bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Through the Syrians Refuge in Turkey Towards the Creation of the War Migration Theory
Authors: Baran Aylin Görgün
Published: August 2017

Due to the fear created by the war and the problems that war has caused, most of the Syrian citizens have been displaced and started to migrate many countries of the world. Countries like Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan, which are the closest neighbors, feel the intensity of this migration, but the problem has also spread to Europe. Although the number of Syrian refugees has not known clearly, more than 3.5 million people are located in Turkey and Lebanon. In this study, it is aimed to develop an analysis through “war migration”, by focusing on the international links of migration. In this context, a theoretical experiment has been carried out that takes macro, meso and micro elements of immigration into consideration through the theory of migration systems and theory of relationship networks, therefore, a theoretical experiment has been made which reveals the links of war migration.
Youths' Economic and Regulatory Traits in Water Resources Management as a Precursor for Good Water Governance
Authors: Gatt Kevin
Published: August 2017

Good water governance needs to ensure, amongst others, the sustainability of water resources. Sustainability needs to be secured by optimising economic and social goals whilst safeguarding the rights of future generations. In developing a water governance framework it is imperative to understand the perceptions of society in order to determine which portions of the framework are acceptable and those which will require more effort to overcome current perceptions. In safeguarding the resource for its enjoyment by future generations it is worth understanding, even at this stage, youth perceptions in the light that they will be the leaders of tomorrow and the core of society. To this effect a national survey was undertaken and 13 statements demonstrate statistical significance amongst youths. These are analysed with a view towards better understanding the perception of youths towards the economic aspect of water.
Issues With Water Quality
Authors: Paris Rhana Smout
Published: August 2017

Research in how people attend to, process and recall information tells educators that there are better ways to present the case for clean aquatic environments so citizens will understand, appreciate, and care for water resources. Gone are the days of shocking the public with photos of dying fish or burying them in mountains of scientific facts. From creating a story to using tangibles and intangibles to weaving explanatory chains with appropriate metaphors, this chapter presents thirteen components of a well-designed message to present to an audience, a board or a grant provider.
The Fundamentals and Applications of Geo-Spatial Research
Authors: Maphanyane Joyce Gosata , Mapeo Read Brown Mthanganyika , Akinola Modupe O.
Published: August 2017

This chapter is about the fundamentals of geo-spatial research. The Earth's make-up and position in the entirety of the universe and its systems thereof is revealed. It also categorizes the Earth movements into types, causative effects, and their measurable, predictable time beat. It resonates together with Chapter 2 to form a bigger picture. The scenario draws out whole complete discussions of geoscience study on the origins of matter, space, time and energy entities. The revelations of what is known about the Cosmos today and therefore the Universe is the painstaking work of several scientists. This knowledge is fundamental to all Geo-spatial science research. For one to successfully carry out the research of this nature, it is imperative that one is fully conversant with how the Universe and therefore the Earth and its systems function. The discussions also include a map as a reporting platform for processes of the geospatial science research.
Modern Cartography and GIS
Authors: Mulalu Mulalu I.
Published: August 2017

This paper presents the view that with the rapid change in technology, which necessitates the constant rethinking of the supporting conceptual frameworks, spatial science practitioners need to be well grounded in the basic technological concepts and research arguments in order to perform their varied tasks with knowledge based integrity. Cartography has now been placed in the public domain as well as in GIS. GIS in turn has introduced GIS Cartography and is also practiced in the public domain. In both cases, there are situations where people do cartography and GIS without understanding their basic concepts and principles. The paper seeks to shed light on the varied exemplification of the cartography and GIS disciplines with a bias in developing country contexts where there is still a piecewise treatment of these disciplines in education and work environments and a shortage of professional bodies and certification routines. By discussing basic concepts and conceptual frameworks, the practice environments, education and accreditation as well as professional certification, the paper highlights some of the basic requirements of spatial science practitioners. The paper is written from the Botswana context as an example of a developing country context, but most issues should relate to other developing country contexts too.
Characterization of Fire Regime Descriptors in Botswana Using Remotely Sensed Data
Authors: Molefe John Isaac
Published: August 2017

Despite its role and relevance in environmental management at all scales the use of fire has been contentious. The absence of information on fire parameters compounds the situation. This study derives fire parameter information for Botswana by analyzing MODIS fire data for (2001-2012), using conditional statements, and cluster mapping in ArcGIS. The study also related the fire information to other variables to examine how they interact with fire. The results of the study indicates that over the 12 year period the burned area has exhibited an upward trend. It has also shown that most of the fire in the country occur over the late dry season when the fires are potentially destructive. A south-north transect of fire frequency is observed, accompanied by an inverse relationship between frequency and intensity. Of all the factors, rainfall (0.638) and biomass(NDVI) (0.355) were the most significant contributors to the fire activity. The study demonstrated the utility of the MODIS fire data in characterizing the fire regime of the country and thus contribute to the policy process.
Satellite Image Classes Categorization Schemes for United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change (UNFCCC)
Authors: Maphanyane Joyce Gosata , Phunyuka Gofetamang
Published: August 2017

This chapter looks at the disparities between the UNFCCC – GHG – Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LULCC) remote sensing images classification scheme with that of Botswana for the GHG inventory for the National Representation. This chapter has points out that the Botswana Scheme maximizes the LANDSAT System electromagnetic waves capabilities and maps produced give more classes and better thematic resolution for the classification of land cover classes. Suggestions are made for these two schemes to be reconciled and use the one which gives the best GHG calculated results for inventories for Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Reporting
Soil Sampling Procedures for Chemical Analysis
Authors: Akinola Modupe O. , Maphanyane Joyce Gosata , Mapeo Read Brown Mthanganyika
Published: August 2017

This chapter describes procedures used in soil sampling and its analysis; as well as why there is need to sample soils and for what purpose. We also describe the different types of soils present in nature and compare the different sampling regimes used in soil studies as well equipment's used, and the associated reagents necessary for a specific analysis. The chapter provides background information to scientists engaged in soil studies.
Mechatronics of Recent Advances of Sensors for Assistive Technologies
Authors: Marumo Rapelang
Published: August 2017

In this paper, the recent advances of sensors incorporated in assistive technologies are presented. Features of conventional sensors are largely electromechanical. However, the last two decades has, due to the move towards digital scholarship, witnessed the emergence of contemporary sensors that incorporate information technology (IT) component. Hence the term mechatronic or mechatronised sensors. Based on the function and of modern assistive devices, a variety of sensors are described with their features and applications. Further improvements and future trends are pointed out and discussed.
Desiccation and Other Factors Affecting Community Life in the Mopipi Area Along the Boteti River in Botswana
Authors: Segosebe Eagilwe M.
Published: August 2017

The inhabitants of Mopipi who live in the downstream section of the Boteti River previously (prior to 1982) enjoyed abundant natural resources as water flowed to the periphery of their village into Mopipi pan. Flood failure over the last two decades has meant that the people of Mopipi are subjected to both natural and socio-economic stressors, which negatively impact their livelihoods. Based on field observations and focused group discussions this paper attempts to explain major influences of livelihoods in Mopipi village and surroundings. Variable and limited rains together with the pattern of the Boteti River flow into the Mopipi Pan in the past are seen as major natural factors. In particular, the flood failure in the mid-1980s coincided with drought conditions which caused considerable hardships to the local community. Local perceptions of constraints in the natural resource base due to droughts and flood failure are contextualized in relation to stresses produced by natural and social processes.
The Effects of Geometry on the P-Wave Seismic Response of Massive Mineral Deposits
Authors: Laletsang Kebabonye , Hurich Charles A.
Published: August 2017

Results from analogue seismic modelling aimed to investigate the effect that the geometry of a mineral deposit imposes on its seismic response are presented. 3D Seismic data were acquired on two physical models representing the possible end-member geometries of mineral deposits. The physical modelling involved acquisition of 3D pre-stack data on scale models. The results for the ellipsoidal model comprised closed, continuous, circular diffraction patterns in time slices. For the cylindrical model, the quality of the stack was degraded by the scattering caused by the rugged surface. The diffraction patterns were discontinuous and comprised the diagnostic concentric, circular amplitude peaks and troughs which would allow identification of drill targets in field data. The results show that 3D seismic data are valuable in mineral exploration because they provide (1) enhanced spatial resolution, and (2) slices of time help to identify the seismic response of small seismic targets with complex geometry.
A QUESTÃO URBANA NA BACIA DO ALTO PARAGUAI: DESENVOLVIMENTO URBANO E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES NOS CANAIS DE DRENAGEM EM CÁCERES/MT (PERÍODOS DE 1945 A 2013)
Authors: Cruz Jean Da Silva , De Souza Célia Alves
Published: August 2017

O objetivo deste artigo foi verificar o processo de ordenamento territorial urbano em dois períodos distintos entre 1945 a 1984 e 1984 a 2013 e suas implicações na drenagem urbana em Cáceres/MT. Os procedimentos teórico-metodológicos adotados consistiram preliminarmente de levantamentos bibliográficos referentes a diversos autores que trataram da temática proposta e da compilação de dados secundários de Cáceres (2007 e 2010), que permitiram a construção de importantes indicadores para a discussão em torno do processo de ordenamento urbano como expansão das ocupações físicas urbanas; distribuição populacional por situação de domicílio; processo atual de uso e ocupação. Para analisar as questões atuais do ordenamento territorial foi elaborado mapa de expansão urbana dos anos de 1984, 1999 e 2011, por meio de imagens de satélite das órbitas/ponto: 227-71 e 227-72. Os resultados demonstram que, os períodos de 1945 aos dias atuais, frente ao rápido crescimento urbano e com característica de expansão dispersa, os córregos Olhos d’Água, Sangradouro, Lava-pés, Junco, foram a principal referência onde a cidade passou a estruturar o tecido urbano em seus contornos, contribuindo para suas principais alterações, ocupações das margens e retificação de seu leito.
A SITUAÇÃO DAS ÁREAS DE ENDEMISMO DA AMAZÔNIA COM RELAÇÃO AO DESMATAMENTO E ÀS ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS
Authors: Braz Leonam Costa , Pereira Jorge Luis Gavina , Ferreira Leandro Valle , Thalês Marcelo Cordeiro
Published: August 2017

O desmatamento da Amazônia acelerou-se a partir da década de 1970. O Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (Inpe) monitora o desmatamento desde 1988. O total desmatado na Amazônia alcançou em 2011 743 mil km² (19% da área), concentrando-se nas proximidades das estradas. A criação de Unidades de Conservação (UCs) e a delimitação de Terras Indígenas (TIs) têm-se mostrado ações eficientes na prevenção do desmatamento. Para a Amazônia são reconhecidas oito áreas principais de endemismo: Belém, Xingu, Tapajós, Rondônia, Inambari, Napo, Imeri e Guiana. As áreas de endemismo têm sido usadas como critério na escolha de áreas para conservação. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a situação das áreas de endemismo da Amazônia com relação ao desmatamento e às áreas protegidas (UCs/TIs). Neste trabalho foram utilizados os seguintes dados: desmatamento de 2012, os limites das áreas de endemismo da Amazônia, e os limites das unidades de conservação e terras indígenas. Foi observado que as áreas de endemismo mais desmatadas são as mais próximas aos centros de ocupação (Belém 62,20% e Xingu 39,51%), enquanto que as menos desmatadas são as mais isoladas (Imeri 1,15% e Napo 0,69%). Observou-se também que, apesar das restrições, 7,5% do desmatamento ocorreu em áreas protegidas. A distribuição das categorias de área, considerando apenas duas classes (sem restrição e com restrição - UCs/TIs), resultou na agregação das áreas de endemismo em: predominantemente sem restrição (Belém, Xingu e Rondônia), equitativo (Tapajós, Inambari e Napo) e predominantemente com restrição (Guiana e Imeri). Com relação ao desmatamento nas áreas protegidas, as áreas de endemismo foram classificadas em: tolerável (Xingu e Rondônia), atenção (Tapajós, Inambari e Guiana), preocupante (Belém) e anômalo (Napo e Imeri). As áreas de endemismo que se encontram em situações mais preocupantes são Belém e Xingu, pois estão mais desmatadas e tem menos de áreas com restrição de uso.
Editorial v.34, n.3 (2016)
Authors: Geografia - UEM Boletim De
Published: August 2017

Editorial do volume 34, número 3, do ano de 2016.
COMPARTIMENTAÇÃO MORFOESTRUTURAL DA CARTA DE FAXINAL - PR
Authors: Tamura Tatiana Mayumi , Volkmer Susana , Fortes Edison
Published: August 2017

A área de estudo contida na carta topográfica de Faxinal (SG.22-V-B-III-1-MI-2805/1 – escala 1:50.000) apresenta diversificadas feições de relevo, denotadas pelos aspectos geológicos, geomorfológicos, padrões de drenagem entre outras. A resistência diferencial dos materiais litológicos do Mesozóico e Paleozóico refletiu no processo intempérico instalado nos diferentes paleoambientes, produzindo diversas paleopaisagens. A partir desta abordagem o presente trabalho propõe o mapeamento dos compartimentos geomorfológicos da carta em questão, para o qual foram utilizadas cartas de hipsométrica, de declividade, e geológica. Dados SRTM e TOPODATA serviram de base para a construção de perfis topográficos transversais. Para o estudo dos níveis morfológicos, condicionados às litologias e estruturas da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná, foi realizado o estudo do comportamento estruturante, controlado por litoestruturas, lineamentos estruturais diversos e hidrografia. Foram identificados cinco compartimentos morfoestruturais que apresentam diferentes redes de drenagem, com variação de altitude e relevos residuais.
ABORDAGEM PERCEPTIVA APLICADA À ANÁLISE DOS RISCOS DE INUNDAÇÃO NO MUNICÍPIO DE IPANGUAÇU/RN – BRASIL
Authors: Pereira Neto Manoel Cirício , De Santana Peixoto Maria Carolina , De Araújo João Paulo Rodrigues
Published: August 2017

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a percepção de riscos de inundação na cidade de Ipanguaçu/RN – Brasil, enfocando especificamente a identificação das áreas mais afetadas da cidade e a percepção da população do local. Essa escolha deve-se pelo fato de ser o referido município um dos mais atingidos por inundações no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A percepção dos riscos teve como base conceitual os trabalhos de White (1977), assim como de Souza e Zanella (2009), entre outros, cujos fundamentos de percepção dos riscos, avaliação, limiar de intolerância e ajustamentos foram considerados. A urbanização desordenada em área de alta instabilidade ambiental, em associação a vulnerabilidade social resulta em um quadro propício à ocorrência dos riscos de inundação. A abordagem perceptiva se mostrou relevante na análise da problemática ao subsidiar a identificação das áreas potencialmente inundadas e as causas relacionadas, assim como a resposta da população diante dessa realidade. Os resultados alcançados relacionados à percepção dos moradores das áreas de risco podem, portanto, contribuir nas tomadas de decisão e devem ser consideradas no planejamento.
URBANIZAÇÃO, DISPERSÃO URBANA E ESTRUTURA INTRAURBANA DE CIDADES INTERMEDIÁRIAS DA AMAZÔNIA: O CASO DE ALTAMIRA (PA)
Authors: Lobo Marco Aurélio Arbage , Tourinho Helena Lúcia Zagury , Costa Ériko Fabrício Nery da
Published: August 2017

A Amazônia brasileira, mesmo sendo internacionalmente conhecida pela exuberância de seus ecossistemas naturais e por suas populações tradicionais, vem passando por intenso processo de urbanização, que tem como consequência o expressivo crescimento populacional das cidades intermediárias da rede urbana regional, dentre outras. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal investigar se esta urbanização, a exemplo de outras cidades do Brasil, está promovendo, ou não, a dispersão urbana num importante centro sub-regional da região amazônica, Altamira, buscando identificar fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência do fenômeno. Também tem o propósito de verificar se, nesse processo, ocorreu alguma transformação significativa na configuração da estrutura intraurbana da cidade. A revisão da literatura constatou que a investigação sobre a dispersão urbana já é significativa em cidades de grande porte, mas ainda é escassa em cidades intermediárias da rede urbana, daí a relevância da contribuição deste trabalho para a literatura sobre o tema. A análise empírica foi baseada na construção de um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), que integrou informações espaciais com dados estatísticos dos censos demográficos de 2000 e 2010, além de pesquisa de campo. O trabalho conclui que houve intenso processo de dispersão física do espaço urbano em Altamira entre 2000 e 2010, sem modificações importantes na configuração da estrutura intraurbana, e que a ênfase dada aos empreendimentos imobiliários horizontais voltados para famílias de alta renda, como principal causa da dispersão urbana, precisa ser revista no caso das cidades intermediárias. É necessário também dar importância a outros fatores, tais como: a implantação de assentamentos humanos na periferia urbana para classes de rendas baixas e médias-baixas; as novas modalidades de mobilidade urbana que estão sendo utilizadas pelas famílias que residem nesses locais; e, os efeitos da redução da média de pessoas por domicílio.
Effect of Boosting Velocity on Forming Quality of High-Strength TA18 Titanium Alloy Tubes in Numerical Control Bending
Authors: Fang Jun , Liang Chuang , Lu Shi Qiang , Wang Ke Lu
Published: August 2017

In order to reveal the effect laws of boosting velocity on forming quality of tube bending. A three dimensional (3D) elastic plastic finite element (FE) model of whole process of high-strength TA18 tubes in numerical control (NC) bending was established based on the FE code of ABAQUS, and its reliability was validated by using the experimental results in literature. Then, the effect laws of boosting velocity on deformation behaviors of high-strength TA18 tubes in NC bending were explored with respect to multiple defects such as wall thinning, wall thickening, cross section deformation and springback. The results show that wall thinning ratio decreases with the increasing of boosting velocity; wall thickening ratio increases with the increasing of boosting velocity; cross section deformation ratio decreases with the increasing of boosting velocity; springback decreases slightly with the increasing of boosting velocity.
Study on Aging Treatment Microstructure of Magnesium-Zinc Alloy
Authors: Wang Zhi Ling
Published: August 2017

In this paper, the aging treatment is performed to Mg-Zn alloy with different Zinc contents,the effect of aging treatment on the microstructure of Mg-Zn alloy was studied. The experimental results show that Zinc precipitated from the mg substrate, and exists in the form of Mg-Zn phase after aging treatment of Mg-Zn alloy, which greatly improves the Mg-Zn alloy's mechanical properties. After heat treatment of Mg-Zn alloy, the second phase along the grain boundary changes from the patch distribution to the network distribution with the increase of the content of Zn.
WELDOX960 Low Alloy High Strength Steel Welding Automation Manufacturability Research
Authors: Hu Min
Published: August 2017

This article combined with the practical production conditions,introduced the welding process parameter’s selection and operation technology of one-side welding with back formation for welding robot of WELDOX960 steel.The welding practices indicate that:when adopts the welding robot CO2+Ar to perform the one-side welding with back formation operation to WELDOX960 low alloy high strength steel,the setting of welding process parameters has the great impact to the high strength steel welding performance.
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study on the Relationship between Hydrogen Bond and Damping Properties of AO-70/NBR Composites
Authors: Zhu Jing , Zhao Xiu Ying , Song Meng , Han Yue , Liu Li , Wu Si Zhu
Published: August 2017

This work was try to study the number and types of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) formed in hindered phenol AO-70/nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites and their contributions to the damping properties by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and experimental methods. MD simulation results showed that there were four types of H-bonds, namely, type A (AO-70) –OH...NC– (NBR) H-bonds in AO-70/NBR composites, type B (AO-70) –OH...O=C– (AO-70) H-bonds, type C (AO-70) –OH...OH–(AO-70) and D (AO-70) –OH...O–C– (AO-70) H-bonds, what's more, type A and type B H-Bonds formed more easily than others. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the existence of H-bonds. Meanwhile, the AO-70/NBR composites with AO-70 content of 109 phr had the largest number of H-bonds, smallest fractional free volume (FFV) and resulting in the optimistic damping performance of the composites.
Numerical Modeling on the Stress-Strain Behavior of Sand via Disturbed State Concept Model
Authors: Tsai Pei Hsun , Liang Yu Hsiang , Lin Pei Chun
Published: August 2017

The disturbed state concept (DSC), proposed by Desai, is a powerful constitutive modeling for the simulation of the material behaviors of strain hardening or softening of soil. These material parameters can be decided by the results of the triaxial compression test of soil. Some triaxial drained test were performed to obtain the deviator stress vs. axial strain behaviors of Ottawa sand with relative densities Dr ＝20% and 90% under three different confining pressures. The result shows that the experimental data and the results of the DSC model showed good correspondence. In study for disturbance parameters to effect on the curve of axial strain vs. deviator stress, it can be found that the deviator stress after peak markedly decreases when the values of disturbance parameters are reduced. The effect of disturbance parameter A on the trend for deviator stress decrease after peak is higher than that of parameter B.
Effectiveness of Non-Suction Controlled Method of Wetting-Drying Cycles for Unsaturated Compacted Loess Material
Authors: Hu Zhi , Cheng Yuan Ze
Published: August 2017

A non-suction controlled method of wetting-drying cycles for unsaturated compacted loess material has been studied in this paper. The specimen was wetted by a sprayer and dried by air and the moisture content was controlled by measuring the specimen mass. Calculated moisture content was investigated and compared with measurement data. It can be indicated from the results that the method is effective, accurate and time-saving for controlling moisture content of compacted loess.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Variation in the Microstructure of a Polycrystalline Material under Tensile Load
Authors: Uehara Takuya
Published: August 2017

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to investigate the change in the crystal orientation of polycrystalline materials placed under an external load. Two models were prepared, both comprising four grains but with different grain arrangements. Each grain had a face-centered cubic structure with (001) face on the x-y plane, whereas each grain had a different rotation of orientation around the z-axis. A tensile load was applied by extending the edge length in the y direction while the other directions were kept stress-free. As a result, a significant change in the microstructure was observed, with changes in both crystal orientation and shape along with the formation of subgrains. The structure and direction of the grain boundary against the external load were also found to affect the change in the microstructure.
Interaction between Polyaramidic Electrospun Nanofibers and Epoxy Resin for Composite Materials Reinforcement
Authors: Merighi Stefano , Maccaferri Emanuele , Belcari Juri , Zucchelli Andrea , Benelli Tiziana , Giorgini Loris , Mazzocchetti Laura
Published: August 2017

Interaction between poly (m-phenylene isophtalamide) (PMIA) electrospun nanofibers and commercial epoxy resin precursor during the cross-linking process was investigated, in order to use such polyaramidic nanofibers for composite materials reinforcement. Hence nanofibrous PMIA mats were produced via electrospinning technique to be used for the functional modification of the epoxy matrix composite properties. When adding such fibers to an epoxy resin precursor, it was observed a strong influence on the kinetics of its curing process. The final results, however, demonstrates that boosting the reaction condition (raising the temperature and the reaction time) the curing is pushed to completion, indicating that the cross-linking process of the resin is just delayed and not completely hampered. It will be therefore necessary to rethink the composite cure cycle when PMIA nanofibers are added to the composite material, in order to attain significant improvement of the final composite performance.
Measurement Model for Young's Modulus of Axially Functionally Graded Materials
Authors: Chen Xiao Liang , Zhang Long , Li Ding Yu
Published: August 2017

For axially functionally graded beams with elastic modulus varying through the longitudinal directions, a measurement model for Young's modulus is presented based on the classic Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. When the force and deflection of cantilever beams are measured by the experiment method, the Young's modulus of axially functionally graded beams can be obtained by the measurement model. By the derivation rule of compound functions, the validity of the measurement model is proved. For the axially functionally graded beams with elastic modulus varying according to the power law and the exponential law respectively, the deflection is simulated by the finite element method. The simulated elastic modulus by the model is in accord with the theoretical value well.
Synthesis of TbMnO3 by Microwave Assisted Method and its Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Jin Min Min , Long Chun Yu , Peng Fang Fang , Tang Pei Song , Chen Hai Feng
Published: August 2017

Using terbium oxide (Tb4O7), manganese acetate (MnC4H6O4·4H2O), citric acid (C6H8O7) and urea (CO(NH2)2) as the main materials, the TbMnO3 was prepared by a facile microwave assisted process. The TbMnO3 samples were characterized by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. XRD and SEM demonstrated the successful synthesis of single phase TbMnO3 and an average grain size of 100 nm in diameter. Under UV-light, the photocatalytic activity of TbMnO3 calcination at 800 °C was investigated by decomposition simulation wastewater containing 20 mg/L methyl orange (MO). The degradation rate of methyl orange can arrive to 95% when light irradiation was 180 min in presence of TbMnO3. The results show that TbMnO3 has highly photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange.
Preparation of Nanosized Ni2+-Doped ErFeO3 by Microwave Assisted Process and its Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Fang Li , Yang Qian , Xu Meng Ying , Cao Jun Wei , Tang Pei Song , Chen Hai Feng
Published: August 2017

Using Er (NO3)3·6H2O, Fe (NO3)3·9H2O, Ni (NO3)3·6H2O as main raw materials, the nanosized Ni2+-doped ErFeO3 was prepared by microwave assisted method. The Ni2+-doped ErFeO3 samples were characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The different doping amount was studied for photocatalytic properties of samples. The results show that the Ni2+-doped ErFeO3 is perovskite structure (ABO3), and its average grain size is nearly 80nm. Under the visible-light, using the methyl-orange as simulate sewages, the Ni2+-doped ErFeO3 has higher photocatalytic activity than pure ErFeO3 powder, and the doping amount of 0.02 to ErFeO3 is the best. When the illumination time of the visible light is 120 min, the degradation rate of the best ratio of the samples can rise to nearly 100% for the decomposition of methyl orange. Therefore, the nanosized Ni2+-doped ErFeO3 is an excellent visible-light photocatalyst.
Ply Orientation-Driven Path Planning with Multi Reference Paths for Robotic Fiber Placement on Mesh Surface
Authors: Pei Jia Zhi , Wang Xiao Ping
Published: August 2017

This article reports an investigation of path planning with multi reference paths for robotic fiber placement (RFP) on open-contoured mesh surface. The new method considers the ply orientation information determined by loading characteristics, divides one surface into different parts according to the ply orientation information and then designs different initial reference paths in different parts. This article also proposes new up-layer design in order to make up for defects between parts and improve strength.
Bioleaching and Desulfurization of Pyrite Roasting Residues by NB Bacteria for the Recovery of Cu, Zn and the Magnetic Materials
Authors: Cui Xing Lan , Zuo Hao En , Wen Jian Kang , Wu Biao , Ning Yuan
Published: August 2017

The experiment focused on the bioleaching and desulfurization of pyrite roasting residues by the bacteria for the recovery of Cu, Zn and the magnetic materials. First of all, the study systematically performed XRD, which provided scientific and technique basis for extraction of valuable metals. Subsequently, the effect of the pH, the temperature and the bacterial inoculum volume ratio on the bioleaching was investigated. The data revealed that the condition under the pH of 1.2, the temperature of 45°C and bacterial inoculum volume ratio of 10% had the most significant effect on the bioleaching and the recovery rates of Cu, Zn and SO42- reached up to 80%, 99% and 80%, respectively. Finally, multi-elements analysis before and after the bioleaching experiments was performed to further explore the ability of the NB bacteria to oxidize the Deerni pyrite roasting residues. The study demonstrated that the total Fe and sulfur contents of the bioleaching residues accounted for 68.47% and 0.28%, respectively. The content of Cu and Zn in the leaching residue were only 0.09% and 0.01%. The desulfurization effects are evident and bioleaching residues meet the requirements as magnetic materials in steel making industry.
Accelerating the Adoption of Industry 4.0 Supporting Technologies in Manufacturing Engineering Courses
Authors: Ríos José , Mas Fernando , Marcos Bárcena Mariano , Vila Carlos , Ugarte Done , Chevrot Thierry
Published: August 2017

Universities are one of the fundamental actors to guarantee the dissemination of knowledge and the development of competences related to the Industry of the Future (IoF) or Industry 4.0. Computer Aided (CAX) and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) technologies are key part in the IoF. With this aim, it was launch a project focused on Manufacturing and partially funded by La Fondation Dassault Systèmes. This communication presents a review on CAX-PLM training, four initiatives already in place in universities participating in the project, the project scope, the approach to integrate with the industrial context, the working method to consider different competence profiles and the development framework.
Development of a Computer Tool to Support the Teaching of Materials Technology
Authors: Rodríguez-Prieto Álvaro , Camacho Ana Maria , Sebastián Miguel Ángel
Published: August 2017

Materials technology is a matter of great applicative and crosscutting interest, as evidenced by their presence in most curriculums of the current industrial engineering degrees. During the development of this matter, it is crucial that the student assimilates not only the relationship among composition, processing and mechanical properties, but also, how all these technological features interact facing the in-service behavior of the material. That is why, within a Doctoral dissertation developed at the Department of Construction and Manufacturing Engineering at the National Distance Education University (UNED), it has designed a computer tool to quantify the stringency level of technological requirements of materials (especially suitable for high demanding applications), characterized by its suitability as interactive teaching material used in the teaching of materials engineering. As a case study, we have chosen a selection of materials for nuclear reactor pressure vessels, because it is a very representative example of the relationship between chemical composition, mechanical properties and in-service behavior.
Teaching & Learning of Sheet Metal Forming Processes Using DEFORM-3D
Authors: Martinez-Donaire Andrés Jesús , Morales-Palma D. , Centeno Gabriel , Borrego M. , Vallellano Carpóforo
Published: August 2017

The aim of this paper is to analyze the use of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in the teaching-learning strategy of metal forming processes. To this end, students are proposed to use the commercial package DEFORM-3D® for the development of their bachelor and master theses within the research line on incremental sheet forming processes. The student acquires skills and competencies on numerical simulation and design of real metal forming processes valuable for their future professional practice, while strengthening the foundations of these manufacturing technologies. This proposal is consistent with the active teaching methodologies included in the guidelines of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA).
Population variability of a native and an introduced herbivore of carrots (Apiaceae)
Authors: Lamb Robert J. , Boivin Guy
Published: August 2017

Long-term, twice weekly, trap catches of the native carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and the introduced carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (Fabricius) (Diptera: Psilidae), were used to test the hypothesis that native populations fluctuate less from year-to-year than those of introduced species, because the native species has had more time to adapt to temporal variability in its habitat than an introduced species. Variability in annual abundance was estimated for 33 years, and for 11-year or 16–17-year subsets of the 33-year time series. Temporal population variability was quantified as PV, a proportion between 0 and 1. The native carrot weevil had a PV of 0.39, less than that of the introduced carrot rust fly with a PV of 0.67, supporting the hypothesis. Generation 1 for both species showed a decline in PV over three decades consistent with the hypothesis that adaptation to variability in the habitat leads to lower PV. Over 33 years, the carrot weevil developed a second generation with a PV of 0.70, higher than that of the first generation, which is consistent with the hypothesis that adaptation is required to stabilise population dynamics in a new habitat, in this case a new temporally defined habitat.
Athletic Trainers' Roles and Responsibilities Regarding Academic Adjustments as Part of the Concussion-Management Process in the Secondary School Setting
Authors: Bacon Cailee E. Welch , Kay Melissa C. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich
Published: August 2017

Context: 

Athletic trainers (ATs) play a vital role in managing the care of student-athletes after a sport-related concussion, yet little is known about their specific involvement in the implementation of academic adjustments as part of the concussion-management plan.

Objective: 

To explore ATs' perceived roles and responsibilities regarding the implementation of academic adjustments for concussed student-athletes.

Design: 

Qualitative study.

Setting: 

Individual telephone interviews.

Patients or Other Participants: 

Sixteen ATs employed in the secondary school setting (8 women, 8 men; age = 39.6 ± 7.9 years; athletic training experience = 15.1 ± 5.6 years), representing 12 states, were interviewed.

Data Collection and Analysis: 

One telephone interview was conducted with each participant. After the interviews were transcribed, the data were analyzed and coded into themes and categories, which were determined via consensus of a 4-person research team. To decrease researcher bias, triangulation occurred through participant member checking, the inclusion of multiple researchers, and an internal auditor.

Results: 

Several categories related to participants' perceptions regarding their roles and responsibilities within the academic-adjustments process emerged from data analysis: (1) understanding of academic adjustments, (2) perceptions of their roles in academic adjustments, (3) initiation of academic adjustments, (4) facilitation of academic adjustments, and (5) lack of a role in the academic-adjustments process. Although most ATs perceived that they had a role in the initiation and facilitation of academic adjustments for concussed student-athletes, some reported they did not want a role in the process. Regardless, participants frequently suggested the need for further education.

Conclusions: 

These findings highlight that ATs either wanted to be involved in the implementation of academic adjustments but felt further education was needed or they did not want to be involved because they felt that it was not in their area of expertise. To create a cohesive concussion-management team, it is vital that ATs understand their individual and collaborative roles in the secondary school setting.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) examination of a sulphided Co-Mo-Alumina (HDS) catalyst
Authors: Brown J R , Ternan M
Published: August 2017

A hydrodesulphurization (HDS) Co-Mo-alumina catalyst was examined in its working state using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and gas chromatography (G.C.). The catalyst was exposed to 10% H2S/H2 and/or 1% thiophene/H2 using a specially designed
micro-reactor coupled directly to the XPS system. The two chambers could be isolated when required. The catalyst was manipulated between chambers using a transfer device, eliminating the risk of atmospheric exposure and catalyst alteration (ie. re-oxidation, surface contamination over-layers, etc.).
In the activated (sulphide) state, the catalyst converted thiophene to C-4 hydrocarbons. Molybdenum present on the surface of the sulphided caralyst exist as Mo VI and IV in approximately equal amounts. The unconverted Mo VI was assigned to Al2(MoO4)3 (Mo, tetrahedral sites) and the Mo IV was
assigned to Mo S2. Some elemental as well as sulphide sulphuer was detected on the surface. Our results are in agreement with other studies that suggest there are at least two types of molybdenum species present. One type would be Mo S2 crystallites and the other molybdenum species which is bonded
to the alumna, ie., possibly Al2(MoO2S2)3.
Control of reactor coking during CANMET demonstration plant operation, April-May 1986
Authors: Dawson W H , Belinko K
Published: August 2017

The CANMET demonstration plant in Petro-Canada's Montreal Refinery was operated with 2.5% wt % of an oil co-ground additive slurry from April 29 to May 13, 1986. Coking was rigorously monitored by analyzing samples collected daily from the reactor, the
hot medium pressure separator and the vacuum tower. Procedures were established to control the accumulation of solids in the reactor. A TI concentration of greater than 25% in reactor samples and a TIOR/ash ratio of more than 4 in the pitch were regarded to be a high risk coking condition which
required immediate action such as dragging or lowering reactor temperatures. In spite of high risk coking conditions, particularly at high conversion, there were no major upsets resulting from coking. During the first few days of operation at high gas rate and low conversion, the TI concentration in
reactor samples was relatively low, approximately 6% at all three points. As the pitch conversion was increased by lowering the gas rate and increasing the reactor temperature, the TI concentration at the bottom of the reactor increased sharply and a concentration profile developed from top to
bottom. In order to control the rapid accumulation of solids in the reactor at about 25% and prevent consolidation of coke particles which would have resulted in reactor deposits, the dragstream had to be activated at critical times. Inspection of the reactor at the end of the test run revealed
that approximately 400 kg of solid residue had collected in the dead zone below the sparger. The reactor was relatively clear of deposits above the sparger. For long term operability, it will be necessary to regulate the dragstream withdrawal rate to maintain total solids content in the reactor at
about 25%. More dragging will be necessary from the dragstream port below the sparger to minimize the risk of coking the entire bottom section of the reactor, thereby obstructing the flow of feed. A higher additive concentration would allow better control of coking at high
conversions.
Measurement of the heat generated during CANMET hydrocracking - runs 85-HL-33 to 41 and 85-SR-42 to 50.
Authors: Sears P L , Dawson W H , de Bruijn T J W
Published: August 2017

The continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) used in pilot plant experiments was modified to permit measurement of the heat generated by the chemical reactions of the CANMET process. This was done by placing the reactor in a near-adiabatic environment. Pilot plant
runs were carried out using the modified CSTR and 31-IPPL-84 feedstock, and the heat generated by the hydrocracking reaction was measured. The results are here discussed with reference to pitch conversions and hydrogen consumption. The heat produced by the hydrocracking reaction was found to be
approximately 560 kJ/kg, or 240 BTU/lb of pitch converted.
Preferential adsoprtion and selective permeation of alcoho/hydrocarbon mixtures in reverse osmosis
Authors: Farnand B A , Sawatzky H
Published: August 2017

In binary mixtures of alcohols and hydrocarbons there are two types of reverse osmosis performances. These are selective permeation of the alcohol and selective permeation of the hydrocarbon. This work deals with the regulation of the selective permeation of both
the hydrocarbon and the alcohol. As expected , the selective permeation of the alcohol appears to be a function of the polarity of the membrane. This has been demonstrated in the case of polyethylene and cellulose ester membranes with methanol and pentane solutions. These results are of interest for
the production of oxygenated fuel blending agents where specifications require the removal of unreacted methanol for further processing and distillation is not viable because of azeotropes. These selective permeation results are compared with the selective adsorption of methanol and hydrocarbons on
membrane material as determined by liquid chromatography. The liquid chromatography results can be used to predict the performance of reverse osmosis membranes where the membranes may be difficult to fabricate as well as to determine performance limits in terms of
separation.
Surface chemistry and reduction behaviour of y-alumina supported molybdenum oxide
Authors: Brown J R
Published: August 2017

Alumina supported molybdenum oxide, which is usually impregnated with a promoter such as cobalt oxide, is the principal catalyst used for hydrotreating crude oil. Its unique performance may be better understood by directly measuring the surface region of the
precursor oxide state prior to and following the catalyst's exposure to hydrogen gas at elevated temperatures. An impregnated M003/alumina catalyst (20 wt % M003) and unsupported reference materials (Mo metal, Mo02 and Mo03) were examined after H2-titration by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS). Reduction tests and subsequent XPS analyses were conducted with the utmost care to prevent air exposure hence the uncertainty about the reoxidation of Mo species. To achieve this an elaborate reaction testing and inert transfer facility was designed and constructed. It is concluded that: Mo
on the exterior of the catalyst is not detectable in oxidation states below Mo4+ after hydrogen treatment (798 K, 20 h); the Mo/A1 atomic ratio was unaltered after reduction suggesting sintering and/or diffusion processes are not significant; and sorbed moisture may be critical in reducing Mo6+
completely to the metallic state. Reduction tests performed on reference metals confirmed the integrity of the specimen transfer vessel and the transfer methodology.
Report on workshop on fluidized bed combustion in Canada
Authors: Anthony E J , Grace J R
Published: August 2017

A one day workshop on fluidized bed combustion (FBC) was organized at the University of British Columbia prior to the 1987 Spring Technical Meeting of the Combustion Institute because many of Canada's leading combustion specialists would be in Vancouver during
this period. Sixteen speakers from across Canada spoke on various aspects of FBC technology; three site visits were also conducted to the University of British Columbia (UBC)pilot plant circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) unit, the cold model CFB facility and the spout-fluid bed combustor
and high pressure gasifier at B.C. Research. The audience included representatives from a number of the major petrochemical and engineering consulting companies and Canadian universities. This report provides a permanent record of the event including a short summary of the presentations, together
with a list of papers prepared for, or distributed at, the workshop. The morning and afternoon sessions were chaired by Professor John Grace of UBC and Dr. E.J. Anthony of CANMET, respectively. Copies of papers distributed from UBC affiliates may be obtained from Professor Grace and any others may
be obtained from Dr. Anthony or the authors.