bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationships between tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐12B and interleukin‐10 gene polymorphisms and hepatitis B in Chinese Han haemodialysis patients
Authors: WANG CUIYU , ZHANG XIAOLI , ZHU BEI , HU DALAN , WU JIANQING , YU RONGBIN , ZHAO WEIHONG
Published: November 2011

Aim:  To investigate the possible association of gene polymorphisms of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α (‐238 and ‐308), interleukin (IL)‐10 (‐592 and ‐819) and 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of the IL12B (‐1188) and hepatitis B in Chinese Han haemodialysis (HD) patients.

Methods:  The genotyping of TNF‐α ‐238 and ‐308, IL‐10 ‐592 and ‐819 and 3′UTR of the IL12B were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method.

Results:  The TNF‐α‐238 A allele, the IL12B 3′UTR C/C, C/A genotypes were associated with decreased susceptibility to hepatitis B viral infection (P = 0.047, P= 0.003 and P = 0.001 respectively). The frequencies of IL‐10–592 A/A genotype, IL‐10–819 T/T genotype were lower in the HBV persistence group (P = 0.029 and P = 0.019) than those in the virus clearance group.

Conclusions:  TNF‐α and IL12B 3′UTR gene polymorphisms may be associated with HBV susceptibility and IL‐10 gene polymorphisms may be related to the HBV persistence infection in Chinese Han HD patients.
Suboptimal light conditions negatively affect the heterotrophy of Planktothrix rubescens but are beneficial for accompanying Limnohabitans spp.
Authors: Horňák Karel , Zeder Michael , Blom Judith F. , Posch Thomas , Pernthaler Jakob
Published: November 2011

We examined the effect of light on the heterotrophic activity of the filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens and on its relationship with the accompanying bacteria. In situ leucine uptake by bacteria and cyanobacteria was determined in a subalpine mesotrophic lake, and natural assemblages from the zone of maximal P. rubescens abundances were incubated for 2 days at contrasting light regimes (ambient, 100× increased, dark). Planktothrix rubescens from the photic zone of the lake incorporated substantially more leucine, but some heterotrophic activity was maintained in filaments from the hypolimnion. Exposure of cyanobacteria to increased irradiance or darkness resulted in significantly lower leucine incorporation than at ambient light conditions. Highest abundances and leucine uptake of Betaproteobacteria from the genus Limnohabitans were found in the accompanying microflora at suboptimal irradiance levels for P. rubescens or in dark incubations. Therefore, two Limnohabitans strains (representing different species) were co‐cultured with axenic P. rubescens at different light conditions. The abundances and leucine incorporation rates of both strains most strongly increased at elevated irradiance levels, in parallel to a decrease of photosynthetic pigment fluorescence and the fragmentation of cyanobacterial filaments. Our results suggest that Limnohabitans spp. in lakes might profit from the presence of physiologically stressed P. rubescens.
A Finnish study of self‐regulation discourses in the chemical industry's Responsible Care programme
Authors: Niskanen Toivo
Published: November 2011

The aim of the study was to explore the effects of the Responsible Care (RC) programme and how it is applied in practice. The present research questions include the following focus: how should we assess the performance of an organization's RC activity and what are the different criteria for assessing RC practices? The results indicate that the RC programme provides practical tools for developing health, environmental and safety operations. RC companies are committed to developing their products and processes, and continuously strive to minimize emission levels and improve the efficiency of their use of raw materials and energy. The RC partnership between the chemical industry and its customers is executed in the form of responsibility for the product and its safe use. The product stewardship approach provides companies with tools that help secure safe usage throughout the product life cycle.
A novel actin–microtubule cross‐linking kinesin, NtKCH, functions in cell expansion and division
Authors: Klotz Jan , Nick Peter
Published: November 2011

See also the Commentary by Dixit
Human embryonic stem cell–derived mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Hematti Peiman
Published: November 2011

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) originally isolated from marrow have multipotent differentiation potential and favorable immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory properties that make them very attractive for regenerative cellular therapy. Cells with similar phenotypic characteristics have now been derived from almost all fetal, neonatal, and adult tissues; furthermore, more recently similar cells have also been generated from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Generation of MSCs from human ESCs provides an opportunity to study the developmental biology of human mesenchymal lineage generation in vitro. Generation of bone and cartilage from human ESC‐derived MSCs and their functional characterization, both in vitro and in vivo, is also an active area of investigation as ESCs could provide an unlimited source of MSCs for potential repair of bone and cartilage defects. MSCs from adult sources are being investigated in numerous Phase I‐III clinical trials for a wide variety of indications, mainly based on their immunomodulatory properties. Our group and others have shown MSCs derived from human ESCs possess immunomodulatory properties similar to marrow‐derived MSCs. Immunomodulatory properties of ESC‐derived MSCs could prove to be highly valuable for their potential clinical applications in the future as derivatives of human ESCs have already entered clinical arena in the context of Phase I clinical trials.
Blood donation on posters: a worldwide review
Authors: Lefrère Jean‐Jacques , Danic Bruno
Published: November 2011

Originally pasted on walls and on locations reserved specially for that purpose, the poster is a medium for advertising and promotion to be seen on the streets and in public places. More recently, it has spread, in a smaller format, on dedicated indoor sites: billboards, columns, street furniture, and so forth. For transfusion, it appeared early on that the poster constitutes an important medium to promote blood donation. Thousands of posters supporting regional, national, or international blood donation campaigns have been created all over the planet, with a great variability of images, symbols, and slogans, which are particularly revealing about the image and the reality of blood donation. The topic is rich in information, particularly sociologic, on the variety of ways in which transfusion organizations promote blood donation. The authors present in this article the results of a study based on a total of 283 posters from nations on every continent, divided into 24 different themes.
Effect of Birth Ball Usage on Pain in the Active Phase of Labor: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Taavoni Simin , Abdolahian Somayeh , Haghani Hamid , Neysani Leyla
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Anxiety can be a contributor to labor pain, which is known to be multifactorial. Because there is little information available on the efficacy of birth ball use for labor pain management, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of use of a birth ball on labor pain, contractions, and duration of the active phase of labor.

Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 60 primiparous women aged 18 to 35 years were divided into birth ball and control groups. Pain scores were measured by a visual analogue scale.

Results: Mean pain scores in the birth ball group were significantly lower than the mean pain scores in the control group (P < .05). There were no significant differences between duration of the active phase of labor or the interval between uterine contractions in the 2 groups (P > .05).

Discussion: Although the use of a birth ball had no effect on the duration of the active phase of labor, the duration of uterine contractions, or the interval between contractions, this complementary treatment could reduce the intensity of pain during the active phase of labor.
Moving Beyond the Pain: Women's Responses to the Perinatal Period After Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Roller Cyndi Gale
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA), a significant public health problem, affects 1 in 9 women presenting for prenatal care. Female survivors of CSA often experience posttraumatic stress disorder. Flashbacks of the trauma can interfere with a survivor's ability to get appropriate perinatal care. The purpose of this study was to construct a theoretical framework describing how CSA survivors manage intrusive reexperiencing of their CSA trauma during the perinatal period.

Methods: Grounded theory was used to construct the framework of this study. Twelve women, aged 18 to 39 years, who were pregnant or gave birth within 12 months of the interview and self‐identified as having experienced CSA were recruited. Open‐ended interviews were conducted. Participants were asked to describe the CSA experience and how it affected them during the perinatal period. Constant comparison analysis was used to construct the framework.

Results: The study framework depicts how pregnant survivors of CSA manage the intrusive reexperiencing of CSA triggered during the perinatal period by 3 processes categorized as reliving it, taking charge of it, and getting over it.

Discussion: This framework suggests that survivors can begin to move beyond the pain of posttraumatic stress disorder, a mental health sequelae of CSA, during the perinatal period. Practitioners can use this framework to tailor interventions to the phase of the survivor's current experience.
Estimating the Preappearance Interval from Temperature in Creophilus maxillosus L. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)*,†
Authors: Matuszewski Szymon
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Some carrion insects appear on carcasses late in decomposition. While using these late‐arriving taxa to estimate postmortem interval, it is vital to accurately estimate an interval preceding their appearance on a cadaver called the preappearance interval (PAI). This paper tests the possibilities of a PAI estimation from temperature in case of late‐arriving, predatory carrion beetle Creophilus maxillosus. The relationship between temperature and PAI of adult and larval C. maxillosus was modeled using the results of a large‐scale experiment on succession in forests of Central Europe. In both stages, PAI was found to be strongly, inversely related to temperature averaged for the duration of PAI. The PAI estimation from mean degree‐day accumulations (mDDA), estimated DDA, and “PAI*T” functions were tested using external successional data. The greatest accuracy of PAI estimates was achieved using an exponential “PAI*T” function.
Low‐dose rhBMP2/7 heterodimer to reconstruct peri‐implant bone defects: a micro‐CT evaluation
Authors: Wang Jingxiao , Zheng Yuanna , Zhao Juan , Liu Tie , Gao Lixia , Gu Zhiyuan , Wu Gang
Published: November 2011

Objectives

To delineate the dynamic micro‐architectures of bone induced by low‐dose bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2/7 heterodimer in peri‐implant bone defects compared to BMP2 and BMP7 homodimer.

Material and Methods

Peri‐implant bone defects (8 mm in diameter, 4 mm in depth) were created surrounding SLA‐treated titanium implants (3.1 mm in diameter, 10 mm in length) in minipig's calvaria. We administrated collagen sponges with adsorbed low‐dose (30 ng/mm3) BMP2/7 to treat the defects using BMP2, BMP7 or no BMP as controls.2, 3 and 6 weeks after implantation, we adopted micro‐computer tomography to evaluate the micro‐architectures of new bone using the following parameters: relative bone volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), connectivity density, and structure mode index (SMI). Bone implant contact (BIC) was also revealed histologically.

Results

Consistent with 2 and 3 weeks, after 6 weeks post‐operation, BMP2/7 resulted in significantly higher BV/TV (63.033 ± 2.055%) and significantly lower SMI (−4.405 ± 0.500) than BMP2 (BV/TV: 43.133 ± 2.001%; SMI: −0.086 ± 0.041) and BMP7 (BV/TV: 41.467 ± 1.850%; SMI: −0.044 ± 0.016) respectively. Significant differences were also found in Tb.N, Tb.Th and Tb.Sp at all time points. At 2 weeks, BMP2/7 resulted in significantly higher BIC than the controls.

Conclusions

Low‐dose BMP2/7 heterodimer facilitated more rapid bone regeneration in better quality in peri‐implant bone defects than BMP2 and BMP7 homodimers.
DNA binding activity of Helicobacter pylori DnaB helicase: the role of the N‐terminal domain in modulating DNA binding activities
Authors: Nitharwal Ram G. , Verma Vijay , Subbarao Naidu , Dasgupta Santanu , Choudhury Nirupam R. , Dhar Suman K.
Published: November 2011

Replicative helicases are major motor proteins essential for chromosomal DNA replication in prokaryotes. Usually hexameric in solution, their DNA binding property must have different roles at stages ranging from the loading onto a branched structure at initiation from the origin to the highly processive translocation during elongation. Here, we have analysed the DNA binding activity of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) replicative helicase, DnaB. The results indicate that while the C‐terminal region is important for its DNA binding activity, the N‐terminus appears to dampen the protein’s affinity for DNA. The masking activity of the N‐terminus does not require ATP or hexamerization of HpDnaB and can be overcome by deleting the N‐terminus. It can also be neutralized by engaging the N‐terminus in an interaction with a partner like the C‐terminus of DnaG primase. The inhibitory effect of the N‐terminus on DNA binding activity is consistent with the 3D homology model of HpDnaB. Electron microscopy of the HpDnaB–ssDNA complex showed that HpDnaB preferentially bound at the ends of linear ssDNA and translocated along the DNA in the presence of ATP. These results provide an insight into the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of different regions of HpDnaB on DNA binding activities that may be central to the loading and translocation functions of DnaB helicases.

Structured digital abstract

 dnaB and dnaB bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)

 dnaB and dnaB bind by circular dichroism (View interaction)
EphrinA5 suppresses colon cancer development by negatively regulating epidermal growth factor receptor stability
Authors: Wang Tong‐Hong , Chang Junn‐Liang , Ho Jar‐Yi , Wu Hsiao‐Chun , Chen Tse‐Ching
Published: November 2011

Colon cancer is one of the most common human cancers worldwide. Owing to its aggressiveness and lethality, it is necessary to determine the mechanisms regulating the carcinogenesis of colon cancer. EphrinA5 has been reported to act as a putative tumor suppressor in glioma; however, little is known concerning the role of this protein in the context of colon cancer. To elucidate the biological significance of ephrinA5 in colon cancer, we examined ephrinA5 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression profiles in both colon cancer and normal tissues, using immunohistochemistry on a 96‐spot tissue microarray. Gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function experiments were performed on the human colon cancer cell lines SW480 and WiDr to determine the biological effects of ephrinA5 in relation to cell proliferation, survival, and migration. It was found that ephrinA5 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced in colon cancer as compared with normal colon tissue specimens. EphrinA5 expression was also negatively associated with tumor differentiation and clinical stage. In colon cancer cell line models, ephrinA5 exerted an inhibitory effect on EGFR by promoting c‐Cbl‐mediated EGFR ubiquitination and degradation. EphrinA5 did not affect the transcriptional regulation of EGFR mRNA expression in colon cancer cells. Expression of ephrinA5 suppressed colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, and chemotherapeutic resistance. In conclusion, ephrinA5 inhibited colon cancer progression by promoting c‐Cbl‐mediated EGFR degradation. Our findings identify a novel mechanism that could be utilized to improve the therapeutic efficiency of EGFR‐targeting strategies.
DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL VALIDATION OF A MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION‐DENATURING HIGH‐PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF FOODBORNE DIARRHEAGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: XU YIGANG , CUI LICHUN , LI SULONG , LI DANDAN , ZHANG XINBO , HUO GUICHENG
Published: November 2011

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) method to simultaneously detect foodborne enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) were described. Following the design of PCR primer pairs specific for ETEC, EPEC, EHEC and EIEC, respectively, the multiplex PCR was developed, and then PCR products were subjected to DHPLC analysis under nondenaturing condition. The specificity and potential diagnostic capability of the multiplex PCR‐DHPLC method were evaluated, and results demonstrated that the multiplex PCR‐DHPLC is an effective method to rapidly identify the major four categories of diarrheagenic E. coli, simultaneously.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In practice, we collected 690 import and export food samples including beef, pork, sausage, chicken and milk and 189 samples of patients' fecal materials, which were used to evaluate the potential diagnostic capability of the multiplex PCR‐DHPLC method. The results showed that a total of 60 positive samples were detected by the method established in this work, which accorded with the testing results of conventional diagnosis method, indicating that the PCR‐DHPLC is an efficient method for rapid identification of the main four diarrheagenic E. coli.
Effect of Storage Conditions on Lipid Components and Color of Mugil cephalus Processed Roes
Authors: Rosa Antonella , Scano Paola , Atzeri Angela , Deiana Monica , Mereu Simone , Dessì M. Assunta
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The salted and semidried mullet (Mugil cephalus) ovary product (bottarga) is proposed as an important source of the long‐chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. In this work, we investigated the extent of lipid oxidation and browning of grated bottarga samples during 7 mo of storage at −20 °C, 2 to 3 °C in the absence of light, and at room temperature in the presence or absence of light. Modifications of the levels of total choline (as index of phospholipid breakdown), total sugars, and free amino acids such as lysine, methionine, and tryptophan (involved in nonenzymatic browning) were also studied at different storage conditions. Storage of bottarga did not significantly affect the n−3 PUFA and cholesterol levels with respect to the control; nevertheless, a significant hydroperoxide increase was observed during 7 mo in bottarga samples at all the storage conditions, while low malondialdeyde levels were measured. Samples placed at room temperature in the absence and in the presence of light showed over time a marked browning process, lipid breakdown, a sensible decrease in the levels of total sugars, tryptophan, and methionine with respect to control and samples stored at −20 °C and 2 to 3 °C. The resistance against the oxidation of the isolated bottarga lipids was also assessed in dry state at several temperatures (37, 75, and 140 °C).

Practical Application:  We evaluated the change in lipid compounds and color of dried and salted mullet roes under different storage conditions. The obtained results suggest the importance of the low temperatures to preserve the nutritional properties of this fish product during long storage.
Safety Evaluation of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract of Aloe Vera Gel
Authors: Tanaka Miyuki , Yamada Muneo , Toida Tomohiro , Iwatsuki Keiji
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The gel of the Aloe vera plant has been used safely for oral and external applications. Previously, we found phytosterols derived from an extract of Aloe vera gel obtained with an organic solvent to have hypoglycemic and antiobesity effects. While developing of functional foods using Aloe vera gel, we produced an active Aloe vera gel extract (AVGE) using a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction procedure. In this study, we tested the safety of AVGE in vitro and in vivo. In an acute oral toxicological test in which AVGE was administered to rats at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, there were no deaths or apparent abnormalities at necropsy. In a 90‐d toxicity test in which rats were continuously administrered AVGE at 30 or 150 mg/kg, euthanized, and subjected to pathological examinations, no abnormalities attributable to the AVGE were found. AVGE was nonmutagenic in the Ames test and a chromosomal aberration test at concentrations of up to 5000 μg/plate and 1600 μg/plate, respectively, and in an in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test at up to 150 mg/kg/d.

Practical Application:  AVGE can be safely used as a functional food material.
Fiscal Federalism Amid Institutional Weakness: The Argentine Fiscal Pacts of the 1990s
Authors: Sanchez Omar
Published: November 2011

This article provides a political‐economic evaluation of the Argentine federal fiscal system during the 1990s. It describes and analyzes the innovations made to the rules governing the intergovernmental fiscal game, with a focus on the important fiscal landmarks of that decade, namely the fiscal pacts of 1992, 1993, 1999, and 2000. The record shows that many of the reforms to the fiscal regime have involved extensive political horse‐trading and have been inefficient from an economic standpoint and that the level of players' compliance with fiscal pact clauses has been low. The main obstacle to crafting a more economically rational federal fiscal system rests on the overall institutional framework within which political exchanges take place. This weak institutional setting provides powerful incentives for players to focus on the short term and aggravates collective action problems by fostering a static and narrow conception of self‐interest, divorced from the overall (dynamic) coherence of the fiscal regime.
Costly Commitments: Climate Change Policy in Mexico
Authors: Ibarrarán Viniegra María Eugenia , Boyd Roy , Islas Lizzeth Moreno
Published: November 2011

The Mexican government has committed voluntarily and unilaterally to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2050 if resources from abroad are available to finance domestic mitigation policies. The Special Program on Climate Change has been created to reduce emissions domestically. It includes a series of measures in several sectors of the economy, with an emphasis on energy consumption and production and on the forestry sector. The program covers 2008 to 2012, which marks the end of President Calderon's administration. This article analyzes the economic, social, and environmental implications of implementing this package of policies and extending them through 2030 through a computable general equilibrium model. The objective is to discover whether these policies achieve the reduction in emissions that the government proposed and to determine its associated costs. The simulations we ran demonstrate that it is difficult to accomplish the goals to which Mexico has committed unilaterally and that the costs of some of the goals could be excessively high and regressive in terms of welfare for different income groups. The Mexican government must be careful regarding voluntary commitments acquired in the international context, given their economic and political costs.
A comparative study of a dual‐energy‐like imaging technique based on counting‐integrating readout
Authors: Roessl Ewald , Herrmann Christoph , Kraft Edgar , Proksa Roland
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

The recent introduction of a specific electronic readout chip, designed for the processing of the same signal pulses from an x‐ray sensor in one integrating and one counting channel in each pixel E. Kraftet al., [IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 54, 383–390 (2007)]; E. Kraft, “Counting and integrating microelectronics development for direct conversion X‐ray imaging,” Ph.D. thesis, 2007; J. Fink, “Characterization of the imaging performance of the simultaneously counting and integrating X‐ray detector CIX,” Ph.D. thesis, 2010, enables an alternative to conventional dual‐energy imaging methods. As shown in a previous paper, the proposed alternative benefits from positively correlated noise in the raw data, inherent to the counting‐integrating readout (CIX), which results in a reduction of basis image noise after dual‐energy decomposition. In the present paper, the authors compare the new approach to dual‐energy imaging to two conventional dual‐energy techniques, the dual‐kV technique and the dual‐crystal technique and to a photon‐counting technique based on two energy windows.

Methods:

The study is based on x‐ray computed tomography (CT) simulations of an anthropomorphic head phantom, where the signal‐to‐noise ratios and the contrast‐to‐noise ratios in basis material images and quasi‐monochromatic images at 60 keV are compared. Moreover, a simple pictorial illustration of the relevance of input noise correlations in the noise‐propagation process during the dual‐energy basis material decomposition are presented, as well as measurement data for the correlation obtained as a function of the x‐ray flux rate.

Results:

Under the idealized assumptions of the absence of scatter and detector imperfections like K‐escape, crosstalk and detector noise, our comparison shows that among the dual‐energy techniques investigated, the CIX concept together with the dual‐kV technique performs best, confirming the mitigating effect of correlated measurement data on the dual‐energy basis material decomposition.

Conclusions:

The novel concept of simultaneous counting of photons and integrating the x‐ray energy flux has a large potential for dual‐energy applications in both projection and tomographic x‐ray imaging. Future work will have to focus on the sensitivity of the CIX dual‐energy concept to scattered radiation, detector imperfections and high x‐ray fluxes.
Attention But Not Awareness Modulates the BOLD Signal in the Human V1 During Binocular Suppression
Authors: Watanabe Masataka , Cheng Kang , Murayama Yusuke , Ueno Kenichi , Asamizuya Takeshi , Tanaka Keiji , Logothetis Nikos
Published: November 2011

Activity in the primary visual cortex is modulated by attention to an object, but not by whether the object is visible.
Mosquito Trials
Authors: James Stephanie , Simmons Cameron P. , James Anthony A.
Published: November 2011

Field trials of modified mosquitoes present complex but manageable challenges.
Rethinking the Science System
Authors: Leshner Alan I.
Published: November 2011

As the U.S. budget environment for science and technology (S&T) threatens to get worse, it is essential for the scientific community to go beyond just advocating for special consideration. There is a strong case for maintaining investments in S&T as a foundation for long-term economic growth and social well-being. But when resources are constrained, it is essential that they be used effectively and efficiently to avoid losing scientific momentum and to ensure that society will benefit maximally from S&T's potential. The scientific community cannot afford to simply adapt passively to reduced budgets. The impact of impending cuts can be at least partially mitigated by some fundamental rethinking of the ways in which S&T are both funded and conducted. Although the United States is used as the example here, the same issues will apply in many other parts of the world.
Uncoupling
cis
-Acting RNA Elements from Coding Sequences Revealed a Requirement of the N-Terminal Region of Dengue Virus Capsid Protein in Virus Particle Formation
Authors: Samsa Marcelo M. , Mondotte Juan A. , Caramelo Julio J. , Gamarnik Andrea V.
Published: November 2011

Little is known about the mechanism of flavivirus genome encapsidation. Here, functional elements of the dengue virus (DENV) capsid (C) protein were investigated. Study of the N-terminal region of DENV C has been limited by the presence of overlapping
cis
-acting RNA elements within the protein-coding region. To dissociate these two functions, we used a recombinant DENV RNA with a duplication of essential RNA structures outside the C coding sequence. By the use of this system, the highly conserved amino acids FNML, which are encoded in the RNA cyclization sequence 5′CS, were found to be dispensable for C function. In contrast, deletion of the N-terminal 18 amino acids of C impaired DENV particle formation. Two clusters of basic residues (R5-K6-K7-R9 and K17-R18-R20-R22) were identified as important. A systematic mutational analysis indicated that a high density of positive charges, rather than particular residues at specific positions, was necessary. Furthermore, a differential requirement of N-terminal sequences of C for viral particle assembly was observed in mosquito and human cells. While no viral particles were observed in human cells with a virus lacking the first 18 residues of C, DENV propagation was detected in mosquito cells, although to a level about 50-fold less than that observed for a wild-type (WT) virus. We conclude that basic residues at the N terminus of C are necessary for efficient particle formation in mosquito cells but that they are crucial for propagation in human cells. This is the first report demonstrating that the N terminus of C plays a role in DENV particle formation. In addition, our results suggest that this function of C is differentially modulated in different host cells.
Durable Protection from Vaginal Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Macaques by Tenofovir Gel and Its Relationship to Drug Levels in Tissue
Authors: Dobard Charles , Sharma Sunita , Martin Amy , Pau Chou-Pong , Holder Angela , Kuklenyik Zsuzsanna , Lipscomb Jonathan , Hanson Debra L. , Smith James , Novembre Francis J. , García-Lerma J. Gerardo , Heneine Walid
Published: November 2011

A vaginal gel containing 1% tenofovir (TFV) was found to be safe and effective in reducing HIV infection in women when used pericoitally. Because of the long intracellular half-life of TFV and high drug exposure in vaginal tissues, we hypothesized that a vaginal gel containing TFV may provide long-lasting protection. Here, we performed delayed-challenge experiments and showed that vaginal 1% TFV gel protected 4/6 macaques against vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) exposures occurring 3 days after gel application, demonstrating long-lasting protection. Despite continued gel dosing postinfection, neither breakthrough infection had evidence of drug resistance by ultrasensitive testing of SHIV in plasma and vaginal lavage. Analysis of the active intracellular tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in vaginal lymphocytes collected 4 h to 3 days after gel dosing persistently showed high TFV-DP levels (median, 1,810 fmol/106cells) between 4 and 24 h that exceed the 95% inhibitory concentration (IC95), reflecting rapid accumulation and long persistence. In contrast to those in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following oral dosing, TFV-DP levels in vaginal lymphocytes decreased approximately 7-fold by 3 days, exhibiting a much higher rate of decay. We observed a strong correlation between intracellular TFV-DP in vaginal lymphocytes,in vitroantiviral activity, andin vivoprotection, suggesting that TFV-DP above thein vitroIC95in vaginal lymphocytes is a good predictor of high efficacy. Data from this model reveal an extended window of protection by TFV gel that supports coitus-independent use. The identification of protective TFV-DP concentrations in vaginal lymphocytes may facilitate the evaluation of improved delivery methods of topical TFV and inform clinical studies.
Measles Virus C Protein Interferes with Beta Interferon Transcription in the Nucleus
Authors: Sparrer Konstantin M. J. , Pfaller Christian K. , Conzelmann Karl-Klaus
Published: November 2011

Transcriptional induction of beta interferon (IFN-β) through pattern recognition receptors is a key event in the host defense against invading viruses. Infection of cells by paramyxoviruses, like measles virus (MV) (genus
Morbillivirus
), is sensed predominantly by the ubiquitous cytoplasmic helicase RIG-I, recognizing viral 5′-triphosphate RNAs, and to some degree by MDA5. While MDA5 activation is effectively prevented by the MV V protein, the viral mechanisms for inhibition of MDA5-independent induction of IFN-β remained obscure. Here, we identify the 186-amino-acid MV C protein, which shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, as a major viral inhibitor of IFN-β transcription in human cells. Activation of the transcription factor IRF3 by upstream kinases and nuclear import of activated IRF3 were not affected in the presence of C protein, suggesting a nuclear target. Notably, C proteins of wild-type MV isolates, which are poor IFN-β inducers, were found to comprise a canonical nuclear localization signal (NLS), whereas the NLSs of all vaccine strains, irrespective of their origins, were mutated. Site-directed mutagenesis of the C proteins from an MV wild-type isolate and from the vaccine virus strain Schwarz confirmed a correlation of nuclear localization and inhibition of IFN-β transcription. A functional NLS and efficient nuclear accumulation are therefore critical for MV C to retain its potential to downregulate IFN-β induction. We suggest that a defect in efficient nuclear import of C protein contributes to attenuation of MV vaccine strains.
Adenovirus Serotype 5-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Target Multiple Hexon Hypervariable Regions
Authors: Bradley Ritu R. , Maxfield Lori F. , Lynch Diana M. , Iampietro Mark J. , Borducchi Erica N. , Barouch Dan H.
Published: November 2011

The immunogenicity of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors has been shown to be suppressed by neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) directed primarily against the hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs). We previously reported that replacing all seven HVRs with those from the rare serotype virus Ad48 resulted in a chimeric Ad5HVR48(1-7) vector that largely evaded preexisting Ad5 immunity in mice and rhesus monkeys. In this study, we evaluated the extent to which Ad5-specific NAbs are directed against various HVRs. We constructed partial HVR-chimeric Ad5 vectors with only a subset of HVRs exchanged, and we utilized these vectors in both NAb assays and murine immunogenicity studies with and without baseline Ad5 immunity. Our results demonstrate that Ad5-specific NAbs target multiple HVRs, suggesting that replacing all HVRs is required to optimize evasion of anti-Ad5 immunity. These data have important implications for the development of novel vectors for both vaccines and gene therapy.
Evidence against Extracellular Exposure of a Highly Immunogenic Region in the C-Terminal Domain of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus gp41 Transmembrane Protein
Authors: Postler Thomas S. , Martinez-Navio José M. , Yuste Eloísa , Desrosiers Ronald C.
Published: November 2011

The generally accepted model for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein topology includes a single membrane-spanning domain. An alternate model has been proposed which features multiple membrane-spanning domains. Consistent with the alternate model, a high percentage of HIV-1-infected individuals produce unusually robust antibody responses to a region of envelope, the so-called “Kennedy epitope,” that in the conventional model should be in the cytoplasm. Here we show analogous, robust antibody responses in simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques to a region of SIVmac239 envelope located in the C-terminal domain, which in the conventional model should be inside the cell. Sera from SIV-infected rhesus macaques consistently reacted with overlapping oligopeptides corresponding to a region located within the cytoplasmic domain of gp41 by the generally accepted model, at intensities comparable to those observed for immunodominant areas of the surface component gp120. Rabbit serum raised against this highly immunogenic region (HIR) reacted with SIV envelope in cell surface-staining experiments, as did monoclonal anti-HIR antibodies isolated from an SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaque. However, control experiments demonstrated that this surface staining could be explained in whole or in part by the release of envelope protein from expressing cells into the supernatant and the subsequent attachment to the surfaces of cells in the culture. Serum and monoclonal antibodies directed against the HIR failed to neutralize even the highly neutralization-sensitive strain SIVmac316. Furthermore, a potential N-linked glycosylation site located close to the HIR and postulated to be outside the cell in the alternate model was not glycosylated. An artificially introduced glycosylation site within the HIR was also not utilized for glycosylation. Together, these data support the conventional model of SIV envelope as a type Ia transmembrane protein with a single membrane-spanning domain and without any extracellular loops.
Influence of presence of the coach on the behaviour of the athlete in training
Authors: Pinto D , Gomes H , Santos L , Cruz C , Marques A
Published: November 2011

In sport, the skills development of the athletes results from the influence of many factors, such as, the role of the coach, training mode, physical recovery, support from parents and family and the pleasure of the practice. The coach has the main responsibility in achieving of the high level of performance of the athlete; he is responsible for structuring the training and competition of athletes in order to ensure the objectives. The aim of this study was to assess if there are differences in the behaviour of the swimmers during the course of a training task, in the presence and in the absence of the coach while performing the task. Twelve male swimmers, aged between 9 and 11 years, with a training period of about 5 years and practicing 4/5 times/week participated in the study. It was observed 3 training sessions where we obtained 6 series. To compare the performance on the task, compliments of break-times, and the occurrence of deviant behaviours, we use non-parametric Wilcoxon test andX2. The athletes' performance in accomplishing the task prescribed by the coach is better when the coach is present (Z= −2.589,p= <0.01). When the coach was present, 90% of the swimmers completed the break-times, contrasting with the 10% who did it in the absence of him (X2(1)=76.349, p>0.001). This study showed no significant differences in the occurrence of deviant behaviours in both observed situations (0.8% vs 5.8%;X2(1)=3.233, p>0.05). The results suggest that in low ages, the presence of the coach is an important factor for accuracy in compliment of tasks by the athletes and induces the quality of training and the high level of performance. However, the presence of the coach seems not have influence in the occurrence of deviant behaviour.
Oral salt supplementation and long-distance exercise
Authors: Lehance C , Rodriguez de la Cruz C , Counet L , Seideil L , Bury T
Published: November 2011

During long-distance exercise, it can become difficult to continue to provide good nutrition support. The aim was to evaluate the potential of sausage “Saucisport” (water: 71%, proteins: 17%, carbohydrates: 3%, fat: 6%, other: 3%) to maintain metabolic balance and performance during long-distance exercise. 10 male long-distance runners (mean ± SD: age 34±14 y, height 177±6 cm, weight 71±6 kg, VO2max56±8 ml/min/kg) performed two sessions on treadmill (4 h at 65–70% VO2 max). These two exercises were separated by 10 days. Subjects were randomised to receive “standard” or oral salt supplementation. During rectangular test, different parameters were recorded every hour (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4) and 1 h postexercise (T5): ventilation, respiratory quotient, oxygen consumption, heart rate, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids. Analysis of respiratory and cardiovascular parameters did not show any difference between salt and sugar supplementation, although in general the values observed in sweet supplementation are slightly higher than those in salt supplementation. Evolution of insulin during the stress test was comparable in both types of supplementation. Blood glucose values were higher after 3 h (p = 0.036) and 4 h (p = 0.014) of effort under “standard” supplementation, but were not different at the end of the exercise test. Our study shows that the sausage Saucisport® does not alter the physiological parameters, metabolic balance or performance during long-distance exercise.
Playing tactics in the English premier league, Spain's La Liga and Italy's Serie A
Authors: Sarmento H , Marques A , Martins J , Anguera T , Campaniço J , Leitão J
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyse the different styles of play (counter-attack (CA), fast attack (FA) and positional attack (PA)) in the football teams of Manchester United (MU), F.C.I. Milano (IM) and FC Barcelona (BA). The sample included 36 games (660 offensive sequences) from the 2009/2010 sporting season. The design used in the present study was descriptive and was based on an observational methodology applied to the acquisition of data, using a specific instrument to observe the offensive process (Sarmentoet al.Medicina (Kaunas)2010;46:401–7). The study of the data reliability was calculated by the intra and inter observer agreement (Cohen's κ>0.9). The analysis of the results showed that the teams of IM and BA tended more often to adopt the PA to perform their offensive action, while the MU played significantly more often in CA (X2(2)=36.8; p=0.000; n=245). The zones more often used to recover the ball possession are those that belong to the midfielder defensive sector. However, when the teams performed CA, they tended to recover more balls in zone 5 (central) of the field, when compared to other styles of play. In all the offensive styles, the IM is the only team that performed more frequently the last pass and the end action in the same zones (central zones). Curiously, the teams of BA e MU present regular tendencies in the zones more often used to perform the last pass (left hand zones and right hand zones, respectively) and the last action (central zones) in the PA and in the FA, but present different tendencies in relation to the CA. The MU team scored more goals through the CA, and the IM and BA scored more goals through the PA Although some studies tended to prove which is the most efficient style of play, we think that the important thing is not the duration of the offensive sequences, the number of passes, or the velocity of the ball, but the obstacles that a team finds while attacking in its way.
The effects of sprint interval training on aerobic fitness in untrained individuals: a systematic review
Authors: Kent W
Published: November 2011

Greater aerobic fitness is associated with improved cardiovascular health. Traditionally high volume (long duration and low intensity) endurance training (ET) has been used to increase aerobic fitness. Interval training where periods of hard exercise are interspersed with periods of recovery can also enhance endurance performance. Sprint interval training (SIT) is a low volume and high intensity form of interval training. Energy for SIT is produced via both the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways and is potentially an efficient and effective means to improve aerobic fitness. The aim was to systematically review the effects of SIT on aerobic endurance performance in untrained individuals. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and SPORTDiscus were searched up to August 2008. The reference lists of relevant papers were also searched. Included articles were limited to English language, controlled studies, investigating SIT in healthy untrained or recreationally active participants (VO2max< 55 ml/kg/min) with an outcome measure of endurance performance (as a measure of aerobic fitness). Studies fulfilling the selection criteria were assessed for methodological quality and relevant outcome data extracted. A consistent association was noted between SIT and improved endurance performance. SIT produced an improvement of ∼ 4% (95%CI −0.2 to 8.7), ∼8 to 10% (0.4 to 16), and ∼15% (0.8 to 29) after 1, 2 and 6 weeks respectively. These improvements were of the same magnitude as the improvements noted for ET, but the training volume required was approximately 90% less. Short duration SIT is an effective and efficient form of improving aerobic fitness in untrained individuals. These results could have a significant impact upon physical activity recommendations for health and fitness if further studies can confirm the health benefits associated with longer duration ET also occur with brief SIT interventions.
Evaluation of nutrition knowledge and dietary intake of male academy rugby union players undertaking a nutrition education program
Authors: Tester E , Sutton L , Duckworth L
Published: November 2011

The aim was to determine if the implementation of a nutrition education program can improve the nutritional knowledge and dietary practice of male academy rugby union players. On obtaining institutional ethics approval, 16 players were recruited and split by age category. Both an under 16 (U16) group N=9 (17 ± 1 y) and under 19 (U19) group N=7 (19 ± 0 y) participated in an eight session program. The sessions informed participants on the principles of sports nutrition and met individual nutrition needs. Both groups completed a nutrition knowledge questionnaire and a 7 day diet diary pre and post program delivery. Dietary analysis was conducted and adequacy of intake was assessed by comparison with calculated recommended values. Delta values were used to assess the difference between required and actual intake values for different dietary components. Results show increases in nutrition knowledge scores for all participants, 31.5–37.2 (p=0.000). There was a strong positive correlation between age and nutrition knowledge scores both pre (r=0.518, n=18, p<0.027) and post (r=0.472, n=18, p<0.48). There was improvement in energy and carbohydrate intake within the U19 group, t (6) = −3.837, p<0.009, t (6) = −4.653, p<0.003 respectively. Although not significant, improvements in fluid intake were seen as average intakes increased by 1.72 l (U19) and 0.68 l (U18). The main finding was improvements in nutrition knowledge following a nutrition education program. A link between age and knowledge was highlighted. There were improvements in dietary intake whereby participants more closely met recommended intakes. For the U19, improvements were statistically significant, but for the U18 who are not solely responsible for their dietary intake improvements were less evident. Further research into the barriers facing younger athletes in achieving adequate dietary intake is warranted.