bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of early Alzheimer's disease‐related pathophysiology to the development of acquired epilepsy
Authors: Gschwind Tilo , Lafourcade Carlos , Gfeller Tim , Zaichuk Mariana , Rambousek Lukas , Knuesel Irene , Fritschy Jean‐Marc
Published: June 2018

Aberrant epileptic activity is detectable at early disease stages in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and in AD mouse models. Here, we investigated in young ArcticAβ mice whether AD‐like pathology renders neuronal networks more susceptible to the development of acquired epilepsy induced by unilateral intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid (IHK). In this temporal lobe epilepsy model, IHK induces a status epilepticus followed after two weeks by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). ArcticAβ mice exhibited more severe status epilepticus and early onset of SRS. This hyperexcitable phenotype was characterized in CA1 neurons by decreased synaptic strength, increased kainic acid‐induced LTP and reduced frequency of spontaneous inhibitory currents. However, no difference in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, axonal reorganization or adult neurogenesis was observed in ArcticAβ mice compared to wild‐type littermates following IHK‐induced epileptogenesis. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression was reduced at baseline and its IHK‐induced elevation in mossy fibres and granule cells was attenuated. However, although this alteration might underlie premature seizure onset, neutralization of soluble Aβ species by intracerebroventricular Aβ‐specific antibody application mitigated the hyperexcitable phenotype of ArcticAβ mice and prevented early SRS onset. Therefore, the development of seizures at early stages of AD is mediated primarily by Aβ species causing widespread changes in synaptic function.
Reading memory formation from the eyes
Authors: Bergt Anne , Urai Anne E. , Donner Tobias H. , Schwabe Lars
Published: June 2018

At any time, we are processing thousands of stimuli, but only few of them will be remembered hours or days later. Is there any way to predict which ones? Here, we tested whether the pupil response to ongoing stimuli, an indicator of physiological arousal known to be relevant for memory formation, is a reliable predictor of long‐term memory for these stimuli, over at least 1 day. Pupil dilation was tracked while participants performed visual and auditory encoding tasks. Memory was tested immediately after encoding and 24 hr later. Irrespective of the encoding modality, trial‐by‐trial variations in pupil dilation predicted reliably which stimuli were recalled in the immediate and 24 hr‐delayed tests, in particular for emotionally arousing stimuli. These results show that our eyes may provide a window into the formation of long‐term memories. Furthermore, our findings underline the important role of central arousal systems in the rapid formation of memories in the brain, possibly by gating synaptic plasticity mechanisms in the neocortex.
Resurrecting Discontinued Bonds: A Comparative Study of Israeli Holocaust and Cambodian Genocide Trauma Descendant Relations with the Genocide Dead
Authors: Kidron Carol A.
Published: June 2018

This comparative study examines the way Israeli Holocaust descendants and Cambodian genocide descendants differentially reconstitute “discontinued” descendant‐ancestor relations with the genocide dead they never knew. Empirically examining the way distant bonds “discontinued” in contexts of warfare and mass suffering are restored in everyday life, this study fills a lacuna in the scholarship on genocide legacies, continuing bonds, and person‐dead contact. Descendants depict channels of engagement with the dead entailing person‐ person‐dead contact, person‐object interaction, and imaginal conversations, constituting copresence and intersubjectivity. Contrary to trauma theory, Holocaust and genocide studies, and the anthropology of absence that reduce relations with the dead to maladaptive identification or the burdensome presence of voided absence, the data points to normalized and empowering relations. Comparative findings contribute to our understanding of the way cross‐cultural meaning making differentially conceptualizes the porous border between the living and their ancestors and informs the restoration of (dis)‐continued bonds.
Constructing “The Middle”: The Socialization of Monastic Youth in Buddhist Northern Thailand
Authors: Chladek Michael R.
Published: June 2018

Temporary Buddhist monasticism is an important institution in Thailand for the socialization of boys and young men. By ordaining for some time, they learn the ideals of Thai Buddhist morality. Scholarship on youth's socialization into cultural models has often suggested a linear, unidirectional process in which “agents of socialization” instill in younger generations notions of what it means to be morally good. Such models presume consistent reinforcement of cultural models, often with the help of socially entrenched institutions. How young monastics experience divergent notions of what it means to be a good monastic, though, demonstrates that such a unidirectional model does not adequately address the ways in which morality and cultural models are constructed within interactions. I argue that religious institutions act as not only sites for the cultural reproduction of moral ideals but also as sites of everyday interactions where young monastics and their lay supporters reconstruct moral ideals anew. [morality, cultural models, youth, Thailand]
Control of cell death‐associated danger signals during cornification prevents autoinflammation of the skin
Authors: Eckhart Leopold , Tschachler Erwin
Published: June 2018

The function of the skin as a barrier to the environment is mainly achieved by the outermost layers of the epidermis. In the granular layer, epidermal keratinocytes undergo the last steps of their terminal differentiation program resulting in cornification. The coordinated conversion of living keratinocytes into corneocytes, the building blocks of the cornified layer, represents a unique form of programmed cell death. Recent studies have identified numerous genes that are specifically expressed in terminally differentiated keratinocytes and, surprisingly, this genetic program does not only include mediators of cornification but also suppressors of pyroptosis, another mode of programmed cell death. Pyroptosis is activated by inflammasomes, leads to the release of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) family cytokines, and thereby activates inflammation. In addition, inhibitors of potentially pro‐inflammatory proteases and enzymes removing danger‐associated cytoplasmic DNA are expressed in differentiated keratinocytes. We propose the concept of cornification as an inherently hazardous process in which damaging side effects are actively suppressed by protective mechanisms. In support of this hypothesis, loss‐of‐function mutations in epidermal protease inhibitors and IL‐1 family antagonists suffice to induce autoinflammation. Similarly, exogenous disturbances of either cornification or its accompanying control mechanisms may be starting points for skin inflammation. Further studies into the relationship between cornification, pyroptosis and other forms of cell death will help to define the initiation phase of inflammatory skin diseases and offer new targets for disease prevention and therapy.
Molecular pathogenesis of cutaneous lymphomas
Authors: Stadler Rudolf , Stranzenbach René
Published: June 2018

Primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) comprises the second most common group of extra‐nodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. They represent incurable primary extra‐nodal lymphomas of major T cells, uniformly present in the skin with 1%‐2% risk of systemic dissemination in mycosis fungoides (MF), which represents the most common subtype of CTCL. In general, long‐term antigen stimulation is thought, through key cytokine signalling pathways, to induce an inflammatory response with T‐cell proliferation, leading to a clonal malignant T cell with continuous expansion. However, in recent years, using data harvested from high‐throughput transcriptional profiling, substantial advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis were made to understand the complex pathogenesis of CTCL. In this review, the actual data are summarised.
Ursodeoxycholic acid suppresses the formation of fructose/streptozotocin‐induced diabetic cataract in rats
Authors: Abdel‐Ghaffar Amany , Ghanem Hala M. , Ahmed Emad K. , Hassanin Olfat A. , Mohamed Rawda G.
Published: June 2018

The main objective of this study was to investigate the potential protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on fructose/streptozotocin‐induced diabetic cataract in rats. The diabetic model (DM) was induced through the administration of 10% fructose in drinking water for 2 weeks followed by streptozotocin injection (intraperitoneal). One week later, hyperglycemia was assisted and diabetic animals were treated with UDCA either as local eye drops (0.5% solution, four times/day) or orally (100 mg/kg b.w.). Cataract formation was monitored biweekly and scored into four stages. After 12 weeks of treatment, rats were subjected to ophthalmological examination, and then, their blood and lenses were prepared for biochemical analysis of glucose, insulin, reduced glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, caspase‐12, and lenticular total proteins. In addition, tertiary structure and conformational changes of lenticular soluble proteins were analyzed using SDS–PAGE and UV absorption while changes in lenticular α‐crystallin structure were investigated using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. Results demonstrated that both local and oral UDCA restored the normal levels of lens T‐AOC, MDA, H2O2, and caspase‐12 and improved noticeably the levels of the lens GSH and total proteins. In addition, conformational and tertiary structure changes of soluble lens proteins were significantly reduced in UDCA‐treated groups. Morphological examination of lenses revealed decreased score of cataract progression in UDCA‐treated groups compared to DM animals. It was concluded that UDCA decreased the incidence of diabetic cataract by maintaining the antioxidant status, reducing the endoplasmic reticulum stress, and suppressing the structural changes of soluble lens proteins.
Effects of the adipokinetic hormone/red pigment‐concentrating hormone (AKH/RPCH) family of peptides on MK‐801‐induced schizophrenia models
Authors: Mutlu Oguz , Páleníček Tomáš , Pinterová Nikola , Šíchová Klára , Horáček Jiří , Holubová Kristina , Höschl Cyril , Stuchlík Aleš , Erden Faruk , Valeš Karel
Published: June 2018

The adipokinetic and red pigment‐concentrating hormone (AKH/RPCH) family of peptides controls fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism in insects. In our previous study, we showed that AKH possesses antidepressant, anxiolytic, and analgesic effects, causes hyperlocomotion, and exerts neuroprotective effects and increased brain neurotrophic factors in mice. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Anax imperator AKH (Ani‐AKH), Libellula auripennis AKH (Lia‐AKH), and Phormia‐Terra hypertrehalosemic hormone (Pht‐HrTH) on MK‐801‐induced memory deterioration in the active allothetic place avoidance test (AAPA) and MK‐801‐induced sensorimotor gating deficit in the prepulse inhibition test (PPI). In the AAPA task, Long–Evans rats were treated with Ani‐AKH (2 mg/kg), Lia‐AKH (2 mg/kg), Pht‐HrTH (2 mg/kg), MK‐801 (0.15 mg/kg), and the combination of MK‐801 with the hormones subchronically. In the prepulse inhibition test, Wistar albino rats were treated with Ani‐AKH (1 mg/kg), Lia‐AKH (1 mg/kg), Pht‐HrTH (1 mg/kg), MK‐801 (0.1 mg/kg), or the combination of MK‐801 with hormones acutely before the test. In our study, Ani‐AKH (2 mg/kg), Lia‐AKH (2 mg/kg), and Pht‐HrTH (2 mg/kg) reversed MK‐801 (0.15 mg/kg)‐induced cognitive memory impairment effects in the AAPA task. Lia‐AKH (1 mg/kg) significantly potentiated the MK‐801‐induced PPI disruption, while Ani‐AKH (1 mg/kg) partially potentiated the impairment caused by MK‐801, and Pht‐HrTH did not modify the effect of MK‐801. In conclusion, AKH had no effect in sensorimotor gating deficits in the PPI test in schizophrenia model while AKH improved memory in the schizophrenia model of MK‐801.
Mix and match of the tumor metastasis suppressor Nm23 protein isoforms in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Potel Clement M. , Fasci Domenico , Heck Albert J.R.
Published: June 2018

Nm23/NME was identified 30 years ago as the first metastatic gene suppressor family. Despite extensive studies, the mechanism of action behind the observed antimetastatic potential of Nm23 has remained largely unresolved. Human Nm23 is present in various isoforms, of which Nm23‐H1 and Nm23‐H2 are by far the most dominant. Both isoforms are multifunctional enzymes involved in important cellular processes, through their nucleic acid binding ability, their protein–protein interactions and/or their histidine kinase activity. Although Nm23‐H1 and Nm23‐H2 exhibit 88% sequence homology, they often are considered to have distinct biological functions. Here, we developed an efficient and robust purification protocol to pull‐down Nm23 isoforms in their native state. We applied this protocol to purify both overexpressed isoform pure as well as endogenous Nm23 proteins from several human cell lines and mouse brain tissue. Subsequent native mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed that all purified Nm23 samples form hexamers, whereby the endogenous protein assembly is primarily present as heterohexamers formed by statistical association of the Nm23‐H1 and Nm23‐H2 isoforms. Therefore, we conclude that isoform‐pure hexameric Nm23 complexes scarcely exist in vivo. We also used native and top‐down MS to investigate the histidine autophosphorylation activity of purified Nm23 assemblies. Our data in fine challenge the biological relevance of studying the genes/proteins Nm23‐H1 and Nm23‐H2 individually.
Carbon assimilation and transfer through kelp forests in the NE Atlantic is diminished under a warmer ocean climate
Authors: Pessarrodona Albert , Moore Pippa J. , Sayer Martin D. J. , Smale Dan A.
Published: June 2018

Global climate change is affecting carbon cycling by driving changes in primary productivity and rates of carbon fixation, release and storage within Earth's vegetated systems. There is, however, limited understanding of how carbon flow between donor and recipient habitats will respond to climatic changes. Macroalgal‐dominated habitats, such as kelp forests, are gaining recognition as important carbon donors within coastal carbon cycles, yet rates of carbon assimilation and transfer through these habitats are poorly resolved. Here, we investigated the likely impacts of ocean warming on coastal carbon cycling by quantifying rates of carbon assimilation and transfer in Laminaria hyperborea kelp forests—one of the most extensive coastal vegetated habitat types in the NE Atlantic—along a latitudinal temperature gradient. Kelp forests within warm climatic regimes assimilated, on average, more than three times less carbon and donated less than half the amount of particulate carbon compared to those from cold regimes. These patterns were not related to variability in other environmental parameters. Across their wider geographical distribution, plants exhibited reduced sizes toward their warm‐water equatorward range edge, further suggesting that carbon flow is reduced under warmer climates. Overall, we estimated that Laminaria hyperborea forests stored ~11.49 Tg C in living biomass and released particulate carbon at a rate of ~5.71 Tg C year−1. This estimated flow of carbon was markedly higher than reported values for most other marine and terrestrial vegetated habitat types in Europe. Together, our observations suggest that continued warming will diminish the amount of carbon that is assimilated and transported through temperate kelp forests in NE Atlantic, with potential consequences for the coastal carbon cycle. Our findings underline the need to consider climate‐driven changes in the capacity of ecosystems to fix and donate carbon when assessing the impacts of climate change on carbon cycling.
Changes in Occupational Tasks and Their Association with Individual Wages and Occupational Mobility
Authors: Fedorets Alexandra
Published: June 2018

This study provides novel evidence on the relevance of task content changes between and within occupations to wage dynamics of occupational changers and stayers. I use individual-level, cross-sectional data featuring tasks performed on the job to compute a measure of proximity of job contents. Then, I merge this measure to a large-scale panel survey to show that occupational changers experience a wage growth that is declining when the accompanying alterations in task contents are big. For occupational stayers, alterations in task contents generate a positive wage component, beyond tenure effect. However, the results are not robust with respect to the choice of proximity measure and over time.
Conceptualization and Calibration of Anisotropic Alluvial Systems: Pitfalls and Biases
Authors: Gianni Guillaume , Doherty John , Brunner Philip
Published: June 2018

Physical properties of alluvial environments typically feature a high degree of anisotropy and are characterized by dynamic interactions between the surface and the subsurface. Hydrogeological models are often calibrated under the assumptions of isotropic hydraulic conductivity fields and steady‐state conditions. We aim at understanding how these simplifications affect predictions of the water table using physically based models and advanced calibration and uncertainty analysis approaches based on singular value decomposition and Bayesian analysis. Specifically, we present an analysis of the information content provided by steady‐state hydraulic data compared to transient data with respect to the estimation of aquifer and riverbed hydraulic properties. We show that assuming isotropy or fixed anisotropy may generate biases both in the estimation of aquifer and riverbed parameters as well as in the predictive uncertainty of the water table. We further demonstrate that the information content provided by steady‐state hydraulic heads is insufficient to jointly estimate the aquifer anisotropy together with the aquifer and riverbed hydraulic conductivities and that transient data can help to reduce the predictive uncertainty to a greater extent. The outcomes of the synthetic analysis are applied to the calibration of a dynamic and anisotropic alluvial aquifer in Switzerland (The Rhône River). The results of the synthetic and real world modeling and calibration exercises documented herein provide insight on future data acquisition as well as modeling and calibration strategies for these environments. They also provide an incentive for evaluation and estimation of commonly made simplifying assumptions in order to prevent underestimation of the predictive uncertainty.
The Arab Spring and politics in West Africa
Authors: Afolayan Adeshina
Published: June 2018

In the first part of the essay, I outlined the theoretical underpinning of the modern state and how it generated a paradoxical relationship with the concept of revolution. This conceptual exercise is necessary because it yields huge political significance in a people's desire to master their own destiny, and also for the understanding of the democratic and development dynamics in West Africa. In spite of the intellectual and media popularity that the Arab Spring has enjoyed, especially within its scholarly framing as a significant set of political actions, the consequentialist argument presented in this paper points attention to the outcomes rather than the processes that constitute the Arab Spring. I argue that a revolutionary situation ought to lead to the consequences of expanding the capacities that define the freedom of the citizenry. On the one hand, I argue that the Arab Spring does not qualify as species of revolutions because it falls short of what the freedom argument requires. On the other hand, I deploy the argument against the Arab Spring to interrogate the question: How does the nature of the postcolonial West African state generate the socioeconomic conditions that either augment the freedom of the citizens or aggravate the revolutionary quest for that freedom? I conclude by arguing that the freedom to enlarge the capacities of the citizenry serves as the first conceptual point from which West Africa can be transformed as a democratic hub that escapes the anarchy unleashed by the Arab Spring.
Effect of the combination of several irrigants on dentine surface properties, adsorption of chlorhexidine and adhesion of microorganisms to dentine
Authors: Tartari T. , Wichnieski C. , Bachmann L. , Jafelicci M. , Silva R. M. , Letra A. , van der Hoeven R. , Duarte M. A. H. , Bramante C. M.
Published: June 2018

Aim

To investigate the effects of combinations of several irrigants on the roughness and wettability of dentine, adhesion of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans and adsorption of chlorhexidine (CHX) to the dentine.

Methodology

Bovine dentine samples were prepared and their surface roughness standardized. The samples were distributed in groups (n = 10) and subjected to one of the following irrigation protocols: G1 – saline solution; G2 – sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G3 – NaOCl + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); G4 – NaOCl + peracetic acid (PAA); G5 – NaOCl + 1‐hydroxyethylidene‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid (HEDP); G6 – NaOCl + EDTA + CHX; G7 – NaOCl + PAA + CHX; G8 – NaOCl + HEDP + CHX; and G9 – mixture of NaOCl + HEDP. After treatments, roughness and wettability were measured. In order to evaluate the adhesion of microorganisms to dentine, new dentine samples were prepared and after 2 h of contact with the microorganisms, were analysed using a confocal laser scanning microscope and the number of microorganisms adhering to the surfaces were determined. Absorption spectra were collected by attenuated total reflectance of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy before and after immersion of other dentine samples in each solution of G6, G7 and G8 and in a solution of 2% CHX at various time intervals. The areas of the band associated with CHX with the peak at 1492 cm−1 were calculated between 1479 and 1500 cm−1 of the spectral range. The data obtained in all experiments were subjected to one‐way ANOVA (α < 0.05). The values of the CHX band were also subjected to one‐way repeated measures ANOVA (α < 0.05).

Results

Saline solution, NaOCl, HEDP and CHX did not alter the roughness of the dentine (P > 0.05), whilst EDTA and PAA did (P < 0.05). Dentine surface wettability increased after the use of all irrigants compared to saline solution (P < 0.05), with HEDP causing the greatest increases (P < 0.05). The adhesion of E. faecalis was favoured on surfaces treated with only saline solution and NaOCl, and on samples that had decalcifying agents as the final irrigant (P < 0.05). The adhesion of C. albicans was highest on surfaces treated with only saline solution and on surfaces that had NaOCl used as the last irrigant (P < 0.05). The use of CHX as a final irrigant reduced the adhesion of both microorganisms. The roughness and wettability did not influence the adhesion of the microorganisms tested. The adsorption of CHX to the dentine was significant after 1 min of immersion of the mineralized samples in the irrigant (P < 0.05), and the use of chelating agents prior to CHX potentiated this adsorption.

Conclusions

The irrigation solutions had a variable effect on the properties of dentine, on the adhesion of E. faecalis and C. albicans and the adsorption of CHX to the dentine surface.
WORKER TURNOVER AND UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
Authors: Choi Sekyu , Fernández‐Blanco Javier
Published: June 2018

This article studies a competitive search model of the labor market with learning about match‐specific productivity in which risk‐averse workers factor present and future unemployment risks in their search decisions. We examine internally efficient equilibrium allocations in which match termination occurs only if the joint value of a worker–firm pair is negative. Internal efficiency poses a trade‐off between present and future risks. Public insurance provision also affects this trade‐off and, hence, worker turnover and job composition. In addition to unemployment benefits, the implementation of the planner's allocation requires a negative income tax and a 0 layoff tax.
The attributes of successful de‐escalation and restraint teams
Authors: Snorrason Jón , Biering Páll
Published: June 2018

Inpatient violence is a widespread problem on psychiatric wards often with serious consequences, and psychiatric hospitals have set up teams to de‐escalate and restrain patients with aggression (D‐E&R teams) which are specially trained to respond to it in a safe manner. Successful de‐escalation and restraining of patients with aggression depend not only on the methods learned in training but also on the confidence of the team. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand the factors that enhance D‐E&R teams’ competence in managing patients with aggression in a successful and safe manner. The aim of this hermeneutic study was to identify and understand those factors. Purposive‐expert sampling was used and twelve D‐E&R team members with significant experience participated in the study. The central theme found wasa safe team. Ensuring the safety of the team and its members was found to be a prerequisite for successful teamwork in managing patients with aggression in a safe manner. This central theme falls into two interacting domains:the internal dynamics of the teamand theteam's interaction with patients. Several themes, such asmutual trust,flexibility,andknowing one's role,influence these domains and hence strengthen or weaken the confidence and safety of the team. The findings of the study will contribute to a better understanding of these factors; understanding which could be used to improve the training, supervision, and quality assessment of D‐E&R teams and hence lead to more safety in psychiatric wards.
The application of incisional negative pressure wound therapy for perineal wounds: A systematic review
Authors: Cahill Caitlin , Fowler Amanda , Williams Lara J
Published: June 2018

Impaired perineal wound healing is a major source of morbidity after abdominoperineal resection. Incisional negative pressure wound therapy can improve healing, prevent infections, and decrease the frequency of dehiscence. Our objective was to summarise existing evidence on the use of incisional negative pressure wound therapy on perineal wounds after abdominoperineal resection and to determine the effect on perineal wound complications. Electronic databases were searched in January 2017. Studies describing the use of incisional negative pressure wound therapy on primarily closed perineal wounds after abdominoperineal resection were included. Of the 278 identified articles, 5 were retrieved for inclusion in the systematic review (n = 169 patients). A significant decrease in perineal wound complications when using incisional negative pressure wound therapy was demonstrated, with surgical site infection rates as low as 9% (vs 41% in control groups). The major limitation of this systematic review was a small number of retrieved studies with small patient populations, high heterogeneity, and methodological issues. This review suggests that incisional negative pressure wound therapy decreases perineal wound complications after abdominoperineal resection. Further prospective trials with larger patient populations would be needed to confirm this association and delineate which patients might benefit most from the intervention.
Insights on the pulmonary artery‐derived ventricular arrhythmia
Authors: Yang Yufan , Liu Qiming , Luo Xijin , Liu Zhenjiang , Zhou Shenghua
Published: June 2018

Pulmonary artery‐derived ventricular arrhythmia is gradually being recognized, which in a clinical context is recognized as an arterial ectopic beat. Our study aimed to provide new insights on the epidemiological characteristics, origin site, electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics, intracardiac electrophysiological characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) strategies for pulmonary artery‐derived ventricular arrhythmia. Patients with a distance between the origin site and the pulmonary valve of >10 mm have what is known as pulmonary trunk‐derived ventricular arrhythmia, while patients with a distance between the origin site and the pulmonary valve of ≤10 mm have what is known as pulmonary sinus cusp‐derived ventricular arrhythmia. It is very difficult to differentiate pulmonary artery‐derived ventricular arrhythmia from right ventricular outflow tract‐derived ventricular arrhythmia on ECGs as both share similar anatomical features, but pulmonary artery‐derived ventricular arrhythmia shows obvious intracardiac electrophysiological characteristics. Currently, conclusions based on the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary artery‐derived ventricular arrhythmia, relationship between the origin site and the pulmonary valve, electrophysiological characteristics, and RFCA strategies are controversial and still need further study.
A holistic approach to healthy ageing: how can people live longer, healthier lives?
Authors: Calder P. C. , Carding S. R. , Christopher G. , Kuh D. , Langley‐Evans S. C. , McNulty H.
Published: June 2018

Background

Although lifespan is increasing, there is no evidence to suggest that older people are experiencing better health in their later years than previous generations. Nutrition, at all stages of life, plays an important role in determining health and wellbeing.

Methods

A roundtable meeting of UK experts on nutrition and ageing considered key aspects of the diet–ageing relationship and developed a consensus position on the main priorities for research and public health actions that are required to help people live healthier lives as they age.

Results

The group consensus highlighted the requirement for a life course approach, recognising the multifactorial nature of the impact of ageing. Environmental and lifestyle influences at any life stage are modified by genetic factors and early development. The response to the environment at each stage of life can determine the impact of lifestyle later on. There are no key factors that act in isolation to determine patterns of ageing and it is a combination of environmental and social factors that drives healthy or unhealthy ageing. Too little is known about how contemporary dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles will impact upon healthy ageing in future generations and this is a priority for future research.

Conclusions

There is good evidence to support change to lifestyle (i.e. diet, nutrition and physical) activity in relation to maintaining or improving body composition, cognitive health and emotional intelligence, immune function and vascular health. Lifestyle change at any stage of life may extend healthy lifespan, although the impact of early changes appears to be greatest.
Malignant transformation of actinic cheilitis: A systematic review of observational studies
Authors: Dancyger Alex , Heard Victoria , Huang Baikai , Suley Cameron , Tang Dorothy , Ariyawardana Anura
Published: June 2018

The aim of the present systematic review was to determine the malignant transformation rate of actinic cheilitis (AC). A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Medline/PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, OvidSP, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria comprised of observational human studies involving the malignant transformation of AC and publications in English. Studies included in this review were clinical follow‐up, cohort, retrospective, or prospective investigations. The search yielded 1126 articles, and after exclusion, 34 full‐text articles were eligible for full‐text analysis. Only one article met the inclusion criteria. Based on the included article, it was determined that the malignant transformation rate of AC to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was 3.07%. Excluded articles focused on the clinicopathological characteristics and treatment efficacies of AC, and no malignant transformation rate was assessed. There is a need for more clinical studies on the malignant transformation of AC, as lip cancer is a public health concern. High‐risk populations, including those living in tropical regions, have excessive exposure to UV radiation, and have older aged males, fair‐skinned people, and smokers should be identified to prevent AC and its malignant change. Health practitioners should facilitate early intervention to prevent the progression of AC to SCC of the lip.
Cyclic fatigue resistance of new reciprocating files (Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, and SmartTrack) in two different curved canals
Authors: Topçuoğlu Hüseyin Sinan , Demirbuga Sezer , Düzgün Salih , Topçuoğlu Gamze
Published: June 2018

Aim

In the present study, we compared the cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) of Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, and SmartTrack files in curved artificial canals.

Methods

Ninety new Reciproc Blue R25, WaveOne Gold Primary, and SmartTrack X1 files were tested in artificial canals with 45° and 60° angles of curvature. CFR was determined by recording the time to fracture in the artificial canals. Two‐way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

Results

In the canal with a 45° angle of curvature, no significant differences were observed amongst Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, and SmartTrack (P > .05). In the canal with a 60° angle of curvature, Reciproc Blue and SmartTrack had a greater CFR than WaveOne Gold (P < .05); there was no significant difference between the Reciproc Blue and SmartTrack files (P > .05).

Conclusion

The results of the present study showed that Reciproc Blue and SmartTrack files exhibited greater CFR than WaveOne Gold only in canals with a 60° angle of curvature.
Persistent sodium current modulates axonal excitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons
Authors: Müller Peter , Draguhn Andreas , Egorov Alexei V.
Published: June 2018

Axonal excitability is an important determinant for the accuracy, direction, and velocity of neuronal signaling. The mechanisms underlying spike generation in the axonal initial segment and transmitter release from presynaptic terminals have been intensely studied and revealed a role for several specific ionic conductances, including the persistent sodium current (INaP). Recent evidence indicates that action potentials can also be generated at remote locations along the axonal fiber, giving rise to ectopic action potentials during physiological states (e.g., fast network oscillations) or in pathological situations (e.g., following demyelination). Here, we investigated how ectopic axonal excitability of mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons is regulated by INaP. Recordings of field potentials and intracellular voltage in brain slices revealed that electrically evoked antidromic spikes were readily suppressed by two different blockers of INaP, riluzole and phenytoin. The effect was mediated by a reduction of the probability of ectopic spike generation while latency was unaffected. Interestingly, the contribution of INaP to excitability was much more pronounced in axonal branches heading toward the entorhinal cortex compared with the opposite fiber direction toward fimbria. Thus, excitability of distal CA1 pyramidal cell axons is affected by persistent sodium currents in a direction‐selective manner. This mechanism may be of importance for ectopic spike generation in oscillating network states as well as in pathological situations.

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Consuming to Be Good: Therapeutic Ideology and Transracial Adoptive Mothers
Authors: Soster Robin L. , Tian Kelly L. , Rose Alexander S. , Rose Randall L.
Published: June 2018

This study reveals the therapeutic origins of the “good mother” ideal in a rarely studied context, that of transracial adoptive mothering. Using a comparative discursive analysis supplemented by illustrative case analysis, we show that what it means to be a “good mother” in transracial adoptive mothering discourse differs significantly from the ideal established in mainstream mothering discourse. The key differences uncovered relate to publicly contested challenges to legitimacy, the experience of stigma for families adopting children of difference races, and a relative dearth of market‐based solutions to these challenges. We propose therapeutic ideology as a powerful macro‐level theoretical construct capable of explaining the self‐reinforcing cycle of mothers' anxiety, expert advice, and market‐mediated solutions.
An important and overlooked parameter in platelet rich plasma preparation: The mean platelet volume
Authors: Ozer Kadri , Kankaya Yuksel , Çolak Özlem
Published: June 2018

Background

The platelets are the most heterogeneous cellular elements of the blood in size whereas larger platelets have more granules that make them more reactive rather than their smaller counterparts.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to report the distribution of platelets in the plasma after centrifugation steps.

Methods

Twelve healthy male subjects were enrolled.5.4 mL of whole blood samples were collected for each tube containing 0.6 mL of acid citrate dextrose. Four samples were centrifuged at the force of 180 × g for 15 minutes. Then, 0.6 mL buffy coat was drawn from one of the four centrifuged tubes and 1/3 of the lower layer of the plasma (1.0 mL) from the second centrifuged tube; 1/3 of the middle(1.0 mL) and 1/3 of the upper layer (1.0 mL) of the plasma from third and fourth ones were drawn for blood analysis.

Results

Blood analysis including MPV and platelet concentrations were significantly different between the layers (P < .05). Together buffy coat and lower third of plasma layers contain 87% of the entire platelet mass.

Conclusions

Platelets should not be argued only with their concentration, but it would be appropriate to evaluate with their yielded concentration and volume with MPV together while comparing PRP preparation protocols and kits.
Androgen receptor in salivary gland carcinoma: A review of an old marker as a possible new target
Authors: Yeoh Chit Cheng , Dabab Nedal , Rigby Elyse , Chhikara Ritu , Akaev Iolia , Gomez Ricardo Santiago , Fonseca Felipe , Brennan Peter A. , Rahimi Siavash
Published: June 2018

The role of the androgen receptor (AR) as an immunomarker for diagnosis of salivary gland duct carcinoma (SDC) is well known. Other non‐squamous cell head and neck cancers (NSCC‐HN), including a small subset of salivary gland cancers (SGCs), can also express AR. With the increase in effective and powerful new generation of anti‐androgen agents and drugs administered orally, more targetable AR‐driven NSCC‐HN, such as subsets of SGCs, should be investigated for possible expression of AR. In this review, we focus on SGC subtypes, which could express AR and describe the main androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) strategies.
Motor Competence Levels and Prevalence of Developmental Coordination Disorder in Spanish Children: The MOVI‐KIDS Study
Authors: Amador‐Ruiz Santiago , Gutierrez David , Martínez-Vizcaíno Vicente , Gulías‐González Roberto , Pardo‐Guijarro María J. , Sánchez-López Mairena
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Motor competence (MC) affects numerous aspects of children's daily life. The aims of this study were to: evaluate MC, provide population‐based percentile values for MC; and determine the prevalence of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in Spanish schoolchildren.

METHODS

This cross‐sectional study included 1562 children aged 4 to 6 years from Castilla‐La Mancha, Spain. MC was assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children‐Second Edition. Values were analyzed according to age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), environment (rural/urban), and type of school.

RESULTS

Boys scored higher than girls in aiming and catching, whereas girls aged 6 scored higher than boys in balance. Children living in rural areas and those attending to public schools obtained better scores in aiming and catching than those from urban areas and private schools. The prevalence of DCD was 9.9%, and 7.5% of children were at risk of having movement problems.

CONCLUSION

Motor test scores can represent a valuable reference to evaluate and compare the MC in schoolchildren. Schools should identify motor problems at early ages and design initiatives which prevent or mitigate them.
Negative Substance Use Consequences Associated With Noncondom Use Among Male, but Not Female, Alternative High School Students
Authors: Grigsby Timothy J. , Forster Myriam , Tsai Jennifer , Rohrbach Louise A. , Sussman Steve
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Alternative (or continuation) high schools are institutions designed for students at risk for not graduating due to behavioral, educational, or medical problems. The present study explored the relationship between negative substance use consequences (eg, having trouble at school or work) and noncondom use in this at‐risk population and whether these associations varied by sex.

METHODS

Participants (N = 1101; 62.9% Hispanic; Mage = 16.85) were sampled from 24 alternative high schools in California, and data were analyzed using cross‐sectional multivariate logistic regression models.

RESULTS

We observed a relationship between the number of negative substance use consequences and probability of noncondom use at the last sexual encounter for boys (p < .001) but not girls (p > .05). There were significant associations between specific social consequences (missing school/work) and dependence symptoms (selling personal items to get alcohol or drugs) with noncondom use for boys only. There was a similar association between substance use frequency and noncondom use for boys.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that substance use consequences may be a useful and advantageous indicator of risky sexual behaviors such as noncondom use for boys, but not girls, in alternative high school settings. Future research and intervention programming recommendations are discussed.
Improving the prescribing of palivizumab
Authors: Trist Simone , Horsley Emily , Katf Hala , Tasker Natalie , Mostaghim Mona
Published: June 2018

Aim

Palivizumab prevents respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children at high risk of severe disease. This paper reviews the use and effectiveness of palivizumab at two tertiary paediatric hospitals (hospitals A and B) in New South Wales, Australia.

Methods

Children prescribed palivizumab during the pre‐intervention period, 1 January 2013 until 31 December 2014, were compared with children under 2 years of age who were admitted to paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) with an RSV infection. Eligibility for palivizumab was determined. To improve evidence‐based utilisation of palivizumab, a ‘streamlined palivizumab individual patient use’ (IPU) pro forma was introduced at hospital A during 2015, and its applicability was reviewed.

Results

In the 2 years prior to implementing the streamlined IPU, 47 children received palivizumab, with 87% at hospital A. Of the children at hospital A, 32% did not meet the guidelines, and 32% did not complete the course. While 13% of children admitted to PICU for RSV infection were eligible for palivizumab, none received it prior to admission. In 2015, 16 streamlined IPUs were submitted, and 11 patients received palivizumab. Of these patients, 27% did not meet the guidelines, and 63% did not complete the course. Of the children who received palivizumab during the three RSV seasons, one developed an RSV infection, and none were admitted to PICU.

Conclusions

Palivizumab is often prescribed without meeting recognised best practice guidelines, and patients eligible are frequently not prescribed palivizumab. The streamlined IPU, implemented in hospital A, excluded patients who did not meet guidelines. The pro forma needs further refinement, and complementary strategies introduced to improve compliance.
Transcriptome response of the foundation plant Spartina alterniflora to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Authors: Alvarez Mariano , Ferreira de Carvalho Julie , Salmon Armel , Ainouche Malika L. , Cavé‐Radet Armand , El Amrani Abdelhak , Foster Tammy E. , Moyer Sydney , Richards Christina L.
Published: June 2018

Despite the severe impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the foundation plant species Spartina alterniflora proved resilient to heavy oiling, providing an opportunity to identify mechanisms of response to the anthropogenic stress of crude oil exposure. We assessed plants from oil‐affected and unaffected populations using a custom DNA microarray to identify genomewide transcription patterns and gene expression networks that respond to crude oil exposure. In addition, we used T‐DNA insertion lines of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon to assess the contribution of four novel candidate genes to crude oil response. Responses in S. alterniflora to hydrocarbon exposure across the transcriptome as well as xenobiotic specific response pathways had little overlap with those previously identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Among T‐DNA insertion lines of B. distachyon, we found additional support for two candidate genes, one (ATTPS21) involved in volatile production, and the other (SUVH5) involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, that may be important in the response to crude oil. The architecture of crude oil response in S. alterniflora is unique from that of the model species A. thaliana, suggesting that xenobiotic response may be highly variable across plant species. In addition, further investigations of regulatory networks may benefit from more information about epigenetic response pathways.
The unexpected genetic mating system of the red‐backed toadlet (Pseudophryne coriacea): A species with prolonged terrestrial breeding and cryptic reproductive behaviour
Authors: O'Brien Daniel M. , Keogh J. Scott , Silla Aimee J. , Byrne Phillip G.
Published: June 2018

Molecular technologies have revolutionized our classification of animal mating systems, yet we still know very little about the genetic mating systems of many vertebrate groups. It is widely believed that anuran amphibians have the highest reproductive diversity of all vertebrates, yet genetic mating systems have been studied in <1% of all described species. Here, we use single nucleotide polymorphisms to quantify the genetic mating system of the terrestrial breeding red‐backed toadlet Pseudophryne coriacea. In this species, breeding is prolonged (approximately 5 months), and males construct subterranean nests in which females deposit eggs. We predicted that females would display extreme sequential polyandry because this mating system has been reported in a closely related species (P. bibronii). Parentage analysis revealed that mating success was heavily skewed towards a subset of males (30.6% of potential sires) and that nearly all females (92.6%) mated with one male. In a high percentage of occupied nests (37.1%), the resident male was not the genetic sire, and very few nests (4.3%) contained clutches with multiple paternity. Unexpectedly, these results show that sequential polyandry is rare. They also show that there is a high frequency of nest takeover and extreme competition between males for nest sites, but that males rarely sneak matings. Genetic analysis also revealed introgressive hybridization between P. coriacea and the red‐crowned toadlet (Pseudophryne australis). Our study demonstrates a high level of mating system complexity, and it shows that closely related anurans can vary dramatically in their genetic mating system.