bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo leukocyte labeling with intravenous ferumoxides/protamine sulfate complex and in vitro characterization for cellular magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Wu Y. Jeffrey , Muldoon Leslie L. , Varallyay Csanad , Markwardt Sheila , Jones Richard E. , Neuwelt Edward A.
Published: September 2007

Cellular labeling with ferumoxides (Feridex IV) superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can be used to monitor cells in vivo by MRI. The objective of this study was to use histology and MRI to evaluate an in vivo, as opposed to in vitro, technique for labeling of mononuclear leukocytes as a means of tracking inflammatory processes in the brain. Long-Evans rats were intravenously injected with 20 mg/kg ferumoxides, ferumoxtran-10, or ferumoxytol with or without protamine sulfate. Leukocytes and splenocytes were evaluated by cell sorting and iron histochemistry or were implanted into the brain for MRI. Injection of ferumoxides/protamine sulfate complex IV resulted in iron labeling of leukocytes (ranging from 7.4 ± 0.5% to 12.5 ± 0.9% with average 9.2 ± 0.8%) compared with ferumoxides (ranging from 3.9 ± 0.4% to 6.3 ± 0.5% with average 5.0 ± 0.5%) or protamine sulfate alone (ranging from 0% to 0.9 ± 0.7% with average 0.3 ± 0.3%). Cell sorting analysis indicated that iron-labeled cells were enriched for cell types positive for the myelomonocytic marker (CD11b/c) and the B lymphocyte marker (CD45RA) and depleted in the T cell marker (CD3). Neither ferumoxtran-10 nor ferumoxytol with protamine sulfate labeled leukocytes. In vivo ferumoxides/protamine sulfate-loaded leukocytes and splenocytes were detected by MRI after intracerebral injection. Ferumoxides/protamine complex labeled CD45RA-positive and CD11b/c-positive leukocytes in vivo without immediate toxicity. The dose of feumoxides in this report is much higher than the approved human dose, so additional animal studies are required before this approach could be translated to the clinic. These results might provide useful information for monitoring leukocyte trafficking into the brain.
Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis contributes to increased sympathetic nerve activity induced by central hyperosmolality
Authors: Shi Peng , Stocker Sean D. , Toney Glenn M.
Published: September 2007

The contribution of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) in mediating central hyperosmolality-induced increases of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) was assessed in anesthetized rats. Solutions of graded NaCl concentration (150, 375, and 750 mM) were injected (150 μl) into the forebrain vascular supply via an internal carotid artery (ICA). Time-control experiments ( n = 6) established that ICA NaCl injections produced short-latency, transient increases of renal SNA (RSNA) and mean ABP (MAP) ( P < 0.05–0.001). Responses were graded, highly reproducible, and unaltered by systemic blockade of vasopressin V1 receptors ( n = 4). In subsequent studies, stimulus-triggered averaging of RSNA was used to accurately locate the OVLT. Involvement of OVLT in responses to ICA NaCl was assessed by recording RSNA and MAP responses before and 15 min after electrolytic lesion of the OVLT ( n = 6). Before lesion, NaCl injections increased RSNA and MAP ( P < 0.05–0.001), similar to time control experiments. After lesion, RSNA responses were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05–0.001), but MAP responses were unaltered. To exclude a role for fibers of passage, the inhibitory GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol was microinjected into the OVLT (50 pmol in 50 nl) ( n = 6). Before muscimol, hypertonic NaCl increased RSNA, lumbar SNA (LSNA), and MAP ( P < 0.05–0.001). After muscimol, both RSNA and LSNA were significantly reduced in response to 375 and 750 mM NaCl ( P < 0.05). MAP responses were again unaffected. Injections of vehicle (saline) into OVLT ( n = 6) and muscimol lateral to OVLT ( n = 5) each failed to alter responses to ICA NaCl. We conclude that OVLT neurons contribute to sympathoexcitation by central hyperosmolality.
Chromosomal mapping of the genetic basis of hypertension and renal disease in FHH rats
Authors: Mattson David L. , Dwinell Melinda R. , Greene Andrew S. , Kwitek Anne E. , Roman Richard J. , Cowley Allen W. , Jacob Howard J.
Published: September 2007

This study examined the genetic basis for hypertension and renal disease phenotypes in Fawn Hooded hypertensive (FHH) rats using chromosome substitution strains (consomic rats) in which each of the 20 autosomes as well as the X and Y chromosomes were transferred from the normal Brown Norway (BN) rat onto the FHH genetic background. Male and female rats of each of the parental and consomic strains were maintained for 2 wk on high-salt (8.0% NaCl) chow with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) in the drinking water (12.5 mg/l) to induce hypertension and renal disease. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was significantly higher (by over 60 mmHg) in the male FHH compared with BN rats. Urinary protein and albumin excretion rates were increased by 15- and 40-fold, respectively, in the male FHH compared with the BN. Plasma renin activity was 10-fold higher in the FHH than the BN. Similar significant differences were observed between the female FHH and BN, but the degree of hypertension and proteinuria was of a lesser magnitude. Substitution of chromosome 20 from the BN to the FHH attenuated the development of l-NAME-induced hypertension, normalized plasma renin activity, and decreased plasma creatinine in male rats. In female rats, substitution of chromosome 15 decreased MAP and urinary protein excretion. Urinary excretion of albumin in males was decreased by substitution of chromosomes 1, 15, 16, and 18 from the BN into the FHH genetic background. The present data indicate that genes that can modify l-NAME-induced hypertension and proteinuria are on chromosomes 1, 15, 16, 18, and 20.
Urinary matrix metalloproteinases reflect renal damage in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody-associated vasculitis
Authors: Sanders Jan-Stephan F. , Huitema Minke G. , Hanemaaijer Roeland , van Goor Harry , Kallenberg Cees G. M. , Stegeman Coen A.
Published: September 2007

Renal expression of MMP-2, -9, and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1) correlates with histological disease activity in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). We studied whether urinary and plasma levels of MMP-2, -9, and TIMP-1 reflect renal expression of these proteins and renal disease-activity in AAV. Urine and plasma samples of patients with AAV who underwent a renal biopsy were collected ( n = 32). Urinary activity of MMP-2 and -9 was measured by activity assays. Urinary and plasma levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 proteins were measured by ELISA. Healthy controls provided plasma and urine for comparison ( n = 31). In patients, the relationship of urinary and plasma levels with renal expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and clinical and histological disease activity was studied. Renal MMP expression was compared between patients and controls ( n = 8). Urinary MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and urinary and plasma TIMP-1 levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls. In glomeruli of patients, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression reflected active glomerular inflammation. Urinary activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 did not correlate with renal MMP expression or plasma levels. Urinary MMP activity correlated negatively with glomerular inflammation, but positively with fibrous crescents. Urinary MMP-2 and TIMP-1 levels showed a positive correlation with tubulointerstitial damage and a negative correlation with creatinine clearance. Urinary MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 are elevated in AAV but do not reflect renal MMP expression and glomerular inflammation. However, urinary MMP-2 activity and TIMP-1 levels reflect tubulointerstitial damage and correlate negatively with creatinine clearance at biopsy.
Chronic Ethanol and Withdrawal Differentially Modulate Pre- and Postsynaptic Function at Glutamatergic Synapses in Rat Basolateral Amygdala
Authors: Läck Anna K. , Diaz Marvin R. , Chappell Ann , DuBois Dustin W. , McCool Brian A.
Published: September 2007

Withdrawal anxiety is a significant factor contributing to continued alcohol abuse in alcoholics. This anxiety is long-lasting, can manifest well after the overt physical symptoms of withdrawal, and is frequently associated with relapse in recovering alcoholics. The neurobiological mechanisms governing these withdrawal-associated increases in anxiety are currently unknown. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a major emotional center in the brain and regulates the expression of both learned fear and anxiety. Neurotransmitter system alterations within this brain region may therefore contribute to withdrawal-associated anxiety. Because evidence suggests that glutamate-gated neurotransmitter receptors are sensitive to acute ethanol exposure, we examined the effect of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) and withdrawal (WD) on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the BLA. We found that slices prepared from CIE and WD animals had significantly increased contributions by synaptic NMDA receptors. In addition, CIE increased the amplitude of AMPA-receptor–mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), whereas only WD altered the amplitude and kinetics of tetrodotoxin-resistant spontaneous events (mEPSCs). Similarly, the frequency of sEPSCs was increased in both CIE and WD neurons, although only WD increased the frequency of mEPSCs. These data suggest that CIE and WD differentially alter both pre- and postsynaptic properties of BLA glutamatergic synapses. Finally, we show that microinjection of the AMPA-receptor antagonist, DNQX, can attenuate withdrawal-related anxiety-like behavior. Together, our results suggest that increased glutamatergic function may contribute to anxiety expressed during withdrawal from chronic ethanol.
Mechanisms of Serotonergic Facilitation of a Command Neuron
Authors: Antonsen Brian L. , Edwards Donald H.
Published: September 2007

The lateral giant (LG) command neuron of crayfish responds to an attack directed at the abdomen by triggering a single highly stereotyped escape tail flip. Experimentally applied serotonin (5-hydroxytrptamine, 5-HT) can increase or decrease LG's excitability, depending on the concentration, rate, and duration of 5-HT application. Here we describe three physiological mechanisms that mediate serotonergic facilitation of LG. Two processes strengthen electrical coupling between the primary mechanosensory afferent neurons and LG: first, an early increase in the conductance of electrical synapses between primary afferent neurons and LG dendrites and second, an early increase in the membrane resistance of LG dendrites. The increased coupling facilitates LG's synaptic response and it promotes recruitment of weakly excited afferent neurons to contribute to the response. Third, a delayed increase in the membrane resistance of proximal regions of LG increases the cell's input resistance near the initial segment. Together these mechanisms contribute to serotonergic facilitation of LG's response.
Shift in Induction Mechanisms Underlies an Age-Dependent Increase in DHPG-Induced Synaptic Depression at CA3–CA1 Synapses
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Foster Thomas C.
Published: September 2007

Several forms of log-term synaptic plasticity have been identified and the mechanisms for induction and expression of synaptic modifications change over development and maturation. The present study examines age-related changes in the induction of group I metabotropic receptor selective agonist ( R, S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) induced long-term synaptic depression (DHPG-LTD) at CA3–CA1 synapses. The results demonstrate that the magnitude of DHPG-LTD is enhanced in male aged Fischer 344 rats compared with young adults. The role of mGluR1 in the induction of DHPG-LTD was increased with advanced age and, in contrast to young adults, induction involved a significant contribution of NMDA receptors and L-type Ca2+ channels. Moreover, the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate significantly attenuated DHPG-LTD only in young adults. The expression of DHPG-LTD in aged animals was dependent on protein synthesis and the enhanced expression was associated with an increase in paired-pulse facilitation. The results provide evidence that DHPG-LTD is one of the few forms of synaptic plasticity that increases with advanced age and suggest that DHPG-LTD may contribute to age-related changes in hippocampal function.
Prolonged Quadriceps Activity Following Imposed Hip Extension: A Neurophysiological Mechanism for Stiff-Knee Gait?
Authors: Lewek Michael D. , Hornby T. George , Dhaher Yasin Y. , Schmit Brian D.
Published: September 2007

The biomechanical characteristics of stiff knee gait following neurological injury include decreased knee flexion velocity at toe-off, which may be due to exaggerated quadriceps activity. The neuromuscular mechanism underlying this abnormal activity is unclear, although hyperexcitable heteronymous reflexes may be a source of impaired coordination. The present study examines the contribution of reflex activity from hip flexors on knee extensors following stroke and its association with reduced swing-phase knee flexion during walking. Twelve individuals poststroke and six control subjects were positioned in supine on a Biodex dynamometer with the ankle and knee held in a static position. Isolated hip extension movements were imposed at 60, 90, and 120°/s through a 50° excursion to end-range hip extension. Reflexive responses of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) were quantified during and after the imposed hip rotation. Gait analysis was also performed for all subjects in the stroke group. In subjects with stroke, imposed hip extension evoked a brief reflexive response in the quadriceps, followed by a heightened level of sustained activity. The initial response was velocity dependent and was larger in the stroke group than in the control group. In contrast, the prolonged response was not velocity dependent, was significantly greater in the VL and RF in subjects with stroke, and, importantly, was correlated to decreased swing-phase knee flexion. Hyperexcitable heteronymous connections from hip flexors to knee extensors appear to elicit prolonged quadriceps activity and may contribute to altered swing-phase knee kinematics following stroke.
New Angles on Neuronal Dendrites In Vivo
Authors: Göbel Werner , Helmchen Fritjof
Published: September 2007

Imaging technologies are well suited to study neuronal dendrites, which are key elements for synaptic integration in the CNS. Dendrites are, however, frequently oriented perpendicular to tissue surfaces, impeding in vivo imaging approaches. Here we introduce novel laser-scanning modes for two-photon microscopy that enable in vivo imaging of spatiotemporal activity patterns in dendrites. First, we developed a method to image planes arbitrarily oriented in 3D, which proved particularly beneficial for calcium imaging of parallel fibers and Purkinje cell dendrites in rat cerebellar cortex. Second, we applied free linescans—either through multiple dendrites or along a single vertically oriented dendrite—to reveal fast dendritic calcium dynamics in neocortical pyramidal neurons. Finally, we invented a ribbon-type 3D scanning method for imaging user-defined convoluted planes enabling simultaneous measurements of calcium signals along multiple apical dendrites. These novel scanning modes will facilitate optical probing of dendritic function in vivo.
Wafer Surface Charge Reversal as a Method of Simplifying Nanosphere Lithography for Reactive Ion Etch Texturing of Solar Cells
Authors: Inns Daniel , Campbell Patrick , Catchpole Kylie
Published: September 2007

A simplified nanosphere lithography process has been developed which allows fast and low-waste maskings of Si surfaces for subsequent reactive ion etching (RIE) texturing. Initially, a positive surface charge is applied to a wafer surface by dipping in a solution of aluminum nitrate. Dipping the positive-coated wafer into a solution of negatively charged silica beads (nanospheres) results in the spheres becoming electrostatically attracted to the wafer surface. These nanospheres form an etch mask for RIE. After RIE texturing, the reflection of the surface is reduced as effectively as any other nanosphere lithography method, while this batch process used for masking is much faster, making it more industrially relevant.
Correlations in Output and Overflow Traffic Processes in Simple Queues
Authors: McNickle Don
Published: September 2007

We consider some simple Markov and Erlang queues with limited storage
space. Although the departure processes from some such systems are known to be
Poisson, they actually consist of the superposition of two complex correlated processes, the
overflow process and the output process. We measure the
cross-correlation between the counting processes for these two processes. It turns out
that this can be positive, negative, or even zero (without implying independence). The
models suggest some general principles on how big these correlations are, and when
they are important. This may suggest when renewal or moment approximations to similar
processes will be successful, and when they will not.
Weibull Model Allowing Nearly Instantaneous Failures
Authors: Lai C. D. , Khoo Michael B. C. , Muralidharan K. , Xie M.
Published: September 2007

A generalized Weibull model that allows instantaneous or early failures is modified
so that the model can be
expressed as a mixture of the uniform distribution and the Weibull distribution. Properties
of the resulting distribution are derived; in particular, the probability density function,
survival function, and the hazard rate function are obtained. Some selected plots of these
functions are also presented. An R script was written to fit the model parameters. An
application of the modified model is illustrated.
Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Decline as Prognostic Indicators of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events: The ‘PROOF’ Study
Authors: Barthélémy Jean-Claude , Pichot Vincent , Dauphinot Virginie , Celle Sébastien , Laurent Bernard , Garcin Arnauld , Maudoux Delphine , Kerleroux Judith , Lacour Jean-René , Kossovsky Michel , Gaspoz Jean-Michel , Roche Frédéric
Published: September 2007

Background: Transversal studies have underlined the association between the decline in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and all-cause mortality. However, the predictive value of ANS has never been prospectively assessed in a general population-based cohort. Method: The PROOF (PROgnostic indicator OF cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events) cohort study was designed to prospectively assess the predictive value of ANS activity level in the general population, with regard to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, and death. This predictive power will be compared with the usual and newly discovered risk factors for the purposes of developing a risk model. Results: A prospective cohort of elderly subjects aged 65 years upon study entry were recruited from the electoral list of the city of Saint-Etienne, France. Three initial 2-year examination programs were scheduled for 7 years (2001–2007), followed by late events monitoring. At each examination, ANS activity was assessed along with clinical and biological cardiovascular risk factors, brain MRI, neuropsychological evaluation, physical activity profile, and sleep-related breathing disorders. The main study outcomes are stroke, myocardial infarction and death from any cause. A cohort consisting of 1,011 subjects aged 65.6 (0.8) years was constituted. Conclusion: Despite other selective characteristics, the associations between ANS activity and events will be applicable to other populations.
Young-Onset Parkinson’s Disease: Hospital Utilization and Medical Comorbidity in a Nationwide Survey
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Henchcliffe Claire , Bateman Brian T. , Schumacher Christian
Published: September 2007

Background/Aims: 10% of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients have young-onset PD (YOPD). We compared YOPD patients to control patients in terms of hospital utilization and outcomes and medical comorbidities during hospitalization. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) provides yearly data on hospital admissions and discharges from approximately 1,000 hospitals. NIS data sets (1998–2003) were used to identify persons aged 18–40 years, including 714 PD patients and 2,007 randomly selected control patients (1:3 matching). Results: Hospital length of stay (p < 0.001) and number of discharge diagnoses (p < 0.001) were higher in PD patients than controls. PD patients were more likely than controls to be discharged to a short-term hospital (odds ratio, OR, 2.23, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.30–3.84, p = 0.004) or a skilled nursing facility (OR 4.14, 95% CI 3.06–5.61, p < 0.001); 20.4% required transfer to a short-term hospital or another facility. The most common discharge Diagnosis-Related Group code in PD patients was psychosis (23% of patients) whereas pneumonia and hip or pelvic fractures were not associated with PD. Conclusions: YOPD patients had greater healthcare utilization and hospital morbidity than controls. Upon discharge, 1 in 5 required transfer to a short-term hospital or another facility. Psychosis was the most common comorbidity whereas several comorbidities associated with older PD patients were not common.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in South-East England: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Abhinav K. , Stanton B. , Johnston C. , Hardstaff J. , Orrell R.W. , Howard R. , Clarke J. , Sakel M. , Ampong M.-A. , Shaw C.E. , Leigh P.N. , Al-Chalabi A.
Published: September 2007

Background/Aims: We aimed to estimate the incidence and prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the South East of England. The reported incidence of ALS varies between 0.44 and 3.2 per 100,000 person years. This can partly be explained by differences in design and diagnostic criteria used. There is little population data concerning England, particularly the South East. Methods: A population study of South-East England (total population: 2,890,482) was carried out and multiple sources including our tertiary centre and district general hospitals were used for complete case ascertainment. Results: Between 1 January 2002 and 30 June 2006 we identified 138 people (76 males; 62 females) with a new diagnosis of ALS, giving a crude incidence of 1.06 per 100,000 person years. The projected age- and gender-adjusted annual incidence rate for England and Wales was 1.10 (95% CI 0.80–1.40). 142 people were alive on 30 June 2006, giving a point prevalence of 4.91 per 100,000 population. Conclusion: Our incidence and prevalence rates are similar to those reported in comparable studies from other countries. This argues against the role of a specific exogenous factor in the aetiology of ALS in South-East England.
DNA Repair Polymorphisms XRCC1 and MGMT and Risk of Adult Gliomas
Authors: Felini Martha J. , Olshan Andrew F. , Schroeder Jane C. , North Kari E. , Carozza Susan E. , Kelsey Karl T. , Liu Mei , Rice Terri , Wiencke John K. , Wrensch Margaret R.
Published: September 2007

X-ray cross complementing group 1 (XRCC1) and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) are pivotal repair genes focused on repairing lesions due to ionizing radiation, alkylating agents, and oxidative DNA damage, risk factors previously linked to gliomas. Using the population based San Francisco Adult Glioma study, we evaluated associations between XRCC1 Arg399Gln, MGMT Leu84Phe, and MGMT Ile143Val polymorphisms with glioma risk among white cases (n = 441 to 453) and controls (n = 487 to 526). We found no evidence of an association between XRCC1 genotypes and glioma. We observed a weak positive association for the MGMT Leu84Phe polymorphism (Leu or Phe/Phe versus Leu/Leu: adjusted OR = 1.26; CI 0.90–1.75) and the MGMT Ile143Val polymorphism (Ile or Val/Val versus Ile/Ile: adjusted OR = 1.20; CI 0.85–1.71).
Clinical and Radiological Grading of Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
Authors: Plekker D. , Ellis T. , Irusen E.M. , Bolliger C.T. , Diacon A.H.
Published: September 2007

Background: Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) is commonly caused by neoplastic venous compression and presents with typical symptoms and signs. Its clinical severity presumably depends on the degree of obstruction and the adequacy of venous collateral formation. Objectives: The development of novel clinical and radiological scoring systems based on the postulate that a reproducible relationship exists between the degree of SVCO, the presence of collateral circulation and the extent of clinical symptoms. Methods: We prospectively evaluated consecutive cases of acute and subacute SVCO with a newly developed clinical scoring system, which is based on easily detectable clinical symptoms and signs of SVCO. In parallel, we recorded and scored the degree of SVCO and the extent of collaterals visible on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). Results: Thirty-four cases of SVCO were evaluated: 8 (23.5%) were clinically mild, 16 (47%) moderate and 10 (29.5%) severe. Lung cancer was the underlying histological diagnosis in 94% of cases. Radiologically, 53% had complete SVCO. A well-developed collateral system was found in 14 (41%). A scoring system subtracting a ‘collateral score’ from an ‘obstruction score’ showed a significant correlation with the clinical score (r = 0.75, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Clinical severity of SVCO depends upon the degree of SVCO and is ameliorated by collateral formation. The novel clinical scoring system can predict the underlying CT features in SVCO and may be valuable in the bedside assessment of SVCO severity.
The Eligible Study: Ultrasound Assessment in Acute Ischemic Stroke within 3 Hours
Authors: Malferrari Giovanni , Bertolino Chiara , Casoni Federica , Zini Andrea , Sarra Vittoria M. , Sanguigni Sandro , Pratesi Mauro , Lochner Piergiorgio , Coppo Lorenzo , Brusa Giulia , Guidetti Donata , Cavuto Silvio , Marcello Norina
Published: September 2007

Background: Aims of the study: to identify with echo color Doppler ultrasound of the supra-aortic vessels and transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCD) various patterns of vessel occlusion within 3 h from stroke onset, to compare each group defined at the admission with clinical findings and outcome, and to study the recanalization process, independent of therapy. Methods: We enrolled 89 consecutive patients (mean age 68.9 years). Ultrasound evaluation was done within 3 h from stroke onset, and was repeated at 3–6 and 24–36 h, at day 5, and at 3 months. At admission, patients were divided into the following groups: internal carotid artery occlusions and stenoses (<50%, 50–69%, ≧70%, near occlusion), middle cerebral artery stenoses and occlusions, tandem occlusions and T occlusions. Vascular recanalization in each group was evaluated. Subgroups were compared for NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the outcome measures mortality, Barthel index (BI) and modified Rankin scale (mRS). Favorable outcome was defined as mRS ≤2 and BI ≧90. Results: Each subgroup differed significantly for baseline NIHSS (p < 0.0001), 3-month mortality (p = 0.0235), BI at day 5 (p = 0.0458) and mRS at 3 months (p = 0.0028), even after adjustment for treatment. T and tandem occlusions were the subgroups with the highest NIHSS scores and the poorest outcomes, and the same subgroups had the worst recanalization rates. Conclusions: TCCD in the acute setting of stroke patients allows identification of the presence and site of clots, prediction of outcome and study of the dynamic process of vessel recanalization, in both the acute phase and follow-up.
Haseman Elston Regression in Ascertained Samples: Importance of Dependent Variable and Mean Correction Factor Selection
Authors: Sinha Ritwik , Gray-McGuire Courtney
Published: September 2007

Objective: One of the first tools for performing linkage analysis, Haseman-Elston regression (HE), has been successfully used to identify linkages to several disease traits. A recent explosion in extensions of HE leaves one faced with the task of choosing a flavor of HE best suited for a given situation. This paper puts this dilemma into perspective and proposes a modification to HE for highly ascertained samples (BLUP-PM). Methods: Using data simulated for a range of models, we evaluated type I error and power of several dependent variables in HE, including the novel BLUP-PM. Results: When analyzing a continuous trait, even in highly ascertained samples, type I error is stable and approximately nominal across dependent variables. When analyzing binary traits in highly ascertained samples, type I error is elevated and unstable for all except BLUP-PM. Regardless of trait type, the optimally weighted HE regression and BLUP-PM have the greatest power. Conclusions: Ascertained samples do not always reflect the population from which they are drawn and therefore choice of dependent variable in HE becomes increasingly important. Our results do not reveal a single, universal choice, but offer criteria by which to choose and demonstrate BLUP-PM performs well in most situations.
Investigations of the Y Chromosome, Male Founder Structure and YSTR Mutation Rates in the Old Order Amish
Authors: Pollin Toni I. , McBride Daniel J. , Agarwala Richa , Schäffer Alejandro A. , Shuldiner Alan R. , Mitchell Braxton D. , O’Connell Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2007

Objectives: Using Y chromosome short tandem repeat (YSTR) genotypes, (1) evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the Lancaster County Old Order Amish (OOA) genealogical records and (2) estimate YSTR mutation rates. Methods: Nine YSTR markers were genotyped in 739 Old Order Amish males who participated in several ongoing genetic studies of complex traits and could be connected into one of 28 all-male lineage pedigrees constructed using the Anabaptist Genealogy Database and the query software PedHunter. A putative founder YSTR haplotype was constructed for each pedigree, and observed and inferred father-son transmissions were used to estimate YSTR mutation rates. Results: We inferred 27 distinct founder Y chromosome haplotypes in the 28 male lineages, which encompassed 27 surnames accounting for 98% of Lancaster OOA households. Nearly all deviations from founder haplotypes were consistent with mutation events rather than errors. The estimated marker-specific mutation rates ranged from 0 to 1.09% (average 0.33% using up to 283 observed meioses only and 0.28% using up to 1,232 observed and inferred meioses combined). Conclusions: These data confirm the accuracy and completeness of the male lineage portion of the Anabaptist Genealogy Database and contribute mutation rate estimates for several commonly used Y chromosome STR markers.
Central and Peripheral Roles of Ghrelin on Glucose Homeostasis
Authors: Sun Yuxiang , Asnicar Mark , Smith Roy G.
Published: September 2007

Ghrelin, an acylated 28-amino-acid peptide, is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue type 1a (GHS-R1a). Ghrelin is best known for its hypothalamic actions on growth hormone-releasing hormone neurons and neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide neurons; however, ghrelin affects multiple organ systems and the complexity of its functions is only now being realized. Although ghrelin is mainly produced in the stomach, it is also produced in low levels by the hypothalamus and by most peripheral tissues. GHS-R1a is expressed predominantly in the anterior pituitary gland, at lower levels in the brain including hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding behavior and glucose sensing, and at even lower levels in the pancreas. A reciprocal relationship exists between ghrelin and insulin, suggesting that ghrelin regulates glucose homeostasis. Ablation of ghrelin in mice increases glucose-induced insulin secretion, and improves peripheral insulin sensitivity. This review focuses on the newly emerging role of ghrelin in glucose homeostasis and exploration of whether ghrelin is a potential therapeutic target for diabetes.
White University Students' Responses to Societal Racism
Authors: Spanierman Lisa B. , Oh Euna , Poteat V. Paul , Hund Anita R. , McClair Vetisha L. , Beer Amanda M. , Clarke Alexis M.
Published: September 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to extend earlier conceptual and empirical literature on the ways in which White individuals respond to societal racism. To this end, the authors conducted in-depth interviews to examine 11 midwestern, non-Hispanic, White university students' reactions and experiences related to individual and institutional forms of racism perpetrated against people of color. We used the consensual qualitative research method to analyze these data. Results suggested that White students varied in their understanding of and responses to racism. Three topic domains, each consisting of a number of subcategories, reflected participants' varied responses to racism: (a) affective, (b) social, and (c) cognitive. Findings add to the existing literature by identifying in greater depth the multiple ways in which dominant group members respond to societal racism. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Managerial and political accountability: the widening gap in the organization of welfare
Authors: Mattei Paola
Published: September 2007

This article revisits the assumption that the welfare delivery state does not fit into the vertical or hierarchical model of political accountability in light of its recent organizational arrangements. Although a distinction in any analytical framework between managerial and political accountability bears some fruit, the replacement of the latter with the former is contestable and misleading. In contrast to the claims that managerial accountability is a technical and neutral exercise in the application of politics-free criteria, and, as such, it more readily fits the complexity of the 21st-century welfare state, this article suggests that the new organizational arrangements of state schools and hospitals indicate that traditional forms of accountability to elected officials have not withered. The process of developing new welfare state organizational arrangements cannot be divorced from fundamental institutional questions about each democracy. By empirically investigating the effects of the introduction of managerialism on democratic accountability in Britain and Germany, the article aims to further our understanding of the link between the managerial and political dimensions of accountability in the welfare delivery state.
Simulation of Fatigue Delamination Growth in Composites with Different Mode Mixtures
Authors: Tumino D. , Cappello F.
Published: September 2007

A numerical model, obtained by implementing a cyclic damage model in the framework of an interface element, is here proposed to reproduce the crack growth in laminated composites subjected to cyclically repeated loads. This model, which differs from the few studies in the literature on the topic, applies not only to single fracture modes but also to mixed modes, and to constant or variable crack growth rates. The applied load (in terms of force or displacement) is assumed to oscillate between a minimum and a maximum constant value. The Paris curve can be reproduced with accuracy once some parameters in the numerical model are tuned with experiments. These parameters are preliminarily found by simulating fatigue delamination in mode I (DCB test), in mode II (ELS or ENF test) and with a fixed mode mixture φ = GII/G (MMB test). A non-monotonic curve is then used to interpolate these preliminary results. Furthermore, tests where the mode mixture changes with crack length could also be reproduced. With this model it is possible to predict the crack growth rate with cycle of a generic structure without knowing a priori how the mode mixture φ changes during the crack propagation. This novel procedure gives a new opportunity in the design of composite structures subjected to repeatedly applied loads.
An Initial and Progressive Failure Analysis for Cryogenic Composite Fuel Tank Design
Authors: Ju Jaehyung , Pickle Brent D. , Morgan Roger J. , Reddy J.N.
Published: September 2007

Thermal residual stresses, internal pressure stresses, and acceleration stresses during launch were evaluated and quantified for cryogenic composite fuel tank design. Both failure initiation and progression of graphite/epoxy laminate system (IM7/977-2) [0/90/90/0/0/90]s and graphite/BMI laminate system (IM7/5250-4) [0/90/90/0/0/90]s were investigated using the non-isothermal classical laminate and plate theory (CLPT) and the maximum stress failure criterion. The thermal residual stresses in the transverse direction are the dominant stresses on each ply in the launch stage. After initial ply cracking, through-the-thickness temperature change of a laminate related to fuel leakage as well as a laminate stiffness matrix change was applied to the progressive failure analysis. The fuel leakage-based progressive analysis shows a higher number of initial ply cracking does not necessarily mean a higher chance of matrix cracking in all plies. The graphite/BMI laminate has such an advantage as transverse thermo-mechanical resistance over the graphite/epoxy laminate at an initial exposure to —253°C and 1500 kPa. In terms of complete laminate matrix cracking, however, the graphite/ epoxy laminate is more resistant to transferring stresses to other plies than the graphite/BMI laminate.
Investigation of Strain-rate Effects in Self-reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Mckown S. , Cantwell W.J.
Published: September 2007

The strain-rate sensitivity of a hot-compacted formed self-reinforced thermoplastic composite, based on polypropylene fibers in a polypropylene matrix, was investigated through a series of quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests. Characterization of the mechanical property dependence on strain-rate for a self-reinforced thermoplastic is an important issue when the material forms one part of a hybrid system, as in the case of a thermoplastic fiber—metal laminate that is prone to localized impact loading events. Strain-rates in the range from quasi-static (10—4 s—1) up to 10 s—1 were achieved in the gauge region of rectangular specimens loaded in a servo-hydraulic test machine. A measurable rate effect was observed in key mechanical properties of the self-reinforced composite, and constitutive equations were successfully applied to characterize the strain-rate behavior of the yield stress. Failure of the longitudinal ply fibers was the dominant failure mechanism, whilst the degree of inter-ply delamination varied over the dynamic loading range.
Islam Versus Consumerism and Postmodernism in the Context of Iran
Authors: Godazgar Hossein
Published: September 2007

Based on the theoretical framework of religion and consumerism, the author explores the emergence of a material culture in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The major question is whether modern Iranian society, having established an Islamic state following the Islamic Revolution of 1979, has resisted consumerism, and therefore individualism, pluralism, hedonism and romanticism through ``self-thematizing Islamic religion''. Also, the author asks the opposite question, whether modern Iran displays ecumenism of ideas and the ``pluralization'' of life-worlds through commodification of everyday life and accepting consumerism. He concludes, first, that modern Iran, under the ``fundamentalist umbrella'' of the state, is in a situation of irony in terms of the theses of Gellner, Ahmed, Turner and Campbell, which claim that Islam typically stands against consumerism and, therefore, postmodernism. Iran largely accepts consumerism and globalization, despite the strong desire of the Islamic government for the Islamization of society. Second, modern Iran is in pursuit of hedonism, leisure and gratification, rather than other-worldly asceticism. Third, Iran exhibits a diversity of identities and differences of ideas and interests, which is theoretically in accord with ``social constructionism'' and practically associated more with pluralism and ecumenicalism than ``a self-reflective global system of cultural identity''.
Mechanical Modeling of Singles Yarn
Authors: Liu T. , Choi K.F. , Li Y.
Published: September 2007

The mechanical behavior, including the tensile and torsional properties, of bulky wool singles yarn, which has an initial fiber packing density that is non-uniform along yarn radial direction, is modeled in this paper. The theoretical analysis is based on discrete-fiber-modeling principles by which the yarn is considered as an assembly of a large number of discrete fibers. The movement of fibers during deformation and their final positions after deformation are determined by their need to minimize tensile strain, which is the so-called the shortest-path hypothesis. Energy method is employed to calculate the applied force. Taking the nonlinear behavior of fiber at large strain into account, the contributions to yarn external force due to fiber tension, fiber bending and fiber torsion can all be derived. Comparing with the experimental data, our theoretical model gives a reasonably accurate prediction of yarn behavior at small deformation.
Chemical Introduction of Sugars onto PET Fabrics Using Diamine and Cyanuric Chloride
Authors: Ohe Takeru , Yoshimura Yurika , Abe Ikuo , Ikeda Masaaki , Shibutani Yasuhiko
Published: September 2007

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers having reactive cyanuric groups were synthesized by reaction of cyanuric chloride with PET fibers aminolyzed by ethylenediamine. In subsequent reaction with D-glucose, the hygroscopicity of PET fibers was further enhanced. The mechanical strength of PET fibers was not influenced by the reactions other than aminolysis, but their dyeing abilities were greatly affected by each of the reactions. When various sugars other than D-glucose were examined, it was found that reaction with D-maltose imparted the highest hygroscopicity to PET fibers. Interestingly, nonreducing sugars of low reactivity such as D-trehalose could also be made to react with PET fibers using the same methods.
Enzyme-mediated Crosslinking of Wool. Part I: Transglutaminase
Authors: Cardamone Jeanette M.
Published: September 2007

Felting shrinkage of wool fabric can be controlled by oxidation and protease treatment, however, strength loss usually results. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) process, providing bleaching, biopolishing, and shrinkage control by peroxycarboximidic acid oxidation and selective enzyme digestion of wool's scales can cause 10 to 18% strength loss. After ARS processing 3 to 5% fabric strength was regained with application of transglutaminase (TG). The TG reactivity involves the transferase-mediated, acyltransfer reaction between glutamine and lysine with the formation of carboxylamide groups of peptide-bound glutamine in wool keratin. Changes in the specular reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra of the amide I and II regions attributed to the functional groups involved in the transamidation reaction provided evidence that cross-linking through TG had occurred in the fabrics. Optical and fluorescence microscopy showed no influence of TG on the anionic charge imparted by peroxycarboximidic acid oxidation and no influence of TG on the scale smoothing or removal of the enzymatic digestion involved in the ARS process. Confocal microscopy revealed the abundant presence of amine groups in the TG-treated fibers. Thus there is evidence that ARS-processed keratin substrates in the solid state can be self-cross-linked and that they have potential for further reactivity.
Synthesis and Application of Novel Aqueous Anionic Polyurethane as a Durable Press Finishing Agent of Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Li Zheng-Rong , Jiang Wang-Chao , Wang Lian-Jun , Meng Wei-Dong , Qing Feng-Ling
Published: September 2007

In this study, a novel aqueous anionic polyurethane (NAPU) modified with silane coupling agent and maleic anhydride was synthesized. The efficiency of NAPU as a durable press finishing agent of cotton fabrics was examined, and compared with other crosslinking agents such as modified dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (SDP) and citric acid (CA). The optimum processing conditions for the treatment of cotton fabrics with NAPU were also studied.
Aerosol Filtration by Fibrous Filters: A Statistical Mechanics Approach
Authors: Zhong Wen , Pan Ning
Published: September 2007

A statistical mechanics approach, namely the Ising model combined with Monte Carlo simulation, was employed in studying the process of aerosol filtration through fibrous filters. This process was modeled as consisting of numerous cells' state exchanges driven by the difference of the system energy after and before a particle moved from one cell to the other and/or deposited on a fiber cell. With the use of a simpler binary algorithm, this approach was capable of realistically simulating the complicated mechanisms involved in the filtration process. Simulations were carried out for the behaviors of aerosol particles of different sizes interacting with isotropic fiber filters of various volume fractions. Simulation results were in good agreement with reported experimental data, indicating an encouraging prospect for the method to be applied in this area.
Sound Absorption Coefficients of Micro-fiber Fabrics by Reverberation Room Method
Authors: Na YoungJoo , Lancaster Jeff , Casali John , Cho Gilsoo
Published: September 2007

The sound absorption properties of materials are important not only for noise reduction, but also for controlling reverberation time for speech intelligibility in rooms and for promoting fuller sound in concert halls. Industrial textiles are focusing on these materials' application for sound absorption, thus new textiles were to be examined in relation to this performance. Micro-fiber fabric has fine fibers and a high surface area and it has been used in such applications as wipers, thermal insulator, filters or breathable layers. It can be also used for sound absorption. This paper examines the possibility of using micro-fiber fabrics as sound absorbent materials. We tested the sound absorption coefficients of five micro-fiber fabrics and one regular fiber fabric by the reverberation room method. The results showed that the micro-fiber fabrics' sound absorption is superior to that of conventional fabric with the same thickness or weight, and the micro-fiber fabrics' structure was found to be important for controlling sound absorption according to sound frequency. Fabric density was found to have more effect than fabric thickness or weight on sound absorption, and the Noise Reduction Coefficient increases to its highest value at a fabric density of about 0.14 g/cm3, and it decreases thereafter.
Mechanical, Biomechanical and Psychophysical Study of Carpet Performance
Authors: Wu Jianhua , Pan Ning , Williams Keith R.
Published: September 2007

This study investigated carpet performance by using mechanical, biomechanical and psychophysical methods. Four different carpets were tested in this study using a force platform which also served as a hard control floor. Compliance modulus was measured to characterize the mechanical property of carpets. Six college students stood barefoot on the force platform covered by a carpet sample under both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. The center of pressure recorded by the force platform was used to quantify the postural sway in quiet stance. Perceived comfort was evaluated in different body areas for each flooring condition. Visual environment was found to significantly influence postural sway in quiet standing, and more compliant carpets were observed in general to be associated with faster sway velocity and smaller sway area. Also, more compliant carpets provided better perceived comfort, in particular in ankles and feet.