bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carrier‐Free H2O2 Self‐Supplier for Amplified Synergistic Tumor Therapy
Authors: Yang Tianhao , Zhou Man , Gao Min , Qin Weiji , Wang Qian , Peng Hui , Yao Wanqing , Qiao Lei , He Xiaoyan
Published: December 2022

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) utilizes Fenton or Fenton‐like reactions to convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and draws extensive interest in tumor therapy. Nevertheless, high concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and insufficient endogenous H2O2 often cause unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a GSH‐depleting and H2O2 self‐providing carrier‐free nanomedicine that can efficiently load indocyanine green (ICG), β‐lapachone (LAP), and copper ion (Cu2+) (ICG‐Cu2+‐LAP, LICN) to mediate synergetic photothermal and chemotherapy in enhanced chemodynamic therapy is designed. The results show that  LICNs successfully enter tumors owing to the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Through the reductive intracellular environment, Cu2+ in LICN can react with intracellular GSH, alleviate the antioxidant capacity of tumor tissues, and trigger the release of drugs. When LICN is subjected to near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation, enhanced photothermal effect and upregulated expression of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase‐1 (NQO1) are observed. Meanwhile, the released LAP not only supports chemotherapy but also catalyzes NQO1 and produces sufficient endogenous H2O2, thereby increasing the efficiency of Cu+‐based Fenton‐like reaction. Notably, GSH depletion and H2O2 self‐sufficiency generate sufficient •OH and kill tumor cells with high specificity. Overall, the study provides an innovative strategy to self‐regulate GSH and H2O2 levels for effective anticancer therapy.
Electrocatalytic Biomass Upgrading of Furfural using Transition‐Metal Borides via Density Functional Theory Investigation
Authors: Xiao Yi , Shen Chen , Zhang Weibin , Zhang Meiling , Zhang Haowen , Shao Taihuan , Xiong Zhengwei , Ding Yingchun , Hao Shu , Liu Li , Chen Yu'an , Li Jinyang
Published: December 2022

Electrocatalytic biomass upgrading has proven to be an effective technique for generating value‐added products. Herein, the design and development of furfural upgrading using transition‐metal borides (MBenes) with simultaneous production of hydrogen are presented. Using density functional theory, the stabilities, selectivities, and activities of 13 MBene candidates are systematically evaluated for furfural upgrading. This research suggests that Fe2B2 can serve as a promising electrocatalyst for the formation of furoic acid (FAC), with a limiting potential of −0.15 V, and 5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (HFO), with a limiting potential of −0.93 V. Furthermore, Fe2B2 and Mn2Fe2 are shown to exhibit favorable limiting potentials of −1.35 and −1.36 V, respectively, for producing 6‐hydroxy‐2.3‐dihydro‐6H‐pyrano‐3‐one (HDPO), indicating that they may also serve as electrocatalysts. Based on Sabatier's principle, a descriptor (φ) of material properties is developed for screening catalysts with high catalytic activity considering the electronegativities and d‐electron number of metals. Additionally, surface redox potential, electronic properties, and charge‐density differences are determined for Fe2B2, which is estimated to exhibit high catalytic activity for the oxidation of furfural to FAC and HFO.
In Situ Confining Citric Acid‐Derived Carbon Dots for Full‐Color Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence
Authors: Ding Zhong‐Zheng , Shen Cheng‐Long , Han Jiang‐Fan , Zheng Guang‐Song , Ni Qing‐Chao , Song Run‐Wei , Liu Kai‐Kai , Zang Jin‐Hao , Dong Lin , Lou Qing , Shan Chong‐Xin
Published: December 2022

Room‐temperature phosphorescence has received much attention owing to its potential applications in information encryption and bioelectronics. However, the preparation of full‐color single‐component‐derived phosphorescent materials remains a challenge. Herein, a facile in situ confining strategy is proposed to achieve full‐color phosphorescent carbon dots (CDs) through rapid microwave‐assisted carbonization of citric acid in NaOH. By tuning the mass ratio of citric acid and NaOH, the obtained CDs exhibit tunable phosphorescence wavelengths ranging from 483 to 635 nm and alterable lifetimes from 58 to 389 ms with a synthesis yield of up to 83.7% (>30 g per synthesis). Theoretical calculations and experimental results confirm that the formation of high‐density ionic bonds between cations and CDs leads to efficient afterglow emission via the dissociation of CD arrangement, and the evolution of the aggregation state of CDs results in redshifted phosphorescence. These findings provide a strategy for the synthesis of new insights into achieving and manipulating room‐temperature phosphorescent CDs, and prospect their applications in labeling and information encryption.
Natural Product Additive with Multifunctional Groups Enhancing the Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Han Yonglei , Zhou Chao , Weng Shuchen , Yu Guicheng , Lin Fang , Hu Hanlin , Wang Yongfei , Lin Haoran
Published: December 2022

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are widely studied as the most promising photovoltaic technology, but their performance is sensitive to the morphology and the defect density of the perovskite films. Herein, additive engineering strategy is applied to further improve the film morphology and device performance by doping a small amount of natural product, D‐Aspartic acid (D‐2‐Aminobutanedioic acid, D‐Asp), into perovskite precursor solution. The modified device exhibits a greatly enhanced power conversion efficiency of 22.7%, which is unprecedented for PSCs doped with natural amino acids, and 3000 h stability in ambient air is achieved. Through systematical characterizations, it is concluded that D‐Asp could result in thicker film formation, outstanding perovskite film morphology, and reduced defect sites passivated by the multiple functional groups. The results prove that the performance and stability of the state‐of‐the‐art mixed ion PSCs with regular architecture could be effectively enhanced by D‐Asp. The minimum usage of the natural product as an additive is beneficial for the fabrication process and cost‐control in the industrialization of PSCs. This work also highlights the different passivating mechanisms for the molecules with multiple functional groups which are meaningful for materials design.
Nonhalogenated Solution‐Processed Donor‐Dispersed Planar Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells with Enhanced Homogeneity in Vertical Phase Separation
Authors: Li Shilin , Jiang Tianze , Zhang Hong , Li Yanxun , Cheng Qian , Kang Hui , Jing Ya-Nan , Xiao Linge , Zhang Xuning , Lu Guanghao , Zhang Yuan , Zhou Huiqiong
Published: December 2022

Realization of state‐of‐the art efficiencies in organic photovoltaics (OPV) generally relies on using toxic halogenated solution processing to arrive at the desired nanomorphology and optoelectronic responses, whereas the photovoltaic performance in nonhalogenated solution (NHS)‐based OPVs is yet nonsatisfactory, mainly related to the difficulty of morphological control. Herein, a conceptual approach of donor‐dispersed planar heterojunction (DD‐PHJ) for improving the regulation of phase morphology and photovoltaic behaviors in NHS‐processed OPVs is proposed, afforded by dispersing an ordered liquid crystal guest donor BTR‐Cl into the nonfullerene acceptor host with sequential film deposition. The combined investigation shows that the inclusion of BTR‐Cl plays a regulatory role in enhancing the crystallization, intermolecular donor/acceptor miscibility, and homogeneity in the donor–acceptor phase separation along vertical direction, which is conducive to improved charge transfer and reduced photovoltage loss. Of importance, the described DD‐PHJ approach is applicable to representative OPV material systems, leading to a champion efficiency of 18.21% in devices prepared with NHS. This work provides a promising prospect toward high‐efficiency and green solution‐processed OPV devices.
A federated learning attack method based on edge collaboration via cloud
Authors: Yang Jie , Baker Thar , Gill Sukhpal Singh , Yang Xiaochuan , Han Weifeng , Li Yuanzhang
Published: December 2022

Federated learning (FL) is widely used in edge‐cloud collaborative training due to its distributed architecture and privacy‐preserving properties without sharing local data. FLTrust, the most state‐of‐the‐art FL defense method, is a federated learning defense system with trust guidance. However, we found that FLTrust is not very robust. Therefore, in the edge collaboration scenario, we mainly study the poisoning attack on the FLTrust defense system. Due to the aggregation rule, FLTrust, with trust guidance, the model updates of participants with a significant deviation from the root gradient direction will be eliminated, which makes the poisoning effect on the global model not obvious. To solve this problem, under the premise of not being deleted by the FLTrust aggregation rules, we construct malicious model updates that deviate from the trust gradient to the greatest extent to achieve model poisoning attacks. First, we utilize the rotation of high‐dimensional vectors around axes to construct malicious vectors with fixed orientations. Second, the malicious vector is constructed by the gradient inversion method to achieve an efficient and fast attack. Finally, a method of optimizing random noise is used to construct a malicious vector with a fixed direction. Experimental results show that our attack method reduces the model accuracy by 20%, severely undermining the usability of the model. Attacks are also successful hundreds of times faster than the FLTrust adaptive attack method.
Insights into the Impact Behavior and Deformation Substructure Evolution of the N‐Bearing QN1803 and 304 Stainless Steels
Authors: Zhao Hongshan , Peng Wei , Zheng Chun , Fan Zengwei , Gao Xinqiang , Man Tinghui , Wei Xicheng , Jiang Laizhu , Dong Han
Published: December 2022

The impact behaviors of N‐bearing QN1803 and 304 stainless steels are studied using instrumented Charpy impact test in the range of −192–100 °C. The fracture and deformation substructures are systematically investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that QN1803 presents ductile–brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and 304 shows ductile fracture. With increasing temperature, the stacking fault energy (SFE) of QN1803 and 304 increases, but the former is always lower than the latter. QN1803 presents low impact toughness with low‐density dislocation at −192 °C. At high temperature, QN1803 and 304 show good impact toughness and the deformation substructures are dominated by high‐density dislocations and deformation twinning.
Effect of Nozzle Position on Fluid Flow and Solidification in a Billet Curved Mould using Mould Electromagnetic Stirring
Authors: Wang Jian-Li , Qiu Guo-Xing , Zhu Jia-Yu , Wang Wei-An , Yang Yong-Kun , Li Xiao-Ming , Liu Cheng-Jun
Published: December 2022

Owing to the smaller cross‐sectional size of the billet, the effect of the position of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) on the fluid flow in a curved mold is more prominent. The transient fluid flow, heat transfer, and solidification behavior at different nozzle positions and mold electromagnetic stirring (M‐EMS) are investigated using a 3D transient mathematical model. The symmetry index, S, is introduced to quantitatively evaluate the symmetry of the flow field. When the SEN is offset to the outer curve, S is the highest, the flow field mixing is the best, and the liquid level fluctuation is minimal. When the SEN is offset to the inner curve, S is the lowest, and the washing of the solidified shell on the inner curve side is more significant, causing the solidified shell thickness on the inner curve to be thinner, which can easily cause steel breakout accidents. The M‐EMS can improve the uneven flow field caused by the nozzle position. In actual production, the SEN can be appropriately offset to the outer curve, and the application of M‐EMS can improve the flow field distribution of molten steel.
Shear response evaluation of sustainable self‐compacting concrete made up of recycled steel fibers of waste tyres
Authors: Anwar Zeshan , Siddique Iffat , Irfan‐ul‐Hassan Muhammad , Akmal Usman , Sahar Umbreen‐Us , Qureshi Hisham Jahangir
Published: December 2022

Use of rapidly increasing waste tyres can fetch the demand of green construction as well as prevent priceless land from becoming land dumps. The idea of using heavy traffic vehicle end‐of‐life tyres (HTV‐ELT) steel fibers is implemented to investigate the shear crack propagation and corresponding shear strength evolution of steel fiber‐reinforced green self‐compacting concrete (SFRGSCC). Three different average aspect ratios (25,35,45) mm were employed in two dosages (0.125% and 0.25% of total volume of matrix) in this work. It was determined that with the addition of end‐of‐life tyres steel fibers the rheological properties of SFRGSCC were decreased up to some extent but lies within the limiting value of the European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). The addition of end‐of‐life tyres steel fibers showed a positive impact on postcracking behavior in shear. Interestingly, the experimental results indicated that the addition of end‐of‐life tyres steel fibers increased the ultimate shear strength of SFRGSCC beams as well as the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of SFRGSCC. Whereas the crack width opening was significantly decreased besides controlling the deflection.
Freeze–thaw resistance and sorptivity of fine‐grained alkali‐activated cement concrete
Authors: Tekle Biruk Hailu , Ly Tran Viet , Hertwig Ludwig , Holschemacher Klaus
Published: December 2022

The paper investigates the freeze–thaw resistance and sorptivity behavior of fine‐grained alkali‐activated concrete cured at ambient temperature. A blended binder system containing fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and silica fume was used. A combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate was used as an activator. The freeze–thaw resistance was evaluated based on mass loss (scaling), and the extent of internal damage was assessed by testing the ultrasonic time at different cycles. Initial and secondary sorptivity coefficients were calculated based on the cumulative water absorption values at different time intervals. Alkali content, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio, and water to binder ratio were investigated. The experimental results showed that water to binder ratio is the most significant parameter for the scaling; higher ratios result in higher scaling. In terms of internal damage, alkali content is the most significant. The increase of alkali increased the amount of internal damage in the concrete. The initial sorptivity coefficient increased with the water and alkali content and decreased with the silicate content. The secondary sorptivity coefficient showed no significant change with the investigated parameters.
Molecular detection and characterisation of Theileria in hard ticks of small ruminants in Zarrin Dasht County, Southern Iran
Authors: Norouzi Maliheh , Dayer Mohammad Saaid , Ghaffarifar Fatemeh
Published: December 2022

Background

Ticks are important ectoparasites of small ruminants in tropics and subtropics including Iran. They transmit serious zoonotic pathogens such as Babesia and Theileria. These parasites cause major burden on small ruminants jeopardising livelihoods of rural people in Zarrin Dasht County.

Objectives

This study was carried out to investigate the diversity and distribution of hard ticks of small ruminants and their piroplasm infection in a bid to contribute to Theileria and/or Babesia detection and control in Zarrin Dasht County of Fars province, Iran.

Methods

We examined 751 sheep and goats from 10 sites of the County during four seasons for hard tick infestation. The collected hard ticks (994) were taxonomically identified before being separately confined in microtubes coded to indicate their species and host animals as well as site and date of collection. In total 50 pooled samples were analysed by PCR technique for Theileria and Babesia infection.

Results

The identified ticks included Hyalomma marginatum 994/362); 36.4%), Rhipicephalus turanicus 994/352); 35.51%), Hyalomma anatolicum 994/264); 26.6%), Hyalomma dromedarii 994/14); 1.41%) and Hyalomma asiaticum 994/2) 0.2%). Molecular analyses showed that 7 out of 50 pooled sample were infected with piroplasm genome in ticks shared by Theileria ovis (6:50) and Theileria lestoquardi (1:50). Babesia was absent in collected hard ticks.

Conclusions

This is the first report on the presence of piroplasm infection in hard ticks of small ruminants in Zarrin Dasht County. Theileria ovis was more prevalent than Theileria lestoquardi but Babesia was absent. Piroplasm infection was detected in Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus turanicus. Hyalomma marginatum appears to be more competent to vector Theileria spp. This study may contribute to risk assessment and prevention of epizootic theileriosis in the County.
Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and staphylococcal toxin genes of blaTEM‐1a‐producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals in Chongqing, China
Authors: Dong Qingshuang , Wang Qing , Zhang Yun , Chen Yao , Wang Haoju , Ding Honglei
Published: December 2022

Background

Staphylococcus aureus infection of livestock animals and humans is a major public health issue. There are reports of antimicrobial resistance and multiple staphylococcal superantigen genes in many countries and several provinces of China, but the status in Chongqing, China is uncertain.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and other molecular characteristics of S. aureus isolates from livestock animals in Chongqing.

Methods

Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified by selective enrichment and amplification of the nuc gene from 1371 samples collected at farms in Chongqing. The agar dilution method was used to determine the resistant phenotype, and extended spectrum β‐lactamase genes were amplified by PCR. Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus was verified by the presence of the mecA gene, and the presence or absence of SE, SEl, and TSST‐1 genes was detected in the isolates.

Results

We cultured 89 S. aureus isolates from 1371 samples between March 2014 and December 2017. These isolates were from pigs, cattle, goats, rabbits, and chickens. There were four methicillin‐resistant S. aureus strains (three from pigs and one from a chicken). The 89 isolates had high resistance to penicillin (93.3%) and ampicillin (92.1%), but most were susceptible to amikacin and ofloxacin, with resistance rates below 10%. A total of 62.9% of the isolates had varying degrees of multidrug resistance. Almost all strains, except for three isolates from chickens, were positive for blaTEM‐1a. There were 19 of 20 tested staphylococcal SE/SEl/TSST‐1 genes present (all except for seq), and the predominant genes were sei (58.4%), tst‐1 (56.2%), and seg (51.7%).

Conclusions

The high antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of blaTEM‐1a reinforce the need to reduce the usage of antimicrobials in livestock. The universal existence of staphylococcal toxin genes implies a potential threat to public health by animal‐to‐human transmission via the food chain.
Effects of Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) Supplementation on production performance, egg quality traits, and biochemical parameters of blood and egg in laying hens at later stages of the production period
Authors: Mosayyeb Zadeh Amir , Mirghelenj Seyyed Ali , Hasanlou Peyman , Shakouri Alishah Hossein
Published: December 2022

Background

According to the promising outcomes acquired in recent studies that focused on using natural feed additives in animal nutrition, poultry nutritionists have also been interested in investigating these medicinal herbs' effects on poultry performance and egg characteristics. Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), a natural source of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, etc. compounds, is recommended as a potential alternative for antibiotics, with similar benefits and no adverse effects on animal health or their products. Considerable effects have been reported on laying hens’ performance and their eggs’ internal and external traits by pennyroyal inclusion in their diets.

Objectives

Due to the different results reported by pennyroyal inclusion in laying hens’ diets in recent limited studies, this study was designed to reinvestigate the impacts of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) supplementation (PS) on productive performance, egg quality traits, and biochemical compounds in blood and egg yolk in aged laying hens. The findings of this experiment may help for a better understanding of PS impacts on desired parameters, along with improving aged laying hens’ performance.

Materials and Methods

A total of 144 Leghorn (Hyline‐W36 strain) laying hens (53 weeks old) were used to investigate the effects of PS on performance, egg quality, and biochemical parameters of blood and egg yolk in old laying hens. The animals were distributed into three treatment groups; including a control diet (without PS), 0.5%, and 1% PS diets with six replicates and eight birds per replicate.

Results

The results indicated that the egg production rate (except for week eight) and egg mass were significantly reduced by PS in the laying hens’ diet during the first four weeks and the total period of the experiment (P<0.05). However, the feed conversion ratio increased by PS (P<0.05). Based on the egg quality trait evaluations (week 4), the yolk percentage, yolk height, and yolk index reduced, while shell‐breaking strength represented a significant increase in PS groups (P<0.05). However, shell thickness and albumen percentage reduced and increased by 1% PS, respectively (P<0.05). At week eight, the Haugh unit reduced while the albumen pH increased by PS (P<0.05). The findings revealed a decline in the egg density in 1% PS groups (P<0.05). In the case of serum biochemical parameters, alanine aminotransferase increased, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) levels reduced in the PS groups (P<0.05). Moreover, the triglyceride levels of both serum and egg yolk (accompanied by the very low‐density lipoprotein level of serum) decreased by PS (P<0.05).

Conclusions

In conclusion, PS reduced serum and egg yolk triglyceride levels, accompanied by serum MDA, along with reducing production performance.
Does lesion type or severity predict outcome of therapy for horses with equine glandular gastric disease? – A retrospective study
Authors: Pratt S. L. , Bowen M. , Hallowell G. H. , Shipman E. , Bailey J. , Redpath A.
Published: December 2022

Background

Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is a common condition of the horse. Misoprostol is reported to be superior to oral omeprazole and sucralfate for treatment. Long‐acting intramuscular injectable omeprazole (LAIOMEP) is a novel treatment shown to be effective in a small population.

Objectives

This study aimed to determine LAIOMEP efficacy compared to misoprostol and oral omeprazole and identify characteristics that predict treatment outcome.

Methods

All horses that underwent gastroscopy between 2012 and 2019 were reviewed. Lesions were characterised by 4 blinded observers, all of whom are diplomates in equine internal medicine, using established descriptors from the ECEIM consensus statement and subjective severity. Treatment outcome was ranked as worsened, improved or healed. Consensus lesion type, lesion severity and treatment choice were compared to outcome and data screened using univariate analysis (chi‐squared) to determine whether each predicted outcome. Lesion types where univariate analysis predicted a trend (p<0.2) were included in a multiple‐regression analysis to identify predictors of outcome irrespective of treatment.

Results

Only severity significantly predicted final outcome (p = 0.025) with severe lesions being more likely to improve. Treatment choice did not significantly predict outcome. Overall healing rate was 29% (24 horses), and 43% (44 horses) improved. Treatment healing rates were 23% (10), 12% (7) and 27% (7) for LAIOMEP, misoprostol and oral omeprazole, respectively, with improvement in 69% (14), 76% (21) and 61% (9). 64% of the latter group received sucralfate. Worsening occurred in 7% (6). Treatment length varied with a median of 4 weeks (range 4–20 weeks).

Conclusions

This study showed poorer therapy outcome compared to previous studies. The only initial lesion descriptor to predict outcome was severity and treatment choice did not affect outcome.
Effect of temperature‐responsive hydrogel on femoral and sciatic nerve blocks using bupivacaine in Beagle dogs
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Kim Dalhae , Shin Donghwi , Sung Taehoon , Rhee Suehyung , Kim Minha , Nam Changhun , Lee Inhyung , Son Won‐Gyun
Published: December 2022

Objectives

To compare the duration of regional anesthesia of the pelvic limb using bupivacaine with and without a temperature‐responsive hydrogel (TRH) in dogs.

Methods

Under anesthesia using medetomidine (10 μg·kg−1), alfaxalone (2 mg·kg−1), and isoflurane, seven healthy male Beagles received four injections of 0.5% bupivacaine (1 mg·kg−1 with 5 μg·ml−1 epinephrine) to block the femoral and sciatic nerves bilaterally via ultrasound with nerve stimulation guidance. Bupivacaine was used on one pelvic limb (Bup treatment), and bupivacaine with TRH was used on the contralateral limb (Bup‐TRH treatment). The nerve block was considered successful upon the absence of responses to pinching the digital pads and mid‐tibial skin of both pelvic limbs with mosquito forceps; the pinch, proprioception, and locomotion tests were performed before (baseline) and at each hour after the nerve block until sensory and motor functions returned to baseline. The effect of TRH on nerve blocks was analyzed using a linear mixed model.

Results

The duration of the sensory nerve block at the digital pads and mid‐tibial skin was longer with Bup‐TRH (8.0 ± 1.6 h and 10.9 ± 1.6 h, respectively) than with Bup treatment (3.7 ± 2.0 h and 8.0 ± 1.6 h, respectively). Motor block times of proprioception and locomotion were longer with Bup‐TRH (9.3 ± 1.6 and 12.7 ± 1.5 h, respectively) than with Bup treatment (4.6 ± 1.9 and 9.6 ± 1.5 h, respectively). No complications were observed.

Clinical significance

TRH extended the duration of regional anesthesia of the pelvic limb using bupivacaine.
Exact solutions of the stochastic Maccari system forced by multiplicative noise
Authors: Al‐Askar Farah M. , Mohammed Wael W. , Aly E. S. , EL‐Morshedy M.
Published: December 2022

In the Itô sense, we look at the stochastic Maccari system (SMS) with multiplicative noise. To generate new analytical stochastic solutions, we use three separate techniques including sine‐cosine, Riccati‐Bernoulli sub‐ODE, and semi‐inverse. Such solutions are critical for comprehending some fascinating and complex physical phenomena. In addition, some results from earlier studies are generalized. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of stochastic term on the exact solutions of the SMS.
Two‐phase states of the generalized van der Waals gas: Conditions of absolute and neutral shock wave stability
Authors: Blokhin Alexander M. , Rudometova Anna S. , Tkachev Dmitry L.
Published: December 2022

In this work we discuss an approach to the construction of the areas of two‐phase states for real gases, state equations for which are from the article by Fogelson and Likhachev in 2004 and formulate conditions that define absolute and neutral stability of the shock waves.
Nachfolge in Familienunternehmen
Authors: Fries Martin , Deutlmoser Ralf
Published: December 2022

Erbrechtliche Streitigkeiten sind besonders komplex, wenn zum Nachlass ein Unternehmen oder Unternehmensanteile gehören, denn diese Vermögenspositionen sind regelmäßig mit großer gesellschaftlicher Verantwortung verbunden. Die dabei aufkommenden erbrechtlichen und gesellschaftsrechtlichen Fragen sind auf dem klassischen Rechtsweg schier unlösbar. Umso wichtiger ist deswegen eine frühzeitige, interessenorientierte Planung der Unternehmensnachfolge. Wie im klassischen Erbstreit lassen sich auch hier die Methoden der Mediation fruchtbar machen, und zwar einerseits bei der Nachfolgeplanung noch zu Lebzeiten der Erblasserin, andererseits aber auch bei Unstimmigkeiten zwischen ihren Nachfahren nach ihrem Tod.
Reduction Principle of Ajtai
Authors: Zheng Zhiyong , Tian Kun , Liu Fengxia
Published: December 2022

In 1996, the famous scholar Ajtai proposed the reduction principle from the worst case to the average case at the 28th Summer Symposium of the American Computer Society (ACM), named the Ajtai reduction principle [see Ajtai (1996), Ajtai (1999) and Ajtai and Dwork (1997)]. Subsequently, Ajtai and Dwork presented the first lattice-based cryptosystem, which is called the Ajtai-Dwork cryptosystem in the academic circles. The proof of this cryptosystem resisting Shor’s quantum computing is to apply Ajtai reduction principle to transform searching for collision points of the Hash function into the SIS problem, and Ajtai reduction principle proves that the difficulty of solving the SIS problem is polynomially equivalent to the shortest vector problem on lattice. The main purpose of this chapter is to prove the Ajtai reduction principle.
Learning with Error
Authors: Zheng Zhiyong , Tian Kun , Liu Fengxia
Published: December 2022

Learning with error was proposed by O. Regev in 2005 (see Regev, 2009), which can be regarded as a dual form of SIS problem. LWE has very important applications in modern cryptography, such as LWE-based fully homomorphic encryption. The main purpose of this chapter is to explain the mathematical principles of the LWE problem in detail, especially the polynomial equivalence between the average LWE problem and the hard problems on lattice, which is one generalization of the Ajtai reduction principle and solves the computational complexity of the LWE problem effectively.
Cyclic Lattices and Ideal Lattices
Authors: Zheng Zhiyong , Tian Kun , Liu Fengxia
Published: December 2022

Cyclic lattices and ideal lattices were introduced by Micciancio in [45], Lyubashevsky and Micciancio in [40], respectively, which play an efficient role in Ajtai’s construction of a collision-resistant Hash function and in Gentry’s construction of fully homomorphic encryption [22]. Let $$R=\mathbb {Z}[x]/<\phi (x)>$$ be a quotient ring of the integer coefficients polynomials ring, Lyubashevsky and Micciancio regarded an ideal lattice as the correspondence of an ideal of R, but they neither explain how to extend this definition to whole Euclidean space $$\mathbb {R}^n$$, nor exhibit the relationship of cyclic lattices and ideal lattices. In this chapter, we regard the cyclic lattices and ideal lattices as the correspondences of finitely generated R-modules, so that we may show that ideal lattices are actually a special subclass of cyclic lattices, namely cyclic integer lattices. It is worth noting that we use more general rotation matrix here, so our definition and results on cyclic lattices and ideal lattices are more general forms. As application, we provide cyclic lattice with an explicit and countable upper bound for the smoothing parameter. Our results may be viewed as a substantial progress in this direction.
Fully Homomorphic Encryption
Authors: Zheng Zhiyong , Tian Kun , Liu Fengxia
Published: December 2022

In 1978, Rivest et al. (1978) proposed the concepts of data bank and fully homomorphic encryption. Some individuals and organizations encrypt the original data and store them in the data bank for privacy protection. Data bank is also called data cloud. Therefore, the cloud stores a large amount of original data, which is obviously a huge wealth. How to use these data effectively? First of all, we must solve the problem of calculation of these encrypted data, which is called a privacy calculation problem. Rivest, Adleman and Dertouzos conjecture that if all data is fully homomorphic encryption, that is, the addition and multiplication of ciphertext are homomorphic to the corresponding addition and multiplication of plaintext, then the encrypted data can be effectively computed by elementary calculation without changing the structure of the plaintext data (under the condition of homomorphism). The RAD conjecture has been proposed for more than 30 years, but no one could solve this problem since the cryptographic structure of the fully homomorphic encryption system is too complicated. In 2009, C. Gentry, a computer scholar at Stanford University, first proposed a fully homomorphic encryption scheme in Gentry (2009b) based on ideal lattice, for which he won the 2022 highest award in theoretical computer science—the Godel Award. Based on Gentry’s work, the second and third fully homomorphic encryption schemes based on LWE distribution and trapdoor matrix technology have also been proposed; see Brakerski and Vaikuntanathan (2011a), (2011b), (2012), (2014), (2015) and Gentry et al. (2013) in 2013. The main purpose of this chapter is to systematically analyze and discuss the above three fully homomorphic encryption techniques, in order to understand the latest research trends of the post-quantum cryptography.
a → πππ decay at next-to-leading order in chiral perturbation theory
Authors: Di Luzio Luca , Piazza Gioacchino
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We discuss the construction of the two-flavour axion-pion effective Lagrangian at the next-to-leading order (NLO) in chiral perturbation theory and present, as a phenomenological application, the calculation of the decay rate of a GeV-scale axion-like particle via the channel a → πππ. Through the NLO calculation, we assess the range of validity of the effective field theory and show that the chiral expansion breaks down just above the kinematic threshold. Alternative non-perturbative approaches are called for in order to extend the chiral description of axion-pion interactions.
DDF operators in the hybrid formalism
Authors: Naderi Kiarash
Published: December 2022

Abstract

String theory with one unit of NS-NS flux on AdS3 × S3 × 𝕋4 has been recently realised to be the exact dual of the symmetric orbifold of 𝕋4. In the hybrid formalism of Berkovits, Vafa and Witten and using the free-field realisation of $$ \mathfrak{psu} $$
psu
(1, 1|2)1, the DDF operators of the free bosons and the free fermions of 𝕋4 are constructed. It is shown that these DDF operators reproduce the whole spectrum of the space-time theory on the world-sheet and therefore provide a derivation of the dual spectrum from first-principles.
Recursion-free solution for two-loop vacuum integrals with “collinear” masses
Authors: Davydychev Andrei I. , Schröder York
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We investigate the structure of a particular class of massive vacuum Feynman integrals at two loops. This class enjoys the linear relation m1 + m2 = m3 between its three propagator masses, corresponding to zeros of the associated Källén function. Apart from having applications in thermal field theory, the integrals can be mapped onto one-loop three-point functions with collinear external momenta, suggesting the term “collinear” masses. We present a closed-form solution for these integrals, proving that they can always be factorized into products of one-loop cases, for all integer-valued propagator powers.
Finiteness of entanglement entropy in collective field theory
Authors: Das Sumit R. , Jevicki Antal , Zheng Junjie
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We explore the question of finiteness of the entanglement entropy in gravitational theories whose emergent space is the target space of a holographic dual. In the well studied duality of two-dimensional non-critical string theory and c = 1 matrix model, this question has been studied earlier using fermionic many-body theory in the space of eigenvalues. The entanglement entropy of a subregion of the eigenvalue space, which is the target space entanglement in the matrix model, is finite, with the scale being provided by the local Fermi momentum. The Fermi momentum is, however, a position dependent string coupling, as is clear in the collective field theory formulation. This suggests that the finiteness is a non-perturbative effect. We provide evidence for this expectation by an explicit calculation in the collective field theory of matrix quantum mechanics with vanishing potential. The leading term in the cumulant expansion of the entanglement entropy is calculated using exact eigenstates and eigenvalues of the collective Hamiltonian, yielding a finite result, in precise agreement with the fermion answer. Treating the theory perturbatively, we show that each term in the perturbation expansion is UV divergent. However the series can be resummed, yielding the exact finite result. Our results indicate that the finiteness of the entanglement entropy for higher dimensional string theories is non-perturbative as well, with the scale provided by Newton’s constant.
One-loop matching of scotogenic model onto standard model effective field theory up to dimension 7
Authors: Liao Yi , Ma Xiao-Dong
Published: December 2022

Abstract

The scotogenic neutrino seesaw model is a minimal extension of the standard model with three ℤ2-odd right-handed singlet fermions N and one ℤ2-odd Higgs doublet η that can accommodate the tiny neutrino mass and provide a dark matter candidate in a unified picture. Due to lack of experimental signatures for electroweak scale new physics, it is appealing to assume these new particles are well above the electroweak scale and take the effective field theory approach to study their effects on low energy observables. In this work we apply the recently developed functional matching formalism to the one-loop matching of the model onto the standard model effective field theory up to dimension seven for the case when all new states N and η are heavy to be integrated out. This is a realistic example which has no tree-level matching due to the ℤ2 symmetry. Using the matching results, we analyze their phenomenological implications for several physical processes, including the lepton number violating effect, the CDF W mass excess, and the lepton flavor violating decays like μ → eγ and μ → 3e.
An oncogene addiction phosphorylation signature and its derived scores inform tumor responsiveness to targeted therapies
Authors: Orlando Eleonora , Medo Matúš , Bensimon Ariel , Quintin Aurélie , Riedo Rahel , Roth Selina M. , Riether Carsten , Marti Thomas M. , Aebersold Daniel M. , Medová Michaela , Aebersold Ruedi , Zimmer Yitzhak
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Oncogene addiction provides important therapeutic opportunities for precision oncology treatment strategies. To date the cellular circuitries associated with driving oncoproteins, which eventually establish the phenotypic manifestation of oncogene addiction, remain largely unexplored. Data suggest the DNA damage response (DDR) as a central signaling network that intersects with pathways associated with deregulated addicting oncoproteins with kinase activity in cancer cells.

Experimental

Design

We employed a targeted mass spectrometry approach to systematically explore alterations in 116 phosphosites related to oncogene signaling and its intersection with the DDR following inhibition of the addicting oncogene alone or in combination with irradiation in MET-, EGFR-, ALK- or BRAF (V600)-positive cancer models. An NSCLC tissue pipeline combining patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and ex vivo patient organotypic cultures has been established for treatment responsiveness assessment.

Results

We identified an ‘oncogene addiction phosphorylation signature’ (OAPS) consisting of 8 protein phosphorylations (ACLY S455, IF4B S422, IF4G1 S1231, LIMA1 S490, MYCN S62, NCBP1 S22, P3C2A S259 and TERF2 S365) that are significantly suppressed upon targeted oncogene inhibition solely in addicted cell line models and patient tissues. We show that the OAPS is present in patient tissues and the OAPS-derived score strongly correlates with the ex vivo responses to targeted treatments.

Conclusions

We propose a score derived from OAPS as a quantitative measure to evaluate oncogene addiction of cancer cell samples. This work underlines the importance of protein phosphorylation assessment for patient stratification in precision oncology and corresponding identification of tumor subtypes sensitive to inhibition of a particular oncogene.
Solvability of superlinear fractional parabolic equations
Authors: Fujishima Yohei , Hisa Kotaro , Ishige Kazuhiro , Laister Robert
Published: December 2022

We study necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for the existence of local-in-time solutions of the Cauchy problem for superlinear fractional parabolic equations. Our conditions are sharp and clarify the relationship between the solvability of the Cauchy problem and the strength of the singularities of the initial measure.
Semi-occlusive dressing therapy versus surgical treatment in fingertip amputation injuries: a clinical study
Authors: Pastor Tatjana , Hermann Patricia , Haug Luzian , Gueorguiev Boyko , Pastor Torsten , Vögelin Esther
Published: December 2022

Objectives

Treatment of fingertip amputations is subject of controversial debates. Recently, semi-occlusive dressings have increased in popularity in these injuries.

Aims

To compare clinical outcomes of conservative semi-occlusive dressing therapy versus surgical treatment of fingertip amputations.

Methods

Eighty-four patients with fingertip amputations were re-examined clinically after a mean follow-up of 28.1 months (range 9.6–46.2). Sixty-six patients (79%) were treated with semi-occlusive dressings (group 1) and 18 (21%) underwent surgery (group 2). Range of motion, grip strength, and two-point discrimination were measured at the final follow-up. Furthermore, VAS score, Quick-DASH score, subjective aesthetic outcome and loss of working days were obtained.

Results

Group 1 demonstrated healing in all 66 patients (100%) while in Group 2 5 out of 18 patients (28%) failed to achieve healing after a mean of 17 days (range 2–38) due to graft necrosis. Group 1 showed significantly lower VAS scores and significantly lower loss of two-point discrimination compared to Group 2. Work absence was significantly shorter in Group 1 versus Group 2. Trophic changes in finger (46%) and nail (30%) were significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (44% and 70%, respectively). Disturbance during daily business activities (14%) and cold sensitivity (23%) were significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (86% and 77%, respectively).

Conclusions

Semi-occlusive dressing therapy for fingertip amputations demonstrated excellent healing rates. Compared to surgical treatment, it resulted in significantly better clinical outcomes, lower complication rates and significantly higher reported satisfaction rates. Therefore, semi-occlusive dressing for fingertip injuries is a very successful procedure and shall be preferred over surgical treatment in most cases.

Level of evidence

III therapeutic.
Cohen-Macaulay Property of Feynman Integrals
Authors: Tellander Felix , Helmer Martin
Published: December 2022

The connection between Feynman integrals and GKZ A-hypergeometric systems has been a topic of recent interest with advances in mathematical techniques and computational tools opening new possibilities; in this paper we continue to explore this connection. To each such hypergeometric system there is an associated toric ideal, we prove that the latter has the Cohen-Macaulay property for two large families of Feynman integrals. This implies, for example, that both the number of independent solutions and dynamical singularities are independent of space-time dimension and generalized propagator powers. Furthermore, in particular, it means that the process of finding a series representation of these integrals is fully algorithmic.
[18F]FAPI-42 PET/CT in differentiated thyroid cancer: diagnostic performance, uptake values, and comparison with 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT
Authors: Mu Xingyu , Huang Xiaoxue , Jiang Zewen , Li Meng , Jia Lulu , Lv Zhongyuan , Fu Wei , Mao Jingsong
Published: December 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of [18F]FAPI-42 PET/CT and compare it with that of 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) with biochemical elevations in Tg or anti-Tg antibodies.

Methods

A total of 42 patients with DTC with biochemical elevations in Tg or anti-Tg antibodies underwent [18F]FAPI-42 PET/CT as part of this study; of which, 11 additionally underwent 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT within 7 days. Images were semi-quantitatively and visually interpreted, and the quantity, location, and uptake values of lesions were noted. The diagnostic capacity of [18F]FAPI-42 PET/CT and biomarkers affecting the uptake of [18F]FAPI-42 were evaluated. In addition, the diagnostic performance and uptake of [18F]FAPI-42 and 2-[18F]FDG were compared, and the correlation between lesion diameter and quantitative parameters was investigated.

Results

A total of 161 lesions were detected in 27 (64%) patients on [18F]FAPI-42 PET/CT. FAPI-positive local recurrence showed the highest uptake intensity, followed by lymphatic, other site-associated (bone and pleura), and pulmonary lesions (mean SUVmax, 4.7 versus 3.7 versus 3.0 versus 2.2, respectively; P < 0.0001). The levels of TSH, Tg, and Tg-Ab did not affect the uptake value of lesions (median SUVmax: 2.4 versus 3.2, P = 0.56; 2.9 versus 2.4, P = 0.0935; 2.8 versus 2.6, P = 0.0525, respectively). A total of 90 positive lesions were detected in 7 patients using both modalities. All positive lesions showed statistically higher uptake of 2-[18F]FDG than that of [18F]FAPI-42 (SUVmax, 2.6 versus 2.1; P = 0.026). However, the SUVmax of [18F]FAPI-42 was higher than that of 2-[18F]FDG in local recurrences and lymphatic lesions (SUVmax, 4.2 versus 2.9 and 3.9 versus 3.4, respectively; P > 0.05).

Conclusion

[18F]FAPI-42 can be used for detecting lesions and reflecting FAP expression during local recurrence and metastasis in patients with DTC with biochemical elevations in Tg or anti-Tg antibodies. The diagnostic performance of [18F]FAPI-42 PET/CT is comparable with that of 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT in such patients.
BRAF inhibitor treatment of classical hairy cell leukemia allows successful vaccination against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Konrat Judith , Rösler Wiebke , Roiss Michael , Meier-Abt Fabienne , Widmer Corinne C. , Balabanov Stefan , Manz Markus G. , Zenz Thorsten
Published: December 2022

In classical hairy cell leukemia (HCL), standard treatments including purine analogs achieve a durable response (up to 90%), but lead to severe immunosuppression and long-lasting depletion of CD4 + T lymphocytes. The BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib is effective in HCL, but its use in first-line treatment is restricted to select clinical situations (e.g. active infection). Its impact on immune function or response to vaccines in HCL is unclear. We treated four HCL patients with vemurafenib during the COVID-19 pandemic and monitored immune reconstitution and response to SARS-CoV-2 immunization. All patients responded to HCL treatment with normalization of peripheral blood counts. No severe infections occurred. As an indication of limited immunosuppression by vemurafenib, stable CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocyte counts and immunoglobulin levels were observed. Three out of four patients received SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (Pfizer-BioNTech) during treatment with vemurafenib. IgG antibody levels against the spike-protein of SARS-CoV-2 were detected (40–818 AE/ml). Our data suggest that vemurafenib has limited effects on cellular and humoral immune function in HCL, which allows for successful SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. These data support the use of BRAF inhibitors during the current pandemic where continued immune response is necessary for minimizing the COVID-19-related risk of non-vaccinated patients.