bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE TACHYDROMIINE FLY GENUSSTILPONLOEW (DIPTERA: EMPIDOIDEA)
Authors: Cumming J.M. , Cooper B.E.
Published: November 2009

This revision recognizes 13 species ofStilponLoew in the Nearctic Region, including nine new species. A key is provided for the identification of adult specimens, all species are described, and their geographical distributions are mapped. Two informal species groups are recognized in the Nearctic Region, with the following included species: (1)S.graminumgroup —S.campestrisCumming sp.nov. (type-locality Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Canada); (2)S.varipesgroup —S.chillcottiCumming sp.nov. (type-locality 10 km E Evergreen, Alabama, USA),S.ctenistesCumming sp.nov. (type-locality Salmon Creek, New York, USA),S.curvipesMelander,S.limitarisCumming sp.nov. (type-locality Sapelo Island,Georgia,USA),S.paucisetaMelander,S.pilomusCumming sp.nov. (type-locality Franconia, New Hampshire, USA),S.spinipesMelander,S.tribulosusCumming sp.nov. (type-locality Gatlinburg, Tennessee, USA),S.tyconyxCumming sp.nov. (type-locality Bedford, Massachusetts, USA),S.varipesLoew,S.vockerothiCumming sp.nov. (type-locality Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), andS.wirthiCumming sp.nov. (type-locality Dennisport, Massachusetts, USA). A world list of described species ofStilpon, including synonyms, is provided.Stilpon pectinigerMelander is a new junior synonym ofS.varipesLoew andS.demnatensisVaillant is indicated as a nomen nudum.Stilpon pleuriticusMelander, previously considered to belong withinStilpon, is excluded from the genus, andS.obscuripesAdams is transferred asCrossopalpus obscuripes(Adams) comb.nov. Lectotypes are designated forS.paucisetaMelander andS.pectinigerMelander. Homologies of previously confused structures of the male and female terminalia are summarized with reference to other Empidoidea. The monophyly ofStilponis justified, including discussion of the phylogenetic relationships of the genus to the remainder of the Tachydromiinae. All described species ofStilpon, including extralimital species, are assigned to one of three proposed informal species groups (S.divergens,S.graminum, orS.varipesgroup), and zoogeographic patterns are discussed.
DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE OF EIGHT NEARCTIC SPECIES OF DOLERUS (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE) WITH FOCUS ON SIX EQUISETUM- FEEDING SPECIES FROM THE OTTAWA REGION
Authors: Leblanc L. , Goulet H.
Published: November 2009

The larvae of eight Nearctic sawfly species in the genus Dolerus are described here for the first time. Six species, D. aprilis, D. tibialis conjugates, D. gilvipes albifrons, D. apricus, D. acidus, and D. subfasciatus, were reared from adults collected on the field horsetail, Equisetum arvense Linnaeus, and the larvae of two species, D. sericeus and D. nitens, were collected on grasses. The life history of Dolerus spp. is described. An illustrated key to the species dealt with is provided. Taxonomic affinities among. the species are briefly discussed.
A COMPARISON OF THE SENSORY MORPHOLOGY OF THE CEPHALIC REGION OF FIRST- AND THIRD-INSTAR ARACHNIDOMYIA ALDRICHI (PARKER) (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Schmidt J.M.
Published: November 2009

The sensory structures of the cephalic segment of first- and third-instar Arachnidomyia aldrichi (Parker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) larvae were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Larvae were prepared by methanol freeze substitution, which effectively preserved the structure of these membranous specimens. Sensilla of first and third instars are described and compared with respect to differences in the sensory requirements of these instars. Sensilla numbers and types were similar in both instars, although the sensilla of third instars were larger than those of first instars. None of the external sensory structures was unique to one or the other instar. The cephalic sensory structures of A. aldrichi are also similar in arrangement and structure to those reported for other saprophagous and herbivorous muscomorph dipteran larvae.
LEAF WAXINESS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF LIPAPHIS ERYSIMI (KALTENBACH) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON THREE BRASSICA CROPS
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Smith M.A.H. , Bodnaryk R.P.
Published: November 2009

The amount of wax on leaf surfaces was determined for waxy and low-wax phenotypes of three Brassica crops: oilseed rape, kale, and collards. The effects of these phenotypes were assessed on the fecundity, settling time, and biomass increase of the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), a pest of oilseed rape. Leaves of the waxy phenotype of each Brassica had about twice as much wax as the low-wax phenotype, but the amount of wax had no effect on any of the three measures of aphid performance. Lipaphis erysimi was more fecund and produced a higher biomass on the rape than on the collards, but settled more quickly on the collards than on rape. If the waxiness of oilseed rape is altered to increase crop resistance to other pests, the pest status of L. erysimi is unlikely to be affected.
THE TYPES OF NORTH AMERICAN CRAMBINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, LONDON
Authors: Landry Bernard
Published: November 2009

Ninety-nine primary types of mostly North American Crambinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) which are, or were supposed to be, in the collections of the Natural History Museum (NHM), London, are listed. For the 87 types that were located in the NHM, the sex and information on each label are given. Thirty-eight lectotypes are designated.Fissicrambus hospitionBleszynski is moved toLoxocrambus.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ARGENTINE MELANOPLINES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) TO ENTOMOPOXVIRUSES (ENTOMOPOXVIRINAE) FROM NORTH AMERICAN AND AFRICAN GRASSHOPPERS
Authors: Lange C.E. , Streett D.A.
Published: November 2009

Grasshoppers are responsible for considerable agricultural losses in different parts of Argentina (C.O.P.R. 1982). Most of the pest species in Argentina belong to the subfamily Melanoplinae. It is generally accepted that South American melanoplines are derived from a nearctic stock that crossed the Panamanian land bridge (Carbonell 1977). The genus Dichroplus Stål is one of the largest genera within the South American Melanoplinae (Ronderos and Cigliano 1990). Dichroplus contains several economically important species and is believed to be closely related to the nearctic genus Melanoplus Stål (Vickery 1989).
UNCERTAIN FATE OF SPOT INFESTATIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS
Authors: Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

Large infestations of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), reportedly arise from small, spot infestations that expand, multiply, and eventually coalesce (Safranyik et al. 1974). If these spot infestations can be located and eradicated, the development of outbreaks may be delayed, or even precluded. The principal means of eradication of such spots in forests of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, in British Columbia is single tree disposal (B.C. Ministry of Forests 1987). This may be accomplished by treating with an arsenical herbicide within 3–4 weeks after attack, cutting, bucking, piling, and burning trees before brood emergence, or extraction and processing of brood trees before emergence.
EFFECTS OF AN OPERATIONAL APPLICATION OF DIMILIN® ON NON-TARGET INSECTS
Authors: Sample Bradley E. , Butler Linda , Whitmore Robert C.
Published: November 2009

Effects of an operational application of Dimilin® on non-target insects were evaluated in eastern West Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Dimilin was applied in 1988 (70,75 g AI per ha). Insects were collected by light-traps at seven pairs of Dimilin-treated and control sites. Lepidoptera experienced the greatest impact, displaying reduced abundance and species richness at treated sites. No effects were observed among Coleoptera, Diptera, or Hymenoptera.
OCCURRENCE OF DEATHWATCH CONE BEETLE, ERNOBIUS BICOLOR WHITE (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE), IN CONES OF BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P., IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Sweeney J.D. , Gesner G. , Smith G.
Published: November 2009

An extensive survey of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., in Newfoundland in 1978 disclosed that up to 50% of the old cones remaining on the trees were damaged by the deathwatch cone beetle, Ernobius bicolor White (Schooley 1983; White 1983). This beetle infests black spruce cones produced in the previous year's growing season and also damages cones in storage. Eggs are deposited between the scales and larvae feed within the cone and pupate in the fall or the following spring; their feeding can reduce extracted seed yields by one-half (Schooley 1983).
NOTE ON OVERWINTERING OF POLYNEMA PRATENSIPHAGUM (WALLEY) (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Al-Ghamdi K.M. , Stewart R.K. , Boivin G.
Published: November 2009

Polynema pratensiphagum (Walley) is an endoparasitoid of mind eggs (CIBC 1979). Walley (1929) found this species fully developed within the eggs of Lygus pratensis L. deposited in common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L., in Ontario. It has been reported from southwestern Quebec as one of the main egg parasitoids of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Sohati et al. 1989). Andrew et al. (1992) have used another mymarid, Anaphes iole Girault, as a biological control agent against Lygus eggs in California strawberry. Little is known of the overwintering behaviour of mymarids because they are very small and difficult to find. No evidence exists in the literature of mymarids overwintering as adults, and we assume that mymarids overwinter as the last larval instar, or prepupa, in host eggs.
UTILIZATION OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ALARM PHEROMONE AS A PREY-FINDING KAIROMONE BY PREDATORS
Authors: Teerling C.R. , Gillespie D.R. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

The alarm pheromone of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is present in the droplet of anal fluid produced by second-instar nymphs when attacked by predators. Because the anal droplet is used in defense against arthropod predators, it was hypothesized that the alarm pheromone (decyl acetate plus dodecyl acetate) acts as a defensive allomone. This hypothesis was refuted by the demonstration that two predators use the pheromone as a prey-finding kairomone. On a leaf arena, Orius tristicolor White (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) increased its rate of turning in response to the pheromone, and spent 25% of its time within 5 mm of a pheromone source. When given a choice between connected leaf discs containing a pheromone- or solvent-treated wick, Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) spent a greater proportion of time on the pheromone-containing disc, suggesting an arrestment effect.
TRAP DESIGNS FOR MONITORING EMERGENCE OF FRANKLINIELLA BISPINOSA (MORGAN) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) FROM SOIL IN CITRUS GROVES
Authors: Childers C.C.
Published: November 2009

Three emergence trap designs were evaluated for effectiveness in collecting adult Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from beneath and between citrus trees in Florida. Trap A [a wooden-frame 30- by 30-cm (= 900 cm2) square trap with removable Plexiglas® lid coated with Tangle-Trap® adhesive] was effective in trapping F. bispinosa adults whereas trap B [a polyvinylchloride (PVC) round trap with a centered 3.7-mL capacity shell vial] was ineffective. Trap A was as effective in collecting emerging F. bispinosa adults as trap C [a PVC round trap with a 30-cm-diameter (= 706.5 cm2) removable adhesive-coated Plexiglas lid]. Comparative costs for trap construction, maintenance, and insect counting are all higher for trap A compared with trap C. Trap placement beneath citrus trees 15 cm from the trunk or just inside the dripline of the canopy provided similar thrips catches in two citrus grove sites. Both interior and dripline trap positions beneath "navel" orange trees had significantly higher numbers of F. bispinosa than did traps exposed within rows between these trees.
EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF A NOSEMA SP. (MICROSPORIDA: NOSEMATIDAE) INFECTING THE GRASSHOPPER CHORTHIPPUS CURTIPENNIS (HARRIS) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Streett D.A. , Woods S.A.
Published: November 2009

Epizootiological studies of a Nosema sp. in field populations of the grasshopper Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris) were conducted in Madison County, Montana. The average density and percentage prevalence for each modal stage are reported for two sites from 1986 through 1990. Alternating high and low densities of C. curtipennis were observed during even and odd years, respectively. Prevalence of Nosema in C. curtipennis during a high density year was characterized by an increase in prevalence during nymphal development. Furthermore, prevalence of Nosema in C. curtipennis was positively related to host density, suggesting some form of density-dependent transmission.
THEORETICAL OPTIMIZATION OFBACILLUS THURINGIENSISBERLINER FOR CONTROL OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANACLEM. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): ESTIMATES OF LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL DOSE REQUIREMENTS, PRODUCT POTENCY, AND EFFECTIVE DROPLET SIZES
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen Kees , Payne Nicholas J.
Published: November 2009

We present calculations of droplet sizes and product potencies that are theoretically required to deliver a lethal dose ofBacillus thuringiensisin one droplet to larvae of the eastern spruce budworm in aerial spray applications. The calculations are based on estimates of the dose required for 50% and 95% mortality [4.3 and 26.9 International Units (IU), respectively] and of the lowest dose that caused discernable feeding inhibition (0.5 IU) in force-feeding assays with sixth-instar larvae. For products containing 12.7–16.9 billion IU (BIU) per litre, the most widely used potency range, a 150- to 160-μm droplet is needed to deliver an LD95and an 80- to 90-μm droplet to deliver an LD50, whereas droplets down to 40 μm are expected to cause extensive feeding inhibition. Our calculations suggest that current application prescriptions result in the delivery of a marginally effective dose to the target foliage and that budworm larvae have to ingest multiple droplets to obtain a lethal dose, a process that is thought to contribute to inconsistent spray efficacy. We predict that dose acquisition can be maximized by increasing product potency to 95 BIU/L, which would enable larvae to acquire a lethal dose by ingestion of only one or two droplets in the size range that is most commonly encountered on coniferous foliage (≤ 80 µm) after aerial application.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CHEMICAL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR THE PINE FALSE WEBWORM, ACANTHOLYDA ERYTHROCEPHALA (L.) (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE)
Authors: Lyons D. Barry , Helson Blair V. , Jones Geraldine C. , McFarlane John W.
Published: November 2009

The pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae), is an introduced sawfly that is becoming increasingly important as a pest of pine plantations in Ontario. Laboratory bioassays of 10 insecticides, applied to excised pine branches containing eggs immediately prior to hatching, indicated that carbaryl and permethrin at low dosages were efficacious in controlling larvae. Neither carbaryl nor permethrin affected egg hatch, and field trials at various dosages indicated that 500 g AI per ha of carbaryl significantly reduced larval numbers and mitigated defoliation of 1-year-old and current-year foliage. Comparisons of single early (during egg hatch), single late (mean instar about 3.8), and combinations of early and late applications of lower concentrations of both chemicals suggested that the late application better reduced webworm populations. All tested application rates of permethrin and carbaryl provided significant foliar protection, particularly to current-year foliage. Dosages as low as 35 g AI per ha of permethrin and 125 g AI per ha of carbaryl in mistblower applications of third- and fourth-instar larvae may provide suitable protection, depending on management objectives. Ground applications using a mistblower resulted in no differences in efficacy on branches from different vertical strata, but reduced efficacy was observed on branches on the sides of the trees opposite where sprays were applied. Spray drift tests with carbaryl at 500 g AI per ha indicated that some population reduction occurred in trees up to two 2.1-m-spaced rows downwind from treated trees. Thus, each row would not need to be sprayed in operational programs.
LASIOMERUS ANNULATUS (REUTER) (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE) IN SOUTHERN CANADA: ECOLOGY AND PHENOLOGY, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE LAST-INSTAR NYMPH
Authors: Larivière Marie-Claude
Published: November 2009

The last-instar nymph of the nabid Lasiomerus annulatus (Reuter) is described for the first time and a diagnosis of the adult is presented. Its geographical distribution is detailed and the northern limit of its range in North America is established at 45 °37′N latitude. New phenological and ecological information is provided based on collections made in Québec from 1979 to 1985 and the bioecology is discussed, especially with regard to habitat preferences and phenological cycle.
SYSTEMATICS OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF METALLIC-GREENCOLEOPHORA(LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Landry Jean-François , Wright Barry
Published: November 2009

Eleven species of metallic-greenColeophoraare recognized in the Nearctic Region, including three that are new:C.ladoniaLandry and Wright from Florida,C.ramitellaLandry and Wright from the northeastern United States, andC.timarellaLandry and Wright from Arizona. Three species are introduced from Europe:C.deauratellaLienig and Zeller,C.mayrella(Hübner), andC.trifolii(Curtis); these are pests of clover seeds. Adults are keyed, described, and illustrated, and the species distributions mapped. Host plants are known for eight of the species, for which larval cases are also illustrated and their life history presented. Nearctic species of metallic-greenColeophorarepresent a miscellany of unrelated groups, here treated together for convenience. Tentative definitions of informal species groups are provided and phylogenetic relationships of the species are discussed.
HOST SPECIFICITY AND SUITABILITY OF APION HOOKERI KIRBY (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), A CANDIDATE FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SCENTLESS CHAMOMILE, MATRICARIA PERFORATA MÉRAT (ASTERACEAE), IN CANADA
Authors: Peschken D.P. , Sawchyn K.C.
Published: November 2009

Scentless chamomile, Matricaria perforata Mérat [= Matricaria maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmot], is a widely distributed, rapidly spreading and aggressive weed, especially in the three Prairie Provinces. The seed-feeding weevil, Apion hookeri Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is widespread and common in its native range in the Palaearctic. It occurs in such differing climates as the Mediterranean in northern Africa and the boreal climate of western Siberia. The weevil was screened for its host specificity. In the laboratory, females oviposited into the flowers of species in six genera of the tribe Anthemideae, and one species in the tribe Astereae. However, the larvae developed only in Matricaria species, and one adult emerged from stinking mayweed, Anthemis cotula L. In a choice test, ovipositing A. hookeri preferred scentless chamomile 93:1 over stinking mayweed. These results confirm host records in the European literature. It is concluded that A. hookeri is a host-specific and promising agent for the biological control of scentless chamomile.
REVISION OF TIMEMA SCUDDER (PHASMATOPTERA: TIMEMATODEA) INCLUDING THREE NEW SPECIES
Authors: Vickery Vernon R.
Published: November 2009

The nine species; of Timema Scudder known previously from California, Arizona, and Nevada are redescribed and three new species are added: Timema nakipa from Baja California, Mexico: T. tahoe from Nevada; and T. cristinae from Santa Barbara County, California. Timema nakipa and T. podura Strohecker are the only representatives of Timema known from Mexico. Keys and identification tables are presented for identification of species.
DAILY PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY OF FEMALES OF THE ORANGE WHEAT BLOSSOM MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Pivnick Kenneth A. , Labbé Edith
Published: November 2009

The daily patterns of activity of females of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), were observed in controlled laboratory conditions and in field conditions in eastern Saskatchewan in mid-July 1986 and 1987. In the field, during the daytime, females rested on stems of wheat plants within 30 cm of the ground and, at approximately 2000 hours CST, flew up to wheat heads. Most oviposition took place between 2000 and 2145 hours (or 75 min before, to 30 min after, sunset). Toward the end of the oviposition period, females were frequently seen drinking dew from wheat heads. On some evenings, females migrated down from the heads following oviposition, but on more than half of the evenings they remained on the heads until early morning. However, they never moved down to the low level they occupied during the day until the next morning, when the migration was usually complete by 0900–1000 hours. Light intensity appeared to regulate the vertical migration of females. Cloudy conditions may allow an earlier onset of oviposition. Flight was limited to air temperatures above 14–15 °C and oviposition to temperatures above 10–11 °C. Wind speeds of 10 km per h or more and rain occasionally limited activity. In the laboratory, oviposition activity occurred almost exclusively during the scotophase, mainly in the first 2 h. Mean total fecundity was 83.6 ± 10.9 (±SE) eggs, and mean longevity was 6.6 ± 0.6 days. No oviposition took place on the 1st night, and the greatest mean daily fecundity occurred on the 3rd night.
SITOBION BLACKMANI SP.NOV. (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM HOLODISCUS DISCOLOR SSP. DISCOLOR (ROSACEAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Forbes A.R. , Chan C.K.
Published: November 2009

Descriptions are given of the fundatrix, alate and apterous viviparous females, ovipara, and the alate male of Sitobion blackmani sp.nov., collected on ocean-spray, Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim, ssp. discolor.
VESICAS OF SELECTED TORTRICID AND SMALL LEPIDOPTEROUS SPECIES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW TECHNIQUES OF VESICA EVERSION (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE, OECOPHORIDAE, GELECHIIDAE, AND NEPTICULIDAE)
Authors: Dang P.T.
Published: November 2009

Vesicas of the following tortricid and other small lepidopterous species are described and illustrated: Tortricidae: Orthotaenia undulana (Denis and Schiffermüller), Apotomisfrigidana (Packard), Olethreutes appendiced (Zeller), Evora hemidesma (Zeller), Epinotia nanana (Treitschke), Corticivora clarki Clarke, Atchips packardiana (Fernald), Pandemis limitata (Robinson), and Aethes rutilana (Hübner); Oecophoridae: Psilocorsis quercicella Clemens; Gelechiidae: Dichomeris flavocostella (Clemens); and Nepticulidae: Obrussa ochrefasciella (Chambers).The injection and chemical induction techniques of eversion of vesicas of tortricid moths and other Lepidoptera are described.
LIFE HISTORY, BEHAVIOUR, AND MORTALITY OF THE WESTERN ASH BARK BEETLE, HYLESINUS CALIFORNICUS (SWAINE) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Langor David W. , Hergert Colin R.
Published: November 2009

The life history, behaviour, and mortality of the western ash bark beetle, Hylesinus californicus (Swaine), was investigated in green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanicus var. subintergerrima (Vahl) Fern., in Calgary, Alberta. This species is univoltine with an apparent obligate diapause in the adult (overwintering) stage. Adults emerge from overwintering sites in the bases of ash boles from mid-April to mid-May and fly or walk up the bole to the crown where maturation feeding, mating, and reproduction occur. Eggs are present by late April, larvae by early May, pupae by mid-July, and new adults by late July. There are three larval instars. Beetles emerge from larval galleries in August and enter fresh phloem in uninfested parts of branches to feed for up to 6 weeks. Beetles leave feeding galleries from mid-September to early November and migrate by walking, falling, and flying to overwintering sites in the base of ash boles. Total mortality from egg to eclosed brood adult was 80.6%. Disease, parasitoids, and dehydration were the main causes of mortality. Eight hymenopterous parasitoid species were identified; the pteromalid wasp Rhaphitelus maculatus Walker was the most abundant. Tree hazard rating, maintenance of tree health, removal of susceptible and infested host material, and application of pesticides are suggested for management of western ash bark beetle populations.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE OREODYTES ALASKANUS CLADE (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE: HYDROPORINAE)
Authors: Alarie Yves
Published: November 2009

North American members of the Oreodyies alaskanus clade are revised. The species O. productotruncatus (Hatch) and O. recticollis (Fall) are recognized as valid and those names are removed from junior synonymy with O. alaskanus (Fall.). Oreodytes leechi Zimmerman is considered a new junior subjective synonym of O. recticollis. Lectotype designations are provided for O. alaskanus and O. recticollis. Palaearctic O. dauricus (Motschulsky) is included within the O. alaskanus clade whose members are characterized by the protibia having the inner margin sinuate and strongly narrowed proximally, Oreodytes kanoi Kamiya, from Japan, is suggested as the sister-group of members of the O. alaskanus clade based on the shared presence in the female of a last abdominal sternite with an emargination at the apex.
FOOD-FINDING BY POLYPHAGOUS ARCTIID CATERPILLARS LACKING ANTENNAL AND MAXILLARY CHEMORECEPTORS
Authors: Dethier V.G.
Published: November 2009

Patterns of locomotion of arctiid caterpillars,Diacrisia virginicaFabr., deprived of all external chemosensory organs were recorded in a field where there was patchy distribution of two of the most favored food plants,Plantago majorL. andTaraxacum officinaleWalker, on a background of grass and mixed forbs. Each track traced in the field was retraced on a digitizing tablet from its point of origin in the center of a circle of 30 cm radius to the circumference. The length of the path was a measure of tortuosity. The patterns of paths followed by normal, antennectomized, maxillectomized, and antennectomized + maxillectomized larvae were compared. No differences in meander were found. The ability of larvae of each class to locate, discriminate among, and feed upon food plants was tested in field-plot tests and cafeteria tests. Different degrees of chemosensory deprivation did not affect ability to locate and begin feeding on plants but did impair ability to discriminate among species. Execution of normal patterns of meandering by chemosensorily deprived larvae and successful encounters with food plants support the hypothesis that food-related search behavior by this species of caterpillar is neither initiated nor steered by chemical stimuli provided by food plants.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PTERIN ACCUMULATION AND OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE STABLE FLY STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Lysyk T.J. , Krafsur E.S.
Published: November 2009

Pterin accumulation in response to temperature and time was studied in male and female stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Pterins accumulated as a function of temperature integrated over time. The threshold for pterin accumulation was estimated at 6.5 °C. The relationship between pterin content (RF/mm head capsule width) and accumulated degree-days above 6.5 °C (DD6.5) was determined to be RF/mm = 38,06 + 1.258*DD6.5 for females and RF/mm = 37.65 + 1.765*DD6.5 for males. Ovarian development, measured by follicle length and degree of vitellogenesis, was also related to DD6.5 and pterin concentration. The relationship between y1 = follicle length (mm) and x = DD6.5/200 was y1 = 0.11 + 0.78* [1−exp(− 18.34*x)]**99.86 and between vitellogenic stage (y2) and x was y2 = 0.04 + 3.96*[1−exp(− 11.48*x)]**6.67. Stable flies had a temperature threshold of 8 °C for oviposition.
BEHAVIOR OF THE GYPSY MOTH PREDATOR, CALOSOMA SYCOPHANTA L. (CARABIDAE: COLEOPTERA), AS INFLUENCED BY TIME OF DAY AND REPRODUCTIVE STATUS
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: November 2009

Adult Calosoma sycophanta L. (Carabidae: Coleoptera) male and female pairs in a laboratory arena were observed for up to 30 days with a video recorder. Beetles were visible (i.e. not hiding) or in soil (i.e. female ovipositing) especially during night hours. Feeding on gypsy moth larvae occurred any time of the day or night. Male and female beetles were most active during the time when female beetles were ovipositing. Females spent more time eating and staying in soil than did males, but males tended to move around the arena more than did females. Based on results from this study, it is expected that, in the forest, C. sycophanta females will spend most of their time hidden in leaf litter or ovipositing. Males are more likely to be seen because they spend more time moving about, probably seeking mates.
FIRST RECORD OF THE DANDELION LEAF-GALL MIDGE, CYSTIPHORA TARAXACI (KIEFFER, 1888) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Peschken D.P. , Gagné R.J. , Sawchyn K.C.
Published: November 2009

The discovery of the European dandelion leaf-gall midge, Cystiphora taraxaci (Kieffer, 1888) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in north-central Saskatchewan, Canada, on dandelion, Taraxacum officinale Weber (Asteraceae), is reported. This is the first record of this insect in North America. Cystiphora taraxaci is similar to Cystiphora canadensis Felt which produces galls on rattlesnake-root, Prenanthes spp., and is known only from females. Separation of the two species was achieved by demonstrating that C. taraxaci produced galls on dandelion but not on Prenanthes spp. The identity of C. taraxaci was confirmed by comparison of specimens collected in Saskatchewan with those in Europe. In Saskatchewan, C. taraxaci occurs over at least 12 000 km2 and is parasitized by Aprostocetus sp. near atticus Graham and Crysonotomyia spp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).
INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY OF THE FLIGHT POTENTIAL OFIPS SEXDENTATUSBOERN. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN RELATION TO DAY OF EMERGENCE, SEX, SIZE, AND LIPID CONTENT
Authors: Jactel Hervé
Published: November 2009

Individual variability in the flight potential ofIps sexdentatusBoern. was investigated using flight mill experiments. Non-flyer status and flight durations were studied in relation to day of emergence, sex, pronotum width, dried body weight (after lipid ether extraction), and lipid content estimate. Lipid content estimation was determined in beetles reared on the same trees and under identical conditions as the flight test insects.The four flight-tested cohorts showed that approximately one-third were non-flyers. The distribution of individual flight durations was described by a log-normal curve. Consequently, the dispersal variability within the population could be fitted to a linear model on a log-probit scale. The concept of FD50(flight duration 50), defined as the flight duration of 50% of a sample population, was used to describe population flight potential.There was no significant correlation between the individual flight duration and the day of emergence, sex, body size or weight, or lipid content estimate. A significant positive correlation was recorded between the different classes of flyer (i.e. non-, short, long, and very long flyers) and the average lipid content estimate. It was hypothesized that (1) a minimum threshold fuel supply was necessary to initiate the dispersal flight and (2) fuel supply could result in dispersal tendencies representing a specific response to habitat constraints.
QUANTIFICATION OF MANDIBULAR WEAR OF FEMALE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEES, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (F.) (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE), BY IMAGE ANALYSIS
Authors: Kokko E.G. , Schaber B.D. , Entz T.
Published: November 2009

In southern Alberta, alfalfa seed yields are related to the amount of pollination that occurs before mid-August by the major pollinator, the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.). Cutting the leaves causes wear to the bee’s mandibular teeth and could reduce the bee’s pollination efficiency and, ultimately, seed production. A method is described for employing digital image analysis to measure mandibular tooth areas for alfalfa leafcutter bees. The method is relatively quick and has high precision and repeatability. This method was used to measure the area of the mandibular teeth for leafcutter bees, before and after foraging in alfalfa seed fields, to evaluate differences in mandibular wear. Analysis of mandibles showed that foraging leafcutter bees collected in late July had significantly smaller tooth areas than pre-foraging bees collected prior to release in June.
EFFECT OF MECHANICAL PROCESSING AND LONG-TERM STORAGE ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF VIRTUSS
Authors: Kaupp W.J. , Ebling P.M.
Published: November 2009

The effect of long-term storage on the activity of biological control products, particularly those containing nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs), has not been extensively studied. Most investigations involving viral insecticides have dealt with their thermal stability (Stuermer and Bullock 1968; Dulmage and Burgerjohn 1977; McLeod et al. 1977; Ignoffo and Couch 1981). Freeze-dried and air-dried powdered preparations of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., NPV show little reduction in potency after storage at 4°C for 10 months and 3 months, respectively. Consequently, it was recommended that gypsy moth NPV be stored in either state at 4°C to maintain acceptable activity (Lewis and Rollinson 1978). TM BioControl-1, the viral product for control of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), registered and used in the United States, has been shown to have a shelf life of 5 years if stored in a cool, dry place (Martignoni 1978). Virtuss is the NPV product manufactured in Canada, in the whitemarked tussock moth, O. leucostigma (J.E. Smith), since 1975 by the Forest Pest Management Institute, Forestry Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., for the control of the Douglas-fir tussock moth. It is routinely stored at 4°C in anticipation of tussock moth outbreaks and has been successfully used in the control of outbreaks of Douglas-fir tussock moth in Canada (Otvos et al. 1987). If these, or any other viral products are to be successful commercially, more information is required on the effect of storage on viral potency. Similarly, little information is known of the cumulative effects of the mechanical processes of lyophilization and milling on the biological activity of viral products. This note reports on the effects of mechanical processing and storage on Virtuss. Our results show that, although there is no immediate effect of mechanical processing, there can be substantial loss of biological activity of this product after 2 years of storage.
LIFE HISTORY OF CRICOTOPUS MYRIOPHYLLI OLIVER (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: MacRae Ian V. , Ring Richard A.
Published: November 2009

The life history of Cricotopus myriophylli Oliver is described from both field observations and laboratory rearing of field-collected larvae. The species appears to be univoltine with four larval instars and has a sex ratio of ca. 2:1, males to females. Emergence begins in late May in British Columbia and continues until mid-September, with first-instar larvae present in the field from mid-June to mid-August. Water temperature does not appear to influence the rate of emergence. In the laboratory at 21 °C, larvae complete each of the third and fourth instars in 10–14 days. Cricotopus myriophylli overwinters primarily in the third larval instar, although second and fourth instars were also recovered in field-collected samples. First-instar larvae and eggs were not recovered from winter samples. This species does not appear to undergo a true diapause.
RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES USED FOR LEPIDOPTERAN INSECT CONTROL ON CITRUS TO APHYTIS MELINUS DEBACH (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE)
Authors: Bellows T.S. , Morse J.G. , Gaston L.K.
Published: November 2009

Fifteen compounds used for suppression of lepidopteran pests of citrus were applied in a commercial manner to lemon trees. Amounts of dislodgable residues, together with mortality of Aphytis melinus DeBach confined on treated foliage, were monitored for 36 days following treatment. Most materials caused high mortalities on the 1st day following treatment. Several materials had little effect on A. melinus after 7 days post-treatment. These included a formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner endotoxin, a formulation of B. thuringiensis exotoxin, cryolite, methomyl, mevinphos, naled, parathion, and trichlorfon. Carbosulfan, chlorpyrifos, esfenvalerate, fluvalinate, methomyl, and two formulations of carbaryl caused mortality for up to 30 days post-application. Mortality in the thiodicarb treatment was above 60% for the 36 days of the study. Mortality was correlated with amounts of dislodgable residue for each material tested.
PRODUCTION OF OPHIOSTOMA-FREE ADULTS OF IPS SEXDENTATUS BOERN. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND COMPARISON WITH NATURALLY CONTAMINATED ADULTS
Authors: Colineau Bénédicte , Lieutier François
Published: November 2009

This study determined the importance of Ophiostomatales fungi in the biology of individual adult Ips sexdentatus Boern. in Scots pine. We investigated factors possibly involved in success of rearing without Ophiostomatales, such as the sterilization technique, the presence of antibiotics, and the absence of yeasts. After sterilization of pupae, 866 adult beetles were reared in the media; the proportion of Ophiostoma-free mature adults was 99.2% and total mortality was about 13%. The most preferred rearing method used sterilized pupae which moulted on moistened filter paper and were transferred individually to separate vials where maturation took place on a sterilized phloem medium.The weight and size of Ophiostoma-free mature adults from semi-artificial media and, after establishment in logs, their fecundity and length of their egg galleries, were compared with those of naturally contaminated mature beetles obtained from logs. With the exception of a higher weight observed for adults matured in semi-artificial media, no essential difference was observed between the two groups. Ophiostomatales do not appear to play an essential role in the maturation and fecundity of I. sexdentatus adults.
RECOVERY OF ADDITIONAL EXOTIC PREDATORS OF BALSAM WOOLLY ADELGID,ADELGES PICEAE(RATZEBURG) (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE), IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Humble L.M.
Published: November 2009

Shortly after the discovery of the introduction of balsam woolly adelgid,Adelges piceae(Ratzeburg), to the south coast of British Columbia, a predator release program was initiated to establish a complex of European and Asian adelgid predators to supplement existing native predators. Between 1960 and 1969, eight species of exotic predators,Aphidoletes thompsoniMohn (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae),Cremifania nigrocellulataCzerny andLeucopis hennigrataMcAlpine [=Leucopissp. nr.melanopusTanas. (McAlpine 1978)] (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae),Laricobius erichsoniiRosenhauer (Coleoptera: Derodontidae),Aphidecta obliterata(L.),Scymnus (Pullus) impexusMulsant, andScymnus (S.) pumilio(Weise) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), andTetraphleps abdulghaniGhauri (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), were released (Clark et al. 1971; Schooley et al. 1984).
INTRA- AND INTER-CROWN DISTRIBUTION OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE GALL ADELGID, ADELGES ABIETIS (L.), ON YOUNG WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Fidgen J.G. , Teerling C.R. , McKinnon M.L.
Published: November 2009

Intra- and inter-crown distribution of eastern spruce gall adelgid, Adelges abietis (L.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), on young white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss., was studied at three sites in New Brunswick, Canada. Within a branch, the majority of galls were found on lateral shoots. Similar distributions of galls within trees were observed regardless of whether 20 or 30 lateral shoots or all shoots on a branch were sampled. Gall densities were highest on mid-crown branches of open-grown trees 1–4 m tall and were not influenced by cardinal direction. After crown closure, most galls were found in the upper crown, above the point of branch overlap. In all circumstances, gall distributions were strongly clumped within trees. Inter-tree distribution of A. abietis galls differed significantly from a Poisson but not a negative binomial distribution, indicating a high degree of aggregation among trees. Therefore, a stratified random sampling plan using 20 lateral shoots of a mid-crown branch as a sampling unit would be adequate for monitoring A. abietis populations. If the mid-crown branches are undergoing crown closure, we suggest sampling in the lowest open-grown branch above the point of crown overlap.
A WILD BRASSICA FROM SICILY PROVIDES TRICHOME-BASED RESISTANCE AGAINST FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Palaniswamy P. , Bodnaryk R.P.
Published: November 2009

The leaf trichome densities of upper and lower surfaces of wild, Mediterranean Brassica spp. were determined using light and electron microscopic techniques. Two groups of plant species, one with a density of 2171–5312 trichomes per cm2 and the other with 0–30 trichomes per cm2, were tested in the laboratory for resistance against flea beetle feeding. The extent of feeding was determined in choice tests using leaf discs or detached whole leaves and in no-choice tests using clip-on cages on intact plants. Of the seven species tested, only two, B. villosa Biv. and B. villosa Biv. subsp. drepanensis which had a trichome density of > 2172 per cm2, were found to be highly resistant to flea beetle feeding. All other species had a trichome density of < 30 per cm2 and all suffered significant damage from flea beetle feeding. Behavioural observations indicated that a high density of trichomes on undamaged B. villosa leaves acted as a physical barrier to flea beetle feeding by preventing the flea beetles from firmly settling on the leaf surface to initiate feeding. Flea beetles readily initiated feeding on areas of B. villosa leaves where trichomes were inadvertently damaged suggesting that this plant did not contain significant concentrations of feeding deterrents. Electroantennogram (EAG) studies also indicated that B. villosa leaves are as stimulating to flea beetles as other Brassica species tested. Behavioural observations, feeding tests, and EAG studies indicated that trichomes, not other factors such as chemical repellents or feeding deterrents, are responsible for the resistance in B. villosa plants to flea beetle feeding.
NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NEOMAMERSINAE LUNDBLAD (ACARI: HYDRACHNIDA: LIMNESIIDAE)
Authors: Smith Ian M. , Cook David R.
Published: November 2009

Morphological, distributional, and habitat data are presented for North American species of the three genera of the subfamily Neomamersinae, Neomamersa Lundblad, 1953, Arizonacarus gen.nov., and Meramecia Cook, 1963. Neomamersa lundbladi lundbladi Cook, N. lundbladi paucipora Cook, and N. hexapora Cook are redescribed based on examination of types and newly collected specimens, and six new species of Neomamersa from the United States are described, namely N. boultoni sp.nov., N. psammicola sp.nov., N. californica sp.nov., N. chihuahua sp.nov., N. neomexicana sp.nov., and N. cramerae sp.nov. Arizonacarus chiricahuensis gen.nov., sp.nov. is described from the southwestern United States. Meramecia (Meramecia) anisitsipalpis (Cook), M. (Meramecia) perplexa (Cook), and M. (Meramecia) ocularis (Cook) are redescribed based on study of types and newly collected specimens, and M. (Meramecia) occidentalis sp.nov. is described from the western United States. Meramecia (Parameramecia) multipora subgen.nov., sp.nov. is also described from the southwestern United States. Revised diagnoses, keys, and distribution maps are presented for all North American taxa. Phylogenetic relationships of Neomamersinae are discussed, leading to the conclusion that comprehensive reassessment of the families Limnesiidae and Anisitsiellidae is warranted. Consideration of available phylogenetic and distributional data suggests that Neomamersinae originated in Gondwanaland before the separation of India from the rest of the southern supercontinent. Subsequently, the clade evolved and diversified extensively in South America. Neomamersinae apparently first entered North America either by crossing a "filter bridge" during late Cretaceous, Paleocene, or Miocene times or by traversing the corridor established with the formation of the Panamanian Isthmus during the late Pliocene. The group exhibits considerable taxonomic diversity in hyporheic and groundwater habitats in the United States, and the various species represent potentially useful indicators of water quality and the impact of environmental changes on freshwater communities.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF METALLIC-GREEN COLEOPHORA HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) FROM THE NEARCTIC REGION, AND FIRST RECORDS OF C. MAYRELLA (HÜBNER) FROM SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Landry Jean-François
Published: November 2009

Two new species of metallic-green Coleophora are described from the Nearctic region: C. alabama Landry from coastal Alabama, U.S.A.; and C. mexicana Landry from the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Modifications to the key to adults of the Nearctic species of metallic-green Coleophora from Landry and Wright (1993) are provided to account for these new species. Larval host plants and natural history are unknown. Both species are tentatively placed in the ramitella group. Coleophora mayrella (Hübner), originally from the Old World but long established in North America, is recorded for the first time from South America (Chile and Argentina).
CONIOSCINELLA ZETTERSTEDTI ANDERSSON (DIPTERA: CHLOROPIDAE), A CHLOROPID FLY WITH POLYMORPHIC WING REDUCTION, NEW TO THE NEARCTIC AND CENTRAL PALAEARCTIC REGIONS
Authors: Wheeler Terry A.
Published: November 2009

Conioscinella zetterstedti Andersson, a Palaearctic chloropid fly with polymorphic wing reduction, is recorded for the first time from the Nearctic region. The known range of the species is also expanded in the Palaearctic region, with records from the Novosibirsk region of Russia. The male and female terminalia are described and illustrated. Although previously known only from supralittoral areas on the shores of the North and Baltic seas, collection data in the Nearctic and central Palaearctic regions indicate that C. zetterstedti may be abundant in various decay communities including peatlands, swamps, lake shore debris, mammal nests, forest leaf litter, and around the bases of vegetation.
HOST SPECIES EFFECTS ON PARASITIZATION BY A SYRIAN POPULATION OF DIAERETIELLA RAPAE M’INTOSH (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Elliott N.C. , French B.W. , Reed D.K. , Burd J.D. , Kindler S.D.
Published: November 2009

Diaeretiella rapae M'Intosh is a cosmopolitan parasitoid of several pest aphid species in agroecosystems, including the Russian what aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Mackauer and Stary 1967). In recent years, D. rapae has been imported into the United States from regions throughout the world for D. noxia classical biological control. Knowledge of the alternative hosts of D. rapae could be useful for identifying ecosystems into which the parasitoid could be released at times when D. noxia is absent. Over 30 aphid species are listed as hosts of D. rapae (Mackauer and Stary 1967). This host list, though comprehensive, is a compilation of information gathered from diverse, mostly unrelated sources, and does not necessarily depict the host range of any particular population. Host range differs among populations of some aphidiid species collected from different regions or from different hosts in the same region (Powell 1986). Thus, published host lists can be misleading if they are the sole source of information used to determine acceptable alternative hosts on which to release prospective candidates in classical biocontrol programs. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative suitability of several aphid species common to agricultural and associated non-agricultural ecosystems in the Great Plains as hosts for this Syrian D. rapae isolate in laboratory no-choice tests.