bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General Intermediates for the Synthesis of 6-C-Alkylated DMDP-Related Natural Products
Authors: Huang Mu-Hua , Li Yi-Xian , Jia Yue-Mei , Yu Chu-Yi
Published: June 2013

Protected L-homoDMDP en-8 and its C-6 epimer en-7 were prepared through two different pathways starting from the vinylpyrrolidine en-9. Based on the NMR and X-ray analysis, the stereochemistry of homoDMDP at C-6 was confirmed to be consistent with reported data. Compounds en-7 and en-8 are general intermediates for the synthesis of a series of 6-C-alkylated DMDP-related natural products, such as broussonetine G, homoDMDP-7-O-apioside, homoDMDP-7-O-b-D-xyloside and so on.
Experience of developing Twitter-based communities of practice in higher education
Authors: Lewis Bex , Rush David
Published: June 2013

This article presents the results of a case study of the use of a microblogging tool by a university academic to increase their knowledge and experience of social media for educational purposes. The academic had the role of digital steward in a university and attempted to use microblogging (Twitter) to increase professional contacts within the framework of a community of practice. Several types of data were collected and analysed. These included the structure of the network arising from the links formed with others by microblogging, the similarity of stated interests between the academic and others in the network, and the contents of postings such as their external references. It was found that a personal network had been established, with some of the characteristics of a community of practice. The activity demonstrated the utility of social media in supporting the professional development of academic staff using technology.Keywords: community of practice; technology steward; microblogging; social media; professional network(Published: 11 June 2013) Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2013, 21: 18598 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v21i0.18598
Polynomial force approximations and multifrequency atomic force microscopy
Authors: Platz Daniel , Forchheimer Daniel , Tholén Erik A , Haviland David B
Published: June 2013

We present polynomial force reconstruction from experimental intermodulation atomic force microscopy (ImAFM) data. We study the tip–surface force during a slow surface approach and compare the results with amplitude-dependence force spectroscopy (ADFS). Based on polynomial force reconstruction we generate high-resolution surface-property maps of polymer blend samples. The polynomial method is described as a special example of a more general approximative force reconstruction, where the aim is to determine model parameters that best approximate the measured force spectrum. This approximative approach is not limited to spectral data, and we demonstrate how it can be adapted to a force quadrature picture.
Quality management and contractual incompleteness: grape procurement for high-end wines in Argentina
Authors: Codron J.-M. , Montaigne E. , Rousset S.
Published: June 2013

Sourcing grapes from independent growers for use in top quality wines sold on the international market is a major organisational challenge for corporate wineries. Our paper adds to the small collection of existing literature addressing these coordination issues in the New World wine sector, by going deeper into the specifics of the contracts. Based on a case-study carried out in the Argentine province of Mendoza, this article presents an in-depth analysis of the technical process, in order to identify the contractual hazards posed by asset specificity, measurement costs, and non-contractible actions. Expanding Transaction Cost Economics to include contract completion and plural governance literature, this paper analyses the contractual and non-contractual mechanisms (price incentives, grower monitoring, allocation of decision rights to the winery, role of backward integration) used to govern such grape transactions. Through our analysis, we were able to arrive at four main conclusions. Firstly, most agreements are still verbal, with the exception of occasional written contracts, whose scope only encompasses minor legal points. It became clear to us that formal, rigid agreements are not always adequate in managing the inherently complex interactions between grape varieties, soil, farming practices and winemaking processes in high-end wine production. Secondly, extensive decision rights are allocated to wineries, to deal with incompleteness. These are key decisions to be taken during the cropping and harvesting process. Thirdly, pricing is generally kept flexible, with grape prices negotiated ex-post. This means that trade imbalances tend to be resolved in the long term. Winegrowers also benefit from financial rewards to compensate for the allocation of authority. Finally, any potential opportunistic behaviour by wineries with regard to asset specificity (in particular yield limitation) and allocation of rights is kept at bay by mechanisms such as winery reputations and credit third-party guarantee. This type of opportunistic behaviour by growers is similarly deterred through monitoring and vineyard ownership on the part of the wineries.
Risks and Remedies in ISRA University e-Learning System
Authors: Barhoum Khalil A. , Muhsin Zahraa Fadhil , Maaita Adi , Nsour Ayman
Published: June 2013

Information technology brought radical changes in various aspects of contemporary life and education sector in general and in higher education particularly. Our institute (Isra University) decided to be more responsive to these dramatic changes and rapid developments and effectively employ information technology and modern communications to improve the quality of teaching and learning through a gradual shift from web-enhanced courses towards blended learning, distance learning, and open learning to achieve better learning outcomes excellence and competition. Our institution uses Moodle system to offer web-enhanced courses with timed on-line quizzes as well as a vehicle for students to submit homework assignments and gain access to different course related resources. Isra university e-learning center (IUELC) investigated the risks at Isra university e-learning system (IUELS) may encounter at this level of offering web-enhanced courses and the suitable solutions to these risks. This paper outlines the identified risks (IUELS-risks) and their remedies (IUELS-remedies).
A Survey on LMS Context Dimensions for Teacher-Oriented Recommender Systems
Authors: Bosnić Ivana , Orlić Marin , Žagar Mario
Published: June 2013

In formal education, a majority of e-learning courses is still conducted in a learning management system (LMS). Teachers and authors of educational resources can make use of context-aware recommender systems, which would recommend relevant learning objects to be included in the course. Context data can be obtained, among other sources, from an existing learning environment. This paper describes a two-phase survey of four LMSs ? Chamilo, Claroline, Ilias and Moodle ? and their characteristics suitable for creating an LMS part of a context model, which would be suitable to implement in recommender systems for this purpose. A sample set of use cases is given, which describes how teachers and content authors could use the system. Based on the survey results, a set of context model dimensions is proposed.
Dorsal Approach Rhinoplasty
Authors: Dubeta Kenneth R
Published: June 2013

Direct dorsal excision of skin and subcutaneous tissue is employed in rhinoplasty cases characterized by thick rigid skin to achieve satisfactory esthetic results, in which attempted repair by more conventional means would most likely frustrate both surgeon and patient.

This historical review reminds us of the lesson: ‘History repeats itself.’ Built on a foundation of reconstructive rhinoplasty, modern cosmetic and corrective rhinoplasty have seen the parallel development of both open and closed techniques as ‘new’ methods are introduced and reintroduced again. It is from the perspective of constant evolution in the art of rhinoplasty surgery that the author presents, in Part II, his unique ‘eagle wing’ chevron incision technique of dorsal approach rhinoplasty, to overcome the problems posed by the rigid skin nose.

How to cite this article

Dubeta KR. Dorsal Approach Rhinoplasty. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(1):1-23.
Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST): turbulent mixing across capping inversion
Authors: Malinowski S. P. , Gerber H. , Jen-La Plante I. , Kopec M. K. , Kumala W. , Nurowska K. , Chuang P. Y. , Khelif D. , Haman K. E.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. High spatial resolution measurements of temperature and liquid water content, accompanied by moderate resolution measurements of humidity and turbulence, collected during the Physics of Stratocumulus Top experiment are analyzed. Two thermodynamically, meteorologically and even optically different cases are investigated. An algorithmic division of the cloud top region into layers is proposed. Analysis of dynamic stability across these layers leads to the conclusion that the inversion capping the cloud and the cloud top region are turbulent due to the wind shear, which is strong enough to compensate for high static stability of the inversion. The thickness of this mixing layer adapts to wind and temperature jumps such that the gradient Richardson number stays close to its critical value. Turbulent mixing governs transport across the inversion, but the consequences of this mixing depend on the thermodynamic properties of cloud top and free troposphere. The effects of buoyancy-sorting of the mixed parcels in the cloud top region are different in conditions that permit or prevent cloud top entrainment instability. Removal of negatively buoyant air from the cloud top is observed in the first case, while buildup of the diluted cloud top layer is observed in the second one.
Field intercomparison of four methane gas analyzers suitable for eddy covariance flux measurements
Authors: Peltola O. , Mammarella I. , Haapanala S. , Burba G. , Vesala T.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Performances of four methane gas analyzers suitable for eddy covariance measurements are assessed. The assessment and comparison was performed by analyzing eddy covariance data obtained during summer 2010 (1 April to 26 October) at a pristine fen, Siikaneva, Southern Finland. High methane fluxes with pronounced seasonality have been measured at this fen. The four participating methane gas analyzers are commercially available closed-path units TGA-100A (Campbell Scientific Inc., USA), RMT-200 (Los Gatos Research, USA), G1301-f (Picarro Inc., USA) and an early prototype open-path unit Prototype-7700 (LI-COR Biosciences, USA). The RMT-200 functioned most reliably throughout the measurement campaign, during low and high flux periods. Methane fluxes from RMT-200 and G1301-f had the smallest random errors and the fluxes agree remarkably well throughout the measurement campaign. Cospectra and power spectra calculated from RMT-200 and G1301-f data agree well with corresponding temperature spectra during a high flux period. None of the gas analyzers showed statistically significant diurnal variation for methane flux. Prototype-7700 functioned only for a short period of time, over one month, in the beginning of the measurement campaign during low flux period, and thus, its overall accuracy and season-long performance were not assessed. The open-path gas analyzer is a practical choice for measurement sites in remote locations due to its low power demand, whereas for G1301-f methane measurements interference from water vapor is straightforward to correct since the instrument measures both gases simultaneously. In any case, if only the performance in this intercomparison is considered, RMT-200 performed the best and is the recommended choice if a new fast response methane gas analyzer is needed.
Vegetation responses to interglacial warming in the Arctic: examples from Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic
Authors: Lozhkin A. V. , Anderson P. M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Preliminary analyses of Lake El'gygytgyn sediment indicate a wide range of ecosystem responses to warmer than present climates. While palynological work describing all interglacial vegetation is ongoing, sufficient data exist to compare recent warm events (the postglacial thermal maximum, PGTM, and marine isotope stage, MIS5) with "super" interglaciations (MIS11, MIS31). Palynological assemblages associated with these climatic optima suggest two types of vegetation responses: one dominated by deciduous taxa (PGTM, MIS5) and the second by evergreen conifers (MIS11, MIS31). MIS11 forests show a similarity to modern Picea–Larix–Betula–Alnus forests of Siberia. While dark coniferous forest also characterizes MIS31, the pollen taxa show an affinity to the boreal forest of the lower Amur valley (southern Russian Far East). Despite vegetation differences during these thermal maxima, all glacial–interglacial transitions are alike, being dominated by deciduous woody taxa. Initially Betula shrub tundra established and was replaced by tundra with tree-sized shrubs (PGTM), Betula woodland (MIS5), or Betula–Larix (MIS11, MIS31) forest. The consistent occurrence of deciduous forest and/or high shrub tundra before the incidence of maximum warmth underscores the importance of this biome for modeling efforts. The El'gygytgyn data also suggest a possible elimination or massive reduction of Arctic plant communities under extreme warm-earth scenarios.
Global isoscapes for δ18O and δ2H in precipitation: improved prediction using regionalized climatic regression models
Authors: Terzer S. , Wassenaar L. I. , Araguás-Araguás L. J. , Aggarwal P. K.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. A Regionalized Climatic Water Isotope Prediction (RCWIP) approach, based on the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP), was demonstrated for the purposes of predicting point- and large-scale spatiotemporal patterns of the stable isotope compositions of water (δ2H, δ18O) in precipitation around the world. Unlike earlier global domain and fixed regressor models, RCWIP pre-defined thirty-six climatic cluster domains, and tested all model combinations from an array of climatic and spatial regressor variables to obtain the best predictive approach to each cluster domain, as indicated by RMSE and variogram analysis. Fuzzy membership fractions were thereafter used as the weights to seamlessly amalgamate results of the optimized climatic zone prediction models into a single predictive mapping product, such as global or regional amount-weighted mean annual, mean monthly or growing-season δ18O/δ2H in precipitation. Comparative tests revealed the RCWIP approach outperformed classical global-fixed regression-interpolation based models more than 67% of the time, and significantly improved upon predictive accuracy and precision. All RCWIP isotope mapping products are available as gridded GeoTIFF files from the IAEA website (www.iaea.org/water) and are for use in hydrology, climatology, food authenticity, ecology, and forensics.
Velhas benzedeiras
Authors: Hoffmann-Horochovski Marisete Terezinha
Published: June 2013

Este artigo versa sobre a permanência da benzeção praticada por velhas residentes no litoral do Estado do Paraná. Por meio da história oral, quatro mulheres discorreram sobre suas vidas e seus ofícios, permitindo pensar tanto sobre o benzimento quanto sobre a velhice na atualidade. Elas acreditam que receberam um “dom divino” e dedicam boa parte de seu tempo e energia para curar doenças, males do corpo e da alma. Por meio de suas vozes, encontrei a possibilidade de registrar uma atividade que faz parte da cultura imaterial e que pode desaparecer em muitos lugares. Ademais, o modo de vida dessas mulheres reforça a afirmação de que a velhice no século XXI abrange múltiplas práticas e expressões.
A seguridade social em pauta: a luta política dos/as idosos/as
Authors: Lima Azevedo Eulália
Published: June 2013

Neste artigo proponho pensar os/as idosos/as na condição de atores políticos que, pela ação direta, movimentam-se e impõem-se como sujeitos capazes de intervir nos espaços públicos de decisão e modificar os padrões culturais vigentes relacionados à forma de viver dos que envelhecem.Busco ilustrar esta análise com a da criação do Fórum Permanente em Defesa do Idoso no estado da Bahia. Este apresenta-se como uma nova estratégia para ampliar a base de sustentação do movimento dos/as aposentados/as e pensionistas que, em várias manifestações nas ruas e praças públicas de Salvador, sempre pautam, em seus discursos, a defesa dos direitos de todos/as os/as idosos/as, bem como a defesa da Seguridade Social Pública, especificamente contra as reformas da Previdência, consideradas de cunho privatista.
Diagnosis and treatment of superficial vein thrombosis
Authors: Bauersachs R. M.
Published: June 2013

Superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) is a common disease, characterized by an inflammatory- thrombotic process in a superficial vein. Typical clinical findings are pain and a warm, tender, reddish cord along the vein. Until recently, no reliable epidemiological data were available. The incidence is estimated to be higher than that of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) (1/1000). SVT shares many risk factors with DVT, but affects twice as many women than men and frequently occurs in varicose veins. Clinically, SVT extension is commonly underestimated, and patients may have asymptomatic DVT. Therefore, ultrasound assessment and exclusion of DVT is essential. Risk factors for concomitant DVT are recent hospitalization, immobilization, autoimmune disorders, age > 75 years, prior VTE, cancer and SVT in non-varicose veins. Even though most patients with isolated SVT (without concomitant DVT or PE) are commonly treated with anticoagulation for a median of 15 days, about 8% experience symptomatic thromboembolic complications within three months. Risk factors for occurrence of complications are male gender, history of VTE, cancer, SVT in a non-varicose vein or SVT involving the sapheno-femoral junction (SFJ). As evidence supporting treatment of isolated SVT was sparse and of poor quality, the large, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled CALISTO trial was initiated assessing the effect of fondaparinux on symptomatic outcomes in isolated SVT. This study showed that, compared with placebo, 2.5 mg fondaparinux given for 45 days reduced the risk of symptomatic thromboembolic complications by 85% without increasing bleeding. Based on CALISTO and other observational studies, evidence-based recommendations can be made for the majority of SVT patients. Further studies can now be performed in higher risk patients to address unresolved issues.
An Analysis of Cost Factors in Maintaining and Updating Card Catalogs
Authors: Dolby J. L. , Forsyth V. J.
Published: June 2013

This study enumerates and compares costs of manual and computerized catalogs. The difficulties of making comparative cost studies are examined. The report concentrates on the problems of cost element definition and on the reporting of as many comparable sources as possible. Results of cost studies are presented in the form of tables that show comparative costs of cataloging, card processing, conversion, and manual and comput- erized processing. There are also tables on card catalog costs. Conclusions are that the costs of manual and automated methods are essentially the same for short entries, and that there is a substantial economic advantage for automated methods in full entries.
Performance of Ruecking's Word-compression Method When Applied to Machine Retrieval from a Library Catalog
Authors: Lipetz Ben-Ami , Stangl Peter , Taylor Kathryn F.
Published: June 2013

F. H. Ruecking's word-compression algorithm for retrieval of bibliographic data from computer stores was tested for performance in matching user-supplied, unedited bibliographic data to the bibliographic data contained in a library catalog. The algorithm was tested by manual simulation, using data derived from 126 case studies of successful manual searches of the card catalog at Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University. The algorithm achieved 70% recall in comparison to conventional searching. Its accepta- bility as a substitute for conventional catalog searching methods is ques- tioned unless recall performance can be improved, either by use of the algorithm alone or in combination with other algorithms.
Animated Subject Maps for Book Collections
Authors: Donahue Tim
Published: June 2013

Of our two primary textual formats, articles by far have received the most fiscal and technological support in recent decades. Meanwhile, our more traditional format, the book, seems in some ways to already be treated as a languishing symbol of the past. The development of OPACs and the abandonment of card catalogs in the Eighties and Nineties is the seminal evolution in print monograph access, but little else has changed. To help users locate books by call number and browse the collection by subject, animated subject maps were created. While the initial aim is a practical one, helping users to locate books and subjects, the subject maps also reveal the knowledge organization of the physical library, which it displays in a way that can be meaningful to faculty, students, and other community members. We can do more with current technologies to assist and enrich the experience of users searching and browsing for books. The subject map is hopefully an example of how we can do more in this regard.
Editorial
Authors: Marzal Felici Javier , Casero Ripollés Andreu
Published: June 2013

Editorial y presentación del número 5 de adComunica.
Intraflagellar transport drives flagellar surface motility
Authors: Shih Sheng Min , Engel Benjamin D , Kocabas Fatih , Bilyard Thomas , Gennerich Arne , Marshall Wallace F , Yildiz Ahmet
Published: June 2013

The assembly and maintenance of all cilia and flagella require intraflagellar transport (IFT) along the axoneme. IFT has been implicated in sensory and motile ciliary functions, but the mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear. Here, we used Chlamydomonas flagellar surface motility (FSM) as a model to test whether IFT provides force for gliding of cells across solid surfaces. We show that IFT trains are coupled to flagellar membrane glycoproteins (FMGs) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. IFT trains transiently pause through surface adhesion of their FMG cargos, and dynein-1b motors pull the cell towards the distal tip of the axoneme. Each train is transported by at least four motors, with only one type of motor active at a time. Our results demonstrate the mechanism of Chlamydomonas gliding motility and suggest that IFT plays a major role in adhesion-induced ciliary signaling pathways.
Formation of Silicon-on-Nothing Structures with Extremely Flat Surfaces
Authors: Sudoh Koichi , Nakamura Jun , Naito Muneyuki , Higuchi Kohei , Maenaka Kazusuke
Published: June 2013

We have investigated annealing conditions for producing silicon-on-nothing (SON) structures with extremely flat surfaces by high temperature annealing of high-aspect-ratio hole arrays fabricated on Si(001) surfaces. In the phase immediately after SON structures are formed through the surface-diffusion driven evolution induced by high temperature annealing, the SON surfaces are rough. We show that additional annealing after the SON structure formation at high temperatures, where preferential sublimation from step edges occurs, effectively removes the surface roughness to yield SON structures with extremely flat (001) surfaces with fairly low step densities.
Pilot Program for Teaching Earth Science in New York
Authors: Nadeau Patricia A. , Flores Kennet E. , Ustunisik Gokce , Zirakparvar Nasser A. , Grcevich Jana , Pagnotta Ashley , Sessa Jocelyn A. , Kinzler Rosamond J. , Macdonald Maritza , Mathez Edmond , Mac Low Mordecai‐Mark
Published: June 2013

During the 2009–2010 school year, 40% of New York City (NYC) Earth science teachers were not certified to teach Earth science [New York State Education Department (NYSED), 2011]. This highlights a longstanding shortage of certified teachers, which persists today and prevents many schools from offering courses on the subject, thus diminishing student opportunities to study or embark on careers in Earth science. More generally, the paucity of qualified, effective science teachers hinders student achievement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), and research has consistently shown that improving the quality of teaching substantially increases achievement in STEM‐related fields [National Science Board, 2007]. With only 36% of NYC 8th graders scoring at or above the basic level of proficiency in science and with even lower scores for African‐American and Hispanic students [Livingston and Wirt, 2005], the need for more qualified science teachers is clear.
U.S. Geological Survey study on groundwater depletion
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2013

The total depletion of groundwater in the United States from 1900 to 2008 was about 1000 cubic kilometers, more than twice the amount of water in Lake Erie, according to a 10 May report by the U.S. Geological Survey, Groundwater Depletion in the United States (1900–2008), that includes an evaluation of long‐term cumulative depletion volumes in 40 separate aquifers in the United States. “This large volume of depletion represents a serious problem in the United States because much of this storage loss cannot be easily or quickly recovered and affects the sustainability of some critical water supplies and base flow to streams, among other effects,” the report notes. For more information, see http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5079/.
Energy and mining industry workforce trends examined
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2013

The present and future are bright for energy and mining jobs in the United States, with the demand for workers expected to remain strong into the foreseeable future, according to a new report from the U.S. National Research Council. However, Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action (2013) cautions that several key factors could adversely affect the workforce.
Observing Changes in Near‐Polar Glaciers in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
Authors: Barrand Nicholas E. , Machguth Horst , Hagen Jon Ove
Published: June 2013

Approximately 50 researchers attended the Ice2sea North/South Glacier Workshop at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). The aim of the workshop was to highlight the importance of changes in Northern and Southern Hemisphere near‐polar glacier systems, which are subject to rapid climate warming from the atmosphere and ocean. Other goals of the workshop were to identify the observations required to understand the changes in these glacier systems and to determine difficulties and opportunities for making future projections. The meeting also served to bring together a new community of researchers working on similar glaciological problems in distinct geographic regions (e.g., the Arctic, including Alaska; Patagonia; and the Antarctic Peninsula). Full details of the workshop agenda and organizing committee can be found in the workshop report at http://www.ice2sea.eu/wp‐content/uploads/2013/04/Ice2sea_NSWorkshop_FINALREPORT_nosummary.pdf.
Understanding the Dynamics of the Tropical African Climate
Authors: Zaitchik Benjamin F. , Levin Naomi E.
Published: June 2013

Tropical Africa is characterized by stark climatic contrasts, significant interannual and interdecadal climate variability, and intriguing but poorly understood paleoclimate records. It is a region where climate vulnerability is high, global climate models (GCM) offer widely varying future climate projections, and access to meteorological data is limited for international and local researchers. The Workshop on Climate Dynamics of Tropical Africa, held at Johns Hopkins University, was convened to evaluate the considerable progress that has been made in recent decades and to identify persistent challenges in the study of African climates.
Tectonic, Climatic, and Cryospheric Evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: June 2013

For millennia, Antarctica has been a frozen continent, a land of ice and snow where complex life persists rather than thrives. But Antarctica has not always been this way. Millions of years ago the southern continent was teeming with life. Changing oceans and a plummeting atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration drove a dramatic evolution of the Antarctic continent. To provide a record of these ancient climatic shifts, the 2005–2006 SHALDRIL drilling program collected sediment cores from the bed of the iceberg‐filled seas off the Antarctic Peninsula. In the AGU book Tectonic, Climatic, and Cryospheric Evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula, editors John B. Anderson and Julia S. Wellner draw on the findings garnered from SHALDRIL to explore the changing Antarctic Peninsula. In this interview, Eos talks to John B. Anderson.
Beachfront nourishment decisions: the “sucker–free rider” problem
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: June 2013

Coastal communities and beachfront property owners often respond to erosion by adding sand to restore local beaches. However, beach nourishment alters shoreline dynamics, not only at the replenishment site but also in adjacent coastal regions, as natural coastal processes shift sand from one location to another. The result is that “sucker” communities pay to build up their beaches, but that replenishment also helps protect the coastlines of “free rider” communities. The sucker–free rider situation is an example of a classic problem studied in economics and game theory frameworks.
Examining CO2 concentrations and flow dynamics in streams
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: June 2013

As part of the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide (CO2) is flushed from soils into stream water; this CO2 either escapes directly into the atmosphere from the water surface or gets transported downstream of the study site. To understand the amount and variability of both the carbon flushed from soils and the subsequent loss to the atmosphere, scientists first need to understand the variability in aquatic concentrations. Although previous studies have shown that CO2 concentrations vary considerably over time and are often linked to water discharge, measurements have primarily been based on low‐frequency manual sampling rather than continuous monitoring, so much of the temporal pattern is lost.
Seismic imaging of the upper ocean
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: June 2013

In recent years, seismic imaging has become a commonly used method to observe fine‐scale ocean structures. In this technique, sound waves are generated and reflected off oceanographic structures such as the thermocline, the layer separating warm surface waters from colder, deeper waters. The reflectivity of the thermocline is determined by its thickness and the temperature difference between the warm surface water and colder layers below; by examining the properties of the reflected sound waves, scientists can get a picture of the thermocline structure.
Forest organic runoff breaks down faster than agricultural and urban runoff
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: June 2013

Dissolved organic matter in streams and rivers can be broken down by sunlight or bacteria, providing a fuel source for aquatic ecosystems and affecting carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide concentrations as the organic matter is mineralized. Researchers know that the amount of organic matter in streams fed by forest landscapes and those fed by watersheds affected by human activity, such as croplands, pasture, or urban environments, can differ greatly. What is less well known is how the organic matter from these various environments evolves as it flows downstream.
How do braided river dynamics affect sediment storage?
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: June 2013

Braided rivers, with their continuously changing network of channels, are highly dynamic systems. Four mechanisms of channel change and evolution are considered the classic mechanisms of braided river formation: development of central bars, conversion of single transverse bars to midchannel braid bars, formation of chutes, and dissection of multiple‐braid bars. There have been few studies, though, on how each of these braiding mechanisms contributes to changes in sediment storage and to the dynamics of a river. In one of the first field studies on the topic, Wheaton et al. analyzed repeat topographic surveys conducted over a 5‐year period of the River Feshie, an active, braided, gravel bed river in the United Kingdom.
Clinical outcome of elderly patients with Epstein–Barr virus positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma treated with a combination of rituximab and CHOP chemotherapy
Authors: Ahn Jae‐Sook , Yang Deok‐Hwan , Duk Choi Yoo , Jung Sung‐Hoon , Yhim Ho‐Young , Kwak Jae‐Yong , Sung Park Ho , Shin Myung‐Geun , Kim Yeo‐Kyeoung , Kim Hyeoung‐Joon , Lee Je‐Jung
Published: June 2013

Several studies have suggested the possibility of a prognostic relationship between Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The clinical outcome of EBV‐associated DLBCL is not clear, especially since the introduction of rituximab. We retrospectively analyzed 222 elderly patients (≥50 years) with DLBCL who received R‐CHOP chemotherapy and evaluated the state of EBV‐encoded RNA‐1 (EBER). Eighteen cases (8.1%) were EBER‐positive (+). After a median of six cycles of R‐CHOP chemotherapy, the response rate (≥partial response) was 72.2% (13/18) in the EBV (+) patients and 90.2% (184/204) in the EBV (−) DLBCL patients (P = 0.021). Four of 18 (22.2%) EBV (+) DLBCL patients received two or fewer cycles of R‐CHOP chemotherapy. R‐CHOP chemotherapy was also interrupted early more frequently compared with the EBV (−) group (2.5%) (P = 0.00). At a median follow‐up of 32.8 months, there was no significant difference in the overall survival between the groups (P = 0.627). The EBV (+) DLBCL patients with early interruption of R‐CHOP chemotherapy showed a trend toward a high EBV‐DNA titer (≥1,000 copies/mL) (P = 0.091). The results suggest that the EBV (+) tumoral status of elderly DLBCL patients who undergo R‐CHOP chemotherapy does not predict their survival but that their EBV status may contribute to the early interruption of R‐CHOP chemotherapy. Am. J. Hematol. 88:774–779, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of a Spontaneously Resolved Chiral Fluorescent System Containing 4‐(2‐Arylethynyl)benzoic Acid
Authors: Taniguchi Naoya , Shimomaki Ryutaro , Amako Tomoyuki , Sato Tomohiro , Tokutome Hayato , Tajima Nobuo , Kuroda Reiko , Fujiki Michiya , Imai Yoshitane
Published: June 2013

A spontaneously resolved chiral fluorescent system was prepared from achiral 4‐(2‐arylethynyl)benzoic acid and racemic (rac)‐1‐phenylethylamine. Although functional chiral organic materials are usually prepared from chiral molecules, the chiral organic fluorophore described herein is successfully generated from achiral and racemic molecules to form a system that emits circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in the solid state.
Maternal admixture and population structure in Mexican–Mestizos based on mtDNA haplogroups
Authors: Martínez‐Cortés Gabriela , Salazar‐Flores Joel , Haro‐Guerrero Javier , Rubi‐Castellanos Rodrigo , Velarde‐Félix Jésus S. , Muñoz‐Valle José F. , López‐Casamichana Mavil , Carrillo‐Tapia Eduardo , Canseco‐Avila Luis M. , Bravi Claudio M. , López‐Armenta Mauro , Rangel‐Villalobos Héctor
Published: June 2013

The maternal ancestry (mtDNA) has important applications in different research fields, such as evolution, epidemiology, identification, and human population history. This is particularly interesting in Mestizos, which constitute the main population in Mexico (∼93%) resulting from post‐Columbian admixture between Spaniards, Amerindians, and African slaves, principally. Consequently, we conducted minisequencing analysis (SNaPshot) of 11 mitochondrial single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in 742 Mestizos of 10 populations from different regions in Mexico. The predominant maternal ancestry was Native American (92.9%), including Haplogroups A, B, C, and D (47, 23.7, 15.9, and 6.2%, respectively). Conversely, European and African ancestries were less frequent (5.3 and 1.9%, respectively). The main characteristics of the maternal lineages observed in Mexican–Mestizos comprised the following: 1) contrasting geographic gradient of Haplogroups A and C; 2) increase of European lineages toward the Northwest; 3) low or absent, but homogeneous, African ancestry throughout the Mexican territory; 4) maternal lineages in Mestizos roughly represent the genetic makeup of the surrounding Amerindian groups, particularly toward the Southeast, but not in the North and West; 5) continuity over time of the geographic distribution of Amerindian lineages in Mayas; and 6) low but significant maternal population structure (FST = 2.8%; P = 0.0000). The average ancestry obtained from uniparental systems (mtDNA and Y‐chromosome) in Mexican–Mestizos was correlated with previous ancestry estimates based on autosomal systems (genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and short tandem repeats). Finally, the comparison of paternal and maternal lineages provided additional information concerning the gender bias admixture, mating patterns, and population structure in Mestizos throughout the Mexican territory. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:526–537, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bite force and occlusal stress production in hominin evolution
Authors: Eng Carolyn M. , Lieberman Daniel E. , Zink Katherine D. , Peters Michael A.
Published: June 2013

Maximum bite force affects craniofacial morphology and an organism's ability to break down foods with different material properties. Humans are generally believed to produce low bite forces and spend less time chewing compared with other apes because advances in mechanical and thermal food processing techniques alter food material properties in such a way as to reduce overall masticatory effort. However, when hominins began regularly consuming mechanically processed or cooked diets is not known. Here, we apply a model for estimating maximum bite forces and stresses at the second molar in modern human, nonhuman primate, and hominin skulls that incorporates skeletal data along with species‐specific estimates of jaw muscle architecture. The model, which reliably estimates bite forces, shows a significant relationship between second molar bite force and second molar area across species but does not confirm our hypothesis of isometry. Specimens in the genus Homo fall below the regression line describing the relationship between bite force and molar area for nonhuman anthropoids and australopiths. These results suggest that Homo species generate maximum bite forces below those predicted based on scaling among australopiths and nonhuman primates. Because this decline occurred before evidence for cooking, we hypothesize that selection for lower bite force production was likely made possible by an increased reliance on nonthermal food processing. However, given substantial variability among in vivo bite force magnitudes measured in humans, environmental effects, especially variations in food mechanical properties, may also be a factor. The results also suggest that australopiths had ape‐like bite force capabilities. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:544–557, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of porous Al2O3‐PVDF composite separators and their application in lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Wang Huifeng , Li Haibin , Yu Lijun , Jiang Yanmei , Wang Kaixue
Published: June 2013

In this article, a modified tape casting method is employed by dispersing and ball milling of Al2O3 powders in the poly (vinylidene fluoride) polymer, with the aim of developing uniform nanocomposite separators in the lithium‐ion cell system. The surface morphology, pore structure, heat‐resisting property, infrared property, and cell performance of the nanocomposite separators are investigated. The experimental results indicate that ball milling plays an important role in yielding homogeneous, porous nanocomposite separator membranes. The developed separator membranes exhibit high thermal stability and excellent electrochemical performance, therefore, are promising for use in the lithium‐ion cell systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2886–2890, 2013
Art and Emotions
Authors: Noy Pinchas , Noy‐Sharav Dorit
Published: June 2013

The article explores the different routes by which art, and especially music conveys and arouses emotions. Apart from the three formerly discussed routes: the narrative route of narration‐identification, the direct route of isomorphism and the indirect route of ego mastery, a fourth route is presented, based on the emotions produced by the listener himself as the result of his active attempt to process the musical input in his mind.

This is a “Meta emotion” reflecting the sum‐total of all the disparate and opposing emotions conveyed or aroused by means of the other three routes.

The point is made that the assimilation of classical polyphonic music, demands an active effort on the part of the listener. The same is true of other higher rank arts, each one of which has developed its specific means to transmit a wide spectrum of diverse emotions simultaneously. Attached to this challenge, there is the promise of earning a new experience – a Meta‐emotion emanating from the ability to integrate the contrarieties inside us. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intensifying Efforts to Understand Music and Psychological Well‐being: How Federal Partnerships Have Helped Us
Authors: Iyengar Sunil
Published: June 2013

This article discusses three federal initiatives with potential for making significant contributions to the body of research on music and psychological well‐being. Each project involves creative collaborations across US government, and in each case the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) has played a catalytic role. The Interagency Task Force on the Arts and Human Development, a 17‐member alliance of federal agencies, has prompted a National Academies workshop sponsored by the NEA and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to explore research gaps and opportunities for studying music and art's relationship to the aging process. A prospective “music/arts module” on the National Children's Study may bring NIH and NEA researchers closer together to study music's effects on psychological well‐being at the other end of the lifespan. And the NEA's commitment to cosponsor delivery of neurological music therapy at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center will give such research a needed boost within the military health care establishment. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Aptamer‐Conjugated Nanorods for Targeted Photothermal Therapy of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Wang Jian , Sefah Kwame , Altman Meghan B. , Chen Tao , You Mingxu , Zhao Zilong , Huang Cheng Zhi , Tan Weihong
Published: June 2013

Prostate cancer results in about 30 000 deaths annually in the United States, making it the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men in the Western world. Therefore, it is of great significance to capture and kill prostate cancer cells. It is well known that cancer stem cells are responsible for the maintenance and metastasis of tumors. This concept offers the possibility of developing a selective therapeutic approach in which cancer stem cells are directly targeted and killed. In this work, aptamers selected against DU145 prostate cancer cells (aptamer CSC1) and their subpopulation of cancer stem cells (aptamer CSC13) were linked to the surfaces of gold nanorods (AuNRs), and the resulting conjugates were successfully used to target and kill both cancer cells and cancer stem cells by near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Even though cancer stem cells represent only a small population among all cancer cells, the entire cell viability was very low after laser irradiation, suggesting that tumorigenesis could be successfully controlled by this aptamer‐based method, thus paving the way for early diagnosis and targeted therapy.
The substitution of marginal oil with biofuels
Authors: Pieprzyk Björn , Rojas Hilje Paula , Kortlüke Norbert
Published: June 2013

Our report analyzes the substitution of marginal oil with biofuels. For that, we evaluate the effects that influence the substitution process in the short, mid and long term. We identify OPEC, resource nationalism, and geopolitical issues as important influence factors and arrive at the conclusion that in the short term biofuels will replace mainly OPEC oil but not the most expensive petroleum. In the medium and long term biofuels will replace the most expensive petroleum because OPEC production cuts are only possible on a temporary basis and in restricted quantities. Our comparison of the costs of the different fossil fuels with their greenhouse gas emissions shows that there is no direct correlation between the level of greenhouse gas emissions and production costs. However, we see strong evidence every time that the marginal oil gets more carbon‐intensive and that biofuels will increasingly displace these carbon‐intensive fossil fuels. That is shown especially in the increase of unconventional fossil fuels and new frontier oil (Amazon, deep‐sea, etc.). The investments in these technologies are very price‐sensitive, like the financial crisis 2008/2009 has showed. Further evidence brings the decline of the energy return on investment (EROI) of the oil production worldwide and the increase of the marginal oil costs from 25 to almost 100 dollars/barrel in the last 10 years. We expect that the increase of the carbon intensity of marginal oil will further enlarge the climate effects of global petroleum production. Marginal oil as an indirect effect of the biofuel use should therefore get the same significance value as indirect land‐use change (ILUC) in the current climate protection debate. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Mountaineering pericytes – A universal key to tissue repair?
Authors: Karow Marisa
Published: June 2013

Pericytes, typically attached to the walls of microvessels in almost all organs, interact with endothelial cells and take part in diverse biological processes, e.g. blood vessel regulation and tissue repair. This suggests that pericytes harbor a remarkable degree of cellular plasticity, which could potentially be employed for the treatment of diseases affecting diverse tissues such as the skeletal muscle and the central nervous system. Here, we follow pericytes on their journey across Waddington's epigenetic landscape, descending from their origin, along a path guided by environmental signals or ectopic transcription factors, at the end of which they acquire a new identity, e.g. muscle or nerve cells. The central theme of this review is the question of whether pericytes can be enticed to differentiate into whatever cell type is needed, and thus provide an endogenous cellular source for treating as yet incurable diseases – like a magic bullet.

Also watch the Video Abstract. http://youtu.be/J4b-cmRWLWI