bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of nitrate and water on the oxygen isotopic analysis of barium sulfate precipitated from water samples
Authors: Hannon Janet E. , Böhlke John Karl , Mroczkowski Stanley J.
Published: November 2008

BaSO4 precipitated from mixed salt solutions by common techniques for SO isotopic analysis may contain quantities of H2O and NO that introduce errors in O isotope measurements. Experiments with synthetic solutions indicate that δ18O values of CO produced by decomposition of precipitated BaSO4 in a carbon reactor may be either too low or too high, depending on the relative concentrations of SO and NO and the δ18O values of the H2O, NO, and SO. Typical δ18O errors are of the order of 0.5 to 1‰ in many sample types, and can be larger in samples containing atmospheric NO, which can cause similar errors in δ17O and Δ17O. These errors can be reduced by (1) ion chromatographic separation of SO from NO, (2) increasing the salinity of the solutions before precipitating BaSO4 to minimize incorporation of H2O, (3) heating BaSO4 under vacuum to remove H2O, (4) preparing isotopic reference materials as aqueous samples to mimic the conditions of the samples, and (5) adjusting measured δ18O values based on amounts and isotopic compositions of coexisting H2O and NO. These procedures are demonstrated for SO isotopic reference materials, synthetic solutions with isotopically known reagents, atmospheric deposition from Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA, and sulfate salt deposits from the Atacama Desert, Chile, and Mojave Desert, California, USA. These results have implications for the calibration and use of O isotope data in studies of SO sources and reaction mechanisms. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase ligand exchange of select transition‐metal acetylacetonate and hexafluoroacetylacetonate complexes
Authors: Lerach Jordan O. , Leskiw Brian D.
Published: November 2008

Gas‐phase ligand exchange reactions between M(acac)2 and M(hfac)2 species, where M is Cu(II) and/or Ni(II), were observed to occur in a double‐focusing reverse‐geometry magnetic sector mass spectrometer. The gas‐phase mixed ligand product, [M(acac)(hfac)]+, was formed following the co‐sublimation of either homo‐metal or hetero‐metal precursors. The gas‐phase formation of [Cu(acac)(hfac)]+ from hetero‐metal precursors is reported herein for the first time. The [Ni(acac)(hfac)]+ complex is also observed for the first time to form following the co‐sublimation of not only Ni precursors, but also from separate Ni and Cu precursors. The corresponding fragmentation patterns of these species are also presented, and the mixed metal mixed ligand product [NiCu(acac)2(hfac)]+ is observed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A less conservative method for designingH∞filters for linear time‐delay systems
Authors: Zhang Xian‐Ming , Han Qing‐Long
Published: November 2008

This paper focuses onH∞filtering for linear time‐delay systems. A new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) is constructed by uniformly dividing the delay interval into two subintervals, and choosing different Lyapunov matrices on each subinterval. Based on this new LKF, a less conservative delay‐dependent bounded real lemma (BRL) is established to ensure that the resulting filtering error system is asymptotically stable with a prescribedH∞performance. Then, this new BRL isequivalentlyconverted into a set of linear matrix inequalities, which guarantee the existence of a suitableH∞filter. Compared with some existing filtering results, some imposed constraints on the Lyapunov matrices are removed through derivation of the sufficient condition for the existence of the filter. Numerical examples show that the results obtained in this paper significantly improve theH∞performance of the filtering error system over some existing results in the literature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental flow enhances native fish spawning and recruitment in the Murray River, Australia
Authors: King A.J. , Tonkin Z. , Mahoney J.
Published: November 2008

Environmental flows aim to mimic components of a river's natural flow variability, including the magnitude, frequency, timing, duration, rate of change and the predictability of flow events. Aspects of the natural flow regime are thought to be linked to critical components of the life history strategies of many riverine fishes, including spawning and recruitment. In the Murray River, Australia, environmental flows are increasingly being used as a restoration tool; however, there is little information about the response of fish to these managed flow events. This study reports on the results from a 3‐year study on the effects of water management on the spawning and recruitment of four native fish species in the mid‐Murray River system. Two of these years were hydrologically similar, while the third year encompassed an extensive period of floodplain inundation, including the use of the largest environmental flow allocation to date in Australia. Drift nets were used to collect the drifting eggs and larvae of four iconic native species throughout their spawning season each year. Young‐of‐year were collected in the following autumn. Although golden perch and silver perch eggs were collected in all 3 years, both species increased their spawning activity during the major flood period compared to the previous two seasons. Murray cod and trout cod appeared not to increase their spawning activity in the flood year, but their recruitment may be increased when floodplain inundation occurs at times when their larvae and juveniles are present, most likely through the generation of abundant food resources. Whilst further study is required to confirm the role and mechanism of flooding in the spawning and recruitment of these species; this study provides important evidence of a link between the provision of an environmental flood and fish spawning and recruitment, and has significant implications for managing flows in regulated rivers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ‘natural flow paradigm’ and Atlantic salmon—moving from concept to practice
Authors: Enders Eva C. , Scruton David A. , Clarke Keith D.
Published: November 2008

The ‘natural flow paradigm’ is becoming an important first principle in the setting of managed flow regimes throughout the world, including Canada. The principle states that managed flow regimes should consider the natural hydrological variability of a river system, both seasonally and interannually, to maintain its ecological integrity. While laudable, this principle is in direct conflict with hydropower development and irrigation interests. Therefore, both regulatory agencies and developers are struggling to identify the elements of hydrological variability that are critical to maintain the ecological health of rivers. In this paper, we identify flow requirements for different life stages of anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.). We then explore the potential effects of different flow regime scenarios on a wild Atlantic salmon population, using Harry's River in Western Newfoundland as an example. First, we link the life history patterns of Atlantic salmon to the scenario of the natural hydrological variability, incorporating the flow requirements for migration, spawning and rearing. In a second scenario, we present a flow regime managed for optimal hydropower production. Finally, we propose a conceptual model for a hypothetical managed flow regime that provides the necessary hydrological flow variations to support the life history requirements of Atlantic salmon, while permitting flow regulation and modification. This exercise identified data gaps and further research needs. Particularly, more information is needed on the amplitude of spring flooding necessary to initiate downstream migration while minimizing spill, which could potential be used for hydropower production. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emergent eco‐efficiency paradigm in corporate environment management
Authors: Hoffrén Jukka , Apajalahti Eeva‐Lotta
Published: November 2008

Corporate environmental management is today outlined by perspectives that advocate a smooth and linear shift towards sustainable development (SD). The concept of eco‐efficiency (EE) aims to reduce use of natural resources in order to alleviate the environmental consequences from the overburdening of the environment. The business sector has been advocating for EE as a central part of its sustainability strategy since the 1990s. However, EE bypasses the exigencies of fundamental changes to avoid rapid and large‐scale environmental degradation. Consequently, EE is not to be considered as a fundamental method that would enable radical innovations and support fast and significant change towards the sustainability needed.

The object of this article is to review the implementation of EE in Finnish companies in 2006. The practical implementation of EE has been slow. Our survey shows that in Finland the breakthrough in environmental awareness in companies is yet to come. Environmentalism or SD is not an issue to over 50 per cent of publicly listed large or medium‐size companies. Generally, the implementation of SD has been insufficient or non‐existent. The situation is even worse with the concept of EE; the share of companies that have adopted the EE approach is only about 10 per cent, which is a remarkably low figure. This indicates that the interconnection between economic and environmental interaction is still totally neglected in a vast majority of large companies. There is a urgent need to foster EE implementation, target setting and practical EE management tools among companies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Molecular‐level etching by electrospray droplet impact
Authors: Sakai Yuji , Iijima Yoshitoki , Mori Kunihiko , Hiraoka Kenzo
Published: November 2008

A novel ionization method, electrospray droplet impact (EDI), has been developed for matrix‐free SIMS. The charged water droplets used in EDI are extremely large cluster ions with masses of about a few 106 u. When the charged water droplets impact on a target, the physical sputtering of the target is suppressed to minimal and an atomic‐and molecular‐level layer‐by‐layer etching is realized. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of x‐ray irradiation effect in high‐k gate dielectrics by time‐dependent photoemission spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Tanimura T. , Toyoda S. , Kumigashira H. , Oshima M. , Ikeda K. , Liu G. L. , Liu Z. , Usuda K.
Published: November 2008

We have developed a method to precisely determine the band offsets for hafnium oxide (HfO2), hafnium silicate (HfSiO) and nitrided hafnium silicate (HfSiON) films on Si by elimination of x‐ray irradiation effects with time‐dependent photoemission spectroscopy (PES) and x‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The core‐level PES spectra shift during PES measurements, which is explained as the dielectric films charging due to photoemission by the x‐ray irradiation. For elimination of the x‐ray irradiation effect on the determination of the band offsets, time‐dependent photoemission spectroscopy was performed. The precisely determined valence band offsets for HfO2, HfSiO and HfSiON are 3.2, 3.4, and 1.9 eV, respectively. On the other hand, the conduction band offsets are almost the same values of about 1.3 eV. Thus, the elimination of x‐ray irradiation effect enables to precisely determine the band offsets, leading to the accurate estimation of gate leakage current. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of interfacial adhesion for plasma‐treated aramid fiber‐reinforced poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) composite and fiber surface aging effects
Authors: Chen Ping , Wang Jing , Wang Baichen , Li Wei , Zhang Chengshuang , Li Hong , Sun Baolei
Published: November 2008

Interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix in a composite is a primary factor for stress transfer from the matrix to the fiber. In this study, oxygen plasma treatment method was applied to modify the fiber surface for improving interfacial adhesion of aramid fiber‐reinforced poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) composite. Composite interfacial adhesion properties were determined by interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) using a short‐beam bending test. The composite interfacial adhesion mechanism was discussed by SEM. The changes of chemical composition and wettability for plasma‐treated fiber surfaces stored in air as long as 10 days were investigated by XPS and dynamic contact angle analysis (DCAA), respectively. Results indicated that oxygen plasma treatment was an effective method for improving interfacial adhesion; plasma‐treated fiber surface suffered aging effects during storage in air. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of porous structure of sintered highly porous aluminum materials by surface modification of aluminum particles with tin
Authors: Sonoda T. , Katou K. , Asahina T. , Banno T. , Yamada Y.
Published: November 2008

The surface modification of pure aluminum particles by coating them in their self‐convective motion with pure tin using DC(direct current) sputter‐deposition technique was examined, in order to prepare AlSn composite powder and thereby to improve the sintering of the aluminum particles, aiming at the development of highly structure‐controlled porous aluminum materials by space‐holder method combined with ordinary powder metallurgy processing. The effects of the sputter deposition of tin on porous structure and mechanical properties of the sintered porous aluminum materials were investigated. According to electron probe micro‐analyzer (EPMA) analysis, it was confirmed that the obtained particles were coated with the tin deposits. According to differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis, it was found that the average thickness of the tin film for the Al powder with an average particle size of 10 µm could be estimated to be around 10 nm from its endothermic calorie. Next, the preparation of presintered compacts was carried out using the obtained AlSn composite powder in ordinary powder metallurgy processing. It was found that the mechanical durability of the presintered compacts obtained after heating up to the removing temperature (400 °C) for the sublimation of resinous spacer materials was improved by the sputter deposition. Furthermore, the fabrication of porous aluminum materials was carried out by space‐holder method combined with ordinary powder metallurgy processing using the AlSn composite powder. It was found that the porous structure of the sintered porous aluminum materials with the porosity 80% was better regulated by the sputter deposition, compared to that without the deposition. Therefore it was concluded that the nano‐order thick tin deposits could improve the porous‐structure controllability for fabricating sintered highly porous aluminum materials. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The performance of multiple imputation for missing covariate data within the context of regression relative survival analysis
Authors: Giorgi Roch , Belot Aurélien , Gaudart Jean , Launoy Guy
Published: November 2008

Relative survival assesses the effects of prognostic factors on disease‐specific mortality when the cause of death is uncertain or unavailable. It provides an estimate of patients' survival, allowing for the effects of other independent causes of death. Regression‐based relative survival models are commonly used in population‐based studies to model the effects of some prognostic factors and to estimate net survival. Most often, studies focus on routinely collected prognostic factors for which the proportion of missing values is usually low (around 5 per cent). However, in some cases, additional factors are collected with a greater proportion of missingness. In the present article, we systematically assess the performance of multiple imputation in regression analysis of relative survival through a series of simulation experiments. According to the assumptions concerning the missingness mechanism (completely at random, at random, and not at random) and the missingness pattern (monotone, non‐monotone), several strategies were considered and compared: all cases analysis, complete cases analysis, missing data indicator analysis, and multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE) analysis. We showed that MICE performs well in estimating the hazard ratios and the baseline hazard function when the missing mechanism is missing at random (MAR) conditionally on the vital status. In the situations where the missing mechanism was not MAR conditionally on vital status, complete case behaves consistently. As illustration, we used data of the French Cancer Registries on relative survival of patients with colorectal cancer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using scrum in a globally distributed project: a case study
Authors: Paasivaara Maria , Durasiewicz Sandra , Lassenius Casper
Published: November 2008

While seemingly incompatible, combining global software development and agile practices is a challenge undertaken by many companies. Case study reports on the successful use of agile practices in small distributed projects already exist. How these practices can be applied to larger projects, however, remains unstudied. This paper reports a case study on agile practices in a 40‐person development organization distributed between Norway and Malaysia. Based on seven interviews in the development organization, we describe how scrum practices were successfully applied, e.g. using teleconferencing and web cameras for daily scrum meetings, synchronized 4‐week sprints, weekly scrum‐of‐scrums, and Jira for backlog management. Non‐scrum agile practices included nightly builds, automated testing, and team rooms. Supportig global software development practices, e.g. frequent visits, unofficial distributed meetings, domain expert networks, and annual gatherings are described. Positive experiences of using scrum included improved communication, trust and motivation, as well as better perceived quality. Challenges included misunderstood requirements, lack of videoconferencing possibilities, and awkward communication in distributed meetings due to cultural and geographical distance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Hollaenderbruecke – Economic and architecturally sophisticated design employing steel and GFRP
Authors: Sobek Werner , Trumpf Heiko , Stork Lena , Weidler Nik
Published: November 2008

In the last decades there has been a remarkable discrepancy between economic footbridges and architectural design. In particular, local authorities with a limited budget prefer simple structures. Furthermore, foundations, abutments and piers are mostly erected by the main contractor dealing only with concrete. Steel and composite structures allow for ambitious designs. However, they are often considered as expensive structures entailing high maintenance costs. Consequently, most conventional footbridges are built as precast and prestressed concrete structures. In these cases, economy often prevails over aesthetics. However, as this paper demonstrates, both interests can be united by in‐novative material combinations such as steel and GFRP (glass‐fiber‐reinforced polymers).

This paper deals with newly developed pedestrian/cyclist bridges employing steel girders with GFRPdecks and the design of the new FBD300 bridge deck. It demonstrates that there need not be any contradiction between an economic structure and a sophisticated design. The ‘Hollaenderbruecke’ in Reinbek near Hamburg has a total length of 98.0m. It is the first bridge in Germany to use the innovative combination of steel and the new FBD300 deck made of GFRP.
Roy G. Johnston (1914–2008)
Authors: Quadri Nicolino G. Delli
Published: November 2008

Roy G. Johnston, fellow Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council (LATBSDC) member, and major contributor to the structural engineering design profession and evolution of modern seismic codes, influenced the design of numerous buildings in Los Angeles and Southern California. Serving as inspirational mentor and role model, he was well respected by his fellow LATBSDC members who learned greatly from his experience. Roy G. Johnston passed away in March, 2008—he will be sorely missed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A great day and why we love ATC‐63
Authors: Hart Gary C. , Delli Quadri Nicolino G.
Published: November 2008

The Applied Technology Council (ATC) has developed another report beneficial to structural engineers. This paper describes the benefits of the ATC‐63 report. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Structure of a Hexameric Silver and Tetrameric Gold Aminopyridinates
Authors: Glatz Germund , Motz Günter , Kempe Rhett
Published: November 2008

4‐Methyl‐2‐((trimethylsilyl)amino)pyridine (ApTMSH) was synthesized via a salt metathesis reaction. Lithiation of ApTMSH with n‐BuLi afforded the transmetallation agent [(ApTMS)2Li2(OEt2)2] (1) which was structurally characterized. Reaction of 1 with AgCl and [AuCl(tht)] (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) at low temperatures in THF yielded homoleptic aminopyridinates of the heavier group 11 metals, namely [(ApTMS)6Ag6] (2) and [(ApTMS)4Au4] (3a and b) after work‐up in hexane. All compounds were characterized by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. The quality of the structure determination of 3a allows establishing the connectivity only. The lithium complex 1 shows the expected structure from analogous compounds. The hexameric silver compound shows a new structural motif for silver aminopyridinates. The six‐membered ring of silver atoms has a chair conformation. Compounds 3a and b are the first homoleptic gold aminopyridinates and exhibit a rhombic arrangement of the four gold atoms.
Use of Locum Tenens Surgeons to Provide Surgical Care in Small Rural Hospitals
Authors: Doty Brit , Andres Mark , Zuckerman Randall , Borgstrom David
Published: November 2008

Background

Too few general surgeons practice in rural American communities, and many hospitals in the smallest rural areas do not have a surgeon. Therefore, it is likely that some small rural hospitals are using alternative arrangements to provide surgical care, including hiring locum tenens surgeons. We describe the degree to which small rural hospitals are using locum tenens surgeons to provide surgical services.

Methods

Administrators at 129 small rural hospitals were surveyed by telephone. The survey instrument was comprised of questions asking whether the hospital provides surgical services, if the hospital has recruited a surgeon, whether the hospital uses locum tenens surgeons and if so for what purposes.

Results

A total of 76% of surveyed rural hospitals have offered surgical services during the past 5 years. In all, 56% of hospitals providing surgical care have recruited a surgeon during the past 5 years. Of those who have been unsuccessful in their search, 30% have considered using a locum tenens surgeon, and 20% have done so.

Conclusions

Given the difficulty of recruiting surgeons to practice in rural America, it is critical to develop strategies to address this problem. Although using locum tenens surgeons may allow rural hospitals to offer surgical services, the quality of surgical care could be compromised. Other means for delivering surgical services at rural hospitals that cannot recruit or retain a surgeon should be explored to ensure that rural residents have access to high quality surgical care.
Structure of Dehydroergosterol Monohydrate and Interaction with Sterol Carrier Protein‐2
Authors: McIntosh Avery L. , Atshaves Barbara P. , Gallegos Adalberto M. , Storey Stephen M. , Reibenspies Joseph H. , Kier Ann B. , Meyer Edgar , Schroeder Friedhelm
Published: November 2008

Dehydroergosterol [ergosta‐5,7,9(11),22‐tetraen‐3β‐ol] is a naturally‐occurring, fluorescent sterol utilized extensively to probe membrane cholesterol distribution, cholesterol‐protein interactions, and intracellular cholesterol transport both in vitro and in vivo. In aqueous solutions, the low solubility of dehydroergosterol results in the formation of monohydrate crystals similar to cholesterol. Low temperature X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that dehydroergosterol monohydrate crystallizes in the space group P21 with four molecules in the unit cell and monoclinic crystal parameters a = 9.975(1) Å, b = 7.4731(9) Å, c = 34.054(4) Å, and β = 92.970(2)° somewhat similar to ergosterol monohydrate. The molecular arrangement is in a slightly closer packed bilayer structure resembling cholesterol monohydrate. Since dehydroergosterol fluorescence emission undergoes a quantum yield enhancement and red‐shift of its maximum wavelength when crystallized, formation or disruption of microcrystals was monitored with high sensitivity using cuvette‐based spectroscopy and multi‐photon laser scanning imaging microscopy. This manuscript reports on the dynamical effect of sterol carrier protein‐2 (SCP‐2) interacting between aqueous dispersions of dehydroergosterol monohydrate microcrystal donors and acceptors consisting not only of model membranes but also vesicles derived from plasma membranes isolated by biochemical fractionation and affinity purification from Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells. Furthermore, this study provides real‐time measurements of the effect of increased SCP‐2 levels on the rate of disappearance of dehydroergosterol microcrystals in living cells.
Triacylglycerol Analysis of Fats and Oils by Evaporative Light Scattering Detection
Authors: Rombaut Roeland , De Clercq Nathalie , Foubert Imogen , Dewettinck Koen
Published: November 2008

A high performance liquid chromatography method with evaporative light scattering detection was developed for the analysis of oils and fats, which enabled excellent separation of major and minor triacylglycerol (TAG) species in 33 min, including regeneration of the column. The influence of the mobile phase and temperature on separation and analysis time were evaluated with a cocoa butter standard. The influence of the drift tube temperature and flow of the nebulising gas on the evaporative light scattering detector output signal was investigated by means of a response surface experimental design. Especially the flow of the nebulising gas had a profound effect on the detector signal. An optimal separation was obtained when using a 150 × 3.0 mm C18 column with 3 μm particle diameter at 20 °C and an acetonitrile/dichloromethane gradient at 0.72 mL/min. The maximum response was attained when the ELSD detector was set at the minimum temperature (45 °C) and a gas flow of 1.2 L/min. Finally, the linearity of the detector was investigated. It was found that at very low concentrations, the signal tends to flatten towards zero, giving an underestimation for minor TAG species, especially for oils or fats with a mixed fatty acid composition.
Zukunft der Zytogenetik
Authors: Speicher M.R.
Published: November 2008

Der Themenschwerpunkt dieser Ausgabe der Zeitschrift „Medizinische Genetik“ ist der gegenwärtigen Entwicklung der Zytogenetik gewidmet. Die klassische Bänderungsanalyse, die seit Jahrzehnten in der humangenetischen Routinediagnostik eine zentrale Position einnimmt, wird anhand qualitätssichernder Maßnahmen dargestellt. Verschiedene Beiträge beschreiben die molekulare Zytogenetik, die im Wesentlichen auf der Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (FISH) beruht. Die Einführung der vergleichenden genomischen Hybridisierung [“comparative genomic hybridization“ (CGH)], speziell auf Arrayplattformen, hat die Zytogenetik revolutioniert und erlaubt die Bearbeitung völlig neuer Fragestellungen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt der Zytogenetik, der sie von vielen anderen molekularen Techniken unterscheidet, ist, dass sie Analysen auf Einzelzellniveau ermöglichen. Mit dem vorliegenden Heft wird auch versucht, mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen der Zytogenetik aufzuzeichnen.
Demographic Change: Societal Changes in an Ageing Europe
Authors: Balkenende Jan Peter
Published: November 2008

Demographic changes will drastically alter the societal balance between active and inactive individuals. As a result, Europe will shortly face substantial shortages in the labour market. This article looks at The Netherlands as a case study to demonstrate the need for close cooperation in finding solutions. The author identifies two specific untapped participant groups: the elderly (‘silver participation’), and women part-timers, which must both be encouraged to join in the workforce. There must be cooperation among governments, social partners, companies, civil society and individual citizens to have a lasting and effective impact.
Decreasing Birth Rates in Europe: Reasons and Remedies
Authors: Jóźwiak Janina , Kotowska Irena E.
Published: November 2008

This article provides an overall survey of Europe's demographic patterns and statistics. It identifies economic progress, institutional modernisation, and development of the welfare state as factors contributing to fertility shifts and particularly to postponement of childbearing. The authors suggest Europe needs policies aimed at demographic renewal which focus first on diminishing direct costs borne by both parents and second, on diminishing indirect costs born predominantly by women. If Europe can effect the necessary paradigm shifts in gender roles and society it will prepare the way for holistic solutions.
SLANT CURVES IN CONTACT PSEUDO-HERMITIAN 3-MANIFOLDS
Authors: CHO JONG TAEK , LEE JI-EUN
Published: November 2008

By using the pseudo-Hermitian connection (or Tanaka–Webster connection) $\widehat \nabla $, we construct the parametric equations of Legendre pseudo-Hermitian circles (whose $\widehat \nabla $-geodesic curvature $\widehat \kappa $ is constant and $\widehat \nabla $-geodesic torsion $\widehat \tau $ is zero) in S3. In fact, it is realized as a Legendre curve satisfying the $\widehat \nabla $-Jacobi equation for the $\widehat \nabla $-geodesic vector field along it.
Probiotics and dietary counselling contribute to glucose regulation during and after pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Laitinen Kirsi , Poussa Tuija , Isolauri Erika ,   the Nutrition, Allergy, Mucosal Immunology and Intestinal Microbiota Group
Published: November 2008

Balanced glucose metabolism ensures optimal fetal growth with long-term health implications conferred on both mother and child. We examined whether supplementation of probiotics with dietary counselling affects glucose metabolism in normoglycaemic pregnant women. At the first trimester of pregnancy 256 women were randomised to receive nutrition counselling to modify dietary intake according to current recommendations or as controls; the dietary intervention group was further randomised to receive probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12; diet/probiotics) or placebo (diet/placebo) in a double-blind manner, whilst the control group received placebo (control/placebo). Blood glucose concentrations were lowest in the diet/probiotics group during pregnancy (baseline-adjusted means 4·45, 4·60 and 4·56 mmol/l in diet/probiotics, diet/placebo and control/placebo, respectively; P = 0·025) and over the 12 months' postpartum period (baseline-adjusted means 4·87, 5·01 and 5·02 mmol/l; P = 0·025). Better glucose tolerance in the diet/probiotics group was confirmed by a reduced risk of elevated glucose concentration compared with the control/placebo group (OR 0·31 (95 % CI 0·12, 0·78); P = 0·013) as well as by the lowest insulin concentration (adjusted means 7·55, 9·32 and 9·27 mU/l; P = 0·032) and homeostasis model assessment (adjusted means 1·49, 1·90 and 1·88; P = 0·028) and the highest quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (adjusted means 0·37, 0·35 and 0·35; P = 0·028) during the last trimester of pregnancy. The effects observed extended over the 12-month postpartum period. The present study demonstrated that improved blood glucose control can be achieved by dietary counselling with probiotics even in a normoglycaemic population and thus may provide potential novel means for the prophylactic and therapeutic management of glucose disorders.
Long-term consumption of plant stanol and sterol esters, vascular function and genetic regulation
Authors: Gylling Helena , Hallikainen Maarit , Raitakari Olli T. , Laakso Markku , Vartiainen Erkki , Salo Pia , Korpelainen Vesa , Sundvall Jouko , Miettinen Tatu A.
Published: November 2008

Polymorphisms of theABCG5andABCG8genes interfere with cholesterol absorption and synthesis. We determined whether common polymorphisms of these genes regulate the responses of serum cholesterol and vascular function during long-term inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Mildly to moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects (n282) completed a 1-year study consuming plant stanol or sterol ester (2 g stanol or sterol) or control spread. Serum cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterols, markers of cholesterol absorption and synthesis, and variables of vascular function and structure were analysed in relation to common polymorphisms ofABCG5andABCG8. At baseline, subjects with the 54K allele ofABCG8had higher brachial endothelial-dependent flow-mediated dilatation than those without it (5·79 (se0·31)v.4·46 (se0·44) %;P = 0·049), and subjects with the 632V allele ofABCG8had larger brachial artery diameter than those without it. Polymorphisms ofABCG5andABCG8were neither associated with serum cholesterol reduction nor changes in cholesterol metabolism or in vascular function. However, in subjects with the 400K allele ofABCG8, intima media thickness (IMT) was increased in all groups more than in those without it (P < 0·05). In conclusion, serum cholesterol lowering with absorption inhibition was not associated with polymorphic sites ofABCG5andABCG8. However, regulation of baseline cholesterol metabolism and vascular function and structure, and IMT progression during 1 year seemed to share some of the common polymorphic sites of these genes, suggesting a gene-regulated interaction between cholesterol metabolism and vascular function and structure.
Dietary strategies for improving folate status in institutionalized elderly persons
Authors: Bermejo Laura M. , Aparicio Aránzazu , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Elena , López-Sobaler Ana M. , Andrés Pedro , Ortega Rosa M.
Published: November 2008

The aim of this work was to compare the efficacy of two strategies designed to improve folate status: increasing the intake of vegetables, and the consumption of a folic acid-fortified food. Residents (126) from three old people's homes in the Madrid region (Spain) were studied. To each centre a dietary intervention was assigned to be followed for 6 months: (1) the consumption of margarine fortified with 200 μg folic acid/10 g portion (centre M), (2) increasing the consumption of vegetables to three servings per day (centre V), (3) control (centre C). At the beginning and end of the intervention period the subjects' intakes, serum and erythrocyte concentrations of folate were measured. The use of fortified margarine (centre M) led to a significant increase in folate intake (260·9 μg/d), serum concentration (10·3 (sd8·3) nmol/l) and erythrocyte concentration (638·4 nmol/l). At centre V the increase in total vegetable intake achieved was very poor; these foods met with very poor acceptance, although the intake of certain vegetables particularly rich in folate improved. Therefore, the intake of this vitamin increased a little (26·7 (sd33·0) μg/d); erythrocyte folate concentration also increased somewhat (460·5 nmol/l), althought less than centre M. The daily consumption of margarine fortified with folic acid was the more effective strategy for improving the folate status of the study subjects.
A systematic review on the timing of artificial nutrition in acute pancreatitis
Authors: Petrov Maxim S. , Pylypchuk Romana D. , Uchugina Antonina F.
Published: November 2008

Artificial nutrition is an inherent part of management in acute pancreatitis. However, there is no consensus regarding the optimal time of the commencement of feeding in these patients. Our aim was to compare the effect of enteral v. parenteral nutrition with regard to the time points when they were administered in the randomised controlled trials. The search was undertaken in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE and Science Citation Index as well as in the proceedings of major gastroenterology meetings. The summary estimate of the effect associated with artificial nutrition was calculated using a random-effects model and presented as a risk ratio (RR) and 95 % CI. A total of eleven randomised controlled trials were included. When started within 48 h of admission, enteral nutrition, in comparison with parenteral nutrition, resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the risks of multiple organ failure (RR 0·44; 95 % CI 0·23, 0·84), pancreatic infectious complications (RR 0·46; 95 % CI 0·27, 0·77) and mortality (RR 0·46; 95 % CI 0·20, 0·99). After 48 h of admission, enteral nutrition, in comparison with parenteral nutrition, did not result in a statistically significant reduction in the risks of multiple organ failure (RR 0·73; 95 % CI 0·33, 1·63), pancreatic infectious complications (RR 0·31; 95 % CI 0·07, 1·34) and mortality (RR 0·67; 95 % CI 0·22, 2·10). Enteral nutrition is more effective than parenteral nutrition in reducing the risk of multiple organ failure, pancreatic infectious complications and mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. The magnitude of these benefits may depend on the timing of the commencement of nutrition.
Effect of the introduction of ‘Healthy Start’ on dietary behaviour during and after pregnancy: early results from the ‘before and after’ Sheffield study
Authors: Ford Fiona A. , Mouratidou Theodora , Wademan Sarah E. , Fraser Robert B.
Published: November 2008

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of the introduction of a new food-support benefit ‘Healthy Start’ (HS) on dietary intakes and eating patterns of low-income, Caucasian, pregnant and postpartum women living in Sheffield (UK). A before-and-after study comparing nutritional behaviour of participants, who were beneficiaries or eligible for the Welfare Food Scheme (WFS) (phase 1) or HS (phase 2), was conducted. Dietary intakes and eating patterns were assessed using a validated semi-quantified FFQ. In phase 1, 176 WFS subjects (ninety pregnant and eighty-six postpartum) were recruited and in phase 2, there were 160 HS subjects (ninety-six pregnant and sixty-four postpartum). The results suggested that pregnant and postpartum HS women significantly increased their daily intakes of energy, Fe, Ca, folate and vitamin C compared with the WFS women. Observed differences remained significant after controlling for potential confounding effects of known factors, i.e. education and age. HS women were more likely to meet the recommended nutrient intakes for Fe, folate, Ca and vitamin C. HS women ate significantly more mean portions of fruit and vegetables per d (P = 0·004 andP = 0·023) respectively. None of the HS recipients was receiving HS vitamin supplements. The present study showed that pregnant and postpartum HS women increased their food consumption, and a higher proportion of them than the earlier WFS scheme met the recommended intakes for Ca, folate, Fe and vitamin C.
Combining models to examine the financial impact of infertility caused by bovine viral diarrhoea in Scottish beef suckler herds
Authors: BARBUDO A. VARO , GUNN G. J. , STOTT A. W.
Published: November 2008

In beef suckler herds, reproductive failure is a major cause of financial loss during a bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) outbreak due to reduction in the numbers of calves, increased calving spread and the financial implications of dealing with infertile cows. These losses may be hidden and/or not fully attributed to BVD. A model of herd dynamics was built and combined with an epidemiological model to encapsulate the disruptions to reproduction that BVD may cause in beef suckler herds and to estimate the associated financial consequences of such disruptions.

Results from the model suggest that the average losses associated with BVD in Scottish beef suckler herds via impaired reproduction alone may vary between £43 and £22/cow/year during the course of a BVD epidemic. These results indicate that an outbreak can be costly and these losses may be hidden by the use of low risk management practices such as a long breeding season, not only in herds with no evidence of antibodies but also in herds where there are some antibody positive (immune) animals.
Soil biochemical response after 23 years of direct drilling under a dryland agriculture system in southwest Spain
Authors: MELERO S. , VANDERLINDEN K. , RUIZ J. CARLOS , MADEJÓN E.
Published: November 2008

Soil enzyme activities are widely utilized as rapid and sensitive indicators in discriminating among soil management effects. The objective of the present study was to compare the influence of conservation tillage, i.e. direct drilling (DD) (residue cover is left on the soil surface)v. conventional tillage (CT), on soil chemical and biochemical properties in a crop rotation (cereals–sunflower–legumes) under dryland production in a semi-arid Mediterranean Vertisol after 23 years. A randomized experimental design was established. Soil biological status was evaluated by measuring of enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and protease). Total organic carbon (TOC) contents were greater in soils managed by DD than those found by CT. Except for protease activity, enzymatic activity values were approximately 2-fold higher in soils under DD than in soils under CT. The β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase values showed a high correlation (fromr=0·481 tor=0·886,P⩽0·01) with TOC contents and they were correlated with each other (fromr=0·664 tor=0·923,P⩽0·01). The coefficient of variation of biochemical properties was higher than those of chemical properties in both treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that two principal components explained 58% and 20% of the total variability. The first principal component was influenced mostly by β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and TOC, whereas the second was influenced by pH. The first component effectively differentiated managed soil under both agriculture practices. In general, long-term soil conservation management by DD in a dryland farming system improved the quality of this Vertisol by enhancing its organic matter content and biochemical activity.
The morphology and behaviour ofCercaria lataLespés, 1857 (Digenea, Faustulidae) from the Mediterranean clamTapes decussata(L.)
Authors: Gargouri Ben Abdallah L. , Trigui El Menif N. , Maamouri F.
Published: November 2008

Cercaria lata(Digenea, Faustulidae), discovered by Lespés (1857) inTapes decussata(L.) in the basin of Arcachon, was found for the first time, from the eastern Mediterranean, in the same lamellibranch from Tunisia (Bizerte and Tunis lagoons and Gulf of Gabes). These cercariae develop in daughter sporocysts, which develop in mother sporocysts in the gonads. Daughter sporocysts are observed in the gonads and sometimes in the digestive gland. A redescription and the behaviour of the naturally emerging cercariae and spatio-temporal distribution of the sporocysts are reported. A comparative study using multivariate analyses associated with morphology, biology and seasonality confirm the distinctness ofCercaria lataand the cercaria ofCercaria pectinatafromDonax trunculus.
Survivability of fuel layers with a different structure under conditions of the environmental effects: Physical concept and modeling results
Authors: Aleksandrova I.V. , Belolipetskiy A.A. , Koresheva E.R. , Tolokonnikov S.M.
Published: November 2008

This report addresses the physical concept and the results of mathematical modeling of cryogenic layer degrading caused by its radiation heating during direct drive target injection into the reaction chamber. Special attention is paid to the influence of a solid layer structure on the roughening of the layer surface that is of critical importance for the development of target injection scenario.
Walking the dog: exploration of the contact networks between dogs in a community
Authors: WESTGARTH C. , GASKELL R. M. , PINCHBECK G. L. , BRADSHAW J. W. S. , DAWSON S. , CHRISTLEY R. M.
Published: November 2008

This study uses social network analysis to investigate potential contact among 214 dog-owning households in a UK community through their utilization of public space during walking. We identified a high level of potential contact between dog-owning households; most households walked their dogs in only a few areas but a small number visited many. Highly connected households were more likely to have multiple dogs, walk their dogs off lead, and own Working, Pastoral or some Terrier types. Similarly, most areas were only visited by a few households but a few were visited by many. Despite identification of subgroups of households and locations, we demonstrated high connectivity between dog-owning households, with minimum path lengths of two ‘steps’ (household–area–household, 74%) or four ‘steps’ (via two areas, 26%).
Structured surveillance of infectious intestinal disease in pre-school children in the community: ‘The Nappy Study’
Authors: ITURRIZA-GÓMARA M. , ELLIOT A. J. , DOCKERY C. , FLEMING D. M. , GRAY J. J.
Published: November 2008

The incidence and causes of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in children aged <5 years presenting to general practitioners (GPs) were estimated. During a 12-month period, soiled nappies were collected from children presenting with symptoms suggestive of IID in a network of 65 GPs located across England. Molecular methods were used to detect a range of enteric pathogens including viruses, bacteria and parasites. Genotyping was performed on rotavirus and norovirus isolates. A total of 583 nappies were collected from 554 children; a pathogen was detected in 361 (62%) specimens. In the 43 practices 1584 new episodes of IID were recorded in a population averaging 19774; the specimen capture rate was 28%. IID incidence peaked during March and April. Norovirus (24·5%), rotavirus (19·0%) and sapovirus (12·7%) were most commonly detected, and mixed infections were detected in 11·7% of cases. Strain characterization revealed G1P[8] (65·8%), G4P[4] (8·1%) and G9P[8] (8·1%) as the most common rotavirus genotypes, similar to the UK national distribution. GII-3 (42·9%) and GII-4 (39·7%) were the most common norovirus genotypes; this was significantly different (P<0·005) to the national distribution.
Persistence and clearance of differentSalmonellaserovars in buildings housing laying hens
Authors: CARRIQUE-MAS J. J. , BRESLIN M. , SNOW L. , McLAREN I. , SAYERS A. R. , DAVIES R. H.
Published: November 2008

We investigated factors associated with persistence of differentSalmonellaserovars in buildings housing laying hens in Great Britain using survival analysis. A total of 264 incidents ofSalmonelladetection occurring between July 1998 and August 2007 in 152 houses were recorded. For incidents involvingSalmonellaEnteritidis (SE), both the rodent score of the house and the type of house were positively associated with persistence. For non-SE serovars, only the type of house was associated with persistence. Persistence of SE in the houses was longest (>15 months) in step-cage and cage-scraper houses when high levels of rodents were present, and lowest in non-cage and cage-belt houses. We estimated that 42% (95% CI 23·3–63·1) of SE incidents may be cleared during the lay period, and this was related to elimination of rodents from the houses. From January 2009, EU legislation will ban the sale of fresh eggs from SE-positive andS. Typhimurium-positive flocks over their remaining lifespan. If infection is eliminated from such flocks, they would cease to represent a public health risk.