bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘We're still the same people’: developing a mass media campaign to raise awareness and challenge the stigma of dementia
Authors: Devlin Elinor , MacAskill Susan , Stead Martine
Published: December 2006

A popular awareness‐ and fund‐raising vehicle for charities and non‐profit organisations is the annual ‘Day’ or ‘Week’ campaign. Such campaigns can be challenging because they often involve multiple, potentially competing objectives, not least the requirement to balance the needs of the general public with the those who already have, or are caring for someone with, a particular condition. This paper reports on formative research conducted in Scotland to inform the development of an awareness‐raising campaign on the issue of dementia, which had two key aims: to raise awareness of the condition among the general public, and to reduce the stigma associated with it. Social marketing consumer research was conducted with three key groups—the general public, carers and people with dementia‐to explore their beliefs and perceptions about dementia and their information needs. The research highlights the importance of providing realistic and credible images of people with dementia to the general public and the importance of avoiding instilling fear of the condition. Guidance for future awareness‐raising activity in this area is provided.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Escaping to the gallery’: understanding the motivations of visitors to galleries
Authors: Slater Alix
Published: December 2006

Whilst market research and academic studies by sociologists have identified the personal and socio‐cultural factors that influence visits to galleries, there has been less attention to the area of motivational research. Understanding motivations is important as it reveals the underlying reasons why visitors choose to participate in specific leisure activities. This paper focuses on the motivations of two groups of visitors at events at an art gallery. A pre‐tested motivational scale built around three factors, learning, social/family interaction and Escapism explained 71.5% of variance. Escapism explained 29.4% of that variance and was the core motivation. The findings of the research are important to both academics and practitioners as previously learning was thought to be the main motivation. This study should be replicated in other settings to evaluate whether gallery and museum managers need to re‐consider the purpose, content and marketing of their programmes in a post‐modern society.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
hSNF5/INI1‐deficient tumours and rhabdoid tumours are convergent but not fully overlapping entities
Authors: Bourdeaut F , Fréneaux P , Thuille B , Lellouch‐Tubiana A , Nicolas A , Couturier J , Pierron G , Sainte‐Rose C , Bergeron C , Bouvier R , Rialland X , Laurence V , Michon J , Sastre‐Garau X , Delattre O
Published: December 2006

Rhabdoid tumours (RTs) are rare but highly aggressive tumours of childhood. Their rarity and their miscellaneous locations make the diagnosis particularly challenging for pathologists. Central nervous system and peripheral RTs have been associated with biallelic inactivation of the hSNF5/INI1/SMARCB1 (hSNF5/INI1) tumour suppressor gene. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a monoclonal anti‐hSNF5/INI1 antibody has recently been proposed as an efficient diagnostic tool for RTs. We have conducted a retrospective study of 55 tumours referred to our institution with a suspicion of RT. This analysis included pathological review, IHC with anti‐hSNF5/INI1 antibody, and molecular investigation using quantitative DNA fluorescent analysis and sequencing of the nine exons of hSNF5/INI1. The molecular lesion could be detected in 37 of the 39 cases exhibiting negative staining for hSNF5/INI1. In the two discrepant cases, the lack of detection of genetic abnormality was probably owing to the presence of a high number of non‐tumour cells in the samples. This indicates that hSNF5/INI1 IHC is very sensitive and highly specific for the detection of hSNF5/INI1 loss‐of‐function. Among the 38 cases with typical RT histological features, six failed to exhibit hSNF5/INI1 mutation and stained positive for hSNF5/INI1. This strongly supports the evidence of a second genetic locus, distinct from hSNF5/INI1, associated with RT. Conversely, seven tumours with histological features poorly compatible with RT stained negative for hSNF5/INI1; they nevertheless exhibited an age of onset and a clinical behaviour similar to RT. This suggests that hSNF5/INI1 inactivation is not strictly limited to typical RT but characterizes a wider family of hSNF5/INI1‐deficient tumours. Consequently, we believe that anti‐hSNF5/INI1 IHC should be performed widely, even when the pathological characteristics are not typical. The molecular investigation should be performed in infants when a rhabdoid predisposition syndrome is suspected. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary and secondary prevention of behavior difficulties: Developing a data‐informed problem‐solving model to guide decision making at a school‐wide level
Authors: Ervin Ruth A. , Schaughency Elizabeth , Matthews Amy , Goodman Steven D. , McGlinchey Margaret T.
Published: December 2006

This article focuses on the development and implementation of primary and secondary behavior supports at a schoolwide level. The approach described is consistent with previous efforts to address behavior at a systems level (e.g., G. Sugai, R.H. Horner, & F.M. Gresham, 2002). In this article, we illustrate this process through a school‐based example. This example is drawn from a larger project in which area regional school‐district consultants and university researchers partnered with four elementary schools in an effort to enhance each school's capacity to implement evidence‐based practice and decisions at primary (i.e., universal or school‐wide), secondary (i.e., targeted efforts for selected groups of students and/or settings), and tertiary (i.e., individual‐student) levels to promote behavioral competence. The project incorporated promising strategies and tools designed to promote and sustain the use of evidence‐based practices and data‐driven problem solving. Continuous progress monitoring of systemic variables and student behavioral outcomes (e.g., office‐referral data) helped to guide systemic reform efforts. Reductions were noted in the number of student discipline problems, and improvements were noted in critical features of school‐wide effective behavior support at a systems level. Results are discussed with an emphasis on implications for practice, lessons learned from this project, and directions for additional research. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 7–18, 2007.
Applied behavior analysis: Beyond discrete trial teaching
Authors: Steege Mark W. , Mace F. Charles , Perry Lora , Longenecker Harold
Published: December 2006

We discuss the problem of autism‐specific special education programs representing themselves as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) programs when the only ABA intervention employed is Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT), and often for limited portions of the school day. Although DTT has many advantages to recommend its use, it is not well suited to teach the full range of cognitive, social, academic, leisure, and functional living skills children with autism and related disorders need to develop and generalize to varied natural environments. DTT also does not address the treatment of behaviors that can interfere with instruction and the acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of skills many children with autism bring to instructional situations. We describe a comprehensive program of ABA services for children with autism and briefly discuss the various interventions and their applications and combinations to achieve broad improvement in many different skill areas. In our view, “true” ABA programs are comprised of multiple assessment and intervention methods used individually and dynamically to achieve the best results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 91–99, 2007.
The wraparound approach for students with emotional and behavioral disorders: Opportunities for school psychologists
Authors: Quinn Kevin P. , Lee Virginia
Published: December 2006

Students with significant emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) present school personnel with complex challenges. For those students who present especially pervasive and chronic challenges, the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) has recommended comprehensive assessments and interventions that empower families and involve close collaboration with community‐based service providers. In recent years, wraparound has emerged as one approach to collaboratively developing interventions that are both family focused and ecologically comprehensive. As such, the approach is consonant with the mental health roles widely advocated for school psychologists in the professional literature. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the need for the wraparound approach and its theoretical foundations. We then detail the principles on which the approach is grounded and the specific procedures through which it comes to fruition. Finally, we discuss implications of the approach for school psychologists. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 101–111, 2007.
Promoting behavioral competence in schools: A commentary on exemplary practices
Authors: Sugai George
Published: December 2006

The articles in this special Practitioner's Edition of Psychology in the Schools share the application of sound educational and behavioral practices in real school and classroom contexts. Given this emphasis in these articles on the applied use of behavioral practices, the purpose of this brief commentary is to highlight and comment on some of the “big ideas” that link these practitioner‐focused articles. Specifically, three main questions are addressed: (a) Where did the “triangle” come from? (b) Why are schools increasing their use of local data to guide decision making? (c) What is school‐wide positive behavior support? © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 113–118, 2007.
NanoLC‐FT‐ICR MS improves proteome coverage attainable for ∼3000 laser‐microdissected breast carcinoma cells
Authors: Umar Arzu , Luider Theo M. , Foekens John A. , Paša‐Tolić Ljiljana
Published: December 2006

Proteomics assays hold great promise for unraveling molecular events that underlie human diseases. Effective analysis of clinical samples is essential, but this task is considerably complicated by tissue heterogeneity. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) can be used to selectively isolate target cells from their native tissue environment. However, the small number of cells that is typically procured by LCM severely limits proteome coverage and biomarker discovery potential achievable by conventional proteomics platforms. Herein, we describe the use of nanoLC‐FT‐ICR MS for analyzing protein digests of ˜3000 LCM‐derived tumor cells from breast carcinoma tissue, corresponding to ˜300 ng of total protein. A total of 2282 peptides were identified by matching LC‐MS data to accurate mass and time (AMT) tag databases that were previously established for human breast (cancer) cell lines. One thousand and three unique proteins were confidently identified with two or more peptides. Based on gene ontology categorization, identified proteins appear to cover a wide variety of biological functions and cellular compartments. This work demonstrates that a substantial number of proteins can be detected and identified from limited number of cells using the AMT tag approach, and opens doors for high‐throughput in‐depth proteomics analysis of clinical samples.
Acute phase serum amyloid A in ovarian cancer as an important component of proteome diagnostic profiling
Authors: Moshkovskii Sergei A. , Vlasova Maria A. , Pyatnitskiy Mikhail A. , Tikhonova Olga V. , Safarova Metanat R. , Makarov Oleg V. , Archakov Alexander I.
Published: December 2006

In the context of serum amyloid A (SAA) identification as ovarian cancer marker derived by SELDI‐MS, its serum levels were measured by immunoassay in different stages of ovarian cancer, in benign gynecological tumors, and in healthy controls. In addition, SELDI‐TOF‐MS spectra were obtained by protocol optimized for the SAA peak intensity. SELDI data on small proteins (5.5–17.5 kDa) and SAA immunoassay data were combined with cancer antigen (CA)125 data in order to study the classification accuracy between cancer and noncancer by support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression, and top scoring pair classifiers. Although an addition of SAA immunoassay data to CA125 data did not significantly improve cancer/noncancer discrimination, SVM applied to combined biomarker data (CA125 and SAA immunoassay variables plus 48 SELDI peak variables) yielded the best classification rate (accuracy 95.2% vs. 86.2% for CA125 alone). Notably, most of discriminatory peaks selected by the classifiers have significant correlation with the major known peaks of SAA (11.7 kDa) and transthyretin (13.9 kDa). Acute phase serum amyloid A (A‐SAA) was proved to be an important member of cancer discriminatory protein profile. Among the eight known ovarian cancer SELDI profile components, A‐SAA is the most relevant to molecular pathogenesis of cancer and it has the highest degree of up‐regulation in disease.
Able to come and go: reproducing gender in female rural–urban migration in the Red River Delta
Authors: Resurreccion Bernadette P. , Van Khanh Ha Thi
Published: December 2006

By examining household gender relations between migrant women and their left‐behind husbands, we aim to understand how gender shapes rural–urban migration and is being negotiated in the context of market‐driven rural transformations in the Red River Delta. In this study, rural women ensure the survival of their households as they link up with urban informal labour markets, moving to the city to work as junk collectors and buyers. Female migration destabilises conventional gender roles as left‐behind husbands take up social reproductive work that is partially relieved by wives' frequent home visits. Additionally, invoking women's traditional obligations, left‐behind husbands continue to ‘feel like men’, underscoring the resilience of conventional gendered norms on work, even where men actually take up women's work in their wives' absence. The article argues for a more nuanced understanding of this resilience premised on the principles of structured agency, suggesting that actors may actively reproduce gendered notions of work in order to cope with changing spatial arrangements of household livelihood strategies brought about by political economic pressures and opportunities in rural and urban Vietnam. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiproliferative effect on human cancer cell lines after treatment with nimbolide extracted from an edible part of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica)
Authors: Roy Molay Kumar , Kobori Masuko , Takenaka Makiko , Nakahara Kazuhiko , Shinmoto Hiroshi , Isobe Seiichiro , Tsushida Tojiro
Published: December 2006

Nimbolide, a triterpenoid extracted from the flowers of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), was found to have antiproliferative activity against some cancer cell lines. Treatment of cells with 0.5–5.0 μm concentrations of nimbolide resulted in moderate to very strong growth inhibition in U937, HL‐60, THP1 and B16 cell lines. Flow cytometric analysis of U937 cells showed that nimbolide treatment (1–2.5 μm) resulted in cell cycle disruption by decreasing the number of cells in G0/G1 phase, with initial increases in S and G2/M phases. Cells exposed to a higher dose of nimbolide for a longer period displayed a severely damaged DNA profile, resulting in a remarkable increase in the number of cells in the sub‐G1 fraction, with a reciprocal decrease of cells in all phases. Quantification of the expression of phosphatidylserine in the outer cell membrane showed that doses of nimbolide higher than 0.4 μm exerted remarkable lethality, with over 60% of cells exhibiting apoptotic features after exposure to 1.2 μm nimbolide. The antiproliferative effect of nimbolide and its apoptosis‐inducing property raise hope for its use in anticancer therapy by enhancing the effectiveness of cell cycle disruption. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New class of Non‐Kekulé radical polymethines: Theoretical study
Authors: Tyutyulkov N. , Drebov N. , Staykov A. , Tadjer A.
Published: December 2006

A new class of open‐shell polymethine monoradicals, possessing nonbonding molecular orbitals (NBMO) and very low excitation energies, was investigated theoretically. The radicals are derivatives of the stable 2‐azaphenalenyl radical. Since in the ground state the NBMO is strictly localized within a molecular fragment, the electron transitions are connected with a substantial charge‐transfer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Molecular modeling of some calcium and magnesium ionic bridges
Authors: Careja Valentin , Muntean Simona , Mracec Mircea , Sayti Ludovic , Simon Zeno
Published: December 2006

Bond length and atomic charges are calculated for L2M and L2M2+ complexes, as well as dissociation energies in vacuum for the complexes, with semiempiric ZINDO1 and PM3 methods, and with ab initio method with 3‐21G and 6‐31G* basis sets. Here, L are CH3COO−, CH3OSO, ethylenediol and 1,4‐dioxane; M2+ are Ca2+ and Mg2+. Geometries for CH3COO− and 1,4‐dioxane are in fair agreement with X‐ray crystallographic data. Dissociation energies calculated by ab initio, are in the range of 200–500 kcal/mol, generally larger for Mg2+ then for Ca2+‐complexes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
A sliding mode control approach for systems subjected to a norm‐bounded uncertainty
Authors: Sellami Anis , Arzelier Denis , M'hiri Radhi , Zrida Jalel
Published: December 2006

This paper proposes a design approach of continuous sliding mode control of uncertain systems, the uncertainty being norm bounded. The two steps of the design methodology are investigated. The existence step, in which we choose the sliding surface that gives good behaviour during the sliding mode, is formulated as a pole assignment of linear uncertain system in a sector through convex optimization. The solution to this problem is therefore numerically tractable via linear matrix inequalities (LMI) optimization. In the reaching step, we propose a continuous nonlinear control strategy ensuring a bounded motion about the ideal sliding mode, thus approximating the ideal dynamic behaviour in the presence of uncertainty. Finally, the validity and the applicability of this approach are illustrated by a flight stabilization benchmark example. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A control‐theoretic perspective on the design of distributed agreement protocols
Authors: Roy Sandip , Saberi Ali , Herlugson Kristin
Published: December 2006

We present a control‐theoretic perspective on the design of distributed agreement protocols. First, we explore agreement‐protocol analysis and design for a network of agents with single‐integrator dynamics and arbitrary linear observations. One key contribution of our work is the analysis of protocols for networks with quite general observation topologies, including with multiple observations made by each agent. Another contribution is the development of techniques for agreement law design—i.e. for assignment of the dependence of the agreed‐upon value on the initial states of the agents. Second, we explore agreement in a quasi‐linear model with a stochastic protocol, which we call the controlled voter model. We motivate our study of this model, develop tests for whether agreement is achieved, and consider design of the agreement law. Third, we expose one application of agreement law design, to distributed maximuma posterioriprobability (MAP) decision making and hidden Markov model (HMM) estimation. Finally, we provide some further thoughts regarding our control‐theoretic perspective on agreement, including ideas for fault‐tolerant protocol design using our approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shortest‐path metric approximation for random subgraphs
Authors: Vondrák Jan
Published: December 2006

We consider graph optimization problems where the cost of a solution depends only on the shortest‐path metric in the graph, such as Steiner Tree or Traveling Salesman. We study a scenario where such a problem needs to be solved repeatedly on random subgraphs of a given graph G. With the goal of speeding up the repeated queries and saving space, we describe the construction of a sparse subgraph Q ⊂ G, which contains approximately an optimal solution for any such problem on a random subgraph of G, with high probability. More precisely, the subgraph Q has the property that after some vertices or edges are removed randomly, Q still contains c‐approximate shortest paths between all pairs of vertices with high probability. The number of edges in Q is O(p−cn1+2/c log n) for edge‐induced random subgraphs and O(p−2cn1+2/c log 2n) for vertex‐induced random subgraphs, where n is the number of vertices in G, p the sampling probability of edges/vertices, and c ∈ ℤ, c ≥ 3 is the desired approximation factor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
The cover time of sparse random graphs
Authors: Cooper Colin , Frieze Alan
Published: December 2006

We study the cover time of a random walk on graphs G ∈ Gn,p when
$p={c\log n \over n}, c>1$. We prove that whp, the cover time, is asymptotic to $c\log({c \over c-1})n\log n$. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Randomly generated intersecting hypergraphs II
Authors: Bohman Tom , Frieze Alan , Martin Ryan , Ruszinkó Miklós , Smyth Cliff
Published: December 2006

Let c be a positive constant. Suppose that r = o(n5/12) and the members of
$({{[n]}\atop r})$
are chosen sequentially at random to form an intersecting hypergraph ${\cal H}$. We show that whp (A sequence of events ${\cal E}_1,\ldots,{\cal E}_n,\ldots$
is said to occur with high probability (whp) $\lim_{n\to\infty}\Pr({\cal E}_n)=1$.) ${\cal H}$
consists of a simple hypergraph ${\cal S}$
of size Θ(r/n1/3), a distinguished vertex v and all r‐sets that contain v and meet every edge of ${\cal S}$. This is a continuation of the study of such random intersecting systems started in (Bohman et al., Electronic J Combinatorics (2003) R29) where the case r = O(n1/3) was considered. To obtain the stated result we continue to investigate this question in the range ω(n1/3) ≤ r ≤ o(n5/12). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Roles of the controllability of the event and coping strategies on stress‐related growth in a Turkish sample
Authors: Göral F. Sevinç , Kesimci Aslı , Gençöz Tülin
Published: December 2006

This study intended to examine the roles of the controllability of the stressful life event and coping strategies on the stress‐related personal growth in a Turkish sample. For this 127 undergraduate students reported details of a stressful event that they have recently encountered and rated the stressfulness of this event, following this and considering the stressful event that they had reported, they completed the Ways of Coping Inventory and Stress‐related Growth Scale. The stressful events were categorized into two groups as controllable (e.g. academic achievement anxiety and relationship problems with a friend) and uncontrollable (e.g. serious illness in the family and traffic accident). Consistent with the literature, results revealed that both problem‐focused and emotion‐focused coping strategies resulted in higher levels of stress‐related growth. Furthermore, an interaction between emotion‐focused coping and controllability of the event was observed, which indicated that particularly for the uncontrollable events, the use of emotion‐focused coping led to more stress‐related growth among Turkish participants. These findings and their culture‐specific features were discussed in the light of relevant literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rigorous, engineer‐friendly approach for modelling realistic, composite rotor blades
Authors: Hodges D. H. , Yu W.
Published: December 2006

A rigorous approach is presented for the modelling of composite beam structures of the type encountered in wind turbine blades, helicopter rotor blades and the like. The analysis methodology is based on a dimensional reduction of the geometrically nonlinear, three‐dimensional, anisotropic theory of elasticity. Small parameters stemming from the beam‐like geometry of slender structures such as wind turbine blades lead to a splitting of the problem into a (usually) linear, two‐dimensional cross‐sectional analysis and a geometrically exact nonlinear, one‐dimensional beam analysis. The incorporation of such beam analyses into flexible multibody codes presents a unified and powerful approach to the modelling of wind turbines with composite rotor blades. The generality and power of the methodology are illustrated in several examples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
A simple model of host‐parasitoid interaction with host‐feeding
Authors: Yamamura Norio , Yano Eizi
Published: December 2006

A simple mathematical model of host‐parasitoid interaction with host‐feeding was presented with special reference to the system of the greenhouse whitefly and the parasitoid Encarsia formosa. In the model, when a parasitoid encounters a host, it has a choice between feeding the host and ovipositing one egg in the host. It was shown that an intermediate value of the feeding ratio of all attacks gives the minimum equilibrium host density and the minimum amplitudes of fluctuation in the densities of the two species. Computer simulations of a modified model with time lags also gave the similar results. The model suggested for natural enemy introduction program that parasitoid species with host‐feeding habits are promising agents for effective controls for pest insects and that the timing of introduction is very important. By an evolutionary analysis, it was shown that the feeding ratio evolves to minimize the host density under natural selection among parasitoids.
Consequences of competition on the time budgets, growth and distributions of three species of terrestrial slugs
Authors: Rollo C. David
Published: December 2006

The behavioural time budgets of two non‐aggressive slugs and one aggreessive species were evaluated in monocultures or in 2‐way combinations in field cages. The seasonal time budgets of L. maximus, A. ater and A. columbianus in monoculture were remarkably similar despite their strong differences in physiological resource allocation. Similarity in physical design and resource utilization appeared to be more important determinants of behaviour.

The time budgets showed distinct seasonal patterns associated with underlying physiological demands for reserve accumulation, sperm acquisition and oviposition. A. ater and L. maximus displayed a definite dispersal phase associated with femalephase maturation.

In combination, A. ater and A. columbianus had no detectable effect on one another's time budgets. L. maximus disrupted nearly every category of behaviour in these non‐aggressive species, but its own time budget was not significantly different in the monoculture or in the two combinations, except for minor effects on resting and sexual behaviour. L. maximus appeared to be adapted to maximize behavioural disturbance of interspecific competitors while minimizing intraspecific effects.
n‐3 fatty acids and lipoproteins: Comparison of results from human and animal studies
Authors: Harris William S.
Published: December 2006

The impact of n‐3 fatty acids (FA) on blood lipoprotein levels has been examined in many studies over the last 15 yr in both animals and humans. Studies in humans first demonstrated the potent triglyceride‐lowering effect of n‐3 FA, and these were followed up with animal studies to unravel the mechanism of action. This paper reviews the reported effects of n‐3 FA on blood lipoproteins in 72 placebo‐controlled human trials, at least 2 wk in length and providing 7 or less g of n‐3 FA/day. Trials in normolipidemic subjects (triglycerides <2.0 mM; 177 mg/dL) were compared to those in hypertriglyceridemic patients (triglycerides ≥2.0 mM). In the healthy subjects, mean triglyceride levels decreased by 25% (P<0.0001), and total cholesterol (C) levels increased by 2% (P<0.009) due to the combined increases in low density lipoprotein (LDL)‐C (4%,P<0.02) and high density lipoprotein (HDL)‐C (3%,P<0.008). In the patients, triglyceride levels decreased by 28% (P<0.0001), LDL‐C rose by 7% (P<0.0001), but neither total C nor HDL‐C changed significantly. Although the effect on triglyceride levels is also observed in rats and swine, it is rarely seen in mice, rabbits, monkeys, dogs, and hamsters. Whereas n‐3 FA have only a minor impact on lipoprotein C levels in humans, they often markedly lower both total C and HDL‐C levels in animals, especially monkeys. These differences are not widely appreciated and must be taken into account when studying the effects of n‐3 FA on lipoprotein metabolism.
Lipolysis and heterogeneous catalysis. A new concept for expressing the substrate concentration
Authors: Bernard Christine , Buc Jean , Piéroni Gérard
Published: December 2006

A new concept is proposed for quantifying the substrate concentration during heterogeneous catalysis of the kind which occurs during lipolysis. The number of molecules of protein (enzyme) adsorbable to the lipid substrate interface per unit of volume was evaluated and defined as a volumetric concentration of protein (enzyme) binding site (PEBS). Using porcine pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) as a model enzyme, the maximal PEBS concentration was measured under various assay conditions by determining the saturation of the lipid substrate with the enzyme. Abacuses correlating the lipid substrate concentration (M) with the PEBS concentration (M) under each experimental conditions were used to express the kinetic data in terms of a volumetric concentration of PEBS. Comparisons could thus be made between data obtained with various enzymes and lipid interfaces because they were expressed with the same unit. In the case of pancreatic lipase, using triolein and tributyrylglycerol as substrates,Km values of 2.7 and 7.5 nM PEBS were obtained, respectively, andKD values ranging around 9 nM PEBS were also obtained from Scatchard plots. In addition, the average superficial density of PEBS was found to be 10×1011 molecules·cm−2, which is a value commonly obtained with structural proteins and enzymes adsorbed to an acylglyceride‐water interface, this finding supports the idea that the PEBS concept represents the room in which the protein molecule adsorbs at the lipidic interface.
Mechanism of lower oxidizability of eicosapentaenoate than linoleate in aqueous micelles
Authors: Yazu Kazumasa , Yamamoto Yorihiro , Ukegawa Koji , Niki Etsuo
Published: December 2006

The aerobic oxidation kinetics of methyl eicosapentaenoate (20:5n‐3) and methyl linoleate (18:2n‐6) were compared in homogeneous chlorobenzene solution and in Triton X‐100 aqueous micelles at 37°C. The rate of disappearance of 20:5n‐3 was two times faster than that of 18:2n‐6 in chlorobenzene, while the former was five times slower than the latter in aqueous micelles. It was also observed that ΔO2=Δ18:2n‐6 and ΔO2=2Δ20:5n‐3 in aqueous micelles. In the oxidation of a 1∶1 mixture of 20:5n‐3 and 18:2n‐6 in micelles, the rate of disappearance of 20:5n‐3 was 3.6 times faster than that of 18:2n‐6, and the rate of total substrate disappearance was reduced by a factor of 5 as compared with 18:2n‐6 oxidation. These data suggest that the peroxyl radical derived from 20:5n‐3 is more polar than that from 18:2n‐6, and the former is likely to diffuse from the core to the micelle surface. This lowers the oxidizability for 20:5n‐3 in aqueous micelles by enhancing the termination reaction rate for peroxyl radicals and by reducing the rate of propagation since there may be more 20:5n‐3 peroxyl radicals at the surface than in the micelle core.
The time sequence of the relation between mean crowding and mean density with some population processes
Authors: Hagihara Akio
Published: December 2006

The theories of the stochastic processes are applied to construct mathematical models for describing the processes of population change as an ever changing the distribution of individuals in a space. These models consist of two mathematical expressions which are named the spatial distribution probability function (Qn(t)) and the transition probability function (Pi,n(t)), respectively. The former gives the spatial distribution at any future time. Given an actual spatial distribution at any time, the latter function converts it to the spatial distribution at any future time. According to these models, we discussed the time sequence of the mean crowding‐mean density relation (IwaoandKuno, 1971) in some population processes such as mortality, birth, immigration, growth, and their combined processes.
Competitive ability as a function of sensitivity to the environment I. Competition between Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum in a deteriorating environment
Authors: Lavie Batia
Published: December 2006

Tribolium castaneum lines selected for high and for low sensitivity to the environment were observed in pure strain culture and in mixed 1∶1 cultures with Tribolium confusm. Since the medium was not refreshed during the experiment, the environment was continuously deteriorating and ultimately both species became extinct. Both time until extinction and total dry weight were used as a measure of competitive ability.

All Tribolium castaneum lines showed higher competitive ability than Tribolium confusum. As interference was noted in all the mixed cultures, competition here demonstrates both exploitation and interference.

Comparisons between the T. castaneum lines indicates higher competitive ability for lines with shorter developmental time.
A sex ratio theory of gregarious parasitoids
Authors: Suzuki Yoshito , Iwasa Yoh
Published: December 2006

A mathematical model is constructed to explain a density‐dependent increase in the progeny sex ratios of gregarious parasitoids. In the model we considered non‐cooperative game between females concerned with their own inclusive fitness. Equilibrium progeny sex ratios of the first and second females ovipositing on the same host are expressed in terms of the probability of double parasitism (p), the ratio of a male to a female in contribution to resource competition (α), the clutch size ratio between the two females (β), the crowding effect on female reproductive success (γ), and the inbreeding coefficient (f). Major predictions from the model are: 1) the progeny sex ratios of both the first and second females increase with p, 2) as β becomes smaller, the progeny sex ratios of the first females decrease, while those of the second females dramatically increases, 3) when a host is attacked by at most two wasps, the sex ratio of the total number of eggs laid on the host does not exceed 0.25. The effects of α and preferential death by female progeny in doubly parasitized hosts are considered as factors responsible for an excess number of males at emergence. Some possible modes of density‐dependent increase in the sex ratios of the overall progeny populations is also discussed on the basis of the present model.
Iσ‐Index, a measure of dispersion of individuals
Authors: Morisita Masaaki
Published: December 2006

Conclusion and summary

As the Iσ‐index is neither affected by the mean per sample unit except for regular distribution nor standing on the assumption of any definite type of contagious distribution, it may have the most wide range of application among the ones hitherto deviced for measuring the dispersion of individuals in a population. The relations of the Iσ‐index to ,k of negative binomial distribution and N of binomial distribution as well as the new dispersion index, IB, given in this paper may serve, if necessary, for the analysis of data in the ecological works.
Adrenal analysis for critique of the social stress theory in natural populations of a montane vole
Authors: Tanaka Ryo
Published: December 2006

The vole, Eothenomys smithi, in highlands of Shikoku was studied to disclose ups and downs of adrenal activities under the influence of the breeding level in natural populations. It has proved that the vole's adrenal in both sexes may be much more strongly by rise and fall of the fertility as well as by shift of the age structure in populations than the rat's. Therefore, as for perhaps all kinds of small mammals, we consider necessary to follow a pertinent procedure to avoid thoroughly these sources of error in studies to draw any conclusion for or against theChristian's theory. The present data analysed by such a method failed to afford any confirmative proofs; the fact that the pregnancy rate was increased in parallell to the density is against his view. However, never the whole content of the theory has been invalidated by these results.
Effects of crowding on life history parameters of four green leafhoppers, Nephotettix spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Valle Reynaldo R. , Nakasuji Fusao , Kuno Eizi
Published: December 2006

The effects of intraspecific crowding on the different life history parameters of the three tropical and subtropical green leafhoppers, Nephotettix virescensStål,N. nigropictusDistant and N. malayanusIshihara etKawase, and one temperate species, N. cincticepsUhler, were studied under 25±1°C using the susceptible Japonica rice variety “Nipponbare”. Crowding during the immature stages of the four species prolonged the nymphal developmental period and resulted to smaller adults with reduced fecundity and shorter life span. Similarly, crowding during the adult stage also shortened the life span of both sexes of adults and decreased the fecundity of females of the four species. The effect of crowding during the adult stage was more adverse than the effect of crowding during the immature stages. N. cincticeps seemed more sensitive to crowding even at lower densities whereas the three tropical species were sensitive mostly at higher densities.
The structure of DHA in phospholipid membranes
Authors: Gawrisch Klaus , Eldho Nadukkudy V. , Holte Laura L.
Published: December 2006

Early experiments and molecular simulations of PUFA favored a rigid arrangement of double bonds in U‐shaped or extended conformations such as angle‐iron or helical. Although results of recent solid‐state NMR measurements and molecular simulations have confirmed the existence of these structural motifs, they portray an image of DHA (22∶6n−3) as a highly flexible molecule with rapid transitions between large numbers of conformers on the time scale from picoseconds to hundreds of nanoseconds. The low barriers to torsional rotation about C‐C bonds that link the cis‐locked double bonds with the methylene carbons between them are responsible for this unusual flexibility. Both the amplitude and frequency of motion increase toward the terminal methyl group of DHA.
Influence of different oil‐refining parameters and sampling size on the detection of genetically modified DNA in soybean oil
Authors: Gryson N. , Messens K. , Dewettinck K.
Published: December 2006

The degumming of crude soybean oil causes the removal of DNA, the presence of which is necessary for the detection of genetically modified organisms by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In both chemical and physical refining processes, physical conditions of the refining steps can vary within a certain range. The extremities in this range may have a different influence on the quality and quantity of the extracted DNA. Therefore, the effects of degumming temperature, degumming time, and the amounts of water and/or acid added during degumming on the DNA quality and amplification were evaluated. Some parameters were shown to have a small influence on the quality of the DNA, but none affected the amplification of soy DNA extracted from the water fractions after the degumming. From the oil fractions, no DNA could be visualized. In this study of the ability of the degumming process to achieve the total removal of DNA from the oil fractions, the sample size during DNA extraction was increased significantly, and amplification of the soylectin genes was attempted. This resulted in a positive amplification of the lectin gene. A possible relation between the size of the test portion, the residual phosphorus content of the sample, and the PCR result is suggested.
Use of Rhizopus delemar lipase as compared with other lipases for determination of sn‐2 fatty acids in triacylglycerol
Authors: Kosugi Yoshitsugu , Oshima Akio , Koike Seiji , Fukatsu Makoto , Minami Keiichi , Miyake Yuko , Masui Kenji
Published: December 2006

The FA composition in the sn‐2 position of TAG is routinely determined after porcine pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. However, the content of saturated FA increased when a pancreatic lipase preparation with higher specific activity was used. Lipase from Rhizopus delemar was selected as a potential replacement lipase for the following reasons: (i) The FA specificity is nearly equivalent in hydrolysis activity toward FA such as lauric, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acids; and (ii) lipase from R. delemar hydrolyzes fatty acyl residues at the sn‐1,3 positions of TAG. Acyl migration products were present at less than 0.8% in lipase hydrolysates containing 6–14% of sn‐2 MAG. A reproducibility CV of less than 5% was obtained in a collaborative study in which the compositions of the main FA at the sn‐2 position in olive oil were determined using lipase from R. delemar.
Effects of flour sources on acrylamide formation and oil uptake in fried batters
Authors: Shih F. F. , Boué S. M. , Daigle K. W. , Shih B. Y.
Published: December 2006

Food batters were formulated using flours of long‐grain rice, waxy rice, wheat, or corn. Acrylamide and oil analyses were conducted for the flour and the corresponding fried batter. During frying, the formation of acrylamide ranged from 82 ng/g for the long‐grain rice batter to 263 ng/g for the corn batter. Oil uptake ranged from 21.4% for the long‐grain rice batter to 47.3% for the wheat batter. The incorporation of 5% pregelatinized rice flour and 1.5–3.0% milk as functional additives into the long‐grain rice batter only slightly increased the acrylamide and oil contents.
Antioxidant activity of tea theaflavins and methylated catechins in canola oil
Authors: Su Ya‐Lun , Xu Jin‐Ze , Ng Chi Ho , Leung Lai Kwok , Huang Yu , Chen Zhen‐Yu
Published: December 2006

The present study examined the antioxidant activity of black tea theaflavins and catechin derivatives in canola oil. Oxidation was conducted at 95°C by monitoring the oxygen consumption and decreases in the linoleic and α‐linolenic acids of canola oil. All were tested at a concentration of 0.5 mM. Catechins, including (−)‐epicatechin, (−)‐epicatechin gallate, (−)‐epigallocatechin, and (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were more effective than theaflavins, namely, theaflavin‐1, theaflavin‐3‐gallate, theaflavin‐3′‐gallate, and theaflavin‐3,3′‐digallate (TF3), against the lipid oxidation of canola oil. Among the four theaflavins, TF3 was the most effective, whereas among the four catechins, FGCG was the most potent. Under the same conditions, all theaflavins and catechins were more powerful than BHT as an antioxidant in heated canola.oil. Little or no difference in antioxidant activity was observed between each catechin and epimer pair. Methylation of the 3′‐OH led to a significant loss of antioxidant activity of the catechins.
Supercritical fluid extraction of jojoba oil
Authors: Salgin Uĝur , Çalimli Ayla , Zühtü Uysal Bekir
Published: December 2006

Supercritical fluid extraction of jojoba oil from Simmondsia chinensis seeds using CO2 as the solvent is presented in this study. The effects of process parameters such as pressure and temperature of extraction, particle size of jojoba seeds, flow rate of CO2, and concentration of entrainer (hexane) on the extraction yield were examined. Increases in the supercritical CO2 flow rate, temperature, and pressure generally improved the performance. The extraction yield increased as the particle size decreased, indicating the importance of decreasing intraparticle diffusional resistance. The maximum extraction yield obtained was 50.6 wt% with a 0.23‐mm particle size and a 2 mL/min CO2 flow rate at 90°C and 600 bar. Use of an entrainer at a concentration of 5 vol% improved the yield to 52.2 wt% for the same particle size and also enabled the use of relatively lower pressure and temperature, i.e., 300 bar and 70°C.
Two‐Step Production of Oil Enriched in Conjugated Linoleic Acids and Diacylglycerol
Authors: Vu Phuong‐Lan , Park Rae‐Kyun , Lee Yun‐Jeung , Kim Yu‐Mi , Nam Ha‐Young , Lee Jeung‐Hee , Akoh Casimir C. , Lee Ki‐Teak
Published: December 2006

A two‐step process was used to produce diacylglycerol‐enriched structured lipid that contained mainly c9,t11 and t10,c12 isomers of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). First, a structured triacylglycerol (TAG) was synthesized by lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis of corn oil with CLA. This structured triacylglycerol contained 30.4 mol% CLA with 45.5% of the CLA mostly located at sn‐1,3 positions of the glycerol backbone. Then, lipase‐catalyzed glycerolysis was conducted between structured triacylglycerol and glycerol to produce diacylglycerol‐enriched structured lipid. The final product contained 6.8% monoacylglycerol, 31.5% diacylglycerol and 61.1% TAG after 48 h reaction. The selected chemical (fatty acid composition, the content of mono‐, di‐, and triacylglycerol in the reaction product) and physical properties (melting profile) were determined by hihg‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
The validity of questionnaire self‐report of psychopathology and parent–child relationship quality in juvenile delinquents with psychiatric disorders
Authors: Breuk R.E. , Clauser C.A.C. , Stams G.J.J.M. , Slot N.W. , Doreleijers T.A.H.
Published: December 2006

The present study focuses on the validity of questionnaire self‐report of psychopathology and parent–child relationship quality for juvenile delinquents with severe behavioural and psychiatric disorders by comparing information derived from questionnaire self‐report with information from other sources, including parent report, in‐depth interviewing, behavioural observation by clinicians, and official criminal records. The sample consisted of N=33 juvenile delinquents with psychiatric disorders. The juvenile delinquents did not report increased levels of psychopathology or poor relationships with their parents, which is inconsistent with the fact that all juvenile delinquents were in day treatment for severe behavioural maladaptation and relationship problems. Moreover, parent ratings of psychopathology were consistently in the clinical range and relationship quality was evaluated as very poor by the parents (d>.80). We conclude that screening instruments for psychopathology and assessment of relationship quality relying on questionnaire self‐report may not yield valid scores in this (extreme) population of juvenile delinquents.