bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of nanocelluloses from orange peel and ZnO as hybrid nanofiller in developing functionalized starch nanocomposite for edible coatings
Authors: Revathi Valureddi , Afzia Nurin , Ghosh Tabli
Published: October 2024

This study explores the formulations of orange peel nanocelluloses (NC) with tailored dimensions for the development of functionalized nanocomposites coatings on green chilies. In the present century, the valorization of agro‐waste, specifically orange peel for developing NC facilitated sustainable packaging such as edible films and coatings with improved properties has received importance. As, this approach aligns with the sustainable development goals, including reduced food waste and agro waste. For the work, the derived orange peel celluloses were acid hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) to deliver cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and cellulose nanoparticles (CNP), respectively. The fabricated CNP and CNF were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FESEM morphology showed the formation of CNP with diameter ranges from 42.4 to 108 nm and formation of CNF with diameter ranged from 27.4 to 50.5 nm. The creation of the functionalized nanocomposite was done by reinforcing with hybrid nanofillers consisting CNF, CNP consecutively with ZnO in corn starch for tailormade packaging properties in terms of mechanical, physicochemical, optical, thermal properties, and so on. The results reveal improved tensile strength, and reduced water vapor transmission rates of nanocomposite with the addition of hybrid nanofillers. Additionally, green chilies were coated with the functionalized nanocomposites prepared by different concentrations of nanofillers. The storage analysis was performed in terms of weight loss, total chlorophyll content, and microbiological analysis. The developed coatings were found to be effective in extending the shelf life of green chilies. The control samples showed significantly higher weight loss compared to coated ones. The coated samples showed significantly better firmness and total chlorophyll content after 20 days of storage. In comparison to other coatings, NC and ZnO incorporated starch‐based coating was found to be the most effective in maintaining the quality of fresh green chilies throughout the storage. Thus, incorporating NC and ZnO in starch‐based films and coatings presents a promising avenue for sustainable packaging and preservation.

Highlights

Agro‐waste orange peel was valorized to develop sustainable food packaging.

Orange peel‐based nanocellulose was developed using H2SO4 and HCl.

Nanocomposite film was developed using hybrid nanofillers.

Nanocomposites provide tailored properties due to the nanofillers.

Developed nanocomposite was used as edible coatings on green chilies.
Estimation of prevalence of CIAF‐based undernutrition among under‐six children of India: A systematic and meta analytical review
Authors: Tandan Dhansay , Yadav Sarvendra
Published: October 2024

Undernutrition is a silent emergency resulting from a combination of various social, economic, educational, demographic, and morbidity factors. This systematic and meta‐analytical review assessed the pooled prevalence of Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF)–based undernutrition among under‐six years children in India. Articles were searched using Publish and Perish software and through reference exploration. The random effect model with the inverse method estimated the pooled prevalence (at 95% confidence interval, CI). Heterogeneity was tested through the I2 value and Q chi‐square. Subgroup analysis considered the National Food Security Act (NFSA), zonal distribution of studies, study location, and sample size. The pooled prevalence of CIAF‐based undernutrition among Indian under‐six children was 58% (95% CI: 0.54–0.62). After the implementation of the NFSA, the prevalence significantly dropped from 63% (95% CI: 0.58–0.67) to 56% (95% CI: 0.51–0.61). Undernutrition was higher in central and southern India (64%) but showed no significant difference between urban (58%) and rural (57%) areas (χ2 = 0.10; p = .76). The high I2 value (75%) indicated significant variation. Undernutrition remains a critical public health issue in India, particularly in central and southern regions. Enhanced screening, implementation, and monitoring of interventions are recommended.
Preoperative identification of early extrahepatic recurrence after hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases: A machine learning approach
Authors: Kawashima Jun , Endo Yutaka , Woldesenbet Selamawit , Chatzipanagiotou Odysseas P. , Tsilimigras Diamantis I. , Catalano Giovanni , Khan Muhammad Muntazir Mehdi , Rashid Zayed , Khalil Mujtaba , Altaf Abdullah , Munir Muhammad Musaab , Guglielmi Alfredo , Ruzzenente Andrea , Aldrighetti Luca , Alexandrescu Sorin , Kitago Minoru , Poultsides George , Sasaki Kazunari , Aucejo Federico , Endo Itaru , Pawlik Timothy M.
Published: October 2024

Background

Machine learning (ML) may provide novel insights into data patterns and improve model prediction accuracy. The current study sought to develop and validate an ML model to predict early extra‐hepatic recurrence (EEHR) among patients undergoing resection of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM).

Methods

Patients with CRLM who underwent curative‐intent resection between 2000 and 2020 were identified from an international multi‐institutional database. An eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model was developed to estimate the risk of EEHR, defined as extrahepatic recurrence within 12 months after hepatectomy, using clinicopathological factors. The relative importance of factors was determined using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) values.

Results

Among 1410 patients undergoing curative‐intent resection, 131 (9.3%) patients experienced EEHR. Median OS among patients with and without EEHR was 35.4 months (interquartile range [IQR] 29.9–46.7) versus 120.5 months (IQR 97.2–134.0), respectively (p < 0.001). The ML predictive model had c‐index values of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.72–0.81) and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.73–0.80) in the entire dataset and the validation data set with bootstrapping resamples, respectively. The SHAP algorithm demonstrated that T and N primary tumor categories, as well as tumor burden score were the three most important predictors of EEHR. An easy‐to‐use risk calculator for EEHR was developed and made available online at: https://junkawashima.shinyapps.io/EEHR/.

Conclusions

An easy‐to‐use online calculator was developed using ML to help clinicians predict the chance of EEHR after curative‐intent resection for CRLM. This tool may help clinicians in decision‐making related to treatment strategies for patients with CRLM.
Irrigation with fibrinolytic agents versus saline for percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses: A meta‐analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Graziani e Sousa Augusto , Godoi Amanda , Florêncio de Mesquita Cynthia , Prajiante Bertolino Enrico , Canizares Quisiguina Stalin Isaias , Mazzola Poli de Figueiredo Sergio
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Fibrinolytic agents (FA) activate the fibrinolytic system, converting plasminogen into plasmin to break down fibrin. Their use for irrigation of abdominal abscesses is debated, and this meta‐analysis evaluates their efficacy.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing FA and saline in percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses. Outcomes included length of hospitalization, duration of drainage, and drainage volume. We pooled mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random‐effects model. We also performed a trial sequential analysis (TSA).

Results

We included six RCTs encompassing 299 patients. In the overall analysis, FA increased drainage volume (MD 104.25 mL; 95% CI 35.72–172.77 mL; p = 0.003; I2 = 0%). In children, saline reduced hospitalization duration (MD −1.26 days; 95% CI −1.98 to −0.55 days; p = 0.0006; I2 = 0%), whereas FA increased drainage volume (MD 84.66 mL; 95% CI 5.77–153.54 mL; p = 0.04; I2 = 0%). In adults, FA significantly reduced hospitalization duration (MD −11.12 days; 95% CI −15.16 to −7.08 days; p < 0.00001; I2 = 0%) and duration of drainage (MD −6.53 days; 95% CI −9.25 to −3.81 days; p < 0.00001; I2 = 0%) while increasing drainage volume (MD 164.47 mL; 95% CI 26.16–302.78 mL; p = 0.02; I2 = 0%). On TSA, the required information size was achieved only for the adult subgroup's hospitalization and drainage duration.

Conclusion

In adults, FA reduce hospitalization and drainage duration and increase drainage volume. In children, saline seems more effective in reducing hospitalization duration, while FA increase drainage volume. These findings underscore the need for age‐specific treatments and further research, especially in the pediatric population.
Determination of the heat source field associated to self‐heating phenomenon under cyclic loading at 20 kHz
Authors: Sévédé T. , Demmouche Y. , Arbab Chirani S. , Doudard C. , Calloch S.
Published: October 2024

The present paper deals with self‐heating phenomenon under cyclic loading at high loading frequency 20 kHz and low stress amplitude (i.e., far below the yield stress). The main goal is to propose two different methods to determine the heat source field at the origin of this temperature change. To do that the local expression of the 1D heat diffusion equation and experimental thermal data fields obtained by an infrared camera are used. The proposed methodology is applied to experimental results from tests performed on a ML340 maraging steel.
Numerical and experimental frequency analysis of damaged fiber‐reinforced metal laminated composite
Authors: Thomas Libin Chakkata , Akkasali Naveen Kumar , Patle Bhumesh Kumar , Mehar Kulmani , Kumar Vikash , Panda Subrata Kumar
Published: October 2024

This research numerically evaluated the eigenvalue responses of the damaged fiber metal laminate (FML) structure. The current numerical model is delved into including crack‐type damage effect on the structural integrity/ stiffness via frequency response. In this regard, a complete mathematical model of FML has been derived through higher‐order shear deformation kinematics for computational purposes. The mathematical model is converted to computer code in the MATLAB platform to predict the eigenvalue responses of FML components with and without damage. The damage influences are considered via circular meshing of finite element steps associated with the isoparametric element (nine nodes and nine degrees of freedom for each node). The solution consistency is checked via convergence, and the results are compared with data available in the open domain. Further, an experimental test is carried out to improve confidence using an in‐house test rig. The experiment was conducted by varying the length of the FML in 0.1 m increments. The results showed good agreement between the numerical and experimental data, with the lowest deviation being 0.29% and the highest 8.97%. The developed numerical model is extended to analyze the influences of design parameters such as geometry shape, aspect ratio (a/b), thickness ratio (a/h) ratio, curvature ratio, and fiber layup sequence on the natural frequency response.
Mapping the Diversity of Urban Diversities
Authors: Pisarevskaya Asya , Scholten Peter
Published: October 2024

What variation can be identified in urban diversities? In this chapter we provide an empirical mapping of diversity characteristics in cities as outlined in Chap. 2: diversity of origins and residential segregation between people with and without a (first generation) migration background. Can we identify cities that have distinct combinations of the two main dimensions? Inductive analysis in this chapter will provide a second step towards developing a typology of cities of migration. At the end of this chapter, we will identify clusters of cities and select typical cities to be examined more in-depth in subsequent chapters.
Cities Cluster I: High Diversity and Low Segregation
Authors: Pisarevskaya Asya , Scholten Peter
Published: October 2024

The cluster of diversity configurations is perhaps most often referred to in the literature as characteristic for multicultural cities or superdiverse cities. This configuration involves relatively high levels of diversity, in terms of relative share of migrants, as well as relatively low levels of segregation. As median representatives of this cluster, we have selected Konstanz (GER), Paris (FRA), Parma (ITA) and Hilversum (NL). Interestingly, this diversity configuration is not manifested only in large cities. Our analysis puts Hilversum (NL) and Konstanz (GER) with less than 100.000 inhabitants in the same category as Paris.
Cities Cluster III: Low Diversity and High Segregation
Authors: Pisarevskaya Asya , Scholten Peter
Published: October 2024

The third cluster of cities of migration involves cities with relatively low diversity but relatively high levels of segregation. So, cities that are segregated but not so diverse. Also for this cluster we selected, based on the quantitative analysis from Chap. 3, four cities that are median to this category: Plauen (GER), Cosenza (ITA), Leeuwarden (NL) and Vannes (FRA).
Cities Cluster IV: Low Diversity and Low Segregation
Authors: Pisarevskaya Asya , Scholten Peter
Published: October 2024

The final cluster of cities that we will examine is that of cities with relatively low levels of diversity and low levels of segregation. For this cluster too we have selected four cities, one from each of the four countries for which comparable data was available; Dessau-Roßlau (GER), Rouen (FRA), Doetinchem (NL) and Viareggio (ITA) (Table 7.1).
Thermal pion condensation: holography meets lattice QCD
Authors: Kovensky Nicolas , Schmitt Andreas
Published: October 2024

Abstract

The holographic Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model is often employed to describe strongly-coupled baryonic and isospin-asymmetric matter, for example in the context of neutron stars. Here we consider the case of vanishing baryon chemical potential, where detailed comparisons to data from lattice QCD are possible. To this end, we extend previous works by including a realistic pion mass and pion condensation into the decompactified limit of the model and evaluate the system for arbitrary isospin chemical potentials and temperatures. After suitably fixing the 3 parameters of the model, we find that the overall phase structure is in excellent agreement with lattice results. This also holds for observables at low temperatures in the strongly coupled regime, while we discover and discuss some discrepancies at large temperatures. Our findings give reassurance for the validity of previous and future applications of this model and highlight the aspects where improvements are needed.
Simultaneous analysis of several plasticizer classes in different matrices by on-line turbulent flow chromatography-LC–MS/MS
Authors: Fernández-Arribas Julio , Callejas-Martos Sandra , Balasch Aleix , Moreno Teresa , Eljarrat Ethel
Published: October 2024

The development of methodologies for the determination of plasticizers is essential for assessing the environmental and human impact resulting from the use of plastics. A fast analytical method with on-line purification based on turbulent flow chromatography (TFC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS–MS) has been developed for the analysis of ten phthalates, four alternative plasticizers (including adipates and citrates), and 20 organophosphate esters (OPEs). The method has been validated for the determination of plasticizers across different matrices. Analytical parameters showed acceptable recoveries ranging between 50 and 125%, RSDs lower than 20%, and mLODs of 0.001–2.08 ng g−1 wet weight (ww), 0.002–0.30 ng g−1, and 0.001–0.93 ng m−3 for foodstuffs, face masks, and ambient air, respectively. These methodologies were applied to foodstuff samples purchased in grocery stores, reusable and self-filtering masks, and indoor air measured in different locations. Plasticizers were detected in all the analyzed samples, with values up to 22.0 μg g−1 ww, 6.78 μg g−1, and 572 ng m−3 for foodstuffs, face masks, and indoor air, respectively. The contribution of each family to the total plasticizer content varied between 1.3 and 87%, 0.5 and 98%, and 0.5 and 65% for phthalates, alternative plasticizers, and OPEs, respectively. These findings highlighted the need for analytical methodologies capable of simultaneously assessing a wide number of plasticizers with minimal extraction steps. This capability is crucial in order to obtain more conclusive insights into the impact of these pollutants on both the environment and human health, arising from different sources of exposure such as foodstuffs, plastic materials, and atmospheric air.

Graphical Abstract
Preoperative prediction of diffuse glioma type and grade in adults: a gadolinium-free MRI-based decision tree
Authors: Azizova Aynur , Prysiazhniuk Yeva , Wamelink Ivar J. H. G. , Cakmak Marcus , Kaya Elif , Wesseling Pieter , de Witt Hamer Philip C. , Verburg Niels , Petr Jan , Barkhof Frederik , Keil Vera C.
Published: October 2024

Objectives

To develop a gadolinium-free MRI-based diagnosis prediction decision tree (DPDT) for adult-type diffuse gliomas and to assess the added value of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) enhanced images.

Materials and methods

This study included preoperative grade 2–4 adult-type diffuse gliomas (World Health Organization 2021) scanned between 2010 and 2021. The DPDT, incorporating eleven GBCA-free MRI features, was developed using 18% of the dataset based on consensus readings. Diagnosis predictions involved grade (grade 2 vs. grade 3/4) and molecular status (isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and 1p/19q). GBCA-free diagnosis was predicted using DPDT, while GBCA-enhanced diagnosis included post-contrast images. The accuracy of these predictions was assessed by three raters with varying experience levels in neuroradiology using the test dataset. Agreement analyses were applied to evaluate the prediction performance/reproducibility.

Results

The test dataset included 303 patients (age (SD): 56.7 (14.2) years, female/male: 114/189, low-grade/high-grade: 54/249, IDH-mutant/wildtype: 82/221, 1p/19q-codeleted/intact: 34/269). Per-rater GBCA-free predictions achieved ≥ 0.85 (95%-CI: 0.80–0.88) accuracy for grade and ≥ 0.75 (95%-CI: 0.70–0.80) for molecular status, while GBCA-enhanced predictions reached ≥ 0.87 (95%-CI: 0.82–0.90) and ≥ 0.77 (95%–CI: 0.71–0.81), respectively. No accuracy difference was observed between GBCA-free and GBCA-enhanced predictions. Group inter-rater agreement was moderate for GBCA-free (0.56 (95%-CI: 0.46–0.66)) and substantial for GBCA-enhanced grade prediction (0.68 (95%-CI: 0.58–0.78), p = 0.008), while substantial for both GBCA-free (0.75 (95%-CI: 0.69–0.80) and GBCA-enhanced (0.77 (95%-CI: 0.71–0.82), p = 0.51) molecular status predictions.

Conclusion

The proposed GBCA-free diagnosis prediction decision tree performed well, with GBCA-enhanced images adding little to the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of adult-type diffuse gliomas.

Key Points

Question

Given health and environmental concerns, is there a gadolinium-free imaging protocol to preoperatively evaluate gliomas comparable to the gadolinium-enhanced standard practice?

Findings

The proposed gadolinium-free diagnosis prediction decision tree for adult-type diffuse gliomas performed well, and gadolinium-enhanced MRI demonstrated only limited improvement in diagnostic accuracy.

Clinical relevance

Even inexperienced raters effectively classified adult-type diffuse gliomas using the gadolinium-free diagnosis prediction decision tree, which, until further validation, can be used alongside gadolinium-enhanced images to respect standard practice, despite this study showing that gadolinium-enhanced images hardly improved diagnostic accuracy.

Graphical Abstract
multiRegionFoam: A Unified Multiphysics Framework for Multi-Region Coupled Continuum-Physical Problems
Authors: Alkafri Heba , Habes Constantin , Elwardi Fadeli Mohammed , Hess Steffen , Beale Steven B. , Zhang Shidong , Jasak Hrvoje , Marschall Holger
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a unified framework, called multiRegionFoam, for solving multiphysics problems of the multi-region coupling type within OpenFOAM (FOAM-extend). It is intended to supersede the existing solver with the same name. The design of the new framework is modular, allowing users to assemble a multiphysics problem region-by-region and coupling conditions interface-by-interface. The present approach allows users to choose between deploying either monolithic or partitioned interface coupling for each individual transport equation. The formulation of boundary conditions is generalised in the sense that their implementation is based on the mathematical jump/transmission conditions in the most general form for tensors of any rank. The present contribution focuses on the underlying mathematical model for interface coupled multiphysics problems, as well as on the software design and resulting code structure that enable a flexible and modular approach. Finally, deployment for different multi-region coupling cases is demonstrated, including conjugate heat, multiphase flows and fuel-cells. Source code: multiRegionFoam v1.1 [1], repository https://bitbucket.org/hmarschall/multiregionfoam/.

Article highlights

A novel multiphysics framework, called multiRegionFoam, has been developed for solving multi-region coupled problems in OpenFOAM.

The design of the framework allows for a modular multiphysics setup with freedom of choice on the coupling strategy (partitioned vs. monolithic).

Extension of the general transport equation by interface conditions enables a unified coupling approach.
An investigation of the relationship between long bone measurements and stature: Implications for estimating skeletal stature in subadults
Authors: Chu Elaine Y. , Stull Kyra E.
Published: October 2024

The present study introduces new regression formulae that address several challenges of current subadult stature estimation methods by 1) using a large, contemporary, cross-sectional sample of subadult skeletal remains; 2) generating regression models using both lengths and breadths; 3) utilizing both linear and nonlinear regression models to accommodate the nonlinear shape of long bone growth; and 4) providing usable prediction intervals for estimating stature. Eighteen long bone measurements, stature, and age were collected from computed tomography images for a sample of individuals (n = 990) between birth and 20 years from the United States. The bivariate relationship between long bone measurements and stature was modeled using linear and nonlinear methods on an 80% training sample and evaluated on a 20% testing sample. Equations were generated using pooled-sex samples. Goodness of fit was evaluated using Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests and mean absolute deviation (MAD). Accuracy and precision were quantified using percent testing accuracy and Bland–Altman plots. In total, 38 stature estimation equations were created and evaluated, all achieving testing accuracies greater than 90%. Nonlinear models generated better fits compared to linear counterparts and generally produced smaller MAD (3.65 – 15.90cm). Length models generally performed better than breadth models, and a mixture of linear and nonlinear methods resulted in highest testing accuracies. Model performance was not biased by sex, age, or measurement type. A freely available, online graphical user interface is provided for immediate use of the models by practitioners in forensic anthropology and will be expanded to include bioarchaeological contexts in the future.
Histological variants of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a survival analysis
Authors: Bengtsson Axel , Andersson Roland , Ansari Daniel
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can be classified into distinct histological subtypes based on the WHO nomenclature. The aim of this study was to compare the prognosis of conventional PDAC (cPDAC) against the other histological variants at the population level.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify patients with microscopically confirmed PDAC. These patients were divided into 9 histological subgroups. Overall survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression models stratified by tumor histology.

Results

A total of 159,548 patients with PDAC were identified, of whom 95.9% had cPDAC, followed by colloid carcinoma (CC) (2.6%), adenosquamous carcinoma (ASqC) (0.8%), signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) (0.5%), undifferentiated carcinoma (UC) (0.1%), undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (UCOGC) (0.1%), hepatoid carcinoma (HC) (0.01%), medullary carcinoma of the pancreas (MCP) (0.006%) and pancreatic undifferentiated carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype (PUCR) (0.003%). Kaplan-Meier curves showed that PUCR had the worst prognosis (median survival: 2 months; 5-year survival: 0%), while MCP had the best prognosis (median survival: 41 months; 5-year survival: 33.3%). In a multivariable Cox model, several histological subtypes (i.e. CC, ASqC, SRCC, UCOGC) were identified as independent predictors of overall survival when compared to cPDAC.

Conclusion

PDAC is a heterogenous disease and accurate identification of variant histology is important for risk stratification, as these variants may have different biological behavior.
Gender matters, especially if you are a Polish teenager being examined by a doctor or a doctor examining a teenager
Authors: Henzler Michał , Henzler Ania Stella , Jacewicz Jan , Nitsch-Osuch Aneta , Kuchar Ernest , Rybicka-Kramarz Anika , Kucharski Bartłomiej , Bogdan Magdalena
Published: October 2024

To analyse how the specific gender configurations of the adolescent patient and the doctor affect the performance of intimate areas examinations during adolescent well-care visits and the emotions that accompany these examinations, the use of comfort measures, and the subsequent willingness of adolescents to visit the doctor in the future. An anonymous questionnaire was completed by adolescents (n = 1072) and their parents (n = 685) recruited from 80 randomly selected secondary schools in Poland. Genital examination and puberty assessment were performed more often in boys than in girls (OR = 14.1, p < .0001 and OR = 5.5, p < .0001, respectively). Female doctors performed intimate examinations more frequently than male doctors (OR = 2.2, p = .0059). Male doctors were more likely to ask for consent than female doctors, 66.7% vs. 40.2% (p = .0556), and use the screen more often than female doctors, 46.7% vs. 21.7% (p = .0393). Intimate examinations significantly discouraged adolescents from revisiting the doctor, especially when performed by a physician of the opposite sex. The majority of Polish adolescents and their parents believe that routine prophylactic genital region examinations are illegal, especially if girls’ genitals are to be examined by male physicians.

Conclusion: The implementation of preventive genital region examinations in adolescents depends largely on non-medical factors—the gender of the patient, the physician, and the mutual configuration of these genders. The level of public non-acceptance of these procedures should not be underestimated by experts setting standards of well-care for adolescents.

What is known:• Although the assessment of sexual maturity is an integral part of the preventive examination of adolescents (both girls and boys) these examinations are often overlooked.What is new:• The gender of the physician and the congruence of his/her gender with the gender of the adolescent patient influence whether a puberty assessment will be performed, as well as the social acceptance of such procedures.• Examinations of the intimate area are a significant factor discouraging both adolescent girls and adolescent boys from seeing the doctor again.
Methodologies underpinning polygenic risk scores estimation: a comprehensive overview
Authors: Ndong Sima Carene Anne Alene , Step Kathryn , Swart Yolandi , Schurz Haiko , Uren Caitlin , Möller Marlo
Published: October 2024

Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have emerged as a promising tool for predicting disease risk and treatment outcomes using genomic data. Thousands of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), primarily involving populations of European ancestry, have supported the development of PRS models. However, these models have not been adequately evaluated in non-European populations, raising concerns about their clinical validity and predictive power across diverse groups. Addressing this issue requires developing novel risk prediction frameworks that leverage genetic characteristics across diverse populations, considering host-microbiome interactions and a broad range of health measures. One of the key aspects in evaluating PRS is understanding the strengths and limitations of various methods for constructing them. In this review, we analyze strengths and limitations of different methods for constructing PRS, including traditional weighted approaches and new methods such as Bayesian and Frequentist penalized regression approaches. Finally, we summarize recent advances in PRS calculation methods development, and highlight key areas for future research, including development of models robust across diverse populations by underlining the complex interplay between genetic variants across diverse ancestral backgrounds in disease risk as well as treatment response prediction. PRS hold great promise for improving disease risk prediction and personalized medicine; therefore, their implementation must be guided by careful consideration of their limitations, biases, and ethical implications to ensure that they are used in a fair, equitable, and responsible manner.
Deep attention for enhanced OCT image analysis in clinical retinal diagnosis
Authors: Talaat Fatma M. , Ali Ahmed Ali Ahmed , ElGendy Raghda , ELShafie Mohamed A.
Published: October 2024

Retinal illnesses such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic maculopathy pose serious risks to vision in the developed world. The diagnosis and assessment of these disorders have undergone revolutionary change with the development of optical coherence tomography (OCT). This study proposes a novel method for improving clinical precision in retinal disease diagnosis by utilizing the strength of Attention-Based DenseNet, a deep learning architecture with attention processes. For model building and evaluation, a dataset of 84495 high-resolution OCT images divided into NORMAL, CNV, DME, and DRUSEN classes was used. Data augmentation techniques were employed to enhance the model's robustness. The Attention-Based DenseNet model achieved a validation accuracy of 0.9167 with a batch size of 32 and 50 training epochs. This discovery presents a promising route for more precise and speedy identification of retinal illnesses, ultimately enhancing patient care and outcomes in clinical settings by integrating cutting-edge technology with powerful neural network architectures.
Organic geochemical and compound specific stable carbon isotope analyses of n-alkanes and saturated carboxylic acids extracted from late Paleozoic coals
Authors: Weniger Philipp , Schwarzbauer Jan
Published: October 2024

Isotopic studies of coal organic matter are often conducted to gain information about past ecosystems and plant communities e.g. under changing climate conditions. While many studies focused on isotope analysis of bulk coal organic matter or extractable aliphatic hydrocarbons, the polar fraction and compounds that are bound to kerogen and not freely extractable have received less attention. The aim of this study was to provide a systematic comparison and evaluation of information gained from different molecular compounds (n-alkanes, n-carboxylic acids) extracted from Paleozoic coals before and after alkaline hydrolysis. Stable carbon isotope analysis of these compounds were used to evaluate a possible application of extractable and ‘bound’ lipids for paleoenvironmental analyses. Coal samples of different stratigraphic age, low thermal maturity (VRr < 1.02%, mostly VRr < 0.8%) and from different paleogeographic locations were selected to investigate organic matter deposited under different paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic conditions. Molecular distributions show prominent carbon preference suggesting preservation of biologic signatures in coal organic matter. Permian Gondwana coals show similar n-alkane and n-carboxylic acid distribution which may be related to Glossopteris flora. Molecular distributions of Carboniferous coal from Europe are more variable with unimodal or bimodal patterns and maxima in the short- or long-chain range, reflecting higher diversity of paleovegetation and different contribution from algae or bacteria in limnic and paralic environments. The isotope signals of free as well as bound fatty acids show closer response for different depositional environments, whereas signals of paraffins and bulk organic matter are less variable. However, averaged fatty acid isotope signals in coals from different paleovegetational realms, e.g. Euramerica and Gondwana differed only marginally.

Graphical abstract
Isolation and characterization of Yersinia phage fMtkYen3-01
Authors: Goladze Sophia , Patpatia Sheetal , Tuomala Henni , Ylänne Matti , Gachechiladze Nino , de Oliveira Patricio Daniel , Skurnik Mikael , Sundberg Lotta-Riina
Published: October 2024

Yersinia enterocolitica causes yersiniosis, the third most common gastrointestinal infection in humans throughout Europe. The emergence of multidrug resistance and the lack of effective new antibiotics have drawn attention to phage therapy as a treatment option. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of phage fMtkYen3-01, which infects Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3 strains. This phage has a genome 40,415 bp in length with 45.1% GC content and 49 predicted genes. fMtkYen3-01 infected 9.5% of the 42 Y. enterocolitica strains tested and showed stability at 25–40 °C, as well as pH 5.0–10.0. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of this phage.
‘Argumentative Disobedience’ as a Strategy to Confront Hate Speech
Authors: Domínguez-Armas Álvaro
Published: October 2024

In this paper, I examine argumentative strategies that social movements can follow to counter hate speech. I begin by reconstructing the disagreement space of the abortion debate in Argentina as a polylogue, identifying the protests of the social movement Pañuelos verdes as argumentative contributions. I then describe two different forms of hate speech used in response to the movement’s protests. I argue that hate speech discredits the position of Pañuelos verdes in the abortion debate and depicts their protests as social threats. Subsequently, I discuss three argumentative strategies that social movements can implement to address hate speech: arguing with hate speakers; advocating for a dialogue with restrictions; and opting for argumentative disobedience. Arguing with hate speakers aims to make hate speakers retract hate speech by exposing the undesirability of using hateful messages in argumentative exchanges. Advocating for a dialogue with restrictions aims to impose limited bans on public speech in order to ensure equal participation of arguers in argumentation. Finally, I propose the notion of argumentative disobedience to describe communicative responses to hate speech that aim to bring bystanders in line with the position of social movements in public debates.
Prompt gamma rays of lanthanum and praseodymium produced by inelastic scattering of fission neutrons
Authors: Ophoven Niklas , Mauerhofer Eric , Ilic Zeljko , Stieghorst Christian , Révay Zsolt , Meleshenkovskii Iaroslav , Randriamalala Tsitohaina H.
Published: October 2024

Emission of prompt gamma rays in lanthanum and praseodymium nuclei triggered by (n,n’γ) inelastic scattering reactions of fission neutrons was investigated with the instrument FaNGaS (Fast Neutron-induced Gamma-ray Spectrometry) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ). We identified 125 gamma lines (54 for lanthanum and 71 for praseodymium), for which we give the relative intensities and production cross sections. Presence of oxygen and chlorine in the samples was exploited to verify previous measurements. Our results are consistent with available literature data but also enhance it as we detect new lines and recognize a few false assignments. In addition, for a counting time of 12 h we estimated the detection limits of lanthanum and praseodymium as 0.6 and 0.4 mg, respectively.
Widening the frequency bandgap and reducing thermal conductivity in phononic crystals by tuning structural parameters using a novel computational simulation method
Authors: Bun Khemrith , Pathak Saurabh , Wang Xu
Published: October 2024

This paper introduces and models a phononic structure based on single-crystal silicon, aiming to investigate the width of its frequency bandgap and the impact of key parameters on thermal conductivity. The modeled phononic crystal structure features a periodic arrangement of cylindrical holes in a silicon matrix. This research holds the potential to enhance thermal management performance of thermal metamaterials. Utilizing a 3D finite element method (FEM) model in COMSOL, we have computed phonon dispersion to estimate thermal conductivity. The study systematically has explored the influence of phononic crystal parameters—specifically, porosity, lattice constant, and thickness—along with their interactions on both thermal conductivity and frequency bandgap width.

A comprehensive investigation of these parameters has been conducted for their optimization to achieve the maximum frequency bandgap width and minimum thermal conductivity using the response surface method model. Eigenfrequencies and wave vector parameters are extracted from the finite element model using a MATLAB script. Subsequently, thermal conductivity is calculated through the Callaway–Holland model, a simplification of the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE).

Our results indicate that the frequency bandgap begins to form at approximately 43% porosity for a lattice constant and thickness of 100 nm each. Furthermore, adjusting the parameters led to a significant reduction in thermal conductivity, decreasing from 43.89 W m−1 K−1 to 0.39 W m−1 K−1. The novelty of our research lies in thermal conductivity control of phononic crystal metamaterials through their parameter variations, or a predictive method of thermal conductivity and its parameter sensitivity. This study advances the state of the art in phononic crystal metamaterial research, contributing to improved thermal management performance by enlarging frequency bandgaps.

Overall, our findings deepen the understanding of how porosity, lattice constant, and thickness influence thermal conductivity and frequency bandgap width. They offer valuable insights into optimizing phononic crystal parameters, enhancing thermal management performance, and designing more efficient and effective phononic crystal structures.
Reliability of Parental Recall of Birth Weight, Birth Length and Gestational Age in the Multicenter Cohort Study IDEFICS
Authors: Swenne Annika , Veidebaum Toomas , Tornaritis Michael , Dello Russo Marika , Moreno Luis A. , Molnár Dénes , Mårild Staffan , De Henauw Stefaan , Pigeot Iris , Pohlabeln Hermann
Published: October 2024

Objective

To investigate the reliability of parental recall of birth weight, birth length and gestational age several years after birth.

Methods

Parentally recalled birth parameters were obtained from the European multicentric cohort study IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants) and compared to the corresponding data externally recorded in the child’s medical check-up booklet. The agreement between the two sources was examined using Bland–Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficients and Cohen’s kappa for clinically relevant categories. Additionally, logistic regression models were used to identify factors related to parental recall accuracy.

Results

A total of 4930 children aged 2 to 11 years were included. Accuracy of birth weight within 100 g was 88%, 94% of the recalled birth length was within 2 cm, and 99% of the parents could recall with 2 weeks accuracy how many weeks their child was delivered preterm. Discrepancies of more than two weeks or more than 100 g were more likely in parents of low or medium socioeconomic status. Non-biological parents were 3.4 times more likely to have a discrepancy of more than 100 g compared to biological mothers (95% CI 1.7–6.7). Moreover, parents were less likely to accurately recall their child’s birth parameters with increasing number of children within a family.

Conclusions for Practice.

In general, parents’ information matched well with the medical check-up booklet. However, accuracy varied among different groups which should be taken into consideration when using birth data recalled by parents in studies of child health.
The structure of the wave operator in four dimensions in the presence of resonances
Authors: Alexander Angus , Rennie Adam
Published: October 2024

We show that the wave operators for Schrödinger scattering in $$\mathbb {R}^4$$

R

4

have a particular form which depends on the existence of resonances. As a consequence of this form, we determine the contribution of resonances to the index of the wave operator.
A fast and accurate numerical method for the left tail of sums of independent random variables
Authors: Ben Rached Nadhir , Hoel Håkon , Meo Johannes Vincent
Published: October 2024

We present a flexible, deterministic numerical method for computing left-tail rare events of sums of non-negative, independent random variables. The method is based on iterative numerical integration of linear convolutions by means of Newtons–Cotes rules. The periodicity properties of convoluted densities combined with the Trapezoidal rule are exploited to produce a robust and efficient method, and the method is flexible in the sense that it can be applied to all kinds of non-negative continuous RVs. We present an error analysis and study the benefits of utilizing Newton–Cotes rules versus the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for numerical integration, showing that although there can be efficiency benefits to using FFT, Newton–Cotes rules tend to preserve the relative error better, and indeed do so at an acceptable computational cost. Numerical studies on problems with both known and unknown rare-event probabilities showcase the method’s performance and support our theoretical findings.
Characterization of the angular coefficient method on 2D and 3D piecewise smooth boundaries
Authors: Calafà Matteo
Published: October 2024

The angular coefficient method represents a valid and efficient strategy to estimate the distribution of molecules in ultra-high vacuum systems. The problem is described through a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind that is usually solved with standard numerical methods, e.g., the finite element method or the Nyström quadrature method. In this work, we aim to rigorously study the underlying integral equation in order to verify some fundamental mathematical properties and justify the application and behaviour of such numerical methods. In particular, we address to the general scenario where domains are not globally smooth. In such context, boundary corners entail poorly regular integral kernels, which in turn lead to non-Lipschitz solutions and require the adoption of non-standard analysis techniques. By introducing the concept of vacuum-connection, we can establish a methodology to prove the well-posedness of the underlying problem. Furthermore, the undermined regularity of the analytical solution and the consequent lower numerical convergence rate are proved analytically and verified through simple numerical tests.
Acoustic performance prediction by means of a statistical energy analysis of two adjacent workrooms used for conferences and educational proposes
Authors: Zárate-Espinosa Roberto , Ramírez-Reivich Alejandro C. , Ortega Martín , López-Parra Marcelo
Published: October 2024

The current design of workspaces for companies is focused on minimalistic and modern styles prioritizing the aesthetic appearance with illuminated open spaces and the use of glass walls. If the acoustic performance is not considered, inappropriate Reverberation Times (RT) might lead to difficulties for hearing a speaker or teacher during courses and conferences, causing problems in the learning process. Additionally, there might be high sound transmission between adjacent work rooms. This paper presents the development and experimental validation of numerical models using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) to calculate the sound reduction index through a glass wall that separates two adjacent work rooms. These structures are dedicated to conferences and educational uses but cannot be properly used due to their high sound transmission and inappropriate reverberant time. The sound insulation prediction results are validated with experimental measurements carried out in the adjacent rooms under the standard ISO-140. Afterwards, a SEA model is used to provide some acoustic correction design guidelines for these types of constructions. To improve the acoustical performance in the rooms, the acoustic effects of different absorbent panels placed on the walls and ceiling were investigated, choosing a suitable material that complies with the recommended ranges of RT and with less amount of absorption area. The SEA model is then used to understand the effects of openings size between the panels that make up the glass wall on the sound insulation capacity between rooms. Finally, a SEA model is reformulated to quantify the effect of the application of double walls for sound insulation between rooms, which implies the increase of weighted sound reduction index in 9 dB with respect to measured data.
Comprehensive evaluation of ibuprofenate amino acid isopropyl esters: insights into antioxidant activity, cytocompatibility, and cyclooxygenase inhibitory potential
Authors: Perużyńska Magdalena , Nowak Anna , Muzykiewicz-Szymańska Anna , Kucharski Łukasz , Klebeko Joanna , Bilska Karolina , Kopciuch Ewelina , Birger Radosław , Droździk Marek , Ossowicz-Rupniewska Paula
Published: October 2024

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for pain relief and inflammation management, but there are challenges related to poor solubility and bioavailability. We explored modifications of ibuprofen (IBU) by forming ionic pairs using amino acid alkyl esters to enhance solubility without compromising the ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2). We comprehensively evaluated the pharmacological properties of the IBU derivatives, focusing on antioxidant activity (based on the ability to scavenge DPPH and ABTS), biocompatibility (using human dermal fibroblasts), and COX inhibitory potential. The antioxidant activity assays significantly enhanced DPPH scavenging activity for several IBU derivatives, particularly [l-SerOiPr][IBU], suggesting potential therapeutic benefits. There was enhanced cell viability with select derivatives, indicating possible stimulatory effects on cellular proliferation. Finally, predominant COX-1 inhibition across derivatives was consistent with IBU’s profile. This study provides insights into the pharmacological properties of IBU amino acid derivatives, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents. Further exploration into structure–activity relationships and in vivo efficacy warranted to advance these derivatives toward clinical applications, offering prospects for novel NSAIDs with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects.
Sailing Spectators’ Sounds Could Harm Marine Creatures
Authors: Dieckman Emily
Published: October 2024

Research delves into noise pollution caused by spectator boats at sailing events such as the America’s Cup.