bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corbynism: Social Democracy in a New Left Garb
Authors: Bassett Lewis
Published: August 2019

This article traces some of the rhetoric flowing from Jeremy Corbyn’s leadership of the Labour Party to the New Left, a political and intellectual movement in the UK which rose up to challenge the Stalinisation of socialism. These New Left lineages appear most clearly in the value denoted by both movements toward extra‐parliamentary politics. Indeed, the work of the New Left intellectual Ralph Miliband considers this factor to be a criterion by which we can assess the extent to which Corbyn’s party has surpassed the traditional ‘Labourist’ mould. By going beyond the movement’s early rhetoric, I show that it hasn’t. Instead, I present evidence that Corbyn’s Labour is a deeply social democratic one. The article offers an explanation for this assessment based on comparison of the contexts from which both the New Left and Corbynism emerged, and outlines an analytical path for future scholarship that emphasises continuity as well as change, and wards against ideological bias.
The Proliferation of Monism to the East and the Making of the Religion of the Future in Early Twentieth‐Century Korea
Authors: Kim Nuri
Published: August 2019

This study illuminates the transnational proliferation of monism, a worldview that drew on evolutionary theory to unify both science and religion and ultimately replace traditional religions. Particular attention is paid to how monism was transmitted from Germany via Japan to Korea in the early twentieth century, and how this impacted local endeavours to imagine a religion of the future. A prominent figure in this trajectory was the religious thinker Yi Tonhwa (1884–1950) who endeavoured to use the tenets of monism to transform the Ch’ŏndogyo, “Religion of the Heavenly Way,” one of the most prominent religions in Korea at the time, into a universal religion of the future. The result was among the closest to a monist religion the world had seen, although the efforts to align the Ch’ŏndogyo with modern scientific thought also deprived the religion of native elements. This would have significant repercussions for the religion as the scientific optimism that had sustained the global monist movement faded away after 1945.
Social origin, field of study and graduates’ career progression: does social inequality vary across fields?
Authors: Jacob Marita , Klein Markus
Published: August 2019

Research on stratification and mobility has consistently shown that in the UK there is a direct impact of social origin on occupational destination net of educational attainment even for degree‐holders. However, only a few studies applied a longitudinal and dynamic perspective on how intergenerational mobility shapes graduates’ working careers. Using multilevel growth curve modelling and data from the 1970 British cohort study (BCS70), we contribute to this research by looking at the emergence of social inequalities during the first ten years since labour market entry. We further distinguish between graduates of different fields of study as we expect social disparities to develop differently due to differences in initial occupational placement and upward mobility processes. We find that parental class does not affect occupational prestige over and above prior achievement. Separate analyses by the field of study show that initial differences in occupational prestige and career progression do not differ between graduates from different classes of origin in STEM fields, and arts and humanities. It is only in the social sciences that working‐class graduates start with lower occupational prestige but soon catch up with their peers from higher classes. Overall, our results indicate no direct effect of social origin on occupational attainment for degree‐holders once we broaden our focus to a dynamic life course perspective.
The effectiveness and safety of introducing condom‐catheter uterine balloon tamponade for postpartum haemorrhage at secondary level hospitals in Uganda, Egypt and Senegal: a stepped wedge, cluster‐randomised trial
Authors: Anger HA , Dabash R , Durocher J , Hassanein N , Ononge S , Frye LJ , Diop A , Beye SB , Burkhardt G , Darwish E , Ramadan MC , Kayaga J , Charles D , Gaye A , Eckardt M , Winikoff B
Published: August 2019

Objective

To assess the effectiveness of introducing condom‐catheter uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) for postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) management in low‐ and middle‐income settings.

Design

Stepped wedge, cluster‐randomised trial.

Setting

Eighteen secondary‐level hospitals in Uganda, Egypt and Senegal.

Population

Women with vaginal delivery from October 2016 to March 2018.

Methods

Use of condom‐catheter UBT for PPH management was introduced using a half‐day training and provision of pre‐packaged UBT kits. Hospitals were randomised to when UBT was introduced. The incident rate (IR) of study outcomes was compared in the control (i.e. before UBT) and intervention (i.e. after UBT) periods. Mixed effects regression models accounted for clustering (random effect) and time period (fixed effect).

Main outcome measures

Combined IR of PPH‐related invasive surgery and/or maternal death.

Results

There were 28 183 and 31 928 deliveries in the control and intervention periods, respectively. UBT was used for 9/1357 and 55/1037 women diagnosed with PPH in control and intervention periods, respectively. PPH‐related surgery or maternal death occurred in 19 women in the control period (IR = 6.7/10 000 deliveries) and 37 in the intervention period (IR = 11.6/10 000 deliveries). The adjusted IR ratio was 4.08 (95% confidence interval 1.07–15.58). Secondary outcomes, including rates of transfer and blood transfusion, were similar in the trial periods.

Conclusions

Introduction of condom‐catheter UBT in these settings did not improve maternal outcomes and was associated with an increase in the combined incidence of PPH‐related surgery and maternal death. The lack of demonstrated benefit of UBT introduction with respect to severe outcomes warrants reflection on its role.

Tweetable abstract

Stepped wedge trial shows UBT introduction does not reduce the combined incidence of PPH‐related surgery or death.
Assessment of soil erosion under rainfed sugarcane in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Abdalla Khatab , Dickey Matthew , Hill Trevor , Scott‐Shaw Bruce
Published: August 2019

Soil erosion from agricultural land use runoff is a major threat to the sustainability of soil composition and water resource integrity. Sugarcane is an important cash and food security crop in South Africa, subjected to an intensive soil erosion, and consequently, severe land degradation. This study aimed to investigate soil erosion and associated soil and cover factors under rainfed sugarcane, in a small catchment, KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Three replicated runoff plots were installed at different slope positions (down, mid and upslope) within cultivated sugarcane fields to monitor soil erosion during the 2016–2017 rainy season. On average, annual runoff (RF) was significantly greater from 10 m2 plots with 1163.77 ± 2.63 l/m/year compared to 1 m2 plots. However, sediment concentration (SC) was significantly lower in 10 m2 (0.34 ± 0.04 g/l) compared to 1 m2 (6.94 ± 0.24 g/l) plots. The annual soil losses (SL) calculated from 12 rainfall events was 58.36 ± 0.77 and 8.84 ± 0.20 t/ha from 1 m2 and 10 m2 plots, respectively. The 1 m2 plot, SL (2.4 ± 1.41 ton/ha/year) in the upslope experienced 33% more loss than the midslope and 50% more loss than the downslope position. SL was relatively lower from the 10 m2 plots than the 1 m2 plots, which is explained by high sediment deposition at the greater plot scale. SL was negatively correlated with the soil organic carbon stocks (r = −0.82) and soil surface cover (r = −0.55). RF decreased with the increase of slope gradient (r = −0.88) and soil infiltration rate (r = −0.87). There were considerable soil losses from cultivated sugarcane fields with low organic matter. These findings suggest that to mitigate soil erosion, soil organic carbon stocks and vegetation cover needs to be increased through appropriate land management practices, particularly in cultivated areas with steep gradients.
The microbiota in spider mite feces potentially reflects intestinal bacterial communities in the host
Authors: Zhu Yu‐Xi , Song Zhang‐Rong , Song Yue‐Ling , Zhao Dian‐Shu , Hong Xiao‐Yue
Published: August 2019

Microorganisms provide many physiological functions to herbivorous hosts. Spider mites (genus Tetranychus) are important agricultural pests throughout the world; however, the composition of the spider mite microbial community, especially gut microbiome, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the bacterial community in five spider mite species and their associated feces by deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The composition of the bacterial community was significantly different among the five prevalent spider mite species, and some bacterial symbionts showed host‐species specificity. Moreover, the abundance of the bacterial community in spider mite feces was significantly higher than that in the corresponding spider mite samples. However, Flavobacterium was detected in all samples, and represent a “core microbiome”. Remarkably, the maternally inherited endosymbiont Wolbachia was detected in both spider mite and feces. Overall, these results offer insight into the complex community of symbionts in spider mites, and give a new direction for future studies.
Management and Limnology Interact to Drive Water Temperature Patterns in a Middle Rockies River‐Reservoir System
Authors: McLaren John S. , Royer Todd V. , Van Kirk Robert W. , Muradian Melissa L.
Published: August 2019

This study seeks to improve understanding of temperature patterns in reservoir outflows. We examined water temperatures in an irrigation storage reservoir, Island Park Reservoir, and its outflow, Henry’s Fork of the Snake River in eastern Idaho. Our objectives were to (1) quantify the extent to which daily temperature ranges in the reservoir outflow deviated from other reaches of the Henry’s Fork, and (2) test whether the reservoir’s net volume change during the summer — expressed as the volume of water remaining in the reservoir on September 1 — predicted mean summer temperature in the outflow. Two years of temperature data showed dampened diel temperature cycles in the reservoir outflow. Model selection with 17 years of climatic, hydrologic, and reservoir management variables found mean summer temperature in the outflow was best predicted by September 1 reservoir volume and average summer air temperature. Two years of weekly reservoir thermal profiles indicated large changes in reservoir volume eliminated cool hypolimnetic water and encouraged mixing, allowing warm epilimnetic water to be discharged into the outflow. Increases in future drought frequency and severity and increases in summer air temperatures could increase the frequency of occurrence of high mean summertime water temperatures in the outflow. Our study provides important information for local managers by quantifying influences on outflow temperatures and the downstream river ecosystem.
Agriculture–nutrition linkages in farmers’ communication networks
Authors: Jäckering Lisa , Gödecke Theda , Wollni Meike
Published: August 2019

To date, little is known about how information flows within farmer groups and how extension interventions could be designed to deliver combined information on agriculture and nutrition. This study uses unique network data from 815 farm households in Kenya to investigate the structure and characteristics of agricultural and nutrition information networks within farmer groups. Dyadic regressions are used to analyze the factors influencing link formation for the exchange of agricultural and nutrition information. In addition, we apply fixed‐effects models to identify the characteristics of central persons driving information exchange in the two networks, as well as potentially isolated persons, who are excluded from information networks within their farmer groups. Our results show that nutrition information is exchanged within farmer groups, although to a limited extent, and mostly flows through the existing agricultural information links. Thus, diffusing nutrition information through agricultural extension systems may be a viable approach. Our findings further suggest that group leaders and persons living in central locations are important drivers in the diffusion of information in both networks and may thus serve as suitable entry points for nutrition‐sensitive extension programs. However, we also identify important heterogeneities in network characteristics. In particular, nutrition information is less often exchanged between men and women, and some group members are completely isolated from nutrition information exchange within their farmer groups. We derive recommendations on taking these differences in network structure and characteristics into account when designing nutrition‐sensitive extension programs.
Organizational environmental orientation and employee environmental in‐role behaviors: A cross‐level study
Authors: Salvador Rommel O. , Burciaga Alex
Published: August 2019

Amid the growth of scholarly research on environmental workplace behaviors, two limitations stand out. First, there has been scant research on the cross‐level effects of organizational‐level determinants on individual employee environmental behaviors using a methodologically appropriate multilevel analytic approach. Second, there has been an overwhelming focus on voluntary, as opposed to task‐related, employee environmentally friendly behaviors. In addressing these limitations, this field study (N = 615 U.S.‐based employees nested in 51 organizations) makes a theoretical and empirical contribution to the literature, specifically by linking the dimensions of organizational‐level environmental orientation with individual‐level employee environmental in‐role (i.e., task‐related) behaviors using multilevel analysis. The results indicate that organizational internal environmental orientation is positively related to employee recycling behavior. Managerial status exerts a moderating effect, such that the positive relationship between internal environmental orientation and energy‐saving behavior is stronger among managers than among non‐managers. Furthermore, an organization's external environmental orientation has an unequivocal positive relationship only with employee energy‐saving behavior. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
In vitro determination of the efficacy of illicit synthetic cannabinoids at CB1receptors
Authors: Sachdev Shivani , Vemuri Kiran , Banister Samuel D. , Longworth Mitchell , Kassiou Michael , Santiago Marina , Makriyannis Alexandros , Connor Mark
Published: August 2019

Background and Purpose

The morbidity and mortality associated with recreational use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) may reflect strong activation of CB1receptors and is a major health concern. The properties of SCRA at CB1receptors are not well defined. Here we have developed an assay to determine acute CB1receptor efficacy using receptor depletion with the irreversible CB1receptor antagonist AM6544, with application of the Black and Leff operational model to calculate efficacy.

Experimental Approach

Receptor depletion in mouse AtT‐20 pituitary adenoma cells stably expressing human CB1receptors was achieved by pretreatment of cells with AM6544 (10 μM, 60 min). The CB1receptor‐mediated hyperpolarisation of AtT‐20 cells was measured using fluorescence‐based membrane potential dye. From data fit to the operational model, the efficacy (τ) and affinity (KA) parameters were obtained for each drug.

Key Results

AM6544 did not affect the potency or maximal effect of native somatostatin receptor‐induced hyperpolarization. Theτvalue of ∆9‐THC was 80‐fold less than the reference CB receptor agonist CP55940 and 260‐fold less than the highest efficacy SCRA, 5F‐MDMB‐PICA. The operational efficacy of SCRAs ranged from 233 (5F‐MDMB‐PICA) to 28 (AB‐PINACA), with CP55940 in the middle of the efficacy rank order. There was no correlation between theτandKAvalues.

Conclusions and Implications

All SCRAs tested showed substantially higher efficacy at CB1receptors than ∆9‐THC, which may contribute to the adverse effects seen with these drugs but not ∆9‐THC.
Intravitreal dexamethasone implants for non‐infectious uveitis
Authors: McCartney Matthew , McCluskey Peter , Zagora Sophia
Published: August 2019

Importance

Inflammatory‐mediated cystoid macular oedema (CMO) is the most common inflammatory‐mediated threat to vision in non‐infectious uveitis (NIU). Corticosteroid therapy is the cornerstone to the management of CMO in NIU. Sustained‐release dexamethasone (DEX) implant devices provide localized therapy.

Background

The authors present a series documenting the efficacy of DEX implants for NIU in an Australian cohort.

Design

A single centre, retrospective case series patients receiving DEX implants for NIU from 2012 to 2018 in a New South Wales tertiary eye hospital.

Participants

Twenty eyes of 17 patients receiving DEX implants for confirmed cases of NIU of varying aetiologies.

Methods

Cases from March 2012 and March 2018 were retrospectively selected with follow‐up assessment data recorded and analysed. All patients were seen at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post implant, then monthly. Minimum duration of follow‐up was 32 weeks.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary outcome was change in central retinal thickness (CRT) of >20% at two consecutive visits. Secondary outcomes included change in best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure and medication regimens.

Results

Ninety‐five percent of patients achieved significant CRT reduction at 4, 8 and 16 weeks (P < .01). Sixty‐one percent demonstrated improved BCVA at week 8 (P < .05). Ninety percent of patients taking systemic corticosteroid therapy at commencement reduced their dose to below 7.5 mg/day. Adverse event frequency was low.

Conclusions and Relevance

In keeping with larger studies, the authors suggest that DEX implants may effectively control uveitis refractory to other therapy, while improving BCVA and CRT. In addition, DEX usage has demonstrably reduced systemic steroid burden within the observed cohort.
Meckel syndrome: Clinical and mutation profile in six fetuses
Authors: Radhakrishnan Periyasamy , Nayak Shalini S. , Shukla Anju , Lindstrand Anna , Girisha Katta M.
Published: August 2019

Meckel syndrome (MKS) is a perinatally lethal, genetically heterogeneous, autosomal recessive condition caused by defective primary cilium formation leading to polydactyly, multiple cysts in kidneys and malformations of nervous system. We performed exome sequencing in six fetuses from six unrelated families with MKS. We identified seven novel variants in B9D2, TNXDC15, CC2D2A, CEP290 and TMEM67. We describe the second family with MKS due to a homozygous variant in B9D2 and fifth family with bi‐allelic variant in TXNDC15. Our data validates the causation of MKS by pathogenic variation in B9D2 and TXNDC15 and also adds novel variants in CC2D2A, CEP290 and TMEM67 to the literature.
The Ecology of Race and Punishment across Cities
Authors: Simes Jessica T.
Published: August 2019

In an era of mass incarceration in the United States, neighborhood context plays a significant role in demographic patterns of imprisonment. This paper examines the preprison neighborhood environment of racial and ethnic groups within the Massachusetts prison admission population. The data include over 12,000 prison records of individuals sentenced to state prison for a criminal offense between 2009 and 2014. Findings indicate significant spatial variation across racial groups: The most disadvantaged preprison neighborhoods exist in small cities outside of Boston. Whites and Hispanics who enter prison from small cities, suburbs, and rural towns in Massachusetts lived in significantly more concentrated disadvantage than their counterparts in Boston. However, black men and women coming from Boston and small cities lived in the greatest concentrated disadvantage among the black admission population. Black– and Hispanic–incarcerated people lived in significantly higher levels of concentrated disadvantage as compared to the average neighborhood of white–incarcerated people. Results indicate that the prison population is drawn from a diverse set of communities, and suggest that an understanding of the full picture of differences in neighborhood context may play an important role in understanding community–level conditions of mass incarceration and inform interventions aimed at ameliorating the community–level impacts of imprisonment.
Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning attenuates brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage by regulating microglia polarization in rats
Authors: Wang Ming , Cheng Lin , Chen Zhong‐Liang , Mungur Rajneesh , Xu Shan‐Hu , Wu Jiong , Liu Xiao‐Li , Wan Shu
Published: August 2019

Aims

Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBOP) attenuates brain edema, microglia activation, and inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In this present study, we investigated the role of HBOP in ICH‐induced microglia polarization and the potential involved signal pathway.

Methods

Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into three groups: SHAM, ICH, and ICH + HBOP group. Before surgery, rats in SHAM and HBOP groups received HBO for 5 days. Rats in SHAM group received needle injection, while rats in ICH and ICH + HBOP groups received 100 μL autologous blood injection into the right basal ganglia. Rats were euthanized at 24 hours after ICH, and the brains were removed for immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Neurological deficits and brain water content were determined.

Results

Intracerebral hemorrhage induced brain edema, which was significantly lower in the HBOP group. The levels of MMP9 were also less in the HBOP group. HBO pretreatment resulted in less neuronal death and neurological deficits after ICH. Their immunoactivity and protein levels of M1 markers were downregulated, but the M2 markers were unchanged by HBOP. In addition, ICH‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokine (TNF‐α and IL‐1β) levels and the phosphorylation of JNK and STAT1 were also lower in the HBOP rats.

Conclusions

HBO pretreatment attenuated ICH‐induced brain injuries and MMP9 upregulation, which may through the inhibiting of M1 polarization of microglia and inflammatory signal pathways after ICH.
THE U.S. LABOR INCOME SHARE AND AUTOMATION SHOCKS
Authors: Charalampidis Nikolaos
Published: August 2019

The causes and consequences of the 1964–2016 swings in the U.S. labor income share/labor share (LS) are parsed through the lens of a structural model estimated on aggregate and LS series jointly. Where conventional models fall short, the present model yields a counter‐cyclical LS unconditionally and in response to demand and monetary policy shocks, as well as a small wage pro‐cyclicality, via moderate wage indexation. Shifts in automation, workers' market power, investment efficiency, and the relative price of investment account for 54%, 24%, 6%, and 4% of LS fluctuations, respectively. Automation shocks explain the lion's share of the post‐2007 cyclical LS tumble and 11% of output cycles, and generate a distinctive counter‐cyclical labor response. (JEL E32, E25, E52)
Spatial memory shapes migration and its benefits: evidence from a large herbivore
Authors: Merkle Jerod A. , Sawyer Hall , Monteith Kevin L. , Dwinnell Samantha P. H. , Fralick Gary L. , Kauffman Matthew J.
Published: August 2019

From fine‐scale foraging to broad‐scale migration, animal movement is shaped by the distribution of resources. There is mounting evidence, however, that learning and memory also guide movement. Although migratory mammals commonly track resource waves, how resource tracking and memory guide long‐distance migration has not been reconciled. We examined these hypotheses using movement data from four populations of migratory mule deer (n = 91). Spatial memory had an extraordinary influence on migration, affecting movement 2–28 times more strongly than tracking spring green‐up or autumn snow depth. Importantly, with only an ability to track resources, simulated deer were unable to recreate empirical migratory routes. In contrast, simulated deer with memory of empirical routes used those routes and obtained higher foraging benefits. For migratory terrestrial mammals, spatial memory provides knowledge of where seasonal ranges and migratory routes exist, whereas resource tracking determines when to beneficially move within those areas.
Spatial avoidance of tu‐fish Schizopygopsis younghusbandi for different sounds may inform behavioural deterrence strategies
Authors: Qin XiHuo , Liu Yiheng , Shen Xiujun , Wu Yujiao , Tian Weixin , Liu Yan , Wang Xiaoling , Shi Xiaotao , Liu Guoyong
Published: August 2019

Water diversions for hydropower and other applications can potentially affect wild fish populations. Although some evidence indicates that acoustic barriers can prevent fish from entrainment into such infrastructures, few studies have been conducted on filtering candidate sound stimuli. Here, the effectiveness of three types of sounds acting as acoustic barriers to prohibit the movement of tu‐fish Schizopygopsis younghusbandi (Regan) was evaluated. The phonotaxic response of the fish to recordings of hissing sound (sound of Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis hissing), outboard motorboat and pile driving noise, compared to control conditions (recordings of ambient riverine noise), was investigated using playback approaches in a fibreglass tank. The tu‐fish reacted to the hissing sound at relatively low sound intensity by exhibiting negative phonotaxis with significantly more responses (F3,79 = 49.590, p < 0.01) and faster swimming (F3,219 = 310.086, p < 0.01) away from the sound source during the 10‐min trials than to control conditions. However, the fish were relatively impervious to the outboard motorboat and pile driving noise even when the sound intensities were increased. These results indicate that the potential use of the hissing sound to manipulate fish behaviour and to help protect them from water diversion structures.
Inorganic carbon promotes photosynthesis, growth, and maximum biomass of phytoplankton in eutrophic water bodies
Authors: Hammer Kathrine Jul , Kragh Theis , Sand‐Jensen Kaj
Published: August 2019

The traditional perception in limnology has been that phytoplankton biomass in lakes is limited by phosphorus, nitrogen, and light, but not by dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) because CO2 can be supplied from the atmosphere. We tested the possibility of carbon limitation of photosynthesis, growth, and biomass accumulation of phytoplankton communities across an alkalinity and DIC gradient (0.15–3.26 mM) in nutrient‐rich freshwater.

During 47‐day long experiments, we measured phytoplankton biomass, organic carbon, calcium, DIC, pH, and oxygen in indoor, constantly mixed mesocosms with either no removal or a 70% weekly removal of the biomass. Photosynthesis was measured in the morning and in the afternoon at high biomass.

Maximum biomass and organic carbon production increased two‐ to four‐fold with DIC, which supported 7% of organic carbon production at low DIC and 53% at high DIC concentration, while atmospheric CO2 uptake supplied the remainder. Weekly biomass removal increased growth rates through improved light conditions leading to enhanced total phytoplankton biomass production at high DIC. Photosynthesis was significantly higher in the morning compared to afternoon due to daily DIC depletion.

We conclude that phytoplankton photosynthesis, growth rate, maximum biomass, and organic carbon production can be markedly carbon limited in eutrophic lake waters. Consequently, lakes of high DIC and pH can support a faster primary production by greater DIC use and chemically enhanced atmospheric CO2 uptake.
Spatial patterns of discovery points and invasion hotspots of non‐native forest pests
Authors: Ward Samuel F. , Fei Songlin , Liebhold Andrew M.
Published: August 2019

Aim

Establishments of non‐native forest pests (insects and pathogens) continue to increase worldwide with growing numbers of introductions and changes in invasion pathways. Quantifying spatio‐temporal patterns in establishment locations and subsequent invasion dynamics can provide insight into the underlying mechanisms driving invasions and assist biosecurity agencies with prioritizing areas for proactive surveillance and management.

Location

United States of America.

Time period

1794–2018.

Major taxa studied

Insecta, plant pathogens.

Methods

Using locations of first discovery and county‐level occurrence data for 101 non‐native pests across the contiguous USA, we (a) quantified spatial patterns in discovery points and county‐level species richness with spatial point process models and spatial hotspot analyses, respectively, and (b) identified potential proxies for propagule pressure (e.g., human population density) associated with these observed patterns.

Results

Discovery points were highly aggregated in space and located in areas with high densities of ports and roads. Although concentrated in the north‐eastern USA, discovery points also occurred farther west and became less aggregated as time progressed. Invasion hotspots were more common in the north‐east. Geographic patterns of discovery points and hotspots varied substantially among pest origins (i.e., global region of pests’ native ranges) and pest feeding guilds. Significant variation in invasion richness was attributed to the patterns of first discovery locations. Data and shapefiles comprising analyses are provided.

Main conclusions

Use of spatial point pattern analyses provided a quantitative characterization of the central role of human activities in establishment of non‐native pests. Moreover, the decreased aggregation of discovery points through time suggests that invasion pathways to certain areas in the USA have either been created or intensified by human activities. Overall, our results suggest that spatio‐temporal variability in the intensity of invasion pathways has resulted in marked geographic patterns of establishment and contributed to current macroscale patterns of pest invasion in the USA.
Unmet Acute Treatment Needs From the 2017 Migraine in America Symptoms and Treatment Study
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Munjal Sagar , Buse Dawn C. , Alam Aftab , Fanning Kristina M. , Reed Michael L. , Schwedt Todd J. , Dodick David W.
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To characterize unmet treatment needs in a sample of Migraine in America Symptoms and Treatment (MAST) Study participants using oral, acute prescription migraine medications.

Background

The MAST Study is a 2017 study of US adults with migraine that profiles current treatment patterns and identifies and quantifies unmet treatment needs.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data from an online survey of US adults meeting ICHD‐3 beta criteria for migraine. For inclusion in this paper, respondents self‐reported a history of 3 or more monthly headache days (MHDs) in the past 3 months and at least 1 MHD in the past 30 days, and current use of orally administered acute prescription medication for headache. Three domains of unmet need were identified: inadequate treatment response (ie, inadequate 2‐hour pain freedom, recurrence within 24 hours of initial relief), demanding attack characteristics (rapid onset of attack, headache associated with sleep), and unique patient characteristics (opioid or barbiturate overuse, cardiovascular comorbidity). Sociodemographics, oral medication use, and coexisting conditions and symptoms (ie, level of treatment optimization, psychological symptoms, attack‐related cutaneous allodynia, and migraine symptom severity) were assessed for each domain and by the number of unmet need domains.

Results

Overall, 15,133 respondents met inclusion criteria, 26.0% (3930/15,133) reported current use of oral acute prescription medication to treat headache. Eligible participants had a mean age of 45.0 years, 73.6% [2892/3930] were women and 81.1% [3186/3930]) were White. A total of 95.8% (3765/3930) of respondents had at least 1 unmet acute treatment need; 89.5% (3516/3930) reported demanding attack characteristics, 74.1% (2912/3930) reported inadequate treatment response, and 16.1% (634/3930) presented with unique patient characteristics. Common areas of unmet need were rapid headache onset (65.3% [2567/3930]), moderate to severe disability (55.6% [2187/3930]), inadequate 2‐hours pain freedom (49.0% [1892/3930]), and headache recurrence within 24 hours (38.0% [1493/3930]). An increasing number of unmet treatment need domains was associated with worsening psychological symptoms, attack‐related cutaneous allodynia and migraine symptom severity.

Conclusion

Nearly all MAST Study respondents using acute oral prescription medications for migraine reported at least 1 unmet treatment need. As unmet needs increased, so did coexisting conditions and symptom severity.
Helicobacter pylori‐activated gastric fibroblasts induce epithelial‐mesenchymal transition of gastric epithelial cells in vitro in a TGF‐β‐dependent manner
Authors: Krzysiek‐Maczka Gracjana , Wrobel Tomasz , Targosz Aneta , Szczyrk Urszula , Strzalka Malgorzata , Ptak‐Belowska Agata , Czyz Jaroslaw , Brzozowski Tomasz
Published: August 2019

Background

Colonization of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) leads to the cascade of pathologic events including local inflammation, gastric ulceration, and adenocarcinoma formation. Paracrine loops between tissue cells and Hp contribute to the formation of gastric cancerous loci; however, the specific mechanisms underlying existence of these loops remain unknown. We determined the phenotypic properties of gastric fibroblasts exposed to Hp (cagA+vacA+) infection and their influence on normal epithelial RGM‐1 cells.

Materials and Methods

RGM‐1 cells were cultured in the media conditioned with Hp‐activated gastric fibroblasts. Their morphology and phenotypical changes associated with epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) were assessed by Nomarski and fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis. Motility pattern of RGM‐1 cells was examined by time‐lapse video microscopy and transwell migration assay. The content of TGF‐β in Hp‐activated fibroblast–conditioned media was determined by ELISA.

Results

The supernatant from Hp‐activated gastric fibroblasts caused the EMT‐like phenotypic diversification of RGM‐1 cells. The formation of fibroblastoid cell sub‐populations, the disappearance of their collective migration, an increase in transmigration potential with downregulation of E‐cadherin and upregulation of N‐cadherin proteins, prominent stress fibers, and decreased proliferation were observed. The fibroblast (CAF)‐like transition was manifested by increased secretome TGF‐β level, α‐SMA protein expression, and its incorporation into stress fibers, and the TGF‐βR1 kinase inhibitor reduced the rise in Snail, Twist, and E‐cadherin mRNA and increased E‐cadherin expression induced by CAFs.

Conclusion

Gastric fibroblasts which are one of the main targets for Hp infection contribute to the paracrine interactions between Hp, gastric fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. TGF‐β secreted by Hp‐activated gastric fibroblasts prompting their differentiation toward CAF‐like phenotype promotes the EMT‐related phenotypic shifts in normal gastric epithelial cell populations. This mechanism may serve as the prerequisite for GC development.
Relevance of individual and environmental drivers of movement of Golden Eagles
Authors: Sur Maitreyi , Duerr Adam E. , Bell Douglas A. , Fisher Robert N. , Tracey Jeff A. , Bloom Peter H. , Miller Tricia A. , Katzner Todd E.
Published: August 2019

An animal's movement is expected to be governed by an interplay between goals determined by its internal state and energetic costs associated with navigating through the external environment. Understanding this ecological process is challenging when an animal moves in two dimensions and even more difficult for birds that move in a third dimension. To understand the dynamic interaction between the internal state of an animal and the variable external environment, we evaluated hypotheses explaining association of different covariates of movement and the trade‐offs birds face as they make behavioural decisions in a fluctuating landscape. We used ~870 000 GPS telemetry data points collected from 68 Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos to test demographic, diel, topographic and meteorological hypotheses to determine (1) the probability that these birds would be in motion and (2), once in motion, their flight speed. A complex and sometimes interacting set of potential internal and external factors determined movement behaviour. There was good evidence that reproductive state, manifested as age, sex and seasonal effects, had a significant influence on the probability of being in motion and, to a lesser extent, on speed of motion. Likewise, movement responses to the external environment were often unexpectedly strong. These responses, to northness of slope, strength of orographic updraft and intensity of solar radiation, were regionally and temporally variable. In contrast to previous work showing the role of a single environmental factor in determining movement decisions, our analyses support the hypothesis that multiple factors simultaneously interact to influence animal movement. In particular they highlighted how movement is influenced by the interaction between the individual's internal reproductive state and the external environment, and that, of the environmental factors, topographic influences are often more relevant than meteorological influences in determining patterns of flight behaviour. Further disentangling of how these internal and externals states jointly affect movement will provide additional insights into the energetic costs of movement and benefits associated with achieving process‐driven goals.
Carabid activity‐density increases with forest vegetation diversity at different spatial scales
Authors: Jouveau Séverin , Toïgo Maude , Giffard Brice , Castagneyrol Bastien , van Halder Inge , Vétillard Fabrice , Jactel Hervé
Published: August 2019

More diverse forests are generally more resistant to insect herbivores. This might be due to positive effects of tree diversity on predation. Although the enemies hypothesis has received conflicting evidence in forest ecosystems.

Carabids were sampled by pitfall trapping in a tree diversity experiment, at the centre of plots ranging from one to five tree species mixtures. The composition and vertical structure of the vegetation was assessed at three scales, in the understorey, in the canopy of the experimental plots, and in the surrounding area of each plot.

None of the tested vegetation variables had an effect on the species richness of carabids. In contrast, the vegetation compositional diversity at the understorey, canopy and surrounding scales had additive and positive effects on the activity‐density of the carabids.

Our findings indicate that more diverse forests can host a higher activity‐density of predatory carabids, as a result of the combined effect of horizontal and vertical vegetation diversity, which might increase both habitat quality and the amount of feeding resources. This highlights the relevance of manipulative tree diversity experiments to identify the ecological filters shaping local carabid communities.
Reporting stAndards for research in PedIatric Dentistry (RAPID): A development protocol
Authors: Jayaraman Jayakumar , Dhar Vineet , Donly Kevin J. , Priya Ekta , Innes Nicola P. T. , Clarkson Jan , Raggio Daniela P. , Childers Noel , Wright Timothy , King Nigel , Nagendrababu Venkateshbabu , Clarke Mike
Published: August 2019

Reporting guidelines can improve the quality of reports of research findings. Some specialities in health care however require guidance on areas that are not captured within the existing guidelines, and this is the case for Paediatric Dentistry where no such standards are available to guide the reporting of different types of study designs. The ‘Reporting stAndards for research in PedIatric Dentistry’ (RAPID) group aims to address this need by developing guidelines on reporting elements of research of particular relevance to Paediatric Dentistry. The development of RAPID guidelines will involve a five‐phase process including a Delphi study, which is an explicit consensus development method designed and implemented in accordance with the Guidance on Conducting and REporting DElphi Studies. The guideline development process will be overseen by an Executive Group. Themes specific to areas in Paediatric Dentistry will be selected, and items to be included under each theme will be identified by members of the Executive Group reviewing at least five reports of experimental and analytical study types using existing reporting guidelines. For the Delphi study, the Executive Group will identify an international multidisciplinary RAPID Delphi Group (RDG) of approximately 60 participants including academics, Paediatric Dentists, parents, and other stakeholders. Each item will be evaluated by RDG on clarity using a dichotomous scale (‘well phrased’ or ‘needs revision’) and on suitability for inclusion in the Delphi study using a 9‐point Likert scale (1 = ‘definitely not include’ to 9 = ‘definitely include’). The items will then be included in an online Delphi study of up to four rounds, with participants invited from stakeholder groups across Paediatric Dentistry. Items scored 7 or above by at least 80% of respondents will be included in the checklist and further discussed in a face‐to‐face Delphi consensus meeting. Following this, the Executive Group will finalize the RAPID guidelines. The guidelines will be published in peer‐reviewed scientific journals and disseminated at scientific meetings and conferences. All the outputs from this project will be made freely available on the RAPID website: www.rapid-statement.org.
Incidence and risk factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Nam Kwangwoo , Park Sang Hyoung , Lee Junghwan , Jo Seokjung , Kim Seon‐Ok , Noh Soomin , Park Jae Cheol , Kim Jin Yong , Kim Jeongseok , Ham Nam Seok , Oh Eun Hye , Song Eun Mi , Hwang Sung Wook , Yang Dong‐Hoon , Ye Byong Duk , Byeon Jeong‐Sik , Myung Seung‐Jae , Yang Suk‐Kyun
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim

Little is known whether routine prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is needed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on immunosuppression, especially in Asian populations. We, therefore, sought to investigate the incidence and risk factors of PJP in patients with IBD in Korea.

Methods

We investigated the incidence of PJP in patients with IBD and compared the characteristics of IBD patients with PJP episodes (IBD‐PJP group) with those of matched controls (IBD‐only group) using a large, well‐characterized referral center‐based cohort.

Results

Among the 6803 IBD patients (3171 with Crohn's disease and 3632 with ulcerative colitis) enrolled in the Asan IBD Registry between June 1989 and December 2016, six patients (0.09%) were diagnosed with PJP. During the 57 776.0 patient‐years of follow‐up (median 7.2 years per patient), the incidence of PJP was 10.4 cases per 100 000 person‐years, and none of these patients had received PJP prophylaxis. In case–control analysis, the IBD‐PJP group (n = 6) showed significantly higher C‐reactive protein level at diagnosis of IBD (P = 0.006), as well as higher exposure to corticosteroids (P = 0.017), than did controls (n = 24). In addition, the IBD‐PJP group showed higher rates of double (50% vs 12.5%) or triple (33.3% vs 4.2%) immunosuppression than did controls, although these are not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Although the incidence of PJP in Korean patients with IBD is low, careful monitoring is necessary for the early detection of PJP. In addition to the patients receiving double or triple immunosuppression, PJP prophylaxis should be considered especially in patients with severe disease activities requiring corticosteroids.
The Impact of Self‐Reported Vision and Hearing Impairment on Health Expectancy
Authors: Tareque Md. Ismail , Chan Angelique , Saito Yasuhiko , Ma Stefan , Malhotra Rahul
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVES

Vision and hearing impairment may impact both life expectancy (LE) and health expectancy, that is, duration of life with and without health problems, among older adults. We examined the impact of self‐reported vision and hearing impairment on years of life with and without limitation in physical function and in activities of daily living (ADLs).

DESIGN

Life table analysis, using a nationally representative longitudinal survey of community‐dwelling older adults aged 60 years or older, Panel on Health and Ageing of Singaporean Elderly.

SETTING

Singapore.

PARTICIPANTS

Survey participants (n = 3452) who were interviewed in 2009 and followed up in 2011‐2012 and 2015.

MEASUREMENTS

Participants reporting difficulty with any of nine tasks involving upper or lower extremities were considered to have a limitation in physical function. Those reporting health‐related difficulty with any of six basic ADLs or seven instrumental ADLs were considered to have a limitation in ADLs. We used the multistate life table method with a microsimulation approach to estimate health expectancy, considering self‐reported sensory impairment status as time varying.

RESULTS

Either or both impairments, vs neither, were associated with less years without limitation in physical function and in ADLs and more years with limitation in physical function and in ADLs, with the greatest impact on health expectancy among those with both impairments, who also had the lowest LE. For example, at age 60, those with both impairments, vs neither, could expect not only shorter LE (4.2 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9‐5.7] less years; 20.7 [95% CI = 18.9‐22.5] vs 24.9 [95% CI = 23.8‐26.0]) but also more years of life with limitations in physical function (3.3 [95% CI = .9‐5.8] more years; 12.8 [95% CI = 10.7‐14.8] [about 61.7% of LE] vs 9.5 [95% CI = 8.4‐10.5] [about 38.0% of LE]).

CONCLUSION

Timely and appropriate management of vision and hearing impairment, especially when coexisting, among older adults has the potential to reduce the years of life they live with limitation in physical function and in ADLs. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2528–2536, 2019