bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
10 anos da lei federal nº 10.639/2003 e a formação de professores: uma leitura de pesquisas científicas
Authors: Paula Benjamin Xavier de , Guimarães Selva
Published: June 2014

Este estudo aborda a formação de professores com vistas à implementação do estudo da História e Cultura da África e Afro-brasileira, conforme dispõe a lei federal nº 10.639/2003 e as disposições correlatas. Faz parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla cuja opção metodológica ampara-se na abordagem defendida por Canen (2008). Nessa concepção, entende-se o multiculturalismo como conceito e prática estruturante na pesquisa científica em educação e na formação de professores, bem como na pluralidade paradigmática como eixo teórico-metodológico para essas pesquisas. Essa abordagem dialoga com outras perspectivas metodológicas, a saber: o estudo acerca do estado da arte na perspectiva defendida por Ferreira (2002) e André; Romanowski (1999); e a pesquisa bibliográfica, conforme disposto em Gil (2002) e Lima; Mioto (2007). Nossas fontes de investigação são: relatório de pesquisa, consolidado a partir do banco de teses e dissertações da Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) sobre a produção de teses de doutorado e dissertações de mestrado; e relatório de pesquisa, consolidado a partir do banco de artigos científicos constantes na base da Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO). O tratamento metodológico das fontes de pesquisa efetivou-se por meio da análise crítica das referências bibliográficas e documentais. A pesquisa evidencia a invisibilidade do tema investigado antes do ano 2000 e a crescente demanda pelos estudos desta natureza nos anos posteriores.
Desafios aos editores da área de humanidades no periodismo científico e nas redes sociais: reflexões e experiências
Authors: Benchimol Jaime L. , Cerqueira Roberta C. , Papi Camilo
Published: June 2014

O presente artigo analisa experiências de História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos, revista editada desde 1994 pela Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Tendo como pano de fundo as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos periódicos da área de humanas, discute a trajetória de HCS - Manguinhos até seu ingresso no Portal SciELO, as implicações que isso teve no tocante às rotinas editoriais, ao potencial de veiculação e às perspectivas de internacionalização. Procura situar os editores em meio a correntes de pensamento que manifestam posições convergentes ou contraditórias a respeito: primeiro, dos processos em curso de hierarquização e internacionalização de periódicos científicos brasileiros; segundo, das formas de divulgar seus conteúdos e avaliar seu impacto; e, terceiro, das tendências quantitativistas e produtivistas hoje imperantes no meio acadêmico. Relata dificuldades enfrentadas no esforço para internacionalizar HCS - Manguinhos e analisa os resultados alcançados após o ingresso nas redes sociais, em junho de 2013, fazendo uso de métricas diferentes daquelas há mais tempo instituídas para aferir o impacto de publicações científicas.
Identifying drivers that influence the spatial distribution of woody vegetation in Kruger National Park, South Africa
Authors: Scholtz R. , Kiker G. A. , Smit I. P. J. , Venter F. J.
Published: June 2014

Understanding the dynamics of woody tree species distribution in savanna systems remains a challenge despite considerable attention the topic has received in recent years. Disturbances such as fire and elephant effects on woody vegetation are well documented, yet the influence of these factors on emerging landscape‐scale patterns such as height and species distributions continue to be poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify how a suite of environmental variables (rainfall, temperature, aspect, slope, geology, fire frequency and elephant density) and their relative contributions, may affect woody species distribution in relation to structural height classes. Using the Maximum Entropy model for three structural height classes of the fifteen most frequently occurring woody species in the Kruger National Park (South Africa), the environmental variables best explaining each species distribution were identified. The three structural classes were defined to capture canopy height categories of specific management interest, namely Shrub (0.75–2.5 m), Brush (2.5–5.5 m) and Tree (over 5.5 m). The weighted contributions of environmental variables for each species and its associated size class were further analyzed for similarities using a resemblance matrix based on the Bray‐Curtis similarity index coupled with a hierarchical clustering test. Our main findings suggest that the patterns and processes driving woody composition and structure are largely decoupled and that the distribution of different structural classes of a particular species may not be driven by the same environmental variables. Future studies should take cognizance of this as ignoring one or the other may lead to confounding results.
Optimizing Corn Seeding Rates Using a Field's Corn Suitability Rating
Authors: Woli Krishna P. , Burras C. Lee , Abendroth Lori J. , Elmore Roger W.
Published: June 2014

The response of corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield (GY) to plant population or seeding rate is well studied. Population recommendations have been previously made by amassing numerous data points to find the optimum plant population. However, the response has not yet been linked with the corn suitability rating (CSR), a measure of soil productivity. We evaluated the effect of seeding rate with respect to the CSR system on corn GY. The study was performed across 33 site‐years in Iowa from 2006 to 2009. Seeding rates ranged from 49,400 to 118,560 seeds ha−1. Two versions of CSR were examined—the original CSR and the revised CSR2. Averaged across all site‐years, corn GY showed a quadratic response to the seeding rate. Predicted corn GY was maximized at 13.4 Mg ha−1 with the seeding rate of 96,000 ha−1. Corn GY plateaued for the highest CSR class, had significant quadratic responses to second and third CSR classes, but did not respond to seeding rate at the lowest CSR class. However, corn GY did not plateau for the highest CSR2 class as in the CSR. Although all three lower CSR2 classes responded quadratically, there was no clear pattern. Generally, the predicted corn GY also responded quadratically to seeding rate with respect to the parameters used for calculating CSR2 values. Because the original CSR values incorporate climatic conditions and predicted more realistic corn GY responses to seeding rate in this study, we recommend using CSR values when estimating the optimum seeding rate to maximize corn GY.
Upgrading of Farmed Salmon Oil Through Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis
Authors: Kahveci Derya , Falkeborg Mia , Gregersen Sandra , Xu Xuebing
Published: June 2014

Upgrading of farmed salmon oil obtained from by-products was carried out by lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis to
increase omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content. The lipases tested were from Penicillium camembertii
(PC), Rhizomucor javanicus (RJ), Rhizopus niveus (RN), Rhizopus delemar (RD), Burkholderia cepacia (BC), Rhizopus
oryzae (RO), Candida rugosa (CR) and Rhizomucor miehei (RM). The lipases from PC, RJ and RN had lower hydrolysis
degrees (HDs) compared to the rest of the lipases. The lipase from CR had the highest HD after 24 h (91.89%). Moreover,
CR lipase was the most effective one in concentrating omega 3 PUFA. The final value was increased from 13.77% to
27.81% (wt%). The changes in omega 3 PUFA content were significantly different among the lipases although the HD
values were similar at the end of the reactions, which was believed to be caused by the substrate specificities of the lipases.
The investigation of the relationship between HD and hydrolysis resistant value (HRV) for eicosapentaenoic acid
(EPA, 20:5), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and oleic acid (OA, 18:1) revealed that the fatty acid (FA) selectivity of
the lipases were significantly different. CR lipase had the highest preference for hydrolyzing OA selectively over EPA
and DHA. The reaction conditions, i.e. presence of surfactants, sonication, buffer-to-oil ratio, enzyme load, did not affect
the selectivity. Investigation of the reaction conditions revealed that it was possible to obtain ~2.15-fold of the original
omega 3 PUFA content by hydrolysis of salmon oil in the presence of CR lipase (4%, based on oil weight) with a bufferto-
oil ratio of 2:1 (v/v) at 37oC for 4 h.
Fish Weirs and an Interior Salmon Fishery on the Nautley River, Central British Columbia
Authors: Prince Paul
Published: June 2014

Portions of wood stake salmon fishing weirs have been recorded in the Nautley River of central British Columbia dating from roughly the 13th to early 20th century A.D. The factors contributing to the preservation and detection of these features are considered, along with their spatial arrangement, and it is argued they are the remains of wood fence and basket trap weirs used to harvest sockeye salmon. The early dates and the fact that these features have survived at all have significant implications for interpretations of the development of the ethnographically described salmon focused cultures of this area, and the network of relationships they developed to compensate for cycles in sockeye abundance. It is argued here that weirs are not a result of recent diffusions, and that there is potential for the remains of similar features to be found in other streams of the region, such that long-term cultural adaptations can be better defined.
Thermally Modified Rock: The Experimental Study of “Fire-Cracked” Byproducts of Hot Rock Cooking
Authors: Graesch Anthony P. , DiMare Tianna , Schachner Gregson , Schaepe David M. , Dallen John (Jay)
Published: June 2014

Despite its ubiquity in residential middens at many North American archaeological sites, thermally modified rock (TMR) is among the least studied elements of the archaeological record. TMR assemblages, however, may provide key insights into routine cooking practices, patterns of refuse disposal, and midden formation processes. This article outlines the results of experimental research aimed at understanding the conditions by which TMR assemblages were created in residential settlements in the Pacific Northwest. We present baseline data addressing the thermal properties of the hearth, the rate and circumstances of cobble fracturing, the extent to which different kinds of cobbles break when exposed to heat for varying durations, and the effectiveness of hot cobbles at achieving cooking temperatures.
Effects of different cropping systems and weed management methods on free energy and content of pigments in maize
Authors: Spasojevic Igor , Dragicevic Vesna , Simic Milena , Kovacevic Dusan , Brankov Milan
Published: June 2014

Rotation is a cropping system that has many advantages and ensures better
crop growth and yielding. Its combinination with other cropping measures can
ensure optimal crop density for maximal growth and photosynthesis efficiency.
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different cropping
systems: monoculture and two rotations, including maize, wheat and soybean
(MSW and MWS), and different weed management methods (weed removal by hoeing,
application of a full recommended herbicide dose (RD) and half that dose (0.5
RD), and weedy check) on weed biomass and maize growth parameters - leaf area
index (LAI), free energy, contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, grain
yield, and their possible relationships in two fields of the maize hybrids ZP
677 (H1) and ZP 606 (H2). The lowest LAI and grain yield were found in
monoculture, particularly in weedy check, which had relatively high weed
infestation. Higher weed biomass was also observed in herbicide treated plots
in monoculture. Such high competition pressure indicates a stress reflected
on reduced LAI and chlorophyll content, and increased free energy and content
of carotenoids. On the other hand, rotation, particularly if it is combined
with the application of herbicides or hoeing, had a positive impact on
yielding potential by increasing LAI and the contents of chlorophyll and
carotenoids, and decreasing free energy.
Statistical analysis of data set on national reporting of emission of air pollutants. Part I: investigation of outliers / Analiza statystyczna zbioru danych pochodzącego z krajowej sprawozdawczości emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza, Cz. I: wykrywanie wartości odstających
Authors: Zasina Damian , Zawadzki Jarosław
Published: June 2014

The Polish emission reporting system - “Krajowa baza o emisjach gazów cieplarnianych i innych substancji” (or National Emission Database (NED)) - was established at the end of 2010. Initially (data submitted for 2010), the database contained reported emission data for greenhouse gases and air pollutants from plants that have had proper Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control permissions (i.e., integrated permission for the release of gases and dusts into the air). The emissions reported to the NED are recognised as the emissions from local sources and partly as the emissions from point sources, with the possibility of including them into a national emission inventory as point source data (in the case of air pollutants). In the near future, it is planned that the database will be perceived as an integrated system for national air emission management (and the emission data from all sources will be required to pay a “tax for the use of the environment”, which will be regulated by national Polish law). This paper is a part of the work related to the analysis of reported emission data. Additional research on the data collected in the national database might be used to develop a National Emission Inventory, in addition to evolution of country-specific emission factors (e.g. from combustion and industrial processes). The analysed data (emission of NOX, CO, SOX and TSP) were taken from the data for point sources submitted for 2011 primarily with the aim of improving the quality of data submitted previously - for 2010. This paper is the first study in the research to investigate outliers among the reported data using some basic statistical methods.
The Linguistic “Fairness” of the Olympic Charter: Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Solutions Adopted in the Official International Document for Global Sport
Authors: Murrmann Julia
Published: June 2014

“The practice of sport is a human right. Every individual must have the possibility of practicing sport, without discrimination of any kind (…)” (Olympic Charter, 2011, p. 10) is an extralinguistic presentation of sport in the Olympic Charter. Ahead of sport rivalry, as well as in social life, all people should be equal: this is the main message of the official, international document for global sport. Pure sport should recognize no differences concerning color of the skin, age, nationality, ethnicity, or gender. The aim of this paper is to show a different perspective: the focus of the paper goes to the language of the Olympic Charter, which should be brought into question. There is a need to investigate the purely linguistic solutions adopted to describe the principles and rules in sport. Additionally, the language, which characterizes participation in the Olympic Games, should be “fair”, meaning free from favoritism and prejudice. People’s dignity must be protected and no offense or discrimination is to be accepted, neither on the extralinguistic nor the linguistic level. Currently, different linguistic issues are being discussed and political correctness policy is being applied. The claims of feminists and purists are being considered. The language of the Olympic Charter seems to be resistant to any kind of criticism, as the document has already been modified a number of times. It is regularly updated. However, the question of whether the Olympic Charter is among the “fairest” documents ever written can only partially be answered. Several linguistic changes will be probably necessary in a very near future.
Efficient one-pot synthesis of 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthene derivatives promoted by niobium pentachloride
Authors: Andrade Bartolomeu Aloisio , Menezes Manoel , Silva Filho Luiz
Published: June 2014

A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthene derivatives through one-pot condensation of 2-naphthol with aryl aldehydes in the presence of niobium pentachloride is described. The reactions were carried out using 25 mole % of NbCl5, at ambient temperature, and in acceptable reaction times, affording excellent yields of the products.
Binding of biguanides to β-lactoglobulin: molecular-docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies
Authors: Sahihi Mehdi , Ghayeb Yousef
Published: June 2014

Biguanides are a class of drugs derived from biguanide and they are the most widely used drugs for diabetes mellitus or pre-diabetes treatment. An investigation of their interaction and a transport protein such as β-lactoglobulin (BLG) at atomic level could be a valuable factor in controlling their transport to biological sites. Molecular-docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods were used to study the interaction of metformin, phenformin and buformin as biguanides and BLG as transport protein. The molecular-docking results revealed that these biguanides bind to BLG and that the BLG affinity for binding the biguanides decreases in the following order: phenformin — buformin — metformin. The docking results also show the hydrophobic interactions to have a significant role in the BLG-biguanides complex stability. Analysis of molecular dynamic simulation trajectories shows that the root mean square deviation of various systems attained equilibrium and fluctuated around the mean value at various times. The time evolution of the radius of gyration and the total solvent-accessible surface of the protein showed that BLG and BLG-biguanide complexes became stable at approximately 2500 ps and that there was not any conformational change in the BLG-biguanide complexes. In addition, the profiles of atomic fluctuations show the rigidity of the ligand-binding site during the simulation.
Application of mixed solvents for elution of organophosphate pesticides extracted from raw propolis by matrix solid-phase dispersion and analysis by GC-MS
Authors: Medina-Dzul Kati , Muñoz-Rodríguez David , Moguel-Ordoñez Yolanda , Carrera-Figueiras Cristian
Published: June 2014

The excessive application of organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) in crop fields close to hives and its application in beekeeping practices are potential sources of contamination of propolis. Pesticides were extracted from raw propolis by matrix solid-phase dispersion. Because of the complex chemical composition of propolis, binary solvent mixtures based on acetonitrile and a relatively non-polar solvent in different proportions were tested for the selective elution of OPPs. The effect of mixed solvents on clean-up was evaluated by GC-MS and the main interfering compounds co-eluted with pesticides were identified. In addition, three volumes of the solvent mixture and the volume of the sample were evaluated in an experimental factorial design. The final experimental conditions were 1 mL of dissolved propolis and 8 mL of acetonitrile/dichloromethane (g4 r = 25: 75). Mean recoveries ranged from 55 % to 96 % (relative standard deviation < 8 %) with an inter-day precision lower than 24 %. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of real samples obtained from local beekeepers.
Photo-alignment of liquid crystals in micro capillaries with point-by-point irradiation
Authors: Siarkowska A. , Jóźwik M. , Ertman S. , Woliński T. , Chigrinov V.
Published: June 2014

A photo-alignment method for micro capillaries based on the SD-1 azo-dye is demonstrated. In this work a liquid-crystal molecules aligning layer is created by point-by-point irradiation of the azo-dye film by using an UV laser light. The method opens up new possibilities for an improved molecules’ orientation control in both glass- and polymer-based photonic liquid crystal fibres.
Beam forming optic aberrations’ impact on maximum range of semiconductor laser based rangefinders
Authors: Wojtanowski J. , Zygmunt M. , Traczyk M. , Mierczyk Z. , Jakubaszek M.
Published: June 2014

Miniature rangefinding modules based on pulsed semiconductor laser technology are becoming more and more popular components of a variety of modern optoelectronics devices where precise, fast and eye-safe range estimation is needed. Current trends associated with minimization of both physical dimensions and cost of such modules lead to the design approach relying on exact meeting the requirements of a given application, concerning the spatial resolution and especially the maximum range. Optical components of a rangefinder cover a substantial part of its cost and determine its overall dimensions, but primarily — the indigenous parameters of the transmitter and receiver trains are crucial for the maximum measurable range. The quantitative analysis of transmitter optics aberrational characteristics impact on signal-to-noise ratio range dependence and thus the maximum range of a laser rangefinder is presented in the paper. Modern optical fabrication technology offers a huge range of solutions, changing in imaging/projecting characteristics which implies the price level as well. Rangefinder optics has a very specific task which sometimes makes it unreasonable to fight for the diffraction limited performance. The article provides the approach how to determine the acceptable level of optical aberrations which still does not degrade the measurable range significantly.
Transparent laser damage resistant nematic liquid crystal cell “LCNP3”
Authors: Raszewski Z. , Piecek W. , Jaroszewicz L. , Dąbrowski R. , Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki E. , Soms L. , Olifierczuk M. , Kędzierski J. , Morawiak P. , Mazur R. , Miszczyk E. , Mrukiewicz M. , Kowiorski K.
Published: June 2014

There exists the problem in diagnostics of dense plasma (so-called Thomson diagnostics). For this purpose the plasma is illuminated by series of high energy laser pulses. The energy of each separate pulse is as large as 3 J, so it is impossible to generate a burst of such pulses by a single laser. In this situation, the pulses are generated by several independent lasers operating sequentially, and these pulses are to be directed along the same optical path. To form an optical path with λ = 1.064 μm and absolute value of the laser pulse energy of 3 J, a special refractive index matched twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell of type LCNP3, with switching on time τON smaller than 3 μs was applied.
ATLAS simulation of a laser diode for free space optical communication (FSOC) in mid-infrared spectral region
Authors: Sanjeev  , Chakrabarti P.
Published: June 2014

In this paper, simulation studies on an N+-InAs0.61Sb0.13P0.26/n0-InAs0.97Sb0.03/P+-InAs0.61Sb0.13P0.26 double heterostructure laser diode suitable for use as a source in a free space optical communication system at 3.7 μm at room temperature has been presented. The device structure has been characterized in terms of energy band diagram, electric field profile, and carrier concentration profile using ATLAS simulation tool from Silvaco. The current-voltage characteristics of the structure have been estimated taking into account the degeneracy effect. The results of simulation have been validated by the reported experimental results.
A palaeotemperature record for the Finnish Lakeland based on microdensitometric variations in tree rings
Authors: Helama Samuli , Vartiainen Matti , Holopainen Jari , Mäkelä Hanna , Kolström Taneli , Meriläinen Jouko
Published: June 2014

X-ray based tree-ring data of maximum latewood densities (MXD) was combined for south-eastern Finland. This data originated from subfossil and modern pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) materials comprising a continuous dendroclimatic record over the past millennium. Calibrating and verifying the MXD chronologies against the instrumental temperature data showed a promising opportunity to reconstruct warm-season (May through September) temperature variability. A new palaeotemperature record correlated statistically significantly with the long instrumental temperature records in the region and adjacent areas since the 1740s. Comparisons with tree-ring based (MXD and tree-ring width) reconstructions from northern Fennoscandia and northern Finland exhibited consistent summer temperature variations through the Medieval Climate Anomaly, Little Ice Age, and the 20th century warmth. A culmination of the LIA cooling during the early 18th century appeared consistently with the Maunder Minimum, when the solar activity was drastically reduced. A number of coolest reconstructed events between AD 1407 and 1902 were coeval to years of crop failure and famine as documented in the agro-historical chronicles. Results indicate an encouraging possibility of warm-season temperature reconstructions using middle/south boreal tree-ring archives to detail and enhance the understanding of past interactions between humans, ecosystems and the earth.
Perspectives on the Evolution of Mobile (mHealth) Technologies and Application to Rehabilitation
Authors: Dicianno Brad E. , Parmanto Bambang , Fairman Andrea D. , Crytzer Theresa M. , Yu Daihua X. , Pramana Gede , Coughenour Derek , Petrazzi Alan A.
Published: June 2014

Individuals with chronic conditions and disabilities who are vulnerable to secondary complications often require complex habilitative and rehabilitative services to prevent and treat these complications. This perspective article reviews the evolution of mHealth technologies and presents insights as to how this evolution informed our development of a novel mHealth system, iMHere (interactive mobile health and rehabilitation), and other technologies, including those used by the Veterans Administration. This article will explain the novel applications of mHealth for rehabilitation and specifically physical therapy. Perspectives on the roles of rehabilitation professionals in the delivery of health care using mHealth systems are included. Challenges to mHealth, including regulatory and funding issues, are discussed. This article also describes how mHealth can be used to improve patient satisfaction and delivery of care and to promote health and wellness.
Reliability and Validity of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) in People With Subacute Stroke
Authors: Chinsongkram Butsara , Chaikeeree Nithinun , Saengsirisuwan Vitoon , Viriyatharakij Nitaya , Horak Fay B. , Boonsinsukh Rumpa
Published: June 2014

Background

The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) is a new clinical balance assessment tool, but it has never been validated in patients with subacute stroke.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the BESTest in patients with subacute stroke.

Design

This was an observational reliability and validity study.

Methods

Twelve patients participated in the interrater and intrarater reliability study. Convergent validity was investigated in 70 patients using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS), Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB&M), and Mini-BESTest. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the BESTest, Mini-BESTest, and BBS in classifying participants into low functional ability (LFA) and high functional ability (HFA) groups based on Fugl-Meyer Assessment motor subscale scores.

Results

The BESTest showed excellent intrarater reliability and interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=.99) and was highly correlated with the BBS (Spearman r=.96), PASS (r=.96), CB&M (r=.91), and Mini-BESTest (r=.96), indicating excellent convergent validity. No floor or ceiling effects were observed with the BESTest. In contrast, the Mini-BESTest and CB&M had a floor effect in the LFA group, and the BBS and PASS demonstrated responsive ceiling effects in the HFA group. In addition, the BESTest showed high accuracy as the BBS and Mini-BESTest in separating participants into HFA and LFA groups.

Limitation

Whether the results are generalizable to patients with chronic stroke is unknown.

Conclusion

The BESTest is reliable, valid, sensitive, and specific in assessing balance in people with subacute stroke across all levels of functional disability.
From Pergamon to Army Base Hospital No. 5: the history and significance of the galea aponeurotica in the evolution of neurosurgery
Authors: Connor David E. , Chittiboina Prashant , Nanda Anil
Published: June 2014

The authors trace the etymology and historical significance of galea or epicranial aponeurosis. In ancient Greece, galea referred to a helmet worn by soldiers, typically made of animal hide or leather. Throughout antiquity, physicians referred to all soft tissue between the skin and the skull as panniculus, a standard established by Galen of Pergamon. A manual of surgery in the Middle Ages referred to the entire scalp as a “great panicle that is called pericranium.” During the early Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci famously and stylistically analogized the dissection of the cranium with the peeling of an onion. Not until 1724 would the tendinous sheath connecting the frontalis and occipitalis muscles be defined as “Galea tendinosa cranii.” By 1741, the convention of referring to the galea as an aponeurosis was well established.

Harvey Cushing's wartime experiences at Army Base Hospital No. 5 reinforced the surgical significance of the galea. Operative mortality was significantly diminished due to “closure of the wounds with buried sutures in the galea.” This operative nuance was then passed from teacher to pupil and has now become one of the tenets of modern neurosurgical practice.
Endoscopic approach to colloid cyst: what is the optimal entry point and trajectory?
Authors: Rangel-Castilla Leonardo , Chen Fangxiang , Choi Lawrence , Clark Justin C. , Nakaji Peter
Published: June 2014

Object

An optimal entry point and trajectory for endoscopic colloid cyst (ECC) resection helps to protect important neurovascular structures. There is a large discrepancy in the entry point and trajectory in the neuroendoscopic literature.

Methods

Trajectory views from MRI or CT scans used for cranial image guidance in 39 patients who had undergone ECC resection between July 2004 and July 2010 were retrospectively evaluated. A target point of the colloid cyst was extended out to the scalp through a trajectory carefully observed in a 3D model to ensure that important anatomical structures were not violated. The relation of the entry point to the midline and coronal sutures was established. Entry point and trajectory were correlated with the ventricular size.

Results

The optimal entry point was situated 42.3 ± 11.7 mm away from the sagittal suture, ranging from 19.1 to 66.9 mm (median 41.4 mm) and 46.9 ± 5.7 mm anterior to the coronal suture, ranging from 36.4 to 60.5 mm (median 45.9 mm). The distance from the entry point to the target on the colloid cyst varied from 56.5 to 78.0 mm, with a mean value of 67.9 ± 4.8 mm (median 68.5 mm). Approximately 90% of the optimal entry points are located 40–60 mm in front of the coronal suture, whereas their perpendicular distance from the midline ranges from 19.1 to 66.9 mm. The location of the “ideal” entry points changes laterally from the midline as the ventricles change in size.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the optimal entry for ECC excision be located at 42.3 ± 11.7 mm perpendicular to the midline, and 46.9 ± 5.7 mm anterior to the coronal suture, but also that this point differs with the size of the ventricles. Intraoperative stereotactic navigation should be considered for all ECC procedures whenever it is available. The entry point should be estimated from the patient's own preoperative imaging studies if intraoperative neuronavigation is not available. An estimated entry point of 4 cm perpendicular to the midline and 4.5 cm anterior to the coronal suture is an acceptable alternative that can be used in patients with ventriculomegaly.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for sylvian fissure arteriovenous malformations with emphasis on hemorrhage risks and seizure outcomes
Authors: Bowden Greg , Kano Hideyuki , Tonetti Daniel , Niranjan Ajay , Flickinger John , Arai Yoshio , Lunsford L. Dade
Published: June 2014

Object

Sylvian fissure arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) present substantial management challenges because of the critical adjacent blood vessels and functional brain. The authors investigated the outcomes, especially hemorrhage and seizure activity, after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of AVMs within or adjacent to the sylvian fissure.

Methods

This retrospective single-institution analysis examined the authors' experiences with Gamma Knife surgery for AVMs of the sylvian fissure in cases treated from 1987 through 2009. During this time, 87 patients underwent SRS for AVMs in the region of the sylvian fissure. Before undergoing SRS, 40 (46%) of these patients had experienced hemorrhage and 36 (41%) had had seizures. The median target volume of the AVM was 3.85 cm3 (range 0.1–17.7 cm3), and the median marginal dose of radiation was 20 Gy (range 13–25 Gy).

Results

Over a median follow-up period of 64 months (range 3–275 months), AVM obliteration was confirmed by MRI or angiography for 43 patients. The actuarial rates of confirmation of total obliteration were 35% at 3 years, 60% at 4 and 5 years, and 76% at 10 years. Of the 36 patients who had experienced seizures before SRS, 19 (53%) achieved outcomes of Engel class I after treatment. The rate of seizure improvement was 29% at 3 years, 36% at 5 years, 50% at 10 years, and 60% at 15 years. No seizures developed after SRS in patients who had been seizure free before treatment. The actuarial rate of AVM hemorrhage after SRS was 5% at 1, 5, and 10 years. This rate equated to an annual hemorrhage rate during the latency interval of 1%; no hemorrhages occurred after confirmed obliteration. No permanent neurological deficits developed as an adverse effect of radiation; however, delayed cyst formation occurred in 3 patients.

Conclusions

Stereotactic radiosurgery was an effective treatment for AVMs within the region of the sylvian fissure, particularly for smaller-volume AVMs. After SRS, a low rate of hemorrhage and improved seizure control were also evident.
The pathological spectrum of solid CNS metastases in the pediatric population
Authors: Wiens Andrea L. , Hattab Eyas M.
Published: June 2014

Object

Collectively, metastatic tumors are the most common malignancy encountered in the adult central nervous system (CNS), arising most often from lung, breast, skin, and gastrointestinal tract carcinomas. Limited information is available in the literature regarding solid nonhematopoietic CNS metastases in children. The authors carried out a retrospective study of pediatric metastatic neoplasms to the CNS treated in a 30-year period to characterize their frequency, common histological subtypes, and sites of origin.

Methods

The archival pathology files were searched (1981–2011) for metastatic tumors to the CNS in patients 21 years of age and younger. Pathology material was reviewed, tumors were classified by site of origin and histological subtype, and survival was evaluated.

Results

The authors identified 26 patients with solid nonhematopoietic CNS metastases out of 1135 pediatric CNS tumors diagnosed from 1981 to 2011. Patients ranged in age from 1.5 to 20.3 years and were equally divided between sexes. Most CNS metastases were supratentorial (85%) and solitary (65%). The mean interval from primary malignant diagnosis to CNS metastasis was 27 months. Sites of origin included kidney/adrenal, bone/soft tissue, gonads, head and neck, lung, and liver. Mean survival after CNS involvement was 36.6 months. Overall 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 52% and 16%, respectively.

Conclusions

In neuropathology practice, nonhematopoietic pediatric CNS metastases are far less common than are nonhematopoietic adult CNS metastases, accounting for approximately 2% of all pediatric CNS tumors. The most common tumors to exhibit CNS metastasis are of kidney/adrenal origin, followed by those from bone/soft tissue. As expected, prognosis is dismal, despite aggressive therapy.
How Important was the Presence of Elephants as a Determinant of the Zhizo Settlement of the Greater Mapungubwe Landscape?
Authors: Forssman Tim , Page Bruce , Selier Jeanetta
Published: June 2014

The initial settlement of the Greater Mapungubwe Landscape by Zhizo ceramic-producing farmers around AD 900 is said to be linked to the large elephant population that the region once supported. Elephant ivory was used in the Indian Ocean trade network to obtain exotic trade goods such as glass beads and cloth. However, there has been no attempt to determine whether the local elephant population was large enough to support such trade endeavours. In this paper, we use an inter-disciplinary approach to establish a projection of the past elephant population and demonstrate that the ivory tonnage in the region, including that which could be recovered from natural carcasses, could have supported trade demand. We also argue that at the time of settlement the same environmental productivity supporting the elephant population provided an ecological system amenable to cultivation and could support domesticated livestock. In addition, the local topography, river networks and community of large mammalian herbivores contributed to the attractiveness of the region from a settlement perspective. We believe that the elephant population was only one component present on the landscape that attracted agriculturalists to settle in the area.
Aesthetics Interrupted: the Art of Deconstruction
Authors: Bennington Geoffrey
Published: June 2014

The principle whereby any bit of deconstruction brings with it all of deconstruction must affect the philosophical understanding of art usually subsumed under the title ‘aesthetics’. There can in principle be no deconstructive aesthetics (any more than there could be a deconstructive ethics or a deconstructive epistemology. Aesthetics in general is mortgaged to sensory perception, and from very early Derrida ‘perception does not exist’. Whence his interest in blinking, blindness and the trait of drawing. But the trace is not the trait, colour too is differential, and aesthetic judgement in general is thereby marked with a secret ‘political’ dimension.
The Text and the Living: Jacques Derrida between Biology and Deconstruction
Authors: Vitale Francesco
Published: June 2014

This paper gives an account of work in progress on ‘Derrida and Biology’ that takes its point of departure from Derrida's unpublished seminar La vie la mort (1975), the first six sessions of which are devoted to biology and, in particular, to the work of François Jacob, a genetic biologist known for his research on the DNA structure and the laws of heredity in the organization and evolution of the living. This seminar shows that Derrida's engagement with biology is already at work in his earliest texts, and in particular in Of Grammatology, where biology functions as the horizon in which notions like ‘differance,’ ‘archi-writing,’ ‘trace,’ and ‘text’ find their genetic-structural foundation and articulation. The goal is to demonstrate that only within this horizon one can understand the statement ‘there is nothing outside the text’ as well as the notion of the ‘general text’, widely misunderstood as the thesis of a hyperbolic hermeneutics.
Not Yet: The Faith of Revolution
Authors: Stockwell Cory
Published: June 2014

This essay seeks to contribute to revolutionary understandings of time through an examination of Derrida's 1993 book Sauf le nom, and the poet and mystic Angelus Silesius, whom Derrida reads in this book. The essay counters Martin Hägglund's claim that deconstruction and negative theology are fundamentally opposed to one another by tracing the work of impoverishment in Silesius's poetry. The essay then employs this understanding of impoverishment to deconstruct the concept of desire in Hägglund's 2008 book Radical Atheism, proposing as an alternative to this concept a ‘faith of revolution’ that is tied to a certain understanding of the future.
The Architecture of Metabolism. Inventing a Culture of Resilience
Authors: Schalk Meike
Published: June 2014

The Metabolist movement, with its radical and visionary urban and architectural schemes, drew the attention of an international architecture community to Japan in the 1960s and 1970s. Seen from a contemporary perspective, the movement’s foremost concern was cultural resilience as a notion of national identity. Metabolism responded to the human and environmental catastrophe that followed the atomic bombing of Japan and vulnerability to natural disasters such as earthquakes, with architecture envisioning the complete transformation of Japan as a system of political, social, and physical structures into resilient spatial and organizational patterns adaptable to change. Projecting a utopia of resilience, Metabolism employed biological metaphors and recalled technoscientific images which, together with the vernacular, evoked the notion of a genetic architecture able to be recreated again and again. A specific concern was to mediate between an urbanism of large, technical and institutional infrastructures and the freedom of the individual. My aim is to critically examine the notion of sustainable architecture by rereading Metabolist theories and products, such as terms, models, projects, and buildings. For a better understanding of the present discourse, this text searches for a possible history of sustainable architecture, a subject mostly presented ahistorically.
Performance of a 250 kW Organic Rankine Cycle System for Off-Design Heat Source Conditions
Authors: Fu Ben-Ran , Hsu Sung-Wei , Lee Yuh-Ren , Hsieh Jui-Ching , Chang Chia-Ming , Liu Chih-Hsi
Published: June 2014

An organic Rankine cycle system comprised of a preheater, evaporator, condenser, turbine, generator, and pump was used to study its off-design performance and the operational control strategy. R245fa was used as the working fluid. Under the design conditions, the net power output is 243 kW and the system thermal efficiency is 9.5%. For an off-design heat source flow rate (mW), the operating pressure was controlled to meet the condition that the R245fa reached the liquid and vapor saturation states at the outlet of the preheater and the evaporator, respectively. The analytical results demonstrated that the operating pressure increased with increasing mW; a higher mW yielded better heat transfer performance of the preheater and required a smaller evaporator heat capacity, and the net power output and system thermal efficiency increased with increasing mW. For the range of mW studied here, the net power output increased by 64.0% while the total heat transfer rate increased by only 9.2%. In summary, off-design operation of the system was examined for a heat source flow rate which varied by –39.0% to +78.0% from the designed rate, resulting in –29.2% to +16.0% and –25.3% to +12.6% variations in the net power output and system thermal efficiency, respectively.
The Effect of Oral Intake of Low-Temperature-Processed Whey Protein Concentrate on Colitis and Gene Expression Profiles in Mice
Authors: Jayatilake Sharmila , Arai Katsuhito , Kumada Nanami , Ishida Yoshiko , Tanaka Ichiro , Iwatsuki Satoru , Ohwada Takuji , Ohnishi Masao , Tokuji Yoshihiko , Kinoshita Mikio
Published: June 2014

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology and can lead to inflammation and cancer. Whey proteins contain many bioactive peptides with potential health benefits against IBD. We investigated the effect of low-temperature-processed whey protein concentrate (LWPC) on the suppression of IBD by using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model in BALB/c mice. Oral intake of LWPC resulted in improved recovery of body weight in mice. Histological analysis showed that the epithelium cells of LWPC-treated mice were healthier and that lymphocyte infiltration was reduced. The increase in mucin due to the LWPC also reflected reduced inflammation in the colon. Transcriptome analysis of the colon by DNA microarrays revealed marked downregulation of genes related to immune responses in LWPC-fed mice. In particular, the expression of interferon gamma receptor 2 (Ifngr2) and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) was increased by DSS treatment and decreased in LWPC-fed mice. These findings suggest that LWPCs suppress DSS-induced inflammation in the colon by suppressing the signaling of these cytokines. Our findings suggest that LWPCs would be an effective food resource for suppressing IBD symptoms.
Brain Metastases from Lung Cancer Show Increased Expression of DVL1, DVL3 and Beta-Catenin and Down-Regulation of E-Cadherin
Authors: Kafka Anja , Tomas Davor , Beroš Vili , Pećina Hrvoje , Zeljko Martina , Pećina-Šlaus Nives
Published: June 2014

The susceptibility of brain to secondary formation from lung cancer primaries is a well-known phenomenon. In contrast, the molecular basis for invasion and metastasis to the brain is largely unknown. In the present study, 31 brain metastases that originated from primary lung carcinomas were analyzed regarding over expression of Dishevelled-1 (DVL1), Dishevelled-3 (DVL3), E-cadherin (CDH1) and beta-catenin (CTNNB1). Protein expressions and localizations were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Genetic alterations of E-cadherin were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Heteroduplex was used to investigate mutations in beta-catenin. DVL1 and DVL3 showed over expression in brain metastasis in 87.1% and 90.3% of samples respectively. Nuclear staining was observed in 54.8% of cases for DVL1 and 53.3% for DVL3. The main effector of the Wnt signaling, beta-catenin, was up-regulated in 56%, and transferred to the nucleus in 36% of metastases. When DVL1 and DVL3 were up-regulated the number of cases with nuclear beta-catenin significantly increased (p = 0.0001). Down-regulation of E-cadherin was observed in 80% of samples. Genetic analysis showed 36% of samples with LOH of the CDH1. In comparison to other lung cancer pathologies, the diagnoses adenocarcinoma and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were significantly associated to CDH1 LOH (p = 0.001). Microsatellite instability was detected in one metastasis from adenocarcinoma. Exon 3 of beta-catenin was not targeted. Altered expression of Dishevelled-1, Dishevelled-3, E-cadherin and beta-catenin were present in brain metastases which indicates that Wnt signaling is important and may contribute to better understanding of genetic profile conditioning lung cancer metastasis to the brain.
An Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation System for Poplar
Authors: Movahedi Ali , Zhang Jiaxin , Amirian Rasoul , Zhuge Qiang
Published: June 2014

Poplar is a model system for the regeneration and genetic transformation of woody plants. To shorten the time required for studies of transgenic poplar, efforts have been made to optimize transformation methods that use Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In this study, an Agrobacterium infective suspension was treated at 4 °C for at least 10 h before infecting explants. By transforming the Populus hybrid clone “Nanlin895” (Populus deltoides × P. euramericana) with Agrobacterium harboring the PBI121:CarNAC6 binary vector, we showed that the transformation efficiency was improved significantly by multiple independent factors, including an Agrobacterium infective suspension with an OD600 of 0.7, an Agrobacterium infection for 120 min, an Agrobacterium infective suspension at a pH of 5.0, an acetosyringone concentration of 200 µM, a cocultivation at 28 °C, a cocultivation for 72 h and a sucrose concentration of 30 g/L in the cocultivation medium. We also showed that preculture of wounded leaf explants for two days increased the regeneration rate. The integration of the desired gene into transgenic poplars was detected using selective medium containing kanamycin, followed by southern blot analysis. The expression of the transgene in the transgenic lines was confirmed by northern blot analysis.