bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of strength training on health determinants in men over 65 years: a systematic review
Authors: Valiente-Poveda Juan , Castillo Daniel , Raya-González Javier
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Aging is associated with a reduction in physical activity levels, leading to a decrease in strength and muscle mass, and affecting the minimum functional capacity to maintain an independent life. The literature agrees that strength training is one of the most important strategies to curb the effects of age, since it has been shown to be effective in increasing muscle mass and strength, promoting improvements in the functional capacity of the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of strength training on the conditioning factors of health and quality of life (e.g., body composition, muscle strength and functional capacity) in male adults over 65 years of age. Material and method: A data search were conducted in PubMed, SPORTdiscus and Web Of Science (WOS) databases according to the recommendations and criteria established in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. For this, the search terms related to the target population (male older adults) and the type of training applied (strength training) were used. Results: After applying the search strategies, a total of 2196 articles were obtained. After reading the title and abstract, 1687 articles were eliminated. After reading the full text, 151 articles were eliminated and 9 were selected, which met the inclusion criteria and were therefore included in this review. Conclusions: The results suggest the importance of focus the strength training programs to the individual demands of each older adult man, in order to optimize its effects, and ultimately, improve their quality of life.
Hypertension and beyond in Indian clinical practice study: a nationwide survey assessing knowledge, attitude and practices of physicians
Authors: Jadhav Uday , Purohit Arun
Published: October 2021

Background: Hypertension is the leading cause for the ever-increasing burden of mortality due to stroke and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Treatments are complicated due to comorbidities and can lead to patient noncompliance. Patients with low existing cardiovascular risk are prone to have higher lifetime cardiovascular risk, which timely assessment necessary.Methods: A digital cross-sectional survey questionnaire about knowledge, attitude and practice habits regarding cardiovascular risk assessment was administered to 400 physicians and cardiologists across India. The questionnaire assessed various topics such as practice of hypertension diagnosis and treatment based on guidelines, cardiovascular risk calculators, occurrence of comorbidities and patient awareness on cardiovascular risk prevention.Results: Out of the 400 physicians, 398 completed the survey. About 52% physicians considered presence of multiple risk factors as vital for having cardiovascular risk. American college of cardiology/American heart association (ACC/AHA) calculator was preferred by 51.6% study participants. Cardiovascular risk estimation was vital for treatment-related decision-making according to 71% participants, while only 7.7% participants calculated cardiovascular risk in >90% of their patients. Approximately 44% survey participants calculated cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with 2 additional risk factors, while 5.6% calculated it in >70% hypertensive patients without comorbidities. About 46.6% participants reported that 30%-50% of their patients were on fixed-dose combinations of two antihypertensive medications.Conclusions: Findings from the study indicate predisposition of medical professionals towards having a risk assessment tool designed for the Indian population to timely assess and forestall long-term effects of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients.
Overview of longstanding bronchial foreign bodies and role of virtual bronchoscopy
Authors: Ajith Arun P. , Ullal Aishwarya , Mishra Sanjeev
Published: October 2021

Background: Virtual bronchoscopy (VB) is a software based, three-dimensional visualization format created from non-invasive medical imaging methods such as CT and magnetic resonance imaging, with the goal of creating views similar to minimally invasive bronchoscopy procedure. The aim of the study was to find the usefulness of VB in diagnosing vegetative and non-vegetative longstanding intra bronchial foreign bodies (FB).

Methods: This was a retrospective and prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the department of otorhinolaryngology M. G. M. M. C and M. Y. hospital Indore for a period of 5 years. The medical records of patients with FB aspiration from august 2006 to September 2015 were reviewed. Data was collected regarding their clinical presentation examination and chest x-ray findings. Patients with suspected FB aspiration were subjected to VB and rigid bronchoscopy was performed.

Results: In the subjects, we observed that chest radiograph were normal in as many as 40% cases. Hence negative chest radiographs do not rule out FB.  In 48 patients with FB aspiration, which was detected by VB, 46 patients were diagnosed to have FB on rigid bronchoscopy. This amounts to a positive predictive value of 98%, which was similar to the gold standard, which is rigid bronchoscopy which had a positive predictive value of 99%.

Conclusions: VB is the only imaging modality which gives 99.9% reassurance about the presence or absence of a FB, because of its high sensitivity and specificity, hence proves to be a lifesaving tool.
A clinico-pathological study on chronic otitis media in children
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Soni Sweta , Prakash Rudra
Published: October 2021

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the commonest cause of persistent mild to moderate hearing impairment in children and young adults in developing countries and may have prevalence between 2 and 17% amongst children. The aim of this study was to compare clinico-pathological characteristics of safe (mucosal) and unsafe (squamous) diseases in children.

Methods: An observational prospective study was done at ENT department of Jawaharlal Nehru medical college, AMU, Aligarh from over a period of one and half years. A total of 60 children evaluated as per inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 in each group.

Results: Majority of them belonged to rural background with ear discharge being the predominant complaint in all of them. Children with unsafe disease had more incidences of extracranial complications.

Conclusions: Keeping in view the detrimental effects of hearing loss on social and educational development of children as the propensity of chronic otitis media to cause life threatening complications, urgent attention to this disease and awareness in public is warranted.
Intralesional 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate versus hot water in oral cavity hemangioma: a comparative study
Authors: Mishra Sayambika , Acharya Souvagini , Kar Arunima , Mohanta Fakir Mohan , Samal Smruti Ranjan
Published: October 2021

Background: Oral cavity lesions fall among the few most common presentations in the outpatient department of ENT. Hemangioma in oral cavity though do not usually account for any life threatening or serious condition but hampers day to day activities like chewing, speaking and occasionally bleeding from oral cavity. Timely diagnosis and treatment solves the above problem. Though there are various modalities of treatment ranging from cryosurgery to surgical ablation, sclerotherapy is an evolving, effective and easy method for reduction of the size of lesion and preventing recurrence. It can be done as a day care procedure. The aim was to compare between the efficacy of 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate and hot water in oral cavity hemangiomas.

Methods: A total of 20 patients presenting to the OPD, department of ENT, VIMSAR, Burla, with diagnosis of hemangioma in oral cavity between January 2018 to January 2019 were selected for the study. They were divided into two groups. Group A was administered 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate whereas group B was administered hot water, both intralesionally, at multiple sites of lesion. Injection were repeated after an interval of 2 weeks for a period of 3-4 months. The results were routinely analysed clinically and statistically and the statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: There was a significant improvement (p<0.05) in most of the parameters measured, in group A patients as compared to group B patients.

Conclusions: 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate is a better sclerosing agent than hot water in cases of oral cavity hemangiomas.
Clinicoepidemiological study of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in a tertiary care centre
Authors: Chaurpagar Rajeshree , Garud Priyanka , Pawde Apurva , Doifode Parag , Chiplunkar Bhagyashree , Muneer Mohammed Badarul
Published: October 2021

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) accounted for severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was declared a global pandemic by World health organization (WHO) in March 2020. In second wave of COVID there was notable surge in Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS). We observed that use of systemic corticosteroids in treatment of COVID 19 especially among patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus increased the incidence of AIFRS.

Methods: This is retrospective observational study carried out in a Tertiary care Hospital GMC Akola from period of February 2021 to august 2021 were patients with the suspected diagnosis of AIFRS were admitted and evaluated following a standardized protocol, including clinical examination diagnostic nasal endoscopy, radiological evaluation. Diagnosis of AIFRS was confirmed on histopathology.

Results: Study was conducted in GMC, Akola of 136 patients out of which 97 were males and 39 were females. In our study 78.67% patients had history of covid infection, followed by diabetes mellitus in 54.41%, history of steroid treatment found in 64.70% patients. On HPE 69.85% were positive for mucor and mixed infection (mucor and aspergillus) were found in 6.61%. Most common presenting feature was facial pain and swelling in 66.91%, palatal changes with dental pain in 45.58%, diminution of vision 17.64%, headache in 27.94% patients.

Conclusions: Early and prompt diagnosis in high level of clinical suspicion in suspicious patient of AIFRS is vital to improve outcomes as it is known to have high morbidity and mortality (18-80%).
Otorhinolaryngological manifestations of tuberculosis
Authors: Sarfraz Majid Ali , Raina Apurva , . Deepjyoti , . Arti
Published: October 2021

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) of head and neck is a rare form of extrapulmonary TB but still poses a significant clinical and diagnostic challenge. Rare occurrence and unspecific symptoms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis often leads to misdiagnosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the various otolaryngological manifestations of extrapulmonary TB and make otolaryngologist aware of these manifestations.

Methods: This prospective study included 40 cases who presented to us at a tertiary hospital with various symptoms of head and neck TB. Detailed history with ear, nose throat examination was carried out on all patients. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), histopathology and Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining were done to confirm the diagnosis. After confirmation, patients were started on anti-TB therapy and showed good response to the treatment.  

Results: The study included 40 cases who presented to us at a tertiary hospital with various symptoms of head and neck tuberculosis. The majority of these cases had cervical lymphadenopathy (55%) followed by deep neck abscess (20%), laryngeal TB (15%), tubercular otitis media (7.5%) and nasal TB (2.5%). Majority of the cases (65%) belonged to lower socio-economic status. 42.5% of cases had family history of pulmonary TB. Six out of 40 subjects had co-existing pulmonary TB.

Conclusions: Otorhinolaryngeal TB can involve any site with unspecific symptoms. The most commonly site involved is cervical lymph node presenting as neck swelling. Variable nature of its manifestations makes it necessary to have high degree of clinical suspicion to make early diagnosis.
Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma: a case report
Authors: Priya Thottukadavil S. , Andrews Chakramakal Joseph , Kumar S. Suresh , Divya S.
Published: October 2021

Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (TCS) is a very rare malignant neoplasm of sinonasal tract with intermixed teratomatous, carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. While the diagnosis is largely based on tissue analysis and immunohistochemistry, the mode of management demands further study. Surgical resection with or without chemotherapy and radiation therapy is currently the most accepted treatment regimen. Locally aggressive, while also associated with metastatic lesions, SNTCS is not easily resectable owing to its location and possible intracranial extension. Due to its aggressive nature over one-third of TCS tend to recur leading to treatment failure with a mean survival time of 1.9 years. Possible differentials include squamous cell carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, adenocarcinoma, malignant mixed tumor of salivary gland type, undifferentiated carcinoma, malignant craniopharyngioma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, transitional carcinoma of Schneiderian type and adenosquamous carcinoma. In this report, we present a case of TCS in a 55 years old male patient who presented to us with complaints of hyposmia, blurring of vision, diplopia and epiphora.
Preoperative hemostasis assessment in adenotonsillar surgery: is it really necessary?
Authors: Gama Rita , Medeiros Nuno , Castro Fernanda , Condé Artur
Published: October 2021

Background: Adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy are among the most frequently performed procedures in otorhinolaryngology. Postoperative hemorrhage is, undoubtedly, the most feared complication of this kind of surgery. The authors aim to clarify the role of preoperative hemostatic assessment in adenotonsillar surgery, by reviewing the available literature on the subject.

Methods: Articles adressing preoperative assessment on adenotonsillar surgery were searched in PubMed® database, since its publication till April 2020.

Results: The role of hemostasis preoperative assessment in adenotonsillar surgery is still controversial, since some authors recommend its application in a selective range of patients, while others support its universal use. Most studies showed that a normal hemostatic study does not exclude the possibility of an hemostatic disease, and that most changed results are not correlated with the probability of postoperative hemorrhage. Hence, international recommendations discourage the screening of otherwise healthy patients, although most health care professionals continue to conduct preoperative tests in a systematic manner.

Conclusions: The authors emphasize the need to discuss the subject and to protocol the preoperative approach for these patients, given the confusing and divergent existing data, in such frequently performed procedures in the otolaryngology field.
Pediatric long bone fractures treated by elastic intramedullary nailing
Authors: Gupta Manoj P. , Chaurasia Lokraj , Jha Sanjeet Kumar
Published: October 2021

Background: Pediatric long bone fractures can have a high morbidity and long term disability among the survivors. The present study was aimed to study the clinical outcomes of children with long bone fractures managed by elastic intramedullary nail.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children (aged 2 to 15 years) who were admitted and treated for unilateral femoral, tibial or forearm fractures with elastic intramedullary nail from January 2018 till February 2020. All were managed with elastic intramedullary nailing. The union times and complications were noted from the medical records.

Results: Femoral, tibial and forearm bones were involved in 15 patients each (33.3%). Road traffic accident was reported by 31%) and physical abuse by one case (2%). The mean time of union was 10 weeks, ranging from 6 to 12 weeks. The mean time for union of the femur and tibia was 11.54 and 11.34 weeks respectively. It was significantly lower for forearm (6.67 weeks, p value <0.05). Two patients reported of bursitis and impingement, which were resolved after nail removal. One case had limb length discrepancy of about 0.5 cm in femur fracture, which was not impairing functional activity. Functional status was assessed based on Flynn criteria was found to be excellent in 36%, good in 44% and fair in 20%.

Conclusions: The results of the present study show that titanium elastic nail (TEN) is an effective treatment modality for managing pediatric long bone fractures. We recommend the use of TEN in managing long bone fractures in children.
Functional and clinical outcome of MIPPO anterolateral plating for proximal tibia fracture both proximal one third and coronal intrarticular fracture
Authors: Meena Dinesh Kumar , Choubisa Raghvendra , Juneja Johney , Sharma Anamendra
Published: October 2021

Background: The proximal tibial fractures are one of the commonest intraarticular fractures. Generally these injuries fall into two broad categories, high energy fractures and low energy fractures. The tibial plateau fractures are mostly due to high velocity road traffic accidents and fall from height, where fractures result from direct axial compression, usually with a valgus (more common) or varus moment and indirect shear forces.

Methods: This is a prospective study and includes operations by MIPPO technique that were undertaken between January 2020 till June 2021 in RNT government hospital; Udaipur. The total number of cases studied were 25 with the youngest being 25 years old and oldest 70 years old. Intraoperative complications were noted. Functional outcome was assessed using Modified Rasmussen’s Criteria.

Results: Patients with fracture in our study occurred between the age of 25 to 70 years with maximum incidence involving the productive age group of 21-30 years (90%). Majority of the patients was males- 90%.

Conclusions: From the minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis of proximal tibial fracture there is an increase in the complexity of proximal tibial fractures with increasing road traffic accident. As most of the patients sustained these fractures belong to physically highly active and productive age group, they need optimal treatment to get back to their previous work capacity and avoid long term complications like osteoarthritis. We treated all fractures in our study with MIPPO technique and found rapid healing by secondary fracture union and hence achieving strong bone union across the fracture site due to inherent benefits of less tissue damage and minimal disturbance of fracture site biology. We operated 20 proximal tibial fractures with MIPPO technique and observed rapid healing and good functional recovery.
Assessment of functional outcome of operative management of displaced acetabular fractures and complications
Authors: Bhat Jawed A. , Akbar Tabasum , Javaid Abdul Hanan , Javaid Faizan , Mir Faesal , Mir Nasir
Published: October 2021

Background: Aim of the study was to assess the functional outcome of operative management of displaced acetabular fractures and complications.

Methods: The study included sixty patients presenting within 2 weeks with displaced fractures of more than 2 mm. Elderly patients with osteoporotic bones and co-morbid conditions were excluded.

Results: A total of sixty patients were operated on. Union was achieved in anatomical position in 51 patients (85%) and in malposition in 9 (15%) patients. Excellent results were obtained in 15 (25%) patients, good results in 32 (53%), fair results in 7 (11.6%) and poor results in 6 (10%) patients. Post operative complications included infection in 2 (3%), sciatic nerve injury in 2 (3%) and avascular necrosis (AVN) in 3 (5%) patients.

Conclusions: In the present study, majority of the patients were operated within two weeks. The Harris hip score averaged 58.
Comparative study between intramedullary interlocking nailing and minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis for distal tibia extra-articular fractures
Authors: Sharan Anil , Juneja Johney , Choubisa Raghvendra , Jeenjwadia Nitin , Mehra A. K. , Sen Ramesh
Published: October 2021

Background: Treatment of distal tibia fractures poses significant challenge to orthopedic surgeon because of poor blood supply and paucity of soft tissue coverage. There is considerable controversy regarding the superior option of treatment for distal tibia fracture between the minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) technique and intramedullary interlocking (IMIL) nailing for extra-articular distal tibia fractures. The aim of our study is to compare the functional outcome between the two treatment methods.

Methods: This was the prospective comparative study of 50 patients with distal third tibia fractures divided into two groups. First group of patients were treated with MIPPO technique while second group of patients were managed by IMIL nailing. Patients were followed up in outpatient department to assess the functional outcomes, malunion, delayed union, non-union, superficial and deep infection between the two groups.

Results: Average time taken by patients for full weight bearing in group A was 17.6 weeks as compared to 16.7 weeks in group B. All patients were able to bear weight prior to complete union of fracture. By the process of weight bearing, we believed that it would promote secondary bone healing. On taking X-rays during follow up of included patients starting of radiological union was observed carefully by looking for bridging callus, haziness of fracture line. Appearance of callus was taken average time of 12.5 weeks in group A and 12.1 weeks in group B.

Conclusions: Both procedures have shown the reliable method of fixation for distal extra-articular tibia fractures preserving the soft tissue, bony vascularity and fracture hematoma that provide a favourable biological environment for fracture healing. Considering the results of the study, we have slightly more preference for the MIPPO technique.
Theory and Methodology of Auxiliary Historical Disciplines in Academic Activity of Stepan Veselovskiy
Authors: Kholmatov Temurmalik
Published: October 2021

The article examines theoretical and methodological views of the historian S. B. Veselovskiy (1876—1952) on auxiliary historical disciplines (that have received the most noticeable development in his scientific activity): archeography, genealogy, onomastics, and historical geography. There are investigated the subjects of these four disciplines, their goals, as well as his approach to the analysis of historical sources. The main conclusion of the study is that, according to S. B. Veselovskiy, the support for expanding the potential of auxiliary historical disciplines is based on their interpenetration and complementarity. The study of these theoretical and methodological principles allows not only to present the scientific work of the historian, but also the stages of development of disciplines, especially given the increased interest in questions about their status — the transition from an auxiliary function in relation to historical science to an independent discipline/subdiscipline.
The Two “Identical” Freiburg Charters of 1275: a Lengthy Draft
Authors: Blokhin Pavel
Published: October 2021

The present article is a study of the lengthy draft of the 1275 Freiburg legislation. The document did not become an official charter, but remained only a draft. The lengthy draft modified and supplemented some of the provisions of an earlier charter, the short draft of 1275, and an even earlier city law book, the 1218 Stadtrodel. There are new laws related to civil law in the lengthy draft. At the will of the lord of the city, additions were made to the text of the charter, regulating the levying of land taxes (der Zins) on townsfolk and restricting the ability of fugitive dependents from lords’ estates to reside in Freiburg. The main changes relate to the activities of city councils. In contrast to the short draft, the lengthy draft sets out the powers of the so-called Junior Council. Despite the fact that the lengthy draft did not become official laws, it became the basis for writing the current city charter of 1293.
Model Dwellings for Working People: How British Co-operators Built Houses in the 1860s
Authors: Novichenko Irina
Published: October 2021

The article attempts to analyze the first steps of “co-operative social housing” in Great Britain, the peculiarities of the emergence of the idea and the mechanisms of its implementation during ten years, from 1860 to 1870. On the basis of publications in the newspaper “The Co-operator” (1860—1870), the question of organizing the activities of co-operative building societies and the process of forming ideas about a “healthy house for working people” under the influence of the educational activities of Edward Thomas Craig and Florence Nightingale. Co-operators approached the issue of housing construction in a utilitarian manner, adhered to the latest methods of organizing a healthy house, created their own culture of living in cities, and ennobled the urban space around them.
Typological Characteristics of the Medieval City of Normandy and Its Functioning in the Political Space of the 14th — 15th Centuries
Authors: Sanzharov Valeriy
Published: October 2021

The article analyzes attempts to compose a typology of the Normandy agglomerations of the Late Middle Ages, to highlight the main features of a “medieval city” (administrative, military, economic, religious functions; the presence of specific city law and autonomy, participation in public political activity). The voluntary nature of granting rights and privileges to the cities of Normandy by their lords is noted. The possibilities of attracting modern sociological indicators (number of inhabitants, population density, and area of agglomeration) to characterize and rank medieval cities are examined. Based on Normandy data, the article examines the problems of the lowest border of a medieval city, a “small” city, possible reasons for the loss of urban status by the agglomeration. It is noted that a “small” city presupposes the existence and inclusion in a hierarchical structure consisting of multi-level urban centres for fairly large areas of the kingdom. It emphasizes the relevance of studying medieval regional urban networks, urban topography using data from archaeological excavations, using GIS cartography to study places and spaces of power, the need for more attention to studying the role of a city lord (king, count, baron, bishop, chapter, monastery, several lords) in various areas of urban life (a feature of Normandy: in the 15th century, there is an almost complete change of secular lords of cities twice). A brief description of the attitude of the Lancaster regime to Norman cities is given: on the one hand, the confirmation of privileges, on the other hand, the placement of garrisons to control loyalty, the demolition of the fortifications of several cities as a potential threat, the redistribution of urban real estate, the encouragement of immigration from England, the re-population of some cities. As the reign of Louis XI (1461—1483) shows, the traditional paradigm of “perfect harmony” in the relationship of the crown with the urban community needs serious adjustment.
The Apology for Florence’s Great Council in Girolamo Savonarola’s Sermons
Authors: Telmenko Elena
Published: October 2021

After the expulsion of Piero Medici and the withdrawal of French troops from Florence, the citizens of Florence embarked on reforming the state administration. One of the most important institutional transformations was the establishment of the Great Council, which was carried out with the support of the city prophet Girolamo Savonarola. The paper analyses the sermons of the Dominican monk, which were delivered in support of the popular government (represented by the Council) during the discussion of the drafts of the reform project, as well as during the functioning of the Consiglio Maggiore. Comparison of the sermons with the “Treatise on the Governance of Florence”, written at the end of the monk’s political career, allows us to find out in which issues his position remained unchanged and where a particular evolution of his views took place.
Foreign Judges and Communal Authorities in the Legislative and Legal Space of Florence in the Second Half of the 14th Century
Authors: Krasnova Irina
Published: October 2021

The article attempts to consider the actions of two communal systems of power — foreign officials: the Podestà, the Captain of the People and the Executor of the Institutions of Justice, as well as communal structures formed in 1293 — the Signoria as part of the Priory, headed by the Honfalonier of Justice and the colleges of 12 good husbands and 16 gonfaloniers of companies, in a difficult period of changing political regimes in the second half of the 14th century. The main problem of the research is the practice of the application of law and power in the context of a relatively wide communal democracy, multi-power and frequent turnover of the Signoria (every 2 months). Before each composition of the Signoria, there was a temptation at critical moments not to apply legal norms, especially in the sphere of punitive jurisdiction, and not to use powers of authority to punish and suppress their fellow citizens. In this regard, the members of the Signoria especially needed foreign officials, whose importance increase d in crisis situations, which gave rise to dictatorial inclinations and abuse of power by the Podestà and the Captains of the People
Elements of Early Wahhabism in the Ideology of Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi
Authors: Kudelin Andrey
Published: October 2021

The article examines the ideology of the leader of the Mahdist uprising in Sudan at the end of the 19th century, Muhammad Ahmad, who took the title al-Mahdi. The role of elements of Wahhabism, as well as the teachings of Sufi brotherhoods spread in the territory of Sudan, on the ideology of the Mahdists is revealed. Conclusions reached during the study: 1) Muhammad Ahmad's ideology was influenced by the Sufi orders of Senusiyya and Sammaniyya, as well as early Wahhabism; 2) a significant part of the tenets of the Senussi was also drawn from Wahhabism by them; 3) the influence of Wahhabism on the ideology of the Mahdists was much greater than was commonly believed in Soviet and Russian historiography; 4) at the same time, the Wahhabi influence was indirect, since it used methods of Sufism that were close and understandable to the population of Sudan to spread.
Cambios y continuidades en las políticas públicas de hábitat popular en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 2011-2016.
Authors: Marazzi Vanesa , Gualdoni Natalia
Published: October 2021

El presente artículo analiza las políticas públicasorientadas a la gestión del hábitat popular en laCiudad de Buenos Aires durante el periodo 2011-2017, identificando las principales modificacionespolíticas, institucionales y presupuestarias de los organismosvinculados a la gestión de dicha materia.Componer el devenir de la política bajo análisistiene por finalidad no solo dar cuenta de lo queha acontecido en el período analizado, sino tambiénconstruir una “línea de base” que opere comopunto de partida para analizar las continuidades ydisrupciones de la política orientada a vivienda, villasy asentamientos a partir de la gestión iniciadaen diciembre de 2015.
Reforma estatal y provincias en el sexenio alfonsinista
Authors: Cao Horacio
Published: October 2021

El trabajo analiza las políticas de reforma delEstado durante el mandato presidencial del Dr.Raúl Alfonsín (1983/89) y cómo ellas dibujaronun escenario en donde las provincias redefiniríansu lugar en el ámbito de lo político y lo administrativo.El texto describe el complejo escenario quedebió enfrentar el presidente, las tensiones en tornoa la orientación que debía tener la reforma estatal ycómo su capítulo provincial fue procesado a partirde las instituciones federales. Ellas tuvieron un papelcrucial en el reemplazo de importantes actorespolíticos, económicos y sociales que entraron endecadencia a partir de cambios ocurridos tanto enel orden político como en el proceso de acumulación.De esta forma se relata el proceso por elcual, frente a las medidas de ajuste -que de formafragmentaria y contradictoria adelantó el gobiernoradical- las provincias lideraron la reorganización yrevalorización del patrón territorial de construcciónpolítica en la Argentina.
Adolescentes con episodios conflictivos con la ley penal: Restituir derechos y construir ciudadanía. Reflexiones a partir del Programa Propiciar de La Matanza.
Authors: Moro Javier , Orizaola Guillermo
Published: October 2021

Este artículo propone algunas reflexiones en tornoa las posibilidades de intervenir en problemáticascomplejas a través de políticas sociales con enfoquede derechos desde un municipio del conurbanobonaerense. En un contexto donde algunos actorespromueven la baja de la edad de punibilidad a partirdel estereotipo de los jóvenes de sectores popularescomo peligrosos, nos parece relevante y oportunoanalizar la gestión del Programa Propiciaren La Matanza con adolescentes no punibles. Allídestacamos: la (re)definición del problema para nocontinuar un sentido punitivo en la intervención;la propuesta de un abordaje territorial basado enderechos; algunas tensiones en la implementación;los alcances y límites vinculados a las particularidadesde territorios signados por la desigualdad y laexclusión y al déficit de políticas públicas de mayorescala; finalmente, se argumenta que este tipo deabordajes pueden resultar una referencia con respectoa qué se puede y se debe hacer en materia depolíticas sociales.
El síntoma de la estatalidad: controles de precios y las capacidades estatales. El caso de Precios Cuidados en Argentina
Authors: Quiroga Juan Pablo
Published: October 2021

Las denominadas políticas de control de precioshan sido tradicionalmente entendidas en términode las preocupaciones por el rol y el tamaño de laburocracia; su eficacia de corto plazo y la ineficaciade mediano-largo y la constitución de mercadosnegros, entre otros. Sin embargo, poco se ha estudiadosu contribución al desarrollo de las capacidadesestatales. El presente trabajo buscará analizar elprimer año de funcionamiento del programa PreciosCuidados en Argentina, a los efectos de entenderen qué medida nuevas formas de articulaciónpúblico-privada contribuyen a ampliar las capacidadesdel Estado y sus agencias. Una política públicaque nos brindará la posibilidad de analizar losdensos vínculos entre Estado, mercado y sociedad.
Limitantes a la inversión productiva como obstáculo al desarrollo. El caso de la Argentina.
Authors: Bekerman Marta , Chiara Anabel Gonzalez
Published: October 2021

El trabajo comienza por enfatizar el rol de la inversiónproductiva, no sólo para posibilitar la acumulaciónde factores, sino también como elementocentral para lograr la generación y absorción detecnología y lograr una transformación estructuralque permita diversificar las exportaciones y reducirsu concentración en productos primarios. A partirde allí intenta analizar cuáles son los obstáculosque limitan la expansión de las inversiones en elmarco de las economías latinoamericanas, con particularreferencia a la Argentina. Con tal fin tomaen cuenta factores vinculados, por un lado, a lascaracterísticas de la estructura productiva y, por elotro, a aquellos derivados de políticas públicas inefectivas.En ese contexto se presenta a las políticasproductivas como un instrumento clave para sortearlos obstáculos que limitan la inversión, y seplantea un conjunto de instrumentos vinculados ala intervención de los mercados o a la provisión debienes públicos tomando en cuenta su interaccióntanto a nivel horizontal como vertical.
COMBINED BIOMASS UTILIZATION SYSTEM
Authors: Morozov Viacheslav , Obodovskyi Ivan
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze existing technologies and optimize their operation in a closed-loop production and use of biomass fuel based on existing chemical-biological technologies of biochemical processing of biomass and its anaerobic fermentation processes. The article presents a fundamentally new scheme of biomass utilization of different origins, the implementation of this scheme of utilization of household, sewage, industrial and technological biomass waste will solve simultaneously the problem of preserving the environment in an environmentally friendly condition, to obtain during processing energy sources thermal energy to ensure the flow of biochemical and thermal processes in the installation, and to produce pilot fuel for its use in the processes of heat production of decentralized heating systems and energy production of small and medium-sized settlements, private estates and cottages.
Introduction of Problem Based Learning (PBL) as a Supplementary Tool to Enhance Active Learning in Physiology – A Study in a Medical College of Southern Kolkata
Authors: Narhare Pandurang , Sasane Padmakar , Mohanan Revathi , Baruah Mriganka
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND The motivation to learn begins with a problem. The ideology of problem-based learning (PBL) is to encourage the students to think beyond the books and apply the basic knowledge to various clinical scenarios. Problem based learning has been a concept in existence for decades, yet its implementation in medical education is limited. So the study on PBL was taken up to know analytical skills, comprehensive understanding of disease process and inculcate the practice of self-directed learning in physiology. METHODS This was an educational interventional study carried out on 60 first MBBS students chosen by simple random sampling. Students were further randomly divided into two groups containing 30 students in the control group and 30 students in the study group. Control group was taught by didactic lectures. 10 clinical scenarios were given to study group and discussions were conducted under the moderation of faculties. Objective evaluation was performed using pre-test and post-test examination for both groups. Subjective evaluation of attitude in study group towards PBL was recorded using self-developed questionnaire using Likert’s scale. Data was analysed by using paired students t test. RESULTS The mean pre-PBL (9.83±4.88) and post-PBL scores (15.61 ± 2.99) in study group were significant (p < 0.00001). The comparison of mean scores of postdidactic lectures (12.88 ± 3.13) in control group and post-PBL (15.61 ± 2.99) in study group were significant (p < 0.001). Subjective evaluation using Likert’s scale revealed increased interest in active learning, better confidence, communication, comprehension, and motivation amongst the PBL group. CONCLUSIONS From the results of this study, it can be concluded that problem-based learning is a good supplementary tool in teaching physiology, and it can be included in the regular medical teaching programmes so that the students have a better understanding of the various challenges in the field of medical education and research so that newer strategies for better health care provision can be planned. KEYWORDS Active Learning, Medical Education, Problem Solving, Self-Directed Learning
Independent samples—single hypothesis testing
Authors: Białowąs Sylwester , Knežević Blaženka , Szyszka Adrianna , Žmuk Berislav
Published: October 2021

In this chapter, the “between-subject” is dealt with, as well as the single hypothesis approach. Both parametrical and non-parametrical versions of the tests are described. All tests are introduced, and the full, step-by-step SPSS guidance is presented. The sections regarding effect size and about writing the report are also included.
Independent samples—more hypotheses testing
Authors: Knežević Blaženka , Žmuk Berislav
Published: October 2021

Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) without replication is called a factorial ANOVA with two factors. It is used to test if there is a significant difference between means of several sets of data (groups) dependable on two independent factors. It is applied when we have one measurement variable and two nominal variables (usually called ‘factors’ or ‘main effects’). In this chapter hypotheses and assumptions of the method are given. Then the example of the procedure of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) without replication is described in details. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with replication is utilized to simultaneously test the effects of varying two variables for a sample which consists of more than one respondent per a certain combination of variables. The example of the procedure of two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with replication is described in details in this chapter. For both procedures the easy to follow examples shows the procedure stepby-step. The practical part includes the guidance for SPSS and for Excel.
Size reduction of food commodities and food safety in some Accra markets
Authors:   University of Ghana, Sinayobye E , Saalia FK
Published: October 2021

The objective of this paper is to investigate the food safety and hygienic status after size reduction in some Accra markets, using questionnaire and bacterial samples to validate the questionnaire findings. The primary research was done in the Kaneshie, Makola and Nima markets in Accra. The work involved more than 55 milling machines in these different and affluent markets. The audit form used consisted of a number of questions for each of the 21 respondents chosen at random with a range of one to three machines, some owning up to 5 machines. In addition to the audit,36 samples of tomatoes were taken before and after milling to assess their microbiological safety and the microbial total load by evaluating the plate count agar (PCA), and Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli indicating the presence of potential faecal contamination. All 36 samples from the three markets were relatively microbiologically contaminated. The contamination load increased with the milling time. After size reduction of the foods they came out of the machine more contaminated than they entered. Some foods are subjected to adulteration in the size reduction machine. The results of this study suggest that even though most of the foods are cooked before consumption it is necessary to put in place good manufacturing practice (GMP) which must be followed starting with Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles. If this is not done, consumption of such products could lead to serious health hazards especially where they are not cooked enough to eliminate the microbial loads. Disinfection of the machine and the environment will be necessary after each milling session. The products to be milled should be of better microbial quality as well so that the milled product can be safe for consumption. The enforcing agencies and other stakeholders also have a big role to play in terms of awareness and education for the good of the consumer.
Effect of ageing under tropical conditions on the eating qualities of beef
Authors:   University for Development Studies, Ghana, Teye Gabriel , Okutu I
Published: October 2021

Beef is a major source of animal protein in Ghana but most of it comes from old and poorly conditioned animals, which produce tough meat with poor eating qualities. The eating quality of tough beef can, however, be improved by methods of tenderizing such as ageing, electrical stimulation and application of enzymes. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of ageing under tropical conditions with high ambient/room temperatures (average 350C) on the eating qualities of beef. Fresh beef longissmus dorsi muscle from a matured Sanga bull was used. The muscle was cut into four equal steaks measuring 10 cm long with an average weight of 373g in duplicates and subjected to ageing treatments for 5, 10 and 15 days at a temperature of 20C ± 20C. The control samples were frozen throughout the experiment. After each period of ageing, the samples were immediately frozen to halt further ageing process. Swabs were taken on the samples for microbiological analysis before and after each ageing period to determine the microbial quality of the steak after ageing. Fourteen untrained sensory panelists assessed the eating qualities: tenderness, beef flavour, juiciness and abnormal flavour of the samples. The ageing process resulted in highly significant improvements in tenderness and juiciness of the beef steak. Ageing for 10 to 15 days produced very tender steaks whilst the control steaks remained very tough (P< 0.001). The beef steaks became more juicy with increasing time of ageing and beef flavour intensity was significantly (P< 0.01) enhanced from day 5 to becoming strong by the day 15, whilst abnormal flavour intensity was not affected by the ageing process. On acceptability, majority of the panelists preferred the steaks aged for 10 or 15 days as the best meat. The ageing process did not have any detrimental effect on drip loss and microbial quality of the beef steaks. The problem of very tough beef from old animals in tropical countries can be minimized considerably through the practice of ageing.
Physico-chemical and Adulteration Profile of Dried Milk in Kashmir
Authors: Irshad Snober , Paul Mohammed A. , Bhat Riyaz A. , Akhoon Zubair Ahmad , Rafeh S. , Muhee A. , Taifa S.
Published: October 2021

Background: Milk is a highly nutritious food that serves as an excellent growth good medium for microorganisms. Converting milk into milk powder increases its shelf life and can be stored for extended period (about 1 year) without substantial loss of quality even at ambient temperatures. Methods: The current investigation was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the quality of milk powder in Kashmir division for characterizing its physico-chemical and adulteration profile. Since all the dried milk is imported in the valley, it is important to ascertain its quality. For this purpose, whole valley was divided into three zones namely north, south and central. The physiochemical properties and adulteration profile of all the milk powder samples, collected from three zones (north, center, south) were determined. Result: The physiochemical properties of all the milk powder samples were to be of approved quality, irrespective of the brand and class. Adulteration profile of milk powder was seen to match completely to the standards. Milk powder should be free from all the adulterants to ensure its safe and wholesome consumption to consumers. A very few samples were found positive to alkaline neutralizer.