bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer Simulations of Responsive Nanogels at Lipid Membrane
Authors: Sorokina Anastasia S. , Gumerov Rustam A. , Noguchi Hiroshi , Potemkin Igor I.
Published: August 2024

The swelling and collapse of responsive nanogels on a planar lipid bilayer are studied by means of mesoscopic computer simulations. The effects of molecular weight, cross‐linking density, and adhesion strength are examined. The conditions for collapse‐mediated engulfing by the bilayer are found. In particular, the results show that at low hydrophobicity level the increase in the nanogel softness decreases the engulfing rate. On the contrary, for stronger hydrophobicity level the trend changes to the opposite one. At the same time, when the cross‐linking density is too low or the adhesion strength is too high the nanogel deformation at the membrane suppresses the engulfing regardless of the network swelling ratio. Finally, for comparative reasons, the behavior of the nanogels is also studied at the solid surface. These results may be useful in the design of soft particles capable of tuning of their elasticity and porosity for successful intracellular drug delivery.
Heat source determining inverse problem for nonlocal in time equation
Authors: Serikbaev Daurenbek , Ruzhansky Michael , Tokmagambetov Niyaz
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we consider the inverse problem of determining the time‐dependent source term in the general setting of Hilbert spaces and for general additional data. We prove the well‐posedness of this inverse problem by reducing the problem to an operator equation for the source function.
Flaxseed Oil Attenuates Intestinal Damage by Regulating Ferroptosis Signaling Pathway Following LPS Challenge in Piglets
Authors: Guo Junjie , Chen Xiaoqian , Zhou Mohan , Yu Xintian , Zhu Huiling , Xiao Kan , Chen Guoshun , Liu Yulan
Published: August 2024

Scope

Ferroptosis has been demonstrated to play an important role in various tissue injuries and diseases. Flaxseed oil (FO) has been proven to have benefits for intestinal health. This study aims to explore whether FO relieved lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced intestinal injury through modulating ferroptosis signaling pathway.

Methods and results

A total of 120 weaned piglets are fed diets with 3% soybean oil (SO) or 3% FO for 4 weeks. At the end of the trial, 24 piglets selected from two dietary treatment groups are used in a 2 × 2 factorial design with oil treatment (3% SO versus 3% FO) and LPS challenge (saline versus LPS). At 4 h postinjection with LPS, 24 piglets are slaughtered and intestinal samples are collected. FO improves growth performance of pigs. After LPS treatment, FO mitigates intestinal morphological damage and functional damage. Notably, FO reverses the typical ultra‐morphology and biochemical indexes of ferroptosis involving glutathione, malondialdehyde, and 4‐hydroxynonenal contents. Mechanistically, FO ameliorates the changes on mRNA or protein abundance of key ferroptosis signals including transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFR1), recombinant iron responsive element binding protein 2 (IREB2), FTL, HSPB1, ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), ferroportin 1 (FPN1), SLC7A11, solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and arachidonate‐15‐lipoxygenase (ALOX15).

Conclusions

FO improves growth performance and mitigates intestinal structural and functional damage, which is involved in regulating ferroptosis signaling pathway.
Electrocatalytic Properties of Ni1+xFe3−x−yAyN (A = Mo, W): The Effect of Mo and W in the Oxygen Evolution and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Coca‐Clemente José A. , Rodríguez‐García Isabel , Tolosana‐Moranchel Álvaro , Gómez de la Fuente José Luis , Ocón Pilar , Retuerto María , Rojas Sergio
Published: August 2024

Ni, Fe‐based nitrides have been widely studied for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media, displaying electrocatalytic activities similar to Pt and other noble metal electrocatalysts. The incorporation of small amounts of Mo or W on these Ni, Fe‐based nitrides is expected to have a significant effect on the electrocatalytic performance of these materials, especially for the HER activity. In this work, transition metal nitrides (TMNs) with the empirical formula Ni1+xFe3−x−yAyN (A = Mo, W), were obtained in two steps: synthesis of the transition metal oxide precursors by an easy, one‐pot sol–gel polymerization method followed by nitridation under ammonia atmosphere to obtain the final TMNs. Their HER and OER catalytic performances in alkaline electrolyte (0.1 M KOH solution) were studied and it was observed that the incorporation of small quantities of Mo or W in these Ni, Fe‐based nitrides (Ni1+xFe3−x−yAyN, where y = 0.1) results in improved HER and OER activities, especially in the TMN that contains W (i.e., Ni1+xFe2.9−xW0.1N), where the overpotentials were 348 mV for OER and 269 mV for HER. These values are lower than those obtained for Ni1+xFe3−xN, which are 395 mV for OER and 368 mV for HER.
Sequentially crosslinked collagen‐based hydrogel to form a semi‐interpenetrating network for enhanced stability to hydrolytic degradation and electrochemical properties
Authors: Nur Hidayah Shahemi , Dania Adila Ahmad Ruzaidi , Sharaniza Ab Rahim , Muhammad Abid Amir , Mohd Muzamir Mahat
Published: August 2024

Biodegradable polymers are pivotal in tissue engineering, facilitating long‐term tissue reintegration and reducing the necessity for surgery. However, collagen, a crucial component of the extracellular matrix, encountered challenges due to its limited mechanical strength and rapid in‐vivo degradation. This study addresses these issues through crosslinking and functionalizing collagen with synthetic 4‐arm amine‐terminated polyethylene glycol (PEG) in a semi‐interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel. The first goal is to enhance resistance to hydrolysis, thus extending the biodegradation rate. Then, to explore its electrical conductivity properties for certain applications like neural tissue regeneration. The hydrogels were fabricated using sequential IPN formation synthesis where their structural stability and type of degradation by‐products were confirmed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Next, its mechanical and degradation properties investigations exhibit a 92% enhancement in hardness and a 90% retainment of its initial mass over time under physiological conditions. Additionally, the introduction of polypyrrole (PPy) via in‐situ polymerization increases its electrical conductivity, achieving a remarkable 104‐fold increase at a 0.75 M concentration, attributed to the interconnectivity of PPy chain networks within the three‐dimensional structure of IPN collagen/PEG hydrogel. The increased PPy concentration improves conductivity and reduces energy requirements for redox reactions, ensuring electrochemical stability as revealed by cyclic voltammetry analysis. The demonstrated structural and electrochemical stability of the semi‐IPN collagen/PEG/PPy hydrogel within a physiological environment through a facile sequential crosslinking method underscores its promising practical applications in enhancing clinical effectiveness.
A new simulation method for characterizing the shear behavior of needled carbon fiber composites
Authors: Liu Zinan , Li Piao , Luo Xilin , Liu Wentai , Lu Xing , Liao Dunming , Zhou Helezi , Zhou Huamin
Published: August 2024

Due to the complex internal structure of needled carbon fiber composites, the interlayer shear behavior is hard to predict in current simulations. This study proposes a new meso‐level simulation method, which uses double cohesive zone models to account for the additional enhancement of interfacial shear properties during needling. Constitutive models with damage criteria are extended and applied to describe the failure of the nonwoven fabric, short fiber felt, and needled fiber bundles. Short beam shear tests are carried out to obtain experimental shear properties and fracture mechanisms. The predicted load versus displacement relation and damage evolution agree well with the experiments. The errors of interlaminar shear strength and failure displacement between simulations and average values of experiments are 2.597% and 9.452%, respectively, which validate the accuracy of the proposed simulation method.

Highlights

The shear failure behavior and evolution of needled composites are simulated on a meso‐level.

Double cohesive zone models characterize the additional enhancement of interlaminar shear properties.

Different modified constitutive models are used for unique components.

The experimental results well verify the validity of the simulation.
Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) predation on unionid mussels in the Salmon and Little Salmon rivers in northern New York
Authors: Cooper John E.
Published: August 2024

Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) predation on unionid mussels has been documented since the late 1800s. More recent studies have examined size‐specific predation and potential effects of predation on mussel populations. This study was part of a larger endeavor that examined the effects of dam removal in the Salmon and Little Salmon rivers in northern New York. Muskrat middens were searched for from 2005 through 2012 and all mussel shells were identified, measured, and evaluated for evidence of muskrat predation. Ten species of consumed mussels were collected from 37 middens. Three species of living mussels that were in low abundance were not found in middens. Distribution of middens was uneven in both rivers and few middens were used in more than 1 year. Muskrats did not consume mussels <37 mm shell length in the Salmon River (SR) and <28 mm in the Little Salmon River (LSR). Shell length distribution of living mussels was similar to that of mussels in middens. Shell length of living SR mussels (based on mean ranks) were significantly longer than living mussels in the LSR as were consumed mussels. Size‐selection may be indicated for Elliptio complanata and Lampsilis radiata but relative abundance might also be a factor. Dry empty shell weight and thickness were not significantly correlated to percent predation marks. The muskrat population in these rivers could be small as few middens were used in more than 1 year and there was no evidence of muskrat trapping. If so, muskrat predation would have a limited effect on the unionid population.
3D Printable Materials Based on Renewable Polymers from Terpene Alcohols and Calcium Carbide
Authors: Lotsman Kristina A. , Samoylenko Dmitriy E. , Rodygin Konstantin S. , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: August 2024

The transition to a sustainable future requires the use of waste‐free technologies for production. Potentially, additive technologies can be a promising approach for accessing circular economy due to the precise amount of feeding materials and the absence of molds. However, the initial feeding materials for additive approaches are often based on non–renewable hydrocarbon sources. This work focused on the use of polymers derived from terpene alcohols to develop a filament suitable for 3D printing. Initially, the vinylation of menthol using calcium carbide was optimized and scaled up, then a series of terpenyl–based vinyl ethers were obtained under optimal conditions. The cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers was also scaled up and resulted in 99 % yield of the polymers, which was subsequently subjected to hot extrusion. The initial terpenol was used as an additive to increase polymer flexibility. The addition of menthol (30 wt %) to polyvinyl menthol led to the suitable filament. Using the filament, a series of objects were 3D printed at 125 °C. The material demonstrated good sinterability and adhesion to glass and shrinkage comparable to that of commercial 3D printing filaments. Furthermore, the polymers obtained were used as additives to enhance the adhesion of commercially available filaments.
Pyrrole: An Essential Framework in the Development of Therapeutic Agents and Insightful Analysis of Structure‐Active Relationships
Authors: Sahu Bhaskar , Sahu Rakesh , Gidwani Bina , Mishra Achal
Published: August 2024

Pyrrole is a heterocyclic structure with diverse pharmacophores, enabling the creation of an extensive lead molecule library. Its broad range of pharmacological profiles has concerned significant global research interests. This review highlights recent advancements in pyrrole scaffolds, focusing on their structure active relationship and bioactivities. Pyrrole derivatives recognized for their biological activities, are promising scaffolds for developing antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiviral, antituberculosis, and enzyme‐inhibiting properties. Their unique anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant features have prompted the development of novel cardioprotective and neuroprotective compounds. The review aims to elucidate the SAR of pyrrole mimics, aiding future therapeutic developments.
Anti‐saprolegnia Effect of Oxyprenylated Derivatives of Naturally Occurring Prenylated Dihydrochalcone
Authors: Madrid Alejandro , Silva Valentina , Muñoz Evelyn , Valdés Francisca , Rigano Daniela , Werner Enrique , Montenegro Iván
Published: August 2024

Oomycetes such as Saprolegnia sp. are responsible for serious economic losses in aquaculture, the strategies for their control lead to concerns about their efficacy and environmental repercussions, so alternatives for their regulation are being sought. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of 2 representative strains of Saprolegnia sp. toward 2,4‐dihydroxy‐5′‐prenyl‐dihydrochalcone (A); dihydrochalcone isolated from the Chilean shrub Adesmia balsamica; and their derivatives oxyprenylated (B‐‐G) with the purpose to develop naturally occurring products in order to cope with emerging resistance phenomena. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum oomycetocidal concentration (MOC) values were then determined for the series of compounds tested, in comparison with the conventional fungicides bronopol® and fluconazole plus the natural compound safrole, by quantifying fungal growth. Significant growth inhibition was observed for prenylated derivatives B–G, evidencing dihydrochalcone E as the most active. This compound presented MIC and MOC values (0.24–0.26 μM and 0.30–0.33 μM, respectively) superior to those determined for commercial antifungal in both of the tested pathogenic strains.
Long‐Term Stable Dispersion of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Peroxydisulfate upon Ultrasonication Activation
Authors: He Jinglei , He Xin , Shen Xiaofang , Yan Chuanhao , Yu Xuefeng , Zhang Jinlong , Zhu Benzhan , Huang Chunhua , Liu Junfeng , Wang Xilong
Published: August 2024

Poor dispersibility of carbon nanotubes greatly hinders their practical applications. Herein, a long‐term stable dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in peroxydisulfate (PDS) is achieved. MWCNTs at 40 mg L−1 are completely dispersed by PDS upon ultrasonication (US/PDS) within 64 min and a stable dispersion is maintained at least 20 days. Mechanistically, US created defects on the nanomaterial and PDS‐origin free radicals attacked these defects to introduce O‐containing moieties (─OH and ─COOH). Interestingly, dispersion efficiency of MWCNTs by US/PDS initially at pH 7 and 3.8 is comparable, but lower than that initially at pH 12. Both •OH and SO4•− are produced under alkaline condition, while SO4•− is the dominant free radicals initially at pH 7 and 3.8 during the whole dispersion period. Stronger dispersion of MWCNTs initially at pH 12 resulted from greater amounts of O‐containing moieties mainly in ─OH (46.32%) rather than ─COOH (24.19%) form. This differential more strongly promotes MWCNTs‐water interaction via hydrogen bonding, thereby enhancing the dispersion. Notably, no significant mass loss of MWCNTs occurred during dispersion. Overall, the developed method achieves long‐term stable dispersion of MWCNTs in a manner that can significantly extend their applications.
The Role of Rare‐Earth Atoms in the Anisotropy and Antiferromagnetic Exchange Coupling at a Hybrid Metal–Organic Interface
Authors: Blanco‐Rey María , Castrillo Rodrigo , Ali Khadiza , Gargiani Pierluigi , Ilyn Maxim , Gastaldo Michele , Paradinas Markos , Valbuena Miguel A. , Mugarza Aitor , Ortega J. Enrique , Schiller Frederik , Fernández Laura
Published: August 2024

Magnetic anisotropy and magnetic exchange interactions are crucial parameters that characterize the hybrid metal–organic interface, a key component of an organic spintronic device. It is shown that the incorporation of 4f RE atoms to hybrid metal–organic interfaces of CuPc/REAu2 type (RE = Gd, Ho) constitutes a feasible approach toward on‐demand magnetic properties and functionalities. The GdAu2 and HoAu2 substrates differ in their magnetic anisotropy behavior. Remarkably, the HoAu2 surface promotes the inherent out‐of‐plane anisotropy of CuPc, owing to the match between the anisotropy axis of substrate and molecule. Furthermore, the presence of RE atoms leads to a spontaneous antiferromagnetic exchange coupling at the interface, induced by the 3d–4f superexchange interaction between the unpaired 3d electron of CuPc and the 4f electrons of the RE atoms. It is shown that 4f RE atoms with unquenched quantum orbital momentum (), as it is the case of Ho, induce an anisotropic interfacial exchange coupling.
Uncovering the Size‐Dependent Thermal Solid Transformation of Akaganéite
Authors: Wang Xiang , He Yang , Liu Lili , Song Duo , Kovarik Libor , Bowden Mark E. , Engelhard Mark , Li Xiaoxu , Du Yingge , Miller Quin RS , Wang Chongmin , De Yoreo James J. , Rosso Kevin M. , Zhang Xin
Published: August 2024

Investigating the structural evolution and phase transformation of iron oxides is crucial for gaining a deeper understanding of geological changes on diverse planets and preparing oxide materials suitable for industrial applications. In this study, in‐situ heating techniques are employed in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and ex‐situ characterization to thoroughly analyze the thermal solid‐phase transformation of akaganéite 1D nanostructures with varying diameters. These findings offer compelling evidence for a size‐dependent morphology evolution in akaganéite 1D nanostructures, which can be attributed to the transformation from akaganéite to maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) and subsequent crystal growth. Specifically, it is observed that akaganéite nanorods with a diameter of ∼50 nm transformed into hollow polycrystalline maghemite nanorods, which demonstrated remarkable stability without arresting crystal growth under continuous heating. In contrast, smaller akaganéite nanoneedles or nanowires with a diameter ranging from 20 to 8 nm displayed a propensity for forming single‐crystal nanoneedles or nanowires through phase transformation and densification. By manipulating the size of the precursors, a straightforward method is developed for the synthesis of single‐crystal and polycrystalline maghemite nanowires through solid‐phase transformation. These significant findings provide new insights into the size‐dependent structural evolution and phase transformation of iron oxides at the nanoscale.
Magnetically Powered Microrobotic Swarm for Integrated Mechanical/Photothermal/Photodynamic Thrombolysis
Authors: Song Yanzhen , Ou Juanfeng , Miao Jiajun , Zhang Xiaoting , Jiang Jiamiao , Tian Hao , Peng Fei , Tu Yingfeng
Published: August 2024

Current thrombolytic drugs exhibit suboptimal therapeutic outcomes and potential bleeding risks due to their limited circulation time, inadequate thrombus penetration, and off‐target biodistribution. Herein, a photosensitizer‐loaded, red cell membrane‐encapsuled multiple magnetic nanoparticles aggregate is successfully developed for integrated mechanical/photothermal/photodynamic thrombolysis. Red cell membrane coating endows magnetic particles with prolonged blood circulation and superior biocompatibility. Under a preset rotating magnetic field (RMF), the aggregate with asymmetric magnetic distribution initiates rolling motion toward the blood clot interface, and because of magnetic dipole‐dipole interactions, the aggregate tends to self‐assemble into longer, flexible chain‐like microrobotic swarm with powerful mechanical stir forces, thereby facilitating thrombus penetration and mechanical thrombolysis. Moreover, precise magnetic control enables targeted photosensitizer accumulation, allowing effective conversion of near‐infrared (NIR) light into heat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) for thrombus phototherapy. In thrombolysis assays, the weight of thrombi is massively reduced by ≈90%. The work presents a safer and more promising combination of magnetic microrobotic technology and phototherapy for multi‐modality thrombolysis.
3D Leaf‐Like Copper–Zinc Alloy Enables Dendrite‐Free Zinc Anode for Ultra‐Long Life Aqueous Zinc Batteries
Authors: Huang Wenting , Huang Yongfeng , Huang Xudong , Shao Fei , Liu Wenbao , Kang Feiyu
Published: August 2024

Metallic zinc exhibits immense potential as an anode material for aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, low redox potential, and inherent safety. However, practical applications are hindered by dendrite formation and poor cycling stability. Herein, a facile substitution reaction method is presented to fabricate a 3D leaf‐like Cu@Zn composite anode. This unique architecture, featuring a 3D network of leaf‐like Cu on a Zn foil surface, significantly reduces nucleation overpotential and facilitates uniform Zn plating/stripping, effectively suppressing dendrite growth. Notably, an alloy layer of CuZn5 forms in situ on the 3D Cu layer during cycling. DFT calculations reveal that this CuZn5 alloy possesses a lower Zn binding energy compared to both Cu and Zn metal, further promoting Zn plating/stripping and enhancing electrochemical kinetics. Consequently, the symmetric Cu@Zn electrode exhibits remarkable cycling stability, surpassing 1300 h at 0.5 mA cm−2 with negligible dendrite formation. Furthermore, full cells comprising Cu@Zn||VO2 exhibit superior capacity and rate performance compared to bare Zn anodes. This work provides a promising strategy for constructing highly stable and efficient Zn anodes for next‐generation aqueous zinc batteries.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Classification, Synthesis, Modification, and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wang Dayang , Yao Huanchen , Ye Jiashuo , Gao Yan , Cong Hailin , Yu Bing
Published: August 2024

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new variety of solid crystalline porous functional materials. As an extension of inorganic porous materials, it has made important progress in preparation and application. MOFs are widely used in various fields such as gas adsorption storage, drug delivery, sensing, and biological imaging due to their high specific surface area, porosity, adjustable pore size, abundant active sites, and functional modification by introducing groups. In this paper, the types of MOFs are classified, and the synthesis methods and functional modification mechanisms of MOFs materials are summarized. Finally, the application prospects and challenges of metal‐organic framework materials in the biomedical field are discussed, hoping to promote their application in multidisciplinary fields.
Ferroelectric Aluminum Scandium Nitride Transistors with Intrinsic Switching Characteristics and Artificial Synaptic Functions for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Gao Jing , Chien Yu‐Chieh , Li Lingqi , Lee Hock Koon , Samanta Subhranu , Varghese Binni , Xiang Heng , Li Minghua , Liu Chen , Zhu Yao , Chen Li , Ang Kah‐Wee
Published: August 2024

Aluminum Scandium Nitride (Al1−xScxN) has received attention for its exceptional ferroelectric properties, whereas the fundamental mechanism determining its dynamic response and reliability remains elusive. In this work, an unreported nucleation‐based polarization switching mechanism in Al0.7Sc0.3N (AlScN) is unveiled, driven by its intrinsic ferroelectricity rooted in the ionic displacement. Fast polarization switching, characterized by a remarkably low characteristic time of 0.00183 ps, is captured, and effectively simulated using a nucleation‐limited switching (NLS) model, where the profound effect of defects on the nucleation and domain propagation is systematically studied. These findings are further integrated into Monte Carlo simulations to unravel the influence of the activation energy for ferroelectric switching on the distributions of switching thresholds. The long‐term reliability of devices is also confirmed by time‐dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) measurements, and the effect of thickness scaling is discussed. Ferroelectric field‐effect transistors (FeFETs) are demonstrated through the integration of AlScN and 2D MoS2 channel, where biological synaptic functions can be emulated with optimized operation voltage. The artificial neural network built from AlScN‐based FeFETs achieves 93.8% recognition accuracy of handwritten digits, demonstrating the potential of ferroelectric AlScN in future neuromorphic computing applications.
Sulfur and Wavy‐Stacking Boosted Superior Lithium Storage in 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Li Nana , Zhu Jinhui , Yang Chongqing , Huang Senhe , Jiang Kaiyue , Zheng Qi , Yang Yilong , Mao Haiyan , Han Sheng , Zhu Lei , Zhuang Xiaodong
Published: August 2024

2D conjugated covalent organic frameworks (c‐COFs) provide an attractive foundation as organic electrodes in energy storage devices, but their storage capability is long hindered by limited ion accessibility within densely π–π stacked interlayers. Herein, two kinds of 2D c‐COFs based on dioxin and dithiine linkages are reported, which exhibit distinct in‐plane configurations—fully planar and undulated layers. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals wavy square‐planar networks in dithiine‐bridged COF (COF‐S), attributed to curved C─S─C bonds in the dithiine linkage, whereas dioxin‐bridged COF (COF‐O) features densely packed fully planar layers. Theoretical and experimental results elucidate that the undulated stacking within COF‐S possesses an expanded layer distance of 3.8 Å and facilitates effective and rapid Li+ storage, yielding a superior specific capacity of 1305 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, surpassing that of COF‐O (1180 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1). COF‐S also demonstrates an admirable cycle life with 80.4% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. As determined, self‐expanded wavy‐stacking geometry, S‐enriched dithiine in COF‐S enhances the accessibility and redox activity of Li storage, allowing each phthalocyanine core to store 12 Li+ compared to 8 Li+ in COF‐O. These findings underscore the elements and stacking modes of 2D c‐COFs, enabling tunable layer distance and modulation of accessible ions.
Anomalous Diffusion Mechanism for Water in Native and Hydrophobically Modified Starch Using Fractional Calculus
Authors: Matias Gustavo de Souza , Aranha Ana Caroline Raimundini , Lermen Fernando Henrique , Bissaro Camila Andressa , Coelho Tania Maria , Defendi Rafael Oliveira , Jorge Luiz Mario de Matos
Published: August 2024

Fractional calculus is a method to predict processes mathematically. This study uses fractional order models to determine whether starch hydration is governed by Fickian or anomalous diffusion. Native and modified starches are compared and classified based on their diffusive characteristics and the type of diffusion observed. The study aims to adjust the equation of the analytical solution of the diffusion model to study the hydration of both native and modified starches. The fractional order diffusion model is generalized to compare the two models and identify whether anomalous mechanisms exist in native and modified starches. The results show that water absorption by native and modified starch granules is characterized by anomalous diffusion. This is due to the temperature conditions and differences in the chemical potential of the starches. It is verified that the diffusive characteristics of native and modified starches differ under the same hydration conditions.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Algae: 26
Authors: Kusber Wolf‐Henning
Published: August 2024

Conservation of the name Leptomitus (Saprolegniophyta) with a conserved type is not recommended.
Alcohol‐related stigma within the UK veterinary profession
Authors: Cormier Olivia , Seddon Jennifer
Published: August 2024

Background

Veterinarians have poorer mental health and have higher levels of alcohol consumption compared to the general population. This study aimed to explore perceptions and experiences of problem drinking within the veterinary profession in the UK.

Methods

Online semi‐structured interviews were completed with multidisciplined practising veterinarians in the UK. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

Seventeen veterinarians were recruited. The participants were predominantly female (n = 15, 88%). Seven participants (41%) reported personal experience of problem drinking. Four main themes were identified: a normalised culture of drinking, the impact of drinking on mental health and suicide risk, perceptions and attitudes towards problem drinking, and impacts of formal intervention. Drinking to cope was normalised and widespread among veterinarians. Problem drinking was reported to negatively impact mental health and provoke high self‐stigma. Both alcohol‐related stigma and fear of involvement from the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) were barriers to help‐seeking.

Limitations

No other veterinary professionals or participants with lived experience of RCVS investigation for problem drinking were included.

Conclusion

Alcohol‐related stigma and fear of RCVS involvement reduce veterinary help‐seeking for problem drinking, which may have a negative effect on veterinarians' mental health.
Ventricular fibrillation during thoracoscopic pericardiectomy in a St. Bernard dog
Authors: Mattei Larissa Irina , Barandun Marc , Iff Isabelle
Published: August 2024

Ventricular fibrillation is one of the known complications of pericardiectomy in veterinary medicine. We present a case of ventricular fibrillation occurring during thoracoscopic pericardiectomy in a 2‐year‐old St. Bernard dog. Despite prompt recognition, immediate resuscitation efforts‐based chest compressions and mechanical ventilation, drug administration and defibrillation (external using 200 J, using 50 J internally subsequently), the dog died. The suspected cause of ventricular fibrillation was related to the use of an electrosurgical device. The challenges encountered during resuscitation and possible reasons for the delayed success of defibrillation are discussed in this report. Electrical safety and the implications during thoracoscopy underscore the importance of the development and the mechanisms underlying ventricular fibrillation during thoracoscopic pericardiectomy.
Developing Cut-off Values for Low and Very Low Bone Mineral Density at the Thoracic Spine Using Quantitative Computed Tomography
Authors: Cheneymann Andia , Therkildsen Josephine , Rasmussen Laust Dupont , Thygesen Jesper , Isaksen Christin , Hauge Ellen-Margrethe , Winther Simon , Böttcher Morten
Published: August 2024

Osteoporosis is under-diagnosed while detectable by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) using quantitative computer tomography (QCT). Opportunistic screening for low BMD has previously been suggested using lumbar QCT. However, thoracic QCT also possesses this potential to develop upper and lower cut-off values for low thoracic BMD, corresponding to the current cut-offs for lumbar BMD. In participants referred with chest pain, lumbar and thoracic BMD were measured using non-contrast lumbar- and cardiac CT scans. Lumbar BMD cut-off values for very low (< 80 mg/cm3), low (80–120 mg/cm3), and normal BMD (> 120 mg/cm3) were used to assess the corresponding thoracic values. A linear regression enabled identification of new diagnostic thoracic BMD cut-off values. The 177 participants (mean age 61 [range 31–74] years, 51% women) had a lumbar BMD of 121.6 mg/cm3 (95% CI 115.9–127.3) and a thoracic BMD of 137.0 mg/cm3 (95% CI: 131.5–142.5), p < 0.001. Categorization of lumbar BMD revealed 14%, 35%, and 45% in each BMD category. When applied for the thoracic BMD measurements, 25% of participants were reclassified into a lower group. Linear regression predicted a relationship of Thoracic BMD = 0.85 * Lumbar BMD + 33.5, yielding adjusted thoracic cut-off values of < 102 and > 136 mg/cm3. Significant differences in BMD between lumbar and thoracic regions were found, but a linear relationship enabled the development of thoracic upper and lower cut-off values for low BMD in the thoracic spine. As Thoracic CT scans are frequent, these findings will strengthen the utilization of CT images for opportunistic detection of osteoporosis.
Thyroid cancer incidence in cohorts exposed in childhood to 131I released during the Windscale nuclear reactor accident at Sellafield, England, in 1957
Authors: McNally Richard J. Q. , Wakeford Richard , Bunch Kathryn J. , Hayes Louise , Vernon Sally , Jeffrey Polly-Anne , Paley Lizz , Elliott Alex
Published: August 2024

A fire in one of the Windscale nuclear reactors at Sellafield (Cumbria, England) in October 1957 released 1,800 TBq of 131I (half-life, 8 days) to atmosphere. Measurements of 131I activity in thyroids of exposed children showed typical thyroid doses of tens of milligray, but with some exceeding 100 mGy. Radiation exposure in childhood is known to increase the risk of thyroid cancer. Consequently, an investigation was conducted into whether raised numbers of thyroid cancer cases occurred in those exposed to 131I as young children in Cumbria. A database of Cumbrian births from 1950 onwards allowed cohorts of 56,086 births during 1950–1958 and 137,444 births during 1959–1980 to be constructed, periods including children potentially exposed and unexposed, respectively, to 131I. Three areas of Cumbria with different 131I contamination levels were identified from monitoring data, and births assigned to these three areas for the two periods of birth. Members of these six sub-cohorts were linked to incident thyroid cancer cases in Great Britain during 1981–2020 using national cancer registration databases, providing thyroid cancer incidence rates. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs), with the lowest contamination area as a reference, were computed. No IRR differed discernibly from unity. For births during 1950–1958, the IRR for the combined highest and intermediate 131I contamination areas was 0.68 (95% confidence interval: 0.24, 1.56), and no case of thyroid cancer was found in the small cohort born in the highest contamination area. In conclusion, no increased risk of thyroid cancer in those exposed to 131I as young children in Cumbria in 1957 was detected. This study adds to the evidence on the long-term risk of thyroid cancer following childhood exposure to low and moderate levels of 131I, such as occurred following the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011.
Incidence of complications and functional outcomes following segmental femoral shaft fractures: a critical review of the literature
Authors: Vasilopoulou Anastasia , Karampitianis Spyridon , Chloros George D. , Giannoudis Peter V.
Published: August 2024

Background

Although segmental femoral shaft fractures (SFSF) are very challenging to manage, there has been no critical evaluation of the current practices and outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate their characteristics, management trends, outcomes, and complications.

Methods

A literature search was conducted via the SCOPUS, Embase (via SCOPUS) and MEDLINE (via PubMed) between 1995 and 2023. Studies were included if they reported patient demographics, mechanism of injury, classification of fractures, associated injuries, type of management, outcomes, and complications. Exclusion criteria: only diaphyseal fractures were included and proximal and distal femoral fractures were excluded from this study.

Results

Overall, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria reporting on 313 patients. Mean age was 36.2 years with male–female ratio of 4.8 to 1. The majority were high-energy fractures secondary to road traffic accidents and 16% were open. The most commonly associated injuries included chest injury (27%) and lower leg fractures (24%). Treatment consisted of intramedullary nailing (IMN) (72%), plating (22%) or both combined (6%). Outcomes reported: good in 70%, fair in 10%, excellent in 19% and poor in 2% of cases. Mean time to union was 20 weeks. Complications are reported in 24% of cases, with most common delayed union (5%) and non-union (4%).

Conclusion

SFSF are high-energy fractures occurring most commonly in young males, are open in 16% of cases and have significant associated injuries. In their overwhelming majority, IMN is the mainstay of treatment. The expected outcome is generally good in 70% of cases, although not devoid of complications in 24% of cases and patients must be aware of this during the consent process.
The Universal Equivariance Properties of Exotic Aromatic B-Series
Authors: Laurent Adrien , Munthe-Kaas Hans
Published: August 2024

The exotic aromatic Butcher series were originally introduced for the calculation of order conditions for the high order numerical integration of ergodic stochastic differential equations in $$\mathbb {R} ^d$$

R

d

and on manifolds. We prove in this paper that exotic aromatic B-series satisfy a universal geometric property, namely that they are characterised by locality and equivariance with respect to orthogonal changes of coordinates. This characterisation confirms that exotic aromatic B-series are a fundamental geometric object that naturally generalises aromatic B-series and B-series, as they share similar equivariance properties. In addition, we provide a classification of the main subsets of the exotic aromatic B-series, in particular the exotic B-series, using different equivariance properties. Along the analysis, we present a generalised definition of exotic aromatic trees, dual vector fields, and we explore the impact of degeneracies on the classification.
Flume model test on the behavior of debris flows into the reservoir and the impact pressure acting on the dam embankment
Authors: Sonoda Yusuke , Sawada Yutaka
Published: August 2024

The number of cases of damage to reservoirs due to debris flows has increased. In this study, granular material was released down the slope in a flume model to observe the debris flow morphology in a reservoir and to examine the impact pressure on a model dam embankment. The model flume had a slope angle of 30°, slope section width of 300 mm, and reservoir section width of 800 mm, and a model embankment with pressure and water pressure gauges was installed. Several experiments were conducted by varying the grain size of the granular materials to 3, 6 mm, mixed, and initial water storage levels. Observations from a high-speed camera indicate that when the debris flow enters the reservoir, the momentum rapidly decreases immediately after inflow. However, a solitary wave was generated, with heights reaching up to 2.5 times the initial water level. Additionally, during the impact of the debris flow on the model embankment, a large impact pressure was instantaneously generated. The magnitude and frequency of the occurrence tended to be more pronounced when the grain size was large. Additionally, the instantaneous impact pressure reached approximately twice the average impact pressure. However, with the exception of instantaneous large impact pressures, the existing equations used in the design of Sabo dams and coefficients with a specific range proposed in previous studies can be used to successfully calculate the impact pressure acting on the embankment in relation to the velocity.
Seasonal variation in migration routes of Common Whitethroat Curruca communis
Authors: Briedis Martins , Wong Joanna B. , Adamík Peter , Lislevand Terje , Funts Kaspars , Hromádka Miloslav , Hromádka Kamil , Porkert Jiří , Hahn Steffen
Published: August 2024

Although geolocator tracking of small passerines has become commonplace in the last two decades, this tool is still underutilized for gathering natural history data of migration in many species. Common Whitethroat (Curruca communis) is one of the most numerous Afro-Palearctic migrants. However, our knowledge of the species’ migration ecology remains limited. Here, we combine ring-recovery analyses with geolocator tracking to describe migration routes and population-specific non-breeding areas in this long-distance migrant. Linkages between breeding, passage and non-breeding areas based on ring-recovery records revealed a strong correlation in longitudes, indicating parallel migration system and population-specific non-breeding grounds in whitethroats. Migration route simulation using EURING data suggested a possible migratory divide in Central Europe in autumn, while broad front migration across the Mediterranean occurs in spring. Geolocator-tracked whitethroats from Czechia (Central Europe) and Latvia (North-eastern Europe) migrated to non-breeding sites in Central Africa, where they first resided in the Sahel region before moving farther to a second non-breeding site in November/December. Major stopovers were associated with crossing of ecological barriers. A single Latvian bird with a repeat track showed similar migration patterns in both years, possibly visiting the same non-breeding sites in consecutive years. Both ringing and tracking data revealed clockwise loop migration between breeding and non-breeding sites.
Image analysis and LSTM methods for forecasting surficial displacements of a landslide triggered by snowfall and rainfall
Authors: Liu Yuting , Brezzi Lorenzo , Liang Zhipeng , Gabrieli Fabio , Zhou Zihan , Cola Simonetta
Published: August 2024

Landslide-prone areas, predominantly located in mountainous regions with abundant rainfall, present unique challenges when subject to significant snowfall at high altitudes. Understanding the role of snow accumulation and melting, alongside rainfall and other environmental variables like temperature and humidity, is crucial for assessing landslide stability. To pursue this aim, the present study focuses first on the quantification of snow accumulated on a slope through a simple parameter obtained with image processing. Then, this parameter is included in a slope displacement prediction analysis carried out with long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. By employing image processing algorithms and filtering out noise from white-shown rocks, the methodology evaluates the percentage of snow cover in RGB images. Subsequent LSTM forecasts of landslide displacement utilize 28-day historical data on rainfall, snow, and slope movements. The presented procedure is applied to the case of a deep-seated landslide in Italy, a site that in winter 2020–2021 experienced heavy snowfall, leading to significant snow accumulation on the slope. These episodes motivated a study aimed at forecasting the superficial displacements of this landslide, considering the presence of snow both at that time and in the following days, along with humidity and temperature. This approach indirectly incorporates snow accumulation and potential melting phenomena into the model. Although the subsequent winters were characterized by reduced snowfall, including this information in the LSTM model for the period characterized by snow on the slope demonstrated a dependency of the predictions on this parameter, thus suggesting that snow is indeed a significant factor in accelerating landslide movements. In this context, detecting snow and incorporating it into the predictive model emerges as a significant aspect for considering the effects of winter snowfall. The method aims to propose an innovative strategy that can be applied in the future to the study of the landslide analyzed in this paper during upcoming winters characterized by significant snowfall, as well as to other case studies of landslides at high altitudes that lack precise snow precipitation recording instruments.
Central serous chorioretinopathy and the sclera: what we have learned so far
Authors: Koizumi Hideki , Imanaga Naoya , Terao Nobuhiro
Published: August 2024

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a common disorder characterized by serous retinal detachment. Several studies using indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) have revealed that choroidal filling delay, choroidal vascular dilation, and choroidal vascular hyperpermeability are the characteristic findings of CSC. These ICGA findings confirm that choroidal circulatory disturbances are the primary factors in the pathogenesis of CSC. With advancements in optical coherence tomography (OCT), choroidal thickness has been found to be significantly greater in eyes with CSC than in normal eyes. Dilated large choroidal vessels reportedly account for the thickened choroid in eyes with CSC. Although many possible mechanisms and risk factors have been suggested, the pathophysiologic features of choroidal circulatory disturbances and choroidal thickening in eyes with CSC have not yet been fully elucidated. Recently, using anterior segment OCT, we proposed that the sclera may induce choroidal circulatory disturbances since CSC eyes have significantly thicker sclera than do normal eyes. This review summarizes updated information on the close relationship between CSC pathogenesis and the sclera.
The interactive fusion of characters and lexical information for Chinese named entity recognition
Authors: Wang Ye , Wang Zheng , Yu Hong , Wang Guoyin , Lei Dajiang
Published: August 2024

Many studies have demonstrated that incorporating lexical information into characters can effectively improve the performance of Chinese Named Entity Recognition (CNER). However, we argue that previous studies have not extensively explored the interactive relationship between characters and lexical information, and have only used the lexical information to enhance character-level representation. To address this limitation, we propose an interactive fusion approach that integrates characters and lexical information for CNER. Specifically, we first design graph attention networks to initially fuse character and lexical information within an interactive graph structure. Additionally, by introducing methods such as feedforward neural networks, residual connections, and layer normalization, the fusion effect of the graph attention network is further enhanced. Finally, concatenating and reducing dimensionality of character feature vectors and lexical feature vectors to achieve secondary fusion, thereby obtaining a more comprehensive feature representation. Experimental results on multiple datasets demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms other models that fuse lexical information. Particularly, on the CCKS2020 and Ontonotes datasets, our model achieves higher F1 scores than previous state-of-the-art models. The code is available via the link: https://github.com/wangye0523/The-interactive-fusion-of-characters-and-lexical-information-for-Chinese-named-entity-recognition.