bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inklusiver Mathematikunterricht in der Sekundarstufe – Eine Pilotstudie zur Prozentrechnung
Authors: Kuhl Jan , Prediger Susanne , Schulze Sarah , Wittich Claudia , Pulz Imke
Published: July 2021

Für einen inklusiven Fachunterricht, der sonderpädagogische und fachdidaktische Ansätze zum Umgang mit heterogenen Lernvoraussetzungen systematisch integriert, liegen bislang insbesondere in der Sekundarstufe kaum empirisch geprüfte Konzepte vor. Der Artikel stellt eine Pilotstudie zu einer Unterrichtseinheit zur Prozentrechnung vor, die mit vier Designprinzipien (verstehensorientierte Strukturierung auf mehreren Lernstufen, Darstellungsvernetzung, Sprachsensibilität und Sicherung der Zugänglichkeit) für den Unterricht in inklusiven Klassen konzipiert und realisiert wurde. Die Lernwirksamkeit der Einheit für alle Lernenden wurde in einem Prä-Post-Kontrollgruppendesign untersucht. Die Stichprobe bildeten insgesamt 259 Lernende in der Klassenstufe 7. Um die Interventionseffekte zu prüfen, wurden lineare hierarchische Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das mathematische Vorwissen die Posttest-Ergebnisse für Prozentverständnis am stärksten voraussagt, der Faktor Treatment am zweitstärksten. Die Interventionsgruppe (n = 169) mit dem inklusiven Unterrichtskonzept erzielt signifikant höhere Lernzuwächse im Prozentverständnis als die Kontrollgruppe (n = 90) im herkömmlichen Prozentrechenunterricht mit dem regulären Schulbuch. Dieser Befund kann als erster Hinweis auf die Wirksamkeit des Unterrichtskonzepts interpretiert werden, so dass sich Anschlussstudien zur generellen und differenziellen Wirksamkeit lohnen, welche die methodischen Limitationen überwinden.
Partizipation in der Frühpädagogik – die ICF als disziplinverbindendes Element
Authors: Gebhard Britta , Völlm Carina , Fink Astrid
Published: July 2021

Teilhabe und Partizipation werden in verschiedenen Fachdisziplinen thematisiert, wobei eine einheitliche Definition und Nutzung der Begriffe fehlen. Im Zuge der Neugestaltung der Eingliederungshilfe werden u. a. sozialgesetzliche Perspektiven auf Teilhabe und Partizipation, die eher den Rehabilitations- und Versorgungswissenschaften zuzuordnen sind, relevant für die inklusive Frühpädagogik. Diese werden in Verbindung mit der Internationalen Klassifikation der Funktionsfähigkeit, Behinderung und Gesundheit (ICF) vorgestellt und es werden Bezüge zu frühpädagogisch bedeutsamen Theoriediskursen und Forschungsständen hergestellt. Möglichkeiten der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit zur Teilhabeförderung in der inklusiven frühkindlichen Bildung und Frühförderung werden anhand der ICF aufgezeigt.
„Einfach hinnehmen“ – Partizipation bei der Leistungsbewertung
Authors: Marchand Silke , Spiegler Juliane
Published: July 2021

Partizipation von Schülerinnen und Schülern gilt als wichtiges Element pädagogischen Handelns in der Demokratie, erweist sich aber in der Umsetzung als herausfordernd, da zwischen Lehrpersonen und Schülerinnen bzw. Schülern ein unaufhebbar asymmetrisches Verhältnis besteht. Es kommt in diesem Rahmen zu Partizipationssituationen, in denen die Autonomieansprüche, die mit der Forderung nach Partizipation verbunden sind, nicht eingelöst werden, auch wenn der Anschein erweckt wird, Mitbestimmung wäre möglich. Eine praxistheoretische Analyse einer Unterrichtsepisode zur Leistungsrückmeldung und -bewertung zeigt, wie die Praktiken des ‚doing student‘ und ‚doing participation‘ ineinander verschränkt sind und dazu beitragen, eine wirkmächtige Ordnung zu etablieren, in der oberflächlich Meinungsäußerungen möglich, aber inhaltliche Widerspruchsmöglichkeiten verwehrt sind. Die als partizipativ inszenierte Bewertung ihrer Leistung sollen die Schülerinnen und Schüler „einfach hinnehmen“.
Schüler*innenprotest – subversive Praxis oder Einlösung schulischer Partizipationsversprechen?
Authors: Eckermann Torsten
Published: July 2021

Im Rahmen des Beitrags werden Ergebnisse aus einem laufenden ethnographischen Forschungsprojekt zur Schüler*innenprotestbewegung „Fridays-for-Future“ präsentiert. Erste rekonstruktive Analysen deuten dabei darauf hin, dass aus Sicht der protestierenden Schüler*innen der Grundschule als Bildungsinstitution eine besondere Relevanz für die Etablierung klimaprotektiver Praktiken zukommt, wobei vor allem Grundschulen mit einem spezifischen Profil („Draußenschule“, „Klimaschule“) adressiert werden. Gleichwohl ein dezidiert schuloppositionelles Verhalten nicht zu identifizieren ist, sondern die Schüler*innenprotestbewegung die Grundschule eher als ‚verlängerten Arm‘ der politischen Agenda entwirft, bedienen sie sich subversiver Praktiken, indem sie punktuell die gesetzliche Schulpflicht außer Kraft setzen. Der Beitrag lenkt den Fokus auf die bislang vernachlässigte Partizipation von Grundschüler*innen an den Protestpraktiken aus der Sicht jugendlicher Aktivistinnen und nimmt dabei in den Blick, wie sich der Schüler*innenprotest zur Schule ins Verhältnis setzt.
Tandem Deep Learning Side-Channel Attack on FPGA Implementation of AES
Authors: Wang Huanyu , Dubrova Elena
Published: July 2021

Side-channel attacks have become a realistic threat to implementations of cryptographic algorithms, especially with the help of deep-learning techniques. The majority of recently demonstrated deep-learning side-channel attacks use a single neural network classifier to extract the secret from implementations of cryptographic algorithms. The potential benefits of combining multiple classifiers using the ensemble learning method have not been fully explored in the side-channel attack’s context. In this paper, we propose a tandem approach for the attack in which multiple models are trained on different attack points but are used in parallel to recover the key. Such an approach allows us to considerably reduce (33.5% on average) the number of traces required to recover the key from an FPGA implementation of AES by power analysis. We also show that not all combinations of classifiers improve the attack efficiency.
Does Medicaid Cover Penile Prosthesis Surgery? A State-by-State Analysis
Authors: Barnard John T. , Grimaud Logan , Yafi Faysal A.
Published: July 2021

Background

Malleable [MPP] and inflatable [IPP] penile prosthesis surgery for the management of erectile dysfunction is a reliable treatment option with high success rates and excellent patient satisfaction; however, Medicaid coverage transparency is poor leaving a knowledge gap in this population.

Aim

The present study seeks to assess Medicaid coverage for MPP and IPP by state as evidenced by inclusion in publicly available physician fee schedules.

Methods

State Medicaid websites were utilized to access public physician fee schedules. Individual search queries were performed for CPT codes 54400 and 54405 which represent insertion of MPP and IPP, respectively. Data were recorded for each device, including the coverage status, physician fees, and the presence of clear documentation of a prior authorization requirement.

Outcomes

Medicaid physician fee schedules were accessible for 49 out of 50 US states, and 28 states reported coverage for at least one type of penile prosthesis.

RESULTS

Two states reported coverage for MPP only, one state reported coverage for IPP only, and 24 states reported coverage for both devices. One state reported that it did not cover either device, but listed coverage for a self-contained IPP (CPT 54401) only. Mean physician reimbursement was $477.15 (290.82–$1175.50) for MPP placement and $691.76 (421.68–$1794.27) for IPP. Eleven states documented prior authorization requirements within their fee schedules, while the remaining 17 states did not. Criteria for approval for prior authorization were not clearly stated in any fee schedule.

Clinical Implications

Efforts to clearly document approval criteria and educate Men’s Health providers on available coverage could result in a significant improvement in sexual satisfaction in the Medicaid population.

Strengths and Limitations

Graphical representation of states offering Medicaid penile prosthetic coverage and physician reimbursement ranges are provided with comparison to Medicare rates. Limitations include heterogeneity in fee schedules, lack of prior authorization requirement details, inability to correlate to successful claims data, and the evolving nature of Medicaid coverage for the given procedures.

CONCLUSIONS

Medicaid coverage exists for penile prosthetic surgery in 28 states, although often with significant, non-transparent prior authorization criteria.
Beckett and Buddhism
Authors: Moorjani Angela
Published: July 2021

Beckett and Buddhism undertakes a twenty-first-century reassessment of the Buddhist resonances in Samuel Beckett's writing. These reverberations, as Angela Moorjani demonstrates, originated in his early reading of Schopenhauer. Drawing on letters and archives along with recent studies of Buddhist thought and Schopenhauer's knowledge of it, the book charts the Buddhist concepts circling through Beckett's visions of the 'human predicament' in a blend of tears and laughter. Moorjani offers an in-depth elucidation of texts that are shown to intersect with the negative and paradoxical path of the Buddha, which she sets in dialogue with Western thinking. She brings further perspectives from cognitive philosophy and science to bear on creative emptiness, the illusory 'I', and Beckett's probing of the writing process. Readers will benefit from this far-reaching study of one of the most acclaimed writers of the twentieth century who explored uncharted topologies in his fiction, theatre, and poetry.
Experiencing the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Authors: Warshel Yael
Published: July 2021

Over the last eighty years there has been a global rise in 'peace communication' practice, the use of interpersonal and mass communication interventions to mediate between peoples engaged in political conflict. In this study, Yael Warshel assesses Israeli and Palestinian versions of Sesame Street, which targeted negative inter-group attitudes and stereotypes. Merging communication, peace and conflict studies, social psychology, anthropology, political science, education, Middle Eastern and childhood studies, this book provides a template to think about how audiences receive, interpret, use and are influenced by peace communication. By picking apart the text and subtext of the kind of media these specific audiences of children consume, Warshel examines how they interpret peace communication interventions, are socialized into Palestinians, Jewish Israelis and Arab/Palestinian Israelis, the political opinions they express and the violence they reproduce. She questions whether peace communication practices have any relevant structural impact on their audiences, critiques such interventions and offers recommendations for improving future communication interventions into political conflict worldwide.
Finite Element Method for Solids and Structures
Authors: Lee Sung W. , Chung Peter W.
Published: July 2021

This innovative approach to teaching the finite element method blends theoretical, textbook-based learning with practical application using online and video resources. This hybrid teaching package features computational software such as MATLAB®, and tutorials presenting software applications such as PTC Creo Parametric, ANSYS APDL, ANSYS Workbench and SolidWorks, complete with detailed annotations and instructions so students can confidently develop hands-on experience. Suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate level classes, students will transition seamlessly between mathematical models and practical commercial software problems, empowering them to advance from basic differential equations to industry-standard modelling and analysis. Complete with over 120 end-of chapter problems and over 200 illustrations, this accessible reference will equip students with the tools they need to succeed in the workplace.
Queer Entanglements
Authors: Riggs Damien W. , Rosenberg Shoshana , Fraser Heather , Taylor Nik
Published: July 2021

Queer Entanglements provides the first comprehensive account of the intersections of lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, trans, and non-binary people's lives with the lives of animals. Exploring diverse topics such as domestic violence, grief following the loss of an animal, veganism, cruelty-free makeup products, Pride events, and community activism, the book offers a theoretical and empirical basis for understanding the contexts that bring together human and animal lives. By using real-world examples, it provides a lively and engaging view of what it means to think about the connections between animal and human lives, even when human experiences operate at the expense of animal wellbeing. This critical, intersectional, and interdisciplinary perspective on human-animal relations will be of interest to scholars and students in human-animal studies, psychology, sociology, social work, and cultural and gender studies.
Law and Politics on Export Restrictions
Authors: Wu Chien-Huei
Published: July 2021

Delving into the measure of export restrictions, this book links the key areas of WTO law, public international law, investment and competition law to expose how and why WTO rules on export dimension are insufficient due to export-bias, how public international law helps to justify their adoption or maintenance, and how investment and competition laws contribute to their regulation. Built upon works on accession protocols and national security exceptions, this book goes beyond international trade law and looks into international political economy, competition, and investment law. It contributes to debates in conceptualising public and private forms of export restrictions, appreciating the complementary nature of trade and competition law in disciplining them; capturing the dynamic between trade and investment policies for their effectuation and circumvention, and bridging trade law and public international law to better understand their impositions for political and diplomatic purposes with the invocation of the national security justification.
Just Algorithms
Authors: Slobogin Christopher
Published: July 2021

Statistically-derived algorithms, adopted by many jurisdictions in an effort to identify the risk of reoffending posed by criminal defendants, have been lambasted as racist, de-humanizing, and antithetical to the foundational tenets of criminal justice. Just Algorithms argues that these attacks are misguided and that, properly regulated, risk assessment tools can be a crucial means of safely and humanely dismantling our massive jail and prison complex. The book explains how risk algorithms work, the types of legal questions they should answer, and the criteria for judging whether they do so in a way that minimizes bias and respects human dignity. It also shows how risk assessment instruments can provide leverage for curtailing draconian prison sentences and the plea-bargaining system that produces them. The ultimate goal of Christopher Slobogin's insightful analysis is to develop the principles that should govern, in both the pretrial and sentencing settings, the criminal justice system's consideration of risk.
An Overview of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications
Authors: Bhattacharya Amitabh , Mrudula Kambhampati , Sreepada Sai Sreevalli , Sathyaprabha Talakad Narsappa , Pal Pramod Kumar , Chen Robert , Udupa Kaviraja
Published: July 2021

The brain has the innate ability to undergo neuronal plasticity, which refers to changes in its structure and functions in response to continued changes in the environment. Although these concepts are well established in animal slice preparation models, their application to a large number of human subjects could only be achieved using noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of plasticity induction using NIBS techniques including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), random noise stimulation (RNS), transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS). We briefly introduce these techniques, explain the stimulation parameters and potential clinical implications. Although their mechanisms are different, all these NIBS techniques can be used to induce plasticity at the systems level, to examine the neurophysiology of brain circuits and have potential therapeutic use in psychiatric and neurological disorders. TMS is the most established technique for the treatment of brain disorders, and repetitive TMS is an approved treatment for medication-resistant depression. Although the data on the clinical utility of the other modes of stimulation are more limited, the electrical stimulation techniques (tDCS, tACS, RNS, VNS, GVS) have the advantage of lower cost, portability, applicability at home, and can readily be combined with training or rehabilitation. Further research is needed to expand the clinical utility of NIBS and test the combination of different modes of NIBS to optimize neuromodulation induced clinical benefits.
Reductions in positive Clostridioides difficile events reportable to National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) with adoption of reflex enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing in 13 Atlanta hospitals
Authors: Goodenough Dana , Sefton Samantha , Overton Elizabeth , Smith Elizabeth , Kraft Colleen S. , Varkey Jay B. , Fridkin Scott K.
Published: July 2021

In total, 13 facilities changed C. difficile testing to reflexive testing by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) only after a positive nucleic acid-amplification test (NAAT); the standardized infection ratio (SIR) decreased by 46% (range, −12% to −71% per hospital). Changing testing practice greatly influenced a performance metric without changing C. difficile infection prevention practice.
Mindfulness-based intervention and aggression and rule-breaking behaviours in elementary school boys: a proof of concept trial
Authors: Heidary Maedeh , Hashemi Nosrat Abad Touraj , Linden Wolfgang
Published: July 2021

This study investigated the effect of a mindfulness-based intervention on pathological symptoms in boys with externalised disorders. A total of 24 elementary school students with externalising disorders, diagnosed by completing the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), were randomly assigned to a mindfulness-based intervention for two months. One session per week was offered and each session lasted one hour ( n = 12) or as a wait-list control group ( n = 12). Data were analysed via a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) test. Students from the intervention group showed greater reductions in rule-breaking behaviours than those in the wait-list control group. Also, there was clear superiority of the intervention relative to the wait-list control group for reducing both aggression and rule-breaking behaviours (effect size differences were d = −2.52 and d = −1.88 respectively). These positive results on outcome measures provide initial evidence for a mindfulness-based intervention as a treatment option for boys with externalising disorders.
Bed topography and marine ice-sheet stability
Authors: Sergienko Olga V. , Wingham Duncan J.
Published: July 2021

This paper examines the effect of basal topography and strength on the grounding-line position, flux and stability of rapidly-sliding ice streams. It does so by supposing that the buoyancy of the ice stream is small, and of the same order as the longitudinal stress gradient. Making this scaling assumption makes the role of the basal gradient and accumulation rate explicit in the lowest order expression for the ice flux at the grounding line and also provides the transcendental equation for the grounding-line position. It also introduces into the stability condition terms in the basal curvature and accumulation-rate gradient. These expressions revert to well-established expressions in circumstances in which the thickness gradient is large at the grounding line, a result which is shown to be the consequence of the non-linearity of the flow. The behaviour of the grounding-line flux is illustrated for a range of bed topographies and strengths. We show that, when bed topography at a horizontal scale of several tens of ice thicknesses is present, the grounding-line flux and stability have more complex dependencies on bed gradient than that associated with the ‘marine ice-sheet instability hypothesis’, and that unstable grounding-line positions can occur on prograde beds as well as stable positions on retrograde beds.
STRUCTURED SINGULAR VALUES OF SOME GENERALISED STOCHASTIC MATRICES
Authors: RODTES KIJTI , ABBASI MUTTI UR REHMAN
Published: July 2021

We investigate a class of generalised stochastic complex matrices constructed from the class of all doubly stochastic matrices and a special class of circulant matrices. We determine the exact values of the structured singular values of all matrices in the class in terms of the constant row (column) sum.
Effects of sex ratio on different biological parameters ofEngytatus varians(Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae) adults and their offspring: prey preference forBactericera cockerelli(Sulcer) (Hemiptera: Triozidae)
Authors: Mena-Mociño Laura Verónica , Pineda Samuel , Martínez Ana Mabel , Palma-Castillo Luis Jesús , Gómez-Ramos Benjamín , Viñuela Elisa , Figueroa José Isaac
Published: July 2021

In the present study, the influence of three sex ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3; female:male) of the miridEngytatus varians(Distant) (Hemiptera) on different biological parameters and on its offspring was evaluated. The prey preference of different developmental stages of this predator for different nymphal instars (N) ofBactericera cockerelli(Sulcer) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) was also evaluated. The fertility was significantly higher (24 nymphs/female) in the 1:3 sex ratio than in the 1:1 and 1:2 sex ratios (14 and 16 nymphs/female, respectively). The females in the 1:1 and 1:2 sex ratios lived 1.14 and 1.43 days more (27 and 28 days, respectively) than those in the 1:3 sex ratio (26 days). The nymphs derived from the females of the three sex ratios (first filial generation, F1) had five instars and a duration of 17 or 18 days. The ratio of the F1generation females was not affected by the sex ratio of their parents. In choice tests, independent of whether the preys were placed on a single or multiple tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) leaflets, the consumption of females and males and N3, N4, and N5nymphs ofE. variansonB. cockerelli, generally showed the order of N2>N3>N4>N5. In conclusion, the findings revealed in this study can help to improve the rearing methodology for increasing populations ofE. varians. In addition, they can serve as a guideline for releasing this predator in times when there is an abundance of early instar nymphs ofB. cockerelli.
Three species of Exorchis Kobayashi, 1921 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) in the East-Asian region: morphological and molecular data
Authors: Solodovnik Daria A. , Tatonova Yulia V. , Urabe Misako , Besprozvannykh Vladimir V. , Nakao Minoru , Inoue Ken
Published: July 2021

New data have been obtained for three representatives of Exorchis; Exorchis convictus sp. n., Exorchis oviformis and Exorchis sp., from fish in the East-Asian region. For the first time, based on combined sequences of the ITS2 rDNA region and the 28S rRNA gene, Exorchis is confirmed to belong Cryptogonimidae. Based on analysis of a mitochondrial marker (cox1), the ‘Japanese’ and ‘Russian’ haplogroups are identified for E. oviformis isolated from Silurus asotus. One specimen of E. oviformis obtained in Japan is identical to the ‘Russian’ haplotype. Haplotype patterns are also observed for metacercariae of Exorchis sp. from Tanakia lanceolata and Carassius sp. fish in Kyushu Island (Japan).
Stressors and coping mechanisms of family care-givers of older relatives living with long-term conditions in mainland China: a scoping review of the evidence
Authors: Bífárìn Oládayò , Quinn Catherine , Breen Liz , Wu Chuntao , Ke Ma , Yu Liu , Oyebode Jan
Published: July 2021

As the ageing population in China continues to grow, more people will be living with long-term health conditions and require support from family care-givers. This scoping review therefore aims to explore sources of stress and coping mechanisms adopted by care-givers of older relatives living with long-term conditions in mainland China. Literature searches were conducted in English (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS) and Chinese (CNKI, WANFANG DATA, CQVIP and CBM) databases between October and November 2019. The searches focused on the stressors and coping mechanisms utilised by family care-givers residing in the community. Narrative synthesis was used to identify themes within the data. Forty-six papers were included: 20 papers from English and 26 from Chinese databases. Six themes captured stressors: care-giving time (N = 22), financial resources (N = 17), role and personal strains (N = 42), preparedness (N = 4), social roles (N = 10) and lack of adequate formal support (N = 22); and one theme captured coping (N = 14). Unmet needs of care-givers of older relatives in mainland China were found to be extensive. Only a few studies had attempted to explore the causal link between stressors, coping and the influence of culture. Findings underscore the significance of adequately capturing intricacies around care-givers’ unmet needs, rather than generalising on the basis of culture. Qualitative studies are critical to providing a better understanding of the relationship between stressors, coping and resources afforded to care-givers by their cultural environment. Having such understanding is crucial to inform the development of competent care, which promotes self-efficacy and self-actualisation in care-givers in mainland China.
RACIST TORTURE AND THE CODE OF SILENCE
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel
Published: July 2021

We join Eduardo Bonilla-Silva’s structural theory of the racialized U.S. social system with a situational methodology developed by Arthur L. Stinchcombe and Irving Goffman to analyze how law works as a mechanism that connects formal legal equality with legal cynicism. The data for this analysis come from the trial of a Chicago police detective, Jon Burge, who as leader of an infamous torture squad escaped criminal charges for more than thirty years. Burge was finally charged with perjury and obstruction of justice, charges that obscured and perpetuated the larger structural reality of a code of silence that enabled racist torture of more than a hundred Black men. This case study demonstrates how the non-transparency of courtroom sidebars plays an important role in perpetuating systemic features of American criminal injustice: a code of silence, racist discrimination, and legal cynicism.
Elternfaktoren bei Internet- und Computerspielsucht im Jugendalter: Eine Übersicht
Authors: Brandhorst Isabel , Renner Tobias , Barth Gottfried Maria
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Einleitung: Internetbezogene Störungen (IBS) bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen sind eng mit Familienfaktoren verknüpft. Dennoch beziehen wenige Forschungs- und Übersichtsarbeiten die Familie mit ein. Methodik: Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick zu Elternfaktoren, die bei der Entstehung, Aufrechterhaltung und Reduktion einer Symptomatik beteiligt sein können. Hierfür wurden N = 87 wissenschaftliche Arbeiten in die Literaturübersicht integriert. Ergebnisse: Klare Zusammenhänge finden sich in der Literatur zwischen der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung und IBS bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen. Die Qualität der Eltern-Kind-Kommunikation erscheint ein vielversprechender Ansatz zu sein, um eine IBS-Symptomatik zu beeinflussen. Es gibt Hinweise, dass zumindest für manche Familien die Förderung der gemeinsam verbrachten Zeit hilfreich sein könnte. In Bezug auf erzieherische Aspekte sollte zwischen verschiedenen Bereichen unterschieden werden. Elterliches Wissen und Kontrolle der Internetnutzung scheinen Schutzfaktoren zu sein, der Effekt von Regeln und Restriktionen ist jedoch ungeklärt. Schlussfolgerungen: Um eine IBS-Symptomatik zu verändern, ist es sinnvoll, die Eltern-Kind-Beziehung zu verbessern. Die Wege dorthin sind jedoch kaum erforscht. Empfehlungen in Bezug auf Erziehungsstrategien (z. B. Regeln und Restriktionen) sollten sehr vorsichtig formuliert werden, da die Effekte noch unklar sind. Die Integration der Eltern in Prävention und Intervention wird von vielen Forscher_innen befürwortet, es gibt jedoch nur einzelne Studien, die Eltern im Rahmen von Interventionen berücksichtigen.
Surface pH Record (1990–2013) of the Arabian Sea From Boron Isotopes of Lakshadweep Corals—Trend, Variability, and Control
Authors: Tarique Mohd , Rahaman Waliur , Fousiya A. A. , Lathika N. , Thamban Meloth , Achyuthan Hema , Misra Sambuddha
Published: July 2021

Atmospheric CO2 rise in post‐industrial era has resulted in decline in surface ocean pH, commonly known as “ocean acidification (OA),” which has become a threat to marine calcifiers. Instrumental records of ocean pH and its reconstruction utilizing boron isotope (δ11B) composition of corals demonstrate a long‐term OA trend characterized by large spatio‐temporal variability in both Pacific and Atlantic oceans. However, no such record exists to elucidate long‐term OA trend of the Indian Ocean. We report the first sub‐annually resolved pH record (1990–2013) from the Arabian Sea based on δ11B measurements on Porites coral from Lakshadweep coral reefs. This pH record is characterized by large variability ranging from 7.93 to 8.65 with no long‐term discernable trend. The long‐term declining trend expected from the ∼50 ppm increase in atmospheric CO2 during the coral growth interval appears to be obscured by large surface pH variability in the Arabian Sea. Our investigation reveals that physical oceanographic processes for example, upwelling, downwelling and convective mixing modulated by El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) largely control surface pH variability and masked expected long‐term OA trend resulting from anthropogenic CO2 rise. Combining the model‐based predictions of increase in frequency and amplitude of ENSO events in a future warming scenario and the observed ENSO dependency of surface water pH, we predict more frequent and large pH variability (“pH extremes”) in this region. Such pH extremes and their occurrences might be critical for the resilience and adaptability of corals and other calcifiers in Arabian Sea and other similar oceanic settings elsewhere.
On How Episodic Sediment Supply Influences the Evolution of Channel Morphology, Bedload Transport and Channel Stability in an Experimental Step‐Pool Channel
Authors: Wang Jiamei , Hassan Marwan A. , Saletti Matteo , Chen Xingyu , Fu Xudong , Zhou Hongwei , Yang Xingguo
Published: July 2021

We present results from flume experiments in which an 8% steep channel with longitudinal width variations and step‐pool morphology was subjected to sediment feed pulses of different magnitude and frequency under constant water discharge. The channel response to these pulses included (a) large bedload transport rates, (b) bed aggradation, (c) fining of the bed surface, and (d) continuous formation and collapse of steps. In between pulses, the bed surface coarsened, and bedload transport rates dropped by several orders of magnitude. Steps continuously formed and collapsed during and shortly after the pulses, but their stability increased when the sediment feed was turned off. High pulse magnitude enhanced step formation, while low pulse frequency (i.e., long interpulse period) enhanced step stability. We back‐calculated the threshold for motion based on measured bedload transport rates and bed shear stress. Changes in the threshold for motion were much larger than changes in bed surface slope. By accounting for energy dissipation through the effective slope based on flow resistance partitioning, a better prediction was obtained. The threshold for motion decreased following sediment pulses then increased immediately after and fluctuated until the next sediment pulse. Our results indicate that longitudinal width variations and episodic sediment supply are primary controls on the evolution of step‐pool channels. Sediment feed magnitude affects mostly morphological changes, while sediment feed frequency controls channel stability.
Realizing Machine Learning’s Promise in Geoscience Remote Sensing
Authors: Thompson David , Brodrick Philip
Published: July 2021

Machine learning and signal processing methods offer significant benefits to the geosciences, but realizing this potential will require closer engagement among different research communities.
Half of the IPCC Scenarios to Limit Warming Don’t Work
Authors: Wilkerson Jordan
Published: July 2021

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change showcased 50 scenarios to limit global warming to 1.5�C above preindustrial temperatures. A new study finds that only half of those scenarios are realistic.
Interannual and Seasonal Drivers of Carbon Cycle Variability Represented by the Community Earth System Model (CESM2)
Authors: Wieder William R. , Butterfield Zachary , Lindsay Keith , Lombardozzi Danica L. , Keppel‐Aleks Gretchen
Published: July 2021

Earth system models are intended to make long‐term projections, but they can be evaluated at interannual and seasonal time scales. Although the Community Earth System Model (CESM2) showed improvements in a number of terrestrial carbon cycle benchmarks, relative to its predecessor, our analysis suggests that the interannual variability (IAV) in net terrestrial carbon fluxes did not show similar improvements. The model simulated low IAV of net ecosystem production (NEP), resulting in a weaker than observed sensitivity of the carbon cycle to climate variability. Low IAV in net fluxes likely resulted from low variability in gross primary productivity (GPP)—especially in the tropics—and a high covariation between GPP and ecosystem respiration. Although lower than observed, the IAV of NEP had significant climate sensitivities, with positive NEP anomalies associated with warmer and drier conditions in high latitudes, and with wetter and cooler conditions in mid and low latitudes. We identified two dominant modes of seasonal variability in carbon cycle flux anomalies in our fully coupled CESM2 simulations that are characterized by seasonal amplification and redistribution of ecosystem fluxes. Seasonal amplification of net and gross carbon fluxes showed climate sensitivities mirroring those of annual fluxes. Seasonal redistribution of carbon fluxes is initiated by springtime temperature anomalies, but subsequently negative feedbacks in soil moisture during the summer and fall result in net annual carbon losses from land. These modes of variability are also seen in satellite proxies of GPP, suggesting that CESM2 appropriately represents regional sensitivities of photosynthesis to climate variability on seasonal time scales.
Experimental Observations and Statistical Modeling of Crack Propagation Dynamics in Limestone by Acoustic Emission Analysis During Freezing and Thawing
Authors: Maji Vikram , Murton Julian B.
Published: July 2021

The timing and location of microcracking events, their propagation and coalescence to form macrocracks, and their development by tension, shearing or mixed modes are little known but essential to understanding the fracture of intact rock by freezing and thawing. The aims of the present study are to investigate the mechanisms and transition of microcracking and macrocracking during repeated freeze‐thaw, and to develop a statistical model of crack propagation that assesses the distance and angular relationship of neighboring cracking events arranged in their temporal order of occurrence. Eight acoustic emission (AE) sensors mounted on a 300 mm cubic block of chalk captured the three‐dimensional locations of microcracking events in their temporal order of occurrence during 16 seasonal freeze‐thaw cycles simulating an active layer above permafrost. AE events occurred mostly during thawing periods (45%) and freeze‐to‐thaw transitions (37%) rather than during freezing periods (9%) and thaw‐to‐freeze transitions (8%), suggesting that most AE (microcrack) events were driven by the process of ice segregation rather than volumetric expansion. The outcomes of a novel statistical model of crack propagation based on two boundary conditions—inside‐out and outside‐in modes of cracking—were assessed based on Bayes’ theorem by testing the hypothesis that the inside‐out mode of cracking was favored by tensional activity, whereas the outside‐in mode was supported by shearing events. In both situations, the hypothesis accounted for 54%–73% confidence level. The microcrack propagation model can distinguish reasonably between cracks formed by volumetric expansion and ice segregation.
Infantile neuroblastoma and maternal occupational exposure to medical agents
Authors: Koga Yuhki , Sanefuji Masafumi , Toya Syunichiro , Oba Utako , Nakashima Kentaro , Ono Hiroaki , Yamamoto Shunsuke , Suzuki Maya , Sonoda Yuri , Ogawa Masanobu , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Kusuhara Koichi , Ohga Shouichi ,   The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group, Kamijima Michihiro , Yamazaki Shin , Ohya Yukihiro , Kishi Reiko , Yaegashi Nobuo , Hashimoto Koichi , Mori Chisato , Ito Shuichi , Yamagata Zentaro , Inadera Hidekuni , Nakayama Takeo , Iso Hiroyasu , Shima Masayuki , Kurozawa Youichi , Suganuma Narufumi , Kusuhara Koichi , Katoh Takahiko
Published: July 2021

Background

Healthcare workers are often exposed to hazardous agents and are at risk for adverse health consequences that affect not only themselves but also their infants. This study aimed to examine whether such occupational exposure increased the risk of childhood cancer in offspring.

Methods

We used the dataset of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, a nationwide birth cohort involving over 100,000 mother–child pairs. Information was obtained via successive questionnaires that were completed until the child turned 1 year of age. The parents were asked whether they occupationally handled medical agents during pregnancy.

Results

A total of 26 infants developed neoplasms: neuroblastoma, leukemia, and brain tumor. The incidence of neuroblastoma was significantly higher in infants whose mothers were exposed to radiation (3/2142: 140.1 per 100,000 population) than in those who were not (12/90,384: 13.3 per 100,000 population). Multivariable regression analyses revealed a close association between maternal irradiation and the development of neuroblastoma (adjusted incident rate ratio: 10.68 [95% confidence interval: 2.98‒38.27]).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated, for the first time, a potential association between maternal occupational exposure and the occurrence of neuroblastoma in offspring. Further studies involving the large pediatric cancer registries are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Impact

Healthcare workers are often exposed to hazardous agents and are at risk for adverse health consequences that affect not only themselves but also their infants.

This study examined the association between such occupational exposure and offspring’s cancers that developed until the age of 1 year.

Maternal exposure to ionizing radiation was associated with infantile neuroblastoma in offspring.

Further studies involving the large pediatric cancer registries are needed to confirm these preliminary results.
Which factors have an association to the Quality of Life (QoL) of people with acquired Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)? A cross-sectional explorative observational study
Authors: Sturm Christian , Gutenbrunner Christoph M. , Egen Christoph , Geng Veronika , Lemhöfer Christina , Kalke Yorck B. , Korallus Christoph , Thietje Roland , Liebscher Thomas , Abel Rainer , Bökel Andrea
Published: July 2021

Study design

Cross-sectional explorative observational study.

Objectives

To identify factors which have an association to the self-perceived Quality of Life (QoL) for persons with acquired spinal cord injury (SCI).

Setting

Eight specialized SCI-centers in Germany. The GerSCI survey is the German part of the International Spinal Cord Injury Survey (InSCI).

Methods

Self-disclosure questionnaire, created from the InSCI group, translated and adapted for Germany. The questionnaire collects a very broad range of data and, and due to its design as a self-report, is particularly suitable for the analysis on QoL. Because of the content, which is binding for all participating states, it allows a direct comparability of the results. Included in Germany were 1479 persons with acquired SCI aged 18 years and older.

Results

Various factors were identified with high associations to QoL, including changeable and unchangeable ones, such as those of particular importance: pain, sleep problems, sexual dysfunction, age, and time since onset of SCI. Some results confirmed reports of previous studies, others were surprising.

Conclusion

this study provides an important basis for the planned analysis of the InSCI participating countries in the 6 WHO regions. Germany was able to contribute the largest study population. The concrete study design of InSCI allows us to directly compare data and helps us to improve ourselves within the framework of a “learning health system”. Medical measures can be orientated towards the found results, in order to ensure the best possible care and support by the therapeutic team, individually adapted to the person, place of residence and impairment.
Global transcriptomic changes in glomerular endothelial cells in mice with podocyte depletion and glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Fu Jia , Yi Zhengzi , Cai Minchao , Yuan Weijie , Zhang Weijia , Lee Kyung , He John Cijiang
Published: July 2021

Podocytes are a key component of the glomerular filtration barrier, and its dysfunction and eventual loss drive glomerular disease progression. Recent research has demonstrated the importance of podocyte cross-talk with other glomerular cells, such as glomerular endothelial cells (GECs), in both glomerular homeostasis and in disease settings. However, how GECs are affected globally by podocyte injury and loss in disease settings remains unclear. Therefore, to characterize the molecular changes occurring in GECs in response to the podocyte loss, we performed the transcriptomic profiling of isolated GECs after diphtheria toxin (DT)-mediated podocyte depletion in transgenic mice with podocyte-specific human DT receptor and endothelial-specific enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) expression. DT administration led to nearly 40% of podocyte loss with the development of glomerulosclerosis. Differential gene expression analysis of isolated GECs in the diseased mice showed significant changes in pathways related to cell adhesion and actin cytoskeleton, proliferation, and angiogenesis, as well as apoptosis and cell death. However, quantification of EYFP + GECs indicated that there was a reduction in GECs in the diseased mice, suggesting that despite the ongoing proliferation, the concomitant injury and the activation of cell death program results in their overall net loss. The upstream regulator analysis strongly indicated the involvement of p53, TGF-β1, and TNF-α as key mediators of the molecular changes occurring in GECs in the diseased mice. Our findings demonstrate significant molecular changes in GECs as a secondary consequence of podocyte loss and provide a valuable resource for further in-depth analysis of potential glomerular cross-talk mediators.
Overexpression of PSMC2 promotes the tumorigenesis and development of human breast cancer via regulating plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU)
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Zhu Mingzhi , Li Jingruo , Xiong Youyi , Wang Jing , Jing Haihong , Gu Yuanting
Published: July 2021

Emerging evidence has declared that Proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 2 (PSMC2) is involved in tumor progression. However, its role in breast cancer has not been investigated. Therefore, we sought to establish a correlation between breast cancer and PSMC2. PSMC2 expression in tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Loss-of-function study was used to evaluate the effects of PSMC2 knockdown in cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. A gene microarray was performed to explore the potential downstream of PSMC2 with the help of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The effects of the PSMC2/PLAU axis on breast cancer were examined in vitro. Compared to para-cancer tissues, PSMC2 level was considerably elevated in breast cancer, which was significantly correlated with tumor grade. Knockdown of PSMC2 suppressed breast cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. The mechanistic research revealed that PSMC2 promotes the development and progression of human breast cancer through interacting with PLAU. Outcomes of our study showed that overexpression of PSMC2 provide tumorigenic and metastatic advantages in breast cancer, which may involve the regulation of PLAU. This study not only reveals a critical mechanism of breast cancer development, but also provides a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
Thermohaline structure and circulation beneath the Langhovde Glacier ice shelf in East Antarctica
Authors: Minowa Masahiro , Sugiyama Shin , Ito Masato , Yamane Shiori , Aoki Shigeru
Published: July 2021

Basal melting of ice shelves is considered to be the principal driver of recent ice mass loss in Antarctica. Nevertheless, in-situ oceanic data covering the extensive areas of a subshelf cavity are sparse. Here we show comprehensive structures of temperature, salinity and current measured in January 2018 through four boreholes drilled at a ~3-km-long ice shelf of Langhovde Glacier in East Antarctica. The measurements were performed in 302–12 m-thick ocean cavity beneath 234–412 m-thick ice shelf. The data indicate that Modified Warm Deep Water is transported into the grounding zone beneath a stratified buoyant plume. Water at the ice-ocean interface was warmer than the in-situ freezing point by 0.65–0.95°C, leading to a mean basal melt rate estimate of 1.42 m a−1. Our measurements indicate the existence of a density-driven water circulation in the cavity beneath the ice shelf of Langhovde Glacier, similar to that proposed for warm-ocean cavities of larger Antarctic ice shelves.
Homozygous MTAP deletion in primary human glioblastoma is not associated with elevation of methylthioadenosine
Authors: Barekatain Yasaman , Ackroyd Jeffrey J. , Yan Victoria C. , Khadka Sunada , Wang Lin , Chen Ko-Chien , Poral Anton H. , Tran Theresa , Georgiou Dimitra K. , Arthur Kenisha , Lin Yu-Hsi , Satani Nikunj , Ballato Elliot S. , Behr Eliot I. , deCarvalho Ana C. , Verhaak Roel G. W. , de Groot John , Huse Jason T. , Asara John M. , Kalluri Raghu , Muller Florian L.
Published: July 2021

Homozygous deletion of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) in cancers such as glioblastoma represents a potentially targetable vulnerability. HomozygousMTAP-deleted cell lines in culture show elevation of MTAP’s substrate metabolite, methylthioadenosine (MTA). High levels of MTA inhibit protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), which sensitizesMTAP-deleted cells to PRMT5 and methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) inhibition. While this concept has been extensively corroborated in vitro, the clinical relevance relies on exhibiting significant MTA accumulation in human glioblastoma. In this work, using comprehensive metabolomic profiling, we show that MTA secreted byMTAP-deleted cells in vitro results in high levels of extracellular MTA. We further demonstrate that homozygousMTAP-deleted primary glioblastoma tumors do not significantly accumulate MTA in vivo due to metabolism of MTA by MTAP-expressing stroma. These findings highlight metabolic discrepancies between in vitro models and primary human tumors that must be considered when developing strategies for precision therapies targeting glioblastoma with homozygousMTAPdeletion.