bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of a Lower Limit of Para‐Aminobenzoic Acid (PABA) Recovery for Identifying Complete 24‐h Urine Collections by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Authors: Taylor Brittney R. , Sagi‐Kiss Virag , Freedman Laurence , O'Brien Diane , Johnston Carol , Tasevska Natasha
Published: November 2023

Background

Para‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a marker commonly used to assess the completeness of 24‐h urine collections in dietary biomarker studies.[1] Spectrophotometry and High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are the two techniques applied to quantify the percent recovery of orally administered PABA in urine. While the spectrophotometric method uses instrumentation widely available in laboratories, the HPLC method has higher specificity for quantifying PABA.[2] The lower limit of the acceptable recovery of PABA in urine for identifying complete 24‐h urine collections by the spectrophotometric method is 85%,[1] while an agreed limit by the HPLC method is lacking.

Methods

Under highly controlled conditions, 12 participants took three tablets of potassium aminobenzoate (POTABA) per day containing 240 mg of PABA in total, and collected 24‐h urine samples every other day over a 15‐day period (8 collections in total). Eighteen of 96 24‐h urine collections were excluded due to being identified as incomplete based on the spectrophotometric method (n=3) or self‐report (n=10), invalid HPLC data (n=1), use of medications with similar structure to PABA by participants (n=3), or missed POTABA tablet (n=1). Seventy‐eight 24‐h urine collections were available for analysis, and were measured for PABA using both spectrophotometry and HPLC. The 5th percentile of the distribution of the PABA percent recoveries was used as the lower limit for accepting complete 24‐h urine collections by the HPLC method.

Results

The mean ± SD of 24‐h PABA recoveries measured by spectrophotometry was 108.3 ± 11.9% and 259.9 ± 28.6 mg/24‐h urine, ranging from 86 to 134% and 207 to 322 mg/24‐h urine, respectively. The PABA recoveries as measured by the HPLC method were 87.4 ± 8.6 % and 209.7 ± 20.8 mg/24‐h urine, ranging from 72 to 114% and 173 to 274 mg/24‐h urine, respectively. The 5th percentile of the distribution of the PABA percent recovery in urine by the HPLC was 76% and 181.7 mg/24‐h urine of the orally administered dose.

Conclusion

As expected, the mean PABA percent recovery in urine by the spectrophotometric method was higher than by the HPLC. Based on the distribution of PABA recoveries determined by the HPLC method in our study population, the lower limit for accepting a 24‐h urine collection as complete was found to be 76% of the orally administered PABA dose, similar to what has been suggested by other authors.[2]

Support or Funding Information

NCI R01 CA197902
Household dietary diversity indicators in rural Central America
Authors: Sibrian Ricardo , de Fulladolsa Patricia Palma
Published: November 2023

Objective

FANTA (2006) and FAO (2012) proposed household dietary diversity scores (HDDS) derived from minimal food consumption data. D'Errico et al (2016) proposed the Shannon‐Wiener and Simpson indices applied to HDDS for food security resilience. WFP (2008) proposed a Food Consumption Score (FCS) weighting HDDS by number of days in a week food was consumed and nutritional importance. This paper proposes new HDDS weighted by utilization coefficients (HDDSU), by nutrient content (HDDSN) and by both (HDDSUN).

Methods

The data on food consumption from 702 households were collected for a seven‐day period in bordering rural communities of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua in 2013, 2014 and 2015. HDDS and new scores HDDSU, HDDSN and HDDSUN for FAO, FANTA and WFP considered 16, 12 and nine food groups respectively and nine for WFP‐FCS with relative nutritional weights only. HDDS and new scores distributions for FAO, FANTA and WFP, and WFP FCS with relative nutritional weights only were estimated as well as correlations between food energy and all scores.

Results

HDDS, HDDSU, HDDSE and HDDSUE distributions based on FAO and FANTA food groupings were similar for small number of food groups consumed, while those based on WFP food groupings behaved differently. Main food groups identified by HDDS were ten in 16 for FAO, ten in 12 for FANTA HDDS, and all nine for WFP; while by FCS, HDDSU, HDDSE and HDDSUE scores identified fewer important food groups for FAO, FANTA and WFP dietary diversity. The correlations between energy intake and dietary diversity scores for FAO, FANTA and WFP were close, ranging from 0.28 to 0.35.

Conclusions

In rural populations of bordering communities in Central America, New scores HDDSU, HDDSE, and HDDSUE provided better results for assessing household dietary diversity than HDDS scores. The new scores weighting by utilization coefficients (HDDSU), nutrient content (HDDSE for example food energy), and both (HDDSUE) identified better the importance of food groups for food and nutrition security. Correlations between dietary energy intake and all household dietary diversity scores analysed were very similar. Policy implications refer to the promotion of main food groups and enhancing potential food groups identified by new scores for improving household dietary diversity in vulnerable populations.
Gender analysis of dishes with high contribution of energy and nutrient intakes among Korean adults
Authors: Kang Minji , Lee Jung Eun , Shim Jae Eun , Paik Hee‐Young
Published: November 2023

Although differences in food preferences and food choices between men and women were observed, gender differences have been considered scarcely during the development of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We previously reported that only 2.5% of the FFQs have been developed in a gender‐specific way in dish item selection.1) We aim to proceed to develop gender‐specific FFQs to compare the selection of dish items between men and women. We investigated the gender differences in a list of dish items with high contribution of energy and 15 nutrients. The study used one day 24h recall data of 7,952 participants (n=3,250 for men; n=4,702 for women) aged 19–64 years who participated in the 2013–2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Dish items were selected by analyzing contribution to absolute intake and variability in energy and 15 nutrient intakes. Dish items covering more than 80% of between‐person variation in each nutrient intake were chosen separately among three groups; men and women combined, men, and women. The numbers of dish items selected were 133 in men and women combined, 126 in men, and 153 in women. Compared to 133‐dish items selected in men and women combined, 15‐dish items (11.9%) from the list of men and 30‐dish items (19.6%) from the list of women were not included. These results indicate that developing FFQ without considering gender may produce erroneous results of dietary assessment, possibly with larger errors in women. Further studies are warranted.

Support or Funding Information

This research was supported by Support Program for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (Grant no. 2016H1C3A1903202).
Content and quality of nutrition‐related information disseminated in the newspapers with the highest readership in Lima, Peru
Authors: Oxenstein Jackelyn Friedman , Campa Adriana
Published: November 2023

Objective

to analyze the content and quality of the nutrition‐related news disseminated in the newspapers with the highest readership (57%) in Lima, Peru.

Methods

A descriptive, non‐experimental study was conducted using a total number of nutrition‐related news published in 210 copies (30 each) of the seven newspapers with the highest readership (57%) in Lima‐Peru between November 2013 and October 2014. Opinion columns or interviews with nutrition professionals were excluded. To analyze the characteristics of the content, the nutrition‐related news were reviewed using a checklist that included newspaper names, publication date, title, section, topic, presence and type of sources. To analyze the quality, the checklist included: presence of recommendations, and its congruency with credible sources. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the 2009 Peruvian Food Composition Tables, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics webpage, the World Health Organization's nutritional standards, the American Diabetes Association webpage, or current scientific articles published since 2012 were used to judge the quality of the recommendations. The congruency of the advice was classified as: pure congruent advice, pure incongruent advice, mixed advice, or no advice. News that included pure congruent advice, or no advice with no incorrect information, were classified as “high quality news.” All the others were classified as “low quality news.” The findings were modified by the effect of the size of the readership.

Results

Content analysis showed 61 nutrition‐related news with 59% in a “Nutrition” section, 55.7% of the news were about the benefits of consuming a specific food, 57.4% of the news did not mention a source, while only 42.6% included a source that supported the information. In the quality analysis, 47.5% of the news had pure congruent advice, 31.1% included no advice, 11.5% provided pure incongruent advice, and 9.8% had mixed advice; 72.1% of the nutrition‐related news did not include any incorrect information, 75% of the news were classified as “high quality news. However, when the percent of the high quality news was modified by the readership, only 43%, or less than half of the news, were of high quality.

Conclusions

Newspapers are a major source of nutrition‐related information in Lima‐Peru, where other media is not highly accessible, and where consumers make lifestyle decisions based on what is publicly disseminated. The role of the Registered Dietitians as an expert in the development of nutrition messages for the mass media in Peru needs to be established and emphasized. This study demonstrates the importance of the synergetic work between journalists and Registered Dietitians to produce quality nutrition‐related information to be disseminated in the printed media.

Support or Funding Information

Latin American & Caribbean Scholarship
Using Bananas as a Replacement for White Sugar in a Curry Ice Cream Recipe
Authors: Zaleski Victoria , Miller Jennifer , Hirko Kaitlin , Clark William Andrew , Johnson Michelle Eileen
Published: November 2023

It is known that the Americans consume excess fat and added sugars, and inadequate essential fatty acids. Ice cream, a hugely popular American dessert, may play a role with its high saturated fat and sugar content. While vanilla ice cream continues to be a favorite, the variety of flavors on the market have increased. The objective of this study was to enhance the nutrient content of a typical vanilla ice cream recipe, while creating a unique flavor variation to meet changing market needs. Because of its known antioxidant potential and interesting flavor profile, curry was added to a vanilla ice cream recipe, and this served as the control (C). For the healthier variations, bananas were substituted for proportions of white sugar in the control recipe at two levels (V1: 50%, V2: 100%), and acceptability compared using organoleptic measures. A five‐point hedonic scale indicated subjects preferred the flavor of V1 over V2 & C (mean score 3.8, 2.5 & 3.4 respectively). Subjects identified C and V1 similarly in terms of sweetness (C: 53%, V1: 40%, V2: 6.7%). Samples of C and V1 were then frozen at −30 degrees C, freeze dried, and subjected to proximate analysis including Kjeldahl method, Soxhlet extraction, and bomb calorimetry to compare macronutrient content of products; FRAP assay was used to evaluate antioxidant capacity. When compared to C, V1 had 5.12% lower CHO content by weight, increased antioxidant capacity, and a comparable kcal content (V1: 4.65 kcal/g; C: 4.58 kcal/g). By adding bananas, ingredients providing saturated fat were displaced by volume, resulting in an improved fatty acid profile with higher linoleic and alpha‐linolenic acid content. Results indicate that a curry ice cream flavor is favorable, and the use of bananas to partially replace white sugar in an ice cream recipe creates an acceptable and healthier dessert option for commercial use.
Concentrations of 19 perfluorinated compounds in saltwater and freshwater fishes analyzed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Jeong Yu‐Jin , Choi Seogyeong , Chun Su‐Hyun , Lee Kwang‐Won
Published: November 2023

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is used for packing materials, surfactant and other materials with a wide range of near our lives. PFCs exist in various environments such as air, water soil and food. Especially, PFCs is mainly detected in water and fish. We analyzed 19 PFCs in fish, living in fresh water or salt water. We collected samples in fish market in Seoul. All fish samples are imported from other countries. After homogenizing samples, 19 PFCs were extracted from the sample using enzyme hydrolysis, ion–pairing extraction and liquid‐liquid extraction. PFCs in the samples were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of detection (LOD) of 19 PFCs was ranged from 0.01 to 0.13 ng/g. For the method validation, we validated accuracies and precisions using inter‐day and intra‐day validation. The accuracies were between 80 and 120 % and the precisions were within 20 %. We also analyzed two calibrated concentration of PFCs in the intervals of samples for validating quality control. The average PFCs concentration in fish samples live in fresh water was less than 0.4 ng/g. In fish samples, living in sea water the average of PFCs was less than 0.33 ng/g. The main species of PFCs in freshwater fish and in saltwater fish are PFOA and PFBA, respectively.
An Exploratory Study Examining the Impact of Participating in a Nutrition‐Education and Culinary Skill‐Building Program on Adolescents' Dietary Intake Using the Remote Food Photography Method
Authors: Robin Molly E , Cater Melissa , Miketinas Derek , Bailey Ariana , Rhea Kwadernica , Martin Corby K , Tuuri Georgianna
Published: November 2023

It is important for adolescents to develop healthy eating habits, yet many youth lack adequate cooking skills and frequently purchase and consume foods away from home. Away‐from‐home meals tend to be low in fruits and vegetables, and a lack of these foods can contribute to a lower quality diet. Nutrition‐education and culinary skill‐building programs have been found to improve adolescents' motivation and competence to follow the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations, yet it is not known if such interventions improve dietary intake. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of participating in a summer nutrition‐education and culinary skill‐building program on high school students' consumption of fruits, vegetables, and overall dietary quality. Three‐day diet records were gathered before and after participating in a six‐week summer enrichment program using the Remote Food Photography Method. Participants sent photographs of foods and beverages consumed to investigators, and dietary information was analyzed by researchers at Pennington Biomedical Research Center. Normally distributed data were analyzed using t‐tests and data not normally distributed were examined with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests. Twenty adolescents were invited to participate, and eight enrolled (40%). Four participants were male (50%) and all were African American. The adolescents' mean age was 16 ± 1.1 years. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests indicated that the adolescents' 3‐day‐average servings of fruit significantly increased from baseline (Mdn = 0.00) to post‐program (Mdn = 0.69), Z = −2.02, p < 0.05, r = 0.71, but consumption of vegetables and overall diet quality estimated from Healthy Eating Index (HEI) Score did not change as a result of participating in the program. For the eight participants, the number of vegetable servings pre‐program was Mdn = 0.00, and the number of servings post‐program was Mdn = 0.00. The HEI pre‐program mean score was M = 61.50, SE = 0.54 and the post‐program score was M = 64.58, SE = 2.16. The results from this study suggest that behavioral interventions promoting nutrition education and cooking competence can improve older adolescents' consumption of fruit.

Support or Funding Information

Partially funded by Hatch Project 94127, and NIH grants P30DK072476 and U54 GM104940.
Technology at Mealtimes: Exploring the Relationship Between Food Parenting Practices, Parental Technology Distraction and Child Food Neophobia
Authors: Gramm Moriah , Harpel Tammy , McDaniel Brandon , Schumacher Julie , Vollmer Rachel L
Published: November 2023

Food neophobia has been associated with a poorer diet quality and higher weight status among children, and parent‐child mealtime interactions can influence a child's willingness to try to new foods. Because many US adults own mobile devices, it is important to consider the role technology can play in parent‐child mealtime interactions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between parent technology distraction at mealtimes, food parenting practices, and child food neophobia. Midwestern parents (n=84) of preschool age children (3–5 years old) completed an online survey to measure: child food neophobia (Food Neophobia Scale), distraction by technology at mealtimes (DISRUPT Mealtime Scale), food parenting practices (Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire), and media use among parents and children (General Parent and Child Media Use). Descriptive statistics were used to describe technology usage. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to test the relationships between parental distraction by technology at mealtimes, food parenting practices, and child food neophobia using parent race and education as covariates. Participants were predominantly Caucasian (80%), mothers (90%) and had at least a 4‐year degree (88%). Descriptive statistics revealed that on a typical day, most preschool age children in this sample did not spend time on a computer (70%), watched TV for less than 2 hours (97%), and played games on a cell phone for less than 30 minutes (89%). It was also found that approximately 50% of children spent up to 1 hour playing on a tablet. Among parents, it was reported that on a typical day, a majority of the sample spent less than 2 hours watching television (86%), used a cell phone to text less than 1 hour (86%), and used a cell phone to play games, watch videos, or surf the internet 15 minutes to 2 hours (63%). No significant relationships were found between technology distraction at mealtimes and food parenting practices or child food neophobia. However, child food neophobia was inversely related to parental use of teaching about nutrition (B= −5.87, p=0.004) and positively related to child control of his or her own eating (B= 3.94, p=0.005). Although direction of influence cannot be assessed, this study provides some evidence as to how parents' feeding behaviors are related to their child's fear of new foods that can be utilized in obesity prevention programs. For example, future interventions should encourage parents to teach their children about nutrition during mealtimes. This is the first study to investigate how parent distraction by technology at mealtimes is related to food parenting practices and child food neophobia; however, no significant relationships were found. This may be due to the relatively homogenous sample, and further studies should be conducted with diverse samples, including fathers.
Educational Messaging at Breakfast, Not Protein Source, Influences Appetite Response, Food Preferences, and Food Intake in Men and Women
Authors: Baum Jamie I , Neumann Brianna L , Mitchell Charlayne F , Kubas Gabrielle , Russell Sarah
Published: November 2023

Early adulthood is a vulnerable time for weight gain. A primary contributor to weight gain and obesity is an increase in unhealthy eating habits, such as skipping breakfast, which has been strongly associated with overeating, weight gain, and obesity. Studies have shown that breakfasts high in protein enhance feelings of fullness compared a carbohydrate‐based breakfast. However, very few studies have examined the effect of protein quality at breakfast on postprandial appetite response, food preference and food intake, and, to our knowledge, no data exists regarding educational messaging at breakfast and subsequent food intake. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to 1) determine if protein source at breakfast impacts appetite response, food preference and food intake, and 2) determine if educational messaging presented at breakfast impacts appetite response, food preference and food intake. This was a randomized, crossover study in which each participant received two different breakfasts (plant protein‐based and animal protein‐based) with a minimum one‐week washout period between breakfasts. Each participant was randomly assigned to either the educational messaging (EM; n=17; 13 females, 4 males; 24 ± 1 y) or non‐messaging (NM; 9 females, 6 males; 23 ± 1 y) group. Each test breakfast was 280 kcal, 59% protein, 27% carbohydrate, and 14% fat. At the beginning of each breakfast, participants in the EM group received 5 messages about dietary protein, which they read and kept visible during the 3‐hour testing period. Participants had 7 minutes to consume the breakfast and appetite was assessed for the following 120 min. At 120 min, participants were presented with a variety of healthy or unhealthy snacks and advised to eat as much or as little as they desired. The snacking period lasted 60 min. Data was analyzed using two‐way, repeated measures ANOVA, P<0.05 was considered significant. Participants preferred (P<0.05) the animal protein‐ versus plant protein‐based breakfast. There was no difference in protein source or EM or NM in appetite response. Protein source did not influence snack intake. However, participants in the NM group consumed more snacks and more unhealthy snacks compared to participants in the EM group (P<0.05). These data suggest that educational nutritional messaging at breakfast can reduce snack intake and encourage healthy snack choices later in the day.

Support or Funding Information

Arkansas Biosciences Institute. University of Arkansas Honors College Grant.
Identifying Changes in Physical Activity, Body Weight, and Body Composition in First Year University Students
Authors: Thomas Aysha M. , Klentrou Panagiota , Gammage Kimberly , Josse Andrea
Published: November 2023

Objective

To identify changes in physical activity, body weight, and body composition as students' transition from high school to university and undergo their first year of university.

Methods

Subjects included male and female students entering their first year at Brock University, aged 17–20 years, with no previous university or college experience. Data was collected over 2 academic years (2014–15 and 2015–16) at 2 time points: September and April. To analyze the changes in physical activity, students filled out an Activity Questionnaire assessing the physical activity they engaged in, and another questionnaire measuring interpersonal, intrapersonal and structural factors that promoted or dissuaded them from being physically active. Participants also underwent body composition testing.

Results

There was an overall average weight gain of 2.0 kg (4.4 lbs) (p<0.001) across the sample, with males gaining an average of 3.5 kg (7.7 lbs) (p<0.001) and females gaining an average of 1.4 kg (3.1 lbs) (p<0.001). Females demonstrated significant increases in fat mass (p<0.001) and lean mass (p<0.001), whereas males demonstrated significant increases in lean mass (p<0.001) only. These changes were accompanied by significant reductions in physical activity output, including energy expenditure, light, moderate, and vigorous activity minutes, and MET minutes per week among females. Males experienced similar significant reductions in all variables except vigorous activity minutes. Perceived intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural barriers to physical activity participation significantly increased favouring reductions in physical activity for both males and females.

Conclusions

Weight gain occurred among first year students at Brock University, characterized by increased fat and lean mass in females and increased lean mass in males. This difference illustrates the importance of measuring body composition and not just body weight to assess these changes. Reductions in overall physical activity were observed across the sample highlighting the importance of developing interventions to promote physical activity among first year students. These interventions should focus on reducing the barriers that affect students' physical activity participation including peer influence, gender, age, ethnic background, and perceived body image.
Impact of Healthy Choices in Motion on Physical Activity Knowledge
Authors: Fetter Deborah S , Scherr Rachel E , Linnell Jessica D , Gerdes Melanie , Dharmar Madan , Zidenberg‐Cherr Sheri
Published: November 2023

A combination of cultural and environmental factors contributes to students engaging in physical activity, including knowledge about physical activity. A set of physical activity lessons with an optional technology‐enhancement, called Healthy Choices in Motion (HCIM), was created to supplement the multicomponent, comprehensive nutrition program, the Shaping Healthy Choices Program (SHCP). These lessons were evaluated in a five‐week, quasi‐experimental pilot study. The objective was to improve physical activity knowledge in 4th and 5th grade students. Eight classes participating in the UC CalFresh Nutrition Education Program were invited to participate. Six classes were selected because of their current participation in the SHCP. Two of the SHCP‐classes received the HCIM lessons and two other SHCP‐classes received the HCIM lessons with the technology component. Two classes not receiving direct nutrition education were selected to be the comparison group. At pre‐ and post‐intervention assessments, students in the comparison group (n=23), SHCP group (n=19), SHCP + HCIM group (n=36), and SHCP + technology‐enhanced HCIM group (n=40) completed a 20‐item physical activity knowledge questionnaire. Total physical activity knowledge scores were calculated into means and standard deviations for each group and distributions were examined for normality using a combination of histogram, skewness, and Kurtosis. Change in physical activity knowledge from pre‐ and post‐ was calculated by subtracting post‐scores from pre‐scores. Analyses were conducted using STATA 14.0. Tests performed were ANOVA and Bonferroni for multiple comparisons. Students that participated in HCIM demonstrated significant improvements in physical activity knowledge compared to the comparison group (2.8, P=0.01) and SHCP group (3.0, P=0.01). Students that participated with the technology‐enhancement also demonstrated improvements in physical activity knowledge compared to the SHCP group (2.3, P=0.05). There were no differences when comparing the technology‐enhancement to the comparison group (2.1, P=0.08) and HCIM group (−0.7, P=1.0). Students in the SHCP group that had a decrease in self‐efficacy had a corresponding decrease in physical activity knowledge from pre to post (−3.9, P=0.03). This suggests self‐efficacy mediates physical activity knowledge in the context of a multicomponent nutrition program and should be further investigated. Improvements in physical activity knowledge in students participating in HCIM with and without the technology‐enhancement may contribute to improvements in physical activity‐related behaviors and should be further explored over a longer intervention period.
Evaluation of Caloric and Macronutrient Content of Meals Sent from Home and Meals Provided in a CACFP Certified Preschool Program
Authors: Woods Lauren , Spence Marsha , Harris Tiffany , Waddill Mary , Parrott Rebecca , Aaron Kindall , Colby Sarah , Kavanagh Katie
Published: November 2023

Introduction

The US Department of Agriculture sets nutrition standards for childcare centers and schools to ensure the nutritional quality of foods served to children. Recently, the nutrition standards for the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), which provides monetary support for low‐income childcare and preschool centers, were updated to reflect a healthier and more balanced diet. Still, many families opt to send meals from home for their children rather than depending on meals from the childcare centers.

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient profile of lunches provided by the Child and Adult Care Food Program, and compare the results to the nutrient profile of lunches from home.

Methods

Photographs were taken of school and home lunches as part of the Health Happens! preschool intervention program. These photographs were then evaluated for content, including food type and estimated serving size; then, the meals were entered into the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR). The mean caloric and macronutrient data were evaluated using IBM SPSS Statistics 24. Independent t‐tests were used to determine if there were significant differences between the home meals and the school meals.

Results

The mean values for total energy, total fat, total carbohydrate, and total protein were measured. Home meals had a mean of 668.83 kcal, 28.32 g of fat, 85.98 g of carbohydrate, and 20.20 g of protein. The meals served at the childcare center had a mean of 544.18 kcal, 19.04 g of total fat, 78.62 g of carbohydrate, and 18.71 g of protein. There were no significant differences between the energy and macronutrients for home vs. childcare center meals.

Conclusion

The difference in nutrient content between meals sent from home and meals provided by CACFP approved childcare centers is negligible. Either source is a viable option for providing adequate nutrition to preschool students.

Support or Funding Information

University of Tennessee and East Tennessee Children's Hospital
Incorporation of Online Nutrition CME Courses in State‐Level Education Libraries Aid to Improve Physician Knowledge
Authors: Hicks Kristen , Murano Peter S.
Published: November 2023

Post‐graduation physician skills are limited with respect to nutrition basics and nutrition counseling skills, creating a gap between physician expertise and patient demands. This is due in large measure to a lack of nutrition training in medical school. With the emergence and increase in “lifestyle diseases” such as diabetes and obesity, physicians need to play a key role discussing these with patients. Our research objective was to provide online nutrition education to physicians to help prepare them for patient interactions. We launched two online courses through state‐level medical association education libraries starting in 2016 to provide nutrition training to physicians: “Frontiers in Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Nutrition in Health” and “Stimulating Nutrition and Lifestyle Education with the Overweight Patient”. Online courses are advantageous to busy clinicians due to convenience and ease of accessibility. The initial participant pool (n=27) was comprised of 14 males and 13 females from over ten urban areas, representing 1–41 years in practice in family medicine, obstetrics, surgery, anesthesiology and ten other specialties. More than 85% of the participants surveyed lacked knowledge on the prevalence of diabetes in the U.S., and over 50% of participants were unable to define the purpose of Medical Nutrition Therapy, according to our pre‐test results. Following completion of the online CME courses, data gathered from post‐tests showed positive improvements in learning as related to questions specific to the courses. Thus, online CME nutrition education courses may increase physician nutrition knowledge in specific, critical areas such as lifestyle diseases. Ultimately, such courses will help physicians be better able to integrate nutrition counseling with patients in order to improve health outcomes and decrease recurring visits.

Support or Funding Information

Jane Elizabeth Watkins Cohen Nutrition Education Endowed Scholarship
Do Adults Drink During Meals or Outside Meals? Results of the Liq.In7 Cross Sectional Surveys
Authors: Guelinckx Isabelle , Morin Clémentine
Published: November 2023

PURPOSE

To estimate fluid intake (FI, sum of drinking water and all other beverages) consumed on different moments of the day in order to identify moments with low FI. In light of a health intervention, these moments could be potential opportunities for individuals to change their FI towards the adequate intake of water.

METHODS

10 513 adults (41±13 years) (47% men) recruited in the Liq.In7 cross‐sectional surveys completed a 7 day fluid specific record. Visuals of standard containers were presented to increase the accuracy of reported TFI. To compare the country mean to the overall group mean, an analysis of means methods was used.

RESULTS

The mean (SEM) FI of the total sample was 2113 mL/d (9). Compared to the mean of the total sample, the mean of Mexico, Spain, France and China was significantly lower (respectively 1848 mL/d (24); 1958 mL/d (27); 1536 mL/d (25); 1884 mL/d (33); p=0,001) and the one of Uruguay, Germany, UK and Indonesia higher (respectively 2658 mL/d (43); 2459 mL/d (22); 2258 mL/d (30); 2305 mL/d (17); p=0,001). In the total sample 52% of FI was consumed outside of meals. In Mexico, Uruguay, Spain and France this proportion was significantly lower, and in Germany, UK, China and Indonesia higher than the total mean (for all P<0.001) (see figure). In Mexico 24% of FI is consumed during lunch, and on average 16% each during breakfast and dinner. Compared to the group mean, in Uruguay significantly more FI is consumed in the afternoon (23%), followed by lunch (20%) and dinner (19%) (p<0.001). In France and Spain mean FI consumed during meals is comparable. In the UK and Germany most FI is consumed in the evening, while mean volume consumed during the 3 meals is comparable. In China and Indonesia most FI is consumed outside of meals and the mean FI during the 3 meals is comparable. As expected, on average only 2% is consumed during the night time. The second moment on which the least FI is consumed is upon awakening (mean 8%). Only in Indonesia and China FI at awakening is significant higher than the group mean (respectively 13%; 10%, p<0.001)

CONCLUSION

These results have a practical and methodological significance. The practical one is that nutritional advice aiming to meet the adequate water intake could focus on specific moments of the day (eg start your day with a glass of water). The methodological significance of the results relates to methods to accurately assess fluid intake: since up to 71% of FI can take place outside of meals, recording methods should draw attention to record intakes outside meals. If fluid intake is the primary outcome, a fluid specific questionnaire should be considered.

Support or Funding Information

This research is supported by Danone Research
Do Parents with the Authoritative Feeding Style have Better Food Parenting Practices?
Authors: Baietto Jamey , Vollmer Rachel L
Published: November 2023

The authoritative feeding style has been proposed to be the most desirable feeding style; however, few studies investigate how these parents may differ in their feeding behaviors compared to parents with other feeding styles. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between parental feeding styles and food parenting practices. Parents of children aged 3 to 7 years of age (n=148) completed surveys to measure feeding style (Child Feeding Questionnaire) and food parenting practices (Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire). Linear regressions were used to test the study aim with the authoritative feeding style serving as the reference and parent race, ethnicity, and income as covariates. It was found that parents with the authoritarian (B = −.23, p = .05; B = .42, p = .05) and uninvolved feeding style (B = −.27, p = .05; B = −.51, p = .05) encouraged balance and variety and provided healthy foods in the home significantly less than parents with authoritative feeding style. Additionally, authoritarian feeding style (B = .74, p = .02) used food as a reward significantly more than parents with the authoritative feeding style. These results indicate that while parents with the authoritative feeding style reported better food parenting practices compared to parents with authoritarian or involved feeding styles, there were no differences in other important feeding behaviors, such as modeling, restriction, or pressure. Therefore, all parents, regardless of feeding style, may benefit from interventions aimed at improving feeding behaviors.

Support or Funding Information

This project was funded by Illinois State University's College of Applied Science and Technology University Research Grant.
Expert Approaches to Increase a Child's Vegetable Intake: A Qualitative Examination of Techniques and Tactics
Authors: Kessler Heidi , Fanelli Stephanie , Katz Michelle , Wansink Brian
Published: November 2023

Is there a way for parents to get their children to eat their vegetables without the yelling and ultimatums? We report novel and insightful methods used by experts to successfully encourage vegetable consumption among US children. Researchers conducted interviews with 78 inside sources (experts in promoting vegetable consumption in children, such as daycare workers, cafeteria managers, and teachers) and categorized their favorite techniques into five groups: choice (15%), modeling (15%), consumption norms (15%), meal planning and preparation (23%), and games (31%). One novel insight involves role‐play and make‐believe worlds during mealtime to engage, entice, and evolve children. Make mealtime both fun and functional by applying these five types of tactics.
Dining with Grace: Prayerful Preschooler Families Act Better Than They Eat
Authors: Kessler Heidi , Wansink Craig S. , Wansink Brian
Published: November 2023

Giving thanks or praying before a meal has its origins in food security. Today, is there any relationship between whether a family gives thanks or says grace prior to a meal and how they eat? To examine whether families who say grace before meals eat or behave differently than a matched sample who do not. In a survey study, 66 families with at least one child between the ages of three and eight were selected on the basis of whether they reported saying grace or giving thanks at 0 vs. 7 dinners each week. They were they asked a variety of questions about their intake frequency of various foods, their meal variety, and their family mealtime routines. Contrary to what one might think, saying thanks for a meal is not related to actually eating a healthier meal. It is, however, related to a number of sociological factors such as being more likely to be involved in preparing the meal (p = .002), and being more likely to eat together and to eat without television (p = .01). Families that say prayers together may not eat better, but they might act better.
Anemia During Infancy Affects the Fecal Microbiome and Fecal and Serum Metabolomes
Authors: McClorry Shannon , Zavaleta Nelly , Llanos Alejandro , Casaría Martin , Lönnerdal Bo , Slupsky Carolyn
Published: November 2023

While anemia can be the result of several micronutrient deficiencies, iron deficiency is frequently the cause. Children under the age of 2 are commonly affected by iron deficiency anemia, particularly in developing nations where repeated infection can exacerbate existing nutritional deficiency. Iron deficiency during childhood is associated with several negative outcomes, some of which persist beyond repletion. Here we investigated alterations in systemic metabolism and microbial diversity and functionality in a cross‐section of 6 mo and 12 mo anemic and non‐anemic Peruvian infants (n=200). Serum and fecal metabolomes were assessed using 1H‐NMR and the fecal microbiome by 16S rRNA sequencing. Differences in microbial communities between the ages were as expected, with 6 mo old subjects exhibiting a greater abundance of Bifidobacteria, and lower abundance of Bacteroidetes and Clostridia, in comparison to the 12 mo old subjects. In 6 mo old subjects, we observed few differences in microbial communities and the fecal metabolome between anemic and non‐anemic subjects, though there were suggestions of impaired systemic energy metabolism as indicated by decreased levels of TCA cycle intermediates. In 12 mo old subjects, the structure of the microbial community did not exhibit many differences between anemic and non‐anemic infants. However, the fecal metabolomes suggested changes in community functionality with anemic infants having greater concentrations of both toxic and antioxidant compounds. While the concentrations of many of these compounds are too low to be quantified in blood, these differences have the potential to influence systemic metabolism. Additionally, 12 mo old anemic subjects exhibited expected decreases energy metabolism, and interesting male‐specific changes in amino acid levels were also observed. Considering that a greater proportion of anemia in the 12 mo old male subjects can be attributed to iron deficiency in comparison to the 12 mo old females, these patterns may begin to provide clues regarding why males are at a greater risk of developing IDA. Furthermore, these results highlight metabolic differences in anemia, and suggest how anemia negatively impacts long‐term development, potentially in a sex‐specific manner.

Support or Funding Information

Support for this project was provided by GAIN.
Responses of Preterm Pigs Fed Bovine Colostrum and Formulas with either Lactose or Maltodextrin as the Sources of Carbohydrate
Authors: Buddington Randal K , Buddington Karyl K
Published: November 2023

Enteral nutrition is restricted for neonatal preterm infants because of the increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), particularly when breast milk is not available. However, prolonged reliance on parenteral nutrition is associated with other adverse outcomes. Despite interest in providing aggressive enteral nutritional support to realize the growth potential of the preterm infant, delayed advancement to full enteral nutrition support is common. This is especially true for the increasing numbers of infants that are now surviving birth at 28 weeks of gestation and earlier and are at greater risk of food intolerance and NEC. A consequence is extrauterine growth restriction remains prevalent among preterm infants, increasing the risk of intellectual and developmental disabilities. There is a need to improve enteral nutrition support for neonatal preterm infants when breast milk is not available. Because of the ethical constraints associated with using preterm infants as test subjects, we used preterm pigs relevant to 32 week preterm infants to evaluate survival, NEC incidence and severity, and growth to 6–7 days of feeding bovine colostrum (control) or one of two formulas with either lactose or maltodextrin as the source of carbohydrate (120 ml/kg‐d). At conclusion of the feeding regimen blood chemistries, intestinal dimensions and gross pathology, and weights of other organs were recorded, and rates of intestinal glucose uptake were measured as an indicator of small intestine digestive functions. Feeding the formula with maltodextrin resulted in a 50% incidence of NEC with 30% mortality. NEC was not detected among pigs fed colostrum or the lactose‐based milk replacer. Growth of pigs fed bovine colostrum was minimal or even negative (−0.70 ± 0.26) and was lower than growth of surviving pigs fed the formulas with maltodextrin or lactose (0.77 ± 0.27 and 0.93 ± 0.18). Significant treatment differences were detected for the majority of measured analytes. Notably were the higher sodium, chloride, blood urea nitrogen, and serum lipids of pigs fed colostrum compared with the pigs fed the two milk replacers. Pigs fed colostrum had heavier small intestines (g/kg; P<0.05), but not higher total small intestine capacities to transport glucose. Our findings indicate colostrum protects preterm pigs against NEC, but does not promote body weight gain or enhance intestinal absorption, and should not be used as a control for chronic feeding studies. Using maltodextrin, but not lactose in formula increases NEC risk. Preterm pigs are a relevant and translational large animal model for evaluating how carbohydrates and other nutrients influence NEC risk, growth, health, and development after preterm birth.
Sodium Intake Assessment in a Sample of Australian Pre‐School Children Attending Long Day Care
Authors: O'Halloran Siobhan , Lacy Kathleen E , Grimes Carley A , Campbell Karen J , Nowson Caryl A
Published: November 2023

Background

Approximately half of Australian pre‐school children attend Long Day Care (LDC). Lunch is regularly provided at these centres and children may typically consume 50% of their total daily energy and nutrient requirements whilst in LDC.

Aims

To determine the sodium content of lunches provided and sodium intake in a sample of Australian pre‐school children attending LDC.

Methods

A convenience sample of pre‐school children attending LDC from the Geelong Region in the state of Victoria, Australia was recruited. Individual children's sodium intake was estimated by a validated visual plate waste scale method on one lunch day and the sodium content of lunches consumed was also assessed.

Results

Ninety‐five pre‐school children (50 males) aged between 3–4 years from 7 LDC centres were assessed. At five centres lunch was served by staff. Children served themselves at the remaining two centres. The mean sodium content of the staff served lunches was 294 (SD 126) mg; range 179–480 mg and the mean sodium content of self‐served lunches was 196 (83) mg; range 137–255 mg. Between the two serving approaches there was no difference (p=>0.05) and average sodium intake was 265 (118) mg.

Conclusion

These findings show that centre provision and pre‐school children's consumption of sodium varies across LDC centres, representing ~13% to ~50% of the recommended Upper Level for sodium for this age group. LDC settings may provide important opportunities to reduce pre‐school children's sodium consumption to acceptable levels.

Support or Funding Information

Nothing to Declare
Cross‐Nursing in a Peruvian Peri‐urban Area
Authors: Pareja Rossina G. , Marquis Grace S , Penny Mary E
Published: November 2023

Despite recommendations that mothers should avoid the cross‐nursing of their infants (the occasional nursing by another woman) due to the risk of transmitting diseases such as HIV, this practice occurs.

Methods

A cohort of 179 pregnant women and their toddlers living in a peri‐urban area of Lima, Peru was enrolled during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. After birth, a total of 179 newborn infants were followed up until 6 months of age. Field workers visited the homes weekly to collect information about the infant for the previous seven days. Mothers were asked about the infant's health and feeding practices (breastfeeding, use of any liquids or foods, type of food).

Results

About 45% of the mothers (n=81) reported that their infants received breast milk from another woman during their first 6 months of life. Of those who were cross‐nursed, the frequency of days exposed ranged from one day (35%), between 2 to 7 days (40%), and 8 to 31 days (25%). The exposure occurred as early as the second day of life and as late as the six‐month birthday. Infants were most frequently cross‐nursed by their aunt (69%), followed by their neighbor (11%) and great aunts (11%). Grandmothers were also reported as breastfeeding the infant.

Conclusions

Although this study provided data about one specific area of Peru, the population included migrants from other areas of the country; it is likely that this feeding behavior is common throughout Peru. More information is required to understand the practice of cross‐nursing and develop training to help health professionals effectively counsel mothers about the risks of this infant feeding practice.

Support or Funding Information

Canadian Institutes of Health Research