bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levofloxacin Susceptibility Testing for Helicobacter pylori in China: Comparison of E‐Test and Disk Diffusion Method
Authors: Yu Chaohui , Li Lan , Chen Wenguo , Jiao Yangwen , Yang Ningmin , Yang En , Zhang Jianzhong , Chen Lihua , Li Youming
Published: March 2011

Background:  The aims of this study were to compare disk diffusion with E‐test method for levofloxacin susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori and standardized breakpoints for disk diffusion as a stable and reliable method for determining qualitative levofloxacin susceptibility.

Materials and Methods:  We determined the levofloxacin susceptibility of 45 H. pylori strains isolated from Chinese patients by the E‐test method. Disk diffusion was evaluated as an alternative method to determine susceptibility and compared with the E‐test results by linear regression analysis.

Results:  The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values tested by E‐test method ranged from 0.047 to 32 μg/mL. Resistance to levofloxacin was detected in 16 (35.6%) isolates. The levofloxacin disk zone sizes obtained by disk diffusion method correlated well (r2 = .877) with the MICs obtained by E‐test method. As a consequence of regression analysis, isolates with inhibition diameters <12 mm were considered resistant to levofloxacin. There was 100% agreement between the two methods for levofloxacin, applying the regression‐based breakpoints.

Conclusions:  The disk diffusion method is equivalent to the E‐test method for testing levofloxacin susceptibility of H. pylori strains; it is more practical and inexpensive, and it is suitable for the analysis of a small number of isolates compared with the E‐test method.
The Association Between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review
Authors: Polyzos Stergios A. , Kountouras Jannis , Zavos Christos , Deretzi Georgia
Published: March 2011

Background:  Helicobacter pylori infection has been associated with diverse extradigestive morbidity, including insulin resistance (IR) syndrome. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the epidemiologic evidence concerning the association between H. pylori infection and IR quantitative indexes.

Materials and Methods:  A computerized literature search in PubMed electronic databases and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was performed.

Results:  Nine studies reporting data on 2120 participants were finally eligible for this systematic review. Seven of them were cross‐sectional studies and two were nonrandomized, open‐label, controlled trials investigating the effect of H. pylori eradication on IR. Homeostatic model of assessment insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) was used in all studies to quantify IR. There seems to be a trend toward a positive association between H. pylori infection and HOMA‐IR, strengthened by regression analysis in one study. However, there was significant heterogeneity between studies regarding the method(s) of H. pylori infection diagnosis based on and the study populations. The studies for the effect of H. pylori eradication on HOMA‐IR revealed conflicting results.

Conclusions:  Although data seem to indicate a potential association between H. pylori infection and IR, further studies are needed to strengthen this association and to clarify whether there is a causative link between them. If a causal link is confirmed in the future, this may have a major impact on the pathophysiology and management of IR syndrome, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Is There a Benefit to Extending the Duration of Helicobacter pylori Sequential Therapy to 14 Days?
Authors: Hsu Ping I. , Wu Deng‐Chyang , Wu Jeng‐Yih , Graham David Y.
Published: March 2011

Background and Aims:  Ten‐day sequential therapy with a proton‐pump inhibitor (PPI) and amoxicillin followed by a PPI, clarithromycin, and an imidazole typically achieves Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication rates between 90 and 94% (i.e., Grade B success). It has been suggested that prolonging the duration of therapy might improve the treatment success. We tested whether prolonging treatment duration to 14‐days would improve the results to 95% or greater eradication.

Methods:  This was a multi‐center, single site, pilot study in which H. pylori‐infected patients received a 14‐day sequential therapy (esomeprazole and amoxicillin for 7 days followed by esomeprazole, clarithromycin, and metronidazole for 7 days). H. pylori status was assessed 8 weeks after therapy. Success was defined as achieving 95% or greater eradication by per‐protocol (PP) analysis.

Results:  One hundred and twenty‐three subjects received the 14‐day sequential therapy. The eradication rate was 93.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.5–98.3%) by PP and 91.9% (95% CI, 87.1–96.7%) by intention‐to‐treat analysis. Adverse events were experienced by 21.1%; compliance of 90% or greater was 95.9%.

Conclusions:  Extending sequential therapy to 14 days did not result in improving the treatment outcome to 95% or greater.
The Role of Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Hypothyroidism in Whom Could Not be Achieved Normal Thyrotropin Levels Despite Treatment with High Doses of Thyroxine
Authors: Bugdaci Mehmet Sait , Zuhur Sayid Shafi , Sokmen Mehmet , Toksoy Buket , Albayrak Banu , Altuntas Yüksel
Published: March 2011

Background:  Helicobacter pylori infection is a most frequent cause of chronic gastritis. H. pylori may decrease absorption of oral thyroxine by decreasing gastric acid secretion in the stomach. In this study, we aimed to investigate the change in thyroid function tests of the cases after H. pylori eradication who were not responding to high doses of thyroxine treatment before H. pylori eradication.

Methods:  Hypothyroid cases who were not responding to high doses of thyroxine among the ones presented to Endocrinology and Gastroenterohepatology Clinics of Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital between 2009 and 2010 were included in the study. Thyroid function tests were performed two times in all cases before and after H. pylori eradication. Duodenal, antral and corporal biopsies, and jejunal aspirates and biopsies were taken during upper gastrointestinal system endoscopies performed in all patients. Cases without intestinal pathology were included in the study.

Results:  Serum thyrotropin (TSH), free T3, and free T4 values before H. pylori eradication were 30.5 ± 28.8 IU/mL, 2.64 ± 0.56 pg/mL, and 0.92 ± 0.32 ng/mL, respectively, and after eradication were found to be 4.2 ± 10.6 IU/mL, 3.02 ± 0.61 pg/mL, and 1.3 ± 0.34 ng/mL, respectively (p values <.001, .002, and <.001, respectively). After H. pylori eradication treatment, TSH decreased in all of the cases, factitious thyrotoxicosis developed in % 21 of these cases.

Conclusion:  In hypothyroid cases, H. pylori gastritis may be responsible for an inadequate response to the treatment. H. pylori eradication in the cases receiving high doses of thyroxine has a risk for thyrotoxicosis.
Recalcitrant Pustular Psoriasis Successfully Treated With Adalimumab
Authors: ALVAREZ ANTONIO CHAVES , RODRÍGUEZ‐NEVADO ISABEL , DE ARGILA DIEGO , PERAL RUBIO FRANCISCO , ROVIRA ISABEL , TORRELO ANTONIO , ZAMBRANO ANTONIO
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  We report a 13‐year‐old girl with severe pustular psoriasis who had an excellent response to treatment with adalimumab after failure with methotrexate, acitretin, cyclosporin, phototherapy, and biologic drugs including etanercept and infliximab.
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis and Coombs‐Positive Hemolytic Anemia in a Child Following Loxosceles reclusa Envenomation
Authors: Lane Leanna , McCoppin Holly H. , Dyer Jonathan
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Previously reported cases of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis secondary to brown recluse spider bite have been questioned due to lack of identification of the spider or because of the concomitant administration of antibiotics. We report a 9‐year‐old boy who arrived at the emergency department with a confirmed Loxosceles reclusa bite to the neck. On the third day of hospitalization, he developed hundreds of monomorphous, sterile pustules, initially in intertriginous areas. The eruption disseminated and was followed by pinpoint desquamation typical for acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. During this he also developed late onset Coombs‐positive hemolytic anemia and systemic loxoscelism. Sphingomyelinase in Loxosceles venom induces the production of interleukin‐8 and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, providing a mechanism by which Loxosceles reclusa bite may trigger acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. We suggest that this case adds Loxosceles envenomation to the spectrum of agents that can trigger acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis.
Quantitative Sensory Testing May Predict Response to Sphenopalatine Ganglion Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment in Cluster Headaches: A Case Series
Authors: Chua Nicholas H.L. , Vissers Kris C. , Wilder‐Smith Oliver H.
Published: March 2011

Pulsed radiofrequency treatment has been described as a nonablative alternative to radiofrequency thermocoagulation for the management of certain chronic pain syndromes. We present our first three patients with long‐standing cluster headaches who were treated with pulsed radiofrequency to the sphenopalatine ganglion. All three patients have had cluster headaches for more than 10 years' duration and experienced minimal relief with conservative treatment. An excellent midterm effect was achieved in two of the three patients and a partial effect in one. No neurological side effects or complications were reported. Quantitative sensory testing consisting of allodynia testing, pressure–pain thresholds, electrical pain thresholds, and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) response testing were used to monitor their sensory processing changes before and after the procedure. From this case series, it might be that cluster headache patients with an impaired CPM response with or without signs of allodynia will respond less favorably to interventional treatment. Further studies are required to validate this hypothesis.
Rehabilitation in the Punitive Era: The Gap Between Rhetoric and Reality in U.S. Prison Programs
Authors: Phelps Michelle S.
Published: March 2011

Scholars of mass incarceration point to the 1970s as a pivotal turning point in U.S. penal history, marked by a shift toward more punitive policies and a consensus that “nothing works” in rehabilitating inmates. However, while there has been extensive research on changes in policy makers' rhetoric, sentencing policy, and incarceration rates, scholars know very little about changes in the actual practices of punishment and prisoner rehabilitation. Using nationally representative data for U.S. state prisons, this article demonstrates that there were no major changes in investments in specialized facilities, funding for inmate services–related staff, or program participation rates throughout the late 1970s and the 1980s. Not until the 1990s, more than a decade after the start of the punitive era, did patterns of inmate services change, as investments in programming switched from academic to reentry-related programs. These findings suggest that there is a large gap between rhetoric and reality in the case of inmate services and that since the 1990s, inmate “rehabilitation” has increasingly become equated with reentry-related life skills programs.
“How Do I Bring Diversity?” Race and Class in the College Admissions Essay
Authors: Kirkland Anna , Hansen Ben B.
Published: March 2011

In the first systematic study of what college applicants invoke when required to submit a diversity essay, we revisit many settled assumptions on both the left and the right about how such an essay would operate afterGrutterandGratzas well as after the passage of anti–affirmative action ballot initiatives. Our data are a sample of 176 diversity essays submitted to the University of Michigan in the immediate aftermath of the University's Supreme Court win, analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively with special attention to the differences that the essay writer's race and class position make. We find that in many respects the essays are similar when written by applicants from similar backgrounds but different races, and that conservative critics were wrong to assume the essay would function simply as a way of announcing oneself as an under-the-table affirmative action candidate. Rather than suggesting a straightforward lineup of advantage and disadvantage, we suggest rather that the essay is a vehicle for the youngest generation of citizens to both receive and send back a new conception of difference that has some essentializing elements but overall is turning in a postracial, cosmopolitan direction.
The Transmission of Legal Precedent Across the Australian State Supreme Courts Over the Twentieth Century
Authors: Smyth Russell , Mishra Vinod
Published: March 2011

This article considers several possible determinants of the transmission of legal precedent across Australian state supreme courts over the course of the twentieth century. The study finds that that the transmission of legal precedent is higher between State supreme courts that are more physically proximate and between state supreme courts in which a majority of judges in both courts are appointed by conservative governments. The study further finds that having an intermediate trial court and providing appointments to the High Court of Australia are correlated with whether a state is a source of interstate citations or a cue sender.
Mutation Analysis Ion Channel Genes Ventricular Fibrillation Survivors with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: NOVOTNY TOMAS , KADLECOVA JITKA , RAUDENSKA MARTINA , BITTNEROVA ALEXANDRA , ANDRSOVA IRENA , FLORIANOVA ALENA , VASKU ANNA , NEUGEBAUER PETR , KOZAK MILAN , SEPSI MILAN , KRIVAN LUBOMIR , GAILLYOVA RENATA , SPINAR JINDRICH
Published: March 2011

Background: Observations from population‐based studies demonstrated a strong genetic component of sudden cardiac death. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that ion channel genes mutations are more common in ventricular fibrillation (VF) survivors with coronary artery disease (CAD) compared to controls.

Methods: The entire coding sequence of KCNQ1, KCNH2, SCN5A, KCNE1, and KCNE2 genes was analyzed in 45 (five females) CAD individuals—survivors of documented VF and in 90 matched healthy controls. In another control group of 141 matched patients with CAD without malignant arrhythmias, the exons containing rare coding variants found in the VF survivors were sequenced.

Results: The carrier frequency of all the rare sequence variants was significantly higher in the VF survivors (8/45, 17.8%) than in CAD controls (3/141, 2.2%, P = 0.001). In VF survivors, four coding variants in eight individuals were found. Three in KCNH2 gene: R148W and GAG186del are novel; P347S was previously related to long QT syndrome. In SCN5A gene, P2006A variant was found in five unrelated males. This variant has been demonstrated previously to have small effect on sodium channel kinetics. No rare coding variants were found in the healthy controls. The P2006A variant was found in three CAD controls.

Conclusion: The prevalence of selected, rare coding variants in five long QT genes was significantly higher in cases versus controls, confirming a mechanistic role for these genes among a subgroup of patients with coronary disease and VF. (PACE 2011; 742–749)
Psychological Effects of Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Leads under Advisory
Authors: HEATHERLY STEVEN J. , SIMMONS TONY , FITZGERALD DAVID M. , MITCHELL MARK
Published: March 2011

Background: Automatic implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) are standard therapy for patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death. Device implantation is a stressful event that has been associated with patient and anticipatory anxiety. While the psychological effects of normally functioning ICDs are known, only a dearth of literature evaluates how a warning about the potential for malfunction of an ICD lead, related to a device advisory, influences the degree of psychological distress. These effects are evaluated in a patient population with the Medtronic Sprint Fidelis defibrillation lead 6949 (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA).

Methods: A sample of 413 patients were studied. Groups included 158 with an advisory Medtronic 6949 and 255 with an ICD that had no current advisories. Patients were administered a validated disease‐specific metric assessing concerns over ICDs, as well as a demographics questionnaire. The primary outcome was the total score on the ICD concerns (ICDC). Analysis was with one‐way Analysis of Variance with preplanned orthogonal contrasts and multivariate regression.

Results: The advisory group tended to have higher numbers of high school and college graduates. The average length of device implant in the nonadvisory group was higher at 4.29 years versus 3.99 years in the advisory group (t = 0.901, P ≤ 0.5). A higher percentage of those with an advisory experienced more shocks (39% vs 32%; z =−1.51, P ≤ 0.5). Average ICDC scores in the advisory group with previous shock were significantly higher than in the nonadvisory group with prior shock ([27.7 standard deviation (SD) ± 14.5] vs [18.5 SD ± 12.5], P = 0.0001)
. Average ICDC score in the advisory group without shock was also significantly elevated compared to the nonadvisory group (18.5 SD ± 14.5 vs 10.8, SD ± 12.5, P = 0.0001). There was a significant effect of having an advisory on total ICDC scores (F = 21.32, P ≤ 0.0001). History of shock also significantly increased total ICDC scores (F = 20.07, P ≤ 0.0001). In multivariate regression, presence of Fidelis lead and history of shock were predictors for increased ICDC scores (R2= 0.158, F = 38.88, P = 0.0001). When controlling for shock history, presence of Fidelis lead remained an independent predictor of elevated ICDC scores (R2= 0.125, F = 59.30, P ≤ 0.0001).

Conclusions: Our study attempts to address some of the psychological differences between participants with advisory and nonadvisory leads. Higher scores on the ICDC were found in our advisory group. While statistically significant, it is entirely unclear if these scale elevations are clinically significant or if directed counseling at this stage may reduce these elevations. This raises the suspicion that directed counseling be undertaken for patients with future advisories. (PACE 2011; 694–699)
Pyridostigmine in the Treatment of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia: A Single‐Center Experience
Authors: KANJWAL KHALIL , KARABIN BEVERLY , SHEIKH MUJEEB , ELMER LAWRENCE , KANJWAL YOUSUF , SAEED BILAL , GRUBB BLAIR P.
Published: March 2011

Background:
 The long‐term efficacy of pyridostigmine, a reversible acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor, in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) patients remains unclear. We report our retrospective, single‐center, long‐term experience regarding the efficacy and adverse effect profile of pyridostigmine in the treatment of POTS patients.

Methods:
 This retrospective study included an extensive review of electronic charts and data collection in regards to patient demographics, orthostatic parameters, side‐effect profile, subjective response to therapy, as well as laboratory studies recorded at each follow‐up visit to our institution's Syncope and Autonomic Disorders Center. The response to pyridostigmine therapy was considered successful if patient had both symptom relief in addition to an objective response in orthostatic hemodynamic parameters (heart rate [HR] and blood pressure). Three hundred patients with POTS were screened for evaluation in this study. Of these 300, 203 patients with POTS who received pyridostigmine therapy were reviewed. Of these 203 patients, 168 were able to tolerate the medication after careful dose titration. The mean follow‐up duration in this group of patients was 12 ± 3 (9–15) months. Pyridostigmine improved symptoms of orthostatic intolerance in 88 of 203 (43%) of total patients or 88 of 172 (51%) who were able to tolerate the drug. The symptoms that improved the most included fatigue (55%), palpitations (60%), presyncope (60%), and syncope (48%). Symptom reduction correlated with a statistically significant improvement in upright HR and diastolic blood pressure after treatment with pyridostigmine as compared to their baseline hemodynamic parameters (standing HR 94 ± 19 vs 82 ± 16, P < 0.003, standing diastolic blood pressure 71 ± 11 vs 74 ± 12, P < 0.02). Gastrointestinal problems were the most common adverse effects (n = 39, 19%) reported. The overall efficacy of pyridostigmine in our study was seen in 42% of total patients or 52% of patients who could tolerate taking the drug.

Conclusion:
 The subgroup of POTS patients who can tolerate oral pyridostigmine may demonstrate improvement in their standing HR, standing diastolic blood pressure, and clinical symptoms of orthostatic intolerance. (PACE 2011; 750–755)
Hepatico‐Tricuspid Isthmus Ablation for Typical‐Like Atrial Flutter by Femoral Approach in Absence of the Inferior Vena Cava: Use of Magnetic Navigation and Three‐Dimensional Mapping with Image Integration
Authors: LATCU DECEBAL G. , BUN SOK‐SITHIKUN , RICARD PHILIPPE , SAOUDI NADIR
Published: March 2011

The previously unknown congenital absence of inferior vena cava, an otherwise benign condition, may create difficulties for catheter ablation of arrhythmias. We describe a case of a typical‐like atrial flutter, in which magnetic navigation was important for conserving the femoral approach. Electroanatomic mapping with image integration helped define the critical isthmus between the ostia of the suprahepatic veins and the tricuspid valve. (PACE 2012; 35:e312–e315)
Combined Treatment with Intravenous Abciximab and Intraarterial tPA Yields High Recanalization Rate in Patients with Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion
Authors: Barlinn Kristian , Becker Ulf , Puetz Volker , Dzialowski Imanuel , Kunz Alexander , Kepplinger Jessica , von Kummer Rüdiger , Gahn Georg
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND

The best therapeutic approach in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) remains unclear. We report the results of a combined treatment approach with intravenous (IV) abciximab and intraarterial (IA) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in these patients.

METHODS

We prospectively studied patients with acute BAO on CT‐angiography or MR‐angiography. We treated patients with IV abciximab followed by IA thrombolysis with tPA. Primary outcome was partial or complete recanalization according to thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 2 to 3 flow grades on catheter angiography. Secondary outcomes were favorable functional outcome (mRS score ≤3) and mortality at 90 days.

RESULTS

Of 20 patients, mean age was 62 ± 13 years, median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 25.5 (IQR 12‐28), and median Glasgow Coma Scale score 7 (IQR 6‐11). Mean time to IA treatment was 7 ± 2.8 hours. We achieved partial or complete recanalization in 17/20 patients (85%). At 3 months, 3/20 patients (15%) had a favorable functional outcome and 9/20 patients (45%) were deceased.

CONCLUSIONS

Combined treatment with IV abciximab and IA tPA yielded a high recanalization rate in patients with BAO. However, functional outcomes were poor, potentially due to late initiation of treatment. Early treatment might improve functional outcome.

J Neuroimaging 2012;22:167–171.
Could tendinosis be involved in osteoarthritis?
Authors: Meknas K. , Johansen O. , Steigen S. E. , Olsen R. , Jørgensen L. , Kartus J.
Published: March 2011

Ten patients, age 60 (48–75 years), with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and 10 patients, age 82.5 (60–90 years), with fracture of the collum femoris (FCF; minimum Garden stage III) underwent an open biopsy procedure from the internal obturator tendon in conjunction with a total hip replacement. The histological evaluation revealed that all tendon samples in the OA group revealed scar tissue; the corresponding was found in 50% of patients in the FCF group (P=0.02). There were also more GAGs (P=0.023) and calcium deposits (P=0.001) in the samples from the OA group. The ultrastructural evaluation revealed fewer small and medium‐sized fibrils (P=0.001) and more non‐collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) (P=0.003) in the OA group. Taken together, the samples from the internal obturator tendon in the OA group revealed a more degenerative appearance with more scar tissue, change in fibril diameter distribution and more non‐collagenous ECM. Our findings suggest that OA and periarticular tendinopathy are closely linked. Further research is needed to determine whether musculotendinous changes in the deep rotators are sequelae of joint pathology, or a contributing factor in the development of degenerative joint change.
Effect of exercise training intensity on murine T‐regulatory cells and vaccination response
Authors: Wang J. , Song H. , Tang X. , Yang Y. , Vieira V. J. , Niu Y. , Ma Y.
Published: March 2011

To understand the underlying mechanism(s) for the effect of exercise at different intensities on T cell and DNA vaccination responses, we treated mice in a training protocol with regular moderate‐intensity exercise (MIE) or prolonged, exhaustive high‐intensity exercise (HIE). After 6 weeks of training, splenocytes were isolated to evaluate cytokine expression and T‐regulatory (Treg) cell proportion by RT‐PCR and FACS, respectively. Another set of mice that completed the same training protocol were used to determine DNA vaccination responses. These mice were immunized three times with HBV DNA vaccine at 2‐week intervals and euthanized on day 14 after the last immunization. Serum and splenocytes were isolated to determine humoral and cell‐mediated immunity (CMI). Results showed that HIE increased anti‐inflammatory cytokine expression and CD4+CD25+ Treg cell proportion. Further, HIE decreased IFN‐γ expression, T‐lymphocyte proliferation, and antigen‐specic cytotoxic response in HBV DNA vaccine‐immunized mice. MIE did not change anti‐inflammatory cytokine expression or CD4+CD25+ Treg cell proportion but increased pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression and augmented antigen‐specific CMI. Thus, MIE lower the risk of cancer and infectious illness through enhancing the pro‐inflammatory responses. By contrast, HIE might increase the risk of common infections, such as upper respiratory tract infection, due to an up‐regulation of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and anti‐inflammatory responses.
Potential safety issues with blood flow restriction training
Authors: Loenneke J. P. , Wilson J. M. , Wilson G. J. , Pujol T. J. , Bemben M. G.
Published: March 2011

The focal point of previous literature was establishing the efficacy of blood flow restriction training with respect to muscular strength, muscular hypertrophy, and muscular endurance. After mounting evidence supporting the efficacy of low‐intensity blood flow restriction training, research has shifted to the overall safety of this training modality. The aim of this review was to summarize the research on the overall safety of blood flow restriction training, focusing on the cardiovascular system (central and peripheral), muscle damage, oxidative stress, and nerve conduction velocity responses compared with those observed with regular exercise. Although still sparse, the blood flow restriction training research thus far is promising with respect to safety outcomes. Individuals respond similarly to blood flow restriction training and to regular exercise; however, longer term studies are required to better understand the chronic effects of low‐intensity blood flow restriction training and possible safety issues.
Lichen planus and hepatitis virus infections: causal association?
Authors: Rübsam Katharina , Schroll Andreas , Weisenseel Peter , Multhaup Susanne , Ruzicka Thomas , Prinz Jörg C.
Published: March 2011

Background: The causal association between hepatitis virus infections and lichen planus (LP) remains a matter of controversy. Reliable figures for German patients are still lacking.

Patients and Methods: We analyzed the prevalence of serum antibodies against hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) in 265 LP patients and compared the results to 257 patients with chronic urticaria (URT) and 222 patients with malignant melanoma (MM). Additionally, we analyzed age‐ and sex‐specific differences.

Results: The prevalence of HBV (13.2 % or 14.7 %) antibodies was significantly higher in patients with LP and URT patients than in the MM control group (HBV: 5.4 %, p < 0.001). The prevalence of HCV antibodies among LP and URT patients (2.6 % or 0.8 %) was not significantly greater (p > 0.05) than in MM patients (0.4 %). The prevalences of HBV and HCV in the MM control group were comparable to those in the general German population (HBV: 5–8 %, HCV: 0.4–0.7 %). An analysis by sub‐groups showed that these differences resulted from sex‐ and age‐dependent prevalences. HBV antibodies were significantly more common only in male LP patients (16.1 %) and in male (20.0 %) and female URT patients (15.6 %) aged 31–60 years. The greater prevalence of HCV in female LP patients older than 60 years of age was not significant.

Conclusions: LP is not specifically associated with hepatitis B or C antibodies in the Caucasian population of Germany. The higher prevalences of HBV antibodies found in LP and URT patients may be a reflection of age‐ and sex‐related factors rather than disease‐specific exposure to HBV infections. The increased prevalences seen in patients with LP or URT compared to MM patients may suggest that HBV infection serves as an unspecific trigger for a specific immune reaction of another origin.
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, the paradigm of heritable ectopic mineralization disorders – can diet help?
Authors: LaRusso Jennifer , Li Qiaoli , Uitto Jouni
Published: March 2011

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a heritable multi‐system disorder manifesting with characteristic cutaneous lesions, associated with ocular findings and cardiovascular involvement. The skin lesions, yellowish papules which coalesce into plaques of inelastic and leathery skin, demonstrate by histopathologic and ultrastructural examinations ectopic mineralization of dermal connective tissues, primarily the elastic structures. PXE is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion due to mutations in the ABCC6 gene. Significant insights into the pathogenesis of PXE have been recently obtained from observations on the Abcc6−/− knockout mouse which mimics the genetic, histopathologic and ultrastructural features of PXE. This mouse model has provided a platform to test various treatment modalities to counteract the mineralization phenotypes. One of the intriguing findings emanating from these studies is that supplementation of the mouse diet with magnesium, at levels that are ∼5‐fold higher than those in control diet, completely inhibits the development of tissue mineralization. These and related observations suggest that changes in the diet might counteract the progression of PXE and improve the quality of life of patients with this, currently intractable, disease.
Weight loss and changes in surface roughness of denture base and reline materials after simulated toothbrushing in vitro
Authors: Machado Ana Lucia , Giampaolo Eunice Teresinha , Vergani Carlos Eduardo , Pavarina Ana Cláudia , da Silva Lopes Salles Débora , Jorge Janaina Habib
Published: March 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00422.x
 
Weight loss and changes in surface roughness of denture base and reline materials after simulated toothbrushing in vitro

Objective:  To evaluate the weight loss and the surface roughness of acrylic resins after simulated brushing tests.

Material and methods:  Ten specimens of each material (Tokuyama Rebase II‐TR, New Truliner‐NT, Ufi Gel Hard‐UH and Lucitone 550‐L) were made. The wear loss (mg) by weight and the surface roughness (Ra μm) of each specimen was determined before and after brushing. The specimens were placed on the brushing machine and a total of 20 000 brushing cycles was performed. The results of weight loss and roughness values were submitted to the anova followed by the Tukey’s test (p = 0.05).

Results:  The mean weight loss of material L was statistically higher (p < 0.001) than that of the relines TR, UH and NT. No significant differences were found among the roughness values of resins TR, UH and L (p > 0.05). Only for L, toothbrushing increased the surface roughness. After toothbrushing, there was no significant difference between the roughness values of materials L and NT. The highest mean weight loss during the simulated toothbrushing tests was observed for L. Before the toothbrushing tests, the NT exhibited the highest mean roughness.

Conclusion:  Brushing resulted in increase in roughness only for resin L.
Perspectives and experiences of Iranian nurses regarding nurse–physician communication: A content analysis study
Authors: VAISMORADI Mojtaba , SALSALI Mahvash , ESMAEILPOUR Mohammad , CHERAGHI Mohammad Ali
Published: March 2011

Background:  Nurse–physician communication in the healthcare setting is an important subject that requires international attention because of its relationship with nurses' job satisfaction, turnover, patient safety, and above all, the quality of care. The importance of conducting studies on communication in different cultures and contexts in order to increase nurses' knowledge regarding nurse–physician communication cannot be overemphasized.

Aim:  The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives and experiences of Iranian nurses regarding nurse–physician communication.

Methods:  A qualitative study, using the content analysis approach, was conducted. Semistructured interviews were held with 22 female nurses with a Bachelor's degree who were working in two teaching hospitals in an urban area of Iran.

Results:  During the data analysis, three main themes emerged: “no independence in decision‐making”, “lack of acknowledgment of nurses' capabilities”, and “unequal support by the healthcare system”.

Conclusion:  Healthcare team members and administrators should listen to nurses' perspectives and try to address the problematic areas of nurse–physician communication if they are improving the quality of nursing care that is expected.
Narrow Fungal Mycorrhizal Diversity in a Population of the Orchid Coppensia doniana
Authors: Valadares Rafael B. , Pereira Marlon C. , Otero Joel T. , Cardoso Elke J.
Published: March 2011

In nature, orchids are fully dependent on mycorrhizal fungi to germinate their seeds. These fungi can penetrate root cells and form pelotons, hyphal coils responsible for providing simple sugars for the orchid embryo. During the achlorophyllous seedling stage, orchids depend on fungi; and some species remain dependent through life, while others establish photosynthesis but, to varying degrees, remain facultatively dependent or responsive to fungal colonization as adults. The aim of this study was to identify how many clades of fungi can establish mycorrhizal associations with Coppensia doniana, a widespread orchid in Campos do Jordão (Brazil) and to demonstrate how morphological features can be useful to group and identify these fungi. Plants were collected during the dry season of 2009 near Campos do Jordão State Park. Fungi were isolated by transferring root segments containing pelotons to media. Three main clades of fungi were formed by either qualitative or quantitative morphological data. We identified these fungi as two morphotypes of Ceratorhiza (anamorphic stage of Ceratobasidium) and one uninucleate Rhizoctonia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing data corroborated the morphological features showing the same three clades; all isolates showed a high similarity with Ceratobasidium ITS sequences in GenBank. Thus, it was possible to demonstrate a high affinity between this orchid species of Oncidiinae and Ceratobasidium. Morphological data associated with multivariate statistics proved to be a useful tool in multilevel taxonomy of these orchid‐associated fungi.

Abstract in Portuguese is available in the online version of this article.
An Economic Analysis of Landowners’ Willingness to Adopt Wetland and Riparian Conservation Management
Authors: Yu Jia , Belcher Ken
Published: March 2011

Within the Canadian prairies, there has been extensive loss and degradation of wetland and riparian zones, primarily caused by the intensification and expansion of agriculture. Since most of the wetland and riparian areas found within this agricultural landscape are located on privately owned land, effective policy must be informed by an understanding of the socio‐economic characteristics of these landowners. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the compensation required for private landowners to conserve wetland and riparian zones within the Prairie Pothole Region of Saskatchewan and to evaluate the influence of farm characteristics and landowner attitudes on conservation decisions. A survey, targeted at landowners in two distinct regions, was used to evaluate the willingness to accept for conserving riparian areas based on a proposed 10‐year payment program. While the analysis confirms that the magnitude of the payment is an important factor in landowners’ conservation adoption decision, the impact of other factors including landowner experience, planning horizon, and perceptions of wetland values provides important insights into conservation program development and delivery.

Dans les Prairies canadiennes, la perte et la détérioration des zones humides et des zones riveraines sont importantes et sont principalement attribuables à l’expansion et à l’intensification de l’agriculture. Comme la plupart des zones humides et riveraines de ce paysage agricole se trouvent sur des terres privées, une politique efficace doit reposer sur la compréhension des caractéristiques socio‐économiques des propriétaires fonciers concernés. Le présent article vise à estimer la valeur des compensations qu’il faudrait verser aux propriétaires fonciers privés pour qu’ils acceptent de conserver les zones humides et les zones riveraines dans la région des cuvettes des Prairies de la Saskatchewan et àévaluer l’influence des caractéristiques agricoles et de l’attitude des propriétaires fonciers sur les décisions de conservation. Nous avons utilisé une enquête menée auprès de propriétaires fonciers dans deux régions distinctes pour évaluer le consentement à accepter (CAA) de conserver les zones riveraines fondé sur la création proposée d’un programme de paiements étalé sur dix ans. Bien que l’analyse confirme que la taille des paiements représente un facteur important dans les décisions de conservation des propriétaires fonciers, d’autres facteurs, tels que l’expérience des propriétaires fonciers, l’horizon de planification et les perceptions quant à la valeur des zones humides, fournissent des renseignements importants pour l’élaboration et la prestation de programmes de conservation.
Experimental challenge and pathology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in dunlin (Calidris alpina), an intercontinental migrant shorebird species
Authors: Hall Jeffrey S. , Franson J. Christian , Gill Robert E. , Meteyer Carol U. , TeSlaa Joshua L. , Nashold Sean , Dusek Robert J. , Ip Hon S.
Published: March 2011

Please cite this paper as: Hall et al. (2011). Experimental challenge and pathology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in dunlin (Calidris alpina), an intercontinental migrant shorebird species. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(5), 365–372.

Background  Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) are considered one of the primary reservoirs of avian influenza. Because these species are highly migratory, there is concern that infected shorebirds may be a mechanism by which highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 could be introduced into North America from Asia. Large numbers of dunlin (Calidris alpina) migrate from wintering areas in central and eastern Asia, where HPAIV H5N1 is endemic, across the Bering Sea to breeding areas in Alaska. Low pathogenic avian influenza virus has been previously detected in dunlin, and thus, dunlin represent a potential risk to transport HPAIV to North America. To date no experimental challenge studies have been performed in shorebirds.

Methods  Wild dunlin were inoculated intranasally and intrachoanally various doses of HPAIV H5N1. The birds were monitored daily for virus excretion, disease signs, morbidity, and mortality.

Results  The infectious dose of HPAIV H5N1 in dunlin was determined to be 101.7 EID50/100 μl and that the lethal dose was 101.83 EID50/100 μl. Clinical signs were consistent with neurotropic disease, and histochemical analyses revealed that infection was systemic with viral antigen and RNA most consistently found in brain tissues. Infected birds excreted relatively large amounts of virus orally (104 EID50) and smaller amounts cloacally.

Conclusions  Dunlin are highly susceptible to infection with HPAIV H5N1. They become infected after exposure to relatively small doses of the virus and if they become infected, they are most likely to suffer mortality within 3–5 days. These results have important implications regarding the risks of transport and transmission of HPAIV H5N1 to North America by this species and raises questions for further investigation.
Pilot‐Scale Technology Development, Nutritional and Consumer Assessment of Whole‐Multigrain Cookies as Influenced by Fructan Inclusion
Authors: Handa Chanu , Goomer Sangeeta , Siddhu Anupa
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  The benefits of wholegrain finger millet and sorghum were combined with that of fructan in form of fructoligosaccharide in the pilot‐scale production (10 kg) of cookies. Complete nutritional analysis of the cookies was carried out to provide nutritional information to the consumers. Whole‐multigrain cookies with fructan can be categorized as “High Fiber” as they suffice 21% daily value (DV) of fiber and a “Good Source” of iron as they suffice 12.8% DV of iron. A total of 300 consumers (M = 110 and F = 190), aged between 8 and 66 y evaluated cookies. The overall acceptability (OAA) score of 300 consumers was 8.0 ± 0.58 on a 9‐point hedonic scale. Females rated cookies significantly (P < 0.05) higher than males in terms of flavor, texture, appearance, and OAA. Males rated cookies significantly (P < 0.05) higher on color attribute than females. Encouraging response of consumers signified ample scope for viability and marketability of cookies at the commercial scale.

Practical Application:  Consumers are looking at snack and convenience foods to provide increased fiber in their diet and there is a tremendous interest in low‐calorie and low‐sugar foods. The demand of whole and multigrain products is also on the rise because of the Government's emphasis. The present study would assist in assessing feasibility of commercial production of such novel health foods. Together with this, it will ascertain the marketability and commercial viability of the product by means of the consumer preference trials. Availability of such cookies in the market would offer consumers “health” with “convenience” and “taste.”
Visible/Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Detects Autolytic Changes during Storage of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Authors: Sone Izumi , Olsen Ragnar L. , Dahl Reidun , Heia Karsten
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Visible (VIS)/near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to investigate spectroscopic changes occurring during storage of Atlantic salmon fillets with and without bacterial growth. A storage experiment was conducted for 11 d postmortem. Bacterial growth was inhibited by soaking a group of salmon fillets in 3 mM NaN3 prior to storage, while a control group retained its normal bacterial growth. Spectra were obtained by directly applying the spectroscopic probe onto the loin part of each fillet stored under conditions accelerating degradation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to monitor and compare spectroscopic development of the 2 groups and the results showed that VIS/NIR spectral changes occurred in the control as well as the treated group of samples within a single day after filleting. After 2 d of storage, stored samples were distinguishable from those fresh in both groups and it was only after the microbial spoilage became pronounced (8 to 9 log colony forming unit [CFU]/g) that the spectra of the spoiled control samples could be differentiated from spectra of the treated samples with no bacterial growth. Microbial growth is therefore not the only explanation for the spectral variations prior to microbial spoilage. Nonmicrobial, autolytic changes including possible changes in the physical properties are also contributing. Our results show that VIS/NIR spectroscopy can detect autolytic changes occurring in salmon muscle during the early stage of storage, independent of microbial growth.

Practical Application:  Important spectroscopic changes occur even when microbial growth is not apparent. This indicates that VIS/NIR spectroscopy may be used to determine the degree of freshness before microbial spoilage becomes relevant.
Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activities of 2 Water‐Soluble Polysaccharide Fractions Purified from Tea (Camellia sinensis) Flower
Authors: Quan Han , Qiong‐Yao Yu , Jiang Shi , Chang‐Yun Xiong , Ze‐Jie Ling , Pu‐Ming He
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  The water‐soluble crude polysaccharide tea flower polysaccharide (TFP), obtained from tea (Camellia sinensis) flower by boiling‐water extraction and ethanol precipitation, was fractionated by Sephadex G‐100 column chromatography, giving 2 polysaccharide fractions termed TFP‐1 and TFP‐2. The structural features of TFP‐1 and TFP‐2 were investigated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC), rheometer, infrared (IR) spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results indicated that TFP‐1 was composed of glucose: xylose: rhamnose: galactose = 1.0:1.2:0.81:0.98 with a molecular weight of 167.5 KDa, while TFP‐2 comprised glucose: xylose: rhamnose: arabinose = 1.0:0.76:2.3:2.3 with a molecular weight of 10.1 KDa. The 1H NMR revealed that TFP‐1 contained α‐L‐Rhap, α‐D‐Galp, α‐D‐GalpNAc, α‐D‐Xylp, α‐D‐Glcp, and β‐D‐Glcp residues, while TFP‐2 was illustrated to have α‐L‐Rhap, α‐L‐Arap, α‐D‐Xylp, α‐D‐Glcp, and α‐D‐GlcpNAc residues. Antioxidant activities of these fractions were investigated using various in vitro assay systems compared with ascorbic acid. In conclusion, TFP‐2 exhibited the higher antioxidant activities and could be explored as a novel potential antioxidant.

Practical Application:  At present, commonly low‐grade tea is preferred to extract the tea polysaccharide, to take full advantage of tea flower resource to extract polysaccharides can greatly reduce the cost of tea products. Thus, the search for plant‐derived biomaterials from this study could generate natural value‐added products from underutilized tea plant waste and used as a medicinal agent against chronic health problems, such as cancers, aging, and atherosclerosis caused by reactive free radicals that produced from oxidation.