bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gasübersättigung in Flüssen? Messung, Ursachen und Auswirkungen – Ein internationales Forschungsprojekt untersucht Verbreitung und Umwelteffekte
Authors: Pulg Ulrich , Stranzl Sebastian , Wagner Beatrice , Flödl Peter , Hauer Christoph
Published: January 2020

Künstliche Gasübersättigung in Fließgewässern und die dadurch verursachte Gasblasenkrankheit bei aquatischen Organismen ist in Europa wenig beachtet. Neue Forschungsergebnisse in Norwegen, China und Nordamerika zeigen jedoch, dass Gasübersättigung verursacht durch Dämme oder Wasserkraftwerke weitaus verbreiteter ist als bisher angenommen. In Norwegen wurde künstliche Gasübersättigung in 12 von 16 untersuchten Wasserkraftwerken nachgewiesen. Dabei kam es in 10 Fällen zu Fischsterben. Ursache ist der Eintrag von Luft in die Zuleitungen, welche sich unter Druck im Wasser löst. In vielen Fällen kann die Gasübersättigung vermieden werden, beispielsweise mit ausreichender Dimensionierung von Kraftwerkseinläufen und Rechenanlagen, Alarmsystemen und Deflektoren. Umwelteffekte und die Toleranz heimischer Arten sind in Europa jedoch kaum erforscht. Das Gleiche gilt für die Verbreitung künstlicher Gasübersättigung in Europa sowie für kosteneffektive Methoden zu ihrer Vermeidung an bestehenden Anlagen. Im vorliegenden Fachartikel werden verschiedene Aspekte der Gasübersättigung thematisiert. Neben einer Beschreibung der physikalischen Prozesse werden sowohl die biologischen Auswirkung als auch Messmethoden und mögliche Maßnahmen präsentiert. SUPERSAT, ein neues internationales Forschungsprojekt mit österreichischer Beteiligung, soll nun wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu Umwelteffekten, Verbreitung, Umfang und Vermeidung der Gasübersättigung in Flüssen liefern.
Enhanced topical cutaneous delivery of indocyanine green after various pretreatment regimens: comparison of fractional CO2 laser, fractional Er:YAG laser, microneedling, and radiofrequency
Authors: Nieboer Marilin J. , Meesters Arne A. , Almasian Mitra , Georgiou Giota , de Rie Menno A. , Verdaasdonk Rudolf M. , Wolkerstorfer Albert
Published: January 2020

Different devices have been used to enhance topical drug delivery. Aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of different skin pretreatment regimens in topical drug delivery. In six ex vivo human abdominal skin samples, test regions were pretreated with fractional CO2 and Er:YAG laser (both 70 and 300 μm ablation depth, density of 5%), microneedling (500 μm needle length), fractional radiofrequency (ablation depth of ± 80–90 μm), and no pretreatment. The fluorescent agent indocyanine green (ICG) was applied. After 3 h, fluorescence intensity was measured at several depths using fluorescence photography. Significantly higher surface fluorescence intensities were found for pretreatment with fractional Er:YAG and CO2 laser and for microneedling vs. no pretreatment (p < 0.05), but not for radiofrequency vs. no pretreatment (p = 0.173). Fluorescence intensity was highest for the Er:YAG laser with 300 μm ablation depth (mean 38.89 arbitrary units; AU), followed by microneedling (33.02 AU) and CO2 laser with 300 μm ablation depth (26.25 AU). Pretreatment with both lasers with 300 μm ablation depth gave higher fluorescence intensity than with 70 μm ablation depth (Er:YAG laser, 21.65; CO2 laser, 18.50 AU). Mean fluorescence intensity for radiofrequency was 15.27 AU. Results were comparable at 200 and 400 μm depth in the skin. Pretreatment of the skin with fractional CO2 laser, fractional Er:YAG laser, and microneedling is effective for topical ICG delivery, while fractional radiofrequency is not. Deeper laser ablation results in improved ICG delivery. These findings may be relevant for the delivery of other drugs with comparable molecular properties.
Sediment dynamics and transport regimes in a narrow microtidal estuary
Authors: Mathew Rooni , Winterwerp Johan C.
Published: January 2020

Estuarine sediment dynamics are a consequence of various forcings (barotropic, estuarine circulation, and fluvial) that vary in space and time. Here, we present a study examining sediment dynamics in a narrow microtidal estuary, the Lower Passaic River in New Jersey, USA. The analysis incorporates measurements of suspended sediments, morphological change, sediment erodibility, and a numerical hydrodynamic model. The former two datasets are used to develop an understanding of sediment dynamics over the full range of hydrologic conditions, and the latter two datasets are used to interpret the behavior of the system. Subsequently, a conceptual picture is developed, one that classifies the morphological status of the system at any given time into three regimes dependent on river flow—regime I includes conditions when the system is importing sediments, regime II includes conditions when the system is exporting sediments by flushing a thin easily erodible surficial stratum termed the fluff layer, and regime III includes conditions when the system is exporting sediments by scouring more consolidated strata underneath the fluff layer. Regime III is relevant for the long-term morphodynamic equilibrium of the estuary by providing a mechanism that erodes and exports sediment accumulated under regime I conditions. Consequently, sediment dynamics depend not only on short time-scale processes such as the instantaneous river flow rate, but also on the time-history of river flow, and the long-term morphological progression of the system. These regimes represent a conceptualization of estuarine sediment transport dynamics and can be useful in the development of effective estuarine sediment management strategies.
Seroprevalence of Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. in Invasive Non-native American Mink
Authors: Kołodziej-Sobocińska Marta , Dvorožňáková Emília , Hurníková Zuzana , Reiterová Katarína , Zalewski Andrzej
Published: January 2020

Invasive non-native species can become reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens and cause their spread during colonization, increasing the risk of zoonoses transmission to both wild hosts and humans. American mink (Neovison vison) are considered an important invasive mammal species responsible for carrying endoparasites. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of feral American mink as a possible transmission vector of Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. in wildlife. We analysed the frequency of American mink exposure to both parasites, the spatial distribution in Poland, and the variability over time on the basis of specific antibody presence using ELISA and Western blot. Alimentary tract analyses revealed that American mink do not serve as definitive hosts for these parasites. Altogether, 1100 American mink were examined. The average seropositivity for American mink was 14.2% for echinococcosis and 21.7% for toxocarosis; dual-seropositivity was detected in only 6.0%. Seroprevalence of both parasites differed between study sites and significantly increased over time in Toxocara spp. Thus, our study revealed that free-living American mink are exposed to parasites and likely to be involved in the maintenance of both Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. in the wild as paratenic hosts.
How Large Are Gender Differences in Toy Preferences? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Toy Preference Research
Authors: Davis Jac T. M. , Hines Melissa
Published: January 2020

It is generally recognized that there are gender-related differences in children’s toy preferences. However, the magnitude of these differences has not been firmly established. Furthermore, not all studies of gender-related toy preferences find significant gender differences. These inconsistent findings could result from using different toys or methods to measure toy preferences or from studying children of different ages. Our systematic review and meta-analysis combined 113 effect sizes from 75 studies to estimate the magnitude of gender-related differences in toy preferences. We also assessed the impact of using different toys or methods to assess these differences, as well as the effect of age on gender-related toy preferences. Boys preferred boy-related toys more than girls did, and girls preferred girl-related toys more than boys did. These differences were large (d ≥ 1.60). Girls also preferred toys that researchers classified as neutral more than boys did (d = 0.29). Preferences for gender-typical over gender-atypical toys were also large and significant (d ≥ 1.20), and girls and boys showed gender-related differences of similar magnitude. When only dolls and vehicles were considered, within-sex differences were even larger and of comparable size for boys and girls. Researchers sometimes misclassified toys, perhaps contributing to an apparent gender difference in preference for neutral toys. Forced choice methods produced larger gender-related differences than other methods, and gender-related differences increased with age.
The generalisability of randomised clinical trials: an interim external validity analysis of the ongoing SENOMAC trial in sentinel lymph node-positive breast cancer
Authors: de Boniface Jana , Ahlgren Johan , Andersson Yvette , Bergkvist Leif , Frisell Jan , Lundstedt Dan , Olofsson Bagge Roger , Rydén Lisa , Sund Malin ,   the SENOMAC Trialists’ Group, Christiansen Peer , Filtenborg Tvedskov Tove , Offersen Birgitte Vrou , Reimer Toralf , Kühn Thorsten , Kontos Michalis , Gentilini Oreste , Reitsamer Roland
Published: January 2020

Purpose

None of the key randomised trials on the omission of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in sentinel lymph-positive breast cancer have reported external validity, even though results indicate selection bias. Our aim was to assess the external validity of the ongoing randomised SENOMAC trial by comparing characteristics of Swedish SENOMAC trial participants with non-included eligible patients registered in the Swedish National Breast Cancer Register (NKBC).

Methods

In the ongoing non-inferiority European SENOMAC trial, clinically node-negative cT1–T3 breast cancer patients with up to two sentinel lymph node macrometastases are randomised to undergo completion ALND or not. Both breast-conserving surgery and mastectomy are eligible interventions. Data from NKBC were extracted for the years 2016 and 2017, and patient and tumour characteristics compared with Swedish trial participants from the same years.

Results

Overall, 306 NKBC cases from non-participating and 847 NKBC cases from participating sites (excluding SENOMAC participants) were compared with 463 SENOMAC trial participants. Patients belonging to the middle age groups (p = 0.015), with smaller tumours (p = 0.013) treated by breast-conserving therapy (50.3 versus 47.1 versus 65.2%, p < 0.001) and less nodal tumour burden (only 1 macrometastasis in 78.8 versus 79.9 versus 87.3%, p = 0.001) were over-represented in the trial population. Time trends indicated, however, that differences may be mitigated over time.

Conclusions

This interim external validity analysis specifically addresses selection mechanisms during an ongoing trial, potentially increasing generalisability by the time full accrual is reached. Similar validity checks should be an integral part of prospective clinical trials.

Trial registration: NCT 02240472, retrospective registration date September 14, 2015 after trial initiation on January 31, 2015
Patient-reported outcome after oncoplastic breast surgery compared with conventional breast-conserving surgery in breast cancer
Authors: Rose Michael , Svensson Henry , Handler Jürgen , Hoyer Ute , Ringberg Anita , Manjer Jonas
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Oncoplastic breast surgery (OBS) has developed as an extension of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) in an effort to improve esthetic and functional outcome following surgery for breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible benefits of OBS, as compared with BCS, with regard to health-related quality of life (HRQoL), using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).

Patients and methods

Patients treated with OBS (n = 200) and BCS (n = 1304) in the period 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2013 were identified in a research database and in the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) registry. Data on patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were retrieved from the DBCG registry. Patients were sent a survey including the Breast-Q™ BCT postoperative module and a study-specific questionnaire (SSQ) in 2016. A good outcome in the Breast-Q module was defined as above the median. OBS was compared to BCS using a logistic regression analysis, and then adjusted for potential confounders, yielding odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

There was a statistically significant better outcome considering the HRQoL domain “Psychosocial Well-being “ for patients treated with OBS as compared with BCS (OR 2.15: 1.25–3.69). No statistically significant differences were found for the domains “Physical Well-being” (0.83: 0.50–1.39), “Satisfaction with Breast” (0.95: 0.57–1.59), or “Sexual Well-being” (1.42: 0.78–2.58).

Conclusion

The present study indicates better outcomes of HRQoL for breast cancer patients treated with OBS as compared to patients treated with BCS. There was no increase in physical discomfort among OBS patients despite more extensive surgery.
Mathematical modeling in Germany and France: a comparison of students’ modeling processes
Authors: Hankeln Corinna
Published: January 2020

The study presented in this article takes a closer look at how French and German high-school students deal with a mathematical modeling problem, what blockages they encounter and how differences in the modeling processes between students from both nations can be explained by differences between the teaching and learning of mathematical modeling in France and Germany. To better understand these differences, firstly, a brief overview is provided on the historical development of mathematics education in both countries, with a focus on mathematical modeling, followed by a qualitative empirical study in both France and Germany. Two main differences can be identified: students’ handling of the real-world situation and their striving for accuracy. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed in relation to national teaching traditions.
Pioglitazone Attenuates Experimental Colitis-Associated Hyperalgesia through Improving the Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction
Authors: Huang Yulin , Wang Chenchen , Tian Xinyu , Mao Yanting , Hou Bailin , Sun Yu’e , Gu Xiaoping , Ma Zhengliang
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Impaired intestinal mucosal integrity during colitis involves the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), an important anti-inflammatory factor in intestinal mucosa homoeostasis, which is a potential target in colitis. Recurrent chronic pain is a vital pathogenetic feature of colitis. Nevertheless, potential functions of PPARγ in the colitis-associated hyperalgesia remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate biological roles of pioglitazone in relieving colitis-associated pain hypersensitivity by a PPARγ tight junction protein-dependent mechanism during the course of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal inflammation. The DSS-induced colitis model was generated in C57BL/6 mice. Changes in colitis induced the injury of intestinal mucosal barrier and hyperalgesia after a 6-day treatment of pioglitazone (25 mg/kg, IP injection) were assessed through immunofluorescent, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, western blot analysis, and determination of paw withdrawal mechanical threshold. A significant reduction of paw withdrawal mechanical threshold occurred after DSS treatment. Follow-up data showed that systematic administration of PPARγ agonist pioglitazone ameliorated the DSS-induced colitis and the development of colitis-associated hyperalgesia by repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier. The tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Claudin-5 were upregulated by PPARγ signaling, which in turn promoted the improvement of intestinal barrier function. Moreover, pioglitazone inhibited phosphorylation of ERK and NF-κB in the colon and decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in both colon spine tissues. Furthermore, systemically pioglitazone treatment inhibited the activation of microglia and astrocytes, as well as DSS-induced phosphorylation of NR2B subunit in spinal cord, which was correspondingly consistent with the pain behavior. Pioglitazone ameliorates DSS-induced colitis and attenuates colitis-associated mechanical hyperalgesia, with improving integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier by directly upregulating tight junction proteins. The PPARγ-tight junction protein signaling might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colitis-associated chronic pain.
Whose voices matter? Adults with learning difficulties and the emancipatory potential of numeracy practices
Authors: Schreiber-Barsch Silke , Curdt Wiebke , Gundlach Hanna
Published: January 2020

In this paper we explore the numeracy practices of adults with learning difficulties (also termed intellectual disabilities). For this purpose, the perspectives of a social practice view on numeracy practices and the concepts of disability and vulnerability were adopted. We argue that little research attention has been paid so far to this social group from an adult’s perspective, using the benefits of a small-scale qualitative approach and principles of participatory research. It is for this reason that in the paper we present selected insights gained in an exploratory qualitative study in which we conducted shadowing and interviews with adults with learning difficulties as well as focus groups with professionals. The unit of analysis is social practices, which shifts the attention from behavioural or cognitive facets of individuals towards the ways of acting out numeracy in everyday contexts. In our conclusion, we argue for a resource-oriented perspective on numeracy learning, thus recognising the voices of all adult learners, and for emphasising the emancipatory potential of acting out numeracy, which help enable rather than disable learners.
Tangible Heritage of the Historical Stonework Centre in Brusno Stare in the Roztocze Area (SE Poland) as an Opportunity for the Development of Geotourism
Authors: Brzezińska-Wójcik Teresa , Skowronek Ewa
Published: January 2020

The investigation relates to the human-environment relationships in the development of geotourism. The study is focused on the stonemasonry heritage of the historical Stonework Centre in Brusno Stare – a former, now non-existent village, abandoned after World War II, in SE Poland. The “stonemasonry” heritage was included into the potential Kamienny Las na Roztoczu Geopark. Preparation of these usable, sacral, sepulchral objects, as well as the quarry requires geological and historical interpretation to become cultural geosites. The aim of the present study is to highlight the importance of the interpretation of these objects based on the combination of knowledge in the fields of geology, history, and culture. This objective has been achieved by querying available literature, inventory, and assessments of geosites. The conceptual spatial-temporal model has been proposed to illustrate the holistic approach to the potential cultural geosites considered in the manuscript. The results obtained in the study indicate the scientific, educational, and geotouristic potential of the stonemasonry heritage of the ancient Stonework Centre of Brusno Stare. Popularization and promotion of these objects is needed to make them attractive cultural geosites and contribute to the development of geotourism in the Roztocze area.
Climate modulation of summer rainstorm activity in eastern China based on the Tibetan Plateau spring heating
Authors: Huang Wubin , Zhao Yang , Sun Chan , Wang Huimei , Wang Xue
Published: January 2020

Rainstorm intensity and frequency in eastern China are closely associated with the Asian summer monsoon, one of the largest and most pronounced circulation systems on Earth. Changes in monsoon strength are linked to mechanical and thermal forcing by the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which, as an extensive elevated landmass, forms a vast heat source that protrudes into the free atmosphere. However, the impact of TP heating variability on rainstorm behavior in eastern China remains unclear. By analyzing 50 years of climate data, significant interannual variability was identified in the occurrence of rainstorms (precipitation amounts of > 50 mm), with decreased trend in northern China and increased variability in southern China. Results show that these changes are closely related with the springtime TP heating, indicating that recent changes in rainstorm distributions in eastern China are consistent with interdecadal variability in TP thermal forcing.
Polygon stacks and time reference conversions
Authors: Lenzen Christoph , Klaehn Rüdiger , Prüfer Sven , Wörle Maria Theresia
Published: January 2020

This paper describes how a time-based planning system, which supports resource constraints, may be extended such that a resource constraint interval does not have to refer to the start- or end-time of the underlying activity but to any linear combination thereof, such as the middle. This way, an activity with multiple resource constraints referring to different time intervals no longer has to be split into sub-activities, which may simplify the planning model and the algorithm. To be able to describe the necessary transformations, we introduce the concept of PolygonStacks and describe the operations which a typical planning engine requires to intersect the sets of consistent timeline entries of all constraints defined on an activity. We then introduce Sliders and Offsets, which allow specifying the constraint intervals in a more generic way as supported in current planning models. Based on this preparation, we can derive two lemmas, which provide the conversions required by Sliders and Offsets. We continue with several conversion examples and point out how to solve the issues which will occur during implementation. A short sketch of the complexity of our current implementation demonstrates that further work on performance should be considered, even though in practice we observe that the bottleneck of calculation remains within profile calculation rather than PolygonStack operations.
The Marital Implications of Bereavement: Child Death and Intimate Partner Violence in West and Central Africa
Authors: Weitzman Abigail , Smith-Greenaway Emily
Published: January 2020

In high-mortality contexts, research examining the effects of child mortality has focused almost exclusively on couples’ fertility responses while overlooking other potential family consequences. Using nationally representative survey data from 13 West and Central African countries, we estimate multilevel discrete-time hazard models to determine how women’s risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) varies with the death of children. We assess heterogeneity in this association across two surrounding circumstances: children’s age at death and regional prevalence of child bereavement. Findings indicate that the risk of IPV initiation rises with the death of children under age 5—for whom women are most intensely responsible—but not with the death of older children. The effect of young child bereavement is most pronounced in regions where it is least prevalent among mothers—a finding not explained by concomitant regional variation in gender inequality, family norms, and infrastructural development. These findings highlight the importance of child mortality for family outcomes beyond fertility in the African context and demonstrate the prominent role of the broader mortality context in shaping these implications.
Crime and Inequality in Academic Achievement Across School Districts in the United States
Authors: Torrats-Espinosa Gerard
Published: January 2020

This study investigates the effect of violent crime on school district–level achievement in English language arts (ELA) and mathematics. The research design exploits variation in achievement and violent crime across 813 school districts in the United States and seven birth cohorts of children born between 1996 and 2002. The identification strategy leverages exogenous shocks to crime rates arising from the availability of federal funds to hire police officers in the local police departments where the school districts operate. Results show that children who entered the school system when the violent crime rate in their school districts was lower score higher in ELA by the end of eighth grade, relative to children attending schools in the same district but who entered the school system when the violent crime rate was higher. A 10% decline in the violent crime rate experienced at ages 0–6 raises eighth-grade ELA achievement in the district by 0.03 standard deviations. Models that estimate effects by race and gender show larger impacts among Black children and boys. The district-wide effect on mathematics achievement is smaller and statistically nonsignificant. These findings extend our understanding of the geography of educational opportunity in the United States and reinforce the idea that understanding inequalities in academic achievement requires evidence on what happens inside as well as outside schools.
Bank power and public policy since the financial crisis
Authors: Macartney Huw , Howarth David , James Scott
Published: January 2020

Despite much commentary in the media and the popular assumption that the banking industry exerts undue influence on government policy-making, the academic literature on the role of the banks since the 2008 financial crisis remains theoretically and empirically under-specified. In particular, we argue that different forms of financial power are often conflated, while favorable policy outcomes are too-readily assumed to be evidence of regulatory capture. In short, we still know relatively little about how bank influence varies over time and in different national contexts, the extent to which banking interests are unified or divided, and the conditions under which banks are capable of producing meaningful variation in policy outcomes. This article has three objectives: 1) to explain why the debate on bank influence matters; 2) to examine the evidence of bank influence since the international financial crisis; and 3) to set out a range of conceptual tools for thinking about bank power.
Knowledge flows, strategic motives and innovation performance: Insights from Australian and New Zealand investment in Europe
Authors: Ingršt Igor , Zámborský Peter
Published: January 2020

We study the international innovation strategies of Australian and New Zealand (ANZ) firms in the European context, to explain their investment motives, knowledge flows and innovation performance. Our thematic analysis of seven case studies suggests that ANZ investors' motives for innovation in Europe are often both market- and knowledge-seeking and that some are also motivated by diversification and cooperation. While the strategic intent is often for the knowledge to flow in multiple directions among subsidiaries and headquarters (HQ), distance poses challenges to the efficiency of the process. European subsidiaries are often seen as potentially playing a key role in firms' global innovation systems, particularly with regards to radical innovation. However, because of distance and communication bottlenecks (e.g., time zone differences), HQ does not always recognise this potential. We develop a model proposing that HQ–subsidiary trust and strategic motives are moderators in the process of international knowledge connectivity and knowledge creation.
Past Is Another Resource: Remembering the 70th Anniversary of the Victory Day on LiveJournal
Authors: Makhortykh Mykola , Lyebyedyev Yehor , Kravtsov Daniel
Published: January 2020

In our article we examine changes experienced by media and memory systems in Russia since the beginning of the Ukraine crisis. Using as an example a popular Russian blogging platform, LiveJournal, we scrutinize how the digital practices related to commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany are influenced by the growing instrumentalization of Second World War memory for media propaganda and manipulation. Using topic modeling to analyze a large set of data on Russian users’ interactions with the platform, we examine how hegemonic and alternative interpretations of the Second World War interact on LiveJournal and how their interactions are influenced by the growing antagonism between Russia and the West. Our findings suggest that LiveJournal constitutes a fractured memory system, which is characterized by uneven representation of Second World War experiences and the growing influence of pro-government actors promoting hegemonic war narratives. However, our observations also show that instrumentalization of the past in the context of the Ukraine crisis does not necessarily interfere with digital practices of Second World War commemoration with the latter remaining unaffected by the events in Ukraine.
Muslim Orders in Russia: Trade Networks andHijamaHealing
Authors: Turaeva Rano
Published: January 2020

This article sheds light on the informal institutional settings that guide the social and economic lives of Muslim migrants in Moscow. Mosques andmedresses(Muslim theological schools) serve as central locations from which these institutions emanate, evolve, and transform. Case studies of trade networks andHijama(wet cupping) healing practices demonstrate the inner workings of such institutions. The article draws on the theoretical traditions of informal institutions and new institutionalists focusing on anthropological works on agency and institutions. These analytical frameworks and concepts help explain the mechanisms and processes involved in the institutionalization of Muslim lives in Moscow. I argue that individual agency and charismatic leadership of individual members of the community play formative roles in institutionalizing daily practices and constituting normative orders of Muslims in Moscow. The article is based on fieldwork conducted in Moscow and Perm during 2016, 2017, and 2019.
Bilinear identities involving thek-plane transform and Fourier extension operators
Authors: Beltran David , Vega Luis
Published: January 2020

We prove certainL2(ℝn) bilinear estimates for Fourier extension operators associated to spheres and hyperboloids under the action of thek-plane transform. As the estimates areL2-based, they follow from bilinear identities: in particular, these are the analogues of a known identity for paraboloids, and may be seen as higher-dimensional versions of the classicalL2(ℝ2)-bilinear identity for Fourier extension operators associated to curves in ℝ2.
The Creation of a Latin American Catholic Church: Vatican Authority and Political Imagination, 1854–1899
Authors: SOLANS FRANCISCO JAVIER RAMÓN
Published: January 2020

The principal aim of this article is to analyse the rise of a Latin American Catholic identity during the mid- to late nineteenth century. It examines the institutionalisation of this collective project via the foundation of the Latin American College in Rome in 1858 and the initiatives that led to the Latin American Plenary Council in 1899. This article also explores how this collective religious identity was imagined and how its limits were drawn. In doing so a new insight into how religions contributed to the imagining and defining of geographical spaces is offered.
Optimal diet and lifestyle strategies for the management of cardio-metabolic risk
Authors: Griffin Bruce A.
Published: January 2020

Cardio-metabolic risk (CMR) embodies a clustering of metabolic abnormalities that increase the likelihood of developing CVD in the large arteries of the heart, peripheral tissues and brain. These abnormalities share a common origin of insulin resistance, which manifests typically as excess visceral adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity, and within cells of key metabolic tissues (ectopic fat), including the liver, pancreas, heart and skeletal muscle. As expected, the increased risk of CVD that can be attributed to CMR factors is alarmingly high in overweight and obese populations, but this risk can be reduced by reversing many of the inappropriate diet and lifestyle behaviours that underlie its development. The Nutrition Society's 2018 Winter Meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine addressed the topic of the ‘Optimal diet and lifestyle for managing cardio-metabolic risk’, with the aim of providing mechanistic insights into the impact of macronutrients, dietary patterns and meal timing in key metabolic tissues. The 2-d programme concluded with a summary of its main outcomes, and an overview of their implications for dietary policy in the UK.
Opportunity for Thailand's forgotten tigers: assessment of the Indochinese tiger Panthera tigris corbetti and its prey with camera-trap surveys
Authors: Ash Eric , Kaszta Żaneta , Noochdumrong Adisorn , Redford Tim , Chanteap Prawatsart , Hallam Christopher , Jaroensuk Booncherd , Raksat Somsuan , Srinoppawan Kanchit , Macdonald David W.
Published: January 2020

Dramatic population declines threaten the Endangered Indochinese tiger Panthera tigris corbetti with extinction. Thailand now plays a critical role in its conservation, as there are few known breeding populations in other range countries. Thailand's Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex is recognized as an important tiger recovery site, but it remains poorly studied. Here, we present results from the first camera-trap study focused on tigers and implemented across all protected areas in this landscape. Our goal was to assess tiger and prey populations across the five protected areas of this forest complex, reviewing discernible patterns in rates of detection. We conducted camera-trap surveys opportunistically during 2008–2017. We recorded 1,726 detections of tigers in 79,909 camera-trap nights. Among these were at least 16 adults and six cubs/juveniles from four breeding females. Detection rates of both tigers and potential prey species varied considerably between protected areas over the study period. Our findings suggest heterogeneity in tiger distribution across this relatively continuous landscape, potentially influenced by distribution of key prey species. This study indicates that the Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex is one of the few remaining breeding locations of the Indochinese tiger. Despite limitations posed by our study design, our findings have catalysed increased research and conservation interest in this globally important population at a critical time for tiger conservation in South-east Asia.
Lithium prevents grey matter atrophy in patients with bipolar disorder: an international multicenter study
Authors: Hozer Franz , Sarrazin Samuel , Laidi Charles , Favre Pauline , Pauling Melissa , Cannon Dara , McDonald Colm , Emsell Louise , Mangin Jean-François , Duchesnay Edouard , Bellani Marcella , Brambilla Paolo , Wessa Michele , Linke Julia , Polosan Mircea , Versace Amelia , Phillips Mary L. , Delavest Marine , Bellivier Frank , Hamdani Nora , d'Albis Marc-Antoine , Leboyer Marion , Houenou Josselin
Published: January 2020

Background

Lithium (Li) is the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder (BD). However, its mechanisms of action remain unknown but include neurotrophic effects. We here investigated the influence of Li on cortical and local grey matter (GM) volumes in a large international sample of patients with BD and healthy controls (HC).

Methods

We analyzed high-resolution T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging scans of 271 patients with BD type I (120 undergoing Li) and 316 HC. Cortical and local GM volumes were compared using voxel-wise approaches with voxel-based morphometry and SIENAX using FSL. We used multiple linear regression models to test the influence of Li on cortical and local GM volumes, taking into account potential confounding factors such as a history of alcohol misuse.

Results

Patients taking Li had greater cortical GM volume than patients without. Patients undergoing Li had greater regional GM volumes in the right middle frontal gyrus, the right anterior cingulate gyrus, and the left fusiform gyrus in comparison with patients not taking Li.

Conclusions

Our results in a large multicentric sample support the hypothesis that Li could exert neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects limiting pathological GM atrophy in key brain regions associated with BD.
Surrogation, Mediatization, and Black Representation On- and Offstage: When Ira Aldridge, the African Roscius, Visited Pest-Buda in 1853
Authors: Imre Zoltán
Published: January 2020

Writing in 1853, Gábor Egressy, one of the leading actor-directors of the Hungarian-speaking National Theatre in Pest-Buda (Budapest), observed that representatives of different nations were appearing in increasing number on and off the stages of the major cities of Eastern Europe:

Today not only ideas fly on lightning wings, but humankind as well. Quick and easy as well as cheap travel has mobilized humankind and created worldwide and constant migration. Now, we do not have to leave our place to see the people of the faraway world of whom, so far, we have had merely vague ideas through rumors and fairy tales: rather these people visit us in our home. From every part of the world, fantastically colorful groups proceed from time to time before our eyes. Whatever is pleasant, great, and fine on Earth, all visit us. Groups of Italians, French, Negroes, and English are coming here and offering the divine products of their homelands.

Egressy shared this observation with readers when the black, British-American actor Ira Aldridge visited the National Theatre in 1853. Aldridge and his English company received a warm welcome from Hungarian audiences and leading intellectuals. At the same time, however, he was under surveillance by the Habsburg secret police, and was later politely asked to leave the city. In my article, I investigate Aldridge's visit to Pest-Buda using the concepts of surrogation (Joseph Roach) and mediatization (Christopher B. Balme), and pay close attention to the way the actor's contemporaries interpreted his visit.
Multisets, heaps, bags, families: What is a multiset?
Authors: Jürgensen Helmut
Published: January 2020

Is the current formulation of multiset theory, which is based on sets and multiplicities of their elements, adequate? We exhibit both mathematical and metamathematical reasons which should cause one to rethink the definition. Some problems with multiset theory in its accepted formulation concern even the basic operations of union, intersection, and complement; others, more deeply rooted, concern Cartesian products, relations, or morphisms. We compare current definitions and conclude that the problems of multiset theory need to be resolved at the fundamental level of sets and mappings (or equivalent constructs) with multiplicities introduced only as a secondary concept. As a consequence, we propose to define multisets as families. A mapping establishes the connection to the familiar theory of multisets. Without losing anything, our proposal is simple and provides for an elegant mathematical theory.
An Age of Ages: Nation, Empires and their Discontents
Authors: Giannakopoulos Georgios
Published: January 2020

In August 1902 the British Conservative MP for East London, William Evans-Gordon, spent two months in Eastern Europe surveying the living conditions of Jewish populations across the Russian Pale of Settlement. His reflections – and photographs – morphed into a booklet published the following year in London, entitledThe Alien Immigrant. Abstracts from the manuscript were read in the commission hearings that led to the adoption of the Aliens Act in 1905, a milestone in the introduction of immigration controls across the United Kingdom and the codification of the legal right to asylum. Among the places that Evans-Gordon visited was Vilna, also known in Polish as Wilno – today's Vilnius. The city was ‘one of the most congested cities of the Jewish pale’; it lay in ‘the centre of the great Jewish drama’. Facing the misery of the Jewish ghetto Evans-Gordon ruminated on the conditions of life in the slums of east London which were populated by Jewish families during the period of the ‘Great Departure’. Eerily anticipating present-day debates across Europe,The Alien Immigrantframed the migration crisis as a ‘national question’ and warned prospective migrants that the United Kingdom could not offer them a better future. Evans-Gordon's arguments gave popular anti-Semitism a progressive veneer. ‘When altruism towards aliens leaves some of our poorest folk without homes and without work’, he noted, ‘it is time to say that the burden of solving the problems of Eastern Europe is not to be laid on them’.
Fiscal Union, Monetary Policy Normalization and Populism in the Eurozone
Authors: Arahuetes García Alfredo , Gómez Bengoechea Gonzalo
Published: January 2020

This article studies the different scenarios for the fiscal union in the Eurozone beyond 2019. It explains the different alternatives that the literature has explored to ensure fiscal transfers within Eurozone states as well as for common debt issuance. It also describes the role that monetary policy has played as a backstop for sovereign defaults and highlights the limits that inflation and an anti-euro backlash impose on public debt sustainability.
Prevalence and predictors of underweight and stunting among children under 2 years of age in Eastern Kenya
Authors: Guyatt Helen , Muiruri Florence , Mburu Peter , Robins Ann
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To investigate key risk factors associated with undernutrition in the first few years of life.

Design:

A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in January 2018 collecting anthropometric data and other information on household, caregiver and child characteristics. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated to assess the association of these characteristics with stunting and underweight outcomes.

Setting:

Kitui and Machakos counties in south-east Kenya.

Participants:

Caregivers and their children aged 0–23 months in 967 beneficiary households of the Government of Kenya’s cash for orphans and vulnerable children (CT-OVC) social protection scheme.

Results:

Twenty-three per cent of the 1004 children with anthropometric data were stunted, 10 % were underweight and 6 % experienced wasting. The strongest predictors of stunting and underweight were being in the second year of life and being born with a low birth weight. Residing in a poor household and having more than one child under 2 years of age in the household were also significant risk factors for being underweight. Although 43 % of children did not receive the minimal acceptable diet, this was not a significant factor associated with undernutrition. When age was removed as a covariate in children aged 12–23 months, being male resulted in a significantly higher risk of being stunted.

Conclusions:

While only 9 % of children were born with a low birth weight, these were four to five times more likely to be stunted and underweight, suggesting that preventive measures during pregnancy could have significant nutrition and health benefits for young children in this study area.
Ambiguities of Prophecy: Old Testament Rhetoric in the American Founding Era
Authors: Keller Jonathan
Published: January 2020

Scholars have long recognized the impact of Hebrew prophecy on the rhetoric of the American Founding era, but they have assumed it is all of one type, the American Jeremiad, a clarion call for political action. In fact, biblical rhetoric during this era mirrors three types of Old Testament prophecy formulated at three distinct moments in ancient Biblical history: before, during, and after the Babylonian Exile of 587 BCE. I refer to these as repentance, Jeremiad, and disappointment. I interpret sermons by three leading Protestant ministers in order to demonstrate that all three types of Hebraic prophecy were prevalent during this era, but only one of them, the Jeremiad, seeks to inspire political action; second, the Jeremiad was prominent only during the Revolutionary War. Before the war, and after the ratification of the Constitution, the two quietistic modes of prophecy, repentance, and disappointment, are more prevalent. I conclude by speculating about what the American founders might think of the contemporary rhetorical landscape, where the Jeremiad has become dominant, drowning out more moderate forms of biblical discourse.
Gateway or getaway? Testing the link between lifestyle politics and other modes of political participation
Authors: de Moor Joost , Verhaegen Soetkin
Published: January 2020

Many have depicted a steady rise in lifestyle politics. Individuals are increasingly using everyday life choices about consumption, transportation, or modes of living to address political, environmental, or ethical issues. While celebrated by some as an expansion of political participation, others worry this trend may be detrimental for democracy, for instance, by reducing citizens to consumers. Implicit in this common critique is the notion that lifestyle politics will replace, rather than coexist with or lead to, other forms of political participation. We provide the first detailed longitudinal analysis to test these hypotheses. Using unique panel data from 1538 politically active individuals from the Flemish region of Belgium (2017–18), we demonstrate that over time, lifestyle politics functions as a gateway into institutionalized and non-institutionalized modes of political participation and that this relationship is mediated by individuals’ increased political concerns.
Ratoeh Jaroe:Islam, Youth, and Popular Dance in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: ISHIGURO MAHO A.
Published: January 2020

Abstract (Indonesian)

Di dalam artikel ini, saya mencoba membahas tentang ratoeh jaroe, tarian dari Aceh yang menjadi populer di Jakarta. Ratoeh jaroe adalah tarian asli dari Aceh, di mana Aceh merupakan salah satu provinsi di Indonesia yang menerapkan nilai-nilai agama Islam yang ketat dalam masyarakatnya. Peran para muslimah muda yang tinggal di Jakarta sangat menentukan dalam melihat fenomena perkembangan tarian tersebut. Saya menelaah perkembangan tarian ratoeh jaroe di Jakarta dalam berbagai kesempatan, yang kebanyakan dilakukan oleh para penari muda. Fokus saya antara lain pada (a) jaringan para praktisi tari asal Aceh yang tinggal di Jakarta, (b) tujuan dan manfaat tarian tersebut, dan (c) kaitan antara agama Islam dengan tarian ratoeh jaroe. Salah satu aspek yang membuat tarian ini dapat berkembang dengan baik di Jakarta, karena kesenian ini dapat disesuaikan dengan gaya hidup kosmopolitan. Hal ini diperkuat dengan hubungan antara agama dengan budaya pop, yang memungkinkan seorang wanita muslim dapat mempraktekkan apa yang dikehendaki untuk meraih kesuksesan.
“Nothing Happened Without Music”: Teaching and Learning the AnatolianBağlamain Berlin
Authors: O’TOOLE MICHAEL
Published: January 2020

In his article “The Ethnomusicology of Music Learning and Teaching,” Timothy Rice argues that the practices of teaching and learning music are fundamental to the ways in which music is conceptualised, transmitted, and invested with symbolic meanings (2003). Ethnomusicologists studying music and diaspora have also drawn attention to the significance of music education as a key medium for the construction and maintenance of diasporic identities.1In diasporic communities, music education can be a principal means for transmitting perspectives on the historical and political forces that have shaped the diaspora and for developing the linguistic and cultural competency of younger generations. Music schools and other institutions of musical learning can also play important roles in the public representation of diasporic communities and in articulating the relationship of the diaspora to the linguistic, musical, religious, and national heritage of its perceived homeland.