bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Wal-Mart Enters: How Incumbent Retailers React and how this Affects their Sales Outcomes
Authors: Ailawadi Kusum L. , Zhang Jie , Krishna Aradhna , Kruger Michael W.
Published: July 2010

The authors examine incumbent retailers' reactions to a Wal-Mart entry and the impact of these reactions on the retailers' sales. They compile a unique data set that consists of incumbent supermarkets, drugstores, and mass merchandisers in the vicinity of seven Wal-Mart entries, as well as control stores not exposed to the entries. The data set includes weekly store movement data for 46 product categories before and after each entry and allows the authors to measure reactions and sales outcomes using a before-and-after-with-control-group analysis. They find that, overall, incumbents suffer significant sales losses as a result of a Wal-Mart entry, but there is substantial variation across retail formats, stores, and categories both in incumbent reactions and in their sales outcomes. Moreover, they find that a retailer's sales outcomes are significantly affected by its reactions, and the relationship between reactions and sales outcomes varies across retail formats. These findings provide valuable insights into how retailers in different formats can adjust their marketing mix to mitigate the impact of a Wal-Mart entry.
Heuristics and Biases in Data-Based Decision Making: Effects of Experience, Training, and Graphical Data Displays
Authors: Hutchinson J. Wesley , Alba Joseph W. , Eisenstein Eric M.
Published: July 2010

Managers use numerical data as the basis for many decisions. This research investigates how data on prior advertising expenditures and sales outcomes are used in budget allocation decisions and attempts to answer three important questions about data-based inferences. First, do biases exist that are strong enough to lead to seriously suboptimal decisions? Second, do graphical data displays, real-world experience, or explicit training reduce any observed biases? Third, are the observed biases well explained by a relatively small set of natural heuristics that managers use when making data-based allocation decisions? The results suggest answers of yes, no, and yes, respectively. The authors identify three broad classes of heuristics: difference-based (which assess causation by comparing adjacent changes in expenditures to changes in sales), trend-based (which assess causation by comparing overall trends in expenditures and sales), and exemplar-based (which emulate the allocation pattern of the observations with the highest sales). All three heuristics create biases in some situations. Overall, exemplar-based heuristics were used most frequently and induced the greatest biasing of the three (sometimes allocating the most to an advertising medium that was uncorrelated with sales). Difference-based heuristics were used less frequently but generated the most extreme allocations. Trend-based heuristics were used the least.
Determining Influential Users in Internet Social Networks
Authors: Trusov Michael , Bodapati Anand V. , Bucklin Randolph E.
Published: July 2010

The success of Internet social networking sites depends on the number and activity levels of their user members. Although users typically have numerous connections to other site members (i.e., “friends”), only a fraction of those so-called friends may actually influence a member's site usage. Because the influence of potentially hundreds of friends needs to be evaluated for each user, inferring precisely who is influential—and, therefore, of managerial interest for advertising targeting and retention efforts—is difficult. The authors develop an approach to determine which users have significant effects on the activities of others using the longitudinal records of members' log-in activity. They propose a nonstandard form of Bayesian shrinkage implemented in a Poisson regression. Instead of shrinking across panelists, strength is pooled across variables within the model for each user. The approach identifies the specific users who most influence others' activity and does so considerably better than simpler alternatives. For the social networking site data, the authors find that, on average, approximately one-fifth of a user's friends actually influence his or her activity level on the site.
A Silver Lining of Standing in Line: Queuing Increases Value of Products
Authors: Koo Minjung , Fishbach Ayelet
Published: July 2010

This article examines a silver lining of standing in line: Consumers infer that products are more valuable when others are behind them. Specifically, the value of a product increases as more people line up behind a person (Study 1) and when others are present (versus absent) behind a person in line (Study 2). Value increases further when directing consumers' attention to the presence of others behind them—that is, when they look backward versus forward (Study 3) and when the queue structure emphasizes the last person to join rather than the person being served (Study 4). This effect of people in line behind them is associated with increased expenditures by queuing consumers (Study 5).
Categorization Effects in Value Judgments: Averaging Bias in Evaluating Combinations of Vices and Virtues
Authors: Chernev Alexander , Gal David
Published: July 2010

How do consumers evaluate combinations of items representing conflicting goals? In this research, the authors examine how consumers form value judgments of combinations of options representing health and indulgence goals, focusing on how people estimate the calorie content of such options. The authors show that when evaluating combinations of healthy (virtue) and indulgent (vice) options, consumers tend to systematically underestimate the combined calorie content, such that they end up averaging rather than adding the calories contained in the vice and the virtue. The authors attribute this bias to the qualitative nature of people's information processing, which stems from their tendency to categorize food items according to a good/bad dichotomy into virtues and vices. The authors document this averaging bias in a series of four empirical studies that investigate the underlying mechanism and identify boundary conditions.
Monitoring the Oedometric Compression of Sands with Acoustic Emissions
Authors: Fernandes Fabio , Syahrial Afrildo I. , Valdes Julio R.
Published: July 2010

The development and use of a noninvasive technique to monitor the acoustic emissions (AEs) generated during the oedometric compression of coarse-grained soil are documented. Technique implementation is described with the aid of experiments conducted on sands with contrasting grain features. Results indicate that the proposed technique is capable of capturing the onset of characteristic stress-strain behavior regimes exhibited by the soil during loading. The clarity of such capture is, however, dependent on the amplitude of the AE relative to that of the background noise and, as such, dependent on the soil type. The technique is anticipated to aid in enhancing the fundamental study of soil behavior at high stresses and may find potential use in the realm of penetrometer-based stratigraphy characterization.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Vertical Piles Reinforced Sand Slopes Loaded with Strip Footing
Authors: Rao S. V. Krishna , Nasr Ahmed. M. A.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents the results of a series of plain strain model tests of strip footing adjacent to sand slopes reinforced with piles. The main objectives of this study are to determine the influence of piles reinforced sand slope on the bearing capacity characteristics of the footing on slope, to suggest an optimum geometry of piles placement, and to understand the failure mechanism of reinforced sand slopes with piles. The investigations were carried out by varying the piles row location relatively to the slope crest, piles head conditions, piles length, piles spacing, row inclination of piles, and the edge distance of the footing relative to the slope crest, as well as by considering the relative density of sand. The test results indicate that this type of reinforcement significantly increases the confinement of the soil and successively raises the ultimate bearing capacity of the strip footing. In addition, critical values of the parameters for maximum reinforcing effects are established. A numerical study using finite element analyses was performed on a prototype scale model slope. A close agreement between experimental and numerical results was observed. The scaling and size effects of the small-scale model tests can be readily evaluated by means of finite element analysis.
Validation Through Finite Element Simulation of the Behaviour of a Polyurethane Shock Absorber Under In-Service and Extreme Conditions
Authors: Ferreño D. , Cicero S. , Carrascal I. , Meng E.
Published: July 2010

The safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts, currently in force in Europe, include several requirements concerning the behaviour of the shock absorbers when stopping an elevator. In this paper, a finite element model simulating the behaviour of a cellular polyurethane shock absorber has been developed. The material mechanical behaviour was simulated by means of an elastomeric foam theoretical model, previously calibrated in a former paper. Several in-service and extreme condition scenarios have been analysed with this numerical model, thus verifying the fulfilment of the requirements of the standard.
Determining Residual Ammonia in Flue Gas Conditioned Fly Ashes and Its Influence on the Pozzolanic Activity
Authors: Shanthakumar S. , Singh D. N. , Phadke R. C.
Published: July 2010

Thermal power stations employ flue gas conditioning (FGC) technique to reduce the emission of suspended particulate matter in the surrounding atmosphere substantially. This technique involves the treatment of flue gases by adding the chemical agents (viz., ammonia and/or sulfur trioxide) to the flue gas, which in turn increases the collection efficiency of electrostatic precipitators. Since the pozzolanic activity of the fly ash is important for its suitability as a cementitious material in the construction industry, the presence of residual ammonia in fly ash may adversely affect its utilization. Hence, it becomes mandatory to establish the presence of residual ammonia in the fly ash, and its influence on the pozzolanic activity of the fly ash needs to be studied in details. With this in view, fly ash samples from coal based thermal power stations in India, where FGC is being done, were collected, and the residual ammonia as well as pozzolanic activity was determined. Based on these investigations, it has been demonstrated that the influence of residual ammonia from FGC on pozzolanic activity of the fly ash is insignificant.
Pyroxene from martian meteorite NWA856: Structural investigations by X-ray and neutron diffraction
Authors: Frey Friedrich , Weidner Eveline , Pedersen Björn , Boysen Hans , Burghammer Manfred , Hoelzel Markus
Published: July 2010

Despite high mosaicity and complex micro structures in pyroxenes from Mars average occupancies and average atomic positions of pigeonite were determined from X-ray single crystal and neutron and X-ray powder diffraction data. The chemical composition of selected single crystals varied between En39Fs55Wo6 and En60Fs34Wo6. The average composition of the whole sample was determined from powder diffraction to be about En43Fs51Wo6. The ordering of the cations on the M1 and M2 positions, expressed by a partitioning or distribution coefficient K
D, in the pigeonite structure was determined and a closure temperature of about 540 °C was estimated for crystals stemming from the core of our specimen. General trends of the crystal chemistry with K
D are compared with literature data. From in-situ high temperature neutron powder data, however, it is deduced that a simple intra-phase-ordering process is not adequate, since diffusion processes between intimately intergrown augite and pigeonite phases at temperatures above 600 °C also take place. This makes the usual interpretation of structural data towards the prior history of the martian sample material doubtful.
The crystal structure of Sr-hardystonite, Sr2ZnSi2O7
Authors: Ardit Matteo , Cruciani Giuseppe , Dondi Michele
Published: July 2010

A synthetic strontium isomorph (Sr2ZnSi2O7) of the hardystonite structure (Ca2ZnSi2O7) was investigated with X-ray powder diffraction. The average structure (S.G.P-421m),a= 8.0007(1) Å,c= 5.1722(1) Å, was refined by Rietveld method and aRF2= 0.0216 was achieved using 394 independent reflections. The results show that Sr-hardystonite has a melilite-type structure with no incommensurate modulations. Its geometrical and bonding features are consistent with trends defined by the other so-called normal and modulated melilite structures.
Learning to Write in the Laptop Classroom
Authors: Warschauer Mark
Published: July 2010

The teaching and learning of writing was examined in ten diverse K-12 schools in which all of the students in one or more classrooms had individual access to laptop computers. Substantial positive changes were observed in each stage of the writing process, including better access to information sources for planning and pre-writing; easier drafting of papers, especially for students with physical or cognitive disabilities that made handwriting laborious; more access to feedback, both from teachers, who could read printed papers much more quickly than handwritten ones, and, in some schools, by automated writing evaluation programs; more frequent and extensive revision; and greater opportunities to publish final papers or otherwise disseminate them to real audiences.
Representation, Ideology, and the Form of the Essay
Authors: Archibald Olivia Y
Published: July 2010

This essay examines the beginnings of first-year writing programs in the academy and the early history of the essay to reveal how and why a particularly limiting range of allowable subjectivities entered into the writing classroom through the essay’s form. Most college first-year writing courses privilege a thesis-driven form of the essay that is much closer to Bacon’s (1592/1966) collection of essays, in contrast to those written by Montaigne (1575/1965), who is often referred to as the “Father of the Essay.” Reasons for this practice include the writing curriculum’s seeming alliance with classical rhetoric’s definition of both essay and student writer. The concept of ideology as conceived by Althusser (1968/1971) proves useful for understanding the essay’s implications in subjectivity formation. Although all essay forms are informed by ideology, the act of privileging thesis-driven forms in schooling practices can also privilege the practice of requiring students to take on subjectivities allowed only within those forms. Expanding the writing forms assigned within first-year writing programs can offer writers more open, contradictory possibilities for expressing authority, resistance, critical inquiry, creativity, and difference.
Writing in the e-Sphere
Authors: Stevens Vance
Published: July 2010

In setting forth the intended philosophy of the eSphere column, the column’s editor introduces what is possible in the teaching of writing in today’s technological climate as compared to the much less connected era when he started teaching several decades ago. At that time, computers were viewed as tools supporting behaviorist and algorithmic training philosophies, whereas current perspectives regard them more as adjuncts to constructivist and connectivist methodologies, and where writing is concerned, as a means of promoting authentic communication enhanced by social networking. Technology is now seen to facilitate most aspects of each step of the writing process. The eSphere column intends not only to document developments along these lines and to shed light on their impact on teaching writing, but to foretell them, following and extrapolating the trends and paradigm shifts as teaching practitioners utilize and adapt the affordances inherent in modern technologies. The column aims to encourage teachers to experiment and become familiar with the new tools and the most appropriate methodologies for their use. It is hoped that the eSphere column will become part of the conversations among teachers promoting informal learning with one another, which in subsequent stages can be applied with transformative effects in classrooms.
Writing in Cyberspaces
Authors: Hanson-Smith Elizabeth
Published: July 2010

Advances in technology, such as the word-processor, have long supported the pedagogy of composition. However, in the Internet environment a variety of electronic tools and multimedia can further enhance best practices in teaching writing: the integration of reading and writing, recursive drafting, targeted grammar and vocabulary study, peer review, and publication.
Professional Development and High-Stakes Testing
Authors: Roberts Candace
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of professional development at a site of the National Writing Project (the Tampa Bay Area Writing Project), on student writing achievement. Student writing samples were collected at the beginning, middle, and end of the school year from 22 classes of students in grades 3-12. Statistical analysis, using Repeated Measures ANOVA, of a stratified random sample of papers from each class, revealed significant differences between students in classrooms of writing project trained teachers and students in classrooms of closely matched control group teachers, with students in treatment group classrooms demonstrating higher writing achievement at the end of the year. Effect sizes for the treatment group were consistently higher than those of the control group. Significant differences were not in evidence until April, two months after the state writing assessment, following which the teachers had changed their practices from a prior focus on test preparation. Results from statistical analysis and teacher interviews suggest that the pressures and requirements which educators and legislators believe will improve writing performance may actually impede teachers from doing their best work, and consequently, the students from achieving their best writing performance.
Aspectos epidemiológicos das doenças intestinais inflamatórias na macrorregião de saúde leste do Estado de Minas Gerais
Authors: Oliveira Flávia Márcia , Emerick Ana Paula do Carmo , Soares Elisângela Guimarães
Published: July 2010

A doença de Crohn e a colite ulcerativa são entidades clínicas distintas, porém relacionadas, que se incluem no grupo das doenças intestinais inflamatórias. Esse artigo trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico a fim de descrever a produção do conhecimento em doenças inflamatórias intestinais, levando em consideração os casos de internações registrados, decorrentes do agravamento da doença, nas unidades de saúde da macrorregião de saúde leste do Estado de Minas Gerais. As doenças inflamatórias intestinais são consideradas um dos grandes problemas da população moderna, uma vez que geram repercussões importantes na qualidade de vida de seus portadores, acarretando alterações no âmbito social, psicológico e profissional. Durante o período de 1998 a 2005, foram registradas 363 internações hospitalares, em função das doenças intestinais inflamatórias, distribuídas em 184 e 179 casos nos gêneros masculino e feminino, respectivamente. Em função da escassez de estudos e do número de internações na macrorregião leste do Estado de Minas Gerais, pesquisas devem ser conduzidas a fim de delinear o perfil dos pacientes portadores de doenças inflamatórias intestinais, bem como detectar as possíveis alterações biopsicossociais a fim de promover uma assistência multiprofissional, humanizada e baseada em evidências.
Prevalência de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares na região leste de Goiânia (GO)
Authors: Carnelosso Maria Lúcia , Barbosa Maria Alves , Porto Celmo Celeno , Silva Simonne Almeida e , Carvalho Magna Maria de , Oliveira Ana Lúcia Ignácio
Published: July 2010

Com o objetivo de investigar prevalências de fatores de risco cardiovasculares na população da Região Leste de Goiânia (GO), foi realizado um estudo transversal que envolveu 3.275 indivíduos, com idade de quinze anos e mais. Por meio de visitas domiciliares, foram coletados dados de identificação, informações sobre hábitos de vida, medidas de pressão arterial, antropometria e coleta de sangue para identificar dislipidemias. As variáveis investigadas foram peso, altura, pressão arterial, atividade física, uso de tabaco, colesterol, triglicérides e glicemia. Calculadas prevalências com intervalos de 95% de confiança, diferenças de proporções avaliadas usando teste qui-quadrado e valores (p<0,05) considerados estatisticamente significantes. O estudo mostrou que 33,4% dos indivíduos apresentavam hipertensão arterial; 44,1%, sobrepeso/obesidade; 16,2% usavam tabaco regular/ocasional; 72,5% eram sedentários no lazer e 70% no trabalho; 48,4% com circunferência da cintura aumentada; 8,2% com hiperglicemia mais tolerância à glicose diminuída; 44,4% com hipercolesterolemia; e 13,3% com triglicérides elevados. Prevalências elevadas de fatores de risco cardiovascular foram observadas na população estudada, entre homens e mulheres, sugerindo maior atenção das autoridades nas ações de promoção e prevenção desses agravos.
Conhecimentos e práticas em saúde bucal com crianças hospitalizadas com câncer
Authors: Barbosa Aline May , Ribeiro Dayane Machado , Caldo-Teixeira Angela Scarparo
Published: July 2010

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os conhecimentos e práticas em saúde bucal (SB) com crianças hospitalizadas com câncer. A amostra foi composta pela equipe de enfermagem, cuidadores e crianças. Foi aplicado um questionário relacionado ao conhecimento geral sobre SB, métodos e instrumentos utilizados para a higiene oral (HO) e dados socioeconômicos. Baseado nos resultados, quem realiza a HO das crianças são os cuidadores (90,7%), que receberam orientações da equipe de enfermagem em 21,4% dos casos. Com relação ao desconforto na cavidade bucal, a equipe de enfermagem reportou que todos apresentaram manifestações clínicas, enquanto apenas 62,8% dos cuidadores reportaram casos. Todos os participantes consideram importante haver um CD no setor de oncologia. Pôde-se concluir que não existe um protocolo de cuidados com a higiene bucal de crianças hospitalizadas com câncer e que as manifestações bucais mais frequentes entre os pacientes em tratamento antineoplásico foram: mucosite, enjoos, vômitos, xerostomia e ausência de paladar.
Exposición prenatal a los plaguicidas organoclorados y criptorquidia
Authors: Montes Lília Patrícia Bustamante , Waliszewski Stefan , Hernández-Valero María , Sanín-Aguirre Luz , Infanzón-Ruiz Rosa Maria , Jañas Arlette García
Published: July 2010

Los productos en desarrollo y los niños son particularmente vulnerables a los tóxicos ambientales. Nuestro objetivo es determinar los niveles de plaguicidas organoclorados (HCB, ß-HCH, pp'DDT, op'DDT y pp'DDE) en lípidos séricos de madres de niños con criptorquidia y comparar los niveles con un grupo control de madres de niños con testículos descendidos. El grupo de los casos fue constituido por recién nacidos con diagnóstico de criptorquidia (n=41). El grupo control (n=41) se conformó por niños con testículos descendidos. A las madres de ambos grupos se les determinaron los niveles de plaguicidas organoclorados. La criptorquidia fue diagnosticada al nacimiento por neonatólogo. Residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados fueron encontrados en lípidos séricos de ambos grupos. Los niveles de la mediana (mgkg-1 en base lipídica) fueron mayores para los metabolitos pp'DDT (0.464 vs. 0.269) y ß-HCH (0.263 vs. 0.192) en el grupo con criptorquidia comparado con el grupo control. (p<0.01). Los niveles de los metabolitos pp'DDT y ß-HCH son mayores entre las madres de los recién nacidos con criptorquidia. Es posible que sustancias con efectos antiandrogénicos puedan producir disrupción endocrina y criptorquidia durante el desarrollo fetal.
Validação do National College Health Risk Behavior Survey para utilização com universitários brasileiros
Authors: Franca Carolina da , Colares Viviane
Published: July 2010

O objetivo deste estudo é traduzir, adaptar e validar o National College Health Risk Behavior Survey para utilização com universitários brasileiros. Participaram do estudo 208 universitários da UFPE e UPE. A validação foi realizada em cinco etapas: (1) tradução; (2) retrotradução; (3) correção e adaptação semântica (transculturalização); (4) validação de face; (5) teste e reteste. A tradução e retrotradução não apresentaram muitas discordâncias, tendo sido feitas as adaptações necessárias. Após a validação de face, o questionário foi reduzido de 96 para 52 questões. A reprodutibilidade foi avaliada através do teste de Kappa. Dos onze tópicos analisados, a maioria apresentou Kappa bom a perfeito: segurança e violência (Kappa=0,89); suicídio (Kappa=1,00); uso do tabaco (Kappa=0,90); bebida alcoólica (Kappa=0,78); consumo de cocaína e outras drogas (Kappa=0,70); comportamento sexual (Kappa=0,88) e peso corporal (Kappa=0,89). Apenas o tópico sobre alimentação apresentou Kappa fraco (Kappa = 0,26) e o tópico sobre informações em saúde apresentou Kappa moderado (Kappa=0,56). O Kappa médio para todos os tópicos foi 0,76, classificado como bom. A versão reduzida do instrumento pode ser considerada validada na língua portuguesa com nível de reprodutibilidade aceitável.
Mudança organizacional: implantação da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança
Authors: Sekyia Shigeru Ricardo , Luz Talita Ribeiro da
Published: July 2010

Evidências empíricas apontam o relevante papel do aleitamento materno para a redução da mortalidade infantil. A Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC) é uma ação mundial, idealizada pelo Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (UNICEF) e pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), que visa promover, proteger e apoiar a prática do aleitamento materno e a prevenção do desmame precoce. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar as principais mudanças organizacionais ocorridas em duas instituições hospitalares, localizadas em Minas Gerais, que implementaram a IHAC. A análise realizada baseou-se em seis perspectivas, tomando como base o quadro analítico de Motta: estratégica, estrutural, cultural, humana, tecnológica e política. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando-se como método de coleta de dados a entrevista semiestruturada, aplicada em todos os níveis hierárquicos. Para a interpretação dos dados, adotou-se a análise de conteúdo. Nos casos estudados, concluiu-se que a implantação da IHAC implicou mudanças e melhorias na gestão, principalmente pelo estabelecimento de padronização de procedimentos e de treinamento de pessoal. Verificou-se que as mudanças culturais e tecnológicas ocorreram de forma mais intensa e que as menos percebidas foram as mudanças políticas e as estratégicas.
A influência da rede social da nutriz no aleitamento materno: o papel estratégico dos familiares e dos profissionais de saúde
Authors: Marques Emanuele Souza , Cotta Rosângela Minardi Mitre , Magalhães Kelly Alves , Sant'Ana Luciana Ferreira da Rocha , Gomes Andréia Patrícia , Siqueira-Batista Rodrigo
Published: July 2010

Objetivou-se levantar e categorizar trabalhos científicos sobre a influência da rede social da lactante no contexto da amamentação. Para isto, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica nas principais bases de dados em saúde (MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO), utilizando como palavras chaves os descritores: aleitamento materno, desmame e família (e suas versões em inglês e espanhol). Foram consultados também livros, teses, dissertações, publicações em órgãos internacionais e nacionais (OMS, UNICEF, Ministério da Saúde). Pode-se observar que os atores que compõem a rede social da nutriz são capazes de exercer interferência na decisão de amamentar, através de diferentes âmbitos, tais como o incentivo/apoio à iniciativa; o repasse de conhecimentos e valores culturais; a tradição familiar e o cultivo do desinteresse/desestímulo e da pressão exercida sobre a lactante em relação à forma de alimentar a criança. Destarte, pode-se inferir sobre a necessidade de implementação de novas práticas de saúde no que tange à forma de cuidado a este grupo populacional. Vale ressaltar a importância de que os profissionais se capacitem para uma escuta sensível sobre o significado da lactação desde o olhar da nutriz. Por fim, destaca-se o papel importante da rede social da lactante, principalmente a família, para o sucesso da amamentação.
Tricomoníase: prevalência no gênero feminino em Sergipe no biênio 2004-2005
Authors: Almeida Mayra Santos , Argôlo Danilo Souza , Almeida Júnior José Sodré , Pinheiro Malone Santos , Brito Ana Maria Guedes de
Published: July 2010

A tricomoníase é uma protozoose causada pelo Trichomonas vaginalis, que desencadeia uma ampla variedade de manifestações clínicas, podendo estar associada à transmissão do vírus da imunodeficiência humana, câncer cervical, infertilidade, entre outros. No Brasil, a incidência varia entre 20 e 40%. A via primária de transmissão é pelo contato sexual e o diagnóstico laboratorial pode ser realizado através da Reação de Polimerase em Cadeia (PCR), isolamento em meios de cultura e exame do conteúdo vaginal à fresco e/ou corados pelos métodos de Giemsa e Papanicolau. Esse último possui limitações na detecção de patologias consideradas DST, a exemplo da tricomoníase. Esse artigo trata da prevalência de tricomoníase em mulheres usuárias dos laboratórios conveniados ao Ministério da Saúde, na faixa etária de 19 a 44 anos, que foram submetidas ao teste de Papanicolau, em 2004-2005, no Estado de Sergipe. Os resultados revelaram que, em 206.034 usuárias, 7.349 apresentaram tricomoníase, sendo que 3.788 em 2004 e 3.498 em 2005. Observou-se que a prevalência estimada em Sergipe, no biênio estudado, não corrobora com a realidade brasileira, fato esse que pode estar atrelado ao diagnóstico executado.
Comunicação no Programa Saúde da Família: o agente de saúde como elo integrador entre a equipe e a comunidade
Authors: Cardoso Andréia dos Santos , Nascimento Marilene Cabral do
Published: July 2010

Este estudo é parte do projeto "Avaliação da Estratégia da Saúde da Família no Município do Rio de Janeiro", desenvolvido na Universidade Estácio de Sá com apoio do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Buscou identificar e analisar a percepção dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) quanto aos seus principais interlocutores, o grau de impacto destes interlocutores e as formas de comunicação predominantes no seu processo de trabalho. É um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, com base em categorias teórico-metodológicas da educação popular e do modelo de comunicação do mercado simbólico. Os dados foram coletados em quatro equipes, de duas unidades do Programa Saúde da Família. Os mapas de comunicação elaborados com os ACS identificam o grupo de apoio técnico, a equipe técnica, os próprios ACS e os moradores antigos da comunidade como seus principais interlocutores. A comunicação com os demais profissionais da equipe é percebida de forma predominantemente verticalizada e com traços de autoritarismo. Os resultados revelam a importância de ampliação do diálogo e da negociação na comunicação estabelecida no interior da equipe e com a comunidade.
A rotatividade de enfermeiros e médicos: um impasse na implementação da Estratégia de Saúde da Família
Authors: Medeiros Cássia Regina Gotler , Junqueira Álvaro Gustavo Wagner , Schwingel Glademir , Carreno Ioná , Jungles Lúcia Adriana Pereira , Saldanha Olinda Maria de Fátima Lechmann
Published: July 2010

A presente pesquisa analisou as causas do índice de rotatividade de médicos e enfermeiros das equipes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, com no mínimo dois anos de implantação em março de 2006, no Vale do Taquari (RS). É um estudo quanti-qualitativo que identificou 31 equipes em 25 municípios, sendo o índice de rotatividade estabelecido por ano, de 1999 até 2005, e por categoria profissional. Em 1999 e 2000, não houve rotatividade de médicos e enfermeiros. Em 2002, a rotatividade de médicos foi de 5,9%; em 2003, de 32,1%; em 2004, de 25,8% e, em 2005, de 64,5%. Quanto aos enfermeiros, em 2001, a rotatividade foi de 27,3%; em 2002, de 47%; em 2003, de 17,8%; em 2004, de 41,9% e, em 2005, de 22,6%. A análise de conteúdo das entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com sete médicos e sete enfermeiros apontou como principais causas de rotatividade a precarização do vínculo de trabalho, a fragmentação da formação, o estilo de gestão autoritário, a ausência de vínculo com a comunidade e más condições de trabalho. Esse contexto revela a necessidade de desencadear mudanças em relação aos vínculos trabalhistas, às condições de trabalho e à formação de trabalhadores e gestores da saúde, buscando a implementação da integralidade nas práticas de saúde.
A saúde e os riscos dos pescadores e catadores de caranguejo da Baía de Guanabara
Authors: Rosa Márcia Ferreira Mendes , Mattos Ubirajara Aluizio de Oliveira
Published: July 2010

O artigo discute a saúde, os riscos e o trabalho dos pescadores e catadores de caranguejo da região da APA de Guapimirim na Baía de Guanabara. Eles são típicos trabalhadores informais, sem proteção e garantias trabalhistas. Estão expostos a vários riscos no seu dia a dia, como acidentes com embarcações, com os apetrechos de pesca, com o próprio pescado, afogamentos, além de estarem expostos à grande radiação e variações climáticas. Há ainda a sobrecarga de peso e trabalho e a própria atividade noturna que potencializa mais os riscos. A partir de uma amostra de cem trabalhadores, que relataram por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva de abordagem quanti-qualitativa, traçou-se um perfil dos mesmos. São trabalhadores que possuem baixa escolaridade, predominando o primeiro grau incompleto (63%) e com 12% do total de analfabetos. Uma parcela desses trabalhadores (44%) relataram possuir doenças ou agravos à saúde. Essas doenças estão relacionadas à sobrecarga de peso, à grande jornada de trabalho e todas as situações de periculosidade a que estão expostos em suas atividades. Foram identificadas grandes dificuldades desses trabalhadores em realizar o seu labor, havendo a necessidade urgente de encontrar medidas que possam melhorar suas condições de trabalho e vida.
Manipulação do genoma humano: ética e direito
Authors: Goulart Maria Carolina Vaz , Iano Flávia Godoy , Silva Paulo Maurício , Sales-Peres Silvia Helena de Carvalho , Sales-Peres Arsênio
Published: July 2010

A biologia molecular tem fornecido as ferramentas básicas para os geneticistas se aprofundarem nos mecanismos moleculares que influem na variação das doenças. Deve-se destacar a responsabilidade científica e moral dos pesquisadores, uma vez que os cientistas devem imaginar as consequências morais da aplicação comercial de testes genéticos, já que esse fato envolve não só o indivíduo e suas famílias, mas toda a população. Além de ser preciso, também, fazer uma reflexão sobre como essas informações do genoma humano serão utilizadas, para o bem ou mal. O objetivo desta revisão foi trazer à luz do conhecimento dados sobre características éticas da aplicação da biologia molecular, relacionando-a com os direitos do ser humano. Após análise bibliográfica, pôde-se observar que o Projeto Genoma Humano gerou várias possibilidades, como identificação de genes associados a doenças com propriedades sinergísticas, mas modificando às vezes comportamentos ao intervir geneticamente no ser humano, trazendo benefícios ou malefícios sociais. O grande desafio é decidir o que a humanidade pretende em relação a este gigantesco salto.
Saúde bucal e percepção sobre o atendimento odontológico em pacientes com transtorno psíquico moradores de residências terapêuticas
Authors: Jamelli Silvia Regina , Mendonça Maria Cristina , Diniz Maria das Graças , Andrade Felipe Bravo Machado de , Melo Júlia Figueirêdo de , Ferreira Sergilene Rodrigues , Silva Polliana Vilaça
Published: July 2010

Os pacientes portadores de transtornos psíquicos têm grande dificuldade de acesso ao tratamento dentário. Os problemas enfrentados vão desde a recusa dos profissionais em atender a essa clientela à inapropriada formação profissional dos mesmos. Este estudo, realizado em residências terapêuticas, objetivou avaliar as condições de saúde bucal dos moradores, assim como a percepção dos mesmos em relação ao atendimento odontológico recebido. Fizeram parte do estudo 38 indivíduos, sendo os dados coletados através de exame clínico e entrevista semiestruturada. A análise dos dados indicou elevado índice de cárie e de necessidade protética, com 42,5% dos indivíduos necessitando de prótese total e 30,3%, de próteses parciais. Com relação às condições periodontais, 28,5% dos elementos dentários apresentaram perda de inserção periodontal maior que 4 mm. Os dados da entrevistas foram averiguados pela análise de conteúdo temática, possibilitando a construção de duas categorias: associação de dor com a presença de dentes e o atendimento odontológico mutilador. A presença de saúde bucal foi associada à extração dentária, sendo esta a única solução para os incômodos na boca, indicando que, para esta população, ter saúde bucal é não ter dentes.
Epidemiology of fluorosis and dental caries according to different types of water supplies
Authors: Franzolin Solange de Oliveira Braga , Gonçalves Aguinaldo , Padovani Carlos Roberto , Francischone Leda Aparecida , Marta Sara Nader
Published: July 2010

The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between fluorosis/dental caries in schools, according to the level of fluoride in public water supply. The sample comprised of twelve-year-old daytime students (360) of both genders, attending schools close to the region where they were born. The schools were classified into three groups according to the presence of fluoride in the water supply: 1) fluoridation in the Water Treatment Station-WTS; 2) Direct Fluoridation in Wells-DFW; and 3) Non Fluoridated Areas-NFA. The χ2 and Goodman tests (significance=5%) were used to evaluate the association between the origin of water and degree of fluorosis; percentage of distribution and descriptive measures were used for investigation of the degree of fluorosis. The following outcomes were predominant: presence of dental caries in the entire sample (P<0.05); absence of fluorosis in both genders, for white individuals and subjects living in areas supplied by both DFW and NFA (P<0.05). There was no difference in the severity of fluorosis between the sources of water supply (P>0.05). Dental caries is still an important problem in this population, despite the establishment of preventive measured. The observation of fluorosis in students living in non-fluoridated areas confirms the presence of other sources of fluoride.
On the flux ratio method and the number of valid species names
Authors: Solow Andrew R. , Benton Michael J.
Published: July 2010

The flux ratio method is a simple method for estimating the rate of synonymy within a group based on variations over time in the status of species names. Here, we correct an error in this method.
A user's guide to functional diversity indices
Authors: Schleuter D. , Daufresne M. , Massol F. , Argillier C.
Published: July 2010

Functional diversity is the diversity of species traits in ecosystems. This concept is increasingly used in ecological research, yet its formal definition and measurements are currently under discussion. As the overall behavior and consistency of functional diversity indices have not been described so far, the novice user risks choosing an inaccurate index or a set of redundant indices to represent functional diversity.

In our study we closely examine functional diversity indices to clarify their accuracy, consistency, and independence. Following current theory, we categorize them into functional richness, evenness, or divergence indices. We considered existing indices as well as new indices developed in this study. The new indices aimed at remedying the weaknesses of currently used indices (e.g., by taking into account intraspecific variability). Using virtual data sets, we test (1) whether indices respond to community changes as expected from their category and (2) whether the indices within each category are consistent and independent of indices from other categories. We also test the accuracy of methods proposed for the use of categorical traits.

Most classical functional richness indices either failed to describe functional richness or were correlated with functional divergence indices. We therefore recommend using the new functional richness indices that consider intraspecific variability and thus empty space in the functional niche space. In contrast, most functional evenness and divergence indices performed well with respect to all proposed tests. For categorical variables, we do not recommend blending discrete and real‐valued traits (except for indices based on distance measures) since functional evenness and divergence have no transposable meaning for discrete traits. Nonetheless, species diversity indices can be applied to categorical traits (using trait levels instead of species) in order to describe functional richness and equitability.
Evolution of Coil Tubing Instrumentation in SAGD Applications
Authors: Panci Miodrag
Published: July 2010

History of Multiple Pressure Coil Tubing Instrumentation

The evolution of coil-tubing instrumentation has been primarily driven bythe ongoing development of SAGD projects. In 1995, one of the earlierproponents of the technology, Alberta Energy Company, went looking for acompany that could provide a means to instrument horizontal well pairs used inthe SAGD process. Concurrently, PROMORE Engineering Inc. had embarked on aninitiative to develop high temperature pressure sensors. The two companies setout to design and manufacture coil-tubing instrumentation that would remain drywith special ports accessing the wellbore. Initial prototypes were designed forinjection and production well(s) and incorporated multiple pressure andtemperature sensors, bubble tubes and conventional thermocouples (Figure 1).Based on continued co-operation, the two companies patented the CT-MORE(Coil-Tubing Conveyed) monitoring system in 1998, which provides theinstrumentation cornerstone of most SAGD projects today.

Commercial Development

Based on the commercialization of SAGD and the ensuing need to reduce costsfrom pilot project phases, PROMORE set out to streamline the manufacturing andinstallation process. With an initial investment exceeding $1.0 million, thecompany was able to reduce the dependence on coil-tubing services inconjunction with reducing the average size of CT-MORE Systems (Figure 2).Several design changes allowed the CT-MORE diameter to be reduced from 1-in. to1 1/4-in. Other designs were developed to improve overall wellbore hydraulicsand 1-in. and 3/4-in. CTMORE's became available. These changes and investmentreduced manufacturing costs resulting in savings to the operating companies.Figure 2 shows the decrease in manufacturing costs which resulted in largesavings to the operating companies. As noted on the plot PROMORE's investmentin SAGD resulted in a service entity with complete control over manufacturing.Note: third part coil tubing services are no longer required formanufacturing.

In addition to the manufacturing process, it became evident that newdeployment techniques and procedures would have to be developed, especially inconsideration of the use of smaller diameter CT-MORE strings. Two uniquesystems allowed the CTMORE systems to be deployed economically.
Analytical Modelling of Gas Production From Hydrates in Porous Media
Authors: Hong H. , Pooladi-Darvish M. , Bishnoi P.R.
Published: July 2010

Gas hydrates are being considered as an alternative energy resource of thefuture since they exist in enormous quantities in permafrost and offshoreenvironments. However, gas production potential from hydrate reservoirs throughdifferent production schemes has not been fully investigated yet. This workintroduces a simple analytical model for simulating gas production from hydratedecomposition in porous media by a depressurization method.

We consider the heat transfer to the decomposing zone, intrinsic kinetics ofhydrate decomposition, and gas-water two-phase flow as the three primarymechanisms involved in hydrate decomposition in porous media. In this study, the relative importance of these mechanisms is compared over a realistic rangeof the physical properties. It is shown that for the cases studied, the effectof two-phase flow is significantly smaller than the heat transfer and theintrinsic kinetics of hydrate decomposition. Considering the rate-controllingmechanisms, an analytical model is developed to predict the performance ofdecomposition of gas hydrates in porous media. The model is used to performsensitivity studies to investigate the feasibility of commercial gas productionfrom hydrate reservoirs. The results suggest that significant quantities of gascan be produced from gas hydrate reservoirs where the hydrate overlies the gaszone. Such reservoirs have been found in the permafrost regions of Siberia, Alaska, and Canada.

Introduction

The enormous natural gas reserves associated with the in situ gas hydratesin permafrost regions and offshore environments of the earth is expected to bean energy resource of the future. The gas could be produced from the hydratedissociation by depressurization, thermal stimulation, solvent injection, or acombination of these methods. The potential for gas production from hydratereservoirs through different production techniques is still uncertain and underinvestigation. One method of investigation is with the help of mathematicalmodels. For a mathematical model to be representative, it should include theimportant mechanisms. In a depressurization scheme considered in this study, three important mechanisms are involved: intrinsic decomposition of the hydratethat results in reduced temperature; heat flow towards the cooled zone thatprovides the necessary energy for further decomposition; and, flow of thedecomposed gas and water through the porous rock.