bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solid intentions: An archival ethnography of corporate architecture and organizational remembering
Authors: Decker Stephanie
Published: June 2014

Research on organizational spaces has not considered the importance of collective memory for the process of investing meaning in corporate architecture. Employing an archival ethnography approach, practices of organizational remembering emerge as a way to shape the meanings associated with architectural designs. While the role of monuments and museums are well established in studies of collective memory, this research extends the concept of spatiality to the practices of organizational remembering that focus on a wider selection of corporate architecture. By analyzing the historical shift from colonial to modernist architecture for banks and retailers in Ghana and Nigeria in the 1950s and 1960s on the basis of documents and photographs from three different companies, this article shows how archival sources can be used to untangle the ways in which companies seek to ascribe meaning to their architectural output. Buildings allude to the past and the future in a range of complex ways that can be interpreted more fully by reference to the archival sources and the historical context of their creation. Social remembering has the potential to explain why and how buildings have meaning, while archival ethnography offers a new research approach to investigate changing organizational practices.
Memories of trauma and organizing: Market women’s susu groups in postconflict Liberia
Authors: Cruz Joelle
Published: June 2014

This study builds on social-constructionist approaches to organizational memory studies by exploring how traumatic memories reconstruct present-day organizing practices. Using African feminist ethnography, I explored how war memories shaped market women’s informal credit organizations called ‘susu groups’ in postconflict Liberia. Findings show that traumatic memories engender and sustain three organizing practices: idealization, amplification, and contraction. Idealization is the projection of an ideal type of organization after traumatic events have occurred. This practice enables members to suppress a painful past and start anew by collectively reinventing their organization. Amplification is the intensification of certain elements, which become the most important in the organizing process. Amplification can make negative experiences resonate more deeply than positive ones. Contraction is the propensity of organizations to close off from the outside world after trauma. In the case of susu groups, contraction accentuated an existing tendency toward secrecy. The study contributes to intersections of organizational memory studies and trauma and organizing scholarship by showing how memories linger and continue to shape organizations long after trauma.
Narratives and memory in organizations
Authors: Rowlinson Michael , Casey Andrea , Hansen Per H. , Mills Albert J.
Published: June 2014

Organizations remember through narratives and storytelling. The articles in this Special Issue explore the interface between organization studies, memory studies, and historiography. They focus on the practices for organizational remembering. Taken together, the articles explore the similarities and differences between ethnographic and historical methods for studying memory in organizations, which represents a contribution to the historic turn in organization studies.
How a travelling society totalizes itself: Hybrid polities and values in Maluku, Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Kaartinen Timo
Published: June 2014

This article applies Dumont’s view of ideology to an Eastern Indonesian society with intense trade connections to other ethnic groups and the larger political economy. In spite of their commercial importance, these connections are framed as long-distance kinship. My question is whether this encompassment of economic by social values is part of a totalizing ideological order. I discuss the values of personhood and exchange to show that long-distance commerce is the source of social differentiation expressed in them. Ultimately, however, the test of Dumont’s methodology is not whether it helps explain the resilience of local social orders, but whether it can deal with historical complexity and change. I argue that Dumont’s answer – hybrid ideology – is a good description for the encompassment of both kin-based totalities and political-economic stratification by universalizing, Islamic values in my ethnographic context.
Reduction in accuracy of genomic prediction for ordered categorical data compared to continuous observations
Authors: Kizilkaya Kadir , Fernando Rohan L , Garrick Dorian J
Published: June 2014

Background

Accuracy of genomic prediction depends on number of records in the training population, heritability, effective population size, genetic architecture, and relatedness of training and validation populations. Many traits have ordered categories including reproductive performance and susceptibility or resistance to disease. Categorical scores are often recorded because they are easier to obtain than continuous observations. Bayesian linear regression has been extended to the threshold model for genomic prediction. The objective of this study was to quantify reductions in accuracy for ordinal categorical traits relative to continuous traits.

Methods

Efficiency of genomic prediction was evaluated for heritabilities of 0.10, 0.25 or 0.50. Phenotypes were simulated for 2250 purebred animals using 50 QTL selected from actual 50k SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) genotypes giving a proportion of causal to total loci of.0001. A Bayes C π threshold model simultaneously fitted all 50k markers except those that represented QTL. Estimated SNP effects were utilized to predict genomic breeding values in purebred (n = 239) or multibreed (n = 924) validation populations. Correlations between true and predicted genomic merit in validation populations were used to assess predictive ability.

Results

Accuracies of genomic estimated breeding values ranged from 0.12 to 0.66 for purebred and from 0.04 to 0.53 for multibreed validation populations based on Bayes C π linear model analysis of the simulated underlying variable. Accuracies for ordinal categorical scores analyzed by the Bayes C π threshold model were 20% to 50% lower and ranged from 0.04 to 0.55 for purebred and from 0.01 to 0.44 for multibreed validation populations. Analysis of ordinal categorical scores using a linear model resulted in further reductions in accuracy.

Conclusions

Threshold traits result in markedly lower accuracy than a linear model on the underlying variable. To achieve an accuracy equal or greater than for continuous phenotypes with a training population of 1000 animals, a 2.25 fold increase in training population size was required for categorical scores fitted with the threshold model. The threshold model resulted in higher accuracies than the linear model and its advantage was greatest when training populations were smallest.
Polymyxin B hemoperfusion: a mechanistic perspective
Authors: Ronco Claudio , Klein David J
Published: June 2014

Direct hemoperfusion therapy with polymyxin B immobilized fiber cartridge (PMX-DHP) is an established strategy in the treatment of septic shock in Japan and parts of Western Europe. PMX-DHP is currently the subject of a pivotal North American randomized controlled trial (EUPHRATES) in patients with septic shock and confirmed endotoxemia, as measured by the endotoxin activity assay. The major mechanism of action of this therapy is the removal of circulating endotoxin. High affinity binding of circulating endotoxin by the PMX-DHP column may decrease circulating endotoxin levels by up to 90% after two standard treatments. Basic research has shown reductions in circulating cytokine levels and in renal tubular apoptosis. Clinical research has shown that PMX-DHP therapy results in hemodynamic improvements, improvements in oxygenation, renal function, and reductions in mortality. Further research is needed to further define additional patient populations with endotoxemia that may benefit from PMX-DHP therapy as well as to further elucidate dosing, timing, and additional information on mechanisms of action. This review will present the mechanistic rationale for this targeted strategy of endotoxin removal using PMX-DHP in endotoxemic septic patients, highlighting both the specific effects of the therapy and the evidence accumulated so far of clinical improvement following this therapy in terms of recovery of organ function.
Simulation-Based Hanging Wall Effects
Authors: Donahue Jennifer L. , Abrahamson Norman A.
Published: June 2014

The hanging wall (HW) effect is defined as the increase in ground motion at short distances for sites on the hanging wall side of a rupture when compared to sites on the footwall (FW) side at the same closest distance. In general, it is a geometrical effect due to the use of a closest distance metric, such as rupture distance, that does not capture the main features of the ground motion scaling for sites near dipping faults. To constrain the HW scaling on magnitude, distance, dip, and depth to top of rupture, finite-fault simulations were used to generate ground motions from 34 source geometries with 30 realizations of the slip distribution and hypocenter locations. The scaling of resulting response spectral accelerations at over 130,000 source/site combinations were parameterized to model the dependence of the HW effects. This HW scaling was utilized to constrain some of the NGA-West2 ground motion prediction equations.
Solid-state 47/49Ti Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of TiO2
Authors: Yamada Kazuhiko , Saito Masayoshi , Ohashi Ryutaro , Nakai Toshihito , Deguchi Kenzo , Shimizu Tadashi
Published: June 2014

We present 47/49Ti stationary NMR spectra of TiO2 produced in Canada, Australia, and India, acquired at 21.8 T, demonstrating that solid-state 47/49Ti NMR potentially enables one to distinguish the production areas of TiO2.
Hub Location as the Minimization of a Supermodular Set Function
Authors: Contreras Ivan , Fernández Elena
Published: June 2014

This paper highlights how a general class of hub location problems can be modeled as the minimization of a real-valued supermodular set function. Well-known problems such as uncapacitated hub location, p-hub median, and hub arc location, among others, are shown to be particular cases of this class. Two integer programming formulations are introduced and compared. One uses path-based variables, frequently employed in hub location, whereas the other exploits properties of supermodular functions. In addition, several worst case bounds for a greedy and a local improvement heuristic are obtained for the general class and for some particular cases in which sharper bounds can be devised. Computational experiments are performed to compare both formulations when used with a general purpose solver. Computational results obtained on benchmark instances confirm the superiority of the supermodular formulation.
Promoting academic-practice partnerships through students' practice placement
Authors: Bonsaksen Tore , Celo Cecilia , Myraunet Ingunn , Granå Kjell Emil , Ellingham Brian
Published: June 2014

Introduction:

The notion of a gap between the academic and the practice segments of the occupational therapy profession is commonplace. The Scholarship of Practice is one of the collaboration models that have been introduced as possible means for bridging this gap, but so far, research based on this model has not extensively addressed the potential of students' clinical placement.

Aim:

With a view to possible remedies for the academic-practice gap, the purpose of this paper is to outline and discuss possible advantages from a collaborative project concerning the usefulness of the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills (ACIS) that was carried out between students, fieldwork educators, and university faculty.

Outline of the project:

Six occupational therapy students and their fieldwork educators collaborated in an exploration of the clinical usefulness of the ACIS during the students' second year mental health clinical placement. Experiences from the project were put into context with previous developments aimed at improving academic-practice partnerships.

Discussion:

The Scholarship of Practice model provides guidelines for reducing the research-practice gap in the occupational therapy profession. It is argued that the presented project adhered to the principles of practitioner-centredness and developing partnerships, whereas the creation of synergies was somewhat less realised. The organising of joint projects during practice placements, involving students, fieldwork educators, and university faculty, appears to be one method of increasing and improving relationships between the parties involved.
Intra- and inter-rater reliability in photogrammetric pelvic tilt angles analysis
Authors: Bonifácio Douglas , Lopes Íris , Martins Fábio , Barbosa Michelle , Vitorino Débora , Barbosa Augusto
Published: June 2014

Background/aims:

Digital images are an inexpensive and complete method for registering pelvic positions and their changes as a result of clinical intervention. This study aimed to evaluate intra- and inter-observer reliability of pelvic tilt angles from anterior, posterior and bilateral views.

Methods:

Photographs of the anterior, lateral and posterior views of subjects (n=93) were analysed by Alcimage software, which marked pelvic tilt angles (right (R) and left (L) side views): between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) and one horizontal line; beyond the angle between the two ASIS and one vertical line (ANT); and between the two PSIS and another vertical line (POST). Three observers evaluated the photos twice. Intra- and inter-observer reliability were assessed using the t-test, correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (P<0.05).

Findings:

The intra- and inter-observer t-test showed no significant difference. The intra-and inter-observer correlation coefficients varied between 0.9994 and 0.9760 and between 0.9510 and 0.9941 respectively. The ICC and CV between intra-observer measures were classified as excellent for the angles R and L but not for the angles ANT and POST. Inter-observer ICC was also high for the R, L and POST angles but poor for the ANT angle.

Conclusion:

The angles analysed from a sagittal view using photogrammetry enable the monitoring of possible longitudinal changes in pelvic tilt. However, the angles analysed from a frontal view may not be suitable for the diagnosis of pelvic asymmetries.
Power to the People?
Authors: Saunders Diane
Published: June 2014

The review of The Regulation of Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act 1997 is well underway. JM Consulting Ltd have been commissioned to undertake this work and have produced a consultation document, and are asking for comments to be sent to them by 27 February. The outcome of this review will have far reaching implications for the future regulation of nursing and it is vital we, the ordinary members of the profession, have our say.
Protecting the ‘Nurses’
Authors: Richards Sue
Published: June 2014

Many nurses believe that the term ‘nurse’ is a protected title and that it is against the law for persons other than a registered nurse to use it. Unfortunately they would be wrong in this assumption. The Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act, 1997 protects the title ‘registered nurse’, while the term ‘nurse’ remains unprotected. It is, however, against the Act for someone to deliberately pass themselves off as a qualified nurse when they are not, but mistakes do happen.
Practice nurse pensions
Authors: Lindsay John
Published: June 2014

The first of September 1997 was an important day for practice nurses and one which was long overdue. From that day, practice nurses were able to join the NHS pension scheme for the first time. The NHS pension scheme is the biggest occupational pension scheme in Europe and provides an excellent range of benefits. Almost everyone working in the NHS can now use it to prepare for a more secure and enjoyable retirement.
Diabetes in primary care
Authors: Blatt Barry
Published: June 2014

The challenges of caring for diabetics in primary care are many, and may become worse if complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, microvascular and cardiovascular disease begin to develop. At the Diabetes in Primary Care conference last month specialists from Secondary care lent their expertise to helping an audience of GPs and practice nurses understand some of the more intractable and complex problems.
Rough guide to insulin
Authors: Beckwith Sue
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this article is to give a basic guide to the action of and reasons for a particular choice of one insulin from the bewildering array on offer. Starting with the criteria for choice of insulin type: there are three main categories of insulin — clear, cloudy and very cloudy.
Osteoporosis and calcium balance
Authors: Drummond Sandra
Published: June 2014

Sandra Drummond looks at the role of calcium in preventing osteoporosis
Starting hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Buck Sallie
Published: June 2014

It is not always obvious when or whether to start HRT, as Sallie Buck explains.
Tinnitus QUESTIONS
Authors: Fisher Pam
Published: June 2014

Tinnitus is a common condition that can drive the sufferer to distraction. While there is no cure, Pam Fisher and Steve Douglas explain what can be done to minimize the problem.
Possible Exacerbation of Crohn's Disease Caused By Varenicline
Authors: Rowland Martin , Koenigsfeld Carrie Foust , Wall Geoffrey C.
Published: June 2014

Purpose: To report a case of an increase in Crohn's disease (CD) activity possibly caused by varenicline. Background: Smoking cigarettes has been shown to be an independent risk factor for the development of CD and is associated with a more aggressive disease course. Smoking cessation is therefore considered a primary adjunctive goal for such patients. Varenicline is a partial nicotinic agonist, which selectively binds to the α-4, β-2 receptor. This receptor is thought to play a large role in the additive properties of nicotine and the drug is approved in the United States for this purpose. Case results: A 62-year-old female with a 12-year history of stable, quiescent CD, presented to her physician with symptoms of severe nausea, frequent episodes of vomiting, abdominal cramping, and significant diarrhoea, all of which was thought to be her first exacerbation of CD in years. The patient had started varenicline 2 days prior to the initiation of symptoms and had continued worsening symptoms for the next 2 weeks during which she continued the drug. One week after discontinuing varenicline the symptoms abated completely. Due to its pharmacology as a nicotine partial agonist, varenicline was thought to have possibly caused an exacerbation of this patient's CD. Conclusion: A patient had a possible exacerbation of her CD triggered by varenicline used for smoking cessation. Because smoking cessation is imperative in CD patients, care should be used when starting varenicline for this purpose.
The land of the two rivers under the black banner: Visual communication of al-Qa῾ida in Iraq
Authors: Günther Christoph
Published: June 2014

This article seeks to explore specific modes of visual communication concerning the so called ‘Islamic State of Iraq.’ As an alliance of some Jihadist groups under the lead of al-Qa῾ida in Iraq, this movement managed after the year 2003 to temporarily seize control of some parts of the Iraqi soil and perpetrate mass-casualty attacks. Hence, it still poses one of the most serious threats for the young Iraqi republic.

Regardless of the actual validity of this ‘state’, the article argues that Jihadist groups are able to operate in the Middle East, among other things, because they manage to connect their ideas, norms and beliefs to the cultural memory of their recipients. They employ symbols and semantics that gain effect through re-connection to the religious and cultural heritage. These symbols and semantics are, at the same time, used to frame reality in a specific way and portray the Jihadist ideology as the serious basis for an alternative model for society.

The article will examine the political iconography of the ‘Islamic State of Iraq’ in digitally circulated images. It will present an iconological analysis of the composition and construction of paradigmatic icons and images and will show which motifs, themes and narratives are employed to give meaning to iconographical representations.
The Malleable Early Modern Reader
Authors: Skelton Kimberley
Published: June 2014

Across early seventeenth-century Europe, the physical boundaries that had structured reading practices in institutional libraries from monasteries to universities suddenly dissolved. Where readers had previously encountered shelving units that projected out perpendicular from the wall to create secluded study spaces, they now found open rooms outlined by shelving along the perimeter walls. Readers thus seemed to have been given a new freedom to pursue idiosyncratic activities; yet the open reading room coincided with sharpened anxiety about the hazards of undisciplined reading. In The Malleable Early Modern Reader: Display and Discipline in the Open Reading Room, a case study of Oxford’s Bodleian Library together with contemporaneous notions of human perception, Kimberley Skelton argues that, paradoxically, the open reading room was an effective response to seventeenth-century concerns about reading because it molded the reader into the ideally studious scholar.
Acquisition And Placement Of Public Art In Helsinki Elementary Schools
Authors: Myllyntaus Oona
Published: June 2014

The study endeavors to clarify the city of Helsinki’s selecting of public art and placing of it in municipal elementary schools. The significance of the art-pedagogical aspects in the public art acquisition and decision-making was measured by clarifying the participation of schools and their users in the processes of art acquisition. The research question is as follows: are art-pedagogical perspectives present in the city’s art acquisition process? In the study several employees of the Helsinki City Art Museum were interviewed and the Collection Policy Program of the Helsinki Art Museum 2012 (2013) was used as text material. The meaning structures of the theme interviews were analyzed and content analysis connected with institutional art theory was used, when analyzing the related text material. The study showed that public art is acquired for the Helsinki area elementary schools through percentage financing principle and as Helsinki Art Museum’s own acquisitions for the Accessioned collection. In either acquisition models the students were commonly not heard in the decision-making process. Instead, teachers were listened to during the art acquisition process. Sometimes the curriculum of a school was reflected in the process. However, when the art acquisition solely by the Art Museum was in question the art-pedagogical activities took place more than in the case of percentage art acquisitions. The study suggests that students’ possible learning from and about visual public art and esthetics in the school setting is enhanced when they themselves are involved in the process of public art acquisition, including the art- pedagogical activities.
Bridges of Joy – A Case Study of the Collaborative Design Learning Process the University Teacher Students
Authors: Ruokonen Inkeri , Ruismäki Heikki
Published: June 2014

This is a qualitative case study of the design learning process in one arts educational project of 14 student teachers. The purpose of the study is to explore and describe the design process of the student teachers during their collaborative study project with pre-school and school pupils for children’s hospital children. They created animated films for the hospitalized children. The theme of this project was Bridges of Joy and its purpose was to bring joy to and connect children from different learning environments. In this arts educational project, new learning technological applications and techniques, like iPads and social media were used and combined with an integrated collection of children’s stories, visual arts and sound colours made of instruments and human voice. Data was gathered through participatory observations and writings from a closed Facebook project group. The qualitative research methods used include analyses, descriptions of observations, and discussions with the students. Content analysis of students’ reflective and evaluative writings about the creative learning process was also performed. The results show that the collaborative design learning method fits very well into integrated arts educational studies, as does the use of modern technological applications.
Зміни варіабельності серцевого ритму щурів при модуляції аміназином центральної норадренергічної нейротрансмісії протягом тривалого стресу
Authors: Мelnikova O. Z.
Published: June 2014

It’s established that under the prolonged stress there were changes of geometric and spectral indices of the rats’ heart rate variability (HRV), manifestations of which depended on duration of stressful factors acting and represented the stress reaction development from the stage of anxiety to the exhaustion phase. Application of chlorpromazine at the beginning and against the background of stress blocked the central alpha adrenoceptors and contributed to renewal of the most HRV indices into the limits of control values at the end of experiment. The results of research show that the modulation of functional state of central noradrenergic system plays a great role in the changes of HRV during prolonged stress.
Імунологічні зміни у вагітних із дисбіотичними порушеннями
Authors: Nikulina Y. Y. , Sokolova I. E. , Vinnikov A. I.
Published: June 2014

The biological properties of the vaginosis pathogens isolated from 255 pregnant patients of the Pregnancy Pathology Department of the Mechnikov Dnipropetrovsk Region Clinical Hospital were studied. It was found that all investigated microflora was represented by the Candida yeasts, Trichomonas vaginalis, Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamidia trachomatis, Gardnerella vaginalis and Leptotrix vaginalis. The yeasts of genus Candida were the most common isolated pathogens of the vaginosis in pregnant women. The presence of Candida sp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamidia trachomatis and Toxoplasma gondii in the vaginal smears taken from pregnant women was accompanied by changes of the immunity cell parameters and concentration of circulating immune complexes.
Птахи як імовірний фактор занесення та поширення високопатогенного пташиного грипу Н5N1 в умовах мегаполісу
Authors: Rusev I. T. , Vinnik V. D. , Sokolovskiy D. A.
Published: June 2014

In 2005 highly pathogenic avian influenza spreaded rapidly from the Central Asia along the main migration routes of wild birds includingUkraine. In the autumn, and mostly in the winter, the avian influenza was found in many countries of Europe, Asia and Africa in the places of traditional birds wintering. The paper considers the ways of importation of the avian influenza pathogens intoUkraineand the role of wild birds in the possible formation of anthropogenic and natural foci of highly pathogenic avian influenza in megapolis conditions.
Перспективи використання методики лікування інфікованих ран за допомогою личинок падальних мух родини Calliphoridae
Authors: Faly L. I.
Published: June 2014

Complex assessment of possibilities of infected wound healing with a help of screwworms of blowfly of the family Calliphoridae in the hospitals of Ukraineis offered. On the basis of available data the mechanism of therapeutic action is shown, and the medicinal properties of substances containing in the secretions and excretions of the blowfly screwworms are described. The gist of the treatment method and traits of the blowfly cultivation in a laboratory are highlighted. The quality standards for specialized biological laboratories are presented. The proposed wound healing method is proved as promising.
Аскорбат-глутатіонова система захисту рослин кукурудзи в умовах дії іонів нікелю
Authors: Bil’chuk V. S. , Rossikhina-Galycha А. S.
Published: June 2014

Influence of nickel ions on growth reaction in maize seedlings of Orjitza 237MV hybrid and the content of low-molecular antioxidants in assimilation organs are investigated. The dependence of morphometric parameters of seedling roots and sprouts on the concentration of nickel ions is established. Considerable depression of growth and development of vegetative organs at a juvenile period occurs under long-term action of the metal in concentrations of 0.05–1.00 mM/l. The changes of reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid content under nickel ions influence are found in the leaves photosynthesizing tissue of the maize seedlings. It leads to a variation of the reducing activity in the tissues. The given fact can testify to an oxidizing stress under nickel ions effect and to participation of the low-molecular antioxidants in the plants adaptation to xenobiotics influence. Period of renewal of the glutathione and ascorbic acid metabolism in experimental samples was determined by the concentration of the nickel nitrate.
Electro-kinetically assisted liposomal drug delivery system for characterization of ex-vivo cell-drug interactions
Authors: Kalyana Kumar Rajeshwari Taruvai , Wangzhou Andi , Kinnamon David , Prasad Shalini
Published: June 2014

This work presents a strategy to perform ex-vivo cell-drug interaction studies through electro-kinetically assisted drug delivery system. Here, we present a novel technique to electro-kinetically control the vesicles carrying drug to deliver to pre-determined locations. In order to achieve efficient targeted drug delivery, effect of electrokinetic attractive and repulsive forces on liposomes and target cells were studied and presented. The device consists of a simple bifurcated microfluidic chamber and microelectrodes that assist in carrying the liposomes to the target location. To test the prototype, fully grown human embryonic kidney cell lines (HEK 293) and trypsin as test drug was used. External electrical signal with voltages less than of 5 V peak-to-peak (Vpp) for cells and 10 Vpp for liposomes were applied over a spectrum of frequencies to study the effect of electrokinetic forces. Through this label-free method, we were able to study loading and unloading efficiency of the drug without altering the natural properties of the liposomes and target cells. In this study, characterization and performance comparison studies for two different types of materials (HEK cells and liposomes) were performed. We were able to achieve an overall efficiency of approximately 85%. Various electrical parameters such as applied voltage, frequency and conductivity were manipulated to study the drug-cell interaction. This electrokinetic based method will be highly applicable in understanding the effect on drugs on cell populations ex vivo.
Diamond Films: Recent Developments
Authors: Gruen Dieter M. , Buckley-Golder Ian
Published: June 2014

Carbon in the form of diamond is the stuff of dreams, and the image of the diamond evokes deep and powerful emotions in humans. Following the successful synthesis of diamond by high-pressure methods in the 1950s, the startling development of the low-pressure synthesis of diamond films in the 1970s and 1980s almost immediately engendered great expectations of utility. The many remarkable properties of diamond due in part to its being the most atomically dense material in the universe (hardness, thermal conductivity, friction coefficient, transparency, etc.) could at last be put to use in a multitude of practical applications. “The holy grail”—it was realized early on—would be the development of large-area, doped, single-crystal diamond wafers for the fabrication of high-temperature, extremely fast integrated circuits leading to a revolution in computer technology.

Excitement in the community of chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) diamond researchers, funding agencies, and industrial companies ran high in expectation of early realization for many of the commercial goals that had been envisioned: tool, optical, and corrosion-resistant coatings; flat-panel displays; thermomanagement for electronic components, etc. Market projection predicting diamond-film sales in the billions of dollars by the year 2000 was commonplace. Hopes were dashed when these optimistic predictions ran up against the enormous scientific and technical problems that had to be overcome in order for those involved to fully exploit the potential of diamond. This experience is not new to the scientific community. One need only remind oneself of the hopes for cheap nuclear power or for high-temperature superconducting wires available at hardware stores to realize that the lag between scientific discoveries and their large-scale applications can be very long. Diamond films are in fact being used today in commercial applications.
Physical Properties of SiC
Authors: Choyke W.J. , Pensl G.
Published: June 2014

While silicon carbide has been an industrial product for over a century, it is only now emerging as the semiconductor of choice for high-power, high-temperature, and high-radiation environments. From electrical switching and sensors for oil drilling technology to all-electric airplanes, SiC is finding a place which is difficult to fill with presently available Si or GaAs technology. In 1824 Jöns Jakob Berzelius published a paper which suggested there might be a chemical bond between the elements carbon and silicon. It is a quirk of history that he was born in 1779 in Linköping, Sweden where he received his early education, and now, 172 years later, Linkoping University is the center of a national program in Sweden to study the properties of SiC as a semiconductor.
Material Matters
Authors: Pagga Udo
Published: June 2014

In many European countries the controlled biological treatment of organic solid waste is a suitable method in waste management. Technical prerequisites such as collection and separation systems for household waste often exist and sufficient treatment facilities for controlled aerobic composting or even anaerobic digestion are available. Space for landfill is scarce and therefore expensive in many industrial countries and biotreatment is much cheaper than incineration. The advantage of composting compared to other waste treatment techniques is not only the relatively low costs but also the technical reasons. An obvious example is the direct disposal of packaging with alimentary residues and the subsequent biological treatment. Not only green waste from gardens or biowaste from kitchens can be treated, but any compostable material is in principle suitable, for example waste from the food industry or packaging and packaging materials made from paper, cardboard, wood, or biodegradable plastics. Biological treatment has already become a good way of meeting, for example, Germany legislative targets to reduce and recycle garbage.

Prerequisites for controlled biological treatment are suitable technical facilities plus standards and directives for waste management. An example is the European packaging directive which harmonizes national measures concerning the management of packaging and packaging waste. The aim is to prevent any impact of the use of packaging on the environment or to reduce such an impact. For applying this directive and any similar regulations, it is important to have clear definitions, standardized test methods, and suitable evaluation criteria to identify biodegradable packaging materials and to differentiate compostable from noncompostable packaging materials which can commonly be used and the results of which are accepted by all parties concerned.
Thermal Conductivity of Quasicrystals and Associated Processes
Authors: Archambault P. , Janot C.
Published: June 2014

Quasicrystals (QCs) exhibit unusual physical properties that are significantly different from those of crystalline materials and are not expected for alloys consisting of normal metallic elements. Opposite to conventional metallic alloys, their thermal conductivity and diffusivity are unusually low (with a positive temperature coefficient)—practically that of an insulator—which is atypical for materials containing about 70-at.% aluminum. Moreover the thermal conductivity decreases when the structural perfection is improved. One observes a low, if any, electronic contribution to the heat capacity and thus a vanishing density of electronic states at the Fermi level.

The origin of this unexpected behavior was first attributed to the existence of a deep pseudogap at the Fermi level with a localization tendency of electrons near the Fermi level.However experimental evidence led to an alternative approach related to the structure of quasicrystals. In QCs, well-defined atomic clusters form self-similar subsets of the structure over which electronic and vibrational states are expected to extend. According to the inflation symmetry of the icosahedral structure, the so-called recurrent localization effects may then explain the conduction behavior and other striking features of quasicrystals (e.g., brittleductile transition at high temperature, corrosion resistance, low friction, high hardness).

In the following, we first present the main thermal properties of quasicrystalline alloys compared to those of conventional materials with an emphasis on the variation of the thermal conductivity with temperature. The combination of such peculiar conduction, mechanical, and tribological properties gives the quasicrystalline alloys a technological interest for applications where superficial thermal and mechanical conditions are of prime importance. This is illustrated with two examples involving a QC coating on a base Al substrate: (1) thermal insulation for which a low conductivity is needed and (2) quenching heat-transfer modification due to a low-effusivity superficial effect. These processes are then explained in the third part of this article in terms of the cluster-modes delocalization mechanism responsible for the low conductivity of the quasicrystals.
Surface Properties of Quasicrystals
Authors: Jenks Cynthia J. , Thiel Patricia A.
Published: June 2014

A variety of opportunities to develop technological applications of quasicrystals is being considered. Several of these are discussed in this issue. A common feature of many proposed applications is that they involve surface or near-surface interactions. Information about the surface structure, composition, and chemistry is prerequisite to understanding the origin of the desirable traits of quasicrystals. For instance, basic issues of surface structure—whether quasicrystals are intrinsically rough or flat, quasicrystalline or not quasicrystalline—impact directly on our understanding of their surface thermodynamic, electronic, and chemical properties.
Compaction Issues in Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Blumenthal William R. , Sheinberg Haskell , Bingert Sherri A.
Published: June 2014

Powder metallurgy (P/M) involves a multiple-step process to prepare and consolidate granulated metal and composites into near-net-shaped components. The modern P/M method starts with a precisely defined final geometry and a set of properties for a desired component. Decisions are then made about a variety of processing variables, recognizing that many variables strongly interact counter to the desired properties. Finally preproduction fabrication trials are conducted to optimize key variables until he specifications are achieved, and the processing conditions are established. A critical step in the overall process is the compaction of powder into a sufficiently strong, low-porosity, properly shaped part with uniform microstructure that can be sintered, or alternately heated and pressed to the final dimensions and properties.
Modeling of Powder Compaction: A Review
Authors: Aydin I. , Briscoe B.J. , Ozkan N.
Published: June 2014

The compaction process involves stress transmission via rigid or flexible (die) walls and the propagation of stresses within a powder mass. The particles that comprise the powder distribute the stress by a variety of kinematic processes that involve sliding, rotation, particle deformation, and rupture. In practice the “particles” are often agglomerates of finer particles that have a range of properties. All of these factors must be considered in developing a comprehensive predictive model for compaction.

The modeling of powder-compaction processes has a significant history that has been greatly advanced by the relatively recent general availability of powerful computers and their peripherals as well as by appropriate softwares. Compaction modeling may attempt to provide a basis for machine-loading specifications, or it may provide guidelines to help minimize “capping” defects where failure cracks form at the top of the green compact. It may also provide “green-body heterogeneity” through predicted stress and density distributions within a compact. Likewise compaction models may be combined with binder burnout and sintering models to predict internal microstructural features such as grain size and porosity, and the external shape of the sintered product. This article will deal only with the modeling of the compaction process; important elements such as powder flow for die filling and subsequent processing steps such as sintering and net shape predictions are not directly addressed.
Kinetic Pathways to Strain Relaxation in the Si-Ge System
Authors: Jesson D.E. , Chen K.M. , Pennycook S.J.
Published: June 2014

The strain-induced transition of a planar film to a three-dimensional island morphology is presently a significant issue in the growth of semiconductor thin films. Strain-induced roughening can be problematic in the fabrication of coherently strained device structures where it is important to understand the early stages of the transition to avoid or suppress three-dimensional (3D) growth. On the other hand, the strain-driven transition is beneficial for the self-assembly of quantum dots where it is necessary to control the size distribution and self-organizing behavior of the islands. In both cases, it is clearly important to identify and understand the kinetic pathways to island formation. From a more basic perspective, the strain-induced transition of epitaxial films allows us to study in detail the interplay between elastic stresses and surface energy in a carefully controlled experimental environment. One would therefore hope that the lessons learned from model semiconductor systems will be of relevance to understanding related phenomena in other areas of materials science and physical metallurgy.

Ihe strain-induced two-dimensional (2D)-to-3D transition in the Si-Ge system is manifested by a rich variety of observed surface morphologies. In the case of pure Ge on Si(OO1), the 4% misfit strain induces the formation of so-called hut clusters with curious elongated shapes. Such islands form almost immediately after the deposition of a wetting layer. In the case of lower misfit alloys, a more gentle ripple morphology can result that develops far from the interface. A general trend in all of the experiments is the decreasing size of typical morphological features with increasing misfit stress. In this article, largely guided by our experimental results, we adopt a nucleation and growth description of the 2D-to-3D transition. This approach appears particularly well-suited to explaining the wide spectrum of morphological development present in the Si-Ge system.
Medical and Materials Issues of the Total Artificial Heart: 1987 MRS Fall Meeting Plenary Address
Authors: DeVries William C.
Published: June 2014

It really is my pleasure to be here and talk with you because I think that the future of my field is really your field. Those of you here will really be the ones who determine what we in the medical field can do, and how much of what we can do will be the discussion we'll have in the future. I'd like to speak a little bit about something that's been dear to my heart for about 20 years now and that is the development of a total artificial heart. I brought this picture (Figure 1) of the Jarvik, the J-7 100 heart, to show you an example. It is basically a polyurethane rigid casing and polyurethane diaphragm. The diaphragm has four layers … with graphite between them. The movable pumping diaphragm is nondistensible so the walls never touch the outer casing, which is necessary to prevent destruction of blood. There are four clinical-grade valves….. This is a very simple basic device.

The idea of the artificial heart first came from Charles Lindbergh. Shortly after coming back from his trans-Atlantic flight, he was told his aunt was dying from aortic stenosis. The doctor said that if there was some way they could actually stop the heart or bypass the heart … long enough to fix the valve, she could live.
Literatura y competencia comunicativa: ¿matrimonio mal avenido?
Authors: Troncoso Araos Ximena
Published: June 2014

Este artículo aborda la relación problemática entre enseñanza de la literatura y enfoque comunicacional, específicamente, entre aprender literatura y desarrollar la competencia comunicativa. A partir de esta tensión diagnosticada, surgen las preguntas: ¿es plausible enseñar literatura desarrollando a la vez competencias comunicativas?, ¿es compatible la literatura con un enfoque comunicativo? Estas interrogantes consideran una premisa: entender la literatura como dominio con características diferenciales. Luego, se somete a prueba, desde una perspectiva literaria y didáctica, la hipótesis que es posible desarrollar competencia comunicativa sin descuidar la especificidad y potencialidad de la literatura. Para ello, se analizan diversos textos en relación con cuatro subcompetencias: léxico-semántica, textual, discursiva y sociocognitiva. Si bien una misma obra podría analizarse en función de todas estas subcompetencias, se consideran por separado para efectos de la investigación. El análisis contempla textos principalmente narrativos y algunos líricos, sin distinción de edad. Esto evidencia que es factible desarrollar las subcompetencias en distintos niveles educacionales, aunque regulando la pertinencia de los textos y el tratamiento didáctico. En términos globales, se concluye que es posible compatibilizar competencia comunicativa y literatura considerando los énfasis específicos de lo literario y sus consecuentes derivaciones didácticas.
Planktonic larval mortality rates are lower than widely expected
Authors: White J. Wilson , Morgan Steven G. , Fisher Jennifer L.
Published: June 2014

Fundamental knowledge of mortality during the planktonic phase of the typical marine life cycle is essential to understanding population dynamics and managing marine resources. However, estimating larval mortality is extremely challenging, because the fate of microscopic larvae cannot be tracked as they develop for weeks in ocean currents. We used a two‐pronged approach to provide reliable estimates of larval mortality: (1) frequent, long‐term sampling where the combination of larval behaviors and recirculation greatly reduces larval transport to and from the study area, and (2) an improved method of calculating larval mortality that consists of a vertical life table with a negative binomial distribution to account for the notorious patchiness of plankton. Larval mortality rates of our study species (barnacles and crabs) were ≤0.14 larvae/d, which produce survivorships over an order of magnitude higher than commonly determined for marine larvae. These estimates are reliable because they were similar for species with similar dispersal patterns. They are conservative because they were conducted in a highly advective upwelling system, and they may be even lower in other systems using our approach. Until other systems can be tested, our improved estimates should be used to inform future models of population dynamics and the evolution of life histories in the sea.