bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-desain Masjid Darussalam Berbasis Kemudahan Aaksesibilitas Pengguna dan Konsep “Lama-Baru”
Authors: Siwi Samsu` Hendra , Chin Joni , Anggaraini Diah , Choandi Mieke
Published: January 2022

Masjid Darussalam merupakan masjid lingkungan dengan konsep arsitektur tropis. Dalam perkembangannya, masyarakat pengguna ingin merenovasi masjid agar kebutuhan yang berkembang dapat diakomodir. Kebutuhan yang ingin diwadahi selain ibadah salat berjamaah, pengajian skala besar, TPA juga mengfungsikan lantai dua menjadi ruang serbaguna dengan harapan dapat sebagai tempat resepsi pada event pernikahan, seminar dan sebagainya. Mengingat bervariasinya usia pengguna (berusia lanjut/lansia) serta keinginan dari sebagian jamaah yang telah beramal dalam pembangunan masjid yang terdahulu untuk tetap mempertahankan sebagian elemen bangunan maka kemudahan aksesibilitas sebagai sebuah keharusan dalam desain serta keberlanjutan gaya dan sebagian pemakaian material lama menjadi solusi desain. Re-desain masjid ini diharapkan dapat memenuhi harapan dari jamaah dengan kemudahan aksesibilitas dan masjid semakin dapat didayagunakan.
Covid-19: Мультидисциплінарні дослідження судово-фармацевтичних ризиків та причинно-наслідкових зв’зків некваліфікованої медичної допомоги пацієнтам під час пандемії
Authors: Гайдучок Ігор , Шаповалов Валерій
Published: January 2022

A multidisciplinary study was conducted to study the forensic and pharmaceutical risks and to establish the casual relationships of unqualified medical care (medical errors) to patients and the development of diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was substantiated that in the context of the coronavirus pandemic, multidisciplinary research in the field of healthcare combines interdisciplinary links of scientists from around the world in medicine, pharmacy, law, economics on good medical practice, pharmaceutical provision and availability of clinical and pharmacological, nomenclature and legal groups for all contingents of patients. It was noted in examples from forensic and pharmaceutical practice that unqualified medical care (medical or medical errors) can lead to varying degrees of severity of health disorders, improper performance of professional duties by a medical or pharmaceutical worker contains in its content forensic pharmaceutical risks provision of medicines, ultimately leads to health offenses. Causation has been shown to be associated with pandemics of coronavirus infection in the context of COVID, long-COVID and post-COVID health disorders. It was noted that the pandemic to COVID-19 and its consequences have three characteristic features of traumatic events: unpredictability, uncontrollability, threat of death or serious injury. The experience of the USA, France, Israel, China, EU countries on the example of Estonia on the organization of the healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic were studied. It was shown that the commercialization of the system of legal relations "doctor-patient-pharmacist-lawyer" affects the quality of medical practice and the availability of medicines for patients. Emphasis was placed on the continuing of professional development for healthcare professionals in the casual relationship of unqualified medical care (medical errors) to patients and the development of COVID, long-COVID and post-COVID diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prospects of using Estonia's experience in the digital healthcare system, which covers all medical institutions in the country and every citizen were mentioned.
Hazardous Waste Management Approach for Heavy Metals in Soil by Phytoremediation
Authors:   Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, AKS University, SATNA, India., Waoo Dr. Ashwini A.
Published: January 2022

There have been a lot of practical applications of phytoremediation in the last ten years, involving organic, inorganic, heavy metal, and radionuclide remediation. India would find this to be an excellent alternative to conventional remediation methods as it is a sustainable and inexpensive process. The huge retention of industrial waste in soil resulted in soil pollution which is more hazardous due to the long-term persistence of contaminants. A major source of hazardous waste products in Bhopal city is the industrial region. Near residential areas, industries produce pollution that can be very harmful to human health. The objective of this research was to determine which heavy metal accumulators are capable of absorption and translocation of heavy metals. In the Govindpura sampling sites, Cr and Ni concentrations were higher, while Cd concentrations were lower. Phytoremediation was conducted by comparing the heavy metal accumulation of Datura inoxia, Calotropis procera, Ricinus commmunis, and Polygonum in vitro cultures.
Rehabilitation of Degraded Conifer Forests in Western Himalayas
Authors: Shrivastava M. , Bihari Menka
Published: January 2022

Excessive felling and grazing, incendiaries, and mismanagement have resulted in degradation of a number of conifer forests of Pinus roxburghii, Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana in Rajgarh Forest Division of Himachal Pradesh. The forests are irregular, very open and under-stocked. Regeneration is either absent or deficient. With intensive care and proper forest management practices the forests can be rehabilitated and brought back to normalcy. Natural regeneration has to be supplemented with sowing and planting. Felling and resin tapping have to be stopped. Hygienic and salvage removals should be permitted to meet the right holder’s demand. Adequate mother trees as seed bearers, middle aged trees as advance growth, mature trees as fire insurance and young poles as future crops are to be retained. No attempt should be made to remove the prescribed yield. Felling methods have to be followed strictly. Pinus roxburghii, Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana and broad-leaved species of economic importance should be preferred in planting programs. The areas have to be restocked by post planting treatment and care including subsidiary silvicultural operations, fire protection, control on grazing and lopping and maintenance of effective closures for the degraded forests to be rehabilitated.
Fikih Pemahaman Tekstual dan Kontekstual
Authors: Fahamsyah Fadlan
Published: January 2022

Umat Islam telah bersepakat bahwa Quran dan Sunnah merupakan sumber hukum Islam yang harus dipegang teguh oleh pemeluknya. Quran sebagai wahyu dari Allah berisi pedoman-pedoman ʾilāhiyyah untuk membimbing umat manusia dalam berinteraksi dengan Tuhannya (Aqidah dan Ibadah), maupun dengan sesama manusia (akhlak dan muamalah) bahkan dalam berinteraksi dengan alam semesta, begitu juga dengan Hadis Nabi yang merupakan dokumentasi hidup Nabi Muhammad ṣallallāhu ʿalayhi wa sallam yang berisi perkataan, perbuatan, keputusan, sifat fisik maupun akhlak yang harus diteladani oleh umat Islam. Hadis datang dengan membawa misi sebagai penguat Quran, penjelas, dan pemerinci bagi hal-hal yang masih bersifat global di Quran. Meskipun Quran dan Sunnah telah disepakati sebagai sumber hukum Islam, akan tetapi masih ada perbedaan di kalangan umat Islam dalam pelaksanaannya. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya pendekatan yang berbeda dalam menginterpretasikan keduanya. Dalam perkembangan pemahaman keislaman, terutama pada disiplin ilmu Fikih yang sangat luas, kaum muslimin berpolarisasi pada dua kutub besar, yakni tekstual dan kontekstual. Dari dua sudut pandang pemahaman yang berbeda inilah muncul perselisihan pendapat yang sangat tajam antara kaum tekstualis yang berorientasi pada bahasa atau ḥarfiyyah, dengan kaum kontekstualis yang melihat dalil dari segi siyāq (konteks) yaitu dengan melihat sisi sosial, sejarah dan budaya. Makalah ini mencoba untuk menjelaskan dua pemahaman tersebut, yakni pemahaman Fikih tekstual dan kontekstual.
Nilai Pendidikan Islam Kisah Nabi Ibrahim ‘alaihi al-salām Dalam al-Qur’an
Authors: Maryono Maryono
Published: January 2022

Al-Qur’an as a source of Islamic education, among its contents is about the stories of the Prophets in which implied the values of Islamic education which is very important and beneficial to the world of education. Among the stories of the prophets, is the story of the journey of the Prophet Ibraham ‘alaihis Salam, which is full of wisdom. His figure as a Prophet, the father of the prophets, the apostle Ulul Azmi, Khalilullah, is able to make him an example or figure of a good educator. The purpose of this research is to find out the values of Islamic education in the story of Prophet Ibrahim ‘alaihis Salam, especially in the story of the slaughtering order of his son, the prophet Ismail 'alaihis Salam. Which with these orders became the Shari'a of Sacrifice for the people of the Prophet Muhammad ṣallallāh ʿalaih wasallam. The research method used is qualitative non-interactive because the source of the data is in the form of documents, not direct data from people in their natural environment. The analysis of the data used is Content analysis, namely research that is in-depth discussion of the contents of a written information. Allah has explained the story of the slaughter of the son of the Prophet Ibrahim 'alaihis Salam, the prophet Ismail 'alaihis Salam in the Qur'an as-Shaffat verses 99-111. The values of Islamic education contained in this story are: Uluhiyah values which include aqidah values and worship values. The value of aqidah is reflected in the belief in Allah, namely the obedience of the Prophet Ibrahim and Ismail and in carrying out God's commands to slaughter his son Ismail. The value of worship is manifested in the implementation of qurban worship. The meaning implied in the implementation of Sacrifice worship is very much, including; (1) the realization of gratitude for the gift and favor of Allah, (2) Fostering a spirit of self-sacrifice, (3). Qurban teaches us to be generous, not greedy, greedy and greedy, (4) symbolically qurban educates us to kill animalistic qualities, (5) according to the meaning of harfiyah, qurban means close, meaning an effort to draw closer to God. The Insaniyah values are identified with the moral values of which are: honesty, tabligh, compassion, exemplary.
A PRODUCTIVE IBPRE MODEL FOR SECURE DATA SHARING IN BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY BASED IOT
Authors:   St.Martin's Engineering College, GUPTA K GURNADHA , KALE MASTHAN RAO
Published: January 2022

Intelligent tailored services are necessary to fulfill the expectations of users. In order to provide a highly dependable service, additional information about the user's surroundings is required. In order to capture a vast quantity of data, the Internet of Things (IoT), which links multiple gadgets over the Internet, has been created. Although cloud computing is frequently utilized to effectively manage data, it has the potential to delay the transmission of data as well. In this work, we suggest a proxy re-encryption strategy to secure data sharing in cloud contexts. Data owners may outsource their encrypted data to the cloud using identity-based encryption, while proxy re-encryption construction will enable genuine user’s access to the data. An edge device serves as a proxy server for computationally expensive tasks since IoT devices have limited resources. Using information-centric networking capabilities, we may effectively serve cached material in the proxy, hence enhancing service quality and efficiently using network traffic. We've also built our system on block chain, a revolutionary new technology that makes it possible to centralize the sharing of data. It reduces the load on centralized systems and allows for more precise management of data access. The security study and assessment of our scheme reveal the potential of our technique in protecting data confidentiality, integrity, and security
High resolution space based wind observations estimation and application – A Review
Authors: MARSHALL J.  LE , LESLIE L. M. , SEECAMP R. , REA A.
Published: January 2022

As the spatial, temporal and spectral resolution of visible and infrared radiance observations from space has improved, their utility for estimating atmospheric motion, and, in particular, their benefit to Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) has increased. The utility of these data has also been aided by increased computer power, improved NWP models and the use of improving data assimilation techniques.

 

This review provides a brief history of the generation and application of Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMVs), including a short description of high spatial and temporal resolution AMV processing. All AMV data types are both suitable and now used for operational regional and global NWP and the data selection and quality control issues important to NWP are discussed. A brief examination of preparations for future advanced instruments is also undertaken.
Local severe storm monitoring and prediction using satellite data
Authors: PURDOM JAMES  F. W.
Published: January 2022

This paper addresses using satellite data for nowcasting severe storms and their intensity in the 0-6 hour time frame.  Weather, and weather related phenomena extend across a broad range of scales.  In meteorology the link between the synoptic scale and the mesoscale is many times a key factor in controlling the intensity of local weather.  The only observing tool capable of monitoring weather across those scales (and those scales interactions) is the geostationary satellite!  Just as imagery from polar orbiting satellites helped advance understanding of synoptic scale phenomena, imagery from geostationary satellites is advancing our understanding of the mesoscale.  A number of important discoveries using geostationary satellite imagery have had a dramatic impact on mesoscale meteorology and, in turn, our ability to provide short term forecasts and warnings for disaster related weather events, including: areas of incipient squall line development; location of regions with high probability of tornadoes and severe thunderstorms; mesoscale convective complexes; and, areas with heavy convective rainfall. As exciting as current capabilities are, satellite systems that will come into being during the next several years will provide capabilities well beyond the present ones.
Impact of high resolution satellite wind vector data on NCMRWF assimilation and forecasting system
Authors: PRASAD V. S.
Published: January 2022

High resolution Atmospheric Motion Vector (AMV) data and Ocean surface wind vectors from QuikScat scatterometer have recently become available at NCMRWF. Efforts are on to assimilate these new data sets in Global Data Assimilation and Forecasting (GDAF) system operational at NCMRWF. In this study an attempt is made to quantify the impact of the new data set through an Observational System Experiment (OSE).  The impact has been examined in terms of various objective scores and the circulation features. It is clearly seen that the inclusion of the new data set results in some improvement in the forecast skill, also in reproduction of synoptic circulations in better way.
Wheat yield modelling using satellite remote sensing with weather data : Recent Indian experience
Authors: DADHWAL V. K. , SEHGAL V. K. , SINGH R. P. , RAJAK D. R.
Published: January 2022

Recent work on new approaches and development of yield models for wheat-using space borne remote sensing data in India is discussed. Direct vegetation index (VI)-yield empirical models at farm and district scale explain significant variation in yield. The sensitivity of these models to scene and sensor characteristics and crop discrimination has been quantified. Improvements in direct VI-yield models through addition of weather data during grain filling stage has been demonstrated at farm and district scales. Use of physical approaches for yield modelling through derivation of LAI and spectral emergence and peak vegetative stage from RS data has been presented. The approach showing most promise is to use crop simulation models that inherently integrate response of crop to daily weather inputs with additional RS-derived LAI. Results from such studies in farmer’s fields and at regional scale are reviewed.
Potential of IRS-P4 microwave radiometer data for soil moisture estimation over India
Authors: THAPLIYAL P. K. , RAO B. M. , PAL P. K. , DAS H. P.
Published: January 2022

Soil moisture at different temporal and spatial scales is very important for various applications. At smaller spatial scales it has importance for the agro-meteorological applications, whereas at large spatial scales it is an important boundary parameter in the numerical prediction models of atmosphere for monthly to seasonal time-scale integrations. Frequent in situ global measurements of soil moisture at these spatial scales are virtually impossible because large heterogeneity of soil types makes these observations highly expensive and time consuming. Satellite based microwave radiometers can provide indirect estimates of soil moisture at resolutions compatible to that of climate models (50-100 km). In this paper the potential of Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) onboard Indian satellite IRS-P4 is assessed for large area averaged soil moisture estimation. These are compared with the weekly-observed in situ soil moisture data over a few observatories of India Meteorological Department (IMD).
Detection of marine aerosols using ocean colour sensors
Authors: DAS INDRANI , MOHAN M.
Published: January 2022

Ocean colour sensors are equipped with atmospheric correction bands operating  in the near infrared region of the spectrum. At these wavelengths, the ocean surface, because of high infrared absorption by water, acts as a dark background and the sensor detected radiance is due to solar radiation backscattered by the atmospheric air molecules and aerosols called Rayleigh and aerosol path radiances respectively. From the radiances in the atmospheric correction bands, after accounting for Rayleigh path radiance, it is possible to determine  aerosol  parameters like aerosol optical depth (AOD) and  particle size distribution index.   

 

While sensors like IRS P3 MOS-B, IRS P4 OCM, NOAA-AVHRR, etc detect AOD in the total atmospheric column, IRS P3 MOS-A sensor can detect AOD in two atmospheric layers by exploiting the differential absorption property of oxygen at four narrow band channels  at the O2 A band around 760nm. The method of determination from ocean colour sensors and the results from IRS P3 MOS-B, IRS P4-OCM and IRS P3 MOS-A radiance data are presented and discussed.
Onset, withdrawal and intra-seasonal variation of northeast monsoon over coastal Tamil Nadu, 1901-2000
Authors: RAJ Y. E. A.
Published: January 2022

The onset and withdrawal dates of northeast monsoon over coastal Tamil Nadu have been objectively determined for the ten year period 1991-2000.  The statistics of onset and withdrawal dates for the 100 year 20th century period 1901-2000 have been presented and discussed. It has been shown by employing techniques such as harmonic/spectral analysis and cross lag correlation over  100 year rainfall data, that the daily rainfall of coastal Tamil Nadu during September-February  displays a prominent 40-days periodicity and that rainfall anomalies move from south to north taking nearly 2 days to traverse between Pamban and Chennai separated latitudinally by nearly 400 km.  In 70% of the years the onset and withdrawal process of northeast monsoon gets excited by the 40-day periodicity.
Meso-scale convergence rainfall and surface fluxes during the Indian summer monsoon
Authors: SIVARAMAKRISHNAN S.
Published: January 2022

Meso-scale convergence and vertical velocity were computed using Bellamy technique from rawindsonde and pibal data obtained from three stations. These stations formed the vertices of a meso-scale triangle around Kharagpur (22.3° N, 87.2° E) - a region of moist convection located near the eastern end of the monsoon trough, where the monsoon trough boundary layer experiment (MONTBLEX), was conducted during the Indian summer monsoon 1990. We find that the total rainfall over the meso-triangle depends on the proximity and intensity of the large-scale pressure system forming in the head Bay and moving W/NW towards the land during the onset and active phase of the monsoon. When the large-scale flow showed cyclic circulation extending to mid-troposphere, the rainfall over the triangle does not seem to be affected by the meso-scale divergence. However the rainfall at Kalaikonda (KKA) -an airforce station near Kharagpur (KGP) correlates with meso-scale divergence/convergence. Surface heat flux estimated using sonic anemometer at 8m AGL at KGP was large during meso-scale convergence. It increased with wind speed while the momentum flux showed large variation.
Forecasting the onset of monsoon over Kerala using the peak in pre-monsoon convective activity over south peninsular India
Authors: GHANEKAR S. P. , PURANIK P. V. , BHIDE U. V.
Published: January 2022

The role of low-frequency oscillations in the northward movement of the Equatorial Trough during pre-monsoon period over extreme south peninsular India is studied in relation to the associated enhancement of meso-scale convective activities over the region. Main objective of the present study is to bring out usefulness of this information in predicting the onset of summer monsoon over Kerala, well in advance. Thunderstorm data of selected stations over south peninsular India for the months March-June and for the years 1961-92 have been used in this analysis. A characteristic peak in weekly cumulative thunderstorm frequency is seen over these stations about 5-8 weeks prior to the onset of monsoon almost every year, suggesting the dominance of 30-60 day oscillation in the convection associated with these two events. A regression equation has been developed to predict the onset date. The relationship is found to be significant at 0.1% level. The results have been validated using an independent data set of five recent years. A characteristic fall in OLR values over the region, well in correspondence with the characteristic peak in thunderstorm activity suggests that OLR also can be used as a supporting tool in identifying such signal which is useful for the  onset prediction.
Analysis of moist convective instability over Indian monsoon region and neighbourhood
Authors: PATTANAIK D. R.
Published: January 2022

The nature of deep convection over the Indian monsoon region and neighbourhood during different seasons is investigated by analysing Dry Static Energy (DSE), Moist Static Energy (MSE), Precipitable Water Content (PWC) and Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) computed from 13 years (1982-1994) monthly mean data obtained from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis.

 

 It is seen from this study that the mean atmosphere over the Indian monsoon region is convectively unstable at lower levels during all seasons with highest degree of instability and maximum PWC during the monsoon season compared to other seasons. The results also show that during the monsoon season from June to September the convectively most unstable region is situated over the Head Bay of Bengal (HBOB) region and decreases gradually from West Pacific (WP), Equatorial South Indian Ocean (ESIO) and to Arabian Sea (AS) regions.  Similarly the CAPE value is also highest over HBOB region and it is about 362 Joules/kg (24%) more than the CAPE value over WP region.  The composite MSE profiles for strong and weak monsoon years indicate higher values of MSE at all levels during the strong monsoon years compared to weak monsoon years.  It is also observed that the surface MSE and PWC over Indian monsoon region during June to September show significant positive correlation with All India Summer Monsoon Rainfall (AISMR).
Abnormal behavior of total ozone over Indian region during 1991-98
Authors: LONDHE A. L. , PATIL S. D. , KUMARI B. PADMA , JADHAV D. B.
Published: January 2022

The total column ozone variation over India  has been studied using monthly mean ozone for the period of 18 years from 1981 to 1998, which were collected with Dobson Spectrophotometer  at   four   Indian stations, New Delhi (28° N), Varanasi (24° N),  Pune (18° N), and Kodaikanal (10° N).  The effect of atmospheric phenomena like Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO), solar cycle and volcanic eruptions (El Chichon of 1982, Mt. Pinatubo of 1991) on ozone variations has also been explored in this paper. The results of the analysis has shown that the ozone variations in the tropical region seem to have mostly caused by the equatorial QBO in zonal wind at lower stratosphere and solar cycle.  During the period 1981-90, there  is  no much year to year variability in total ozone, whereas during the period 1991-98, much variability is observed between year to year. The total ozone is decreased   from 1991 to 1993 and later started recovering. The ozone anomalies calculated for the period 1981-98 showed  positive anomaly for the period 1981-90 and negative anomaly for the period 1991-98. Though the contribution of QBO and solar cycle  to total ozone for the two different periods of 1981-90 and 1991-98 is almost same,  the total ozone amounts for the later period are lower. These lower  ozone amounts may be attributed to the Mt. Pinatubo volcanic eruption.
Comparison of Indian ozonesonde and Umkehr profiles at New Delhi 1989-97
Authors: PESHIN S. K. , PANDA N. C. , DEWHARE J. N. , PEROV S. P.
Published: January 2022

Umkehr observations made with Dobson Spectrophotometer no.112  have been compared with Indian ozonesondes at New Delhi. Umkehr data are compared with ozone sonde data converted to the layer averaged format of the Umkehr profiles. Comparisons are made for seasonally, annually and long term averaged data. Results of comparison are shown to differ from season to season and year to year, but there is no long-term trend.
Atmospheric surface layer spectra over a tropical desert station during Indian summer monsoon
Authors: PATIL M. N. , PARASNIS S. S.
Published: January 2022

Characteristics of turbulence have been studied using the observations of wind components (u, v  and w) and temperature (T) collected by fast response sensor the sonic anemometer (8.33 Hz) during the Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment in 1990. The analysis showed that the spectra of wind and temperature obeyed the Monin-Obukhov scaling. The spectral curve showed a slope of –2/3 in high frequency portion which indicated the existence of inertial subrange. The diurnal variation in the eddy sizes were brought out.
Climatology of thunderstorm activity over the Indian region : A study of east -west contrast
Authors: MANOHAR G. K. , KESARKAR A. P.
Published: January 2022

Based on the latest data (I. M. D., 1999) of monthly number of station thunderstorm days (Thn) and mean maximum surface air temperatures (Tmax) of 276 Indian stations, an important and a long pending issue of east- west contrast in the frequencies of occurrence of thunderstorms over India is resolved in substantial details in this study. On the premise of nearly equal land areas, and density of the station network, and location of ITCZ; India is divided in two regions: Eastern Region (ER) and Western Region (WR) across the 79° E longitude line over India. Results pertaining to the contrasting features of Thn over ER and WR are presented. Our analysis showed that the annual total Thn over the ER are 4763, and over the WR are 3194 and the prominent difference in Thn is associated with monsoon season months over the ER and WR. The temperature sensitivity of occurrence of Thn showed that thunderstorms respond exponentially to modest increment in Tmax on the semi-annual and annual time-scales in both the regions but with clear contrast in their sensitivity over ER. This result is in good agreement with the results cited in many studies, where relationship between global tropical surface air temperatures and GEC parameters are investigated. Our analysis suggests that the hot and humid extensive land region of the ITCZ of the ER is more suitable and responsible for the development of thunderstorms. Further, results showing higher values of CAPE and moisture field over the ER are discussed to explain the E-W pronounced contrast in the thunderstorm activity. It is believed that the results presented in this study will be useful.
Variability of sea surface temperature over Indian Ocean during El-Nino and La-Nina years
Authors: KHOLE MEDHA
Published: January 2022

Many recent studies have brought out the importance of Indian Ocean in global climate variability. In the present study, the variability of composite Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) over Indian Ocean (10º S - 20º N,    50º E - 100º E) for El-Nino and La-Nina years is analysed. The data period is 1961-97. It is observed that, the composite SSTs over Indian Ocean for El-Nino (La-Nina) years show cooling (warming) during winter season and warming (cooling) during post-monsoon season.
Study on south-west monsoon rainfall characteristics in arid zone of Haryana
Authors: SINGH MAHENDER , SINGH RAM , NIWAS RAM , SAHRAWAT K. D.
Published: January 2022

The daily rainfall data of arid zone for a period of 50 years (1946-95) at three locations. Hisar, Bhiwani and Sirsa were analyzed to find out characteristics of south-west monsoon. Mean onset date was observed 4 July at Hisar and Bhiwani with standard deviation of 7 to 9 days respectively, whereas 7 July at Sirsa with standard deviation of 9 days. The onset date of monsoon was inversely related to amount of rainfall at all stations under study. The mean withdrawal dates of south-west monsoon were 15 September at Hisar and Bhiwani and 11 September for Sirsa with standard deviation of 9 days at all three locations. The withdrawal dates also showed inverse and significant correlation with rainfall amount. The mean number of rainy days at Hisar, Bhiwani and Sirsa were 18, 17 and 13 with standard deviation of 5, 6 and 6 days, respectively.
On the persistence of fog over northern parts of India
Authors: BHUSHAN BRIJ , TRIVEDI H. K. N. , BHATIA R. C. , DUBE R. K. , GIRI R. K. , NEGI R. S.
Published: January 2022

In winter there is a spell of about a fortnight, during end of December and beginning of January when persistent fog over plains of northern states of India  occurs every year almost regularly .  In this paper authors have tried  to find the reasons of  persistence of this fog particularly over this area.  The reason envisaged here is in  the large scale circulation .   This diagnosis is for making it a forecasting tool and the study is based on satellite observed cloud imagery  received in the  VIS  and water vapour channels and the derived winds.
A study of unusually heavy to very heavy rainfall over Kerala in October 1999
Authors: LAKSHMINARAYANAN R. , RAJAMOHAN R.
Published: January 2022

Kerala received heavy to very rainfall in October 1999 being a record rainfall of 54.6 cm of the twentieth century for the month of October. A few stations in central Kerala like Punalur, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Konni, Aryankavu, Chertala, Thodupuzha and Mannarghat reported record October month rainfall of the twentieth century. Synoptic features responsible for these heavy rains have been examined. It was found that favourable position of the east-west trough/shear line running across latitude 10° North in the lower and middle troposphere and the strengthening of westerly winds over Lakshadweep and south Kerala in association with systems moving across north Andaman Sea and east central Bay are the prime causes leading to heavy to very heavy rainfall in October 1999 over Kerala for about        20 days in October.
Dynamics of monsoon trough over northwest and adjoining westcentral Bay of Bengal
Authors: SINGH O. P.
Published: January 2022

Daily variations of surface and thermodynamical parameters in the vicinity of eastern end of the monsoon trough located over northwest and adjoining westcentral Bay of Bengal have been studied.  A model sequence for the strengthening/weakening of the monsoon trough over head Bay of Bengal, which is the seat of cyclogenesis during southwest monsoon, has been proposed.  Monsoon trough activity over the sea seems to possess a 4 day cycle.  The primary forcing for the activation of monsoon trough appears to be the sea surface temperature (SST).  The lag between peak SST and minimum surface pressure appears to be 2 days.  The lag between peak SST and enhanced rainfall over Orissa seems to be 4 days.
Forecasting fog over Delhi - An objective method
Authors: ROY BHOWMIK S. K. , SUD A. M. , SINGH CHARAN
Published: January 2022

The prediction of fog remains a difficult problem due to its dependence on micro-physical meso-scale and synoptic scale processes. In this paper synoptic evaluation and sounding analyses of Delhi are made in relation to the occurrence of fog over the city and finally an objective method is evolved for the prediction of fog over Delhi applying statistical multiple discriminating analysis. The study shows that : (i) Moisture incursion from the Bay of Bengal by the prevailing easterlies in the boundary layers particularly, at 925 hPa and lower levels cold air advection  by the northerlies to the west are the two synoptic scale features associated with the fog episode over Delhi in December 1999, (ii) Sounding analyses of Delhi ( December and January of 1997-2000 ) reveals that fog occurrence of Delhi are dominant when the wind speed (at 1000 hPa) does not exceed 5 knots, minimum temperature is less then 9° C, dew point depression (1000 hPa) is less then 6° C and dew point (1000 hPa) is greater than   6° C. Most of the fog occurrences are associated with the backing condition of wind between 1000 hPa and 700 hPa and  (iii) The objective method developed with threshold values  of these parameters at different ranges applying successive multiple discriminating analyses is found to be reasonably skillful.
A study of water requirement of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in gangetic plains
Authors: VERMA I. J. , DAS H. P. , GHANEKAR M. G.
Published: January 2022

Agro meteorological aspects of sugarcane (variety CO-1148) at Lucknow   has been studied in this paper. A data set of 10 years, whenever this variety was grown between 1980-1996 was availed for this purpose. The crop phenology was divided into four phases i.e., germination, tillering, vegetative growth and maturity. Evapotranspirative demands were obtained and discussed, besides the crop coefficients, irrigation intervals and the amount of additional water needed by the crop were also computed.

 

The study revealed that vegetative growth stage is the most important phase, when  evapotranspirative  demand  is maximum. The water use efficiency also attains the peak value in this phase. An interval of 7-days with about 35mm of water during germination and a fortnight interval with nearly 70mm of water in the rest of the period is needed by sugarcane for good growth and high yields.
Time evolution of rain drop spectra over Cuddalore in coastal Tamilnadu
Authors: SURESH R. , GUPTA J. P. , RAO P. RAJESH , BHATNAGAR A. K.
Published: January 2022

A disdrometer has been installed at Meteorological Office, Cuddalore in Coastal Tamilnadu during first week of April 2002. This paper attempts to describe an overview of the technicalities and facilities available in this disdrometer besides describing the results of the rain drop size distribution(DSD) from May to August 2002 covering parts of pre-monsoon (March – May) and southwest monsoon (June – September) season. The rain accumulation as measured by the disdrometer matches perfectly with the surface rain gauge measured amount for the rain rate upto 66 mm/hr. The contrasting features of rain spells over Cuddalore, a coastal station in southern peninsular India are clearly brought out in terms of DSDs albeit the rain amount during these period in the year 2002 was very subdued. The modal rain rate was less than 6 mm/hr (84% frequency) followed by 10-40 mm/hr (11%). The concentration of drops, specifically the concentration of larger drops, per rain spell is higher during June - August than during May. The modal class of drop size has an average diameter of 1.116 and 1.912 mm. Both exponential and log-normal distribution seem to be fitting well with the DSD. The rain rate derived from the moment 3.67 (m3.67) of the moment generating function (MGF) of the lognormal distribution function agrees reasonably well with the disdrometer measured rain rate for both the seasons considered. The variability of rain rate, in one minute interval, clearly reveals how the radar derived rainfall accumulation may go wrong even presuming that one uses a perfect Z – R relationship. This suggests the need for understanding the DSD and the micro-physical processes that cause the variability of concentration of drops more precisely to estimate the rain rate and warns about the need for very frequent low elevation radar scans for estimating the rain accumulation.
Estimation of soil water content using plant and meteorological parameters under irrigated, partially irrigated wheat and bare dry soil at Pune
Authors: SAMUI R. P. , DHOTRE A. K. , JADHAV S. S.
Published: January 2022

Canopy temperature and canopy-air temperature difference, leaf area index and other meteorological parameters were used to estimate the soil water content in irrigated as well as partially irrigated wheat.  In case of bare-dry soil, the meteorological parameters only were used to estimate soil water content.  The results showed clear shifts not only in accounting for variations in the water content at different depths but also in the predominant parameters for each of the three cases viz., irrigated, partially irrigated and bare-dry soil and also at different depths viz., 0-10, 0-20, 0-42.5 and 0-80 cm. A  combination of net and reflected radiations with morning and afternoon mean soil temperatures were found the best predictors to estimate soil moisture under bare-dry soil.  On the contrary, leaf area index was found the most predominant parameter for each of the four depths for estimation of soil water content under irrigated wheat.  Canopy-air temperature difference and mean soil temperature at 1430 hours explained the maximum percent variation (67.64%) at 0-42.5 cm depth under irrigated wheat.  Relative humidity along with either canopy temperature or net radiation were found the best predictors for the surface soil water content and accounted for 86.73% and 87.74% variation under partially irrigated soil.  The results suggest that further improvement in the simulation of soil water content may result from the combination of canopy temperature, plant and environmental parameters particularly the energy balance and aerodynamic parameters.
Effect of rainfall and temperature distribution on incidence of American bollworm on cotton in Haryana
Authors: BHAN S. C. , KHARBANDA K. L.
Published: January 2022

The effect of rainfall and temperature distribution on the incidence of American bollworm on cotton in Haryana state has been studied. Higher rainfall coupled with moderate temperature from early vegetative stage till the early reproductive stage has been found to favour the incidence of the pest during the later stages of the crop. The weather conditions were nearly the same during the later stages (when the infestation is maximum) indicating that the distribution of rainfall and temperature during the early stages determines the infestation.
An analytical study of rainfall pattern over Chennai
Authors: NATARAJAN S. , RAMAKRISHNAN B. , RAMANATHAN RM. A. N.
Published: January 2022

The spells of daily rainfall received at Nungambakkam and Meenambakkam observatories located in Chennai for ten year period have been analysed.   The study reveals that the spells have three distinct patterns with February and March having negligible spells while April to September being 15 to 20 percent and from October to January having very high   values.  The spells that occur during southwest monsoon season are having high consistency of occurrence during evening, night and early morning where as the spells during northeast monsoon are equally spread during the whole day.  Frequency of one or two spells per day is more during the months January to September.  There is significant increase in the value of two spells and more during October to December. In the months of June to September more than 65 percent of the rainy days, the duration of rainfall in a day is less than 2 hours while October to December the value of percentage is below fifty.  The number of spells of rainfall with amount of rainfall less than two millimeters is about 55 percent throughout the year.  The intensity of spells of rain of less than 7 millimeters per hour ranges from 60 to 70 percent for all the months except for the month of March.
Relationship between spatial variation of weather parameters and sugarcane yield in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh (and Uttaranchal)
Authors: SAMUI R. P. , BANERJEE S. K. , VAIDYA N. G.
Published: January 2022

Spatial variation in sugarcane production is examined in relation to weather variables to understand the role of climatic conditions controlling the yield of sugarcane in the states of Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh (and Uttaranchal). Since a set of optimum weather conditions that are conducive for maximum rate of growth of this crop are already documented, it is also important to assess the variation of weather conditions at each of the growth phases from the optimum values for making microclimatic manipulation by using mulch and irrigations in the field. The present study has brought out how the spatial variation of mean sugarcane yield was affected due to the spatial variation of mean meteorological parameters in the state of Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh (and Uttaranchal). It was observed that the spatial variation of mean maximum and minimum temperature played a crucial role in reducing the yield of sugarcane. It was also seen that the spatial variation of average morning and evening relative humidity at tillering and early growth stages were beneficial for sugarcane yield. Further it was found that the spatial variation of rainfall played an important role with the spatial variation of sugarcane yield. Higher rainfall in the districts of Uttar Pradesh (and Uttaranchal) had beneficial effects at all growth stages whereas it showed negative effects at some growth stages in Maharashtra presumably due to variation of soil types and irrigation resources.
Weather based operational plant protection on rice hispa and blast of paddy
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY N. , SAMUI R.  P. , BANERJEE S. K.
Published: January 2022

Studies were made to explore the possibility of control/minimise the damages caused by the rice hispa and blast disease of rice by issuing timely weather based forecast. From the survey conducted by the Department of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage (PPQ&S) Faridabad from 1988-93, it was observed that both rice hispa and blast incidences were comparatively more in kharif  than rabi/summer season. Rice hispa appeared more frequently in moderate to severe intensity particularly in Orissa,  Assam, Kerala  and Andhra Pradesh.  Blast disease appeared more in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh.  Drop in maximum (< 32° C) and minimum temperature (< 24.5° C) under humid condition (morning RH > 90%; and afternoon RH > 80%) and cloudy condition was found to be the congenial weather condition for the incidence of rice hispa.  Blast incidences on the crop were found to be favoured by the decrease in minimum temperature (< 23.5° C) in association with increase in morning relative humidity (> 90%) under cloudy condition. The findings of this study validated fairly well with the pest and disease observation made after 1993. It is concluded that forewarning of the incidence of the rice hispa and blast on rice could be possible, well in advance, through Agromet Advisory Service based on the prevailing weather parameters.
Unusual hail storms during May 2002 in Chennai and its suburbs – A study using data from a single Doppler Weather Radar
Authors: SURESH R. , BHATNAGAR A. K.
Published: January 2022

Climatologically, hail storm phenomena over Chennai and its neighbourhood  is extremely rare throughout the year. However two hail storm were reported during the year 2002, one by print / electronic media on 29 May within the city limits and  the other on 30  May 2002 by a meteorological observatory maintained by Indian Navy at Arakonam located at the outskirts of city. These two storms were analysed based on the data received from the newly installed Doppler Weather Radar at Cyclone Detection Radar station, Chennai. The analysis reveals that the vertical extent of the hailstorms was well beyond 20 km and reflectivity as high as 45 dBZ was seen even at 18.5 km. The reflectivity at 3 km height was exceeding 58 dBZ which is well above the operational threshold limit for hail warning, viz.,  50 dBZ at 3 km adopted by NEXRAD, USA (Atlas, 1990).  More than 55 dBZ reflectivity was measured between 5 and 10 km altitude during the passage of hail storm. Moreover the 45 dBZ level at different stages of the storm was atleast 4.5 km above the freezing level permitting the growth of hail stones upto and beyond 10 km height a.g.l. The vertically integrated liquid (VIL) was more than 43 kg m-2 (at times more than 50 kg m-2) about an hour before the hails were observed at surface and it was between 58.7 and 64.7 kg m-2 just at the time of the hailstorm physically observed. Velocity divergence of 46 mps over the storm area at 18 km altitude confirms that hails of  19 mm was more probable with 0.80 probability. The enhanced hail detection algorithm (build 9) of NEXRAD has been verified for the severe hail index (SHI), probability of severe hail (POSH) and maximum expected hail size (MEHS) calculations and these confirmed the possibility of hail over these two locations and some more locations in the passage of the storm on these two dates.
A study on the convective structure of the atmosphere over the West Coast of India during ARMEX-I
Authors: MOHANTY U. C. , SAM N. V. , DAS S. , BASU S.
Published: January 2022

Onset of south west monsoon (SWM) over Kerala is associated with intense convection followed by heavy rainfall over the west-coast of India. The intense rainfall events are usually associated with meso-scale convective systems embedded in large scale synoptic system over the Arabian Sea. Such deep and intense cumulus convection can have an important effect on the dynamics and energetics of large-scale atmospheric systems, because of the large magnitudes of the energy transformations associated with changes of phase of water in precipitating cumulus clouds as well as the strong updrafts and downdrafts in the troposphere.

The prime objective of this study is to understand the convective structure (active/suppressed) of the atmosphere over the west-coast of India during ARMEX-I (Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment). This study uses an approach to obtain the average structure of a cloud cluster and its interaction with the environment that enables in distinguishing the variation of kinematic and convective parameters from suppressed to convectively active process. Upper air observations obtained from four coastal land stations viz., Bombay, Goa, Mangalore and Trivandrum, alongwith that obtained over ORV Sagar Kanya are used to calculate both the convective and the kinematic parameters at the centre of the polygon formed by these observation locations. Time averaged circulation kinematic parameters and vertical velocity during active and suppressed convective phases off the west coast of India were discussed. The apparent heating and the apparent moisture sink are also estimated through residuals of the thermodynamic equations during intense and weak phases of SWM.