bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A semi‐implicit non‐hydrostatic dynamical kernel using finite elements in the vertical discretization
Authors: Simarro Juan , Hortal Mariano
Published: October 2011

This work is a first step in the direction of implementing a high‐order finite‐element discretization in the vertical in the non‐hydrostatic version of the HARMONIE model. The present dynamical core of the HARMONIE model is shared with the ECMWF and the ALADIN models and uses a horizontal spectral discretization and a semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian time stepping scheme, all of which are maintained in this work. Trying to implement a finite‐element discretization in the non‐hydrostatic version of the HARMONIE model has been found to be very difficult due to the set of prognostic variables used and the mass‐based vertical coordinate. A different set of prognostic variables and a hybrid vertical coordinate based on height are tested here on a vertical slice non‐hydrostatic kernel. A stability analysis of the linear model has been done. To evaluate the model stability and accuracy, a set of test cases from the literature are presented in the linear and nonlinear regimes, with and without orography. An iterative centred‐implicit scheme can be applied to avoid instability related to steep orography, although this reduces the efficiency of the model. The novel aspects with respect to existing non‐hydrostatic model kernels are the use of cubic finite elements in the vertical discretization, the use of a height‐based vertical coordinate in conjunction with a spectral discretization in the horizontal, and the coordinate‐independent formulation of each element of the model including the semi‐Lagrangian advection. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The adsorption of CO2, H2CO3, HCO3− and CO32− on Cu2O (111) surface: First‐principles study
Authors: Wu Huanwen , Zhang Ning , Cao Zhiji , Wang Hongming , Hong Sanguo
Published: October 2011

The adsorption of CO2, and its derivatives, H2CO3, HCO, and CO, on Cu2O (111) surface has been investigated by first‐principles calculations based on the density functional theory at B3LYP hybrid functional level. The Cu2O (111) surface has been modeled using an embedded cluster method,in which the quantum clusters plus some ab initio ion model potentials were inserted in an array of point charges. On the surface, H2CO3 was dissociated into an H+ and an HCO ion. Among the CO2 species, HCO was the only activated species on the surface. The results suggest that the reduction of CO2 on Cu2O (111) surface can start from the form of HCO. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Carbohydrate force fields
Authors: Foley B. Lachele , Tessier Matthew B. , Woods Robert J.
Published: October 2011

Carbohydrates present a special set of challenges to the generation of force fields. First, the tertiary structures of monosaccharides are complex merely by virtue of their exceptionally high number of chiral centers. In addition, their electronic characteristics lead to molecular geometries and electrostatic landscapes that can be challenging to predict and model. The monosaccharide units can also interconnect in many ways, resulting in a large number of possible oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, both linear and branched. These larger structures contain a number of rotatable bonds, meaning they potentially sample an enormous conformational space. This article briefly reviews the history of carbohydrate force fields, examining and comparing their challenges, forms, philosophies, and development strategies. Then it presents a survey of recent uses of these force fields, noting trends, strengths, deficiencies, and possible directions for future expansion. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Mechanics
Gustation
Authors: Doty Richard L.
Published: October 2011

Much has been discovered over the last few decades about the anatomy and physiology of the human taste system, most notably its receptor mechanisms and intermodal factors that influence its function. While the taste system works in concert with the olfactory, somatosensory, auditory, and visual sensory systems to establish the overall gestalt of flavor, its primary specialization is to ensure that the organism obtains energy, maintains proper electrolyte balance, and avoids ingestion of toxic substances. Despite its focus on inborn functions, taste—like its sister sense of smell—is remarkably malleable, reflecting the need to adapt to changing circumstances and general nutrient availability. It is now widely appreciated that taste dysfunction is common in many diseases and disorders, and is a frequent side effect of a number of medications. This interdisciplinary review examines salient aspects of the human gustatory system, including its anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:29–46. doi: 10.1002/wcs.156

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Knowledge discovery in data streams with regression tree methods
Authors: Alberg Dima , Last Mark , Kandel Abraham
Published: October 2011

This paper presents an advanced review of regression tree methods for mining data streams. Batch regression tree methods are known for their simplicity, interpretability, accuracy, and efficiency. They use fast divide‐and‐conquer greedy algorithms that recursively partition the given training data into smaller subsets. The result is a tree‐shaped model with splitting rules in the internal nodes and predictions in the leaves. Most batch regression tree methods take a complete dataset and build a model using that data. Generally, this tree model cannot be modified if new data is acquired later. Their successors, the incremental model and interval trees algorithms, are able to build and retrain a model on a step‐by‐step basis by incorporating new numerical training instances into the model as they become available. Moreover, these algorithms produce even more compact and accurate models than batch regression tree algorithms because they use intervals or functional models with a change detection mechanism, which makes them a more suitable choice for regression analysis of data streams. Finally, this review summarizes the performance results of the reviewed methods and crystallizes 10 requirements for successful implementation of a regression tree algorithm in data stream mining area. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining

Technologies > Machine Learning

Technologies > Prediction
Blogging Alone: China, the Internet, and the Democratic Illusion?
Authors: Leibold James
Published: October 2011

Drawing on recent survey data, digital ethnography and comparative analysis, this article presents a critical re-appraisal of the interactive blogosphere in China and its effects on Chinese social and political life. Focused on the discursive and behaviorist trends of Chinese netizens rather than the ubiquitous information control/resistance paradigm, it argues that the Sinophone blogosphere is producing the same shallow infotainment, pernicious misinformation, and interest-based ghettos that it creates elsewhere in the world, and these more prosaic elements need to be considered alongside the Chinese internet's potential for creating new forms of civic activism and socio-political change.
OBESITY, CORPULENCE AND EMACIATION IN ROMAN ART
Authors: Bradley Mark
Published: October 2011

This article explores the significance of sculptural and painted representations of ‘overweight’ and ‘underweight’ body types in the visual culture of Roman Italy from the fourth centurybcthrough to the late Empire, and considers the relationship of this imagery to Greek and Hellenistic precedents. In spite of the topical character of fat in 21st-century sociology, anthropology and medical science, obesity and emaciation in the ancient world remain almost completely unexplored. This article sets out to examine the relationship of fat and thin bodies to power, wealth, character and behaviour, and seeks to identify patterns and continuities in the iconography of fleshiness and slenderness across a stretch of several hundred years. Such bodies could be evaluated in a number of different ways, and this article exposes the diverse — and sometimes contradictory — responses to body fat in the art and culture of the Roman world. It first examines the significance of obesity and emaciation in language, literature and medicine, and then discusses visual representations under three headings: ‘Fertility’; ‘The marginal and the ridiculous’, examining the relationship between body fat, humour and figures at the edge of civilized society; and ‘Portraits’, exploring fat and thin in the portraiture of real-life individuals in the realms of philosophy, Hellenistic rulership, Etruscan funerary art and Roman public sculpture.
ANTE OCULOS PONERE:VISION AND IMAGINATION IN FLAVIO BIONDO'SROMA TRIUMPHANS
Authors: Muecke Frances
Published: October 2011

This article examines two ekphrastic digressions from book 2 of Flavio Biondo'sRoma Triumphans(1459), both occurring in the section on the festivals of ancient Rome. The first is an eye-witness account of a celebration mounted in Piazza Navona in Rome to mark the defeat of the Turks at Belgrade in 1456; the second is an imaginative recreation of the horse race at the Equirria, as Biondo envisions it taking place in the streetscape of ancient Rome. Both digressions serve one of Biondo's most important purposes, the linking of ancient and modern Rome. The aim of the discussion is to demonstrate the importance of visualization in Biondo's framing ofRoma Triumphansas a whole. In this aspect he was a powerful model for later antiquarian writing.
NOTES FROM ROME 2010–11
Authors: Coates-Stephens Robert
Published: October 2011

This gazette presents to the reader outside Rome news of recent archaeological activity (primarily in 2010, but also in the first part of 2011), gleaned from public lectures, conferences, exhibitions and newspaper reports.
“The Army is a Service, Not a Job”: Unionization, Employment, and the Meaning of Military Service in the Late-Twentieth Century United States
Authors: Mittelstadt Jennifer
Published: October 2011

This article tells the story of an often-forgotten attempt to unionize the United States armed forces in the 1970s. The American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE), an AFL-CIO-affiliated union representing federal employees, voted to allow military personnel to join its union in 1976. Military personnel proved far more open to the bid than expected. Nursing grievances from threatened congressional cuts to their institutional benefits, between one-third and one-half welcomed the union. Though a worried Congress, a powerful military leadership, and skeptical public opinion quashed unionization within the year, the brief episode nevertheless left an influential legacy. Coming just after the difficult transition from the draft to the volunteer force, the union bid forced military leaders, soldiers, and supporters in Congress to defend both military service and military benefits from encroachments of an “occupational” model symbolized by unionization. Their successful distinction between military service and employment elevated the former as uniquely honorable and arduous—and thus deserving of unwavering congressional support. Public unions, the embodiment of the occupational threat to military service, emerged bruised by the comparisons to vaunted military service and endured a decades-long decline in membership and congressional protection.
Wars of Civilization: The US Army Contemplates Wounded Knee, the Pullman Strike, and the Philippine Insurrection
Authors: Murolo Priscilla
Published: October 2011

This article explores the military history that links federal suppression of the Pullman Strike in 1894 to the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890 and the US conquest of the Philippines in 1899–1903. Military men expressed remarkably similar understandings of their targets in the three campaigns, and in each case they paired condemnations of the enemy with many of the same positive stereotypes of soldiers like themselves. Analysis of this imagery offers new perspectives on the US Army's role in imperial projects as well as state action against labor. If strikers resembled unruly colonial subjects in the military mind, the reverse also held true; and soldiers' self-representations reveal that their goals did not necessarily match the state's agenda.
Militarism, Empire, and Labor Relations: The Case of Brice P. Disque
Authors: Freeman Joshua B.
Published: October 2011

Although war and militarization have loomed large in the history of the United States for well over a century, labor historians have only infrequently examined the relationship between American labor and the military. The career of General Brice Pursell Disque suggests the complex flow of ideas and personnel back and forth between labor relations in the military and in the civilian economy. First involved with the management of labor as an officer during the Spanish-American War, Disque went on to serve as a prison warden, the head of an army effort to suppress labor radicalism in the timber industry during the First World War, and in business posts involving collective bargaining. Through Disque we can begin to see the multiple connections between labor relations in the so-called free market of the private sphere and in the decidedly unfree arenas of military and penal life.
“Civilians in Uniform”: Class and Politics in the British Armed Forces, 1939–1945
Authors: Field Geoffrey
Published: October 2011

The essay examines the British army's transformation from a small professional force into a mass conscript army between 1939 and 1945. Battlefield defeats and criticism of the nation's conduct of the war acted as a stimulus to reform in the early years. Examining such areas as officer selection, discipline, and the expansion of army education services (ABCA), the essay shows how the military adapted to the recruitment of millions of “civilians in uniform” and in some instances worked to contain or resist change. Special attention is given to class conflicts that arose between officers and “other ranks” and situations where perceived indifference to recruits' basic rights provoked protests and strikes, including protests over slow demobilization in 1946. A final section analyzes the role of ABCA and the forces press in creating a space for political discussion; the radical views prevalent among British servicemen; and the contradictions between the official ban on political debate in the forces, the rhetoric of “a people's war,” and the troops' growing focus on postwar reconstruction and the General Election of 1945.
Probing the Limits of Rights Discourse in the Obama Era: A Crossroads for Labor and Liberalism
Authors: McCartin Joseph A.
Published: October 2011

In the August 8, 2008, edition of the Wall Street Journal, an editorial denounced the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA), organized labor's most recent effort to reform US labor law, as a measure that would lead to worker intimidation and the end of free and fair workplace representation elections. That the nation's leading business journal carried an editorial outlining the familiar EFCA opponent's trope of worker intimidation by unions was not surprising. That the author's identity was former South Dakota senator George McGovern—that aging icon of American liberalism and a self-described “longtime friend of labor unions”—foreshadowed the uphill battle and ultimate defeat labor and its allies would face in enacting the measure.
A Revival of Labor and Social Protest Research in France: Recent Scholarship on May 1968
Authors: Mann Keith
Published: October 2011

May 1968 in France was one of those events that became instantly a distinct historical moment. Nearly contemporaneously with the events themselves, “May '68” became an object of conscious—and contentious—reflection, research, and analysis. By October 1968, the Bibliothèque nationale had already listed 124 books on the May–June events. The leading scholarly labor and social history journal in France, le mouvement social, immediately prepared a special issue on May 1968. Successive anniversaries have been marked with waves of scholarly and popular articles, books, films, interviews, colloquia, and other commemorative events and gatherings. The graphic depictions of May '68—photographic and other—have become enduring iconographic images that reappear with each anniversary.
From Workers' Rights to Worker Appropriation A Response to Joseph A. McCartin
Authors: McIntyre Richard
Published: October 2011

There has been little examination of the possible negative effects on labor's interests when those interests are asserted as rights. It is as if proclaiming “workers' rights are human rights” can only cause good things to happen. Joseph McCartin's essay contributes to a more balanced and sophisticated discussion of the effects of rights talk for labor. He uses George McGovern's critique of the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA) to illustrate the more general point that prolabor rights arguments invite antilabor rights arguments even from friends of labor, and that in the current conjuncture appeals to rights are more likely to empower neoliberals and libertarians than workers. Indeed, the very name of the proposed act, emphasizing freedom and choice, is part of the problem, as the union idea involves definite limits on individual freedom in the interest of the betterment of the group. The titling of EFCA indicates unwillingness on the part of Labor and its allies to face this.
Joseph McCartin Responds to Lance Compa, Gay Seidman, and Richard McIntyre
Authors: McCartin Joseph
Published: October 2011

First, I would like to offer my thanks to Lance Compa, Richard McIntyre, and Gay Seidman for their thoughtful responses to my essay. One could not find three more accomplished scholars with whom to engage in this discussion. Each in their own way has sharpened our thinking about the relationship of labor rights to human rights—Compa through a lifetime of inspiring organizing and writing, Seidman through her eloquent defense of human rights-based labor activism, Beyond the Boycott: Labor Rights, Human Rights and Transnational Activism, and McIntyre through his sharp interrogation of this activism in Are Worker Rights Human Rights? Not only do they bring well-honed critiques to bear in discussing my argument, they are generous and fair-minded. I'm grateful to them for prodding me to clarify my thinking.
Unmet Need for Assistance to Perform Activities of Daily Living and Psychological Distress in Community-Dwelling Elderly Women
Authors: Quail Jacqueline M. , Wolfson Christina , Lippman Abby
Published: October 2011

De plus en plus, les aînés vivant dans les communautés ont besoin d’une assistance physique pour les activités de la vie quotidienne (AVQ). L’association de ce besoin, que ce soit atteint ou non satisfaits, avec la détresse psychologique est inconnue. Nous avons mené une étude prospective des cohortes sur des résidents vivant dans les communautés âgées de 75 ans et plus à Montreal, au Canada. Nous rapportons les résultats pour les femmes seulement (n = 530). On a utilisé une régression lineaire multivariable pour examiner l’association entre les besoins satisfaits et ceux qui restent insatisfaits dans les activités déterminantes de la vie quotidienne (ADVQ) et les activités personnelles de la vie quotidienne (APVQ) et la détresse psychologique concomitante. Alors que les besoins ADVQ non satisfaits ont été associés à une détresse psychologique élevée, [β = 0.19 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.33)], comme cela a été avec les besoins ADVQ satisfaits [β = 0.42 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.60)], les besoins APVQ satisfaits et non satisfaits ne l’étaient pas. Le modèle complet explique 32,8 pour cent de la variance totale de la détresse psychologique. Recevoir de l’aide pour répondre aux besoins ADVQ est associé à une détresse psychologique élevée. Ne pas recevoir d’aide, cependant, est associé à une détresse encore plus élevée.
Escape From Machiavellianism? Thomist Themes in Twentieth Century Political Realism
Authors: Young Daniel Edward
Published: October 2011

Political realism is often seen as vulnerable to the “Machiavellian temptation,” that is, to the bracketing out of moral principles in the conduct of statecraft. In this article, I explore the use of Thomist themes in the writings of Martin Wight (1913–1972), a seminal figure of the so-called English School of international relations theory. Scholars have commented on the Christian realist roots of the English School, but it is little noted that Wight's most famous essay, “Western Values in International Relations,” uses the language of Thomism. By exploring the use of Thomist concepts in Wight's thought and the parallels to be found in the thought of his contemporary, Thomist political philosopher Jacques Maritain, I show how he seeks to escape the realist temptation to Machiavellianism. I then go on to sketch out the possible shortcomings of this approach.
Causes and effects of noise in landscape dynamics
Authors: Jerolmack Douglas J.
Published: October 2011

Geomorphology, the study of landscape form and change, is at a crossroad. Quantification of patterns on Earth's surface has revealed surprising and robust order. Transport equations rooted in physics that relate material flux of sediment to environmental drivers have been derived and are capable of simulating realistic‐looking topography [Dietrich et al., 2003]. Yet despite this rapid progress and an explosion of interest in the field, scientists are unable to predict sediment transport rates in rivers to better than an order of magnitude—they can only qualitatively anticipate the response of landscapes to land use or climatic changes. In addition, some argue that the sedimentary archive of landscape evolution is dominated by randomness [Sadler and Strauss, 1990], calling into question researchers' ability to reconstruct environmental change from the rock record.
Honors
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Thomas Bogdan has been selected as the next president of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), the organization announced on 18 October. Bogdan, who has served as director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), will take over as head of UCAR on 9 January. Before he joined SWPC, in 2006, Bogdan was a senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Richard Anthes, who has led UCAR for 23 years, is retiring.
Synthesizing knowledge of ocean islands
Authors: Jefferson Anne J. , Lees Jonathan M. , McClinton Tim
Published: October 2011

AGU Chapman Conference on the Galápagos as a Laboratory for the Earth Sciences; Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador, 25–30 July 2011 An inspiration for Darwin's theory of evolution, the Galápagos Islands and surrounding waters are a natural laboratory for a wide range of Earth science topics. The Galápagos are perfectly situated for geophysical and geochemical investigations of deep‐Earth processes at a hot spot, and proximity to a spreading center allows exploration of hot spot‐ridge interactions. Several highly active volcanoes show rapid deformation facilitating investigation of melt transport paths and volcanic structure. The islands exhibit a range of ages, eruptive styles, and climatic zones that allow analysis of hydrogeologic and geomorphic processes. The Galápagos Islands are a World Heritage Site and are an ideal setting for developing an integrated biological and geological understanding of ocean island evolution.
Public outreach events at 2011 AGU Fall Meeting
Authors: Adamec Bethany , Asher Pranoti
Published: October 2011

On Sunday, 4 December, three free family events planned by AGU Education and Public Outreach will lead off this year's Fall Meeting. The events begin at noon with the public lecture, which, AGU is thrilled to announce, will be delivered by NASA astronaut Drew Feustel, who holds a Ph.D. in geophysics. In 2009, Feustel served on the crew of STS‐ 125, the final space shuttle mission to the Hubble Space Telescope, and, earlier this year, STS‐134, which traveled to the International Space Station (ISS). He served as the lead space walker during STS‐134; the mission delivered to ISS the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), a state‐of‐the‐art cosmic ray particle physics detector designed to examine fundamental issues about matter and the origin and structure of the universe. He will speak about the Hubble STS‐125 mission and the STS‐134 mission, as well as about how his experiences as a geophysicist influenced his experiences as an astronaut.
Share your expertise with Congress: Apply for an AGU Congressional Science Fellowship
Authors: Sinnett Daniel
Published: October 2011

Scientists interested in using their skills to work on problems of public importance should consider applying for an AGU Congressional Science Fellowship. The fellowship is an opportunity to directly influence high‐priority public policy issues such as natural hazards mitigation, mineral and energy resources, air and water quality, and federal support for basic research. Following an intensive 2‐week course on politics and the legislative process run by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, congressional fellows work for a year as staff members in the offices of a senator, representative, or congressional committee. Their duties as staff members may include writing legislation, advising on votes, organizing congressional hearings, meeting with lobbyists and constituents, and conducting legislative research, among other tasks.
Small‐scale structures observed in Saturn's aurora
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: October 2011

Observations from the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph Subsystem on NASA's Cassini spacecraft provide new detail about Saturn's aurora. The measurements, reported by Grodent et al., were made in August 2008 when the spacecraft was only 5 Saturn radii from the surface. They found two types of ultraviolet auroral substructures in the main ring of the emission—bunches of spots and narrow arcs—ranging in size from 500 kilometers to several thousand kilometers. The researchers suggest that the small‐scale structures are associated with magnetic‐field‐aligned electrical currents in Saturn's upper atmosphere that result from fluctuations in plasma flow triggered by Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves in the magnetosphere.
Towards an Open Taxonomy
Authors: Page Roderic
Published: October 2011

Taxonomy is in many ways still predigital. Most taxonomic databases are little more than digitized index cards linking names to often-cryptic bibliographic citations, oblivious to the growing volume of scientific literature that is now online. A growing fraction of taxonomic literature is becoming freely available, either through adoption of Open Access publishing models, or through digitizing efforts such as the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Yet much of the most basic information about biodiversity, namely taxonomic description, remains either behind a pay wall, or only available in paper form. This talk sketches the goal of an "Open Taxonomy." The first step towards this goal is digitally linking scientific names to the primary literature using standard identifiers such as DOIs. I argue that until we make serious inroads into this task, taxonomic knowledge will remain in a ghetto largely ignored by the wider scientific community.
Tumour necrosis factor receptor trafficking dysfunction opens the TRAPS door to pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion
Authors: Turner Mark D. , Chaudhry Anupama , Nedjai Belinda
Published: October 2011

Cytokines are secreted from macrophages and other cells of the immune system in response to pathogens. Additionally, in autoinflammatory diseases cytokine secretion occurs in the absence of pathogenic stimuli. In the case of TRAPS [TNFR (tumour necrosis factor receptor)-associated periodic syndrome], inflammatory episodes result from mutations in the TNFRSF1A gene that encodes TNFR1. This work remains controversial, however, with at least three distinct separate mechanisms of receptor dysfunction having been proposed. Central to these hypotheses are the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) families of transcriptional activators that are able to up-regulate expression of a number of genes, including pro-inflammatory cytokines. The present review examines each proposed mechanism of TNFR1 dysfunction, and addresses how these processes might ultimately impact upon cytokine secretion and disease pathophysiology.
Osteopontin regulates α‐smooth muscle actin and calponin in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Gao Hong , Steffen Marlene C. , Ramos Kenneth S.
Published: October 2011

vSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) lose differentiation markers and gain uncontrolled proliferative activity during the early stages of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that OPN (osteopontin) mRNA and protein levels increase significantly on induction of proliferative activity by allylamine (an atherogenic amine) and that this response can be inhibited by OPN antibodies. We have investigated the role of OPN in vSMC differentiation. Primary cultures of aortic mouse vSMCs were transfected with an OPN expression plasmid and several vSMC differentiation markers including α‐SM actin (α‐smooth muscle actin), SM22‐α, tropomyosin and calponin were monitored in this cellular model. α‐SM actin and calponin protein levels were significantly decreased by OPN overexpression. Down‐regulation of α‐SM actin and calponin was also observed on extracellular treatment of mouse vSMCs with recombinant OPN. In addition, calponin mRNA was significantly decreased under serum‐restricted conditions when OPN mRNA was dramatically increased, while α‐SM actin mRNA remained unchanged. These data indicate that OPN down‐regulates α‐SM actin and calponin expression through an extracellular signalling pathway. Functional connectivity between OPN and vSMC differentiation markers has been established. Since vSMCs lose differentiation features during early atherosclerosis, a mechanistic basis for OPN functions as a critical regulator of proliferative cardiovascular disease has been presented.
Effect of residual gases in high vacuum on the energy-level alignment at noble metal/organic interfaces
Authors: Helander M. G. , Wang Z. B. , Lu Z. H.
Published: October 2011

The energy-level alignment at metal/organic interfaces has traditionally been studied using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). However, since most devices are fabricated in high vacuum (HV), these studies do not accurately reflect the interfaces in real devices. We demonstrate, using UPS measurements of samples prepared in HV and UHV and current-voltage measurements of devices prepared in HV, that the small amounts of residual gases that are adsorbed on the surface of clean Cu, Ag, and Au (i.e., the noble metals) in HV can significantly alter the energy-level alignment at metal/organic interfaces.
Wetting on smooth micropatterned defects
Authors: Debuisson Damien , Dufour Renaud , Senez Vincent , Arscott Steve
Published: October 2011

We develop a 2D model which predicts the contact angle hysteresis (CAH) introduced by smooth micropatterned defects. The defects are modeled by a smooth function, and the CAH is explained using a tangent line solution. When the liquid micro-meniscus touches both sides of the defect simultaneously, depinning of the contact line occurs and the droplet “pops-up.” The defects are fabricated using the photoresist SU-8. The experimental results, using common liquids (water, isopropyl alcohol, and ethylene glycol), agree well with the predictions of the model. The profile of the defect has a large influence on the CAH.
Magnetoresistance in an ultrathin Bi2Se3 film between two ferromagnetic insulators
Authors: Yang Yunyou , Xu Zhong , Sheng L. , Shen R. , Xing D. Y.
Published: October 2011

We theoretically investigate the magnetoresistance effect of an ultrathin Bi2Se3 film sandwiched between two ferromagnetic insulators (FIs). It is found that the conductance is quantized to be e2/h and vanishing, respectively, for parallel and antiparallel magnetization configurations of the two FIs, which stems from a transition of the Bi2Se3 film from the quantum anomalous Hall phase to a conventional insulator. This quantum magnetoresistance is robust against disorder scattering.
Magneto-elastic tuning of ferroelectricity within a magnetoelectric nanowire
Authors: Johnson Stephanie H. , Finkel Peter , Leaffer Oren D. , Nonnenmann Stephen S. , Bussmann Konrad , Spanier Jonathan E.
Published: October 2011

Nanowires each consisting of a magnetostrictive Co core and a PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 or BiFeO3 ferroelectric oxide shell exhibit a magnetic field-tunable piezoelectric response and ferroelectric coercivity owing to magneto-elastic coupling through the interfacial core-shell boundary. The observed magneto-elastic tuning of the ferroelectric switching is analyzed using a renormalized Landau-Ginzburg stiffness in which a magnetic field-tunable stress concentration is incorporated. These results provide insight into the design of integrated functional devices and magnetoelectric sensors.
Current-driven tunability of magnonic crystal
Authors: Polushkin N. I.
Published: October 2011

It is shown theoretically that a uniform current passed across a magnonic crystal, that is, ferromagnetic film with a periodically modulated saturation magnetization along a direction in the film plane, provides a frequency shift of the gap for spin-wave propagation. This shift is associated with the spin-wave (SW) Doppler effect and can be comparable to the total spin-wave excitation band (∼20 GHz) at high enough current densities (∼109 A/cm2), sufficient film thicknesses (up to 0.1 μm), and small lattice periods (<0.5 μm). The found effect can be useful for driving on-chip microwave magnetic devices by electric current.
Roaming reactions: The third way
Authors: Bowman Joel M. , Suits Arthur G.
Published: October 2011

Chemists have long held that there are two ways in which a molecule can break apart. But recent results show a third possibility, and its discovery may have far-reaching implications.
Problems with problem sets
Authors: Trefil James , Swartz Sarah
Published: October 2011

Undergraduate physics problem sets and textbook examples often assume prior knowledge that is more common in men than in women. Could that difference be deterring women from pursuing careers in physics?
The commemoration of March 24th, 1976
Authors: Bietti Lucas M.
Published: October 2011

In December 2001, Argentina underwent the worst socio-economic crisis in its history. Strong criticisms were raised by society against almost all the social injustices encouraged by the policies promoted by the former governments. Forgiveness of the crimes committed by the dictatorship during the “Dirty War” which took place in the late 70’s, and reconciliation between the members of the dictatorship and society, was the position held by the post-dictatorship governments. However, the official discourse has radically changed since 2003, because of the administration of elected president Nestor Kirchner (2003–2007). The aim of this paper is to explore some of the changes in relation to the creation of two time-frames (TF1/TF2) to represent actors from the past and the present, and reinforce the current exceptionality of Néstor Kirchner’s political stance. To do this, I will analyse four political speeches given by ex- president Néstor Kirchner to commemorate the anniversary of the coup d’état of March 24th, 1976, the date which marks the beginning of the 1976–1983 military dictatorship.
“Uma revolução democrática é sempre uma revolução inacabada” — or — “A democratic revolution must always remain unfinished”
Authors: Ribeiro Filipa Perdigão
Published: October 2011

This article analyses the discursive construction of collective memories and the function of commemorative events for national identity. It focuses on how the 30th anniversary of the Portuguese 1974 revolution was portrayed in the government’s Programme of Action issued for the 2004 commemorations and in forty-three newspaper opinion articles also published in 2004. The 1974 revolution ended a 48-year right-wing dictatorship and has shaped subsequent historical events since the 1970s. When the Programme of Action changed the 1974 slogan ‘April is revolution’ into ‘April is evolution’, the written press responded by conducting a debate on this reframing. Using the Discourse-Historical Approach in CDA as the analytical framework, this paper highlights the discursive strategies on which the government’s manifesto was built and explores the opinion articles’ ongoing political and ideological tensions over the revolution, its commemorations, and how it paved the way into Europe, by describing the main macro-discursive strategies and raising issues regarding the (mis)representation of social actors and social action.
Dialectic textual negotiation
Authors: Taub Gadi , Hamo Michal
Published: October 2011

The present study proposes a discourse-immanent view (following Wodak 2001) of political manifestos, examining them as sites for textually negotiating tensions and paradoxes, rather than focusing on their persuasive aspects. This approach is applied to the analysis of two founding documents of the Israeli religious settlers’ movement, where tensions between religious vision and actual politics have increased over time. Findings indicate that in the first manifesto (1974), discursive resources (temporality, point of view construction and terms of reference) are strategically used to contain tensions and maintain the movement’s dialectical vision of the relations between religion and politics. By contrast, the second manifesto (1980) exhibits simpler textual patterns which forgo this dialectical commitment, reflecting the eroding ability to textually reconcile ideological tensions as challenges to the movement’s vision grow. This is discussed as demonstrating the utility of discourse analysis for historical research in providing micro-evidence for the emergence of ideological change.
¿Constituyen las Antillas y el Caribe continental una sola zona dialectal?
Authors: Claes Jeroen
Published: October 2011

Aunque la variación entre sujetos explícitos y tácitos se ha investigado en dialectos del español (Cameron 1995; Orozco y Guy 2008), no contamos con estudios contrastivos entre dos variedades caribeñas. Sin embargo, tal comparación podrá arrojar nueva luz sobre las zonas dialectales de América (cf. Otheguy, Zentella y Livert 2007). Por ello, en este trabajo investigamos (i) la distribución de las variantes en San Juan (18 entrevistas de PRESEEA) y Barranquilla (Orozco y Guy 2008), (ii) la diferencia entre el efecto de las variables (la continuidad referencial; el tiempo, el modo y el aspecto verbal; la persona y el número gramatical; el contenido léxico del verbo y el tipo de cláusula; el género y la edad del hablante) según se observa en ambas comunidades y (iii) cuáles de los factores estudiados modelan mejor las divergencias. Así, mostramos que en las dos comunidades subyace un sistema diferente a las alternancias. Para terminar, indicamos que los datos puertorriqueños no apuntan hacia un cambio lingüístico ni una valoración social de las variantes.
Variation through time and text type
Authors: King Jeremy
Published: October 2011

This paper considers the applicability of modern theories of language to data from pre-modern language varieties. Specifically, I address the extent to which Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper’s (1989) taxonomy of directive head acts is valid for use in descriptions of these speech acts in Early Modern Spanish. In order to address this issue, data from two distinct primary sources was collected: first, a series of familiar letters written in the latter half of the sixteenth century, and second, a collection of short farces widely discussed as representing the popular speech of the time. The results of this study indicate that speakers in the sixteenth century displayed a strong preference for direct request strategies, at odds with conclusions drawn about modern Spanish in the literature. Though the head act taxonomy is found to be useful for analyzing the Early Modern data, I caution that it cannot be assumed that speakers in different periods appraise potential face-threatening acts similarly.
Benny Geiger: A force in the study of focal adhesions
Authors: Sedwick Caitlin
Published: October 2011

Geiger researches the composition and function of cell adhesions.
Impenetrable barriers or entry portals? The role of cell–cell adhesion during infection
Authors: Bonazzi Matteo , Cossart Pascale
Published: October 2011

Cell–cell adhesion plays a fundamental role in cell polarity and organogenesis. It also contributes to the formation and establishment of physical barriers against microbial infections. However, a large number of pathogens, from viruses to bacteria and parasites, have developed countless strategies to specifically target cell adhesion molecules in order to adhere to and invade epithelial cells, disrupt epithelial integrity, and access deeper tissues for dissemination. The study of all these processes has contributed to the characterization of molecular machineries at the junctions of eukaryotic cells that have been better understood by using pathogens as probes.
Influence of pH on Ca2+ current and its control of electrical and Ca2+ signaling in ventricular myocytes
Authors: Saegusa Noriko , Moorhouse Emma , Vaughan-Jones Richard D. , Spitzer Kenneth W.
Published: October 2011

Modulation of L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L) by H+ ions in cardiac myocytes is controversial, with widely discrepant responses reported. The pH sensitivity of ICa,L was investigated (whole cell voltage clamp) while measuring intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) or pHi (epifluorescence microscopy) in rabbit and guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Selectively reducing extracellular or intracellular pH (pHo 6.5 and pHi 6.7) had opposite effects on ICa,L gating, shifting the steady-state activation and inactivation curves to the right and left, respectively, along the voltage axis. At low pHo, this decreased ICa,L, whereas at low pHi, it increased ICa,L at clamp potentials negative to 0 mV, although the current decreased at more positive potentials. When Ca2+i was buffered with BAPTA, the stimulatory effect of low pHi was even more marked, with essentially no inhibition. We conclude that extracellular H+ ions inhibit whereas intracellular H+ ions can stimulate ICa,L. Low pHi and pHo effects on ICa,L were additive, tending to cancel when appropriately combined. They persisted after inhibition of calmodulin kinase II (with KN-93). Effects are consistent with H+ ion screening of fixed negative charge at the sarcolemma, with additional channel block by H+o and Ca2+i. Action potential duration (APD) was also strongly H+ sensitive, being shortened by low pHo, but lengthened by low pHi, caused mainly by H+-induced changes in late Ca2+ entry through the L-type Ca2+ channel. Kinetic analyses of pH-sensitive channel gating, when combined with whole cell modeling, successfully predicted the APD changes, plus many of the accompanying changes in Ca2+ signaling. We conclude that the pHi-versus-pHo control of ICa,L will exert a major influence on electrical and Ca2+-dependent signaling during acid–base disturbances in the heart.
Photocrosslinkable π-conjugated cruciform molecules for electronic/optoelectronic applications
Authors: Hoang Mai Ha , Nguyen Duc Nghia , Choi Dong Hoon
Published: October 2011

The development of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) has seen much progress using solution-processable organic semiconductors, which can combine high charge transport mobility, stability and patternability. In this work, we report on the design and synthesis of a new type of photopatternable π-conjugated cruciform molecule. These molecules are capable of photopatterning by virtue of photopolymerization of the reactive end-groups (pentadien or acrylate). Their solubility is very good for solution processing. Transistor devices using these molecules provided a maximum field-effect mobility of 3.7×10−3 
cm
2 
V
−1 
s
−1 as well as a high current on/off ratio. Remarkably, it was found that their charge carrier mobilities were well-maintained, even after the photocrosslinking process.
The Department of Health perspective on handling uncertainties in health sciences
Authors: Wells Glenn , Williams Sandra , Davies Sally C.
Published: October 2011

Recognizing and working with uncertainty in handling risk are part of both clinical practice and the policy-making process. The Department of Health recognizes the inherent challenges that uncertainty brings and employs a wide range of research mechanisms, drawing on a diverse set of disciplines, to provide an evidence base to inform both policy creation and implementation, and clinical practice. This paper describes a variety of situations and the Government response to them, each time highlighting the use of science to reduce unknowns and to support decision-making. It highlights the need for a strong research infrastructure to support the Department's requirements, and those of the NHS, both in real time to respond to emergencies and to establish a high standard of care. However, although science provides a powerful tool to reduce uncertainty, it will not always produce definitive answers and often provides the start point for a dialogue between decision makers and researchers.
Science as organized scepticism
Authors: May Robert M.
Published: October 2011

Real progress in understanding how the natural world works only truly began with the Enlightenment, with its guiding principle that the truth is to be found not by appeal to authority but by experimental tests and evidence. Unfortunately, but understandably, science is too often seen—in school, in university and especially on quiz shows—as certainty. In fact, science (including social sciences, engineering and medicine along with the more narrowly defined physical and biological sciences) is better seen as organized scepticism: a journey, over time, toward contingent understanding guided by experimental tests and sceptical questioning. Essentially all such journeys are beset by uncertainties of various kinds. This article sketches some of the consequent problems, particularly in relation to science advice, policy making and public engagement.
The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality
Authors: Schaller Mark
Published: October 2011

Because immunological defence against pathogens is costly and merely reactive, human anti-pathogen defence is also characterized by proactive behavioural mechanisms that inhibit contact with pathogens in the first place. Thisbehavioural immune systemcomprises psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues, and that respond to these perceptual cues through the activation of aversive emotions, cognitions and behavioural impulses. These processes are engaged flexibly, producing context–contingent variation in the nature and magnitude of aversive responses. These processes have important implications for human social cognition and social behaviour—including implications for social gregariousness, person perception, intergroup prejudice, mate preferences, sexual behaviour and conformity. Empirical evidence bearing on these many implications is reviewed and discussed. This review also identifies important directions for future research on the human behavioural immune system—including the need for enquiry into underlying mechanisms, additional behavioural consequences and implications for human health and well-being.