bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Black Germany
Authors: Aitken Robbie , Rosenhaft Eve
Published: October 2013

This groundbreaking history traces the development of Germany's black community, from its origins in colonial Africa to its decimation by the Nazis during World War II. Robbie Aitken and Eve Rosenhaft follow the careers of Africans arriving from the colonies, examining why and where they settled, their working lives and their political activities, and giving unprecedented attention to gender, sexuality and the challenges of 'mixed marriage'. Addressing the networks through which individuals constituted community, Aitken and Rosenhaft explore the ways in which these relationships spread beyond ties of kinship and birthplace to constitute communities as 'black'. The study also follows a number of its protagonists to France and back to Africa, providing new insights into the roots of Francophone black consciousness and postcolonial memory. Including an in-depth account of the impact of Nazism and its aftermath, this book offers a fresh critical perspective on narratives of 'race' in German history.
The Early Textual History of Lucretius' De rerum natura
Authors: Butterfield David
Published: October 2013

This is the first detailed analysis of the fate of Lucretius' De rerum natura from its composition in the 50s BC to the creation of our earliest extant manuscripts during the Carolingian Age. Close investigation of the knowledge of Lucretius' poem among writers throughout the Roman and medieval world allows fresh insight into the work's readership and reception, and a clear assessment of the indirect tradition's value for editing the poem. The first extended analysis of the 170+ subject headings (capitula) that intersperse the text reveals the close engagement of its Roman readers. A fresh inspection and assignation of marginal hands in the poem's most important manuscript (the Oblongus) provides new evidence about the work of Carolingian correctors and offers the basis for a new Lucretian stemma codicum. Further clarification of the interrelationship of Lucretius' Renaissance manuscripts gives additional evidence of the poem's reception and circulation in fifteenth-century Italy.
The Hindu Family and the Emergence of Modern India
Authors: Newbigin Eleanor
Published: October 2013

Between 1955 and 1956 the Government of India passed four Hindu Law Acts to reform and codify Hindu family law. Scholars have understood these acts as a response to growing concern about women's rights but, in a powerful re-reading of their history, this book traces the origins of the Hindu law reform project to changes in the political-economy of late colonial rule. The Hindu Family and the Emergence of Modern India considers how questions regarding family structure, property rights and gender relations contributed to the development of representative politics, and how, in solving these questions, India's secular and state power structures were consequently drawn into a complex and unique relationship with Hindu law. In this comprehensive and illuminating resource for scholars and students, Newbigin demonstrates the significance of gender and economy to the history of twentieth-century democratic government, as it emerged in India and beyond.
Non-normality in combustion–acoustic interaction in diffusion flames: a critical revision
Authors: Magri Luca , Balasubramanian K. , Sujith R. I. , Juniper M. P.
Published: October 2013

Perturbations in a non-normal system can grow transiently even if the system is linearly stable. If this transient growth is sufficiently large, it can trigger self-sustained oscillations from small initial disturbances. This has important practical consequences for combustion–acoustic oscillations, which are a persistent problem in rocket and aircraft engines. Balasubramanian & Sujith (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 594, 2008, pp. 29–57) modelled an infinite-rate chemistry diffusion flame in an acoustic duct and found that the transient growth in this system can amplify the initial energy by a factor,${G}_{max} $, of the order of$1{0}^{5} $to$1{0}^{7} $. However, recent investigations by L. Magri and M. P. Juniper have brought to light certain errors in that paper. When the errors are corrected,${G}_{max} $is found to be of the order of 1 to 10, revealing that non-normality is not as influential as it was thought to be.
Exploiting Friends-and-Neighbors to Estimate Coattail Effects
Authors: MEREDITH MARC
Published: October 2013

Federalist democracies often hold concurrent elections for multiple offices. A potential consequence of simultaneously voting for multiple offices that vary with respect to scope and scale is that the personal appeal of candidates in a high-profile race may affect electoral outcomes in less salient races. In this article I estimate the magnitude of such coattail effects from governors onto other concurrently elected statewide executive officers using a unique dataset of county election returns for all statewide executive office elections in the United States from 1987 to 2010. I exploit the disproportionate support that candidates receive from geographically proximate voters, which is often referred to as the friends-and-neighbors vote, to isolate variation in the personal appeal of candidates. I find that a one-percentage-point increase in the personal vote received by a gubernatorial candidate increases the vote share of their party's secretary of state and attorney general candidates by 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points. In contrast, personal votes for a secretary of state or attorney general candidate have no effect on the performance of their party's gubernatorial candidate or other down-ballot candidates.
Biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of the Mid-Carboniferous boundary beds in the Muradymovo section (South Urals, Russia)
Authors: KULAGINA ELENA , NIKOLAEVA SVETLANA , PAZUKHIN VLADIMIR , KOCHETOVA NATALIYA
Published: October 2013

The uninterrupted succession of the Mississippian–Pennsylvanian boundary beds in the Muradymovo section in the South Urals contains diverse fossils and has a high correlative potential. The Muradymovo section is located in the Zilair Megasynclinorium (ZM), which belongs to the West Uralian Subregion and displays carbonate-siliciclastic deep-water facies of the Bukharcha Formation, which is partly Serpukhovian (Kosogorian, Protvian and Yuldybaevian) and partly Bashkirian (Syuranian). In the southern ZM, the lower part of the formation contains argillaceous carbonates with beds of shale and siltstone, subordinate clastic limestones and limestone breccia, while the upper part is mostly limestone with cherty interbeds. In the north of the ZM, the formation mainly consists of limestone. The Muradymovo succession contains no identifiable gaps in the Mid-Carboniferous Boundary (MCB) portion and has a succession of foraminiferal, conodont, ammonoid and ostracod zones. The MCB in this section coincides with the base of the Bogdanovkian and is defined by the entry ofDeclinognathodus noduliferus.This level falls within the upper part of the foraminiferalMonotaxinoides transitoriusZone, is near the base of the ammonoidHomoceras–HudsonocerasGenozone and can be correlated worldwide.
Going Beyond Mere Accounting: The Changing Role of India's Auditor General
Authors: Sen Ronojoy
Published: October 2013

In early 2013, India's then comptroller and auditor general (CAG), Vinod Rai, while delivering a speech at Harvard University's Kennedy School, wondered whether his office should be confined to being “mere accountants.” That this question could be raised in a public forum, and that too outside India, spoke to the transformation in recent times of Rai's stature and the office that he held. The winds of change were reflected in the Indian Supreme Court's rejection in 2013 of a public interest litigation challenging the authority of the auditor general, who is a constitutional authority, to conduct performance audits of the government. Significantly, the Court ruled, the “CAG is not a munim [accountant] to go into the balance-sheets. The CAG is a constitutional authority entitled to review and conduct performance audit on revenue allocations . . . and examine matters relating to the economy and how the government uses its resources.”
Oil exploration and sea ice projections in the Arctic
Authors: Harsem Øistein , Heen Knut , Rodrigues J.M.P. , Vassdal Terje
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study is to investigate how reduction in the sea ice cover may affect oil activity in the Arctic during the next 30 years. The Arctic is divided into 21 oil provinces. A multidisciplinary approach is applied drawing on both the comparative cost techniques as developed in location theory and sea ice cover projections. The comparative cost technique implies a systematic listing of cost differentials by oil provinces. The sea ice projections are based on the NCAR CCSM3 global climate model under the A1B and A2 emission scenarios. The article concludes that the north Norwegian Sea, and south and west Barents Sea will remain the most attractive areas for oil exploration in the coming 30 years. Furthermore, due to sea ice decline, the north and east Barents Sea and north and west Kara Sea will become more attractive. However, most Arctic provinces will remain high cost regions.
Think local, act global: How do fragmented representations of space allow seamless navigation?
Authors: Dudchenko Paul A. , Wood Emma R. , Grieves Roderick M.
Published: October 2013

In this commentary, we highlight a difficulty for metric navigation arising from recent data with grid and place cells: the integration of piecemeal representations of space in environments with repeated boundaries. Put simply, it is unclear how place and grid cells might provide a global representation of distance when their fields appear to represent repeated boundaries within an environment. One implication of this is that the capacity for spatial inferences may be limited.
Spatial language as a window on representations of three-dimensional space
Authors: Holmes Kevin J. , Wolff Phillip
Published: October 2013

Recent research investigating the language–thought interface in the spatial domain points to representations of the horizontal and vertical dimensions that closely resemble those posited by Jeffery et al. However, the findings suggest that such representations, rather than being tied to navigation, may instead reflect more general properties of the perception of space.
Does evidence from ethology support bicoded cognitive maps?
Authors: Zappettini Shane , Allen Colin
Published: October 2013

The presumption that navigation requires a cognitive map leads to its conception as an abstract computational problem. Instead of loading the question in favor of an inquiry into the metric structure and evolutionary origin of cognitive maps, the task should first be to establish that a map-like representation actually is operative in real animals navigating real environments.
Intervention and dreams of exogenous statebuilding: the application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq
Authors: DODGE TOBY
Published: October 2013

The central thesis of this article is that when faced with state collapse, rising violence, and a complex stabilisation effort, the US, UN, and NATO in Afghanistan and the US and Britain in Iraq, deployed the dominant, if not only, international approach available, Liberal Peacebuilding. The article traces the rise of Liberal Peacebuilding across the 1990s. It argues that four units of analysis within neoliberal ideology, the individual, the market, the role of the state and democracy, played a key role within Liberal Peacebuilding, allowing it to identify problems and propose solutions to stabilise post-conflict societies. It was these four units of analysis that were taken from the Liberal Peacebuilding approach and applied in Afghanistan and Iraq. The application of a universal template to two very different countries led directly to the fierce but weak states that exist today.
Species distribution modelling using bioclimatic variables to determine the impacts of a changing climate on the western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentals; Pseudocheiridae)
Authors: MOLLOY SHAUN W. , DAVIS ROBERT A. , VAN ETTEN EDDIE J. B.
Published: October 2013

The ngwayir (western ringtail possumPseudocheirus occidentalis) is an arboreal species endemic to south-western Australia. The range and population of this species have been significantly reduced through multiple anthropogenic impacts. Classified as vulnerable, the ngwayir is highly susceptible to extremes of temperature and reduced water intake. Ngwayir distribution was determined using three different species distribution models using ngwayir presence records related to a set of 19 bioclimatic variables derived from historical climate data, overlaid with 2050 climate change scenarios. MaxEnt was used to identify core habitat and demonstrate how this habitat may be impacted. A supplementary modelling exercise was also conducted to ascertain potential impacts on the tree species that are core habitat for ngwayir. All models predicted a reduction of up to 60% in the range of the ngwayir and its habitat, as a result of global warming towards the south-west of the project area, with a mean potential distribution of 10.3% of the total modelled area of 561 059 km2. All three tree species modelled (jarrah, marri and peppermint) were predicted to experience similar contractions in range throughout most of the predicted ngwayir range, although their distributions differed. Populations of ngwayir persisting outside core habitat may indicate potential conservation opportunities.
Color signals through dorsal and ventral visual pathways
Authors: CONWAY BEVIL R.
Published: October 2013

Explanations for color phenomena are often sought in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and V1, yet it is becoming increasingly clear that a complete account will take us further along the visual-processing pathway. Working out which areas are involved is not trivial. Responses to S-cone activation are often assumed to indicate that an area or neuron is involved in color perception. However, work tracing S-cone signals into extrastriate cortex has challenged this assumption: S-cone responses have been found in brain regions, such as the middle temporal (MT) motion area, not thought to play a major role in color perception. Here, we review the processing of S-cone signals across cortex and present original data on S-cone responses measured with fMRI in alert macaque, focusing on one area in which S-cone signals seem likely to contribute to color (V4/posterior inferior temporal cortex) and on one area in which S signals are unlikely to play a role in color (MT). We advance a hypothesis that the S-cone signals in color-computing areas are required to achieve a balanced neural representation of perceptual color space, whereas those in noncolor-areas provide a cue to illumination (not luminance) and confer sensitivity to the chromatic contrast generated by natural daylight (shadows, illuminated by ambient sky, surrounded by direct sunlight). This sensitivity would facilitate the extraction of shape-from-shadow signals to benefit global scene analysis and motion perception.
Social influences on eating: implications for nutritional interventions
Authors: Robinson Eric , Blissett Jackie , Higgs Suzanne
Published: October 2013

We review recent research on the effect of social context on food intake and food choice and assess the implications for nutritional interventions. We focus on studies of modelling of eating behaviour and the impact of perceived eating norms on the amounts and types of food that individuals eat. We suggest that social context influences eating via multiple mechanisms, including identity signalling and self-presentation concerns. However, building on existing theoretical models, we propose that social factors may be particularly influential on nutrition because following the behaviour of others is adaptive and social norms inform individuals about behaviours that are likely to be optimal (‘if everyone else is doing it, I probably should be’). Guided by understanding of the potential underlying mechanisms, we discuss how social norms might be used to promote healthier nutrition.
Corynebacterium endocarditis of a percutaneously placed transcatheter pulmonary valve
Authors: Johnson Jason N. , Miller Stephen G. , Lodge Andrew J.
Published: October 2013

We report a case of endocarditis of a transcatheter pulmonary valve-in-valve in a 14-year-old boy with tetralogy of Fallot. He presented with recurrent low-grade fevers, lethargy, and anorexia. Multiple blood cultures grew a gram-positive rod, Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum. He was taken to the operating room for removal of the vegetative endocarditis and pulmonary valve replacement.
Metabolic syndrome and major depression
Authors: Marazziti Donatella , Rutigliano Grazia , Baroni Stefano , Landi Paola , Dell'Osso Liliana
Published: October 2013

Major depression is associated with a 4-fold increased risk for premature death, largely accounted by cardiovascular disease (CVD). The relationship between depression and CVD is thought to be mediated by the so-called metabolic syndrome (MeS). Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated a co-occurrence of depression with MeS components, ie, visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Although the exact mechanisms linking MeS to depression are unclear, different hypotheses have been put forward. On the one hand, MeS could be the hallmark of the unhealthy lifestyle habits of depressed patients. On the other, MeS and depression might share common alterations of the stress system, including the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, the autonomic nervous system, the immune system, and platelet and endothelial function. Both the conditions induce a low grade chronic inflammatory state that, in turn, leads to increased oxidative and nitrosative (O&NS) damage of neurons, pancreatic cells, and endothelium. Recently, neurobiological research revealed that peripheral hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, which are classically involved in homeostatic energy balance, may play a role in mood regulation. Metabolic risk should be routinely assessed in depressed patients and taken into account in therapeutic decisions. Alternative targets should be considered for innovative antidepressant agents, including cytokines and their receptors, intracellular inflammatory mediators, glucocorticoids receptors, O&NS pathways, and peripheral mediators.
Section 8. Pyrethroid resistance: field resistance mechanisms
Authors: Forrester Neil W. , Cahill Matthew , Bird Lisa J. , Layland Jacquelyn K.
Published: October 2013

The dual insecticide ± synergist discriminating dose technique proved highly successful in determining the relative importance of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms present in field populations of Helicoverpa armigera, without the problems of alternative techniques. Synergist pre-treatment proved unnecessary therefore allowing use of the more convenient and labour efficient discriminating dose pre-mix.

Oxidative metabolic detoxification, probably via a polysubstrate monooxygenase system, was the major pyrethroid resistance mechanism in both larval and adult H. armigera. Residual piperonyl butoxide insensitive resistance (presumably nerve insensitivity, possibly acting in combination with the penetration resistance factor) was also present but at a low level. This latter resistance mechanism was expressed in larvae but moths appeared to express only weak phenotypic resistance. The predominant pyrethroid resistance mechanism employed by insects is discussed in relation to their feeding habit. The tenet that nectar feeding adult Lepidoptera are unable to express metabolic pyrethroid resistance is challenged.

Unrestrained pre-strategy pyrethroid selection pressure on sequential generations resulted in selection for elevated levels of kdr type nerve insensitivity and possibly even super kdr. Restriction of pyrethroid selection pressure to one generation per season favoured selection of the oxidative over the nerve insensitivity resistance mechanism. Two possibly complementary explanations are put forward for this; differential genetic dominance (semidominant oxidative mechanism versus recessive nerve insensitivity) and/or selection in more than one life stage (moths and larvae for the oxidative mechanism versus predominantly larvae only for the nerve insensitivity mechanism). It is suggested that insecticide resistance management strategies should be designed to avoid selection of elevated levels of the intractable nerve insensitivity resistance mechanism whereas low levels of this mechanism (normal kdr) are not considered difficult to manage. The demonstration that the strategy has favoured selection of the more amenable oxidative resistance mechanism invites the opportunity to develop possible chemical countermeasures.
Networks and social cohesion in ancient Indian Ocean trade: geography, ethnicity, religion
Authors: Seland Eivind Heldaas
Published: October 2013

The Indian Ocean is famous for its well-documented Jewish and Islamic trading networks of the medieval and early modern periods. Social networks that eased the challenges of cross-cultural trade have a much longer history in the region, however. The great distances covered by merchants and the seasonality of the monsoons left few alternatives to staying away for prolonged periods of time, and shipwreck, piracy, and the slave trade caused people to end up on coasts far away from home. Networks of merchants developed in the Indian Ocean region that depended on a degree of social cohesion. This article draws up a map of selected merchant communities in the western Indian Ocean, and argues that geographical origin, ethnicity, and religion may have been different ways of establishing the necessary infrastructure of trust.
The West, the East, and the insular middle: trading systems, demand, and labour in the integration of the Pacific, 1750–1875
Authors: Hellyer Robert
Published: October 2013

This article offers the novel interpretation that Pacific integration began in the ocean's western sphere and later moved into its insular middle and eastern sphere. It demonstrates this by tracing three ocean-wide trends: the emergence of common trading goals and systems, the expansive role of reciprocal demand, and the shared experiences of Pacific peoples, who, both as slaves and in tribute-based and free labour systems, produced prominent trade goods. It presents additional new perspectives by identifying a ‘silver-substitute century’ in maritime commerce from 1750 to 1850, and by establishing the 1850s and 1860s as a period of transition from the influence of China-centred to Western-centred demand in Pacific trade. It thus reveals the limits of established interpretations that emphasize Western state and imperial initiatives and the role of Western technological and manufacturing dominance in the process of integration.
Versatile and cheap: a global history of soy in the first half of the twentieth century
Authors: Prodöhl Ines
Published: October 2013

This article traces the complex and shifting organization of soy's production and consumption from Northeast China to Europe and the United States. It focuses on a set of national and transnational actors with differing interests in the global and national spread of soybeans. The combination of these actors in certain spatiotemporal contexts enabled a fundamental change in soy from an Asian to an American cash crop. At the beginning of the twentieth century, soy rapidly became Northeast China's cash crop, owing to steadily increasing Western demand. However, the versatility of soy – and soy oil in particular – offered a highly successful response to the agricultural and industrial challenges that the United States faced during the Great Depression and the Second World War. By the end of the war, American farmers in the Midwest cultivated more soybeans than their Chinese counterparts.
Interrogating religion: Christian/secular values, citizenship and racial upliftment in governmental education policy
Authors: Jivraj Suhraiya
Published: October 2013

Faith schools have (re)gained an increasingly prominent place within the public education system in the UK. Whilst the former Labour government expanded the number of state-funded faith schools during its terms in office, they continue to be supported by the current coalition government. The expansion of faith schooling has continued despite widespread opposition attributing much of the religious divisions and lack of community cohesion within society to faith schooling, particularly after ‘race riots’ in the north of England in 2001. This article does not seek to contribute to the largely polarised debate arguing either for or against faith schools. Instead, I explore how religion circulates in governmental discourse supporting faith schools and the sociopolitical work it does through law. I focus on the key contention put forward particularly by the former Labour government that faith schools, contrary to being divisive, can actually play an important role in the promotion of community cohesion, precisely because of the values and ethos of these schools. I examine how this governmental discourse is influenced by social capital and communitarian theories that highlight the role of Christian or church school values in fostering citizenship and community cohesion through education. I suggest that the influence of these theories on government policy has led to church schools becoming a benchmark for other schools to emulate, especially where they embody state/British values which are sometimes posited as being universal and secular. Rather than the expansion of faith schools being a policy that supports schools of all faiths, Muslim schools in particular have been singled out as posing a potential ‘threat to the nation’ and the social cohesion within it. In addition, I argue that the often invisibilised normative influence of de-theologised Christian/secular values plays a role in regulating the boundaries of ‘acceptable’ religion. The potential effects of delimiting religion through the discourse of values, coupled with the engendering of citizenship and belonging of children from minority religious/ethnic backgrounds within the education system, might also be viewed as effectively resulting in a form of ‘racial upliftment’. My analysis draws on critical religion and race perspectives that remain largely absent within socio-legal scholarship on law and religion and indeed citizenship. One exception is more recent scholarship on gender and the banning of Muslim religious dress in schools and other public spaces, and the recognition of certain areas of Muslim family law within Western legal systems. However, analyses that attend to the contingent ways in which religion can circulate and be produced through law relating to children are urgently needed alongside those attending to gender.
Retargeting NK‐92 for anti‐melanoma activity by a TCR‐like single‐domain antibody
Authors: Zhang Ge , Liu Rongzhi , Zhu Xuekai , Wang Lei , Ma Juan , Han Huamin , Wang Xiaomin , Zhang Ganlin , He Wen , Wang Wei , Liu Changzhen , Li Shenghua , Sun Meiyi , Gao Bin
Published: October 2013

The efficacy of immunotherapy based on natural killer (NK) cells is hampered by intrinsic non‐specific cytotoxicity and insufficient activation of NK cells. Here, we confer the T‐cell receptor‐like (TCR‐like) specificity on NK cells, taking advantage of both the innate and adaptive immune arms of the immune response to generate enhanced anti‐melanoma activity. The TCR‐like antibody (Ab) GPA7 was selected against melanoma‐associated gp100/human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐A2 complex and then fused to intracellular domain of CD3‐ζ chain. This fusion construct was incorporated into NK‐92MI cell line and expressed as a chimeric antigen receptor on the surface of the cell. The anti‐tumour activity of the transgenic NK‐92MI‐GPA7‐ζ cell line was assessed against melanoma in vitro and in vivo. The engineered NK‐92MI‐GPA7‐ζ cells could recognize melanoma cells in the context of HLA‐A2 and showed enhanced killing of both melanoma cell lines and primary melanoma. Furthermore, adoptively transferred NK‐92MI‐GPA7‐ζ cells significantly suppressed the growth of human melanoma in a xenograft model in mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the TCR‐like Ab, GPA7, could redirect NK cells to target the intracellular antigen gp100 and enhance anti‐melanoma activity, providing a promising immunotherapeutic strategy to prevent and treat melanoma.
Gut TFH and IgA: key players for regulation of bacterial communities and immune homeostasis
Authors: Kato Lucia M , Kawamoto Shimpei , Maruya Mikako , Fagarasan Sidonia
Published: October 2013

The main function of the immune system is to protect the host against pathogens. However, unlike the systemic immune system, the gut immune system does not eliminate, but instead nourishes complex bacterial communities and establishes advanced symbiotic relationships. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant antibody isotype in mammals, produced mainly in the gut. The primary function of IgA is to maintain homeostasis at mucosal surfaces, and studies in mice have demonstrated that IgA diversification has an essential role in the regulation of gut microbiota. Dynamic diversification and constant adaptation of IgA responses to local microbiota require expression of activation‐induced cytidine deaminase by B cells and control from T follicular helper and Foxp3+ T cells in germinal centers (GCs). We discuss the finely tuned regulatory mechanisms for IgA synthesis in GCs of Peyer's patches and emphasize the roles of CD4+ T cells for IgA selection and the maintenance of appropriate gut microbial communities required for immune homeostasis.
Control of the conformations of ion Coulomb crystals in a Penning trap
Authors: Mavadia Sandeep , Goodwin Joseph F. , Stutter Graham , Bharadia Shailen , Crick Daniel R. , Segal Daniel M. , Thompson Richard C.
Published: October 2013

Laser-cooled atomic ions form ordered structures in radiofrequency ion traps and in Penning traps. Here we demonstrate in a Penning trap the creation and manipulation of a wide variety of ion Coulomb crystals formed from small numbers of ions. The configuration can be changed from a linear string, through intermediate geometries, to a planar structure. The transition from a linear string to a zigzag geometry is observed for the first time in a Penning trap. The conformations of the crystals are set by the applied trap potential and the laser parameters, and agree with simulations. These simulations indicate that the rotation frequency of a small crystal is mainly determined by the laser parameters, independent of the number of ions and the axial confinement strength. This system has potential applications for quantum simulation, quantum information processing and tests of fundamental physics models from quantum field theory to cosmology.
Predictability of the Ningaloo Niño/Niña
Authors: Doi Takeshi , Behera Swadhin K. , Yamagata Toshio
Published: October 2013

The seasonal prediction of the coastal oceanic warm event off West Australia, recently named the Ningaloo Niño, is explored by use of a state-of-the-art ocean-atmosphere coupled general circulation model. The Ningaloo Niño/Niña, which generally matures in austral summer, is found to be predictable two seasons ahead. In particular, the unprecedented extreme warm event in February 2011 was successfully predicted 9 months in advance. The successful prediction of the Ningaloo Niño is mainly due to the high prediction skill of La Niña in the Pacific. However, the model deficiency to underestimate its early evolution and peak amplitude needs to be improved. Since the Ningaloo Niño/Niña has potential impacts on regional societies and industries through extreme events, the present success of its prediction may encourage development of its early warning system.
Novel insights into pancreatic β-cell glucolipotoxicity from real-time functional analysis of mitochondrial energy metabolism in INS-1E insulinoma cells
Authors: Barlow Jonathan , Affourtit Charles
Published: October 2013

High circulating glucose and non-esterified (free) fatty acid levels can cause pancreatic β-cell failure. The molecular mechanisms of this β-cell glucolipotoxicity are yet to be established conclusively. In the present paper we report on the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in fatty-acid-induced β-cell failure. We have used state-of-the-art extracellular flux technology to functionally probe mitochondrial energy metabolism in intact INS-1E insulinoma cells in real-time. We show that 24-h palmitate exposure at high glucose attenuates the glucose-sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration and lowers coupling efficiency of glucose-stimulated oxidative phosphorylation. These mitochondrial defects coincide with an increased level of ROS (reactive oxygen species), impaired GSIS (glucose-stimulated insulin secretion) and decreased cell viability. Palmitate lowers absolute glucose-stimulated respiration coupled to ATP synthesis, but does not affect mitochondrial proton leak. Palmitate is not toxic when administered at low glucose unless fatty acid β-oxidation is inhibited. Palmitoleate, on the other hand, does not affect mitochondrial respiration, ROS levels, GSIS or cell viability. Although palmitoleate protects against the palmitate-induced ROS increase and cell viability loss, it does not protect against respiratory and insulin secretory defects. We conclude that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to fatty-acid-induced GSIS impairment, and that glucolipotoxic cell viability and GSIS phenotypes are mechanistically distinct.
Inducing self-rotation of cells with natural and artificial melanin in a linearly polarized alternating current electric field
Authors: Ouyang Mengxing , Ki Cheung Wing , Liang Wenfeng , Mai John D. , Keung Liu Wing , Jung Li Wen
Published: October 2013

The phenomenon of self-rotation observed in naturally and artificially pigmented cells under an applied linearly polarized alternating current (non-rotating) electrical field has been investigated. The repeatable and controllable rotation speeds of the cells were quantified and their dependence on dielectrophoretic parameters such as frequency, voltage, and waveform was studied. Moreover, the rotation behavior of the pigmented cells with different melanin content was compared to quantify the correlation between self-rotation and the presence of melanin. Most importantly, macrophages, which did not originally rotate in the applied non-rotating electric field, began to exhibit self-rotation that was very similar to that of the pigmented cells, after ingesting foreign particles (e.g., synthetic melanin or latex beads). We envision the discovery presented in this paper will enable the development of a rapid, non-intrusive, and automated process to obtain the electrical conductivities and permittivities of cellular membrane and cytoplasm in the near future.
Generation and detection of gigahertz surface acoustic waves using an elastomeric phase-shift mask
Authors: Li Dongyao , Zhao Peng , Zhao Ji-Cheng , Cahill David G.
Published: October 2013

We describe a convenient approach for measuring the velocity vSAW of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) of the near-surface layer of a material through optical pump-probe measurements. The method has a lateral spatial resolution of <10 μm and is sensitive to the elastic constants of the material within ≈300 nm of the surface. SAWs with a wavelength of 700 nm and 500 nm are generated and detected using an elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane phase-shift mask which is fabricated using a commercially available Si grating as a mold. Time-domain electromagnetics calculations show, in agreement with experiment, that the efficiency of the phase-shift mask for generating and detecting SAWs decreases rapidly as the periodicity of the mask decreases below the optical wavelength. We validate the experimental approach using bulk and thin film samples with known elastic constants.
Ground state solutions for nonperiodic Dirac equation with superquadratic nonlinearity
Authors: Zhang Jian , Tang Xianhua , Zhang Wen
Published: October 2013

This paper is concerned with the following nonperiodic Dirac equation \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$-i\sum _{k=1}^{3}\alpha _{k}\partial _{k}u + a\beta u + M(x)u = F_{u}(x, u)$\end{document}−i∑k=13αk∂ku+aβu+M(x)u=Fu(x,u) in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbb {R}^3$\end{document}R3, where M(x) is a vector potential. Under weak superquadratic condition on the nonlinearity, we establish the existence of ground state solutions of Nehari type by using the generalized Nehari manifold method developed recently by Szulkin and Weth for above problem.
Exploring control landscapes for laser-driven molecular fragmentation
Authors: Moore Tibbetts Katharine , Xing Xi , Rabitz Herschel
Published: October 2013

The growing success of quantum optimal control experiments has been attributed to the favorable topology of the control landscape, which specifies the functional relationship between the physical objective and the control variables describing the applied field. This work explores experimental control landscapes expressing the yields of dissociative ionization products from halogenated hydrocarbons in terms of three control variables specifying a polynomial expansion of the spectral phase of the ultrafast laser pulse. Many of the landscapes in this work exhibit features predicted by control landscape theory, including a lack of suboptimal extrema, i.e., “traps” and the presence of connected optimal level sets, i.e., continuously varying values of the control variables that produce an optimal objective yield. Placing significant constraints on the control resources, particularly by limiting the laser pulse energy, was found to distort the underlying landscape topology. The control landscapes from a diverse, yet related family of halogenated hydrocarbons are shown to possess similar features, reflecting the chemical similarity of the compounds.
Enhanced radiation of an invisible array of sources through a sub-wavelength metal-strip grating and applications
Authors: Memarian M. , Eleftheriades G. V.
Published: October 2013

We experimentally demonstrate dramatically increased radiation from an “invisible” source placed next to a sub-wavelength metal strip grating. The invisible source is a novel, highly reactive, array of antennas excited by a common feed, which weakly radiates in the far-zone. The metal grating used is sub-wavelength and non-resonant, which typically attenuates the overall radiation of a nearby source, especially in the transverse electric polarization. However, we show that such a grating screen with proper dimensions placed next to the “invisible” source can in fact significantly enhance the radiated field strength, far beyond the free space radiation of this “invisible” radiator, by an order of magnitude. This radiation enhancement is facilitated through the conversion of evanescent waves of the specially designed reactive source into propagating waves, and its level is inversely related to the source-grating distance. The physical phenomenon is shown in simulations and measurements at microwaves. This novel radiation enhancement effect is shown to have potential applications in various areas such as proximity sensing, detection, and measurement of distance.
Highly accurate potential energy surface for the He–H2 dimer
Authors: Bakr Brandon W. , Smith Daniel G. A. , Patkowski Konrad
Published: October 2013

A new highly accurate interaction potential is constructed for the He–H2 van der Waals complex. This potential is fitted to 1900 ab initioenergies computed at the very large-basis coupled-cluster level and augmented by corrections for higher-order excitations (up to full configuration interaction level) and the diagonal Born-Oppenheimer correction. At the vibrationally averaged H–H bond length of 1.448736 bohrs, the well depth of our potential, 15.870 ± 0.065 K, is nearly 1 K larger than the most accurate previous studies have indicated. In addition to constructing our own three-dimensional potential in the van der Waals region, we present a reparameterization of the Boothroyd-Martin-Peterson potential surface [A. I. Boothroyd, P. G. Martin, and M. R. Peterson, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 3187 (2003)] that is suitable for all configurations of the triatomic system. Finally, we use the newly developed potentials to compute the properties of the lone bound states of 4He–H2 and 3He–H2 and the interaction second virial coefficient of the hydrogen-helium mixture.
Application of joint permutations for predicting coupled time series
Authors: Paucar Bravo Eduardo , Aihara Kazuyuki , Hirata Yoshito
Published: October 2013

In this work, we introduce a model for predicting multivariate time series data. This model was obtained by partitioning the state space with joint permutations. We review the theoretical framework of the previous works, show a simple extension to multivariate data, and compare its performance to the previous model obtained by permutations for predicting scalar time series data.
Lithiation induced corrosive fracture in defective carbon nanotubes
Authors: Huang Xu , Yang Hui , Liang Wentao , Raju Muralikrishna , Terrones Mauricio , Crespi Vincent H. , van Duin Adri C. T. , Zhang Sulin
Published: October 2013

We perform molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate lithiation induced fracture mechanisms of defective single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Our simulations reveal that variations of defect size and lithium concentration set two distinct fracture modes of the SWCNTs upon uniaxial stretch: abrupt and retarded fracture. Abrupt fracture either involves spontaneous lithium weakening of the propagating crack tip or is absent of lithium participation, while retarded fracture features a “wait-and-go” crack extension process in which the crack tip periodically arrests and waits to be weakened by diffusing lithium before extension resumes. Our study sheds light on the rational design of high-performance CNT-based electrodes.
Triplet diffusion in singlet exciton fission sensitized pentacene solar cells
Authors: Tabachnyk Maxim , Ehrler Bruno , Bayliss Sam , Friend Richard H. , Greenham Neil C.
Published: October 2013

Singlet fission sensitized photovoltaics have the potential to surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit for a single-junction structure. We investigate the dynamics of triplet excitons resulting from singlet fission in pentacene and their ionization at a C60 heterojunction. We model the generation and diffusion of excitons to predict the spectral response. We find the triplet diffusion length in polycrystalline pentacene to be 40 nm. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) between the electrode and pentacene works both to confine triplet excitons and also to transfer photogenerated singlet excitons into pentacene with 30% efficiency. The lower bound for the singlet fission quantum efficiency in pentacene is 180 ± 15%.
Capillary evaporation on micromembrane-enhanced microchannel wicks with atomic layer deposited silica
Authors: Dai Xianming , Famouri Mehdi , Abdulagatov Aziz I. , Yang Ronggui , Lee Yung-Cheng , George Steven M. , Li Chen
Published: October 2013

Due to the difficulty in depositing conformal coatings on high aspect ratio surfaces, capillary evaporation on superhydrophilic porous structures have not been well studied. In this work, superhydrophilic hybrid wick was fabricated by coating micromembrane-enhanced microchannels with 20 nm-thick silica (SiO2) using the atomic layer deposited (ALD) technique. Rapid ALD SiO2 coatings improve thin film evaporation of water on hybrid wicks by up to 56%. An appreciable enhancement of critical heat flux was not obtained in this study because of a compromise between the increased capillary pressure and viscous drag resulting from superhydrophilic ALD SiO2 coatings.
Observation of plasma instabilities related to dust particle growth mechanisms in electron cyclotron resonance plasmas
Authors: Drenik A. , Yuryev P. , Vesel A. , Margot J. , Clergereaux R.
Published: October 2013

Instabilities are observed in the self-bias voltage measured on a probe immersed in microwave plasma excited at Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR). Observed in the MHz range, they were systematically measured in dust-free or dusty plasmas (obtained for different conditions of applied microwave powers and acetylene flow rates). Two characteristic frequencies, well described as lower hybrid oscillations, can be defined. The first one, in the 60–70 MHz range, appears as a sharp peak in the frequency spectra and is observed in every case. Attributed to ions, its position shift observed with the output power highlights that nucleation process takes place in the dusty plasma. Attributed to lower hybrid oscillation of powders, the second broad peak in the 10–20 MHz range leads to the characterization of dust particles growth mechanisms: in the same way as in capacitively coupled plasmas, accumulation of nucleus confined near the probe in the magnetic field followed by aggregation takes place. Then, the measure of electrical instabilities on the self-bias voltage allows characterizing the discharge as well as the chemical processes that take place in the magnetic field region and their kinetics.
Electrostatic drift effects on near-surface defect distribution in TiO2
Authors: Gorai Prashun , Hollister Alice G. , Seebauer Edmund G.
Published: October 2013

The present work employs a combination of isotopic self-diffusion measurements and diffusion-drift modeling to identify a unique mechanism for defect accumulation in surface space-charge layers of TiO2. During oxygen gas-exchange experiments at elevated temperatures, rutile (110) surfaces inject charged oxygen interstitials into the underlying bulk. Yet near-surface electric fields attract the injected defects back toward the surface, retarding their diffusional migration and leading to longer residence times within the space-charge layers. The extended residence time enhances kick-in reactions, resulting in measureable pile-up of the isotope. Related effects probably generalize to other related semiconductors.
DNA supercoiling enhances cooperativity and efficiency of an epigenetic switch
Authors: Norregaard Kamilla , Andersson Magnus , Sneppen Kim , Nielsen Peter Eigil , Brown Stanley , Oddershede Lene B.
Published: October 2013

Significance

Bacteriophage λ was the first epigenetic switch to be deciphered and continues to contribute to our understanding of gene regulation. Its dormant state is exceptionally stable. In spite of this stability, viral development is efficiently activated in response to DNA damage. This ability to respond efficiently is due to a long-range protein-mediated DNA looping. We developed a single molecule assay based on peptide nucleic acid tethering of a naturally supercoiled DNA plasmid. The internal kinetics of the supercoiled plasmid was monitored, and the dynamics and stability of regulatory protein-mediated DNA looping investigated. We found that the DNA loop becomes tolerant to reductions in the regulator when DNA is supercoiled, thus helping explain the bistable nature of the lambda switch.
Drosophila
seminal protein ovulin mediates ovulation through female octopamine neuronal signaling
Authors: Rubinstein C. Dustin , Wolfner Mariana F.
Published: October 2013

Significance

This paper shows how a male-provided seminal protein triggers postmating behavioral changes in that male's mate. Specifically, it shows that the
Drosophila
seminal protein ovulin induces females to ovulate by stimulating females' octopaminergic signaling. This is significant in revealing how a male signal connects to and modulates female physiology to enhance the reproductive capacity of both parties. That this particular seminal protein acts as an upstream regulator of a preexisting physiological pathway in the female also provides a mechanism for how rapidly evolving reproductive proteins (such as ovulin) can effect changes in reproductive behaviors even though conserved signaling systems (such as octopamine) mediate those changes.