bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The First Reported Case of Colonic Infection Caused by Candida tropicalis and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Praneenararat Surat
Published: June 2014

Lower gastrointestinal tract infections caused by Candida species are rarely reported, and Candida albicans is the only pathogen that has been identified. The author reports a first case of colonic candidiasis caused by Candida tropicalis in a 55-year-old female with diabetes mellitus type 2, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and neutropenia induced by chemotherapy. Diarrhea and fever were the presenting symptoms. Diagnosis was made based on deep tissue involvement on colonoscopy with biopsy and positive hemoculture. This alerted the physician to be aware of Candida non-albicans as a cause of colonic infection. Fungal culture should always be done to identify specific Candida species, leading to appropriate antifungal therapy. A review of the literature on colonic candidiasis is also presented here.
Neonatal Sepsis with Multi-Organ Failure and Treated with a New Dialysis Device Specifically Designed for Newborns
Authors: Peruzzi Licia , Bonaudo Roberto , Amore Alessandro , Chiale Federica , Donadio Maria Elena , Vergano Luca , Coppo Rosanna
Published: June 2014

Neonatal sepsis due to E. coli is often complicated by multiple organ failure (MOF) and a high mortality risk. We report the case of a term newborn discharged in good condition who suddenly fell into septic shock after 11 days and required immediate resuscitation, volume expansion and a high-dosage amine infusion. Extremely severe metabolic acidosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with diffuse bleeding, and unstable hemodynamic status with oliguria turned into strict anuria, and the patient became anuric. The presence of DIC, with gastric and intestinal bleeding, rendered peritoneal dialysis impossible. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) was started with the new dialysis machine CARPEDIEM® (Cardio-Renal Pediatric Dialysis Emergency Machine), available on a trial-basis in our center, after the surgical placement of jugular double-lumen central venous catheters. A ‘ready to use' neonatal kit with a low-priming volume of the extracorporeal circuit allowed a prompt hemofiltration start. The filtration CRRT was continuously performed for 48 h, then intermittently (12 h/day) for 2 more days and interrupted on day 5 for diuresis reprisal. Acute kidney injury and multi-organ failure resolved after 5 days. The child survived without neurological damage, with a normal renal function and a normal development at 9 months follow-up. In conclusion, a prompt CRRT start with this specifically designed neonatal device allowed a progressive stabilization of hemodynamics, a better control of acidosis, a reduction of amine requirement, a gradual control of fluid overload and a rapid improvement of MOF, DIC as well as a resolution of the acute kidney injury. The device also allowed the extension of CRRT in the neonatal age.
Acute Changes of Mitral Valve Geometry During Interventional Edge-to-Edge Repair With the MitraClip System Are Associated With Midterm Outcomes in Patients With Functional Valve Disease
Authors: Schueler Robert , Momcilovic Diana , Weber Marcel , Welz Armin , Werner Nikos , Mueller Cornelius , Ghanem Alexander , Nickenig Georg , Hammerstingl Christoph
Published: June 2014

Background—

Transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR) is a treatment option in patients with symptomatic functional or degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) at high surgical risk. The acute effect of MitraClip procedure on mitral valve (MV) annular geometry and its relation to functional outcomes is unclear. We sought to assess immediate effect of TMVR on MV annular geometry with 3-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography and the association of MV diameter reduction with functional response after 6 months.

Methods and Results—

Consecutive patients (n=111; age, 78.3±8.1 years) at high surgical risk (logistic EuroSCORE [European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation], 29.8±21.5%) underwent TMVR. The procedure was completed successfully in 107 (96%) patients with 3D reconstruction of MV annular geometry immediately before and after clip implantation. Only patients with functional mitral regurgitation (n=71) experienced an acute reduction of anterior-posterior MV diameters (4.0±0.6 and 3.6±0.6 cm;
P
<0.0001), MV annulus areas (2D annulus area, 13.9±3.8 and 12.8±3.4 cm
2
;
P
<0.0001 and 3D annulus area, 14.4±3.9 and 12.9±3.4 cm
2
;
P
<0.0001), and MV annular geometry (MV sphericity index, 0.9±0.1 and 0.8±0.1;
P
<0.0001); the lateral medial MV diameters remained unchanged (4.3±0.7 and 4.4±0.6 cm;
P
=0.13). In subjects with DMR, all MV annular geometry-defining values were not significantly altered after TMVR (n=36;
P
>0.05). Acute anterior-posterior diameter reduction was associated with clinical response to TMVR after 6 months of follow-up (cutoff value, ≥6.4%; area under the curve, 0.81;
P
=0.002; sensitivity, 81.6%; specificity, 81.8%), which was confirmed by additional regression analysis (
P
=0.007).

Conclusions—

Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography enables assessment of acute changes of MV geometry in patients undergoing the MitraClip procedure. Only patients with functional mitral regurgitation experienced significant reduction of MV annular dimensions, which was associated with clinical response to TMVR.
Relationship Between Care Gaps and Projected Life Expectancy After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ko Dennis T. , Austin Peter C. , Tu Jack V. , Lee Douglas S. , Yun Lingsong , Alter David A.
Published: June 2014

Background—

Higher-risk patients may not receive evidence-based therapy because of limited life expectancy, which is a composite measure that encompasses many patient factors, including age, frailty, and comorbidities. In this study, we evaluated the extent to which treatment care gaps can be explained by a difference in projected life expectancy.

Methods and Results—

An observational cohort study was conducted on acute myocardial infarction patients hospitalized in Ontario, Canada. Projected life expectancy was estimated using actual survival data with extrapolation using proportional hazard models adjusting for important covariates. The relationship between projected life expectancy with statins and reperfusion therapy was examined using generalized linear models. Among the 7001 acute myocardial infarction patients, 84.3% were prescribed statins and 72.9% were treated with reperfusion therapy. When projected life expectancy was <10 years, the likelihood of receiving either treatment declined progressively with reduction in life expectancy (
P
<0.001). At the 25th percentile of projected life expectancies, the likelihood of receiving a statin decreased by 1.4% (95% confidence interval, 1.0–1.8%), and acute reperfusion therapy decreased by 2.6% (95% confidence interval, 1.8–3.3%) for each year decline in projected life expectancy.

Conclusions—

Life expectancy of a patient strongly influences evidence-based treatment in acute myocardial infarction. It was seen not only among patients with limited life expectancies but also among those with many years to live. Treatment care gaps may reflect clinicians’ synthesis about frailty and life-expectancy gains.
Sex, Socioeconomic Status, Access to Cardiac Catheterization, and Outcomes for Acute Coronary Syndromes in the Context of Universal Healthcare Coverage
Authors: Fabreau Gabriel E. , Leung Alexander A. , Southern Danielle A. , Knudtson Merrill L. , McWilliams J. Michael , Ayanian John Z. , Ghali William A.
Published: June 2014

Background—

Sex and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) may independently affect the care and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome, partly through barriers in timely access to cardiac catheterization. We sought to determine whether sex modifies the association between nSES and the receipt of cardiac catheterization and mortality after an acute coronary syndrome in a universal healthcare system.

Methods and Results—

We studied 14 012 patients with acute coronary syndrome admitted to cardiology services between April 18, 2004, and December 31, 2011, in Southern Alberta, Canada. We used multivariable logistic regression to compare the odds of cardiac catheterization within 2 and 30 days of admission and the odds of 30-day and 1-year mortality for men and women by quintile of neighborhood median household income. Significant relationships between nSES and the receipt of cardiac catheterization and mortality after acute coronary syndrome were detected for women but not men. When examined by nSES, each incremental decrease in neighborhood income quintile for women was associated with a 6% lower odds of receiving cardiac catheterization within 30 days (
P
=0.01) and a 14% higher odds of 30-day mortality (
P
=0.03). For men, each decrease in neighborhood income quintile was associated with a 2% lower odds of receiving catheterization within 30 days (
P
=0.10) and a 5% higher odds of 30-day mortality (
P
=0.36).

Conclusions—

Associations between nSES and receipt of cardiac catheterization and 30-day mortality were noted for women but not men in a universal healthcare system. Care protocols designed to improve equity of access to care and outcomes are required, especially for low-income women.
Efficacy and Safety of Rivaroxaban Compared With Warfarin Among Elderly Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation in the Rivaroxaban Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF)
Authors: Halperin Jonathan L. , Hankey Graeme J. , Wojdyla Daniel M. , Piccini Jonathan P. , Lokhnygina Yuliya , Patel Manesh R. , Breithardt Günter , Singer Daniel E. , Becker Richard C. , Hacke Werner , Paolini John F. , Nessel Christopher C. , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Califf Robert M. , Fox Keith A.A.
Published: June 2014

Background—

Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation is common in elderly patients, who face an elevated risk of stroke but difficulty sustaining warfarin treatment. The oral factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban was noninferior to warfarin in the Rivaroxaban Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). This prespecified secondary analysis compares outcomes in older and younger patients.

Methods and Results—

There were 6229 patients (44%) aged ≥75 years with atrial fibrillation and ≥2 stroke risk factors randomized to warfarin (target international normalized ratio=2.0–3.0) or rivaroxaban (20 mg daily; 15 mg if creatinine clearance <50 mL/min), double blind. The primary end point was stroke and systemic embolism by intention to treat. Over 10 866 patient-years, older participants had more primary events (2.57% versus 2.05%/100 patient-years;
P
=0.0068) and major bleeding (4.63% versus 2.74%/100 patient-years;
P
<0.0001). Stroke/systemic embolism rates were consistent among older (2.29% rivaroxaban versus 2.85% warfarin per 100 patient-years; hazard ratio=0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–1.02) and younger patients (2.00% versus 2.10%/100 patient-years; hazard ratio=0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.76–1.19; interaction
P
=0.313), as were major bleeding rates (≥75 years: 4.86% rivaroxaban versus 4.40% warfarin per 100 patient-years; hazard ratio=1.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.92–1.34; <75 years: 2.69% versus 2.79%/100 patient-years; hazard ratio=0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.19; interaction
P
=0.336). Hemorrhagic stroke rates were similar in both age groups; there was no interaction between age and rivaroxaban response.

Conclusions—

Elderly patients had higher stroke and major bleeding rates than younger patients, but the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban relative to warfarin did not differ with age, supporting rivaroxaban as an alternative for the elderly.
Atrial Fibrillation, Stroke, and Anticoagulation in Medicare Beneficiaries: Trends by Age, Sex, and Race, 1992–2010
Authors: Shroff Gautam R. , Solid Craig A. , Herzog Charles A.
Published: June 2014

Background

We evaluated temporal trends in ischemic stroke and warfarin use among demographic subsets of the
US
Medicare population that are not well represented in randomized trials of warfarin for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (
AF
).

Methods and Results

One‐year cohorts of Medicare–primary payer patients (1992–2010) were created using the Medicare 5% sample.
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
codes were used to identify
AF
and ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke; ≥3 consecutive prothrombin time claims were used to identify warfarin use. Ischemic stroke rates (per 1000 patient‐years) decreased markedly from 1992 to 2010. Among women, rates decreased from 37.1 to 13.6 for ages 65 to 74 years, from 55.2 to 16.5 for ages 74 to 84, and from 66.9 to 22.9 for age ≥85; warfarin use increased 31% to 59%, 27% to 63%, and 15% to 49%, respectively. Among men, rates decreased from 33.8 to 11.7 for ages 65 to 74 years, from 49.2 to 13.8 for ages 75 to 84, and from 51.5 to 18.0 for age ≥ 85; warfarin use increased 34% to 63%, 28% to 66%, and 15% to 55%, respectively. Rates decreased from 47.0 to 14.8 for whites and 73.0 to 29.3 for blacks; warfarin use increased 27% to 61% and 19% to 52%, respectively. In all age categories, the thromboembolic risk (
CHADS
[congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes, stroke]) score was significantly higher among women (versus men) and blacks (versus whites).

Conclusions

Ischemic stroke rates among Medicare
AF
patients decreased significantly in all demographic subpopulations from 1992–2010, coincident with increasing warfarin use. Ischemic stroke rates remained higher and warfarin use rates remained lower for women and blacks with
AF
, groups whose baseline
CHADS
scores were higher.
Decreased Myocardial Dendritic Cells is Associated With Impaired Reparative Fibrosis and Development of Cardiac Rupture After Myocardial Infarction in Humans
Authors: Nagai Toshiyuki , Honda Satoshi , Sugano Yasuo , Matsuyama Taka‐aki , Ohta‐Ogo Keiko , Asaumi Yasuhide , Ikeda Yoshihiko , Kusano Kengo , Ishihara Masaharu , Yasuda Satoshi , Ogawa Hisao , Ishibashi‐Ueda Hatsue , Anzai Toshihisa
Published: June 2014

Background

Dendritic cells (
DC
) play pivotal roles in regulating the immune system and inflammatory response. We previously reported
DC
infiltration in the infarcted heart and its immunoprotective roles in the post‐infarction healing process after experimental myocardial infarction (
MI
). However, its clinical significance has not been determined.

Methods and Results

The degree of
DC
infiltration and its correlation with the post‐infarction healing process in the human infarcted heart were investigated in 24 autopsy subjects after
ST
‐elevation
MI
. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence (n=13) or absence (n=11) of cardiac rupture. The numbers of infiltrated
DC
and macrophages and the extent of fibrosis in the infarcted area were examined. In the rupture group,
CD
68
+
macrophage infiltration was increased and
CD
209
+
DC
, and
CD
11c
+
DC
infiltration and the extent of reparative fibrosis were decreased compared with the non‐rupture group, under matched baseline characteristics including the time from onset to death and use of revascularization. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the number of infiltrating
CD
209
+
DC
, and
CD
11c
+
DC
and the extent of reparative fibrosis.

Conclusions

Decreased number of
DC
in human‐infarcted myocardial tissue was associated with increased macrophage infiltration, impaired reparative fibrosis, and the development of cardiac rupture after
MI
. These findings suggest a protective role of
DC
in post‐
MI
inflammation and the subsequent healing process.
Impact of Prestroke Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment on Stroke Severity and Mortality
Authors: Mortensen Janne Kaergaard , Larsson Heidi , Johnsen Søren Paaske , Andersen Grethe
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose—

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been associated with an increased risk of bleeding but also a possible neuroprotective effect in stroke. We aimed to examine the implications of prestroke SSRI use in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.

Methods—

We conducted a registry-based propensity score–matched follow-up study among first-ever patients with hemorrhage and ischemic stroke in Denmark (2003–2012). Multiple conditional logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios of severe stroke and death within 30 days.

Results—

Among 1252 hemorrhagic strokes (626 prestroke SSRI users and 626 propensity score–matched nonusers), prestroke SSRI use was associated with an increased risk of the strokes being severe (adjusted propensity score–matched odds ratios, 1.41; confidence interval, 1.08–1.84) and an increased risk of death within 30 days (adjusted propensity score–matched odds ratios, 1.60; confidence interval, 1.17–2.18). Among 8956 patients with ischemic stroke (4478 prestroke SSRI users and 4478 propensity score–matched nonusers), prestroke SSRI use was not associated with the risk of severe stroke or death within 30 days.

Conclusions—

Prestroke SSRI use is associated with increased stroke severity and mortality in patients with hemorrhagic stroke. Although prestroke depression in itself may increase stroke severity and mortality, this was not found in SSRI users with ischemic stroke.
The Neural Substrates of Drawing: A Voxel-based Morphometry Analysis of Constructional, Hierarchical, and Spatial Representation Deficits
Authors: Chechlacz Magdalena , Novick Abigail , Rotshtein Pia , Bickerton Wai-Ling , Humphreys Glyn W. , Demeyere Nele
Published: June 2014

Deficits in the ability to draw objects, despite apparently intact perception and motor abilities, are defined as constructional apraxia. Constructional deficits, often diagnosed based on performance on copying complex figures, have been reported in a range of pathologies, perhaps reflecting the contribution of several underlying factors to poor figure drawing. The current study provides a comprehensive analysis of brain–behavior relationships in drawing disorders based on data from a large cohort of subacute stroke patients (n = 358) using whole-brain voxel-wise statistical analyses linked to behavioral measures from a complex figure copy task. We found that (i) overall poor performance on figure copying was associated with subcortical lesions (BG and thalamus), (ii) lateralized deficits with respect to the midline of the viewer were associated with lesions within the posterior parietal lobule, and (iii) spatial positioning errors across the entire figure were associated with lesions within visual processing areas (lingual gyrus and calcarine) and the insula. Furthermore, deficits in reproducing global aspects of form were associated with damage to the right middle temporal gyrus, whereas deficits in representing local features were linked to the left hemisphere lesions within calcarine cortex (extending into the cuneus and precuneus), the insula, and the TPJ. The current study provides strong evidence that impairments in separate cognitive mechanisms (e.g., spatial coding, attention, motor execution, and planning) linked to different brain lesions contribute to poor performance on complex figure copying tasks. The data support the argument that drawing depends on several cognitive processes operating via discrete neuronal networks and that constructional problems as well as hierarchical and spatial representation deficits contribute to poor figure copying.
Morphology of Primary Visual Cortex Predicts Individual Differences in Fixation Duration during Text Reading
Authors: Henderson John M. , Choi Wonil , Luke Steven G.
Published: June 2014

In skilled reading, fixations are brief periods of time in which the eyes settle on words. E-Z Reader, a computational model of dynamic reading, posits that fixation durations are under real-time control of lexical processing. Lexical processing, in turn, requires efficient visual encoding. Here we tested the hypothesis that individual differences in fixation durations are related to individual differences in the efficiency of early visual encoding. To test this hypothesis, we recorded participants' eye movements during reading. We then examined individual differences in fixation duration distributions as a function of individual differences in the morphology of primary visual cortex measured from MRI scans. The results showed that greater gray matter surface area and volume in visual cortex predicted shorter and less variable fixation durations in reading. These results suggest that individual differences in eye movements during skilled reading are related to initial visual encoding, consistent with models such as E-Z Reader that emphasize lexical control over fixation time.
Early Anticipation Lies behind the Speed of Response in Conversation
Authors: Magyari Lilla , Bastiaansen Marcel C. M. , de Ruiter Jan P. , Levinson Stephen C.
Published: June 2014

RTs in conversation, with average gaps of 200 msec and often less, beat standard RTs, despite the complexity of response and the lag in speech production (600 msec or more). This can only be achieved by anticipation of timing and content of turns in conversation, about which little is known. Using EEG and an experimental task with conversational stimuli, we show that estimation of turn durations are based on anticipating the way the turn would be completed. We found a neuronal correlate of turn-end anticipation localized in ACC and inferior parietal lobule, namely a beta-frequency desynchronization as early as 1250 msec, before the end of the turn. We suggest that anticipation of the other's utterance leads to accurately timed transitions in everyday conversations.
Spectral reflectance and substrate color-induced melanization in immature and adult Midland painted turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata)
Authors: Rowe John W. , Bunce Charles F. , Clark David L.
Published: June 2014

An animal’s coloration can be involved in communication and crypsis and change dynamically over time. We studied spectral reflectance of color pattern and substrate color-induced melanization in adult Midland Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata). Spectral reflectance of the carapace and plastron ground colors and of the red, yellow, and black markings of the head and limbs did not vary between the sexes. Therefore, yellow and red markings of the head and forelimbs seem unlikely to be sexually-selected traits as would be evidenced by differences in brightness between the sexes. Perhaps the color patterns of the head, neck, and shell margins function to break up the outline of an individual. However, we cannot rule out that the markings of the head and neck function in species recognition or evaluation of mate quality. After being laboratory reared for 150 days, the ground color and the spots or stripes of the head and limbs increased in intensity (turtles lightened) but more so in turtles reared on a white substrate when compared to those reared on a black substrate. At day 150, the ground colors of the carapace and plastron and the black blotches of the marginal scutes of the carapace were darker in individuals reared on a black substrate than in those reared on a white substrate. Therefore, adult turtles that travel among habitats with differing substrate colors could shift the degree of darkness of the carapace and skin ground color, thus more closely matching their backgrounds and reducing predation rates.
Characterisation of nine new polymorphic microsatellite loci in the reticulated glass frog Hyalinobatrachium valerioi (Centrolenidae)
Authors: Ringler Eva , Mangold Alexandra , Trenkwalder Katharina , Ringler Max , Hödl Walter
Published: June 2014

Here we document the development of thirteen novel microsatellite markers for the reticulated glass frog Hyalinobatrachium valerioi (Centrolenidae). Nine of those markers were polymorphic and contained between 4 and 34 alleles per locus (mean = 20.3) in 138 individuals (91 males, 47 females) from the field site ‘La Gamba’, Costa Rica. Average observed heterozygosity was 0.76. Two loci (Hyval19 and Hyval21) significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. We did not find evidence for linkage disequilibrium among any of the loci. These markers will serve to identify the genetic mating system in H. valerioi, investigate gene flow between local populations, and reconstruct parent-offspring relationships for studies on individual mating and reproductive success. Therefore, these markers will serve to answer a wide range of scientific questions in conservation, behavioural ecology, and also evolutionary biology.
Contrasted influences of moon phases on the reproduction and movement patterns of four amphibian species inhabiting different habitats in central Italy
Authors: Vignoli Leonardo , D’Amen Manuela , Della Rocca Francesca , Bologna Marco A. , Luiselli Luca
Published: June 2014

Many studies have provided evidence that prey adjust their behaviour to adaptively balance the fitness effects of reproduction and predation risk. Nocturnal terrestrial animals should deal with a range of environmental conditions during the reproductive season at the breeding sites, including a variable amount of natural ambient light. High degrees of illumination are expected to minimize those behaviours that might increase the animal detection by predators. Therefore, under habitat variable brightness conditions and in different ecosystems, the above mentioned behaviours are expected to depend on the variation in predation risk. Although moon effects on amphibian biology have been recognized, the direction of this influence is rather controversial with evidences of both increased and depressed activity under full moon. We tested in four nocturnal amphibian species (Hyla intermedia, Rana dalmatina, Rana italica, Salamandrina perspicillata) the effects of different (i) light conditions and (ii) habitats (open land vs. dense forest) on the reproductive phenology. Our results showed that the effects of the lunar cycle on the study species are associated with the change in luminosity, and there is no evidence of an endogenous rhythm controlled by biological clocks. The habitat type conditioned the amphibian reproductive strategy in relation to moon phases. Open habitat breeders (e.g., ponds with no canopy cover) strongly avoided conditions with high brightness, whereas forest habitat breeders were apparently unaffected by the different moon phases. Indeed, for all the studied species no effects of the moon phase itself on the considered metrics were found. Rather, the considered amphibian species seem to be conditioned mainly by moonlight irrespective of the moon phase. The two anurans spawning in open habitat apparently adjust their oviposition timing by balancing the fitness effects of the risk to be detected by predators and the reproduction.
The roles of environmental factors on reptile richness in Iran
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Mahboubeh Sadat , Aliabadian Mansour , Rastegar-Pouyani Eskandar , Rastegar-Pouyani Nasrullah
Published: June 2014

Iran is usually considered as a bridge between Oriental and African zoogeographical region, and also the 20th global biodiversity hotspot. Herpetofauna of the Iranian Plateau has a high diversity compared to other areas in the region and has always been interesting for herpetologists in terms of biogeography, ecology and zoogeography. In this study, distribution maps of 215 terrestrial reptilian species (of which 50 were endemic to Iran) were digitized and the species richness patterns were correlated with 13 environmental factors using spatial analyses methods. Our results showed that the hotspot regions for all reptilian species are concentrated on south and southwest of Iran. This result is consistent with the Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hotspot. Based on spatial analyses, species richness in the area is affected by seven environmental variables which are associated with temperature and probably interpreted as the most important factor on reptile richness in Iran.
Whiptail lizards in South America: a new Ameivula (Squamata, Teiidae) from Planalto dos Gerais, Eastern Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Arias Federico José , Teixeira Mauro , Recoder Renato , de Carvalho Celso Morato , Zaher Hussam , Rodrigues Miguel Trefaut
Published: June 2014

We describe a new species of whiptail lizard genusAmeivulafrom Planalto dos Gerais, a sandstone plateau that extends along the Cerrado region in the states of Bahia, Tocantins, Piauí, and Minas Gerais, in Brazil. The new species is the third recognized species of theA. ocelliferagroup registered for the Cerrado. Quantitative analyses of morphometric characters showed that Caatinga species are distinguished from their Cerrado congeners on basis of body size and shape. A discriminant analysis upon meristic characters showed that the new species can be clearly distinguished from the other two Cerrado speciesA. mumbucaandA. jalapensis, also the morphology of the finger lamellae, and clutch size distinguish these species.
Philosophy of Experiment in Early Modern England: The Case of Bacon, Boyle and Hooke
Authors: Anstey Peter R.
Published: June 2014

Serious philosophical reflection on the nature of experiment began in earnest in the seventeenth century. This paper expounds the most influential philosophy of experiment in seventeenth-century England, the Bacon-Boyle-Hooke view of experiment. It is argued that this can only be understood in the context of the new experimental philosophy practised according to the Baconian theory of natural history. The distinctive typology of experiments of this view is discussed, as well as its account of the relation between experiment and theory. This leads into an assessment of other recent discussions of early modern experiment, namely, those of David Gooding, Thomas Kuhn, J.E. Tiles and Peter Dear.
State of our knowledge of online resources of the types of names of Agave L. (Agavaceae / Asparagaceae) with a list of names attributed to William Trelease, with notes on types, online resources and etymology
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela
Published: June 2014

The application of plant names is inextricably linked to type specimens, and understandably considerable resources and effort have been spent over the past several years on creating and disseminating images of such specimens, for example through JSTOR Global Plants (JGP). As part of a gap analysis of images of types accessible on the worldwide web, 512 names, including 276 that are names of accepted taxa, published in the genus Agave and types with which they are associated were investigated to determine the state of our knowledge of the nomenclature of this horticulturally popular and economically important genus. The electronically available type specimens of the 192 names of Agave established by William Trelease, the most prolific author of plant names in the genus, are analysed in some detail and ten of his names are typified. In addition, the accuracy of the information associated with web-accessible type specimens of Agave names is recorded. We established that 76% of the images of Agave name types are associated with incorrect metadata.
Youngia zhengyiana (Asteraceae, Crepidinae), a new species from south China, with notes on the systematics of Youngia inferred from morphology and nrITS phylogeny
Authors: Deng Tao , Zhang Jian Wen , ZHU XIN XIN , Zhang Dai Gui , Nie Zelong , Sun Hang
Published: June 2014

Youngia zhengyiana, a new species of Youngia sect. Mesomeris (Asteraceae: Crepidinae) from Guizhou province of south China is described and illustrated. The placement of this species within Youngia is assessed based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal ITS and on morphological comparisons with related species. The new species can be easily distinguished by morphology from the only species known to possess 5 florets, Y. szechuanica. The infrageneric classification and the recently debated circumscription of Youngia are discussed in the light of the nrITS phylogeny, which includes several species for the first time. Pseudoyoungia is confirmed as a congener of Youngia. The redefined Youngia is still non-monophyletic with Lapsanastrum nested within it.
Gagea antakiensis, a new species from Southern Anatolia, Turkey and the new finding of Gagea lojaconoi (Liliaceae)
Authors: Kayıkçı Samim , Ocak Atilla , Tekşen Mehtap , Erkul Seher Karaman
Published: June 2014

Gagea antakiensis (Liliaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from Hatay province in South Anatolia, Turkey. The new species belongs to the section Didymobulbos, based on morphological features, and it is close to G. lojaconoi. The samples belonging to G. chrysantha species group in the Flora of Turkey were confirmed as G. lojaconoi. A taxonomic description, an illustration of the new species, geographical distribution, habitat and ecology, conservation status of the new species and its affinity to G. lojaconoi and G. chrysantha species group are given in this study. In addition, the anatomical features of G. antakiensis and G. lojaconoi are given.
First record of the genus Baptista Distant, 1903 (Heteroptera: Veliidae) from China, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: YE ZHEN , POLHEMUS DAN A. , BU WENJUN
Published: June 2014

The genus Baptista Distant, 1903, is recorded for the first time from China. Four species are treated in this paper, with B. digitata Andersen, 1989 and B. hoedli Zettel, 2004 newly recorded from China and two additional species, B. curvicornis sp. n. and B. obtusa sp. n., described as new to science. Photographs of the male and female dorsal habitus, male fore legs, male abdominal sternites, and male genitalic structures are provided, accompanied by line drawings of the male fore tibial details, male paramere, habitat photographs, and a distribution map for all Baptista species. A key to all four species occurring in China is also provided to assist in future identification.
A redescription of the type species of the jumping spider genus Pseudomaevia (Araneae: Salticidae) from Lord Howe Island, Australia
Authors: RICHARDSON BARRY J.
Published: June 2014

The genus Pseudomaevia Rainbow, 1920 presently includes three forms, P. cognata Rainbow, 1920, P. insulana Berland, 1942 and P. i. aorai Berland, 1942, all found in the western Pacific region (Platnick 2014). The type species, P. cognata, was only briefly described with some poor illustrations of the male, but no information was given on the female. This situation makes placing species in this genus, or the genus in a wider context, difficult. The present work describes and illustrates both sexes of the type species. The female genitalia are unusual in that the insemination duct joins the fertilization duct without any apparent spermatheca. The subfamilial placement of the genus is unknown.
Pagurus asper H. Milne Edwards, 1848, a subjective synonym of Clibanarius longitarsus (De Haan, 1849) and reversal of precedence (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae)
Authors: LOW MARTYN E. Y. , RAHAYU DWI LISTYO
Published: June 2014

The species-group name Pagurus longitarsus was proposed by De Haan (1849: 211, pl. 50, fig. 3) for a species of hermit crab collected from Japan (see Yamaguchi & Baba 1993: 272, 273). Dana (1852b: 464) transferred Pagurus longitarsus to the genus Clibanarius Dana, 1852 (first established in Dana 1852a). Dana (1852b: 464) also suggested that Pagurus longitarsus De Haan, 1849, and Pagurus asper H. Milne Edwards, 1848, were possibly synonymous by listing “Pagurus asper ? Edwards, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 1848(3), v. [sic] 62” in the synonymy of Pagurus longitarsus De Haan, 1849. Fize & Serène (1955: 72) repeated Dana’s (1852b: 464) opinion regarding the synonymy Pagurus longitarsus and Pagurus asper. McLaughlin (2002: 399) and McLaughlin et al. (2010: 20) also considered Pagurus longitarsus De Haan, 1849, and Pagurus asper H. Milne Edwards, 1848, to be possibly conspecific, but considered Clibanarius longitarsus (De Haan, 1849), to be the valid name.
A new record for Limnobatodes paradoxus Hussey, 1925 from Guyana (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Hydrometridae: Limnobatodinae)
Authors: CIANFERONI FABIO
Published: June 2014

Limnobatodes paradoxus Hussey, 1925 is a primitive hydrometrid, described from a single female specimen collected in 1923 at Tela, Honduras (Hussey 1925). Following the original description, very few records of this species have been reported in literature, and locality indications are not detailed: Brazil (Cobben 1968), Peru (Andersen 1977), and French Guiana (Polhemus & Polhemus 1995). Andersen (1977, 1982) quoted “British Honduras” [= Belize] instead of Honduras, and this mistake was subsequently repeated by Schuh and Slater (1995) (see Moreira, 2014). This taxon was not listed by Heckman (2011) in his monograph on the Heteroptera of South America. Excellent illustrations of this species, in comparison with those of other Heteroptera, have been provided by several authors (cf. Hussey 1925; Cobben 1968, 1978; Andersen 1977, 1982). Nothing is known about the habitat and life history of Limnobatodes paradoxus (Andersen 1977; Polhemus & Polhemus 1995).
Three new species of Kerevata (Braconidae: Rogadinae: Clinocentrini) from mainland Papua New Guinea
Authors: BUTCHER BUNTIKA AREEKUL , QUICKE DONALD L. J.
Published: June 2014

Three new species of the distinctive, cyclostome, braconid wasp genus Kerevata (viz. Kerevata jamesmayi sp. nov., K. clarksoni sp. nov. and K. hammondi sp. nov.) from Mt Wilhelm, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea are described and illustrated, and a key provided to enable their identification and separation from the only other species described to date, K. pacifica, from New Britain in the Bismark Archipelago off the S. E. coast of New Guinea. Characters used to differentiate Kerevata from the related Confusocentrus are modified.
Description of a new species of the genus Henricohahnia Breddin (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from China, with a key to Chinese species
Authors: ZHAO PING , WANG JIANYUN , CAI WANZHI
Published: June 2014

Henricohahnia parva sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on the specimens collected from Yunnan Province of China. It represents the smallest-sized species of the genus Henricohahnia Breddin so far known. A key to the eight Chinese species of the genus is provided.
Effects of a Shallow Pycnocline and Surface Meltwater on Sea Ice–Ocean Drag and Turbulent Heat Flux
Authors: Randelhoff Achim , Sundfjord Arild , Renner Angelika H. H.
Published: June 2014

Comprehensive boundary layer measurements from a drift station on first-year ice in the late summer of 2012 in the Nansen basin, when stable stratification in the upper ocean extended all the way to the surface, are analyzed. Observed quadratic ice–ocean drag coefficients, based on measurements of wind stress, are roughly 3.6 × 10−3, consistent with neutral-stability Rossby similarity scaling. The turning angles of 32°–39° between surface velocity and stress are larger than Rossby similarity predicts and obey a different scaling. This can be explained by the shallow pycnocline forcing the Ekman transport into a thin layer and modeled roughly employing a simple first-order correction to Rossby similarity. Turbulent shear stress in the ice–ocean boundary layer is on average 3 times smaller than the estimate based on wind stress, possibly because internal wave drag was significant. This lowers vertical scalar fluxes by 38% compared to a scenario where turbulent stress accounts for the total drag. The authors measure an average upward ocean–ice heat flux of 10 W m−2, which is 50% smaller than predicted by a bulk heat flux parameterization. This reduction is attributed to additional sources of heat and freshwater that alter the ice–ocean interface salt balance. This study shows that a commonly used bulk heat flux parameterization is a special case of a simple downgradient parameterization allowing for a modified interface salt budget. For similar wind forcing, observed ice–ocean fluxes of heat and salt were 40%–100% larger when the ice-relative current approached from a nearby pressure ridge keel than otherwise.
Can critical management studies ever be ‘practical’? A case study in engaged scholarship
Authors: King Daniel , Learmonth Mark
Published: June 2014

What happens when you try to engage with management practice as a critical management scholar by actually doing management? Although there have been calls for critical scholars to attempt such engagement, little is known about the practical challenges and learning that may be involved. This article therefore provides a case study that details some of the experiences one of us had when working as a manager while trying to remain true to his critical sensibilities. The story suggests that transforming management practice will be a constant struggle, and that the difficulties of achieving even small changes should not be underestimated. However, change is not impossible. Following Foucault, we argue that critical perspectives, when engaged in particular ways, offer resources through which we might challenge the dominance of managerialist thinking on a practical level − at least in the long run.
Consonants are More Important than Vowels in the Bouba-kiki Effect
Authors: Fort Mathilde , Martin Alexander , Peperkamp Sharon
Published: June 2014

Adult listeners systematically associate certain speech sounds with round or spiky shapes, a sound-symbolic phenomenon known as the “bouba-kiki effect.” In this study, we investigate the respective influences of consonants and vowels in this phenomenon. French participants were asked to match auditorily presented pseudowords with one of two visually presented shapes, one round and one spiky. The pseudowords were created by crossing either two consonant pairs with a wide range of vowels (experiment 1 and 2) or two vowel pairs with a wide range of consonants (experiment 3). Analyses showed that consonants have a greater influence than vowels in the bouba-kiki effect. Importantly, this asymmetry cannot be due to an onset bias, as a strong consonantal influence is found both with CVCV (experiment 1) and VCV (experiment 2) stimuli. We discuss these results in terms of the differential role of consonants and vowels in speech perception.
Bilingualism matters
Authors: Gathercole Virginia C. Mueller
Published: June 2014

The articles in this special issue provide a complex picture of acquisition in bilinguals in which the factors that contribute to patterns of performance in bilingual children’s two languages are myriad and diverse. The processes and contours of development in bilingual children are influenced, not only by the quantity, quality, and contexts of input, but by whether the child hears monolingual or bilingual speech, who is the source of that speech, the proportion of speakers of the heritage language in the community, the child’s birth order in the family, the family’s SES, the timing and the child’s stage of development, profile effects in performance, and characteristics of the languages being learned. One constant across the research is the finding that the majority language fairs well in development, while the minority language is threatened. The insights gained are relevant to future work on bilingual children, whether of a theoretical or applied focus.
Compliance with Recommendations for Tympanostomy Tube Follow‐up: Patient Characteristics
Authors: Kao Richard , Kirse Daniel J. , Evans Adele K.
Published: June 2014

Objectives

(1) To determine the percentage of otherwise healthy patients achieving “graduation,” or postoperative compliance achieving complete problem resolution and discharge from the otolaryngologist's care, after tympanostomy tube placement. (2) To analyze follow‐up behaviors and patient characteristics influencing the likelihood of graduation.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary care hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Analysis of details of tympanostomy tube placements performed from 2004 to 2011 by 2 pediatric otolaryngologists for children aged 0 to 18 years. Exclusion criteria were clearly defined craniofacial anomalies, cleft palates, and other ongoing postoperative care. The remaining study subjects were categorized into 3 groups. Graduation (GRAD) subjects achieved discharge from care with “follow‐up pro re nata” status. LOST<2Y subjects had not attended scheduled follow‐up in <2 years. LOST≥2Y subjects had no follow‐up in ≥2 years.

Results

A total of 1454 pediatric subjects were included. GRADs constituted only 25.6% of the subject pool; 22.1% were LOST<2Y, and 52.3% were LOST≥2Y. Statistically significant factors in achieving graduation were total number of follow‐up visits, total duration of follow‐up, compliance with first postoperative visit, patient age, insurance type, and distance between home and practice.

Conclusion

Rate of graduation, or postoperative compliance achieving complete problem resolution, of otherwise healthy tympanostomy tube patients is low despite perioperative discussions of the importance of proper follow‐up. Higher graduation rates are associated with increasing number of follow‐up visits and duration, younger patient age, private insurance, and proximity to the practice. Compliance with attending the first postoperative visit may be an early marker for increased likelihood of graduation.
Assessment methods for solid waste management: A literature review
Authors: Allesch Astrid , Brunner Paul H
Published: June 2014

Assessment methods are common tools to support decisions regarding waste management. The objective of this review article is to provide guidance for the selection of appropriate evaluation methods. For this purpose, frequently used assessment methods are reviewed, categorised, and summarised. In total, 151 studies have been considered in view of their goals, methodologies, systems investigated, and results regarding economic, environmental, and social issues. A goal shared by all studies is the support of stakeholders. Most studies are based on life cycle assessments, multi-criteria-decision-making, cost-benefit analysis, risk assessments, and benchmarking. Approximately 40% of the reviewed articles are life cycle assessment-based; and more than 50% apply scenario analysis to identify the best waste management options. Most studies focus on municipal solid waste and consider specific environmental loadings. Economic aspects are considered by approximately 50% of the studies, and only a small number evaluate social aspects. The choice of system elements and boundaries varies significantly among the studies; thus, assessment results are sometimes contradictory. Based on the results of this review, we recommend the following considerations when assessing waste management systems: (i) a mass balance approach based on a rigid input–output analysis of the entire system, (ii) a goal-oriented evaluation of the results of the mass balance, which takes into account the intended waste management objectives; and (iii) a transparent and reproducible presentation of the methodology, data, and results.
Community-Based Participatory Research, Ethics, and Institutional Review Boards: Untying a Gordian Knot
Authors: Cross Jennifer E. , Pickering Kathleen , Hickey Matthew
Published: June 2014

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) poses ethical challenges that are distinct from biomedical research. These arise from the epistemological differences between traditional biomedical research paradigms and CBPR, as the latter entails ongoing engagement of communities in research from development to dissemination. Biomedical research typically poses research questions and obtains ethics review before engaging with the population or community of interest. While institutional review board (IRB) practices seek to minimize harm in research conducted with human subjects, traditional IRB review can introduce new or exacerbate existing ethical challenges when reviewing non-traditional research protocols. In what follows, we seek to: define CBPR; identify unique ethical obligations in CBPR; pose potential solutions for amending the IRB process to support CBPR; and facilitate a research ethics framework that aims to reduce the exploitive and appropriational tendencies in research by inviting researchers, IRBs, and communities into a collaborative effort aimed at best practices.