bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Prediction Models for Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Usher-Smith Juliet A. , Walter Fiona M. , Emery Jon D. , Win Aung K. , Griffin Simon J.
Published: October 2015

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in Europe and the United States. Survival is strongly related to stage at diagnosis and population-based screening reduces colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Stratifying the population by risk offers the potential to improve the efficiency of screening. In this systematic review we searched Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for primary research studies reporting or validating models to predict future risk of primary colorectal cancer for asymptomatic individuals. A total of 12,808 papers were identified from the literature search and nine through citation searching. Fifty-two risk models were included. Where reported (n = 37), half the models had acceptable-to-good discrimination (the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUROC >0.7) in the derivation sample. Calibration was less commonly assessed (n = 21), but overall acceptable. In external validation studies, 10 models showed acceptable discrimination (AUROC 0.71–0.78). These include two with only three variables (age, gender, and BMI; age, gender, and family history of colorectal cancer). A small number of prediction models developed from case–control studies of genetic biomarkers also show some promise but require further external validation using population-based samples. Further research should focus on the feasibility and impact of incorporating such models into stratified screening programmes. Cancer Prev Res; 9(1); 13–26. ©2015 AACR.

See related article by Frank L. Meyskens, Jr., p. 11
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: Factor Structure, Internal Consistency and Convergent Validity in Patients with Dizziness
Authors: Piker Erin G. , Kaylie David M. , Garrison Douglas , Tucci Debara L.
Published: October 2015

Psychiatric comorbidities, particularly anxiety-related pathologies, are often observed in dizzy patients. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a widely used self-report instrument used to screen for anxiety and depression in medical outpatient settings. The purpose of this study was to assess the factor structure, internal consistency and convergent validity of the HADS in an unselected group of patients with dizziness. The HADS and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) were administered to 205 dizzy patients. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted and indicated a 3-factor structure, inconsistent with the 2-subscale structure (i.e. anxiety and depression) of the HADS. The total scale was found to be internally consistent, and convergent validity, as assessed using the DHI, was acceptable. Overall findings suggest that the HADS should not be used as a tool for psychiatric differential diagnosis, but rather as a helpful screener for general psychiatric distress in the two domains of psychiatric illness most germane in dizzy patients.
Role of Complement in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Berentsen Sigbjørn
Published: October 2015

The classification of autoimmune hemolytic anemias and the complement system are reviewed. In autoimmune hemolytic anemia of the warm antibody type, complement-mediated cell lysis is clinically relevant in a proportion of the patients but is hardly essential for hemolysis in most patients. Cold antibody-mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemias (primary cold agglutinin disease, secondary cold agglutinin syndrome and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria) are entirely complement-mediated disorders. In cold agglutinin disease, efficient therapies have been developed in order to target the pathogenic B-cell clone, but complement modulation remains promising in some clinical situations. No established therapy exists for secondary cold agglutinin syndrome and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, and the possibility of therapeutic complement inhibition is interesting. Currently, complement modulation is not clinically documented in any autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The most relevant candidate drugs and possible target levels of action are discussed.
Definitive, Preoperative, and Palliative Radiation Therapy of Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Fokas Emmanouil , Rödel Claus
Published: October 2015

Background: Long-term survival in patients with esophageal cancer remains dismal despite the recent improvements in surgery, the advances in radiotherapy (RT) technology, and the refinement of systemic treatments, including the advent of targeted therapies. Although surgery constitutes the treatment of choice for early-stage disease (stage I), a multimodal approach, including preoperative or definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and perioperative chemotherapy, is commonly pursued in patients with locally advanced disease. Methods: A review of the literature was performed to assess the role of RT, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, in the management of esophageal cancer. Results: Evidence from large, randomized phase III trials and meta-analyses supports the application of perioperative chemotherapy alone or preoperative concurrent CRT in patients with lower esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas. Preoperative CRT but not preoperative chemotherapy alone is now routinely used in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Additionally, definitive CRT without surgery has also emerged as a valuable approach in the management of resectable esophageal SCC to avoid surgery-related morbidity and mortality, whereas salvage surgery is reserved for those with persistent disease. Furthermore, brachytherapy offers a valuable option in the palliative treatment of patients with locally advanced, unresponsive disease. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) can facilitate a more accurate treatment response assessment and patient selection. Finally, the development of modern RT techniques, such as intensity-modulated and image-guided RT as well as FDG-PET-based RT planning, could further increase the therapeutic ratio of CRT. Conclusion: Altogether, CRT constitutes an important tool in the treatment armamentarium for esophageal cancer. Further optimization of CRT using modern technology and imaging, targeted therapies, and newer chemotherapeutic agents is a major challenge and should be the goal of future research and clinical trials.
The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Packman Charles H.
Published: October 2015

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is characterized by shortened red blood cell survival and a positive Coombs test. The responsible autoantibodies may be either warm reactive or cold reactive. The rate of hemolysis and the severity of the anemia may vary from mild to severe and life-threatening. Diagnosis is made in the laboratory by the findings of anemia, reticulocytosis, a positive Coombs test, and specific serologic tests. The prognosis is generally good but renal failure and death sometimes occur, especially in cases mediated by drugs.
The Impact of School Environment on Children's Respiratory Health
Authors: Fsadni Peter , Bezzina Frank , Fsadni Claudia , Aquilina Noel , Montefort Stephen
Published: October 2015

Background/Aims: School indoor air quality is important because children spend most of their time outside home within the school environment. This study aimed to investigate the school environment and its impact on the respiratory health of the children. Methods: A total of 191 pupils in the 9- to 11-year age group were selected from 5 primary state schools. Validated school and health questionnaires, spirometry, acoustic rhinometry, nasal lavage, urine for environmental tobacco smoke biomarkers and traffic counts were used. Results: Cumulative (32.98%) and current wheezing (17.8%) were in keeping with the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Malta data. Southern schools had the highest prevalence of current wheezers (OR 3.77; p = 0.012), rhinoconjunctivitis (OR 3.59; p = 0.003) and nasal eosinophilic cationic protein levels (p < 0.001). Small openable window areas increased rhinitic symptoms (OR 3.14; p = 0.016). Classes facing roads had increased current wheezers (OR 2.27; p = 0.03) and exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) levels (p < 0.001). Current wheezing was significantly associated with the number of light and heavy vehicles passing near the school (p < 0.001). The presence of smokers at home was significantly associated with urinary cotinine and 3HC (p < 0.001). Proximity to power plants increased the current wheezers (OR 5.89; p = 0.001) who had impaired spirometry (p = 0.003). Asthma symptoms (OR 5.25; p = 0.001) and elevated eCO levels (p < 0.001) were associated with fuel storage facilities near schools. The accumulation of dust on flat surfaces within classrooms was related to wheezing (OR 5.23; p = 0.001). Conclusions: The school environment had a direct impact on the respiratory health of children, with several factors having a direct impact on the children's health.
An Unusual Case of Extranodal Rosai-Dorfman Disease Manifesting as an Epibulbar Mass
Authors: Tran Hang M. , Chinichian Sahmon , Storkersen Kris , Tokuhara Keith
Published: October 2015

Purpose: To report an unusual presentation of a 48-year-old man with a salmon-colored epibulbar mass, whose pathology was consistent with extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD). Method: We conducted a retrospective and interventional case report. Results: A 48-year-old white man presented with progressive left eye irritation, redness, and multiple large subcutaneous nodules on his arms and torso over the past year. He did not have any lymphadenopathy, lymphocytosis, or fever. Visual acuity and intraocular pressures were normal in both eyes. He had mild vertical diplopia on downward gaze. Slit lamp examination revealed a non-tender salmon-colored epibulbar mass of 1.0 × 1.2 cm. Incisional biopsy was performed. Histopathologic evaluation revealed emperipolesis, with positive CD68, positive S100, and negative CD1a staining. These findings were consistent with extranodal RDD. At the 24-month follow-up, there were no signs of recurrence, and his diplopia resolved. Conclusions: This case of RDD is rare because of the concurrent epibulbar mass with subcutaneous nodules on the torso and arms. Extranodal RDD with epibulbar mass involvement tends to be unilateral, occurring mainly in males, and evenly among people of white and black race. An epibulbar mass of any color should raise concern for systemic lymphoma and RDD. The clinical course for extranodal RDD is typically benign. Excisional biopsy is often done for diagnosis and treatment. Recurrence of the unilateral epibulbar mass after biopsy is rare, but common with bilateral epibulbar masses.
Evidence-Based Operative Details in Esophageal Cancer Treatment: Surgical Approach, Lymphadenectomy, Anastomosis
Authors: Metzger Ralf , Schütze Frank , Mönig Stefan
Published: October 2015

Background: This review depicts surgical treatment strategies in the management of esophageal cancer under the focus of evidence-based medicine. The main emphasis lies on technical details, i.e. surgical approach, lymphadenectomy, and current techniques of anastomosis. Methods: The current literature on operative details in esophageal cancer treatment was reviewed. Surgical approaches and different techniques of anastomotic reconstruction utilizing a gastric tube were compared. The grade of evidence regarding the necessity and extent of lymphadenectomy was discussed. Results: There is no level-1 evidence-based difference regarding the surgical approach for esophagectomy. The preferred anastomosis site is intrathoracic compared to the neck. Extended lymphadenectomy is still imperative in esophagectomy although neoadjuvant protocols might also result in a downstaging effect of lymph nodes. Neoadjuvant regimens have no negative influence on complication rate and anastomotic integrity. Conclusion: A tailored interdisciplinary approach to the patients' physiology and esophageal cancer stage is the most important factor that influences operative outcome and oncological results after esophagectomy.
Dysphonia after Bevacizumab Rechallenge: A Case Report
Authors: Carter Corey A. , Caroen Scott Z. , Oronsky Arnold L. , Oronsky Bryan T.
Published: October 2015

Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, an initiator of tumor angiogenesis, inhibits tumor growth and invasion. Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody to VEGF, in common use as an adjunct to standard chemotherapy like irinotecan in advanced colorectal cancer, also affects the normal (nontumor) vasculature. Dysphonia or voice changes have been anecdotally reported in patients that have been exposed to antiangiogenics. In this case report, we present an occurrence of severe dysphonia in a 60-year-old male with metastatic colorectal cancer after reintroduction of irinotecan and bevacizumab. To our knowledge, this is the first case of dysphonia associated with bevacizumab rechallenge.
A New, Atypical Case of Cobalamin F Disorder Diagnosed by Whole Exome Sequencing
Authors: Constantinou Panayiotis , D'Alessandro Mariella , Lochhead Paul , Samant Shalaka , Bisset W. Michael , Hauptfleisch Catherine , Dean John ,   Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study Group
Published: October 2015

Cobalamin F (cblF) disorder, caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the LMBRD1 gene, is a recognised cause of developmental delay, pancytopaenia and failure to thrive which may present in the neonatal period. A handful of cases have been reported in the medical literature. We report a new case, diagnosed at the age of 6 years through whole exome sequencing, with atypical features including prominent metopic suture, cleft palate, unilateral renal agenesis and liver abnormalities, which broaden the phenotypic spectrum.
Communication Preferences in Young, Middle-Aged, and Elderly Cancer Patients
Authors: Richter Diana , Ernst Jochen , Lehmann Claudia , Koch Uwe , Mehnert Anja , Friedrich Michael
Published: October 2015

Background: While psychosocial distress and supportive care needs of young adult cancer patients have been increasingly studied, little knowledge exists about preferences for communicating bad news. We aimed to analyze patients' communication preferences against their actual experiences with regard to doctor-patient interactions. Patients and Methods: We surveyed a total of 270 cancer patients with different tumor entities. 3 age groups (young, middle-aged, and elderly) were compared concerning their communication preferences (MPP; Measure of Patients' Preferences questionnaire) and the impact on distress (National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer). Results: We found no age differences of communication preferences and the content of bad news. A significant difference was found in the dimension ‘professional expertise/patient orientation (p < 0.01) which was rated as more important by younger patients. Binary logistic regression showed an impact of ‘children' (odds ratio (OR) 0.296; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.155, 0.563), tumor staging (OR 1.737, 95% CI 1.028, 2.936), and insufficient ‘privacy' (OR 0.987; 95% CI 0.978, 0.997) and ‘clarity' (OR 1.013; 95% CI 1.002, 1.025) on distress. Conclusion: Communication preferences related to breaking bad news depend less on age differences than on other variables. Future studies should investigate the long-term impact of ineffective patient-physician communication, taking into account unmet patient preferences in different age groups.
Effect of Hyperacute Administration (Within 6 Hours) of Transdermal Glyceryl Trinitrate, a Nitric Oxide Donor, on Outcome After Stroke
Authors: Woodhouse Lisa , Scutt Polly , Krishnan Kailash , Berge Eivind , Gommans John , Ntaios George , Wardlaw Joanna , Sprigg Nikola , Bath Philip M.
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—

Nitric oxide donors are candidate treatments for acute stroke, potentially through hemodynamic, reperfusion, and neuroprotectant effects, especially if given early. Although the large Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke (ENOS) trial of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) was neutral, a prespecified subgroup suggested that GTN improved functional outcome if administered early after stroke onset.

Methods—

Prospective analysis of subgroup of patients randomized into the ENOS trial within 6 hours of stroke onset. Safety and efficacy of GTN versus no GTN were assessed using data on early and late outcomes.

Results—

Two hundred seventy-three patients were randomized within 6 hours of ictus: mean (SD) age, 69.9 (12.7) years; men, 154 (56.4%); ischemic stroke, 208 (76.2%); Scandinavian Stroke Scale, 32.1 (11.9); and total anterior circulation syndrome, 86 (31.5%). When compared with no GTN, the first dose of GTN lowered blood pressure by 9.4/3.3 mm Hg (
P
<0.01,
P
=0.064) and shifted the modified Rankin Scale to a better outcome by day 90, adjusted common odds ratio, 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.32–0.80). Significant beneficial effects were also seen with GTN for disability (Barthel Index), quality of life (EuroQol-Visual Analogue Scale), cognition (telephone Mini-Mental State Examination), and mood (Zung Depression Scale). GTN was safe to administer with less serious adverse events by day 90 (GTN 18.8% versus no GTN 34.1%) and death (hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.20–0.99;
P
=0.047).

Conclusions—

In a subgroup analysis of the large ENOS trial, transdermal GTN was safe to administer and associated with improved functional outcome and fewer deaths when administered within 6 hours of stroke onset.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00989716.
Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter Air Pollution Is a Risk Factor for Stroke
Authors: Scheers Hans , Jacobs Lotte , Casas Lidia , Nemery Benoit , Nawrot Tim S.
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—

Epidemiological studies suggest an association between stroke incidence and stroke mortality and long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution. However, the magnitude of the association is still unclear.

Methods—

We searched the Pubmed citation database for epidemiological studies and reviews on stroke and PM exposure. Then, we carried out a meta-analysis to quantify the pooled association between stroke incidence and mortality and long-term exposure to PM. Meta-analyses were performed for stroke events and stroke mortality and for PM
10
and PM
2.5
separately and jointly.

Results—

We identified 20 studies, including a total of >10 million people, on long-term PM exposure and stroke event or stroke mortality. For exposure to PM
10
(including estimated exposure to PM
10
from studies using PM
2.5
), the pooled hazard ratio for each 10-μg/m
3
increment in PM
10
was 1.061 (95% confidence interval, 1.018–1.105) and 1.080 (0.992–1.177) for overall stroke events and stroke mortality, respectively. A stratified analysis by continent revealed that the association between stroke and long-term PM
10
exposure was positive in North America (1.062 [1.015–1.110]) and Europe (1.057 [0.973–1.148]), but studies in Asia (1.010 [0.885–1.153]) showed a high degree of heterogeneity. Considering exposure to PM
2.5
(Europe and North America combined), the hazard ratios for a 5-μg/m
3
increment were 1.064 (1.021–1.109) and 1.125 (1.007–1.256) for stroke events and mortality, respectively.

Conclusions—

The scientific evidence of the past decade identifies long-term exposure to PM, and PM
2.5
in particular, as a risk factor for stroke. However, we found some currently unexplained geographical variability in this association.
Relationship of Age With Stroke and Death in Anticoagulated Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Senoo Keitaro , Lip Gregory Y.H.
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—

The prevalence of atrial fibrillation increases with age, but age-specific data on the incidence of stroke and death in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation are more limited, particularly with regard to comparisons of relative risks of clinical outcomes between the different age strata in relation to quality of anticoagulation control among warfarin users.

Methods—

We investigated the incidence of adverse outcomes between tertiles of age groups (age, <67 [n=722]; age, 67–74 [n=747]; and age, ≥75 [n=824]) in 2293 patients with atrial fibrillation participating in warfarin arm in the AMADEUS (Evaluating the Use of SR34006 Compared to Warfarin or Acenocoumarol in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) trial. The average time in therapeutic range was calculated as a measure of anticoagulation control and related to clinical outcomes.

Results—

Absolute rates for stroke/systemic embolism (SSE), cardiovascular death, or any clinically relevant bleeding increased with increasing age strata. The combined end point of cardiovascular death and SSE was the highest in the top tertile (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–5.63) compared with the middle and lowest tertiles (
P
for trend=0.01). For bleeding, there was no significant difference in relative risks between the age strata (
P
for trend=0.55 in the warfarin group and in the warfarin group with time in therapeutic range ≥60%,
P
for trend=0.60). The quality of anticoagulation control (time in therapeutic range) significantly correlated with any clinically relevant bleeding (
r
=−0.91;
P
<0.001) and cardiovascular death/SSE rates (
r
=−0.76;
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—

Elderly patients with atrial fibrillation have higher absolute risks of cardiovascular death, SSE, and bleeding, but relative risks of clinically relevant bleeding are not significantly different with increasing age strata. A significant inverse relationship between time in therapeutic range and bleeding and cardiovascular death/SSE emphasizes the importance of good quality anticoagulation control.
Dorsal Medullary Infarction
Authors: Lee Sun-Uk , Park Seong-Ho , Park Jeong-Jin , Kim Hyo Jung , Han Moon-Ku , Bae Hee-Joon , Kim Ji-Soo
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—

The characteristics of infarctions restricted to the dorsal medulla have received little attention. This study aimed to define the distinct clinical features of dorsal medullary infarction.

Methods—

Of the 172 patients with a diagnosis of medullary infarction at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from 2003 to 2014, 18 patients with isolated dorsal medullary infarction were subjected to analyses of clinical and laboratory findings.

Results—

All patients presented acute isolated vestibular syndrome with dizziness/vertigo and imbalance. Almost all patients (17/18, 94%) showed the signs from involvements of the vestibular nuclei, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, or inferior cerebellar peduncle, which included direction-changing gaze-evoked nystagmus (n=12), negative head-impulse tests (n=8), skew deviation (n=7), central patterns of head-shaking nystagmus (n=6), and spontaneous nystagmus (n=2). Initial magnetic resonance imagings including diffusion-weighted images were negative in 7 patients (39%). Twelve patients (67%) showed a progression and developed additional neurological abnormalities, but the neurological outcomes were favorable.

Conclusions—

The presence of central vestibular signs allows bedside differentiation of isolated vestibular syndrome because of dorsal medullary infarction from acute peripheral vestibular disorders. Because initially false-negative magnetic resonance imagings and subsequent progression are frequent in dorsal medullary infarction, early recognition through scrutinized evaluation is important for proper managements.
Introduction to Akasegawa Genpei's “The Objet
after Stalin”
Authors: Erber Pedro
Published: October 2015

This introduction situates Akasegawa Genpei's text “The Objet after Stalin” and the events surrounding his reproduction of the 1,000-yen note in the art-historical and political context of Japan's postwar avant-gardes. It explores Akasegawa's conception of the objet both in terms of its lineage within the history of Surrealism and its reception in Japan and of Akasegawa's original theoretical claims concerning the political potential of artistic practice.
The Objet after Stalin
Authors: Genpei Akasegawa
Published: October 2015

“The Objet after Stalin” is a translation of the 1967 text “Sutarin igo no obuje (スターリン以後のオブジェ)” by Japanese artist Akasegawa Genpei. Published in the aftermath of Akasegawa's trial for producing a photomechanical copy of a 1,000-yen note, this brief text traces a parallel between Duchamp's revolutionary displacement of the urinal into an art museum in New York in 1917 and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia that same year. Exploring the potentialities of the Surrealist-inspired notion of the artistic objet, Akasegawa wittily alerts to the dangers of bureaucratization of both revolutionary politics and revolutionary art.
Analysing “Long Data” on Collective Violence in Indonesia
Authors: Meyer David A. , Stein Arthur
Published: October 2015

“Long data”, i.e., temporal data disaggregated to short time intervals to form a long time series, is a particularly interesting type of “big data”. Financial data are often available in this form (e.g., many years of daily stock prices), but until recently long data for other social, and even other economic, processes have been rare. Over the last decade, however, long data have begun to be extracted from (digitized) text, and then used to assess or formulate micro-level and macro-level theories. The UN Support Facility for Indonesian Recovery (UNSFIR) collected a long data set of incidents of collective violence in 14 Indonesian provinces during the 14 year period 1990–2003. In this paper we exploit the “length” of the UNSFIR data by applying several time series analysis methods. These reveal some previously unobserved features of collective violence in Indonesia—including periodic components and long time correlations—with important social/political interpretations and consequences for explanatory model building.
Crypsis in the mud crab Panopeus americanus Saussure, 1857 (Decapoda, Panopeidae): relationship to sexual maturity
Authors: Carvalho-Batista Abner , Pescinelli Regis A. , Garcia Joyce R. , Guerra Pedro G. M. , Pardo Luis M. , Mantelatto Fernando L.
Published: October 2015

The present study analyses the cryptic colouration patterns in mud crabs, Panopeus americanus that live in an impacted intertidal mangrove area. The main objectives were to identify the cryptic/non-cryptic transition sizes (males and females) and their relationships to morphological and functional sexual maturity. Individuals were collected from the remnant mangrove of Araçá, on the coast of São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil. They were sexed, measured and classified into three colouration categories: white homogeneous, cryptic heterogeneous or dark homogeneous (non-cryptic). A logistic regression was performed to detect the size at which 50% of the population reached the dark homogeneous colouration and functional sexual maturity in females. Morphological sexual maturity for both sexes was estimated through relative growth. A progressive change from heterogeneous to dark homogeneous colouration following growth was observed. Using both analyses of maturity, we detected (1) that individuals of the white homogeneous colouration can be classified as non-reproductive and (2) that there is an overlap between the size at which 50% of females reached the dark homogeneous colouration and their functional sexual maturity (approximately 14.00 mm CW). These findings are primarily explained by ontogenetic changes in habitat use during the species’ life cycle.
A new genus, Peniculoides (Copepoda, Calanoida), from deep waters of the North Atlantic with notes on the definition of Clausocalanidae
Authors: Markhaseva Elena L. , Renz Jasmin
Published: October 2015

A new calanoid copepodPeniculoides secundusgen. et sp. nov. is described from a female specimen collected in the northern Atlantic from abyssal waters close to the sea bed during the German expedition DIVA 3 in 2009.Peniculoidesgen. nov. is a representative of the superfamily Clausocalanoidea with a heavily sclerotized mandibular gnathobase and maxillular praecoxal arthrite, the maxillular coxal epipodite lacking setae and the maxilla with coxal to basal endites flat and round distally, their surfaces densely covered by short, brush-like spinules. The new genus,Peniculoidesis provisionally placed in the Clausocalanidae. A combination of characters is proposed to distinguish between the families Clausocalanidae and Aetideidae. The generic composition of Clausocalanidae is revised.
Mapping Boundaries in Diplomacy’s Public Dimension
Authors: Gregory Bruce
Published: October 2015

Radical changes in diplomacy’s global environment challenge traditional categories in diplomacy’s study and practice. The “foreign” and “domestic” divide is blurred beyond easy recognition. Public diplomacy is no longer a separate instrument of diplomacy. The term marginalizes a public dimension that is now central in diplomatic practice. This article examines four boundaries that both separate and connect: (1) a distinction between diplomacy and foreign policy that benefits diplomacy studies and clarifies choices in practice; (2) a framework for diplomacy’s public dimension that connects types of diplomatic actors with process variables; (3) a separation between diplomacy and civil society that distinguishes diplomacy from other relationships between groups; and (4) characteristics of diplomacy and governance that explain how they differ from other political and social categories. Diplomatic and governance actors are categorized in trans-governmental and polylateral networks. Civil society and private sector actors are categorized in cosmopolitan and private governance networks.
The Eye of the Beholder: Artistic Sense and Craftsmanship in Eighteenth-Century Jewish Books
Authors: Schrijver Emile
Published: October 2015

After the invention of printing in the fifteenth century, the Jewish world, in line with their surrounding non-Jewish worlds, quickly embraced the printed book as the most important medium for the transmission of knowledge. Nonetheless, even after the invention of printing, tens of thousands of Hebrew manuscripts were still being hand-copied, testifying to a lively, parallel writing culture. Many of these manuscripts were decorated or illustrated. One of the striking aspects of the decorated manuscripts of the eighteenth century is the enormous difference in quality of the works. Some are genuine masterpieces of scribal art in Hebrew or in Latin script, while others can be very naive and are clearly the work of amateurs. The central question in this essay, a reworked version of the author’s inaugural lecture at the University of Amsterdam, is why certain handwritten decorated Jewish books of the period look the way they look, and what this teaches us about both their makers and their patrons. It becomes clear, at least in its modern interpretation, that within the Jewish scribal tradition craftmanship was of greater importance than artistic sense. To what extent can only be understood in full when looking at larger developments within the eighteenth-century western European Jewish world.
“They Are a Little Afraid of the British Admiral”
Authors: Man Kwong Chi
Published: October 2015

This article looks at the role of the British Royal Navy during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. Although the British government decided to stay neutral and work with Russia to mediate between Japan and China, the presence of the China Station of the Royal Navy played a subtle role in influencing the strategies adopted by China and Japan. However, as the British government underestimated its own naval power and possibly overestimated that of its potential opponents, the China Station played only a limited role to protect British interest. As a result, Russia used a much weaker fleet to achieve its territorial and political goals, while Britain was forced to increase its military and naval investment in East Asia. The result of the war was the opposite of the intention of the British government, namely to maintain stability in the area and check the spread of Russian influence.
Mission: Impossible? Modelling the Verbal Estimation of Duration
Authors: Wearden J. H.
Published: October 2015

Three participants produced a large number of verbal estimates of tone durations in the range of 77–1183 ms. Data from this task were simulated by an ‘attractor model’, which used the idea of competition between ‘attractors’ (‘quantized’ values output as verbal estimates) which differed in weight, and distance from the stimulus duration to be estimated. To produce an estimate, all attractors competed for priority as output values, with the final value being decided probabilistically. The model embodied underlying scalar representations of time, in the form of mean accuracy and constant coefficient of variation. The model was able to reconcile such scalar properties of time with deviations from scalar properties often found in verbal estimation data, such as declining coefficients of variation with increasing duration value. The model furthermore showed that multiplicative and additive changes in underlying time representations should be translated veridically into behaviour, although the attractor competition process could distort patterns and absolute values of underlying variance.
Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Delgado Cristina , Novais M.Helena , Blanco Saul , F.P. de Almeida Salomé
Published: October 2015

Fragilaria candidagilae Almeida, C. Delgado, Novais & S. Blanco is a new araphid diatom species, described from samples collected in central and southern Portugal (SW Europe). Fragilaria candidagilae has linear-lanceolate valves with strongly capitate apices, without spines, and alternate punctate striae. This taxon presents siliceous plaques on the valve mantle edge, two apical pore fields in the poles and siliceous depositions on the outer areolar openings in the form of rounded floating disks. The morphology of the new diatom species is documented by light and scanning electron micrographs and discussed in detail, including a morphological comparison with the type material of similar taxa such as Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. intermedia, F. neointermedia and F. perminuta to confirm it as a new species. Statistical comparison of morphometric characters and valve shape analysis were based on at least 20 valves. Ecological notes were also included. Considering morphology and morphometry, together F. candidagilae is clearly different from other species.
Lactarius vividus sp. nov. (Russulaceae, Russulales), a widely distributed edible mushroom in central and southern China
Authors: Wang Xianghua , Nuytinck Jorinde , Verbeken Annemieke
Published: October 2015

Lactarius sect. Deliciosi includes a group of edible mushrooms with a worldwide geographical distribution. Although several species are considered choice edible mushrooms, taxonomic knowledge on this group in Asia is still fragmentary. A new species in L. sect. Deliciosi with orange latex, L. vividus, is described as an important wild edible mushroom that is widely distributed in central and southern China. Morphological analyses demonstrate that L. vividus encompasses high infraspecific morphological variation, which makes it difficult to clearly delimit its taxonomic boundary. Compared with other species having orange latex in L. sect. Deliciosi, L. vividus can be recognized by the vividly colored, subdistant to distant lamellae and heavy basidiospore ornamentation. It has been found to grow with four species of Pinus subg. Pinus including P. latteri, P. massoniana, P. taiwanensis and P. thunbergii. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS region and glyceraldehyde-3-phophate dehydrogenase gene (gpd) support species delimitation and suggest ITS and gpd are good DNA markers to identify this new species.
A checklist of millipede genus Hyleoglomeris Verhoeff, 1910 in mainland China, with descriptions of seven new species (Diplopoda, Glomerida, Glomeridae)
Authors: LIU WEIXIN , TIAN MINGYI
Published: October 2015

Seven new cavernicolous species of the millipede genus Hyleoglomeris Verhoeff, 1910 are described and illustrated from karsts in southern China: H. grandis sp. n., H. baxian sp. n. from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; H. rhinoceros sp. n., H. getuhensis sp. n., H. generalis sp. n., H. variabilis sp. n. and H. multistriata sp. n., from Guizhou Province. All of them are presumed troglobites except for H. multistriata sp. n. which is likely to be a troglophile because of its well pigmented body. A distribution map of Hyleoglomeris in Guizhou and Guangxi is also provided.
A new species of Woodcock (Aves: Scolopacidae: Scolopax) from Hispaniola, West Indies
Authors: TAKANO OONA M. , STEADMAN DAVID W.
Published: October 2015

Several hundred late Holocene fossils from Trouing Jean Paul, a cave in Massif de la Selle, Haiti, represent an extinct species of woodcock (Scolopax brachycarpa, new species). Scolopax brachycarpa is known from most major skeletal elements; although volant, its carpometacarpus was very short relative to its humerus. The only other species of Scolopax from the West Indies is the extinct and presumably closely related S. anthonyi of Puerto Rico, which also had a relatively short carpometacarpus compared to continental congeners. Both Scolopax brachycarpa and S. anthonyi share more osteological characters with the Eurasian S. rusticola than with the North American S. minor.
Two new species and key to four species of the genus Humphaplotropis from China (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae, Pamphaginae)
Authors: ZHI YONG-CHAO , SHI JIAN-PING , DAI Li
Published: October 2015

Two new species i.e.: Humphaplotropis xiai sp. nov. and Humphaplotropis hebeiensis sp. nov. of the genus Humphaplotropis Xiao, Yin et Yin, 2013, are described from Hebei and Jiangsu, China in this paper. The new species Humphaplotropis xiai sp. nov. differs all known species of the genus by the abdomen like sawtooth in lateral view. The new species Humphaplotropis hebeiensis sp. nov. is similar to Humphaplotropis culaishanensis Lin, Cao et Yin, 2014, but differs from the latter by: lateral carinae of frontal ridge parallel; anterior margin of pronotum with acute angular in the middle, the apex reaching the hind margin of eyes; tegmina wider, cover 4/5 tympanum. Hind tibia yellow brown on upper side; epiphallus with 44 spikes, ancorae oblique inward distinctly, both posterior projections shorter than median projection. Type specimens are deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum, C.A.S., Shanghai and Natural Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei China respectively.
Daily States of the March–April East Pacific ITCZ in Three Decades of High-Resolution Satellite Data
Authors: Haffke Colene , Magnusdottir Gudrun , Henke Daniel , Smyth Padhraic , Peings Yannick
Published: October 2015

Zonally elongated areas of cloudiness that make up the east Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) can take on several configurations in instantaneous observations. A novel statistical model is used to automatically assess the daily state of the east Pacific ITCZ using infrared satellite images from 1980 to 2012. Four ITCZ states are defined based on ITCZ location relative to the equator: north (nITCZ) and south (sITCZ) of the equator, simultaneously north and south of the equator (dITCZ, for double ITCZ), and over the equator (eITCZ). A fifth ITCZ state is used to classify days when no zonally elongated area of cloudiness is present (aITCZ, for absent ITCZ). The ITCZ states can occur throughout the year (except for the eITCZ, which is not present during June–October), with the nITCZ state dominating in terms of frequency of occurrence. Interannual variability of the state distribution is large.

The most striking variability in ITCZ states is observed in spring. During March–April, the dITCZ state occurs on average 34% of the time, second only to the nITCZ state (39%). Composites of observed infrared temperature and precipitation by ITCZ state reveal distinct spatial configurations of cloudiness and rainfall. Strong sea surface temperature anomalies are associated only with eITCZ and sITCZ and they correspond to El Niño and La Niña, respectively. However, all five ITCZ states are associated with distinct atmospheric circulation patterns. A connection is found between the ITCZ and the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ), such that activity in the SPCZ is enhanced when the ITCZ is absent in the east Pacific.
Variability and Evolution of African Easterly Wave Structures and Their Relationship with Tropical Cyclogenesis over the Eastern Atlantic
Authors: Brammer Alan , Thorncroft Chris D.
Published: October 2015

African easterly waves (AEWs) are objectively tracked between West Africa and the tropical Atlantic based on the CFSRv2 data for 1979 to 2012. The characteristics of the troughs of the AEWs at the West African coast are explored and related to whether they favor tropical cyclogenesis over the eastern Atlantic. A logistic regression model was used to determine the optimum combination of predictors that relate AEW characteristics to tropical cyclogenesis. The most skillful model for genesis over the eastern Atlantic consisted of four variables of the AEWs dynamics over the coastal region and the absolute number of days from the peak in the AEW season. Using this diagnostic an equal number of favorable developing and nondeveloping waves were compared through a composite difference analysis. Favorable developing waves had significantly higher moisture content in the lower troposphere to the northwest of the trough as they exited the West African coast compared to favorable nondeveloping waves. Trajectory analysis for all the waves revealed that as the AEWs transition over the West African coast the troughs are typically open to the environment ahead and to the northwest of the trough. For developing waves this means that moist air is ingested into the lower levels of the system, while for nondeveloping waves dry air is ingested. At this point in the AEW life cycle this difference may be fundamental in determining whether a favorable wave can develop or not.
Blowing Snow as a Natural Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding Mechanism
Authors: Geerts Bart , Pokharel Binod , Kristovich David A. R.
Published: October 2015

Winter storms are often accompanied by strong winds, especially over complex terrain. Under such conditions freshly fallen snow can be readily suspended. Most of that snow will be redistributed across the landscape (e.g., behind obstacles), but some may be lofted into the turbulent boundary layer, and even into the free atmosphere in areas of boundary layer separation near terrain crests, or in hydraulic jumps. Blowing snow ice crystals, mostly small fractured particles, thus may enhance snow growth in clouds. This may explain why shallow orographic clouds, with cloud-top temperatures too high for significant ice initiation, may produce (usually light) snowfall with remarkable persistence. While drifting snow has been studied extensively, the impact of blowing snow on precipitation on snowfall itself has not.

Airborne radar and lidar data are presented to demonstrate the presence of blowing snow, boundary layer separation, and the glaciation of shallow supercooled orographic clouds. Further evidence for the presence of blowing snow comes from a comparison between snow size distributions measured at Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) on Mount Werner (Colorado) versus those measured aboard an aircraft while passing overhead, and from an examination of snow size distributions at SPL under diverse weather conditions. Ice splintering following the collision of supercooled droplets on rimed surfaces such as trees does not appear to explain the large concentrations of small ice crystals sometimes observed at SPL.
Three Cases of a New Multichannel Threshold Technique to Detect Fog/Low Stratus during Nighttime Using SNPP Data
Authors: Jiang Jun , Yan Wei , Ma Shuo , Jie Yangyang , Zhang Xiarong , Hu Shensen , Fan Lei , Xia Linyu
Published: October 2015

The day–night band (DNB) low-light-level visible sensor, mounted on the Suomi–National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite, can measure visible radiances from the earth and atmosphere (solar/lunar reflection, and natural/anthropogenic nighttime light emissions) during both day and night and can achieve unprecedented nighttime low-light-level imaging with its accurate radiometric calibration and fine spatiotemporal resolution. Based on the good characteristics of DNB, a multichannel threshold (MCT) algorithm combining DNB with other Visible–Infrared Imager–Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) channels is proposed to monitor nighttime fog/low stratus. Through a gradual separation of the underlying surface (land, vegetation, water bodies, and city lights), snow, and high/medium clouds, a fog/low-stratus region can ultimately be extracted by the algorithm. Then, the algorithmic feasibility is verified by three typical cases of heavy fog/low stratus in China. The experimental results demonstrate that the outcomes of the MCT algorithm approximately coincide with the ground-measured results. Furthermore, the MCT algorithm shows promise for nighttime fog/low-stratus detection in some example cases with about a 0.84 average probability of detection (POD), a 0.73 average critical success index (CSI), and a 0.15 average false alarm ratio (FAR), which reveals some improvement over the conventional dual-channel difference (DCD) algorithm.
The 20th-Year Anniversary of Critical Race Theory in Education
Authors: Capper Colleen A.
Published: October 2015

Purpose: Though the first published application of critical race theory (CRT) to education occurred 20 years ago, implications of CRT for educational leadership did not occur until López conducted a CRT analysis of the politics of education literature in 2003. No publications explicitly identify the implications of CRT for leadership practice. Given the gap in the literature, the research question that anchors this article asks, “How can CRT inform educational leadership to eliminate racism?” Research Method: To address the research question, I conducted a literature analysis of CRT in educational leadership, identified the CRT tenets that guided each publication, and derived six primary, interrelated CRT tenets from this analysis. I also extracted from the publications explicit and implicit implications for leadership practice as these implications related directly to each of the six CRT tenets. Findings/Implications: I describe each of the CRT tenets and explain how each can inform educational leadership practice. To close the article, I propose a CRT Inventory for Leading to Eliminate Racism. The Inventory suggests questions to guide leadership practice for each of the CRT tenets. I also offer implications for future research.
Richard FitzRalph on the Beatific Vision: Delectatio and Beatitudo in his Oxford Lectures on the Sentences (1328–29)
Authors: Dunne Michael W.
Published: October 2015

Richard FitzRalph was one of the most influential thinkers from Oxford to emerge in the 14th century and was regularly quoted as an authority down to the 16th century. He has been credited as one of several theologians who had an influence on Benedict XII in drawing up his apostolic constitution Benedictus Deus (29 January 1336). Indeed, FitzRalph was asked by the previous Pope, John XXII, to bring a copy of his Oxford Commentary on the Sentences to Avignon at the time of the controversy on the beatific vision. This article focuses on how FitzRalph discussed the topic in his Oxford commentary, given in 1328–29.