bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of spiral-shaped photonic crystal fiber’s performance in nonlinear optical applications
Authors: Biswas Bipul , Vartiainen Erik M.
Published: February 2025

A spiral-shaped photonic crystal fiber (SS-PCF) is described in this research report. Here, by using finer mesh, and finite element method (FEM), the fundamental properties of optical transmission, such as nonlinearity (
$$\:\gamma\:$$
), birefringence (Br), beat length (
$$\:{L}_{b}$$
), confinement loss (
$$\:{L}_{c}$$
), numerical aperture (NA), effective mode area (
$$\:{A}_{eff}$$
) are derived for wavelength range from 0.1
$$\:{\upmu\:}\text{m}$$
to 1.5
$$\:{\upmu\:}\text{m}.$$
Separately employed as core materials, Gallium phosphide (GaP), Graphene, and tellurite exhibit greater performance than that of earlier works. Graphene provides the extremely high nonlinearity of 6.13 ×
$$\:{10}^{12}$$
W− 1km− 1, GaP of 3.70 ×
$$\:{10}^{6}$$
W− 1km− 1 and tellurite of 3.28 ×
$$\:{10}^{5}$$
W− 1km− 1 at 0.1
$$\:\:{\upmu\:}\text{m}$$
. To the best of our knowledge, an SS-PCF is the first to test the performance of numerous ceramic objects in optical nonlinear applications. In actuality, the structure’s evanescent fields aid in the modeling process and display a performance profile with an ultra-high Br of 0.33, an exceptionally high NA of 0.86, and an extremely low
$$\:{L}_{c}$$
of 1.0 ×
$$\:{10}^{-5}$$
dBm− 1. All these results might be crucial in biological imaging, sensing, supercontinuum applications, polarization maintenance, optical parameter amplification, and additional nonlinear applications.
Forest Trade on the Amazon Frontier and Its Interaction with the EUDR
Authors: Trevizan Ana Flávia , Leal Alan Marques Miranda , Valle Victor Esteves Najjar
Published: February 2025

This article analyzes how the European Union’s Deforestation-Free Products Regulation (EUDR) could affect the production of forest goods in Mato Grosso (MT), a Brazilian state whose economy depends on commodity exports. The text is divided into five topics: the first discusses the context of forestry products in the Brazilian state; the second analyzes the trade in forestry goods in the EU, its regulation, and the prospects for its application in MT; the third offers a conceptualization of the Brussels Effect and its manifestation in Brazil; the forth one presents the results of field research with actors in the forestry sector in the state, exploring their perceptions about the EU Brussels Effect; and the last one analzyes which Mato Grosso’s municipalities are more exposed to the EUDR in their timber exports. The results obtained through semi-structured interviews highlight the diversity of knowledge of the different groups interviewed about European regulations in the country’s timber forestry industry. State authorities show a clear awareness of the influence of EU regulations, mainly concerning local public policies and international pressure on deforested areas in the Amazon. Stakeholder perceptions reveal a complex intersection between environmental, economic, and social concerns, highlighting the importance of constructive dialogue between different actors to mitigate conflicts and promote sustainable practices in the forestry sector, in line with global and local conservation demands for environmental and sustainability. Additionally, more than 80 Mato Grosso municipalities will be directly impacted by the EUDR, given their export profiles.
Associations between Sexual Harassment Victimization and Mental Health Outcomes – Does It Matter How We Measure Mental Health?
Authors: Svensson Åsa , Dahlqvist Heléne , Gillander Gådin Katja
Published: February 2025

Poor mental health in adolescent boys and girls has been linked to both in-person and online sexual harassment (SH), but studies have typically analyzed the association using a single measure. The aim of this study was to explore the associations of SH victimization using different measures and cut-off values for mental ill health among adolescents. The study used a cross-sectional design with data collected by a web-based questionnaire in 2012. Participants were 1,026 students in grades 7–9 in nine public and one independent school in Sweden. Data were analyzed with logistic regression models for the total sample and separately for girls and boys. In the total sample, all forms of victimization were significantly positively associated with all dependent variables of mental ill health irrespective of the cut-off values used. ORs ranged from 1.54 (95% CI: 1.14, 2.08) for low quality of life using a cut-off value of < 7 and SH victimization, to 5.12 [95% CI: 3.52, 7.46] for self-harm and SH and online unwanted sexual solicitation (USS) combined. Statistically significant associations were also found in the analyses stratified by gender, with a few exceptions. There were no consistent patterns in the differences between girls and boys. The results imply that questions about SH should be included in adolescent mental health research and can inform the choice of measures used to assess mental ill health. The consistent associations shown for SH victimization and mental ill health should be of interest for policy makers for adolescent health promotion.
Multiple cutaneous nerve sheath tumours with myxoid differentiation in farmed Russian sturgeons (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Brandt and Ratzeburg 1833)
Authors: Mandrioli Luciana , Brocca Ginevra , Zamparo Samuele , Orioles Massimo , Morini Maria , Cortinovis Luana , Fiocchi Eleonora , Anjomanibenisi Maral , Toffan Anna , Pretto Tobia , Verin Ranieri
Published: February 2025

Sturgeon species are well-suited for aquaculture because of their favourable characteristics, including robustness, suitability for farming in facilities unsuitable for other fish species, and adaptability to diverse farming conditions. The Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Brandt and Ratzeburg 1833) is one of the most prominent farmed species; however, like other aquaculture species, it is susceptible to significant losses from bacterial and viral diseases. Beyond infectious causes, there are few reports documenting conditions that produce cutaneous masses in Russian sturgeons. This study presents a multidisciplinary investigation of six farmed Russian sturgeons exhibiting discrete, multiple cutaneous masses. Bacteriological analysis of tissue samples revealed the presence of Morganella morganii and Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria, identified as opportunistic bacteria. Virological assays targeting the principal viruses affecting sturgeon, Acipenser iridovirus and Acipenser herpesvirus, yielded negative results. Ultrastructural analysis with direct negative staining revealed no evidence of biological agents. Histologically, the dermal masses were well-demarcated, expansile, and moderately cellular, consisting of spindle-to-stellate neoplastic cells that were multifocally periodic acid–Schiff-positive and embedded in abundant alcianophilic ground substance. Immunohistochemistry with the S-100 antibody confirmed cytoplasmic staining of the neoplastic cells. A final diagnosis of cutaneous nerve sheath tumour with myxoid differentiation was made, replicating findings from a similar tumour in rainbow trout. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first description of multiple cutaneous nerve sheath tumours in sturgeon species. The potential factors contributing to the development of this neoplastic condition are discussed.
Short-term and long-term effects of microplastics and organic UV-filters on the invertebrate model species Daphnia magna
Authors: Svigruha Réka , Fodor István , Németh Zoltán , Farkas Anna , Pirger Zsolt , Ács András
Published: February 2025

There is an ongoing debate regarding the role of microplastics (MPs) in enhancing the effects of various chemical compounds, highlighting the need for more detailed analyses. In this study, neonates of the water flea (Daphnia magna) were exposed to polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs; 3 µm; exposure concentration, 1.25 mg/L), a mixture of seven organic UV-filters (avobenzone, ethylhexyl triazone, homosalate, iscotrizinol, octinoxate, octisalate, and octocrylene; each at a low environmental concentration of 200 ng/L), or the combination of both pollutants for 3, 7, or 21 days. Results showed that PS-MPs alone decreased the body size of daphnids, while all treatments increased heart rate by the end of the 21-day exposure. On days 3 and 21, both PS-MPs and PS-MPs + UV-filters reduced swimming speed and total distance travelled. Additionally, PS-MPs increased the time of the first egg production, but decreased the egg number in the first production, total egg number, maximum egg number, and total neonate number during the 21-day treatment. Similarly, UV-filters or the combined pollutants increased the time of the first egg production and decreased the total neonate number. All treatments increased multixenobiotic resistance activity on days 3 and 7, while only UV-filters elevated CYP450 activity on day 3. PS-MPs or combined pollutants increased GST activity during early exposure but showed no effect on day 21. CAT activity was also affected by treatments in a time-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to PS-MPs and UV-filters, applied individually or in combination at a low environmental concentration, moderately impacts development, heart rate, and swimming activity in D. magna, while significantly altering reproduction and key cellular functions such as membrane transport activity, metabolism, and antioxidant defense. Co-exposure did not reveal a clear pattern of synergism or antagonism, suggesting that joint toxicity risks of these xenobiotics typically emerge at concentrations higher than low environmental levels. Future studies should explore potential interactions more thoroughly and assess transgenerational effects on reproduction and cellular defense pathways.
Flexible Assessment in Higher Education: A Comprehensive Review of Strategies and Implications
Authors: Barua Lumbini , Lockee Barbara
Published: February 2025

The article highlights the growing significance of flexible assessment in higher education as institutions adapt to the increasingly diverse needs of their student populations. The demand for customizable educational experiences, heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic, has made flexibility in assessment essential for sustaining and improving student engagement, satisfaction, and outcomes. This review explores various strategies for implementing flexible assessment, including flexible tasks, formats, weighting, deadlines, feedback, and deliberate planning. It also addresses the challenges, such as choice overload and increased instructor workload, that can arise when flexibility is not carefully implemented. Through a comprehensive review of existing and recent research, the article reiterates the proven benefits of flexible assessment while offering evidence-based recommendations for effective implementation. It calls for further research to develop assessment practices that can contribute to a more adaptable and equitable assessment environment for today’s modern learners.
Thermally Dependent Metastability of Indium-Tungsten-Oxide Thin-Film Transistors
Authors: Powell Eli , Nagesha Meghana , Manley Robert G. , Zhu Bin , Hirschman Karl D.
Published: February 2025

Indium tungsten oxide (IWO) has been investigated as an oxide semiconductor candidate for next-generation thin-film transistors (TFTs). Bottom-gate TFTs were fabricated with a 30-nm IWO channel material sputter-deposited with oxygen partial pressure (PO2) ranging from 2.5% to 10% of the total ambient pressure. Annealing was conducted at temperatures ranging from 100ºC to 275ºC. Device transfer characteristic measurements revealed a pronounced interaction between the sputter PO2 setting and passivation annealing conditions. Devices annealed at 100ºC in air ambient demonstrated characteristics with a strong dependence on PO2, attributed to differences in oxygen vacancy defects and semiconductor electronic properties. Devices annealed at 200ºC in air ambient demonstrated characteristics like those of unannealed devices, with operation far in depletion mode. Donor state passivation is possible following additional annealing at 275ºC in air, with reduced sensitivity to the initial sputter PO2 setting. A hypothesis on the mechanism of metastability is proposed.
Role of respiratory secretion culture in the surgical outcome prediction of bacterial empyema
Authors: Liu Chia-Chi , Cheng Ya-Fu , Chen Yi-Ling , Cheng Ching-Yuan , Huang Chang-Lun , Hung Wei-Heng , Wang Bing-Yen
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Thoracic empyema is a serious infection. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is a recommended treatment, and pleural fluid and tissue cultures are collected intraoperatively. The combination of a pleural peels tissue culture and a pleural fluid culture improves the positive culture rate. We aimed to investigate the role of respiratory secretion cultures to determine the optimal management for improving surgical outcome.

Methods

The study analyzed 225 adult patients with phase II/III thoracic empyema who underwent thoracoscopic decortication. Respiratory secretion cultures were obtained and compared with pleural cultures. Key outcomes were culture positivity and pathogen consistency, with secondary outcomes including intensive care unit stay, hospital stay, and mortality.

Results

There were 225 empyema patients with either a positive pleural fluid culture or a positive pleural peel tissue culture. Of these, 76 patients had positive respiratory secretion culture findings during hospitalization. The most common pathogen species were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (16%) in the respiratory secretion cultures and Streptococcus spp. (38%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12%) in the pleural cultures. There were 30 patients having a common pathogen in the respiratory secretion culture and in the pleural fluid/tissue culture. Poor outcome measures were found in these patients, including the longer use of antibiotics preoperatively [2.50 (1.00–6.00) days versus 5.00 (2.75–11.00) days, p = 0.006] and a higher mortality rate during hospitalization (40.0% versus 17.4%, p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Respiratory secretion cultures are vital for predicting surgical outcomes in bacterial empyema, and prompt specimen collection can improve patient survival.
Consenting for Spinal Cord Stimulation – the Pitfalls and Solution
Authors: Mehta Vivek , Munglani Rajesh , Eyre Giles , Bajaj Gaurav , Abd-Elsayed Alaa , Poply Kavita
Published: February 2025

Purpose of Review

To discuss the importance of the consenting process for patients undergoing spinal cord stimulation (SCS) therapy and understanding related complications and effects.

Recent Findings

Litigation for SCS/DRG related complications can be very costly, with the mean average settlement in cases relating to SCS being $303,173 dollars in the USA. According to the US Anaesthesia Closed Claims Project database, 10,546 claims related to pain medicine were made between 1990 and 2013; 43 of which were associated with SCS complications. This article will further explore consenting and complications within the context of SCS.

Consenting for SCS is a crucial and very important step which potentially reflect on patients’ expectations and outcomes.
Lasting Impact: Exploring the Brain Mechanisms that Link Traumatic Brain Injury to Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Edwards Samantha , Corrigan Frances , Collins-Praino Lyndsey
Published: February 2025

Development of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is linked with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), although the mechanisms driving this remain unclear. Of note, many key parallels have been identified between the pathologies of PD and TBI; in particular, PD is characterised by loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra (SN), accompanied by broader changes to dopaminergic signalling, disruption of the Locus Coeruleus (LC) and noradrenergic system, and accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein in Lewy Bodies, which spreads in a stereotypical pattern throughout the brain. Widespread disruptions to the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, including progressive neuronal loss from the SN and LC, have been observed acutely following injury, some of which have also been identified chronically in TBI patients and preclinical models. Furthermore, changes to α-synuclein expression are also seen both acutely and chronically following injury throughout the brain, although detailed characterisation of these changes and spread of pathology is limited. In this review, we detail the current literature regarding dopaminergic and noradrenergic disruption and α-synuclein pathology following injury, with particular focus on how these changes may predispose individuals to prolonged pathology and progressive neurodegeneration, particularly the development of PD. While it is increasingly clear that TBI is a key risk factor for the development of PD, significant gaps remain in current understanding of neurodegenerative pathology following TBI, particularly chronic manifestations of injury.
Role of liver-resident NK cells in liver immunity
Authors: Pan Zheng , Ye Yan-shuo , Liu Chang , Li Wei
Published: February 2025

The tolerogenic immune microenvironment of the liver (the immune system avoids attacking harmless antigens, such as antigens derived from food and gut microbiota) has garnered significant attention in recent years. Inherent immune cells in the liver play a unique role in regulating this microenvironment. Liver-resident natural killer (LrNK) cells, also known as liver type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s), are a recently discovered subset of immune cells that possess properties distinct from those of conventional NK (cNK) cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that there are significant differences between LrNK and cNK cells, with LrNK cells potentially exhibiting immunosuppressive functions in the liver. This review summarizes the latest findings on LrNK cells, focusing on their phenotype, heterogeneity, plasticity, origin, development, and the required transcription factors. In addition, immune functions of LrNK cells in various liver diseases, including liver cancer, viral infections, liver injury, and cirrhosis, were analyzed. By elucidating the role of LrNK cells in liver immunity, this review aims to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying liver immunity and contribute to the improvement of liver disease treatment.
Backbone and side‑chain 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments and secondary structure determination of the rhizobial FixJ
Authors: Horikawa Akio , Okubo Rika , Hishikura Naoki , Watanabe Riki , Kurashima-Ito Kaori , Sayeesh Pooppadi Maxin , Inomata Kohsuke , Mishima Masaki , Koteishi Hiroyasu , Sawai Hitomi , Shiro Yoshitsugu , Ikeya Teppei , Ito Yutaka
Published: February 2025

The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum (B.japonicum) enables high soybean yields with little or no nitrogen fertiliser. A two component regulatory system comprising FixL, a histidine kinase with O2-sensing activity, and FixJ, a response regulator, controls the expression of genes involved in nitrogen fixation, such as fixK and nifA. Only under anaerobic conditions, the monophosphate group is transferred from FixL to the N-terminal receiver domain of FixJ (FixJN), which eventually promote the association of the C-terminal effector domain (FixJC) to the promoter regions of the nitrogen-fixation-related genes. Structural biological analyses carried out so far for rhizobial FixJ molecules have proposed a solution structure for FixJ that differs from the crystal structures, in which the two domains are extended. To understand the FixJ activation caused by phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain, which presumably regulates through the interactions between FixJN and FixJC, here we have performed backbone and sidechain resonance assignments of the unphosphorylated state of B. japonicum FixJ.
Congratulations on the 60th anniversary of the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Kinuya Seigo
Published: February 2025

The Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine (JSNM) celebrates its 60th anniversary this year. JSNM has been contributing a lot to the development of nuclear medicine, leading a number of international activities. New procedures both in diagnosis and treatment have been continuously developed. JSNM will work hard for the better management of patients.
The Relationship Between Respiration Rate and Quality Parameters of Russet Potatoes During Long-Term Storage
Authors: Pedrosa Vanessa Maria Dantas , Izidoro Maiqui , Paythosh Samuel , Dungan Robert S. , Olsen Nora , Spear Rhett , de Almeida Teixeira Gustavo Henrique
Published: February 2025

Understanding the storage requirements of emerging potato cultivars is paramount for effective storage management. Thus, the objective of this study was to quantify the respiration rates of the standard Russet Burbank, and the new cultivars Ivory Russet, Dakota Russet, and Rainier Russet potatoes to understand the relationship between respiration rate and quality parameters during storage. Tubers were cured at 12.8 °C and 95% relative humidity (RH) for 14 days before gradually transitioning to 5.5, 7.2, or 8.9 °C (95% RH). Lower respiration rates were observed at 5.5 °C, with comparable rates at 7.2–8.9 °C. Dakota Russet had lower respiration rates (0.95 mg CO2 kg−1 h−1) while Rainier Russet the highest (1.29 mg CO2 kg−1 h−1). Sucrose content was negatively affected by respiration of Ivory Russet, Rainier Russet, and Russet Burbank, glucose content was affected by all cultivars, though. Fry color (Photovolt reflectance) was positively correlated to the respiration rates of all cultivars. The respiration rates had low correlations with all quality parameters.
The heat of the battle: inflammation’s role in prostate cancer development and inflammation-targeted therapies
Authors: Sharma Ujjawal , Sahu Anidrisha , Shekhar Himanshu , Sharma Bunty , Haque Shafiul , Kaur Damandeep , Tuli Hardeep Singh , Mishra Astha , Ahmad Faraz
Published: February 2025

In prostate cancer (PC), chronic inflammation silently guides disease progression, playing a significant role. As a major global health concern, PC contributes to high mortality rates and rising new cases worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for research into the molecular mechanisms behind this disease. Notably, the persistence of inflammation actively promotes cancer development, including in PC. This review explores the complex relationship between inflammation and PC, examining the molecular pathways, genetic and environmental factors, and clinical implications involved in inflammation-driven carcinogenesis. From cellular and molecular elements of the inflammatory microenvironment to mechanisms like epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and inflammasome activation, these processes highlight inflammation’s influence on PC progression and metastasis. Furthermore, this review discusses current therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation in PC management and identifies future research directions aimed at unraveling the complexities of inflammation-induced PC (Supplementary Fig. 1). It defines the complex relationship between inflammation and PC, emphasizes the importance of targeting inflammation therapeutically and highlights innovative approaches in PC treatment.

Graphical Abstract
New insights into Notch signaling as a crucial pathway of pancreatic cancer stem cell behavior by chrysin-polylactic acid-based nanocomposite
Authors: Ragab Eman M. , Gamal Doaa M. El , El-najjar Fares F. , Elkomy Hager A. , Ragab Mahmoud A. , Elantary Mariam A. , Basyouni Omar M. , Moustafa Sherif M. , EL-Naggar Shimaa A. , Elsherbiny Abeer S.
Published: February 2025

Pancreatic cancer is an extremely deadly illness for which there are few reliable treatments. Recent research indicates that malignant tumors are highly variable and consist of a tiny subset of unique cancer cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for the beginning and spread of tumors. These cells are typically identified by the expression of specific cell surface markers. A population of pancreatic cancer stem cells with aberrantly active developmental signaling pathways has been identified in recent studies of human pancreatic tumors. Among these Notch signaling pathway has been identified as a key regulator of CSCs self-renewal, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Chrysin-loaded polylactic acid (PLA) as polymeric nanoparticles systems have been growing interest in using as platforms for improved drug delivery. This review aims to explore innovative strategies for targeted therapy and optimized drug delivery in pancreatic CSCs by manipulating the Notch pathway and leveraging PLA-based drug delivery systems. Furthermore, we will assess the capability of PLA nanoparticles to enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells. The insights gained from this review have the potential to contribute to the development of novel treatment approaches that combine targeted therapy with advanced drug delivery utilizing biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles.
Efficacy and Prognosis of ROSA Robot-Assisted Stereotactic Intracranial Hematoma Removal in Patients with Cerebral Hemorrhage in Basal Ganglia Region: Comparison with Craniotomy and Neuroendoscopy
Authors: Wu Haitao , Lu Bin , Wang Wei , Wang Xiaoyi , Wang Tingxuan , Bao Yue , Li Luo
Published: February 2025

This study compares the clinical efficacy and outcomes of three surgical techniques—robot-assisted stereotactic assistance (ROSA), neuroendoscopy, and craniotomy—in the removal of intracranial hematomas in patients with cerebral hemorrhage affecting the basal ganglia. This retrospective study included 110 patients, who were grouped based on the surgical method used: 40 patients in the ROSA group, 50 in the craniotomy group, and 20 in the endoscopy group. We then compared the outcomes of the ROSA group with those of the craniotomy and endoscopy groups. Compared with the craniotomy group, the ROSA group had a significantly shorter operation time, higher hematoma clearance rate, lesser intraoperative blood loss, fewer postoperative pulmonary infections, and lower modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge and > 3 months after discharge. Compared with the endoscopy group, the ROSA group had a shorter operation time, lesser intraoperative blood loss, and fewer intraoperative blood transfusions. The ROSA robot provided superior surgical outcomes and patient prognoses compared to craniotomy and neuroendoscopy for the removal of intracranial hematomas in patients with basal ganglia cerebral hemorrhage.
Regional Variation in Phragmites australis Reproductive Traits and Seedling Performance in North America
Authors: Lee Sean F.H. , McCormick Melissa K. , Mozdzer Thomas J. , Clay Keith , Farrer Emily C.
Published: February 2025

Seedling recruitment is an important mode of establishment utilized by many invasive plants. In widespread invasive plants, regional variation in the rates of seedling recruitment can contribute to differences in invasion intensity across regions. In this study, we examined regional variation in reproductive traits and seedling performance in a cosmopolitan invasive wetland grass, Phragmites australis. We tested whether nitrogen levels and regions with different histories and intensities of invasion would affect reproductive traits and seedling performance. We sampled invasive Phragmites inflorescences from 34 populations across three regions in North America: The Northeast (old, most intense invasion), the Midwest (recent, intense invasion), and Southeast (recent, sparse invasion). We hypothesized that Northeast Phragmites populations would have the highest reproductive output and seedling performance, and that populations experiencing high nitrogen pollution would have higher reproductive output and seedling performance under high nitrogen conditions. We found that populations in the Northeast had the highest inflorescence mass, as expected. We also found that despite sparse distribution of Phragmites in the Southeast, populations from the Southeast displayed a high potential for sexual reproduction. However, increasing watershed-level nitrogen (kg/km2) decreased percent seed germination in Southeastern populations, suggesting that Southeastern populations are sensitive to rising nitrogen levels. While elevated nitrogen improved seedling performance through increased belowground growth in Southeastern Phragmites seedlings, elevated nitrogen decreased belowground growth in Midwestern seedlings. These results suggest that the southeastern region of North America may be primed to become an emergent invasion front of Phragmites, warranting more research into the possible management of Phragmites spread in the region.
Endosymbiont escape as a mechanism to increase the rate of endosymbiosis formation
Authors: Sathe Santosh , Beier Simon , Becks Lutz
Published: February 2025

Endosymbiosis plays a key role in shaping biodiversity, but its origin and maintenance remain difficult to explain. Vertical transmission of endosymbionts is an important mechanism that can stabilize endosymbiotic interactions, but it also restricts the rate at which new endosymbiotic units can be formed. To explain the prevalence of endosymbiotic interactions, additional mechanisms that could increase the rate at which novel endosymbiotic units are formed should be considered. Horizontal transfer of endosymbionts may increase the rate of endosymbiosis formation. The underlying assumption of this mechanism, that endosymbionts have evolved to escape their host actively, has not been tested experimentally. We tested this mechanism in ciliate and algal species that differ in their ability to form endosymbiosis. We found that algal cells escaped from the ciliate hosts, with endosymbiotic algal species escaping more frequently than those that are intracellular only as prey. We tested the advantage of this mechanism and found that the rate at which new endosymbiotic units are formed was three times higher when both vertical and horizontal transmission by escaped cells was possible, compared to vertical transmission alone. This, together with the finding that the escape of endosymbiotic algae was higher in endosymbiotic than in predatory ciliate species and higher in environments where endosymbiotic units grow slowly, suggests that the escape has evolved as a mechanism. This finding has important implications for the conditions favoring the evolution of endosymbiosis as this mechanism can increase the rate of novel endosymbiotic unit formation and promote more advantageous endosymbiotic partner pairings.
Longitudinal Effects of Lifetime Caffeine Consumption on Levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Unsal Sena , Sanlier Nevin
Published: February 2025

Purpose of Review

Caffeine has high bioavailability and a purine-like alkaloid structure. It exerts wide-ranging physiological effects by binding to adenosine receptors throughout the human body. Through the activation of those receptors, it can regulate many physiological events in the body. The impact of caffeine consumption on depression, anxiety, stress, and human health remains unclear, constituting an important knowledge gap. This review was conducted to examine the effects of caffeine consumption on depression, anxiety, and stress levels and to offer some recommendations for its future use.

Recent Findings

We performed a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases for original articles published in recent years on “caffeine metabolism”, “caffeine mechanism”, “anxiety”, “depression”, “stress”. Caffeine, which has an antagonistic effect on adenosine, can reduce the risk and symptoms of depression and improve general mental health by modulating the central nervous system and neurotransmitter systems. However, increases in anxiety and stress levels, which are often seen together with depression, are observed due to high-dose caffeine consumption.

Caffeine’s effects on depression, anxiety, and stress may vary depending on different factors, but the level of consumption is particularly important and attention should be paid to upper limits and reference values while evaluating consumption amounts.
Unravelling the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of hydrogenated amorphous silicon cells for photovoltaics
Authors: Prayogi Soni , Ristiani Deril , Darminto D.
Published: February 2025

This research reveals the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in analyzing and improving the performance of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H) based photovoltaic cells. As a non-destructive technique, EIS provides deep insight into the electrochemical characteristics of photovoltaic cells, including series resistance, layer capacitance, recombination mechanisms, and charge transport. The impedance data is obtained and analyzed using small AC potential signals at various frequencies via Nyquist diagrams and Bode plots. This analysis allows the identification of resistive and capacitive elements as well as the evaluation of the quality of the interface between the active layer and the electrode. The results show that EIS can identify internal barriers that reduce the efficiency of a-Si: H solar cells, such as dominant recombination mechanisms and inefficient charge transport. Using equivalent circuit models, electrochemical parameters are extracted to reveal cell behavior and performance. In addition, these results also confirm that EIS is an important tool in design optimization and performance improvement of a-Si: H photovoltaic cells, providing a solid scientific basis for the development of more efficient and sustainable solar cell technology. These findings contribute to efforts to increase solar energy efficiency, supporting broader and more effective use of photovoltaic technology in meeting global sustainable energy needs.
A rare finding of testicular epidermoid keratinized cyst in a prepubertal boy: case report and management standardization
Authors: Escolino Maria , Porcaro Mauro , Chiodi Annalisa , Di Mento Claudia , Carraturo Francesca , Mazzone Valerio , Esposito Giorgia , Somma Pasquale , Esposito Ciro
Published: February 2025

Testicular epidermoid cysts (TECs) are rare, benign lesions that can also mimic malignant testicular masses. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is essential for proper management. A 13-year-old male presented with a painless solid mass in the left testicle. Serum tumor markers were normal. Ultrasound, CEUS and MRI findings were consistent with TEC. Surgical enucleation of the mass was performed, after ruling out malignancy through intraoperative frozen section examination. Histopathology confirmed diagnosis of keratin-filled epidermoid cyst. At 3-month follow-up, the patient is well-being and scrotal US is normal. This case highlights the importance of considering epidermoid cysts in the differential diagnosis of testicular masses in young males. Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality in the assessment of any testicular masses. Other imaging modalities such as CEUS, elastography and MRI can be helpful to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. Testis-sparing surgery can be safely performed, after ruling out malignancy through intraoperative frozen-section analysis.
Hurricanes and Health Equity: A Review of Structural Determinants of Vulnerability for Climate and Health Research
Authors: Mathews Shifali , Smith Genee , Madrigano Jaime
Published: February 2025

Purpose of Review

Understanding hurricane vulnerability is crucial for targeting and identifying climate adaptation measures. However, vulnerability assessments often focus on proximal factors, which may obscure underlying drivers of health inequities. We sought to describe the literature characterizing hurricane vulnerability in the U.S., from 2000 to 2022. We abstracted the approaches and factors in each hurricane vulnerability assessment study, and developed a conceptual framework to guide data collection on structural determinants of climate vulnerability.

Recent Findings

The review included a total of 121 studies. The majority pre-specified vulnerable populations, while 40% empirically derived vulnerability. Downstream factors pertaining to demographics, spatial analysis, and health status were most commonly used to assess vulnerability to hurricanes. Only five studies reported structural vulnerabilities, including racism, governance, institutions, and infrastructure deficiencies, which form the basis of our conceptual framework.

Most hurricane vulnerability studies do not consider upstream factors of health inequities. We developed a conceptual framework and provided example data measures for structural determinants to incorporate into climate and health research, facilitating the development of more effective interventions to address root causes.
Enhancing Plantation Forest Sustainability: A Review of Eucalyptus Defence Mechanisms to Foliar Fungal Pathogens
Authors: Solís Myriam , Hammerbacher Almuth , Wingfield Michael. J , Naidoo Sanushka
Published: February 2025

Purpose of the Review

In this review, we synthesize knowledge generated over many decades on the main defence responses of Eucalyptus to fungal leaf pathogens with the aim of identifying targets for breeding disease tolerant trees. We highlight physiological and molecular traits associated with host defence in relation to pathogen life-style. Overall, the purpose of this review is to identify resistance mechanisms that offer improved resilience of Eucalyptus plantations in the face of increasing threats by foliar fungal pathogens. The broad aim is to promote sustainable forestry through appropriate selection of resistance traits in trees that are widely planted for commercial timber production.

Recent findings

Eucalyptus is among the most important tree genera planted for commercial timber production worldwide. Numerous foliar pathogens have been reported on these trees in the last 30 years with numbers of recent reports increasing exponentially. The majority of these diseases affect the leaves and shoots of the trees. Knowledge on resistance traits in Eucalyptus to fungal foliar pathogens is limited. This is in part due to the high intra- and inter-species variation in molecular and physiological responses of the host and variation in responses to different pathogens, especially those with different trophic modes. A well-founded understanding of such host responses will provide valuable knowledge required to maintain healthy, sustainable Eucalyptus plantations, especially in the face of changing environmental conditions, where new diseases are caused by fungi previously not considered relevant.

Foliar diseases are among the most important challenges for Eucalyptus plantations globally. The effects of climate change and new or more serious outbreaks present an important threat to the sustainability of Eucalyptus plantations worldwide. Due to restrictions on the use of chemicals, more feasible solutions for disease management lie in selecting planting material with resistance traits. To achieve that goal, it is essential to understand the most important physiological and molecular responses of Eucalyptus to infection by pathogens that infect their foliar tissues. In this review we summarise the available knowledge of the main physiological defence barriers and genetic traits that play key roles in the broad defence against foliar fungal pathogens. Furthermore, we consider defence pathways that are specifically related to the lifestyle and trophic mode of the pathogens. In order to ensure the future sustainability of Eucalyptus plantations, it will be necessary to understand how disease resistance is affected by climate change, as well as the adaptability of the hosts and pathogens to newly emerging environmental conditions.
Investigation of uni- and bi-directional soft pneumatic actuators and its implication using rapid prototyping
Authors: Dsilva Delan Winston , Mathias Kevin Amith , Hiremath Shivashankar
Published: February 2025

In the age of automation and robotics, pneumatic grippers play a crucial role in material handling across diverse industrial sectors. This study explores the design and performance of uni- and bi-directional pneumatic grippers, which provide enhanced versatility and multi-directional gripping capabilities, using a rapid prototyping approach to address modern manufacturing needs. Through finite element analysis and experimental testing, the functionality of the gripper is evaluated, with a focus on hyperelastic materials like thermoplastic polyurethane. Three mesh techniques—automatic, tetrahedral, and hex-dominant—are analyzed, with the hex-dominant mesh proving the most effective for all models. Pressures up to 100 kPa, applied in 25 kPa increments to simulate real-world conditions, assessing deformation in both the uni- and bi-directional gripper mechanisms. Key design optimizations based on FE analysis include: a 1 mm gap between the chambers, which has shown an optimal deformation improvement of 109%, and a wall thickness ranging from 0.5 to 1 mm, which balances flexibility while minimizing deformation. In the bi-directional configuration, a chamber height of 4 mm achieves faster deformation with a maximum of 387.86%. Additionally, a 1 mm mid-layer deforms more rapidly, indicating that a thinner mid-layer enhances deformation and increases flexibility. The optimized Model-5, with refined geometry, successfully resolved issues of air leakage and printing defects, demonstrating effective bi-directional gripping capabilities and improved flexibility. The results validate the effectiveness of the design and analysis approach used in this study. These findings underscore the potential of bi-directional pneumatic grippers to transform material handling into industrial applications, offering significant improvements in adaptability and efficiency.
Sports-related Mistreatment in the U.S.: Retrospective Recognitions and Connections to Social Structural Locations, Childhood Contexts, and Adult Characteristics
Authors: Warner Mariah , Knoester Chris
Published: February 2025

Using U.S. survey data (N = 3849), this study examined recognized sports-related mistreatment, investigated risk factors for it, and offered descriptive evidence of types of mistreatment and reasons for mistreatment. Logistic regression analyses emphasized social structural characteristics, childhood contexts that included youth sports experiences, and social and sport contexts in adulthood as predictors of mistreatment. Findings highlight that sports-related mistreatment is common. Evidence suggests greater risks for mistreatment for males and individuals who identify as a sexual minority, have health problems or disabilities, and have dealt with weight-related stigma and pressures. It also seems to be more common among those who are less popular and less athletic while growing up. Although sports-related mistreatment frequently occurs in various settings and contexts, elite sport contexts and more competitive settings may be more prone for mistreatment. Overall, these results suggest that the structures, cultures, and interactions surrounding sports need to become more focused on enhancing positive development, safety, inclusivity, and participant well-being.
Roma Young People’s Perception of Intelligence and their Experience of Education
Authors: Williams Simon Craig
Published: February 2025

Roma young people are often subjected to oppression within formal educational spaces often linked to the idea that Roma young people are less intelligent than other young people. Intelligence is understood in the positionality of individual ideologies and could become a tool of powerful individuals and groups to create an ‘ideology of normal’ that grants permission to exclude Roma young people. This ‘normal’ view of intelligence can impact educational experiences. This study takes a phenomenological approach, using focus groups and diaries to explore what Roma young people perceive to be intelligence and how this perception could affect their education experiences including their motivation to engage in learning. The data exposes the oppressive culture Roma young people exist in and how racist ideologies of intelligence impact learning and wider opportunities. Roma young people from this study express a desire to achieve academically but value qualities, such as kindness and respect, which are perceived as intelligent behaviour. The study concludes that a recognition of the impact of professional relationships, such as youth work, is significant to challenge oppressive intelligence ideologies.
The use of large language models as scaffolds for proleptic reasoning
Authors: Kudina Olya , Ballsun-Stanton Brian , Alfano Mark
Published: February 2025

This paper examines the potential educational uses of chat-based large language models (LLMs), moving past initial hype and skepticism. Although LLM outputs often evoke fascination and resemble human writing, they are unpredictable and must be used with discernment. Several metaphors—like calculators, cars, and drunk tutors—highlight distinct models for student interactions with LLMs, which we explore in the paper. We suggest that LLMs hold a potential in students’ learning by fostering proleptic reasoning through scaffolding, i.e., presenting a technological accompaniment in anticipating and responding to potential objections to arguments. Here, the technical limitations of LLMs can be reframed as beneficial when fostering anticipatory reasoning. Whether their outputs are accurate or not, evaluating them stimulates learning. LLMs require students to critically engage, emphasizing analytical thinking over mere memorization. This interaction helps solidify knowledge. Additionally, we explore how engaging with LLMs can prepare students for constructive collective discussions and provide first steps in addressing epistemic injustices by highlighting potential research blind spots. Thus, while acknowledging the sociopolitical and ethical complexities of using LLMs in education, we suggest that when used in an informed way, they can promote critical thinking through anticipatory reasoning.
Impact of gaseous smoke pollutants from modelled fires on air and soil quality
Authors: Nizhelskiy Mikhail , Kazeev Kamil , Vilkova Valeria , Fedorenko Anastasia , Kolesnikov Sergey
Published: February 2025

Forest fires produce large volumes of pollutants in the atmospheric air. Fires contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide apart from industrial and traffic pollutants. The study reports the results of research on the effect of gaseous substances from burning forest combustibles on air quality and deposition of emissions on soil. It was determined a significant excess in smoke of such substances as carbon monoxide (3570 mg/m3), nitrogen oxide and dioxide (40 mg/m3 and 60 mg/m3) saturated hydrocarbons – methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane nonadecane. The obtained results evidence the increased concentrations of pollutants, including climate-active substances in the air. They can affect negatively both the climate and ecological state of soils. A negative effect of gaseous products of combustion on soil (Haplic Chernozem) by deposition was determined, which caused changes in soil properties. It was reliably established that the enzymatic activity of soil (Haplic Chernozem) significantly decreased under the influence from smoke of fire during 60 min. Catalase appeared to be the most sensitive indicator. The catalase activity decreased by 25% compared to control values. Peroxidase activity decreased by 15%, urease by 20% and phosphatase by 16%. The pH changed from 7.8 to 6.3 after exposure of the soil to smoke. Soil microbiota was also adversely affected by smoke. High sensitivity was recorded for microscopic fungi. Their abundances decreased by 26%–87% after 10–60 min of smoke exposure. Bacteria were found to be more resistant to toxic smoke (28%–33% decrease in abundance). Therefore, smoke from fires can be considered as one of the factors that can affect soil.

Graphical Abstract