bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Satire
Authors: Frye Northrop
Published: March 2013

The word “satire” belongs to that fairly large class of words which have two meanings, one specific and technical, the other more general. In Roman literature, for instance, the study of satire is essentially the study of a specific literary form, or rather two literary forms, of that name: the poetic satire developed by Horace and Juvenal and the prose or “Menippean” satire developed by Petronius and (in Greek) Lucian. In English literature, with which we are at present concerned, the satire may also be and has been the name of a form. Juvenal and Horace are the models of Donne and Pope, and Lucian is the model of Swift. But this idea of a satire form is in English literature a Renaissance and neo-Classical idea: it hardly existed in the Middle Ages, and it hardly exists now, though we still have our Hilaire Bellocs and Roy Campbells trying to blow up its dying fire with antique bellows. The word now means a tone or quality of art which we may find in any form: in a play by Shaw, a novel by Sinclair Lewis or a cartoon by Low. Hence in dealing with English satire we must include not only Swift and Pope, who worked with the traditional models, but all the writers who have ignored the models but have preserved the tone and attitude of satire. A distinction essential to the treatment of Roman, and perhaps also of French, satire is quite unnecessary in English literature, which has never taken kindly to strict forms.
French-Canadian Letters
Authors: Collin
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian books published in 1944.
Baroque Form in English Literature
Authors: Daniells Roy
Published: March 2013

Until recently the connotations of the word "baroque" have been almost without exception unpleasant. The reason for all this is not far to seek. Baroque has meant, and for many people still means, nothing more than a questionable style of architecture, that of the Seicento. The contempt of eighteenth-century connoisseurs, under the influence of a revived taste for the “classic,” is at least intelligible; it is harder to see why the nineteenth century, exalting Gothic, had not a kind word for baroque. The failure of Ruskin to recognize the style should, perhaps, be taken as a tribute to its innate subtlety and sophistication. It has remained for our own generation to attempt to do critical justice to the graphic and plastic art developed by the contemporaries of Milton and the “metaphysicals.”
The Argument of T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets
Authors: Blissett William
Published: March 2013

The scope of this article is restricted to an elucidation of argument. I wish at once to admit the limitations of that approach: I consider Mr. Eliot's poems to be essentially what the title indicates-four quartets. An adequate reading of them should, accordingly, occasion an experience like that of listening to a type of chamber music. Persons who know Beethoven's last quartets—the musical works perhaps most nearly, analogous to these poems—speak of being mindful of related passages in the others whenever any single one is being performed. In a similar way I believe that each of Eliot's poems when read with the necessary information and alertness of sensibility will be perceived to have four voices, one heard and three unheard: each poetical statement has three judges as the reader recalls the structural parallels and recurrent ideas of all the poems.
Blougram's Apologetics
Authors: Priestley F. E. L.
Published: March 2013

Most interpretations of “Bishop Blougram's Apology” have started with the assumption that the poem represents one of Browning's attempts to present the best that a generally contemptible character can say for himself, “an attempt to make a case for a sophistical and indulgent priest at his possible worst.” Such interpretations give to the word apology its popular meaning of a confession of error with a plea for lenience in judgment. As Miss Naish pointed out long ago, Browning's reported comments to Duffy are hard to reconcile with this view of the poem; if Browning drew a portrait of Wiseman as “a vulgar, fashionable priest, justifying his own cowardice,” yet declared that the portrait was not a satire, and had “nothing hostile about it,” then Browning was either a hypocrite more brazen than Gigadibs thought Blougram, or incredibly naive.
Laying the Blame on Labour
Authors: Stewart H. L.
Published: March 2013

Marshal Pétain said, in the broadcast (of unknown authorship) which he addressed to his countrymen on the night of France's capitulation, that it was a moral break-down that had led her to her doom. Probably it was. But for some at least of those most convinced that the break-down was moral, Marshal Pétain's account of the decay was the very inverse of the truth. To him, moral declension meant revolt against discipline; it meant insurgence by those bent on free thought, free speech, free conduct. For recovery, he prescribed a new mood, whose first expression should be an oath of allegiance to himself in that new office—unknown to the French Republic—which he assumed, by his own appointment, “Chief of State.” A glance at some leading organs of British Conservative opinion will show a like effort there to charge the national difficulties, if not the whole world chaos, against insurgent Labour. What the French Right sets forth in arraignment of Léon Blum, its British counterpart advances against the memory of Ramsay MacDonald. What force is there in either reproach as an account of the downfall of France and the difficulties of Great Britain—not to mention the desperate travail of all Europe?
George Herbert and the Humanist Tradition
Authors: Ross Malcolm
Published: March 2013

Unless one is content with abstract definition one can no longer discuss the meaning of humanism without concern and even trepidation. Perhaps if one is ready to admit that this meaning is subject to change, and that the persistence of the word from the Renaissance to the recent embalming of “The Hundred Best Books” is another indication of the poverty of language, one may avoid the trip and stumble which use of the term so often occasions.
Canadian Folk-Songs
Authors: Barbeau Marius
Published: March 2013

The folk-lore of French Canada is too vast and varied to lend itself to summary treatment. Its hoard, whether amassed and centralized or still awaiting the harvester, is so rich in cultural traits, in traditional narratives, pictorial patterns, tunes, and verse-forms, that it cannot be rendered by mere statistics and and chapter-heads. It must be sampled in actuality, as a gourmet samples old wines or cheese; its contents have to be picked up on sunny mornings, as a gardener culls flowers or scented herbs. In this culling there is a need for wisdom, knowledge, and profound human interest.
Lament for Damon
Authors: Waddell Helen
Published: March 2013

Like its more famous predecessor Lycidas (1638), the Epitaphium Damonis (1640) stands in the tradition of the European pastoral elegy, which extends from Theocritus' Lament for Daphnis to Matthew Arnold's Thyrsis and includes, among other poems, Bion's Lament for Adonis, Moschus' Lament for Bion, Virgil's Daphnis, Castiglione's Alcon, Ronsard's Angelot, and Shelley's Adonais. In the Renaissance such poetry was written either in Latin or in the vernacular. The pastoral elegy demands for its perfection, first, a genuine emotional content (which may range all the way from simple grief for the departed, as in the Epitaphium, to the more complex feelings associated with the hazards of life and death in general, as in Lycidas), and, second, an artistry which can draw on the riches of the tradition and weave from them an appropriate aesthetic pattern. In her original preface, Miss Waddell quotes from Johnson's notorious dismissal of Lycidas: “Where there is room for fiction, there is little grief.” She rightly sees in the Epitaphium the complete refutation of this charge: “The truth is, rather, that ‘fiction’, convention, makes room for grief. The traditional language, the ancient symbols, become a kind of liturgy that releases emotion even while it controls it.”
The Mariner and the Albatross
Authors: Whalley George
Published: March 2013

In these words, in a letter to Wordsworth dated January 30, 1801, Charles Lamb spoke of Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Some readers continue to echo Mrs. Barbauld's complaints that the poem is improbable and has an inadequate or distasteful moral. But these are mental reservations: poetry of the order of The Ancient Mariner, does not work its magic upon the mind alone; and mental afterthoughts are of little use in explaining, least of all in explaining away, the profound spiritual and emotional effect of this poem. For every sympathetic reader since Lamb has been similarly possessed and haunted by The Ancient Mariner.
The Novels of George Bernard Shaw
Authors: Bissell Claude
Published: March 2013

In the London of the late seventies, it was inevitable that a young man, determimed upon a serious literary career, should try his hand at the writing of novels. For this was an age when the novelist could aim at distinction and, at the same time, reasonably hope for popularity: nobody, it is true, had yet taken the place of Thackeray and Dickens, but George Eliot and Anthony Trollope were still alive, and George Meredith was just entering upon the era of his greatest popular success. In 1879, George Bernard Shaw was a young Irish immigrant of twenty-three, who since his arrival in London three years before had been frequenting artistic and literary circles, and who accordingly felt that his talents and his rich experience of life could find a triumphant issue in the writing of novels. Until 1883 he devoted himself almost entirely to the realization of this purpose. The results were, at least, a tribute to his pertinacity and industry; undeterred by a monotonous succession of refusals from unenlightened publishers, he continued “to fill five pages ... a day, rain or shine, dull or inspired,” and in five years turned out five novels. Today the novels have taken their place in the Standard Edition, not merely as the juveniliaof a great artist, but as works that have considerable merit in their own right. I do not propose, however, to follow those critics who have sought to add another reputation to the many that Shaw has already acquired and have thrust him, belatedly, into the ranks of the great English novelists. It is my purpose rather to show how invaluable these early works are for the understanding of Shaw's intellectual and artistic development.
Scholarship in the Social Sciences
Authors: Brady A.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of scholarship in the social sciences published in Canada in 1947.
Fiction
Authors: Bissell Claude
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1948.
French-Canadian Letters
Authors: Collin w. E.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian books published in 1948.
New-Canadian Letters
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of English-Canadian books published in Canada in 1948.
Literary Criticism in Canada
Authors: Pacey Desmond
Published: March 2013

Let me begin by defining the scope of this article. It will be concerned not with all literary criticism produced in this country, but with Canadian criticism of Canadian literature. It is not intended to be a formal analysis and evaluation of contemporary critics, still less a history of the development of our criticism; it is an attempt to discover certain basic tendencies of Canadian literary criticism and to suggest possible explanations for them.
Unsubstantial Father: A Study of the Hamlet Symbolism in Joyce's Ulysses
Authors: Duncan Edward
Published: March 2013

“The aunt is going to call on your unsubstantial father." Thus jeered Buck Mulligan, ridiculing Stephen Dedalus’ chief obsession, the theme of paternity, which in all its various ramifications continued to haunt Stephen throughout the whole of Ulysses. Commentators have long recognized the importance of this father-son relationship for a proper understanding of Joyce's symbolism; indeed, Ulysses is largely the saga of Stephen's search for a father. In spite of this, I feel that it has never been adequately treated. It is true that Stuart Gilbert devotes a whole chapter of his book on Ulyssesto a discussion of the paternity theme, but since he uses theosophy as a Procrustean bed on which to fit Joyce's text, his treatment is necessarily somewhat limited. It is in the Scylla and Charybdis episode, somewhat neglected by commentators, that we may hope to find an answer to the following questions: "Why was Stephen Dedalus not satisfied with ordinary fatherhood, the relationship with Simon, his consubstantial father; and what was the particular relation for which he quested?" The Scylla and Charybdis episode, usually known as the Library scene, so called because it takes place in the National Library in Kildare Street, is significant because of the light which it throws on Stephen's relations with his father and mother. Here Stephen expounds a theory concerning Shakespeare's family, based principally on a study of Hamlet, and, under cover of this exposition, propounds a theory of fatherhood and rids his soul of some of the bitterness caused by his relations with his own family.
Hippolyte, PhÈdre, and the "RÉcite de ThÉramÈne"
Authors: Lapp John
Published: March 2013

Traditional objections to the "Récit de Théramène" — the peroration on Hippolyte's death in the final act of Phèdre — tend to group themselves under three main headings: its dramatic superfluity, its ornateness, and its extreme length[…]The modern critic will find this approach irrelevant, preferring' to consider both récit and monologue as dramatic conventions within the cultural and aesthetic framework of French classic tragedy. But granting that the récit in general may be an acceptable device, and leaving aside the question of vraisemblance, the first objection to the speech of Theramene (and the one on which the others hinge) may still be voiced: is this particular récit superfluous? We may go on to ask, should not the play have ended with Act IV? Does the dramatic interest flag after the announcement of Hippolyte's death?
Reviews
Authors: Goudge Thomas , Helleiner Karl , Fisher P.
Published: March 2013

Philip P. Wiener, Evolution and the Founders of Pragmatism, reviewed by Thomas A. Goudge

William John Rose, Poland Old and New, reviewed by Karl F. Helleiner

Bernard Blackstone, English Blake reviewed by P.F. Fisher

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The Mind of Newton
Authors: Eve
Published: March 2013

The idea is common, though false, that the star of Newton has set now that the star of Einstein is in the ascendant. Yet to-day no one pays greater homage to Newton than Einstein himself, nor is there probably any other living man who more fully grasps what may be termed the Mind of Newton. In his Principia Newton for the first time laid down those great principles of moving bodies which have ever since been used by man in all his inventions and discoveries. His system of dynamics still pervades all branches of mechanical science, whether in astronomy, engineering, or atomic physics. His system worked, and still holds for the motions of a planet round the sun, provided an attractive force exists between the one mass and the other, equal to their product and lessening as the square of their distance apart.
Herrick: His Epigrams and Lyrics
Authors: Lossing
Published: March 2013

Herrick's poetry has been found of very unequal merit: a few of his lyrics have been accepted as among the finest in English, while by Southey and others the coarser lyrics and the epigrams have been dismissed as mere "garbage", and the Noble Numbers, the religious verse, has been held inoffensive but puerile and dull. The assumption that two parts of Herrick's work are irrelevant to an understanding of the third is, however, quite inadmissible. If his poetry is considered sympathetically and as a whole, the sensitiveness to physical impressions which results in the "coarseness" of the epigrams will be recognized as the very same quality which brings sensuous beauty into the lyrics, while the Noble Numbers will reveal the limitations inherent in the poet's reliance on sense impressions.
Reviews
Authors: Barker  , Seeley  , Roper  , Leonard Irving
Published: March 2013

Donald Clayton Dorian, The English Diodatis, reviewed by A. E. Barker

Sir Walter Moberly, The Crisis in the University, reviewed by S. K. Seeley

Howard P. Vincent, The Trying-out of Moby-Dick, reviewed by G. Roper

Irving A. Leonard, Books of the Brave: Being an Account of Books and of Men in the Spanish Conquest and Settlement of the Sixteenth-Century New World, reviewed by M. A. Buchanan

A. L. Hilliard, The Forms of Value, reviewed by John A. Irving

Muriel Bowden, A Commentary on the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, reviewed by J. D. Robins

Hugo Munsterberg, A Short History of Chinese Art, reviewed by L. C. Walmsley

Carlos Baker, Shelley's Major Poems: The Fabric of a Vision, reviewed by J. R. MacGillivray
The Development of Reid's Theory of Knowledge
Authors: Faurot J. H.
Published: March 2013

When Thomas Reid prepared his An Inquiry into the Human Mind for publication in 1763, he wrote a lengthy Introduction and a lengthy Conclusion for it. Because his interpreters have failed to notice that these are the latest strata of a work which took several years to write, they have found their author unbelievably confused, and have partly mistaken his place in history. One should begin the Inquiry at chapter II and read the work. consecutively, except that the Introduction should be read with the Conclusion. This will not only restore to the work the freshness of a genuine inquiry: it will also reveal certain distinct lines of development in Reid's thinking, and so provide incentive for reading the later Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man where these lines reach their conclusion.
Letters in Canada: 1951
Authors: MacGillivray J. R.
Published: March 2013

Introductory remark by the editor of Letters in Canada.
Drama
Authors: Tovell Vincent
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1951.
Social Studies
Authors: Underhill F. H. , Innis H. A.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of social studies published in Canada in 1951.
Reviews
Authors: Woodhouse A. S. P. , Blissett William
Published: March 2013

F. R. Leavis, ed., Mill on Bentham and Coleridge, reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

Ernest Lee Tuveson, Millennium and Utopia: A Study in the Background of the Idea of Progress, reviewed by William Blissett
The Domesticity of T. S. Eliot
Authors: Evans David
Published: March 2013

It may be that T. S. Eliot will never be looked upon as a household poet, one of the elderly bearded gentlemen whose poetry is regarded with affection because it is reassuring and uncomplicated. But Mr. Eliot, nevertheless, is the most domestic of modern poets. His domesticity, indeed, as much as any single factor, distinguishes him significantly from the Romantics who began to forsake the town for “the pleasures of the pathless woods” not long after William Cowper wrote his eulogy to the sofa. For a hundred years after that, furniture ceased to play an imposing role in poetry. It was unpoetic. While he continued to describe with Wordsworthian sensitivity what used to be called the beauties of nature, Eliot changed all this. He brought poetry back to the town, (which had by then become the city), to the houses in the town, and to the furniture in the houses. Enamoured of houses, especially old houses, he made himself unconsciously the publicist par excellence for the handiwork of the architect and the building contractor, the carpenter, the plumber, and the interior decorator. And, looking out from the barred gate of heaven, old Mr. Cowper could be assured that so long as Eliot wrote, “no want of timber” need be “felt or fear'd in Albion's happy isle.”
Featherpate of Folly
Authors: Haddow
Published: March 2013

In one respect at least the novels of Ronald Firbank resemble Paradise Lost. They are likely to be appreciated only by a small, select audience; though had Firbank wished to call upon some heavenly power to find him such an audience, he would probably have invoked not Urania but one of the many saints of his own invention, St. Automona di Meris or the Blessed St. Elizabeth Bathilde “who, by dint of skipping, changed her sex at the age of forty and became a man.” It would be idle, however, to maintain that Milton and Firbank have much else in common. Milton writes of Good and Evil and holds strong opinions about them. Firbank is unaware of their existence. There is plenty of naughtiness in his stories, “making light of sacred things” and bawdy innuendo, but moral judgment and righteous indignation are conspicuously absent. One would no more think of looking for a serious purpose in Valmouth than in Peter Rabbit. When W. H. Auden said that the authors whom he would most have wished to write like were Firbank, Potter, Carroll, Lear, he put Firbank in the right company as an inspired writer of nonsense. Milton, of course, occasionally deviates into nonsense, especially in dealing with angels; but Firbank never deviates into sense, and rarely into dulness.
Poetry
Authors: Frye Northrop
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1954.
Literature and the Literary Judgment
Authors: Walsh Dorothy
Published: March 2013

Is there a discrepancy between these pronouncements? The first says that we must look beyond the realm of literature to arrive at an appraisal of literary greatness. The second says that to determine the significance and the appreciation of a work of literature we must compare and contrast it with other works of literature. There is, indeed, no discrepancy if we assume that the second quotation has reference to a more limited judgment than that envisioned by the first.
Marlow's Quest
Authors: Thale Jerome
Published: March 2013

Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale—mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack. These, of course, are only the vehicle of something more fundamental, and one way of getting at what they symbolize is to see the story as a grail quest. Though Conrad is sparing in his explicit use of the metaphor ("a weary pilgrimage amongst hints for nightmares"), it is implicit in the structure of the action. As in the grail quest there is the search for some object, and those who find and can see the grail receive an illumination. Marlow, the central figure, is like a knight seeking the grail, and his journey even to the end follows the archetype. His grandiose references to the dark places of the earth, his talk of the secret of a continent, the farthest point of navigation, his sudden and unwonted sense that he his off not to the the centre of a continent but to the centre of the earth—these, occurring before he starts his journey, give it the atmosphere of a quest.
A Quarter-Century of the Quarterly
Authors: Daniells Roy
Published: March 2013

The feelings of this writer about the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO QUARTERLY, now in its twenty-fifth year of publication, may be gauged from his having been a subscriber, with small if any intermission, since the beginning. The conventions of criticism, however, do not permit of simple enthusiasm; they “exact a full look at the worst”: let us proceed then with proper caution and due depreciation.
Theme and Pattern in Paradise Regained
Authors: Woodhouse
Published: March 2013

Paradise Regained has been thought of as the necessary sequel to Paradise Lost, and again as no sequel at all. That it is not a necessary sequel is clear from the fact that the scheme of salvation is set forth in Paradise Lost, whose subject, the Fall, is thus presented, according to the Christian view, as a tragic episode in a divine comedy. But it is a mistake to infer that Paradise Regained bears no direct relation to Paradise Lost. Its pattern is of a different order and self-contained, but is not therefore independent. Milton rejected the obvious possibility of a sequel which should treat the drama of Redemption at comparable length with the drama of the Fall. He sought instead in Christ's life on earth the single episode which most closely paralleled, and contrasted with, the crisis of the earlier epic, and this clearly was the Temptation in the Wilderness, where Satan attacked the Second Adam and met, instead of his former victory, defeat. That is the essential relation of Paradise Regained to Paradise Lost.
Function and Survival in British Universities
Authors: Ashby Eric
Published: March 2013

Napoleon, who died only 134 years ago, could cross the Alps no faster than Hannibal crossed them. Today you can comfortably have breakfast in Paris and lunch in Rome. Gladstone, who died only 57 years ago, could not reach more people with his voice than Demosthenes could. Today a prime minister's voice can be heard in the homes of millions; millions can even watch him smile and blow his nose. The rate of change in the last hundred years is of a different order from that of previous centuries. The changes are not merely advances in technology: they are unprecedented social upheavals. Amid these upheavals stand certain ancient and cherished institutions: churches, parliaments, universities. Will they survive? Have they a function in the new world?
The President Reports
Authors: Harris Robert
Published: March 2013

In his presidential address to the National Conference of Canadian Universities which met at Toronto in June 1955, Dr. W. P. Thompson of the University of Saskatchewan undertook the task of defining the proper duties of a university president. The protean nature of the president's role would render this a courageous undertaking in any circumstances. Dr. Thompson's decision was particularly heroic since, himself the president of one Canadian university, he was addressing an audience which included the president, principal, or rector of almost every other university or college in Canada. It would be difficult to assemble a more critical audience for an address on this subject. No one knows better than a president the contradictions inherent in a position which places the occupant under legal or moral obligations at one and the same time to five distinct and powerful groups—groups, moreover, whose interests frequently conflict: governors, faculty, students, alumni, and the general public. No one, therefore, has better cause than a president to view with cynicism any attempt to describe the ideal. It is not, however, the purpose of this article to review the difficulties of Dr. Thompson's task, nor to report on his success in dealing with a forbidding subject. (Dr. Thompson's address will appear in the published Proceedings of the 1955 Conference.) We are concerned here with but one of the president's many problems: the preparation of an annual report on the state of the institution. Though not specifically referred to by Dr. Thompson, the problem posed by the annual report proves to be typical of those which face the president, for his efforts to produce a satisfactory report are complicated by the conflicting claims of the five groups with which he deals.
Matter and Method in Education
Authors: Scarfe
Published: March 2013

The controversy which centres on the relative importance of subject-matter and methods of teaching in the school is not new, but it tends to become increasingly confused as it engages the attention of a greater number of people. Prejudiced views have naturally multiplied, and so, too, have the approaches to the problem. As the controversy clouds rather than clarifies the issues, it seems wise to try and reconcile the opposing points of view, rather than to engage in the conflict. Thus the purpose of this article is, first, to explain briefly what these points of view are and, second, to suggest ways in which their opposition may be resolved.
Walter de la Mare 1873–1956
Authors: Endicott
Published: March 2013

True, of course, and written by one who has never shown any disrespect for words. And yet, without being themselves patronizing, these lines, ending as they do with "sound," encourage a view of de la Mare's poetry which is at once very common, very natural, and misleading. The modern taste for revaluations will not tempt me into the folly of belittling the superb modulation of de la Mare's best poetry (Auden even suggests an essay on his use of the spondee), or the so often praised "magic" of his evocations of silence, of twilight, of night and expectation, of the voices of spring. But the words and cadences are only, if we may say only, what they are in the works of other poets, that is, they are the only conceivable (once it is done) way of expressing a vision of life. And the vision of life which some of de la Mare's readers find in his words and cadences and metaphors is in fact one of greater intensity and meaning, though of less complication, than that found in a good many of the more fashionably intellectual or witty poems of our time. His poetic thought, indeed, is quite as serious as that of more "modem" poets whose mythology or masks offer more reward to research and therefore more aid to reputation.
British Conservatism: Its Political Ideas
Authors: Brady Alexander
Published: March 2013

The relation of the two major parties in Britain to political ideas is a central if sometimes ambiguous feature in the democracy. Although the facts of universal suffrage and parliamentary government have tended to make the parties closely resemble each other in tenets and strategy, they remain distinct as the vehicles for different groups of people, different interests, and different attitudes of mind.
Plato's Use of Myth
Authors: Tait
Published: March 2013

The exuberant imagery in which the world and the forces which control it are pictured in the mythical consciousness of a pre-scientific age or in the myths of primitive races today appears so remote from the austere concepts of scientific understanding as to preclude any positive relation between them. The phantasy and illusion of myth, it may seem, must simply be discarded for the intellection and reality of science. According to some historians of Greek thought, writing not so long ago, a clean break of this kind was effected on the coast of Asia Minor in the sixth century before Christ. Then, it would appear, Thales aroused his fellows from their mythological slumber by announcing in clear rational accents that water is the cause of all things. At that moment science and philosophy were born, full-armed, like Athene from the head of Zeus. These same historians tend, however, to neglect another remark attributed to Thales, or to boggle at its ostensible meaning. He is reported also to have said that all things are full of gods. This is inconvenient, and most unbecoming in the first positivist. And so we are assured that when Thales said "gods," he of course did not mean "gods," at least not in the religious sense of the word. Professor Gilson's pithy remark in this connection comes to mind. "Very few words have a more distinctly religious connotation than the word 'god.'"
The Round Table and Research
Authors: Ross Murray
Published: March 2013

There has been a tendency in the social sciences to believe that statistical methods, control groups or situations, questionnaires and schedules, etc., constitute the essence of research. These are extremely valuable techniques used in one type of modern research, but they are by no means the only methods available to the researcher. There has developed in recent years, in fact, a reaction to the almost complete reliance on the tabulating machine in social science, and to the tendency to isolate smaller and smaller variables, and to study these in the greatest possible detail. Social scientists are becoming increasingly aware that there are a wide variety of research methods, and that even larger and more general problems may yield to at least partial solution by appropriate methods of investigation. More important for us here is the recognition that there are many ways in which knowledge may be advanced and truth discovered. If we had been, or were now, restricted in what we know to the results of scientific research, we wonld, indeed, be an intellectually impoverished people.
The Predicament of American Foreign Policy
Authors: Beloff Max
Published: March 2013

To ask a citizen of the United Kingdom to interpret in the spring of 1957 tbe foreign policy of the United States to a Canadian audience is to confer a compliment but to take a risk. I can only justify the Editor's confidence by being perfectly frank in this article while admitting at the same time that any attempt at applying an historical perspective to a present predicament is necessarily a subjective one and that I am conscious that others of my compatriots equally or better qualified to treat this subject might handle it in a very different fashion.
From the Board Room Window
Authors: Phillips
Published: March 2013

When Winston Churchill said: “The University is a place where the future of the nation is at stake,” he stated a little-recognized truth that should serve as our slogan in these challenging days. At the University of Toronto we have been conscious for several years of approaching problems which, if not resolved in time, might determine the usefulness of the University. If, in Churchill's phrase, the future of the nation is here at stake, the importance of those problems is evident. There is no mystery about their general nature. They are common to all the universities of the Western world. No two universities, however, are exactly alike, and each requires the measures appropriate to the local situation.
Friendship: An Interim Value?
Authors: Nulle Stebelton
Published: March 2013

On a subject so well-worn as friendship, you might say that further comment may be spared. Even as long ago as Addison, there was "no Subject of Morality better handled," as he said, "and more exhausted." In fact, you might say that the last word about friendship was written by the Greeks and Romans, and that its place in the canon of Western values has been fixed ever since.
Kipling's Ken of India
Authors: Bushnell Nelson
Published: March 2013

Two decades ago, in 1936, Rudyard Kipling died, and it has frequently been assumed that his literary reputation was interred with his bones. But the customary period during which nothing unless evil may be spoken of the dead is now coming to an end; Kipling's precocious fame has already had time to emerge from the first of those recurrent clouds which must be endured by all reputations but a choice few; and the hue and cry after Tory witches of which he was a darling victim has begun to ring a little thin. During the years intervening since Kipling's death, persistent expressions of concern over his permanent status in literature have been accumulating. The comments of Edmund Wilson, T. S. Eliot, George Orwell, Somerset Maugham, and G. M. Trevelyan encourage us to attempt a second reading, recently facilitated by John Beecroft's Selection of the stories and poems; and a full-scale Life has been published, as "the definitive biography of one of England's greatest writers." In addition, Kipling benefits by a special dispensation, for current political events beget an anxiety over India in North American minds whose awareness of that country is rooted in his pages. How can one hear talk of the Northwest Frontier and Lahore and Delhi and Lucknow without remembering Kim and "The Man Who Would Be King"?
Beowulf and the Harp at Sutton Hoo
Authors: Bessinger
Published: March 2013

"In a Field of old Walsingham, not many months past," wrote Sir Thomas Browne in 1658, "were digged up between fourty and fifty Urnes, deposited in a dry and sandy soile, not a yard deep, not far from one another." Hydriotaphia; Urne-Buriall is a prologue to the remarkable mediaeval scholarship of the period between 1660 and 1720 which produced figures like Dugdale, Hickes, and Wanley; and with Browne's speculations upon the urns modern archaeology in East Anglia also begins. Some sixty miles to the south-east of Walsingham, at Rendlesham, near Woodbridge, Suffolk, was the seat of the Anglo-Saxon kings of East Anglia. Downstream from the site of Rendlesham, within the grounds of a private estate called Sutton Hoo, were found in 1939 the remains of an Anglo-Saxon burial-ship in which had been placed a royal treasure. A fact which struck many people about the discovery was the parallel between the burial of this rowing-ship in England and the Danish ship-burial described in the opening verses of the Old English epic poem Beowulf. Surely one would have thought, if only a poem had described the event, that no primitive English or Danish people could have afforded to squander great wealth in the grave of a ruler? Yet there such a treasure lay in 1939.
The Masks of Archibald Lampman
Authors: Watt
Published: March 2013

Historical and biographical criticism are likely to remain the chief approaches to Canadian literature for some while to come—indeed, for as long as the soil continues to offer so small a return for more intensive forms of cultivation. It is a sign of vitality, however, that the easy generalizations and simple conclusions which were once possible are becoming more difficult to make. Canadian literature as it is now being written and Canadian literary history alike can no longer be exploited with impunity by the casual amateur. With the increase in complexity and difficulty comes a new sense of interest and relevance. Writers once thought of as safely and finally placed in the Canadian literary tradition are threatening (although serious "revaluations" remain unlikely) to re-emerge with new vitality. Among these Archibald Lampman, formerly pigeon-holed as a minor nature Romantic of the late-Victorian era, may yet come to be looked upon less as a mildly interesting fossil of an outlived colonial past than as a type of the Canadian writer and his continuing special problems in this country.
Reviews
Authors: Grant Douglas , Hoeniger  , Wilson Milton
Published: March 2013

Anthony Beal, D.H. Lawrence: Selected Literary Criticism, reviewed by Douglas Grant

T.S. Eliot, On Poetry and Poets, reviewed by Douglas Grant

F.R. Leavis, D.H. Lawrence: Novelist, reviewed by Douglas Grant

John Middleton Murry, Love, Freedom, and Society, reviewed by Douglas Grant

Edward Nehls, D.H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, reviewed by Douglas Grant

Hardin Craig, English Religious Drama of the Middle Ages, reviewed by F.D. Hoeniger

Neville Roger, Shelley at Work, reviewed by Milton Wilson
Time in Experience and Science
Authors: Dingle Herbert
Published: March 2013

Time is so deeply rooted in consciousness itself that it is impossible for the normal human being to contemplate a state of existence apart from it. Mystics, indeed, speak of a timeless state, in which what we call past, present, and future are merged into a single eternal instant, but they are unable to convey their experience to others through the medium of words, and to most of us such a state must remain a mere theoretical possibility beyond imagination. For that very reason, however, time in its full sense becomes almost impossible to define. "What then is time?" asks St. Augustine, and he replies, "If no one asks me, I know; if I want to explain it to a questioner, I do not know." Neither do I. But what we can do is analyse the uses which we make of the word and so purge our statements about it from error and meaninglessness. To do this completely would be far too big a task for an article: our discussion here will be limited to the function of time in physical science. This will, of course, cover a considerable part of everyday life, but it will not touch problems arising in abnormal psychology or the possible phenomena of extra-sensory perception.
The Teaching of Foreign Languages
Authors: Galperin Ilya
Published: March 2013

In the Soviet Union, foreign languages are taught in the secondary schools and in the colleges and universities. They are a regular part of the curriculum. The number of hours devoted to them varies according to the type of school. They are a compulsory subject; if a student fails his foreign language examination he is not granted a diploma.
The Teaching of Art
Authors: Iohanson Boris
Published: March 2013

Unusually favourable conditions for the development and training of gifted young people have been created in the Soviet Union. Ever since the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 art education has received constant encouragement and attention from the people and the government. The doors of art schools have been opened wide to the children of workers, farmers, and intellectuals of all the many nationalities inhabiting the country.
Reviews
Authors: Watt  , Goudge  , Bessinger  , Hoeninger  , Graham Victor , Joliat Eugene
Published: March 2013

Edwin John Pratt, reviewed by F.W. Watt

Explorations Accross the Great Divide, reviewed by T.A. Goudge

Chaucer: A Parliament of Critics, reviewed by J.B. Bessinger

Seven New Books on Shakespeare, reviewed by F.D. Hoeninger

Richard H. Barker, Marcel Proust: a Biography, reviewed by Victor E. Graham

Carmine Rocco Linsalata, Smollett's Hoax: Don Quixote in English, reviewed by Eugene Joliat
The Essence of Islam: An Indian Modernist View
Authors: Freeze
Published: March 2013

The essential teaching of a religion is often obscured by studies relating to its polemics, history, law, literary tendencies, and philosophical concepts. From time to time it becomes necessary to ask the question: what does Islam stand for? The answer to this question depends upon the time when it is asked, the country in which the answer is given, and the person who answers it.
Turkey
Authors: Beckingham
Published: March 2013

The Western political observer surveying the countries of the Near East or the Islamic world, turns with relief to Turkey, which has preserved its independence without xenophobia, rejected Communism without becoming Fascist, accepted industrialization without Marxism, and maintained an exemplary stability in its internal affairs since the foundation of the Republic. Twenty years ago, writers on Turkey were impressed above all by the seeming miracle of Westernization, by the abolition of the veil and the fez, the Sultanate and the Caliphate, the Arabic script and the dervishes. Today it is rather the stability of Turkish political institutions and the continuity of Turkish foreign policy that excite the admiration of commentators.
Literary Developments in Modern Turkey
Authors: Berkes Niyazi
Published: March 2013

One has yet to find even a general survey in English of modern Turkish literature, although English scholarship can boast of having produced the best account of the premodern or classical Turkish literature in any language. Unsurpassed for the period it covers, E. J. W. Gibb's six-volume A History of Ottoman Poetry (London, 1900-1909) deals almost exclusively with literature before the nineteenth century and, as the title indicates, only with the poetic form. And in fact, poetry was the genre in which the men of literature expressed the Turkish literary art best until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only then did prose, particnlarly the play, short story, novel, and essay, begin to depose classical poetry. In doing so it revolutionized the language and literary standards, took pre-eminence in artistic expression and social influence, and, eventually, gave rise to an entirely new poetry.
Milton's Abstract Music
Authors: Cook Albert
Published: March 2013

The poets of the recent past have often wanted their personal rhythms to resemble the spoken language, or a prose not too far from cultivated speech. The bias if strong enough can lead to the rejection of blank verse itself as improper to American English. But one need not go so far as William Carlos Williams in pleading for the primacy of speech in a personal voice in order to feel cool towards Milton, whose verse is easily recognized as based on some personal rhythm quite remote from speech (or so he may seem to us; to Dr. Johnson, Milton's blank verse was too close to the spoken langnage, verse for the eye). Milton's imperious lulling of diction and syntax towards Latin has been pondered and assessed; since sound and sense wed indissolubly in a poem, we sbould expect to find, fusing Milton's invented sense, some general harmonics of sound beyond Bridges' discrimination of his syllabic laws or Arnold Stein's subtle analysis of tone colour in Paradise Lost.
Poetry
Authors: Frye Northrop
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1959.
The National-Social Revolution in Germany
Authors: Flenley
Published: March 2013

Adolf Hitler, the leader of the N.S.D.A.P. (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) was appointed chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933, and has now been in office for over half a year. In the middle of July he declared that the Nazi revolution, which his entry into office inaugurated, was over. The time seems suitable, therefore, for an attempt at a survey of the revolution, with the proviso that, official declaration notwithstanding, the revolution is no more closed than that of France was when Napoleon, after his coup d'etat in 1799, made a similar declaration. And, in any case, closed or not, it is too early to judge or generalize about the Nazi revolution, as the recollections of our early judgments about the Fascist revolution in Italy should remind us. All we can do is to observe its course and examine its nature as far as its actions and words allow.
E. M. Forster and the Contemplative Novel
Authors: Brown
Published: March 2013

Nobody but a maker of dictionaries cares to rush in with a definition of the novel. Most of us would agree, however, that in a novel things happen. Perhaps an empire collapses,—perhaps a reputation is made for broiling chicken. At all events something happens. Broad as its confines are, the novel appears to belong to the world of actions. The pure contemplative eschews action and would say—if he could be so false to his aim and discipline as to bother with explanation—that he has risen beyond the world of actions:
The Civil Service of Canada
Authors: Grant
Published: March 2013

The last fifty years have seen a great change in our conception of the state and its functions. According to Lord Melbourne the functions of the state in time of peace were “ to keep order and to enforce the sanctity of contracts,” and in spite of his ability to extemporize life-long convictions, and to exhibit startling inconsistencies, Mr. Gladstone had essentially the same policeman's conception. Their belief, in some ways a splendid belief, in the individual, their desire to free mankind from the shackles of an outworn feudalism, led the Victorians to hold this negative conception of the state, and to think that positive results would best be attained by the unchecked activity of vigorous individuals.
The Structure of Imagery in The Faerie Queene
Authors: Frye Northrop
Published: March 2013

The Faerie Queene, long as it is, is not nearly as long as the poem that Spenser intended to write, according to his letter to Raleigh and two of the Amoretti sonnets. It therefore at once raises the problem of whether the poem as it now stands is unfinished or merely uncompleted. If merely uncompleted, then it still may be a unity, like a torso in sculpture; if unfinished, then, as in Dickens' Mystery of Edwin Drood, certain essential clues to the total meaning are forever withheld from us.
A Landmark of the Chinese Novel
Authors: Hanan
Published: March 2013

The Chin P'ing Mei is one of the great works of Chinese classical fiction—great in quality as well as in volume. It is also, I imagine, among the novels best-known to readers of English. There is more than one translation of it, and although even the fullest of these is not a translation of the most authentic kind of edition but of an inferior "sub-edited" version instead, there is no doubt that it will give the modern reader an approximate idea of what the original is like.