bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negotiating the Space of Civil Autonomy in Hong Kong: Power, Discourses and Dramaturgical Representations
Authors: Ku Agnes S.
Published: October 2004

This article delineates the negotiated space of civil autonomy in post-handover Hong Kong through the contingent interplay of law, discourse, dramaturgy and politics. It takes the Public Order Ordinance dispute in 2000 as the first major test case of civil conflicts in the shadow of the right of abode struggle. As it unfolded, the event demonstrated both the power and limits of resistance by the people, and the government's increasing will, as well as the strategies it used, to rule within the “law and order” framework under continual challenges. In the event, civil autonomy had been a contested issue involving considerations of rule of law, rights, civic propriety, state legitimacy and the construction of particular identity (such as student-hood). Given the multiplicity of discourses and sub-discourses, citizenship practices and public criticisms opened up a contested space for resistance and negotiation. A campaign of civil disobedience was at first successfully mounted through an ensemble of political and symbolic mechanisms. A turning point was configured when, mediated by a meaning reconstruction process, the government made a series of political and performative acts to re-script the drama, which turned out to be an ironic success for itself that put state–society relations on an increasingly tenuous course. Ultimately ideological differences were at stake: respect for a rights-based discourse of rule of law versus the assertion of political and legal authoritarianism.
The Falun Gong in China: A Sociological Perspective
Authors: Chan Cheris Shun-ching
Published: October 2004

This article offers a sociological perspective on the rise of and crackdown on the falun gong in relation to the social, cultural and political context of China. I specify from a sociological perspective that the falun gong is categorically not a sect but a cult-like new religious movement. Its popularity, I suggest, is related to the unresolved secular problems, normative breakdown and ideological vacuum in China in the 1980s and 1990s. Before the crackdown, the falun gong represented a successful new religious movement, from a Euro-American perspective. However, most of its strengths as a movement have become adversarial to its survival in the specific historical and political condition of China.
Cadre Personnel Management in China: The Nomenklatura System, 1990–1998
Authors: Chan Hon S.
Published: October 2004

Nomenklatura, which establishes Party and governmental leadership in China, is a key instrument of Communist Party control. Changes in the nomenklatura reveal shifts and strains in Chinese governmental and personnel management. This research report analyses the latest nomenklatura configuration, established in 1998, and compares it to the 1990 one. It reveals that the major thrust in 1998 was to reform state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and argues that the Party faces a difficult trade-off between maintaining political primacy and achieving economic flexibility. It shows that the changes in the 1998 nomenklatura clearly encapsulate the contradictory desires of the party-state – economic modernization through marketization combined with continued political control. Central control for some strategic SOEs now exists alongside much looser control of smaller enterprises.
Globalization and Transnational Human Capital: Overseas and Returnee Scholars to China
Authors: Zweig David , Changgui Chen , Rosen Stanley
Published: October 2004

As societies internationalize, the demand for, and the value of, various goods and services increase. Individuals who possess new ideas, technologies and information that abets globalization become imbued with “transnational human capital,” making them more valuable to these societies. This report looks at this issue from five perspectives. First, it shows that China's education and employment system is now highly internationalized. Secondly, since even Chinese scholars sent by the government rely heavily on foreign funds to complete their studies, China is benefiting from foreign capital invested in the cohort of returnees. Thirdly, the report shows that foreign PhDs are worth more than domestic PhDs in terms of people's perceptions, technology transfer and in their ability to bring benefits to their universities. Finally, returnees in high tech zones, compared to people in the zones who had not been overseas, were more likely to be importing technology and capital, to feel that their skills were in great demand within society, and to be using that technology to target the domestic market.
Non-Agricultural Land Use in Post-Reform China
Authors: Ho Samuel P. S. , Lin George C. S.
Published: October 2004

Since the early 1980s the conversion of land to non-agricultural use has been arguably the most widespread and intense in China's history. The recent increase in non-agricultural land use has been caused largely by the rapid expansion of urban settlements and the construction of roads and stand-alone industrial sites. Among the factors contributing to these changes, rural–urban migration, urbanization and accelerating development are among the most important. Analysis of land use data from three coastal provinces suggests that variations in the share of land occupied for non-agricultural use among county-level administrative units can be explained largely by differences in population density, urbanization and level of development. While the conversion of land to non-agricultural use is bound to continue in the coming decade, recent institutional changes make it likely that future changes, particularly the encroachment on cultivated land, will be more restricted and better controlled.
Elite Dualism and Leadership Selection in China. By Xiaowei Zang. [London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. xix+244 pp. £65.00; $114.95. ISBN 0-415-32234-0.]
Authors: Bachman David
Published: October 2004

Xiaowei Zang writes frequently on the nature of the Chinese political elite from a sociological perspective. This book serves as a summary of many of his research concerns. Put simply, he argues that within one political hierarchy, the Party and the government have significantly different personnel systems (elite dualism). Both value loyalty and expertise, but the government system pays more attention to expertise, and the Party to loyalty. He demonstrates these views with extensive data drawn from Who's Who in China Current Leaders (1988 and 1994). He sees his approach as reflecting and demonstrating the utility of neo-institutional concerns in analysing elite formation in China.

While the data is usefully presented, I have many difficulties with Zang's approach and argument. First, I find his overall discussion of separate Party and government institutions confusing. It is never clear when these two institutions definitely came into existence and when they developed their own norms, values and so on. He spends two chapters (three and four) showing the precursors to elite dualism, but concludes on p. 60 that it was only in 1982 that leadership transition began. One must question then how well established were the norms, values, and other markers of institutional boundaries when he uses the 1988 and 1994 Who's Who. If leadership transition only began in 1982, then what is the purpose of discussions of elite dualism dating back to the Jiangxi Soviet? It is one of the properties of formal organizations and bureaucracies that they have a functional division of labour. Given predictable recurring patterns of such a division of labour, it is not surprising that people are recruited into different functional specialities on the basis of their background. But while Zang demonstrates this point well, to argue that there are separate Party and government hierarchies as a result seems to go too far.
China's Telecommunications Market: Entering a New Competitive Age. By Ding Lu and Chee Kong Wong. [Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2003. 177 pp. £45.00. ISBN 1-84064-431-1.]
Authors: Tan Zixiang (Alex)
Published: October 2004

During the past two decades China has grown into one of the most significant telecommunications markets in the world and any book on this field has the potential to draw serious interest. China's Telecommunications Market: Entering a New Competitive Age, by Ding Lu and Chee Kong Wong, is well timed.

This book consists of six chapters, aiming at “not the features of an established framework but changes after changes in an evolving system” (p. xiii). With strong backgrounds in economics, the authors have used intensive economic statistical data to analyse and explain the changes, while integrating institutional dynamics into the analysis. This economics-oriented approach distinguishes this study from previous books on similar topics, including China in the Information Age: Telecommunications and the Dilemmas of Reform by Mueller and Tan (1997) and Chinese Telecommunications Policy by Yan and Pitt (2002).
One China, Many Paths. Edited by Chaohua Wang. [London: Verso, 2003. 368 pp. £16.00. ISBN 1-85984-537-1.]
Authors: Zhao Henry Y.H.
Published: October 2004

This is a remarkable selection of recent debating essays between two camps within Chinese intellectual circles – Chinese New Leftists (xin zuopai) and Chinese Liberals (ziyou zhuyi). The publisher Verso is an imprint of the New Left Review in London. The editor, Chaohua Wang, however, is remarkably even-handed. Five leading Liberals and four celebrated New Leftists are given ample space to air their views; another seven who take different stands on various issues have sufficient opportunities to explain their particular subtlety. The essays are well-chosen, and the fairness makes this book a basic document for understanding contemporary China.

There has not been much Western attention to this important debate that has been raging in China since the late 1990s, let alone a collection of relevant essays. In fact, even in Chinese there has not been a book that lets the two sides clash head to head. This volume stands out as the only source of information available in English about this most important debate.
Intellectuals at a Crossroads: The Changing Politics of China's Knowledge Workers. By Zhidong Hao. [Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003. 496 pp. $29.95. IBSN 0–7914–5580–7.]
Authors: Schwarcz Vera
Published: October 2004

We are living in a period of maturation for scholarship on China by Chinese intellectuals writing in English. This is cause for celebration indeed. Zhidong Hao's book is part of this process. It offers a wide variety of readers a unique perspective upon the lives and dilemmas of China's intelligentsia today. This is at once an ‘internal’ perspective – skilfully, imaginatively culled from sources in Chinese, as well as an ‘external’ highly theoretical interpretation of the evolution of Chinese intellectual life in keeping with the latest literature in the sociology of knowledge.

Writing about Chinese intellectuals is always difficult – partly because of the convolutions of political censorship that have constrained self expression in the People's Republic and partly because there is a long-standing tradition of mutual contempt in Chinese scholarship about owners of socially contested knowledge. Wenren xiang qing (“literati belittle one another”) was the curse of Confucian elites. Today's China is not much better off, although Party control muffles intra-intellectual debates. Zhidong Hao avoids this tradition of contempt by taking seriously what intellectuals themselves have to say about their own experiences in China, how they see their predicament, opportunities and future.
“Chopsticks Only Work in Pairs”: Gender Unity and Gender Equality among the Lahu of Southwest China. By Shanshan Du. [New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. 237 pp. $24.50. ISBN 0-231-11957-7.]
Authors: Chao Emily
Published: October 2004

In Chopsticks Only Work in Pairs, Shanshan Du argues that feminists and academics problematically assert that gender-egalitarian societies do not exist. Du argues that the Lancang Lahu, a Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic group living in Yunnan Province, present a case of gender-egalitarianism that disproves this claim. Du's book is an extensive ethnographic description of the Lancang Lahu case, providing a welcome addition to the growing literature on the ethnic groups of South-western China. However, her depiction of feminists and academics within the discipline of anthropology is highly anachronistic. The assertion that feminists and academics claim gender-egalitarian societies do not exist refers to a debate (at least among anthropologists) that took place in the 1970s and is now settled. The debate began with Ortner's now canonical Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture? (Stanford, 1974), which assumed universal female subordination, and ended with Marilyn Strathern's No Nature, No Culture: the Hagen Case (Cambridge, 1980). Ortner conceded Strathern's point and, while the debate may rage on among the political scientists and philosophers Du cites, most anthropological and feminist anthropological work done since the 1980s is informed neither by the utopian ideals nor the Eurocentric biases to which Du refers.
C. T. Hsia on Chinese Literature. By C. T. Hsia. [New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. 544 pp. £26.50. ISBN 0-231-12990-4.]
Authors: Starr Chloë
Published: October 2004

First impressions matter when buying a book; they are less important when chasing up a reference in a library or following a reading list to a book shop. C.T. Hsia on Chinese Literature is a serious tome which looks like a biography – a bust portrait of the octogenarian author smiles out of a stark black and white dust jacket, and the playful title leaves ambiguous whether it is C. T. Hsia or his thoughts we are buying. One of the delights of reputation and seniority is the publication of a lifetime's collected essays. This produces a gift to the reader which takes its rightful place as a history of criticism as well as literary criticism, gathering 16 essays published between 1962 (in The China Quarterly) and 1990, a volume for celebration. As undergraduates of modern Chinese literature, we used to groan when C. T. Hsia appeared on reading lists, as much because the works containing the essays were dog-eared, smelly old volumes, as for their polemicism. Publication in a smart, single volume presents easy access and allows the essays to be contemplated for their merit and range. Since C. T. Hsia has been considered, as Patrick Hanan writes, “without question the most influential critic of Chinese fiction since the 1960s,” his essays remain important reading matter.
Hong Kong's Tortuous Democratization: A Comparative Analysis. By Ming Sing. [London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon. 2004. 303 pp. $124.95. ISBN 0-415-32054-2.]
Authors: So Alvin Y.
Published: October 2004

This book tackles two research problems. First, why has Hong Kong constituted a rare anomaly to the popular modernization theory, i.e. achieved a high degree of socio-economic development without attaining a high degree of democracy? Second, what have been the constraints on Hong Kong's democratization, especially between 1980 and mid-2002? Given that the pre-handover Hong Kong and British governments had attempted to democratize Hong Kong since 1984, and that for a long time Hong Kong had levels of socio-economic development favourable for developing democracy, why was it so lacking in Hong Kong between the mid-1980s and mid-2002, and why has full democracy been precluded?

Drawing insights from some recent cross-national research, this book presents a “bargaining perspective” that stresses the explanation of democratization as the outcome of political bargaining of multiple actors. Through a historical-comparative analysis of several important phases since 1980s, the book demonstrates that Hong Kong's democratization has consistently been a product of implicit and explicit bargaining between different state and societal actors. It emphasises that attention should not be given just to two actors – the Chinese and British governments – but also to societal actors, including civil society, political society, and the political culture of the public. The varied unity and mobilization power of pro-democracy civil society and political society, as well as changing public support for democratization from 1984 to mid-2002 have, Sing argues, been crucial and yet neglected factors in shaping their bargaining power vis-à-vis the Chinese government and the subsequent final outcome over democratization.
Chine–Taiwan, la guerre est-elle concevable? By Jean-Pierre Cabestan. [Paris: Economica, 2003. 463 pp. €55.00. ISBN 2-7178-4734-0.]
Authors: Guiheux Gilles
Published: October 2004

Strategic issues and Beijing's military strategy toward Taiwan have long been the focus of valuable research works. Jean-Pierre Cabestan is one among few scholars researching strategic issues from the point of view of the Republic of China. In his latest book, China – Taiwan, Is War Conceivable? he analyses in depth the way China's threat is perceived in Taiwan.

The book has a double focus. First, it evaluates the China threat and the military, as well as political, economical and psychological, capacity of Taipei to resist. Second, in a more speculative way, it weighs the risks of war and considers the different possible scenarios, with or without American involvement. The author does not aim to analyse recent economic and political developments in the Taiwan Straits. Neither does he consider different scenarios of peace building (this will be the subject of his forthcoming book, Chine – Taiwan: Peut-On Construire La Paix? co-authored with Benoıˆ:t Vermander, director of the Taipei Ricci Institute.)
Transformation! Innovation? Perspectives on Taiwan Culture. Edited by Christina Neder and Ines Susanne Schilling. [Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003. 235 pp. €58,00. ISBN 3-447-04791-7.]
Authors: Chang Bi-Yu
Published: October 2004

Taiwan studies in Europe are still underdeveloped and have largely concentrated on political issues rather than culture. Transformation! – Innovation? Taiwan in her Cultural Dimensions addresses this critical absence. It is a collection of 14 papers, compiled after an international workshop held at Ruhr University in 2001. This volume not only analyses literary and artistic expression, but also explores the drastic cultural change that has taken place since the lifting of martial law in 1987. The democratization of Taiwanese society in the 1990s led the old China-centric ideology and cultural hegemony that had dominated Taiwan under Kuomintang (KMT) rule to be overturned within a few years. Rather than focusing on political reform, this book concentrates on cultural issues, such as the rise of indigenous literature, the changing status of traditional arts, and the impact of cultural policy during this period.
Banking in Modern China: Entrepreneurs, Professional Managers, and the Development of Chinese Banks, 1897|ndash|1937. By Linsun Cheng. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xvi+277 pp. £47.50; $65.00. ISBN 0-521-81142-2.] A History of Modern Shanghai Banking: The Rise and Decline of China's Finance Capitalism. By Zhaojin Ji. [Armonk, New York and London, England: M.E. Sharpe, 2003. viii+325 pp. $69.95. ISBN 0-7656-1002-7.]
Authors: Köll Elisabeth
Published: October 2004

The unstable banking sector presents great challenges to the economy in contemporary China: state-owned banks carry large portfolios of non-performing loans and China's increasingly affluent population produces a rising flow of deposits, but foreign banks are still seriously restricted in their ability to take deposits. Two recently published monographs on the history of banking in modern China put current economic and financial reforms in context by explaining the historical development of modern Chinese banks, their management, and political manoeuvres, especially in the old and new financial capital of China, Shanghai.

In Banking in Modern China, Linsun Cheng focuses on banking institutions from the founding of the first modern Chinese bank in 1897 to the beginning of the Japanese invasion and occupation in 1937. During those 40 years, China encountered many political and economic crises impacting on the growth of banks. Whereas earlier studies have to some extent acknowledged the achievements of modern Chinese banks during the Republican period, Cheng's contribution lies in the documentation and analysis of these banks' financial performances, managerial structures, and business practices based on previously inaccessible archival records and bank documents held in Shanghai and Nanjing.
China Made: Consumer Culture and the Creation of the Nation. By Karl Gerth. [Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2003. 445 pp. ISBN 0-674-01214-3.]
Authors: Xun Zhou
Published: October 2004

According to Karl Gerth, the author of China Made: Consumer Culture and the Creation of the Nation, this newly published monograph is “a study of nation-making through consumerism” (p. 5). Gerth claims that central to his argument is the pervasive tension between consumerism and nationalism. Such tension, he suggests, was an integral part of the creation of China as a modern nation (p. 1), and a critical examination therefore allows readers to connect all levels of Chinese society (p. 5). To further his argument, Gerth explains that in early 20th-century China an emerging consumer culture defined and spread modern Chinese nationalism. At the same time, the growing conceptualization of China as a ‘nation’ with its own ‘national products’ influenced and shaped its consumer culture (p. 3). By creating a “nationalised consumer culture,” the author argues, “notions of ‘nationality’ and China as a ‘modern’ nation-state were articulated, institutionalised, and practiced.” In Gerth's words again, “the consumption of commodities defined by the concept of nationality not only helped to create the very idea of ‘modern China’ but also became a primary means by which people in China began to conceptualise themselves as citizens of a modern nation” (p. 3).
The Power of Position: Beijing University, Intellectuals and Chinese Political Culture 1898–1929. By Timothy B. Weston. [Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2004. xiv+325 pp. $60.00; £39.95. ISBN 0-520-23767-6.]
Authors: Elman Benjamin A.
Published: October 2004

Timothy Weston's study of Beijing University (hereafter, “Beida”) spotlights how modern Chinese intellectuals positioned themselves politically and socially in the early 20th century. Weston relies on the Beida archives, dailies, journals, and many other sources, to make four contributions. First, Beida's early history shows how literati humanists repositioned themselves during a period of great uncertainty. New style intellectuals had influence because they mastered Western and classical learning. Secondly, Beida's complex history did not break sharply with the past. Earlier accounts of the May Fourth movement obscure the efforts of intellectuals since 1898 to redefine their role. Weston suggests that May Fourth amplified a continuing progression of new and old ways of doing things. Thirdly, political tensions emerged when the university increasingly radicalized after 1911. No more than 20 per cent of Beida students were involved in the New Culture movement. A strong conservative undertow continually challenged radical agendas. Often we hear only the voices of the latter. Finally, Weston assesses Beida's history in light of how the May Fourth movement played out in different locations. In the 1920s, Shanghai replaced Beijing as the leading venue for urban China's cultural and intellectual leaders. Beijing increasingly lost status under warlordism, and the Nationalist shift of the capital to Nanjing refocused Chinese intellectual life on the Chang (Yangtze) delta.
Analysis of Shipping Casualties in the Bosphorus
Authors: Akten Necmettin
Published: October 2004

The Strait of Istanbul which constitutes one of the major and busiest seaways in the world links the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, it is a narrow “S-shaped” channel, open day and night for international shipping. Currents and darkness are the two dominant factors causing marine casualties in the Bosphorus. In this regard, Yenikoy and Umuryeri (or Umur Banki) are the two critical areas where most of the stranding and grounding casualties occur as vessels negotiate sharp turns (80° at Yenikoy, 70° at Umuryeri). The casualty case investigations reveal that in most of the incidents, vessels lose their manoeuvrability in the course of taking a sharp turn with the current. The number of casualties occurring in darkness was found to be nearly twice the number of occurring in daylight. A total of 461 marine casualties of different types occurred in this tricky strip of water during the period 1953–2002, the majority being collisions. Since 1994 when the TSS was introduced there have been 82 marine casualties the majority of which have been groundings/strandings.

This paper examines marine casualties in-depth in relation to casualty types, numbers of ships, the localities where most incidents occur, and external factors such as currents and darkness that contribute to marine casualties in the Strait. The major factors are deduced in order to suggest possible solutions.
GPS-based Land Vehicle Navigation System Assisted by a Low-Cost Gyro-Free INS Using Neural Network
Authors: Wang Jau-Hsiung , Gao Yang
Published: October 2004

GPS-based land vehicle navigation systems are subject to signal fading in urban areas and require aid from other enabling sensors. A low-cost gyro-free inertial navigation system (INS) without accumulated attitude errors and complicated initializations could be an effective solution to the problem. This paper investigates a Constrained Navigation Algorithm (CNA) and the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique to compensate velocity output from a gyro-free INS. The vehicle's heading will be calibrated by a full circle test so that the magnetometer's bias and scale factor error could be removed. Experiments with a vehicle driven over level terrain have been conducted to assess the performance of the compensated gyro-free INS solutions. The effect of the architecture of Neural Network on prediction performance has also been discussed as well as the applicability of the proposed solution to land vehicle navigation with GPS outages.
The Factors Affecting Airspace Capacity in Europe: A Cross-Sectional Time-Series Analysis Using Simulated Controller Workload Data
Authors: Majumdar Arnab , Ochieng Washington Y. , McAuley Gérard , Michel Lenzi Jean , Lepadatu Catalin
Published: October 2004

Air traffic in Europe is increasing at a rapid rate and traffic patterns no longer display pronounced daily peaks but instead exhibit peak spreading. Airspace capacity planning can no longer be for the peak period but must consider the whole day. En route airspace capacity in the high density European air traffic network is determined by controller workload. Controller workload is primarily affected by the features of the air traffic and ATC sector. This paper considers the air traffic and ATC sector factors that affect controller workload throughout the whole day. A simulation study using the widely used Reorganized ATC Mathematical Simulator (RAMS) model of air traffic controller workload is conducted for the Central European Air Traffic Services (CEATS) Upper Area Control Centre region of Europe. A cross-sectional time series analysis of the simulation output is conducted with corrections for temporal autocorrelation in the data. The results indicate that a subset of traffic and sector variables and their parameter estimates can be used to predict controller workload in any sector of the CEATS region in any given hour.
An Efficient Neural Network Model for De-noising of MEMS-Based Inertial Data
Authors: El-Rabbany Ahmed , El-Diasty Mohammed
Published: October 2004

Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS)-based inertial technology has recently evolved. It holds remarkable potential as the future technology for various navigation related applications. This is mainly due to the significant reduction in size, cost, and weight of MEMS sensors. A major drawback of low-cost MEMS-based inertial sensors, however, is that their output signals are contaminated by high-level noise. Unless the high frequency noise component is suppressed, optimizing the pre-filtering methodology cannot be achieved. This paper proposes a neural network-based de-noising model for MEMS-based inertial data. A modular, three-layer feedforward neural network trained using the back-propagation algorithm is used for this purpose. Simulated and real MEMS-based inertial data sets are used to validate the model. It is shown that the model is capable of reducing the noise of the Crossbow's AHRS300CA IMU data by over one order of magnitude without altering the stochastic nature of the original signal. This is of utmost importance in developing a generic stochastic model for MEMS-based inertial data. A comparison between the developed neural network model and the wavelet de-noising method is made to further validate the model. It is shown that achieving the same level of noise suppression with wavelet-based de-noising model changes the stochastic characteristics of original signal.
A Map Matching Method for GPS Based Real-Time Vehicle Location
Authors: Jagadeesh G. R. , Srikanthan T. , Zhang X. D.
Published: October 2004

Accurate vehicle location is essential for various applications in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Existing vehicle location systems rely on multiple positioning sensors and powerful computing devices to execute complex map matching algorithms. There exists a strong need for exploring a solution for vehicle location that relies on a GPS receiver as the sole means of positioning and does not require complex computations. Towards this end, the error characteristics of the GPS signal were studied through the analysis of GPS data collected during test drives. Based on the inferences drawn and a simple fuzzy rule set, a novel yet simple map matching algorithm was developed. Due to the difficulties in testing the algorithm through on-road trials, a simulation environment that is capable of reproducing the field conditions in the laboratory was developed. Simulation results confirm that the proposed algorithm overcomes many of the inadequacies of the existing methods and is capable of achieving high accuracy with minimal computational requirements.
The Mysterious Roman Numeral VI in the Old Icelandic Saga “Landnámabók”
Authors: Busch Joergen
Published: October 2004

Ari sailed from Ireland to the American continent, but in how many days? This is an extract of a lecture held in Roskilde, Denmark, for an assembly of persons with an interest and knowledge of maritime history.
Questioning the Aviation Benefits of Galileo
Authors: Brooker Peter
Published: October 2004

Arising from a cost benefit analysis (CBA) the benefit to costs ratio for Galileo is 4·6 – very high for an infrastructure investment project. A substantial proportion of the user benefits arise from the aviation sector and the estimates are described in Galileo documents as ‘conservative’ and ‘unquestionable’. This paper analyses the calculations used to support the benefits to aviation and examines the questionable assumptions and statements that are shown to be based on an incorrect understanding of the air transport sector. The paper concludes that the aviation benefits could be considerably overstated and that an analysis, more soundly based on airport operations, air traffic control and future strategic changes, is required.
A corpus study of Chinese regulated verse: phrasal stress and the analysis of variability
Authors: Duanmu San
Published: October 2004

I introduce 1460 lines of Chinese regulated verse and offer an analysis of the data. I also compare Chinese with English and discuss two approaches to variability in linguistic patterns (such as regular vs. exceptional forms, or perfect verse lines vs. lines with metrical tension). I argue that, whereas word stress is often more important than phrasal stress in English, it is crucial to understand the latter in Chinese. However, stress maxima play a central role in both languages. This suggests that metre is probably less variable cross-linguistically than previously thought. Moreover, while a correlation is thought to exist between metrical tension and frequency, it is difficult to see it in the present corpus. I argue that non-phonological factors can influence frequency patterns and that the presence of variable patterns does not necessarily imply the presence of marked forms. Rather, even fully well-formed patterns may occur rarely.
Annual cycle and inter-annual variation in the haul-out pattern of an increasing southern elephant seal colony
Authors: LEWIS M. , CAMPAGNA C. , ZAVATTI J.
Published: October 2004

The study describes the annual cycle of southern elephant seals for the increasing colony of Península Valdés, and compares it to the haul-out pattern reported for stable or decreasing sub-Antarctic colonies of the species. Data were collected during censuses of the entire colony (nine breeding seasons, two moulting seasons and one autumn–winter haul-out), monthly surveys of coastline and mark-recapture of pups. Pup production during the study period grew from 12 113 to 14 621 animals (1995–2003). Most relevant events of the cycle were similar for all colonies studied, independent of the geographical location, size or population trend. Compared with other locations where southern elephant seals breed and moult, distinct features for Península Valdés were: i) breeding occurs earlier in the spring, and ii) most adult females reproduce and moult in the same colony. The increasing number of animals ashore was correlated with the expansion in pup production. Population trends and stability of demographic events could be related to a consistent physical environment (ocean fronts) during foraging phases of the annual cycle.
Downward fluxes of biogenic material in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica
Authors: KIM DONGSEON , KIM DONG-YUP , KIM YOUNG-JUNE , KANG YOUNG-CHUL , SHIM JEONGHEE
Published: October 2004

Time-series sediment traps were deployed to investigate the temporal evolution of particle fluxes in eastern and central Bransfield Strait, from December 1999–December 2000. Particle fluxes showed large seasonal variation at both trap sites. In eastern Bransfield Strait, summer mass fluxes were two orders of magnitude higher than winter mass fluxes, while in central Bransfield Strait, almost 99% of the annual mass flux (33 g m−2) was collected in a 40-day period from December–January. Export flux also exhibited a high regional variability. This regional variability is probably due to central Bransfield Strait's strong surface current, which carries most settling particles produced in the surface waters away from the mooring site during the low summer flux period. The relatively low biogenic silica to organic carbon ratios (a range of 0.29–1.4) and high lithogenic fluxes (41% of total mass flux) indicate that the growth of phytoplankton is not limited by the micronutrient iron in eastern Bransfield Strait. The annual flux of organic carbon in eastern Bransfield Strait was 6.8 g C −2, which is three times higher than the flux measured in central Bransfield Strait (2.2 g C −2). Organic carbon flux in eastern Bransfield Strait is relatively high for the Southern Ocean, possibly due to fast-sinking faecal pellets that lead to less decomposition of organic material in the water column. Calculations suggest that approximately 7.2% of the organic carbon produced at the surface in eastern Bransfield Strait is exported to a depth of 678 m. This exceeds the maximum calculated export of primary production to a depth of 1000 m in the Atlantic and Southern oceans.
Distribution of major, minor and trace elements in lake environments of Antarctica
Authors: ABOLLINO ORNELLA , ACETO MAURIZIO , BUOSO SANDRO , GASPARON MASSIMO , GREEN WILLIAM J. , MALANDRINO MERY , MENTASTI EDOARDO
Published: October 2004

The concentrations of major, minor and trace metals were measured in water samples collected from five shallow Antarctic lakes (Carezza, Edmonson Point (No 14 and 15a), Inexpressible Island and Tarn Flat) found in Terra Nova Bay (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica) during the Italian Expeditions of 1993-2001. The total concentrations of a large suite of elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Gd, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sc, Si, Sr, Ta, Ti, U, V, Y, W, Zn and Zr) were determined using spectroscopic techniques (ICP-AES, GF-AAS and ICP-MS). The results are similar to those obtained for the freshwater lakes of the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, and for the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) were performed to identify groups of samples with similar characteristics and to find correlations between the variables. The variability observed within the water samples is closely connected to the sea spray input; hence, it is primarily a consequence of geographical and meteorological factors, such as distance from the ocean and time of year. The trace element levels, in particular those of heavy metals, are very low, suggesting an origin from natural sources rather than from anthropogenic contamination.
Latitudinal distribution of penguins, seals and whales observed during a late autumn transect through the Ross Sea
Authors: VAN DAM ROBERT P. , KOOYMAN GERALD L.
Published: October 2004

During a cruise to the Ross Ice Shelf we counted all penguins and marine mammals seen whilst underway. Our objective was to determine the abundance and distribution of these animals along our cruise line. From 14 May until 11 June the sun was below the horizon. Our observations were from the 18 m high bridge. Most watches were in the dark, aided by the bridge spotlights. A total of 79 emperor penguins, 920 Adélie penguins, and 27 marine mammals were counted. We conclude that the Ross Sea, in which wildlife flourishes during the summer, is depauperate in winter. The low numbers of marine mammals may be due partially to their tendency to remain below the surface most of the time. However, Adélie penguins, a visual hunter which rests on sea ice at night, appear to prefer pack ice edges where there is a few hours of daylight and civil twilight for pursuit of prey. Non-breeding emperor penguins also rest on sea ice at night. All but four were observed north of the Ross Sea. Unlike more northerly colonies where females lay their egg and disperse in May female departure in the Ross Sea appears to be later and, we were unable to determine their winter foraging area.
Early life stages in the life cycle of Antarctic silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum in Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea
Authors: VACCHI MARINO , LA MESA MARIO , DALU MASSIMO , MACDONALD JOHN
Published: October 2004

The nototheniid Pleuragramma antarcticum (Boulenger, 1902), is the dominant pelagic fish in waters of the continental shelf in High Antarctic regions. Larvae and juveniles of this species comprise the majority of ichthyoplankton at many locations around Antarctica including the Weddell Sea and the western Ross Sea, where it may amount to 98% of the ichthyoplankton. Its life cycle has been the subject of a number of studies but spawning and embryological development are still uncertain. Eggs with embryos and newly hatched larvae of P. antarcticum were collected in November 2002 near the Italian Antarctic station at Terra Nova Bay through holes drilled in the sea ice. Eggs and yolk-sac larvae were floating among the platelet ice below the solid cap of congelation ice. Eggs were 2.2–2.5 mm in diameter and contained embryos at an advanced stage of development. Hatching occurred from mid-November onwards, and newly hatched larvae averaged 9.3 mm SL. This paper provides the detailed description of embryos and newly hatched larvae in terms of pigmentation pattern and morphometric characteristics, thus allowing a significant advance in our understanding of the early life history of P. antarcticum in the Ross Sea, and extending the knowledge of the life cycle of this key Antarctic species.
Variations in ice rafted detritus on beaches in the South Shetland Islands: a possible climate proxy
Authors: HALL BRENDA L. , PERRY ETHAN R.
Published: October 2004

Raised beach ridges on Livingston Island of the South Shetland Islands display variations in both quantity and source of ice rafted detritus (IRD) received over time. Whereas the modern beach exhibits little IRD, all of which is of local origin, the next highest beach (∼250 14C yr BP) has large amounts, some of which comes from as far away as the Antarctic Peninsula. Significant quantities of IRD also were deposited ∼1750 14C yr BP. Both time periods coincide with generally cooler regional conditions and, at least in the case of the ∼250 yr old beach, local glacial advance. We suggest that the increases in ice rafting may reflect periods of greater glacial activity, altered ocean circulation, and/or greater iceberg preservation during the late Holocene. Limited IRD and lack of far-travelled erratics on the modern beach are both consistent with the ongoing warming trend in the Antarctic Peninsula region.
A new aspidostomatid bryozoan from the Cape Melville Formation (Lower Miocene) of King George Island, West Antarctica
Authors: HARA URSZULA , CRAME J. ALISTAIR
Published: October 2004

Fragments of large, bilamellar aspidostomatid bryozoan colonies occur in Early Miocene glaciomarine sedimentary sequences of the Cape Melville Formation, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica. Investigation of the morphological characters of this aspidostomatid cheilostome shows that it represents a new species, which is described herein as Aspidostoma melvillensis sp. n. A combination of the colony-growth pattern, inferred co-occurring biota and associated sedimentary structures indicates a comparatively deep-water, outer shelf palaeoenvironmental setting. This Miocene occurrence of Aspidostoma melvillensis sp.n. emphasizes a biogeographical link with adjacent Southern Hemisphere regions during the early Neogene.
Austrochlamys heardensis (Fleming, 1957) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) from Central Kerguelen Plateau, Indian Ocean: palaeontology and possible tectonic significance
Authors: QUILTY PATRICK G. , MURRAY-WALLACE COLIN V. , WHITEHEAD JASON M.
Published: October 2004

Austrochlamys heardensis (Fleming) is recorded from a boulder of Late Pliocene (3.62–2.5 Ma) volcaniclastic sandstone dredged 70 km east-north-east of Heard Island, the third record of the species. The collection is much larger than the original described by Fleming and includes left valves which are described for the first time. The species is compared with A. anderssoni (Hennig) from Cockburn Island and ‘Chlamys’ mawsoni Fletcher from Îles Kerguelen. The source rock accumulated in fully marine, highly current-affected conditions. The collection is dominated by right valves, possibly because left valves are more susceptible to breakage and the effects of current winnowing. The locality may have subsided some 500 m since deposition. It lies immediately north of a straight, north-east–south-west trending lineament which may mark a major tectonic feature with left-lateral displacement of approximately 50 km, and provides a natural boundary within the Central Province of Kerguelen Plateau.
Mathematical analysis of some multi-dimensional tissue-growth models
Authors: KING J. R. , FRANKS S. J.
Published: October 2004

Mathematical models for the growth of nutrient-rich tissue are presented and a number of properties of the resulting models outlined. The focus is on obtaining broadly applicable results for the simplest appropriate formulations by using matched-asymptotic, moving-boundary and thin-film approaches; the relevance of the results to a variety of specific biological applications will be addressed elsewhere, as will the inclusion of additional physical phenomena.
On bubble rising in a Hele–Shaw cell filled with a non-Newtonian fluid
Authors: ALEXANDROU A. N. , ENTOV V. M. , KOLGANOV S. S. , KOLGANOVA N. V.
Published: October 2004

The problem of a bubble rising due to buoyancy in a Hele–Shaw cell filled with a viscous fluid is a classical free-boundary problem first posed and solved by Saffman & Taylor [11]. In fact, due to linearity of the flow equations the problem is reduced to that of a bubble transported by uniform fluid flow. Saffman and Taylor provided explicit expressions for the bubble shape. Steady propagation of bubbles and fingers in a Hele–Shaw cell filled with a nonlinearly-viscous fluid was studied by Alexandrou & Entov [1]. In Alexandrou & Entov [1], it was shown that for a nonlinearly viscous fluid the problem of a rising bubble cannot be reduced to that of a steadily transported bubble, and should be treated separately. This note presents a solution of the problem following the general framework suggested in Alexandrou & Entov [1]. The hodograph transform is used in combination with finite-difference and collocation techniques to solve the problem. Results are presented for the cases of a Bingham and power-law fluids.
Growth of multiple crystals in polymer melts
Authors: BURGER M.
Published: October 2004

The aim of this paper is to develop a theory for the growth of multiple crystals in a polymer melt. This leads to nonlinear moving boundary problems for the temperature, with normal growth speed of the crystal boundaries determined by a nonlinear Gibbs-Thompson relation. Particular attention is paid to the effect of impingement, i.e., the event of two crystals hitting each other, which stops the growth on the contact interface. In one space dimension, the well-posedness of the growth model coupled to the heat equation is shown for an arbitrary number of crystals, both in a quasi-stationary and in an instationary situation. The resulting evolution of a fixed crystal in presence of other crystals is compared to the pure single crystal case. Finally, some basic features of the model in higher spatial dimensions and the main problems encountered in the attempt to prove a general well-posedness result are discussed.
Large time behavior of the solutions to a one-dimensional Stefan problem with a kinetic condition at the free boundary
Authors: HILHORST D. , ISSARD-ROCH F. , ROQUEJOFFRE J. M.
Published: October 2004

We consider a Stefan problem with a kinetic condition at the free boundary and prove the convergence of the solution as $t$ tends to infinity either to a travelling wave solution or to a self-similar solution. The key idea is to transform this problem into a problem for a single nonlocal parabolic equation which admits a comparison principle.
Two-level types and parameterized modules
Authors: SHEARD TIM , PASALIC EMIR
Published: October 2004

In this paper, we describe two techniques for the efficient, modularized implementation of a large class of algorithms. We illustrate these techniques using several examples, including efficient generic unification algorithms that use reference cells to encode substitutions, and highly modular language implementations. We chose these examples to illustrate the following important techniques that we believe many functional programmers would find useful. First, defining recursive data types by splitting them into two levels: a structure defining level, and a recursive knot-tying level. Second, the use of rank-2 polymorphism inside Haskell's record types to implement a kind of type-parameterized modules. Finally, we explore techniques that allow us to combine already existing recursive Haskell data-types with the highly modular style of programming proposed here.