Differential Diagnosis between Low-Grade and High-Grade Astrocytoma Using System A Amino Acid Transport PET Imaging with C-11-MeAIB: A Comparison Study with C-11-Methionine PET Imaging
Authors: Nishii Ryuichi , Higashi Tatsuya , Kagawa Shinya , Arimoto Maya , Kishibe Yoshihiko , Takahashi Masaaki , Yamada Shigeki , Saiki Masaaki , Arakawa Yoshiki , Yamauchi Hiroshi , Okuyama Chio , Hojo Masato , Munemitsu Toshihiro , Sawada Masahiro , Kobayashi Masato , Kawai Keiichi , Nagamachi Shigeki , Hirai Toshinori , Miyamoto Susumu 
Published: June 2018

Introductions. [N-methyl-C-11]α-Methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) is an artificial amino acid radiotracer used for PET study, which is metabolically stable in vivo. In addition, MeAIB is transported by system A neutral amino acid transport, which is observed ubiquitously in all types of mammalian cells. It has already been shown that MeAIB-PET is useful for malignant lymphoma, head and neck cancers, and lung tumors. However, there have been no reports evaluating the usefulness of MeAIB-PET in the diagnosis of brain tumors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of system A amino acid transport PET imaging, MeAIB-PET, in clinical brain tumor diagnosis compared to [S-methyl-C-11]-L-methionine (MET)-PET.Methods. Thirty-one consecutive patients (male: 16, female: 15), who were suspected of having brain tumors, received both MeAIB-PET and MET-PET within a 2-week interval. All patients were classified into two groups: Group A as a benign group, which included patients who were diagnosed as low-grade astrocytoma, grade II or less, or other low-grade astrocytoma (n=12) and Group B as a malignant group, which included patients who were diagnosed as anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), or recurrent GBM despite prior surgery or chemoradiotherapy (n=19). PET imaging was performed 20 min after the IV injection of MeAIB and MET, respectively. Semiquantitative analyses of MeAIB and MET uptake using SUVmax and tumor-to-contralateral normal brain tissue (T/N) ratio were evaluated to compare these PET images. ROC analyses for the diagnostic accuracy of MeAIB-PET and MET-PET were also calculated.Results. In MeAIB-PET imaging, the SUVmax was 1.20 ± 1.29 for the benign group and 2.94 ± 1.22 for the malignant group (p<0.005), and theT/Nratio was 3.77 ± 2.39 for the benign group and 16.83 ± 2.39 for the malignant group (p<0.001). In MET-PET, the SUVmax was 3.01 ± 0.94 for the benign group and 4.72 ± 1.61 for the malignant group (p<0.005), and theT/Nratio was 2.64 ± 1.40 for the benign group and 3.21 ± 1.14 for the malignant group (n.s.). For the analysis using theT/Nratio, there was a significant difference between the benign and malignant groups with MeAIB-PET withp<0.001. The result of ROC analysis using theT/Nratio indicated a better diagnosis accuracy for MeAIB-PET for brain tumors than MET-PET (p<0.01).Conclusions. MeAIB, a system A amino acid transport-specific radiolabeled agents, could provide better assessments for detecting malignant type brain tumors. In a differential diagnosis between low-grade and high-grade astrocytoma, MeAIB-PET is a useful diagnostic imaging tool, especially in evaluations using theT/Nratio.Clinical trial registration. This trial was registered withUMIN000032498.