bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Enzymatic Potentiometric Approaches for Surfactant Analysis
Authors: Khaled Elmorsy , Hassan Hassan N. A. , Abdelaziz Mona A. , El‐Attar Rehab O.
Published: October 2016

The present study described a novel application of simple potentiometric enzymatic method for analysis of surfactants based on their inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE). The enzymatic activity was measured through monitoring hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh) with a disposable acetylcholine potentiometric sensor. Comprehensive investigations were carried out including the effect of incubation time, cholinesterase enzyme and the working calibration ranges. Based on inhibition of AChE, different cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants were determined in the concentration range from 0 to 40 μg mL−1 with detection limits reaching 0.07 μg mL−1 depending on the nature of surfactants. The degree of AChE inhibition caused by different tested surfactants were as follows: cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)>benzyldimethylhexadecyl ammonium chloride (BDHAC)>Hyamine (Hy)>cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)>Triton X‐100 (TX‐100)>sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The proposed method was applied for determination of surfactants in pharmaceutical formulation, detergents products and environmental samples with acceptable sensitivity and reproducibility.
Impact of cell lysis on the description of cell growth and death in cell culture
Authors: Kroll Paul , Eilers Kay , Fricke Jens , Herwig Christoph
Published: October 2016

The primary task of process development is a process design that guarantees product quality and maximizes product quantity. One part of the process development is the identification of critical process parameters. Especially in cell culture processes, unwanted cell damage as critical process parameter is still challenging in stirred tank reactors and needs therefore to be considered. Nevertheless, this topic and its effects on process performance are currently not well discussed and not verified in literature until now.

The process of cell damage or lysis can be defined as the loss of integrity of the cells. For the investigation of this phenomenon, a model‐based designed fed‐batch cultivation with Chinese hamster ovary cells was performed. Besides measurements of viable and dead cell concentration, lysed cell count was determined by DNA measurements. Based on these analytics, different hypotheses, characterizing the cell death, were compared. From this, four main statements could be derived: (i) consideration of lysis in cell culture processes is of great importance for the description of the living biomass population in terms of growth and dying; (ii) a higher effort in process monitoring facilitates significantly model development; (iii) in contradiction to existing models from literature, our verification approach demonstrated a direct correlation of lysis with viable cell concentration and therefore with productivity; and (iv) lysis could be effectively described by only one model parameter, the specific lysis rate from viable cells to lysed cells.

All these statements could be accurately proven by statistical methods. Our results enable future detailed investigations of the causes of cell damage and the influences of cell lysis on product quality and quantity. Potential application fields are scale‐up issues, process optimization, and impurity screening.
Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide‐Promoted, ZnO‐Supported, and Mn‐Promoted Cu–Fe Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of CO to Low‐Carbon Alcohols
Authors: Hu Wei , Li Wei , Shen Rongchun
Published: October 2016

A Mn‐promoted CuFe/ZnO catalyst was synthesized by a coprecipitation method using sodium carbonate as the precipitant and characterized by using BET surface area measurements, SEM, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, XRD, temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrated that the reducibility of Cu species was enhanced and that Cu–Fe3C dual active sites were generated over the ZnO support. Therefore, the MnCuFe/ZnO catalyst showed a higher activity and selectivity towards low‐carbon (C2–C4) alcohols than Cu–Fe‐based catalysts with or without a Zn promoter. Meanwhile, the contribution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) used in the catalyst preparation process was also investigated. As a result, CTAB had a prominent influence on the promotion of the S
/Salc (S=selectivity, alc=total alcohols) ratio, which increased from 52 to 63 %, and the yield of low‐carbon alcohols reached 0.151 g mLcat.−1 h−1. The TPR and XPS results indicated that more Cu2+ was reduced to metallic Cu0 on CTAB‐MnCuFe/ZnO, which suggests that the catalyst was better reduced. The XRD results insinuated that more Cu–Fe3C dual active sites were generated, which facilitated the formation of low‐carbon alcohols. Furthermore, a CTAB/Cu molar ratio of 1.0 was the optimum ratio for the formation of low‐carbon alcohols.
Real‐world testbed for multi‐tag UWB chipless RFID system based on a novel collision avoidance MAC protocol
Authors: El‐Hadidy Mohamed , El‐Awamry Ahmed , Fawky Abdelfattah , Khaliel Maher , Kaiser Thomas
Published: October 2016

Chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are dummy, memoryless, with limited number of bits, very low backscattered power, and short reading range. Therefore, the existing RFID standards and protocols designed for the chipped RFID systems are not applicable for the chipless systems. Main objective of this contribution is to introduce a novel real‐world testbed for multi‐tag ultra‐wideband (UWB) chipless RFID system. In this testbed, a new Notch Position Modulation scheme is implemented as the first medium access control algorithm for handling the multi‐tag identification scenario of the frequency signature based chipless RFID tags. This intelligent Notch Position Modulation algorithm reduces the sensing and identification time and accordingly the overall system latency. The proposed protocol enables fetching the frequency signatures of the chipless RFID tags through the whole UWB range effectively. Moreover, an advanced signaling scheme is designed for the RFID reader in order to make the best use of the Federal Communications Commission UWB regulations for increasing the maximum transmitted power and the corresponding reading range. The signaling scheme, real‐time channel estimation, and clutter removal technique are implemented on the software defined radio platform in a heavily dense multipath indoor environment. Based on the medium access control protocol, the mitigation of the undesired environmental reflections as well as the interference between the chipless RFID tags is well demonstrated in the developed testbed.
A pilot study of potential brain donor satisfaction and attitudes towards telephone assessment
Authors: Costello Helen , Hayes Gillian M. , Highton‐Williamson Elizabeth , Nurock Shirley , Hanbury Dave , Francis Paul T.
Published: October 2016

Objective

Test the feasibility of assessing cognition, psychiatric symptoms and daily living skills of potential brain donors by telephone and compare satisfaction and attitudes across telephone and face‐to‐face assessment.

Method

Data were collected from 108 healthy participants from the Brains for Dementia Research cohort. Purposive sampling was used to assess feasibility and a randomised control trial design compared satisfaction and attitudes towards telephone and face‐to‐face assessment. Non‐parametric tests were conducted to compare groups, and logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship between satisfaction and participant characteristics.

Results

Of the 80 participants offered telephone assessment, 67 (83.8%) agreed, 2 (2.5%) had a significant hearing impairment, 4 (5.0%) had potential memory problems and 7 (8.7%) declined. On average, telephone assessments lasted 38 min and duration was negatively associated with Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status‐Modified scores (p = 0.001) and positively associated with age (p = 0.040), Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores (p = 0.019), Geriatric Depression Scale (p = 0.035) and Global Deterioration Scale (p = 0.022). Satisfaction was high in respect to organisational and personal aspects; ratings did not differ significantly across telephone and face‐to‐face assessment groups and were not related to socio‐demographic characteristics. Participants undergoing telephone assessment were significantly more likely to hold positive attitudes towards this mode of assessment.

Conclusions

Telephone assessment is feasible, time‐efficient and acceptable to healthy, potential brain donors. When used with other assessment modes and within the context of established contact, telephone assessment offers greater flexibility to researchers and participants and represents an effective mechanism for overcoming the challenges of growing, ageing cohorts and uncertain resources. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Argument for Fewer Clinical Trials
Authors: Borgerson Kirstin
Published: October 2016

The volume of clinical research is increasing exponentially—far beyond our ability to process and absorb the results. Given this situation, it may be beneficial to consider reducing the flow at its source. In what follows, I will motivate and critically evaluate the following proposal: researchers should conduct fewer clinical trials. More specifically, I c onsider whether researchers should be permitted to conduct only clinical research of very high quality and, in turn, whether research ethics committees (RECs) should prohibit all other, lower‐quality research, even when it might appear to meet some minimal ethical standard. Following a close analysis of the social‐value requirement of ethical clinical research, I argue that this proposal is defensible.

The problem identified in this paper has two parts, quantity and quality, and some clarification is needed about the latter because “quality” is a highly contested term in the medical literature. When some scholars advocate for high‐quality trials, they mean large‐scale, simple, explanatory randomized controlled trials. Others, including myself, have defended a different characterization of high‐quality research that tends more toward pragmatic trial design and the use of methods other than RCTs. Pragmatic trials aim to provide evidence that directly supports clinical decision‐making in “usual” care settings. Unlike explanatory trials, which aim to abstract away from particular settings and patients, in the hopes of creating ideal conditions for the success of an intervention, pragmatic trials deliberately pursue knowledge of high applicability, through the use of representative subjects, clinically important questions, flexible treatment protocols, patient‐oriented outcome measures, and so on. I see applicability as a marker of high‐quality research. The context in which research is meant to be applied should be the context in which new interventions are evaluated.
One‐pot four component condensation for the synthesis of novel dispirooxindole pyrrolidine linked 1,2,3‐triazoles via stereo‐ and regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction in PEG‐400
Authors: Kumari Sudesh , Khurana Jitender M.
Published: October 2016

A one‐pot four component condensation of isatin, sarcosine, 2‐[2‐oxo‐1‐(prop‐2‐ynyl)indolin‐3‐ylidene]malononitrile and aryl azides has been reported for the synthesis of novel dispirooxindole pyrrolidine linked 1,2,3‐triazole conjugates using Cu(I) as a catalyst in PEG‐400 by stereoselective [3 + 2] azide‐alkyne cycloaddition followed by [3 + 2] azomethine ylide and alkene cycloaddition. Structures have been confirmed by spectral and X‐ray studies. Crystal packing of 5a has also been reported. Rapid reaction, easy work‐up and high yields are the salient features of the present protocol.
A phase 2 study of methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and pegaspargase chemotherapy for newly diagnosed, relapsed, or refractory extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type: a multicenter trial in Northwest China
Authors: Liang Rong , Gao Guang‐xun , Chen Jie‐ping , Wang Ji‐shi , Wang Xiao‐min , Zeng Yun , Bai Qing‐xian , Zhang Tao , Yang Lan , Dong Bao‐xia , Gu Hong‐tao , Shu Mi‐mi , Hao Cai‐xia , Wang Jian‐hong , Zhang Na , Chen Xie‐qun
Published: October 2016

The nasal type of extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma is a rare aggressive lymphoma with poor prognosis. To discover a successful treatment, we investigated the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy with methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and polyethylene glycol‐asparaginase (MESA). Three cycles of MESA were administered to 46 patients with new or relapsed/refractory natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma. Complete response after 3 treatment cycles was 43.5%, the overall response rate was 87%, and 2‐year overall survival was 83.4%. Complete response was significantly better for newly diagnosed patients than for patients with relapsed/refractory disease. Patients with newly diagnosed disease had a significantly better overall response rate after 1, but not after 2 or 3 treatment cycles. Overall survival and progression‐free survival did not differ over 2 years. Grade 1/2 toxicities were frequent, but MESA was associated with fewer grade 3/4 events or treatment‐related deaths. These results will require confirmation in larger prospective trials.
Bendamustine‐associated infections—systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Gafter‐Gvili Anat , Gurion Ronit , Raanani Pia , Shpilberg Ofer , Vidal Liat
Published: October 2016

Data in the literature are lacking regarding the infection‐related adverse events of bendamustine‐containing regimens. Therefore, we aimed to assess this risk. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of all randomized controlled trials including bendamustine‐containing regimens and those administered for any lymphoproliferative disorder or plasma cell dyscrasia compared with any other regimens. A comprehensive search was conducted until December 2015. Two reviewers appraised the quality of trials and extracted data. Primary outcomes were any infections, grade 3 to 4 infections; secondary outcomes were grade 3 to 4 neutropenia and grade 3 to 4 lymphopenia. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated and pooled. A fixed‐effect model was used to pool data unless there was significant heterogeneity, in which case a random‐effects model was used. Nine trials published between 2006 and 2016 and randomizing 2620 patients were included. There was no statistically significant effect for bendamustine on the rate of any infection (RR 1.09 [95% CI, 0.87‐1.36]) or on the rate of grade 3 to 4 infections (RR 1.04 [95% CI, 0.64‐1.71]). There was no increase in the rate of grade 3 to 4 neutropenia in the bendamustine arm (RR 0.84 [95% CI, 0.63‐1.12]). Our systematic review demonstrates no effect of bendamustine on the rate of infections when compared with either alkylating agents or fludarabine. Thus, bendamustine remains a safe therapeutic option.
In vitro evaluation of poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)/polyisoprene fibers for soft tissue engineering
Authors: Marques Douglas R. , dos Santos Luís A. L. , O'Brien Marie A. , Cartmell Sarah H. , Gough Julie E.
Published: October 2016

The polymeric blend of poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polyisoprene (PI) has recently been explored for application as stents for tracheal stenosis and spring for the treatment of craniosynostosis. From the positive results presented in other biomedical applications comes the possibility of investigating the application of this material as scaffold for tissue engineering (TE), acquiring a deeper knowledge about the polymeric blend by exploring a new processing technique while attending to the most fundamental demands of TE scaffolds. PLGA/PI was processed into randomly oriented microfibers through the dripping technique and submitted to physical‐chemical and in vitro characterization. The production process of fibers did not show an effect over the polymer's chemical composition, despite the fact that PLGA and PI were observed to be immiscible. Mechanical assays reinforce the suitability of these scaffolds for soft tissue applications. Skeletal muscle cells demonstrated increases in metabolic activity and proliferation to the same levels of the control group. Human dermal fibroblasts didn't show the same behaviour, but presented cell growth with the same development profile as presented in the control group. It is plausible to believe that PLGA/PI fibrous three‐dimensional scaffolds are suitable for applications in soft tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2581–2591, 2017.
Evaluating climate change impacts on the hydrology of watershed in northwestern China using a stepwise‐clustered downscaling approach
Authors: Zhuang X. W. , Li Y. P. , Huang G. H. , Wang C. X.
Published: October 2016

In this study, a stepwise‐clustered downscaling model (SCDM) is advanced for transferring atmospheric simulation outputs to acquire high‐resolution climate projections at a large‐scale watershed system. SCDM can operate different temporal resolutions of atmospheric variables with continuous and discrete complexities. SCDM coupling with hydrological model is used for evaluating climate change impacts on hydrology of the Kaidu watershed in northwestern China. The daily and monthly series of large‐scale atmospheric simulation outputs for the Kaidu watershed are extracted from the ensemble of GCMs during past, recent and future periods. Results reveal that (1) SCDM is capable of downscaling climate projections for different stations, and can help understand the spatial heterogeneity of climate change, (2) the performance of SCDM is more acceptable for temperature than precipitation, (3) increase trends of Tmin and Tmax (minimum and maximum temperatures) from recent to future are projected. Besides, results from multiple downscaled climate change projections are used for driving a daily climate‐streamflow hydrological model. Results disclose that the streamflow would increase because temperature change will cause more glacier melt in future.
A probabilistic approach for attributing temperature changes to synoptic type frequency
Authors: Nilsen Irene B. , Stagge James H. , Tallaksen Lena M.
Published: October 2016

To understand the cause of regional temperature change, it is common to separate the temperature change signal into changes in atmospheric synoptic circulation and other factors, so‐called within‐type changes. In this study, we suggest a novel probabilistic approach that allows detection of months and regions where temperature changes can mainly be attributed to changes in synoptic circulation and where within‐type changes also play a role. By combining resampling with a Monte Carlo test, we assess the likelihood that the observed warming can be explained by synoptic circulation changes alone. This method is applicable for any variable, and in any region of the world. We applied it to an example case using gridded WATCH Forcing Data ERA‐Interim (WFDEI) temperature data and synoptic types derived from the SynopVis Grosswetterlagen catalogue (1981–2010). For this European example, the most widespread warming was found in summer, with up to 60% of the land area experiencing significant warming during August, notably in Eastern and Northern Europe. In spring and autumn, this area was reduced to 10–30%. In December and January, only about 5% of the land area experienced significant warming, most pronounced in northern Scandinavia. The probabilistic approach revealed that changes in synoptic circulation could not account for all the observed (WFDEI) warming, with the exception of regions in southeastern Europe in February and Western Europe in May. Significant warming in other months and regions, such as the large‐scale warming in April, June, July, August, and November, must also be caused by other factors. Within‐type changes were confirmed for the Black Sea region in November, where the magnitude of a widespread temperature trend was strongest. This European example contributes to an improved understanding of the causes of recent temperature change by assessing the relative role of synoptic circulation changes and within‐type changes on regional‐scale warming.
Production and characterization of cowpea protein hydrolysate with optimum nitrogen solubility by enzymatic hydrolysis using pepsin
Authors: Mune Mune Martin Alain , Minka Samuel René
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Cowpea is a source of low‐cost and good nutritional quality protein for utilization in food formulations in replacement of animal proteins. Therefore it is necessary that cowpea protein exhibits good functionality, particularly protein solubility which affects the other functional properties. The objective of this study was to produce cowpea protein hydrolysate exhibiting optimum solubility by the adequate combination of hydrolysis parameters, namely time, solid/liquid ratio (SLR) and enzyme/substrate ratio (ESR), and to determine its functional properties and molecular characteristics.

RESULTS

A Box–Behnken experimental design was used for the experiments, and a second‐order polynomial to model the effects of hydrolysis time, SLR and ESR on the degree of hydrolysis and nitrogen solubility index. The optimum hydrolysis conditions of time 208.61 min, SLR 1/15 (w/w) and ESR 2.25% (w/w) yielded a nitrogen solubility of 75.71%. Protein breakdown and the peptide profile following enzymatic hydrolysis were evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography. Cowpea protein hydrolysate showed higher oil absorption capacity, emulsifying activity and foaming ability compared with the concentrate.

CONCLUSION

The solubility of cowpea protein hydrolysate was adequately optimized by response surface methodology, and the hydrolysate showed adequate functionality for use in food. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of chlorothalonil hydrolytic dehalogenase from agro‐industrial wastewater and its application in raw food cleaning
Authors: He Qin , Xu Xi‐hui , Zhang Fan , Tai Yu‐kai , Luo Yan‐fei , He Jian , Hong Qing , Jiang Jian‐dong , Yan Xin
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

To reduce the fermentation cost for industrialization of chlorothalonil hydrolytic dehalogenase (Chd), agro‐industrial wastewaters including molasses, corn steep liquor (CSL) and fermentation wastewater were used to substitute for expensive carbon and nitrogen sources and fresh water for lab preparation.

RESULTS

The results showed that molasses and CSL could replace 5% carbon source and 100% organic nitrogen source respectively to maintain the same fermentation level. Re‐fermentation from raffinate of ultra‐filtered fermentation wastewater could achieve 61.03% of initial Chd activity and reach 96.39% activity when cultured in a mixture of raffinate and 50% of original medium constituent. Typical raw foods were chosen to evaluate the chlorothalonil removal ability of Chd. After Chd treatment for 2 h at room temperature, 97.40 and 75.55% of 30 mg kg−1 chlorothalonil on cherry tomato and strawberry respectively and 60.29% of 50 mg kg−1 chlorothalonil on Chinese cabbage were removed. Furthermore, the residual activity of the enzyme remained at 78–82% after treatment, suggesting its potential for reuse.

CONCLUSION

This study proved the cost‐feasibility of large‐scale production of Chd from agro‐industrial wastewater and demonstrated the potential of Chd in raw food cleaning. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Computer vision‐based method for classification of wheat grains using artificial neural network
Authors: Sabanci Kadir , Kayabasi Ahmet , Toktas Abdurrahim
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

A simplified computer vision‐based application using artificial neural network (ANN) depending on multilayer perceptron (MLP) for accurately classifying wheat grains into bread or durum is presented. The images of 100 bread and 100 durum wheat grains are taken via a high‐resolution camera and subjected to pre‐processing. The main visual features of four dimensions, three colors and five textures are acquired using image‐processing techniques (IPTs). A total of 21 visual features are reproduced from the 12 main features to diversify the input population for training and testing the ANN model. The data sets of visual features are considered as input parameters of the ANN model. The ANN with four different input data subsets is modelled to classify the wheat grains into bread or durum. The ANN model is trained with 180 grains and its accuracy tested with 20 grains from a total of 200 wheat grains.

RESULTS

Seven input parameters that are most effective on the classifying results are determined using the correlation‐based CfsSubsetEval algorithm to simplify the ANN model. The results of the ANN model are compared in terms of accuracy rate. The best result is achieved with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 9.8 × 10−6 by the simplified ANN model.

CONCLUSION

This shows that the proposed classifier based on computer vision can be successfully exploited to automatically classify a variety of grains. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Tablet‐effervescence‐assisted dissolved carbon flotation for the extraction of four triazole fungicides in water by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry
Authors: Wei Qizhen , Song Zhiyu , Nie Jing , Xia Hailun , Chen Fujiang , Li Zuguang , Lee Mawrong
Published: October 2016

A pretreatment method named tablet‐effervescence‐assisted dissolved carbon flotation was introduced for the determination of four triazole fungicides in environmental water. In this method, the use of effervescent tablet composed of nontoxic sodium carbonate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate could generate CO2 in situ to assist the dispersion of extraction solvent and to accelerate mass transfer of target analytes. In addition, the simple phase separation simply based on the rising of low‐density organic solvent from the aqueous phase was applied rather than the application of apparatus, which demonstrated the potential for on‐site extraction in the field. The experimental variables, including the composition of effervescent tablets, amount of effervescent tablets, types and volume of extraction solvent, were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the method showed good linearity for myclobutanil, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole, and difenoconazole in the range of 1–100 μg/L. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification were within the range of 0.15–0.26 and 0.49–0.86 μg/L, respectively. The obtained correlation coefficients varied from 0.997 to 0.999, and suitable enrichment factors were 422–589. The recoveries were 82.5–112.9% with relative standard deviations of 4.7–13.5%.
Capillary electrochromatography of proteins and peptides (2006–2015)
Authors: Mikšík Ivan
Published: October 2016

This review summarizes the development and the applications of capillary electrochromatographic techniques pertinent to the analysis of proteins and peptides, which took place over the last 10 years (2006–mid‐2016). This “hybrid” technique is useful for the analysis of a broad spectrum of proteins and peptides and is an approach that is complementary to the liquid chromatographic and the capillary electrophoretic analysis. All modes of capillary electrochromatography are described here, which includes particle‐packed columns, monolithic stationary phases, and open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography.
Why publish?
Authors: Kember Sarah
Published: October 2016

Key points

Digital technology should provide a context for publishing but by no means an endpoint.

A pay‐to‐say model of publishing is not only exploitative but also dangerous because it makes the ability to say contingent on the ability to pay.

How will publishers survive, and how will writers eat in a publishing environment increasingly oriented to free online content.

There are no solutions to publishing, but more networked and fluid alternatives may be a way forward.
New university presses in theUK: Accessing a mission
Authors: Lockett Andrew , Speicher Lara
Published: October 2016

In the space of just a year, five new university presses were launched in theUK. Although very different in size and stages of development, all but one were launched first and foremost as open access presses, based in or supported by their university's library. Why should there have been such a significant flurry of activity in such a short space of time, and what can the stated objectives and activities of these presses tell us about the currentUKscholarly publishing environment? To answer some of those questions, this article looks back to the original mission of the founding university presses, examines the policy and funding environments in which the new presses are operating, looks at overseas developments in recent years for comparison, and concludes with a review of the challenges these young presses face as well as the benefits all university presses, but particularly open access ones, can confer to their institutions.
Making the future of scholarly communications
Authors: Hill Steven A.
Published: October 2016

Key points

The move to digital publishing has brought important changes to the scholarly communication system.

Changes in scholarly communication remain relatively limited in scope, and many opportunities for innovation are not being taken up.

Active policy interventions are needed to shape the future of scholarly communication.

University presses are well placed to lead innovation in scholarly communication practices.
A novel approach for unraveling the energy balance of water surfaces with a single depth temperature measurement
Authors: Yang Jiachuan , Wang Zhi‐Hua , Li Qi , Vercauteren Nikki , Bou‐Zeid Elie , Parlange Marc B.
Published: October 2016

The partitioning of solar energy over the Earth's surface drives weather and climate of the coupled land–ocean–atmosphere system. Over water surfaces, the evolution of water temperatures at a given depth in the mixed layer implicitly contains the signature of surface energy partitioning, and as such it can be used to diagnose the surface energy balance. In this study, we develop a novel numerical scheme by combining the Green's function approach and linear stability analysis to estimate the water surface energy balance using water temperature measurement at a single depth. The proposed method is capable of predicting water temperature in the mixed layer, and solving for the components of the surface energy budgets with physically based schemes. Evaluation against in situ measurement and the maximum entropy production method demonstrates that this approach is robust and of good accuracy. It is found that performance of the proposed method depends strongly on the accurate estimation of turbulent thermal diffusivity from in situ measurements, which carries information of meteorological and limnological conditions. Without explicitly using wind speed or temperature/moisture gradient, the proposed approach reduces uncertainty and potential error associated with meteorological measurements in estimation of water surface energy balance.
Selective photoantisepsis
Authors: Harris David M. , Reinisch Lou
Published: October 2016

Background and Objective

Selective killing of pathogens by laser is possible due to the difference in absorption of photon energy by pathogens and host tissues. The optical properties of pathogenic microorganisms are used along with the known optical properties of soft tissues in calculations of the laser‐induced thermal response of pathogen colonies embedded in a tissue model. The objective is to define the laser parameters that optimize pathogen destruction and depth of the bactericidal effect.

Materials and Methods

The virtual periodontium is a computational model of the optical and time‐dependent thermal properties of infected periodontal tissues. The model simulates the periodontal procedure: Laser Sulcular Debridement.1 Virtual pathogen colonies are placed at different depths in the virtual periodontium to determine the depth for effective bactericidal effects given various laser parameters (wavelength, peak power, pulse duration, scan rate, fluence rate) and differences in pathogen sensitivities.

Results

Accumulated background heat from multiple passes increases the depth of the bactericidal effect. In visible and near‐IR wavelengths the large difference in absorption between normal soft tissue and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) results in selective destruction. Diode laser (810 nm) efficacy and depth of the bactericidal effect are variable and dependent on hemin availability. Both pulsed‐Nd:YAG and the 810 nm diode lasers achieve a 2–3 mm deep damage zone for pigmented Pg and Pi in soft tissue without surface damage (selective photoantisepsis). The model predicts no selectivity for the Er:YAG laser (2,940 nm). Depth of the bactericidal effect is highly dependent on pathogen absorption coefficient. Highly sensitive pathogens may be destroyed as deep as 5–6 mm in soft tissue. Short pulse durations enable confinement of the thermal event to the target. Temporal selectivity is achieved by adjusting pulse duration based on target size.

Conclusion

The scatter‐limited phototherapy model of the infected periodontium is applied to develop a proper dosimetry for selective photoantisepsis. Dosimetry planning is essential to the development of a new treatment modality. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:763–773, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synergistic Effects of Surfactant on Dielectric and Electrorheological Properties of Boronic Acid Derivative Polymer Dispersions
Authors: Ozkan Seyma , Gumus Omer Yunus , Unal Halil Ibrahim
Published: October 2016

Electric field stimulus fluids are prepared by dispersing poly(3‐aminophenylboronic acid, PABA) and poly(thiophene‐3‐boronic acid, PTBA) nanoparticles in silicone oil (SO). Upon addition of a nonionic surfactant, Triton X‐100, to the fluids, enhanced polarizabilities are detected on dielectric analysis which is driven by the increased number of dipole centers in their structures. Very high colloidal stability is observed for PABA/SO/Triton‐X dispersion system since it has zeta(ζ)‐potential value in colloidally stable region, whereas PTBA/SO/Triton‐X dispersion system exhibits some degree of sedimentation due to low ζ‐potential value. When electric field strengths are applied, increased yield stresses of the dispersions are detected. Storage and loss moduli values of PABA/SO/Triton‐X and PTBA/SO/Triton‐X dispersions suggest that the suspensions have vibration damping capabilities. Further, reversible non‐Newtonian viscoelastic deformations are observed from the creep‐recovery tests of the systems and they are classified as smart materials. Furthermore, the results show that PABA based colloidal system has better dielectric and rheological properties than that of PTBA and these results are also discussed in terms of particle conductivity and molecular structure.

image
A New Approach for the Synthesis of pH‐Responsive Cross‐Linked Micelles from a Poly(glycidyl methacrylate)‐Based Functional Copolymer
Authors: Kocak Gökhan , Solmaz Gökhan , Bütün Vural
Published: October 2016

An amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether‐block‐poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (MPEG‐b‐PGMA) diblock copolymer is first synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization. Epoxy groups of this precursor block copolymer are converted to hydroxyl and tertiary amine residues by reacting with diethyl amine over a ring‐opening reaction. The resulting diblock copolymer is poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether‐block‐poly(3‐diethylamino‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (MPEG‐b‐PDEAHPMA). Micellar solution of this diblock copolymer is prepared at pH 12.0 in aqueous media. At high pH (12.0), core–
shell micelles are formed with PDEAHPMA‐core and MPEG‐shell. PDEAHPMA blocks have both hydroxyl and tertiary amine groups that provide reactivity against divinyl sulfone (DVS) and a response to solution pH, respectively. Cross‐linking of hydroxyl groups of PDEAHPMA chains in the micelle core is successfully achieved by adding DVS. At pH 2.0, the DEAHPMA‐core of core cross‐linked (CCL) micelles becomes protonated and hence swelling is observed. The effect of varying the DVS concentrations is also studied. The micelle formation of diblock copolymer and its response to solution pH are investigated by using surface tensiometer, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. CCL micellar structure and its response to solution conditions are investigated with transmission electron microscopy and DLS studies, respectively.

image
Joint Effect of Poly(ethyhlene‐co‐1‐octene) Chain Length and 1‐Octene Fraction on High‐Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography
Authors: Al‐Khazaal Abdulaal Z. , Soares João B. P.
Published: October 2016

High‐temperature thermal gradient interaction chromatography (HT‐TGIC) fractionates polyolefins based on an adsorption–desorption mechanism. Several factors influence the shape and position of HT‐TGIC chromatograms, notably polymer microstructure, analytical conditions, and, to a lesser extent, solvent type. This article investigates the joint influence of chain length and comonomer content of a series of polyethylene and ethylene/1‐octene copolymers having similar 1‐octene fractions (0–13 mol%) and a wide range of molecular weights on HT‐TGIC fractionation. For each series of copolymers having similar 1‐octene fraction, the elution peak temperature decreases exponentially and the profiles become increasingly broader below a critical number average chain length value. The authors use Monte Carlo simulation and Stockmayer distribution to explain the observed behavior, finding that no simple correlation exists between ethylene sequences in the copolymers and peak elution temperature, but that there is strong evidence that axial dispersion is responsible for symmetrical broadening of the HT‐TGIC profiles. The authors also study the HT‐TGIC of binary blends, finding that components with similar 1‐octene contents and dissimilar chain lengths tend to increase co‐adsorption/co‐desorption effects.

image
Stable functors of derived equivalences and Gorenstein projective modules
Authors: Hu Wei , Pan Shengyong
Published: October 2016

From certain triangle functors, called nonnegative functors, between the bounded derived categories of abelian categories with enough projective objects, we introduce their stable functors which are certain additive functors between the stable categories of the abelian categories. The construction generalizes a previous work by Hu and Xi. We show that the stable functors of nonnegative functors have nice exactness property and are compatible with composition of functors. This allows us to compare conveniently the homological properties of objects linked by the stable functors. In particular, we prove that the stable functor of a derived equivalence between two arbitrary rings provides an explicit triangle equivalence between the stable categories of Gorenstein projective modules. This generalizes a result of Y. Kato. Our results can also be applied to provide shorter proofs of some known results on homological conjectures.
The Effects of Product Placement in Fictitious Literature on Consumer Purchase Intention
Authors: Barnhardt Terrence M. , Manzano Isabel , Brito Maria , Myrick Melissa , Smith Steven M.
Published: October 2016

Three experiments tested whether brand‐name products placed in a short story would be more often selected when two identical products with different brand names were presented in either a picture or text format in forced choice purchase intention and placement recognition tests. In Experiments 1a and 1b, there was no significant influence of product placement in a pictorial purchase intention task. However, in Experiments 2a and 2b, a reliable and equal level of recognition memory was observed, regardless of whether the products were presented in a picture (Exp. 2a) or text (Exp. 2b) format. In Experiment 3, the products were presented in a text format in the purchase intention task and participants more often and more quickly chose the brand‐name product from the story. At a practical level, these results suggest some limits to the usefulness of product placement in text.
Consumer Regulation Strategies: Attenuating the Effect of Consumer References in a Voting Context
Authors: Whelan Jodie , Goode Miranda R. , Cotte June , Thomson Matthew
Published: October 2016

Consumption cues (e.g., brands, money, and advertisements) can have powerful effects on cognition, perception, and behavior, yet how people regulate responses to such cues is not well understood. This is surprising given that consumption cues are increasingly present in nontraditional consumer contexts, such as healthcare, education, and politics. This research develops a measure of two types of consumer regulation strategies, cue‐based and budget‐based (studies 1–4), and demonstrates that these strategies influence how people respond to consumption cues in a political context (study 5). Specifically, in a study involving the 2012 American Presidential Election, priming survey participants as consumers (versus citizens) influenced both voting intentions and self‐reported voting behavior, and the newly developed consumer regulation scale was instrumental in detecting this effect. These findings suggest there may be merit in the escalating debate and concern over referring to voters as consumers.
Legacy Writing and the Consumption of Biographic Services
Authors: Guillemot Samuel , Urien Bertrand
Published: October 2016

This study focuses on legacy writing and the development of the life‐history business (e.g., family ghostwriters and writing workshops). A theoretical model is proposed to study the underlying mental processes that lead the elderly to consume such services. This model was empirically tested on a sample of 392 individuals aged from 60 to 92 years. Results highlighted the following: the role of generativity and death preparation reminiscence on identity preservation issues in later life, the strong desire to contribute to collective memories (i.e., to reach people outside of the family circle), and the social nature of the consumption of services that could be considered as a means of sharing emotions. The results of this study will lead to a more in‐depth understanding of consumer behavior regarding the transmission and preservation of the self at end of life, and may also help service providers to improve their products and services.
A Comprehensive Typology of Prepurchase, External Information Searchers
Authors: D'Rozario Denver
Published: October 2016

Various studies in the information search literature in the past have uncovered differing sets of prepurchase external‐information search patterns exhibited by individuals. However, across all these studies there has been little consistency not only in these reported patterns, but also in the terminology used to describe each of them. This paper seeks to address this major gap in the literature. Based on an exhaustive review of the prior empirical literature on prepurchase information search patterns, for the first time in the literature, a comprehensive supertypology is proposed in this paper that accounts for all the searcher types reported in this prior literature. Further, also for the first time in the literature, this paper seeks to explain these searcher types using an accepted theoretical framework. As must be pointed out, all of the prior searcher types uncovered (and reviewed in this paper) were empirically driven and devoid of theory. In this paper, also for the first time in the literature, testable, theory‐based propositions are developed for each searcher type in the proposed typology. Finally, this paper concludes with a discussion as to why this typology is needed and how it could be used by practitioners and theoreticians in marketing.
Physical Microfabrication of Shape‐Memory Polymer Systems via Bicomponent Fiber Spinning
Authors: Tallury Syamal S. , Pourdeyhimi Behnam , Pasquinelli Melissa A. , Spontak Richard J.
Published: October 2016

As emerging technologies continue to require diverse materials capable of exhibiting tunable stimuli‐responsiveness, shape‐memory materials are of considerable significance because they can change size and/or shape in controllable fashion upon environmental stimulation. Of particular interest, shape‐memory polymers (SMPs) have secured a central role in the ongoing development of relatively lightweight and remotely deployable devices that can be further designed with specific surface properties. In the case of thermally‐activated SMPs, two functional chemical species must be present to provide (i) an elastic network capable of restoring the SMP to a previous strain state and (ii) switching elements that either lock‐in or release a temporary strain at a well‐defined thermal transition. While these species are chemically combined into a single macromolecule in most commercially available SMPs, this work establishes that, even though they are physically separated across one or more polymer/polymer interfaces, their shape‐memory properties are retained in melt‐spun bicomponent fibers. In the present study, we investigate the effects of fiber composition and cross‐sectional geometry on both conventional and cold‐draw shape memory, and report surprisingly high levels of strain fixity and recovery that generally improve upon strain cycling.

image
Molecular Weight Distribution of Ethylene/1‐Olefin Copolymers: Generalized Bimodality Criterion
Authors: Vichitlimaporn Charut , Anantawaraskul Siripon , Soares João B. P.
Published: October 2016

Two single‐site‐type metallocene catalysts can be combined to produce polymers with well‐controlled and broad molecular weight distributions (MWD). As polyolefins with unimodal and bimodal MWDs have different mechanical and rheological properties, a criterion to determine whether a system of two single‐site‐type catalysts produces polymers with unimodal or bimodal distributions is useful for product development and property optimization. In this work, a generalized MWD bimodality criterion is developed and represented as a comprehensive 3D map. The proposed criterion is validated with both simulated and previously reported experimental data. The effect of number average chain length and mass fraction on MWD bimodality criteria are also examined. The results show that unimodal MWDs are more likely to be observed when the mass fraction of one of the copolymers is much higher than the other and when both copolymers have similar average chain lengths.

image
Experimentally Calibrated Random Walk of Branched Polymers: A Pragmatic Approach
Authors: Hosemann Benjamin , Drache Marco , Beuermann Sabine
Published: October 2016

In order to control the branching behavior of polymers, the comparison of experimental and simulated data is important. The utilization of a nonlattice, self‐avoiding necklace‐bead random walk simulator is reported, which allows for the calculation of radii of gyration r
g of polymer molecules with branched structures. The focus is on sensitivity toward short‐chain branches, long‐chain branches (LCBs), and the copolymer composition. Using only two parameters—the size of monomer beads and the minimum angle between three subsequent beads—a fast and reliable parameter fit procedure based on experimental data is described. The procedure is exemplarily shown for copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene (HFP) with HFP contents in the copolymer of at most 0.3 and is easily transferable to other polymers that may be analyzed by size‐exclusion chromatography/multiangle laser light scattering close to θ conditions. Applying the Zimm–Stockmayer equation to simulated r
g data allows for comparing the “effective” number of LCBs with the number of LCBs given by kinetic simulations. A tool for better estimation of rate coefficients associated with the formation of short‐ and long‐chain branches is provided.

image