bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Sander Barrie
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces the book’s consideration of how international criminal courts have confronted the past in different institutional contexts. The chapter provides a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book’s central themes and arguments. The book is concerned with the historical function of international criminal courts—their role in the construction of historical narratives concerning both the culpability of the accused on trial and the broader mass atrocity context in which they are alleged to have participated. This historical function raises a number of questions concerning the scope and content of the historical narratives constructed within international criminal judgments, the actors that exert influence over such processes, and the extent to which such histories are consistent and authoritative both within and beyond the courtroom. This book aims to address these questions by examining how the past has been confronted within three sets of international criminal courts: first, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East at Tokyo; second, the United Nations ad hoc tribunals, namely the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone; and finally, the International Criminal Court. By critically examining the scope and content of the histories constructed within the judgments of these courts and by surfacing the influence of different actors and contexts over the precise orientation of judicial narratives, this book seeks to develop a deeper understanding of the emancipatory potential and limits of international criminal courts across different institutional settings.
Reasons for Reliabilism
Authors: Beddor Bob
Published: April 2021

One leading approach to justification comes from the reliabilist tradition, which maintains that a belief is justified provided that it is reliably formed. Another comes from the ‘Reasons First’ tradition, which claims that a belief is justified provided that it is based on reasons that support it. These two approaches are typically developed in isolation from each other; this essay motivates and defends a synthesis. On the view proposed here, justification is understood in terms of an agent’s reasons for belief, which are in turn analysed along reliabilist lines: an agent’s reasons for belief are the states that serve as inputs to their reliable processes. I show that this synthesis allows each tradition to profit from the other’s explanatory resources. In particular, it enables reliabilists to explain epistemic defeat without abandoning their naturalistic ambitions. I go on to compare my proposed synthesis with other hybrid versions of reliabilism that have been proposed in the literature.
Undercutting Defeat
Authors: McGrath Matthew
Published: April 2021

Although there is disagreement about the details, John Pollock’s framework for defeat is now part of the received wisdom in analytic epistemology. Recently, however, cracks have appeared in the consensus, particularly on the understanding of undercutting defeat. While not questioning the existence of undercutting defeat, Scott Sturgeon argues that undercutting defeat operates differently from rebutting. Unlike the latter, undercutting defeat, Sturgeon claims, occurs only in conjunction with certain higher-order contributions, i.e., with beliefs about the basis on which one does or would believe. Sturgeon concludes that Pollock misconceives undercutting defeat. I argue that in the case of defeat of inferential justification, undercutting defeat is a genuine phenomenon and takes roughly the shape Pollock suggests, not needing help from higher-order beliefs or justifications. However, I agree with Sturgeon that for noninferential justification the Pollockian account is in trouble. I try to explain why there should be this difference. This difference in defeaters has important implications for epistemology. In a final section, I use the defeat-related difference between inferential and noninferential justification to argue that there is less noninferential perceptual or testimonial justification than is commonly thought.
Doris Lessing’s Going Home (1957) and Under My Skin (1994)
Authors: Riley Kathleen
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines Doris Lessing’s status as a ‘modern nostalgic’, one who ‘can be homesick and sick of home at once’. It points out that in her novels nostalgia is often depicted as something to be mistrusted and resisted, while at the same time some of her most lyrical prose is deeply nostalgic and expressive of a nourishing melancholy associated with the physical landscape of her childhood in colonial Rhodesia. It then focuses on two autobiographical works, Going Home (1957) and Under My Skin (1994), to show how Lessing’s ambivalent nostalgia issues from the historic circumstances of her birth, the thwarted ambitions of her parents, and her own sense of never wholly belonging to the Ithaca that had made her who she was.
Doris Pilkington Garimara’s Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence (1996)
Authors: Riley Kathleen
Published: April 2021

Chapter 12 focuses on Doris Pilkington Garimara’s Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, which reconstructs, through firsthand testimony and archival sources, the epic nostos undertaken in 1931 by three Australian Aboriginal girls who were part of the Stolen Generations of Indigenous children forcibly removed from their families in accordance with government policy. The chapter also looks at some of the testimony included in Bringing Them Home, the 1997 Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families. And it considers, with reference to Indigenous Australia, the phenomenon of ‘solastalgia’, a term devised by environmental philosopher Glenn Albrecht to convey the homesickness a person feels while remaining at home.
John Logan’s Peter and Alice (2013)
Authors: Riley Kathleen
Published: April 2021

This chapter investigates the particular kind of nostalgia at the heart of John Logan’s Peter and Alice, a play inspired by the brief real-life meeting in 1932 between Alice Liddell Hargreaves and Peter Llewellyn Davies (the former muses of Lewis Carroll and J. M. Barrie, respectively). It argues that the same nostalgia permeates (and generated) Peter Pan and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland—a proleptic nostalgia, fed by uniquely human intimations of adulthood. Logan’s eponymous characters seek to isolate that moment of dawning consciousness. In doing so they demonstrate that it is our capacity to anticipate, as much as our capacity to reflect, that makes the human condition inherently nostalgic. The chapter also shows how Barrie himself traced the genesis of his autarkic and amnesiac hero to an improvised version of that founding epic of nostalgia, Homer’s Odyssey.
Afterword
Authors: Riley Kathleen
Published: April 2021

The Afterword considers the concepts of nostos and nostalgia within the extraordinary context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It explains how, in common with Brexit, COVID-19 has put nostalgia under the microscope, but less as a disease than a remedy or, at any rate, a palliative. What was toxic in the context of Brexit is now being recommended as a nourishing psychological resource. The Afterword also addresses the seventy-fifth anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz; it draws lessons from the experiences of Holocaust survivors about the importance of imagining Ithaca and of nurturing a nostalgia grounded in hope.
Overview
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: April 2021

This chapter presents the basic designs and working principles of STM and AFM, as well as an elementary theory of tunneling and the imaging mechanism of atomic resolution. Three elementary theories of tunneling are presented: the one-dimensional Schrödinger’s equation in vacuum, the semi-classical approximation, and the Landauer formalism. The relation between the decay constant and the work function, and a general expression of tunneling conductance versus tip-sample distance are derived. A brief summary of experimental facts on the mechanism of atomic resolution STM and AFM is presented, which leads to a picture of interplay between the atomic states of the tip and the sample, as well as the role of partial covalent bonds formed between those electronic states. Four illustrative applications are presented, including imaging self-assembed molecules on solid-liquid interfaces, electrochemical STM, catalysis research, and atom manipulation.
Tunneling Matrix Elements
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: April 2021

This chapter presents systematic methods to evaluate the tunneling matrix elements in the Bardeen tunneling theory. A key problem in applying the Bardeen tunneling theory to STM is the evaluation of the tunneling matrix elements, which is a surface integral of the wavefunctions of the tip and the sample, roughly in the middle of the tunneling gap. By expanding the tip wavefunction in terms of spherical harmonics and spherical modified Bessel functions, very simple analytic expressions for the tunneling matrix elements are derived: the tunneling matrix elements are proportional to the amplitudes or the corresponding x-, y-, or z-derivatives of the sample wavefunction at the center of the tip. Two proofs are presented. The first proof is based on the Green’s function of the Schrödinger’s equation in vacuum. The second proof is based on a power-series expansion of the tip wavefunctions.
Atomic Forces
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the physics and properties of four types of atomic forces occurring in STM and AFM: the van der Waals force, the hard core repulsion, the ionic bond, and the covalent bond. The general mathematical form of the van der Waals force between a tip and a flat sample is derived. The focus of this chapter is the covalent-bond force, which is a key in the understanding of STM and AFM. The concept of covalent bond is illustrated by the hydrogen molecular ion, the prototypical molecule used by Pauling to illustrate Heisenberg’s concept of resonance. The Herring-Landau perturbation theory of the covalent bond, an analytical incarnation of the concept of resonance, is presented in great detail. It is then applied to molecules built from many-electron atoms, to show that the perturbation theory can be applied to practical systems to produce simple analytic results for measurable physical quantities with decent accuracy.
Piezoelectric Scanner
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the physical principle, design, and characterization of piezoelectric scanners, which is the heart of STM and AFM. The concept of piezoelectricity is introduced at the elementary level. Two major piezoelectric materials used in STM and AFM, quartz and lead zirconate titanate ceramics (PZT), are described. After a brief discussion of the tripod scanner and the bimorph, much emphasis is on the most important scanner in STM and AFM: the tube scanner. A step-by-step derivation of the deflection formula is presented. The in-situ testing and calibration method based on pure electrical measurements is described. The formulas of the resonance frequencies are also presented. To compensate the non-linear behavior of the tube scanner, an improved design, the S-scanner, is described. Finally, a step-by-step procedure to repole a depoled piezo is presented.
Implied Licences in Copyright Law
Authors: Mysoor Poorna
Published: April 2021

Implied licences can serve as a flexible and targeted mechanism to balance competing interests, including those of copyright owners and content users, especially in today’s dynamic technological environment. However, implication as a process is contentious and there are no established principles for implying copyright licences. The resulting uncertainty has led to incoherence, diminishing the value of implied licences in judicial reasoning. This book develops a methodical and transparent way of implying copyright licences, based on three sources: the consent of the copyright owner; an established custom; and state intervention to achieve policy goals. The frameworks proposed are customised separately for implying bare and contractual licences, where relevant. The book goes on to analyse the existing case law methodically in the light of these frameworks to demonstrate how the court’s reasoning can be made transparent. Underscoring the contemporary relevance of implied licences, the book tests and validates the methodology in relation to three essential and ubiquitous functions on the internet—browsing, hyperlinking, and indexing.
Copyright Licence as a Legal Relationship
Authors: Mysoor Poorna
Published: April 2021

This chapter identifies what kind of legal relationship a copyright licence is. It begins by explaining what a ‘licence’ is, because the reliability of the doctrine of implied licence depends on the coherence of the concept of licence. The most widely used definition of a licence (derived from land law) as that which makes an action lawful without which the action would be unlawful reflects the universality of a licence, but it sheds little light on the constituents of a licence. The chapter therefore, turns to Hohfeldian analytics to identify the constituents of a licence that hold good regardless of the diversity of circumstances in which licences arise. The identification of the constituents of a licence helps in understanding the kind of transaction that a licence is. It helps to demonstrate that a licence is not in itself a contract, although a licence can be partly or wholly the consideration that moves from one party to another. This facilitates the distinction between a bare licence and a contractual licence. The distinction is important because a licence within a contract must be assessed as part of the bargain, and. therefore, different considerations go into implying a licence into a contract than if one were to imply a bare licence.
The Asian Development Bank
Authors: Barjot Dominique , Lanthier Pierre
Published: April 2021

Rivalry between the United States and Japan over Asian economic growth left its mark on the ‘personality’ of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The evolution of the ADB provides, therefore, interesting insights as regards the extent to which a principal-agent approach can be used to shed light on this regional development bank’s evolution. Usually, a principal-agent approach opposes the owner (principal) to the manager (agent). Competition observed in the ADB opposes less the principals to the agent than the principals with each other. The ADB Charter ensures regional members a majority of ‘voice’ in the Bank and that smaller members have a minimum of representation. Moreover, competition between the United States and Japan during the 1990s encouraged other member countries to counterbalance the leaders’ influence by increasing their share in voting power. China’s entry into the Bank from 1986 also contributed to diversifying the points of view among the member countries.
Municipal Prostitution and Subjectivity
Authors: Page Jamie
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores a criminal investigation into an alleged abortion in the municipal brothel of Nördlingen in 1471–2. As well as abortion, the city council was drawn into investigating a range of exploitative labour practices imposed on the women by two brothel-keepers after allegations of abuse surfaced from the women in the brothel during the initial hearings. The chapter argues that municipal prostitution created the opportunity for women to engage a subject position of common women (gemeine frawen) in dialogue with the authorities, one which enabled them to push for redress of unfair working conditions. The latter sections of the chapter focus on one woman in particular, Els von Eichstätt, alleged to have been forced to abort her child. It places Els’s own ordeal in the larger context of abuses uncovered at the trial to examine how discourses surrounding municipal prostitution shaped individual experience.
Necessity
Authors: O'Meara Chris
Published: April 2021

Chapter 2 focuses on the meaning and content of necessity. It argues for the first time that there are two different ‘types’ of necessity. In so doing, this author proposes a novel taxonomy to distinguish between them. This distinction addresses, and better explains, the two principal and distinct concerns of necessity that are reflected in state practice, International Court of Justice jurisprudence and scholarship: (a) is military force required at all in the circumstances (an issue of ‘general necessity’), and (b) if so, where must such force be directed (an issue of ‘specific necessity’)? Without general necessity, the applicability of both specific necessity and proportionality is moot. Drawing on core principles of international humanitarian law, Chapter 2 provides a clearer and more workable understanding of necessity that highlights both the weaknesses in, and opportunities for, its operation.
Comparing Global Inequality of Income and Wealth
Authors: Davies James , Shorrocks Anthony
Published: April 2021

This chapter is the first to compare global trends in income and wealth inequality this century. It is based on large income and wealth synthetic microdata samples designed to be representative of all countries. Measured by the Gini coefficient, inequality between countries accounts for about two-thirds of global income inequality, but noticeably less—around one half—of wealth inequality. Broadly similar results are found for different years and different inequality indices, bar the share of the top 1 per cent. Over time, changes in countries’ mean income and wealth, and in population sizes, have reduced world inequality. Income inequality has changed little within countries, so the downward trend remains intact. However, within-country wealth inequality has risen, halting the downward shift in global wealth inequality and raising the share of the top 1 per cent since 2007.
Epistemic Injustice and Epistemic Solidarity
Authors: Wiland Eric
Published: April 2021

This chapter contains two more arguments against pessimism about moral testimony. First, it argues that epistemic justice sometimes requires you to accept moral testimony, despite the fact that doing so seems to clash with autonomy. Both good and bad experiences teach a person what matters, and how much things matter. Those who systematically suffer have moral knowledge that others tend to lack, and whose testimony is routinely dismissed. Epistemic justice demands that we trust their moral testimony. Second, this chapter argues that prioritizing individual autonomy is in tension with another plausible claim: that epistemic solidarity is an important good. When you accept moral testimony, you and the speaker may thereby benefit from the epistemic solidarity that the two of you now stand together in, and that this epistemic solidarity is a moral good, a good you would forego by declining moral testimony on the grounds that to do so would compromise your own autonomy.
Advising Duos and Joint Agency
Authors: Wiland Eric
Published: April 2021

This final chapter aims to show that the actions of those who trust moral advice can have moral worth. Some adviser-advisee duos are joint agents. The activity of this joint agent displays moral understanding, autonomy, and all the other goods had by individual moral agents. To show this, this chapter argues 1) that highly informal duos can exhibit joint agency, 2) that joint agents can be constituted by individuals whose contributions are highly idiosyncratic, 3) that a commander and a commandee can exhibit joint agency, 4) that an adviser and an advisee can likewise exhibit joint agency, and finally 5) that their actions can be morally evaluated and have moral worth. This chapter ends with a conclusion about the value of studying plural agency.
Salvation through War? The Ottoman Search for Sovereignty in 1914
Authors: Genell Aimee , Aksakal Mustafa
Published: April 2021

Aimee Genell and Mustafa Aksakal show in this chapter that the Ottoman Empire had perhaps one of the most elaborate schemes to make participation in the First World War appear as a defensive war. Not only the German Empire claimed ‘self-defence’ (see Isabel V. Hull’s chapter) as a narrative of justification for waging war in 1914: On 29 October 1914, an Ottoman navy opened fire on Russian ships and port cities in the Black Sea. When the fleet returned to Istanbul/Constantinople, the government claimed that Russian forces had shot first. As this chapter shows, the Ottoman encounter and experience with international law and the Great Powers, especially Britain, France, and Russia, throughout the nineteenth century, not only made the fiction of a Russian attack in 1914 appear plausible to an Ottoman public but it also rendered an alliance with Germany the most promising long-term, post-war course of action for the empire's leaders.
The War on Terror and the Law of War: Shaping International Order in the Context of Irregular Violence
Authors: Stohl Michael
Published: April 2021

After 11 September 2001 it was routinely declared that 9/11 ‘changed everything’ and that what had changed was immutable. Following the synthesis on democracies’ war justifications over the last three decades presented by Anna Geis and Wolfgang Wagner, Michael Stohl focuses on US-American justifications of the ‘war on terror’: He explores how 9/11 altered the constructions of the threat of terrorism and how these constructions in turn affected arguments and justification for the use of force in the context of counter-terrorism. The creation of the ‘war on terror’ was a core component of the construction of new national security threats. This was accompanied by the securitization of counter-terrorism. Increased fear of further attacks reinforced the persistence of a Westphalian interstate system and the central role of sovereignty claims within the global governance regime. This altered the balance within most democratic national states between law enforcement approaches for domestic threats and alliance-based or unilateral armed responses for international threats. The chapter explores how this has further altered arguments for and justifications of the use of force at home and abroad.
Justification and Critique: Humanitarianism and Imperialism over Time
Authors: Chimni B.S.
Published: April 2021

In his second contribution to this volume, B.S. Chimni sketches a history of international humanitarianism. He explores its complicity with the politics of imperialism which manifests itself in its contribution to the justification of the use of force. While Arnulf Becker Lorca (ch 5) and Lauren Benton (ch 9) address this issue in specific historical contexts—the Spanish-native encounters in the sixteenth century and parts of the nineteenth-century British Empire—this chapter can be read as a step towards writing a critical global history of humanitarianism, a step crucial to constructing an idea of humanitarianism that is not internally linked to the vision of empire. The chapter begins by briefly looking at the meaning of humanitarianism as it has evolved from colonialism to the present times. Subsequently it explores the idea of writing a global history of humanitarianism that would take cognizance of the non-western critique of the notion of humanitarianism. Third, it examines the role of humanitarianism in the era of colonialism in comparison to the practice of contemporary humanitarianism in the backdrop of key features of present world order. Finally it debates how we can integrate power and principles to avoid the complicity of humanitarianism with the politics of imperialism.
Why We Came to Think as We Do
Authors: Queloz Matthieu
Published: April 2021

This introductory chapter presents the questions and concerns animating the book and outlines its two main theses: that there is an under-appreciated tradition of pragmatic genealogy which cuts across the analytic–continental divide, and that these genealogies are dynamic models serving to reverse-engineer the points of ideas in relation to generic and local needs. After sharpening key notions such as ‘genealogy’, ‘living by an idea’, and ‘conceptual practice’, the pragmatic genealogical tradition that forms the topic of the book is brought into view and contrasted with other genealogical traditions. It is shown how this particular method proves puzzling in various ways and resists assimilation to better-known methods. This motivates the search for an attractive systematic account of the method that can make sense of its more puzzling features. The last section of the chapter then offers a rationale for developing this systematic account by doing history of philosophy.
When Genealogy Is Called For
Authors: Queloz Matthieu
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines when and why reverse-engineering is best pursued through pragmatic genealogy. In contrast to Miranda Fricker’s interpretation of pragmatic genealogies as elaborate ways of achieving what could equally be achieved with paradigm-based explanations that dispense with historicizing and fictionalizing, an account of pragmatic genealogy is developed which shows that it would be a mistake to replace pragmatic genealogies with paradigm-based explanations across the board. When dealing with self-effacingly functional practices, paradigm-based explanation misses important aspects that pragmatic genealogy is better suited to capturing. And when dealing with historically inflected practices that lack a paradigm case or an obvious connection to generic human needs, paradigm-based explanation fails to get a grip; by achieving a grip even here and giving us a comprehensive view of the historical amalgam of generic and local needs to which our practices answer, pragmatic genealogy earns its keep alongside paradigm-based explanation.
Law of Torts
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: April 2021

Tort is part of the Law of Obligations. Provisions on tort liability are found in Book Three, the Law of Obligations, of the Civil Code. There is only a single general provision on tort. The legislature expected rules to develop out of case law. A person who intentionally or negligently infringes upon others’ right or interests protected There is a body of case law which sets out details of tort law such as causation and fault. There have been cases where the shift of the burden of proof was at issue.
Intellectual Property Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: April 2021

Japan is a signatory to various international treaties on intellectual property. The system of settling disputes involving intellectual property has improved, particularly in the past decade. The intellectual property high court was set up. The court has quickly established its authority in this field and the time needed for settling disputes involving intellectual property has been substantially reduced.
Introduction
Authors: Charles David
Published: April 2021

Aristotle developed a way of understanding psychological phenomena, such as the emotions, desire, and perception, that differs in important ways from those favoured by nearly all post-Cartesian philosophersIn his view [A] these psychological phenomena are defined as inextricably psycho-physical activities, not definable by decomposition into two definitionally separate types of activity or feature, one purely psychological, the other purely physical, and [B] the relevant specific type of physical activity cannot be defined without explicit reference in its definition to some psycho-physical activity. It too is an inextricably psycho-physical activity, not to be defined in terms of two definitionally separate components. Aristotle did not accept the assumptions that we make in setting up the mind–body problem we have inherited from Descartes. From Aristotle’s perspective, our problem is badly formulated.
Enmattered Form
Authors: Charles David
Published: April 2021

Aristotle acceptance of [A] and [B], as set out in the Introduction, reflects his general hylomorphic theory of natural objects. That theory, as developed in the Physics and Metaphysics, is best understood in terms of the Impure Form and not the Pure Form Interpretation. More specifically, it is argued that he held that [A] The forms of natural objects are inextricably enmattered, inseparable in definition from material features or material activities, and that [B] The matter of natural objects is inextricable in definition from such forms. Further, it is suggested that he held [A] because he believed that [C] The forms of natural objects have to be inextricably enmattered to play the causal roles required of them. Aristotle’s discussion of forms was, it seems, partly motivated by the role of forms as causes of materal change. This way of interpreting Aristotle’s version of the hylomorphic structure of natural objects is contrasted with several other interpretations. Several problems are raised for the Impure Form Interpretation which will be addressed in subsequent chapters.
Taste and Smell
Authors: Charles David
Published: April 2021

It is argued in this chapter that Aristotle developed an account of tasting, smelling, and touching as inextricably psycho-physical phenomena. In his theory, they have to be defined as inextricably psycho-physical (and possessed of forms of this type) to be causally produced in the way they are by flavours, smells, and the impact of hot or heavy objects. This interpretation is supported by a discussion of the details of his account and by consideration of the type of activity essentially involved in perceiving. Several alternative, two component, interpretations are considered and critically assessed.
England, Scotland, and Wales Compared
Authors: Henderson Ailsa
Published: April 2021

Chapter 6 shifts our focus beyond England and compares English attitudes with those of other identity groups across Britain. We show that many of the attitudes that attach to Englishness in England attach to Britishness in Scotland and Wales. This serves to underline the key point that Britishness means different things in different parts of Britain. The views of the predominantly or exclusively British in England do not align with those of the predominantly or exclusively British in Scotland and Wales. At least on some of the issues explored in this book, they are in fact closer to the views of those in both countries who feel predominantly or exclusively Scottish and Welsh.
Sine fine
Authors: Lindheim Sara H.
Published: April 2021

Catullus’ poetry reveals an acute awareness of the constant and almost unfathomable widening of his world in the late Roman Republic. In his work people and goods circulate with ease through geographical space, impervious to boundaries. But the cultural notion that only the ends of the world impose limits on Roman territory takes its toll, especially at the level of the subject. The porous nature of geographical boundaries seems to rub off onto the signifiers by which Catullus constructs himself, Lesbia, his brother, his friends, enemies and acquaintances, as well as the places they move through, as coherent, unified, fixed entities.
Among the Ruins
Authors: Storey Mark
Published: April 2021

From the ancient past of Chapter 3, this chapter moves to the account of contemporary American travelers through the ruins and remnants of the ancient Roman world. Starting with Jhumpa Lahiri’s period living in Rome, and touching also on Thomas Jefferson’s account of antique ruins over two hundred years before, the chapter uses the potent image of the “ruin”—both as noun and as verb—to read American travelers in Europe as observers of empire’s recursive temporalities. Closer examinations of travel writing by William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, Eleanor Clark, and Margaret Fuller reveal the ways in which the contemporary moment for each of these writers ends up filtered through the liberal observing subject via their confrontation with the materiality of an ancient empire, collectively registering the analogical history that the ruins of empire inculcate within the landscape.
Eschatology
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: April 2021

The migration to the Pacific Northwest is driven by hope. This hope is controversial because eschatology, insofar as it imagines a better world, involves critique of the present. Recognizing that dispensational premillennialism continues to dominate American evangelical rhetoric and institutions, this chapter describes the reification and recasting of evangelical eschatological narratives in the 1970s. Tracing the emergence, evolution, and effect of a new and radically political postmillennialism, which now circulates widely in north Idaho, this chapter will consider the formulation of the new eschatological style that characterizes the social engagement and political disengagement of a growing number of American evangelicals, explaining their aspiration to survive and resist an impending crisis in society and culture, and to build community in the Pacific Northwest in order to rescue the world beyond. This chapter describes the varieties of hope that sustain strategies of survival and resistance in evangelical America.
Cultural History and Hebraism
Authors: Grosby Steven
Published: April 2021

This chapter provides both an initial formulation of Hebraism as a category of cultural analysis within Christendom and an overview of the problems of that formulation. In doing so, it examines the complications of other categories of cultural history, for example, Hellenism, and of religious categories, specifically monotheism. The characteristics of Hebraic culture are presented: an ascetic mode of conduct that affirms life in this world, an historical orientation, law, and the nation. Also examined are early formulations of the Hebraic influence on the changing significance of the Old Testament, beginning with Matthew Arnold’s contrast between Hellenism and Hebraism.
SIRIUS project. I. Star formation models for star-by-star simulations of star clusters and galaxy formation
Authors: Hirai Yutaka , Fujii Michiko S , Saitoh Takayuki R
Published: April 2021

Most stars are formed as star clusters in galaxies, which then disperse into galactic disks. Upcoming exascale supercomputational facilities will enable simulations of galaxies and their formation by resolving individual stars (star-by-star simulations). This will substantially advance our understanding of star formation in galaxies, star cluster formation, and assembly histories of galaxies. In previous galaxy simulations, a simple stellar population approximation was used. It is, however, difficult to improve the mass resolution with this approximation. Therefore, a model for forming individual stars that can be used in simulations of galaxies must be established. In this first paper of a series from the SIRIUS (SImulations Resolving IndividUal Stars) project, we demonstrate a stochastic star formation model for star-by-star simulations. An assumed stellar initial mass function (IMF) is randomly assigned to newly formed stars in this model. We introduce a maximum search radius to assemble the mass from surrounding gas particles to form star particles. In this study, we perform a series of N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of star cluster formations from turbulent molecular clouds and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies as test cases. The IMF can be correctly sampled if a maximum search radius that is larger than the value estimated from the threshold density for star formation is adopted. In small clouds, the formation of massive stars is highly stochastic because of the small number of stars. We confirm that the star formation efficiency and threshold density do not strongly affect the results. We find that our model can naturally reproduce the relationship between the most massive stars and the total stellar mass of star clusters. Herein, we demonstrate that our models can be applied to simulations varying from star clusters to galaxies for a wide range of resolutions.
Key drivers structuring rotifer communities in ponds: insights into an agricultural landscape
Authors: Onandia Gabriela , Maassen Sebastian , Musseau Camille L , Berger Stella A , Olmo Carla , Jeschke Jonathan M , Lischeid Gunnar
Published: April 2021

Understanding the influence of environmental and spatial factors on the structure of aquatic communities remains a major challenge in community ecology. This study aims to identify main drivers of rotifer abundance and diversity in ponds embedded in an intensive agricultural landscape in Northeast Germany. We studied 42 ponds of glacial origin (kettle holes) covering a wide range of environmental parameters. The predominant factors structuring the rotifer metacommunity shifted from abiotic environmental filtering in spring to unstudied factors in autumn, while spatial factors remained less important. Fertilizer-driven salinization, internal nutrient recycling, primary productivity and sediment phosphorus release were the prevalent biogeochemical processes in the ponds. Both fertilizer-driven salinization and primary productivity negatively affected rotifer alpha diversity, and positively affected beta diversity. This impact was lower in forest ponds than in those surrounded by arable fields or grassland. However, rotifer diversity did not significantly differ among land-use categories. Our results indicate that the long-term impact of intensive agriculture in the region and the associated widespread eutrophication overrides the direct influence of land use on rotifer diversity but point to an indirect effect via fertilizer-driven salinization. Furthermore, this study highlights the role of ponds in enhancing regional biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
Histone acetyltransferase TaHAG1 acts as a crucial regulator to strengthen salt tolerance of hexaploid wheat
Authors: Zheng Mei , Lin Jingchen , Liu Xingbei , Chu Wei , Li Jinpeng , Gao Yujiao , An Kexin , Song Wanjun , Xin Mingming , Yao Yingyin , Peng Huiru , Ni Zhongfu , Sun Qixin , Hu Zhaorong
Published: April 2021

Polyploidy occurs prevalently and plays an important role during plant speciation and evolution. This phenomenon suggests polyploidy could develop novel features that enable them to adapt wider range of environmental conditions compared with diploid progenitors. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., BBAADD) is a typical allohexaploid species and generally exhibits greater salt tolerance than its tetraploid wheat progenitor (BBAA). However, little is known about the underlying molecular basis and the regulatory pathway of this trait. Here, we show that the histone acetyltransferase TaHAG1 acts as a crucial regulator to strengthen salt tolerance of hexaploid wheat. Salinity-induced TaHAG1 expression was associated with tolerance variation in polyploidy wheat. Overexpression, silencing, and CRISPR-mediated knockout of TaHAG1 validated the role of TaHAG1 in salinity tolerance of wheat. TaHAG1 contributed to salt tolerance by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and signal specificity. Moreover, TaHAG1 directly targeted a subset of genes that are responsible for hydrogen peroxide production, and enrichment of TaHAG1 triggered increased H3 acetylation and transcriptional upregulation of these loci under salt stress. In addition, we found the salinity-induced TaHAG1-mediated ROS production pathway is involved in salt tolerance difference of wheat accessions with varying ploidy. Our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism of how an epigenetic regulatory factor facilitates adaptability of polyploidy wheat and highlights this epigenetic modulator as a strategy for salt tolerance breeding in bread wheat.
A Total Error Framework for Digital Traces of Human Behavior on Online Platforms
Authors: Sen Indira , Flöck Fabian , Weller Katrin , Weiß Bernd , Wagner Claudia
Published: April 2021

People’s activities and opinions recorded as digital traces online, especially on social media and other web-based platforms, offer increasingly informative pictures of the public. They promise to allow inferences about populations beyond the users of the platforms on which the traces are recorded, representing real potential for the social sciences and a complement to survey-based research. But the use of digital traces brings its own complexities and new error sources to the research enterprise. Recently, researchers have begun to discuss the errors that can occur when digital traces are used to learn about humans and social phenomena. This article synthesizes this discussion and proposes a systematic way to categorize potential errors, inspired by the Total Survey Error (TSE) framework developed for survey methodology. We introduce a conceptual framework to diagnose, understand, and document errors that may occur in studies based on such digital traces. While there are clear parallels to the well-known error sources in the TSE framework, the new “Total Error Framework for Digital Traces of Human Behavior on Online Platforms” (TED-On) identifies several types of error that are specific to the use of digital traces. By providing a standard vocabulary to describe these errors, the proposed framework is intended to advance communication and research about using digital traces in scientific social research.
Development of a cavity with photonic crystal structure for axion searches
Authors: Kishimoto Y , Suzuki Y , Ogawa I , Mori Y , Yamashita M
Published: April 2021

Two cavities of different sizes with a photonic crystal structure have been developed for axion searches. In the cavities, the dispersion relation in the photonic crystal is utilized, and so they are called “DRiPC cavities”. The size of the smaller cavity is $100 \times 100 \times 10$ mm, where 16 cylindrical metal poles with a diameter of 4 mm are introduced in a $4\times4$ grid at 20 mm intervals. In this study, the grid interval in the $x$ direction in the smaller cavity, $L_x$, was changed to investigate the resonance frequency, $Q$-value, and the electric field profile at each $L_x$. The lowest three frequencies have been compared with those simulated by the finite element method and have been found to be in excellent agreement. The lowest-frequency mode could be tuned from 5.10 GHz ($L_x = 25.0$ mm) to 6.72 GHz (13.9 mm), centered on 5.87 GHz at $L_x = 20$ mm. This wide tunability range, 27.7$\%$, was suitable for a search with a modest $Q$-value. By examining the electric field distributions with the bead-pull method, the lowest-frequency modes at $L_x=16.0$–25.0 mm were ${\rm TM_{010}}$-like. This mode was also obtained in a larger cavity ($180 \times 180 \times 20\,\text{mm} \times 2$) with the same photonic crystal structure. These results led us to conclude that a DRiPC cavity has features suitable for future axion search experiments.
Fiscal Federalism and Economic Crises in the United States: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic and Great Recession
Authors: López-Santana Mariely , Rocco Philip
Published: April 2021

The architecture of fiscal federalism in the United States represents an obstacle for prompt and comprehensive policy responses to economic crises, especially by subnational levels of government. As both a public health and economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic has put unique fiscal pressures on subnational governments. This article reviews the pandemic’s fiscal effects on these governments, as well as the federal government’s response. By comparing the response to the COVID-19 crisis during the Trump administration with the response to the Great Recession during the Obama administration, we show that while the speed and magnitude of federal aid was unprecedented in 2020, it was nevertheless conditional in nature and beset by familiar political and institutional obstacles. Despite major fiscal pressures, state revenues rebounded earlier than expected, in part due to the relaxation of public health measures and the collection of taxes from online transactions; yet, state resources remained strained throughout the year, especially in states reliant on the hospitality and the oil sectors. And while local property taxes were buoyed by a surging housing market, cities and counties were confronted with declining revenue from other sources and intense emergency spending needs. Thus, despite unprecedented levels of federal support for state and local governments, the legacies of “fend for yourself” federalism live on.
Conditional Dynamics and the Multihorizon Risk-Return Trade-Off
Authors: Chernov Mikhail , Lochstoer Lars A , Lundeby Stig R H
Published: April 2021

We propose testing asset pricing models using multihorizon returns (MHRs). MHRs effectively generate a new set of test assets that is endogenous to the model and that identifies a broad set of possible conditional misspecifications. We apply MHR-based testing to prominent linear factor models and show that these models typically do a poor job of pricing longer-horizon returns, with pricing errors that are similar in magnitude to the risk premiums they were designed to explain. We trace the errors to the conditional factor dynamics. Explicitly incorporating factor timing into the models often makes mispricing worse, thereby posing a challenge for future research.
Antiviral proinflammatory phenotype of monocytes in anti-MDA5 antibody-associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Gono Takahisa , Okazaki Yuka , Kuwana Masataka
Published: April 2021

Objective

To evaluate upstream and downstream regulators leading to macrophage activation and subsequent cytokine storm in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD).

Methods

We conducted an integrated miRNA-mRNA association analysis using circulating monocytes from 3 patients with anti-MDA5-associated ILD and 3 healthy controls and identified disease pathways and a regulator effect network by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The expression of relevant genes and proteins was verified using an independent validation cohort, including 6 patients with anti-MDA5-associated ILD, 5 with anti-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase antibody-associated ILD, and 6 healthy controls.

Results

IPA identified 26 matched pairs of downregulated miRNA and upregulated mRNAs and revealed that canonical pathways mediated by type I IFN signalling and C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) were responsible for the pathogenic process (P < 0.05 for all pathways). The regulatory network model identified IFN-β; Toll-like receptors 3, 7, and 9; and PU.1 as upstream regulators, while the downstream effect of this network converged at the inhibition of viral infection. mRNA and protein expression analysis using validation cohort showed a trend towards the increased expression of relevant molecules identified by IPA in patients with anti-MDA5-associated ILD compared with those with anti-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase antibody-associated ILD or healthy controls. The expression of all relevant genes in monocytes and serum levels of CCL2 and IFN-β declined after treatment in survivors with anti-MDA5-associated ILD.

Conclusion

An antiviral proinflammatory network orchestrated primarily by activated monocytes/macrophages might be responsible for cytokine storm in anti-MDA5-associated ILD.