bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of an intervention on the prescription of aliskiren after new evidence on safety reported
Authors: Rosich Martí Isabel , Allepuz Alejandro , Rodriguez Palomar Gemma , Ortin Font Francesca , Soler Cera Maria
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of an intervention to disseminate safety alerts on the utilization of Aliskiren added to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or an angiotensin‐receptor blocker (ARB).

Methods

Quasi‐experimental design (non‐randomized intervention) comparing the utilization of Aliskiren + ACEI or ARB in a primary care area‐intervention (PCA‐I) with a primary care area‐control (PCA‐C) following a safety alert.

All physicians were provided with a list of diabetic patients (DM) on Aliskiren + ACEI or ARB. Physicians in the PCA‐I received also a non‐DM patients list, a report with recommendations and information on the utilization of Aliskiren + ACEI or ARB in their area. Information was obtained from electronic medical records, period from May 2010 to December 2012. Interrupted time series analysis were used to assess the effect of the intervention on the number of patients on Aliskiren + ACEI or ARB.

Results

The number of DM receiving Aliskiren + ACEI or ARB at the time of the alert (23 December 2011) was 106 in the PCA‐I (91 non‐DM) and 45 in the PCA‐C (25 non‐DM). After the alert, a decreased in the number of patients on Aliskiren + ACEI or ARB was noted at both PCAs, although the average of daily treatments ended was significantly higher in the PCA‐I, both in the DM group (slope after alert: −0.81, 95%CI −0.91 to −0.71 vs. −0.30, 95%CI −0.37 to −0.22) as well as in the non‐DM group (−0.56, 95%CI −0.67 to −0.45 vs. −0.10 95%CI −0.17 to −0.04).

Conclusions

The prescription of Aliskiren + ACEI or ARB decreased at both PCAs, albeit such decreased was more significant at the PCA‐I. The intervention led to a more expeditious implementation of the safety alert recommendations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study on noise characteristics of As and Sb‐based high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Takahashi Takuto , Hatsushiba Shota , Fujikawa Sachie , Fujishiro Hiroki I.
Published: November 2016

We study comparatively the RF and the noise characteristics for the In0.7Ga0.3As, InAs/AlSb and InSb high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) by using the quantum corrected Monte Carlo (QC‐MC) simulation. The increase in the current fluctuation <Δ> with Vds is caused by the increase in the electron velocity variance (i.e., the electron heating); this indicates clearly that the low Vds operation is essential to lowering <Δ>. The smaller electron effective m* results in the larger and thus the larger <Δ>, yet it allows the low Vds operation through the higher μ. The InSb HEMT with the channel of the smallest m* overcomes the inherent nature of the larger <Δ> through the ability of the lower Vds operation along with the larger gm. Eventually, the InSb HEMT shows the smallest minimum noise figure NFmin of 0.31 dB with the associated gain Gass of 12.4 dB at 100 GHz and the highest cutoff frequency fT of 1.8 THz at Vds of 0.2 V. These results indicate the potential of the InSb HEMT for the ultra‐low power, ultra‐high frequency, and the ultra‐low noise transistor.
Direct human breath analysis by secondary nano‐electrospray ionization ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry: Importance of high mass resolution and mass accuracy
Authors: Li Xue , Huang Lei , Zhu Hui , Zhou Zhen
Published: November 2016

Rationale

Direct mass spectrometry (MS)‐based methods make it possible to monitor the molecular compositions of hundreds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled human breath in real time. Mass resolution and mass accuracy play important roles for direct MS analysis, especially for the low‐concentration isobaric compounds in non‐target research.

Methods

Direct detection of VOCs in exhaled breath of four healthy subjects (3 males and 1 female aged between 25 to 35 years old) has been performed by using secondary nano‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (Sec‐nanoESI‐UHRMS) at resolutions (R) of 15,000, 30,000, 60,000 and 120,000.

Results

For some low‐intensity isobaric ions, they could be distinguished only when R ≥ 60,000, e.g., signals at m/z 96.9591 (sulfate/sulfuric acid), m/z 96.9687 (phosphate/phosphoric acid) and m/z 96.9756 ([C4H2O7S]−), m/z 234.1161 ([C10H20O3NS]+) and m/z 234.1338 ([C10H20O5N]+), m/z 119.0686 (isotope of indole) and m/z 119.0705 (an interfering signal), respectively. At R 120,000, the mass errors were obtained from a set of reference ions, and the values were ≤0.6 mDa for ions detected in positive detection mode and in the range of –1.0–1.1 mDa for the negative mode. These mass errors were used to exclusively identify unknown compounds detected in the breath samples. By utilizing the present setup, besides the normal VOCs reported previously, we detected non‐volatile species (sulfate/sulfuric acid, silicate/silicic acid, phosphate/phosphoric acid and nitrate/nitric acid), dichlorobenzene and an ammonium adduct ([(C2H6SiO)6 + NH4]+), which were ascribed to exhaled particles, indoor air pollution and an endogenous source, respectively.

Conclusions

For direct breath analysis, high mass resolution of ≥60,000 and mass errors of 1.0 mDa (absolute value) covering the mass range of interests (e.g., m/z 50−500) are necessary for the exploration and accurate identification of low‐intensity unknown isobaric compounds in non‐target research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unpleasant Events: the Significance of Preserving their Symbolic Monuments
Authors: Skjerven Astrid
Published: November 2016

There is a basic drive to protect a society's memory by suppressing unpleasant events and their symbols in the collective memory. This prevents learning from the past and a broad and inclusive sustainable development. The theme is exemplified by the terror attack on the Norwegian government buildings, 22 July 2011. The article analyses how collective memory influences society's reactions to and tackling of unexpected critical situations. Hopefully, this will contribute to enhanced competence in tackling similar situations and an updating of the national self‐image. The analysis is based on basic theories on collective memory, by among others P. Connerton, P. Ricoeur, E. Said and J. E. Tunbridge. The study has been performed as an analysis of debates in the media, official documents and books. The conclusion is that the symbolic content of architectural monuments may change after being subject to unpleasant events. They function as documentations and reminders of our history and as important resources in a society's learning and development processes and thereby an updated national self‐image. This article will hopefully contribute to enhance competence in tackling such challenges and to secure cultural sustainability at a general level, and also in other countries. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Centralized keyword search on encrypted data for cloud applications
Authors: Jiang Peng , Mu Yi , Guo Fuchun , Wang Xiaofen , Lai Jianchang
Published: November 2016

Centralized approaches are widely adopted to improve the qualities of outsourced services owing to its feature of efficient system management. Because the cloud is untrusted, data are usually encrypted before outsourcing. One of the interesting applications is searchable encrypted keywords, a well‐known cryptographic primitive that allows encryption while enabling search for keywords. However, achieving data retrieval without revealing privacy in a cloud‐based centralized system is still a challenging problem. In this paper, we introduce centralized approaches to searchable encryption and present a novel centralized system for retrieval services. In our system, the centralized manager can search and access all the encrypted data from authorized users, while each user can only search and access his or her own data. The system builds on a new cryptographic notion called centralized keyword search on encrypted data. We formalize its security model and propose a centralized keyword search on encrypted data construction that is featured by short ciphertext and search result verification. We further extend the construction for removing secure channel and enabling batch authentication on data legalities. The experiment demonstrates the performance of our proposals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge Transport, Mechanical and Storage Performances of Sepiolite Based Composite Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Ulaganathan Mani , Lei Yeo Li , Flora Xavier Helan , Yan Qingyu
Published: November 2016

In the present report, electrochemical, thermal, mechanical and structural properties of the polymer electrolyte composed of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)‐Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) for various concentrations of Sepiolite was investigated. Concentration of Sepiolite was optimised based on the ambient temperature conductivity. It was observed that 10 wt.% of sepiolite incorporated composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) showed a higher ionic conductivity in the order of 3.58 x 10−4 S cm−1. C−C stretching, C−F stretching and very strong ‐CF2 ring breathing vibrational modes of PVdF and the complexity of the prepared composite electrolyte were studied using FTIR and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The as‐prepared CPE is thermally stable up to ∼335 °C; the addition of sepiolite filler into the polymer salt matrix increased the storage modulus to 40 x 107 Pa from 12 x 107 Pa until 90 °C. The galvanic charge‐discharge performances of the CPE that exhibited high ionic conductivity were evaluated in the Li|PVdF‐LiTFSI‐Sepiolite|LiFePO4 half cell configuration. The cell showed a reversible capacity of 148 mAh g−1 in the second cycle; and exhibited capacity retention above 75 % even after 100 cycles. It was noted that the incorporation of eco‐friendly sepiolite into the polymer electrolyte greatly enhanced the thermal, mechanical, structural and electrochemical properties of the composite electrolytes.
One‐Step Synthesis of Bi2S3/BiOX and Bi2S3/(BiO)2CO3 Heterojunction Photocatalysts by Using Aqueous Thiourea Solution as Both Solvent and Sulfur Source
Authors: Zhang Keke , Han Qiaofeng , Wang Xin , Zhu Junwu
Published: November 2016

Bi2S3/BiOX (X=Cl and Br; respectively denoted as BS‐BC and BS‐BB) and Bi2S3/(BiO)2CO3 (denoted as BS‐BOC) heterojunction photocatalysts were easily synthesized by one‐step method. In the reaction system, Bi(NO3)3⋅5H2O could be completely dissolved in aqueous thiourea solution, which homogeneously reacted with KCl, KBr and Na2CO3 to form into uniformly mixed BS‐BC, BS‐BB and BS‐BOC composites, respectively. The Bi2S3 content in the heterojunctions could be controlled by changing the reaction temperature, reaction time, thiourea amount and molar ratio of X/Bi or CO3/Bi. The as‐prepared photocatalysts exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity for rhodamine B (RhB) degradation under visible light irradiation in contrast with the corresponding single compounds or the composites prepared via two‐step route. Excellent photocatalytic performance of the heterojunctions could be attributed to the increased visible light response, effective charge transfer from the modified band position and close interfacial contact due to well‐mixed heterojunction structures. Furthermore, unique flower‐like hierarchical BS‐BB presented the most significant increase in photodegradation efficiency for RhB and crystal violet (CV) among three composites.
Unusual 1,2‐Aryl Migration and Depalladation of Alkylpalladium Intermediates Containing a syn‐β‐Hydrogen Atom
Authors: Youn So Won , Lee So Ra , Kim Yun Ah , Kang Da Young , Jang Min Jung
Published: November 2016

In general, alkylpalladium intermediates containing a syn β‐hydrogen atom are expected to undergo β–hydride elimination preferentially. However, this study unveils a new mechanistic mode in a Pd(II)‐catalyzed transformation, which leads to a series of both C−N/C−C bond forming and C−C bond forming/cleavage events. It has been demonstrated that a Pd(II)‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization of stilbenes bearing a pendent nucleophile such as 2‐alkenylanilines and 2‐alkenylphenyl 1,3‐diketones operates through an uncommon Pd−C bond cleavage assisted by a neighboring aryl group and CuCl2–assisted transient Pd oxidation, rather than generally preferred β–hydride elimination in alkylpalladium intermediates containing a syn β‐hydrogen atom. As a result, 1,2‐aryl migration occurs to lead to the unexpected formation of a variety of 3‐substituted indoles and 4‐aryl‐1‐naphthols. In addition, selective migration of an aryl group could be achieved from β,β‐disubstituted alkene substrates through alkylpalladium intermediates deprived of syn β‐hydrogen atom.
Family Literacy: A Critical Inquiry–Based Approach to English Language Acquisition
Authors: Rolander Kathleen
Published: November 2016

In this theoretical article, the author explores the perceptions that drive the development of family literacy programs aimed at preparing limited‐English‐proficiency (LEP) families for schools in the United States. Examining English language learning with regard to power dynamics within a society and culture, the article considers the spectrum of approaches to family literacy ranging from efficiency‐driven deficit models to more holistic community‐ and family‐centered models. The author argues that a critical inquiry‐based approach to family literacy programs, based on Freirean principles of problem posing, can better serve LEP populations in their transitions into U.S. school systems. The article examines three inquiry‐based family literacy programs through the lens of a critical problem‐posing framework and ends with suggestions for program development and future research.
Low‐carbon development pathways in Brazil and ‘Climate Clubs’
Authors: La Rovere Emilio Lèbre
Published: November 2016

Brazil occupies a unique position among the major greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting countries due to its low per‐capita energy‐related GHG emissions (2.4 tons CO2
in 2014), attributable to abundant clean energy sources. Recently, deforestation in Brazil has slowed considerably, to the point where forestry has ceased to be the major source of emissions. Brazil has reduced its overall GHG emissions by 41% from 2005 to 2012, and its total GHG emissions per capita decreased from a high in 2004 of 14.4 tCO2e to an estimated 6.5 tCO2e in 2012. Brazil faces the challenge of building upon its historically low energy‐related GHG emission levels through new decarbonization strategies, while pursuing higher living standards for its population. There is a huge potential to further reduce national GHG emissions through the implementation of a wide spectrum of mitigation measures. While several observers from the scientific community have a different view, Brazilian government considers that the country has been playing both a pioneer and a leader role in ambitious climate action, including the submission of a quite ambitious intended nationally determined contribution, and a constructive role played in COP21, joining the High Ambition club at the end of the negotiations. Several motivations exist for Brazil joining other ‘climate clubs’ focusing on innovative financial mechanisms and sustainable energy and forestry technologies. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e439. doi: 10.1002/wcc.439

This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior

Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework
SINR analysis of FFH/OFDM over frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel
Authors: Oturak Ahmet , Öztürk Ertan
Published: November 2016

Fast frequency hopping/orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (FFH/OFDM) has been previously proposed to achieve frequency diversity over frequency selective channels. However, the performances of the FFH/OFDM scheme have been usually calculated using simulations over empirical channel models in earlier works. The main aim of this paper is to theoretically expose the diversity of the FFH/OFDM signal over statistical models, specifically Rayleigh distributed, for frequency selective fading channels. In order to achieve this aim, we first derive the decision variables and the signal‐to‐interference noise ratios of the FFH/OFDM signal at the output of minimum mean square error and zero forcing receivers. For various levels of quadrature amplitude modulation used in FFH/OFDM, the performances are calculated and validated via simulations. The results show that FFH/OFDM in case of zero forcing equalization does not provide any diversity gain even over a frequency selective channel. However, in case of minimum mean square error equalization, it brings significant diversity gain at high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) values with the rise of number of sub‐carriers. Moreover, the FFH/OFDM with four quadrature amplitude modulation scheme provides better performance than that of the conventional OFDM even at low SNR values, as well as a significant diversity gain at high SNR values. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women Physicians in Byzantium
Authors: Gkegkes Ioannis D. , Iavazzo Christos , Sardi Thalia A. , Falagas Matthew E.
Published: November 2016

Women were allowed to practice the medical profession during the Byzantine Empire. The presence of female physicians was not an innovation of the Byzantine era but actually originated from ancient Greece and Rome. The studies and the training of women doctors were apparently equivalent to those of their male colleagues. The principal medical specialties of the female doctors were gynecology and midwifery. Byzantine legislation treated relatively equally both female and male doctors. For this reason, it can be assumed that the presence of female doctors was correlated with the position of women in Byzantine society. However, there is not sufficient information in the literature to clarify whether female and male doctors used to earn equal payment for the same service.
International clinical guideline for the management of classical galactosemia: diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐up
Authors: Welling Lindsey , Bernstein Laurie E. , Berry Gerard T. , Burlina Alberto B. , Eyskens François , Gautschi Matthias , Grünewald Stephanie , Gubbels Cynthia S. , Knerr Ina , Labrune Philippe , van der Lee Johanna H. , MacDonald Anita , Murphy Elaine , Portnoi Pat A. , Õunap Katrin , Potter Nancy L. , Rubio‐Gozalbo M. Estela , Spencer Jessica B. , Timmers Inge , Treacy Eileen P. , Van Calcar Sandra C. , Waisbren Susan E. , Bosch Annet M. ,   On behalf of the Galactosemia Network (GalNet)
Published: November 2016

Classical galactosemia (CG) is an inborn error of galactose metabolism. Evidence‐based guidelines for the treatment and follow‐up of CG are currently lacking, and treatment and follow‐up have been demonstrated to vary worldwide. To provide patients around the world the same state‐of‐the‐art in care, members of The Galactosemia Network (GalNet) developed an evidence‐based and internationally applicable guideline for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐up of CG. The guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. A systematic review of the literature was performed, after key questions were formulated during an initial GalNet meeting. The first author and one of the working group experts conducted data‐extraction. All experts were involved in data‐extraction. Quality of the body of evidence was evaluated and recommendations were formulated. Whenever possible recommendations were evidence‐based, if not they were based on expert opinion. Consensus was reached by multiple conference calls, consensus rounds via e‐mail and a final consensus meeting. Recommendations addressing diagnosis, dietary treatment, biochemical monitoring, and follow‐up of clinical complications were formulated. For all recommendations but one, full consensus was reached. A 93 % consensus was reached on the recommendation addressing age at start of bone density screening. During the development of this guideline, gaps of knowledge were identified in most fields of interest, foremost in the fields of treatment and follow‐up.
Progress towards understanding the pathogenesis of dengue
hemorrhagic fever
Authors: Pang Xiaojing , Zhang Rudian , Cheng Gong
Published: November 2016

Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. There are 4 serotypes of DENV that
cause human disease through transmission by mosquito vectors. DENV infection results
in a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from mild fever to dengue
hemorrhagic fever (DHF), the latter of which can progress to dengue shock syndrome
(DSS) and death. Researchers have made unremitting efforts over the last
half-century to understand DHF pathogenesis. DHF is probably caused by multiple
factors, such as virus-specific antibodies, viral antigens and host immune
responses. This review summarizes the current progress of studies on DHF
pathogenesis, which may provide important information for achieving effective
control of dengue in the future.
Impact of Treatment-Related Beliefs on Medication Adherence in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Results of the Global ALIGN Study
Authors: Michetti Pierre , Weinman John , Mrowietz Ulrich , Smolen Josef , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Louis Edouard , Schremmer Dieter , Tundia Namita , Nurwakagari Pascal , Selenko-Gebauer Nicole
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Medication adherence is critical in chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) and could be affected by patients’ treatment-related beliefs. The objective of this study was to determine beliefs about systemic medications in patients with IMIDs and to explore the association of those beliefs and other factors with adherence.

Methods

This was a multi-country, cross-sectional, self-administered survey study. Included were adults diagnosed with one of six IMIDs receiving conventional systemic medications and/or tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). Patients’ necessity beliefs/concerns towards and adherence to treatments were assessed by the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire and four-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Correlation of patients’ beliefs about treatment and other factors with adherence were evaluated by multivariable regression analyses.

Results

Among studied patients (N = 7197), 32.0% received TNFi monotherapy, 27.7% received TNFi–conventional combination therapy, and 40.3% received conventional medications. Across IMIDs, high adherence to systemic treatment was more prevalent in TNFi groups (61.3–80.7%) versus corresponding conventional treatment groups (28.4–64.7%). In at least four IMIDs, greater perception of the illness continuing forever (P < 0.001), of the treatment helping (P < 0.001), and more concerns about the illness (P < 0.01), but not clinical parameters, were associated with higher treatment necessity beliefs. Higher treatment necessity beliefs, older age, Caucasian race, and TNFi therapy were associated with high medication adherence in at least four IMIDs.

Conclusions

Treatment necessity beliefs were higher than concerns about current medication in patients with IMID. Illness perceptions had a greater impact on treatment necessity beliefs than clinical parameters. Older age, greater treatment necessity beliefs, and TNFi therapy were associated with high self-reported medication adherence in at least four IMIDs.

Trial registration

ACTRN12612000977875.

Funding

AbbVie.
Mobilizing the Russian Nation
Authors: Stockdale Melissa Kirschke
Published: November 2016

The First World War had a devastating impact on the Russian state, yet relatively little is known about the ways in which ordinary Russians experienced and viewed this conflict. Melissa Kirschke Stockdale presents the first comprehensive study of the Great War's influence on Russian notions of national identity and citizenship. Drawing on a vast array of sources, the book examines the patriotic and nationalist organizations which emerged during the war, the role of the Russian Orthodox Church, the press and the intelligentsia in mobilizing Russian society, the war's impact on the rights of citizens, and the new, democratized ideas of Russian nationhood which emerged both as a result of the war and of the 1917 revolution. Russia's war experience is revealed as a process that helped consolidate in the Russian population a sense of membership in a great national community, rather than being a test of patriotism which they failed.
Spatial, seasonal and interannual variability of supraglacial ponds in the Langtang Valley of Nepal, 1999–2013
Authors: MILES EVAN S. , WILLIS IAN C. , ARNOLD NEIL S. , STEINER JAKOB , PELLICCIOTTI FRANCESCA
Published: November 2016

Supraglacial ponds play a key role in absorbing atmospheric energy and directing it to the ice of debris-covered glaciers, but the spatial and temporal distribution of these features is not well documented. We analyse 172 Landsat TM/ETM+ scenes for the period 1999–2013 to identify thawed supraglacial ponds for the debris-covered tongues of five glaciers in the Langtang Valley of Nepal. We apply an advanced atmospheric correction routine (Landcor/6S) and use band ratio and image morphological techniques to identify ponds and validate our results with 2.5 m Cartosat-1 observations. We then characterize the spatial, seasonal and interannual patterns of ponds. We find high variability in pond incidence between glaciers (May–October means of 0.08–1.69% of debris area), with ponds most frequent in zones of low surface gradient and velocity. The ponds show pronounced seasonality, appearing in the pre-monsoon as snow melts, peaking at the monsoon onset at 2% of debris-covered area, then declining in the post-monsoon as ponds drain or freeze. Ponds are highly recurrent and persistent, with 40.5% of pond locations occurring for multiple years. Rather than a trend in pond cover over the study period, we find high interannual variability for each glacier after controlling for seasonality.
Narrating Animal History from the Crags: A Turn-of-the-Century Tale about Mountain Sheep, Resistance, and a Nation
Authors: VANDERSOMMERS DANIEL
Published: November 2016

It took years, at the dawn of the twentieth century, for the National Zoo to capture Rocky Mountain sheep. The split hooves and remarkable eyesight of bighorns made these animals virtually impossible to catch alive. This is a story about a national government chasing sheep for the purpose of zoological display. This is also a story about the construction of knowledge, the ironies of conservation, and the building of the American West. More important, this is a story about storytelling. The following tale will call attention to the opportunities that zoological parks, animal history, and narrative history offer the historian.
Climatic controls on active layer dynamics: Amsler Island, Antarctica
Authors: Wilhelm Kelly R. , Bockheim James G.
Published: November 2016

Variations in atmospheric conditions can be important factors influencing temperature dynamics within the active layer of a soil. Solar radiation and air temperature can directly alter ground surface temperatures, while variations in wind and precipitation can control how quickly heat is carried through soil pores. The presence of seasonal snow cover can also create a thermal barrier between the atmosphere and ground surface. This study examines the relation between atmospheric conditions and ground temperature variations on a deglaciated island along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Ground temperatures were most significantly influenced by incoming solar radiation, followed by air temperature variations. When winter months were included in the comparison, the influence of air temperature increased while solar radiation became less influential, indicating that snow cover reflected solar radiation inputs, but was not thick enough to insulate the ground. When ground temperatures were compared to atmospheric conditions of preceding weeks, seasonal temperature peaks 1.6 m below ground were best related to seasonal air temperature peaks from the previous two weeks. The same ground temperature peaks were best related to seasonal solar radiation peaks of seven weeks prior. This difference was a result of temperature lags within the atmosphere.
New Perspectives on the Chronology and Meaning of Mont Bégo Rock Art (Alpes-Maritimes, France)
Authors: Huet Thomas
Published: November 2016

In 1994, H. de Lumley's teams of researchers finished the colossal task—initiated more than 20 years earlier—of recording every pecked rock engraving of Mont Bégo's rock art. The following year, in the book Le grandiose et le sacré, Lumley defined the site as a sacred mountain and attributed rock engravings, considered as ex-votos, to the Early Bronze Age and the Bell Beaker period. However, it is hard to recognize what interpretations can be directly drawn from the data: some exceptional rock engravings are considered as representative of the whole corpus of rock engravings and the most numerous ones are considered as a ‘bruit de fond’ [background noise]. Furthermore, recognition of associations—where rock engravings are contemporaneous and significantly grouped—had been criticised, and the hypothesis that all the rock engravings can be considered as a single archaeological event seems also to be contradicted by studies of superimpositions. We developed a GIS and a comprehensive database, with statistics, to identify specific spatial configurations, seriation effects and, finally, the evolution of the rock art. By going further in the periodization, our aim is to propose some provisional hypotheses about the meaning of Mont Bégo's rock engravings.
Natural models of homotopy type theory
Authors: AWODEY STEVE
Published: November 2016

The notion of a natural model of type theory is defined in terms of that of a representable natural transfomation of presheaves. It is shown that such models agree exactly with the concept of a category with families in the sense of Dybjer, which can be regarded as an algebraic formulation of type theory. We determine conditions for such models to satisfy the inference rules for dependent sums Σ, dependent products Π and intensional identity types Id, as used in homotopy type theory. It is then shown that a category admits such a model if it has a class of maps that behave like the abstract fibrations in axiomatic homotopy theory: They should be stable under pullback, closed under composition and relative products, and there should be weakly orthogonal factorizations into the class. It follows that many familiar settings for homotopy theory also admit natural models of the basic system of homotopy type theory.
TYPIFICATION OF NAMES IN ERIOCAULON IN THE FLORA OF THAILAND AND FLORA OF CAMBODIA, LAOS AND VIETNAM
Authors: Souladeth P. , Prajaksood A. , Parnell J. A. N. , Newman M. F.
Published: November 2016

Lectotypes are designated for eight names in Eriocaulon in tropical Asia, namely E. alatum, E. hamiltonianum, E. hookerianum, E. infirmum, E. lanigerum, E. nautiliforme, E. nigrum and E. ubonense. Additional information on the lectotype of Eriocaulon quinquangulare is given.
Construct operationalization, L1 effects, and context in second language processing
Authors: JUFFS ALAN
Published: November 2016

Cunnings (2016) provides welcome insights into differences between native speaker (NS) sentence processing, adult non-native speaker processing (NNS), and working memory capacity (WMC) limitations. This commentary briefly raises three issues: construct operationalization; the role of first language (L1); and context.
Retrotransposon-related genetic distance among inbred lines of sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) and hybrid performance
Authors: Bonchev Georgi , Shtereva Lydia , Vassilevska-Ivanova Rumiana
Published: November 2016

Heterosis is a main force underlying the hybrid seed industry in maize. Our experimental approach consists of a correlation study between retrotransposon-related genetic distances between parental inbred lines and hybrid performance. The assumption is that, at least for certain traits, heterosis results from genome rearrangements, largely related to retrotransposon insertions and/or removals. Fifteen maize inbred lines and one F1 hybrid, representative of the genetic diversity among sweet corn and field corn lines were screened for polymorphism by retrotransposon microsatellite amplified polymorphism markers. DNA fingerprints served as row data for estimating genetic diversity of maize inbred lines and its correlation with the heterotic effect in their hybrids. A correlation between phenotypic and molecular distances was evident only at the level of individual inbred lines. Weak correlation between genetic distances and heterosis effect was observed for the average of all inbred lines. Phenotypic distances negatively correlated with heterosis for insertion height, diameter of the ear and number of kernel rows per ear. The relative contribution of each inbred line to heterosis in its derived hybrids was also estimated. Accordingly, we identified inbred lines with increased genetic distances that mostly add to the heterosis effect in their hybrids and that we recommend as prospective to be used in maize breeding programmes.
Exploring the Genetic Etiology of Trust in Adolescents: Combined Twin and DNA Analyses
Authors: Wootton Robyn E. , Davis Oliver S. P. , Mottershaw Abigail L. , Wang R. Adele H. , Haworth Claire M. A.
Published: November 2016

Behavioral traits generally show moderate to strong genetic influence, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Some recent research has suggested that trust may be an exception because it is more strongly influenced by social interactions. In a sample of over 7,000 adolescent twins from the United Kingdom's Twins Early Development Study, we found broad sense heritability estimates of 57% for generalized trust and 51% for trust in friends. Genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) estimates in the same sample indicate that 21% of the narrow sense genetic variance can be explained by common single nucleotide polymorphisms for generalized trust and 43% for trust in friends. As expected, this implies a large amount of unexplained heritability, although power is low for estimating DNA-based heritability. The missing heritability may be accounted for by interactions between DNA and the social environment during development or via gene–environment correlations with rare variants. How these genes and environments correlate seem especially important for the development of trust.
The Genetic Overlap Between Hair and Eye Color
Authors: Lin Bochao D. , Willemsen Gonneke , Abdellaoui Abdel , Bartels Meike , Ehli Erik A. , Davies Gareth E. , Boomsma Dorret I. , Hottenga Jouke J.
Published: November 2016

We identified the genetic variants for eye color by Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) in a Dutch Caucasian family-based population sample and examined the genetic correlation between hair and eye color using data from unrelated participants from the Netherlands Twin Register. With the Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis software package, we found strong genetic correlations between various combinations of hair and eye colors. The strongest positive correlations were found for blue eyes with blond hair (0.87) and brown eyes with dark hair (0.71), whereas blue eyes with dark hair and brown eyes with blond hair showed the strongest negative correlations (-0.64 and -0.94, respectively). Red hair with green/hazel eyes showed the weakest correlation (-0.14). All analyses were corrected for age and sex, and we explored the effects of correcting for principal components (PCs) that represent ancestry and describe the genetic stratification of the Netherlands. When including the first three PCs as covariates, the genetic correlations between the phenotypes disappeared. This is not unexpected since hair and eye colors strongly indicate the ancestry of an individual. This makes it difficult to separate the effects of population stratification and the true genetic effects of variants on these particular phenotypes.
Computergestützte chirurgische 3D-Planung und schablonengeführte Implantation
Authors: Schneider David
Published: November 2016

Zusammenfassung. Dentale Implantate werden mit hohen Erfolgsraten zur Verankerung von Prothese, Brücken und Kronen eingesetzt. Der Erfolg der Behandlung hängt jedoch unter anderem von einer korrekten Position des Implantates ab, Fehlpositionen können zu biologischen, funktionellen und ästhetischen Komplikationen führen. Die bisherige, konventionelle Planung einer implantat-prothetischen Behandlung erfolgt mithilfe von konventionellen Röntgenbildern und die Implantate werden nach freihändiger Osteotomie eingesetzt. Der zunehmende Einsatz der digitalen Volumentomografie in der Zahnmedizin und die Weiterentwicklung von reiner Bildbetrachtungs- zur technisch fortgeschrittenen Implantationsplanungssoftware ermöglichen heute dem Kliniker eine umfassende, dreidimensionale präoperative Analyse und chirurgische Vorbereitung. Durch CAD-CAM-Technologie kann die geplante Implantatposition in eine Bohrschablone übertragen werden, die intraoperativ zur Führung der Instrumente eingesetzt wird, was in vielen Fällen die Implantation erleichtert.
A Wetter Climate Increases Methane Production in Peat
Authors: Jacobsen Elizabeth
Published: November 2016

As northern Minnesota's climate got wetter, precipitation drove mobile forms of young carbon deeper into peatlands, doubling the size of methane-producing strata.
A natural light-driven inward proton pump
Authors: Inoue Keiichi , Ito Shota , Kato Yoshitaka , Nomura Yurika , Shibata Mikihiro , Uchihashi Takayuki , Tsunoda Satoshi P. , Kandori Hideki
Published: November 2016

Light-driven outward H+ pumps are widely distributed in nature, converting sunlight energy into proton motive force. Here we report the characterization of an oppositely directed H+ pump with a similar architecture to outward pumps. A deep-ocean marine bacterium, Parvularcula oceani, contains three rhodopsins, one of which functions as a light-driven inward H+ pump when expressed in Escherichia coli and mouse neural cells. Detailed mechanistic analyses of the purified proteins reveal that small differences in the interactions established at the active centre determine the direction of primary H+ transfer. Outward H+ pumps establish strong electrostatic interactions between the primary H+ donor and the extracellular acceptor. In the inward H+ pump these electrostatic interactions are weaker, inducing a more relaxed chromophore structure that leads to the long-distance transfer of H+ to the cytoplasmic side. These results demonstrate an elaborate molecular design to control the direction of H+ transfers in proteins.
Doxycycline, metronidazole and isotretinoin: Do they modify microRNA/mRNA expression profiles and function in murine T-cells?
Authors: Becker Eugenia , Bengs Susan , Aluri Sirisha , Opitz Lennart , Atrott Kirstin , Stanzel Claudia , Castro Pedro A. Ruiz , Rogler Gerhard , Frey-Wagner Isabelle
Published: November 2016

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may develop due to an inflammatory response to commensal gut microbiota triggered by environmental factors in a genetically susceptible host. Isotretinoin (acne therapy) has been inconsistently associated with IBD onset and flares but prior treatment with antibiotics, also associated with IBD development, complicates the confirmation of this association. Here we studied in mice whether doxycycline, metronidazole or isotretinoin induce epigenetic modifications, and consequently change T-cell mRNA expression and/or function directly after treatment and after a 4 week recovery period. Isotretinoin induced IL-10 signaling in Tregs and naive T-cells directly after treatment and reduced effector T-cell proliferation alone and in co-culture with Tregs. Metronidazole activated processes associated with anti-inflammatory pathways in both T-cell subsets directly after the treatment period whereas doxycycline induced an immediate pro-inflammatory expression profile that resolved after the recovery period. Long-term changes indicated an inhibition of proliferation by doxycycline and induction of beneficial immune and metabolic pathways by metronidazole. Persistent alterations in microRNA and mRNA expression profiles after the recovery period indicate that all three medications may induce long-term epigenetic modifications in both T-cell subsets. Yet, our data do not support the induction of a long-term pro-inflammatory phenotype in murine Tregs and naive T-cells.
The Lnc RNA SPRY4-IT1 Modulates Trophoblast Cell Invasion and Migration by Affecting the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Zuo Qing , Huang Shiyun , Zou Yanfen , Xu Yetao , Jiang Ziyan , Zou Shan , Xu Haoqing , Sun Lizhou
Published: November 2016

Preeclampsia is a common, pregnancy-specific disease and a major contributor to maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. Some placental abnormalities, including deficient implantation, abnormal trophoblast cell function, and improper placental vascular development, are believed to lead to preeclampsia. The long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 is more highly expressed in preeclamptic human placentas than in normal placentas. We assessed the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated invasion and migration in HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells. Overexpression of SPRY4-IT1 suppressed trophoblast cell migration and invasion, whereas reduced expression of SPRY4-IT1 prevented the EMT process. Mechanistically, an RNA immunoprecipitation experiment showed that SPRY4-IT1 bound directly to HuR and mediated the β-catenin expression associated with EMT in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Moreover, the expression levels of genes in the WNT family, such as WNT3 and WNT5B, were changed after transfection of HTR-8/SVneo with SPRY4-IT1. Together, our results highlight the roles of SPRY4-IT1 in causing trophoblast cell dysfunction by acting through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and consequently in impairing spiral artery remodelling. These results suggest a new potential therapeutic target for intervention against preeclampsia.
Selective sweep on human amylase genes postdates the split with Neanderthals
Authors: Inchley Charlotte E. , Larbey Cynthia D. A. , Shwan Nzar A. A. , Pagani Luca , Saag Lauri , Antão Tiago , Jacobs Guy , Hudjashov Georgi , Metspalu Ene , Mitt Mario , Eichstaedt Christina A. , Malyarchuk Boris , Derenko Miroslava , Wee Joseph , Abdullah Syafiq , Ricaut François-Xavier , Mormina Maru , Mägi Reedik , Villems Richard , Metspalu Mait , Jones Martin K. , Armour John A. L. , Kivisild Toomas
Published: November 2016

Humans have more copies of amylase genes than other primates. It is still poorly understood, however, when the copy number expansion occurred and whether its spread was enhanced by selection. Here we assess amylase copy numbers in a global sample of 480 high coverage genomes and find that regions flanking the amylase locus show notable depression of genetic diversity both in African and non-African populations. Analysis of genetic variation in these regions supports the model of an early selective sweep in the human lineage after the split of humans from Neanderthals which led to the fixation of multiple copies of AMY1 in place of a single copy. We find evidence of multiple secondary losses of copy number with the highest frequency (52%) of a deletion of AMY2A and associated low copy number of AMY1 in Northeast Siberian populations whose diet has been low in starch content.
Foetal programming by methyl donor deficiency produces steato-hepatitis in rats exposed to high fat diet
Authors: Bison Anaïs , Marchal-Bressenot Aude , Li Zhen , Elamouri Ilef , Feigerlova Eva , Peng Lu , Houlgatte Remi , Beck Bernard , Pourié Gregory , Alberto Jean-Marc , Umoret Remy , Conroy Guillaume , Bronowicki Jean-Pierre , Guéant Jean-Louis , Guéant-Rodriguez Rosa-Maria
Published: November 2016

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a manifestation of metabolic syndrome, which emerges as a major public health problem. Deficiency in methyl donors (folate and vitamin B12) during gestation and lactation is frequent in humans and produces foetal programming effects of metabolic syndrome, with small birth weight and liver steatosis at day 21 (d21), in rat pups. We investigated the effects of fetal programming on liver of rats born from deficient mothers (iMDD) and subsequently subjected to normal diet after d21 and high fat diet (HF) after d50. We observed increased abdominal fat, ASAT/ALAT ratio and angiotensin blood level, but no histological liver abnormality in d50 iMDD rats. In contrast, d185 iMDD/HF animals had hallmarks of steato-hepatitis, with increased markers of inflammation and fibrosis (caspase1, cleaved IL-1β, α1(I) and α2(I) collagens and α-SMA), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR and Glut 2) and expression of genes involved in stellate cell stimulation and remodelling and key genes triggering NASH pathomechanisms (transforming growth factor beta super family, angiotensin and angiotensin receptor type 1). Our data showed a foetal programming effect of MDD on liver inflammation and fibrosis, which suggests investigating whether MDD during pregnancy is a risk factor of NASH in populations subsequently exposed to HF diet.
Gastrodin protects against chronic inflammatory pain by inhibiting spinal synaptic potentiation
Authors: Xiao Mei-Mei , Zhang Yu-Qi , Wang Wen-Ting , Han Wen-Juan , Lin Zhen , Xie Rou-Gang , Cao Zhi , Lu Na , Hu San-Jue , Wu Sheng-Xi , Dong Hui , Luo Ceng
Published: November 2016

Tissue injury is known to produce inflammation and pain. Synaptic potentiation between peripheral nociceptors and spinal lamina I neurons has been proposed to serve as a trigger for chronic inflammatory pain. Gastrodin is a main bioactive constituent of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Gastrodia elata Blume, which has been widely used as an analgesic since ancient times. However, its underlying cellular mechanisms have remained elusive. The present study demonstrated for the first time that gastrodin exhibits an analgesic effect at the spinal level on spontaneous pain, mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity induced by peripheral inflammation, which is not dependent on opioid receptors and without tolerance. This analgesia by gastrodin is at least in part mediated by depressing spinal synaptic potentiation via blockade of acid-sensing ion channels. Further studies with miniature EPSCs and paired-pulse ratio analysis revealed the presynaptic origin of the action of gastrodin, which involves a decrease in transmitter release probability. In contrast, neither basal nociception nor basal synaptic transmission was altered. This study revealed a dramatic analgesic action of gastrodin on inflammatory pain and uncovered a novel spinal mechanism that could underlie the analgesia by gastrodin, pointing the way to a new analgesic for treating chronic inflammatory pain.