bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis and modelling of non-local eddy diffusivity for turbulent scalar flux
Authors: Hamba Fujihiro
Published: October 2022

The local eddy diffusivity model for the turbulent scalar flux is widely used to understand and predict scalar transport in turbulence. However, local approximation in space and time is not always valid for actual turbulent flow. An exact non-local expression for the scalar flux was previously derived by the author using Green's function. Even though the profile of the non-local eddy diffusivity in a turbulent channel flow was evaluated, its model expression was only discussed phenomenologically. In this study, the non-local eddy diffusivity approach was validated with help of direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of homogeneous isotropic turbulence with an inhomogeneous mean scalar to propose a systematic model expression. Initially, it was verified that the non-local expression for the scalar flux agrees with the value directly obtained from the DNS. In addition, the non-local effect accounts for the overestimation of the scalar flux by the local model and the counter-gradient diffusion phenomenon. The temporal behaviour of the non-local eddy diffusivity was further evaluated using the DNS data. Its model expression being proportional to the two-point velocity correlation was proposed in a manner customary in the statistical theory of turbulence. The profile of the non-local eddy diffusivity obtained from the model expression agrees well with the DNS value, and the non-local model reproduced the scalar flux. These results substantiate the potential of the non-local eddy diffusivity model.
How a Citizen Becomes an Alien: Three Cases of American Jews and Citizenship Lost, Regained, and Lost Again
Authors: Berman Lila Corwin
Published: October 2022

In the second half of the twentieth century, three Jewish men were stripped of their American citizenship after spending significant time in Palestine/Israel and engaging in statutorily defined “expatriating acts.” Integral to the doctrine of liberal citizenship, in fact, were illiberal mechanisms of individual and categorical exclusion from citizenship intended to protect the sovereignty of the nation-state. These mechanisms gained particular expression in state agents’ deliberations about the citizenship status of Jews, especially after the establishment of Israel. The emergence of dual citizenship as a legal possibility—the result of a 1967 Supreme Court ruling that overturned the expatriation of one of the men considered here—reveals the shifting ambitions of American state power, while also exposing the enduring ways in which U.S. government entities, from Congress to administrative agencies to the courts, justified the state's power to transform citizens into aliens.
Impact of structural racism on inclusion and diversity in precision oncology: A scoping and critical review of the literature
Authors: Geneviève Lester D. , Elger Bernice S. , Wangmo Tenzin
Published: October 2022

Inclusion and diversity in precision oncology are essential in reducing cancer disparities among racial and ethnic groups. However, present studies have favored the recruitment and participation of Whites, with limited applicability of their results to minority groups. Many reasons for their underrepresentation are downstream manifestations of structural racism. Therefore, this scoping review provides a precise mapping of recruitment and participation barriers for minorities in precision oncology that are associated with structural racism, including a critical appraisal of how disciplinary norms, paradigms, and tools used therein could inadvertently contribute to unforeseen inclusion and diversity challenges. Empirical and theoretical publications from Web of Science and PubMed were searched and analyzed to identify recruitment and participation barriers for minorities in precision oncology. In addition, using the public health critical race praxis (PHCRP) as guiding analytical framework, empirical studies were analyzed to identify unforeseen barriers resulting from simplification processes, assumptions, norms, paradigms, and tools used during the research process. One-hundred thirty-five barriers to recruitment and participation were identified or reported in included publications. They were subsequently categorized as being a manifestation of one of the following forms of racism, namely internalized, interpersonal, institutional, and structural racism. The PCHRP analysis revealed four additional factors to be considered in precision oncology studies in ensuring appropriate representation of their study populations. Future interventions aimed at reducing health disparities should focus predominantly on barriers associated with structural and institutional racism, which should then have ripple effects on other forms of racism. Importantly, the four factors identified through the PHCRP framework could further explain the lower participation rates of minorities in precision oncology and related activities. Therefore, they should be given due consideration by all stakeholders involved in the precision oncology ecosystem, from researchers and healthcare professionals to policy-makers, research ethics committees, and funders.
An intuitive form of the energy functional for resistive plasma perturbations
Authors: Puchmayr Jonas , Dunne Mike , Strumberger Erika
Published: October 2022

The energy functional of ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is extended to the regime of finite resistivity and transformed into an intuitive form, which separates pressure-gradient, current-density drive and stabilising phenomena, analogously to the ideal version of the functional derived by Greene and Johnson (Plasma Phys., vol. 10, issue 8, 1968, pp. 729–745). The resulting resistive energy functional is not in the form of a solvable eigenvalue problem but is intended to analyse the energetic composition of eigenfunctions which were calculated in advance by solving the MHD equations. The new resistive energy functional provides information on the different energetic drives and stabilising phenomena of an eigenfunction. The new energy functional has been implemented in the CASTOR3D code in general 3D curvilinear coordinates and successfully validated across three different coordinate systems for a numerical test case.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on racial and ethnic minorities in Japan
Authors: Nomoto Hidetoshi , Asai Yusuke , Hayakawa Kayoko , Matsunaga Nobuaki , Kutsuna Satoshi , Kodama Eiichi N. , Ohmagari Norio
Published: October 2022

This study compared clinico-epidemiological characteristics between Japanese and non-Japanese coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients under the pandemic in Japan. We retrospectively analysed nationwide data of hospitalised COVID-19 patients before 31 March 2021. Epidemic curves were constructed to identify the case distribution over time. A total of 28 093 patients were Japanese and 1335 patients were non-Japanese. The major racial and ethnic minorities were East Asians (n = 521), South Asians (n = 260) and Latin Americans (n = 270). Non-Japanese patients were younger and more likely to travel to COVID-19 endemic countries (7.7%), had meals with other people (17.8%), stayed in crowded places (17.9%) and worked mainly in restaurants (6.6%) and service facilities in nightlife businesses (5.2%). In the matched cohorts, we found no clear disparities in time to admission and clinical prognoses. The epidemic curve for non-Japanese patients showed a small peak in the first wave and no definite waves for the second or third waves. Racial and ethnic minorities were at less risk of severe disease but were at a greater risk of COVID-19 exposure; however, the healthcare system in Japan may provide them with equal opportunities to access inpatient care with Japanese. Further research on their social determinants of health in Japan is required.
The Manchukuo Young Girl Envoys and their visit to Japan: an underestimated prelude of Japan–Manchukuo interactions, June 22–July 12, 1932
Authors: Yuan Jianda
Published: October 2022

This study analyzes the little known Manchukuo Young Girl Envoys – Manchukuo's first government-appointed diplomats – and their official visit to Japan between June 22 and July 12, 1932. Existing studies on the Envoys tend to interpret them from an angle of contemporary Japanese people's national sentiment and deem their visit to Japan a show that the Japanese authorities in Manchukuo and Japan orchestrated together, to render Japan a strong world power. This study problematizes that view and considers the Envoys more of a product of intense power struggles inside Manchukuo's highest Japanese ruling strata, suggesting that Manchukuo's decision-making circle in 1932 was far from being a unified entity. Examining the Envoys' interactions in Japan and comparing relevant Japanese- and Chinese-language news coverage on them, this study argues for the possibility of tracing the intertwined national ideals of Manchukuo's Chinese and Japanese government leaders based on the inspiring example of the Envoys.
Taming Violence: The Shanghai Green Gang and its Self-Legitimation Claims in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Luo Wei
Published: October 2022

From the end of the nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, gangs and secret societies (banghui) exercised enormous influence on Chinese society and politics. The two portrayals ofbanghuiin historiography – as modern criminal syndicates that came out of an emerging capitalist economy or, alternatively, a cultural succession of traditional secret society – are so distinct that their proponents often speak past each other. Revisiting primary and secondary materials on the Shanghai Green Gang, one of the most activebanghuiorganizations during the Republican era (1911–49), this article aims to bridge the two understandings by focusing on the gang’s self-legitimation claims. Facing rapid social changes of the early twentieth century, I argue, the Green Gang reframed its use of violence as disciplinary, revolutionary, and nationalistic to gain public legitimation. Together with its involvement in state building and resource extraction, the gang’s cultural work contributed to its prominence and led multiple political authorities to promote it to an exceptional degree.
Evidenz körperlicher Trainings-programme zur Sturzprävention bei älteren Menschen
Authors: Huberty Sarah , Mattle Michèle , Theiler Robert , Freystätter Gregor
Published: October 2022

Zusammenfassung. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass körperliche Trainingsprogramme das Sturzrisiko bei zuhause lebenden Personen über 65 Jahre um 23–42% senken. Dies trifft vor allem auf Trainingsprogramme zu, die funktionelle Aspekte sowie Gleichgewicht und Krafttraining enthalten. Die optimale Stundenanzahl beträgt laut aktueller Studienlage mindestens drei pro Woche. Zunehmende Evidenz zeigt, dass Trainingsprogramme mit einem Fokus auf funktionelle Aspekte die Sturzhäufigkeit besonders effektiv senken. Unter funktionellem Training versteht man Übungen, die gezielt alltägliche Situationen nachstellen und unter Einbezug des eigenen Körpergewichts mit Gewichten oder anderen Hilfsmitteln ausgeführt werden.
Medikamentöse und kommunikative Fallgruben an der Schnittstelle Hausarztpraxis/Spital
Authors: Tschopp Reta Sandra
Published: October 2022

Zusammenfassung. Polypharmazie und gehäufte Hospitalisationen multimorbider Patient_innen bergen für die Betroffenen gewisse gesundheitliche Risiken beim Übertritt aus der hausärztlichen Betreuung ins Spital und wieder zurück. Diese Schnittstelle verursacht ausserdem oft unnötige Kosten für das Gesundheitswesen. Das Bewusstsein für diese Gefahren muss auf beiden Seiten geschärft und die Zusammenarbeit zwischen der hausärztlichen Betreuungsperson und dem Spital optimiert werden. Die Kenntnis der Sichtweise der anderen Schnittstellen-Partner fehlt mancherorts. Optimierungsvorschläge sollen dazu beitragen, diese Situation nachhaltig zum Wohle aller Beteiligten zu verändern. Effiziente digitale neue Möglichkeiten könnten dabei eine wichtige Rolle spielen.
High-Frequency Monitoring Reveals Riverine Nitrogen Removal
Authors: Sidik Saima
Published: October 2022

Years of daily readings provide an unprecedented view into how a submerged aquatic meadow kept nitrogen from reaching the St. Lawrence Estuary as well as insights on how climate change may alter it.
Beyond the Ångström Exponent: Probing Additional Information in Spectral Curvature and Variability of In Situ Aerosol Hyperspectral (0.3–0.7 μm) Optical Properties
Authors: Jordan Carolyn E. , Anderson Bruce E. , Barrick John D. , Blum Dani , Brunke Kathleen , Chai Jiajue , Chen Gao , Crosbie Ewan C. , Dibb Jack E. , Dillner Ann M. , Gargulinski Emily , Hudgins Charles H. , Joyce Emily , Kaspari Jackson , Martin Robert F. , Moore Richard H. , O’Brien Rachel , Robinson Claire E. , Schuster Gregory L. , Shingler Taylor J. , Shook Michael A. , Soja Amber J. , Thornhill Kenneth L. , Weakley Andrew T. , Wiggins Elizabeth B. , Winstead Edward L. , Ziemba Luke D.
Published: October 2022

Ångström exponents (α) allow reconstruction of aerosol optical spectra over a broad range of wavelengths from measurements at two or more wavelengths. Hyperspectral measurements of atmospheric aerosols provide opportunities to probe measured spectra for information inaccessible from only a few wavelengths. Four sets of hyperspectral in situ aerosol optical coefficients (aerosol‐phase total extinction, σext, and absorption, σabs; liquid‐phase soluble absorption from methanol, σMeOH‐abs, and water, σDI‐abs, extracts) were measured from biomass burning aerosols (BBAs). Hyperspectral single scattering albedo (ω), calculated from σext and σabs, provide spectral resolution over a wide spectral range rare for this optical parameter. Observed spectral shifts between σabs and σMeOH‐abs/σDI‐abs argue in favor of measuring σabs rather than reconstructing it from liquid extracts. Logarithmically transformed spectra exhibited curvature better fit by second‐order polynomials than linear α. Mapping second order fit coefficients (a1, a2) revealed samples from a given fire tended to cluster together, that is, aerosol spectra from a given fire were similar to each other and somewhat distinct from others. Separation in (a1, a2) space for spectra with the same α suggest additional information in second‐order parameterization absent from the linear fit. Spectral features found in the fit residuals indicate more information in the measured spectra than captured by the fits. Above‐detection σMeOH‐abs at 0.7 μm suggests assuming all absorption at long visible wavelengths is BC to partition absorption between BC and brown carbon (BrC) overestimates BC and underestimates BrC across the spectral range. Hyperspectral measurements may eventually discriminate BBA among fires in different ecosystems under variable conditions.
Dominance of phage particles carrying antibiotic resistance genes in the viromes of retail food sources
Authors: Blanco-Picazo Pedro , Morales-Cortes Sara , Ramos-Barbero María Dolores , García-Aljaro Cristina , Rodríguez-Rubio Lorena , Muniesa Maite
Published: October 2022

The growth of antibiotic resistance has stimulated interest in understanding the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) are mobilized. Among them, studies analyzing the presence of ARGs in the viral fraction of environmental, food and human samples, and reporting bacteriophages as vehicles of ARG transmission, have been the focus of increasing research. However, it has been argued that in these studies the abundance of phages carrying ARGs has been overestimated due to experimental contamination with non-packaged bacterial DNA or other elements such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). This study aims to shed light on the extent to which phages, OMVs or contaminating non-packaged DNA contribute as carriers of ARGs in the viromes. The viral fractions of three types of food (chicken, fish, and mussels) were selected as sources of ARG-carrying phage particles, whose ability to infect and propagate in an Escherichia coli host was confirmed after isolation. The ARG-containing fraction was further purified by CsCl density gradient centrifugation and, after removal of DNA outside the capsids, ARGs inside the particles were confirmed. The purified fraction was stained with SYBR Gold, which allowed the visualization of phage capsids attached to and infecting E. coli cells. Phages with Myoviridae and Siphoviridae morphology were observed by electron microscopy. The proteins in the purified fraction belonged predominantly to phages (71.8% in fish, 52.9% in mussels, 78.7% in chicken sample 1, and 64.1% in chicken sample 2), mainly corresponding to tail, capsid, and other structural proteins, whereas membrane proteins, expected to be abundant if OMVs were present, accounted for only 3.8–21.4% of the protein content. The predominance of phage particles in the viromes supports the reliability of the protocols used in this study and in recent findings on the abundance of ARG-carrying phage particles.
TAB182 aggravates progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by enhancing β-catenin nuclear translocation through FHL2 dependent manner
Authors: Gao Aidi , Su Zhenzi , Shang Zengfu , He Chao , Miao Dongliu , Li Xiaoqing , Zou Shitao , Ding Weiqun , Zhou Yue , Sun Ming , Zhou Jundong
Published: October 2022

TAB182 (also named TNKS1BP1), a binding protein of tankyrase 1, has been found to participate in DNA repair. Our previous study has revealed the involvement of TAB182 in the radioresistance of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells. However, whether TAB182 contributes to the ESCC tumorigenesis and progression remains unclear. In this study, we found that highly expressed TAB182 is closely associated with a poor prognosis of patients with ESCC. TAB182 silencing reduced ESCC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, tumorigenicity and metastasis in vivo. RNA-seq and IP-MS analysis revealed that TAB182 could affect the β-catenin signaling pathway via interacting with β-catenin. Furthermore, TAB182 prevented β-catenin to be phosphorylated by GSK3β and recruited four and a half of LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2), which thereby promoted β-catenin nucleus translocation to result in activation of the downstream targets transcription in ESCC cells. Our findings demonstrate that TAB182 enhances tumorigenesis of esophageal cancer by promoting the activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway, which provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which TAB182 accelerates progression of ESCC.
Kynurenine promotes neonatal heart regeneration by stimulating cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac angiogenesis
Authors: Zhang Donghong , Ning Jinfeng , Ramprasath Tharmarajan , Yu Changjiang , Zheng Xiaoxu , Song Ping , Xie Zhonglin , Zou Ming-Hui
Published: October 2022

Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) catalyzes tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism in many inflammatory and cancer diseases. Of note, acute inflammation that occurs immediately after heart injury is essential for neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart regeneration. However, the IDO1-catalyzed tryptophan metabolism during heart regeneration is largely unexplored. Here, we find that apical neonatal mouse heart resection surgery led to rapid and consistent increases in cardiac IDO1 expression and kynurenine accumulation. Cardiac deletion of Ido1 gene or chemical inhibition of IDO1 impairs heart regeneration. Mechanistically, elevated kynurenine triggers cardiomyocyte proliferation by activating the cytoplasmic aryl hydrocarbon receptor-SRC-YAP/ERK pathway. In addition, cardiomyocyte-derived kynurenine transports to endothelial cells and stimulates cardiac angiogenesis by promoting aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocation and enhancing vascular endothelial growth factor A expression. Notably, Ahr deletion prevents indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase -kynurenine–associated heart regeneration. In summary, increasing indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-derived kynurenine level promotes cardiac regeneration by functioning as an endogenous regulator of cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac angiogenesis.
Decreased susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to both dihydroartemisinin and lumefantrine in northern Uganda
Authors: Tumwebaze Patrick K. , Conrad Melissa D. , Okitwi Martin , Orena Stephen , Byaruhanga Oswald , Katairo Thomas , Legac Jennifer , Garg Shreeya , Giesbrecht David , Smith Sawyer R. , Ceja Frida G. , Nsobya Samuel L. , Bailey Jeffrey A. , Cooper Roland A. , Rosenthal Philip J.
Published: October 2022

Artemisinin partial resistance may facilitate selection of Plasmodium falciparum resistant to combination therapy partner drugs. We evaluated 99 P. falciparum isolates collected in 2021 from northern Uganda, where resistance-associated PfK13 C469Y and A675V mutations have emerged, and eastern Uganda, where these mutations are uncommon. With the ex vivo ring survival assay, isolates with the 469Y mutation (median survival 7.3% for mutant, 2.5% mixed, and 1.4% wild type) and/or mutations in Pfcoronin or falcipain-2a, had significantly greater survival; all isolates with survival >5% had mutations in at least one of these proteins. With ex vivo growth inhibition assays, susceptibility to lumefantrine (median IC50 14.6 vs. 6.9 nM, p < 0.0001) and dihydroartemisinin (2.3 vs. 1.5 nM, p = 0.003) was decreased in northern vs. eastern Uganda; 14/49 northern vs. 0/38 eastern isolates had lumefantrine IC50 > 20 nM (p = 0.0002). Targeted sequencing of 819 isolates from 2015–21 identified multiple polymorphisms associated with altered drug susceptibility, notably PfK13 469Y with decreased susceptibility to lumefantrine (p = 6 × 10−8) and PfCRT mutations with chloroquine resistance (p = 1 × 10−20). Our results raise concern regarding activity of artemether-lumefantrine, the first-line antimalarial in Uganda.
ΔFosB accumulation in hippocampal granule cells drives cFos pattern separation during spatial learning
Authors: Lamothe-Molina Paul J. , Franzelin Andreas , Beck Lennart , Li Dong , Auksutat Lea , Fieblinger Tim , Laprell Laura , Alhbeck Joachim , Gee Christine E. , Kneussel Matthias , Engel Andreas K. , Hilgetag Claus C. , Morellini Fabio , Oertner Thomas G.
Published: October 2022

Mice display signs of fear when neurons that express cFos during fear conditioning are artificially reactivated. This finding gave rise to the notion that cFos marks neurons that encode specific memories. Here we show that cFos expression patterns in the mouse dentate gyrus (DG) change dramatically from day to day in a water maze spatial learning paradigm, regardless of training level. Optogenetic inhibition of neurons that expressed cFos on the first training day affected performance days later, suggesting that these neurons continue to be important for spatial memory recall. The mechanism preventing repeated cFos expression in DG granule cells involves accumulation of ΔFosB, a long-lived splice variant of FosB. CA1 neurons, in contrast, repeatedly expressed cFos. Thus, cFos-expressing granule cells may encode new features being added to the internal representation during the last training session. This form of timestamping is thought to be required for the formation of episodic memories.
Discovery of conjoined charge density waves in the kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5
Authors: Li Haoxiang , Fabbris G. , Said A. H. , Sun J. P. , Jiang Yu-Xiao , Yin J.-X. , Pai Yun-Yi , Yoon Sangmoon , Lupini Andrew R. , Nelson C. S. , Yin Q. W. , Gong C. S. , Tu Z. J. , Lei H. C. , Cheng J.-G. , Hasan M. Z. , Wang Ziqiang , Yan Binghai , Thomale R. , Lee H. N. , Miao H.
Published: October 2022

The electronic instabilities in CsV3Sb5 are believed to originate from the V 3d-electrons on the kagome plane, however the role of Sb 5p-electrons for 3-dimensional orders is largely unexplored. Here, using resonant tender X-ray scattering and high-pressure X-ray scattering, we report a rare realization of conjoined charge density waves (CDWs) in CsV3Sb5, where a 2 × 2 × 1 CDW in the kagome sublattice and a Sb 5p-electron assisted 2 × 2 × 2 CDW coexist. At ambient pressure, we discover a resonant enhancement on Sb L1-edge (2s→5p) at the 2 × 2 × 2 CDW wavevectors. The resonance, however, is absent at the 2 × 2 × 1 CDW wavevectors. Applying hydrostatic pressure, CDW transition temperatures are separated, where the 2 × 2 × 2 CDW emerges 4 K above the 2 × 2 × 1 CDW at 1 GPa. These observations demonstrate that symmetry-breaking phases in CsV3Sb5 go beyond the minimal framework of kagome electronic bands near van Hove filling.
Biased signaling due to oligomerization of the G protein-coupled platelet-activating factor receptor
Authors: Liu Junke , Tang Hengmin , Xu Chanjuan , Zhou Shengnan , Zhu Xunying , Li Yuanyuan , Prézeau Laurent , Xu Tao , Pin Jean-Philippe , Rondard Philippe , Ji Wei , Liu Jianfeng
Published: October 2022

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets that mediate various signaling pathways by activating G proteins and engaging β-arrestin proteins. Despite its importance for the development of therapeutics with fewer side effects, the underlying mechanism that controls the balance between these signaling modes of GPCRs remains largely unclear. Here, we show that assembly into dimers and oligomers can largely influence the signaling mode of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR). Single-particle analysis results show that PAFR can form oligomers at low densities through two possible dimer interfaces. Stabilization of PAFR oligomers through cross-linking increases G protein activity, and decreases β-arrestin recruitment and agonist-induced internalization significantly. Reciprocally, β-arrestin prevents PAFR oligomerization. Our results highlight a mechanism involved in the control of receptor signaling, and thereby provide important insights into the relationship between GPCR oligomerization and downstream signaling.
Aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitors with ultra-high energy density approaching for thousand-volts alternating current line filtering
Authors: Li Zhou , Wang Xiaopeng , Zhao Lingyu , Chi Fengyao , Gao Chang , Wang Ying , Yan Mengdan , Zhou Qian , Zhao Miaomiao , Wang Xinyang , Wang Jiaqi , Yuan Man , Wu Mingmao , Wang Lixia , Zhao Yang , Qu Liangti
Published: October 2022

Filtering capacitors with wide operating voltage range are essential for smoothing ripples in line-powered system, which are still unsatisfactory due to low energy density and limited working voltage scopes. Herein, we report an aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitor with areal specific energy density of 1.29 mF V2 cm−2 at 120 Hz, greater than common aqueous ones. Interestingly, it can be easily integrated at scale to show excellent flexibility, controllable and stable filtering performance, in which an integrated device (e.g., seven units in series) exhibits fluctuation of 96 mV, 10 times smaller than an aluminum electrolytic capacitor with similar capacitance. A record-high 1,000 V can also be achieved after integrating 670 units, exceeding those reported so far, and about 1.5 times of commercial bulk aluminum electrolytic capacitors (~700 V). This work opens up a new insight for promising applications in multiple electricity transmission systems that requiring high smoothness under harsh voltage.
Evaporated nanometer chalcogenide films for scalable high-performance complementary electronics
Authors: Liu Ao , Zhu Huihui , Zou Taoyu , Reo Youjin , Ryu Gi-Seong , Noh Yong-Young
Published: October 2022

The exploration of stable and high-mobility semiconductors that can be grown over a large area using cost-effective methods continues to attract the interest of the electronics community. However, many mainstream candidates are challenged by scarce and expensive components, manufacturing costs, low stability, and limitations of large-area growth. Herein, we report wafer-scale ultrathin (metal) chalcogenide semiconductors for high-performance complementary electronics using standard room temperature thermal evaporation. The n-type bismuth sulfide delivers an in-situ transition from a conductor to a high-mobility semiconductor after mild post-annealing with self-assembly phase conversion, achieving thin-film transistors with mobilities of over 10 cm2 V−1 s−1, on/off current ratios exceeding 108, and high stability. Complementary inverters are constructed in combination with p-channel tellurium device with hole mobilities of over 50 cm2 V−1 s−1, delivering remarkable voltage transfer characteristics with a high gain of 200. This work has laid the foundation for depositing scalable electronics in a simple and cost-effective manner, which is compatible with monolithic integration with commercial products such as organic light-emitting diodes.
CD4 T cell epitope abundance in ferritin core potentiates responses to hemagglutinin nanoparticle vaccines
Authors: Nelson Sean A. , Richards Katherine A. , Glover Maryah A. , Chaves Francisco A. , Crank Michelle C. , Graham Barney S. , Kanekiyo Masaru , Sant Andrea J.
Published: October 2022

Nanoparticle vaccines based on H. pylori ferritin are increasingly used as a vaccine platform for many pathogens, including RSV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. They have been found to elicit enhanced, long-lived B cell responses. The basis for improved efficacy of ferritin nanoparticle vaccines remains unresolved, including whether recruitment of CD4 T cells specific for the ferritin component of these vaccines contributes to cognate help in the B cell response. Using influenza HA-ferritin nanoparticles as a prototype, we have performed an unbiased assessment of the CD4 T cell epitope composition of the ferritin particles relative to that contributed by influenza HA using mouse models that express distinct constellations of MHC class II molecules. The role that these CD4 T cells play in the B cell responses was assessed by quantifying follicular helper cells (TFH), germinal center (GC) B cells, and antibody secreting cells. When mice were immunized with equimolar quantities of soluble HA-trimers and HA-Fe nanoparticles, HA-nanoparticle immunized mice had an increased overall abundance of TFH that were found to be largely ferritin-specific. HA-nanoparticle immunized mice had an increased abundance of HA-specific isotype-switched GC B cells and HA-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) relative to mice immunized with soluble HA-trimers. Further, there was a strong, positive correlation between CD4 TFH abundance and GC B cell abundance. Thus, availability of helper CD4 T cell epitopes may be a key additional mechanism that underlies the enhanced immunogenicity of ferritin-based HA-Fe-nanoparticle vaccines.
Bending forces and nucleotide state jointly regulate F-actin structure
Authors: Reynolds Matthew J. , Hachicho Carla , Carl Ayala G. , Gong Rui , Alushin Gregory M.
Published: October 2022

ATP-hydrolysis-coupled actin polymerization is a fundamental mechanism of cellular force generation1–3. In turn, force4,5 and actin filament (F-actin) nucleotide state6 regulate actin dynamics by tuning F-actin’s engagement of actin-binding proteins through mechanisms that are unclear. Here we show that the nucleotide state of actin modulates F-actin structural transitions evoked by bending forces. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of ADP–F-actin and ADP-Pi–F-actin with sufficient resolution to visualize bound solvent reveal intersubunit interfaces bridged by water molecules that could mediate filament lattice flexibility. Despite extensive ordered solvent differences in the nucleotide cleft, these structures feature nearly identical lattices and essentially indistinguishable protein backbone conformations that are unlikely to be discriminable by actin-binding proteins. We next introduce a machine-learning-enabled pipeline for reconstructing bent filaments, enabling us to visualize both continuous structural variability and side-chain-level detail. Bent F-actin structures reveal rearrangements at intersubunit interfaces characterized by substantial alterations of helical twist and deformations in individual protomers, transitions that are distinct in ADP–F-actin and ADP-Pi–F-actin. This suggests that phosphate rigidifies actin subunits to alter the bending structural landscape of F-actin. As bending forces evoke nucleotide-state dependent conformational transitions of sufficient magnitude to be detected by actin-binding proteins, we propose that actin nucleotide state can serve as a co-regulator of F-actin mechanical regulation.
Entanglement and quantum correlations in the XX spin-1/2 honeycomb lattice
Authors: Satoori Sahar , Mahdavifar Saeed , Vahedi Javad
Published: October 2022

The ground state phase diagram of the dimerized spin-1/2 XX honeycomb model in presence of a transverse magnetic field (TF) is known. With the absence of the magnetic field, two quantum phases, namely, the Néel and the dimerized phases have been identified. Moreover, canted Néel and the paramagnetic (PM) phases also emerge by applying the magnetic field. In this paper, using two powerful numerical exact techniques, Lanczos exact diagonalization, and Density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) methods, we study this model by focusing on the quantum correlations, the concurrence, and the quantum discord (QD) among nearest-neighbor spins. We show that the quantum correlations can capture the position of the quantum critical points in the whole range of the ground state phase diagram consistent with previous results. Although the concurrence and the QD are short-range, informative about long-ranged critical correlations. In addition, we address a ”magnetic-entanglement” behavior that starts from an entangled field around the saturation field.
A divide-and-conquer approach for genomic prediction in rubber tree using machine learning
Authors: Aono Alexandre Hild , Francisco Felipe Roberto , Souza Livia Moura , Gonçalves Paulo de Souza , Scaloppi Junior Erivaldo J. , Le Guen Vincent , Fritsche-Neto Roberto , Gorjanc Gregor , Quiles Marcos Gonçalves , de Souza Anete Pereira
Published: October 2022

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is the main feedstock for commercial rubber; however, its long vegetative cycle has hindered the development of more productive varieties via breeding programs. With the availability ofH. brasiliensisgenomic data, several linkage maps with associated quantitative trait loci have been constructed and suggested as a tool for marker-assisted selection. Nonetheless, novel genomic strategies are still needed, and genomic selection (GS) may facilitate rubber tree breeding programs aimed at reducing the required cycles for performance assessment. Even though such a methodology has already been shown to be a promising tool for rubber tree breeding, increased model predictive capabilities and practical application are still needed. Here, we developed a novel machine learning-based approach for predicting rubber tree stem circumference based on molecular markers. Through a divide-and-conquer strategy, we propose a neural network prediction system with two stages: (1) subpopulation prediction and (2) phenotype estimation. This approach yielded higher accuracies than traditional statistical models in a single-environment scenario. By delivering large accuracy improvements, our methodology represents a powerful tool for use inHeveaGS strategies. Therefore, the incorporation of machine learning techniques into rubber tree GS represents an opportunity to build more robust models and optimizeHeveabreeding programs.
Incidence and predictors of brain infarction in neonatal patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an observational cohort study
Authors: Kopfer Sarah , Iacobelli Riccardo , Wood Sara , Lindblad Caroline , Thelin Eric Peter , Fletcher-Sandersjöö Alexander , Broman Lars Mikael
Published: October 2022

To determine the incidence and identify predictors of brain infarctions (BI) in neonatal patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We performed a retrospective cohort study at ECMO Centre Karolinska, Stockholm, Sweden. Logistic regression models were used to identify BI predictors. Neonates (age 0–28 days) treated with veno-arterial (VA) or veno-venous (VV) ECMO between 2010 and 2018. The primary outcome was a computed tomography (CT) verified BI diagnosed during ECMO treatment. In total, 223 patients were included, 102 patients (46%) underwent at least one brain CT and 27 patients (12%) were diagnosed with a BI. BI diagnosis was associated with increased 30-day mortality (48% vs. 18%). High pre-ECMO Pediatric Index of Mortality score, sepsis as the indication for ECMO treatment, VA ECMO, conversion between ECMO modes, use of continuous renal replacement therapy, and extracranial thrombosis were identified as independent predictors of BI development. The incidence of BI in neonatal ECMO patients may be higher than previously understood. Risk factor identification may help initiate steps to lower the risk or facilitate earlier diagnosis of BI in neonates undergoing ECMO treatment.
Low glutamate diet improves working memory and contributes to altering BOLD response and functional connectivity within working memory networks in Gulf War Illness
Authors: Langan Mackenzie T. , Kirkland Anna E. , Rice Laura C. , Mucciarone Veronica C. , Baraniuk James , VanMeter Ashley , Holton Kathleen F.
Published: October 2022

Gulf War Illness is a chronic multi-symptom disorder with severe cognitive impairments which may be related to glutamate excitotoxicity and central nervous system dysfunction. The low glutamate diet has been proposed as a comprehensive intervention for Gulf War Illness. We examined the effects of the low glutamate diet on verbal working memory using a fMRI N-back task. Accuracy, whole-brain blood oxygen level dependency (BOLD) response, and task-based functional connectivity were assessed at baseline and after 1 month on the diet (N = 24). Multi-voxel pattern analysis identified regions of whole-brain BOLD pattern differences after the diet to be used as seeds for subsequent seed-to-voxel functional connectivity analyses. Verbal working memory accuracy improved after the diet (+ 13%; p = 0.006). Whole-brain BOLD signal changes were observed, revealing lower activation within regions of the frontoparietal network and default mode network after the low glutamate diet. Multi-voxel pattern analysis resulted in 3 clusters comprising parts of the frontoparietal network (clusters 1 and 2) and ventral attention network (cluster 3). The seed-to-voxel analyses identified significant functional connectivity changes post-diet for clusters 1 and 2 (peak p < 0.001, cluster FDR p < 0.05). Relative to baseline, clusters 1 and 2 had decreased functional connectivity with regions in the ventral attention and somatomotor networks. Cluster 2 also had increased functional connectivity with regions of the default mode and frontoparietal networks. These findings suggest that among veterans with Gulf War Illness, the low glutamate diet improves verbal working memory accuracy, alters BOLD response, and alters functional connectivity within two networks central to working memory.
Patterns of microbial resistance in bloodstream infections of hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study from Palestine
Authors: AbuTaha Shatha A. , Al-Kharraz Tasbeeh , Belkebir Souad , Abu Taha Adham , Zyoud Sa’ed H.
Published: October 2022

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a prominent cause of death and hospitalization among hemodialysis (HD) patients. The emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) is making the management of these infections more challenging. This study describes the clinical characteristics, microbial profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns in patients with BSIs. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at An-Najah National University Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020. Clinical and demographic data regarding BSIs were collected from the hospital information system. Data regarding bacterial isolates and the antimicrobial resistance of BSIs were collected from the microbiology lab. Data were entered and analyzed using version 21 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program (IBM-SPSS). 111 BSIs occurred during the study period, with a rate of 1.5 infections per 100 patient-months. These patients had been on HD for the median duration of 747 (360, 1825) days and 62.2% had already had a BSI before the study period. 118 microorganisms were isolated; 99 (83.89%) were gram-positive and 19 (16.1%) were gram-negative. Among the gram-positive isolates, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (88, 74.57%) were predominant. As for the gram-negative isolates, the most frequent were both Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Escherichia coli, with five (4.23%) positive cultures each. Among the latter, two were Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing (ESBL) (1.69%). The most frequently used empiric antibiotics were a combination of vancomycin and gentamicin (27%), followed by vancomycin alone (24.3%). Regarding gram-positive isolates, vancomycin was the most frequently used and effective antibiotic after cultures, whereas for gram-negative bacteria, it was found to be gentamicin. MDROs were defined as those resistant to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. 89 (75.4%) isolates were found to be MDRO, 85 (85.85%) gram-positive bacteria and 4 (21%) gram-negative bacteria. When comparing patients according to the type of vascular access, 66 (75%) infections with MDRO were found among patients with central venous catheters (CVCs). However, no statistically significant relationship was found between the type of vascular access and infection with MDRO (p = 0.523). MDRO cause a remarkably high proportion of BSIs in Palestinian patients. The results of this study support the empiric use of vancomycin and gentamicin to treat these infections. It is vital that health care providers prevent these infections via instituting and adhering to infection control policies in hemodialysis centers and providing proper antibiotic therapy of limited use and duration when necessary to avoid breeding resistance.
Dark plumes of glacial meltwater affect vertical distribution of zooplankton in the Arctic
Authors: Szeligowska Marlena , Trudnowska Emilia , Boehnke Rafał , Błachowiak-Samołyk Katarzyna
Published: October 2022

In polar regions, the release of glacial meltwater resulting in turbid plumes is expected to transform coastal waters with numerous consequences on the marine ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the influence of turbidity regimes on the vertical distribution of copepods together with their potential food (chlorophyll a fluorescence) and non-visual predators (gelatinous zooplankton). Hydrography, turbidity, suspended particulate matter and chlorophyll a were studied in July and August 2019 in West Spitsbergen waters (European Arctic). Fine-scale vertical distribution patterns of zooplankton were assessed by an optical counter (LOPC) and underwater camera (UVP) and verified by plankton nets. In waters with the shallow impact of dark plumes, Calanus spp. and gelatinous zooplankton were concentrated in the upper water layers, whereas in areas with a thick turbid layer, they were distributed evenly in the water column. However, chlorophyll a peaks were found to be restricted to the surface in the turbid waters and there were subsurface maxima in the shallow turbidity regime. Regardless of the region, the turbidity regime was a significant factor shaping the vertical distribution of Calanus spp. We speculate that similar trends might be observed in other rapidly emerging turbid ecosystems and urge that future plankton research should also include relatively simple turbidity measurements.
Dynamics of post-occlusion water diffusion in stratum corneum
Authors: Argatov Ivan , Roosen-Runge Felix , Kocherbitov Vitaly
Published: October 2022

Diffusion of water through membranes presents a considerable challenge, as the diffusivity often depends on the local concentration of water. One particular example with strong biological relevance is the stratum corneum (SC) as the primary permeability barrier for the skin. A simple alternative for the constant diffusivity model is provided by the Fujita’s two-parameter rational approximation, which captures the experimentally observed fact that the SC diffusion constant for water increases with increasing the water concentration. Based on Fick’s law of diffusion, a one-dimensional concentration-dependent diffusion model is developed and applied for the analysis of both the steady-state transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the non-steady-state so-called skin surface water loss (SSWL) occurred after removal of an occlusion patch from the SC surface. It is shown that some of the age-related changes in the SSWL can be qualitatively explained by the variation of the dimensionless Fujita concentration-dependence parameter.
All-optical switching in epsilon-near-zero asymmetric directional coupler
Authors: Sha Yanhua , Xie Ze Tao , Wu Jiaye , Fu H. Y. , Li Qian
Published: October 2022

We propose an all-optical switch based on an asymmetric directional coupler structure with epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) layer. The nonlinear optical properties the of ENZ layer are analyzed by hot-electron dynamics process, and the all-optical operating performance of the switch on the silicon nitride platform is investigated. It is found that the pump-induced refractive index change in ENZ layer gives rise to a transfer of signal light in the optical system. We demonstrate that the proposed switch design features an insertion loss of < 2.7 dB, low crosstalk of < − 18.93 dB, and sub-pico-second response time at the communication wavelength of 1.55 μm. With ultrafast response, high performance, and simple structure, the device provides new possibilities for all-optical communication and signal processing.
Variational multiscale reinforcement learning for discovering reduced order closure models of nonlinear spatiotemporal transport systems
Authors: San Omer , Pawar Suraj , Rasheed Adil
Published: October 2022

A central challenge in the computational modeling and simulation of a multitude of science applications is to achieve robust and accurate closures for their coarse-grained representations due to underlying highly nonlinear multiscale interactions. These closure models are common in many nonlinear spatiotemporal systems to account for losses due to reduced order representations, including many transport phenomena in fluids. Previous data-driven closure modeling efforts have mostly focused on supervised learning approaches using high fidelity simulation data. On the other hand, reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful yet relatively uncharted method in spatiotemporally extended systems. In this study, we put forth a modular dynamic closure modeling and discovery framework to stabilize the Galerkin projection based reduced order models that may arise in many nonlinear spatiotemporal dynamical systems with quadratic nonlinearity. However, a key element in creating a robust RL agent is to introduce a feasible reward function, which can be constituted of any difference metrics between the RL model and high fidelity simulation data. First, we introduce a multi-modal RL to discover mode-dependant closure policies that utilize the high fidelity data in rewarding our RL agent. We then formulate a variational multiscale RL (VMRL) approach to discover closure models without requiring access to the high fidelity data in designing the reward function. Specifically, our chief innovation is to leverage variational multiscale formalism to quantify the difference between modal interactions in Galerkin systems. Our results in simulating the viscous Burgers equation indicate that the proposed VMRL method leads to robust and accurate closure parameterizations, and it may potentially be used to discover scale-aware closure models for complex dynamical systems.