bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetically-constrained ring-polymer molecular dynamics for non-adiabatic chemistries involving solvent and donor–acceptor dynamical effects
Authors: Kretchmer Joshua S. , Miller III Thomas F.
Published: June 2016

We investigate the performance of the recently developed kinetically-constrained ring polymer molecular dynamics (KC-RPMD) method for the description of model condensed-phase electron transfer (ET) reactions in which solvent and donor–acceptor dynamics play an important role. Comparison of KC-RPMD with results from Golden-Rule rate theories and numerically exact quantum dynamics calculations demonstrates that KC-RPMD accurately captures the combination of electronic- and nuclear-dynamical effects throughout the Marcus (intermediate solvent friction) and Zusman (large solvent friction) regimes of ET. It is also demonstrated that KC-RPMD accurately describes systems in which the magnitude of the diabatic coupling depends on the position of a dynamical donor–acceptor mode. In addition to these successes, however, we present an unsurprising failure of KC-RPMD to capture the enhancement of the ET rate in the low solvent friction regime associated with nuclear coherence effects. In this analysis, we re-visit several aspects of the original KC-RPMD formulation, including the form of the kinetic constraint and the choice of the mass of the auxiliary electronic variable. In particular, we introduce a Langevin bath for the auxiliary electronic variable to correct for its unphysically low coupling with the nuclear degrees of freedom. This work demonstrates that the KC-RPMD method is well suited for the direct simulation of non-adiabatic donor–acceptor chemistries associated with many complex systems, including those for which solvent dynamics plays an important role in the reaction mechanism.
Metabolic syndrome and selenium in fetal programming: gender differences
Authors: Ojeda M. Luisa , Nogales Fátima , Muñoz del Valle Paulina , Díaz-Castro Javier , Murillo M. Luisa , Carreras Olimpia
Published: June 2016

Objectives: Since Selenium (Se) forms part of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which appears to have a dual role in Metabolic Syndrome (MS), this study evaluates the implication of Se in the transmission of this pathology to the progeny.
An ammonia-free chemical-bath-deposited ZnS(O,OH) buffer layer for flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell application: an eco-friendly approach to achieving improved stability
Authors: Yeh Tzu-Hsuan , Hsu Chia-Hao , Ho Wei-Hao , Wei Shih-Yuan , Cai Chung-Hao , Lai Chih-Huang
Published: June 2016

Ammonia-free, chemical-bath-deposited ZnS(O,OH) thin-films were successfully implemented as buffer layers in flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells.
BODIPY catalyzed amide synthesis promoted by BHT and air under visible light
Authors: Wang Xiao-Fei , Yu Shu-Sheng , Wang Chao , Xue Dong , Xiao Jianliang
Published: June 2016

A novel and efficient protocol for the synthesis of amides is reported via a BODIPY catalyzed oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes under visible light, with broad substrate scope and mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies reveal that dioxygen could be activated through both an ET and SET pathway to form the active peroxide intermediates.
An aerobic Cu-mediated practical approach to aromatic nitriles using cyanide anions as the nitrogen source
Authors: Gu Lijun , Jin Cheng , Zhang Hongtao , Liu Jiyan , Ganpeng Li Ganpeng Li , Yang Zhi
Published: June 2016

A copper-catalyzed cyanation of aryl methyl ketones using cyanide anions as the nitrogen source was developed. The reaction showed a broad substrate scope with moderate to excellent yields.
Magnetic NiO nanoparticles confined within open ends MWCNTs: a novel and highly active catalyst for hydrogenation and synthesis of imines
Authors: Chen Gangquan , Gao Wenbin , Wang Xuejun , Huo Hongfei , Li Wenzhu , Zhang Le , Li Rong , Li Zuixiong
Published: June 2016

The novel catalyst is highly active for hydrogenation and synthesis of imines.
HKUST-1 silica aerogel composites: novel materials for the separation of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by conventional liquid chromatography
Authors: Nuzhdin A. L. , Shalygin A. S. , Artiukha E. A. , Chibiryaev A. M. , Bukhtiyarova G. A. , Martyanov O. N.
Published: June 2016

HKUST-1 silica aerogel composite was used for the efficient separation of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by conventional liquid chromatography.
Synthesis of core–shell structured Ag3PO4@benzoxazine soft gel nanocomposites and their photocatalytic performance
Authors: Hu Yue , Huang Shaping , Zheng Xinsheng , Cao Feifei , Yu Ting , Zhang Geng , Xiao Zhidong , Liang Jiangong , Zhang Yichi
Published: June 2016

The Ag3PO4@BSG-30 nanocomposites exhibit a higher visible-light photocatalytic stability than the bare Ag3PO4 nanoparticles.
Stability and migration of transmutation atoms (H/He) in Ti3AlC2: first principles calculations
Authors: Yang Shutong , Hu Nengwen , Gou Xueqiang , Wang Canglong , Zhu Xiaolu , Duan Wenshan , Yang Lei
Published: June 2016

The stability and migration behaviors of impurity H and He atoms have been investigated by using first principles calculations in Ti3AlC2.
Cationic dendron-bearing lipid/CD151 siRNA complex inhibits osteosarcoma metastasis by down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-9
Authors: Zhang Zhiyu , Wang Feng , Ding Jianxun , Zhang Haifei , Zhu Jiajun , Sun Zhenguo , Zhang Yu
Published: June 2016

Cationic dendron-bearing lipid safely and effectively delivers CD151 siRNA complex for inhibition of osteosarcoma metastasis by down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-9.
Total synthesis of (−)-(6R,11R,14S)-colletallol via proline catalyzed α-aminoxylation and Yamaguchi macrolactonization
Authors: Kauloorkar Shruti Vandana , Kumar Pradeep
Published: June 2016

A simple and efficient synthesis of 14-membered macrolide (−)-(6R,11R,14S)-colletallol was achieved in a highly diastereoselective manner using proline catalyzed alpha-aminoxylation and Yamaguchi protocol.
Hybrid cross-linked hydrogels based on fibrous protein/block copolymers and layered silicate nanoparticles: tunable thermosensitivity, biodegradability and mechanical durability
Authors: Eslahi Niloofar , Simchi Abdolreza , Mehrjoo Morteza , Shokrgozar Mohammad Ali , Bonakdar Shahin
Published: June 2016

Schematic representation of LAPONITE® reinforced pluronic/chitosan/keratin nanocomposite hydrogel crosslinked with Genipin.
Controllable adjustment of the crystal symmetry of K–MnO2 and its influence on the frequency of microwave absorption
Authors: Xing Xuebing , Lv Guocheng , Xu Wei , Liao Libing , Jiang Wei-Teh , Li Zhaohui , Wang Guang-sheng
Published: June 2016

Microwave (MW) is becoming an important polluter.
Synthesis, structure, electrochemical, DNA interaction and antimicrobial studies of fluorinated trans-dicationic pyridinium porphyrins
Authors: Ramesh Jagadeesan , Sujatha Subramaniam , Arunkumar Chellaiah
Published: June 2016

trans-Dicationic pyridinium porphyrins are superior artificial nucleases compared to their non-fluorinated analogues and bind with calf thymus DNA by outside groove binding with or without self-stacking, also show significant antimicrobial activities.
Solution-stable anisotropic carbon nanotube/graphene hybrids based on slanted columnar thin films for chemical sensing
Authors: Wilson Peter M. , Zobel Adam , Zaitouna Anita J. , Lipatov Alexey , Schubert Eva , Hofmann Tino , Schubert Mathias , Lai Rebecca , Sinitskii Alexander
Published: June 2016

Because of their structural anisotropy and stability in liquids, carbon nanotube/graphene hybrid structures are promising for biosensing applications, as shown in a proof-of-concept experiment on in situ ellipsometry monitoring of pyrene-functionalized DNA attachment.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorescent ligands for MT1and/or MT2melatonin receptors
Authors: Viault G. , Poupart S. , Mourlevat S. , Lagaraine C. , Devavry S. , Lefoulon F. , Bozon V. , Dufourny L. , Delagrange P. , Guillaumet G. , Suzenet F.
Published: June 2016

Fluorescent melatoninergic ligands have been designed by associating the 4-azamelatonin ligands with different fluorophores.
Following the thermal and chemical activation of supported Au clusters using X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Shivhare A. , Scott R. W. J.
Published: June 2016

X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to follow a mild chemical route using NaBH4 reducing agent for the activation of atomically-precise Au clusters for catalysis.
Reversible intercalation of aluminium into vanadium pentoxide xerogel for aqueous rechargeable batteries
Authors: González J. R. , Nacimiento F. , Cabello M. , Alcántara R. , Lavela P. , Tirado J. L.
Published: June 2016

Rechargeable batteries based on the intercalation of aluminium ions may be competitive against lithium-ion batteries, but their development and comprehension are full of difficulties.
Solid microscopic rings formed via wetting and subsequent dewetting
Authors: Tavacoli Joe , Brown Aidan , Bauër Pierre , du Roure Olivia , Heuvingh Julien
Published: June 2016

Superparamagnetic microscopic rings organised into an array of dimers on application of a homogenous magnetic field, B. The rings form via a wetting and de-wetting transition that takes place in circular cavities set within PDMS molds. The scale bar is 20 microns.
Concise approach to pyrrolizino[1,2-b]indoles from indole-derived donor–acceptor cyclopropanes
Authors: Villemson Elena V. , Budynina Ekaterina M. , Ivanova Olga A. , Skvortsov Dmitriy A. , Trushkov Igor V. , Melnikov Mikhail Ya.
Published: June 2016

A direct approach to previously unexplored pyrrolizidino[1,2-b]indole system from indole-derived donor–acceptor cyclopropanes based on a sequence of three synthetic steps was developed.
Thiaporphyrin-mediated photocatalysis using red light
Authors: Lee JinGyu , Papatzimas James W. , Bromby Ashley D. , Gorobets Evgueni , Derksen Darren J.
Published: June 2016

Thiophene-containing porphyrin compounds are capable of catalytic, photo-reductive dehalogenation on an array of α-halo ketone model substrates with low catalyst loadings (0.1 mol%), in the presence of low energy, red light (>645 nm).
A concise synthesis of quinolinium, and biquinolinium salts and biquinolines from benzylic azides and alkenes promoted by copper(ii) species
Authors: Chen Wei-Chen , Gandeepan Parthasarathy , Tsai Chia-Hung , Luo Ching-Zong , Rajamalli Pachaiyappan , Cheng Chien-Hong
Published: June 2016

​A copper promoted multiple aza-[4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between benzylic azides and alkenes to form four different products including quinolinium and biquinolinium cations, biquinolines and quinolines are described.
Large scale applications of immobilized enzymes call for sustainable and inexpensive solutions: rice husks as renewable alternatives to fossil-based organic resins
Authors: Corici L. , Ferrario V. , Pellis A. , Ebert C. , Lotteria S. , Cantone S. , Voinovich D. , Gardossi L.
Published: June 2016

Rice husk for physical and covalent immobilization of enzymes: a sustainable and economic alternative to fossil-based organic resins.
Zwitterionic polymer brush coatings with excellent anti-fog and anti-frost properties
Authors: Ezzat Metwally , Huang Chun-Jen
Published: June 2016

The anti-fog and anti-frost properties of superhydrophilic pSBMA and pSBVI polymer brushes compared to bare substrates.
Electrochemical studies of non-aqueous Na–O2 cells employing Ag-RGO as the bifunctional catalyst
Authors: Kumar Surender , Kishore Brij , Munichandraiah N.
Published: June 2016

The discharge products of charge–discharge reactions of Na–O2 cells are extensively studied by various physicochemical techniques and verified experimentally.
Towards scalable and controlled synthesis of metal–organic framework materials using continuous flow reactors
Authors: Dunne Peter W. , Lester Edward , Walton Richard I.
Published: June 2016

Continuous flow synthesis offers potential for large-scale production of metal–organic frameworks with control of composition and microstructure for practical applications.
Polysulfide-1-oxides react with peroxyl radicals as quickly as hindered phenolic antioxidants and do so by a surprising concerted homolytic substitution
Authors: Chauvin Jean-Philippe R. , Haidasz Evan A. , Griesser Markus , Pratt Derek A.
Published: June 2016

Polysulfides, important industrial additives and curious natural products, are activated toward substitution by peroxyl radicals upon oxidation to polysulfide-1-oxides.
Zn⋯Zn interactions at nickel and palladium centers
Authors: Freitag Kerstin , Molon Mariusz , Jerabek Paul , Dilchert Katharina , Rösler Christoph , Seidel Rüdiger W. , Gemel Christian , Frenking Gernot , Fischer Roland A.
Published: June 2016

Zinc–zinc interactions on nickel and palladium centers are highly dependent on the co-ligands. These dependencies are also found for the formation of dihydrogen vs. dihydride complexes and underline the analogy [Zn2Cp*2] ↔ H2.
Transformation of the coordination complex [Co(C3S5)2]2− from a molecular magnet to a potential qubit
Authors: Fataftah Majed S. , Coste Scott C. , Vlaisavljevich Bess , Zadrozny Joseph M. , Freedman Danna E.
Published: June 2016

We employ ac susceptibility as a probe of small changes of transverse zero-field splitting, revealing that these subtle changes transform [Co(C3S5)2]2− from a molecular magnet to a candidate qubit.
High-performance flexible and air-stable perovskite solar cells with a large active area based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanofibrils
Authors: Park Minwoo , Park Joon-Suh , Han Il Ki , Oh Jin Young
Published: June 2016

By incorporating long P3HT nanofibrils as a hole transporting layer, high-performance, air-stable and flexible perovskite solar cells with a large active area (1 cm2) have been realized with an excellent power conversion efficiency of 13.12%.
Influence of Sb-substitution on ionic transport in lanthanum orthoniobates
Authors: Wachowski Sebastian , Mielewczyk-Gryń Aleksandra , Zagórski Krzysztof , Li Cheng , Jasiński Piotr , Skinner Stephen J. , Haugsrud Reidar , Gazda Maria
Published: June 2016

The studies of mixed ionic–electronic conductivity and oxide ion diffusivity in a novel proton conductor, La1−yCayNb1−xSbxO4−δ.
A fluorine-induced high-performance narrow bandgap polymer based on thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Wang Jiuxing , Bao Xichang , Ding Dakang , Qiu Meng , Du Zurong , Wang Junyi , Liu Jie , Sun Mingliang , Yang Renqiang
Published: June 2016

A fluorine substituent was firstly introduced into a PT-containing polymer, resulting in significantly improved photovoltaic performance.
Tuning charge transport from unipolar (n-type) to ambipolar in bis(naphthalene diimide) derivatives by introducing π-conjugated heterocyclic bridging moieties
Authors: Wang Zongrui , Li Xiangguang , Zou Ye , Tan Jiahui , Fu Xiaolong , Liu Jie , Xiao Chengyi , Dong Huanli , Jiang Wei , Liu Feng , Zhen Yonggang , Wang Zhaohui , Russell Thomas P. , Hu Wenping
Published: June 2016

The charge transport polarity of a series of acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) conjugated molecules can be tuned from unipolar (n-type) to ambipolar.
The role of H-bonds in the solid state organization of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) structures: bis(hydroxy-hexyl)-BTBT, as a functional derivative offering efficient air stable organic field effect transistors (OFETs)
Authors: Roche Gilles H. , Tsai Yu-Tang , Clevers Simon , Thuau Damien , Castet Frédéric , Geerts Yves H. , Moreau Joël J. E. , Wantz Guillaume , Dautel Olivier J.
Published: June 2016

The rapid and inexpensive functionalization of the BTBT core with hydroxyl end group functionalized hexyl chains offered a new platform for functionalized self-organising BTBT.
Critical role of XBP1 in cancer signalling is regulated by PIN1
Authors: Chae Unbin , Park Sun-Ji , Kim Bokyung , Wei Shou , Min Ju-Sik , Lee Jun-Hyeog , Park Se Hoon , Lee Ann-Hwee , Lu Kun Ping , Lee Dong-Seok , Min Sang-Hyun
Published: June 2016

XBP1 (X-box-binding protein 1) is activated in cancer and has a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and progression of human cancer. In particular, the XBP1 transcriptional regulatory network is well known to drive cancer development, but little is known about whether the stability of XBP1 is regulated and, if so, what controls the stability of XBP1. In the present study we show that PIN1 prolyl isomerase interacts with the active form of XBP1 (XBP1s) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner and promotes XBP1s-induced cell proliferation and transformation through the regulation of XBP1 stability. By contrast, depletion of Pin1 in cancer cells reduced XBP1s expression, which subsequently inhibits cell proliferation and transformation. Interestingly, XBP1s activates multiple oncogenic pathways including NF-κB (nuclear factor κB), AP1 (activator protein 1) and Myc, and down-regulates PIN1 transcription via a negative-feedback mechanism through p53 induction. Ultimately, reciprocal regulation of Pin1 and XBP1s is associated with the activation of oncogenic pathways, and the relationship of PIN1 and XBP1 may be an attractive target for novel therapy in cancers.
Variable length integer codes based on radix number system conversion
Authors: Joseph Nelson Raja , Planichamy Jaganathan , Sandanam Domnic
Published: June 2016

A new coding scheme called radix conversion variable length code (RCVLC) is proposed to represent non‐negative integers from small values to very large values. RCVLC obtains lowest code length to represent mid‐range and large‐range integers than Fibonacci code, Elias codes and other existing schemes. This RCVLC is applied as an entropy coder of the Burrows–Wheeler Transform data compressor to compress Calgary corpus which contains both binary and text files. It is observed from the experimental results that the new RCVLC obtains better compression than the existing coding schemes on an average.
GaN planar Schottky barrier diode with cut‐off frequency of 902 GHz
Authors: Liang Shixiong , Fang Yulong , Xing Dong , Zhang Zhirong , Wang Junlong , Guo Hongyu , Zhang Lisen , Gu Guodong , Feng Zhihong
Published: June 2016

GaN planar Schottky barrier diode (SBD) with an n−/n+ structure was grown and fabricated on sapphire substrate. An n+ GaN epitaxial layer with doping concentration of 8 × 1018 cm−3 was employed to reduce the parasitic resistance. An air‐bridge structure and 50 μm substrate thinning‐down technique were adopted in order to reduce the parasitic capacitance. A record cut‐off frequency (fc) of 902 GHz was achieved for GaN planar SBD with 2 μm anode diameter.
Reduced switch count pulse width modulated multilevel inverter
Authors: Jayabalan Maalmarugan , Jeevarathinam Baskaran , Sandirasegarane Thamizharasan
Published: June 2016

The study develops a new topology for a single phase cascaded H‐bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) with a focus to reduce the number of power switching devices in the path for the flow of current. The philosophy combines an array of series connected voltage sources on either side of an H‐bridge inverter to derive the new configuration for the MLI. It allows a multicarrier pulse width modulation approach to the process of generating the pulses for synthesising the PWM output voltage. The use of a smaller number of switches to reach the output voltage show cases the ability of the modular architecture to expand the scope of the CHBMLI. The architecture of a field programmable gate array fosters to realise its implementation and validate the simulated results over a range of modulation indices. The performance draws a new directive in the choice of a particular topology for the MLI to suit applications in the real world.
Comparative study and performance evaluation of analytical methods for surface mounted permanent magnet brushless motors
Authors: Dwivedi Ankita , Singh Santosh Kumar , Srivastava Rakesh K. , Mahendra Som N.
Published: June 2016

Analysis and determination of magnetic field distribution of surface mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) motors has always been a topic of research. Though a number of methods like two‐dimensional numerical and analytical methods have been proposed to evaluate the magnetic field and parameters of radial flux SMPM motors, the methods developed for axial flux permanent magnet motors are mainly three dimensional. Numerical methods provide accurate results but are not suitable for initial design analysis. The analytical methods are known for their accuracy, convenience, as well as are less time consuming than numerical methods. The analytical methods like conventional design method, magnetic equivalent circuit, generalised machine theory and Fourier analysis present in the literature for SMPM motor have been investigated in this study and the results obtained are compared and evaluated for radial flux SMPM and axial flux SMPM. Experimental results are included to demonstrate the percentage error obtained from different methods and denote the accuracy. From the comparison of different results, it can be concluded that the Fourier transform method is more realistic approach and is capable of computing the performance as well as field distribution simultaneously.
Haut- und Unterhauttumoren – Einführung in die Zytologie
Authors: Roes Friedrich , Fietz Simone A. , Seeger Johannes
Published: June 2016

Tastbare Veränderungen in der Haut- und Unterhaut sind ein häufiger Grund für einen Besuch in
der Kleintierpraxis. Leider wird ihre potenzielle Bösartigkeit häufig unterschätzt, sodass
eine Therapie zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt nicht mehr zur Heilung des Patienten führt. Aus
klinischer Sicht ist eine minimalinvasive Schnelldiagnostik sinnvoll, die dem Praktiker
eine wichtige Entscheidungshilfe für das weitere Vorgehen bietet.
Transcription factor Bcl11b sustains iNKT1 and iNKT2 cell programs, restricts iNKT17 cell program, and governs iNKT cell survival
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Nizam , Sultana Dil Afroz , Lorentsen Kyle J. , Cho Jonathan J. , Kirst Mariana E. , Brantly Mark L. , Califano Danielle , Sant'Angelo Derek B. , Avram Dorina
Published: June 2016

Significance

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize lipid antigens and play important roles in antimicrobial and tumor immunity. Functionally, iNKT cells have been classified in three effector subsets based on expression of specific transcription factors (TFs) and cytokine genes. We previously demonstrated that the TF Bcl11b controls glycolipid processing and presentation by double-positive thymocytes to iNKT precursors and thus their formation. Using a model that allows bypassing those defects, here we provide evidence that the TF Bcl11b is critical for effector iNKT1 and INKT2 subsets and overall survival of iNKT cells. Additionally we provide evidence that Bcl11b sustains cytokine production by iNKT1 and iNKT2 cells and restricts expression of the iNKT17 cell program in all effector subsets.
Inability to activate Rac1-dependent forgetting contributes to behavioral inflexibility in mutants of multiple autism-risk genes
Authors: Dong Tao , He Jing , Wang Shiqing , Wang Lianzhang , Cheng Yuqi , Zhong Yi
Published: June 2016

Significance

Extensive efforts have been devoted to revealing the cognitive and molecular bases of autism spectrum disorders. In this work, by using a reversal-learning paradigm that measures behavioral flexibility in
Drosophila
, we show that flies with mutations of five autism susceptibility genes—
Fragile X mental retardation 1
,
Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A
,
Neurexin-1
,
Neuroligin 4
, and
Tuberous sclerosis complex
1—displayed severe reversal-learning defects which were caused by the inability to forget the previously formed memory by the activation of Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1). These findings indicate that Rac1-dependent forgetting is a functional converging point for multiple autism-risk genes.
Evidence for a cysteine-mediated mechanism of excitation energy regulation in a photosynthetic antenna complex
Authors: Orf Gregory S. , Saer Rafael G. , Niedzwiedzki Dariusz M. , Zhang Hao , McIntosh Chelsea L. , Schultz Jason W. , Mirica Liviu M. , Blankenship Robert E.
Published: June 2016

Significance

All photosynthetic organisms face the challenge of absorbing solar energy and regulating its flow through their light-harvesting antennas across widely varying photic conditions. For anoxygenic phototrophs, this process is complicated by the need to downregulate photosynthetic output when oxygen is encountered. The Fenna–Matthews–Olson protein from green sulfur bacteria is able to quench excitations in aerobic conditions effectively despite its apparent lack of photoprotective accessory molecules, indicating a previously unidentified type of energy transfer regulation. In this study, we provide evidence for a novel energy-quenching mechanism involving cysteine–bacteriochlorophyll photochemistry. This interaction should be able to be programed into other natural or bio-inspired antennas, opening new possibilities for regulating these systems in response to excess light.
Geospatial modeling approach to monument construction using Michigan from A.D. 1000–1600 as a case study
Authors: Howey Meghan C. L. , Palace Michael W. , McMichael Crystal H.
Published: June 2016

Significance

Monumental construction was one way that past societies reconfigured their landscapes in response to social and environmental factors. Given that these factors changed through space and time, societies often constructed multiple types of monuments. We develop a maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt) framework for identifying the spatioenvironmental factors that mattered most in the placement of different monument types. We turned to MaxEnt, given its ability to model spatial distributions from presence-only data. With modern development continuing to destroy archaeological sites across the globe, archaeological datasets, including monument locations, are evermore restricted to being presence-only data. Our framework shows how archaeologists can harness MaxEnt to develop robust models of past cultural processes, including monumentality, even when faced with limited, presence-only data.
Interbacterial signaling via
Burkholderia
contact-dependent growth inhibition system proteins
Authors: Garcia Erin C. , Perault Andrew I. , Marlatt Sara A. , Cotter Peggy A.
Published: June 2016

Significance

How bacteria interact with one another has implications for human health and disease because complex bacterial communities like biofilms can impact agriculture, infection transmission, and disease progression. Contact-dependent growth inhibition systems are proteins produced by many bacteria that deliver toxins to neighboring bacteria, allowing the producing cell to inhibit competitors that do not make the correct antidote. Here, we show that these systems not only antagonize competitors but also mediate communication and cooperation between bacteria that produce identical toxin/antidote pairs. Antidote-containing bacteria that are targeted by toxins change their gene expression to promote biofilm formation. Leading to a more complete understanding of how these antibacterial protein systems function, this study will inform future development of therapeutics, vaccines, and decontaminants.
Effect of Zr–Ti deoxidisation on the hydrogen-induced cracking of X65 pipeline steels
Authors: Du Y. , Wu K. M. , Cheng L. , Li Y. , Isayev O. , Hress O.
Published: June 2016

The effect of Zr–Ti combined deoxidisation, compared with the traditional Al deoxidisation, on inclusion and microstructure in X65 pipeline steels was investigated by means of analytical characterisation techniques such as non-aqueous solution electrolysis method, optical and electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and hydrogen-induced cracking test. Large inclusions as well as elongated MnS particles were observed in the conventional Al-deoxidised steel. However, the type and size of inclusions were efficiently controlled in the Zr–Ti-deoxidised steel, in which MnS particles were spheroidised and evenly dispersed in the matrix. Hydrogen-induced cracking test results showed that centre segregation was the main factor accountable for hydrogen-induced cracking in X65 pipeline steels. The Zr–Ti-deoxidised X65 pipeline steel revealed better HIC-resistance performance.
Diel Variations in Survey Catch Rates and Survey Catchability of Spiny Dogfish and their Pelagic Prey in the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem
Authors: Sagarese Skyler R. , Frisk Michael G. , Cerrato Robert M. , Sosebee Kathy A. , Musick John A. , Rago Paul J.
Published: June 2016

This study examines the potential uncertainty in survey biomass estimates of Spiny Dogfish Squalus acanthias in the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem (NES LME). Diel catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) estimates are examined from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center bottom trawl surveys conducted during autumn (1963–2009) and spring (1968–2009). Influential environmental variables on survey catchability are identified for Spiny Dogfish life history stages and five pelagic prey species: Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus, Atlantic Herring Clupea harengus, shortfin squid Illex spp., longfin squid Doryteuthis spp., and Atlantic Mackerel Scomber scombrus. Daytime survey catchability was significantly higher than nighttime catchability for most species during autumn and for mature male Spiny Dogfish, shortfin squid, and longfin squid during spring in the NES LME. For most stages and species examined, breakpoint analyses identified significant increases in CPUE in the morning, peak CPUE during the day, and significant declines in CPUE in the late afternoon. Seasonal probabilities of daytime catch were largely driven by solar zenith angle for most species, with stronger trends identified during autumn. Unadjusted CPUE estimates appear to overestimate absolute abundance, with adjustments resulting in reductions in absolute abundance ranging from 41% for Spiny Dogfish to 91% for shortfin and longfin squids. These findings have important implications for Spiny Dogfish regarding estimates of population consumption of key pelagic prey species and their ecological footprint within the NES LME.

Received February 25, 2015; accepted December 16, 2015
A prospective picture collection study for a grading atlas of radiation dermatitis for clinical trials in head-and-neck cancer patients
Authors: Zenda Sadamoto , Ota Yosuke , Tachibana Hiroyuki , Ogawa Hirofumi , Ishii Shinobu , Hashiguchi Chikako , Akimoto Tetsuo , Ohe Yuichiro , Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: June 2016

Radiation dermatitis is one of the most common acute toxicities of both radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Many clinical trials have evaluated the level of toxicity using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events ver. 4.03. This criterion accounts for severity in a single sentence only, and no visual classification guide has been available. Thus, there is a risk of subjective interpretation by the individual investigator. This contrasts with the situation with hematologic toxicities, which can be interpreted objectively. The aim of this prospective picture collection study was to develop a grading tool for use in establishing the severity of radiation dermatitis in clinical trials. A total of 118 patients who were scheduled to receive definitive or postoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were enrolled from the four participating cancer centers. All researchers in our group used the same model of camera under the same shooting conditions to maintain consistent photographic quality. In all, 1600 photographs were collected. Of these, 100 photographs qualified for the first round of selection and were then graded by six experts, basically in accordance with the CTCAE ver. 4.03 (JCOG ver. in Japanese). After further study, 38 photographs were selected as representing typical models for Grade 1–4 radiation dermatitis; the radiation dermatitis grading atlas was produced from these photographs. The atlas will play a major role in ensuring that the dermatitis rating system is consistent between the institutions participating in trials. We hope that this will contribute to improving the quality of clinical trials, and also to improving the level of routine clinical practice.
Movement Disorders
Authors: Selwa Linda M. , Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

The term “movement disorder” refers to a heterogeneous group of conditions that result in abnormal form or timing of voluntary movement in individuals with normal strength and sensation. Movement disorders can be grouped into three general categories, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, and ataxic. Hypokinetic movement disorders are characterized by tremors. Hyperkinetic movement disorders are characterized by involuntary movements that intrude into the normal flow of motor acts. Ataxic movement disorders are characterized by a lack of speed and skill in performing acts requiring the smoothly coordinated activity of several muscles.
Sleep Disorders
Authors: Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

Sleep consists of a highly patterned sequence of cyclic activity in various regions of the brain; it is not simply a state of temporary unconsciousness. Although the brain is less responsive than normal during sleep, it is not totally unresponsive. In fact, during sleep the brain responds more readily to meaningful stimuli. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep can be characterized as a period when the brain is active and the body is paralyzed, whereas in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the brain is less active but the body can move. Sleep disorders are grouped into three general categories, based on whether patients have trouble staying awake, trouble sleeping, or abnormal behaviors during sleep.
Dizziness and Disequilibrium
Authors: Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

Patients use the word “dizzy” in many different ways. It can refer to light- headedness, a sense of spinning or other movement, balance difficulty, clumsiness, confusion, or a vague sense of fogginess or malaise. The processes that affect the peripheral vestibular system are distinct from those that affect it centrally. Several features help to distinguish central from peripheral lesions. Patients with disequilibrium because of an inadequate motor response usually have difficulty maintaining their balance even with their eyes open.
Back Pain and Neck Pain
Authors: Gelb Douglas J.
Published: June 2016

Patients with symptoms or signs suggesting rapidly progressive damage to the spinal cord or multiple nerve roots need an urgent MRI scan (or, occasionally, a myelogram) of the involved area of the spinal canal. Back and neck pain can stem from spinal compression that can be caused by structural lesions.
The Electronic Health Record Objective Structured Clinical Examination: Assessing Student Competency in Patient Interactions While Using the Electronic Health Record
Authors: Biagioli Frances E. , Elliot Diane L. , Palmer Ryan T. , Graichen Carla C. , Rdesinski Rebecca E. , Ashok Kumar Kaparaboyna , Galper Ari B. , Tysinger James W.
Published: June 2016

Problem

Because many medical students do not have access to electronic health records (EHRs) in the clinical environment, simulated EHR training is necessary. Explicitly training medical students to use EHRs appropriately during patient encounters equips them to engage patients while also attending to the accuracy of the record and contributing to a culture of information safety.

Approach

Faculty developed and successfully implemented an EHR objective structured clinical examination (EHR-OSCE) for clerkship students at two institutions. The EHR-OSCE objectives include assessing EHR-related communication and data management skills.

Outcomes

The authors collected performance data for students (n = 71) at the first institution during academic years 2011–2013 and for students (n = 211) at the second institution during academic year 2013–2014. EHR-OSCE assessment checklist scores showed that students performed well in EHR-related communication tasks, such as maintaining eye contact and stopping all computer work when the patient expresses worry. Findings indicated student EHR skill deficiencies in the areas of EHR data management including medical history review, medication reconciliation, and allergy reconciliation. Most students’ EHR skills failed to improve as the year progressed, suggesting that they did not gain the EHR training and experience they need in clinics and hospitals.

Next Steps

Cross-institutional data comparisons will help determine whether differences in curricula affect students’ EHR skills. National and institutional policies and faculty development are needed to ensure that students receive adequate EHR education, including hands-on experience in the clinic as well as simulated EHR practice.
α2-Adrenergic Receptor and Isoflurane Modulation of Presynaptic Ca2+ Influx and Exocytosis in Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Hara Masato , Zhou Zhen-Yu , Hemmings Hugh C.
Published: June 2016

Background

Evidence indicates that the anesthetic-sparing effects of α2-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists involve α2A-AR heteroreceptors on nonadrenergic neurons. Since volatile anesthetics inhibit neurotransmitter release by reducing synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis, the authors hypothesized that α2-AR agonists inhibit nonadrenergic SV exocytosis and thereby potentiate presynaptic inhibition of exocytosis by isoflurane.

Methods

Quantitative imaging of fluorescent biosensors of action potential–evoked SV exocytosis (synaptophysin-pHluorin) and Ca2+ influx (GCaMP6) were used to characterize presynaptic actions of the clinically used α2-AR agonists dexmedetomidine and clonidine, and their interaction with isoflurane, in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.

Results

Dexmedetomidine (0.1 μM, n = 10) or clonidine (0.5 μM, n = 8) inhibited action potential–evoked exocytosis (54 ± 5% and 59 ± 8% of control, respectively; P < 0.001). Effects on exocytosis were blocked by the subtype-nonselective α2-AR antagonist atipamezole or the α2A-AR–selective antagonist BRL 44408 but not by the α2C-AR–selective antagonist JP 1302. Dexmedetomidine inhibited exocytosis and presynaptic Ca2+ influx without affecting Ca2+ coupling to exocytosis, consistent with an effect upstream of Ca2+–exocytosis coupling. Exocytosis coupled to both N-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels was inhibited by dexmedetomidine or clonidine. Dexmedetomidine potentiated inhibition of exocytosis by 0.7 mM isoflurane (to 42 ± 5%, compared to 63 ± 8% for isoflurane alone; P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Hippocampal SV exocytosis is inhibited by α2A-AR activation in proportion to reduced Ca2+ entry. These effects are additive with those of isoflurane, consistent with a role for α2A-AR presynaptic heteroreceptor inhibition of nonadrenergic synaptic transmission in the anesthetic-sparing effects of α2A-AR agonists.
Forward to the Past—Oncology Between Underdiagnosis and Overtreatment
Authors: Weyers Wolfgang
Published: June 2016

Efforts at early detection of cancer have resulted in a sharp increase of overdiagnoses, ie, benign lesions being misinterpreted as malignant ones. Clinical overdiagnoses usually prompt a biopsy to be performed. The number of biopsies has risen dramatically, and the average time and diligence devoted to them have decreased. Biopsy specimens are often extremely small and sometimes crushed, leading to great difficulties in the assessment of histopathologic findings. In their fear not to overlook a malignant lesion, histopathologists confronted with an equivocal lesion tend to err on the malignant side, the results being histopathologic overdiagnoses and overtreatment. Epidemiologists have tried to counter those problems by cautioning against cancer screening and by inaugurating a change in nomenclature: the term “cancer” has been reserved for lesions likely to result in death, whereas earlier stages of the same process are referred to by different names emphasizing their ostensible innocuousness, and any diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm that does not produce symptoms or kill the patient is qualified as “overdiagnosis.” In contrast to those suggestions that ignore biologic entities and sacrifice the foundations of morphologic diagnosis, measures are discussed that may help to overcome the problem of overdiagnosis and overtreatment in more substantial fashion.
Resveratrol Cardioprotection Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Involves Upregulation of Adiponectin Levels and Multimerization in Type 2 Diabetic Mice
Authors: Yang Qiang , Wang Hai-chang , Liu Yi , Gao Chao , Sun Lu , Tao Ling
Published: June 2016

Downregulation of adiponectin (APN) multimerization is significantly correlated with the aggravation of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Resveratrol (RSV) upregulates APN multimerization in adipocytes, but whether RSV improves endogenous APN multimerization and thus attenuates MI/R injury in T2DM mice has never been investigated. T2DM mice were treated with 10 mg/kg RSV daily for 3 weeks, followed by 30 minutes of myocardial ischemia and 3 hours or 24 hours of reperfusion. RSV administration alleviated MI/R injury in diabetic mice, as evidenced by reduced infarct size, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and caspase-3 activity, and improved cardiac function. Moreover, RSV reversed the downregulated APN levels and multimerization both in plasma and adipose tissue, accompanied by increased disulfide bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L) expression in T2DM mice. Conversely, serving as a key downstream molecule of APN in ameliorating MI/R injury, inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) significantly attenuated the cardioprotective effects of RSV. In conclusion, long-term administration of RSV upregulates adiponectin levels and multimerization in T2DM mice, consequently attenuating MI/R injury partially through APN-AMPK signaling.
Prevention and management of urologic injury during gynecologic laparoscopy
Authors: Findley Austin D. , Solnik M. Jonathon
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review

This article provides an update on the best practices for the prevention, recognition, and management of urinary tract injuries that may occur during gynecologic laparoscopic surgery.

Recent findings

Higher surgical volume is directly associated with improved surgical outcomes, denoted by consistently lower rates of complications for commonplace procedures such as hysterectomy. As a result, expert opinion on prevention of iatrogenic urologic injury suggests a real need for improved education and training of gynecologic surgeons. Discontinued manufacturing of indigo carmine has led to the utilization of alternative methods to assess ureteral patency during cystoscopy, such as phenazopyridine or sodium fluorescein. Intraoperative cystoscopy has been shown to detect approximately 50% of urinary tract injuries during hysterectomy, but has limited accuracy and does not necessarily decrease delayed postoperative complications. When identified, most urologic injuries can be managed in a minimally invasive fashion.

A thorough understanding of pelvic anatomy and early recognition of urinary tract injuries can significantly reduce surgical morbidity for women undergoing laparoscopic surgery.
Transconjunctival Approach for Zygomatic Fracture: A Single Surgeon’s Experience of More Than 20 Years
Authors: Uemura Tetsuji , Watanabe Hidetaka , Masumoto Kazuyuki , Chuman Takahiro , Satake Yoshiyasu , Yanai Tetsu , Harada Yoshimi , Ishihara Yasuhiro , Kikuchi Mamoru
Published: June 2016

Background:

To let experts evaluate a single surgeon’s experience with a combined transconjunctival and intraoral upper vestibular approach in the repair of zygomatic fractures encountered in 46 East Asian patients whom he treated over the past 20 years.

Methods:

Patients were identified from a database, and a retrospective case note review was conducted. A total of 67 conjunctival and secondary incisions were made on 46 patients for repair of zygomatic fractures. All operative procedures were performed using a combination of transconjunctival and intraoral upper vestibular approaches to repair zygomatic fractures.

Results:

The infraorbital rim and/or lateral buttress and/or lateral orbit was stabilized with titanium miniplates in 28 patients and absorbable miniplates in 11 patients. Seven patients required only reduction technique with no need of plates. Four cases needed additional canthotomy besides a conjunctival approach. No ectropion or entropion developed in any of the patients. Complications included eyelid laceration during surgery (n = 1), herniation of the conjunctiva (n = 1), temporary pyogenic granuloma of the conjunctiva after surgery (n = 1), and temporary entropion in a secondary incision (n = 1).

Conclusions:

A combined transconjunctival and intraoral upper vestibular approach in repairing zygomatic fractures is simple, easy, and effective, leaving no conspicuous facial scars. It is vitally important, however, that the surgeon masters the technique of transconjunctival approach well before he has good results in East Asian patients.
The incidence of gastrointestinal pathology and subsequent anemia in young men presenting with iron deficiency without anemia
Authors: Carter Dan , Bardan Eytan , Derazne Estela , Tzur Dorit , Avidan Benjamin
Published: June 2016

Background and aims

The etiology of iron deficiency (ID) without anemia in young men is unclear, and there are no evidence-based recommendations for the required gastrointestinal (GI) evaluation. The aims of this study were to examine the incidence of significant GI pathology and the development of anemia during the follow-up of young men presenting with ID, but without anemia.

Methods

All young men (18–30 years) who served in the Israel Defense Forces during the years 2005–2013 and had at least a single laboratory test indicative of ID without anemia were followed until the diagnosis of significant GI pathology or discharge from military service.

Results

The study population included 2061 young men (mean age 20.7±1.8). During follow-up of 3150 person years, significant GI pathologies were diagnosed in 39 patients: inflammatory bowel disease in 25 (1.2%), celiac disease in 8 (0.4%), and peptic disease in 4 (0.1%). No cases of GI-related cancer were diagnosed. ID anemia developed during follow-up in 203 (9.8%). Lower baseline hemoglobin levels, lower ferritin levels, and younger age at diagnosis were more common among those who developed anemia. The development of anemia was a predisposing factor for the diagnosis of GI pathology (risk ratio=3.60, 95% confidence interval 1.34–8.32, P=0.012).

Conclusion

Significant GI pathology is very uncommon in young men presenting with ID. Overt anemia developed in close to 10% of the study cohort. Therefore, we advise simple GI evaluation (celiac serology, C-reactive protein or fecal calprotectin, and urease breath test) as well as follow-up in this population.
Pediatric‐onset Chronic Nonspecific Multiple Ulcers of Small Intestine
Authors: Uchida Keiichi , Nakajima Atsushi , Ushijima Kosuke , Ida Shinobu , Seki Yoshitaka , Kakuta Fumihiko , Abukawa Daiki , Tsukahara Hisayuki , Maisawa Shun‐ichi , Inoue Mikihiro , Araki Toshimitsu , Umeno Junji , Matsumoto Takayuki , Taguchi Tomoaki
Published: June 2016

We performed a Japanese nationwide survey of pediatric‐onset chronic nonspecific multiple ulcers of the small intestine between January 2000 and July 2013 in 176 institutions of pediatric surgery or pediatric gastroenterology and clarified the clinical features associated with genetic abnormalities in the Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family, Member 2A1 (SLCO2A1) gene. A total of 4 cases (3 girls and 1 boy) were diagnosed in this series, which had to be differentiated from Crohn disease, Behçet disease, tuberculosis, or drug‐induced enteropathy. Clinical symptoms appeared in infants and accurate diagnosis required several years. Medical therapies for inflammatory bowel disease were administered in all patients; however, 2 of the 4 patients had mutation in the SLCO2A1 gene which are responsible for primary hypertrophic osteoarthopathy, and underwent strictureplasty or ileal resection after long‐term follow‐up. Pediatric gastroenterologists should include this new entity in the differential diagnosis of small intestinal ulcers and inflammatory bowel disease.