bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dependable Wireless System with Shortened Code Using Distance Information between Integrated Terminals
Authors: Amezawa Yasuharu , Kohno Ryuji
Published: December 2020

Since wireless systems allow for easier access to communication paths than wired systems, it is necessary to improve their dependability against cyberterrorists. To make wireless systems more dependable, additional measures at the lower layer are required, in addition to those at the upper layers. Our proposal uses an integrated terminal-like cellular phone which has multiple radio access technologies (RATs) such as cellular, wireless local area network (LAN), Bluetooth, and an ultra-wide band (UWB). We propose to communicate information encoded by shortened code using multiple RATs. Redundancy by RATs and their error correction capability can simultaneously improve wiretap resistance and attack resistance. A codeword of shortened code is obtained by removing a part of a codeword of popular code. A decoder can improve the error correction capability if the removed part is known. By using shortened codes, the dependability can be further enhanced because the error correction capability between the legitimate receiver and the cyberterrorist can make a difference. To do this, it is necessary to securely share the removed part between the sender and receiver. Our proposal is to securely measure the distance between the sender and receiver using UWB and use it as the removed part. It was confirmed that the secrecy capacity is improved.
Integrated Water Resources Management Approaches to Improve Water Resources Governance
Authors: Katusiime Juliet , Schütt Brigitta
Published: December 2020

The water crisis can alternatively be called a governance crisis. Thus, the demand for good water governance to ensure effective water resources management and to attain specific water goals is growing. Many countries subscribe to the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach to achieve this goal. The Integrated Water Resources Management approach aims to ensure a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources in a drainage basin to maximise economic and social welfare equitably without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. The design of the Integrated Water Resources Management approach, including its pillars and principles, aspires to good water governance and effective resource management. However, empirical studies examining this hypothesis and analysing the impact of the Integrated Water Resources Management approach on water resources governance are limited, especially in developing countries. Therefore, we characterised and compared the water resources governance aspects of two catchments in Uganda’s Lake Albert basin. One of the catchments was exposed to integrated water resources management projects, while the other had no exposure to integrated water resources management projects. Some of the factors that supported the comparability of the two sites included spatial proximity linking into a related hydrological and social-economic setup, common water needs and belonging to the same water administration zone. Comparing both areas led us to analyse whether there was a difference in water resources governance actions, as well as in the quality of water resources governance, under the same overall water management and administrative zone. The data were based on field surveys using questionnaires and information guides in both catchments. The results show that the performance of water resources governance is markedly better in the catchment with Integrated Water Resources Management practices than the base catchment unaffected by these practices. Key themes examined include water resources governance styles, water resources governance systems presence, functionality, the performance of good governance principles, and water resources management effectiveness. The findings contribute to the aspirations for the promotion of integrated water management approaches for improved water resources governance, and the concept that the effectiveness of water resources management measures depends on governance effectiveness. Water governance is significant, as it spells out the power, rights, decisions, and priorities relating to given water resources and communities.
Autoria por convicção: uma releitura da culpabilidade no paradigma garantista da intervenção penal mínima
Authors: Faleiros José Luiz De Moura
Published: December 2020

Para uma ampla compreensão do tema da Autoria por Convicção, é necessário que se busque, no campo do direito penal, esclarecimentos acerca das peculiaridades que envolvem a autoria e a culpabilidade. A mera conjectura que envolve o tema mencionado altera sobremaneira a dinâmica da matéria, trazendo novas nuances a assuntos como coautoria e participação em delitos, culpabilidade, dolo, culpa, convicção e consciência frente ao Estado Democrático de Direito, cujo estudo se apresenta indispensável a todos os operadores do Direito Penal. Dito isso, empregar-se-á o método dedutivo para a realização de pesquisa lastreada na investigação bibliográfica de conceitos, retrocedendo à gênese do objeto contido na premissa maior do estudo, para, ao final, ilustrando-se o contexto inaugurado pelo paradigma do chamado “direito penal mínimo”, apurar a concretude da hipótese descrita, da qual se procurará extrair uma conclusão.
Pandemia e prisão domiciliar: perpetuando o Estado de Coisas Inconstitucional
Authors: Neri Bianca Garcia , Carvalho Jaqueline Vasconcellos de Miranda
Published: December 2020

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o tratamento que vem recebendo a população carcerária, frente aos impactos do novo Coronavírus. Trata-se de situação de calamidade que fez o mundo refletir sobre suas práticas e repensar seu modo de vida. Ao trazer a questão para o contexto prisional, necessário ter em mente que as medidas de prevenção e combate à doença precisam ser pensadas e adaptadas às peculiaridades que este apresenta. No caso brasileiro, em especial, o desafio se torna ainda maior, tendo em vista as precárias condições a que, historicamente, estão sujeitas as pessoas privadas de liberdade, fazendo-se relevante refletir sobre o paradoxo existente entre tal cenário e as medidas recomendáveis para garantia da saúde e da vida.
A obrigação de reparar danos extrapatrimoniais imposta por sentença penal condenatória
Authors: Dos Santos Machado Lucas
Published: December 2020

A sentença penal condenatória gera diversos efeitos previstos em lei, dentre eles, o de tornar certa a obrigação de indenizar o dano causado pelo crime (Código Penal, artigo 91, inciso I). Por sua vez, o Código de Processo Penal traz, no artigo 387, inciso IV, a regra de que cabe ao Juiz fixar valor mínimo para reparação dos danos causados pela infração penal, considerando os prejuízos sofridos pelo ofendido. Ocorre que ambos os dispositivos não especificam a natureza dos referidos danos, de modo que a doutrina e a jurisprudência apresentam consideráveis divergências quanto à abrangência dessa indenização, especialmente se toca apenas ao dano patrimonial (equivalente ao material) ou também ao extrapatrimonial. Prevalecendo o entendimento de que a obrigação imposta judicialmente não abrange os danos extrapatrimoniais, o ofendido se vê obrigado a acionar novamente o Poder Judiciário, na esfera cível, para discutir a existência de outros danos. Noutro sentido, entende-se que os prejuízos sofridos pelo ofendido, conforme disposição da norma, englobam os morais, devendo o Juiz de Direito estipular valor mínimo para indenização em favor da vítima, sem prejuízo da liquidação para apuração do dano efetivamente sofrido, nos termos do artigo 63, parágrafo único, do Código de Processo Penal.
Multa pessoal ao agente político: uma possibilidade de efetividade ao instituto da ação civil pública
Authors: Vieira Marcio
Published: December 2020

Este trabalho pretende analisar a possibilidade de multa pessoal ao gestor público por descumprimento de decisões judiciais que visam garantir a efetividade dos direitos sociais fundamentais. Além disso, trabalha a questão dos direitos estampados no art. 6º da Constituição Federal como fundamentais e de aplicação imediata, analisa a possibilidade do controle judicial de políticas públicas e o instrumento da ação civil pública como objeto de efetivação desses direitos e, finalmente, sugere a fixação de multa pessoal ao gestor público e não ao ente público por inércia em caso de descumprimento de obrigações que visam resguardar os direitos sociais básicos dos cidadãos.
Excessive Bacterial Growth Syndrome and Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors:   Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Levchenko A.I. , Osipenko Yu.V. , Kucheryavy Yu.A. , Bordin D.S. ,   Ilyinsky Hospital,   Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center,   Tver State Medical University
Published: December 2020

Bacterial overgrowth syndrome (BOS) is characterized by clinical symptoms similar to those of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in chronic pancreatitis (CP). This phenomenon complicates differential diagnosis, especially when BOS and CP combined with EPI. BOS can contribute to the development of malabsorption and impaired digestion. As a result, it occurs diarrhea, steatorrhea, the lack of fat-soluble vitamins, as well as bloating and weight loss can be noticed. Pancreatic enzyme deficiency, alcohol abuse, use of narcotic analgesics to relieve abdominal pain, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIS) that cause drug hypochlohydria are predictors of the weakening of the gastroduodenal antibacterial barrier, and therefore potential risk factors for the development of BOS in CP, especially complicated by EPI. The lack of standard protocols and unified diagnostic methods does not provide the complete picture of the incidence of BOS in CP, and the available data are contradictory and heterogeneous. However, the verification of BOS in CP and way to correct it requires further research. Standardization of research methods and interpretation of results will allow implementing more specific and targeted treatment
IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF STARTING THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE OF CARS AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors:   South-Western state University, AGEEVA E.V. , SHCHERBAKOV A.V. ,   South-Western state University
Published: December 2020

Measures to improve the efficiency of starting the internal combustion engine of cars at low temperatures due to the use of pre-start heat preparation using the Gulfstream A T-6M heat accu-mulator are considered. It is shown that the use of a heat accumulator will reduce the heating time of the internal combustion engine from 5 to 2.8 minutes.
FORMATION OF AUTOMOBILE BUSINESS AND FEATURES OF OPERATION OF THE FIRST CARS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURY
Authors:   Orel State University, CHUVARDIN G.S. , GONCHAROVA I.V. ,   Orel State University
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the features of the formation of the automobile industry in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century. Based on a set of sources, including archival materials, the influence of subjective factors on the development of the automobile business is considered. The dynamics of the attitude to the first cars from the Imperial court and personally Nicholas II, the structure of the Imperial garage are analyzed. The development of automobile business is consid-ered in three directions: automobile sport, tourism and practical movement. It emphasizes its elite and leisure character until the beginning of the First World War.
ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF PASSENGER TRAF-FIC ON CERTAIN ROUTES OF COMMERCIAL TRANSPORT IN BRYANSK
Authors:   Bryansk State Engineering and Technological University, SIVAKOV V.V. , TIKHOMIROV P.V. ,   Bryansk State Engineering and Technological University, KAMYNIN V.V. ,   Bryansk State Engineering and Technological University, SINITSYN S.S. ,   Bryansk State Engineering and Technological University
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the results of a passenger traffic survey conducted on route 28 in Bryansk. The current situation with the used passenger rolling stock, the route network of Bryansk, and directions for improving urban passenger transport are considered. A detailed description of the surveyed route No. 28 is given, data on passenger traffic is provided, and the carrier's compli-ance with the recommended traffic intervals is analyzed. Recommendations for improving the or-ganization of passenger transport are given.
METHOD OF APPLICATION OF PROGRAMMED DRIVER TRAINING
Authors:   South-West State University, AGEEV E.V. , NOVIKOV A.N. ,   Orel State University, VINOGRADOV E.S. ,   South-West State University
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the improved system of training candidates for drivers of vehicles, identifies factors that affect road safety in the conditions of the road network. The author's version of the development of a program for programmed training of drivers, which is focused on the ability to manage the process of mastering theoretical and practical material, is proposed. The presented method makes it possible to increase the reliability of vehicle drivers, taking into account individual personal qualities, when performing exercises at the circuit stage of training, the experience of using programmed training in preparation for driving in real time is reflected.
HUMAN RESOURCE SUPPLY IN OIL AND GAS COMPANIES AS AN OBJECT OF DESIGNING AND PROGRAMMING
Authors:   National University of Oil and Gas ", Budzinskaya O.V. ,   Gubkin University", Martynov V.G. ,   National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Sheinbaum V.S. ,   National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University"
Published: December 2020

Researchers traditionally study human resource supply in various sectors of the economy mainly as a problem of vocational education in the aspect of its compliance with the changing requirements in the socio-economic policy of the state, that changes with scientific and technological progress and the adjustment of priorities in the socio-economic policy of the state, with the requirements of employers – the subjects of economic activity in these sectors.The authors attempted to consider the human resource supply system as a special design object – a mega-system where various activities of a wide range are inextricably linked subjects. They are not only suppliers (educational institutions) and consumers (employers), but also “designers” of institutions (legislators, regulators, and professional communities), labor market service structures, academic science, mass media. The authors aim to prepare a methodology for designing a self-regulating human resource supply system in oil and gas companies in the context of the formation of Industry 4.0. The authors used the following methods: analysis of scientific literature, analysis of Internet sources and materials provided by subjects of human resource supply activities, namely labor market monitoring, analytical reports of the Council for Professional Qualifications in the Oil and Gas Complex, reports on the sustainable development of companies, etc. The study result is the development of a theoretical and methodological approach to designing institutional relationships between the subjects of the oil and gas complex human resource supply system. The research materials may be of further use by federal and regional executive bodies that carry out the functions of developing and implementing state policy in the field of education and qualifications assessment.
SYSTEM OF MONITORING, ANALYSIS AND EXPERTISE OF LABOUR RELATIONS
Authors:   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia, Platygin D.N. , Popkov S.Yu. ,   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia, Smirnov V.M. ,   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia, Volgin N.A. ,   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia, Vashalomidze E.V. ,   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia, Dzhuma V.I. ,   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia, Ulanova E.S. ,   OOO ”Integrad”, Moscow, Russia
Published: December 2020

The aim of the study is to justify and demonstrate the capabilities, to show the prospects of formation of the system of monitoring, analysis and examination of labour relations in the Russian Federation as a whole, a decomposition to the level of 85 regions and further on municipalities. The provisions and conclusions of the article rely on the system analysis of the key prerequisites for creating the proposed system, the experience of creating such systems in our country since 1995, as well as the development trends of modern society, determined by digitalization and globalization of public relations. The study defines the goals, objectives, technological features of the system under consideration and systematizes information flows that can ensure its smooth operation and the generation of the necessary analytical data. The authors schematically present the architecture of the state information system. They pay particular attention to the social tension index in the respective municipality, region or federation as a whole. The article describes the goals, tasks, and algorithm for creating an information and analytical (situational) center for social and labour relations.
HOW TO APPLY SYSTEM APPROACHES TO WORK MEASUREMENT
Authors:   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia, Omel’chenko I.B. , Vas’kov A.B. ,   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia
Published: December 2020

The article discusses relevant issues related to the need for constant reducing production costs, reviving the work measurement system at enterprises and organizations and increasing competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets. The aim of the work is to define system approaches to work measurement based on modern measurement methods and identifying best practices. The article discusses different approaches to work measurement, common both in Russia and in developed countries. Market transformations are leading to an increase in the labor intensity of hired personnel. Decentralization in the development of labor standards in a market economy has led to stronger democracy in enterprise management, which aligns that the most important social and labor interests of the employer and the worker. In this regard, new approaches to the study of labor costs and production efficiency have appeared. The research by the European Association of National Productivity Centers and the MTM Association has shown that in recent years entrepreneurs in most developed countries have expanded the scope of labor standards in all industries. The authors used the methods of content analysis of scientific literature and Internet sources.
REFLECTION OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN GENERAL AND INDUSTRY AGREEMENTS
Authors:   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia, Shirokova L.N. , Skovpen’ V.A. ,   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia, Starokozheva V.P. ,   All-Russia Research Institute of Labour, Moscow, Russia
Published: December 2020

Sectoral agreements are an important link in the system of social partnership, since the stipulated obligations of the parties increase the responsibility of employers for the employee health, decent wages and their timely indexing, as well as assistance to working women with children, support for workers to purchase housing, employment of youth, etc. others. The aim of the article is to analyze the content of the General and sectoral agreements in force as of 2020, in connection with the included national goals defined in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 21, 2020 No. 474 and characterizing their achievement of target indicators. The authors studied the practice of setting the minimum wage in industry agreements. They revealed that guarantees for minimum wage are applied in 43 sectoral agreements out of 61. The majority of sectoral agreements do not consider the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation about excluding individual compensation payments in the minimum wage. Also, less than half of the sectoral agreements include the guarantee for the tariff part of wages: it was only in 24 out of 61 sectoral agreements, while in 17 of them it was at the level of 60-70%. Due to the fact that in Article 134 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the subject to indexation is not specified - the wage fund, wages or the tariff part of it - industry agreements present different options for indexing wages at rates higher than inflation. The authors analyzed sectoral agreements on the application of compensation and incentive payments, measures to improve the housing conditions of workers (payment of compensation, provision of loans / loans on favorable terms), as well as assistance to young workers (up to 35 years old) to purchase housing and set up a household. The paper considers solving these issues in the sectoral agreements of Germany and France. The conclusion is that the sectoral agreements provide for a significant list of guarantees that contribute to the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030".
Akut İskemik İnmeli Hastalarda, İnmenin Ciddiyeti İle Monosit/HDL-K Arasındaki İlişki
Authors: DEMİR Aysegul , EREN Fettah
Published: December 2020

Giriş: İnflamasyon ve oksidatif stres, ateroskleroz gelişiminde ve progresyonunda rol oynayan iki önemli faktördür. Monositin yüksek yoğunluklu lipoprotein kolesterole (HDL-K) oranlanmasıyla hesaplanan MHR değerlerinin artışı, inflamasyonda artış ve atreoskleroz gelişiminde hızlanma ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu çalışma ile akut iskemik inme hastalarında inmenin ciddiyeti ve hastane içi ölüm ile MHR değerleri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmayı amaçladık.

Materyal ve Metot: Akut iskemik inme teşhisiyle hastaneye yatırılan ve tedavi edilen 183 hasta retrospektif olarak çalışmaya alındı. Demografik özellikleri, inme risk faktörleri, laboratuvar değerleri ve MHR değerleri kaydedildi. İnmenin ciddiyetini değerlendirmek için National Institutes of Health Stroke Skalası (NIHSS) kullanıldı. Hastane içi ölen hastalar kaydedildi.

Bulgular: Çalışmamızda 82 (%44,8) kadın, 101 (%55,2) erkek olmak üzere toplam 183 hasta vardı. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 68,24 ± 14,43 yıldı. Başvuru NIHSS değerlerine göre 157 (%85,8) hasta ağır disabilite, 26 (%14,2) hasta hafif disabilite grubuna ayrıldı. Ağır başvuru dizabilitesi olan grupta AF sıklığı ve MHR değerleri hafif disabilite grubuna göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (sırasıyla p=0,01, p
Pengaruh Kompetensi, Objektivitas, Etika, Integritas, dan Time Budget Pressure terhadap Kualitas Pemeriksaan pada BPK Perwakilan Kalimantan Timur
Authors: Firmansyah Firmansyah , Sarwani Sarwani , Safrida Lili
Published: December 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of competence, objectivity, ethics, integrity, and time budget pressure on audit quality. Compliance with applicable accounting standards to maintain public trust in high state institutions in the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia is needed. This research was conducted at the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia, East Kalimantan Province Representative. Data were taken from distributed questionnaires, and produced 35 respondents using purposive sampling technique. The method of data analysis in this study used multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicated that integrity had a positive effect on audit quality. It showed that the higher the integrity of an auditor, the better the quality of the resulting inspection or auditing, while the variables of competence, objectivity, ethics, and time budget pressure had no effect on the quality of the resulting audit quality.
Diagnostic value of fatty acid-binding protein determination in urologists and nephrologists clinical practice
Authors: Galkovich Konstantin R.
Published: December 2020

This review summarizes the data on the diagnostic value of determining the fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) in urological and nephrological diseases. A physiological role of this protein in the pathogenesis of malignant neoplasms of the kidney, bladder, and prostate was analyzed. The dynamics of FABP in serum and urine with decreased renal function was studied: this protein is considered as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for chronic kidney disease and acute renal injury. The value of FABP for early screening of patients with obstructive nephropathy was revealed, and its role in predicting the restoration of kidney function was studied: the dynamics of FABP content can characterize the process of graft recovery, determine the need for hemodialysis. In patients with oligozooastenospermia, a reduced content of FABP in the ejaculate was registered, which was probably an adverse sign indicating a violation of male fertility.
A new icebreaker for inland water concept
Authors: Moise Liviu Andrei , Albu Gabriela Alexandra , Gavan Eugen , Mocanu Costel Iulian
Published: December 2020

"Considering last year’s climate changes, we can expect low
temperatures during winter, which can lead to the freezing of Danube river and more. This would prevent the freight traffic in Danube’s ports meaning that the riparian economy would suffer. This paper presents a new concept of breaking the ice. Using an existent tug, we propose the attachment of an icebreaking additional structure. The paper further describes the concept and includes the necessary calculation methods used for the technological design of this ensemble. This concept presents numerous advantages, including the financial aspect."
Comparative study of the cutting shape from the reinforced elements on the ship body structure
Authors: Gavan Eugen , Hogas Violeta Mihaela , Teodor Florin Renardo , Mocanu Costel Iulian
Published: December 2020

"In order to achieve a lighter ship hull, solutions are required regarding
the mass reduction of the structural elements, which are part of the ship hull. In the development of the ship hull, besides the shell, there is another series of system elements, the transverse and longitudinal frames, which ensure the rigidity, the strength and the stability of the ship. Depending on the building system of the ship hull, these structural elements have a more or less preponderance in the total mass of the ship. In this study paper using Finite Elements Method will be presented a comparative study of different cutting forms through the reinforced frame elements, which are a part of the structure of the ship hull. On the end will be some conclusions regarding the opportunity of adopting one form or the other."
Floating offshore wind turbines - technology and potential
Authors: Maimon Aurel Dan
Published: December 2020

"The main purpose of this paper is to present a short review of the
actual progress on the floating offshore wind turbines. Floating offshore wind turbines have several advantages: overcoming the depth constraint, floating offshore wind turbines can be installed further offshore and therefore on the one hand have little or no visual impact from the coast, and on the other hand to take advantage of more constant and stronger winds, thus increasing the production efficiency of electricity. They are assembled to port and then transported to site with an ordinary tug, which can also bring them ashore for heavy maintenance or final dismantling. Floating wind power is the future of offshore wind power."
Influence of the hydrofoil inclination angle at free surface flow around junctions
Authors: Ungureanu Costel , Mocanu Costel Iulian
Published: December 2020

"Free surface flow is a hydrodynamic problem with a seemingly simple
geometric configuration but with a flow topology complicated by the
pressure gradient due to the presence of the obstacle, the interaction
between the boundary layer and the free surface, turbulence, breaking waves, surface tension effects between water and air. As the ship appendages become more and more used and larger in size, the general understanding of the flow field around the appendages and the junction between them and the hull is a topical issue for naval hydrodynamics. When flowing with a boundary layer, when the streamlines meet a bluff body mounted on a solid flat or curved surface, detachments appear in front of it due to the blocking effect. As a result, vortex structures develop in the fluid, also called horseshoe vortices, the current being one with a completely three-dimensional character, complicated by the interactions between the boundary layer and the vortex structures thus generated. Despite the importance of the topic, the literature records the lack of coherent methods for investigating free surface flow around junctions, the lack of consistent studies on the influence of the inclination of the profile mounted on the body. As a result, this paper aims to systematically
study the influence of profile inclination in respect to the support plate."
Participación del sector privado en respuestas estatales: policías y empresarios de la construcción durante el “boom” de los recursos en Perú
Authors: García Luis , Valle-Riestra Esteban
Published: December 2020

El artículo explora la participación del sector privado en la generación de una respuesta pública frente a actores que se convirtieron en retadores del monopolio de la violencia estatal, en el marco del último boom de los commodities en Perú. Cierta literatura, enfocada en las relaciones empresas-Estado, explica la preferencia de los empresarios por una política de seguridad con una estrategia formal y pública a partir de factores como la proximidad ideológica con el gobierno, la gravedad de la amenaza a los negocios, el tipo de sector al que pertenece el empresariado, la fortaleza organizativa de las firmas y la existencia de redes particulares. Sin bien estos elementos, en conjunto, ayudan a entender el involucramiento privado en respuestas a actores ilegales, el artículo resalta una explicación complementaria. Los empresarios tienen mayor interés en participar cuando, durante la etapa de implementación, establecen vínculos con capas medias y bajas de la burocracia, con el fin de entregar información y recursos necesarios para la respuesta estatal. La primacía de los vínculos es ilustrada mediante una narración y una comparación subnacional de la participación privada en las respuestas policiales a las extorsiones en el sector de la construcción, entre 2004 y 2015.
Caracterización y estadística de señales volcánicas en los Andes, casos de estudio volcanes Reventador y Cotopaxi en Ecuador
Authors: Ortiz Hugo
Published: December 2020

Como parte de los trabajos de campo y de las discusiones científicas, se contó con la asistencia del doctor Jeffrey Johnson. También, se llevó a cabo el taller “Principios de Geofísica y Comunicación”, con la asistencia de 19 estudiantes deseis universidades, y siete instructores de diversas áreas de Ciencias de la Tierra.
CRIMEAN-BLACK SEA REGION
Authors: Pustovitenko B. , Svidlova V. , Bondar M.
Published: December 2020

In 2014, the seismic monitoring of the Crimean Black Sea region was carried out by eight digital seismic stations located on the Crimean peninsula. For the entire territory of the region, earthquakes with Kmin=9 are representative. In 2014, 119 local earthquakes of КП energy classes in the range of 4.3÷11.2 were recorded, most of them have energy classes less than the representative energy level. The total number of earthquakes that occurred in 2014 is almost twice as large, and the total released seismic energy is 4.4 times less than the average values of ΣE for the period 2004–2013. The strongest earthquake of the year with КП=11.2, Mw=4.12 occurred
on March 2 at 03h34m with depth of 28 km in the focal zone of the destructive Crimean earthquake of September 11, 1927, in the Yalta region. It was felt on the southern coast of Crimea with the intensity of I=2–3. The focal mechanism of both earthquakes (09/11/1927 and 03/02/2014) is similar: faults-shear with a predominance of the discharge slip. The main shock was preceded by six forshocks with a КП=6.5–8.0 and a depth of h=18–27 km.
The energy level between the main shock and the strongest foreshock was 3 orders of magnitude (ΔКП=3.2), and between the strongest aftershock – about one and a half orders of magnitude (ΔКП aft=1.5). The activation of the central zone, including at the expense of aftershocks of the earthquake on March 2, was traced until the end of the year. At the same time, seismic energy was released unevenly: separately and in groups with some migration of foci and varying depth. In the focus of the earthquake on October 18 with a КП=10.1, Mw=3.8 (of the Black Sea Basin region), a strike-slip occurred under the action of sublatitudinal compression and submeridional extension. The time course for the last 10 years of release of the total energy of earthquakes proportional to the removed elastic deformation (Benioff graphs) is considered. Two relatively «calm» stages of deformation are noted: 2004–2007, at the speed of V1=4.45•107 Joules/year and 2009–2012 – V2=5.1‧107 Joules/year. Each of these stages ended with an increased discharge of accumulated deformations. It is concluded that the seismic situation in the region remains potentially dangerous for the next 2–3 years.
KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Mikhailova N. , Sokolova I. , Bekturganova B.
Published: December 2020

The article presents the detailed information on seismic observation networks and catalogue of seismic events in Kazakhstan for 2014 made by data of two organizations - Seismological Experience-Methodical expedition of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (SEME), and the Institute of Geophysical Research of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan (IGR). The catalogue includes 559 earthquakes with energy class КР=6.6–13.6. The largest earthquake of the year occurred on November 14, 2014 at the southern side of the Issyk-Kul Lake, near Kadzhysay settlement. The earthquake magnitude was MPVA=6.2, energy class КР=13.6. The most interesting was the earthquake occurred at aseismic region of Central Kazakhstan near Karaganda on June 21, 2014. The earthquake was recorded by the seismic stations of Kazakhstan and the world (MPVA=5.2, КР=11.7), it was felt in many settlements. The authors suppose that this earthquake
is a natural-induced event.
ALTAI and SAYAN
Authors: Emanov A.F. , Emanov A.A. , Fateev A. , Shevkunova E. , Podkorytova V.
Published: December 2020

The review of the seismicity in Altai and Sayan region for 2014 is presented. The stationary network of seismic stations included 48 stations. Compared to 2013, seven new seismic stations were added in the region. Additionally 3 local temporary networks including 39 temporary seismic stations operated in the region. 8828 earthquakes were recorded with the total seismic energy of 4.6•1012 J. A brief description of the seismicity in the Chui-Kurai zone of the Altai Mountains is given.
BAIKAL and TRANSBAIKALIA
Authors: Melnikova V. , Gileva N. , Seredkina A. , Masalskii O.
Published: December 2020

We considered the character of the seismic process in the Baikal and Transbaikalia region
in 2014. 8782 earthquakes with КР≥5.6 were recorded within the study territory during that year, 94 % of them were located in the Baikal rift zone. 26 seismic events were felt in the cities, towns and local settlements with the intensity not exceeding 5. The strongest of them (Mw=5.5) occurred in the Baikal-Muya region of the Baikal rift zone and was followed by a large earthquake sequence. Focal mechanisms were determines for 46 shocks from the data on P-wave first motion polarities, seismic moment tensor (focal mechanism, scalar seismic moment (M0), moment magnitude (Mw) and hypocentral depth (h)) was calculated for 11 events from the data on amplitude surface wave spectra. It has been found that normal fault movements are realized in the sources of 59 % of the earthquakes with the obtained focal mechanisms. In general, high level of seismic activity is a characteristic feature of the considered territory in 2014.
AMUR AND PRIMORYE
Authors: Kovalenko N. , Fokina T. , Safonov D.
Published: December 2020

The annual review of seismicity of Amur and Primorye based on the data of permanent seismic stations of Sakhalin branch GS RAS and the data of other Russian and foreign seismological agencies for 2014 is made. A detailed description of the seismic situation in different areas of the region is given. For the first time the Sikhote-Alin area (№5), where an earthquake of intensity I0=5 occurred, has dominated by terms of the released seismic energy level. Three tangible earthquakes were recorded in the region during the year. The most significant of them (Imax=5) earthquake occurred on April 12 at 21h22m east of Lake Khanka, in the ter-ritory of Primorye. Previously this territory was in the state of a seismic calm. A comparative analysis of the seismic situation in 2014 with the data of long-term observations is carried out. In 2014 the seismic energy of crustal earthquakes released in the region was one of the lowest for the past 15 years (2000–2014), except for 2006. The level of deep focus seismicity in 2014 also has low indicators. According to the methodology for assessing the level of seismic activity, the SOUS*09 scale, in 2014 the territory of Amur and Primorye is characterized by a lower background level of seismic activity.
ARCTIC
Authors: Morozov Alexey , Avetisov G. , Asming V. , Baranov S. , Vaganova N. , Vinogradov Yu. , Jolondz A. , Konechnaya Ya. , Fedorov A. , Fedorov I. , Antonovskaya G.
Published: December 2020

The article provides an overview and analysis of seismicity within the boundaries of the Arctic region for 2014, a description of seismic station networks and processing methods. The catalog of earthquakes in the Arctic region was compiled on the basis of catalogs of several organizations and seismological centers. In total, 452 earthquakes with ML≥1.5 are included in the earthquake catalog. Most of the earthquakes occurred
in 2014, including all the strongest earthquakes, werelocated within the mid-ocean ridges of Mon, Knipovich and Gakkel. In the offshore territories, most of the earthquakes were confined to the Svalbard archipelago, in particular, to the seismically active zone in the Sturfjord strait. The renewal of instrumental seismological observations
in 2011 (station ZFI) on Alexandra Land Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago made it possible to record weak earthquakes in the north of the shelf of the Barents and Kara Seas. For seven earthquakes, the focal me-chanism parameters are presented according to Global CMT catalog.
GLOBAL EARTHQUAKES
Authors: Poygina S. , Petrova Nataliya , Boldyreva N.
Published: December 2020

The information on global seismicity in 2014 at the level of strong earthquakes with M≥6
according to the Seismological Bulletin of the Geophysical Survey of RAS (GS RAS) is provided. The original Seismological Bulletin for 2014 contains parameters of 3268 earthquakes in the world, versus 4212 in 2013. This article analyzes 165 earthquakes with M≥6, including 16 strongest earthquakes with M≥7, and five earthquakes with M6.0–6.7, which resulted in significant casualties and destruction. The information on focal mechanisms, macroseismic effect, the number of victims, tsunamis, etc. is given. A comparative analysis of the number of earthquakes and released seismic energy in different seismically active regions of the Earth showed that, as before, the Pacific region was the most seismically active. More than 96 % of common seismic energy was re-leased in the Pacific region, compared to 1.8 % in Eurasia, 1.3 % in Atlantic Ocean and 0.2 % in the Indian Ocean. The Earth’s maximum earthquake in 2014 occurred on April 1 with Mw=8.1 off shore of Chile. It was accompanied by numerous foreshocks and aftershocks. The maximum casualties and material damage in 2014 were caused by the catastrophic Ludian earthquake that occurred on August 3 with MS=6.2 in the Chinese province of Yunnan.
GONAM EARTHQUAKE on January 4, 2014 with КР=14.2, Mw=5.4, I0=8 (Yakutia, Aldan Highlands)
Authors: Kozmin B. , Mikhailova R.
Published: December 2020

The results of analysis of instrumental and macroseismic data, focal mechanism, and seismotectonic position of the strong Gonam earthquake occurred on the Aldan Highlands are given. The manifestations of aftershock activity and its connection with the regional Tyrkanda fault are analyzed in more detail. This fault is confidently observed in the positive anomalies of the magnetic field. The geometric parameters (width and length) of the aftershock zone are given.
BOGUCHAN EARTHQUAKE on JANUARY 17, 2014 with КР=13.3, Mw=4.3, I0=7 (Siberian Platform)
Authors: Seredkina A. , Melnikova V. , Gileva N. , Radziminovich Ya
Published: December 2020

We consider the Boguchan January 17, 2014 earthquake(Mw=4.3) occurred on the Siberian Platform in the area of the sublongitudinal part of the Angara River. Instrumental and macroseismic data on this seismic event, tectonic features and deep structure of the crust within its source area are analyzed. Seismic moment tensor and hypocentral depth of the earthquake are calculated from its surface wave amplitude spectra. It has been shown that the concentration and relaxation of the tectonic stress in the source area are likely to be conditioned by velocity heterogeneities in the upper and middle crust. The obtained facts evidence that the study earthquake, most probably, is not connected with filling of the Angara cascade of water reservoirs.
EARTHQUAKES FELT IN MOLDOVA 2014: March, 29 with КP=12.5, Mw=4.7, September, 10 with КP=12.4, Mw=4.5 and November 22 with КP=14.3, Mw=5.8 (Romania–Moldova)
Authors: Stepanenco N. , Cardanets V. , Simonova N.
Published: December 2020

All earthquakes felt in 2014 on the territory of Moldova occurred outside its borders, in the Vrancea and Pre-Carpathian regions (Romania). In 2014, the population of Moldova felt 13 earthquakes. The article discusses in detail the most powerful events, occurred on March 29, September 6, and November 22. The March 29 earthquake, Mw=4.7, hрР=136 km was felt in the eastern and southern counties of Romania (in 41 settlements), in the Odessa region of Ukraine, and also in the central and southern regions of the Republic of Moldova (22 points). The epicenter was situated in a bend of the Vrancea mountains. The earthquake on Sep-tember 10, Mw=4.5, hрР=108 km was felt in the eastern and southern counties of Romania (in 27 settlements), in the central and southern parts of Moldova (22 points), in the north of Bulgaria and in the Odessa region of Ukraine. Both earthquakes, March 29 and September 10, occurred under the action of prevailing near-horizontal compressive stress. The November 22 earthquake, Mw=5.8, hрР=37 km occurred in the southwestern part of Romania and turned out to be the most significant crust event for the instrumental observation period. Movement in the source occurred under the action of tensile stresses. Earthquakes in this zone continued until January 19, 2015. The largest aftershock was on December 7 with МwMED=4.4. Foci are associated with the activation of the Peceneaga-Camena fault. The main shock was felt in Romania (in 66 settlements) and neighboring countries: Bulgaria, Moldova (23 settlements), Ukraine (18 settlements). The isoseismal maps were constructed for all three earthquakes considered in detail in this work. The intensity at the epicenter of the November 22 earthquake reached I0=6, for other two events I0=5.
SPITAK-V EARTHQUAKE on July 6, 2014 with МL=4.0, I0=5–6 (Armenia)
Authors: Sargsyan Heghine , Abgaryan Gohar , Makaryan Anjela , Gevorgyan Ani
Published: December 2020

The work presents the results of macroseismic survey of the Spitak-V earthquake which
occurred on July 6, 2014 with МL=4.0, I0=5–6 in the focal zone of the destructive Spitak earthquake 1988 with I0=10. The isoseismal map of the July 6, 2014 earthquake was made and the focal mechanism parameters were determined. According to the focal mechanism decision, the movement in the source was a strike-slip with minor uplift components.
VOLCANOES OF KAMCHATKA
Authors: Seniukov S. , Nuzhdina I.
Published: December 2020

The results of near real-time monitoring of the active Kamchatka volcanoes are described. Continuous monitoring was carried out using three remote methods: 1) seismic monitoring according to automatic telemetric seismic stations; 2) visual and video observation; 3) satellite observation of the thermal anomalies
and the ash clouds. Daily information about volcanic activity is published in the Internet (http://www.emsd.ru/~ssl/ monitoring/main.htm) since February 2000. Annual results of seismic activity of the Northern (Shiveluch, Klu-chevskoy, Bezymianny, Krestovsky and Ushkovsky), Avacha (Avachinsky and Koryaksky), Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group and Kizimen volcano are presented. 4983 earthquakes with КS=2.1–8.7 were located for Northern volcano group, 469 earthquakes with КS=1.6–6.1 – for Avacha volcano group, 459 earthquakes with КS=1.9–6.1 – Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group, 220 earthquakes with КS=2.4–8.5 for Kizimen volcano and 238 earthquakes with КS=2.5–8.4 for Zhupanovsky volcano in 2014. Maps of epicenters, quantities of seismic energy and earth-quake distribution according to class are given. All periods of activity were fixed and investigated by remote me-thods in 2014: intensive volcanic activity of Shiveluch volcano associated with new cone, a con-tinuation of the seismic and volcanic activity of Zhupanovsky volcano after 56-year quite period and the ending of the summit explosive-effusive eruption of Kluchevskoy volcano in January-February.
Russia and the Russians on the pages of the Наша Ніва («Our Field») Newspaper at the dawn of the 20th century
Authors: Унучек А.В.
Published: December 2020

Статья посвящена анализу отображения России и русских на страницах белорусской газеты «Наша Ніва», которая издавалась в Вильне в 1906–1915 гг. Материал делится на три части. В первой рассматривается белорусский интеллектуальный контекст второй половины ХІХ – начала ХХ в. Во второй – анализируется представление редакции «Нашай Нівы» об «официальной России». В третьей – анализируется представление редакции «Нашай Нівы» о «демократической России».
Автор пришёл к выводам, что Россия, Российская империя в образованном белорусском обществе воспринимались в качестве иной страны, чему способствовала политика имперских властей, которые длительное время «не замечали» белорусов в Беларуси. Редакция же «Нашай Нівы» чётко разделяла «Россию официальную» и «Россию демократическую». Первую осуждала, вторую поддерживала.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of Russia’s and the Russian’s portrayal in the Belarussian newspaper «Nasha Niva», which was published in Vilnius in 1906–1915. The published material is separated into three sections. In the first part of the article we will analyze the Belarussian intellectual context of the 1850’s—1900’s. The second part deals with the Наша Ніва («Nasha Niva») editors’ portrayal of «official Russia». In the third part we will analyze the editors’ perception of «democratic Russia».
The author comes to the conclusion that Russia, the Russian Empire was seen by the educated Belarussian society as a foreign country. This perception was enforced by imperial policies, which – for a long time – did their best not to notice the Belarussians as an entity in Belarus itself. «Nasha Niva» editors clearly separated «official Russia» from «democratic Russia», condemning the first and supporting the second.