bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping daily evapotranspiration and dryness index in the East African highlands using MODIS and SEVIRI data
Authors: Sun Z. , Gebremichael M. , Ardö J. , de Bruin H. A. R.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Routine information on regional evapotranspiration (ET) and dryness index is essential for agricultural water management, drought monitoring, and studies of water cycle and climate. However, this information is not currently available for the East Africa highlands. The main purpose of this study is to develop (1) a new methodology that produces spatially gridded daily ET estimates on a (near) real-time basis exclusively from satellite data, and (2) a new dryness index that depends only on satellite data and weather forecast data. The methodology that calculates daily actual ET involves combining data from two sensors (MODIS and SEVIRI) onboard two kinds of platforms (Terra – polar orbit satellite and MSG – geostationary orbit satellite). The methodology is applied to the East African highlands, and results are compared to eddy covariance measurements at one site. Results show that the methodology produces ET estimates that accurately reproduce the daily fluctuation in ET but tends to underestimate ET on the average. It is concluded that the synergistic use of the polar-orbiting MODIS data and the geostationary-orbiting SEVIRI data has potential to produce reliable daily ET, but further research is needed to improve the accuracy of the results. This study also proposes an operational new dryness index that can be calculated from the satellite-based daily actual ET estimates and daily reference ET estimates based on SEVIRI data and weather forecast air temperature. Comparison of this index against ground measurements of daily actual ET at one site indicates that the new dryness index can be used for drought monitoring.
Impact of climate change on the stream flow of lower Brahmaputra: trends in high and low flows based on discharge- weighted ensemble modelling
Authors: Gain A. K. , Immerzeel W. W. , Sperna-Weiland F. C. , Bierkens M. F. P.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Climate change is likely to have significant effects on the hydrology. The Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin is one of the most vulnerable areas in the world as it is subject to the combined effects of glacier melt, extreme monsoon rainfall and sea level rise. To what extent climate change will impact river flow in the Brahmaputra basin is yet unclear, as climate model studies show ambiguous results. In this study we investigate the effect of climate change on both low and high flows of the lower Brahmaputra. We apply a novel method of discharge-weighted ensemble modeling using model outputs from a global hydrological models forced with 12 different global climate models (GCMs). Based on the GCM outputs and long-term records of observed flow at Bahadurabad station, our method results in a multi-model weighted ensemble of transient stream flow for the period 1961–2100. Using the constructed transients, we subsequently project future trends in low and high river flow. The analysis shows that extreme low flow conditions are likely to occur less frequent in the future. However a very strong increase in peak flows is projected, which may, in combination with projected sea level change, have devastating effects for Bangladesh. The methods presented in this study are more widely applicable, in that existing multi-model streamflow simulations from global hydrological models can be weighted against observed streamflow data to assess at first order the effects of climate change for specific river basins.
Data-driven catchment classification: application to the PUB problem
Authors: Di Prinzio M. , Castellarin A. , Toth E.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Objective criteria for catchment classification are identified by the scientific community among the key research topics for improving the interpretation and representation of the spatiotemporal variability of streamflow. A promising approach to catchment classification makes use of unsupervised neural networks (Self Organising Maps, SOM's), which organise input data through non-linear techniques depending on the intrinsic similarity of the data themselves. Our study considers ~300 Italian catchments scattered nationwide, for which several descriptors of the streamflow regime and geomorphoclimatic characteristics are available. We qualitatively and quantitatively compare in the context of PUB (Prediction in Ungauged Basins) a reference classification, RC, with four alternative classifications, AC's. RC was identified by using indices of the streamflow regime as input to SOM, whereas AC's were identified on the basis of catchment descriptors that can be derived for ungauged basins. One AC directly adopts the available catchment descriptors as input to SOM. The remaining AC's are identified by applying SOM to two sets of derived variables obtained by applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA, second AC) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA, third and fourth ACs) to the available catchment descriptors. First, we measure the similarity between each AC and RC. Second, we use AC's and RC to regionalize several streamflow indices and we compare AC's with RC in terms of accuracy of streamflow prediction. In particular, we perform an extensive cross-validation to quantify nationwide the accuracy of predictions in ungauged basins of mean annual runoff, mean annual flood, and flood quantiles associated with given exceedance probabilities. Results of the study show that CCA can significantly improve the effectiveness of SOM classifications for the PUB problem.
Modelling the statistical dependence of rainfall event variables by a trivariate copula function
Authors: Balistrocchi M. , Bacchi B.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. In many hydrological models, such as those derived by analytical probabilistic methods, the precipitation stochastic process is represented by means of individual storm random variables which are supposed to be independent of each other. However, several proposals were advanced to develop joint probability distributions able to account for the observed statistical dependence. The traditional technique of the multivariate statistics is nevertheless affected by several drawbacks, whose most evident issue is the unavoidable subordination of the dependence structure assessment to the marginal distribution fitting. Conversely, the copula approach can overcome this limitation, by splitting the problem in two distinct items. Furthermore, goodness-of-fit tests were recently made available and a significant improvement in the function selection reliability has been achieved. Herein a trivariate probability distribution of the rainfall event volume, the wet weather duration and the interevent time is proposed and verified by test statistics with regard to three long time series recorded in different Italian climates. The function was developed by applying a mixing technique to bivariate copulas, which were formerly obtained by analyzing the random variables in pairs. A unique probabilistic model seems to be suitable for representing the dependence structure, despite the sensitivity shown by the dependence parameters towards the threshold utilized in the procedure for extracting the independent events. The joint probability function was finally developed by adopting a Weibull model for the marginal distributions.
Internal and external green-blue agricultural water footprints of nations, and related water and land savings through trade
Authors: Fader M. , Gerten D. , Thammer M. , Heinke J. , Lotze-Campen H. , Lucht W. , Cramer W.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The need to increase food production for a growing world population makes an assessment of global agricultural water productivities and virtual water flows important. Using the hydrology and agro-biosphere model LPJmL, we quantify at 0.5° resolution the blue (irrigation water) and green (precipitation water) virtual water content, i.e. the inverse of water productivity, for 11 of the world's major crop types. Based on these, we also quantify the water footprints (WFP) of all countries, for the period 1998-2002, distinguishing internal and external WFP (virtual water imported from other countries) and their blue and green components, respectively. Moreover, we calculate water savings and losses, and for the first time also land savings and losses, through international trade with these products. The consistent separation of blue and green water flows and footprints, which is needed due to the different sources and opportunity costs of these two water pools, shows that green water globally dominates both the internal and external WFP (84% of the global WFP and 94% of the external WFP rely on green water). Accordingly, some of the major exporters of the crops considered here (e.g. Argentina, Canada) export mainly green virtual water, but traditional rice exporters such as India and Pakistan mainly export blue virtual water. The external WFPs are found to be relatively small (6% of the total global blue WFP, 16% of the total global green WFP). Nevertheless, current trade saves significant water volumes and land areas (~263 km3 and ~41 Mha, respectively, equivalent to 5% of the sowing area of the crops considered here and 3.5% of the annual precipitation on this area). Linking the proportions of external to internal blue/green WFP with the per capita WFPs allows recognizing that only a few countries consume more water from abroad than from their own territory and have at the same time above average WFPs. Thus, countries with high levels of per capita water consumption affect mainly the water situation in their own country.
Comparison of a stepped‐frequency continuous wave and a pulsed GPR system
Authors: Leckebusch Jürg
Published: January 2011

A new stepped‐frequency continuous wave (SFCW) ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) system was tested. The GPR uses a special arrangement of different antenna sizes to cover a large frequency bandwidth and to have a very close spacing between the air‐coupled antennae, closer to the Nyquist sampling interval in a cross‐line direction than is normally possible during conventional field recording. The data processing is described but is more complicated than for a pulsed system and very time‐consuming. A new background removal in frequency domain has also been shown to be an alternative. Comparing data from this SFCW and a pulsed system reveals that there is no advantage using frequency domain technology with an air‐coupled antenna. The penetration depth is even significantly reduced, and hence the stepped‐frequency technology provides only reasonable data in about 20% of the cases where good data are recorded with a time domain system using a ground‐coupled antenna, as tested on a wide variety of sites and applications. This can be explained by the bad coupling to the ground and the strong first reflection of the air‐coupled antenna. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ripple effect of women's name changes in indexing, citation, and authority control
Authors: Pellack Lorraine J. , Kappmeyer Lori Osmus
Published: January 2011

This study investigated name changes of women authors to determine how they were represented in indexes and cited references and identify problem areas. A secondary purpose of the study was to investigate whether or not indexing services were using authority control and how this influenced the search results. The works of eight library science authors who had published under multiple names were examined. The researchers compared author names as they appeared on title pages of publications versus in four online databases and in bibliographies by checking 380 publications and 1,159 citations. Author names were correctly provided 81.22% of the time in indexing services and 90.94% in citation lists. The lowest accuracy (54.55%) occurred when limiting to publications found in Library Literature. The highest accuracy (94.18%) occurred with works published before a surname changed. Author names in indexes and citations correctly matched names on journal articles more often than for any other type of publication. Indexes and citation style manuals treated author names in multiple ways, often altering names substantially from how they appear on the title page. Recommendations are made for changes in editorial styles by indexing services and by the authors themselves to help alleviate future confusion in author name searching.
Histology predicts a favorable outcome in young children with desmoplastic medulloblastoma
Authors: Leary Sarah E.S. , Zhou Tianni , Holmes Emiko , Geyer J. Russel , Miller Douglas C.
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND:

Contemporary therapy for medulloblastoma results in adverse neurocognitive effects on young children, particularly those under the age of 3. Stratification of patients by risk group may allow toxic treatment to be avoided.

METHODS:

Seventy‐six patients diagnosed with medulloblastoma and enrolled on CCG‐9921 underwent central review of pathology, and histologic subtype was designated as desmoplastic or nondesmoplastic. Nonparametric event‐free survival (EFS) and survival (OS) curves were computed using the product limit (Kaplan‐Meier) estimates, and the log‐rank test was used to compare survival according to histologic subtype.

RESULTS:

Patients with desmoplastic medulloblastoma experienced a favorable EFS of 77% ± 9% and OS of 85% ± 8% compared with EFS of 17% ± 5% and OS of 29% ± 6% for patients with tumors in the nondesmoplastic group (P < .0001 for both EFS and OS comparisons). Patients without disease progression did not receive radiation therapy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Children less than 3 with desmoplastic histology of medulloblastoma represent a lower‐risk group for whom reduction of therapy, including elimination of radiation therapy, is an appropriate strategy. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Evx1 is required for joint formation in zebrafish fin dermoskeleton
Authors: Schulte Claus J. , Allen Claire , England Samantha J. , Juárez‐Morales José L. , Lewis Katharine E.
Published: January 2011

The transcription factor Evx1 is expressed in the joints between individual lepidotrichia (bony ray) segments and at the distal tips of the lepidotrichia in developing zebrafish fins. It is also expressed in the apical growth zone in regenerating fins. However, so far there is no functional evidence that addresses whether Evx1 is required for any aspect of fin development or regeneration. In this study, we use a novel mutation in evx1 to address this. We find that Evx1 is not required for either fin outgrowth or regeneration. All of the fins form normally in evx1 mutants, and there are no significant changes in fin length. In contrast, Evx1 is required for lepidotrichia joint formation during both fin development and regeneration. This is a very specific phenotype as both lepidotrichia hemisegment separations and lepidotrichia bifurcations still form normally in evx1 mutant fins, as do joints in the more proximal endoskeletal radials. Developmental Dynamics 240:1240–1248, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal operation of residential fuel cell system with rapidly fluctuating energy demand
Authors: Tanaka Yoichi , Fukushima Masao
Published: January 2011

Household cogeneration systems using proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC systems) have attracted attention due to their high energy efficiency. To bring out a PEMFC system's performance, it is crucial to use effectively both the electric power and hot water produced from a PEMFC system. Therefore, the optimal scheduling problem of a PEMFC system is very important. However, there are difficulties due to uncertainty of household energy demand. A difficulty to which little attention has been paid so far lies in the difference between the scheduled electric power output and the actual electric power output of a PEMFC system caused by rapid fluctuations in electric power demand. In this paper, we propose a new method of dealing with this problem. In our method, we treat the energy demand as a random variable and calculate its probability density at each time step. Then a constraint that takes account of the energy demand fluctuations is defined through the probability density and is incorporated into the original optimal scheduling problem of the PEMFC system. Using our method, we can deal with rapid energy demand fluctuations in settings of the scheduling problem with long time intervals. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(1): 8–17, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21064
A geometry‐based level set method for curvilinear overset grids with application to ship hydrodynamics
Authors: Huang Juntao , Carrica Pablo M. , Stern Frederick
Published: January 2011

In a previous work (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2007; 55:867–897), we presented a two‐phase level set method to simulate air/water turbulent flows using curvilinear body‐fitted grids for ship hydrodynamics problems. This two‐phase level set method explicitly enforces jump conditions across the interface, thus resulting in a fully coupled representation of the air/water flow. Though the method works well with multiblock curvilinear grids, severe robustness problems were found when attempting to use it with overset grids. The problem was tracked to small unphysical level set discontinuities across the overset grids with large differences in curvature. Though negligible for single‐phase approaches, the problem magnifies with large density differences between the phases, causing computation failures. In this paper, we present a geometry‐based level set method for curvilinear overset grids that overcomes these difficulties. The level set transport and reinitialization equations are not discretized along grid coordinates, but along the upwind streamline and level set gradient directions, respectively. The method is essentially an unstructured approach that is transparent to the differences between overset grids, but still the discretization is under the framework of a finite differences approach. As a result, significant improvements in robustness and to a less extent in accuracy are achieved for the level set function interpolation between overset grids, especially with big differences in grid curvature. Example tests are shown for the case of bow breaking waves around the surface combatant model David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) 5415 and for the steady‐state ONR Tumblehome DTMB 5613 with superstructure. In the first case, the results are compared against experimental data available and in the second against results of a semi‐coupled method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Y‐box protein‐1 is a transcriptional regulator of BMP7
Authors: Wang Shinong , Hirschberg Raimund
Published: January 2011

Bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP7) is an endogenous antifibrogenic protein in the kidney which is down regulated in experimental chronic kidney diseases such as obstructive and diabetic nephropathy in parallel with progressively increasing TGFβ. In vitro studies were performed in Madin‐Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK)‐cells to identify transcriptional regulators of BMP7. Experiments with various BMP7 promoter fragments (465–4,267 bp) identify small proximal promoter segments that are transcriptionally activated by high glucose (3.2‐fold) but down regulated by TGFβ (0.2‐fold) compared to normal glucose. Protein binding to these DNA segments is increased by high glucose and decreased by TGFβ in a time‐dependent, progressive manner. Analysis of BMP7 promoter‐binding proteins with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) identifies seven unique, partially overlapping peptides, spanning 25% of the amino acid sequence of Y‐box protein‐1 (YB1). EMSA–Western blot combination experiments confirm that YB1 is a BMP7 promoter‐binding protein. YB1 knock‐down reduces transcriptional responses to high glucose and TGFβ by about one‐half, respectively. In addition, high glucose induces but TGFβ reduces nuclear translocation of YB1 from the cytoplasm. These studies identify YB1 as a transcriptional activator of BMP7 and helps to explain the progressive decline in renal BMP7 in diabetic nephropathy and other kidney diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1130–1137, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New saturable‐core fault current limiter topology with reduced core size
Authors: Cvoric Dalibor , de Haan Sjoerd Walter Hero , Ferreira Jan Abraham
Published: January 2011

Fault current limiters (FCLs) are expected to play an important role in protection of future power grids. By inserting a limiting impedance in series with a line, they limit the increasing levels of the fault currents to acceptable values. Inductive FCLs based on core‐saturation effect are particularly interesting due to their inherent reaction on a fault. However, some challenges are to be solved: too large amount of required material and induced over‐voltage across the DC winding that is used to drive the core into saturation. This paper introduces a new configuration of the inductive FCLs, where the amount of the required material is reduced considerably and the induced over‐voltage across the DC winding is decreased. The amount of magnetic material is reduced by employment of one core per‐phase instead of two. The middle leg of the three‐leg core is used as a shunt path for the AC flux. It enables a gap insertion in the AC magnetic circuit without influencing the DC magnetic circuit, i.e. the amount of DC winding material. Thus, a smaller core (less magnetic material) can be used for the same power level. Results obtained from the lab prototype match very well the one from simulations. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Iterative decision‐directed estimation and compensation of nonlinear distortion effects for OFDM systems
Authors: Gacanin Haris , Adachi Fumiyuki
Published: January 2011

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted for several wireless network standards due to its robustness against multipath fading. Main drawback of OFDM is its high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) that causes a signal degradation in a peak‐limiting (e.g., clipping) channel leading to a higher bit error rate (BER). At the receiver end, the effect of peak limitation can be removed to some extent to improve the system performance. In this paper, a joint iterative channel estimation/equalization and clipping noise reduction technique based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion is presented. The equalization weight that minimizes the mean square error (MSE) between the signal after channel equalization and feedback signal after clipping noise reduction is derived assuming imperfect channel state information (CSI). The MSE performance of the proposed technique is theoretically evaluated. It is shown that the BER performance of OFDM with proposed technique can be significantly improved in a peak‐limited and doubly‐selective (i.e., time‐ and frequency‐selective) fading channel. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic fractional frequency reuse (D‐FFR) for multicell OFDMA networks using a graph framework
Authors: Chang Ronald Y. , Tao Zhifeng , Zhang Jinyun , Kuo C.‐C. Jay
Published: January 2011

A graph‐based framework is proposed in this paper to implement dynamic fractional frequency reuse (D‐FFR) in a multicell Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) network. FFR is a promising resource‐allocation technique that can effectively mitigate intercell interference (ICI) in OFDMA networks. The proposed D‐FFR scheme enhances the conventional FFR by enabling adaptive spectral sharing as per cell‐load conditions. Such adaptation has significant benefits in practical systems where traffic loads in different cells are usually unequal and time‐varying. The dynamic adaptation is accomplished via a graph framework in which the resource‐allocation problem is solved in two phases: (1) constructing an interference graph that matches the specific realization of FFR and the network topology and (2) coloring the graph by use of a heuristic algorithm. Various realizations of FFR can easily be incorporated in the framework by manipulating the first phase. The performance improvement enabled by the proposed D‐FFR scheme is demonstrated by computer simulation for a 19‐cell network with equal and unequal cell loads. In the unequal‐load scenario, the proposed D‐FFR scheme offers significant performance improvement in terms of cell throughput and service rate as compared to conventional FFR and previous interference management schemes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MVDR‐combining‐aided diversity and spatial multiplexing for MIMO multi‐cellular networks with cochannel interference
Authors: Wang Jui Teng
Published: January 2011

Two multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) schemes (a diversity scheme and a spatial multiplexing scheme) that employ the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) combining are proposed for multi‐cellular networks with cochannel interference. With the receive diversity provided by the MVDR combining, the proposed diversity scheme can be benefited by both the transmit diversity and the receive diversity, also, the proposed spatial multiplexing scheme can be benefited by both the receive diversity and the spatial multiplexing. The proposed MIMO schemes do not require the space‐time coding or the successive interference cancellation, thus they can result in less computational complexity than space‐time block code (STBC) and vertical‐Bell Labs layered space‐time (V‐BLAST). We show that the capacity of the proposed diversity scheme is close to or larger than that of STBC for the noise‐corrupted case and is much larger than that of STBC for the interference‐corrupted case. We also show that the capacity of the proposed spatial multiplexing scheme can be much larger than that of V‐BLAST for the interference‐corrupted case and the noise‐corrupted case, and the proposed spatial multiplexing scheme can achieve good compromise between diversity and spatial multiplexing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact regularity and the cohomology of tiling spaces
Authors: SADUN LORENZO
Published: January 2011

Exact regularity was introduced recently as a property of homological Pisot substitutions in one dimension. In this paper, we consider the analog of exact regularity for arbitrary tiling spaces. Let T be a d-dimensional repetitive tiling, and let Ω be its hull. If Ȟd(Ω,ℚ)=ℚk, then there exist k patches each of whose appearances governs the number of appearances of every other patch. This gives uniform estimates on the convergence of all patch frequencies to the ergodic limit. If the tiling T comes from a substitution, then we can quantify that convergence rate. If T is also one dimensional, we put constraints on the measure of any cylinder set in Ω.
Tutorial: Query Federation with SWObjects
Authors: Prud’hommeaux Eric , Deus Helena , Marshall M. Scott
Published: January 2011

Query federation is a way to make use of distributed data sources on the Web, including many SPARQL endpoints as well as relational databases. SWObjects makes use of mapping rules represented as SPARQL Constructs to dynamically rewrite the terms and predicates of a SPARQL query into corresponding terms in another vocabulary and connect the resulting query with the appropriate service for answering the query. SWObjects can also rewrite SPARQL queries in SQL, effectively including relational databases alongside SPARQL endpoints in a linked data federation. The author of SWObjects, Eric Prud'hommeaux, is the W3C staff contact for the W3C Health Care and Life Sciences Interest Group (HCLS IG) and will give the tutorial via a teleconference connection, with assistance from Helena Deus (University of Texas) and M. Scott Marshall (HCLS IG co-chair).
Mathematical Modeling of the Neuronal Processes in Sugar Addiction
Authors: Almeida Andre , Celaymanian Hamed , Seel Natalie , Zak Boris , Noori Hamid R.
Published: January 2011

It has already been demonstrated that the body responds to enhanced intake of sugar and is conducive to a natural form of addiction. There are substantial neurochemical changes in the brain (especially dopamine and acetylcholine systems) similar to other addictive drugs. A mathematical model comprised by a system of delayed leaky integrate-and-*re equations is established to simulate the eff*ects of sugar on a reward-circuitry. Simulations with Neuron suggest agreement with the neurobiological hypotheses of hyperactivity of neural systems due to binge sugar intake.
ArrayMining.net: a web-server for integrative microarray and gene set analysis
Authors: Glaab Enrico , Garibaldi Jonathan , Krasnogor Natalio
Published: January 2011

DNA microarray experiments provide a means to understand cancer and genetic diseases on a molecular level, improve diagnosis and identify new drug targets. However, choosing appropriate data processing methods and parameters is a difficult and time-consuming task, particularly for researchers without prior experience in this field.We present *ArrayMining.net*, a free web-service for automatic microarray analysis to address these issues. ArrayMining.net covers several major areas in statistical microarray analysis - Feature Selection, Clustering, Prediction, Gene Set and Network Analysis - providing access to several algorithms for each of these tasks based on a single, easy-to-use interface.
The true story behind the annotation of a pathway
Authors: Dall'Olio Giovanni Marco , Laayouni Hafid
Published: January 2011

On 2010 we worked on the annotation of the N-Glycosylation pathway in the Reactome database. During this process, we found some unclear points and errors in other databases, and we reported and helped fix them. After we finished, we realized that the work of reporting errors to a database is basically not acknowledged by the scientific community: this is unfortunate because if only this process would be a bit more recognized and transparent, we could have better data in the databases and a more active community. Moreover, the fact that many databases tend to keep error reporting private creates great issues to the reproducibility of a work.Another way to look at this talk is: if you dedicate 6 months of your PhD thesis to annotate carefully a set of genes, in this case a pathway I have been studying, how many errors do you expect to find in other databases, or what should you be careful at?
Auroral imaging from a spinning satellite
Authors: Mende Stephen B.
Published: January 2011

For optimizing in situ particle and field measurements, auroral research satellites are best operated in a spinning mode. Simultaneous imaging of the optical aurora from such satellites requires either a stable platform or the derotation of the camera itself. Either of these requirements is complex and expensive. Either of these solutions also suffers from the problem that image blur often occurs due to the misalignments between the actual and the nominal spin axes of the satellite. Here we propose a novel solution in which the camera(s) are mounted solidly on the spacecraft to observe parallel to the spin axis of the satellite while a despinning flat 45 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^\circ$\end{document}∘ mirror directs the field of view toward the spacecraft nadir. The resultant image will appear to rotate in the frame of reference of the detector in the camera. In our scheme the images are exposed rapidly and a derotation algorithm is applied to the coordinates of each pixel in real time before the images are co-added in memory. The derotation algorithm uses only look up tables and integer additions and can be executed rapidly in hardware so that the system can support relatively fast satellite spin cycles. The system was simulated including a 1.8 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^\circ$\end{document}∘ misalignment between the nominal satellite spin axis (parallel to the mirror rotation axis) and the actual spin axis. It was shown that the look up table based algorithm can despin the images and correct for the axes misalignment, allowing the observation of the aurora at full resolution and with continuous coverage.
Atomic scale evidence of the suppression of boron clustering in implanted silicon by carbon coimplantation
Authors: Philippe T. , Duguay S. , Mathiot D. , Blavette D.
Published: January 2011

The effect of carbon codoping on boron distribution in implanted silicon has been investigated at the atomic scale using atom probe tomography. Whereas small boron-enriched clusters a few nm in size, containing about 2.4 at. % of boron atoms, are clearly visible in carbon-free B-implanted silicon after annealing at 800 °C for 30 min, no boron clustering is evidenced if C is coimplanted in the sample. C coimplantation is known to reduce the electrical deactivation of boron, but, in addition, this suggests that C addition induces a larger fraction of mobile boron near the peak of the B profile.
Pd nanoparticles formation by femtosecond laser irradiation and the nonlinear optical properties at 532 nm using nanosecond laser pulses
Authors: Fan Guanghua , Qu Shiliang , Wang Qiang , Zhao Chongjun , Zhang Lei , Li Zhongguo
Published: January 2011

Pd nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by focused femtosecond laser irradiation of PdCl2 dissolved in ethanol. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that Pd NPs show certain crystalline microstructure, and the average diameter is 3.4 nm with narrow size distribution from 2.0 to 6.0 nm. The nonlinear optical absorption and refraction of Pd NPs solution were investigated with nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm. The nonlinear absorption of Pd NPs is saturable at low intensity of 3.28×1011 W/m2 but it is changed to reverse saturable with the intensity increased to 7.96×1011 W/m2, which accordingly indicates the nonlinear refraction is changed from self-defocusing to self-focusing. The transition of the nonlinear absorption with the increase in pulse intensity is analyzed by an empirical model which includes mostly saturable absorption (SA) and two-photon absorption (TPA). The intensity of saturable Is is obtained, along with TPA coefficient β. SA and TPA are both originated from the interband transition between the d band and s-p conduction band. The SA possess less occupied density of states in the ground state and less unoccupied density of states in the excited state than that of TPA, so the TPA dominates the nonlinear absorption when the pulse intensity is high, leading to as-observed transition from SA to TPA. The refraction variation with increase in pulse intensity is attributed to the interband transition of electrons from d band to s-p conduction band in the Pd NPs.
Effect of intensity and duration of conditioning protocol on post‐activation potentiation and changes in H‐reflex
Authors: Iglesias‐Soler Eliseo , Paredes Xavier , Carballeira Eduardo , Márquez Gonzalo , Fernández‐Del‐Olmo Miguel
Published: January 2011

The force enhancement of muscle twitch contraction after a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) has been defined as post‐activation potentiation. However, the effects of post‐activation potentiation on ballistic movements have not been studied extensively, or the underlying neurophysiologycal mechanism. In the current study, we examined post‐activation potentiation and spinal H‐reflex excitability in the soleus muscle. Mechanical power during explosive ballistic plantar flexions was measured in 14 males before and after 5 s, 4 min, and 10 min of isometric conditioning (EPFpre, EPF5s, EPF4min, EPF10min, respectively). Four sessions corresponding to four different protocols of isometric conditioning were conducted. The protocols were different in the intensity (10% vs. 100% of MVC) and duration (7 vs. 10 s) of the isometric conditioning. The results showed a significant enhancement in mechanical power in EPF4min compared with EPFpre, only when the isometric conditioning was performed at 100% of MVC for 10 s. No significant changes were observed in the H‐related parameters (e.g amplitude, threshold, H/M ratio) after the isometric conditioning. Our results show that to obtain a post‐activation potentiation during explosive ballistic movements, the intensity and duration of the isometric conditioning must be controlled. Moreover, the improvement in mechanical power is not related to spinal H‐reflex excitability.
An analysis of competition in young tennis players
Authors: Torres‐Luque Gema , Cabello‐Manrique David , Hernández‐García Raquel , Garatachea Nuria
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to analyse the temporal structure of individual tennis play on hard courts in adolescence. Thirty‐two national‐level tennis players (16 females, 16 males) participated in the study (age 15.6±0.9 years, weight 61.7±1.4 kg, height 1.70±0.14 m). All participants played an official competition on hard courts and with the same type of balls. Games were recorded for later analysis of total play time, real play time, and resting time, both in absolute values and as a percentage of total time. The average duration of a point and the number of strokes per rally were also determined. Results showed no differences based on gender, with a total play time of 105.00±20.00 min, real play time of 31.50±5.83 min, and resting time of 73.5±8.50 min. The ratio of work to resting time was 1:2.7, the number of strokes per rally was 5.12±0.17, and a point lasted an average of 9.08±0.60 s. Our results show the importance of keeping in mind the technical evolution of players at this age, with the goal of reaching maximum athletic performance. The adolescent players showed approximately the same number of strokes per rally, but with a greater average duration compared with adult elite athletes.
Post-phloem transport: principles and problems
Authors: Fisher Donald B. , Oparka Karl J.
Published: January 2011

The movement of assimilates from the sieve element/companion cell complex to sites of utilization has been examined in an extensive array of sinks possessing diverse anatomies. This work has been reviewed with respect to the pathways taken, the conductances and driving forces for movement along the pathways, and interaction between the apoplast and symplast. Most investigations to date have been concerned primarily with determining the pathway of assimilate movement. A symplastic pathway is followed in the great majority of cases studied. However, available methods are less suited for demonstrating apoplastic transport in those instances where it occurs. Far less information is available on quantitative aspects of post-phloem transport. Only a very limited number of observations are available on the diffusive or hydraulic conductances of the apoplast or symplast. In some cases, symplastic conductance appears to be enhanced by a larger-than-usual size exclusion limit for cell-to-cell transport. Measurements of the driving forces for post-phloem transport (i.e. gradients in concentration and/or pressure) are also very few in number nor, to date, are they always readily interpretable. Evaluation of solute movement is complicated by interactions between the apoplastic and symplastic pathways, including water relations effects and solute exchange. The presence of apoplastic domains or, simply, high resistance to movement in the apoplast, can lead to steep water relations gradients within sinks, with important implications for transport. To understand how import into sinks is controlled, many more quantitative measurements are needed. This will require considerable experimental ingenuity.
Trichothecene Profiling and Population Genetic Analysis of Gibberella zeae from Barley in North Dakota and Minnesota
Authors: Burlakoti Rishi R. , Neate Stephen M. , Adhikari Tika B. , Gyawali Sanjaya , Salas Bacilio , Steffenson Brian J. , Schwarz Paul B.
Published: January 2011

Gibberella zeae, the principal cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of barley, contaminates grains with several mycotoxins, which creates a serious problem for the malting barley industry in the United States, China, and Europe. However, limited studies have been conducted on the trichothecene profiles and population genetic structure of G. zeae isolates collected from barley in the United States. Trichothecene biosynthesis gene (TRI)-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and 10 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers were used to determine the genetic diversity and compare the trichothecene profiles of an older population (n = 115 isolates) of G. zeae collected in 1997 to 2000 with a newer population (n = 147 isolates) collected in 2008. Samples were from across the major barley-growing regions in North Dakota and Minnesota. The results of TRI-based PCR assays were further validated using a subset of 32 and 28 isolates of G. zeae by sequence analysis and gas chromatography, respectively. TRI-based PCR assays revealed that all the G. zeae isolates in both populations had markers for deoxynivalenol (DON), and the frequencies of isolates with a 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) marker in the newer population were ≈11-fold higher than those among isolates in the older population. G. zeae populations from barley in the Midwest of the United States showed no spatial structure, and all the isolates were solidly in clade 7 of G. zeae, which is quite different from other barley-growing areas of world, where multiple species of G. zeae are commonly found in close proximity and display spatial structure. VNTR analysis showed high gene diversity (H = 0.82 to 0.83) and genotypic diversity but low linkage disequilibrium (LD = 0.02 to 0.07) in both populations. Low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.013) and high gene flow (Nm = 36.84) was observed between the two populations and among subpopulations within the same population (Nm = 12.77 to 29.97), suggesting that temporal and spatial variations had little influence on population differentiation in the Upper Midwest. Similarly, low FST (0.02) was observed between 3-ADON and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol populations, indicating minor influence of the chemotype of G. zeae isolates on population subdivision, although there was a rapid increase in the frequencies of isolates with the 3-ADON marker in the Upper Midwest between the older collection made in 1997 to 2000 and the newer collection made in 2008. This study provides information to barley-breeding programs for their selection of isolates of G. zeae for evaluating barley genotypes for resistance to FHB and DON accumulation.
BIGAMY AND THE THIRD MARRIAGE
Authors: Williams Glanville L.
Published: January 2011

There was an old party of Lyme Who married three wives at one time. When asked: ‘Why the third?’ He replied: ‘One's absurd, And bigamy, sir, is a crime.’
The Master's Indemnity–‐Variations On A Theme
Authors: Jolowicz J. A.
Published: January 2011

Although the defendants in Harvey v. O'Dell, Ltd. (Galway Third Party),1 contended, with “an elaborate citation of authorities,” that they were not liable to the plaintiff, and McNair J. spent some time on this part of the case, it is in the third party proceedings brought by the defendants that the main interest lies, and it is only with those proceedings that the present note is concerned.
Reviews
Authors: Campbell A. H. , Harvey C. P. , Heuston R. F. V. , Brown L. Neville , Sheridan L. A. , Mann F. A. , Hammelmann H. A. , McClean David , Gray Hamish R. , Jackson Paul , Green L. C. , Pennington Robert R. , Walton Raymond , Boyle A. J. , Giles O. C.
Published: January 2011

The Morality of Law. By Lon L. Fuller.

The Future of the Law. By D. C. M. Yardley.

A History of English Law. Vol. XIV. By Sir William Holdsworth.

A Source Book of Family Law. By P. R. H. Webb and H. K. Bevan.

The Constructive Trust. By D. W. M. Waters.

The Eichmann Trial. By Peter Papadatos.

Civil Liberties in Canada. By D. A. Schmeiser.

The State of Crime in Scotland. By J. V. M. Shields and Judith A. Duncan.

Jurisprudence. By R. W. M. Dias. (Second edition of Dias and Hughes on Jurisprudence).

A Bibliography of Jurisprudence. By R. W. M. Dias. (A companion to Jurisprudence).

Power Politics: A Study of World Society. By Georg Schwarzenberger.

Disarmament. Edited by Lyman M. Tondel, Jr. Fourth Hammar‐skjöld Forum.

The Financing of Small Business. By James Bates.

Tax Planning and The Family Company with Precedents. By D. R. Stanford. Second edition.

The Law of Clubs. By J. F. Josling and Lionel Alexander.

Temperley's Merchant Shipping Acts. Sixth edition. By Waldo Porges, q.c. and Michael Thomas.

Das Deutsche Seerecht. First edited by Georg Schaps and Others.
DAMAGES FOR LOST AMENITIES: FOR A FOOT, A FEELING OR A FUNCTION?
Authors: Ogus A. I.
Published: January 2011

“The rational principles upon which damages … are to be assessed … tend … to be obscured by familiar phrases which lawyers use but seldom pause to analyse.” (Diplock L.J. in Wise v. Kay).
Herbert, Hercules and the Plural Society: A “Knot” in the Social Bond
Authors: Weaver Max
Published: January 2011

“They are playing a game. They are playing at not playing a game. If I show them I see they are, I shall break the rules and they will punish me. I must play their game, of not seeing I see the game.”
REVIEWS
Authors: Loughlin Martin , Weiss Friedl , Rosen Frederick , Cain Maureen , Williams J. E. Hall
Published: January 2011

Beyond Complacency; Administrative Law (Fifth Edition). By H. W. R. Wade.

Principles of Public International Law. Third Edition. By Ian Brownlie.

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Jeremy Bentham. Edited by J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart.

Courts, Prosecution, and Conviction. By M. McConville and J. Baldwin.

Making Good: Prisons, Punishment and Beyond. By Martin Wright.
UNGER'S CRITIQUE OF FORMALISM IN LEGAL REASONING: HERO, HERCULES, AND HUMDRUM
Authors: Harris J. W.
Published: January 2011

“Doctrine can exist—the formalist says or assumes—because of a contrast between the more determinate rationality of legal analysis and the less determinate rationality of ideological contests.

This thesis can be restated as the belief that law making and law application differ fundamentally, as long as legislation is seen to be guided only by the looser rationality of ideological conflict…

The modern lawyer may wish to keep his formalism while avoiding objectivist assumptions. He may feel happy to switch from talk about interest group politics in a legislative setting to invocations of impersonal purpose, policy, and principle in an adjudicative or professional one. He is plainly mistaken; formalism presupposes at least a qualified objectivism.”
Natural Law Now
Authors: Lucy William
Published: January 2011

Robert P. George (ed), Natural Law Theory: Contemporary Essays
Freedom as a Fact
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos
Published: January 2011

Orlando Patterson, Freedom, Volume One: Freedom in the Making of Western Culture
In Search of a European Identity
Authors: Ward Ian
Published: January 2011

Jacques Derridu, The Other Heading: Reflections on Today's Europe, translated by P‐A Brault and M. Naas
Teleological Interpretation and Land Law
Authors: Attew Mark
Published: January 2011

It may also be presumed that contracts for the sale or other disposition of an interest in land (including leases) fall outside [the] provisions of [the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive] (Chitty on Contracts, 27th ed, 1994, vol 1, at 14–091).
Decision‐Making for Life Apart
Authors: Roberts Simon
Published: January 2011

… he (the layman) can understand the basic character of the English way of legal thinking, he can identify himself with it and, above all, can make his peace with it by retaining once and for all a solicitor as his legal father confessor for all contingencies of life (Max Weber, Economy and Society, 19221).

The tendency in England and Wales is to use a solicitor's office as the automatic first port of call without first becoming aware of the range of services and the range of options which are available to separating and divorcing couples (Looking to the Future, 1995, para 7.3).