bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comments on the Lateral Line System of Some Brachythoracid and Ptyctodontid Arthrodires
Authors: Ørvlg Tor
Published: May 2008

Based on a compatative study of the system of lateral line grooven on the paranmchal plate of Arctonema sp. from the Devonian of Spitsbergen and some of the holonematids and cocontents, the conclusion is reached that in these forms, one may have a pontiot “pit‐line” complex coresponding to that developing onlogenelically in Pretoptenus among the dipnoans. Observations on the lateral line system of various ptyctodontids include the following. In Chehophonus the lateral lines of the anterior part of the hend presumably possessed regularly spaced dilatation, resembling those of the corresponding lines in some recent holocephallane In cremurella, where also some new lateral line system components are put on record, the infraorbital canal was in front of the “marginal” plate enclosed in a bony tube, arisen by the fusion of ring‐like elements. In cremurella there is even reason to believe that ontogenetically, the component of the dermal bones formed as series of bony ring‐like elements, similar to they accompansing the lateral lines in fossil and recent holocephalians. In some forms as Chehophonus and Rhynchodus, a distinelly developed profundus lateral line has been identified. The holotype of “Lpipetalu” Gross is refigured and referred to n new ptyctodontid genus, Demoporella gen.n.
Dugesia sudanica sp.n. from Africa (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Paludicola)
Authors: Dahm Anders G.
Published: May 2008

A small sample of freshwater triclads from streams and pools of the Gebel Marra volcanic massif in the Western Sudan was examined by the author. All specimens showed the general features characteristic of triclads within the “arrow‐headed”Dugesia group. The specimens serially examined show a number of less conspicuous features not agreeing with those described in other Dugesia forms reported from African localities. A description has been given and as a new species name Dugesia sudanica has been proposed. The new species would, according to the author, represent a further “microspecies” within the “superspecies”Dugesia gonocephala.
On the Procercoid Protonephridial Systems of Three Diphyllobothrium Species (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) and Janicki's Cercomer Theory
Authors: Malmberg Goran
Published: May 2008

Because the types of hooks are so similar in the oncosphacra/procercoid ef cestodes and in several groups of monogenclic trcmatodes and because the exterior of a procercoid with the hooks in a cercomer is so suggestive of a monogenetic nematode, the development of the procercoids of three Diphyllobothrium species was studied. The intention was to determine whether or not the procercoid protonephridial system would have a developmental stage when its type is similar to, or identical with that type which characterizes the monogeneans. Such a conformity would greatly support the theory of a common origin of monogeneans and ceslodes. However, it has emerged that no similar developmental stage exists. The ontogeny revealed a thorough metamorphosis from a very simple primary protonephridial system (identical with that of the miracidium larva in digeneans) to a secondary system, which develops into the system of the adult tapeworm. This fact may be interpreted as an argument against the supposed inter‐relalionships between monogeneans and cestodes. However, the type of hooks and the procercoid cercomer still indicate common ancestors. An analysis of the miracidium, the oncosphaera and the oncomiracidium (the monogenean larva) with reference to their different developmental stages when hatching, gave rise to my interpretation of the fundamental structure of both the miracidium and the oncosphaera as primitively simple and not reduced, Especially the identical type of protonephridial system indicates. in my view, that digeneans and ceslodes originally had a common larva type. If the ceslodes and the monogeneans have common ancestors, then the procercoid may be interpreted as the ontogenetic recapitulation of a common hook‐armed ancestor, here named hexucanthoid. This rhabdocoelan creature with six hooks in the cercomer and adapted to an ectocommensalic/ectoparasitic mode of life, is thought to have given rise to the monogeneans, the gyrocotylideans, the amphilinideans and the cestodes. The monogeneans were found to have two fundamentally different types of marginal hooks, and on this basis ihe existence of two different lines of evolution in Monogenea is indicated.
The nervus rarus in Coelacanthiform Phytogeny
Authors: Bjerring Hans C.
Published: May 2008

Bjerring, H. C. (Section of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden). The nervus rarus in coelacanthiform phylogeny. Zool. Scripta 1(2): 57–68, 1972.–In the course of craniate vertebrate evolution the somatic motor portion of the second cranionerval segment probably became divided into two nerves, viz. the trochlear nerve and the rarus nerve. The rarus nerve, allied to the second‐metamere basicranial muscle, apparently migrated backwards from the middle to the posterior part of the evolving head. Devonian coelacanthiforms exhibit an endocranial passage indicating that the rarus nerve accompanied the glossopharyngeal nerve through the otic capsule; in contrast, in the Recent Latimeria, the corresponding nerve emerges from the endocranium somewhat further posteriorly in association with the vagus nerve. Within the evolutionary history of the coelacanthiforms, this backward displacement of the rarus nerve appears to be correlated with a progressive development of the second‐metamere basicranial muscle as well as with a number of changes in both the head skeleton and the brain.
Distribution of Cottus poecilopus Heckel and C. gobio L (Pisces) in Scandinavia
Authors: Andreasson Sten
Published: May 2008

Andreasson. S. (Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Lund. Sweden.) Distribution of Cottus poecilopus Heckel and C. gobio L. (Pisces) in Scandinavia. Zool. Scripta 1(2): 69–78, 1972. –The distribution of the freshwater sculpins Cottus poecilopus Heckel and C. gobio L. in Scandinavia is presented. In southern Scandinavia there are rather defined limits between the species with C. poecilopus in the upper parts of the water courses and C. gobio in the lower reaches. There are few cases of sympatry. In northern Scandinavia there is a broad overlap and coexistence is common in the large rivers. The distribution pattern seems to be partly a result of an interaction between the species. In the South, the sharp limits are set by falls blocking the upstream dispersal of C. gobio thus indicating an exclusion of C. poecilopus in the lower reaches below the falls by the presence of C. gobio there. Where the species meet or overlap there is a habitat segregation.
The Anatomy of Oxypolella bergendali sp.n., a New Nemertine from the West Coast of Sweden
Authors: Cantell Carl‐Erik
Published: May 2008

Cantell, C.‐E. (Zoological Institute, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.) The anatomy of Oxypolella bergendali sp.n., a new nemertine from the west coast of Sweden. Zool. Scripta 1(2): 79–84, 1972. –Oxypolella bergendali sp.n. belonging to the family Baseodis‐cidae is described. It resembles Oxypolella alba Bergendal but differs in the structure of the proboscis and in the bulging of the cerebral organs into the lateral vessels. Oxypolella bergendali has several primitive features and can be regarded as intermediate between the Hubrechtia‐hke forms and the primitive lineids.
The Urus Female (Bos primigenius Boj.) from Slågarp, Southern Sweden
Authors: Ekman Jan
Published: May 2008

Ekman, J. (Osteological Research Laboratory. University of Stockholm, Solna, Sweden.) The urus female (Bos primigenius Boj.) from Slâgurp, Southern Sweden. Zool. Scripta 1 (5): 203–205, 1972.– On the basis of measurements of an almost complete female urus skeleton from Slågarp, Scania, a discussion is given of the size and postglacial microevolution of the genus Bos within the Nordic area. This specimen from early postglacial time (first half of the Boreal period) turned out to be the smallest urus female hitherto known within this area. The teeth, however, are large. In a recent paper Degerbøl assumes that the urus had reached its lowest body‐size already during early postglacial times, and then remained constant, while the teeth gradually decreased in size. The results of the present investigation corroborate this theory. One explanation might be that the decrease in size of the teeth lagged behind that undergone by the body during late glacial times.
Studies onNipponnemertesFriedrich, 1968 (Nemertini, Hoplonemertini)
Authors: Berg Gunnar
Published: May 2008

Berg, G. (Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.)Studies onNipponnemertesFriedrich, 1968 (Nemertini, Hoplonemertini). I. Redescription of Nipponnemertes pulcher(Johnston, 1837) with special reference to intraspecific variation of the taxonomical characters.Zool. Scripta 1 (5): 211–225, 1972.—Nipponnemertes pulcheris redescribed on the basis of a large number of specimens, and the use of shape and structure of the different organ systems as taxonomic criteria for the species is tested. On the basis of this description the species is transferred to the genusNipponnemertesFriedrich, 1968.
Koinocystididae de la région de Marseille (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia)
Authors: Brunet Michel
Published: May 2008

Brunet, M. (Laboratoire de Biologie animale, Université de Provence, Marseille, France.) Koinocystididae de la région de Marseille (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zool. Scripta 1 (3–4): 157–174, 1972.– Eleven koinocystidid species have been revealed after draggings in sandy infralittoral habitats mostly located in the gulf of Marseille. Three of these species, Utelga heinckei (Attems), Utsurus camarguensis Brunet and Acrumena massiliensis Brunet, have been described previously by the author, the remaining eight are concerned in this paper. (1) Utelga chelifera Karling and (2) ltaipusa karlingi Mack‐Fira are reported for the first time from the French coast. (3) Utelga vesicatula sp.n. is closely related to U. deina Marcus. (4) Utelga ace‐rosa sp.n. and (5) 17. similis sp.n. resemble each other very much and are obviously related to U. aculeata Ax. (6) Tenerrhynchus mag‐nus gen. et sp.n. is characterized by a long very muscular penial papilla and by the total absence of a bursa. (7) Paratenerrhynchus triplex gen. et sp.n. has a copuiatory organ consisting of two strong cuticular stylets in the shape of daggers, which open separately into the genital atrium on both sides of an unarmed ejaculatory duct. (8) Gnorimorhynchus dixiduus gen. et sp.n. with a cuticular copuiatory organ consisting of a tube‐stylet with a sickle‐shaped end; this tube has a proximal ring with about ten long flexible spines. The study ends with some remarks about the structure of the proboscis and the reproductive system in Koinocystididae.

Jusqu'ice inconnues des cōtes françaises, Utelga chelifera Karling, 1956, et Itaipusa karlingi Mack‐Fira, 1968, sont signalées pour la première fois dans la région marseillaise. Trois nouvelles espèces du genre Utelga Marcus sont décrites: U. vesicatula, proche de U. deina Marcus, 1949; U. acerosa et U. similis, espèces très voisines dont les rapports de parenté avec U. aculeata Ax, 1959, sont indiscutables. Trois genres nouveaux, monospécifiques, sont créés: Tenerrhynchus magnus gen. et sp. n., caractérisé par l'organe copulateur formant une longue papille péniale très musculeuse et par l'absence de toute formation bursale. Paratenerrhynchus triplex gen. et sp. n., qui possède un appareil de capulation constitué de deux forts poignards cuticulaires débouchant dans l'atrium génital, de part et d'autre et séparément d'un canal éjaculateur inerme; Gnorimorhynchus dividuus gen. et sp. n., qui présente une canule cuticulaire munie d'une forte collerette portant des longues épines souples et terminée par un segment falciforme. Quelques remarques sont faites à la fin de cette étude sur les structures de la trompe et de l'appareil reproducteur dans la famille des Koinocystididae.
On the Spiders Collected during the Swedish Expeditions to Novaya Zemlya and Yenisey in 1875 and 1876
Authors: Holm Åke
Published: May 2008

The material collected in 1875 and determined by L. Koch has been revised. The material from 1876 has been determined and a list of 197 species from Russia, Novaya Zemlya and Siberia represented in the two collections is given and in addition 14 species collected by the 1875 expedition in Northern Norway. Hybauchenidium gen.n. of the fam. Erigonidae is established with Erigone aquilonaris L. Koch, 1879, as type species. Eboria sibirica sp.n. (Erigonidae), and Diplocephalus cristatus angustieeps subsp.n. (Erigonidae) are described. A list of the species described and recorded by L. Koch in 1879 with the actual names is given.
Montonepa gen.n. from India with Notes on the Genus Borborophyes Stål (Hemiptera‐Heteroptera, Nepidae)
Authors: Lansbury Ivor
Published: May 2008

A new genus is erected for Borborophyes erutus Montandon using eye shape, metathoracic wing venation and antennal segmentation to distinguish Montonepa gen.n. from Borborophyes. A brief discussion is given on the value of these characters in relation to the closely related genus Lar:otrephes Stål.
Morphologie und Ultrastruktur des Hai‐ “Schmelzes”
Authors: Reif Wolf‐Ernst
Published: May 2008

Sharks at the cladodont and hybodont level (Paleozoic and Mesozoic) have blunt fangs and crushing teeth. These are covered by a thin sculptured uniform “enamel” cap, with a high compressive strength. The radiation of the modern sharks in the middle Mesozoic leads primarily to a broad spectrum of different sharks with a fang, or cutting tooth dentition. This radiation is accompanied by modifications of anatomical characters of the shark's body but also by the development of three new “enamel” types, which give the teeth bending and compressive strength.
On the Caudal Skeleton of Albula vulpes (L.) (Pisces, Teleostei)
Authors: Nybelin Orvar
Published: May 2008

Three variations in the caudal skeleton of Albula vulpes (L.) are described and compared with earlier descriptions. The caudal skeleton of Albula is regarded as a primitive stage of the pleurostylar type, characteristic of clupeoids. This does not necessarily indicate close relationship with the clupeoids. A comparison with the Elopoidei, the caudal skeleton of which is considered a primitive stage of the stegural type, characteristic of some Sal‐monoidei, excludes in the opinion of the author the supposed close relationship between Albuloidei and Elopoidei.
Revision of the Arctic‐Atlantic Rissoidae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia)
Authors: Warén Anders
Published: May 2008

The present paper contains a revision of the Arctic‐Atlantic Rissoidae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). Twenty‐two species are recognized. Two new species, Alvania obliqua and Alvania pseudoareolata are described, both previously wrongly identified. One new genus, Frigidoalcania, is established with Rissoa janmayeni as type‐species.
Light Microscopical and Ultrastructural Organization of Muscles of Priapulus caudatus (Priapulida) and Their Responses to Drugs, with Phylogenetic Remarks
Authors: Mattisson Artur , Nilsson Stefan , Fänge Ragnar
Published: May 2008

The muscle fibres of the marine invertebrate Priapulus caudatus (Priapulida) are obliquely striated. Thin and thick filaments and characteristic dyad structures were recognized. The ultrastructural organization shows more resemblances with that of arthropod muscles than with that of annelids or molluscs. Pharmacological studies show that the muscles are provided with “primitive” C 16 type of acetylcholine receptors. Tubocurarine, succinylcholine and decamethonium do not block the effect of acetylcholine but potentiate this. This remarkable response may be due to inhibition of choline esterase. No distinct structural or functional differences were observed between somatic and visceral muscles, but the rectum showed evidence of the presence of unspecific amine receptors. The pharmacological responses resemble in the main those known from various simply organized invertebrate phyla. The priapulids, as suggested by Lang in 1953, may te survivors of a very ancient animal group.
On the Fine Structure of Gastrotrichs with Description of Chordodasys antennatus sp.n.1
Authors: Rieger Reinhard M. , Ruppert Edward , Rieger Gunde E. , Schoepfer‐Sterrer Christiane
Published: May 2008

Chordodasys antennatus sp.n. is described from sublittoral sediments off the US Atlantic Coast. This species has been also studied by transmission electron microscopy. The new species is particularly characterized by extremely enlarged sensory processes which have a segmented appearance. The fine‐structure of the chordoid organ, characteristic of the genus Chordodasys, has been studied in both known species of this genus. According to this investigation the chordoid organ consists of plate‐like muscle cells, surprisingly similar to the notochord of Amphi‐oxus. Particular emphasis has been made in this study to elucidate the fine structure of the body cavity and the system of lateral and central chambers as described by Remane in 1936. The electron micrographs substantiate the fact that gastrotrichs exhibit an acoelomate construction of their body cavity. The systematic position of the new species and the genus Chordodasys is discussed in the light of the new ultrastruc‐tural information.
Scientific Report on the Belgian Expedition to The Great Barrier Reef in 1967. Nematodes V Observations on Desmoscolex (Nematoda, Desmoscolecida) with description of three new species
Authors: Decraemer Wilfrida
Published: May 2008

Three new species of Desmoscolex, found in samples from Yonge Reef, Lizard Island, Nymphe Island and between One Tree Isles and Wistari Reef are described: D. australiens sp.n., characterized by the head‐shape with naked semi‐circular anterior part, by the jointed cephalic setae inserted close to the anterior extremity and by the shape of the gubernaculum with less sclerotized proximal part; D. membranosas sp.n. close to D. granulatus Decraemer, 1974, but differing from it by the presence of a partly disconnected circumoral membrane and by the oval amphids not reaching the extreme anterior end; D. yongei sp.n. resembling D. americanus Chitwood, 1936, but differing from it by the longer and more slender spicules, by the presence of fine spines on the secondary rings, by the head‐shape without a truncated anterior end and by the almost circular amphids.
Study on Relationships between Habits and External Structures in Oligotrophidi Larvae (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Sylvén Edvard
Published: May 2008

Relationships between larval habits and external structures in last instar larvae in the Oligotrophidi were studied. More than one hundred species distributed among approx. 25 genera were examined. For comparison, literature records of larval habits and structural features referring to other taxonomic categories of gall midges were also evaluated. – The external larval morphology in the Oligotrophidi seems in several respects to be more specialized in various species whose larvae are solitary or are pupating regularly on the host plant than in the great majority of species with gregarious larvae pupating in the soil. Thus, the lateral papillae on the thorax and the ventral papillae on the abdominal segment 8 show a reduced pattern mainly in species whose larvae are solitary. Generally, species pupating in the soil possess a well‐developed spatula sternalis while various species with solitary larvae regularly pupating on the host plant show a more or less transformed spatula or no spatula at all. Mamelons on the ventral body side, probably organs facilitating locomotion, are conspicuous in most species pupating in the soil but small or lacking in many species with solitary larvae pupating on the host plant. Another difference, a body which is less elongated in several species showing solitary habits than in the remaining species studied in the present context, is possibly also connected with the mode of life. – Gall midges of other taxonomic categories of a higher rank show similar tendencies, as regards both the lateral papillae and the spatula sternalis. However, there seems to be no clear correlation between larval habits and the pattern of ventral papillae on the abdominal segment 8. Definite figures relating to mamelons or body shape in these midges are not available. – The study also yielded many examples of a large intra‐specific variation in some external structures of the larvae. In many cases this variation considerably delimits the possibilities of finding consistent distinguishing characteristics at species level.
A Reexamination of the Arachnid Theory on the Origin of Vertebrata
Authors: Løvtrup Søren
Published: May 2008

A method of phylogenetic classification, based on Hennig's theory of cladism and Sokal and Sneath's theory of numerical taxonomy, is outlined. The necessity of using non‐morphological characters in superphyletic classification is argued. It is suggested that the vertebrates arose from members of the annelid superphylum, an alternative implied by the Arachnid theory advocated by Gaskell and Patten. A testing of this theory by reference to non‐morphological characters corroborates the affiliation between Vertebrata and the annelid superphyium, but the available data do not warrant a definite answer as concerns the theory.
Species of Turbellaria Acoela in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, with Remarks on Their Anatomy, Taxonomy and Distribution
Authors: Dörjes Jürgen , Karling Tor G.
Published: May 2008

The Turbellaria Acoela in the collection of slides in the Swedish Museum of Natural History have been subject to reexamination considering new taxonomic principles. In a list of 101 species contributions are given to the anatomy, taxonomy, distribution and habitats of the species. The list is at the same time a catalogue of the types in the collection. The main part of the species have been described in several papers by Einar Westblad and Ernst Marcus.
Haplopoma sciaphilum sp.n., a Cave‐Living Bryozoan from the Skagerrak and the Mediterranean
Authors: Silén Lars , Harmelin Jean‐Georges
Published: May 2008

Silén, L. (Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, S‐113 86 Stockholm, Sweden) and Harmelin, J.‐G. Haplopoma sciaphilum sp.n., a cave‐lining bryozoan from the Skagerrak and the Mediterranean. Zool. Scr. 5 (2): 61–66, 1976.—Haplopoma sciaphilum sp.n. is described from submarine caves or cave‐like habitats at the west coast of Sweden and in the Marseille and Adriatic regions. Its morphological characters are very stable and identical within the wide area of distribution. Only the zooid size varies considerably, a variation apparently connected with temperature: the size decreases distinctly from the cold waters of the Skagerrak to the less cold Adriatic locality and even more to the warm localities of Provence. It is the only member of the genus known to be sexually dimorph, a phenomenon found as well in the genus Celle‐porella belonging to the same family, Hippothoidae.
On Some Aradidae from the Old and New World (Hemiptera‐Heteroptera)
Authors: Kormilev Nicholas A.
Published: May 2008

Kormilev, N. A. (84–05 89th Street, Woodhaven, N.Y. 11421, USA). On some Aradidae from the Old and New World (Hemiptera‐Heteroptera). Zool. Scr. 5 (2): 67–78, 1976. — The author proposes and describes the following new taxa: Aradus malaisei sp.n. and A. burmensis sp.n. (both from Burma); Calisiopsis planiceps sp.n. (Brasil, S. Catarina); Aneurus burmensis sp.n. (Burma); A. brevirostris sp.n. (Malaya, Perak); A. ampliatus sp.n. (East Africa); Kiritshenkiana furconotata gen.n., sp.n. (Malaya, Perak) Apteraradus similis sp.n. (Malaya, Perak); Camerarius armigerus sp.n. (Malaya, Perak); Artabanus bellicosus sp.n. (Malaya, Perak); Arictus grandis sp.n. (Malaya, Perak); Neuroctenus burmensis sp.n. (Burma); N. perssoni sp.n. (Burma); Notapictinus plaumanni sp.n. (Brasil, S. Catarina); Mezira brasiliensis sp.n. (Brasil, S. Catarina); Mezira (Zemira) incognita sp.n. (Patria ignota); Chrysodaspis armatus sp.n. (Malaya, Perak); C. aurivillii sp.n. (Patria ignota). For two of the species the locality is unknown (patria ignota) but they were collected during a journey to Java and adjacent islands. Key to the species of Calisiopsis Champion, 1898, is given.
Taxonomic Problems in Parthenogenetic Animals
Authors: Enghoff Henrik
Published: May 2008

Enghoff, H. (Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, DK‐2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.) Taxonomic problems in parthenogenetic animals. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 103–104, 1976.—The species concept in parthenogenetic animals is discussed. In addition to the absence of interbreeding in thelytoky (constant obligatory parthenogenesis), polyphyly of thelytokous forms is emphasized as a complicating factor. It is concluded that a holomorphological but not a biological species concept may be applied to certain thelytokous forms. Practical consequences of the absence of males in thelytokous forms are also touched on, as is degenerative variability of atavistic males and female copulatory organs. Finally, it is recommended that the subspecies category should never be applied to thelytokous taxa.
Structural Plans as Functional Models Exemplified by the Crustacea Malacostraca
Authors: Dahl Erik
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Dahl, E. (Zoological Institute, University of Lund, S‐223 62 Lund, Sweden.) Structural plans as functional models exemplified by the Crustacea Malacostraca. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 163–166, 1976.—The structural plans of higher taxa also represent integrated functional model systems which may be of value in dealing with evolutionary and phylogenetic problems. The model concept is tested on the Crustacea Malacostraca. Their origin and interrelationships are discussed, and a new alternative for their derivation is presented for criticism and comparison with previous hypotheses.
Problems and Methods in Current Research on Collembola Systematics
Authors: Fjellberg Arne
Published: May 2008

Fjellberg, A. (Zoological Museum, N‐5014 Bergen, Norway.) Problems and methods in current research on Collembola syslematics. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 167–169, 1976.—The morphological variability of the individual caused by ecomorphosis, cyclomorphosis and epitoky is discussed. Information from studies on life cycles, habitat selection and behaviour is found to be useful in the systematic work. A few examples of phylogenetic studies on Collembola are given.
The Use of Isoenzymes in Tracing Evolution and in Classifying Drosophilidae
Authors: Lakovaara Seppo , Saura Anssi , Lankinen Pekka , Pohjola Liisa , Lokki Juhani
Published: May 2008

Lakovaara, S. (Department of Genetics, University of Oulu, SF‐90100 Oulu 10, Finland), Saura, A., Lankinen, P., Pohjola, Liisa and Lokki, J. The use of isoenzymes in tracing evolution and in classifying Drosophilidae. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 173–179, 1976.—Studies on the genetic constitution of natural populations of organisms have shown that these populations are extensively polymorphic at gene loci coding for enzymes. Much of this polymorphism detected by electrophoresing enzyme proteins is, however, not useful in classifying organisms, even though in general species differ from each other more than populations within a species. Good diagnostic characters are monomorphic species‐specific genes and their products. Finding these characters requires a thorough study of many populations of the species being studied. Once these characters have been found they can be used in assigning single individuals into different taxa. Electrophoresis of enzymes and allozyme differences between species can also be used in tracing the evolution of organisms. On the basis of allozymes a new phylogeny is proposed for the Drosophila obscura species group. Traditionally this group has been divided into two subgroups, obscura and affinis. Genetic characters divide this species group into three evolutionary lineages. The first lineage comprises the Eurasian obscura subgroup, the second the American affinis subgroup and the third the American obscura subgroup. D. alpina and D, helvetica, which belong to the obscura and affinis subgroups, respectively, are not appreciably related to any other species.
Note on the Bryozoan Pustulopora (Diaperoecia) intricaria Busk, 1875
Authors: Brood Krister
Published: May 2008

Brood, K. (Section of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, S‐10405 Stockholm, Sweden). Note on the Bryozoan Pustulopora (Diaperoecia) intricaria Busk, 1875. Zool. Scr. 5 (5): 231–233, 1976. —Investigations of primary types of the Recent bryozoan Pustulopora intricaria Busk, designated as the type species for the genus Diaperoecia Canu, 1918, show that a gonozooecium is not known in this species. The description of the gonozooecium in P. intricaria by Canu is based on illustrations of material collected on the Siboga expedition and erroneously identified as P. intricaria by Harmer in 1915. As both Diaperoecia and the family Diaperoecidae Canu were erected on the basis of the ovicellar shape it is here suggested that they should be rejected.
On the Fine Structure of Rastrognathia macrostoma gen. et sp.n. Placed in Rastrognathiidae fam.n. (Gnathostomulida)
Authors: KRISTENSEN REINHARDT MØBJERG , NØRREVANG ARNE
Published: May 2008

Rastrognathia macrostoma gen. et sp.n. is described as belonging to Rastrognathiidae fam.n. The ultrastructure is described, especially the nervous and digestive systems and the epidermal specializations. In the epidermis the single cilia belong to the choanocyte‐like cell type. An epidermal sensory cell with several cilia is described. The intraepithelial nervous system shows an orthogon pattern. Two ventral nerve trunks unite into a buccal ganglion. The jaws are secreted by the buccal epidermis. The endoderm consists of a single cell type. The food consists of bacteria. The mesodermal elements consist of six main longitudinal muscles.
Prism Size in Tooth Enamel of Some Late Cretaceous Mammals and Its Value in Multituberculate Taxonomy
Authors: FOSSE GISLE , ESKILDSEN ØYVIN , RISNES STEINAR , SLOAN ROBERT E.
Published: May 2008

Teeth from specified members of the two suborders of Late Cretaceous Multituberculata and two Late Cretaceous therians were studied. The enamel was prismatic on all teeth. In the therian representatives and the representatives of the suborder Ptilodontoidea of the Multituberculata, the prism diameters and densities per unit area were similar to those of recent mammals. In the representatives of the suborder Taeniolabidoidea the prisms were very large and their density per unit area was 5 to 8 times lower than in recent mammals. It is suggested that gigantoprismatic enamel is a characteristic of Taeniolabidoidea and could be used as a taxonomic criterion in multituberculate systematics.
On the Genus Peraclistus (Turbellaria, Proseriata), with Redescription of P. oofagus (Friedman)
Authors: FLEMING LESLEY C. , BURT MICHAEL D. B.
Published: May 2008

A new interpretation of the anatomy and systematic position of Peraclistus oofagus, an ectocommensal on the queen crab, Chionoecetis opilio, is presented. P. oofagus is redescribed and it is claimed that the original interpretation was erroneous. The genus Peraclistus is redefined both on the basis of this study and on examination of the type material, of the other members of this genus.
Microstructure and Growth of the Dermal Skeleton in Fossil Actinopterygian Fishes: Boreosomus, Plegmolepis and Gyrolepis
Authors: Ørvig TOR
Published: May 2008

The odontodes of some of the palatal dermal bones in Boreosomus piveteaui Nielsen tend to form odontocomplexes, e.g. symmetrical areal ones where some degree of superimposition may occur between ganoin layers belonging to the component odontodes, and asymmetrical areal ones where this is quite insignificant. In the areal odontocomplexes of the dermal bones in Plegmolepis sp., the degree of overlap between the corresponding layers is somewhat more pronounced. Finally, in the areal odontocomplexes of the dermal bones in Gyrolepis cf. albertii Agassiz, we have a more advanced stage of phyletic specialization where each of the ganoin layers of the component odontodes lies directly superimposed on the preceding one throughout the extent of the latter. At the same time, the effect of phyletic dentine reduction is clearly noticeable here by the development of “extra” ganoin layers no more retaining their original connections with that hard tissue (also developed in the scales of Plegmolepis sp.). Remarks are i.a. given on the characters by which Acropholis and Plegmolepis are said to be distinguishable from each other.
The Ultrastructure of the Daughter Sporocyst Tegument of Cercaria vaullegeardi Pelseneer (Digenea, Hemiuridae)
Authors: POPIEL IRENE
Published: May 2008

The body wall of the daughter sporocyst of Cercaria vaullegeardi Pelseneer, 1906 is unusual for a species without a birth pore in consisting of an outer anucleated, microvillous syncytial tegument and a cellular subtegument which lacks secretory cells. In contrast, most other known daughter sporocysts without birth pores have a nucleated region above the microvillous region of the tegument. The significance and functional aspects of this structure are discussed.
Discovery of Stretch Receptor Organs in Nematodes–Structure, Arrangement and Functional Analysis
Authors: LORENZEN SIEVERT
Published: May 2008

Filamentous organs, termed metanemes and interpreted as stretch receptor organs, have been discovered in nematodes of the order Enoplida. They have not been found in species of 11 other nematode orders. According to light microscopical observations, a metaneme consists of a 5–15 μm long scapulus, a 20–400 μm long frontal and a 30–170 μm long caudal cuticularized filament; the latter is lacking in some taxa. Metanemes are arranged serially in the lateral epidermal cords; they are parallel or at an angle of 10–30° to the longitudinal body line. The function of metanemes is likely to coordinate the serpentine movement and to control the actual body volume.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of Epicuticular Patterns in Mosquito Larvae (Diptera, Culicidae) and Their Use as Taxonomic Characters
Authors: DAHL CHRISTINE
Published: May 2008

The development of integumental patterns on the head capsule in larval instar I‐IV of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) cantons (Meigen) was studied by SEM. A comparison of several areas on the head capsule was made. Polygonal patterns of small protuberances (vesicles) were found on the entire head capsule. Arrangements vary between different areas, but within each area they are constant from the II instar throughout larval development. A comparison with five other Aedes spp. in the IV instar shows species specificity of the vesicle patterns at two areas. There the arrangement varies between rhombic and irregular pentagonal shape with sizes from 28 to 42 μm, and from round knobs to more elongated ridges (each from 2.8 μm to 11.2 μm). Treatment with different fixatives was studied. A comparison between saddle and siphon patterns of the six species is made. The possible origin of the vesicles as well as their taxonomic significance is briefly discussed. Species specific patterns exist and improve the possibility of identifying closely similar larvae. Possibly the method when further developed may serve to distinguish species groups.
Anatomy and Systematics of Marine Turbellaria from Bermuda1
Authors: KARLING TOR G.
Published: May 2008

Plagiostomum girardi bermudensis subsp.n., Pseudominona gen.n., P. dactylifera sp.n., Minona peteraxi sp.n., Proxenetes denhartogi sp.n., P. mackfirae sp.n., haipusa spinibursa sp.n., I. riegeri sp.n., I. ruffinjonesi sp.n., Utelga uncinata sp.n., Typhlopolycystis schockaerti sp.n., Limipolycystis swedmarki sp.n., Bermudorhynchus gen.n., B. sterreri sp.n., Annalisella gen.n., A. bermudensis sp.n. are described as new taxa. Additional notes are given on Cylindrostoma monotrochum (Graff), Trigonostomum setigerum (O. Schmidt), Ceratopera paragracilis Ehlers & Ax, Microvahine corallicola Karling, Mack‐Fira & Dörjes, Polyeystis naegelii Kölliker, Gyratrix hermaphroditus Ehrenberg, Uncinorhynchus hamatus Brunet and on several taxa related to those here described. Minoninae subfam.n. is nominated in the fam. Monocelididae. The taxonomy of the family Koinocystididae is partially revised. Biogeographic comments are given on the marine turbellarian fauna of Bermuda.
Neue Nerillidae (Archiannelida) aus dem Sublitoral der IMordsee und des Mittelatlantik (Nordwest‐Afrika)
Authors: FAUBEL ANNO
Published: May 2008

Bathynerilta marina gen. et sp.n., Bathychaetus heptapous gen. et sp.n. (both off the east coast of Scotland), and Afronerilla hartwigi gen. et sp.n. (off the coast of Mauretania) are described; all from the sublittoral. The main features of Bathynerilla marina are: 8 segments with capillary setae; parapodial cirri on each segment; without anal cirri. The features of Afronerilla hartwigi are: 8 segments with capillary setae; without palps, tentacles, and anal cirri; the parapodial cirri on segment 1 and 8 are absent. The main features of Bathychaetus heptapous are: a pharyngeal bulb with a pair of cuticulary jaw‐like structures; 7 segments with capillary setae; parapodial cirri on each segment present; without tentacles.
Buchonomyia burmanica sp.n. and Buchonomyiinae, a New Subfamily among the Chironomidae (Diptera)
Authors: BRUNDIN LARS , SÆTHER OLE A.
Published: May 2008

Male and female imagines of Buchonomyia burmanica sp.n. are described. While the male imago nearly exclusively shows plesiomorphous features, the female imago possesses three important underlying synapomorphies as unique inside‐parallelisms: the capacities for divisions of gonapophysis VIII and of tergite IX and for the development of an apodeme lobe. These and supporting evidence lead to the conclusion that Buchonomyia Fittkau deserves a new subfamily, the Buchonomyiinae, which forms the sister‐group of the monophyletic unit Chironominae‐t‐Orthocladiinae+Prodiamesinae+Diamesinae.
The Byssus and Byssus Glands in Chlamys islandica and Other Scallops (Lamellibranchia)
Authors: GRUFFYDD LLŶR D.
Published: May 2008

The foot has at its proximal end, a pouch opening by a duct onto the sole of the foot containing 25–40 thin lamellae. The primary byssus gland secretes into the spaces between these lamellae. A secondary byssus gland secretes into a groove which runs forwards from the duct opening for about two‐thirds of the length of the foot. Polyphenoloxidase is produced by cells surrounding the distal end of this groove. The tip attachment gland secretes into the distal fissure at the tip of the foot. The sole of the foot and the neck of the duct are lined with mucus cells. Ribbons of byssus are produced by the primary byssus gland. These are spun out in the groove and attached directly to the substratum at the distal end of the groove in an area presmeared by the tip attachment gland. The ribbon is enveloped in the groove by a sheath produced by the secondary byssus gland. Subsequent ribbons are bound to the existing byssus by a new sheath. Both the tip attachment gland and the ribbons contain some phenolic protein which is probably tanned in the presence of polyphenoloxidase to form a bond with the substratum. The homologies between this system and that in Mytilidae is discussed.
Microstructure and Growth of the Dermal Skeleton in Fossil Actinopterygian Fishes: Nephrotus and Colobodus, with Remarks on the Dentition in Other Forms1
Authors: Ørvig TOR
Published: May 2008

In Nephrotus, the odontodes of the dermal bones, which show a columnar arrangement, consist of a dentine differing to some extent from that of the scales and the jaw‐teeth. In Colobodus cf. bassanii, the odontodes of the dermal bones tend to form areal odontocomplex‐es, more or less vestigially developed. Based in part on SEM study, a discussion is given of the structure and interpretation of the hypermineralized acrodin and ganoin of actinopterygian teeth. In acrodin, certain canals with an irregular course have previously been taken as the external parts of dentinal tubules. As they closely follow the system of fibre‐bundle‐images in the hard tissue, however, they instead represent “residual spaces”, originally containing collagen fibrils. True dentinal tubules may certainly also exist in acrodin but these have no function, similar to that of collagen, to fulfill in initial stages of mineralization of the hard tissue. Structurally, acrodin shows more resemblance to enameloids such as that of elasmobranch teeth than to ganoin. Evidence is presented which further supports the assumption that the ganoin of actinopterygian teeth is the same hard tissue as that occurring elsewhere in the dermal skeleton. Taxonomic remarks are given on some of the investigated material.
The Amphipod Functional Model and Its Bearing upon Systematics and Phylogeny
Authors: DAHL ERIK
Published: May 2008

The peculiar habitus of Amphipods with lateral compression, deep coxal plates 1‐4, broad bases of peraeopods 5‐7, and enlarged pleura (epimeral plates) of abdominal segments 1‐3 is seen as a functional system closely dependent upon the currents produced by the incessant beating of the pleopods. The derivation and position of branchiae and oostegites is discussed. The morphology of more or less aberrant groups, including the suborders Caprellidea and Ingolfiellidea, and its correlations with the mode of life and the basic functional model is analyzed. The possible bearing of the functional model system upon the position of the Amphipoda among the Peracarida is briefly dealt with.
Marine Oligochaeta from the Koster Area, West Coast of Sweden, with Descriptions of Two New Enchytraeid Species
Authors: ERSÉUS CHRISTER
Published: May 2008

A total of 28 species of marine Oligochaeta (belonging to the families Naididae, Tubificidae and Enchytraeidae) are reported from eulittoral and sublittoral sediment samples taken in the Koster area on the Swedish West Coast. Lumbricillus algensis sp.n. and Grania ovitheca sp.n. are described and their morphological and taxonomical relations to other enchytraeids are discussed. L. algensis is characterized mainly by its spermathecae, which project into segment VI, and by its very large penial bulbs. G. ovitheca possesses no dorsal setae, the ventral setae being present posterior to the clitellum only, and its spermathecae consist of a narrow duct and a large egg‐shaped to oval ampulla, filling most of the coelom of segment V. Four sublittoral species, Limnodriloides barnardi (Tubificidae), Lumbricillus semifuscus, Marionina sublitoralis and Grania roscoffensis (all Enchytraeidae) are reported as new to the Swedish fauna.
Redescription of Grania monochaeta (Michaelsen), a Marine Enchytraeid (Oligochaeta) from South Georgia (SW Atlantic)
Authors: ERSÉUS CHRISTER , LASSERRE PIERRE
Published: May 2008

Enchytraeus monochaetus Michaelsen is redescribed as Grania monochaeta. It is distinguished from other Grania species by two main characters: its morphology of spermathecae, and its setal distribution, the latter being unique within the genus owing to the presence of dorsal setae in preclitellar segments.
Eine neue Actacarus‐Art (Acari, Halacaridae) aus dem Bathyal vor der Küste von North Carolina, USA
Authors: BARTSCH ILSE
Published: May 2008

Actacarus obductus sp.n. is described. The Actacarinae are known from intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats, A. obductus is the first Actacarus species from deeper parts of the ocean. The distribution of the genus Actacarus and a key to known species are given. A. monniotae Krantz is considered to be synonymous with A. bacescui Konnerth‐Ionescu.
Species Specific Enzymes in Some Snail Species (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from Fresh and Brackish Water in Sweden
Authors: NYMAN LENNART , SKOOG GUNNEL
Published: May 2008

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was employed to reveal possible species specific patterns of esterases and peroxidases in four species of Lymnaea, Myxas glutinosa, Bithynia tentaculata, Theodoxus fluviatilis and the genus Hydrobia. From four of the species specimens from both fresh and brackish water were used. Esterase patterns were species specific in the anodic portion of the zymograms in all species. The remainder of the patterns displayed marked individual variation, the nature of which was not investigated. The peroxidases also revealed clearly species specific patterns. The amount of variation exhibited in fresh and brackish water populations of L. peregra and T. fluviatilis, the most thoroughly investigated species, was found to be roughly of the same magnitude, indicating a similar amount of intra‐specific variation in fresh and brackish water. In the four Lymnaea species it appears from the peroxidase patterns that alternative alleles from an ancestral polymorphic locus have become established in different species. The esterase patterns of L. peregra and L. auricularia revealed distinct differences between the two taxa, which is also supported by the appearance of the spermathecal duct, whereas shell morphology and immunological investigations fail to show inter‐taxon differences.
The System of Higher Monogeneans in the Light of Recent Knowledge1
Authors: MAMAEV YURIY L. , LEBEDEV BORIS I.
Published: May 2008

Since Bykhowsky's monograph in 1957, the number of genera of higher monogeneans (Oligonchoinea Bykhowsky, 1937) has increased from 60 to 220, and the number of families from 12 to 29. Consequently the system of higher monogeneans requires updating. The order Mazocraeidea Bykhowsky, 1957 should be divided into four suborders: Mazocraeinea, Discocotylinea, Gastrocotylinea and Microcotylinea. The position of the orders Diclibothridea and Chimaericolidea in Bykhowsky's scheme should be changed, because the chimaericolids appear more primitive in several characters than the diclibothriids; furthermore, the suborder Pterinotrematinea Bykhowsky et Nagibina, 1959 should be raised to the rank of order. The taxonomic position of Polystomatidae/Sphyranuridae cannot be settled unequivocally at present. According to peculiarities in their organization they connect the lower monogeneans with the higher ones, and might possibly have to be evaluated and regarded as a third separate group. Division of the higher monogeneans into orders as suggested by Bykhowsky is of general importance, because it reflects actually existing phylogenetic groups separated by considerable morphological differences. Uniting families into superfamilies or into suborders is of no importance. The authors' classification of higher monogeneans is given together with a list of genera and a scheme of the phylogenetic relations of their larger taxa.
Turbellaria Proseriata von der Pazifikküste der USA (Washington) II. Coelogynoporidae1
Authors: AX PETER , SOPOTT‐EHLERS BEATE
Published: May 2008

Five Coelogynopora species (C. falcaria sp.n., C. frondifera sp.n., C. cochleare sp.n., C. scalpri sp.n., C. nodosa sp.n.) and two representatives of the genus Vannuccia (V. rotundouncinata sp.n., V. tripapillosa americana subsp.n.) are described from euiittoral sediments of the North American Pacific coast. The material was collected from sand beaches of the San Juan Island and the Puget Sound.