bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectiva espiritualidad en integrantes de alcohólicos anónimos: estudio piloto
Authors: Rodríguez Puente Linda Azucena , Alonso Castillo María Magdalena , Álvarez Bermudes Javier , Gómez Meza Marco Vinicio , Arméndariz García Nora Angélica , Hernández Martínez Eva Kerena
Published: July 2017

La espiritualidad es un concepto que se ha relacionado de manera positiva con la salud física y mental de las personas y se ha observado que juega un papel importante en el manejo y recuperación del abuso de sustancias como el alcohol.
El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la perspectiva espiritual de los integrantes de AA (Alcohólicos anónimos).
El diseño fue cuantitativo, descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por integrantes de AA de 3 municipios suburbanos de Nuevo León, México. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico, la muestra estuvo conformada por 35 adultos pertenecientes a los grupos de AA, se utilizó la Escala de Perspectiva Espiritual (SPS).
Los resultados muestran que el promedio del índice de espiritualidad en los participantes fue de 66.33 (DE = 17.23), el promedio de prácticas espirituales fue de 59.64 (DE = 25.11) y el de creencias espirituales fue de 70.70 (DE = 16.60).
Se concluye que los integrantes de AA tienen un nivel alto de espiritualidad total, en prácticas espirituales y en creencias espirituales.
Qualidade de vida de pacientes com doença de Crohn
Authors: Lopes Antonia Mauryane , Bezerra de Moura Laís Norberta , Machado Raylane Da Silva , Freitas da Silva Grazielle Roberta
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn tratados en la clínica de un Hospital Universitario.
Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, exploratorio en el Hospital Universitario del Piauí- Brasil, de julio a diciembre de 2015, y  con una muestra de 52 pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn. Se aplicó un formulario sociodemográfico y clínico, y el instrumento "Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire” para evaluar la calidad de vida.
Resultados: La mayoría eran mujeres, adultos, auto-declarados morenos, casados, con un ingreso familiar de dos salarios mínimos (392 euros), escuela secundaria completa y no bebían alcohol ni fumaban.  Con más de cinco años de tiempo de diagnóstico y están parcialmente en remisión de la enfermedad.  No mostraron frecuentemente pérdida de peso, diarrea y dolor abdominal en los últimos tres meses. Los pacientes fueron hospitalizados debido a la enfermedad de Crohn, una cuarta parte de ellos fueron sometidos a resección quirúrgica del intestino y como complicaciones las fístulas estaban más presentes. Como tratamiento medicamentoso utilizan asociación de inmunomoduladores y azatioprina. La mayoría hacía pruebas de laboratorio como control, seguido por colonoscopia y nunca ha abandonado el tratamiento. Presentaron calidad de vida regular y tuvieron respuesta "nunca" como la más puntuada en el instrumento. En los dominios síntomas sistémicos, aspectos sociales y emocionales la calidad de vida ha sido regular y en los síntomas intestinales fue satisfactoria con un promedio de 56,15 puntos.
Conclusión: Los pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn presentaron una calidad de vida regular.
La fuerza progresiva del Cristianismo y la unidad de la nación alemana en la histórica de J. G. Droysen: la tradición histórica alemana.
Authors: Amorós Pedro
Published: July 2017

Nos encontramos ante un breve estudio de La Histórica de J.G.Droysen ocupa un lugar preeminente dentro de la historiografía alemana decimonónica. En líneas generales, se puede afirmar sin temor a equivocarse que en la Histórica confluyen, matizadas y superadas, tres corrientes de la tradición histórica alemana: el método histórico-filológico de Boeckh, la tradición histórico-filosófica de Hegel y la concepción del lenguaje de W. Humboldt.
Cantera Montenegro, E.: Aspectos de la vida cotidiana de los judíos en la España Medieval, Madrid, 1998.
Authors: García Pedro J.
Published: July 2017

En esta obra monográfica el profesor Enrique Cantera Montenegro, titular de Historia Medieval en la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, nos presenta de forma clara y concisa un estudio socio-cultural de la minoría étnico-religiosa judía en la España Medieval.
Use of the ShangRing circumcision device in boys below 18 years old in Kenya: results from a pilot study
Authors: Awori Quentin D. , Lee Richard K. , Li Phillip S. , Moguche Jared N. , Ouma Dan , Sambai Betsy , Goldstein Marc , Barone Mark A.
Published: July 2017

Introduction: Male circumcision is a proven prevention strategy against the spread of HIV. The World Health Organization's new 2016–2021 strategic framework on voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) targets 90% of males aged 10–29 years to receive circumcision by 2021 in 14 priority sub‐Saharan countries while anticipating an increase in the demand for infant circumcision. It also states that the use of circumcision devices is a safe and efficient innovation to accelerate attainment of these goals. The primary objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the safety and acceptability of the ShangRing, a novel circumcision device, in boys below 18 years of age.

Methods: A total of 80 boys, 3 months to 17 years old, were circumcised using the no‐flip ShangRing technique. All rings were removed 5–7 days later. Participants were evaluated weekly until the wound was completely healed. Data on procedure times, adverse events (AEs), time to clinical wound healing and satisfaction were recorded and analysed.

Results: Nearly all (79/80, 98.8%) circumcisions were successfully completed using the no‐flip ShangRing technique without complications. In one (1.2%) case, the outer ring slipped off after the foreskin was removed and the procedure was completed by stitching. The mean circumcision and ring removal times were 7.4 ± 3.2 and 4.4 ± 4.2 min, respectively. There were four (5%) moderate AEs, which were managed conservatively. No severe AEs occurred. The mean time to complete clinical healing was 29.8 ± 7.3 days. Participants or their parents liked ShangRing circumcision because it improved hygiene, was quick and possessed an excellent cosmetic appearance. Most (72/80, 94.7%) were very satisfied with the appearance of the circumcised penis, and all (100%) said they would recommend circumcision to others.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that no‐flip ShangRing VMMC is safe and acceptable in boys below 18 years of age. Our results are to be compared those seen following ShangRing VMMC in African men. Further study with larger sample sizes are needed to explore the scalability of the ShangRing in larger paediatric cohorts in Africa. We believe that the ShangRing has great potential for use in all age groups from neonates to adults, which would simplify device implementation.
Språkkartlegging av flerspråklige barn i barnehagen - fra kontrovers til kompromiss?
Authors: Essahli Vik Nassira
Published: July 2017

Språkkartlegging i barnehagen er et konfliktfylt felt som preges av enten/eller tenkning. På den ene siden ser kartleggingstilhengerne ut til å ha en positivistisk tro på at kartlegging kan bidra til løsninger på alt fra enkeltbarns behov for hjelp, til tilrettelegging for livslang læring og sosial utjevning. På den andre siden ser kartleggingsskeptikerne ut til å befinne seg innenfor den nordiske barnehagemodellen, som tradisjonelt bygger på et helhetlig syn på læring og på en sterk vektlegging av barndommens egenverdi. Spenningen kan ha store konsekvenser for praksisfeltet. I denne artikkelen drøfter jeg språkkartleggingsdiskursen i lys av teori om vitenskapelige kontroverser og konkluderer med at det er åpning for kompromisser, men også at det er tendenser i diskursen som snarere kan forsterke enn redusere uenigheten om språkkartlegging av flerspråklige barn i barnehagen. Mapping of language skills in early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions is controversial. On the one hand, there are those who support language mapping based on a belief that mapping and measuring can help language acquisition and facilitate lifelong learning and social integration. On the other hand, there are skeptics who oppose mapping and emphasize the values of childhood. This article discusses the discourses on language mapping in light of theories on scientific controversies. Based on the analysis I find that although there are openings for compromises, it seems that tendencies in the discourse may amplify rather than reduce the controversy on the language mapping of multilingual children in Norwegian ECEC institutions.
CodonGenie: optimised ambiguous codon design tools
Authors: Swainston Neil , Currin Andrew , Green Lucy , Breitling Rainer , Day Philip J. , Kell Douglas B.
Published: July 2017

CodonGenie, freely available from http://codon.synbiochem.co.uk, is a simple web application for designing ambiguous codons to support protein mutagenesis applications. Ambiguous codons are derived from specific heterogeneous nucleotide mixtures, which create sequence degeneracy when synthesised in a DNA library. In directed evolution studies, such codons are carefully selected to encode multiple amino acids. For example, the codon NTN, where the code N denotes a mixture of all four nucleotides, will encode a mixture of phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine and valine. Given a user-defined target collection of amino acids matched to an intended host organism, CodonGenie designs and analyses all ambiguous codons that encode the required amino acids. The codons are ranked according to their efficiency in encoding the required amino acids while minimising the inclusion of additional amino acids and stop codons. Organism-specific codon usage is also considered.
Differential effect of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1) on leukocyte infiltration during contact hypersensitivity responses
Authors: Early Merideth , Schroeder William G. , Unnithan Ranajana , Gilchrist John M. , Muller William A. , Schenkel Alan
Published: July 2017

Background

2′–4′ Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) induced contact hypersensitivity is an established model of contact sensitivity and leukocyte migration. Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1) deficient mice were used to examine the role of PECAM-1 in the migration capacity of several different leukocyte populations after primary and secondary application.

Results

γδ T lymphocytes, granulocytes, and Natural Killer cells were most affected by PECAM-1 deficiency at the primary site of application. γδ T lymphocytes, granulocytes, DX5+ Natural Killer cells, and, interestingly, effector CD4+ T lymphocytes were most affected by the loss of PECAM-1 at the secondary site of application.

Conclusions

PECAM-1 is used by many leukocyte populations for migration, but there are clearly differential effects on the usage by each subset. Further, the overall kinetics of each population varied between primary and secondary application, with large relative increases in γδ T lymphocytes during the secondary response.
Functional forms and price elasticities in a discrete continuous choice model of the residential water demand
Authors: Vásquez Lavín F. A. , Hernandez J. I. , Ponce R. D. , Orrego S. A.
Published: July 2017

During recent decades, water demand estimation has gained considerable attention from scholars. From an econometric perspective, the most used functional forms include log‐log and linear specifications. Despite the advances in this field and the relevance for policymaking, little attention has been paid to the functional forms used in these estimations, and most authors have not provided justifications for their selection of functional forms. A discrete continuous choice model of the residential water demand is estimated using six functional forms (log‐log, full‐log, log‐quadratic, semilog, linear, and Stone‐Geary), and the expected consumption and price elasticity are evaluated. From a policy perspective, our results highlight the relevance of functional form selection for both the expected consumption and price elasticity.
Dam removal: Listening in
Authors: Foley M. M. , Bellmore J. R. , O'Connor J. E. , Duda J. J. , East A. E. , Grant G. E. , Anderson C. W. , Bountry J. A. , Collins M. J. , Connolly P. J. , Craig L. S. , Evans J. E. , Greene S. L. , Magilligan F. J. , Magirl C. S. , Major J. J. , Pess G. R. , Randle T. J. , Shafroth P. B. , Torgersen C. E. , Tullos D. , Wilcox A. C.
Published: July 2017

Dam removal is widely used as an approach for river restoration in the United States. The increase in dam removals—particularly large dams—and associated dam‐removal studies over the last few decades motivated a working group at the USGS John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis to review and synthesize available studies of dam removals and their findings. Based on dam removals thus far, some general conclusions have emerged: (1) physical responses are typically fast, with the rate of sediment erosion largely dependent on sediment characteristics and dam‐removal strategy; (2) ecological responses to dam removal differ among the affected upstream, downstream, and reservoir reaches; (3) dam removal tends to quickly reestablish connectivity, restoring the movement of material and organisms between upstream and downstream river reaches; (4) geographic context, river history, and land use significantly influence river restoration trajectories and recovery potential because they control broader physical and ecological processes and conditions; and (5) quantitative modeling capability is improving, particularly for physical and broad‐scale ecological effects, and gives managers information needed to understand and predict long‐term effects of dam removal on riverine ecosystems. Although these studies collectively enhance our understanding of how riverine ecosystems respond to dam removal, knowledge gaps remain because most studies have been short (< 5 years) and do not adequately represent the diversity of dam types, watershed conditions, and dam‐removal methods in the U.S.
Importation Model
Authors: Peterson Bryce Elling
Published: July 2017

The importation model is a framework, rooted in criminological theory, for understanding why inmates misbehave while they are in prison or jail. This entry discusses the historical and theoretical development of this model, as well as how it fits into the larger theoretical and empirical body of work on the causes of institutional misbehavior. The entry describes the implications of the importation model for correctional policy and practice, along with the current state and future directions of research on the model.
Habitual Offender Laws
Authors: Crawford Charles
Published: July 2017

Addressing the complex issues surrounding repeat offenders has been one of the most enduring difficulties in criminal justice. Those designated as habitual offenders are presumed to pose a danger to society and have subsequently been the recipient of special legislation and harsh mandatory sentencing including life without parole. Habitual offender laws in their current form are intended to incapacitate such offenders, yet this simple concept is fraught with legal, financial, and ethical dilemmas. This entry explores the history of habitual offender laws in the United States, including legal challenges, the impact on crime rates, corrections, and complaints of bias in their application.
J
uvenile
J
ustice and
D
elinquency
P
revention
A
ct (1974)
Authors: Carpenter Vikki
Published: July 2017

It was established in the early 1900s that there was a need to assess the issue of juvenile criminal offenses. Through the history of assessing this problem, juvenile justice has evolved into a federal and state issue. Mandates for dealing with juvenile delinquency have been provided by the United States government. The implementation of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 began a ripple effect establishing assistance, research, and evaluations for juvenile systems. The reauthorization and evolution of the Act provided for issues to be dealt with such as serious offenses, separation, and judicial revisions of the placing of offenders in criminal courts along with providing funds for state systems that complied with the new regulations. Interesting after‐effects are also considered and discussed in this entry.
Mandatory Sentencing
Authors: Schlesinger Traci
Published: July 2017

Mandatory sentencing policies stipulate a minimum sentence that includes imprisonment and dictates that the sentence can neither be suspended nor probation granted. These policies were rare in the United States until the 1970s, but during the next several decades federal and state legislatures enacted dozens. Research suggests that mandatory sentencing policies have increased both punitiveness and racial and gendered disparities in incarceration by (1) dictating increased punishments for traits that black and Latino citizens are more likely to have or behaviors in which they are more likely to engage, (2) centering on crimes for which policing is known to be racially targeted, (3) ignoring family responsibilities in sentencing, and (4) treating marginally and substantially culpable defendants as legal equivalents.
Imprisonment Binge and “Get Tough” Movement
Authors: Waid‐Lindberg Courtney A.
Published: July 2017

This entry traces the “get tough” movement in the United States from its roots in early penal reform measures and the first imprisonment binge, to the questioning of progressive ideologies concerning offenders and practices used with them in the late 1960s. It largely focuses on the resulting practices that have led to today's high incarceration rate. Various policies that espouse the “get tough” philosophy are detailed as well. The entry concludes with a questioning of whether the cyclical nature of punishment regimes will eventually affect the current “get tough” mentality and imprisonment binge, or if the practices that have been largely adopted since the 1960s will be a part of the political, public, and policy discourse and practice for years to come.
H
oward,
J
ohn
Authors: Chapman David W.
Published: July 2017

John Howard (1726–90) has frequently been called the “Father of Prison Reform,” and there is no question that he dedicated the majority of his life and his financial resources to alleviating suffering and improving conditions for prisoners. His work culminated in the publication of
The State of the Prisons
(1777), which is an exhaustive catalog of conditions at some 300 prisons in the British Isles and throughout Europe. Some of the earliest attempts at prison reform in England can be traced to Howard's pioneering work.
Halfway Houses
Authors: Leban Lindsay
Published: July 2017

The United States has the highest incarceration rate of any country, with a prison population that has seen staggering growth in recent decades. Given the social and economic costs of incarceration, residential transitional centers, or “halfway houses” are regarded as an alternative model to prison incarceration. These centers serve as intermediary facilities that attempt to ease the transition from prison back into the community, and aim to circumvent the problems that ex‐offenders often face upon their release. Halfway houses were first popularized in the United States in the early 1920s, with the establishment of facilities known as “Hope Halls” in several southern states. The emphasis in the 1960s on community based corrections brought the halfway house model to widespread popularity. Halfway house programs provide varying degrees of treatment services, skill building, work and educational opportunities, and family and community services to equip individuals with resources for successful community reintegration. Halfway houses fall into two categories: “halfway‐in,” and “halfway‐out.” They tend to be institutional, state‐run establishments targeting juvenile offenders, while halfway‐out programs treat incarcerated individuals who are transferred to the halfway house before entering the community.
Mental Health Courts
Authors: Mazar Laurel
Published: July 2017

Mental health courts have been established in many jurisdictions across the United States and internationally. These courts have been developed to address the needs of a special population within the larger criminal justice system. People with mental illness who commit criminal offenses and are incarcerated often face negative outcomes. Mental health courts are attempting to address those outcomes by diverting people with mental illness to special programs that connect them with community centers to address their basic needs as well as their mental illness symptomology. Mental health courts seek to reduce recidivism among this special population through addressing their needs within the community and avoiding incarceration time. By avoiding a repetition of incarceration for a population with a high recidivism rate, courts and corrections systems are able to save time and money.
Inmate Classification
Authors: Pitts James M. A.
Published: July 2017

Inmate classification is a process of categorizing inmates into similar groups for the purpose of facility management. Classification systems are useful to aid facility administrators with facility management, programming, and security needs. Inmates are generally assessed based upon various risk factors to determine the appropriate level of security required. This process involves both objective methods, such as risk assessment instruments, as well as subjective assessments by correctional officials. An effective classification system is essential to efficient facility management.
O'Brien,Patricia
Authors: Sharp Susan F.
Published: July 2017

Patricia O'Brien is an associate professor of social work at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Her advocacy, teaching, and research have centered on intimate partner violence and incarcerated women. She is a leading scholar on the impacts of incarceration on women prisoners and their families, as well as problems faced by women re‐entering society after incarceration. Her publications include numerous articles, book chapters, and the book, Making it in the “Free World”: Women in Transition from Prison.
King: “Letter fromBirmingham Jail”
Authors: Fenny Omobolanle
Published: July 2017

“Letter from a Birmingham Jail” was written on April 16, 963, by Martin Luther King, Jr. in response to criticism by eight white Alabama clergymen about his passive, nonviolent, resistance method of protesting the injustices experienced by African Americans in Alabama. In this letter, King defended the strategy, timeliness, and propriety of the civil rights movement. He advocated as current president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, concerned citizen, fellow clergyman, black man, politician, and orator. He appealed to the patriotic, religious, moral, and legal sentiments of his intended audience. King painstakingly explained his beliefs, logically marshaled his arguments, and deliberately defended his strategy, while expressing his disappointment with the white church's distance from the movement. This entry provides an overview of the letter, while focusing on King's assessment of various criminal justice agencies.
J
apan, Corrections in
Authors: Silva Jason R.
Published: July 2017

The foundation of the corrections system in Japan is rooted in a history of low crime rates, strong informal social control, and a nationalized system of operation. This is reportedly attributed to drastic political and cultural changes made after World War II. While contemporary fear of rising crime rates has produced incarceration issues similar to those in other Westernized nations, Japan remains one of the lowest‐ranked countries in terms of per capita prison populations. Rehabilitative efforts remain the core element of the Japanese corrections system, with a focus on work, education, and reintegration, in the hopes of keeping relatively low recidivism rates.
M
exico, Corrections in
Authors: Richie Matt , Randol Blake
Published: July 2017

Historically, Mexico's correctional system was adapted from the Spanish colonial penal system and later reforms have emulated developments in the United States. Today, Mexico has a highly decentralized correctional system and most authority for the administration of punishment resides in state and local jurisdictions. Human rights organizations frequently scrutinize Mexico's prison system, whose poor conditions include overcrowding, poor sanitation, lack of proper medical treatment, prevalence of drug use and disease, corruption and organized crime (i.e., cartels), rampant misconduct and violence, and insufficient training for guards and staff. In recent years, Mexican officials have taken a number of steps to reform and modernize the country's correctional system.
HotHouse:LeavenworthPrison
Authors: Koppel Stephen
Published: July 2017

Known as the “Hot House” by inmates, Leavenworth Prison was home to some of the most dangerous offenders in the United States. From 1987 to 1989, in the middle of America's incarceration boom, the Federal Bureau of Prisons opened Leavenworth's gates to journalist Pete Earley. Through the experiences of nine inmates and guards, he records the story of the prison in his book,The Hot House: Life inside Leavenworth Prison.
M
aconochie,
C
aptain
A
lexander
Authors: Spillane Joseph
Published: July 2017

Captain Alexander Maconochie (1787–1860) was a British naval officer, geographer, and penal reformer, and his work is widely credited as among the most influential in the development of Western penology. Maconochie served as a penal administrator at Australia's Norfolk Island penal settlement from 1840 to 1844. His innovative administration of Norfolk Island became the basis for his widely circulated public writing on the subject of prisons, which in turn influenced generations of reform‐minded administrators. Maconochie's published work not only made a strong case for the humane treatment of those under confinement, but also helped establish the conceptual foundations for the modern practices of the indeterminate sentence and parole.
NewYork Prison Riots
Authors: Connor David Patrick , McCormack Philip D.
Published: July 2017

Prison riots have materialized in many jurisdictions throughout the United States. New York, however, has featured a significant number of inmate disturbances. In September 1971, Attica Correctional Facility became the site of arguably the most infamous prison riot in American history. This violent disturbance, colloquially termed the Attica Prison Riot or the Attica Prison Uprising, not only represented a significant event in American corrections, but it also paved the way for correctional innovation and reform outside of the United States. Today, Attica Correctional Facility still stands as a maximum security correctional institution that houses adult male inmates who are generally sentenced to long periods of incarceration.
Judaism in Prisons
Authors: Wagner Patricia
Published: July 2017

The Constitution of the United States, as well as federal and state statutes, protects the rights of Jewish inmates to exercise their religion in prison. The US Supreme Court has consistently held that reasonable opportunities must be afforded to all prisoners to exercise their religious freedom. However, courts have permitted restrictions on Jewish religious practice if deemed to be unduly burdensome on correctional personnel.
Culture‐Free Detection of Crop Pathogens at the Single‐Cell Level by Micro‐Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Gan Qinhua , Wang Xuetao , Wang Yun , Xie Zhenyu , Tian Yang , Lu Yandu
Published: July 2017

The rapid and sensitive identification of invasive plant pathogens has important applications in biotechnology, plant quarantine, and food security. Current methods are far too time‐consuming and need a pre‐enrichment period ranging from hours to days. Here, a micro‐Raman spectroscopy‐based bioassay for culture‐free pathogen quarantine inspection at the single cell level within 40 min is presented. The application of this approach can readily and specifically detect plant pathogens Burkholderia gladioli pv. alliicola and Erwinia chrysanthemi that are closely related pathogenically. Furthermore, the single‐bacterium detection was able to discriminate them from a reference Raman spectral library including multiple quarantine‐relevant pathogens with broad host ranges and an array of pathogenic variants. To show the usefulness of this assay, Burkholderia gladioli pv. alliicola and Erwinia chrysanthemi are detected at single‐bacterium level in plant tissue lesions without pre‐enrichment. The results are confirmed by the plate‐counting method and a genetic molecular approach, which display comparable recognition ratios to the Raman spectroscopy‐based bioassay. The results represent a critical step toward the use of micro‐Raman spectroscopy in rapid and culture‐free discrimination of quarantine relevant plant pathogens.
Next generation of low global warming potential refrigerants: Thermodynamic properties molecular modeling
Authors: Fouad Wael A. , Vega Lourdes F.
Published: July 2017

The recent global agreement signed in Kigali to limit the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as refrigerants, starting by 2019, has promoted an active area of research toward the development of low global warming potential (GWP) new refrigerants. Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) have been proposed as a low GWP alternative to third generation HFC refrigerants, but further work on fully characterizing them and their blends with other compounds is still required to fully assess their performance to replace the ones in current use. In this work, the polar and perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory coupled with the density gradient theory is used to predict the vapor–liquid equilibrium, isobaric heat capacity, speed of sound, and surface tension of selected HFC and HFO‐based commercial azeotropic blends as fourth generation low GWP refrigerants, seeking for a predictive tool for these properties. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 250–262, 2018
Flame stabilization in a planar microcombustor partially filled with anisotropic porous medium
Authors: Meng Long , Li Jun , Li Qingqing , Shi Junrui
Published: July 2017

Heat recirculation through the combustor walls is responsible in sustaining flames in microcombustors. Incorporating porous medium into microcombustors helps further enhance heat recirculation via the solid matrix. However, the problem of anisotropy arises when the pore size is comparable to the characteristic length of microcombustors. To quantitatively address the problem, an experimental study on the flame stability limits of premixed H2/air in a planar microcombustor partially filled with porous medium is undertaken. Three folding schemes, namely, parallel sheets, streamwise flow passage, and streamwise flow blocking, are employed to realize the anisotropic properties. By varying the width (W) and position (Lout) of the porous medium, the effects of folding schemes on the critical flashback (Ф2), and breaking‐through (Ф3) conditions are examined. The experimental results indicate that the disturbance to flow velocity in the transverse direction mainly influences Ф2, while Ф3 is greatly affected by the blocking normal to the flow direction. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 153–160, 2018
Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil and Extracts of Satureja subspicata Vis. Growing in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Bektašević Mejra , Carev Ivana , Roje Marin , Jurin Mladenka , Politeo Olivera
Published: July 2017

The phytochemical composition and the antioxidant activities of the essential oil, as well as methanol and hot water extracts of endemic Satureja subspicata Vis. growing in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), were described. β‐Caryophyllene, cis‐β‐ocimene, and α‐pinene, identified by GC/MS and GC‐FID, were the dominant oil components. The major compound of both of extracts, identified by HPLC‐DAD, was rosmarinic acid. The analyzed essential oil showed moderate antioxidant activity. In this first report on the extracts of S. subspicata growing in BiH, the obtained results showed a high content of rosmarinic acid, as well as considerable amount of total phenols and flavonoids. Compared to the hot water extract, the methanol extract exhibits higher antioxidant potential, measured by DPPH and FRAP assay (IC50 = 0.45 g/l and 1879.43 equiv. Fe2+ μm), while the hot water extract showed higher potential in inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation (51.7% and 61.5% for 1 and 10 g/l). A good antioxidant potential of the tested extracts indicates their potential use as antioxidants, particularly for lipid protection, and partly explains the justification of the use of this plant in traditional medicine of BiH.
Simulation of Entrainment by Free‐Falling Bulk Material Depending on Particle‐Size Distribution
Authors: Freiberger Tobias , Janoske Uwe
Published: July 2017

Verpackungsprozesse von Pulvern aus dem Bereich der Nahrungsmittel und Medikamente finden häufig unter Schutzatmosphäre statt, um bereits während des Dosierprozesses die Sauerstoffkonzentration der umgebenden Gasphase zu reduzieren und damit eine längere Haltbarkeit der Produkte zu garantieren. Eine neue numerische Simulationsmethodik basierend auf einem Lagrange'schen Modell unter Verwendung von OpenFOAM® wurde entwickelt, um neue Dosiersysteme im Vorfeld auf ihre Sicherheit bzgl. der Restsauerstoffwerte im Produkt beurteilen zu können. Zur Validierung dienen experimentell ermittelte Grenzwerte.
Motions of Trimethylphosphine Oxide in Carbon Nanotubes as Revealed by Solid‐state NMR
Authors: Shen Wanling , Li Xin
Published: July 2017

Trimethylphosphine (TMP) has been adsorbed in carbon nanotubes and oxidized to trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO). 31P spin–lattice relaxation T1 measurements at temperatures from 203 to 333 K have been employed to investigate the motions of TMPO. The 31P T1 is found to be monoexponential and isotropic. The activation energy is measured as 4.4 ± 0.3 kcal•mol−1, which is comparable to that of TMP adsorbed on Lewis acid sites in zeolites.
The components of biodiversity, with a particular focus on phylogenetic information
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M. , Kosman Evsey , Presley Steven J. , Willig Michael R.
Published: July 2017

We present a framework for biodiversity metrics that organizes the growing panoply of metrics. Our framework distinguishes metrics based on the type of information–abundance, phylogeny, function–and two common properties–magnitude and variability. Our new metrics of phylogenetic diversity are based on a partition of the total branch lengths of a cladogram into the proportional share of each species, including: a measure of divergence which standardizes the amount of evolutionary divergence by species richness and time depth of the cladogram; a measure of regularity which is maximal when the tree is perfectly symmetrical so that all species have the same proportional branch lengths; a measure that combines information on the magnitude and variability of abundance with phylogenetic variability, and a measure of phylogenetically weighted effective mean abundance; and indicate how those metrics can be decomposed into α and β components. We illustrate the utility of these new metrics using empirical data on the bat fauna of Manu, Peru. Divergence was greatest in lowland rainforest and at the transition between cloud and elfin forests, and least in upper elfin forests and in cloud forests. In contrast, regularity was greatest in lowland rainforest, dipping to its smallest values in mid‐elevation cloud forests, and then increasing in high elevation elfin forests. These patterns indicate that the first species to drop out with increasing elevation are ones that are closely related to other species in the metacommunity. Measures of the effective number of phylogenetically independent or distinct species decreased very rapidly with elevation, and β‐diversity was larger. In contrast, a comparison of feeding guilds shows a different effect of phylogenetic patterning. Along the elevational gradient, each guild generally loses some species from each clade–rather than entire clades–explaining the maintenance of functional diversity as phylogenetic diversity decreases.
Pflanzliche Metallsauger
Authors: Krämer Ute
Published: July 2017

Kontaminierungen mit Schwermetallen bedrohen ganze Ökosysteme. Die Haller'sche Schaumkresse setzt dem eine verblüffende Überlebensstrategie entgegen, deren Verständnis Fortschritte für die biologische Sanierung von Böden und Gewässern erhoffen lässt.
Rapid Liquid Recognition and Quality Inspection with Graphene Test Papers
Authors: Jiang Xin , Yang Tingting , Li Changli , Zhang Rujing , Zhang Li , Zhao Xuanliang , Zhu Hongwei
Published: July 2017

Electronic tongue is widely applied in liquid sensing for applications in various fields, such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, and food quality test. A rapid and simple liquid‐sensing method can greatly facilitate the routine quality tests of liquids. Nanomaterials can help miniaturize sensing devices. In this work, a broad‐spectrum liquid‐sensing system is developed for rapid liquid recognition based on disposable graphene–polymer nanocomposite test paper prepared through ion‐assisted filtration. Using this liquid‐sensing system, a number of complex liquids are successfully recognized, including metal salt solutions and polymer solutions. The electronic tongue system is especially suitable for checking the quality of the foodstuff, including soft drinks, alcoholic liquor, and milk. The toxicants in these liquids can be readily detected. Furthermore, the novel material‐structure design and liquid‐detection method can be expanded to other chemical sensors, which can greatly enrich the chemical information collected from the electrical response of single chemiresistor platform.
Making gas‐CCS a commercial reality: The challenges of scaling up
Authors: Diego Maria Elena , Akram Muhammad , Bellas Jean‐Michel , Finney Karen N. , Pourkashanian Mohamed
Published: July 2017

Significant reductions in CO2 emissions are required to limit the global temperature rise to 2°C. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key enabling technology that can be applied to power generation and industrial processes to lower their carbon intensity. There are, however, several challenges that such a method of decarbonization poses when used in the context of natural gas (gas‐CCS), especially for solvent‐based (predominantly amines) post‐combustion capture. These are related to: (i) the low CO2 partial pressure of the exhaust gases from gas‐fired power plants (∼3‐4%vol. CO2), which substantially limits the driving force for the capture process; (ii) their high O2 concentration (∼12‐13%vol. O2), which can degrade the capture media via oxidative solvent degradation; and (iii) their high volumetric flow rates, which means large capture plants are needed. Such post‐combustion gas‐CCS features unavoidably lead to increased CO2 capture costs. This perspective aims to summarize the key technologies used to overcome these as a priority, including supplementary firing, humidified systems, exhaust gas recirculation and selective exhaust gas recirculation. These focus on the maximum CO2 levels achievable for each, as well as the electrical efficiencies attainable when the capture penalty is taken into account. Oxy‐turbine cycles are also discussed as an alternative to post‐combustion gas‐CCS, indicating the main advantages and limitations of these systems together with the expected electrical efficiencies. Furthermore, we consider the challenges for scaling‐up and deployment of these technologies at a commercial level to enable gas‐CCS to play a crucial role in a low‐carbon future. © 2017 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcriptomic profile analysis of mouse neural tube development by RNA‐Seq
Authors: Yu Juan , Mu Jianbing , Guo Qian , Yang Lihong , Zhang Juan , Liu Zhizhen , Yu Baofeng , Zhang Ting , Xie Jun
Published: July 2017

The neural tube is the primordium of the central nervous system (CNS) in which its development is not entirely clear. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of neural tube development could, therefore, provide vital clues to the mechanism of neural tube defects (NTDs). Here, we investigated the gene expression profiles of three different time points (embryonic day (E) 8.5, 9.5 and 10.5) of mouse neural tube by using RNA‐seq approach. About 391 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened during mouse neural tube development, including 45 DEGs involved in CNS development, among which Bmp2, Ascl1, Olig2, Lhx1, Wnt7b and Eomes might play the important roles. Of 45 DEGs, Foxp2, Eomes, Hoxb3, Gpr56, Hap1, Nkx2‐1, Sez6l2, Wnt7b, Tbx20, Nfib, Cntn1 and Dcx had different isoforms, and the opposite expression pattern of different isoforms was observed for Gpr56, Nkx2‐1 and Sez6l2. In addition, alternative splicing, such as mutually exclusive exon, retained intron, skipped exon and alternative 3′ splice site was identified in 10 neural related differentially splicing genes, including Ngrn, Ddr1, Dctn1, Dnmt3b, Ect2, Map2, Mbnl1, Meis2, Vcan and App. Moreover, seven neural splicing factors, such as Nova1/2, nSR100/Srrm4, Elavl3/4, Celf3 and Rbfox1 were differentially expressed during mouse neural tube development. Interestingly, nine DEGs identified above were dysregulated in retinoic acid‐induced NTDs model, indicating the possible important role of these genes in NTDs. Taken together, our study provides more comprehensive information on mouse neural tube development, which might provide new insights on NTDs occurrence. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(9):706–719, 2017
Nuclear magnetic resonance‐ and mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics to study maleic acid toxicity from repeated dose exposure in rats
Authors: Wu Charlene , Chen Chi‐Hung , Chen Hsin‐Chang , Liang Hao‐Jan , Chen Shu‐Ting , Lin Wan‐Yu , Wu Kuen‐Yuh , Chiang Su‐Yin , Lin Ching‐Yu
Published: July 2017

Maleic acid (MA), a chemical intermediate used in many consumer and industrial products, was intentionally adulterated in a variety of starch‐based foods and instigated food safety incidents in Asia. We aim to elucidate possible mechanisms of MA toxicity after repeated exposure by (1) determining the changes of metabolic profile using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and multivariate analysis, and (2) investigating the occurrence of oxidative stress using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry by using Sprague–Dawley rat urine samples. Adult male rats were subjected to a 28 day subchronic study (0, 6, 20 and 60 mg kg−1) via oral gavage. Urine was collected twice a day on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28; organs underwent histopathological examination. Changes in body weight and relative kidney weights in medium‐ and high‐dose groups were significantly different compared to controls. Morphological alterations were evident in the kidneys and liver. Metabolomic results demonstrated that MA exposure increases the urinary concentrations of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine, 8‐nitroguanine and 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2α; levels of acetoacetate, hippurate, alanine and acetate demonstrated time‐ and dose‐dependent variations in the treatment groups. Findings suggest that MA consumption escalates oxidative damage, membrane lipid destruction and disrupt energy metabolism. These aforementioned changes in biomarkers and endogenous metabolites elucidate and assist in characterizing the possible mechanisms by which MA induces nephro‐ and hepatotoxicity.
Active immunization for prevention of De novo hepatitis B virus infection after adult living donor liver transplantation with a hepatitis B core antigen–positive graft
Authors: Wang Shih‐Ho , Loh Poh‐Yen , Lin Ting‐Lung , Lin Li‐Man , Li Wei‐Feng , Lin Yu‐Hung , Lin Chih‐Che , Chen Chao‐Long
Published: July 2017

De novo hepatitis B virus (DNHB) infections may occur in recipients who do not receive prophylaxis after liver transplantation (LT) with antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc)–positive donor grafts. Active immunization has been shown to prevent DNHB in pediatric recipients. Our aim is to investigate the efficacy of HBV vaccination for preventing DNHB in adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). In total, 71 adult antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs)–negative LDLT patients who received anti‐HBc+ grafts from 2000 to 2010 were enrolled into this study. Patients were given hepatitis B virus vaccinations with the aim of achieving anti‐HBs > 1000 IU/L before transplant and >100 IU/L after transplant. The cohort was stratified into 3 groups: patients with pretransplant anti‐HBs titer of > 1000 IU/L without the need for posttransplant prophylaxis (group 1, n = 24), patients with pretransplant low titer of <1000 IU/L who were given posttransplant lamivudine prophylaxis and responded appropriately to posttransplant vaccination by maintaining anti‐HBs titers of > 100 IU/L (group 2, n = 30), and low titer nonresponders (anti‐HBs titer of < 100 IU/L despite vaccination), for whom lamivudine was continued indefinitely (group 3, n = 17). All DNHB occurred in group 3 patients with posttransplant anti‐HBs levels of < 100 IU/L, with an incidence rate of 17.6% compared with 0% in patients with posttransplant anti‐HBs levels of > 100 IU/L (P = 0.001). A pretransplant anti‐HBs level of >1000 IU/L was significantly associated with early attainment and a sustained level of posttransplant anti‐HBs of >100 IU/L (P < 0.001). Active immunization is effective in preventing DNHB in adult LDLT if the posttransplant anti‐HBs level is maintained above 100 IU/L with vaccination. Antiviral prophylaxis can be safely discontinued in patients who obtain this immunity. Liver Transplantation 23 1266–1272 2017 AASLD.
Sequence and Architectural Control in Glycopolymer Synthesis
Authors: Abdouni Yamin , Yilmaz Gokhan , Becer C. Remzi
Published: July 2017

Glycopolymers are synthetic‐carbohydrate‐containing materials capable of interacting and binding to specific targeting lectins, which are crucially important in many biologically active processes. Over the last decade, advances in synthetic chemistry and polymerization techniques have enabled the development of sequence and architecturally controlled glycopolymers for different types of bioapplications, such as drug delivery and release purposes, gene therapy, lectin‐based biosensors, and much more in the future. These precision glycopolymers are able to mimic structural and functional features of the naturally existing glycocalyx. Furthermore, self‐assembled glycopolymers could enhance specific and selective recognition properties on multivalent scaffolds in glycoscience. This mini‐review will focus on production methods and recent advances in precision synthesis and self‐assembly of glycopolymers. Additionally, possible contributions of single‐chain folding in glycopolymers will be discussed as a future prospect.
Gamma Ray Shielding Property of Tungsten Powder Modified Continuous Basalt Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites
Authors: Hou Yingwei , Li Min , Gu Yizhuo , Yang Zhongjia , Li Ran , Zhang Zuoguang
Published: July 2017

Continuous basalt fiber (BF) reinforced epoxy matrix composites with different contents of micro‐tungsten powder were fabricated by hot‐press process with prospective of combined radiation shielding and mechanical functions. Gamma photon shielding and mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated. The measured mass attenuation coefficient shows that tungsten filler significantly improves the radiation shielding property of BF composite, especially for low and moderate photon energies of 80 and 356 keV. Flexural strength of BF composite decreases along with increasing tungsten concentration, while flexural modulus and interlaminar shear strength are not obviously affected by tungsten content. Given the advantages of lightweight, high mechanical property and good radiation shielding performance, the studied BF/tungsten composite is promising material with integrated shielding and structural properties for use in nuclear industry. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E2106–E2115, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers