bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labor
Authors: Appelbaum Rich
Published: December 2018

The globalized production systems that emerged in full force during the latter third of the twentieth century have resulted in the relocation of manufacturing to low-wage countries, hollowing out manufacturing in the high-wage countries of the Global North. This dynamic has benefitted consumers in the form of lower cost products; it has also cost jobs in high-wage countries and often resulted in harsh and sometimes fatal working conditions in the Global South. Yet at the same time, the relocation of manufacturing jobs to East Asia has resulted in the growth of a working class throughout the region. This chapter examines the changes in the world economy that have given rise to this decentralized production system, the hardships and sometimes fatal challenges it poses for workers, and businesses’ failed efforts at self-regulation. It concludes with a discussion of both consumer anti-sweatshop and workers’ struggles, and it suggests some promising signs of a way forward.
Worldview Analysis
Authors: Sheikh Mona Kanwal
Published: December 2018

In a global era, the challenge for worldview analysis is to embrace both a context-sensitive and a culturally sensitive approach to concepts and ideas. This chapter identifies solid methods to analyze and comprehend the vertical dynamics between worldviews and action and also the horizontal dynamics between the precepts, imageries, and grievances that stem from transnational views of religion, politics, and society. The chapter reviews the most dominant definitions and applications of the worldview concept as it has been used in the study of global phenomena in the social sciences and how they differ from the way the concept of ideology is applied. This opens up a critical discussion of the link between worldview on one side and behavior on the other. By drawing on sociotheology, the chapter engages with the question of how to embrace context and culturally sensitive methods to study transnational worldviews.
The Female Body in Global Media
Authors: Parikka Tuija
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between the body, globalization, and the media. It discusses how the female body is subjected to being “played” in the global media and what that reveals of gender and minority–majority relationships and of global aims and fears. The cases presented in this chapter serve as samples of “sexy violence” imagery that cannot be thoroughly explained by theories of objectification, liberation, or commodification of women but, rather, are considered in reference to the socially constitutive role of globalization. Although the female body may function to discursively dissolve, enforce, or alleviate conflicts embedded in the processes and discourses of globalization, the preoccupation with “sexy violence” imagery in the global media does not necessarily offer a solution to global concerns but, rather, plays out the fears, aims, and anxieties about globalization through violence and aggression.
The Anthropocene Thesis
Authors: Dalby Simon
Published: December 2018

The theme of the Anthropocene raises fundamental questions for how world politics is now to be understood. Geopolitics can now no longer take the context of the human drama for granted; transformations are afoot that are of humanity’s own making. Nature is increasingly being produced at the largest of scales, and political thinking has to come to terms with this new condition. Globalization is, it turns out, a profoundly physical process, not just a matter of trade and cultural change networked by communication technologies. The global economy is effectively a new geomorphic force at work in the biosphere. The Anthropocene thus provides a formulation for rethinking many things and is, as such, a profoundly useful category for new thinking about global studies.
Humanitarian Organizations
Authors: Marshall Katherine
Published: December 2018

Humanitarian organizations are challenged today by shifting geopolitical and economic realities and changes spurred by forces of globalization. Emergency relief to respond to natural disasters and aid to civilians affected by conflict have dominated the work of a wide range of humanitarian organizations since World War II. Both systems and principles come under increasing scrutiny as needs increase and situations are complicated not only by protracted crises and financial constraints but also by mounting risks linked to changing climate and weak state governance. The 2016 World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul, Turkey, focused global attention on both current and emerging challenges for humanitarian principles and organization. This chapter situates humanitarian organizations briefly in their historical context, outlines the institutional framework, and highlights contemporary debates that turn around questions about whether the system is broken or simply broke.
The Impact of Global Financial Crises
Authors: Bello Walden
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) and shows the long-term impacts of the GFC on US politics and global economic policy. In particular, the chapter analyzes the surprisingly inadequate response of the Obama administration, which accelerated the failure of Keynesianism and opened the door to Hillary Clinton’s stunning 2016 electoral loss to the national populist Donald Trump. The chapter argues that the unfolding of the GFC brought Keynesian economics to the forefront, with neoliberalism beating a hasty retreat in the immediate aftermath of the crisis. Keynesian economists had correctly anticipated the crisis, but even they were probably surprised by its severity. It was not only for the accuracy of their financial analysis but for the policy tools they offered for dealing with the unfolding crisis that their expertise was sought.
Problem Orientation
Authors: Battersby Paul
Published: December 2018

Globalization is complex, dynamic, and unpredictable. A commensurably dynamic mode of analysis is thus required for the necessary task of comprehending globalization’s intricacies and consequences. Adopting a creative, problem-based technique, this chapter develops a global approach to problem orientation. Irregular migration is the topic focus used to map out how a complex problem space can be constructed and how notions of complexity can be imaginatively applied to explore avenues for global response. A global problem orientation accepts that new knowledge can form at the interstices of different systems or schools of thought. The creative–imaginative technique discussed in this chapter encourages the use of divergent models or paradigms in tandem to enable thick description and deep analysis of complex problem spaces.
Pandemics
Authors: Jacobsen Kathryn H.
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses the history of and responses to global epidemics of serious diseases. Case studies of cholera, influenza, and HIV/AIDS illustrate typical reactions to pandemic events. The initial stages of a pandemic are often characterized by collective anxiety and a desire for isolation. As the pandemic progresses, there are calls for collective global responses to protect human security and contain outbreaks while maintaining international trade and travel. As pandemics enter a recovery phase, there is often a shift toward the use of advocacy to promote international cooperation, secure continued funding for global health activities, and advance other strategic goals. The rhetoric of pandemics is now being used to describe obesity and other emerging noncommunicable diseases because the language of pandemics connotes risk and demands global action. Pandemics are the result of global interactions and globalization processes, and studies of pandemics are, by definition, global studies.
Impoverishment in the Anthropocene
Authors: Baxi Upendra
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the idea of impoverishment and the concept of poverty as a global condition. It makes a distinction between “poverty” and “impoverishment”—the latter being the conditions and policies that keep people mired in poverty. It also makes a distinction between absolute poverty—conditions that threaten survival—and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is often regarded as a human right, and this chapter details efforts by international entities such as agencies of the United Nations to include the abolition of global poverty within the idea of universal human rights. The chapter also discusses the nature of impoverishment in the Anthropocene era, in which global warming will threaten everyone within vast regions of the Earth. The notions of global responsibility and universal human rights will have to be expanded to include these problematic new circumstances.
Environmental Critique
Authors: Bond Patrick
Published: December 2018

The essential dispute in global management of the Earth system is not whether planetary boundaries are being broached but whether it is appropriate to address these with managerialist strategies combining technical fixes and market mechanisms controlled by banks and corporations—as opposed to firm state regulatory mandates backed by tough civil society activism. Most of the attempts to “internalize market externalities” follow a trajectory of ecological modernization in analysis and policy, which abstracts from the dynamics of capital accumulation and the operation of power relations within multilateral governance. A theoretical framing (as developed by Marx, Luxemburg, and Harvey) assists in locating the wellsprings of ecological destruction, given the limits to strategies based on spatial, temporal, and capitalist/non-capitalist displacement of the underlying crisis tendencies. Many alternative discourses have emerged as a result of these obvious limitations in mainstream analysis and global governance strategies, to which global studies will increasingly contribute.
Civil Society
Authors: Buckley Karen
Published: December 2018

For all its myriad debates, interpretations, and discussions, research on detailing and imagining civil society, global civil society, and associated social relations is constrained in how it conceives global social relations. There is confusion as to whether civil society and global civil society refer to an analytical concept or an actually existing reality or both simultaneously. This chapter adds a missing dimension to these discussions through engaging a critical dialogue or dialectics between concept and reality in civil society research on the nature and extent of civil society particularly as they relate to global governance and contestation. The theoretical and practical activities of civil society, seen through a dialectical lens of the world, are related in the conclusion to a greater understanding of movement and change through the processes of transversal hegemony.
Feminist Perspectives in Global Studies
Authors: Moghadam Valentine M.
Published: December 2018

In highlighting the contributions that feminist scholars have made to global studies in recent decades, this chapter focuses on three prominent areas of research: the gendered nature of globalization; violence against women, armed conflict, and the interstate system; and women’s, feminist, and gendered social movements. These three areas of research are interconnected, in that “globalization-from-above” generates or exacerbates inequalities, tensions, and conflicts, whereas social movements are manifestations of “globalization-from-below.” The overview of feminist perspectives on, and critiques of, globalization and gender-based violence is accompanied by a discussion of how women’s movements, especially feminist movements, have responded to global economic and political developments and how the appropriation of feminist language for the promotion of the global neoliberal agenda has raised objections.
WPS, Peace Negotiations, and Peace Agreements
Authors: Aggestam Karin
Published: December 2018

Peace negotiations and their outcomes have long-term repercussions for post-conflict politics and societies. Yet, one of the most striking patterns of contemporary peace diplomacy is the gross underrepresentation of women at the negotiation table, which reflects the gendered nature of diplomacy as an institution. The research question raised in this chapter concern how gender impacts peace negotiations, and how women’s participation is conceptualized in theory and framed in policy? The chapter first takes stock of contemporary policy discourses on women’s participation and the state-of-the art of scholarly work on gender and peace negotiations. It then moves on to depict where women are descriptively positioned in peace negotiation and analyzes the gendered dynamics of peace negotiations. It highlights some enabling and constraining factors, which influence women’s participation in peace negotiation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how a research agenda can be advanced on gender and peace negotiation.
WPS and Policing
Authors: Greener Bethan
Published: December 2018

The rise of police and of policing in international affairs has been a quiet revolution. Similarly, the WPS agenda struggles to gain the meaningful attention and buy-in required to compel change. Thus the fledgling status of these two fairly recent developments combined to ensure that the substantial promise of policing in advancing the WPS agenda and that of the WPS agenda for furthering the call for increased investment in international policing have not yet been realized. This chapter provides an overview of developments in the WPS and policing fields. In doing so, it examines the contributions of each agenda with respect to issues of appropriation and operationalization. Moreover, this chapter explores how the nascent promise of the WPS and policing nexus might be brought to the fore in international and domestic affairs, arguing that the implementation of WPS and policing objectives warrant focused attention and commitment from the international community.
WPS and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Koomen Jonneke
Published: December 2018

The International Criminal Court began its work in 2003. The Court’s founding treaty, the Rome Statute (1998), offers an unprecedented legal framework dedicated to ending impunity for sexual and gender-based violence in armed conflict. This chapter examines how the Rome Statute contributes to the Women, Peace, and Security agenda, paying particular attention to the Statute’s definitions of crimes, gender-sensitive rules, commitment to gender expertise, provisions for victim participation and reparations, and its framework for national implementation. Next, the chapter examines the difficulties faced by the Court in institutionalizing the Statute’s gender justice commitments during the first decade of its work, including challenges surrounding the prosecutor’s investigations, charging decisions, and the ICC’s first trials. The chapter points to efforts to strengthen the Court’s gender justice framework and notes the key role of advocates and NGOs in monitoring the Court’s gender justice commitments. The chapter’s concludes by considering ways that WPS advocates can support the Court’s work in challenging international political circumstances.
WPS and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Authors: von Hlatky Stefanie
Published: December 2018

As a political-military alliance, NATO’s adoption of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda presents a unique and interesting case study. This chapter sheds light on the process undertaken by the Alliance to institutionalize the gender norms enshrined in UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and follow-on resolutions, through an assessment of its policies, guidelines, and appointments. The research reveals that there is a disconnect between NATO’s organizational approach to gender mainstreaming and the fact that individual member states and partners have their own WPS frameworks and national action plans. Once again, NATO coordination proves that this two-level game presents challenges for the harmonization of standards alliance wide.
WPS and Civil Society
Authors: Björkdahl Annika , Mannergren Selimovic Johanna
Published: December 2018

Civil society is often understood as a normative vehicle for the promotion of human rights and democracy, as it plays a central role in ensuring gender equality and advocating for local ownership in the decision-making processes of states. Civil society agents and organizations have been instrumental in promoting and advancing the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda. In this chapter, we examine the experiences of Bosnian Civil Society Organizations (CSO) and their activities to advance a gender-just peace. Drawing on examples from the Bosnian case study, we argue that women civil society organizations are key actors, as they not only set the agenda when it comes to WPS, they also play a key role in ensuring that the WPS principles are institutionalized and operationalized in policy. Moreover, we observe that women CSOs are particularly successful in advocating for the needs of victims of conflict-related sexual-based violence.
WPS, States, and the National Action Plans
Authors: Jacevic Mirsad Miki
Published: December 2018

Since 2005, UN Security Council Resolution 1325, national action plans (NAPs) have been tools for institutionalizing the women, peace, and security agenda. Yet, gaps remain between their promise and their capacity to facilitate safer, more stable local communities. Inclusive Security’s “high-impact NAP” methodology posits that these plans can only achieve this goal when inclusively designed, effectively monitored and evaluated, adequately resourced, and fully supported politically. Using this framework and illustrative country examples, this chapter reviews NAP progress and challenges to date. Specifically, this chapter provides a close examination of the effectiveness of NAPs in countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom, Iraq, and Japan. In doing so, it critically examines the current “state of the field” and emerging trends (e.g. localization), and offers concluding lessons learned in order to translate women, peace, and security commitments into action. This chapter argues that while NAPs face a number of limitations, they are nevertheless important policy and advocacy mechanisms as they strengthen institutional efforts for change.
Protecting Displaced Women and Girls
Authors: Ferris Elizabeth
Published: December 2018

Over the past fifteen years, the issue of protecting displaced women and girls has been a major focus of attention throughout the humanitarian community. Policies, guidelines, toolkits and training manuals have all been produced in great abundance. This chapter considers the impact of these policies on the protection of refugee and displaced women and girls, with particular reference to the case of Syria. The humanitarian community has taken important steps to address the needs of refugee women more effectively and certainly there is much greater awareness of the importance of gender in humanitarian responses. As the Syrian refugee and IDP case demonstrates, however, where the humanitarian community falls short is in encouraging the full participation of refugee and IDP women in decision-making, as well as in their relief and recovery. This chapter argues, therefore, that unless progress is made in all four of the WPS pillars—participation, conflict-resolution, protection, and relief and recovery—efforts by humanitarian actors to protect displaced women will always be limited.
Advocacy and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda
Authors: Taylor Sarah
Published: December 2018

The women, peace, and security agenda is contested ground for activists, academics, and practitioners. With the issue of women and conflict the locus of tension between feminists, bureaucrats, military actors, and government officials, assessing WPS advocacy provokes a series of questions. Whose goals count in advocacy on women, peace, and security, and what counts as success when these goals are deeply contested? Drawing on the advocacy efforts of the NGO Working Group on WPS at the UN Security Council, this chapter looks to answer these questions. It examines the capacity of advocacy to effect change via multilateral institutions, including the UN Security Council. Ultimately the effectiveness of these tools hinges not just upon the creative and strategic design of policy frameworks, but upon the political will in the UNSC to utilize them. As such, any advocacy approach that seeks to move accountability forward in the Council needs to be resilient to the political ebbs and flows within the Council.
WPS and CEDAW, Optional Protocol, and General Recommendations
Authors: O'Rourke Catherine , Swaine Aisling
Published: December 2018

One of the key conclusions of the Global Study on UN Security Council Resolution 1325 was the need for improved synergies between the treaty-based human rights system and the WPS agenda. This chapter considers the current and potential role of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the CEDAW Committee in advancing accountability and normative development of the WPS agenda. The Convention and the Optional Protocol offer an established mechanism of state accountability for women’s rights for the Convention’s 189 state parties. In addition, the CEDAW Committee is a key normative actor on women’s rights in conflict, producing general recommendations and considering individual communications and inquiry requests under the Optional Protocol. This chapter, therefore, examines the Committee’s activities in the implementation and interpretation of the WPS agenda, drawing particular attention to changes introduced by the Committee’s General Recommendation Number 30 (2014) on the rights of women in conflict prevention, conflict, and post-conflict settings. The chapter concludes by providing a critical reflection of the comparative advantage of pursuing the WPS agenda through the CEDAW Convention and Committee.
The WPS Agenda and Strategy for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: de Jonge Oudraat Chantal
Published: December 2018

UN Security Council Resolution 1325 recognized the critical roles women can and must play in advancing international peace and security. The WPS agenda, however, has focused largely on the protection of women in conflict, in particular from sexual and gender-based violence. In doing so, the substantive participation of women in peace and security remains significantly underexplored. This chapter suggests that the lack of progress on the WPS agenda is due to the perception that it is a women’s agenda, as opposed to one that seeks to advance gender equality and security. Moreover, this chapter reveals the challenges associated with the disparate nature of the WPS and security communities. In response, this chapter suggests that for the WPS agenda to advance, the community needs to emphasize that this is not only a women’s agenda. Specifically, the dialogue needs to be reframed to acknowledge that a focus on women is necessary, but not sufficient.
Measuring WPS
Authors: Klugman Jeni
Published: December 2018

Global indices are an increasingly popular way to assess progress against such goals, by distilling an array of complex information into a single number or ranking. The new global Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Index bridges insights from gender and development indices with those from peace and security indices in a way that is simple and transparent and that reflects women’s autonomy and empowerment as agents at home, in the community, and in society. The index is structured around three basic dimensions of women’s well-being: inclusion (economic, social, political); justice (formal laws and informal discrimination); and security (at the individual, community, and societal levels), which are quantified through carefully selected indicators. It ranks 153 countries along these three dimensions in a way that highlights key achievements and deficits, and provides a tool to monitor progress over time. The global rankings highlight priority areas in which policy reforms and investments are needed to accelerate progress, especially in countries that are performing poorly or where achievements are unbalanced across dimensions. This chapter both informs and contributes to an evidence-based narrative that inspires political action and social movements.
WPS and Gender Mainstreaming
Authors: Landgren Karin
Published: December 2018

Within UN peace operations, the concept of gender mainstreaming and the introduction of gender advisors represented the first systemic effort to recognize and respond to the particular experiences and perspectives of women and girls in, and after, conflict. Drawing on the author’s experience of leading three UN peace operations, this chapter explores how this approach has worked in practice, including whether the ground was adequately prepared; whether attention was given to the understanding of this (contextual, gendered) issue by senior mission leadership; and the importance of this agenda as communicated by the Secretary-General. It considers WPS in the context of the breadth of peace operation mandates; whether there has been a focus on [programmatic] activities at the expense of analysis; and whether the narrative around female victimhood in conflict obscures a focus on their rights and agency. This chapter argues that creative and coordinated strategies are needed to ensure the WPS agenda remains a focus of UN Peace Operations.
After the Archive
Authors: McMurray Peter
Published: December 2018

The afterlife of an archive determines what that archive was in the first place. In other words, the way an archive preserves, processes, analyzes, and circulates its holdings—or fails to do so—plays a central role in constituting not just the what of the archive (its ontology) but also its when (the temporalities it contains and allows). In the 1930s, Milman Parry, a scholar of Homeric epic, traveled to the former Yugoslavia to collect oral poetry from the area, hoping to use this contemporary tradition to think about the feasibility of epic song—and specifically the Iliad and Odyssey—as an oral tradition more broadly. Parry’s student, Albert Lord, published their findings on the topic, creating a massive rethinking of poetry and literature more generally. But the archive they created through their audio recordings in Yugoslavia, recorded on aluminum discs, wire spools, and reel-to-reel tape, served for decades as a kind of necessary proof of their findings, but not an archive that allowed for significant new research. In the past decade, however, a number of family members of the singers who had recorded for Parry have begun to contact the archive seeking information about recordings in the archive. This contact has led not only to meaningful encounters between these families and the archive but also to small but significant expansions in the archive’s holdings through a kind of genealogical ethnography of the archive itself and its multiple, simultaneous (and often divergent) histories.
Classical Defense of the Baroque
Authors: Merlin-Kajman Hélène
Published: December 2018

The Baroque, like Classicism, has long been considered as an endogenous category, or (still worse), as anhistorical. Deleuze, we know, refused this historicist judgment and made of the “fold” the paradigmatic feature of the Baroque. In the present article, after showing that Baroque was inseparable from Classicisim, we will propose to add another fold to Deleuze’s: the fold of time. To defend the classical side of the Baroque is to claim that the Baroque is worth transmitting and that this can only be done along with classicism. Cultural transmission circulates in the folds of time. This article refers to the “classic-baroque,” or the consciousness of this fold in time, the awareness that all transmission is based on a past and a present folded together, somewhat lamely, by the future—something that cannot be easily contained within a chronology or within a linear historical causality.
Baroque Dance
Authors: Nevile Jennifer
Published: December 2018

Baroque dance was inseparable from music and theater, with its role in multimedia spectacles giving it a dramatic power and an expressive passion. It was part of politics and diplomacy; it was influenced by contemporary artistic attitudes as they pertained to the concept of beauty and artistic design principles, as well as trends in philosophic and scientific thought; and it reflected the organization of society and the social interactions of the upper levels of society. Dance taught self-control, which was itself a sign of noble virtue and a graceful bearing. While each country had its own national dance traditions, the fundamental characteristics of baroque dance was French; the practice as performed at the French court and the Opéra. The years 1630–1750 saw changes in styles and dance genres, major innovations in the methods of notating choreographies, as well as visible and substantial changes in the bodily deportment of dancers.
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia as a Transdiagnostic Biomarker of Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Beauchaine Theodore P. , Bell Ziv E.
Published: December 2018

Over the past two decades, emotion dysregulation—defined as the inability to dampen strong emotional responses in the service of goal-directed behavior—has emerged as a consistent, transdiagnostic vulnerability to psychopathology. Although specific forms of dysregulated emotion vary across disorders (e.g., exuberance, anger, and related approach emotions in externalizing disorders; anxiety, panic, and related avoidance emotions in internalizing disorders), deficits in dampening emotional responses help define many psychiatric conditions. Peripherally, emotion dysregulation is often marked by low tonic (resting) parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). In fact, hundreds of studies conducted to date have found low RSA across diverse forms of psychopathology (e.g., anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder, conduct disorder, depression, panic disorder, psychotic disorders). Associations between psychopathology and RSA reactivity to laboratory tasks are less consistent. However, wide variability in tasks and psychophysiological methods may explain some of these inconsistencies. This chapter provides an updated summary of this literature, ending with discussion of methodological issues.
The Capitalist State and State Power
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: December 2018

Marx planned a book on the state as part of his larger project to critique the political economy of the capitalist mode of production. Nonetheless Marx analyzed the state over some forty years of critical engagement with bourgeois society and provided at least seven types of analysis of the state and state power. Overall, he highlighted the significance of the institutional separation of the economic and political in capitalist social formations, explored the normal form of the capitalist type of state and some of its exceptional forms (notably Bonapartism), and related state power to specific state forms and the changing balance of forces. This article surveys the development of Marx’s work on the capitalist state, the range of approaches that he adopted in specific contexts, his form analysis of the state, his conjunctural analyses, and his eventual discovery of the adequate form of a democratic socialist state in the Paris Commune. It builds on this analysis of Marx’s work to comment on subsequent Marxist analyses of the state and state power, including capital-, class- and state-theoretical work and emphasizes the importance of a relational approach to the capitalist state.
Transgender and Gender Expansive Students
Authors: Eckes Suzanne E. , Lewis Maria M.
Published: December 2018

Controversies over school policies that impact transgender students have garnered increased attention in recent years. For example, some transgender students have been prohibited from using the restroom that aligns with their gender identity, and others have not been addressed by their preferred names. Thus, in this chapter, we focus on cutting-edge issues that relate specifically to transgender students. In doing so we explore the legal landscape related to transgender student inclusion. We will begin with an overview of relevant research, followed by a presentation of the legal framework and finishing with a discussion of important legal issues, including topics such as access to facilities, privacy, pronouns and student records, athletics, and dress codes. As this chapter will demonstrate, unprecedented efforts in research have revealed alarming inequities experienced by transgender individuals. Concurrently, with some limitations or exceptions, there is a growing body of legal authority that has been successfully relied upon to protect the rights of transgender students. To be certain, the law impacting transgender individuals is multifaceted and evolving. Of notable significance, transgender students who have initiated legal claims against school districts for their discriminatory practices have all ended in favorable outcomes for the students.
The Constitutionally Anomalous Right to Education
Authors: Weishart Joshua E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter clarifies the nature of right to education in the United States. It analyzes the constitutional text and judicial decisions from the past half-century to identify the right’s form, function, and scope. These interrelated, constitutive parts reveal (i) the duties and freedoms conferred by the right, (ii) the purpose and content of those educational entitlements, (iii) the conditions by which the right can be vindicated in courts, and (iv) the range of potential remedies.
Fiscal Compliance Rules for Federal Funding of Elementary and Secondary Education
Authors: Gordon Nora , Pasachoff Eloise
Published: December 2018

Fiscal compliance rules—technical rules governing how states and school districts may use their federal money and how they must document that use—are pervasive throughout federal education law. The purpose of these rules is to hold state and local educational agencies accountable for their spending choices under federal law. Yet, as this chapter demonstrates, the multilayered bureaucratic system in which the rules are embedded actually works against the public accountability they were designed to promote. The chapter describes the institutional system of federal grants administration and how it oversees and enforces fiscal rules. After explaining the importance of these rules to state and local educational agencies, the chapter argues that the fiscal compliance rules would be more valuable in promoting accountability—and thereby would better serve students—if the system as a whole provided clearer and more accessible rules and required documented reason-giving under these rules in publicly available fora.
Capital, Income Growth, in American Economic History
Authors: Rhode Paul W.
Published: December 2018

The role of capital accumulation in the process of long-run income growth has been the subject of great debate. The classical and early neoclassical economists viewed capital accumulation as the fundamental driver of growth. Economists informed by the Solow growth model (and its successors) and by twentieth-century growth accounting exercises assign capital accumulation a much more marginal role. This now standard view takes certain constancies for granted: the rate of capital formation (i.e., the saving rate), the capital-output ratio, capital’s share of income, and the rate of return on capital (i.e., the interest rate). This chapter documents the historical evolution of capital in the American economy and challenges the conventional thinking. It shows that the role of capital accumulation in economic growth is dynamic and has changed dramatically over the past three centuries.
The Civil War in American Economic History
Authors: Ransom Roger
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the following questions: How did the institution of slavery pose an insurmountable obstacle to sectional compromise? What were the “economic costs” of the war to the North and the South? How did the emancipation of four million slaves impact the American economy? What was the economic legacy of the war? The chapter argues that the war was indeed what Charles and Mary Beard termed a “Second American Revolution.” The presence of the “slave power” defeated all efforts at compromise. The wartime expenditures and loss of 750,000 men placed an economic burden that lasted into the twentieth century. Emancipation and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 were the enduring accomplishments of the war.
Trade Policy in American Economic History
Authors: Irwin Doug
Published: December 2018

This chapter reviews the evolution of US foreign trade and trade policy from the colonial period to the present. International trade has been a small but important part of the US economy throughout the country’s history. The Constitution gives Congress the authority to levy import duties. The use of this power has been extremely controversial ever since, with the political debate revolving over whether tariffs on imports should be high or low. This debate has pitted export-oriented producers against domestic producers facing foreign competition. After the Smoot Hawley tariff of 1930, which coincided with the Great Depression, protectionism was given a bad name and the United States began to turn to reciprocal trade agreements with other countries. The led to the formation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and later agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993.
Professional Team Sports in American Economic History
Authors: Engerman Stanley L.
Published: December 2018

This chapter presents several of the major issues of analysis in certain of the major spectator sports. It focuses, among the professional sports, on baseball, football, basketball, and ice hockey—particularly on baseball, which has a much longer history and a more substantial literature than do the other sports. While each of these sports leagues is operated as a separate entity, there is a great degree of similarity in their actions and activities. The chapter does not cover all economic aspects of sports, but focuses on those considered most significant. The four major economic issues to be discussed are (1) the economics of cartels; (2) the labor market (the institutions and the behavior of labor markets); (3) racial and gender discrimination in sports; and (4) government subsidies to teams to influence their location.
Two World Wars in American Economic History
Authors: Fishback Price V. , Jaworski Taylor A.
Published: December 2018

This chapter reviews the evidence connecting World War II to US economic performance in the second half of the twentieth century. It emphasizes the substantial costs of mobilizing the economy for war and provides a brief discussion of the institutions created to manage the war effort. It then surveys four areas where research on the political economy of World War II has concentrated: (1) the rise of women’s labor participation, (2) the decrease in wage and wealth inequality, (3) the postwar growth miracle, and (4) the growth of government in American society. Economic historians and economists have provided important revisions in each area. Along the way, the chapter points in several directions for future research.
Lying and Deception
Authors: Gupta Swati , Ortony Andrew
Published: December 2018

Standard approaches to analyzing what goes on when a speaker lies or engages in some other form of (intentional) verbal deception start with the idea that the speaker wants the addressee (hearer) to believe as true a proposition that the speaker believes is false. In this chapter, it is argued that in fact this is not usually the speaker’s primary motivation. Rather, in most cases, the underlying psychological motivation is to prevent the hearer from believing something the speaker believes to be true. Establishing or perpetuating a supposedly false belief or dismantling a true belief in the hearer is actually a communicative subgoal that a deceptive speaker establishes in the service of the underlying goal of preventing the addressee’s access to the truth. The relation between the various goals involved in lying and deception and some of the strategies that speakers use to attain them are discussed.
Lying and Omissions
Authors: Fallis Don
Published: December 2018

Work in the philosophy of deception tends to focus on outright lying. However, saying something that you believe to be false is not the only way to intentionally cause people to have false beliefs. This chapter focuses on deceiving people by *not* saying things. Not speaking may constitute lying, in contexts where it can be construed as a communication. Deceptive omissions, such as half-truths and lies of omission, can be just as common, just as misleading, and just as dangerous at outright lies. Grice’s “first maxim of Quality” and “first maxim of Quantity” are used in directing the discussion. The chapter investigates the ontology, the epistemology, and the ethics of deceptive omissions.
Lying, Testimony, and Epistemic Vigilance
Authors: Michaelson Eliot
Published: December 2018

Knowledge, it is commonly assumed, can be and often is transmitted via testimony. How exactly this takes place, however, is a matter of controversy. One common thought is that, in order to obtain knowledge via testimony, listeners need to live up to some minimum standard of epistemic conduct. This raises the question of just what this minimum standard might be. Some philosophers have recently attempted to make progress on this question by turning to the psychological literature on mechanisms of ‘epistemic vigilance’, or the methods that people routinely use to track the quality of the testimony they are hearing, to filter out liars and the uninformed. The present chapter briefly canvasses the state of this inquiry and lays out several challenges for it. It concludes with a broader challenge to the thought that there really is some minimal standard that listeners must live up to in order to acquire knowledge via testimony.
Selfless Assertions
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: December 2018

There are three central components to the phenomenon of selfless assertion: first, a subject, for purely non-epistemic reasons, does not believe that p; second, despite this lack of belief, the subject is aware that p is very well supported by all of the available evidence; and, third, because of this, the subject asserts that p without believing that p. In this piece, it is argued that selfless assertion sheds crucial light on how to understand the nature of lying. In particular, it is shown that only accounts of lying that secure a connection with deception deliver the correct verdict that cases of selfless assertion are importantly different from lies.
Bluffing
Authors: Perillo Jennifer T.
Published: December 2018

The chapter focuses on bluffing and discusses the distinctions between bluffing, lying, and bullshitting. The general purpose of bluffing is to gain advantage in the interaction by manipulating the other individual’s expectations and subsequent behavior. This is a complex task, as it involves not only modeling behavior that will convince the other party something is true, but also simultaneously holding the knowledge of what is actually true. Bluffing is discussed with respect to different interactional settings, e.g., police interrogation, business negotiation, and poker playing. An important question is the morality of bluffing, e.g., whether lying is worse than bluffing.
White and Prosocial Lies
Authors: Dietz Simone
Published: December 2018

White and prosocial lies are lies with socially harmless or benevolent motives or consequences. In ethical debate, these types of lie are controversial as ambivalent or even paradox concepts. The discussion of white and prosocial lies is based on the definition of lying in general, the status of untruthfulness, and the intent to deceive in particular. Three positions are distinguished: First, the absolute-moralist position advanced by Augustine and Kant, according to which the possibility of white or prosocial lies is completely rejected. Second, the utilitarian position, holding that lying might be justified in some cases of conflicting obligations, rights, or interests or because of its overall better consequences. Third, a neutral position that views lying as a conventional and morally neutral speech act. These approaches are discussed with respect to a number of crucial cases, and a taxonomy of white and prosocial lies is proposed.
Lying and Discourse Analysis
Authors: Galasiński Dariusz
Published: December 2018

The chapter is concerned with discourse-analytic perspectives on lying and deception. Starting with an assertion that lying is linguistically uninteresting—there are no linguistic markers of lying—the chapter argues for an ‘all-linguistic’ account of deception. Data consisting of an act of communication and a misrepresentational communication overcome the issue of ‘real-life’ corpora for deception research. A typology of acts deception based on this approach is offered: falsifications (stereotypical lies), distortions (assertions stronger or weaker than the original), and ‘taking words out of context’ (ascribing a different function to what was said). The chapter ends with an application of the typology in an analysis of clinical notes.
Lying and Assertion
Authors: Jary Mark
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers the relationship between assertion and lying, focusing on how lying can be accounted for by theories of assertion that treat assertion as a fundamental notion conceptually prior to belief. Such theories cannot simply define lying as asserting without the requisite belief, nor as treating as true something which one believes to be false. The chapter begins by asking why one proponent of such a theory, Michael Dummett, ties the ability to assert so tightly to the ability to lie. It then goes on to consider how lying should be explained in Robert Brandom’s score-keeping approach to assertion. It concludes by relating the view of assertion and lying developed by these authors to work on the development of children’s sensitivity to lying.
Introduction
Authors: Uro Risto
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers a guide to the reader for understanding the nature of ritual studies as an emerging interdisciplinary field, with particular emphasis on its relevance to the study of the history of early Christianity. Three characteristics are singled out. Ritual studies is distinguished by: (1) a pluralistic approach to the definition of ‘ritual’; (2) an increased interest in theory; and (3) the application of interdisciplinary perspectives on ritual. The chapter also responds to the criticism that has been raised against using the concept of ritual and ritual theory in the study of past rituals and argues that ritual theory enriches historical and textual analysis of early Christian materials in a number of ways. Ritual theory contributes to drawing a more complete picture of early Christian history and offers a corrective to a biased understanding of early Christianity as a system of beliefs and practices. Finally, examples from the present Handbook are taken to demonstrate how the ritual perspective creates a platform for interdisciplinary collaboration and integrative approaches which both stimulate new questions and enrich old ones.