bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X-ray, diagnosis of small pleural effusions. L. Rieger (J. of A. A., V. 96, No. 2)
Authors: Kramov T. N.
Published: September 2021

L. Rieger (J. of AA, V. 96, No. 2) believes that all pleural transudates and most exudates change their boundaries due to a change in the position of the patient, only in cases with a large amount of fibrin or pleural. adhesions no mobility.
Diagnostics of brain surgical vascular pathology in neurological hospitals of the city of Kazan
Authors: Danilov V. I. , Martynenko S. N. , Ismagilov M. F. , Tagirova E. I.
Published: September 2021

According to study results of case histories of 964 patients, staying in neurologie hospitals of the sity of Kazan, state of diagnostics of brain surgical vascular pathology has been evaluated. Despite their wide prevalence the common international algorythms of diagnostics have been established only in 8 patients (0,83 %). As а result, only 3 patients were transferred to neurological clinic for further surgical treatment. Unsatisfactory state of diagnostics of brain surgical vascular pathology, caused mainly bу insufficient instrumental base in clinics, makes it necessary to establish surgery organization system for people with brain vascular pathology in the city of Kazan.
New approaches to rendering aid in subclinical disorders of mental health in industrial workers
Authors: Polozhiy B. S. , Belyaeva G. G.
Published: September 2021

The data on the clinical examination of 165 patients, who had applied to the centre of medico psychological help specially built for that purpose are given. The re suits of the examination showed that the rate of subclini cal psychic disorders was 55 from the 100 assessed pati ents. Approaches to rendering help in subclinical disorders of mental health with the use of combined positive analy sis and concrete technique like Ericson's technique of "scattering the symptoms", formation of reality "here' and 'now", elements of neurolinguistical programming are described. The evidence and concrete stages of medico psychological aid are discussed.
Results of treatment of vertebrogenic local muscle hypertonia with post-isometric relaxation and fasciotomy
Authors: Ismagilov М. F. , Khabirov F. A. , Priymak V. I. , Abashev R. Z.
Published: September 2021

Data on the clinical analysis, supplemented with ca tamnestic research of vertebrogenic patients with func tional (algical) and organic (trigger) zones of neuromi ofibrosis are given. It is demonstrated, that treatment of patients with muscular syndromes must be individual: in muscular tonic (algical) syndromes method of postisomet ric relaxation, and in miodistrophic (trigger) syndromes method of fasciotomy are the most effective.
Pharah syndrome variant
Authors: Makarov А. Y. , Leikin I. B. , Dedeneva I. V. , Choline А. V. , Ameline О. А. , Pomnikov V. G. , Kiselev V. N. , Shcherskaya О. N.
Published: September 2021

In 1930, the German pathologist Theodor Far described a syndrome designated as "non-atherosclerotic calcification of the cerebral vessels", which later received his name cerebellum, clinically manifested by the rapid decay of intelligence, extrapyramidal, cerebellar disorders, epileptic seizures that occur in middle and old age.
Gene therapy using viral vectors for acute neurologic insults (Neurology. - 1999; dec. 10, 53; 1922-1931.)
Authors: Sapolsky R. , Steinberg G.
Published: September 2021

Currently, many studies are devoted to the cellular and molecular processes occurring during the death of neurons due to hypoxia - ischemia of the brain tissue.
The genetic basis of migraine (Can J. neurol. sci - 1999: nov.-dec. 26 suppl 3; S37-43.)
Authors: Gardner K.
Published: September 2021

It is customary to read that migraine with aura (associated) and without it (simple) is a multifactorial disease, in the development of which a combination of genetic factors in combination with the influence of the external environment plays a role.
Pathology of the peripheral nervous system of chlamydial nature
Authors: Mikhailenko A. A. , Onishenko L. S. , Nuralova I. V. , Borzenko O. V.
Published: September 2021

Change of cells and fibers in horse's tail roots and sciatic nerves regularly revealed, elementary bodies were found with the help of electronic microscopy in mice infected with chlamydia by intracerebral and intraperitoneal approaches. Clinical examination of patients with various mono and polineuropathies revealed that chlamydial infection incidence reached 2537%, and titers of specific antibodies ranged from 1:6 to 1:64, supporting wide distribution of chlamydial infections.
Clinical and electroneurophysiological characteristics of episodic tension headache
Authors: Yakupova A. A. , Yakupov R. A. , Ismagilov М. F.
Published: September 2021

On the basis of clinical, neuropsychological and electroneurophysiological studies by the method of cluster ana lysis of 134 patients with episodic strain headache, they objectively were divided into two groups, differing by the severity and course of the disease. Increase in reflex excitability of neuron structures of cerebral trunk is shown to be the most significant electroneurophysiological pheno menon in episodic strain headache, and this characterizes objectively insufficiency of mechanisms of central inhibition, specifically, on the level of founder inhibiting inter neurons. Hyperreflexion of segmental apparatus of cerebral trunk serves probably as one of the final pathogenetic links in realization of syndrome of long-term tonic spasm of pericranial muscles in headache of strain.
Vegetative regulation in women in the third trimester of physiological pregnancy according to mathematical analysis of cardial rythm data
Authors: Sitarskaya М. V. , Kozlov L. A. , Safina Е. R. , Ismagilov M. F.
Published: September 2021

A study on vegetative homeostasis in healthy pregnant women at the term of 30 40 weeks was held by the method of cardiointervalography. Availability of two types of vegetative response was found, which are likely variants of standard response. A conclusion was made, that processes of adaptation in physiologic pregnancy are accounted by the growth of the tonicity of sympato-adrenalic link, degree of activation of which depends on initial level of functioning of regulating systems.
The results of the implementation of the therapeutic system "detensor" in the complex of rehabilitation measures in patients with a neurological profile
Authors: Shmyrev V. I. , Romanov А. I. , Kinlein К. L. , Rakova Т. S. , Balakireva О. V.
Published: September 2021

The therapeutic system "Detensor" was created in 1980 by prof. K.A. Kinlein (Germany) and is successfully used in clinics of therapeutic and orthopedic profile abroad for long-term traction of the spinal column.
Treatment and prophylaxis of scarry and comissural lumbosacral radiculopathies
Authors: Kholodov S. A.
Published: September 2021

Aiming at treatment of compressive-comissural radiculopathies in patients with lumbar damage with discs involvement surgical treatment was used including set of procedures, directed to minimization of scarry and comissural process and its consequences in microsurgery of lumbar disease with discs damage. Peculiarities of surgical approach to the structures of vertebral canal, reconstructive elements of surgery, and also techniques of implantation of silicon microneuroprotectors and polytetrafluoroethylenic spinal membranes into neural structures zones are discussed. The proposed complex of surgical measures provides maximal decompression of neural structures of vertebral cord, their protection from the effect of musculocutaneous scars and fibrous tissues and positive results of treatment.
Cervical natal trauma: neurologic symptomatology and manual therapy
Authors: Prusakov V. F. , Morozova E. A. , Utkuzova M. A.
Published: September 2021

Pathology of the central nervous system in perinatal period is one of the topical problems of pediatric neurology. Numerous diseases of adolescents are the reckoning for late diagnosis and inadequate treatment in the early months of life. In the last few decades manual therapy of children has been widely distributed, but its use is very limited with infants and young children. Favourable experience of doctor H. Biderman (Germany), the leading expert actively using manual intervention in young children, is observed. The carried-out researches are the first joint experience of pediatric neurologists and manual therapists.
About the history of the Moscow Clinic of Nervous Diseases named after A.Ya. Kozhevnikov
Authors: Yakhno N. N. , Rodionov K. V.
Published: September 2021

The history of the development of the Moscow neurological school in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. is, in essence, the history of the clinic of nervous diseases named after A.Ya. Kozhevnikov Moscow Medical Academy named after I.M. Sechenov. The teaching of nervous and mental diseases began at the departments of pathology and therapy of Moscow University, headed by the most prominent clinicians M.Ya. Mudrov, I.E. Dyadkovsky, I.V. Varvinsky, I.T. Glebov and A.I. Polunin long before the creation of a neurological clinic. The new university charter of 1863, among others, provided for the organization of a clinic for nervous and mental diseases, and therefore in the same year the medical faculty recommended A.Ya. Kozhevnikov as a worthy candidate for heading a new department or course of nervous and mental diseases. According to the traditions of A.Ya. Kozhevnikov in 1866 was sent abroad for 3 years. He worked in clinics and laboratories headed by the largest specialists in neuropsychiatry and physiologists (J.-M. Charcot, V. Grisinger, E. Dubois-Raymond, etc.). During this period A.Ya. Kozhevnikov performed several independent histological studies. In 1869, the university council elected A.Ya. Kozhevnikov for the position of Associate Professor of Nervous Diseases and Psychiatry. In the summer of 1869, after returning from an overseas business trip, he headed the independent department of nervous and mental diseases created for the first time in the world and already in December submitted to the dean A.I. Polunin, a curriculum for teaching nervous diseases and psychiatry, began to give a course of lectures on nervous and mental diseases and to conduct practical classes on nervous diseases.
Contribution of intravenous immunoglobulins to the treatment of myasthenia
Authors: Gajdos P.
Published: September 2021

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the end plate of the neuromuscular synapse.
The expanding clinical and genetic spectrum of the myotonic dystrophies
Authors: Ricker K.
Published: September 2021

The main clinical features of dominantly inherited myotonic dystrophies are myotonia, muscle weakness, and cataracts.
To the question of study of epileptogenic role of kynurenine in the epileptic pathogenesis (clinical and biochemical study)
Authors: Gromov S. A. , Lapin I. P. , Fedotenkova Е. А.
Published: September 2021

It was studied the content of endogenic convulsive agent, kynurenine, in the blood and liquor of 57 epileptic patients. It was revealed raising of kynurenine level in the blood of epileptic patients as compared with the level of control group, as well as more high level of kynurenine in the blood of patients with frequent seizures and lowering its level in liquor just after paroxysm. The abovesaid confirms the certain role of kynurenine in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.
Diagnostic significance of electroneuromyographic (enmg) indices in diphtheria polyneuropathy
Authors: Komantsev V. N. , Sorokina М. N. , Skripchenko N. V.
Published: September 2021

There studied changes of electroneuiomyographical indices for evaluation of incidence and dynamics of lesion of peripheral nervous system during diphtheria. For this purpose 37 patients with diphtheria polyneuropathy at the age of 214 years at different terms of disease were examined. It was shown that during diphtheria most often the nerves of lower extremities are damaged: fibular and tibial. Information of ENMG indices of the latter is more significant. For revealing the initial symptoms of the nervous system lesion it is useful to investigate the state of myelinization of proximal parts of peripheral nerves according to F-wave latency.
Presymptomatic dna-diagnosis of proximal spinal muscle atrophy
Authors: Yudina G. K. , Kolokolov О. V.
Published: September 2021

Case of preclinical DNA-diagnosis in a family with the use of polymorphous markers in the region 5gll.2-gl3.3 and search of the SMN gene deletion is presented. It has been suggested to perform DNA-study in all the members of families in which patients with spinal muscle atrophy were revealed.
Psychological characteristics of patients with myotonia dystrophica and principles of their rehabilitation
Authors: Sedysheva Е. V. , Levanov V. М. , Prokopenkova А. В. , Gustov А. V.
Published: September 2021

When testing psychological characteristics of personality in 20 patients with myotonia dystrophica using MMPI test, it was revealed forming of anxious-asthenic syndrome, typical for initial clinical symptons of the disease. With the main disease progression tendency to hypochondriac and depressive states is observed. Complex of medicamental and psychotherapeutic rehabilitation is offered.
Disturbances of cerebral circulation in primary antiphospholipide syndrome and sneddon’s syndrome
Authors: Kalashnikova L. A.
Published: September 2021

66 patients with Sneddons syndrome and 29 patients with primary antiphospholipide syndrome has been examinated. Clinical picture of Sneddons syndrome was characterized by combination of cerebrovascular disturbances (ischemic disturbance of cerebral circulation, primary disturbance of cerebral circulation) with skin change in the form of livedo. In some patients there were thromboses of peripheric veins, ischemic heart disease, spontaneous abortions or intrauterine fetus death in women, thrombocytopenia. In 64% of patients with Sneddons syndrome there were revealed antibodies to phospholipids cardiolipin and/or lupus anticoagulant, and this indicates that these cases belong to primary antiphospholipide syndrome. Clinical manifestations in 29 patients with primary antiphospholipide syndrome were similar to those in Sneddons syndrome except for the absence of livedo.
Lipide exchange disturbance in migraine patients
Authors: Starikova N. L.
Published: September 2021

State of lipide exchange in migraine, being one of the main reasons of insults at young age is not yet studied. When studying 40 patients with migraine of 1950 years of age statistically valid aterogenic shifts of lipide spectrum of blood serum independent of clinical peculiarities of the disease, but proportionally increasing with the increase of the level of situational anxiety in patients (according to information from Spilbergers directory) have been revealed. It is suggested that lipide spectrum changes can be the component of complex genetically determinated and acquired functional changes of limbico-reticular complex structures and of humoral-endocrine homeostasis and play role in pathogen migraine, and besides they can be considered as a factor of raising the possibility of migraine brain infarction.
New ways of immunodiagnosis in neurology
Authors: Bykova A. A. , Volodina Е. V. , Olkhovskaya Е. F. , Shutov А. А.
Published: September 2021

On the basis of immunological study of 65 patients with multiple sclerosis and 37 patients with myastenia the laboratory ways were offered for diagnosis of these diseases. For immunodiagnosis of multiple sclerosis a peroral rezerpine test was performed, based on the patients blood deficiency of serotonin and absence of immune system reaction on introducing agents, altering the balance of this mediator. For diagnosis of myasthenia acetylcholine test and immune variant of neostigmine methylsulfate test are offered, which are based on registration of altering of balance of endogenous acetylcholine in the patients blood under the enfluence of introducing neostigmine methylsulfate.
Classification of birth traumas of spine and spinal cord
Authors: Sholomov I. I.
Published: September 2021

Working classification of birth traumas of spine and spinal cord has been worked up, which corresponds to conventional international classification of spinal and spinal cord traumas. It allows to make the diagnosis easier and to carryout purposeful pathogenic therapy in reasonable time.
Peculiarities of lipid disorders in blood serum in chronic process of cerebral atherosclerosis
Authors: Osetrov B. A. , Komissarenko А. A. , Salycheva L. V.
Published: September 2021

In 107 patients with chronic insufficiency of brain circulation of atherosclerotic genesis (of different expressiveness) lipid level of blood serum is determined, cholesterine coefficient of atherogenecity and supposed by the authors coefficient of lipid disorders are calculated. The obtained results have been compared with data of analogous examination of 78 patients, having atherosclerotic stenocardia of tension. Integral evaluation of blood lipid spectrum with regard to its peculiarities allowed to determine that expressiveness of lipid disorders in patients with cerebral atherosclerosis is not reduced, and is even increased in coronary atherosclerosis.
Neurodynamic model of tissue reparation
Authors: Skupchenko V. V. , Miljudin Е. S.
Published: September 2021

A doubtless significance of neurodynamic process in ensuring morphogenesis and, in particular, reparative processes, was a groundwork for creating a neurodynamic model of tissue reparation. According to a new model the obligatory condition of reparative morphogenesis effectiveness is the body generation and subsequent change of neurodynamic patterns. Experimentally, on the example of the skin wound the role of neurodynamic factor in reparative morphogenesis was proved. We managed to reveal reasons, leading to pathologic deviations in development of regenerative process. It was shown that the main role in reparative morphogenesis play generation and change of regulating neurotrophic patterns.
Clinicopathological importance of survivin immunoexpression in reproductive age patients with serous borderline ovarian tumors
Authors: ŞAHİN Erdem , AKGUN Hulya , MADENDAĞ Yusuf , KIRLANGIÇ Mehmet Mete , KARAKAŞ Erol , TOPALOĞLU Nahit
Published: September 2021

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate survivin immunoexpression and the clinicopathologic correlations in serous borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) patients ≤ 40 years old.

Materials and Methods: A total of 36 BOT cases were evaluated. After excluding the mucinous type and patients over 40 years of age, 20 serous BOT cases meeting the criteria were included. A similar number of benign ovarian cysts and 20 serous malign ovarian tumors were randomly included as the control group. The patients were then staged based on their surgical findings and 2014 FIGO criteria, and their histological tumor types obtained from pathological specimens were determined using WHO criteria. The survivin levels in the specimens were analyzed using immunohistochemical assays.

Results: Positive survivin expression was detected in 10% of benign tumors, 100% of serous BOTs, and 100% of serous malign ovarian tumors. Mean survivin immunoreactivity was statistically similar between groups and it was found to be significantly higher in both groups compared to the control group. Survivin expression was positively correlated with FIGO stage, tumor grade, microinvasion, and micropapillary pattern.

Conclusion: Survivin immunoexpression is correlated with the malignancy potential of serous BOTs, and that survivin immune expression may be a histopathological marker that will help in making a decision on fertility-sparing surgery and follow upin young patients.
Penetran keratoplasti endikasyonları: Bir üçüncü basamak sağlık merkezi deneyimi
Authors: HARBİYELİ İbrahim İnan , ERDEM Elif , UYSAL Anıl , YAĞMUR Meltem
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmada bir üçüncü basamak sağlık merkezinde uygulanan penetran keratoplasti (PK) ameliyatlarının endikasyon dağılımının ve çalışma periyodu içerisinde bu dağılımda görülen değişimlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: PK ameliyatı geçiren hastaların tıbbi kayıtları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Endikasyonlar; korneal skar, korneal distrofi, keratokonus, büllöz keratopati, regreft ve akut enfeksiyöz keratit olmak üzere altı ana kategori altında incelendi. Endikasyonların zaman içerisindeki değişimini inceleyebilmek amacıyla çalışma periyodu iki eşit zaman dilimine ayrıldı ve bu iki periyottaki veriler karşılaştırıldı.

Bulgular: İki yüz altmış üç hastanın (117 kadın [%44,5], 146 erkek [%55,5]) 303 gözü çalışmaya dahil edildi. Penetran keratoplastinin en sık endikasyonu korneal skarlar (76 göz, %25,1) idi. Enfeksiyöz keratit sekelleri (38/76, %50) korneal skar etyolojisi içerisinde ilk sırayı alırken, etkenlere göre dağılım incelendiğinde herpetik keratite bağlı sekeller (21/38, %55,2) en büyük alt grubu oluşturmaktaydı. Çalışma periyodunun 2. yarısında korneal distrofi nedeniyle uygulanan cerrahilerin oranının azaldığı, regreft uygulanan olguların oranının ise artış gösterdiği saptandı.

Sonuç: Çalışmamızda PK’nın en sık nedeni korneal skar olarak bulunmuştur.. Enfeksiyöz keratit ve korneal travma olguları açısından sağlık hizmetlerinin iyileştirilmesi; korneal distrofiler açısından ise akraba evliliklerinin önlenmesine yönelik sosyal projelerin ve genetik danışmanlık hizmetlerinin yaygınlaştırılması, bölgemizde korneal patolojiler kaynaklı görme kayıplarını azaltabilecektir.
İletişim Çalışmaları ve Psikoloji Birlikteliğinin Önemi: COVID-19 Pandemisi Bağlamında Disiplinler Arası Bir Analiz
Authors: YILDIRIM Fehime Elem
Published: September 2021

Deneyimlediğimiz sosyal ve fiziksel koşulların analizi ile bu koşulların etkilerinin değerlendirilmesinde
hem iletişim çalışmalarının hem de psikoloji disiplininin önemli bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Bu iki disiplinin
etkileşimi iletişim teknolojisinin ilerlemesi ve kullanımının yaygınlaşması ile birlikte daha da gelişim
göstermiş, çok boyutlu bir araştırma geleneğini inşa etmiştir. Böyle bir disiplinler arası yaklaşımın
bilimsel çalışmalara sağladığı önemli katkılar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, iletişim çalışmaları ve psikoloji
birlikteliğinin önemini, bu disiplinler arası yaklaşımın pandeminin öne çıkardığı sorunların olası
çözümündeki rolünü ortaya koyarak vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla pandemi sürecinin öne
çıkardığı sorunlarla ilgili literatür taranarak bu iki disiplinin birlikteliğine ihtiyaç duyan araştırma alanları
ve gelecek çalışmalar için yeni araştırma soruları belirlenmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada bu disiplinler
arası yaklaşımın a) dünyanın karşı karşıya kaldığı çevre sorunlarının çözümünü, b) pandemi sürecinin
insan psikolojisine etkilerini, c) pandemi sürecinin çevrimiçi mahremiyet ihlali ve gözetim pratiklerine
etkisini, d) pandemide sağlıkla ilgili olumlu davranışların geliştirilmesi ile ilgili yaşanan zorlukları ele
alırken sağlayacağı önemli bilimsel katkılar olabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Formüle edilen araştırma
sorularının gelecek çalışmalara yol göstermesi ve pandemi sürecine olduğu kadar pandemi sonrası sürece
de katkıda bulunması umulmaktadır.
Local magnitudes, seismic moments, and coda durations for earthquakes near Oroville, California
Authors: Bakun W. H. , Lindh A. G.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Seismic moments Mo and local magnitudes ML for earthquakes near Oroville, California imply the linear log seismic moment-local magnitude relation

log ⁡ 10 ( M o ) = ( 1.21 ± 0.03 ) M L + ( 17.02 ± 0.07 ) for 17 < log 10 M o < 25.

Coda durations τ for short-period, vertical-component seismographs located in the epicentral region are related to local magnitude using two linear log τ-ML segments with point of intersection at ML ≂ 1.5. The rms error is 0.1 to 0.2 units of magnitude. A relation of the form log Mo = a1 + a3 (log τ)2 is sufficient (in the sense that rms error in log10Mo is 0.2 to 0.3 units) to relate τ and Mo for 18 ≦ log10Mo < 22. Coefficients for the above τ-ML and τ-Mo relationships are established for three seismographs of differing response
Lateral inhomogeneities in P velocity under the Tarbela array of the lesser Himalayas of Pakistan
Authors: Menke William H.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Three-dimensional seismic-velocity heterogeneities (to a depth of 125 km) under the Tarbela array are determined by the Aki et al. (1976a) method of inverting teleseismic travel-time residuals. Velocity anomalies are clearly present and are elongated in the northwest direction. An overall 2 to 3 per cent decrease in velocity to the northeast is observed across any horizontal layer. These features result from a 4° dip of geologic structures in the direction N41°E. This direction is similar to some observed trends of seismicity in the Tarbela area and to the trend of the Himalayan Main Central Thrust (MCT) east and north of Tarbela, but not to the trend of the fault traces nor the strike of geologic structures in the Tarbela area. Just to the southeast of the Tarbela array, these faults bend sharply westward, forming a mountainous loop. In this study it is concluded that the westerly trending fault traces and westerly striking geology are both only surficial and not representative of structures at greater depth. These deep structures within the lower crust and upper mantle preserve a strike similar to more eastern areas along the MCT. They are shown to be volumetrically and tectonically the more important features.
Truncated exponential frequency-magnitude relationship in earthquake statistics
Authors: Cosentino P. , Ficarra V. , Luzio D.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The following doubly truncated exponential probability density distribution

f ( M ) = β exp ⁡ { − β ( M − M 0 ) } / { 1 − exp ⁡ { − β ( M p − M 0 ) } } for M 0 ≦ M ≦ M p f ( M ) = 0 for M ≧ M p , ( a )

where M0 is the threshold magnitude value, and β is a parameter, is proposed for the earthquake occurrence. The relation (a) has been obtained carrying out a simple model based on a number of assumptions, among which the more characterizing is the existence of a maximum regional finite magnitude value Mp. This assumption, derived by an evidence recognized by most seismologists, allows a simple explanation of the known behavior of the experimental cumulative frequency-magnitude graphs.

In order to estimate β and Mp the moments method is suggested, which also represents a maximum likelihood method for β estimation.

Finally, some results of application of the model to six seismic regions are presented.
Numerical seismograms for a vertical point-force in a layered solid
Authors: Abramovici F. , Gal-Ezer J.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The vertical and horizontal displacements of a solid made up of one layer over a half-space, due to the presence of a vertical point-force acting beneath or at the free surface are calculated using a synthetic generalized ray expansion. Each term in the expansion represents a group of rays reflected the same number of times as P and S. The time dependence of the applied force at the source is a triangular function. Seismograms corresponding to the source term and for a half-space are also shown.

The behavior of the displacements is determined by the S-wave part of the motion. Some rays are clearly distinguishable, like the direct P or some of those following a totally reflected ray of the same type, like SP or SSP (denoted S2P). Also very prominent are the rays of type Sn arriving after diffracted ones at the free surface. It turns out, however, that the appearance of many portions of the seismograms is the result of the superposition of several generalized rays, contributing not only at their arrival but also later, at subsequent times.

The amplitude ratio of the P and S arrivals is shown to be related to the time dependence of the source: S appears to have a larger amplitude than P for short-duration sources.
Long-period reflected and converted upper-mantle phases
Authors: Ward Steven N.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Record sections of long-period seismograms from shallow-focus events at distances between 80° and 120° commonly display significant amounts of spatially coherent energy between the arrivals of P and PP. While individual quality varies, the majority of observations share two characteristics: coherent arrivals have apparent ray parameters and amplitude attenuation rates more comparable to P than PP. The ray-kinematic restraints imposed by these statements suggest wave interactions in the upper mantle near the source or receiver. The dynamics of these phases are investigated by construction of synthetic seismograms for radially symmetric media by contour integration in the complex ray-parameter plane. The generated records containing contributions from waves reflected or converted at upper mantle discontinuities are found to be compatible with observations. The largest of these coda phases on vertical records are near-source-shear converted compressional waves of the types sdP and sdpP. Conjugate near-receiver phases are of less importance than near-source phases on vertical records but they can be expected to dominate on the horizontal component. The effect of transition zone thickness on these phases is determined by direct integration of the equations of motion. For a 10-km-thick transition, reflected amplitudes become negligibly small for waves with periods less than 3 sec. Transmitted converted waves, on the other hand, have significant amplitudes to periods as small as 1 sec. In the long-period passband, peaked near 15 sec, the transition behaves as a sharp interface. These signals are found to be highly sensitive to localized upper mantle structure. Further observations of these phases will provide a direct means of assessing the physical and regional extent of the discontinuities throughout the Earth.
Time-domain observation and synthesis of split spheroidal and torsional free oscillations of the 1960 chilean earthquake: Preliminary results
Authors: Stein Seth , Geller Robert J.
Published: September 2021

The rotationally and elliptically split normal modes of the earth are observed for the 1960 Chilean earthquake by analysis in the time domain. One hundred and fifty hours of the Isabella, California, strain record are narrow band filtered about the central frequency of each split multiplet to isolate the complex wave form resulting from the interference of the different singlets. We compute synthetic seismograms using our previous theoretical results, which show the dependence of the amplitude and phase of the singlets on source location, depth, mechanism, and the position of the receiver. By comparing these synthetics to the filtered record, we conclusively demonstrate the splitting of modes whose splitting had not been definitely resolved: torsional modes (0T3, 0T4) and spheroidal modes (0S4, 0S5). The splitting of 0S2 and 0S3 is reconfirmed. We obtain good agreement between the synthetics and the filtered data for a source mechanism (previously determined from long-period surface waves) of thrust motion on a shallow dipping fault.
Effectiveness of Administrative and Legal Instruments for Animal Protection Used by Social Organizations
Authors: Ostrowska Anna
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the issue of the effectiveness of administrative and legal instruments of animal protection granted to social organizations under the Animal Protection Act. The research purpose of the paper is to analyze the administrative and legal conditions of the interaction of social organizations with public administration and other entities in the field of animal protection and animal care, and as a result to verify the thesis that the activity of organizations has little influence on the effectiveness of the animal protection system. In order to achieve this goal, three research theses were formulated: 1) there are no rational grounds for depriving social organizations of the competence to temporarily remove an animal, which is the most effective means of protecting mistreated animals; 2) public administration bodies and their subordinate services should make wider use of the potential of social organizations in the sphere of consultative and educational activities; 3) the effectiveness of the activities of social organizations in the sphere of animal protection is adversely affected by superficial regulations concerning the cooperation of organizations with administrative bodies and public services. The article is a research paper of a national range of research. The author’s intention is to contribute to a broader discussion on the directions of socialization of the animal protection system.
Protection of Animals and Protection from Animals as Seen by Polish Law
Authors: Rakoczy Bartosz
Published: September 2021

The system of Polish law regulates both the protection of animals and the protection of humans from animals. Insofar as the first direction of regulations is strongly developed, popular, and fashionable and reflects the present-day trends in environmental protection law, the latter is not as popular. Both directions of the regulations show signs of axiological conflict. In the case of protection of animals, they are treated as a protected good, referring to their suffering, ability to feel, having emotions, etc. These circumstances do not only opt for covering animals by legal protection. Some people are even tempted to postulate the need for recognizing animals as subjects. However, the same animal that can suffer and feel and has emotions can pose a hazard to man – in certain extreme cases even a fatal one. Thus, animals are protected from humans, which is the right solution, but at the same time humans should be protected from animals. When exploring the issues of animal protection, it is worth remembering that such a second dimension exists.
Selected Issues of Animal Protection in the Light of the Judicial Decisions of the Supreme Administrative Court
Authors: Stelmasiak Jerzy
Published: September 2021

The article analyses and assesses the line of judicial decisions of the Supreme Administrative Court regarding a temporary seizure of an animal from its owner or guardian following a breach of the obligation to treat it humanely. The article also analyses the legal status that social organisations, the statutory aim of which is the protection of animals, has in administrative proceedings. Next, the author presents the characteristics of resolutions of municipal councils on the municipal programme of care for homeless animals and prevention of animal homelessness, which in the court judicial decisions are classified as local legal enactment. Finally, the article presents the line of judicial decisions concerning the relation between a resolution introducing a by-law on maintaining cleanliness and order in a municipality and the requirements of animal protection set out in the Act of 21 August 1997 on the protection of animals.
Animal Protection as Part of EU Development Strategy
Authors: Szymańska Małgorzata Ewelina
Published: September 2021

The article is an attempt to organize considerations of animal protection within the framework of the new EU development strategy. The European Green Deal is a comprehensive strategy to transform the EU into a modern resource-efficient and competitive economy, which takes into account all dimensions of sustainable development, including animal protection. Member States are required to develop and implement strategic plans approved by the European Commission to implement the new strategy. The article is of a scientific and research character. The author put forward research hypotheses and tried to prove them within the framework of the conducted analysis. First, the coronavirus crisis highlighted the importance of a robust and resilient food system and the interconnectedness of animal health, supply chains, and public health. Second, with sustainability as a cornerstone of the EU’s functioning, undesirable interplay can also be observed with respect to biodiversity, climate change, and other environmental issues. Climate change can affect the emergence of new diseases, the prevalence of existing diseases and the geographical distribution of pathogens and vectors, including those that affect wildlife. Thirdly, in order to ensure high animal and public health standards and rational development of agriculture, legislative solutions at the EU level should be put in place which would contribute to the completion of the internal market and to preventing the spread of communicable diseases. This legislation should also ensure, as far as possible, that the existing animal health status of the EU is maintained and promoted. The results of the study are original and innovative, which makes them a valuable source of knowledge.
Implementation of the Provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals into Ukrainian Legislation: Some Theoretical and Applied Aspects
Authors: Kobetska Nadiia , Danyliuk Lesia
Published: September 2021

European integration processes in Ukraine have led to the approximation of national legislation to European standards, including pet handling. The first and currently the only ratified European convention in Ukraine on protection and ensuring animal welfare is the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals. The article describes the major doctrinal, legislative and practical aspects of implementing this Convention into Ukrainian law. The legal regulation of the humane treatment of domestic animals in Ukraine is based on the Law of Ukraine on the protection of animals from cruel treatment, its provisions being of a general nature, and detailed solutions are found in other laws and regulations. Detailed rules for dealing with pets are determined by municipalities and they are implemented in the relevant administrative and territorial units. The concept of “animal rights”, despite its proclamation in the preamble to the Law of Ukraine on the protection of animals from cruel treatment, has no formal legal representation and reflection in Ukrainian legislation. Nevertheless, Ukrainian legal academic doctrine, legislative process and law enforcement practice are currently embodying the concept of animal welfare. The development and implementation of a coherent legal mechanism for pet handling is the major contributing factor in achieving pet welfare, therefore Ukraine needs a clear strategy to improve its legal regulation.
Do Animals Have Any Rights in Slovakia?
Authors: Dufala Martin , Grešová Lenka
Published: September 2021

This article focuses on assessing whether the current Slovak legal framework provides animals with a sufficient level of protection against cruelty and maltreatment. Past and current Slovak legislation on animal protection was analyzed in light of the major animal welfare challenges that Slovakia faces today. Contrary to what the title of the study suggests, a different approach was chosen to strengthen the protection of animals – not through the concept of animal rights, but the concept of human rights to a favourable environment. In addition, the possibility of using the already existing environmental law legal instruments when the well-being of animal is threatened was discussed.
Безопасность ЕС: микроагрессия с макропоследствиями
Authors: Арбатова Надежда
Published: September 2021

Пандемия, вызванная коронавирусом COVID-19, убедительно показала, что в XXI в. трансформируется само понятие безопасности. Повальные эпидемии, массовая незаконная миграция, международный терроризм, экологические катастрофы, новые формы национализма, кибертехнологии и нехватка ресурсов бросают вызов традиционным военным угрозам, которые всегда находились в центре внимания международного сообщества. Несомненно, в списке новых невоенных угроз на первое место выдвинулась пандемия, вызванная коронавирусом COVID-19, которая поставила вопрос о переосмыслении самой концепции безопасности. В статье анализируются феномен нексуса пандемии и безопасности, а также последствия этого явления для жизнедеятельности Европейского союза и его государств-членов. В частности, автор исследует угрозы, которые представляет пандемия для гуманитарной безопасности или основ человеческой жизни, экономической безопасности, социально-политической стабильности и, в конечном счете, для будущего европейской интеграции. Автор доказывает, что ответ ЕС на разрушительные последствия коронавируса будет тестом на его состоятельность как уникального интеграционного объединения, способного стать полнокровным центром силы в постпандемических международных отношениях. Заголовок статьи “Безопасность ЕС: микроагрессия с макропоследствиями” метафоричен и призван подчеркнуть обманчивое восприятие масштаба новой невоенной угрозы.
“Скелеты в славянском шкафу”. Контроверзы исторической памяти и ациестроительство в Сербии и Хорватии после распада СФРЮ
Authors: Ефременко Дмитрий
Published: September 2021

В статье рассматривается опыт политического использования исторического прошлого на постъюгославском пространстве на примере двух ключевых государств региона – Сербии и Хорватии. Сербо-хорватское соперничество, дважды в XX в. переходившее в кровопролитное противостояние, наложило глубокий отпечаток на политику памяти в каждой из этих политий. Сербский и хорватский исторические нарративы, описывающие события Второй мировой войны и вооруженных конфликтов 1991-1995 гг., не просто конкурируют друг с другом, но предлагают несовместимые интерпретации, в результате чего появляются основания говорить о возникновении дилеммы мнемонической безопасности. Суть ее состоит в том, что систематическое оспаривание определенного нарратива, значимого для “биографии” сообщества и представляющего его в мировой политике государства, в конечном счете подрывает уверенность представителей сообщества в устойчивости его существования. Дилемма мнемонической безопасности также означает, что под уже существующие между государствами и сообществами противоречия в различных сферах подводится исторический и символический базис. В этих условиях конфликт памяти становится важным и даже конституирующим элементом формирования макрополитической идентичности. Как показывает динамика сербо-хорватских отношений, дилемма мнемонической безопасности достаточно инерционна и устойчива, она может сохраняться и препятствовать постконфликтному урегулированию даже в существенно изменившемся международно-политическом контексте, когда основные предпосылки противостояния уходят в прошлое. События, которые могут быть интерпретированы как акты геноцида, военные преступления или преступления против человечности, уместно рассматривать как важнейшие индикаторы или как темы, описание которых (либо замалчивание) является определяющим для мнемонического ландшафта соответствующей страны. В статье также анализируется противоречивое влияние на политику памяти в Хорватии и Сербии процессов европейской интеграции, которые стимулируют как реальные изменения в этой сфере, так и различные имитационные практики.
Институциональное доверие как социальный капитал в современной России (по результатам мониторинга)
Authors: Латов Юрий
Published: September 2021

На материалах опросов Института социологии ФНИСЦ РАН за 2014-2021 гг. проанализированы статика и динамика доверия россиян к государственным и общественным институтам. Показано, что соотношение доверия разным институтам демонстрирует неукорененность в России политической демократии, поскольку граждане системно сильнее доверяют институтам “вертикали власти”, но гораздо слабее – связанным с политической конкуренцией. В то же время к большинству и тех и других россияне чаще всего не испытывают доверия, высокое (более 50% россиян) доверие устойчиво наблюдается только к президенту и к армии. При этом уровень институционального доверия изменяется волнообразно: если в середине 2010-х годов он достиг максимума, то затем начал снижаться. На примере антиковидных мер показано, что институциональное доверие является социальным капиталом, приносящим выгоды обществу. В частности, граждане с более высоким доверием к президенту проявляли повышенную лояльность к антиковидным мерам и, как следствие, реже заболевали. Таким образом, хотя характеристики социального капитала россиян, связанного с институциональным доверием, существенно затрудняют долгосрочную модернизацию российской нации, они все же достаточны, чтобы в среднесрочном периоде существенно сгладить негативные эффекты коронакризиса.
Reinforcement Learning in Robotics
Authors:   Larsen & Toubro Infotech (LTI), Manavalan Mani , Ganapathy Apoorva ,   Adobe Systems
Published: September 2021

Reinforcement learning has been found to offer to robotics the valid tools and techniques for the redesign of valuable and sophisticated designs for robotics. There are multiple challenges related to the prime problems related to the value added in the reinforcement of the new learning. The study has found the linkages between different subjects related to science in particular. We have attempted to make and establish the links that have been found between the two research communities in order to provide a survey-related task in reinforcement learning for behavior in terms of the generation that are found in the study. Many issues have been highlighted in the robot learning process that is used in their learning as well as various key programming tools and methods. We discuss how contributions that aimed towards taming the complexity of the domain of the study and determining representations and goals of RL. There has been a particular focus that is based on the goals of reinforcement learning that can provide the value-added function approaches and challenges in robotic reinforcement learning. The analysis has been conducted and has strived to demonstrate the value of reinforcement learning that has to be applied to different circumstances.
Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) Edible Film Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Test against Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Ningsih Wida , Arel Afdhil
Published: September 2021

Clove oil contains eugenol as an antibacterial. Meanwhile, products containing clove oil have been widely used as toothpaste and mouthwash. In this study, clove oil was formulated in the form of edible film because it is practical, easy to use, and could be used without water like other oral hygiene preparations. The edible film is a thin layer film made of consumable materials used as a carrier of antibacterial compounds. Clove oil edible film was then formulated with clove oil concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% and determined for its antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Clove oil edible film preparations were evaluated under their physical properties, including friability, drying shrinkage, pH, thickness, and swelling ability. Antibacterial activity testing of clove oil edible film was conducted, employing the blood agar diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans. The physical evaluation of the clove oil edible film showed almost the same physical properties as the comparison (GF). Clove oil edible film test results revealed the greatest inhibition at F1 of 18.6 mm ± 0.577, F2 of 22.3 mm ± 2.081, and F3 of 25.3 mm ± 1.527. According to David and Stout, the inhibition activity of bacteria on F3 was categorized as a very strong group inhibition response. In addition, ANOVA test analysis results uncovered that the concentration of clove oil affected the inhibition of the Streptococcus mutans bacteria with a significance value of 0.000 (p 0.05). Also, Duncan's test exhibited that each concentration of clove oil had a significant difference in the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans bacteria.