bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construct validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children – FifthUKEdition: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the 16 primary and secondary subtests
Authors: Canivez Gary L. , Watkins Marley W. , McGill Ryan J.
Published: June 2018

Background

There is inadequate information regarding the factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – FifthUKEdition (WISC‐VUK; Wechsler, 2016a, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Fifth UK Edition, Harcourt Assessment, London, UK) to guide interpretation.

Aims and methods

TheWISC‐VUKwas examined using complementary exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for all models proposed by Wechsler (2016b, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Fifth UK Edition: Administration and scoring manual, Harcourt Assessment, London, UK) as well as rival bifactor models.

Sample

TheWISC‐VUKstandardization sample (N = 415) correlation matrix was used in analyses due to denial of standardization sample raw data.

Results

EFAdid not support a theoretically posited fifth factor because only one subtest (Matrix Reasoning) had a salient pattern coefficient on the fifth factor. A model with four group factors and a general intelligence factor resembling the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition (WISC‐IV; Wechsler, 2003, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Fourth Edition, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, USA) was supported by bothEFAandCFA. General intelligence (g) was the dominant source of subtest variance and large omega‐hierarchical coefficients supported interpretation of the Full ScaleIQ(FSIQ) score. In contrast, the four group factors accounted for small portions of subtest variance and low omega‐hierarchical subscale coefficients indicated that the four‐factor index scores were of questionable interpretive value independent ofg. Present results replicated independent assessments of the Canadian, Spanish, French, andUSversions of theWISC‐V (Canivez, Watkins, & Dombrowski, 2016,Psychological Assessment,28, 975; 2017,Psychological Assessment, 29, 458; Fennollar‐Cortés & Watkins, 2018,International Journal of School & Educational Psychology; Lecerf & Canivez, 2018,Psychological Assessment; Watkins, Dombrowski, & Canivez, 2018,International Journal of School and Educational Psychology).

Conclusion

Primary interpretation of theWISC‐VUKshould be of theFSIQas an estimate of general intelligence.
HNRNPLL stabilizes mRNA for DNA replication proteins and promotes cell cycle progression in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Sakuma Keiichiro , Sasaki Eiichi , Kimura Kenya , Komori Koji , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Yatabe Yasushi , Aoki Masahiro
Published: June 2018

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L‐like (HNRNPLL), an RNA‐binding protein that regulates alternative splicing of pre‐mRNA, has been shown to regulate differentiation of lymphocytes, as well as metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Here, we show that HNRNPLL promotes cell cycle progression and, hence, proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Functional annotation analysis of those genes whose expression levels were changed threefold or more in RNA sequencing analysis between SW480 cells overexpressing HNRNPLL and those knocked down for HNRNPLL revealed enrichment of DNA replication‐related genes by HNRNPLL overexpression. Among 13 genes detected in the DNA replication pathway, PCNA, RFC3 and FEN1 showed reproducible upregulation by HNRNPLL overexpression both at mRNA and at protein levels in SW480 and HT29 cells. Importantly, knockdown of any of these genes alone suppressed the proliferation‐promoting effect induced by HNRNPLL overexpression. RNA‐immunoprecipitation assay presented a binding of FLAG‐tagged HNRNPLL to mRNA of these genes, and HNRNPLL overexpression significantly suppressed the downregulation of these genes during 12 h of actinomycin D treatment, suggesting a role of HNRNPLL in mRNA stability. Finally, analysis of a public RNA sequencing dataset of clinical samples suggested a link between overexpression of HNRNPLL and that of PCNA, RFC3 and FEN1. This link was further supported by immunohistochemistry of colorectal cancer clinical samples, whereas expression of CDKN1A, which is known to inhibit the cooperative function of PCNA, RFC3 and FEN1, was negatively associated with HNRNPLL expression. These results indicate that HNRNPLL stabilizes mRNA encoding regulators of DNA replication and promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation.
DEAD box protein DDX1 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis through transcriptional activation of the LGR5 gene
Authors: Tanaka Kiyoko , Ikeda Narumi , Miyashita Kazuya , Nuriya Hideko , Hara Takahiko
Published: June 2018

DDX1, a member of the DEAD box RNA helicase family, plays a critical role in testicular tumors. However, it remains to be clarified whether DDX1 is involved in other types of malignant tumors such as colorectal cancer. We disrupted the DDX1 gene in a human colorectal cancer cell line LoVo using the CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene‐targeting system. DDX1‐KO LoVo cells exhibited a much slower growth rate, produced fewer colonies in soft agar medium, and generated smaller solid tumors in nude mice than parental LoVo cells. Such phenotypes of the DDX1‐KO cells were mostly reversed by exogenous expression of DDX1. These results indicate that DDX1 is required for tumorigenicity of colorectal cancer cells. In the DDX1‐KO cells, the cancer stem cell marker genes LGR5, CD133, ALDH1 and SOX2 were markedly suppressed. Among them, expression of LGR5, which is essential for tumorigenicity of colorectal cancer cells, was restored in the DDX1‐transfected DDX1‐KO cells. Consistently, the DDX1‐KO cells lost sphere‐forming capacity in a DDX1‐dependent fashion. Reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that DDX1 directly bound to the −1837 to −1662 region of the enhancer/promoter region of the human LGR5 gene and enhanced its transcription in LoVo cells. Repression of LGR5 by DDX1 knockdown was observed in 2 other human colorectal cancer cell lines, Colo320 and SW837. These results suggest that LGR5 is a critical effector of DDX1 in colorectal cancer cells. The DDX1‐LGR5 axis could be a new drug target for this type of malignant cancer.
Dihydromyricetin inhibits microglial activation and neuroinflammation by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice
Authors: Feng Jie , Wang Jing‐Xue , Du Ye‐Hong , Liu Ying , Zhang Wei , Chen Jing‐Fei , Liu Yuan‐Jie , Zheng Min , Wang Ke‐Jian , He Gui‐Qiong
Published: June 2018

Background

Activated microglia‐mediated inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, chronic activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes triggered by amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in microglia contributes to persistent neuroinflammation. Here, the primary goal was to assess whether Dihydromyricetin (DHM), a plant flavonoid compound, is effective therapies for AD; it is crucial to know whether DHM will affect microglial activation and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice.

Methods

After DHM was intraperitoneally injected in APP/PS1 double‐transgenic mice, we assessed the effect of DHM on microglial activation, the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components, and the production of inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β by immunofluorescence and Western blot. To determine whether DHM play roles in the Aβ production and deposition, amyloid β protein precursor (APP) and β‐site APP cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1), as well as neprilysin (NEP), were detected by Western blot. Finally, behavior was tested by Morris Water Maze to illustrate whether DHM treatment has a significantly positive effect on ameliorating the memory and cognition deficits in AD.

Results

Dihydromyricetin treatment significantly ameliorated memory and cognition deficits and decreased the number of activated microglia in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 mice. In addition, APP/PS1 mice show reduced activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and reduced expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components. Furthermore, DHM could promote clearance of Aβ, a trigger for NLRP3 inflammasome activation, by increasing levels of NEP and shift microglial conversion to the M2‐specific agrinase‐1‐positive cell phenotype, which enhances microglial clearance of Aβ and its aggregates but not production of Aβ.

Conclusion

Taken together, our findings suggest that DHM prevents progression of AD‐like pathology through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome‐based microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation and may be a promising therapeutic drug for treating AD.
Women's work and structural change: occupational structure in eighteenth‐century Spain
Authors: Sarasua Carmen
Published: June 2018

This article uses the declarations of householders in the Cadaster of Ensenada (1750–5) to calculate labour participation rates for women and men from 22 localities in inland Spain. The article establishes the actual levels of women's market activity, which are much higher than commonly assumed. This unique source also makes it possible to analyse the region's occupational structure. Due to the labour‐intensive character of manufacturing work, the abundant supply of cheap labour, the diffusion of cottage industries, and the demand for commodities from internal and colonial markets, a large portion of the region's population worked in manufactures in the eighteenth century. This finding challenges standard interpretations of the Spanish economy at this time as mostly agricultural, which rely on sources that exclude women workers. Most workers in the manufacturing sector were women, and their market activity was concentrated in textile manufacturing. Once women are included in the analyses, the industrial share of employment follows a U‐shaped trajectory from the eighteenth century to the twentieth century. The article concludes that the standard interpretation of structural change, based solely on empirical evidence for male workers, gives a misleading picture of when, where, why, and how structural change occurred.
Australian squatters, convicts, and capitalists: dividing up a fast‐growing frontier pie, 1821–71
Authors: Panza Laura , Williamson Jeffrey G.
Published: June 2018

Compared with its competitors, Australian GDP per worker grew exceptionally quickly from the 1820s to the 1870s, at a rate about twice that of the US and three times that of Britain. Did this rapid growth produce rising inequality, following a Kuznets curve? Using a novel dataset, this article offers new evidence that provides unambiguous support for the view that, in sharp contrast with the US experience and with globalization‐inequality views concerning late nineteenth‐century frontiers, Australia underwent a revolutionary levelling in incomes up to the 1870s. This assessment is based on trends in many proxies for inequality, as well as annual estimates of functional income shares in the form of land rents, convict payments, free unskilled labour incomes, free skilled labour and white collar incomes, British imperial transfers, and a capitalist residual.
High pyrolysis temperature biochars reduce nitrogen availability and nitrous oxide emissions from an acid soil
Authors: Lan Zhongming , Chen Chengrong , Rezaei Rashti Mehran , Yang Hong , Zhang Dongke
Published: June 2018

Biochar–bioenergy coproduction from biomass pyrolysis has the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation. Biochar produced at various pyrolysis temperatures (<600°C) has been widely studied. However, the effect of biochars, produced at high pyrolysis temperature (≥600°C), on soil nitrogen (N) dynamics and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission is largely unknown. A pot trial was performed to examine the effect of high pyrolysis temperature (600, 700, 850 and 950°C) woody biochars on soil N dynamics, microbial gene abundance and N2O emissions with (+N) and without N (−N) fertilization from an acid soil. Results showed that all biochar treatments significantly lowered the N2O emissions in both fertilized and unfertilized regimes. However, the suppressive effect on N2O emission among different high pyrolysis temperatures was not statistically different. Biochar amendment significantly decreased the concentration of soil NH4+, and lower levels of soil NO3− were observed at the later stage of experiment. Under −N, plant biomass and N uptake were significantly lowered in all biochar treatments. Under +N, biochar addition significantly increased plant biomass, while only the 700°C biochar significantly increased N uptake. This suggests that single application of biochar could limit soil mineral N bioavailability and further decrease plant growth and N uptake in the plant–soil system. Biochar amendments tended to increase nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene abundance, but this effect was only significant for biochar produced at 950°C under +N. In conclusion, high pyrolysis temperature biochars can be effectively used to reduce N2O emission, while increases in nosZ gene abundance and decreases in NH4+ and NO3− concentrations in the acid soil are likely to be responsible for the reduction in N2O emission. Thus, woody biochars as a by‐product produced at high pyrolysis temperature have the potential to mitigate soil N2O emission via modifying N transformation and further affect climate change.
Masterful Meisters? Voluntary Certification and Quality in the German Crafts Sector
Authors: Fredriksen Kaja , Runst Petrik , Bizer Kilian
Published: June 2018

Voluntary certification systems potentially reduce search costs in markets with imperfect information. Service markets with many heterogeneous firms - such as the crafts market - are prone to information imperfections and can therefore potentially benefit from such informational mechanisms. We examine if the Meister qualification in the German crafts sector improves service quality as perceived by consumers. We find a significant and positive relationship between the Meister title and consumer ratings and conclude that the certificate is a credible sign of quality.
2. NOSTALGIA AND THE TURBULENCE OF TIMES
Authors: LANDWEHR ACHIM
Published: June 2018

The concept of nostalgia has an invaluable advantage: In contrast to other cultural concepts, it has an exact date of birth. It was in 1688 when the medic Johannes Hofer published a thesis in which he described an illness he termed with the neologism “nostalgia.” But instead of following the academic and larger cultural discourses that evolved from this starting point until the present, the question that deserves some attention is which temporal setting goes along with the concept of nostalgia. Most of the experts on nostalgia as a sickness during the last three and a half centuries did not diagnose themselves but others, quite often patients from rural areas who had to leave home to work abroad, where they became nostalgic. With this diagnosis these experts also established a certain time‐model, because they separated a “modern” time‐model of irreversibility from a “nostalgic” time‐model of reversibility. If we take a closer look at the nostalgia diagnosis and its consequences, we might also gain some ideas for our thinking about the theory of history.
3. THE NOSTALGIAS FOR EMPIRE
Authors: LORCIN PATRICIA M. E.
Published: June 2018

The aim of this article is to explore the theoretical and practical differences between colonial and imperial nostalgia. It opens with a substantial theoretical discussion of the relevant scholarship followed by an analysis of the nostalgias of empire. Nostalgia, in relation to empire, is usually analyzed as a longing for a period of former imperial and colonial glory, thus blurring the various hegemonic practices associated with empire. This elision arises out of the fact colonialism was integral to European imperialism. Yet there is a significant distinction between imperial and colonial nostalgia. With its main focus on postcolonial society in France and Britain, the article will theorize the differences between them, arguing that one is connected to the loss of global power and the other to the loss of a socioeconomic lifestyle. It will explore the way in which these two types of nostalgia are constructed and historicized, examining their differences from historical memory through the responses of both former colonizing and colonized individuals or groups. It will demonstrate that collective nostalgia is not merely a “feel‐good” sentiment about an idealized political or socioeconomic past, but can be readily connected to coming to terms with past trauma(s) thus being a mechanism to elide violence experienced and violence perpetrated by highlighting one to the detriment of the other.
DEEP GENETICS: UNIVERSAL HISTORY AND THE SPECIES
Authors: Bashford Alison
Published: June 2018

The popularity of books such as Yuval Noah Harari's Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind suggests that universal history‐writing has a continuous not a broken past. Rather than “returning,” it is perhaps the most enduring genre of all. This review essay explores the deep‐history element of universal histories and the ongoing purchase of the stadial tradition for a new history of the species. Why are deep histories of the species so reliably appealing, and what do they mean in the twenty‐first century? Although the Anthropocene would seem to be the pertinent context for this ongoing historiography, this essay suggests that the new domain of genetic genealogy powerfully individualizes and commercializes deep history for neoliberal times.
Tuberculosis in Far North Queensland, Australia: a retrospective clinical audit
Authors: Wilson Malcolm , Weston Jana , Mullen Annette , Knight Trevor , Simpson Graham
Published: June 2018

Background

Compared with global numbers, Australia has enjoyed relatively good tuberculosis control over the past 30 years, with an annual incidence of 5.7 per 100 000 population. Thanks to its unique geography and proximity to high‐burden countries, such as Papua New Guinea (PNG), Far North Queensland (FNQ) has previously been shown to have higher rates of tuberculosis compared with both the state and national average.

Aims

To document tuberculosis epidemiology in FNQ compared to two previous audits of the region.

Methods

Retrospective clinical audit of all cases of tuberculosis reported to the Cairns Tuberculosis Control Unit between 2006 and 2016.

Results

A total of 453 cases were identified, 374 with microbiological/histological confirmation. There were 312 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, 155 extrapulmonary and 21 disseminated. Three‐quarters (327/453) were identified in the overseas‐born population. Of the remaining 126 cases, 40 were Torres Strait Islander and 19 Aboriginal Australians. Where drug susceptibility was known, two‐thirds (247/368) were fully sensitive, 42 mono‐resistant, 78 multidrug resistant and 1 extensively drug resistant. Rates of human immunodeficiency virus co‐infection were less than 3% (10/362).

Conclusion

Tuberculosis remains a significant problem in FNQ. Case numbers have increased threefold since the 1990s. Much of the increase comes from the overseas‐born population. Although PNG accounts for the majority, the number of positive notifications among those born abroad has increased fivefold since 2010. Tuberculosis among Aboriginal Australians has decreased following policy changes in response to previous audits. However, tuberculosis in Torres Strait residents has increased from 12 cases (1993–2002) to 40 cases (2006–2016).
Moral Hazard in Lending and Labor Market Volatility
Authors: ATOLIA MANOJ , GIBSON JOHN , MARQUIS MILTON
Published: June 2018

When the economy experiences a sharp economic downturn, credit spreads widen and project financing costs for firms rise as funding sources begin to dry up. The economy experiences a lengthy recovery, with unemployment rates slow to return to “full employment” levels. We develop a model that displays these features. It relies on an interaction between labor search frictions and firm‐level moral hazard that is accentuated during recessions. The model is capable of addressing the “Shimer puzzle,” with labor market variables exhibiting significantly more volatility on average as a result of the heightened moral hazard concerns during these episodes that significantly deepen and prolong periods of high unemployment, as vacancy postings fall dramatically and the job‐finding rate declines. Our mechanism is also found to induce internal shock propagation causing the peak response of output, unemployment, and wages to occur with a several quarter delay relative to a model without such frictions. Many other labor market variables also show slower recovery—their return to preshock level occurs at a slower pace for a number of periods after the peak response.
Can Innovation Help U.S. Manufacturing Firms Escape Import Competition from China?
Authors: HOMBERT JOHAN , MATRAY ADRIEN
Published: June 2018

We study whether R&D‐intensive firms are more resilient to trade shocks. We correct for the endogeneity of R&D using tax‐induced changes to R&D costs. While rising imports from China lead to slower sales growth and lower profitability, these effects are significantly smaller for firms with a larger stock of R&D (about half when moving from the bottom quartile to the top quartile of R&D). We provide evidence that this effect is explained by R&D allowing firms to increase product differentiation. As a result, while firms in import‐competing industries cut capital expenditures and employment, R&D‐intensive firms downsize considerably less.
Comparative analysis of right heart chamber remodeling after surgical and device secundum atrial septal defect closure in adults
Authors: Foo Jie Sheng , Lazu Maksym , Pang Si Ying , Lee Phong Teck , Tan Ju Le
Published: June 2018

Background

To determine differences in right heart remodeling for patients with ASD who underwent surgical compared to device closure.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of echo data of 121 adult patients with ASD from 2005 to 2015 performed prior to closure and within 6‐8 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year post closure.

Results

121 patients with median age of 39 were studied. Patients who underwent device closure were older (46 vs 37 years, P < 0.05) with smaller mean ASD size (1.9 cm vs 2.3 cm, P < 0.05). We observed a similar and significant reduction in right heart parameters and PASP for both surgical and device closure groups on serial echos up to 1 year. Device closure was associated with preservation of TAPSE compared to surgical closure (reduction of 0.2 cm vs 0.6 cm, P < 0.001). Younger adults with ASD intervention (<40 years) had lower baseline PASP (33 mmHg vs 40 mmHg, P < 0.05) compared to older adults (>40 years). This difference persisted up to 1 year with no difference in rate of right heart remodeling. The effects of device closure with better preservation of TAPSE and S’ compared to surgery were consistent within both groups of younger and older adults.

Conclusion

Device and surgical closure of ASD both result in similar improvements in right heart parameters. However, device closure is associated with better preservation of TAPSE at 1 year post intervention. Intervention for older adults with ASD, when compared to younger ones, did not result in a difference in rate of right heart remodeling.
Short‐term evaluation of the adjustable bulbourethral male sling for post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence
Authors: Shamout Samer , Huang Yu Qing , Kabbara Hani , Corcos Jacques , Campeau Lysanne
Published: June 2018

Objective

The Argus perineal sling is a minimally invasive surgical option to treat post‐prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (PPSUI). This study retrospectively evaluated the short‐term clinical outcomes with the Argus sling for PPSUI management and determined the effects of potential preoperative parameters on intraoperative retrograde leak point pressure (RLPP).

Methods

In this retrospective review of 16 men with various degrees of stress incontinence after prostatic surgery who underwent Argus sling, PPSUI was evaluated by pad usage, urodynamics, 24‐hour pad weight, and validated questionnaires. Findings before and a minimum of 6 months after sling placement were compared. “Cure” was defined as no pad usage or the use of 1 pad for security; “improvement” was defined as a reduction in daily pad use by >50%.

Results

After a mean (±SD) follow‐up of 9.75 ± 3.51 months, 62.5% of patients were cured, 18.75% were improved, and 18.75% were still incontinent. Preoperative 24‐hour pad weight was positively correlated with RLPP (P = .0121, r = 0.6286). Mean RLPP was 37.93 ± 3.45 cmH2O. During follow‐up, 44% of men had transient perineal or scrotal pain managed conservatively. Sling explantation, reported in 3 of 16 patients, was associated with urethral erosion or previous radiation therapy.

Conclusion

The Argus male sling can lead to satisfactory results in carefully selected patients. Increased stress urinary incontinence severity based on 24‐hour pad weight required higher RLPP to achieve continence. Favorable satisfaction variables and quality of life scores are affected by appropriate intraoperative tensioning pressure.
Nondestructive imaging of hypervelocity impact‐induced damage zones beneath laboratory‐created craters by means of ultrasound travel‐time tomography
Authors: Raith Manuel , Ebert Matthias , Pinkert Katja , Grosse Christian U.
Published: June 2018

Since the 1960s, hypervelocity impact experiments have been conducted to study the complex deformation mechanisms which occur in the subsurface of meteorite craters. Here, we present ultrasound tomography measurements of the damage zone underneath seven experimentally produced impact craters in sandstone cubes. Within the framework of the Multidisciplinary Experimental and Modeling Impact Research Network and the NEOShield Project, decimeter‐sized sandstone targets were impacted by aluminum and steel projectiles with radii of 2.5, 4, and 5 mm at velocities between ~3.0 and ~7.4 km s−1. The 2‐D ultrasound tomography clearly shows a correlation between impact energy and the damaged volume within the target blocks. When increasing impact energies from 805 to 2402 J, a corresponding increase in the damage radius from ~13.1 cm to ~17.6 cm was calculated. p‐Wave velocity reductions up to 18.3% (for the highest impact energy) were observed in the vicinity of the craters. The reduction in seismic velocity decreased uniformly and linearly with increasing distance from the impact point. The damage intensities correspond to peak damage parameters of 0.4–0.51 compared to undamaged target blocks. In addition to the damage zone below the crater, we could identify weakened zones at the sandstone walls which represent precursors of spalling. The volume of the damaged subsurface beneath experimentally produced craters determined through ultrasound tomography is larger than that obtained from previously reported p‐wave velocity reductions or to microscopic and microcomputed tomography observations of crack densities in experimentally produced craters.
Shock veins and brown olivine in Martian meteorites: Implications for their shock pressure–temperature histories
Authors: Takenouchi Atsushi , Mikouchi Takashi , Yamaguchi Akira
Published: June 2018

Shergottite Martian meteorites are known to contain brown‐colored olivine (brown olivine), which is considered to form during a shock event on Mars. In order to constrain the formation conditions of brown olivine, four shergottites with brown olivine and four shergottites without brown olivine are analyzed in this study. Based on our observations, brown olivine is often accompanied by thin (<10 μm) melt veins indicating local temperature increase (1750–1870 K). Even in shergottites without brown olivine, olivine around shock melt veins/pockets is partly darkened and shows similar features to those of brown olivine. These observations support that brown olivine is formed under conditions similar to those around shock melt veins/pockets. Components of shock melt veins (vesicles, quench crystals, etc.) and the absence of high‐pressure phases in shergottites with brown olivine indicate that they have high postshock temperature (>1200–1170 K). Such high postshock temperature may indicate that shergottites with brown olivine experienced high pressure (around 55 GPa), while shergottites without brown olivine experienced lower shock pressure (>20–35 GPa). Therefore, brown olivine may be a good indicator for strong shock events (peak shock pressure: ~55 GPa; postshock temperature: >1200–1170 K) and such shock events could be induced by small but rapid projectiles onto Mars.
Investigation of impact melt in allochthonous crater‐fill deposits of the Steen River impact structure, Alberta, Canada
Authors: MacLagan E. A. , Walton E. L. , Herd C. D. K. , Dence M.
Published: June 2018

The Steen River impact structure (SRIS) formed in mixed target rocks, with Devonian carbonates, shales, and evaporites overlying granitic basement rocks of the Canadian Shield. A detailed study of impact melt phases within a continuous sequence of polymict impact breccia, as intersected by drill core, evaluated the relationship of impact melt to the breccia, identified the target rocks that contributed to the melt, and calculated the amount of melt within the breccia. Impact melt in the SRIS breccia occurs in three main forms (1) as individual matrix‐supported clasts, (2) as rims enveloping granitic clasts, and (3) as layers of agglomerated melt. Major and minor element abundances of large impact melt clasts (>1 mm) are similar to granitic basement, aside from elevated CaO and K2O wt% oxides in these melt clasts from incorporation of carbonates and calcareous shales. In contrast, submillimeter‐sized impact melt clasts have a composition derived almost exclusively from melting of shales. The small size of the shale‐derived melt clasts is attributed to increased fragmentation and a wider dispersion due to the volatile‐rich nature of the shale protolith. The wide compositional range of impact‐melted target lithologies documented at the SRIS contradicts breccia clast formation by impact melts that merged into larger bodies but were subsequently disrupted. Our observations are consistent with disruption of impact melt early in its formation history, and the volatile‐rich nature of the target materials likely contributed to this disruption. Bimodal thin section scans provide an estimate of the proportion of impact melt phases in the SRIS breccias (~19 vol%). When compared to similarly sized, mixed‐target impact structures, our results are consistent with the estimated volume of impact melt clasts from Ries, Germany (21 vol%), but are roughly twice that observed at Haughton, Canada (<10 vol%).
Valences of Ti, Cr, and V in Apollo 17 high‐Ti and very low‐Ti basalts and implications for their formation
Authors: Simon Steven B. , Sutton Stephen R.
Published: June 2018

To assess the variability of redox states among mare basalt source regions, investigation of the valence of Ti, Cr, and V and the coordination environment of Ti in pyroxene and olivine in lunar rocks via XANES (X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure) spectroscopy has been extended to Apollo 17 basalts: two high‐Ti (70017 and 74275) hand samples, and three very low‐Ti (70006,371, 70007,289B, and 70007,296) basalt fragments from the Apollo 17 deep drill core. Valences of Ti in pyroxene of both suites range from 3.6 to 4, or from 40% to 0% Ti3+, averaging 15–20% Ti3+. Assuming Ti3+ is more compatible in pyroxene than Ti4+, then even lower Ti3+ proportions are indicated for the parental melts. The VLT pyroxene exhibits a slightly wider range of V valences (2.57–2.96) than the high‐Ti pyroxene (2.65–2.86) and a much wider range of Cr valences (2.32–2.80 versus 2.68–2.86); Cr is generally reduced in VLT pyroxene compared to high‐Ti pyroxene. Valences of Ti and Cr in VLT pyroxene become less reduced with increasing FeO contents, possibly indicating change in oxygen fugacity during crystallization. Olivine in all samples has very low (<20%) proportions of Ti3+, with no Ti3+ and higher proportions of Ti in tetrahedral coordination in the VLTs than in the high‐Ti basalts. Olivine in 74275, including that in a dunite clast, has much higher proportions of Cr2+ than the pyroxene in that sample, consistent with previous studies indicating that the olivine grains in this sample are xenocrysts and possibly indicating oxidation just prior to pyroxene crystallization. Results for this sample, the VLTs, and previously studied Apollo 14 and 15 basalts all indicate that mare magmas were in reducing environments at depth, as recorded in early crystallization products, and that later, presumably shallower environments, were relatively oxidizing; single, characteristic fO2s of formation cannot be assigned to these samples. A process likely to account for this feature seen in multiple samples is loss by degassing of a reducing, H‐rich vapor (probably H2) during ascent and/or eruption, causing oxidation of the residual melt, recorded in relatively late‐crystallized pyroxene.
Mind, absent characters, and the deployment of ideology in Henry James’s short fiction
Authors: Álvarez‐Amorós José A.
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the role of ideology in the construction of absent characters in Henry James’s short fiction against a methodological background of cognitive narratology and the attendant notions of metarepresentation, extended mind, and distributed identity. Building on the conviction that those minds that communally assemble absent characters by projecting subjective images of them do form identifiable ideological systems rather than arbitrary arrays, an approach to the construction of absent Louisa Brash in “The Beldonald Holbein” (1901) is made in the context of “Daisy Miller” (1878), “The Author of Beltraffio” (1884), and “The Next Time” (1895). Published in three different decades, these stories display absent and quasi‐absent characters who are conjured up for the reader in much the same way as Mrs. Brash is, namely as functions of a priori ideological positions based on sequenced degrees of commitment to the thematic dominant of a tale, a process that often results in deeply conflicted identities.
J wave syndromes as a cause of malignant cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Di Diego José M. , Antzelevitch Charles
Published: June 2018

The J wave syndromes, including the Brugada (BrS) and early repolarization (ERS) syndromes, are characterized by the manifestation of prominent J waves in the electrocardiogram appearing as an ST segment elevation and the development of life‐threatening cardiac arrhythmias. BrS and ERS differ with respect to the magnitude and lead location of abnormal J waves and are thought to represent a continuous spectrum of phenotypic expression termed J wave syndromes. Despite over 25 years of intensive research, risk stratification and the approach to therapy of these two inherited cardiac arrhythmia syndromes are still rapidly evolving. Our objective in this review is to provide an integrated synopsis of the clinical characteristics, risk stratifiers, as well as the molecular, ionic, cellular, and genetic mechanisms underlying these two syndromes that have captured the interest and attention of the cardiology community over the past two decades.
Surreal decisions
Authors: Chen Eddy Keming , Rubio Daniel
Published: June 2018

Although expected utility theory has proven a fruitful and elegant theory in the finite realm, attempts to generalize it to infinite values have resulted in many paradoxes. In this paper, we argue that the use of John Conway's surreal numbers shall provide a firm mathematical foundation for transfinite decision theory. To that end, we prove a surreal representation theorem and show that our surreal decision theory respects dominance reasoning even in the case of infinite values. We then bring our theory to bear on one of the more venerable decision problems in the literature: Pascal's Wager. Analyzing the wager showcases our theory's virtues and advantages. To that end, we analyze two objections against the wager: Mixed Strategies and Many Gods. After formulating the two objections in the framework of surreal utilities and probabilities, our theory correctly predicts that (1) the pure Pascalian strategy beats all mixed strategies, and (2) what one should do in a Pascalian decision problem depends on what one's credence function is like. Our analysis therefore suggests that although Pascal's Wager is mathematically coherent, it does not deliver what it purports to, a rationally compelling argument that people should lead a religious life regardless of how confident they are in theism and its alternatives.
Stereotypes in Context: How and When Do Street‐Level Bureaucrats Use Class Stereotypes?
Authors: Harrits Gitte Sommer
Published: June 2018

Stereotype use in street‐level work and discretionary judgments is important because of the possible introduction of bias. This article contributes to the study of stereotypes in street‐level work by suggesting that stereotypes are related to both cognitive and social uncertainties. A distinction between uncontrolled stereotype activation in the interpretation of information and controlled stereotype application in decision making is made to allow for a more nuanced study. A unique design combining semistructured interviews and a vignette experiment is presented to accommodate this theoretical framework. Results show that stereotype activation is conditioned by class difference and involves both categorization and simplified assumptions. Stereotype application is conditioned by class as well as by the homogeneity of the social contexts of street‐level institutions. These results suggest that in order to decrease stereotypical bias in frontline encounters, one solution may be to increase social heterogeneity.
Managerial Perspectives on Implicit Bias, Affirmative Action, and Merit
Authors: Foley Meraiah , Williamson Sue
Published: June 2018

Public sector organizations concerned about gender inequality have increasingly sought to address the effect of implicit biases on merit‐based employment practices through bias training and affirmative action programs. Applying qualitative content analysis to interviews with 104 managers in three government agencies in which bias training and affirmative action were being implemented, the authors find that many managers acknowledge the existence of implicit biases and their potential to create unequal employment outcomes. However, this recognition of bias does not translate into support for affirmative action, which is seen by many managers to be an unacceptable violation of merit. The authors argue that implicit bias training and affirmative action are unlikely to create a cultural “tipping point” to progress gender equality without a critical reassessment of merit.
When do in‐service teacher training and books improve student achievement? Experimental evidence from Mongolia
Authors: Fuje Habtamu , Tandon Prateek
Published: June 2018

This study presents evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Mongolia on the impact of in‐service teacher training and books, both as separate educational inputs and as a package. It tests for complementarity of inputs and nonlinearity of returns from education investment, as measured in students’ test scores. The result suggests that the provision of books, on top of teacher training, raises students’ achievement substantially. However, teacher training and books weakly improve test scores when provided individually. This study sheds light on the relevance of supplementing teacher training schemes with appropriate teaching materials in resource‐poor settings.
An unconditional space–time scan statistic for ZIP‐distributed data
Authors: Allévius Benjamin , Höhle Michael
Published: June 2018

A scan statistic is proposed for the prospective monitoring of spatiotemporal count data with an excess of zeros. The method that is based on an outbreak model for the zero‐inflated Poisson distribution is shown to be superior to traditional scan statistics based on the Poisson distribution in the presence of structural zeros. The spatial accuracy and the detection timeliness of the proposed scan statistic are investigated by means of simulation, and an application on the weekly cases of Campylobacteriosis in Germany illustrates how the scan statistic could be used to detect emerging disease outbreaks. An implementation of the method is provided in the open‐source R package scanstatistics available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network.
Evolutionary history of the complex polymorphic dobsonfly genus Neoneuromus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)
Authors: YANG FAN , CHANG WENCHENG , HAYASHI FUMIO , GILLUNG JESSICA , JIANG YUNLAN , YANG DING , LIU XINGYUE
Published: June 2018

The dobsonfly genus Neoneuromus van der Weele is endemic to the Oriental region. Species possess highly variable body and wing colouration and markings, not only among species but also among conspecific individuals of certain species. This stark polymorphism hinders accurate species identification, and obscures an undocumented species diversity as well as our understanding of the evolutionary history of this genus. We used multiple methods of molecular identification combined with morphological evidence to delimitate species, circumscribing a total of 13 species in Neoneuromus. Five new species are herein described: Neoneuromus indistinctus Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n., Neoneuromus maculatus Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n., Neoneuromus niger Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n., Neoneuromus similis Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n. and Neoneuromus vanderweelei Liu, Hayashi & Yang, sp.n. The dated phylogeny with reconstructed ancestral areas indicates an initial divergence of Neoneuromus during the mid‐Eocene. A broad area including northeastern India and northern Indochina could be a centre for early divergence of the genus, while complex dispersal and vicariance events dating from the late Eocene to the Pliocene probably shaped the present diversity and distribution of the genus. Our ancestral character state reconstruction suggests that the pale and dark colour forms among different species, or conspecifics, could evolve rapidly and that changes in colouration could be driven by species‐specific mate recognition.
An independent and mutually supportive retirement as a moral ideal in contemporary Japan
Authors: Shakuto Shiori
Published: June 2018

In contemporary Japanese society the ability to care for oneself and other senior citizens has become a defining feature of good retirement. The capitalist Japanese state has historically mobilised moral virtues to foster a sense of productive citizenship among senior citizens and their family members. After the country failed to recover from the long recessionary era, policies regarding the welfare of senior citizens have shifted, from a focus on familial care to an emphasis on individual responsibility. This paper traces these shifts in moral virtues since the 1970s to elucidate how ideas of ‘independence’ and ‘mutual support’ have become persuasive forms of virtue for senior citizens, particularly retired corporate workers, in the current neoliberal climate. The paper will also draw from my recent fieldwork among elderly Japanese to contrast their experiences with the state's expectations. The independent and mutually supportive retirement as a performative cultural production was often experienced as one of intense dislocation, rather than belonging, in a productivist state.
mGluR5‐dependent modulation of dendritic excitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons mediated by enhancement of persistent Na+ currents
Authors: Yu Weonjin , Kwon Jaehan , Sohn Jong‐Woo , Lee Suk Ho , Kim Sooyun , Ho Won‐Kyung
Published: June 2018

Key points

High‐frequency stimulation (HFS) of the Schaffer collateral pathway activates metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) signalling in the proximal apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons.

The synaptic activation of mGluR5‐mediated calcium signalling causes a significant increase in persistent sodium current (INa,P) in the dendrites.

Increased INa,P by HFS underlies potentiation of synaptic inputs at both the proximal and distal dendrite, leading to an enhanced probability of action potential firing associated with decreased action potential thresholds.

Therefore, HFS‐induced activation of intracellular mGluR5 serves an important role as an instructive signal for potentiation of upcoming inputs by increasing dendritic excitability.

Dendritic Na+ channels in pyramidal neurons are known to amplify synaptic signals, thereby facilitating action potential (AP) generation. However, the mechanisms that modulate dendritic Na+ channels have remained largely uncharacterized. Here, we report a new form of short‐term plasticity in which proximal excitatory synaptic inputs to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons transiently elevate dendritic excitability. High‐frequency stimulations (HFS) to the Schaffer collateral (SC) pathway activate mGluR5‐dependent Ca2+ signalling in the apical dendrites, which, with calmodulin, upregulates specifically Nav1.6 channel‐mediated persistent Na+ currents (INa,P) in the dendrites. This HFS‐induced increase in dendritic INa,P results in transient increases in the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials induced by both proximal SC and distal perforant path stimulation, leading to the enhanced probability of AP firing associated with decreased AP thresholds. Taken together, our study identifies dendritic INa,P as a novel target for mediating activity‐dependent modulation of dendritic integration and neuronal output.
The channel-kinase TRPM7 regulates antigen gathering and internalization in B cells
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Mithunah , Wasim Laabiah , Buhari Fathima Hifza Mohamed , Zhao Tiantian , Mahtani Trisha , Ho Josephine , Kang Sohee , Deason-Towne Francina , Perraud Anne-Laure , Schmitz Carsten , Treanor Bebhinn
Published: June 2018

B cell antigen uptake and presentation require the dual ion channel–kinase TRPM7.
K63-linked polyubiquitin chains bind to DNA to facilitate DNA damage repair
Authors: Liu Pengda , Gan Wenjian , Su Siyuan , Hauenstein Arthur V. , Fu Tian-min , Brasher Bradley , Schwerdtfeger Carsten , Liang Anthony C. , Xu Ming , Wei Wenyi
Published: June 2018

Mutations in the DNA-interacting patch of ubiquitin sensitize cells to DNA-damaging agents.
Primary Fungal Prophylaxis in Hematological Malignancy: a Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Lee Cho-Hao , Lin Chin , Ho Ching-Liang , Lin Jung-Chung
Published: June 2018

Several new antifungal agents have become available for primary fungal prophylaxis of neutropenia fever in hematological malignancy patients. Our aim was to synthesize all evidence on efficacy and enable an integrated comparison of all current treatments.
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Activity of a Novel Catheter Lock Solution against Bacterial and Fungal Biofilms
Authors: Chandra J. , Long L. , Isham N. , Mukherjee P. K. , DiSciullo G. , Appelt K. , Ghannoum M. A.
Published: June 2018

Central-line-associated bloodstream infections are increasingly recognized to be associated with intraluminal microbial biofilms, and effective measures for the prevention and treatment of bloodstream infections remain lacking. This report evaluates a new commercially developed antimicrobial catheter lock solution (ACL), containing trimethoprim (5 mg/ml), ethanol (25%), and calcium EDTA (Ca-EDTA) (3%), for activity against bacterial and fungal biofilms, using
in vitro
and
in vivo
(rabbit) catheter biofilm models.
In Vivo
Efficacy of Relebactam (MK-7655) in Combination with Imipenem-Cilastatin in Murine Infection Models
Authors: Powles Mary Ann , Galgoci Andrew , Misura Andrew , Colwell Lawrence , Dingley Karen H. , Tang Wei , Wu Jin , Blizzard Timothy , Motyl Mary , Young Katherine
Published: June 2018

The World Health Organization has identified antimicrobial resistance as a global public health threat since the prevalence and spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens worldwide are staggering. Carbapenems, such as imipenem and meropenem, have been used to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria; however, since the development of resistance to carbapenems, β-lactam antibiotics in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors (BLI) has been one of the most successful strategies to enhance the activity of β-lactam antibiotics.