bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GABA Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Neuronal Activity in Rat SCN In Vitro: Pharmacology and Influence of Circadian Phase
Authors: Gribkoff Valentin K. , Pieschl Rick L. , Dudek F. Edward
Published: May 2006

The effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on neuronal firing rate in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) slices was examined using continuous recording methods. GABA inhibited neuronal discharge during both the subjective day and the subjective night in a concentration-dependent manner characterized by two apparent affinity states. The GABAA receptor agonist muscimol caused potent inhibition regardless of circadian time; repeated applications of the agonist did not reverse the direction of effect. The GABAA receptor antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin increased excitability when applied during either subjective day or subjective night. A significant increase in GABAA receptor– mediated inhibition, as well as endogenous GABAergic tone, was observed on the second day after slice preparation. The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen inhibited cell firing during subjective day and night, but the GABAB antagonist phaclofen had no significant effect. These data provide additional strong support for a predominantly inhibitory role of GABA in the rat SCN, regardless of the time of application in relation to the circadian rhythm, and demonstrate an important level of plasticity of this system in vitro.
Visual Response Properties of Neurons in the Parahippocampal Cortex of Monkeys
Authors: Sato Nobuya , Nakamura Katsuki
Published: May 2006

We examined visual response properties of single neurons in the parahippocampal (PH) cortex of alert monkeys using various visual stimuli (bars, geometrical shapes such as a circle, and images such as a human face) while the monkey fixated a spot for a juice reward. Of the investigated PH neurons 104 of 359 (29%) were found to be visually responsive. The investigation was focused on spatial and object aspects of visual processing. We investigated a visual receptive field (RF) property and a direction selectivity for a moving bar with respect to spatial processing. For half of these PH neurons (53%), the optimal stimulus position, where a visual stimulus elicited the maximal response, located peripherally, that is, with an eccentricity of more than 10 deg. More than 20% of these PH neurons had an RF that does not include the center of gaze. There were neurons in the PH cortex that appeared to convey motion signals. In addition, some PH neurons showed eye-position–dependent activity. With respect to object processing, we investigated selectivities for images, geographical shapes, orientations of a bar, and colors. For comparison purposes, we also examined responses of perirhinal (PR) neurons. PH neurons showed selective responses to these stimuli, but PR neurons were found to be more selective for images than PH neurons. These results suggest that the PH cortex is involved in both spatial and object processing, but less involved than the PR cortex in processing of complex images.
Central Origin of Secondary Mechanical Hyperalgesia
Authors: Klede Monika , Handwerker Hermann O. , Schmelz Martin
Published: May 2006

The contribution for the development of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia by peripheral mechanisms has not been fully elucidated. We have reevaluated the effects of local anesthetics on electrically evoked flare reaction and mechanical hyperalgesia in human skin. We applied 2% lidocaine via intradermal microdialysis fibers at a length of 10 cm for 110 min to the volar forearm to establish a narrow and stable “anesthetic strip.” After 60 min of lidocaine perfusion, transdermal electrical stimulation (1 Hz, 50 mA) was applied at a distance of 1 cm from the microdialysis fibers for 30 min. The areas of allodynia and punctate hyperalgesia were marked at the end of the stimulation period. The flare reaction was assessed by laser Doppler scanner and infrared thermography. Total protein content of the dialysate collected at the stimulating electrode was measured photometrically. We found no increase in protein content during electrical stimulation. Flare area (12.4 ± 2.3 vs. 3.5 ± 1.2 cm2) and intensity (426 ± 24 vs. 257 ± 21 PU) were significantly reduced beyond the lidocaine strip. The mean temperature increase in the area beyond the lidocaine strip was significantly reduced (1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.1°C) and did not differ from control areas. In contrast, allodynia (7.4 ± 0.7 and 8.6 ± 0.9 cm) and punctate hyperalgesia (7.6 ± 0.7 and 8.6 ± 0.9 cm) developed symmetrically on both sides of the anesthetic strip. Allodynia subsided 4 min after the end of the electrical stimulation. We conclude that the development of allodynia and punctate hyperalgesia in human skin is centrally mediated, whereas the axon reflex vasodilation is of peripheral origin.
Representation of Species-Specific Vocalizations in the Inferior Colliculus of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Šuta Daniel , Kvašňák Eugen , Popelář Jiří , Syka Josef
Published: May 2006

The responses of individual neurons to 4 typical guinea pig vocalization calls (purr, chutter, chirp, and whistle) were recorded in the inferior colliculus (IC) of anesthetized guinea pigs. All calls elicited a response in about 80% of units. Unit selectivity for individual calls was low, given that a majority of neurons (55% of 124 units) responded to all vocalizations and only a small portion of neurons (3%) responded to only one call or did not respond to any of the calls (3%). In 15% of units, the response to one call was ≥25% stronger than the response to any other sound (tone, noise, and other calls); these neurons were selective for chirp or whistle, and no unit preferred chutter or purr. Neuronal activity provided information about the spectrotemporal patterns of the calls. Peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) reflected the energy of the near-characteristic frequency band, and the population PSTH reliably matched the sound envelope for calls characterized by one or more short impulses (chirp, purr, and chutter) but did not exactly fit the envelope for whistle—a slow-modulated and relatively long call. Calculations based on firing rates indicated the approximate positions of the main spectral peaks but did not always reflect their relative magnitude. The time-reversed version of whistle elicited on average a weaker response than did the natural whistle (by 24%), but there were neurons with a significantly stronger response to the natural (“forward-selective,” 30%) as well as to the time-reversed whistle (“reverse-selective,” 15%). This study does not prove the existence of units selectively responding to animal calls, but it provides evidence for the encoding of the spectrotemporal acoustic patterns of vocalizations by IC units.
Electrophysiological Properties and Input-Output Organization of Callosal Neurons in Cat Association Cortex
Authors: Cissé Youssouf , Grenier François , Timofeev Igor , Steriade Mircea
Published: May 2006

Intracellular recordings from association cortical areas 5 and 7 were performed in cats under barbiturate or ketamine-xylazine anesthesia to investigate the activities of different classes of neurons involved in callosal pathways, which were electrophysiologically characterized by depolarizing current steps. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), and/or antidromic responses were elicited by stimulating homotopic sites in the contralateral cortical areas. Differential features of EPSPs related to latencies, amplitudes, and slopes were detected in closely located (50 μm or less) neurons recorded in succession along the same electrode track. In contrast to synchronous thalamocortical volleys that excited most neurons within a cortical column, stimuli applied to homotopic sites in the contralateral cortex activated neurons at restricted cortical depths. Median latencies of callosally evoked EPSPs were 1.5 to 4 ms in various cortical cell-classes. Fast-rhythmic-bursting neurons displayed EPSPs whose amplitudes were threefold larger, and latencies two- or threefold shorter, than those found in the three other cellular classes. Converging callosal and thalamic inputs were recorded in the same cortical neuron. EPSPs or IPSPs were elicited by stimulating foci spaced by <1 mm in the contralateral cortex. In the overwhelming majority of neurons, latencies of antidromic responses were between 1.2 and 3.1 ms; however, some callosal neurons had much longer latencies, ≤18.5 ms. Some neurons were excited monosynaptically through the callosal pathway and identified antidromically from appropriate thalamic nuclei, thus revealing a callosal-corticothalamic pathway. Data are discussed in relation to the commissural spread of fast and slow normal oscillations as well as paroxysmal activities.
Role of Endothelial Function and Inflammation in Patients with Cardiovascular Risk Factors, with and without a History of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Šebeštjen Miran , Šabovič Mišo , Eržen Barbara , Simčič Saša , Žegura Branka , Poredoš Pavel , Keber Irena
Published: May 2006

Background: Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, in particular their lack of improvement after risk reduction, might better reflect advanced atherosclerosis than just the presence of risk factors. The aim of this study was to compare endothelial function and inflammatory parameters in high-risk patients who had no history of myocardial infarction and in patients in a stable phase after myocardial infarction. Methods: We compared endothelial function of the brachial artery, measured using high-resolution ultrasound, in 45 patients with hyperlipidaemia (Group 1), and in 45 patients in a stable period after myocardial infarction (Group 2). Forty-five healthy individuals served as a control group (Group 3). Results: Compared to patients with treated hyperlipidaemia, patients after myocardial infarction had lower values of total and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.015; 0.005) and homocysteine (p < 0.005), but marginally higher IL-6 levels (p = 0.1). Other measurements were comparable. However, flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery was significantly diminished in patients after myocardial infarction (10.6 ± 3.0; 5.9 ± 4.0; 14.0 ± 1.9% for Groups 1–3; ANOVA p = 0.0001; respectively). Conclusions: We found that patients with previous myocardial infarction have substantially lower endothelial function and increased some inflammatory parameters than patients with a similar level of atherosclerotic risk profile but without clinically evident coronary artery disease.
An Effect of the PAI-1 4G/5G Polymorphism on Cholesterol Levels May Explain Conflicting Associations with Myocardial Infarction and Stroke
Authors: Boncoraglio Giorgio B. , Bodini Antonella , Brambilla Carla , Carriero Maria Rita , Ciusani Emilio , Parati Eugenio A.
Published: May 2006

Background and Purpose:The gene-encoding plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) has a common 4G/5G ‘functional’ polymorphism, and people homozygous for the 4G allele have higher PAI-1 plasma concentrations. The 4G/4G genotype is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction but paradoxically protects against stroke. We hypothesized that this paradox may be explained via an effect of the PAI-1 polymorphism on plasma lipids. Methods: We studied 71 consecutive Italian patients referred to our Institute for first stroke or vascular cognitive impairment. PAI-1 gene 4G/5G polymorphism, total plasma cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, sex, age, smoking, oral contraceptive use, statin therapy, hypertension, diabetes, and history of myocardial infarction were examined. Results:The 4G/4G genotype was significantly associated with high cholesterol (p = 0.003) but not with triglycerides (p = 0.39). Adjusted odds ratios were: 5.8 for 4G/4G vs. 4G/5G (95% CI, 3.1–23.0), and 15.9 for 4G/4G vs. 5G/5G (95% CI, 2.4–105.0). Conclusions:This finding may explain the involvement of the PAI-1 polymorphism in the clustering of atherothrombotic risk factors, and why people with the 4G/4G genotype are at increased risk for myocardial infarction. Stroke is not so clearly related to hypercholesterolemia and other effects of the 4G/4G genotype (perhaps increased PAI-1 expression) may protect against stroke.
Role of Misoprostol in Overcoming an Unsatisfactory Colposcopy: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Aggarwal Richa , Suneja Amita , Agarwal Neera , Mishra Kiran
Published: May 2006

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of vaginal misoprostol in overcoming an unsatisfactory colposcopy and to analyse the factors that might influence the response to misoprostol, i.e. age, menopausal status, duration of menopause and cervical characteristics. Study Design: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Methods: Forty patients with unsatisfactory colposcopy were recruited from the colposcopy clinic and were randomly allocated to receive either 400 µg misoprostol or similar-looking placebo tablets vaginally. Repeat colposcopy was performed after 6 h noting the side effects, if any. Results: One patient was excluded from the misoprostol group because postdrug colposcopic examination could not be done due to a technical fault. Of the 19 patients in the misoprostol group, 15 (78.9%) had satisfactory examination compared to only 6 of the 20 (30%) patients in the placebo group. This effect of misoprostol was statistically significant (p = 0.004). Misoprostol in the present study averted 3 cone biopsies and 12 endocervical curettages. The side effects of misoprostol were comparable in both groups. The slit-like external os and the posterior cervical lip as the site of unsatisfactory colposcopy had better conversion rates compared to pinhole os (66.6 vs.81.2%) and anterior lip involvement (85.7 vs.100%). Conclusion: Four hundred micrograms of intravaginal misoprostol is an effective and safe method to convert an unsatisfactory colposcopy into a satisfactory one.
Endovascular Stenting of Obstructed Right Ventricle–to–Pulmonary Artery Conduits
Authors: Peng Lynn F. , McElhinney Doff B. , Nugent Alan W. , Powell Andrew J. , Marshall Audrey C. , Bacha Emile A. , Lock James E.
Published: May 2006

Background—

The optimal treatment for dysfunctional right ventricle–to–pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduits is unknown. Limited follow-up data on stenting of RV-PA conduits have been reported.

Methods and Results—

Between 1990 and 2004, deployment of balloon-expandable bare stents was attempted in 242 obstructed RV-PA conduits in 221 patients (median age, 6.7 years). Acute hemodynamic changes after stenting included significantly decreased RV systolic pressure (89±18 to 65±20 mm Hg,
P
<0.001) and peak RV-PA gradient (59±19 to 27±14 mm Hg,
P
<0.001). There were no deaths, and, aside from 5 malpositioned stents requiring surgical removal, there were no serious procedural complications. During follow-up of 4.0±3.2 years, 9 patients died and 2 underwent heart transplantation, none related to catheterization or stent malfunction. During 155 follow-up catheterizations in 126 patients, the stent was redilated in 83 patients and additional stents were placed in 41. Stent fractures were diagnosed in 56 patients (43%) and associated with stent compression and substernal location but did not cause acute hemodynamic consequences. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, median freedom from conduit surgery after stenting was 2.7 years (3.9 years in patients >5 years), with younger age, homograft conduit, conduit diameter ≤10 mm, diagnosis other than tetralogy of Fallot, Genesis stent, higher prestent RV:aortic pressure ratio, and stent malposition associated with shorter freedom from surgery. Tricuspid regurgitation and RV function did not change between stent implantation and subsequent surgery.

Conclusions—

Conduit stenting is an effective interim treatment for RV-PA conduit obstruction and prolongs conduit lifespan in most patients. Stent fractures were common but not associated with significant complications or earlier conduit reoperation.
Agile methods in biomedical software development: a multi-site experience report
Authors: Kane David W , Hohman Moses M , Cerami Ethan G , McCormick Michael W , Kuhlmman Karl F , Byrd Jeff A
Published: May 2006

Background

Agile is an iterative approach to software development that relies on strong collaboration and automation to keep pace with dynamic environments. We have successfully used agile development approaches to create and maintain biomedical software, including software for bioinformatics. This paper reports on a qualitative study of our experiences using these methods.

Results

We have found that agile methods are well suited to the exploratory and iterative nature of scientific inquiry. They provide a robust framework for reproducing scientific results and for developing clinical support systems. The agile development approach also provides a model for collaboration between software engineers and researchers. We present our experience using agile methodologies in projects at six different biomedical software development organizations. The organizations include academic, commercial and government development teams, and included both bioinformatics and clinical support applications. We found that agile practices were a match for the needs of our biomedical projects and contributed to the success of our organizations.

Conclusion

We found that the agile development approach was a good fit for our organizations, and that these practices should be applicable and valuable to other biomedical software development efforts. Although we found differences in how agile methods were used, we were also able to identify a set of core practices that were common to all of the groups, and that could be a focus for others seeking to adopt these methods.
Pesticide exposure: the hormonal function of the female reproductive system disrupted?
Authors: Bretveld Reini W , Thomas Chris MG , Scheepers Paul TJ , Zielhuis Gerhard A , Roeleveld Nel
Published: May 2006

Some pesticides may interfere with the female hormonal function, which may lead to negative effects on the reproductive system through disruption of the hormonal balance necessary for proper functioning. Previous studies primarily focused on interference with the estrogen and/or androgen receptor, but the hormonal function may be disrupted in many more ways through pesticide exposure. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the various ways in which pesticides may disrupt the hormonal function of the female reproductive system and in particular the ovarian cycle. Disruption can occur in all stages of hormonal regulation: 1. hormone synthesis; 2. hormone release and storage; 3. hormone transport and clearance; 4. hormone receptor recognition and binding; 5. hormone postreceptor activation; 6. the thyroid function; and 7. the central nervous system. These mechanisms are described for effects of pesticide exposure in vitro and on experimental animals in vivo. For the latter, potential effects of endocrine disrupting pesticides on the female reproductive system, i.e. modulation of hormone concentrations, ovarian cycle irregularities, and impaired fertility, are also reviewed. In epidemiological studies, exposure to pesticides has been associated with menstrual cycle disturbances, reduced fertility, prolonged time-to-pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, stillbirths, and developmental defects, which may or may not be due to disruption of the female hormonal function. Because pesticides comprise a large number of distinct substances with dissimilar structures and diverse toxicity, it is most likely that several of the above-mentioned mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiological pathways explaining the role of pesticide exposure in ovarian cycle disturbances, ultimately leading to fertility problems and other reproductive effects. In future research, information on the ways in which pesticides may disrupt the hormonal function as described in this review, can be used to generate specific hypotheses for studies on the effects of pesticides on the ovarian cycle, both in toxicological and epidemiological settings.
Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to healthy eating behaviors in urban Native American youth
Authors: Fila Stefanie A , Smith Chery
Published: May 2006

Background

To investigate the efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict healthy eating behavior in a group of urban Native American youth.

Methods

Native American boys and girls (n = 139), ages 9–18 years old, were given a self-administered survey to assess eating behavior using the TBP constructs (intention, attitude, subjective norm, barriers, self-efficacy, and perceived behavioral control). Youth were also measured for height and weight and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Bivariate correlations and stepwise regression analyses of TBP model were performed with SPSS software.

Results

No association was found between intention and healthy eating behavior. However, independently healthy eating behavior was correlated with barriers (0.46), attitude (0.44), perceived behavioral control (0.35), and subjective norm (0.34). The most predictive barriers to eating healthy included the availability and taste of foods. Boys' eating behavior was most predicted by subjective norm, while girls' eating behavior was most predicted by barriers.

Conclusion

Lack of association between intention and healthy eating behavior suggests that factors other than intentions may drive healthy eating behaviors in urban Native American youth. Results indicate that programs promoting healthy eating to youth might focus on collaborating with families to make healthy foods more appealing to youth.
Isolation and characterization of a new simian rotavirus, YK-1
Authors: Westerman Larry E , Jiang Baoming , McClure Harold M , Snipes-Magaldi Lauren J , Griffin Dixie D , Shin Gary , Gentsch Jon R , Glass Roger I
Published: May 2006

Background

To effectively analyze the requirements for protection to rotavirus infection, a reliable animal model that reasonably mimics infection and disease in humans is needed. A requirement for an effective animal model is the availability of appropriate rotavirus stocks for challenge.

Results

A new simian rotavirus, designated YK-1, was isolated from a 2-year-old immunodeficient pigtailed macaque with chronic diarrhea. YK-1 was distinguishable by electropherotype from the other simian rotavirus strains, SA11 and RRV. One variant of YK-1, clone 311, which was isolated after adaptation and plaque purification in cell cultures, displayed an unusual RNA electropherotype with an abnormally migrating gene 11 segment. Sequence analysis demonstrated a genetic rearrangement that involved a partial duplication of the gene 11 ORF encoding NSP5. YK-1 was identified as a Group A rotavirus belonging to subgroup 1. To further characterize the YK-1 strain, the genes encoding VP4, VP7, and NSP4 were sequenced. Analysis of VP4 and VP7 gene fragments suggests that this strain is a G3P[3] rotavirus and is closely related to the simian rotavirus strain RRV. Serotype analysis also identified YK-1 as a G3 rotavirus. The NSP4 genotype of YK-1 is C, the same genotype as RRV.

Conclusion

This newly isolated rotavirus, YK-1, is being used to establish a nonhuman primate model for studying the infectivity, immunity, and pathogenesis of rotavirus and for evaluating candidate rotavirus vaccines.
The role of single N-glycans in proteolytic processing and cell surface transport of the Lassa virus glycoprotein GP-C
Authors: Eichler Robert , Lenz Oliver , Garten Wolfgang , Strecker Thomas
Published: May 2006

Lassa virus glycoprotein is synthesised as a precursor (preGP-C) into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. After cotranslational cleavage of the signal peptide, the immature GP-C is posttranslationally processed into the N-terminal subunit GP-1 and the C-terminal subunit GP-2 by the host cell subtilase SKI-1/S1P. The glycoprotein precursor contains eleven potential N-glycosylation sites. In this report, we investigated the effect of each N-glycan on proteolytic cleavage and cell surface transport by disrupting the consensus sequences of eleven potential N-glycan attachment sites individually. Five glycoprotein mutants with disrupted N-glycosylation sites were still proteolytically processed, whereas the remaining N-glycosylation sites are necessary for GP-C cleavage. Despite the lack of proteolytic processing, all cleavage-defective mutants were transported to the cell surface and remained completely endo H-sensitive. The findings indicate that N-glycans are needed for correct conformation of GP-C in order to be cleaved by SKI-1/S1P.
Clinical Management of Myelodysplastic Syndromes With Interstitial Deletion of Chromosome 5q
Authors: Nimer Stephen D.
Published: May 2006

Deletions of the long (q) arm of chromosome 5 [del(5q)]occur in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) including, but not limited to, those who meet the WHO definition of the 5q− syndrome. Del(5q) MDS patients frequently have symptomatic anemia, and its treatment has traditionally consisted of RBC transfusions and, for some, iron chelation therapy. Erythropoietin, darbepoetin, hypomethylating agents, and lenalidomide can enhance erythropoiesis in MDS patients with anemia, increasing hemoglobin levels and abrogating RBC transfusion requirements. Lenalidomide is particularly active in treating the anemia of del(5q) MDS, which is especially relevant given the low response rate to erythropoietin in this group of patients. In a recent study of 43 MDS patients, 10 of 12 patients (83%) with del(5q) MDS achieved sustained RBC transfusion independence (or a > 2 g/dL increase in hemoglobin), compared with 57% of those with a normal karyotype and 12% of those with other karyotypic abnormalities. Complete cytogenetic remissions were achieved in 75% (nine of 12) of the del(5q) MDS patients, suggesting that lenalidomide targets a fundamental pathogenetic feature of MDS that is more pronounced in the presence of chromosomal 5q deletions. This review highlights some issues about the classification and treatment of del(5q) MDS.
Predictive Factors for Interstitial Lung Disease, Antitumor Response, and Survival in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated With Gefitinib
Authors: Ando Masahiko , Okamoto Isamu , Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Takeda Koji , Tamura Kenji , Seto Takashi , Ariyoshi Yutaka , Fukuoka Masahiro
Published: May 2006

Purpose

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a serious adverse effect of gefitinib, but its prevalence and risk factors remain largely unknown. We examined the prevalence of and risk factors for gefitinib-induced ILD associated with practical use of the drug in Japanese with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Patients and Methods

Clinical information was retrospectively assembled for NSCLC patients who started gefitinib treatment at affiliated institutions of the West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group between August 31 and December 31, 2002. Medical records of patients who developed pulmonary infiltrates were reviewed by a central committee of extramural experts for identification of patients with gefitinib-induced ILD. Multivariate logistic or Cox regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictive factors for ILD, antitumor response, and survival.

Results

Seventy cases of and 31 deaths from gefitinib-induced ILD were identified among 1,976 consecutively treated patients at 84 institutions, corresponding to a prevalence of 3.5% and mortality of 1.6%. Gefitinib-induced ILD was significantly associated with male sex, a history of smoking, and coincidence of interstitial pneumonia (odds ratios = 3.10, 4.79, and 2.89, respectively). Predictive factors for response were female sex, no history of smoking, adenocarcinoma histology, metastatic disease, and good performance status (PS), whereas predictive factors for survival were female sex, no history of smoking, adenocarcinoma histology, nonmetastatic disease, good PS, and previous chest surgery.

Conclusion

ILD is a serious adverse effect of gefitinib in the clinical setting that cannot be ignored. However, patient selection based on sex and smoking history can minimize ILD risk and maximize the clinical benefit of gefitinib.
A Multiproduct, Multicriterion Supply-Demand Network Equilibrium Model
Authors: Cheng T. C. E. , Wu Y. N.
Published: May 2006

We consider a multiproduct supply-demand network equilibrium model on the basis of Wardrop’s equilibrium principle. We prove that such a network equilibrium model with both a single criterion and multiple criteria are each equivalent to a vector variational inequality. For the case with multiple criteria, we derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for network equilibrium in terms of a vector variational inequality by Gerstewitz’s function when the cost function is vector valued. This result is derived based on conditions that are weaker than those for many existing results. We follow with an example to illustrate the application of the theoretical results.
Multiproduct Systems with Both Setup Times and Costs: Fluid Bounds and Schedules
Authors: Lan Wei-Min , Olsen Tava Lennon
Published: May 2006

This paper considers a multiproduct, single-server production system where both setup times and costs are incurred whenever the server changes product. The system is make-to-order with a per unit backlogging cost. The objective is to minimize the long-run average cost per unit time. Using a fluid model, we provide a closed-form lower bound on system performance. This bound is also shown to provide a lower bound for stochastic systems when scheduling is local or static, but is only an approximation when scheduling is global or dynamic. The fluid bound suggests both local and global scheduling heuristics, which are tested for the stochastic system via a simulation study.
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Activates Astrocytes, Redistributes Their Glutamate Transporters GLAST and GLT-1 to Raft Microdomains, and Improves Glutamate HandlingIn Vivo
Authors: Escartin Carole , Brouillet Emmanuel , Gubellini Paolo , Trioulier Yaël , Jacquard Carine , Smadja Claire , Knott Graham W. , Goff Lydia Kerkerian-Le , Déglon Nicole , Hantraye Philippe , Bonvento Gilles
Published: May 2006

To study the functional role of activated astrocytes in glutamate homeostasisin vivo, we used a model of sustained astrocytic activation in the rat striatum through lentiviral-mediated gene delivery of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). CNTF-activated astrocytes were hypertrophic, expressed immature intermediate filament proteins and highly glycosylated forms of their glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1. CNTF overexpression produced a redistribution of GLAST and GLT-1 into raft functional membrane microdomains, which are important for glutamate uptake. In contrast, CNTF had no detectable effect on the expression of a number of neuronal proteins and on the spontaneous glutamatergic transmission recorded from striatal medium spiny neurons. These results were replicatedin vitroby application of recombinant CNTF on a mixed neuron/astrocyte striatal culture. Using microdialysis in the rat striatum, we found that the accumulation of extracellular glutamate induced by quinolinate (QA) was reduced threefold with CNTF. In line with this result, CNTF significantly increased QA-induced [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake, an indirect index of glutamate uptake by astrocytes. Together, these data demonstrate that CNTF activation of astrocytesin vivois associated with marked phenotypic and molecular changes leading to a better handling of increased levels of extracellular glutamate. Activated astrocytes may therefore be important prosurvival agents in pathological conditions involving defects in glutamate homeostasis.
Charting the Lower Superior Temporal Region, a New Motion-Sensitive Region in Monkey Superior Temporal Sulcus
Authors: Nelissen Koen , Vanduffel Wim , Orban Guy A.
Published: May 2006

Although the role of the middle temporal (MT/V5) area and its medial superior temporal (MST) satellites in motion processing has been well explored, relatively little is known about motion regions located more rostrally in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), such as the fundus of the superior temporal (FST) area, the superior temporal polysensory (STP) region, or beyond. To fill this void, we used contrast-enhanced functional magnetic resonance imaging in awake macaques and a five-step testing procedure that allowed us to identify six motion-sensitive regions within the STS. Direction adaptation tests confirmed the motion sensitivity of these six regions. Five of them [MT/V5, its three satellites, and the middle part of the STP (STPm) region in the upper bank of the STS] have been documented by previous single-cell studies. A sixth, previously unknown motion-responsive region, which we termed the lower superior temporal (LST) region, was observed on the lower bank and fundus of the STS, 6–8 mm anterior to the FST area. In contrast to the MST areas, the LST region responds to slow as well as fast speeds and is responsive to static and moving images of objects, to patterns defined by opponent motion, and to actions. These results, obtained in both group and single-subject analyses, suggest that motion information in the STS might follow a second path, in addition to the MT/V5–MST path. This ventral path including the LST region, FST area, and STPm region is likely involved in the visual analysis of actions and biological motion.
Oates’ theory of Reverse Speech: a critical examination
Authors: Newbrook Mark , Curtain Jane M.
Published: May 2006

David Oates claims to have discovered a language phenomenon which he has labelled Reverse Speech (RS). According to Oates, during speech two messages are communicated simultaneously: one forwards and heard and responded to consciously, and the other (RS) in reverse and heard and responded to unconsciously. RS can allegedly be heard as clear, grammatical statements mixed in amongst gibberish. The content of reversals is said to relate to the forward dialogue, and often accentuates the forward speech. It is also said to reveal unspoken thoughts which may be in contradiction to forward speech; therefore, it can be an effective tool to discover unspoken truths. Oates conducted an experiment which produced results suggesting that untrained listeners are able to hear RS. This experiment was replicated by the authors and the results – as well as Oates’ many naive claims regarding language – suggest that RS is illusory.
The right to interpreting and translation services in New Zealand courts
Authors: Lane Chris , McKenzie-Bridle Katherine , Curtis Lucille
Published: May 2006

New Zealand law has not dealt with interpreting and translation in court as a general language policy issue, but it has recognized limited rights to such services in pursuit of other rights, and these rights to interpreting and translation have expanded since 1987. The law to be applied in a particular circumstance is a combination of legislation, case law, and human rights law based on international conventions, and depends on whether the proceedings are criminal or civil, or are focused on specific categories of persons, including Maori. Individuals’ rights depend on what language they use; on whether (written) translation or (oral) interpreting is involved; and on what role they have in the proceedings. Recent developments represent a move towards recognizing more general language rights of Maori and of non-English speakers in court proceedings, and include a legal definition of ‘interpreter’ which can include ‘translator’.
Effects of voice disguise on speaking fundamental frequency
Authors: Künzel Hermann J.
Published: May 2006

Patterns of voice disguise in forensic cases involving speaker identification or speaker profiling may contain clues to features of the undisguised voice of a speaker. In a longitudinal and synchronous study, 100 subjects were asked to read a text on five occasions during a period of six months, first using their normal voices, and subsequently with two out of three modes of voice disguise, (1) raising fundamental frequency, (2) lowering fundamental frequency, (3) denasalization by firmly pinching theirnose. The focus of this investigation is on fundamental frequency (F0). Results show that most subjects were in fact able consistently to change their F0 according to the mode of disguise they had selected. However, there were differences between both sexes with regard to their preference of disguise modes as well as to the individual articulatory ‘strategies’ which they employed to implement them. Results corroborate experience with forensic casework, that is, they show that there is a constant relation between the F0 of a speaker's natural speech behaviour and the kind of disguise he willuse in an incriminating phone call. Speakers with higher-than-average F0 tend to increase their F0 levels. This process may or may not involve register changes from modal voice to falsetto. Speakers with lower-than-average F0 prefer to disguise their voices by lowering F0 even more and often end up with permanently creaky voice. Thelatter trend can be observed much more clearly in males. Females are generally more reluctant to make drastic changes to their fundamental frequency patterns.
Aural-perceptual speaker identification: problems with noncontemporary samples
Authors: Hollien Harry , Schwartz Reva
Published: May 2006

The degree to which speech and/or speech samples are noncontemporary is considered important to the speaker identification process. There are two dimensions to the problem; the first relates to the listener and, especially, to earwitness lineups. Here, the subject or witness is asked to make identifications at various times after having heard (but not having seen, of course) the speaker. It has been found that a person's memory for a voice decays over time. In the second case, it is the samples of the speaker's utterances which are temporally displaced. The prevailing opinion here has been that the use of non-contemporary speech samples poses just as difficult a challenge to the speaker identification process as does the decaying memory of a witness. Accordingly, research was carried out to test this possibility (Hollien and Schwartz, in press); it was found that the overall drop in correct identification over latencies from four weeks to six years was only about 15–25 per cent. It was not until the greatest of the time separations was studied (i.e., twenty years) that a substantial drop occurred (to 31 per cent). At this juncture, a number of questions arose; and three of them have been investigated. First, is listener gender important to the process; second, are the identification levels affected by the type of listeners employed and, finally, can external factors serve to differentially degrade listener performance? It was found that the first question could be answered in the negative and the second two in the affirmative. These findings should aid in clarifying some of the relationship between sample latency and identification accuracy.
Citrus Oil and MgCl2 as Antibacterial and Anti‐Inflammatory Agents
Authors: Mizrahi Boaz , Shapira Lior , Domb Abraham J. , Houri‐Haddad Yael
Published: May 2006

Background: The antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory properties of Dead Sea magnesium chloride (MgCl2), citrus oil, and their combination were investigated. Citrus oil is composed of monoterpenes, in particular D‐limonene, which is known to inhibit growth of bacteria, fungi, and certain parasites.

Methods: Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of a mixture of Dead Sea magnesium chloride and citrus oil and of each of the components. A subcutaneous chamber model in mice was used to assess the anti‐inflammatory effect of the mixture and the individual components. Leukocyte migration, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) secretion, and interleukin (IL)‐10 secretion were determined. Hydrocortisone was used as a positive control.

Results: Citrus oil had an antibacterial effect with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 mg/ml, whereas MgCl2 at concentrations up to 10 mg/ml did not exhibit any antibacterial activity. However, a mixture of 10 mg/ml MgCl2 and 0.25 mg/ml citrus oil dramatically increased inhibition of bacterial growth. The combination of MgCl2 and the citrus oil resulted in lower levels of TNF‐α and leukocyte migration while maintaining the levels of IL‐10 compared to the control.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that a mixture of citrus oil and MgCl2 could be used as a natural antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory agent.
Statin Use and Tooth Loss in Chronic Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Cunha‐Cruz J. , Saver B. , Maupome G. , Hujoel P.P.
Published: May 2006

Background: Statins have anti‐inflammatory and bone stimulating properties that may positively affect chronic periodontitis. Our objective in this study was to evaluate whether statin use by chronic periodontitis patients had a beneficial impact on tooth loss.

Methods: In a retrospective cohort study (N patients = 1,021; mean follow‐up = 7.1 years), dental records were merged with pharmacy data. Any statin use during 3 years, statin use during each of 3 consecutive years (regular use), and any statin use during the first 3 years after the initial periodontal exam were evaluated as predictors of tooth loss using negative binomial regression models with adjustment for potential confounding factors.

Results: Any statin use during 3 years was not associated with tooth loss rate in the year subsequent to the 3‐year period (rate ratio [RR] = 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.56 to 1.81). Regular statin use during 3 years was associated with a non‐significant 37% reduced tooth loss rate in the year subsequent to the 3‐year period (RR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.32 to 1.25). Any statin use during the first 3 years after the initial periodontal exam was associated with a 48% decreased tooth loss rate in year 4 and subsequent years (RR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.29 to 0.95).

Conclusions: Our findings were mixed for an association of statin use with reduced tooth loss in chronic periodontitis patients. Lack of control for some potential confounders, particularly smoking, and evaluation of different patterns of statin usage hamper the interpretation of the results. Exploration of these findings in additional epidemiological studies may be worthwhile.
Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Secrete Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor in Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Alpha In Vitro
Authors: Yongchaitrakul Tussanee , Lertsirirangson Kanokporn , Pavasant Prasit
Published: May 2006

Background: Human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells may support osteoclastogenesis by expressing receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL) in response to periopathogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines. Because osteoclastogenesis requires the presence of macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF), we examined whether HPDL cells secrete M‐CSF in response to tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α).

Methods: Cultured HPDL cells were treated with TNF‐α in serum‐free condition. The expression of M‐CSF and RANKL was determined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Inhibitors and anti‐TNF receptor (TNFR) neutralizing antibodies were used for the inhibitory experiments. A migration assay was performed.

Results: TNF‐α upregulated M‐CSF and RANKL in HPDL cells. The effect on M‐CSF expression could be partially blocked by pyrrolidine‐dithiocarbamate ammonium salt and LY294002 but not by NS398. Neutralizing antibody to TNFR1 could diminish the effect of TNF‐α. In addition, TNF‐treated culture medium exhibited chemotactic effect for RAW264.7.

Conclusions: HPDL cells are capable of secreting M‐CSF and expressing RANKL in response to TNF‐α. The upregulation of M‐CSF is possibly one of the mechanisms essential for periodontal tissue destruction in response to inflammatory cytokines. The upregulation is partly through nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) and phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase and possibly involves TNFR1.
Race/Ethnicity and Women’s Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Kronenberg Fredi , Cushman Linda F. , Wade Christine M. , Kalmuss Debra , Chao Maria T.
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We studied the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among women in 4 racial/ethnic groups: non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Chinese Americans.

Methods. We obtained a nationally representative sample of women aged 18 years and older living in the United States in 2001. Oversampling obtained 800 interviews in each group, resulting in a sample of 3068 women.

Results. Between one third and one half of the members of all groups reported using at least 1 CAM modality in the year preceding the survey. In bivariate analyses, overall CAM use among Whites surpassed that of other groups; however, when CAM use was adjusted for socioeconomic factors, use by Whites and Mexican Americans were equivalent. Despite the socioeconomic disadvantage of African American women, socioeconomic factors did not account for differences in CAM use between Whites and African Americans.

Conclusions. CAM use among racial/ethnic groups is complex and nuanced. Patterns of CAM use domains differ among groups, and multivariate models of CAM use indicate that ethnicity plays an independent role in the use of CAM modalities, the use of CAM practitioners, and the health problems for which CAM is used.
The Garden of Eden: Acknowledging the Impact of Race and Class in Efforts to Decrease Obesity Rates
Authors: Baker Elizabeth A. , Kelly Cheryl , Barnidge Ellen , Strayhorn Jennifer , Schootman Mario , Struthers Jim , Griffith Deidre
Published: May 2006

Geographic assessments indicate that the selection of produce in local supermarkets varies by both area-level income and racial composition. These differences make it particularly difficult for low-income African American families to make healthy dietary choices. The Garden of Eden produce market was created to improve access to high-quality, affordable produce for these communities.

The Garden of Eden is housed in a church in an economically depressed African American community in St Louis, Mo, that has less access to fresh produce than surrounding communities. All staff are from the community and are paid a living wage. The market is run with an eye toward sustainability, with partners from academia, a local faith-based community organization, businesses, and community members collaborating to make all program decisions.
In Defense of the Randomized Controlled Trial for Health Promotion Research
Authors: Rosen Laura , Manor Orly , Engelhard Dan , Zucker David
Published: May 2006

The overwhelming evidence about the role lifestyle plays in mortality, morbidity, and quality of life has pushed the young field of modern health promotion to center stage. The field is beset with intense debate about appropriate evaluation methodologies. Increasingly, randomized designs are considered inappropriate for health promotion research.

We have reviewed criticisms against randomized trials that raise philosophical and practical issues, and we will show how most of these criticisms can be overcome with minor design modifications. By providing rebuttal to arguments against randomized trials, our work contributes to building a sound methodological base for health promotion research.