bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strukturmodelle von Werkzeugmaschinen
Authors: Rudolph Holger , Sauerzapf Stefan , Thiem Xaver , Naumann Andreas , Beitelschmidt Michael
Published: February 2025

Strukturmodelle basieren auf physikalisch begründeten Modellvorstellungen. In der Regel führen diese Vorstellungen auf partielle Differentialgleichungen (partial differential equations, PDE). Die Lösung dieser Gleichungen erfolgt üblicherweise über eine Diskretisierung im Raum und in der Zeit. Dazu werden die PDE in einem ersten Schritt im Ort diskretisiert, wodurch zunächst ein System gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen (ordinary differential equations, ODE) entsteht.
Kennfeldbasierte Korrektur
Authors: Naumann Christian , Naumann Martin , Geist Alexander , Kumar Tharun Suresh , Glänzel Janine
Published: February 2025

Eine Möglichkeit zur Vorhersage und damit der Korrektur thermo-elastischer Verformungen liegt in der Multivariaten Regressionsanalyse (MRA). Kennfelder, als Vertreter der MRA, ermöglichen die direkte, nicht-lineare Abbildung von einem kleinen Satz von Temperatursensoren auf der Werkzeugmaschine auf ihre zugehörige Verlagerung. Das Kapitel beschreibt die Berechnung derartiger Korrekturkennfelder aus einer Trainingsdatenbank und zeigt deren Anwendung und Güte am Beispiel eines Fünf-Achs-Bearbeitungszentrums.
Effiziente Parametrierung von Korrekturmodellen
Authors: Neus Stephan , Steinert Alexander , Spierling Robert , Brecher Christian
Published: February 2025

Künstliche Neuronale Netze, Verzögerungsglieder oder Polynomfunktionen werden genutzt, um das in Referenzversuchen identifizierte thermo-elastische Maschinenverhalten in mathematischen Modellen beschreibbar zu machen. Alle Ansätze haben gemein, dass die Modellqualität signifikant mit der verfügbaren Datenmenge korreliert. Insbesondere in der praktischen Anwendung zeigt sich allerdings, dass die Bereitstellung entsprechender Daten zeit- und damit kostenintensiv ist, sodass die Potenziale etwaiger Korrekturansätze aufgrund begrenzter Datensätze nicht vollständig genutzt werden können.
Online-Korrektur thermisch bedingter Verformungen mithilfe von integralen Verformungssensoren
Authors: Bertaggia Nico , Tzanetos Filippos , Zontar Daniel , Brecher Christian
Published: February 2025

Die Optimierung des thermischen Verhaltens von Werkzeugmaschinen minimiert den Einfluss thermischer Störungen auf die Bauteilgenauigkeit. Diese Störungen werden während der Fertigung durch die Umgebung, den Prozess oder die maschineninternen Wärmequellen der Vorschubachsen verursacht. Dabei kann zunächst die Konstruktion der Maschinenelemente und der -struktur optimiert werden.
Photogrammetrisches Messmodell zur Erfassung thermisch bedingter Fehler an WZM
Authors: Müller Jens , Deutsch Jessica , Murali Siddharth
Published: February 2025

Für die Messung thermisch bedingter Verlagerungen und Verformungen an WZM wurde ein markenbasiertes, optisches Messsystem entwickelt, konfiguriert und auf dem Versuchsträger MAX (Abschn. 1.3) in Betrieb genommen. Die Bildinformationen werden in ein Messmodell gespeist, das eine Erfassung und Analyse der Verlagerungszustände der Maschine im kompletten Arbeitsraum ermöglicht. Damit einher gehen einige Vorteile im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen (taktilen und nicht taktilen) Messinstrumenten, wie beispielsweise Feinzeigern oder Laserinterferometern.
Anwendungsbeispiel DMU 80 eVo
Authors: Naumann Christian , Geist Alexander , Suresh Kumar Tharun , Weber Juliane , Steiert Christoph , Voigt Immanuel , Plum Franziska , Thiem Xaver , Bertaggia Nico , Glänzel Janine , Weber Jürgen , Zontar Daniel , Brecher Christian , Ihlenfeldt Steffen
Published: February 2025

Am Beispiel der DMU 80 eVo von DMG Mori wird eine detaillierte Analyse des thermischen Verhaltens und der geeigneten Maßnahmen zu dessen Verbesserung gezeigt. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf in den vorangegangenen Abschnitten vorgestellten Verfahren, aber es wird an geeigneten Stellen auch auf alternative Ansätze verwiesen. Das Vorgehen erstreckt sich von der Iststandsanalyse und Zieldefinition über Methodenauswahl und -implementierung bis hin zur Validierung der Lösung. Am Ende erfolgt am Beispiel der kennfeldbasierten Korrektur eine exemplarische Umsetzung und Lösungsbewertung.
Untersuchung von Maschinenkomponenten
Authors: Neus Stephan , Steinert Alexander , Kneer Florian , Brecher Christian
Published: February 2025

Produktivitätssteigernde Maßnahmen und eine Erhöhung der Leistungsdichte von Werkzeugmaschinen setzen eine deutlich gesteigerte Leistungsaufnahme der Antriebe voraus und äußern sich in der Regel in gesteigerten Prozesskräften. In Vorschubachsen von Werkzeugmaschinen führt dies zu erheblichen Verlustleistungen in Maschinenkomponenten wie Kugelgewindetrieben und Linearführungen. Um auch im oberen Grenzbereich stabile Betriebsbedingungen gewährleisten zu können, ist eine genaue Kenntnis des Komponentenverhaltens unter Last essentiell.
Fluidische Kühlung
Authors: Steiert Christoph , Weber Juliane , Weber Jürgen
Published: February 2025

Fluidische Systeme sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Werkzeugmaschine (WZM). Sie übernehmen verschiedene Aufgaben wie die Kühlung und Schmierung durch das Kühl- und Kühlschmierstoffsystem sowie die Aktuierung von Spannvorrichtungen durch das Hydrauliksystem (vgl. Abb. 1), die unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf den thermischen WZM-Haushalt haben. Auf der einen Seite tragen die Antriebe der Fluidsysteme durch Reibung und elektrische Verluste Wärme in die Maschine ein.
Einleitung
Authors: Reimer Maximilian Vincent
Published: February 2025

Die Entscheidungen von Menschen sind zuweilen schwer ergründbar. Und doch stellt sich die Verhaltensökonomik die Aufgabe, genau dies zu tun. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Beitrag dazu leisten, zentrale Einflüsse in Abwägungsentscheidungen besser zu verstehen.
On the impact of heavy meson production spectra on searches for heavy neutral leptons
Authors: Schubert Jonathan L. , Döbrich Babette , Jerhot Jan , Spadaro Tommaso
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Feebly Interacting Particles are a commonly considered extension to the Standard Model of Particle Physics. In many theoretical frameworks these particles can explain observed physical phenomena which are in tension with the current model. ALPiNIST is a simplified Monte Carlo framework aimed at evaluating past, present, and future, short and long baseline experiments for their sensitivities to different models of Axion-Like Particles. We present the extension of this framework to accommodate new classes of Feebly Interacting Particles with emphasis on Heavy Neutral Leptons. This extension is especially well motivated, solving multiple of the standing issues with the Standard Model at the same time. The fundamental importance of inputs on the resulting parameter sensitivity, and thus the need for a unified simulation set-up, is highlighted.
Non-isometry, state dependence and holography
Authors: Antonini Stefano , Balasubramanian Vijay , Bao Ning , Cao ChunJun , Chemissany Wissam
Published: February 2025

Abstract

We establish an equivalence between non-isometry of quantum codes and state dependence of operator reconstruction, and discuss implications of this equivalence for holographic duality. Specifically, we define quantitative measures of non-isometry and state dependence and describe bounds relating these quantities. In the context of holography we show that, assuming known gravitational path integral results for overlaps between semiclassical states, non-isometric bulk-to-boundary maps with a trivial kernel are approximately isometric and bulk reconstruction approximately state-independent. In contrast, non-isometric maps with a non-empty kernel always lead to state-dependent reconstruction. We also show that if a global bulk-to-boundary map is non-isometric, then there exists a region in the bulk which is causally disconnected from the boundary. Finally, we conjecture that, under certain physical assumptions for the definition of the Hilbert space of effective field theory in AdS space, the presence of a global horizon implies a non-isometric global bulk-to-boundary map.
Biomarkers in clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) linking cardiovascular diseases, myeloid neoplasms and inflammation
Authors: Tan Hui Shan Valerie , Jiang Haowen , Wang Samuel Sherng Young
Published: February 2025

There is increasing evidence that points to ubiquity of clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) especially with rising age. CHIP has been associated with a multitude of inflammatory, cardiovascular and malignant conditions. In this review article, we evaluate the current literature on CHIP and clinical associations with cardiovascular and haematological diseases. We also discuss high risk features of CHIP that predispose to haematological malignancies, as well as further zoom in on the association between clonal haematopoiesis and therapy-related myeloid neoplasm (tMN). CHIP increases risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure, arrhythmias and valvular disease. Hematopoietic clones with mutations in TP53 and spliceosome gene U2AF1 in particularly have repeatedly been shown to increase risk for AML. Other factors such as increased clonal size i.e. variant allele fraction (VAF), clonal complexity have also been shown to increase risk for haematological malignancy. In this comprehensive review, we consolidate the most recent advancements in the understanding of clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and its associations with cardiovascular and haematological disease. This review is also one of the first to focus on potential biochemical markers routinely utilized in clinical practice that may suggest a more sinister progression of CHIP. We hope to provide physicians with a nuanced perspective on the evolving landscape of CHIP, and offering valuable insights into its clinical implications and potential prognostic indicators.
The mutational landscape and its longitudinal dynamics in relapsed and refractory classic Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Witte Hanno , Künstner Axel , Hahn Thomas , Bernard Veronica , Stölting Stephanie , Kusch Kathrin , Nagarathinam Kumar , Khandanpour Cyrus , von Bubnoff Nikolas , Bauer Arthur , Grunert Michael , Hartung Svenja , Arndt Annette , Steinestel Konrad , Merz Hartmut , Busch Hauke , Feller Alfred C. , Gebauer Niklas
Published: February 2025

In classic Hodgkin-lymphoma (cHL), only a few cases recur, and only a limited fraction of patients is primary-refractory to standard-polychemotherapy. Underlying genomic features of unfavorable clinical courses remain sparsely characterized. Here, we investigated the genomic characteristics of primary-refractory/relapsed cHL in contrast with responders. Therefore, ultra-deep next-generation panel-sequencing was performed on a total of 59 FFPE-samples (20 responders, 26 relapsed (rHL: 11 initial-diagnosis, 15 relapse) and 13 primary-refractory (prHL: 8 initial-diagnosis, 5 progression) from 44 cHL-patients applying a hybrid-capture approach. We compared samples associated with distinct disease courses concerning their oncogenic drivers, mutational signatures, and perturbed pathways. Compared to responders, mutations in genes such as PMS2, PDGFRB, KAT6A, EPHB1, and HGF were detected more frequently in prHL/rHL. Additionally, we observed that in rHL or prHL, BARD1-mutations occur, whereas ETV1, NF1, and MET-mutations were eliminated through clonal selection. A significant enrichment of non-synonymous variants was detected in prHL compared to responders and a significant selection process in favor of NOTCH-pathway mutations driving rHL or prHL was observed. However, our analysis revealed a negative selection process for non-synonymous variants affecting the hippo-pathway. This study delineates distinct mutational signatures between responders and rHL/prHL, whilst illustrating longitudinal dynamics in mutational profiles using paired samples. Further, several exploitable therapeutic vulnerabilities for rHL and prHL were identified.
Cavernous tissue preservation technique versus conventional technique during penile prosthesis implantation: a prospective comparative study
Authors: Alhefnawy Mohamed Abdelrahman , Deif Hazem Abdelsabour , wahsh Ahmed Farag , Ahmed Mohamed Gamal , El-Taher Ahmed Mohammed , Morsy Gamal Abdelmalek , Mahmoud Alaa Rafaat , Eldib Helmy Ahmed
Published: February 2025

Background

Few prospective studies in literature with long postoperative follow-up compared between cavernous tissue sparing and conventional penile prosthesis implantation techniques.

Aim

To compare between cavernous tissue sparing and conventional penile prosthesis implantation techniques in terms of patient and partner satisfaction and perioperative outcomes.

Methods

In All, 60 Patients with severe erectile dysfunction were randomized into 2 equal groups; patients undergoing conventional malleable penile prosthesis implantation, and patients undergoing the cavernous tissue-sparing technique. Postoperatively, prosthesis function and patient satisfaction were assessed at 6 weeks after surgery and then 3–6 and 12 months using EDITS and QoLSPP questionnaires. Patients were asked about residual penile tumescence. Perioperative data were recorded.

Results

Modified EDITS questionnaire after 3,6, and 12 months was 76.9 ± 18, 79 ± 17 and 82.3 ± 16 respectively. As QOLSPP questionnaire, 46 (73.8%) subjects were highly satisfied, 25 patients (83.3%) in cavernous tissue sparing and 21 patients (70.00%) in Conventional group. While 14 (26.2%) were less satisfied, 5 patients (16.7%) Cavernous tissue sparing and 9 patients (30.00%) in Conventional group. In the cavernous tissue-sparing group, 26 of 30 patients (86.6%) reported having a significantly higher incidence of residual penile tumescence versus 2 of 30 patients (6.6%) in the conventional surgery group (P < .001). The age of highly satisfied subjects was significantly lower than those less satisfied (p = 0.025), while the BMI of highly satisfied subjects was significantly lower than those less satisfied (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

There is a significantly higher incidence of residual penile tumescence in Cavernous tissue sparing group. Many factors affect male satisfaction rates after PPI as age, and BMI.
“Development and validation towards a Nomogram to predict acute kidney Injury following PCNL”
Authors: Goli Abhishek , Gali Kasi Viswanath , Chawla Arun , Bhaskara Sunil Pillai , Hegde Padmaraj , Agarwal Ankit , Id Email , de la Rosette Jean , Laguna Pilar , Somani Bhaskar
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To evaluate the occurrence, risk factors, and outcomes of post PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy) Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), with a secondary goal of developing a nomogram for post-PCNL AKI prediction.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted enrolling 333 patients who underwent PCNL between February 2022 and February 2023. Patient demographics, comorbidities, perioperative lab parameters, stone characteristics, intraoperative details, and postoperative AKI were assessed. Logistic regression analyses were employed to construct a nomogram for predicting post-PCNL AKI.

Results

40 patients (12.4%) experienced postoperative AKI, with recovery observed in all cases during the 3-month follow-up. Female gender (p = 0.002), hypertension(p = 0.022), higher serum uric acid levels(p = 0.003), staghorn calculi(p = 0.001), higher Hounsfield Units(p = 0.013), bilateral PCNL(p < 0.001), larger tract size(p = 0.017), longer operative time(p < 0.001), greater stone volume(p = 0.025), higher baseline serum creatinine levels(p < 0.001), higher postoperative total leukocyte count(p = 0.005), and postoperative fever(p < 0.001) were significantly associated with the AKI group. Regression analysis identified female gender (OR = 0.26, p = 0.035), higher serum uric acid levels(OR = 1.62, p = 0.013), bilateral PCNL(OR = 12.55, p < 0.001), longer operation time(OR = 1.02, p = 0.047), and larger stone volume(OR = 1.12, p = 0.015) as independent risk factors for postoperative AKI. The internally validated nomogram(n = 70) for predicting AKI demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.984(95% CI, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

AKI occurs in approximately 12% of patients undergoing PCNL. We identified several significant predictors of post-PCNL AKI, including female gender, hypertension, hyperuricemia, higher Hounsfield units, larger stone volume, bilateral PCNL, larger access tract size, and longer operative time. Awareness of these factors is crucial for optimizing management and improving patient outcomes.
Age-related decrease of odorant sensitivity for a selection of nine diverse molecules
Authors: Sabiniewicz Agnieszka , Krause Malaika , Hummel Thomas
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The ability to smell is known to decrease with age. Still, several studies demonstrate that age-related deterioration is not the inevitable fate of each individual but rather depends on “successful aging” and odorant properties. Based on these notions, in the present prospective study, we aimed to investigate odor thresholds in younger and older adults in response to an extended list of various odorants.

Methods

In 58 participants (31% ≥ 50 years old), we assessed thresholds for nine odorants.

Results

General Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) revealed that, independently of the odor context, younger adults had higher odor sensitivity compared to older ones. Furthermore, while molecular weight did not differentiate thresholds of older and younger adults, it impacted odor thresholds regardless of age, with higher sensitivity noted for lightweight molecules.

Conclusion

In conclusion, based on the present findings, odor thresholds decrease with age, with a pronounced effect for molecules with higher weight. Previous studies suggest that the decline in olfactory function is more significant for certain molecules. However, the current results indicate that this may be an odorant-specific phenomenon, as we did not observe this behavior in our study, which included a selection of nine diverse molecules.
Postoperative changes in body composition after laparoscopic and open resection of colorectal liver metastases: data from the randomized OSLO-COMET trial
Authors: Treider Martin Alavi , Romandini Elisa , Alavi Dena Treider , Aghayan Davit , Rasmussen Margrethe K. , Marchegiani Giovanni , Lauritzen Peter M. , Pelanis Egidijus , Edwin Bjørn , Blomhoff Rune , Fretland Åsmund Avdem
Published: February 2025

Background

Low muscle mass is negatively associated with survival in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. Current evidence is limited regarding whether the surgical approach for liver resection of colorectal metastasis impacts postoperative changes in body composition and whether preoperative body composition can impact complication rate and survival.

Method

This study included patients previously included in the randomized OSLO-COMET trail where patients was allocated to laparoscopic or open liver resection for colorectal liver metastasis. CT scans 0–3 months before and 2–6 months after liver resection were segmented with the artificial intelligence-based tool BodySegAI to measure skeletal muscle mass (SM), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and inter- and intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). SM, VAT and IMAT was compared between the open and laparoscopic group and as predictors for 5-year survival and postoperative complications.

Results

This study included 216 patients, median age was 67, 127 (59%) were male, 91 (42%) had primary tumor in rectum and 86 (40%) had multiple liver metastasis. There was no significant difference in postoperative change in SM, VAT or IMAT between those undergoing laparoscopy or open surgery. In multivariate analysis, high preoperative IMAT was a predictor for increased risk of postoperative complications (HR (95% CI): 1.045 (CI 95%: 1.003–1.089), p = 0.034). Moreover, postoperative increase in IMAT was a negative predictor for 5-year survival (HR (95%CI):1.009 (1.003–1.016), p = 0.003).

Conclusion

Postoperative change in body composition did not differ between patients randomly assigned to open or laparoscopic liver resection for colorectal metastasis. High preoperative IMAT was associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications.
Flow Separation Control of a Vertical Stabiliser Using a Rudder-Mounted Slat
Authors: Muhammad Mahmud Jamil , Wang Yaxing , Mao Xuerui , Choi Kwing-So
Published: February 2025

A joint study utilising experimental and numerical methods was carried out to investigate the aerodynamic effect of a rudder-mounted slat on a vertical stabiliser. The wind tunnel test results showed that the side force coefficient was increased more than 3% with a negligible increase in drag when the rudder deflection angle was set to δ = 30°. Large eddy simulation (LES) results suggested that the rudder-mounted slat can increase the circulation around the vertical stabiliser, showing that the flow from the upstream recirculating regions was drawn towards the rudder surface. Associated changes in the turbulent flow field, including the mean and turbulent flow field and the vortical structure are also presented to understand the flow control mechanism by the rudder-mounted slat.
Flexural and torsional response analysis of U-shaped RC walls using the BTM method: insights from a blind-prediction competition and post-test analyses
Authors: Mavros Marios , Murcia-Delso Juan , Panagiotou Marios , Koutromanos Ioannis
Published: February 2025

This paper discusses a conceptually simple, computationally efficient, yet very accurate method tailored to the seismic analysis of RC wall components and systems. The method, called the Beam-Truss Model (BTM), has been extensively validated in prior research for various wall configurations under both static and dynamic loads. This paper presents the recent application of the BTM implementation as a shell macroelement to a Blind Prediction Competition hosted by UCLouvain, focused on the flexural and torsional response of two U-shaped walls. The modeling assumptions and blind predictions obtained with the BTM are presented and discussed. Overall, satisfactory response estimations were obtained for the initial stiffness, lateral strength, and deformation capacity of the wall specimens. A post-competition parametric numerical study, aimed to further enhance the accuracy of the method, is also presented. An improved calibration of the confined concrete stress-strain law resulted in a more accurate estimate of the deformation capacity of the wall under flexure. The post-competition analysis successfully captured out-of-plane inelastic buckling of the specimen subjected to flexure load, a failure mode observed for the first time experimentally in a U-shaped wall and captured only from a limited number of finite element studies. Additionally, this paper investigates the influence of torsional stiffness on the flexural and torsional response of BTM-shell models, highlighting its significant impact on the structural behavior predictions. Post-test analyses also revealed that employing a more accurate strain penetration law led to an improved estimation of the energy dissipation of the wall subjected to flexural loading. Finally, a study on the regularization of concrete material softening response was conducted to enhance mesh size objectivity.
Cross-Cultural Examination of Early Childhood Life Skills: Comparative Analysis of Educational Practices in Turkey and Rwanda
Authors: Yildirim Yakup , Niyomugabo Idrissa
Published: February 2025

This cross-cultural study examines the life skills of preschool children in Turkey and Rwanda, exploring similarities, differences, and the socio-cultural and educational contexts that influence these skills. Life skills, defined as adaptive and positive behaviors that enable individuals to cope effectively with life’s demands, are critical for holistic development. Using an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design, quantitative data were collected using the “Preschool Life Skills Scale” from 200 children (100 from each country), while qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 30 teachers. Findings demonstrate notable differences in life skills profiles between the two groups, with Turkish children achieving higher scores in specific subdomains like social life, decision-making, and self-care. These differences are contextualized within educational frameworks, socio-economic factors, and community resources in the respective countries. The study highlights the inherent challenges in assessing life skills using psychometric tools and underscores the critical role of culturally adapted education systems. Recommendations focus on fostering life skills through contextualized curricula, targeted investments, and international collaborations that address disparities.
Students’ perceptions towards sustainability in interior design education
Authors: Chellappa Vigneshkumar , Rohatgi Tulika
Published: February 2025

Providing sustainability education to students establishes a lasting foundation of indigenous capability in addressing economic, environmental, and social challenges. Unfortunately, there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding the perception of sustainability among interior design students in India. This study investigates the perceptions of sustainability among students, focusing on a specific Indian university as a case study. The study employed a survey research design, utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection method, and employed descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to analyze the data. The results indicate that although the students exhibited a strong sense of importance and keen interest in acquiring knowledge about sustainability, most students exhibited limited familiarity with sustainability. Furthermore, the study identified the three most prevalent understandings of sustainability - renewable energy usage, waste reduction, and energy efficiency. In addition, the study findings reveal notable and statistically significant differences between students’ understanding of sustainability and their academic level and gender. The study findings can potentially drive collaborative efforts among universities and accreditation agencies to promote sustainability knowledge and transformative practices among future interior designers in India.
The Change-Driver Account of Scientific Discovery: Philosophical and Historical Dimensions of the Discovery of the Expanding Universe
Authors: Duerr Patrick M. , Holmes Mills Abigail
Published: February 2025

What constitutes a scientific discovery? What role do discoveries play in science, its dynamics and social practices? The paper explores these questions by first critically examining extant philosophical explications of scientific discovery—the models of scientific discovery, propounded by Kuhn, McArthur, Hudson, and Schindler. As an alternative, we proffer the “change-driver model”. In a nutshell, it conceives of discoveries as problems or solutions to problems that have epistemically advanced science. Here we take a problem to be generated by a datum that we want to account for and make sense of—by putting it in contact with our wider web of scientific knowledge and understanding. The model overcomes the shortcomings of its precursors, whilst preserving their insights. We demonstrate its intensional and extensional superiority, especially with respect to the link between scientific discoveries and the dynamics of science, as well as with respect to its reward system. Both as an illustration, and as an application to a recent scientific and political controversy, we apply the considered models of discovery to one of the most momentous discoveries of science: the expansion of the universe. We oppose the 2018 proposal of the International Astronomical Union as too simplistic vis-à-vis the historical complexity of the episode, and as problematically reticent about the underlying—and in fact crucial—philosophical-conceptual presuppositions regarding the notion of a discovery. The change-driver model yields a more nuanced and circumspect verdict: (i) The redshift-distance relation shouldn’t be named the “Hubble-Lemaître Law”, but “Slipher-Hubble-Humason Law”; (ii) Its interpretation in terms of an expanding universe, however, Lemaître ought to be given credit for; (iii) The Big Bang Model, establishing the expansion of the universe as an evidentially fully warranted result in the 1950s or 1960s (and a communal achievement, rather than an individually attributable one), doesn’t qualify as a discovery itself, but was inaugurated by, and in turn itself led to, several discoveries.
Biobased TPU for Melt Spun Multifilament Yarns as a Sustainable Alternative for Conventional Fossil Based TPU
Authors: Lukoschek Stephanie , Frankenbach Leopold Alexander , Kruppke Iris , Cherif Chokri
Published: February 2025

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a unique polymer known for its excellent physical and chemical properties including exceptional elasticity and durability, excellent abrasion resistance and resistance to oil, water, acids and alkalis, making it indispensable in various industries. In recent years, growing environmental concerns have let to the development of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane from renewable resources which provide a sustainable alternative to conventional fossil-based TPUs. This study investigates the melt spinning process of two types of TPU: Desmopan 385E, a conventional TPU, and Desmopan CQ33085AUEC, a partially bio-based TPU, focusing on their potential for high performance multifilament yarns. A comprehensive study evaluated their thermal, rheological and mechanical properties, as well as their processability at different drawdown ratios (DDR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed differences in decomposition temperatures and thermal stability while melt flow rate (MFR) testing optimized melt spinning parameters. Rheological measurements showed viscosity reductions of up to 90% after spinning, reflecting structural transformations such as chain alignment and scission, with implications for processing and yarn performance. Both TPU types were successfully processed into multifilament yarns under comparable spinning conditions, achieving process speeds of up to 2000 m/min. Mechanical tests revealed differences in tensile strength and elongation, with the bio-based TPU achieving mechanical properties comparable to or 7,4% better in tensile strength than those of its conventional counterpart, highlighting the potential of bio-based TPU as a sustainable alternative for technical textile applications.
TCR: topologically consistent reweighting for XGBoost in regression tasks
Authors: Zühlke Monty-Maximilian , Kudenko Daniel
Published: February 2025

Gradient boosted tree ensembles (GBTEs) such as XGBoost continue to outperform other machine learning models on tabular data. However, the plethora of adjustable hyperparameters can exacerbate optimisation, especially in regression tasks with no intuitive performance measures such as accuracy and confidence. Automated machine learning frameworks alleviate the hyperparameter search for users, but if the optimisation procedure ends prematurely due to resource constraints, it is questionable whether users receive good models. To tackle this problem, we introduce a cost-efficient method to retrofit previously optimised XGBoost models by retraining them with a new weight distribution over the training instances. We base our approach on topological results, which allows us to infer model-agnostic weights for specific regions of the data distribution where the targets are more susceptible to input perturbations. By linking our theory to the training procedure of XGBoost regressors, we then establish a topologically consistent reweighting scheme, which is independent of the specific model instance. Empirically, we verify that our approach improves prediction performance, outperforms other reweighting methods and is much faster than a hyperparameter search. To enable users to find the optimal weights for their data, we provide guides based on our findings on 20 datasets. Our code is available at: https://github.com/montymaxzuehlke/tcr.
A Statistical Study of Latent Diffusion Models for Geological Facies Modeling
Authors: Ovanger Oscar , Lee Daesoo , Eidsvik Jo , Hauge Ragnar , Skauvold Jacob , Aune Erlend
Published: February 2025

There has been much interest recently in implicit artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches for geostatistical facies modeling. New generative machine learning constructions such as latent diffusion models (LDMs) appear to be competitive with traditional geostatistical approaches for facies characterization. Going beyond visual inspection of predictions, this study examines properties of the statistical distribution of samples generated by an LDM trained to generate facies models. The study uses a traditional truncated Gaussian random field (TGRF) model as a reference data-generating process and as the ground truth for benchmarking the LDM results. The distributions of realizations drawn from the LDM and TGRF models are compared using metrics including bias, variance, higher-order statistics, transiograms and Jensen–Shannon divergence for both marginal and joint (volume) distributions. Comparisons are made with and without conditioning on facies observations in wells for both stationary and nonstationary TGRF models with different covariance functions. The observed distributional differences are modest, and LDMs are regarded as a very promising approach here. Even so, some systematic artifacts are observed, such as underrepresentation of variability by the LDM. Moreover, the performance of the LDM is found to be sensitive to the training data.
The Testimony Gap: Machines and Reasons
Authors: Sparrow Robert , Flenady Gene
Published: February 2025

Most people who have considered the matter have concluded that machines cannot be moral agents. Responsibility for acting on the outputs of machines must always rest with a human being. A key problem for the ethical use of AI, then, is to ensure that it does not block the attribution of responsibility to humans or lead to individuals being unfairly held responsible for things over which they had no control. This is the “responsibility gap”. In this paper, we argue that the claim that machines cannot be held responsible for their actions has unacknowledged implications for the conditions under which the outputs of AI can serve as reasons for belief. Following Robert Brandom, we argue that, because the assertion of a claim is an action, moral agency is a necessary condition for the giving and evaluating of reasons in discourse. Thus, the same considerations that suggest that machines cannot be held responsible for their actions suggest that they cannot be held to account for the epistemic value — or lack of value — of their outputs. If there is a responsibility gap, there is also a “testimony gap.” An under-recognised problem with the use of AI, then, is to ensure that it does not block the attribution of testimony to human beings or lead to individuals being held responsible for claims that they have not asserted. More generally, the “assertions” of machines are only capable of serving as justifications for belief or action where one or more people accept responsibility for them.
Spectral clustering analysis: discrimination of grass-herb roots and live-dead roots in VISNIR and SWIR regions
Authors: Baykalov Pavel , Bodner Gernot , Ostonen Ivika , Rewald Boris
Published: February 2025

Background and aims

Hyperspectral imaging is becoming a key, high-throughput technique in plant research. However, its application to roots has not yet received sufficient attention. The aims of this study are to identify spectral features that distinguish fine roots from soil, non-woody roots of different species, and dead from living roots, and to identify appropriate analytical techniques.

Methods

Roots of Alopecurus pratensis (meadow foxtail) and Urtica dioica (nettle) and the rhizosphere were imaged in rhizoboxes in the wavelength range 400–1700 nm, covering both visible near- (VISNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions. Principal Component Analysis, K-means clustering, and Generalised Linear Model, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, and Distributed Random Forest models were used to classify groups. Wavebands critical for classification were identified.

Results

Our results demonstrate the intricate nature of spectra clustering, highlighting the challenges in the VISNIR range and the promise of SWIR data for enhanced separability. While species differentiation is challenging, the determination of the living conditions of the roots is possible within the SWIR range. The analysis reveals the significance of specific spectral regions, notably those associated with water content and senescence, in distinguishing between living and dead roots. Water content regions (mainly 1245 nm and 1450 nm) were most important in discriminating between roots and soil.

Conclusions

This study highlights the potential of spectral analysis, particularly in the SWIR region, for distinguishing roots by species and vitality. Further efforts are needed to develop robust methods for mixed data sets containing roots of different species and degrees of vitality.

Graphical abstract
Experimental Political Theory: Behavioural, Careful, Radical
Authors: Floyd Jonathan
Published: February 2025

On one level, the idea here is simple: organise people into small groups and see how they react to different ways of doing politics. On another, it is more challenging: evaluate different political principles by seeing how people behave when they have to work with them. Do they, for example, become more or less engaged as we alter the number of chairing roles, debates, and votes? Do they stick around longer in-person or online? Do they come back more or less often when key powers are distributed by lottery? There is then a focus here, not on the decisions participants make, as found in ‘X-Phi’ and deliberative-democracy experiments, but rather on the process by which they came to make those decisions. We want to know how they found that process as a way of doing politics. Or, more precisely, how they reacted to the institutions and in turn principles those processes represent, because, if we know that, we also know something fundamental about the value of those principles.
Exploring approaches to overcome challenges in adopting human resource analytics through stakeholder engagement
Authors: Alam Shafiq , Dong Zhan , Kularatne Indrapriya , Rashid Muhammad Salman
Published: February 2025

As modern enterprises increasingly turn to data-driven decision-making, human resource management (HRM) has also embraced the potential of human resource analytics (HRA) to optimize talent management and gain a competitive edge. However, adopting HRA in practice presents challenges across data governance, technical, and organizational domains. This systematic review, synthesizing insights from 110 studies, identifies key obstacles and practical strategies to address them. Recommendations include fostering a data-driven culture, enhancing training and development, and promoting team collaboration. By tackling these challenges, HR professionals can unlock the full potential of HRA, transforming HRM into a strategic driver of organizational success.
Event-Causal Libertarianism, Indeterministic Weightings, and the Pragmatic Approach
Authors: Caruso Gregg
Published: February 2025

In his recent book, Free Will’s Value: Criminal Justice, Pride, and Love, John Lemos defends an event-causal libertarian account of free will and argues that the belief in such free will plays an important, if not essential, role in supporting certain vital values. This paper examines Lemos’ account, critically evaluating his event-causal libertarianism and his pragmatic justification of belief in such free will. It begins by examining the libertarian account of Robert Kane, since Lemos defends a modified version of it, and then moves on to Lemos’ own indeterministic weightings view. In the second half of the paper, I then critically examine Lemos’ pragmatic defense of libertarian free will. I argue that the libertarian accounts of Kane and Lemos both face insurmountable difficulties, and Lemos’ pragmatic defense of libertarianism is unconvincing.
Repair of Single-Crystal CMSX-4 Using the High Velocity Air Fuel Process
Authors: Létang M. , Björklund S. , Joshi S. , Sebold D. , Guillon O. , Vaßen R.
Published: February 2025

Turbine blades in aircraft engines and land-based gas turbines are exposed to harsh environmental conditions that make them susceptible to degradation mechanisms, such as creep, oxidation, and fatigue damage. Therefore, research into effective repair methods is of high importance, especially for single crystal components, as they are cost-intensive to produce. The HVAF process is suitable for repair applications as it can produce dense layers with low oxygen content, which are essential for the repaired area. Additionally, the fine grain structure is advantageous for the subsequent directional recrystallization planned in future studies, aiming to transform the repair layer into a columnar or even single-crystal structure. This study focuses on applying CMSX-4 powder to single crystal substrates of similar composition using High Velocity Air Fuel Spraying (HVAF). Specifically, the effects of powder particle size, nozzle configuration, and various other process parameters, such as spray distance and carrier gas flow, on the characteristics of HVAF-deposited CMSX-4 were investigated. The microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Particle velocity and temperature measurements were performed to enhance comprehension of the process.
Improving Mechanical Properties and Grain Refinement Mechanism of a High-Speed Extruded Zn-Free Mg-5.2Al-0.37Mn (Mass%) Alloy Using Large Extrusion Ratio
Authors: Nakata T. , Ohkawa T. , Kanitani S. , Matsumoto Y. , Ogawa M. , Shimizu K. , Kamado S.
Published: February 2025

A commercial Mg-5.2Al-0.37Mn alloy (mass%, AM50) alloy was extruded using different extrusion speeds (3.5 m/min and 8.7 m/min) and ratios (20 and 50). The effect of the extrusion conditions on the mechanical properties and microstructures were evaluated. When the extrusion ratio of 20 was used, the extrusion at the high speed of 8.7 m/min resulted in grain coarsening. The 0.2% proof stresses in tension and compression (TPS and CPS) decreased to 187 MPa and 137 MPa, respectively, causing a large anisotropy (CPS/TPS = 0.73). In contrast, using the extrusion ratio of 50 was effective in refining grain structures even after the extrusion at the high speed, which contributed to the TPS of 208 MPa, CPS of 171 MPa, and an improved anisotropy of CPS/TPS = 0.82. Finite element modeling revealed that the extrusion at the high speed resulted in a substantial increase in temperature, which led to coarsening of grain structures. However, the extrusion ratio of 50 was effective in introducing large plastic strain, and a large density of dislocations was introduced by an enhanced activity of pyramidal slip, contributing to a grain refinement despite a large increase in temperature.
Exsanguination from an arteriovenous dialysis fistula: accident, suicide or medical malpractice?
Authors: Schof S. , Hertzberg J. , Jahnke A. , Birngruber Christoph G.
Published: February 2025

A female senior dialysis patient was found dead in her apartment, covered in blood. Bloodstains were observed in different rooms of the apartment. During the post-mortem examination on site, a small, roundish opening of the skin was observed on the flexor side of the upper arm, within a longitudinal scar, from which blood was draining. Throughout police investigation, the possibility of an accident, a suicidal act, or medical malpractice during dialysis care was considered. An autopsy was ordered for further clarification. The autopsy identified exsanguination from a fistula on the flexor side of the left upper arm as the cause of death. The fistula could be traced into an arteriovenous shunt vessel that had been created a long time ago for dialysis. Upon projection onto the shunt vessel, punctiform crusts with underlying hemorrhages in the subcutaneous fatty tissue were identified in the skin. Histological examinations of the fistula and its surrounding tissue revealed no evidence of vasculitis or perivascular inflammatory changes, but puncture sites of varying ages with connective tissue texture disruption of the vessel wall and the adjacent subcutaneous tissue. Forensic medical examination concluded that death was caused by bleeding from an arteriovenous dialysis shunt vessel as a complication of hemodialysis. This case illustrates the relevance of comprehensive forensic medical case processing as the basis for a well-founded assessment.
Document clustering with evolved multi-word search queries
Authors: Hirsch Laurence , Hirsch Robin , Ogunleye Bayode
Published: February 2025

Text clustering holds significant value across various domains due to its ability to identify patterns and group related information. Current approaches which rely heavily on a computed similarity measure between documents are often limited in accuracy and interpretability. We present a novel approach to the problem based on a set of evolved search queries. Clusters are formed as the set of documents matched by a single search query in the set of queries. The queries are optimized to maximize the number of documents returned and to minimize the overlap between clusters (documents returned by more than one query). Where queries contain more than one word they are interpreted disjunctively. We have found it useful to assign one word to be the root and constrain the query construction such that the set of documents returned by any additional query words intersect with the set returned by the root word. Not all documents in a collection are returned by any of the search queries in a set, so once the search query evolution is completed a second stage is performed whereby a KNN algorithm is applied to assign all unassigned documents to their nearest cluster. We describe the method and present results using 8 text datasets comparing effectiveness with well-known existing algorithms. We note that as well as achieving the highest accuracy on these datasets the search query format provides the qualitative benefits of being interpretable and modifiable whilst providing a causal explanation of cluster construction.