bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of management thinning on CO2 exchange by a plantation oak woodland in south-eastern England
Authors: Wilkinson M. , Crow P. , Eaton E. L. , Morison J. I. L.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Forest thinning, which removes some individual trees from a forest stand at intermediate stages of the rotation, is commonly used as a silvicultural technique and is a management practice that can substantially alter both forest canopy structure and carbon storage. Whilst a proportion of the standing biomass is removed through harvested timber, thinning also removes some of the photosynthetic leaf area and introduces a large pulse of woody residue (brash) to the soil surface which potentially can alter the balance of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration. Using a combination of eddy covariance (EC) and aerial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, this study investigated the effects of management thinning on the carbon balance and canopy structure in a commercially managed oak plantation in the south-east of England. Whilst thinning had a large effect on the canopy structure, increasing canopy complexity and gap fraction, the effects of thinning on the carbon balance were not as evident. In the first year post thinning, Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) was unaffected by the thinning, suggesting that the better illuminated ground vegetation and shrub layer partially compensated for the removed trees. NEE was reduced in the thinned area but not until two years after the thinning had been completed (2009); initially this was associated with an increase in ecosystem respiration (Reco). In subsequent years, NEE remained lower with reduced carbon sequestration in fluxes from the thinned area, which we suggest was in part due to heavy defoliation by caterpillars in 2010 reducing GPP in both sectors of the forest, but particularly in the east.
The biogeophysical climatic impacts of anthropogenic land use change during the Holocene
Authors: Smith M. C. , Singarayer J. S. , Valdes P. J. , Kaplan J. O. , Branch N. P.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The first agricultural societies were established around 10 ka BP and had spread across much of Europe and southern Asia by 5.5 ka BP with resultant anthropogenic deforestation for crop and pasture land. Various studies have attempted to assess the biogeochemical implications for Holocene climate in terms of increased carbon dioxide and methane emissions. However, less work has been done to examine the biogeophysical impacts of this early land use change. In this study, global climate model simulations with HadCM3 were used to examine the biogeophysical effects of Holocene land cover change on climate, both globally and regionally, from the early Holocene (8 ka BP) to the early industrial era (1850 CE). Two experiments were performed with alternative descriptions of past vegetation: (i) potential natural vegetation simulated by TRIFFID but no land-use changes, and (ii) where the anthropogenic land use model, KK10 (Kaplan et al., 2009, 2011) has been used to set the HadCM3 crop regions. Snapshot simulations have been run at 1000 year intervals to examine when the first signature of anthropogenic climate change can be detected both regionally, in the areas of land use change, and globally. Results indicate that in regions of early land disturbance such as Europe and S.E. Asia detectable temperature changes, outside the normal range of variability, are encountered in the model as early as 7 ka BP in the June/July/August (JJA) season and throughout the entire annual cycle by 2–3 ka BP. Areas outside the regions of land disturbance are also affected, with virtually the whole globe experiencing significant temperature changes (predominantly cooling) by the early industrial period. Large-scale precipitation features such as the Indian monsoon, the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), and the North Atlantic storm track are also impacted by local land use and remote teleconnections. We investigated how advection by surface winds, mean sea level pressure (MSLP) anomalies, and tropospheric stationary wave train disturbances in the mid- to high-latitudes led to remote teleconnections.
Shape and force analysis of capillary bridge between two slender structured surfaces
Authors: Zhu Z. F. , Jia J. Y. , Fu H. Z. , Chen Y. L. , Zeng Z. , Yu D. L.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. When a capillary bridge of a constant volume is formed between two surfaces, the shape of the liquid bridge will change as the separation between those surfaces is varied. To investigate the variable forces and Laplace pressure of the capillary bridge, as the shape the bridge evolves, a pseudo-three-dimensional force model of the capillary bridge is developed. Based on the characteristics of the slender structured surface, an efficient method is employed to directly solve the differential equations defining the shape of the capillary bridge. The spacing between the plates satisfying the liquid confined within the hydrophobic region of the structured surface is calculated. The method described in this paper can prevent meshing liquid surfaces such that, compared with Surface Evolver simulations, the computing speed is greatly improved. Finally, by comparing the results of the finite element simulations performed with Surface Evolver with those of the method employed in this paper, the practicality of the method is demonstrated.
Structurally controlled hazard mapping of Southern Leyte, Philippines
Authors: Luzon P. K. , Montalbo K. P. , Galang J. A. M. , Sabado J. M. , Escape C. M. , Felix R. P. , Lagmay A. M. F.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The 2006 Guinsaugon landslide in St. Bernard, Southern Leyte is one of the largest known landslides in the Philippines in recent history. It consists of a 15–20 million m3 rockslide-debris avalanche from an approximately 675 m high mountain weakened by continuous movement of the Philippine fault. The catastrophic Guinsaugon landslide killed 1221 people and displaced 19 000 residents over its 4.5 km path. To investigate the present day morphology of the scar and potential failure that may occur, analysis of a 5 m resolution IfSAR-derived Digital Elevation Model was conducted using Coltop3D and Matterocking software, leading to the generation of a landslide hazard map for the province of Southern Leyte in Central Philippines. The dip and dip-direction of discontinuity sets that contribute to gravitational failure in mountainous areas of the province were identified and measured using a lower Schmidt-Lambert color scheme. After measurement of the morpho-structural orientations, potential sites of failure were analyzed. Conefall was then utilized to compute the extent of rock mass runout. Results of the analysis show instability in the scarp area of the 2006 Guinsaugon landslide and in adjacent slopes because of the presence of steep discontinuities that range from 45–60°. Apart from the 2006 Guinsaugon landslide site, runout models simulated farther rock mass extent in its adjacent slopes, revealing a high potential for fatal landslides to happen in the municipality of St. Bernard. Concerned agencies may use maps produced in the same manner as this study to identify possible sites where structurally-controlled landslides can occur. In a country like the Philippines, where fractures and faults are common, this type of simulated hazard maps would be useful for disaster prevention and facilitate disaster risk reduction efforts for landslide-susceptible areas.
Quality of dried meats from different livestock species
Authors: Dorg Serjmyadag , Tsagaan Alimaa , Sekikawa Mitsu
Published: September 2015

Questions were asked about preference for eating dried meats produced from raw meats of cattle, sheep, goat and camel. Evaluation of consumption liking by colour, flavor, overall desirability and percentage of consumer choice was carried out from 145 panelists who live in Ulaanbaatar. In results, low score in colour, flavor and overall desirability was shown in order for dried meats from cattle, goat, sheep and camel. According this result, consumer choice was high (90%) in dried meat from cattle, while theconcentrate (50%) was low in dried meat from camel and sheep. Dried meat from cattle and goat had the lowest TBARS value, followed by mutton and camel meat in that order. In conclusion, dried meat from cattle had the highest scores for the three characteristics and low value in lipid oxidation products.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.15(2) 2015; 3-9
Spatial distribution of trees on light taiga plots before selective thinning
Authors: Gradel Alexander , Nadaldorj Ochirragchaa , Altaev Aleksandr A , Voinkov Aleksandr A , Bazarradnaa Enkhtuya
Published: September 2015

Since 2009 the School of Agroecology and Business, Institute of Plant and Agricultural Sciences of the Mongolian University of Life Sciences in Darkhan has established research plots in two research areas in the Selenge aimag. The establishment was conducted in close cooperation with development organisations (FAO, GIZ) and the University of Goettingen. The purpose of the research initiative is to combine capacity development and monitoring of forest structure in the mountain forest steppe zone and taiga zone. Here we report results on the horizontal spatial structure of forest stands. We analysed the spatial distribution of trees on birch and larch plots of the research area «Altansumber» before a selective thinning took place on some plots in 2009. The research area is situated in the mountain forest steppe zone. The forests belong to the light taiga. The selected stands approach a chronosequence. The results showed that the tree distributions were mainly irregular («clumped»).Random spatial tree distribution occurred especially in the medium-aged birch stand. We found no indication of regular tree distributions in any of the plots. We assume that the disturbance regime and successional processes are the driving factors leading to the specific tree distribution pattern on the plots. Due to different regeneration strategies and life span of the dominating species the birch stands and the larch stands seem to differ slightly concerning the chronological occurrence of clumped and random spatial tree distribution. We finally conclude that a better control of the disturbance regime would not only support an undisturbed forest succession to riper forest stands but also result in less forest stands with irregular spatial distribution. This may also have implications on forest productivity.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.15(2) 2015; 91-99
The earwig collection (Dermaptera) of the Manchester Museum, UK, with a complete type catalogue
Authors: Miles Claire
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a description of the worldwide Dermaptera collection of the Manchester Museum, UK. In total, the collection contains over 16,700 specimens and represents 835 species and subspecies (approximately 44% of the Dermaptera world fauna). The composition of the collection is described and a brief account is given of its history and those instrumental in its development, notably W.D. Hincks (1906–1961) and A. Brindle (1915–2001). Correspondence held at the museum relating to their work on Dermaptera is listed and examples relating to Labidura herculeana (Fabricius, 1798) and some of the parasitic earwigs in the collection are explored. Finally, a complete type catalogue of the Manchester Museum’s Dermaptera is presented; it is arranged alphabetically by species name as originally described, with photographs of all holotypes and their corresponding data labels. The collection contains 40 holotypes and 694 secondary types (allotypes, syntypes or paratypes), representing 283 species and subspecies, an estimated 15% of the Dermaptera world fauna.
Marco Antonio de Dominis (Gospodentić): Roman Catholic theologian and ecumenical scholar
Authors: Fajfrić Boris
Published: October 2015

Marco Antonio de Dominis (Gospodentić) was an archbishop, who was regarded as a great theologian and scientist. He preached the gospel of Christ, not the novelties of the Pope and his associates. He was not afraid to publicly criticize Rome and his deeds, which is why he was forced to leave his country and temporarily settle in England. He publicly advocated the unity of all churches, regardless of their differences, and the Church of Rome attributed the main blame for the split. That is why the Inquisition declared him a heretic and condemned him posthumously.
Nikola Vulić's contribution to collection and interpretation of ancient inscriptions
Authors: Ljubomirović Irena
Published: October 2015

Judging by his persistence on collecting ancient monuments, Nikola Vulić should be considered as a founder of epigraphic studies on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. Most of the inscriptions he has been working on come from the territory of Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. He analyzed their contents in detail in an unpublished manuscript entitled 'Historical contents of our ancient monuments'. This study and nine more works as well were written by Nikola Vulić in the period from 1942-1944 and they are still unpublished. Ancient inscriptions help us research various aspects of life of ancient inhabitans of the Balkan Peninsula, and provide valuable data on onomastics, geography, language, religion, style of life in the Roman period. The research of Nikola Vulić has been not limited by territorial borders due to his enthusiasm the inscriptions from Serbia, Macedonia, and Bulgaria were incorporated into CIL (Berlin).
Civil society and women's NGO's in Serbia
Authors: Vuković Ana
Published: October 2015

In the paper we examine the position of civil society in Serbia, particularly women's NGOs. In the first part of the paper author will point out the concept and development of the concept of nongovernmental organizations as well as the position and problems of civil society in Serbia. In the second part of the paper the author deals with the emergence and development of women's organizations and points out some problems in their work within civil society. In this section, we will point out the important information from the researches of women's NGOs in Serbia.
Media and global age in the service of democracy or profit
Authors: Manić Mihajlo
Published: October 2015

Uniform styles and forms of life, global culture and worldview define the time we live in. We have been caught by the flow of globalization which is inevitably polarizing and hierarchizing the world. There are two parallel processes in that world: on one hand globalization of power and prestige, on the other, poverty and lack of prospects. Neoliberalism in all spheres of life from economy to culture - recognised as Americanization of the world, wants to present itself as a synonim for freedom and democracy. We witness that in the process of globalization profit is devouring everything, poverty is increasing, solidarity and equality are disappearing, technological progress and industrialization of life and culture are suppressing the labor, number of the unemployed is growing incredibly, an individual is deteriorating rapidly, ethical values are degraded. Totalitarianism and production obedience are acting, intellectual critical awareness is retreating and the presented experts are becoming the best interpreters of owner's desires and intentions - 'spiritual militia of authority' (Julien Benda). In such circumstances, this question is imposed: what happens to the media? Is its role to inform citizens so they could make productive decisions (to contribute to development of democracy), or to misinform and confuse them, drag their attention 'making the unimportant important' and then to mediate between the citizens and the manipulators who use the media to make an offer which cannot be refused thus placing citizens in the service of profit?.
A proposal to introduce the course 'Teaching about the Other' as a compulsory subject in the teaching of philosophy
Authors: Bratina Boris
Published: October 2015

Ovaj tekst predstalja napor da se akademska javnost uveri da je došlo vreme da se 'Učenje o Drugom' uvede kao obavezni predmet na završnim godinama studija filozofije. Pokušao sam da navedem najvažnije razloge zašto je to dobro. Isto tako, u radu se obrazlaže značaj samog pitanja o Drugom za filozofsku, ali ne samo za filozofsku, javnost. Tokom izlaganja teksta naznačio sam i liniju u istoriji filozofije koju bi u predavanjima i na vežbama iz ovog predmeta načelno trebalo slediti. Na kraju, na ovom kursu studentima bi bila pružena mogućnost različitih izvoda iz učenja, bilo ka socijalnoj ili političkoj filozofiji, psihologiji, filozofiji umetnosti itd.
The Evangiles in Domentian's Life of St Sava
Authors: Milojević Snežana
Published: October 2015

Cilj ovog rada je istraživanje prisustva i funkcije jevanđelja u strukturi žitijnog lika Save Nemanjića, a u obzir smo uzeli četiri kanonska jevanđelja (po Mateju, Marku, Luki i Jovanu). Prateći tekst žitija, citate iz jevanđelja, aluzije na opis života Isusa Hrista, kao i sam srednjovekovni kliše pripovedanja o svetom, istakli smo nekoliko elemenata, ključnih za konstrukciju Savinog žitijnog karaktera: život Svetog kao ispunjavanje prorokovanog, snagu čuda u hrišćanskom učenju, i apologetsku misiju Svetoga Save uz akcentovanje molitve i ljubavi kao bazičnih elemenata saglasja između Boga i čoveka. Ovo Domentijanovo žitije, shodno poetici epohe iz koje potiče, obiluje citatima iz Svetog pisma, a opis života Isusa Hrista kao uzora i povoda monahu i piscu, Savinom učeniku Domentijanu, jeste osnovni arhitekst koji je inkorporirao u gradnju jedne od najznačajnijih ličnosti srpske istorije i duhovnosti, shodno tome i jedne od najvažnijih likova stare srpske književnosti - Rastka Nemanjića. Domentijan je ovim svojim žitijem, ne samo odabranim citatima, već i izborom priča (kao što i sam Isus Hristos 'govori u pričama'), i jasnim isticanjem ključnih zakona vere, uobličio lik svetitelja posvećenog ne samo sopstvenom duhovnom uzrastanju već i radu na približavanju svog naroda pravoj veri.
Moral characteristics of the female characters in the oldest epic songs: A sociological analysis of content
Authors: Redžić Saduša
Published: October 2015

The study aims to, in terms of the sociology of morality, analyzes the characters of women in the oldest Serbian epic poems using sociological content analysis. The results indicate the social evaluation of moral characteristics of women, moral actions and personal qualities ascribed to women in the oldest epic poems, moral judgment, sanctions and moral imperatives. Also indirectly indicate the former social status of women and the amount of social power which she possesses. One gets the insight into a part of the mores of a given period of time, sometimes inseparable from the moral community and moral beliefs of folk singers. Female characters should provide and respect life. Highly valued marital fidelity of women, as well as honesty, honor, sacrifice and empathy. To religion and ethnicity poets also subjoin moral value. Respect and obedience to authority are implemented in the moral character of women and form an inseparable part, although they are not accurately moral qualities.
The art of words of Branko Miljković
Authors: Aleksić Slađana
Published: October 2015

The youngest poet of Serbian neosymbolism, Branko Miljković, established his version of national poetic tradition according to the well known model of Eliot's principle and was also always ready to accept something new, modern, the most avant-garde. He argued for the perfection of form as one of important elements of the symbolist poetry within his own poetics as well as within texts related to poetry, while as a poet and translator he was oriented toward modern European poetry of the poet of symbolism with a special talent for patriotic poetry. Branko Miljković presents the poem itself as the subject of his poetry where the power of poetic word can be perceived. That structure considers the improvement of lines, the improvement of the expressive power of words as well as the improvement of language. The words are a powerful framework of world for Miljković. He strived for returning their depth and intensive meaning. Furthermore, he found creative energy of words, its resurrection in the revival of semantic, evocative and expressive effect. He looked for the value of poetic words primarily within their superiority. In Miljković's world of poetry the words invent, shape, they become the only confirmation of our world. He regarded his poetic opinion and the very act of poet's creation as a necessary condition of the real poetic creativity: the author identified himself with the very act of writing being completely left at the mercy of words. The art of dying for this world is the art of spiritual living. At the same time it is the effort that differentiates the place of death and the place of life: the poison and the cure. These tendencies provided the poet with intellectual dimension, confirmed not only the power of poetry but the power of poet as well.
The language of literature and the metamorphosis of humanity
Authors: Lazić Nebojša
Published: October 2015

The German philosopher Martin Heidegger and the Serbian poet Vladislav Petković Dis differ in culture, language, vocation and, finally, in the views they had about the overall human reasoning and creativity. In this paper, the author tries to demonstrate that the creative personality of the Serbian poet in the author's opinion, a poet not recognized at his true Value fits in the profile of poetry defined by Heidegger when he writes about 'poor times'. The poetic language of Dis is not always unified, however, his poetry is the closest to the purpose of every art: the revelation of the meaning of creation and existence. Heidegger, in his philosophy, Vladislav Petković, in his poetry, both show that reflection and writing are in harmony and even have the same purpose the discovery of the essential truth.
Comparison between traditional and goal directed perfusion in cardiopulmonary by-pass. A differential cost analysis in US
Authors: Povero Massimiliano , Pradelli Lorenzo
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVES: High oxygen delivery (DO2) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with better renal outcomein cardiac surgery. Traditional perfusion (TP) techniques, targeted on body surface area and CPB temperature, achieveshigh DO2 in about 50% of the cases while a goal directed perfusion (GDP) approach can lead to more than 90% of casesachieving high DO2 with a consequent reduction in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) rate of about 40%. Aim of this study isto perform an economic evaluation of GDP strategy with respect to TP in US. METHODS: A Discrete Event Simulationmodel was developed to compare TP and GDP strategy in patients undergoing CPB. The patient’s pathways from operationto discharging from hospital was simulated: AKI incidence, in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay, transfusions werecorrelated to probability to achieve high DO2 target using published correlations. National perspective was adopted to calculate costs associated to each event while GDP strategy was exploited the introduction of Sorin Heartlink (HL) Card/GDPCard and Sorin Connect (electronic data management system). RESULTS: GDP strategy saved more than 3 days in hospitaland 11% of AKI episodes. The cost-saving is $ 3,137 (95% CI: 1,122-4,951); the cost of HL Card/GDP Card+Connect ($180, 95% CI: 113-249) is more than offset by savings in hospital stay that result the main driver in cost ($ 3,222, 95% CI:1,235-4,950). Deterministic sensitivity analysis shows that the total savings are mainly influenced by nadir haematocritduring CPB and hospital LOS/cost per day both in ICU and in ward. CONCLUSIONS: GDP seems to improve significantlythe main outcomes related to CPB surgery, when compared to TP techniques. Additional costs due to perform GDP strategyhave no impact on the total cost since completely offset by the savings in hospital cost.
Tackle-injury epidemiology in koshuis rugby players at Stellenbosch University
Authors: Mathewson E , Grobbelaar R
Published: October 2015

Background. The tackle is an important component of rugby union. The tackle situation carries the  highest risk for injury for both the ball carrier and tackler. Little is known about the epidemiology of tackle injuries in koshuis rugby players.Objectives. To (i) calculate the tackle-related injury rate, (ii) determine if the tackler or ball carrier is more susceptible to injury, and (iii) determine the most common location and type of injury during tackles.Methods. Data were collected by means of injury report forms from the medical centre during koshuis matches of 2012 and 2013. All data collected were captured into an online database. Only data related to tackle injuries were evaluated for this retrospective, descriptive epidemiological study.Results. The tackle led to 61% of all injuries (11.4 injuries/1 000 playing hours). The tackler sustained 23% more injuries than the ball carrier. Injuries to the face (3.1 injuries/1 000 playing hours, 95%  confidence interval (CI) 2.8 - 3.3) were most prevalent. The most common type of injury was lacerations (3.4 injuries/1 000 playing hours, 95% CI 3.2 - 3.7).Conclusion. The tackle contributed to 61% of all injuries, making it the most dangerous phase of play. The tackler is more at risk than the ball carrier, especially for injuries to the face, with lacerations having the highest prevalence. For the ball carrier the location of the most injuries was the head, although joint sprains were the most common type of injury for the ball carrier.
Initial investigation of nutrition and supplement use, knowledge and attitudes of under-16 rugby players in South Africa
Authors: Duvenage KM , Meltzer ST , Chantler SA
Published: October 2015

Background. Internationally young athletes are reported to have a poor understanding of the principles of sports nutrition and supplement use; hence their diet may be unhealthy and inappropriate for  participation in sport. There is limited research on current nutritional knowledge and attitudes of under-16  (U16) age-group level rugby players in South Africa (SA).Objectives. To assess dietary- and supplement-related knowledge and attitudes of 198 U16  national-level rugby players in SA.Methods. Over a period of four consecutive years a total of 198 players attending nutrition workshops at the annual selection camp received and completed an anonymous structured questionnaire.   Anthropometric measures (weight, height and skinfolds) were gathered by registered biokineticists.Results. Of players 87% (168/193) indicated that they wanted to increase lean muscle mass, with 42% (82/194) feeling pressurised to do so by their coach and/or parents. Almost half (85/196) believed their diets to be poor. Players had better knowledge about nutrition recovery strategies than pre-game meals. Seventy per cent (136/195) identified optimal timing and 56% (109/196) knew the ideal macronutrient composition of recovery meals. Over 60% of players believed  supplements were safe (115/192) and necessary (132/193) for increasing muscle mass, and almost half (106/195) believed they could take creatine. Over a third (68/170) also believed that the protein quality of supplements was higher than that of food. Supplements were primarily recommended by coaches and non-dietetic medical practitioners. Eight of the players self-prescribed supplements and four were taking supplements on the advice of a store salesperson or representative.Conclusion. The elite U16 rugby players in this study lacked comprehensive sports nutritional  knowledge, yet had an overly positive attitude toward  supplementation and used supplements  haphazardly to achieve body composition goals. Tailor-made nutrition interventions with a strong education component are recommended to improve players’ nutritional knowledge, as well as access to registered dietitians working in sport to advise on supplements.
Cricket pace bowling: The trade-off between optimising knee angle for performance advantages v. injury prevention
Authors: Olivier B , Stewart AV , Green AC , McKinon W
Published: October 2015

Background. The cricket pace bowler utilises various strategies, including a more extended front knee angle, to achieve optimal performance benefits. At times this is done to the detriment of injury  prevention.Objective. To investigate the relationship between three-dimensional (3D) knee kinematics during pace bowling action, injury incidence and bowling performance at the start and end of a cricket season.Methods. Knee angle and ball release (BR) speed of injury-free premier league (club level) cricket pace bowlers over the age of 18 years were measured at the start and end of the cricket season. Kinematic, injury- and bowling performance-related (BR speed and accuracy) data were analysed using paired and independent Student's t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient,χ2 test and a two-way analysis of covariance with repeated measures.Results. Thirty-one bowlers participated in this study, and kinematic data of a subset of 17 were  analysed. Nine bowlers (53%) sustained injuries during the cricket season. No statistically significant relationship was found between knee angle and injury. Bowlers who did not sustain an injury bowled with more knee flexion at the start of the season (mean (standard deviation) 157.07° (12.02°)) than at the end of it (163.95° (6.97°)) (p=0.01). There was no interaction between accuracy and knee angle. There  was a good to excellent inverse correlation between BR speed and knee angle among bowlers who  remained injury free (r=.0.79; p=0.18).Conclusion. Bowlers who remain injury free during the course of the season may use strategies other than the front knee angle to facilitate high BR speeds. Technique-related variables which are more  'protective' against injuries while allowing for higher BR speeds should be further investigated among bowlers.
Regulando a TV: uma visão comparativa no Mercosul
Authors: Jambeiro Othon
Published: October 2015

Este livro apresenta os resultados de um trabalho que teve por objetivo conhecer e sistematizar informações sobre a regulação da TV, tanto aberta quanto por assinatura, nos países do Mercosul. Analisa comparativamente os processos regulatórios pelos quais cada um deles passou recentemente.
Food odors trigger Drosophila males to deposit a pheromone that guides aggregation and female oviposition decisions
Authors: Lin Chun-Chieh , Prokop-Prigge Katharine A , Preti George , Potter Christopher J
Published: September 2015

Animals use olfactory cues for navigating complex environments. Food odors in particular provide crucial information regarding potential foraging sites. Many behaviors occur at food sites, yet how food odors regulate such behaviors at these sites is unclear. Using Drosophila melanogaster as an animal model, we found that males deposit the pheromone 9-tricosene upon stimulation with the food-odor apple cider vinegar. This pheromone acts as a potent aggregation pheromone and as an oviposition guidance cue for females. We use genetic, molecular, electrophysiological, and behavioral approaches to show that 9-tricosene activates antennal basiconic Or7a receptors, a receptor activated by many alcohols and aldehydes such as the green leaf volatile E2-hexenal. We demonstrate that loss of Or7a positive neurons or the Or7a receptor abolishes aggregation behavior and oviposition site-selection towards 9-tricosene and E2-hexenal. 9-Tricosene thus functions via Or7a to link food-odor perception with aggregation and egg-laying decisions.
Identification of limiting climatic and geographical variables for the distribution of the tortoiseChelonoidis chilensis(Testudinidae): a baseline for conservation actions
Authors: Ruete Alejandro , Leynaud Gerardo C.
Published: October 2015

Background.Just as for most other tortoise species, the once common Chaco tortoise,Chelonoidis chilensis(Testudinidae), is under constant threat across it distribution in Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. Despite initial qualitative description of the species distribution and further individual reports of new locations for the species, there is no description of the species distribution in probabilistic terms. With this work we aim to produce an updated predictive distribution map forC. chilensisto serve as a baseline management tool for directed strategic conservation planning.

Methods.We fitted a spatially expanded logistic regression model within the Bayesian framework that accounts for uncertainty on presence-only and generated pseudo-absence data into the parameter estimates. We contrast the results with reported data for the national networks of protected areas to assess the inclusion of the species in area-based conservation strategies.

Results.We obtained maps with predictions of the occurrence of the species and reported the model’s uncertainty spatially. The model suggests that potential suitable habitats for the species are continuous across Argentina, West Paraguay and South Bolivia, considering the variables, the scale and the resolution used. The main limiting variables were temperature-related variables, and precipitation in the reproductive period.

Discussion.Given the alarming low density and coverage of protected areas over the distribution area ofC. chilensis, the map produced provides a baseline to identify areas where directed strategic conservation management actions would be more efficient for this and other associated species.
ESTUDOS CITOGENÉTICOS EM ESPÉCIES DE PEIXES DE RIACHOS: Hyphessobrycon vinaceus, Bryconamericus aff. iheringii E Odontostilbe pequira (PISCES: CHARACIDAE)
Authors: Nishiyama Patricia Belini , Rossi Margarida M.V. , Porto Fernanda Errero , Borin Luciana Andreia , Portela Castro Ana Luiza De Brito , Martins dos Santos Isabel Cristina
Published: October 2015

A família Characidade representa a maior e mais diversificada família de peixes de água doce, na qual se encontram muitos gêneros de pequeno porte. Neste estudo foram analisados, cromossomicamente, exemplares de Hyphessobrycon vinaceus, Bryconamericus aff. iheringii  e Odontostilbe pequira. H. vinaceus apresentou 2n=50, sendo 8m, 12sm e 30a, com evidente proporção de ST/A, AgNOR-múltipla e blocos de heterocromatina na porção intersticial. B. aff. iheringii apresentou 2n=52, com 12m, 18sm, 8st e 14a, AgNOR-simples e blocos de heterocromatina  pericentroméricos. O. pequira apresentou 2n= 52, sendo 14m, 20sm, 14st e 4a, com  determinação cromossômica sexual do tipo ZZ/ZW e sistema de AgNOR-simples, além de blocos de heterocromatina na posição pericentromérica. A diversidade cariotípica, encontrada em peixes de pequeno porte, tem sido explicada através de mecanismos de rearranjos cromossômicos e que, provavelmente, tenham se fixado devido às características biológicas dessas espécies, que ocupam, preferencialmente, cabeceiras de rios e riachos, formando pequenas populações.
An improved inversion for FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC ionosphere electron density profiles
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Yue X. , Schreiner W. S.
Published: September 2015

An improved method to retrieve electron density profiles from Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data is presented and applied to Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) observations. The improved inversion uses a monthly grid of COSMIC F region peak densities (NmF2), which are obtained via the standard Abel inversion, to aid the Abel inversion by providing information on the horizontal gradients in the ionosphere. This lessens the impact of ionospheric gradients on the retrieval of GPS RO electron density profiles, reducing the dominant error source in the standard Abel inversion. Results are presented that demonstrate the NmF2 aided retrieval significantly improves the quality of the COSMIC electron density profiles. Improvements are most notable at E region altitudes, where the improved inversion reduces the artificial plasma cave that is generated by the Abel inversion spherical symmetry assumption at low latitudes during the daytime. Occurrence of unphysical negative electron densities at E region altitudes is also reduced. Furthermore, the NmF2 aided inversion has a positive impact at F region altitudes, where it results in a more distinct equatorial ionization anomaly. COSMIC electron density profiles inverted using our new approach are currently available through the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center. Owing to the significant improvement in the results, COSMIC data users are encouraged to use electron density profiles based on the improved inversion rather than those inverted by the standard Abel inversion.
The thermal equation of state of (Mg, Fe)SiO3bridgmanite (perovskite) and implications for lower mantle structures
Authors: Wolf Aaron S. , Jackson Jennifer M. , Dera Przemeslaw , Prakapenka Vitali B.
Published: September 2015

The high‐pressure/high‐temperature equation of state (EOS) of synthetic 13% Fe‐bearing bridgmanite (Mg silicate perovskite) is measured using powder X‐ray diffraction in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell with a quasi‐hydrostatic neon pressure medium. We compare these results, which are consistent with previous 300 K sound speed and compression studies, with a reanalysis of Fe‐free Mg end‐member data from Tange et al. (2012) to determine the effect of iron on bridgmanite's thermoelastic properties. EOS parameters are incorporated into an ideal lattice mixing model to probe the behavior of bridgmanite at deep mantle conditions. With this model, a nearly pure bridgmanite mantle composition is shown to be inconsistent with density and compressibility profiles of the lower mantle. We also explore the buoyant stability of bridgmanite over a range of temperatures and compositions expected for Large Low‐Shear Velocity Provinces, concluding that bridgmanite‐dominated thermochemical piles are more likely to be passive dense layers externally supported by convection, rather than internally supported metastable domes. The metastable dome scenario is estimated to have a relative likelihood of only 4–7%, given the narrow range of compositions and temperatures consistent with seismic constraints. If buoyantly supported, such structures could not have remained stable with greater thermal contrast early in Earth's history, ruling out formation scenarios involving a large concentration of heat producing elements.
Palladium‐Based Nanomaterials: A Platform to Produce Reactive Oxygen Species for Catalyzing Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Long Ran , Huang Hao , Li Yaping , Song Li , Xiong Yujie
Published: September 2015

Oxidation reactions by molecular oxygen (O2) over palladium (Pd)‐based nanomaterials are a series of processes crucial to the synthesis of fine chemicals. In the past decades, investigations of related catalytic materials have mainly been focused on the synthesis of Pd‐based nanomaterials from the angle of tailoring their surface structures, compositions and supporting materials, in efforts to improve their activities in organic reactions. From the perspective of rational materials design, it is imperative to address the fundamental issues associated with catalyst performance, one of which should be oxygen activation by Pd‐based nanomaterials. Here, the fundamentals that account for the transformation from O2 to reactive oxygen species over Pd, with a focus on singlet O2 and its analogue, are introduced. Methods for detecting and differentiating species are also presented to facilitate future fundamental research. Key factors for tuning the oxygen activation efficiencies of catalytic materials are then outlined, and recent developments in Pd‐catalyzed oxygen‐related organic reactions are summarized in alignment with each key factor. To close, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for photocatalysis research at this unique intersection as well as the potential impact on other research fields.
Carbon/Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: State of the Art and Prospects
Authors: Li Xinming , Lv Zheng , Zhu Hongwei
Published: September 2015

In the last few decades, advances and breakthroughs of carbon materials have been witnessed in both scientific fundamentals and potential applications. The combination of carbon materials with traditional silicon semiconductors to fabricate solar cells has been a promising field of carbon science. The power conversion efficiency has reached 15–17% with an astonishing speed, and the diversity of systems stimulates interest in further research. Here, the historical development and state‐of‐the‐art carbon/silicon heterojunction solar cells are covered. Firstly, the basic concept and mechanism of carbon/silicon solar cells are introduced with a specific focus on solar cells assembled with carbon nanotubes and graphene due to their unique structures and properties. Then, several key technologies with special electrical and optical designs are introduced to improve the cell performance, such as chemical doping, interface passivation, anti‐reflection coatings, and textured surfaces. Finally, potential pathways and opportunities based on the carbon/silicon heterojunction are envisaged. The aspects discussed here may enable researchers to better understand the photovoltaic effect of carbon/silicon heterojunctions and to optimize the design of graphene‐based photodevices for a wide range of applications.
Microstructured Al‐fiber@meso‐Al2O3@Fe‐Mn‐K Fischer–Tropsch catalyst for lower olefins
Authors: Han Lupeng , Wang Chunzheng , Zhao Guofeng , Liu Ye , Lu Yong
Published: September 2015

A thin‐sheet Al‐fiber@meso‐Al2O3@Fe‐Mn‐K catalyst is developed for the mass/heat‐transfer limited Fischer–Tropsch synthesis to lower olefins (FTO), delivering a high iron time yield of 206.9 µmolCO
s−1 at 90% CO conversion with 40% selectivity to C2‐C4 olefins under optimal reaction conditions (350°C, 4.0 MPa, 10,000 mL/(g·h)). A microfibrous structure consisting of 10 vol % 60‐µm Al‐fiber and 90 vol % voidage undergoes a steam‐only‐oxidation and calcination to create 0.6 µm mesoporous γ‐Al2O3 shell along with the Al‐fiber core. Active components of Fe and Mn as well as additives (K, Mg, or Zr) are then placed into the pore surface of γ‐Al2O3 shell of the Al‐fiber@meso‐Al2O3 composite by incipient wetness impregnation method. Neither Mg‐modified nor Zr‐modified structured catalyst yields better FTO results than K‐modified one, because of their lower reducibility, poorer carbonization property, and fewer basicity. The favorable heat/mass‐transfer characteristics of this new approach are also discussed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 742–752, 2016
Hard Carbon Anodes for Na‐Ion Batteries: Toward a Practical Use
Authors: Hasegawa George , Kanamori Kazuyoshi , Kannari Naokatsu , Ozaki Jun‐ichi , Nakanishi Kazuki , Abe Takeshi
Published: September 2015

Hard carbons have immense potential as anode materials for Na‐ion batteries, because the expanded graphene interlayers and nanovoids between randomly stacked aromatic fragments can accommodate a substantial amount of sodium. However, the large irreversible capacity in the first cycle still remains as a significant issue in terms of a practicable battery technology. Here, we show that hard carbon electrodes derived from a common phenol resin deliver a high reversible capacity within the narrow potential range of 0.1–0.005 V (vs. Na+/Na) and an excellent initial coulombic efficiency up to 95 %. The former allows the sustainable high voltage, whereas the latter minimizes the amount of unavailable Na+ in a closed cell. The findings in this work put forward a guideline for manufacturing hard carbon electrodes, which goes against the current trend of nanostructuring and downsizing.
Diaceno[a,e]pentalenes: An Excellent Molecular Platform for High‐Performance Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Liu Chunming , Xu Shengjie , Zhu Weigang , Zhu Xiaozhang , Hu Wenping , Li Zhibo , Wang Zhaohui
Published: September 2015

Three diaceno[a,e]pentalene analogues with pendant sterically bulky di‐tert‐butylphenyl groups have been designed and synthesized. With the extension of the conjugated molecular framework, the molecular arrangement is apparently tuned by the balance between the π‐extended surface and pendant alkyl or aryl substituents. Theoretical calculations of the morphologies were in good agreement with the experimental results. Ambient‐stable field‐effect transistors based on dianthraceno[a,e]pentalene (DAP) have been fabricated, which exhibited excellent hole mobilities (up to 6.55 cm2 V−1 s−1). Thus, this study has shown that diaceno[a,e]pentalenes are stable even with an extraordinarily large π‐surface area, and may thus serve as excellent molecular platforms for further exploring high‐performance semiconducting materials.
Concept‐elicitation phase for the development of the pediatric patient‐reported outcome version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
Authors: Weaver Meaghann S. , Reeve Bryce B. , Baker Justin N. , Martens Christa E. , McFatrich Molly , Mowbray Catriona , Palma Diana , Sung Lillian , Tomlinson Deborah , Withycombe Janice , Hinds Pamela
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Symptoms arising from disease or treatment are subjective experiences. Insight into pediatric oncology treatment side effects or symptoms is ideally obtained from direct inquiry to the ill child. A concept‐elicitation phase in a patient‐reported outcome (PRO) instrument design provides an opportunity to elicit children's voices to shape cancer symptom selection and terminology.

METHODS

Through semistructured, one‐on‐one, voice‐recorded interviews, symptom data were collected from 96 children with cancer between the ages of 7 and 20 years who were undergoing oncologic treatment at 7 pediatric oncology sites in the United States and Canada.

RESULTS

The mean number of symptoms reported per child over the prior 7 days was 1.49 (range, 0‐7; median, 1; standard deviation, 1.56). The most common symptoms across all age groups were tiredness or fatigue, nausea or vomiting, aches or pains, and weakness. There was not a statistically significant correlation between self‐reported wellness and the number of reported symptoms (r = –0.156, n = 65, P = .215) or the number of symptoms reported by age group or diagnosis type. Forty participants reported experiencing a change in their body in the past week, with one‐third of these changes unanticipated. Only through direct questions about feelings were emotional symptoms revealed because 90.6% of interviewees who discussed feelings (48 of 53) did so only in the context of direct questioning on feelings. Adolescents were more likely than younger children to discuss feelings as part of the interview.

CONCLUSIONS

Concept elicitation from children and adolescents has the potential to enable researchers to develop age‐appropriate, accurately representative PRO measures. Cancer 2016;122:141–148. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Photon Harvesting in Sunscreen‐Based Functional Nanoparticles
Authors: Mandal Sadananda , Bera Rajesh , Das Somnath , Nayak Sandip K. , Pramanik Amitava , Patra Amitava
Published: September 2015

The ultraviolet light component in the solar spectrum is known to cause several harmful effects, such as allergy, skin ageing, and skin cancer. Thus, current research attention has been paid to the design and fundamental understanding of sunscreen‐based materials. One of the most abundantly used sunscreen molecules is Avobenzone (AB), which exhibits two tautomers. Here, we highlight the preparation of spherically shaped nanoparticles from the sunscreen molecule AB as well as from sunscreen‐molecule‐encapsulated polymer nanoparticles in aqueous media and study their fundamental photophysical properties by steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopy. Steady‐state studies confirm that the AB molecule is in the keto and enol forms in tetrahydrofuran, whereas the enol form is stable in the case of both AB nanoparticles and AB‐encapsulated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles. Thus, the keto–enol transformation of AB molecules is restricted to a nanoenvironment. An enhancement of photostability in both the nanoparticle and PMMA‐encapsulated forms under UV light irradiation is observed. The efficient excited energy transfer (60 %) from AB to porphyrin molecules opens up further prospects in potential applications as light‐harvesting systems.