bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Main Chain Ferrocenyl Amides from 1‐Aminoferrocene‐1′‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: Heinze Katja , Schlenker Manuela
Published: May 2004

The non‐natural amino acid 1‐aminoferrocene‐1′‐carboxylic acid is synthesised from ferrocene in eight steps. The folding and association phenomena of amido‐substituted ferrocenes in the crystal as well as in solution are studied by X‐ray crystallography, IR and NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The amino acid is selectively protected at the amino group with the use of the fluorenyl‐9‐methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group. An amide‐linked ferrocene dimer is prepared using the HOBt/DCC protocol for amide formation. In the crystal the dimer forms a hydrogen‐bonded sheet structure, while in solution dynamic intramolecular hydrogen bonds are observed by VT 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. The dynamic flipping process has been rationalised by DFT calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Molecular Alloys: Syntheses and Structures of the Copper−Antimony Clusters [Cu17Sb8(dppm)6(Ph2PCHPPh2)] and [Cu20Sb10(PCy3)8]
Authors: Ahlrichs Reinhart , Anson Christopher E. , Clerac Rodolphe , Fenske Dieter , Rothenberger Alexander , Sierka Marek , Wieber Stephan
Published: May 2004

The syntheses, structures and theoretical investigations of the copper‐antimony clusters [Cu17Sb8(dppm)6(Ph2PCHPPh2)] [1, dppm = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane] and [Sb10Cu20(PCy3)8] (2, Cy = Cyclohexyl) are reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Development of photocrosslinkable hyaluronic acid‐polyethylene glycol‐peptide composite hydrogels for soft tissue engineering
Authors: Leach Jennie B. , Bivens Kathryn A. , Collins Chelsea N. , Schmidt Christine E.
Published: May 2004

Hyaluronic acid (HA; also called hyaluronan) is a naturally derived, nonimmunogenic, nonadhesive glycosaminoglycan that has important roles in several wound‐healing processes. In previous work, we created photocrosslinkable glycidyl methacrylate–HA (GMHA) hydrogel biomaterials that were cytocompatible, biologically active, and had a decreased rate of hyaluronidase degradation compared with native HA. The goal of the studies presented herein was to explore peptide conjugation techniques to further adjust the material and biological properties of the GMHA hydrogels. We conjugated GMHA with acrylated forms of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and PEG–peptides to yield GMHA‐PEG‐peptide composite hydrogels. By varying the reactant concentrations, we created stable hydrogels with high peptide conjugation efficiencies (up to 80%), controllable peptide concentrations (in the range of 1–6 μmol peptide per milliliter of hydrogel), and defined physicochemical properties (e.g., swelling ratio, enzymatic degradation rate). These composite hydrogels may prove to be a promising scaffolding biomaterial for a variety of soft tissue engineering applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 74–82, 2004
Tensile strength and elongation of laser‐welded Ti and Ti‐6AL‐7NB
Authors: Watanabe Ikuya , Topham D. Scott
Published: May 2004

This study established data demonstrating the possible laser‐welded strengths of cast Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb and compared them to those of two dental‐casting alloys. Cast plates of Ti, Ti‐6Al‐7Nb, gold, and Co–Cr alloy were prepared. After polishing the surfaces to be welded, two plates were abutted and welded using an Nd:YAG laser at a pulse duration of 10 ms, spot diameter of 1 mm, and voltage of 200 V. Five specimens were prepared for each metal by welding either three or five spots unilaterally or bilaterally. The fracture load and percent elongation were measured at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. The bilaterally welded specimens performed significantly greater than unilaterally welded specimens in both fracture load and elongation whether they were welded with three or five spots per side. The bilaterally welded Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb specimens were nearly as strong as their corresponding control specimens, whereas the gold and Co–Cr specimens were approximately half as strong. When a large proportion of the cross‐sectional area of the joint is laser welded, the strength of the laser‐welded portion of the cast Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb may approach or equal that of the nonwelded metal frameworks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 71B: 46–51, 2004
Involvement of opioid receptors in the CGRP8‐37‐induced inhibition of the activity of wide‐dynamic‐range neurons in the spinal dorsal horn of rats
Authors: Yan Yi , Yu Long‐Chuan
Published: May 2004

The present study was performed to explore the involvement of opioid receptors in the calcitonin gene‐related peptide 8‐37 (CGRP8‐37, an antagonist of CGRP receptor)‐induced inhibition of the activity of wide‐dynamic‐range (WDR) neurons in the spinal dorsal horn of rats. Extracellular recording was performed with a multibarrelled glass micropipette, and the chemicals were delivered by micro‐iontophoresis. The discharge frequency of WDR neurons was evoked by subcutaneous electrical stimulation applied to the ipsilateral hindpaw. Iontophoretic application of CGRP8‐37 by an ejection current of 160 nA induced significant inhibition of the discharge frequency of WDR neurons. The inhibitory effect of CGRP8‐37 on the activity of WDR neurons was attenuated by later iontophoretic application of the opioid antagonist naloxone. Furthermore, the effect of CGRP8‐37 was attenuated by either iontophoretic application of the kappa‐receptor antagonist nor‐binaltorphimine (nor‐BNI) or the mu‐receptor antagonist β‐funaltrexamine (β‐FNA) but not by the delta‐receptor antagonist naltrindole. The results indicate that kappa‐ and mu‐opioid receptors on the membrane of WDR neurons are involved in the modulation of CGRP8‐37‐induced antinociception in dorsal horn of the spinal cord in rats. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controlled/Living Free‐Radical Polymerization in the Presence of Benzyl 9H‐Carbazole‐9‐Carbodithioate under 60Co γ‐Ray Irradiation
Authors: Hua Daoben , Zhang Jianxia , Bai Ruke , Lu Weiqi , Pan Caiyuan
Published: May 2004

Summary: Free‐radical polymerizations of vinyl monomers under 60Co γ‐ray irradiation in the presence of benzyl 9H‐carbazole‐9‐carbodithioate (BCCDT) have been studied. The polymers obtained were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The results for the polymerization of methyl acrylate show that the molecular weight increases linearly with monomer conversion, that the molecular weight distribution is fairly narrow (even equal to 1.01) and that a linear relationship exists between ln([M]0/[M]) and polymerization time. All the evidence suggests that BCCDT is a good control agent and that the polymerization has excellent living characteristics. For styrene, the polymerization is a controlled process, although it is very slow, whereas the polymerization of methyl methacrylate is uncontrolled. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that dithiocarbamate has been used in γ‐ray initiated living free radical polymerization.

GPC curve of PMA from the polymerization under 60Co γ‐ray irradiation, in the presence of BCCDT.

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GPC curve of PMA from the polymerization under 60Co γ‐ray irradiation, in the presence of BCCDT.
Surface Photografting Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in N,N‐dimethylformamide on Low Density Polyethylene Film
Authors: Yang Peng , Deng Jianyuan , Yang Wantai
Published: May 2004

Summary: It was found that without additional photoinitiator, methyl methacrylate (MMA) dissolved in common solvent N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) could be photografted steadily on low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film surface under UV irradiation. In short irradiation time (4 min) and at room temperature, high grafting efficiency (approaching 100%) and remarkable graft polymer amount (grafting percent is about 4.6%) was obtained. The possible reaction mechanism was based on the photosensitivity of DMF, which induced this photografting polymerization. This finding is useful to develop photoinitiator‐free grafting or photopolymerization system. Using SEM, special discrete globular structure was found on the MMA‐grafted LDPE film surface, and a possible model was proposed to interpret it.

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Nanostructure and Shape Control in Polymer‐Ceramic Hybrids from Poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐Poly(hexyl methacrylate) and Aluminosilicates Derived from Them
Authors: Renker Sabine , Mahajan Surbhi , Babski Diane T. , Schnell Ingo , Jain Anurag , Gutmann Jochen , Zhang Yuangming , Gruner Sol M. , Spiess Hans W. , Wiesner Ulrich
Published: May 2004

Summary: The present study describes the use of poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(hexyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers (PEO‐b‐PHMA) as structure‐directing agents for the synthesis of nanostructured polymer‐inorganic hybrid materials from (3‐glycidylpropyl)trimethoxysilane and aluminium sec‐butoxide as precursors and organic, volatile solvents. Four different morphologies, i.e., inorganic spheres, cylinders, lamellae, and organic cylinders in an inorganic matrix, are obtained confirmed by a combination of small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The composites are further characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and solid‐state 13C, 29Si, and 27Al NMR. It is demonstrated that the change in the hydrophobic block from polyisoprene (PI) to poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) has no significant effect on the local structure of the inorganic rich phase. By the dissolution of the composites rich in poly(hexyl methacrylate), nano‐particles of different shapes, i.e., spheres, cylinders, and lamellae, are obtained as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and TEM. Finally, calcination of composites with the inverse hexagonal structure at elevated temperatures up to 600 °C results in nanostructured aluminosilicates that retain their structure as evidenced through a combination of SAXS and TEM. The study opens pathways towards tailoring filler‐matrix interactions in model nanocomposites and builds the bases for the preparation of composites from multiblock copolymers with polyisoprene (PI), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) as building blocks.

Bright field TEM micrograph of composite T55/1 with inverse hexagonal morphology after calcination.

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Bright field TEM micrograph of composite T55/1 with inverse hexagonal morphology after calcination.
Polyelectrolyte Capsules Modified with YF3 Nanoparticles: An AFM Study
Authors: Dubreuil Frédéric , Shchukin Dmitry G. , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Fery Andreas
Published: May 2004

Summary: We studied changes in the mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte‐multilayer capsules induced by YF3‐nanoparticle formation inside the layers. Using direct‐deformation measurements by colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (AFM), we found that the nanoparticle formation increases the capsule stiffness by one order of magnitude. At the same time, we observed that buckling instabilities of the capsules are suppressed after the nanoparticle modification.

RICM picture of an initial PAH/PSS capsule under high deformation.

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RICM picture of an initial PAH/PSS capsule under high deformation.
Prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy in Yonago, Japan
Authors: Kawashima Mika , Miyake Masahiro , Kusumi Masayoshi , Adachi Yoshiki , Nakashima Kenji
Published: May 2004

There have been few reports of the prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): the present study examines its prevalence in Japan and compares the findings with those in Europe and the United States. The prevalence per 100,000 was 5.82 (men, 9.14; women, 2.75), and the 95% confidence interval was 1.78 to 9.86 (men, 1.82–16.47; women, −1.08–6.65). Our data were comparable to those of studies in Europe and the United States. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Quantitative determination of curcuminoids in Curcuma rhizomes and rapid differentiation of Curcuma domestica Val. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Lechtenberg Matthias , Quandt Bettina , Nahrstedt Adolf
Published: May 2004

The three major curcuminoids, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis‐demethoxycurcumin, from Curcuma domestica Val. (Curcuma longa L.) and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) were fully separated and quantiﬁed in less than 5 min using a capillary zone electrophoresis method with standard fused‐silica capillaries and photodiode array detection. An electrolyte solution of 20 mm phosphate, 50 mm sodium hydroxide and 14 mm β‐cyclodextrin was found to be appropriate. Quantiﬁcation was performed with 3,4‐dimethoxy‐trans‐cinnamic acid as internal standard, and the limit of detection was 0.01 mg/mL. Extraction, stabilisation during sample storage and quantiﬁcation procedures were optimised and carried out with drugs and commercial curry powder from different provenances. The results were compared with the photometric method of the monograph Curcumae xanthorrhizae rhizoma of the European Pharmacopoeia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A direct liquid, non‐equilibrium solid‐phase micro‐extraction application for analysing chemical variation of single peltate trichomes on leaves of Salvia ofﬁcinalis
Authors: Grassi Paolo , Novak Johannes , Steinlesberger Heidi , Franz Chlodwig
Published: May 2004

A non‐equilibrium solid phase micro‐extraction application was tested for the rapid extraction of essential oil from single oil glands of sage and the oil components compared with those determined by solvent extract and distillation. Oil glands were directly ruptured with a polydimethylsiloxane‐coated fused silica ﬁbre and the essential oil was sorbed. Three insertion levels of an individual plant of Salvia ofﬁcinalis involving an immature apical young leaf, an expanding and a fully developed leaf, respectively, were used to determine the applicability of this method. Thirty‐eight components in the oil could be identiﬁed by GC‐MS. The method only showed small semi‐quantitative differences compared with conventional methods. Chemical variation of single oil glands within the immature and premature leaf was higher than within the homogeneous mature leaf. The intermediary, stillexpanding leaf was used to carry out a detailed study of the glands. The basal region of the intermediary leaf contained compounds in high conformity with the young leaf trichomes. The remaining oil glands of this leaf showed inconsistent accumulation patterns. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact results in a non‐supersymmetric gauge theory
Authors: Armoni A. , Shifman M. , Veneziano G.
Published: May 2004

We consider non‐supersymmetric large N orientifold field theories. Specifically, we discuss a gauge theory with a Dirac fermion in the anti‐symmetric tensor representation. We argue that, at large N and in a large part of its bosonic sector, this theory is non‐perturbatively equivalent to 𝒩 = 1 SYM, so that exact results established in the latter (parent) theory also hold in the daughter orientifold theory. In particular, the non‐supersymmetric theory has an exactly calculable bifermion condensate, exactly degenerate parity doublets, and a vanishing cosmological constant (all this to leading order in 1 / N).
Cosmological billiards and oxidation
Authors: de Buyl S. , Henneaux M. , Julia B. , Paulot L.
Published: May 2004

We show how the properties of the cosmological billiards provide useful information (spacetime dimension and p‐form spectrum) on the oxidation endpoint of the oxidation sequence of gravitational theories. We compare this approach to the other available methods: GL(n,R) subgroups and the superalgebras of dualities.
On mirror symmetry with fluxes
Authors: Fidanza S. , Minasian R. , Tomasiello A.
Published: May 2004

We review a proposal for mirror symmetry on general six‐dimensional backgrounds involving manifolds admitting SU(3) structure and NS three‐form flux. The action of twisted covariant derivatives on invariant spinors leads to definition of complexified intrinsic torsion and most of the information about the geometry and the flux is encoded in terms of (real part of) a certain six‐by‐six matrix. Mirror symmetry exchanges the (1,1) and (2,0) components of this matrix.
Strings and branes in plane waves
Authors: Gaberdiel M.R.
Published: May 2004

An overview of string theory in the maximally supersymmetric plane‐wave background is given, and some supersymmetric D‐branes are discussed.
Plane wave matrix theory vs. 𝒩 = 4 D= 4 super Yang‐Mills
Authors: Kim N.
Published: May 2004

A mass deformed, supersymmetric, Yang‐Mills quantum mechanics has been introduced recently as the matrix model of M‐theory on plane‐wave backgrounds. Here we point out that the massive matrix model can be obtained as a dimensional reduction of 𝒩 = 4, D = 4 Super Yang‐Mills theory on S3. The hamiltonian of the matrix model can be matched with the dilatation operator of the conformal field theory, and we discuss how they behave in the perturbative computations.
Noncommutative instantons and solitons
Authors: Lechtenfeld O.
Published: May 2004

I explain how to construct noncommutative BPS configurations in four and lower dimensions by solving linear matrix equations. Examples are solitons in D=2+1 Yang‐Mills‐Higgs, instantons in D=4 Yang‐Mills, monopoles in D=3 Yang‐Mills‐Higgs.
Unified theories from fuzzy extra dimensions
Authors: Aschieri P. , Madore J. , Manousselis P. , Zoupanos G.
Published: May 2004

We combine and exploit ideas from Coset Space Dimensional Reduction (CSDR) methods and Non‐commutative Geometry. We consider the dimensional reduction of gauge theories defined in high dimensions where the compact directions are a fuzzy space (matrix manifold). In the CSDR one assumes that the form of space‐time is MD = M4 × S / R with S / R a homogeneous space. Then a gauge theory with gauge group G defined on MD can be dimensionally reduced to M4 in an elegant way using the symmetries of S / R, in particular the resulting four dimensional gauge is a subgroup of G. In the present work we show that one can apply the CSDR ideas in the case where the compact part of the space‐time is a finite approximation of the homogeneous space S / R, i.e. a fuzzy coset. In particular we study the fuzzy sphere case.
Sorption, mineralization and mobility of N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) in five different types of gravel
Authors: Strange‐Hansen Rikke , Holm Peter E , Jacobsen Ole S , Jacobsen Carsten S
Published: May 2004

Sorption, mineralization and mobility of glyphosate were studied in six substrates: the five types of gravel most frequently used as surfacing in Denmark and a sandy agricultural soil from Simmelkær that served as a reference soil. Cumulative mineralization of [methyl‐14C]glyphosate in batch studies was highest in coarse gravel, amounting to 14% after 4 days at 30 °C and 32% after 31 days. Mineralization was slowest in the sandy reference soil, amounting to only 2% after 31 days. The adsorption coefficient (Kd) of glyphosate in gravel ranged from 62 to 164 litre kg−1, while that in the sandy reference soil was 410 litre kg−1. The results indicate that the relatively low Kd in gravel allows a relatively high rate of glyphosate mineralization by the biomass. When Kd is high, in contrast, mineralization is slow. Lowering the temperature to 10 °C decreased mineralization by 50% in one of two gravels. The leaching of glyphosate was screened in simple columns of gravel or soil in which precipitation events (20 mm over a 2‐h period) were simulated on three occasions, starting either immediately after or 2 days after application of glyphosate. [14C]Glyphosate was applied as a tracer mixed with the commercial product Roundup® Garden at the recommended rate of 2.4 kg glyphosate ha−1, equivalent to 1 µg g−1 soil. The highest concentration of [14C] compounds (expressed in terms of glyphosate concentration) in leachate from the columns exceeded 1300 µg litre−1, and was detected in rounded gravel after the first rain event. No glyphosate was detected in leachate from the sandy reference soil. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Pesticides in surface water runoff in south‐eastern New York State, USA: seasonal and stormflow effects on concentrations
Authors: Phillips Patrick J , Bode Robert W
Published: May 2004

Samples from two streams (Kisco River and the Middle Branch of the Croton River) in the Croton Reservoir system in south‐eastern New York State, USA were sampled from May 2000 through to February 2001 in order to document the effect of land use, streamflow and seasonal patterns of application on pesticide concentrations in runoff from developed watersheds. Many of the pesticides detected most commonly in this study are generally used in developed areas, and particularly on turfgrass. Pesticide concentrations were generally higher, and the numbers of compounds were generally larger, in samples from the Kisco River than in samples from the Middle Branch, probably because the Kisco River drainage has a greater population density and is more extensively developed. Four pesticides (2,4‐D, 2,4‐D‐methyl, dicamba and metalaxyl) were detected in at least one sample from the Kisco River at a concentration >1 µg litre−1, and no pesticides were detected at concentrations >0.4 µg litre−1 in Middle Branch samples. No human‐health‐based water‐quality standards were exceeded by samples from either site in this study, but samples from the Kisco River contained four insecticides (carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and malathion) and one herbicide (2,4‐D) in concentrations that exceeded water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life. The highest concentrations of most compounds occurred during stormflows in both streams in June, September and December, 2000. The lowest concentrations of most compounds at both sites occurred during baseflows from October 2000 through February 2001, even though the concentrations of many compounds increased substantially at the Kisco River site during stormflows in November and December.

Detailed data on the variability of pesticide concentrations during stormflows indicate that there may be two sources of pesticides in the Kisco River watershed: (1) elevated concentrations of pesticides during peak flows that occur early in stormflows likely reflect runoff from paved areas, and (2) elevated concentrations during peak flows that occur later in stormflows from areas with lesser amounts of pavement. Data from the Kisco River indicate that the relation between storm discharge and pesticide concentrations varies among compounds, in part because of variation in seasonal application patterns. These variations in the timing of application result in not all stormflows producing increased concentrations of pesticides. Overall, these results indicate the importance of stormflow sampling throughout the year in assessing pesticide fate and transport in urbanized, developed areas. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and herbicidal activity of new oxazinone herbicides with a long‐lasting herbicidal activity against Echinochloa oryzicola
Authors: Ikeguchi Masahiko , Sawaki Masahiko , Nakayama Hitoshi , Kikugawa Hiroshi , Yoshii Hiroshi
Published: May 2004

Chemical modification of the herbicide 1‐[2‐(benzothiazol‐2‐yl)isopropyl]‐4‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐5H‐pyrrolin‐2‐one (MI‐2826) has revealed a new oxazinone herbicide, 3‐[2‐(7‐chlorobenzothiazol‐2‐yl)isopropyl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐4H‐1,3‐oxazin‐4‐one (MI‐3069), for use in paddy fields. In comparing the phyototoxicity of the two herbicides to transplanted rice, the latter was superior to the former and kept the same predominant characteristic to control Echinochloa oryzicola Vasin for a long period of time owing to its long‐lasting residual effect. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A utopian imagination in migration's terra incognita? acknowledging the non‐economic worlds of migration decision‐making
Authors: Halfacree Keith
Published: May 2004

This paper calls for us to show greater appreciation of the ‘non‐economic’ issues that inform much migration behaviour, balancing rather than replacing work done within the economic tradition. Drawing primarily on material concerned with internal migration within the so‐called developed world, attention is given to the enculturation of both migration theory and research as an entry point to work on this non‐economic dimension. From this springboard, the paper focuses on three lessons that can be learnt from ongoing research into migration ‘beyond’ the economic. Firstly, it notes a danger that this work assumes something of a separate and, arguably, subordinate status to that still being done on the crucial economic dimensions of migration. Secondly, and this time more positively, this non‐economic work challenges the existence of any economic reductionism within our understanding of migration. Thirdly, and most controversially, it is suggested that the non‐economic worlds of migration revealed through a culturally‐aware lens can facilitate the glimpsing of a more utopic imagination, critiquing key elements of our dominant socio‐economic and cultural institutionalised practices. Work on counterurbanisation and gendered tied migration is used to illustrate these three lessons. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of core loss characteristics of 3% SiFe using the laser scribing method
Authors: Ahn Seungjoon , Kim Dae‐Wook , Kim Ho Seob , Baik Kwang‐Hyun , Ahn Seong Joon , Kim CheolGi
Published: May 2004

The core loss of 3% SiFe is strongly dependent on silicon content, impurities, permeability, and domain structure of the SiFe. Domain refining has proved to be a very good method for the reduction of core loss in high‐permeability grain‐oriented SiFe, and laser scribing is well known as an effective and industrially important method of domain refinement. In this work, magnetic domain refinement was carried out using a pulsed and Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser, and the core losses were measured and analysed to find the optimal parameters of the laser treatment. The laser beam was focused with a spot size of 0.2 mm and pulse energy of 15–30 mJ and the lines were scribed with a period of ∼5 mm. The core loss was improved by up to 18% in 3% SiFe using this method, and the loss was relatively insensitive to the optical energy of the Q‐switched pulse. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Brillouin light scattering characterizations in thin cobalt films: temperature dependence
Authors: Kim Jung Gi , Han Kyung Hunn , Cho Jae Hun , Lee Sukmock
Published: May 2004

The magnetic and elastic properties of cobalt films with a thickness of 60 nm, prepared by dc magnetron sputtering and deposited at different deposition temperatures, were studied using Brillouin light scattering and a vibrating sample magnetometer. The coercivity was a minimum at about 5 Oe, for a deposition temperature of 80 °C. The full width of the spin wave mode for a deposition temperature of 80 °C was also smaller than any of those for different deposition temperatures. The spin wave stiffness constant D and the elastic constant c44 increased as the deposition temperature increased. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crossroads electronic structure of MnS, MnSe, and MnTe
Authors: Youn S. J. , Min B. I. , Freeman A. J.
Published: May 2004

By using the LDA + U method, we have investigated the electronic structure of MnBVI (BVI = S, Se, Te)–which are end‐point materials for wide gap semiconductors, A1−xIIMnxBVI (AII = Zn, Cd, Hg)–using parameters calculated by the so callled solid atom method. All these MnBVI compoounds have semiconducting electronic structure in the antiferromagnetic phase. The character of each energy gap is on the cossroads between charge transfer type insulators and band insulators. The LDA + U method yields enhanced energy gaps and magnetic moments, as compared to those of the LDA calculation in agreement with experimental values. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic properties and Hall effect of CoZrGd films
Authors: Shin D. H. , Kim H. J. , Ranno L. , Suran G.
Published: May 2004

The Hall properties of amorphous CoZrGd films (2 at% < Gd < 30 at%) were compared with their magnetic properties, since the temperature dependence of the saturation magnetization is easily controlled by changing the Co and Gd composition ratio. By considering the sub‐lattice magnetizations MGd and MCo, the calculated spontaneous Hall resistivity (ρH) increases slightly from 1.8 × 10−12 W m/G to 3 × 10−12 W m/G as the Gd concentration increased. It is revealed that almost all of the electron scattering originates from skew scattering. An anomalous over‐fluctuation of ρH most marked around the compensation temperature is also reported. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High frequency tunable LC devices with ferroelectric/ferromagnetic thin film heterostructure
Authors: Yun Eui‐Jung , Cheon Chae Il
Published: May 2004

Heterostructure tunable LC devices utilizing ferroelectric BST((Ba,Sr)TiO3) and ferromagnetic LSMO((La,Sr)MnO3) thin films were developed. Both LSMO and BST thin films were prepared by chemical solution deposition. New heterostructure tunable devices, which were composed of MIM‐type ferroelectric C and spiral‐type ferromagnetic L, were fabricated as the following order: ferromagnetic LSMO thin films were deposited on SiO2/Si substrate and platinum was deposited as a diffusion barrier and ferroelectric BST thin films were deposited and spiral‐type metal (Pt/Ti) coils were patterned using lift‐off process. The heterostructure tunable device showed large C–V tunability, 58% and also L–V tunability, 11.5% in voltage ranges of –10 V to +10 V. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neutron‐scattering investigation of Co‐ and Fe‐based amorphous alloys
Authors: Dokukin E. B. , Beskrovnyi A. I. , Kuklin A. I. , Kovalev Yu. S. , Dokukin M. E. , Perov N. S. , Kim Chong‐Oh , Kim CheolGi
Published: May 2004

Amorphous magnetic metallic Co66Fe4B15Si15 and Fe76.8Ni1.2B13.2Si8.8 alloys were investigated with a time‐of‐flight small‐angle‐scattering spectrometer. Also, a structural factor and a total pair correlation function for the amorphous magnetic metallic alloy Co66Fe4Si15B15 were obtained using the‐neutron diffraction method. It was found that cryogenic treatment of the samples (during some hours of conditioning at liquid‐nitrogen temperature) affected only the short‐range order up to ∼1.5 nm, although low‐temperature annealing at temperatures lower than 670 K leads to structural changes at distances larger than 30 nm. The short‐range‐order change is explained in the framework of structural relaxation. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coercivity variations at the top and bottom NiFe layers in NiFe/FeMn/NiFe trilayers
Authors: Sankaranarayanan V. K. , Yoon Sang‐Min , Kim CheolGi , Kim Chong‐Oh , Lee Heebok
Published: May 2004

Coercivity variations in the NiFe/FeMn/NiFe trilayer are investigated when the thickness of the bottom and top NiFe layers is increased systematically from 2 nm to 20 nm. The trilayer shows two hysteresis loops corresponding to the two NiFe layers. When the thickness of the bottom seed NiFe layer is increased from 2 nm, after initial high values around 20–30 Oe in the 2–4 nm thickness range, the coercivity of both the loops fall steadily till 10 nm thickness. Thereafter the coercivity for the top NiFe layer shows a sharp increase in the 10–20 nm thickness range. In the case of top NiFe layer thickness variation, the peak in coercivity is observed in the 2–5 nm thickness range. For NiFe thickness of 2 nm in the case of top NiFe thickness variation, and above 10 nm thickness for seed NiFe layer thickness variation, unusually large coercivities are observed. We find that the top NiFe which forms the pinned layer shows greater coercivity in the case of both the top and bottom NiFe thickness variations. Coercivity variations are discussed on the basis of different populations of AFM (antiferromagnet) domains with differing anisotropy energy at the two NiFe/FeMn interfaces. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The resonant motion of the impedance and the FMR spectra in irradiated low alloy steel
Authors: Park Seung Sik , Choi Y. H. , Kim C. O.
Published: May 2004

High energy neutron radiation causes the embrittlement of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) materials. Magnetic parameter changes were measured by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and impedance spectroscopy for steel surveillance specimens of a Mn–Mo–Ni low alloy high copper weld which were irradiated for 5.08 and 15.49 effective full power years in a commercial light water reactor (LWR), respectively. Their dose levels were in the range of 1.23 × 1019 to 3.94 × 1019 n/cm2. The resonance field of FMR signal increased as the neutron dose is increased. Linewidth (ΔH) increased predominantly in the neutron irradiation. In the complex susceptibility spectra, the initial permeability decreased and the relaxation frequency of the permeability μ″ shifted to higher frequencies with an increase of the dose levels. Both magnetic methods show consistent results with each other for the assessment of radiation embrittlement. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of the perpendicular component of write field on longitudinal magnetic recording
Authors: Kim K. S. , Lee C. E. , Lim S. H.
Published: May 2004

A micromagnetic simulation is carried out to examine the influence of the perpendicular component of the write field (Hz) on the longitudinal magnetic recording with the use of a write field relevant to a planar‐type head. The four different types of Hz with varying intensities are considered. Write bit patterns vary greatly depending on the magnitude of the perpendicular component and a smaller write field is required in the presence of a stronger perpendicular field component. These can be well explained by a significant reduction of the coercivity in the presence of the perpendicular field component. The present results emphasize that the perpendicular component of the write field has to be considered in the recording process in general and in the determination of optimum write field in particular. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The change of magnetic relaxation in neutron irradiated Ni–Cr–Mo steel
Authors: Park D. G. , Park Seung‐Sik , Chang Kee‐Ok , Hong Jun‐Hwa
Published: May 2004

The change of the hysteresis loop and the permeability spectra due to neutron irradiation was investigated on broken Charpy specimens of A508 Class 2 pressure vessel steel weldments which were exposed to irradiation levels of 1.23 × 1019 n/cm2 and 3.94 × 1019 n/cm2. The saturation magnetization slightly decreased, but the coercivity increased by 16% in the 3.94 × 1019 n/cm2 irradiated sample. The permeability decreases with neutron dose, while the relaxation frequency increases. The behavior of permeability spectra due to neutron irradiation was explained by the equation of the damped harmonic motions. These results can be interpreted on the basis of a variation of the extent of domain wall pinning, as manifested in changes in the spring constant α, increasing with neutron dose. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adiabatic polaron transport in La0.9Pb0.1MnO3 manganites
Authors: Ulyanov A. N. , Quang H. D. , Vasundhara M. , Nguyen C. , Yu S. C.
Published: May 2004

A study of single‐phase La0.9Pb0.1MnO3 compositions is presented. The temperature dependence of the EPR line intensity and resistivity evidence a spin–lattice interaction in the paramagnetic region near the Curie point. In the high temperature region a spin–spin interaction is dominant. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cardinalities of reciprocal graphs
Authors: Mandal Bholanath , Banerjee Manas , Mukherjee Asok K.
Published: May 2004

Cardinalities of three classes of the recently investigated reciprocal graphs, viz. Ln + n(p), Cn + n(p), and K1,n−1 + n(p) have been shown to be given by two recurrence relations for the first two types and by an analytical formula for the third type. Application of these relations to calculate bond orders of some conjugated molecules has been shown. In the case of Cn + n(p) and Ln + n(p), both topological bond orders (TBO) and Hückel bond orders remain nearly independent of n. This has been explained by deriving expressions for TBOs in the form of continued fractions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Anharmonicity of a molecular oscillator
Authors: Komorowski Ludwik , Ordon Piotr
Published: May 2004

The phenomenon of anharmonicity has been proved to be an effect of coupling between the change of nuclear positions in molecular vibrations (Q) and the electronic degrees of freedom as represented by the chemical potential (μ) at constant number of electrons (N). The coupling parameters have well‐founded meaning in the conceptual density functional theory (DFT), first approximations to their numerical values have recently become available. The effect of coupling between normal vibrational modes also appears to be the direct consequence of the electron‐nuclear coupling. To show the pure anharmonic effect, calculations for a collection of diatomic molecules have been presented. The anharmonicity, described in the present work as d3E/dQ3 ≠ 0, has been proved to be the intrinsic property of every oscillating molecular system. A small anharmonic contribution exists even for the “strong harmonic” oscillator, when for the force constant k both a = (∂k/∂Q)N = 0 and λ = (∂k/∂N)Q = 0. The latter derivative of the force constant appears to be primary factor determining the anharmonic property of a molecule. An estimate of its values has been provided from the experimental data on the anharmonicity of diatomic molecules. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
“Everything comes to an end”: An intuitive rule in physics and mathematics
Authors: Yair Yifat , Yair Yoav
Published: May 2004

The present research deals with the perception of matter in young children, inquiring if it is perceived as discrete or continuous. It investigates the existence of the intuitive rule “everything can be divided in two” in elementary school children (K‐6) by using questions on the subdivision of mathematical and material objects. In addition, we included questions for studying students' conceptions of the particulate nature of matter, such as drawing of objects seen through “magic glasses” or describing the process of dissolving of sugar in water.

The results show that an intuitive rule exists in elementary school children: “everything comes to an end,” meaning that subdivisions must eventually cease. This newly found rule seems to be less frequent as the children mature, parallel to an increase in the appearance of the intuitive rule “everything can be divided in two” and the emergence of the discrete concept of matter. An agglomeration of intuitive rules such as these can probably form the infrastructure for early explanatory frameworks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 88:594–609, 2004
PET evaluation of novel radiofluorinated reboxetine analogs as norepinephrine transporter probes in the monkey brain
Authors: Schou Magnus , Halldin Christer , Sóvágó Judit , Pike Victor W. , Hall Håkan , Gulyás Balázs , Mozley P. David , Dobson David , Shchukin E. , Innis Robert B. , Farde Lars
Published: May 2004

(S,S)‐2‐(α‐(2‐Fluoromethoxyphenoxy)benzyl)morpholine ((S,S)‐FMeNER) was found to be a selective high‐affinity ligand for the norepinephrine transporter (NET). (S,S)‐FMeNER) was labeled with fluorine‐18 (t1/2 = 109.8 min) by O‐fluoromethylation of desfluoromethoxy‐(S,S)‐FMeNER with [18F]bromofluoromethane. An analog, di‐deuterated in the fluoromethoxy group ((S,S)‐FMeNER‐D2), was similarly labeled with di‐deutero‐[18F]bromofluoromethane. These two new radioligands were obtained in radiochemical purities greater than 98% and with specific radioactivities ranging from 111–185 GBq/μmol at the end of synthesis (75 min). After intravenous injection of (S,S)‐[18F]FMeNER into cynomolgus monkey, PET examination with the head in the field of view revealed skull‐bound radioactivity, contaminating images of the brain, and indicated fast defluorination of the radioligand. Defluorination was much reduced in similar PET experiments with (S,S)‐[18F]FMeNER‐D2. Ratios of radioactivity in the lower brainstem, mesencephalon, thalamus, and temporal cortex to striatum obtained with (S,S)‐[18F]FMeNER‐D2 at 160 min after i.v. injection were 1.5, 1.6, 1.3, and 1.5, respectively. In another PET experiment, pretreatment of the monkey with the selective NET inhibitor, desipramine, decreased the radioactivity ratios in all examined regions to near unity (e.g., to a ratio of 1.03 in mesencephalon). Labeled metabolites of (S,S)‐[18F]FMeNER‐D2 or (S,S)‐[18F]FMeNER found in plasma were all more polar than the parent radioligand. In vitro autoradiography of (S,S)‐[18F]FMeNER‐D2 on post‐mortem human brain cryosections furthermore showed specific binding to NET in the locus coeruleus and thalamus. (S,S)‐[18F]FMeNER‐D2 is the first useful radiofluorinated ligand for imaging brain NET in monkey in vivo and is superior to (S,S)‐[11C]MeNER because a specific binding peak equilibrium is obtained during the PET experiment at a lower noise level. Synapse 53:57–67, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of parental and peer support in adolescents well‐being: a comparison of adolescents with and without a visual impairment
Authors: Kef Sabina , Deković Maja
Published: May 2004

In the present study we examined the importance of parental and peer support for well‐being of adolescents with and without a visual impairment. The sample included 178 adolescents who are blind or visually impaired and 338 adolescents without visual impairments. Peer and parental support proved to be important for well‐being of both adolescents with a visual impairment and sighted adolescents. Whereas in the group of adolescents with a visual impairment, a positive linear relationship exists between peer support and well‐being, in the group of adolescents without an impairment well‐being appears not be affected by peer support. Parental support is more strongly related to well‐being of adolescents without impairments than of adolescents who are blind or visually impaired.
Cardiogenic shock shortly after initial success of cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Kanhai S.M. , Viergever E.P. , Bax J.J.
Published: May 2004

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) has been shown to improve symptoms, exercise capacity and left ventricular function, as well as a reduction in morbidity/mortality in heart failure patients. Failures following initial success of this treatment are mostly related to lead dislodgement. Another entirely different reason is presented in this case study.
Nasal Ciliary Beat After Insertion of Septo‐Valvular Splints
Authors: Piatti G. , Scotti A. , Ambrosetti U.
Published: May 2004

OBJECTIVE

At present, endonasal paraseptal splints are devices frequently employed in rhinosurgery. We evaluated the local tolerance of a newly shaped device, the Guastella/Mantovani splint (G/M‐SVS), with respect to the physiological mechanism of mucociliary clearance.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

The study involved 20 patients who underwent septoplasty and/or turbinoplasty or other nasal surgical procedures. A sample of ciliated cells was obtained by nasal brushing and was examined ex vivo to determine the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and morphology, before and 15 days after surgery.

RESULTS

Before surgery the mean CBF was 10.87 Hz ± 0.56 Hz and when splints were removed it was 10.25 Hz ± 1.9 Hz. Morphological evaluation of the ciliary motion after surgery demonstrated a normal, coordinated beat.

CONCLUSIONS

The G/M‐SVS does not appear to interfere with the physiological mechanism of mucociliary clearance since CBF remain within a normal range.

SIGNIFICANCE

This is the first study that demonstrates an optimal tolerability and safety of the septo‐valvular splints on nasal mucosa. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:558‐62.)
Acute Airway Distress from Endotracheal Intubation Injury in the Pediatric Aerodigestive Tract
Authors: Peña Maria T. , Aujla Pawandeep K. , Choi Sukgi S. , Zalzal George H.
Published: May 2004

OBJECTIVES

Two unusual cases of pediatric aerodigestive tract trauma postintubation with subsequent complications are described. Pediatric retropharyngeal dissection from trauma has not been reported previously.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective chart review in a pediatric tertiary care center.

RESULTS

A 6‐year‐old girl underwent attempted nasotracheal intubation. She sustained retropharyngeal dissection, receiving positive pressure ventilation before this injury was noted. She developed subcutaneous emphysema. The child was managed conservatively and did well. An 8‐year‐old boy sustained a 4‐cm laceration of his posterior trachea, developing pneumomediastinum after intubation. On transfer to our institution, he underwent direct laryngobronchoscopy and was reintubated with the tip of the endotracheal tube distal to the laceration. Postoperatively, the child accidentally pulled his tube and coughed, resulting in severe subcutaneous emphysema with increased pneumomediastinum. An emergent tracheotomy was performed. The patient subsequently did well.

CONCLUSION

A higher index of suspicion with more careful surveillance may prevent further morbidity.
Political institutions and developmental governance in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Alence Rod
Published: May 2004

This article addresses the question of whether, or under what conditions, democratic institutions contribute to ‘developmental governance’ in sub-Saharan Africa, in forms such as coherent policy formulation, effective public administration, and limited corruption. While few dispute the desirability for Africa of democracy and good governance in theory, many remain sceptical about whether the two necessarily go together in practice. Using a simple framework informed by the new institutional economics, I analyse the impact of political institutions on governance quality in a sample of 38 sub-Saharan African countries. The main finding is that a combination of democratic contestation and institutional restraints on governments' discretionary authority substantially improves developmental governance. Judged against liberal democratic ideals, Africa's emerging democracies have many shortcomings. Yet the article shows that democratic institutions systematically enhance African states' performance as agents of development.
The Canticle of the Heavenly Host (Luke 2.14) in History and Culture
Authors: OLSSON BIRGER
Published: May 2004

The angels still do not know how to sing during Christmas night. Some have three lines in Luke 2.14, others only two. Some have good liturgical hymns in their textbooks, others must use bad prose versions. This article reconstructs a Hebrew version with its focus on the righteous remnant of Israel, the Anawim in Jerusalem who saw Jesus as the beginning of the restoration of Israel, and goes on to analyse the original and the liturgical versions in Greek, different Latin translations and renderings into Syriac and Coptic. Finally it gives some later interpretations of the canticle in literature, art and music. There are good reasons to include much more of reception history into the NT discipline.
Scenes and Details in the Gospels: Concrete Reading and Three Alternatives
Authors: WIARDA TIMOTHY
Published: May 2004

An approach to Gospel narratives that treats them as realistically depicted stories and emphasises the way their details function within the time-of-Jesus scenes they portray yields substantial exegetical results. Alternative approaches such as allegorical reading, focus on theological words, and the pursuit of intra-Gospel allusions sometimes stand in tension with this kind of concrete reading, and can distract interpreters from attending to surface-level scenes and details. The value of concrete reading and the effects of alternative approaches may be seen through examining several texts: the Nicodemus narratives of John; Mark 8.22–6; John 1.35–9; Mark 14.38; and John 21.15–17.