bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Ecosystem Carbon Storage in Henan Province and Future Multi-Scenario Simulation Prediction
Authors: Li Meng , Zhang Jincai , Gao Huishan , Ji Guangxing , Li Genming , Li Lei , Li Qingsong
Published: February 2024

In response to a series of problems brought about by rapid economic development, such as global warming and the continuous deterioration of the ecological environment, China has taken the initiative to shoulder the responsibility of a major country and continued to contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the goal of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” at an early date. In this paper, Henan Province has been selected as the study area, and the changes in land use and carbon storage in Henan Province from 2000 to 2020 have been analyzed spatially and temporally. The PLUS model is used to predict future land use changes under different scenarios, and the InVEST model is used to estimate carbon storage under the corresponding scenarios. The results showed that (1) During 2000–2020, the farmland in Henan Province has been in a decreasing trend, grassland and construction land showed a decreasing trend and then an increasing trend, and woodland showed a decreasing trend. From 2000 to 2020, Henan’s overall carbon storage showed a downward trend each year, with storage mainly in the western and southern regions of the province, with a spatial distribution of high storage in the west and low storage in the east. (2) Under the normal development scenario (SSP2-RCP4.5) from 2030 to 2050, the area of farmland and woodland basically showed a continuous downward trend, while construction land showed an upward trend annually, and farmland and construction land showed an increasing trend under the normal development scenario (SSP2-RCP4.5) and economic priority scenario (SSP5-RCP8.5). The decreasing trend of carbon storage was the smallest under the normal development scenario (SSP2-RCP4.5) and the ecological protection scenario (SSP1-RCP2.6). The results provide a basis for decision-making regarding low-carbon and circular developments and rational and optimal land use in Henan.
Projections of Land Use Change and Water Supply–Demand Assessment Based on Climate Change and Socioeconomic Scenarios: A Case Study of Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Yuan Chengjun , Weng Yingfang , Xiong Kangning , Rong Li
Published: February 2024

Land use change and water supply–demand assessment are critical to achieving regional sustainable development and improving human wellbeing. In the context of complex climate change and socioeconomic development, there is an urgent need for systematic assessment and forecasting studies on how to combine physical, geographical, and socioeconomic factors to clarify patterns of change in the land use change and water supply–demand, as well as to respond appropriately to different climate and socioeconomic development scenarios in the future. Based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways-Representative Concentration Pathway (SSP-RCP) scenarios, a framework for simulating future land use change and assessing water supply–demand in the coupled SD-PLUS-InVEST model was constructed. The land use change in Guizhou Province from 2020 to 2050 was simulated using the SD-PLUS model, and the water supply–demand conditions were projected for 2030, 2040, and 2050 under multiple scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585). The research results indicated that (1) The land use change in the study area has significant spatial heterogeneity. It showed similar trends in the land use change in the SSP126 and SSP245 scenarios, with both artificial surfaces and forest showing an expansion trend, but the expansion of forest was most typical in the southwestern region in the SSP126 scenario, and there is a significant increase in the northeastern region in the SSP245 scenario. Additionally, there is a rapid expansion of artificial surfaces in the central region in the SSP585 scenario, and a more rapid expansion of cultivated land in the southeastern region, with a significant increase in the area of water bodies. (2) The changes in water supply from 2020 to 2050 under the three scenarios show a smaller increase (5.22–11.88%), a significant increase in water demand (29.45–58.84%), and an increase in the area of water shortage by about 2708.94–9084.40 km2, with the extent of the shortage increasing by about 23.71–79.50%. (3) According to the results of the SSP-RCP scenario projections, socioeconomic development has a significant impact on the growth of water demand, and climate and land use change may exacerbate the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of water supply–demand in the karst region. The systematic study of land use change and water supply–demand in Guizhou can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management of regional ecosystems and the rational allocation of land and water resources.
The Bittersweet Symphony of COVID-19: Associations between TAS1Rs and TAS2R38 Genetic Variations and COVID-19 Symptoms
Authors: Santin Aurora , Spedicati Beatrice , Pecori Alessandro , Nardone Giuseppe Giovanni , Concas Maria Pina , Piatti Gioia , Menini Anna , Tirelli Giancarlo , Boscolo-Rizzo Paolo , Girotto Giorgia
Published: February 2024

The innate immune system is crucial in fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, deepening our understanding of the underlying immune response mechanisms is fundamental for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The role of extra-oral bitter (TAS2Rs) and sweet (TAS1Rs) taste receptors in immune response regulation has yet to be fully understood. However, a few studies have investigated the association between taste receptor genes and COVID-19 symptom severity, with controversial results. Therefore, this study aims to deepen the relationship between COVID-19 symptom presence/severity and TAS1R and TAS2R38 (TAS2Rs member) genetic variations in a cohort of 196 COVID-19 patients. Statistical analyses detected significant associations between rs307355 of the TAS1R3 gene and the following COVID-19-related symptoms: chest pain and shortness of breath. Specifically, homozygous C/C patients are exposed to an increased risk of manifesting severe forms of chest pain (OR 8.11, 95% CI 2.26–51.99) and shortness of breath (OR 4.83, 95% CI 1.71–17.32) in comparison with T/C carriers. Finally, no significant associations between the TAS2R38 haplotype and the presence/severity of COVID-19 symptoms were detected. This study, taking advantage of a clinically and genetically characterised cohort of COVID-19 patients, revealed TAS1R3 gene involvement in determining COVID-19 symptom severity independently of TAS2R38 activity, thus providing novel insights into the role of TAS1Rs in regulating the immune response to viral infections.
Familiar Disposition of May–Thurner Syndrome—A Case Series
Authors: Nowak Stefanie , Jakob André , Dalla Pozza Robert , Michel Sebastian , Haas Nikolaus A. , Pattathu Joseph
Published: February 2024

May–Thurner syndrome is a venous compression syndrome of the pelvic vessels that represents a relevant risk factor for thrombus formation. The standard procedure to secure a diagnosis is venography, followed by endovascular therapy as the preferred treatment choice if the patient is symptomatic. In our case series, there are three related patients with May–Thurner syndrome. A 16-year-old female was admitted with pulmonary embolism, dyspnoea and hip pain. The compression syndrome was diagnosed with interventional venography, and the patient received venous stent implantation. Due to her family history, we also suspected her mother to be affected by the syndrome and elucidated the diagnosis shortly afterwards by invasive venography. Subsequently, we examined the patient’s 19-year-old brother, and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed May–Thurner syndrome. A similar case series has not been published before. In this case, the family relation indicates a possible hereditary aspect of May–Thurner syndrome. This hypothesis should be the subject of further research. In conclusion, it is essential to assess family history thoroughly when treating patients with May–Thurner syndrome.
A Portable Artificial Robotic Nose for CO2 Concentration Monitoring
Authors: Cruz Ulloa Christyan , Orbea David , del Cerro Jaime , Barrientos Antonio
Published: February 2024

The technological advancements in sensory systems and robotics over the past decade have facilitated the innovation of centralized systems for optimizing resource utilization and monitoring efficiency in inspection applications. This paper presents a novel system designed for gas concentration sensing in environments by implementing a modular artificial nose (emulating the inhalation and exhalation process) equipped with a strategically designed air capture centralization system based on computational fluid dynamics analysis (CFD). The system incorporates three gas identification sensors distributed within the artificial nose, and their information is processed in real-time through embedded systems. The artificial nose is hardware–software integrated with a quadruped robot capable of traversing the environment to collect samples, maximizing coverage area through its mobility and locomotion capabilities. This integration provides a comprehensive perspective on gas distribution in a specific area, enabling the efficient detection of substances in the surrounding environment. The robotic platform employs a graphical interface for real-time gas concentration data map visualization. System integration is achieved using the Robot Operating System (ROS), leveraging its modularity and flexibility advantages. This innovative robotic approach offers a promising solution for enhanced environmental inspection and monitoring applications.
Rational Involutions and an Application to Planar Systems of ODE
Authors: Mastev Ivan , Romanovski Valery G. , Tian Yun
Published: February 2024

An involution refers to a function that acts as its own inverse. In this paper, our focus lies on exploring two-dimensional involutive maps defined by rational functions. These functions have denominators represented by polynomials of degree one and numerators by polynomials of a degree of, at most, two, depending on parameters. We identify the sets in the parameter space of the maps that correspond to involutions. The investigation relies on leveraging algorithms from computational commutative algebra based on the Groebner basis theory. To expedite the computations, we employ modular arithmetic. Furthermore, we showcase how involution can serve as a valuable tool for identifying reversible and integrable systems within families of planar polynomial ordinary differential equations.
To the Question of the Solvability of the Ionkin Problem for Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Kozhanov Aleksandr I.
Published: February 2024

We study the solvability of the Ionkin problem for some differential equations with one space variable. These equations include parabolic and quasiparabolic, hyperbolic and quasihyperbolic, pseudoparabolic and pseudohyperbolic, elliptic and quasielliptic equations and equations of many other types. For the above equations, the following theorems are proved with the use of the splitting method: the existence of regular solutions—solutions that all have weak derivatives in the sense of S. L. Sobolev and occur in the corresponding equation.
Predictability of Magnetic Field Reversals
Authors: Tolmachev Daniil , Chertovskih Roman , Jeyabalan Simon Ranjith , Zheligovsky Vladislav
Published: February 2024

Geomagnetic field measurements indicate that at present we may be on the brink of the Earth’s magnetic field reversal, potentially resulting in all the accompanying negative consequences for the mankind. Mathematical modelling is necessary in order to find precursors for reversals and excursions of the magnetic field. With this purpose in mind, following the Podvigina scenario for the emergence of the reversals, we have studied convective flows not far (in the parameter space) from their onset and the onset of magnetic field generation, and found a flow demonstrating reversals of polarity of some harmonics comprising the magnetic field. We discuss a simulated regime featuring patterns of behaviour that apparently indicate future reversals of certain harmonics of the magnetic field. It remains to be seen whether reversal precursors similar to the observed ones exist and might be applicable for the much more complex geomagnetic dynamo.
Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) Applications in Production of Vehicle Parts and Components—A Review
Authors: Sarzyński Bartłomiej , Śnieżek Lucjan , Grzelak Krzysztof
Published: February 2024

In this article, the significance of additive manufacturing techniques in the production of vehicle parts over the past several years is highlighted. It indicates the industries and scientific sectors in which these production techniques have been applied. The primary manufacturing methods are presented based on the materials used, including both metals and non-metals. The authors place their primary focus on additive manufacturing techniques employing metals and their alloys. Within this context, they categorize these methods into three main groups: L-PBF (laser-powder bed fusion), sheet lamination, and DED (directed energy deposition) techniques. In the subsequent stages of work on this article, specific examples of vehicle components produced using metal additive manufacturing (MAM) methods are mentioned.
Nonlinearity-Induced Asymmetric Synchronization Region in Micromechanical Oscillators
Authors: Liu Zhonghua , Qin Bingchan , Shi Zhan , Wang Xuefeng , Lv Qiangfeng , Wei Xueyong , Huan Ronghua
Published: February 2024

Synchronization in microstructures is a widely explored domain due to its diverse dynamic traits and promising practical applications. Within synchronization analysis, the synchronization bandwidth serves as a pivotal metric. While current research predominantly focuses on symmetric evaluations of synchronization bandwidth, the investigation into potential asymmetries within nonlinear oscillators remains unexplored, carrying implications for sensor application performance. This paper conducts a comprehensive exploration employing straight and arch beams capable of demonstrating linear, hardening, and softening characteristics to thoroughly scrutinize potential asymmetry within the synchronization region. Through the introduction of weak harmonic forces to induce synchronization within the oscillator, we observe distinct asymmetry within its synchronization range. Additionally, we present a robust theoretical model capable of fully capturing the linear, hardening, and softening traits of resonators synchronized to external perturbation. Further investigation into the effects of feedback strength and phase delay on synchronization region asymmetry, conducted through analytical and experimental approaches, reveals a consistent alignment between theoretical predictions and experimental outcomes. These findings hold promise in providing crucial technical insights to enhance resonator performance and broaden the application landscape of MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology.
Correction: Lee et al. Improved Optical Efficiency of 850-nm Infrared Light-Emitting Diode with Reflective Transparent Structure. Micromachines 2023, 14, 1586
Authors: Lee Hyung-Joo , Park Jin-Young , Kwac Lee-Ku , Lee Jongsu
Published: February 2024

In the original publication [...]
A Study on the Influence of Drying and Preheating Parameters on the Roasting Properties of Limonite Pellets
Authors: Chen Peng , Zhou Xiaolei
Published: February 2024

In this experiment, a pellet preparation method was investigated to study the drying, preheating, and roasting properties of limonitic iron ore from a plant in Yunnan. The aim was to improve the subsequent iron-making process of limonitic iron ore and make it a substitute for sintered ore. This substitution would reduce the amount of blast furnace slag in the iron-making process. Bentonite is commonly used as a primary binder in many pelletizing plant operations. However, its excessive usage leads to a higher risk of slagging and coking in the furnace. In this paper, we aim to decrease the quantity of bentonite added, enhance the iron content in the pellets, and reduce impurities to improve the grade of limonite pellets. The results show that the optimal drying, preheating, and roasting temperatures of limonite pellets are 200 °C, 700 °C, and 1250 °C, respectively, and the optimal roasting time is 20 min, when the diameter of the pellets is 8–13 mm. The compressive strength of limonite pellets with the addition of 1.5% bentonite was the highest, meeting the demands of a general blast furnace, based on which the iron grade of limonite pellet ore was increased by 10.63%.
Review on K-Feldspar Mineral Processing for Extracting Metallic Potassium as a Fertilizer Resource
Authors: Chen Meijuan , Zhao Liyun , Huang Yu , Fu Lijuan , Ma Lijun , Chen Kehao , Gu Zhaolin
Published: February 2024

The K-feldspar mineral is an insoluble potassium resource with a high potassium content and the most extensive and abundant reserves. To address the insufficient supply of soluble potassium fertilizers in China, the application of appropriate processing methods to extract potassium from K-feldspar and transform it into a soluble potassium fertilizer is of great significance. To date, various techniques have been developed to extract potassium from K-feldspar and produce a soluble potassium fertilizer. This review summarizes the main methods, i.e., the hydrothermal, high-temperature pyrolysis, microbial decomposition, and low-temperature methods, for potassium extraction from K-feldspar. The mechanisms, efficiencies, impact parameters, and research progress of each potassium extraction method are comprehensively discussed. This study also compares the merits and drawbacks of the individual methods in terms of potassium extraction efficiency and practical operating conditions. The species of additives, reaction temperature, reaction time, particle size of K-feldspar, and dosage of additives significantly affected the potassium extraction efficiency. Moreover, the combination of different methods was very effective in improving the potassium extraction efficiency. This review elaborates the research prospects and potential strategies for the efficient utilization of the K-feldspar mineral as a fertilizer resource.
Advanced Removal of Dyes with Tuning Carbon/TiO2 Composite Properties
Authors: Yankovych Halyna Bodnar , Abreu-Jaureguí Coset , Farrando-Perez Judit , Melnyk Inna , Václavíková Miroslava , Silvestre-Albero Joaquín
Published: February 2024

This study evaluates the removal of several dyes with different charge properties, i.e., anionic (Acid Red 88), cationic (Basic Red 13), and neutral (Basic Red 5) using transition metal-doped TiO2 supported on a high-surface-area activated carbon. Experimental results confirm the successful deposition of TiO2 and the derivatives (Zr-, Cu-, and Ce-doped samples) on the surface of the activated carbon material and the development of extended heterojunctions with improved electronic properties. Incorporating a small percentage of dopants significantly improves the adsorption properties of the composites towards the three dyes evaluated, preferentially for sample AC/TiO2_Zr. Similarly, the photodegradation efficiency highly depends on the nature of the composite evaluated and the characteristics of the dye. Sample AC/TiO2_Zr demonstrates the best overall removal efficiency for Acid Red 88 and Basic Red 5—83% and 63%, respectively. This promising performance must simultaneously be attributed to a dual mechanism, i.e., adsorption and photodegradation. Notably, the AC/TiO2_Ce outperformed the other catalysts in eliminating Basic Red 13 (74%/6 h). A possible Acid Red 88 degradation mechanism using AC/TiO2_Zr was proposed. This study shows that the removal efficiency of AC/TiO2 composites strongly depends on both the material and pollutant.
Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma
Authors: Prieto Cristina , Lagaron Jose M.
Published: February 2024

Bioactives are functional molecules that pose several challenges, including poor solubility, low permeability, and low chemical, biochemical, or process stability, resulting in reduced functionality and bioavailability [...]
Oro-Respiratory Dysbiosis and Its Modulatory Effect on Lung Mucosal Toxicity during Exposure or Co-Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Yadav Brijesh , Bhattacharya Sukanta S. , Rosen Lauren , Nagpal Ravinder , Yadav Hariom , Yadav Jagjit S.
Published: February 2024

The oro-respiratory microbiome is impacted by inhalable exposures such as smoking and has been associated with respiratory health conditions. However, the effect of emerging toxicants, particularly engineered nanoparticles, alone or in co-exposure with smoking, is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of sub-chronic exposure to carbon nanotube (CNT) particles, cigarette smoke extract (CSE), and their combination. The oral, nasal, and lung microbiomes were characterized using 16S rRNA-based metagenomics. The exposures caused the following shifts in lung microbiota: CNT led to a change from Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes and Tenericutes; CSE caused a shift from Proteobacteria to Bacteroidetes; and co-exposure (CNT+CSE) had a mixed effect, maintaining higher numbers of Bacteroidetes (due to the CNT effect) and Tenericutes (due to the CSE effect) compared to the control group. Oral microbiome analysis revealed an abundance of the following genera: Acinetobacter (CNT), Staphylococcus, Aggregatibacter, Allobaculum, and Streptococcus (CSE), and Alkalibacterium (CNT+CSE). These proinflammatory microbial shifts correlated with changes in the relative expression of lung mucosal homeostasis/defense proteins, viz., aquaporin 1 (AQP-1), surfactant protein A (SP-A), mucin 5b (MUC5B), and IgA. Microbiota depletion reversed these perturbations, albeit to a varying extent, confirming the modulatory role of oro-respiratory dysbiosis in lung mucosal toxicity. This is the first demonstration of specific oro-respiratory microbiome constituents as potential modifiers of toxicant effects in exposed lungs.
Imaging of Endometriotic Lesions Using cRGD-MN Probe in a Mouse Model of Endometriosis
Authors: Talebloo Nazanin , Bernal M. Ariadna Ochoa , Kenyon Elizabeth , Mallett Christiane L. , Mondal Sujan Kumar , Fazleabas Asgerally , Moore Anna
Published: February 2024

Approximately 10% of women suffer from endometriosis during their reproductive years. This disease is a chronic debilitating condition whose etiology for lesion implantation and survival heavily relies on adhesion and angiogenic factors. Currently, there are no clinically approved agents for its detection. In this study, we evaluated cRGD-peptide-conjugated nanoparticles (RGD-Cy5.5-MN) to detect lesions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a mouse model of endometriosis. We utilized a luciferase-expressing murine suture model of endometriosis. Imaging was performed before and after 24 h following the intravenous injection of RGD-Cy5.5-MN or control nanoparticles (Cy5.5-MN). Next, we performed biodistribution of RGD-Cy5.5-MN and correlative fluorescence microscopy of lesions stained for CD34. Tissue iron content was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Our results demonstrated that targeting endometriotic lesions with RGD-Cy5.5-MN resulted in a significantly higher delta T2* upon its accumulation compared to Cy5.5-MN. ICP-OES showed significantly higher iron content in the lesions of the animals in the experimental group compared to the lesions of the animals in the control group. Histology showed colocalization of Cy5.5 signal from RGD-Cy5.5-MN with CD34 in the lesions pointing to the targeted nature of the probe. This work offers initial proof-of-concept for targeting angiogenesis in endometriosis which can be useful for potential clinical diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for treating this disease.
Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Bone Mineral Density Changes among Pregnant Women: A Prospective Study in China
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyu , Zhou Yalin , Wen Zhang , Ye Wanyun , Gao Lan , Xu Yajun
Published: February 2024

Objectives: This study aims to examine the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and bone mineral density (BMD) changes among Chinese pregnant women, offering valuable insights for dietary guidance during pregnancy. Methods: 289 pregnant women were enrolled in this cohort. Serum inflammatory factors and ultrasonic BMD were measured at the first, second, and the third trimesters. DII scores were calculated based on a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and divided into tertiles. We compared the differences in inflammatory factors in serum across the tertiles of DII and changes in BMD at the second and third trimesters across the tertiles. Results: The participants with higher DII scores had higher total energy intakes than those with lower DII scores. The serum level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly different across the tertiles of the DII. Women who had lower DII scores had higher T-scores and Z-scores in the BMD assessment. In the test of trends, after adjusting potential covariates, including educational level, physical activity, body mass index, and calcium, vitamin D, or multivitamin supplements, DII values were determined to be positively related to the maternal BMD lost. Conclusions: DII was positively associated with serum IL-6. Meanwhile, higher DII scores were associated with more bone mass loss in pregnant women. We recommend adhering to a lower-DII diet to preserve BMD during pregnancy.
Epidemiology of and Genetic Factors Associated with Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Authors: Ilyas Muhammad , Stapleton Fiona , Willcox Mark D. P. , Henriquez Fiona , Peguda Hari Kumar , Rayamajhee Binod , Zahid Tasbiha , Petsoglou Constantinos , Carnt Nicole A.
Published: February 2024

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a severe, rare protozoal infection of the cornea. Acanthamoeba can survive in diverse habitats and at extreme temperatures. AK is mostly seen in contact lens wearers whose lenses have become contaminated or who have a history of water exposure, and in those without contact lens wear who have experienced recent eye trauma involving contaminated soil or water. Infection usually results in severe eye pain, photophobia, inflammation, and corneal epithelial defects. The pathophysiology of this infection is multifactorial, including the production of cytotoxic proteases by Acanthamoeba that degrades the corneal epithelial basement membrane and induces the death of ocular surface cells, resulting in degradation of the collagen-rich corneal stroma. AK can be prevented by avoiding risk factors, which includes avoiding water contact, such as swimming or showering in contact lenses, and wearing protective goggles when working on the land. AK is mostly treated with an antimicrobial therapy of biguanides alone or in combination with diaminidines, although the commercial availability of these medicines is variable. Other than anti-amoeba therapies, targeting host immune pathways in Acanthamoeba disease may lead to the development of vaccines or antibody therapeutics which could transform the management of AK.
The Use of Photoactive Polymeric Nanoparticles and Nanofibers to Generate a Photodynamic-Mediated Antimicrobial Effect, with a Special Emphasis on Chronic Wounds
Authors: Abdel Khalek Mohamed A. , Abdelhameed Amr M. , Abdel Gaber Sara A.
Published: February 2024

This review is concerned with chronic wounds, with an emphasis on biofilm and its complicated management process. The basics of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) and its underlying mechanisms for microbial eradication are presented. Intrinsically active nanocarriers (polydopamine NPs, chitosan NPs, and polymeric micelles) that can further potentiate the antimicrobial photodynamic effect are discussed. This review also delves into the role of photoactive electrospun nanofibers, either in their eluting or non-eluting mode of action, in microbial eradication and accelerating the healing of wounds. Synergic strategies to augment the PDT-mediated effect of photoactive nanofibers are reviewed.
Hydrogen Fertilization with Hydrogen Nanobubble Water Improves Yield and Quality of Cherry Tomatoes Compared to the Conventional Fertilizers
Authors: Li Min , Zhu Guanjie , Liu Ziyu , Li Longna , Wang Shu , Liu Yuhao , Lu Wei , Zeng Yan , Cheng Xu , Shen Wenbiao
Published: February 2024

Although hydrogen gas (H2)-treated soil improves crop biomass, this approach appears difficult for field application due to the flammability of H2 gas. In this report, we investigated whether and how H2 applied in hydrogen nanobubble water (HNW) improves the yield and quality of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) with and without fertilizers. Two-year-long field trials showed that compared to corresponding controls, HNW without and with fertilizers improved the cherry tomato yield per plant by 39.7% and 26.5% in 2021 (Shanghai), respectively, and by 39.4% and 28.2% in 2023 (Nanjing), respectively. Compared to surface water (SW), HNW increased the soil available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) consumption regardless of fertilizer application, which may be attributed to the increased NPK transport-related genes in roots (LeAMT2, LePT2, LePT5, and SlHKT1,1). Furthermore, HNW-irrigated cherry tomatoes displayed a higher sugar–acid ratio (8.6%) and lycopene content (22.3%) than SW-irrigated plants without fertilizers. Importantly, the beneficial effects of HNW without fertilizers on the yield per plant (9.1%), sugar–acid ratio (31.1%), and volatiles (20.0%) and lycopene contents (54.3%) were stronger than those achieved using fertilizers alone. In short, this study clearly indicated that HNW-supplied H2 not only exhibited a fertilization effect on enhancing the tomato yield, but also improved the fruit’s quality with a lower carbon footprint.
Nano-Priming for Inducing Salinity Tolerance, Disease Resistance, Yield Attributes, and Alleviating Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants
Authors: Lee Jisun H. J. , Kasote Deepak M.
Published: February 2024

In today’s time, agricultural productivity is severely affected by climate change and increasing pollution. Hence, several biotechnological approaches, including genetic and non-genetic strategies, have been developed and adapted to increase agricultural productivity. One of them is nano-priming, i.e., seed priming with nanomaterials. Thus far, nano-priming methods have been successfully used to mount desired physiological responses and productivity attributes in crops. In this review, the literature about the utility of nano-priming methods for increasing seed vigor, germination, photosynthetic output, biomass, early growth, and crop yield has been summarized. Moreover, the available knowledge about the use of nano-priming methods in modulating plant antioxidant defenses and hormonal networks, inducing salinity tolerance and disease resistance, as well as alleviating heavy metal toxicity in plants, is reviewed. The significance of nano-priming methods in the context of phytotoxicity and environmental safety has also been discussed. For future perspectives, knowledge gaps in the present literature are highlighted, and the need for optimization and validation of nano-priming methods and their plant physiological outcomes, from lab to field, is emphasized.
Screening of Sugarcane Proteins Associated with Defense against Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, Agent of Ratoon Stunting Disease
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Qiu , Liang Yong-Jian , Zhang Bao-Qing , Yan Mei-Xin , Wang Ze-Ping , Huang Dong-Mei , Huang Yu-Xin , Lei Jing-Chao , Song Xiu-Peng , Huang Dong-Liang
Published: February 2024

Sugarcane is the most important sugar crop and one of the leading energy-producing crops in the world. Ratoon stunting disease (RSD), caused by the bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, poses a huge threat to ratoon crops, causing a significant yield loss in sugarcane. Breeding resistant varieties is considered the most effective and fundamental approach to control RSD in sugarcane. The exploration of resistance genes forms the foundation for breeding resistant varieties through molecular technology. The pglA gene is a pathogenicity gene in L. xyli subsp. xyli, encoding an endopolygalacturonase. In this study, the pglA gene from L. xyli subsp. xyli and related microorganisms was analyzed. Then, a non-toxic, non-autoactivating pglA bait was successfully expressed in yeast cells. Simultaneously the yeast two-hybrid library was generated using RNA from the L. xyli subsp. xyli-infected sugarcane. Screening the library with the pglA bait uncovered proteins that interacted with pglA, primarily associated with ABA pathways and the plant immune system, suggesting that sugarcane employs these pathways to respond to L. xyli subsp. xyli, triggering pathogenicity or resistance. The expression of genes encoding these proteins was also investigated in L. xyli subsp. xyli-infected sugarcane, suggesting multiple layers of regulatory mechanisms in the interaction between sugarcane and L. xyli subsp. xyli. This work promotes the understanding of plant–pathogen interaction and provides target proteins/genes for molecular breeding to improve sugarcane resistance to L. xyli subsp. xyli.
Calmodulin-Domain Protein Kinase PiCDPK1 Interacts with the 14-3-3-like Protein NtGF14 to Modulate Pollen Tube Growth
Authors: Scheible Nolan , Henning Paige M. , McCubbin Andrew G.
Published: February 2024

Calcium-mediated signaling pathways are known to play important roles in the polar growth of pollen tubes. The calcium-dependent protein kinase, PiCDPK1, has been shown to be involved in regulating this process through interaction with a guanine dissociation inhibitor, PiRhoGDI1. To more fully understand the role of PiCDPK1 in pollen tube extension, we designed a pull-down study to identify additional substrates of this kinase. These experiments identified 123 putative interactors. Two of the identified proteins were predicted to directly interact with PiCDPK1, and this possibility was investigated in planta. The first, NtGF14, a 14-3-3-like protein, did not produce a noticeable phenotype when overexpressed in pollen alone but partially rescued the spherical tube phenotype caused by PiCDPK1 over-expression when co-over-expressed with the kinase. The second, NtREN1, a GTPase activating protein (GAP), severely inhibited pollen tube germination when over-expressed, and its co-over-expression with PiCDPK1 did not substantially affect this phenotype. These results suggest a novel in vivo interaction between NtGF14 and PiCDPK1 but do not support the direct interaction between PiCDPK1 and NtREN1. We demonstrate the utility of the methodology used to identify potential protein interactions while confirming the necessity of additional studies to confirm their validity. Finally, additional support was found for intersection between PiCDPK1 and RopGTPase pathways to control polar growth at the pollen tube tip.
Spasmolytic Activity of Gentiana lutea L. Root Extracts on the Rat Ileum: Underlying Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Kitić Nemanja , Živković Jelena , Šavikin Katarina , Randjelović Milica , Jovanović Miloš , Kitić Dušanka , Miladinović Bojana , Milutinović Milica , Stojiljković Nenad , Branković Suzana
Published: February 2024

The roots of Gentiana lutea L. are utilized in the preparation of various beverages and herbal remedies, serving as a traditional remedy for gastrointestinal ailments. The spasmolytic activity that could substantiate the traditional use of G. lutea root had not been investigated. The main objective goal of the study was to determine the validity of its use as a traditional remedy. The extraction of G. lutea root was performed using a 50% hydroethanolic solvent with three different extraction techniques: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), heat-assisted extraction, and percolation. The spasmolytic activity was tested on isolated rat ileum. The mechanism of action was monitored using the models of spontaneous contractions and acetylcholine-, histamine-, CaCl2-, Bay K8644-, L-NAME-, ODQ-, apamin-, BaCl2-, charybdotoxin-, glibenclamide-, TRAM-34-, and quinine-modified contractions. UAE, having the best bioactivity, was further subjected to a liquid–liquid extraction fractionation. HPLC phytochemical analysis was performed for all tested extracts and fractions. Gentian root extracts were rich in secoiridoids, xanthones, and flavonoids. The UAE has shown better results on spontaneous contractions in comparison to its fractions, leading to the more detailed testing of its spasmolytic mechanism of activity. The extract’s activity is primarily mediated through intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, ATP-sensitive K+ channels, voltage-sensitive K+ channels, and mechanisms that activate Ca2+ channels. Overall, the G. lutea root shows great potential in the treatment of spasmodic gastrointestinal ailments.
Analysis of the Rotation Bending Test Method and Characterization of Unidirectional Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polycarbonate Tapes at Processing Temperatures
Authors: Laresser Daniel , Miron Matei-Constantin , Kracalik Milan , Baudach Felix , Major Zoltán
Published: February 2024

Bending is one of the dominant material deformation mechanisms that occurs during the forming process of unidirectional (UD) thermoplastic tapes. Experimental characterization of the bending behavior at processing temperatures is crucial to obtaining close-to-reality data sets for process analysis or material modeling for process simulation. The main purpose of this study is to characterize to a high degree of accuracy the temperature-dependent bending behavior of single and multi-ply specimens of carbon fiber-reinforced polycarbonate (PC/CF) UD tapes at processing temperatures, which implies a molten state of the thermoplastic matrix. The application of the rotation bending test using a customized fixture may come with systematic deviations in the measured moment that result from a pivot offset or an effective clearance that is unknown under realistic test conditions. The present research analyzes these effects with analytical methods, experimental investigations, and simulations using a finite element model. In this context, a compensation method for the toe-in effect is evaluated. With this approach, we were able to obtain reliable data and characterize the bending resistance within the desired processing window. The data reveal a major drop in bending resistance between 200 °C and 250 °C and a less significant decrease between 250 °C and 300 °C. Analysis of the thickness-normalized bending resistances indicates a non-linear relationship between specimen thickness and measured moment but an increasing shear-dominated characteristic at higher temperatures.
A Theoretical Investigation of the Polyaddition of an AB2+A2+B4 Monomer Mixture
Authors: Karpov Sergei V. , Iakunkov Artem , Chernyaev Dmitry A. , Kurbatov Vladimir G. , Malkov Georgiy V. , Badamshina Elmira R.
Published: February 2024

Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) are widely applied nowadays as functional materials for biomedicine needs, nonlinear optics, organic semiconductors, etc. One of the effective and promising ways to synthesize HBPs is a polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers that is generated in the A2+CB2, AA′+B3, A2+B′B2, and A2+C2+B3 systems or using other approaches. It is clear that all the foundational features of HBPs that are manufactured by a polyaddition reaction are defined by the component composition of the monomer mixture. For this reason, we have designed a structural kinetic model of AB2+A2+B4 monomer mixture polyaddition which makes it possible to predict the impact of the monomer mixture’s composition on the molecular weight characteristics of hyperbranched polymers (number average (DPn) and weight average (DPw) degree of polymerization), as well as the degree of branching (DB) and gel point (pg). The suggested model also considers the possibility of a positive or negative substitution effect during polyaddition. The change in the macromolecule parameters of HBPs formed by polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers is described as an infinite system of kinetic equations. The solution for the equation system was found using the method of generating functions. The impact of both the component’s composition and the substitution effect during the polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers on structural and molecular weight HBP characteristics was investigated. The suggested model is fairly versatile; it makes it possible to describe every possible case of polyaddition with various monomer combinations, such as A2+AB2, AB2+B4, AB2, or A2+B4. The influence of each monomer type on the main characteristics of hyperbranched polymers that are obtained by the polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers has been investigated. Based on the results obtained, an empirical formula was proposed to estimate the pg = pA during the polyaddition of an AB2+A2+B4 monomer mixture: pg = pA = (−0.53([B]0/[A]0)1/2 + 0.78)υAB2 + (1/3)1/2([B]0/[A]0)1/2, where (1/3)1/2([B]0/[A]0)1/2 is the Flory equation for the A2+B4 polyaddition, [A]0 and [B]0 are the A and B group concentration from A2 and B4, respectively, and υAB2 is the mole fraction of the AB2 monomer in the mixture. The equation obtained allows us to accurately predict the pg value, with an AB2 monomer content of up to 80%.
MD-DFT Calculations on Dissociative Absorption Configurations of FOX-7 on (001)- and (101)-Oriented Crystalline Parylene Protective Membranes
Authors: Luo Weihui , Bian Liang , Dong Faqin , Nie Jianan , Yang Jingjie
Published: February 2024

Crystalline poly-para-xylylene (parylene) has the potential for use as a protective membrane to delay the nucleation of explosives by separating the explosives and their decomposition products to decrease the explosive sensitivity. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) techniques were used to calculate the dissociative adsorption configurations of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) on (001)- and (101)-oriented crystalline parylene membranes. Based on the results of the calculations, this work demonstrates that the -NO2–π electrostatic interactions are the dominant passivation mechanism of FOX-7 on these oriented surfaces. FOX-7 can dissociatively adsorb on oriented parylene membranes due to the interactions between the LUMO of the toluene (or methyl) groups on parylene and the HOMO of the -NO2 (or -NH2) groups on FOX-7. The formation of a new intermolecular H-bond with the ONO group leads to FOX-7 decomposition via intramolecular C-NO2 bond fission and nitro-to-nitrite rearrangement. The most likely adsorption configurations are described in terms of the decomposition products, surface active groups of parylene, binding behaviors, and N charge transfer. Importantly, the (001)-oriented parylene AF8 membrane is promising for use as a protective membrane to passivate the high-energy -NO2 bonds during the dissociative adsorption of FOX-7. This study offers a new perspective on the development of protective membranes for explosives.
Recent Developments in Polyurea Research for Enhanced Impact Penetration Resistance and Blast Mitigation
Authors: Wang Yifan , Ding Lailong , Lin Jiayu , Qiu Xishun , Wu Chao , Liu Changhao , Tian Yicheng , Zhang Rui , Huang Weibo , Ma Mingliang
Published: February 2024

Polyurea has gained significant attention in recent years as a functional polymer material, specifically regarding blast and impact protection. The molecular structure of polyurea is characterized by the rapid reaction between isocyanate and the terminal amine component, and forms an elastomeric copolymer that enhances substrate protection against blast impact and fragmentation penetration. At the nanoscale, a phase-separated microstructure emerges, with dispersed hard segment microregions within a continuous matrix of soft segments. This unique microstructure contributes to the remarkable mechanical properties of polyurea. To maximize these properties, it is crucial to analyze the molecular structure and explore methods like formulation optimization and the incorporation of reinforcing materials or fibers. Current research efforts in polyurea applications for protective purposes primarily concentrate on construction, infrastructure, military, transportation and industrial products and facilities. Future research directions should encompass deliberate formulation design and modification, systematic exploration of factors influencing protective performance across various applications and the integration of numerical simulations and experiments to reveal the protective mechanisms of polyurea. This paper provides an extensive literature review that specifically examines the utilization of polyurea for blast and impact protection. It encompasses discussions on material optimization, protective mechanisms and its applications in blast and impact protection.
Enhancing Control Room Operator Decision Making
Authors: Mietkiewicz Joseph , Abbas Ammar N. , Amazu Chidera W. , Baldissone Gabriele , Madsen Anders L. , Demichela Micaela , Leva Maria Chiara
Published: February 2024

In the dynamic and complex environment of industrial control rooms, operators are often inundated with numerous tasks and alerts, leading to a state known as task overload. This condition can result in decision fatigue and increased reliance on cognitive biases, which may compromise the decision-making process. To mitigate these risks, the implementation of decision support systems (DSSs) is essential. These systems are designed to aid operators in making swift, well-informed decisions, especially when their judgment may be faltering. Our research presents an artificial intelligence (AI)-based framework utilizing dynamic influence diagrams and reinforcement learning to develop a powerful decision support system. The foundation of this AI framework is the creation of a robust, interpretable, and effective DSS that aids control room operators during critical process disturbances. By incorporating expert knowledge, the dynamic influence diagram provides a comprehensive model that captures the uncertainties inherent in complex industrial processes. It excels in anomaly detection and recommending optimal actions. Furthermore, this model is improved through a strategic collaboration with reinforcement learning, which refines the recommendations to be more context-specific and accurate. The primary goal of this AI framework is to equip operators with a live, reliable DSS that significantly enhances their response during process upsets. This paper describes the development of the AI framework and its implementation in a simulated control room environment. Our results show that the DSS can improve operator performance and reduce cognitive workload. However, it also uncovers a trade-off with situation awareness, which may decrease as operators become overly dependent on the system’s guidance. Our study highlights the necessity of balancing the advantages of decision support with the need to maintain operator engagement and understanding during process operations.