bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Can Forest Management Adapt to Climate Change? Possibilities in Different Forestry Systems
Authors: Keskitalo E. Carina H.
Published: March 2011

It is only relatively recently that national adaptation strategies have begun to develop measures by which forestry can adapt to climate change; often those measures opt to use a relatively general strategy for coping under conditions of disturbance. Particularly in states using intensive forest management, such as Sweden, this approach marks a departure from current strategies for achieving maximum yield. In other countries, however, where the economic output from forestry is less significant and interests such as biodiversity, local use and tourism, may figure more prominently, the conditions for developing risk-based forest management may be more manifest. This study reviews literature on adaptations in forest management, and analyzes country reports submitted as part of an EU27 project. The study concludes that the diverse prerequisites and policies of states have seldom been reflected in the design of adaptation management actions to date.
A Loser Can Be a Winner: Comparison of Two Instance-based Learning Models in a Market Entry Competition
Authors: Gonzalez Cleotilde , Dutt Varun , Lejarraga Tomás
Published: March 2011

This paper presents a case of parsimony and generalization in model comparisons. We submitted two versions of the same cognitive model to the Market Entry Competition (MEC), which involved four-person and two-alternative (enter or stay out) games. Our model was designed according to the Instance-Based Learning Theory (IBLT). The two versions of the model assumed the same cognitive principles of decision making and learning in the MEC. The only difference between the two models was the assumption of homogeneity among the four participants: one model assumed homogeneous participants (IBL-same) while the other model assumed heterogeneous participants (IBL-different). The IBL-same model involved three free parameters in total while the IBL-different involved 12 free parameters, i.e., three free parameters for each of the four participants. The IBL-different model outperformed the IBL-same model in the competition, but after exposing the models to a more challenging generalization test (the Technion Prediction Tournament), the IBL-same model outperformed the IBL-different model. Thus, a loser can be a winner depending on the generalization conditions used to compare models. We describe the models and the process by which we reach these conclusions.
Life-long Programming Implications of Exposure to Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine Before and Soon After Birth: Evidence for Altered Lung Development
Authors: Maritz Gert S. , Harding Richard
Published: March 2011

Tobacco smoking during pregnancy remains common, especially in indigenous communities, and likely contributes to respiratory illness in exposed offspring. It is now well established that components of tobacco smoke, notably nicotine, can affect multiple organs in the fetus and newborn, potentially with life-long consequences. Recent studies have shown that nicotine can permanently affect the developing lung such that its final structure and function are adversely affected; these changes can increase the risk of respiratory illness and accelerate the decline in lung function with age. In this review we discuss the impact of maternal smoking on the lungs and consider the evidence that smoking can have life-long, programming consequences for exposed offspring. Exposure to maternal tobacco smoking and nicotine intake during pregnancy and lactation changes the genetic program that controls the development and aging of the lungs of the offspring. Changes in the conducting airways and alveoli reduce lung function in exposed offspring, rendering the lungs more susceptible to obstructive lung disease and accelerating lung aging. Although it is generally accepted that prevention of maternal smoking during pregnancy and lactation is essential, current knowledge of the effects of nicotine on lung development does not support the use of nicotine replacement therapy in this group.
Screening of Natural Organic Volatiles from Prunus mahaleb L. Honey: Coumarin and Vomifoliol as Nonspecific Biomarkers
Authors: Jerković Igor , Marijanović Zvonimir , Staver Mladenka Malenica
Published: March 2011

Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME; PDMS/DVB fibre) and ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE; solvent A: pentane and diethyl ether (1:2 v/v), solvent B: dichloromethane) followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC, GC-MS) were used for the analysis of Prunus mahaleb L. honey samples. Screening was focused toward chemical composition of natural organic volatiles to determine if it is useful as a method of determining honey-sourcing. A total of 34 compounds were identified in the headspace and 49 in the extracts that included terpenes, norisoprenoids and benzene derivatives, followed by minor percentages of aliphatic compounds and furan derivatives. High vomifoliol percentages (10.7%–24.2%) in both extracts (dominant in solvent B) and coumarin (0.3%–2.4%) from the extracts (more abundant in solvent A) and headspace (0.9%–1.8%) were considered characteristic for P. mahaleb honey and highlighted as potential nonspecific biomarkers of the honey’s botanical origin. In addition, comparison with P. mahaleb flowers, leaves, bark and wood volatiles from our previous research revealed common compounds among norisoprenoids and benzene derivatives.
Spiritual Well-Being as a Component of Health-Related Quality of Life: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp)
Authors: Bredle Jason M. , Salsman John M. , Debb Scott M. , Arnold Benjamin J. , Cella David
Published: March 2011

The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being (FACIT-Sp-12) is a 12-item questionnaire that measures spiritual well-being in people with cancer and other chronic illnesses. Cancer patients, psychotherapists, and religious/spiritual experts provided input on the development of the items. It was validated with a large, ethnically diverse sample. It has been successfully used to assess spiritual well-being across a wide range of religious traditions, including those who identify themselves as “spiritual yet not religious.” Part of the larger FACIT measurement system that assesses multidimensional health related quality of life (HRQOL), the FACIT-Sp-12 has been translated and linguistically validated in 15 languages and has been used in dozens of studies examining the relationships among spiritual well-being, health, and adjustment to illness.
The Clinical Utility of Measuring Complement and Anti-dsDNA Antibodies During Pregnancy in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: CLOWSE MEGAN E.B. , MAGDER LAURENCE S. , PETRI MICHELLE
Published: March 2011

Objective.

The importance of low complement and anti-dsDNA during pregnancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is poorly defined. We investigated the effect of these laboratory tests and clinical SLE activity on pregnancy outcomes.

Methods.

We conducted a study of all pregnancies in patients with SLE followed from 1986 to 2002 in a cohort of patients with SLE. At each visit, the physician’s estimate of activity (PEA), complement, and anti-dsDNA antibody were measured. We assessed the combination of moderate to severe SLE clinical activity (defined as PEA ≥ 2) and these serologic measurements on pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancies electively terminated were excluded from our study.

Results.

Regardless of SLE activity, low complement or positive anti-dsDNA in the second trimester was associated with a higher rate of pregnancy loss and preterm birth. Patients with the combination of either high clinical activity of SLE and low complement or positive anti-dsDNA had the highest rate of pregnancy loss and preterm birth.

Conclusion.

Women with the combination of high clinical activity with serologic markers of SLE activity are at highest risk for pregnancy loss and preterm delivery. While hypocomplementemia and positive anti-dsDNA alone are predictive of poor pregnancy outcomes in the second trimester, the risks are far higher for the women in whom this is coupled with clinically active SLE.
Etanercept Compared to Intraarticular Corticosteroid Injection in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Double-blind, Randomized Pilot Study
Authors: ROUX CHRISTIAN H. , BREUIL VERONIQUE , VALERIO LAURE , AMORETTI NICOLAS , BROCQ OLIVIER , ALBERT CHRISTINE , GRISOT CHRISTIAN , ALLAM YACINE , CHEVALIER PATRICK , PRADIER CHRISTIAN , EULLER-ZIEGLER LIANNA
Published: March 2011

Objective.

To compare etanercept (anti-tumor necrosis factor-α) with intraarticular (IA) corticosteroid injections to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

Patients with RA who had persistent monoarthritis received etanercept or IA corticosteroid injections. Efficacy was compared at Weeks 4 and 24.

Results.

Thirty-four patients were included (8 dropped out). Mean age was 58.8 years. No difference between groups was found at Weeks 4 or 24, but both groups showed significant improvement at Weeks 4 and 24 compared to baseline.

Conclusion.

Etanercept and IA steroid injections resulted in significant improvement at Week 4 that persisted to Week 24. There was no significant difference in outcome between the groups.
Genetic Polymorphisms of the ß2-Adrenergic Receptor Relate to Guanosine Protein-coupled Stimulator Receptor Dysfunction in Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Authors: XIAO YANGMING , HE WEIJING , RUSSELL I. JON
Published: March 2011

Objective.

To determine the genotype frequencies of ß2-adrenergic receptor (ß2AR) gene polymorphisms (Gly16Arg, Glu27Gln) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) by comparison with unrelated healthy controls. We sought any clinical association with these polymorphisms and determined whether the polymorphisms would associate with a biologic guanosine protein-coupled stimulator receptor (Gs) dysfunction in FM.

Methods.

Study subjects included 97 clinically characterized patients with FM and 59 controls. The ß2AR polymorphisms at codons 16 and 27 were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The Gs functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were tested using isoproterenol (ISO) as the adrenergic Gs ligand and measuring intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels.

Results.

The frequency of the ß2AR gene polymorphism Gly16Arg in FM (43.5%) was significantly lower than in controls (63.2%), suggesting that this genotype might have some effect on the risk of developing FM. The only clinical association in FM was with sleep dysfunction. Patients with FM who carried the ß2AR polymorphism Arg16Arg also exhibited significantly lower PBMC basal cAMP levels (p < 0.05) and lower ISO-stimulated cAMP levels (p < 0.05) than FM carrying Gly16Gly or Gly16Arg.

Conclusion.

This confirms a relationship between ß2AR polymorphism and FM. It is the first study to demonstrate ß2AR polymorphism-related differences in intracellular cAMP responses of FM PBMC after ß2AR stimulationin vitro. These findings may explain some of the differences in responsiveness of FM subgroups to the adrenergic agonist medications currently approved for FM treatment.
« Considéré comme l'inspirateur... »
Authors: Chateigner Frédéric
Published: March 2011

Résumé Depuis les années 1960 en France, les discours publics sur la notion d'éducation populaire identifient presque toujours le Rapport sur l'organisation générale de l'instruction publique de Condorcet (1792) comme l'origine de ce mouvement. On cherche ici à expliquer cette référence en s'appuyant sur un double corpus d'ouvrages sur l'éducation populaire et sur/de Condorcet. L'analyse proposée est à la fois séquentielle, contextuelle, attentive à l'effet des événements et sensible aux formes discursives. Elle illustre et promeut l'étude minutieuse des carrières des références savantes dans les discours militants comme méthode pour faire apparaître des éléments qu'une analyse centrée sur la notion du champ auraient laissés dans l'ombre. On commence par expliquer pourquoi la connexion entre la notion d'éducation populaire et le Rapport de Condorcet n'est fermement établie que dans les années 1960, où elle est promue par Bénigno Cacérès (partie 1). S'ouvre alors une séquence de remise en cause de cette référence : critique historique par d'autres intellectuels de l'éducation populaire, puis réappropriation de Condorcet dans un cadre néo-républicain (années 1980, partie 2). La référence s'installe alors à mi-chemin de la vénération mémorielle et de l'objectivation critique, position moyenne autour de laquelle se dispersent ensuite les références qui se multiplient dans les années 1990-2000, à la faveur de la réouverture incontrôlée d'un espace de discours sur l'éducation populaire. Cette réouverture laisse les auteurs adopter un mode de référence en fonctions de leurs capitaux culturels et politiques (partie 3).
La carrière militante de deux références savantes contestées : « eurasisme » et « géopolitique », dans le discours des organisations politiques russes de jeunesse
Authors: Nikolski Véra
Published: March 2011

Résumé L'article analyse la référence à deux notions ­ l'« eurasisme » et la « géopolitique » ­ dans le discours des militants d'organisations de jeunesse dans la Russie contemporaine. Partant du constat de la référence à ces notions chez les militants de plusieurs mouvements, il s'attache à en étudier la variété des usages et se propose ensuite de remonter en amont afin de mettre en évidence les étapes antérieures et les conditions de possibilité de cette « carrière militante ». La diffusion des notions au sein des organisations militantes apparaît liée à la trajectoire de leur principal promoteur, l'intellectuel public Alexandre Dugin. D'abord, leur pénétration dans le champ politique est largement tributaire du contexte historique autour de 1991 que l'on peut qualifier comme une « conjoncture fluide » au sens de Michel Dobry, et qui permet à l'outsider qu'est Dugin de convertir ses compétences érudites marginales, acquises au sein des cercles dissidents ésotériques, en capital politique. C'est ensuite parce que ces notions jouent un rôle central dans les « bricolages idéologiques » successifs de Dugin lui permettant de s'ancrer dans le champ politique, puis de se rapprocher du pouvoir, qu'elles se retrouvent dans le discours des deux organisations de jeunesse qu'il contribue à créer ­ le Parti National Bolchevique (NBP) et l'Union Eurasiste de la Jeunesse (ESM). C'est enfin le succès de ces entreprises politiques et le fonctionnement du champ des organisations de jeunesse qui déterminent la diffusion des notions d'eurasisme et de géopolitique dans un large spectre de mouvements. Si les notions s'y retrouvent le plus souvent décontextualisées, et parfois critiquées, elles n'en font pas moins partie désormais du vocabulaire politique courant.
S'engager par défaut : les jeunes femmes et la cause azerbaïdjanaise en Iran
Authors: Riaux Gilles
Published: March 2011

Résumé Á partir d'une approche intersectionniste des mouvements sociaux, l'article présente l'engagement par défaut des jeunes femmes éduquées dans la cause azerbaïdjanaise en Iran, en montrant une rupture dans la composition sociale des cohortes de militantes. La faible présence féminine dans le mouvement est expliquée par la conjonction des rapports de domination internes et externes qui contribuent à faire du mouvement un conservatoire des rapports sociaux de domination. En dépit de cette situation, des jeunes femmes commencent à s'engager dans le nationalisme azerbaïdjanais à partir des années 2000. Leur présence s'explique par la transformation de l'espace des mouvements sociaux sous les réformateurs, et l'attractivité nouvelle qu'y gagnent les mouvements ethniques. Elle est facilitée par la configuration organisationnelle de la mobilisation, qui évite le surgissement de conflits et permet de faire tenir la mobilisation, par la mise en place de formes autonomisées du militantisme, dont celui des jeunes femmes éduquées.
Réseaux de cohérence et de cohésion dans la pratique de l'anglais scientifique
Authors: Magnet Anne
Published: March 2011

Cet article s'attache à montrer comment la recherche en anglais scientifique à partir de l'étude d'un corpus constitué en diachronie sur un thème scientifique de biologie (les acides gras essentiels) peut fournir une base pour l'enseignement de l'anglais de spécialité à des étudiants de maîtrise. Il est d'abord procédé à un rapide parcours des différentes épistémologies qui se sont succédé pour proposer l'organisation des savoirs scientifiques. Il est ensuite montré comment les enseignants de langues de spécialité sont confrontés consciemment ou inconsciemment au modèle résistant de l'organisation du savoir et donc des structures qui dispensent le savoir, héritées du positivisme. Une définition du terme réseau est proposée ainsi que les divers registres dans lesquels le concept de réseau peut fournir un mode de fonctionnement : sociologique, cognitif, diachronique, épistémologique et pédagogique.
Mild Hypothermia Attenuates Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Induction via Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-1/2 in a Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model
Authors: Choi Jung Sook , Park Jaechan , Suk Kyoungho , Moon Cheil , Park Yong-Ki , Han Hyung Soo
Published: March 2011

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cerebral vascular endothelium induced by ischemic insult triggers leukocyte infiltration and inflammatory reaction. We investigated the mechanism of hypothermic suppression of ICAM-1 in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. Rats underwent 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion and were kept at 37°C or 33°C during occlusion and rewarmed to normal temperature immediately after reperfusion. Under hypothermic condition, robust activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) was observed in vascular endothelium of ischemic brain. Hypothermic suppression of ICAM-1 was reversed by ERK1/2 inhibition. Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in ischemic vessel was attenuated by hypothermia. STAT3 inhibitor suppressed ICAM-1 production induced by stroke. ERK1/2 inhibition enhanced phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of STAT3 in hypothermic condition. In this study, we demonstrated that hypothermic suppression of ICAM-1 induction is mediated by enhanced ERK1/2 activation and subsequent attenuation of STAT3 action.
Co-overexpression of bcl-2 and c-myc in uterine cervix carcinomas and premalignant lesions
Authors: Protrka Z. , Arsenijevic S. , Dimitrijevic A. , Mitrovic S. , Stankovic V. , Milosavljevic M. , Kastratovic T. , Djuric J.
Published: March 2011

To establish the role of co-overexpression of bcl-2 and c-myc protooncogenes in uterine cervix carcinogenesis, we examined 138 tissue samples of low grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), high grade SIL, portio vaginalis uteri (PVU) carcinoma in situ and PVU carcinoma invasive, stage IA-IIA (study group) and 36 samples without SIL or malignancy (control group). The expression of bcl-2 and c-myc was detected immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody. Fisher’s exact test (P<0.05) was used to assess statistical significance. Overexpression of bcl-2 was found to increase in direct relation to the grade of the cervical lesions. High sensitivity was of great diagnostic significance for the detection of these types of changes in the uterine cervix. On the basis of high predictive values it can be said that in patients with bcl-2 overexpression there is a great possibility that they have premalignant or malignant changes in the uterine cervix. Co-overexpression of bcl-2 and c-myc oncogenes was found only in patients with PVU invasive carcinoma (6/26-23.0%). Statistically significant difference was not found in the frequency of co-overexpression in patients with PVU invasive carcinoma in relation to the control group (Fisher’s test; P=0.064). The method's sensitivity of determining these oncogenes with the aim of detecting PVU invasive carcinoma was 23%, while specificity was 72.2%. On the basis of high predictive values (100%), speaking in statistical terms, it can be concluded that all patients with co-overexpression of bcl-2 and c-myc oncogenes will have PVU invasive carcinoma. We confirmed in our research that co-overexpression of bcl-2 and c-myc oncogenes was increased only in PVU invasive carcinoma. However, a more extensive series of samples and additional tests are required to establish the prognostic significance of bcl-2 and c-myc co-overexpression in cervical carcinogenesis.
Trabectedin: Safety and Efficacy in the Treatment of Advanced Sarcoma
Authors: Gajdos Csaba , Elias Anthony
Published: March 2011

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a rare group of malignancies with multiple different subtypes. Close to half of intermediate or high grade STS develop metastatic disease. Treatment of recurrent/metastatic sarcomas is quite challenging with only a few drugs showing measurable benefits. Trabectedin (ecteinascidin 743, ET-743, Yondelis) is a newly developed alkylating agent that has shown significant broad spectrum potential as a single agent second line drug alone or in combination particularly in the treatment of liposarcomas and leiomyosarcomas. Clinical benefit rates seem to favor its use especially in pretreated patients with recurrent/metastatic disease. The drug is well tolerated in general but hepatotoxicity and hematologic side effects are common. Approved in Europe, the currently ongoing Phase III trials along with the already existing clinical evidence may provide enough data for the Food and Drug Administration for an approval in the US.
The use of virtual simulators for emergency response training in the mining industry
Authors: Schofield, BSc, PhD, PGCAP Damian , Dasys, BSc Andrew
Published: March 2011

By its very nature, underground mining can be a hazardous activity. The history of all countries where mining has taken place unfortunately often contains major disasters. The successful initial control of such incidents is crucially dependent on the effectiveness of the mine’s immediate emergency response and the mine’s emergency preparedness arrangements, which underpin this response.Emergency response is sometimes given a low priority in training planning because catastrophic events occur infrequently. The majority of mine emergency rescue training is traditionally focused on training the rescue teams. A number of computer augmented training systems have recently been developed to perform or assist all levels of mine personnel in the process of mine rescue training.Modern simulation systems range from tactile systems that physically represent the real world to purely computer generated visualizations. In a mining context, a primary aim of developing virtual environments is to allow mine personnel to practice and experience mine processes that will be encountered in the day-to-day operations at a mine site.This article provides a review of the use of such simulators in the mining industry and details current work being undertaken in Australia and Canada to develop the next generation of this technology in the mining field. This work is based on an extensive literature review and the insight and the experience of the two authors who have each worked in this field for more than 20 years.
Disaster planning for small- and medium-sized nonprofit organizations: Challenges and advantages
Authors: Klindt, MPH Tamara
Published: March 2011

Increasingly, emergency managers are considering the role nonprofit agencies can play in improving readiness and response without giving equal consideration to what is needed to position these organizations to be able to assist. Nonprofit agencies must have comprehensive internal disaster plans if they are going to be able to offer external aid. What is being done to facilitate the development of quality disaster plans for small- and medium-sized local nonprofit groups?Disaster planning for small nonprofits has its own distinct characteristics. Primarily, these agencies must rely on publicly available material to guide them through the planning process. This project takes a preliminary look at what disaster planning information is publicly available and how that information can be used to develop an all-hazards disaster plan for a small organization.Through a review of publicly available planning material and the case study of a specific social service nonprofit agency, a picture begins to form of what is needed to provide a solid foundation for our community’s nonprofit organizations during large-scale emergencies.
Characteristics, sources, and transport of aerosols measured in spring 2008 during the aerosol, radiation, and cloud processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) Project
Authors: Brock C. A. , Cozic J. , Bahreini R. , Froyd K. D. , Middlebrook A. M. , McComiskey A. , Brioude J. , Cooper O. R. , Stohl A. , Aikin K. C. , de Gouw J. A. , Fahey D. W. , Ferrare R. A. , Gao R.-S. , Gore W. , Holloway J. S. , Hübler G. , Jefferson A. , Lack D. A. , Lance S. , Moore R. H. , Murphy D. M. , Nenes A. , Novelli P. C. , Nowak J. B. , Ogren J. A. , Peischl J. , Pierce R. B. , Pilewskie P. , Quinn P. K. , Ryerson T. B. , Schmidt K. S. , Schwarz J. P. , Sodemann H. , Spackman J. R. , Stark H. , Thomson D. S. , Thornberry T. , Veres P. , Watts L. A. , Warneke C. , Wollny A. G.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. We present an overview of the background, scientific goals, and execution of the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) project of April 2008. We then summarize airborne measurements, made in the troposphere of the Alaskan Arctic, of aerosol particle size distributions, composition, and optical properties and discuss the sources and transport of the aerosols. The aerosol data were grouped into four categories based on gas-phase composition. First, the background troposphere contained a relatively diffuse, sulfate-rich aerosol extending from the top of the sea-ice inversion layer to 7.4 km altitude. Second, a region of depleted (relative to the background) aerosol was present within the surface inversion layer over sea-ice. Third, layers of dense, organic-rich smoke from open biomass fires in southern Russia and southeastern Siberia were frequently encountered at all altitudes from the top of the inversion layer to 7.1 km. Finally, some aerosol layers were dominated by components originating from fossil fuel combustion. Of these four categories measured during ARCPAC, the diffuse background aerosol was most similar to the average springtime aerosol properties observed at a long-term monitoring site at Barrow, Alaska. The biomass burning (BB) and fossil fuel layers were present above the sea-ice inversion layer and did not reach the sea-ice surface during the course of the ARCPAC measurements. The BB aerosol layers were highly scattering and were moderately hygroscopic. On average, the layers produced a noontime net heating of ~0.1 K day−1 between 3 and 7 km and a slight cooling at the surface. The ratios of particle mass to carbon monoxide (CO) in the BB plumes, which had been transported over distances >5000 km, were comparable to the high end of literature values derived from previous measurements in wildfire smoke. These ratios suggest minimal precipitation scavenging and removal of the BB particles between the time they were emitted and the time they were observed in dense layers above the sea-ice inversion layer.
The sensitivity of Secondary Organic Aerosol component partitioning to the predictions of component properties: part 2; determination of particle hygroscopicity and its dependence on "apparent" volatility
Authors: Topping D. O. , Barley M. H. , McFiggans G.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. A large number of calculations of absorptive partitioning of organic compounds have been conducted, making use of several methods to estimate pure component vapour pressures and activity coefficients (p0 and γi). The sensitivities of the predicted particle properties (density, hygroscopicity, CCN activation potential) to the choice of p0 and γi models and to the number of components used to represent the organic mixture have been systematically compared. The variability in theoretical hygroscopic growth factor attributable to the choice of estimation technique increases with decreasing mixture complexity. Generally there is low sensitivity to the choice of vapour pressure predictive technique. The inclusion of non-ideality is responsible for a larger difference in predicted growth factor, though still relatively minor. Assuming instantaneous equilibration of all semi-volatile on drying the aerosol to 0% RH massively increases the sensitivity. Without such re-equilibration, the calculated growth factors are comparable to the low hygroscopicity of organic material widely measured in the laboratory and atmosphere. Allowing re-equilibration on drying produces a calculated hygroscopicity greater than measured for ambient organic material, and frequently close to those of common inorganic salts. Such a result has substantial implications on aerosol behaviour in instruments designed to measure hygroscopicity and on the degree of equilibration of semi-volatile components in the ambient atmosphere. The impacts of this variability on behaviour of particles as cloud condensation nuclei, on predicted cloud droplet number and uncertainty in radiative forcing are explored. When it is assumed only water evaporates on drying, the sensitivity in radiative forcing, "ΔF" to choice of p0 and γi estimation technique is low when the particle organic volume fraction is less than 55%. Sensitivities increase with decreasing component complexity. If all components re-equilibrate on drying, the sensitivity of ΔF increases substantially for organic volume fractions as low as between 16 and 22% depending on the complexity of the organic composition and assumed aerosol size distribution. The current study ignores the impact of predicted changes in particle size which will increase uncertainty in droplet number and forcing.
Comparison of ground-based FTIR and Brewer O3 total column with data from two different IASI algorithms and from OMI and GOME-2 satellite instruments
Authors: Viatte C. , Schneider M. , Redondas A. , Hase F. , Eremenko M. , Chelin P. , Flaud J.-M. , Blumenstock T. , Orphal J.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. An intercomparison of ozone total column measurements derived from various platforms is presented in this work. Satellite data from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-2) are compared with data from two ground-based spectrometers (Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer FTIR and Brewer), located at the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) super-site of Izaña (Tenerife), measured during a campaign from March to June 2009. These ground-based observing systems have already been demonstrated to perform consistent, precise and accurate ozone total column measurements. An excellent agreement between ground-based and OMI/GOME-2 data is observed. Results from two different algorithms for deriving IASI ozone total column are also compared: the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT/ESA) operational algorithm and the LISA (Laboratoire Inter-universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques) algorithm. A better agreement was found with LISA's analytical approach based on an altitude-dependent Tikhonov-Philips regularization: correlations are 0.94 and 0.89 compared to FTIR and Brewer, respectively; while the operational IASI ozone columns (based on neural network analysis) show correlations of 0.90 and 0.85, respectively, compared to the O3 columns obtained from FTIR and Brewer.
Validation of refractivity profiles derived from GRAS raw-sampling data
Authors: Zus F. , Beyerle G. , Heise S. , Schmidt T. , Wickert J. , Marquardt C.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Results from GRAS (GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding) RO (Radio Occultation) data recorded in RS (Raw Sampling) mode processed at the GFZ (German Research Centre for Geoscience) Potsdam are presented. The experimental processing software POCS-X includes FSI (Full Spectrum Inversion) in order to cope with multi-path regions and enables in connection with RS data to retrieve atmospheric refractivity profiles down to the Earth's surface. Radio occultation events observed between 30 September and 30 October 2007 are processed and the retrievals are validated against co-located ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) profiles. The intercomparison indicates good quality of the retrieved profiles. In the altitude range 8 to 25 km the standard deviation is below 1%. The mean deviation in this altitude range tends to be negative. At 30 km the negative bias reaches about −0.4%. Below 8 km the standard deviation increases, reaching 2.5% at 2 km. Below 2 km the mean deviation tends to be negative, reaching −1.9% close to the ground. The negative bias mainly stems from the tropical lower troposphere; there, the negative bias reaches −3%. The tropospheric penetration depth obtained from RS data shows a vast improvement compared to the tropospheric penetration depth typically obtained from CL (Closed Loop) data; 50% of all retrieved profiles reach 720 m.
Fate of mercury in tree litter during decomposition
Authors: Pokharel A. K. , Obrist D.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. We performed a controlled laboratory litter incubation study to assess changes in dry mass, carbon (C) mass and concentration, mercury (Hg) mass and concentration, and stoichiometric relations between elements during decomposition. Twenty-five surface litter samples each, collected from four forest stands, were placed in incubation jars open to the atmosphere, and were harvested sequentially at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Using a mass balance approach, we observed significant mass losses of Hg during decomposition (5 to 23% of initial mass after 18 months), which we attribute to gaseous losses of Hg to the atmosphere through a gas-permeable filter covering incubation jars. Percentage mass losses of Hg generally were less than observed dry mass and C mass losses (48% to 63% Hg loss per unit dry mass loss), although one species showed similar losses. A field control study using the same litter types exposed at the original collection locations for one year showed that field litter samples were enriched in Hg concentrations by 8 to 64% compared to samples incubated for the same time period in the laboratory, indicating strong additional sorption of Hg in the field. Solubility of Hg, assessed by exposure of Hg to water upon harvest, was very low (< 0.22 ng Hg g−1 dry mass) and decreased with increasing stage of decomposition for all litter types. Our results indicate large gaseous emissions, or re-emissions, of Hg originally associated with plant litter upon decomposition. Results also suggest that Hg accumulation in litter and surface layers in the field is driven mainly by sorption of Hg – such as from atmospheric deposition – with minor contributions from "internal" accumulation due to preferential loss of C over Hg. Litter types showed highly species-specific differences in Hg levels during decomposition – suggesting that emissions, retention, and sorption of Hg are dependent on litter type.
Quantification of terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics in the conterminous United States combining a process-based biogeochemical model and MODIS and AmeriFlux data
Authors: Chen M. , Zhuang Q. , Cook D. R. , Coulter R. , Pekour M. , Scott R. L. , Munger J. W. , Bible K.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Satellite remote sensing provides continuous temporal and spatial information of terrestrial ecosystems. Using these remote sensing data and eddy flux measurements and biogeochemical models, such as the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), should provide a more adequate quantification of carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. Here we use Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) and carbon flux data of AmeriFlux to conduct such a study. We first modify the Gross Primary Production (GPP) modeling in TEM by incorporating EVI and LSWI to account for the effects of the changes of canopy photosynthetic capacity, phenology and water stress. Second, we parameterize and verify the new version of TEM with eddy flux data. We then apply the model to the conterminous United States over the period 2000–2005 at a 0.05°×0.05° spatial resolution. We find that the new version of TEM generally captured the expected temporal and spatial patterns of regional carbon dynamics. We estimate that regional GPP is between 7.02 and 7.78 Pg C yr−1 and Net Primary Production (NPP) ranges from 3.81 to 4.38 Pg C yr−1 and Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) varies within 0.08–0.73 Pg C yr−1 over the period 2000–2005 for the conterminous United States. The uncertainty due to parameterization is 0.34, 0.65 and 0.18 Pg C yr−1 for the regional estimates of GPP, NPP and NEP, respectively. The effects of extreme climate and disturbances such as severe drought in 2002 and destructive Hurricane Katrina in 2005 were captured by the model. Our study provides a new independent and more adequate measure of carbon fluxes for the conterminous United States, which will benefit studies of carbon-climate feedback and facilitate policy-making of carbon management and climate.
A quasi chemistry-transport model mode for EMAC
Authors: Deckert R. , Jöckel P. , Grewe V. , Gottschaldt K.-D. , Hoor P.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. A quasi chemistry-transport model mode (QCTM) is presented for the numerical chemistry-climate simulation system ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC). It allows for a quantification of chemical signals through suppression of any feedback between chemistry and dynamics. Noise would otherwise interfere too strongly. The signal is calculated from the difference of two QCTM simulations, a reference simulation and a sensitivity simulation. In order to avoid the feedbacks, the simulations adopt the following offline chemical fields: (a) offline mixing ratios of radiatively active substances enter the radiation scheme, (b) offline mixing ratios of nitric acid enter the scheme for re-partitioning and sedimentation from polar stratospheric clouds, (c) and offline methane oxidation is the exclusive source of chemical water-vapor tendencies. Any set of offline fields suffices to suppress the feedbacks, though may be inconsistent with the simulation setup. An adequate set of offline climatologies can be produced from a non-QCTM simulation using the setup of the reference simulation. Test simulations reveal the particular importance of adequate offline fields associated with (a). Inconsistencies from (b) are negligible when using adequate fields of nitric acid. Acceptably small inconsistencies come from (c), but should vanish for an adequate prescription of chemical water vapor tendencies. Toggling between QCTM and non-QCTM is done via namelist switches and does not require a source code re-compilation.
Improving the rainfall rate estimation in the midstream of the Heihe River Basin using raindrop size distribution
Authors: Zhao G. , Chu R. , Zhang T. , Li J. , Shen J. , Wu Z.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. During the intensive observation period of the Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (WATER), a total of 1074 raindrop size distribution were measured by the Parsivel disdrometer, the latest state-of-the-art optical laser instrument. Because of the limited observation data in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the modelling behaviour was not well done. We used raindrop size distributions to improve the rain rate estimator of meteorological radar in order to obtain many accurate rain rate data in this area. We got the relationship between the terminal velocity of the raindrop and the diameter (mm) of a raindrop: v(D) = 4.67D0.53. Then four types of estimators for X-band polarimetric radar are examined. The simulation results show that the classical estimator R (ZH) is most sensitive to variations in DSD and the estimator R (KDP, ZH, ZDR) is the best estimator for estimating the rain rate. An X-band polarimetric radar (714XDP) is used for verifying these estimators. The lowest sensitivity of the rain rate estimator R (KDP, ZH, ZDR) to variations in DSD can be explained by the following facts. The difference in the forward-scattering amplitudes at horizontal and vertical polarizations, which contributes KDP, is proportional to the 3rd power of the drop diameter. On the other hand, the exponent of the backscatter cross-section, which contributes to ZH, is proportional to the 6th power of the drop diameter. Because the rain rate R is proportional to the 3.57th power of the drop diameter, KDP is less sensitive to DSD variations than ZH.
Ulaanbaatar Forum: Why and what for?
Authors: Batbayar Ts
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.1Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.3-4
Mongolia as a Modern Sovereign Nation-State
Authors: Bedeski Robert E
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.10Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.77-87
International NGOs in Mongolia: A Crucial factor in Mongolian Society and Politics
Authors: Byambajav D
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.15Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.132-146
Message from Robert A Scalapino on the Occasion of the Inauguration of the Ulaanbaatar Forum for East Asia
Authors: Scalapino Robert A
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.2Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.5-6
Mongolia's Non-nuclear Status - An Important Element of Foreign Policy
Authors: Enkhsaikhan J
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.4Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.13-25
Cross-Border Migration in Northeast Asia: Implications for Mongolia
Authors: Akaha Tsuneo
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.7Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.42-59
Policy recommendations on enhancing the role of Mongolia in Northeast Asia
Authors: Editor The
Published: March 2011

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i13.9Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.13 2006 pp.68-76
Protocells: The Universal Solvent
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: March 2011

Protocell architecture inverts the current economic and procurement processes of construction with their emphasis on cost, speed and quantifiable outcomes. Wet, semi‐living and symbiotic with ecological systems and materials, protocell systems promise a pargadigm that is the very antithesis of existing practice and will require the employment of very different skills sets and approaches. To ease the intellectual transition from hard engineering to chemical solutions, Neil Spiller investigates the enduring notion of alchemy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil and Protoplasm: The Hylozoic Ground Project
Authors: Beesley Philip , Armstrong Rachel
Published: March 2011

Housed in the Canadian Pavilion in the Giardini in Venice during the 2010 Architecture Biennale, the Hylozoic Ground project provided visitors with the unique experience of interacting with a responsive and ‘live’ textile matrix. Philip Beesley and Rachel Armstrong describe the extraordinary ‘soil‐less’ environment that they collaborated on and how it provides a new model for a synthetic but evolutionary ecology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authorship at Risk: The Role of the Architect
Authors: Slavinsky Dan
Published: March 2011

The exquisite drawings of Dan Slavinsky were the highlight of the 2010 Bartlett Summer Show at University College London (UCL). Here, in an article featuring his series ‘In Arcadia at the End of Time’, he questions how the introduction of protocell technology might shift the position of architects and ultimately require them to relinquish control of details, as features and materials become subject to evolution and decay. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Line Array: Protocells as Dynamic Structure
Authors:   IwamotoScott Architecture (Lisa Iwamoto)
Published: March 2011

Lisa Iwamoto of IwamotoScott Architecture describes how the Line Array project was developed as a means of proposing a new range of structural surface formations in which protocells could be applied to architecture. She specifically speculates on how materials might behave morphologically, responding in a fluid manner to varying surface geometries. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Combinatorial Library of Micro‐Topographies and Chemical Compositions for Tailored Surface Wettability
Authors: Kolind Kristian , Bennetsen Dines Tilsted , Arpanaie Ayyoob , Duch Mogens , Lovmand Jette , Besenbacher Flemming , Kingshott Peter , Foss Morten
Published: March 2011

Surface modification of topography and chemistry in order to achieve a specific water contact angle (CA) has been explored by using a novel combinatorial screening platform. The screening arrays consisted of 507 distinct combinations of micro‐topographies and chemical compositions. By performing chemical modifications with 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H perfluoroethyltriethoxy‐silane (PFS) and n‐octadecyltriethoxysilane (ODS) on standard silicon wafers it was possible to include both superhydrophobic and very hydrophilic pad arrays in the same screening platform. Surfaces modified with PFS were more hydrophobic than surfaces modified with ODS, while the unmodified silicon surfaces were hydrophilic. For the PFS modified surfaces the largest CAs were achieved with a small pillar size of X = 1 µm and an intermediate inter‐pillar gap size of Y = 4 µm with superhydrophobic CAs over 170°. Surface analysis with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that CF3 groups were present at the surface, contributing to the superhydrophobic effect. The ODS modified surfaces had intermediate wettabilities with CAs between 100 and 150°, which were dependent on the pillar size, the inter‐pillar gap size, and the specific pillar pattern. The unmodified silicon topographical surfaces were very hydrophilic with CAs below 20° independent of specific topography. With this approach we have managed to fabricate 507 distinct surface areas covering a range of wettabilities, which is useful when screening these effects in several different applications. The measured CAs did not follow the simple Wenzel model. Furthermore, the adaptation of the Cassie model introduces Φs, the fraction of solid surface in contact with the liquid, which is difficult to estimate, thereby emphasizing the need for an experimental determination.
Beckmann rearrangement in a microstructured chemical system for the preparation of ε‐caprolactam
Authors: Zhang J. S. , Wang K. , Lu Y. C. , Luo G. S.
Published: March 2011

A microstructured chemical system, constructed with a microsieve dispersion mixer, a delay loop and a microhydrolyzer is designed to carry out the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ϵ‐caprolactam. The system is operated with oleum as the dispersed phase, and cyclohexanone oxime n‐octane solution as the continuous phase. The mixing performance, conversion of cyclohexanone oxime and selectivity to ϵ‐caprolactam are investigated and the results show that the reaction can be very well controlled due to the formation of microdroplets ranging from 10–25 μm. Under optimized conditions, the reaction can be accomplished with a residence time less than 40 s, and the selectivity higher than 99%. A two‐stage technology of low‐temperature to induce reaction, and high‐temperature to enhance reaction is developed, and the corresponding molar ratio of oleum to cyclohexanone oxime can be reduced to 0.8, which is much lower than the industrial value of 1.2. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012