bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The changing pattern of synthetic cannabinoid use within England, April 2014 to March 2018
Authors: Sharp Phoebe , Hudson Simon , Hikin Laura , Smith Paul R , Morley Stephen R
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Synthetic cannabinoids (SC), designed to mimic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the natural component of cannabis, have seen a rapid increase in popularity since 2008. Nearly 200 SC have been detected to date. However, there are limited data available reporting the changing trend in their use. Here, we report the temporal changes in SC use, as well as the demographic profile of users.

Method

In this retrospective study, case background and toxicology findings were collected from forensic toxicology reports dated between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2018 that included a positive result for the presence of one or more SC and/or metabolites.

Results

A total of 113 cases were positive for SC; 103 (91.2%) of the individuals were male, with a median age of 40 years (range 15–80 years). Over the four-year time period, a total of 12 different SC were detected; seven of these SC were detected in more than six cases each. The most commonly detected SC had a lifetime of one to two years before being replaced. Discussion and conclusion: Our data show that SC were being used for approximately one to two years before they were superseded by newer structures. It is therefore extremely difficult to predict future patterns of SC use and is consequently not advisable to offer limited screening.
Mourning for forgiveness
Authors: Potts Matthew Lawrence
Published: May 2019

This article proposes a new understanding of unconditional forgiveness as a human moral act, based on brief considerations of Scripture and atonement theology, as well as attention to forgiveness as a public and pastoral practice. The article seeks to define unconditional forgiveness as a specific and limited discipline of Christian non-violence, and as a pastoral and spiritual practice of Christian mourning.
Comparative Study of Predictive Analysis Methods to Estimate Bridge Response
Authors: Mete Fiorella , Chen Ying , Stathopoulos Amanda , Corr David J.
Published: May 2019

Monitoring bridge performance is crucial to ensure safety and allocate resources in a cost-effective manner. This paper aims to reduce the gap between researchers and practitioners by showing how predictive analytics can be employed in the process of distilling operational information out of bridge monitoring data. Furthermore, it has the goal to aid infrastructure owners and managers in evaluating bridge performance over time and making data-driven decisions to prolong the life of the structure. To achieve this goal, the paper presents a comparative study of three predictive analysis models to estimate bridge response to heavy trucks: multilinear regression, artificial neural network, and regression tree. Following this comparison, an alternative strategy, based on the analysis of influential observations, is proposed. This approach brings together predictive power with other important capabilities such as explanatory capabilities and interpretability. The test bed structure is a short-span highway bridge which was monitored for 3 years using weigh-in-motion (traffic data) and structural health monitoring (bridge data) systems.
Challenges to Standardizing Emissions Calculation of Logistics Hubs as Basis for Decarbonizing Transport Chains on a Global Scale
Authors: Dobers Kerstin , Ehrler Verena Charlotte , Davydenko Igor Y. , Rüdiger David , Clausen Uwe
Published: May 2019

Carbon footprinting is regarded as one means of enhancing transparency on where greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are produced within a transport chain and thus limiting the emissions and improving the efficiency of transport and transhipment on both the demand and supply sides of the market. To meet global GHG reduction targets and to realize sustainable transport chains, standardization of emissions calculations is progressing swiftly. One of the core requirements in the next steps of the standardization effort is harmonization of level of detail of the various transport modes. In particular logistics hubs have been identified as relevant for such a development and whereas developments for transport modes such as rail, road, air, or water are pursued by industry representatives and their organizations, logistics hubs have no organization which is intrinsically motivated to further develop an approach to emissions calculation. Research can deliver an important and valuable contribution here. Therefore, based on extensive empirical research in the form of questionnaires and real-life examples of emissions calculation, this paper describes the motivations and barriers currently experienced by shippers and logistics service providers when computing emissions. Possible approaches to overcoming these barriers and contributing to the further improvement of the level of maturity of emissions calculation of logistics hubs are described and discussed. The paper closes with an outlook on further requirements toward transport chain emissions calculation standardization developments.
Phubbing: Which Personality Traits Are Prone to Phubbing?
Authors: Erzen Evren , Odaci Hatice , Yeniçeri İlknur
Published: May 2019

Smartphones play an important role in our lives thanks to the opportunities they offer in terms of access, interaction, and communication. However, in addition to these positive aspects, smartphones have transformed into objects of dependence due to gaming, social media, and access to the Internet and are beginning to harm the quality of face-to-face communications that take place between different individuals. The current study examined the relationship between Big Five Personality Traits and phubbing. Participants were 545 university students (383(71%) female, 156(29%) male, M age = 18.84, SD = 1.18) who completed the questionnaire package of the Big Five Personality Inventory and the Phubbing Scale. A hierarchical regression analysis was used with Big Five Personality Traits to explain variance in phubbing. The results showed that neuroticism and conscientiousness were significant predictors of phubbing, which account for 7% of the total variance. In the study, it was determined that the participants consisted of individuals with high levels of income, daily access to the Internet and social media users. Results are discussed in light of the literature.
The language of social science in everyday life
Authors: Mandler Peter
Published: May 2019

An ethnographic or ethnomethodological turn in the history of the human sciences has been a Holy Grail at least since Cooter and Pumphrey called for it in 1994, but it has been little realized in practice. This article sketches out some ways to explore the reception, use and/or co-production of scientific knowledge using material generated by mediators such as mass-market paperbacks, radio, TV and especially newspapers. It then presents some preliminary findings, tracing the prevalence and, to a lesser extent, use of selected social-science concepts in the USA and the UK from the 1930s to the 1970s.
Justice the Form, Love the Content: On Augustine’s Vision of the Moral Life
Authors: Westerholm Martin
Published: May 2019

This article contributes to recent reconsiderations of justice and love by developing Augustine’s account of their relation against the backdrop of his wider understanding of the moral economy that we inhabit. As a formal point, I argue that consideration of justice and love is incomplete apart from broader reflection on a moral economy because the shaping of our moral space by injustice forms the possibilities of the appearances of justice. As a concrete proposal, I argue that Augustine presents love as the content of justice and justice as the form of love. The former notion is rooted in love’s place as the content of divine law. The latter is grounded in the reformation of love for service as a political emotion through the work of Christ.
Middle- to late-Holocene fire history and the impact on Mediterranean pine and oak forests according to the core RF93-30, central Adriatic Sea
Authors: Mercuri Anna Maria , Florenzano Assunta , Terenziani Rita , Furia Elisa , Dallai Daniele , Torri Paola
Published: May 2019

The high-resolution Adriatic RF93-30 core shows changes in its microcharcoal record, which correlate to terrestrial fires from the last 7000 years. Pollen and microcharcoals were transported by wind and fluvial transport from the sedimentary basin, including the Po River and other rivers flowing into the sea off the Italian east coast. Charcoal particles and pollen were counted in the same samples, and the maximum breadth and length of charcoal particles were measured. Microcharcoals with large dimensions were taken as fire indicators occurring along the near coast, as they probably arrived from short distances, the nearest being in Apulia, in southern Italy. The age–depth model was developed within the multidisciplinary PALICLAS project. Several potential fire activity increases (PFAIs) were visible as peaks in the diagram. The oldest PFAIs occurred at the middle Holocene (approximately dated to c. 6730, 5430, 4150 cal BP), others occurred at the late Holocene ( c. 3760, 2660, 2240, 2030, 1930, 1510 cal BP) and during the last millennium ( c. 900–865, 530, 120–96 cal BP). The two oldest peaks in the diagram, occurring in the 7th–6th millennia, showed the highest contribution of charcoal corresponding to the highest values of arboreal pollen (AP) in the sedimentary record. Although the CHAR peaks did not represent a single fire event, the diagram suggests a good correspondence between paleofire activity and terrestrial vegetation biomass during this early phase. Pollen containing black particles was observed, which suggested some grains were transported in suspension with winds from burned woods. The main unambiguous anthropogenic fire causation would have occurred during the last four millennia. From 4.2 ka, it became hard to disentangle climate and Bronze Age actions. Technology and human activity probably improved the pace of fire events, especially involving oak woods, with evidence of an increase of CHAR during the last millennium.
Shopping Centre Patronage: Situational Factors Against Affect
Authors: Brito Pedro Quelhas , McGoldrick Peter J. , Raut Umesh Ramchandra
Published: May 2019

The objective of this study is to understand to what extent hedonic and utilitarian consumer profiles are affected by situational factors and how in turn they impact shopping centre patronage. A six step multiple regression analysis corresponding to six different shopping centres has been applied to two clusters of consumers. The data are based on consumers’ hedonic/utilitarian customer profile. First, results show that in general the impact on shopping centre patronage is largely affected by proximity, convenience and accessibility variables, which are more relevant among the utilitarian profile consumers. On the other hand, in the hedonic profile segment, affect, that is, the experience of feeling or emotion is the relevant variable explaining patronage. Second, the predictive contribution of these variables on patronage varied according to the shopping centres’ positioning. With the findings of the present study, retail managers can formulate marketing strategies, which will attract retail consumers towards their shopping centre and also help them to enhance the significant factors that influence retail store consumer’s purchase decision. Also, this investigation contributes to the diagnosis of how consistent is the retailers’ in their positioning strategy in targeting the market segments. The present research integrates both situational factors and hedonic as well as utilitarian consumer profiles along with the role of situational dynamics to explain shopping centres’ patronage.
Experiences of Low Mood in Young People With Cancer: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Reed-Berendt Rosa , Shafran Roz , Langdon Dawn , Christie Deborah , Hough Rachael , Coughtrey Anna
Published: May 2019

Young people with cancer are at increased risk of psychological difficulty; yet there is little research on their experiences of low mood or depressive symptoms to help inform treatment interventions. This qualitative study explored experiences and opinions of low mood or depression in young people with cancer, how their mood related to developmental challenges, strategies used to cope, and how services could improve support. Nineteen young people diagnosed and treated for cancer completed semistructured interviews. Transcripts were thematically analyzed using the framework approach, and analysis produced eight themes, organized into three domains: “A Harder Time of Life,” “Interpersonal Impact of Cancer,” and “Learning to Understand and Describe Low Mood,” Participants interviewed experienced low mood during cancer and predominantly felt “low mood” was a helpful term to describe their emotions. There were similarities and variations in their reported mood compared with clinical depression. The developmental challenges of being a young person with cancer negatively affected their mood. Participants used a variety of different coping strategies to manage these challenges. Young people were clear that they would like others to help them understand negative emotions experienced through cancer are normal to feel and support for low mood to be accessible and available.
Leveraging a Handbook for Principal Mentoring: Pathways in a District Context
Authors: Lipke Tamara B.
Published: May 2019

Mentoring is one important construct to support novice principals in this time of change. This study investigates the impact of a district-developed handbook to support co-constructed mentoring practices and cultivate a learning culture within a suburban school district. The handbook offered a framework of interactive systems and tools for communication and relationship building including guiding questions for deep discussion and analysis of practices and culture, data collection, and webinars. Use of the handbook was perceived to deepen instructional leadership capacity and to foster the colearning of the leaders through shared experiences. An emerging emphasis on professional learning among the participants in the mentoring program was unanticipated. Implications of these findings are offered within a specific district context for cultural shifts and improved student outcomes.
Spontaneous multiple cervical artery dissections after alemtuzumab
Authors: Durand-Dubief Françoise , Marignier Romain , Berthezene Yves , Cottin Judith , Nighoghossian Norbert , Vukusic Sandra
Published: May 2019

We report a case of multiple cervical artery dissections that occurred 4 days after a first course of alemtuzumab in a woman with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis and discuss its potential relationship and mechanisms of action. In particular, an arterial inflammatory process, secondary to cytokine release, could potentially lead to intimal thickening, luminal irregularities, stenosis, and ultimately occlusion. Occurrence of an unexpected serious adverse event, in our case, multiple cervical artery dissections, especially in a close time window after drug administration, questions a potential causal relationship with the drug or a simple coincidence.
Sociology at the individual level, psychologies and neurosciences
Authors: Lahire Bernard
Published: May 2019

The French sociological tradition has long regarded the ‘individual’ as a reality situated outside its area of intellection and investigation. According to Durkheim, the individual is a psychological object par excellence. Sociology has thus long favored the study of collectives (groups, classes, categories, institutions, microcosms), suggesting that the individual was a reality which, in itself, fell short of the social. The article discusses a method from the mid-1990s of researching sociology at an individual scale. This approach is essentially embedded in the French sociological tradition, from Durkheim to Bourdieu via Halbwachs, despite the inflections and criticisms it might have of this tradition, while also drawing on the main theoretical knowledge of Norbert Elias’ relational and process-focused sociology. From empirical realization in methodological and theoretical reflexivity, this research program has progressed in dialog with various types of scientific knowledge more classically oriented toward the individual and their mental realities, such as cultural psychology, psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology or the neurosciences.
The effects of social protection policies on health inequalities: Evidence from systematic reviews
Authors: Hillier-Brown Frances , Thomson Katie , Mcgowan Victoria , Cairns Joanne , Eikemo Terje A. , Gil-Gonzále Diana , Bambra Clare
Published: May 2019

Background: The welfare state distributes financial resources to its citizens – protecting them in times of adversity. Variations in how such social protection policies are administered have been attributed to important differences in population health. The aim of this systematic review of reviews is to update and appraise the evidence base of the effects of social protection policies on health inequalities. Methods/design: Systematic review methodology was used. Nine databases were searched from 2007 to 2017 for reviews of social policy interventions in high-income countries. Quality was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 tool. Results: Six systematic reviews were included in our review, reporting 50 unique primary studies. Two reviews explored income maintenance and poverty relief policies and found some, low quality, evidence that increased unemployment benefit generosity may improve population mental health. Four reviews explored active labour-market policies and found some, low-quality evidence, that return to work initiatives may lead to short-term health improvements, but that in the longer term, they can lead to declines in mental health. The more rigorously conducted reviews found no significant health effects of any of social protection policy under investigation. No reviews of family policies were located. Conclusions: The systematic review evidence base of the effects of social protection policy interventions remains sparse, of low quality, of limited generalizability (as the evidence base is concentrated in the Anglo-Saxon welfare state type), and relatively inconclusive. There is a clear need for evaluations in more diverse welfare state settings and particularly of family policies.
Child abuse and physical health: A population-based study on physical health complaints among adolescents and young adults
Authors: Rueness Janne , Myhre MD Mia C. , Strøm Ida F. , Wentzel-Larsen Tore , Dyb Grete , Thoresen Siri
Published: May 2019

Aims: To investigate whether adolescents and young adults with a history of child abuse had more physical health complaints compared to their unexposed peers. We also aimed to estimate associations between different child abuse types with physical health complaints and associations between the number of child abuse types and physical health complaints. Methods: This population-based telephone survey over two waves included 506 adolescents and young adults exposed to child abuse and 504 non-abused peers aged 16–33 years. We applied linear regression analyses to investigate associations between child abuse types and physical health complaints, unadjusted and mutually adjusted for co-occurring abuse, and to investigate how the number of child abuse types associated with physical health complaints. Results: Participants exposed to child abuse reported significantly more physical health complaints. The child abuse types strongly co-occurred. When adjusting for co-occurring child abuse, only sexual and emotional abuse were significantly associated with physical health complaints. Physical health complaints increased with the higher number of child abuse types experienced. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that exposure to abuse, particularly sexual and emotional, during childhood predicts physical health complaints in adolescence and early adulthood. In a public health perspective, early identification of child abuse may be beneficial in preventing physical health complaints later in life.
‘Cheap Talk’? Second screening and the irrelevance of TV political debates
Authors: Ceron Andrea , Splendore Sergio
Published: May 2019

This article analyzes 3 months of online debate during the electoral campaign for the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum. Through supervised sentiment analysis, we assess the extent of support for the referendum within the general public of Twitter users ( Twittersphere) by analyzing the voting intentions expressed online in 2,369,333 tweets. Similarly, we exploit the practice of social TV and investigate the support for the referendum expressed by the 160,465 tweets posted by second screeners, that is, the subsample of Twitter users who watched and actively commented on nine political talk shows during the campaign. We compare the mentions and the attitudes of the Twittersphere and the second screeners by means of a lead–lag analysis to test whether the second screeners can act as influencers and trendsetters able to shape or anticipate attention and opinions toward an issue within larger audiences. The results reveal an inverse relationship between the Twittersphere and the second screeners whereby the reactions of the latter diverge from those of the general Twitter public. This finding has implications for the literature on echo chambers and the polarization of social media.
The lack of listening: News sources in South Africa’s five general elections, 1994–2014
Authors: Jones Bernadine
Published: May 2019

With most political journalism research focusing on Western elections, one tends to forget that mediatization exists in non-Western reportage too. Television news is still a powerful political tool, especially in developing democracies and particularly in South Africa – the case of this research. This article investigates the sources used on television news during five democratic South African elections, 1994–2014, and aims to shed light on the type of mediatized political reporting in and about a non-Western country. The main finding of this research is that news sources during the South African elections were made up increasingly of pundits and decreasingly of political leaders and citizens. The importance of ‘listening’ directly cannot be overstated, especially in developing democracies like South Africa. A solid link between journalist and politician as well as journalist and citizen is crucial to implement substantive information necessary to enable the media’s democratic duty. When journalists ignore citizen voices in favor of interpretive and evaluative sources, this link is steadily degraded. This article suggests reasons for the drop-off of political and citizen sources in South African election reporting, and, on the eve of the sixth general election in May 2019, argues a case for more ‘straight from source’ voices in political journalism.
Social media as public opinion: How journalists use social media to represent public opinion
Authors: McGregor Shannon C
Published: May 2019

Public opinion, as necessary a concept it is to the underpinnings of democracy, is a socially constructed representation of the public that is forged by the methods and data from which it is derived, as well as how it is understood by those tasked with evaluating and utilizing it. I examine how social media manifests as public opinion in the news and how these practices shape journalistic routines. I draw from a content analysis of news stories about the 2016 US election, as well as interviews with journalists, to shed light on evolving practices that inform the use of social media to represent public opinion. I find that despite social media users not reflecting the electorate, the press reported online sentiments and trends as a form of public opinion that services the horserace narrative and complements survey polling and vox populi quotes. These practices are woven into professional routines – journalists looked to social media to reflect public opinion, especially in the wake of media events like debates. Journalists worried about an overreliance on social media to inform coverage, especially Dataminr alerts and journalists’ own highly curated Twitter feeds. Hybrid flows of information between journalists, campaigns, and social media companies inform conceptions of public opinion.
Defying democratic despair: A Kantian account of hope in politics
Authors: Huber Jakob
Published: May 2019

In times of a prevailing sense of crisis and disorder in modern politics, there is a growing sentiment that anger, despair or resignation are more appropriate attitudes to navigate the world than hope. Political philosophers have long shared this suspicion and shied away from theorising hope more systematically. The aim of this article is to resist this tendency by showing that hope constitutes an integral part of democratic politics in particular. In making this argument I draw on Kant’s conceptualisation of hope as a psychological condition on action under circumstances where the chances of making a difference are dim. Given that the Kantian agent avoids the threat of despair in the pursuit of political goals by placing trust in her fellow citizens, hope has the potential to positively transform democratic practices.
Clinical Application of Near-Infrared Thoracoscopy With Indocyanine Green in Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Anatomical Segmentectomy
Authors: Jin Yuxiang , Wang Mingdong , Xue Lei , Zhao Xuewei
Published: May 2019

Background. To confirm the impact of near-infrared thoracoscopy with intravenous injection of indocyanine green (ICG) during video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)-based segmentectomy. Materials and Methods. We retrospectively screened the perioperative data in total 21 patients who underwent segmentectomy by VATS. The segmental arteries and bronchi were identified with the help of preoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography images. Among them, clinical effectiveness and postoperative complications were analyzed. VATS segmentectomy was performed using a 3-port approach with systemic intravenous injection of ICG. Results. A total of 21 patients underwent VATS-based segmentectomy with ICG injection. The mean operation time was 126.19 ± 15.32 minutes, and the mean bleeding volume was 158.10 ± 39.95 mL. In addition, the average drainage volume 1 day after surgery was 153.81 ± 32.19 mL, and mean duration of drainage was 1.62 ± 0.59 days. Complications occurred in 6 of the 21 patients. Two patients had pneumonia, 3 had arrhythmia, and 1 had prolonged air leak. There were no complications resulting from ICG angiography. Conclusions. Near-infrared thoracoscopy with intravenous injection of ICG is a safe, fast, simple, and highly accurate method that can be used to identify the intersegmental plane and facilitate the quality of VATS-based segmentectomy.
Attitudes Toward Genetics and Genetic Testing Among Participants in the Jackson and Framingham Heart Studies
Authors: Saylor Katherine W. , Ekunwe Lynette , Antoine-LaVigne Donna , Sellers Deborah E. , McGraw Sarah , Levy Daniel , Splansky Greta Lee , Joffe Steven
Published: May 2019

Genetic analysis has become integral to many large cohort studies. However, little is known about longitudinal cohort study participants’ attitudes toward genetics and genetic testing. We analyzed data from a survey of participants in the Jackson Heart Study ( n = 960), Framingham Heart Study ( n = 955), and Framingham Heart Study–Omni Cohort ( n = 160). Based on a three-question attitude scale, most participants had positive attitudes toward genetic testing (median score = 4.3-5/5). Participants were also asked to select words to describe their attitudes toward genetics. More respondents endorsed the positive words “hopeful” (60%-70%), “optimistic” (44%-64%), “enthusiastic” (35%-43%), or “excited” (28%-30%) than the negative words “cautious” (35%-38%), “concerned” (25%-55%), “worried” (6%-13%), “pessimistic” (2%-5%), or “horrified” (1%-5%). Characteristics associated with favorable attitudes were greater genetics knowledge, higher subjective numeracy, experience with genetic testing, less frequent religious attendance, and not being employed. These findings demonstrate variation in attitudes even among participants in long-standing cohort studies, indicating a need for ongoing participant engagement and education.
N-halamine antibacterial nanofibrous mats based on polyacrylonitrile and N-halamine for protective face masks
Authors: Huang Chengbo , Liu Ying , Li Zhiguang , Li Rong , Ren Xuehong , Huang Tung-Shi
Published: May 2019

The main objective of this study was to develop antibacterial materials based on polyacrylonitrile for potential application in protective face masks to combat airborne pathogens. To achieve biocidal properties, 1-chloro-2, 2, 5, 5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone as a kind of N-halamine was introduced into the polyacrylonitrile nanofibers by an electrospinning technique to form nanofibers by an electrospinning technique to form polyacrylonitrile/1-chloro-2, 2, 5, 5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone-5% nanofibers. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy were employed to characterize the structure of nanofibers. The antimicrobial efficacies of electrospinning nanofibers with 1-chloro-2, 2, 5, 5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were evaluated at different contact times. The antimicrobial efficacies against bioaerosol of S. aureus were also performed. The polyacrylonitrile/1-chloro-2, 2, 5, 5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone-5% nanofibers possess excellent antimicrobial efficacies against bacteria bioaersol, and it has good air permeability.
Instructional boundary management: The complementarity of instructional leadership and boundary management
Authors: Shaked Haim , Benoliel Pascale Sarah
Published: May 2019

Instructional leadership, which emphasizes the teaching and learning aspects of school principalship, is an essential ingredient for improving student achievement. At the same time, boundary management, which includes both internal and external boundary activities, is intrinsic to today’s schools and poses one of the most persistent and potentially rewarding challenges to principals. The current study seeks to explore the overlap of these two frameworks and the ways in which they complement each other both conceptually and practically. Data collection included interviews with a diverse sample of 37 Israeli principals. Data analysis identified behaviors of principals that reflected instructional leadership and boundary management simultaneously. Findings suggested a new area of school leadership—instructional boundary management, which is a synthesis of instructional leadership and boundary management, where the two different frameworks merge with each other rather than compete for the principal’s attention and limited time.
Possibilities for distributed leadership in South African schools: Policy ambiguities and blind spots
Authors: du Plessis André , Heystek Jan
Published: May 2019

Against the background of the recently published Policy on the South African Standard for Principals, the aim of this article is to determine whether distributed leadership is catered for in the South African regulatory and policy framework. It is argued that due to the accountability demands of a fundamentally bureaucratic education system, distributed leadership with its heterarchical features will most likely not be applied by South African public school principals. In addition, the article argues that there is ambiguity in the leadership/management function principals are expected to perform. This is manifested in the existence of a policy–practice gap, conceptual (con-) fusion pertaining to the actions of school management and leadership, a managerial mind-set of education authorities and a divergence of top-down and bottom-up expectations of a principal’s role. Furthermore, the post-apartheid capacity deficit and the contextual diversity of schools will require development of new attitudes, skills and knowledge by principals, staff members and district and provincial officials for distributed leadership to be a viable approach.
Psychological ‘burnout’ in healthcare professionals: Updating our understanding, and not making it worse
Authors: Brindley Peter G , Olusanya Segun , Wong Adrian , Crowe Liz , Hawryluck Laura
Published: May 2019

Many healthcare professionals and professional societies are demanding action to counter ‘burnout’, especially in the acute care medical specialties. This review is intended to empower this laudable ‘call to arms’, while also validating concerns that have been raised about how we typically define, measure and counter this important issue. This review aims to advance the discussion, dispel common misconceptions, add important nuance, and identify common ground. We also encourage the ideas contained within the military term ‘occupational stress injury’, which include a cultural shift away from blame and stigmatization, and towards shared responsibility and empathy. We also outline why mandatory testing can be troublesome and why interventions should be tailored to individuals. While the need for immediate action may seem self-evident, we wish to mitigate the real possibility that good intentions could make a perilous situation worse. ‘Burnout' matters, but how individuals and organizations go forward matters even more.
Immunophenotypic, cytotoxic, proteomic and genomic characterization of human cord blood vs. peripheral blood CD56Dim NK cells
Authors: Shereck Evan , Day Nancy S , Awasthi Aradhana , Ayello Janet , Chu Yaya , McGuinn Catherine , van de Ven Carmella , Lim Megan S , Cairo Mitchell S
Published: May 2019

Unrelated cord blood (CB) is an excellent alternative as an allogeneic donor source for stem cell transplantation. CB transplantation is associated with lower incidence of severe acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD but similar rates of malignant relapse compared with other unrelated donor cell transplants. NK cells are critical innate immune components and the comparison of CB vs. peripheral blood (PB) NK cells is relatively unknown. NK cell receptor expression, cell function, and maturation may play a role in the risk of relapse after CB transplant. We investigated CB vs. PB NK cell subset cytotoxicity, function, receptor expression, and genomic and proteomic signatures. The CB CD56dim compared with PB CD56dim demonstrated significantly increased expression of NKG2A and NKG2D, respectively. CB vs. PB CD56dim NK cells had significantly decreased in vitro cytotoxicity against a variety of non-Hodgkin lymphoma targets. Various proteins were significantly under- and over-expressed in CB vs. PB CD56dim NK cells. Microarray analyses and qRT-PCR in CB vs. PB CD56dim demonstrated significantly increased expression of genes in cell regulation and development of apoptosis, respectively. In summary, CB vs. PB CD56dim NK cells appear to be earlier in development, have decreased functional activity, and increased capacity for programmed cell death, suggesting that CB NK cells require functional and maturational stimulation to achieve similar functional levels as PB CD56dim NK cells.
Long-term care Legionella prevention and control strategies: Experiences of nursing homes in Florida and Georgia
Authors: Blake Sarah C , Hawley Jonathan N
Published: May 2019

Background:

Over the past several years, there have been more than 100 confirmed cases in US healthcare facilities of Legionnaires’ disease, a severe and potentially fatal pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium found in contaminated water systems. Older people and those with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable to Legionella, putting long-term care patients at greater risk of infection. Past efforts to address this growing environmental health crisis have been limited to local surveillance programs for testing water systems in multi-family housing units. In June 2017, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) required Medicare-certified healthcare facilities to establish water management programs to reduce the risk of Legionella.

Methods:

We conducted a mixed methods study (surveys, interviews) to examine the adoption and implementation of these guidelines as well as existing Legionella prevention and control strategies in nursing homes in Florida and Georgia.

Results:

Findings reveal that most nursing homes in these states do not test their water systems for Legionella because either they have never experienced an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease or do not have a large water system for testing.

Conclusion:

Nursing home administrators know of the new CMS Legionella testing requirements and are currently developing water management plans.
Walking and running to benefit breast cancer: descriptive characteristics of participants in the 2017 Walk for Life events
Authors: Bernhart JA , O’Neill JR
Published: May 2019

Aims:

The prevalence of charities and other non-profit organisations sponsoring for-cause physical activity (PA) events has continued to rise. Few studies have examined for-cause events through a public health perspective to determine the reach and potential for public health and PA promotion. This study described participants in a for-cause event supporting breast cancer to determine the reach of the event and identified possible leverage points of for-cause events for public health promotion.

Methods:

Participants registered online for the Walk for Life events in Columbia, SC (Half marathon, 10k, 5k, and Walk-a-thon), were included in this study. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel.

Results:

Over 6,000 people participated in the event and 4,942 registered online. Of online registrants, most participants were women ( n = 3,800, 78.95%) and most participants, completed the walk-a-thon ( n = 3,539), followed by the 5k ( n = 829), half-marathon ( n = 236), and 10k ( n = 209). The average age of participants was 39.79 years (SD = 1.35).

Conclusions:

For-cause PA events often recruit high numbers of participants, particularly high-priority populations in PA interventions. Therefore, these events bear innovative implications for PA researchers and practitioners to leverage these events to promote health and PA while simultaneously supporting charity and non-profit organisations.
Leader of the Pack: Academic Giftedness and Leadership in Early Adolescence
Authors: Peairs Kristen F. , Sheppard Christopher S. , Putallaz Martha , Costanzo Philip R.
Published: May 2019

The present study expanded our current understanding of leadership among academically gifted seventh-grade students by examining peer-identified leaders of naturally occurring social groups in a mixed ability setting. Three consecutive cohorts of seventh-grade students ( N = 474; 57% female; 43% European American) attending a public magnet secondary school participated. Results indicated that gifted students were more apt to be identified as leaders than nongifted youth and both conventional and unconventional styles of leadership related similarly to higher social standing and influence in the peer network. Nongifted leaders displayed a mixed profile of prosocial and more risky deviant behavior, whereas gifted leaders displayed a primarily prosocial leadership style. However, gifted leaders perceived themselves to be more influential and intimidating than other students and also endorsed sensation seeking tendencies more than other students. Findings underscore the heterogeneity of leadership during young adolescence and the distinct profile of gifted leaders compared with other leaders and gifted peers.
Sporobolomyces salmonicolor: A case report of a rare cutaneous fungal infection
Authors: Damji Rahina , Mukherji Atreyi , Mussani Farheen
Published: May 2019

We report a case of a 47-year-old male diagnosed with a cutaneous Sporobolomyces salmonicolor infection after suffering with an extensive cutaneous eruption for 4 years. Treatment can be difficult and options include voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin B. This infectious disease is extremely rare and can have extensive impact on multiple organ systems, including the skin.
Rewards of reforms: Can economic freedom and reforms in developing countries reduce the brain drain?
Authors: Aarhus Jarand H , Jakobsen Tor G
Published: May 2019

The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of economic freedom on brain drain from developing countries to rich countries. Previous literature on brain drain has examined social, political and economic determinants. However, no study in the literature so far has studied this proposed relationship. We employ the Economic Freedom Index sourced from the Fraser Institute as a proxy for economic freedom and the rate of moderately skilled and highly skilled emigration functions as a proxy for brain drain. Our sample consists of 142 countries covering the period 1990–2010. We estimate the results using a two-way fixed effects regression estimator. The results show that an increase in economic freedom is strongly associated with lower levels of brain drain from developing countries to rich countries. In addition, we find that long-term benefits associated with more economic freedom outweigh short-term costs of economic reforms when it comes to restricting brain drain.
Severe varus knees result in a high rate of undercorrection of lower limb alignment after opening wedge high tibial osteotomy
Authors: Kamada Satoshi , Shiota Etsuji , Saeki Kazuhiko , Kiyama Takahiko , Maeyama Akira , Yamamoto Takuaki
Published: May 2019

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to clarify the indication for opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) in terms of lower limb alignment to achieve satisfactory clinical results.

Methods:

Ninety-two patients (98 knees) with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis were investigated in this study. The average follow-up period was 34 months (range, 24–68 months). The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 63 years (range, 41–77 years).

Results:

The patients were divided into the following two groups according to the preoperative femorotibial angle (FTA) on anteroposterior full-length radiographs of the lower limbs while weight bearing: 29 knees with a preoperative FTA of ≥185° were defined as those with severe varus (S group), and the remaining 69 knees with a preoperative FTA of <185° were defined as those with mild varus (M group). Knees with a postoperative FTA of >175° were defined as undercorrected. The Lysholm score was used to assess the clinical results. The average postoperative FTA was 175.7° ± 4.1° in the S group and 174.6° ± 3.1° in the M group ( p = 0.013). Significantly, more undercorrected knees were observed in the S than M group ( p = 0.00035). The postoperative Lysholm score was 85.6 ± 8.5 in the S group and 88.5 ± 5.7 in the M group at the last follow-up ( p = 0.0033).

Conclusion:

Based on these results, we recommend that a preoperative FTA of <185° should be included as a criterion for OWHTO alone.
The quality of informed consent obtained for orthopedic surgeries—elective versus trauma: A prospective interview-based study
Authors: Shemesh S , Sidon E , Heller S , Cohen N , Kosashvili Y , Dovrat R , Velkes S , Burg A
Published: May 2019

Background:

Orthopedic surgeons routinely obtain informed consent prior to surgery. Legally adequate informed consent necessitates a thorough discussion of treatment options and risks and proper documentation. However, the quality of informed consent in orthopedic trauma patients is an under-researched area.

Purpose:

To assess the quality of the informed consent process in trauma compared with elective orthopedic patients and to assess patients’ emotional state at the time of signing consent form.

Methods:

Sixty-two consecutive patients undergoing either elective total joint arthroplasty ( N = 32) or orthopedic trauma surgery ( N = 30) were included. The data were collected through personal interviews using a proposed informed consent score. The interviews were held after obtaining the informed consent and before the index procedure. Patients were asked to describe their diagnosis, the surgical procedure, its’ benefits, and risks as well as alternative treatments.

Results:

Mean age differed significantly between elective and trauma group patients (66.1 vs. 51.6, respectively, p < 0.01), while gender and education level were comparable ( p = 0.075, p = 0.55, respectively). The quality of consent was significantly better for patients with post-high-school education compared to elementary education level (consent score: 16.9 ± 4.1 vs. 12.2 ± 5.5, p = 0.021). Patients in the elective group showed an overall higher quality of consent, as reflected by a mean score of 17.03 ± 4.2 versus a mean score of only 13.73 ± 4.7 in the trauma group ( p = 0.005, 95% CI: 1.02–5.57). Specifically, trauma patients demonstrated a lower comprehension of the diagnosis, the benefits of surgical treatment, the possible complications, and the expected postoperative course.

Conclusion:

Patients undergoing trauma surgery are significantly more likely to have an inadequate understanding of the proposed treatment. These findings raise questions concerning the validity of consent from trauma patients.
Climate of Data-driven Innovation Within E-business Retail Actors
Authors: Sundström Malin
Published: May 2019

Even though contemporary practice within e-business retailing demonstrates knowledge on how to collect and process big data, e-businesses have a hard time with the organizational mind-set to focus on data-driven innovation. In this perspective paper the author analyses an action-research study from a Swedish e-business retail actor, and explores how to change the mind-set to focus on data-driven innovation, and identifies the results from such a change. With a rich empirical data, the author demystifies the rather complex view of data-driven innovation within e-business firms, and describes how data analytics helped improve new processes and stimulated a data-driven decision making climate. The study shows climate can be changed if deploying socio-technical resources, but also creativity and team spirit.