Development of an in-situ CO&#173;2 gradient sampler
Authors: Osterholt Laurin , Maier Martin 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;Gas fluxes between soil and atmosphere play an important role for the global greenhouse gas budgets. Several methods are available to determine soil gas fluxes. Besides the commonly used chamber methods the gradient method becomes more and more important. Chamber methods have the disadvantage that the microclimate can be influenced by the chamber which can affect gas fluxes. This problem does not occur with the gradient method. Furthermore the gradient method has the advantage that it can provide information about the depth profile of gas production and consumption in the soil.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The concept of the gradient method is to calculate gas fluxes by the vertical concentration gradient of a gas in the soil. For the calculation of the flux the effective diffusivity coefficient of the soil is needed. This can be approximated by models or by lab measurements. However, both of these approaches often fail in explaining site specific characteristics and spatial variability. Another way to determine soil gas diffusivity is to apply the gradient method using a tracer gas. By the injection of a tracer gas with known flux soil gas diffusivity can be measured in-situ.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We developed an innovative sampling set-up to apply an improved gradient method including the possibility to determine soil gas diffusivity in situ. We designed a sampler with build-in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sensors in multiple depths that can easily be installed into the soil. With this sampler CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations can be measured continuously in several depths. This enables the identification of short-time effects such as the influence of wind-induced pressure pumping on gas transport. The sampler allows tracer gas injection into the soil for in-situ diffusivity measurement. We decided for CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;as a tracer gas because it can be measured with small sensors which keep the set-up simple. To account for the natural CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; production in the soil we developed a differential gas profile approach. Using an additional reference sampler allows measuring the natural CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gradient without the tracer signal, and thus subtracting the tracer CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; signal from the natural CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; signal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The sampler consists of one 3D print segment per depth each containing one CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sensor. These parts can be combined to a sampler with flexible amount of measurement depths. The construction with individual segments allows a better maintenance in case of sensor defects. For the installation of the sampler a hole has to be drilled, into which the sampler is inserted. To prevent gas bypassing along the wall of the drill hole we equipped each segment with an inflatable gasket between the measurement locations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a next step we will evaluate the sampler and test it in the lab and under different environmental conditions. We expect that with this sampler we will be able to run gas transport experiments in the field with a high temporal resolution and relatively low effort.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acknowledgements&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;We thank Alfred Baer and Sven Kolbe for the technical support.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;