bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Kalantzakos Sophia
Published: November 2017

In 2010, rare earths were thrust into geopolitical prominence overnight as a result of a territorial incident between Japan and China. China’s “unacknowledged” and short-lived rare earths embargo against Japan, coupled with China’s decision to sharply reduce export quotas of these materials to all industrial nations, brought home the potential dangers of its near-monopoly position on their production and export. Prices skyrocketed and the international outcry intensified because the seventeen rare-earth elements are critical inputs for high-tech, defense, and renewable energy sources. Given their centrality, the rare-earth crisis is not merely a trade dispute. It raises questions about China’s use of economic statecraft and the impacts of growing worldwide resource competition while pointing to the complexities facing policymakers as they develop strategies and responses in an increasingly globalized world.
Attention
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: November 2017

After a brief overview of the nature of attention, I argue that attention (and inattention) can be morally virtuous or vicious independently of associated overt actions. This is not, as others have claimed, because attention itself has moral value, but because attention can manifest underlying moral concern. After discussing the relationship between attention and concern, I discuss problematic cases related to mental disorders, in particular attention-deficit disorder and scrupulosity. I then apply the account to particular virtues associated with attention: modesty and gratitude. Gratitude, I argue, involves attention to our benefits and their sources, while modesty involves special patterns of attention away from our own good qualities. This account best explains how attention can be relevant to moral character.
Introduction
Authors: Foltz Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This book seeks to understand how the need to respond to film has become a constituent feature in the ongoing development of the novel. It suggests that such fascination with film played out against the backdrop of a growing discourse about the novel's respectability. As the modern novel was increasingly venerated as a genre of aesthetic refinement and moral purpose, authors frequently turned their attention to film: a medium enviable not for the successes it achieved but for the lapses of taste it made obtrusive, and for the contradictions of address that it had the power to make attractive. In this impacted logic (and panic) of media transition, novelists came to credit narrative practices as yet undefined and unassimilated within literary tradition. In this, their texts respond to the felt devaluation of art in a transforming public culture which could seem at moments to be leaving the novel behind.
Arguing over Texts
Authors: Camper Martin
Published: November 2017

Arguing over Texts presents a rhetorical method for analyzing how people disagree over the meaning of texts and how they attempt to reconcile those disagreements through argument. The book recovers and adapts a classification of recurring types of disagreement over textual meaning, invented by ancient Greek and Roman teachers of rhetoric: the interpretive stases. Drawing on the rhetorical works of Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, and Hermogenes, the book devotes a chapter to each of the six interpretive stases, which classify issues concerning ambiguous words and phrases, definitions of terms, clashes between the text’s letter and its spirit, internal contradictions, applications of the text to novel cases, and the authority of the interpreter or the text itself. From the dispute over Phillis Wheatley’s allegedly self-racist poetry to the controversy over whether some of Abraham Lincoln’s letters provide evidence he was gay, the book offers examples from religion, politics, history, literary criticism, and law to illustrate that the interpretive stases can be employed to analyze debates over texts in virtually any sphere. In addition to its classical rhetorical foundation, the book draws on research from modern rhetorical theory and language science to elucidate the rhetorical, linguistic, and cognitive grounds for the argumentative construction of textual meaning. The method presented in this book thus advances scholars’ ability to examine the rhetorical dynamics of textual interpretation, to trace the evolution of textual meaning, and to explore how communities ground their beliefs and behaviors in texts.
The Myth of International Order
Authors: Chowdhury Arjun
Published: November 2017

This book takes on a fundamental political puzzle: most states in the international system are “weak” states—states unable to monopolize violence or provide public goods, and yet the nation-state remains the primary organizational form for world politics. In addressing this puzzle, the book shows why states everywhere face popular dissatisfaction with their performance and why addressing this dissatisfaction—through institutional alternatives to the state like the European Union, or through higher taxation—is so difficult. Bringing together international relations and historical sociology, it constructs a provocative theory of state formation. It specifies the conditions under which citizens are willing to disarm and pay the high level of taxes that exemplify European-style “strong” states. It then shows that these conditions—namely, costly war and empire—could not be repeated beyond a certain level of destruction. Through a global history that covers two centuries, the book shows how the violence of European state formation shaped the development of polities worldwide. In doing so, it puts contemporary phenomena like neoliberal reforms, long-running civil wars, and human rights activism into historical context, concluding with a discussion of foreign policy in a world where weak states are the norm.
Europe as an Other
Authors: Chowdhury Arjun
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers an alternative view of the formation of the modern centralized state in Europe. It locates European state formation as occurring primarily in the nineteenth century, through escalating interstate warfare and colonialism. The challenge these phenomena presented was an increase in the cost of war, which necessitated that the centralized state emerge to protect the population by restricting warfare to peripheral areas. However, these bargains were predicated on shifting and epistemically unsound racial categories of who could found a state and who could not. These categories originally excluded non-Europeans but could quite easily exclude Europeans as well. Indeed, as imperial competition escalated, these categories broke down, and so did the bargains restricting European competition to non-European areas. Warfare escalated beyond the state’s ability to protect the population, and the war-making state proved self-undermining. The formation of modern states is more unstable than currently appreciated.
Sympathy for the Neoliberal
Authors: Chowdhury Arjun
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers an alternative view of the emergence and persistence of the welfare state and the effect of neoliberalism on the state. By showing the very recent origins of the tax base to pay for elevated social spending, the chapter argues that the welfare state is more contingent than currently appreciated because its funding originated in costly and unrepeatable wars. Subsequently, the ability of the state to provide welfare has been challenged by neoliberalism, which offers markets as an alternative to state provision of services. The result is that the demand for services is high and unfulfilled by market mechanisms, as classical liberals had argued about markets failing to supply for the poor, but popular willingness to pay taxes is lower than what is required to provide those services. Neoliberalism has not replaced the state with market mechanisms but has compromised the state’s ability to be self-enforcing.
Suffering Spectators of Development
Authors: Chowdhury Arjun
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers an alternative view of the incidence and duration of insurgencies in the postcolonial world. Insurgencies and civil wars are seen as the primary symptom of state weakness, the inability of the central government to monopolize violence. Challenging extant explanations that identify poverty and low state capacity as the cause of insurgencies, the chapter shows that colonial insurgencies, also occurring in the context of poverty and state weakness, were shorter and ended in regime victories, while contemporary insurgencies are longer and states are less successful at subduing them. The reason for this is the development of exclusive identities—based on ethnicity, religion, tribe—in the colonial period. These identities serve as bases for mobilization to challenge state power and demand services from the state. Either way, such mobilization means that popular demands for services exceed the willingness to disarm and/or pay taxes, that is, to supply the state.
Exile and Postexile in Analytical Perspective
Authors: Luis Roniger
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains the logic of the selection of Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay as the focus of analysis on exile, diaspora, and return, indicating the puzzling divergence of their paths from authoritarian rule into democratization. Against the background of regional closeness and cooperation, cycles of authoritarian dictatorships, and varied workings of democracy, we explore the role of key intellectual and political figures affecting the distinctive paths of the new and restored democracies. The chapter also positions this work as maintaining an analytical/theoretical and empirical dialogue with several interrelated corpuses of research in the humanities and social sciences; namely, the chapter addresses issues dealing with exile, expatriation, and forced migration; diaspora and transnationalism; processes of political transition, transitional justice, and cultural transformation; and the construction and reconstruction of collective identities, including hybrid identities. Finally, the chapter provides readers with a road map to the remaining chapters of the book.
Second Crossroad
Authors: Zamir Tzachi
Published: November 2017

The idea of knowledge through action is discussed and appraised, as well as the manner whereby it introduces a further (potentially irreconcilable) difference between philosophy and literature. Knowledge-through-action is discussed in relation to arguments within religious aesthetics—by Karl Rahner and von Balthasar’s “Theo-drama”—and also to overlapping claims within philosophical aesthetics—by Angela Leighton and Roger Scruton’s version of Heidegger’s “presencing” through poetry. The chapter attempts to formulate a viable point at which Milton’s form of acting as knowing can be accepted by a philosopher. Paradigms of knowledge that encompass and validate more than propositional knowledge are examined (and, for the most part, rejected) as potential meeting points with Milton. A distinction between knowledge and meaningfulness is proposed, and the notion of purchase is developed.
Third Climb
Authors: Zamir Tzachi
Published: November 2017

If Milton’s Eden presents meaningful action, showing how it is woven into perception and imagination, Milton’s hell presents veriaties of living deadness. Four kinds of living deadness dramatized in Milton’s hell: a persevering in pointless action (Moloch), a passive resignation to one’s predicament (Belial), a false belittling of what one should truly seek (Mammon), and a drawing of others into one’s own wretched state (Be lzebub). All four are motivated by despair and the wish to avoid experiencing it. A distinction between two types of despair—beneficial and damaging—is offered, and the sense in which all four responses exemplify malign despair is explained. To use despair beneficially, would have induced either remorse or guilt in the fallen angels. Instead, they are limited to regret (a distinction among remorse, guilt, and regret is proposed).
Fourth Climb
Authors: Zamir Tzachi
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins the book’s analysis of gratitude. The fundamental religious attitude as the poem conveys it is life lived as experiencing a gift. Gratitude is the response this experience calls for. However, for gratitude to acquire value, it must be tested in various ways. To fall is to avoid gratitude. Three such avoidances—Satan’s, Adam’s, and Eve’s—are presented. A connection with contemporary gift-theory is also made in this chapter. Derrida and Jean-Luc Marion have claimed that the notion of the gift is paradoxical. Inspired by Mauss, both assert that gifts do not transcend the sphere of exchange. Milton’s Satan enables us to pinpoint their mistake.
Fourth Crossroad
Authors: Zamir Tzachi
Published: November 2017

The spiritual mistake of attempting self-authorship is exposed. Without the needs of a dependent, created entity, gratitude—the unique love that such an entity can experience and that God cannot—will not be possible. A contrast is drawn between philosophy’s attraction to ideals such as self-authorship or autonomy, and the acceptance of human neediness encouraged by the poem. Not all philosophers champion self-sufficiency, and enable the embracing of human vulnerability to become an objective (care ethics is mentioned in this context). Nevertheless, these attempts to formulate a positive outlook on human neediness still differ from the poem’s. Once again, while a philosopher will argue for some immanent value that accepting needs creates, a religious justification of the same neediness will appeal to the manner whereby such acceptance bonds the believer further to God.
Introduction
Authors: Telotte J.P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter surveys the body of science fiction cartoons that appeared in approximate parallel to a burgeoning SF literature during the first years of film and continuing to World War II. It situates this material within the production and exhibition practices of the film industry and links it to modernist aesthetics, emphasizing modernism’s primary concerns with revisioning both the world and the self. It then describes the key memes typically found in these films—space vehicles and space travel, robots and mechanical figures, aliens and alien worlds, and inventions and inventors—while also suggesting the broader impact of the cartoons. Through the comic treatment of these memes, it argues, animation helped to make the SF genre both more familiar and less threatening to a wide audience.
Flights of Fantasy
Authors: Telotte J.P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on pre-war animation’s fascination with space travel and the various vehicles used in flights to the moon, Mars, and elsewhere. It offers background on several of the highly publicized developments in this area: in rocketry, ballon ascents, and airplane flight, as exemplified by the work of Robert Goddard, the ascents of Auguste Piccard, and the flights of Charles Lindbergh. These scientific developments provided the inspiration for a number of cartoons that sought both to capitalize on the excitement that attended such events and to satirize their accomplishments. The chapter’s primary focus, though, in on the rocket, which becomes a key image for most space-oriented cartoons of the period. Part of its impact, the chapter suggests, lies in the image’s ability to evoke the larger work of the cartoon, especially its function as an “animatic apparatus,” able to take viewers on various imagined extraordinary voyages.
Alien Visions
Authors: Telotte J.P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter surveys animation’s depictions of aliens and alien worlds throughout the pre-war era, with an emphasis on two common approaches: depicting the other in a conventionally exotic manner and trying to convey a sense of what H. P. Lovecraft termed strangeness. With this iconic element animation also demonstrates another dimension of its intersection with modernism, particularly that movement’s questioning of conventional representation, while also underscoring its emphasis on what has been termed a “new visuality.” In addition, the chapter argues that these comic alien figures and strange worlds, much as in SF literature, often defy efforts to categorize animation under the heading of a conservative modernism, because of the way they are used to address a number of contemporary cultural concerns, including political, economic, and social issues.
The Scientific Atmosphere in Cajal’s Times
Authors: DeFelipe Javier
Published: November 2017

Section A focuses on the scientific atmosphere in Cajal’s times and, in particular, on the history of the neuron and the anatomical challenge of the study of neuronal connections.
Retina of Vertebrates
Authors: DeFelipe Javier
Published: November 2017

This section contains a gallery of original Cajal drawings pertaining to the retina of vertebrates.
Cerebral Cortex and Olfactory Apparatus
Authors: DeFelipe Javier
Published: November 2017

This section contains a gallery of original Cajal drawings pertaining to the cerebral cortex and olfactory apparatus.
The Aviatrix: Nationalism, Women, and Heroism
Authors: Young Serinity
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines women in modern aviation, beginning with the comic-book character Wonder Woman, who embodies themes of war, nationalism, and heroism. These themes continue to be examined through the lives of American aviator Amelia Earhart, women pilots in World War II (especially the German aviator Hanna Reitsch), and women who have taken part in NASA’s space programs. The relatively recent battles over whether and when to allow women to fly airplanes and space shuttles encourage speculation on how much or how little things have changed for women who long to fly. World War II female pilots also illustrate the early history of discussions about women’s fitness for combat.
Conclusion
Authors: Young Serinity
Published: November 2017

The conclusion summarizes some of the major commonalities of aerial women across time and geography, such as flying females as revealers of gender conflict. One answer to the question of why are there so many female fliers and so few male ones, is that women felt oppressed by patriarchy-induced domesticity, so tales about the freedom of aerial women were alluring to them; therefore they preserved and retold those tales. The stories and myths presented here also point to the “exceptional woman,” who has not always been a friend to other women. Additionally, aerial women have often been associated with war, or presented as a dead warrior’s reward, as goddesses hovering over battlefields, and as pilots. Overall, flight of any kind has historically empowered women.
Introduction
Authors: Maxwell Catherine
Published: November 2017

The Introduction outlines the scope and range of this study of perfume in Victorian literary culture, defining its terms and explaining its specific links with aestheticism and decadence during 1860–1900, the period in which British perfumery developed, expanded, and gained an international reputation. It also explains the important links between perfume and literary language, surveys various kinds of modern writing about smell and perfume, and indicates the relatively small amount of critical writing on olfaction in Victorian literature. Finally, signalling the broadly chronological organization of this monograph, it provides detailed chapter summaries which trace an evolutionary movement from Romantic poetry and early and mid-Victorian fiction to aestheticism, decadence, and the literature of the fin de siècle, ending with Virginia Woolf and Compton Mackenzie, two early twentieth-century novelists whose works provide contrasting reactions to Victorian scented literature and perfumed decadence.
Introduction
Authors: Cardoso Adriana
Published: November 2017

Chapter 1 contextualizes the book, outlines the methodology adopted, and presents the framework that underlies the research. It comprises three main sections. Section 1.1 presents a comprehensive overview of the three studies offered in the book (“Remnant-internal relativization,” “Extraposition of restrictive relative clauses,” and “Appositive relativization”). It includes the goals and results of each chapter and concrete examples of the relevant data. Section 1.2 addresses the main steps involved in the research (data collection and formal analysis) and the conventions used for data presentation. Section 1.3 presents the theoretical framework that underlies the research, considering four main topics: theory of grammar; grammar of relative clauses; information structure; and language change. This section is meant to be relevant and accessible to readers not versed in formal syntax theories.
The Anglican Emigrant Chaplaincy
Authors: Strong Rowan
Published: November 2017

Beginning with a look at the immediate historical causes for emigration in the British and Irish depression and famines of the 1840s, this chapter contains the narrative of the establishment and subsequent development of the Anglican emigrants’ chaplaincy from its origin in 1846, through the development of ships’, colonial, and United States chaplains, to the emergence of the work of matrons escorting parties of single females in the 1880s. The chapter also sets the Anglican developments in the context of other Churches’ emigration ministries, particularly the Salvation Army and the Mormons. It also examines sectarianism in the period, and how that impacted on the Anglican chaplaincy. It finds that the Church of England had the largest, longest-lived, and most international ministry to emigrants of all denominations in the nineteenth century.
Introduction to marine pollution
Authors: Frid Christopher L. J. , Caswell Bryony A.
Published: November 2017

It is universally agreed that pollution is a bad thing but quite what is meant by this is not clear. This chapter considers the formal definition of the word and distinguishes pollution, which has an impact on the environment and human activities, from contamination, which is merely the presence of substances at raised concentrations. It examines the history of marine pollution and how this has stimulated science, technical developments to treat wastes and the regulation and management of potentially polluting activities. Humankind has been putting waste into the sea for as long as people have lived at the coast. The growth of human populations increased the scale of the problem while industrialisation and the development of new materials have expanded the range of substances that enter the sea. Given this long history of regulation, scientific study and technical development, can marine pollution be considered a solved problem?
Emerging problems
Authors: Frid Christopher L. J. , Caswell Bryony A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers ‘emerging’ pollutants, substances that have only recently been recognised because they are new or analytical detection has improved. Major technological advances have increased chemical production and now more than 121 million chemicals are registered. Of these, many are used within industry and food production and in our daily lives for cleaning, promoting health and treating disease. These emerging pollutants include pharmaceutical and personal care products that enter the sea with sewage discharges. Others include endocrine disruptors, a major threat to reproductive health, the by-products from disinfection, compounds used in fracking and the nanoparticles (millionths of a millimetre in size) being used in emerging technologies and the noise and light produced by cities and industry. These emerging pollutants will represent major challenges to ecotoxicologists and regulators for years to come because their environmental fate and toxicology are poorly known and there is little legislation or regulation.
Hamilton’s Rule as an Organizing Framework
Authors: Birch Jonathan
Published: November 2017

Queller’s version of Hamilton’s rule (HRG), derived from the Price equation, states that the mean breeding value for a social character increases if and only if rb > c, where r is the coefficient of relatedness between social partners, b is the benefit conferred on recipients, and c is the cost incurred by actors. The value of HRG lies in its ability to provide an organizing framework for social evolution theory, helping us to interpret, classify, and compare more detailed models of particular scenarios. HRG does this by allowing us to classify causal explanations of positive change by their commitments regarding the sign of rb and c. This leads to a four-part taxonomy of explanations, comprising indirect fitness explanations, direct fitness explanations, hybrid explanations, and wholly or partially non-selective explanations. There are plausible instances of all four categories in the natural world.
Two Conceptions of Social Fitness
Authors: Birch Jonathan
Published: November 2017

Hamilton introduced two conceptions of social fitness, which he termed neighbour-modulated fitness and inclusive fitness, and he argued that the two concepts are equivalent. This argument relies on two assumptions—actor’s control and additivity—that can be justified as approximations under ‘δ‎-weak selection’, which is selection on tiny differences between the mutant and the wild type. The assumption of δ‎-weak selection stems from a methodological stance that takes cumulative adaptation to be the explanatory target of social evolution research, together with an empirical commitment to a gradualist picture of how cumulative adaptation arises. In a process of gradual, cumulative adaptation, short-term change can be calculated using either fitness concept, but inclusive fitness has a special role to play as the criterion for improvement and the standard for optimality.
The Body Map Theory
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

How do bodily experiences get a rich spatial content on the basis of the limited information carried by bodily senses? This chapter argues that one needs a map of the body, which represents its enduring properties (i.e. configuration and dimensions). This representation can be decoupled from the biological body leading the subject to experience sensations not only in phantom limbs but also in tools that bear little visual resemblance with the body. Does it entail that there is almost no limit to the malleability of the body map? Or that bodily sensations can be felt even beyond the apparent boundaries of the body, in peripersonal space, and possibly even farther? This chapter examines a series of cases that may cast doubt on the role of the body map for the localization of bodily sensations.
My Body Among Other Bodies
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

Are there body representations that are interpersonal, and if so, do they erase the distinction between self and others? This chapter will assess the implications of interpersonal body representations not only for social awareness but also for self-awareness. We shall see that in order to respect bodily congruency, imitation and vicarious bodily sensations exploit body representations that qualify as being shared between self and others. But what exactly is involved in such interpersonal representations? This chapter argues that because body representations can be interpersonal, they are impersonal. One may then ask: does one need a specific ‘Whose’ system for distinguishing one’s own body from other bodies, in the same way that it has been suggested that the sense of agency relies on a ‘Who’ system?
Inventing Architecture
Authors: Walker Matthew
Published: November 2017

Here, I turn to the final application of architectural knowledge: to the design itself. But in keeping with the general direction of this book I will not, on the whole, look at examples of the application of acquired knowledge in specific architectural designs. Instead, I will explore how English intellectuals theorized the process of designing classical architecture in general. This was a process that was fundamentally based on the classical orders, understood not just as a set of column types but as an overall system of proportion and, even, a method of design. The final text I turn to will be Wren’s writings on architectural design. Here, I argue that he used ancient variety as justification to be equally varied in one’s use of the orders in architectural design, although the ability to do this was ultimately dependent on the learning and the ingenuity of the architect.
Conclusion
Authors: Walker Matthew
Published: November 2017

The Conclusion applies the arguments of the book to a single design: Wren’s western portico of St. Paul’s Cathedral. In the process, the chapter uses Wren’s own method of analysing ancient architectural forms, and does what he did to various ancient buildings to his own most celebrated design. In the detail of the portico we can see how Wren used his knowledge (of ancient architecture) to produce invention in an architectural design, thus proving himself to be (by the standards of the day at least) an Architectus Ingenio.
‘What is there for me to do?’
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

Edith experienced difficulties in adjusting to small-town life after Berkeley, as expressed in letters to E. F. Penrose. The chapter discusses E. F. Penrose’s early life in Cornwall, World War I, and later work in Japan. Meanwhile, Edith and her husband David moved to Williams to set up David’s law practice, campaigning for him to become district attorney. Edith became pregnant but whilst visiting her parents in Sacramento David was shot dead in a hunting accident. The local press covered the death and investigation in which the killer was identified but there was no prosecution. Edith went to live with her parents and gave birth to a son, David, in February 1938, five months after her husband’s death.
Invitation to Grosvenor Square
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

On appointment as US ambassador to the United Kingdom John Winant called for E. F. Penrose and Edith to join him as foreign service technical advisers on economic and social affairs. Edith continued to work on food issues, but also on international trade, capital movements, migration, and changes in industrial distribution. E. F. Penrose was involved with a network of economists, including Keynes, James Meade, Lionel Robbins, Austin Robinson in London, Harry Dexter White, Morgenthau, and others in the USA on wartime and postwar planning. Edith’s journal of wartorn London conveys the intensity of the time and reveals the development of her own thinking through prolific reading and thoughtful reflection on the conversations and preoccupations of those she came into contact with, including many prominent economists, diplomats, journalists, and politicians; particularly the varying visions of the postwar world.
An academic Indian summer
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

After her husband’s death in 1984 and retirement from INSEAD Edith enjoyed the resurgence of interest in her work and its increasing influence on aspects of economic, business, and management theory and on a younger generation of economists, many of whom visited her at her home near Cambridge. The chapter examines the influence of her seminal ideas on some key protagonists of the ‘resource-based view of the firm’, e.g. David Teece, Birger Wernerfelt, J. C. Spender, and Jay Barney. Due to her understanding of the international firm, in particular the oil industry, she undertook consultancies pertaining to arbitration between oil companies and national governments.
First Sale or Exhaustion Doctrine
Authors: Chapdelaine Pascale
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes how courts and lawmakers struggle with concepts of tangibility and intangibility as they apply the first sale or exhaustion doctrine to new technological environments. The difficulty of applying the exhaustion or first sale doctrine to digital works relates in great part to the difficulties of adapting traditional concepts of personal property, goods, services, sales, and licences to copies of copyright works and other information products, in an ever-changing technological environment (identified in Chapter 4). After looking at the main theoretical justifications of the first sale or exhaustion doctrine, and concluding that the property theory is the most plausible explanation of the first sale doctrine, the chapter questions the extent to which the doctrine of exhaustion or first sale will remain relevant as users increasingly experience copyright works through services and decreasingly through individualized copies.
Digital Locks, Physical Objects, and Immaterial Works
Authors: Chapdelaine Pascale
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the tangible and intangible property divide through the effect of technological protection measures on a larger pool of users than traditional copyright users: that is, those inadvertent copyright users who buy, for example, a car or a tractor without suspecting that it embeds copyright works (e.g., software), let alone digital locks blocking access to important components of the physical object. The chapter explains how the adoption of legal regimes of technological protection measures worldwide shifted the paradigm for copyright users by redefining the rules of engagement of how they access and experience digital works. It explores how the progressive intrusion and enforcement of digital locks in the world of physical objects will either trigger favourable legal reform for copyright users, or will further trivialize user rights. It examines the changing role of technological protection measures, as users increasingly access copyright works through services.
User Property, User Rights, and User Privileges
Authors: Chapdelaine Pascale
Published: November 2017

This chapter proposes two principles that should inform the development of copyright law and policy and of user rights. The first calls for more cohesion between copyright law, private law, and public law, and for less exceptionalism in copyright law. The second requires that the balance in copyright law be adjusted for its future application as a mediation tool between the competing interests of copyright holders, users, intermediaries, and the public. Instituting positive obligations for copyright holders in relation to users and steering freedom of contract toward the objectives of copyright law are necessary regulatory changes to rectify ongoing imbalances. The principle of technological neutrality should guide the judiciary in its application of copyright’s objective of promoting a balance in copyright law. The proposed guiding principles lead to the creation of a taxonomy and hierarchy of copyright user rights that take into account the myriad ways users experience copyright works.
Introduction
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: November 2017

This chapter gives an overview of the argument in the book. It explains how Plato’s ideal state in the Republic has virtuous expert rulers; in the later Laws the citizens of the ideal state strictly obey laws. This is not, as often thought, to be viewed as a ‘pessimistic’ downgrading of the need for citizens to be virtuous in order to live happily; rather it is that Plato develops a new account of the relation of virtue and law. In the ancient world this new attempt leaves no tradition, but Cicero and Philo of Alexandria independently take it up in interesting ways.
Maximal God and Arguments Against Perfect Being Theism I
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers existing arguments against perfect being theism, classifying them into three types: (i) arguments that purport to show the internal incoherence of God’s individual properties, (ii) arguments that purport to show the mutual inconsistency between God’s properties, and (iii) arguments that purport to show the mutual inconsistency between the set of God’s properties and a certain fact about the actual world. The chapter then develops a radically new and economical defence of perfect being theism, a defence that appeals to the maximal concept of God. This defence, it is argued, undercuts nearly all the arguments of the three types at once.
Maximal God and the Modal Ontological Argument
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers a novel defence of the modal ontological argument for perfect being theism, which purports to derive the actuality of the existence of God from its possibility. The main focus is on the so-called ‘possibility premise’ of the argument, the premise according to which it is possible that God exists. Arguably, this is the only premise of the argument one can dispute. The chapter examines existing arguments for the premise devised by such philosophers as Alexander Pruss, Carl Kordig, G. W. Liebniz, and Kurt Gödel, but contends that none of them succeeds. It then introduces a novel argument for the premise by appealing to the maximal concept of God.
Conclusion
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: November 2017

I conclude this book by summarizing the two most crucial points for which I have argued.

First, most perfect being theists take it for granted that the perfect being thesis, i.e. that God is the being than which no greater is metaphysically possible, entails the omni God thesis, i.e. that God is the omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent being. They should not. Perfect being theists should hold instead that the perfect being thesis entails the maximal God thesis, i.e. that God is the being that has the maximal consistent set of knowledge, power, and benevolence. By doing so, they can undercut nearly all existing arguments against perfect being theism at once....
Industrial History, Working Lives, Nation, and Empire, Viewed through Some Key Welsh Woollen Objects
Authors: Hudson Pat
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes a very specific example—the woollen industry in Wales, at various points between the eighteenth and the twentieth centuries—and uses it to demonstrate how a history of objects and the specific materiality of industrial products can unlock important conjunctions of politics, imperialism, nationalism, economics and trade, consumption, and social history. The chapter demonstrates that both conventional economic and social history and new debates about materiality are essential for understanding the histories of labour and production as well as the relationship between imperial or global economies and real lives in specific localities—issues that matter now more than ever, in a global capitalism that draws upon production in a range of fragile localities.
A ‘Slight Angle to the Universe’
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2017

This chapter uses Eric Hobsbawm more directly than the others, to ask big questions about the political nature of the historian’s task. By contrasting Hobsbawm’s own political formation with that of a later generation—principally that which was influenced by 1968 and its legacies—it calls for a renewed political engagement within the profession. It overviews some of the major conceptual and theoretical developments in history over the last forty years. But, rather than calling for the superiority of either the old or the new left, it finds much to be optimistic about in a variety of leftist approaches to the past that can still be embraced to rejuvenate historical analysis.
A Rising Star
Authors: Wilson Keeley
Published: November 2017

Nokia scaled up remarkably quickly in the 1990s, faster than any producer of a complicated product ever had before. However, by 1995 Nokia had lost control of its supply chain, going through what it refers to as a “logistics crisis.” This chapter reviews and analyzes the factors that allowed extremely fast growth, and also discusses how Nokia was able to recover from the logistics crisis by bringing greater discipline to how Nokia Mobile Phones was run and greater sophistication to supply chain management. Nokia also created a New Venture organization with a mission to search for a “third leg,” beyond the successful Mobile Phones and Networks businesses. The chapter analyzes how these developments enabled the continuation of extraordinarily rapid growth through the late 1990s, but also sowed the seeds of later difficulties.
Introduction
Authors: Bellamy Alex J.
Published: November 2017

Until recently, East Asia was a boiling pot of massacre and blood-letting. Yet, almost unnoticed by the wider world, it has achieved relative peace over the past three decades.1 At the height of the Cold War, East Asia accounted for around 80 percent of the world’s mass atrocities. By the second decade of the twenty-first century, it accounted for less than 5 percent....
Decline
Authors: Bellamy Alex J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter demonstrates the significant decline in the incidence of genocide and mass atrocities in East Asia. It shows how, and why, the region’s most significant atrocities were brought to an end and demonstrates that the East Asian experience was not simply a symptom of global trends in the incidence of violence. The first section provides a detailed account of the decline of mass atrocities in East Asia. The second section briefly examines how this account corresponds with the evidence from various other research programs that track patterns of violent conflict in East Asia. The third part explains how mass atrocities in East Asia were terminated, highlighting the individual decisions that produced the cumulative effect. The final part contrasts East Asia’s experience with global trends in order to demonstrate the region’s distinctiveness and show that the decline of mass atrocities there was not simply a manifestation of broader global trends.
Habits of Multilateralism
Authors: Bellamy Alex J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how regional multilateralism contributed to the decline in mass atrocities. It proceeds in three main parts. First, it charts the rise of East Asian multilateralism and shows how the “ASEAN way” developed and was gradually exported to the rest of the region giving rise to both common rules and informal practices that have helped facilitate the decline of mass atrocities by promoting state consolidation and economic development whilst managing disputes between states. The second part of the chapter examines some of these norms and practices in more detail, showing how regional multilateralism has contributed to the decline of mass atrocities through normative socialization and conflict management. The final section turns to some of the perceived limits of multilateralism, focusing in particular on the incapacity of the region’s supranational institutions, the absence of shared identities, and the region’s inability to resolve protracted disputes.
Entering the Whirlwind
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

In the 1960s, Langdon Gilkey raised several philosophical issues regarding divine action in his paper “Cosmology, Ontology, and the Travail of Biblical Language.” This chapter engages Gilkey’s paper, and argues that philosophy can be applied to the initial efforts to deal with divine action in the debate which erupted in the wake of the Biblical Theology Movement that followed Gilkey’s paper. Enthusiastic advocates of divine action in the movement were attacked for failing to attend to the full range of divine action. This chapter indicates how and why efforts to develop a robust vision of divine action in the Biblical Theology Movement fell apart. The author focuses on the specific difficulties in the Biblical Theology Movement with respect to its claims about divine action, and positions this debate in a way that highlights the broad range of divine activity that anyone interested in divine action must attend to going forward.
Exiting the Court of the Gentiles by Plundering the Athenians
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter the author argues that a closed concept of human action is not available. Nearly all the thinkers under consideration in the previous chapters have subtly assumed that a closed concept of human action is needed for understanding divine action. Instead, the author argues that the concept of action is an open concept, that is, that while there are various sufficient conditions there are no necessary conditions for actions. The concept of action is more like the concept of “event” or “thing” than it is like the concept of a triangle or a chair. The author sketches the implications of this change in perspective for understanding divine action.
Divine Action in the Christian Life in Teresa of Avila
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, the author articulates and examines what Teresa of Avila claims about divine action and human action in the Christian life, or in her terms, the Christian soul. The author pays critical attention to her work The Interior Castle, which charts her journey in grace within the framework of the doctrinal and liturgical life of the church. He notes that there is little treatment of the standard action verbs latent in the tradition, like regeneration, justification, and baptism in the Spirit. This is due to the fact that she is relying not on theological inquiries for her work, but her own personal journey in the church with the help of confessors. Teresa thus expands the horizon of what God can do in the life of the church and in the individual believer.
The Confabulating Mind
Authors: Schnider Armin
Published: November 2017

Confabulation denotes the recitation of memories about events and experiences that never happened. Based on multiple case examples, The Confabulating Mind provides an in-depth review of the presentations, the causative diseases, and the mechanisms of this phenomenon and compares confabulation with normal false memories, as they occur in healthy adults and children. Memory-related confabulations are compared with false statements made by patients who confuse people, places, or their own health status, as this happens in disorders like déjà vu, paramnesic misidentification, and anosognosia. One form of confabulation called behaviourally spontaneous confabulation receives particular attention. It is characterized by a confusion of reality evident from disorientation and acts according to the confabulations. Recent studies revealed a specific mechanism—orbitofrontal reality filtering—which attributes a critical role to the orbitofrontal cortex for the ability to keep thought and behaviour in phase with reality. The book concludes with an overview of current interpretations of confabulations and recommendations for future study.
The history of confabulation
Authors: Schnider Armin
Published: November 2017

The interest in confabulations has a long history. Starting with Korsakoff’s early reports of pseudo-reminiscences in alcoholic and malnourished patients and Kraepelin’s description of fantastic confabulations in psychosis and syphilis, this chapter examines a rich literature which documented in fine detail the various presentations and causes of confabulations. Korsakoff syndrome was recognized as the combination of amnesia, disorientation, and confabulation. Authors soon distinguished between different forms of confabulation. From the beginning, they speculated about the mechanisms and indeed anticipated most of the currently proposed models. The chapter finishes with a table comparing old and new terminology of the proposed mechanisms.