bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Pilot Study to Evaluate Renal Hemodynamics in Cirrhosis by Simultaneous Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Plasma Flow, Renal Resistive Indices and Biomarkers Measurements
Authors: Mindikoglu Ayse L. , Dowling Thomas C. , Wong-You-Cheong Jade J. , Christenson Robert H. , Magder Laurence S. , Hutson William R. , Seliger Stephen L. , Weir Matthew R.
Published: June 2014

Background: Renal hemodynamic measurements are complicated to perform in patients with cirrhosis, yet they provide the best measure of risk to predict hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). Currently, there are no established biomarkers of altered renal hemodynamics in cirrhosis validated by measured renal hemodynamics. Methods: In this pilot study, simultaneous measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), renal resistive indices and biomarkers were performed to evaluate renal hemodynamic alterations in 10 patients with cirrhosis (3 patients without ascites, 5 with diuretic-sensitive and 2 diuretic-refractory ascites). Results: Patients with diuretic-refractory ascites had the lowest mean GFR (36.5 ml/min/1.73 m2) and RPF (133.6 ml/min/1.73 m2) when compared to those without ascites (GFR 82.9 ml/min/1.73 m2, RPF 229.9 ml/min/1.73 m2) and with diuretic-sensitive ascites (GFR 82.3 ml/min/1.73 m2, RPF 344.1 ml/min/1.73 m2). A higher mean filtration fraction (FF) (GFR/RPF 0.36) was noted among those without ascites compared to those with ascites. Higher FF in patients without ascites is most likely secondary to the vasoconstriction in the efferent glomerular arterioles (normal FF ∼0.20). In general, renal resistive indices were inversely related to FF. While patients with ascites had lower FF and higher right kidney main and arcuate artery resistive indices, those without ascites had higher FF and lower right kidney main and arcuate artery resistive indices. While cystatin C and β2-microglobulin performed better compared to Cr in estimating RPF, β-trace protein, β2-microglobulin, and SDMA, and (SDMA+ADMA) performed better in estimating right kidney arcuate artery resistive index. Conclusion: The results of this pilot study showed that identification of non-invasive biomarkers of reduced RPF and increased renal resistive indices can identify cirrhotics at risk for HRS at a stage more amenable to therapeutic intervention and reduce mortality from kidney failure in cirrhosis.
O passado, suas revelações e uma intrincada rede de significados: o processo de formação do município de Lins aos "olhos" de sua rotunda
Authors: Santos Rodrigo Amado dos
Published: June 2014

Ao debruçar-se sobre a NOB e suas peculiaridades sócio-culturais, percebe-se que pertences a esta ligados exalariam signos que evidenciariam uma identidade local. Dentre estes, um se destaca pela estrutura arquitetônica: a Rotunda, que tinha como função a manutenção de locomotivas. Assim, através de um olhar descentralizado sobre este objeto, poder-se-ia amplificar noções e imagens ferroviárias, como também, explorar histórias e experiências sociais que ali se estabeleceram, tendo sempre cuidado de enxergá-la como um "espelho" de narrativas que apresentariam olhares e significados heterogêneos capazes de apresentar uma nova faceta à compreensão do processo de formação da comunidade linense.
Algumas reflexões sobre a preservação do patrimônio natural e cultural em áreas propensas às atividades minerárias
Authors: Crespo Jeanne , Urias Patrícia
Published: June 2014

O presente artigo procura discutir questões como a preservação dos Patrimônios Natural e Cultural em áreas de interesse para a exploração de mineradoras, utilizando-nos de estudos sobre os casos ocorridos no Estado de Minas Gerais, como a Serra da Piedade e a Serra do Gandarela, com base na leitura interpretativa crítica de normativas brasileiras e internacionais e de produção acadêmica sobre o tema.
Uma tipologia de espaços cotidianos
Authors: Kapp Silke
Published: June 2014

Uma dificuldade de todo planejamento urbano é sua articulação às pequenas porções do território que, concretamente, definem as qualidades do espaço e da vida cotidianos. O presente artigo apresenta uma ferramenta conceitual para facilitar essa articulação entre escalas: a identificação e o estudo de situações típicas (tipos) de moradia e ambiente urbano, ordenadas numa tipologia. Elaborada para o Plano Diretor da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte e a partir das características dessa região, a tipologia toma por critério primário a autonomia na produção do espaço cotidiano, e tem por objetivo embasar instrumentos que venham a favorecer essa autonomia.
Razão em forma: Affonso Eduardo Reidy e o espaço arquitetônico moderno
Authors: Conduru Roberto
Published: June 2014

O texto analisa como Affonso Eduardo Reidy explora as possibilidades plásticas abertas pelos novos meios de construção em seus projetos e obras, bem como em suas breves intervenções discursivas, contribuindo para a teoria e a criação do espaço na modernidade arquitetônica.
Imagens de uma capital: Paris nas perspectivas vôo-de-pássaro entre os séculos XVI e XVIII
Authors: Sandeville Jr. Euler , Derntl Maria Fernanda
Published: June 2014

Este artigo analisa o modo como a cidade de Paris foi representada em alguns dos principais mapas em perspectiva vôo-de-pássaro produzidos entre fins do século XVI e as primeiras décadas do século XVIII. Destacam-se códigos e técnicas adotados para diferenciar categorias de construções e distinguir elementos urbanos. Pôde-se ver que os mapas trazem imagens de uma capital ordenada e de caráter monumental.
Natureza, arqueologia e medievalismo: influência romântica na obra de Frank Lloyd Wright
Authors: Fujioka Paulo Yassuhide
Published: June 2014

Na história do Movimento Moderno, a vertente orgânica recebeu atenção um pouco menor do que a racionalista. A obra organicista de Wright só passou a ser estudada com mais vigor a partir dos anos 80, descobrindo-se aspectos novos que surpreenderam pela sua complexidade. O campo da influência romântica na arquitetura de Wright ainda não foi completamente explorado. Este ensaio é o primeiro de uma série sobre o tema, discutindo as influências de Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman, o culto romântico à natureza no século XX e a inspiração nas descobertas arqueológicas na obra de FLLW.
Contribuições do estatístico para o atendimento ao CONSORT Checklist
Authors: Martinez Edson Zangiacomi
Published: June 2014

Este artigo é baseado na palestra com mesmo título apresentada pelo autor no encontro “Planejamento e Condução de Estudos Clínicos de Alta Evidência Científica” organizado pelo Laboratório de Análise da Postura e do Movimento Humano (LAPOMH) no dia 5 de julho de 2008 na Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP. O artigo discute o papel do estatístico no delineamento, análise de dados e interpretação de resultados de um ensaio clínico, e sua contribuição ao atendimento do CONSORT checklist.
Laparotomia
Authors: Tazima Maria de Fátima G.S. , Vicente Yvone A. Morais V. de Andrade , Moriya Takachi
Published: June 2014

Celiotomia, que significa precisamente incisão da parede abdominal em qualquer região, é considerado sinônimo de laparotomia, cuja acepção exata é "secção do flanco".  A abertura da cavidade abdominal para fins diagnósticos e terapêuticos remonta a antiguidade, mas tornou-se rotineira a partir dosmeados do século XX com o advento da anestesia geral, utilizando drogas curarizantes e entubaçãoorotraqueal.  Serão discutidos a classificação das laparotomias quanto a finalidade, direção, a complexidade e a relação com estruturas da parede abdominal.
Papel dos ácidos graxos ômega 3 na resolução dos processos inflamatórios
Authors: Barbalho Sandra M. , Bechara Marcelo D. , Quesada Karina R. , Goulart Ricardo A.
Published: June 2014

A inflamação é uma resposta de defesa do organismo ao trauma ou a infecções por microorganismos.Na fase de término da inflamação e retorno à homeostase ocorrem mecanismos de regulação chamados de resolução onde há alternância de prostaglandinas pró-inflamatórias e leucotrienos a mediadores pró-resolução, produzidos a partir de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ω3 (ácido eicosapentanóico eácido docosapentanóico). A dieta interfere na composição de ácidos graxos das membranas celularesque serão metabolizados em compostos ativos chamados de resolvinas, protectinas e maresinas.Como as doenças inflamatórias têm papel importante na saúde pública o estudo destas substâncias eo delineamento de seus efeitos podem trazer novos horizontes no tratamento das doenças inflamató-rias, com redução de custos e minimização de efeitos colaterais.
Acidentes ocupacionais com exposição a material biológico: retrato de uma realidade
Authors: Dias Maria Aparecida do C. , Machado Alcyone A. , Santos Branca M. O.
Published: June 2014

Objetivo:  caracterizar os acidentes ocupacionais por exposição à material biológico notificados nosserviços de referência da micro região de Votuporanga- SP, no período de 2001 a 2005. Material emétodo: trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, do tipo levantamento documental retrospectivo, dos casos de acidentes ocupacionais por exposição a material biológico obtidos das 273 fichas de notificaçãodo SINABIO encaminhadas aos bancos de dados do Serviço de Vigilância Epidemiológica da SecretariaMunicipal de Saúde de Votuporanga-SP e da Direção Regional de Saúde XXII (DIRXXII) de São José doRio Preto-SP. Resultados: dos 273 acidentes notificados, 78,4% ocorreram em trabalhadores do sexofeminino e 69,6% entre 20 e 40 anos. Votuporanga foi o município que mais notificou (89,0%) e o auxiliarde enfermagem a categoria mais exposta (48,4%). Em 99,6% dos casos, o atendimento se deu dentrodas 72 horas. A exposição mais frequente foi a percutânea (86,8%), o sangue o material biológico demaior contato (98,5%) e a agulha com lúmen a que mais provocou acidentes (72,1%). Dos acidentados,87,5% eram vacinados contra HBV e desses, 67,0% não haviam realizado o anti-HBs. Em 16,1% dasnotificações a fonte HIV era desconhecida e em 78,8% era conhecida para o HBV. Para o HCV, detectouse 78,8% de sorologias de pacientes-fonte, das quais 3,3% eram positivas, sendo que 25,9% dos comfonte desconhecida não fizeram acompanhamento. Conclusões: os dados indicam a necessidade deelaboração de um plano de intervenção local, com a aquiescência da comunidade que é,inquestionavelmente, co-responsável pelas propostas de mudança.
Características clínicas de fumantes atendidos em um centro de referência na cessação do tabagismo
Authors: Karen Suen K. K. , Oliveira Maria Luisa , Pádua Adriana I. , Vieira Fernanda , Martinez José A. B.
Published: June 2014

Objetivo: Descrever características demográficas e clínicas de fumantes que procuraram atendimentoem centro especializado na cessação de tabagismo. Métodos: Foram analisadas, retrospectivamente,as informações disponíveis em ficha clínica padronizada preenchida no momento do primeiro atendimento, de fumantes que procuraram o Ambulatório de Apoio ao Tabagista do Centro de Saúde Escola daFaculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de 18 meses.Resultados: O serviço foi procurado no período por 186 fumantes (135 mulheres), com idade de 50±12anos. A maioria (59%) veio encaminhada de outros ambulatórios médicos, e o consumo apenas decigarros industrializados foi relatado por 96%. A idade de início do consumo regular de cigarros foi de18±7 anos. Experiências prévias frustradas de abandono foram relatadas por 83% dos fumantes, e onúmero médio de tentativas efetuadas foi de 3±2. A maioria dos atendidos (66%) exibia dependência ànicotina de grau alto ou muito alto, com escore médio do teste de Fargeström de 6±2. Co-morbidadesfísicas foram relatadas em 62% e psiquiátricas em 24% dos casos, particularmente depressão (17%).Conclusões: Os dados obtidos servem como embasamento de algumas necessidades a serem supridas por novos serviços de cessação do tabagismo a serem instalados em municípios de porte médiodo Brasil e exterior.
Efeitos do treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinados na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em mulheres na menopausa
Authors: Rossi Fabrício E. , Ricci-Vitor Ana L. , Buonani Camila S. , Vanderlei Luiz C. M. , Freitas Junior Ismael F.
Published: June 2014

Modelo de Estudo: Ensaio clínico controlado. Objetivo: Verificar a resposta de 16 semanas do treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinado sobre a modulação autonômica em mulheres na menopausa.Métodos: 17 mulheres foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo treino (GT: n=11) e grupo controle (GC:n=6). As variáveis de composição corporal foram estimadas pela absorptiometria radiológica de dupla energia. A modulação autonômica foi avaliada pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca usando índices lineares. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em 16 semanas, por 50 minutos de treinamento resistido e 30 minutos de treinamento aeróbio. Resultados: Para o GT houve incremento do índice rMSSD(ms)(pre:17,4±3,7 e pos:24,8±13,1, p<0,045), aumento dos intervalos entre batimentos cardíacos consecutivos (pre:891,2±80,2 e pos:974,1±71,4, p<0,003) e dos valores de frequência cardíaca(bpm) (pre:68,1±6,4 e pos:62,0±4,7, p<0,003), para os índices espectrais em unidades normalizadas, houve redução de LF(pre:52,2±13,1 e pos:44,5±12,4, p<0,025) e incremento de HF (pre:47,8±13,3 e pos:55,5±12,4, p<0,025).Não houve diferenças significantes para o GC. Conclusão: o treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinado promoveu benefícios sobre a modulação autonômica em mulheres na menopausa.
“Forbidden Words”: Palestinian Women’s Literature in Israel—Between Conservatism and Subversion
Authors: Gottesfeld Dorit
Published: June 2014

This article examines the writing of Rajāʾ Bakriya, Rāwiya Burbāra, and Maysūn Assadī, prominent new-generation of Palestinian women writers in Israel, and shows how their writing deviates from the conservatism that is expected of such writers. In their writing, the three authors take their readers into the woman’s world of lust and passion while challenging and subverting the writing norms and using an original style and language. The article also shows that, in their work, the three writers refer mainly to the reality of the lives of Israeli Arabs, and their writing is therefore distinct from Palestinian women’s literature written outside Israel. They portray this reality realistically, symbolically, or in brief references in which the effect of the reality of Palestinian life on the female protagonist’s spirit is accentuated.
Misuse of Islam in El-Saadawi’s God Dies by the Nile from a Socialist Feminist Perspective
Authors: Balaa Luma
Published: June 2014

This essay argues that El-Saadawi, in her novelGod Dies by the Nile, does not oppose Islam and does not claim that it is Islam that oppresses women, but rather that it is the abuse of Islam and the melange of Islam, traditions, and superstitions that oppresses the women in Kafr El Teen, which is symbolic of many Arab countries. This paper takes a socialist feminist perspective and analyzes the ways in which political institutions, patriarchy. and power structures in El-Saadawi’sGod Dies by the Nilefalsely and maliciously resort to religion and distort it in order to oppress women. This abuse is manifested in all aspects of the villagers’ lives—political, economic, social, and sexual.
Overview on the Notion of Integration of Human Rights: Giving Pragmatic Value to Socio-Economic Rights Rather than Rim Service
Authors: Mayessa Amsalu Darge
Published: June 2014

This article describes and analyses instrumentalities ingrained within the notion of the indivisibility of human rights. It navigates through different international and regional human rights instruments and declarations that accentuate the magnitude of all human rights without disparity. Thus, the article will attempt to address the following critical questions: Why are the global communities concerned about the indivisibility, interdependence and interrelatedness of human rights? Why these notions are largely ignored at the national level? How can we provide a heightened level of protection to social and economic rights primarily at the domestic level? How great of an impact will the notion of the unity of human rights has on the justiciability of socio-economic rights? Finally, the article analyses the nexus between indivisibility, interrelatedness and interdependence of human rights and justiciability by exploring the jurisprudence of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
No Popery’s Ghost
Authors: Field Clive D.
Published: June 2014

Anti-Catholicism has been a feature of British history from the Reformation, but it has been little studied for the period since the Second World War, and rarely using quantitative methods. A thematically-arranged aggregate analysis of around 180 opinion polls among representative samples of adults since the 1950s offers insights into developing attitudes of the British public to Catholics and the Catholic Church. Anti-Catholicism against individual Catholics is found to have diminished. Negativity toward the Catholic Church and its leadership has increased, especially since the Millennium. Generic and specific explanations are offered for these trends, within the context of other manifestations of religious prejudice and other religious changes.
Empowerment by Design? Women’s Use of New Urbanist Neighborhoods in Suburbia
Authors: Fagan Charlotte , Trudeau Dan
Published: June 2014

This paper investigates the potential of new urbanism (NU) to serve as a new neighborhood strategy for women. Survey and interview research examines the ways women in suburban NU neighborhoods of Minneapolis–St. Paul interact with the built environment to effect divisions of household labor and social isolation. The analysis shows that women use pedestrian-accessible mixed-use centers and neo-traditional design features (e.g., porches) to lessen the burden of domestic labor and foster social interaction. Despite these affordances, the paper argues that NU neighborhoods do not ultimately serve as resources in breaking patterns of social segregation or women’s isolation in suburbia.
Twenty Years After the Velvet Revolution
Authors: Šerek Jan , Macek Petr , Ježek Stanislav , Lacinová Lenka
Published: June 2014

Families and schools are traditionally seen as substantial socialization agents forming adolescents’ social values and their views of society. Special attention is paid to the question whether the relative importance of these influences remains stable in times of major social changes. In this study, two different generations of Czech middle adolescents are compared: (a) the “post-totalitarian” generation that grew up in the last decade of the communist regime and entered adolescence during the time of rapid political and socioeconomic changes (data collected in 1995) and (b) the current generation without personal experience with the communist regime, raised in a stable democratic society (data collected in 2010). Both groups of participants (total N = 2,127, aged from 14 to 17 years) were administered an identical questionnaire. First, we examined the changes in adolescents’ perception and evaluation of the society over the last 15 years. Today’s adolescents perceive society more as a community and their future orientations are more focused on materialistic and less on environmental values. While the emotional relationship between the children and parents remains the same, adolescents learn a somewhat different message in the family, emphasizing self-reliance. School environment is perceived more as positive and engaging than 15 years ago. Second, we predicted adolescents’ social views and values from their assessment of family and school environment. Our results show that the effect of parental values on adolescents’ value orientations is higher in the current generation. Positive school environment contributes to the development of socially responsible orientations despite the changes in society.
Roofed grooves: Rapid layer engineering of perfusion channels in collagen tissue models
Authors: Tan Noah S , Alekseeva Tijna , Brown Robert A
Published: June 2014

Surface patterning (micro-moulding) of dense, biomimetic collagen is a simple tool to produce complex tissues using layer-by-layer assembly. The aim here was to channelise three-dimensional constructs for improved perfusion. Firstly, collagen fibril accumulation was measured by comparative image analysis to understand the mechanisms of structure formation in plastically compressed collagen during µ-moulding. This showed that shape (circular or rectangular) and dimensions of the template affected collagen distribution around moulded grooves and consequently their stability. In the second part, this was used for effective fabrication of multi-layered plastically compressed collagen constructs with internal channels by roofing the grooves with a second layer. Using rectangular templates of 25/50/100 µm widths and 75 µm depth, grooves were µ-moulded into the fluid-leaving surface of collagen layers with predictable width/depth fidelities. These grooves were then roofed by addition of a second plastically compressed collagen layer on top to produce µ-channels. Resulting µ-channels retained their dimensions and were stable over time in culture with fibroblasts and could be cell seeded with a lining layer by simple transfer of epithelial cells. The results of this study provide a valuable platform for rapid fabrication of complex collagen-based tissues in particular for provision of perfusing microchannels through the bulk material for improved core nutrient supply.
Development and hemocompatibility testing of nitric oxide releasing polymers using a rabbit model of thrombogenicity
Authors: Major Terry C , Handa Hitesh , Annich Gail M , Bartlett Robert H
Published: June 2014

Hemocompatibility is the goal for any biomaterial contained in extracorporeal life supporting medical devices. The hallmarks for hemocompatibility include nonthrombogenicity, platelet preservation, and maintained platelet function. Both in vitro and in vivo assays testing for compatibility of the blood/biomaterial interface have been used over the last several decades to ascertain if the biomaterial used in medical tubing and devices will require systemic anticoagulation for viability. Over the last 50 years systemic anticoagulation with heparin has been the gold standard in maintaining effective extracorporeal life supporting. However, the biomaterial that maintains effective ECLS without the use of any systemic anticoagulant has remained elusive. In this review, the in vivo 4-h rabbit thrombogenicity model genesis will be described with emphasis on biomaterials that may require no systemic anticoagulation for extracorporeal life supporting longevity. These novel biomaterials may improve extracorporeal circulation hemocompatibility by preserving near resting physiology of the major blood components, the platelets and monocytes. The rabbit extracorporeal circulation model provides a complete assessment of biomaterial interactions with the intrinsic coagulation players, the circulating platelet and monocytes. This total picture of blood/biomaterial interaction suggests that this rabbit thrombogenicity model could provide a standardization for biomaterial hemocompatibility testing.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies as Symptom Management Strategies for the Late Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Henneghan Ashley M. , Harrison Tracie
Published: June 2014

Advancements in breast cancer treatment continue to improve the likelihood of survival. The increase in survival has come at a cost, however; the late effects of breast cancer treatment have remained a constant reminder to women of what they have endured and require holistic nursing’s attention. One area of nursing practice that might improve the condition of breast cancer survivors once their treatment has ended is complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. To provide guidance to nurses working with breast cancer survivors, a focused review of the literature exploring the symptomatology and prevalence of breast cancer’s late effects as well as the use of CAM therapies to improve those effects is presented. Evidence suggests that CAM therapies have sometimes been incorporated into symptom management strategies currently employed; however, the evidential claims as a whole have been generally inconclusive, especially for complete resolution of the late effects. Regardless, a number of studies demonstrate a reduction of negative symptoms experienced with few to no side effects of CAM therapies.
Theoretical modeling and nonlinear analysis of piezoelectric energy harvesting from vortex-induced vibrations
Authors: Dai HL , Abdelkefi A , Wang L
Published: June 2014

A nonlinear distributed-parameter model for harvesting energy from vortex-induced vibrations of a piezoelectric cantilever beam with a circular cylinder attached to its end is developed and validated with experimental results. A reduced-order model is derived by using the Euler–Lagrange principle and implementing the Galerkin discretization. A van der Pol wake oscillator is used to model the vortex-induced lift force. A nonlinear analysis is performed to determine the required number of modes in the Galerkin discretization. It is demonstrated that a one- or two-mode approximation in the Galerkin approach is not sufficient to evaluate the performance of the harvester. Based on a five-mode approximation in the Galerkin approach, an identification for the van der Pol wake oscillator coefficients is performed. To design efficient piezoaeroelastic energy harvesters that can generate energy at low freestream velocities, further analysis is performed to investigate the effects of the cylinder’s tip mass, length of the piezoelectric sheet, and electrical load resistance on the synchronization region and performance of the harvester. The results show that depending on the operating freestream velocity, the cylinder’s tip mass, length of the piezoelectric sheet, and electrical load resistance can be optimized to design enhanced piezoaeroelastic energy harvesters from vortex-induced vibrations.
Effects of natalizumab on oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients: A longitudinal study
Authors: Mancuso R , Franciotta D , Rovaris M , Caputo D , Sala A , Hernis A , Agostini S , Calvo MG , Clerici M
Published: June 2014

Retrospective studies show that natalizumab modifies oligoclonal immunoglobulin (IgG) bands (OCBs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In this study, we prospectively analyzed both serum and CSF samples from 24 MS patients, before and after 2 years of natalizumab-based therapy. Our results showed complete (55%) or partial (27%) disappearance of the OCBs in CSF samples that were taken after 2 years of therapy. Intrathecal IgG production, represented by the IgG index and IgGLoc, was also quantitatively reduced. Our data showed that natalizumab substantially modulates both intrathecal polyclonal and oligoclonal IgG production: This effect was much more potent than was previously reported.
Emotional representation of tuberculosis with stigma, treatment delay, and medication adherence in Russia
Authors: Woith Wendy M , Rappleyea Megan L
Published: June 2014

This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to explore emotional representation and illness coherence, the understanding a person has about an illness which helps them make sense of the experience, in Russians with tuberculosis. In a secondary analysis of questionnaires from 105 Russians treated for pulmonary tuberculosis, social isolation and disease consequences were predictors of negative emotions related to tuberculosis and accounted for 49 percent of the variance. Participants who scored higher on illness coherence were less likely to experience negative emotions. Development of programs to help patients understand tuberculosis and to manage emotional responses and stigma is suggested.
Functions of invariant NK T cells are modulated by TLR ligands and IFN-α
Authors: Villanueva A Ian , Haeryfar SM Mansour , Mallard Bonnie A , Kulkarni Raveendra R , Sharif Shayan
Published: June 2014

Invariant NK T (iNKT) cells perform numerous immunoregulatory functions. In mice, they express a unique and invariant Vα14-Jα18 rearrangement of α chain in their TCR recognizing glycolipid Ags presented by CD1d. This recognition results in the rapid release of both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, making them early mediators of the immune response. Owing to their rapid activation and genetic rigidity of their TCR, iNKT cells share characteristics with innate lymphocytes. Therefore, we investigated whether iNKT cells could be induced to express TLRs, a class of pathogen recognition receptor. Mouse iNKT cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 monoclonal Ab and IFN-α, resulting in an increase in the transcription of TLRs 3, 5, 7 and 9, and increased surface expression of TLR3. These cells were subsequently stimulated with TLR ligands, resulting in an increase in the production of IFN-γ, IL-4 and TNF-α. Supernatants from these cells also increased macrophage production of IL-6 and prostaglandin E2, and increased their phagocytic activity and CD80 expression. These supernatants also reduced vesicular stomatitis virus-GFP replication in fibroblasts. This study demonstrates the role of IFN-α in iNKT cell activation, as well as the direct modulatory effects of TLR ligands on iNKT cell function, including antiviral activity.
Simple, biologically-constrained CA1 pyramidal cell models using an intact, whole hippocampus context
Authors: Ferguson Katie A. , Huh Carey Y. L. , Amilhon Benedicte , Williams Sylvain , Skinner Frances K.
Published: June 2014

The hippocampus is a heavily studied brain structure due to its involvement in learning and memory. Detailed models of excitatory, pyramidal cells in hippocampus have been developed using a range of experimental data. These models have been used to help us understand, for example, the effects of synaptic integration and voltage gated channel densities and distributions on cellular responses. However, these cellular outputs need to be considered from the perspective of the networks in which they are embedded. Using modeling approaches, if cellular representations are too detailed, it quickly becomes computationally unwieldy to explore large network simulations. Thus, simple models are preferable, but at the same time they need to have a clear, experimental basis so as to allow physiologically based understandings to emerge. In this article, we describe the development of simple models of CA1 pyramidal cells, as derived in a well-defined experimental context of an intact, whole hippocampus preparation expressing population oscillations. These models are based on the intrinsic properties and frequency-current profiles of CA1 pyramidal cells, and can be used to build, fully examine, and analyze large networks.
Herrschaft begreifen: Anerkennung und Macht in Axel Honneths kritischer Theorie
Authors: Allen Amy
Published: June 2014

Axel Honneth frames his contribution to the tradition of critical theory as an attempt to do justice to both the structures of social domination in contemporary Western societies and the practical resources for their overcoming. This paper assesses how well Honneth’s critical theory, which centers on the notion of the struggle for recognition, accomplishes the first of these two tasks. I argue that Honneth has yet to offer a fully satisfactory analysis of domination because his recognition model is unable to make sense of modes of subordination that function without producing any struggle.
Die Bedingungen der Anerkennung
Authors: Lepold Kristina
Published: June 2014

The social-philosophical discourse of the last 20 years pictured recognition mainly as medium of human autonomy. In recent years however, concerns have been raised over whether recognition might not occasionally work in the opposite direction, as means of subjection. This article contends that these concerns rely on a misconstruction of the relationship between recognition and subjection as merely contingent. Developing themes from Foucault’s work, it argues that recognition rather always necessarily involves a moment of subjection. In the first part, I show that Foucault, especially in his power-analytic writings, can plausibly be read as theorist of recognition insofar as every relation of power presupposes the recognition of the other as free. In the second part, I elaborate that every concrete relation of power depends on conditions - knowledge and norms - that precede it and that are formed and transformed in complex historical processes, in which the authority of individual subjects is always only a limited one. Against this background, it will become visible that recognition indeed allows us to conduct ourselves autonomously as certain kinds of subjects according to certain norms but as such also always subjects us as it ties our freedom to conditions that we remain largely exposed to.
The co-ordination number rule and the rule of hardness, powerful tools to rationalize inorganic structures
Authors: Beck Horst P.
Published: June 2014

The co-ordination number rule and the rule of hardness are developed in detail to rationalize inorganic co-ordination structures. We demonstrate how even very complex structures can be understood and sometimes predicted starting from primary co-ordination numbers of cations only. We remind the reader of relations between cation and anion co-ordination numbers and their use for the derivation of connectivity formulas of a Niggli type. We show how the hardness of the ions is responsible for their particular position within a structure. Furthermore, we derive a measure of segregation of the different ions within the structures and also of their electrostatic imbalance in relation to Pauling’s rule of charge sums, and we interpret such structural details in the context of simple numeric relations of co-ordination numbers together with specific “chemical” effects.
Sex-Determination System in the Diploid Yeast Zygosaccharomyces sapae
Authors: Solieri Lisa , Dakal Tikam Chand , Giudici Paolo , Cassanelli Stefano
Published: June 2014

Sexual reproduction and breeding systems are driving forces for genetic diversity. The mating-type (MAT) locus represents a mutation and chromosome rearrangement hotspot in yeasts. Zygosaccharomyces rouxii complex yeasts are naturally faced with hostile low water activity (aw) environments and are characterized by gene copy number variation, genome instability, and aneuploidy/allodiploidy. Here, we investigated sex-determination system in Zygosaccharomyces sapae diploid strain ABT301T, a member of the Z. rouxii complex. We cloned three divergent mating type-like (MTL) α-idiomorph sequences and designated them as ZsMTLα copies 1, 2, and 3. They encode homologs of Z. rouxii CBS 732T MATα2 (amino acid sequence identities spanning from 67.0 to 99.5%) and MATα1 (identity range 81.5–99.5%). ABT301T possesses two divergent HO genes encoding distinct endonucleases 100% and 92.3% identical to Z. rouxii HO. Cloning of MATa-idiomorph resulted in a single ZsMTLa locus encoding two Z. rouxii-like proteins MATa1 and MATa2. To assign the cloned ZsMTLα and ZsMTLa idiomorphs as MAT, HML, and HMR cassettes, we analyzed their flanking regions. Three ZsMTLα loci exhibited the DIC1-MAT-SLA2 gene order canonical for MAT expression loci. Furthermore, four putative HML cassettes were identified, two containing the ZsMTLα copy 1 and the remaining harboring ZsMTLα copies 2 and 3. Finally, the ZsMTLa locus was 3′-flanked by SLA2, suggesting the status of MAT expression locus. In conclusion, Z. sapae ABT301T displays an aααα genotype missing of the HMR silent cassette. Our results demonstrated that mating-type switching is a hypermutagenic process in Z. rouxii complex that generates genetic diversity de novo. This error-prone mechanism could be suitable to generate progenies more rapidly adaptable to hostile environments.
Acurácia da gordura corporal e do perímetro da cintura para predizer alterações metabólicas de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes
Authors: Moraes Milena Miranda de , Veiga Gloria Valeria da
Published: June 2014

Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia do percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) e do perímetro da cintura (PC) na predição de alterações metabólicas em adolescentes. Sujeitos e métodos: Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 573 estudantes de 12 a 19 anos da rede estadual de ensino de Niterói, RJ. Utilizou-se a Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve para avaliar a acurácia do %GC e PC na predição de alterações de pressão arterial, perfil lipídico e glicemia. Resultados: Os melhores pontos de corte do %GC foram 21% para meninos e 23% para as meninas, com sensibilidade (SE) e especificidade (ESP) de aproximadamente 60%. Para o PC, 71 cm para meninos e 66 cm para meninas apresentaram melhor SE (55% a 70%) e ESP (55% a 78%). Conclusão: Mesmo os melhores pontos de corte identificam incorretamente proporções elevadas de adolescentes com alterações metabólicas, sugerindo cautela no uso desses indicadores para triagem de risco cardiovascular nessa faixa etária.
What Future for Traditional Encyclopedias in the Age of Wikipedia?
Authors: Upshall Michael
Published: June 2014

The launch and rapid domination of Wikipedia as a reference tool for the Internet was as dramatic as it was unexpected. Wikipedia broke so many of the rules of reference publishing, which, even if not formally codified, had been widely accepted for many years: the use of (usually named) authorities as expert contributors, and the presence of moderating editors to ensure balanced structure. All this appeared to have been swept away with Wikipedia, and, not least because Wikipedia content is given away rather than sold, the competition between Wikipedia and most general-purpose encyclopedias was a sad and rather one-sided affair. One by one the existing commercial print general encyclopedias admitted defeat; among the latest is Brockhaus, the leading German encyclopedia brand, which ended publication early in 2013.
Device-Free Indoor Localization Based on Ambient FM Radio Signals
Authors: Popleteev Andrei , Engel Thomas
Published: June 2014

This paper presents the concept of device-free indoor localization using only a passive receiver and ambient FM radio signals. Experimental results based on empirical measurements demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The authors also evaluate fine-grained localization performance of the system, its temporal stability, and highlight the role of frequency diversity for passive localization.
Overview of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Colorectal Carcinoma to Enable Translational Biology and Drug Development
Authors: Roper Jatin , Martin Eric S. , Hung Kenneth E.
Published: June 2014

Preclinical models for colorectal cancer (CRC) are critical for translational biology and drug development studies to characterize and treat this condition. Mouse models of human cancer are particularly popular because of their relatively low cost, short life span, and ease of use. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of CRC are engineered from germline or somatic modification of critical tumor suppressor genes and/or oncogenes that drive mutations in human disease. Detailed in this overview are the salient features of several useful colorectal cancer GEMMs and their value as tools for translational biology and preclinical drug development. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 65:14.29.1‐14.29.10. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metaproteomics: Extracting and Mining Proteome Information to Characterize Metabolic Activities in Microbial Communities
Authors: Abraham Paul E. , Giannone Richard J. , Xiong Weili , Hettich Robert L.
Published: June 2014

Contemporary microbial ecology studies usually employ one or more “omics” approaches to investigate the structure and function of microbial communities. Among these, metaproteomics aims to characterize the metabolic activities of the microbial membership, providing a direct link between the genetic potential and functional metabolism. The successful deployment of metaproteomics research depends on the integration of high‐quality experimental and bioinformatic techniques for uncovering the metabolic activities of a microbial community in a way that is complementary to other “meta‐omic” approaches. The essential, quality‐defining informatics steps in metaproteomics investigations are: (1) construction of the metagenome, (2) functional annotation of predicted protein‐coding genes, (3) protein database searching, (4) protein inference, and (5) extraction of metabolic information. In this article, we provide an overview of current bioinformatic approaches and software implementations in metaproteome studies in order to highlight the key considerations needed for successful implementation of this powerful community‐biology tool. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 46:13.26.1‐13.26.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Science Communication in the Post‐Expert Digital Age
Authors: Luers Amy , Kroodsma David
Published: June 2014

Recently, Popular Science disabled its online comments. In explaining this decision, the magazine cited research that showed that online comments, especially uncivil ones, strongly influence readers, often leading to misleading or incorrect interpretations of the articles. Popular Science wrote, “If you carry out those results to their logical end…you start to see why we feel compelled to hit the ‘off’ switch” [Labarre, 2013].
Norway and Cuba Continue Collaborating to Build Capacity to Improve Weather Forecasting
Authors: Antuña Juan Carlos , Kalnay Eugenia , Mesquita Michel D. S.
Published: June 2014

The Future of Climate Extremes in the Caribbean Extreme Cuban Climate (XCUBE) project, which is funded by the Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection as part of an assignment for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to support scientific cooperation between Norway and Cuba, carried out a training workshop on seasonal forecasting, reanalysis data, and weather research and forecasting (WRF). The workshop was a follow‐up to the XCUBE workshop conducted in Havana in 2013 and provided Cuban scientists with access to expertise on seasonal forecasting, the WRF model developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the community, data assimilation, and reanalysis.
Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices observed by THEMIS at the duskside of the magnetopause under southward interplanetary magnetic field
Authors: Yan G. Q. , Mozer F. S. , Shen C. , Chen T. , Parks G. K. , Cai C. L. , McFadden J. P.
Published: June 2014

The Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observed several magnetopause crossings periodically at the duskside of magnetopause under southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), with significant sunward returning flows inside the magnetopause. The vortex features of the flows and the periodic enhancements in the calculated vorticity normal to the spacecraft plane could be found in the observation. The distortion of the magnetopause, the periodic features of vortex flows, the tailward propagation, and the evaluation of Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI) condition support the evidence of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices produced by the velocity shear at the duskside of magnetopause. Based on three‐point simultaneous observations of the flow, the vorticity was calculated to be about 0.15 s−1, similar to previous results. The tailward propagation of the vortices along the flank magnetopause was estimated to be about 292 km/s. The circular‐induced electric field of several mV/m was deduced perpendicular to the magnetic field when the magnetic field compression occurred at the edges of the vortices.
Transient modulation of Kuroshio upper layer flow by directly impinging typhoon Morakot in east of Taiwan in 2009
Authors: Zheng Zhe‐Wen , Zheng Quanan , Lee Chia‐Ying , Gopalakrishnan Ganesh
Published: June 2014

This study deals with the modulation of the Kuroshio upper layer flow (KULF) in response to the passage of Typhoon Morakot in 2009, using Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) and in situ measurements from Argos drifters and Argo floats. The analysis of the simulated current fields near the typhoon track revealed an intermittency phenomenon of the KULF, which was almost shut down for at least 6 hours. The process begun 2 days prior to the approach of typhoon center due to blockage of the KULF by the steadily northerly winds, and lasted for more than 2 days, simultaneously shifting the Kuroshio main stream (KMS) path. When the Morakot gradually moved closely to the Kuroshio, the KMS shifted vertically from the surface layer to deeper layer of 50 – 100 m depth, and the maximum current speed in the KMS decreased from more than 1.3 m s−1to less than 1.1 m s−1. When the Morakot center approached about 100 km to the original position of the Kuroshio, the KULF spread eastward for 1.5 degrees at 24°N. When the Morakot center moved to the original position of the KMS, the Kuroshio abruptly rushed with a maximum speed near 1.4 m s−1. Meanwhile, an offshore cool jet originating from southeastern tip of Taiwan was generated and extended northward along the Kuroshio. In the cool jet, the lowest temperature reached about 5°C lower than the ambient waters. Modeled current variations and the cool jet during the Morakot passage were validated by in situ measurements.
Glycerophospholipids
Authors: Farooqui Akhlaq A
Published: June 2014

Glycerophospholipids are derivatives of
sn
‐glycero‐3‐phosphoric acid. They contain an
O
‐acyl or
O
‐alkyl or
O
‐alk‐1′‐enyl residue at the
sn
‐1 position and an
O
‐acyl residue at the
sn
‐2 position of the glycerol moiety and are defined on the basis of the substituents on the phosphoric acid at the
sn
‐3 position. Glycerophospholipids are asymmetrically distributed between the two bilayers membranes, which also contain cholesterol and proteins. Glycerophospholipids not only constitute the backbone of cellular membranes, but also provide the membrane with a suitable environment, fluidity and ion permeability. They are synthesised at the endoplasmic reticulum and are transported to other membranous structures by phospholipid exchange and transfer proteins. Once glycerophospholipids are laid down in a biomembrane, they undergo interconversion reactions. These reactions and activities of phospholipases may be responsible for the turnover, compositional maintenance and rearrangements of glycerophospholipids in membranes. This process results in the modulation of membrane function. Glycerophospholipids are precursors for lipid mediators, which play important roles in internal and external communication and modulate cellular responses. In addition, glycerophospholipids and their lipid mediators may be involved in membrane fusion, apoptosis and regulation of the activities of membrane‐bound enzymes and ion channels.

Key Concepts:

Lipid bilayers provide the fundamental architecture of biological membranes, which are made up of lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol and sphingolipids) and proteins.

The role of lipids is to provide membranes with integrity and flexibility, whereas embedded proteins in biomembrane are associated with the maintenance of cellular chemical climate.

Phospholipids are reservoir for lipid mediators, cholesterol provides flexibility, and sphingolipids and cholesterol are involved in formation of lipid rafts.

Lipid mediators not only transduce signals from the cell surface to the interior, but also modulate gene expression, growth, differentiation, adhesion, migration and apoptosis.

Arachidonic acid‐derived lipid mediators induce oxidative stress and inflammatory effects.

Docosahexaenoic acid‐derived lipid mediators produce antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects.