bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-immigrant Sentiment and the Problem of Reproduction/Maintenance in Mexican Immigration to the United States
Authors: Wilson Tamar Diana
Published: February 2009

This article explores the links between 1) the growing militarization of the US–Mexico border; 2) state legislation such as California’s Proposition 187 designed to deny undocumented workers and their non-citizen wives and children state-funded medical, educational, and other social services; 3) the call by some sectors of the population to deny US citizenship to children born in the US to undocumented immigrants, but in most cases also to legally permanent residents who have not yet acquired citizenship; and 5) threats of deportation of undocumented workers, cases highly publicized in both the US and Mexico. It is argued that these phenomena are related to the desire to re-separate the processes of production and reproduction among the now more permanent Mexican labor force working in the US. With the fall of the USSR no other nation has taken upon itself the moral task of criticizing human rights abuses in the US, providing a more permissive environment for the abuses perpetrated against Mexican workers and their families.
Marketing Selves
Authors: Junghans Trenholme
Published: February 2009

This article examines civil society initiatives in Hungary which urge individuals to re-make themselves as entrepreneurs and unfettered free-agents. These projects cast the subjects of formerly state socialist regimes as prone to pessimism, dissimulation, and manipulation, and contrast them to a valorized ‘Western’ Self. Treating these implicit classificatory schema as a species of Occidentalism, I discuss how the Western Self has been understood as self-authoring, in contrast to its determined Others. Among these Others were the subjects of state socialism, figured as the products of a totalizing system. I discuss the origins of this figuration, and draw upon Bourdieu’s work to situate the ambivalent responses that greet civil society projects. I suggest that in the name of bridging differences between erstwhile Cold War adversaries, civil society projects rein-scribe the transition away from state socialism as rupture rather than as continuity; and are part of a larger project of re-imagining Selves and Others in the post-Cold War period.
Children and the Politics of Violence in Haitian Context
Authors: Bernat J. Christopher
Published: February 2009

An anthropology of children and violence must address the specific conditions under which children are more (or less) likely to be nurtured and protected, rather than abused, battered or exposed. The Lafanmi Selavi orphanage project in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, provides a useful focal point for the anthropological reckoning of both concerns. Founded by Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 1986, the program was instituted in order to provide housing, food, education and a political safe haven for numerous street children who had found themselves targeted for state violence. Soundly based in liberation theology, Lafanmi Selavi includes both Christian social ethics and democratic mobilization in its curriculum, drawing the often violent ire of rightist Haitian state polities and their civil proxies. This article is a study of past and continuing state violence against the children of Lafanmi Selavi, and it situates the Haitian street child as a cultural and political agent of national discourse.
Enacting Solidarity
Authors: Mills Mary Beth
Published: February 2009

This article examines the activities of some young migrant workers, participants in Thailand’s labor movement, and their strategies for solidarity in the face of economic insecurity. Activities sponsored by some independent Bangkok unions and labor solidarity groups draw upon both ‘modern’ urban commercial forms as well as ‘traditional’ ritual practices to promote class-based unity within a predominantly youthful and migrant labor force. Though limited in both means and opportunity for effective oppositional expression, unionized migrants explore new ways of thinking about themselves and their experiences through creative enactments of solidarity. In the process, migrant youth rework dominant symbols and practices in ways that contest hegemonic authority. Their grassroots actions reveal a dynamic struggle to produce and engage an alternative discourse of class-based identity by members of a workforce widely deemed to have little potential for collective action.
Under the Law
Authors: Zigman Mary
Published: February 2009

This paper seeks to investigate the effects of a changing economy on youth labor. With increased pressure on the nuclear family, which emerged out of a capitalist framework, financial responsibility is shared by youth. This economic unit was once dependent on male wage earners but now is no longer able to sustain itself due to deindustrialization. Because of existing governmental parameters on youth labor, many young women choose marginal labor such as prostitution. This paper addresses various monocausal explanations which fail to explain why teens enter into sex work such as drug abuse, sexual abuse and failing family values. Using a Marxist framework, I contend that teens choose prostitution in reaction to economic constraints on the family unit. Entering into sex work changes the relationships that youth have with their families, communities and with the state. It is hoped that this paper will unveil the effects capitalism has on youth labor as well as the conditions in which these youth live.
Ceci n’est pas Jimmie Durham
Authors: Turney Laura
Published: February 2009

This article examines the idea that there can (or cannot) be an authentic cultural identity. Debates about identity and authenticity are particularly prevalent in North America where the idea of authentic (and inauthentic) Native identities is very strong, both ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ Native communities. This is particularly so in terms of debates about treaty rights and resources wherein the issue of authenticity can be used as a benchmark for recognizing (or not recognizing) the claims of an individual, group or community. These questions will be explored by looking at how they are approached by the artist and writer Jimmie Durham, within the context of a piece of legislation known as the Indian Arts and Crafts Act (PL 101-644). This legislation and Durham’s responses, provide a useful viewpoint in terms of contributing to the ongoing debates about authenticity, identity and the politics of representation. I will attempt to demonstrate that these issues, although grounded in the ‘art world’, draw many parallels with the cultural, social, economic and political control and marginalization of North America’s indigenous peoples.
Introduction: Indications of the Knowledge Society
Authors: Portella Eduardo
Published: February 2009

Is ‘knowledge society’ yet another empty slogan? More than ever, ‘knowledge is power’. But we can hardly affirm that the society we live in is based on the vigour of knowledge. The market price placed on knowledge fails to provide it with the needed qualitative impetus. Inequities remain the blind spot of technological systems. To be sure, we are living in an information society at higher scales of exchange, with ‘a great deal of information, but little knowledge’. We may indeed be restoring a sort of enlightened despotism of a technologically neo-positivistic type, a realm of experts whose ‘know-how’ is but another term for ‘doing without knowing’. In a truly democratic sense, the knowledge society is a basic human right. Knowledge is nourished in society. Conversely, societies find in knowledge a compass for their peaceful co-existence.
Wayward Girls and Virtuous Women: Social Workers and Female Juvenile Delinquency in the Progressive Era
Authors: Abrams Laura S. , Curran Laura
Published: February 2009

In the Progressive Era, many immigrant and working-class girls were tried for crimes of immorality, were confined to reformatories, and were sometimes forced to undergo sterilization. This article discusses social workers' relationship to these practices that criminalized adolescent female sexuality by examining two branches of the burgeoning profession: the social reformers and the caseworkers.
Empowerment Through Welfare-Rights Organizing: A Feminist Perspective
Authors: East Jean F.
Published: February 2009

This article describes a community-based welfare reform-welfare rights organizing coalition that is based on a feminist empowerment model of practice. The experiences of women who have participated in the coalition are highlighted, and suggested courses of action for organizing such coalitions are proposed.
Reflections on the Art of Social Work Practice: A Metaphor From the Drawing of a Swan
Authors: Palmer Nancie
Published: February 2009

The seed of this narrative was planted 20 years ago, when a troubled adolescent made a drawingof a swan. Stunned speechless by the image, the author takes the reader through her journey of discovery, marked by an examination of the prevailingepistemolog y that limits explanation and validation of the art of practice and the practice of art making. Language and alternative paradigms from diverse sources offer new possibilities.
The Invention of Science
Authors: Restivo Sal , Loughlin Julia
Published: February 2009

Social and cultural studies of science revolutionized our understanding of science during the last quarter of the 20th century. This achievement has been accomplished in the face of great resistance and at great cost to the critics and theorists of science. In this paper, we explore some of the reasons for the resistance to and costs of analyzing science as a social fact. At the same time, we try to regain some of the momentum science studies achieved in the 1960s and 1970s. Our approach is to consider the consequences of bringing science into the dialogue on orientalism and occidentalism. We discuss the invention of science in terms of the traditions against or in opposition to which it was invented. Science, no matter how we define it, is intertwined with the industrial, and military technologies that grounded European movement into and around the world. Social theory is not only a route to critique and theory in science studies, but also a route for saving science as an intellectual enterprise.
Science, Culture and Conflict in India
Authors: Sharma Dhirendra
Published: February 2009

Science and technology have been a vector of social change, but for the nonwestern (Third World) people, modern technoscience advancement has been associated with western domination. For this reason, the evolution of technoglobalization is viewed with suspicion. The Critical Science Movement (CSM) emerged during the decades after the Second World War and led to ecofriendly scientific movements; the new scientific culture assessed science and technology, including the social responsibilities of science and the social studies of science. However, the cognitive impact of science in, for example, India had been mostly reactionary—outright anti-science and anti-intellectualism. Politically, it has encouraged ‘ethnic nationalism’ and culturally ‘ religious revivalism’. Generally, we feel it necessary to glorify the ‘ancient golden age’ which was considered superior to modern science and ‘spiritually superior to the materialist aggressive western’ culture of science. Science as a cognitive factor is not viewed as a liberating source of knowledge and reasoning but as a threat to traditional culture. At best science is regarded as exploitative of natural resources. The article attempts to explain the reasons for India's cultural resistance to the scientific approaches of social engineering.
Critical Legal Theory and Critical Science Studies
Authors: Croissant Jennifer L.
Published: February 2009

This article is an argument for the integration of the sociological tools of institutional theory with the critical legal studies tradition as a way of reinvigorating critical studies of science and technology. For Marxist, feminist, postcolonial, anti-racist, and anti-homophobic progressive traditions, critical legal studies as scholarship and practice provide important models for science studies. These models make sense of and make use of an institution while challenging its legitimacy. Neo-institutionalist theory allows greater analytic purchase on the mechanisms and strategy which shape organizations and fields and their responses to changes in their internal and external environments, and in particular, engagement with the problems of legitimacy which challenge law, science, and science studies.
The Homeless Texts of Persianate Modernity
Authors: Tavakoli-Targhi Mohamad
Published: February 2009

This article explores modernity as an ethos, rather than a historical period, allowing us to reconstruct joint Indian and Iranian ‘stories vanished from memory’. The story this article traces is the flourishing of the sciences in Persian during the first three decades of the 19th century at a time when Mughal India was seen to be in a state of decline. This article argues that the texts were rendered ‘homeless’ by their lack of inclusion into either Indian or Iranian nationalist accounts of modernity. I also extrapolate from the Foucauldian notion of heterotopia as alternate site of the ‘real’ as a ‘ countersite’ to explore the production of modernity. Heterotopias thus mark sites of crossing between peoples, cultures, and knowledge systems, in this case, between Indian and Iranian translations and readings of Persian texts.
Pashas and Protests
Authors: Bryant Rebecca
Published: February 2009

This article takes the case of Derviş Paşa, an important Cypriot notable, as a starting point for examining controversies about knowledge in the late Ottoman Empire. In particular, the article argues that much of the controversy in Cyprus around Derviş centered around the role of the ‘enlightened’-individual, who was the representative of ‘truth’ or orthodoxy, and who was able to make truth claims on the basis of his behavior or comportment. This is discussed in terms of the distinction drawn at this time between ‘ revelation’ and ‘enlightenment’ as descriptions of the type of authority that the modern state should have. The article then argues that in both these descriptions truth is something that should be ‘revealed’ or ‘laid bare’. This has consequences for leadership, where leaders had visibly to embody the truth claims that supported their authority.
Iqbal and Karbala
Authors: Hyder Syed Akbar
Published: February 2009

This article seeks to illumine the trope of Karbala within the writings of Muhammad Iqbal, a 20th-century thinker, who carried forward in various forms, and through qualifications, the Sufi readings of Karbala in order to mount his socioreligious reform agenda. It also explores how the work of Iqbal has become central for the re-emplotment of Karbala across diverse intellectual traditions.
Human Bodies in Chinese and European Painting
Authors: Wijnberg Nachoem M.
Published: February 2009

The relative status of human bodies as subjects for paintings is very different in European painting since the Renaissance and in Chinese painting from the Yuan dynasty onwards. In Europe the body, and especially the nude body, was a necessary ingredient of the most highly valued type of painting, history painting. Landscape painting had a much lower status and value. In China, the hierarchy of subjects is almost completely the reverse. It is proposed that this state of affairs can be explained by the way in which the choice of subjectmatter by the most important artists, at the moment of the most important change in the selection system dominating art, was linked to the social role and status of the artist in the new selection system.
A Second Great Wall?
Authors: Alford William P.
Published: February 2009

This article examines the PRC's post-Cultural Revolution project of legal development, the largest such undertaking in world history. It commences with a review of the achievements and shortcomings of legal construction in the PRC over the past two decades. The article then probes the rationale for and nature of this project, in so doing endeavoring to situate it historically. In its final section, the article suggests ways in which we might think of assessing China's efforts at constructing a legal system within a single generation.
A Failure of Communication on the Cross-Cultural Campus
Authors: Brown Lorraine
Published: February 2009

This article reports findings from an ethnographic study into the adjustment experience of a group of postgraduate international students at a university in the South of England. Friendship emerged as a major theme in this study; of particular importance to students was the desire and failure to achieve contact with host nationals. An absence of host contact was a source of deep disillusionment for students who understood the positive impact of host friends on linguistic and cultural knowledge. A lack of host contact was attributed by students to indifference on the part of the host community, and in the extreme to racial and Islamophobic prejudice. Such suspicion was provoked by students’ encounter with verbal and physical abuse, which also served to entrench the move to form monoethnic friendship groups. Research into the host perspective of international education is called for to inform the internationalization strategies adopted by HEI.
School Reentry for Children With Cancer: Perceptions of Nurses, School Personnel, and Parents
Authors: Moore Jean Burley , Kaffenberger Carol , Goldberg Patricia , Kyeung Mi Oh  , Hudspeth Robin
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this interdisciplinary descriptive study was to examine the perceptions of nurses, school personnel, and parents about school reentry for children with cancer and to determine whether activities and services performed supported school reentry. The study also investigated parents' perception of the impact of cancer on their child's academic performance, cognitive ability, and school attendance. Results of the study showed that few activities and services were performed to facilitate children's school reentry by either nurses or school personnel. Parents reported no significant differences in their children's cognitive ability or academic performance. School attendance was significantly lower after diagnosis and therapy. Conclusions were that communication among nurses, school personnel, and parents was a major barrier to providing effective services to students and their parents. Nurses were unsure of how to help parents navigate the school bureaucracy, school personnel felt they needed more information, and parents felt that their children were not receiving all the school reentry services needed. Individuals in this study recommended that a liaison position be created to coordinate services.
Radiation Therapy Preparation by a Multidisciplinary Team for Childhood Cancer Patients Aged 3½ to 6 Years
Authors: Filin Ayelet , Treisman Shani , Peles Bortz Anat
Published: February 2009

Approximately 50% to 60% of children with cancer require radiation therapy. Radiation is one modality of treatment for pediatric malignancies and is used as complementary, palliative, emergency, or sole treatment. The goal of this program was to provide the child and family with coping strategies and minimize the necessity for anesthesia during radiation treatment. Since the beginning of the project, 55 children have participated in the preparation program. The developers of the program have found it worthwhile for the program to be flexible and matched to each child's and family's specific needs and capabilities. It has been found that the radiation therapy preparation program minimizes anxiety and increases satisfaction with care among the child, family, and staff involved.
Modeling Group Foraging: Individual Suboptimality, Interference, and a Kind of Matching
Authors: Seth Anil K.
Published: February 2009

In this article a series of agent-based models support the hypothesis that behaviors adapted to a group situation may be suboptimal (or “irrational”) when expressed by an isolated individual. These models focus on two areas of current concern in behavioral ecology and experimental psychology: the “interference function” (which relates the intake rate of a focal forager to the density of conspecifics) and the “matching law” (which formalizes the observation that many animals match the frequency of their response to different stimuli in proportion to the reward obtained from each stimulus type). Each model employs genetic algorithms to evolve foraging behaviors for multiple agents in spatially explicit environments, structured at the level of situated perception and action. A second concern of this article is to extend the understanding of both matching and interference per se by modeling at this level.
School Nurses: Positive Deviant Leaders in the School Setting
Authors: Ladd Victoria J.
Published: February 2009

A variety of leadership theories are examined to support the idea that school nurses can be positive deviants in the school setting. Transformational leadership, situational leadership, and complexity theory can all be used by school nurses to create positive change in the school environment because all recognize the need for flexible leadership in a changing environment. The complex and chaotic nature of the school setting requires organizational leaders to be flexible and to have the ability to recognize and address its changing needs. The school nurse can develop personal power to be used as an appropriate agent for change using Benziger’s 12-step process. Conflict and cultural consonance promotion provide opportunities for the school nurse to demonstrate leadership skills within the school community. Positive deviants can be found in any setting. They demonstrate winning behaviors that can be adopted by their peers. School nurses, in their unique role, can use their leadership behaviors to promote the health of their school environment.
Assessment of Ankle Injuries
Authors: Mai Nicholas , Cooper Leslie
Published: February 2009

School nurses are faced with the challenge of identifying and treating ankle injuries in the school setting. There is little information guiding the assessment and treatment of these children when an injury occurs. It is essential for school nurses to understand ankle anatomy, pathophysiology of the acute ankle injury, general and orthopedic assessment guidelines, and various treatment options to assure proper management of students with injuries to the ankle. The benefits of adhering to these guidelines are that students will receive better, cost-effective treatment and the nurse will make appropriate referral recommendations to parents and other school personnel.
Managing Type 1 Diabetes at School: An Integrative Review
Authors: Tolbert Rebecca
Published: February 2009

This integrative literature review examines research studies that describe the care of the student with type 1 diabetes at school and interventions to improve care. Participants of the studies include school nurses, counselors, staff, administrators, parents, and students with diabetes. The studies reviewed use a descriptive approach in examining care delivered with one study adding a qualitative approach for validation of results. The findings identified needed improvement in the following areas: communication, after-school support, education of staff and peers, school nurse availability, and lunch choices. The school nurse must advocate for the student with type 1 diabetes in each area of concern, especially in ensuring education of school staff who often provide care to these students.
Prevent-Teach-Reinforce
Authors: Dunlap Glen , Iovannone Rose , Wilson Kelly J. , Kincaid Donald K. , Strain Phillip
Published: February 2009

Although there is a substantial empirical foundation for the basic intervention components of behavior analysis and positive behavior support (PBS), the field still lacks a standardized program model of individualized PBS suitable for widespread application by school personnel. This article provides a description of a standardized PBS model that is in the process of development and large-scale evaluation. The “Prevent-Teach-Reinforce” (PTR) model is designed to meet the behavior support needs of students with serious behavior challenges in a broad range of school settings. Included in this article are an overview of the model’s components and implementation process, two case examples, and a discussion of the model’s status and future directions.
A Woman at the Quirinal? Thanks, But No Thanks
Authors: Roncarolo Franca
Published: February 2009

The need for the political empowerment of women, and the role played by the media in both promoting and hindering it are well-known problems. A new opportunity to consider these problems as regards the Italian case was afforded by the 1999 presidential election. During that selection process, the proposal to appoint a woman as head of the nation was, for the first time, brought into the arena for debate. Neither of the two women who were candidates – European Commissioner Emma Bonino and Minister of the Interior Rosa Russo Jervolino – were elected. Using the `public arenas model' and the concept of `framing', the article explores the rise and fall of the two female candidatures by highlighting the limits in the social construction of the women's agenda. Considered from this point of view, the campaign offers an interesting case study in order to better understand the mechanisms of gender exclusion.
Home and Away
Authors: Knowles Caroline
Published: February 2009

This article conceptualizes the British Empire as a spatial arrangement created and sustained in the everyday activities of women. Focusing on the work of Jane Waterston – a missionary and doctor working in South Africa – and Mary Kingsley – a traveller and political lobbyist – it argues that women played an important part in fabricating the social relationships and practical activities of empire in their daily lives. Women also contributed to the spatial configuration of empire in their journeys back and forth between Britain and various parts of the empire. It argues that women's routes and journeys connected parts of the empire with each other and with Britain as they, along with sailors, traders and adventurers, wove the diasporas of privilege. In making places and the connections between them, women also made themselves and their lives in new terms. In making use of the maps of territorial expansion in making themselves and their lives, the women featured in this article also contributed to forging versions of white (female) British subjectivities which bear the imprint of empire.
Assimilation and Masquerade
Authors: Pattynama Pamela
Published: February 2009

Drawing on postmodern feminist theories of culture and identity, this article explores a model of ‘masquerading’ instead of ‘assimilation’ in analysing self-constructions of migrant women of ‘mixed race’ living in the Netherlands. Rather than as assimilated objects, these migrant women, called Indo-Dutch women, are regarded as agents who effectively intervene in the construction of national identities through masquerading strategies and ways of communication. The article also shows how masquerading strategies form a part of the conflicted colonial history of Indo-Dutch women and as such constitute contemporary life narratives and identities. One incident in a life narrative is used as an example to illustrate different interpretations.
Identity in Transit
Authors: Gedalof Irene
Published: February 2009

This article explores the problems and possibilities of different feminist theoretical models of identity for challenging women's symbolic and strategic positioning in the discourses and conflicts that produce national, ethnic and racialized community identities. The discussion focuses on two of the most popular alternative models to emerge within white western feminism, the nomad and the cyborg, while also considering some other suggested paradigm shifts emerging from diasporic and postcolonial feminisms. It asks how successfully these feminist alternative models of the self and community identities deal with two key issues relating to women's positioning in prevailing identity discourses – on the one hand, women's relationship to questions of ‘place’, location and dislocation, and on the other, questions of female embodiment and the ways in which the specifically female body becomes both a symbolic and material target of conflict and contestation in processes of constituting community identities.
Changes in Occupational Structure and Occupational Practice
Authors: de Bruijn Elly , Volman Monique
Published: February 2009

In response to recent developments in the labour market, in occupational structure and in occupational practice, many aspects of vocational education and training are subjects of discussion and in transition. The tertiary sector is growing, some occupations are integrating while others are differentiating. New methods of production and organization require new types of employee competencies: problem-solving and social-communicative skills are becoming more and more important. The article focuses on the importance and the possibilities of shaping these developments from a gender perspective. First, the significance of changing qualification requirements is discussed for the technical sector, the service and care sector and the economic-administrative sector. Second, two innovations in vocational education and training are discussed: the recognition of prior learning and the development of flexible, modular educational pathways.
Free Market Ideology and New Women’s Identities in Post-socialist Ukraine
Authors: Zhurzhenko Tatiana
Published: February 2009

Transition to the market economy in post-socialist Ukraine, followed by the destruction of the ‘working mother’ gender contract, has led to the emergence of new forms of women’s identities. But the formation of new identities in the transformational period appeared to be mediated by free market ideology, linked to the development of consumer capitalism and dissemination of western consumer standards and lifestyles. The seeming diversity of the new identities promised by the ‘free market’ turned out to be reduced to two models: housewife and businesswoman. Imported along with western mass culture, they can easily be inscribed onto the Ukrainian cultural context. At the same time, the everyday practice of economic survival through informal business and the difficulties of adaptation to the market economy have a profound impact on women’s identity formation.
Trafficking and Prostitution
Authors: Lazaridis Gabriella
Published: February 2009

This article concentrates on the rapid growth of trafficking in women from Eastern and Central Europe who end up working in the sex industry in Athens. Such movement of people is constituted around global networks of female labour. The social processes and mechanisms that produce and reproduce the somatic and social exploitation of female migrants caught in the web of the sex industry are analysed. These processes are responsible for a continuation and accentuation of women’s loss of power to represent their interests, to seek viable economic alternatives. The living and working spaces of these women rest upon their isolation and individuation and total control of their everyday activities. Ethnicity, age and racialized exclusions all intersect with sexist relations and practices within Greek society and the ethnic communities under study. The interplay of these processes operates differently within different ethnic groups of women to produce different outcomes.
The Contradiction of the Myth of Individual Merit, and the Reality of a Patriarchal Support System in Academic Careers
Authors: Bagilhole Barbara , Goode Jackie
Published: February 2009

This article draws on data from a qualitative research study undertaken in an old (pre-1992) UK university with the main aim of investigating the issue of the gender dimension of academic careers. It examines the idea of an individualistic academic career that demands self-promotion, which is still used as a measure of achievement by those in senior positions. However, there is a basic contradiction. While this idea is upheld, men simultaneously gain by an in-built patriarchal support system. They do not have to make a conscious effort to be helped by it, thereby perpetuating the cultural hegemony of individualism. Women are not admitted to this support system, and if they are seen as needing or wanting to set up their own system, this is viewed as a weakness. The answer appears to be for women to strategically harness feminist ways of working in a collaborative and supportive way.
Is the Category Woman the Same as the Category Frau?
Authors: Friedman Ellen G.
Published: February 2009

This article attempts to complicate rather than answer this question using feminist theories and examples from popular culture, history, literature and politics. First, the idea of ‘category’ is interrogated. Subsequently, some of the similarities uniting ‘woman’ and ‘ Frau’ are investigated, particularly around common historical forces and contemporary issues, such as abortion rights. Then, the divisions in these categories are explored, with attention to history and national contexts. The article concludes with a speculation about how, given the complexities involved, women can negotiate a disordered coherence.
Equal Opportunities and Collective Bargaining in Italy
Authors: Bergamaschi Myriam
Published: February 2009

The article reveals the existence of a greater sensitivity than in the past towards equality. Nevertheless, equality policies have failed to rise above the limits imposed by a culture (common both to employers and unions) that sees the male prevail in industrial relations. Both domestic law and European legislation have inuenced collective bargaining in Italy as regards equal opportunities. The presence of women (whose role has been varied and fragmentary) in bargaining, in equal opportunities committees and in study groups has led to success regarding a core of issues such as sexual harassment, positive action, working hours and parental leave and has favoured a positive praxis both for equality and bargaining between which there is positive synergy. The article discusses the problems which hinder a general acceptance of equality bargaining and a bargaining model that places the female worker among the subjects to be represented.
The Use and Abuse of Simone de Beauvoir
Authors: Stavro Elaine
Published: February 2009

For many years poststructuralist feminists have denounced Simone de Beauvoir as a `universal humanist' who denies sexual difference and inscribes woman in a masculine discourse. Returning to the original exchanges between de Beauvoir and the French feminists of difference, where this dismissive attitude began, it is seen that de Beauvoir circulates in their discourse as representative of a bygone eraan embodiment of all that has been surpassed. Their criticisms of de Beauvoir prove for the most part, glib and disingenuous and not grounded in a careful reading of The Second Sex. In this article the author defends de Beauvoir from their charges of universalism, phallocentrism and being a dupe of Sartre. Her particular form of universal humanism is not `indifferent to difference', but produces historically and socially nuanced insights. De Beauvoir does not valorize a Sartrean rational masculine subject as a model for feminist struggles, rather she theorizes an embodied, relational, situated subject. Furthermore, her theory of Otherness is able to accommodate the psychic register of subjectivity without psychologizing the socioeconomic or political world, a shortcoming of her French poststructuralist opponents.
The death of the Hun?
Authors: Inthorn Sanna
Published: February 2009

This article analyses German press coverage of the 1998 football World Cup as a site for discursive constructions of German national identity. It proposes that references to National Socialism and right-wing thought in 1998 were made through reports which presented Germany today as the antithesis of the country pre-1945. Considering discourses on German hooligans and the theme of nationalism, it is argued that liberalism and democracy have represented political cornerstones of German national identity. This image is shown to be challenged, however, by discourses which seek to legitimize nationalism and propose the concept of a national identity based on political integration to be impracticable or even wrong.
Medium repair vs. other-language repair: Telling the medium of a bilingual conversation
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph
Published: February 2009

One of the issues studies of language alternation among bilingual speaker still have to resolve is that of the b ase language (Auer, 1997; Deprèz de Hérédia, 1991), of a s cheme of interpretation (Garfinkel, 1967), with respect to which categories of language alternation are identified. Starting from the fact that the need for a scheme of interpretation is not felt by analysts only, but also by speakers themselves, this paper argues that, in order to “discover” the relevant scheme, a speakers' own perspective must be adopted. Therefore, the paper illustrates this perspective by examining two activities bilingual speakers accomplish while talking, namely medium repair and o ther-language repair. Both activities are accomplished when, missing the mot juste in one language, speakers draw on their other languages to overcome that difficulty. As the discussion shows, through their own orientation to their language choice acts while accomplishing these activities, speakers themselves reveal, to one another and to analysts as well, the scheme they are attending to here and now. As that scheme speakers themselves orient to need not consist of the use of one language, in the paper, I refer to it, not as the base language, but as the medium of a bilingual conversation.
Conversational codeswitching among Korean-English bilingual children
Authors: Shin Sarah J. , Milroy Lesley
Published: February 2009

Using the sequential analysis developed by Auer(1984,1995), this paper attempts to show how young Korean-English bilingual schoolchildren employ codeswitching to organize their conversation. Auer's distinction between participant-related and discourse-related codeswitching proved to be useful in revealing that the children employ codeswitching to negotiate the language for the interaction and accommodate other participants' language competences and preferences, as well as to organize conversational tasks such as turn-taking, preference marking, repair and bracketing of side-sequences. Contrary to the assumption that codeswitching is evidence of linguistic deficit in bilingual speakers, the sequential analysis suggests that codeswitching is used as an additional resource to achieve particular conversational goals in interactions with other bilingual speakers.
Towards a description of trilingual competence
Authors: Hoffmann Charlotte
Published: February 2009

Most studies involving trilingualism have been carried out within the theoretical framework of bilingualism research. No attempt has been made to delimit trilingualism as a concept in its own right, and often it has been assumed to be an extension of bilingualism. In young children, trilingual language acquisition largely follows the path of bilingual acquisition. With regard to language behavior there are again similarities, but certain differences can be observed. As an overview of studies of individual trilingualism, the present article aims to provide a framework for the discussion. Models of bilingual language competence serve as a starting point to an investigation of possible defining features of trilingual competence. Of particular interest are the pragmatic component of language competence; the trilingual's ability to make appropriate linguistic choices in monolingual/ bilingual/ trilingual communication modes; and observed codeswitching. The question of how and when a trilingual's languages become activated or deactivated leads to a consideration of language processing and metalinguistic awareness. In the absence of research involving trilinguals, bilingual models are examined with a view to pointing out possible similarities and differences. It is suggested that these are both of a quantitative and qualitative kind, and therefore trilingual competence is distinct from bilingual competence.
Lemma congruence checking between languages as an organizing principle in intrasentential codeswitching
Authors: Longxing Wei
Published: February 2009

This paper studies intrasentential codeswitching (CS) phenomena at two levels of abstraction: the level of lexical-conceptual structure and the level of predicateargument structure. At the level of lexical-conceptual structure, language- specific semantic and pragmatic feature bundles are activated for the speaker's intentions; at the level of predicate-argument structure, morphosyntactic directions encoding the predicate-argument structure are activated. Lemmas are abstract entries containing semantic, syntactic, and morphological information in the mental lexicon. This paper argues that lemma congruence checking between languages involved in intrasentential CS at these two levels is a fundamental organizing principle governing intrasentential CS constructions. Without exploring the issues regarding the roles of lemma congruence between languages involved in intrasentential CS,any analysis of the phenomenon would remain at the descriptive, rather than explanatory, level. Based on naturally-occurring Chinese/English intrasentential CS instances, this paper explains why certain types of salient congruence between languages are necessary in order for intrasentential CS to occur and predicts what structural restrictions and consequences may occur as a result of insufficient congruence or incongruence at any of these two levels. Accordingly, it makes proposals about the nature and structural organization of mixed bilingual production.
Language versus Medium in the study of bilingual conversation
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph , Torras i Calvo Maria-Carme
Published: February 2009

This paper is based on bilingual conversations we have collected in two bilingual settings, namely service encounters in Barcelona and ordinary informal conversations among bilingual Rwandese in Belgium. On the basis of these data, the paper raises the question of whether the concept of l anguage is a useful one in accounting for language choice acts among bilingual speakers. Observation of the data reveals that the concept of language can account for bilinguals' language choice acts only partially. This observation is found to be consistent with Gumperz' (1982) argument according to which, in talk, speakers themselves do not necessarily orient to the notion of language, but rather to their “own notion of code.” In the paper, we refer to that speakers' own code as the medium of a bilingual conversation. Therefore, our main argumentis that, for an account of language choice among bilingual speakers, the concept of language need be suspended in favor of that of the medium of a bilingual conversation. In the paper, three connected questions are specifically addressed. How do speakers themselves establish the medium? What versions may the medium take? How can analysts discover the medium?
The wrong sort of capital? Bangladeshi women and their children's schooling in Birmingham, U.K
Authors: Blackledge Adrian
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, to present the findings of a study of Bangladeshi women's relations with their children's school in Birmingham, U.K., and the ways in which languages and literacies were regarded at thresholds of power between the minority-culture women and the dominant-culture institution. Second, to consider the insights which the work of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu affords in analyzing the power structures evident in minority-culture parents' access to their children's schooling. The paper develops from a four-year research project which investigated home and school literacies of Bangladeshi children and their families in Birmingham, U.K. As part of the study, the mothers of 18 six-year-old Bangladeshi children were interviewed about their children's learning, their attempts to support this learning, and their communications with the school about this process. The children's teachers were also interviewed, about the role of parents in their children's learning. The home-school literacy process was a site at which the reproduction or renegotiation of power between dominant and minority groups became visible. The analysis makes clear that the Bangladeshi women were marginalized by structures of power which dictated that those with cultural and linguistic capital which was different from that of the majority-culture school were unable to gain access to information about, or support with their children's schooling.
Numbers of bilingual children in speech and language therapy
Authors: Winter Kirsten
Published: February 2009

Both under-representati on and over-representation of bilingual children exist in different contexts of speech and language therapy(SLT) provision. The research on which this paper is based investigated possible influences on “ misrepresentation ” in England. This paper explores concepts behind measuring the representation of bilingual children in SLT, with relevance to other services, and discusses practicalities.

Telephone interviews were conducted with speech and language therapists (SLTs) or their managers in nine SLT departments. In case studies of two SLT departments face-to-face interviews then explored misrepresentation. In different contexts relative numbers of bilingual and monolingual children receiving SLT were compared with a) each other, and b) their proportions in the general population.

Findings showed that SLTs' and managers' perceptions of the linguistic composition of caseload and population were unreliable. Interviewees' views on the importance of finding out numbers of children speaking different languages and the barriers to collecting such data are considered. This information can strongly support proposals for a bilingual co-worker which may, in turn, improve bilingual clients' representation. Methodological difficulties in conducting numerical comparisons are described, along with solutions. Comparisons of caseload and population data are recommended in SLT, other services, and to researchers. They illuminate linguistic demography, highlight those missing out and the resulting theorization stimulates practical solutions to misrepresentation.
The pragmatic role of codeswitching in play contexts
Authors: Bouchereau Bauer Eurydice , Hall Joan Kelly , Kruth Kirsten
Published: February 2009

Some of the theory and research on bilingualism and bilingual development have assumed the monolingual user as the norm. Recent development on the notion of multicompetence has questioned the validity of the monolingual norm, suggesting instead that multiple language users are uniquely distinct from monolinguals. In this study we describe one child's(Elena) varied uses of two languages, English and German, as she interacts with her adult caregivers during play. We used two broad questions to guide the study: What kinds of play activity are Elena and her adult interlocutors involved in? How does Elena use her two languages to constitute her involvement in play? The findings revealed that Elena took part in three different play activities(shared-role; adult as leader; and child as leader) which provided her opportunities to use different language functions to realize similar kinds of play. There were subtle differences in her language use during play in both English and German play events, which suggest that through her interactions with different interlocutors in play she was learning and rehearsing different communicative skills in both languages. The findings suggest that involvement in play activities with adult caregivers can result in the development of pragmatically differentiated bilinguals both in terms of code use and language functions.