bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can microsatellite markers resolve phylogenetic relationships between closely related crested newt species (Triturus cristatus superspecies)?
Authors: Mikulícek Peter , Crnobrnja-Isailovic Jelka , Piálek Jaroslav
Published: October 2007

Theoretical and empirical studies revealed that fast evolving microsatellite markers might be successfully employed in phylogenetic reconstruction. In this study we used seven highly polymorphic microsatellite loci and six different genetic distances to infer the performance of microsatellites in estimation of phylogenetic relationships between closely related crested newt species (Triturus cristatus superspecies). Many intraspecific distances exceeded interspecific values likely due to loss of genetic distance linearity in time, revealing that none of them was able to estimate divergence between the species. The Neighbor-joining trees constructed on the basis of genetic distances showed trichotomies (three-way polychotomies) and low bootstrap support at the species level. This study thus revealed limits of microsatellites to estimate phylogenetic relationships between the crested newt taxa.
Head morphological variation in Podarcis muralis and Podarcis sicula: a landmark-based approach
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , Costantini David
Published: October 2007

The geometry of the cephalic scales in lizards is easily represented by using
landmark based approaches. The cephalic scales may prove useful structures
in the investigation of the evolution and morphogenesis of lizards because
of their biomechanical relationships with the underlying bones and muscular
anatomy. In the present paper the head morphology in Podarcis muralis and
Podarcis sicula is compared by using geometric morphometrics and Euclidean
distance matrix analysis. The head shape in these two species is largely
influenced by a shared allometric pattern, with P. sicula displaying a
reduced range of variation. This pattern is probably influenced by the
cranial morphogenesis at the fronto-parietal suture, and by the
parieto-occipital musculature involved in diet and social behaviours. Minor
species-specific differences are evidenced, and should be further
investigated.
Multivessel Coronary Artery Spasm Refractory to Intensive Medical Treatment
Authors: Asano Tatsuhiko , Kobayashi Yoshio , Ohno Masaki , Nakayama Takashi , Kuroda Nakabumi , Komuro Issei
Published: September 2007

This case report describes multivessel coronary artery spasm refractory to oral nifedipine, intravenous isosorbide dinitrate, diltiazem and nicorandil, and intracoronary nitroglycerin. Intracoronary administration of nicorandil only transiently relieved coronary artery spasm. Prednisolone was effective in preventing coronary artery spasm.
Gadolinium:Nonionic Contrast Media (1:1) Coronary Angiography in Patients With Impaired Renal Function
Authors: Sayin Tamer , Turhan Sibel , Akyürek Ömer , Kilickap Mustafa
Published: September 2007

This study was to test safety and efficacy of 1:1 mixture of gadolinium:nonionic contrast media in avoiding contrast nephropathy during coronary angiography in patients with renal dysfunction. Although “off label” for x-ray angiography, gadolinium has drawn attention for its potential to avoid contrast nephropathy during coronary angiography. Initial data seem promising. Patients with a baseline creatinine of 1.5 mg/dl or more were included. In order to minimize contrast nephropathy risk, all patients were thoroughly hydrated and treated by N-acetylcysteine. After coronary angiography and/or percutaneous coronary intervention, renal function tests were remeasured on days 1, 2, and 3. A rise of 0.5 mg/dl or more in creatinine value in the following 3 days or the need for dialysis were considered as a contrast nephropathy event. Twenty-six patients were enrolled in this study. Ten were women and 16 were men. The mean age was 65.7 ± 11. Baseline creatinine value was 2.47 ± 0.74 mg/dl. The total amount of contrast medium used on 1:1 fashion was 57.1 ± 27.2 ml. No procedure-related cardiac complication or contrast nephropathy event occurred in this study. Although there was a slight loss in image quality, we felt that the results were adequate for interpretation. Although “off label,” using gadolinium contrast media in a 1:1 mixture with standard nonionic low osmolar contrast media seems to be a viable option in decreasing the likelihood of contrast nephropathy. Further evaluation appears to be warranted.
Energy from waste: a possible alternative energy source for large size municipalities
Authors: Eleftheriou Polyvios
Published: October 2007

The net calorific values and weight composition of solid waste from all the major municipalities of the island of Cyprus were measured. Representative waste samples were collected, processed and tested for energy generation over a complete year. The energy values appear to vary from city to city depending on the season. The total energy that could be recovered from the waste amounted to approximately 8.5% of the total electricity generation of the island of Cyprus.
Improving Causal Inference
Authors: Dunning Thad
Published: October 2007

Social scientists increasingly exploit natural experiments in their research. This article surveys recent applications in political science, with the goal of illustrating the inferential advantages provided by this research design. When treatment assignment is less than “as if” random, studies may be something less than natural experiments, and familiar threats to valid causal inference in observational settings can arise. The author proposes a continuum of plausibility for natural experiments, defined by the extent to which treatment assignment is plausibly “as if” random, and locates several leading studies along this continuum.
Cognitions About Technology and Science: A Measure and Its Relevance to Career Decisions
Authors: James Keith , Cardador Joe
Published: October 2007

This article reports on the development and initial validation of an inventory— Cognitions and Beliefs About Technology and Science (CABATS). Out of a literature search and content analysis, eight categories of cognitions or beliefs were developed. In Study 1, those eight components of were assessed with a confirmatory factor analysis of item responses by a sample of 635. In Study 2, the confirmatory factor analysis was duplicated and supported in a second sample of 342. In addition, the eight CABATS factor scores and demographic characteristics were applied to predicting the degree of science and technology involvement required by college majors selected by the Study 2 participants. Ethnicity, participant sex, and three of the eight CABATS factors were significant predictors of career choices, providing evidence for the predictive validity of some CABAT factors. Ideas for scale refinement are presented. The CABATS's potential for research and career-development application is outlined.
Beyond Policy Representation in the U.S. House
Authors: Wagner Michael W.
Published: September 2007

Although a great deal of work shows that House members generally effectively represent the policy preferences of the majority of voters in their district, we know less about a more general level of representation enjoyed by those who do not support the incumbent. This problem is conceptualized by examining whether citizens, especially those in the opposing constituency, view casework as a partisan enterprise. Using data from the American National Election Study (ANES) cumulative file, this alternate way to consider representation illustrates that members of the opposing constituency are less satisfied with casework and less likely to think their representative would be helpful if contacted. Additionally, negative attitudes about casework generally increase in size for all citizens as the parties become increasingly polarized at the elite level and as one's individual representative becomes more extreme. Implications regarding the importance of political parties in the representation process are discussed.
The Effect of Race and Ethnicity on Bill Sponsorship and Cosponsorship in Congress
Authors: Rocca Michael S. , Sanchez Gabriel R.
Published: October 2007

This article examines Black and Latino legislators' use of bill sponsorship and cosponsorship in Congress. As we explain, sponsoring and cosponsoring legislation are unique in that they are among the few activities outside the roll call arena that have both position taking and policy implications. We hypothesize that given minority legislators' lack of influence in Congress, they sponsor and cosponsor fewer bills than do nonminorities. We find support for our expectation; on average, Black and Latino legislators sponsor and cosponsor significantly fewer bills in Congress than do Whites and non-Latinos, respectively. But we also find the relationship to be contingent on which party controls Congress. Whereas Democratic Congresses encourage minorities' bill sponsorship and cosponsorship, Republican Congresses depress it. Because the concepts of participation and representation in Congress are so intimately tied to one another, these findings have a number of implications for the study of descriptive and substantive representation.
Effect of Telephone Exercise Counseling on Frailty in Older Veterans: Project LIFE
Authors: Peterson Matthew J. , Sloane Richard , Cohen Harvey Jay , Crowley Gail M. , Pieper Carl F. , Morey Miriam C.
Published: October 2007

This study sought to determine if telephone exercise counseling attenuates frailty in older, male veterans through increased levels of physical activity. Eighty-one elderly, male veterans (age = 78.4 ± 4.9 years) randomized to intervention ( n = 39) or combined control groups ( n = 42) completed baseline and 6-month follow-up measures of gait velocity, 6-min walk, chair stands, body mass index, and physical activity. Adapting the Fried frailty model, deficits in one or more of these outcomes indicated frailty. The intervention group had a 6-month decrease of 18% in the proportion of frail to not frail participants, whereas the control groups had no change in proportions (Fisher's p = .08). Frail participants had a mean 6-month decrease in physical activity levels of 124 kilocalories/week, whereas the not frail group increased by 619 kilocalories/week ( p = .07). There was a clinically meaningful change in frailty status with intensive, telephone exercise counseling. Improvement in frailty status was likely due to improvement in functional limitations.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Si3N4–TiC nanocomposites
Authors: Tian C. Y. , Liu N. , Lu M. H.
Published: September 2007

Si3N4–TiC nanocomposites are fabricated by hot press sintering from silicon nitride nanopowders and ultrafine TiC powders. The microstructure and mechanical properties are analysed and discussed. Scanning electron microscopy images show that the microstructure consists of equiaxed grains and grain boundary phase. The TiC added as a dispersed phase reacts with the nitrogen from Si3N4 during the liquid phase sintering, with the formation of TiC0.7 N0.3, trace of SiC and N2. The adding of a proper amount of TiC powders increases the flexural strength and has little influence on fracture toughness. The hardness increases with increasing TiC content.
Eutectic cell and nodule count in grey and nodular cast irons
Authors: Fraś E. , Górny M. , López H. F.
Published: September 2007

In the present work the predictions of a proposed analytical theory were compared with the experimental outcome on metallographic determinations of eutectic cell count N and nodule count Nn. Accordingly, processing of flake graphite and ductile cast irons was carried out under various inoculation conditions in order to achieve a range of physicochemical states for the experimental melts. In addition, plates of various wall thicknesses s were cast and the resultant eutectic cell and nodule counts were established. Moreover, thermal analysis was employed for determinations of the maximum degree of undercooling for the graphite eutectic Δ Tm. A relationship was found between the eutectic cell N or the nodule count and Δ Tm. In addition, it was found that N and Nn can be related to the casting modulus M and hence to s in plate shaped castings. Finally, the present work provides insights into the effect of technological factors such as the melt chemistry, the inoculation practice and the holding temperature and time on the resultant N and Nn values. In general, it was found that the predictions of the present analysis are in good agreement with the experimental outcome.
Artificial neural network analysis of preparation of nano α-Al2O3 powders by thermal decomposition of ammonium aluminium carbonate hydroxide
Authors: Zhang H. J. , Wang X. J. , Jia Q. L. , Sun H. W.
Published: September 2007

Nano α-Al2O3 powders were prepared by thermal decomposition of ammonium aluminium carbonate hydroxide (AACH). The effects of α-Al2O3 crystal seeds, reactant concentration, content of active agent (PEG), annealing temperature and ZnF2 addition on the preparation of nano α-Al2O3 powder were studied. The results showed that nano α-Al2O3 powder with apparent crystallite size ∼40 nm could be prepared, and the complete transformation temperature of α-Al2O3 could be reduced from 1250 to 1050°C as α-Al2O3 seeds and ZnF2 were added. The prepared nano α-Al2O3 powders were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric (TG-DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A back propagation (BP) artificial neural network (ANN) has been used to establish models between the relative content of the nano α-Al2O3 powders and the preparation parameters. The results of checking experiments were in accordance with the calculated values.
Influence of vacuum counter-gravity filling on reliability of 2L99 aluminium investment castings
Authors: Cox M. , Harding R. A. , Green N. R. , Scholl G. W.
Published: September 2007

The reliability of 2L99 (Al–7Si–0˙4Mg) alloy investment castings produced using gravity and vacuum counter-gravity mould filling processes has been compared. Large numbers of bars have been cast and tested in four point bending and the scatter in their strengths characterised using the Weibull statistical technique to give the Weibull modulus λ. Both top and bottom gated designs of gravity poured moulds produced unreliable castings ( λ=17 for both). This contrasted with previous work which showed much higher moduli for bottom gated moulds (49 and 54); this discrepancy has been attributed to poor control over mould filling and evidence for this was wide variation in filling times in the present work. The standard CLA vacuum counter-gravity filling process significantly improved the reliability ( λ=29), but this was marginally reduced ( λ=27) when a filter was introduced into the sprue. Possible reasons for this are discussed. A modification to the mould design further increased the reliability ( λ=44) but this was again decreased ( λ=34) by the addition of a filter. The most reliable castings were produced by the recently developed centrifugal counter-gravity (C3) process, which provided a Weibull modulus of 50.
Effects of SiC coating on ablation resistance of carbon fibre reinforced BN–Si3N4 matrix composite
Authors: Li B. , Zhang C.-R. , Cao F. , Wang S.-Q. , Hu H.-F. , Cao Y.-B.
Published: September 2007

A SiC coating was prepared on the surface of a carbon fibre reinforced BN–Si3N4 composite by chemical vapour deposition. The coating was characterised by SEM and XRD, and the ablation behaviours of the coated and uncoated composites were investigated and compared. The coating is mainly amorphous SiC and quite compact; the ablated area of the composite is reduced considerably by the coating and the coated composite presents a lower linear ablation rate of 21˙4% and a lower mass ablation rate of 51˙6%. The SiC coating covers over the pores on the surface of the ablative composite, which prevents the flame from spreading to other regions and from penetrating the inside of the composite. As a result, both the chemical erosion and the mechanical denudation are restrained and the ablation resistance of the composite is improved.
Preparation of semisolid A356 alloy feedstock cast through vertical pipe
Authors: Yang X. R. , Mao W. M. , Pei S.
Published: September 2007

It is demonstrated that the fine spheroidal and equiaxed non-dendritic microstructures required for semisolid casting can be formed by using a vertical pipe. Various pouring temperatures (615–660°C) and cooling rates of the vertical pipe (no, 200, 400°C preheat) were used to investigate their influence on the semisolid microstructure of an A356 alloy. The results indicate that suitable semisolid billets can be generated at both lower and higher pouring temperatures; thus the vertical pipe technique may be readily exploited in industrial applications. The results also reveal that the microstructure is affected significantly by the cooling effect of the vertical pipe. Furthermore, in the longitudinal section, non-uniform grain sizes were observed, namely the primary α-Al at the bottom of the billet was coarser than that at the top, an effect attributed to the differences of solidification time and cooling rate. The relevant mechanisms are discussed.
Ultrasonic evaluation of formability r in cold rolled and annealed auto grade steel sheets using Rayleigh waves
Authors: Pandey J. C. , Raj M.
Published: September 2007

An ultrasonic method developed for non-destructive evaluation of formability r in cold rolled and annealed steel sheets is reported. Times of flight T0, T45 and T90 at 0, 45 and 90° to the rolling direction of sheets 0˙8–1˙2 mm in thickness were measured, from which empirical equations were developed by regression analysis. Predictions using averaged time T resulted in correlation coefficient R2=0˙74 with standard deviation σ=0˙095. An attempt to improve accuracy of prediction, using a relationship of the form r=f ( T0, T45, T90, Tbar, %C, %Mn, % P, % Ti, %Al, HB), where HB is the Brinell hardness, resulted in only minor improvement ( R2=0˙812, σ=0˙08). However, a strong correlation ( R2=0˙905, σ=0˙058) was obtained using a relationship of the form r=f ( T45). The standard deviation was further improved to σ=0˙045 using a relationship of the form r=f ( T45, HB).
Welding residual stresses in ferritic power plant steels
Authors: Francis J. A. , Bhadeshia H. K. D. H. , Withers P. J.
Published: September 2007

Many of the degradation mechanisms relevant to power plant components can be exacerbated by stresses that reside within the material. Good design or structural integrity assessments require therefore, an accounting of residual stresses, which often are introduced during welding. To do this it is necessary to characterise the stresses, but this may not be possible in thick components using non-destructive methods. These difficulties, and a paucity of relevant engineering data, have led to an increasing emphasis on the development and validation of suitable modelling tools. Advances are prominent in the estimation of welding residual stresses in austenitic stainless steels. The progress has been less convincing in the case of ferritic alloys, largely due to the complexities associated with the solid state phase transformations that occur in multipass welding. We review here the metallurgical issues that arise in ferritic steel welds, relate these to the difficulties in calculating residual stresses, and highlight some stimulating areas for future research.
Correlation of microstructure and fracture properties of five centrifugal cast high speed steel rolls
Authors: Kim C. K. , Lee D.-G. , Lee S.
Published: September 2007

The present study is concerned with effects of microstructural factors such as distribution and fraction of coarse carbides located along solidification cell boundaries and characteristics of tempered martensitic matrix on fracture properties of five high speed steel (HSS) rolls manufactured by a centrifugal casting method. In situ microfracture observation, fracture toughness measurement and fractographic observation were conducted on these rolls to clarify fracture mechanisms. The in situ observation results indicated that coarse carbides located along cell boundaries provided easy intercellular fracture sites under a low stress intensity factor level. In the rolls whose intercellular carbide fraction and matrix hardness were high, fracture easily occurred under a low stress intensity factor. On the contrary, in the rolls where a small amount of intercellular carbides was distributed on the relatively ductile matrix of lath tempered martensite, the fracture path was accompanied by a considerable amount of plastic deformation including shear band formation, thereby resulting in high fracture toughness. In order to obtain better microstructure, hardness and fracture toughness of the HSS rolls, the minimisation of intercellular carbides, the refinement of carbides and the improvement of the matrix characteristics by controlling alloying elements and heat treatment conditions were suggested.
Deformation twinning in AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel: Role of strain and strain path
Authors: Mishra S. , Narasimhan K. , Samajdar I.
Published: September 2007

AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel was deformed at different strain and strain paths. The twin boundaries in the deformed microstructure had two possible origins: decay of original annealing twins and generation of deformation twins. Assuming that rotations of grains, specifically grains on both sides of a twin boundary, are responsible for the twin decay, a simple model was proposed to bring out the domain of relative twin generation. A biaxial strain path, in general, was associated with strong twin generation – an association or dependency linked to the texture estimated values of Taylor factor. Formation of strain induced martensite was also observed to be strain and strain path dependent and was more in biaxial strain path.
Heat transfer analysis and material behaviour of martensitic steel during thermal cycling process
Authors: Akdogan A. , Koyun A.
Published: September 2007

The present paper commits to the study of the heat transfer analysis and material behaviour of the thermally cycled mould steel used in glassware production. Thermal cycling experiments of AISI 431 stainless steel were carried out at specially designed computer controlled cycling mechanism which could contact the sample with molten glass at 900°C. Two different heat transfer analysis models were performed to calculate the temperature distribution in the specimen which was an input into the stress models as thermal loads. There is a consistency between the model results which were acquired assuming that the material was only subjected to plastic deformation, and the measurements that were performed during thermal cycling process by thermocouples. These cycling models could be used for advanced failure analysis of this kind of subjected materials. The results of repeated high temperature cycling process and thermal shocks created by initial temperature domain (20–900°C) are discussed.
Transformation induced plasticity assisted steels: Stress or strain affected martensitic transformation?
Authors: Chatterjee S. , Bhadeshia H. K. D. H.
Published: September 2007

Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) assisted steels contain a small quantity of carbon enriched retained austenite, which transforms into martensite during the course of plastic deformation. Transformation of this kind can be induced by both stress and plastic strain. The detailed mechanism by which the martensite is induced is different for these two scenarios. An attempt is made here to discover the relative importance of these mechanisms and it is found that stress affected transformation can explain much of the variation in retained austenite content as a function of plastic strain.
Membrane cofactor protein mutations in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), fatal Stx-HUS, C3 glomerulonephritis, and the HELLP syndrome
Authors: Fang Celia J. , Fremeaux-Bacchi Veronique , Liszewski M. Kathryn , Pianetti Gaia , Noris Marina , Goodship Timothy H. J. , Atkinson John P.
Published: October 2007

The hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal impairment. Genetic studies demonstrate that heterozygous mutations of membrane cofactor protein (MCP;CD46) predispose to atypical HUS (aHUS), which is not associated with exposure to Shiga toxin (Stx). Among the initial 25 MCP mutations in patients with aHUS were 2, R69W and A304V, that were expressed normally and for which no dysfunction was found. The R69W mutation is in complement control protein module 2, while A304V is in the hydrophobic transmembrane domain. In addition to 3 patients with aHUS, the A304V mutation was identified in 1 patient each with fatal Stx-HUS, the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome, and glomerulonephritis with C3 deposits. A major goal was to assess if these putative mutations lead to defective complement regulation. Permanent cell lines expressing the mutated proteins were complement “challenged,” and membrane control of C3 fragment deposition was monitored. Both the R69W and A304V MCP mutations were deficient in their ability to control the alternative pathway of complement activation on a cell surface, illustrating the importance of modeling transmembrane proteins in situ.
Long-term, multilineage hematopoiesis occurs in the combined absence of β-catenin and γ-catenin
Authors: Jeannet Grégoire , Scheller Marina , Scarpellino Léonardo , Duboux Stéphane , Gardiol Noemie , Back Jonathan , Kuttler Fabien , Malanchi Ilaria , Birchmeier Walter , Leutz Achim , Huelsken Joerg , Held Werner
Published: September 2007

The canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays key roles in stem-cell maintenance, progenitor cell expansion, and lineage decisions. Transcriptional responses induced by Wnt depend on the association of either β-catenin or γ-catenin with lymphoid enhancer factor/T cell factor transcription factors. Here we show that hematopoiesis, including thymopoiesis, is normal in the combined absence of β- and γ-catenin. Double-deficient hematopoietic stem cells maintain long-term repopulation capacity and multilineage differentiation potential. Unexpectedly, 2 independent ex vivo reporter gene assays show that Wnt signal transmission is maintained in double-deficient hematopoietic stem cells, thymocytes, or peripheral T cells. In contrast, Wnt signaling is strongly reduced in thymocytes lacking TCF-1 or in nonhematopoietic cells devoid of β-catenin. These data provide the first evidence that hematopoietic cells can transduce canonical Wnt signals in the combined absence of β- and γ-catenin.
Interleukin-3 prevents neuronal death induced by amyloid peptide
Authors: Zambrano Angara , Otth Carola , Mujica Lorena , Concha Ilona I , Maccioni Ricardo B
Published: October 2007

Background

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is an important glycoprotein involved in regulating biological responses such as cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Its effects are mediated via interaction with cell surface receptors. Several studies have demonstrated the expression of IL-3 in neurons and astrocytes of the hippocampus and cortices in normal mouse brain, suggesting a physiological role of IL-3 in the central nervous system. Although there is evidence indicating that IL-3 is expressed in some neuronal populations, its physiological role in these cells is poorly known.

Results

In this study, we demonstrated the expression of IL-3 receptor in cortical neurons, and analyzed its influence on amyloid β (Aβ)-treated cells. In these cells, IL-3 can activate at least three classical signalling pathways, Jak/STAT, Ras/MAP kinase and the PI 3-kinase. Viability assays indicated that IL-3 might play a neuroprotective role in cells treated with Aβ fibrils. It is of interest to note that our results suggest that cell survival induced by IL-3 required PI 3-kinase and Jak/STAT pathway activation, but not MAP kinase. In addition, IL-3 induced an increase of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.

Conclusion

Altogether these data strongly suggest that IL-3 neuroprotects neuronal cells against neurodegenerative agents like Aβ.
Involvement of LTB4 in zymosan-induced joint nociception in mice: participation of neutrophils and PGE2
Authors: Guerrero Ana T G , Verri Waldiceu A , Cunha Thiago M , Silva Tarcilia A , Schivo Ieda R S , Dal-Secco Daniela , Canetti Claudio , Rocha Francisco A C , Parada Carlos A , Cunha Fernando Q , Ferreira Sérgio H
Published: October 2007

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) mediates different inflammatory events such as neutrophil migration and pain. The present study addressed the mechanisms of LTB4-mediated joint inflammation-induced hypernociception. It was observed that zymosan-induced articular hypernociception and neutrophil migration were reduced dose-dependently by the pretreatment with MK886 (1–9 mg/kg; LT synthesis inhibitor) as well as in 5-lypoxygenase-deficient mice (5LO−/−) or by the selective antagonist of the LTB4 receptor (CP105696; 3 mg/kg). Histological analysis showed reduced zymosan-induced articular inflammatory damage in 5LO−/− mice. The hypernociceptive role of LTB4 was confirmed further by the demonstration that joint injection of LTB4 induces a dose (8.3, 25, and 75 ng)-dependent articular hypernociception. Furthermore, zymosan induced an increase in joint LTB4 production. Investigating the mechanism underlying LTB4 mediation of zymosan-induced hypernociception, LTB4-induced hypernociception was reduced by indomethacin (5 mg/kg), MK886 (3 mg/kg), celecoxib (10 mg/kg), antineutrophil antibody (100 μg, two doses), and fucoidan (20 mg/kg) treatments as well as in 5LO−/− mice. The production of LTB4 induced by zymosan in the joint was reduced by the pretreatment with fucoidan or antineutrophil antibody as well as the production of PGE2 induced by LTB4. Therefore, besides reinforcing the role of endogenous LTB4 as an important mediator of inflamed joint hypernociception, these results also suggested that the mechanism of LTB4-induced articular hypernociception depends on prostanoid and neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, the results also demonstrated clearly that LTB4-induced hypernociception depends on the additional release of endogenous LTs. Concluding, targeting LTB4 synthesis/action might constitute useful therapeutic approaches to inhibit articular inflammatory hypernociception.
Pivotal Advance: Inhibition of HMGB1 nuclear translocation as a mechanism for the anti-rheumatic effects of gold sodium thiomalate
Authors: Zetterström Cecilia K , Jiang Weiwen , Wähämaa Heidi , Östberg Therese , Aveberger Ann-Charlotte , Schierbeck Hanna , Lotze Michael T , Andersson Ulf , Pisetsky David S , Erlandsson Harris Helena
Published: October 2007

Gold compounds such as gold sodium thiomalate (GST) can reduce the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although their mechanism of action is not well defined. As the proinflammatory mediator high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) may play a role in the pathogenesis of RA, we have performed in vitro studies to investigate whether GST inhibits HMGB1 release as the basis of its mode of action. Murine RAW 264.7 or human THP-1 macrophage cells were stimulated in culture with agents causing extracellular HMGB1 release, including LPS, IFN-γ, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, IFN-β, or NO in the presence of GST, ranging from 0 μM to 250 μM. Secretion and intracellular location of HMGB1 were assessed by Western blotting, HMGB1-specific ELISPOT assay, and immunofluorescent staining. In parallel, TNF and IFN-β levels were analyzed by ELISPOT and/or ELISA. Supernatant NO production was analyzed by the Griess method. At pharmacologically relevant doses, GST inhibited the extracellular release of HMGB1 from activated macrophages and caused the nuclear retention of this protein; in contrast, no effects were observed on the secretion or production of TNF. Release of the key endogenous mediators of HMGB1 translocation, IFN-β and NO, was inhibited by GST. This inhibition required gold, as sodium thiomalate did not affect the responses measured. Furthermore, gold chloride also inhibited release of HMGB1. Together, these results suggest a new mechanism for the anti-rheumatic effects of gold salts in RA and the potential of drugs, which interfere with intracellular HMGB1 transport mechanisms, as novel agents to treat RA.
Roles of integrin activation in eosinophil function and the eosinophilic inflammation of asthma
Authors: Barthel Steven R , Johansson Mats W , McNamee Dawn M , Mosher Deane F
Published: September 2007

Eosinophilic inflammation is a characteristic feature of asthma. Integrins are highly versatile cellular receptors that regulate extravasation of eosinophils from the postcapillary segment of the bronchial circulation to the airway wall and airspace. Such movement into the asthmatic lung is described as a sequential, multistep paradigm, whereby integrins on circulating eosinophils become activated, eosinophils tether in flow and roll on bronchial endothelial cells, integrins on rolling eosinophils become further activated as a result of exposure to cytokines, eosinophils arrest firmly to adhesive ligands on activated endothelium, and eosinophils transmigrate to the airway in response to chemoattractants. Eosinophils express seven integrin heterodimeric adhesion molecules: α4β1 (CD49d/29), α6β1 (CD49f/29), αMβ2 (CD11b/18), αLβ2 (CD11a/18), αXβ2 (CD11c/18), αDβ2 (CD11d/18), and α4β7 (CD49d/β7). The role of these integrins in eosinophil recruitment has been elucidated by major advances in the understanding of integrin structure, integrin function, and modulators of integrins. Such findings have been facilitated by cellular experiments of eosinophils in vitro, studies of allergic asthma in humans and animal models in vivo, and crystal structures of integrins. Here, we elaborate on how integrins cooperate to mediate eosinophil movement to the asthmatic airway. Antagonists that target integrins represent potentially promising therapies in the treatment of asthma.
The geneMACCHI-BOU 4/ENHANCER OF PINOIDencodes a NPH3-like protein and reveals similarities between organogenesis and phototropism at the molecular level
Authors: Furutani Masahiko , Kajiwara Takahito , Kato Takehide , Treml Birgit S. , Stockum Christine , Torres-Ruiz Ramón A. , Tasaka Masao
Published: October 2007

Intercellular transport of the phytohormone auxin is a significant factor for plant organogenesis. To investigate molecular mechanisms by which auxin controls organogenesis, we analyzed the macchi-bou 4 (mab4)mutant identified as an enhancer of pinoid (pid). Although mab4 and pid single mutants displayed relatively mild cotyledon phenotypes, pid mab4 double mutants completely lacked cotyledons. We found that MAB4 was identical to ENHANCER OF PINOID (ENP), which has been suggested to control PIN1 polarity in cotyledon primordia. MAB4/ENP encodes a novel protein,which belongs to the NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) family thought to function as a signal transducer in phototropism and control lateral translocation of auxin. MAB4/ENP mRNA was detected in the protodermal cell layer of the embryo and the meristem L1 layer at the site of organ initiation. In the mab4 embryo, the abundance of PIN1:GFP was severely decreased at the plasma membrane in the protodermal cell layer. In addition, subcellular localization analyses indicated that MAB4/ENP resides on a subpopulation of endosomes as well as on unidentified intracellular compartments. These results indicate that MAB4/ENP is involved in polar auxin transport in organogenesis.
Transcription factor TEAD4 specifies the trophectoderm lineage at the beginning of mammalian development
Authors: Yagi Rieko , Kohn Matthew J. , Karavanova Irina , Kaneko Kotaro J. , Vullhorst Detlef , DePamphilis Melvin L. , Buonanno Andres
Published: October 2007

Specification of cell lineages in mammals begins shortly after fertilization with formation of a blastocyst consisting of trophectoderm,which contributes exclusively to the placenta, and inner cell mass (ICM), from which the embryo develops. Here we report that ablation of the mouse Tead4 gene results in a preimplantation lethal phenotype, and TEAD4 is one of two highly homologous TEAD transcription factors that are expressed during zygotic gene activation in mouse 2-cell embryos. Tead4-/- embryos do not express trophectoderm-specific genes, such as Cdx2, but do express ICM-specific genes, such as Oct4 (also known as Pou5f1). Consequently, Tead4-/- morulae do not produce trophoblast stem cells,trophectoderm or blastocoel cavities, and therefore do not implant into the uterine endometrium. However, Tead4-/- embryos can produce embryonic stem cells, a derivative of ICM, and if the Tead4 allele is not disrupted until after implantation, then Tead4-/-embryos complete development. Thus, Tead4 is the earliest gene shown to be uniquely required for specification of the trophectoderm lineage.
Comment on the Climate Station of the University of Hohenheim: Analysis of Air Temperature and Precipitation Time Series since 1878
Authors: Erren By Hans
Published: September 2007

Comparison with other homogenised stations in Western Europe proves that the recent published temperature dataset of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, for which homogeneity is claimed, still has an inhomogeneity of approximately a half degree Celsius in 1937 and a non-climatic temperature trend of one degree Celsius per century.
District Heating as a Secure Heat Supply—A Question of Regulation
Authors: Palm Jenny
Published: September 2007

The trend in the district heating industry is toward increased privatization and openness to competition, which bring with them other phenomena associated with civil law, such as bankruptcies. Vingåker was one of six Swedish municipalities whose district heating companies went bankrupt in 2004. The bankruptcy caused major disruptions in Vingåker, not least as a result of the unregulated legal framework that has long prevailed in the area of district heating, where there is essentially no consumer protection.

A distinguishing feature of Vingåker, and one that may be assumed to apply to other smaller municipalities as well, is the fact that the municipality was the totally dominant customer in the district heating system. In its negotiations, the municipality was able to exploit this position of strength by refusing to pay the district heating price set by the trustee in bankruptcy while still continuing to have district heat delivered. At the same time, the case of Vingåker also shows that, in their procurement processes, municipalities need to conduct a thorough analysis of the ownership structures of the bidding companies, and determine the extent to which each company is established in the industry. Yet another lesson to be taken from this case is that changes in external factors such as fuel costs and taxes, which are difficult for local actors to influence, create a need to draw up short-term contracts that allow for adjustments in the district heating rates.
Ethical Issues in Policy Evaluation
Authors: Palfrey Colin , Thomas Paul
Published: October 2007

This article explores the relatively uncharted territory of ethical considerations relating to formal evaluation in the context of public service provision. The discussion focuses on three components: identifying values informing the content, criteria and methods of evaluation; promoting key professional standards to be applied during the process of evaluation; and highlighting ethical issues relating to interaction between evaluator and commissioner and between evaluator and other participants. The discussion draws attention to the relative neglect of ethical issues in the evaluation literature by reviewing key texts.
Characterization of Louisiana Asphalt Mixtures Using Simple Performance Tests
Authors: Mohammad Louay N. , Saadeh Shadi , Obulareddy Sandeep , Cooper Sam
Published: October 2007

The main objective of this study was to characterize the performance of HMA mixes based on four laboratory tests, including three simple performance tests (SPTs) dynamic modulus ∣E∗∣, flow time (Ft), flow number (FN), and a Loaded Wheel Tracking (LWT) test. In addition, two dynamic modulus prediction models, namely Witczak and Hirsch, were evaluated. Thirteen plant-produced HMA mixtures were selected in this study. Laboratory characterization tests included the dynamic modulus ∣E∗∣, flow number (FN), and Hamburg-Type LWT tests. Test results indicated that the ∣E∗∣ test was sensitive to the nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) in the HMA mixture. Larger aggregates combined with recycled asphalt (RAP) tended to have high ∣E∗∣ values at high temperatures. Both the Witczak and Hirsch models could predict the dynamic modulus ∣E∗∣ values with a reasonable reliability. However, the Witczak model reliability increases for higher NMAS. On the other hand, the Hirsch model reliability increases for lower NMAS. The general ranking of the SPTs and LWT test was similar. In addition, this ranking was consistent with the field use of those mixtures in terms of their design traffic volume.
When Afro Becomes (like) Indigenous: Garifuna and Afro‐Indigenous Politics in Honduras
Authors: Anderson Mark
Published: September 2007

Este artículo explora las políticas de representaciún y alianza entre organizaciones garífunas e indígenas en Honduras, trazando el desarrollo de una convergencia afroindígena que ha venido desarrollando rupturas internas en los últimos años. La versiún hondureña de multiculturalismo representa quizás el caso más claro en Latinoamérica en donde las poblaciones indígenas y afrodescendientes han sido "reconocidas" como sujetos étnicos con condiciones legales equivalentes. Al enfocarme en las historias recientes de los procesos organizativos político‐culturales garífunas,muestro cúmo los garífunas se "visibilizaron" como un pueblo "autúctono" con derechos "indígenas" derribando así las frecuentes distinciones entre "lo negro" y "lo indígena." Luego, analizo tensiones recientes dentro de las organizaciones étnicas en relaciún a las políticas multiculturales del estado. Aunque la equivalencia jurídica establecida en los años noventa entre Garífunas e indígenas no ha sido abiertamente desafiada por el estado, los esfuerzos gubernamentales por marginar la más fuerte corriente de oposiciún del activismo étnico han contribuido a crear divisiones entre organizaciones étnicas y alianzas afroindígenas.
Can Ethnicity Replace Race? Afro‐Colombians, Indigeneity and the Colombian Multicultural State
Authors: Ng'weno Bettina
Published: September 2007

Diferentes países latinoaméricanos, Colombia incluida, han declarado ser naciones multiculturales. En el proceso, estos han reestructurado los derechos legales de acuerdo con líneas de distinción cultural, y han proveído a los grupos étnicos con derechos especiales bajo nuevas constituciones políticas. Una dimensión crucial de este cambio legal ha sido la consagración de una cierta conceptualización de etnicidad. En este artículo me concentro en los procesos que permiten y que también limitan la pertenencia étnica en Colombia, para comprender el concepto de indigeneidad sobre el cual dichos nuevos ideas de etnicidad están basados. Examino el uso de ideas específicas de indigeneidad en un conflicto territorial entre comunidades indígenas y negras en los Andes, y también el fallo de la Corte Constitucional de la Tutela 422 de 1996, caso en el que se trata de los derechos de los afro‐colombianos. Estos ejemplos muestran cómo en Colombia ciertas ideas locales y globales de indigeneidad establecen quién pertenece a un grupo étnico y quién está incluido en un grupo racial. Además, estos dos casos demuestran el papel trascendental que tiene el territorio en la construcción de los conceptos de indigeneidad y de grupo étnico. palabras claves: indigeneidad, Colombia, territorio, raza, etnia.
Entre lo indio, lo negro, y lo incaico: The Spatial Hierarchies of Difference in Multicultural Peru
Authors: Greene Shane
Published: September 2007

Este artículo examina los problemas encontrados por un programa estatal sobre multiculturalismo afro‐indígena en Perú dentro del marco de la historia intelectual de la nación, sus regiones, y las ideologías que las gobiernan. En vez de presentar un recuento comparativo sobre las políticas aplicadas a afro‐descendientes e indígenas a nivel regional Latinoamericano enfatizando "raza" versus "cultura", arguyo que se debe prestar más atención a las formas en las que el multiculturalismo afro‐indígena se "peruaniza" en el proceso de la expansión global/regional. El caso peruano es particularmente interesante por la forma en la que el Estado separa sus sujetos multiculturales por región (reconociendo los Andinos, Amazónicos, y Afro Peruanos que son implícitamente de la costa). También analizo cómo la larga fascinación de la nación con la figura del Inca permite que los Andinos tengan un estatus de elite indígena dentro de la imaginación multicultural. La influencia histórica de lo que llamo el "espacio Inca" sugiere posibilidades para poder comparar todos aquellos sujetos definidos como no Andinos/no Incas, y particularmente para los Afro‐Peruanos e indígenas amazónicos en este contexto. PALABRAS CLAVES: multiculturalismo, afroperuanos, pueblos indígenas, Perú, movimientos sociales.
La educación desde una escuela democrática
Authors: Almenerio Guillermo Muñoz
Published: September 2007

Guillermo Muñoz Almenerio es Psicólogo y Asesor de Proyectos de la Organización de Desarrollo de los Afro Chalacos—QUILOMBO (ODACH).Ha estudiado cursos de Post Grado en la Uuniversidad de las Américas (México) y es uno de los fundadores del Movimiento Negro Francisco Congo en el Peru (actualmente el Movimiento Nacional Afroperuano Francisco Congo).
Book Reviews
Authors: Brody M. Jill
Published: September 2007

¿La ütz awäch? Introduction to Kaqchikel Maya Language. R.McKenna Brown, Judith D. Maxwell and Walter E. Little eds. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006. 305 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Castaneda Angela N.
Published: September 2007

The City of Women, Albuquerque:. Ruth Landes,: University of New Mexico Press, 1994. 251 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Duncan William N.
Published: September 2007

Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of. Maya Ruler. Vera Tieslerand Andrea Cucina, eds. Tuscon: The University of Arizona Press, 2006. 219 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Greene Shane
Published: September 2007

Mas Que un Indio: Racial Ambivalence and Neoliberal Multiculturalism in Guatemala. Charles Hale, Santa Fe: School of American Research, 2006. 292 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Isendahl Christian
Published: September 2007

Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. William Baleeand Clark L. Erickson, eds. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. 417 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Jerry Anthony R.
Published: September 2007

Black Blood Brothers: Confraternities and Social Mobility for Afro‐Mexicans. Nicole Von Germeten, Gainesville: The University Press of Florida, 2006. 287 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Sulkin Carlos David Londono
Published: September 2007

Alejandro Tsakimp:. Shuar Healer in the Margins of History. Steven Rubenstein, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. 322 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Phillips James
Published: September 2007

Myths of Modernity: Peonage and Patriarchy in Nicaragua. Elizabeth Dore, Durham: Duke University Press, 2006. 252 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Sullivan Paul
Published: September 2007

The Carnegie Maya: The Carnegie Institution of Washington Maya Research Program, 1913–1957. John M. Weeks and Jane A. Hill eds., Boulder: The University Press of Colorado, 2006. 824 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Whitten Norman E.
Published: September 2007

Remembering the Hacienda: Religion, Authority, and Social Change in Highland Ecuador. Barry J. Lyons, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006. 350 pp.
Review Essay
Authors: Isendahl Christian
Published: September 2007

The Mesoamerican Experience

The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya. David Stuart and Karl Taube, eds., Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006. 324 pp.

The Social Experience of Childhood in Ancient Mesoamerica. Traci Ardren and Scott R. Hutson, eds., Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2006. 309 pp.