bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clustering of Unhealthy Behaviors: Protocol for a Multiple Behavior Analysis of Data From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (Preprint)
Authors: van Allen Zack , Bacon Simon L , Bernard Paquito , Brown Heather , Desroches Sophie , Kastner Monika , Lavoie Kim , Marques Marta , McCleary Nicola , Straus Sharon , Taljaard Monica , Thavorn Kednapa , Tomasone Jennifer R , Presseau Justin
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Health behaviors such as physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, smoking tobacco, and alcohol use are leading risk factors for noncommunicable chronic diseases and play a central role in limiting health and life satisfaction. To date, however, health behaviors tend to be considered separately from one another, resulting in guidelines and interventions for healthy aging siloed by specific behaviors and often focused only on a given health behavior without considering the co-occurrence of family, social, work, and other behaviors of everyday life.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to understand how behaviors cluster and how such clusters are associated with physical and mental health, life satisfaction, and health care utilization may provide opportunities to leverage this co-occurrence to develop and evaluate interventions to promote multiple health behavior changes.

METHODS

Using cross-sectional baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, we will perform a predefined set of exploratory and hypothesis-generating analyses to examine the co-occurrence of health and everyday life behaviors. We will use agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis to cluster individuals based on their behavioral tendencies. Multinomial logistic regression will then be used to model the relationships between clusters and demographic indicators, health care utilization, and general health and life satisfaction, and assess whether sex and age moderate these relationships. In addition, we will conduct network community detection analysis using the clique percolation algorithm to detect overlapping communities of behaviors based on the strength of relationships between variables.

RESULTS

Baseline data for the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging were collected from 51,338 participants aged between 45 and 85 years. Data were collected between 2010 and 2015. Secondary data analysis for this project was approved by the Ottawa Health Science Network Research Ethics Board (protocol ID #20190506-01H).

CONCLUSIONS

This study will help to inform the development of interventions tailored to subpopulations of adults (eg, physically inactive smokers) defined by the multiple behaviors that describe their everyday life experiences.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

DERR1-10.2196/24887
Preferences for mHealth Technology and Text Messaging Communication in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Qualitative Interview Study (Preprint)
Authors: Lauffenburger Julie C , Barlev Renee A , Sears Ellen S , Keller Punam A , McDonnell Marie E , Yom-Tov Elad , Fontanet Constance P , Hanken Kaitlin , Haff Nancy , Choudhry Niteesh K
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Individuals with diabetes need regular support to help them manage their diabetes on their own, ideally delivered via mechanisms that they already use, such as their mobile phones. One reason for the modest effectiveness of prior technology-based interventions may be that the patient perspective has been insufficiently incorporated.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to understand patients’ preferences for mobile health (mHealth) technology and how that technology can be integrated into patients’ routines, especially with regard to medication use.

METHODS

We conducted semistructured qualitative individual interviews with patients with type 2 diabetes from an urban health care system to elicit and explore their perspectives on diabetes medication–taking behaviors, daily patterns of using mobile technology, use of mHealth technology for diabetes care, acceptability of text messages to support medication adherence, and preferred framing of information within text messages to support diabetes care. The interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed using codes developed by the study team to generate themes, with representative quotations selected as illustrations.

RESULTS

We conducted interviews with 20 participants, of whom 12 (60%) were female and 9 (45%) were White; in addition, the participants’ mean glycated hemoglobin A1c control was 7.8 (SD 1.1). Overall, 5 key themes were identified: patients try to incorporate cues into their routines to help them with consistent medication taking; many patients leverage some form of technology as a cue to support adherence to medication taking and diabetes self-management behaviors; patients value simplicity and integration of technology solutions used for diabetes care, managing medications, and communicating with health care providers; some patients express reluctance to rely on mobile technology for these diabetes care behaviors; and patients believe they prefer positively framed communication, but communication preferences are highly individualized.

CONCLUSIONS

The participants expressed some hesitation about using mobile technology in supporting diabetes self-management but have largely incorporated it or are open to incorporating it as a cue to make medication taking more automatic and less burdensome. When using technology to support diabetes self-management, participants exhibited individualized preferences, but overall, they preferred simple and positively framed communication. mHealth interventions may be improved by focusing on integrating them easily into daily routines and increasing the customization of content.
Health Information Seeking Behaviors on Social Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among American Social Networking Site Users: Survey Study (Preprint)
Authors: Neely Stephen , Eldredge Christina , Sanders Ron
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

In recent years, medical journals have emphasized the increasingly critical role that social media plays in the dissemination of public health information and disease prevention guidelines. However, platforms such as Facebook and Twitter continue to pose unique challenges for clinical health care providers and public health officials alike. In order to effectively communicate during public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is increasingly critical for health care providers and public health officials to understand how patients gather health-related information on the internet and adjudicate the merits of such information.

OBJECTIVE

With that goal in mind, we conducted a survey of 1003 US-based adults to better understand how health consumers have used social media to learn and stay informed about the COVID-19 pandemic, the extent to which they have relied on credible scientific information sources, and how they have gone about fact-checking pandemic-related information.

METHODS

A web-based survey was conducted with a sample that was purchased through an industry-leading market research provider. The results were reported with a 95% confidence level and a margin of error of 3. Participants included 1003 US-based adults (aged ≥18 years). Participants were selected via a stratified quota sampling approach to ensure that the sample was representative of the US population. Balanced quotas were determined (by region of the country) for gender, age, race, and ethnicity.

RESULTS

The results showed a heavy reliance on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic; more than three-quarters of respondents (762/1003, 76%) reported that they have relied on social media at least “a little,” and 59.2% (594/1003) of respondents indicated that they read information about COVID-19 on social media at least once per week. According to the findings, most social media users (638/1003, 63.6%) were unlikely to fact-check what they see on the internet with a health professional, despite the high levels of mistrust in the accuracy of COVID-19–related information on social media. We also found a greater likelihood of undergoing vaccination among those following more credible scientific sources on social media during the pandemic (χ216=50.790; φ=0.258; P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that health professionals will need to be both strategic and proactive when engaging with health consumers on social media if they hope to counteract the deleterious effects of misinformation and disinformation. Effective training, institutional support, and proactive collaboration can help health professionals adapt to the evolving patterns of health information seeking.
Harnessing Natural Language Processing to Support Decisions Around Workplace-Based Assessment: Machine Learning Study of Competency-Based Medical Education (Preprint)
Authors: Yilmaz Yusuf , Jurado Nunez Alma , Ariaeinejad Ali , Lee Mark , Sherbino Jonathan , Chan Teresa M
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Residents receive a numeric performance rating (eg, 1-7 scoring scale) along with a narrative (ie, qualitative) feedback based on their performance in each workplace-based assessment (WBA). Aggregated qualitative data from WBA can be overwhelming to process and fairly adjudicate as part of a global decision about learner competence. Current approaches with qualitative data require a human rater to maintain attention and appropriately weigh various data inputs within the constraints of working memory before rendering a global judgment of performance.

OBJECTIVE

This study explores natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) applications for identifying trainees at risk using a large WBA narrative comment data set associated with numerical ratings.

METHODS

NLP was performed retrospectively on a complete data set of narrative comments (ie, text-based feedback to residents based on their performance on a task) derived from WBAs completed by faculty members from multiple hospitals associated with a single, large, residency program at McMaster University, Canada. Narrative comments were vectorized to quantitative ratings using the bag-of-n-grams technique with 3 input types: unigram, bigrams, and trigrams. Supervised ML models using linear regression were trained with the quantitative ratings, performed binary classification, and output a prediction of whether a resident fell into the category of at risk or not at risk. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy metrics are reported.

RESULTS

The database comprised 7199 unique direct observation assessments, containing both narrative comments and a rating between 3 and 7 in imbalanced distribution (scores 3-5: 726 ratings; and scores 6-7: 4871 ratings). A total of 141 unique raters from 5 different hospitals and 45 unique residents participated over the course of 5 academic years. When comparing the 3 different input types for diagnosing if a trainee would be rated low (ie, 1-5) or high (ie, 6 or 7), our accuracy for trigrams was 87%, bigrams 86%, and unigrams 82%. We also found that all 3 input types had better prediction accuracy when using a bimodal cut (eg, lower or higher) compared with predicting performance along the full 7-point rating scale (50%-52%).

CONCLUSIONS

The ML models can accurately identify underperforming residents via narrative comments provided for WBAs. The words generated in WBAs can be a worthy data set to augment human decisions for educators tasked with processing large volumes of narrative assessments.
Effects of Virtual Reality Training on Upper Limb Function and Balance in Stroke Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Meta-Analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Wu Jinlong , Zeng Aihua , Chen Ziyan , Wei Ye , Huang Kunlun , Chen Jiafeng , Ren Zhanbing
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Virtual reality (VR) training is a promising intervention strategy that has been utilized in health care fields like stroke rehabilitation and psychotherapy. Current studies suggest that VR training is effective in improving the locomotor ability of stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE

This is the first meta-meta-analysis of the effects of VR on motor function in stroke patients. This study aimed to systematically summarize and quantify the present meta-analyses results of VR training and produce high-quality meta-meta-analysis results to obtain a more accurate prediction.

METHODS

We searched 4 online databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) for meta-analysis studies. After accounting for overlap, 10 studies (accounting for almost 550 stroke patients) were obtained. Based on the meta-meta-analysis of these patients, this study quantified the impact of VR training on stroke patients’ motor performance, mainly including upper limb function, balance, and walking ability. We combined the effects under the random effect model and pooled the estimates as standardized mean differences (SMD).

RESULTS

The results of the meta-meta-analysis showed that VR training effectively improves upper limb function (SMD 4.606, 95% CI 2.733-6.479, P<.05) and balance (SMD 2.101, 95% CI 0.202-4.000, P<.05) of stroke patients. However, the results showed considerable heterogeneity and thus, may need to be treated with caution. Due to the limited research, a meta-meta-analysis of walking ability was not performed.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings represent a comprehensive body of high-quality evidence that VR training is more effective at improving upper limb function and balance of stroke patients.
Russian-Language Mobile Apps for Reducing Alcohol Use: Systematic Search and Evaluation (Preprint)
Authors: Bunova Anna , Wiemker Veronika , Gornyi Boris , Ferreira-Borges Carina , Neufeld Maria
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Personalized prevention tools such as mobile apps designed to reduce alcohol consumption are widespread in mobile app stores accessible in Russia. However, the quality and content of these mobile apps have not been systematically evaluated.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify Russian-language mobile apps for reducing alcohol use and to evaluate their quality and potential to change alcohol-related health behavior. It further aimed to identify apps that could facilitate screening and brief interventions in primary health care in Russia.

METHODS

A systematic search for mobile apps available in Russia was carried out between April 1 and 15, 2020, December 1 and 15, 2020, and in March 2021 in the iPhone App Store, Google Play Store, and the 4PDA forum. App quality was assessed using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS), and structured searches in electronic libraries and bibliographic databases were used to evaluate the apps’ evidence base. The number of features facilitating changes in lifestyle behavior was assessed using the App Behavior Change Scale (ABACUS).

RESULTS

We identified 63 mobile apps for reducing alcohol use. The mean MARS quality ratings were high for the subscales of functionality (3.92 out of 5, SD 0.58) and aesthetics (2.96, SD 0.76) and low for engagement (2.42, SD 0.76) and information (1.65, SD 0.60). Additional searches in electronic libraries and bibliographic databases (eLibrary, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar) yielded no studies involving the identified apps. ABACUS scores ranged from 1 to 15 out of 25, with a mean of 5 (SD 3.24). Two of the identified apps might be useful for screening and brief interventions in Russian primary health care after improvements in content and scientific testing.

CONCLUSIONS

Russian-language mobile apps for reducing alcohol use are accessible in the app stores. Many of them are aesthetically pleasing, functional, and easy to use. However, information about their scientific trialing or testing is lacking. Most apps contain a low number of features that facilitate changes in lifestyle behavior. Further research should examine the context of Russian-language mobile apps for reducing alcohol use. Our findings underline the need to develop evidence-based apps to mitigate alcohol consumption in Russia and elsewhere.

CLINICALTRIAL

PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020167458; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=167458
The Effects of Intravenous Iron Infusion on Preoperative Hemoglobin Concentration in Iron Deficiency Anemia: Retrospective Observational Study (Preprint)
Authors: Nicholls Guy , Mehta Rajan , McVeagh Karen , Egan Matthew
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

An iron infusion pathway using Ferrinject (ferric carboxymaltose) was implemented at Southend University Hospital for preoperative surgical patients with iron deficiency anemia undergoing major surgery. This was based on a treatment algorithm proposed by Munting and colleagues according to the international consensus statement on perioperative management of anemia and the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines. These guidelines state that intravenous iron is indicated when oral iron is poorly tolerated or ineffective, there is insufficient time to surgery, or due to a functional iron deficiency.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to evaluate the change in adult hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (g/L) after Ferrinject infusion at the time of surgery.

METHODS

Data were retrospectively collected on all surgical patients that received an iron infusion preoperatively for iron deficiency anemia from July 2019 to April 2020. Nonsurgical, obstetric, and pediatric patients, and those without a postinfusion Hb level measurement were excluded. Data collected included the Hb, ferritin, and transferrin levels pre and postinfusion; correct dose of intravenous iron received; and any adverse reactions noted.

RESULTS

Thirty-two surgical patients with iron deficiency anemia received intravenous iron between July 2019 and April 2020 prior to surgery. The average pre and post iron infusion Hb concentration across the cohort was 97 g/L and 114 g/L, respectively (18% increase; P=.001). Two (6%) patients had a posttransfusion Hb level ≥130 g/L prior to surgery after infusion. Nine patients had both a pre and postinfusion ferritin level recorded, which showed an increase from 12 ng/mL preinfusion to 94 ng/mL postinfusion (P=.02). Twenty-three (72%) patients did not receive the full dose of intravenous iron based on their Hb level and weight. Twenty-four (75%) patients received an iron infusion >2 weeks prior to surgery and the other 8 (25%) patients received the infusion <2 weeks before their surgery. There was an average increase in Hb of 22% (21 g/L, 95% CI 13-28) and 5% (5 g/L, 95% CI 1-10), respectively, across the two groups (P=.03). There were no documented adverse reactions to intravenous iron.

CONCLUSIONS

Intravenous iron is an effective intervention to improve the Hb concentration in patients with iron deficiency anemia despite the majority of patients not receiving the full dose based on their baseline Hb level and weight. Increasing the interval time between infusion and surgery was associated with a greater increase in Hb, with only a minimal increase observed if given less than 2 weeks prior to surgery.
Why Is the GFR So High?: Implications for the Treatment of Kidney Failure
Authors: Meyer Timothy W. , Hostetter Thomas H.
Published: June 2021

The high GFR in vertebrates obligates large energy expenditure. Homer Smith’s teleologic argument that this high GFR was needed to excrete water as vertebrates evolved in dilute seas is outdated. The GFR is proportional to the metabolic rate among vertebrate species and higher in warm-blooded mammals and birds than in cold-blooded fish, amphibians, and reptiles. The kidney clearance of some solutes is raised above the GFR by tubular secretion, and we presume secretion evolved to eliminate particularly toxic compounds. In this regard, high GFRs may provide a fluid stream into which toxic solutes can be readily secreted. Alternatively, the high GFR may be required to clear solutes that are too large or too varied to be secreted, especially bioactive small proteins and peptides. These considerations have potentially important implications for the understanding and treatment of kidney failure.
Severe Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality in Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates
Authors: Hingorani Sangeeta , Schmicker Robert H. , Brophy Patrick D. , Heagerty Patrick J. , Juul Sandra E. , Goldstein Stuart L. , Askenazi David ,   on behalf of PENUT Investigators
Published: June 2021

Background and objectives

AKI is associated with poor short- and long-term outcomes. Questions remain about the frequency and timing of AKI, and whether AKI is a cause of death in extremely low gestational age neonates.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

The Recombinant Erythropoietin for Protection of Infant Kidney Disease Study examines the kidney outcomes of extremely low gestational age neonates enrolled in the Preterm Epo Neuroprotection study, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human erythropoietin. We included 900 of 941 patients enrolled in Preterm Epo Neuroprotection. Baseline characteristics were compared by primary exposure (severe AKI versus none/stage 1 AKI) using unadjusted logistic regression models. Cox regression models estimated the relationship between severe AKI and death after adjustment for potential confounders. Time-dependent AKI was modeled as a binary outcome and a categorical variable by stage of AKI. We fit Cox models using time-dependent AKI status lagged by <7 days before death. Landmark analyses examined the relationship of death with development of severe AKI.

Results

Severe AKI occurred in 168 of 900 (19%, 95% confidence interval, 17% to 20%) neonates, and stage 3 AKI occurred in 60 (7%, 95% confidence interval, 5% to 8%). Stage 3 AKI occurring 7 days before death (hazard ratio, 3.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.26 to 11.96), intraventricular hemorrhage (hazard ratio, 2.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 3.99) and sepsis (hazard ratio, 2.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 7.22) were all independently associated with death. Severe AKI occurring 7 days before death (hazard ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.92 to 5.26) was associated with death but not statistically significant. In a landmark analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders, late (after day 14 and before day 28) severe AKI was strongly associated with higher hazard of death (hazard ratio, 4.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.82 to 11.5).

Conclusions

Severe AKI occurs frequently in extremely low gestational age neonates. Stage 3 AKI is associated with mortality, and this association is present 7 days before death.
Reliability and Validity of the Patient Activation Measure in Kidney Disease: Results of Rasch Analysis
Authors: Lightfoot Courtney J. , Wilkinson Thomas J. , Memory Katherine E. , Palmer Jared , Smith Alice C.
Published: June 2021

Background and objectives

Despite the increasing prioritization of the promotion of patient activation in nephrology, its applicability to people with CKD is not well established. Before the Patient Activation Measure is universally adopted for use in CKD, it is important to critically evaluate this measure. The aim of this study was to describe the psychometric properties of the Patient Activation Measure in CKD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

A survey containing the 13-item Patient Activation Measure was completed by 942 patients with CKD, not treated with dialysis. Data quality was assessed by mean, item response, missing values, floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha and average interitem correlation), and item-rest correlations. Rasch modeling was used to assess item performance and scaling (item statistics, person and item reliability, rating scale diagnostics, factorial test of residuals, and differential item functioning).

Results

The item response was high, with a small number of missing values (<1%). Floor effect was small (range 1%–5%), but the ceiling effect was above 15% for nine items (range 15%–38%). The Patient Activation Measure demonstrated good internal consistency overall (Cronbach α=0.925, and average interitem correlation 0.502). The difficulty of the Patient Activation Measure items ranged from −0.90 to 0.86. Differential item functioning was found for disease type (item 3) and age (item 12). The person separation index was 9.48 and item separation index was 3.21.

Conclusions

The 13-item Patient Activation Measure appears to be a suitably reliable and valid instrument for assessing patient activation in CKD. In the absence of a kidney-specific instrument, our results support the 13-item Patient Activation Measure as a promising measure to assess activation in those with CKD, although consideration for several items is warranted. The high ceiling effect may be a problem when using the 13-item Patient Activation Measure to measure changes over time.
Patterns and association of vaccination among adults with a history of cancer in the USA: a population-based study
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Omar
Published: June 2021

Aim:
To assess the association of vaccination status among adults with history of cancer in a population-based cohort in the USA.
Materials & methods:
National Health Interview Survey datasets (2008–2018) have been accessed and information about the patterns and associations of the following vaccinations were collected (influenza vaccination, pneumococcal vaccination, hepatitis B vaccination, hepatitis A vaccination and shingles vaccination). Association of different sociodemographic variables with each of the above types of vaccination was studied through multivariable logistic regression analysis.
Results:
Private health insurance (vs no private insurance) was associated with higher percentages of recommended vaccination (influenza vaccination: 65 vs 59.7%; pneumococcal vaccination: 74.9 vs 68.8%; hepatitis B vaccination: 22.9 vs 19.3%; hepatitis A vaccination: 10.1 vs 8.6%; shingles vaccination: 33.8 vs 26.7%; p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Within multivariable logistic regression analyses, African American race, lower education and lower income were associated with less probability of adherence to recommended vaccination (for influenza vaccination; odds ratio (OR) for black race vs white race: 0.785; 95% CI: 0.717–0.859; OR for ≤high school vs >high school education: 0.763; 95% CI: 0.723–0.805; OR for income ≤US$45,000 vs >US$45,000: 0.701; 95% CI: 0.643–0.764).
Conclusion:
There is evidence of socio-economic disparities in adherence to recommended vaccination among this cohort of cancer survivors in the USA. More efforts need to be done to ensure that recommended vaccination is being delivered to all cancer survivors in need (including enhancing coverage and awareness to under-represented groups of the society).
ВЛИЯНИЕ МОЛНИЙ НА РАБОТУ КОГЕРЕНТНЫХ ВОЛС
Authors: Акопов С. , Конышев В. , Наний О. , Трещиков В. , Убайдуллаев Р. , Фролов И.
Published: June 2021

Когерентные системы связи совершили революционный рывок в развитии волоконно-оптических DWDM-сетей связи, многократно увеличив пропускную способность сетей и дальность безрегенерационной передачи. Однако оказалось, что удары молний, вызывающие быстрое вращение состояния поляризации световой волны, переносящей информационный сигнал, могут приводить к прерыванию работы когерентных ВОЛС на основе оптических кабелей, расположенных в грозотросе. Для устранения прерывания в работе когерентных систем связи из-за ударов молнии возможны два пути: разработка более скоростных цифровых систем обработки информации для когерентных приемников и разработка новых типов кабеля, наведенное магнитное поле в которых значительно меньше, чем в использующихся сегодня конструкциях кабелей.
CABEX В ЭКСПОЦЕНТРЕ
Authors: Попов С. , Набоких Л.
Published: June 2021

С 16 по 18 марта в ЦВК "Экспоцентр" прошло самое крупное в России и СНГ кабельное событие − 19-я Международная выставка кабельно-проводниковой продукции Cabex. Ее участникам и гостям пришлось ждать встречи два года: предыдущая выставка состоялась в марте 2019 года. Cabex 2021 показала, что формат офлайн все еще интересен и экспонентам, и посетителям.
Model of mid-and low-latitude F region ionosphere and protonosphere
Authors: Tan A. , Wu S.T.
Published: June 2021

En este trabajo se resuelven las ecuaciones combinadas de continuidad y momentum de los iones O+ y H+, en la región F y la protonosfera, para una estación de latitud media (Arecibo) y una estación de latitud baja (Jicamarca) con el fin de investigar el comportamiento diurno de la densidad electrónica máxima NmF2, la altura del pico HmF2, el nivel de transición O+ - H+, o sea Htr y el nivel de transición de densidad Ntr· Los efectos del viento neutral sobre las curvas NmF2, HmF2, Ntr y Htr, sobre Arecibo son más importantes y generalmente en dirección opuesta a los de una desviación electromagnética sinusoidal. La desviación electromagnética desempeña un papel de largo alcance en la formación de los perfiles ionosférico y protonosférico en Jicamarca. Un desvío ascendente que alcanza su máximo durante el día produce un 'valle' en la curva NmF2, mientras que un desvío ascendente que se mantiene constante durante la mayor parte del día produce una 'meseta'. La depresión nocturna en la curva NmF2 es debida a los efectos combinados de un lento desvío descendente y de la recombinación química. Una elevación nocturna en NmF2 es debida a un desvío descendente suficientemente prolongado cuando la 'compresión' resultante de los tubos de campo supera la tasa de pérdida de O+. Las variaciones diurnas en Hm F2 y en Htr tienden a seguir las del patrón de velocidad de desvío ascendente, con gradientes algo atenuados. Una inversión descendente del desvío a la puesta del Sol produce un aumento en la curva Ntr post-crepuscular. Finalmente, queda demostrada la aplicabilidad del modelo para el estudio de las mediciones totales de contenido electrónico en los experimentos con el radio-faro ATS-6 en Ootacamund. Mediante la comparación con los valores observados, se determinan las probables velocidades de desvío sobre Ootacamund para Octuhrc y Diciembre de 1975. Los patrones de velocidad de desvío muestran amplias similitudes con los observados sobre Jicamarca.
Consumer protection in financial institutions
Authors: Johan Suwinto , Ariawan Ariawan
Published: June 2021

The relationship between financial institutions and customers is like two sides of a coin. On one hand, it is mutually beneficial, but on the other hand, this relationship can lead to mutual harm. Customers of financial institutions have a medium for a long-term relationships. Consumers of financial institutions generally have an average relationship of 24 months. Consumers make loan payments according to the agreed time. Customers will be able to get the right to the collateral if the loan has been paid. Conversely, if customers are unable to pay the installments on time, financial institutions will repose the collateral. From the inception of the loan to the repayment of the loan, the relationship between customers and financial institutions experiences several conditions. This research uses a normative judicial method, aiming to analyze consumer protection of non-bank financial institutions based on the existing laws and regulations. This research will focus on consumer protection from the start of the standard agreement, the fees or expenses charged, to the loan repayment mechanism. This research concludes that the protection of consumers of non-bank finance companies, especially finance companies, is still very weak. Consumer protection for finance companies, especially non-banks, has not been fully accommodated in the existing Consumer Protection Law. Therefore, the authority needs to issue a regulation in protecting the consumer in the financial industry.
Percepción de pacientes hospitalizados en unidades medico quirúrgicas sobre el cuidado humanizado de enfermería
Authors: Melita Angelica Beatriz , Jara Concha Patricia , Moreno-Mansivais María Guadalupe
Published: June 2021

En el contexto de las sociedades actuales, sumado la tecnologización de la atención y el predominio del paradigma tradicional, paternalista y biomédico, para enfermería se hace necesario el rescate de un cuidado más humano por parte de los profesionales de la disciplina. Por esta razón surge el interés de medir la percepción de cuidado humanizado brindado por enfermeras/os a personas hospitalizadas en unidades médico-quirúrgicas de tres centros asistenciales de una región de Chile. Estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional, para el cual previamente se adaptó y validó la escala de Percepción de Comportamientos de Cuidado Humanizado para ser utilizada en Chile. Este instrumento fue aplicado a una muestra de 150 personas hospitalizadas. Los resultados evidenciaron que se presentaba una buena percepción del cuidado humanizado otorgado por las enfermeras, destacando la dimensión calidad del quehacer de enfermería, como la mejor evaluada; mientras que la dimensión comunicación fue la más débilmente percibida. A su vez, no se encontraron relaciones significativas entre variables sociodemográficas y la percepción del cuidado humanizado. Si bien existe una adecuada apreciación del cuidado humanizado y de la calidad del trabajo de enfermería, se debe reforzar un pilar muy importante en la interrelación enfermera/o-paciente, sobre todo en la esfera comunicativa. Así, se evidencia la importancia de seguir trabajando en el fomento y fortalecimiento de un cuidado humanizado, holístico y parsimonioso por parte de enfermería.
Reseña. María Pérez-Ugena, El uso on-line de la mediación, servicio de solución de conflictos: un instrumento para las situaciones de crisis. Madrid, España: Dykinson, 2020. ISBN 9788413247236
Authors: López Jiménez David
Published: June 2021

Reseña
La inconvencionalidad e inconstitucionalidad de las normas en materia de adolescentes en conflicto con la ley penal contenidas en la Ley N.° 19.889, sancionada por el procedimiento de declaratoria de urgente consideración
Authors: Rodríguez Almada Pablo
Published: June 2021

La Ley N° 19.889 de fecha 9 de julio de 2020, sancionada por el procedimiento de proyecto de ley con declaratoria de urgente consideración consagrado en el artículo 168 numeral 7° de la Constitución, modificó artículos del Código de la Niñez y la Adolescencia referidos a los adolescentes en conflicto con la ley penal. El presente artículo analizará dichas modificaciones contrastándolas con convenciones y pactos internacionales, otros instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos, con la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y con la Constitución de Uruguay. Se observa que las modificaciones referidas a adolescentes en conflicto con la ley penal consagradas por la Ley N° 19.889 son regresivas y violatorias de principios consagrados en la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, la Convención de Viena Sobre el Derecho de los Tratados, las Reglas de Beijing, las Reglas de La Habana, las Directrices de Riad y normas de la Constitución. Se concluye que las normas jurídicas relativas a los adolescentes en conflicto con la ley penal que modificaron el Código de la Niñez y la Adolescencia son inconvencionales e inconstitucionales.
Inferring the timing and strength of natural selection and gene migration in the evolution of chicken from ancient DNA data
Authors: Lyu Wenyang , Dai Xiaoyang , Beaumont Mark , Yu Feng , He Zhangyi
Published: June 2021

With the rapid growth of the number of sequenced ancient genomes, there
has been increasing interest in using this new information to study past
and present adaptation. Such an additional temporal component has the
promise of providing improved power for the estimation of natural
selection. Over the last decade, statistical approaches for detection
and quantification of natural selection from ancient DNA (aDNA) data
have been developed. However, most of the existing methods do not allow
us to estimate the timing of natural selection along with its strength,
which is key to understanding the evolution and persistence of
organismal diversity. Additionally, most methods ignore the fact that
natural populations are almost always structured, which can result in
overestimation of the effect of natural selection. To address these
issues, we propose a novel Bayesian framework for the inference of
natural selection and gene migration from aDNA data with Markov chain
Monte Carlo techniques, co-estimating both timing and strength of
natural selection and gene migration. Such an advance enables us to
infer drivers of natural selection and gene migration by correlating
genetic evolution with potential causes such as the changes in the
ecological context in which an organism has evolved. The performance of
our procedure is evaluated through extensive simulations, with its
utility shown with an application to ancient chicken samples.
Characterizing “Chocolate” Flint Using Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Parish Ryan M. , Werra Dagmara H.
Published: June 2021

The study details a pilot experiment in which samples of “chocolate’”flint from four procurement sites in Poland and chert from the United States were characterized spectrally and distinguished using reflectance spectroscopy and multivariate statistics. The characterization of ‘chocolate’ flint and the successful differentiation of sources has been, and continues to be, a major research focus for understanding prehistoric consumption, use, and distribution of this favored lithic resource. Reflectance spectroscopy potentially provides an analytical methodology for identifying artefact source by successfully distinguishing spatially and compositionally unique deposits. Initial results from the study show that “chocolate” flint can be distinguished from other silicite tool stone resources, regional lookalike materials, and by individual deposit. Future studies will test a more robust sample size of ‘chocolate’ flints and conduct experiments on surface weathering
Everett Rogers innovációs elmélete és annak felhasználási lehetőségei az egészségfejlesztésben
Authors: Csizmadia Péter
Published: June 2021

A cikk célja az innováció diffúziójának Rogers által kidolgozott elméletének bemutatása és annak használati lehetőségeinek felvillantása a népegészségügyben. Az innováció diffúziója elmélet alkalmazása pozitív változást hozhat az egészségfejlesztésben és a prevencióban globális és helyi szinten egyaránt. Az elmélet hozzájárulhat az egészségmagatartást befolyásoló tényezők jobb megértéséhez, beleértve az innovációk alkalmazásának feltételeit, ezáltal a teóriának széleskörű alkalmazási lehetőségei lehetnek a népegészségügy területén.
Model of Efficiency Assessment of Regulation In The Banking Seсtor
Authors: Larionova I. V.
Published: June 2021

In this article, the modern system of regulation of the national banking sector is viewed, which, according to the author, needs theoretical judgment, structuring, disclosure of the maintenance of efficiency of functioning is considered. The system of regulation reveals on a system basis, it is offered to consider it as set of elements and the mechanism of their interaction which are formed taking into account target reference points of regulation. Thus it is emphasized that for regulation the contradiction is concluded: achievement of financial stability of functioning of the banking sector, as a rule, contains economic growth. The need for development of theoretical ideas of efficiency of regulation of the banking sector gains special relevance taking into account the latest events connected with revocation of licenses of commercial banks on implementation of bank activity, the high cost of credit resources for managing subjects, an insignificant contribution of the banking sector to ensuring rates of economic growth. The author offered criteria of efficiency of regulation of the banking sector to which are referred: functional, operational, social, and economic efficiency. Functional efficiency opens ability of each subsystem of regulation to carry out the functions ordered by the law. Operational efficiency describes correctness suffered by the regulator and commercial banks of the expenses connected with regulating influence. At last, social and economic efficiency is connected with degree of compliance of a field of activity of the banking sector to requirements of national economy, and responsibility of banking business before society. For each criterion of efficiency of regulation of the banking sector the set of the quantitative and quality indicators, allowing to give the corresponding assessment of the working model of crediting is offered. The aggregated expert assessment of the Russian system of regulation of the banking sector which is characterized as compensatory and satisfactory is given in article.
Another international recognition of research and analysis at MGIMO-University
Authors: Kharkevich M. V.
Published: June 2021

.
The «Group of Twenty», IMF and EU and Reforming of Global Governance
Authors: Il'in E. J.
Published: June 2021

This article is devoted to the process of reforming the global financial system and world economic organizations since the foundation of the International Monetary Fund at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to present time. Special attention is given to results of cooperation of the IMF and the "Group of Twenty"in the context of the world financial crisis 2008-2009. This article mentions the key benchmarks of the historical development of world economy: foundation of the Bretton Woods financial system, rejection of the gold standard at the Jamaica Conference, transition to the floating exchange rates, the wave of crises in the 1990-s, the world financial crisis of 2008-2009. The process of evolution of the IMF within the framework of these global events is considered here. The cooperation of EU, IMF and "Group of Twenty" is considered. The reforms of the IMF and their results are analyzed. The policy of the IMF at different historical stages of its evolution is estimated. As well as it results, the article also deals with the formation and development of the "Group of Twenty". The increasing role of the "Group of Twenty" in the global economic governance and reforming the IMF is considered. Especially is marked the necessity of the further reforms of the IMF and increasing of participation of the "G-20" in the world economic and politic system.
FATF in Combating the Financing of Terrorism
Authors: Melkumyan K. S.
Published: June 2021

The article examines the FATF specific approach to the problem of terrorism financing. The FATF essence, content of the activity and influence levers are also analyzed within the article. It is shown that the FATF has reviewed the problem of terrorism financing in the broadest perspective, having engaged simultaneously and consistently mechanisms for combating money laundering and terrorism financing. The Task Force has greatly contributed to building of the world counter-terrorism financing system through forming the legal and institutional basis as well as through interaction with all the possible participants and actors of world politics in this area. Moreover, the FATF has succeeded in geographical expansion of the FATF influence from the original 16 to187 jurisdictions by promotion of FATF-style regional bodies establishment. Particular attention is drawn to the unique features of the FATF Recommendations in comparison with the earlier issued sources of international law, which define the international counter-terrorism financing regime. The author believes that one of the advantages of the FATF as an institute within the counter-terrorism financing system among others is the informal status of the FATF, which provides its flexibility and high ability to respond quickly and in a timely manner to evolving nature of money laundering and terrorism financing as well as emerging threats.
Education and Research Policy as an Instrument of Soft Power in Germany
Authors: Bolshova N.
Published: June 2021

Paper analyzes higher education and resarch policy in Germany as an important instrument in ensuring the competitiveness and influence of the state in the international arena. In today's global struggle for leadership Germany relies on "soft" and "smart" power («soft and smart power»): education, research, innovation and human capital. This article discusses the most important initiatives the federal government and lands in the past five years, aiming at strengthening the position of Germany as a world center of higher education and advanced research and the most attractive location for highly qualified specialists from around the world.
WHISTLEBLOWING IN CIVIL SERVICE: EXPERIENCE OF EUROPE
Authors: Batishcheva M. A.
Published: June 2021

In this article it is examined the whistleblowing practice in civil service across Europe. The analysis lets to arrive at a conclusion that the whistleblowing mechanism unevenly functions in different parts of Europe: it is more widespread in East and South. It is indicated the following reasons for that: differences in institutional systems of society, models of civil service («continental» and anglosaxon) and sociocultural distinctions. Based on the Hofstede dimensions of national culture it is noted that cultural characteristics correlate with presence/absence of whistleblowing law and practice and effectiveness of this mechanism as a whole. Focusing on the role of whistleblowing in control of deviations of civil servants' behavior, it is supposed that the whistleblowing needs to be implemented in the Russian civil service. Obstacles to the whistleblowing design and implementation were also shown and some recommendations were given, taking into account sociocultural characteristics of the Russian society.
Enhanced Cooperation - the New Trend of the EU Development
Authors: Babynina L. O.
Published: June 2021

The article is dedicated to implementation of the enhanced cooperation in the EU. Actually two such projects are шn progress (the law applicable to divorce and legal separation and unitary patent protection) and other two are under discussionffmandai transaction tax and European Public Prosecutor's Office). Active use of the enhanced cooperation recently shows that such kind of the promoting integration is more and more required in the EU. However its implementation can jeopardize the principles of the EU functioning and undermine the status of the institutions in the integration process. This mechanism can also be used in order to exclude the discordant states from integration process instead of traditional search of compromises. This argument is based on analysis of the implementation conditions of the project on the unitary patent protection. At the same time the projects of the enhanced cooperation obviously make the interaction in different spheres more efficient. In addition they can be used for testing the new types of cooperation. That's why the search for an optimal balance between promotion integration through the mechanism of enhanced cooperation and preserving the unity of the EU should be considered as main goal by participants of the integration process. Otherwise the gradual separation on the vanguard group may lead to EU division. Nevertheless taking into consideration enlargement of the EU and its diversity, the enhanced cooperation Should be used onlyas "extreme measure".