bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Saharan Dust on the Linear Dynamics of African Easterly Waves
Authors: Grogan Dustin F. P. , Nathan Terrence R. , Chen Shu-Hua
Published: November 2015

The direct radiative effects of Saharan mineral dust aerosols on the linear dynamics of African easterly waves (AEWs) are examined analytically and numerically. The analytical analysis combines the thermodynamic equation with a dust continuity equation to form an expression for the dust-modified generation of eddy available potential energy . The dust-modified is a function of the transmissivity and spatial gradients of the dust, which are modulated by the Doppler-shifted frequency. The expression for predicts that for a fixed dust distribution, the wave response will be largest in regions where the dust gradients are maximized and the Doppler-shifted frequency vanishes. The numerical analysis uses the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled to an online dust model to calculate the linear dynamics of AEWs. Zonally averaged basic states for wind, temperature, and dust are chosen consistent with summertime conditions over North Africa. For the fastest-growing AEW, the dust increases the growth rate from ~15% to 90% for aerosol optical depths ranging from τ = 1.0 to τ = 2.5. A local energetics analysis shows that for τ = 1.0, the dust increases the maximum barotropic and baroclinic energy conversions by ~50% and ~100%, respectively. The maxima in the generation and conversions of energy are collocated and occur where the meridional dust gradient is maximized near the critical surface—that is, where the Doppler-shifted frequency is small, in agreement with the prediction from the analytical analysis.
Uncertainty and Bias in Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimates over Indian Subcontinental Basins: Implications for Real-Time Streamflow Simulation and Flood Prediction*
Authors: Shah Harsh L. , Mishra Vimal
Published: November 2015

Real-time streamflow monitoring is essential over the Indian subcontinental river basins, as a large population is affected by floods. Moreover, streamflow monitoring helps in managing water resources in the agriculture-dominated region. In this study, the authors systematically investigated the bias and uncertainty in satellite-based precipitation products [Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH); Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN); PERSIANN Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR); and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), version 7, real-time (3B42RTV7) and gauge-adjusted (3B42V7) products] over the Indian subcontinental river basins for the period of 2000–13. Moreover, the authors evaluated the influence of bias in the satellite precipitation on real-time streamflow monitoring and flood assessment over the Mahanadi river basin. Results showed that CMORPH and PERSIANN underestimated daily mean precipitation over the majority of the subcontinental river basins. On the other hand, TRMM-3B42RTV7 overestimated daily mean precipitation over most of the river basins in the subcontinent. While gauge-adjusted products of PERSIANN (PERSIANN-CDR) and TRMM (TRMM-3B42V7) performed better than their real-time products, large biases remain in their performance to capture extreme precipitation (both frequency and magnitudes) over the subcontinental basins. Among the real-time precipitation products, TRMM-3B42RTV7 performed better than CMORPH and PERSIANN over the majority of the Indian subcontinental basins. Daily streamflow simulations using the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC) for the Mahanadi river basin showed a better performance by the TRMM-3B42RTV7 product than the other real-time datasets. Moreover, daily streamflow simulations over the Mahanadi river basin showed that bias in real-time precipitation products affects the initial condition and precipitation forcing, which in turn affects flood peak timing and magnitudes.
On Growth Rate of Wind Waves: Impact of Short-Scale Breaking Modulations
Authors: Kudryavtsev Vladimir , Chapron Bertrand
Published: November 2015

The wave generation model based on the rapid distortion concept significantly underestimates empirical values of the wave growth rate. As suggested before, inclusion of the aerodynamic roughness modulations effect on the amplitude of the slope-correlated surface pressure could potentially reconcile this model approach with observations. This study explores the role of short-scale breaking modulations to amplify the growth rate of modulating longer waves. As developed, airflow separations from modulated breaking waves result in strong modulations of the turbulent stress in the inner region of the modulating waves. In turn, this leads to amplifying the slope-correlated surface pressure anomalies. As evaluated, such a mechanism can be very efficient for enhancing the wind-wave growth rate by a factor of 2–3.
Potential Vorticity Structure in the North Atlantic Western Boundary Current from Underwater Glider Observations
Authors: Todd Robert E. , Owens W. Brechner , Rudnick Daniel L.
Published: November 2015

Potential vorticity structure in two segments of the North Atlantic’s western boundary current is examined using concurrent, high-resolution measurements of hydrography and velocity from gliders. Spray gliders occupied 40 transects across the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico and 11 transects across the Gulf Stream downstream of Cape Hatteras. Cross-stream distributions of the Ertel potential vorticity and its components are calculated for each transect under the assumptions that all flow is in the direction of measured vertically averaged currents and that the flow is geostrophic. Mean cross-stream distributions of hydrographic properties, potential vorticity, and alongstream velocity are calculated for both the Loop Current and the detached Gulf Stream in both depth and density coordinates. Differences between these mean transects highlight the downstream changes in western boundary current structure. As the current increases its transport downstream, upper-layer potential vorticity is generally reduced because of the combined effects of increased anticyclonic relative vorticity, reduced stratification, and increased cross-stream density gradients. The only exception is within the 20-km-wide cyclonic flank of the Gulf Stream, where intense cyclonic relative vorticity results in more positive potential vorticity than in the Loop Current. Cross-stream gradients of mean potential vorticity satisfy necessary conditions for both barotropic and baroclinic instability within the western boundary current. Instances of very low or negative potential vorticity, which predispose the flow to various overturning instabilities, are observed in individual transects across both the Loop Current and the Gulf Stream.
Ebola Virus Disease
Authors: Etienne Nadia Laverne , Burns Candace , Conlon Helen Acree
Published: November 2015

Nurses are the largest group of health care providers and, therefore, are often at the forefront of epidemics: responding, treating, educating, and coordinating care as needed. But what happens when nurses are afraid of contracting an illness and decide to leave the workplace? The fear due to Ebola was in part caused by conflicting information around the proper use of personal protective equipment and need for quarantine. The nursing response to as well as the role occupational health nurses can play in diffusing the fear of contracting contemporary infectious diseases are discussed.
The developmental basis of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)
Authors: Sheng Guojun
Published: November 2015

Background

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) define a population of progenitor cells capable of giving rises to at least three mesodermal lineages in vitro, the chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes. The validity of MSCs in vivo has been questioned because their existence, either as a homogeneous progenitor cell population or as a stem cell lineage, has been difficult to prove. The wide use of primary MSCs in regenerative and therapeutic applications raises ethical and regulatory concerns in many countries. In contrast to hematopoietic stem cells, a parallel concept which carries an embryological emphasis from its outset, MSCs have attracted little interest among developmental biologists and the embryological basis for their existence, or lack thereof, has not been carefully evaluated.

Methods

This article provides a brief, embryological overview of these three mesoderm cell lineages and offers a framework of ontological rationales for the potential existence of MSCs in vivo.

Results

Emphasis is given to the common somatic lateral plate mesoderm origin of the majority of body’s adipose and skeletal tissues and of the major sources used for MSC derivation clinically. Support for the MSC hypothesis also comes from a large body of molecular and lineage analysis data in vivo.

Conclusions

It is concluded that despite the lack of a definitive proof, the MSC concept has a firm embryological basis and that advances in MSC research can be facilitated by achieving a better integration with developmental biology.
Overweight boy’s and girl’s experiences with and perception of athletic clothing and its relationship to physical activity participation
Authors: Reddy-Best Kelly L. , Harmon Jennifer
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between athletic clothing and physical activity in overweight children. The perceptions of athletic clothing among overweight children were also investigated. The researchers asked: (a) what are overweight children’s experiences with athletic clothing, (b) does clothing impact overweight children’s motivation to participate in physical activity, and (c) are there differences between boys and girls? Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with 35 children between the ages of 9 and 14 who were considered overweight according to their body mass index. Literature on social physique anxiety and body image provided the conceptual framework for the study. Four key themes emerged from the children’s discussions of their experiences with athletic clothes and participation in physical activity: (a) body exposure concerns, (b) clothing size exposure concerns, (c) desire to quit because of athletic clothes, and (d) positive experiences with athletic clothes.
Gene-by-Diet Interactions Affect Serum 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels in Male BXD Recombinant Inbred Mice
Authors: Fleet James C. , Replogle Rebecca A. , Reyes-Fernandez Perla , Wang Libo , Zhang Min , Clinkenbeard Erica L. , White Kenneth E.
Published: November 2015

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) regulates calcium (Ca), phosphate, and bone metabolism. Serum 1,25(OH)2D levels are reduced by low vitamin D status and high fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels and increased by low Ca intake and high PTH levels. Natural genetic variation controls serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels, but it is unclear how it controls serum 1,25(OH)2D or the response of serum 1,25(OH)2D levels to dietary Ca restriction (RCR). Male mice from 11 inbred lines and from 51 BXD recombinant inbred lines were fed diets with either 0.5% (basal) or 0.25% Ca from 4 to 12 weeks of age (n = 8 per line per diet). Significant variation among the lines was found in basal serum 1,25(OH)2D and in the RCR as well as basal serum 25(OH)D and FGF23 levels. 1,25(OH)2D was not correlated to 25(OH)D but was negatively correlated to FGF23 (r = −0.5). Narrow sense heritability of 1,25(OH)2D was 0.67 on the 0.5% Ca diet, 0.66 on the 0.25% Ca diet, and 0.59 for the RCR, indicating a strong genetic control of serum 1,25(OH)2D. Genetic mapping revealed many loci controlling 1,25(OH)2D (seven loci) and the RCR (three loci) as well as 25(OH)D (four loci) and FGF23 (two loci); a locus on chromosome 18 controlled both 1,25(OH)2D and FGF23. Candidate genes underlying loci include the following: Ets1 (1,25[OH]2D), Elac1 (FGF23 and 1,25[OH]2D), Tbc1d15 (RCR), Plekha8 and Lyplal1 (25[OH]D), and Trim35 (FGF23). This report is the first to reveal that serum 1,25(OH)2D levels are controlled by multiple genetic factors and that some of these genetic loci interact with the dietary environment.
Exact and Heuristic Algorithms for Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problems with Quadratic Costs Structure
Authors: Martinelli Rafael , Contardo Claudio
Published: November 2015

In this article we introduce the quadratic capacitated vehicle routing problem (QCVRP) motivated by two applications in engineering and logistics: the capacitated vehicle routing problem with angle penalties (angle-CVRP) and the capacitated vehicle routing problem with reload costs (CVRP-RC). We introduce a three-index vehicle-flow formulation of the problem, which is strengthened with valid inequalities, and we derive a branch-and-cut algorithm capable of providing tight lower bounds and solving small- to medium-size instances in short to moderate computing times. Furthermore, we present a hybrid metaheuristic capable of providing high quality solutions in short computing times. The two algorithms are tested on several instances from the CVRP literature modified to mimic the two problems that motivate our study.
Price Promotions in Choice Models
Authors: Howell John R. , Lee Sanghak , Allenby Greg M.
Published: November 2015

Promotions are used in marketing to increase sales and drive profits by temporarily decreasing the price per unit of a good. Some price promotions apply to all quantities (20% off), some have limits on the number of units that can be purchased at a reduced price, and others only offer the discount if the volume purchased is sufficiently high. We develop a model of price promotions in the context of a direct utility model where its effects are incorporated through the budget constraint. Price promotions complicate the estimation and analysis of direct utility models because they induce kinks and points of discontinuity in the budget set. We propose a Bayesian approach to addressing these irregularities and demonstrate the ability of the direct utility model to be used in counterfactual analyses of price promotions. We investigate the stability of utility function estimates for consumers under alternative price promotions, and find that the majority of the effect of a price promotion is through the budget set, not through changes in the utility function. We also investigate the economic value of customized price promotions where the customization includes the value and format of the offer.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2015.0948 .
Diversity and abundance of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Gunung Walat Educational Forest, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Sataral Mihwan , Atmowidi Tri , Noerdjito Woro A.
Published: November 2015

Gunung Walat Educational Forest is located at an altitude of 500-700 m asl and has a variety of forest types. This research investigated the diversity and abundance of longhorn beetles found in several types of plantation forest. The beetles were collected using Artocarpus traps in September and October 2014. Sixteen species of longhorn beetle were found; these belonged to 7 tribes and 12 genera. The highest diversity and evenness of longhorn beetles were found in the natural forest (H=1.80, E=0.75) and the lowest of both measures in the Agathis forest (H=0.556, E=0.232). The highest similarity index (0.75) was found between the natural forest and the pine forest. Five of the species found, i.e. Sybra binotata, Sybra fuscotriangularis, Ropica strandi, Acalolepta rusticatrix, and Pterolophia melanura were highly abundant. Two of these, R. strandi and S. fuscotriangularis, as well as 4 other species found, Cleptometopus montanus, Myagrus javanicus, Notomulciber notatus, and Exocentrus artocarpi, are only found in Java. Finding Ropica marmorata was the first such record of this species on the island of Java.
Revised taxonomy of Temognatha duponti (Boisduval) and T. stevensii (Gehin) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Stigmoderini), with definition of the grandis and stevensii species-groups
Authors: Peterson Magnus
Published: November 2015

The nominal species Temognatha duponti (Boisduval, 1835) and T. barbiventris (Carter, 1916) are considered conspecific. The specific name barbiventris (Carter, 1916) syn. nov. is a subjective synonym of the name duponti (Boisduval, 1835). The nominal species Temognatha stevensii (Gehin, 1855) is not considered conspecific with Temognatha duponti (Boisduval, 1835). The specific name stevensii (Gehin, 1855) is revalidated as the name of the species Temognatha stevensii (Gehin, 1855). The specific name tibialis (Waterhouse, 1874) is a subjective synonym of the name stevensii (Gehin, 1855). The prevailing usage (ICZN, Article 33.3.1) of the name stevensii over stewensii is preserved for the species Temognatha stevensii (Gehin, 1855). Both valid species are diagnosed/redescribed and illustrated, and their relationships, biology and distributions are discussed. Complete synonymies and references, and photos/illustrations of some diagnostic head, elytral and genitalic structural features, are also provided. The Temognatha grandis and T. stevensii species-groups are defined. Lectotypes are designated for Buprestis duponti Boisduval, 1835 and Stigmodera tibialis Waterhouse, 1874.
Ziprosidone-Induced Transient Agranulocytosis; Delayed Onset of Cardiac Adverse Effects with Fingolimod; Telmisartan-Induced Myotoxicity; Severe Dilated Cardiomyopathy Induced by Adalimumab and Ustekinumab
Authors: Mancano Michael A.
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) MedWatch program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to MedWatch, please consider sharing the account with our readers.
Zafirlukast: Chronic Urticaria
Authors: Generali Joyce A. , Cada Dennis J.
Published: November 2015

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@ku.edu .
Characteristics that Define a Successful Pharmacy Resident as Perceived by Residency Programs
Authors: Jellinek-Cohen Samantha P. , Cohen Victor , Rab Saba , Likourezos Antonios
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To identify the subjective and objective characteristics that pharmacy residency programs use to define a successful resident and to determine what percentage of their 2009-2010 residency class they felt were successful.

Methods

An electronic survey was sent via e-mail to all residency program directors (RPDs) of postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) and postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) pharmacy residency programs in the United States. A 3-part survey instrument was developed following validation of questions for clarity and reliability using a pilot survey. Respondents were asked to rank the importance of 20 subjective characteristics for a resident to possess in order to be considered successful and the importance of different objective measurements of accomplishment in the definition of a “successful” resident using a Likert scale where 1 = not at all important, 2 = some importance, 3 = very important, and 4 = critical.

Results

Of the 1,081 surveys sent to RPDs, 473 respondents answered at least one question, yielding a response rate of 43.8%. The most critically important subjective characteristics in defining a successful resident as ranked among PGY1 residency programs are dependability, professionalism, self-motivation/initiative, and work ethic. PGY2 programs ranked clinical knowledge and skills, critical thinking, and dependability as the most important. The most critically important objective characteristic in defining a successful resident as ranked among both PGY1 and PGY2 programs is obtaining a clinical position. The majority of PGY1 and PGY2 respondents felt that 76% to 100% of their 2009-2010 residency class was successful based on the characteristics they rated most important.

Conclusion

Identification of the characteristics that pharmacy residency programs use to define success will allow them to identify predictors of success and optimal methods of selecting residents who possess these characteristics.
Pharmacy-Initiated Transitions of Care Services: An Opportunity to Impact Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Reichard Jeffrey S. , Savage Scott , Eckel Stephen F.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

A transitions of care program at an academic teaching hospital was designed to reengineer the fragmented discharge process. The team included a pharmacy technician, called a transition specialist, who coordinated the medication needs of discharging patients. This study intends to assess the impact of the transitions of care program on patient satisfaction scores.

Methods

Two datasets of Press Ganey and Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers (HCAHPS) were analyzed. Patients eligible for inclusion were age 18 years or older and successfully discharged from the study facility. All participants received usual care by a servicebased pharmacist, medication counseling by a nurse prior to discharge, and other standard of care services by the inpatient medical team. The intervention group received the previously stated usual care plus services by the transitions of care program.

Results

The results from HCAHPS scores proved inconclusive. The results from the Press Ganey dataset found that the surgery transplant service demonstrated statistically significant improvement for satisfaction scores, and they warrant further review.

Conclusions

Results demonstrate that HCAHPS metrics do not correlate with the successes or lack thereof of the transitions of care program. Press Ganey might be a potential surrogate marker for assessing the impact of this program. This study is the first to qualitatively evaluate pharmacy transitions of care service using patient satisfaction scores.
Cangrelor
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Baker Danial E. , Ingram Kyle T.
Published: November 2015

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. A drug class review is now published monthly with The Formulary Monograph Service. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The November 2015 monograph topics are evolocumab, dichlorphenamide, necitumumab, cobimetinib, and reslizumab. The Safety MUE is on alirocumab and evolocumab.
USP <800>: Key Considerations and Changes for Health Systems
Authors: Sahadeo Priya , Weber Robert J.
Published: November 2015

On March 28, 2014, The United States Pharmacopeia and The National Formulary (USP-NF) published USP General Chapter <800> Hazardous Drugs–Handling in Healthcare Settings, as open for public comment in the USP Pharmacopeial Forum (PF) 40(3). Pharmacy directors must be proactive in understanding the impact that USP <800> will have on their processes for preparing sterile products. USP General Chapter <797> pertains to the compounding of both hazardous and nonhazardous drugs. USP <800> serves as a new standard to guide the handling of hazardous drugs in order to protect patients, health care personnel, and the environment. USP <800> describes hazardous drug handling related to the receipt, storage, compounding, dispensing, administration, and disposal of both sterile and nonsterile products and preparations. Regardless of all of the requirements listed in USP <800>, there is no substitute for disciplined, consistent work practices regarding proper sterile technique. This point should be emphasized with all compounding personnel. Even if one is compounding in the most compliant USP <800> cleanroom, improper technique can negate all the benefits of the physical structures. Pharmacy leaders at every level will play a key role in assisting an organization to achieve timely compliance with USP <800> standards. Until the standard becomes official, it is important for pharmacists to become familiarized with the latest draft to identify potential barriers to compliance and to strategize a plan to overcome barriers. Although complying with USP <800> may seem to be a daunting task, it can be manageable if approached in a systematic organized way.
O uso do sistema de informação geográfica na identificação da susceptibilidade à erosão na zona de amortecimento de áreas protegidas brasileiras
Authors: Reis Taiana Evangelista dos
Published: November 2015

Para preservar e manter a biodiversidade e os recursos naturais no Brasil, são criadas Unidades de Conservação da Natureza, cujas áreas envolventes são denominadas de Zona de Amortecimento (ZA), e que representam locais protegidos pela lei, onde as atividades devem ser mais restritas. O Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca (PEI) está localizado no Estado de Minas Gerais. O presente trabalho visa estudar e mapear os conflitos de uso e ocupação do solo em áreas susceptíveis à erosão na ZA do PEI, utilizando para tal, técnicas de geoprocessamento.
Metodologia de análise de planos municipais de ordenamento do território na perspetiva da segurança das populações
Authors: Bruno Inês , Vicêncio Henrique
Published: November 2015

Apresenta-se uma metodologia que identifica as melhores opções para a ocupação do território, tendo em vista a segurança de pessoas e bens, aplicada aos concelhos de Arruda dos Vinhos e Vila Franca de Xira. Concluiu-se que a superfície sujeita a interdições ou condicionalismos é de 47% e de 93% das superfícies dos concelhos (Arruda dos Vinhos e Vila Franca de Xira, respetivamente), e que o número de edifícios localizados em áreas com restrições na ocupação do solo é 1.722 em Arruda dos Vinhos e 34.407 em Vila Franca de Xira.
Risco da construção do conhecimento de alunos num ambiente térmico quente
Authors: Talaia Mário , Silva Marta
Published: November 2015

Começa a ser aceite que o ambiente térmico influencia a construção de conhecimento de alunos e por isso afeta o ensino e a aprendizagem. Neste trabalho é mostrado como o risco da construção de conhecimento de alunos aumenta para ambientes térmicos quentes. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o desenvolvimento de competências e a avaliação registada são condicionados pelo ambiente térmico e que é possível avaliar o risco quando as condições térmicas do interior de uma sala de aula divergem da zona de conforto.
Princípios de medicina de catástrofe em revisão a partir de Fukushima
Authors: Silva Rita Marques da , Campos Paulo , Reis Ana Mafalda , Bandeira Romero
Published: November 2015

Pelas suas características inéditas, consequências além do expectável e dimensão mundial, é abordada a catástrofe que ocorreu a 11/03/2011 em Fukushima, Japão. Através da revisão de conceitos básicos, analisa-se a evolução dos acontecimentos, protocolos de atuação médica em socorro a multivítimas com deslocação obrigatória de populações inteiras e as consequências a curto, médio e longo prazo dos efeitos radiológicos, saúde pública, problemas sociais e psicológicos, não só para as populações atingidas mas também para os interventores, numa perspetiva de minimizar as taxas de morbi e mortalidade nas gerações futuras.
Análise de mudança da paisagem: uma abordagem numérica em um estudo de caso na cidade de Toruń
Authors: Ramos-Ribeiro Rodrigo Rudge
Published: November 2015

Este artigo analisa a relação entre a paisagem natural e fenómeno natural extremo, tendo como a área de estudo o bairro de Kaszczorek no vale do rio Vistula em Toruń, Polónia. A metodologia combinou uma revisão da literatura, o trabalho de campo na Polónia e a análise de dados das informações obtidas através da aplicação da teoria de Shannon e Weaver aplicada para medir as relações entre paisagem natural e fenômeno natural extremo e estabelecer combinações entre algumas variáveis da paisagem. O resultado obtido é de 9,2 % de variação na paisagem natural.
Mitigação do risco sísmico de núcleos urbanos antigos: caracterização e avaliação da vulnerabilidade sísmica do bairro ribeirinho de Faro
Authors: Vicente Romeu , Ferreira Tiago M. , Maio Rui
Published: November 2015

A vulnerabilidade sísmica do Bairro Ribeirinho de Faro é avaliada neste artigo através da aplicação de uma metodologia simplificada, a partir da qual foram construídos diferentes cenários de dano físico e estimadas perdas económicas e humanas. Os resultados apresentados confirmam um cenário bastante desfavorável, mas que poderá servir de base à implementação de medidas preventivas por parte das entidades decisoras, no sentido de minorar a vulnerabilidade e incrementar a resiliência deste núcleo urbano antigo.
Variabilidade espacial de urânio e arsénio nas águas subterrâneas de uma bacia hidrográfica transfronteiriça (rio Águeda)
Authors: Antunes Margarida , Albuquerque Teresa , Seco Fátima , Oliveira Sandrina , Sánz German
Published: November 2015

Neste trabalho são propostos os padrões de distribuição espacial para contaminantes em águas subterrâneas – Urânio e Arsénio, na bacia transfronteiriça do rio Águeda. Os mapas obtidos permitem avaliar o risco ambiental associado às atividades antrópicas desenvolvidas na área em estudo, constituindo as atividades mineiras um importante fator de risco ambiental. Pretende-se, ainda, contribuir para uma melhoria na gestão dos sistemas de águas e possibilitar a futura definição de políticas de atuação conjunta, em casos transfronteiriços, tal como é apresentado neste trabalho.
Estudo de limiares críticos de chuva deflagradores de deslizamentos no município de São José dos Campos/SP (Brasil)
Authors: Mendes Rodolfo Moreda , Filho Mario Valerío , Bertoldo Mathilde Aparecida , Silva Marlon Ferreira da
Published: November 2015

Apresentam-se os resultados de correlação entre eventos de deslizamentos e respetivos índices pluviométricos no município de São José dos Campos, com o intuito de estabelecer limiares críticos de chuva para serem utilizados em planos preventivos de defesa civil. Com base nos resultados obtidos sugere-se a adoção de limiares críticos de chuva mais conservadores para a região estudada.
Сходимость матричного метода численного интегрирования краевых задач для линейных неоднородных
обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений второго порядка с переменными коэффициентами
Authors: Маклаков Владимир Николаевич , Maklakov Vladimir Nikolaevich
Published: November 2015

Исследованы вопросы устойчивости и сходимости предложенного ранее матричного метода численного интегрирования краевых задач с граничными условиями первого, второго и третьего рода для линейных неоднородных обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений второго порядка с переменными коэффициентами. Использование многочленов Тейлора произвольных степеней позволило повысить порядок аппроксимации метода до произвольного натурального числа и отказаться от аппроксимации производных конечными разностями. При выборе второй степени многочлена Тейлора уравнения метода совпали с известными уравнениями традиционного метода численного интегрирования краевых задач, в котором производные аппроксимированы конечными разностями. Показано, что достаточный критерий устойчивости при использовании в методе многочленов Тейлора степени три и выше совпадает с достаточным критерием устойчивости традиционного метода сеток для численного интегрирования краевых задач с граничными условиями первого, второго и третьего рода. Теоретически установлено, что скорость сходимости матричного метода интегрирования краевых задач с граничными условиями первого рода пропорциональна степени используемого многочлена Тейлора в случае, когда эта степень является чeтной, и пропорциональна числу, меньшему степени на единицу, когда эта степень является нечeтной; при интегрировании краевых задач с граничными условиями второго и третьего рода скорость сходимости метода пропорциональна степени используемого многочлена Тейлора независимо от еe чeтности и меньше неe на единицу. Полученные теоретические результаты подтверждены численным экспериментом.
Appearing of the model of learning religion in multicultural/multireligious societies
Authors: Kızılabdullah Yıldız
Published: November 2015

This study is an experimental study that has been made in the USA. In this study, parochial schools have been dealt with in the concept of "model of learning religion". Participants have been chosen by snowball and maximum variety sampling. There have been conducted some interviews with participants in view of model of learning religion. In this concept, they have been asked some questions to figure out their perspectives about goals and curriculum of religious education, and status of religious education in the USA. The results of this research are follows: The goal of religious education is to make students believer which it is appropriate with the goal of model of learning religion and it seems that people are satisfied about not having religious education in the public schools as a result of separation of church and state.
Preservice mathematics teachers’ ways of using problem solving strategies while solving mathematical word problems
Authors: Bulut Neslihan , Karamık Gözdegül
Published: November 2015

The aim of this study is to investigate the variety of problem solving strategies used by preservice mathematics teachers while solving different mathematical word problems which require representation standards and to identify which strategy is functional for pre-service teachers to apply with middle-school students.

The study was a case study and conducted during the 2009 spring semester. For this study, 150 senior class pre-service teachers of elementary mathematics education were chosen from a public university in Turkey by convenient sampling. Data were collected through an open-ended test developed by researchers. The test was consist of ten mathematical word problems selected from the five sub-learning areas. The test was given to the pre-service teachers and they were asked to solve each problem in different ways. It took 60 minutes for preservice teachers to complete the test. Strategies that pre-service teachers used for solving word problems were categorized by using content analyze. Also interviews were conducted with pre-service teachers in order to identify their opinions about the usability of strategies in middle-school classrooms.

Findings revealed that participants are lack of using different strategies while solving word problems. In general the participants did not apply more than one strategy and they used traditional solving strategies instead of extreme ones. Findings of this study will be a guiding spirit to teacher educators for the enhancement of preservice teacher education programs.
Probleme der Kennwertermittlung zufälliger Signale
Authors: Buchta H.
Published: November 2015

Nach einer Einführung in die Aufgabenstellung der Kennwertermittlung zufälliger Signale wird auf die auftretenden Fehler bei der Messung von Korrelationsfunktionen eingegangen. Eine vorgeschlagene Methode zur näherungsweisen Berechnung der zufälligen Fehler wird speziell für die kontinuierlich analoge Messung von Autokorrelationsfunktionen aufbereitet. Die abgeleiteten, einfach zu handhabenden Beziehungen enthalten zur Charakterisierung der spektralen Eigenschaften der zu analysierenden Signale die effektive Rauschbandbreite. Diese kann, wie einige experimentelle Beispiele zeigen, in guter Näherung für bestimmte Klassen von Spektren aus der Nulldurchgangszahl der auf Registrierstreifen aufgezeichneten Rauschsignale ermittelt werden.
Regions of exponential stability for the problem of Lur’e / Bereiche der exponentiellen Stabilität beim Problem von Lurje
Authors: Siljak D. , Weissenberger S.
Published: November 2015

This paper proposes a method for computing finite regions of exponential stability from solutions of the absolute stability problem. A best quadratic estimate of the regions is found for a class of nonlinear characteristics which belong to a modified Lur’e sector. For a class of nonautonomous differential equations, a bound on the forcing function is found which guarantees that all the corresponding solutions remain inside the computed region.
Entwicklungstendenzen für den Einsatz von Kleinrechnern als Digitalregler
Authors: Rogos J.
Published: November 2015

Der Prozeßrechner wird im Rahmen der Prozeßautomatisierung immer mehr für die zentrale Datenerfassung und -Überwachung herangezogen. Dagegen hat sich die direkte digitale Regelung (DDC) aus Gründen der Verfügbarkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit der Rechner nicht im gleichen Maße durchgesetzt. Deshalb wird untersucht, ob der dezentrale Einsatz von Kleinrechnern als Digitalregler bessere Erfolgsaussichten hat. Dazu werden die Merkmale analoger und digitaler Regler verglichen und der Einsatzbereich des Digitalreglers untersucht. Da die Abtasttheorie sich noch nicht allgemein auf die Prozeßregelung anwenden läßt, besteht gegenwärtig noch kein funktioneller Vorteil des Digitalreglers. Weil die Gerätekosten analoger Regelsysteme erheblich geringer sind, ist der analoge Regler zur Zeit wirtschaftlicher. Es ist zu erwarten, daß der Digitalregler dann stärker eingesetzt werden wird, wenn sich die dafür erforderlichen Gerätekosten denen der analogen Regelsysteme nähern. Zwingend wird sein Einsatz werden, wenn die Abtasttheorie und die Theorie der adaptiven Regelung sich allgemein in der Praxis verwirklichen lassen.
Überlegungen zum dynamischen Übertragungsverhalten eines Meßumformers mit Kraftvergleich
Authors: Kirsch R.
Published: November 2015

In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, welche Überlegungen zur Dimensionierung eines Meßumformers mit Kraftvergleich anzustellen sind, der ein möglichst günstiges dynamisches Übertragungsverhalten haben soll. Als Beispiel dient ein pneumatischelektrischer Signalumformer. Die Überlegungen gelten aber sinngemäß für jeden Meßumformer mit Kraftvergleich.
Zum dynamischen Verhalten von Wärmeaustauschern mit konzentrischen Rohren und Rohrbündeln
Authors: Schöne A.
Published: November 2015

Bestimmte verfahrenstechnische Regelstrecken zählen zu den Systemen mit verteilten Parametern. Hierzu gehören Wärmeaustauscher. Es wird dargestellt, in welchem Umfange bisher das dynamische Verhalten vor allem solcher Flüssig-Flüssig- Wärmeaustauscher behandelt wurde, die aus konzentrischen Rohren oder Rohrbündeln bestehen. Die verschiedenen Methoden, die zu einfacheren Beschreibungen des dynamischen Verhaltens von Wärmeaustauschern führen als sie die „exakte“ Theorie liefert, werden verglichen und dabei vor allem die Methode der asymptotischen Darstellung der Übertragungsfunktionen und die Taylorsche Methode herausgestellt. Die Voraussetzungen der Taylorschen Methode werden ausführlich diskutiert. Beziehungen zwischen dem dynamischen Verhalten von Rohrbündel-Wärmeaustauschern und Wärmeaustauschern aus konzentrischen Rohren werden angegeben und theoretisch berechnete Frequenzgänge eines „Norm-Wärmeaustauschers“ mitgeteilt.
Schnelligkeitsoptimale Regelung der Oberwalzenanstellung einer Blockstraße
Authors: Franke D. , Schiefer P. , Weber W.
Published: November 2015

Für eine mit einem Leonardsalz ausgestattete Oberwalzenanstellung einer Blockstraße in einem Stahlwerk soll eine schnelligkeitsoptimale Regelung ausgelegt werden. Beschränktheit der Übererregbarkeit und große Zeitkonstante des Generatorfeldes sowie andere Einflüsse führen dazu, daß die bereits vorhandenen theoretischen Erkenntnisse auf solche Anlagen nicht unmittelbar übertragbar sind. Deshalb werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit theoretische Untersuchungen zur Lösung der gestellten Aufgabe durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden auf die vorliegende Anlage angewandt und durch Simulation auf dem Analogrechner überprüft.
Ein Beitrag zur Kybernetik des Schriftbildes
Authors: Starkermann R.
Published: November 2015

Mit zwei Feststellungen wird darauf hingewiesen, daß der Schreibakt nur untergeordnet auf dem visuellen Rückführprinzip - mit dem Ziel der optischen Verfolgung eines gespeicherten Leitbildes - beruht, und daß er vorwiegend auf vorgespeicherter Engramm-Kombination mit Abruf und Ausgabe derselben als Steuervorgang begründet sein muß. Das Maß vorgespeicherter, mnestischer Bewegungszusammenhänge, die kortikal angesteuert und folglich als bedingte Reflexe aus dem verlängerten Mark (Medulla oblongata) und dem Rückenmark abgegeben werden, sowie die Geschwindigkeit, mit welcher dies geschieht, hängen mit der Assoziationsleistung und folglich mit der Intelligenzleistung des Schrifturhebers zusammen. Es wird eine Methode angegeben, die es erlaubt, mit hinreichender Genauigkeit die Geschwindigkeit und die Beschleunigung der Schreibwerkzeugspitze beim Schreibakt festzustellen. Die Schreibgeschwindigkeit ist das Mittel zu einer der zwei vorstehend erwähnten Feststellungen, das andere Mittel geht aus der linkshändig erzeugten Spiegelschrift hervor.
Die Bestimmung der skalaren Differentialgleichung aus der Darstellung im Zustandsraum bei linearen zeitvariablen Systemen
Authors: Freund E.
Published: November 2015

Die vorliegende Arbeil behandelt die Umwandlung einer Darstellung im Zustandsraum in die zugehörige skalare Differentialgleichung bei linearen zeitvariablen Systemen. Als Grundlage dient dabei eine allgemeine Darstellung im Zustandsraum, das heißt, es ist keine spezielle kanonische Form erforderlich. Die gesuchte skalare Differentialgleichung wird abgeleitet und in geschlossener Form in der Matrizenschreibweise angegeben. Anschließend erfolgt eine Erweiterung auf Systeme, die die gleiche Ordnung in der homogenen Gleichung und der Störfunktion haben. Als Beispiel wird die skalare Differentialgleichung eines zeitvariablen Systems mit Rückführung ermittelt.
Optimale Regelung eines Kaltwalzwerkes mit mehreren Gerüsten
Authors: Heess G.
Published: November 2015

Mit Hilfe des Stonesehen Modells wird ein mehrgerüstiges Kallwalzwerk beschrieben und die Synthese einer optimalen Regelung untersucht. Wegen der Totzeiten, die die Strecke enthält, ist das Syntheseproblem nur mit großem Aufwand exakt lösbar. Es wird deshalb eine suboptimale Regelung hergeleitet, die ohne Schwierigkeiten durch einen Prozeßrechner verwirklicht werden kann. Für ein simuliertes System werden bei sprungförmiger und zufälliger Störung die zeitlichen Verläufe sämtlicher Stell- und Regelgrößen angegeben.
Automatisches Anfahren von Dampferzeugern unter Berücksichtigung zulässiger Materialspannungen
Authors: Köhle S.
Published: November 2015

Beim Anfahren eines Dampferzeugers treten in dessen dickwandigen Bauteilen große Wärmespannungen auf, denen sich die Spannungen überlagern, die durch den inneren Überdruck hervorgerufen werden. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Grundlagen zur Bestimmung der Materialbeanspruchung in einer Rohrwand bei quasistationärem Temperaturprofil zusammengestellt. Ferner wird eine Einrichtung beschrieben, die beim Anfahren eines Dampferzeugers den Sollwert der Frischdampftemperatur so auf den Endwert führt, daß die zulässigen Werte der Materialspannungen einerseits nicht überschritten, andererseits aber im Interesse einer kurzen Anfahrzeit möglichst gut ausgenutzt werden.
Eindrücke vom vierten IFAC-Kongreß in Warschau
Authors: Oetker R.
Published: November 2015

Der vierte Kongreß der International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) wurde vom 16. bis 21. Juni 1969 in Warschau abgehalten. Mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag bringen wir einen Bericht über das Warschauer Treffen der Regelungstechniker aus aller Welt, der angesichts dieser Mammutveranstaltung jedoch auf wesentliche Aspekte aus der Sicht des Berichterstatters beschränkt bleiben muß.
Zeitoptimale Steuerungen zur Lageregelung drallstabilisierter Flugkörper
Authors: Lunderstädt R.
Published: November 2015

Für drallstabilisierte Flugkörper werden zeitoptimale Steuergesetze zur Steuerung der Lage und der Winkelgeschwindigkeit abgeleitet. Die Nichtlinearitäten in den Bewegungsgleichungen werden durch den Übergang auf ein spezielles Koordinatensystem umgangen. Die Optimierung wird mit Hilfe des Maximumprinzips von Pontrjagin durchgeführt. Die allgemeinen Ergebnisse werden an einem Beispiel erläutert.
Erweiterung des Stabilitätskriteriums nach Cremer-Leonhard-Michailow auf nichtlineare Regelsysteme
Authors: Lauber R.
Published: November 2015

Es wird gezeigt, daß das Kriterium nach Cremer-Leonhard- Michailow auf der Grundlage eines äquivalenten Ersatzsystems zur Untersuchung der Stabilität nichtlinearer Regelkreise einsetzbar ist. Die Handhabung des Verfahrens und die Vorteile seiner Anwendung werden an Beispielen erläutert. Auf die Beurteilung der Brauchbarkeit einer auf harmonischer Linearisierung beruhenden Beschreibungsfunktion als Näherung wird besonders eingegangen.
Die selbsttätige Einstellung der Extremwerte von Funktionen der Form z = g (xa · y) nach einem Kennlinienverfahren
Authors: Boehringer A.
Published: November 2015

Beschrieben wird eine Methode zur selbsttätigen Einstellung einer Extremwerte von Funktionen z - g (xa · y), die durch einen Maximalwert ihres Arguments xa · y gekennzeichnet sind. Danach wird das vorgegebene System zu selbsterregten Schwingungen veranlaßt, bei denen die interessierende Größe um ihren Extremwert pendelt, ohne selbst als Steuergröße zu dienen. Typische Eigenarten solcher Systeme sind geringe Schwankungen der zu extremalisierenden Größe und besondere Einfachheit. Funktion und Realisierung des Verfahrens werden an Hand praktischer Beispiele erläutert.
Direkte digitale Abschätzung von Leistungsdichtespektren an Kernreaktoren
Authors: Hoermann H. A.
Published: November 2015

Bei der digitalen On-Line-Abschätzung von Leistungsdichtespektren über große Frequenzbereiche ergeben sich hinsichtlich Speicherkapazität bzw. Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit Probleme, wenn mittlere Prozeßrechner eingesetzt werden sollen. Es wird ein direktes Verfahren mit vorgeschalteter Grobfilterung beschrieben, das im Gegensatz zur ,Fast Fourier Transform‘ eine frequenzproportionale Auflösungsbandbreite zuläßt und ohne umfangreiche Datenspeicherung auskommt.
Zeitoptimale Mehrfachregelung linearer Abtastsysteme mit beschränkten Stellgrößen
Authors: Brück P.
Published: November 2015

Das Problem der zeitoptimalen Regelung linearer Abtastsysteme mit mehreren beschränkten Stellgrößen wird formuliert. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Konvexität gewisser steuerbarer Zustandsmengen die Synthese des Mehrfachreglers durch die Reihenschaltung von Einfachreglern der von Ludyk vorgeschlagenen Art ermöglicht.

Der Einfachregler wird am Beispiel einer wichtigen Klasse von Systemen in einer von der Systemordnung unabhängigen, leicht zu programmierenden Form beschrieben.