bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of pre-harvest application of gibberellic acid on the contents of pigments in cut leaves of Asarum europaeum L.
Authors: Pogroszewska Elżbieta , Joniec Magdalena , Rubinowska Katarzyna , Najda Agnieszka
Published: July 2014

The experiment determined the effect of gibberellic acid applied prior to harvest on the contents of plant pigments in cut leaves of wild ginger (Asarum europaeum L.), cultivated in an unheated plastic tunnel and in the field. Foliar application of GA3 at a concentration of 100, 200, 400, 600 mg x dm-3 was repeated four times every two weeks. It has been proven that pre-harvest spraying of plants with gibberellic acid at a concentration of 100 mg x dm-3 has a positive effect on the content of photosynthetically active pigments in the leaves of A. europaeum cultivated in an unheated plastic tunnel. Application of GA3 at a concentration of 600 mg x dm-3 led to the accumulation of the greatest amount of anthocyanins in the leaves of Asarum europaeum cultivated both in the unheated plastic tunnel and in the field. The response of plants to GA3 application, expressed in the amount of flavonoids, depended on conditions related to the cultivation site. Pre-harvest treatment of A. europaeum plants with gibberellic acid at concentrations of 100-600 mg x dm-3 reduced the production of flavonoids in tunnel-grown wild ginger, but enhanced their accumulation in plants cultivated in the field. Pre-harvest application of gibberellic acid did not affect the fresh weight or dry mass content in plant material.
Flowering, pollen characteristics and insect foraging on Campanula bononiensis (Campanulaceae), a protected species in Poland
Authors: Denisow Bożena , Wrzesień Małgorzata , Bożek Małgorzata , Jeżak Anna , Strzałkowska-Abramek Monika
Published: July 2014

This study investigated the floral biology and pollen quantity and quality of Campanula bononiensis L. (Campanulaceae), a protected species in Poland. Observations and measurements were made during the years 2007–2009 in natural phytocoenoses from the Festuco-Brometea class situated within the Lublin area, SE Poland. A considerable decrease (approx. 87%) in population density was observed. Significant variations both in the amount of pollen (18.5%–34.8% of pollen in the total anther dry weight, i.e. 0.5–1.5 mg per 10 anthers) and in pollen viability (38.8–97.0%) were noted. Both a low amount of pollen and low pollen viability may reduce the reproductive success of individuals. The most frequent visiting insects were bees (Apoidea), including solitary bees 45.7%, honeybees 20.4%, and bumblebees 11.4%. Dipterans, coleopterans (weevils), lepidopterans and ants were also recorded, implying a strong impact of C. bononiensis on insect biodiversity within grasslands.
The occurrence of Fusarium spp. on oat (Avena sativa L.) and susceptibility of seedlings of selected genotypes to infection with Fusarium graminearum Schwabe
Authors: Kiecana Irena , Mielniczuk Elżbieta , Cegiełko Małgorzata , Pastucha Alina
Published: July 2014

The present study was carried out in the years 2010–2012 in the fields of the Strzelce Plant Breeding Company Ltd., belonging to the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute in Radzików, and it included 39 oat genotypes. At the six-week seedling stage, the percentage of plants with root and leaf sheath necrosis symptoms was evaluated. In 2010 the percentage of seedlings with disease symptoms ranged from 6.5% to 25%, in 2011 it ranged from 17% to 34.5%, whereas in 2012 from 10% to 25%. In 2010 the disease index ranged from 1.4 to 5.7, in 2011 from 4.5 to 8.8, while in 2012 it was between 2.0 and 5.4.

Mycological analysis showed that large numbers of Fusarium spp. colonies were obtained both from the roots and leaf sheaths. Isolates of these fungi accounted for 63.48% of the total fungi isolated from seedlings. Seedlings grown under the conditions of central Poland were damaged by the species F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, and F. solani. The investigation of the susceptibility of 15 oat genotypes to infection with two Fusarium graminearum strains – Tz 56 and Tk 235 – was carried out under growth chamber conditions at a temperature of 22–23°C and relative air humidity of 85%. The F. graminearum strain Tz 56 proved to be the most pathogenic to seedlings of the breeding lines STH 0.9403 and POB 1316/08, for which the disease index was 80.5 and 75.5, respectively. The lowest pathogenicity of the a.m. strain was recorded in the case of the genotype DC 1832/05, for which the disease index was 26.5. The F. graminearum strain Tk 235 proved to be the most pathogenic to the genotypes STH 0.9403 and STH 0.9423, for which the disease index was 70.5 and 70.0, respectively, whereas this strain was least pathogenic to the breeding line DC 2112/05, in the case of which the disease index was 25.5.
Variability of yield traits and disease resistance in winter triticale genetic resources accessions
Authors: Kociuba Wanda , Kramek Aneta
Published: July 2014

A systematic gathering of winter triticale accessions was started in Poland in 1982 by the Institute of Genetics, Breeding and Seed Science at the Agricultural University in Lublin (at present its name is: Institute of Genetics, Breeding and Plant Biotechnology at the University of Life Sciences in Lublin). First, breeding lines obtained in local breeding stations were gathered. Next, accessions were imported from the following world gene banks: Beltsville, Gatersleben, and VIR. Interesting hybrid materials obtained in research centers were also included in the collection. Now, the collection includes 2349 accessions (1329 of winter triticale and 1020 of spring triticale). The evaluation is conducted in a 4-year cycle of field experiments using the same methods. The gathered accessions represent a large range of variability of both morphological and commercial traits. The large differentiation of accessions especially concerns traits such as: plant height, number and weight of grains per spi- ke, protein content in grain, field resistance to powdery mildew, brown rust and leaf and spike diseases.
Differential effects of auxin polar transport inhibitors on rooting in some Crassulaceae species
Authors: Saniewski Marian , Góraj Justyna , Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak Elżbieta , Miyamoto Kensuke , Ueda Junichi
Published: July 2014

Effects of auxin polar transport inhibitors, 2,3,5-triio-dobenzoic acid (TIBA), 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (morphactin IT 3456), as a lanolin paste, on root formation in cuttings of some species of Crassulaceae, such as Bryophyllum daigremontianum, B. calycinum, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and K. tubiflora, were studied. Cuttings of these plants were easily rooted in water without any treatment. TIBA and morphactin IT 3456 completely inhibited root formation in the cuttings of these plants but NPA did not when these inhibitors were applied around the stem below the leaves. When TIBA and morphactin were applied around the stem near the top, but leaves were present below the treatment, the root formation was observed in B. calycinum and K. blossfeldiana but in a smaller degree than in control cuttings. These results strongly suggest that endogenous auxin is required for root formation in cuttings of Crassulaceae plants. The differential mode of action of NPA is discussed together with its effect on auxin polar transport.
Detection and Tracking Strategies for Autonomous Aerial Refuelling Tasks Based on Monocular Vision
Authors: Yin Yingjie , Xu De , Wang Xingang , Bai Mingran
Published: July 2014

Detection and tracking strategies based on monocular vision are proposed for autonomous aerial refuelling tasks. The drogue attached to the fuel tanker aircraft has two important features. The grey values of the drogue's inner part are different from the external umbrella ribs, as shown in the image. The shape of the drogue's inner dark part is nearly circular. According to crucial prior knowledge, the rough and fine positioning algorithms are designed to detect the drogue. Particle filter based on the drogue's shape is proposed to track the drogue. A strategy to switch between detection and tracking is proposed to improve the robustness of the algorithms. The inner dark part of the drogue is segmented precisely in the detecting and tracking process and the segmented circular part can be used to measure its spatial position. The experimental results show that the proposed method has good performance in real-time and satisfied robustness and positioning accuracy.
Historias y narrativas en la educación infantil
Authors: Morais Jacqueline de Fatima Dos Santos
Published: July 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464444213 Este artículo discute la importancia de la narrativa oral y escrita para el mantenimiento de la tradición y la historia de cada uno de nosotros, en una sociedad que parece valorar más la información que vivió y contó historias. Subraya la necesidad, en el colegio, los profesores leen cuentos a los niños de educación infantil para niños y niñas el amor al mundo de la literatura. El texto también contiene las situaciones encontradas en las escuelas que demuestran el valor de la lectura y la magia que la literatura juega en las vidas de los niños.
Autoavaliação x autonotação – aproximações e afastamentos na formação de professores autorregulados
Authors: Ribeiro Elizabete Aparecida Garcia , Punhagui Giovana Chimentão , Souza Nadia Aparecida de
Published: July 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464446379 O desenvolvimento de habilidades docentes pressupõe ações que proporcionem maior responsabilidade e autonomia à aprendizagem. Uma dessas ações é a promoção de atividades autoavaliativas, permitindo consciência da situação da aprendizagem e planejamento de intervenções. Este estudo concentrou-se em determinar o potencial autorregulatório, nas práticas autoavaliativas, realizadas em um curso de Pedagogia. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, na modalidade estudo de caso, contou com a participação de 56 discentes, do último ano do curso de uma universidade pública paranaense. As informações dos questionários e entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, permitindo constatar que a maioria dos participantes tem consciência das finalidades da autoavaliação, mas vivenciam a proposição de atividades autonotativas, ou seja, de atribuição de nota para compor média. As práticas realizadas não proporcionam o desenvolvimento de habilidades autorregulatórias.
Cursos de Pedagogia EaD: superando desafios – construindo inovações
Authors: Morés Andréia
Published: July 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464447187 A presente pesquisa foi realizada junto a Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS) e a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), com o objetivo de investigar as inovações pedagógicas, científicas e tecnológicas presentes nos cursos de Pedagogia, na modalidade Educação a Distância (EaD) dessas Universidades. O método adotado para a investigação qualitativa desta pesquisa foi o Estudo de Caso, referendado por Yin (2005). O lastro teórico que embasou a pesquisa foram os estudos apresentados pela Associação Brasileira de Educação a Distância, por Belloni (2003), Santos (2008) e Leite (2005), Audy (2006) e outros. O estudo revelou que se está a caminho da construção de práticas de EaD com aproximações inovadoras, pois, em ambos os cursos de Pedagogia EaD, estão presentes inovações pedagógicas, científicas e tecnológicas que potencializaram uma nova maneira de conhecer, ensinar e aprender na universidade.
Ensino e aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita na educação de jovens e adultos: diálogos com a Educação Infantil
Authors: Silva Greice Ferreira da , Arena Dagoberto Buim
Published: July 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464448206 O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma discussão acerca dos aspectos metodológicos do ensino e da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita em EJA  na tentativa de buscar estabelecer um diálogo com a Educação Infantil ao apontar elementos convergentes entre essas duas instâncias.Para tanto, propõe a reflexão sobre a construção da natureza humana e a apropriação da leitura e da escrita como processos humanizadores dentro da perspectiva da Teoria Histórico-Cultural preconizada por Vygotsky e seus colaboradores. Nesse contexto, é apresentada uma situação pedagógica observada numa escola pública municipal de Educação Infantil do interior do Estado de São Paulo seguida de análise sob a ótica de Bakhtin com o intuito de fazer algumas aproximações no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem da língua materna entre adultos e crianças.
Wistful thinking: Making Inuit labour and the Nanisivik mine near Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), northern Baffin Island
Authors: Tester Frank James , Lambert Drummond E. J. , Lim Tee Wern
Published: July 2014

This article interrogates discourse about Inuit in relation to employment issues and the Inuit response to “what was good for them” at the intersection of colonial and postcolonial thought in the 1970s. Attempts to integrate Inuit with a modern industrial economy occurred after Inuit had moved, or been moved, from land-based hunting and trapping camps to new settlements developing in the eastern Arctic. We examine the planning stage (1970-1976) of the Nanisivik mine at Strathcona Sound on the northern tip of Baffin Island that operated from 1976 until 2002. Building on the work of James O’Connor in the early 1970s and concepts of legitimisation and accumulation functions of the State, and using the archival records of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and the Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources, we explore the extent to which Inuit were constructed as “labour in need of employment.” In examining debate between officials of these departments, we seek to find out to what extent other needs went unmet, based on experience with the Rankin Inlet Nickel Mine (1957-1962). Inuit resistance to this definition and the relationship between Inuit as hunters and Inuit as wage earners are explored with reference to contemporary mining development in Nunavut.
Contestations of resource extraction projects via digital media in two Nunavut communities
Authors: Scobie Willow , Rodgers Kathleen
Published: July 2014

This study examines the use of digital media in two Nunavut communities in response to proposed resource-extraction projects. Using Dahlberg’s (2011) concepts of counterpublics and deliberative democracy, the study links tactics employed in Baker Lake and Pond Inlet to broader activists’ use of digital media to reorganise social, political, and economic life. Drawing on the field of postcolonial studies, these cases demonstrate that social media are being incorporated into the development of new political imaginaries.
Inuit and modern hunter-gatherer subsistence
Authors: Wenzel George W.
Published: July 2014

Some two decades ago, Asen Balikci (1989) and David Riches (1990) questioned whether research on Inuit, despite production of a voluminous literature, had made any contribution to theoretical issues in anthropology. On their heels, Burch (1994) asked very much the same about Hunter-Gatherer Studies. The thesis of the present paper is that research on Inuit economy has, in fact, contributed importantly to a rethinking of the shape and content of subsistence. Once described as encompassing the most basic economic activities, it is now understood as a cultural adaptation. This has import because few hunter-gatherer societies can be portrayed as they were at the time of theMan the Huntersymposium (Lee and DeVore 1968). Rather, today, hunter-gatherers, from the Arctic to Australia, experience near-constant contact with market economies and a reality in which money plays a critical part in their livelihoods. It is in this regard that research on Inuit, as noted by Sahlins (1999), has conceptually contributed both to Hunter-Gatherer Studies and to anthropology.
Adaptación al espacio europeo de educación superior de un cuestionario de opinión del alumnado sobre la docencia de su profesorado
Authors: Lukas José Francisco , Santiago Karlos , Etxeberria Juan , Lizasoain Luis
Published: July 2014

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el proceso de adaptación al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior del cuestionario de opinión del alumnado sobre la docencia de su profesorado que se ha seguido en la Universidad del País Vasco. En este proceso se ha adoptado una metodología mixta. Tras efectuar la revisión de los cuestionarios de otras universidades, teniendo en cuenta el marco teórico del nuevo cuestionario, las competencias transversales adoptadas por la Universidad y las tres dimensiones que señala la ANECA, se redactaron una serie de indicadores y posibles ítems susceptibles de conformar el nuevo cuestionario. Este marco teórico, los indicadores e ítems fueron contrastados en diversos grupos de discusión realizados con expertos en el tema, profesorado de distintas áreas de la propia universidad y alumnado. A partir de este contraste se construyó el cuestionario piloto. El mismo consta de 18 ítems más dos ítems criterio. Fue aplicado a una muestra cercana al millar de alumnos. Los análisis realizados para comprobar la eficacia de los ítems, así como la fiabilidad y la validez de la prueba señalan que el cuestionario cumple con rigurosidad los estándares exigidos a este tipo de instrumentos. Por último, en la discusión de los resultados, se presentan algunos aspectos de controversia o mejora de la evaluación del profesorado universitario. Entre otros, se señala la necesidad de insertar el cuestionario en un plan de evaluación más amplio como DOCENTIA, la posibilidad de crear bancos de ítems, la inclusión de ítems abiertos o la necesidad de realizar aplicaciones on-line del cuestionario.
Veinte años de publicación electrónica y de acceso abierto: la madurez de una pionera
Authors: Aliaga Francisco M.
Published: July 2014

RELIEVE alcanza los 20 años, lo que supone un hito en la edición electrónica y en el acceso abierto a la investigación educativa. Revisamos algunos de los logros conseguidos y las perspectivas de futuro, a la vez que analizamos algunas circunstancias de los procesos de evaluación de revistas.
Modeling the winter‐spring transition of first‐year ice in the western Weddell Sea
Authors: Jeffery N. , Hunke E. C.
Published: July 2014

A new halodynamic scheme is coupled with the Los Alamos sea ice model to simulate western Weddell Sea ice during the winter‐spring transition. One‐dimensional temperature and salinity profiles are consistent with the warming and melt stages exhibited in first‐year ice cores from the 2004 Ice Station POLarstern (ISPOL) expedition. Results are highly sensitive to snowfall. Simulations which use reanalysis precipitation data do not retain a snow cover beyond mid‐December, and the warming transition occurs too rapidly. Model performance is greatly improved by prescribing a snowfall rate based on reported snow thicknesses. During ice growth prior to ISPOL, simulations indicate a period of thick snow and upper ice salinity enrichment. Gravity drainage model parameters impact the simulation immediately, while effects from the flushing parameter (snow porosity at the ice top) appear as the freeboard becomes negative. Simulations using a snow porosity of 0.3, consistent with that of wet snow, agree with salinity observations. The model does not include lateral sources of sea‐water flooding, but vertical transport processes account for the high upper‐ice salinities observed in ice cores at the start of the expedition. As the ice warms, a fresh upper‐ice layer forms, and the high salinity layer migrates downward. This pattern is consistent with the early spring development stages of high‐porosity layers observed in Antarctic sea ice that are associated with rich biological production. Future extensions of the model may be valuable in Antarctic ice‐biogeochemical applications.
Active‐passive synergy for interpreting ocean L‐band emissivity: Results from the CAROLS airborne campaigns
Authors: Martin A. C. H. , Boutin J. , Hauser D. , Dinnat E. P.
Published: July 2014

The impact of the ocean surface roughness on the ocean L‐band emissivity is investigated using simultaneous airborne measurements from an L‐band radiometer (CAROLS) and from a C‐band scatterometer (STORM) acquired in the Gulf of Biscay (off‐the French Atlantic coasts) in November 2010. Two synergetic approaches are used to investigate the impact of surface roughness on the L‐band brightness temperature (Tb). First, wind derived from the scatterometer measurements is used to analyze the roughness contribution to Tb as a function of wind and compare it with the one simulated by SMOS and Aquarius roughness models. Then residuals from this mean relationship are analyzed in terms of mean square slope derived from the STORM instrument. We show improvement of new radiometric roughness models derived from SMOS and Aquarius satellite measurements in comparison with prelaunch models. Influence of wind azimuth on Tb could not be evidenced from our data set. However, we point out the importance of taking into account large roughness scales (>20 cm) in addition to small roughness scale (5 cm) rapidly affected by wind to interpret radiometric measurements far from nadir. This was made possible thanks to simultaneous estimates of large and small roughness scales using STORM at small (7–16°) and large (30°) incidence angles.
Aberrant parietal cortex developmental trajectories in girls with turner syndrome and related visual–spatial cognitive development: A preliminary study
Authors: Green Tamar , Chromik Lindsay C. , Mazaika Paul K. , Fierro Kyle , Raman Mira M. , Lazzeroni Laura C. , Hong David S. , Reiss Allan L.
Published: July 2014

Turner syndrome (TS) arises from partial or complete absence of the X‐chromosome in females. Girls with TS show deficits in visual–spatial skills as well as reduced brain volume and surface area in the parietal cortex which supports these cognitive functions. Thus, measuring the developmental trajectory of the parietal cortex and the associated visual–spatial cognition in TS may provide novel insights into critical brain‐behavior associations. In this longitudinal study, we acquired structural MRI data and assessed visual–spatial skills in 16 (age: 8.23 ± 2.5) girls with TS and 13 age‐matched controls over two time‐points. Gray and white matter volume, surface area and cortical thickness were calculated from surfaced based segmentation of bilateral parietal cortices, and the NEPSY Arrows subtest was used to assess visual–spatial ability. Volumetric and cognitive scalars were modeled to obtain estimates of age‐related change. The results show aberrant growth of white matter volume (P = 0.011, corrected) and surface area (P = 0.036, corrected) of the left superior parietal regions during childhood in girls with TS. Other parietal sub‐regions were significantly smaller in girls with TS at both time‐points but did not show different growth trajectories relative to controls. Furthermore, we found that visual–spatial skills showed a widening deficit for girls with TS relative to controls (P = 0.003). Young girls with TS demonstrate an aberrant trajectory of parietal cortical and cognitive development during childhood. Elucidating aberrant neurodevelopmental trajectories in this population is critical for determining specific stages of brain maturation that are particularly dependent on TS‐related genetic and hormonal factors. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Extra‐Large‐Pore Zeolite with Intersecting 18‐, 12‐, and 10‐Membered Ring Channels
Authors: Chen Fei‐Jian , Xu Yan , Du Hong‐Bin
Published: July 2014

Zeolites with extra‐large pores have attracted great attention because of their important applications such as in hydrocracking, catalysis, and separation of large molecules. Despite much progress has been made during the past decades, the synthesis of these materials remains a big challenge. A new extra‐large‐pore zeolite NUD‐1 (Nanjing University Du’s group zeolite no. 1) is synthesized by using an approach based on supramolecular self‐assemblies of small aromatic organic cations as structure‐directing agents. NUD‐1 possesses interconnecting 18‐, 12‐, and 10‐membered ring channels, built from the same building units as those of ITQ‐33 and ITQ‐44. There coexist single 3‐membered ring, double‐3‐membered ring and double‐4‐membered ring secondary building units in NUD‐1, which have not been seen in any other zeolites.
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Authors: Rupert J. E. , Schmidt E. Cordero , Moreira‐Soto A. , Herrera B. Rodríguez , Vandeberg J. L. , Butcher M. T.
Published: July 2014

Prehensile tails are defined as having the ability to grasp objects and are commonly used as a fifth appendage during arboreal locomotion. Despite the independent evolution of tail prehensility in numerous mammalian genera, data relating muscle structure, physiology, and function of prehensile tails are largely incomplete. Didelphid marsupials make an excellent model to relate myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform fiber type with structure/function of caudal muscles, as all opossums have a prehensile tail and tail use varies between arboreal and terrestrial forms. Expanding on our previous work in the Virginia opossum, this study tests the hypothesis that arboreal and terrestrial opossums differentially express faster versus slower MHC isoforms, respectively. MHC isoform expression and percent fiber type distribution were determined in the flexor caudae longus (FCL) muscle of Caluromys derbianus (arboreal) and Monodelphis domestica (terrestrial), using a combination of gel electrophoresis and immunohistochemistry analyses. C. derbianus expresses three MHC isoforms (1, 2A, 2X) that are distributed (mean percentage) as 8.2% MHC‐1, 2.6% 1/2A, and 89.2% 2A/X hybrid fibers. M. domestica also expresses MHC‐1, 2A, and 2X, in addition to the 2B isoform, distributed as 17.0% MHC‐1, 1.3% 1/2A, 9.0% 2A, 75.2% 2A/X, and 0.3% 2X/B hybrid fibers. The distribution of similar isoform fiber types differed significantly between species (P < 0.001). Although not statistically significant, C. derbianus was observed to have larger cross‐sectional area (CSA) for each corresponding fiber type along with a greater amount of extra‐cellular matrix. An overall faster fiber type composition (and larger fibers) in the tail of an arboreal specialist supports our hypothesis, and correlates with higher muscle force required for tail hanging and arboreal maneuvering on terminal substrates. Conversely, a broader distribution of highly oxidative fibers in the caudal musculature is well suited for tail nest building/remodeling behaviors of terrestrial opossums. Anat Rec, 297:1364–1376, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conversion of Toluene and Water to Methylcyclohexane and Oxygen using Niobium‐Doped Strontium Titanate Photoelectrodes
Authors: Kalousek Vit , Wang Peng , Minegishi Tsutomu , Hisatomi Takashi , Nakagawa Kojiro , Oshima Shinji , Kobori Yoshihiro , Kubota Jun , Domen Kazunari
Published: July 2014

Methylcyclohexane (MCH) is regarded as a promising hydrogen carrier that enables hydrogen to be harnessed as an alternate fuel source, which paves the way to a clean‐energy future. A photoelectrochemical (PEC) system with a Nb:SrTiO3 photoelectrode for oxygen evolution from an aqueous electrolyte and a Pt/C electrode for toluene (TL) hydrogenation to MCH was investigated under UV irradiation. A Nb:SrTiO3 single‐crystal electrode and an ionomer/Pt/C membrane‐electrode assembly (MEA) were used as the photoanode and cathode, respectively. A steady‐state current density of 0.12 mA cm−2 was observed for the two‐electrode system without any bias voltage for >2 h, and a Faradaic efficiency of 97 % was obtained for MCH production from TL. This is the first demonstration of the production of MCH from TL and water using only light energy. This means that light energy was converted directly into MCH from TL and water without any electricity. The PEC properties of the devices are discussed.
Electronic Effect Related to the Nonuniform Distribution of Ionic Charges in Metal‐Cluster Chalcogenide Halides
Authors: Levi Elena , Aurbach Doron , Isnard Olivier
Published: July 2014

Recently, it was shown that the bond valence model is a unique tool to describe the lattice strains in (TM)6 chalcogenide halides (TM = transition metal). Three different phenomena that result in valence violations were identified: (1) a steric conflict between countercations and the cluster–ligand framework, (2) a steric conflict between small (TM)6 clusters and large coordination polyhedra around the cluster or the so‐called matrix effect, and (3) nonuniform distribution of the anion valences (bond valence sums) around the clusters. This paper shows that the model is valid for a wide family of cluster compounds with different nuclearities. On the basis of the separation of the steric and electronic effects in the calculation procedure, the unusual distribution of the anion valences in the cluster compounds was assigned to the nonuniform spreading of ionic charges. Thus, stabilization mechanisms in cluster compounds were explained by simple electrostatic interactions.
Aliphatic C–H/π and Heteroatom/π Interactions in N‐Aryl‐3,4‐(9′,10′‐dihydroanthracene‐9′,10′‐diyl)succinimides
Authors: Raimondi Laura , Benaglia Maurizio , Cozzi Franco
Published: July 2014

A series of N‐aryl‐3,4‐(9′,10′‐dihydroanthracene‐9′,10′‐diyl)succinimides have been synthesized as model compounds to study the interaction of an aromatic π system with aliphatic H atoms and heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, and fluorine. The steric requirements of the rigid scaffold forces the N‐aryl residue and a benzene ring of the dihydroanthracenyl moiety to adopt an edge‐to‐face conformation in which one of the ortho‐substituents of the N‐aryl group interacts with the π system. The succinimides were generally obtained as mixtures of isomers and their ratios were considered as a function of the substitution pattern at the ortho positions of the N‐aryl residue. The experimentally observed ratios were in good agreement with those predicted computationally by DFT calculations at the BMK/cc‐pVDZ level of theory. From this study it was concluded that in these systems the aliphatic C–H/π interaction is mildly stabilizing and, to a certain extent, capable of overcoming unfavorable steric effects. On the other hand, the interaction of a π system with oxygen, sulfur, or fluorine atoms was destabilizing. When methyl or ethyl groups were allowed to compete with oxygen and fluorine for interaction with the benzene ring, C–H/π interactions were consistently observed to preferentially occur despite unfavorable steric effects.
Fragmentation of Carbohydrate Anomeric Alkoxyl Radicals: Synthesis of Chiral Polyhydroxylated β‐Iodo‐ and Alkenylorganophosphorus(V) Compounds
Authors: Hernández‐Guerra Daniel , Rodríguez María S. , Suárez Ernesto
Published: July 2014

A direct approach to β‐iodophosphonates and β‐iodophosphine oxides from 2,3‐dideoxy‐3‐phosphoryl carbohydrate derivatives has been achieved by using the anomeric alkoxyl radical 1,2‐fragmentation protocol. The reaction has been conducted on carbohydrate derivatives under mild conditions with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene and molecular iodine. Subsequent dehydroiodination afforded the corresponding vinylphosphonates and vinylphosphine oxides.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates, Precursors of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐Diols
Authors: Cornil Johan , Gonnard Laurine , Guérinot Amandine , Reymond Sébastien , Cossy Janine
Published: July 2014

An eco‐friendly synthesis of cyclic carbonates through a Lewis acid catalyzed cyclization of tert‐butyl carbonates is described. These cyclic carbonates are precursors of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diols, and the developed method was applied to a short synthesis of a diarylheptanoid, (3S,5S)‐alpinikatin.
Arc‐nascent back‐arc signature in metabasalts from the Neoarchaean Jonnagiri greenstone terrane, Eastern Dharwar Craton, India
Authors: Manikyamba C. , Ganguly Sohini , Santosh M. , Singh M. Rajanikanta , Saha Abhishek
Published: July 2014

The Neoarchaean Jonnagiri greenstone terrane (JGT) is located at the centre of the arcuate Hutti–Jonnagiri–Kadiri–Kolar composite greenstone belt in the eastern Dharwar Craton. High MgO (MgO = ~14 wt.%; Nb = 0.2 ppm), low Nb (LNB) (MgO = 7.8–12 wt.%; Nb = 0.1–5.1 ppm) and high Nb basalts (HNB) (MgO = 5.6–10.1 wt.%; Nb = 9.0–10.6 ppm) metamorphosed to lower amphibolite facies are identified based on their geochemical compositions. These metabasalts exhibit depleted HFSE (Nb–Ta, Zr–Hf), pronounced LREE and LILE enrichments suggesting contribution from subduction‐related components during their genesis. Th and U enrichment over Nb–Ta indicates influx of fluids dehydrated from subducted oceanic lithosphere. The high MgO basalts with higher Mg# (51) than that of the associated LNB and HNB (Mg# = 34–47) represent early fractionated melts of subduction‐modified mantle peridotite. The LNB were produced by partial melting of mantle wedge metasomatized by slab‐dehydrated fluids, whereas the HNB represents melts of subducted oceanic crust and hybridized mantle wedge. Lower Dy/Yb and variable La/Yb ratios suggest their generation at shallower depth within spinel peridotite stability field. The low Ce–Yb trend of these metabasalts reflects intraoceanic type subduction which straddles the fields of arc and back‐arc basin basalts, resembling the Mariana‐type arc basalts. The Jonnagiri metabasalts were derived in a paired arc‐back‐arc setting marked by nascent back‐arc rift system that developed in the proximity of an intraoceanic arc. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximizing shoulder function after accessory nerve injury and neck dissection surgery: A multicenter randomized controlled trial
Authors: McGarvey Aoife C. , Hoffman Gary R. , Osmotherly Peter G. , Chiarelli Pauline E.
Published: July 2014

Background

Shoulder pain and dysfunction after neck dissection may result from injury to the accessory nerve. The effect of early physical therapy in the form of intensive scapular strengthening exercises is unknown.

Methods

A total of 59 neck dissection participants were prospectively recruited for this study. Participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n = 32), consisting of progressive scapular strengthening exercises for 12 weeks, or the control group (n = 29). Blinded assessment occurred at baseline, and at 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results

Three‐month data were collected on 52 participants/53 shoulders. Per‐protocol analysis demonstrated that the intervention group had statistically significantly higher active shoulder abduction at 3 months compared to the control group (+26.6°; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.28–45.95; p = .007).

Conclusion

The intervention is a favorable treatment for maximizing shoulder abduction in the short term. The effect of the intervention compared to usual care is uncertain in the longer term. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1022–1031, 2015
Oxidized HDL Induces Cytotoxic Effects: Implications for Atherogenic Mechanism
Authors: Soumyarani Valliyil Sasidharan , Jayakumari Narayani
Published: July 2014

Atherosclerosis can be considered as an inflammatory disease and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a critical factor in atherogenesis. Although high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) is generally an antiatherogenic lipoprotein, this property can be compromised by functional impairment mainly due to oxidative modification. As such, understanding the proatherogenic properties exerted by oxidized‐HDL (oxHDL) becomes more important. This study was focused on examining the role of oxHDL as a proatherogenic agent, using oxLDL as a positive control. The comparative toxicity of oxHDL and oxLDL having same range of malondialdehyde, to monocytes was evaluated. After treatment, markers for oxidative stress, inflammation, and cytotoxicity were quantitated. The results showed that like oxLDL, oxHDL induced significant oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and release of TNF
‐alpha and MMP‐9 in monocytes/macrophages, but was less potent than oxLDL in promoting these proatherogenic effects. Further, the effects of oxHDL for the enhanced formation of MMP‐9 were found to be mediated by NADPH oxidase/ROS‐JNK/ERK pathway, as one mechanism.
Determination of conditional stability constants for some divalent transition metal ion‐EDTA complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Boija Susanne , Almesåker Ann , Hedenström Erik , Bylund Dan , Edlund Håkan , Norgren Magnus
Published: July 2014

Conditional stability constants of coordination complexes comprising divalent transition metals, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were determined utilizing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The deviation of signal response of a reference complex was monitored at addition of a second metal ion. The conditional stability constant for the competing metal was then determined through solution equilibria equations. The method showed to be applicable to a system where Co2+ and Zn2+ competed for EDTA at pH 5. When Cu2+ and Ni2+ competed for EDTA, the equilibrium changed over time. This change was shown to be affected in rate and size by the type of organic solvent added. In this work, 30% of either methanol or acetonitrile was used. It was found that if calibration curves are prepared for both metal complexes in solution and the measurements are repeated with sufficient time space, any change in equilibrium of sample solutions will be discovered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative charge induced dissociation: fragmentation of deprotonated N‐benzylidene‐2‐hydroxylanilines in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Yue Lei , Wei Wanghui , Dang Qiankun , Ding Chuanfan , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: July 2014

Unimolecular reactivities of different N‐benzylidene‐2‐hydroxylaniline anions were investigated in gas phase by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. All the collision‐induced dissociation spectra of N‐benzylidene‐2‐hydroxylaniline anions show similar ions at phenyl anions, neutral loss of benzonitrile and benzoxazole anions, respectively. The possible fragmentation pathway was probed through deuterium labeling and various group substituents experiments. Computational results were applied to shed light on the mechanism of fragmentation patterns. The proton in the CH=N is reactive in the formation of the concerned ions. Its direct transfer to the oxygen results in 2‐hydroxyphenyl anion. Proton abstraction between benzoxazole and phenyl anion leads to the formation of benzene and benzoxazole anion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DESI analysis of mammalian cell cultures – sample preparation and method optimisation
Authors: Bodzon‐Kulakowska Anna , Drabik Anna , Marszalek Marta , Kotlinska Jolanta Helena , Suder Piotr
Published: July 2014

Desorption electrospray ion source (DESI) is widely used as an MS imaging technique. It is a rapid and convenient method of surface analysis, but to date, there are methodological obstacles to its application to the analysis of cell culture. This study reported optimised conditions for the analysis of cell culture samples. Parameters such as the surface, medium removal and sample desiccation techniques were assessed as a function of output data quality. Supercharging agents, surfactants and optimal parameters for the DESI ion source were evaluated for use in cell culture analyses. Data indicated that plastic dishes or sodium glass coated with poly‐l‐lysine and washing cell cultures with 150 mM ammonium acetate followed by drying with inert gas were superior for DESI analyses. The addition of 1 μM surfactin to the DESI spray solvent significantly improved the results for negative and positive ion modes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New MALDI matrices based on lithium salts for the analysis of hydrocarbons and wax esters
Authors: Horká Petra , Vrkoslav Vladimír , Hanus Robert , Pecková Karolina , Cvačka Josef
Published: July 2014

Lithium salts of organic aromatic acids (lithium benzoate, lithium salicylate, lithium vanillate, lithium 2,5‐dimethoxybenzoate, lithium 2,5‐dihydroxyterephthalate, lithium α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate and lithium sinapate) were synthesized and tested as potential matrices for the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)‐mass spectrometry analysis of hydrocarbons and wax esters. The analytes were desorbed using nitrogen laser (337.1 nm) and ionized via the attachment of a lithium cation, yielding [M + Li]+ adducts. The sample preparation and the experimental conditions were optimized for each matrix using stearyl behenate and n‐triacontane standards. The performance of the new matrices in terms of signal intensity and reproducibility, the mass range occupied by matrix ions and the laser power threshold were studied and compared with a previously recommended lithium 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoate matrix (LiDHB) (Cvačka and Svatoš, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2003, 17, 2203). Several of the new matrices performed better than LiDHB. Lithium vanillate offered a 2–3 times and 7–9 times higher signal for wax esters and hydrocarbons, respectively. Also, the signal reproducibility improved substantially, making this matrix a suitable candidate for imaging applications. In addition, the diffuse reflectance spectra and solubility of the synthesized compounds were investigated and discussed with respect to the compound's ability to serve as MALDI matrices. The applicability of selected matrices was tested on natural samples of wax esters and hydrocarbons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mycoplasma hyorhinis induces proinflammatory responses in mice lymphocytes
Authors: Kornspan Jonathan D. , Tsur Maayan , Tarshis Mark , Rottem Shlomo , Brenner Talma
Published: July 2014

Mycoplasmas are frequent contaminants of cultured cells, leading to alterations in cellular gene expression, protein synthesis, signal transduction, and metabolic pathways. Mycoplasma hyorhinis, the major contaminant of tissue cultures, has been implicated in a variety of diseases in swine. Most human and animal mycoplasmas remain attached to the surface of epithelial cells. Nonetheless, we have recently shown that M. hyorhinis is able to invade nonphagocytic melanoma cells. In the present study, we show by confocal laser scanning microscopy, that by exposing mice splenocytes to intact M. hyorhinis, intracellular mycoplasmas were detected. Mycoplasmal components were not detected within splenocytes after exposure to heat inactivated M. hyorhinis or to a purified M. hyorhinis lipoprotein (LPP) fraction. However, incubation of the splenocytes with intact M. hyorhinis cells, heat inactivated cells or M. hyorhinis LPP fraction induced accelerated cell proliferation and the secretion of interferon gamma and interleukin 17. Thus, M. hyorhinis and its LPPs can be added to the list of infectious agents causing direct stimulation of proinflammatory responses by mammalian lymphocytes.
Effects of photoaging on the tribological properties of engineering plastics
Authors: Duan Haitao , Chen Wu , Meng Hua , Liu Jianfang , Gu Kali , Li Jian
Published: July 2014

Ball‐on‐disk tests were performed to investigate the effects of photoaging on the tribological properties of engineering plastics under dry sliding. Results exhibit that different molecular structures of plastics result in different aging morphologies, and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene has better resistance to photoaging than polyformaldehyde (POM). However, POM has better wear resistance before and after the photoaging. Marked increase of the width and depth of wear tracks is observed after aging. Analysis of worn surface has revealed that photoaging significantly affects the wear mechanism of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and POM. Although the major wear mechanism before the aging of materials is identified as plastic deformation and adhesive wear, it becomes quite complicated when the materials experienced photoaging. Such complex wear mechanism hence deteriorates the tribological performance of the engineering plastics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The processing course of conflicts in third‐party punishment: An event‐related potential study
Authors: Qu Lulu , Dou Wei , You Cheng , Qu Chen
Published: July 2014

In social decision‐making games, uninvolved third parties usually severely punish norm violators, even though the punishment is costly for them. For this irrational behavior, the conflict caused by punishment satisfaction and monetary loss is obvious. In the present study, 18 participants observed a Dictator Game and were asked about their willingness to incur some cost to change the offers by reducing the dictator's money. A response‐locked event‐related potential (ERP) component, the error negativity or error‐related negativity (Ne/ERN), which is evoked by error or conflict, was analyzed to investigate whether a trade‐off between irrational punishment and rational private benefit occurred in the brain responses of third parties. We examined the effect of the choice type (“to change the offer” or “not to change the offer”) and levels of unfairness (90:10 and 70:30) on Ne/ERN amplitudes. The results indicated that there was an ERN effect for unfair offers as Ne/ERN amplitudes were more negative for not to change the offer choices than for to change the offer choices, which suggested that participants encountered more conflict when they did not change unfair offers. Furthermore, it was implied that altruistic punishment, rather than rational utilitarianism, might be the prepotent tendency for humans that is involved in the early stage of decision‐making.
Protection of winter wheat against orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): efficacy of insecticides and cultivar resistance
Authors: Chavalle Sandrine , Censier Florence , San Martin y Gomez Gilles , De Proft Michel
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

In 2012 and 2013, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) flights occurred during the susceptible phase of wheat development in Belgium. The protection against this midge afforded by various insecticides was assessed in infested fields on four winter wheat cultivars (susceptible or resistant, and early or late heading).

RESULTS

The insecticides sprayed at the right time reduced the number of larvae in the ears by 44–96%, depending on the product. For Julius, the cultivar (cv.) most exposed to S. mosellana in 2013, the mean yield gain resulting from insecticide use was 1558 kg ha−1 (18%). In the same year, insecticide use resulted in a yield gain of 780 kg ha−1 (8%) for the cv. Lear, in spite of its resistance to this pest. The link between yield and number of larvae counted in the ears was a logarithmic relationship, suggesting an important reduction in yield, caused either by the damage inflicted by young larvae that died at the start of their development or by the activation of costly reactions in plants.

CONCLUSION

The study showed that, in cases of severe attack, the timely application of insecticide treatments can protect wheat against S. mosellana, and that even resistant cultivars can benefit from these treatments. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Visualization Approaches for Evaluating Ridge Regression Estimators in Mixture and Mixture‐Process Experiments
Authors: Jang Dae‐Heung , Anderson‐Cook Christine M.
Published: July 2014

When the component proportions in mixture experiments are restricted by lower and upper bounds, the input space of a designed experiment space can become an irregular region that can induce multicollinearity problems when estimating the component proportion parameters. Thus, ridge regression provides a beneficial means of stabilizing the coefficient estimates in the fitted model. Previous research has focused on using prediction variance as a metric for determining an appropriate value of the ridge constant,k. We use visualization techniques to illustrate and evaluate ridge regression estimators and the robustness of estimation with respect to the variance and the bias. The addition of bias allows better balancing between the stability of the estimators and minimally changing the estimates. We illustrate the graphical methods with mixture and mixture‐process examples from the literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.