bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEJARAH PROSA IMAGINATIF (NOVEL) ARAB; DARI KLASIK HINGGA KONTEMPORER
Authors: Kamil Sukron
Published: October 2015

Though the tradition of classic Arab was not prose, the Arabic fiction prose has developed since the end of Umayya Dinasty. The factors contributing to this development are the Qur’an that contains many stories and translation of fiction from Persian. Started from folklore and then translation, the Arabic fiction developed rapidly, followed by the publishing of short novels. Furthermore, there was a kind of fiction called maqamat.  The Arabic fiction developed in the classic period in the East of Arab was romantic fiction, while at the West part of Arab the development of classical fiction was marked by the works of romantic fictions by Ibn Al-Syahid and philosophical romantic fiction by Ibn Thufail. In modern era Arabic fiction was characterized with the translated works of Al Thanthawi. Then it was developed further by Al-Manfaluthi, a poet of classic and romantic. Novel Zainab by Husein Haikal indicated the birth of modern novels, followed by Taufik Hakim. Thaha Husein also developed Arabic fiction works that are still read nowadays. However, through Najib Mahfudz’s various works ranging from historical romantic, realist, and philosophical symbolic, the Arabic fiction claimed the world’s acknowledgement. The most recent trend of Arabic fiction is that the metaphysical and inter-textual novels come into light.
PENGARUH PEMIKIRAN IBNU MADHA’ TENTANG USHUL AL-NAHWI AL-‘ARABI DALAM MEMAHAMI TEKS KEAGAMAAN
Authors: Faisol M.
Published: October 2015

”Nahwu” or sintax is a science born in the era of codification (Ashr al-Tadwin). In this field, there are many schools: Kufa, Bashrah, Baghdad, Egypt and Andalus. Each school has its own method and thought or what is called ushul al-nahwi (qiyas, ta’lil, ta’wil and amil). This research in included in the study of thought. The public figure of this research object is Ibnu Madha’, that is his ideas on ushul al-nahwi al-arabi and the implication in understanding divine texts. Ibnu Madha’ refused the concept of ushul al-nahwi al-arabi: qiyas, amil, ta’lil dan ta’wil, that have beeen made as the concept of mental interpretatif (al-Shurah al-Zhihniyyah al-Ta’wiliyyah) in lying the foundation of Arabic language. Ibnu Madha’ refusal to the ushul al-nahwi opens up the space of freedom for reason to express in order to obtain the meaning that is not stated literally in the text.
AL-NUSHUUSH AL-DINIYYAH WA TARJAMATUHA
Authors: Mustofa Bisri
Published: October 2015

Al-Nushuush Al-Diniyyah or divine texts are not the same as other texts. In translating the texts, it does not only need linguistics such as nahwu (sintax), sharaf (morphology) or mufradat  (semantic). Nor the methods usually used in other text. Al-Quran and Al-Hadits have different and special characteristics so that in translating it, a translator have to own interdisciplinary knowledge and master the appropriate translating technique. This is because translating the divine texts (Al-Quran and Al-Hadits) also interpret it so that the most important method in translating the divine texts is Thariqah al-Tarjamah al-Tafsiriyah (Interpreting Method), not literal translation.
LITERATURE IN LANGUAGE TEACHING
Authors: Rahayu Mundi
Published: October 2015

The role of literature in the ELT classroom has been re-assessed by many experts, and now many of them view literary texts as providing rich linguistic input, in addition to effective stimuli for students to express themselves in other languages. In this way, literature can be a potential source of learner motivation. Literary texts offer a rich source of linguistic input and can help learners to practice the four language skills -speaking, listening, reading and writing- in addition to exemplifying grammatical structures and presenting new vocabulary. It is found out as well that literary texts provide opportunities for multi-sensorial classroom experiences and can appeal to learners with different learning styles.
AT-TAQOBUL BAINA AL-LUGHOTAIN AL-‘ARABIYAH WAL INDONESIA
Authors: Lubis Turkis
Published: October 2015

This is a plain contrastive descriptive study between two languages, Arabic and Indonesian, especially the contrast between their phonetics, lexical, phonological and syntax levels. The research concludes within that there is similarity and differentiation in its phonetics, lexical, phonological and syntax systems. In phonetics we found a contrast related to consonants and vocals sounds, and also in syllable sounds. In lexical domain, there is a meaning formulated in one word in Arabic language, but in Indonesian language we found it composed of two words, for example: ?????? ????? ????? ??????, rumah sakit, makan siang, makan malam and others. In the phonology, it is found out that Arabic language is an etymological language and the Indonesian language is an affix language, and Arabic language adopt systems of masculine, feminine, singular, dual (mutsanna) and plural which is different from Indonesian language. In syntax of Indonesian language, we found that the meaning is defined by the combination of the words and its position, it is based on subject combination (nominal clause), in other hand we found that the Arabic language is a syntax language (lughah mu’rabah), the meaning is defined by the syntax (al i’rab) and it adopts both of nominal clause and verbal clause. Those Arabic phenomena which are not adopted by Indonesian language should be taken into account in learning and teaching Arabic Language by the Indonesians.
RESISTEMATISASI DAN RESTRUKTURALISASI ILMU MA’ANI DALAM DESAIN PEMBELAJARAN ILMU BALAGHAH
Authors: Taufiqurrochman R.
Published: October 2015

The development of semantics as part of Balaghah (Rhetoric) is necessary because of the fact that the semantics got less popularity and it is thought to be hard to learn. For this reason it is necessary to design the learning of ma’ani (semantics) that has orientation to the re-systematization and re-structuralization of the learning material. There is fundamental change in the system of rhetoric, that is placing the ma’ani at the beginning, followed by bayan and badi’. Ma’ani has to be presented easily because it is the gate for the balaghah. The position of Maani in the hierarchy of balaghah can not be separated from grammar that is familiar to be learnt by Indonesian students. The consequence of Ma’ani as the follow up of nahwu is the change of system of learning materials that differs the nahwu perspective and balaghah perspective. Eventually, rhetoric of Arabic language is not only used when analyzing the divine text such as Quran and Hadith but also literary works, poems, prose, advertising , journalism, and others. By having such application balaghah is expected to be more inclusive, not only for analyzing literary works but also for many other analysis, because the final aim of the balaghah is forming civilized people indicated by the ability of adapting oneself properly, beautifully, according to the situation and condition.
STRATEGIES OF MAINTAINING PROFICIENCY BY TEACHERS OF ENGLISH IN INDONESIA
Authors: Alfan Zuhairini Junaidi Mistar,
Published: October 2015

The objectives of the present study are four-fold: (1) to identify the types of strategies to maintain proficiency used by teachers of English in Indonesia, (2) to know the intensity of use of the obtained strategy types, (3) to measure the inter-correlation in the use of the obtained strategy types, and (4) to investigate the effect of proficiency level on the use of maintaining strategies. The subjects were 93 teachers applying for S2 degree in 2010/2011 at the postgraduate program of the Islamic University of Malang. They were given two sets of instrument, a Likert-scale questionnaire of English proficiency maintaining strategies and a TOEFL test. Then, a factor analysis identified nine strategy categories, including language focusing, metacognitive and affective developing, reading and writing activating, language resource utilizing, cognitive processing, culture learning, social communicating, text analyzing, and radio listening strategies. These strategy types explained 63.84% of variances of maintaining strategies and they were used at high level of intensity. Moreover, the use of the nine strategy types were found to be inter-correlated with one another. Finally, no significant effect of proficiency level on strategy use was found, indicating that teachers with different level of proficiency reported using the same strategies of maintaining their proficiency.
AFIKS TIDAK BAKU DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA RAGAM INFORMAL
Authors: Zen Evynurul Laily
Published: October 2015

This paper discusses the form and meaning of conjunctive relation and how conjunctive relation is translated from source language into target language. The different system of amongst languages  in forming words, sentences or paragraph might  represent  peculiar form and meaning. As a part of element in determining logical meaning, conjunctive relation can be in the  form of conjunction, verb, noun, preposition and implicit. Those forms signal how unity of a text constructed. In translation, the use of conjunctive relation forms frequently make problem for translators since it  is closely related to logical meaning in a text.  In translating text, different meaning between two  languages should be occasionally translated into different form and meaning of the two languages. To understand a text comprehensively, a reader must know the unity of a text. One of the aspects to determine unity of a text in translation is conjunctive relation. The unity of a text can be covered with the conjunctive relation which signal logical relation among clauses, sentences and paragraph, so that in translation cohesiveness of a text is interpreted well both in source text and target text.
STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS OLAH BAHASA UNTUK CERITA PENDEK SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR DENGAN PENDEKATAN GENRE-BASED
Authors: Djatmika Djatmika , Primasita Fitria Akhmerti , Priyanto Agus Dwi
Published: October 2015

Indonesian elementary school students show their motivation to write. A kind of books written by and for children of their age, commonly termed as Kecil-Kecil Punya Karya (KKPK) ‘although young we have writing works’, are nowdays available at bookstores. These books can further motivate other children to compose. To accommodate this motivation, the language center of Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta held a writing contest for elementary school students in Surakarta and the surrounding area. Thirtyfour students participated the contest, thus 34 texts from such a competition were collected as the object of analysis in this study to see the quality of the text structure as well as the text texture of the texts. The analysis on the text structure shows that several texts are arranged in a single kind of genre. However, the other texts are composed in multi-genre—meaning that each text in this kind demonstrates the features of a genre, but it accomodates other short texts with different genre. The former is named as a text with a macro genre, whereas the latter are termed as texts with a micro one. Meanwhile, the choice of words and the exploitatio of grammatical construction for the clauses of most of the texts shows weaknesses. Many academic and technical terms as well as nominalization are exploited. In addition, several texts have metaphorical words in them. This phenomenon influences the readability level of the texts. Furthermore, many clauses are constructed in complex arrangement, while some otheSrs incomplete in terms of grammar substances. This, therefore, add the negative quality of the texts. Several systemic strategies are provided to make the texts better. They can be effective models for the young writers as well as for the teachers of Bahasa Indonesia subject at elementary schools.

Keywords: Genre, Cerita, Gramatika, Teks
THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN SCIENTIST IN AGORA
Authors: Rahayu Mundi
Published: October 2015

The research aims to explore the representation of woman scientist in film Agora. Agora is a film focusing on the life of a woman scientist and philosopher named Hypatia who lived in Alexandria at the end of 4th A.D.  The research uses semiotics that is applied to explore the signs and the meaning of the film. The signs are in the forms of visual and verbal signs, such as the image, dialogue, setting of place, plot, character, narration, etc. The result of the analysis shows that Hypatia is represented as a legend in astronomy and philosophy who dedicated all her life for science. Beside represented as a scientist, Hypatia is also an icon of sexual freedom though her choice for not getting married. She wants to make sure that she gets her liberty as any other man so that she is able to pursue the knowledge. Her reputation as a scientist, a rationalist, a skeptics bring her into her own symbolical power. Such symbolical power and unwillingness to subjugate to the dominant power leads her to her tragic end of her life. Hypatia is one of the first victims in the clash of science and the intolerance of religion. Though some historical inaccuracy, the films shows that the film maker confidently made a particular interpretation on the history. The social cultural setting of the story is on the rise of Christianity and the fall of Paganism in Alexandria at the end of 4 AD. This culminated in the destruction of the famous Library of Alexandria, where the largest part of the ancient Greek knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and literature was preserved.
Keywords: Agora, Hypatia, Representation of Woman, Alexandria, Pagan
PEMIKIRAN MUHAMMAD SHAHRUR TENTANG RELASI FILSAFAT BAHASA DAN MODERNITAS
Authors: Esha Muhammad In’am
Published: October 2015

Study on philosophy of language, especially on contemporary Islamic thinker, is very needed for enriching thinking spectrum on this object. We hope this paper can open our horizon on this topics and enhance our knowledge especially on philosophy of language in Islamic perspective. This paper affords to describe Shahrur’s thought on relation between philosophy of language and modernity.  Important findings of the paper are: first, language as important reality in human life. With language realities of human life can be articulated well. So, language is a mirror of reality. Second, when we understand that “language as mirror of reality”, actually we make language passively. Shahrur’s philosophical thought on language gives us understanding that language can be functioned as active tool for developing progressive ethos and value for supporting modernity in Islamic world. Third, Philosophy of language gives us possibility for raising a new horizon of understanding on language as object of study.
Keywords: Shahrur, Filsafat Bahasa, Modernitas
THE APPROACH OF IBN TABATIBA AL-ASBAHANI TO THE ISSUE OF WORD AND MEANING CASTING AND THE PROBLEMATIC ARTISTIC IMAGERY
Authors: Ad-dakhil Mohammad Majid
Published: October 2015

This study shows that intends to address the issue of "word-meaning" as addressed in work "iyar al syi’r", in addition to the issue of poetical discourse, effects on the poetical imagination of a creative poet, and aesthetical brightening of an artistic poetical imagery. This study also shows that Ibn Tabatiba in his work "Eyar Ash shir" took the pretense (sana'a) as a basis on which based his judgmental criticism appraisals, giving priority to form rather than content, finally the study shows that while recognizing the importance of the later.
NATIONALISM INSIDE THE POEM OF “DIPONEGORO” BY CHAIRIL ANWAR A HISTORICAL STUDY
Authors: Djojosuroto Kinayati
Published: October 2015

This study aims to reveal the meaning of the elements of nationalism in the poem "Diponegoro" by Chairil Anwar and to reveal the relationship between the poetry of "Diponegoro" with the history of Diponegoro War (Java War) in 1825 – 1830. The "Diponegoro" poem is one of the phenomenal works that, if the contents are reviewed, alive and exist in a fighting spirit, the spirit of nationalism. In this postmodern era, the poetry of ‘Prince Diponegoro’ by Chairil Anwar is still exist as poem which fights for its country. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with content analysis techniques. Conclusion: 1. Poetry "DIPONEGORO" is the poem with struggling spirit. In this case, it was the fight of Diponegoro against the Netherlands’ colonialism. His nationalism, his love and obedience, his loyalty for his country, had led Diponegoro onto resistance because he wanted to liberate his people, from the domination and the grip of foreign power, the Netherlands. 2. The poem of “Diponegoro” cannot be separated from the history of the past, the resistance of the people of Java against the Netherlands’ colonialism.
Reductions in productivity due to land degradation in the drylands of the southwestern united states
Authors: Noojipady Praveen , Prince Stephen D. , Rishmawi Khaldoun
Published: October 2015

Dryland degradation has long been recognized at regional, national, and global scales, yet there are no objective assessments of its location and severity. An assessment of reductions in net primary production (NPP) due to dryland degradation in the southwestern United States is reported. The local NPP scaling (LNS) approach was applied to map the extent and magnitude of degradation. LNS seeks to identify reference sites in which there is no degradation that can be used as a standard for comparison with other sites that share the same environment, except for degradation. Twelve years were analyzed (2000–2011), using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data (250 m) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite‐borne multispectral sensor. The results indicated that the total NPP reductions in the study area were about 35.9 ± 4.7 Tg C/yr, which equates to 0.31 ± 0.04 Mg C·ha
−1
·yr
−1
. The NPP reductions in grassland‐savanna and livestock grazing areas were large and mostly consistent between years in spite of large variations in overall NPP caused by differences in land‐use, interannual variations in rainfall, and other aspects of weather. In comparison with other cover types, forested land generally had higher NPP reduction per unit area. The maps also enable attribution of degradation from the finest management units to entire agencies, such as the Bureau of Land Management, which had 50% less production per unit area than the U.S. Forest Service. The degradation within Native American land was low with total NPP reduction of about 2.41 ± 0.24 Tg C/yr and unit area reduction of productivity of just 0.21 ± 0.02 Mg C·ha
−1
·yr
−1
, yet the percent reduction from potential was in equivalence with other land management agencies.
Diagnosis as a Detriment: A Cognitive Approach to Understanding the Depressive Experience
Authors: Einstein Evan Hy
Published: October 2015

Depression is currently understood within a biomedical paradigm. This paradigm is an example of reductionism; people are clinically diagnosed and categorized based on behavior and affect, while they are then prescribed psychotropic medications based on an inconclusively correlated neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain. In this article, clinical diagnosis and labeling are explored with respect to their detrimental potential. A framework of embodied cognition is used to conceptualize a cognitive model of depressive experience. This theoretical model explores the potentially self-reinforcing cognitive mechanisms behind a depressive experience, with the goal of highlighting the possibility of diagnosis as a detrimental influence on these mechanisms. The aim of this article is to further a discussion about our current mental health care paradigm and provide an explanation as to how it could cause harm to some. Clinical applications of the model are also discussed pertaining to the potential of rendering formal dichotomist diagnoses irrelevant to the ultimate goal of helping people feel better.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Stereotypy
Authors: Justman Stewart
Published: October 2015

The official symptoms of attention deficit disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as first codified in the 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders bear an uneasy resemblance to potent caricatures of Blacks that had long been in circulation in the United States. In effect, traits such as laziness and troublesomeness persistently associated with Blacks became symptoms that could be had by anyone, Black, White, or other. But just as racial imagery plays on stereotypes, the ADHD diagnosis itself has become a stereotype. Only stereotyped figures have the telltale marks of identity that children with ADHD are said to have. As we have known at least since the time of the prejudice studies cited by the United States Supreme Court in 1954, stereotypes can be highly injurious, especially if they are internalized by their objects. Children who grow with the diagnosis of ADHD, incorporating it into their sense of self even while it is under construction, may well internalize its messages. That in turn may have something to do with the dismal long-term outcomes of ADHD despite the relative rarity of severe cases.
Abutment Coating With Diamond‐Like Carbon Films to Reduce Implant–Abutment Bacterial Leakage
Authors: Cardoso Mayra , Sangalli Jorgiana , Koga‐Ito Cristiane Yumi , Ferreira Leandro Lameirão , da Silva Sobrinho Argemiro Soares , Nogueira Lafayette
Published: October 2015

Background: The influence of diamond‐like carbon (DLC) films on bacterial leakage through the interface between abutments and dental implants of external hexagon (EH) and internal hexagon (IH) designs was evaluated.

Methods: Film deposition was performed by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Sets of implants and abutments (n = 30 per group, sets of 180 implants) were divided according to connection design and treatment of the abutment base: 1) no treatment (control); 2) DLC film deposition; and 3) Ag‐DLC film deposition. Under sterile conditions, 1 μL Enterococcus faecalis was inoculated inside the implants, and abutments were tightened. The sets were tested for immediate external contamination, suspended in test tubes containing sterile culture broth, and followed for 5 days. Turbidity of the broth indicated bacterial leakage. At the end of the period, the abutments were removed and the internal content of the implants was collected with paper points and plated in Petri dishes. After 24‐hour incubation, they were assessed for bacterial viability and colony‐forming unit counting. Bacterial leakage was analyzed by χ2 and Fisher exact tests (α = 5%).

Results: The percentage of bacterial leakage was 16.09% for EH implants and 80.71% for IH implants (P <0.0001). The bacterial load was higher inside IH implants (P = 0.000). The type of implant significantly influenced the results (P = 0.000), whereas the films did not (P = 0.487).

Conclusion: IH implants show a higher frequency of bacterial leakage; and DLC and Ag‐DLC films do not significantly reduce the frequency of bacterial leakage and bacteria load inside the implants.
Osteochondral Lesions at the Interphalangeal Joint of the Hallux
Authors: Figueiredo Sergio A.L. , Machado Luis M.L. , Rodrigues Jose-Maria F. , Sa Antonio E.S.
Published: October 2015

Case:

A case of bilateral osteochondral lesions of the first phalanx of the hallux is reported. Despite this, only one foot was symptomatic. We resected the lesion and tightened the capsule without bone-graft interposition with good clinical results.

Conclusion:

This case suggests that not all osteochondral lesions of the first phalanx of the hallux manifest clinically and that less aggressive treatments seem to be effective.
Hemodialysis-Associated Spondylodiscitis of the Cervical Spine
Authors: Shaw K. Aaron , Boomsma Shawn E. , Johnson Peter C. , Gloystein David M.
Published: October 2015

Case:

A fifty-seven-year-old, hemodialysis-dependent man presented with a one-month history of progressive neck pain and paresthesias of the upper extremities. Radiographic examination demonstrated collapse of the C5 and C6 vertebrae with resultant kyphosis and spinal cord compression.

Conclusion:

The patient underwent a staged anterior debridement with C5 and C6 corpectomies, cage placement, and plate fixation of C4 to C7, followed by a posterior arthrodesis from C4 to C7. He completed a six-week course of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of Staphylococcus epidermidis spondylodiscitis, followed by suppressive oral antibiotics. At one year of follow-up, he had no residual neck pain or neurological signs or symptoms.
Disruptive Technologies and Potential Cellular Architecture for 5G
Authors: Wang Rong , Cai Jingye , Yu Xiang , Duan SiRui
Published: October 2015

The 5G wireless communication system is a new generation mobile communication system beyond 2020.
5GNow is still in the exploration stage. There are some shortcomings in LTE and LTE-A, such as strict synchronism, latency
in crowded areas, energy consumption, and challenging in IoT, etc. The 5G wireless networks is a will consider satisfying
better user experience, manifoldness of services, M2M of IoT. In this paper, we discuss some promising key technologies
and conclude 5G potential cellular architecture.
Empirical Estimation of Accumulation-Induced Change in Gill Net Catchability:
Mind the Observation Errors
Authors: Marjomäki Timo J. , Paloniemi Marko , Keskinen Tapio , Kuha Jonna , Karjalainen Juha
Published: October 2015

We analyzed cumulative catches for 24 h gill net exposures divided into 4*6 h, 2*12 h and 1*24 h soak time
treatments to estimate the reduction in its catchability due to accumulation of fish. The effects of loss of catch during net
lifting, disturbance effect and fouling were eliminated as far as possible to reveal the true effect of accumulation. First we
applied simple nonparametric and parametric tests in comparison of treatments. As expected, considerable reduction in
catchability took place along with the increase in soak time, indicated by significantly lower total 24 h catches from
longer soaks in comparison with shorter ones. The reduction was more pronounced for roach than for perch. Further, we
compared a functional relationship regression (FRR), admitting correctly observation error variance also in the x-axis
variable, with ordinary least squares regression (OLS) in modelling the relationship between cumulative 24 h catches for
different treatments. We estimated the between-replicates proportional observation error variance within a treatment and
found it to be similar in different treatments. Therefore the variance ratio could be assumed to be close to 1 enabling the
use of major axis solution FRR. In this particular case the incorrect use of OLS obviously gives a seriously biased result,
exacerbating the negative effect of accumulation for high x-axis values in comparison with FRR. We recommend the use
of FRR for any analysis comparing different notoriously low precision fish abundance proxies.
Orthodontics is temporomandibular disorder–neutral
Authors: Manfredini Daniele , Stellini Edoardo , Gracco Antonio , Lombardo Luca , Nardini Luca Guarda , Siciliani Giuseppe
Published: October 2015

Objectives: 

To assess if subjects with a clinical diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) have a similar prevalence of orthodontic history as a population of TMD-free individuals and to assess if those subjects who have a history of ideal orthodontics have fewer symptoms than those with a history of nonideal orthodontics.

Materials and Methods: 

Two groups of age- and sex-matched individuals belonging to either a study (“TMD”) or a control group were recruited. Subjects who underwent orthodontic treatment were classified as having a history of ideal or nonideal orthodontics based on the current presence of normal values in five reference occlusal features.

Results: 

The correlation with a history of orthodontic treatment was not clinically significant for any of the TMD diagnoses (ie, muscle pain, joint pain, disc displacement, arthrosis), with Phi (Φ) coefficient values within the −0.120 to 0.058 range. Within the subset of patients with a history of orthodontics, the correlation of ideal or nonideal orthodontic treatment with TMD diagnoses was, in general, not clinically relevant or was weakly relevant.

Conclusions: 

Findings confirmed the substantial absence of clinically significant effects of orthodontics as far as TMD is concerned. The very low correlation values of a negative or positive history of ideal or nonideal orthodontics with the different TMD diagnoses suggest that orthodontic treatment could not have a true role for TMD.
n-3 Fatty Acids Induce Neurogenesis of Predominantly POMC-Expressing Cells in the Hypothalamus
Authors: Nascimento Lucas F.R. , Souza Gabriela F.P. , Morari Joseane , Barbosa Guilherme O. , Solon Carina , Moura Rodrigo F. , Victório Sheila C. , Ignácio-Souza Letícia M. , Razolli Daniela S. , Carvalho Hernandes F. , Velloso Lício A.
Published: October 2015

Apoptosis of hypothalamic neurons is believed to play an important role in the development and perpetuation of obesity. Similar to the hippocampus, the hypothalamus presents constitutive and stimulated neurogenesis, suggesting that obesity-associated hypothalamic dysfunction can be repaired. Here, we explored the hypothesis that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) induce hypothalamic neurogenesis. Both in the diet and injected directly into the hypothalamus, PUFAs were capable of increasing hypothalamic neurogenesis to levels similar or superior to the effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Most of the neurogenic activity induced by PUFAs resulted in increased numbers of proopiomelanocortin but not NPY neurons and was accompanied by increased expression of BDNF and G-protein–coupled receptor 40 (GPR40). The inhibition of GPR40 was capable of reducing the neurogenic effect of a PUFA, while the inhibition of BDNF resulted in the reduction of global hypothalamic cell. Thus, PUFAs emerge as a potential dietary approach to correct obesity-associated hypothalamic neuronal loss.
Acute Kidney Injury Predicts Major Adverse Outcomes in Diabetes: Synergic Impact With Low Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria
Authors: Monseu Mathilde , Gand Elise , Saulnier Pierre-Jean , Ragot Stéphanie , Piguel Xavier , Zaoui Philippe , Rigalleau Vincent , Marechaud Richard , Roussel Ronan , Hadjadj Samy , Halimi Jean-Michel
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE

Subjects with diabetes are prone to the development of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular complications. In separate studies, acute kidney injury (AKI), albuminuria, and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were shown to predict adverse outcomes, but, when considered together, their respective prognostic value is unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Patients with type 2 diabetes consecutively recruited in the SURDIAGENE cohort were prospectively followed up for major diabetes-related events, as adjudicated by an independent committee: death (with cause), major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure, amputation, and arterial revascularization), and renal failure (i.e., sustained doubling of serum creatinine level or end-stage renal disease).

RESULTS

Intrahospital AKI occurred in 411 of 1,371 patients during the median follow-up period of 69 months. In multivariate analyses, AKI was significantly associated with cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death, including cancer-related death. In multivariate analyses, AKI was a powerful predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events, heart failure requiring hospitalization, myocardial infarction, stroke, lower-limb amputation or revascularization, and carotid artery revascularization. AKI, eGFR, and albuminuria, even when simultaneously considered in multivariate models, predicted all-cause and cardiovascular deaths. All three renal biomarkers were also prognostic of most adverse outcomes and of the risk of renal failure.

CONCLUSIONS

AKI, low eGFR, and elevated albuminuria, separately or together, are compelling biomarkers of major adverse outcomes and death in diabetes.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of orbifloxacin oral suspension in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Watson Megan K. , Wittenburg Luke A. , Bui Christine T. , Jarosz Kira A. , Gustafson Daniel L. , Johnston Matthew S.
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 2 doses of orbifloxacin in rabbits.

ANIMALS 6 healthy purpose-bred adult female New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

PROCEDURES Each of 3 rabbits received orbifloxacin at either 10 or 20 mg/kg, PO. Then, after a 1-week washout period, they received the same dose IV. Blood samples were collected from each rabbit at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Plasma orbifloxacin concentration was measured with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis for data obtained following PO administration and noncompartmental and compartmental analyses for data obtained following IV administration.

RESULTS Following oral administration, the mean ± SD peak plasma orbifloxacin concentration was 1.66 ± 0.51 μg/mL for rabbits administered the 10 mg/kg dose and 3.00 ± 0.97 μg/mL for rabbits administered the 20 mg/kg dose and was attained at 2 hours after drug administration. The mean ± SD half-life of orbifloxacin in plasma was 7.3 ± 1.1 hours for rabbits administered the 10 mg/kg dose and 8.6 ± 0.55 hours for rabbits administered the 20 mg/kg dose. Mean bioavailability was 52.5% for rabbits administered the 10 mg/kg dose and 46.5% for rabbits administered the 20 mg/kg dose.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provided pharmacokinetic properties for 2 doses (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) of orbifloxacin oral suspension in rabbits. Further studies are necessary to determine the protein-binding activity of orbifloxacin in rabbits before dosages for the treatment of common pathogens in this species are recommended.
Influence of biomechanical parameters on cranial cruciate ligament–deficient or –intact canine stifle joints assessed by use of a computer simulation model
Authors: Brown Nathan P. , Bertocci Gina E. , Marcellin-Little Denis J.
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of 4 biomechanical parameters on canine cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-intact and -deficient stifle joints.

SAMPLE Data for computer simulations of a healthy 5-year-old 33-kg neutered male Golden Retriever in a previously developed 3-D rigid body pelvic limb computer model simulating the stance phase during walking.

PROCEDURES Canine stifle joint biomechanics were assessed when biomechanical parameters (CrCL stiffness, CrCL prestrain, body weight, and stifle joint friction coefficient) were altered in the pelvic limb computer simulation model. Parameters were incrementally altered from baseline values to determine the influence on stifle joint outcome measures (ligament loads, relative tibial translation, and relative tibial rotation). Stifle joint outcome measures were compared between CrCL-intact and -deficient stifle joints for the range of parameters evaluated.

RESULTS In the CrCL-intact stifle joint, ligament loads were most sensitive to CrCL prestrain. In the CrCL-deficient stifle joint, ligament loads were most sensitive to body weight. Relative tibial translation was most sensitive to body weight, whereas relative tibial rotation was most sensitive to CrCL prestrain.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, computer model sensitivity analyses predicted that CrCL prestrain and body weight influenced stifle joint biomechanics. Cranial cruciate ligament laxity may influence the likelihood of CrCL deficiency. Body weight could play an important role in management of dogs with a CrCL-deficient stifle joint.
Effect of in ovo administration of inulin and Lactococcus lactis on immune-related gene expression in broiler chickens
Authors: Płowiec Arkadiusz , Sławińska Anna , Siwek Maria Z. , Bednarczyk Marek F.
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of in ovo administration of inulin and Lactococcus lactis on immune-related gene expression in broiler chickens.

ANIMALS 45 Ross broilers.

PROCEDURES On day 12 of embryonic development, 360 eggs were equally allocated among 3 treatment groups and injected with 0.2 mL of a solution that contained 1.76 mg of inulin (prebiotic group) or 1.76 mg of inulin enriched with 1,000 CFUs of L lactis subsp lactis 2955 (synbiotic group), or they were injected with 0.2 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control). At 1, 14, and 35 days after hatching, 5 male birds from each group were euthanized, and the spleen and cecal tonsils were harvested for determination of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-18, cluster of differentiation 80, interferon-β, and interferon-γ expression by means of a reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay. Gene expressions in the cecal tonsils and spleens of chickens in the prebiotic and synbiotic groups were compared with those of control chickens at each tissue collection time.

RESULTS Compared with control birds, immune-related gene expression was downregulated in birds in the prebiotic and synbiotic groups, and the magnitude of that downregulation was more pronounced in the cecal tonsils than in the spleen and increased with age.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that in ovo administration of a prebiotic or synbiotic to broilers was associated with downregulation of immune-related gene expression in the cecal tonsils and spleen. The magnitude of that downregulation increased with age and was most likely caused by stabilization of the gastrointestinal microbiota.
Serum α-1 acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid A concentrations in cats receiving antineoplastic treatment for lymphoma
Authors: Winkel Valter M. , Pavan Tatiana L. R. , Wirthl Vera A. B. F. , Alves Ana L. N. , Lucas Silvia R. R.
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE To characterize serum α-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations at diagnosis and during treatment in cats with lymphoma.

ANIMALS 16 cats with various anatomic forms of lymphoma and 25 healthy cats.

PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected from healthy cats once and from cats with lymphoma at diagnosis and 2-week intervals until the 12th week of antineoplastic treatment. Serum harvested from blood samples was assessed for AGP and SAA concentrations. Differences in serum AGP and SAA values were investigated between healthy cats and cats with lymphoma (at diagnosis) and, for cats with lymphoma, between diagnosis and various points during treatment.

RESULTS Serum AGP and SAA concentrations were higher in cats with lymphoma at diagnosis (median, 832.60 and 1.03 μg/mL, respectively), compared with those in healthy cats (median, 269.85 and 0.10 μg/mL). Treatment resulted in a gradual decrease in serum AGP concentration after 4 weeks and in SAA concentration after 8 weeks of treatment, and these concentrations returned to values comparable with those of healthy cats by 12 weeks of treatment, by which point all cats had achieved complete remission of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Serum AGP and SAA concentrations in cats with lymphoma were higher at diagnosis than after antineoplastic treatment. Decreases to values established for healthy cats corresponded with achievement of complete disease remission. Serum AGP and SAA may be useful protein markers for monitoring of antineoplastic treatment in cats with lymphoma.
Role of Physical Therapists in the Management of Individuals at Risk for or Diagnosed With Venous Thromboembolism: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Hillegass Ellen , Puthoff Michael , Frese Ethel M. , Thigpen Mary , Sobush Dennis C. , Auten Beth ,   for the Guideline Development Group
Published: October 2015

The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), in conjunction with the Cardiovascular & Pulmonary and Acute Care sections of APTA, have developed this clinical practice guideline to assist physical therapists in their decision-making process when treating patients at risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) or diagnosed with a lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LE DVT). No matter the practice setting, physical therapists work with patients who are at risk for or have a history of VTE. This document will guide physical therapist practice in the prevention of, screening for, and treatment of patients at risk for or diagnosed with LE DVT. Through a systematic review of published studies and a structured appraisal process, key action statements were written to guide the physical therapist. The evidence supporting each action was rated, and the strength of statement was determined. Clinical practice algorithms, based on the key action statements, were developed that can assist with clinical decision making. Physical therapists, along with other members of the health care team, should work to implement these key action statements to decrease the incidence of VTE, improve the diagnosis and acute management of LE DVT, and reduce the long-term complications of LE DVT.
Emergency medicine and internal medicine trainees’ smartphone use in clinical settings in the United States
Authors: Raaum Sonja E. , Arbelaez Christian , Vallejo Carlos Eduardo , Patino Andres M. , Colbert-Getz Jorie M. , Milne Caroline K.
Published: October 2015

Purpose: Smartphone technology offers a multitude of applications (apps) that provide a wide range of functions for healthcare professionals. Medical trainees are early adopters of this technology, but how they use smartphones in clinical care remains unclear. Our objective was to further characterize smartphone use by medical trainees at two United States academic institutions, as well as their prior training in the clinical use of smartphones. Methods: In 2014, we surveyed 347 internal medicine and emergency medicine resident physicians at the University of Utah and Brigham and Women’s Hospital about their smartphone use and prior training experiences. Scores (0%–100%) were calculated to assess the frequency of their use of general features (email, text) and patient-specific apps, and the results were compared according to resident level and program using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: A total of 184 residents responded (response rate, 53.0%). The average score for using general features, 14.4/20 (72.2%) was significantly higher than the average score for using patient-specific features and apps, 14.1/44 (33.0%, P<0.001). The average scores for the use of general features, were significantly higher for year 3–4 residents, 15.0/20 (75.1%) than year 1–2 residents, 14.1/20 (70.5%, P=0.035), and for internal medicine residents, 14.9/20 (74.6%) in comparison to emergency medicine residents, 12.9/20 (64.3%, P= 0.001). The average score reflecting the use of patient-specific apps was significantly higher for year 3–4 residents, 16.1/44 (36.5%) than for year 1–2 residents, 13.7/44 (31.1%; P=0.044). Only 21.7% of respondents had received prior training in clinical smartphone use. Conclusion: Residents used smartphones for general features more frequently than for patient-specific features, but patient-specific use increased with training. Few residents have received prior training in the clinical use of smartphones.
Visible Facebook profiles and e-professionalism in undergraduate medical students in India
Authors: Gupta Setu , Singh Satendra , Dhaliwal Upreet
Published: October 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to assess medical students’ presence on Facebook and the extent of their visible activity, with particular reference to online professionalism. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including all medical students enrolled in the University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, India during the period of the study, which was conducted from 2011 to 2012. After approval by the Institutional Ethical Committee, the full names of all students were obtained from our institution. After creating a fictitious profile, Facebook was searched for students’ profiles, and those found were examined for visible content and unprofessional behaviour. Results: Of 611 students, 477 (78.1%) had detectable Facebook profiles. Out of 477 profiles, date of birth, address, email, phone number, religion, and political views were rarely shared; sexual orientation and relationship status were displayed on approximately one third of the profiles; and an identifiable profile picture (80.3%), field of study (51.6%), and institution (86.2%) were commonly shared . The visible content included friend lists (88.7%), photo albums (36.1%), and associations with diverse groups and pages (97.1%). Five profiles (1.05%) displayed unprofessional content, including one profile photograph depicting alcohol consumption, one association with groups relating to excessive alcohol consumption, two profiles containing sexually explicit language, and one association with a sexist page. Conclusion: Most of our students use Facebook’s privacy settings to hide some content from others. Unprofessional content was rarely visible from a stranger’s profile. However, even when hidden from strangers, unprofessional behaviour is still unprofessional behaviour. As Facebook is an integral part of life, it is important for medical educators and students to understand the implications and importance of e-professionalism. Professionalism curricula should address e-professionalism.
Miniaturized Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test by Combining Concentration Gradient Generation and Rapid Cell Culturing
Authors: Kim Samuel , Cestellos-Blanco Stefano , Inoue Keisuke , Zare Richard
Published: October 2015

Effective treatment of bacterial infection relies on timely diagnosis and proper prescription of antibiotic drugs. The antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) is one of the most crucial experimental procedures, providing the baseline information for choosing effective antibiotic agents and their dosages. Conventional methods, however, require long incubation times or significant instrumentation costs to obtain test results. We propose a lab-on-a-chip approach to perform AST in a simple, economic, and rapid manner. Our assay platform miniaturizes the standard broth microdilution method on a microfluidic device (20 × 20 mm) that generates an antibiotic concentration gradient and delivers antibiotic-containing culture media to eight 30-nL chambers for cell culture. When tested with 20 μL samples of a model bacterial strain (E. coli ATCC 25922) treated with ampicillin or streptomycin, our method allows for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations consistent with the microdilution test in three hours, which is almost a factor of ten more rapid than the standard method.