bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate-vegetation-soil interactions and long-term hydrologic partitioning: signatures of catchment co-evolution
Authors: Troch P. A. , Carrillo G. , Sivapalan M. , Wagener T. , Sawicz K.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Budyko (1974) postulated that long-term catchment water balance is controlled to first order by the available water and energy. This leads to the interesting question of how do landscape characteristics (soils, geology, vegetation) and climate properties (precipitation, potential evaporation, number of wet and dry days) interact at the catchment scale to produce such a simple and predictable outcome of hydrological partitioning? Here we use a physically-based hydrologic model separately parameterized in 12 US catchments across a climate gradient to decouple the impact of climate and landscape properties to gain insight into the role of climate-vegetation-soil interactions in long-term hydrologic partitioning. The 12 catchment models (with different paramterizations) are subjected to the 12 different climate forcings, resulting in 144 10 yr model simulations. The results are analyzed per catchment (one catchment model subjected to 12 climates) and per climate (one climate filtered by 12 different model parameterization), and compared to water balance predictions based on Budyko's hypothesis (E/P = ϕ (Ep/P); E: evaporation, P: precipitation, Ep: potential evaporation). We find significant anti-correlation between average deviations of the evaporation index (E/P) computed per catchment vs. per climate, compared to that predicted by Budyko. Catchments that on average produce more E/P have developed in climates that on average produce less E/P, when compared to Budyko's prediction. Water and energy seasonality could not explain these observations, confirming previous results reported by Potter et al. (2005). Next, we analyze which model (i.e., landscape filter) characteristics explain the catchment's tendency to produce more or less E/P. We find that the time scale that controls subsurface storage release explains the observed trend. This time scale combines several geomorphologic and hydraulic soil properties. Catchments with relatively longer subsurface storage release time scales produce significantly more E/P. Vegetation in these catchments have longer access to this additional groundwater source and thus are less prone to water stress. Further analysis reveals that climates that give rise to more (less) E/P are associated with catchments that have vegetation with less (more) efficient water use parameters. In particular, the climates with tendency to produce more E/P have catchments that have lower % root fraction and less light use efficiency. Our results suggest that their exists strong interactions between climate, vegetation and soil properties that lead to specific hydrologic partitioning at the catchment scale. This co-evolution of catchment vegetation and soils with climate needs to be further explored to improve our capabilities to predict hydrologic partitioning in ungauged basins.
Distributed hydrologic modeling of a sparsely-monitored basin in Sardinia, Italy, through hydrometeorological downscaling
Authors: Mascaro G. , Piras M. , Deidda R. , Vivoni E. R.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The water resources and hydrologic extremes in Mediterranean basins are heavily influenced by climate variability. Modeling these watersheds is difficult due to the complex nature of the hydrologic response as well as the sparseness of hydrometeorological observations. In this work, we present a strategy to calibrate a distributed hydrologic model, known as TIN-based Real-time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS), in the Rio Mannu basin (RMB), a medium-sized watershed (472.5 km2) located in an agricultural area in Sardinia, Italy. In the RMB, precipitation, streamflow and meteorological data were collected within different historical periods and at diverse temporal resolutions. We designed two statistical tools for downscaling precipitation and potential evapotranspiration data to create the hourly, high-resolution forcing for the hydrologic model from daily records. Despite the presence of several sources of uncertainty in the observations and model parameterization, the use of the disaggregated forcing led to good calibration and validation performances for the tRIBS model, when daily discharge observations were available. The methodology proposed here can be also used to disaggregate outputs of climate models and conduct high-resolution hydrologic simulations with the goal of quantifying the impacts of climate change on water resources and the frequency of hydrologic extremes within medium-sized basins.
Social vulnerability assessment using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SEVI model) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI model) – a case study for Bucharest, Romania
Authors: Armaș I. , Gavriș A.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. In recent decades, the development of vulnerability frameworks has enlarged the research in the natural hazards field. Despite progress in developing the vulnerability studies, there is more to investigate regarding the quantitative approach and clarification of the conceptual explanation of the social component. At the same time, some disaster-prone areas register limited attention. Among these, Romania's capital city, Bucharest, is the most earthquake-prone capital in Europe and the tenth in the world. The location is used to assess two multi-criteria methods for aggregating complex indicators: the social vulnerability index (SoVI model) and the spatial multi-criteria social vulnerability index (SEVI model). Using the data of the 2002 census we reduce the indicators through a factor analytical approach to create the indices and examine if they bear any resemblance to the known vulnerability of Bucharest city through an exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). This is a critical issue that may provide better understanding of the social vulnerability in the city and appropriate information for authorities and stakeholders to consider in their decision making. The study emphasizes that social vulnerability is an urban process that increased in a post-communist Bucharest, raising the concern that the population at risk lacks the capacity to cope with disasters. The assessment of the indices indicates a significant and similar clustering pattern of the census administrative units, with an overlap between the clustering areas affected by high social vulnerability. Our proposed SEVI model suggests adjustment sensitivity, useful in the expert-opinion accuracy.
Detection of Cytokeratin-20-positive Cells in Preoperative and Postoperative Blood Samples from Colorectal Cancer Patients by Real-time RT-PCR
Authors: Šamija Ivan , Lukač Josip , Mubrin Mirjana Končar , Kirac Iva , Kovačević Dujo , Kusić Zvonko
Published: June 2013

Background

Detection of circulating cancer cells by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been studied as a prognostic marker in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) but so far with conflicting results regarding specificity and prognostic value. In this study cytokeratin-20 (CK20) was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR as a marker for circulating CRC cell detection and the influence of surgical tumor resection on the presence of circulating CRC cells was analyzed.

Methods

RNA was isolated from the mononuclear cell fraction of blood samples taken from 95 CRC patients before and after tumor resection and from 23 healthy volunteers and assayed by real-time RT-PCR for CK20 expression.

Results

Among 23 healthy volunteers one was positive for CK20. Among 95 CRC patients, 25 were positive for CK20 before and 23 after surgery. Sixteen patients positive before surgery became negative after surgery, while 14 patients negative before surgery became positive after surgery. An increase in the proportion of CK20-positive samples with increasing stage of disease was observed for preoperative but not postoperative blood samples.

Conclusions

Its association with clinical stage indicates that CK20 might have prognostic value as a marker for detection of circulating CRC cells. Surgical tumor resection can both reduce and induce the presence of circulating CRC cells.
Aberrantly Methylated DNA as a Biomarker in Breast Cancer
Authors: Kristiansen Søren , Jørgensen Lars M. , Guldberg Per , Sölétormos György
Published: June 2013

Aberrant DNA hypermethylation at gene promoters is a frequent event in human breast cancer. Recent genome-wide studies have identified hundreds of genes that exhibit differential methylation between breast cancer cells and normal breast tissue. Due to the tumor-specific nature of DNA hypermethylation events, their use as tumor biomarkers is usually not hampered by analytical signals from normal cells, which is a general problem for existing protein tumor markers used for clinical assessment of breast cancer. There is accumulating evidence that DNA-methylation changes in breast cancer patients occur early during tumorigenesis. This may open up for effective screening, and analysis of blood or nipple aspirate may later help in diagnosing breast cancer. As a more detailed molecular characterization of different types of breast cancer becomes available, the ability to divide patients into subgroups based on DNA biomarkers may improve prognosis. Serial monitoring of DNA-methylation markers in blood during treatment may be useful, particularly when the cancer burden is below the detection level for standard imaging techniques. Overall, aberrant DNA methylation has a great potential as a versatile biomarker tool for screening, diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of breast cancer. Standardization of methods and biomarker panels will be required to fully exploit this clinical potential.
VHL Gene Alterations in Italian Patients with Isolated Renal Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Muscarella Lucia Anna , D'Agruma Leonardo , la Torre Annamaria , Gigante Maddalena , Coco Michelina , Parrella Paola , Battaglia Michele , Carrieri Giuseppe , Carella Massimo , Zelante Leopoldo , Fazio Vito Michele , Gesualdo Loreto , Ranieri Elena
Published: June 2013

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the kidney and belongs to the few human tumors known to develop from mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene. VHL germline mutations are associated with hereditary ccRCCs in VHL disease. However, somatic VHL gene defects may also occur in sporadic ccRCCs. In this study, we analyzed the frequency and the spectrum of VHL gene alterations in 35 Italian patients with sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Tumor-specific intragenic VHL pathogenic mutations were detected in 38% (11/29) of the ccRCC patients and 33% (2/6) of the patients with other types of RCC. One novel 18-bp in-tandem duplication and 4 previously unreported nucleotide changes in the VHL gene were described. Microsatellite analysis showed loss of heterozygosity for at least 1 informative marker in 43% (9/21) of the ccRCCs and 50% (3/6) of the non-ccRCCs; 5 of the 13 tumors (38%) harboring VHL gene alterations also had loss of heterozygosity for at least 1 microsatellite marker. Our results confirm that somatic inactivation of the VHL gene may play a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis of sporadic ccRCCs in Italian patients and suggests that mutation analysis of the VHL gene may be helpful for discriminating sporadic, VHL-gene-related ccRCCs from those related to VHL disease.
S100P Predicts Prognosis and Drug Resistance in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Ge Fulin , Wang Changzheng , Wang Weihua , Wu Benyan
Published: June 2013

Purpose

S100P has been shown to participate in processes of various human malignancies. In this study, we analyzed the tissue expression of S100P in gastric cancer and evaluated its significance.

Methods

We determined the S100P expression in 156 gastric cancer patients by quantitative RT-PCR. Tumor characteristics and overall survival (OS) for each patient were examined. In vitro experiments were conducted to examine whether ectopic expression of S100P modifies the proliferation and drug resistance of gastric cancer cells.

Results

Higher expression of S100P occurred in human gastric cancer tissues in comparison with normal controls. Highly expressed S100P in gastric cancer was correlated with TNM stage and prognosis. The 5-year survival rate was significantly lower in patients with high levels of S100P expression than in patients with low levels of expression. Ectopic expression of S100P was associated with an increase in tumor cell proliferation and drug resistance.

Conclusion

The expression of S100P in human gastric cancer tissues was upregulated in comparison with normal controls. By establishing an association between S100P expression and shortened OS, increase in proliferation and drug resistance, this study indicates that S100P may be a useful prognostic marker for gastric cancer patients.
Mead's Interpretation of Relativity Theory
Authors: Stone Jake E.
Published: June 2013

This article serves as an exegesis of George Herbert Mead's utilization of Einstein's relativity theory, a theory Mead utilized to support and develop his own theory of partially self-determining, perspectival agency. The article provides a brief conceptual explanation of relativity theory, outlines the key concepts Mead took from relativity theory, explains how Mead applied these concepts to his own philosophy, and attempts to evaluate the relevance of Mead's application of relativity theory to his philosophy as a whole. Mead sought to develop a unified perspectival ontology in which agentive perspectives were embedded within the fabric of a perspectival universe. This article argues that Mead did not succeed in achieving such a unified perspectival ontology. Nonetheless, many aspects of his argument remain relevant to current debates on self-determining human agency.
Aplicação de recursos de acessibilidade em informática para alunos com baixa visão
Authors: Marques Lydia Cruz , Almeida Maria Amelia
Published: June 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X3031O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a aplicabilidade dos recursos de acessibilidade do sistema Windows-XP em 12 alunos com baixa visão de um curso de informática, que apresentavam diferentes diagnósticos e níveis de comprometimento da percepção visual. Os dados foram coletados através da aplicação de instrumentos de avaliação da acuidade visual (AV), campo visual, sensibilidade aos contrastes, e da observação do desempenho em tarefas no computador. Os resultados mostraram que para AV até 0,2 os recursos oferecidos pelo Assistente de Acessibilidade foram suficientes. Para AV menor que 0,2 e maior que 0,1 foi necessário aumentar o número de pixels por polegada da tela, e para AV igual ou menor a 0.1, somou-se uma maior aproximação da tela. Concluiu-se que, a escolha dos recursos de acessibilidade para baixa visão frente à diversidade da deficiência visual, é uma tarefa individualizada e que estes recursos presentes no Windows-XP proporcionaram visibilidade nas tarefas propostas.
Acessibilidade de um cadeirante em uma instituição pública do ensino superior: rotas e rotinas
Authors: Cambruzzi Rita de Cássia Silveira , Costa Maria Da Piedade Resende da , Denari Fátima Elisabeth
Published: June 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X4386A deficiência física como grupo é heterogêneo, mesmo dentro de uma “categoria”, visto que abrange uma diversidade, pois cada um tem um mecanismo para se organizar nos espaços em que frequenta, mas todos participam dos mesmos desafios. Todavia, devido aos desafios encontrados pelas pessoas com deficiência física no estabelecimento de rotas e rotinas no espaço de uma universidade é que desenvolvemos a presente pesquisa. Optamos por pesquisar o acesso da pessoa com deficiência física no seu deslocamento externo da moradia estudantil até a sala de aula e, da sala de aula até a secretaria do departamento que freqüenta. A pesquisa cujo objetivo é a identificação e, análise das rotas quanto a sua acessibilidade, no campus de uma instituição pública de ensino superior. A pesquisa foi submetida ao Comitê de Ética que aprova a sua execução. Foram realizadas observações diretas, assim como registros através de fotografias e filmagens, que foram autorizadas pelo universitário. As informações coletadas foram analisadas qualitativamente conforme as normas da Associação Brasileiras de Normas Técnicas e o documento norteador do Conselho Regional de Engenharia e Arquitetura, do Rio Grande do Sul, intitulado: Roteiro de Vistoria. Na análise dos dados, constatamos de que há necessidades de alterações para propiciar à acessibilidade com segurança e comodidade, assim como, estabelecer mecanismos para que a biblioteca comunitária e o restaurante universitário façam parte da vivência como integrante da comunidade universitária e, também, no exercício de seus direitos constitucionais. Palavras chaves: Acessibilidade. Educação Especial. Deficiência Física.
Educação especial e inclusiva no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro
Authors: Carvalho Erenice Natália Soares de
Published: June 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X4662Os fundamentos legais fazem parte essencial das políticas públicas desde a proposição, constituindo elementos que orientam suas finalidades, diretrizes e implementação. No Brasil, o ordenamento jurídico que baseia a educação especial e inclusiva é amplo e tem avançado, conquanto apresente contradições e conflitos capazes de dificultar a organização dos sistemas de ensino. Essa realidade ensejou o presente trabalho, cujo objetivo é identificar tensões entre dispositivos legais, dando visibilidade a pontos que necessitam de convergência, demandando alteração pelos órgãos competentes. Os sistemas de ensino, em diferentes âmbitos, são demandados a realizar as transformações necessárias à educação especial e inclusiva, requeridas nos últimos anos, conforme a Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva de 2008, proposta pelo Ministério da Educação/Secretaria de Educação Especial. Os instrumentos legais em análise neste trabalho estão circunscritos ao período que inclui a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988 e a sucede, contemplando a Lei nº 9.394/96, das Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional, bem como decretos e resoluções do Conselho Nacional de Educação/Câmara de Educação Básica, dentre outros. O ordenamento jurídico atual que baseia a educação inclusiva no país orienta, também, o funcionamento da educação especial, modalidade que transversaliza a educação nacional na perspectiva de reconhecimento e valorização da diversidade. Objetiva acompanhar a evolução do conhecimento e da cultura, comprometido com uma legislação mais apropriada ao momento histórico, justificando-se, portanto, que venha a superar as contradições e os conflitos existentes realizando, efetivamente, seu papel nos avanços que se espera para a educação no país. Palavras-chave: Educação inclusiva. Educação especial. Ordenamento jurídico.
Uso de sistemas de comunicação suplementar e alternativa na Educação Infantil: percepção do professor
Authors: Massaro Munique , Deliberato Débora
Published: June 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X4821Os recursos de comunicação suplementar e alternativo podem inserir o aluno com deficiência e necessidades complexas de comunicação em diferentes atividades pedagógicas e ampliar as habilidades e as competências do professor no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar a percepção do professor a respeito do uso da comunicação suplementar e alternativa durante um programa de intervenção na Educação Infantil. Participaram uma classe da Educação Infantil que possui alunos com deficiência e necessidades complexas de comunicação e a professora. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, aplicou-se um programa de comunicação alternativa. Ocorreram orientações sistemáticas à professora, a respeito de linguagem e comunicação. Em um processo colaborativo, foram selecionadas três canções infantis, conforme o planejamento pedagógico da professora e os recursos foram adaptados por meio de sistemas de comunicação suplementares e alternativos. Durante o desenvolvimento das atividades, também foram realizadas avaliações assistidas e a professora registrou as atividades pedagógicas relacionadas ao tema de cada música. Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados por meio de gravação em áudio. Para análise dos dados, foi realizada análise de conteúdo, estabelecendo temas e subtemas. Os resultados indicaram que a professora identificou que sistemas de comunicação suplementares e alternativos podem favorecer a expressão dos alunos; que os sistemas de comunicação suplementares e alternativos podem ser utilizados por crianças na Educação Infantil; e que os recursos devem estar de acordo com as especificidades dos alunos.
Famílias de crianças com necessidades educacionais especiais: recursos e necessidades de apoio
Authors: Gualda Danielli Silva , Borges Laura , Cia Fabiana
Published: June 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X53795379O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar quais são os recursos e as necessidades dos pais de crianças pré-escolares com necessidades educacionais especiais. Participaram da pesquisa 12 pais de crianças com NEE incluídas em pré-escolas. A maioria dos pais tinha poder aquisitivo médio a médio baixo. Para responder aos objetivos, os pais preencheram ao “Inventário de Recursos do Ambiente Familiar – RAF” e o “Questionário sobre as necessidades das famílias – QNF. Os resultados obtidos com o RAF possibilitaram notar que nesta pesquisa a maioria das crianças com NEE possui um ambiente familiar bem estimulador, considerando que as mães acompanhavam os filhos nos afazeres da escola e na manutenção de uma rotina para realizar atividades, além de receber atendimentos por meio das salas de recursos (41,6%) e nos atendimentos da APAE (25,0%). Em relação aos dados obtidos pelo QNF os pais necessitam de ajuda para: (a) obterem maiores informações sobre serviços e apoios de que seu filho poderá beneficiar-se no futuro; (b) se encontrarem regularmente com pessoas adequadas, como profissionais, para falar sobre a deficiência do filho; (c) explicarem a situação do filho a outras crianças, amigos e vizinhos; (d) encontrarem serviços de apoio social e educativo para o filho; (e) pagarem despesas e (f) discutirem problemas e encontrar soluções.
 O professor da Educação Especial e o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de alunos com autismo
Authors: Giardinetto Andréa R. dos S. Boettger , Lourenço Ana Carla , Capellini Vera Lucia M. Fialho
Published: June 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X5833O presente trabalho tem como tema o autismo, e buscou verificar como ocorre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de alunos com autismo em uma escola de educação especial. O Autismo infantil é hoje classificado como um dos “Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento (TGD)” e é caracterizado por um comprometimento grave e global em diversas áreas do desenvolvimento, como nas habilidades de interação social recíproca, habilidades de comunicação e presença de estereotipias de comportamento, interesses e atividades. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a metodologia de ensino utilizada com crianças com autismo na educação especial e verificar em que aspectos essa metodologia auxilia no processo de ensino-aprendizagem desses alunos. Para tal, participaram da pesquisa uma professora especialista e três alunos com autismo de uma Escola de Educação Especial localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas 19 observações de atividades realizadas pelos alunos com autismo em sala de aula e aplicada uma entrevista semi-estruturada à professora especialista. Os resultados demonstraram que a professora especialista não utiliza nenhuma metodologia de ensino específica para auxiliar no processo de ensino-aprendizagem desses alunos, apesar de existirem algumas metodologias específicas para crianças com autismo, que são empregadas em escolas de educação especial. Assim, verifica-se uma lacuna no processo de ensino por parte da professora e uma incerteza quanto ao processo de aprendizagem desses alunos com autismo, nessa instituição.   Palavras-chave: Autismo, Educação Especial, Ensino.
Internal Cohesion and External Separation
Authors: Dubin David
Published: June 2013

A 1962 ASLIB Symposium titled "Classification: an Interdisciplinary Problem," led to the foundation of a new society intended to "promote co-operation and interchange of views between those interested in the principles and practice of classification in a wide range of disciplines." A great deal of valuable classification research has been conducted during the 50 years since that symposium, but in 2012 classification research communities are isolated from each other, despite the interdisciplinary connections that were recognized in 1962. In the absence of dialogue across different research traditions, we miss opportunities for progress on some foundational research questions.
A Review of Boundary Objects in Classification Research
Authors: Jansen Eva
Published: June 2013

To extend our understanding of conceptual frameworks and epistemological assumptions in classification research. I survey recent reviews and empirical inquiry that features the concept of boundary objects, and discuss their implications for classification research. Further, I discuss the problems posed when predominant discourses concerning classification research inhibit gaining an understanding of classification practices as socially, historically and culturally constructed. I propose a line of inquiry into classification practices in large scale infrastructure that considers locating and describing the particular, situated, socio-material relationships where a standard classification is used in practice.
Physician Coping Styles and Emotional Exhaustion
Authors: Wallace Jean E. , Lemaire Jane
Published: June 2013

This paper examines how different coping styles that physicians use relate to emotional exhaustion, the key defining dimension of burnout. Specifically, we examine the extent to which they use active problem solving techniques, seek support, disengage from the situation or use denial as a coping strategy. In addition, we also explore whether the coping styles are more or less effective depending on certain dispositional and/or situational factors. Two individual predispositions are examined in this study in terms of positive and negative affectivity, as optimism and pessimism are stable personality traits that have implications for how individuals view situations and respond to them. Four different sources of physician work stress are examined to reflect the situational factors: work overload, patient interactions, average weekly work hours at work, and average weekly work hours at home. We analyze survey data from 1,110 practising physicians in a single health region in Western Canada.

The overall pattern of results suggests that physicians’ individual dispositions are relevant to understanding the coping styles that they adopt. Physicians appear to use denial as a coping strategy when they experience work overload and difficult patient interactions. Furthermore, it is used by those with high negative affectivity. However, having a highly positive outlook appears to neutralize the harmful relationship between denial and emotional exhaustion. This supports the literature that argues that the effects of different coping styles may depend on the personality traits of who uses them. In addition, the harmful experiences related to stressful patient interactions are weakened for doctors who disengage or take a time out from the situation. This supports the literature that suggests that certain coping strategies may be more effective depending on the situation or type/source of stressor. Our findings suggest that certain coping strategies may be more effective depending on personality type and the type or source of stress encountered.
Les comportements de citoyenneté du personnel soignant : lorsque le sens et la confiance deviennent incontournables
Authors: Chênevert Denis , Jourdain Geneviève , Tremblay Marie-Claude
Published: June 2013

La crise des finances publiques et l’accroissement de la demande en soins de santé amènent de plus en plus d’hôpitaux à implanter des pratiques de gestion à haute implication (PGHI). Or, les études sur le lien entre ces pratiques et la performance organisationnelle se font plutôt rares dans le secteur hospitalier. De plus, les recherches se sont surtout limitées à montrer l’existence d’un lien direct entre les PGHI et la performance organisationnelle, donnant ainsi peu d’information sur le processus qui mène à cette performance. Cette étude vise à combler ces lacunes en examinant le rôle médiateur joué par l’habilitation psychologique (HP) dans la relation entre les PGHI et les comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle (CCO) du personnel soignant, un déterminant important de la qualité des soins de santé. De plus, puisqu’une relation de collaboration avec les médecins, basée sur la confiance, serait au coeur du sentiment de pouvoir du personnel soignant, l’effet modérateur de la confiance envers les médecins sur la relation entre les PGHI et l’HP est aussi examiné. Ainsi, l’étude valide un modèle spécifiant des relations différenciées entre les PGHI (autonomie, développement des compétences, partage d’information, reconnaissance) et les cognitions de l’HP (compétences, autodétermination, sens, impact), celles-ci étant modérées par la confiance envers les médecins. Enfin, l’étude cherche à vérifier si les cognitions de l’HP qui inciteraient aux CCO interagissent entre elles selon une séquence prédéterminée. Basée sur un sondage réalisé auprès de 176 employés délivrant des soins de santé et leurs supérieurs immédiats, l’étude suggère que la relation entre certaines PGHI (autonomie et développement des compétences) et les CCO est tributaire du sens du travail et de la confiance envers les médecins. Aussi, les cognitions de l’HP seraient liées entre elles selon une séquence particulière conférant à l’autodétermination un rôle central dans cette séquence.
Flexibility at the Core: What Determines Employment of Part-Time Faculty in Academia
Authors: Liu Xiangmin , Zhang Liang
Published: June 2013

In this study, we examine institutional predictors of part-time faculty employment in the higher education sector in the United States. We draw upon institutional and individual-level data to examine the variation in the intensity of part-time employment in faculty positions among a representative sample of higher education institutions. Institutional-level data are from Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and individual-level data are from National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF). These data allow us to examine the impact of both economic factors and social environment on employment practices of colleges and universities. This analysis adds to the emerging literature on non-standard work arrangements in core organizational functions.

Our results suggest that the employment of part-time faculty is significantly associated with a set of organizational attributes and characteristics such as institutional type, sources of revenue, and part-time student enrolment. Private institutions, on average, have higher levels of part-time faculty than their public counterparts. The proportion of part-time students and the share of institutional revenues derived from tuition and fees are positively associated with part-time faculty employment. Faculty unions are positively related to the employment of part-time faculty. Finally, institutions that have limited resource slack and pay high salaries to their full-time faculty members tend to employ a high proportion of part-time faculty. These results support the arguments that higher educational institutions actively design and adopt contingent work arrangements to manage their resource dependence with constituencies and to reduce labour costs.
Notification of HIV status disclosure and its related factors in HIV‐infected adolescents in 2009 in the Aconda program (CePReF, CHU Yopougon) in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, The PRADO‐CI Study
Authors: Meless Guanga David , Aka‐Dago‐Akribi Hortense , Cacou Chantal , François Eboua Tanoh , Edmond Aka Addi , Maxime Oga Aimé , Bouah Belinda , Eugène Messou , Moh Corinne , Arrivé Elise , Timité‐Konan Marguerite , Leroy Valériane ,   for the PRADO‐CI Study Group
Published: June 2013

Introduction

We studied the frequency of documentation of disclosure of HIV status in medical charts and its correlates among HIV‐infected adolescents in 2009, in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

Methods

The PRADO‐CI is a cross‐sectional study aimed at studying HIV‐infected adolescents’ social, psychological, and behavioural difficulties and their determinants in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. In this study, we present specific analyses on disclosure. All HIV‐infected adolescents aged 13–21 years and followed at least once in 2009 in two urban HIV‐care centres in Abidjan (Cepref and Yopougon Teaching Hospital) were enrolled in the study. Standardized data were extracted from medical records to document if there was notification of disclosure of HIV status in the medical record. Frequency of notification of HIV disclosure was estimated with its 95% confidence interval (CI) and correlates were analyzed using logistic regression.

Results

In 2009, 229 adolescents were included: 126 (55%) males; 93% on antiretroviral therapy (ART), 61% on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Their median age was 15 years at the time of the study. Among the 193 patients for whom information on HIV status disclosure was documented (84%), only 63 (32.6%; 95% CI=26.0–39.3%) were informed of their status. The proportion of adolescents informed increased significantly with age: 19% for 13–15 years, 33% for 16–18 years and 86% for 19–21 years (p <0.0001). Adolescents on ART tended to be more likely to be informed of their HIV status (34.5%) than those not treated (13.3%) (p=0.11). Those on cotrimoxazole were significantly more likely to be informed (39.6%) than those not (21.9%) (p=0.01). Disclosure was significantly higher in adolescents with a history of ART regimen change (p=0.003) and in those followed in the Cepref (48.4%) compared to the Yopougon Teaching Hospital (24.8%), (p=0.001). In multivariate analyses, disclosed HIV status was significantly higher in those followed‐up in the Cepref compared to the other centre: adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=3.5 (95% CI: 1.1–10.9), and among older adolescents compared to those aged 13–15 years: [16–18 years] aOR=4.2 (95% CI: 1.5–11.5) and [>18 years]: aOR=22.1 (95% CI: 5.2–93.5).

Conclusions

HIV disclosure rate was low among Ivoirian HIV adolescents and was site‐ and age‐dependent. There is a need for practical interventions to support HIV disclosure to adolescents which provides age‐appropriate information about the disease.
Understanding the mental health of youth living with perinatal HIV infection: lessons learned and current challenges
Authors: Mellins Claude A , Malee Kathleen M
Published: June 2013

Introduction

Across the globe, children born with perinatal HIV infection (PHIV) are reaching adolescence and young adulthood in large numbers. The majority of research has focused on biomedical outcomes yet there is increasing awareness that long‐term survivors with PHIV are at high risk for mental health problems, given genetic, biomedical, familial and environmental risk. This article presents a review of the literature on the mental health functioning of perinatally HIV‐infected (PHIV+) adolescents, corresponding risk and protective factors, treatment modalities and critical needs for future interventions and research.

Methods

An extensive review of online databases was conducted. Articles including: (1) PHIV+ youth; (2) age 10 and older; (3) mental health outcomes; and (4) mental health treatment were reviewed. Of 93 articles identified, 38 met inclusion criteria, the vast majority from the United States and Europe.

Results

These studies suggest that PHIV+ youth experience emotional and behavioural problems, including psychiatric disorders, at higher than expected rates, often exceeding those of the general population and other high‐risk groups. Yet, the specific role of HIV per se remains unclear, as uninfected youth with HIV exposure or those living in HIV‐affected households displayed similar prevalence rates in some studies, higher rates in others and lower rates in still others. Although studies are limited with mixed findings, this review indicates that child‐health status, cognitive function, parental health and mental health, stressful life events and neighbourhood disorder have been associated with worse mental health outcomes, while parent–child involvement and communication, and peer, parent and teacher social support have been associated with better function. Few evidence‐based interventions exist; CHAMP+, a mental health programme for PHIV+ youth, shows promise across cultures.

Conclusions

This review highlights research limitations that preclude both conclusions and full understanding of aetiology. Conversely, these limitations present opportunities for future research. Many PHIV+ youth experience adequate mental health despite vulnerabilities. However, the focus of research to date highlights the identification of risks rather than positive attributes, which could inform preventive interventions. Development and evaluation of mental health interventions and preventions are urgently needed to optimize mental health, particularly for PHIV+ youth growing up in low‐and‐middle income countries.
Kidney disease in children and adolescents with perinatal HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Bhimma Rajendra , Purswani Murli Udharam , Kala Udai
Published: June 2013

Introduction

Involvement of the kidney in children and adolescents with perinatal (HIV‐1) infection can occur at any stage during the child's life with diverse diagnoses, ranging from acute kidney injury, childhood urinary tract infections (UTIs), electrolyte imbalances and drug‐induced nephrotoxicity, to diseases of the glomerulus. The latter include various immune‐mediated chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and HIV‐associated nephropathy (HIVAN).

Discussion

The introduction of highly active anti‐retroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically reduced the incidence of HIVAN, once the commonest form of CKD in children of African descent living with HIV, and also altered its prognosis from eventual progression to end‐stage kidney disease to one that is compatible with long‐term survival. The impact of HAART on the outcome of other forms of kidney diseases seen in this population has not been as impressive. Increasingly important is nephrotoxicity secondary to the prolonged use of anti‐retroviral agents, and the occurrence of co‐morbid kidney disease unrelated to HIV infection or its treatment. Improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and genetics of kidney diseases associated with HIV will result in better screening, prevention and treatment efforts, as HIV specialists and nephrologists coordinate clinical care of these patients. Both haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are effective as renal replacement therapy in HIV‐infected patients with end‐stage kidney disease, with PD being preferred in resource‐limited settings. Kidney transplantation, once contraindicated in this population, has now become the most effective renal replacement therapy, provided rigorous criteria are met. Given the attendant morbidity and mortality in HIV‐infected children and adolescents with kidney disease, routine screening for kidney disease is recommended where resources permit.

Conclusions

This review focuses on the pathogenesis and genetics, clinical presentation and management of kidney disease in children and adolescents with perinatal HIV‐1 infection.
The challenge of chronic lung disease in HIV‐infected children and adolescents
Authors: Weber Heinrich C , Gie Robert P , Cotton Mark F
Published: June 2013

Until recently, little attention has been given to chronic lung disease (CLD) in HIV‐infected children. As the HIV epidemic matures in sub‐Saharan Africa, adolescents who acquired HIV by vertical transmission are presenting to health services with chronic diseases. The most common is CLD, which is often debilitating.

This review summarizes the limited data available on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical picture, special investigations and management of CLD in HIV‐infected adolescents. A number of associated conditions: lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, tuberculosis and bronchiectasis are well described. Other pathologies such as HIV‐associated bronchiolitis obliterans resulting in non‐reversible airway obstruction, has only recently been described.

In this field, there are many areas of uncertainty needing urgent research. These areas include the definition of CLD, pathophysiological mechanisms and common pathologies responsible. Very limited data are available to formulate an effective plan of investigation and management.
The challenges of success: adolescents with perinatal HIV infection
Authors: Mofenson Lynne M , Cotton Mark F
Published: June 2013

The great success in the prevention and treatment of pediatric HIV in high resource countries, and now in low resource countries, has changed the face of the HIV epidemic in children from one of near certain mortality to that of a chronic disease. However, these successes pose new challenges as perinatally HIV‐infected youth survive into adulthood. Increased survival of HIV‐infected children is associated with challenges in maintaining adherence to what is likely life‐long therapy, and in selecting successive antiretroviral drug regimens, given the limited availability of pediatric formulations, limitations in pharmacokinetic and safety data of drugs in children, and the development of extensive drug resistance in multi‐drug‐experienced children. Pediatric HIV care must now focus on morbidity related to long‐term HIV infection and its treatment. Survival into adulthood of perinatally HIV‐infected youth in high resource countries provides important lessons about how the epidemic will change with increasing access to antiretroviral therapy for children in low resource countries. This series of papers will focus on issues related to management of perinatally infected youth and young adults.
A Global Database of Tropical Storm Surges
Authors: Needham Hal F. , Keim Barry D. , Sathiaraj David , Shafer Mark
Published: June 2013

Tropical cyclone–generated storm surges are among the world's most deadly and costly natural disasters. The destructive nature of this hazard was clearly seen last fall, as Hurricane Sandy generated a devastating storm surge along the mid‐Atlantic coast. The storm killed 147 people and caused approximately $50 billion in economic losses [Blake et al., 2012].
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetoelectric Nanomaterial Composed of Fe3O4 and Polyindole
Authors: Ramesan M. T.
Published: June 2013

Magnetoelectric polymer nanocomposite is synthesized using conducting polyindole and nano‐sized magnetite (Fe3O4) particles through the in situ polymerization method. The effect of nanoparticles content on the polyindole matrix is studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and DC conductivity measurements. FTIR and UV spectra of the composite show the intermolecular interaction between the polymer and magnetite nanoparticles. Morphological observation and crystal structure studies reveal that nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the polymer with well‐shaped spheres, and their average sizes are in the nano region. DSC studies, showing an increase in glass‐transition temperature with an increase in the content of Fe3O4, reveal the ordered arrangement of the polymer chain in the nanocomposite than pure polyindole. DC conductivity of the nanocomposites increases with an increase in the content of nanoparticles, and the conductivity of the nanocomposite is higher than that of polyindole. The dependence of magnetization on the applied magnetic field for the nanocomposites is studied using the vibration sample magnetometer technique. It has been found that the saturated magnetism linearly increases with increasing the Fe3O4 content in the polymer composite. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21362; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21362
Catalytic Enantioselective α‐Chlorination of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Shibatomi Kazutaka , Narayama Akira
Published: June 2013

Stereoselective construction of chlorinated chiral carbon centers is a highly valuable operation because the resulting chiral chlorides serve as versatile intermediates for producing many chiral molecules by SN2‐type displacement with inversion of stereochemistry. Despite the synthetic utility of chiral alkyl chlorides, catalytic methods for achieving enantioselective chlorination were only developed in the last ten years. This Focus Review covers the progress of catalytic asymmetric α‐chlorination of carbonyl compounds over the last decade. Some stereospecific transformations of the resulting alkyl chlorides are also introduced.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering sensing on black silicon
Authors: Gervinskas Gediminas , Seniutinas Gediminas , Hartley Jennifer S. , Kandasamy Sasikaran , Stoddart Paul R. , Fahim Narges F. , Juodkazis Saulius
Published: June 2013

Reactive ion etching was used to fabricate black‐Si over the entire surface area of 4‐inch Si wafers. After 20 min of the plasma treatment, surface reflection well below 2% was achieved over the 300–1000 nm spectral range. The spikes of the black‐Si substrates were coated by gold, resulting in an island film for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing. A detection limit of 1 × 10−6 M (at count rate > 102 s−1 . mW−1) was achieved for rhodamine 6G in aqueous solution when drop cast onto a ∼ 100‐nm‐thick Au coating. The sensitivity increases for thicker coatings. A mixed mobile‐on‐immobile platform for SERS sensing is introduced by using dog‐bone Au nanoparticles on the Au/black‐Si substrate. The SERS intensity shows a non‐linear dependence on the solid angle (numerical aperture of excitation/collection optics) for a thick gold coating that exhibits a 10 times higher enhancement. This shows promise for augmented sensitivity in SERS applications.
Non‐equilibrium polaritonics ‐ non‐linear effects and optical switching
Authors: Frank Regine
Published: June 2013

This erratum refers to the article above, first published online on 31 December 2012 and later in print in Annalen der Physik, 525(1–2), 66–73 (2013).
Transmetalation in the Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling: The Fork in the Trail
Authors: Lennox Alastair J. J. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C.
Published: June 2013

The Suzuki–Miyaura coupling is one of the few transition‐metal‐catalyzed CC bond‐forming reactions that have been used in applications ranging from discovery chemistry to manufacturing processes. Although coupling proceeds through the generic three‐stage ‘oxidative addition, transmetalation, reductive elimination’ sequence, there are a number of features that differentiate the Suzuki–Miyaura process from other transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐couplings. Most of these features are centered around, or are a consequence of, activation of the boron reagent for transmetalation through one or both of two distinct pathways. This review focuses on the evidence that has been presented for this ‘fork in the trail′, and the potential to apply such mechanistic insight to the design of reaction conditions.