bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence and Risk Factors of Ventricular Fibrillation Before Primary Angioplasty in Patients With First ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Nationwide Study in Denmark
Authors: Jabbari Reza , Engstrøm Thomas , Glinge Charlotte , Risgaard Bjarke , Jabbari Javad , Winkel Bo Gregers , Terkelsen Christian Juhl , Tilsted Hans‐Henrik , Jensen Lisette Okkels , Hougaard Mikkel , Chiuve Stephanie E. , Pedersen Frants , Svendsen Jesper Hastrup , Haunsø Stig , Albert Christine M. , Tfelt‐Hansen Jacob
Published: January 2015

Background

We aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors for ventricular fibrillation (
VF
) before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (
PPCI
) among patients with
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (
STEMI
) in a prospective nationwide setting.

Methods and Results

In this case‐control study, patients presenting within the first 12 hours of first
STEMI
who survived to undergo angiography and subsequent
PPCI
were enrolled. Over 2 years, 219 cases presenting with
VF
before
PPCI
and 441 controls without preceding
VF
were enrolled. Of the 219 case patients, 182 (83%) had
STEMI
with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest due to
VF
, and 37 (17%) had cardiac arrest upon arrival to the emergency room. Medical history was collected by standardized interviews and by linkage to national electronic health records. The incidence of
VF
before
PPCI
among
STEMI
patients was 11.6%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified novel associations between atrial fibrillation and alcohol consumption with
VF
. Patients with a history of
atrial fibrillation
had a 2.80‐fold odds of experiencing
VF
before
PPCI
(95%
CI
1.10 to 7.30). Compared with nondrinkers, patients who consumed 1 to 7 units, 8 to 14 units, or >15 units of alcohol per week had an odds ratio (
OR) of
1.30 (95%
CI
, 0.80 to 2.20), 2.30 (95%
CI
, 1.20 to 4.20), or 3.30 (95%
CI
, 1.80 to 5.90), respectively, for VF. Previously reported associations for preinfarction angina (
OR
0.46; 95%
CI
0.32 to 0.67), age of <60 years (
OR
1.75; 95%
CI
1.20 to 2.60), anterior infarction (
OR
2.10; 95%
CI
1.40 to 3.00), preprocedural
thrombolysis in myocardial infarction
flow grade 0 (
OR
1.65; 95%
CI
1.14 to 2.40), and family history of sudden death (
OR
1.60; 95%
CI
1.10 to 2.40) were all associated with
VF
.

Conclusion

Several easily assessed risk factors were associated with
VF
occurring out‐of‐hospital or on arrival at the emergency room before
PPCI
in
STEMI
patients, thus providing potential avenues for investigation regarding improved identification and prevention of life‐threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
Effect of Cardiogenic Shock Hospital Volume on Mortality in Patients With Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Shaefi Shahzad , O'Gara Brian , Kociol Robb D. , Joynt Karen , Mueller Ariel , Nizamuddin Junaid , Mahmood Eitezaz , Talmor Daniel , Shahul Sajid
Published: January 2015

Background

Cardiogenic shock (
CS
) is associated with significant morbidity, and mortality rates approach 40% to 60%. Treatment for
CS
requires an aggressive, sophisticated, complex, goal‐oriented, therapeutic regimen focused on early revascularization and adjunctive supportive therapies, suggesting that hospitals with greater
CS
volume may provide better care. The association between
CS
hospital volume and inpatient mortality for
CS
is unclear.

Methods and Results

We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample to examine 533 179 weighted patient discharges from 2675 hospitals with
CS
from 2004 to 2011 and divided them into quartiles of mean annual hospital
CS
case volume. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality. Multivariate adjustments were performed to account for severity of illness, relevant comorbidities, hospital characteristics, and differences in treatment. Compared with the highest volume quartile, the adjusted odds ratio for inpatient mortality for persons admitted to hospitals in the lowest‐volume quartile (≤27 weighted cases per year) was 1.27 (95%
CI
1.15 to 1.40), whereas for admission to hospitals in the low‐volume and medium‐volume quartiles, the odds ratios were 1.20 (95%
CI
1.08 to 1.32) and 1.12 (95%
CI
1.01 to 1.24), respectively. Similarly, improved survival was observed across quartiles, with an adjusted inpatient mortality incidence of 41.97% (95%
CI
40.87 to 43.08) for hospitals with the lowest volume of
CS
cases and a drop to 37.01% (95%
CI
35.11 to 38.96) for hospitals with the highest volume of
CS
cases. Analysis of treatments offered between hospital quartiles revealed that the centers with volumes in the highest quartile demonstrated significantly higher numbers of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous coronary intervention, or intra‐aortic balloon pump counterpulsation. A similar relationship was demonstrated with the use of mechanical circulatory support (ventricular assist devices and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), for which there was significantly higher use in the higher volume quartiles.

Conclusions

We demonstrated an association between lower
CS
case volume and higher mortality. There is more frequent use of both standard supportive and revascularization techniques at the higher volume centers. Future directions may include examining whether early stabilization and transfer improve outcomes of patients with
CS
who are admitted to lower volume centers.
Protective Strategies and the Prestige of the “Academic”
Authors: Young Stephen L.
Published: January 2015

This article examines how Evangelical Christian inerrantist scholars theorize their biblical scholarship and its relation to the broader academy, highlighting (1) their self-representation as true academics, and (2) the ways they modulate historical methods to prefer interpretive options that keep the Bible inerrant. Using these characteristics of inerrantist theorizing, the article redescribes their scholarship in terms of the religious studies rubrics of “protective strategies” and “privileging” insider claims. It then exploits this redescription to explore various characteristics of inerrantist religiosity from a Practice Theory vantage point, noting especially inerrantist religiosity’s highly intellectualized nature as well as features of its fields of discourse production and consumption, and their participants, that differentiate them from broader academic fields focused on the Bible. Overall the article thus provides a detailed positive account of inerrantist scholarship and introduces scholars to the utility of this data set for studying contemporary religiosity and religious “protectionism.”
Women, Jung and the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Efthimiadis-Keith Helen
Published: January 2015

This paper evaluates Jungian psychoanalytic approaches to Hebrew Bible texts by way of two readings of the book of Ruth: those of Yehezkel Kluger and Nomi Kluger-Nash. In so doing, it provides a brief synopsis of Jungian approaches to Hebrew Bible texts and the process of individuation. It then evaluates the two readings mentioned according to the author and Ricoeur’s criteria for adequate interpretation. Having done so, it attempts to draw conclusions on the general (and potential) value of Jungian biblical hermeneutics, particularly as it affects the appraisal of women in the Hebew Bible and the incorporation of Jewish tradition and scholarship in Hebrew Bible hermeneutics. Finally, it endeavours to sketch a way forward.
Preface to the Cavell Symposium
Authors: Pritchard Duncan
Published: January 2015

A preface to a symposium devoted to Stanley Cavell’s The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy (1979), featuring papers by Peter Fosl, Andrea Kern, and Stephen Mulhall.
Does Knowledge Rest Upon a Form of Life?
Authors: Kern Andrea
Published: January 2015

Linking the idea of knowledge with the idea of a certain form of life is uncontestedly one of the lessons the later Wittgenstein wanted to teach us. However, what Wittgenstein exactly meant by this is highly contested in the Wittgenstein literature. In this paper, I distinguish two ways of appealing to the idea of a form of life in order to understand knowledge. According to the first way, the appeal to the idea of a form of life is supposed to “solve” the skeptical problem. On that account the appeal to a form of life is conceived of as an appeal to something that is more fundamental than knowledge and thereby explains how knowledge is possible. According to the second way, the appeal to the idea of a form of life is taken to be a consequence of an insight that makes it impossible for the skeptical problem to even get formulated: it is the insight that the fundamental meaning of the concept of knowledge is to describe a kind of capacity, more precisely, a capacity for knowledge. I take this to be Wittgenstein’s deepest lesson for epistemology which is still to be acknowledged. According to this interpretation, the thought that knowledge is linked with a certain form of life no longer expresses the idea that knowledge rests upon something that is more fundamental than knowledge. It rather expresses the idea that knowledge rests upon a form of life that cannot exist without knowledge.
Effective Skeptical Arguments
Authors: Buford Christopher T. , Brueckner Anthony
Published: January 2015

Peter Murphy has argued that effective skeptical scenarios (those that can power a prima facie compelling skeptical argument) all have the following feature: the subject involved in the scenario does not know that some ordinary proposition is true, even if the proposition is true in the scenario. So the standard “false belief” conception of skeptical scenarios is wrong, since the belief of the targeted proposition need not be mistaken in the scenario. Murphy then argues that this observation engenders a problem for skeptical arguments: they require the KK principle. We respond to this criticism on behalf of the skeptic in our paper.
First record of the wolf spider genus Lysania Thorell, 1890 from India with the description of a new species (Araneae: Lycosidae: Zoicinae)
Authors: MALAMEL JOBI J. , SANKARAN PRADEEP M. , JOSEPH MATHEW M. , SEBASTIAN POTHALIL A.
Published: January 2015

The lycosid spider genus Lysania Thorell, 1890 contains just three species found in Borneo, China and Malaysia (World Spider Catalog 2014), which build small, horizontal, sheet-like webs (Lehtinen & Hippa 1979; Li et al. 2013). Members of the genus are characterised by having a male pedipalp without an articulated median apophysis, a beak-like lateral apophysis and wider conductor and female genitalia with a central/median hairy plate and long copulatory ducts (Lehtinen & Hippa 1979; Li et al. 2013). Lysania deangia Li, Wang and Zhang (described from China) and L. pygmaea Thorell, 1890 (described from China and Malaysia) are known from both males and females, while L. sabahensis Lehtinen and Hippa, 1979 (described from Borneo) is known only from females (World Spider Catalog 2014). Here we provide the description and illustration of a new Lysania species from the Western Ghats, one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world (Myers et al. 2000), in the Kerala region of southern India.
Subdiurnal Stratocumulus Cloud Fraction Variability and Sensitivity to Precipitation
Authors: Burleyson Casey D. , Yuter Sandra E.
Published: January 2015

This paper presents an analysis of subtropical marine stratocumulus cloud fraction variability using a 30-min and 3° × 3° cloud fraction dataset from 2003 to 2010. Each of the three subtropical marine stratocumulus regions has distinct diurnal characteristics, but the southeast (SE) Pacific and SE Atlantic are more similar to each other than to the northeast (NE) Pacific. The amplitude and season-to-season diurnal cycle variations are larger in the Southern Hemisphere regions than in the NE Pacific. Net overnight changes in cloud fraction on 3° × 3° scales are either positive or neutral >77% of the time in the NE Pacific and >88% of the time in the SE Pacific and SE Atlantic. Cloud fraction often increases to 100% by dawn when cloud fraction at dusk is >30%. In the SE Pacific and SE Atlantic, a typical decrease in cloud area (median ≤ −5.7 × 105 km2) during the day is equivalent to 25% or more of the annual-mean cloud deck area. Time series for 3° × 3° areas where cloud fraction was ≥90% sometime overnight and <60% at dawn, such as would result from nocturnal formation of pockets of open cells (POCs), only occur 1.5%, 1.6%, and 3.3% of the time in the SE Pacific, SE Atlantic, and NE Pacific, respectively. Comparison of cloud fraction changes to ship-based radar and satellite-derived precipitation intensity and area measurements shows a lack of sensitivity of cloud fraction to drizzle on time scales of 1–3 h and spatial scales of 100–300 km.
Calculating Crop Water Requirement Satisfaction in the West Africa Sahel with Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture
Authors: McNally Amy , Husak Gregory J. , Brown Molly , Carroll Mark , Funk Chris , Yatheendradas Soni , Arsenault Kristi , Peters-Lidard Christa , Verdin James P.
Published: January 2015

The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission will provide soil moisture data with unprecedented accuracy, resolution, and coverage, enabling models to better track agricultural drought and estimate yields. In turn, this information can be used to shape policy related to food and water from commodity markets to humanitarian relief efforts. New data alone, however, do not translate to improvements in drought and yield forecasts. New tools will be needed to transform SMAP data into agriculturally meaningful products. The objective of this study is to evaluate the possibility and efficiency of replacing the rainfall-derived soil moisture component of a crop water stress index with SMAP data. The approach is demonstrated with 0.1°-resolution, ~10-day microwave soil moisture from the European Space Agency and simulated soil moisture from the Famine Early Warning Systems Network Land Data Assimilation System. Over a West Africa domain, the approach is evaluated by comparing the different soil moisture estimates and their resulting Water Requirement Satisfaction Index values from 2000 to 2010. This study highlights how the ensemble of indices performs during wet versus dry years, over different land-cover types, and the correlation with national-level millet yields. The new approach is a feasible and useful way to quantitatively assess how satellite-derived rainfall and soil moisture track agricultural water deficits. Given the importance of soil moisture in many applications, ranging from agriculture to public health to fire, this study should inspire other modeling communities to reformulate existing tools to take advantage of SMAP data.
Technique for Reducing the Effects of Nonlinear Terms on Electric Field Measurements of Electric Field Sensor Arrays on Aircraft Platforms
Authors: Mach D. M.
Published: January 2015

A generalized technique has been developed that reduces the contributions of nonlinear effects that occur during measurements of natural electric fields around thunderstorms by an array of field mills on an aircraft. The nonlinear effects can be due to nearby charge emitted by the aircraft as it acquires and sheds charge, but the nonlinear effects are not limited to such sources. The generalized technique uses the multiple independent measurements of the external electric field obtained during flight to determine and remove nonlinear contaminations in the external vector electric field. To demonstrate the technique, a simulated case with nonlinear contaminations was created and then corrected for the nonlinear components. In addition, data from two different field programs utilizing two different aircraft and field mill configurations, each containing observable and different nonlinear effects, were also corrected for the significant nonlinear effects found in the field mill outputs. The expanded independent measurements in this new technique allow for the determination and correction of components in the field mill outputs from almost any measurable source. Alternate utilization of the technique can include removing effects in the aircraft charging such as aircraft altitude, cloud properties, engine power settings, or aircraft flap deployment. This technique provides a way to make more precise measurements of the true external electric field for scientific studies of cloud electrification.
Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Educational Intervention to Train Pediatric Residents on Caring for Children With Special Health Care Needs
Authors: Bogetz Jori F. , Gabhart Julia M. , Rassbach Caroline E. , Sanders Lee M. , Mendoza Fernando S. , Bergman David A. , Blankenburg Rebecca L.
Published: January 2015

Objective. To evaluate an innovative curriculum meeting new pediatric residency education guidelines, Special Care Optimization for Patients and Education (SCOPE). Methods. Residents were randomized to intervention (n = 23) or control (n = 25) groups. Intervention residents participated in SCOPE, pairing them with a child with special health care needs (CSHCN) and faculty mentor to make a home visit, complete care coordination toolkits, and participate in case discussions. The primary outcome was resident self-efficacy in nine skills in caring for CSHCN. Secondary outcomes included curriculum feasibility/acceptance, resident attitudes, and family satisfaction. Results. Response rates were ≥65%. Intervention residents improved in their self-efficacy for setting patient-centered goals compared with controls (mean change on 4-point Likert-type scale, 1.36 vs 0.56, P < .05). SCOPE was feasible/acceptable, residents had improved attitudes toward CSHCN, and families reported high satisfaction. Conclusion. SCOPE may serve as a model for efforts to increase residents’ self-efficacy in their care of patients with chronic disease.
Modulation of Dietary Lipid Composition During Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Santacruz Carlos A. , Orbegozo Diego , Vincent Jean‐Louis , Preiser Jean Charles
Published: January 2015

Background: Pharmaconutrition including omega‐3 and competitive analogs of omega‐6 fatty acids has been used to modulate the inflammatory response during acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The clinical benefit of this approach when assessed in prospective randomized clinical trials has been inconsistent. We tried to assess the reasons for the conflicting results, including the possible influence of the composition of the control solution. Methods: We collected data from studies listed in PubMed, Ovid, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, the U.S. National Institute of Health database, and the ARDSnet database up to March 2013. We included all trials that evaluated effects of enteral pharmaconutrition vs a control solution on mortality, ventilator‐free days, length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU), and ICU‐free days. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to study the influence of the lipid content of the control solution. Results: We found 7 eligible studies (802 patients; 405 randomized to pharmaconutrition). The aggregated results showed no overall effect on mortality (risk ratio [RR] = 0.83 [0.55–1.25], P = .37), but there was a mortality benefit when only studies in which pharmaconutrition was compared to a lipid‐rich control solution were considered (RR = 0.57 [0.41–0.78], P < .001). ICU LOS was shorter in patients randomized to pharmaconutrition (RR = 0.5 [0.85–0.16]). Conclusion: Use of enteral pharmaconutrition in patients with ARDS was associated with decreased mortality only when the comparator solution contained a greater amount of lipid than is currently recommended. Hence, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of enteral pharmaconutrition in ARDS.
Fat‐Modified Breast Milk Resolves Chylous Pleural Effusion in Infants With Postsurgical Chylothorax but Is Associated With Slow Growth
Authors: Kocel Sarah L. , Russell Jennifer , O'Connor Deborah L.
Published: January 2015

Background:Chylothorax occurs in ~3%–5% of infants undergoing cardiac surgery. Standard treatment requires discontinuation of breast milk feeding, due to the abundance of long‐chain triglycerides and transition to a medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT)–based formula.Objective:To determine the effectiveness of fat‐modified breast milk (MBM) for the treatment of chylothorax compared with MCT formula.Materials and Methods:Infants diagnosed with chylothorax following surgery for congenital heart disease between January 2008 and December 2009 at The Hospital for Sick Children were eligible for this nonrandomized open‐label study. Treatment infants (n = 8) received mother's own milk that had been modified by removing the fat layer via centrifugation and adding MCT, nutrients, and essential fatty acids to provide an estimated 74 kcal/100 mL and 1.4 g/100 mL protein (MBM group). Control infants (n = 8) received an MCT formula (MCT group). The feeding intervention was a minimum of 6 weeks after chest tube removal per The Hospital for Sick Children standard chylothorax treatment protocol.Results:Daily volume and duration of chest tube drainage were not different between the MBM and MCT groups. While there was no statistically significant difference in rates of weight gain (g/d) between feeding groups, infants in the MBM group, who tended to be younger, experienced a decline in mean weight (P= .04) and length (P= .01) for agezscores.Conclusion:Fat‐modified breast milk resolved chylothorax; however, strategies to address poor growth need to be developed and evaluated in larger trials prior to widespread clinical adoption of this novel treatment.
Pharyngeal Wall Floppiness
Authors: Qian Wei , Tang Jun‐xiang , Jiang Guo‐chang , Zhao Lin
Published: January 2015

Objective

To measure pharyngeal wall floppiness (PWF) under different pressures, a novel method and technique were introduced in the present study.

Study Design

A prospective clinical study.

Subjects and Methods

Forty‐seven healthy subjects (32 male; mean age, 37.9 years) and 49 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) (46 male; mean age, 41.45 years) were recruited. The pharyngeal cavity volume was measured by acoustic reflection under positive (10 cm H2O) and negative (−10 cm H2O) pressures. The pharyngeal cavity volume was detected from the segment of 10 to 20 cm from the incisor. Moreover, PWF was calculated from the difference of pharyngeal cavity volumes under positive and negative pressures divided by the sum of the volumes under positive and negative pressures. The measurements were conducted on a group of 7 subjects weekly over 3 consecutive weeks to evaluate test‐retest variability.

Results

The mean PWF was 0.19 ± 0.11 in healthy subjects and 0.24 ± 0.07 in the OSAS group, with a significant difference (P <. 01). There was moderate positive correlation between PWF and age or body mass index in healthy subjects. In the 7 subjects, the mean measured interclass correlation coefficient was 0.9 (P <. 05) in 3 consecutive weekly measurements.

Conclusion

The OSAS population had greater PWF compared to healthy subjects. The age dependency of PWF in healthy subjects implied which might play important roles in the development of OSAS. This noninvasive and reproducible technique might be a useful tool in OSAS clinical applications.
Comparison of Observational Methods and Their Relation to Ratings of Engagement in Young Children
Authors: Wood Brenna K. , Hojnoski Robin L. , Laracy Seth D. , Olson Christopher L.
Published: January 2015

Although, collectively, results of earlier direct observation studies suggest momentary time sampling (MTS) may offer certain technical advantages over whole-interval (WIR) and partial-interval (PIR) recording, no study has compared these methods for measuring engagement in young children in naturalistic environments. This study compared direct observations of child engagement using WIR, PIR, and MTS methods to continuous duration recording (CDR), using measurement error, correlations, and inter-observer agreement. Results indicated that MTS consistently demonstrated measurements closer to CDR compared with PIR and WIR, although in this study, the differences between MTS and PIR across indicators were not as great as has been demonstrated in the literature. WIR, PIR, and MTS were all strongly correlated with CDR, although there were issues with under and overestimations. Finally, the four observational methods were all moderately to strongly correlated with expert ratings of engagement, although none was significantly correlated with teacher rankings of classroom engagement.
Acute Injuries in Track and Field Athletes
Authors: Opar David , Drezner Jonathan , Shield Anthony , Williams Morgan , Webner David , Sennett Brian , Kapur Rahul , Cohen Marc , Ulager James , Cafengiu Anna , Cronholm Peter F.
Published: January 2015

Background:

Few studies have examined acute injuries in track and field in both elite and subelite athletes.

Purpose:

To observe the absolute number and relative rates of injury in track and field athletes across a wide range of competition levels and ages during 3 years of the Penn Relays Carnival to assist with future medical coverage planning and injury prevention strategies.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

Over a 3-year period, all injuries treated by the medical staff were recorded on a standardized injury report form. Absolute number of injuries and relative injury rates (number of injuries per 1000 competing athletes) were determined and odds ratios (ORs) of injury rates were calculated between sexes, competition levels, and events. Injuries were also broken down into major or minor medical or orthopaedic injuries.

Results:

Throughout the study period, 48,473 competing athletes participated in the Penn Relays Carnival, and 436 injuries were sustained. For medical coverage purposes, the relative rate of injury subtypes was greatest for minor orthopaedic injuries (5.71 injuries per 1000 participants), followed by minor medical injuries (3.42 injuries per 1000 participants), major medical injuries (0.69 injuries per 1000 participants), and major orthopaedic injuries (0.18 injuries per 1000 participants). College/elite athletes displayed the lowest relative injury rate (7.99 injuries per 1000 participants), which was significantly less than that of high school (9.87 injuries per 1000 participants) and masters athletes (16.33 injuries per 1000 participants). Male athletes displayed a greater likelihood of having a minor orthopaedic injury compared with female athletes (OR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.06-1.75]; χ2 = 5.73; P = .017) but were less likely to sustain a major medical injury (OR, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.15-0.75]; χ2 = 7.75; P = .005). Of the 3 most heavily participated in events, the 4 × 400-m relay displayed the greatest relative injury rate (13.6 injuries per 1000 participants) compared with the 4 × 100-m and 4 × 200-m relays.

Conclusion:

Medical coverage teams for future large-scale track and field events need to plan for at least 2 major orthopaedic and 7 major medical injuries per 10,000 participants. Male track and field athletes, particularly masters male athletes, are at greater risk of injury compared with other sexes and competition levels.
What does the future hold for compressor manufacturers?
Authors: Pearson Andy
Published: January 2015

This paper explores some future opportunities in refrigeration for compressor designers and manufacturers. Some of the most interesting concepts are in expanders and, in particular, how to integrate them into systems, how to target suitable applications and how to convince non-technicians that this is necessary and worthwhile. In some cases, the compressor may hold the key to a problem experienced in another part of the system; at other times, the solution to a compressor design challenge may be found by making changes elsewhere.
Pakistani Film Poster Art
Authors: Khan Ali
Published: January 2015

The Pakistan film industry in its heyday in the 1970s was producing upward of 100 films annually making it one of the largest in the world and arguably the largest of the Muslim world. Despite the fact that the Pakistan film industry has produced a staggering number of images they have not been studied in any great depth. Little is known of the earlier painters or of their work. This article looks at these posters as a form of popular art that is colourful, innovative and unique in its creativity. The history, technique and impact of this popular art form is analyzed through secondary research as well as primary ethnographic fieldwork that was undertaken between 2010 and 2012 in Lahore. The article also charts the rise of hand-painted posters as a means of advertising and proceeds to examine the representation of different genres of films in the posters. The development of this vibrant indigenous art form is looked at through the eyes of “master painters” and their experiences through the different decades of Pakistani cinema. The article concludes with an account of the decline of this unique art form as resulting from the overall contraction of the industry and the technological changes that saw digital prints replace hand painted craftsmanship.
Choice Shifts in Small Groups Engaging in Repeated Intellective Tasks
Authors: Reinig Bruce A. , Horowitz Ira , Whittenburg G. E.
Published: January 2015

We examine the propensity of individuals working in small groups to shift choices from their initial positions, following a group discussion, when engaged in multiple intellective tasks. We study the factors that may influence such shifts including perceptions of oneself and others, one’s specialized knowledge level, and the amount of disagreement among the initial choices. Ordered-logit regression is used to model the odds and hence the likelihood that team members switch their decisions a given number of times on the multiple tasks. Group members with high achieved status differences and distances, as measured by their ability relative to their teammates, were less likely to change positions in deference to the group. Perceptions of self were non-significant. Whether an individual was perceived to be a top performer by two or more of the other group members interacted with time, producing a positive longitudinal effect that occurs when one has influence over a majority in the group: The individual with such influence is less likely to shift while the others are more likely to shift, as the group gains experience over multiple tasks.
Tumor Budding Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Prediction of Lymph Node Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Angadi Punnya V. , Patil Prakash V. , Hallikeri Kaveri , Mallapur M. D. , Hallikerimath Seema , Kale Alka D.
Published: January 2015

Objective. Despite the enormous advances in diagnostic and management modalities of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the mortality rates have remained stagnant with a 5-year survival rate of <50% challenging the available methods of prognostic assessment. Presence of tumor budding has been associated with aggressive behavior and is correlated with lymph node metastasis, recurrence, distant metastasis, and decreased survival in several cancers. However, the prognostic significance of this apparently simple to evaluate parameter is sparse in OSCC. Methods. A total of 75 cases of surgically excised OSCC were analyzed for tumor budding along with other clinicopathologic parameters. Tumor budding was graded as high and low intensity based on presence and absence of ≥10 or <10 budding foci in hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections. An association between the clinicopathological parameters, lymph node metastases with the budding index was examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results. Tumor budding was evident in 89% of cases with around 45.3% of the cases demonstrated high-intensity budding. High-intensity tumor budding was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor budding and depth of invasion were significant independent predictors for lymph node metastasis. Conclusion. Tumor budding is frequently encountered histologic marker in OSCC. High-intensity tumor budding is a strong independent prognostic factor for prediction of lymph node metastasis.
Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis Using a Straight Intramedullary Nail
Authors: Lucas y Hernandez Julien , Abad Julien , Remy Stanislas , Darcel Veronique , Chauveaux Dominique , Laffenetre Olivier
Published: January 2015

Background:

Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis is a proven solution for severe hindfoot arthropathy that reestablishes stability for plantigrade gait and alleviates pain, while correcting deformity. Intramedullary nailing is an effective option for fixation. The aim of this study was to determine clinical outcome, analyze the fusion rate, and determine final hindfoot alignment in a consecutive series of patients using a single-design straight intramedullary nail.

Methods:

This study evaluated 63 patients treated between 2006 and 2010 with at least 36 months of follow-up. Ten patients were excluded because of study inclusion criteria, and 4 were lost to follow-up, leaving 49 patients available for review. The average follow-up was 70.7 ± 15.1 months.

Results:

The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score improved from 29.7 ± 15.1 before arthrodesis to 65.8 ± 14.6 after ( P < .001) with 83.7% (41/49) of patients stating they were satisfied or very satisfied with the outcome. The hindfoot angle improved from −3 ± 15 degrees (varus) before the arthrodesis to 3.5 ± 4 degrees (valgus) after; the tibiotalar angle averaged 103 ± 4.2 degrees after the arthrodesis. Fusion occurred in both joints in 86% (42/49) of patients and in 93% (91/98) of all joints. The average time to fusion was 4.5 ± 2 months. Current smokers had a significantly ( P = .03) higher risk of complications. Use of an allograft, with or without bone morphogenetic protein 2, led to comparable results even in the presence of a large bone defect.

Conclusion:

These results are comparable to previously published studies using intramedullary nailing to achieve tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis. The complication concerns typically associated with straight nails were not found. We recommend using a retrograde intramedullary nail for the fixation of TTC arthrodesis and adding an allograft in cases of significant bone loss.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, consecutive case series.
Improving Tour de France modeling with allometric scaling
Authors: Hobson Chad Michael , Goff John Eric
Published: January 2015

We describe improvements we have made to the model our research group employs to predict stage-winning times of the Tour de France. Accounting for different stage-winning cyclist masses associated with different stage types, we use allometric scaling to modify our model’s cyclist power output. We show definitively that such a change to our model improved our prediction capabilities over what we were able to predict using the model we employed for the 2013 Tour de France. Excluding three tailwind-dominated stages, where our worst error was 7.79%, we predicted all other stages to better than 5%, including five stages that we predicted to better than 1%. We also show how to improve our model further with a different type of scaling.
Clinical and X- Ray Stability Evaluation in Arthroscopic Bankart Repair
Authors: Enriquez Mauricio Carrasco , Torres Mauricio , Ortiz José Carlos , Simondi Néstor , Calantoni Miguel Alberto , Carpio Diego Sánchez
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

Crank test and the radiological Sulcus sign are described as reliable parameters of shoulder instability. Our objective is to establish by these methods, the clinical and x- ray stability outcome in patients with arthroscopic Bankart repair.

Methods:

We studied 30 patients, 21 males and 9 female, average age 31 years (17-45), with ISIS average of 3.5 (2-5), all the cases presented Bankart lesion. All patients were treated on by the same team, all the surgeries were did by the same arthroscopic technique. Average follow up 21 months (6 - 36). The radiological and clinic assessment was done by the same surgeon to the 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively.

Results:

We found In 25 patients a negative result of clinical - x ray evaluation, 4 patients had crank test positive,1 patient presented both, Crank test and positive Sulcus sign.

Discussion:

These clinical and radiological tests are a practical tool that reproduced the gleno humeral postsurgical instability; In addition, it was found that the positive cases of instability coincide with a 6 points preoperative ISIS evaluation.

Conclusion:

We can infer that both, Crank test as Sulcus sign are reliable parameters for evaluate postoperative instability. We know that the success of the surgical outcome is the preoperative screening of the patient.
Autologous osteochondral transfer for the treatment of full-thickness defects in patients with or without ACL reconstruction. Results with 7 years follow-up
Authors: Dere Juan J. , Yacuzzi Carlos H. , Paz Matías Costa
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of autologous osteochondral transfer for the treatment of cartilage defects in 2 groups of patients: The first with an isolated osteochondral injury and the other with associated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury treated in one stage surgery

Materials and Methods:

We retrospectively evaluated 25 patients with symptomatic focal full-thickness chondral lesions in the femoral condyles during the years 2003-2009, with a minimum of 5 years of follow up. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group A: 10 patients with associated ACL injury, and Group B: 15 patients with an isolated osteochondral lesion. Clinical outcome was analyzed by Lysholm and IKDC scores.

Results:

There was an improvement of all scores in both groups. There were no significant differences between the groups in the IKDC (82/84) and Lysholm (87/86) scores. The mean age at the time of assessment for group A was 46 years and 44 for the group B. The mid term follow-up was 96 months for group A and 103 months for group B. Two complications were recorded in group A: 1 infection and 1 arthrofibrosis. 2 complicationsoccurred in group B: 2 arthrofibrosis.

Conclusion:

The results of the mosaicplasty for the focal full-thickness chondral lesions in the femoral condyles are favorable after 5 years of follow up. There was no difference between the associated or not ACL injury.
Prospective study on the incidence of complications in knee arthroplasty UCAL-Spanish Association
Authors: Francescoli L. , Machain S. , Gaiero L. , Dupont M.
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

The aim of our study was to determine the morbidity and mortality at 3 and 6 months after surgery of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty at the Unidad de Cirugía del Aparato Locomotor (UCAL) of the Asociación Española de Socorros Mutuos (a medical institution).

Methods:

In a prospective single cohortstudy, all patients undergoing primary totalkneearthroplastyatUCALinthe periodbetween Mayand December2011were included, totalizing 140 arthroplasties .A 4 of them failed to complete follow them, so that the results of 136 primary knee arthroplasties using different functional scores were evaluated, findings, comorbidities and complications encounteredwere described.

Results:

The mortality at follow-upinthe populationwas 0%. Seven patients (5,14%) had complications, including 2patients (1.47%) who had a deep infection. The rateof readmissionandreoperationof our populationwas 4,4% (6 patients). Patients which had no previous comorbidities were a 16,9% The most frequent comorbidity was hypertension present in 65,4% of our patients. All patients with complications had at least 3 comorbidities. Most patients improved their functional dependence by 3% improved their quality of life by 80%, and above all reduced their symptoms especially pain by 66%.

Conclusion:

All patients with complications had 3 or more comorbidities. In the study population 32% of patients with 3 or more comorbidities suffered any complications. There were no complications in the group of patients with less than 3 comorbidities regardless of age this being statistically significant. We conclude that having 3 or more comorbidities increased the risk of complications this being statistically significant.
Moragas Manouver Correlation Clinically Arthroscopy, in the Diagnosis of Lateral Meniscal Injury
Authors: Ballas Juan Pablo Estévez
Published: January 2015

Purpose:

The aim of this study is to access the correlation of Moragas manouver and arthroscopic findings, in the diagnosis of lateral meniscal injury, and to know the imagenologic findings and comparison with arthroscopic results.

Methods:

474 arthroscopic procedures were performed with meniscal injuries between 2005-2013. 142 are lateral meniscus lesions (male=94, female=58) by clinical evaluation, average age= 34.4 years old (15-58). MRI was performed in 73 cases, what allowed correlate findings clinical imaging. All clinical tests were realized by the same clinician.

Results:

Of the 142 patients, 136 were pure external meniscus injuries, (95.77%), 3 were colateral ligament lesions, 1 was a parameniscal cyst, 1 was popliteus tendinosis and 1 was normal. Of 73 cases with MRI evaluation, 68 were a pure lateral meniscal lesions (93.15%), 2 were partial colateral ligament lesions, 1 was popliteus tendinosis, 1 was iliotibial band friction syndrome and 1was lateral condyle avascular necrosis. The comparison between MRI findings and arthroscopic procedure they had no statistical significance. p< 0.0025

Conclusion:

The Moragas manouver has a high sensitivity diagnosed for lateral meniscal injury, and the imagenologic correlation with arthroscopic findings was minor in this study (95.77% v/s 93.15%).

Discussion:

A correct clinic examination and semiologic tests are still important to clinical diagnosis in orthopedics.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Vilaseca Tomas , Chahla Jorge , Rodriguez Gustavo Gomez , Arroquy Damián , Herrera Gonzalo Perez , Orlowski Belen , Carboni Martín
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to analyze whether it is more frequent the presence of a decreased range of motion in the hips of recreational athletes with primary injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than in a control group of volunteers without knee pathology.

Methods:

We included prospectively recreational athletes between 18 and 40 years with an acute ACL injury between January 2011 and January 2013. They were compared with a control group of volunteers recreational athletes without lower limb pathology and in the same range of age. The internal and external rotations passively prior to the point at which the pelvis movement contributes were observed. The results were statistically analyzed using t test for related samples to the hips of patients with ACL injury and t test for independent variables for comparison with the control group.

Results:

48 patients with ACL injury and 53 healthy volunteers were evaluated. The ACL group was composed of 32 males and 16 females with an average age of 29.3 years. In the control group 26 males and 27 females were studied with a mean age of 26.6 years. Internal (IR) and external (ER) rotation in the LCA group was 22,9º and 55,5º respectively in the ipsilateral hip and 27,9º and 57,7º in the contralateral. In the control group a 35,9º of IR and 55,2º of ER was observed. The analysis showed an association between ACL injury and hypomotility of the hip further expense of a decrease in internal rotation. The analysis showed an association between ACL injury and hypomotility of the hip at the expense to a greater decrease in internal rotation.

Conclusion:

We found a statistically significant difference in the mobility of the hips in patients with ACL injury predominantly due to internal rotation, pattern that allows us to interpret this injury not only as an intrinsic etiology of the knee but also of the adjacent joints. We consider very importance to incorporate prevention activities and screening of risk factors regarding to at least high performance athletes.
The role of Th-U minerals in assessing the performance of nuclear waste forms
Authors: Lumpkin G. R. , Gao Yan , Gieré R. , Williams C. T. , Mariano A. N. , Geisler T.
Published: January 2015

Materials designed for nuclear waste disposal include a range of ceramics, glass ceramics and glass waste forms. Those with crystalline phases have provided the momentum for studies of minerals as a means to understand aspects of waste-form crystal chemistry, behaviour in aqueous systems and radiation damage over geological periods of time. Although the utility of natural analogue studies varies, depending upon the degree of analogy to the proposed geological repository and other factors such as chemical composition, the available data suggest that Th-U host phases such as brannerite, monazite, pyrochlore, zircon and zirconolite are resistant generally to dissolution in aqueous fluids at low temperatures. Geochemical durability may or may not extend to hydrothermal systems depending on the specifics of fluid composition, temperature and pressure. At elevated temperatures, for example, davidite may break down to new phase assemblages including titanite, ilmenite and rutile. Perovskite is generally less resistant to dissolution at low temperatures and breaks down to TiO2, releasingA-site cations to the aqueous fluid. Studies of radiation damage indicate that the oxide and silicate phases become amorphous as a result of the gradual accumulation of alpha-recoil collision cascades. Monazite tends to remain crystalline on geological time scales, a very attractive property that potentially eliminates major changes in physical properties such as density and volume, thereby reducing the potential for cracking, which is a major concern for zircon. In spite of recent success in describing the behaviour of Th-U minerals in geological systems, considerable work remains in order to understand theP-T-Xconditions during alteration andT-thistory of the host rocks.
Recent advances in clean-up strategies of waters polluted with sulfonamide antibiotics: a review of sorbents and related properties
Authors: Martucci A. , Braschi I. , Marchese L. , Quartieri S.
Published: January 2015

Several strategies are available to reduce or eliminate recalcitrant sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfa drugs) from aqueous media. These contaminants are bioactive and ubiquitous pollutants of soils and watercourses and are known to induce bacterial resistance. Here the biological, chemical and physical methods developed over the last 5 years to decontaminate waters polluted with sulfa drugs are reviewed with special attention to procedures that make use of porous adsorbent materials and their applicability to real waters.
The concept of ‘end of waste’ and recycling of hazardous materials: in depth characterization of the product of thermal transformation of cement-asbestos
Authors: Croce A. , Allegrina M. , Trivero P. , Rinaudo C. , Viani A. , Pollastri S. , Gualtieri A. F.
Published: January 2015

Selected samples of asbestos-containing material (ACM) with different Ca/Si ratios have been treated thermally at 1200°C for 15 min to obtain an ‘end of waste geo-inspired material’. Before and after treatment, micro-Raman spectroscopy allowed the investigation of both powdered and massive samples by directing the laser beam onto crystals with elongated morphology, thin fibres and the matrix. In the raw samples, chrysotile and/or crocidolite were detected. After the thermal treatment, no asbestos phases were identified in the Raman spectra collected on fibrous or fibre-like morphologies. The scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy investigations confirmed the onset of a pseudomorphic process during annealing, leading to the complete transformation of asbestos minerals into non-hazardous magnesium or calcium magnesium silicates such as forsterite, monticellite, a˚kermanite and merwinite.

The identification of such mineral assemblages was inspired by the close inspection of a natural counterpart, the high-temperature contact metamorphic imprint due to the intrusion of a sill into carbonate rocks. The process turned out to occur largely at the solid state and involved substantial mobilization of Ca and Mg to form a spinel phase (namely MgFe2O4) which was recognized in the matrix and within, or close to elongated morphologies.