bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three prongs for prudent climate policy
Authors: Aldy Joseph E. , Zeckhauser Richard
Published: April 2020

For three decades, advocates for climate change policy have simultaneously emphasized the urgency of taking ambitious actions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and provided false reassurances of the feasibility of doing so. The policy prescription has relied almost exclusively on a single approach: reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other GHGs. Since 1990, global CO2emissions have increased 60%, atmospheric CO2concentrations have raced past 400 ppm, and temperatures increased at an accelerating rate. The one‐prong strategy has not worked. After reviewing emission mitigation's poor performance and low‐probability of delivering on long‐term climate goals, we advance a three‐pronged strategy for mitigating climate change risks: adding adaptation and amelioration—through solar radiation management (SRM)—to the emission mitigation approach. We highlight SRM's potential, at dramatically lower cost than emission mitigation, to play a key role in offsetting warming. We address the moral hazard reservation held by environmental advocates—that SRM would diminish emission mitigation incentives—and posit that SRM deployment might even serve as an “awful action alert” that galvanizes more ambitious emission mitigation. We conclude by emphasizing the value of an iterative act‐learn‐act policy framework that engages all three prongs for limiting climate change damages.
“We're the Show at the Circus”: Racially Dissecting the Multiracial Body
Authors: Curington Celeste Vaughan
Published: April 2020

This work illustrates how the meaning and consequence of multiraciality are formed within a racialized interaction order. Drawing from 76 interviews with single‐race and multiracial online daters, I argue that online daters reinforce racialized and gendered categorical differences through their examination of the mixed‐race body. I refer to this process as “multiracial dissection,” an intersubjective racialization process that invests bodies with racial and gendered meanings. Multiracial dissection may lead to feeling sexual interest on the part of the observer, but mixed‐race respondents' narratives illustrate how it is also a form of othering that reinforces stereotypes about monoracial femininities and masculinities in the racialized interaction order of online dating.
Chemothermally Driven Out‐of‐Equilibrium Materials for Macroscopic Motion
Authors: Muradyan Hurik , Guan Zhibin
Published: April 2020

In nature, living systems operate far from equilibrium by consuming and dissipating energy to perform vital processes. Biological systems use chemically derived energy to power out‐of‐equilibrium processes to generate complex macroscopic motion by dissipating energy at the molecular scale. In contrast, it remains a major challenge to create synthetic out‐of‐equilibrium systems that operate on the macroscopic scale. Herein we report a chemically fueled out‐of‐equilibrium system that can perform macroscopic actuation and do work by lifting objects. We achieve this by driving a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) transition of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) hydrogels with heat generated by a copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) reaction. Upon completion of the reaction, heat dissipates to the environment, and the system returns to equilibrium, completing one cycle of out‐of‐equilibrium behavior, which can be repeated for multiple cycles by adding new chemical fuels.
Reducing food waste generation in Thailand through environmental consciousness, green marketing, and purchasing discipline: Mediating role of recycling behavior
Authors: Sawasdee Aksorn , Rodboonsong Sudarat , Joemsittiprasert Watcharin
Published: April 2020

Food wastage has been reached to an alarming level and many social and governmental bodies are scared from the respective numbers. A significant bulk from such food wastage occurs due to non‐recycling of wastage and thus pollution is been generating every day from the same dilemma. This study has tried to see the role of environmental consciousness, green marketing, and purchasing discipline on food wastage generation in mediating the role of recycling behavior. Data have been collected from Thailand where many tourists stay engage in this harmful activity. Responses of 303 respondents have been analyzed on SPSS and AMOS through different statistical tests. Results have indicated that green marketing and purchasing discipline significantly reduces the food waste generation while environmental consciousness did not show significant impact. Recycling behavior significantly mediates between green marketing and food wastage and between purchasing decision and food wastage but not for environmental consciousness. This study has a lot of worthy implications for academia, practice, and society.
Intraoperative Strahlentherapie – Indikationen und Optionen in der Viszeralchirurgie
Authors: Joechle Katharina , Gkika Eleni , Grosu Anca-Ligia , Lang Sven A. , Fichtner-Feigl Stefan
Published: April 2020

Hintergrund

Die intraoperative Strahlentherapie (IORT) ermöglicht durch die chirurgische Exposition des Tumors und des Tumorbetts eine hohe Präzision, welche eine hohe Strahlendosis im Bereich des Tumors zulässt und gleichzeitig gesundes Gewebe als den dosislimitierenden Faktor vor Strahlung schützt. Aus diesem Grund bietet die IORT besonders dann einen Vorteil, wenn die lokale Tumorkontrolle das Langzeitüberleben entscheidend beeinflusst und Funktionserhalt ermöglicht.

Ziel der Arbeit

Die in dieser Übersichtsarbeit aufgearbeiteten Erkenntnisse aus der Literaturrecherche erlauben einen evidenzbasierten Umgang hinsichtlich Indikationen und Therapieoptionen der IORT für intraabdominelle Tumoren.

Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung

Die Effektivität der IORT kann anhand der vorhandenen Evidenzlage nicht abschließend beurteilt werden, jedoch ist die IORT als Ergänzung der multimodalen Therapie bei (Rezidiv‑)Rektumkarzinomen und Sarkomen aktiv im klinischen Alltag etabliert. Magen- und Pankreaskarzinome stellen weitere Indikationen dar; ergänzende Studien sind jedoch notwendig, um die Rolle der IORT hier klar zu definieren. Ein wesentlicher Faktor, damit für Patienten mit primärem Karzinom und insbesondere für Patienten mit lokalem Rezidiv verbesserte lokale Rezidiv- und Überlebensraten erreicht werden können, scheint die Patientenselektion zu sein.
On the Ethics of Psychometric Instruments Used in Leadership Development Programmes
Authors: Wilson Suze , Lee Hugh , Ford Jackie , Harding Nancy
Published: April 2020

The leadership development industry regularly claims to aid in developing effective, ethical leaders, using 360-degree psychometric assessments as key tools for so doing. This paper analyses the effects of such tools on those subjected to and subjectivised by them from a Foucauldian perspective. We argue that instead of encouraging ethical leadership such instruments inculcate practices and belief systems that perpetuate falsehoods, misrepresentations and inequalities. ‘Followers’ are presumed compliant, malleable beings needing leaders to determine what is in their interests. Such techniques pursue productivity and profitability, rather than ethical leadership. We examine the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, a widely used 360-degree tool that measures transformational leadership, as an illustrative case study to substantiate these criticisms.
Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation in Elderly Patients
Authors: Schäfer Andreas , Flierl Ulrike , Berliner Dominik , Bauersachs Johann
Published: April 2020

Ischaemic stroke and systemic embolism are the major potentially preventable complications of atrial fibrillation (AF) leading to severe morbidity and mortality. Anticoagulation using vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) is mandatory for stroke prevention in AF. Following approval of the four NOACs dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban, the use of VKA is declining steadily. Increasing age with thresholds of 65 and 75 years is a strong risk factor when determining annual stroke risk in AF patients. Current recommendations such as the “2016 Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation” of the European Society of Cardiology and the “2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update” by the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, and the Heart Rhythm Society strengthen the importance of anticoagulation and detection of bleeding risks, of which older age is an important one. While patients aged ≥ 75 years are usually underrepresented in randomised clinical trials, they represent almost 40% of the trial populations in the large NOAC approval studies. Therefore, a sufficient amount of data is available to assess the efficacy and safety for this patient cohort in that specific indication. In this article, the evidence for stroke prevention in AF using either VKA or NOACs is summarised with a special focus on efficacy compared to bleeding risk in patients aged ≥ 75 years. Specifically, we used a model of increased weighing of intracranial bleeding to illustrate the potential benefit of NOACs over VKA in the elderly population. In brief, there are at least two tested strategies with apixaban and edoxaban which even confer an additional clinical net benefit compared with VKA. Furthermore, elderly subgroups of trials for combined antithrombotic treatment following percutaneous coronary interventions in anticoagulated patients are analysed.
Plant defense responses in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous host plants during root-knot nematode infection
Authors: Przybylska Arnika , Obrępalska-Stęplowska Aleksandra
Published: April 2020

Background

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) – Meloidogyne spp. – are a group of nematodes distributed worldwide that infect monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crop species. Plant responses to RKNs have been described in many studies of various host plants. In the course of parasitism, RKNs induce the transcriptional reprogramming of host cells to establish giant cells. Nematode attack induces many mechanisms in host plants, including pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Research on plant-RKN interactions has shown the activation and suppression of the expression of genes encoding various defense-related proteins.

Scope and conclusions

In this review, our goal is to critically summarize current knowledge on monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant-Meloidogyne interactions, including data on the role of RKN effectors and nematode PAMPs in host plant defense responses.
The Emergence and Development of Animal Research Ethics: A Review with a Focus on Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Arnason Gardar
Published: April 2020

The ethics of using nonhuman animals in biomedical research is usually seen as a subfield of animal ethics. In recent years, however, the ethics of animal research has increasingly become a subfield within research ethics under the term “animal research ethics”. Consequently, ethical issues have become prominent that are familiar in the context of human research ethics, such as autonomy or self-determination, harms and benefits, justice, and vulnerability. After a brief overview of the development of the field and a discussion of relevant theoretical ethical frameworks, I consider two of these issues, namely autonomy and self-determination on the one hand, and harms and benefits on the other hand. My concern is with philosophical and ethical issues, rather than animal research oversight. I focus my discussion on nonhuman primates, as the most plausible nonhuman candidates for this approach. I conclude that the approach, although promising, depends strongly on the moral status of nonhuman research subjects.
Comparative carpological study of Poikilospermum (Urticaceae) in relation to taxonomy
Authors: Kravtsova T. I. , Moore A. , Wilmot-Dear C. M. , Zhinkina N. A.
Published: April 2020

Fruit morphology and the anatomical structure of the pericarp, fruiting perianth, and seed coat were studied in 15 species of Poikilospermum, a genus whose position within the Urticaceae has long been controversial. Possible evolutionary trends of their transformation are suggested for both subgenera; plesiomorphies were found in P. oblongifolium and P. scabrinervium. Structural peculiarities of the fruit connected with its ejection out of the tubular perianth are discussed. The archaism of the fruit in Poikilospermum is revealed, indicated, as in Boehmeria, by the presence of the rudiment of an aborted carpel in the form of a large two-lobed rib. Using carpological anatomical characters, the species studied are classified into informal groups, such characters being able to pull the species within the subgenera into rough groupings where gross morphology has been unable to do so. It is shown that heterobathmy may be strongly associated with the genus Poikilospermum. Each subgenus has its own set of primitive carpological characters: in subgenus Poikilospermum the absence of a fruiting perianth which encases the fruit, and also of capitate inflorescences with swollen receptacles; in subgenus Ligulistigma remnant rudiment of the second carpel and ovary loculus, as well as a primitive, less simplified seed coat. Though the position of Poikilospermum as indicated by molecular data is within Urera, our results suggest that Dendrocnide (the only genus of the Urticeae that has a pyrenarium fruit type) may be closest to Poikilospermum, although the pericarp structure and dissemination behaviour in Poikilospermum are more specialised than those exhibited by Dendrocnide. Seed coat structure is also shown to exhibit traits seen in Moraceae.
Analytical friction force compensation of flow curves out of layer compression tests with the pin extrusion test
Authors: Lenzen Matthias , Kraus Martin , Merklein Marion
Published: April 2020

For conventional material models like Yld2000-2d or BBC05 the equi-biaxial yield strength is required for the parameter identification. In this context, a commonly used test setup is the hydraulic bulge test. However, an inaccuracy in the characterization of the initial yield strength is present in the hydraulic bulge test. Due to the evaluation of the resulting curvature of the specimen, that is nearly infinite at the onset of yielding, the calculated stress can significant vary. Another proposed test setup for the characterization of the equi-biaxial stress state is the layer compression test. Here, the onset of yielding can be characterized with sufficient accuracy. The disadvantage in this test is the friction between stack and tool that leads to an overestimation of the flow curve. Thus, robust and experimental based friction compensation should be used, to gain a comparable hardening behaviour as in the hydraulic bulge test. In this contribution, the friction in the layer compression test is compensated by characterization of the tribological conditions. Thus, the tribological system consisting of workpiece surface, tool surface and lubricant is characterized using pin extrusion tests. The friction is analysed for the two steel grades DC06 and DP600 and the aluminium AA5182. With the identified friction factors, the measured testing force in the layer compression test is reduced by the portion of friction. For verification, hydraulic bulge tests, which are approximately friction free, are performed and compared with the resulting flow curves of the layer compression tests. Results confirm, that a friction compensation of the layer compression tests lead to a significant improvement of the resulting material parameters in comparison to the hydraulic bulge tests. Additional, a new method for the friction factor characterization is presented that uses in the stress difference of flow curves characterized in hydraulic bulge tests and layer compression tests.
Simulation of elliptic and hypo-elliptic conditional diffusions
Authors: Bierkens Joris , van der Meulen Frank , Schauer Moritz
Published: April 2020

Suppose X is a multidimensional diffusion process. Assume that at time zero the state of X is fully observed, but at time
$T>0$
only linear combinations of its components are observed. That is, one only observes the vector
$L X_T$
for a given matrix L. In this paper we show how samples from the conditioned process can be generated. The main contribution of this paper is to prove that guided proposals, introduced in [35], can be used in a unified way for both uniformly elliptic and hypo-elliptic diffusions, even when L is not the identity matrix. This is illustrated by excellent performance in two challenging cases: a partially observed twice-integrated diffusion with multiple wells and the partially observed FitzHugh–Nagumo model.
Thinning and multilevel Monte Carlo methods for piecewise deterministic (Markov) processes with an application to a stochastic Morris–Lecar model
Authors: Lemaire Vincent , Thieullen MichÉle , Thomas Nicolas
Published: April 2020

In the first part of this paper we study approximations of trajectories of piecewise deterministic processes (PDPs) when the flow is not given explicitly by the thinning method. We also establish a strong error estimate for PDPs as well as a weak error expansion for piecewise deterministic Markov processes (PDMPs). These estimates are the building blocks of the multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) method, which we study in the second part. The coupling required by the MLMC is based on the thinning procedure. In the third part we apply these results to a two-dimensional Morris–Lecar model with stochastic ion channels. In the range of our simulations the MLMC estimator outperforms classical Monte Carlo.
Joint temporal and contemporaneous aggregation of random-coefficient AR(1) processes with infinite variance
Authors: Pilipauskaitė Vytautė , Skorniakov Viktor , Surgailis Donatas
Published: April 2020

We discuss the joint temporal and contemporaneous aggregation of N independent copies of random-coefficient AR(1) processes driven by independent and identically distributed innovations in the domain of normal attraction of an
$\alpha$
-stable distribution,
$0< \alpha \le 2$
, as both N and the time scale n tend to infinity, possibly at different rates. Assuming that the tail distribution function of the random autoregressive coefficient regularly varies at the unit root with exponent
$\beta > 0$
, we show that, for
$\beta < \max (\alpha, 1)$
, the joint aggregate displays a variety of stable and non-stable limit behaviors with stability index depending on
$\alpha$
,
$\beta$
and the mutual increase rate of N and n. The paper extends the results of Pilipauskaitė and Surgailis (2014) from
$\alpha =2$
to
$0 < \alpha < 2$
.
On the multi-state signatures of ordered system lifetimes
Authors: Yi He , Balakrishnan Narayanaswamy , Cui Lirong
Published: April 2020

In this paper, the signature of a multi-state coherent system with binary-state components is discussed, and then it is extended to the case of ordered system lifetimes arising from a life-test on coherent multi-state systems with the same multi-state system signature. Some properties of the multi-state system signature and the ordered multi-state system signature are also studied. The results established here are finally explained through some illustrative examples.
Heavy Eye Syndrome Mimicking Abducens Nerve Palsies
Authors: Yu Caberry W. , Micieli Jonathan A.
Published: April 2020

A 70-year-old woman was seen in neuro-ophthalmology consultation for a progressive right esotropia. She had a past medical history of asthma and osteoporosis, and her ocular history was significant for pathological myopia (spherical equivalent of −23.00 D OD and −21.00 D OS), bilateral cataract surgeries, and laser retinopexy for retinal tears. Twenty-five years prior to presentation, she developed binocular horizontal diplopia and was found to have a limitation of abduction to 60% and 80% of normal in the right and left eyes, respectively, by a previous neuro-ophthalmologist. She developed a progressive maculopathy in the right eye secondary to myopia, resulting in the resolution of double vision. The resolution occurred because the double vision was binocular in nature and the loss of vision in her right eye functioned similar to monocular occlusion. However, she noticed that her right eye continued to turn in toward her nose.
Relativistic electron acceleration by surface plasma waves excited with high intensity laser pulses
Authors: Zhu X. M. , Prasad R. , Swantusch M. , Aurand B. , Andreev A. A. , Willi O. , Cerchez M.
Published: April 2020

The process of high energy electron acceleration along the surface of grating targets (GTs) that were irradiated by a relativistic, high-contrast laser pulse at an intensity

$I=2.5\times 10^{20}~\text{W}/\text{cm}^{2}$

was studied. Our experimental results demonstrate that for a GT with a periodicity twice the laser wavelength, the surface electron flux is more intense for a laser incidence angle that is larger compared to the resonance angle predicted by the linear model. An electron beam with a peak charge of

${\sim}2.7~\text{nC}/\text{sr}$

, for electrons with energies

${>}1.5~\text{MeV}$

, was measured. Numerical simulations carried out with parameters similar to the experimental conditions also show an enhanced electron flux at higher incidence angles depending on the preplasma scale length. A theoretical model that includes ponderomotive effects with more realistic initial preplasma conditions suggests that the laser-driven intensity and preformed plasma scale length are important for the acceleration process. The predictions closely match the experimental and computational results.
Two-micron all-fiberized passively mode-locked fiber lasers with high-energy nanosecond pulse
Authors: Wang Meng , Huang Yijian , Song Zongpeng , Wei Jincheng , Pei Jihong , Ruan Shuangchen
Published: April 2020

We report on mode-locked thulium-doped fiber lasers with high-energy nanosecond pulses, relying on the transmission in a semiconductor saturable absorber (SESA) and a carbon nanotube (CNTs-PVA) film separately. A section of an SMF–MMF–SMF structure multimode interferometer with a transmission peak wavelength of ∼2003 nm was used as a wavelength selector to fix the laser wavelength. When the SESA acted as a saturable absorber (SA), the mode-locked fiber laser had a maximum output power of ∼461 mW with a pulse energy of ∼0.14 μJ and a pulse duration of ∼9.14 ns. In a CNT-film-based mode-locked fiber laser, stable mode-locked pulses with the maximum output power of ∼46 mW, pulse energy of ∼26.8 nJ and pulse duration of ∼9.3 ns were obtained. To the best of our knowledge, our experiments demonstrated the first 2 μm region ‘real’ SA-based dissipative soliton resonance with the highest mode-locked pulse energy from a ‘real’ SA-based all-fiberized resonator.
VARIETIES OF GREEK: DISORDER AND CONTINUITY
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: April 2020

Social magic always manages to produce discontinuity out of continuity.

Social dialect, which can be defined negatively as dialect associated with variables other than geographic region, was hardly recognized as a linguistic category until the twentieth century. Although it has been recognized since antiquity that groups at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder speak differently from the elite, non-elite idioms did not merit serious investigation since they were regarded merely as corrupt or decadent approximations to the prestige variety. There is evidence that the Greeks also recognized gender as a variable in linguistic production. Age occasionally figures in discourse about language, but the association is vaguer since it was tangled up with the idea that earlier generations spoke a better or more authentic form of Greek.
Examining family language policy through realist social theory
Authors: Mirvahedi Seyed Hadi
Published: April 2020

In this article, I argue that one social theory that could help us better understand the interaction between social structure and human agency in the context of family language policy (FLP) research is realist social theory. FLP studies in multilingual contexts have shown that home often becomes a site where dominant societal ideologies and discourses of structuring nature compete with individual views and agency, ultimately informing language behavior. Realist social theory advocates the analytical separation of structure and agency and attributes causal powers to both social structures and individual agency. This conceptualization of structure and agency prevents us from falling into structural determinism or individual voluntarism. Through examining the linguistic ideologies and practices of thirteen mothers of young children in Tabriz, Iran, I illustrate how family language policy emerges in interaction with and response to structural powers. (Family language policy, realist social theory, Iranian Azerbaijanis, agency, social structures, language maintenance)
An Early Roman Fort at Thirkleby, North Yorkshire
Authors: Millett Martin , Brickstock Richard
Published: April 2020

This paper reports the discovery through aerial photography of a Roman fort at Thirkleby, near Thirsk in North Yorkshire. It appears to have two structural phases, and surface finds indicate that it dates from the Flavian period. The significance of its location on the intersection of routes north–south along the edge of the Vale of York and east–west connecting Malton and Aldborough is discussed in the context of Roman annexation of the North.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF BOESENBERGIA (ZINGIBERACEAE) FROM PALAWAN, PHILIPPINES
Authors: Docot R. V. A. , Santiago L. C. P. , Funakoshi H. , Lam N. F.
Published: April 2020

Recent botanical explorations in the province of Palawan, Philippines, have resulted in the discovery of two new ginger species, namely Boesenbergia eburnea Docot and Boesenbergia leonardocoi Funak. & Docot, which are described and illustrated here, including information on their distribution, habitat, phenology, ecology and conservation status. Additionally, a key to Boesenbergia species in the Philippines is provided.
Maternal profile according to Mediterranean diet adherence and small for gestational age and preterm newborn outcomes
Authors: Peraita-Costa Isabel , Llopis-González Agustín , Perales-Marín Alfredo , Diago Vicente , Soriano Jose Miguel , Llopis-Morales Agustín , Morales-Suárez-Varela María
Published: April 2020

Objective:

The objective was to evaluate maternal Mediterranean diet (MD) pattern adherence during pregnancy and its association with small for gestational age (SGA) and preterm birth. A secondary objective of the current study was to describe the sociodemographic, lifestyle and obstetric profile of the mothers studied as well as the most relevant paternal and newborn characteristics.

Design:

The current study is a two-phase retrospective population-based study of maternal dietary habits during pregnancy and their effect on newborn size and prematurity. The descriptive first phase examined maternal dietary habits during pregnancy along with the maternal sociodemographic, lifestyle and obstetric profile in a cross-sectional period study. In the second phase, newborn outcomes were evaluated in a nested case–control study. Adherence to MD during pregnancy was measured with the Spanish version of Kidmed index.

Setting:

Obstetrics ward of the La Fe Hospital in Valencia.

Participants:

All mother–child pairs admitted after delivery during a 12-month period starting from January 2018 were assessed for eligibility. A total of 1118 provided complete outcome data after signing informed consent.

Results:

14·5 % met the criteria of poor adherence (PA); 34·8 %, medium adherence (MA); and 50·7 %, optimal adherence (OA). Medium adherence to MD was associated in the adjusted scenarios with a higher risk of giving birth to a preterm newborn. No association was found between MD adherence and SGA.

Conclusions:

Early intervention programmes geared towards pregnant women, where women were aided in reaching OA to MD, might reduce the risk of preterm newborn.
Citizen Approval of Monetary- vs Goods-For-Votes Exchanges
Authors: Cohen Mollie J.
Published: April 2020

Does citizen approval of vote buying depend on the type of benefit being offered? I answer this question using data from a survey experiment conducted on a nationally representative sample of Nicaraguans in 2017. Nicaraguans report significantly lower approval of money-for votes exchanges compared to goods-for-votes exchanges. Furthermore, reported rates of vote buying are lower in the money condition (4.8%) than in the goods-for-votes condition (7.8%), even though the posttreatment question assessing vote buying experience was identical across conditions. This study echoes other work suggesting the need for care in designing questions about vote buying, as slight changes in question wording that prime participants to think about goods versus monetary exchanges can affect both citizen approval of the behavior and the reported prevalence of vote buying.
Depression und Gewalt: Ein Widerspruch?
Authors: Steinau Sarah , Brackmann Nathalie , Habermeyer Elmar
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Depressionen gehören weltweit zu den führenden Erkrankungen. Sie sind von hoher Bedeutung für unterschiedlichste Bereiche innerhalb der Medizin, da Betroffene häufig ihren Hausarzt oder Internisten zuerst aufsuchen. Obwohl Symptome einer Depression sowohl bei Frauen als auch bei Männern beobachtet werden können, gibt es Besonderheiten der Symptomkonstellation bei Männern, die bislang nur unzureichend bekannt sind bzw. beachtet wurden. Diese Arbeit widmet sich dem Konzept der «Male Depression», das unter anderem durch sozialen Rückzug, Reizbarkeit oder Substanzmissbrauch gekennzeichnet ist. In diesem Kontext bestehen praxisrelevante Zusammenhänge zwischen Depression und gewalttätigem Verhalten, die anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen veranschaulicht werden sollen. Von besonderer Brisanz ist dabei das sogenannte suizidal-homizidale Syndrom, das zwingend einer weiteren psychiatrischen, wenn nicht sogar einer forensisch-psychiatrischen Abklärung zugeführt werden sollte.
Von der Fehlform zur Coxarthrose – Beispiel Hüftimpingement
Authors: Naal Florian-Dominique
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Das femoroacetabuläre Impingement (FAI) beschreibt einen deformitätsbedingten, pathomechanischen Konflikt zwischen Femurkopf-Hals-Übergang und Acetabulum, der bei Bewegung auftritt und zu Schäden im Hüftgelenk führen kann. Mittlerweile ist nachgewiesen, dass insbesondere das Cam-FAI mit der Entstehung einer Coxarthrose korreliert. Für das Pincer-FAI, bei dem primär das Labrum und erst sekundär der acetabuläre Gelenkknorpel geschädigt werden, ist dieser Zusammenhang noch nicht eindeutig belegt. Hüftgelenke mit einer klaren Deformität und einer beginnenden Gelenkschädigung sollten operativ behandelt werden, wobei in 80–90 % der Fälle ein arthroskopisches Vorgehen möglich ist. Ein FAI-Patient ist zum Zeitpunkt einer Operation durchschnittlich 30 Jahre alt. Bei korrekter Indikationsstellung und sorgfältig durchgeführtem Eingriff lässt sich in über 80 % der Fälle ein gutes kurz- bis mittelfristiges Ergebnis erreichen.
CME-Dermatologie 21: Skabies: Klinik, Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Spitzmüller David , Lautenschlager Stephan
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Skabies (Krätze) ist eine häufige ansteckende Hauterkrankung, die weltweit vorkommt und Personen jeden Alters betrifft. Ihre Prävalenz wird weltweit auf 200 Millionen Patienten geschätzt. Charakteristisch sind ein ausgeprägter, meist nächtlich verstärkter Juckreiz und disseminierte, exkoriierte erythematöse Papeln an Stamm und Extremitäten. Eine sichere Diagnose kann durch Mikroskopie des Stratum corneum im Bereich des Milbenhügels gestellt werden. Die empfohlene Behandlung besteht in der Anwendung von Permethrin 5 % Creme einmalig mit Wiederholung nach 7–14 Tagen oder Ivermectin p.o. 200 µg/kg mit Wiederholung nach sieben Tagen. Zusätzlich wird die Abgabe schriftlicher Aufklärungsinformationen zur Umgebungssanierung und die Mitbehandlung naher Kontaktpersonen von Erkrankten empfohlen. Eine sexuelle Übertragung ist möglich, weshalb bei sexuell aktiven Patienten ein Screening auf sexuell übertragbare Infektionen empfohlen wird.
A Statistical Analysis of the Fluctuations in the Upstream and Downstream Plasmas of 109 Strong‐Compression Interplanetary Shocks at 1 AU
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E.
Published: April 2020

The upstream and downstream plasmas of 109 strong‐compression forward interplanetary shocks are statistically analyzed using 3‐s measurements from the WIND spacecraft. The goal is a comparison of the fluctuation properties of downstream plasmas in comparison with the fluctuation properties of upstream plasmas in the inertial range of frequencies and the magnetic‐structure range of spatial scales. The shocks all have density compression rations of ~2 or more. When possible, each shock is categorized according to the type of solar wind plasma it propagates through: 15 shocks are in coronal‐hole‐origin plasma, 42 shocks are in streamer‐belt‐origin plasma, 36 shocks are in sector‐reversal‐region plasmas, and 11 shocks are in ejecta plasma. The statistical study examines magnetic field and velocity spectral indices, the Alfvénicity, the fluctuation amplitudes, Alfvén ratios, the degree of plasma inhomogeneity, and Taylor microscales, looking in particular at (1) fluctuation values downstream that are related to fluctuation values upstream and (2) systematic differences in fluctuation values associated with the type of plasma. It is argued that inhomogeneity of the downstream plasma can be caused by spatial variations in the shock normal angle θBn caused by field direction variations in the upstream magnetic structure. The importance of determining the type of plasma that the shock propagates through is established.
Evolution of Infragravity Waves Over a Shoal Under Nonbreaking Conditions
Authors: Li Shaowu , Liao Zhiling , Liu Ye , Zou Qingping
Published: April 2020

The present paper aims to clarify the mechanism of infragravity wave (IGW) energy amplification over nearshore shoals reported in recent studies. Wave transformation and energy transfer between short waves (SWs) and IGWs were investigated using SWASH model for nonbreaking random waves propagating over trapezoid shoals with different bottom slopes. It was found that the time lag of IGWs relative to SW groups is the major mechanism for energy transfer from SWs to IGWs and the amplification of IGW energy over all segments of the shoal. The time lag is generated on the front slope and enlarged on the plateau of the shoal, decreases on the rear slope with higher decreasing rates on milder slopes. Over the rear slope, the evolution of IGWs depends on the relative importance of deshoaling and nonlinear energy transfer. It was found that nonlinear energy transfer dominates over the rear slope gentler than 1/60, causing the IGW energy to increase over the first half of the deshoaling process and decrease over the second half whereas deshoaling dominates for steeper rear slope and the IGW energy decay over the whole slope. It is demonstrated numerically and theoretically that the shoals with gentler bottom slopes amplify the IGW energy more effectively by providing longer distance for nonlinear energy transfer to build up. The persistent nonlinear energy transfer on the plateau indicates the important role of wave spatial evolution history in the subsequent IGWs evolution. Strong free IGWs were detected on leeward of the shoal, possibly due to release of topography‐induced additional bound IGWs.
Four Theories of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Zhang C. , Adames Á. F. , Khouider B. , Wang B. , Yang D.
Published: April 2020

Studies of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) have progressed considerably during the past decades in observations, numerical modeling, and theoretical understanding. Many theoretical attempts have been made to identify the most essential processes responsible for the existence of the MJO. Criteria are proposed to separate a hypothesis from a theory (based on the first principles with quantitative and testable assumptions, able to predict quantitatively the fundamental scales and eastward propagation of the MJO). Four MJO theories are selected to be summarized and compared in this article: the skeleton theory, moisture‐mode theory, gravity‐wave theory, and trio‐interaction theory of the MJO. These four MJO theories are distinct from each other in their key assumptions, parameterized processes, and, particularly, selection mechanisms for the zonal spatial scale, time scale, and eastward propagation of the MJO. The comparison of the four theories and more recent development in MJO dynamical approaches lead to a realization that theoretical thinking of the MJO is diverse and understanding of MJO dynamics needs to be further advanced.
Changes in Physical Properties of Everglades Peat Soils Induced by Increased Salinity at the Laboratory Scale: Implications for Changes in Biogenic Gas Dynamics
Authors: Sirianni Matthew J. , Comas Xavier
Published: April 2020

Saltwater intrusion due to sea level rise is a major concern for the Florida Everglades because it may induce shifts in ecosystem productivity and physical soil properties. However, the effects of saline water intrusion into the current carbon gas dynamics of the Everglades (particularly in terms of biogenic gas production and emissions, i.e., CH4 and CO2) are still uncertain. In this work, we present a laboratory‐based study to simulate how sea level rise may alter the physical properties (i.e., hydraulic conductivity) of peat soils from the Everglades and consequently affect the accumulation and release of biogenic gases within the peat matrix. Peat monoliths collected from the Everglades were subjected to progressive increases in salinity from a NaCl solution, and changes to the biogenic gas dynamics regime were simultaneously monitored using a combination of time‐lapse ground‐penetrating radar measurements, manometers, time‐lapse photography, and gas traps. Physical changes to the peat matrix at each salinity interval were assessed using constant head permeameter tests. Consistent with previous research, results show that a progressive increase in salinity (from fresh to saltwater) results in (1) a progressive increase in hydraulic conductivity and (2) a progressive decrease in gas content within the peat matrix (i.e., production) and gas releases. This work has implications for better understanding the potential effects of saltwater intrusion into freshwater peatland systems in the Everglades, particularly in terms of carbon gas dynamics.
Estimating the Occurrence of Geomagnetic Activity Using the Hilbert‐Huang Transform and Extreme Value Theory
Authors: Elvidge Sean
Published: April 2020

In this paper extreme value theory (EVT) has been used to estimate the return levels for geomagnetic activity based on the aa index. The aa index is the longest, continuously recorded, geomagnetic data set (from 1868 to present). This long, 150‐year data set is an ideal candidate for extreme value analysis. However, the data are not independent and identically distributed as required for EVT since they are impacted by the approximately 11‐year solar cycle. The Hilbert‐Huang transform has been used to identify the solar cycle component in the data, and the data have been split into solar maximum and minimum times. In these two regimes the generalized extreme value distribution has been fit to the data sets. These have also been combined for an estimate of the overall return times. The results suggest that the largest event in the database (March 1989) is a 1‐in‐25‐year event. However, considering separate solar maximum and minimum times has a large impact on the return times. During solar minimum conditions the return time of the March 1989 event is 130 years. This suggests that the occurrence of extreme space weather events is conditionally dependent on where in the solar cycle we are.
Diversity and dynamics of relevant nanoplanktonic diatoms in the Western English Channel
Authors: Arsenieff Laure , Le Gall Florence , Rigaut-Jalabert Fabienne , Mahé Frédéric , Sarno Diana , Gouhier Léna , Baudoux Anne-Claire , Simon Nathalie
Published: April 2020

In the ocean, Bacillariophyta are one of the most successful protistan groups. Due to their considerable biogeochemical implications, diatom diversity, development, and seasonality have been at the center of research, specifically large-sized species. In comparison, nanoplanktonic diatoms are mostly disregarded from routine monitoring and are often underrepresented in genetic reference databases. Here, we identified and investigated the temporal dynamics of relevant nanodiatoms occurring in the Western English Channel (SOMLIT-Astan station). Coupling in situ and laboratory approaches, we revealed that nano-species from the genera Minidiscus and Thalassiosira are key components of the phytoplankton community that thrive in these coastal waters, but they display different seasonal patterns. Some species formed recurrent blooms whilst others were persistent year round. These results raise questions about their regulation in the natural environment. Over a full seasonal cycle at the monitoring station, we succeeded in isolating viruses which infect these minute diatoms, suggesting that these mortality agents may contribute to their control. Overall, our study points out the importance of considering nanodiatom communities within time-series surveys to further understand their role and fate in marine systems.
Syntrophic splitting of central carbon metabolism in host cells bearing functionally different symbiotic bacteria
Authors: Ankrah Nana Y D , Wilkes Rebecca A , Zhang Freya Q , Zhu Dantong , Kaweesi Tadeo , Aristilde Ludmilla , Douglas Angela E
Published: April 2020

Insects feeding on the nutrient-poor diet of xylem plant sap generally bear two microbial symbionts that are localized to different organs (bacteriomes) and provide complementary sets of essential amino acids (EAAs). Here, we investigate the metabolic basis for the apparent paradox that xylem-feeding insects are under intense selection for metabolic efficiency but incur the cost of maintaining two symbionts for functions mediated by one symbiont in other associations. Using stable isotope analysis of central carbon metabolism and metabolic modeling, we provide evidence that the bacteriomes of the spittlebug Clastoptera proteus display high rates of aerobic glycolysis, with syntrophic splitting of glucose oxidation. Specifically, our data suggest that one bacteriome (containing the bacterium Sulcia, which synthesizes seven EAAs) predominantly processes glucose glycolytically, producing pyruvate and lactate, and the exported pyruvate and lactate is assimilated by the second bacteriome (containing the bacterium Zinderia, which synthesizes three energetically costly EAAs) and channeled through the TCA cycle for energy generation by oxidative phosphorylation. We, furthermore, calculate that this metabolic arrangement supports the high ATP demand in Zinderia bacteriomes for Zinderia-mediated synthesis of energy-intensive EAAs. We predict that metabolite cross-feeding among host cells may be widespread in animal–microbe symbioses utilizing low-nutrient diets.
Enrichment experiment of ventilation air methane (0.5%) by the mechanical tower
Authors: Wang Wen , Ren Jiandong , Li Xiaojun , Li Huaibin , Li Dongyin , Li Huamin , Song Yun
Published: April 2020

Methane is one of the most important gases leading to the earth’s air pollution. Ventilation air methane(VAM) is an important part of the gas discharged into the atmosphere. The volume concentration of methane is generally less than 0.5% in coal mines. Recycling low concentration is facing challenges. To explore the law of low concentration methane enrichment, the enrichment tower for methane was designed and manufactured. The experiment was divided into two types - free diffusion and weak eddy enrichment, and eight kinds of low concentration gas experimental program. Under free diffusion conditions, the maximum methane concentration of the top (middle) tower is 0.64% (0.53%). In the condition of weak eddy field, the maximum methane concentration is 0.67% (0.69%) in the top (middle) tower. The effect of methane enrichment in the weak eddy field is obvious. Methane enrichment method under the eddy current field can greatly increase methane enrichment efficiency and achieve the goal of CMM (coal mine methane) power generation.
Author Correction: Characterization of novel endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Sphingobacterium species, Beauveria bassiana and Cordyceps militaris that specifically hydrolyze fucose-containing oligosaccharides and human IgG
Authors: Huang Yibo , Higuchi Yujiro , Kinoshita Takashi , Mitani Ai , Eshima Yasunari , Takegawa Kaoru
Published: April 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Author Correction: Risk factors influencing contamination of customized cosmetics made on-the-spot: Evidence from the national pilot project for public health
Authors: Kim Hye Won , Seok Yae Sle , Cho Tae Jin , Rhee Min Suk
Published: April 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Latitudinal drivers of oyster mortality: deciphering host, pathogen and environmental risk factors
Authors: Fleury Elodie , Barbier Pierrick , Petton Bruno , Normand Julien , Thomas Yoann , Pouvreau Stéphane , Daigle Gaétan , Pernet Fabrice
Published: April 2020

Diseases pose an ongoing threat to aquaculture, fisheries and conservation of marine species, and determination of risk factors of disease is crucial for management. Our objective was to decipher the effects of host, pathogen and environmental factors on disease-induced mortality of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) across a latitudinal gradient. We deployed young and adult oysters at 13 sites in France and we monitored survival, pathogens and environmental parameters. The young oysters came from either the wild collection or the hatchery while the adults were from the wild only. We then used Cox regression models to investigate the effect of latitude, site, environmental factors and origin on mortality risk and to extrapolate this mortality risk to the distribution limits of the species in Europe. We found that seawater temperature, food level, sea level atmospheric pressure, rainfall and wind speed were associated with mortality risk. Their effect on hatchery oysters was generally higher than on wild animals, probably reflecting that hatchery oysters were free of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) whereas those from the wild were asymptomatic carriers. The risk factors involved in young and adult oyster mortalities were different, reflecting distinct diseases. Mortality risk increases from 0 to 90% with decreasing latitude for young hatchery oysters, but not for young wild oysters or adults. Mortality risk was higher in wild oysters than in hatchery ones at latitude > 47.6°N while this was the opposite at lower latitude. Therefore, latitudinal gradient alters disease-induced mortality risk but interacts with the initial health status of the host and the pathogen involved. Practically, we suggest that mortality can be mitigated by using hatchery oysters in north and wild collected oysters in the south.