bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation of radon-222 with the GEOS-Chem global model: Emissions, seasonality, and convective transport
Authors: Zhang Bo , Liu Hongyu , Crawford James H. , Chen Gao , Fairlie T. Duncan , Chambers Scott , Kang Chang-Hee , Williams Alastair G. , Zhang Kai , Considine David B. , Sulprizio Melissa P. , Yantosca Robert M.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Radon-222 (222Rn) is a short-lived radioactive gas naturally emitted from land surfaces, and has long been used to assess convective transport in atmospheric models. In this study, we simulate 222Rn using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to improve our understanding of 222Rn emissions and surface concentration seasonality, and characterize convective transport associated with two Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) meteorological products, MERRA and GEOS-FP. We evaluate four global 222Rn emission scenarios by comparing model results with observations at 51 surface sites. The default emission scenario in GEOS-Chem yields a moderate agreement with surface observations globally ( 80 % data within a factor of 2), and reasonable agreement in Asia (close to 70 %). Further constraints on 222Rn emissions would require additional concentration and emission flux observations in the central U.S., Canada, Africa, and Asia. We also compare and assess convective transport in model simulations driven by MERRA and GEOS-FP using observed 222Rn vertical profiles in northern mid-latitude summer, and from three short-term airborne campaigns. While simulations with both GEOS products are able to capture the observed vertical gradient of 222Rn concentrations in the lower troposphere (0–4 km), neither correctly represents the level of convective detrainment, resulting in biases in the middle and upper troposphere. Compared with GEOS-FP, MERRA leads to stronger convective transport of 222Rn, which is partially compensated by its weaker large-scale vertical advection, resulting in similar global vertical distributions of 222Rn concentrations between the two simulations. This has important implications for using chemical transport models to interpret the transport of other trace species when these GEOS products are used as driving meteorology.
Evaluation of anthropogenic CH4 emissions over China using bottom-up inventories
Authors: Lin Xiaohui , Zhang Wen , Crippa Monica , Peng Shushi , Han Pengfei , Zeng Ning , Yu Lijun , Wang Guocheng
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas that is strongly influenced by several human activities. China, as one of the major agricultural and energy production countries, e.g., rice cultivation, ruminant feeding and coal production, contributes considerably to the global anthropogenic CH4 emissions. Understanding the characteristics of China's CH4 emissions is necessary for interpreting source contributions and for further climate change mitigation. However, the scarcity of data from some sources or years and spatially explicit information pose great challenges to completing an analysis of CH4 emissions. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of China's anthropogenic CH4 emissions by synthesizing most of the currently available data (12 inventories). The results show that anthropogenic CH4 emissions differ widely among inventories, with values ranging from 41.9–57.5 Tg CH4 yr−1 in 2010. The discrepancy primarily resulted from the energy sector (27.3–60.0 % of total emissions), followed by the agricultural (26.9–50.8 %), and waste treatment (8.1–21.2 %) sectors. Temporally, emissions among inventories stabilized in the 1990s, but increased significantly thereafter, with annual average growth rates (AAGRs) of 1.8–3.9 % during 2000–2010, but slower AAGRs of 0.5–2.2 % during 2011–2015. Spatially, the growth of CH4 emissions could be attributed mostly to an increase in emissions from the energy sector (mainly from coal mining) in the northern and central inland regions, followed by waste treatment in the southern and eastern regions. The availability of detailed activity data for sectors or subsectors and the use of region-specific emission factors play important roles in understanding source contributions, and reducing the uncertainty of bottom-up inventories.
Doppio – a ROMS (v3.6)-based circulation model for the Mid-Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine: configuration and comparison to integrated coastal observing network observations
Authors: López Alexander G. , Wilkin John L. , Levin Julia C.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. We describe “Doppio”, a ROMS-based (Regional Ocean Modeling System) model of the
Mid-Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine regions of the northwestern North Atlantic
developed in anticipation of future applications to biogeochemical cycling,
ecosystems, estuarine downscaling, and near-real-time forecasting. This
free-running regional model is introduced with circulation simulations
covering 2007–2017. The ROMS configuration choices for the model are
detailed, and the forcing and boundary data choices are described and explained.
A comprehensive observational data set is compiled for skill assessment from
satellites and in situ observations from regional associations of the U.S.
Integrated Ocean Observing Systems, including moorings, autonomous gliders,
profiling floats, surface-current-measuring coastal radar, and fishing fleet
sensors. Doppio's performance is evaluated with respect to these
observations by representation of subregional temperature and salinity
error statistics, as well as velocity and sea level coherence spectra. Model
circulation for the Mid-Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine is visualized
alongside the mean dynamic topography to convey the model's capabilities.
Using Long Short-Term Memory networks to connect water table depth anomalies to precipitation anomalies over Europe
Authors: Ma Yueling , Montzka Carsten , Bayat Bagher , Kollet Stefan
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Many European countries mainly rely on groundwater for domestic water use. Due to a scarcity of near real-time water table depth (wtd) observations, establishing a spatially consistent groundwater monitoring system at the continental scale is a challenge. Hence, it is necessary to develop alternative methods to estimate wtd anomalies (wtda) using other hydrometeorological observations routinely available near real-time. In this work, we explore the potential of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to produce monthly wtda, using monthly precipitation anomalies (pra) as input. LSTM networks are a special category of artificial neural networks, useful in detecting a long-term dependency within sequences, in our case time series, which is expected in the relationship between pra and wtda. To set up the methodology, spatio-temporally continuous data were obtained from daily terrestrial simulations (hereafter termed the TSMP-G2A data set) with a spatial resolution of 0.11°, ranging from the year 1996 to 2016. They were separated into a training set (1996–2012), a validation set (2013–2014), and a test set (2015–2016) to establish local networks at selected pixels across Europe. The modeled wtda maps from LSTM networks agreed well with TSMP-G2A wtda maps in 2003 and 2015 constituting drought years over Europe. Moreover, we categorized test performances of the networks based on yearly averaged wtd, evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture (θ), snow water equivalent (Sw), and soil type (St) and dominant plant functional type (PFT). Superior test performance was found at the pixels with wtd  200 mm, θ > 0.15 m3 m−3 and Sw
SIGNIFICANCE OF REMOTE SENSING BASED PRECIPITATION AND TERRAIN INFORMATION FOR IMPROVED HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION IN PARTS OF HIMALAYAN RIVER BASINS
Authors: Thakur P. K. , Dhote P. R. , Roy A. , Aggarwal S. P. , Nikam B. R. , Garg V. , Chouksey A. , Pokhriyal N. , Jani M. , Chauhan V. , Thakur N. , Dogra V. S. , Rao G. S. , Chauhan P. , Kumar A. S.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The Himalayan region are home to the world’s youngest and largest mountains, and origins of major rivers systems of South Asia. The present work highlight the importance of remote sensing (RS) data based precipitation and terrain products such as digital elevation models, glacier lakes, drainage morphology along with limited ground data for improving the accuracy of hydrological and hydrodynamic (HD) models in various Himalayan river basins such as Upper Ganga, Beas, Sutlej, Teesta, Koshi etc. The satellite based rainfall have mostly shown under prediction in the study area and few places have are also showing over estimation of rainfall. Hydrological modeling results were most accurate for Beas basin, followed by Upper Ganga basin and were least matching for Sutlej basin. Limited ground truth using GNSS measurements showed that digital elevation model (DEM) for carto version 3.1 is most accurate, followed by ALOS-PALSAR 12.5 DEM as compared to other open source DEMs. Major erosion and deposition was found in Rivers Bhagirathi, Alakhnanda, Gori Ganga and Yamuna in Uttarakhand state and Beas and Sutlej Rivers in Himachal Pradesh using pre and post flood DEM datasets. The terrain data and river cross section data showed that river cross sections and water carrying capacity before and after 2013 floods have changed drastically in many river stretches of upper Ganga and parts of Sutlej river basins. The spatio-temporal variation and evolution of glacier lakes was for lakes along with GLOF modeling few lakes of Upper Chenab, Upper Ganga, Upper Teesta and Koshi river basin was done using time series of RS data from Landsat, Sentinel-1 and Google earth images.
GNSS SATELLITE VISIBILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON 3D SPATIAL INFORMATION IN URBAN AREAS
Authors: Lu Y.-H. , Han J.-Y.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a matured modern technique for spatial data acquisition. Its performance has a great correlation with GNSS receiver position. However, high-density building in urban areas causes signal obstructions and thus hinders GNSS’s serviceability. Consequently, GNSS positioning is weakened in urban areas, so deriving proper improvement resolutions is a necessity. Because topographic effects are considered the main factor that directly block signal transmission between satellites and receivers, this study integrated aerial borne LiDAR point clouds and a 2D building boundary map to provide reliable 3D spatial information to analyze topographic effects. Using such vector data not only reflected high-quality GNSS satellite visibility calculations, but also significantly reduced data amount and processing time. A signal obstruction analysis technique and optimized computational algorithm were also introduced. In conclusion, this paper proposes using superimposed column method to analyze GNSS receivers’ surrounding environments and thus improve GNSS satellite visibility predictions in an efficient and reliable manner.
ADAPTATION OF PARKING BEHAVIOUR TO PRICE-POLICY ADJUSTMENTS IN TAIPEI CITY: PATTERNS AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Tsai M. C. , van Gasselt S. , Lin T. C.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Parking issues are an extraordinarily important topic in highly populated urban areas. To balance parking demand, the Taipei city government implemented a price adjustment during policy establishment. In the planning process, the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) is a common analysis unit used for parking and transportation-infrastructure planning, which is also the unit referred to in this contribution. Due to the local variation of spatial and social characteristics in various urban areas, drivers seem to behave more differently on a local level, than it could be represented by a relatively generic policy that is aimed for a regional context. A unified city-wide parking policy could not respond to this individual behaviour in an efficient and effective way. In this study, a dataset published by city covering detailing numbers on the demand, supply, and the illegal parking situation in each traffic zone is applied. By the implementation of Geographically Weighted Regression, the sensitivity of the parking fee setup, and also the influence of other variables on parking occupancies, which makes up for the shortcomings of the global model by allowing relationship to vary over spaces, can be captured. The eventual result verified that although parking price is an influential factor to occupancy, other factors such as the total supply of on-road parking spaces and the substitute parking spaces can affect parking behaviour as well. In general, if parking facilities can be provided without restriction, an average increase of 7 to 10 roadside parking spaces in a traffic area will attract 10 additional drivers to park their cars inside. This approach is considered beneficial for a policy review in order to identify the impact of policy adjustments in spatially heterogeneous settings. Based on the result proposed in this research, a recommendations of policy adjustment could also be put forward.
COLLABORATIVE NOISE MAPPING USING SMARTPHONE
Authors: Dubey R. , Bharadwaj S. , Zafar M. I. , Bhushan Sharma V. , Biswas S.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Noise pollution is considered to be one of the most prevalent environmental challenges affecting human health. Noise pollution is increasing in cities needing techniques to monitor and predict the noise. The monitoring of traffic noise levels in different parts of the cities at different times has become very difficult due to logistic constraints. It is thus required to measure the noise levels at certain strategic locations, such as, near the noise sources (e.g., roads), and then to utilize it to predict the noise levels at surrounding locations. The challenge of monitoring the noise near several road crossings in a city can be reduced using a smartphone-based noise monitoring technique. However, the prediction of noise levels and showcase it as maps require terrain data, noise data, and noise prediction models. The requirement of terrain data can be met using open-source terrain data, from which various terrain parameters can be extracted and integrated with a standard prediction model on the web platform to predict the noise map for an area. Smartphone-based noise monitoring and its subsequent mapping can be a very popular and effective option, which uses a crowdsourcing approach. The entire methodology is tried to be applied over Lucknow city in India. Noise levels are monitored at three different slots, daily, over 14 road crossings using the smartphone-based app. Further, collected noise levels were calibrated against standard noise meter to ascertain accurate noise levels for these locations. Thereafter, three categories of noise environments are chosen from it and mapped using open-source satellite images and standard noise models, over the web on the GIS platform. The predicted noise levels on the maps were verified with the recorded noise data from similar locations using standard noise meter. For these three crossings at different times the predictions are found to be accurate within ±4.5 dB.
INVESTIGATING THE COMPLETENESS AND OMISSION ROADS OF OPENSTREETMAP DATA IN HUBEI, CHINA BY COMPARING WITH STREET MAP AND STREET VIEW
Authors: Zhou Q. , Lin H.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a free map of the world which can be edited by global volunteers. Existing studies have showed that completeness of OSM road data in some developing countries (e.g. China) is much lower, resulting in concern in utilizing the data in various applications. But very few have focused on investigating what types of road are still poorly mapped. This study aims not only to investigate the completeness of OSM road datasets in China but also to investigate what types of road (called omission roads) have not been mapped, which is achieved by referring to both Street Map and Street View. Sixteen prefecture-level divisions in the urban areas of Hubei (China) were used as study areas. Results showed that: (1) the completeness for most prefecture-level divisions was at a low-to-medium level; most roads (in the Street Map), however, with traffic conditions had already been mapped well. (2) Most of the omission OSM roads were either private roads, or public roads not having yet been named and with only one single lane, indicating their minor importance in the urban road network. We argue that although the OSM road datasets in China are incomplete, they may still be used for several applications such as traffic flow analysis, road map representation, and backbone structure detection.
A 30-m scale modeling of extreme gusts during Hurricane Irma (2017) landfall on very small mountainous islands in the Lesser Antilles
Authors: Cécé Raphaël , Bernard Didier , Krien Yann , Leone Frédéric , Candela Thomas , Péroche Matthieu , Biabiany Emmanuel , Arnaud Gael , Belmadani Ali , Palany Philippe , Zahibo Narcisse
Published: August 2020

Abstract. In view of the high vulnerability of the Lesser Antilles small islands to cyclonic hazards, realistic very fine scale numerical simulation of hurricane-induced winds is essential to prevent and manage risks. The present innovative modeling aims at combining the most realistic simulated strongest gusts driven by tornado-scale vortices within the eyewall and the most realistic complex terrain effects. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with the Nonlinear Backscatter and Anisotropy (NBA) Large Eddy Simulation (LES) configuration was used to reconstruct the devastating landfall of category 5 Hurricane Irma (2017) on Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin islands. The results pointed out that the 30-m scale seems necessary to simulate intense 400-m scale vortices leading to extreme peak gusts like 132 m s−1 over sea. Risk areas associated with terrain gust speed-up factors greater than one have been identified for the two islands. The comparison between the simulated gusts and the remote sensing building damages highlighted the major role of structure strength linked with the socio-economic development of the territory. The present modeling method could be easily extended to other small mountainous islands to improve the understanding of observed past damages and to develop safer urban management and appropriate building standards.
Hybrid Neural Network – Variational Data Assimilation algorithm to infer river discharges from SWOT-like data
Authors: Larnier Kevin , Monnier Jerome
Published: August 2020

Abstract. A new algorithm to estimate river discharges from altimetry measurements only is designed. A first estimation is obtained by an artificial neural network trained from the altimetry large scale water surface measurements plus drainage area information. The combination of this purely data-based estimation and a dedicated algebraic flow model provides a first physically-consistent estimation. The latter is next employed as the first guess of an advanced variational data assimilation formulation. The final estimation is highly accurate for rivers presenting features within the learning partition; for rivers far outside the learning partition, the space-time variations of discharge remain accurately approximated however the global estimation presents a potential bias. Indeed, it is shown that if the estimation is based on the hydrodynamics models only, the inverse problem may be well-defined but up to a bias only (the bias scales the global estimation). This bias is removed thanks to the ANN but for rivers in the learning partition only. For rivers outside the learning partition, any mean value (eg. annual, seasonal) enables to remove the bias. Finally, the present hybrid and hierarchical inversion strategy seems to provide much more accurate estimations compared to the state-of-the-art for the considered 29 heterogeneous river portions.
The sensitivity of atmospheric blocking to upstream latent heating – numerical experiments
Authors: Steinfeld Daniel , Boettcher Maxi , Forbes Richard , Pfahl Stephan
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Recent studies have pointed to an important role of latent heating during cloud formation for the dynamics of anticyclonic circulation anomalies such as atmospheric blocking. However, the effect of latent heating on blocking formation and maintenance has not yet been fully elucidated. To explicitly study this cause-and-effect relationship, we perform sensitivity simulations of five selected blocking events with the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) global weather prediction model in which we artificially eliminate latent heating in clouds upstream of the blocking anticyclones. This elimination has substantial effects on the upper-tropospheric circulation in all case studies, but there is also significant case-to-case variability: some blocking systems do not develop at all without upstream latent heating, while for others the amplitude, size, and lifetime of the blocking anticyclones are merely reduced. This strong influence of latent heating on the midlatitude flow is due to the injection of air masses with low potential vorticity (PV) into the upper troposphere in strongly ascending “warm conveyor belt” airstreams and the interaction of the associated divergent outflow with the upper-level PV structure. The important influence of diabatic heating demonstrated with these experiments suggests that the accurate representation of moist processes in ascending airstreams in weather prediction and climate models is crucial for blocking dynamics.
Parametric slat design study for thick-base airfoils at high Reynolds numbers
Authors: Steiner Julia , Viré Axelle , Benetti Francesco , Timmer Nando , Dwight Richard
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Standard passive aerodynamic flow control devices such as vortex generators and gurney flaps have a working principle that is well understood. They increase the stall angle and the lift below stall and are mainly applied at the inboard part of wind turbine blades. However, the potential of applying a rigidly fixed leading-edge slat element at inboard blade stations is less well understood but has received some attention in the past decade. This solution may offer advantages not only under steady conditions but also under unsteady inflow conditions such as yaw. This article aims at further clarifying what an optimal two-element configuration with a thick main element would look like and what kind of performance characteristics can be expected from a purely aerodynamic point of view. To accomplish this an aerodynamic shape optimization procedure is used to derive optimal profile designs for different optimization boundary conditions including the optimization of both the slat and the main element. The performance of the optimized designs shows several positive characteristics compared to single-element airfoils, such as a high stall angle, high lift below stall, low roughness sensitivity, and higher aerodynamic efficiency. Furthermore, the results highlight the benefits of an integral design procedure, where both slat and main element are optimized, over an auxiliary one. Nevertheless, the designs also have two caveats, namely a steep drop in lift post-stall and high positive pitching moments.
Epidemiologia da morbimortalidade por neoplasias malignas de mama no Estado do Rio de Janeiro entre 2008 e 2018
Authors: Santos Ludmira Fortuna , Cintra Lilian Cassia Gomes , Matos Karine Alves , Silva Gabriel Nogueira , Nascimento Danielle Brandão
Published: August 2020

Introdução: As mamas são motivos de diferentes simbologias, a depender da cultura local. São símbolos da feminilidade e do amamentar, e, ao mesmo tempo, fontes de anseio e ternura. Quando na intimidade, se associam à sexualidade e ao regozijo. Quando mostradas em público, podem afirmar protesto e valentia. No entanto, também sofrem de enfermidades. As doenças que atingem essa glândula são inúmeras e diversificadas, sendo uma das mais preocupantes a neoplasia maligna de mama (NMM), por ser incidente em mulheres e a principal razão de óbito por câncer nesse grupo, no Brasil. O Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA) estima 59.700 casos novos de câncer de mama no país para cada ano do biênio 2018-2019, com um risco estimado de 56,33 casos a cada 100 mil mulheres. Quando não considerados os tumores de pele não melanoma, esse tipo de câncer é o segundo mais frequente nas mulheres da Região Sudeste. Objetivo: O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a morbimortalidade associada a neoplasias malignas de mama no Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 2008 e 2018, com enfoque na necessidade de medidas preventivas e de educação à população. Métodos: Fundamenta-se em levantamento epidemiológico feito com base em dados do banco do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), conforme Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS). Resultados: No período entre 2010‒2013 houve um aumento dos óbitos secundários à NMM, crescimento percentual de aproximadamente 40%. Já no ano subsequente, 2014, ocorreu redução dos casos, no entanto, seguiu-se nova elevação, atingindo o total de 837 óbitos, valor esse 18,4% maior que aquele obtido em 2013. Da totalidade de óbitos no período, 112 equivalem a óbito masculino, parâmetro que oscilou bastante de 2008 para 2018 em contraposição a um crescimento majoritário dos óbitos femininos. Cerca de 30% dos casos ocorrem na faixa etária de 50‒59 anos. Quanto à cor/raça, observou-se prevalência da cor branca, seguida da parda, por apenas 12,73% de diferença. Conclusão: Percebe-se a necessidade indubitável da prática de ações voltadas às mulheres que enfoquem a prevenção, primordialmente, e o diagnóstico precoce daquelas já acometidas pela neoplasia. A mamografia, exame de prevenção oferecido pelo SUS na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos, entra como critério de diligência, já que analisando os dados entende-se que as idades mais acometidas estão justamente entre 50 e 59 anos no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Além disso, ações educativas que trabalhem no Dia das Mulheres e no Outubro Rosa são estratégias plausíveis para a explanação à população feminina sobre a severidade e a morbimortalidade da NMM, além da ênfase nos diversos fatores de risco relacionados a essa patologia.
Ultrassom microfocado: mais uma arma contra a atrofia vulvovaginal, incontinência urinária e prolapsos genitais?
Authors: Amaral Vívian de Carvalho
Published: August 2020

Introdução: A frouxidão do canal vaginal, a atrofia da mucosa vulvovaginal (pós-menopausa, pós-parto ou em portadoras de cânceres ginecológicos), a incontinência urinária e os prolapsos genitais estão entre as principais queixas ginecológicas que assombram o universo feminino. A tecnologia do ultrassom microfocado (HIFU), já consagrada na Dermatologia no combate à flacidez, pode ser utilizada internamente ao canal vaginal, visando ao aumento da firmeza desse canal e da musculatura do assoalho pélvico, com consequente melhora dos sintomas femininos associados a essa flacidez. Objetivo: Avaliação da utilização do HIFU intravaginal para tratamento da síndrome da frouxidão, da perda de lubrificação genital por hipoestrogenismo, da incontinência urinária por fraqueza do assoalho pélvico e de prolapsos leves não cirúrgicos. Métodos: Realizaram-se tratamentos de sessão única em cinco pacientes femininas, com idade entre 34 e 60 anos, cada qual com pelo menos uma das seguintes queixas: diminuição de lubrificação, incontinência urinária, prolapso retal e frouxidão do canal vaginal. As pacientes com queixa de incontinência foram orientadas a realizar estudo urodinâmico e exame de urina (elementos anormais e sedimentos – EAS) prévios. Mediu-se a pressão interna do canal vaginal antes e imediatamente depois do tratamento. Além disso, as pacientes responderam a questionários no intuito de avaliar sua satisfação em relação à sua atividade sexual e à queixa inicial que motivou o tratamento, 14 dias após a sua realização. Resultados: Todas as pacientes obtiveram aumento de pelo menos 52% da pressão intravaginal após a aplicação do aparelho. Todas relataram melhora clínica após o tratamento. As queixas relacionadas à frouxidão muscular do canal vaginal e do assoalho pélvico, como diminuição do prazer sexual, incontinência urinária e prolapso retal, foram as que obtiveram maior índice de satisfação – as pacientes relataram melhora de 70% de sua condição inicial. Pacientes com déficit de lubrificação também relataram melhora clínica, porém modesta quando comparada às demais – 30% de acordo com sua avaliação subjetiva. Conclusão: O HIFU, ao promover microcoagulações na lâmina própria, estimula a produção local de colágeno e elastina, além de promover provável remodelamento vascular. Em última análise, ocorre então a melhora da firmeza e da vascularização da área, incrementando o prazer sexual e a lubrificação. Ao atingir a musculatura lisa do canal vaginal e a musculatura do assoalho pélvico, o HIFU promove encurtamento e reestruturação das fibras musculares, melhorando a firmeza muscular e, com isso, deixando o canal vaginal menos flácido. Além disso, sua aplicação ajuda no reposicionamento dos órgãos pélvicos em casos de prolapsos e incontinência urinária.
Ações maternas na prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV
Authors: Auar Daniela Fortunato , Gouvêa Abilene Nascimento , Monteiro Denise Leite Maia , Costa Julie Teixeira da , Cavalcante Mateus Benac , Lacerda Isabel Maria Santos
Published: August 2020

Introdução: Nos últimos anos, a infecção por HIV de mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva tem aumentado, o que consequentemente acarreta incremento na transmissão vertical. O Ministério da Saúde disponibiliza recomendações de ações direcionadas ao controle dessa via de transmissão, atualizadas periodicamente. Objetivo: Este trabalho busca avaliar o cumprimento e a importância das ações maternas na prevenção da transmissão da doença. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com população constituída de 320 gestantes HIV positivas, acompanhadas e tratadas em maternidade de referência no Rio de Janeiro, entre 2008 e 2018. Dois prontuários de gestantes foram retirados da análise em razão de óbito fetal durante a gravidez. Analisaram-se as seguintes variáveis: idade materna, carga viral no 1º e 3º trimestres, momento do diagnóstico da infecção, uso de terapia antirretroviral (TARV) ou zidovudina (AZT) durante a gestação, uso de AZT no trabalho de parto, via de parto, condições das membranas amnióticas e método de inibição do leite materno. Coletaram-se os dados por revisão de prontuários e utilizou-se o programa Epi Info 3.5.4 para construção de banco de dados e análise estatística. Resultados: A média de idade materna foi de 27,6±6,8 anos (14‒51). A carga viral no 1º trimestre foi >1.000 cópias/mL em 30,4%. A carga viral no 3º trimestre foi >1.000 cópias/mL em 12,2%. O momento do diagnóstico do status HIV foi fora da gestação em 33,6% (90/268) e 66,4% (178/268) descobriram o diagnóstico durante a gestação atual ou em gestação anterior. O uso de TARV/AZT teve início no 1º trimestre em 40,7% (84/206) das gestantes, no 2º trimestre em 35,9% (74/206) e no 3º trimestre em 23,3% (48/206). O AZT venoso antes do parto foi usado em 89,1% (244/274) das gestantes. O parto ocorreu por via vaginal em 27,8% das mulheres (85/306), das quais uma tinha carga viral >1.000 cópias/mL. A rotura da bolsa d’água ocorreu em 44,5% dos partos e 15% (47/320) apresentaram tempo de bolsa rota superior a quatro horas. A episiotomia foi realizada em 9,4% (8/85) dos partos vaginais. O método de inibição do leite materno foi exclusivamente mecânico em 54,8% (149/272) e mecânico e farmacológico nas demais. Conclusão: As recomendações para a profilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV estão sendo cumpridas na instituição, porém necessitam de maior agilidade para a tomada de decisões nas situações adversas. O estudo aponta que o pré-natal é um momento importante para a descoberta do status sorológico para o HIV, e que as diversas ações preconizadas e iniciadas precocemente são eficazes na redução da transmissão vertical do HIV e resultaram na diminuição da carga viral no último trimestre, contribuindo para maior proteção ao recém-nascido.
Análise das ações de controle da profilaxia de HIV no recém-nascido no período de 2008 a 2018
Authors: Costa Julie Teixeira da , Aua Daniela Fortunato , Monteiro Denise Leite Maia , Gouvêa Abilene Nascimento , Cavalcante Mateus Benac , Lacerda Isabel Maria Santos
Published: August 2020

Introdução: O progressivo aumento do número de casos de AIDS entre as mulheres e, consequentemente, da transmissão vertical do HIV, vem assumindo grande importância epidemiológica. A implementação das recomendações do Ministério da Saúde (MS) para profilaxia da transmissão vertical (TV) do HIV e o uso de terapia antirretroviral em gestantes visa à atenção especial a essas gestantes. Apesar dos esforços direcionados para o desenvolvimento das ações, os dados referentes à monitorização das etapas de intervenção para a profilaxia da TV do HIV ainda são escassos e sugerem diversas falhas no processo. Objetivo: Analisar o cumprimento das ações de profilaxia da TV no Núcleo Perinatal do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HUPE/UERJ). Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo dos prontuários de 320 parturientes HIV+ e de seus respectivos recém-nascidos (RN) assistidos no período de 2008 a 2018. Dois prontuários foram retirados da análise em razão de óbito fetal durante a gravidez. Analisaram-se: idade materna, carga viral, método de inibição de lactação e os dados do recém-nascido. Utilizou-se o programa Epi Info 3.5.4 para construção de banco de dados e análise estatística. Resultados: A média de idade materna foi de 27,6±6,8 anos (14-51). A carga viral no 3º trimestre foi >1.000 cópias/mL em 11,2% (22). O parto ocorreu por via vaginal em 27,8% das mulheres (85/306), das quais uma tinha carga viral >1.000 cópias/mL. A rotura da bolsa d’água ocorreu em 44,5% dos partos e 15% (47/320) apresentaram tempo de bolsa rota superior a quatro horas. O método de inibição do leite materno foi exclusivamente mecânico em 55% (149/272) e mecânico e farmacológico nas demais. O peso do RN foi <2500 g em 18,3% (54/295). O Apgar do RN no 1º minuto foi <7 em 9,3% (27/290) e no 5º minuto foi <7 em 1,4% (4/291), enquanto o Ballard <36 semanas foi encontrado em 12% (31/257). Dos RN que fizeram uso de AZT oral (98,4%), 72% o tomaram até 2h após o parto e 13,2% (15/113) dos RN fizeram uso de Nevirapina de acordo com o recomentado pelo MS. Em relação aos procedimentos no RN, 92% (242/263) realizaram banho precoce e 42% fizeram contato pele a pele. Alimentaram-se de fórmula infantil 98,2% dos RN e 1,8% (5/273) usaram leite materno por causa do diagnóstico de HIV materno somente no puerpério. Em relação ao resultado do RN, 3,1% (6/185) foram positivos para HIV. Conclusão: Na grande maioria dos casos, seguiram-se as ações de controle de profilaxia do HIV em RN preconizadas pelo MS, mas, ainda assim, faz-se necessário o aprimoramento das condições de trabalho, visando proporcionar melhoria na qualidade da assistência.
The predictive power of farmers’ risk attitude measures elicited by experimental methods
Authors: Gómez-Limón José A. , Guerrero-Baena M. Dolores , Sánchez-Cañizares Sandra M.
Published: August 2020

Aim of study: Farmers’ behavior is shaped by their individual attitudes towards risk. Consequently, an understanding of the heterogeneous risk attitudes among farmers is key to predicting their decision-making. Therefore, there is a need for reliable methods to assess individuals’ risk attitudes. The main objective of this paper was to contribute to the existing literature about the external validity of risk attitude measures obtained with diverse experimental methods.Area of study: Irrigated agriculture in a Mediterranean climate region.Material and methods: Two different experimental methods widely applied in the agricultural sector were used to elicit farmers’ risk attitudes in a sample of irrigators in southern Spain: the Eckel and Grossman lottery-choice task and a self-assessment general risk question. We evaluated the explanatory power of both measures for the farming risk borne by farmers, using an approach based on dispersion measures of farming returns.Main results: Results revealed stability across these elicitation methods, but the study yielded no evidence of statistical correlation with the farming risk actually borne by farmers, suggesting that it may not be advisable to use these methods for directly predicting farmers’ decision-making in modeling exercises.Research highlights: The most relevant innovation of this paper was the validation approach followed, based on measures assessing the overall level of farming risk borne by individual producers, and the complementary analyses controlling for key variables that could affect farmer risk-taking.
Risk Disclosure Patterns among Jordanian Companies: An Exploratory Study during Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Al-Sawalqa Fawzi Ata
Published: August 2020

This current exploratory study comes at a critical time to determine the risk disclosure pattern of Jordanian companies during Covid-19 pandemic in response to the request of JSC for Jordanian listed companies to prepare and send disclosure reports include the effect of Covid-19 pandemic on their activities in terms of material events, operational activities and the decisions of board of directors during the period of disclosure suspension extending from March 18, 2020 to May 5, 2020. Based on all the non-financial companies that listed in the first market, the results of the study indicated that the entire study sample (100%) did send the disclosure reports to JSC. In terms of the quality of disclosed risks, extraction process resulted in finding 20 risk items distributed over 5 categories. The results show that the average disclosure level is 65.6%, with the operational category ranked first and followed by investor relation category, financial category, strategic category and finally the market category. Results show that those sectors that were suspended completely during Covid-19 pandemic provided risk disclosures in all categories and vice versa. In addition to the several implications, the study offers many avenues for future study based on the risk disclosure model of the current study.
Academic Procrastination and Social Anxiety as Predictive Variables Internet Addiction of Adolescents
Authors: Traş Zeliha , Gökçen Gülden
Published: August 2020

This study is aimed to examine the relationship between Internet addiction and academic procrastination and social anxiety. The study group of this research is 599 high school students, 239 (39.9%) female, and 360 (60.1%) male. It is for the Young Internet Addiction Scale, the Academic Procrastination Scale, and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents. The data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis techniques. According to the findings of the study, positive correlation between internet addiction and academic procrastination and social anxiety shows a significant relationship. In other findings of the study, it was found that academic procrastination and social anxiety predicted internet addiction. According to the findings, the most powerful predictor variable was academic procrastination. Expanding the number of samples in future researches, reaching students from the region and sociocultural level ensures that the findings can be generalized, and more reliable results are obtained.
Local government, social policy and social assistance: development paths since 1989/1990
Authors: Staręga-Piasek Joanna
Published: August 2020

The paper discusses the first and second local government reform in Poland. The article describes the essence of social assistance institutions: social assistance centers, county family assistance centers and regional social policy centers. The article ends with consideration of the place of social assistance in local government social policy.
The Social Assistance Act in view of the Amendment of 19 July 2019: selected issues pertaining to county self-governments
Authors: Soćko Michał
Published: August 2020

The subject matter of this article is the analysis of the new provisions introduced in the Act on social assistance by the amendment of 19 July 2019 on the amendment to the Act on social assistance and the Act on mental health protection, in particular from the point of view of the activities of county (powiat) self-government. At the beginning, the reasons and scope of the changes are outlined. Subsequently – to a broader extent – the article examines the provisions introducing the possibility to limit leaving the nursing homes independently by their residents and new sanctions in the form of limiting the amount or size of the benefit in the event of the lack of cooperation of the person or family in resolving their difficult life situation. All considerations are summarized in the last section of the article. Due to the fact that the subject matter of the article is current legal solutions, the basic method of research is the dogmatic and legal method, consisting of a juridical analysis of the relevant legal provisions. The study of legal texts has been enriched to an appropriate extent by presenting views of doctrine and jurisprudence.
Tasks of a county authority in the field of disability assessment from a social and legal perspective
Authors: Iwińska Marta , Glac Wojciech
Published: August 2020

The system of disability assessment in Poland is based on a two-instance structure. The main role is played by district disability assessment boards, which perform tasks assigned to the counties (county – powiat). This is an exclusive power, entrusted exclusively to these bodies, while maintaining the course of instances. People with disabilities, whose physical or mental capacity prevents or complicates their education, work and social roles require equal treatment. A disability certificate entitles disabled people to numerous benefits and preferences, and protection in this area is guaranteed and implemented by the state. This is the subject of interest of pedagogical, political and legal sciences, and the authors of the study have addressed related issues.
Respite care as a new task in districts
Authors: Izdebska Ewelina
Published: August 2020

Respiratory care in Poland is a relatively new service addressed to carers of dependent people, whose priority objective is to relieve caregivers in their daily care activities for disabled (dependent) people. The Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy proposes the “Respiratory care” program, which is implemented as part of the Solidarity Fund for the Support of People with Disabilities by municipalities and counties. The following study indicates the main assumptions of the program, the needs, definition and scope of activity.
Association of GRIA1 polymorphisms with ovarian response to human menopausal gonadotropin in Iranian women
Authors: Golestanpour Hossein , Javadi Gholamreza , Sheikhha Mohammad Hasan
Published: August 2020

Objective: Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 (GRIA1) is a subunit of a ligand-gated ion channel that regulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by controlling the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Few studies have investigated the association between the GRIA1 gene and human infertility. This study evaluated the association of the GRIA1 rs548294 C > T and rs2195450 G > A polymorphisms with the ovarian response to human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) in Iranian women.Methods: One hundred women with histories of at least 1 year of infertility were included. On the second day of menstruation, patients were injected with HMG; on the third day, blood samples were collected. After hormonal analysis, the GRIA1 rs548294 C > T and rs2195450 G > A genotypes of samples were identified via the restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and on day 9, the number of follicles was assessed via ultrasound.Results: For the GRIA1 rs548294 C > T and rs2195450 G > A single nucleotide polymorphisms, the subjects with CT and GG genotypes, respectively, displayed the highest mean FSH level, LH level, and number of follicles on day 9 of the menstrual cycle (p< 0.05). Significant positive correlations were observed between LH and FSH (p< 0.01), LH and follicle count (p< 0.01), FSH and age (p< 0.05), follicle count and age (p= 0.048), and FSH and follicle count (p< 0.01).Conclusion: This study showed a significant relationship between GRIA1 polymorphisms and ovarian response to the induction of ovulation. Therefore, determining patients’ GRIA1 genotype may be useful for improving treatment and prescribing suitable doses of ovulation-stimulating drugs.
EDUCAÇÃO INTEGRAL E A CONSTRUÇÃO DE TERRITÓRIO EDUCATIVO
Authors: Teixeira Clodoaldo , Santos Junior Wilson Ribeiro dos
Published: August 2020

Ao longo do século XX a educação brasileira produziu experiências transformadoras com o propósito de fortalecer a formação social e coletiva do individuo, tanto no espaço tradicional da escola pública, ampliando a vocação para o desenvolvimento das habilidades cognitivas, psicoafetivas, filosóficas e participativas, enquanto práticas pedagógicas formais, como, na plena convivência em comunidade, incorporando a integração além-muro do edifício escolar, estabelecendo diálogos e conexões de processos de educação não formais com o território. Esse artigo, recorte da pesquisa de mestrado recém-concluída, financiada pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), tem por objetivo discutir os conceitos de educação integral a partir da corrente de pensamento progressiva como principio de formação do individuo a partir da dinâmica da realidade social do território, reconhecendo sua capacidade experimental para as ações educadoras, de forma a ampliar os horizontes e a dimensão para a formação em sociedade e apresentar a experiência do Centro Integrado de Educação Pública – CEUs na cidade de São Paulo devido a sua importância conceitual que aproxima e agrupa as mais recentes e atuais metodologias de integração educacional e território educativo, com foco na formação integral da sociedade permitindo que se estabeleça uma relação entre a cidade, o espaço da escola pública e o território educativo. Para isso, o método utilizado foi a revisão bibliográfica baseada no estudo de casos. A pesquisa buscou uma ampliação do conhecimento conceitual e histórico dessas experiências, que, no campo do contemporâneo, permite estabelecer conexões que demostram a importância do resgate e o aprofundamento dessa corrente de pensamento, na relação entre educação e cidade enquanto território educativo.
Space-Time Cluster Analysis of Malaria in Fars Province-Iran
Authors: Rezaianzadeh Abbas , Zare Marjan , Aliakbarpoor Mohsen , Faramarzi Hossain , Ebrahimi Mostafa
Published: August 2020

Background: Malaria, a mosquito-borne infection, is caused by protozoan parasites invading the red blood cells of both humans and animals. Iran is an endemic site for malaria with 1 - 10 cases per one million dwellers, in which 90% of cases occur in southern parts of Iran. Objectives: to detect space-time clusters of Malaria in Fars province-Iran during 1/1/2011 and 31/12/2015. Methods: 357 malaria cases were recorded from 19 cities of Fars province. Permutation scan modeling was applied retrospectively to detect the outbreaks of malaria during 1/1/2011 and 31/12/2015. SPSS V. 22, ITSM V. 2002, ArcGIS10, and SaTScan9.4.4 software tools were used. The significance level was considered 0.05. Results: Based on the results of the current study, 5 space-time clusters were discovered for malaria, indicating that malaria followed a time-space trend in the area (P value < 0.05). The Most Likely Cluster (MLC) contained almost 50% (6/12) of all cases during 1/7/2015 and 31/7/2015 in Firoozabad (P < 0.05); however, non-statistically significant clusters were detected which had clinically important information on the canons of the outbreaks. Conclusions: Malaria did not occur uniformly in Fars province during 1/1/2011 and 31/12/2015. Detected space-time clusters could help Public health managers and policymakers dedicating clinical staff and facilities to more needy areas and consequently reduce the rate of disease in the area.