bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Algorithms for Subgraph Listing
Authors: Zechner Niklas , Lingas Andrzej
Published: May 2014

Subgraph isomorphism is a fundamental problem in graph theory. In this paper we focus on listing subgraphs isomorphic to a given pattern graph. First, we look at the algorithm due to Chiba and Nishizeki for listing complete subgraphs of fixed size, and show that it cannot be extended to general subgraphs of fixed size. Then, we consider the algorithm due to Ga̧sieniec et al. for finding multiple witnesses of a Boolean matrix product, and use it to design a new output-sensitive algorithm for listing all triangles in a graph. As a corollary, we obtain an output-sensitive algorithm for listing subgraphs and induced subgraphs isomorphic to an arbitrary fixed pattern graph.
Pitch Processing in Children with Williams Syndrome: Relationships between Music and Prosody Skills
Authors: Martínez-Castilla Pastora , Sotillo María
Published: May 2014

Williams syndrome (WS), a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, has been taken as evidence that music and language constitute separate modules. This research focused on the linguistic component of prosody and aimed to assess whether relationships exist between the pitch processing mechanisms for music and prosody in WS. Children with WS and typically developing individuals were presented with a musical pitch and two prosody discrimination tasks. In the musical pitch discrimination task, participants were required to distinguish whether two musical tones were the same or different. The prosody discrimination tasks evaluated participants’ skills for discriminating pairs of prosodic contours based on pitch or pitch, loudness and length, jointly. In WS, musical pitch discrimination was significantly correlated with performance on the prosody task assessing the discrimination of prosodic contours based on pitch only. Furthermore, musical pitch discrimination skills predicted performance on the prosody task based on pitch, and this relationship was not better explained by chronological age, vocabulary or auditory memory. These results suggest that children with WS process pitch in music and prosody through shared mechanisms. We discuss the implications of these results for theories of cognitive modularity. The implications of these results for intervention programs for individuals with WS are also discussed.
Monitoring the Presence of 13 Active Compounds in Surface Water Collected from Rural Areas in Northwestern Spain
Authors: Iglesias Alejandra , Nebot Carolina , Vázquez Beatriz , Coronel-Olivares Claudia , Abuín Carlos , Cepeda Alberto
Published: May 2014

Drug residues are considered environmental contaminants, and their occurrence has recently become a matter of concern. Analytical methods and monitoring systems are therefore required to control the continuous input of these drug residues into the environment. This article presents a suitable HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous extraction, detection and quantification of residues of 13 drugs (antimicrobials, glucocorticosteroids, anti-inflammatories, anti-hypertensives, anti-cancer drugs and triphenylmethane dyes) in surface water. A monitoring study with 549 water samples was carried out in northwestern Spain to detect the presence of drug residues over two sampling periods during 2010, 2011 and 2012. Samples were collected from rural areas with and without farming activity and from urban areas. The 13 analytes were detected, and 18% of the samples collected showed positive results for the presence of at least one analyte. More collection sites were located in rural areas than in urban areas. However, more positive samples with higher concentrations and a larger number of analytes were detected in samples collected from sites located after the discharge of a WWTP. Results indicated that the WWTPs seems to act as a concentration point. Positive samples were also detected at a site located near a drinking water treatment plant.
Evaluation of a School-Based Depression Prevention Program among Adolescents from Low-Income Areas: A Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial
Authors: Kindt Karlijn , Kleinjan Marloes , Janssens Jan , Scholte Ron
Published: May 2014

A randomized controlled trial was conducted among a potential high-risk group of 1,343 adolescents from low-income areas in The Netherlands to test the effectiveness of the depression prevention program Op Volle Kracht (OVK) as provided by teachers in a school setting. The results showed no main effect of the program on depressive symptoms at one-year follow-up. A moderation effect was found for parental psychopathology; adolescents who had parents with psychopathology and received the OVK program had less depressive symptoms compared to adolescents with parents with psychopathology in the control condition. No moderating effects on depressive symptoms were found for gender, ethnical background, and level of baseline depressive symptoms. An iatrogenic effect of the intervention was found on the secondary outcome of clinical depressive symptoms. Based on the low level of reported depressive symptoms at baseline, it seems that our sample might not meet the characteristics of a high-risk selective group for depressive symptoms. Therefore, no firm conclusions can be drawn about the selective potential of the OVK depression prevention program. In its current form, the OVK program should not be implemented on a large scale in the natural setting for non-high-risk adolescents. Future research should focus on high-risk participants, such as children of parents with psychopathology.
Teachers or Psychologists: Who Should Facilitate Depression Prevention Programs in Schools?
Authors: Wahl Melanie , Adelson Jill , Patak Margarete , Pössel Patrick , Hautzinger Martin
Published: May 2014

The current study evaluates a depression prevention program for adolescents led by psychologists vs. teachers in comparison to a control. The universal school-based prevention program has shown its efficacy in several studies when implemented by psychologists. The current study compares the effects of the program as implemented by teachers versus that implemented by psychologists under real-life conditions. A total of 646 vocational track 8th grade students from Germany participated either in a universal prevention program, led by teachers (n = 207) or psychologists (n = 213), or a teaching-as-usual control condition (n = 226). The design includes baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up (at 6 and 12 months post-intervention). The cognitive-behavioral program includes 10 sessions held in a regular school setting in same-gender groups and is based on the social information-processing model of social competence. Positive intervention effects were found on the change in girls’ depressive symptoms up to 12 months after program delivery when the program was implemented by psychologists. No such effects were found on boys or when program was delivered by teachers. The prevention program can successfully be implemented for girls by psychologists. Further research is needed for explanations of these effects.
Geminal Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquids as Catalysts for the Mannich Reaction in Water
Authors: He Leqin , Qin Shenjun , Chang Tao , Sun Yuzhuang , Zhao Jiquan
Published: May 2014

Quaternary ammonium geminal Brønsted acid ionic liquids (GBAILs) based on zwitterionic 1,2-bis[N-methyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-alkylammonium]ethane (where the carbon number of the alkyl chain is 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate were synthesized. The catalytic ionic liquids were applied in three-component Mannich reactions with an aldehyde, ketone, and amine at 25 °C in water. The effects of the type and amount of catalyst and reaction time as well as the scope of the reaction were investigated. Results showed that GBAIL-C14 has excellent catalytic activity and fair reusability. The catalytic procedure was simple, and the catalyst could be recycled seven times via a simple separation process without noticeable decreases in catalytic activity.
Expression and Effects of High-Mobility Group Box 1 in Cervical Cancer
Authors: Pang Xiaoao , Zhang Yao , Wei Heng , Zhang Jing , Luo Qingshuang , Huang Chenglin , Zhang Shulan
Published: May 2014

We investigated the significance of high- mobility group box1 (HMGB1) and T-cell-mediated immunity and prognostic value in cervical cancer. HMGB1, forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3 (Foxp3), IL-2, and IL-10 protein expression was analyzed in 100 cervical tissue samples including cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and healthy control samples using immunohistochemistry. Serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) was immunoradiometrically measured in 32 serum samples from 37 cases of squamous cervical cancer. HMGB1 and SCC-Ag were then correlated to clinicopathological characteristics. HMGB1 expression tends to increase as cervical cancer progresses and it was found to be significantly correlated to FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis. These findings suggest that HMGB1 may be a useful prognostic indicator of cervical carcinoma. In addition, there were significant positive relationships between HMGB1 and FOXP3 or IL-10 expression (both p < 0.05). In contrast, HMGB1 and IL-2 expression was negatively correlated (p < 0.05). HMGB1 expression may activate Tregs or facilitate Th2 polarization to promote immune evasion of cervical cancer. Elevated HMGB1 protein in cervical carcinoma samples was associated with a high recurrence of HPV infection in univariate analysis (p < 0.05). HMGB1 expression and levels of SCC-Ag were directly correlated in SCC (p < 0.05). Thus, HMGB1 may be a useful biomarker for patient prognosis and cervical cancer prediction and treatment.
Role of Mitochondria in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Nassir Fatiha , Ibdah Jamal
Published: May 2014

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects about 30% of the general population in the United States and includes a spectrum of disease that includes simple steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. Significant insight has been gained into our understanding of the pathogenesis of NALFD; however the key metabolic aberrations underlying lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and the progression of NAFLD remain to be elucidated. Accumulating and emerging evidence indicate that hepatic mitochondria play a critical role in the development and pathogenesis of steatosis and NAFLD. Here, we review studies that document a link between the pathogenesis of NAFLD and hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction with particular focus on new insights into the role of impaired fatty acid oxidation, the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and sirtuins in development and progression of NAFLD.
Molecular Recognition of Agonist and Antagonist for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Liu Mengyuan , Wang Lushan , Zhao Xian , Sun Xun
Published: May 2014

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) is a ligand-activated transcription factor which plays important roles in lipid and glucose metabolism. The aim of this work is to find residues which selectively recognize PPAR-α agonists and antagonists. To achieve this aim, PPAR-α/13M and PPAR-α/471 complexes were subjected to perform molecular dynamics simulations. This research suggests that several key residues only participate in agonist recognition, while some other key residues only contribute to antagonist recognition. It is hoped that such work is useful for medicinal chemists to design novel PPAR-α agonists and antagonists.
Synthesis of MgB2 at Low Temperature and Autogenous Pressure
Authors: Mackinnon Ian , Winnett Abigail , Alarco Jose , Talbot Peter
Published: May 2014

High quality, micron-sized interpenetrating grains of MgB2, with high density, are produced at low temperatures (~420 °C < T < ~500 °C) under autogenous pressure by pre-mixing Mg powder and NaBH4 and heating in an Inconel 601 alloy reactor for 5–15 h. Optimum production of MgB2, with yields greater than 75%, occurs for autogenous pressure in the range 1.0 MPa to 2.0 MPa, with the reactor at ~500 °C. Autogenous pressure is induced by the decomposition of NaBH4 in the presence of Mg and/or other Mg-based compounds. The morphology, transition temperature and magnetic properties of MgB2 are dependent on the heating regime. Significant improvement in physical properties accrues when the reactor temperature is held at 250 °C for >20 min prior to a hold at 500 °C.
n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate Synthesis. A New Quality Step Using Microwaves
Authors: Carriles Yaquelin , Brito Rubén , Sánchez Ricardo , Acevedo Elayma , Domínguez Paola , Mueller Wolf-Dieter
Published: May 2014

Alkyl cyanoacrylates are interesting products for use in industry because of their properties enabling them to stick together a wide range of substrates. n-Butyl cyanoacrylate is one of the most successfully used tissue adhesives in the field of medicine because it exhibits bacteriostatic and haemostatic characteristics, in addition to its adhesive properties. At present, its synthesis is performed with good yields via Knoevenagel condensation using conventional sources of heating, but this requires a long processing time. The aim of this work was to look for a new way of synthesising n-butyl cyanoacrylate using microwave irradiation as the source of heating. This non-conventional source of heating most likely reduces the process time of the synthesis. In comparison with a conventional heating source, such as an oil bath, the results showed the advantages of this method whereby the n-butyl cyanoacrylate gave the same yield and quality with a reduction in the reaction time by a factor of 3-5-fold.
Cloning, 3D Modeling and Expression Analysis of Three Vacuolar Invertase Genes from Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz)
Authors: Yao Yuan , Wu Xiao-Hui , Geng Meng-Ting , Li Rui-Mei , Liu Jiao , Hu Xin-Wen , Guo Jian-Chun
Published: May 2014

Vacuolar invertase is one of the key enzymes in sucrose metabolism that irreversibly catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose in plants. In this research, three vacuolar invertase genes, named MeVINV1-3, and with 653, 660 and 639 amino acids, respectively, were cloned from cassava. The motifs of NDPNG (β-fructosidase motif), RDP and WECVD, which are conserved and essential for catalytic activity in the vacuolar invertase family, were found in MeVINV1 and MeVINV2. Meanwhile, in MeVINV3, instead of NDPNG we found the motif NGPDG, in which the three amino acids GPD are different from those in other vacuolar invertases (DPN) that might result in MeVINV3 being an inactivated protein. The N-terminal leader sequence of MeVINVs contains a signal anchor, which is associated with the sorting of vacuolar invertase to vacuole. The overall predicted 3D structure of the MeVINVs consists of a five bladed β-propeller module at N-terminus domain, and forms a β-sandwich module at the C-terminus domain. The active site of the protein is situated in the β-propeller module. MeVINVs are classified in two subfamilies, α and β groups, in which α group members of MeVINV1 and 2 are highly expressed in reproductive organs and tuber roots (considered as sink organs), while β group members of MeVINV3 are highly expressed in leaves (source organs). All MeVINVs are highly expressed in leaves, while only MeVINV1 and 2 are highly expressed in tubers at cassava tuber maturity stage. Thus, MeVINV1 and 2 play an important role in sucrose unloading and starch accumulation, as well in buffering the pools of sucrose, hexoses and sugar phosphates in leaves, specifically at later stages of plant development.
From Sadness to Madness: Tibetan Perspectives on the Causation and Treatment of Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Deane Susannah
Published: May 2014

Buddhist-derived “mindfulness” practices are currently enjoying popularity amongst both the lay population and health professionals in the West, especially in the treatment of psychiatric conditions such as depression. This popularity leads to questions regarding how people in diverse Buddhist communities might conceptualise psychiatric illness and healing. This paper explores perspectives on psychiatric illness within a Tibetan Buddhist community in North India, focusing on the role of “emotions” in causation and treatment which was frequently discussed by informants. Comparisons between biomedical perspectives on emotional “disturbance” as a symptom of psychiatric illness and Tibetan conceptions of emotions as causal or contributory factors in a number of psychiatric illnesses are discussed. Three case studies are described to illustrate some of these common perspectives, examine how they are reflected in health-seeking behavior, and consider comparisons between the two systems.
Sensor Systems for Vehicle Environment Perception in a Highway Intelligent Space System
Authors: Tang Xiaofeng , Gao Feng , Xu Guoyan , Ding Nenggen , Cai Yao , Ma Mingming , Liu Jianxing
Published: May 2014

A Highway Intelligent Space System (HISS) is proposed to study vehicle environment perception in this paper. The nature of HISS is that a space sensors system using laser, ultrasonic or radar sensors are installed in a highway environment and communication technology is used to realize the information exchange between the HISS server and vehicles, which provides vehicles with the surrounding road information. Considering the high-speed feature of vehicles on highways, when vehicles will be passing a road ahead that is prone to accidents, the vehicle driving state should be predicted to ensure drivers have road environment perception information in advance, thereby ensuring vehicle driving safety and stability. In order to verify the accuracy and feasibility of the HISS, a traditional vehicle-mounted sensor system for environment perception is used to obtain the relative driving state. Furthermore, an inter-vehicle dynamics model is built and model predictive control approach is used to predict the driving state in the following period. Finally, the simulation results shows that using the HISS for environment perception can arrive at the same results detected by a traditional vehicle-mounted sensors system. Meanwhile, we can further draw the conclusion that using HISS to realize vehicle environment perception can ensure system stability, thereby demonstrating the method’s feasibility.
Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Lamb Waves Used in a Thin Plate for Detecting Buried Micro-Cracks
Authors: Wan Xiang , Zhang Qing , Xu Guanghua , Tse Peter
Published: May 2014

Compared with conventional linear ultrasonic inspection methods, which are sensitive only to severe defects, nonlinear ultrasonic inspection methods are better for revealing micro-cracks in thin plates. However, most nonlinear ultrasonic inspection methods have only been experimentally investigated using bulk or Rayleigh waves. Numerical studies, especially numerical simulations of Lamb ultrasonic waves, have seldom been reported. In this paper, the interaction between nonlinear S0 mode Lamb waves and micro-cracks of various lengths and widths buried in a thin metallic plate was simulated using the finite element method (FEM). The numerical results indicate that after interacting with a micro-crack, a new wave-packet was generated in addition to the S0 mode wave-packet. The second harmonics of the S0 mode Lamb waves and the new wave-packet were caused by nonlinear acoustic effects at the micro-crack. An amplitude ratio indicator is thus proposed for the early detection of buried micro-cracks.
A Comparative Study of Registration Methods for RGB-D Video of Static Scenes
Authors: Morell-Gimenez Vicente , Saval-Calvo Marcelo , Azorin-Lopez Jorge , Garcia-Rodriguez Jose , Cazorla Miguel , Orts-Escolano Sergio , Fuster-Guillo Andres
Published: May 2014

The use of RGB-D sensors for mapping and recognition tasks in robotics or, in general, for virtual reconstruction has increased in recent years. The key aspect of these kinds of sensors is that they provide both depth and color information using the same device. In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of the most important methods used in the literature for the registration of subsequent RGB-D video frames in static scenarios. The analysis begins by explaining the characteristics of the registration problem, dividing it into two representative applications: scene modeling and object reconstruction. Then, a detailed experimentation is carried out to determine the behavior of the different methods depending on the application. For both applications, we used standard datasets and a new one built for object reconstruction.
Quantitative Measurement of Eyestrain on 3D Stereoscopic Display Considering the Eye Foveation Model and Edge Information
Authors: Heo Hwan , Lee Won , Shin Kwang , Park Kang
Published: May 2014

We propose a new method for measuring the degree of eyestrain on 3D stereoscopic displays using a glasses-type of eye tracking device. Our study is novel in the following four ways: first, the circular area where a user’s gaze position exists is defined based on the calculated gaze position and gaze estimation error. Within this circular area, the position where edge strength is maximized can be detected, and we determine this position as the gaze position that has a higher probability of being the correct one. Based on this gaze point, the eye foveation model is defined. Second, we quantitatively evaluate the correlation between the degree of eyestrain and the causal factors of visual fatigue, such as the degree of change of stereoscopic disparity (CSD), stereoscopic disparity (SD), frame cancellation effect (FCE), and edge component (EC) of the 3D stereoscopic display using the eye foveation model. Third, by comparing the eyestrain in conventional 3D video and experimental 3D sample video, we analyze the characteristics of eyestrain according to various factors and types of 3D video. Fourth, by comparing the eyestrain with or without the compensation of eye saccades movement in 3D video, we analyze the characteristics of eyestrain according to the types of eye movements in 3D video. Experimental results show that the degree of CSD causes more eyestrain than other factors.
Edible Mushroom Cultivation for Food Security and Rural Development in China: Bio-Innovation, Technological Dissemination and Marketing
Authors: Zhang Yaoqi , Geng Wei , Shen Yueqin , Wang Yanling , Dai Yu-Cheng
Published: May 2014

Mushrooms traditionally collected from forests and now more cultivated have recently become the products of the fifth-largest agricultural sector in China. It was estimated that more than 25 million farmers in China are currently engaged in the collection, cultivation processing and marketing of mushrooms. The total value of mushroom products amounted to 149 billion RMB Yuan (24 billion USD) in 2011. The raw materials have expanded from a few hardwoods to a variety of woods and increasing more into agricultural residues and wastes. The average annual growth rate has been over 10% over the past 30 years in China. This paper describes the rapid growth of mushroom cultivation and its contribution to food security and rural sustainable development. The roles of bio-innovation, technological dissemination, and marketing are also examined. Mushrooms could potentially be very important in future food supplies and in new dimensions of sustainable agriculture and forestry.
Symmetry Perspectives on Some Auxetic Body-Bar Frameworks
Authors: Fowler Patrick , Guest Simon , Tarnai Tibor
Published: May 2014

Scalar mobility counting rules and their symmetry extensions are reviewed for finite frameworks and also for infinite periodic frameworks of the bar-and-joint, body-joint and body-bar types. A recently published symmetry criterion for the existence of equiauxetic character of an infinite framework is applied to two long known but apparently little studied hinged-hexagon frameworks, and is shown to detect auxetic behaviour in both. In contrast, for double-link frameworks based on triangular and square tessellations, other affine deformations can mix with the isotropic expansion mode.
Using Data from Ambient Assisted Living and Smart Homes in Electronic Health Records
Authors: Schöpe L. , Knaup P.
Published: May 2014

Introduction: This editorial is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Using Data from Ambient Assisted Living and Smart Homes in Electronic Health Records”.

Background: To increase efficiency in the health care of the future, data from innovative technology like it is used for ambient assisted living (AAL) or smart homes should be available for individual health decisions. Integrating and aggregating data from different medical devices and health records enables a comprehensive view on health data.

Objectives: The objective of this paper is to present examples of the state of the art in research on information management that leads to a sustainable use and long-term storage of health data provided by innovative assistive technologies in daily living.

Results: Current research deals with the perceived usefulness of sensor data, the participatory design of visual displays for presenting monitoring data, and communication architectures for integrating sensor data from home health care environments with health care providers either via a regional health record bank or via a telemedical center.

Conclusions: Integrating data from AAL systems and smart homes with data from electronic patient or health records is still in an early stage. Several projects are in an advanced conceptual phase, some of them exploring feasibility with the help of prototypes. General comprehensive solutions are hardly available and should become a major issue of medical informatics research in the near future.
Les territoires réinventés du football mondialisé
Authors: Lestrelin Ludovic
Published: May 2014

Le football semble s’être émancipé de ses bases locales et nationales. Joueurs, images, capitaux circulent à l’échelle mondiale, construisant un marché globalisé alimenté par de multiples produits dérivés, compétitions hors-sol et autres tournées promotionnelles de grands clubs dont les soutiens ne se réduisent plus aux seuls supporters locaux. Le phénomène des « supporters à distance », qui témoigne de modalités renouvelées de construction des sentiments d’appartenance, ne doit cependant pas s’analyser sous le signe du désencastrement spatial. Les pratiques de ces supporters révèlent en effet l’importance des lieux associés au club soutenu, en particulier son stade où ils côtoient des supporters locaux qui sont tout à la fois en première ligne dans la promotion de l’identité locale du club et dans les mobilisations pour défendre son ancrage spatial.
Quand le foot-business fait son grand projet inutile et imposé : le cas d'OL Land
Authors: Binctin Barnabé
Published: May 2014

Si le football est parfois considéré comme un miroir sociologique des sociétés contemporaines, la construction des équipements afférents répond, elle, à la tendance actuelle de nos politiques publiques au développement des Grands Projets Inutiles Imposés (GPII). À Lyon, le cas d’« OL Land », aux finalités largement extra-sportives, semble à cet égard l’illustration parfaite d’un projet d’infrastructure aussi contre-productif que superfétatoire. Tant dans le montage du projet que dans son financement, l’instrumentalisation du fait sportif dissimule mal les enjeux d’une opération économique incertaine au profit de quelques intérêts privés locaux. S’appuyant sur la définition des GPII proposée dans la Charte de Tunis élaborée lors du dernier Forum social mondial, Barnabé Binctin démontre ici l’inutilité socio-économique et les dangers environnementaux du projet OL Land. Il interroge aussi les moyens de la résistance – qui puise abondamment dans le registre d’action de la désobéissance civile – dont l’organisation, parfois éparpillée, témoigne des difficultés de la convergence des luttes.
Est-ce la fin du mouvement ultra en France ?
Authors: Ginhoux Bérangère
Published: May 2014

Le supportérisme ultra, considéré désormais comme une forme de « délinquance des stades », apparaît à l’opposé du modèle de supportérisme souhaité dans l’organisation des championnats nationaux ou dans le cadre des manifestations internationales telles que la Coupe du monde. Bérangère Ginhoux décrit dans cet article le monde social spécifique des supporters ultras en France (composition, culture, fonctionnement) et interroge la manière dont ces supporters font face au développement d’un football business dont ils sont exclus.
Supporters ou révolutionnaires ? Les ultras du Caire
Authors: Allal Amin
Published: May 2014

Qui sont ces masses bravant les ordres autoritaires dans plusieurs pays arabes lors de l’hiver 2011 ? À la faveur d’une explication simpliste et exclusive, deux figures concurrentes se sont imposées dans les médias : d’une part, le révolutionnaire Facebook ou Twitter, cet archétype de la classe moyenne éduquée, pacifiste et moderne qui use utilement des nouvelles technologies de l’information. Et d’autre part, le supporter ultra, ce représentant des classes laborieuses, qui affronte dans la rue les forces de l’ordre, les représentants du régime honni. Ce schéma binaire et réducteur est à bien des égards insatisfaisant. Concernant plus particulièrement la figure des ultras, les commentateurs ont souvent surdéterminé la portée politique de leurs actes. La confusion à leur propos a alimenté l’image d’un lumpen prolétariat aguerri et révolutionnaire, sorte d’avant-garde qui ne dit pas son nom. Céline Lebrun, sociologue travaillant sur les ultras du Caire, nous aide ici à comprendre aussi bien les ressorts de leur engagement dans les affrontements contre la police que leur recul conservateur sur des questions identitaires.
Être (bien) payé pour parler foot
Authors: de La Porte Xavier
Published: May 2014

Le foot professionnel n’existerait pas sans la télévision. Les chaînes de télé, qui dépensent des fortunes pour avoir la possibilité de diffuser les matchs jouent en effet un rôle clef dans l’économie des clubs et des ligues. En retour, elles espèrent attirer annonceurs et abonnés en offrant une couverture aussi exhaustive que possible des compétitions nationales et internationales. Mais les matchs ne suffisent pas (ou plus). Les émissions sur le foot se multiplient, et on parle foot du matin au soir, dans des émissions dédiées comme dans des programmes d’actualité ou de culture. Cette profusion de la parole pourrait, a priori, s’accompagner d’une grande liberté de ton et offrir des espaces pour des analyses distanciées, pour des mises en perspectives historiques, voire pour des propos humoristiques ou satiriques, en mobilisant des passionnés de foot. La réalité est pourtant bien plus complexe – ou plus pauvre et monocorde, comme l’atteste Xavier de La Porte, ancien chroniqueur « sport » (c’est-à-dire foot) sur Canal Plus .
Brésil, Turquie : leçons de juin
Authors: Coutrot Thomas
Published: May 2014

Les pays émergents sont rattrapés par la crise mondiale. Fuite des capitaux, chute des bourses et des monnaies : le tournant annoncé de la Fed, la banque centrale états-unienne, vers une politique monétaire moins laxiste, et l’anticipation d’une hausse des taux d’intérêt américains, ont déclenché à l’été 2013 puis à nouveau l’hiver 2014 de fortes turbulences sur les marchés financiers indiens, sud-africains, brésiliens, turcs... Pendant ce temps la bulle financière continue à enfler à Wall Street et en Europe où les indices boursiers ont dépassé les sommets atteints en octobre 2007, ce qui ne laisse d’ailleurs rien présager de bon. Une tornade financière globale pourrait bien éclater à nouveau d’ici quelque temps. Mais dans l’économie réelle, le ralentissement général de la croissance des émergents est déjà sensible depuis deux ans, soulignant les fondements précaires de leurs modèles de croissance. Plus significatifs que les hoquets de la finance, les grands mouvements sociaux qu’ont connus le Brésil et la Turquie en juin dernier ont mis à nu les limites de ces modèles. Les manifestants du Passe Livre et du parc Gezi s’en sont pris aux grands projets inutiles et coûteux qui ont soutenu dans les deux pays une croissance inégalitaire et instable désormais à bout de souffle.
Exosomes Derived from Burkitt’s Lymphoma Cell Lines Induce Proliferation, Differentiation, and Class-Switch Recombination in B Cells
Authors: Gutzeit Cindy , Nagy Noemi , Gentile Maurizio , Lyberg Katarina , Gumz Janine , Vallhov Helen , Puga Irene , Klein Eva , Gabrielsson Susanne , Cerutti Andrea , Scheynius Annika
Published: May 2014

Exosomes, nano-sized membrane vesicles, are released by various cells and are found in many human body fluids. They are active players in intercellular communication and have immune-suppressive, immune-regulatory, and immune-stimulatory functions. EBV is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with various lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV infection of B cells in vitro induces the release of exosomes that harbor the viral latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 per se mimics CD40 signaling and induces proliferation of B lymphocytes and T cell–independent class-switch recombination. Constitutive LMP1 signaling within B cells is blunted through the shedding of LMP1 via exosomes. In this study, we investigated the functional effect of exosomes derived from the DG75 Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line and its sublines (LMP1 transfected and EBV infected), with the hypothesis that they might mimic exosomes released during EBV-associated diseases. We show that exosomes released during primary EBV infection of B cells harbored LMP1, and similar levels were detected in exosomes from LMP1-transfected DG75 cells. DG75 exosomes efficiently bound to human B cells within PBMCs and were internalized by isolated B cells. In turn, this led to proliferation, induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase, and the production of circle and germline transcripts for IgG1 in B cells. Finally, exosomes harboring LMP1 enhanced proliferation and drove B cell differentiation toward a plasmablast-like phenotype. In conclusion, our results suggest that exosomes released from EBV-infected B cells have a stimulatory capacity and interfere with the fate of human B cells.
Lymphopenia Associated with Highly Virulent H5N1 Virus Infection Due to Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell–Mediated Apoptosis of T Cells
Authors: Boonnak Kobporn , Vogel Leatrice , Feldmann Friederike , Feldmann Heinz , Legge Kevin L. , Subbarao Kanta
Published: May 2014

Although lymphopenia is a hallmark of severe infection with highly pathogenic H5N1 and the newly emerged H7N9 influenza viruses in humans, the mechanism(s) by which lethal H5N1 viruses cause lymphopenia in mammalian hosts remains poorly understood. Because influenza-specific T cell responses are initiated in the lung draining lymph nodes (LNs), and lymphocytes subsequently traffic to the lungs or peripheral circulation, we compared the immune responses in the lung draining LNs postinfection with a lethal A/HK/483/97 or nonlethal A/HK/486/97 (H5N1) virus in a mouse model. We found that lethal H5N1, but not nonlethal H5N1, virus infection in mice enhances Fas ligand (FasL) expression on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), resulting in apoptosis of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells via a Fas-FasL–mediated pathway. We also found that pDCs, but not other DC subsets, preferentially accumulate in the lung draining LNs of lethal H5N1 virus–infected mice, and that the induction of FasL expression on pDCs correlates with high levels of IL-12p40 monomer/homodimer in the lung draining LNs. Our data suggest that one of the mechanisms of lymphopenia associated with lethal H5N1 virus infection involves a deleterious role for pDCs.
Targeting Antigens through Blood Dendritic Cell Antigen 2 on Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Promotes Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Chappell Craig P. , Giltiay Natalia V. , Draves Kevin E. , Chen ChangHung , Hayden-Ledbetter Martha S. , Shlomchik Mark J. , Kaplan Daniel H. , Clark Edward A.
Published: May 2014

The C-type lectin receptor blood dendritic cell Ag 2 (BDCA2) is expressed exclusively on human plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and plays a role in Ag capture, internalization, and presentation to T cells. We used transgenic mice that express human BDCA2 and anti-BDCA2 mAbs to deliver Ags directly to BDCA2 on pDCs in vivo. Targeting Ag to pDCs in this manner resulted in significant suppression of Ag-specific CD4+ T cell and Ab responses upon secondary exposure to Ag in the presence of adjuvant. Suppression of Ab responses required both a decrease in effector CD4+ T cells and preservation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Reduction in Treg numbers following Ag delivery to BDCA2 restored both CD4+ T cell activation and Ab responses, demonstrating that Tregs were required for the observed tolerance. Our results demonstrate that Ag delivery to pDCs through BDCA2 is an effective method to induce immunological tolerance, which may be useful for treating autoimmune diseases or to inhibit unwanted Ab responses.
mTOR Signaling Inhibition Modulates Macrophage/Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Secondary Injury via Regulatory T Cells after Focal Ischemia
Authors: Xie Luokun , Sun Fen , Wang Jixian , Mao XiaoOu , Xie Lin , Yang Shao-Hua , Su Dong-Ming , Simpkins James W. , Greenberg David A. , Jin Kunlin
Published: May 2014

Signaling by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in the modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the role and underlying mechanism of mTOR signaling in poststroke neuroinflammation are largely unexplored. In this study, we injected rapamycin, a mTOR inhibitor, by the intracerebroventricular route 6 h after focal ischemic stroke in rats. We found that rapamycin significantly reduced lesion volume and improved behavioral deficits. Notably, infiltration of γδ T cells and granulocytes, which are detrimental to the ischemic brain, was profoundly reduced after rapamycin treatment, as was the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by macrophages and microglia. Rapamycin treatment prevented brain macrophage polarization toward the M1 type. In addition, we also found that rapamycin significantly enhanced anti-inflammation activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by macrophages and microglia. Depletion of Tregs partially elevated macrophage/microglia-induced neuroinflammation after stroke. Our data suggest that rapamycin can attenuate secondary injury and motor deficits after focal ischemia by enhancing the anti-inflammation activity of Tregs to restrain poststroke neuroinflammation.
Factors that influence contraceptive use amongst women in Vanga health district, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Izale Kangale , Govender Indiran , Fina Jean-Pierre L. , Tumbo John
Published: May 2014

Background: Contraception is often necessary in order to plan for children and without it there is a risk of unplanned pregnancies. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, this often results in abortions by untrained persons with resultant morbidity and mortality. Aim: To investigate the factors that influence contraceptive use amongst women of childbearing age in the Vanga health zone. Methods: Cross-sectional survey using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Results: Of the 384 women recruited, a majority (46.1%) were in the 31–40 year age group;52% had reached primary school and 88% did not have formal employment. One hundredand forty of the participants reported current use of contraception, with 60% of them using modern methods of contraception; 36.1% of them had begun using contraception before the age of 20; and the most common methods were oral contraceptive pills and injection, each accounting for 22.9%. There was variation in the duration of contraceptive use and the main reason for using contraception was to space children. Of the participants, 20.7% had been using contraception for more than two years. Seventy-seven (31.5%) of the women reported they did not use contraception because of a fear of side effects. Forty-four (18%) reported that they are unable to afford contraception, 38 (15.6%) had husbands who disapproved of contraceptive usage, 26 (10.6%) had a fear of infertility, 18 (7.4%) practised a religion that did not allow them to use contraception and 12 of the women (4.9%) did not use contraception because it was unavailable to them. Conclusion: Barriers to contraception in our study were fears of side effects and infertility, cost, male partner’s objection, unavailability of contraception and religious beliefs.
HLA-DRB1*08:02 Is Associated with Bucillamine-Induced Proteinuria in Japanese Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: Furukawa Hiroshi , Oka Shomi , Shimada Kota , Sugii Shoji , Hashimoto Atsushi , Komiya Akiko , Fukui Naoshi , Miyashita Taiichiro , Migita Kiyoshi , Suda Akiko , Nagaoka Shouhei , Tsuchiya Naoyuki , Tohma Shigeto
Published: May 2014

Background

Drug-induced proteinuria can occur in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with d-penicillamine, gold salts, or bucillamine (Buc), and represents a drug hypersensitivity reaction. Striking associations of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles with adverse reactions have recently been reported for many drugs.

Methods

We investigated the association of HLA class II with Buc-induced proteinuria (BI-Pro) in 485 Japanese RA patients treated with Buc, of whom 25 had developed BI-Pro.

Results and Conclusion

This preliminary study showed a highly significant association of DRB1*08:02 with BI-Pro ( P = 1.09 × 10−6, corrected P [ Pc] = 1.96 × 10−5, odds ratio [OR] 25.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.98-79.38). DQB1*04:02 was also significantly associated with increased risk of BI-Pro ( P = 2.44 × 10−5, Pc = 2.69 × 10−4, OR 10.35, 95%CI 3.99–26.83). These findings provide useful information for promoting personalized medicine for RA.
A Free Product Formula for the Sofic Dimension
Authors: Graham Robert , Pichot Mikael
Published: May 2014

It is proved that if G = G1 *G3G2 is free product of probability measure preserving s–regular ergodic discrete groupoids amalgamated over an amenable subgroupoid G3, then the sofic dimension s(G) satisfies the equality

where ℌ is the normalized Haar measure on G.
A global radiosonde and tracked balloon archive on 16 pressure levels (GRASP) back to 1905 – Part 2: Homogeneity adjustments for PILOT and radiosonde wind data
Authors: Ramella Pralungo L. , Haimberger L.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This paper describes the comprehensive homogenization of the GRASP wind records. Many of those records suffer from artificial shifts that need to be detected and adjusted before they are suitable for climate studies. Time series of departures between observations and the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration 20th century (NOAA-20CR) surface pressure only reanalysis have been calculated offline by first interpolating the observations to pressure levels and standard synoptic times, if needed, and then interpolating the gridded NOAA-20CR standard pressure level data horizontally to the observation locations. These difference time series are quite sensitive to breaks in the observation time series and can be used for both automatic detection and adjustment of the breaks. Both wind speed and direction show a comparable number of breaks, roughly one break in three stations. More than hundred artificial shifts in wind direction could be detected at several US stations in the period 1938/1955. From the 1960s onward the wind direction breaks are less frequent. Wind speed data are not so much affected by measurement biases but one has to be aware of a large fair weather sampling bias in early years when high wind speeds were much less likely to be observed than after 1960 when RADAR tracking was already common practice. It has to be taken into account when calculating trends or monthly means from wind speed data. Trends of both wind speed and direction look spatially more homogeneous after adjustment. With the exception of a widespread wind direction bias found in the early US network no signs of pervasive measurement biases could be found. The adjustments can likely improve observation usage when applied during data assimilation. Alternatively they can serve as basis for validating variational wind bias adjustment schemes. Certainly they are expected to improve estimates of global wind trends. All the homogeneity adjustments are available in the PANGAEA archive with the associated DOI doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.823617.
Simulation of semi-arid biomass plantations and irrigation using the WRF-NOAH model – a comparison with observations from Israel
Authors: Branch O. , Warrach-Sagi K. , Wulfmeyer V. , Cohen S.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. A 10 × 10 km irrigated biomass plantation was simulated in an arid region of Israel to simulate diurnal energy balances during the summer of 2012 (JJA). The goal is to examine daytime horizontal flux gradients between plantation and desert. Simulations were carried out within the coupled WRF-NOAH atmosphere/land surface model. MODIS land surface data was adjusted by prescribing tailored land surface and soil/plant parameters, and by adding a controllable sub-surface irrigation scheme to NOAH. Two model cases studies were compared – Impact and Control. Impact simulates the irrigated plantation. Control simulates the existing land surface, where the predominant land surface is bare desert soil. Central to the study is parameter validation against land surface observations from a desert site and from a 400 ha Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) plantation. Control was validated with desert observations, and Impact with Jojoba observations. Model evapotranspiration was validated with two Penman–Monteith estimates based on the observations. Control simulates daytime desert conditions with a maximum deviation for surface 2 m air temperatures (T2) of 0.2 °C, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) of 0.25 hPa, wind speed (U) of 0.5 m s−1, surface radiation (Rn) of 25 W m−2, soil heat flux (G) of 30 W m−2 and 5 cm soil temperatures (ST5) of 1.5 °C. Impact simulates irrigated vegetation conditions with a maximum deviation for T2 of 1–1.5 °C, VPD of 0.5 hPa, U of 0.5 m s−1, Rn of 50 W m−5, G of 40 W m−2 and ST5 of 2 °C. Latent heat curves in Impact correspond closely with Penman–Monteith estimates, and magnitudes of 160 W m−2 over the plantation are usual. Sensible heat fluxes, are around 450 W m−2 and are at least 100–110 W m−2 higher than the surrounding desert. This surplus is driven by reduced albedo and high surface resistance, and demonstrates that high evaporation rates may not occur over Jojoba if irrigation is optimized. Furthermore, increased daytime T2 over plantations highlight the need for hourly as well as daily mean statistics. Daily mean statistics alone may imply an overall cooling effect due to surplus nocturnal cooling, when in fact a daytime warming effect is observed.