bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Partibus
Authors: Heilbron J.L.
Published: August 2022

“In partibus” takes Bianchini to France in 1713 while terms for ending the War of the Spanish Succession were under discussion at Utrecht. The ostensible purpose of his journey was to bring a cardinal’s hat to the newly appointed Cardinal de Rohan; but he had with him at least two ciphers for communicating in code the progress of business he had undertaken for the Ottobonis and the Pope. He made many friends in high places, most significantly James III, the claimant to the British thrones, whose cause he took up almost as his own. After finishing his work in Paris, Bianchini toured the lands of the heretics; after Holland, England, where he met Newton and assessed James’s chances of inheriting Britain from his half-sister Queen Anne despite his being a Catholic excluded from the succession by act of Parliament. Bianchini got along very well with English scholars he was obliged to regard as heretics, especially Newton, with whom he shared a deep interest in ancient chronology.
Avalanches in disordered media
Authors: Zapperi Stefano
Published: August 2022

Several avalanche phenomena occur in disordered media where randomness is frozen or “quenched” and does not evolve on the timescale of the avalanches. The simple examples are provided by percolation and its dynamic counterpart, invasion percolation. Furthermore, a wide class of driven disordered systems displays athermal disorder-induced phase transitions characterized by avalanche dynamics. The prototype model for this behavior is the random-field Ising model that, at the critical point, displays power law distributed avalanche distributions for which analytical results are possible. The model is particularly interesting because it is the prototype of many problems ruled by the competition between nucleation and growth of domains in a disordered landscape.
Plasticity
Authors: Zapperi Stefano
Published: August 2022

Contrary to fracture, plastic deformation is usually associate to smooth flow and one would not expect to observe any avalanche behavior. Nevertheless, plastic instabilities with strong and widely fluctuating deformation jumps have been known for long time. These are typically attributed to the interplay between dislocation and diffusing solute atoms. Experiments have shown that in plastically deformed ice single crystals, acoustic emission displays power law amplitude distributions. This behavior is due to the collective motion of interacting dislocations and can be reproduced by numerical simulations. In presence of immobile solute atoms or other defects, dislocations display a depinning transition in response to external stress. The remarkable nature of the dislocation mutual interactions is also responsible for a similar jamming transition even without intrinsic pinning. In this chapter, we first introduce the basic concepts of continuum plasticity, which represent the macroscopic reference frame of the present discussion. We then discuss the physics of dislocation assemblies in presence of pinning and report on the basic phenomenology of the yielding transition which is ruled by dislocation mutual interactions. Finally, we review the properties of plastic deformation in amorphous materials and glasses.
Granular Matter
Authors: Zapperi Stefano
Published: August 2022

While granular media were originally thought to be as the natural realization of self-organized criticality, it was soon realized that real sandpiles do not behave in the same way as sandpile models suggest. Instead of a power law distribution of avalanches, one observes a prevalence of system spanning events. This is due to the inertia of the grains. This can be reduced by using elongated grains (such as rice). The avalanches in the ricepiles closely follow the behavior observed in sandpile models. Avalanches are also found in granular media under shear, where, due to the complex grain arrangement and load transfer, one observes an intricate stick-slip behavior.
The Barkhausen Effect
Authors: Zapperi Stefano
Published: August 2022

In 1919 H. Barkhausen discovered that the magnetization of iron is associated to a crackling noise that could be revealed as an inductionpulse in a coil. This observation provided an indirect indication of the existence of ferromagnetic domains and stimulated an intense research activity spanning eight decades. The Barkhausen effect is probably the cleanest example where the mechanism of self-organized criticality can be applied to an experiment. The scaling exponents describing Barkhausen avalanche distributions in bulk materials can be quantitatively explained by studying the depinning of domain walls. Our understanding is still not complete in the case of magnetic thin films where the domain structure and the avalanche dynamics are often quite intricate.
Shakespeare’s Rosalind
Authors: Hecht Paul J.
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that Shakespeare’s Rosalind is distinguished from Lodge’s in three principal ways: cultivation of a more fully modern ennui; a sophisticated understanding of the relationship between truth claims and power; and an interest in appropriating power and the language of power. The first section traces the buildup of tensions around homoeroticism and appropriations of tyrannical power; the second section traces forces marshaled to meet that power. In doing so, it argues that Shakespeare takes a quintessential pastoral moment—the meeting of strangers in the countryside—and brings not only complete technical control, but also the dynamics of translation and conversion, including different versions of religious and erotic conversion. Thus, in a moment that recalls the “rustling” of Adorno’s concept of the power of passive art, Rosalind meets a poetry that she likes so well that it momentarily causes her to lose consciousness before recollecting herself.
The World Bank as an Organization
Authors: Moloney Kim
Published: August 2022

This chapter highlights the opportunity and challenge of explaining policy change within the World Bank. It hints at just a few of the dozens of stories and moments of change that are shared in subsequent chapters. The book explores 32 years of public sector management and public sector governance sector policy change from 1980 to 2012. It details who mattered (and why) in sector-specific policy changes while exploring how the Bank moved from little-to-no interest in public sector management in 1980 to a public sector governance addition by late 1991 and by 2012, the sector had become the Bank’s “DNA.” Also, in 2012 these public sectors became the only sectors (and still only in 2020) to be elevated to a Bank-wide Council with a multi-sectoral remit. The chapter’s conclusion briefly summarizes the book’s argument and previews upcoming chapters.
The “C” Word Decloaked and the State Matters (October 1996 to December 1999)
Authors: Moloney Kim
Published: August 2022

In today’s understanding of PSM and PSG, it feels almost unnatural to ignore the negative impact of corruption on a public sector. But before October 1996, Bank staff were actively discouraged from discussing the “C” word. In fact, one is hard pressed to find the word “corruption” in Bank projects before 1995. But with James Wolfensohn’s arrival as Bank President, anti-corruption entered this sector’s lexicon. This first about-face was accompanied by second when the Bank declared in 1997 (contrary to its 1980s sector policy emphases) that the “state mattered” to development. Also noted in this chapter are the sector-specific impacts of the 1997 matrix reform, the importance of “who sat where” within the new internal structure, and the decorum-breaking interactions of the IMF and World Bank during 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. This chapter traces each policy shift, the bureaucratic battles, and whose voices were heard and which ones were ignored. With internal actors continuing their reign as this sector’s most important policy change actors, their bureaucratic bickering and their influence over sector policy change are key highlights.
Two Decades Late
Authors: Moloney Kim
Published: August 2022

From 1980 to 1983, the earliest notions of a sector-specific PSM policy agenda were being formulated. However, it was not until 2000 that the first sector-specific Bank Strategy was written. The Strategy solidified sector importance at the Bank while introducing new sector-specific concepts such as “supply side” and “demand side.” The former included the Bank’s technocratic staff who supported PSM projects focused upon financial management, public expenditure management, and civil service reform. In contrast, “demand side” staff were an ascendant group of political economists who desired a rapid deepening and expansion of the PSG agenda. The early “winner” was the PSM staffs whose views are prominently shared within the Strategy. But this bureaucratic battle was far from over. The next chapter details its “explosion” (with the help of a Bank President) into the public sphere and a replacement of the 2000 Strategy with a new one.
Becoming The Bank’s DNA
Authors: Moloney Kim
Published: August 2022

There are two parts to this chapter. The first relays the continued rise of a PSG agenda driven by staff who favored “demand side” governance. This includes the replacement of the 2000 Public Sector Strategy with the 2007 (and, later, 2012) Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy. The normal bureaucratic politicking and sector policy debates were present throughout this period. However, during these years there was an added dimension: Bank President, Paul Wolfowitz. His dismissal of the new draft Strategy, his behavior before the Bank’s Board, and the resulting public airing of Bank staff complaints ensnarled the sector agenda. The astute “use” of civil society actors by certain Bank staff to lend support to their demand side governance agenda had a dual purpose: to push back against broader concerns about Wolfowitz and to push forward a demand side dominance of sector policy. While Wolfowitz’ early departure is not removable from his internal behaviors and conflicts of interest, his attempts to alter lending incentives and to override internal staff discussions about this agenda ultimately led to his early exit. The second part of the chapter details a continued ascendancy of PSG under a new Bank President. This led to PSG (and by extension, PSM) achieving a first for any Bank sector, past or present: the creation of a Bank-wide Governance and Anti-Corruption Council with the remit to link demand side governance (and public sector management) with other sectors of Bank work. By 2012, this sector had become the Bank’s DNA.
Energy Essentials and Superconducting States
Authors: Speller Susannah
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the idea that superconductivity emerges because it is the most energetically favourable state of the material. The concepts of phase diagrams and phase transitions are explored using water as an example of a familiar system. What happens to a superconductor when it is placed in a magnetic field is discussed and compared with other types of magnetic materials, culminating in explaining the difference between type I and type II superconductivity in terms of the energetics of the system. The important concept that type II superconductors usually contain magnetic flux lines is introduced. An “Under the Lens” section focusses on the idea of spontaneous change, showing how the second law of thermodynamics is related to the definition of Gibb’s free energy. A “Wider View” section discusses why phase transitions are so important in materials science, using the deposition of thin films and the processing of materials as examples.
High Temperature Heroics
Authors: Speller Susannah
Published: August 2022

The stage has now been set for tackling the very complex high temperature superconducting materials in this chapter. It begins with an introduction to the chemistry, structure and properties of this large family of superconductors. The idea that grain boundaries must be avoided in these materials has already been introduced, so here the focus is on how wires are processed and how the bulk pellets that are used for levitation and permanent magnet applications are manufactured. HTS thin films for microwave communication devices are also introduced. The concept of flux creep is introduced, and analogies are drawn with dislocation creep in the “Under the Lens” section. The “Wider View” section looks at other materials that need to be processed as single crystals - nickel superalloy turbine blades for jet engines – tying in with the discussion on creep.
Lost Persons, Cherished Things
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie
Published: August 2022

Chapter 5 explores Beckett’s ways of expressing grief and loss while avoiding sentiment. His letters about the illnesses and deaths of his family members and friends reveal the intensity of his involvement, even when he pretended otherwise. As he aged, his letters of condolence to friends grew ever more compassionate, their power of comfort emerging from his refusal to console in any of the conventional ways. The chapter goes on to study the rhythms of attachment and abandonment in the objects that Beckett’s characters cherish, enumerate, and dismiss, with special attention to Malone Dies, Happy Days, and the heart-breaking rendering of objects left behind by the dead in Ill Seen Ill Said.
Descartes’s Legacy
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: August 2022

Occasionalism is the view that God is the only cause, at least of body-to-body events. Although it’s often regarded as an ad hoc solution to the problem of mind‒body interaction, occasionalism is instead the metaphysical support for the moderns’ top-down picture. This chapter argues that Descartes’s inheritors—particularly Malebranche, Newton, and Berkeley—recognize that their picture of laws requires a divine being. Although he’s officially agnostic about the metaphysical support for his laws of motion, Newton privately endorses occasionalism. The chapter explores the debate between Leibniz on one hand and Newton and Clarke on the other, drawing support from the correspondence. It argues that Berkeley, so far from being an instrumentalist, is simply following Newton as far as he can, given his immaterialism. These individual studies support the overall claim that occasionalism’s longevity is due to its role in supporting the Cartesian view of laws.
Origins of the Powers View
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the origins of the powers view. Unlike the Cartesians, some of the moderns try to preserve the Aristotelian worldview. The chapter begins with Bacon and Spinoza, who, in their very different ways, both try to account for the behavior of physical objects in terms of their powers. Bacon identifies laws with powers. Unfortunately, like Hobbes, he has no means of dealing with conservation laws. Spinoza doesn’t identify laws with powers, but he does try to build a law of inertia from the nature of bodies. The chapter looks at Stephen Mumford’s recent view, which identifies laws with powers, before turning to historical figures who reject that identification. The chapter locates Euler, Helmholtz, and Shepherd within this debate, and shows how the Aristotelian approach persists into the nineteenth century and beyond.
Reading Fear in Silius Italicus’ Punica
Authors: Agri Dalida
Published: August 2022

Chapter 4 explores the representations of fear in the Punica in the construction of the Second Punic War as a ‘war on terror’ by both sides of the conflict. Although Hannibal is made to personify the tyranny of fear in the Roman psyche, this chapter argues that the true tyranny Rome must contend with is that of its own passions. It takes a very close look at how Silius utilizes the crisis in Roman leadership to test the limits of a positive use of metus hostilis (fear of the enemy) as a rallying call for state unity. It also discusses the cupido gloriae of Roman generals in the fostering of collective fear to manipulate public opinion for private political gain. Finally, it unravels the ways in which Silius uses his narrative to pinpoint the problems of the single man’s rule, as it looks ahead to the Principate.
The Politics of Social Protection in Nepal
Authors: Pradhan Uma , Thapa Deepak , Baniya Jeevan , Gurung Yangchen , Mahato Sanjay , Roy Indrajit
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the political dynamics shaping implementation of Nepal’s School Scholarship Programme, which provides cash stipends to primary and secondary students of marginalized communities. The chapter makes two distinct arguments. First, it highlights the importance of infrastructural power to implementation—especially the limited capacity of higher levels of the state to monitor effectively the actions of lower levels. Second, it concludes that programme design can compensate for some of these limitations—especially through the use of categorical targeting to distribute scholarships that has emerged from social justice framing of the scholarship programme. The limitations of state infrastructural power are especially keenly felt with respect to the disbursement of scholarships. As such, limited state infrastructural power leads to delayed and reduced payments that are likely to undermine the potential of the programme to effect social justice.
Visions, Proclamations, and Courts of Love
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

Joseph Warton claimed that The Floure and the Leafe, thought in the eighteenth century to be by Chaucer, was an ‘exquisite vision’ in itself, which ‘has received a thousand new graces from the spirited and harmonious’ version by Dryden. Dryden’s success with his Flower and the Leaf encouraged others to turn to the non-Chaucerian poems of Speght’s edition—some of them offered as genuine, others by writers other than Chaucer. They are mainly ‘visionary’ or ‘allegorical’ in nature and deal with the experience of love, seen from different viewpoints, mingling pathos with satire, and implying attitudes towards women which vary from religious veneration to contempt. The chapter begins by considering the anonymous Lamentation of Mary Magdalene and then compares two versions of The Court of Love: Arthur Maynwaring’s rakish rendering and the more restrained version by Alexander Catcott. John Dart renders The Complaint of the Black Knight in ways that highlight its pathos and affinities with Dryden’s Palamon and Arcite. George Sewell makes his Proclamation of Cupid something of a defence of all women. William Cooke’s The Cuckow and the Nightingale (1774), and Wordsworth’s version of this (1801) keep closer to the letter of their original. Wordsworth’s is a restoration rather than a translation, giving his impression of an old poem rather than an impression of an imaginary dream-walk in a real wood. Dryden had made his version of The Floure and the Leaf reflect on his own times, suggesting a visionary reconciliation of the troubles of his century.
Pathos, Chivalry, and Romance
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

This chapter investigates the interest shown by Joseph and Thomas Warton, Richard Hurd, and others in the ‘wild’, ‘pathetic’, ‘romantic’, and distinctly ‘medieval’ aspects of Chaucer’s work. It explores the contradiction between two accounts of ‘Chaucer’: one that saw him as emerging into the light of ‘nature’ from a dark age of ill-metred romance (as mocked in the tale of Sir Topas), and another in which he was seen as ‘wild and fantastical’ and as a model for modern poems that might fall into the ‘romantic’ category. The chapter explores the relative neglect in the eighteenth century of Troilus and Criseyde and offers a full account of George Ogle’s version of The Clerk’s Tale, examining both its status as a moral fable and Ogle’s framing of that fable in such a way as to complicate its moral perspective. The chapter also documents the way in which, for some readers, it was the Chaucer ‘who left untold / The story of Cambuscan Bold’ who appealed most strongly: The Squire’s Tale, unfinished as it was, was considered by many as Chaucer’s ‘capital poem’. The chapter examines attempts to complete the tale by Edmund Spenser, Samuel Boyce, George Ogle, and others.
Clement and Scriptural Exegesis
Authors: Ward H. Clifton
Published: August 2022

How might one describe early Christian exegesis? This question has given rise to a significant reassessment of patristic exegetical practice in recent decades, and the present book makes a new contribution to this reappraisal of patristic exegesis against the background of ancient Greco-Roman education. In tracing the practices of literary analysis and rhetorical memory in the ancient sources, this book argues that there were two modes of archival thinking at the heart of the ancient exegetical enterprise: the grammatical archive, a repository of the textual practices learned from the grammarian, and the memorial archive, the constellations of textual memories from which meaning is constructed. In a new treatment of the theological exegesis of Clement of Alexandria—the first study of its kind in English scholarship—this book suggests that an assessment of the reading practices that Clement employs from these two ancient archives reveals his deep commitment to scriptural interpretation as the foundation of a theological imagination. Clement employs various textual practices from the grammatical archive to navigate the spectrum between the clarity and obscurity of Scripture, which results in the striking conclusion that the figurative referent of Scripture is one twofold mystery, bound up in the Incarnation of Christ and the higher knowledge of the divine life. This twofold scriptural mystery is discovered in an act of rhetorical invention as Clement reads Scripture to uncover the constellations of texts—about God, Christ, and humanity—that frame its entire narrative.
Introduction
Authors: Ward H. Clifton
Published: August 2022

The Introduction reviews the recent reappraisal of early Christian exegesis and earlier studies of Clement of Alexandria and his biblical exegesis. After examining three particularly influential contributions to the study of Clement’s scriptural exegesis, it offers an apologetic for distinguishing the theoretical statements about exegesis by early Christian readers—the “idea” of exegesis—from the actual methods and strategies of literary analysis that are employed in the act of reading by these same interpreters—the “practice” of exegesis. The Introduction ends with a suggestion for multiple ways that readers can navigate the book, depending on whether their interests lie in early Christian exegesis more generally or the theological interpretation of Clement of Alexandria more specifically.
“Hidden Treasures of Wisdom and Knowledge”
Authors: Ward H. Clifton
Published: August 2022

Chapter 3 turns attention for the first time specifically to the practices of textual analysis that Clement employs from the repository of his “grammatical archive.” It examines four significant passages from book 5 of the Stromateis, where Clement comments on specific biblical texts to furnish an account of Scripture’s role in Christian theological reflection: Romans 1, Isaiah 45:3, and Colossians 1–2. This chapter argues that not only does Clement understand Christian exegesis and inquiry as a fundamentally literary project, but the inclinations he develops from the use of the tools of the grammatical archive actually restrict the figurative potential he sees in the Scriptures. Though one must speak figuratively—or symbolically—when interpreting the letter of Scripture, one cannot permit Scripture to figure absolutely anything. On the contrary, Clement believes that Scripture itself—and particularly the Apostle Paul—identifies a twofold mystery contained in the text of Scripture. The chapter ends by suggesting that Clement’s most trenchant claims about exegesis can be missed because he never states these claims explicitly. Instead, he develops his most penetrating claims about scriptural exegesis in the course of his own readings of Scripture. In other words, one must move beyond the idea of Clement’s exegesis and actually parse his exegetical practice to recover these subtle but significant points about reading the biblical text.
The Formation of Structure
Authors: Satz Helmut
Published: August 2022

The observation of cosmic background radiation by Penzias and Wilson led to the concept of the Big Bang as the origin of our universe. We show how gravity subsequently leads to galactic structure and to different forms of equilibrium distributions of gravitational matter. In particular, an ideal gas is no longer the equilibrium distribution—clustering is more favorable.
Fractal Dimensions
Authors: Satz Helmut
Published: August 2022

We generalize integral to fractal dimensions: in mathematics, structures are studied which lead to dimensions between the integral values observed in conventional geometry. A standard example is the coastline of Britain, whose length increases with the use of ever finer scales. It is shown that the formation of sandpiles provides an example of such behavior.
Words and Numbers
Authors: Satz Helmut
Published: August 2022

We study the frequency of words in literary texts and show that it follows a regular pattern. Similar patterns were observed in the distribution of cities by size, or in the distribution of prime factors of integers. In all cases, the logarithm of the frequency is proportional to that of the rank, originally introduced as Zipf’s law for word frequencies. The origin of such a regularity is presently not known.
‘Things Unattempted Yet in Rhyme’
Authors: Creaser John
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows that Milton’s exquisite ear for rhyme was not sacrificed when he abandoned rhymed verse, or at least abandoned structural rhyme. Incidental and subliminal rhyme and forms of near-rhyme, which some have seen as intrusions into the poems, are both frequent and subtle in the epics; major passages, such as the closing paragraph of Paradise Lost, are shaped and enriched by echoing endings to the line, approaches to rhyme without the insistence of full rhyme. Rhyme and near-rhyme are exploited to expressive effect in many diverse ways.
The Intrepid Milton
Authors: Creaser John
Published: August 2022

This chapter is less a conclusion and summary than a celebration of Milton’s audacity, and welcomes his readiness to take extreme risks in life and in art. It contrasts the verse as read now after Milton’s centuries of cultural eminence with his vulnerability as a notorious rebel when publishing his major works in Restoration England, and examines the discrepancy between the ideological and the aesthetic in early responses to Paradise Lost. Many readers were wary or hostile or even outraged by the poet’s attitudes, but most of them were also overwhelmed by the poem’s sublimity. Milton at his best is a man open and searching, and in the major verse he has developed a profoundly apt medium, drawing on the resources of the blank-verse line to make reading an act of continuous discovery and discrimination.
Clifford’s Shipowner, Conspiracy Theories, and Choosing with and for Others
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, I consider two objections to permissivism that turn on the consequences of using our credences to make decisions that affect others. The first comes from W. K. Clifford’s essay, ‘The Ethics of Belief’ (1877). On our account, a very risk-inclined individual is permitted to assign so high a prior credence to a conspiracy theory that, even after incorporating the countervailing evidence, they will end up with a high rational posterior in that theory. Yet it seems immoral for them to act on that high credence. Does this cast doubt on the rationality of this credence? I argue that it does not. The second objection is due to Simon Blessenohl (2020). In it, he suggests that permissivism gives rise to an unacceptable tension between the individual preferences of agents and the collective preferences of the groups to which those agents belong. I argue that Blessenohl’s argument turns on an equivocation.
Summing Up
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: August 2022

In this final chapter, I summarise the argument of the book and enumerate questions that remain unanswered.
Introduction
Authors: Beck Hermann
Published: August 2022

The Introduction is subdivided into four sections. The first section outlines the elusive search in about twenty German archives for evidence of antisemitic violence and crimes in the winter and spring of 1933. Given that police forces in German states were instructed not to report antisemitic attacks, no evidence was available in police files, where researchers would normally look for it. The archival search was thus anything but straightforward. In the conditions of the Nazi takeover in March, April, and May 1933, when SA violence reigned supreme, individuals were no longer able to effectively protest, even against excessive acts of violence. The second section assesses which institutions within the German State and society were still in a position to help, protest, or intervene on behalf of Jewish victims. The democratic political parties of the Weimar Republic had themselves become targets of Nazi attacks, while the Reichswehr, Germany’s small but highly professional army, was itself antisemitic and showed no interest in helping German Jews. Among political parties, it was thus only the conservative DNVP, Hitler’s coalition partner, that retained some freedom of movement. Apart from the DNVP, it was mainly the Christian Churches, in particular the Protestant Church, and the administrative and judicial branches of the bureaucracy that were still in a position to lend succor. The third section offers a detailed overview of the fourteen chapters in the three parts of this book, while the final section examines the secondary literature on anti-Jewish violence and abuses, from economic discrimination, such as boycotts, to physical attacks, pillory marches, and murder.
Murder
Authors: Beck Hermann
Published: August 2022

This chapter deals with antisemitic murder cases in the winter and spring of 1933. Though records are fragmentary and incomplete, and contemporary authorities disputed their very existence, the surviving documentary evidence permits us to classify them into three categories: 1) the more-or-less spontaneous murder without prior planning; 2) the “shot while trying to escape” murder of people already in the custody of the SA and SS; and 3) the planned “revenge murder.” Many of these murder cases were well documented and, in several instances, the police apprehended the SA killers with sufficient evidence to convict them. Because of two amnesties for “Offenses Committed in Connection with the National Socialist Revolution” of March and July 1933, culprits evaded justice in 1933. After the war, however, several of these murder cases were reopened by friends and relatives of the victims, though severe sentences remained the exception. An American journalist estimated the number of anti-Jewish murder cases to be “at least 300” for the period between early March and mid-June 1933. The enormity of this figure becomes apparent in view of the fact that there were a mere 1,336 cases of murder and manslaughter in all of Germany in the crisis-ridden year 1931. This chapter analyzes a number of individual murder cases in all three categories and also examines different types of Nazi murderers, as well as the (often stillborn) effort to bring some of them to justice after the war. It becomes apparent that the often conjured up Rechtsstaat was already completely extinct by the spring of 1933.
The Protestant Church and the “Jewish Question”
Authors: Beck Hermann
Published: August 2022

This chapter investigates the identity, organization, and politics of the Protestant Church in Germany, its assumed role as the conscience of the nation, and its position toward Jews. Unlike the German Catholic Church, the Protestant Church was decentralized and divided into twenty-eight Land churches, curtailing its ability to speak with one voice. There had been an underlying conviction within German Protestant circles since the early twentieth century that a united Protestant Church should be created as a counterweight to its Catholic counterpart, but any movement in this direction foundered. Despite its fragmentation and the fact that it represented only two-thirds of the population, leading Protestant figures were convinced that German Protestantism embodied the national conscience, making them responsible for society’s political climate and wider political culture. Within Weimar’s political party spectrum, Protestant leaders, who opposed the Versailles Treaty, were closest to the conservative DNVP, and numerous Protestant officials sat in state legislatures as DNVP deputies. During the final years of the Republic, Church leaders actively participated in politics and periodically spoke out against Nazi violence and doctrine. On the eve of Hitler’s chancellorship, the Church was divided into political factions, from the religious socialists, close to the SPD, on the left to the German Christians, close to the NSDAP, on the extreme right. The seemingly Church-friendly policy of the Nazi regime contributed to the Church’s initially government-friendly course early in the regime’s rule, despite concerns that the Church might lose its freedom to an over-powerful State.
‘In Fancy and Love with Ann Stanley’
Authors: Poos L. R.
Published: August 2022

Ralph Rishton was able to turn the law to his own unscrupulous ends in several ways during his middle and later years. The underage heir of another branch of the Rishton extended family fell into his custody owing to the rules of wardship at English common law, and Ralph coerced him to sign away his rights and thereby defrauded him of his inheritance. At about the same time, Ralph discarded his second wife for the woman who would become his third. In order to regularise her situation (and keep her available as his mistress), he and his patron forcibly married Ralph’s hapless kinsman to her, before another annulment suit years later freed her to marry Ralph. The complex web of interests and motivations surrounding these contrivances highlights the importance of law’s stories, in particular how to interrogate the depositions of witnesses. Close analysis of a few cases reveals how limited one’s understanding of points at issue in a lawsuit may be without the larger context of a case study such as this. The chapter investigates the process of deposing, from the massive volume of testimony left behind by the Rishton cases and the writing of contemporary lawyers, and argues favourably for the historicity of remembered events and perceptions that the depositions in these cases provide.
Attitude Ascriptions and Frege’s Curse
Authors: Unnsteinsson Elmar
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that Frege’s puzzle about identity is, despite claims to the contrary, really about identity. It also argues that the theory developed in this book, called edenic intentionalism, dissolves Fregean puzzles, both about identity and attitude ascription. To this end the author introduces the distinction between representational states and representational acts and shows how speakers’ sensitivity to it explains puzzling features of attitude ascriptions. It is shown, in a schematic way, how a robust theory of the mental state of confusion will suffice to dissolve, rather than solve, Frege’s puzzle about identity. A theory of this kind, embedded in the framework of mechanistic explanations of cognitive phenomena, is developed in later chapters.
The Life of Martha
Authors: Parker Lucy
Published: August 2022

Chapter 4 addresses the Life of Martha, in which a new saint, the stylite’s mother, is created for Symeon’s cult site on the ‘Wonderful Mountain’, revealing its continued need for development in the seventh century. The Life contains signs that the promotion of Martha’s cult was controversial, perhaps because of her exceptional position as the mother of an ascetic holy man. The chapter argues that the promotion of Martha’s cult was intimately bound up with the desire to encourage liturgical participation at the shrine. Thus her Life contains an original and inclusive vision of holiness, which eschews most traditional emphases of the Lives of female saints, such as celibacy and asceticism, focusing instead on the redemptive powers of liturgy and the sacraments. Martha’s hagiographer also steers clear of most of the polemical and apologetic themes so prominent in the Life of Symeon. He adopts a different approach to the challenges facing saints in this period of crisis, avoiding more ambitious claims about his subject’s miracle-working powers, and moving the responsibility for successful miracles away from the exceptional powers of holy figures towards the proper ritual and cultic behaviour of supplicants.
Hierarchies in the South
Authors: Carolini Gabriella Y.
Published: August 2022

This chapter outlines the history of international development cooperation in relation to efforts to promote Southern leadership, and establishes the importance of destabilizing the import of “Southern” labels for distinguishing among types of cooperation and their role in development. In this spirit, the chapter introduces the book’s core aim: to dissect how development cooperation projects in the “South” actually land—and what makes them work. In doing so, the chapter bridges debates on international development with scholarship on Southern urbanisms and urban planning to examine the everyday relational dynamics of cooperation projects and their material consequences at the scale of the city, particularly in the water and sanitation sector. This exploration unfolds in Maputo, Mozambique’s capital city, where the blurred lines of colonial legacies and modernizing ambitions configure the opportunities and challenges of development cooperation.
Ennobling Ideas
Authors: Peng-Keller Simon
Published: August 2022

This chapter turns to the 36th and 37th World Health Assemblies of 1983 and 1984, when the question of whether and to what extent WHO programmes should include a ‘spiritual dimension’ was explicitly discussed in the context of the ‘Health for All’ initiative. The hitherto rarely discussed WHA resolution 37.13 represented a breakthrough insofar as it made explicit, for the first time, the relevance of a ‘spiritual dimension’ for the organization’s understanding of health. After a brief look at some preliminary developments, three phases of this process are explored in detail. The chapter concludes with a brief analysis of the usage of the term ‘spiritual dimension’, which in these discussions served the purpose of bridging the divide between opposing worldviews, both political and religious. Inspired by the humanitarian ethos of the ‘Health for All’ initiative, the debate constituted a creative process in which the notion of a universal right to healthcare was affirmed and elaborated.
Synthesis and Outlook
Authors: Peng-Keller Simon , Winiger Fabian
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores how the discussions of the preceding chapters might contribute to a better understanding of the ‘spiritual dimension’ of health as a useful concept for global health research and practice. The frequency with which the WHO refers to this term may be an indication that it has a significant function in the health context. It is clear from the previous chapters that it has often served as an umbrella term. Such terms are comprehensive at the cost of specificity. ‘Medicine’, ‘care’, and ‘science’ are examples of this trade-off. Umbrella terms are starting points, not operational concepts. They fulfil an integrative function. Thus, the term ‘spiritual dimension’ bridges the divide between the religious and the secular spheres. This chapter examines the most comprehensive attempt to date by WHO internal actors to conceptually distinguish a ‘spiritual dimension’ of health from ‘mental’, ‘social’, and ‘physical’ dimensions, and discusses its potential as an evaluative concept relevant to healthcare professionals and researchers.
Introduction
Authors: Guyer Benjamin M.
Published: August 2022

The introduction offers a general overview of the book and, more importantly, explains the methodology. After a brief summary, the second section outlines how “reformation” was defined across sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English dictionaries, enabling the reader to see that the proper noun “English Reformation” was hardly an obvious development. Drawing upon recent work in intellectual history, the third section discusses the book’s linguistic methodology. It makes a methodological contribution by proposing that historians should distinguish between different kinds of historical descriptors—the organic or synchronous, which arose in the time period that they purport to describe, and the synthetic or asynchronous, which arose later. The English Reformation is the latter sort of descriptor. The introduction concludes with chapter synopses.
Conclusion
Authors: Guyer Benjamin M.
Published: August 2022

The book concludes by outlining four new avenues for historical research. First, it calls for abandoning the pietist mythologies surrounding the import of Martin Luther. It then proposes embedding future studies of religious reformation within the framework of a long fifteenth century. The third section notes the international dissemination of Gilbert Burnet’s scholarship and its influence upon the development of Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff’s Lutheran historiography. The book ends by dispensing with the idea of “Laudian” opposition to the English Reformation. Ambivalent analyses of Tudor religious history actually began in the early Stuart period, and due to their popularity, their influenced extended well into the eighteenth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Millward Gareth
Published: August 2022

The conclusion brings together the arguments presented in the book, showing how medical certification (and Britons’ attitudes towards it) has evolved since 1948. To give these findings more context, this chapter reflects on the peculiar circumstances of writing a volume such as this during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic laid bare the problems with sickness-related benefits when the status quo of low rates of sickness, spread evenly among workers with stable, formal employment was disrupted. While unable to offer a concrete plan for future reforms, this chapter shows how Britain’s sickness system got to this point and how many of the problems contained within were far from new—even if the virus made them much more acute. Still, when this crisis has passed, precarious employment, self-employment, remote working, automation, presenteeism, and the gig economy are unlikely to disappear. In that case, what does the evolution of British medical certification—and, indeed, the evolution of the British welfare state—have to say about the present crisis?
Interplanetary Liberty
Authors: Cockell Charles S.
Published: August 2022

On the Moon, Mars, or any location beyond Earth, where even the oxygen you breathe is made in a manufacturing process controlled by someone else, can you be free? Interplanetary Liberty: Building Free Societies in the Cosmos explores the conditions for freedom beyond Earth, proposing that space is especially prone to tyrannous coercive government. Rather than just accept this outcome, the book explores how political and economic arrangements, as well as facets of the legal system, science, engineering, art, and education in extraterrestrial settlements can be developed to encourage the emergence and persistence of free government in the cosmos. These efforts will maximise the chances of liberty taking hold beyond Earth, but they may be essential in the longer-term survival and development of human freedom anywhere in the cosmos, including Earth.
LIBERTY ON THE SPACE FRONTIER
Authors: Cockell Charles S.
Published: August 2022

Conditions in space are extreme. All vital resources, and most particularly the oxygen one needs to breathe, are subject to potential control through the technologies needed to produce them. These realities create completely new challenges to liberty. We can explore the physical realities of space and how they shape the conditions for freedom, comparing them to what we know about freedom on Earth. Although conditions on many planetary bodies, such as the Moon, Mars, asteroids, and interplanetary space, are different to each other, they all converge on a tendency to encourage autocratic modes of human organisation. As well as shaping extraterrestrial society, this impulse may influence liberty on Earth, making freedom in space a matter of importance to Earthbound people as well as those inhabiting space settlements.
Visual subsystem of moral metaphors
Authors: Yu Ning
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents a descriptive and analytical study of the visual subsystem of the moral metaphor system. This subsystem, consisting of moral-visual metaphors, can be summarized by a generic conceptual metaphor morality is visuality. The chapter starts with an initial analysis of the source concepts, i.e., light and dark, clear and murky, clean and dirty, pure and impure, with respect to their relations with one another and a general source frame that applies to all of them for their metaphorical mappings onto the target concepts moral and immoral within the subsystem. The four conceptual metaphors are morality is brightness, morality is clarity, morality is cleanness, and morality is purity. Then studies of their linguistic manifestations are conducted separately in English and Chinese.
Spatial subsystem of moral metaphors
Authors: Yu Ning
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents a descriptive and analytical study of the spatial subsystem of the moral metaphor system. This subsystem, consisting of moral-spatial metaphors, can be summarized by a generic conceptual metaphor morality is spatiality. The chapter starts with an initial analysis of the source concepts, i.e. high and low, upright and slanted, level and unlevel, straight and crooked, big and small, with respect to their relations with one another and a general source frame that applies to all of them for their metaphorical mappings onto the target concepts moral and immoral within the subsystem. The five conceptual metaphors are morality is height, morality is uprightness, morality is levelness, morality is straightness, and morality is size. Then studies of their linguistic manifestations are conducted separately in English and Chinese.
Going Global
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

The chapter documents the growth of Chinese outward direct foreign investment (OFDI) and overseas projects carried out by Chinese contractors. It discusses some of the problems in measuring Chinese OFDI. It shows the continuing importance of SOEs in China’s Go Global policy and discusses whether the international expansion of Chinese firms is primarily state-driven or market-driven. It shows that although political objectives played a role in the early expansion of Chinese firms, it is strategic economic factors and commercial objectives that have played the major role in recent years. Resources and markets have been major drivers of the internationalization of Chinese firms. Chinese firms have also been involved in strategic-asset-seeking investment in developed countries.
China’s Economic Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

The chapter considers three key aspects of China’s economic impact on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It looks first at the direct and indirect effects of increased Chinese demand for commodities which benefitted a number of SSA economies in the short and medium-term. China’s major contribution to development in the region has been through financing and building infrastructure. Finally the impact on SSA manufacturing is analysed. Despite concerns about the negative impact on domestic industry, this only appears to be a major problem in South Africa. However, optimistic views of the potential for Chinese firms to contribute to industrialization in the region appear over-optimistic. The chapter also includes case studies of the impact of China’s economic involvement in Angola, Ethiopia, and South Africa, which represent three different types of Sino-African relations.