bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single‐Cell Integration of BMD GWAS Results Prioritize Candidate Genes Influencing Age‐Related Bone Loss
Authors: Doolittle Madison L. , Khosla Sundeep , Saul Dominik
Published: July 2023

The regulation of bone mineral density (BMD) is highly influenced by genetics and age. Although genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) for BMD have uncovered many genes through their proximity to associated variants (variant nearest‐neighbor [VNN] genes), the cell‐specific mechanisms of each VNN gene remain unclear. This is primarily due to the inability to prioritize these genes by cell type and age‐related expression. Using age‐related transcriptomics, we found that the expression of many VNN genes was upregulated in the bone and marrow from aged mice. Candidate genes from GWAS were investigated using single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq) datasets to enrich for cell‐specific expression signatures. VNN candidate genes are highly enriched in osteo‐lineage cells, osteocytes, hypertrophic chondrocytes, and Lepr+ mesenchymal stem cells. These data were used to generate a “blueprint” for Cre‐loxp mouse line selection for functional validation of candidate genes and further investigation of their role in BMD maintenance throughout aging. In VNN‐gene‐enriched cells, Sparc, encoding the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein osteonectin, was robustly expressed. This, along with expression of numerous other ECM genes, indicates that many VNN genes likely have roles in ECM deposition by osteoblasts. Overall, we provide data supporting streamlined translation of GWAS candidate genes to potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of osteoporosis. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
An assessment of CMIP6 climate signals and biases in temperature, precipitation and soil moisture over Europe
Authors: Ossó Albert , Craig Philip , Allan Richard P.
Published: July 2023

The CMIP6 projections constitute the basis of our latest understanding of the climate response to anthropogenic forcing. However, there is still considerable uncertainty in the projections, especially at the regional scale. One way to constrain the uncertainty is by comparing the models historical climate change signals against observations and investigate the physical reasons for divergences. Here, we assess the signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) of surface air temperature (SAT), precipitation (PREC) and soil moisture (SM) over Europe for a set of CMIP6 historical simulations and compare them against the E‐OBS observational product and the ERA5 reanalysis. We found considerable divergences between the CMIP6 ensemble mean S/N and that of E‐OBS and ERA5, as well as between ERA5 and E‐OBS. The latter indicates that the S/N is affected by data coverage. We show that the differences among model signals are associated with different atmospheric circulation responses. We also investigate the potential relationships between the models' signals and climatological biases, and we found evidence that the models with a warm climatological bias in southern Europe tend to have smaller SAT signals (warm less). Finally, we found no apparent relationship between SM biases and the warming signal, suggesting that the mechanism by which SM–atmosphere interactions affect climate variability does not explain the mean changes. However, there is a tendency for models with higher SM to dry faster than models with lower SM.
In parenteral nutrition–fed piglets, fatty acids vary by lipid emulsion and tissue sampled
Authors: Pauline Mirielle L. , Huynh Caitlin , Wizzard Pamela R. , Nation Patrick N. , Field Catherine J. , Wales Paul W. , Turner Justine M.
Published: July 2023

Background

Children with intestinal failure without liver disease may be given soy‐based lipid emulsion (SLE) or mixed lipid emulsion (MLE; containing soy, medium‐chain triglyceride, olive, and/or fish oils). Both differ in essential fatty acid content: MLE has added arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The aim of this study, in neonatal piglets, was to compare serum and tissue fatty acid composition when the emulsions were given at unrestricted doses.

Methods

We compared SLE (n = 15) and MLE (n = 15) at doses of 10–15 g/kg/day in parenteral nutrition (PN). On day 14 we collected serum and tissues. Using gas‐liquid chromatography, percentage fatty acids were measured in serum, brain, and liver phospholipid. Comparisons were made to reference values from litter‐matched controls (n = 8).

Results

Comparing median values, linoleic acid (LA) was lower for MLE vs SLE in serum (−27%), liver (−45%), and brain (−33%) (P < 0.001). AA was lower for MLE in serum (−25%), liver (−40%), and brain (−10%). DHA was higher for MLE in serum (+50%), liver (+200%), and brain (+10%). AA levels were lower for MLE vs control piglets in serum (−81%), liver (−63%), and brain (−9%). DHA levels were higher in serum (+41%), liver (+38%), and brain (+19%).

Conclusion

This study in piglets has shown that, at unrestricted doses, MLE treatment is associated with low serum and tissue AA compared with SLE and healthy litter‐matched controls. Although not yet proven, low tissue AA levels may have functional consequences, and these data support current practice avoiding MLE dose restriction.
Economic policy uncertainty and enterprise strategic change: Evidence from China
Authors: Li Chao , Huo Mengjun , Li Chun , Li Guodong , Liu Renhuai
Published: July 2023

A consensus in the field of strategic management is that the external environment plays a role in shaping corporate strategy. However, as an important part of the enterprise's external environment, the relationship between economic policy uncertainty and enterprise strategic change has not received due attention. Based on real options theory, principal‐agent theory, and resource‐based view (RBV), this paper empirically analyzes the impact of economic policy uncertainty on enterprise strategic change by taking A‐share listed companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2002 to 2020 as research samples, as well as the moderating roles of precipitation organizational slack and ownership property. The authors found that economic policy uncertainty has a restraining effect on enterprise strategic change. When economic policy uncertainty is higher, enterprises will stop and wait, and be less inclined to initiate strategic change. Precipitation organizational slack negatively moderates the relationship between economic policy uncertainty and enterprise strategic change. When enterprises have more precipitation organizational slack, it will further enhance the inhibition of economic policy uncertainty on enterprise strategic change. Ownership property positively moderates the relationship between economic policy uncertainty and enterprise strategic change. When the enterprise is a state‐owned enterprise, it will further weaken the inhibition effect of economic policy uncertainty on enterprise strategic change.
Mean‐square exponential input‐to‐state stability of stochastic delayed recurrent neural networks with local Lipschitz condition
Authors: Wang Wentao
Published: July 2023

We consider the global existence of solutions and input‐to‐state stability for a class of stochastic delayed recurrent neural networks without uniform Lipschitz condition. Under local Lipschitz condition, we find new sufficient conditions that ensure the solutions of given neural networks exist globally and are mean‐square exponentially input‐to‐state stable. Furthermore, we highlight the advantages of our novel results by comparing with some known results as well as a numerical example.
Significant tortuosity of the internal carotid artery encountered during neck dissection
Authors: Takaoka Shohei , Uchida Fumihiko , Fukuzawa Satoshi , Ishibashi‐Kanno Naomi , Yamagata Kenji , Bukawa Hiroki
Published: July 2023

Background

The internal carotid artery (ICA) is one of the vital structures of the head and neck region to be preserved during neck dissection. It may present several unusual forms of tortuousness, and surgeons should be mindful of these variations while performing surgeries.

Case presentation

The patient is an 80‐year‐old woman presented with a T2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma affecting the left side of the tongue. During neck dissection, significant tortuosity of the ICA was observed. With careful surgical manipulation, the surgery was a success, avoiding any potential damage.

Conclusion

Surgeons must avoid the potentially fatal complication through a detailed preoperative imaging evaluation and careful intraoperative observation.
Escaping social–ecological traps through ecological restoration and socioeconomic development in China's Loess Plateau
Authors: Wang Zhuangzhuang , Fu Bojie , Wu Xutong , Li Yingjie , Wang Shuai , Lu Nan
Published: July 2023

The social–ecological trap is an emerging concept that describes situations in which self‐reinforcing social and ecological feedbacks maintain or push a social–ecological system towards an undesirable state and threaten the sustainability of human societies. Understanding a system's feedback loops and identifying the leading factors of such traps is essential to develop effective management strategies to warn, avoid and escape traps.

To better understand the dynamics of social–ecological traps, we developed a quantitative diagnostic framework that combines the social–ecological network approach and composite system state index. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the framework by examining the rural social–ecological evolution in China's Loess Plateau (LP) from 1949 to 2020, an area once faced with severe social–ecological challenges such as soil erosion, land degradation and poverty.

Our analysis identified three stages of trap dynamics in LP: locked in the trap (1949–1981), reacting to the trap (1981–2003) and escaping the trap (2003–2020). In the first stage, LP was locked into an undesirable trajectory where reinforcing feedback occurs between rapid population growth, limited livelihood opportunities, excessive reliance on agriculture and severe soil erosion. Our results also found that the LP has made significant progress in escaping this social–ecological trap during the 21st century through ecological restoration practices and socioeconomic development.

Similar social–ecological traps are also observed in many other regions of the world, particularly in developing countries. Our analysis recommends three pathways for addressing social–ecological traps in the LP: (1) promoting urbanization and livelihood diversity, (2) implementing site‐specific engineering measures (e.g. terraces and check dams in the LP) and (3) investing in ecological restoration programs. Escaping the trap is not the end of the story, but could be an early stage of another trap. Policymakers and managers should keep assessing and monitoring the policy practices and outcomes to avoid entering new trap situations.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
A review on fungal pullulan as a natural polymer focusing on targeted therapy for colon cancer and other pharmaceutical applications
Authors: Hazra Ahana , Chatterjee Sohini , Mohanta Abhishek , Paul Pankaj , Samanta Amalesh
Published: July 2023

Colon cancer is the second most invasive cancer and fourth most common malignant neoplasm worldwide. Targeted oral colonic drug delivery systems have attracted considerable attention in the treatment of colon cancer due to their superior properties. However, the delivery of drugs safely and effectively to the target site of the colon tumor is a hindrance due to the complexity of the gastrointestinal structure. Herein, to achieve an effective delivery system specifically targeting the colon, we have taken concern by using natural polymer such as pullulan, signifying its flexibility and relevance in biomaterials science to design antineoplastic approaches. Here, we summarize the physicochemical properties, different pullulan derivatives and their biomedical application, several colon cancer‐related treatment, and pullulan and its derivatives‐based delivery systems towards colonic tissue.
A novel mobile health application to support cancer surveillance needs of patients and families with cancer predisposition syndromes
Authors: Alvarez Santiago J. Arconada , Pencheva Bojana , Westfall Eleanor , Mwalija Comfort , Parsell Maren , Greenleaf Morgan , Porter Christopher C. , Lam Wilbur A. , Mannino Robert G. , Mitchell Sarah G.
Published: July 2023

Background

At least 5%–10% of malignancies occur secondary to an underlying cancer predisposition syndrome (CPS). For these families, cancer surveillance is recommended with the goal of identifying malignancy earlier, in a presumably more curable form. Surveillance protocols, including imaging studies, bloodwork, and procedures, can be complex and differ based on age, gender, and syndrome, which adversely affect adherence. Mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps) have been utilized in oncology and could help to facilitate adherence to cancer surveillance protocols.

Methods

Applying a user‐centered mobile app design approach, patients with a CPS and/or primary caregivers were interviewed to identify current methods for care management and barriers to compliance with recommended surveillance protocols. Broad themes from these interviews informed the design of the mobile app, HomeTown, which was subsequently evaluated by usability experts. The design was then converted into software code in phases, evaluated by patients and caregivers in an iterative fashion. User population growth and app usage data were assessed.

Results

Common themes identified included general distress surrounding surveillance protocol scheduling and results, difficulty remembering medical history, assembling a care team, and seeking resources for self‐education. These themes were translated into specific functional app features, including push reminders, syndrome‐specific surveillance recommendations, ability to annotate visits and results, storage of medical histories, and links to reliable educational resources.

Conclusions

Families with CPS demonstrate a desire for mHealth tools to facilitate adherence to cancer surveillance protocols, reduce related distress, relay medical information, and provide educational resources. HomeTown may be a useful tool for engaging this patient population.
Mixed‐methods analysis of decisional regret in parents following a child's death from cancer
Authors: Feifer Deborah , Broden Elizabeth G. , Xiong Niya , Mazzola Emanuele , Baker Justin N. , Wolfe Joanne , Snaman Jennifer M.
Published: July 2023

Background and objectives

Decisional regret is common in bereaved parents. We aimed to identify factors associated with and to explain patterns of parental decisional regret.

Methods

We used a convergent mixed‐methods design including quantitative items and free‐text responses from a survey of parents 6–24 months from their child's death from cancer. Parents expressed whether they had regrets about decisions during the end of their child's life (Yes/No/I don't know) and elaborated with free text. Results of qualitative content analysis of free‐text responses guided development and interpretation of quantitative multinomial models.

Results

Parents (N = 123 surveys, N = 84 free text) primarily identified as White (84%), mothers (63%), and primary caregivers (69%) for their children. Forty‐seven (38%) parents reported decisional regret, 61 (49%) indicated no regret, and 15 (12%) were unsure. Mothers (relative risk [RR]: 10.3, 95%CI: [1.3, 81.3], p = .03) and parents who perceived greater suffering at the end of their child's life (RR = 3.8, 95%CI: [1.2, 11.7], p = .02) were at increased risk of regret; qualitative evaluation revealed elements of self‐blame and difficulty reconciling treatment choices with the ultimate outcome. Preparation for symptoms was associated with decreased risk of regret (RR = 0.1, 95%CI: [0, .3], p < .01) with qualitative reflections focused on balanced teamwork that alerted parents for what to expect and how to make meaningful final memories.

Conclusions

Though decisional regret is common among cancer‐bereaved parents, mothers and those who perceive more suffering in their children may be at particular risk. Close collaboration between families and clinicians to prepare for symptoms and proactively attend to and minimize suffering may help alleviate decisional regret.
A novel electrochemical ion imprinting sensor modified with carbon nanocomposites and its high selectivity for cadmium ion detection in real samples
Authors: Zhang Yi , Xu Wanzhen , Liu Yanmeng , Huang Weihong , Yang Wenming
Published: July 2023

Due to their high toxicity, potential for bioaccumulation and carcinogenicity, heavy metal pollutants have harmed the environment. Cadmium is a dangerous heavy metal that can accumulate easily in the human body. Long‐term exposure to cadmium‐contaminated environments can result in numerous diseases. A novel electrochemical sensor based on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)–imprinted polymer and reduced graphene oxide–titanium oxide (rGO@TiO2) is reported which was used to detect cadmium ions in actual samples in a highly sensitive and precise method. By using the surface imprinting technique to adhere the imprinted polymer to the surface of the MWCNTs, the template removal rate and cavity utilization rate are increased. At the same time, the electron transfer rate is increased by the MWCNTs’ superior electrochemical performance and higher conductivity. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the composite's morphology. Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to describe the imprinted polymer's electrochemical behavior. The findings demonstrate the sensor's excellent cadmium ion selectivity. Under ideal experimental conditions, the electrochemical sensor has a good linear relationship in the range of 10−9 to 10−6 mol L−1, and the detection limit is 1.12 × 10−9 mol L−1. The novel sensor offers outstanding repeatability and stability in addition to good selectivity and sensitivity. Eventually, real samples were successfully used to apply the electrochemical sensor for the detection of trace Cd(II) (river water, tap water and rice). © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Teacher–student relationships, stress, and psychosocial functioning during early adolescence
Authors: Keane Kevin , Evans Retta R. , Orihuela Catheryn A. , Mrug Sylvie
Published: July 2023

Early adolescence is a time of increased stress and risk for poorer psychosocial functioning, but few studies have explored the relationship between stress and psychosocial functioning in the context of teacher–student relationships during early adolescence. This study used a two‐wave longitudinal design to investigate the unique and interactive effects of stress and teacher–student relationships on anxiety/depression, aggression, and rule‐breaking behaviors. The sample included 288 sixth‐ and seventh‐grade students (Mage = 12.01; 54% females; 47% Black, 36% White, 9% Hispanic) and their parents and teachers. Student‐perceived stress and teacher‐reported teacher–student conflict were related to more aggressive and rule breaking behaviors at Wave 1; perceived stress also predicted more anxiety/depression symptoms at Wave 1. Further, teacher‐reported teacher–student closeness predicted less aggressive behaviors over time. The findings suggest that interventions that promote stress management and positive teacher–student relationships may reduce adjustment problems concurrently and over time among early adolescents.
Status of genome function annotation in model organisms and crops
Authors: Xue Bo , Rhee Seung Y.
Published: July 2023

Since the entry into genome‐enabled biology several decades ago, much progress has been made in determining, describing, and disseminating the functions of genes and their products. Yet, this information is still difficult to access for many scientists and for most genomes. To provide easy access and a graphical summary of the status of genome function annotation for model organisms and bioenergy and food crop species, we created a web application (https://genomeannotation.rheelab.org) to visualize, search, and download genome annotation data for 28 species. The summary graphics and data tables will be updated semi‐annually, and snapshots will be archived to provide a historical record of the progress of genome function annotation efforts. Clear and simple visualization of up‐to‐date genome function annotation status, including the extent of what is unknown, will help address the grand challenge of elucidating the functions of all genes in organisms.
Binding and transport of LPS occurs through the coordinated combination of an array of sites across the entire Escherichia coliLPS transport protein LptA
Authors: Schultz Kathryn M. , Schneider John R. , Fischer Matthew A. , Cina Nicholas P. , Riegert Molly O. , Frank Dara W. , Klug Candice S.
Published: July 2023

The outer leaflet of the outer membrane (OM) of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other important pathogens is largely composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is essential to nearly all Gram‐negative bacteria. LPS is transported to the outer leaflet of the OM through a yet unknown mechanism by seven proteins that comprise the LPS transport system. LptA, the only entirely periplasmic Lpt protein, bridges the periplasmic space between the IM LptB2FGC and the OM LptDE complexes. LptA is postulated to protect the hydrophobic acyl chains of LPS as it crosses the hydrophilic periplasm, is essential to cell viability, and contains many conserved residues distributed across the protein. To identify which side chains are required for function of E. coli LptA in vivo, we performed a systematic, unbiased, high‐throughput screen of the effect of 172 single alanine substitutions on cell viability utilizing an engineered BL21 derivative with a chromosomal knockout of the lptA gene. Remarkably, LptA is highly tolerant to amino acid substitution with alanine. Only four alanine mutants could not complement the chromosomal knockout; CD spectroscopy showed that these substitutions resulted in proteins with significantly altered secondary structure. In addition, 29 partial loss‐of‐function mutants were identified that led to OM permeability defects; interestingly, these sites were solely located within β‐strands of the central core of the protein and each resulted in misfolding of the protein. Therefore, no single residue within LptA is responsible for LPS binding, supporting previous EPR spectroscopy data indicating that sites across the entire protein work in concert to bind and transport LPS.
Prior elicitation for Gaussian spatial process: An application to TMS brain mapping
Authors: Egbon Osafu Augustine , Nascimento Diego , Louzada Francisco
Published: July 2023

The power and commensurate prior distributions are informative prior distributions that incorporate historical data as prior knowledge in Bayesian analysis to improve inference about a phenomenon under study. Although these distributions have been developed for analyzing non‐spatial data, little or no attention has been given to spatial geostatistical data. In this study, we extend these informative prior distributions to a Gaussian spatial process, which enables the elicitation of prior knowledge from historical geostatistical data for Bayesian analysis. Three informative prior distributions were developed for spatial modeling, and an efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm was developed for performing Bayesian analysis. Simulation studies were used to assess the adequacy of the informative prior distributions. Hierarchical models combined with the developed informative prior distributions were applied to analyze transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) brain mapping data to gain insights into the spatial pattern of a patient's response to motor cortex stimulation. The study quantified the uncertainty in motor response and found that the primary motor cortex of the hand is responsible for most of the movement of the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying motor function and ultimately aid the improvement of treatment options for individuals with health issues.
Atomic Engineering Modulates Oxygen Reduction of Hollow Carbon Matrix Confined Single Metal‐Nitrogen Sites for Zinc‐Air Batteries
Authors: Wu Haihua , Xu Xin , Wu Jiahao , Zhai Juanjuan , Wu Feng , Li Yudan , Jiang Sen , Zhang Jiangwei , Li Haobo , Gao Yunfang
Published: July 2023

The systematical understanding of metal‐dependent activity in electrocatalyzing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), a vital reaction with sluggish kinetics for zinc‐air batteries, remains quite unclear. An atomic and spatial engineering modulating ORR activity over hollow carbon quasi‐sphere (HCS) confined in a series of single M‐N (M = Cu, Mn, Ni) sites is reported here. Based on the theoretical prediction and experimental validation, Cu‐N4 site with the lowest overpotential shows a better ORR kinetics than Mn‐N4 and Ni‐N4. The ORR activity of single‐atom Cu center can be further improved by decreasing the coordination number of N to two, namely Cu‐N2, due to the enhancement of electrons with lower coordination structure. Benefitting from the unique spatial confinement effect of the HCS structure in modulating electronic feature of active sites, the Cu‐N2 site confined in HCS also delivers highly improved ORR kinetics and activity relative to that on planner graphene. Additionally, the best catalyst holds excellent promise in the application of zinc‐air batteries. The findings will pave a new way to atomically and electronically tune active sites with high efficiency for other single‐atom catalysts.
Hydrogen‐Bonding Induced Crosslinked Polymer Network for Highly Stable Electrochromic Device and a Construction Strategy for Black‐Bilayer Electrochromic Film
Authors: Li Jin , Zhang Ling , Cui Jiankun , Lv Xiaojing , Feng Menglong , Ouyang Mi , Chen Zhangxin , Wright Dominic S. , Zhang Cheng
Published: July 2023

This work presents a new strategy to achieve highly stable electrochromic devices and bilayer film construction. A novel solution‐processable electrochromic polymer P1‐Boc with quinacridone as the conjugated backbone and t‐Boc as N‐substituted non‐conjugated solubilizing groups is designed. Thermal annealing of P1‐Boc film results in the cleavage of t‐Boc groups and the formation of N─H⋯O═C hydrogen‐bonding crosslinked network, which changes its intrinsic solubility characteristics into a solvent‐resistant P1 film. This film retains the electrochemical behavior and spectroelectrochemistry properties of the original P1‐Boc film. Intriguingly, the electrochromic device based on the P1 film exhibits an ultrafast switching time (0.56/0.80 s at 523 nm) and robust electrochromic stability (retaining 88.4% of the initial optical contrast after 100 000 cycles). The observed cycle lifetime is one of the highest reported for all‐organic electrochromic devices. In addition, a black‐transparent bilayer electrochromic film P1/P2 is developed in which the use of the solvent‐resistant P1 film as the bottom layer avoids interface erosion of the solution‐processable polymer in a multilayer stacking.
Recent developments in utilization of nano silica in self‐compacting concrete: A review
Authors: Wang Jiangjiang , Yang Yusen , Chu Jiayin , Mo Kim Hung , Yap Pow‐Seng
Published: July 2023

Self‐compacting concrete (SCC) is a type of flowable, high‐strength and high‐performance concrete in the construction field, which can flow and compact under its own weight. The damage of concrete is often caused by internal microstructural defects. Nano silica (NS) has excellent pozzolanic properties, and with an appropriate content of NS as auxiliary cementing material, it can promote the generation of C‐S‐H gels in addition to serve as internal filler, thus improves the micro‐scale defects in concrete. This paper extracts data from studies published over the last decade which focus on the application of NS in SCC and discusses the similarities and differences between the studies. Ultimately, a systematic review of the physical and chemical characteristics of NS, and the effect of NS on the workability, mechanical and durability properties of SCC is presented. Based on the review, the most common NS content is 0%–6%, where the negative effect of 0%–6% NS on the workability of SCC can be controlled by increasing the dosage of superplasticizer. The NS content of 2%–3% is optimum for improving the mechanical strength and the ability of SCC to resist water permeability, corrosion, acid and sulfate attacks, elevated temperature as well as shrinkage.
Gene expression profiling of soaked dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) reveals cell wall modification plays a role in cooking time
Authors: Jeffery Hannah R. , Mudukuti Nyasha , Buell Carol Robin , Childs Kevin L. , Cichy Karen
Published: July 2023

Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a nutritious food, but their lengthy cooking requirements are barriers to consumption. Presoaking is one strategy to reduce cooking time. Soaking allows hydration to occur prior to cooking, and enzymatic changes to pectic polysaccharides also occur during soaking that shorten the cooking time of beans. Little is known about how gene expression during soaking influences cooking times. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify gene expression patterns that are altered by soaking and (2) compare gene expression in fast‐cooking and slow‐cooking bean genotypes. RNA was extracted from four bean genotypes at five soaking time points (0, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h) and expression abundances were detected using Quant‐seq. Differential gene expression analysis and weighted gene coexpression network analysis were used to identify candidate genes within quantitative trait loci for water uptake and cooking time. Genes related to cell wall growth and development as well as hypoxic stress were differentially expressed between the fast‐ and slow‐cooking beans due to soaking. Candidate genes identified in the slow‐cooking beans included enzymes that increase intracellular calcium concentrations and cell wall modification enzymes. The expression of cell wall‐strengthening enzymes in the slow‐cooking beans may increase their cooking time and ability to resist osmotic stress by preventing cell separation and water uptake in the cotyledon.
Want to see a change? Make it happen!
Authors: Findon Amelia
Published: July 2023

BVA policy and governance director Amelia Findon is calling for dedicated veterinary professionals to apply for a committee role.
Evaluating the effects of direct‐fed microbial supplementation on the performance, milk quality and fatty acid of mid‐lactating dairy cows
Authors: Asil Ali Kiani , Mohammadabadi Tahereh , Chaji Morteza , Direkvandi Ehsan
Published: July 2023

Background

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of a mixture of direct‐fed microbial (DFM) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield and composition, milk fatty acid and blood parameter in crossbred mid‐lactating cows.

Methods

Twenty‐four crossbred Holstein cows (body weight = 650±15 kg; days in milk = 100±20; daily milk yield = 25±3 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with three treatments: (1) CON, without DFM; (2) LS, inoculation with Lactobacillus fermentum (4.5 × 108 CFU/day) plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1.4×1010 CFU/day); and (3) LSM, inoculation with LS plus Megasphaera elsdenii (4.5 × 108 CFU/day). All animals received the same ration with 45.7% forage and 54.3% concentrate.

Results

Results showed that the highest feed intake was observed in treatments LS and LSM (p = 0.02). Compared with the CON, milk production, 4% fat‐corrected milk, energy‐corrected milk, fat (kg/day), protein (kg/day) and lactose (kg/day), FE and percent of fat were increased (p<0.05) by LSM, but unaffected by LS. Also, compared with the CON, both LS and LSM increased antioxidant activity (p<0.05). The concentration of C18:2c n‐6 increased significantly in treatment LSM compared with the CON (p = 0.003). The concentration of C20:0 increased significantly in treatment LS compared with the CON (p = 0.004). The highest concentrations of insulin, glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol were observed by LSM (p<0.05). Compared with the CON, both LS and LSM increased blood monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil (p<0.05), and blood lymphocyte was increased (p = 0.02) only by LSM.

Conclusions

The results of the research showed that the use of DFMs had no effect on the digestibility, microbial load and the major part of fatty acids in milk. However, it improved feed intake, milk yield and antioxidant activity of milk and also increased the milk concentration of C18:2 n‐6.
Application of computational approaches in biomembranes: From structure to function
Authors: Guo Jingjing , Bao Yiqiong , Li Mengrong , Li Shu , Xi Lili , Xin Pengyang , Wu Lei , Liu Huanxiang , Mu Yuguang
Published: July 2023

Biological membranes (biomembranes) are one of the most complicated structures that allow life to exist. Investigating their structure, dynamics, and function is crucial for advancing our knowledge of cellular mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic strategies. However, experimental investigation of many biomembrane phenomena is challenging due to their compositional and structural complexity, as well as the inherently multi‐scalar features. Computational approaches, particularly molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, have emerged as powerful tools for addressing the atomic details of biomembrane systems, driving breakthroughs in our understanding of biomembranes and their roles in cellular function. This review presents an overview of the latest advancements in related computational approaches, from force fields and model construction to MD simulations and trajectory analysis. We also discussed current hot research topics and challenges. Finally, we outline future directions, emphasizing the integration of force field development, enhanced sampling techniques, and data‐driven approaches to accelerate the growth of this field in the years to come. We aim to equip readers with an understanding of the promise and limitations of emerging computational technologies in biomembrane systems and offer valuable recommendations for future research endeavors.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte‐Carlo Methods
A Bayesian reliability analysis exploring the effect of scheduled maintenance on wind turbine time to failure
Authors: Anderson Fraser , Dawid Rafael , McMillan David , García‐Cava David
Published: July 2023

This article presents a Bayesian reliability modelling approach for wind turbines that incorporates the effect of time‐dependent variables. Namely, the technique is used to explore the effect of annual services on wind turbine failure intensity through time for turbines within a currently operational wind farm. In the operator's experience, turbines seemed to fail more frequently after scheduled maintenance was performed; however, this is an unexplored effect in the literature. Additionally, the effects of seasonality, year of operation and position in the array on failure intensity are explored. These features were included in a Cox‐like model formulation which allows for time‐dependent covariates. Inference was performed via Bayes rule. Results show a spike in failure intensity reaching 1.57 times the baseline in the six days directly proceeding annual servicing, after which failure intensity is reduced compared to baseline. Also observed is a significant year‐on‐year reduction of failure intensity since the introduction of the site's data management system in 2018, a clear preference for modelling time to failure via a Weibull distribution and a dependence on location in the array with respect to the prominent wind direction. Results also show the benefit of employing a Bayesian regime, which provides easily interpretable uncertainty quantification.
Nontrivial one-loop recursive reduction relation
Authors: Li Tingfei
Published: July 2023

Abstract

In [1], we proposed a universal method to reduce one-loop integrals with both tensor structure and higher-power propagators. But the method is quite redundant as it does not utilize the results of lower rank cases when addressing certain tensor integrals. Recently, we found a remarkable recursion relation [2, 3], where a tensor integral is reduced to lower-rank integrals and lower terms corresponding to integrals with one or more propagators being canceled. However, the expression of the lower terms is unknown. In this paper, we derive this non-trivial recursion relation for non-degenerate and degenerate cases and provides an explicit expression for the lower terms, thus simplifying and speeding up the reduction process.
AdS super gluon scattering up to two loops: a position space approach
Authors: Huang Zhongjie , Wang Bo , Yuan Ellis Ye , Zhou Xinan
Published: July 2023

Abstract

We carry out a bootstrap study of four-point correlators in 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SCFTs which are dual to super Yang-Mills on AdS5 × S3. We focus on the simplest $$ \frac{1}{2} $$

1
2

-BPS operators which correspond to the super gluons in the massless current multiplet. Our computation is based on an ansatz in position space which is inspired by a hidden symmetry structure manifest in the leading terms of the Lorentzian singularities of the correlators. By using other consistency conditions, we completely fix the super gluon correlators at one and two loops in the bulk genus expansion, up to possible counterterms. Our results reveal a number of interesting properties enriched by the color structures. In particular, the implication of hidden conformal symmetry on the full super gluon reduced correlator exhibits an analogous pattern as in the AdS5× S5 supergravity correlators recently computed up to two loops.
Pursuing precision in medicine and nutrition: the rise of electrochemical biosensing at the molecular level
Authors: Campuzano Susana , Barderas Rodrigo , Moreno-Casbas Maria Teresa , Almeida Ángeles , Pingarrón José M.
Published: July 2023

In the era that we seek personalization in material things, it is becoming increasingly clear that the individualized management of medicine and nutrition plays a key role in life expectancy and quality of life, allowing participation to some extent in our welfare and the use of societal resources in a rationale and equitable way. The implementation of precision medicine and nutrition are highly complex challenges which depend on the development of new technologies able to meet important requirements in terms of cost, simplicity, and versatility, and to determine both individually and simultaneously, almost in real time and with the required sensitivity and reliability, molecular markers of different omics levels in biofluids extracted, secreted (either naturally or stimulated), or circulating in the body. Relying on representative and pioneering examples, this review article critically discusses recent advances driving the position of electrochemical bioplatforms as one of the winning horses for the implementation of suitable tools for advanced diagnostics, therapy, and precision nutrition. In addition to a critical overview of the state of the art, including groundbreaking applications and challenges ahead, the article concludes with a personal vision of the imminent roadmap.
Monitoring der Progression von geografischer Atrophie in der optischen Kohärenztomographie
Authors: Schmidt-Erfurth Ursula , Mai Julia , Reiter Gregor S. , Riedl Sophie , Lachinov Dmitrii , Vogl Wolf-Dieter , Bogunovic Hrvoje
Published: July 2023

Mit dem Ausblick auf eine zu erwartende Therapie für die geografische Atrophie und folglich steigenden Patientenzahlen bedarf es eines geeigneten Managements für die klinische Praxis. Die optische Kohärenztomographie (OCT) sowie die automatische OCT-Analyse mittels künstlicher Intelligenz-Algorithmen bieten eine optimale Methode zur Beurteilung der Krankheitsaktivität sowie des Therapieansprechens für die geografische Atrophie durch eine schnelle, präzise und ressourcenschonende Auswertung.
Controlling upwards and downwards gust loads on aerofoils by pitching
Authors: Andreu-Angulo I. , Babinsky H.
Published: July 2023

A wing travelling at a constant angle of attack, $$\alpha$$
α
, experiences a large lift spike when subjected to a high-amplitude transverse gust. This study analyses the capability of a low-order model, which uses Wagner and Küssner theory, to calculate a pitch motion profile that mitigates such a lift increase. The model’s pitch profiles are tested experimentally by towing a wing at a constant $$\alpha$$
α
towards a top-hat transverse gust. Throughout the gust encounter, the wing is pitched with a profile predetermined by the model. Force and flow measurements are analysed for gust ratios of 0.5 and 1.0 and angles of attack of 0, 10, 20 and 45 degrees. In addition, two gust directions are analysed: upwards where the gust velocity is in the direction of positive lift, and downwards (in the opposite direction). The latter produces a large negative lift spike that can be especially dangerous for flying vehicles. Experimental results demonstrate strong mitigation, around 85%, of the gust loads up to an effective angle of attack of 60 degrees, independently of gust direction. The theories used achieve mitigation even at large perturbations and separated flows, where the assumptions used on their derivation are clearly invalid. The mitigation approach does, nevertheless, not mitigate the secondary lift peak that emerges after gust exit when the initial wing incidence exceeds 10 degrees. This secondary peak is a result of attached flow around the wing right after gust exit, which eventually develops into a LEV that sheds from the wing.
Unique morphology and photoperiodically regulated activity of neurosecretory canopy cells in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Hamanaka Yoshitaka , Shiga Sakiko
Published: July 2023

The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis exhibits clear photoperiodism in egg laying; it lays more eggs in long-day conditions than in medium-day conditions. A key regulator of egg laying is neurosecretory caudo-dorsal cells (CDCs) producing an ovulation hormone in the cerebral ganglia. Paired small budding structures of the cerebral ganglia (viz. the lateral lobe) also promote egg laying in addition to spermatogenesis and maturation of female accessory sex organs. However, it remains unknown which cells in the lateral lobe are responsible for these. Previous anatomical and physiological studies prompted us to hypothesize that canopy cells in the lateral lobe modulate activity of CDCs. However, double labeling of the canopy cell and CDCs revealed no sign of direct neural connections, suggesting that activity of CDCs is regulated either humorally or through a neural pathway independent of canopy cells. In addition, our detailed anatomical re-evaluation confirmed previous observations that the canopy cell bears fine neurites along the ipsilateral axon and extensions from the plasma membrane of the cell body, although the function of these extensions remains unexplored. Furthermore, comparison of electrophysiological properties between long-day and medium-day conditions indicated that the canopy cell’s activity is moderately under photoperiodic regulation: resting membrane potentials of long-day snails are shallower than those of medium-day snails, and spontaneously spiking neurons are only observed in long-day conditions. Thus, canopy cells appear to receive photoperiodic information and regulate photoperiod-dependent phenomena, but not provide direct neural inputs to CDCs.
Association between soil organic carbon and calcium in acidic grassland soils from Point Reyes National Seashore, CA
Authors: Rowley Mike C. , Nico Peter S. , Bone Sharon E. , Marcus Matthew A. , Pegoraro Elaine F. , Castanha Cristina , Kang Kyounglim , Bhattacharyya Amrita , Torn Margaret S. , Peña Jasquelin
Published: July 2023

Organo-mineral and organo-metal associations play an important role in the retention and accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC). Recent studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between calcium (Ca) and SOC content in a range of soil types. However, most of these studies have focused on soils that contain calcium carbonate (pH > 6). To assess the importance of Ca-SOC associations in lower pH soils, we investigated their physical and chemical interaction in the grassland soils of Point Reyes National Seashore (CA, USA) at a range of spatial scales. Multivariate analyses of our bulk soil characterisation dataset showed a strong correlation between exchangeable Ca (CaExch; 5–8.3 c.molc kg−1) and SOC (0.6–4%) content. Additionally, linear combination fitting (LCF) of bulk Ca K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra revealed that Ca was predominantly associated with organic carbon across all samples. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM C/Ca NEXAFS) showed that Ca had a strong spatial correlation with C at the microscale. The STXM C NEXAFS K-edge spectra indicated that SOC had a higher abundance of aromatic/olefinic and phenolic C functional groups when associated with Ca, relative to C associated with Fe. In regions of high Ca-C association, the STXM C NEXAFS spectra were similar to the spectrum from lignin, with moderate changes in peak intensities and positions that are consistent with oxidative C transformation. Through this association, Ca thus seems to be preferentially associated with plant-like organic matter that has undergone some oxidative transformation, at depth in acidic grassland soils of California. Our study highlights the importance of Ca-SOC complexation in acidic grassland soils and provides a conceptual model of its contribution to SOC preservation, a research area that has previously been unexplored.
Adolescent Anxiety, Depression and Flourishing before and During COVID-19 and the Predictive Role of Baseline Psychological Capital (PsyCap) on Student Mental Health and Subjective Wellbeing During the Pandemic
Authors: Finch Jules , Waters Allison M , Farrell Lara J
Published: July 2023

Studies indicate the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in rises in adolescent mental health symptoms globally, although the impact of the pandemic on subjective wellbeing is under-researched in this population. Psychological capital (PsyCap), a cluster of four positive psychological constructs comprising hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism (HERO), has demonstrated preventative and promotive qualities on mental health symptoms and subjective wellbeing outcomes with adult populations (employees, university students). However, PsyCap’s influence on these outcomes in young people is unclear. The present exploratory study investigated changes in self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms (measured via the RCADS-SV) and subjective wellbeing (measured by the Flourishing Scale) from pre-pandemic levels to 3 months into the pandemic and explored gender differences at each time point in a sample of Australian Year 10 students (N = 56, Mage = 14.93 years, SD = 0.50, 51.8% male). The longitudinal predictive role of baseline PsyCap on follow-up assessments of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms and flourishing were also examined. There were no significant changes in levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms between the timepoints, but flourishing significantly declined from T1 to T2. Baseline PsyCap was not a significant predictor of T2 anxiety and depressive symptoms but was a significant predictor of T2 flourishing. Further, different baseline HERO constructs predicted T2 mental health symptoms and flourishing. Future larger studies building on the current preliminary findings investigating the roles of student PsyCap, mental health and subjective wellbeing are warranted to better understand these constructs in the COVID-19 era and beyond.