bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role played by Gerhard Adler in the development of analytical psychology internationally and in the UK
Authors: Casement Ann
Published: January 2014

The Jungian analyst Gerhard Adler left Berlin and re‐settled in London in 1936. He was closely involved with the professionalization of analytical psychology internationally and in the UK, including the formation of the International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP) and The Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP).The tensions that arose within the latter organization led to a split that ended in the formation of the Association of Jungian Analysts (AJA). A further split at AJA resulted in the creation of another organization, the Independent Group of Analytical Psychologists (IGAP). Adler's extensive publications include his role as an editor of Jung's Collected Works and as editor of the C.G. Jung Letters.
Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae in controlling the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on common bean in screenhouse and field experiments
Authors: Bugeme David Mugisho , Knapp Markus , Ekesi Sunday , Chabi‐Olaye Adenirin , Boga Hamadi Iddi , Maniania Nguya Kalemba
Published: January 2014

The efficacy of aqueous and emulsifiable formulations of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae isolate ICIPE78 was evaluated on the population density of Tetranychus urticae infesting common bean plants under screenhouse and field conditions. Synthetic acaricide abamectin was included as a check. Bean plants were artificially infested with T. urticae and allowed to multiply. Three treatments were applied in the screenhouse and 1 treatment in field trials. Mite density was recorded 2 d before spraying and weekly postspraying. The number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and the dry weight of seeds per plant were recorded only in the screenhouse trials. In both screenhouse and field trials, fungal formulations applied at the concentration of 108 conidia/mL and the acaricide reduced the population density of mites as compared to the controls. There were significant differences in T. urticae population densities between the treatments at the various post‐spraying sampling dates. In the screenhouse, the mite densities were near zero from 3‐week postspraying in the treated leaves. At 4‐week postspraying, there were no more leaves in the untreated control (T1) and in the control water + Silwet‐L77 (T2). Fungal formulations were as effective as abamectin in reducing mite densities in both screenhouse and field experiments. There were significant differences in the production parameters during the 2 screenhouse trials, with fungal and abamectin treatments generally having the highest yield. Results of this study underline the potential of the M. anisopliae isolate ICIPE78 as an alternative to acaricides for T. urticae management.
Association between erectile dysfunction and echocardiographic variables of ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross‐sectional study 在合并2型糖尿病的高血压患者中勃起功能障碍与心室肥厚以及舒张功能超声心动图变量之间的关系：一项横断面研究
Authors: Severo Mateus Dornelles , Leiria Liana Farias , Ledur Priscila dos Santos , Becker Alexandre Dalpiaz , Aguiar Fernanda Musa , Massierer Daniela , Gus Miguel , Schaan Beatriz D'Agord
Published: January 2014

Background

This study was conducted among individuals with diabetes and hypertension in order to assess the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) and the association between ED and cardiovascular risk variables such as echocardiographic changes.

Methods

We evaluated 114 men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. ED was assessed by International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) score. Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated, including C‐reactive protein (CRP), ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), ankle brachial index (ABI) and transthoracic echocardiography. Comparisons between patients with ED (IIEF‐5 < 22) and without ED (IIEF‐5 ≥ 22) were performed.

Results

Patients were 56.8 ± 5.7 years‐old, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 150.7 ± 19.5 mmHg and 85.4 ± 11.4 mmHg, respectively, and HbA1c was 8.0 ± 1.7%. The majority (74.6%) of patients had ED. Levels of CRP, ABPM values and ABI were similar between men with and without ED. Echocardiography variables related to cardiac chamber diameters, left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function were similar between groups, except there was a slight lower left ventricular ejection fraction in men with ED (64.9 ± 7.3 vs 68.1 ± 3.9%, P = 0.004).

Conclusions

In high cardiovascular risk hypertensive individuals with type 2 diabetes, ED is highly prevalent as expected, but its presence is associated with neither echocardiographic variables, nor other cardiovascular risk factors.
A case series of autoimmune diseases accompanied by incidentally diagnosed monoclonal gammopathy: Is there a link between the two diseases?
Authors: Cho Sun Young , Yang Hyung‐Seok , Jeon You La , You Eunkyoung , Lee Hee Joo , Yoon Hwi‐Joong , Park Tae Sung
Published: January 2014

Aim

Although the etiology of plasma cell dyscrasia is poorly understood, there is evidence for immune dysregulation or sustained immune stimulation playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, including chronic infection and autoimmune disorders. In this study, we report four autoimmune disease cases where monoclonal gammopathy (MG) was incidentally found during follow‐up.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts and laboratory test results in the following four cases: neuromyelitis optica, Kikuchi disease, Sjögren syndrome and ankylosing spondylosis.

Results

The four patients were older than 55 years and the male‐to‐female ratio was 2 : 2. The autoimmune disease in each case developed differently because two patients had coincidental detection of MG, whereas MG was detected 2 years and 10 years after diagnosis in the other two patients. The amount of M‐components in the blood for two cases was ≤ 1 g/dL. For the other two subjects, M‐components were ≥ 3 g/dL.

Conclusion

A high prevalence of MG of undetermined significance (MGUS) has been noted in a series of patients with immune disorders, suggesting a possible association with MG. Further studies should focus on determining how MG relates to various clinical information and laboratory parameters, such as disease duration, disease activity and higher sedimentation rate. In the future, we also need to identify which stimuli, such as cytokine types and levels, can induce lymphocyte clonal transformation and the production of monoclonal antibodies.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: do interferon lambda 3 polymorphisms predict the outcome of interferon‐therapy in hepatitis B infection?
Authors: Galmozzi E. , Viganò M. , Lampertico P.
Published: January 2014

Background

Interferon lambda 3 (IFN‐λ3) polymorphisms are the strongest genetic predictor of outcome of hepatitis C virus infection and of response to Pegylated interferon (PegIFN)‐based therapy. Whether this holds true for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is matter of controversy.

Aim

To review the association between host genomics and spontaneous or interferon‐induced clearance of HBV with specific reference to the recently identified interleukin 28B gene now renamed IFN‐λ3.

Methods

A literature search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science for English articles and abstracts using free text words and combinations of the following terms ‘IL28B’, ‘IFN lambda’, ‘genomics’, ‘hepatitis B virus’, ‘interferon’ ‘GWAS’, ‘treatment’, ‘SNPs’, ‘HLA’, ‘polymorphisms’.

Results

Genome‐wide association studies convincingly demonstrated an association between SNPs in the HLA locus and spontaneous resolution of HBV infection in subgroups of Asian patients, yet no information is available for Caucasians. The preliminary observations of an association between IFN‐λ3 SNP and virological and serological responses to IFN in both HBeAg‐positive and ‐negative patients could not be replicated by subsequent studies. Yet, majority of studies performed so far suffer several limitations in terms of sample size, selection of the patients, endpoints of therapy, treatment strategies and duration of follow‐up.

Conclusions

While host genetics is associated with an increased likelihood of spontaneous clearance of HBV among genotype B/C patients, the relationship between IFN‐λ3 polymorphisms and response to IFN has not been confirmed. Further studies in large cohorts of homogeneous patients are required, before this genetic test can be recommended in clinical practice.
Integrating mobile phones into teaching and learning: A case study of teacher training through professional development workshops
Authors: Ekanayake Sakunthala Y. , Wishart Jocelyn
Published: January 2014

This paper presents the development and implementation of a professional development workshop series on integrating mobile phones into science teaching for a group of teachers in Sri Lanka. The series comprised a 3‐day Planning Workshop followed by implementation of the planned lessons in real classrooms and a subsequent 1‐day Reviewing Workshop. During the Planning Workshop, teachers were provided with a hands‐on‐session on the use of mobile phones in science teaching followed by collaborative lesson planning activities. The methodological approach taken to evaluating the initiative was qualitative, and data were collected using observations and fieldnotes. The data were analysed using thematic analysis techniques with the support of NVivo8 (QSR International Pty Ltd., Victoria, Australia) qualitative data analysis software. It was found that as professional development for teachers was provided separately as Planning and Reviewing Workshops, these workshops supported the teachers in recognising the educational potential of mobile phones, in learning how to use them in science teaching and learning, in changing their attitudes towards the use of mobile phones in teaching and in sharing knowledge and skills relating to mobile phone applications in science teaching and learning.
Should mobile learning be compulsory for preparing students for learning in the workplace?
Authors: Fuller Richard , Joynes Viktoria
Published: January 2014

From the contexts of current social, educational and health policy, there appears to be an increasingly inevitable “mobilisation” of resources in medicine and health as the use mobile technology devices and applications becomes widespread and culturally “normed” in workplaces. Over the past 8 years, students from the University of Leeds Medical School have been loaned mobile devices and smartphones and been given access to mobile‐based resources to assist them with learning and assessments as part of clinical activity in placement settings. Our experiences lead us to suggest that educators should be focusing less on whether mobile learning should be implemented and more on developing mobile learning in curricula that is comprehensive, sustainable, meaningful and compulsory, in order to prepare students for accessing and using such resources in their working lives.
Subtyping of renal cortical neoplasms in fine needle aspiration biopsies using a decision tree based on genomic alterations detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Gowrishankar Banumathy , Cahill Lynnette , Arndt Alexandra E. , Al‐Ahmadie Hikmat , Lin Oscar , Chadalavada Kalyani , Chaganti Seeta , Nanjangud Gouri J. , Murty Vundavalli V. , Chaganti Raju S. K. , Reuter Victor E. , Houldsworth Jane
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To improve the overall accuracy of diagnosis in needle biopsies of renal masses, especially small renal masses (SRMs), using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and to develop a renal cortical neoplasm classification decision tree based on genomic alterations detected by FISH.

Patients and Methods

Ex vivo fine needle aspiration biopsies of 122 resected renal cortical neoplasms were subjected to FISH using a series of seven‐probe sets to assess gain or loss of 10 chromosomes and rearrangement of the 11q13 locus. Using specimen (nephrectomy)‐histology as the ‘gold standard’, a genomic aberration‐based decision tree was generated to classify specimens. The diagnostic potential of the decision tree was assessed by comparing the FISH‐based classification and biopsy histology with specimen histology.

Results

Of the 114 biopsies diagnostic by either method, a higher diagnostic yield was achieved by FISH (92 and 96%) than histology alone (82 and 84%) in the 65 biopsies from SRMs (<4 cm) and 49 from larger masses, respectively. An optimized decision tree was constructed based on aberrations detected in eight chromosomes, by which the maximum concordance of classification achieved by FISH was 79%, irrespective of mass size. In SRMs, the overall sensitivity of diagnosis by FISH compared with histopathology was higher for benign oncocytoma, was similar for the chromophobe renal cell carcinoma subtype, and was lower for clear‐cell and papillary subtypes. The diagnostic accuracy of classification of needle biopsy specimens (from SRMs) increased from 80% obtained by histology alone to 94% when combining histology and FISH.

Conclusion

The present study suggests that a novel FISH assay developed by us has a role to play in assisting in the yield and accuracy of diagnosis of renal cortical neoplasms in needle biopsies in particular, and can help guide the clinical management of patients with SRMs that were non‐diagnostic by histology.
Exploring HRM Meta‐Features that Foster Employees' Innovative Work Behaviour in Times of Increasing Work–Life Conflict
Authors: Abstein Adriana , Spieth Patrick
Published: January 2014

Today, employees' innovative work behaviour (IWB) is critical for companies' success. However, employees increasingly experience work–life conflict (WLC) which negatively influences performance at work. Human resource management (HRM) has the potential to foster employees' engagement in innovative activities and to reduce tensions between work and private life simultaneously. Our paper aims to advance understanding under which conditions these relations occur by exploring HRM meta‐features. These are defined as overall characteristics of an HR system helping companies to communicate the content of HR practices in a way that leads to desired interpretations by employees. Using a qualitative, interview study approach, we find that HRM contributes to IWB and diminishes feelings of WLC mainly through the four meta‐features ‘individual orientation’, ‘discretion orientation’, ‘effort orientation’ and ‘expectancy orientation’. We link our findings to extant literature and provide suggestions for managers how these meta‐features can be put into organizational practice.
The Impact of Placing Adolescent Males into Foster Care on Education, Income Assistance, and Convictions
Authors: Warburton William P. , Warburton Rebecca N. , Sweetman Arthur , Hertzman Clyde
Published: January 2014

Understanding the causal impacts of taking at‐risk youth into government care is part of the evidence base for policy. Two sources of exogenous variation affecting alternative subsets of the at‐risk population provide causal impacts interpreted as local average treatment effects. Placing 16‐ to18‐year‐old males into care decreases or delays high school graduation, increases income assistance receipt, and has alternative effects on criminal convictions depending upon the instrument employed. This suggests that asking whether more or fewer children should be taken into care is insufficient; it also matters which, and how, children are taken into care.
The Entry‐Deterring Effects of Inflexible Regulation
Authors: Espínola‐Arredondo Ana , Muñoz‐Garcia Félix , Bayham Jude
Published: January 2014

This paper investigates the signalling role of tax policy in promoting, or hindering, the ability of a monopolist to practise entry deterrence. We show that environmental policy can facilitate the incumbent firm's concealment of information from potential entrants, thus deterring entry, and yet entail welfare improvements. Furthermore, we demonstrate that entry deterrence is more likely to arise when environmental regulation cannot be rapidly revised across time if market conditions change (inflexible regimes) than when regulatory agencies can adjust environmental policy over time.
Continuity and Change in the Home Literacy Environment as Predictors of Growth in Vocabulary and Reading
Authors: Sénéchal Monique , LeFevre Jo‐Anne
Published: January 2014

One hundred and ten English‐speaking children schooled in French were followed from kindergarten to Grade 2 (Mage: T1 = 5;6, T2 = 6;4, T3 = 6;11, T4 = 7;11). The findings provided strong support for the Home Literacy Model (Sénéchal & LeFevre, ) because in this sample the home language was independent of the language of instruction. The informal literacy environment at home predicted growth in English receptive vocabulary from kindergarten to Grade 1, whereas parent reports of the formal literacy environment in kindergarten predicted growth in children's English early literacy between kindergarten and Grade 1 and growth in English word reading during Grade 1. Furthermore, 76% of parents adjusted their formal literacy practices according to the reading performance of their child, in support of the presence of a responsive home literacy curriculum among middle‐class parents.
Association between discordant immunological response to highly active anti-retroviral therapy, regulatory T cell percentage, immune cell activation and very low-level viraemia in HIV-infected patients
Authors: Saison J , Ferry T , Demaret J , Maucort Boulch D , Venet F , Perpoint T , Ader F , Icard V , Chidiac C , Monneret G
Published: January 2014

The mechanisms sustaining the absence of complete immune recovery in HIV-infected patients upon long-term effective highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) remain elusive. Immune activation, regulatory T cells (Tregs) or very low-level viraemia (VLLV) have been alternatively suspected, but rarely investigated simultaneously. We performed a cross-sectional study in HIV-infected aviraemic subjects (mean duration of HAART: 12 years) to concomitantly assess parameters associated independently with inadequate immunological response. Patients were classified as complete immunological responders (cIR, n = 48) and inadequate immunological responders (iIR, n = 39), depending on the CD4+ T cell count (> or < 500/mm3). Clinical and virological data (including very low-level viraemia) were collected. In parallel, immunophenotyping of CD4+ lymphocytes, including Treg subsets, and CD8+ T cells was performed. Percentages of activated CD4+ T cells, Tregs, effector Tregs and terminal effector Tregs were found to be significantly elevated in iIR. Neither the percentage of activated CD8+ T cells nor VLLV were found to be associated with iIR. In the multivariate analysis, nadir of CD4+ T cell count and percentage of Tregs were the only two parameters associated independently with iIR [odds ratio (OR) = 2·339, P = 0·001, and OR = 0·803, P = 0·041]. We present here the largest study investigating simultaneously the immune response to long-term HAART, activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Treg percentages and very low-level viraemia. Causative interactions between Tregs and CD4+ T cells should now be explored prospectively in a large patients cohort.
Children's accounts of moving to a foster home
Authors: Goodyer Annabel
Published: January 2014

Little is known about how children themselves understand their moves to and between foster homes. The data presented in this paper come from a study that sought children's views on becoming and being a foster child. A key finding of that study was how children's accounts of being fostered illustrated a high level of anxiety and concern about their moving to live with a foster family. This paper firstly explores the key issues about looked‐after children's moves. It then describes the research study undertaken, before exploring the data generated from children's accounts of their moves to a new foster home. Lastly, there is a discussion of the implications for social work practice in this area.
Bone‐Conditioned Medium Inhibits Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Cells In Vitro
Authors: Peng Jianbo , Nemec Michael , Brolese Eliane , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Schaller Benoit , Buser Daniel , Gruber Reinhard
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose

Autografts are used for bone reconstruction in regenerative medicine including oral and maxillofacial surgery. Bone grafts release paracrine signals that can reach mesenchymal cells at defect sites. The impact of the paracrine signals on osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells has remained unclear.

Material and Methods

Osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis were studied with murine ST2 osteoblast progenitors, 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes, and ATDC5 prechondrogenic cells, respectively. Primary periodontal fibroblasts from the gingiva, from the periodontal ligament, and from bone were also included in the analysis. Cells were exposed to bone‐conditioned medium (BCM) that was prepared from porcine cortical bone chips.

Results

BCM inhibited osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of ST2 and 3T3‐L1 cells, respectively, as shown by histological staining and gene expression. No substantial changes in the expression of chondrogenic genes were observed in ATDC5 cells. Primary periodontal fibroblasts also showed a robust decrease in alkaline phosphatase and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression when exposed to BCM. BCM also increased collagen type 10 expression. Pharmacologic blocking of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β receptor type I kinase with SB431542 and the smad‐3 inhibitor SIS3 at least partially reversed the effect of BCM on PPARγ and collagen type 10 expression. In support of BCM having TGF‐β activity, the respective target genes were increasingly expressed in periodontal fibroblasts.

Conclusions

The present work is a pioneer study on the paracrine activity of bone grafts. The findings suggest that cortical bone chips release soluble signals that can modulate differentiation of mesenchymal cells in vitro at least partially involving TGF‐β signaling.
A 1‐Year Prospective Clinical and Radiographic Study of Early‐Loaded Bone Level Implants in the Posterior Maxilla
Authors: Marković Aleksa , Čolić Snježana , Šćepanović Miodrag , Mišić Tijana , Ðinić Ana , Bhusal Dinesh Sharma
Published: January 2014

Purposes

The primary aim of the study was to investigate a 1‐year success rate of early‐loaded bone level implants with a chemically modified sand‐blasted, large grit, acid‐etched surface (SLActive®, Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) in the posterior maxilla. Secondary objectives included stability of these implants and peri‐implant bone level.

Materials and Methods

Bone level® implants (Institut Straumann AG) inserted into premolar and/or molar maxillary sites were loaded after 6 weeks of healing. The implants were monitored for 1 year using the following outcome measures: implant success, primary and secondary stability, and peri‐implant bone level.

Results

Out of 37 implants placed in 13 patients, 36 reached sufficient stability and were early loaded, whereas one underwent a delayed loading protocol. One‐year success rate of early‐loaded implants was 100%. Implant stability at baseline was 71.7 ± 5. 6 to be steadily increased thereafter up to 1 year (80.3 ± 3.3), except at 2 weeks when a nonsignificant decrease was noticed (71.9 ± 3.9). Continuous and significant bone loss was observed, reaching 0.4 ± 0.1 mm in the first postoperative year.

Conclusion

Bone level implants with the SLActive surface placed into low‐density bone and loaded after 6 weeks of healing can predictably achieve and maintain a successful tissue integration.
Defective ADAMTS13 synthesis as a possible consequence of NASH in an obese patient with recurrent thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Lombardi Anna Maria , Fabris Roberto , Berti de Marinis Giulia , Marson Piero , Navaglia Filippo , Plebani Mario , Vettor Roberto , Fabris Fabrizio
Published: January 2014

Objectives

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare and devastating hematologic disorder frequently associated with multiple organ failure and sometimes death. This syndrome is mainly associated with severe deficiency of ADAMTS13, a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin (TSP)‐1 repeats, cleaving high molecular weight von Willebrand Factor (ULVWF) multimers. Decreased plasma ADAMTS13 activity results in the accumulation of ULVWF multimers with consequent platelet activation. Recently, obesity has been considered as a potential independent risk factor for TTP, but the reason of this association is still unknown.

Methods and results

We describe an unusual case of fatal recurrent TTP in a morbid obese female with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and severe ADAMTS13 activity deficiency due neither to an inhibitory autoantibody nor to a gene mutation.

Conclusions

Visceral obesity is associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NASH: we hypothesized that these conditions can influence ADAMTS13 antigen and activity. In fact, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the main producers of ADAMTS13, and a decrease in ADAMTS13 activity has been reported in liver disease.
Switch from tenofovir to raltegravir increases low bone mineral density and decreases markers of bone turnover over 48 weeks
Authors: Bloch M , Tong WWY , Hoy J , Baker D , Lee FJ , Richardson R , Carr A ,   TROP (Switch from Tenofovir to Raltegravir for Low Bone Density) study team
Published: January 2014

Background

Tenofovir, particularly when given with a ritonavir‐boosted protease inhibitor (rPI), reduces bone mineral density (BMD) and increases bone turnover markers (BTMs), both of which are associated with increased fracture risk. Raltegravir has not been associated with bone loss.

Methods

In an open‐label, nonrandomized, pilot study, tenofovir was switched to raltegravir in adults also receiving a rPI for at least 6 months with a spine or hip T‐score ≤ −1.0 and plasma HIV RNA < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL for at least 3 months. The primary endpoint was BMD change by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Student's paired t‐test was used to compare continuous variables. Factors associated with BMD increase were assessed using linear regression.

Results

Thirty‐seven patients were enrolled in the study: 97% were male, the mean age was 49 years, the mean T‐scores were −1.4 (spine) and −1.3 (total left hip), and the mean tenofovir treatment duration was 3.1 years. BMD increases were significant at weeks 24 and 48. At week 48, spine BMD increased by 3.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9, 4.0%; P < 0.0001] and left total hip BMD increased by 2.5% (95% CI 1.6, 3.3%; P < 0.0001). BTMs (N‐telopeptide, osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase) all decreased significantly at week 24 (P ≤ 0.0017). There were no raltegravir‐related serious or grade 3−4 adverse events. HIV viral load remained <50 copies/mL plasma on raltegravir/rPI therapy.

Conclusions

Switching virologically suppressed HIV‐infected adults with low BMD taking an rPI from tenofovir to raltegravir was safe and significantly improved hip and spine BMD and reduced markers of bone turnover over 48 weeks.
The significance of low‐level viraemia in diverse settings: analysis of the Treat Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) and the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD)
Authors: Kanapathipillai R , McManus H , Cuong DD , Ng OT , Kinh NV , Giles M , Read T , Woolley I
Published: January 2014

Objectives

The aim of the study was to assess the significance of low‐level viraemia (LLV) and the timing of treatment change in low/middle‐income country (L/MIC) compared with high‐income country (HIC) settings.

Methods

Patients with virological control following commencement of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) were included in the study. LLV was defined as undetectable viral load (<50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) followed by confirmed detectable viral load < 1000 copies/mL. Virological failure was defined as viral load > 1000 copies/mL. Kaplan−Meier plots of time to virological failure by prior LLV and income category were generated. Regimen changes in the setting of LLV were compared between sites. Sensitivity analysis of rates of LLV and virological failure by person‐years and number of tests was conducted for differing definitions of LLV and virological failure.

Results

A total of 1748 patients from HICs and 823 patients from L/MICs were included in the study. One hundred and ninety‐six (11.2%) HIC participants and 36 (4.4%) L/MIC participants experienced at least one episode of LLV. Of the patients who underwent regimen switch in HIC settings, the majority changed from a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)/protease inhibitor (PI) regimen to an NRTI/nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) regimen (26.8%). Very few switches were made in L/MIC settings. Rates of LLV were significantly higher for HICs compared with L/MICs per 1000 person‐years (28.6 and 9.9 per 1000 person‐years, respectively), but not in terms of the number of tests (9.4 and 7.2 per 1000 tests, respectively). Rates of virological failure per test were significantly higher for L/MICs compared with HICs (30.7 vs. 19.6 per 1000 tests, respectively; P < 0.001). LLV was a significant predictor of virological failure at 2 years in L/MICs [0.25; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11–0.50; P = 0.043] but not in HICs (0.13; 95% CI 0.08‐0.22; P = 0.523).

Conclusions

LLV is weakly predictive of virological failure at 2 years in L/MICs but not in HICs. This suggests that interventions targeted at subjects with LLV in L/MICs would help to improve treatment outcomes.
Young people's perceptions of the responsibilities of organizations promoting financial capability
Authors: Luukkanen Laura , Uusitalo Outi
Published: January 2014

Today's changing market environment demands financial capability even from young consumers. This article concentrates on the perceptions of young people on the roles and responsibilities of school, public, private and non‐profit sector actors in promoting financial capability among the young. The qualitative data were collected via focus group discussions among young people aged 15–26 in schools and education institutions across Finland. Educational institutions play an important role in the everyday lives of the young but tend to focus on macro‐finance issues in financial education. Banks are seen as professional actors promoting financial capability to the young, but their activities are recognized as profit driven. Public sector and non‐profit organizations are less familiar to young people as providers of financial information but are considered impartial and reliable. It is apparently difficult for young people to differentiate between the activities of the various parties offering financial advice. They would welcome finance‐related information from several actors and from different perspectives. Financial education and financial matters are only interesting to the young when topical. In order to promote a financial capability among young people, the actors involved should become more proactive and cooperate with each other.
Nonparametric cost and revenue functions under constant economies of scale: an enumeration approach for the single output or input case
Authors: Briec Walter , Kerstens Kristiaan , Van de Woestyne Ignace
Published: January 2014

This article shows how the linear programs needed to compute cost and revenue functions under constant returns to scale and a single output or input, respectively, can be replaced with a more efficient enumeration algorithm.
Defining a Safe Corridor for Transcondylar Screw Insertion Across the Canine Humeral Condyle: A Comparison of Medial and Lateral Surgical Approaches
Authors: Barnes Duncan M. , Morris Andy P. , Anderson Angus A.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To (1) develop guidelines for the location of drill entry and exit points when inserting a transcondylar screw across the canine humerus; (2) compare the safe corridor for transcondylar screw insertion when drilling medial‐to‐lateral with drilling lateral‐to‐medial.

Study Design

Anatomic study.

Animals

Dogs (n = 43).

Methods

The optimum position of a transcondylar screw in 84 elbows was determined using CT multiplanar reconstructions. The positions of drill entry and exit points were defined relative to the epicondyles. Differences in elbow size were accounted for by dividing the measurements by the humeral condylar diameter (HCD), to give normalized measurements. Mean values of normalized measurements were used to develop universal guidelines for the location of drill entry and exit points. These guidelines were then applied to the 84 elbow CT reconstructions. The size of the safe corridor around this calculated drill line was determined, and expressed as tolerance angles in the frontal and transverse planes. The size of the safe corridors for medial‐to‐lateral and lateral‐to‐medial drilling were compared.

Results

The lateral entry/exit point was 0.3 × HCD cranial and 0.3 × HCD distal to the lateral epicondyle. The medial entry/exit point was 0.3 × HCD cranial and 0.2 × HCD distal to the medial epicondyle. Using these guidelines resulted in safe virtual screw placement in all 84 elbows. The tolerance angle in the frontal plane was significantly smaller when drilling medial‐to‐lateral compared with drilling lateral‐to‐medial (P < .001).

Conclusions

Medial‐to‐lateral drilling for transcondylar screw placement carries a higher risk of inadvertently penetrating the joint compared with lateral‐to‐medial drilling.
Group‐based guilt and reparation in the context of social change
Authors: Dumont Kitty , Waldzus Sven
Published: January 2014

This article examines how the consequences of group‐based guilt depend on the perceptions of social change of the former perpetrator group. Informed by the Social Identity Theory and research on intergroup threat and help, the hypothesis was proposed that reparation intentions toward members of a victim group as the consequence of group‐based guilt is moderated by the perceptions of changes of the status position of the in‐group. Two correlational studies tested the assumption among whites in the context of post‐apartheid South Africa. As predicted, the results of both studies show that the strength of the positive relationship between group‐based guilt and reparation intentions decreases the more people perceive the loss of status for their in‐group.
Banks' Liquidity and the Cost of Liquidity to Corporations
Authors: BORD VITALY M. , SANTOS JOÃO A.C.
Published: January 2014

We consider the liquidity shock banks experienced following the collapse of the asset‐backed commercial paper (ABCP) market in the fall of 2007 to investigate whether banks' liquidity conditions affect their ability to provide liquidity to corporations. We find that banks that borrowed more from the Federal Home Loan Bank system or the Federal Reserve's discount window following that liquidity shock passed a larger portion of their borrowing costs onto corporations seeking access to liquidity when compared to the precrisis period. This increase is larger among banks with a bigger exposure to the ABCP market, credit lines that pose more liquidity risk to banks, and borrowers that are likely dependent on the credit‐line provider. Our findings show that the crisis that affected the banking system had a negative effect not only on the price of credit to corporations, but also on the price corporations pay to guarantee access to liquidity.
The Home Bias and the Credit Crunch: A Regional Perspective
Authors: PRESBITERO ANDREA F. , UDELL GREGORY F. , ZAZZARO ALBERTO
Published: January 2014

Using detailed data on loan applications and decisions for a large sample of manufacturing firms in Italy during the recent financial crisis, we find that the credit crunch has been harsher in provinces with a large share of branches owned by distantly managed banks. Inconsistent with a flight to quality we do not find evidence that economically weaker firms suffered more during the crisis. In contrast, we find that financially healthier firms were affected more in functionally distant credit markets than in markets populated by less distant banks, consistent with a home bias on the part of nationwide banks.
Virulence Structure of the Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis) Population Occurring on Triticale (x Triticosecale) in Poland
Authors: Czembor Henryk J. , Domeradzka Olga , Czembor Jerzy H. , Mańkowski Dariusz R.
Published: January 2014

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis is an important disease of cereals in many production regions. Until end of the last century triticale had been regarded as a species characterized by high level of resistance for this disease. However, after several years of intensive production on a big area in Poland, Germany and other European countries it start to be susceptible for many pathogens including B. graminis. Because of this, virulence structure of this pathogen population on triticale in Poland was evaluated across 2008–2010. Leaf samples with symptoms of the powdery mildew disease were collected randomly from nineteen localities. As a total, 1402 B. graminis isolates were collected: 23–25 isolates per locality in each year. Standard differential set of 28 genotypes was used: twenty‐one wheat with known resistance genes and seven triticale. Based on the obtained results it was possible to observe significant differences in virulence structure between years and localities. No virulence's against Pm21 (Yangmai5), and Pm3d + 4b (Kadett) were found in any year. All tested isolates were virulent on Moreno and Lamberto cultivars. In a total, 36% of tested isolates possessed 9, 11 or 12 virulence's per genotypes. Twenty five percent of tested isolates were virulent to 5 triticale cultivars. Correlation between pathotypes frequency and sampling region were not found what suggest that local epidemics play the most important role in triticale growing regions in Poland.
Rapid Detection of Turnip mosaic virus by Reverse Transcription Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Zhao Lei , Hao Xingan , Liu Huan , Wang Qiaochun , Wu Yunfeng
Published: January 2014

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is one of the most devastating threats to the vegetable industry. A rapid, stable and sensitive one‐step reverse transcription loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) assay was developed for detecting TuMV. This method is very rapid and sensitive. The sensitivity was c. 10‐fold higher than that of conventional RT‐PCR in detecting TuMV. In addition, it does not require specialized equipment and can be performed under general experimental conditions. This RT‐LAMP method has great potential usefulness for TuMV detection, identification and control strategies.
Effects of alfalfa meal on the intestinal microbial diversity and immunity of growing ducks
Authors: Jiang J. F. , Song X. M. , Wu J. L. , Jiang Y. Q.
Published: January 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of alfalfa meal diets on the intestinal microbial diversity and immunity of growing egg‐type ducks. A total of 128 healthy 7‐week‐old female egg‐type Shaoxing ducks were selected and randomly assigned into four dietary treatments: 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% alfalfa meal for 8 weeks. Each treatment consisted of four replicates of eight ducks each. Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) was used to characterize the microbiota. The results showed that the DGGE fingerprints of the V6–V8 fragments of the 16S rRNA from the caeca and faeces of ducks fed 3%, 6% and 9% alfalfa meal had significantly higher microbiota species richness than those fed 0% alfalfa meal (p < 0.05). The Shannon–Weiner index of the microbiota from the caeca and faeces of ducks fed 3%, 6% and 9% alfalfa meal was significantly higher than those fed 0% alfalfa meal (p < 0.05). Molecular analysis of the caecal and faecal DNA extracts showed that the alfalfa meal diet promotes the intestinal microbial diversity, as indicated by their higher species richness and Shannon–Weiner index. However, the groups did not significantly differ in terms of average daily gain, feed intake and gain‐to‐feed ratio (p > 0.05), and the 3–9% alfalfa meal did not affect the growth performance of the growing egg‐type ducks. The proliferation of T and B lymphocytes was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the groups supplemented with 3%, 6% and 9% of alfalfa meal than the unsupplemented control group, and alfalfa meal promoted the lymphocytes proliferation of the growing egg‐type ducks. Dietary alfalfa meal supplementation increases intestinal microbial community diversity and improves of the immune response growing egg‐type ducks.
Epidemiology and Ecology of H3N8 Canine Influenza Viruses in US Shelter Dogs
Authors: Pecoraro H.L. , Bennett S. , Huyvaert K.P. , Spindel M.E. , Landolt G.A.
Published: January 2014

Background

H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) infection might contribute to increased duration of shelter stay for dogs. Greater understanding of factors contributing to CIV within shelters could help veterinarians identify control measures for CIV.

Objectives

To assess community to shelter dog CIV transmission, estimate true prevalence of CIV, and determine risk factors associated with CIV in humane shelters.

Animals

5,160 dogs upon intake or discharge from 6 US humane shelters, December 2009 through January 2012.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed with prospective convenience sampling of 40 dogs from each shelter monthly. Nasal swabs and serum samples were collected. Hemagglutination inhibition and real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction assays were performed for each nasal and serum sample. True prevalence was estimated by stochastic latent class analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with CIV shedding and seropositivity.

Results

Nasal swabs were positive from 4.4% of New York (NY), 4.7% of Colorado (CO), 3.2% of South Carolina, 1.2% of Florida, and 0% of California and Texas shelter dogs sampled. Seropositivity was the highest in the CO shelter dogs at 10%, and NY at 8.5%. Other shelters had 0% seropositivity. Information‐theoretic analyses suggested that CIV shedding was associated with region, month, and year (model weight = 0.95) and comingling/cohousing (model weight = 0.92).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Community dogs are a likely source of CIV introduction into humane shelters and once CIV has become established, dog‐to‐dog transmission maintains the virus within a shelter.
The Impact of Supreme Court Activity on the Judicial Agenda
Authors: Rice Douglas
Published: January 2014

When the Supreme Court takes action, it establishes national policy within an issue area. A traditional, legal view holds that the decisions of the Court settle questions of law and thereby close the door on future litigation, reducing the need for future attention to that issue. Alternatively, an emerging interest group perspective suggests the Court, in deciding cases, provides signals that encourage additional attention to particular issues. I examine these competing perspectives of what happens in the federal courts after Supreme Court decisions. My results indicate that while Supreme Court decisions generally settle areas of law in terms of overall litigation rates, they also introduce new information that leads to increases in the attention of judges and interest groups to those particular issues.
Involvement of Rad52 in T‐DNA circle formation during Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Rolloos Martijn , Dohmen Marius H. C. , Hooykaas Paul J. J. , van der Zaal Bert J.
Published: January 2014

Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells carrying a tumour inducing plasmid (Ti‐plasmid) can transfer a defined region of transfer DNA (T‐DNA) to plant cells as well as to yeast. This process of Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation (AMT) eventually results in the incorporation of the T‐DNA in the genomic DNA of the recipient cells. All available evidence indicates that T‐strand transfer closely resembles conjugal DNA transfer as found between Gram‐negative bacteria. However, where conjugal plasmid DNA transfer starts via relaxase‐mediated processing of a single origin of transfer (oriT), the T‐DNA is flanked by two imperfect direct border repeats which are both substrates for the Ti‐plasmid encoded relaxase VirD2. Yeast was used as a model system to investigate the requirements of the recipient cell for the formation of T‐DNA circles after AMT. It was found that, despite the absence of self‐homology on the T‐DNA, the homologous repair proteins Rad52 and Rad51 are involved in T‐DNA circle formation. A model is presented involving the formation of T‐DNA concatemers derived from T‐strands by a process of strand‐transfer catalysed by VirD2. These concatemers are then resolved into T‐DNA circles by homologous recombination in the recipient cell.
Disseminated adenovirus infection in kidney transplant recipient
Authors: Dawood Ubaidullah S , Nelson Adam , Wu Danielle , Otto Sophia , Russ Graeme R
Published: January 2014

Adenoviruses are common pathogens that have the potential to cause opportunistic infections with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. The significance of adenoviral infection and disease is incompletely known in the setting of kidney transplantation. Reported adenovirus infections in renal transplant recipients have typically manifested as haemorrhagic cystitis and tubulointerstitial nephritis. Pneumonia, hepatitis and enteritis are often seen in other solid organ recipients. However, disseminated or severe adenovirus infections, including fatal cases, have been described in renal transplant recipients. There is uncertainty regarding monitoring and treatment of this virus. Although not supported by randomized clinical trials, cidofovir is used for the treatment of adenovirus disease not responding to reduction of immunosuppression. We present a case series of 2 patients with disseminated adenovirus infection in our centre who presented at different times from the time of transplantation.
Successful treatment of renal allograft and bladder malakoplakia with minimization of immunosuppression and prolonged antibiotic therapy
Authors: Graves Angela L , Texler Michael , Manning Laurens , Kulkarni Hemant
Published: January 2014

Malakoplakia is an unusual granulomatous inflammatory disorder associated with diminished bactericidal action of leucocytes that occurs in immunosuppressed hosts. Cases of renal allograft malakoplakia are generally associated with a poor graft and patient survival. We present the case of a 56‐year‐old female with allograft and bladder malakoplakia occurring two years after renal transplantation complicated by an early antibody mediated rejection. Following a number of symptomatic urinary tract infections caused by resistant Gram‐negative bacilli, a diagnosis of malakoplakia was made by biopsy of a new mass lesion of the renal allograft. Cystoscopy also revealed malakoplakia of the bladder wall. Immunosuppressant regimen was modified. Mycophenolate mofetil was ceased, prednisolone reduced to 5 mg/day and tacrolimus concentrations were carefully monitored to maintain trough serum concentrations of 2–4 μg/L. Concurrently, she received a prolonged course of intravenous antibiotics followed by 13 months of dual oral antibiotic therapy with fosfomycin and faropenem. This joint approach resulted in almost complete resolution of allograft malakoplakia lesions and sustained regression of bladder lesions on cystoscopy with histological resolution in bladder lesions. Her renal function has remained stable throughout the illness. If treated with sustained antimicrobial therapy and reduction of immunosuppression, cases of allograft malakoplakia may not necessarily be associated with poor graft survival.