bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of appropriate energy threshold range for accurate estimation of effective atomic number considering statistical uncertainty in photon‐counting techniques
Authors: Haba Tomonobu , Hayashi Hiroaki , Takahashi Tsukasa , Naito Shota , Furukawa Yuichi , Yamamoto Shuichiro , Kimoto Natsumi , Kobayashi Shigeki
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The energy threshold is an important parameter for precise material identification employing photon‐counting techniques. However, in such applications, the appropriate energy threshold has not been clarified. Therefore, we aimed to determine the appropriate energy threshold range for precise material identification, focusing on effective atomic number (Z) values as an index.

Methods

The atomic number was estimated using a previously proposed algorithm and Monte Carlo simulations. This algorithm included three steps: calculating the attenuation factor from the incident photon counts on a photon‐counting detector, correcting the beam‐hardening effects, and estimating the atomic number from the attenuation factor index using the calibration curve. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to add Poisson noise to an ideal x‐ray spectrum. The total number of incident x‐rays was set in the range of 103–106. The x‐ray spectra were generated at tube voltages of 50–120 kV. Polymethyl methacrylate (Z = 6.5) and aluminum (Z = 13) were used for the analysis. The energy threshold was varied at intervals of 1 keV to estimate the atomic number. We evaluated the appropriate energy threshold range for accurately estimating the atomic number using the obtained atomic number data and statistical uncertainty under various conditions.

Results

The appropriate energy threshold range was found to be 31–38 keV for a tube voltage range of 50–120 kV. At this energy threshold, the atomic number can be estimated within an accuracy of ± 0.7 at 105 counts for the atomic number range of 6.5 (PMMA) to 13 (Al).

Conclusions

We found the appropriate energy threshold range. The findings of this study are expected to be useful for appropriately setting the energy threshold during precise material identification using photon‐counting detectors for clinical applications.
Review of Performance of Advanced High Strength Steels under Impact
Authors: Xia Peikang , Sabirov Ilchat , Petrov Roumen , Verleysen Patricia
Published: February 2025

Three generations of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and relatively low cost. While there has been extensive research on the basic mechanical properties of AHSS, the impact energy absorption capacity, a critical property for ensuring passenger safety, has not been systematically investigated. In addition, the absence of standardized impact testing protocols for materials or structures hinders the comparison of results across different studies. The present review aims to provide a comparative analysis of the impact performance of thin‐walled structures and sheet specimens made from the three generations of AHSS. First, an introduction to the background of AHSS is presented. Widely used experimental techniques and specimen geometries are then reviewed. This is followed by a detailed review of recent relevant studies on the first, second, and third generations of AHSS. Emphasis is placed on investigating the influence of microstructure on impact performance and the underlying mechanisms governing high‐strain‐rate plastic deformation under impact loading. Various strategies to improve the impact performance of AHSS are also discussed.
Microstructure Analysis and Mechanical Performance of TA10/6061 Large Size Explosive Welding Composite Pipes Based on Numerical Simulation Verification
Authors: Zhou Haiwei , Shao Fei , Xu Qian , Bai Linyue , Yuan Jiaxin , Liu Hailong
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the preparation and application reliability of large‐size TA10/6061 explosive welding composite pipes. The results demonstrate that the AUTODYN numerical simulation of the composite pipe accurately reflects the actual explosive welding interface morphology, with both exhibiting waveform interfaces, indicating the favorable bonding morphology. The titanium elements at the composite pipe interface diffused into the aluminum side without forming intermetallic compounds. A substantial number of fine grains are generated in the titanium structure at the interface, enhancing the bonding strength. The microscopic analysis confirms the high bonding quality of the composite pipe. The composite pipe demonstrated high tensile and shear strength, which are 481.62 and 165.08 MPa, respectively, which are about 62.40% and 60.96% higher than that of single 6061 aluminum alloy, which exhibits high strength, significantly improved the ductility, and the ductile fracture failure modes. The titanium side, aluminum side, and interface demonstrated excellent bending resistance, with the highest hardness value observed at the interface and an increase in hardness on both the titanium side and interface in the direction of detonation.
Mechanisms of High‐Temperature Corrosion Resistance in Al–Si–Cr and Ni–Cr Coatings for Low‐NOx Combustion Boilers
Authors: Wang Cong , Xu Gang , Ouyang Zhufeng , Xu Kai , Xu Jun , Jiang Long , Wang Yi , Su Sheng , Hu Song , Xiang Jun
Published: February 2025

To address the issue of high‐temperature corrosion of coal‐fired boiler water‐cooled walls, an Al–Si–Cr coating with rare earth element is developed using heat‐curing ceramic coating technology in this study. The corrosion resistance of both Al–Si–Cr and Ni–Cr coatings is investigated under laboratory and actual boiler conditions using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Results indicate significant coatings’ mass increase over time under laboratory conditions, with corrosion mass gain following a power function of time. The dense structure of the Al–Si–Cr coating and the rare earth elements effectively prevent the diffusion of corrosive gases, providing superior gaseous corrosion resistance. However, the dissolution of Al2O3 in high‐temperature molten salt causes cracks, reducing its resistance in such environments. Ni–Cr coating oxides react with corrosive gases, diminishing its resistance to gaseous corrosion. Nevertheless, Cr inhibits the sulfidation of Ni in molten sulfate and stabilizes NiO, enhancing its corrosion resistance in molten salt. The Al–Si–Cr coating demonstrates outstanding anti‐coking and corrosion resistance in the boiler. This study provides a promising new solution for enhancing the corrosion protection of water‐cooled walls in coal‐fired boilers.
Wireless and Self‐Powered Wearable Pressure Sensors Based on Chitosan for Artificial Mechanoreceptors
Authors: Wang Zhao , Yalagala Bhavani Prasad , Zhang Jungang , Hafezi Mahshid , Heidari Hadi , Feeney Andrew
Published: February 2025

Touch is key to perception, feeling, and interaction within the social environment. Emulating these sensory capabilities toward intelligent human‐like robots and prosthetics can be achieved by integrating sensor arrays, including pressure, temperature, strain, and humidity, spatially distributed in the human skin, mimicking somatosensory functions. However, existing sensor technologies are not environmentally sustainable due to their non‐biodegradable constituent materials, generally requiring bulky power sources incompatible with wearables. To address these challenges, this study presents a lightweight, flexible, and self‐powered dynamic pressure sensor platform, emulating the functionality of type‐II mechanoreceptors inside the skin, using chitosan biopolymer. A biodegradable pressure sensor is fabricated using a thin composite film of chitosan doped with different compositions of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) as the active piezoelectric layer embedded between copper electrodes. The 15 wt.% chitosan‐ZnO composite‐based sensor demonstrates superior pressure and frequency sensitivities of 70.71 mV/kPa and 471.43 mV Hz−1 with excellent cyclic stability and device‐to‐device repeatability compared with pure chitosan‐based pressure sensors. The accelerated biodegradability studies demonstrate that ultra‐thin composite films can completely degrade in slightly acidic deionized water (pH 6.5) in less than 2 h, exhibiting environmental sustainability. Applications include object classification and identification, the detection of hand and finger movements, gesture recognition, and wireless data transmission.
Electroless Plating of Copper on Laser‐Induced Graphene for Flexible Hybrid Electronic Applications
Authors: Rektor Attila , Eixenberger Josh , Valayil Varghese Tony , Cummings Brian , Curtis Michael , Mckibben Nicholas , Timler John , Estrada David
Published: February 2025

Flexible hybrid electronics (FHEs) combine flexible substrates with conventional electronic components, offering increased mechanical stability and reduced size and weight. Laser‐Induced Graphene (LIG) presents a novel approach for patterning flexible devices, characterized by reduced weight, flexibility, and ease of synthesis. This study demonstrates a new process utilizing copper‐plated LIG to create direct‐write, on‐demand flexible electronics. The method incorporates catalytically active Pd nanoparticles into the LIG structure, enabling selective copper‐plating to form circuits. This simplifies the process by eliminating sensitization steps and avoiding challenges of homogeneous deposition found in electroplating. The impact of laser fluence on LIG structure and plating behavior is systematically studied, identifying an optimal fluence of 168 J cm−2 using a 7 W, 450 nm laser. Samples with this fluence achieve complete copper plating within 20 min, a sheet resistance of 149.9 mΩ □−1, good adhesion, and durability across 10 000 bend cycles. An operational amplifier is produced on a flexible polyimide substrate, demonstrating the feasibility of this process for creating low‐cost FHEs. This research expands LIG applications and establishes the relationship between laser fluence and copper‐plating behavior, opening new opportunities for integrating LIG into flexible electronics.
Organocatalytic Remote Stereocontrolled (4+2) Annulation of 2‐(4H‐Benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐yl)acrylates with 4‐Methyleneisoxazol‐5(4H)‐ones
Authors: Liu Yan , Chen Xuling , Li Pengfei
Published: February 2025

Despite the formidable challenge of concurrently managing both the regiochemistry and stereochemistry of the process, organocatalytic remote stereocontrol has emerged as an appealing approach to establish stereocenters at specified locations distant from reactive functional groups. Herein, we achieved the first organocatalyzed remote stereocontrolled (4+2) annulation of 2‐(4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐yl)acrylates with 4‐methyleneisoxazol‐5(4H)‐ones. The nucleophilic attack of a suitable chiral amine to 2‐(4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐yl)acrylates generated the key amine‐dipole intermediate, followed by the enantioselective aza‐1,4‐addition of 4‐methyleneisoxazol‐5(4H)‐ones and intramolecular annulation cascade reaction to construct spiro[isoxazole‐4,3’‐quinolin]‐5‐one frameworks bearing continuous three stereocenters. More importantly, different from the well‐established reactions of MBH carbonates, this work successfully established a novel platform for the direct enantioselective synthesis of continuous three stereocenters, inclusive of an ε‐stereocenter.
Dansyl Based AIE Material for Multimodal Recognition of Antibiotics
Authors: Dhir Abhimanew , Shagun Shagun
Published: February 2025

A dansyl‐isoniazid conjugate (DISH) is designed and synthesized which exhibits Aggregation‐Induced Emission (AIE) in MeOH:H2O (20:80). This AIE Material is utilized for detection of different antibiotics having carboxylic acid, amide and thioamide functionalities. The material shows a multimodal recognition behaviour having maximum affinity with a fluorescence intensification (236 %) (ϕ = 0.68) on addition of 2.0 µM levofloxacin (LEV) whereas the quenching of fluorescence emission is observed on addition of prothionamide (PTH) (8.0 µM). To test the practical application of the DISH, we performed smartphone‐based detection wherein RGB colour picker app is used to study the colour variation of probe in urine samples spiked with same concentration of LEV (2.0 µM) and PTH (8.0 µM).
A Sequential Release Micro‐nano System for Colitis Therapy via Gut Microbiota and Immune Regulation
Authors: Hu Tony Y. , Zhu Dongdong , Ma Xiaocao , Wang Jingguo , Chen Tiantian , Yang Jiahui , Liu Yan , Lin Zhun , Wu Minhao , Zhang Yuanqing
Published: February 2025

Commencing with the breakdown of the intestinal barrier, various pathogenic factors, such as dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, harmful inflammatory cytokines, and immune system imbalance, collectively contribute to the development of colitis. Numerous interventions focusing on single factors have been developed to provide short‐term therapeutic benefits, but the continued existence of unresolved pathogenic factors can lead to disease exacerbation. Here we have designed a multicomponent system—inulin microspheres encapsulating selenium‐containing nanomicelles, aiming to tackle the multiple factors associated with colitis. This micro–nano drug delivery platform achieves sequential release of drugs in the inflamed colon, with each component of the system functioning independently and jointly. The outer layer of inulin provides nutrients for probiotics. The inner core comprises selenocystamine and 3‐oxolithocholic acid, which polarize macrophages towards an anti‐inflammatory phenotype and regulate adaptive immunity by inhibiting TH17‐cell differentiation, respectively. In an acute colitis mouse model, this therapeutic system ameliorates colonic inflammation, enhances the abundance of gut microbiota, and modulates the mucosal immune system, showing potential in preventing colitis.
Synthesis of Selenium‐Doped Heteroacenes: Unveiling the External Heavy‐Atom Effect in Host Materials
Authors: Wang Fei , Ye Jinting , Liu Junjie , Chen Xian-Kai , Yang Yudong , Bin Zhengyang , You Jingsong
Published: February 2025

The internal heavy‐atom effect (IHAE) has garnered considerable attention as a promising approach for developing highly efficient emitters in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Nevertheless, the external heavy‐atom effect (EHAE) in host materials, despite being equally important, has been largely overlooked. In this study, we introduce a selenium‐doping strategy to unlock the potential of EHAE in host molecules. To demonstrate this approach, we developed a straightforward method for synthesizing structurally diverse pyridine‐fused, selenium‐containing heteroacenes via an intramolecular radical cyclization of 2‐(arylselanyl)pyridin‐3‐amine derivatives. This method facilitates the rapid construction of a novel host molecule, DCz‐BSeP, by incorporating two carbazole groups into the benzo[4,5]selenopheno[2,3‐b]pyridine (BSeP) core. Compared to its oxygen‐based (DCz‐BFP) and sulfur‐based (DCz‐BTP) counterparts, the introduction of selenium in DCz‐BSeP significantly enhances spin–orbit coupling and accelerates the reverse intersystem crossing rate of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters by threefold, while also improving bipolar transport properties. These enhancements make DCz‐BSeP an ideal bipolar host for high‐performance, wide‐color‐gamut TADF‐OLEDs, with notably reduced efficiency roll‐off. Additionally, its successful application in phosphorescent OLEDs (Ph‐OLEDs) and TADF‐sensitized narrowband red fluorescence OLEDs (TSF‐OLEDs) highlights its versatility in advancing OLED technologies.
Investigating started sample size, completed sample size and drop‐out rate in 10 252 phase III clinical trials: Insights from ClinicalTrials.gov
Authors: Chen Henian , Pang Jinyong , Zhao Yayi , Cao Biwei , Valente Matthew J. , Cen Weiliang , Valkanova Elena
Published: February 2025

Aims

This study investigated the started sample size, completed sample size and drop‐out rate of 10 252 published and unpublished phase III clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov over the past 20 years.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive search on ClinicalTrials.gov for all phase III clinical trials with registered results before 26 May 2023. We retrieved and downloaded 10 252, which covered a period of more than 20 years.

Results

Out of the 10 252 trials analysed, 889 (8.7%) were sponsored by the US National Institutes of Health/US Federal agencies (NIH/US Fed), 8429 (82.2%) were sponsored by industry. The overall median started sample size was 302. The overall median completed sample size was 228. The median completed sample sizes were 258 for industry‐sponsored trials, and 194 for NIH/US Fed‐sponsored trials. The median completed sample sizes were 321 for biological interventions and 223 for drug interventions. The overall median drop‐out rate was 11%. Statistically significant differences were observed in sample sizes between industry‐sponsored trials and NIH/US Fed‐sponsored trials (P < 0.0001). Neither the started sample sizes nor the completed sample sizes have shown any change over the course of the past 20 years.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that a majority of the analysed trials lack sufficient statistical power (80%) to detect small effect sizes, and approximately half of the trials did not have 80% power to detect medium effect sizes. Notably, trials funded by NIH/US Fed exhibit significantly smaller sample sizes compared to trials sponsored by industry. When conducting sample size calculations for clinical trials, it is crucial to consider the anticipated effect size, variability and drop‐out rate.
Vulnerable Narcissism and Sense of Community Among Adolescents: The Role of Self‐Esteem and Use of Social Media
Authors: Novara Cinzia , Di Napoli Gaetano , Marino Iva , Ruggieri Stefano
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the relationships among vulnerable narcissism, the use of social network sites (SNSs), self‐esteem, and sense of community among adolescents. Based on a sample of 381 high school students, we explored whether vulnerable narcissism, exacerbated by the use of SNSs and low self‐esteem, contributes to difficulties in establishing community relationships. Hypotheses were tested to examine the associations among narcissism, sense of community, and self‐esteem, with the use of SNSs as a moderating factor. The results indicated a negative relationship between narcissism and sense of community, with self‐esteem mediating this relationship. Furthermore, the low or high use of SNSs moderates the negative relationship between narcissism and sense of community and self‐esteem such that with high use of social media, the relationship becomes positive. These findings suggest that vulnerable‐narcissist adolescents use social sites as facilitators of community relationships and support of their self‐esteem. Conversely, adolescents with low usage are less inclined to support real‐life comparisons, perceiving the community as a dangerous testing ground to avoid. This study highlights the importance of addressing vulnerable narcissism and the use of SNSs in interventions aimed at promoting community involvement and well‐being among adolescents.
Technetium and Rhenium Auto‐reduction, Polymerization and Lability towards Group VII Polyoxometalate Chemistry
Authors: Bustos Jenna , Shohel Mohammad , Buzanich Ana Guilherme , Zakharov Lev , Buils Jordi , Segado-Centellas Mireia , Bo Carles , Nyman May
Published: February 2025

Group VII Tc and Re have long been studied to develop both radiopharmaceuticals and technologies for nuclear materials management. Fundamental research has targeted understanding this periodic table crossroads where polyoxometalates meets metal‐metal bonded complexes. Here we have isolated green hygroscopic and metastable crystals of (ReVI,oct)2(ReVII,tet)2(OH)2(O)12·H2O (ReVI,VII‐green,tet=tetrahedral, oct=octahedral), determined by single‐crystal x‐ray diffraction. In addition to color, Re‐L1 X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy confirms the reduced oxidation state. ReVI,VII‐green provides the first demonstration of Re autoreduction, long‐observed for Mn and Tc. We also isolated and structurally characterized [Tc4O4(H2O)2(ReO4)14]2‐ (Tc4Re14) polyanion crystals that contain Tc(V) and Re(VII), consistent with greater stability of reduced Tc compared to reduced Re. Small angle X‐ray scattering of both compounds and prior‐reported polyanion [Tc4O4(H2O)2(TcO4)14]4‐ (Tc20) dissolved in acetonitrile indicated a qualitative lability order of oxo‐linkages of Re‐O‐Re > Re‐O‐Tc >Tc‐O‐Tc, and lability of Tc20 was also probed by 99Tc nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Computation provided insight into 99Tc chemical shifts as well as lability. Based on both reducibility and solution phase dynamics of polynuclear compounds investigated here, Re is an imperfect surrogate for Tc, and further expansion of group VII polyoxometalate chemistry seems promising.
Enhancing the Electrochemical Performance of Nickel‐Rich Layered Cathode Material (NMC 622) for Lithium‐ion Batteries by Ultrathin Conductive Ceria‐Surface Coating
Authors: Seotsanyana-Mokhosi Itumeleng , Ozoemena Kenneth Ikechukwu
Published: February 2025

Layered LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) has been lauded as robust and fitting candidates for the development of the next generation lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles and other high energy demanding applications. However, widespread commercialization of NMC622 cathode material has been frustrated by its poor cycling performance which is due to structural instability. This work shows that the electrochemical performance of the NMC622 can be greatly enhanced by surface‐coating with CeO2. A commercial NMC622 is chemically modified with a very low amount of CeO2 (~2%) to form an ultrathin CeO2‐coated NMC622 surface (NMC622‐c). The coated electrode material exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance compared to its pristine counterpart, especially in terms of Li‐ion diffusion kinetics and capacity retention.  This enhancement has been made possible by the NMC622‐c overcoming the destructive H2/H3 phase transition, reduced Ni/Li mixing, and improved ordered hexagonal structure. Improved Li diffusion rate has also been improved for long battery life. This work provides excellent insight to researchers and entrepreneurs working hard to overcome the inherent challenges of the NMC622 and related NMC layered cathode materials.
Sacred Heart University launches program to address special educator shortage
Authors: Elfman Lois
Published: February 2025

Sacred Heart University (SHU), in Connecticut, Farrington College of Education & Human Development, together with the Stamford (Connecticut) Public Schools (SPS), has launched the Para Pioneer program to address the critical shortage of special education professionals in Connecticut and increase diversity in teaching. A vital part of the program is identifying and recruiting local talent and removing barriers to success, which will lead to greater representation of local communities in public school classrooms.
Digital Finance and Reduction of Pollution and Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of China by Considering the Mediating, Moderating and Spatial Spillover Effects
Authors: Qiu Haiyang , Li Xin , Kang Jiaqian , Zhang Long , Lei Boyan
Published: February 2025

In the digital age, using digital tools to promote environmental governance has gained significant attention. Digital finance (DF) integrates financial systems with digital technologies, offering a new financing channel and mechanism for collaboratively reducing pollutants and carbon emissions (RPCEs). This paper explores the multifaceted impact of DF on RPCE, using China as a case study. Utilising panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021, the study applies benchmark regression, mediation, moderation and spatial econometric models to empirically analyse DF's effects and mechanisms on RPCE. The findings revealed that: (1) DF positively influences RPCE, with industrial structure upgrading playing a key role in this process. (2) DF's impact on RPCE varies across regions and e‐government demonstration zones in China, showing stronger effects in central China and e‐government zones. (3) DF's impact on RPCE can be strengthened by increasing green fiscal expenditure. (4) The negative spillover effect of DF on RPCE in neighbouring areas was witnessed, where local DF development inhibited DF growth in adjacent areas through a ‘siphon effect’. As a result, the modern financial system should be tailored to regional characteristics while accelerating industrial structure upgrading. By leveraging green fiscal expenditure regulations, DF's potential can be fully realised, creating a synergistic effect on RPCE.
Composing comics as activism: Leveraging preservice teachers' multimodal and graphic narrative conventions
Authors: Cook Mike P. , Chisholm James S.
Published: February 2025

This study examines the ways pre‐service English language arts teachers (PSTs) conceptualized activism and experimented with visual and multimodal approaches to composing about activism. Drawing on qualitative methods, we examined 22 PSTs' graphic narratives completed as part of their teacher preparation coursework, and center our discussion on three focal students' compositions. We frame our inquiry within the scholarship on critical literacies to address the research question: How do PSTs draw on multimodality and comic conventions to compose graphic narratives about activism? Findings suggest that these focal students leveraged the affordances of multimodal composing to engage readers in their narratives about activism. Specifically, PSTs created multiple perspectives and movement as rhetorical moves that influenced how readers interacted with both their graphic compositions and the activist themes developed therein. After a discussion of the findings, we highlight the potential of PSTs' activist literacies and corresponding implications for the field.
Evaluation of fumaric copolymer/clays composites as base asphalt modifiers
Authors: Botto Iribarne Juan , Aparicio Francisca , Alvarez Vera , Ollier Primiano Romina , Larsen Diego , Oberti Tamara G.
Published: February 2025

Polymer‐modified asphalts (PMA) are known to improve pavement performance, but they have limitations, such as poor storage stability, oxidation susceptibility, low compatibility, and weak adhesion to mineral aggregates. To address these issues, recent studies have explored the use of nanomaterials to enhance asphalt properties. Particularly in this research, the specific polymer was designed to compatibilize with an Argentinian base asphalt. The copolymer shows 54% of alkyl fraction and 46% of aromatic fraction in its structure demonstrated by 1H‐NMR and FTIR analyses. In addition, native bentonite and benzalkonium chloride‐modified organobentonite were employed as thermally stable asphalt modifiers suitable for this application. Fluorescence analysis determined that only 180 min were sufficient to achieve a homogeneous distribution of the modifiers on the samples. A comprehensive analysis of the rheological behavior as a function of temperature, combined with routine standardized rapid tests, led us to conclude that the incorporation of clays increases the hardness of the samples, which in turn improves their resistance to permanent deformation. This effect, although expected, also implies higher energy consumption during processing.

Highlights

Polymer was designed to compatibilize with base asphalt.

Copolymer structure confirmed: 54% alkyl and 46% aromatic fractions by 1H‐NMR.

Native and organobentonite enhance thermal stability and asphalt modification.

Fluorescence analysis shows homogeneity achieved in 180 min.

Clays increase hardness but reduce susceptibility to permanent deformation.
Drone‐based polarization imaging system for leaf spot severity determination in peanut plants
Authors: Larsen Joshua , Dunne Jeffrey. , Austin Robert , Newman Cassondra , Kudenov Michael
Published: February 2025

In this study, we introduce a new approach for enhancing peanut phenotyping through a polarization imaging platform. With leaf spot disease posing significant threats to peanut (Arachis hypogae L.) crops, our research addresses the need for accurate and efficient detection methods. Polarization imaging offers unique advantages over more traditional spectral imaging solutions. Polarization correlates strongly with the geometric properties of an object, such as surface roughness or its orientation relative to the sensor or light source. Leveraging a drone‐based system, we conducted extensive field trials, collecting approximately 30,184 images over two growing seasons and locations. Images were processed for panchromatic (400–800 nm wavelengths) degree of linear polarization (DOLP) and compared to conventional red, green, and blue (RGB) imagery against conventional visual severity scores (modified nine‐point scale). Results indicated that when attempting to determine ground truth infection severity, panchromatic DOLP alone provided 1.34 root mean square error, RGB alone provided 1.09 root mean square error accuracy, and both modalities provided 1.03 root mean square error, indicating that adding a polarization capability can enhance or augment conventional RGB scoring pipelines. We expect that polarization may allow for phenotypic scoring models to mitigate—or leverage—confounding factors related to a leaf's geometric properties without the need for 3D imaging.
XPS and p‐ARXPS Analysis of Nanometric‐Thick Polyphosphazene Film on Undoped n‐InP 1015/cm3
Authors: Visagli Gianluca , Etchberry Arnaud , Frégraux Mathieu , Gonçalves Anne‐Marie
Published: February 2025

In this study, we investigate the formation and characterization of an ultrathin polyphosphazene (PPP) film on undoped n‐type indium phosphide semiconductor (InP) through electrochemical passivation in liquid ammonia (NH₃). The passivation process, driven by photogenerated holes, results in a protective PPP layer on the InP surface. Using a combination of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and parallel angle‐resolved XPS (p‐ARXPS), we analyze and discuss the chemical composition and atomic arrangement of the passivating film. The XPS results confirm the presence of phosphorus and nitrogen species forming the PPP layer, while the p‐ARXPS data provide a detailed relative depth profile, revealing an ordered atomic structure perpendicular to the surface. This study reveals at least three different chemical environments of nitrogen depending on the molecular arrangement in PPP.
Analysis and prediction of the short‐term flexural stiffness of a steel‐Fiber Reinforced Polymer composite bar‐reinforced concrete beam
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhu Dexiang , Gu Jian , Huang Long , Yi Jin , Song Zhaoping
Published: February 2025

Steel‐fiber‐reinforced plastics composite bars (SFCBs) are a new material that can effectively solve the problems of low stiffness and poor ductility in fiber‐reinforced plastics (FRP)‐reinforced concrete members. To study the flexural performance of SFCB concrete beams, flexural testing of SFCB test beams is carried out in this study, and the flexural stiffness and failure mode of SFCB concrete beams are studied in detail. The results indicate that the failure process of SFCB‐reinforced concrete beams can be divided into three main stages: elastic, cracking, and failure. Due to the presence of external fiber layers, the load‐carrying capacity can continue to increase steadily after the yielding of the steel core, exhibiting stable secondary stiffness and good ductility characteristics. At the same reinforcement ratio, the flexural stiffness of SFCB concrete beams is between that of steel‐reinforced concrete beams and FRP‐reinforced concrete beams. Increasing the steel content of SFCB can effectively improve the flexural stiffness of the test beams, while the influence of concrete strength on flexural stiffness is relatively weak. The existing codes or stiffness calculation models cannot accurately predict the short‐term flexural stiffness of SFCB concrete beams. Based on existing research studies, this paper further determines and proposes a calculation formula for the flexural stiffness of SFCB concrete beams and verifies it with the test results. The results show that the proposed formula is in good agreement with the experimental results.
Evaluation of abdominal and lumbar multifidus muscles thickness and relation to endurance, pain, fatigue and functional mobility in patients with Fibromyalgia syndrome: a case-control study
Authors: Mirza Yasemin , Sari Fulden , Yılmaz Pınar Diydem , Küçük Adem
Published: February 2025

Objective

The aim of present study was to compare abdominal (transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO) and external oblique (EO)) and lumbar multifidus muscles (LM) evaluated with ultrasonographic (US) imaging in patients with FM (Fibromyalgia) and asymptomatic individuals and to examine the relationship between these muscle thickness and endurance, pain, fatigue and functional mobility.

Methods

Women with FM group (n: 53, age: 45.96 ± 9.96 years), and asymptomatic control group (n: 49, age: 45.12 ± 7.28), were included in this study. Pain severity, disease activity, physical activity level, fatique, thickness of TrA, IO, EO and LM muscles and endurance, and functional mobility were evaluated with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), International Physical Activity Questionnaire- Short Form (IPAQ-SF), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), US imaging, McGill core endurance tests, and physical fitness tests, respectively. FM patients were classified according to the FSS score.

Results

The thickness of the IO (right side) (p = 0.013) and LM (both sides) (p < 0.001) muscles, lumbopelvic muscle endurance (all p < 0.001) and physical fitness tests (all p < 0.001) were lower in FM group compared to the asymptomatic group. No statistically significant differences were found in TrA, IO (left side), EO muscles thickness between the two groups (all p > 0.05). LM muscle thickness was significantly correlated with lumbopelvic muscle endurance (all p < 0.05), physical fitness tests (all p < 0.001) and fatique (p = 0.001). Moreover, significant differences in LM muscle thickness (p = 0.007), trunk flexor muscle endurance (p = 0.016), left trunk lateral flexor muscle endurance (p = 0.045) and 30-s chair stand test (p = 0.025) in favor of the low-fatigue group were detected.

Conclusion

The thickness of LM muscle, lumbopelvik endurance and functional mobility in FM patients have been affected negatively. These findings should be considered in management of FM.
Association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and serum PSA levels in the general U.S. population
Authors: Bioletto Fabio , Calleris Giorgio , Aversa Luigi Simone , Oderda Marco , Marra Giancarlo , Parasiliti-Caprino Mirko , Gesmundo Iacopo , Granata Riccarda , Gontero Paolo , Ghigo Ezio
Published: February 2025

Background

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed drugs that have been associated with increased prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation in vitro and worse oncological outcomes in vivo. However, data on their influence on PSA levels in the general population are lacking.

Methods

We extracted individual participant data from the 2001–2010 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), in which PSA levels were measured in all male participants aged 40 years or older. The association of PPI use with total PSA levels and free/total PSA ratio was evaluated through multivariable linear regression analyses, adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

A total of 7366 subjects were included (median age: 53 years; median serum PSA: 0.9 ng/mL), of whom 746 were receiving PPI treatment at the time of the study. After adjustment for potential confounders, ongoing PPI use was associated with lower total PSA levels (-0.24 ng/mL, 95%CI: [-0.37,-0.11], p < 0.001), while no significant association with free/total PSA ratio was found (p = 0.881). A significant effect modification was observed according to age, with the association being limited to older participants (≥ 60 years) at stratified analyses.

Conclusions

Contrary to the available data in the context of PCa, we found no evidence of increased PSA levels in PPI users with no prostate malignancy. Instead, PPI use was associated with a decrease of total PSA in older adults. This adds knowledge on how PPIs may influence PSA in population-based screening programs.
A reparameterization-invariant Bayesian framework for uncertainty estimation and calibration of simple materials
Authors: Wollner Maximilian P. , Rolf-Pissarczyk Malte , Holzapfel Gerhard A.
Published: February 2025

In this work, we attempt to formalize the many concepts involved in the calibration of constitutive models to experimental data, restricting ourselves to the class of simple materials and spatially-homogeneous experiments. To begin with, we revisit the widely used method of least-squares and discuss its ambiguities and shortcomings. Here, Bayesian inference presents an alternative and closely-related approach to parameter identification, which we introduce with the help of a simple mechanical example using Student’s t-distribution. We then derive a reparameterization-invariant posterior for the probabilistic calibration of a simple material given a general collection of spatially-homogeneous experiments, which constitutes the main result of the work. The proposed Bayesian framework is subsequently applied to a simple but illustrative example: parameter identification in a three-term Ogden model to the classic Treloar data on rubber. Finally, the general properties of the posterior and the results of its application invite a discussion about the subtleties and consequences of model calibration in continuum mechanics, such as the information content of different experimental setups or the interaction between number of experimental data versus number of material parameters.
Radiation-induced changes in salivary metabolite profile and pathways in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Ramsay Saga , Hyvärinen Eelis , González-Arriagada Wilfredo , Salo Tuula , Ajudarte Lopes Marcio , Mikkonen Jopi J. W. , Kashyap Bina , Kullaa Arja M.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

This longitudinal study assessed the salivary metabolic profile in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) treated with radiotherapy (RT). This study aims to investigate salivary metabolites and biological oral pathways induced by RT.

Methods

Clinical data and unstimulated whole-mouth saliva (USWMS) were obtained from 45 HNC patients before, during, and one week after the RT. Data was also collected from 30 healthy controls. NMR spectroscopy identified and quantified 24 metabolites. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis and pathway enrichment analysis (MetaboAnalyst 6.0) was performed to check the effect of cancer therapy on the correlation and pathways of different salivary metabolites.

Results

Of 24 metabolites identified, 17 salivary metabolites showed a consistent decrease in the concentration during and after treatment of HNC patients. The metabolite proline decreased, whereas fucose and 1,2-Propanediol were increased in the saliva causing altered redox balance and abnormal fucosylation in HNC patients compared to controls. Spearman correlation analysis indicated changes between pyruvate and some other metabolites, including alanine, trimethylamine, choline, taurine, and succinate, during RT. Five pathways (Pyruvate metabolism; Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis; Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; and Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism) are affected, demonstrating the metabolic dysregulation due to RT. The pyruvate metabolism was overpresented with the high Pathway Impact score.

Conclusion

Salivary metabolomics analysis revealed significant alterations in the metabolic profile of HNC patients undergoing RT, providing valuable insights into treatment-induced oral pathobiological changes. Alterations in salivary pathways during RT suggest disturbances in redox homeostasis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The ability to monitor salivary metabolites and pathways non-invasively holds promise to personalized medicine in HNC treatment by enabling early detection of treatment-related toxicities, monitoring treatment response, and tailoring interventions to patient needs.
Automated broken object-level authorization attack detection in REST APIs through OpenAPI to colored petri nets transformation
Authors: Santos Filho Ailton , Rodríguez Ricardo J. , Feitosa Eduardo L.
Published: February 2025

The representational state transfer architectural style (REST) specifies a set of rules for creating web services. In REST, data and functionality are considered resources, accessed, and manipulated using a uniform, well-defined set of rules. RESTful web services are web services that follow the REST architectural style and are exposed to the Internet using RESTful APIs. Most of them are described by OpenAPI, a standard language-independent interface for RESTful APIs. RESTful APIs are continuously available on the Internet and are therefore a common target for cyberattacks. To prevent vulnerabilities and reduce risks in web systems, there are several security guidelines available, such as those provided by the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) foundation. A common vulnerability in web services is broken object level authorization (BOLA), which allows an attacker to modify or delete data or perform actions intended only for authorized users. For example, an attacker can change an order status, delete a user account, or add unauthorized data to the server. In this paper, we propose a transformation from OpenAPI to Petri nets, which enables formal modeling and analysis of REST APIs using existing Petri net analysis techniques to detect potential security risks directly from the analysis of web server logs. In addition, we also provide a tool, named , which automatically performs model transformation (taking the OpenAPI specification as input) and BOLA attack detection by analyzing web server execution traces. We apply it to a case study of a vulnerable web application to demonstrate its applicability. Our results show that it is capable of detecting BOLA attacks with an accuracy greater than 95% in the proposed scenarios.
Pseudorandom bit generation with asymmetric numeral systems
Authors: Pieprzyk Josef , Pawłowski Marcin , Morawiecki Paweł , Mahboubi Arash , Duda Jarek , Camtepe Seyit
Published: February 2025

The generation of pseudorandom binary sequences is of great importance in numerous applications, ranging from simulation and gambling to cryptography. Pseudorandom bit generators (PRBGs) can be divided into two categories based on their claimed security. The first category includes PRBGs that are provably secure, such as the Blum–Blum–Shub generator. The security of the second category relies on heuristic arguments. Unfortunately, PRBGs from the first category are inherently inefficient, and some are vulnerable to quantum attacks. In contrast, those in the second category are highly efficient, though their security depends on their resistance to known cryptographic attacks. This work presents a construction of a PRBG based on the asymmetric numeral system (ANS) compression algorithm. We define a family of PRBGs for

$$2^R$$

2
R

ANS states and prove that it is indistinguishable from a truly random generator for sufficiently large R. To enhance efficiency, we explore PRBGs with smaller values of

$$R = 7, 8, 9$$

R
=
7
,
8
,
9

and demonstrate methods for removing local correlations in the output stream. We permute output bits using rotation and Keccak transformations, showing that the permuted bits pass all NIST tests. Our PRBG design is provably secure for large values of R and heuristically secure for smaller values. Additionally, we claim that our PRBG is secure against quantum adversaries.
Probabilities of Conditionals via Labeled Markov Graphs
Authors: Wójtowicz Krzysztof , Wójtowicz Anna
Published: February 2025

In the paper, we provide a general formalism for computing probabilities of indicative conditionals. Our model is based on the idea of constructing a (labeled) Markov graph G(α), which models the sentence α, containing an arbitrarily complex conditional (exhibiting in particular its structure). The formalism makes computing these probabilities an easy task—it consists of solving simple systems of linear equations. The graph G(α) generates a canonical probability space S(α) = (Ωα, Σα, Pα), where α is given an interpretation as an event so that the probability can be computed mathematically. We present a general inductive definition of the graph G(α) for a sentence α of arbitrary complexity. It is based on the idea of defining graph-building operations which correspond to the negation and conjunction and the non-Boolean conditional connective →. The definition enables the construction of graphs and the corresponding systems of equations for arbitrarily complex conditionals in an algorithmic and efficient manner.
The Vitamin E Derivative Garcinoic Acid Suppresses NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis in Murine Macrophages
Authors: Börmel Lisa , Geisler Anja R. , Hupfer Yvonne , Liao Sijia , Schubert Tina , Kluge Stefan , Lorkowski Stefan , Wallert Maria
Published: February 2025

Excessive inflammation in cells are a common cause of inflammation-related diseases such as cardiometabolic diseases. The cellular multiprotein complex nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a cellular key modulator of inflammatory processes. In addition to classic medications, phytochemicals are known for their anti-inflammatory potential. In African folk medicine the seeds of Garcinia kola are used to support the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Of particular interest is the phytochemical garcinoic acid (GA, trans-13′-carboxy-δ-tocotrienol), which is isolated from the Garcinia kola seeds. This derivative and potential metabolite of the vitamin E congener δ-tocotrienol (T3) shows anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. To get better insights into the molecular mode of action, murine J774A.1 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) only or in combination with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which led to canonical activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent pyroptosis. A combined treatment with GA resulted in significantly reduced stimulation of the transcription factor nuclear factor 'ĸ-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells (NF-ĸB), decreased expression of inflammasome-related genes and marked downregulation of autoproteolytic cleavage of caspase-1 (Casp-1). Consequently, GA had an inhibitory effect on pyroptosis. The results have been validated using the well-known NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950. In conclusion, GA was shown to have relevant effects on the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis in vitro. Our study provides new mechanistic insights into the anti-inflammatory mode of action of GA and highlights its relevance as a potential phytochemical drug for the treatment of inflammation.