated with a daily temperature range. Asthma had peaked in the winter and spring and was negatively correlated with both temperature and humidity. AC had dual peaks in May and September and the valley in winter. AD was prevalent between May and August with the lowest visits in winter and positively correlated with temperature.

Conclusions

We demonstrated a clear seasonality of four allergic diseases. Korea is located in a temperate region with four distinct seasons, with 50 million people all having a single health insurance system. Therefore, our data reflects all hospital visits in Korea with the least chance for selection bias.
Prevalence of IgE‐mediated sensitization in patients with suspected food allergic reactions in Jordan
Authors: Abu‐Dayyeh Issa , Abu‐Kwaik Jumana , Weimann Alf , Abdelnour Amid
Published: June 2020

Background

Despite the recognition of food allergies as a significant cause of morbidity and a growing public health burden worldwide, there are no epidemiological studies addressing food sensitization and allergy in Jordan.

Objective

To conduct an epidemiological study that retrospectively analyzes sensitization data from 3463 patients with suspected immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated food allergic reactions who performed specific IgE tests in our laboratories in Jordan.

Methods

Specific IgE (s‐IgE) tests were analyzed for patients who performed enzyme allegro‐sorbent testing based on either self‐reported food allergy or upon physician's request.

Results

2.3% of the analyzed samples were cross‐reactive to carbohydrate determinants. A quarter of the patients were sensitized to one or more food allergens, with males having higher odds of being s‐IgE positive. Furthermore, a higher prevalence of sensitization was seen in infants and children compared with adults. s‐IgE was most frequently found against cow milk (11.2%), pistachio (4.9%), soybean (4.6%), cherry (4.4%), and orange (4.4%). Interestingly, the s‐IgE class distribution profile of pistachio differed from the rest of the top hits being skewed away from the weak class 1 leaning more towards higher IgE classes. Food allergen sensitization was age group‐dependent: milk, tree nuts, and eggs were the main food groups causing sensitization in infants, while it was fruits followed by milk in children and adults.

Conclusions

Our work represents the first epidemiological study addressing food sensitization in Jordan. This study lays a solid foundation for future studies that can help better guide food allergy diagnosis, patient dietary modifications, and food elimination plans, as well as assist decision‐makers in the region to develop national strategies for an efficient and sustainable healthcare system.
Diagnostic benefit of cytological examination for cervical small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SMCC): A retrospective analysis of clinicopathological variables and cytological findings
Authors: Sonoda Kenzo , Fujimoto Takahiro , Okadome Masao , Ariyoshi Kazuya , Shimamoto Kumi , Nagayama Rina , Kitade Shoko , Tomita Yui , Maenohara Shoji , Taguchi Kenichi , Saito Toshiaki
Published: June 2020

Cervical SMCC should be diagnosed rapidly and patients should undergo adequate treatment immediately. Although cervical SMCC tumors show characteristic findings on cytology, immunocytochemistry might be useful for differential diagnosis.
Violence against women in Italy during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Bellizzi Saverio , Nivoli Alessandra , Lorettu Liliana , Farina Gabriele , Ramses Merette , Ronzoni Anna Rita
Published: June 2020

COVID‐19 and violence against women are interrelated pandemics. Measures to ensure that policies address violence against women in a comprehensive and integrated fashion are critical.
Comparing Chinese youth with American youth on adjustment: An illustration of measurement issues in cross‐cultural research
Authors: Tan Tony Xing , Yi Zhiyao , Li Zhengjie , Cheng Ke , Li Jun
Published: June 2020

In this article, we used results from two studies to show the need to go beyond linguistic equivalence to establish construct validity and measurement invariance in cross‐cultural research. Study 1 examined Rosenberg Self‐Esteem (RSE; 10 items) data from 156 Mainland Chinese youth (M = 13.8 years, SD = .53) and 213 Chinese‐American youth (M = 13.6 years, SD = 2.1) from high socioeconomic status (SES) families. The Chinese translation of the RSE has been widely used. Study 2 included 1060 Mainland Chinese youth (M = 15.6 years, SD = 2.3) and 412 racially diverse American youth (M = 16.0, SD = 2.9) from all SES backgrounds. Data were collected with the third and newest edition of the Behavioural Assessment System for Children‐Self Report of Personality (BASC‐3‐SRP; 189 items). We translated and back‐translated the BASC‐3‐SRP between English and Chinese to establish linguistic equivalence. All participants were females. Study 1 showed that the RSE had acceptable internal consistency but lacked construct validity. Study 2 showed that the original and the translated BASC‐3‐SRP had good internal consistency and construct validity, but nine of its 16 subscales lacked measurement invariance. These results highlight measurement issues facing international and cross‐cultural research.
How to write a manuscript for peer review
Authors: Weinstein Robert
Published: June 2020

Writing a manuscript for peer review is an art for which little formal preparation is provided during the education of physicians, scientists, and allied health professionals. At the same time, publishing their work may be central to their career ambitions. This article provides an explanation of the purpose and expected content of the components of a peer review manuscript and advice regarding how to go about writing one. It aims to somewhat demystify the process of scientific writing and render it accessible to more members of the American Society for Apheresis.
Large‐scale national screening for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China
Authors: Fang Yaqing
Published: June 2020

Faced with the new challenges in the pandemic control, imported coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) infections and asymptomatic infection, Chinese authorities have implemented new intervention measures—national large‐scale nucleic acid testing. This article summarizes the population who needs the nucleic acid testing, analyzes the current data of COVID‐19 testing capacity, concludes the timeline of coronavirus testing and suggests what needs to be done to facilitate the government large‐scale screening measures.
Relationship between spring tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific and El Niño‐Southern oscillation
Authors: Song Jinjie , Klotzbach Philip J. , Duan Yihong
Published: June 2020

The number of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) during spring (March–May) has a significant inverse correlation with concurrent El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions during the period from 1979 to 2018. This relationship is different from the previously‐documented weak relationship between TC frequency and ENSO during the climatologically most active portion of the TC season. In general, TCs seldom occur in El Niño years during March–May, whereas they frequently form over the western part of the WNP, particularly to the southeast of the Philippines, in La Niña years. This difference can be largely explained by ENSO‐driven differences in the genesis potential index as derived from environmental variables. In La Niña years, the abnormally moist mid‐troposphere, which relates to the strengthened vertical transport of water vapour induced by the enhanced Walker Circulation, primarily favours TC development, while increased sea surface temperatures and positive low‐level relative vorticity anomalies appear to play a lesser role in impacting TC formation.
Inflammasomes as contributors to periodontal disease
Authors: Marchesan Julie T.
Published: June 2020

A genome‐wide association study of ≈2.5 million markers identified unique biologically informed periodontal complex traits with distinct microbial communities and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) levels. Each trait was associated with different single nucleotide polymorphisms. These variants include genes associated with immune responses, microbial colonization, and the epithelial barrier function. The specific set of variants leads to individual biological paths that converge into an overlapping clinical phenotype of periodontal tissue destruction. This concept suggests that periodontal disease is a group of distinct conditions. We identified polymorphisms in inflammasome genes interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) that were associated with increased severity of periodontal disease. Inflammasomes respond to pathogen or tissue “danger” signals and assemble into multiprotein “machineries” that are essential for the cleavage of proinflammatory mediator IL‐1β into an active form. Thus, understanding how variants of IFI16 and AIM2 contribute to periodontal disease pathogenesis may lead to treatment options that address individual biological variations and precision therapies for oral health.
Subgingival microbiome and clinical periodontal status in an elderly cohort: The WHICAP ancillary study of oral health
Authors: Papapanou Panos N. , Park Heekuk , Cheng Bin , Kokaras Alexis , Paster Bruce , Burkett Sandra , Watson Caitlin Wei‐Ming , Annavajhala Medini K. , Uhlemann Anne‐Catrin , Noble James M.
Published: June 2020

Background

There is a sparsity of data describing the periodontal microbiome in elderly individuals. We analyzed the association of subgingival bacterial profiles and clinical periodontal status in a cohort of participants in the Washington Heights‐Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP).

Methods

Dentate individuals underwent a full‐mouth periodontal examination at six sites/tooth. Up to four subgingival plaque samples per person, each obtained from the mesio‐lingual site of the most posterior tooth in each quadrant, were harvested and pooled. Periodontal status was classified according to the Centers for Disease Control/American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP) criteria as well as based on the percentage of teeth/person with pockets ≥4 mm deep. Bacterial DNA was isolated and was processed and analyzed using Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing (HOMINGS). Differential abundance across the periodontal phenotypes was calculated using the R package DESeq2. α‐ and β‐diversity metrics were calculated using DADA2‐based clustering.

Results

The mean age of the 739 participants was 74.5 years, and 32% were male. Several taxa includingSneathia amnii‐like sp.,Peptoniphilaceae[G‐1] bacterium HMT 113, Porphyromonas gingivalis,Fretibacterium fastidiosum, Filifactor alocis, andSaccharibacteria(TM7) [G‐1] bacterium HMT 346 were more abundant with increasing severity of periodontitis. In contrast, species such asVeillonella parvula,Veillonella dispar,Rothia dentocariosa, andLautropia mirabiliswere more abundant in health. Microbial diversity increased in parallel with the severity and extent of periodontitis.

Conclusions

The observed subgingival bacterial patterns in these elderly individuals corroborated corresponding findings in younger cohorts and were consistent with the concept that periodontitis is associated with perturbations in the resident microbiome.