bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Connectivity over a disease risk gradient enables recovery of rainforest frogs
Authors: Bell Sara C. , Heard Geoffrey W. , Berger Lee , Skerratt Lee F.
Published: April 2020

Chytridiomycosis has been a key driver of global frog declines and extinctions, particularly for high‐altitude populations across Australia and the Americas. While recent evidence shows some species are recovering, the extent of such recoveries and the mechanisms underpinning them remain poorly resolved. We surveyed the historical latitudinal and elevational range of four Australian rainforest frogs that disappeared from upland sites between 1989 and 1994 to establish their contemporary distribution and elevational limits, and investigate factors affecting population recovery. Five rainforest streams were surveyed from mountain‐base to summit (30 sites in total), with swabs collected from the target species (Litoria dayi, L. nannotis, L. rheocola, and L. serrata) to determine their infection status, and data loggers deployed to measure microclimatic variation across the elevational gradient. Infection probability increased with elevation and canopy cover as it was tightly and inversely correlated with stream‐side air temperature. Occupancy patterns suggest varying responses to this disease threat gradient. Two species, L. rheocola and L. serrata, were found over their full historical elevational range (≥1,000 m above sea level [asl]), while L. dayi was not detected above 400 m (formerly known up to 900 m asl) and L. nannotis was not detected above 800 m (formerly known up to 1,200 m asl). Site occupancy probability was negatively related to predicted infection prevalence for L. dayi, L. nannotis, and L. rheocola, but not L. serrata, which appears to now tolerate high fungal burdens. This study highlights the importance of environmental refuges and connectivity across disease risk gradients for the persistence and natural recovery of frogs susceptible to chytridiomycosis. Likewise, in documenting both interspecific variation in recovery rates and intraspecific differences between sites, this study suggests interactions between disease threats and host selection exist that could be manipulated. For example, translocations may be warranted where connectivity is poor or the increase in disease risk is too steep to allow recolonization, combined with assisted selection or use of founders from populations that have already undergone natural selection.
Nanoscale Coordination Polymer of Dimanganese(II) as Infinite, Flexible Nanosheets with Photo‐Switchable Morphology
Authors: Shova Sergiu , Vlad Angelica , Damoc Madalin , Tiron Vasile , Dascalu Mihaela , Novitchi Ghenadie , Ursu Cristian , Cazacu Maria
Published: April 2020

An original co‐ligand association, consisting of 4,4'‐azopyridine and 1,3‐bis(carboxypropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane, is used for complexing MnII, to obtain a 2D dinuclear coordination array having infinite horizontal dimensions and nanometric thickness. Due to the shielding effect of the tetramethyldisiloxane units facing outwards on both sides, the sheets are free of any chemical or physical intermolecular interactions, as crystallographic analysis reveals. The compound shows two glass transitions, at –51 and 33 °C, and begins to decompose at 292 °C. The co‐existence in the structure of the highly hydrophobic tetramethyldisiloxane spacers and the polar metal complexed units confers amphiphilic character to the compound, making it capable of reducing the surface tension of the DMF, from 35.8 to 29.4 mN/m, at a critical micellar concentration around 1 wt.‐% complex. The presence of aggregates in solution is evidenced by dynamic light scattering. The light sensitive azopyridine units make the compound photo‐responsive. This behavior occurs both in solution as well as in the film, where the compound self‐assembles in micellar morphology when UV‐irradiated. Both conductivity and dielectric permittivity of the film increase as a result of trans–cis configuration. Magnetic measurement data indicate two antiferromagnetic coupled spins, S = 5/2, that are able to interact with small external magnetic field, i.e., during MFM scanning.
Synthesis of SAPO‐34 Zeolite from Laponite and Its Application in the MTO Reaction
Authors: Chen Xueshuai , Jiang Rongli , Zhou Zihan , Wang Xingwen
Published: April 2020

In this work, SAPO‐34 zeolite with high catalytic activity was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method from laponite as the single Si source. Compared with the traditional method of synthesizing zeolites from clay, the laponite after swelling can be directly used in the synthesis process of zeolite. The crystallization behavior of SAPO‐34 synthesized from laponite was investigated by XRD, FTIR, N2 adsorption–desorption, SEM‐EDX, ICP‐MS, and DR‐UV/Vis. The process can be summarized as follows: the Si and Mg elements were produced by the depolymerization of laponite, then the primary building units of SAPO‐34 zeolite were formed under hydrothermal conditions; finally, the crystal nucleus began to form, and crystallization was triggered. Compared with the conventional SAPO‐34 synthesized from TEOS, the SAPO‐34 synthesized from laponite exhibited higher selectivity to light olefins and longer lifetime, which can be attributed to the suitable strength of acidity. This work points to a straightforward route to the synthesis of SAPO‐34 from laponite.
Sustainable Amidation Reactions – Recent Advances
Authors: Santos A. Sofia , Silva Artur M. S. , Marques M. Manuel B.
Published: April 2020

Due to the widespread occurrence of amides in modern pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds, amidation reaction is one of the most important reactions in organic chemistry. Traditional methods to form amide bonds involve the coupling of a carboxylic acid with an amine and require the pre‐activation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Sustainable routes are replacing these existing methods since large amounts of waste are produced. Recently, novel reagents and methods for amide bond formation have emerged with the development of boron reagents, as well as the use of more sustainable metallic and organometallic catalysts. This review compiles the most recent efforts towards sustainable approaches that contribute to solving the problems associated with traditional methods. The new routes are based on promising reagents to performed more versatile and efficient amidation reactions.
The effect of retrogradation time and ambient relative humidity on the quality of extruded oat noodles
Authors: Dong Rui , Niu Qianwen , Zhang Kailong , Hu Xinzhong , Bu Yu
Published: April 2020

Commercial process of oat noodles was mainly hindered by its lack of gluten and difficulty in forming dough. Extrusion could be an effective method to produce oat noodles by forming network of gelatinized starch, and noodle quality could be improved by regulating the retrogradation process. In this study, we produced oat noodles by two‐step extruding and investigated the effect of retrogradation treatment (retrogradation time and ambient relative humidity) on noodle properties. At each corresponding ambient relative humidity (RH), the starch crystallinity and enthalpy value increased, while setback value decreased, as well as noodle cooking loss was significantly improved as retrogradation time increased to 48 hr, and then decreased at 72 hr. At the same retrogradation time, the starch crystallinity, setback, and enthalpy value decreased to RH70% and then had a slight rise at RH80%, while noodle cooking loss with reversal trend. The retrogradation time of 48 hr and ambient RH of 60% could be an optimum treatment for effectively improving extruded oat noodle quality. Furthermore, multivariate data analysis indicated that samples at the same ambient RH tended to be clustered together. This study could provide basic knowledge for controlling processing condition of the extruded oat noodle.
Titanium Nitride Polyaniline Bilayer Coating for Metallic Bipolar Plates used in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Cooper L. , El‐Kharouf A.
Published: April 2020

Two materials, polyaniline (PANI) and titanium nitride (TiN), used for bipolar plate (BPP) coatings have each shown promise in improving the corrosion resistance and contact resistance, respectively, of metallic bipolar plates. Polyaniline was shown to provide a barrier for the bipolar plate and to effectively lower the corrosion currents observed in ex situ corrosion tests. However, the interfacial contact resistance (ICR) between polyaniline coatings and gas diffusion layer (GDL) is high and results in high electrical losses. On the other hand, TiN is reported to achieve good conductivity and in some cases improved corrosion resistance.

The two materials have also been investigated together in a composite coating and showed promising results, but the contact resistance of the coating was still too high for use in a commercial fuel cell. In this study, the application of an additional layer of TiN over the TiN‐polyaniline composite coating (a bilayer coating) is investigated. Composite bilayered PANI TiN coatings were deposited upon SS316L substrates. The optimized coating achieved U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) targets with potentiostatic corrosion currents of ∼0.024 μA cm−2 and ICR values of 11.2 mΩ cm2. PANI polymerization was confirmed, using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and TiN loadings were investigated with energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy .
Optimizing your telemedicine visit during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Practice guidelines for patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Prasad Aman , Brewster Ryan , Newman Jason G. , Rajasekaran Karthik
Published: April 2020

The COVID‐19 epidemic has resulted in many hospitals and practices to cancel in‐person outpatient clinic visits, where head and neck patients receive their critical longitudinal care. Out of necessity, most practices have been encouraged to use telemedicine as a method to maintain a continuum of care with their patients. As a result, the prevalence of telemedicine has grown rapidly during this pandemic, without allowing the physicians and patients to be adequately educated on how best to utilize the services. There is a steep learning curve as we have learned, and our goal is to provide guidelines for both patients and physicians, as well as a valuable patient handout in preparation for their visit.
Tripartite Motif‐Containing 27 Attenuates Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing Transforming Growth Factor β–Activated Kinase 1 (TAK1) by TAK1 Binding Protein 2/3 Degradation
Authors: Chen San‐Yang , Zhang Hua‐Peng , Li Jie , Shi Ji‐Hua , Tang Hong‐Wei , Zhang Yi , Zhang Jia‐Kai , Wen Pei‐Hao , Wang Zhi‐Hui , Shi Xiao‐Yi , He Yu‐Ting , Hu Bo‐Wen , Yang Han , Guo Wen‐Zhi , Zhang Shui‐Jun
Published: April 2020

Background and Aims

Hepatic ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury, which mainly involves inflammatory responses and apoptosis, is a common cause of organ dysfunction in liver transplantation (LT). As a critical mediator of inflammation and apoptosis in various cell types, the role of tripartite motif‐containing (TRIM) 27 in hepatic I/R injury remains worthy of study.

Approach and Results

This study systemically evaluated the putative role of TRIM27/transforming growth factor β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1)/JNK (c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase)/p38 signaling in hepatic I/R injury. TRIM27 expression was significantly down‐regulated in liver tissue from LT patients, mice subjected to hepatic I/R surgery, and hepatocytes challenged by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment. Subsequently, using global Trim27 knockout mice (Trim27‐KO mice) and hepatocyte‐specific Trim27 transgenic mice (Trim27‐HTG mice), TRIM27 functions to ameliorate liver damage, reduce the inflammatory response, and prevent cell apoptosis. In parallel in vitro studies, activating TRIM27 also prevented H/R‐induced hepatocyte inflammation and apoptosis. Mechanistically, TRIM27 constitutively interacted with the critical components, TAK1 and TAK1 binding protein 2/3 (TAB2/3), and promoted the degradation of TAB2/3, leading to inactivation of TAK1 and the subsequent suppression of downstream JNK/p38 signaling.

Conclusions

TRIM27 is a key regulator of hepatic I/R injury by mediating the degradation of TAB2/3 and suppression of downstream TAK1‐JNK/p38 signaling. TRIM27 may be a promising approach to protect the liver against I/R‐mediated hepatocellular damage in transplant recipients.
Pregnant women’s knowledge and practice of preventive measures against COVID‐19 in a low‐resource African setting
Authors: Nwafor Johnbosco I. , Aniukwu Joseph K. , Anozie Bonaventure O. , Ikeotuonye Arinze C. , Okedo‐Alex Ijeoma N.
Published: April 2020

Pregnant women had adequate knowledge of preventive measures to protect against the virus causing COVID‐19, but the practice of these measures was poor.
A robust six‐miRNA prognostic signature for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhao Xinyuan , Cui Li
Published: April 2020

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a major health problem worldwide. We aimed to identify a robust microRNA (miRNA)‐based signature for predicting HNSCC prognosis. The miRNA expression profiles of HNSCC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The TCGA HNSCC cohort was randomly divided into the discovery and validation cohort. A miRNA‐based prognostic signature was built up based on TGCA discovery cohort, and then further validated. The downstream targets of prognostic miRNAs were subjected to functional enrichment analyses. The role of miR‐1229‐3p, a prognosis‐related miRNA, in tumorigenesis of HNSCC was further evaluated. A total of 305 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were found between HNSCC samples and normal tissues. A six‐miRNA prognostic signature was constructed, which exhibited a strong association with overall survival (OS) in the TCGA discovery cohort. In addition, these findings were successfully confirmed in TCGA validation cohort and our own independent cohort. The miRNA‐based signature was demonstrated as an independent prognostic indicator for HNSCC. A risk signature‐based nomogram model was constructed and showed good performance for predicting the OS for HNSCC. The functional analyses revealed that the downstream targets of these prognostic miRNAs were closely linked to cancer progression. Mechanistically, in vitro analysis revealed that miR‐1229‐3p played a tumor promoting role in HNSCC. In conclusion, our study has developed a robust miRNA‐based signature for predicting the prognosis of HNSCC with high accuracy, which will contribute to improve the therapeutic outcome.
A novel role of VEPH1 in regulating AoSMC phenotypic switching
Authors: Shi Xiaofeng , Xu Caiming , Li Yongqi , Wang Han , Ma Wei , Tian Yu , Yang Haifeng , Li Lei
Published: April 2020

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially lethal disease featured by focal dilatation in the aorta. The transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from a contractile/differentiated to a synthetic/dedifferentiated phenotype is considered to contribute to AAA formation and expansion. Our previous gene microarray data showed that Ventricular Zone Expressed PH Domain Containing 1 (VEPH1) expression increased in angiotensin II (Ang II)‐infused aortic tissues. This study was thus performed to further explore the role of VEPH1. Herein, we first demonstrate that VEPH1 increases in the SMCs of Ang II‐treated abdominal aortas. As in vivo, Ang II also upregulated VEPH1 expression in cultured hAoSMCs. The dedifferentiation of human aortic SMCs (hAoSMCs) was induced by a 24‐hr stimulation of Ang II (1 μM)—the expression of contractile SMC markers, MYH11 and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) decreased and that of synthetic markers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Vimentin increased. Inhibition of VEPH1 prevented Ang II‐induced pathological dedifferentiation of hAoSMCs as indicated by the restored expression of MYH11 and α‐SMA. In contrast, the forced overexpression of VEPH1 aggravated Ang II's effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that VEPH1 and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), a key regulator responsible for vascular SMC differentiation, negatively regulated each other's transcription. In contrast to VEPH1 silencing, its overexpression inhibited recombinant TGF‐β1‐induced increases in MYH11 and α‐SMA and suppressed Smad3 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation. Collectively, our study demonstrates that VEPH1 elevation promotes the synthetic phenotype switching of AoSMCs and suppressed the TGF‐β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. Identification of VEPH1 as a pathogenic molecule for AAA formation provides novel insights into this disease.
KIF15 promotes the evolution of gastric cancer cells through inhibition of reactive oxygen species‐mediated apoptosis
Authors: Tao Jinqiu , Sun Guangli , Li Qing , Zhi Xiaofei , Li Zheng , He Zhongyuan , Chen Huihui , Zhou Aiping , Ye Jiahui , Xu Guifang , Guan Wenxian , Zhang Weijie
Published: April 2020

Kinesin family member 15 (KIF15) is a member of the kinesin superfamily of proteins, which promotes cell mitosis, participates in the transport of intracellular materials, and helps structural assembly and cell signaling pathways transduction. However, its biological role and molecular mechanisms of action in the development of gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. In the present study, an integrated analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus database, and Kaplan–Meier plotter database was performed to predict the expression and prognostic value of KIF15 in GC patients. Detection of KIF15 expression in GC cells and tissues was performed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In vitro cell proliferation, viability, colony formation ability and flow cytometry assays, and in vivo tumorigenicity assay, were performed to evaluate the effects of KIF15 knockdown on GC cell phenotype. It was demonstrated that the expression of KIF15 messenger RNA in GC tissues was significantly higher compared with that in adjacent tissues, and was closely associated with larger tumor size and poor patient prognosis. In addition, functional studies demonstrated that, due to the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the interference with the expression of KIF15 not only decreased cell proliferation but also increased cell apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest. ROS‐mediated activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase/c‐Jun signaling reduced cell proliferation by regulating the GC cell cycle and increasing apoptosis. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that KIF15 is an oncoprotein contributing to GC progression, and is expected to help identify novel biomarkers and treatment targets in GC.
The Rise and Fall of the Bureaucratic Bourgeoisie: Public Sector Employees and Economic Privilege in Postcolonial Kenya and Tanzania
Authors: Simson Rebecca
Published: April 2020

In 1961, Frantz Fanon scathingly characterised the emerging African elite as a bourgeoisie of the civil service. Many have since described Africa's public sector employees as a rentier class that grew disproportionately large in relation to the continent's underdeveloped private sector. Is this characterisation still accurate? Using educational data and household budget surveys from Kenya and Tanzania, this article situates public sector employees within their respective educational hierarchies and national income distributions over time. It finds that since independence, the share of public sector employees at the top of these distributions has declined. The corollary to this is an increase in the share of private sector employees and business owners at the top, providing some cautious support for the notion of a rising private sector upper and middle class. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Noncontrast Radiomics Approach for Predicting Grades of Nonfunctional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Bian Yun , Zhao Zengrui , Jiang Hui , Fang Xu , Li Jing , Cao Kai , Ma Chao , Guo Shiwei , Wang Li , Jin Gang , Lu Jianping , Xu Jun
Published: April 2020

Background

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration is associated with the accurate determination of tumor grade. However, because it is an invasive procedure there is a need to explore alternative noninvasive procedures.

Purpose

To develop and validate a noncontrast radiomics model for the preoperative prediction of nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NF‐pNET) grade (G).

Study Type

Retrospective, single‐center study.

Subjects

Patients with pathologically confirmed PNETs (139) were included.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T/breath‐hold single‐shot fast‐spin echo T2‐weighted sequence and unenhanced and dynamic contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted fat‐suppressed sequences.

Assessment

Tumor features on contrast MR images were evaluated by three board‐certified abdominal radiologists.

Statistical Tests

Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to develop the clinical model. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method and linear discriminative analysis (LDA) were used to select the features and to construct a radiomics model. The performance of the models was assessed using the training cohort (97 patients) and the validation cohort (42 patients), and decision curve analysis (DCA) was applied for clinical use.

Results

The clinical model included 14 imaging features, and the corresponding area under the curve (AUC) was 0.769 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.675–0.863) in the training cohort and 0.729 (95% CI, 0.568–0.890) in the validation cohort. The LDA included 14 selected radiomics features that showed good discrimination—in the training cohort (AUC, 0.851; 95% CI, 0.758–0.916) and the validation cohort (AUC, 0.736; 95% CI, 0.518–0.874). In the decision curves, if the threshold probability was 0.17–0.84, using the radiomics score to distinguish NF‐pNET G1 and G2/3, offered more benefit than did the use of a treat‐all‐patients or treat‐none scheme.

Data Conclusion

The developed radiomics model using noncontrast MRI could help differentiate G1 and G2/3 tumors, to make the clinical decision, and screen pNETs grade.

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy Stage

2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:1124–1136.
Role of Ultrasonography in Estimating Muscle Mass in Sarcopenic Obesity
Authors: Deniz Olgun , Cruz‐Jentoft Alfonso , Sengul Aycicek Gozde , Unsal Pelin , Esme Mert , Ucar Yelda , Burkuk Suna , Sendur Ayse , Yavuz Burcu Balam , Cankurtaran Mustafa , Halil Meltem
Published: April 2020

Background

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity in an individual. The present study is designed
to define the usefulness of skeletal muscle ultrasonography (US) in the definition of SO.

Methods

Eighty‐nine participants aged ≥65 whose body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was ≥30 were consecutively enrolled in an outpatient clinic of geriatric medicine. All underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment. US measurements were obtained in 6 different muscles consisting of core and limb muscles. We defined SO as the presence of low muscle function (defined by a handgrip strength < 27 kg in males and <16 kg in females) and high BMI (≥30).

Results

The median age of the participants was 72 (65–85) years; 81% were female, and 35% (n = 31) had SO. Anthropometric parameters that estimate muscle mass were lower in the sarcopenic group, but estimations of muscle mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) did not differ between groups. All US estimations of muscle mass were lower in sarcopenic obese participants, albeit not all significantly. RF muscle cross‐sectional area (RF CSA) and abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness were most strongly correlated with grip strength (r = 0.477 and r = −508, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic analysis suggested that the optimum cutoff point of RF CSA for SO was ≤5.22 cm2, with 95.8% sensitivity and 46.7% specificity (area under the curve: 0.686).

Conclusions

US evaluation of muscle mass may be more accurate than BIA‐derived skeletal muscle index assessment for the diagnosis of SO.
Fast screening of carotenoids of gypsum endoliths using portable Raman spectrometer (Messinian gypsum, Sicily)
Authors: Němečková Kateřina , Jehlička Jan , Culka Adam
Published: April 2020

We tested the potential of a portable Raman spectrometer—RaPort (G) by EnSpectr with a 532‐nm laser for use in field detection of biomarkers of endolithic colonization in gypsum. This study extends our previous research on gypsum endolithic colonies using laboratory Raman microspectrometer (514.5‐ and 785‐nm lasers). In the current study, variously coloured layers were found and screened separately on the outcrop under natural conditions. In the recorded Raman spectra, stretching vibrations of carotenoids were observed—ν1 (C═C) around 1,513 cm−1, and ν2 (C—C) around 1,154 cm−1, as well as the feature at around 1,005 cm−1. The exact identification of different carotenoids by portable Raman spectrometer is limited. Nevertheless, the portable Raman spectrometer allowed fast and in situ detection of carotenoids of variously pigmented gypsum endolithic zones. Application of miniature Raman instruments is important in the context of forthcoming astrobiological missions to Mars (Exomars and Mars 2020).
Effect of high‐pressure processing enzymatic hydrolysates of soy protein isolate on the emulsifying and oxidative stability of myofibrillar protein‐prepared oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Guan Haining , Diao Xiaoqin , Liu Danyi , Han Jianchun , Kong Baohua , Liu Dengyong , Gao Chenzhe , Zhang Lili
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND

Oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions are thermodynamically unstable and are easily oxidized. Recently, protein hydrolysates have been used to enhance the emulsifying and oxidative stability of emulsions. High‐pressure processing (HPP) enzymatic hydrolysates of soy protein isolate have higher bioactivities. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of various soy protein isolate hydrolysate (SPIH) concentrations obtained during different 4 h pressure treatments on improving the emulsifying and oxidative stability of myofibrillar protein (MP) emulsions.

RESULTS

Emulsions with 4 mg mL−1 SPIH obtained at 200 MPa had the highest emulsifying activity index and emulsion stability index (P ≤ 0.05). This increase in emulsion stability was related to increased zeta potential and reduced average particle size. Optical microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy observations confirmed that emulsions with 4 mg mL−1 SPIH possessed relatively small oil droplets. The addition of SPIH obtained at 200 MPa significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values (P ≤ 0.05) of emulsions during 8 days of storage. Concurrently, the carbonyl content remained the lowest and the sulfhydryl content remained the highest, which indicated that the emulsions had higher protein oxidative stability.

CONCLUSIONS

SPIH obtained under HPP could improve the emulsifying and oxidative stability of MP‐prepared O/W emulsions.
Use of Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Sonographic Identification of Major Structural Anomalies
Authors: Herrera Christina L. , Byrne John J. , Clark Haley R. , Twickler Diane M. , Dashe Jodi S.
Published: April 2020

Objectives

To characterize population‐based use of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) incorporating recent American College of Radiology (ACR)–Society of Perinatal Radiologists (SPR) guidelines about fetal anomalies for which MRI may provide valuable additional information when sonography is limited.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of nonreferred singleton pregnancies that received prenatal care and had prenatal sonographic diagnosis of 1 or more major structural anomalies at our hospital between January 2010 and May 2018. Detailed sonography was performed in all anomaly cases. Fetal anomaly information was obtained from a prospectively maintained database, and medical records were reviewed to determine the rationale for why MRI was or was not performed, according to the indication.

Results

A total of 104,597 singleton pregnancies underwent sonographic assessments of anatomy at our institution during the study period. Major structural anomalies were identified in 1650 (1.6%) of these pregnancies. Potential indications for fetal MRI per ACR‐SPR guidelines were identified in 339 cases. However, fetal MRI was performed in only 253 cases, 15% of those with major anomalies and 75% with a potential indication. Magnetic resonance imaging was not performed in 41 (20%) of identified pregnancies because of an improved prognosis on serial sonography (36), because of a poor prognosis (3), or because it would not alter management (2).

Conclusions

Fetal MRI was used in 15% of those pregnancies with prenatal diagnosis of a major structural anomaly. This amounted to fewer than 0.3% of singleton deliveries. Judicious application of ACR‐SPR guidelines in the context of serial sonography results in a relatively small number of fetal MRI examinations in a nonreferred population.
Light fluctuations are key in modulating plankton trophic dynamics and their impact on primary production
Authors: Morison Françoise , Franzè Gayantonia , Harvey Elizabeth , Menden‐Deuer Susanne
Published: April 2020

Surface‐ocean mixing creates dynamic light environments with predictable effects on phytoplankton growth but unknown consequences for predation. We investigated how variations in average mixed‐layer (ML) irradiance shaped plankton trophic dynamics by incubating a Northwest‐Atlantic plankton community for 4 days at high (H) and low (L) light, followed by exposure to either sustained or reversed light intensities. In deep‐ML (sustained L), phytoplankton biomass declined (μ = −0.2 ± 0.08 d−1) and grazing was absent. In shallow‐ML (sustained H), growth exceeded grazing (μ = 0.46 ± 0.07 d−1; g = 0.32 ± 0.04 d−1). In rapidly changing ML‐conditions simulated by switching light‐availability, growth and grazing responded on different timescales. During rapid ML‐shoaling (L to H), μ immediately increased (0.23 ± 0.01 d−1) with no change in grazing. During rapid ML‐deepening (H to L), μ immediately decreased (0.02 ± 0.09 d−1), whereas grazing remained high (g = 0.38 ± 0.05 d−1). Predictable rate responses of phytoplankton growth (rapid) vs. grazing (delayed) to measurable light variability can provide insights into predator‐prey processes and their effects on spatio‐temporal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass.
Compact four‐way quasi‐rectangular cavity power combiner with high isolation and high power‐combining efficiency
Authors: Song Kaijun , Chen Yuxuan , Xue Liyuan
Published: April 2020

A compact four‐way quasi‐rectangular cavity power combiner with high isolation and high power‐combining efficiency is presented. The quasi‐rectangular cavity is employed to realize both impedance transformation and mode conversion. The isolation circuit based on microstrip line technique is utilized to realize high isolation. Besides, a T‐junction is established as a transition from coaxial to microstrip to realize the energy transmission between the cavity and the isolation circuit. The presented power combiner is designed, fabricated, and measured. The actual assembled device is 0.74λ × 0.74λ × 0.28λ (λ is waveguide wavelength). The measured results show the return loss of the power‐combining port is greater than 20 dB from 7.84 to 10.88 GHz (36% fractional bandwidth). The measured insertion loss is about 0.4 dB, and the power‐combining efficiency is about 90%. The measured isolation of adjacent and opposite ports is greater than 20 dB in operating frequency band.
Personal perspectives: Infant pain—A multidisciplinary journey
Authors: Grunau Ruth Eckstein
Published: April 2020

Understanding of infant pain has been transformed in the past 30 years. From assumptions that newborns were insensitive to pain, fundamental work established not only the infants perceive pain, but also there are critical windows in which pain can have long‐lasting consequences. My multidisciplinary work revealed that repetitive pain exposure during the late 2nd and 3rd trimesters of fetal life “ex‐utero” in infants born very preterm is related to long‐term adverse associations with altered brain development, programming of stress systems, and thereby neurodevelopment. Here, influences will be described, discovery research summarized, and evidence of biological pathways proposed.
O‐Plane Backreaction and Scale Separation in Type IIA Flux Vacua
Authors: Junghans Daniel
Published: April 2020

We construct AdS4 flux vacua of type IIA string theory in the supergravity (large volume, small ) regime, including the backreaction of O6‐planes. Our solutions are the localized versions of the smeared solutions on Calabi‐Yau orientifolds studied by DeWolfe, Giryavets, Kachru and Taylor and in other works. We find that the O‐plane backreaction in these solutions generates warping, a varying dilaton, non‐closed RR field strengths and internal curvature. Just like their smeared counterparts, the localized solutions admit stabilized moduli, a parametric control over string corrections and a parametric separation between the AdS and KK scales. Our explicit expressions furthermore make precise the common lore that smeared solutions should approximate the exact ones in the large‐volume, small‐ limit. Finally, our solutions appear to violate a recent swampland conjecture about an absence of scale separation in supersymmetric AdS vacua. We make a simple observation explaining why this happens in these solutions in contrast to most other AdS solutions in string theory.
Lattice Dynamics of Barium Titanate: Single Crystal, Ceramic, and Polycrystalline Film
Authors: Maslova Olga Aleksandrovna , Yuzyuk Yuri Ivanovich , Jain Menka , Barannikova Svetlana Aleksandrovna
Published: April 2020

A comparative analysis of Raman spectra of barium titanate in various forms is performed over a broad range of temperatures (from 80 to 400 K). In particular, the evolution of A1(2TO) and E(1TO) soft‐mode components, sensitive to strain, is monitored for such materials as single crystal, ceramic, and polycrystalline film. Based on the temperature dependence of these components, a sequence of phase transitions is established for each of the aforementioned forms.
Effects of Pressure on Structural, Mechanical, and Electronic Properties and Stability of FexSiy Compounds
Authors: Wang Gao-Min , Zeng Wei , Xu Xia , Liu Wei-Hong , Tang Bin , Fan Dai-He , Liu Qi-Jun , Chang Xiang-Hui , Zhong Mi
Published: April 2020

Herein, the pressure dependence of the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties is investigated for Fe2Si, FeSi, Fe3Si, α‐FeSi2, β‐FeSi2, Fe5Si3, and Fe11Si5 in the pressure range of 0–100 GPa based on density functional theory. The calculated lattice constants are in good agreement with the experimental results. The order of the thermodynamic stability of the seven structures is FeSi > Fe5Si3 > Fe2Si > β‐FeSi2 > Fe11Si5 > α‐FeSi2 > Fe3Si. The electronic properties are analyzed including density of states and band structures. The mechanical properties of FeSi, Fe2Si, Fe5Si3, α‐FeSi2, and β‐FeSi2 are studied thoroughly: The elastic constants are obtained under different pressures; the mechanical stability under the considered pressures is evaluated by the stability criteria. The results show that FeSi, Fe5Si3, and β‐FeSi2 are mechanically stable at pressures from 0 to 100 GPa; Fe2Si is unstable under compression; and α‐FeSi2 is unstable in the range of 60–100 GPa. The values of B, G, and E are calculated, which indicate that the ability to resist deformation of the material increases with the increase in pressure. The B/G values are calculated, suggesting that both Fe5Si3 and Fe2Si are ductile materials; the brittle–tough transition is observed in FeSi, α‐FeSi2, and β‐FeSi2.
A weather system perspective on winter–spring rainfall variability in southeastern Australia during El Niño
Authors: Hauser Seraphine , Grams Christian M. , Reeder Michael J. , McGregor Shayne , Fink Andreas H. , Quinting Julian F.
Published: April 2020

The El Niño phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is typically associated with below‐average cool‐season rainfall in southeastern Australia (SEA). However, there is also large case‐to‐case variability on monthly time‐scales. Despite recent progress in understanding the links between remote climate drivers and this variability, the underlying dynamical processes are not fully understood. This reanalysis‐based study aims to advance the dynamical understanding by quantifying the contribution of midlatitude weather systems to monthly precipitation anomalies over SEA during the austral winter–spring season. A k‐means clustering reveals four rainfall anomaly patterns with above‐average rainfall (Cluster 1), below‐average rainfall (Cluster 2), above‐average rainfall along the East Coast (Cluster 3) and along the South Coast (Cluster 4). Cluster 2 occurs most frequently during El Niño, which highlights the general suppression of SEA rainfall during these events. However, the remaining three clusters with local above‐average rainfall are found in ∼52% of all El Niño months. Changes of weather system frequency determine the respective rainfall anomaly pattern. Results indicate significantly more cut‐off lows and warm conveyor belts (WCBs) over SEA in El Niño Cluster 1 and significantly fewer in El Niño Cluster 2. In El Niño Cluster 3, enhanced blocking south of Australia favours cut‐off lows leading to increased rainfall along the East Coast. Positive rainfall anomalies along the South Coast in El Niño Cluster 4 are associated with frontal rainfall due to an equatorward shift of the midlatitude storm track. Most of the rainfall is produced by WCBs and cut‐off lows but the contributions strongly vary between the clusters. In all clusters, rainfall anomalies result from changes in rainfall frequency more than in rainfall intensity. Backward trajectories of WCB and cut‐off low rainfall highlight the importance of moist air masses from the Coral Sea and the northwest coast of Australia during wet months.
Process‐based assessment of success and failure in a constructed riffle‐pool river restoration project
Authors: Papangelakis Elli , MacVicar Bruce
Published: April 2020

Although there is increasing consensus that river restoration should focus on restoring processes rather than form, proven techniques to design and monitor projects for sediment transport processes are lacking. This study monitors bedload transport and channel morphology in a rural, an urban unrestored, and an urban restored reach. Objectives are to compare bedload transport regimes, assess the stability and self‐maintenance of constructed riffle‐pool sequences, and evaluate the impact of the project on coarse sediment continuity in the creek. Sediment tracking is done using radio frequency identification tracers and morphologic change is assessed from repeated cross‐section surveys. Mean annual velocity is used to quantify the average downstream velocity of tracers, defined as the mean overall tracer travel length divided by the total study duration. The channel reconstruction slows down the downstream velocity of particles in the D75 and D90 size classes, but does not significantly change the velocity of particles in the D50 size class or smaller. Surveys show that riffle features remain stable and that pool depths are maintained or deepened, while tracer paths match with what has been observed in natural riffle‐pools. However, the slowdown of coarse sediment and increase in channel slope may lead to future failures related to over‐steepening of the banks and a disruption in the continuity of sediment transport in the creek. This study demonstrates how bedload tracking and morphological surveys can be used to assess river restoration projects, and highlights the importance of incorporating coarse sediment connectivity into restoration design and monitoring.
The male body politic: Straight strippers, gay spaces, and queer masculinities
Authors: Laguna Maqueda Oscar E.
Published: April 2020

Studies of women and gender relations promoted by feminist movements have had a steady progress, which has allowed recognizing many of the phenomena, characteristics and experiences of women, while studies of men have been late and narrowly limited themselves to studies on violence as a characteristic of masculinity. However, it is essential to recognize how masculinities are constructed, and explore their changes and the social mechanisms that give them continuity. It is necessary to examine them, map them, recognize their diversity and identify the practices that favor both their continuity and as their change. Recognizing different forms used to materialize them, reproduce them and inscribe them performatively in the bodies of men will allow us to point out those guidelines that support the success of public policies that promote equality between women, men, girls and boys, as well as the eradication of gender violence. In an effort to learn about an example of diverse masculinities, I conducted postdoctoral research among heterosexual men who strip for other men (strippers), I wanted to know how masculinities conform in environments that favor the overturning of patriarchal practices and that contravene heteronormativity.
Synergistic Effects of Amine‐Containing Antioxidants on the Aging Performances of Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber
Authors: Li Jianxi , Zhou Cheng , Cao Dan , Liu Hanzhou
Published: April 2020

In this study, two types of amine‐containing antioxidants composed of 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole zinc (MBZ) and 4,4′‐bis(α, α‐dimethylbenzyl) diphenylamine (445) were used to improve the thermo‐oxidative aging resistance of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM). The synergistic effects on the performances of EPDM and the corresponding aging mechanism were investigated by FTIR, tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rotary rheometer and other equipment. The results showed that the hardness increased gradually with the increasing aging time regardless of the type of antioxidants. Compared with the EPDM without antioxidants, the elongation retention of those samples with MBZ or 445 improved obviously. Additionally, the sample with the MBZ/445 complex showed the highest retention values at the same aging time. The antioxidative mechanisms were further analyzed by carbonyl index, activation energy and oxidation induction time, respectively. Results indicated that the degree of oxidation of EPDM using the MBZ/445 complex was much lower than other control systems during the aging process. As a result, the MBZ/445 complex was a favorable antioxidative additive for EPDM.
How does benevolent leadership lead to work–family enrichment? The mediating role of positive group affective tone
Authors: Wu Chih‐Ying , Kuo Chien‐Chih , Lin Chia‐Wu , Hu Wan‐Hsien , Wu Chia‐Yen , Cheng Sheng
Published: April 2020

Although researchers have confirmed the relationship between positive leadership styles and work–family enrichment, benevolent leadership has received little attention. Drawing from the concept of mood contagion, this study explores the underlying mechanism between benevolent leadership and work–family enrichment. Using a survey of 459 employees, across 36 supervisors and their work groups, and multilevel structural equation modelling, this study revealed that benevolent leadership is positively associated with work–family enrichment via cross‐level paths. The results indicated that benevolent leadership is associated with positive group affective tone, which further predicts subordinates' work–family enrichment. Moreover, work engagement mediates the relationship between positive group affective tone and work–family enrichment. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Health monitoring and field‐testing of high‐rise buildings: A review
Authors: Shan Jiazeng , Zhang Hanqing , Shi Weixing , Lu Xilin
Published: April 2020

Health monitoring and field‐testing have been two emerging technologies for investigating the real‐world behaviors of high‐rise buildings. The five primary motivations of the two monitoring‐oriented methods are first presented. The four fundamental steps of the data‐driven process are followingly discussed. Then, the state‐of‐the‐art structural health monitoring systems on four representative super‐tall buildings and the relevant data analysis methodologies are reviewed, with the summary of the corresponding observations from data interpretation. The recent practice on seismic monitoring and data‐informed structural evaluation are discussed. Especially, the tradeoff problem on parametric identification for data‐driven modeling of real‐life structures is presented. Finally, the future of health monitoring and field‐testing of high‐rise buildings is presented with several potential issues highlighted.
One‐ and Two‐Photon Absorption: Physical Principle and Applications
Authors: Kang Dawei , Zhu Siyuan , Liu Dian , Cao Shuo , Sun Mengtao
Published: April 2020

We introduce the principle and applications of one‐photon absorption (OPA) and two‐photon absorption (TPA) controlled by external electric fields. The physical mechanism of OPA and TPA are firstly introduced, which can visually promote thoroughly understanding of principle and physical analysis. Secondly, the applications of different molecules in OPA and TPA with and without external electric field are introduced in detail. The effect of the external electric field on the charge transfer during the absorption process is also exemplified. Furthermore, the external electric field on the molecular orbital wave function is visualized through the charge transfer process in the excited state transitions. The purpose of this review is to deepen the understanding of the types of charge transfer under linear and non‐linear absorption in different systems.
Atomoxetine improves hippocampal cell proliferation but not memory in Doxorubicin‐treated adult male rats
Authors: Salman Ahmed , El Beltagy Maha , Shatarat Amjad , Alzghoul Loai , Oweis Liyana , Al Antary Nada , Al Fegie Safa , Mohsen Maram , Salman Salma
Published: April 2020

Atomoxetine (ATX) is a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor used to treat Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), or improve cognition in normal subjects. Cancer patients treated with systemic adjuvant chemotherapy have described experiencing deterioration in cognition. Doxorubicin (DOX, Adriamycin) is one of the anthracycline families used in chemotherapy, which has a deteriorating effect on both cognition and proliferation. The cognitive effects of ATX require inputs from the hippocampus. The aim of this study was to examine spatial memory and proliferation in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG in adult Lister Hooded rats treated either alone or with a combination of Atomoxetine (30 mg kg−1 day−1, six i.p. doses, one injection every other day) and Doxorubicin (DOX) ( 2 mg kg−1 day−1, six i.p. doses, one injection every other day). Spatial memory was tested using the Novel location recognition (NLR) test, and proliferation of hippocampal cells was quantified using immunohistochemistry for the proliferative marker Ki67. Results showed that ATX treatment has improved the NLR task and increased cell proliferation in the SGZ of the DG, compared with saline‐treated controls. Animals treated with DOX only showed deficits in NLR task, and co‐administration of ATX along with DOX did not improve their performance. DOX chemotherapy caused a significant reduction in the number of proliferating cells in the SGZ of the DG compared with saline‐treated controls. This reduction was reversed by co‐administration of ATX. The above findings suggest that DOX can negatively affect both cell proliferation and memory and ATX co‐administration improves proliferation, but not memory in the adult male rat hippocampus.
Cover Image, Volume 7, Issue 3
Authors: Huang Yijing , Tian Zhan , Ke Qian , Liu Junguo , Irannezhad Masoud , Fan Dongli , Hou Meifang , Sun Laixiang
Published: April 2020

The front cover image is based on the Overview Nature‐based solutions for urban pluvial flood risk management, Zhan Tian et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1421

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