bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D Ultrasonic Imaging Applications on Rails
Authors: Nguyen Thompson Vu , Sternini Simone , Lanza di Scalea Francesco
Published: June 2016

In current rail inspection processes, following a detection of a suspected internal defect, an additional secondary detailed inspection is required to (1) confirm the presence of the flaw and (2) determine the severity of the flaw to allow for optimal post-detection rail maintenance planning. Current ultrasonic devices in this secondary inspection efforts heavily rely the expertise and experience of the test personnel’s judgement to confirm the rail flaw and to characterize the internal defect by analyzing reflected waveforms. To eliminate the uncertainties in this secondary inspection process and to provide the testing operators with better defect characterization such as the size and location of the flaw, a defect ultrasonic imaging device utilizing synthetic aperture focusing (SAF) techniques is proposed in this paper. These imaging techniques have been successfully demonstrated in medical imaging, providing quantitative characterization of internal components, allowing for a better prognosis. Ultimately, having a quantitative evaluation of the internal flaw can lead to an increase in the safety of train operations by preventing derailments. Thus, in this paper, a preliminary portable rail defect imaging concept is proposed by the University of California, San Diego, to provide three dimensional images of internal defects in the rail. The prototype reconstructs a three-dimensional volumetric image of the rail, utilizing multiple two-dimensional planar ultrasonic images. Improvements to the conventional tomographic imaging algorithms have been made by utilizing a mode-selective image reconstruction scheme that exploits the specific displacement field, respectively, of the longitudinal wave modes and the shear wave modes, both propagating simultaneously in the test volume. The specific mode structure is exploited by an adaptive weight assignment to the ultrasonic tomographic array. Such adaptive weighting forces the imaging array to look at a specific scan direction and better focus the imaging onto the actual flaw (ultrasound reflector). This preliminary study shows that the usages of the adaptive weights based on wave structure improves image dynamic range and spatial resolution, when compared to a conventional ultrasonic imaging technique such as Delay-And-Sum (DAS). Results will be shown both from numerical models and experimental tests of internal flaws in rails.
Effect of Concrete Release Strength on the Development Length and Flexural Capacity of Members Made With Different Prestressing Strands
Authors: Momeni Amir Farid , Peterman Robert J. , Beck B. Terry , Wu Chih-Hang John , Bodapati Naga Narendra B.
Published: June 2016

Load tests were conducted on pretensioned members made with five different strands (three 7-wire strands and two 3-wire strands) to determine the effect of concrete release strength on the development length and flexural capacity of members. Strands named generically SA, SC, SD, SE and SF and they were all indented except SA (no surface indentation). All strands had diameter of 3/8″ (9.52 mm) except SC which had diameter of 5/16″ (7.94 mm). Among all types of strands used in manufacturing of test prisms, SC and SF were 3-wire strands, while SA, SD and SE were 7-wire strands. A consistent concrete mixture was used for the manufacture of all test specimens, and the different release strengths were obtained by allowing the specimens to cure for different amounts of time prior to de-tensioning. For SA, SD, SE and SF strands, each prismatic specimen (prism) had a 5.5″ (139.7 mm) × 5.5″ (139.7 mm) square cross section with four strands arranged symmetrically. However, prisms made with SC strand had 4.5″ (114.3 mm) × 4.5″ (114.3 mm) square cross section with four strands arranged symmetrically. The prisms were identical except for the strand type and the compressive strength at the time of de-tensioning. All four strands were pulled and de-tensioned gradually when the concrete compressive strength reached 3500 (24.13 MPa), 4500 (31.03 MPa) and 6000 (41.37 MPa) psi. Precise de-tensioning strengths were ensured by testing 4-in.-diameter (101.6 mm) × 8-in.-long (203.2 mm) compression strength cylinders that were temperature match-cured.

The prisms were loaded in 3-point-bending to determine the ultimate bond characteristics of each reinforcement type for the different concrete release strengths. A loading rate of 900 lb/min (4003 N/min) for 5.5″ (139.7 mm) × 5.5″ (139.7 mm) prisms was applied at mid-span and the maximum sustained moment was calculated for each. Same procedure with loading rate of 500 lb/min (2224 N/min) was applied to 4.5″ (114.3 mm) × 4.5″ (114.3 mm) prisms. Three 69-in.-long (175.26 cm) prisms, each having different concrete release strength, were tested with each of the 5 strand types. Two out of three testing prisms were tested at only one end and one was tested at its both ends. Thus, for each strand type and concrete release strength evaluated, a total of 4 tests were conducted for a total of 60 tests (5 strand types × 3 release strengths × 4 tested embedment lengths). Test results indicate that the concrete compressive strength at de-tensioning can have a direct impact on the ultimate flexural capacity of the members, and this has significant design implications for pretensioned concrete railroad ties. Results are discussed and recommendations made.
Reducing Slab Track Vibrations by Using Asphalt Concrete in the Substructure
Authors: Esmaeili M. H. , Naeimi M. , Soltani B. , Afsartaha M.
Published: June 2016

Vibrations of the slab track system propagated to the environment are estimated for railway tracks in which substructures are made from hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) and/or rubber modified asphalt concrete (RMAC). Sensitivity analysis is done to determine the ability of such layers to reduce vibrations with various frequencies, load amplitude and thicknesses of asphalt layers. Different types of substructures i.e. with or without the concrete base layer are used to assess propagated vibrations caused by the moving train. A finite element (FE) model of the ballast-less track substructure is built and the dynamic analysis is performed for various track models with asphalt layers. The FE model is in principle a two-dimensional plane-strain model with the parameters according to the common slab track systems. Ground vibrations i.e. dynamic accelerations are extracted at different recording points around the track with lateral distances 0, 10 and 20m from the loading axis. The outputs of numerical simulations for different substructure models are obtained and the possibilities of vibration reductions by various methods are discussed.
Assessing Potential Impact of Tin Whiskers on Rail Transportation Safety
Authors: Moturu Sahith
Published: June 2016

This paper identifies and explores possible safety implications of RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) compliance on railway equipment, with the purpose of presenting this topic for further consideration in North American industry standards, e.g. AREMA (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association) guidelines. Of specific interest is the topic of tin whiskers, which are known to grow in electric circuits that are Lead free. Tin whiskers have the ability to bridge the gap between two vital signals in a circuit, creating the possibility for a potentially hazardous scenario to occur in a safety-critical system.

As rail transportation technologies become progressively more dependent on safety critical electronics that are RoHS compliant, the subject of tin whiskers merits its due consideration in the industry. There are verified incidents of tin whiskers having adverse impact in the automotive and aerospace industries; examples are provided in the paper. If precautionary measures are not respected, it is possible that a short circuit resulting from tin whiskers may lead to an undesirable incident in the rail industry also.

Research has shown that there are proven techniques which can inhibit tin whisker growth to an acceptable level. Mitigating measures and their effectiveness in deterring whisker growth are discussed in this paper.

Awareness is essential in prevention of a hazard. Railroads and Transit agencies that recognize hazards posed by metal whisker growth will be in a better position to evaluate the safety of RoHS compliant products provided by system integrators, who, in turn, must account for the issues presented in this paper in their internal quality processes. In due course, the safety implications of RoHS transitioning should be considered in an industry-wide guideline such as AREMA, laying the foundation for future RoHS compliant railway equipment that is safeguarded against safety concerns from tin whisker growth.
Reviewing the Use of Proactive Data Analysis in Developing Rail Safety Culture
Authors: Placencia Greg
Published: June 2016

While experience is often the best teacher, learning from precursors is much less painful. The aviation and health care industries have greatly benefited from proactively analyzing and developing measures to address sentinel events and learning from various data sources. Such reflective learning is typical of High Reliability Organizations (HROs) with strong learning cultures. As technology like Positive Train Control increasingly integrates into the rail industry, the resulting data they inevitably produce can provide a wealth of knowledge that can greatly improve safety if the data streams are well managed and not blindly mined. For example, simulators generate data while locomotive engineers use them. During training, such data can indicate weak points where the engineer can improve. Examining such data over multiple engineers can establish general areas of strengths and weaknesses among trainees where instructors can place more or less focus and develop better overall training options. Such data could potentially be used to improve cab design and establish how trains and cab care would operate along a given rail line. This paper will explore the use of data streams from various sources, including those currently used like injury reports, emerging ones like simulation training evaluations and data logs to develop better safety cultures within the rail industry.
GEOTRACK-2015: An Upgraded Software Tool for Railroad Track Analysis
Authors: Mishra Debakanta , Sharma Sadichchha , Shrestha Anup , Li Dingqing , Basye Colin
Published: June 2016

GEOTRACK is a software for track structure analysis under vertical quasi-dynamic loads. It uses a three dimensional, multilayer elastic model for determining track and subgrade responses. Originally developed by Chang et al. in 1980, GEOTRACK has been validated by several studies to closely match the elastic response of railroad tracks in operation. GEOTRACK can be used to calculate different track response values in the superstructure as well as substructure. The most recent version of GEOTRACK, GEOTRACK for Windows, was developed in 1992 at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. However, the source code for this executable version was lost before the software rights were acquired by the Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI). Accordingly, the current executable version, which only runs on 32-bit Windows operating systems, cannot be upgraded. The source code currently available to TTCI does not correspond to the current executable version of GEOTRACK, and was written in the VAX FORTRAN language, making it incompatible with modern compilers and operating systems. Considering the widespread need for GEOTRACK by researchers and practitioners in the railroad industry, a research collaboration was recently initiated between Boise State University and TTCI to develop a new upgraded version of the GETORACK program.

This paper will present preliminary results from this developmental effort, and will introduce different features being incorporated into the new version. Developed using the C#.net platform, the new program features an intuitive Graphical User Interface (GUI) with enhanced pre- and post-processing capabilities. Fundamental approach behind railroad track analysis using the multilayer elastic theory is presented in this paper along with basic analysis framework being used in the newly developed program.
Rail-to-Earth Resistance Assessment for a Medium Capacity Transit System With Continuous Negative Rails by Potential Measurement
Authors: Ku Bih-Yuan , Wu Ching Liang , Lin Chun-Fu
Published: June 2016

This paper presents the development of a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the resistance to ground for the electrically continuous negative rails of a medium capacity transit line of the Taipei Rapid Transit System. Using synchronous potential measurements at three stations we examine potential profiles to locate potential rail sections with low resistance to ground qualitatively. Also the voltage sag values are used to quantitatively calculate rail-to-ground resistance per unit length. The approach presented in this paper requires only voltage measurements with the traction current as the energization source. Thus, this approach can be performed as a routine maintenance procedure to obtain rail-to-ground resistance values from a system-wide point of view.
Environmental and Economic Analysis of Low Emissions Yard and Industrial Switchers
Authors: Ricci Alexander , Schlake Bryan
Published: June 2016

As railroads and local industries served by rail seek to reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency, new technologies are being developed to serve this market. Contrary to the minimal competitive options available over the last several decades, new companies are now emerging with a variety of locomotive designs aimed at low emissions and low horsepower solutions. Some technologies involve alternative fuels (e.g. natural gas, bio-diesel, battery power, etc.), while others incorporate very low horsepower diesel engines (400hp–1000hp) in order to meet the Tier 4 regulations set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Yet another option available to railroads and local industries is the mobile railcar mover. Typically used within railroad yard limits or on industry tracks, yard and industrial switchers and mobile railcar movers travel short distances, but must be capable of moving large loads. Subject to high forces when moving cars, these technologies must be both resilient (requiring minimal maintenance) and safe (not subject to derailment or loss of control). As the current market for yard and industrial switchers continues to expand, both railroads and local industries served by rail are placing greater emphases on the environmental and economic benefits of the emerging technologies. This paper aims to analyze the current yard and industrial switcher market and draw conclusions based on emissions data and lifecycle costs. Industrial switchers are compared with yard switchers and mobile railcar movers. Although industrial switchers are more limited in horsepower and operational versatility than yard switchers, many of the daily operations between the two are similar. Mobile railcar movers (e.g. Trackmobile® and Rail King®) offer lower initial costs as well as the versatility of both on-track and off-track movement. However, they may require additional maintenance and offer reduced tractive effort compared to locomotive technologies. As the demands on railroad yard and industry operations grow increasingly complex due to environmental regulations and economic demands, these new technologies have the potential to increase competition in the marketplace and offer improved engineering solutions. By developing a hierarchy of key requirements of yard or industry switchers, this paper provides a framework for identifying the best options available to a railroad or local industries. The scope of this paper will include a review of all options available, but will place a greater emphasis on technologies that are commercially available for wide distribution. By sampling and analyzing the current industrial market, much insight can be gained into daily operational requirements and challenges faced by this sector of the industry.
Like Father, Like Son: Analyzing Australian Football’s Unique Recruitment Process
Authors: Stewart Mark F. , Stavros Constantino , Phillips Pamm , Mitchell Heather , Barake Adrian J.
Published: June 2016

In 1949 the Australian Football League (AFL) introduced a distinctive father–son rule, which allows its member teams to prioritize the recruitment of the sons of former players who had played in a minimum number of games with that team. This paper reveals that some teams have been able to access a statistically significant advantage via this rule, confirming and quantifying that this unique exception compromised the AFL’s reverseorder player draft. In more recent times, through complex reforms, this advantage has been significantly dissipated. Discussion presents this rule as a conundrum for managers as despite potentially compromising the draft, it provides opportunities for off-field marketing communications strategies.
Developing Performance Using Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): A Case Study with an Elite Archer
Authors: Wood Andrew G. , Barker Jamie B. , Turner Martin J.
Published: June 2016

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT; Ellis, 1957) is a psychotherapeutic approach receiving increasing interest within sport. REBT is focused on identifying, disputing, and replacing irrational beliefs (IBs) with rational beliefs (RBs) to promote emotional well-being and goal achievement. This study provides a detailed case outlining the application and effect of seven one-to-one REBT sessions with an elite level archer who was experiencing performance-related anxiety, before and during competition. The case also offers an insight into common misconceptions, challenges, and guidance for those who may consider applying REBT within their practice. Data revealed meaningful short and long-term (6-months) reductions in IBs and improvements in RBs, self-efficacy, perception of control and archery performance. The case supports the effective application of REBT as an intervention with athletic performers, promoting lasting changes in an athlete’s ability to manage their cognitions, emotions and behaviors in the pursuit of performance excellence.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Heat-Resistant Mutant Strains (A52 and B41) of the Photosynthetic Hydrogen-Producing Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus
Authors: Gokce Abdulmecit , Cakar Zeynep Petek , Yucel Meral , Ozcan Orhan , Sencan Sevde , Sertdemir Ibrahim , Erguner Bekir , Yuceturk Betul , Sarac Aydan , Yuksel Bayram , Ozturk Yavuz
Published: June 2016

The draft genome sequences of two heat-resistant mutant strains, A52 and B41, derived from
Rhodobacter capsulatus
DSM 1710, and with different hydrogen production levels, are reported here. These sequences may help understand the molecular basis of heat resistance and hydrogen production in
R. capsulatus
.
Draft Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus succinus Strain CSM-77, a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from a Triassic Salt Mine
Authors: Megaw Julianne , Gilmore Brendan F.
Published: June 2016

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Staphylococcus succinus
strain CSM-77. This moderately halophilic bacterium was isolated from the surface of a halite sample obtained from a Triassic salt mine.
Combined site-specific sacral neuromodulation and pudendal nerve release surgery in a patient with interstitial cystitis and persistent arousal
Authors: Armstrong Georgina Louise , Vancaillie Thierry Georges
Published: June 2016

A variety of neuromodulation approaches have been described for the management of pelvic neuropathies, including interstitial cystitis, pudendal neuralgia and persistent genital arousal disorder. The benefits of a combined sacral and pudendal nerve neuromodulator has yet to be explored for these patients. In this report, we describe the case of a 35-year-old woman with a complex pelvic neuropathy resulting in urinary, sexual and gastro-intestinal dysfunction. She presented with an established diagnosis of interstitial cystitis; however, she also fulfilled diagnostic criteria for pudendal neuralgia and persistent genital arousal disorder. The patient underwent implantation of a combined sacral and pudendal nerve neuoromodulation device at the time of surgical decompression of the pudendal nerves. An impressive clinical response followed. This case demonstrates a unique clinical presentation and highlights the value of a combined surgical and neuromodulatory approach in the management of patients with complex pelvic neuropathies.
Alternative technique in atypical spinal decompression: the use of the ultrasonic scalpel in paediatric achondroplasia
Authors: Woodacre Timothy , Sewell Matthew , Clarke Andrew J , Hutton Mike
Published: June 2016

Spinal stenosis can be a very disabling condition. Surgical decompression carries a risk of dural tear and neural injury, which is increased in patients with severe stenosis or an atypical anatomy. We present an unusual case of symptomatic stenosis secondary to achondroplasia presenting in a paediatric patient, and highlight a new surgical technique used to minimise the risk of dural and neural injury during decompression.
‘Open-and-close’ pituitary surgery in an acromegalic man presenting with excessive sweatiness
Authors: Cheung Kitty Kit Ting , Chow Francis Chun Chung , Lo Anthony Wing Ip
Published: June 2016

Ectopic-acromegaly is rare. Diagnosing ectopic-acromegaly is challenging given that the clinical and biochemical manifestations can be almost indistinguishable from those of patients with growth hormone secreting pituitary adenomas. This case report highlights the importance of clinical vigilance in differentiating between the two conditions. A 41-year-old Caucasian man presented with typical features of acromegaly with an enlarged pituitary and a lung lesion. Although excision of the lung mass showed a carcinoid tumour, normalisation of growth hormone factors did not occur soon enough. This led to a presumed diagnosis of a pituitary adenoma. However, no pituitary tumour was identified during trans-sphenoidal surgery. Postoperatively, the patient improved clinically and biochemically. Retrospective histological examination of the excised lung lesion showed a small proportion of tumour cells containing growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), suggesting ectopic-GHRH production from the lung neuroendocrine tumour. An open-and-close trans-sphenoidal surgery could have been avoided in this patient with ectopic-GHRH acromegaly.
Park sleep: a non-motor dominant Parkinson's disease phenotype
Authors: Canepa Carlo
Published: June 2016

A 69-year-old man was evaluated in our neurology department, for a presumed diagnosis of ‘night-time seizures’; however, this diagnosis was quickly dismissed after the patient (and his wife) described how he ‘acted out’ and talked throughout his dreams, without any seizure-like activity. This problem had been present for ∼10 years. An EEG ruled out epilepsy. The patient also described a 10-year history of constipation, loss of smell and ‘frequent collapses’. These symptoms fit in with the recently published criteria of ‘prodromal Parkinson's Disease’ and prompted a formal assessment for Parkinson's disease (PD). He had no tremor. A subtle festinating gait pattern and a 2-finger tremor in the right hand were noted. The diagnosis of PD was confirmed by a dopamine transporter scan. Clinically, this is one—Park sleep: rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder subtype—of 7 different non-motor dominant PD phenotypes recently described.
Efficient production of nonactin by Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus
Authors: Zhan Yulian , Zheng Shaolun
Published: June 2016

Here we report the production of the cyclic macrotetrolide nonactin from the fermentation culture of Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus. Nonactin is a member of a family of naturally occurring cyclic ionophores known as the macrotetrolide antibiotics. Our fermentation procedure of Streptomyces griseus was performed at 30 °C and 200 rev·min−1 for 5 days on a rotary shaker. Diaion HP-20 and Amberlite XAD-16 were added to the fermentation medium. Isolated yield of nonactin was up to 80 mg·L−1 using our methodology. Nonactin is commonly known as an ammonium ionophore and also exhibits antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor activities. It is also widely used for the preparation of ion-selective electrodes and sensors. Chemical synthesis of nonactin has been achieved by some groups; however, overall yields are very low, making efficient biosynthesis an attractive means of production.
Lepton flavor violating decays of μ and τ leptons in a gauge group SU(2)L × SU(2)R × SU(2)Y
Authors: Fayyazuddin
Published: June 2016

The electroweak unification group [Formula: see text] is proposed for the charged lepton flavor violating decays of the muon [Formula: see text] and tau [Formula: see text] leptons. The group [Formula: see text] is in the lepton space. The left-handed leptons and antileptons are assigned to the fundamental representation [Formula: see text] of the semi-simple group. The gauge group [Formula: see text] is spontaneously broken to [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the hypercharge, by introducing a scalar multiplet [Formula: see text] which belongs to the triplet representation 3 of the [Formula: see text] and is singlet under [Formula: see text]. At this stage charged vector bosons [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] which mediate the lepton flavor violating decays acquire masses and are decoupled with one Higgs scalar [Formula: see text]. The residual group [Formula: see text] has all the features of the left–right electroweak unification group extensively studied in the literature. The probability for lepton flavor violating decays is [Formula: see text].
Phase correlation of ensemble of quantum emitters and timed Dicke state
Authors: Yoon Jae Seok , Hong Suc-Kyoung , Nam Seog Woo , Yang Hyung Jin
Published: June 2016

We study the phase-correlated state which is introduced by the instantaneous excitation of an ensemble of identical two-level quantum emitters and its relation with the Dicke states. Under weak coupling regime, the time evolution of the phase-correlated system of the emitters is also derived to see the characteristics of the collective spontaneous emission of the emitters. It is found that the effective coupling of the ensemble in the phase-correlated state with the emitted field is directly determined by the collective phase of the system. Hence, the collective phase is considered for several specified distributions in brief.
Effect of anisotropy on deep cellular crystal growth in directional solidification
Authors: Jiang Han , Chen Ming-Wen , Shi Guo-Dong , Wang Tao , Wang Zi-Dong
Published: June 2016

The effect of anisotropic surface tension and anisotropic interface kinetics on deep cellular crystal growth is studied. An asymptotic solution of deep cellular crystal growth in directional solidification is obtained by using the matched asymptotic expansion method and the multiple variable expansion method. The results show that as the anisotropic parameters increase, the total length of deep cellular crystal increases and the root depth increases, whereas the curvature of the interface near the root increases or the curvature radius decreases.
Yokota type invariants derived from non-integral highest weight representations of 𝒰q(sl2)
Authors: Mizusawa Atsuhiko , Murakami Jun
Published: June 2016

We define invariants for colored oriented spatial graphs by generalizing CM invariants [F. Costantino and J. Murakami, On [Formula: see text] quantum [Formula: see text]-symbols and their relation to the hyperbolic volume, Quantum Topol. 4 (2013) 303–351], which were defined via non-integral highest weight representations of [Formula: see text]. We apply the same method used to define Yokota’s invariants, and we call these invariants Yokota type invariants. Then, we propose a volume conjecture of the Yokota type invariants of plane graphs, which relates to volumes of hyperbolic polyhedra corresponding to the graphs, and check it numerically for some square pyramids and pentagonal pyramids.
A delayed predator–prey system with impulsive diffusion between two patches
Authors: Li Hong-Li , Zhang Long , Teng Zhi-Dong , Jiang Yao-Lin
Published: June 2016

In most models of population dynamics, diffusion between two patches is assumed to be either continuous or discrete. However, in the real world, it is often the case that diffusion occurs at certain moment every year, impulsive diffusion can provide a more suitable manner to model the actual dispersal (or migration) behaviors for many ecological species. In addition, it is generally recognized that some kinds of time delays are inevitable in population interactions. In view of these facts, a delayed predator–prey system with impulsive diffusion between two patches is proposed. By using comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation and some analysis techniques, criteria on the global attractivity of predator-extinction periodic solution are established, sufficient conditions for the permanence of system are obtained. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to illustrate our theoretical results.
Sensitivity analysis for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) in the Aceh Fault Segment, Indonesia
Authors: Omang Amalfi , Cummins Phil R. , Robinson David , Hidayati Sri
Published: June 2016

Slip rate, locking width and ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) selection are important in seismic hazard analysis because they are used to estimate earthquake recurrence, to limit the maximum magnitude in an earthquake source and to estimate earthquake ground shaking. In this study, we examine the sensitivity of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) to fault slip rates, fault locking width and the selection of GMPEs for the Aceh Fault Segment, Indonesia. The hazard level differences vary considerably owing to changes in these three parameters. Therefore, careful consideration is needed in applying PSHA in areas of high fault parameter uncertainty.
SlideSpace
Authors: Edge Darren , Yang Xi , Kotturi Yasmine , Wang Shuoping , Feng Dan , Lee Bongshin , Drucker Steven
Published: June 2016

The Slide and Canvas metaphors are two ways of helping people create visual aids for oral presentations. Although such physical metaphors help both authors and audiences make sense of material, they also constrain authoring in ways that can negatively impact presentation delivery. In this article, we derive heuristics for the design of presentation media that are independent of any underlying physical metaphors. We use these heuristics to craft a new kind of presentation medium called SlideSpace—one that combines hierarchical outlines, content collections, and design rules to automate the real-time, outline-driven synthesis of hybrid Slide-Canvas visuals. Through a qualitative study of SlideSpace use, we validate our heuristics and demonstrate that such a hybrid presentation medium can combine the advantages of existing systems while mitigating their drawbacks. Overall, we show how a heuristic design approach helped us challenge entrenched physical metaphors to create a fundamentally digital presentation medium with the potential to transform the activities of authoring, delivering, and viewing presentations.
ANVIL
Authors: Aweke Zelalem Birhanu , Yitbarek Salessawi Ferede , Qiao Rui , Das Reetuparna , Hicks Matthew , Oren Yossi , Austin Todd
Published: June 2016

Ensuring the integrity and security of the memory system is critical. Recent studies have shown serious security concerns due to "rowhammer" attacks, where repeated accesses to a row of memory cause bit flips in adjacent rows. Recent work by Google's Project Zero has shown how to leverage rowhammer-induced bit-flips as the basis for security exploits that include malicious code injection and memory privilege escalation. Being an important security concern, industry has attempted to defend against rowhammer attacks. Deployed defenses employ two strategies: (1) doubling the system DRAM refresh rate and (2) restricting access to the
CLFLUSH
instruction that attackers use to bypass the cache to increase memory access frequency (i.e., the rate of rowhammering). We demonstrate that such defenses are inadequte: we implement rowhammer attacks that both avoid using the
CLFLUSH
instruction and cause bit flips with a doubled refresh rate. Our next-generation
CLFLUSH-free
rowhammer attack bypasses the cache by manipulating cache replacement state to allow frequent misses out of the last-level cache to DRAM rows of our choosing.

To protect existing systems from more advanced rowhammer attacks, we develop a
software-based
defense, ANVIL, which thwarts all known rowhammer attacks on existing systems. ANVIL detects rowhammer attacks by tracking the locality of DRAM accesses using existing hardware performance counters. Our detector identifies the rows being frequently accessed (i.e., the aggressors), then selectively refreshes the nearby victim rows to prevent hammering. Experiments running on real hardware with the SPEC2006 benchmarks show that ANVIL has less than a 1% false positive rate and an average slowdown of 1%. ANVIL is low-cost and robust, and our experiments indicate that it is an effective approach for protecting existing and future systems from even advanced rowhammer attacks.
HIPStR
Authors: Venkat Ashish , Shamasunder Sriskanda , Shacham Hovav , Tullsen Dean M.
Published: June 2016

Heterogeneous Chip Multiprocessors have been shown to provide significant performance and energy efficiency gains over homogeneous designs. Recent research has expanded the dimensions of heterogeneity to include diverse Instruction Set Architectures, called Heterogeneous-ISA Chip Multiprocessors. This work leverages such an architecture to realize substantial new security benefits, and in particular, to thwart Return-Oriented Programming. This paper proposes a novel security defense called HIPStR -- Heterogeneous-ISA Program State Relocation -- that performs dynamic randomization of run-time program state, both within and across ISAs. This technique outperforms the state-of-the-art just-in-time code reuse (JIT-ROP) defense by an average of 15.6%, while simultaneously providing greater security guarantees against classic return-into-libc, ROP, JOP, brute force, JIT-ROP, and several evasive variants.
Rate modulation of human anconeus motor units during high-intensity dynamic elbow extensions
Authors: Cowling Brianna L. , Harwood Brad , Copithorne David B. , Rice Charles L.
Published: June 2016

Investigations of high-intensity isometric fatiguing protocols report decreases in motor unit firing rates (MUFRs), but little is known regarding changes in MUFRs following fatigue induced by high-intensity dynamic contractions. Our purpose was to evaluate MUFRs of the anconeus (an accessory elbow extensor) and elbow extension power production as a function of time to task failure (TTF) during high-velocity fatiguing concentric contractions against a moderately heavy resistance. Fine-wire intramuscular electrode pairs were inserted into the anconeus to record MUs in 12 male participants (25 ± 3 yr), over repeated sessions on separate days. MUs were tracked throughout a three-stage, varying load dynamic elbow extension protocol designed to extend the task duration for >1 min thereby inducing substantial fatigue. Mean MUFRs and peak power were calculated for three relative time ranges: 0–15% TTF (beginning), 45–60% TTF (middle) and 85–100% TTF (end). Mean duration of the overall fatigue protocol was ∼80 s. Following the protocol, isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), highest velocity at 35% MVC load, and peak power decreased 37, 60, and 64% compared with baseline, respectively. Data from 20 anconeus MUs tracked successfully throughout the protocol indicated a reduction in MUFRs in relation to power loss from 36 Hz/160 W (0–15% TTF) to 28 Hz/97 W (45–60% TTF) to 23 Hz/43 W (85–100% TTF). During these high-intensity maximal effort concentric contractions, anconeus MUFRs decreased substantially (>35%). Although the absolute MUFRs were higher in the present study than those reported previously for other muscles during sustained high-intensity isometric tasks, the relative decrease in MUFRs was similar between the two tasks.
The effects of a roundtrip trans-American jet travel on physiological stress, neuromuscular performance, and recovery
Authors: Kraemer William J. , Hooper David R. , Kupchak Brian R. , Saenz Catherine , Brown Lee E. , Vingren Jakob L. , Luk Hui Ying , DuPont William H. , Szivak Tunde K. , Flanagan Shawn D. , Caldwell Lydia K. , Eklund Daniela , Lee Elaine C. , Häkkinen Keijo , Volek Jeff S. , Fleck Steven J. , Maresh Carl M.
Published: June 2016

The purpose was to examine the effects of a round trip trans-American jet travel on performance, hormonal alterations, and recovery. Ten matched pairs of recreationally trained men were randomized to either a compression group (COMP) ( n = 10; age: 23.1 ± 2.4 yr; height: 174.8 ± 5.3 cm; body mass: 84.9 ± 10.16 kg; body fat: 15.3 ± 6.0%) or control group (CONT) ( n = 9; age: 23.2 ± 2.3 yr; height: 177.5 ± 6.3 cm; weight: 84.3 ± 8.99 kg; body fat: 15.1 ± 6.4%). Subjects flew directly from Hartford, CT to Los Angeles, CA 1 day before a simulated sport competition (SSC) designed to create muscle damage and returned the next morning on an overnight flight back home. Both groups demonstrated jet lag symptoms and associated decreases in sleep quality at all time points. Melatonin significantly ( P < 0.05) increased over the first 2 days and then remained constant until after the SSC. Epinephrine, testosterone, and cortisol values significantly increased above resting values before and after the SSC with norepinephrine increases only after the SSC. Physical performances significantly decreased from control values on each day for the CONT group with COMP group exhibiting no significant declines. Muscle damage markers were significantly elevated following the SSC with the COMP group having significantly lower values while maintaining neuromuscular performance measures that were not different from baseline testing. Trans-American jet travel has a significant impact on parameters related to jet lag, sleep quality, hormonal responses, muscle tissue damage markers, and physical performance with an attenuation observed with extended wear compression garments.
Leukocyte Profile in Peripheral Blood and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study of 462 Cases
Authors: Miller Iben Marie , Ring Hans Christian , Prens Errol P. , Rytgaard Helene , Mogensen Ulla B. , Ellervik Christina , Jemec Gregor B.E.
Published: June 2016

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease. Increasing evidence suggests that HS involves dysfunctional immune responses in both the adaptive and the innate immune system. The recently proposed association of HS with metabolic syndrome may further add to the inflammatory state in HS. Objective: To investigate the status of inflammation and leukocyte profile in the peripheral blood of HS patients. Materials and Methods: Using a comparative cross-sectional study design, we investigated blood samples of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and leukocyte profile in hospital-treated HS patients (HS-HOSP), self-reported population-based HS patients (HS-POP) and population controls. Results: Our study comprised 32 individuals in the HS-HOSP group, 430 in the HS-POP group, and 20,780 controls. The median hs-CRP for the HS-HOSP group was 5.1 mg/l (quartile range 2.6-8.2), 2.2 mg/l (1.0-4.3) for the HS-POP group and 1.3 mg/l (0.7-2.9) for the controls. An age-sex-adjusted analysis revealed a significantly higher hs-CRP for both HS groups compared to controls (p < 0.0001). When performing age-sex-adjusted analysis, both HS groups had significantly higher odds of leukocytosis when compared to controls with an odds ratio for the HS-HOSP group of 4.38 (95% CI = 2.18-8.80; p < 0.0001) and 1.95 (95% CI = 1.58-2.42; p < 0.0001) for the HS-POP group. The age-sex-adjusted leukocyte differential count yielded significantly higher neutrophil (p < 0.0001) and monocyte (p = 0.0014, p = 0.0004) levels in the HS groups compared with controls. Conclusion: The hs-CRP levels associated with HS appear to be intermediate (2.2-5.1 mg/l), implying systemic inflammation rather than infection. The peripheral blood leukocytosis in HS was dominated by neutrophils and monocytes.
Guide and Position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on Personalized Nutrition: Part 2 - Ethics, Challenges and Endeavors of Precision Nutrition
Authors: Kohlmeier Martin , De Caterina Raffaele , Ferguson Lynnette R. , Görman Ulf , Allayee Hooman , Prasad Chandan , Kang Jing X. , Nicoletti Carolina Ferreira , Martinez J. Alfredo
Published: June 2016

Nutrigenetics considers the influence of individual genetic variation on differences in response to dietary components, nutrient requirements and predisposition to disease. Nutrigenomics involves the study of interactions between the genome and diet, including how nutrients affect the transcription and translation process plus subsequent proteomic and metabolomic changes, and also differences in response to dietary factors based on the individual genetic makeup. Personalized characteristics such as age, gender, physical activity, physiological state and social status, and special conditions such as pregnancy and risk of disease can inform dietary advice that more closely meets individual needs. Precision nutrition has a promising future in treating the individual according to their phenotype and genetic characteristics, aimed at both the treatment and prevention of disease. However, many aspects are still in progress and remain as challenges for the future of nutrition. The integration of the human genotype and microbiome needs to be better understood. Further advances in data interpretation tools are also necessary, so that information obtained through newer tests and technologies can be properly transferred to consumers. Indeed, precision nutrition will integrate genetic data with phenotypical, social, cultural and personal preferences and lifestyles matters to provide a more individual nutrition, but considering public health perspectives, where ethical, legal and policy aspects need to be defined and implemented.
A Unique Hairy Cell Leukemia Variant
Authors: Jian Charles , Hsia Cyrus C.
Published: June 2016

A 65-year-old woman presented with easy bruising, left upper quadrant pain, decreased appetite, and weight loss. She had splenomegaly and lymphocytosis (lymphocyte count of 11.6 × 109/l), with remarkably abnormal appearing morphology. Her hemoglobin and platelet counts were normal. Peripheral blood flow cytometry revealed a monoclonal B-cell population expressing CD11c, CD25, CD19, CD20, and CD103. An initial diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) was made, and the patient was treated with a standard 5-day course of cladribine. However, her lymphocytosis improved transiently, with a relapse 4 months later. There was no improvement in her splenomegaly. An HCL variant (HCL-v) was considered based on her resistance to treatment with a purine nucleoside analog. A subsequent splenectomy improved symptoms. Two years after, the patient suffered a relapse and underwent 6 cycles of CHOP-R (cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunomycin, oncovin, prednisone, and rituximab), achieving partial remission. While under observation, she progressed with lymphocytosis 6 months later and was treated with pentostatin. There was no significant improvement in her disease, and she died 8 weeks following treatment initiation. HCL-v is a clinically more aggressive mature B-cell lymphoma than HCL with worse splenomegaly, higher lymphocyte counts, and resistance to typical HCL therapy with purine nucleoside analogs. Early recognition of HCL-v in the history, physical examination, and investigations with morphology and flow cytometry is key to patient management. Further, as in our case of HCL-v, cell morphology can be distinctly atypical, with large nucleoli and extremely convoluted nuclei. The distinction between HCL and HCL-v is important as HCL-v patients require more aggressive therapy and closer follow-up.
CONVERGÊNCIA TECNOLÓGICA E A INTEGRAÇÃO DE ATRIBUTOS VERDES
Authors: Barboza Marina Nascimento Lemos , Arruda Filho Emílio José Montero
Published: June 2016

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento do consumidor em relação aos produtos integrados tecnológicos com a inserção de atributos verdes, como por exemplo, smartphones com carregador solar. Com isto, foi realizado um estudo baseado na literatura de comportamento do consumidor, produtos verdes, ideologia verde, convergência tecnológica e preferência de uso por produtos tecnológicos. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi proposta uma análise netnográfica como opção metodológica, a qual consiste da extração de informações de blogs/fóruns de discussões, realizando uma análise de conteúdo para as discussões coletadas, de forma a codificar e categorização os grupos participantes deste argumento. Desenvolvida esta categorização e distinção dos segmentos de consumidores para o objeto tecnológico com inserção de atributos verdes, foram apresentados os resultados através de manchetes (headlines) que designariam os grupos de usuários. Dado este ambiente de pesquisa, o estudo observa e interpreta o ponto de vista do consumidor tecnológico, avaliando se a difusão dos produtos verdes (consumo sustentável ou com valores/atributos ecológicos) inseriu-se no contexto da sociedade atual, e se a discussão das redes sociais, apresentou consigo a inovação da consciência ecológica (verde), além da percepção de inovação tecnológica com a inserção do verde.
PROGRAMAS DE GESTÃO DE IDEIAS E INOVAÇÃO: AS PRÁTICAS DAS GRANDES EMPRESAS NA REGIÃO SUL DO BRASIL
Authors: Quandt Carlos Olavo , Silva Helena De Fátima Nunes , Ferraresi Alex Antonio , Frega José Roberto
Published: June 2016

Investigação sobre a situação das iniciativas de gestão de ideias em empresas de grande porte do sul do Brasil, por meio de pesquisa exploratória e descritiva com abordagem quantitativa. A população da pesquisa foi de 85 empresas, com 41 respostas válidas. Os dados identificaram o perfil das empresas, as práticas de gestão de ideias, benefícios e obstáculos, e fatores determinantes da adoção de iniciativas. Os resultados indicam que 70% das empresas pesquisadas possuem programas estruturados para solicitar, estimular, avaliar, implementar e recompensar ideias oferecidas pelos funcionários. Os benefícios percebidos foram: capacidade maior de gerar ideias e transformá-las em projetos, o incremento da participação e trabalho em equipe, e o aumento da motivação entre os funcionários. Os principais fatores que dificultam a implantação dos programas de ideias são o baixo envolvimento do pessoal, problemas de comunicação e recompensas insuficientes à participação. Com relação à eficácia das iniciativas, a modelagem de equações estruturais com estimação por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) permite concluir que, embora as práticas de gestão de ideias influenciem positivamente os resultados de inovação, estas devem ser apoiadas por aspectos da cultura, comportamento e processos da empresa que contribuam para promover a aprendizagem, a absorção e compartilhamento do conhecimento, e o consequente desenvolvimento de atividades inovadoras. Finalmente, percebe-se a necessidade de estudos mais profundos sobre o papel da cultura, comportamentos, práticas gerenciais e processos associados à gestão do conhecimento e da inovação, e seus impactos na capacidade de inovar.