bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Socio-Economic Factors with the Nutritional Status of the Children Aged 2-8 Years from Slums of Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Authors: Bose Enakshi , Mandal Gopal Chandra , Ray Subha
Published: April 2015

Background: Undernutrition appears to be a plaguing factor for physical and cognitive development of a large proportion of Indian children living in impoverished conditions. The city of Kolkata, located in the eastern part of India has demonstrated a conspicuous rise in its slum growth profile in the past few decades. Hitherto, studies on physical growth and nutritional status of slum children are lacking.
Objectives: To Investigate the nutritional status (stunting, wasting, and underweight) among 2- 8 year old children and to observe the association of socio-economic factors with undernutrition of the studied children.
Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 185 children aged 2 to 8 years residing at slums of Tangra, Behala, and Dum Dum regions of Kolkata. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were take following standard protocol (Lohman et al., 1988), Socio-economic information were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Stunting, Underweight and Wasting were derived to evaluate the nutritional status of the studied population. Pearson correlation (r) coefficient test was undertaken to measure the association of some socio-economic variables on undernutrition.
Results: The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting were 38.91% (boys 32.14% and girls 45.45%), 50.27% (boys 51.16%, girls 49.49%), 31.35% (boys 30.23%, girls 32.32%) respectively. The present study showed the positive correlation (r) between educational levels of the parents and stunting, underweight and wasting independently. But household size has a negative correlation with all the three measures of nutritional status.
Conclusion: We conclude that the slum children were facing a nutritional health risk and parental education and household size appeared to be the primary reasons.
DNA methylation in Arabidopsis has a genetic basis and shows evidence of local adaptation
Authors: Dubin Manu J , Zhang Pei , Meng Dazhe , Remigereau Marie-Stanislas , Osborne Edward J , Paolo Casale Francesco , Drewe Philipp , Kahles André , Jean Geraldine , Vilhjálmsson Bjarni , Jagoda Joanna , Irez Selen , Voronin Viktor , Song Qiang , Long Quan , Rätsch Gunnar , Stegle Oliver , Clark Richard M , Nordborg Magnus
Published: April 2015

Epigenome modulation potentially provides a mechanism for organisms to adapt, within and between generations. However, neither the extent to which this occurs, nor the mechanisms involved are known. Here we investigate DNA methylation variation in Swedish Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown at two different temperatures. Environmental effects were limited to transposons, where CHH methylation was found to increase with temperature. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed that the extensive CHH methylation variation was strongly associated with genetic variants in both cis and trans, including a major trans-association close to the DNA methyltransferase CMT2. Unlike CHH methylation, CpG gene body methylation (GBM) was not affected by growth temperature, but was instead correlated with the latitude of origin. Accessions from colder regions had higher levels of GBM for a significant fraction of the genome, and this was associated with increased transcription for the genes affected. GWAS revealed that this effect was largely due to trans-acting loci, many of which showed evidence of local adaptation.
Quantifying subtropical North Pacific gyre mixed layer primary productivity from Seaglider observations of diel oxygen cycles
Authors: Nicholson David P. , Wilson Samuel T. , Doney Scott C. , Karl David M.
Published: April 2015

Using autonomous underwater gliders, we quantified diurnal periodicity in dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, and temperature in the subtropical North Pacific near the Hawaii Ocean Time‐series (HOT) Station ALOHA during summer 2012. Oxygen optodes provided sufficient stability and precision to quantify diel cycles of average amplitude of 0.6 µmol kg−1. A theoretical diel curve was fit to daily observations to infer an average mixed layer gross primary productivity (GPP) of 1.8 mmol O2 m−3 d−1. Cumulative net community production (NCP) over 110 days was 500 mmol O2 m−2 for the mixed layer, which averaged 57 m in depth. Both GPP and NCP estimates indicated a significant period of below‐average productivity at Station ALOHA in 2012, an observation confirmed by 14C productivity incubations and O2/Ar ratios. Given our success in an oligotrophic gyre where biological signals are small, our diel GPP approach holds promise for remote characterization of productivity across the spectrum of marine environments.
Enhancement of dimethylsulfide production by anoxic stress in natural seawater
Authors: Omori Yuko , Tanimoto Hiroshi , Inomata Satoshi , Wada Shigeki , Thume Kathleen , Pohnert Georg
Published: April 2015

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is produced by phytoplankton in the ocean and plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles and climate system of the Earth. Previous field studies reported a possible relationship between DMS enhancement and anoxic condition, although the governing processes are still to be identified. Here we show the first direct evidence for the enhancement of DMS production by natural planktonic assemblages caused by anoxic stress. Under the anoxic condition, DMS production was considerably enhanced and DMS bacterial consumption was inhibited, resulting in an eightfold higher rate of gross DMS production than that under the oxic condition. Our results demonstrated that anoxic stress is one of important “environmental factors” in the marine DMS dynamics, suggesting the possible global importance due to ubiquity of anoxic conditions in the coastal oceans. This process would become more important in the future due to expansion of coastal hypoxic and anoxic zones by global warming.
Glacial ocean overturning intensified by tidal mixing in a global circulation model
Authors: Schmittner A. , Green J. A. M. , Wilmes S.‐B.
Published: April 2015

Due to lower sea levels during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), tidal energy dissipation was shifted from the shallow margins into the deep ocean. Here using a high‐resolution tide model, we estimate that global energy fluxes below 200 m depth were almost quadrupled during the LGM. Applying the energy fluxes to a consistent tidal mixing parameterization of a global climate model results in a large intensification of mixing. Global mean vertical diffusivity increases by more than a factor of 3, and consequently, the simulated meridional overturning circulation accelerates by ~21–46%. In the model, these effects are at least as important as those from changes in surface boundary conditions. Our findings contrast with the prevailing view that the abyssal LGM circulation was more sluggish. We conclude that changes in tidal mixing are an important mechanism that may have strongly increased the glacial deep ocean circulation and should no longer be neglected in paleoclimate simulations.
Eddy stirring and horizontal diffusivity from Argo float observations: Geographic and depth variability
Authors: Cole Sylvia T. , Wortham Cimarron , Kunze Eric , Owens W. Brechner
Published: April 2015

Stirring along isopycnals is a significant factor in determining the distribution of tracers within the ocean. Salinity anomalies on density surfaces from Argo float profiles are used to investigate horizontal stirring and estimate eddy mixing lengths. Eddy mixing length and velocity fluctuations from the ECCO2 global state estimate are used to estimate horizontal diffusivity at a 300 km scale in the upper 2000 m with near‐global coverage. Diffusivity varies by over two orders of magnitude with latitude, longitude, and depth. In all basins, diffusivity is elevated in zonal bands corresponding to strong current regions, including western boundary current extension regions, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and equatorial current systems. The estimated mixing lengths and diffusivities provide an observationally based data set that can be used to test and constrain predictions and parameterizations of eddy stirring.
Extreme detached dust layers near Martian volcanoes: Evidence for dust transport by mesoscale circulations forced by high topography
Authors: Heavens N. G. , Cantor B. A. , Hayne P. O. , Kass D. M. , Kleinböhl A. , McCleese D. J. , Piqueux S. , Schofield J. T. , Shirley J. H.
Published: April 2015

Modeling suggests that thermal circulations over Mars's highest volcanoes transport water vapor and dust from the surface into the middle atmosphere, forming detached layers in these constituents. Intense vertical mixing also takes place in regional and global dust storms, which can generate detached layers that are extreme in both altitude and magnitude. Here we employ observations by the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, taking advantage of improved vertical coverage in MCS's aerosol retrievals, to discover a new class of extreme detached dust layers (EDDLs). Observed during minimal dust storm activity and furthermore distinguished by their potentially large and measurable horizontal extent (>1000 km), these EDDLs cluster near Olympus Mons and the Tharsis Montes, from which they likely originate. The existence of these EDDLs suggests that vertical mixing by topographic circulations can be much stronger than previously modeled and more frequent than previously observed.
A combined solar and geomagnetic index for thermospheric climate
Authors: Mlynczak Martin G. , Hunt Linda A. , Marshall B. Thomas , Russell James M. , Mertens Christopher J. , Thompson R. Earl , Gordley Larry L.
Published: April 2015

Infrared radiation from nitric oxide (NO) at 5.3 µm is a primary mechanism by which the thermosphere cools to space. The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the NASA Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite has been measuring thermospheric cooling by NO for over 13 years. In this letter we show that the SABER time series of globally integrated infrared power (watts) radiated by NO can be replicated accurately by a multiple linear regression fit using the F10.7, Ap, and Dst indices. This allows reconstruction of the NO power time series back nearly 70 years with extant databases of these indices. The relative roles of solar ultraviolet and geomagnetic processes in determining the NO cooling are derived and shown to vary significantly over the solar cycle. The NO power is a fundamental integral constraint on the thermospheric climate, and the time series presented here can be used to test upper atmosphere models over seven different solar cycles.
Transit time distributions and oxygen utilization rates from chlorofluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride in the Southeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Sonnerup Rolf E. , Mecking Sabine , Bullister John L. , Warner Mark J.
Published: April 2015

Chlorofluorocarbons‐11 (CFC‐11), CFC‐12, and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) were measured during the December 2007 to February 2008 CLIVAR/Repeat Hydrography (RH) P18 section along ∼103°W in the Southeast Pacific Ocean. Transit‐time distributions (TTDs) of 1‐D transport that matched all three tracers were consistent with high Peclet number flow ventilating the subtropical mode water and the main subtropical thermocline (30°S–42°S, 200–800 m). In the subtropics, TTDs with predominantly advective transport predicted decadal increases in CFC‐12 and CFC‐11 consistent with those observed comparing 1994 WOCE with 2007/2008 CLIVAR/RH data, indicating steady ventilation in this region, and consistent with the near‐zero changes observed in dissolved oxygen. The mean transport timescales from the tracer‐tuned TTDs were used to estimate apparent oxygen utilization rates (OURs) on the order of 8–20 μmol kg−1 yr−1 at ∼200 m depth, attenuating to ∼2 μmol kg−1 yr−1 typically by 500 m depth in this region. Depth‐integrated over the thermocline, these OURs implied carbon export rates from the overlying sea surface on the order of ∼1.8 moles C m−2 yr−1 from 30°S to 45°S, 2–2.5 moles C m−2 yr−1 from 45°S to 52°S, and 2.5–3.5 moles C m−2 yr−1 from 52°S to 60°S.
Straightforward Synthesis of Terminally Phosphorylated L‐Sugars via Multienzymatic Cascade Reactions
Authors: Hélaine Virgil , Mahdi Rima , Sudhir Babu G. V. , de Berardinis Véronique , Wohlgemuth Roland , Lemaire Marielle , Guérard‐Hélaine Christine
Published: April 2015

Two kinases and the key fructose‐6‐phosphate aldolase (FSA) were involved in a one‐pot multienzymatic procedure to obtain rare L‐sugars. Starting from simple achiral substrates such as glycolaldehyde and formaldehyde, L‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate (L‐G3P) was generated. When this latter compound was used as an FSA acceptor substrate along with four different donor compounds, four terminally phosphorylated L‐monosaccharides from C5 to C7 chain lengths were prepared in good isolated yields.

magnified image
A Stereoselective Access to Cyclic cis‐1,2‐Amino Alcohols from trans‐1,2‐Azido Alcohol Precursors
Authors: Kim Dong‐gil , Jeong Wook , Lee Won Jong , Kang Soyeong , Pak Han Kyu , Park Jaiwook , Rhee Young Ho
Published: April 2015

A unique one‐pot synthesis of cyclic cis‐1,2‐amino alcohols from trans‐1,2‐azido alcohol precursors was developed. The key step is highlighted by the stereoselective reduction of the cyclic α‐alkoxy imines, which could be prepared from the corresponding azides by ruthenium catalysis under photolytic conditions. Remarkably, this unprecedented reaction pathway offers a stereodivergent access to structurally diverse cyclic 1,2‐amino alcohols.

magnified image
The role of bone marrow biopsy and FDG‐PET/CT in identifying bone marrow infiltration in the initial diagnosis of high grade non‐Hodgkin B‐cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. accuracy in a multicenter series of 372 patients
Authors: Chen‐Liang Tzu‐Hua , Martin‐Santos Taida , Jerez Andres , Senent Leonor , Orero Maria Teresa , Remigia Maria Jose , Muiña Begoña , Romera Marta , Fernandez–Muñoz Hermogenes , Raya Jose M. , Fernandez‐Gonzalez Marta , Lancharro Aima , Villegas Carolina , Carlos Herrera Juan , Frutos Laura , Luis Navarro Jose , Uña Jon , Igua Carolina , Sanchez‐Vaño Raquel , Cozar Maria del Puig , Contreras Jose , Sanchez‐Blanco Jose Javier , Perez‐Ceballos Elena , Ortuño Francisco Jose
Published: April 2015

Bone marrow infiltration (BMI), categorized as an extra‐nodal site, affects stage and is associated with poor prognosis in newly diagnosed lymphoma patients. We have evaluated the accuracy of PET/CT and bone marrow biopsy (BMB) to assess BMI in 372 lymphoma patients [140 Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) and 232 High Grade B‐cell non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma (HG B‐NHL), among them 155 Diffuse Large B‐Cell Lymphoma (DLCL)]. For HL cases, and taking into account PET/CT, sensitivity, negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were 96.7, 99.3, and 99.3% while those of BMB were 32.3, 83.8, and 85%, respectively. For HG B‐NHL and considering PET/CT, sensitivity, NPV, and accuracy were 52.7, 81.7, and 84.1%, while those of BMB were 77.6, 90.2, and 90.7%, respectively. In the HG B‐NHL group, 25 patients would have been under‐staged without BMB. These results lead us to recommend PET/CT and the avoidance of BMB to assess BMI in HL. In the case of HG B‐NHL, bone marrow status should be assessed firstly by means of PET/CT; only in either focal or diffuse PET/CT with low borderline SUV max values or in negative cases, should BMB be carried out afterwards. In the HG B‐NHL setting and at the present moment, both techniques are complementary. Am. J. Hematol. 90:686–690, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High functioning male with fragile X syndrome and fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome
Authors: Basuta Kirin , Schneider Andrea , Gane Louise , Polussa Jonathan , Woodruff Bryan , Pretto Dalyir , Hagerman Randi , Tassone Flora
Published: April 2015

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) affects individuals with more than 200 CGG repeats (full mutation) in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Those born with FXS experience cognitive and social impairments, developmental delays, and some features of autism spectrum disorders. Carriers of a premutation (55–200 CGG repeats) are generally not severely affected early in life; however, are at high risk of developing the late onset neurodegenerative disorder, Fragile X‐associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS), or Fragile X‐associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (FXPOI), and may have other medical conditions such as developmental delay, autism spectrum disorders, hypertension, anxiety, and immune‐mediated disorders. Here we present a case of a 58‐year‐old man with a borderline IQ, average memory skills, and executive function deficits. He met criteria for multiple psychiatric diagnoses and presented with tremor and ataxia, meeting criteria for FXTAS. Molecular testing unveiled a completely unmethylated FMR1 full mutation in peripheral blood mononucleated cells with elevated FMR1 mRNA and premutation alleles of different sizes in two other tissues (primary fibroblasts and sperm), indicating the presence of allele instability based on both inter‐ and intra‐tissue mosaicism. The observation of FXTAS in this case of a full mutation mosaic man suggests that the pathogenic mechanism underlying this disorder is not observed exclusively in premutation carriers as it was originally thought. The concomitant presence of features of FXS and late onset neurological deterioration with probable FXTAS likely result from a combined molecular pathology of elevated FMR1 mRNA levels, a molecular hallmark of FXTAS and low FMRP expression that leads to FXS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical management of patients with ASXL1 mutations and Bohring–Opitz syndrome, emphasizing the need for Wilms tumor surveillance
Authors: Russell Bianca , Johnston Jennifer J. , Biesecker Leslie G. , Kramer Nancy , Pickart Angela , Rhead William , Tan Wen‐Hann , Brownstein Catherine A. , Kate Clarkson L. , Dobson Amy , Rosenberg Avi Z. , Vergano Samantha A. Schrier , Helm Benjamin M. , Harrison Rachel E. , Graham John M.
Published: April 2015

Bohring–Opitz syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by distinctive facial features, variable microcephaly, hypertrichosis, nevus flammeus, severe myopia, unusual posture (flexion at the elbows with ulnar deviation, and flexion of the wrists and metacarpophalangeal joints), severe intellectual disability, and feeding issues. Nine patients with Bohring–Opitz syndrome have been identified as having a mutation in ASXL1. We report on eight previously unpublished patients with Bohring–Opitz syndrome caused by an apparent or confirmed de novo mutation in ASXL1. Of note, two patients developed bilateral Wilms tumors. Somatic mutations in ASXL1 are associated with myeloid malignancies, and these reports emphasize the need for Wilms tumor screening in patients with ASXL1 mutations. We discuss clinical management with a focus on their feeding issues, cyclic vomiting, respiratory infections, insomnia, and tumor predisposition. Many patients are noted to have distinctive personalities (interactive, happy, and curious) and rapid hair growth; features not previously reported. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ZNF804A rs1344706 is associated with cortical thickness, surface area, and cortical volume of the unmedicated first episode schizophrenia and healthy controls
Authors: Wei Qinling , Li Meng , Kang Zhuang , Li Leijun , Diao Feici , Zhang Ruibin , Wang Junjing , Zheng Liangrong , Wen Xue , Zhang Jinbei , Zhao Jingping , Huang Ruiwang
Published: April 2015

The effects of ZNF804A rs1344706, a prominent susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, on gray matter (GM) structure in unmedicated schizophrenia (SZ) patients are still unknown, although several previous studies investigated the effects in medicated SZ patients and healthy controls (HC). Analyzing cortical thickness, surface area, and GM volume simultaneously may provide a more precise and complete picture of the effects. We genotyped 59 unmedicated first episode SZ patients and 60 healthy controls for the ZNF804A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1344706, and examined between‐group differences in cortical thickness, surface area, and cortical volume using a full‐factorial 2 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA). We found the risk allele (T) in ZNF804A rs1344706, compared to the non‐risk allele (G), was associated with thinner cortex in the bilateral precuneus, left precentral gyrus, and several other regions, associated with a smaller cortical surface area in the left superior parietal, precuneus cortex and left superior frontal, and associated with a lower cortical volume in the left superior frontal, left precentral, and right precuneus in SZ patients. In contrast, in the controls, the T allele was associated with the increased cortical measurements compared to the G allele in the same regions as those mentioned above. ZNF804A rs1344706 has significant, but different, effects on cortical thickness, surface area, and cortical volume in multiple regions of the brain cortex. Our findings suggest that ZNF804A rs1344706 may aggravate the risk for schizophrenia by exerting its effects on cortical thickness, surface area, and cortical volume in these brain regions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of genome wide supported microRNA‐137 (MIR137) risk variants on frontal and striatal white matter integrity, neurocognitive functioning, and negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Kuswanto Carissa Nadia , Sum Min Yi , Qiu Anqi , Sitoh Yih‐Yian , Liu Jianjun , Sim Kang
Published: April 2015

Although genome wide association studies have highlighted MicroRNA 137 (MIR137) as a novel susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, the mechanisms by which MIR137 risk variants mediate the neurobiology of schizophrenia are not clear. Based on extant data linking MIR 137 gene with structural brain anomalies and functional brain activations in schizophrenia, we hypothesized that MIR137 risk variants rs1625579 and rs1198588 would be associated with reduced fractional anisotropy in frontostriatal brain regions, impaired neurocognitive functioning and worse psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia patients compared with healthy controls. A total of 147 Chinese participants (84 patients with DSM‐IV diagnosis of schizophrenia (SCZ) and 63 healthy controls (HC)) were genotyped using blood samples and underwent diffusion tensor imaging. Neurocognitive domains and psychotic symptoms were assessed using The Brief Assessment of Cognition Battery for Schizophrenia and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale respectively. We found significant diagnosis‐genotype interactions in the right orbitofrontal regions (rs1625579: F = 5.44, P = 0.021; rs1198599: F = 7.55, P = 0.005), left striatum (rs1625579: F = 8.09, P = 0.007; rs1198599: F = 9.56, P = 0.002), and negative symptoms (rs1625579: t = 2.45, P = 0.016; rs1198588: t = 2.29, P = 0.024). Specifically, SCZ carrying the risk TT genotype had worse negative symptoms and decreased FA in the fronto‐striatal regions compared to G and A allele carriers for rs1625579 and rs1198588 respectively, and worse attention and processing speed compared with G‐allele for rs1625579. Our findings suggested that the MI137 risk variants were associated with decreased fronto‐striatal brain white matter integrity which may underlie poorer attention, processing speed, and greater negative symptoms in schizophrenia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing eye orbits as predictors of Neandertal group size
Authors: Traynor Sarah , Gurtov Alia N. , Senjem Jess Hutton , Hawks John
Published: April 2015

Objectives

The objective is to investigate the hypothesis that Neandertal eye orbits can predict group size and social cognition as presented by Pearce et al. (Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 280 (2013) 20130168).

Materials and Methods

We performed a linear regression of known orbital aperture diameter (OAD), neocortex ratio, and group size among 18 extant diurnal primate species. Our data were derived from Kirk (J Hum Evol 51 (2006) 159–170) and Dunbar (J Hum Evol 22 (1992), 469–493; J Hum Evol 28 (1995) 287–296).

Results

There is a positive correlation between OAD and group size; a positive correlation between neocortex and group size; and a positive correlation between OAD and neocortex size. The strength of the collinearity between OAD and neocortex ratio accounts for any significance of OAD in a model. The model that best accounts for variation in group size is one that includes only neocortex ratio; including OAD does not strengthen the model. OAD accounts for 29 percent of the variation in group size.

Discussion

Larger orbits are correlated with larger group sizes in primates, although not significantly when controlling for neocortex ratio. Moreover, the amount of variation in group size that can be explained by OAD is negligible. The larger orbits of Neandertals compared to the average modern human population do not permit any interpretation of cognitive ability related to group size. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:680–683, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trifluoromethylchlorosulfonylation of Alkenes: Evidence for an Inner‐Sphere Mechanism by a Copper Phenanthroline Photoredox Catalyst
Authors: Bagal Dattatraya B. , Kachkovskyi Georgiy , Knorn Matthias , Rawner Thomas , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. , Reiser Oliver
Published: April 2015

A visible‐light‐mediated procedure for the unprecedented trifluoromethylchlorosulfonylation of unactivated alkenes is presented. It uses [Cu(dap)2]Cl as catalyst, and contrasts with [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2, [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6, or eosin Y that exclusively give rise to trifluoromethylchlorination of the same alkenes. It is assumed that [Cu(dap)2]Cl plays a dual role, that is, acting both as an electron transfer reagent as well as coordinating the reactants in the bond forming processes.
Interfacing Microbial Styrene Production with a Biocompatible Cyclopropanation Reaction
Authors: Wallace Stephen , Balskus Emily P.
Published: April 2015

The introduction of new reactivity into living organisms is a major challenge in synthetic biology. Despite an increasing interest in both the development of small‐molecule catalysts that are compatible with aqueous media and the engineering of enzymes to perform new chemistry in vitro, the integration of non‐native reactivity into metabolic pathways for small‐molecule production has been underexplored. Herein we report a biocompatible iron(III) phthalocyanine catalyst capable of efficient olefin cyclopropanation in the presence of a living microorganism. By interfacing this catalyst with E. coli engineered to produce styrene, we synthesized non‐natural phenyl cyclopropanes directly from D‐glucose in single‐vessel fermentations. This process is the first example of the combination of nonbiological carbene‐transfer reactivity with cellular metabolism for small‐molecule production.
Low‐Threshold Wavelength‐Switchable Organic Nanowire Lasers Based on Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton Transfer
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yan Yongli , Gu Jianmin , Yao Jiannian , Zhao Yong Sheng
Published: April 2015

Coherent light signals generated at the nanoscale are crucial to the realization of photonic integrated circuits. Self‐assembled nanowires from organic dyes can provide both a gain medium and an effective resonant cavity, which have been utilized for fulfilling miniaturized lasers. Excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), a classical molecular photoisomerization process, can be used to build a typical four‐level system, which is more favorable for population inversion. Low‐power driven lasing in proton‐transfer molecular nanowires with an optimized ESIPT energy‐level process has been achieved. With high gain and low loss from the ESIPT, the wires can be applied as effective FP‐type resonators, which generated single‐mode lasing with a very low threshold. The lasing wavelength can be reversibly switched based on a conformation conversion of the excited keto form in the ESIPT process.
Adsorptive recovery of high value essential oil from kewda (Pandanus fascicularis Lam) distillation condensate
Authors: Rout Prasant Kumar , Rao Y.  Ramachandra , Prakash Om , Khare Puja
Published: April 2015

Kewda (Pandanus fascicularis Lam) essential oil was enriched with phenylethyl methyl ether (65–77%), terpinen‐4‐ol (13–18%) and α‐terpineol (1–3%), which were definitely soluble in distillation condensate. The solubility of phenylethyl methyl ether, terpinen‐4‐ol and α‐terpineol in water were more than 1000 ppm. Adsorption performance of single‐solutes and multi‐solutes over Amberlite‐resins and Indion‐resins were elucidated. XAD‐4 and Indion 1014 MN‐2 were most suitable because of their higher loading capacities of 2.2–3.2 mmol g−1 and 2.3–3.6 mmol g−1, respectively. Temkin adsorption isotherm was best fitted to the experimental results. Adsorption was followed Pseudo‐second order, Ritche's‐second order and Elovich's equation to validate the kinetics of chemisorption. Column breakthrough results revealed that the water soluble essential oil was recovered from the distillation condensate through a resin bed. Then the adsorbed solutes were desorbed from the resins with elution in ethanol to achieve complete recovery of high value essential oil from the distillation condensate. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology and Topography of the Celiac Plexus in Degu (Octodon Degus)
Authors: Kuchinka Jacek , Nowak Elżbieta , Kuder Tadeusz , Szczurkowski Aleksander
Published: April 2015

Here, we investigate the morphology and topography of the celiac plexus components in degu (Octodon degus). The study was performed using six adult individuals of both sexes. Macromorphological observations were performed using a derivative of the thiocholine method specially adapted for this study type (Gienc, 1977). The classical H&E technique was used for analysis of the cytoarchitectonic of the ganglion, and the AChE (Karnovsky and Roots, 1964) and SPG (De la Torre, 1980) techniques to observe cholinergic and adrenergic activity. The celiac plexus of degu is located on the ventral and lateral surface of the abdominal aorta, at the level where the celiac artery separates from the aorta. This structure consists of two large and two smaller aggregations of neurocytes connected with postganglionic fibers. Histochemical investigations have demonstrated the mainly cholinergic characteristic of the intraganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the celiac plexus, while the adrenergic fibers accompanied only the blood vessels and neurocytes revealed differentiation of adrenergic activity. Histological analysis revealed that neurocytes occupied about half of the cross‐section area, with the nerve fibers, connective tissue, and blood vessels forming the remaining part. Ganglionic cells were oval, and usually contained a single nucleus, although two nuclei were sometimes observed. Anat Rec, 298:1880–1884, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design, Synthesis, and Molecular Docking Studies of 2‐(Furan‐2‐yl)quinazolin‐4‐one Derivatives as Potential Antiproliferative Agents
Authors: Ahmed Marwa F. , Belal Amany
Published: April 2015

Fifteen new derivatives of quinazolin‐4‐one bearing the 2‐furyl moiety at position 2 and a substituted phenyl moiety at position 3 were designed and synthesized to be evaluated as cytotoxic agents. Their chemical structures were confirmed by spectral and elemental analysis; cytotoxic activity evaluation was performed against HEPG2, HCT116, and MCF7 cancer cell lines using the sulforhodamine‐B assay. All the tested compounds except 6a showed high potency against the HEPG2 cancer cell line (IC50 8–101  nM/mL); 11 compounds out of 15 proved to be potent against HCT116 cells (IC50 3–49 nM/mL), also 11 of the tested compounds showed high potency against MCF7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 7 to 63 nM/mL. The rest of the tested compounds showed IC50 values of more than 100 nM/mL. Compounds 3e and 4d are the most active compounds against HEPG2 cells; in addition, 3e is the most active compound against MCF7 cells. Also, compounds 4a, 3a, and 3b are the most active compounds against HCT116 cells. Compounds 3a, 3b, 3e, 4a, and 4d were also evaluated for their inhibitory activity against the EGFR tyrosine kinase (EGFR‐TK) and showed a percentage inhibitory activity ranging from 53 to 84%. The most potent EGFR‐TK inhibitors, 3a (84%), 3b (75%), and 3e (60%), were docked into the ATP binding site of the EGFR to explore their binding mode and possible interactions.
On the usefulness of lexical and syntactic processing in polarity classification of Twitter messages
Authors: Vilares David , Alonso Miguel A. , Gómez‐Rodríguez Carlos
Published: April 2015

Millions of micro texts are published every day on Twitter. Identifying the sentiment present in them can be helpful for measuring the frame of mind of the public, their satisfaction with respect to a product, or their support of a social event. In this context, polarity classification is a subfield of sentiment analysis focused on determining whether the content of a text is objective or subjective, and in the latter case, if it conveys a positive or a negative opinion. Most polarity detection techniques tend to take into account individual terms in the text and even some degree of linguistic knowledge, but they do not usually consider syntactic relations between words. This article explores how relating lexical, syntactic, and psychometric information can be helpful to perform polarity classification on Spanish tweets. We provide an evaluation for both shallow and deep linguistic perspectives. Empirical results show an improved performance of syntactic approaches over pure lexical models when using large training sets to create a classifier, but this tendency is reversed when small training collections are used.
Who reads research articles? An altmetrics analysis of Mendeley user categories
Authors: Mohammadi Ehsan , Thelwall Mike , Haustein Stefanie , Larivière Vincent
Published: April 2015

Little detailed information is known about who reads research articles and the contexts in which research articles are read. Using data about people who register in Mendeley as readers of articles, this article explores different types of users of Clinical Medicine, Engineering and Technology, Social Science, Physics, and Chemistry articles inside and outside academia. The majority of readers for all disciplines were PhD students, postgraduates, and postdocs but other types of academics were also represented. In addition, many Clinical Medicine articles were read by medical professionals. The highest correlations between citations and Mendeley readership counts were found for types of users who often authored academic articles, except for associate professors in some sub‐disciplines. This suggests that Mendeley readership can reflect usage similar to traditional citation impact if the data are restricted to readers who are also authors without the delay of impact measured by citation counts. At the same time, Mendeley statistics can also reveal the hidden impact of some research articles, such as educational value for nonauthor users inside academia or the impact of research articles on practice for readers outside academia.
Bias and effort in peer review
Authors: García Jose A. , Rodriguez‐Sánchez Rosa , Fdez‐Valdivia Joaquín
Published: April 2015

Here, we develop a theory of the relationship between the reviewer's effort and bias in peer review. From this theory, it follows that journal editors might employ biased reviewers because they shirk less. This creates an incentive for the editor to use monitoring mechanisms (e.g., associate editors supervising the peer review process) that mitigate the resulting bias in the reviewers' recommendations. The supervision of associate editors could encourage journal editors to employ more extreme reviewers. This theory helps to explain the presence of bias in peer review. To mitigate shirking by a reviewer, the journal editor may assign biased referees to generate information about the manuscript's quality and subject the reviewer's recommendations to supervision by a more aligned associate editor.
Improvement of biomass production and glucoamylase activity by Candida famata using factorial design
Authors: Mosbah Habib , Aissa Imen , Hassad Nahla , Farh Dhaker , Bakhrouf Amina , Achour Sami
Published: April 2015

To improve biomass production and glucoamylase activity (GA) by Candida famata, culture conditions were optimized. A 23 full factorial design (FFD) with a response surface model was used to evaluate the effects and interactions of pH (X1), time of cultivation (X2), and starch concentration (X3) on the biomass production and enzyme activity. A total of 16 experiments were conducted toward the construction of an empiric model and a first‐order equation. It was found that all factors (X1, X2, and X3) and their interactions were significant at a certain confidence level (P < 0.05). Using this methodology, the optimum values of the three tested parameters were obtained as follows: pH 6; time of cultivation 24 H and starch concentration 7 g/L, respectively. Our results showed that the starch concentration (X3) has significantly influenced both dependent variables, biomass production and GA of C. famata. Under this optimized medium, the experimental biomass production and GA obtained were 1.8 ± 0.54 g/L and 0.078 ± 0.012 µmol/L/Min, about 1.5‐ and 1.8‐fold, respectively, higher than those in basal medium. The (R2) coefficients obtained were 0.997 and 0.990, indicating an adequate degree of reliability in the model. Approximately 99% of validity of the predicted value was achieved.
Comparative studies on the interactions of baicalein and Al(III)–baicalein complex with human serum albumin
Authors: Wang Jing , Wang Qing , Wu Di , Yan Jin , Wu You , Li Hui
Published: April 2015

A new potential drug aluminum(III)–baicalein complex (ALBC) was synthesized and characterized. The binding mechanisms of baicalein (BC) and ALBC to human serum albumin (HSA) under simulative physiological conditions were investigated, in order to understand the pharmacokinetics of BC and ALBC. Fluorescence spectroscopy results suggested that the binding level of BC is higher than that of ALBC. Results of UV–vis, synchronous fluorescence, 3D fluorescence, circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses consistently demonstrated that the conformation of HSA was altered when bound to BC or ALBC. The distance between HSA as a donor and BC (or ALBC) as an acceptor was determined via fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The results of competitive experiments and molecular docking studies indicated that BC was located in site I (subdomain IIA) on HSA and that ALBC was bound to HSA mainly within site II (subdomain IIIA). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive cloud simulation using position based fluids
Authors: Ferreira Barbosa Charles Welton , Dobashi Yoshinori , Yamamoto Tsuyoshi
Published: April 2015

In this paper, we propose a method for the simulation of clouds using particles exclusively. The method is based on position based fluids, which simulates fluids using position constraints. To reduce the simulation time, we have used adaptive splitting and merging to concentrate computation on regions where it is most needed. When clouds are formed, particles are split so as to add more details to the generated cloud surface and when they disappear, particles are merged back. We implement our adaptive method on the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to accelerate the computation. While the splitting portion is easily parallelizable, the merge portion is not. We develop a simple algorithm to address this problem and achieve reasonable simulation times. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell‐free fetal DNA in the maternal circulation originates from the cytotrophoblast: proof from an unique case
Authors: Hochstenbach Ron , Nikkels Peter G. J. , Elferink Martin G. , Oudijk Martijn A. , van Oppen Carla , van Zon Patrick , van Harssel Jeske , Schuring‐Blom Heleen , Page‐Christiaens Godelieve C. M. L.
Published: April 2015

Key Clinical Message

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and direct karyotyping of cytotrophoblast were normal for a male fetus, but cultured chorionic villus mesenchymal cells and umbilical cord fibroblasts showed nonmosaic trisomy 18. This observation provides direct evidence for the cytotrophoblastic origin of cell‐free fetal DNA and yields a biological explanation for falsely reassuring NIPT results.
Anesthesia for deep brain stimulation in traumatic brain injury‐induced hemidystonia
Authors: Jani Jill M. , Oluigbo Chima O. , Reddy Srijaya K.
Published: April 2015

Key Clinical Message

Deep brain stimulation in an awake patient presents several unique challenges to the anesthesiologist. It is important to understand the various stages of the procedure and the complexities of anesthetic management in order to have a successful surgical outcome and provide a safe environment for the patient.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds Quench Photoluminescence and Enhance Photocatalytic Activity of Carbon Nanodots
Authors: Yang Pengju , Zhao Jianghong , Zhang Lexi , Li Li , Zhu Zhenping
Published: April 2015

Understanding the photoluminescence (PL) and photocatalytic properties of carbon nanodots (CNDs) induced by environmental factors such as pH through surface groups is significantly important to rationally tune the emission and photodriven catalysis of CNDs. Through adjusting the pH of an aqueous solution of CNDs, it was found that the PL of CNDs prepared by ultrasonic treatment of glucose is strongly quenched at pH 1 because of the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds among the oxygen‐containing surface groups. The position of the strongest PL peak and its corresponding excitation wavelength strongly depend on the surface groups. The origins of the blue and green emissions of CNDs are closely related to the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, respectively. The deprotonated COO− and CO− groups weaken the PL peak of the CNDs and shift it to the red. CNDs alone exhibit photocatalytic activity towards degradation of Rhodamine B at different pH values under UV irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of the CNDs is the highest at pH 1 because of the strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed among the oxygen‐containing groups.
Controllable Galvanic Synthesis of Triangular Ag–Pd Alloy Nanoframes for Efficient Electrocatalytic Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Xu Lin , Luo Zhimin , Fan Zhanxi , Yu Sijia , Chen Junze , Liao Yusen , Xue Can
Published: April 2015

Triangular Ag–Pd alloy nanoframes were successfully synthesized through galvanic replacement by using Ag nanoprisms as sacrificial templates. The ridge thickness of the Ag‐Pd alloy nanoframes could be readily tuned by adjusting the amount of the Pd source during the reaction. These obtained triangular Ag–Pd alloy nanoframes exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity for the methanol oxidation reaction as compared with the commercial Pd/C catalyst due to the alloyed Ag–Pd composition as well as the hollow‐framed structures. This work would be highly impactful in the rational design of future bimetallic alloy nanostructures with high catalytic activity for fuel cell systems.
Cleavage of a PN Bond in a Urea‐Containing (Ph2P(R)PPh2)‐Bridged Dinuclear Gold(I) Thiolate Complex by Fluoride and a Mechanistic Insight
Authors: He Xiaoming , Lam Wai Han , Cheng Eddie Chung‐Chin , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: April 2015

A urea‐containing, (Ph2P(R)PPh2)‐bridged, dinuclear, gold(I) thiolate complex, [Au2{Ph2PN(C6H4OMe‐4)PPh2}(SC6H4NHCONHC6H5)2] (1) was designed and synthesized and its photophysical and anion recognition properties studied. The results show that 1 has a high selectivity toward F−. Upon addition of F−, the yellow solution was decolorized, and drastic changes of emission and 1H and 31P{1H} NMR signals were observed. Interestingly, these changes are attributed to fluoride‐assisted PN bond hydrolysis, instead of the expected hydrogen‐bonding interactions with the urea receptor. Similar changes were observed for two other basic anions, AcO− and H2PO4−, but to a much lesser extent; and these anions were found to bind to the urea receptor at the same time. On the other hand, Cl− was found to only bind to the urea moiety through hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Further studies with the control complex [Au2{Ph2PN(C6H4OMe‐4)PPh2}Cl2] (2) indicate that F− assists the hydrolysis process via cleavage of the PN bond. DFT calculations were performed to study the reaction mechanism for the fluoride‐assisted PN bond hydrolysis of 2; these provide a better insight into the role of fluoride in the hydrolysis.
Hyper‐star graphs: Some topological properties and an optimal neighbourhood broadcasting algorithm
Authors: Zhang F. , Qiu K. , Kim J. S.
Published: April 2015

Hyper‐star graph HS(2n,n) was introduced to be a competitive model to both hypercubes and star graphs. In this paper, we study its properties by (1) giving a closed form solution to the surface area of HS(2n,n), (2) discussing its Hamiltonicity by establishing an isomorphism between the graph and the well‐known middle levels problem, and (3) showing that full binary trees can be embedded into HS(2n,n) with dilation 1. We also develop a single‐port optimal neighbourhood broadcasting algorithm for HS(2n,n). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(2‐vinylpyridine)‐Based Polymers as an Efficient Affinity Material for the Detection of Airborne Phenol
Authors: Linke Alexander , Schmidt Manfred , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: April 2015

Phenol is an omnipresent compound in various situations. Its acute toxicity makes alternative tracing methods desirable. Highly potent affinity materials based on polyvinyl pyridine allow an efficient tracing of this particular airborne compound. Their performance over, for example, benzene is tremendously superior. In combination with a simple cyclodextrin derivative an array allows differentiation among such aromatic competitors. Owing to the high affinity of these polymers for phenol, quartz microbalance‐based tracing is able to detect phenol below the parts per million range. This was previously not possible with other affinity materials.
A note about the notion of chirality
Authors: Nespolo Massimo
Published: April 2015

We discuss the use of the term “chiral group” in the literature. We stress the difference between the chirality of a crystal structure and that of a symmetry group and argue that it is important that the distinction be made clear.
The EJHF last Editor's legacy: how can a high impact factor be built?
Authors: Metra Marco
Published: April 2015

The European Journal of Heart Failure (EJHF) has reached a high impact factor making it one of the most important cardiology journals. I discuss herein what could be the main causes of such high ranking. Publication of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure has had the most important role with a number of citations, which has been approximately 10 times that of the other most cited articles of the same year. Other position statements, reviews, design papers, and research articles about landmark topics have given major contributions. With respect to the different clinical presentations, articles about heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and about advanced heart failure have gained many citations. Epidemiology, biomarkers, medical treatment, and devices have attracted most of the interest.

In conclusion, being able to look ahead and to publish what is going to become important remains a major challenge. That of EJHF has been a success story, to date, and learning from the past may help to build upon this achievement.