bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Vulnerability on the Colorado River
Authors: Kenney Doug , Ray Andrea , Harding Ben , Pulwarty Roger , Udall Brad
Published: October 2015

On the Colorado River (as elsewhere), severe drought is useful for illuminating sources of water supply vulnerability, focusing attention on deficiencies in water allocation and management. A major drought study in the early 1990s, and experience with real drought a decade later, both have been useful in understanding vulnerability as a function of several factors working in consort with drought, including water allocation, reservoir operations, water demands, and climate change. Over this relatively short time‐frame, vulnerability has shifted considerably, and will undoubtedly continue to change further in coming decades. Understanding how vulnerability is shifting is central to identifying future management pathways and reform options for the river.
Creating Real Time Water Leasing Market Institutions: An Integrated Economic and Hydrological Methodology
Authors: Broadbent Craig D. , Brookshire David S. , Coursey Don , Tidwell Vince
Published: October 2015

Explosive population growth coupled with stable or decreasing water supplies has often led to stress upon already over‐allocated watersheds in the western United States. Water markets that allow the temporary transfer (i.e., lease) of a water right are a possible mechanism to provide flexibility to water managers to fulfill water demands in these over‐allocated watersheds. This paper addresses the need for an integrated (hydrologic and economic) model to examine the feasibility of a water leasing market. We propose a five stage procedure to designing and implementing a real time water leasing market.
Effects of delayed anticoagulation and use of evacuated tubes on non‐activated thrombelastography in dogs
Authors: Koenigshof Amy M. , Scott Michael A. , Brown Andrew J.
Published: October 2015

Background

The effects of delayed anticoagulation and use of evacuated vacuum tubes in the collection of whole blood for nonactivated thrombelastography (TEG) are not known.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of delayed anticoagulation and use of vacuum‐assisted blood collection tubes on results of nonactivated TEG.

Methods

Twelve clinically healthy adult dogs were used in each of 3 studies. For each study, nonactivated TEG results from paired blood samples were compared. In study 1, the effect of delayed citrate anticoagulation was evaluated by collecting samples either into syringes containing citrate or into empty syringes followed by transfer to nonevacuated tubes containing citrate. In study 2, the effect of vacuum assistance in blood transfer was evaluated by collecting samples into syringes containing citrate and transferring either to nonevacuated plastic tubes or to evacuated plastic tubes. In study 3, the combined effects of delayed anticoagulation and vacuum assistance in blood transfer were evaluated by collecting samples into syringes containing citrate or into empty syringes followed by transfer to evacuated tubes containing citrate. Thrombelastographic analysis was performed in duplicate at 39°C after a 40‐minute rest period.

Results

The collection methods that delayed anticoagulation and/or used evacuated tubes yielded samples that appeared more coagulable compared with samples not exposed to delay or evacuated tubes.

Conclusion

Methods by which samples are collected affect results of nonactivated TEG and should be considered when establishing reference intervals, interpreting results, and publishing TEG results.
The Soul of Design Leadership
Authors: Joziasse Frans
Published: October 2015

Leadership is a word invoked by everyone from Boy Scout leaders to presidents. But what does it really mean to be a leader—and, more specifically, a design leader? Writer Deepak Chopra has suggested seven qualities that are characteristic of visionary leaders; here we see that they also apply to design leaders.
Ultra‐Fast Fabrication of <110>‐Oriented β‐SiC Wafers by Halide CVD
Authors: Tu Rong , Zheng Dingheng , Sun Qingyun , Han Mingxu , Zhang Song , Hu Zhiying , Goto Takashi , Zhang Lianmeng
Published: October 2015

Φ80 mm‐diameter, highly <110>‐oriented β‐SiC wafers were ultra‐fast fabricated via halide chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using tetrachlorosilane (SiCl4) and methane (CH4) as precursors. The effects of deposition temperature (Tdep) and total pressure (Ptot) on the orientations, microstructures, and deposition rate (Rdep) were investigated. Rdep dramatically increased with increasing Tdep where maximum Rdep was 930 μm/h at Tdep = 1823 K and Ptot = 4 kPa, leading to a maximum of 1.9 mm in thickness in 2 h deposition. The <110>‐oriented β‐SiC was obtained at Tdep > 1773 K and Ptot = 1–4 kPa. Growth mechanism of <110>‐oriented β‐SiC has also been discussed under consideration of crystallographic planes, surface energy, and surface morphology.
Preserving Value through Adaptation to Climate Change
Authors: West Jason , Bianchi Robert
Published: October 2015

Corporate “mitigation” efforts to limit greenhouse gases alone will not be sufficient to protect companies against future environmental impacts. For most companies intent on preserving their operating efficiency and value, “adaptation”—the process of changing behavior in response to actual or expected climate change impacts—is emerging as a critical partner to mitigation efforts aimed at reducing the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The recent growth in the expected costs associated with the risk of climate change emphasizes the importance of developing new technology and redesigning infrastructure and other assets that will enable companies to respond to such change without excessive reductions in profitability. The nature and extent of adaptation in each situation will depend on the costs involved relative to the benefits of adopting different adaptation strategies to achieve a target level of resilience.

Companies that choose to adapt and do so effectively are expected to benefit from an improvement in their net risk‐return profile. Consistent with this expectation, the authors found that a sample of companies from the European energy sector that adapted to the 2005 EU climate change mandate by diversifying their fuel sources (mainly away from coal) experienced reductions in both risk and return while non‐adapting firms experienced roughly the same returns, but at the cost of higher risk. The benefit of adapting is thus seen as showing up not in higher returns per se, but in higher risk‐adjusted returns.
Attracting Long‐Term Investors Through Integrated Thinking and Reporting: A Clinical Study of a Biopharmaceutical Company
Authors: Knauer Andrew , Serafeim George
Published: October 2015

Faced with a large percentage of investors that chase short‐term returns, companies could benefit by attracting investors with longer‐term horizons and incentives that are more consistent with the long‐term strategy of the company. The managers of most companies take their investor base as a “given” that cannot be changed through their actions or words. Using the case of Shire, a biopharmaceutical company with a strong commitment to the goals of improving the safety of its products and the reliability of its supply chain, the authors of this article suggest that companies have the ability and the means to change their investor base in ways that are consistent with their strategy.

One of the most promising ways of attracting such investors is integrated reporting, which provides companies with a means of credibly communicating the commitment of its top leadership to diffusing integrated thinking across the organization and to building strong relationships with important external stakeholders. In the case of Shire, both a commitment to integrated thinking and the adoption of integrated reporting appear to have helped the company attract longer‐term investors, which in turn has strengthened management's confidence to carry out its strategy of stakeholder engagement and investment.
Corporate Risk Management under Information Asymmetry
Authors: Choi Jongmoo Jay , Mao Connie X. , Upadhyay Arun D.
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the financial and operational hedging activities of US pharmaceutical and biotech firms that are subject to a high level of information asymmetry stemming from R&D investments during 2001–2006. We find evidence in support of the information asymmetry hypothesis à la Froot, Scharfstein and Stein (1993) that hedging helps mitigate the under‐investment problem. Specifically, we find that the use of financial derivatives is associated with greater firm value and that the value enhancement is larger for firms subject to greater information asymmetry and better growth opportunities. There is a synergy between financial hedging and operational hedging where the latter is used to counter product development risk. The results are robust with respect to alternative performance measures, industry‐specific growth measures, and the endogeneity problem. Our work is differentiated from existing studies that examined commodity‐based industries without addressing information asymmetry.
A Study of Vertical Integration and Vertical Divestiture: The Case of Store Brand Milk Sourcing in Boston
Authors: Cohen Michael A.
Published: October 2015

This article investigates whether a retailer’s store brand supply source impacts vertical pricing and supply channel profitability. Using chain‐level retail scanner data, a random coefficients logit demand model is estimated employing a Bayesian estimation approach. Supply models are specified conditional on demand parameter estimates. Bayesian decision theory is applied to select the best fitting pricing model. Results indicate that a vertically integrated retailer engages in linear pricing for brand manufacturers’ products while competing retailers make nonlinear pricing contracts with brand manufacturers for branded products and store brands. A simulated vertical divestiture based on real world events provides evidence for improved channel efficiency.
Pneumococcal Carriage and Vaccine Coverage in Retirement Community Residents
Authors: Becker‐Dreps Sylvia , Kistler Christine E. , Ward Kimberly , Killeya‐Jones Ley A. , Better Olga Maria , Weber David J. , Zimmerman Sheryl , Nicholson Bradly P. , Woods Chris W. , Sloane Philip
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To evaluate pneumococcal immunization in older adults living in retirement communities and to measure nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae to better assess the potential for herd protection from the 13‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV‐13) in these settings.

Design

Cross‐sectional observational study of adults aged 65 and older living in retirement communities to determine coverage with 23‐valent pneumococcal vaccine (PPSV‐23), coverage with PCV‐13 in immuncompromised individuals according to 2012 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines, and nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae.

Setting

Two retirement communities in North Carolina.

Participants

Older adults recruited between December 2013 and April 2014 (N = 21, 64.8% female, mean age 81.4).

Measurements

A survey was used to assess chronic illnesses, immunization history, and potential risk factors for pneumococcal carriage; a chart review was used to confirm immunization history and abstract chronic conditions; and a nasopharyngeal swab was collected and cultured for S. pneumoniae.

Results

Eighty‐seven percent of participants reported receiving PPSV‐23 since age 65. Of the 16.2% of participants with an immunocompromising condition, only one had received PCV‐13. Nasopharyngeal carriage with S. pneumoniae was detected in 1.9% (95% confidence interval = 0.0–3.8%) of participants.

Conclusion

In this select sample, PPSV‐23 coverage was high, but adherence to the ACIP recommendation for PCV‐13 in immunocompromised groups was low. Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae was present, although infrequent, suggesting that immunization with PCV‐13 could provide an individual benefit and a small degree of herd protection.
American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults
Authors:   By the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel
Published: October 2015

The 2015 American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Beers Criteria are presented. Like the 2012 AGS Beers Criteria, they include lists of potentially inappropriate medications to be avoided in older adults. New to the criteria are lists of select drugs that should be avoided or have their dose adjusted based on the individual's kidney function and select drug–drug interactions documented to be associated with harms in older adults. The specific aim was to have a 13‐member interdisciplinary panel of experts in geriatric care and pharmacotherapy update the 2012 AGS Beers Criteria using a modified Delphi method to systematically review and grade the evidence and reach a consensus on each existing and new criterion. The process followed an evidence‐based approach using Institute of Medicine standards. The 2015 AGS Beers Criteria are applicable to all older adults with the exclusion of those in palliative and hospice care. Careful application of the criteria by health professionals, consumers, payors, and health systems should lead to closer monitoring of drug use in older adults.
Human Rights and Maternal Health: Exploring the Effectiveness of the Alyne Decision
Authors: Cook Rebecca J.
Published: October 2015

Alyne da Silva Pimentel Teixeira died of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) following the stillbirth of a 27-week-old fetus on November 16, 2002 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Her death led in 2011 to the first decision of an international treaty body holding a government accountable for a preventable maternal death. The decision, Alyne da Silva Pimentel Teixeira (deceased) v. Brazil, was given by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (the Committee), established to monitor compliance by member states with the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (the Convention). The decision upheld a complaint, filed in 2007 against the state and government of Brazil, finding discrimination in the field of health care for Alyne’s avoidable maternal death, in breach of the Women’s Convention.
Making Residency Work Hour Rules Work
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn , Czeisler Charles A. , Landrigan Christopher P.
Published: October 2015

Over the past decade, a series of studies have found that physicians-in-training who work extended shifts (>16 hours) are at increased risk of experiencing motor vehicle crashes, needlestick injuries, and medical errors. In response to public concerns and a request from Congress, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) conducted an inquiry into the issue and concluded in 2009 that resident physicians should not work for more than 16 consecutive hours without sleep. They further recommended that the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Joint Commission work with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to ensure effective enforcement of new work hour standards.

The IOM's concerns with enforcement stem from well-documented non-compliance with the ACGME's 2003 work hour rules, and the ACGME's history of non-enforcement. In a nationwide cohort study, 84% of interns were found to violate the ACGME's 2003 standards in the year following their introduction.
If Sugar is Addictive… What Does it Mean for the Law?
Authors: Gearhardt Ashley , Roberts Michael , Ashe Marice
Published: October 2015

Sugar consumption has long been linked with a host of chronic health problems, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. To reduce Americans’ intake, many have called for taxing sugary products or limiting access in certain environments like schools and workplaces. These sometimes controversial calls for new public policy to curb consumption may soon be eclipsed by newly emerging links between sugar and addiction.

Attaching the label “addictive” to a substance like sugar, which is necessary for human life, challenges widely held beliefs about addiction. But the extraordinary increase in sugar consumption during the past century, with related tripling of chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes, means our common understandings may be outdated.

Part I of this paper will define “addiction” — especially as it relates to what was once a naturally occurring food nutrient and now is a highly concentrated food additive — and present evidence of the addictive potential of sugar.
What the ANPRM Missed: Additional Needs for IRB Reform
Authors: Lidz Charles W. , Garverich Suzanne
Published: October 2015

The federal Common Rule, which governs the conduct of research with human subjects, specifies the criteria and procedures by which Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) should review such research. Although there is wide agreement that IRBs, or Research Ethics Committees as they are called in most of the world, are essential to assuring that human subjects research meets common standards of ethics, IRBs have always come under considerable criticism. Some have critiqued IRBs for using important resources inefficiently, including the large amount of time researchers put into submitting applications, modifications, and reports and delaying the start of data collection within the limited time that grants and contracts provide. Others have critiqued the inconsistency of review of multi-site projects.
From Bad Pharma to Good Pharma: Aligning Market Forces with Good and Trustworthy Practices through Accreditation, Certification, and Rating
Authors: Miller Jennifer E.
Published: October 2015

Could an accreditation, certification, or rating mechanism help the pharmaceutical industry improve both its bioethical performance and its public reputation? Other industries have used such systems to assess, improve, distinguish, and demonstrate the quality of their services, processes, and products. These systems have also helped increase transparency, accountability, stakeholder confidence, and awareness of industry best practices. This article explains how market forces can be harnessed to recognize and promote better bioethical performance by pharmaceutical companies when there are good systems to accredit, certify, or rate. It concludes with a review of relevant failures of credit-rating agencies — such as conflicts of interests and revolving-door practices — to illuminate some of the pitfalls of developing a bioethics accreditation, certification, or rating system for pharmaceutical companies.
Complexifying Commodification, Consumption, ART, and Abortion
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn
Published: October 2015

Like all her work, Jody Madeira’s “Conceiving of Products and the Products of Conception: Reflections on Commodification, Consumption, ART, and Abortion,” is a rich, nuanced discussion that mixes various conceptual vocabularies (Marxist, semiotics, legal) into a complex dish. If her work is like the best of French cooking, my comment, I fear, will be more like fast food. In the short space I have, I want to pick off a few items of common interest and discussion and reconfigure them.
Expectant Fathers, Abortion, and Embryos
Authors: Purvis Dara E.
Published: October 2015

Today, multiple legal theories of parenthood interact to encompass all sorts of families. Adults and children bound through adoption, step-parenting, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) demand familial recognition through some combination of biology, functionality, technology, and intent.

In the context of children born through ART, many scholars have proposed a more robust use of intent as a rule for identifying legal parents. When used to identify parents, intent asks who planned to become the parent of a child, and is often helpful when multiple adults simultaneously agreed to bring a child into the world. For example, in the case of surrogacy, as many as five adults — two intended parents, a gestational surrogate, and both a sperm and egg donor — could all contribute to bringing a single child into the world. Not only does intent provide a practical answer to such modern parentage dilemmas, but it recognizes the often-minimized emotional investment of men who wish to be fathers.
Effective Global Action on Antibiotic Resistance Requires Careful Consideration of Convening Forums
Authors: Rizvi Zain , Hoffman Steven J.
Published: October 2015

The nature and effectiveness of any international legal agreement is heavily shaped by the forum in which it is negotiated and implemented. This includes both the substantive content that global policymakers agree upon and the subsequent state compliance with those provisions. Forums differ in their institutional characteristics, thereby providing unique opportunities and costs for participating actors. Forums may have different mandates, capacities, cultures, members, and legal processes — all of which ultimately affect distributions of power and influence. These differences then shape how issues are framed, the content of agreements as they are negotiated, and the incentives states have to comply with any obligations.
Recent Trends in Out‐of‐Hospital Births in the United States
Authors: MacDorman Marian F. , Declercq Eugene , Mathews T.J.
Published: October 2015

Introduction

Although out‐of‐hospital births are still relatively rare in the United States, it is important to monitor trends in these births, as they can affect patterns of facility usage, clinician training, and resource allocation, as well as health care costs. Trends and characteristics of home and birth center births are analyzed to more completely profile contemporary out‐of‐hospital births in the United States.

Methods

National birth certificate data were used to examine a recent increase in out‐of‐hospital births.

Results

After a gradual decline from 1990 to 2004, the number of out‐of‐hospital births increased from 35,578 in 2004 to 47,028 in 2010. In 2010, 1 in 85 US infants (1.18%) was born outside a hospital; about two‐thirds of these were born at home, and most of the rest were born in birth centers. The proportion of home births increased by 41%, from 0.56% in 2004 to 0.79% in 2010, with 10% of that increase occurring in the last year. The proportion of birth center births increased by 43%, from 0.23% in 2004 to 0.33% in 2010, with 14% of the increase in the last year. About 90% of the total increase in out‐of hospital births from 2004 to 2010 was a result of increases among non‐Hispanic white women, and 1 in 57 births to non‐Hispanic white women (1.75%) in 2010 was an out‐of‐hospital birth. Most home and birth center births were attended by midwives.

Discussion

Home and birth center births in the United States are increasing, and the rate of out‐of‐hospital births is now at the highest level since 1978. There has been a decline in the risk profile of out‐of‐hospital births, with a smaller proportion of out‐of‐hospital births in 2010 than in 2004 occurring to adolescents and unmarried women and fewer preterm, low‐birth‐weight, and multiple births.
Local Midwives Finish Last: Findings From a Demographic and Work Environment Survey Among Auxiliary Midwives in Mali
Authors: Warren Nicole E , Doumbia Seydou , Winch Peter E
Published: October 2015

Question

What is the demographic profile and work environment for auxiliary midwives in Mali?

Aim

Describe the demographics and work environment for auxiliary midwives in Mali.

Methods

We used a mixed‐methods, embedded design. Survey data were analyzed using one and 2‐sample t‐tests and multiple linear regression. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. One hundred and twelve midwives participated in the survey, and 32 in interviews.

Background

In Mali's context of high maternal mortality, auxiliary midwives attend more births than all other formally trained health care workers combined. Yet, there are almost no data on their actual work environment or implications of their social situations at their work. If we understood these factors, we could more effectively recruit, train, and support these critical health workers.

Results

Analysis is ongoing. Preliminary results suggest median midwife age range of 41 to 45 years with mean 6.4 years of education. Almost all are married with children. Half are from the village where they serve and 86% are in rural villages. With respect to supplies, 65% had working blood pressure cuff, 41% a thermometer, half had easy access to water, and 68% had access to reliable lighting. Supplies that were significantly less available to rural midwives were adequate light, water, and partograms. Most midwives work with a colleague, about half with a nurse. Forty‐one percent had not been paid regularly in the last 3 months. Two‐thirds used mobile phones for work; many reported the phones decreased referral time. Rural midwives who work in the village where they are from (vs having been sent to a rural area from the city) faced challenges: they were 2.5 times less likely to have equipment, to have been paid regularly, or be as well educated. Midwives described a variety of caring and disrespectful behaviors toward women. Qualiative data supported survey data.

Discussion

Midwives in rural Mali work in challenging environments with few resources. The picture is particularly bleak for rural midwives who are from the village where they serve. In order to support and retain these critical health care workers, strategies must recognize the difference in social status of certain midwives.
Family Planning Perspectives of Couples Affected by Sexual and Gender‐based Violence in Post‐conflict Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Warren Nicole E. , Glass Nancy , Ramazani Paul
Published: October 2015

Question

How did the conflict in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) impact family planning perspectives among survivors of sexual violence and their partners?

Aim

Examine access, knowledge, and utilization of family planning as well as attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that support and/or prevent family planning services among female survivors of sexual and gender‐based violence (SGBV) in rural DRC.

Background

In DRC, one‐third of women want to space their births. However, in conflict‐ridden eastern DRC contraceptive use is as low as 3%. This enormous, unmet need for family planning services strains already vulnerable families when economic resources are scarce and stability is tenuous. Developing effective programs to address unmet family planning need is critical for efforts to rebuild health, economic, and social supports in the DRC. At present, there is no information on how family planning within relationships is impacted by the health and social complexities of SGBV.

Methods

Mixed‐methods design using 31 surveys, 31 interviews, and 8 focus groups with a sample of 70 (36 men; 35 women) community members including 11 couples. Data were collected in April and July of 2012 and analyzed using quantitative description and thematic analysis.

Results

Analysis is ongoing. Preliminary analyses suggest poor understanding, availability, and use of family planning methods, and strong themes about the impact of poverty on desired family size and the influence of male power and intimate partner violence on family planning.

Discussion

Findings suggest the war's violence continues in couples today, negatively impacting access to and use of family planning. Efforts to improve women's negotiation skills with respect to family planning and dispel myths related to certain methods are critical features of any program to improve family planning use.
Life Course Patterns and Risky Health Behaviors in Incarcerated Women
Authors: Harris Nena Rashed , Sandelowski Margarete
Published: October 2015

Purpose/Aim

The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine the life course patterns associated with risky health behaviors in a sample of 15 incarcerated women who participated in the Life Histories of Women in Prison, 1986–1987 study.

Research Questions

The research questions that guided this study included: What types of life events comprised these women's lives and how did women respond to these events? In what risky behaviors had they engaged? Are there distinguishable combinations of events, their timing, and women's responses to these events that were associated with their risky health behaviors?

Significance/Background

Incarcerated women have long been recognized as living troubled and chaotic lives. Because they have been identified as a high‐risk population with similarities to women with HIV, understanding the life patterns of incarcerated women might shed light on the factors playing a role in women's involvement in HIV‐related risky behaviors. The Life Course Theory and the concept of cumulative advantage and disadvantage guided the identification of pathways to risk behaviors associated with HIV and other threats to physical and psychosocial well‐being.

Methods

Qualitative person‐centered analyses of data from questionnaires and life history interviews were conducted to examine the distinctive variations in women's lives and involved the identification of life events and risky health behaviors across the lifespan. Limitations included inability to clarify women's responses and inability to determine causal relationships.

Findings

All women described life events characteristic of cumulative disadvantage that began in childhood. Women who described serial/overlapping disadvantage tended to become involved in risky health behaviors during pre‐ or early adolescence. Those reporting isolated disadvantage were more likely to delay involvement in risky health behaviors until later in adolescence or adulthood.

Discussion

The findings indicate the need for early, trauma‐informed interventions that incorporate women's unique experiences with and responses to physical, emotional, and psychological trauma. Such interventions might help to minimize women's involvement in risky health behaviors and improve health outcomes for women with chaotic lives. Replication of this study in other samples of women with chaotic lives will strengthen the evidence to inform the development of effective interventions.
Implications of Design Thinking for Teaching, Learning, and Inquiry
Authors: Orthel Bryan D.
Published: October 2015

The term design thinking has recently gained prominence within postsecondary design programs across the United States. The term is often used to explain and advocate for design's unique approach to solving problems in innovative ways. The term is also used as a general description for unexplained or ill–defined representations of what designers do. If design educators have a clear understanding of design thinking, they can improve teaching and learning, and reframe design–based and interdisciplinary inquiry. This article addresses design thinking through two layers. The first layer highlights key ways that designers think through an overview of more than 50 years of design thinking's foundational literature. The second layer reports a 3–year–long, teaching–and–learning research project that compared learning in a design course and a similar nondesign course. The research project explores the application of design thinking's key ideas through the two courses. The project examined learning by 110 students enrolled in two courses during an annual, residential, summer enrichment program for high school seniors. The courses were structured in parallel ways for exploring design thinking and wicked problems, but addressed design and nondesign topics. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the courses and student learning demonstrate how the students used attributes of design thinking. The results challenge design educators to reconsider how design thinking may influence the classroom and inquiry.
Entorhinal Cortex Thickness across the Human Lifespan
Authors: Hasan Khader M. , Mwangi Benson , Cao Bo , Keser Zafer , Tustison Nicholas J. , Kochunov Peter , Frye Richard E. , Savatic Mirjana , Soares Jair
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Human entorhinal cortex (ERC) connects the temporal neocortex with hippocampus and is essential for memory retrieval and navigation. Markedly, there have been only few quantitative MRI works on the ERC geometric measurements in pediatric and adult healthy subjects across the lifespan. Here, we sought to fill this gap in knowledge by quantifying the ERC thickness in a very large cohort of subjects spanning 9 decades of life.

METHODS

Using magnetic resonance imaging data from multiple centers (IXI, MMRR, NKI, OASIS combined with the NIH‐Child Dev database and locally recruited healthy subjects), we analyzed the lifespan trajectory of ERC thickness in 1,660 healthy controls ranging from 2 to 94 years of age.

RESULTS

The ERC thickness increased with age, reached a peak at about 44 years, and then decreased with age. ERC thickness is hemispherically rightward‐asymmetric with no gender differences. Mean ERC thickness was found to vary between 2.943 ± .438 mm and 3.525 ± .355 mm across different age populations. Also, more pronounced loss of the ERC thickness in healthy aging men was noticeable.

DISCUSSION

Our report with high spatial resolution brain MRI data from 1,660 healthy controls provided important clues about ERC thickness across lifespan. We believe that our report will pave the way for the future studies investigating distinct neural pathologies related with cognitive dysfunctions.
Predictions From Early Adolescent Emotional Repair Abilities to Functioning in Future Relationships
Authors: Hessel Elenda T. , Loeb Emily L. , Szwedo David E. , Allen Joseph P.
Published: October 2015

This study examined adolescents' ability to utilize emotional repair—to actively change negative moods to more positive moods—as a predictor of the quality of their developing peer and romantic relationships over time. Utilizing observational data and partners' reports, adolescents (N = 184), their close peers, and their romantic partners were followed from ages 15–19. Adolescents with initially stronger emotional repair abilities were rated as increasingly socially competent over time, and both displayed and experienced increasingly positive interactive behaviors with close peers over time. These adolescents' romantic partners also reported more positive relationships, with enhanced communication, and fewer critical, blaming, or hostile interactions. Implications for the role of emotional repair abilities in the development of successful relationships during adolescence are discussed.
The effects of transportation stress on Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix japonica) fed corn‐based diet in comparison with wheat‐based diet supplemented with xylanase and phytase
Authors: Mehraei Hamzekolaei M. H. , Zamani Moghaddam A. K. , Tohidifar S. S. , Dehghani Samani A. , Heydari A.
Published: October 2015

Harvesting, handling and transporting quails to the slaughterhouses, other farms and laboratories might covertly reduce their welfare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two major sources of energy in poultry nutrition on reducing transportation stress in Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix japonica). Male quails (n = 60) were divided into two groups. The first group was fed corn‐based diet, and the second was fed wheat‐based diet supplemented with xylanase and phytase. At the end of the experiment (day 35), quails were subjected to 80 km of transportation. Immediately on arrival and after 24 h, heterophil counts, lymphocyte counts and H:L ratios were measured. On arrival, H counts were lower, L counts were higher, and H:L ratios were lower for corn‐fed group. After 24 h, wheat‐fed group showed lower increment of H counts, greater increment of L counts and also decrement of H:L ratios rather than corn‐fed group which showed increment of H:L ratios. However, these ratios were still lower in corn‐fed group. Results indicate that corn‐based diets can help Japanese quail to better resist transportation stress, although it seems that feeding wheat‐based diets supplemented with xylanase and phytase could have positive effects for coping better with stress after journeys.
Employee Commitment and Wages in the Private Sector
Authors: Masakure Oliver , Gerhardt Kris
Published: October 2015

This paper evaluates the link between employee affective commitment and wages using a theoretical model predicting that affective commitment and wages can be complements. We estimate simultaneous quantile regressions based on a matched worker–employer sample of private sector workers from the UK's Workplace Employment Relations Survey 2004. Our results suggest that wages increase with increasing levels of affective commitment, consistent with the idea that the two are complements.
Reconceptualizing Reactivity of Think‐Alouds and Eye Tracking: Absence of Evidence Is Not Evidence of Absence
Authors: Godfroid Aline , Spino Le Anne
Published: October 2015

This study extends previous reactivity research on the cognitive effects of think‐alouds to include eye‐tracking methodology. Unlike previous studies, we supplemented traditional superiority tests with equivalence tests, because only the latter are conceptually appropriate for demonstrating nonreactivity. Advanced learners of English read short English texts embedded with pseudowords in an eye‐tracking (n = 28), think‐aloud (n = 28), or silent control condition (n = 46). Results indicated that neither eye tracking nor thinking aloud affected text comprehension. In terms of vocabulary recognition, thinking aloud had a small, positive effect, and the results for eye tracking were mixed. We discuss challenges and opportunities of equivalence testing and explore ways to improve study quality more generally in second language acquisition research.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded Open Data and Open Materials badges. All data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/9zpaj. All materials are publicly available in the IRIS digital repository at http://www.iris-database.org. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Parental height and child growth from birth to 2 years in theWHO MulticentreGrowthReferenceStudy
Authors: Garza Cutberto , Borghi Elaine , Onyango Adelheid W. , de Onis Mercedes ,   WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group
Published: October 2015

Linear growth from birth to 2 years of children enrolled in theWorldHealthOrganizationMulticentreGrowthReferenceStudy was similar despite substantial parental height differences among the six study sites. Within‐site variability in child length attributable to parental height was estimated by repeated measures analysis of variance using generalized linear models. This approach was also used to examine relationships among selected traits (e.g. breastfeeding duration and child morbidity) and linear growth between 6 and 24 months of age. Differences in intergenerational adult heights were evaluated within sites by comparing mid‐parental heights (average of the mother's and father's heights) to the children's predicted adult height. Mid‐parental height consistently accounted for greater proportions of observed variability in attained child length than did either paternal or maternal height alone. The proportion of variability explained by mid‐parental height ranged from 11% inGhana to 21% inIndia. The average proportion of between‐child variability accounted for by mid‐parental height was 16% and the analogous within‐child estimate was 6%. In theNorwegian andUSsamples, no significant differences were observed between mid‐parental and children's predicted adult heights. For the other sites, predicted adult heights exceeded mid‐parental heights by 6.2–7.8 cm. To the extent that adult height is predicted by height at age 2 years, these results support the expectation that significant community‐wide advances in stature are attainable within one generation when care and nutrition approximate international recommendations, notwithstanding adverse conditions likely experienced by the previous generation.
The Specification of Sex/Gender in the Human Species: A Thomistic Analysis
Authors: Austriaco Nicanor Pier Giorgio
Published: October 2015

To develop a philosophical framework to address the specification of sex/gender in humans, I will begin by summarizing what we know about the biology of sex determination in human beings. Basically, sex/gender is specified by several networks of genes anchored in the genetic interaction between the two genes, Sry and Sox9. Next, I will propose that this biological mechanism is best understood within a philosophical anthropology that embraces insights taken from systems biology to articulate a hylomorphism that explains the integrity, dynamism, and teleology of the human organism. The systems perspective described here represents one attempt to reformulate the received philosophical framework of classical Aristotelian-Thomistic hylomorphism so that it incorporates the insights of modern biology. Finally, I will use the systems perspective and key principles articulated by St. Thomas Aquinas in his philosophy of nature to identify criteria that could be used to specify the sex/gender of a particular human being: The most certain criterion for maleness would be the capacity to produce sperm while the most certain criterion for femaleness would be the complementary capacity to produce eggs. Deviations from this criterion would decrease the certitude of our judgment regarding the sex/gender of the individual.
Innovative techniques in evaluating the esophagus; imaging of esophageal morphology and function; and drugs for esophageal disease
Authors: Neumann Helmut , Neurath Markus F. , Vieth Michael , Lever Frederiek M. , Meijer Gert J. , Lips Irene M. , McMahon Barry P. , Ruurda J.P. , van Hillegersberg R. , Siersema P. , Levine Marc S. , Scharitzer Martina , Pokieser Peter , Zerbib Frank , Savarino Vincenzo , Zentilin Patrizia , Savarino Edoardo , Chan Walter W.
Published: October 2015

This paper reporting on techniques for esophageal evaluation and imaging and drugs for esophageal disease includes commentaries on endoscopy techniques including dye‐based high‐resolution and dye‐less high‐definition endoscopy; the shift from CT to MRI guidance in tumor delineation for radiation therapy; the role of functional lumen imaging in measuring esophageal distensibility; electrical stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) as an alternative to fundoduplication for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); the morphological findings of reflux esophagitis and esophageal dysmotility on double‐contrast esophagography; the value of videofluoroscopy in assessing protecting mechanisms in patients with chronic reflux or swallowing disorders; targeting visceral hypersensitivity in the treatment of refractory GERD; and the symptoms and treatments of nighttime reflux and nocturnal acid breakthrough (NAB).
The evolutionary roots of human collaboration: coordination and sharing of resources
Authors: Melis Alicia P.
Published: October 2015

Humans’ ability to collaborate to obtain otherwise inaccessible goals may be one main cause for our success as a species. Comparative psychological research with children and our closest primate relatives is starting to elucidate the phylogenetic roots as well as the unique psychological mechanisms that support our cooperative behavior. For mutually beneficial collaboration, individuals need (1) cognitive mechanisms to coordinate actions with partners and (2) mechanisms to distribute the acquired resources in a way that incentivizes partners to continue collaborating. Several recent studies suggest that we share with chimpanzees many of the cognitive mechanisms required for successful coordination: chimpanzees understand the need to act jointly with a partner, that is, recruiting the partner when the problem requires collaboration and even helping her to perform her role. However, in contrast to very young children, they do not seem well equipped to share resources obtained through joint effort. Chimpanzees’ competitive nature around food constrains their sharing behavior, and because they do not share differently after individual or collaborative effort, partners lose motivation to continue collaborating. All this suggests that higher interindividual tolerance around food and mechanisms to counteract bullying behavior and share the spoils after a collaborative effort are probably derived human traits.
The changing face of diabetes in youth: lessons learned from studies of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hannon Tamara S. , Arslanian Silva A.
Published: October 2015

The incidence of youth type 2 diabetes (T2D), linked with obesity and declining physical activity in high‐risk populations, is increasing. Recent multicenter studies have led to a number of advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of this disease. As in adult T2D, youth T2D is associated with insulin resistance, together with progressive deterioration in β cell function and relative insulin deficiency in the absence of diabetes‐related immune markers. In contrast to adult T2D, the decline in β cell function in youth T2D is three‐ to fourfold faster, and therapeutic failure rates are significantly higher in youth than in adults. Whether the more aggressive nature of youth T2D is driven by genetic heterogeneity or physiology/metabolic maladaptation is yet unknown. Besides metformin, the lack of approved pharmacotherapeutic agents for youth T2D that target the pathophysiological mechanisms is a major barrier to optimal diabetes management. There is a significant need for effective therapeutic options, in addition to increased prevention, to halt the projected fourfold increase in youth T2D by 2050 and the consequences of heightened diabetes‐related morbidity and mortality at younger ages.
Waging Nonviolence: Reflections on the History Writing of the Pashtun Nonviolent Movement Khudai Khidmatgar
Authors: Bala Sruti
Published: October 2015

Is not the Pashtun amenable to love and reason?

He will go with you to hell if you can win his heart,

but you cannot force him even to go to heaven.

The article investigates recurrent narratives in the cultural historiography of the early twentieth‐century nonviolent movement of the Pashtuns, known as Khudai Khidmatgar (1929–1948). Commentaries and studies of this movement are ridden with three inter‐connected problems: first, a cultural stereotyping of the Pashtuns, labeling acts of nonviolent resistance as an aberrant phase in a culture branded as inherently violent; second, a denial of the indigenous roots of the movement, viewing it as a provincial offshoot of Gandhianism; and third, an elitist privileging of the principles of nonviolence over concrete acts and practices. Employing a close reading of media reports and historical accounts, I argue that the Khudai Khidmatgar movement offered an example of radical nonviolent action, drawing from Islamic principles, and dialectically engaging with transnational debates. I propose a careful examination of the foreclosures and oversights in the historical narratives of nonviolent resistance movements.