bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rechtsgeltung als institutionelles Projekt
Authors: Engelmann Andreas
Published: June 2020

Das vorliegende Buch unternimmt den Versuch, die rechtsphilosophische Kernfrage aller juristischen Geltungstheorien auf ein postfundamentalistisches Beschreibungsniveau zu bringen: Statt einer letzten Antwort auf die Frage nach dem ›Geltungsgrund‹ des Rechts liefert der Autor Ansätze zum Verständnis dessen, was notwendig ist, damit wir von ›geltendem Recht‹ sprechen können, und was wir überhaupt meinen, wenn wir davon sprechen.

Die Studie widmet sich den epistemischen, kognitiven, infrastrukturellen und psychischen – und das heißt: außerrechtlichen – Reproduktionsbedingungen des Rechts und führt sie auf die zweigliedrige These, dass Recht immer zugleich infrastrukturell eingebettet (»Institution«) und auf eine mögliche Zukunft bezogen sein muss (»Projekt«).

Dieser Perspektivwechsel führt zu einer Öffnung rechtsphilosophischer Fragestellungen für Wissensbestände anderer Wissensfelder und weg von einer vorwiegend auf die Selbstbilder des Rechtsbetriebs konzentrierten Theorie des Rechts. Diese fokussiert nämlich zu stark auf die Abgrenzung des Rechts von anderen sozialen Praktiken und zu wenig auf die strukturellen Voraussetzungen und Implikationen rechtlicher Operationen selbst. Der Autor bietet somit einen neuen Ansatzpunkt, um der Antwort auf die einleitend genannte Kernfrage juristischer Theoriebildung doch noch näher zu kommen.
Axiomatische Existenzen
Authors: Mutter Moritz
Published: June 2020

Was passiert mit den großen Klassikern von 1900, wenn man an sie den Maßstab mathematischer, physikalischer und medientechnischer Diskurse anlegt? Die Fragen nach dem Gegenstand der Soziologie, nach sozialem Handeln, Mensch und Gesellschaft stellen sich unter diesem Blickwinkel auf neue Weise. Für Medientheoretiker/innen mag hingegen interessant sein, wie viel Marx noch in Kittlers Theorie steckt und was das alles für das Aufschreibesystem 2000 bedeutet.

Moritz Mutter arbeitet in der vorliegenden Arbeit heraus, wie sich die Axiomatik der Mathematik in gleicher Weise von der anthropologisch rückgekoppelten Anschaulichkeit löst wie die Verstehende Soziologie mit ihrer Axiomatisierung von »Handlungen«; wie bei Weber der »Mensch« als Träger all dieser Handlungen zwar noch postuliert, aber nicht mehr widerspruchsfrei konstruiert werden kann; wie Durkheim in strenger Parallele zur modernen Mathematik einen Existenzbeweis der Gesellschaft entwickelt, der mit voller Absicht die Existenz einer Form ohne jeden Inhalt beweist und von dort zum Aufbau der Soziologie als wissenschaftlicher Disziplin schreitet.

Moritz Mutter studierte Publizistik, Kulturwissenschaften und Soziologie in Berlin und Frankfurt/Oder. Von 2013–2016 war er Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter im interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt »The Principle of Disruption« in Siegen und Dresden und promovierte dort im Jahr 2017. Seither leitet er das Projekt »Digitale Welten« des Verbundes der Öffentlichen Bibliotheken Berlins.
Management of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: What We Learned and What We Do
Authors: Mahmoodpoor Ata , Shadvar Kamran , Ghamari Ali Akbar , Mohammadzadeh Lameh Mojtaba , Asghari Ardebili Roghayeh , Hamidi Masood , Soleimanpour Hassan
Published: June 2020

: There are many unknown questions and puzzle pieces that should describe the clinical course of COVID-19 and its complications, especially ARDS. We provide the initial immediate surge response to allow every patient in need of an ICU bed to receive one. Till our knowledge is improved, the most important intervention in the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 seems to be the level of standard care and appropriate and early diagnosis and treatment. It seems that each center should have its protocol on the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This treatment should now be performed regardless of the reason which lies behind the pathophysiology of this disease, which is yet unknown. In this report, we share our experience in the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients during the 2 months in our intensive care unit.
Effects of High-Dose Selenium Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in Critically Ill Children After Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Roudi Fatemeh , Khademi Gholamreza , Ranjbar Golnaz , Rafatpanah Houshang , Esmaily Habibollah , Nematy Mohsen
Published: June 2020

Background: Pediatric observational studies have indicated that most critically ill children have low serum selenium level, which is associated with the increased incidence of multiple organ failure and deteriorated clinical outcomes. Selenium plays a key role in the endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism and inflammatory pathways. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the effects of high-dose selenium supplementation on the improvement of inflammatory and oxidative stress indices, as well as clinical outcomes, in pediatric patients with severe oxidative stress and inflammation following major gastrointestinal surgeries. Methods: This prospective, single-blind, randomized, parallel group superiority trial was conducted at the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Akbar Pediatric Hospital in Mashhad, Iran in 2019. Patients were assigned to the supplementation (high-dose selenium: 20 µg/kg/d) and control groups (placebo with the recommended dietary allowance doses of selenium) using stratified blocks. Among 72 eligible critically ill children after gastrointestinal surgery, 66 patients completed the study. Inflammatory markers were measured and compared between the groups, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) assay, and clinical outcomes. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20 using the intention-to-treat approach. Results: Only 14 patients had optimal serum selenium concentrations before the surgery and PICU admission. At the end of the study, 90.6% of the patients (n = 29) in the intervention group and 100% (n = 34) of those in the placebo group had suboptimal serum selenium levels (< 50 ng/mL). Although supplementation with high-dose selenium decreased the inflammatory markers in the post-surgical critically ill children (-18 mg/mL and -37.5 pg/mL for hsCRP and IL-1β, respectively), the administered dose could not improve the serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) concentrations as the selenium functional marker, as well as the PAB assay as the single test to assess the balance/imbalance of the oxidants and antioxidants simultaneously. Additionally, clinical outcomes such as infections, length of ICU stay, and 28-day mortality did not improve after the intervention. Conclusions: According to the results, high-dose selenium supplementation (20 µg/kg/d) in the post-surgical critically ill children could improve the serum inflammatory markers. However, the changes were suboptimal with no significant effects of the serum GPx concentrations, antioxidant defense system, and clinical outcomes.
Do You See What I See? Formative Assessment of Preservice Teachers’ Noticing of Students’ Mathematical Thinking
Authors: Casey Stephanie , Amidon Joel
Published: June 2020

Developing expertise in professional noticing of students’ mathematical thinking takes time and meaningful learning experiences. We used theLessonSketchplatform to create a learning experience for secondary preservice teachers (PSTs) involving an approximation of teaching practice to formatively assess PSTs’ noticing skills of students’ mathematical thinking. Our study showed that approximations of teaching practice embedded within platforms like LessonSketchcan enable mathematics teacher educators (MTEs) to carry out effective formative assessment of PSTs’ professional noticing of students’ mathematical thinking that is meaningful for both PSTs and MTEs. The experience itself as well as its design features and framework used with the assessment can be applied in the work of MTEs who develop teachers’ professional noticing skills of students’ mathematical thinking.
Dropout in online higher education. A scoping review from 2014 to 2018
Authors: Meneses Julio , Marlon Xavier
Published: June 2020

Online higher education continues to grow, yet its high dropout rates remain a pressing and complex problem. This article presents a scoping review of the recent literature on the theme, focusing on dropout definitions, concepts, and models, study domains and themes, methodological approaches, and findings. A search of relevant databases yielded 138 articles and dissertations. Findings reveal a complex yet disorganized field, lacking standard definitions and models. The bulk of current research is focused on risk factors; the most important ones were course and program factors (student support), student factors (motivation, time management skills, and satisfaction), and environmental factors (time- and financial-related issues). Future research should strive to achieve greater consistency in terminology, methods, and measurement, develop new intervention strategies and produce reliable effectiveness information. Further implications of these findings for future dropout research and the limitations of the study are discussed.
Dropout in online higher education: A scoping review from 2014 to 2018
Authors: Meneses Julio , Marlon Xavier
Published: June 2020

Online higher education continues to grow, yet its high dropout rates remain a pressing and complex problem. This article presents a scoping review of the recent literature on the theme, focusing on dropout definitions, concepts, and models, study domains and themes, methodological approaches, and findings. A search of relevant databases yielded 138 articles and dissertations. Findings reveal a complex yet disorganized field, lacking standard definitions and models. The bulk of current research is focused on risk factors; the most important ones were course and program factors (student support), student factors (motivation, time management skills, and satisfaction), and environmental factors (time- and financial-related issues). Future research should strive to achieve greater consistency in terminology, methods, and measurement, develop new intervention strategies and produce reliable effectiveness information. Further implications of these findings for future dropout research and the limitations of the study are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON LWC WITH COMPLETE REPLACEMENT OF COURSE AGGREGATE BY EPS BEADS
Authors: Bede Natalija , Torić Malić Neira
Published: June 2020

In this paper, expanded polystyrene (EPS) lightweight concrete (LWC) was investigated. The mainaim was to design EPS LWC with the specified density of 1200 kg/m3 according to standard concretemix proportion. Mix proportion included total replacement of the conventional coarse aggregate bymaximum possible amount of EPS beads, which ensures concrete workability and prescribeddensity. The results demonstrated that exactly defined mixture-proportioning and casting procedureare required to achieve designed density. For designed EPS LWC mixture properties of freshlymixedconcrete and hardened concrete were analyzed. Based on test results it is concluded thatdesigned EPS LWC can be used for structural-insulating purpose such as floors and roofs.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL DAMPING FOR BOLTED AND WELDED SPLICE CONNECTION JOINT FOR IPE-80 STEEL PROFILE
Authors: Mijatović Ognjen , Mišković Zoran , Salatić Ratko , Mandić Rastislav , Golubović-Bugarski Valentina , Relja Gabriel
Published: June 2020

Progress and demands of all types of constructions imposed the need for the development of modernstructures that are lightweight, but at the same time have high damping capacity and stiffness. Theconsequences of these requirements are increased dynamic problems related to vibrations anddissipative processes in structure connection joints. Structural joints are the main reason for thesignificant reduction of the level of energy dissipation and source of structural damping so thereforethey have become a subject of interest to many researchers. The aim of this paper is to present someproblems regarding research of structural damping and the importance of study Contact Mechanicsto better understand the problem of structural damping.
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS ON FIRE RESISTANCE OF ONE WAY SIMPLY SUPPORTED REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS
Authors: Salihu Fidan , Cvetkovska Meri
Published: June 2020

The behavior of simply supported reinforced concrete slabs in fire conditions and the influence ofcertain parameters on their fire resistance is analysed in this paper. The influence of the slab span,concrete cover thickness and the type of reinforcement scheme are analysed. All slabs are exposedto standard fire ISO 834. The analyses are conducted by using the computer program SAFIR2016,which is based on the Finite Element Method, and the simplified procedure given in EN 1992-1-2.For the numerical analyses, two approaches are used: 2D-analysis, when the discretization isperformed with beam elements and 3D-analysis, when the discretization is performed with shellelements. The 3D-analyses are performed for a meter width strip and for the real width of the slabs.The width of the slabs is adopted to be the same with the span.
DIAGRAMS FOR STRESS AND DEFLECTION PREDICTION IN CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) PANELS WITH NON-CLASSICAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: Obradović Nikola , Todorović Marija , Marjanović Miroslav , Damnjanović Emilija
Published: June 2020

Invention of cross-laminated timber (CLT) was a big milestone for building with wood. Due tonovelty of CLT and timber’s complex mechanical behavior, the existing design codes cover onlyrectangular CLT panels, simply supported along 2 parallel or all 4 edges, making numerical methodsnecessary in other cases. This paper presents a practical engineering tool for stress and deflectionprediction of CLT panels with non-classical boundary conditions, based on the software for thecomputational analysis of laminar composites, previously developed by the authors. Diagramsapplicable in engineering practice are developed for some common cases. The presentedmethodology could be a basis for more detailed design handbooks and guidelines for various layoutsof CLT panels and different types of loadings.
EVALUATION AND TAILORING OF GLOBAL GEOPOTENTIAL MODELS IN THE DETERMINATION OF GRAVITY FIELD IN SERBIA
Authors: Odalović Oleg , Joksimović Danilo , Petković Dušan , Stanković Marko , Grekulović Sanja
Published: June 2020

Within this paper, we evaluated the quality of three Global Geopotential Models entitled: EGM96,EGM2008, and GOCO05c. The models were evaluated by using 1001 terrestrial discrete values ofheight anomalies determined by Global Navigation Satellite Systems and normal heights, which weconsidered to be true values within this research. In addition to the quality evaluation, we tailoredthe models by using more than 80000 free air anomalies. The results obtained from the evaluationand tailoring indicate that by using the GOCO05c it is possible to determine a set of anomaly heightsacross Serbia, which are in agreement with terrestrial values with an average value of -7 cm, thestandard deviation of ±9 cm and with the range of 44 cm.
PREFABRICATED TIMBER PANELS APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES FOR THE ENERGY REFURBISHMENT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ENVELOPE IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND SLOVENIA
Authors: Gajić Darija , Sandak Anna , Peulić Slobodan , Tavzes Črtomir , Mavrič Tim
Published: June 2020

System of prefabricated modules installed on the existing building envelope is one alternativesolution for deep energy refurbishment of buildings in the European Union. It allows thermalupgrade installation of new parts in the HVAC system. Moreover, some elements of the envelopecan be made of renewable materials. This research compares the residential building stock andidentifies potential types of buildings for energy refurbishment in Bosnia and Herzegovina andSlovenia. It presents refurbishment possibilities of existing residential building stock in bothcountries with prefabricated timber panels. It also presents potential obstacles to the widerapplication of this refurbishment solution.
IMPLICATION OF INFILTRATION ON BUILDING ENERGY DEMAND - A REVIEW OF VERIFICATION METHODS
Authors: Lukić Nevena S. , Đukanovic Ljiljana , Radivojević Ana
Published: June 2020

Infiltration has a considerable impact on both, energy efficiency and occupant comfort in buildings. Due to the complexity of the analysis of this phenomenon in buildings, the verification methods are very important for its diagnostics and evaluation. In this paper, the matter of infiltration in buildings is being considered referring to both, calculation models and methods, as well as through current standards and regulations in the EU and Serbia. Different valorization methods are presented and analyzed regarding their characteristics, applicability, and complexity. Finally, preliminary infiltration measurements with a pressurization test, conducted on selected buildings of Belgrade housing stock are presented and compared with values defined by the current regulations in Serbia. Results pointed out current problems and the need for improvements regarding the treatment of infiltration in local regulations and practice.
TUNNEL DESIGN CHALLENGES AT THE EXAMPLE OF DIVAČA KOPER RAILWAY LINE
Authors: Jovičić Vojkan
Published: June 2020

New Divača-Koper railway runs through the karst area associated with the major thrust fault, whichdivides limestone and flysch strata known as the Karst Edge. Due to some 400m high difference inaltitude between Divača and Koper most of the railway line runs underground, featuring two six toseven kilometers long tunnels. Two types of tunneling methods were considered: TBM and drill andblast method based on NATM. The advantages and shortcomings of each method are discussed andthe set of reasons is given why TBM was not selected as a preferred solution. The main designchallenges encompassing the overcoming of the karst phenomena and protection of the waterresources are presented in the paper.
CONCEPT OF METAPHOR IN THE MEMORIAL ARCHITECTURE. CASE STUDY MEMORIAL CENTER “DONJA GRADINA”
Authors: Milić Aleksić Maja , Radulj Marina
Published: June 2020

This paper discusses the phenomenon of metaphor as an instrument of significance and expressionin the memorial architecture. The metaphor enables an indirect transfer of meaning via analogy. Inthe wider sense it represents expression of meaning via something else. The original linguistic form,the metaphor in architecture deeply permeates creative thought process, understanding and structureof perception alongside the end reception of the work. The metaphor as the type of architecturalcommunication initially appears as the conceptual system in the creation process and then in thereception phase i.e. conceptual interpretation of the sense and meaning through its expressiveattributes. This research shall be divided in two basic parts. The first part of the paper shall presentthe theoretical framework of metaphor considerations as an architecture concept. The second partshall be designed as qualitative research through case study.
Globus pallidus dynamics reveal covert strategies for behavioral inhibition
Authors: Gu Bon-Mi , Schmidt Robert , Berke Joshua D
Published: June 2020

Flexible behavior requires restraint of actions that are no longer appropriate. This behavioral inhibition critically relies on frontal cortex - basal ganglia circuits. Within the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) has been hypothesized to mediate selective proactive inhibition: being prepared to stop a specific action, if needed. Here we investigate population dynamics of rat GPe neurons during preparation-to-stop, stopping, and going. Rats selectively engaged proactive inhibition towards specific actions, as shown by slowed reaction times (RTs). Under proactive inhibition, GPe population activity occupied state-space locations farther from the trajectory followed during normal movement initiation. Furthermore, the state-space locations were predictive of distinct types of errors: failures-to-stop, failures-to-go, and incorrect choices. Slowed RTs on correct proactive trials reflected starting bias towards the alternative action, which was overcome before progressing towards action initiation. Our results demonstrate that rats can exert cognitive control via strategic adjustments to their GPe network state.
Fire severity effects on resprouting of subtropical dune thicket of the Cape Floristic Region
Authors: Strydom Tiaan , Kraaij Tineke , Difford Mark , Cowling Richard M.
Published: June 2020

It has been hypothesised that high-intensity fires prevent fire-dependent fynbos from being replaced by fire-avoiding subtropical thicket on dune landscapes of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). Recent extensive fires provided an opportunity to test this hypothesis. We posit that (1) fire-related thicket shrub mortality would be size dependent, with smaller individuals suffering higher mortality than larger ones; and (2) that survival and resprouting vigour of thicket shrubs would be negatively correlated with fire severity. We assessed survival and resprouting vigour post-fire in relation to fire severity and pre-fire shrub size at two dune landscapes in the CFR. Fire severity was scored at the base of the shrub and categorised into four levels. Pre-fire size was quantified as an index of lignotuber diameter and stem count of each shrub. Resprouting vigour consisted of two variables; resprouting shoot count and resprouting canopy volume. A total of 29 species were surveyed. Post-fire survival of thicket was high (83–85%). We found that smaller shrubs did have a lower probability of post-fire survival than larger individuals but could detect no consistent relationship between shrub mortality and fire severity. Fire severity had a positive effect on resprouting shoot count but a variable effect on resprouting volume. Pre-fire size was positively related to survival and both measures of resprouting vigour. We conclude that thicket is resilient to high-severity fires but may be vulnerable to frequent fires. Prescribed high-intensity fires in dune landscapes are unlikely to reduce the extent of thicket and promote fynbos expansion.
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of theDofgene family under drought stress in tea (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: Yu Qian , Li Chen , Zhang Jiucheng , Tian Yueyue , Wang Hanyue , Zhang Yue , Zhang Zhengqun , Xiang Qinzeng , Han Xiaoyang , Zhang Lixia
Published: June 2020

Background

DNA-binding one zinc finger (Dof) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors important for seed development, hormone regulation, and defense against abiotic stress. Although drought stress is a key determinant of plant physiology and metabolic homeostasis, the role ofDofgenes in different degrees of PEG6000-induced drought stress has received little attention.

Methods

Tea plants (Camellia sinensis) were exposed to mild, moderate and severe drought stress. The Tea Genome and Plant TFDB databases were used to identifyDofgene family members in the tea plant. Clustal W2.1, MEGA6.0, ScanProsite, SMART, ExPASy, GSDS, MEME and STRING were used to build a phylogenetic tree, predict the molecular masses and isoelectric points of the Dof proteins, and construct a predicted protein-protein interaction network between the CsDof TFs and proteins in theA. thalianadatabase. The expression patterns ofDofgenes in different tissues were analyzed, and qRT-PCR was used to measure the expression ofDofgenes under different degrees of drought stress in tea.

Results

We identified 16Dofgenes in tea (C. sinensiscv. Huangjinya) using whole-genome analysis. Through comparative analysis of tea andArabidopsis thaliana, we divided theDofgenes into four families (A, B, C, and D). We identified 15 motifs in the amino acid sequences of the CsDof proteins. Gene sequences and motif structures were highly conserved among families, especially in the B1 and C2 subfamilies. The protein-protein interaction network indicated that multiple CsDof proteins may be involved in the response to drought stress. Real-time PCR was used to examine the tissue-specific expression patterns of theCsDofgenes and to measure their responses to different levels of PEG6000-induced drought stress in mature leaves. MostCsDofgenes responded to drought stress. These results provide information on theDofgene family in tea, offer new insights into the function ofCsDofgenes in a perennial species, and lay the foundation for further analysis of their functions.
Influencia de la “diplomacia militar” en las fuerzas armadas chilenas durante la temprana guerra fría 1942-1952
Authors: Garay Vera Cristian Eduardo , Troncoso Zúñiga Valeska Tamara
Published: June 2020

Los autores caracterizan un periodo de las relaciones civiles-militares en Chile anterior a la crisis de 1973. Es el periodo comprendido entre los años 1942 y 1952 para aplicar un concepto de "diplomacia militar" y describir las relaciones profesionales autónomas entre las fuerzas armadas de Chile y Estados Unidos. Esto nos permite verificar el modelo del profesionalismo de Huntington, pues si bien estos contactos entre las Fuerzas Armadas se relacionan en un nivel profesional, mediante la asistencia militar estadounidense, en el marco de cooperación panamericana, se produce una concordancia entre la perspectiva estratégica chilena y la estadounidense. Todo dentro de una subordinación formal en términos de relaciones civiles-militares. Esto les permite a los mandos militares chilenos comunicar a nivel de la conducción política y del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile sus propuestas concordadas con mandos militares de EE.UU.
El aislamiento social de la conservación de la naturaleza en el bosque templado del sur de Chile. Caso de estudio: Parque Nacional Alerce Andino y Reserva Nacional Llanquihue
Authors: Mardones Rivera Gonzalo
Published: June 2020

La exclusión por acción u omisión de las comunidades locales en el manejo de las áreas protegidas, conocida como ‘conservación fortaleza’, es una práctica que persiste a pesar del amplio consenso teórico que promueve una mayor integración de la población local en la conservación de la biodiversidad. Este artículo presenta el caso de estudio de dos áreas protegidas en el bosque templado del sur de Chile en donde, a través del mapeo de actores y el análisis de redes sociales, se ha indagado sobre el grado de vinculación social entre múltiples actores con interés y/o influencia en el área protegida y su zona de amortiguación. Los resultados muestran una baja densidad de relaciones sociales, alta fragmentación de la red social en torno a intereses sectoriales (agricultura, pesca, turismo, entre otras), así como un significativo nivel de aislamiento social del área protegida. Este aislamiento es explicado, en parte, por la existencia de un modelo de manejo del área protegida que no ha incorporado, principalmente por omisión, la participación activa de la amplia variedad de actores locales y regionales, en especial de las comunidades. Esta omisión ha generado un escenario territorial adverso para la gobernanza del área protegida y su zona de amortiguación, creando una situación de riesgo al polarizar la conservación y el desarrollo en el territorio.
Gestión tecnológica e innovación en salud: el caso del HPV Easy Typing para la prevención del Cáncer Cervicouterino
Authors: Padilla Navarro Patricio Andrés , Vásquez Miranda Fabiola
Published: June 2020

En el marco de los estudios de sociología de la innovación, el artículo sintetiza los resultados de una investigación cuyo objetivo fue describir y analizar la trayectoria que ha tenido el proyecto “HPV Easy Typing, un kit de identificación y genotipificación del cáncer” utilizando el apartado conceptual de la Teoría del Actor-Red y su enfoque sobre interesamientos, que han resultado ser más pertinentes para abordar la innovación desde este enfoque. Con ello, además se extraen aprendizajes y desafíos en materia de gestión tecnológica en el contexto chileno.
El día de los muertos y el cuidado del espíritu en el noroeste argentino.
Authors: Krmpotic Claudia Sandra , Vargas Amalia Noemí
Published: June 2020

Se describen y analizan las prácticas de cuidado ante la muerte y su expresión narrativa en el contexto ritual de Perico, una localidad de la Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina. Abordamos una relación poco explorada entre cuidados y muerte, a partir de materiales originales recabados mediante observación y entrevistas abiertas, extensas y recurrentes, en el marco de un extenso trabajo de campo entre los años 2009 y 2014. Desde un abordaje cualitativo, desarrollamos una estrategia interpretativa a partir de la deconstrucción de significados en torno de las creencias sostenidas por nuestros informantes. Prestamos especial atención a los ritos mortuorios en el contexto del Día de los Muertos, los que ponen en evidencia la combinación de concepciones ancestrales y experiencias religiosas, como las estrategias cognitivas relativas a la significación de la vida y la muerte.
How Democracies Die
Authors: Garber Fuentes Camilo
Published: June 2020

Steven Levitsky y Daniel Ziblatt, profesores de Harvard, nos presentan una obra extremadamente atingente para nuestros tiempos. Y es que How Democracies Die se origina desde la preocupación política de los autores al observar la creciente fragilidad contemporánea de la democracia. A esta preocupación se le añade, y esto es muy notorio, un profundo conocimiento sobre los quiebres democráticos y los autoritarismos que ambos autores han construido a lo largo de muchos años de estudio
Propiedad y caridad en Locke: un análisis crítico a la propuesta interpretativa de Juliana Udi
Authors: González Zapata José Miguel , Simonetti Izquierdo Luciano
Published: June 2020

El presente trabajo analiza críticamente la propuesta interpretativa que Juliana Udi ofrece respecto al rol que juega el deber de caridad en la teoría de la propiedad de John Locke. Para ello, en primer lugar exponemos la interpretación predominante de la teoría de la propiedad lockeana, basándonos en la obra de dos de sus principales representantes: Leo Strauss y C. B. Macpherson. En segundo lugar, exponemos los principales argumentos y características de la lectura que Udi hace de la caridad en Locke. En tercer lugar, presentamos nuestras críticas y observaciones constructivas a su propuesta. Finalizamos proponiendo una categorización que se hace cargo de manera no sintética de las tensiones existentes en el Corpus Lockeano.
Fatty Acids Composition, Variation and Distribution in Different Accessions of the West African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) and Potential Health Benefits
Authors: Igile Godwin Oju , Ene-Obong Henrietta Nkechi , Egbung Godwin Eneji
Published: June 2020

The pulp of Dacryodes edulis is eaten raw, cooked or roasted by West and central Africans. The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition, type, variation and distribution among different accessions of D. edulis purchased from different locations of Eastern Nigeria, using GC-MS data. The results showed that D.edulis is rich in ω-3,6,9 unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids namely, pentadecanoic, tetradecanoic (myristic), tridecanoic, hexadecanoic (palmitic), undecanoic and octadecanoic (stearic) acids were common to all accessions. Unsaturated fatty acids identified in the four accessions included, Oleic, linoleic, linolenic, linoelaidic and several other polyunsaturated fatty acids including brassidic and vacennic acids, and 19,19-Dimethyl-Eicosa-8,11-dienoic acid (6.83±0.37%) a derivative of oleic acid which was found only in Nsukka samples. Two novel polyunsaturated fatty acids namely; Methyl,9,12-Heptadecadienoic acid and 2,6,10,14-Hexadecatetraenoic acid were identified in the present study. The ratio of saturation to unsaturation was calculated to be approximately 1:2. The concentration of TSFAs fell in the range of 27.07±1.75-39.87±1.72%, while TMUFAs was 3.14±0.22-10.77±0.55%, and TPUFAs was 46.81±1.22-58.71±2.33% respectively. We concluded that, the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in D. edulis may provide cardio-protective benefits in terms of human nutrition and could be substitutes for olive oil in healthy normo-cholesterolemic human diets. We further concluded that the differences in fatty acid composition, distribution, variation and concentration between the locations studied may be affected not only by their biogenetic origin but also by soil type and climatic conditions.
Chronic Nonhealing Ulcers ‒ Garhwal Region (Etiopathology, Microbiology with Susceptibility, Managements & Outcomes)
Authors: Amit Keshri , Bhatt Mukul P. , Kumar Santosh , Punita K.
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Chronic nonhealing ulcers, with varied etio-pathologies, are difficult to manage and warrant meticulous, early and prolonged directed treatment to prevent their development and complications.

Methods: Patients of chronic ulcers (>3 months’ duration), having undergone surgical management at our Institute, VCSGGMS&RI-UT, between January 2018 – August 2019, numbering one hundred twenty five (N= 125), were included in this concurrent observational study, aimed at identifying implicated microrganism (s) and their antibiotic susceptibility, for promoting wound healing, along with surgical measures.

Results: Male patients (M:F :: 87:38; 69.6% males) in the “20-50 year” age-group (74; 59.2%), with diabetic ulcers (35;28.0%), burns etc. (21;16.8%) and traumatic ulcers (18;14.4%) etc. predominated in the chronic non-healing state. Gram positive (68; 54.4%) organisms (including Staphylococcus) were the major isolates from the ulcers; organisms showing higher sensitivity to the newer generations/groups of antibiotics. Uncontrolled Diabetes, other prolonged illnesses &/or under-nutrition were important causative factors, requiring their remediations and also debridements ± skin/flap coverage (45; 36.0%) with prolonged course of antibiotics and occasional amputations (18; 14.4%) for adequate treatment.

Conclusion: Skilled intensive multidisciplinary effort is essential to achieve satisfactory healing and prevent disfigurement and to limit disability and death (11; 8.8%) among the patients.
Identification and validation of a combined hypoxia and immune index for triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Zheng Shaoquan , Zou Yutian , Liang Jie‐ying , Xiao Weikai , Yang Anli , Meng Tiebao , Lu Shilin , Luo Zhongbing , Xie Xiaoming
Published: June 2020

The interaction between hypoxia and immune status has been confirmed in various cancer settings, and corresponding treatments have been investigated. However, reliable biomarkers are needed for individual treatment, so we sought to develop a novel scoring system based on hypoxia and immune status. Prognostic hypoxia–immune status‐related signatures of patients with triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) were identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (N = 158), Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) (N = 297), and GSE58812 (N = 107). LASSO Cox regression was used for model construction. Hypoxia and immune status expression profiles were analyzed, and infiltrating immune cells were compared. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) was used for validation in the Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) cohort, and immunofluorescence was applied for the detection of hypoxia and immune markers in cancer tissues. Ten cross‐cohort prognostic hypoxia–immune signatures were included to construct the comprehensive index of hypoxia and immune (CIHI) in the METABRIC cohort. Two subgroups of patients with distinct hypoxia–immune status conditions were identified using CIHI: hypoxiahigh/immunelow and hypoxialow/immunehigh, with a significantly better overall survival (OS) rate in the latter (P < 0.01). The prognostic value of CIHI was further validated in the TCGA, GSE58812, and SYSUCC cohorts (P < 0.01). Hypoxia–immune signatures were significantly differentially expressed between the two groups, and more active immune responses were observed in the hypoxialow/immunehigh group. Cytotoxic lymphocytes were inversely correlated with CIHI in silico. Differentially expressed CA‐IX and stromal PD‐L1 were detected between subgroups of the SYSUCC cohort. A hypoxia–immune‐based cross‐cohort classifier for predicting prognosis was developed and validated, which may guide hypoxia modifier treatment and immunotherapy for TNBC.
Expanding the clinical and phenotypic heterogeneity associated with biallelic variants in ACO2
Authors: Blackburn Patrick R. , Schultz Matthew J. , Lahner Carrie A. , Li Dong , Bhoj Elizabeth , Fisher Laura J. , Renaud Deborah L. , Kenney Amy , Ibrahim Niema , Hashem Mais , Zain Seidahmed Mohammed , Hasadsri Linda , Schrier Vergano Samantha A. , Alkuraya Fowzan S. , Lanpher Brendan C.
Published: June 2020

Objective

We describe the clinical characteristics and genetic etiology of several new cases within the ACO2‐related disease spectrum. Mitochondrial aconitase (ACO2) is a nuclear‐encoded tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme. Homozygous pathogenic missense variants in the ACO2 gene were initially associated with infantile degeneration of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and retina, resulting in profound intellectual and developmental disability and early death. Subsequent studies have identified a range of homozygous and compound heterozygous pathogenic missense, nonsense, frameshift, and splice‐site ACO2 variants in patients with a spectrum of clinical manifestations and disease severities.

Methods

We describe a cohort of five novel patients with biallelic pathogenic variants in ACO2. We review the clinical histories of these patients as well as the molecular and functional characterization of the associated ACO2 variants and compare with those described previously in the literature.

Results

Two siblings with relatively mild symptoms presented with episodic ataxia, mild developmental delays, severe dysarthria, and behavioral abnormalities including hyperactivity and depressive symptoms with generalized anxiety. One patient presented with the classic form with cerebellar hypoplasia, ataxia, seizures, optic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. Another unrelated patient presented with ataxia but developed severe progressive spastic quadriplegia. Another patient demonstrated a spinal muscular atrophy‐like presentation with severe neonatal hypotonia, diminished reflexes, and poor respiratory drive, leading to ventilator dependence until death at the age of 9 months.

Interpretation

In this study, we highlight the importance of recognizing milder forms of the disorder, which may escape detection due to atypical disease presentation.
Examining Treatment Decision‐Making Among Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis: Insights From a Conjoint Analysis Survey
Authors: Joo Woojin , Almario Christopher V. , Ishimori Mariko , Park Yujin , Jusufagic Alma , Noah Benjamin , Gensler Lianne S. , Venuturupalli R. Swamy , Kay Jonathan , Weisman Michael H. , Spiegel Brennan M.R.
Published: June 2020

Objective

The number of therapies for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is increasing. Thus, it has become more challenging for patients and physicians to navigate the risk‐benefit profiles of the various treatment options. In this study, we used conjoint analysis—a form of trade‐off analysis that elucidates how people make complex decisions by balancing competing factors—to examine patient decision‐making surrounding medication options for axSpA.

Methods

We conducted an adaptive choice‐based conjoint analysis survey for patients with axSpA to assess the relative importance of medication attributes (eg, chance of symptom improvement, risk of side effects, route of administration, etc) in their decision‐making. We also performed logistic regression to explore whether patient demographics and disease characteristics predicted decision‐making.

Results

Overall, 397 patients with axSpA completed the conjoint analysis survey. Patients prioritized medication efficacy (importance score 26.8%), cost (26.3%), and route of administration (13.9%) as most important in their decision‐making. These were followed by risk of lymphoma (9.5%), dosing frequency (7.2%), risk of serious infection (6.0%), tolerability of side effects (5.3%), and clinic visit and laboratory test frequency (4.8%). In regression analyses, there were few significant associations between patients’ treatment preferences and sociodemographic and axSpA characteristics.

Conclusions

Treatment decision‐making in axSpA is highly individualized, and demographics and baseline disease characteristics are poor predictors of individual preferences. This calls for the development of online shared decision‐making tools for patients and providers, with the goal of selecting a treatment that is consistent with patients’ preferences.
Extracellular Vesicles Induce Mesenchymal Transition and Therapeutic Resistance in Glioblastomas through NF‐κB/STAT3 Signaling
Authors: Schweiger Markus W. , Li Mao , Giovanazzi Alberta , Fleming Renata L. , Tabet Elie I. , Nakano Ichiro , Würdinger Thomas , Chiocca Ennio Antonio , Tian Tian , Tannous Bakhos A.
Published: June 2020

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and despite optimal treatment, long‐term survival remains uncommon. GBM can be roughly divided into three different molecular subtypes, each varying in aggressiveness and treatment resistance. Recent evidence shows plasticity between these subtypes in which the proneural (PN) glioma stem‐like cells (GSCs) undergo transition into the more aggressive mesenchymal (MES) subtype, leading to therapeutic resistance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures secreted by nearly every cell and are shown to play a key role in GBM progression by acting as multifunctional signaling complexes. Here, it is shown that EVs derived from MES cells educate PN cells to increase stemness, invasiveness, cell proliferation, migration potential, aggressiveness, and therapeutic resistance by inducing mesenchymal transition through nuclear factor‐κB/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling. The findings could potentially help explore new treatment strategies for GBM and indicate that EVs may also play a role in mesenchymal transition of different tumor types.
Substrate Dissipation Energy Regulates Cell Adhesion and Spreading
Authors: Sacco Pasquale , Baj Gabriele , Asaro Fioretta , Marsich Eleonora , Donati Ivan
Published: June 2020

Recent evidence has led to the hypothesis that dissipation of energy through the viscoelastic extracellular matrix (ECM) can play a cardinal role in directing cell‐fate decisions, but whether and how it correlates with specific cell response is at present unclear. Here, viscoelastic and plastic 2D chitosan‐based substrates endowed with different dissipative energies are developed and cell behavior studied in terms of adhesion and spreading. While keeping constant stress relaxation and systematically decoupling overall stiffness from linear elongation, an energy dissipation term (J mol−1) is introduced, that is the molar energy required to deviate from linear stress–strain regime and enter into plastic region. Strikingly, an inverse relationship is unveiled between substrate dissipation energy and cell response, with high adhesion/high spreading and low adhesion/no spreading detected for substrates at low and high dissipation energy, respectively. It is concluded that cells decide how to react depending on the effective energy they can earmark for their functions.
Overcoming the Unfavorable Kinetics of Na3V2(PO4)2F3//SnPx Full‐Cell Sodium‐Ion Batteries for High Specific Energy and Energy Efficiency
Authors: Song Hayong , Eom KwangSup
Published: June 2020

In this work, a full‐cell sodium‐ion battery (SIB) with a high specific energy approaching 300 Wh kg−1 is realized using a sodium vanadium fluorophosphate (Na3V2(PO4)2F3, NVPF) cathode and a tin phosphide (SnPx) anode, despite both electrode materials having greatly unbalanced specific capacities. The use of a cathode employing an areal loading more than eight times larger than that of the anode can be achieved by designing a nanostructured nanosized NVPF (n‐NVPF) cathode with well‐defined particle size, porosity, and conductivity. Furthermore, the high rate capability and high potential window of the full‐cell can be obtained by tuning the Sn/P ratio (4/3, 1/1, and 1/2) and the nanostructure of an SnPx/carbon composite anode. As a result, the full‐cell SIBs employing the nanostructured n‐NVPF cathode and the SnPx/carbon composite anode (Sn/P = 1/1) exhibit outstanding specific energy (≈280 Wh kg−1(cathode+anode)) and energy efficiency (≈78%); furthermore, the results are comparable to those of state‐of‐the‐art lithium‐ion batteries.
Deep‐Learning‐Enabled Fast Optical Identification and Characterization of 2D Materials
Authors: Han Bingnan , Lin Yuxuan , Yang Yafang , Mao Nannan , Li Wenyue , Wang Haozhe , Yasuda Kenji , Wang Xirui , Fatemi Valla , Zhou Lin , Wang Joel I.‐Jan , Ma Qiong , Cao Yuan , Rodan‐Legrain Daniel , Bie Ya‐Qing , Navarro‐Moratalla Efrén , Klein Dahlia , MacNeill David , Wu Sanfeng , Kitadai Hikari , Ling Xi , Jarillo‐Herrero Pablo , Kong Jing , Yin Jihao , Palacios Tomás
Published: June 2020

Advanced microscopy and/or spectroscopy tools play indispensable roles in nanoscience and nanotechnology research, as they provide rich information about material processes and properties. However, the interpretation of imaging data heavily relies on the “intuition” of experienced researchers. As a result, many of the deep graphical features obtained through these tools are often unused because of difficulties in processing the data and finding the correlations. Such challenges can be well addressed by deep learning. In this work, the optical characterization of 2D materials is used as a case study, and a neural‐network‐based algorithm is demonstrated for the material and thickness identification of 2D materials with high prediction accuracy and real‐time processing capability. Further analysis shows that the trained network can extract deep graphical features such as contrast, color, edges, shapes, flake sizes, and their distributions, based on which an ensemble approach is developed to predict the most relevant physical properties of 2D materials. Finally, a transfer learning technique is applied to adapt the pretrained network to other optical identification applications. This artificial‐intelligence‐based material characterization approach is a powerful tool that would speed up the preparation, initial characterization of 2D materials and other nanomaterials, and potentially accelerate new material discoveries.
Thermal Management by Engineering the Alignment of Nanocellulose
Authors: Smalyukh Ivan I.
Published: June 2020

One of the grand current research challenges is to improve the energy efficiency of residential and commercial buildings, which cumulatively consume more than 40% of the energy generated globally. In addition to improving the comfort of the inhabitants and mitigating the growing energy consumption problem, new building materials and technologies could provide a safe strategy for geoengineering to mitigate global climate change. Herein, recent progress in developing such advanced materials from nanocellulose, which is often derived from wood or even dirty feedstocks like waste, is reviewed. By using chemical and bacteria‐enabled processing, nanocellulose can be used to fabricate broadband photonic reflectors, thermally super‐insulating aerogels, solar gain regulators, and low‐emissivity coatings, with potential applications in windows, roofs, walls, and other components of buildings envelopes. These material developments draw inspiration from advanced energy management found in nature, such as the nanoporous photonic structures that evolved in cuticles of beetles. Fabrication of such materials takes advantage of mesoscale liquid crystalline self‐assembly, which allows for pre‐designed control of cellulose nanoparticle orientations at the mesoscale. With the potential fully realized, such materials could one day transform the current energy‐lossy buildings into energy plants on Earth and possibly even enable extraterrestrial habitats.