bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trichoderma strains selection for biological control of Fusarium nygamai in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
Authors: Corallo Fabiano Ana Belen , Bettucci Rossi Lina Julia , Tiscornia Córdoba Susana María
Published: February 2022

Uno de los principales problemas que afectan el cultivo de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) en Uruguay es la enfermedad ocasionada por Fusarium nygamai, responsable de pérdidas en el rendimiento en los cultivos. Además, es capaz de producir micotoxinas como fumonicina, moniliformina y beauvericina, lo que constituye un riesgo para la alimentación animal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar cepas de Trichoderma spp., con potencial de control de F. nygamai en sorgo. Se identificaron dos cepas de Trichoderma asperellum, cinco cepas de Trichoderma atroviride, dos cepas de Trichoderma virens, una cepa de Trichoderma longibrachiatum y dos cepas de Trichoderma sp. aisladas de suelo en plantaciones comerciales de sorgo. Se realizaron cultivos duales y evaluación de metabolitos volátiles in vitro para seleccionar las cepas con la mayor actividad antagonista contra F. nygamai. Las cepas de Trichoderma spp. seleccionadas se evaluaron en ensayos de protección vegetal en plántulas de sorgo inoculadas con F. nygamai. T. asperellum (T6) y T. atroviride (T21) fueron antagonistas efectivos de F. nygamai. Todas las plántulas de sorgo inoculadas con F. nygamai mostraron síntomas de la enfermedad, mientras que el 50% de las plántulas inoculadas con F. nygamai pero tratadas con T. asperellum (T6) permanecieron sanas, recuperando la cepa de los tejidos internos de la raíz, el tallo y las hojas. Estos resultados son promisorios para el desarrollo de una formulación comercial de tratamiento de semillas para el control de F. nygamai en cultivos de sorgo.
II. HAÇLI SEFERİNİN SEYRİNİ DEĞİŞTİREN SAVAŞ: KAZIKBELİ
Authors: BALIK İbrahim
Published: February 2022

İkinci Haçlı Seferi, Alman ve Fransız imparatorlarının öncülüğünde gerçekleşen bir seferdir. Haçlılar Eskişehir, Akşehir, Konya üzerinden Çukurova’ya inmeyi planlamıştı. Ancak, Bizans İmparatorunun uyarıları ve Almanların Doryleon’da uğradıkları ağır yenilgi sebebiyle güzergâhlarını değiştirmek durumunda kaldılar. Büyük ölçüde Bizans sınırından geçen ve daha güvenli olduğunu düşündükleri Balıkesir, Efes, Denizli, Antalya yolunu kullanıp, deniz yolu ile Kudüs’e ulaşmayı planladılar. Ancak bu yolun özellikle Denizli kısmı, büyük ölçüde Türklerin kontrolünde idi. Nitekim Efes’ten ayrıldıktan sonra Türkmenler tarafından taciz edilmeye başladılar. Bazı zorluklar yaşayarak da olsa Laodikeia’ya kadar ulaştılar. Halkın şehri boşaltması sebebiyle burada gerekli ihtiyaçlarını temin edemeyen Haçlı kuvvetleri 7 Ocak 1148 tarihinde buradan ayrıldılar. Bir günlük yolculuktan sonra Honaz Dağında kamp kurdular ve 7 Ocak gününü burada geçirdiler. Ertesi gün ise Kazıkbeli mevkiinde Türkmenlerin ağır bir baskınına maruz kaldılar. Öncü birliklerin, Kral IV. Louis’in planına sadık kalmaması büyük bir yenilginin temel sebebi oldu. Bu baskında Türkmenlerin muazzam pusu taktiği ve zamanlama stratejileri de büyük rol oynadı. Haçlılar, 8 Ocak 1148 günü gerçekleşen bu mücadelede çok büyük kayıplar verdiler. Kazıkbelin’de kazanılan bu zafer, İkinci Haçlı Seferinin seyrini büyük ölçüde etkilemiştir.
GARCİSTÂN BEYLERİ: ŞÂR AİLESİ
Authors: ZEKİ İzzetullah
Published: February 2022

Şâr ailesi, XI. yüzyılda günümüzde Afgan Türkistan’ında bulunan Murgab Nehri kıyılarında yaşamıştır. Hanedan ilk başta Sâmânîlere bağlı yarı bağımsız bir Türk Beyliği olarak varlığını korumuştur. Ailenin kurucusu Şâr Reşid’dir. Kurucusunun künyesine nispetle hanedanın başına geçen tüm hükümdarlar Şâr olarak anılmıştır. Başta Şâr Reşid olmak üzere altı kişi hanedanın başına gelmiştir. Bunlar Şâr Ebu Nasr Muhammed b. Esed, Şâr Şah Ebu Muhammed b. Muhammed, Şâr Urdeşir, Şâr İbrahim b. Urdeşir ve Şâr Şah b. İbrahim’dir. Hanedan bir müddet Sâmânîlere bağlı isyancı Ebu Ali Simcûrî’nin saldırılarına maruz kalmıştır. Sebük Tegin’in devreye girmesiyle tekrar eski statüsünü kazanan Şâr ailesi, 389/999 yılında Şâr Ebu Nasr döneminde Gaznelilere bağlanmış, Garcistân sikkeleri Sultan Mahmud adına basılıp camilerinde adına hutbe okutulmuştur.

Bir müddet sonra Gazneli Mahmud, Hindistan’a gazaya gitmeye niyetlenmiştir. Şâr ailesinin de yanında yer almasını istemiştir. Ancak hanedanın başında bulunan Şâr Şah, türlü bahaneler ileri sürerek Gazneli Mahmud’un fetih hareketlerine katılmaktan imtina etmiştir. Hindistan gazasını daha ehemmiyetli gören Gazneli Mahmud, haritasını çizdiği fetih hareketine devam etmiştir. Fakat Şâr ailesiyle hesaplaşmayı daha sonraya bırakmıştır. Kısa bir süre sonra gazadan dönen Gazneli Mahmud, güçlü bir ordu ile emirlerinden Emir Hâcib Altıntaş ve Arslan Câzib’i Garcistân üzerine göndermiştir. Gazneli ordusuna karşı savaşamayacağını anlayan Şâr Ebu Nasr, oğlu Şâr Şah’ı isyanından vaz geçirmeye çalıştıysa da başarılı olamamıştır. Savaştan sonra Gazne’ye getirilen Şâr ailesi Gazneli Mahmud’un ihsan ve ikramına mazhar olmuş, ihtiyaçları görülmüştür. Herat’ta Gaznelilerin gözetiminde tutulan Şâr Ebu Nasr, 407/1016 yılında vefat etmiştir. Bundan böyle Gaznelilerin topraklarına katılan Garcistân, ilerleyen tarihlerde Selçuklular ve Hârizmşahların egemenliğine girmiştir.
Social Identities
Authors: Finke Peter
Published: January 2022

As part of an article symposium on Partha Dasgupta and Sanjeev Goyal’s “Narrow Identities” (2019, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics), Peter Finke offers a critical anthropological perspective on the concept of social identity and its modeling in economics.
Narrow Identities Revisited
Authors: Dasgupta Partha , Goyal Sanjeev
Published: January 2022

As part of an article symposium on their “Narrow Identities” (2019, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics), Partha Dasgupta and Sanjeev Goyal respond to commentaries by Jean-Paul Carvalho, John B. Davis, Peter Finke, and Miriam Teschl.
The Process of Deepening the Character in Dokudrama “Film Perjuangan K.H. Muhyiddin”
Authors: Faiz Bolkiah Muhammad , Sabila Amalia
Published: January 2022

Dokudrama is a non-fiction film that presents a story based on a true story. Besides being an entertainment medium, a film can also be a learning medium since film provides a good story content and messages. Therefore, it needs an actor as a subject to convey the message of the story that the director wants to deliver. To play a character in a movie, an actor must be able to delve into whatever character is given. Unlike documentaries, dokudrama films use actors as the main subject. An actor in a docudrama should be able to play a subject who has ever been real. An actor in a dokudrama film should be able to play a good role without removing the hallmarks of the original subject. A deepening process in a role, making every actor have their own way in learning the character. The differences in studying and delving into these characters is the focus of this research by using qualitative research methods, by re-describing the results of the researcher's analysis with the main theory. To create this study, the researchers used the presentation theory from Stanislavsky. The acting theory of this presentation has been used since the world of casting art entered Indonesia. This research aim is to find out the character deepening conducted by actors in the dokudrama film “Perjuangan K.H. Muhyiddin” based on the Stanislavsky’s acting presentation theory.
Keywords: Dokudrama, Qualitative, Casting, Stanislavsky, Biography
Illustrations for Encyclopedia Erupting Mountain Theme as Visual Culture
Authors: Maeni Purmaningrum , Herdiana Firli , Qudwatunna Asiah Hanifah
Published: January 2022

Indonesia's geographical location in the growth zone of three plates namely Eurasia, Indo-Australia and Pacifica or commonly known as ring of fire, causes Indonesia to have many active volcanoes. The study intends to determine the design of illustrations in the encyclopedia of volcanoes as an alternative learning media for for inspiring the students. To collect detailed actual information that describes the symptoms of nature as well as the situation of social symptom conditions then this research is carried out with descriptive qualitative and quantitative research methods. This study uses illustration theory and visual culture as the main reference literature. Visual culture is an interdisciplinary field with visual concepts as the basis for the study of knowledge and understanding. One part of visual culture that has a very important role in this research is illustration. Illustration design is conveyed through drawings, illustrations, or photos about disaster situations and conditions that are equipped with narratives though effective language. It is expected that by the illustrations through visual images and combined with the narrative the interest of students, especially children can be more aroused so that the information presented can be more quickly captured and understood.With the availability of the book Encyclopedia of Mount Erupting for elementary school students, it is expected that knowledge about the erupting mountain can be conveyed interestingly so that children can have better understanding of the causes and how to deal with the disaster of erupting mountains.
Keywords:Encyclopedia, Illustration, Book, Mountain Eruption, Visual Culture.
Development of SWOT Method with Additional Elements of Aspirations and Results in Music Industry
Authors: Andrijana Kusuma Kanggep
Published: January 2022

The development of strategies to win the music industry business competition is growing and is becoming one of the most important and a mainstay in companies engaged in the music industry in planning strategies for achieving organizational goals both now and in the future. From that thought, the authors combined the well-known SWOT methodology with several complementary elements which are expected to make this method more effective in analyzing and providing valuable inputs for the progress of a music industry. We hereby include the elements of Aspiration and result taken from the SOAR methodology to be combined with the SWOT design so that it is hoped that it will become a method that can provide better results.
Keywords: SWOT, SOAR, Analytical, Business, Method, Planning, Strategic Planning,
Study of the Form and Meaning of the Nawa Gapura Marga Raja as an Artefact of the Cirebon Cultural Community
Form and Meaning Nawa Gapura Marga Raja
Authors: Abdillah Fadhly , Sabana Setiawan , Santosa Imam
Published: January 2022

A work of traditional culture by the geniuses of Cirebon's past, named Nawa Gapura Marga Raja, is one of the historical buildings that are still sacred. There are 9 doors or gates, each of which is gathered in one area of ​​the building. The form and meaning of the number of gates for the author is a very interesting phenomenon to study, its relation to cultural expressions that allow so many symbolic values ​​to be interpreted. This study of form and meaning aims to analyze and gain knowledge related to the form and visual meaning of the gates in this building. To find out the meaning of the physical form of Nawa Gapura Marga Raja, this study uses an art criticism approach from Edmund Burke Feldman with the visual narration method of Gerard Genette. In the process, the research goes through the following stages; literature study, observation, and conducting interviews with related parties. From the results of the analysis, it is understood that the structure of the form and layout of the building is heavily influenced by the spatial concept of primordial culture mixed with a new culture, so that it represents a myth, also has meanings that are closely related to religious teachings, culture and leadership values.
Keywords: form, art criticism, visual narrative, meaning, nawa gapura marga raja
Mixed Cultural Representation of Stuart's Character in Minions As a Symbol of Strength and Protection
Mixed Cultural Representation of Stuart's Character in Minions As a Symbol of Strength and Protection
Authors: Ramdhan Zaini
Published: January 2022

The myth of the one eye symbol is a symbol of the symbolism of symbols that are still unclear and hidden visual signs. Interpretations can be unclear and varied, Connecting with the sign of the Illuminati, the sun god with the eye symbol depicted single or one will have a psychological impact on the one who reads it. History records of artifacts made about the shape of the eye symbol and other forms. It is in ancient religious symbols of worship and leadership. The Sumerians demonstrated the sanctity of certain sculptures, the shape of the eyes enlarged by an abnormal size gave the impression, the message of sensation from the statue. Making performances of religious ceremonies, artists seek to bring sculptures to life in the way they do eye openings. The ancient Egyptian civilization was the originator of the disembodied eye as a symbol of the single eye. One of the well-known symbols of Egypt is the eye of the sun god in Pharaoh's mythology. The image is a mixture of the image of a human eye combined with an eagle's eye, with eyebrow markings, dark cheek markings of a bird. And also various forms of the relics of the modern era associated with the shape of the image of the one eye. In this case, Semiotics is a branch of science that studies a sign. Semiotics comes from the Greek word: semeion, which means sign. Sign as something that represents something; metaphor. The process of a sign as a representative occurs when the sign is reinterpreted concerning what it represents, in the form of visual forms, colors in works of art. It can be said that Semiosis is a process in which the sign becomes a function as a representative of the signified. The focus of researchers in the study of semiotics here is a visual sign of combining entities that are used as representations of the represented entities. This representation process is often called signification. This research is how the visual sign of the one eye on the animated minion character named Stuart can be a representation of the one eye symbol in the past and modern era that represents it both in shape and color.
Visual Studies: Identification of Cangkuang Temple As a Heritage Relic of Ancient Sunda Kingdom with Juxtaposing Technique
Authors: Rahmadi Rahmadi , M Fitrah Aldi
Published: January 2022

West Java has various relics of buildings and ancient artifacts that have the characteristics of buildings based on Hinduism, Buddhism and other older cultures. One of these remains is the Cangkuang Temple (8M) located in Garut, West Java. This temple is a Hindu-style temple, and is believed to be a relic of the Ancient Sundanese Kingdom. However, what is interesting about this Cangkuang Temple building is that it has quite different building characteristics from other sacred buildings of the ancient Sundanese people that were around the same era and in the surrounding area. This Cangkuang Temple has some similarities from the characteristics of the buildings generally from Ancient Sundanese, but has quite a few different distinct building features. This makes the question of whether Cangkuang Temple is really a relic from Ancient Sundanese Kingdom or by another kingdom in the different era. Therefore, in this research, the writer tries to raise the issue of these characteristics and differences. In the process, the writer compares the photo of the temple and the comparator with the Diptych and Triptych technique to identify the similarities and differences of the temples as objects. The research methodology used in this reseras is a descriptive qualitative visual study, with the data collection methods used are field observations, literature reviews and interviews. The objects that are observed are the sacred buildings of the Sundanese people of the same era and those in the surrounding area. In the end, after the photos are juxtaposed, they will be further validated to get the final conclusion. This research also includes comparisons with Gedong Songo Temple which complements the existing comparisons between the buildings of the Tarumanegara (Batujaya), Ancient Sundanese (Bojongmenje) and Galuh / Kalingga / Medang (Gedong Songo) era’s building to see their characteristics comparison
The Modernity of Naga Village Community: Social Change Study through Visual Media Analysis
Authors: Setiawan Agus
Published: January 2022

Looking at the cultural area landscape, Tatar Sunda certainly inherited different rich culture then other regions. It not only inherited tangible cultural wealth but also intangible. However, in the midst of an increasingly advanced civilization, now the Sundanese cultural heritage has changed its existence. Functionally many spiritual traditional cultural products have been replaced by commercial-modern products. This phenomenon can be studied from the social changes that occured in the Kampung Naga in Tasikmalaya regencies, which on the one hand still maintains its traditional values, on the other hand this traditional village has undergone many changes. This study intends to determine the existence of Sundanese cultural products, as well as products of a national, Indonesian culture in general from the influence of the development of modernism. In addition, by examining the phenomenon of community life in the traditional village of Kampung Naga, it is hoped that the indicators that cause these changes will be known. All objects of this study will be investigated using the qualitative-interpretive methods. This study uses cultural theory, Social Change theory, and semiotic theory as the main reference literature. The data sources used are main (primary) data and secondary data. The main data was obtained directly through interviews with the people of Kampung Naga. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained from written sources such as: books from previous research, scientific journals, personal documents, photos, statistics, audio and video recordings. Therefore, starting from these initial observations, at least the root cause of social change in Kampung Naga can be described, and its cannot be separated from both internal and external factors behind it, for example: 1) The influence of global modernization, 2) The influence of modernization brought by the people of Kampung Naga who live outside the Traditional Village, 3) The adaptive attitude of the Kampung Naga people living in the Traditional Village. 4) Economic demands and community welfare. These factors are the main source of modernism in Kampung Naga.
Keyword: Cultural change, Kampung Naga, Modernism, Traditional Village, Sunda.
White Crocodile as Social Criticism of Polygamy Phenomenon in Curug Dahu Village
Authors: Putra Yuda , Riana Irpan
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure of the traditional wedding ceremony and the White Crocodile performance in Curug Dahu Village. Signifying the concept of denotation and connotation of the White Crocodile in the traditional wedding ceremony in Curug Dahu Village, and analyzing the relationship between the White Crocodile communication elements to the phenomenon of polygamy in the Curug Dahu village. The research method used is a qualitative research method. The data collection technique was carried out starting with literature study, observation and interviews accompanied by documentation. The object of this research is the White Crocodile in a Sundanese traditional ceremony in Curug Dahu Village. This research uses Roland Barthes' Semiotics theory. Decoding the codes and identifying the denotations that have been formed are obtained at the primary level (denotation), White Crocodile is an image of fertility and fidelity in marriage, while at the secondary level of meaning (connotation) White Crocodile is an effort to carry out religious orders, in this case Islam is the majority of the people of Kampung Curug Dahu.
Keywords: Polygamy, Roland Barthes, Social Criticism. White Crocodile.
Imagism of Chinese Poem: A Literary Study on Ezra Pound’s Poetry
Authors: Li Zixi
Published: January 2022

Imagism aims at creating poetry as art, pursuing the clarity and beauty of language, and implying personal emotions via images. While Imagism brings the most influential change in English literature, Chinese traditional poetry with its unique cultural and historical style stands out in world literature with rich emotional expression through images. This literary study compares Ezra Pound’s imagist poems with classical Chinese poetry, reviewing his translations of Chinese. To scrutinize the data, a qualitative research method that covers document analysis techniques was implemented comprehensively. The research reveals that Pound’s translated Chinese poems build a strong bond between the two cultures. Chinese traditional poems and Imagism poems share their love of descriptive language, a passion for accurate detail creation, joyfulness towards metaphor, analogy, personification, and other writing techniques, while they all conserve their own art form and identities

Keywords: Chinese poem, Ezra Pound, Imagism
The Effect of the Financial Crisis on Investment Projects Case Study: Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: Faiq Amanj Jalal
Published: January 2022

Domestic and international investments are critical for a country's economic growth since they facilitate the transfer of technology, job creation, increase the exports of goods, and services. The financial crisis in Kurdistan region has several economic consequences for domestic and foreign investments, especially on the investment projects throughout: the rate of capital, the numbers of projects, the rate of sectors distribution, nationality investors and the distribution of projects on governors. Since 2014, the Kurdistan region faced financial and economic crisis, which had a huge negative effect on investment projects. As a result, the influence of the investment projects of economic development suffered from fluctuation and instability. This study attempts to evaluate the effect of financial crises on investment projects in Kurdistan regional which are implemented by domestic and foreign investors. To accomplish this objective the statistical technique and economic analysis was applied for annual time series data from 2006 to 2017 by applying the compound annual growth rate Gordon growth model (CAGR). This study finds that the financial crisis has a huge negative effect on local and international investment initiatives.
Epilepsy and Child History in Dr. Jamal Ahmad Rashid Pediatric Teaching Hospital Sulaymaniyah /Iraq
Authors: Abdulkareem Awayi Ghazy
Published: January 2022

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological illness that is the most prevalent severe brain problem worldwide .The purpose of this research is to determine the importance of certain risk variables for epilepsy in children in Sulaimani City, such as age, gender, head trauma, nervous system infectious diseases including meningitis and unusual perinatal history, low birth weight, neonate respiratory failure, neonatal seizure, socioeconomic status, as well as parent consanguinity. This research was created based on 104 cases (where 51 of the patients were male, while 53 of the patients were female) among the inpatient and outpatient neurology unit of Dr. Jamal Ahmad Rashid Pediatric teaching Hospital from 20/12/2020 to 29/4/2021 . In this research, all the children were evaluated, as well as their medical & personal information were collected .A relation between the phenomenon of epilepsy with numerous risk factors were made; the ratio was calculated to determine the essential variables linked with epilepsy. Data was collected through interviewing of the patients then analyzed through the application statistical analysis descriptive. Results: age, head trauma, gender, febrile, positive family history for epilepsy, unusual perinatal history, and neonatal infection has been shown to have a statistically significant link to epilepsy. Conclusion: The majority of the samples was aged between six to ten while most of them were the middle child of their families. The results of survey also showed that most of the children were diagnosed between ages one to five while most of the samples have a generalized seizure. On the other hand, there was a statistical significant association between febrile convulsion and family history of epilepsy depending.

Recommendation: Health staff (maternity staff) should not be excessively forced to pull the child's delivery. Informing the child's parents about the disease so that they do not become worried about any neurological disorders, our recommendation for staff working neurology field neurologist when such child enter the hospital immediately and quickly and get the necessary treatment.
Hepatoprotective Effects of Nasturtium Officinale and Allium Polyanthum Extracts on CCL4- Induced Hepatic Damage In Albino Rats
Authors: K.Rostam Shkar Rzgar , Ibrahim Zana Hassan , Mala Rebaz Rebwar , Abdul Soran Qadir
Published: January 2022

The aim: This study was designed to explore the potential hepatoprotective effects of Nasturtium officinale and Allium polyanthum plant extracts against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rat model.

Methods: Thirty healthy male albino rats were equally divided into 5 groups: Normal control (NC), Positive control (Pos-C), Nasturtium officinale extract (NOE), Allium polyanthum extract (APE), and NOE + APE. The animals were fed with a standard diet and distilled water ad libitum. Except for NC, all other groups were exposed to CCl4 at every 72 hours for 3 weeks to induce hepatic damage. Corresponding treatments were established to the respective groups during study period. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total serum bilirubin (TSB), Total protein (TP), Albumin (ALB) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in serum at the end of the study. Histopathological analysis of the liver sections was also determined.

Results: CCl4-treated rats were showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in the levels of serum enzyme activities (AST, ALT, & ALP), TSB and MDA; reflecting the hepatocellular damage caused by CCl4 compared with NC rats, whereas   the levels of TP and ALB were decreased. Furthermore, the histological examination of liver tissues showed that CCl4 triggered several histological variations in the liver tissues.  Treatments of NOE and APE along with CCl4 for 3 weeks significantly (P<0.05) improved the CCl4-induced changes in serum biochemical parameters and liver histology as compared to Pos-C rats indicating the protection of hepatic cells.

Conclusion: Treatments of NOE and APE either in separate or in combination have shown significant improvement in CCl4-induced hepatopathy in experimental rats as evidenced by observed results in serum and hepatic histopathological examinations
Common Risk Factors of Myocardial Infarction and Some Socio Demographic Characteristics in Sulaimani City
Authors: Sharif Bayan Omar , Lafi Samir Y.
Published: January 2022

Back ground: Coronary heart disease is one of the vital causes of morbidity and death in Iraq. Socioeconomic status is also affected by coronary heart disease. These risk factors in Sulaimani city of Iraq is remain uncertain. This is a shortage of study of master student. The current study’s main aims were to explore the potential association between several predisposing factors and heart attack in Sulaimani, Iraq, and to some socio demographic in this participant. 165 contributors who were attending to the Cardiac Specialty Hospital, (Coronary Care Unit), and they were definitely diagnosed as having MI participated in the current study between 2015 and 2016; in Sulaimani, Iraq.  The study was attentive on exploring the socioeconomic status, lifestyle, family history of heart attack and classical predisposing factors such as (Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, smoking cigarette, and dyslipidemia).   For collecting the data, the questionnaire was designed according reading literature and books. The tests of Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Pearson and Spearman were used for the current data analysis. The finding: patients at the age of ?61 years was a common group age for myocardial infarction. Sedentary lifestyle (81.8%) and smoking (Ex- passive and current smoking 69.7% was predominance. The prevalence of BMI > 25 was (75.15%). Hypertension accounted (61.2%), dyslipidemia (39.4%), and diabetes (20%) of the subjects. A positive first-degree history of classical MI risk factor of the participants was (54.5%, 39.2% and 28.4%) for hypertension, heart attack and diabetes, respectively. (98.2%) of the selected patients no eating fish. (56.4%, 58.8%) of them were not eating daily fruit and vegetable respectively.  Smoking was significant correlation with age, gender, level of education, and marital status (r = 0.34, 0.38, -0.23 and 0.17) respectively) (p value less than 0.05). Conclusions: In Sulaimani city of Iraq the strong predictors of heart attack were included:  sedentary lifestyle, high body mass index, positive family history, unhealthy diet, smoking cigarette, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and Diabetes Mellitus.
Recognition of Health Care Provider's Patient Safety Culture in Kurdistan/Iraq
Authors: Ali Ismail Ahmed , Hussein Shewaz Abdalrahman , Ali Shelan Omar , Muhamad Fuaad Azad
Published: January 2022

Globally, improving and promoting patient safety has been given a lot of attention in order to develop the standard of healthcare and conserve the clients from trauma. The study purposed to recognize the perception of the Health Care Provider (HCP) regarding patient safety culture. A quantitative design /descriptive method were carried out during the period from 12th to 24thJanuary 2019 at Rania teaching hospital. Data was collected through a hard copy self-managed survey form using the Hospital Survey of Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC).Data was entered to SPSS and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The final study sample included 130 cases (74.5% response rate). The total mean positive answer rate for the hospital survey dimensions was (42.28%) with arrange of (79% - 4.6%). Approximately 60% of HCP was perceived patient safety culture practice negatively. However, only two dimensions from 11 had reached positive response rate by respondents which include teamwork within Units (76.2%) and organizational learning (79%) dimensions, while the lowest dimension’s positivity include the frequency of reporting errors (4.6%). Furthermore, more than half (64.6%) of the study sample estimated the grade of patient safety as agreeable level, also only two of the respondents (1.5%) rated excellent grades for patient safety in their hospitals. Almost, three fourths (75.8%) of study sample were reported that no events had reports in the previous year. Statistically, the results of the study showed a significant association among {educational status (p=0.006), work areas (p=0.014), staff position (P=0.001), and mean score of HSOPSC. These findings demonstrated that attitudes and perception of HCP about patient safety culture is extremely low. Fundamentally, there is a necessity for systemic change at the level of health organization and continuous training course for HCP to improve patient safety culture are strongly recommended.
The Antibacterial Property of Nigella sativa (Black seed) Oil Against Gram-positive and Gramnegative Bacteria
Authors: Abdullah Sakar Ahmed , M. Salih Tara Faeq , Hama Abdullah Ahmed , Ali Salar Ibrahim , Hamaamin Hassan Hussein
Published: January 2022

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most challenges ? that face the world today, and it is heading toward the post-antibiotic era. Traditionally, herbal extracts, medicinal plant oil extracts, and probiotics have been used as an alternative to antibiotics due to bacterial resistance and drug side effects. This ?work is carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Nigella sativa oil extracts ?against common resistant bacteria, including  Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The black seed was purchased from the traditional herbal medicine market, Hot extraction of the oil was performed. The bacteria were obtained from a microbiology company and from clinical samples at the Shar hospital in Sulaimani Provence. The bacteria were gram-negative (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus). The agar ?diffusion well technique and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used. The black seed oil components were analyzed by the Gas Chromatograph mass spectrum. The results revealed that the oil of Nigella sativa shows a ?significant effect on Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA, which is known as a multidrug resistance bacterium. ? Bacillus subtilis was more sensitive than other strains, and the significant antibacterial effect of the extracted was observed against Escherichia coil, while it has no significant effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica.? Determination of Nigella sativa oil minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Gram-positive bacteria is 100 ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and the MIC was 200 ml and 400 ml for Bacillus cereus and MRSA respectively. This study concludes that oil extract of Nigella sativa is a ?good natural antimicrobial, it can be used against ?MRSA and other Gram-positive bacteria.
Investigation of the Properties of High-Density Polyethylene Pipes used in Kurdistan for Piping System of Potable Water
Authors: Hassan Sarkawt Rostam
Published: January 2022

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes are recently used in the water distribution network in Kurdistan to replace the old pipes. In this investigation, two types of HDPE pipes (namely A and B) available in the local market have been studied and their properties were compared. Mechanical properties through tensile tests have been investigated and valuable data were collected that could provide a guideline reference for the designers and end-users utilizing these pipes for water supply networks. Furthermore, the HDPE samples were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results showed that the ultimate tensile strength recorded for pipe B was greater than pipe A by 8%. Besides, both the elongation at break and strain at break for pipe A was outperformed by almost 6%. On the other hand, the tests showed that the transition from elasticity behavior to ductility behavior for pipe B occurs earlier in comparison to pipe A. It was noted from the gathered information that the two tested pipes were within the standards with variations in their characteristics.
The Epidemiological Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Halabja Province/Kurdistan –Iraq
Authors: Shareef Osama Hamid , Mohammed Othman Abdulrahman , Ghafor Dashty Aziz , Ali Ari Shareef , Baqi Hardi Rafat , Ali Ali Aziz , Faraj Aryan Mahmood , Qadir Syamand Ahmed , Omar Aljabary Ali Muhi Aldeen
Published: January 2022

The new highly transmitted pathogenic viral infection started from Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. The World Health Organization publicized that it is phylogenetically belonging to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), introduced as COVID-19 pandemic disease, and spread around the world. The first confirmed case in Kurdistan region was on 1st of March, 2020. While the first COVID-19 case in Halabja province/Kurdistan region was recorded on 27th of March, 2020. This study was designed, when the Wafa Hospital constructed in Halabja/Kurdistan region for infected patients. The data were collected from 14th April to the end of December, 2020 and included name and age of the infected persons. Samples were obtained nasopharyngeal using a sterilized swab following WHO guidelines and then the real time PCR (RT-PCR) machine was used for analysis. This study was particularly representing the impact of COVID-19 on suspected person. It was focused on the susceptibility of suspected cases in Halabja province, according to ages and sexes. During the study, 5183 cases were tested, 2796 (54%) cases were confirmed as positive result and 2387 (46%) cases were negative, including all ages, males and females. Confirmed male cases among 3116 cases were 1646 (60.1%), and 1150 (39.9%) positive cases recorded among 2067 female tests. In addition, the ages of the tested cases were divided into 10 sub-groups (0-9) years old to (90-99) years old, subsequently. The result of this study for both sexes, revealed that, the most confirmed cases among (30-39) years group and (40-49) years group were (1521) and (1223) confirmed positive cases. The lowest cases were among over 80 years old   and below 9 years old (10, 3) confirmed cases. Besides, the confirmed cases for other age groups for both sexes were (50-59) years old was 397, (60-69) years old was 205, (70-79) was 77. Finally, the data showed that, the common confirmed cases were among groups 20-59 years old and the rare cases were under 9 and over 80 years.
Kalar1 and Kalar2, Newly Released Wheat Varieties for Cultivation under Rain-fed Conditions
Authors: Awtaq Star Ali , Azeez Ali Shamsullah , Mahmood Yadgar Ali , Abdulkareem Narmeen Rashid , Jamal Khalil Musa
Published: January 2022

Improving new varieties plays an important role to increase the productivity of wheat grain yield in Iraq. Garmian region as a semi-arid area is extremely suffering with low wheat yield production as a result of continuing yield potential reduction of the local cultivars over the time. This project was conducted at the Directory of Garmian Agricultural Research to develop new cultivars through four field trials from 2009 to 2013. In the selection phase, 50 lines of Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nurseries (16th FAWWON-IR) were screened, and three superior lines (SL1; CH75479/SARDARI-HD74, SL2; CATBERD/CNO79*2/HEF1, and SL3; ID800994.W/VEE/5/CA8055/4/ROMTAST/BON/3/DIBO//SU) to the best local check (Aras) for grain yield, thousand grain weight, anthesis date and plant height were selected for testing in three field trials of comparison phase. Averaging over years, the results of this project significantly confirmed that two of the selected lines (SL1 and SL2) performed superior (4.24 and 4.73 t h-1, respectively) to the local check (Aras; 2.83 t h-1) with regards to grain yield production by about 50-60% (P < 0.001). This superiority of the selected lines compared to the local check was due to significant longer spike through increasing grain number (P < 0.001), and wider flag-leaf area which leads to assimilate more CO2 to the grain during grain filling duration (P < 0.01). Based on these results, the superior genotypes (SL1 and SL2) were then qualified for identification and officially released (Reference Number 192, dated November 21, 2018) as new cultivars namely Kalar1 (SL1) and Kalar2 (SL2) by the National Committee for Recording and Protecting Agricultural Varieties in Iraq for the climate of Garmian region.
A Hybrid Artificial Neural Network and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm for Detecting COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Hassan Alla Ahmad , Rashid Tarik A
Published: January 2022

COVID-19, one of the most dangerous pandemics, is currently affecting humanity. COVID-19 is spreading rapidly due to its high reliability transmissibility. Patients who test positive more often have mild to severe symptoms such as a cough, fever, raw throat, and muscle aches. Diseased people experience severe symptoms in more severe cases. such as shortness of breath, which can lead to respiratory failure and death. Machine learning techniques for detection and classification are commonly used in current medical diagnoses. However, for treatment using neural networks based on improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), known as PSONN, the accuracy and performance of current models must be improved. This hybridization implements Particle Swarm Optimization and a neural network to improve results while slowing convergence and improving efficiency. The purpose of this study is to contribute to resolving this issue by presenting the implementation and assessment of Machine Learning models. Using Neural Networks and Particle Swarm Optimization to help in the detection of COVID-19 in its early stages. To begin, we preprocessed data from a Brazilian dataset consisted primarily of early-stage symptoms. Following that, we implemented Neural Network and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms. We used precision, accuracy score, recall, and F-Measure tests to evaluate the Neural Network with Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms. Based on the comparison, this paper grouped the top seven ML models such as Neural Networks, Logistic Regression, Nave Bayes Classifier, Multilayer Perceptron, Support Vector Machine, BF Tree, Bayesian Networks algorithms and measured feature importance, and other, to justify the differences between classification models. Particle Swarm Optimization with Neural Network is being deployed to improve the efficiency of the detection method by more accurately predicting COVID-19 detection. Preprocessed datasets with important features are then fed into the testing and training phases as inputs. Particle Swarm Optimization was used for the training phase of a neural net to identify the best weights and biases. On training data, the highest rate of accuracy gained is 0.98.738 and on testing data, it is 98.689.
Fresh and Mechanical Characteristics of Eco-efficient GPC Incorporating Nano-silica: An Overview
Authors: Sharif Hiwa Hamid
Published: January 2022

Nanotechnology can be regarded as one of the most active studies regions with both novel technological know-how and useful packages which have gradually received attention, especially over the past two many years. The nanotechnology development offers new performance to the materials. Recently efforts have been made to incorporate nanoparticles in construction materials to enhance properties and produce concrete with improved performance. progress in the improvement of geopolymer concrete is fast becoming a feasible alternative to conventional cement-based totally concrete because geopolymer concrete is measured as an eco-efficient green concrete that consumes a large quantity of commercial and agro byproduct substances consisting of fly ash, floor granulated blast furnace slag, rice husk ash. To improve the overall performance of geopolymer concrete several methods have been investigated including using nanomaterials to enhance the chemical reactivity of the geopolymer concrete mixture and provide fine particles to fill nanopores and voids. In this paper, a state-of-the-art review was carried out on the impact of nano-silica inclusion on the fresh and the mechanical characteristics of geopolymer concrete. So that current and The majority of the most current studies previously published were investigated to draw attention to the influences of nano-silica on the workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. Based on the analyzed data, the incorporation of nano-silica affected the fresh properties adversely while improves the mechanical performance up to the appropriate dosage of geopolymer concrete.
Online Course Registration and Advisory Systems Based on Students’ Personal and Social Constraints
Authors: Faraj Bamo Nadir , Muhammed Aree Ali
Published: January 2022

Komar University of Science and Technology (KUST) is among very few universities in Iraq that follows the prerequisite system which is very common in the tertiary level institutions around the world. In such kinds of systems, the prerequisites represent a one or set of courses a student must have completed in order to be able to enrol on a specific course. Although these kinds of systems give total freedom to students on when and how they are going to take courses, deciding which course to take that serves in the best interest of the student is very challenging and sometimes time consuming.This paper presents a web based system developed and implemented by KUST facilitating course registration for the students and administrative staff such that the best possible schedule and course/section combination is presented to the students considering their personal constraints and course requirements. To assist students to make proper decisions the system provides them with collected and analyzed historical data about each offered course such as passing rate of the course, the number of selected friends who registered for and marked the course as favorite and how many courses the selected course is prerequisite of. The collected data is gathered from the currently in place database containing course registration data since spring 2016 which is believed to be adequate to produce accurate results.The system also has the role of academic advisor, which plays an important role in the students’ academic life. Since traditional advising requires extra effort, times and sometimes the suggestion that comes from an academic advisor might not be in the best interest of students due to the lack of information about the student’s academic background or not having sufficient time advising a large number of students in a short window of registration period.
A Comparison Between the MEWMA and Mahalanobis Distance Control Chart
Authors: Rashid Kawa
Published: January 2022

Statistical Process Control (SPC) is approaching that uses statistical techniques to monitor the process. The methods of quality control are widely used in controlling any strategy—the widely used control charts. A traditional variable control chart includes three lines: the Centre Line (CL), the Upper Control Limit (UCL), and the Lower Control Limit (LCL), all of which are represented by numeric values—represented by numeric values. A control chart illustrates the centerline of the average value of the quality feature under investigation. Depending on numeric observation values, a process is either "in control" or "out of control."  Considering the current, there are no questions regarding the observations and their values during the production process. However, when these observations include human judgments, assessments, and choices, a continuous random variable (xi) of a manufacturing process should be made up of the variable. The MEWMA and Mahalanobis distance control chart techniques are used when more than one variable is involved. This paper aims to compare the MEWMA and Mahalanobis distance chart for three compounds for water drinking production in the ALA -Factory in the Sulaimani-Iraq region. So, linguistic terms can be used instead of the exact value of the continuous random variable. Today, quality control has become one of the most essential techniques for studying all variables to control production or consumption decision factors. Quality control's primary aim is to guarantee that the goods, services, or processes delivered satisfy particular standards and are reliable and satisfactory. The factor's direct approach is based on the product's quality.
Rhetoric in Islamic Tradition: Paradigm and Its Development
Authors: Hasanah Umdatul
Published: January 2022

Rhetoric has an essential role in developing Islamic civilization and da’wah. Rhetoric in the Islamic tradition has a dualistic paradigm that appears with two faces, specifically balaghah and khithobah. The character of balaghah is inherent in the rhetorical tradition, where the qualification of the message language is essential, including eloquence, meaning, and metaphor. In comparison, the khithobah character is attached to the quality aspects of the message content and the technique of delivering the message. This literature research found that the two faces of this rhetoric have further developments, one is progressive, and the other is still stagnant. The progress of balaghah is not only based on the role of Arabic as the Quran language but also the miracle of the Quran language itself. While khithobah is an essential part of delivering Islamic symbols, it is still considered a mere praxis and religious routine, and it has not developed as scientifically theoretic. Amid the limitations of the study of khitobah as part of Islamic rhetoric, this paper will elaborate on the dynamics and span developments periods.