bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Studies on the Breakdown of p,p’-DDT in Tobacco Smokes: III. Isolation and Identification of the Non-Volatile Degradation Products of p,p’-DDT in p,p’-DDT-Treated Tobacco Smokes
Authors: Chopra N.M. , Domanski J.J.
Published: July 2016

This paper describes the methods used in smoking p,p'-DDT-treated tobacco, collecting the smoke condensate, chromatographing the condensate on activated Florisil and deactivated alumina columns, and finally identifying the non-volatile p,p'-DDT pyrolysis products in the tobacco smoke condensate. The pyrolysis products identified were: p,p'-DDT, p,p'- DDE, p,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDM, trans-p,p'-dichlorostilbene, bis-(p-chlorophenyI)methane, and p,p'-dichlorobenzophenone.
Measurement of paper porosity
Authors: Butters D.
Published: July 2016

The author's supplementary comment on the original publication which apeared on pp. 307 to 311 of volume 5 of the “Beiträge zur Tabakforschung” (1969-1970).
Method for the Rapid Determination of Acetic and Higher Acids in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Morie G.P.
Published: July 2016

A method for the rapid determination of acetic and higher aliphatic acids in cigarette smoke is described. Cigarette smoke is collected on a Cambridge filter, which is followed by a carbon disulfide scrubber. The total particulate matter (TPM) on the Cambridge filter is dissolved in carbon disulfide, and the acids are then extracted from this solution into an aqueous sodium borate solution (pH 8). An aliquot of this extract is injected onto a gas chromatographic column containing Chromosorb 101 column packing. The determination of acetic acid requires the smoke of 5 cigarettes and is completed in 15 min (10 min for extraction and 5 min for chromatographic separation). The coefficient of variation of the method is 3.8 %. The determination of acetic through hexanoic acid requires the smoke of 20 cigarettes and is completed in 20 min. The amounts of acetic acid delivered from cigarettes of various types were determined. Commercial cellulose acetate filters removed a slightly higher percentage of acetic acid than dry TPM from the smoke of a domestic cigarette
The Use of Cryogenic Temperature Gas Chromatography for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Morie G.P. , Sloan C.H.
Published: July 2016

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in cigarette smoke was developed. A column containing Porapak Q packing and a cryogenic temperature programmer which employed liquid nitrogen to cool the column to subambient temperatures was used. The separation of N
RM 20 - A Smoking Machine for Routine Analysis of Tobacco Smoke/Die RM 20 - eine Rauchmaschine für analytische Untersuchungen
Authors: Lorenz H.W. , Kirchner H. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

A smoking machine for the routine analysis of tobacco smoke is described. The machine is equipped with special controls for parameters such as puff duration interval between puffs, number of puffs, automatic interruption of the puffs at a given butt length, expulsion of the butt, control of puff volume by a soap film burette. By these devices the various conditions of machine smoking can easily be set up. At the same time up to twenty cigarettes from different samples can be smoked into separate traps (glass fibre filters). For the simultaneous smoking of twenty cigarettes into one common trap, a large glass fibre filter or an electrostatic trap can be joined. For the application of a vacuum a rotary pump (rectangular puff profile) as well as a piston pump (either rectangular or bell-shaped puff profile) can be used. The machine is suitable for both restricted and free smoking and a change between these two conditions can mechanically be achieved in a few seconds
Further Fractionations of Cigarette Smoke Condensate for Bioassays: Weak Acid and Neutral Subfractions and Combinations of Active
Authors: Swain A.P. , Bock F.G. , Cooper J.E. , Chamberlain W.J. , Strange E.D. , Lakritz L. , Stedman R.L. , Schmeltz I.
Published: July 2016

Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) was fractionated for biological experiments examining tumorigenic activity on mouse skin. The active fractions were combined in various ways in order to determine their additive effects. Steam distillation of the ether-soluble weak acid fraction (WA
Tobacco Chemistry: 17: Evaluation of Two Methods for the Collection of Tobacco Head Space Volatiles
Authors: Austin D.J. , Roeraade J. , Kimland B. , Aasen A.J. , Enzell C.R.
Published: July 2016

A vacuum distillation method, using carbon dioxide as a transport medium, was applied to tobacco and compared with a charcoal trapping technique with the ultimate aim of studying the alterations of tobacco volatiles during curing and ageing. Examination by gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry of the four samples obtained after concentration in three stages showed that they were qualitatively similar, especially with respect to the more abundant constituents. The relative concentration of certain more volatile substances was, however, higher in the case of charcoal trapping, primarily because water-soluble components were not completely recoverable after carbon dioxide distillation. Evaluation of each method at two temperature levels showed that the yields increased markedly with temperature, mainly arising from unproportionally large increases in the concentrations of the major components, nicotine and neophytadiene. Thus, precise operation temperature controI is required, especially in terms of reproducibility. The total yield for the carbon dioxide distillation procedure (85°C) was greater than that for the charcoal trapping (40°C), due to the higher yields of both nicotine and neophytadiene in the former case. Notably because of the greater ease with which the method could be scaled up to allow trace component studies, charcoal trapping at 40°C was accepted as the method of choice for further work.
Sterol Content in Cigarette Tobacco and Smoke
Authors: Cheng A.L.S.
Published: July 2016

Cholesterol-4-
Altering of Cigarette Smoke Condensate: Quantitative Determination of the Formation of Artifacts Produced by Gas-Phase and Particulate Phase Reactions/Alterung von Cigarettenrauchkondensat: Quantitative Untersuchungen der Artefaktbildung durch Gas- und Partikelphasenreaktionen
Authors: Schönherr H. , Klimisch H.J. , Harke H.P.
Published: July 2016

A formation of artifacts, produced by secondary reactions of compounds of cigarette smoke condensate, was determined quantitatively on reactions of the so-called gaseous phase and particulate phase. It was demonstrated that there was a continuously increasing yield of the dry total particulate matter in acetonic solutions of the condensate from cooled traps, depending on storage time and increasing temperature. There were linear correlations between the dry total particulate matter and storage time or storage temperature when one of these parameters was kept constant. Responsible for the increasing yield of the dry total particulate matter may be reactions among the constituents of the gaseous phase (about 7.5 %) and reactions between constituents of the gaseous phase and the particulate phase (more than 90 %). In another examination reactions of the particulate phase were analysed by quantitative determinations of pigments of a condensate fraction. These substances were fractionated and the distribution of their molecular weight was determined by a gelchromatographic method. The increasing yield and the tendency to form particles of higher molecular weight are depending on the storage temperature and storage time.
Determination of N-Nitrosodimethylamine in the Smoke of High-Nitrate Tobacco Cigarettes
Authors: Morie G.P. , Sloan C.H.
Published: July 2016

A gas chromatographic method was developed for the determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in cigarette smoke. The NDMA in the smoke of 200 cigarettes was trapped in a solution of sodium hydroxide and separated from most of the smoke components by distillation from acidic and basic solutions. The aqueous solution was extracted for 8 hr. into ethyl ether in a Dean Stark apparatus. To concentrate the solution of NDMA, the ether was distilled until only 5 ml of the solution remained. An aliquot of this solution was analysed by means of a gas chromatograph equipped with a 200-ft. glass capillary column coated with Carbowax 20-M poly(ethylene glycoI). An alkali metal flame ionization detector with a selectivity of 10*/1 for nitrogen compounds to normal hydrocarbons was used. Small amounts (2 ng) of nitrosamines in the presence of large amounts of other compounds were easily detected. N-nitrosodimethylamine-C
The Combustibility of Tobacco/Über die Brennfähigkeit von Tabak
Authors: Ivanov N.G. , Gyuzelev L. , Boneva A.
Published: July 2016

On the basis of an improved method of determining the combustibility of tobacco comprehensive investigations were carried out of factors which influence combustibility. On the strength of statistical studies of the correlations, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The most precise unit of measurement of the combustion of tobacco leaf is the product of “duration of combustion” and “amount of substances burnt” (secs. × mg).

2. The mineral components influence combustibility variously, K2O positively, Cl-, Na

3. The coefficients of combustibility suggested up till now, which are based solely on the composition of the mineral components, demonstrate only a very weak correlation.

4. Isolated groups of organic substances demonstrate no incisive correlation to combustibility.

5. The concentration of all organic substances in the volume unit, the “substance density”, shows a high, negative correlation to combustibility; the “porosity” of the leaf is also clearly correlated to combustibility.

6. Combustibility is influenced by the combined action of part of the inorganic components, the concentration of organic substances in the volume unit and the porosity of the leaf. The combustibility index (C.I.), which was ascertained on the strength of these combined actions, seems to be the most suitable indicator of combustibility.
X-Ray Study of Cigarette Structure
Authors: Goldring L.S. , Fiore J.V. , Gadziala A.C.
Published: July 2016

From an investigation of a variety of methods for visualisation of the shred structure in a cigarette, it has been shown that two optical and one x-radiographic method produce useful information. It is concluded that the x-radiographic method, especially by the use of stereo views, provides the most information; it is a convenient and easily utilized method. Examination of a limited number of commercial cigarettes did not show any recognizable structural differences beyond fluctuations in rod density. Novel structures utilizing low-density materials can be readily distinguished.
Studies of Cigarette Smoke Transfer Using Radioisotopically Labelled Tobacco Constituents
Authors: Houseman T.H. , Heneage E.
Published: July 2016

An apparatus for the preparation of radiolabelled cigarettes is described. The apparatus dispensed a fixed volume of liquid from a hypodermic syringe, the volume being controlled by a gear-driven micrometer assembly. The liquid was deposited along the axis of an intact cigarette as the latter was withdrawn from the syringe needle at a uniform rate. The distribution of added radioactive materiaI within the tobacco rod was checked and shown to be uniform.
Studies of Cigarette Smoke Transfer Using Radioisotopically Labelled Tobacco Constituents: Part II: The Transference of Radioisotopically Labelled Nicotine to Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Houseman T.H.
Published: July 2016

The construction and evaluation of equipment for smoking a cigarette and collecting all the products of combustion is described. The apparatus was designed to permit the quantitative puff-by-puff collection of mainstream TPM. It has been used to study the transference of nicotine-2'-
Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies. III. The Contribution of Dotriacontane to the Benzo[a]pyrene Content of Smoke
Authors: Jenkins R.W. Jr. , Newman R.H. , Edmonds M.D. , Osdene T.S.
Published: July 2016

Cigarettes labelled with dotriacontane-16,17-
Methods for the Quantitative Determination of Biocides in Tobacco and Tobacco Products. Part IV: A Method for the Determination of Maleic Hydrazide in Tobacco/Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Bioziden in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen. IV. Mitteilung: Eine Methode zur Bestimmung von Maleinsäurehydrazid
Authors: Nesemann E. , Rabitz H. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

The author's method (developed in 1966) for the determination of maleic hydrazide in tobacco has been improved by the introduction of a purification step using activated carbon. Interferences produced by reactive compounds other than maleic hydrazide can thus be eliminated. The procedure proved to be suitable for routine analysis. The coefficient of variation was found to range from 1 to 7 %. Added amounts of maleic hydrazide have been recovered at the 90-105 % level. The accuracy of the procedure could be confirmed by results comparatively obtained in three laboratories
Contribution to Defining Pressure Drop/Zur Definition des Zugwiderstandes
Authors: Gehring M.
Published: July 2016

With constant volumetric flow rate F at the end of the test specimen the pressure drop is dependent on the absolute pressure under which the volumetric flow rate is measured. The correlation between pressure drop Dp at the test specimen and volumetric flow rate F can be adequately described by

in which k is a constant for a certain object measured and p* designates the pressure under which the volumetric flow rate F is measured. p1 and p2 are the absolute pressures at the test specimen entrance and exit respectively. For the definition of draw resistance it results from this that the Coresta suggestion that p1 = 1 atm 760 Torr be determined as reference pressure is inexpedient for practical purposes. It would be more expedient to determine p* = p2 = 1 atm 760 Torr, i. e. that pressure is determined as reference pressure under which the volumetric flow rate F is measured at the end of the test specimen. The simple correction formulae resulting for this with fluctuating atmospheric pressure are quoted.
The Formation of the Oxides of Carbon by the Pyrolysis of Tobacco
Authors: Baker R. R.
Published: July 2016

Flue-cured Virginia tobacco has been heated in nitrogen and nitrogen/oxygen mixtures under flow conditions, and the rate of formation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide has been determined as a function of temperature, heating rate, and proportion of oxygen in the gas. When the tobacco is heated in nitrogen at heating rates comparable to those in a smouldering cigarette, 27 % of the carbon content of the tobacco is converted to carbon oxides. Both carbon oxides show two distinct formation regions: a low-temperature region (about 100°-450°C), and a high-temperature region (about 550°-900°C). These temperature limits are almost identical to those predicted from studies on the combustion coal of a cigarette burning in air. When tobacco, or the carbonaceous residue remaining after the pyrolysis experiments, is heated in nitrogen / oxygen mixtures, the total amount of carbon converted to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is independent of heating rate, but the relative proportions of the two oxides are strongly dependent on heating rate. At the lower heating rate, proportionally less carbon monoxide, and more carbon dioxide, is produced. Under oxidation conditions, about 70 % of both carbon oxides formed in the low-temperature region (100°-450°C) are produced by tobacco decomposition reactions, whereas in the high-temperature region about 10-20 % of the carbon monoxide, and 2-9 % of the carbon dioxide, are produced by tobacco decomposition.
A Thirty-Port Smoking Machine for Continuous Smoke Generation
Authors: Schultz F. J. , Wagner J. R.
Published: July 2016

Experience gained from a recent evaluation of smoking machines has been applied in the design of a sophisticated automatic smoking machine. Utilizing a reverse puff mechanism, a continuous or intermittent smoke stream is generated, diluted to selected concentration levels and channelled to multiple exposure apparatus. AlI functions are completely controlled by digital electronics as is the detection of faults in the system. Analysis of the smoke produced indicates that it is not chemically different from the smoke delivered by other types of apparatus
Multiple Capillary Pressure Drop Standards
Authors: Keith C. H. , Corbin J. A.
Published: July 2016

This paper describes a simple device, consisting of a collection of glass capillary tubes, which can be used as a stable, pressure insensitive standard for calibrating pressure drop machines. For air flowing through a single capillary tube of the proper dimensions to give a pressure drop similar to that of a filter rod, the Reynolds number is about 2000, the boundary between laminar and turbulent flow. Since turbulent flow gives pressure drops which vary with atmospheric pressure, it is desirable to reduce this quantity to a level where laminar flow is always present. This can be accomplished by distributing the flow among 10 parallel capillaries of very small diameter. The capillaries were formed by drawing pyrex tubing on a Hupe glass drawing machine to a finished internaI diameter of .44 mm. Ten Iengths of this capillary were mounted in 8 mm tubing and were encased in a clear resin. After polymerization of the resin, the composite rod was sawed into appropriate lengths and cleaned in an ultrasonic bath. Microscopic examination of the finished tubes showed that each capillary was a clean, smooth-walled tube with a sharp entrance and exit. Calculation of the Reynolds number for the composite capillary gave a value of 314, which is well within the Iaminar flow region. The agreement between measured pressure drops of these standards and those calculated using Poiseuille's Iaw with an entry and exit correction is excellent. Daily measurements of the pressure drop of these standard tubes for a period of a month were conducted, and the random variability was found to be 1 % or Iess. Measurements of the pressure drop of these tubes at various pressures and temperatures covering the range of normaI laboratory conditions also demonstrated a lack of significant variability. Fouling of the tubes from atmospheric dust was not found to be a significant factor
Study of Sorption Processes in Cigarette Filter Materials
Authors: Simpson D. L. , Whidby J. F.
Published: July 2016

A method for studying adsorption-desorption kinetics in porous materials is described. A fixed bed of the adsorbent is challenged with a constant concentration of vapour in an inert carrier and the effluent vapour concentration is monitored as a function of time by using a gas chromatograph. Results obtained with commerciaI filters and nicotine vapour are reported. They fit a mathematical model based on a first-order, reversible rate-controlling process and a linear adsorption isotherm
Evaluations of Cigarettes Made with Mold-Damaged and Nondamaged Flue-cured Tobacco
Authors: Welty R. E. , Vickroy D. G.
Published: July 2016

FIue-cured tobacco damaged by species of Aspergillus from commerciaI and experimental sources was shredded and made into cigarettes. Paired samples of nondamaged tobaccos served as controls. Subsamples of cigarettes were analysed for viable fungal propagules/g, 39 organic and inorganic compounds in the smoke and smoke condensates, and taste preference. PrincipaI fungi associated with leaves and shreds of mold-damaged tobacco were Aspergillus repens, A. ruber, and A. niger. Except for the originaI differences in the nicotine content and in the tar, there were no significant differences in total particulate matter nor in the amount of specific vapour phase components measured in the smoke from cigarettes made with mold-damaged and nondamaged tobaccos. Smoke panelists distinguished between cigarettes made with mold-damaged and nondamaged tobaccos and preferred cigarettes made with the latter. Viable fungus spores passed through the tobacco cylinder from lighted and nonlighted cigarettes. These data suggest the use of mold-damaged tobacco in cigarette manufacturing is to be avoided because of off-flavours and because the fungi isolated are common allergens to the respiratory tract of humans
Contributions to the Draw Resistance of a Burning Cigarette
Authors: Baker R. R.
Published: July 2016

The draw resistance of a cigarette increases by about 50-60 % when the cigarette is lit, and the total draw resistance of the burning cigarette varies in a distinct manner as it is smoked. This effect is not normally due to an inherent increase in the impedance of the coal, because the effect disappears when the cigarette is extinguished. Rather, the effect is due to the heating of the gases flowing through the coal and down the tobacco rod, in particular (a) the increase in gas viscosity with temperature, (b) the increase in volumetric gas flow due to thermal expansion, and (c) the increase in the impedance of the unburnt tobacco rod, due to the deposition of smoke condensate on the rod. A hot-gas model, using the above contributing factors together with the known gas-phase temperature distribution inside the burning cigarette, can predict quantitatively (within the limits of experimental error) the observed variations of the draw resistance of a burning cigarette.
Parameters Affecting the Selective Filtration of Certain Tobacco Smoke Components
Authors: Morie Gerald P. , Sloan Cephas H. , Baggett Madelyn S.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this investigation was to attain a better understanding of the selective removal of certain compounds from cigarette smoke by filters. A gas chromatographic method for the determination of selected semivolatile smoke compounds was developed. The method, which utilizes a 160 m glass capillary column, was used to determine the efficiency of filters for the removal of these selected semivolatile compounds. A correlation was found between the selective filtration of these compounds from cigarette smoke and their distribution coefficients [Kd = (g compound/g filter)/ (g compound/cm3 air)] between air and various filter materials. In addition, a correlation was found between the physicaI and chemical nature of certain smoke compounds and their selective filtration. Previous work indicated that if a compound is to be selectively removed from tobacco smoke by a filter, [1] a significant portion of that compound should be in the vapour state as it passes through the filter and [2] the compound should have an affinity for the filter material. The relative rate of vapourization (Rv) was used as a measure of 1., and the totaI solubility parameter (d) was taken as a measure of 2. Values for the vapourization rate were calculated from the product, vapour pressure (P), molecular weight (M), and diffusion coefficient (D), (Rv = kPMD1/2). The correlation of Rv and δ with the selectivity (Sx) of cellulose acetate filters for smoke compounds is described by

Sx = b0 + b1δ + b2δ (1n Rv),

where b0, b1, and b2 are constants. This equation may be used to predict the selective filtration of semivolatile compounds from cigarette smoke.
Leaf Quality and Usability: Theoretical Model I
Authors: Tso T.C. , Gori G.B.
Published: July 2016

A changing concept in recent years on the usability of tobacco leaf has introduced many problems that may, not fit the traditional requirements of leaf quality. Usability represents the state of being usable without adverse effects to consumers. Theoretical Model I with selected markers is proposed for the development of tobacco materials with emphasis on improving tobacco usability. This preliminary Model I is based on currently available data, and can be improved as new information becomes available. Plant scientists may use this model to develop leaf tobacco of improved usability either through breeding, selection, and culture, or by means of homogenized leaf curing and reconstitution
Determination of Ethylene and lsoprene in the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke by Infra-red Spectroscopy
Authors: Vilcins G.
Published: July 2016

An infra-red method was developed for the quantitative determination of ethylene and isoprene in the gas phase of cigarette smoke. The smoke was collected by smoking the cigarettes on a five-port syringe type smoking machine and transferring it to a gas cell positioned in a double-beam infra-red spectrophotometer for the duration of the analysis. The smoke transfer to the gas cell and its subsequent removal from the celI were accomplished by connecting the smoking machine to a vacuum pump through the automated solenoid valve unit which controlled the analysis system. In this manner any specific puff of interest could be analysed for the ethylene and isoprene concentrations by measuring the corrected absorbance of the 10.52 µm and 11.18 µm absorbance bands, respectively. TotaI deliveries of ethylene and isoprene per cigarette were obtained by adding the deliveries from the individual puffs. The puff-by-puff delivery profile also was obtainable at the same time. In addition filter efficiency for ethylene and isoprene removaI may be determined by this method. The relative standard deviation at the two-sigma level was 3 % for ethylene and isoprene in the gas phase smoke from commercial cellulose acetate filter cigarettes. The analysis of a particular puff of smoke required only 75 seconds insuring the analysis of a relatively fresh smoke with good reproducibility and accuracy.
The Reducing Property of Tobacco Smoke: 2. The Influence of Smoking Vehicle, with Particular Reference to the Pipe
Authors: Bilimoria M.H.
Published: July 2016

A detailed investigation of pipe smoking was undertaken to elucidate why this mode of smoking produced condensates of low dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP)-reducing activity. Pipe tobaccos, smoked in cigarette tubes, gave reducing activities distinctly lower than those obtained for flue-cured tobacco, but the values were still higher than those obtained in pipe smoking. In pipe smoking, using both flue- and air-cured tobaccos, the initial high specific reducing activities (during 5-10 minutes of smoking) dropped to very Iow values towards the end of smoking. The decreasing specific activities paralleled the formation of water. No reducing activity was trapped by the water accumulating in the pipe, but a considerable amount of activity was trapped by the unsmoked tobacco. Unlike cigarette and cigarillo smoking, the trapped activity in cigar and pipe smoking was sufficient to significantly alter specific activity, but stilI much too Iow to obtain, in cigar and pipe smoking, the large totaI activities obtained in cigarette and cigarillo smoking. In the other three modes of smoking, viz cigarette, cigarillo and cigar, there was no change in specific activity with increase in duration of smoking (or change in butt length).
Phytosterols in Tobacco: Quantitative Analysis and Fate in Tobacco Combustion
Authors: Schmeltz I. , de Paolis A. , Hoffmann D.
Published: July 2016

The influence of tobacco phytosterols (cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasteroI, b-sitosterol) on the chemical composition and biologicaI activity of tobacco smoke has been of concern to tobacco chemists. Therefore, a relatively simple method, utilizing a 14C-internal standard, chromatography on Sephadex and gas-liquid chromatography, was developed for the quantitative analysis of the phytosterols; this method was applied to the tobacco and smoke (mainstream and sidestream) of cigarettes and cigars to determine the fate of the phytosterols in burning tobacco. About 20 % of the total phytosterol content of tobacco was shown to be transferred intact into the smoke; about 2 % was possibly converted into polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Radioactive tracer and pyrolysis studies were used to determine the nature of the phytosterol degradation products found in the smoke.
Genetic Influence on Chemical Constituents of Tobacco Leaf and Smoke
Authors: Chaplin J.F.
Published: July 2016

Investigations have shown that many chemical constituents in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants and in the cured leaf are influenced by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors. The genetic basis for nicotine synthesis is well documented and plant breeders are capable of developing cultivars with varying levels. Differences for chemical constituents have been detected among cultivars and breeding lines which are attributed to genetic factors. Some of these constituents are: reducing sugars, polyphenols, phytosterols, and nitrogenous compounds. Research also indicates that alkalinity of water-soluble ash and certain smoke constituents are influenced by genetic factors
Determination of 16 Elements in Tobacco by Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Wyttenbach A. , Bajo S. , Haekkinen A.
Published: July 2016

The determination of 16 elements in raw tobacco by neutron activation analysis is discussed. The 8 elements Al, Ca, Mg, Cl, Mn, K, Na and Br can be determined by purely instrumental means; this leads to a high sample capacity per working day and to a fast availability of analyticaI results. Contrary to this, the determination of the heavy metals Hg, Cu, Mo, Cd, Zn, Co, As and Sb has to be preceded by chemicaI separation which is accomplished by extractions with different metal-diethyldithiocarbamates as reagents. The variation coefficient is typically ± 4 %. The Iowest and highest values of the concentrations which were found in the analysis of 20 different raw tobaccos are given.
Nicotine Workshop
Authors: xxx
Published: July 2016

A workshop on problems related to the analysis of nicotine and nicotine metabolites in body fluids at levels pertinent to the human situation was held in November 1974 in Stockholm. It was organized by C. Enzell, B. Holmstedt and A. Pilotti at the request of the Medical Advisory Board of the Swedish Tobacco Company. The goal of the workshop was to summarize the present state of art in the area outlined by the organizers and to discuss critically the advantages and limitations of the different analytical methods available today. EIeven experts in the field of metabolism, detection and biosynthesis of nicotine and related compounds were therefore invited to present papers on these topics and to participate in the discussions. AIl speakers invited were able to attend and the papers were arranged in the following groups:

Each speaker had one hour and a half at his disposal which included the discussion which, due to the informal atmosphere and the smaII number of participants, was very lively and fruitful. The papers read at this workshop comprise a very valuable coverage of recent research in the fields of metabolism of nicotine and minor tobacco alkaloids, and of the various methods available for detection of these alkaloids. The abstracts are given below, while full papers, now edited by A. Pilotti, can be obtained on request from C. Enzell of the Swedish Tobacco Company
A Structural Model of Reconstituted Tobacco Substantiated by Ultrasonic Interrogation
Authors: Stungis George E. , Merker Steve L.
Published: July 2016

The theoretical model and experimental results, as tabulated in Table 1, lead to the following conclusions concerning the elastic and structural properties of the examined reconstituted tobaccos:

The vehicle of ultrasonic interrogation of reconstituted materials proved to be efficacious. In total, the authors observed the advantages of this mode of experimentation to be:
Identification of Cellulose Fibers Isolated from Reconstituted Tobacco
Authors: Casey W. J. , Fiore J.V.
Published: July 2016

It is well known that the physicaI characteristics of natural fibers, particularly those of vegetable or cellulosic origin, can be controlled within well-defined limits by the chemicaI pulping methods and by the degree of refining to which they are subjected. It has been found that when such materials are subjected to a mild chemical treatment for the isolation of the cellulose, the isolated cellulose fiber, under microscopic analysis, has retained its physicaI identity despite the chemicaI exposures. This technique has been successfully applied to reconstituted tobacco as a means of identifying the source of the cellulose used in its manufacture. Not only can the source of the cellulose be determined as being from tobacco or wood, but the degree of refining to which these constituents were subjected prior to conversion into the reconstituted product can be easily ascertained. Photomicrographic proof for the validity of these statements is presented
Investigation into the Filter Efficiency of the Tobacco Rod in Cigarettes of Differing Density in Dependence on the Smoked Length/Untersuchung der Filterwirksamkeit des Tabakstranges bei Cigaretten verschiedener Härte in Abhängigkeit von der Abrauchlänge
Authors: Byckling E.
Published: July 2016

With cigarettes of differing density the smoke condensate and nicotine yields in relation to the smoked length of the cigarette were determined. Seen generally, the amounts of these substances during the smoking of the first third are smaller in cigarettes with high density, about the same in the second third and only in the last third are they greater than in cigarettes with Iow density. The filter efficiency of the tobacco rod was determined by smoking equaI lengths of rod of the normaI and the shortened cigarettes. The coefficient of filtration was calculated. The coefficient of filtration µ is, for condensate, independent of the length of the filtering tobacco rod. This result is to be expected as the coefficient of filtration represents, by definition, the differential filtration performance. For the nicotine retention, on the other hand, a clear change in the coefficient of filtration is shown. The filtration power of the tobacco rod declines with decreasing Iength. The causes of this have not yet been investigated in detail. These results apply both to filter and plain cigarettes. The coefficient of filtration µ increases in the area investigated practically Iinearly with the density. The median coefficient of filtration for nicotine is nearly 60 % of the coefficient of filtration for condensate. A further investigation was conducted into the influence of the puff frequency on the condensate and nicotine amounts. With a constant puff number cigarettes were smoked with changed puff frequencies and the smoking values for smoke condensate and nicotine content were compared with each other (per cigarette and per puff).
The Characterization of Cigarette Smoke from Cytrel® Smoking Products and its Comparison to Smoke from Flue-Cured Tobacco: I. Vapour Phase Analysis
Authors: Vickroy D.G.
Published: July 2016

The vapour phase of smoke from cigarettes containing Cytrel has been extensively characterized and compared to that from identicaI cigarettes made from several blend levels of Cytrel and tobacco as well as those made from 100 % flue-cured tobacco. In only two instances out of sixty did 100 % Cytrel cigarettes deliver equivalent or greater amounts of any compound than did the corresponding tobacco cigarettes. For the remaining compounds reductions were observed in a predictable fashion for aII Cytrel-tobacco blend cigarettes examined. In the course of these analyses no compound was observed in smoke from Cytrel cigarettes that was not also present in tobacco smoke.
The Characterization of Cigarette Smoke from Cytrel® Smoking Products and its Comparison to Smoke from Flue-Cured Tobacco: II. Semi-Volatile Phase Analysis
Authors: Mauldin R.K.
Published: July 2016

Major semi-volatile components from Cytrel cigarette smoke have been characterized and compared to the smoke from flue-cured tobacco cigarettes. Significantly greater numbers of cigarettes are required to produce the Cytrel scans due to the very low tar deliveries of these cigarettes. Even so, the CytreI scans are far simpler than those from tobacco-containing samples. Using triacetin delivered from the cigarette filters as an internal standard, numerical data have been derived to compare semi-volatile components from 100 % Cytrel with 100 % flue-cured tobacco and with a 50 % blend with tobacco on an approximately equal cigarette basis. Of the 128 semi-volatile components compared, 37 were found only in tobacco-containing samples and 66 others were present in significantly greater amounts in tobacco than in CytreI. No components were found in CytreI semi-volatiles that were not also present in tobacco smoke. GlyceroI, which is present in Cytrel smoke, does not appear in the 130°C semi-volatile fraction obtained by the capsule sampling technique.
The Characterization of Cigarette Smoke from Cytrel® Smoking Products and its Comparison to Smoke from Flue-Cured Tobacco: III. Particulate Phase Analysis
Authors: Allen R.E. , Vickroy D.G.
Published: July 2016

The particulate phases delivered from cigarettes containing 100 % Cytrel, 100 % flue-cured tobacco, and blends of Cytrel and tobacco have been extensively characterized. Approximately 70 % of Cambridge particulate matter (CPM) from 100 % Cytrel cigarettes has been defined. A considerably smaller fraction of CPM from 100 % tobacco cigarettes has been similarly defined because of its greater complexity. Only two of the components observed in the particulate phase, glyceroI and possibly sodium, were delivered in higher amounts by 100 % Cytrel cigarettes than by 100 % tobacco cigarettes. For all other species deliveries were lower from 100 % Cytrel cigarettes. In cigarettes containing blends of Cytrel and tobacco the deliveries of alI components were shown to follow an approximately linear relationship with blend level.
Methods for the Determination of Phytopharmaceuticals in Tobacco and Tobacco Products2nd Report: On the Simultaneous Determination of Hexane-soluble Organophosphoric Pesticides/Methoden zur Bestimmung von Phytopharmaka in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen: II. Mitteilung: Zur Simultanbestimmung von hexanIöslichen Organophosphor-Pflanzenschutzmitteln
Authors: Sagredos A.N. , Eckert W.R.
Published: July 2016

With reference to a simultaneous determination of hexane-soluble organophosphoric phytopharmaceuticals in vegetables (1), a method for quantitatively analysing residues of chlorfenvinphos, fenitrothion, fenchlorphos, dimephenthoate, chlorpyriphos, parathion-methyl, parathion, phorate, phosvel, phosalone, ethoprophos, methidathion, salithion and tetrachlorvinphos in tobacco has been developed. Recoveries are between 75 % and 124 %, the detection Iimits between 0.01 ppm and 0.1 ppm.
The Effect of the Economic Depression on the Length of Cigarette Butts in the Federal Republic of Germany/Die Auswirkung der wirtschaftlichen Rezession auf die Länge der Cigarettenstummel in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Schulz W. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

The influence of the economic depression on the length of cigarette butts in the Federal Republic of Germany was investigated in the summer of 1974. After the interruption of the continual increase in the butt lengths of filter cigarettes and plain cigarettes by the tobacco tax rise on 1st September 1972, there was a further decrease in the butt lengths untiI August 1974. This was 0.44 mm for filter cigarettes and 1.5 mm for plain cigarettes. The lengths of butts discarded by smokers were on average
Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: LI: Studies on Non-Volatile Nitrosamines in Tobacco
Authors: Hecht S. S. , Chen C. B. , Dong M. , Ornaf R. M. , Hoffmann D. , Tso T. C.
Published: July 2016

Various factors which might contribute to the presence of or reflect on the formation of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) or related nitrosamines in tobacco were studied. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the E- and Z-isomers of NNN were clearly separated and the rates of interconversion were determined. The E/Z ratio in tobacco approximated that observed in solution at similar pH and temperature. The influence of curing and stalk position on NNN levels in tobacco was determined. NNN was not detected in green tobacco but was detected in air-cured leaves from the same crop. No significant correlation was observed among stalk position and NNN levels in one variety of bright tobacco. Since NNN may derive from nicotine, two new nitrosamines, a nitrosamino ketone and a nitrosamino aldehyde, which could theoretically arise from nicotine, were synthesized. Analysis of tobacco for these components is currently in progress
Differential Thermal Analysis of Tobacco as a Function of Heating Rate
Authors: Tiller C. O. , Gentry E. M.
Published: July 2016

The differential thermal analysis of reconstituted tobacco sheet heated at rates of 0.1°C/s to 500°C/s in an inert atmosphere is reported. As the heating rate is increased, the characteristic temperature of each global process observed is increased. Using a non-isothermal first-order kinetic equation, the activation energies and frequency factors are obtained for these bulk decomposition processes
Rapid Spectrophotometric Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Tobacco: Part 1: Total Reducing Sugars
Authors: McClure W. F. , Norris K. H. , Weeks W. W.
Published: July 2016

The log
Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: IV. The Dynamic Measurement of the AxiaI Density of a Burning Cigarette
Authors: Jenkins R.W. , Frisch A.F. , MacKinnon J.G. , Williamson T.G.
Published: July 2016

Much research has gone into establishing the temperature gradients that exist inside a burning cigarette. These temperature gradients should correspond to changes in the density of the tobacco column due to the condensation and subsequent re-evaporation of volatiles resulting from pyrolysis, combustion, and final ash formation. These dynamic measurements on the burning cigarette were made using a modified beta thickness gauge. A beam of collimated beta particles from a
The Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide out of Cigarettes
Authors: Baker R.R. , Crellin R.A.
Published: July 2016

In some cigarette designs, diffusion of carbon monoxide out of a cigarette as the gases are drawn from their formation region towards the mouth end of the cigarette is more important than air dilution in controlling carbon monoxide mainstream delivery. The diffusion is a three-stage process: radial diffusion through the tobacco bed, diffusion through the paper, and diffusion away from the outer surface of the paper. Measurements have been made of the diffusion coefficient of carbon monoxide through paper, and the diffusion coefficient from the cigarette. The former has a value of 4.4 × 10
A Model Study on the Diffusion and the Dilution of Low Molecular Weight Gaseous Components through Cigarette Paper during Smoking
Authors: Muramatsu M. , Mikami T. , Naito N. , Tomita H.
Published: July 2016

The effects of diffusion and dilution on the concentration of gaseous components have been studied by a model consisting of unlit cigarettes differing in paper porosity and length, and a standard gas mixture. Results are as follows: The difference in the concentration of gaseous components between the front and butt end of the cigarette during the puff increases with cigarette length and paper porosity, and also depends on the diffusion coefficient of respective components through the cigarette paper. These changes could be explained mainly by the diffusion loss through the paper in the case of the cigarette with ordinary paper, but by both dilution with air through the paper and diffusion loss in the case of the cigarette with perforated paper. Subsequently, the levels of gaseous components such as carbon monoxide in the exit stream become lower in the Iatter cigarette. In addition, the following equation, which can fully account for these changes, has been derived:

where C1i and C0i are the concentrations of the component i at the front and butt end, respectively, L the cigarette length, r the cigarette radius, s the thickness of paper, U0 and U1 the apparent linear gas velocities at the butt and front end, respectively, and Di the diffusion coefficient of component i through the paper.
The Permeability of Cigarette Papers and Cigarette Ventilation
Authors: Selke W. A. , Mathews J. H.
Published: July 2016

The importance of determining not only the nominal permeability of papers, but also the nature of the flow resistance was confirmed, for cigarette wrapper and for papers used in constructing ventilated filters. For perforated papers, for which the flow is not proportional to pressure drop, it was shown that logarithmic plotting and the use of the form V = k (D P)
Isolation and ldentification of 2,6- Dimethyl- and 2,2,6 -Trimethyl-4-piperidone, Artifacts Produced by the Reaction of Cigarette Smoke Condensate and Acetone
Authors: Einolf W. N. , Ferguson R. N. , Whidby J. F. , DeBardeleben J. F.
Published: July 2016

Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) processed with acetone was found to contain 2,2,6-trimethyl-4-piperidone and the cis and trans isomers of 2,6-dimethyl-4-piperidone. The compounds were found to be artifacts formed by the reaction of the smoke components ammonia and acetaldehyde with the solvent acetone. Conditions which affected the yield of the artifacts from the processed CSC include pH, temperature, reaction time, and levels of ammonia and acetaldehyde present in CSC.
Incorporation of Leaf Chemical Constituents into Tobacco Brown Pigments
Authors: Sheen S. J.
Published: July 2016

The percent incorporation of chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid oxidase (CAO), peroxidase (PRO) and Fraction I protein into the non-dialyzable fraction of acid-precipitated and acid-soluble brown pigments of tobacco was studied by use of
Rapid Spectrophotometric Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Tobacco: Part 2: TotaI AIkaloids
Authors: Hamid A. , McClure W.F. , Weeks W.W.
Published: July 2016

This paper illustrates the potential of a computerized spectrophotometer for measuring total alkaloids in tobacco. Prediction equations were developed for three optical parameters. Of the three parameters investigated d2 (log (1/R)) /d/2 gave the best results and d R / R d l gave better results than log (1/R), where reflectance R is the ratio of the detector signal of the sample to the detector signal of the ceramic standard in the reflectance mode. The coefficient of determination r2 for the prediction equation containing d2 (log (1/R)) /d/2 terms at 10 different wavelengths was 0.975. This equation predicted the total alkaloids in an independent set of samples with a standard error of 0.438 %. Instrument noise contributed 43 % of the variation, the remainder was attributed to anomalies of the chemical methods.
High-Energy Electron-Beam Processing of Tobacco
Authors: Casey W.J. , Bhatt S.A. , Suhy W.M. , Fiore J.V.
Published: July 2016

While it is known that ionizing radiation can bring about chemical, biological and physical changes in organic tissue, relatively little is known concerning radiation effects on tobacco and its combustion products. In an effort to study such changes, Virginia bright tobacco was exposed to ionizing radiation at doses up to 50 Mrads, generated electronically by a high-voltage discharge. It was found that tobacco exposed to this high radiation will undergo physical changes such as a darkening, an increase in brittleness, puffing of the stems and a change in aroma characteristics. Chemical changes were found in selected chemicaI components such as water and solvent solubles, nicotine, reducing sugars, dextrin, cellulose, pectin, tannins and lignin. Both physical and chemical changes seem to be dose dependent. Studies on smoke components from cigarettes of both irradiated and non-irradiated tobacco indicate that irradiation had no major effects on the components of the gas phase examined and only minor effects on the composition of the particulate phase.