bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtual Poverty? What Happens When Criminal Trials Go Online?
Authors: Mulcahy Linda
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the rapid rise in the use of video hearings caused by the pandemic and their potential to improve the lot of the poor. What is different about developments during the pandemic is that they have prompted experiments in which everyone including elite legal actors have been forced online and made to reflect on the experience. The chapter outlines developments to date before going on to consider the extent to which totally online trials have the potential to create a more level playing field in the criminal justice system. It is argued that there is a danger that critics of the use of technology are in danger of romanticising physical courthouses as places which are better at dignifying lay users of the justice system or encouraging their participation.
Genera-Relational Justice in the COVID-19 Recovery Period: Children in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Hollingsworth Kathryn
Published: January 2022

Drawing on lessons from the decade of austerity, this chapter argues that the COVID-19 recovery period should be founded on principles of genera-relational justice. A genera-relational approach to childhood offending recognises both the pandemic’s disproportionate impact on children and our unique obligations to them. The chapter concludes, optimistically, that recent policy shifts in youth justice - including the intersecting ‘child-first’, trauma-informed, and public health approaches - offer more fertile ground for a just response to the impending economic crisis than existed in the post 2008 period. However, to ensure these are embedded and able to survive the vicissitudes of the economy or political mood, they must be accompanied by more robust accountability.
COVID-19 PPE Extremely Urgent Procurement in England: A Cautionary Tale for an Overheating Public Governance
Authors: Sanchez-Graells Albert
Published: January 2022

This chapter concentrates on the PPE fiasco in the context of the English NHS to explore broader governance issues. By focusing on the case study of PPE procurement during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the main goal is to lay bare the more general problems in the UK Government’s approach to the governance of public procurement and its increasing insularity as a result of Brexit, with the hope that this will show a path for change that could avert even more significant fiascos in the face of the massive challenges that climate change is yet to bring.
Accountability for Health and the NHS under COVID-19: The ‘Left behind’ and the Rule of Law in Post-Brexit UK
Authors: Hervey Tamara , Antova Ivanka , Flear Mark , Wood Matthew
Published: January 2022

The ‘left behind’ people that participated in a study in Derry, Newry, Rochdale and Rotherham do not trust politicians (of any political persuasion), but they trust and believe in the NHS. They also believe that the law will (or at least should) hold politicians to account for the consequences of their actions for the NHS and for health. To what extent is this the case in the UK’s constitutional settlement for health and the NHS? This chapter looks at some high profile examples to see the extent to which ordinary people’s beliefs stack up against the legal and constitutional reality. One example is primarily about Brexit (the original subject of our research); the others are primarily about COVID-19.
Migration in the Times of Immobility: Liminal Geographies of Walking and Dispossession in India
Authors: Banerjee Kamalika , Das Samadrita
Published: January 2022

This chapter takes the idea of housing outside the realm of private dwellings to explore the migration of thousands of laborers out of India's largest and wealthiest cities during the early days of lockdown. It discusses how the laborers walked, sometimes thousands of kilometers, back to their home villages because lockdown meant that their ability to earn livelihoods in the city had abruptly come to a halt. It refers to precarity that was exacerbated by the withdrawal of the state in providing assistance to the laborers, generating liminal spaces of dwelling, governance, and citizenship. The chapter argues that the Covid-19 pandemic generated new forms of dispossession and vulnerability for migrant laborers. It elaborates how the laborers inhabited a state of both social and spatial liminality as they moved from their homes to their native villages.
Public Space and COVID-19: New Social Practices, Intensified Inequalities
Authors: March Loren , Lehrer Ute
Published: January 2022

The rapidly changing context of the pandemic offers an important opportunity to revisit what constitutes public space, for whom and how, given the coexisting practices of social distancing and social uprisings. This chapter explores the complexity of negotiations and practices currently involved in the production of space in Toronto, and calls for a further consideration of public space as a socially produced space which is articulated through socio-spatial practices, such as the fast-tracking of bike lanes and the provision of outdoor patio spaces for bars and restaurants.
The City and the Park in Times of Pandemic: Children’s Practices in Public Spaces Before and After the Lockdown in Porto, Portugal
Authors: Rodrigues Júlia , Ferro Lígia , Lopes João Teixeira , Seixas Eunice Castro
Published: January 2022

Starting from a research carried out in the city of Porto, Portugal, on the uses of public parks by children with different social backgrounds, this chapter discusses the practices and views of children when they visit parks in times of pandemic. Playing outdoors potentially contributes to the well-being of children. However, children’s independent mobility and use of public space were already declining prior to the pandemic, with urban childhood increasingly revolving around indoor settings including the home and school. The observations of playgrounds in Porto before and after the lockdown reveal that children now engage more in solitary play, isolated from peers. As such, they might be playing outdoors again, but they are not playing together.
Mercurial Images of the COVID-19 City
Authors: Arnold Emma
Published: January 2022

This chapter is devoted to ‘mercurial’ images of the COVID-19 city, images in flux and images that convey messages. A joint composition of text and photos of Oslo’s public spaces and public transport shows how new dystopian and utopian imaginings of the city are being formed. These images therefore not only show how cities changed during the pandemic but also how we are changed by them, including our imaginings of future cities. The chapter suggests that these images are relational and influence our interactions with one another and with the city. Filtering through these images, we can also glimpse imaginings of a new city. A more hopeful and connected city, transformed to better accommodate its citizens, a place where nature takes place and community takes precedence. A more just city whose rhythms reflect the human and the social and not only commerce and capital.
Spectroscopic thermo-elastic optical coherence tomography for tissue characterization
Authors: Doug Deen Aaron , Van Beusekom Heleen M. M. , Pfeiffer Tom , Stam Mathijs , De Kleijn Dominique , Wentzel Jolanda , Huber Robert , Van Der Steen Antonius F. W. , Van Soest Gijs , Wang Tianshi
Published: January 2022

Optical imaging techniques that provide free space, label free imaging are powerful tools in obtaining structural and biochemical information in biological samples. To date, most of the optical imaging technologies create images with a specific contrast and require multimodality integration to add additional contrast. In this study, we demonstrate spectroscopic Thermo-elastic Optical Coherence Tomography (TE-OCT) as a potential tool in tissue identification. TE-OCT creates images based on two different forms of contrast: optical reflectance and thermo-elastic deformation. TE-OCT uses short laser pulses to induce thermo-elastic tissue deformation and measures the resulting surface displacement using phase-sensitive OCT. In this work we characterized the relation between thermo-elastic displacement and optical absorption, excitation, fluence and illumination area. The experimental results were validated with a 2-dimensional analytical model. Using spectroscopic TE-OCT, the thermo-elastic spectra of elastic phantoms and tissue components in coronary arteries were extracted. Specific tissue components, particularly lipid, an important biomarker for identifying atherosclerotic lesions, can be identified in the TE-OCT spectral response. As a label-free, free-space, dual-contrast, all-optical imaging technique, spectroscopic TE-OCT holds promise for biomedical research and clinical pathology diagnosis.
Bragg fiber with a doubly defect layer-based tunable multiband optical filter
Authors: Yadav Chandan Singh , Upadhyay Abhishek , Kumar Sushil , Singh Vivek
Published: January 2022

A Bragg fiber waveguide having double-defect layers in its periodic cladding region is investigated and optimized for inline tunable multi-bandpass filter applications. The proposed waveguide is classified in terms of a symmetric waveguide and an asymmetric waveguide depending upon the refractive index of the defect layers. The required reflectance and confinement loss equations are obtained using the boundary matching technique and the transfer matrix method. Due to the presence of the double-defect layer, two sharp passbands in the bandgap region are observed. The separation of the passbands and their intensities can be controlled by introducing the number of unit cells between the defect layers. Our analysis shows that the passband’s intensity, bandwidth, and central wavelength can also be tuned by changing the refractive index of the core material. In addition, the central wavelength for both defect modes are blue shifted with the increase of the core refractive index. In all of our considered cases, the higher tunability with a core refractive index variation in the right defect mode is 25.38 nm/RIU for the symmetric cases having defect layer refractive indices of 1.45. Similarly, the higher tunability with a core refractive index variation in the left defect mode is 16.9 nm/RIU for the asymmetric cases having a refractive index of 1.45 in the first defect layer and 3.42 in the second defect layer. Hence, our proposed waveguide can work as a tunable multi-bandpass inline filter with a narrow bandwidth.
Determination of detonation characteristics by laser-induced plasma spectra and micro-explosion dynamics
Authors: Wang Xianshuang , Liu Ruibin , He Yage , Fu Ying , Wang Junfeng , Li An , Guo Xueyong , Wang Manman , Guo Wei , Zhang Tonglai , Shu Qinghai , Yao Yugui
Published: January 2022

Determination of macroscale detonation parameters of energetic materials (EMs) in a safe and rapid way is highly desirable. However, traditional experimental methods suffer from tedious operation, safety hazards and high cost. Herein, we present a micro-scale approach for high-precision diagnosis of explosion parameters based on radiation spectra and dynamic analysis during the interaction between laser and EMs. The intrinsic natures of micro-explosion dynamics covering nanosecond to millisecond and chemical reactions in laser-induced plasma are revealed, which reveal a tight correlation between micro-detonation and macroscopic detonation based on laser-induced plasma spectra and dynamics combined with statistic ways. As hundreds to thousands of laser pulses ablate on seven typical tetrazole-based high-nitrogen compounds and ten single-compound explosives, macroscale detonation performance can be well estimated with a high-speed and high-accuracy way. Thereby, the detonation pressure and enthalpies of formation can be quantitatively determined by the laser ablation processes for the first time to our knowledge. These results enable us to diagnose the performance of EMs in macroscale domain from microscale domain with small-dose, low-cost and multiple parameters.
Direct f-3f self-referencing using an integrated silicon-nitride waveguide
Authors: Ishizawa Atsushi , Kawashima Kota , Kou Rai , Xu Xuejun , Tsuchizawa Tai , Aihara Takuma , Yoshida Koki , Nishikawa Tadashi , Hitachi Kenichi , Cong Guangwei , Yamamoto Noritsugu , Yamada Koji , Oguri Katsuya
Published: January 2022

We have achieved the simultaneous generation of a 2.6-octave-wide supercontinuum (SC) spectrum over 400–2500 nm and third-harmonic light solely by a dispersion-controlled silicon-nitride waveguide (SiNW). To increase the visible intensity of the SC light component, we fabricated low-loss 5-mm-long deuterated SiNWs with spot-size converters by low-temperature deposition. We succeeded in measuring the carrier-envelope-offset (CEO) signal with a 34-dB signal-to-noise ratio because this short deuterated SiNW provides a large temporal overlap between the f and 3f components. In addition, we have demonstrated this method of CEO locking at telecommunications wavelengths with f-3f self-referencing generated solely by the SiNW without the use of highly nonlinear fiber and an additional nonlinear crystal. Compared with the method of CEO locking with a highly nonlinear fiber and a standard f-2f self-referencing interferometer, this method is not only simple and compact but also stable.
Enhanced polarization demosaicking network via a precise angle of polarization loss calculation method
Authors: Liu Xiangbo , Li Xiaobo , Chen Shih-Chi
Published: January 2022

Many existing polarization networks reconstruct polarization information based on calculating the angle of polarization (AoP) loss. Yet, the conventional loss calculation method, which is based on a linear difference approach, compromises the reconstruction accuracy and causes additional training time when combined with learning-based methods. In this Letter, we present a new, to the best of our knowledge, method to calculate the AoP loss and apply it in an enhanced color polarization demosaicking network with a “multi-branch” structure, i.e., ePDNet. Experiments are performed to demonstrate the efficacy and superiority of the method, which improves the network convergence speed by three times as well as the output image quality. The new method may find important applications in the field of polarimetric imaging.
Bringing bioinformatics to schools with the 4273pi project
Authors: Bain Stevie A. , Plaisier Heleen , Anderson Felicity , Cook Nicola , Crouch Kathryn , Meagher Thomas R. , Ritchie Michael G. , Wallace Edward W. J. , Barker Daniel
Published: January 2022

Over the last few decades, the nature of life sciences research has changed enormously, generating a need for a workforce with a variety of computational skills such as those required to store, manage, and analyse the large biological datasets produced by next-generation sequencing. Those with such expertise are increasingly in demand for employment in both research and industry. Despite this, bioinformatics education has failed to keep pace with advances in research. At secondary school level, computing is often taught in isolation from other sciences, and its importance in biological research is not fully realised, leaving pupils unprepared for the computational component of Higher Education and, subsequently, research in the life sciences. The 4273pi Bioinformatics at School project (https://4273pi.org) aims to address this issue by designing and delivering curriculum-linked, hands-on bioinformatics workshops for secondary school biology pupils, with an emphasis on equitable access. So far, we have reached over 180 schools across Scotland through visits or teacher events, and our open education resources are used internationally. Here, we describe our project, our aims and motivations, and the practical lessons we have learned from implementing a successful bioinformatics education project over the last 5 years.
Fine-scale estimation of effective reproduction numbers for dengue surveillance
Authors: Ong Janet , Soh Stacy , Ho Soon Hoe , Seah Annabel , Dickens Borame Sue , Tan Ken Wei , Koo Joel Ruihan , Cook Alex R. , Richards Daniel R. , Gaw Leon Yan-Feng , Ng Lee Ching , Lim Jue Tao
Published: January 2022

The effective reproduction numberRtis an epidemiological quantity that provides an instantaneous measure of transmission potential of an infectious disease. While dengue is an increasingly important vector-borne disease, few have usedRtas a measure to inform public health operations and policy for dengue. This study demonstrates the utility ofRtfor real time dengue surveillance. Using nationally representative, geo-located dengue case data from Singapore over 2010–2020, we estimatedRtby modifying methods from Bayesian (EpiEstim) and filtering (EpiFilter) approaches, at both the national and local levels. We conducted model assessment ofRtfrom each proposed method and determined exogenous temporal and spatial drivers forRtin relation to a wide range of environmental and anthropogenic factors. At the national level, both methods achieved satisfactory model performance (R2EpiEstim= 0.95, R2EpiFilter= 0.97), but disparities in performance were large at finer spatial scales when case counts are low (MASEEpiEstim= 1.23, MASEEpiFilter= 0.59). Impervious surfaces and vegetation with structure dominated by human management (without tree canopy) were positively associated with increased transmission intensity. Vegetation with structure dominated by human management (with tree canopy), on the other hand, was associated with lower dengue transmission intensity. We showed that dengue outbreaks were preceded by sustained periods of high transmissibility, demonstrating the potential ofRtas a dengue surveillance tool for detecting large rises in dengue cases. Real time estimation ofRtat the fine scale can assist public health agencies in identifying high transmission risk areas and facilitating localised outbreak preparedness and response.
Improving musculoskeletal injury surveillance methods in Special Operation Forces: A Delphi consensus study
Authors: Stannard Joanne , Finch Caroline F. , Fortington Lauren V.
Published: January 2022

Musculoskeletal injury mitigation is a priority in military organisations to protect personnel health and sustain a capable workforce. Despite efforts to prevent injury, inconsistencies exist in the evidence used to support these activities. There are many known limitations in the injury surveillance data reported in previous Special Operation Forces (SOF) research. Such studies often lack accurate, reliable, and complete data to inform and evaluate injury prevention activities. This research aimed to achieve expert consensus on injury surveillance methods in SOF to enhance the quality of data that could be used to inform injury prevention in this population. A Delphi study was conducted with various military injury surveillance stakeholders to seek agreement on improving surveillance methods in SOF. Iterative questionnaires using close and open-ended questions were used to collect views about surveillance methods related to injury case definitions and identifying essential and optional data requirements. Consensus was predefined as 75% group agreement on an item. Sixteen participants completed two rounds of questionnaires required. Consensus was achieved for 17.9% (n = 7) of questions in the first-round and 77.5% (n = 38) of round two questions. Several challenges for surveillance were identified, including recording injury causation, SOF personnel’s injury reporting behaviours influencing accurate data collection, and surveillance system infrastructure limitations. Key military injury surveillance stakeholders support the need for improved data collection to enhance the evidence that underpins injury prevention efforts. The consensus process has resulted in preliminary recommendations to support future SOF injury surveillance.
Simulation of photic effects after cataract surgery for off-axis light sources
Authors: Omidi Pooria , Cayless Alan , Langenbucher Achim
Published: January 2022

Photopsia is a phenomenon that sometimes disturbs patients after cataract surgery. To evaluate the impact of the edge design of intraocular lenses (IOL) on the location, shape and relative intensity of photic effects at the retina caused by photopsia in pseudophakic eyes, photopsia was simulated using ZEMAX software. The structural parameters of the pseudophakic eye model are based on the Liou-Brennan eye model parameters with a pupil diameter of 4.5 mm. The IOLs implanted in the eye model have a power of 21 diopter (D) with optical diameter of 6 mm and 7 mm. From the ray-tracing analysis, covering variations of incident ray angle of 50° to 90° from temporally, a photic image is detected at the fovea at specific ray angles of 77.5° (6 mm IOL) and 78.2° (7 mm IOL). This photic image disappears when a thin IOL with an edge thickness of 0 mm or a thick IOL with absorbing edges is replaced in the eye model. With an anti-reflective edge, this photic image remains, but with a fully reflecting edge it disappears at the critical angles and appears with different shapes at other angles. The intensity of this photic image can be reduced by changing the edge design to a frosted surface. Most of the photic patterns in IOLs are not observed with absorbing and thin edge designs. IOLs with anti-reflecting and fully reflecting edges generate disturbing photic effects at different angles on the fovea. IOLs with frosted edges reduce the contrast of the photic effects and make them less disturbing for patients.
Optimizing size selectivity and catch patterns for hake (Merluccius merluccius) and blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) by combining square mesh panel and codend designs
Authors: Cuende Elsa , Sistiaga Manu , Herrmann Bent , Arregi Luis
Published: January 2022

Gear modifications in fisheries are usually implemented to obtain catch patterns that meet management objectives. In the Basque bottom trawl fishery, gear regulations include the use of a square mesh panel (SMP) placed at the top panel of the extension piece of the trawl to supplement diamond mesh codend selectivity. However, the catch patterns obtained with this combination have raised concern among scientists and authorities. This study combines new data on different SMP and codend designs with existing data from the literature to produce new results that are applied to predict the size selectivity and catch patterns of different gear combinations for a variety of fishing scenarios. A systematic approach based on the concept of treatment trees was outlined and applied to depict the effect of individual and combined gear design changes on size selectivity and catch patterns for hake (Merluccius merluccius) and blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou). This approach led to identification of the gear combination with the most appropriate exploitation pattern for these two species and improved the readability and interpretation of selectivity results. The results demonstrated that changes both in SMP and, especially, codend designs have a significant effect on hake and blue whiting size selectivity and catch patterns. Therefore, we believe that further research should prioritize codend size selectivity, and additional selection devices may be added once codend designs with good selective properties are achieved.
Overexpression of PD-1 and CD39 in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Zahran Asmaa M. , Rayan Amal , Zahran Zeinab Albadry M. , Mohamed Wael M. Y. , Mohamed Dalia O. , Abdel-Rahim Mona H. , El-Badawy Omnia
Published: January 2022

Background and aim

Growing evidence highlighted the primary role of the immune system in the disease course of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The study aim was to investigate the expression of PD-1 and CD39 on CD4+and CD8+cells infiltrating tumor tissue compared to their counterparts in peripheral blood and explore its association with tumor characteristics, disease progression, and prognosis in females with TNBC.

Patients and methods

The study included 30 TNBC patients and 20 healthy controls. Cancer and normal breast tissue and peripheral blood samples were collected for evaluation of the expression of PD-1 and CD39 on CD4+and CD8+T cells by flow cytometry.

Results

A marked reduction in the percentage of CD8+T lymphocytes and a significant increase in the frequencies of CD4+T lymphocytes and CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes expressing PD1 and CD39 were evident in tumor tissue in comparison with the normal breast tissue. The DFS was inversely related to the cancer tissue PD1+CD8+and CD39+CD8+T lymphocytes. Almost all studied cells were significantly increased in the tumor tissue than in peripheral blood. Positive correlations were detected among peripheral PD1+CD4+T lymphocytes and each of cancer tissue PD1+CD4+, PD1+CD8+and CD39+CD8+T cells, and among peripheral and cancer tissue CD39+CD4+and CD39+CD8+T cells.

Conclusions

The CD39 and PD1 inhibitory pathways are synergistically utilized by TNBC cells to evade host immune response causing poor survival. Hence, combinational immunotherapy blocking these pathways might be a promising treatment strategy in this type of cancer.
RNA reference materials with defined viral RNA loads of SARS-CoV-2—A useful tool towards a better PCR assay harmonization
Authors: Vierbaum Laura , Wojtalewicz Nathalie , Grunert Hans-Peter , Lindig Vanessa , Duehring Ulf , Drosten Christian , Corman Victor , Niemeyer Daniela , Ciesek Sandra , Rabenau Holger F. , Berger Annemarie , Obermeier Martin , Nitsche Andreas , Michel Janine , Mielke Martin , Huggett Jim , O’Sullivan Denise , Busby Eloise , Cowen Simon , Vallone Peter M. , Cleveland Megan H. , Falak Samreen , Kummrow Andreas , Keller Thomas , Schellenberg Ingo , Zeichhardt Heinz , Kammel Martin
Published: January 2022

SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, requires reliable diagnostic methods to track the circulation of this virus. Following the development of RT-qPCR methods to meet this diagnostic need in January 2020, it became clear from interlaboratory studies that the reported Ct values obtained for the different laboratories showed high variability. Despite this the Ct values were explored as a quantitative cut off to aid clinical decisions based on viral load. Consequently, there was a need to introduce standards to support estimation of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in diagnostic specimens. In a collaborative study, INSTAND established two reference materials (RMs) containing heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads of ~107 copies/mL (RM 1) and ~106 copies/mL (RM 2), respectively. Quantification was performed by RT-qPCR using synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA standards and digital PCR. Between November 2020 and February 2021, German laboratories were invited to use the two RMs to anchor their Ct values measured in routine diagnostic specimens, with the Ct values of the two RMs. A total of 305 laboratories in Germany were supplied with RM 1 and RM 2. The laboratories were requested to report their measured Ct values together with details on the PCR method they used to INSTAND. This resultant 1,109 data sets were differentiated by test system and targeted gene region. Our findings demonstrate that an indispensable prerequisite for linking Ct values to SARS-CoV-2 viral loads is that they are treated as being unique to an individual laboratory. For this reason, clinical guidance based on viral loads should not cite Ct values. The RMs described were a suitable tool to determine the specific laboratory Ct for a given viral load. Furthermore, as Ct values can also vary between runs when using the same instrument, such RMs could be used as run controls to ensure reproducibility of the quantitative measurements.
The influence of considering individual resistance training variables as a whole on muscle strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Lyristakis Philip M. , Wundersitz Daniel W. T. , Zadow Emma K. , Mnatzaganian George , Gordon Brett A.
Published: January 2022

Examinations of the effect of resistance training (RT) on muscle strength have attempted to determine differences between prescriptions, mostly examining individual training variables. The broad interaction of variables does not appear to be completely considered, nor has a dose-response function been determined. This registered (doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EH94V) systematic review with meta-analysis aims to determine if the interaction of individual training variables to derive RT dose, dosing, and dosage can influence muscle strength and determine if an optimal prescription range exists for developing muscle strength. To derive RT dose, the following calculation will be implemented: number of sets × number of repetitions × number of exercises × exercise intensity, while RT dosing factors in frequency and RT dosage considers program duration. A keyword search strategy utilising interchangeable terms for population (adult), intervention (resistance training), and outcomes (strength) will be conducted across three databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus). Novel to the field of exercise prescription, an analytical approach to determine the dose-response function for continuous outcomes will be used. The pooled standardised mean differences for muscle strength will be estimated using DerSimonian and Laird random effects method. Linear and non-linear dose-response relationships will be estimated by fitting fixed effects and random effects models using the one-stage approach to evaluate if there is a relationship between exercise dose, dosing and dosage and the effect on muscle strength. Maximised log-likelihood and the Akaike Information Criteria will be used to compare alternative best fitting models. Meta regressions will investigate between-study variances and a funnel plot and Egger’s test will assess publication bias. The results from this study will identify if an optimal prescription range for dose, dosing and dosage exists to develop muscle strength.
Patterns of motivators and barriers to heart health behaviors among adults with behavior-modifiable cardiovascular risk factors: A population-based survey in Singapore
Authors: Huang Zijuan , Ho Jien Sze , Ven Yap Qai , Chan Yiong Huak , Tan Swee Yaw , Ya Natalie Koh Si , Low Lip Ping , Tan Huay Cheem , Koh Woon Puay , Chua Terrance Siang Jin , Yoon Sungwon
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Motivators and barriers are pivotal factors in the adoption of health behaviors. This study aims to identify patterns of the motivators and barriers influencing heart health behaviors among multi-ethnic Asian adults with behavior-modifiable risk factors for heart disease, namely obesity, physical inactivity and smoking.

Methods

A population-based survey of 1,000 participants was conducted in Singapore. Participants were assessed for behavior-modifiable risk factors and asked about motivators and barriers to heart health behaviors. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to identify factors underlying motivator and barrier question items. Logistic regression was conducted to examine the associations of motivator and barrier factors with sociodemographic characteristics.

Results

The twenty-five motivator and barrier items were classified into three (outcome expectations, external cues and significant others including family and friends) and four (external circumstances, limited self-efficacy and competence, lack of perceived susceptibility, benefits and intentions and perceived lack of physical capability) factors respectively. Among participants with behavior-modifiable risk factors, those with lower education were more likely to be low in motivation factor of “outcome expectations” and “external cues”. The well-educated were more likely to be high in the barrier factor of “lack of perceived susceptibility, benefits and intention” and were less likely to have the motivation factor of “significant others (family or friends)”. Those aged 60–75 years had low motivations and high barriers compared to their younger counterparts. Older age was more likely to be low in motivation factor of “outcome expectations” and “external cues” and high in barrier factor of “limited self-efficacy and competence” and “perceived lack of physical capability”.

Conclusions

Findings underscore the importance of a targeted intervention and communication strategy addressing specific motivation and barrier factors in different population segments with modifiable risk factors.
Study protocol of associated criteria used in investigating septic transfusion reactions (STRs): A scoping review about available evidence
Authors: Acharya Dilaram , Lewin Antoine , Gaussen Amaury , Lambert Gilles , Renaud Christian , Nawej Karlitaj , Poder Thomas G.
Published: January 2022

Background and objective

Assessment criteria for septic transfusion reactions (STRs) are variable around the world. A scoping review will be carried out to find out, explore and map existing literature on STRs associated criteria.

Methods

This scoping review will include indexed and grey literatures available in English or French language from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2021. Literature search will be conducted using four electronic databases (i.e., MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Embase via Ovid), and grey literatures accompanying the research questions and objectives. Based on the inclusion criteria, studies will be independently screened by two reviewers for title, abstract, and full text. Extracted data will be presented in tabular form followed by a narrative description of inputs corresponding to research objectives and questions.
Is the future near or far depending on the verb tense markers used? An experimental investigation into the effects of the grammaticalization of the future
Authors: Jäggi Tiziana , Sato Sayaka , Gillioz Christelle , Gygax Pascal Mark
Published: January 2022

Psycholinguistic approaches that study the effects of language on mental representations have ignored a potential role of the grammaticalization of the future (i.e., how the future manifests linguistically). We argue that the grammaticalization of the future may be an important aspect, as thinking about the future is omnipresent in our everyday life. The aim of this study was to experimentally manipulate the degree of future time references (i.e., present and future verb tense and temporal adverbials) to address their impact on the perceived location of future events. Across four experiments, two in French and two in German, no effect was found, irrespective of our verb and adverbial manipulations, and contrary to our hypotheses. Bayes factors confirmed that our null effects were not due to a lack of power. We present one of the first empirical accounts investigating the role of the grammaticalization of the future on effects of mental representations. We discuss possible reasons for these null results and illustrate further avenues for future research.
Let it bleed: Intertextuality and the embrace of horror in The Cabin in the Woods
Authors: Hodgkins John
Published: January 2022

Multiple critics have interpreted the 2012 horror film The Cabin in the Woods, written by Joss Whedon and Drew Goddard and directed by the latter, as a playful, postmodern critique of the horror genre. Drawing on the ideas of Daniel Frampton, this article seeks to trouble that reading, and argue instead that the text itself views cinematic horror in a more unequivocally favourable light than either of its creators intended. More precisely, I argue that beneath its self-reflexive, compulsively intertextual veneer, The Cabin in the Woods is in fact articulating a rather passionate affirmation of horror cinema’s often controversial generic heritage, and a potent defence of its social value and utility.
Glamour: Famous Gowns of the Silver Screen, curated by Cornelia Bujin, Italo Nunziata and Hannu Palosuo
Authors: Ovtchinnikova Alexandra , Kalmakurki Maarit
Published: January 2022

Glamour: Famous Gowns of the Silver Screen, curated by Cornelia Bujin, Italo Nunziata and Hannu Palosuo

Serlachius Museum Gustaf, Mänttä, 26 September 2020–10 January 2021
Dougla in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Barratt Sue Ann , Ranjitsingh Aleah N.
Published: January 2022

Dougla in the Twenty-First Century evaluates and theorizes how Douglas as mixed race people are categorized and accounted for in the societies in which they live. It examines how individual Douglas experience race/ethnic identities, how these identities are mediated by other social identities such as gender and class, and how they deal with the politics of identification. It explores how such identification, both by self and other, is experienced as both affirming and contentious at multiple life stages from childhood to adulthood. The text theorizes Douglas’ encounters with this, and with the force of multiple racializing discourses, deploying the concept maneuvering as a descriptive and explanatory tool to explain how they live a complex, dynamic, ongoing, enactment of agency and choice. Dougla in the Twenty-First Century, is an updated contemporary perspective from the standpoint of people who live as mixed in the Caribbean, with particular reference to Douglas in Trinidad and Tobago and to a segment of the Dougla diaspora in the United States.
One Grand Noise
Authors: McGregory Jerrilyn
Published: January 2022

This study interrogates the Boxing Day holiday which is globally celebrated on December 26. Although it is a long standing bank holiday for members of the British Commonwealth of Nations, no monograph exists attesting to its origin, especially as longstanding cultural holiday in the Protestant circum-Caribbean Basin. After historicizing its connection to ancient festivals and Catholicism, Jerrilyn McGregory explores how the Anglicized Caribbean World constitutes a gombe-complex marked by the privileging African-based rhythms and drums. McGregory considers Bermuda’s Gombey dancers, Bahamian Junkanoo, Garifuna Jankunú, Trinidadian style Carnivals in St. Croix and St. Kitts, and even a North Florida Shooting Match with semblances to these Caribbean festival arts. Ultimately, McGregory argues for an interpretive approach to deconstruct the vernacular tropes: “one grand noise”, “Foreday morning”, and “from back-o-town.” Therefore, rather than an island-by-island interrogation, this study will illuminate cultural resonances antithetical to hegemonic rule noise, darkness, and temporal-spatiality. While the cultural producers adhere to variant historical contexts, all function as forms of persistence and resistance. In the final analysis, McGregory documents the move from the simply carnivalesque to the ritualesque with the insinuation of their offspring to ensure continuity without fixity to ward off the threat of cultural tourism.
The Effectiveness of Banking Countercyclical Policies in the Development of Priority Economic Sectors in Indonesia
Authors: Nugroho Muh Rudi , Kurnia Akhmad Syakir
Published: January 2022

Economic development leads to the evolution and improvement of the financial system. In particular, banks grew relatively larger than national output in line with economic developments. This study aims to analyze how banking policy can cause multiplier effects for the macroeconomic sector and be able to reduce the procyclicality of the banking sector with economic growth that touches the aspect of reverse causality. To answer this concern, many international forums approved the formation of documents one of which includes macroprudential aspects by developing countercyclical capital buffer (CCB) indicators that function to monitor the level of procyclicality of the financial system. The research period used is quarterly data from 2010Q1 to 2019Q4. The analytical tool used is structural vector autoregression (SVAR). Based on the results of the impulse response function, all macroeconomic variables used in this study, namely real GDP, inflation, investment, and the exchange rate respond negatively to CCB policies in conventional banks, Islamic banks, and both. The biggest contribution of the three bank models is to the investment variable. Based on the results of sector mapping, it was found that the direction of the development of Indonesia's priority sectors was in the secondary sector or business fields related to the processing industry, such as both food and beverage, clothing and textiles, and chemicals. Public and foreign public confidence in the products of the processing industry in Indonesia is certainly inseparable from the guarantee of certainty in doing business and investment security that will increase the flow of private capital, especially foreign direct investment. This investment security guarantee is an effect of good financial capital liquidity.
Quantitative Sharia-Screening Effect on Portfolio Performance and Volatility: Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Arifin Syamsul , Qizam Ibnu
Published: January 2022

The aim of this study is to examine the comparative performance and volatility between Sharia and conventional portfolios listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and to investigate the effect of quantitative (debt-ratio) screening on the Sharia-and-conventional-portfolios returns specifically applied in the selected public firms with the inter-industrial low-correlations. Applying a non-parametric test, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, and the regression analysis, the results suggest that there is no difference in performance between Sharia and conventional portfolios; Sharia portfolios show the lower risks than conventional portfolios. Using quantitative Sharia-screening, the debt-to-equity ratio (DER) affects Sharia-portfolio returns, but not conventional-portfolio returns. This study contributes to providing country-specific evidence on applying quantitative Sharia-screening. Taking notice of the existing high-profile debt-ratio and applying the relatively loose standard of quantitative Sharia-screening for the public firms in Indonesia, this suggests that a country-specific quantitative Sharia-screening standard should be supported.
Huata: aproximaciones cronológicas y arquitectónicas de un asentamiento ubicado en el alto Marañón (Huánuco)
Authors: Romero Rodríguez Jakeline , Herrera Ynderique Katia
Published: January 2022

El sitio arqueológico Huata se ubica en el área conocida como el Alto Marañón(Huánuco), y tiene breves referencias en la literatura arqueológica de la región. Por ello, una forma de aproximarnos a su estudio fue caracterizando su cronología y arquitectura a partir del análisis de las estructuras expuestas, la comparación con otros sitios de la zona, en especial Rapayán (Áncash) y Piruro (Huánuco), y la revisión de una visita de Miguel de La Serna y Juan de Espinosa del año 1549. En conclusión, se trata de un sitio con ocupaciones desde el Intermedio Tardío hasta inicios del Período colonial, proceso histórico que se ve reflejado en las estructuras. Finalmente, la particular configuración arquitectónica y espacial sugiere una organización dual, característica de algunos grupos sociales que ocuparon los Andes Centrales.
Los movimientos campesinos en el Perú
Authors: Macera Pablo
Published: January 2022

Aunque el Perú fue uno de los centros mundiales de domesticación de plantas; y aunque su sector rural ha sido el más importante de todos durante su historia, son todavía muy escasos los estudios sobre la agricultura y el campesinado andinos. Por lo menos el nivel historiográfico muy retrasado en esto, con respecto a la antropología científica impulsada por Luis E. Valcárcel desde 1946. De allí la importancia de este libro sobre los movimientos campesinos en el Perú donde por primera vez tenemos una visión de conjunto y una antología de las investigaciones hechas sobre el Campo durante los últimos diez años.
Uzyskanie statusu uchodźcy i sytuacja uchodźców w Polsce
Authors:   Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach, Polska, Baran-Kurasiewicz Martyna
Published: January 2022

In this publication, the author explains the meaning of the term ‘refugee’ and presents the legal procedures an imigrant is obliged to go through in order to obtain the refugee status in Poland. Also, the author aims to examine the position of people who have already been granted the refugee status: their living conditions and perspectives for the future. Against this background, he presents the situation of refugees in Poland and formulates final remarks.
Forecasting of the number of air passengers in the United States in terms of the maintenance of economic security during the impact of COVID-19
Authors:   Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna, Warszawa, Polska, Kozicki Bartosz , Britchenko Igor ,   Państwowa Uczelnia Zawodowa im. Prof. Stanisława Tarnowskiego w Tarnobrzegu, Polska, Ovsepyan Arsen ,   Fundacja Polsko-Ormiańska w Warszawie, Polska, Grabowska Sabina ,   Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Polska
Published: January 2022

The purpose of the study is to forecast the number of passengers transported by air in the United States for 2021-2022. The forecast is preceded by a multidimensional comparative analysis of the number of passengers transported by air in the United States from 1 January 2019 to 2 November 2021. To achieve this goal, the research data were grouped as dependent variables: years, months-years. The observed similarities, the analysis and evaluation of the literature as well as our own experience made it possible to forecast primary data for the future. The obtained results show a growing trend in the number of passengers transported by air in the United States. The forecast for 3 November 2021 to 31 December 2022 is 837,459, 877 prospective air passengers in the United States. The standard deviation of the obtained forecast was 255,680,3, the arithmetic mean was 1,975,141 passengers, and the median was 1,998,478 passengers. The observed similar trends in the identical months of July-October in 2019 and 2021 as well as the analysis of the literature and the own experience allowed for the selection of a method for the forecasting of the number of passengers transported by air in the United States for the future. The detected regularities as recurring trends in the number of air passengers transported in the United States on a dynamic basis may be used to forecast them for the future.
The red (un)rule of law. The issue of human rights violations in the military justice system of “People’s” Poland. The case of military district courts (1946–1955)
Authors:   Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Polska, Pleskot Patryk ,   Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (Oddział w Warszawie), Polska
Published: January 2022

The network of Military District Courts, which encircled the Polish People's Republic (also known as People’s Poland) in the first post-war decade, was a fundamental tool for installing communist power and building a new “worker-peasant” system for the party and state decision-makers. Courts served primarily to crack down on political opposition and (declining) armed resistance. Despite their theoretically military nature, the Military District Courts [WSRs] sentenced mainly civilians, and the reasons for sentences lay in political and ideological calculation rather than in real, objective crimes. In this sense, the WSRs should be regarded as a clear manifestation and symbol of the lawlessness of the “people's” justice system, infringing fundamental human rights.