bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug‐Induced Sleep Endoscopy vs Awake Müller’s Maneuver in the Diagnosis of Severe Upper Airway Obstruction
Authors: Soares Danny , Folbe Adam J. , Yoo George , Badr M. Safwan , Rowley James A. , Lin Ho‐Sheng
Published: September 2012

Objective

To compare fiber‐optic nasal endoscopy with Müller’s maneuver (FNMM) against drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) in diagnosing the presence of severe level‐specific upper airway collapse in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care academic center.

Subjects and Methods

Medical records of all adult patients undergoing diagnostic DISE as part of their surgical evaluation were reviewed. Patients were included if they had undergone FNMM and had documented Friedman tongue position and tonsillar grade prior to DISE. Airway obstruction on both endoscopic procedures was described according to airway level and severity. Severe airway obstruction was defined as >75% collapse on endoscopy.

Results

Fifty‐three patients were included in this study. Fiber‐optic nasal endoscopy with Müller’s maneuver and DISE did not differ significantly regarding the presence of severe retropalatal airway collapse. There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of severe retrolingual collapse identified via DISE (84.9% [45/53]) compared with FNMM (35.8% [19/53]; P <. 0001). This discrepancy between FNMM and DISE findings was statistically significant in individuals with Friedman I and II tongue positions (FNMM = 16.7%, DISE = 88.9%, P <. 0001) and individuals with Friedman III tongue position (FNMM = 31.8%, DISE = 81.8%, P =. 002). Patients with Friedman IV showed no significant difference (P =. 65) between FNMM (69.2%) and DISE (84.6%).

Conclusion

This study shows a significant difference between FNMM and DISE in the identification of severe retrolingual collapse. Since the effectiveness of surgical interventions depends largely on the accurate preoperative identification of the site of obstruction, further scrutiny of each diagnostic endoscopic technique is warranted.
Microfracture for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Hannon Charles P. , Murawski Christopher D. , Fansa Ashraf M. , Smyth Niall A. , Do Huong , Kennedy John G.
Published: September 2012

Background:

Microfracture is recognized as a primary treatment strategy for osteochondral lesions of the talus up to 15 mm in size. The ability of fibrocartilage to withstand the mechanical loading of the joint over time is unknown.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to systematically review studies of microfracture for OLT and descriptively analyze the outcome data reported to determine whether it is consistent from one study to another and able to be pooled for systematic review.

Methods:

A systematic electronic search was performed using the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Studies that were published between January 1966 and June 2011 were included in the review. Only studies that reported data specifically on microfracture for treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus and written in English were included in this review.

Results:

Twenty-four studies were included in this systematic review. The categories of general demographics and study design were generally well reported (each over 80% of studies). Patient history and patient-reported outcome data were reported less (55%-66%). Clinical variables (48%) and imaging data (39%) were the least reported in studies.

Conclusion:

There were gross inconsistencies and an underreporting of data between studies such that pooling was deemed impossible. A concerted effort must be made by investigators to ensure that there is adequate reporting of data in studies of microfracture treatment for OLT. A set of guidelines to assist surgeons in reporting data may be useful for future research.
Blood in the Village: A Local-Level Investigation of State Massacres
Authors: Sullivan Christopher Michael
Published: September 2012

Although policymakers, NGOs, and academics have all expressed interest in accounting for mass killing, it is still unclear why states perpetrate massacres against their citizens. The present article identifies how strategic incentives can motivate states to commit massacres in particular settings. The article contends that massacres are committed to pursue two strategic goals: threat removal and projecting state control over territory. This theory is tested using local-level data from Guatemala’s Commission for Historical Clarification. The results have significant implications for how we understand as well as attempt to reduce mass killing.
Measuring Revolution
Authors: Colgan Jeff
Published: September 2012

Domestic political upheaval has profound consequences, both for the country in which it takes place and for international politics. It is therefore striking that there is no standard cross-national time-series dataset that focuses specifically on the concept of revolution. This article aims to address that gap by introducing a new dataset on revolutionary governments and leaders, 1945–2004. Revolutionary leaders tend to be younger, to have longer tenure in office, and to be more prone to international conflicts than non-revolutionary leaders. This new dataset facilitates quantitative analyses of a variety of questions about both the causes and consequences of revolutionary governments.
The End of an Idyllic World: Nostalgia Narratives, Race, and the Construction of White Powerlessness
Authors: Maly Michael , Dalmage Heather , Michaels Nancy
Published: September 2012

We examine the experiences of whites displaced by racial change by focusing on the ways in which nostalgia narratives are used to construct and maintain white racial identity in an era of color-blind discourse. Expanding on the analysis of nostalgia as a tool to create identity in response to a loss in one’s place attachment, we explore how nostalgia is used in constructing and maintaining contemporary forms of whiteness. Based on data from in-depth qualitative interviews, we find that nostalgia narratives are useful in framing white racial identity along the themes of innocence and virtuousness as well as powerless and victimhood. In the shared storytelling of this nostalgic past, whites create a present that plays by color-blind rules, while reproducing, reiterating, and strengthening whiteness.
Model-based needle control in prostate percutaneous procedures
Authors: Maghsoudi Arash , Jahed Mehran
Published: September 2012

In percutaneous applications, needle insertion into soft tissue is considered as a challenging procedure, and hence, it has been the subject of many recent studies. This study considers a model-based dynamics equation to evaluate the needle movement through prostate soft tissue. The proposed model estimates the applied force to the needle using the tissue deformation data and finite element model of the tissue. To address the role of mechanical properties of the soft tissue, an inverse dynamics control method based on sliding mode approach is used to demonstrate system performance in the presence of uncertainties. Furthermore, to deal with inaccurate estimation of mechanical parameters of the soft tissue, an adaptive controller is developed. Moreover, through a sensitivity analysis, it is shown that the uncertainty in the tissue mechanical parameters affects the system performance. Our results indicate that the adaptive controller approach performs slightly better than inverse dynamics method at the expense of fine-tuning the additional gain parameter.
Liquid encapsulated electrostatic energy harvester for low-frequency vibrations
Authors: Bu Ling , Wu Xiaoming , Wang Xiaohong , Liu Litian
Published: September 2012

This article presents the modeling, fabrication, and testing of liquid encapsulated energy harvester using polyvinylidene fluoride electrets. Unlike harvesters reported in previous literature, this liquid encapsulated energy harvester uses flowing liquid rather than conventional resonating structures to induce variable capacitance and is more suitable for low-frequency applications. Prototypes injected with three types of liquid ( N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide, and glycerin) are tested in horizontal vibration and rotary motion mode, respectively. The results show that N, N-dimethylformamide–injected prototypes display the most desirable performance in horizontal vibration testing at 1–10 Hz due to high relative permittivity and low viscosity, with maximum output voltage of 2.32 V and power of 0.18 µW at 10 Hz. Glycerin-injected prototypes perform best at 0.1–1 Hz rotation due to effective movement and highest permittivity, with maximum output voltage of 11.46 V and power of 2.19 µW at 1 Hz.
Integrating Learning, Leadership, and Crisis in Management Education
Authors: Kayes D. Christopher , Allen Col. Nate , Self Nate
Published: September 2012

This article presents a model and case study used to teach crisis leadership as a management education topic. The materials emerge from studies of U.S. Army leaders (company commanders and platoon leaders) working in Iraq and Afghanistan. The authors explain how examples and cases from military combat provide tools to teach about crisis leadership. The authors describe a case study based on a battle fought in Afghanistan in 2002 that they use to increase awareness of the nature of, the experiences associated with, and the competencies necessary to deal with crisis. Finally, the authors link their pedagogy to theory on crisis, leadership, and learning.
Group Work in the MBA Classroom
Authors: Rafferty Patricia D.
Published: September 2012

This article forms part of an exploration into how graduate students experience group work. A single case, embedded study was completed in 2011, which reveals insight and understanding into the manner in which part-time MBA students experience group work assignments and how these experiences contribute to their perception of positive group work outcomes. The fundamental underpinnings of the case study findings suggest a practical pedagogical shift for educators of part-time graduate students engaged in group work. Specifically, this article proposes a situational group work model, which can be defined as a pattern or mapping that identifies crucial situational factors involved with student group work on the part-time graduate level. The central focus of this article is to understand this new model, which is rooted in group work experiences from the students’ point of view. The model also explicates the manner in which instructors and other students facilitate the perception of a positive group work outcome for students. Using authentic MBA student voices, this article seeks to empower group work practitioners and educators with knowledge to improve group practice and also to better inform facilitators of group work in the graduate classroom.
Counseling Families Formed by Transracial Adoption
Authors: Malott Krista M. , Schmidt Christopher D.
Published: September 2012

This article provides a review of the literature regarding transracial adoption and counseling families formed through transracial adoption. Recommendations are reported according to essential awareness, knowledge, and skills necessary in work with this client population. The need for counselor competency in addressing client racial and ethnic identity development is a salient theme highlighted throughout the literature.
The Goal of Reunification
Authors: Guardia Amanda C. La , Banner Amy T.
Published: September 2012

The system of foster care that is currently in operation throughout the United States can present many challenges for counselors as they work with families toward positive outcomes. This article will endeavor to describe common issues and struggles currently facing children and families experiencing foster care and how these difficulties might influence the counseling process, as it relates to the goal of reunification from an Adlerian theoretical perspective. One of the most complex issues facing families and counselors is the commonly sought goal of reunifying children with family members following a placement in foster care. An Adlerian family counseling model will be presented to provide a framework to assist counselors in facilitating this delicate and sometimes capricious process.
Complicity as Infiltration
Authors: Daza Stephanie Lynn
Published: September 2012

In this article, I use a Spivakian decolonizing perspective to take simplification to task in two ways—the simplification of methodology with/in grants and the simplification of critique that skirts the impossibility of noncomplicitous research and researchers. I posit that neoliberal scientism’s grants culture is colonizing research—narrowly defining what is and is not knowledge production and who are and are not researchers. I argue that qualitative research/ers might infiltrate grants culture and then work from within to make the messiness of science visible in a way that makes neoliberal scientism’s “(ab)-use” of science its own undoing (Spivak, 1999). In this sense, I reframe complicity as infiltration, but recognize that complicities are neither equal nor uniform across researchers, projects, or contexts.
Friendship Characteristics of Children With ADHD
Authors: Marton Imola , Wiener Judith , Rogers Maria , Moore Chris
Published: September 2012

Objective: This study explored the friendship characteristics of 8 to 12 year old children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Friendship characteristics included number of nominated and corroborated friends, duration of friendships, amount of contact with friends, and the proportion of friends with learning and behavioral problems. Method: The sample comprised 92 children, 50 with a diagnosis of ADHD and 42 comparison children. Result: While children with ADHD did not differ from comparison children in the number of friends they nominated, parents and teachers of children with ADHD were less likely to corroborate that these friendships existed. The friendships of children with ADHD were also shorter in duration. While children with ADHD were indistinguishable from comparison children with regards to the amount of telephone contact with friends, they spent less time with friends outside of school than comparison children. Children with ADHD had a higher proportion of friends with learning and behavior problems. Conclusion: While children with ADHD differ from comparison children in the above friendship characteristics, it is promising that they still fall within the average range for the number of corroborated friendships and they demonstrate adequate stability in their friendships.
Mechanisms developed at the asperity scale for mixed lubrication between parallel surfaces
Authors: Robbe-Valloire F , Progri R
Published: September 2012

This article is based on an existing model to describe mixed lubrication between parallel surfaces. This model uses a statistical description of the microgeometry and includes summit and radius distributions. Depending on these geometric parameters, each asperity works with one of the five following lubrication mechanisms: piezoviscous hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, elastic, elastoplastic, and full plastic. By summing the normal load obtained for each asperity, we derived the normal load for the entire contact. Discussion in this article is based on the repartition of asperities into each of these five possible mechanisms. We first analyze the parameters that are able to significantly change the limit between two neighboring regimes. The number of asperities associated with each regime is also considered. We also analyze the fraction of normal load transmitted by all asperities of a given regime. Generally, only a maximum of four regimes can generate significant contributions for a given situation. Depending on the operating conditions of the contact, these significant regimes change. Consequently, it seems very difficult to suggest reducing the number of regimes for a general description of mixed lubrication between parallel surfaces.
Iron content of the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus is increased in adolescent multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hagemeier Jesper , Yeh E Ann , Brown Mari Heininen , Bergsland Niels , Dwyer Michael G , Carl Ellen , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca , Zivadinov Robert
Published: September 2012

Objective:

The objective of this paper is to assess abnormal phase values, indicative of increased iron content, using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI)-filtered phase of the subcortical deep gray matter (SDGM) in adolescent multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological disorders (OND) patients, and in healthy controls (HC).

Methods:

Twenty adolescent MS and eight adolescent OND patients and 21 age- and sex-matched HC were scanned on a 3T GE scanner. Mean phase of abnormal phase tissue (MP-APT), MP-APT volume, normal phase tissue volume (NPTV) and normalized volume measurements were obtained for total SDGM, as well as specific structures separately.

Results:

Significantly increased MP-APT (28.2%, p<.001) and MP-APT volume (82.7%, p<.001), and decreased NPTV (−23.3%, p<.001) and normalized volume (−15.5%, p<.001) in the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus was found in MS patients compared to HC. MP-APT in MS patients was also increased in total SDGM ( p=.012) and thalamus ( p=.044). Compared to OND patients, MS patients had increased MP-APT volume in the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus ( p=.044) and caudate ( p=.045). Increased MP-APT of the SDGM structures were associated with increased T2 and T1 lesion burden and brain atrophy in MS patients.

Conclusion:

Adolescent MS patients showed increased iron content in the SDGM compared to OND patients and HC.
Prevalence, demographics and clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis in Qatar
Authors: Deleu Dirk , Mir Danial , Al Tabouki Ahmed , Mesraoua Rim , Mesraoua Boulenouar , Akhtar Naveed , Al Hail Hassan , D’souza Atlantic , Melikyan Gayane , Imam Yahia ZB , Osman Yasir , Elalamy Osama , Sokrab Tageldin , Kamran Sadaat , Miyares Francisco Ruiz , Ibrahim Faiza
Published: September 2012

No published epidemiologic data on multiple sclerosis (MS) in Qatar exist. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence, demographics and clinical characteristics of MS in the Middle Eastern country of Qatar. We analyzed data for Qatari MS patients fulfilling the McDonald diagnostic criteria. A total of 154 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. On 31 April 2010, the crude prevalence of MS in Qatar was 64.57 per 100,000 inhabitants (95% CI: 58.31-70.37). The female-to-male ratio was 1.33:1. A positive family history was found in 10.4% of included MS patients. We conclude that Qatar is now a medium-to-high risk area for MS, with some important differences in clinical characteristics as compared to other countries in the region.
Scientific concepts and public policies: Semiotic-cultural obstacles concerning intergroup and intercultural relationships
Authors: Guimarães Danilo Silva
Published: September 2012

I attempt to articulate Jahoda’s (2012) critical reflections regarding definitions of culture in recent cross-cultural studies and Moghaddam’s (2012) claims of an omnicultural imperative to guide the elaboration of public policies for managing relationships among human groups from different cultural origins. For this, I will approach some aspects of the socio-historical and ontogenetic roots of the notion of culture. The notion of culture and the consequent public policies involving intercultural managing are being transformed as our global society develops. It has been proposed that some ways of dealing with the culture of the other are crucial to achieve awareness in respect of one’s own cultural positioning when making science and attempting social interventions. Finally, the experience of Brazilian psychologists working on challenges faced by Amerindians dealing with the national society they live in will be presented as a pioneering work aiming to interfere in the development of public policies ethically concerned with the assurance of cultural integrity of currently marginalized social groups.
Four problems for researchers using social categories
Authors: Gillespie Alex , Howarth Caroline S , Cornish Flora
Published: September 2012

Research on lay categorization processes has revealed that it can lead to distortions. Yet researchers routinely categorize people into groups and cultures. We argue that researchers should be aware that social categories are (1) perspectival, (2) historical, (3) disrupted by the movement of people, and (4) re-constitutive of the phenomena they seek to describe. We illustrate these problems with reference to contemporary research on globalization and the “clash of cultures”. It is argued that problematizing cultural categories would do more to reduce inter-group conflict than reifying them.
Culture, courage and collectivism: An insider’s guide to culture in American schools
Authors: Gruber Craig
Published: September 2012

The nature of individualistic and collectivistic societies has been talked about in a variety of settings. This article addresses the points raised by Omi (2012) in his ethnographic examination of American schools from the cultural perspective of a Japanese family experience. From personal observations to establishment of collectivist and positivist approaches, the issues which arise are those of a deeper cultural understanding and appreciation of not only the differences between cultures, but the reasons for those differences. Rather than focusing on the promotive or repressive nature of collectivism, geographical and courage-based approaches are raised as alternatives for behavior and cultural expectations. In much the same way that Omi raises concerns about the differences between cultural expectations and actions in American schools from the perspective of a Japanese family, many of the same surprises would await an American family in Japan.
Dynamic systems, maturational constraints and L1 phonetic attrition
Authors: de Leeuw Esther , Mennen Ineke , Scobbie James M.
Published: September 2012

The present study comprises a phonetic analysis of the lateral phoneme /l/ in the first (L1) and second language (L2) of 10 late German–English bilinguals. The primary objective of the study was to compare the predictive power of dynamic systems theory with that of maturational constraints through a phonetic investigation of L1 attrition in the lateral phoneme /l/ of the late bilinguals.

The results revealed L1 attrition in the lateral phoneme /l/, as well as a high degree of interpersonal and intrapersonal variation. These patterns are discussed in relation to dynamic systems theory and maturational constraints. Moreover, the degree of permanency of L1 attrition is discussed in relation to methodological considerations in studies on L1 attrition. It is proposed that maturational constraints are insufficient in explaining the results and that bilingual language development can be more adequately explained through dynamic systems theory, which explicitly incorporates a multitude of predictor variables across the lifespan, in addition to age constraints.
Tagging it: Considering how ontologies limit the reading of identity
Authors: Juliano Linzi , Srinivasan Ramesh
Published: September 2012

Tagging, part of the ‘social’ turn in new media, asks users to categorically describe media objects with which they interact, including web pages, videos, and photos. This more populist technology empowers ‘folk’ input into the shaping and framing of digital objects. It empowers the sharing of local, personal ontologies that speak to diverse ways of categorizing and describing the world. Tagging concurrently promotes, however, flattened versions of identity, stabilizing categories and frameworks, devaluing possibilities for movement beyond or among fixed identities, though some dynamic tag systems present users with the possibility to consider shifting categories over time. Yet the world of new media need not resign itself to these mixed conclusions, as another line of technologies has emerged to prioritize the performative, resist tags and categories, and empower digitally interruptive encounters that destabilize the fixing of identification.
Is the leniency asymmetry really dead? Misinterpreting asymmetry effects in criminal jury deliberation
Authors: Kerr Norbert L. , MacCoun Robert J.
Published: September 2012

Early jury simulation research, reviewed and meta-anyalysed by MacCoun and Kerr (1988), suggested a leniency asymmetry in criminal jury deliberations such that a given faction favoring acquittal will tend to have a greater chance of prevailing than would an equivalent sized faction favoring conviction. More recently, a handful of field studies of actual juries have reported either no such leniency asymmetry or one in the opposite direction (a severity asymmetry). A potential bias in the coding of these field studies’ data is identified, one that would tend to underestimate any leniency asymmetry. The data from three field studies are re-analyzed after correcting this purported coding bias. The results of these re-analyses show a leniency asymmetry effect, although one that is less pronounced than observed in mock jury studies. It is argued that this difference in degree (not existence) of leniency asymmetry can plausibly be attributed to greater imbalance in evidence strength in the typical actual trial relative to the typical stimulus case in simulation experiments. It is also noted that failure to observe such a leniency asymmetry effect in actual juries would raise important questions about their adherence to the reasonable doubt standard of proof.
Framing the telephone interview as a participant-centred tool for qualitative research: a methodological discussion
Authors: Trier-Bieniek Adrienne
Published: September 2012

This paper discusses telephone interviewing as a qualitative research method and defines qualitative telephone interviews as participant-centered. In a research project which consisted of internet based recruitment, emails sent to set up interviews and an analysis of 39 qualitative interviews conducted over telephone, I contend that being interviewed over the phone may result in more honest data as people have become more accustomed to ‘virtual’ communication, serving to benefit to both the participant and researcher. By merging feminist research methodology with traditional forms of semi-structured interviewing, data collected over the phone can be used when dealing with traumatic or sensitive topics and can result in rich data. Thus, this paper contributes to an ever-evolving conversation regarding the utility of telephone interviewing.
Estimating the population prevalence and force of infection directly from antibody titres
Authors: Bollaerts K , Aerts M , Shkedy Z , Faes C , Van der Stede Y , Beutels P , Hens N
Published: September 2012

The use of threshold values in order to diagnose individual subjects as being ‘susceptible’ or ‘infected or recovered/immune’ for a specific infection is virtually always prone to false positive, false negative or inconclusive classifications. Such misclassifications might lead to biased estimates for epidemiological parameters, such as the prevalence and the force of infection. In this article, we propose to estimate these epidemiological parameters directly from antibody titres, using an underlying mixture model. The method is applied to estimate the Salmonella serological prevalence in pigs and the age-dependent force of infection using serological data on the Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) in humans. The threshold and direct method are compared through a simulation study.
Investigation of Evalglare software, daylight glare probability and high dynamic range imaging for daylight glare analysis
Authors: Suk J , Schiler M
Published: September 2012

The latest glare metric, called daylight glare probability (DGP), has been developed specifically for daylight glare issues inside a building. Unlike other glare indices, DGP considers vertical illuminance values at the human eye when evaluating different levels of discomfort glare. One of the options to calculate DGP is to use a high dynamic range imaging (HDRI) technique and Evalglare glare analysis software. This paper briefly shows USC Watt Hall 3rd floor interior glare study results and explains the inconsistent glare evaluations from different glare indices. Then, an additional study thoroughly investigates Evalglare algorithms and HDR image capturing procedures. Pathological cases were set up inside the office on USC Watt Hall 3rd floor and tested to see if the results are as predicted by the algorithms.
Cardiac Abnormalities in HIV-Positive Patients
Authors: Jain Nirdesh , Reddy Dandu H. , Verma Shailendra Prasad , Khanna Roopali , Vaish Arvind Kumar , Usman Kauser , Tripathi Anil Kumar , Singh Abhishek , Mehrotra Sanjay , Gupta Alok
Published: September 2012

Background:

The clinical presentation of cardiac abnormalities in HIV-infected patients may be atypical or masked by concurrent illnesses that lead to misdiagnosis or they remain undiagnosed; therefore, this study was aimed to determine the frequency of cardiac abnormalities in HIV-infected patients.

Material and Methods:

Consecutive HIV-infected patients of age >13 years were studied for 3 months, after obtaining their consent. After clinical assessment, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, 2-dimensional echocardiography and serum Troponin T levels were done.

Results:

A total of 100 patients were studied, cardiomegaly was observed in the x-ray of 15% of them, abnormal electrocardiogram was seen in 18%, 2-dimensional echocardiography was abnormal in 67%; and diastolic dysfunction (42.8%) was the commonest abnormality followed by dilated cardiomyopathy (17.6%). Serum troponin T was elevated in 8%. The variables, opportunistic infections (OIs), antiretroviral therapy (ART), stage of HIV disease, and CD4 counts, did not affect the frequency of diastolic dysfunction.

Conclusion:

The diastolic dysfunction is the most common cardiac abnormality observed in HIV-infected patients.
Modeling terrorism culpability: An event-based approach
Authors: Hill Joshua B , Mabrey Daniel J , Miller John M
Published: September 2012

Recently, researchers have become interested in the issue of assessing culpability for terrorist attacks when no one group claims or multiple groups claim responsibility. Several new methods have been put forward for predicting culpability, traditionally assessed by intelligence analysts, using both machine learning and statistical classification models. These models have had varying degrees of success, with new ensemble classification models performing generally better than traditional statistical techniques. This paper applies a relatively new methodology, Random Forests, to the problem of predicting culpability and compares it to some of the more frequently used statistical classification techniques, including multinomial logistic regression and naïve Bayesian classification. Though generally outperforming other techniques, Random Forests struggles with unbalanced data, performing worse than either of the other models tested in the class with the least information. However, this evaluation of Random Forests for the assessment of terrorism culpability is positive. Implications of the model and comparison to other models are discussed and ways forward are suggested.
Comprehensive consideration of uncertainty in simulation use
Authors: Pace Dale K
Published: September 2012

Drawing appropriate conclusions from simulation results requires a correct understanding of the accuracy and context of those results. Simulation communities often assess simulation results without considering fully uncertainties that might impact the accuracy and context of those results. This creates potential for inappropriate conclusions from simulation results. Much useful work has been done in uncertainty quantification, but most of those efforts have addressed uncertainty in particular parameters and areas. Unfortunately they have not addressed all areas of potential uncertainty that might impact simulation results. A paradigm exists that facilitates consideration of all potential sources of simulation uncertainty. This paper examines simulation uncertainties using that paradigm and indicates potential magnitude of uncertainties for simulation results in various areas. A comprehensive approach to simulation uncertainty not only reduces the likelihood of drawing inappropriate conclusions from simulation results, but it also provides information that can help determine where it is most useful to invest verification and validation resources in efforts to reduce uncertainty in simulation results (i.e., to improve the accuracy of simulation results). Comprehensive assessment of simulation uncertainty may have drawbacks. When addressed comprehensively, simulation uncertainty tends to be larger than desired, and those announcing such run the risk of being bearers of bad news. Realistic appreciation for the uncertainty associated with simulation results can also decrease the importance of those simulation results in decision processes. On the positive side, such realistic and comprehensive appreciation for simulation uncertainty provides a solid factual and logical basis for how to proceed, whether by improving simulation capabilities or by developing alternative approaches to support decision processes. A perspective from comprehensive consideration of simulation uncertainty helps to ensure a proper context for simulation results.
STEPS to POEM
Authors: Perretta Silvana , Dallemagne Bernard , Marescaux Jacques
Published: September 2012

The future of Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery lies not just in the reduction of the invasiness of selected surgical procedures, but more in the development of innovative surgical concepts and revisitation of old surgical dogmas. This is particularly true for minimally invasive oesophageal surgery which is still relatively new and therefore an ideal field for improvement as it presents many unanswered questions. Endoluminal and transluminal esophageal endoscopic procedures for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes have recently been explored. Most impressively perhaps Haruhiro Inoue{H. Inoue, 2010 #191}, has recently reported the first clinical experience of submucosal endoscopic esophageal myotomy for esophageal achalasia with a PerOral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM). In addition to being a no-scar technique the true innovation and appeal of the POEM procedure is that it specifically targets the circular muscle layers of the LES affected by achalasia, thereby preserving the anatomic integrity of the LES anatomy and possibly minimizing surgical side effects such as gastroesophageal reflux. However, the low incidence of in combination with POEM technical demands makes the design of a pathway to introduce this into clinical practice a challenge. We describe our recommendations for starting a POEM program based on our own experience and describe the first clinical case of POEM performed at the University of Strasbourg, as well as being the first in France, to illusa model for other institutions wishing to introduce POEM into their clinical repertory.
Nebulized hypertonic saline containing hyaluronic acid improves tolerability in patients with cystic fibrosis and lung disease compared with nebulized hypertonic saline alone: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study
Authors: Furnari Maria Lucia , Termini Lisa , Traverso Gabriella , Barrale Stefania , Bonaccorso Maria Rita , Damiani Giuseppina , Piparo Caterina Lo , Collura Mirella
Published: September 2012

Background:

Hypertonic saline inhalation has been shown to be effective in patients with cystic fibrosis and lung disease. However, adverse events including marked airway narrowing are reported and a bronchodilator must be given before the administration of the product.

Methods:

We carried out a prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled study of a hypertonic saline solution containing hyaluronic acid (Hyaneb) versus standard hypertonic saline therapy to assess whether the presence of hyaluronic acid would improve the tolerability of hypertonic saline.

Results and conclusions:

The results showed that nebulized Hyaneb was more effective in reducing the need for β2 bronchodilators and caused a significant reduction in the incidence of adverse effects compared with nebulized hypertonic saline solution alone. Its safety profile indicates that Hyaneb can be used for the treatment of lung disease in cystic fibrosis.
A Systematic Review, Analysis, and Evaluation of Research Articles in the Cornell Hospitality Quarterly
Authors: Law Rob , Leung Daniel , Cheung Catherine
Published: September 2012

This paper describes a review of articles published in the Cornell Hospitality Quarterly in the period 2008 to 2011. A content analysis approach was used to analyze 133 research articles making original contributions to the development of knowledge. The findings indicate that accounting and finance was the most researched area and that the hospitality sector receiving most attention from scholars was hotels. The authorship analysis also shows that most of the articles were written by academic researchers from the United States, illustrating the concentration of experience and practical expertise in that country. This paper is of interest to readers seeking information on the recent progress and development of hospitality research and practice in a top-tier hospitality journal.
Transparency matters: The concept of organizational transparency in the academic discourse
Authors: Wehmeier Stefan , Raaz Oliver
Published: September 2012

Although transparency is currently a buzzword in the public discourse, public relations (PR) theory has not yet produced a theory of transparency. Instead, its body of knowledge lacks theoretical depth and critical perspectives. Taking this as a point of departure, the article searches for alternative accounts on transparency, which could stimulate PR discourse and help to overcome the theoretical and normative deficits. Therefore it aims to discern whether or not the discourse in related disciplines such as business studies is more reflective and complex than in the PR domain. To determine this, we analysed 105 articles taken from Business Source Premier, one of the leading databases in the business field. Relying on a combined qualitative and quantitative analysis, our main findings are: (1) more than half of the articles set transparency in a positive frame; (2) a definition of transparency was given in only 13 articles; and (3) like in the public relations discourse, a theory-driven analysis of transparency is a desideratum. Only two articles set transparency within the context of a broader theoretical perspective. Both articles embed transparency in the paradigm of self-organizing systems. This paradigm looks to be a promising way forward for theory-oriented research on transparency in PR. One article provides the reader with a systematization of transparency which may provide a basis for a theory of transparency in PR.
Each one, reach one: An autobiographic account of a Black PR professor’s mentor–mentee relationships with Black graduate students
Authors: Waymer Damion
Published: September 2012

In this study by explicitly positioning race and mentoring at the center of this work, via autobiography, I uncover different discourses and practices in mentor–mentee relationships in public relations (PR) than have been highlighted by other scholars and then extend findings to confront the issues that Black PR faculty and Black PR graduate students encounter in the way that they view and enact mentor–mentee relationships. This study introduces autobiographic analysis to public relations research and inquiry and makes the case for its potential scholarly contributions to the discipline.
From yearly to daily press meetings: The development of the government press relations in Sweden
Authors: Larsson Larsåke
Published: September 2012

Emerging with the Second World War, and taking its modern form in the 1970s with Olof Palme, the government press conference has today become an almost daily event in Sweden with frequent informal and impromptu meetings between the assembled press and the prime minister. The history of this phenomenon reveals a development from respectful off-the-record sessions to direct webcasted conferences with PR-minded, policy-selling politicians as well as, at least sometimes, journalists eager to inquire into problematic issues. The initial stage, during the war, was very intense, as Stockholm became a gathering point for international war correspondents. This study, grounded in multidisciplinary relational conceptualizations and using a multidimensional methodology, aims to tell the story of the development of governmental press conferences in Sweden.
Summary of Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of a Broad‐Spectrum Fluoroquinolone, JNJ‐Q2
Authors: Davenport J. Michael , Covington Paul , Gotfried Mark , Medlock Matthew , Watanalumlerd Prapoch , McIntyre Gail , Turner Lisa , Almenoff June
Published: September 2012

This article summarizes key pharmacokinetic properties of JNJ‐Q2, a broad‐spectrum fluoroquinolone, being developed for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and community‐acquired bacterial pneumonia. Two randomized placebo‐controlled studies and one open‐label study are presented: single and multiple ascending‐dose studies evaluating intravenous (IV) and oral pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability accumulation, and lung penetration. Fifty‐seven participants received JNJ‐Q2, which was safe and well tolerated. The half‐life was 13 to 20 hours, clearance (CLtot) was 4.41 to 6.22 L/h, volume of distribution (Vd) was 86 to 148 L, renal clearance (CLren) was 0.58 L/h, and the fraction excreted in urine (%Fe) was 12%. Accumulation ratio was 1.63, and absolute bioavailability was 0.65. The lung penetration study demonstrated substantial concentration of JNJ‐Q2 in epithelial lining fluid and alveolar macrophages with ratios to free plasma of 50.6 and 156.9, respectively, at 6 hours postdose. JNJ‐Q2 doses under consideration for future clinical trials are 150 mg for IV and 250‐mg tablets for oral administration.
Impact of Clinical Response on Different Approved Doses in Japan and the United States
Authors: Sugita Yuko , Inoue Eisuke , Narukawa Mamoru
Published: September 2012

The pharmaceutical industry has increasingly aimed to achieve efficient strategies for simultaneous international and worldwide development of medicines, and there has been a growing need to understand ethnic differences in drug evaluation. Japan is one of the unique countries in which substantial domestic clinical data are required for dose selection as well as for marketing authorization. However, it appears challenging to accumulate a large amount of data in a single country in the recent shift to international drug development. To gain a better understanding of the influence of ethnic factors, the dosages of the products approved in Japan during 2003–2010 were reviewed, and differences in clinical responses between Japan and the United States were evaluated using a modeling approach. Of new medicines (new molecular entities) approved in Japan, 39 products (28.1%) have been approved at a different dose level compared with the United States, of which 13 products have considerable difference, twice or greater. Of those 13 products, only 2 were suggested to have a different clinical response, although limited data availability should be taken into careful consideration. Further investigation is recommended to establish new approaches for appropriate dose selection and thereby increase the efficiency of international drug development.
The Prediction of Liver Disease Status Using a Combination of Sonographic and Doppler-Derived Observations of the Portal Venous System
Authors: Guthrie Joy
Published: September 2012

A novel diagnostic test, named the PREW© score, was formulated to predict the known liver disease status of a purposive sample of 500 patients (304 cases and 196 controls) referred for abdominal sonograms. The score was defined by (P R E)/W, where P = portal vein pressure gradient (mm Hg), R = ratio between the observed mean portal vein diameter in the patient (mm) and the mean diameter in healthy subjects (mm), E = echogenicity of liver parenchyma (ECHO grade scale), and W = hepatic venous waveform (1 = monophasic to 3 = triphasic). Cases with PREW scores >50 were about 480 times more likely than the controls to be diagnosed with cirrhosis/ascites. Cases with PREW scores of 16 to 50 were about 6 to 15 times more likely than the controls to be diagnosed with hepatitis and about 15 to 120 times more likely to be diagnosed with cirrhosis/ascites. It was not possible to clearly discriminate between a diagnosis of hepatitis and cirrhosis/ascites if the PREW score was less than 50. The likelihoods of patients with PREW scores >25 being diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) or gallbladder (GB) disease were not statistically significant. A PREW score greater than 25 identified cases diagnosed with hepatitis/cirrhosis/ascites but eliminated diagnoses of NAFLD/NASH/GB. The clinical implication is that a PREW score >50 may help to facilitate the diagnosis of cirrhosis without confirmation by liver biopsy.
On CTE of SPS consolidated SiCp/Al composites with various particle size distributions
Authors: Chu K , Jia C C , Li W S
Published: September 2012

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of spark plasma sintering consolidated SiCp/Al composites with various size distributions was investigated with the combination of experimental measurements and modelling analyses. The CTE of the composites decreased with increasing particle volume fraction, and large particles played a major role in the decline of CTE. The measured CTE lay between the predictions of Kerner model and Schapery lower bound, but the possible formation of percolating particle network and the influence of matrix plasticisation led to the slight deviation of the experimental values from model predictions. A CTE peak appeared for all the composites with increasing temperature to about 250–300°C due to the action of matrix plasticisation filling the microvoids in the composites. The composites with mixed particles of substantially different sizes were prone to concentrate thermal stresses on large particles, which induced an early appearance of matrix plastic deformation that can result in a comparably low CTE peak temperature.