bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between inbreeding and sex‐hormone concentration in rats under stress. I. The effect of various inbreeding levels on pituitary sex‐hormone concentrations in two types of stress
Authors: Kosowska B. , Zdrojewicz Z.
Published: February 2011

Pituitary‐sex‐hormone concentration effects on increased inbreeding, sex, stress, and type of line were examined. The effects of inbreeding (0% inbred — control group; 50% and 91% inbred — experimental groups) on gonadotropin serum concentration were studied in two lines and in their cross: 1. Wistar albino Ipf: RIZ outbred stock (B); 2. Wild Norway rats (D); 3. The hybrids between rats of lines 1 and 2 (D × B). Both males and females were exposed to ether anaesthesia (subcontrol groups), and physical stress (subexperimental groups) involving 24 h starvation followed by 3 h swimming. A significant relationship between the inbreeding level and concentration of all investigated hormones was found. The concentration of all hormones showed a significant (p < 0.01) linear decrease with increasing homozygosity. The negative effect of physical stress on gonadotrophin concentrations was significant in all lines (p < 0.01). Sex significantly (p < 0.01) influenced follicle stimulating hormone (in D × B lines), luteinizing hormone (in D × B line), and prolactin (in all lines) concentration in serum. The effects of numerous significant interactions between sources of variation (inbreeding, sex, stress, line) and pituitary sex hormone concentration were found.

Inzucht und Geschlechtskonzentration in Ratten bei Streß. I. Die Wirkung von Inzucht auf Konzentration von Hypophysenvorderlappen Hormone bei zweierlei Streß

Die Wirkung von Inzucht (0, 50, 90%), Geschlecht und Streß auf die Serumkonzentration von LH, FSH und Prolaktin wurde an: 1. Einen Wistar Albin Ipf: RIZ Auszuchtrattenstamm (b); 2. Wilden Ratten (D); 3. Kreuzungen (B × D) zwischen ihnen untersucht. Männliche und weibliche Tiere unterschiedlicher Inzucht wurden Streß durch Äther Anästhesie (Subkontroll Gruppe) und durch physische Belastung (subexperimentelle Gruppe) durch 24 Stunden Hunger gefolgt von 3 Stunden Schwimmen ausgeseizt. Inzucht verursachte signifikante (p < 0.01) lineare Konzentrationsverminderung in allen Linien; Geschlecht beeinflußte signifikant (p < 0.01) FSH in D und D × B, LH in D × B und Prolaktin in allen Gruppen. Einfluß zahlreicher Interaktionen zwischen Variationsursachen waren vorhanden.
Genetic effects on fatty‐acid composition of egg yolk
Authors: Zaky H. , Eichinger H. , Pirchner F.
Published: February 2011

Fatty acid (FA) composition was analysed in unincubated eggs of 200 hens. The birds were either from lines (RIR, line 33, SS, line 44) and crosses where feed efficiency of egg‐mass production had been improved over eight to nine generations of reciprocal recurrent selection, or from a control population. The somewhat more efficient line 33 had less saturated FA (SAT FA), but a higher ratio for PUFA (polyunsaturated FA)/SAT. Selection decreased SAT FA but increased PUPA/SAT, and heterosis acted in the same direction. Thus it appears that modern poultry breeding affects egg composition in a dietary desirable direction.

Genetische Wirkungen auf Fettsäurezusammensetzung in Eidotter

Fettsäurezusammensetzung (FA) wurde analysiert von nicht inkubierten Eiern von 200 Hennen. Diese waren von Reinzucht‐ und Kreuzungsherkünften, die über 8–9 Generationen auf Eimassefutterverwertung durch RRS bearbeitet worden waren, sowie von deren Kontrollgruppen.

Die etwas effizienteren Rhode Island Red (Linie 33) hatten etwas geringeren Gehalt an gesättigten FA (SA) und ein höheres Verhältnis PUFA (mehrfach ungesättigte FA)/SAT. Selektion verringerte SAT und steigerte PUFA/SAT, heterosis wirkte in dieselbe Richtung. Es scheint daher, daß die moderene Legehennenzüchtung die Eierzusammensetzung in dietätisch günstiger Richtung verändert.
Expression of the growth hormone gene during embryonic and posthatch development of the chicken
Authors: Grossmann R. , Mühlbauer E. , Reiprich K. , Josza R.
Published: February 2011

Growth hormone (GH) gene expression was investigated in both sexes of two strains –‐ a laying‐ and a broiler‐type –‐ of chicken during embryonic (beginning from day 4 of incubation, E4) and posthatch (up to day 56, D56) development using the in situ hybridization technique and Northern blot analysis. GH mRNA was first detected within the primordial pituitary at E7. After E14 consistent and strong signals were observed in all specimens with a progressive increase between E14 and D7. Obvious differences between broiler and layer strains were observed during embryonal life, with higher levels of GH gene expression in broiler‐type compared to laying‐type chicken. During posthatch development sex differences were detectable in all age groups of broilers, with higher levels in males throughout. While signal intensities decreased remarkably after D28 in the broiler strain, the laying‐type animals seemed to express GH mRNA more continuously, reaching the highest amount of GH transcript at D56 which was the oldest stage investigated in this study.

Expression des Wachstumshormongens beim Huhn während der embryonalen und postnatalen Entwicklung

In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurden männliche und weibliche Tiere einer Leghorn‐ bzw. Broilerhybridlinie verwendet, um die Genexpression von Wachstumshormon (GH) während der embryonalen (beginnend von Tag 4 der Bebrütung, E4) und frühen postnatalen (bis zum Tag 56, D56) Entwicklung mittels in situ Hybridisierungstechnik und Northern Blot Analyse zu verfolgen. GH mRNA in der Adenohypophyse konnte erstmalig bei E7 nachgewiesen werden. Ab E14 war ein starkes Signal bei allen Tieren sichtbar mit deutlicher Zunahme zwischen E14 und D7. Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Hybridlinien bestanden während der Embryonalentwicklung: Broilerembryonen wiesen deutlich mehr GH mRNA auf als die Legetiere. Während der postnatalen Untersuchungsperiode war ein Geschlechtsunterschied bei den Broilern nachzuweisen, wobei die männlichen Tiere die höheren GH mRNA‐Werte zeigten. Auch im Muster der Genexpression gab es Unterschiede zwischen Broilern und Legetieren: Broiler erreichen maximale GH mRNA‐Konzentationen an D28, die dann bis D56 stark abfallen, während bei Legetieren ein kontinuierlicher Anstieg der GH Genexpression zu verzeichnen ist mit höchsten GH mRNA‐Konzentration am Ende der Untersuchungsperiode (D56).
Isolation of the bovine uridine monophosphate synthase gene to identify the molecular basis of DUMPS in cattle
Authors: Harlizius B. , Schöber S. , Tammenm I. , Simon D.
Published: February 2011

To detect the mutation causing the autosomal recessive defect DUMPS (Deficieny of Uridine Mono‐Phosphate Synthase) in cattle, the cDNA encoding bovine UMPS was isolated and sequenced. In heterozygous DUMPS carriers, a point mutation was identified introducing a premature stop codon. The DNA test was distributed to 15 laboratories in 12 countries upon request. The homozygous lethal genotype was detected with a modified DNA test among in vitro produced embryos. The gene covers more than 25 kb with 6 exons and 5 introns. Exon 3 is 672 bp long and may indicate the loss of an intron during evolution. The gene encoding bovine UMPS has been assigned to chromosome lq31 by in situ hybridisation and was mapped genetically using a TaqI‐RFLP. An SSCP was detected in the area surrounding the connector peptide and is useful as a marker for linkage studies.

Isolierung des borinen Uridinmonophosphat‐Synthase‐Gens zur Aufklärung der molekularen Ursache für DUMPS beim Rind

Für den monogen rezessiven Letalfaktor DUMPS (Defizienz der Uridinmonophosphat‐Synthase) beim Rind wurde ein DNA‐Test zum direkten Nachweis des Defektallels entwickelt. Nach Isolierung und Sequenzierung der bovinen UMPS‐cDNA wurde bei heterozygoten DUMPS‐Trägern eine Punktmutation identifiziert, die zum vorzeitigen Abbruch der Proteinsynthese führt. Der DNA‐Test wurde an 15 Labors in 12 Ländern auf Anfrage übermittelt. Mit einem modifizierten DNA‐Test wurde der homozygot letale Genotyp an in‐viro‐produzierten Embryonen nachgewiesen. Das UMPS‐Gen umfaßt mehr als 25 kB mit 6 Exons und 5 Introns. Exon 3 weist durch seine Länge von 672 bp auf einen Intronverlust während der Evolution hin. Das bovine UMPS‐Gen wurde genetisch über einen TaqI‐RFLP und cytogenetisch auf Chromosom 1q31 kartiert. Im Bereich des Konnektorpeptids konnte ein SSCP identifiziert werden, womit ein über PCR typisierbarer Marker für Kopplungsanalysen zur Verfügung steht.
A comparative mapping approach to the pig genome
Authors: Rettenberger G. , Bruch J. , Hameister H.
Published: February 2011

During these studies an informative somatic cell hybrid mapping panel for the pig genome was established. Over all 93 structural gene loci and porcine specific polymorphic STS markers were assigned to chromosomes by use of this panel. To facilitate the transfer of mapping information from human to pig a ZOO‐FISH analysis with human chromosome specific DNA libraries as hybridization probes was performed. The whole pig karyotype is made up by 48 segments which show homology of synteny with human chromosomes. For certain loci further refinement of localization was obtained by direct FISH localization of locus‐specific DNA probes.

Vergleichende Genomanalyse heim Schwein

Es wurde eine informative Zusammenstellung von somatischen Zellhybriden des Schweines erstellt. Insgesamt wurden mit Hilfe dieser Zellhybride 93 Strukturgenloci und polymorphe STS‐Loci chromosomal zugeordnet. Um die Übertragung der Genkartierungsinformationen vom Menschen zum Schwein zu vereinfachen und zu beschleunigen, wurden im Karyotyp des Schweines die Segmente sichtbar gemacht, die homologue zu den einzelnen menschlichen Chromosomen sind. Der gesamte Karyotyp mit seinen 20 Chromosomen wird aus 48 zum Menschen homologen Segmenten aufgebaut. Das bedeutet eine dreifach höhere Konservierung der Genanordnung als zwischen Mensch und Maus bestimmt. für eine Anzahl von Loci wurde eine weitere Feinkartierung mit locusspezifischen YAC‐DNA‐Proben durch FISH‐Anaylse erreicht.
Influence of various levels of acetate and glucose on the in vitro biosynthesis of lipids from 2‐14C‐acetate and U‐14C‐glucose by buffalo mammary gland slices
Authors: Saxena A. K. , Bhatia I. S. , Ahuja S. P.
Published: February 2011

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß verschiedener Acetat‐ und Glucose‐Konzentrationen auf die In‐vitro‐Synthese von Lipiden durch das Büffeleuter mit Hilfe von 214C‐Acetat und U14C‐Glucose

Unter In‐vitro‐Bedingungen baut das Büffeleuter 214C‐Acetat stärker in Fettsäuren und Cholesterin ein. U14C‐Glucose wird dagegen zur Synthese von α‐Glycerin und Fettsäuren genutzt, woraus Glycerolipide synthetisiert werden. U14C‐Glucose wird zu einem größeren Teil genutzt als 214C‐Acetat. Die Gegenwart von Glucose (5 mM) mit U14C‐Glucose verstärkt den radioaktiven Kohlenstoffeinbau in Phospholipide und in α‐Glycerin. In Gegenwart von Acetat (24 mM) wird 214C‐Acetat verstärkt in Cholesterin und gleichzeitig in Fettsäuren eingebaut, dagegen führt Acetat (6 mM und 24 mM) + Glucose (5 mM) zum Einbau von radioaktivem Kohlenstoff in Cholesterin ohne gleichzeitigen Einbau in Fettsäuren. Das Fehlen von Radioaktivität in Monoglyceriden und die Anwesenheit von 14C‐Aktivität in Di‐ und Triglyceriden sowie Phospholipiden deutet darauf hin, daß nur der α‐Glycerin‐Phosphat‐Weg zur Biosynthese der Glycerolipide beschritten wird.
Zur Absorbierbarkeit von Zink aus unterschiedlichen Verbindungen
Authors: Weigand E. , Kirchgessner M.
Published: February 2011

In einem 15 tägigen Versuch crhielten vier Gruppen von je acht jungen Ratten bei Einzelhaltung in Stoffwechselkäfigen eine halbsynthetische Diät, die einen Basisgehalt von 1,5 ppm Zn in der Trockensubstanz hatte und bei alien Gruppen bis zum dritten Tag und bei Gruppe I nach dem dritten Tag mit Zn‐Chlorid (insgesamt 11,0 ppm Zn in der Diät), bei Gruppe II mit Zn‐Fumarat (13,1 ppm), bei Gruppe III mit Zn‐L‐Histidin (13,5 ppm) und bei Gruppe IV mit Zn‐Phytat (14,1 ppm) ergänzt war. Scheinbare und wahre Zn‐Absorption wurden entsprechend einer erprobten Isotopenverdünnungsmethode vom 9. bis zum 15.

Tag nach der 65Zn‐Injektion bestimmt.

Im Mittel waren die vier Zn‐Gruppen in der Wachstumsrate, Futteraufnahme und Futterverwertung eng miteinander vergleichbar. Die wahre Zn‐Absorption betrug in den vier Gruppen durchschnittlich 94 bis 95 % der Aufnahme. Damit erwies sich das Zink aus den vier zugelegten Verbindungen als gleich hoch absorbierbar. Dieser Befund wird in Zusammenhang mit Faktoren von Einfluß auf Element‐Ligand‐Wechsel‐wirkungen unter den Verhältnissen im Verdauungstrakt diskutiert. Auf Grund der divergierenden Diät‐Zn‐Gehalte absorbierten die Ratten in den Gruppen II, III und IV im Mittel täglich etwa 20, 30 bzw. 40 μg mehr an Zink als in der Gruppe I (129 μg/Tag). Da die Tiere der Gruppen II bis IV auch mehr endogenes Zink ausschieden, waren die Gruppenunterschiede bei den scheinbar absorbierten Zn‐Mengen entsprechend geringer. In Prozent der Aufnahme war die mittlere scheinbare Zn‐Absorption in Gruppe I mit 87 % um vier bis sechs Prozenteinheiten höher als in den anderen Gruppen. Die Unterschiede in der endogenen Zn‐Exkretion werden mit der homöostatischen Regulation der Verwertung des absorbierten Zinks erklärt.
Whole Wheat Feeding Systems for the Turkey Including Free‐Choice
Authors: Cowan P. J. , Michie W.
Published: February 2011

Choice‐Feeding bei der Pute mit ganzem Weizen

Vier verschiedene Fütterungssysteme mit ganzem Weizen wurden im Vergleich zu Alleinfutter bei wachsenden, weiblichen Puten im Alter von 57—127 Tagen unter‐sucht.

Erhielten die Puten ungemahlenen Weizen zur freien Aufnahme zu einem proteinreichen pelletierten Futter (262 g Rohprotein/kg Futter) bestand 47 % des aufgenommenen Futters aus Weizen. Puten, die das gleiche Futter bis zum 78.

Lebenstag in festgelegten Relationen erhielten und dann die Komponenten wieder zur freien Wahl hatten, verzehrten 51 % des aufgenommenen Futters als Weizen und zeigten optimales Wachstum.

Wurden die gleichen Fütterungssysteme mit gemahlenem Eiweißkonzentrat und ungeschrotetem Weizen durchgeführt, zeigten die Tiere bei Versuchsende ein gerin‐geres Körpergewicht.
Untersuchungen an wachsenden Lämmern über den Energieansatz bei Fütterung von Mischfutter mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen von NaOH‐behandeltem Stroh1
Authors: Pfeffer E. , Becker K. , Prigge H. , Soller H.
Published: February 2011

Pelletiertes Mischfutter, das 0, 20 oder 40 % laugebehandeltes Stroh im Austausch gegen Weizenstärke bzw. Gerste enthielt, wurde im Verhältnis 8: 1 mit gehäckseltem Heu an wachsende Lämmer einer anfänglichen Lebendmasse von 20 kg gefüttert. In je fünf Gruppen aus 4 männlichen Lämmern betrug die täglich angebotene Futtermenge 60 oder 90 g je kg ¾. Eine elfte Gruppe erhielt Heu und Grundbestandteile der Futtermischung entsprechend den Gruppen mit der höheren Fütterungsintensitat. Die mittleren Zunahmen an Lebendmasse lagen zwischen 87 und 242 g pro Tag, der Aufwand an Futter‐Trockensubstanz je kg Zu‐nahme lag zwischen 4,2 und 6,9 kg. Mit steigendem Strohanteil in der Mischung fiel die Ver‐daulichkeit der Energie.

Aus Ganzkörperanalysen einer zu Beginn des Versuchs getöteten repräsentativen “0”‐Gruppe einerseits und der Versuchstiere bei Ende des Versuchs andererseits wurde die Energie‐Retention errechnet. Die Regression zwischen Energie‐Retention und Aufnahme an verdaulicher Energie ergab einen Wirkungsgrad der verdaulichen Energie für Ansatz von 31%. Extrapolation auf eine ausgeglichene Energie‐Bilanz ergab einen Erhaltungsbedarf an verdaulicher Energie von 420 kJ je kg ¾ täglich. Die Anteile von Fett bzw. Protein an der retinierten Energie waren innerhalb der beobachteten Retentionshöhe nahezu konstant.
Untersuchungen zum energetischen Erhaltungsbedarf von Sauen
Authors: Müller H. L. , Kirchgessner M.
Published: February 2011

Zur Bestimmung des energetischen Erhaltungsbedarfs von Sauen (Deutsche Landrasse) wurden zwei Respirationsversuche mit insgesamt 34 vollständigen Energiebilanzen nach dem C‐N‐Verfahren durchgeführt. In einem Versuch (E°) war das Fütterungsniveau auf den Bereich des Ernährungsgleichgewichtes, in einem zweiten Versuch (E+) auf positive Energiebilanz ausgerichtet. Die auf Energieretention “Null” korrigierte Zufuhr an umsetzbarer Energie betrug in Versuch E° im Mittel 353 kJ, in Versuch E+ dagegen 411 kJ/kg0,75/d.

Beide den Erhaltungsbedarf kennzeichnenden Energiegleichgewichte unterscheiden sich signifikant und liegen zudem wesentlich höher als aus Hungerversuchen abgeleitete Werte. Dies zeigt, daß der energetische Erhaltungsbedarf in Zusammenhang mit seiner methodischen Bestimmung bzw. dem physiologischen Status des Tieres gesehen werden muß. Die aus vorliegenden Versuchen abgeleitete Empfehlung zum Erhaltungsbedarf von Sauen ist in Tabelle 5 zusammengefaßt.
High doses of nitrate in rations for milk‐fed calves
Authors: Berende P.L.M. , Terluin R.W. , van der Wal P.
Published: February 2011

Hohe Nitratgehalte in Milchaustauschern für Kälber. 1. Einfluß auf Gewicht, Futterverwertung, Methämoglobinbildung und NO3‐ und NO2‐Gehalte in einigen Organen

Sechzig Fleischkälber wurden benutzt, um die Wirkung folgender Nitratmengen in der Ration zu ermitteln: 18,400,2000, 5000 und 10 000 ppm NO3;d. h. es wurden dem Milchaus‐tauschfutter 0 bzw. 625, 3233, 8127 und 16 284 ppm Kaliumnitrat zugesetzt. Zu Anfangdes Versuches waren die Tiere zehn Wochen alt. Der Versuch dauerte acht Wochen und danach erfolgte die Schlachtung innerhalb dreier Wochen.

Es wurde kein deutlicher Einfluss des Nitratzusatzes zur Ration auf Wachstum, Futterverwertung, Hämoglobingehalt, Anzahl Erythrozyten im Blut, Schlachtkörperqualitäts‐merkmale und relative Organgewichte beobachtet. Die durchschnittlichen Nitratgehalte in den Tieren der 18‐ bzw. der 10 000‐ppm‐Gruppe waren, wie folgt: Blutplasma 4 bzw. 35, Harn 10 bzw. 3110, Speichel 5 bzw. 120 mg je Liter, und Leber 8 bzw. 65, Niere 4 bzw. 182 und Muskel 2 bzw. 65 mg je kg Frischsubstanz. Die Unterschiede in Methämoglobingehalt zwischen den Gruppen kann man nicht als irgendwie von Bedeutung ansehen, denn sie waren äußerst gering (1 bis 1,5% des Hämoglobingehaltes). Fast alle Werte des Nitritgehaltes von Blutplasma und Leber, Niere und Muskeln waren nahe der Ermittlungsgrenze, die für Blutplasma 0,1 ppm und für die Gewebe 1 ppm beträgt. Bei der 10 000‐ppm‐NO3‐Gruppe wurden 10 ppm NO2 im Harn und 2 ppm im Speichel ermittelt.

In einem ergänzenden Versuch erhielten vier Fleischkälber eine Ration mit 10 000 ppm NO3 nebst Zinkbacitracin und Furazolidon während der letzten drei Wochen vor dem Schlachten und vier andere die gleiche Ration ohne Zinkbacitracin und Furazolidon.

Der Zusatz von Zinkbacitracin und Furazolidon ergab keine systematischen Änderungen des Nitrat‐ und Nitritgehaltes von Blutplasma, Harn, Leber, Niere und Muskeln.
Effect of rearing system on growth, body composition and development of digestive system in young lambs
Authors: de la Fuente J. , Tejon D. , Rey A. , Thos J. , Lopez‐Bote C. J.
Published: February 2011

In the present work the carcass composition and fatty acid composition of the fat deposits of young Colmenarcña and Rubia del Molar male lambs fed with natural milk and with commercial milk replacer were studied. The daily gain during the late phase of feeding (15‐30 days) was higher in the animals that were reared artificially than in those fed by their mothers (310 versus 245 g/day, p < 0.001). Carcass characteristics and dissected shoulder tissues were not markedly affected by dietary treatment. Lambs receiving sheep milk had higher concentration of C15: 0, C17: 0 and total saturated fatty acids than groups receiving milk replacer (p = 0.001). A higher rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum and small intestine development was also found in lambs fed by their mothers compared with those fed milk replacers (p < 0.05). The results from this experiment suggest that lambs artificially reared have a lower rumen functionality and might be slaughtered at higher weights without a concomitant loss of meat quality.

Einfluß des Tränksystems auf Wachstum, Körperzusammensetzung und Entwicklung des Verdauungskanals bei Lämmern

Je 10 neugeborene Lämmer der Rassen Colmenareña und Rubia del Molar konnten über 30 Tage entweder an ihrer Mutter saugen oder sie wurden mit einem Milchaustauscher ernährt. Die Anfangsgewichte betrugen im Mittel 3,4 kg, die Endgewichte 10,5 kg/Lamm. Im Versuchsabschnitt vom 15.–30. Tag betrugen die Tageszunahmen der an der Mutter saugenden Lämmer 245 g und die der mit Milchaustauscher ernährten Tiere 310 g (p < 0.001). Die Körperzusammensetzung war durch die Tränke nicht signifikant beeinflußt. Die mit Muttermilch ernährten Lämmer wiesen höhere Konzentrationen an C15:0, C17:0 und insgesamt an gesättigten Fettsäuren auf als bei Einsatz von Milchaustauschern. Die saugenden Lämmer wiesen ein höheres Gewicht des vollen Magen‐Darmtraktes auf (1599 bzw. 1265 g). Auch die Leergewichte von Pansen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum und Dünndarm waren bei den an der Mutter saugenden Lämmern signifikant höher als bei den mit Milchaustauschern ernährten Tieren. Infolge der geringen Pansenentwicklung wird geschlußfolgert, daß die mit Milchaustauschern ernährten Lämmer ohne Beeinflussung der Fleischqualität mit einem höheren Gewicht geschlachtet werden können.
Terpenes transfer to milk and cheese after oral administration to sheep fed indoors
Authors: Poulopoulou I. , Zoidis E. , Massouras T. , Hadjigeorgiou I.
Published: February 2011

Terpenes have been proposed as potential biomarkers in verifying the diets of grazing animals. A study of the relationships between the intake of terpenes and their presence in animal tissues (blood and milk) as well as in the final product (cheese) was conducted. Eight dairy sheep were divided into two equal groups, representing control (C) and treatment group (T). In T group oral administration of a mixture of terpenes, α‐pinene, limonene and β‐caryophyllene, was applied over a period of 18 days. Blood and milk samples were collected regularly and terpenes were identified by extraction using petroleum ether and the solid phase micro‐extraction (SPME) method, respectively, followed by GC‐MS analysis. Cheese was produced, from C and T animals separately, twice during the period of terpenes oral administration. Terpenes contents and chemical properties of the produced cheeses were investigated. Limonene and α‐pinene were found in all blood and milk samples of the T group after a lag‐phase of 2 days, while β‐caryophyllene was detected in few plasma samples and in all milk samples. None of the terpenes was traced in blood and milk of C animals. The contents of cheese, in dosed terpenes, presented a more complicated pattern suggesting terpenes non‐credible as biomarkers. We conclude terpenes can be used as biomarkers for authentification of ewes’ milk, but further research is required on factors affecting their transfer to dairy products from grazing diets.
Selenium balance in the adult cat in relation to intake of dietary sodium selenite and organically bound selenium
Authors: Todd S. E. , Thomas D. G. , Hendriks W. H.
Published: February 2011

The response of cats to dietary sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and organically bound selenium was studied in two separate studies with four cats per treatment and three levels of selenium supplementation (targets 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 μg/g DM) for each Se source. Whole blood and plasma selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were determined at 7‐time points across the 32‐day study. Faeces were quantitatively collected during the last 8 days and urine was collected daily during both studies. The basal diet used had a low apparent faecal selenium absorption of 25.3 ± 3.0%. Daily faecal and urinary selenium excretion increased linearly with increasing selenium intake for both Se sources. Urinary selenium concentration of the cats fed the supplemented diets increased rapidly (∼2 days) and remained constant throughout the remainder of the study. Apparent faecal selenium absorption was high for both selenium sources (73.2% and 80.0%). Plasma, and to a lesser extent, whole blood selenium concentrations increased in a dose‐dependent manner with supplementation. Whole blood and plasma GPx activity were highly variable and showed a variable response to dietary selenium intake. Cats closely regulate selenium homeostasis through increasing urinary excretion whilst faecal absorption remains unaffected.
Genomic structure and fertility in advanced breeding populations derived from an allotetraploid Festuca pratensis × Lolium perenne cross
Authors: Zwierzykowski Zbigniew , Zwierzykowska Elŝbieta , Taciak Magdalena , Kosmala Arkadiusz , Neil Jones R. , Zwierzykowski Włodzimierz , Książczyk Tomasz , Krajewski Paweł
Published: February 2011

With 1 figure and 3 tables

The development of grass cultivars derived from Festulolium hybrids is mostly limited because of their genetic instability and low fertility. The objective of this was to assess the genomic structure and fertility in two advanced breeding populations derived from an interspecific hybrid between Festuca pratensis Huds. (2n = 4× = 28) and Lolium perenne L. (2n = 4× = 28). Examination based on genomic in situ hybridization analyses of randomly chosen plants in the F7 and F8 generations, as well as those from earlier generations, indicated progressive changes in genome balance towards that of Lolium. The ‘dominance’ of Lolium chromatin over Festuca likely resulted from extensive recombination between chromosomes of the parental genomes, together with substitutions of whole Festuca chromosomes by whole Lolium chromosomes. The number of recombinant chromosomes and recombination breakpoints per genotype increased in successive generations, but their number was higher for Festuca than for Lolium. Because the mean seed set was only 38.2% in the F8 generation, it was concluded that the F. pratensis × L. perenne amphiploids cannot be included successfully in a Festulolium breeding programme.
Production and characterization of the novel CMS line of radish (Raphanus sativus) carrying Brassica maurorum cytoplasm
Authors: Bang SangWoo , Tsutsui Kota , Shim SuHyeun , Kaneko Yukio
Published: February 2011

With 1 figure and 1 table

The alloplasmic line of radish carrying Brassica maurorum cytoplasm was obtained from four backcrosses (BC) of the amphidiploid hybrid (B. maurorum × Raphanus sativus) to radish. Eight BC1 plants (2n = 26) and one BC2 plant (2n = 22) were generated only by using embryo rescue, and two BC3 plants (2n = 19, 20) were obtained by repeat pollinations after unbagged bud pollination and without embryo rescue. After successive backcrossings with 10 radish cultivars to BC6 generation, the resulting alloplasmic line of radish (2n = 18) showed stable expression of male sterility without any recognizable changes in vegetative growth and female fertility. This cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line of radish was dissimilar to the other existing CMS lines with respect to cytogenetic and molecular characteristics. The novel CMS line produced in the present investigation may be a versatile germplasm for F1 hybrid seed production of radish.
Diagnostic value of an initial C‐reactive protein level in acute surgical patients
Authors: Wong Keith , Shahab Yasin , Gill P. Grantley
Published: February 2011

Background:  In surgical patients, C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels are often measured as a marker of inflammation and infection. However, the diagnostic and prognostic value of a single initial CRP measurement in the acute presentation has not been well established. This study was performed to investigate the usefulness of measuring CRP in such a setting.

Methods:  CRP levels were measured retrospectively in 473 surgical patients who presented to the Royal Adelaide Hospital emergency department. This was correlated with patient outcomes, defined by the need for imaging tests and/or surgical interventions, the length of hospital stay and 30‐day mortality. Spearman's rank correlation and one‐way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis.

Results:  Of 473 patients, 42% had a CRP test in the emergency department within 24 h of admission. Approximately 80% of patients required imaging for diagnosis and 40% required surgery, regardless of the initial CRP level. No correlation was evident between initial CRP level and length of hospital stay (r= 0.06). One‐way analysis of variance revealed no variation in levels between patients who required imaging or had surgery compared to those who did not, with P‐values of 0.76 and 0.85, respectively. Two patients died within 30 days of presentation.

Conclusions:  CRP has poor diagnostic and prognostic capabilities as a single initial measurement in acute surgical patients. The statistical analyses imply that CRP levels are unable to accurately predict outcomes of such patients. Therefore, we suggest that CRP should not be used as a routine screening tool.
Defining awakening from anesthesia in neonates: a consensus study
Authors: Bould Matthew D. , Sury Michael R. J.
Published: February 2011

Background:  A descriptive tool for determining awakening in infants is desirable to test the value of depth of anesthesia monitors. Although scales and criteria have been developed for children and infants, none has been applied to the study of anesthetised neonates. We aimed to seek consensus in a group of experts on a definition of awakening at the end of anesthesia in neonates.

Methods:  We used a modified Delphi technique with an iterative process of questionnaires and anonymised feedback. Communication was conducted by email. Thirty‐one consultant pediatric anesthetists in the UK and Ireland took part. Consensus was defined a priori as 80% agreement.

Results:  The 83% of respondents agreed that defining awakening is possible. Consensus was reached on six criteria and also that a combination of these criteria must be used. As crying and attempting to cry are similar, we propose that at least two of the following five behaviors are present to consider a neonate awake after anesthesia: (i) crying or attempting to cry, (ii) vigorous limb movements, (iii) gagging on a tracheal tube, (iv) eyes open, and (v) looking around. There was also consensus that three stimuli are appropriate to test rousability in neonates awakening from anesthesia: (i) removal of skin adhesive tape, (ii) stroking/tickling the skin or gentle shaking, and (iii) pharyngeal suction.

Conclusions:  We propose a scale for determining awakening from anesthesia in neonates that may be used in future studies, particularly regarding electroencephalographic data and depth of anesthesia monitoring in neonates.
Electrical stimulation of the dorsal clitoral nerve reduces incontinence episodes in idiopathic faecal incontinent patients: a pilot study
Authors: Worsøe J. , Fynne L. , Laurberg S. , Krogh K. , Rijkhoff N. J. M.
Published: February 2011

Aim  Faecal incontinence (FI) has a significant impact on quality of life. This study investigates whether stimulation of the dorsal genital nerve (DGN) improves FI symptoms.

Method  Ten female patients suffering from idiopathic FI (median age 60 years) were included in the study. Stimulation was applied twice daily for 3 weeks at the maximal tolerable stimulation amplitude (pulse width, 200 μs; pulse rate, 20 Hz). Patients kept a 3‐week bowel diary prior to stimulation, during stimulation and after the final stimulation. FI severity scores, FI Severity Visual‐Analogue Score (VAS), FI Quality of Life Score (FIQL), sphincter function and rectal volume tolerance were assessed at baseline, immediately after stimulation and 3 weeks after stimulation.

Results  Nine patients completed the study. The Wexner score (P = 0.027) and the St Mark’s score (P = 0.035) improved after stimulation in seven and six of the patients and improvement was maintained 3 weeks after stimulation (P = 0.048 and P = 0.049, respectively). The number of incontinent episodes was reduced in seven out of nine patients (P = 0.025). Improvement was maintained for 3 weeks after stimulation (P = 0.017). Subjective assessments of FI severity using the VAS score and the FIQl score did not improve during stimulation. Sphincter function and rectal volume tolerability were unaffected.

Conclusion  DGN stimulation reduced the number of FI episodes in most patients suffering from idiopathic FI. Sphincter function and rectal volume tolerability were not affected. DGN stimulation may represent a new treatment for idiopathic FI.
Ecosystem‐based fisheries management in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Link Jason S , Bundy Alida , Overholtz William J , Shackell Nancy , Manderson John , Duplisea Daniel , Hare Jon , Koen‐Alonso Mariano , Friedland Kevin D
Published: February 2011

The northwest Atlantic has had a notable history of living marine resource (LMR) exploitation. There have been calls for evaluating and improving approaches to manage those resources as stocks have undergone sequential depletion, with some dramatic instances of stock declines. The need for more holistic ecosystem‐based approaches to manage LMRs has been increasingly recognized as part of these calls, along with the recognition that there are broader issues to consider when managing a fishery. We discuss some of the major efforts to this end which are extant among our institutions. We emphasize current initiatives to implement ecosystem‐based fisheries management in the northwest Atlantic, with a focus on how advice based on the natural sciences supports an ecosystem‐based approach. We present this information as a case study within a rich historical context of fisheries science and management.
Understanding Ethical Behavior and Decision Making in Management: A Behavioural Business Ethics Approach
Authors: De Cremer David , van Dick Rolf , Tenbrunsel Ann , Pillutla Madan , Murnighan J. Keith
Published: February 2011

Management and businesses in general are constantly facing important ethical challenges. In the current special issue, we identify the widespread emergence of unethical decision‐making and behaviour in management as an important topic for a future research agenda. Specifically, we promote the use of a behavioural business ethics approach to better understand when management, leaders and businesses are inclined to act unethically and why this is the case. A behavioural business ethics approach which relies on important insights from psychology should be a necessary addition and complementary to the traditional normative approaches used in business ethics.
Income Inequality and Technology Diffusion: Evidence from Developing Countries*
Authors: Hyytinen Ari , Toivanen Otto
Published: February 2011

We study the effect of within‐country income inequality on the diffusion of mobile phones using data on market penetration in a sample of developing countries from 1985 to 1998. Mobile phones are an example of international technology, originating in industrialized countries and diffusing worldwide. We find that income inequality, as measured by the income share of the highest earning deciles, has a positive effect on the early diffusion of mobile phones and that the estimated effect becomes greater when a measure of agricultural endowments is used as an instrument. The instrumental variable results are robust to weak instruments. Our findings suggest that the diffusion of new technologies originating from industrialized countries may generate yet another channel that links inequality and development.
Newspaper Circulation and Local Government Efficiency*
Authors: Bruns Christian , Himmler Oliver
Published: February 2011

In this paper, we examine the role of the newspaper market for a key aspect of political accountability: the efficient use of public funds by elected politicians. Newspapers are a major provider of the political information voters use to monitor their elected officials, especially at the local level. Thus, the incentives for politicians to reduce budgetary slack should be stronger in jurisdictions where the electorate is well informed by newspapers. Using panel data on the circulation of some 150 newspapers in Norwegian municipalities, we show that increases in local newspaper circulation are associated with higher levels of local government efficiency.
Optimal Redistribution with Productive Social Services
Authors: Greco Luciano G.
Published: February 2011

Publicly‐provided private goods are conventionally considered consumer goods. Departing from this perspective, we analyze the public provision of inputs that improve household productivity (e.g., education and childcare). In a two‐class economy with distorting taxation, public provision is always welfare improving with respect to pure taxation, given that the public input directly affects household productivity. Moreover, the case for public provision strengthens as households' heterogeneity in input demand fades out, contrary to consolidated results in the literature. The features of optimal provision schemes depend on the nature of publicly provided input, namely, if it substitutes household productive capacity or just helps households to exploit it.
The Invisibility of Age: Gender and Class in Later Life
Authors: Arber Sara , Ginn Jay
Published: February 2011

Sociology almost entirely neglects later life. This contrasts with social policy where elderly people are largely seen as a burden on society and their carers. The article examines three areas of sociological enquiry and suggests reasons for the omission of elderly people. Parallels are drawn with sociology's earlier neglect of women. The feminist agenda has largely excluded the concerns of elderly women and at times has contributed to the pathological image of elderly people as burdens to be shouldered by their daughters. We argue that sociological theories would be enriched by incorporating the experiences of elderly people within their theoretical net.
Some Elementary Forms of a Post-‘Sociological’-Modernity. Further Remarks on Moral Regulation Celebrating the End of the ‘Stratification Paradigm’, the ‘Logic’ of ‘Society’ and All That
Authors: Corrigan Philip
Published: February 2011

Postmodernisms and poststructuralisms have attempted to rearrange our social ways of seeing, saying and sharing: as such – but not alone – such cultural productions signify crises of social representation. These ‘notes for an investigation’, in turning the subject, draw out some problems of (i) celebrating difference(s); (ii) continuing social forms that limit some human beings all of the time; and (iii) how some practical critiques that refuse an organizing social grammar that hurts can, in their claimed alternative totalization/essentialism (a) subordinate and exploit (b) deny embodied difference(s).
Orthographic context sensitivity in vowel decoding by Portuguese monolingual and Portuguese–English bilingual children
Authors: Vale Ana Paula
Published: February 2011

This study examines the pronunciation of the first vowel in decoding disyllabic pseudowords derived from Portuguese words. Participants were 96 Portuguese monolinguals and 52 Portuguese–English bilinguals of equivalent Portuguese reading levels. The results indicate that sensitivity to vowel context emerges early, both in monolinguals and in bilinguals. However, bilinguals, unlike monolinguals, appear to use this knowledge consistently from the first grade. Moreover, the effect of context was stronger in bilinguals than in monolinguals. Apparently, bilinguals benefited from an earlier acquisition of reading principles regarding the use of orthographic context derived from their more frequent use of large patterns to read vowels. Because the Portuguese orthography is considered to be of intermediate consistency, it demands the development of decoding mechanisms that entail units larger than graphemes. English orthography, being more inconsistent, confers bilinguals with an asset to deal with complex structures. Additionally, the data suggest that those patterns appear to be not at the level of the syllable.
A follow‐up fMRI study of a transferable placebo anxiolytic effect
Authors: Zhang Wencai , Qin Shaozheng , Guo Jianyou , Luo Jing
Published: February 2011

Our previous study showed that placebo expectations can develop in a transferable manner; for example, a placebo expectation developed within an analgesic experience may lead to reduced anxiety. Considering that activities in such emotion‐responsive areas as the amygdala and insula can be detected through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we used fMRI to further study the transferable placebo anxiolytic effect. A main‐effect analysis showed that activity in the amygdala and insula was reduced in the placebo condition, whereas an interaction analysis showed activity in the two regions was selectively attenuated in the placebo condition when unpleasant pictures were viewed. We also observed greater activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex under placebo conditions when either emotionally negative or neutral pictures were viewed. These data suggest that the anxiety‐relieving placebo effect arose from a reward‐related response underpinned by the participants' expectations.
Prediction and error in multi‐stage models for spread of aquatic non‐indigenous species
Authors: Muirhead Jim R. , Lewis Mark A. , MacIsaac Hugh J.
Published: February 2011

Aim  Predictions of spread of non‐indigenous species allow for greater efficiency in managing invasions by targeting areas for preventative measures. The invasion sequence is a useful concept in predictions of spread, as it allows us to test hypotheses about the transport and establishment of propagules in novel habitats. Our aims are twofold: (1) to develop and validate multi‐stage invasion models for the introduced fishhook waterflea, Cercopagis pengoi, and (2) to assess how variability in the transport patterns of the propagules influences the accuracy and spatial extent for predictions of spread.

Location  New York State, USA.

Methods  We developed a two‐stage model for the spread of C. pengoi. First, we developed a stochastic gravity model for dispersal based on surveys of recreational boat traffic in New York State as a proxy for propagule pressure. We then modelled the probability of establishment based on predicted levels of propagule pressure and measures of lakes’ physicochemistry. In addition, we used Monte Carlo simulations based on the gravity model to propagate variability in boater traffic through the establishment model to assess how uncertainty in dispersal influenced predictions of spread.

Results  The amount recreationalists were willing to spend, lake area and population size of the city nearest to the destination lake were significant factors affecting boater traffic. In turn, boater traffic, lake area, specific conductance and turbidity were significant predictors of establishment. The inclusion of stochastic dispersal reduced the rate of false positives (i.e. incorrect prediction of an invasion) in detecting invasions at the upper 95% prediction interval for the probability of establishment.

Main conclusions  Combinations of measures of propagule pressure, habitat suitability and stochastic dispersal allow for the most accurate predictions of spread. Further, multi‐stage spread models may overestimate the extent of spread if stochasticity in early stages of the models is not considered.
Expert Panel: A New Strategy for Creating a Student‐Centred Learning Environment for Software Applications
Authors: Wang Sy‐Chyi
Published: February 2011

Education reforms from teacher‐centred to student‐centred courses usually come with the adoption of new teaching strategies. However, following the growing design and development of student‐centred teaching and learning innovations in many fields of study, not many efforts have been found in the field of software application teaching. Therefore, this study aims to develop a new strategy for creating a student‐centred learning environment for software applications, in which students learn in a more active, collaborative environment with reduced reliance on teachers. This study puts forward a teaching innovation, called Expert Panel, designed in three stages of activities: exploration, experimentation and reflection. Thirty‐eight college students and one teacher participated in the implementation of the innovation. This article describes the design specifications of the innovation, and reports the preliminary findings of the implementation. The findings show that the teacher derived a certain degree of pleasure and surprise at being a true ‘facilitator’ rather than solely an instructor. Students felt engaged in the activities and motivated throughout the learning process. However, the student‐centred learning method challenged the students’ understanding of the traditional teacher's role. Therefore, accommodating not only teachers but also students in the acquisition of new concepts of teaching and learning was suggested. Several possible solutions for the drawbacks and pitfalls in the strategy were drawn up at the end for further development of the strategy.
Lighting in offices: lamp spectrum and brightness
Authors: Fotios Steve
Published: February 2011

In UK offices, a ubiquitous target for lighting ‘design’ is an illuminance of 500 lux on the working plane. This article questions the basis for the 500 lux standard and suggests that a reduced illuminance would not affect visual performance. However, lighting design should also consider expectations and if a reduced illuminance leads to perceived gloom then this could affect motivation to carry out work tasks. Evidence is presented which suggests that the brightness of a space may be maintained, despite a reduction in illuminance, through the choice of lamp spectral power distribution.
Extracorporeal Treatment of Cast Nephropathy
Authors: Gakhar Bhavna , Kobrin Sidney , Berns Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2011

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), most commonly caused by cast nephropathy resulting from precipitation of free light chains (FLC) in renal tubules. AKI may be irreversible and require dialysis and predicts a poor prognosis. Reduction in serum FLC concentration is thought to be associated with improved likelihood of kidney function recovery in MM patients with AKI. Plasma exchange (PE), by removing circulating FLC, has been used as a treatment modality to improve kidney function in MM, although its efficacy remains uncertain. Extracorporeal treatment with extended high cutoff hemodialysis (HCO‐HD) has also recently been studied as a potentially more effective means of FLC removal. Both PE and HCO‐HD may be beneficial in some patients, but only when used as adjuncts to successful chemotherapy. Further research is necessary to establish the specific efficacy of each of these extracorporeal methods in the treatment of cast nephropathy.
Finding Common Ground in Public Health Nursing Education and Practice
Authors: Keller Linda O. , Schaffer Marjorie A. , Schoon Patricia M. , Brueshoff Bonnie , Jost Rose
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT
Preparation of the public health nursing (PHN) workforce requires public health nurses from academia and practice to collaborate. However, a shortage of PHN clinical sites may lead to competition between schools of nursing for student placements. The Henry Street Consortium, a group of 5 baccalaureate schools of nursing and 13 local health departments in the state of Minnesota, developed a model for collaboration between PHN education and practice. This paper describes the development process—the forming, storming, norming, and performing stages—experienced by the Henry Street Consortium members. The consortium developed a set of entry‐level core PHN competencies that are utilized by both education and practice. It developed menus of learning opportunities that were used to design population‐based PHN clinical experiences. In addition, the consortium created a model for training and sustaining a preceptor network. The members of the Henry Street Consortium collaborated rather than competed, used consensus for decision making, and respected and accepted different points of view. This collaboration significantly impacted how schools of nursing and local health departments work together. The consortium's ability to retain its relevance, energy, and momentum for both academic and agency partners sustains the collaboration.