bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential Step Voltammetry of Ion-Transfer at Liquid/Liquid Interface with Preceding Chemical Reaction. Determination of the Rate and Equilibrium Constants from Voltammetric Curves
Authors: Katano Hajime , Senda Mitsugi
Published: December 2004

Theoretical equations of the potential step voltammograms for the ion-transfer with preceding chemical reaction have been derived. Results were applied to analyze the voltammetric behavior of 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane-assisted transfer of Pb2+ ion across the nitrobenzene/water interface from aqueous medium containing citrate3− ion. The dissociation and association rate constants and the equilibrium constant of Pb2+–citrate3− complex in aqueous medium are determined to be 1.2 × 104 s−1 and 1.2 × 1010 M−1 s−1 and 106.0 M−1, respectively. The results are compared with those obtained by potential sweep voltammetry.
Coligand Effects on Bonding Mode. Synthesis and Properties of (Diallylmalonato)platinum(II) Complexes of P vs. N Donating Ligand
Authors: Jung Ok-Sang , Lee Young-A , Park Sung Ho , Yoo Kyung Ho
Published: December 2004

The reaction of cis-[PtII(OH)2A2] (A = triethylphosphine (PEt3); A2 = tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4,4-dimethanamine (hpda)) with diallylmalonic acid in aqueous solution affords cis-[Pt(dam)A2] (dam = diallylmalonate). The bonding mode of the dam is dependent upon the donation effect of the phosphine vs the nitrogen coligand. The crystal structure of cis-[Pt(dam)(PEt3)2] (C21H40O4P2Pt·H2O: monoclinic P21/c, a = 13.918(2), b = 12.464(1), c = 15.737(1) Å, β = 107.097(8)°, V = 2609.4(4) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.033) discloses that the dam is bonded to the platinum atom in a (κ2O3)-mode (Pt–O = 2.057(4), 2.061(4) Å) with two phosphine ligands in the cis position. In contrast, for cis-[Pt(dam)(hpda)] (C16H16N2O5Pt·4.5H2O: monoclinic C2/c, a = 28.250(3), b = 11.169(1), c = 13.368(4) Å, β = 94.16(1)°, V = 4207(1) Å3, Z = 8, R = 0.0293), the dam ligand is chelated to the platinum(II) ion in a (κO,η2-C,C)-mode (Pt–O = 2.004(4) Å; Pt–C = 2.089(6), 2.101(6) Å) in the solid state. cis-[Pt(κ2O3-dam)(PEt3)2] easily reacts with KBr pellet matrix for IR measurements while cis-[Pt(κO,η2-C,C-dam)(hpda)] is inert in the pellet. In solution, however, the structure of cis-[Pt(κ2O3-dam)(PEt3)2] is locked, whereas cis-[Pt(κO,η2-C,C-dam)(hpda)] can be isomerized to cis-[Pt(κ2O3-dam)(hpda)].
An Attempted Synthesis of [7][7]Circulene: Synthesis and Characterization of Triple-Layered [2.2]Phenanthreno[2.2]naphthalenophenanthrenophane
Authors: Yano Koji , Matsuda Susumu , Tani Keita , Yamamoto Koji , Matsubara Hiroshi
Published: December 2004

The synthesis of the title compound, a triple-layered cyclophane, is described. The unusually strained structure was supported by its 1H NMR spectra, electronic spectra, and X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Structural Evidence for an Independent Inclusion of Hexyl and Octyl Chains of Hexyldimethyloctylammonium Bromide in an α-Cyclodextrin Cavity
Authors: Funasaki Noriaki , Yamauchi Koji , Ishikawa Seiji , Hirota Shun
Published: December 2004

Proton NMR spectroscopy was applied to determine the macroscopic binding constants and the solution structures of the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes between N,N,N-hexyldimethyloctylammonium bromide (HDOAB) and α-cyclodextrin (α-CD). The terminal methyls of the hexyl and octyl groups of HDOAB are distinguishable from each other in the NMR spectrum. The chemical-shift variations of these methyls, compared with the α-CD complexes of hexyltrimethylammonium (HTAB) and octyltrimetylammonium (OTAB) bromides, indicated that this system formed two 1:1 complexes (10% hexyl-in complex and 90% octyl-in complex). The chemical-shift variations of HDOAB and α-CD protons with the 1:1 and 1:2 complexations were quantitatively explained based on the assumption that the geometry of the hexyl and octyl groups of the HDOAB complexes with α-CD is identical to that of the HTAB and OTAB. This finding indicated that the hexyl and octyl groups bind to α-CD independently. Based on the assumption that the microscopic binding constants of the hexyl and octyl groups of HDOAB are identical to the macroscopic 1:1 binding constants of HTAB and OTAB with α-CD, the mole fraction of the hexyl-in complex in the 1:1 complex was estimated to be 0.11. This is very close to the above-mentioned estimation from the chemical-shift variations of the terminal methyls. The intensities of intermolecular cross-peaks on the ROESY spectrum of a 3 mM HDOAB and 3 mM α-CD solution indicated that the octyl-in complex is the predominant 1:1 complex. The present method and result will serve to estimate noncovalent interactions, binding equilibria, and solution structures of other multiple supramolecular complexes.
A Structural Phase Transition and Molecular Motions in (C2H5NH3)2[ZnBr4] Studied by 1H NMR and X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Horiuchi Keizo , Iijima Chieko , Miyagi Shinji , Yogi Hayato , Fukami Takanori , Ikeda Ryuichi
Published: December 2004

The 1H NMR spin–lattice relaxation times and the second moments of the resonance linewidth were measured as a function of temperature in (C2H5NH3)2[ZnBr4]. The crystal structure at 295 K was determined to be orthorhombic with space group of P212121 by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The crystal undergoes a 1st order structural phase transition at Tc = 300 K, which is driven by the disordering of cationic orientations. The crystal structure above Tc is inferred to be orthorhombic with space group of Pmnb().
An Effective System to Synthesize Hypolipidemic Active α-Asarone and Related Methoxylated (E)-Arylalkenes
Authors: Sharma Anuj , Joshi Bhupendra P , Sinha Arun K
Published: December 2004

Methoxylated (E)-arylalkenes (1a–1k) were prepared in two steps by an improved Grignard reaction comprising the reverse addition of alkylmagnesium bromide to benzaldehydes (2a–2k) in anhydrous ether and toluene into arylalkanols (3a–3k) in high yield, followed by dehydration with silica gel under microwave irradiation for 3–12 min, depending upon the substituents attached to the aromatic ring to afford hypolipidemic active α-asarone (1a) and related methoxylated (E)-arylalkenes (1b–1k).
Asymmetric Transformation of Enones with Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942
Authors: Shimoda Kei , Kubota Naoji , Hamada Hiroki , Yamane Shin-ya , Hirata Toshifumi
Published: December 2004

Asymmetric transformation of enones was investigated with cultured cells of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 (a cyanobacterium). The cells reduced both the endocyclic C–C double bond of s-trans enones and the exocyclic C–C double bond of s-cis enones with high enantioselectivity to afford optically active α-substituted (S)-ketones under illumination. In addition, the reduction of the double bond of these enones was accompanied by the formation of saturated alcohols. The cells preferentially reduced simple aliphatic ketones rather than cyclic ones to the corresponding (S)-alcohols with excellent enantioselectivity.
A Novel Method for Preparing PEMFC Catalytic Layers
Authors: Zhang Jianlu , Wang Xiaoli , Hu Jingwei , Yi Baolian , Zhang Huamin
Published: December 2004

A novel PEMFC catalytic layer was fabricated by a Nafion-pyrolyzed method, which demonstrated a high performance with a maximum power density of 0.82 W/cm2 on an electrode prepared by this method. The effects of the heat-treatment temperature and Nafion content in the catalyst layer on performance were studied.
Non-Invasive ESR Measurements for in vivo Kinetic Studies of a Nitroxide Radical in the Liver of a Rat by a Surface-Coil-Type Resonator under a Field Gradient
Authors: Yokoyama Hidekatsu , Tada Mika , Sato Toshiyuki , Ohya Hiroaki , Kamada Hitoshi
Published: December 2004

A non-invasive ESR measuring method for in vivo kinetic studies of a nitroxide radical in the liver of a rat by combining a surface-coil-type resonator (SCR) and field gradient method was developed. The depth across which a microwave magnetic field (B1) can penetrate under the SCR was about 4 mm. Using the SCR, ESR measurements without any invasive surgical procedures were made on the upper abdomen of a rat that received an intravenous injection of a nitroxide radical under a field gradient along the B1-direction. It was found that the decay rate of nitroxide radical 4 mm under the skin (i.e., in the liver) is fast compared to that near the skin.
Regioselective Preparation of 1,6- and 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinones from the Common Intermediates: Synthesis of Aloesaponarin I and K1115A
Authors: Uno Hidemitsu , Nagamachi Yumi , Honda Erina , Masumoto Akane , Ono Noboru
Published: December 2004

Treatment of 3-acyl-2-[(2,2-dimethyl-6-oxo-1,3-dioxin-4-yl)methyl]-5-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinones with K2CO3 in an alcohol brought about the intramolecular condensation to give 1-alkyl-3-hydroxy-8-methoxy-9,10-anthraquinone-2-carboxylates in good yields, while the same naphthoquinone gave 1-hydroxy-8-methoxy-9,10-anthraquinone-3-acetic acid in good yield by treatment with KHMDS.
The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Properties of the Fullerene Trimer C180
Authors: Komatsu Koichi , Fujiwara Koichi , Murata Yasujiro
Published: December 2004

A solid-state reaction of C60 with 4-aminopyridine as a catalyst under high-speed vibration milling conditions afforded fullerene trimer C180, which was characterized by IR and UV–vis spectroscopies as well as the APCI mass spectroscopy of the cyanated derivative.
Amperometric Detection of Polyphenols Using Peroxidase-Immobilized Gold Electrodes
Authors: Imabayashi Shin-ichiro , Kong Young-Tae , Watanabe Masayoshi
Published: December 2004

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is covalently immobilized on a self-assembled monolayer of mercaptopropionic acid on vapor-deposited gold electrode. The electrode allows the polyphenol detection down to 2 µmol dm−3 with a linear relationship up to 25 µmol dm−3. The reduction current of oxidized polyphenol intermediate formed during the enzymatic reaction in the presence of H2O2 is proportional to the concentration of polyphenol. The present method is applicable to the determination of the total polyphenol content in wine and tea.
Pd(II) Complexes Mediated Hydrolytic Cleavage of Insulin B Chain: Regioselectivity and Influence of Peptide Secondary Structure
Authors: Luo Xuemei , He Weijiang , Zhang Yu , Guo Zijian , Zhu Longgen
Published: December 2004

Electrospray mass spectrometry studies show that the binding of Pd(II) complexes and the site of cleavage are highly dependent on the secondary structure and local environment of oxidized insulin B chain (B). The hydrolytic cleavage of denatured B by Pd(II) complexes is monitored by HPLC, which follows first order kinetics with half-life of 4.8 days at 40 °C. Two amide bonds at Leu6-Cys7 and Gly8-Ser9 are selectively cleaved.
A Novel Photoresist Based on Polymeric Acid Amplifiers
Authors: Park Sang-Wook , Arimitsu Koji , Lee Sungeun , Ichimura Kunihiro
Published: December 2004

Positive-working photopolymers substituted with acid amplifying units exhibiting enhanced photosensitivity are described.
A New Series of Liquid Crystals Having a Terminal Carbonyl Group
Authors: Okamoto Hiroaki , Okamoto Tsuyoshi , Takenaka Shunsuke
Published: December 2004

Some homologs of 5-(4-alkoxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxan-2-one exhibit a monotropic smectic A phase commencing from the pentyloxy homolog.
Analyses of Amino Acids and Benzene Extracts in the Condensed Water Collected from Inside of the MIR Space Station
Authors: Mita Hajime , Nakano Tamotsu , Shimoyama Akira
Published: December 2004

Amino acids were found in the condensed water samples collected from the inside of MIR indicating the presence of microorganisms probably grown in orbit. Aromatic alcohols and aldehydes were found in the benzene extracts of the water samples and they were likely from the sterilants and fragrances used in MIR. Present analysis of the benzene extracts failed to find a signature of the fire on February 23, 1997 that took place inside MIR.
Gas-Phase Adiponitrile Hydrogenation over Modified Ni–P/SiO2 Amorphous Catalysts
Authors: Li Hexing , Wang Minghui , Xu Yeping
Published: December 2004

Gas-phase hydrogenation of adiponitrile were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at 1 atm pressure, and in the absence of ammonia. In comparison with other Ni-based catalysts, the Ni–P/SiO2 amorphous catalyst exhibited higher activity and/or better selectivity to 1,6-hexanediamine, which could be further improved by W or MgO-additives.
Easy Preparation of Bioactive Peptides from the Novel Nα-Trifluoroethyl Amino Acids
Authors: DesMarteau Darryl D , Montanari Vittorio
Published: December 2004

N α-Trifluoroethyl amino acids have been prepared for the first time and unexpectedly found to behave as conventionally N-protected amino acids. Novel unnatural peptides are easily prepared in high yields without racemization. The observed chemistry results from steric factors as well as from the acidity of the CF3CH2NH group, according to comparative experiments. Of ten dipeptides that were tested for antitumor activity, CF3CH2–l-Tyr–l-Ile–OtBu was the most active.
Facile Routes to Ru(η3-Allyl)(NO)(PPh3)2 Complexes via Hydrometallation of RuH(NO)(PPh3)3 to 1,3-Butadienes and Allenes
Authors: Nakanishi Saburo , Sasabe Hisahiro , Takata Toshikazu
Published: December 2004

Hydrometallation of RuH(NO)(PPh3)3 to 1,3-butadienes and allenes proceeded regio- and stereoselectively to give η3-allyl ruthenium complexes as a sole complex in good yields. The structure of the complex was unambiguously determined by X-ray analysis.
Direct and Selective Syntheses of α,α-Dichloroethyl Ketones or Their Ethyl Trimethylsilyl Mixed Acetals by the Reactions of Methoxymethyl or Ethyl Carboxylates with 1,1-Dichloroethyllithium in the Presence of Chlorotrimethylsilane
Authors: Shiina Isamu , Imai Yumiko , Suzuki Masahiko , Yanagisawa Manabu , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: December 2004

1,1-Dichloroethyllithium (1), generated by treating 1,1-dichloroethane (2) with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or n-butyllithium, reacted with methoxymethyl carboxylates in the coexistence of chlorotrimethylsilane (3) to afford the corresponding α,α-dichloroethyl ketones in good yields. On the other hand, 1 reacted with ethyl carboxylates under the above reaction conditions to give 2,2-dichloro-1-alkyl-1-ethoxy-1-(trimethylsiloxy)propanes selectively in good yields.
Large Nanosecond and Picosecond Optical Limiting Response of Novel Transition-Metal Planar Chalcogen Cluster Complex [WS4Cu4I2(py)6]
Authors: Song Yinglin , Zhang Chi , Zhao Xiuli , Wang Yuxiao , Fang Guangyu , Jin Guocheng , Qu Shiliang , Wu Shupeng , Xin Xinquan , Ye Hongan
Published: December 2004

Large nanosecond and picosecond optical limiting responses of novel planar transition-metal chalcogen cluster complex [WS4Cu4I2(py)6] were studied by using a double frequency nanosecond/picosecond Nd:YAG pulse laser system at wavelength of 532 nm. The experimental results demonstrated that the optical limiting behaviors of this metal cluster are better than fullerene-C60 under both nanosecond and picosecond laser pulse excitation.
Zirconocene Coupling Route to 1,2-Disilacyclobutanes
Authors: Kabe Yoshio , Sato Akio , Kadoi Shintaro , Chiba Kazumi , Ando Wataru
Published: December 2004

Zirconocene-mediated coupling of bis(methoxyethynyl)disilanes (1a and 1e–g) led to zirconacycles (2a and 2e–g), which were converted into 3,4-dialkylidene- and 3,4-benzo-1,2-disilacyclobutanes (3a and 6e–g) via protonolysis and transmetallation with tin followed by Diels–Alder reaction. Their Si–Si bonds were reactive toward palladium catalyst to give bissilylation and silyl-Heck products (8, 9 and 10).
Monolithic TS-1/Cordierite Catalyst Synthesized by in-situ Method
Authors: Guan Naijia , Han Yansong
Published: December 2004

Titanium silicalite (TS-1) was in-situ synthesized on the surface of honeycomb-shaped cordierite under hydrothermal conditions for the first time. Confirmed by XRD, FTIR, UV-vis, and SEM techniques as well as with help of a probe reaction, it has been proved that TS-1 zeolite crystals have successfully grown on the surface of cordierite.
Direct Evaluation of Spatial Distribution of Electrons Ejected by Two-Photon Ionization of Aromatic Molecules in Ultrathin Polymer Films
Authors: Ohkita Hideo , Ishii Hironori , Ito Shinzaburo , Yamamoto Masahide
Published: December 2004

The spatial distribution of electrons ejected by two-photon ionization of aromatic molecules was directly evaluated using a multi-layered structure of ultrathin polymer films where donor (D) and acceptor (A) layers were separated by spacing layers. The results show that electrons ejected by two-photon ionization are mostly captured by an A layer about 2–3 nm away from the D layer.
Intramolecular sp2-CH···O Interaction in the Single Crystal of Macrocyclic Polyethers with an Isobutenyl Group
Authors: Nagawa Yoshinobu , Goto Midori , Tsuzuki Seiji , Hiratani Kazuhisa
Published: December 2004

Effects of the ring size on the conformation in the macrocyclic polyethers with an isobutenyl group have been studied by X-ray crystallography: the intramolecular CH···O interaction has been observed in the compound having 22 membered macrocyclic ring.
Pentaorgano[60]fullerene R5C60−. A Water Soluble Hydrocarbon Anion
Authors: Sawamura Masaya , Nagahama Noriaki , Toganoh Motoki , Hackler Ulrich E , Isobe Hiroyuki , Nakamura Eiichi , Zhou Shui-Quin , Chu Benjamin
Published: December 2004

A new class of hydrocarbon anions, pentaaryl- and pentamethylfullerene anions R5C60− (R = Ph, 4-BuC6H4, 4-PhC6H4, Me) was found to be stable and soluble in water. Atomic force microscopic observation and dynamic light scattering measurements indicated that the potassium salt Ph5C60K in water forms spherical aggregates with an averaged radius of about 17 nm.
Synthesis of Polyamine Alkaloids by the Condensation of a Chiral β-Lactam with a Cyclic Imino Ether. (S)-Dihydroperiphylline and Its Derivatives
Authors: Matsuyama Haruo , Kurosawa Ayako , Takei Toshio , Ohira Nahoko , Yoshida Masato , Iyoda Masahiko
Published: December 2004

The synthesis of 13-membered polyamine alkaloid, (S)-dihydroperiphylline, was achieved by the condensation of a chiral β-lactam, (S)-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone, with a cyclic imino ether of a 9-membered lactam, followed by reductive ring expansion. Both of these reactions proceeded with retention of configuration around the chiral center to give the optical pure 13-membered alkaloids.
Optical Properties of Transparent Resin Containing Barium Ion
Authors: Lin Quan , Yang Bai , Ma Yugang , Meng Xuesong , Shen Jiacong
Published: December 2004

Barium ion (Ba2+) was introduced into the transparent resins by copolymerization. The phase diagram of the transparency of the Ba2+-containing polymer in a three-component system was determined and discussed. The Ba2+-containing optical resins with good visible light transparency almost absorb X-ray completely and absorb γ-ray partially, as well as exhibit good optical properties and thermal stability.
Addition and Coupling Reactions of Bis(pinacolato)diboron Mediated by CuCl in the Presence of Potassium Acetate
Authors: Takahashi Kou , Ishiyama Tatsuo , Miyaura Norio
Published: December 2004

The addition of bis(pinacolato)diboron [(Me4C2O2)B-B(O2C2Me4)] to α,β-unsaturated ketones, esters, nitriles, or terminal alkynes and the coupling with allyl chlorides were carried out in DMF at room temperature in the presence of CuCl and AcOK. The transmetalation from boron to copper generating a B–Cu species was proposed as the key step of the reactions.
Catalytic Hydrolysis of HCN over H-Ferrierite
Authors: Nanba Tetsuya , Obuchi Akira , Akaratiwa Somchai , Liu Shetian , Uchisawa Junko , Kushiyama Satoshi
Published: December 2004

The decomposition of HCN over H-ferrierite below 670 K proceeded mainly by hydrolysis to NH3 and CO. In the presence of NO and NO2, NH3 formed further reacted to form N2 and N2O.
Laser Flash Photolysis Study on Hydrogen Atom Transfer of 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole and 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole in the Triplet Excited State
Authors: Ikegami Masashi , Arai Tatsuo
Published: December 2004

We have revealed that 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO) and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HBT) underwent hydrogen atom transfer in the triplet excited state in benzene at room temperature and the equilibrium constants between the enol form and the cis-keto form were estimated.
Effect of reducing agents on the uranium concentration above uranium(IV) amorphous precipitate in Boom Clay pore water
Authors: Delécaut Grégory , Maes N. , De Cannière P. , Wang L.
Published: December 2004

The solubility of U(IV) amorphous precipitates was measured in Boom Clay water in the presence of reducing agents and under thein situpartial pressure of CO2(g) at 10-2.4atm. Boom Clay pore water is of the sodium bicarbonate type (NaHCO3∼ 10-2M) and contains about 100 mg l-1of dissolved organic carbon. The total U concentration measured after two-months equilibrating time and the 0.45 μm filtration was about 10-6 M and higher. This concentration is about 3 orders of magnitude higher than literature data for U(IV) solubility and may suggest the existence of colloids and/or U(VI) species. The U concentration was found decreasing as a function of time within the experimental period. Further experiments are currently performed to evaluate the contribution of the colloids and the role of organic matter.
Protonation and complexation of isosaccharinic acid with U(VI) and Fe(III) in acidic solutions: potentiometric and calorimetric studies
Authors: Rao Linfeng , Garnov Alexander Yu. , Rai Dhanpat , Xia Yuanxian , Moore Robert C.
Published: December 2004

Protonation and complexation of α-isosaccharinic acid with U(VI) and Fe(III) have been studied in acidic solutions att=25 °C andI=1.0 mol dm-3NaClO4. From the potentiometric titrations, the protonation constant of the carboxylate group is calculated to be 3.65±0.05 and the data are consistent with the presence of three and four successive mononuclear complexes for U(VI) and Fe(III), respectively. The formation constants of the complexes, logβjfor the reactions of M+L=MLjwherej=1-3 for U(VI),j=1-4 for Fe(III) and L stands for isosaccharinate, are determined to be 2.91±0.15 (UO2L), 5.37±0.07 (UO2L2), 7.25±0.18 (UO2L3), 5.06±0.17 (FeL), 8.51±0.15 (FeL2), 11.00±0.16 (FeL3), and 12.99±0.17 (FeL4). From the calorimetric titrations, the enthalpy of protonation of the carboxylate group is determined to be -(7.94±0.03)kJ mol-1, similar to that of otherα-hydroxycarboxylates. The enthalpies of complexation between U(VI) and isosaccharinate are quite small: Δ H1= -(1.0±1.0)kJ mol-1, Δ H2=1.4±1.8 kJ mol-1and Δ H3=-(6.2±3.0)kJ mol-1, typical of the interactions between carboxylates and hard-acid cations. The complexation between U(VI) and isosaccharinate is mainly entropy-driven. In comparison, the enthalpies of complexation for FeL3and FeL4are large and exothermic, contributing significantly to the stability of the complexes.
Carbonate complexation of neptunium(IV) in highly basic solutions
Authors: Kitamura Akira , Kohara Yukitoshi
Published: December 2004

The solubility of Np(IV) in carbonate media was studied for determination of thermodynamic data. The concentration of dissolved Np(IV) was measured with ionic strengths of 2.0 and 2.9 M (M≡mol dm-3), hydrogen-ion concentration exponent (pHc=-log[H+]) of 12.0, 12.9 and 13.0, and with the total carbonate concentration (CT) from 5×10-2M to 7×10-1M by both oversaturation and undersaturation methods. It was found that the solubility of Np(IV) increased with increasingCT. Due to the dependencies of the solubility onCTand pHc, the dominant aqueous species of Np(IV) in highly basic solutions was expected to be NpCO3(OH)44-. Together with a carbonatohydroxo complex of Np(CO3)2(OH)22-estimated in our previous study, the apparent equilibrium constants of the carbonatohydroxo complexes were obtained at the respective ionic strength while the equilibrium constants at the zero ionic strength were extrapolated. The obtained equilibrium constants supported the literature values strongly, and contributed to improve the reliability of the thermodynamic data.
Fluorescence characteristics of complex formation of europium(III)-salicylate
Authors: Aoyagi Noboru , Toraishi T. , Geipel Gerhard , Hotokezaka H. , Nagasaki S. , Tanaka S.
Published: December 2004

The complexation of salicylate with Eu3+ was studied by means of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) using ultra-short pulses at a concentration of sodium salicylate of 1.00×10-4 M. Ionic media was kept constant at 0.1M NaClO4. pH was adjusted to 4.00. The concentration of Eu3+ was varied from 1.98×10-3 M to 1.31×10-2 M.

From the fluorescence lifetime analysis of the salicylate, we confirmed that a dynamic quenching process did not take place, while static quenching proceeded under the experimental conditions. The Stern Volmer plots indicated only the formation of a 1:1 complex, and the stability constant was assigned to be logβ
1,1= 2.08±0.02. This agrees with reported values, which have been determined by other techniques. This result shows that the studies on complex formation can be safely investigated quantitatively by means of TRLFS from not only the luminescence of Eu3+ but the fluorescence of salicylate.
Interactions between anionic complex species of actinides and negatively charged mineral surfaces
Authors: Yamaguchi Tetsuji , Nakayama S. , Yoshida T.
Published: December 2004

Sorption of actinides onto negatively charged mineral surfaces was investigated under conditions that actinides were predominantly present as anionic complex species. U(VI), Np(V) and Sn(IV) were prepared as 1 mol kg-1 Na-ClO4/OH solutions and equilibrated with γ-Al2O3 at pcH 11-13.6 where these elements form UO2(OH)4
2-, NpO2(OH)2
- and Sn(OH)5
- species, respectively. Sorption of Np(IV), Th(IV) and Am(III) on amorphous SiO2 and on γ-Al2O3 was investigated in 0.03-0.3 mol kg-1 Na-HCO3/CO3 solutions where these actinides are expected to be stable as anionic carbonate complexes. Distribution coefficients of U(VI), Np(V), Sn(IV), Th(IV) and Am(III) decreased with the increasing pH or with the increasing carbonate concentrations. The monotonous decrease in the distribution coefficients in the investigated pcH range suggests that anionic complex species of actinides were not sorbed on negatively charged mineral surfaces. A proportional relation was found between the experimentally obtained K
d values and calculated mole fraction of electrically neutral species in equilibrated solutions. Sorption occurs under the condition that both actinides and mineral surfaces are negatively charged because minor neutral species are sorbed on mineral surfaces.
Measurements and modelling of Pm sorption onto TiO2and goethite
Authors: Jakobsson Anna-Maria , Albinsson Yngve , Rundberg Robert S.
Published: December 2004

The sorption of Pm (1×10-9M) onto TiO2and goethite has been studied as a function of pH and ionic strength (0.01, 0.1 M NaClO4) at ambient temperature under N2atmosphere. For both minerals studied there is no effect of the different ionic strengths and the sorption (logKavs. pH) increases with a slope of ∼2. At the same pH sorption is lower on the more positively (or less negatively) charged goethite (pHpzc=8.4) than on the TiO2(pHpzc=6.2). A comparison to other trivalent cations sorbed on different substrates (made by extracting values from %-sorbed curves and calculating these toKa) indicate a similar pH-dependence.

The results have been fitted using a 1-pKbasic Stern model with FITEQL. An a priori restriction was that only one sorption reaction stoichiometry at a time was to be used to keep the number of parameters as small as possible. Outer-sphere and mono-, bi- and tri-dentate inner-sphere complexes were fitted. For each fit the value of the capacitance was varied to find the value that provided the best fit. Two different site densities were used: 1 site/nm2and 2.31 sites/nm2. For the low site density the reaction which provides the best fit was:

≡SOH0.5-+Pm+3↔≡SOHPm2.5+

for both minerals. At the high site density the same reaction fits for TiO2while there are several reactions that are equivalent in the fit for goethite.
Am(III) and Eu(III) uptake on hematite in the presence of humic acid
Authors: Sakuragi Tomofumi , Sato Seichi , Kozaki Tamotsu , Mitsugashira Toshiaki , Hara Mitsuo , Suzuki Yoshimitsu
Published: December 2004

The uptake of Am(III) and Eu(III) on hematite (1.0 g/L) in the presence of humic acid (HA; 4.7×10-5M) was investigated at ionic strengths of 0.05 to 0.5 M (NaClO4) in the pH range of 4 to 10. The sorption behavior of Am(III) was similar to that of Eu(III). The Am(III) and Eu(III) exhibited 100% retention on the solid in the entire pH region studied at high ionic strength (0.5 M). As the ionic strength was decreased below 0.1 M, Am(III) and Eu(III) sorption which was complete at low pH values decreased stepwise with increasing pH from 5 to 7. In order to test the additivity and to understand the solid–water interface reactions for Am(III) sorption in ternary systems, binary interactions between Am(III), HA, and hematite were also examined under identical conditions. The additive results reproduced the stepwise decreases of sorption up to a pH of about 6 for lower ionic strengths, which can be ascribed to HA adsorption behavior. However, inconsistencies in additivity from experimental results were found in the pH regions above 7 at low ionic strengths and in the entire pH region at an ionic strength of 0.5 M. Some non-additive effects are discussed in this paper.
Fracture flow and radionuclide transport in block-scale laboratory experiments
Authors: Hölttä Pirkko , Poteri A. , Hakanen M. , Hautojärvi A.
Published: December 2004

Block-scale migration experiments were introduced to evaluate the simplified radionuclide transport concept used in assessing the safety of underground spent nuclear fuel repositories. The experiments were aimed to demonstrate visually the fracture flow, and to determine the hydraulic characteristics of a natural planar fracture and the transport behaviour of non-sorbing and sorbing radionuclides. For drill holes orthogonal to the fracture and equipped with injection or sealing packers flow rates in this study were measured as a function of hydraulic head. The outflow positions of water at each four side of the block were determined using uranine dye tracer. Tracer tests were performed using uranine, 99mTc and 22Na.

Transport of a non-sorbing tracer through one of the flow channels was interpreted using an advection-dispersion model that on the generalised Taylor dispersion.

Characterisation of the hydraulic properties of the fracture indicated that some drill holes were located in the region where the fracture was open and water conductive. No water conductivity was observed in two drill holes indicating closure of the fracture. Reasonably low flow rates obtained from three drill holes indicated their suitability for further radionuclide transport experiments. Elution times of technetium and uranine were fairly similar. Sodium was slightly retarded and was spread over a wider area than uranine and technetium. High water flow rates suggest that advective flow field dominated tracer transport. Experimental and calculated elution curves substantiate the suitability of our experimental set-up for further radionuclide transport experiments.
I–V Relations in a p-Type Semiconductor having Mobile Acceptors
Authors: Riess I.
Published: December 2004

The current-voltage relations for a p-type or n-type semiconductor with inert metal electrode, in which the acceptors or donors are mobile, are evaluated. The relations found are, as expected, different from those in a doped semiconductor in which the acceptors or donors are immobile. This is not an academic question only. It refers to mixed ionic electronic conductors with ion blocking electrodes and it seems that the I–V relations measured for Cu2O can be interpreted in this way.
Bulk and Interfacial Ionic Conduction in LiAlSiO4 Glass Ceramics Containing Nano- and Microcrystallites
Authors: Roling Bernhard , Murugavel Sevi
Published: December 2004

The lithium ion transport in LiAlSiO4 glass and glass ceramics with different degrees of crystallinity, χ, is studied by means of conductivity spectroscopy. In glass ceramics with low degrees of crystallinity, χ < 0.42, the lithium ion conductivity is higher than in the glass and increases with increasing χ. We ascribe this conductivity enhancement to fast ionic conduction at the interfaces between the crystallites and the glassy phase. The dependence of the conductivity on the degree of crystallinity is fitted by using a three-phase continuum percolation model, the phases being the ion conducting glassy phase, the insulating crystallites and the highly conducting interfaces. In the framework of this model, we have to make the assumption that the width of the interfaces is about 1/3 of the crystallite radii. Possible origins of these anomalous interfacial widths are discussed.
Network Modification of Glassy AlPO4: Sol-Gel Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the System Na2O–AlPO4
Authors: Zhang Long , Eckert Hellmut , Helsch Gundula , Frischat Günther
Published: December 2004

Gels and glasses along the compositional tie line Na2O–AlPO4 have been synthesized using an aqueous sol-gel route, using aluminum lactate, sodium phosphate, H3PO4 and sodium acetate (NaAc) precursors. The structural evolution from the solution to gel and the final glass is monitored ex-situ by multinuclear high-resolution liquid and solid state NMR techniques. The results indicate that the aluminophosphate network structure initially formed in solution is preserved in the gel and only subsequently disrupted upon annealing above 350 °C. A structural model of the AlPO4 network modification for these glasses has been developed on the basis of compositional trends observed in the 23Na, 27Al, and 31P single and double resonance NMR spectra. Addition of the Na2O network modifier to the tetrahedral AlPO4 network reduces the extent of Al–O–P connectivity, resulting in the increased formation of Na-bound phosphate species and aluminum in higher coordination states (AlO5 and AlO6 units).
Jewish in America or the Search for an Identity
Authors: Azoulay Katya Gibel
Published: December 2004

How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America. Karen Brodkin. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998. 243 pp.

Dispersing the Ghetto: The Relocation of Jewish Immigrants across America. Jack Glazier. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. 245 pp.

Portrait of the American Jewish Community. Norman Linzer. David J. Schnall. and Jerome A. Chanes. eds. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. 220 pp.

From Immigrant to Ethnic Culture: American Yiddish in South Philadelphia. Rakhmiel Peltz. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. 269 pp.
"Black Gal Swing": Color, Class, and Category in Globalized Culture
Authors: Hay Fred J.
Published: December 2004

Scattered Belongings: Cultural Paradoxes of "Race," Nation and Gender. Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe. New York: Routledge, 1999. 221 pp.

Race and Ideology: Language, Symbolism, and Popular Culture. Arthur K. Spears. ed. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1999. 242 pp.

Spurious Issues: Race and Multiracial Identity Politics in the United States. Rainier Spencer. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. 222 pp.
Archaeological Theory: An Introduction
Authors: Dyke Ruth Van
Published: December 2004

Archaeological Theory: An Introduction. Matthew Johnson. Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1999. 240 pp.
Rethinking World‐Systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia
Authors: Kohl Philip L.
Published: December 2004

Rethinking World‐Systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia. Gil J. Stein. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999. 206 pp.
The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa
Authors: Bedigian Dorothea
Published: December 2004

The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa. Marijke van der Veen. ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999. 283 pp.
Speaking through Silence: Narratives, Social Conventions, and Power in Java: Shifting Languages: Interaction and Identity in Javanese Indonesia
Authors: Hefner Robert
Published: December 2004

Speaking through Silence: Narratives, Social Conventions, and Power in Java. Laine Berman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 256 pp.

Shifting Languages: Interaction and Identity in Javanese Indonesia. J. Joseph Errington. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.216 pp.
A Generation Later: Household Strategies and Economic Change in the Rural Philippines: Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms
Authors: Headland Thomas N.
Published: December 2004

Generation Later: Household Strategies and Economic Change in the Rural Philippines. James F. Eder. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999. 191 pp.

Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Laura Lee Junker. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.477 pp.
Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance
Authors: Aswad Barbara
Published: December 2004

Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance. Fadwa El Guindi. New York: Berg, 1999. 242 pp.
Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropotogy
Authors: Handler Richard
Published: December 2004

Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropotogy. Peter Pels and Oscar Salemink. eds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. 364 pp.
Women and Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh: An Anthropological Study of Grameen Bank Lending
Authors: Varghese Adel
Published: December 2004

Women and Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh: An Anthropological Study of Grameen Bank Lending. Aminur Rahman. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. 188 pp.
Tricking and Tripping: Prostitution in the Era of AIDS
Authors: Bletzer Keith V.
Published: December 2004

Tricking and Tripping: Prostitution in the Era of AIDS. Claire E. Sterk Putnam Valley, NY: Social Change Press, 2000. 178 pp.
Varieties of Anomalous Experience: Examining the Scientific Evidence
Authors: Rich Grant Jewell
Published: December 2004

Varieties of Anomalous Experience: Examining the Scientific Evidence. Etzel Cardeña. Steven Jay Lynn. and Stanley Krippner. eds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2000. 476 pp.
Laws of the Postcolonial
Authors: Bowen John R.
Published: December 2004

Laws of the Postcolonial. Eve Darian‐Smith and Peter Fitzpatrick. eds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. 309 pp.
Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We're Afraid to Talk about It
Authors: Lieberman Leonard
Published: December 2004

Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We're Afraid to Talk about It. John Entine. New York: Public Affairs, 2000. 387 pp.
Unruly Places: Urban Governance and the Persistence of Illegality in Hong Kong's Urban Squatter Areas
Authors: Smart Alan
Published: December 2004

Our knowledge of the governance of cities has expanded in recent years with the application of Foucauldian approaches. However, the majority of such work has concentrated on areas where governmental control is heightened, such as prisons and asylums. In this article, I discuss unruly places where governments have less control than usual: squatter settlements. Hong Kong has had substantial numbers of squatters throughout its postwar rise from dire poverty to contemporary prosperity. This article draws on documentary analysis and field research from 1982–85 and 1999–2000 to examine changes in the way that the government attempts to regulate these illegally occupied spaces and the ways in which interaction between administrative interventions and the responses of those living there makes the persistence of illegal occupation possible. I argue that three different phases of regulation can be identified: repression, resettlement, and exclusion. While there is considerable continuity in some practices of intervention such as toleration, the nature and outcomes of such practices vary with the changing context and other features of the regulatory regime, [regulation, squatters, governance, illegality, Hong Kong]
The Mediated Metropolis: Anthropological Issues in Cities and Mass Communication
Authors: Wong Cindy Hing‐Yuk , McDonogh Gary W.
Published: December 2004

Cinema, radio, television, video, the Internet, and other visual mass media have found niches in the dense creativity of twentieth‐century urban life, altering social practices and cultural encounters worldwide. Yet, without cities where producers and audiences have congregated, mass production, texts, distribution, and reception lack human foundations. This symbiosis demands careful ethnographic analysis of media within concrete urban histories. We illustrate this approach from work with film and viewership in two cities. Hong Kong has gained global fame for its films, often scrutinized for clues to its identity; we examine how moviegoing itself and the contexts of transnational spectatorship define a changing city. Philadelphia, by contrast, has rarely controlled its film images; here, it is useful to contrast the production and reading of visual images about the city with images produced through narrowcast media that speak to urban social issues. In both cases, urban visual cultures highlight contestation and creativity in local and global frameworks, [film, grassroots media, urban imagery, Hong Kong, Philadelphia]
Politics with Style: Identity Formation in Prehispanic Southeastern Mesoamerica
Authors: Schortman Edward M. , Urban Patricia A. , Ausec Marne
Published: December 2004

Those seeking to ensconce themselves at the pinnacles of emerging sociopolitical hierarchies must forge alliances with both their immediate subordinates and distant peers. In the first case, allegiance to a polity that transcends extant and emerging sectarian affiliations must be achieved if the realm is to survive the passing of individual charismatic rulers. Cooperation with foreign leaders, in turn, guarantees a steady supply of political valuables useful in ensnaring clients within dependency relations that undergird sociopolitical hierarchy. Achievement of these objectives requires creation and propagation of at least two distinct social identities, one linking rulers and ruled within a polity and the other uniting paramounts in a network covering vast territorial expanses. In this article, we examine Late Classic (A.D. 600‐950) material patterns from the Naco valley, northwestern Honduras, for the light they shed on the proposed integration of political and cultural processes within developing complex polities. The strategic manipulation of material symbols to fashion new affiliations and the implications of these identities for social change are also considered, [social identity, Mesoamerican archaeology, ideology, political contests, symbols]
Sports, Gambling, and Government: America's First Social Compact?
Authors: Hill Warren D. , Clark John E.
Published: December 2004

The presence of a 3,600‐year‐old ballcourt in the Mazatan region of Southern Mexico implies that a significant connection existed between ballcourts, competitive sport, and the emergence of the first ascriptive societies in Mesoamerica. We explore four likely connections between the Mesoamerican ballgame, rank society, and early government. These include gambling, playing the game, sponsorship of the game and its associated activities, and the effects of team sports on community identity. Ethnographic information from tribal societies is reviewed with respect to the social roles of competitive games and their effects on egalitarian society. We consider the idea that community identity, or communitas, can become embodied in a small group of people or individuals who sponsor sport, its associated rituals, and the construction of sporting facilities. These individuals may subsequently gain higher status within both their communities and their regions. This finding adds sport and competitive gaming to the growing list of processes that anthropologists should consider in exploring social transformations. [Mesoamerica, social complexity, ballgames, community identity]
Classic Maya State, Urbanism, and Exchange: Chipped Stone Evidence of the Copán Valley and Its Hinterland
Authors: Aoyama Kazuo
Published: December 2004

In this article I use quantitative data from 91,916 pieces of chipped stone artifacts from the Copán Valley and its hinterland in Honduras to understand better the nature and role of exchange in the development of a Classic Maya state‐level society. The results of this study suggest that intraregional exchange was more crucial for state development than was longdistance exchange. The management of procurement and exchange of utilitarian commodities, such as Ixtepeque obsidian blade cores, along with other factors, played a significant role in the development of the Copán state. In contrast to other major Maya lowland states, the Copán state directly obtained obsidian blade cores from nearby sources, distributed them to local leaders at Copán, and exported them to local rulers in neighboring regions. In this sense, the Classic Copán state maintained a centralized and integrated political and economic organization based on far more than kinship, ideology, and ritual, [exchange, complex society, urbanism, Classic Maya state]
The Idea of Power and the Power of Ideas: A Review Essay
Authors: Barrett Stanley R. , Stokholm Sean , Burke Jeanette
Published: December 2004

In Envisioning Power, the late Eric Wolf, one of anthropology's most renowned practitioners, argues that the time has come to fuse power to ideas, not least of all in order to revitalize the concept of culture. His argument is explored in three notable case studies: the Kwakiutl, the Aztecs, and National Socialism in Germany. Our main criticism is that the concept of structural power favored by Wolf is redundant and expendable, partly because the case studies, while elegantly presented, are inappropriate for the author's theoretical interests, [power, culture, conflict]
A Small Exhibit on the Agta and Their Future
Authors: Griffin P. Bion
Published: December 2004

The Philippine Agta: Their Rain Forest Is Gone: What Now? International Museum of Cultures, Dallas, TX, March 18, 2000–January 18, 2001
Anthropology and Globalization
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: December 2004

Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Arjun Appadurai. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. 229 pp.

Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. Ulf Hannerz. New York: Routledge, 1996. 216 pp.

Thai Women in the Global Labor Force: Consuming Desires, Contested Selves. Mary Beth Mills. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999. 218 pp.
Dancing the Nation
Authors: Royce Anya Peterson
Published: December 2004

Paper Tangos. Julie Taylor. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998. 121pp.

The Mystery of Samba: Popular Music and National Identity in Brazil. Hermano Vianna. John Charles Chasteen, ed. and trans. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. 147 pp.
Clovis Blade Technology; Clovis Revisited: New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico; Folsom Lithic Technology: Explorations in Structure and Variation
Authors: Bonnichsen Robson
Published: December 2004

Clovis Blade Technology. Michael B. Collins. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999. 234 pp.

Clovis Revisited: New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. Anthony T. Boldurian and John L. Cotter. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum, 1999. 145 pp.

Folsom Lithic Technology: Explorations in Structure and Variation. Daniel S. Amick. ed. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, 1999.213 pp.
Manifesting Power: Gender and the Interpretation of Power in Archaeology
Authors: Ardren Traci
Published: December 2004

Manifesting Power: Gender and the Interpretation of Power in Archaeology. Tracy L. Sweety. ed. New York: Routledge, 1999.210 pp.
The Languages of Native North America
Authors: Reuse Willem J. De
Published: December 2004

The Languages of Native North America. Marianne Mithun. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.773 pp.
The Irish Language in Northern Ireland: The Politics of Culture and Identity
Authors: Armstrong Karen V.
Published: December 2004

The Irish Language in Northern Ireland: The Politics of Culture and Identity. Camille C. O'Reilly. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.213 pp.