bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Student Expectations and Their Effects on Satisfaction: The Importance of Managing Student Expectations
Authors: Appleton-Knapp Sara L. , Krentler Kathleen A.
Published: October 2006

Two studies investigate the relationship between student expectations and student satisfaction. Can students’ satisfaction with a course be accurately predicted by comparing their perceptions to their expectations (as suggested by the expectancy/disconfirmation paradigm)? The results of these studies suggest that the answer to this question is strongly affected by the method used to measure student expectations. When recalled expectations and current perceptions are measured together at the end of a term, the extent to which student expectations are fulfilled does appear to be a good predictor of satisfaction. When expectations are measured at the beginning of a term however, the extent to which they are fulfilled is not a strong predictor of course satisfaction. These results have implications for marketing educators both in terms of the role they can play in affecting their students’ expectations and in terms of the timing of independent course assessments they may choose to administer.
A Test of Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory
Authors: Özbay Özden , Özcan Yusuf Ziya
Published: October 2006

Travis Hirschi’s social bonding theory has mostly been tested in the West. In this study, the theory is tested on juvenile delinquency in a developing country, Turkey. Data were gathered from 1,710 high school students in Ankara by using two-stage stratified cluster sampling. Factor analysis was employed to determine the dimensions of juvenile delinquency (assault, school delinquency, and public disturbance), and regression analysis was used to test the theory. Similar to some other traditional societies, the social bonding theory plays an important role in the explanation of juvenile delinquency in Turkey.
Effect of Test Administration Set on the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS)
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: October 2006

The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) was administered to 160 male prisoners on admission to a medium-security federal correctional facility. A total of 106 of these inmates completed the PICTS a second time 6 months later in a routine follow-up of the intake PICTS; the other 54 inmates completed the PICTS a second time approximately 6 months later during the initial session of a psychological group. Results showed that inmates participating in the psychological group were less defensive and endorsed more criminal thinking items on the second administration of the PICTS, whereas inmates participating in the routine follow-up were more defensive and less likely to endorse criminal thinking items on the second PICTS. Despite a general increase in the magnitude of PICTS scores for program participants, the overall pattern of scale elevations (correlations between scales and high-point pairs) was comparable across the two groups.
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Authors: Millie Andrew , Erol Rosie
Published: October 2006

In 2004, the U.K. Home Office launched the Prolific and other Priority Offenders strategy in England and Wales. This includes a rehabilitative programme with the most prolific offenders case managed throughout their involvement in the criminal justice system. The strategy is a coordinated response by local partnerships, with the aim to reduce reoffending and overall crime rates. This article is based on a review of work in Birmingham to integrate the requirements of the new strategy into existing structures and offender management programmes. Although many of the management structures and referral processes needed for the new strategy were already well developed, there were concerns over communication and clarity of roles. Consistent identification of prolific offenders across all police areas was required. Once targeted, offenders needed equality of access to services. A clear exit strategy was also needed with clear rehabilitation and resettlement criteria for offenders leaving the Prolific and other Priority Offenders strategy.
Advancing Institutional Anomie Theory
Authors: Muftić Lisa R.
Published: October 2006

Institutional anomie theory (IAT) contends that crime can be explained by an examination of American society, particularly the exaggerated emphasis on economic success inherent in American culture, which has created a “cheating orientation” that permeates structural institutions, including academia. Consistent with its macrosocial perspective, previous tests of IAT have examined IAT variables at the structural level only. The current study tests the robustness of IAT by operationalizing IAT variables at the individual level and looking at a minor form of deviance, student cheating. The author also examines the role statistical modeling has in testing the theory at the microlevel. Undergraduates, 122 American born and 48 international, were surveyed about their cheating behaviors and adherence to economic goal orientations. Results related to the hypothesis that American students, relative to foreign-born students, will have an increased adherence to economic goal orientations that increase cheating behaviors are presented, as are suggestions for future studies.
Factors Predicting Selection of Sexually Violent Predators for Civil Commitment
Authors: Levenson Jill S. , Morin John W.
Published: October 2006

This study investigated the degree to which independent variables predicted civil commitment selection in a sample of 450 sexual offenders evaluated for civil commitment as “sexually violent predators” under Florida’s Jimmy Ryce Act. Using logistic regression, this study examined the relationship between the dependent variable, commitment recommendation, and several sets of independent variables. Results revealed that the statistically significant predictors of recommendations for sex offender civil commitment were diagnoses of pedophilia and paraphilia not otherwise specified (NOS), psychopathy, actuarial risk assessment scores, younger age of victim, and nonminority race ( R2 = .88). Discriminant function analysis confirmed that these variables correctly predicted commitment recommendations in 90% of cases. Sex offenders recommended for commitment consistently met the criteria set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kansas v. Hendricks (1997): They suffered from a mental abnormality predisposing them to sexual violence, and risk assessment determined that they were likely to reoffend.
Externalizing and Oppositional Behaviors and Karate-do: The Way of Crime Prevention
Authors: Palermo Mark T. , Di Luigi Massimo , Dal Forno Gloria , Dominici Cinzia , Vicomandi David , Sambucioni Augusto , Proietti Luca , Pasqualetti Patrizio
Published: October 2006

Childhood disruptive behaviors can be precursors to later deviance. To verify the efficacy of karate, a complex psychomotor activity that enhances self-regulation and executive skills, as an intervention for externalizing behaviors, 16 children, ranging in age from 8 to 10 years, and meeting diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder were studied. Eight were randomly assigned to a 10-month Wa Do Ryu karate program, whereas 8 children received no intervention. The children were assigned to a larger karate class, composed of typically developing youngsters. Three domains of temperament—intensity, adaptability, and mood regulation—were measured at the beginning and the end of the training period in all 16 participants. A significant improvement in temperament scale scores was measured in the karate group for all tested items compared to controls. Karate, when properly taught, can be a useful adjunct in multimodal programs aimed at externalizing behavior reduction.
Human Resource Problems and State Management Performance Across Two Decades
Authors: Elling Richard C. , Thompson T. Lyke
Published: October 2006

Based on the views of hundreds of managers in 10 states surveyed in 1982 and 2000, this article explores the severity of a range of human resource-related barriers to effective state management. Adequately rewarding outstanding employees, difficulty filling key staff vacancies, retaining experienced staff, disciplining low-performing employees, and—in 2000—uncompetitive pay were among the most serious impediments. Little change in the severity of various human resource-related problems occurred between 1982 and 2000, however. Despite the criticism often leveled at them, variation in civil service coverage and variation in public sector collective bargaining were typically only weakly related to the severity of particular personnel-related problems. In fact, certain problems were less serious in those states with more extensive civil service coverage or more widespread collective bargaining. There was little evidence that deregulating aspects of state human resource systems reduced the severity of personnel-related impediments.
Improvement of Storability and Shelf-life of ‘Blackamber’ Plums Treated with 1-methylcyclopropene
Authors: Candan A. P. , Graell J. , Crisosto C. , Larrigaudière C.
Published: October 2006

Rapid softening is one of the most important factors that limits the market life of plums. To avoid this problem, ‘Blackamber’ plums were treated with 0, 150, 300 and 600ppb of 1-methylcyclopropene (1- MCP) and their quality evaluated after 15, 30 and 50 days of storage at 0°C, immediately and after 6 days at 25°C. 1-MCP treatment effectively decreased ethylene production during storage and shelf-life in fruits kept 15 and 30 days at 0°C. In contrast, fruits kept for 50 days at 0°C showed a significant increase in ethylene production during shelf-life. Changes in ethylene production by 1-MCP were associated with a decrease of firmness loss and maintenance of titratable acidity but not with the development of red flesh colour. Soluble solids content of the fruit was not affected by the 1-MCP treatment. In this assay no significant symptoms of chilling injury (CI) or rot were observed. Overall, the results presented in this assay ascertained ethylene on quality changes in ‘Blackamber’ plums. They also showed that 1- MCP could be considered commercially to improve the storage life and resistance to mechanical bruising in ‘Blackamber’ plums without prejudicial effects on quality.
Preferences, Parties, and Legislative Productivity
Authors: Chiou Fang-Yi , Rothenberg Lawrence S.
Published: October 2006

Chiou and Rothenberg (2003) utilized models of legislative productivity, synthesizing parties and preferences by deriving and measuring different equilibrium gridlock intervals, finding that such models outperformed alternatives depending on preferences alone. However, their temporal scope is limited to post-World War II. Generalizing theoretical models—notably recognizing the 1917 enactment of Rule 22 creating the Senate filibuster rule—and expanding historical scope empirically will produce results, inspiring greater confidence and better ability to distinguish whether partisan features matter. Hence, the authors generalize and test models using data extending to the late 19th century. Results indicate that a model combining preferences with party unity better explains outcomes than does a preference-based model, a model where parties control the agenda but cannot discipline members, or a model where the president rules his legislative party. In addition, findings are consistent with the inference that Rule 22 did not change the filibuster rule guiding the Senate substantially.
Congressional Roll Call Voting on China Trade Policy
Authors: Xie Tao
Published: October 2006

This article analyzes roll call voting on China’s most favored nation (MFN) and permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status to ascertain interchamber difference and party polarization in China trade policy. In the House, party has the largest impact, with Republicans much more supportive of MFN than Democrats. Ideology has the second largest impact, with conservatives and liberals voting against moderates. In the Senate, party is the sole significant determinant of MFN voting. In House voting on PNTR, ideology has the biggest and party the second biggest impact. The lopsided nature of the Senate PNTR vote indicates that ideology, party, and constituency interests had little or no impact. In both MFN and PNTR voting in the House, constituency economic interests have only marginal effects, and only constituency interests adversely affected by trade with China have significant impact on the PNTR vote. The author concludes by situating the findings in the broad debate about interchamber difference and increasing polarization in Congress.
Trust the Party Line
Authors: Holian David B.
Published: October 2006

This study incorporates the issue-ownership concept into the aggregate presidential approval literature. A content analysis of media coverage from the Reagan through Clinton administrations of four party-owned issues—Social Security or Medicare, environmental protection, national defense, and size of government—demonstrates that when the agenda is dominated by issues on which the president’s party enjoys credibility, approval increases, controlling for the typical economic and event variables. Similarly, increased coverage of issues owned by the opposition party leads to decreased approval, all things equal. Thus, when the media primes a party-owned issue, the public responds by evaluating the president consistent with his credibility on the issue. These relationships are robust across the typical functional forms used to model approval.
Computation of haplotypes on SNPs subsets: advantage of the "global method"
Authors: Coulonges Cédric , Delaneau Olivier , Girard Manon , Do Hervé , Adkins Ronald , Spadoni Jean-Louis , Zagury Jean-François
Published: October 2006

Background

Genetic association studies aim at finding correlations between a disease state and genetic variations such as SNPs or combinations of SNPs, termed haplotypes. Some haplotypes have a particular biological meaning such as the ones derived from SNPs located in the promoters, or the ones derived from non synonymous SNPs. All these haplotypes are "subhaplotypes" because they refer only to a part of the SNPs found in the gene. Until now, subhaplotypes were directly computed from the very SNPs chosen to constitute them, without taking into account the rest of the information corresponding to the other SNPs located in the gene. In the present work, we describe an alternative approach, called the "global method", which takes into account all the SNPs known in the region and compare the efficacy of the two "direct" and "global" methods.

Results

We used empirical haplotypes data sets from theGH1promoter and theAPOEgene, and 10 simulated datasets, and randomly introduced in them missing information (from 0% up to 20%) to compare the 2 methods. For each method, we used the PHASE haplotyping software since it was described to be the best. We showed that the use of the "global method" for subhaplotyping leads always to a better error rate than the classical direct haplotyping. The advantage provided by this alternative method increases with the percentage of missing genotyping data (diminution of the average error rate from 25% to less than 10%). We applied the global method software on the GRIV cohort for AIDS genetic associations and some associations previously identified through direct subhaplotyping were found to be erroneous.

Conclusion

The global method for subhaplotyping can reduce, sometimes dramatically, the error rate on patient resolutions and haplotypes frequencies. One should thus use this method in order to minimise the risk of a false interpretation in genetic studies involving subhaplotypes. In practice the global method is always more efficient than the direct method, but a combination method taking into account the level of missing information in each subject appears to be even more interesting when the level of missing information becomes larger (>10%).
A genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting growth-related traits in an F1 family of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)
Authors: Wang Chun Ming , Lo Loong Chueng , Zhu Ze Yuan , Yue Gen Hua
Published: October 2006

Background

Body weight and length are economically important traits in foodfish species influenced by quantitative trait loci (QTL) and environmental factors. It is usually difficult to dissect the genetic and environmental effects. Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is an important marine foodfish species with a compact genome (~700 Mb). The recent construction of a first generation linkage map of Asian seabass with 240 microsatellites provides a good opportunity to determine the number and position of QTL, and the magnitude of QTL effects with a genome scan.

Results

We conducted a genome scan for QTL affecting body weight, standard length and condition factors in an F1 family containing 380 full-sib individuals from a breeding stock by using 97 microsatellites evenly covering 24 chromosomes. Interval mapping and multiple QTL model mapping detected five significant and 27 suggestive QTL on ten linkage groups (LGs). Among the five significant QTL detected, three (qBW2-a, qTL2-a and qSL2-a) controlling body weight, total and standard length respectively, were mapped on the same region near Lca287 on LG2, and explained 28.8, 58.9 and 59.7% of the phenotypic variance. The other two QTL affecting body weight, qBW2-b and qBW3, were located on LG2 and 3, and accounted for 6.4 and 8.8% of the phenotypic variance. Suggestive QTL associated with condition factors are located on six different LGs.

Conclusion

This study presents the first example of QTL detection for growth-related traits in an F1 family of a marine foodfish species. The results presented here will enable further fine-mapping of these QTL for marker-assisted selection of the Asian seabass, eventually identifying individual genes responsible for growth-related traits.
The biochemical differentiation of Enterobacter sakazakii genotypes
Authors: Iversen Carol , Waddington Mike , Farmer Jim J , Forsythe Stephen J
Published: October 2006

Background

Enterobacter sakazakii is an emergent pathogen that has been associated with neonatal infections through contaminated powdered infant milk formula. The species was defined by Farmer et al. (1980) who described 15 biogroups according to the biochemical characterization of 57 strains. This present study compares genotypes (DNA cluster groups based on partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis) with the biochemical traits for 189 E. sakazakii strains.

Results

Analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequences gave 4 well defined phylogenetic groups. Cluster group 1 was composed of the majority of strains (170/189) and included Biogroups 1–5, 7–9, 11, 13 and 14. Cluster 3 corresponded with Biogroup 15 and cluster 4 with Biogroups 6, 10 and 12. Cluster group 2 comprised a new Biogroup 16. For the isolates in this study, the four DNA cluster groups can be distinguished using the inositol, dulcitol and indole tests.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates an agreement between genotyping (partial 16S rDNA) and biotyping and describes a new biogroup of E. sakazakii.
Shisa2 promotes the maturation of somitic precursors and transition to the segmental fate inXenopusembryos
Authors: Nagano Takashi , Takehara Shoko , Takahashi Maiko , Aizawa Shinichi , Yamamoto Akihito
Published: October 2006

In vertebrate somitogenesis, FGF and Wnt signals constitute a morphogenetic gradient that controls the maturation of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) as well as the transition to segmental units. It remains unclear, however, whether there is a regulatory mechanism that promotes the transition by a direct regulation of FGF and Wnt signaling in the PSM. Here we show that Shisa2, a member of a novel Shisa gene family, plays an essential role in segmental patterning during Xenopus somitogenesis. Shisa2 encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that cell-autonomously inhibits FGF and Wnt signaling by preventing the maturation and the cell-surface expression of their receptors. Shisa2 is expressed in the PSM and its knockdown caused a reduction in somite number by the delayed maturation of PSM and anterior shift of the transition; however, the phase of the segmental clock remained intact. These phenotypes were abolished by the inhibition of both FGF and Wnt signals, but by neither alone. We therefore propose that the individual inhibition of both types of signaling by the regulation of receptor maturation in the ER plays an essential role in the establishment of proper segmental patterning.
Complications of combined radiation therapy and surgery for carcinoma of the larynx and inferior hypopharynx
Authors: Thawley Stanley E.
Published: October 2006

A group of 554 patients was studied to determine and compare the complications of combined preoperative radiation therapy with surgery and combined surgery with postoperative radiation therapy when used for treatment of carcinoma of the larynx and inferior hypopharynx. The complications recorded were infection, slough, carotid blowout, glottic insufficiency, pharyngeal stricture, operative death, chondritis, fistula, and margins of resection involved with tumor. The highest complication rates were in the partial laryngopharyngectopy‐postoperative radiation group (63.6%) and in the supraglottic laryngectomy‐postoperative radiation group (52.9%). Most of the increase in total complication rate was attributable to higher rates of glottic insufficiency and margins involved with tumor categories. The lowest complication rates were in the hemilaryngectomy with no radiation group (4.5%) and the total laryngectomy‐postoperative radiation group (12.8%). The complication rate for the supraglottic laryngectomy‐postoperative radiation group (52.9%) was significantly higher than for the preoperative radiation‐supraglottic laryngectomy group (26.4%). Within the partial laryngopharyngectomy group, there was no significant difference in total complication rate between the use of preoperative (47.2%) or postoperative radiation (63.6%). Within the total laryngectomy group there was no significant difference between complication rates when either preoperative or postoperative radiation was employed. There was no significant difference in the rate of carotid blowout, chondritis, operative death, slough, or fistula, between preoperative or postoperative radiation in any of the surgical groups. In general, patients with conservation surgery seem to tolerate postoperative radiation without a prohibitive increase in complications.
Aerodigestive dysfunction secondary to thyroid tumors
Authors: Calcaterra Thomas C. , Maceri Dennis R.
Published: October 2006

Although most thyroid tumors first manifest clinically by a neck mass, several patients with thyroid tumor have been treated whose initial complaint was a disturbance of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Because this association is not well recognized, the diagnosis of a thyroid tumor can be delayed, or even missed until the tumor grows much larger causing other symptoms.

A series of 269 patients with thyroid tumors seen at UCLA from 1970‐1980 was reviewed. Approximately 16% of these patients sought treatment because of aerodigestive dysfunction such as dyspnea, dysphagia, hoarseness, throat discomfort and hemoptysis. Such symptoms often indicate malignancy of substernal extension of tumor. The management of these tumors is discussed.
Severe complication of a zenker's diverticulum with endoscopic diverticulotomy rescue
Authors: White Irving L.
Published: October 2006

Persistent pharyngoesophageal obstruction precipitated by Iodgement of a foreign body in a Zenker's diverticulum, with abscess formation, was successfully treated by endoscopic diverticulotomy. The symptoms and pathogenesis of Zenker's diverticula are fully described, emphasizing the importance of the cricopharyngeus and party wall in its development and relentless progress.

Transcutaneous resection of diverticula is reviewed. Detailed description of the technique of endoscopic diverticulotomy is outlined. The rationale and indications for the endoscopic approach are delineated.
The biomechanics of advancement and rotation flaps
Authors: Larrabee Wayne F. , Sutton Dwight
Published: October 2006

An animal model (using piglets) has been developed to study the mechanical properties of simple advancement and rotation flaps. The effects of different length‐width ratios and defect sizes on the tension required to close a rectangular advancement flap are described. Characteristic curves of force vs. advancement distance are presented and mechanisms discussed. The flaps should have a length‐width ratio of at least 1:1; the mechanical advantage of lengthening the flap further is directly related to the measured closing tension. The distribution of tension in a standard 180° rotation flap is analyzed. Maximum tension is found between 90° and 135° (opposite the site of defect closure); this is at variance with the vector commonly pictured. The force required to close a defect with rotation flaps of varying length (45° to 180°) is measured. There is little mechanical benefit in extending the flap past 90°.
Myocutaneous flaps: Strategy for utilization
Authors: Bone Robert C.
Published: October 2006

The contemporary Head and Neck surgeon has a choice of tissue available for defect closure. Depending on the situation, either traditional of newer means of reconstruction may best fit the patients' needs. More recently described procedures include free flaps (anastomosis by microvascular surgery to a nearby vascular supply) and myocutaneous flaps, a new concept in pedicle transfer. Both of these latter techniques improve and partially supplant, but do not entirely replace other older methods of repair.
Endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt for ménière's disease in the only hearing ear
Authors: Pulec Jack L.
Published: October 2006

This report describes a series of 18 patients, deaf in one ear, upon whom an endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedure was performed on the reMayning hearing ear affected by Ménière's disease. As with other patients with Ménière's disease, those whose problem involves their only hearing ear can have differing priorities and etiologies requiring variations in diagnosis and management.

The preservation of hearing is of major consideration as is the need for thorough study and careful diagnosis in the determination of when to operate. Special surgical techniques that help minimize the risks from surgery are employed resulting in no patient's hearing being made worse by the surgery.

Study results lead to the conclusion that the use of the endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt procedure early in the course of Meniere's disease in an only hearing ear can significantly reduce the risk of permanent hearing loss and disability.
The acoustic reflex test in cochlear and eighth nerve pathology ears
Authors: Sanders Jay W. , Josey Anne Forrest , Glasscock Michael E. , Jackson C. Gary
Published: October 2006

The clinical interpretation of acoustic reflex test results in ears with sensorineural impairment should be based on a consideration of three characteristics of the response: the reflex threshold hearing level, the reflex threshold sensation level, and the decay of the reflex. Examination of results in 152 ears with cochlear pathology and in 152 ears with acoustic tumor indicated that in some cases the combination of characteristics may be contradictory as to site of lesion. Regarding a contradictory response pattern as questionable — neither confirming nor denying a specific site of lesion — improves the predictive accuracy of the test through a reduction in the number of false identifications.
The bone‐anchored auricular episthesis
Authors: Tjellströum A. , Lindströum J. , Nyléan O. , Albrektsson T. , Brårnemark P.‐I. , Birgersson B. , Nero H. , Sylvéan C.
Published: October 2006

Total ablation of the pinna gives an unsatisfactory cosmetic result which has to be corrected. Plastic surgery procedures are generally not very successful and some sort of episthesis is preferred by many. The attachment of an episthesis is, however, often a problem.

This paper is a case report of a new type of episthesis fixation arrangement. In a first session four titanium screws were implanted into the temporal bone above and behind the external meatus with a technique ensuring minimal tissue violation. Three months later when these screws were firmly integrated in the living bone, skin‐penetrating titanium abutments were connected and a gold bridge was adapted to the abutments. A silicon rubber episthesis was attached to the bridge with a snap fastener. Behind this new method of episthesis attachment are several years of clinical experience of titanium implants directly anchored into various living bones and allowed to permanently penetrate skin or mucous membrane.
Studies on anaerobic bacteria in chronic otitis media
Authors: Sugita Rinya , Kawamura Shozo , Ichikawa Ginichiro , Goto Shigeo , Fujimaki Yutaka
Published: October 2006

In the 760 cases of chronic otitis media studied from 1970 to 1976, the detection ratio of anaerobic bacteria and the relation between the nature of anaerobic bacteria and the conditions of focus were investigated. In 8.2% of 760 cases 9 kinds and 81 strains of anaerobic bacteria was detected. Most of the anaerobic bacteria were Peptococcus sp. or Bacteroides sp. and in general non‐sporogenic anaerobic bacteria accounted for 97.5%. Anaerobes were frequently detected in cases where the middle ear cavity was filled with cholesteatoma or granulation and in cases of infection recurring after operation.
The middle turbinate and its relationship to the ethmoidal labyrinth and the orbit
Authors: Ritter Frank N.
Published: October 2006

The intranasal ethmoidectomy operation can cause disastrous complications: blindness and death. It is usually performed by using the middle turbinate as a guide. Sometimes prior disease or surgery may cause this to vary from its usual position. Perhaps a better guide is the bone of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus since this always lies in the same vertical plane or just medial to the lamina papyracea. Staying medial to this line should protect the orbit, when doing an intranasal ethmoidectomy.
Research in otolaryngology: Nih support and other considerations
Authors: Naunton Ralph F.
Published: October 2006

The National Institutes of Health continue to provide support for a major portion of biomedical research in this country. Research serves as the keystone to the continued health of Otolaryngology, but there are clear indications that otolaryngologists' direct involvement in research is diminishing at a dangerous pace. Some of the causes of this problem are identified. Solutions include, first and foremost, more general recognition of the importance to the speciality of biomedical research; currently available mechanisms offered by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke for the support of investigator training might be utilized more extensively and collaborative research between clinician and basic science investigators should be encouraged.
How to write (and publish) a medical paper and how to deliver it
Authors: Shambaugh George E.
Published: October 2006

The essence of medical writing is clarity, integrity and brevity. To write a really good medical paper requires doing eight to ten revisions before it is near perfect as possible. References should be numbered, and not too numerous. Follow the instructions given in the J.A.M.A. It is best to lay the paper aside for a week or two before making the final revision to allow one's thoughts to mature.

In giving a scientific paper, always address the chairman of the meeting and then the audience at the beginning of the presentation. The paper should be typed and in front of the speaker, but he should not read it, using it only for prompting in case he “blanks out,” as so often occurs with a young person speaking for the first time. Slides should always be used to supplement the speech so that the audience can combine visual and auditory response. A common mistake is to put too much material on a slide. The slides should be white print on a blue background, which is the most legible, with a maximum of 20 to 30 words on a slide. Tables must be made as brief as possible so that they are easily read from the back of the room in less than a minute.

Always speak slowly and distinctly with dramatic pauses at appropriate places. Never crowd too much information into your talk so that you are hurried. Never make more than one or two Mayn points. By making too many points you weaken their impact. Keep case reports to a minimum and make them very brief; always have a brief, clearly stated conclusion; and thank the audience before you sit down.

Sir Terence Cawthorne was a master at presenting a scientific paper and should be emulated. He would always begin with a humorous remark or a brief, funny, but clean, story. He would practice giving a talk to a recorder, playing it back to himself, and doing this over and over until he was satisfied.
Lymphoepithelioma of the nasopharynx
Authors: Applebaum Edward L. , Mantravadi Prasad , Haas Richard
Published: October 2006

There is uncertainty as to whether the clinical behavior of nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma differs from that of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx. To determine if significant differences existed, we have studied 39 patients with nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma and compared their data with 50 nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients.

In contrast to squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma occurred at a younger age, presented as smaller primary tumors, and manifested more extensive cervical lymph node involvement. When analyzed by T stage, N stage, or overall stage groups, the 5‐year actuarial survivals were better in the lymphoepithelioma patients. Late tumor recurrences (beyond 4 years) were seen in the lymphoepithelioma patients, whereas all of the recurrences in the squamous cell carcinoma group occurred within 4 years. Tumor recurrences were more common in the cervical lymph nodes in the lymphoepithelioma group and in the primary site of the squamous cell carcinoma group.
A decade of tympanoplasty: Progress or regress?
Authors: Austin David F.
Published: October 2006

The surgery of chronic ear disease has continued to be a popular topic during the seventies. The literature for this period has been collected and organized by both surgical topics and disease topics.

The changes in technique, particularly for ossiculoplasty, are discussed in the light of the author's experiences.

The surgical approaches to a particular disease process are likewise reviewed. Changes in surgical philosophy are discussed both for particular authors as well as for the overall trends.
Exploratory tympanotomy revisited.
Authors: Paparella Michael M. , Koutroupas Steven
Published: October 2006

The history of exploratory tympanotomy is somewhat obscure. Methods and findings of exploratory tympanotomy were described and assessed for unexplained conductive and occasional sensorineural hearing losses. Of 316 recent cases positive findings leading to diagnosis and therapy occurred in all 250 cases of conductive hearing losses and in 43 of 63 cases of sensorineural hearing losses. In decreasing order of occurrence findings were sequelae of otitis media, otosclerosis, oval and round window changes including perilymph leakage, congenital and traumatic fixation and disarticulation of ossicles. These observations and indications are discussed.
Panendoscopy as a screening examination for simultaneous primary tumors in head and neck cancer: A prospective sequential study and review of the literature
Authors: McGuirt W. Fred
Published: October 2006

A prospective panendoscopic evaluation comprising direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, and esophagoscopy was conducted in 100 consecutively seen patients with untreated head and neck primary tumors. Of the patients, 16% (18% counting two third primary lesions found in the 16 patients) had synchronous primary malignant tumors of the aerodigestive tract. Eleven of the 16 patients had silent lesions found only by endoscopy, and 6 (6% of the total group) had lesions found only because the full panendoscopic protocol was followed. Those 6 tumors would not have been discovered as early by clinical examination or by symptom‐only directed studies. The initial treatment plan in 7 patients was changed by the panenodscopic findings, This study verifies the high incidence of synchronous primary tumors in the head and neck areas that have been reported in retrospective studies, and suggests that an intensive, full panendoscopic work‐up as a screening test in all patients with primary head and neck tumors can be conducted without increased morbidity and yields enough information to justify its cost.
Rhabdomyoma of the larynx
Authors: Modlin Barry
Published: October 2006

A rare case of rhabdomyoma of the larynx is described. This tumor may present difficulties in histopathologic diagnosis, especially in relationship to the granular cell tumor. The question of multicentricity in this patient arises and the need for conservative surgical therapy is emphasized.
Arterial blood gases and pneumatic nasal packing in epistaxis
Authors: Larsen Knud , Juul Asger
Published: October 2006

Several clinical studies have associated nasal packing in the treatment of epistaxis with hypoxemia on the basis of a possible nasopulmonary reflex. In 10 patients with epistaxis using a pneumatic nasal pack with central airway that allows a limited airflow, no changes in arterial blood gas tensions were observed. Forced expiratory volume measures were also without significant changes. The results indicate that the nasal packs used do not cause any clinically important alveolar hypoventilation or changes in arterial oxygenation. None of the patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and it is therefore still important to be aware of hypoxemia as a possible complication to nasal packing, especially in old patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, irrespective of the kind of nasal pack used.
Size variations in the lateral intercellular spaces of the endolymphatic sac induced by dietary factors
Authors: Wackym Phillip A. , Canalis Rinaldo F. , Friberg Ulla , Rask‐Andersen Helge , Linthicum Fred H.
Published: October 2006

Since much evidence suggests that the endolymphatic sac is responsible for endolymph resorption, and that the endolymphatic sac lateral intercellular spaces which are lined by the energy‐dependent transport complex Na+, K+‐ATPase are important in this process, we sought to evaluate the effects of dietary salt and a food extract that inhibits the activity of Na+, K+‐ATPase on lateral intercellular space size. Animals fed this food factor and a high‐sodium diet had significantly smaller endolymphatic sac lateral intercellular spaces than those animals fed only a high‐sodium diet (analysis of variance with Scheffe's multiple comparison test, P<0.001). Animals fed a high‐sodium diet had significantly larger endolymphatic sac lateral intercellular spaces than those animals fed a control diet only (analysis of variance with Scheffe's multiple comparison test, P<0.001). Results of this study suggest that dietary sodium affects endolymphatic sac fluid dynamics and that other food factors may regulate sodium metabolism, and therefore endolymphatic sac function.
Speech recognition ability as a function of duration of deafness in multichannel cochlear implant patients
Authors: Shea John J. , Domico Elizabeth H. , Orchik Daniel J.
Published: October 2006

Surgical implantation of a multichannel cochlear prosthesis has become a widespread treatment for profound hearing loss. The relationship between duration of hearing loss and speech recognition ability was examined in 20 postlinguistically deafened adults using the Nucleus 22‐Channel Cochlear Prosthesis. Data analysis indicated statistically significant negative correlations between duration of profound hearing loss and postoperative performance on the Central Institute for the Deaf Everyday Sentence Test and the Northwestern University Monosyllabic Word Test (NU‐6). Age at implantation and age at onset of profound hearing loss were not found to be significantly correlated with performance on the two measures. These findings are discussed in terms of patient counseling and prediction of potential benefit to the patient.
Treatment‐related toxicities with fluosol‐da 20% infusion during radiation in advanced head and neck malignancies
Authors: Campbell Bruce H. , Janjan Nora A. , Byhardt Roger W. , Toohill Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Fluosol‐DA 20%, a synthetic perfluorocarbon emulsion first developed as a blood substitute, is currently being investigated as a radiation sensitizer. Theoretically, an oxygen‐carrying perfluorocarbon emulsion combined with oxygen inhalation might be able to increase tumor response by decreasing the relative proportion of hypoxic tumor cells. Twenty‐one patients with advanced head and neck malignancies receiving primary radiation therapy were evaluated for treatment‐related toxicity. Mucosal reactions and weight loss during treatment in the group of patients who received the perfluorocarbon emulsion and the group who did not were comparable. Late sequelae appeared comparable. No patient in either group who completed radiation therapy required an interruption of the treatment course.

We conclude that Fluosol‐DA 20% is a tolerated adjunct to primary radiation therapy. Further study is needed to determine whether the agent will improve local/regional tumor control.
Upper airway measurements predict response to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Ryan C. F. , Dickson R. I. , Lowe A. A. , Blokmanis A. , Fleetham J. A.
Published: October 2006

Although uvulopalatopharyngoplasty relieves obstructive sleep apnea in the majority of patients, the factors that determine a successful response are not well defined. To determine whether preoperative awake upper airway measurements predict the response to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, presurgical lateral cephalometric radiographs were evaluated on 60 consecutive patients with symptomatic obstructive sleep apnea. Patients underwent overnight polysomnograms before uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and 3 months afterwards. Forty‐eight (80%) patients had a good response as defined by a postoperative apnea index of ≤4 apneas/hour or a reduction in apnea index of ≥60%. Re‐sponders had a significantly narrower inferior airway space (P<.0005) and a smaller ratio of inferior airway space to tongue length (P<.001). Improvement in apnea severity following uvulopalatopharyngoplasty was related to the degree of airway narrowing (r=0.36; P<.01). This study shows that upper airway measurements help predict response to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Patients with a narrow airway, particularly relative to tongue size, have good responses to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.
The use of injectable collagen to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency
Authors: Remade Marc , Bertrand Bernard , Eloy Philippe , Marbaix Etienne
Published: October 2006

The use of Gax® collagen is proposed for correcting velopharyngeal insufficiency with posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation. The indications for this procedure are velopharyngeal insufficiency that remains after surgery and treatment by a speech pathologist. The procedure is also valuable after velum paralysis.

Collagen (2.5‐5cc) is injected through a device designed for vocal‐fold and laryngeal rehabilitation. Several injection points are necessary to raise a good Passavanfs ridge. The muscular activity of the posterior pharyngeal wall models the collagen pad for the first 3 weeks; afterwards, the collagen shape remains unchanged due to its integration in the host tissues.

At this time, five patients have been injected with Gax collagen and have improved. The oldest case dates from 28 months ago; the most recent dates from 8 months ago. There were no adverse reactions, and the results remain stable at the present time.
Chronic pediatric stridor: Etiology and outcome
Authors: Friedman Ellen M. , Vastola A. Paul , Mcgill Trevor J. I. , Healy Gerald B.
Published: October 2006

Stridor in children is usually acute. This paper represents a chart review and telephone survey of 60 patients with chronic pediatric stridor. The most common etiology was laryngomalacia, which required airway intervention in 22% of the patients. The symptoms persisted beyond 18 months of age in 17% of the patients. Twelve percent of the patients had multiple lesions; 65% of the second lesions were below the vocal cords. It appears that the presence of cyanosis should increase physician suspicion of multiple lesions. There was not a higher risk of recurrent upper respiratory infections with any of the diagnoses.
Laryngeal brainstem evoked response: A developmental study
Authors: Lalakea M. Lauren , Anonsen Cynthia K. , Hannley Maureen
Published: October 2006

A developmentally receding laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) has been described in infant animals of several species characterized by vocal cord adduction in response to laryngeal stimulation as well as a potentially fatal cardio‐respiratory response. Age‐related differences in the brain‐stem respiratory centers may account for differences in the LCR and play a role in such disorders as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and infant apnea. Study of the LCR at the brainstem level could provide insights into normal maturation of respiratory centers and eventually the patho‐physiology of these disorders.

The present study evaluated the laryngeal brainstem response (LBR) evoked by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in kittens using a far‐field technique similar to auditory brainstem response testing. Recordings were obtained via posterior pharyngeal and posterior cervical recording sites and compared to results previously obtained in our laboratory for adult cats. The LBR in kittens demonstrated differences in threshold, latencies, and morphology which suggests that postnatal maturation of laryngeal function at the brainstem level does occur.
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in depressed clinical samples
Authors: Page Andrew C. , Hooke Geoffrey R. , Morrison David L.
Published: October 2006

Objectives. The psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995a) were examined in depressed psychiatric hospital samples.

Design and Methods. Three studies administered the DASS and other symptom measures at admission and discharge to consecutive adult hospital patients with a primary diagnosis of depression. Study 3 aimed to address problems with the DASS by extending the response options.

Results. Study 1 found that the DASS had good reliability and validity, was moderately sensitive to change, but the Depression Scale exhibited a ceiling effect. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis supported a three‐factor structure and the DASS continued to demonstrate good psychometric properties, but the ceiling effect was replicated. Study 3 found that by extending the response scale to include an additional option, the factor structure of the instrument as a whole was maintained, the sensitivity to treatment was increased, but the ceiling effect was only marginally reduced.

Conclusions. The psychometric properties of the DASS were sound in clinically depressed samples, but the Depression Scale exhibited a ceiling effect that could not be resolved with minor changes to the scale. Suggestions for revisions of the DASS are made.