bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERCULTURAL ASPECTS IN TEACHING INDONESIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (BIPA)
Authors: Diani Winasti Rahma , Halimi Sisilia Setiawati
Published: December 2020

Learners should be intercultural speakers in foreign language teaching that promotes the intercultural dimension. In mastering the intercultural competencies, students are expected to be able to position themselves based on the background of their origin cultures and the culture that they learn in intercultural situations.  This study aimed to find out how teaching the intercultural competencies was implemented in the course of Indonesian as a Foreign Language (BIPA), especially at the beginner level.  This study investigated the intercultural teaching through textbooks, classroom observation, cultural program, and assessment used for the beginner course at the Institution X. The results of the analysis showed that the textbooks used contain themes of intercultural learning for the survival needs of novice students. The results of the classroom observation also showed that intercultural teaching was well executed. However, the results of the field trip observations that were part of the cultural program showed that the activities were not integrated with language learning.  Besides, the results of the assessment analysis indicated that the exercise books and the tests used were not considered as the intercultural aspects. Therefore, this study is expected to provide input for intercultural teaching in BIPA courses, especially at the beginner level.
THE ROLE OF ONLINE ENGLISH COMMUNITY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Hadianti Siti , Arisandi Bobi
Published: December 2020

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many new challenges for educational institutions. Most schools and universities have been transforming the learning mode into an online platform and it leaves teachers and students in a challenging situation. The existence of English community which helped to provide exposure and practice toward English learning is postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic. Online English community as an alternative to replace English community has not been observed well before. Its flexibility in learning is assumed that it can enhance a better engagement in the English learning activity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the online English community during COVID-19 pandemic. Fifteen university students that are involved in one online English community participated in the research. The researchers chose the sample by using purposive sampling. The data was collected through questionnaire and interview and the method that is used is qualitative research with a case study design. The researchers found that there are at least 3 roles of online English community during COVID-19 pandemic.
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION TRANSLATION STRATEGY IN RHONDA BYRNE’S BOOK THE MAGIC
Authors: Fitriyah Fitriyah
Published: December 2020

One of the problems in translation is idiom. Idiomatic expressions are unique because their structures cannot always be translated literally and even tend to form new meanings. This research aims to analyze the strategy of English idioms translation in Rhonda Byrne’s book The Magic which was translated into Indonesian entitled The Magic by Susi Purwoko and to find out the most dominant strategy used by translator. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data are English idioms and their translation in Indonesian. There are 48 data. Those are analyzed based on Baker’s Idiom translation strategies. They are (1) using an idiom of similar meaning and form, (2) using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar, (3) Translation by paraphrase. The result shows that there are three strategies of English idioms translation in Rhonda Byrne's book The Magic. They are (1) using an idiom of similar meaning and form (15 %), (2) using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar (31 %), (3) Translation by paraphrase (54); and the most dominant strategy is a translation by paraphrase.
STUDENTS’ LEARNING OUTCOMES OF BLENDED LEARNING IMPLEMENTATION IN WRITING LESSON
Authors: Abdul Rahman Ayuni Madarina , Azmi Mohd. Nazri Latiff
Published: December 2020

Writing requires specific skills in brainstorming, organizing, editing, and proofreading. There are varieties of research conducted in finding which approach is the most impactful to teach writing and one of the approaches emphasized is blended learning, widely acceptable in education field. Nevertheless, its effectiveness on writing is still questionable and the effort to integrate blended learning in teaching writing needs a thorough consideration. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to researcrh the adequacy of blended learning approach on students’ writing performance. Employing an explanatory research type, an experimental research design was applied. A mixed-method method was executed to collect, analyse and interpret data. For quantitative, a quasi-experimental design was carried out to 60 respondents who were selected through purposive samplings and distributed to control and experimental groups. The study used pretest and posttest for both groups. The result shows that there is no significant difference of blended learning and students’ writing performance between the experimental group and control group in the pretest and posttest. Overall, the study shows that both instructions have place in writing. Hence, educators have to become eclectic practitioners who are able to apply suitable approach that can contribute to the growth of teaching and learning writing.
COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SCATTERING AND FLUORESCENT STUDY OF IGNITION AND COMBUSTION OF H2/O2 MIXTURES UPON PHOTODISSOCIATION OF O2 MOLECULES
Authors:   P. I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Vereshchagin K. A. ,   A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Volkov S. Yu. ,   P. I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors,   A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kobtsev V. D. ,   P. I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Kostritsa S. A. ,   P. I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Smirnov V. V. ,   P. I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors,   A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pelevkin A. V. ,   P. I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Titova N. S. ,   P. I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Torokhov S. A. ,   P. I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors
Published: December 2020

The low-temperature ignition of H2/O2 mixture promoted by resonant laser radiation leading to the photodissociation of O2 molecules was studied experimentally. The experimental test bench involving the model combustion chamber, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and fluorescent diagnostic techniques was created for the experimental investigation of mixture ignition and combustion at conditions typical for gas turbine engines. For the production of chemically active oxygen atoms which initiate ignition in the H2/O2 mixture, the pulsed excimer ArF-laser emitting at a wavelength of 193 nm was employed. Complementary experiments on measuring the temperature and recording the emission of OH and OH* radicals indicate that it is possible to ignite the H2/O2 mixture with ф = 1-3 and P0 = 1-3 atm at a rather low temperature of ~ 700 K under the action of focused laser radiation (A = 193 nm) with the energy in the laser pulse of E = 30-150 mJ. The induction time varies in the range of 8-50 s depending on the laser energy and mixture parameters. Two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulation of ignition and combustion processes in the model combustion chamber was performed. A good agreement of calculation results with experimental data was obtained.
MULTIFOCAL IGNITION OF COMBUSTION CHAMBER BY SUBCRITICAL STREAMER MICROWAVE DISCHARGE
Authors:   D.F. Ustinov Baltic State Technical University “Voenmeh”, Bulat P. V. , Bulat M. P. ,   D.F. Ustinov Baltic State Technical University “Voenmeh”, Denissenko P. V. ,   wWarwick University, Upyrev V. V. ,   ITMO University, Volobuev I. A. ,   ITMO University,   VNH-Energo
Published: December 2020

The challenges facing engine developers, aimed at improving the technical and operational characteristics, more stringent environmental standards, make the work aimed at increasing the efficiency of ignition, systems highly relevant. Technologies of prechamber, arc ignition, and ignition by corona discharge known to date require significant energy costs. In addition, ignition of a fuel mixture by such systems is local which leads to the limitation in the burning rate, incomplete combustion of fuel, and formation of harmful impurities in combustion products. Volumetric or multipoint ignition may significantly increase the effectiveness of the use of ignition systems. The use of a subcritical streamer microwave discharge, which is a network of thin hot channels propagating in the volume of the combustion chamber, seems promising because it provides virtually instantaneous ignition of the mixture in the entire volume. In this paper, the results of experiments using a subcritical streamer microwave discharge are presented. The possibility of volumetric ignition and a substantial increase in the completeness of fuel combustion is demonstrated. A number of indirect evidences indicate the absence of nitrogen oxides in combustion products. The results can be applied to the development of multivolumetric ignition systems in internal combustion engines, gas pumping units, power gas turbines, low-emission combustion chambers, etc.
INITIALIZATION OF SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION BY INJECTING THE TRANSVERSE DETONATION WAVE INTO THE FLOW
Authors:   S. A. Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Katsnelson S. S. , Litvintseva A. A. ,   S. A. Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,   Novosibirsk State University, Pozdnyakov G. A. ,   S. A. Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,   Novosibirsk State University
Published: December 2020

The work presents the investigation results of the influence on supersonic oxygen- hydrogen mixture flow by the injected flow into it generated by a detonation tube installed in the supersonic channel wall. The goal of this work is to study the processes of chemical reaction initiation and flow reconstruction under such influence. The mathematical model of the combustion initiation in the experimental setup is developed within a continuous medium on the model-based of a chemically nonequilibrium single-temperature gas. For the combustion reaction of the oxygen-hydrogen mixture, the following main reagents were selected: H2O, OH, O, H, H2, O2, HO2, H2O2 and O3. The combustion kinetic scheme involving these reagents contains 27 reactions. The numerical solution of the equation initial system was found using a third-order noncentral difference scheme. The parameters of the flow initiating combustion were determined from the system of one-dimensional conservation laws for a detonation wave in a detonation tube.
ON THE MECHANISM FOR MAINTAINING AN OVERDRIVEN DETONATION IN A ROTATING DETONATION ENGINE
Authors:   D. F. Ustinov Baltic State Technical University “Voenmeh”, Bulat P. V. , Fedosenko N. B. ,   D. F. Ustinov Baltic State Technical University “Voenmeh”, Upyrev V. V. ,   D. F. Ustinov Baltic State Technical University “Voenmeh”
Published: December 2020

At present, virtually all jet engines are based on the Brighton thermodynamic cycle (combustion at constant pressure). The improvement of such engines has already reached its technological limit. A significant increase in the efficiency of jet engines (by 20%-25%) can be provided by a transition to the Fickett-Jacobs[4] thermodynamic cycle which uses detonation combustion. One possible realization is a rotating detonation engine (RDE) in which the combustion chamber is the space between two coaxial cylinders. In an ideal scheme, a fuel mixture is supplied from one end which is ignited by a shock wave rotating in the annular gap with the Chapman-Jouguet velocity, i.e., with a speed equal to the speed of sound relative to the combustion products. It is known that in reality, a much more complex system of gas dynamic discontinuities is formed, consisting of triple configurations of shock waves. Detonation occurs only on the so-called Mach stems and not throughout the entire volume. In this paper, the possibility of creating a traveling overdriven wave by moving an obstacle behind the detonation area is investigated. Particular attention is paid to the initial stage - detonation initiation. A numerical method of the second order of accuracy with a finite rate of chemical reactions is used.
SIMULATION OF FILTRATION AND CONVECTIVE BURNING IN BLOCK CHARGES OF POWDER GRAINS INHIBITED BY POLYVINYL BUTYRAL AT CONSTANT VOLUME
Authors:   Institute for Computer Aided Design of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nemtsev M. Yu. ,   Scientific Research Institute for System Analysis of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov I. V. ,   Institute for Computer Aided Design of the Russian Academy of Sciences,   Scientific Research Institute for System Analysis of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ermolaev B. S. ,   N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khrapovsky V. E. ,   N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2020

Increase of loading density could be considered as one of the ways of increasing muzzle velocity in guns. At the same time, reduction of maximum pressure requires increase in burning progressivity of the powder charge, which can be reached at the expense of coating of powder grains with polymer film and further compression to high density into block charge. Multidimensional numerical simulation of ignition and combustion of such charges is a relevant issue. Two-dimensional axisymmetric generalization of one-dimensional semianalytical model of convective burning of block charges is introduced. The gas-powder mixture is modeled by a two-phase nonequilibrium heterogeneous medium consisting of a multicomponent gas phase of the combustion products and a polydisperse condensed phase of the charge elements. Mathematical model and computational algorithm were validated through numerical simulation of the following problems: powder gas filtration in the dense charge, combustion of bulk and dense charges, consisting of 7-perforated grains, covered with film, in a closed vessel. Comparison of obtained results with experimental data demonstrates satisfactory predictive qualities of the model.
SIMULATION OF THE AIR-METHANE COAL DUST MIXTURE COMBUSTION IN THE SWISS-ROLL BURNER
Authors:   National Research Tomsk State University, Minkov L. L. , Moiseeva K. M. ,   National Research Tomsk State University
Published: December 2020

One of the ways to utilize coalmine methane containing coal particles is to use it as a fuel for recuperative type burners that allow sustaining combustion of a lean methane-air mixture. The aim of the work is to study the steady combustion modes of a methane-air mixture containing coal particles in a Swiss-roll burner depending on the feed rate of the mixture and the parameters of the supplied coal-methane-air mixture. The paper considers numerical simulation of the combustion process of the methane-air mixture containing coal dust in a Swiss-roll burner of the recuperative type.
A Toy Museum in Education: Evaluation of Ankara University Toy Museum’s Training Activities
Authors: Artar Müge , Karadeniz Ceren , Ateş Hülya , Doğan Banu
Published: December 2020

The toy presents a little discovered image of a culture. In addition to being an important object of nostalgia, it is also considered as a research and study subject. The rapidly increasing number of toy museums has also gained importance in transferring economic, sociological, social, and cultural characteristics of the toy. Toy museums have responsibilities such as protecting toys that are threatened with extinction during the rapid change in technology, conducting research on childhood and history of education, raising awareness of history, helping to establish intergenerational communication, and emphasizing the importance of toys in child development. Toy Museums develop educational activities for different ages and interest groups based on their collections. Effective use of collections in museums and the presentation of available resources for visitors with fun, attractive, and different learning methods is one of the characteristics of museum education. Learning from the object, which is one of the basic concepts of museum education, can provide an experience with real objects. The Ankara University Toy Museum can be used as an educational laboratory for courses in preschool, primary, and secondary school education programs within the context of its current collection. The museum can be visited with an appointment with a guide. Search and find activities through collection themes etc. are accompanied by the museum guides and educators. In this study, the evaluation of the design processes of the education booklets of the Toy Museum is determined. The booklets include museum guided tours, and structured educational activities like "before the museum, museum practice, and post museum" activities. Museum booklets have an evaluation section that enables the student to receive feedback where they are expected to make a sustainable contribution to the promotion of the museum. In this context, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of preschool, primary, and secondary school education books that were prepared for the toy museum in line with the feedback of students participating in museum education by establishing a link between the curriculum and the museum collection. Keywords: museum, toy museum, children’s culture, museum education, museum booklet
List of bee species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of Lviv city (Ukraine). Part II: Families Colletidae Lepeletier, 1841; Halictidae Thomson, 1869; Megachilidae Latreille, 1802 and Melittidae Michener, 2000
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Skyrpan I. P. , Pytel S. R. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
Published: December 2020

Background. The article presents the results of the research on bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) that occur in the city of Lviv. Bees are one of the most important pollinators of many species of angiosperm plants. Research on species diversity of bees is very important not only on the wild nature territories, but also on the urbanized areas. Cities have a significant impact on bee species diversity, their biology and conservation. A comprehensive study of all Apoidea on the whole territory of the city of Lviv has been conducted for the first time in more than 80 years and we hope that the presented materials will lay the foundation for further more detailed studies in this area. Materials and Methods. Lviv is the largest city in Western Ukraine located on the eastern edge of the Roztochia Upland. The material was collected during the warm period of 2017–2019. The Moericke (yellow) pan traps and the entomological nets were used. Besides, we collected dead bees (killed by traffic) along the roads. W have analyzed the entomological collection of the Zoological Museum of the Ivan Franko National University [ZMD] (Lviv). The stereoscopic microscope and a variety of specialized keys for bee species identification were used. We used the Shannon’s diversity index to assess species diversity. We also calculated the Shannon evenness measure to facilitate the interpretation of the results. Results. We analyzed 960 specimens of bees that belong to 106 species, 25 genera and 6 families. The current (second) part of our study deals with review of the Colletidae (3 species), Halictidae (22 species), Megachilidae (11 species) and Melittidae (5 species) families. Species diversity of the bees from Andrenidae and Apidae families was analyzed in previous (first) the part of our research [27]. Conclusions. All species from the six families are native for the territory of Europe. The majority of them are polylectic (≈ 61 %), while the number of oligolectic species (≈ 23 %), or species that do not need to collect pollen (≈ 16 %) is much smaller. The Shannon’s diversity index is approx. 3.718 and the Shannon evenness measure is 0.799 (the honeybee Apis mellifera was excluded in both calculations). Analysis of the impact of urbanization and various environmental factors on the species diversity of bees requires further detailed studies. Keywords: bees, species diversity, Lviv, Ukraine
Methods of amphibian tracking
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Strus V. , Strus Iu. ,   State Museum of Natural History, NAS of Ukraine; “Roztochia” Nature Reserve
Published: December 2020

ntroduction: In this article, we present a literature review of modern, most common, and useful methods of amphibian tracking. Amphibians are the most sensitive group of animals and near 41 % of species are under the risk of extinction. Therefore, the research of spatial movements of amphibians is one of the most topical tasks of modern herpeto­logy. The information about the use of space is needed for practical protection of sensitive species of amphibians, for planning of protected areas, estimation of the potential danger for some groups of animals when designing infrastructure objects, such as roads. The movement studies gained popularity and have been undertaken since the second part of the 20th century. Such growth in the number of studies is related to the recent advances in radio-electronic technology that contributed to the creation of a range of instruments for automatic or semi-automatic tracking of individual animals. Unfortunately, most of such methods are still too expensive for scientists from developing countries. Thus, classical methods are still widely used. Results: We describe six methods of amphibians tracking: radioisotope tracking, automated radio telemetry, harmonic direction finding, radio frequency identification, fluorescent powder, spool tracking. Each of these methods allows collecting detailed information about spatial movements of individuals. Many of these tracking methods require using of a special tag, which is attached to an animal and used for its further detection. Different types of tags have identical functions but are based on different principles of use. Two of the described methods do not require using of tags and are cheap. These are fluorescent powder and spool tracking. In the article, we provide many links to grant programs and places where special equipment can be found. Conclusions: As a result of literature review, we created a table with concise information about all the described methods. Using this table one can choose the best method for an experiment. Keywords: amphibians, radiotelemetry, fluorescent powder, radioisotope tracking, spool tracking
Between Dante and Caesar. The Vernacular Policy of Filippo Maria Visconti
Authors: Donato Paolo Ponzù
Published: December 2020

This paper offers a new perspective on vernacular literature in Milan in the 1430s, when Duke Filippo Maria Visconti commissioned from the humanists of his court vernacular translations of ancient histories and commentaries on Dante’s Comedy and Petrarch’s Canzoniere. These works, often dismissed as courtly products, were part of an ambitious cultural project that was carried out by humanists like Filippo Maria’s secretary Pier Candido Decembrio and Guini-forte Barzizza, but their attitude toward the duke’s commissions betrays their uneasiness with vernacular literature. It was the duke of Milan who, having sensed the political impact of promoting vernacular literature in Milan, intended to take over from Florence the role of driving force of Italian literature. Had not the Visconti army been defeated at Anghiari in 1440, Filippo Maria would have further pursued his ambition to politically and linguistically unify Italy under Milan’s rule.
Surface integral, holographic focusing
Authors: Kuyukov Vitaly
Published: December 2020

Surface integral, holographic focusing
ANGKA INDEKS TERTIMBANG DAN TIDAK TERTIMBANG
Authors: Arya Iqbal , ariq Akbar , marifatullah Alfin
Published: December 2020

Menghitung dengan lebih efisien dan mudah
https://osf.io/18pdamm
Authors: Riskianandaputri
Published: December 2020

Luas panen padi di Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2019 diperkirakan sebesar 1,68 juta hektar atau mengalami penurunan sebanyak 143,50 ribu hektar atau 7,88 persen dibandingkan tahun 2018. Produksi padi di Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2019 diperkirakan sebesar 9,66 juta ton GKG atau mengalami penurunan sebanyak 0,84 juta ton atau 8,04 persen dibandingkan tahun 2018. Jika produksi padi pada tahun 2019 dikonversikan menjadi beras untuk konsumsi pangan penduduk, produksi beras di Jawa Tengah pada 2019 sebesar 5,52 juta ton atau mengalami penurunan sebanyak 0,48 juta ton atau 8,04 persen dibandingkan tahun 2018.
Советский фактор в развитии экономики Демократической Республики Вьетнам (середина 1950–х–середина 1970–х гг.)
Authors: AISDL
Published: December 2020

Коровяковский Илья ВладимировичСоветский фактор в развитии экономикиДемократической Республики Вьетнам(середина 1950-х - середина 1970-х гг.)Специальность07.00.03 - всеобщая история(новая и новейшая история)
A summary of failed attempts in 2020
Authors: Ho Manh-Toan
Published: December 2020

I was rejected 62 times in 2020.
Receipt, spending, and clinical correlates of economic impact payments among middle and low-income U.S. adults
Authors: Tsai Jack , Huang Minda , Elbogen Eric
Published: December 2020

This study examined characteristics and planned expenses of U.S. adults who received the economic impact payment (EIP) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Using a nationally representative sample of 6,607 low and middle-income U.S. adults, this study examined the proportion and correlates of EIP receipt among eligible adults; and associations between planned expenses using the EIP, problems paying expenses, and clinical characteristics. In the total sample, 79% reported they received the EIP and 82% of recipients reported the EIP had a positive impact on their life. Being a veteran (OR= 2.59), married (OR= 1.82), with a history of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (OR= 1.74) or posttraumatic stress disorder (OR= 1.51), and screening negative for recent suicidal ideation (OR= 0.49) were associated with EIP receipt. Planned expenses using the EIP for savings, paying debt, and rent accounted for 63% of the total amount. Greater planned expenses on substance use or gambling were correlated with lower rated impact of the EIP on life. Additionally, EIP receipt was associated with fewer problems paying daily expenses, but participants who screened positive for mental health or alcohol use problems were more likely to report problems paying daily expenses in the past month. Together, these findings suggest unconditional cash transfers, like the EIP, are important for low and middle-income populations to sustain their living situation. The management of funds are important to consider, especially among those experiencing mental health problems, and may represent opportunities for financial literacy and money management interventions.
The Universal War Strategy in the 5th Generation War in the 4.0 Industry Era (Cyber Threat Case Study)
Authors: Quarm Richmond Sam , Risman Helda
Published: December 2020

Currently, the world has entered into the 5th generation war, and this war in the 5th generation can be said to be an invisible war. This war can be interpreted as an information war, an economic war, including cyber warfare. The rapid progress of the development of science and technology today has a very broad impact on various aspects of human life. The threat of cyber attacks that can cripple the stability of national security needs to be watched out for. For this reason, the Indonesian nation must have strategic steps to anticipate all possibilities from the threat of cyber attacks. The research objective in this paper is to identify the potential threat of 5th generation war, analyze cyber threats and cyber attacks in Indonesia and how the Universal War Strategy in dealing with the threat of cyber attacks. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive phenomenology research method, using data sources from some literature and mass media. The research results from the researcher's analysis provide significant results with the conclusion that Indonesia is vulnerable to cyber threats so that it is necessary to equalize perceptions in drafting the concept of defense and security from the threat of cyber attacks.
A legislação canônica da escolha dos bispos do Concílio de Trento até o Código de Direito Canônico de 1983
Authors: Luiz Reginaldo Roberto
Published: December 2020

O Concílio de Trento, ocorrido no meio do século XVI, foi uma importante reforma na história da Igreja. Por meio dos debates realizados nas sessões conciliares de Trento, a Igreja tratou sobre o tema das escolhas dos bispos. Isso resultou em significativas resoluções normativas que foram de grande relevância para aquele contexto eclesial. Logo após a normativa tridentina, surgiram muitas orientações pontifícias de cunho jurídico que também regulavam acerca dos requisitos e da escolha dos candidatos ao episcopado. Embora aquilo que fora definido em Trento e pelos papas posteriores não se aplicava para toda a Igreja, uma vez que havia as chamadas concordatas com os estados modernos. Esses acordos firmados entre a Igreja e os estados não eram uniformes, mas cada um tinha prescrições de acordo com cada realidade. Em alguns casos, a autoridade eclesiástica não tinha condições de agir, dando total benefício e privilégios ao poder temporal. Em meio a essa situação, foi promulgado o Código de Direito Canônico de 1917, o qual obteve uma grande vitória ao legislar que somente o romano pontífice nomearia os bispos, respeitando o ius particulare. O Concílio Vaticano II tratou sobre as nomeações episcopais no Decreto Christus Dominus, o qual requisitava que as nomeações episcopais fossem realizadas pela autoridade pontifícia. Pouco tempo depois, o papa Paulo VI emanou alguns documentos regulando a matéria até a chegada do Código de Direito Canônico de 1983 que regulamentou a designatio episcoporum.
Serum anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody in infertile Nepalese women: a hospital-based study
Authors: Tuladhar Eans Tara , Manandhar Sujina , Raut Mithileshwor , Bhattarai Aseem , Sharma Vijay Kumar , Yadav Binod Kumar
Published: December 2020

Background: Infertility is a critical component of reproductive health that can precipitate agony for a couple. Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase can lead to not only autoimmune thyroiditis which is highly prevalent in women, but may also represent a generalized autoimmune milieu in our body that can be associated with infertility. This study aims to assess anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in female patients with infertility.

Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital over three months (November 2018 to January 2019). All women undergoing work up at the infertility clinic with reported normal thyroid function and otherwise normal levels of reproductive hormones were recruited for this study. Anti-thyroid peroxidase levels were estimated in their serum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: Of the eighty-seven females that were selected for the study, 54 were infertile females, 16 were pregnant women in their first trimester and 17 were non-pregnant females in their reproductive age. Four positive cases of anti-thyroid peroxidase were detected among infertile females (7.4% within the group), 2 amid non-pregnant females (11.76% within-group) while no positive cases were detected within the pregnant group. However, the occurrence was not statistically significant (p=0.4). The pregnant group showed higher mean anti-thyroid peroxidase levels compared to both infertile and non-pregnant females though statistical significance could not be established (p=0.066).

Conclusions: Functional autoimmune antibodies, like anti-thyroid peroxidase levels, do not have a significant primary association with infertility.
Immunophenotyping in incidental gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: study at tertiary care centre
Authors: Lakhe Rachana R , Swami Ravi M , Kulkarni Purva , Doshi Preeti Rajeev , Mani Narayanan Subramanian
Published: December 2020

Background: Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors are rare slow-growing tumors with distinct histological, biological, and clinical characteristics that have increased in incidence and prevalence in the last few decades. This study is aimed to find out the incidence of neuroendocrine tumors among the gastrointestinal tumors and to grade gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.

Materials and Methods: A total of 119 cases of gastrointestinal tumors of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine was included in the study. The paraffin blocks were retrieved and slides were stained with routine Hematoxylin and Eosin, synaptophysin, chromogranin, and Ki67. The histologic grading was done based on mitosis and Ki-67 index as per WHO 2017 classification.

Results: Out of 119 cases of Gastrointestinal Tract tumor, 13 (10.92%) constituted neuroendocrine tumors. Duodenum was the most common site (38%) followed by the appendix (23%). The majority (1.9%) of the cases were categorized as of grade 1 followed by 2.3% of grade 2 and 1.19% of grade 3.  Immunohistochemically, chromogranin, and synaptophysin were strongly expressed in all ten cases of neuroendocrine tumors. The Ki67 labeling index was <3 % in 10 cases, while it was in the range of 3 – 20 % in 2 cases and >20 % in one case.

Conclusions: The incidence of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors is on the rise. They should be considered in developing a differential diagnosis. Hence use of diagnostic modalities such as immunohistochemistry should be implemented for better treatment.
Evaluation of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes in core needle biopsies and resected specimens of breast carcinoma
Authors: Sangam Parinitha S , Parmesh Priyanka
Published: December 2020

Background: Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes are important predictors of response to neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer. It remains unclear whether Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes scores in core needle biopsies are closely representative of those in the whole tumour of surgically resected specimens.

The study aims to evaluate the concordance between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes scores of core needle biopsies and surgically resected specimens as per recommendations and to assess the reliability of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes score in core needle biopsies.

Materials and Methods: Retrospective study from January 2016 to March 2019 done in tertiary care hospital. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes scores were sub-classified as low (≤10%), intermediate (11–49%), and high (40-90%). Relevant statistical tests were used and reliability score was done by Fisher’s test.

Results: The mean value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in 34 cases was 27.03% in core needle biopsies and 34.6% in surgically resected specimens. High tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes score was seen in 8 (23.6%) and 11 (32.4%) cases and low to intermediate score was seen in 26 (76.4%) cases and 23 (67.6%) in core needle biopsies and surgically resected specimens respectively. Intermediate and high tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes categories in core needle biopsies accounted for good agreement with surgically resected specimens (60%-intermediate, 87.5 %-high). More than three cores had a better agreement.

Conclusions: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes score in core needle biopsies is of reliable value in breast cancer. Discrepancies may occur in tumours with HER2neu phenotype, PR status, and younger age.
Clichés and pragmatemes
Authors: Mel’čuk Igor
Published: December 2020

In order to properly classify the phraseme (that is, a constrained, or non-free, expression) No parking, a universal typology of lexical phrasemes is proposed. It is based on the following two parameters:• The nature of constraints— Lexemic phrasemes: the expression is constrained with respect to freely constructed meaning.—  Semantic-lexemic phrasemes: the expression is constrained/non-constrained with respect to the meaning constrained by the conceptual representation.—  Pragmatemes: the expression is constrained with respect to pragmatic conditions, that is, to the extralinguistic situation of its use (in a letter, on a street sign, on a package of perishable food).• The compositionalityThe expression can/cannot be represented as regular “sum” of its components.As a result, we have, firstly, the following major classes of lexical phrasemes:1)  Non-compositional lexemic phrasemes: idioms (˹cold feet˺, ˹shoot the breeze˺)2)  Compositional lexemic phrasemes: collocations (rain heavily, pay a visit)3)  Non-compositional semantic-lexemic phrasemes: nominemes (Big Dipper, New South Wales)4)  Compositional semantic-lexemic phrasemes: clichés (See you tomorrow! | Absence makes the heart grow fonder.)For clichés, the least-studied class of phrasemes, a more detailed classification is proposed (as a function of the type of their denotation). Secondly, each phraseme (except a nomineme) and each lexemes can be pragmatically constrained, i.e. a pragmateme: ˹Fall out!˺ (idiom; a military command) | Take aim! (collocation; a military command) | Emphasis mine/added (cliché; in a printed text) | Rest! (lexeme; a military command).
Classement de métonymies et traduction automatique
Authors: Czekaj Anna
Published: December 2020

The paper is a continuation of the author’s previous work regarding the legitimacy of metonymy classification for the needs of automatic translation. The author attempts to solve the problem presented in the paper entitled Classification of metonymy and its usefulness in automatic translation and proposes her classification of metonymic expressions, which could be a helpful tool in computer translation.
L’interculturel en classe de langue — analyse de corpus pour l’étude de différences et de ressemblances sémantiques du terme politesse en français et en polonais
Authors: Dryjańska Agnieszka
Published: December 2020

This paper investigates an attempt to apply a corpus analysis to the development of the intercultural approach to foreign language teaching through the semantic analysis of cultural keywords. Our analysis will specifically include the process of discovering the meaning of the three words: French politesse and its Polish equivalents — grzeczność and uprzejmość through their collocations collected in French and Polish corpora. As a result, firstly, we came up with a conclusion that the French word politesse is characterized by more positive semantic prosody than its Polish equivalents. Secondly, politesse appears more frequently in coordinate collocations with nouns conveying aesthetical meaning, whereas the Polish word uprzejmość is more frequently used with nouns designating ethical features. The principles of our methodology or some data used in our research can inspire the introduction of an inductive lexical approach in foreign language teaching to facilitate the conceptualization of complex cultural notions, which is the essential of the intercultural teaching.
Innovazioni fraseologiche nei titoli della stampa italiana: una classificazione dei motivi delle innovazioni fraseologiche
Authors: Gadacz Joanna , Golda Paweł
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the phenomenon of phraseological innovations in titles of articles in one of the Italian newspapers La Stampa. In the first part of the article, key terms such as the phraseological norm and the phraseological innovation have been defined, taking into account various terms related to this process. Then, some innovation classifications have been presented. Finally, the analytical part describes 91 titles that are examples of innovations.
Du paradigme vers le syntagme — l’antonymie adjectivale : quelques remarques
Authors: Perz Magdalena
Published: December 2020

This paper raises and discusses the relation of antonymy in adjectives. Antonymy is considered to play an important role in organizing mental lexicon. This relation defined often in logical terms stands for paradigmatic relation, as presented in WordNet. However, the category of antonymous adjectives can depend on more than just the semantic qualities of a word. It is often highly context dependent. Adjectives have different interpretation depending on the noun they modify — it is no surprising that they produce different antonyms in different contexts. On the basis of few examples of investigations of antonymy, this paper argues that antonymy is not only a paradigmatic but also a syntagmatic relation. The paradigmatic-syntagmatic distinction is not always relevant to all antonymous adjectives.
Cadres, scripts, registres — complexité de traduction des mots polysémiques
Authors: Śmigielska Beata
Published: December 2020

The article deals with issues related to the description of polysemic units for supervised automatic translation of texts from French to Polish based on the object-oriented method by W. Banyś (AOO). Applying to the description additional tools allowing for the disambiguation — frames, scripts and register analysis — the author focuses on presenting the complexity of the description of lexical units. It should be stressed that the decision to assign meanings of such words one or another equivalents in the target language is determined by the criterion of preference. Some of the meanings of the word are easy to describe in such a way that the program can make a correct translation into the target language with a high degree of probability. However, there are often such meanings whose description is much more complex. The closer the meanings of the disambiguated words in the original and target language and the more similar the communication situation in which they are used, the more difficult it is to clearly indicate the boundaries between the meanings. In such cases, there is a much greater range of preferential character of the translation, which we have to adopt The French noun conjunction (f), chosen for analysis, reflects this phenomenon very well.
Vision(s) de la littérature québécoise en Italie. Révisions nécessaires?
Authors: Acerenza Gerardo
Published: December 2020

Literary texts written in French-speaking areas out of France very often represent real challenges for translators, because they have to deal with a diatopically marked language and with a large number of realia which require the implementation of specific strategies for translate in the target language. In this article, we will try to understand the strategies used by Italian translators when translating the linguistic specificities of Quebec literary works in Italian. The practice of translation can orient the vision (or reception) of a Quebec literature in Italy which appears at first sight to be hermetic because of its linguistic regionalisms. Do Italian translations of Quebec literature require revisions?
(Re)visions télévisuelles de la colonisation du Nord – série médiatique d’Un homme et son péché de Claude-Henri Grignon
Authors: Wójcik Katarzyna
Published: December 2020

Claude-Henri Grignon’s novel Un homme et son péché presents the life of French Canadian colonial settlers of the Laurentides region at the end of XIXth century. It depicts a realistic image of the colonisation period of Quebec history. The novel is at the origin of a media series that englobes a radio adaptation, three filmic adaptations, theater adaptations, a comic, and two television series. The aim of this article is to discuss the vision of colonisation by analysing two television series based on Un homme et son péché: Les Belles Histoires des pays d’en haut broadcast from 1956 to 1970 and Les Pays d’en haut broadcast from 2016 to 2019 on ICI Radio-Canada Télé 1. The analysis will try to trace modifications inherent to the process of adaptation on different levels (protagonists, representation of space, ideological discourse) and their influence on the vision of the colonisation period.
Le rôle de l’espace dans la littérature acadienne contemporaine Chacal, mon frère (2010) et L’Ombre de Chacal (2016) de Gracia Couturier
Authors: Żurawska Anna
Published: December 2020

The aim of deportation and expulsion of the Acadians during the so-called Grand Dérangement, also known as the Great Upheaval, was to deprive them of their land, which is presented in their history and literature. The idea of space is in this case closely connected with the question of identity in Acadian literature. Not referring directly to the above-mentioned historical events, Garcia Couturier explores in her novelistic diptych the relation between identity and space. Although Couturier’s writing is largely based on categories which characterise Acadian literature, she is able to go beyond them in order to concentrate on individual identity and liberty. She also investigates metaphorical expulsion, which shows her desire for autonomy from tradition and underlines modern aspects of the two novels.The aim of the article is therefore to examine the narrative representation of the space, its symbolic function and its role in shaping both individual and collective identity in Couturier’s novels.
Unité d’analyse en traductologie descriptive. Une contribution à la méthodologie des DTS
Authors: Raková Zuzana
Published: December 2020

This article aims to specify one method of descriptive analysis, which can be used in the epistemological framework of the Descriptive Translation Studies and the theory of the polysystem. The challenge is essentially to define the unit of analysis in relation to traditional translation methods (borrowing, tracing, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation), defined in 1958 by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet. We aim to associate the comparative stylistics with polysystem theory on the descriptive studies of translation and to propose a method of qualitative and quantitative analysis on corpus of source and target texts. The method could be profitable especially for studies in the field of the history of translation (in the phase of “historical criticism” according to the taxonomy of the discipline formulated by A. Pym).
L’oeuvre romanesque de Loys Masson, ou l’écocritique mauricienne et indianocéanique au moyen d’une poétisation de la nature et de l’espace
Authors: Samboo Sachita R.
Published: December 2020

The study of Mauritian Literature and the environment from an interdisciplinary perspective arouses various concerns and questionings such as the protection of planet Earth, the relation between characterisation and natural settings, the nature-culture dichotomy and nature writing. The fictionalisation and poeticization of Mauritian and Indian Ocean islands’ natural spaces in Loys Masson’s novels depict both man as Nature’s saviour and Nature as man’s saviour, in such a way that Nature’s raison d’être becomes Literature and aesthetics. Nature exists because it will eventually turn into a Book. Born at the end of the 20th century in American universities and closely linked to geocriticism and ecopoetics, ecocriticism thus provides new insights into Masson’s novels while reviving traditional French philosophical thoughts by Jean-Jacques Rousseau or Michel Serres.