bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activation of Heteroallenes COxS2–x (x = 0–2): Experimental and Theoretical Evidence of the Synthetic Versatility of a Bulky Guanidinato SmII Complex
Authors: Castro Ludovic , Mills David P. , Jones Cameron , Maron Laurent
Published: February 2016

A joint experimental/theoretical (DFT) study of the activation of heteroallenes COxS2–x (x = 0–2) by [Sm(Giso)2] {Giso– = [(ArN)2CNCy2]–, Cy = cyclohexyl, Ar = 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl} is reported. All heteroallenes are reduced in a different manner. Indeed, while activation of CS2 yields a bimetallic CS2 coupled product through C–S bond formation, CO2 forms an oxalate complex through C–C bond formation. This subsequently undergoes CO2 insertion into one of its Sm–N bonds. Finally, COS activation is predicted to yield a dithiocarbonate complex, through the formation of an intermediate sulfido complex [(Giso)2Sm(µ‐S)Sm(Giso)2]. Therefore, [Sm(Giso)2] is a very versatile reagent, since it is a rare example of a complex that allows formation of several activation products involving valence isoelectronic substrates. This is rationalized by DFT calculations, and the latter emphasizes both the lack of kinetic stability of CS vs. CO and the high thermodynamic stability of the oxalate.
Trifluoromethylthiolation of Unsymmetrical λ3‐Iodane Derivatives: Additive‐Free, Selective and Scalable Introduction of the SCF3 Group
Authors: Nikolaienko Pavlo , Yildiz Tülay , Rueping Magnus
Published: February 2016

The reaction of copper trifluoromethyl sulfide with diaryliodonium salts provides a straightforward pathway for the synthesis of aryl trifluoromethyl thioethers under mild reaction conditions and within short reaction times. High chemoselectivity was achieved by using mesityl as a leaving group. A large range of novel [(het)aryl](mesityl)iodonium salts underwent this reaction under the optimized conditions to give the desired products in moderate to good yields.
Graphene oxide‐SiO2 hybrid nanostructure as coating material for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Qu Qishu , Xuan Han , Zhang Kehua , Ding Yi , Xu Qin
Published: February 2016

Graphene oxide (GO) has been considered as a promising stationary phase for chromatographic separation. However, the very strong adsorption of the analytes on the GO surface lead to the severe peak tailing, which in turn resulting in decreased separation performance. In this work, GO and silica nanoparticles hybrid nanostructures (GO/SiO2 NPs@column) were coated onto the capillary inner wall by passing the mixture of GO and silica sol through the capillary column. The successful of coating of GO/SiO2 NPs onto the capillary wall was confirmed by SEM and electroosmotic flow mobilities test. By partially covering the GO surface with silica nanoparticles, the peak tailing was decreased greatly while the unique high shape selectivity arises from the surface of remained GO was kept. Consequently, compared with the column modified with GO (GO@column), the column modified with GO and silica nanoparticles through layer‐by‐layer method (GO‐SiO2 NPs@column), or the column modified with silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs@column), GO/SiO2 NPs@column possessed highest resolutions. The GO/SiO2 NPs@column was applied to separate egg white and both acidic and basic proteins as well as three glycoisoforms of ovalbumin were separated in a single run within 36 min. The intra‐day, inter‐day, and column‐to‐column reproducibilities were evaluated by calculating the RSDs of the retention of naphthalene and biphenyl in open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography. The RSD values were found to be less than 7.1%.
Characterization of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.7In0.1Fe0.2O3−δ as the Cathode Material for Proton‐conducting SOFCs
Authors: Tao Z. , Hou G. , Zhang Q. , Sang S. , Xing F. , Wang B.
Published: February 2016

Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.7In0.1Fe0.2O3−δ powders are successfully synthesized as the cathode materials for proton‐conducting solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The prepared cells consisting of the structure of a BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3−δ (BZCY7)‐NiO anode substrate, a BZCY7 electrolyte membrane and a cathode layer, are measured from 600 to 700 °C with humidified hydrogen (ca. 3% H2O) as the fuel. The electrochemical results show that the cell exhibits a high power density which could obtain an open‐circuit potential of 0.986 V and a maximum power density of 400.84 mW cm−2 at 700 °C. The polarization resistance measured at the open‐circuit condition is only 0.15 Ω cm2 at 700 °C.
ALE meta‐analysis reveals dissociable networks for affective and discriminative aspects of touch
Authors: Morrison India
Published: February 2016

Emotionally‐laden tactile stimulation—such as a caress on the skin or the feel of velvet—may represent a functionally distinct domain of touch, underpinned by specific cortical pathways. In order to determine whether, and to what extent, cortical functional neuroanatomy supports a distinction between affective and discriminative touch, an activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta‐analysis was performed. This meta‐analysis statistically mapped reported functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activations from 17 published affective touch studies in which tactile stimulation was associated with positive subjective evaluation (n = 291, 34 experimental contrasts). A separate ALE meta‐analysis mapped regions most likely to be activated by tactile stimulation during detection and discrimination tasks (n = 1,075, 91 experimental contrasts). These meta‐analyses revealed dissociable regions for affective and discriminative touch, with posterior insula (PI) more likely to be activated for affective touch, and primary somatosensory cortices (SI) more likely to be activated for discriminative touch. Secondary somatosensory cortex had a high likelihood of engagement by both affective and discriminative touch. Further, meta‐analytic connectivity (MCAM) analyses investigated network‐level co‐activation likelihoods independent of task or stimulus, across a range of domains and paradigms. Affective‐related PI and discriminative‐related SI regions co‐activated with different networks, implicated in dissociable functions, but sharing somatosensory co‐activations. Taken together, these meta‐analytic findings suggest that affective and discriminative touch are dissociable both on the regional and network levels. However, their degree of shared activation likelihood in somatosensory cortices indicates that this dissociation reflects functional biases within tactile processing networks, rather than functionally and anatomically distinct pathways. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1308‐1320, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis: Systematic review on its treatment in the last 6 years, 75 years after its description
Authors: Prado–Calleros Héctor M. , Jiménez–Fuentes Edgardo , Jiménez–Escobar Irma
Published: February 2016

Background

Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is a serious infection involving the neck and the chest, in which an odontogenic, pharyngeal, or cervical infection spreads rapidly to the thoracic cavity, with a high death rate by sepsis and organic failure if not treated quickly and properly.

Methods

A systematic search in the electronic database PubMed was conducted using the keywords “mediastinitis” and “descending necrotizing mediastinitis” resulting in 2560 items, filters were activated (systematic review, meta‐analysis, and clinical trial) resulting in 60 articles, from which we selected relevant articles on the topic.

Results

The best available evidence we could obtain was from 26 case series with evidence level III. The overall mortality in this period was 17.5%.

Conclusion

For mediastinitis limited to the upper part of the mediastinum, transcervical drainage may be sufficient; cases that extended below the tracheal carina may require cervical and transthoracic drainage. A multidisciplinary therapeutic approach has allowed a reduction in its mortality. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2275–E2283, 2016
Malnutrition and sarcopenia predict post‐liver transplantation outcomes independently of the Model for End‐stage Liver Disease score
Authors: Kalafateli Maria , Mantzoukis Konstantinos , Choi Yau Yan , Mohammad Ali O. , Arora Simran , Rodrigues Susana , de Vos Marie , Papadimitriou Kassiani , Thorburn Douglas , O'Beirne James , Patch David , Pinzani Massimo , Morgan Marsha Y. , Agarwal Banwari , Yu Dominic , Burroughs Andrew K. , Tsochatzis Emmanuel A.
Published: February 2016

Background

Although malnutrition and sarcopenia are prevalent in cirrhosis, their impact on outcomes following liver transplantation is not well documented.

Methods

The associations of nutritional status and sarcopenia with post‐transplant infections, requirement for mechanical ventilation, intensive care (ICU) and hospital stay, and 1 year mortality were assessed in 232 consecutive transplant recipients. Nutritional status and sarcopenia were assessed using the Royal Free Hospital‐Global Assessment (RFH‐GA) tool and the L3‐psoas muscle index (L3‐PMI) on CT, respectively.

Results

A wide range of RFH‐SGA and L3‐PMI were observed within similar Model for End‐stage Liver Disease (MELD) sub‐categories. Malnutrition and sarcopenia were independent predictors of all outcomes. Post‐transplant infections were associated with MELD (OR = 1.055, 95%CI = 1.002–1.11) and severe malnutrition (OR = 6.55, 95%CI = 1.99–21.5); ventilation > 24 h with MELD (OR = 1.1, 95%CI = 1.036–1.168), severe malnutrition (OR = 8.5, 95%CI = 1.48–48.87) and suboptimal donor liver (OR = 2.326, 95%CI = 1.056–5.12); ICU stay > 5 days, with age (OR = 1.054, 95%CI = 1.004–1.106), MELD (OR = 1.137, 95%CI = 1.057–1.223) and severe malnutrition (OR = 7.46, 95%CI = 1.57–35.43); hospital stay > 20 days with male sex (OR = 2.107, 95%CI = 1.004–4.419) and L3‐PMI (OR = 0.996, 95%CI = 0.994–0.999); 1 year mortality with L3‐PMI (OR = 0.996, 95%CI = 0.992–0.999). Patients at the lowest L3‐PMI receiving suboptimal grafts had longer ICU/hospital stay and higher incidence of infections.

Conclusions

Malnutrition and sarcopenia are associated with early post‐liver transplant morbidity/mortality. Allocation indices do not include nutritional status and may jeopardize outcomes in nutritionally compromised individuals.
An efficient approach for computing scattering by inhomogeneous objects with thin dielectric structures
Authors: Yang Ming‐Lin , Sun Xu‐Min , Gao Hong‐Wei , Song Wei , Sheng Xin‐Qing
Published: February 2016

This paper incorporates the compensated Mitzner boundary conditions (CMBC) into the hybrid finite element‐ boundary integral‐multilevel fast multipole algorithm (FE‐BI‐MLFMA) for fast and accurate computation of scattering by three‐dimensional inhomogeneous objects with thin dielectric structures. In this CMBC‐FE‐BI‐MLFMA, each thin dielectric layer is reduced to an interface with zero thickness; then CMBC is applied to establish the relation of electromagnetic fields across the interfaces. This approach can reduce the amount of computation and remain the advantages of versatility, accuracy, and efficiency of the conventional FE‐BI‐MLFMA algorithm. The formulation of this CMBC‐FE‐BI‐MLFMA is presented in this paper. An efficient preconditioner based on the sparse approximate inverse is employed and further parallelized on memory‐distributed platforms. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and capability of the parallel CMBC‐FE‐BI‐MLFMA. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflecting on the past and looking to the future
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. , Ford J. Kevin
Published: February 2016

This issue comprises the fourth IRIOP Annual Review Issue, following the incorporation of theInternational Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology(IRIOP) into theJournal of Organizational Behavior(JOB). In this, the final editorial of our 12‐year period of office, we celebrate the achievements of our authors and anonymous peer reviewers, each of whom has played a major role in transforming the highly successful invitation only IRIOP book series into the leading peer reviewed outlet for the publication of critical state‐of‐the‐art overviews and commentary on established knowledge and developments at the forefront of the field that the IRIOP Annual Review Issue has become, exemplified by the six papers appearing in this issue.
Fertilizer location modifies root zone salinity, root morphology, and water‐stress resistance of tree seedlings according to the watering regime in a dryland reforestation
Authors: Ovalle Juan F. , Arellano Eduardo C. , Ginocchio Rosanna , Becerra Pablo
Published: February 2016

There is a direct relationship between soil nutrient concentration in localized zones and root proliferation and elongation under well‐watered conditions. However, in field studies under semiarid conditions this relationship can change due to higher salt accumulation and soil dryness that affect root growth, water stress resistance, and seedling survival. We assessed the effect of different locations of fertilizer placement in the soil profile and water availability on root zone salinity, root development and ecophysiological responses of Quillaja saponaria Mol. after outplanting. A single dose (6 g L−1) of controlled‐release nitrogen fertilizer (CRFN) was placed at 0 cm (top layer), 15 cm (middle layer), or 30 cm (bottom layer) depth in the containers in a greenhouse, in addition to an unfertilized treatment (control). After 6 months, seedlings were transplanted to the field and subjected to weekly watering regimes (2 L plant−1 and unwatered). Morphological and ecophysiological parameters were periodically measured on seedlings, as well as soil electrical conductivity (EC). After 1 year, the shoot : root ratio of unwatered seedlings decreased as a function of CRFN placement depth, which was attributed to lower shoot growth and not to greater root growth. The root morphology of the bottom layer treatment was negatively affected by high EC in unwatered seedlings. Greater total root length and root volume of the middle layer treatment was found only when well‐watered; however, this did not contribute to improve physiological responses against water stress. The lowest EC and the highest photochemical efficiency, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were shown by unfertilized seedlings, independent of water availability. Our findings suggest that varying depth of CRFN placement does not contribute significantly to improve root growth under water restriction. Water supplements, independently of the CRFN location in the substrate, contribute to decrease root zone salinity, and consequently, improve root volume growth.
Optimization of fertilization characteristics of urine by addition of Nitrosomonas europaea bio‐seed
Authors: Hashemi Shervin , Han Mooyoung , Kim Tschungil
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

Because of the high concentration of nutrients in human urine, its utilization as an organic fertilizer has been notable throughout history. However, the nitrogen compounds in urine are not stable. Therefore, to convert urine into a suitable fertilizer, it is important to stabilize and adjust unstable nitrogen compounds such as ammonia. Because nitrification can influence the nitrogen profile, the use of nitrifying microorganisms can be useful for stabilizing the nitrogen profile of urine. This study investigated the changes in nitrogen compounds in pure urine and examined the effect of adding Nitrosomonas europaea bio‐seed solution on these changes.

RESULTS

It was found that the addition of bio‐seed could reduce nitrogen loss as well as the time required to stabilize the nitrogen profile. Furthermore, the optimum concentration of bio‐seed (6 × 105 N. europaea cells L−1) that not only leads to the least nutrient loss but also results in an adequate nitrate/ammonium ratio and regulates the amount of nitrate produced, thereby preventing over‐fertilization, was determined.

CONCLUSION

At this concentration, no dilution or dewatering is required, thus minimizing water and energy consumption. Usage of the optimum of concentration of bio‐seed will also eliminate the need for inorganic chemical additives. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Applicability of linear and nonlinear retention‐time models for reversed‐phase liquid chromatography separations of small molecules, peptides, and intact proteins
Authors: Tyteca Eva , De Vos Jelle , Vankova Nikola , Cesla Petr , Desmet Gert , Eeltink Sebastiaan
Published: February 2016

The applicability and predictive properties of the linear solvent strength model and two nonlinear retention‐time models, i.e., the quadratic model and the Neue model, were assessed for the separation of small molecules (phenol derivatives), peptides, and intact proteins. Retention‐time measurements were conducted in isocratic mode and gradient mode applying different gradient times and elution‐strength combinations. The quadratic model provided the most accurate retention‐factor predictions for small molecules (average absolute prediction error of 1.5%) and peptides separations (with a prediction error of 2.3%). An advantage of the Neue model is that it can provide accurate predictions based on only three gradient scouting runs, making tedious isocratic retention‐time measurements obsolete. For peptides, the use of gradient scouting runs in combination with the Neue model resulted in better prediction errors (<2.2%) compared to the use of isocratic runs. The applicability of the quadratic model is limited due to a complex combination of error and exponential functions. For protein separations, only a small elution window could be applied, which is due to the strong effect of the content of organic modifier on retention. Hence, the linear retention‐time behavior of intact proteins is well described by the linear solvent strength model. Prediction errors using gradient scouting runs were significantly lower (2.2%) than when using isocratic scouting runs (3.2%).
Influence of hindered phenol on the tribochemistry of polysulfides in mineral oil and synthetic diester
Authors: Fu Xisheng , Sun Lingguo , Zhou Xuguang , Yan Jincan , Ren Tianhui
Published: February 2016

The influence of hindered phenol on tribological properties and mechanism of polysulfides in mineral oil and synthetic diester were investigated in this paper. Four‐ball machine was employed to evaluate the anti‐wear and friction‐reducing performance of the lubrication system and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy was applied to detect the thermal and tribofilms. The tribological results indicate that when the phenol was added in trisulfide/synthetic diester system, the friction coefficient decreased. The anti‐wear performance of sulfides only depended on the concentration of sulfur in mineral oil. The results of X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure analysis indicate that sulfite can be found in thermal films by adding hindered phenol into mineral oil with trisulfide, while in other conditions, the thermal films only consist of sulfate. The results of the tribofilms show that for the trisulfide in mineral oil, hindered phenol changes the ratio of reduced and oxidised form of sulfur. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of biocompatibility effect of nanocarbon particles on various cell types in vitro
Authors: Tolkachov M. , Sokolova V. , Loza K. , Korolovych V. , Prylutskyy Y. , Epple M. , Ritter U. , Scharff P.
Published: February 2016

The viability of primary cells (human mesenchymal stem cells, hMSC, as a model for healthy cells) and a cancer cell line (human transformed cervix epithelial cells, HeLa, as a model for cancer cells) was studied with the MTT assay after the incubation with water‐soluble C60 fullerenes and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes filled by iron, respectively. The size of the particles was determined by dynamic light scattering. The morphology of the cells incubated with nanocarbon particles was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of C60 fullerenes and Fe‐multi‐walled carbon nanotubes on the cells is depending on the concentration of applied nanoparticles.
GNAL mutation in isolated laryngeal dystonia
Authors: Putzel Gregory G. , Fuchs Tania , Battistella Giovanni , Rubien‐Thomas Estee , Frucht Steven J. , Blitzer Andrew , Ozelius Laurie J. , Simonyan Kristina
Published: February 2016

Background

Up to 12% of patients with laryngeal dystonia report a familial history of dystonia, pointing to involvement of genetic factors. However, its genetic causes remain unknown.

Method

Using Sanger sequencing, we screened 57 patients with isolated laryngeal dystonia for mutations in known dystonia genes TOR1A (DYT1), THAP1 (DYT6), TUBB4A (DYT4), and GNAL (DYT25). Using functional MRI, we explored the influence of the identified mutation on brain activation during symptomatic task production.

Results

We identified 1 patient with laryngeal dystonia who was a GNAL mutation carrier. When compared with 26 patients without known mutations, the GNAL carrier had increased activity in the fronto‐parietal cortex and decreased activity in the cerebellum.

Conclusions

Our data show that GNAL mutation may represent one of the rare causative genetic factors of isolated laryngeal dystonia. Exploratory evidence of distinct neural abnormalities in the GNAL carrier may suggest the presence of divergent pathophysiological cascades underlying this disorder. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A note on fractional feed‐forward networks
Authors: Pinto Carla M. A.
Published: February 2016

We simulate a fractional feed‐forward network. This network consists of three coupled identical ‘cells’ (aka, oscillators). We study the behaviour of the associated coupled cell system for variation of the order of the fractional derivative, 0 < α < 1. We consider the Caputo derivative, approximated by the Grünwald–Letnikov approach, using finite differences of fractional order. There is observed amplification of the small signals by exploiting the nonlinear response of each oscillator near its intrinsic Hopf bifurcation point for each value of α. The value of the Hopf bifurcation point varies with the order of the fractional derivative α. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Existence of limit cycles in a tritrophic food chain model with Holling functional responses of type II and III
Authors: Blé Gamaliel , Castellanos Víctor , Llibre Jaume
Published: February 2016

We are interested in the coexistence of three species forming a tritrophic food chain model. Considering a linear grow for the lowest trophic species, Holling III and Holling II functional response for the predator and the top‐predator, respectively. We prove that this model has stable periodic orbits for adequate values of its parameters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new two grid variational multiscale method for steady‐state natural convection problem
Authors: Kong Qiong‐Xiang , Yang Yun‐Bo
Published: February 2016

A two‐grid variational multiscale method based on two local Gauss integrations for solving the stationary natural convection problem is presented in this article. A significant feature of the method is that we solve the natural convection problem on a coarse mesh using finite element variational multiscale method based on two local Gauss integrations firstly, and then find a fine grid solution by solving a linearized problem on a fine grid. In the computation, we introduce two local Gauss integrations as a stabilizing term to replace the projection operator without adding other variables. The stability estimates and convergence analysis of the new method are derived. Ample numerical experiments are performed to validate the theoretical predictions and demonstrate the efficiency of the new method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the concept of exact solution for nonlinear differential equations of fractional‐order
Authors: Guner Ozkan , Bekir Ahmet
Published: February 2016

In this article, the new exact travelling wave solutions of the nonlinear space‐time fractional Burger's, the nonlinear space‐time fractional Telegraph and the nonlinear space‐time fractional Fisher equations have been found. Based on a nonlinear fractional complex transformation, certain fractional partial differential equations can be turned into ordinary differential equations of integer order in the sense of the Jumarie's modified Riemann–Liouville derivative. The
‐expansion method is effective for constructing solutions to the nonlinear fractional equations, and it appears to be easier and more convenient by means of a symbolic computation system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turing instability and Hopf bifurcation in a diffusive Leslie–Gower predator–prey model
Authors: Peng Yahong , Liu Yangyang
Published: February 2016

In this paper, a reaction‐diffusion predator–prey system that incorporates the Holling‐type II and a modified Leslie‐Gower functional responses is considered. For ODE, the local stability of the positive equilibrium is investigated and the specific conditions are obtained. For partial differential equation, we consider the dissipation and persistence of solutions, the Turing instability of the equilibrium solutions, and the Hopf bifurcation. By calculating the normal form, we derive the formulae, which can determine the direction and the stability of Hopf bifurcation according to the original parameters of the system. We also use some numerical simulations to illustrate our theoretical results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination chemoprevention with grape antioxidants
Authors: Singh Chandra K. , Siddiqui Imtiaz A. , El‐Abd Sabah , Mukhtar Hasan , Ahmad Nihal
Published: February 2016

Antioxidant ingredients present in grape have been extensively investigated for their cancer chemopreventive effects. However, much of the work has been done on individual ingredients, especially focusing on resveratrol and quercetin. Phytochemically, whole grape represents a combination of numerous phytonutrients. Limited research has been done on the possible synergistic/additive/antagonistic interactions among the grape constituents. Among these phytochemical constituents of grapes, resveratrol, quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, epicatechin, and anthocyanins (cyanidin and malvidin) constitute more than 70% of the grape polyphenols. Therefore, these have been relatively well studied for their chemopreventive effects against a variety of cancers. While a wealth of information is available individually on cancer chemopreventive/anti‐proliferative effects of resveratrol and quercetin, limited information is available regarding the other major constituents of grape. Studies have also suggested that multiple grape antioxidants, when used in combination, alone or with other agents/drugs show synergistic or additive anti‐proliferative response. Based on strong rationale emanating from published studies, it seems probable that a combination of multiple grape ingredients alone or together with other agents could impart ‘additive synergism’ against cancer.
Inter‐station intensity standardization for whole‐body MR data
Authors: Dzyubachyk Oleh , Staring Marius , Reijnierse Monique , Lelieveldt Boudewijn P. F. , van der Geest Rob J.
Published: February 2016

Purpose

To develop and validate a method for performing inter‐station intensity standardization in multispectral whole‐body MR data.

Methods

Different approaches for mapping the intensity of each acquired image stack into the reference intensity space were developed and validated. The registration strategies included: “direct” registration to the reference station (Strategy 1), “progressive” registration to the neighboring stations without (Strategy 2), and with (Strategy 3) using information from the overlap regions of the neighboring stations. For Strategy 3, two regularized modifications were proposed and validated. All methods were tested on two multispectral whole‐body MR data sets: a multiple myeloma patients data set (48 subjects) and a whole‐body MR angiography data set (33 subjects).

Results

For both data sets, all strategies showed significant improvement of intensity homogeneity with respect to vast majority of the validation measures (P < 0.005). Strategy 1 exhibited the best performance, closely followed by Strategy 2. Strategy 3 and its modifications were performing worse, in majority of the cases significantly (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

We propose several strategies for performing inter‐station intensity standardization in multispectral whole‐body MR data. All the strategies were successfully applied to two types of whole‐body MR data, and the “direct” registration strategy was concluded to perform the best. Magn Reson Med 77:422–433, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Separation and quantification of lactate and lipid at 1.3 ppm by diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Anna M. , Leung Gilberto K.K. , Kiang Karrie M.Y. , Chan Danny , Cao Peng , Wu Ed X.
Published: February 2016

Purpose

To separate the spectrally overlapped lactate and lipid signals at 1.3 ppm using diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DW‐MRS) based on their large diffusivity difference.

Methods

DW‐MRS was applied to the gel phantoms containing lactate and lipid droplets, and to the rat brain tumors. Lactate and lipid signals and their apparent diffusion coefficients were computed from the diffusion‐weighted proton spectra. Biexponential fitting and direct spectral subtraction approaches were employed and compared.

Results

DW‐MRS could effectively separate lactate and lipid signals both in phantoms and rat brain C6 glioma by biexponential fitting. In phantoms, lactate and lipid signals highly correlated with the known lactate concentration and lipid volume fractions. In C6 glioma, both lactate and lipid signals were detected, and the lipid signal was an order of magnitude higher than lactate signal. The spectral subtraction approach using three diffusion weightings also allowed the separation of lactate and lipid signals, yielding results comparable to those by the biexponential fitting approach.

Conclusion

DW‐MRS presents a new approach to separate and quantify spectrally overlapped molecules and/or macromolecules, such as lactate and lipid, by using the diffusivity difference associated with their different sizes or mobility within tissue microstructure. Magn Reson Med 77:480–489, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Qualitative Exploration of Illness Perceptions of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the General Public
Authors: Simons Gwenda , Mason Anna , Falahee Marie , Kumar Kanta , Mallen Christian D. , Raza Karim , Stack Rebecca J.
Published: February 2016

Treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) within three months of symptom onset leads to significantly improved outcomes. However, many people delay seeking medical attention. In order to understand the reasons for this delay, it is important to have a thorough understanding of public perceptions about RA. The current study investigated these perceptions using the Self‐Regulation Model (SRM) as a framework to explain how health behaviour is influenced by illness perceptions (prototypes) through qualitative interviews with 15 members of the public without RA. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed and analysed using framework analysis based on SRM illness perceptions. Both accurate and inaccurate perceptions about the identity, causes, consequences, controllability and timeline of RA were identified. This highlights opportunities to enhance public knowledge about RA. These findings further support the utility of exploring prototypical beliefs of illness, suggesting their potential role in influencing help‐seeking behaviours and identifying probable drivers/barriers to early presentation. © 2016 The Authors Musculoskeletal Care Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The relationship between fecal incontinence, constipation and defecatory symptoms in women with pelvic floor disorders
Authors: Andy Uduak U. , Harvie Heidi S. , Pahwa Avita P. , Markland Alayne , Arya Lily A.
Published: February 2016

Aims

To determine if fecal incontinence (FI) is associated with constipation and defecatory symptoms in women with urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of women seeking care for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse. FI was defined as a positive response to the question, “During the last 4 weeks how often have you leaked or soiled yourself with stool?” Constipation and defecatory symptoms, including straining, sensation of incomplete emptying, and splinting, were measured using the Birmingham Bowel Symptom Questionnaire and the Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory. Prevalence and severity of constipation and defecatory symptoms were compared between women with and without FI. We performed separate multivariable regression analyses for the association of FI and constipation and defecatory symptoms while adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

We included 1,015 women: 422 (44%) with and 593 (56%) without FI. Women with FI compared to those without FI were more likely to report constipation (76% vs. 66%) as well as straining (53% vs. 38%), sensation of incomplete emptying (58% vs. 40%) and splinting (30% vs. 20%), all P < 0.001. Women with FI reported greater severity of constipation (4.3 ± 4.3 vs. 3.1 ± 3.6, P < 0.001), straining (2.7 ± 1 vs. 2.5 ± 0.9, P = 0.02) and sense of incomplete emptying (2.6 ± 1 vs. 2.4 ± 0.9, P = 0.02) than women without FI. Even after controlling for potential confounders, the diagnosis of FI was significantly associated with constipation and defecatory symptoms.

Conclusions

In women with urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse, diagnosis of FI is associated with constipation and other defecatory symptoms; which impacts evaluation and management strategies. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:495–498, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Socioeconomic status and anthropometric changes—A meta‐analytic approach from seven German cohorts
Authors: Herzog Beatrice , Lacruz Maria E. , Haerting Johannes , Hartwig Saskia , Tiller Daniel , Medenwald Daniel , Vogt Susanne , Thorand Barbara , Holle Rolf , Bachlechner Ursula , Boeing Heiner , Merz Benedikt , Nöthlings Ute , Schlesinger Sabrina , Schipf Sabine , Ittermann Till , Aumann Nicole , Schienkiewitz Anja , Haftenberger Marjolein , Greiser Karin H. , Neamat‐Allah Jasmine , Katzke Verena , Kluttig Alexander
Published: February 2016

Objective

To study the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and annual relative change in anthropometric markers in the general German adult population.

Methods

Longitudinal data of 56,556 participants aged 18–83 years from seven population‐based German cohort studies (CARLA, SHIP, KORA, DEGS, EPIC‐Heidelberg, EPIC‐Potsdam, PopGen) were analyzed by meta‐analysis using a random‐effects model. The indicators of SES were education and household income.

Results

On average, all participants gained weight and increased their waist circumference over the study's follow‐up period. Men and women in the low education group had a 0.1 percentage points greater annual increase in weight (95% CI men: 0.06‐0.20; and women: 0.06‐0.12) and waist circumference (95% CI men: 0.01‐0.45; and women: 0.05‐0.22) than participants in the high education group. Women with low income had a 0.1 percentage points higher annual increase in weight (95% CI 0.00‐0.15) and waist circumference (95% CI 0.00‐0.14) than women with high income. No association was found for men between income and obesity markers.

Conclusions

Participants with lower SES (education and for women also income) gained more weight and waist circumference than those with higher SES. These results underline the necessity to evaluate the risk of weight gain based on SES to develop more effective preventive measures.
The relationship of social support with treatment adherence and weight loss in Latinos with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Marquez Becky , Anderson Andrea , Wing Rena R. , West Delia S. , Newton Robert L. , Meacham Maria , Hazuda Helen P. , Peters Anne , Montez Maria G. , Broyles Stephanie T. , Walker Martha , Evans‐Hudsnall Gina ,   The Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: February 2016

Objective

Little is known about the effects of social support on weight loss in Latinos. This study determined whether sex moderated and treatment adherence mediated the association between social support and weight loss.

Methods

Data from 278 Latino males and females with type 2 diabetes in the Intensive Lifestyle Intervention of the Look AHEAD trial were analyzed. Multivariable modeling tested for moderation and parallel multiple mediator modeling simultaneously tested the mediating effects of adherence to physical activity, diet, and session attendance on the relationship between baseline social support and percent weight loss at 1 year.

Results

Social support for physical activity (having family and friends join in physical activity) was related to weight loss. Adherence to physical activity was related to both social support for physical activity and weight loss. Sex did not moderate these relationships. Adherence to physical activity completely mediated the relationship between social support for physical activity and weight loss.

Conclusions

Increasing companionship for physical activity may be an effective intervention strategy to promote behaviors important for weight loss among Latinos.
Quantifying the proportion of deaths due to body mass index‐ and waist circumference‐defined obesity
Authors: Tanamas Stephanie K. , Ng Winda L. , Backholer Kathryn , Hodge Allison , Zimmet Paul Z. , Peeters Anna
Published: February 2016

Objective

To determine the risk of mortality associated with and quantify the deaths attributable to combinations of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC).

Methods

This study included 41,439 participants. For the hazard ratio (HR) calculation, adiposity categories were defined as: BMIN/WCN, BMIN/WCO, BMIO/WCN, and BMIO/WCO (N = non‐obese, O = obese). For the population attributable fraction analysis, obesity was classified as: (i) obese by BMI and/or WC; (ii) obese by BMI; and (iii) obese by WC. Mortality data was complete to the end of 2012.

Results

The prevalence of BMIN/WCN, BMIN/WCO, BMIO/WCN, and BMIO/WCO was 73%, 6%, 6%, and 15%, respectively. There was an increased risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in those with BMIN/WCO (HR (95% CI) 1.2 (1.2, 1.3) and 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)) and BMIO/WCO (1.3 (1.3, 1.4) and 1.7 (1.5, 1.9)) compared to those with BMIN/WCN. The estimated proportion of all‐cause and CVD mortality attributable to obesity defined using WC or using BMI and/or WC was higher compared to obesity defined using BMI.

Conclusions

Current population obesity monitoring misses those with BMIN/WCO who are at increased risk of mortality. By targeting reductions in population WC, the potential exists to prevent more deaths in the population than if we continue to target reductions in BMI alone.
Effects of longitudinal body mass index variability on microvasculature over 5 years in adult Chinese
Authors: Gong Weifeng , Hu Yin , Niu Yong , Wang Dandan , Wang Ying , Li Yuetao , Holden Brien A. , He Mingguang
Published: February 2016

Objective

To explore the associations of 5‐year trend and fluctuation in body mass index (BMI) with retinal vascular caliber in a middle‐aged and elderly Chinese population.

Methods

Participants age ≥40 years were recruited in a prospective study. Baseline BMI data were collected in 2008, and the participants were re‐examined annually until 2012. Retinal vascular caliber was measured from fundus photographs collected in 2012. BMI trend was calculated as the slope of BMI against the time of examinations. BMI fluctuation was defined as the root mean square error around the regression line of BMI over time (BMI RMSE) and the coefficient of variation of BMI (BMI CV).

Results

Rising BMI trend was associated with narrower retinal arteriolar and wider venular calibers in the overall subjects, especially among persons with overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, P = 0.004 and 0.033, respectively). Rising BMI trend was also significantly associated with narrower retinal arteriole even in nonobese individuals with BMI < 25 kg/m2 (P = 0.017) when eliminating the effects of hypertension and diabetes. Neither BMI RMSE nor BMI CV was statistically associated with retinal vascular caliber (all P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Annual rising trending BMI was associated with retinal microvascular alteration. The results suggest that weight gain probably increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases among middle‐aged and elderly people.
SGK1 is modulated by resistin in vascular smooth muscle cells and in the aorta following diet‐induced obesity
Authors: Scott Takara A. , Babayeva Oguljahan , Banerjee Saswati , Zhong Wei , Francis Sharon C.
Published: February 2016

Objective

Enhanced serum and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) activity contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular disease. This study evaluated SGK1 modulation in vascular smooth muscle cells by the adipokine resistin and in aortic tissue in a murine model of diet‐induced obesity (DIO).

Methods

Modulation of SGK1 by resistin was assessed in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMC)in vitroby quantitative RT‐PCR and Western blot analyses. To induce the lean or obese phenotype, mice were fed a 10 kcal% low‐fat or 60 kcal% high‐fat diet, respectively, for 8 weeks. Upon study completion, plasma resistin was assessed and aortic tissue was harvested to examine the effect of DIO on regulation of SGK1in vivo.

Results

Resistin increased SGK1 mRNA, total protein abundance, and its activation as determined by phosphorylation of its serine 422 residue (pSGK1) in HAoSMC. Resistin‐mediated SGK1 phosphorylation was dependent upon phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase and Toll‐like receptor 4. Furthermore, inhibition of SGK1 attenuated resistin‐induced proliferation in HAoSMC. DIO led to up‐regulation of total SGK1 protein levels and pSGK1 in association with increased plasma resistin.

Conclusions

These data suggest that high levels of resistin observed during obesity may activate SGK1 in the vasculature and contribute to the development of obesity‐related vascular disease.
INTERACTIVE LINKS BETWEEN RELATIONAL AGGRESSION, THEORY OF MIND, AND MORAL DISENGAGEMENT AMONG EARLY ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Kokkinos Constantinos M. , Voulgaridou Ioanna , Mandrali Marianna , Parousidou Chrysoula
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate possible interactive links between theory of mind (ToM), moral disengagement and relational aggression, using a moderated mediation analysis, with gender as a moderator, in a sample of 120 Greek preadolescents. Results indicated that relational aggression was significantly positively associated with moral disengagement and negatively with ToM. Moderated mediation analyses indicated that boys with deficient ToM were more likely to morally disengage from their actions which in turn resulted in relational aggression, while poor ToM was directly linked to relational aggression only for preadolescent girls. Moral disengagement had a direct effect on relational aggression only for boys, while ToM was found to partially mediate the relationship between moral disengagement and relational aggression only for girls. The results emphasize that the co‐morbid effects of socio‐cognitive factors should be taken into consideration when relational aggression is explored.
A review of shape memory polymers bearing reversible binding groups
Authors: Lewis Christopher L. , Dell Elizabeth M.
Published: February 2016

Shape memory polymers (SMP) can be deformed to a stable, temporary shape and recovered to their original shape by applying a stimulus. These networks rely on the presence of two types of net points to establish their permanent and temporary shapes. Classical strategies to stabilize temporary shapes rely on cooling below Tg/Tm where macromolecules become pinned in a stressed state. Recovery of the SMP usually involves heating to above the transition temperature where the permanent shape is remembered. Employing reversible binding groups (RBGs) in SMPs has emerged as an alternative strategy for stabilizing temporary shapes or imparting recyclability of the permanent shape. The use of dynamic chemistry often engenders additional functionality such as intrinsic self‐healing characteristics or alternative shape recovery triggering strategies. SMPs bearing both supramolecular and covalent RBGs will be reviewed with an emphasis on hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, metal–ligand coordination, and dynamic covalent exchange and addition reactions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1340–1364
Preparation and Characterization of JP‐10 Gel Propellants with Tris‐Urea Low‐Molecular Mass Gelators
Authors: Qiu Xian Ping , Pang Ai Min , Jin Feng , Wei Wei , Chen Ke Hai , Lu Tong Jie
Published: February 2016

The preparation and characterization of high‐energy density hydrocarbon fuel JP‐10 supramolecular gel propellants are reported. The low‐molecular mass gelator 1,1′,1′′‐((2,4,6‐trioxo‐1,3,5‐triazinane‐1,3,5‐triyl)tris(hexane‐6,1‐diyl))tris(3‐octadecylurea) (HDIT‐18) shows powerful gelation ability for JP‐10, the critical gelator concentration for JP‐10 is as low as 0.0638 wt‐%. The JP‐10 supramolecular gel propellants exhibit high thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies reveal that the gelator molecules self‐assemble into 1–3 μm fibers in JP‐10. Rheological studies show the JP‐10 supramolecular gels are thixotropic and shear‐thinning (for a shear rate range from 0.3 to 30 s−1), the dynamic strain sweep test shows that the critical strain percentage of the gel materials is 1 %. The studies reported herein provide a potential fuel material for gel propellants.
Mechanical properties of multiferroic Bi2Mn4O10: Full set of elastic constants determined by inelastic neutron scattering
Authors: Ziegler Fabian , Murshed Mohammad M. , Gibhardt Holger , Sobolev Oleg , Gesing Thorsten M. , Eckold Götz
Published: February 2016

The full matrix of elastic constants of multiferroic Bi2Mn4O10 has been determined at ambient conditions using phonon spectroscopy. The dispersion of acoustic phonons in a single crystal was measured at the three axes neutron spectrometer PUMA@FRM II for different propagation directions. The magnitudes of the independent nine elastic constants show that the mechanical behavior is strongly anisotropic with a soft direction which almost coincides with the magnetization vector in the low‐temperature multiferroic phase. The anisotropy can be related to the different types of links between the building blocks of the mullite structure.

Three dimensional representation of the sound velocities (in m s−1) for a transverse acoustic phonon‐mode.