bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Savić Kristina , Zafirović Sonja , Resanović Ivana , Sudar Emina , Maravić-Stojković Vera , Putniković Biljana , Isenović Esma
Published: February 2022

Biomarkers are indicators of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes or pharmacologic responses to therapeutic interventions. Interleukin-6 (IL - 6) is a biomarker whose synthesis could be activated by various stimuli, such as interferon-g (IFN - g), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and/or interleukin - 1 (IL - 1). IL - 6 achieves its effects through the IL-6 receptor (IL - 6R). It has been shown that transgenic mice, which have induced expression of IL - 6 and IL - 6R develop myocardial hypertrophy. In myocardial hypertrophy, an important role is played by a newly discovered cardiotrophin-1, a member of the IL - 6 family. The activity of IL - 6 is associated with the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA); in fact, it has been shown that the concentration of IL - 6 positively correlates with AAA diameters. C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases. Local production of CRP by the smooth muscular and endothelial cells of the vessel leads to the development of atherosclerosis to a large extent. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox - LDL) also has an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. After penetrating the intima of the vessel, ox - LDL induces monocyte collection, i.e. monocytes are translated into macrophages that bind ox - LDL. Having filled the macrophages with ox - LDL, the signals of cell death are activated, which leads to the creation of foamy cells that make up the initial part of the atherosclerotic plaque. New knowledge about the mechanism of action and the role of biomarkers in the development of cardiovascular diseases will certainly provide an opportunity to prevent the onset of these disorders, as well as an adequate therapy in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which is one of the main goals of intensive research in the field of biomarkers.
Tuberculosis: 60 years of systematic application of the vaccine Bacille Calmette Guerin in Serbia
Authors: Pešut Dragica , Gvozdenović Eleonora
Published: February 2022

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is one of the most widely used vaccines in the world and is currently given to children at birth or soon after birth in over 100 countries, including Serbia, to minimize the risk of developing serious forms of tuberculosis (TB). Despite different data about its efficacy, it is evident that BCG protects infants from disseminated and meningeal TB (there is a decreasing trend of such cases over the past six decades in Serbia) and TB - related death. Serbia is an intermediate-to-low TB incidence country in socio-economic transition. Its current epidemiologic situation when it comes to TB shows a slightly decreasing overall trend of TB, a constant decreasing time trend of childhood TB as well as a dramatically increasing trend of TB in the elderly. Some forms of extra - pulmonary TB are on the increase as well. At the beginning of the 21st century, BCG is a useful resource for individual protection in particular situations where the spread of TB infection and disease and the limited application of preventive measures cannot provide an objective control of TB.
Pharmacogenetics in clinical practice: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Dragović Gordana , Dolić Nada , Dimitrijević Božana , Jovanović Milan , Barović Marko , Jevtović Đorđe
Published: February 2022

Pharmacogenetics studies the influence of genetic variation on drug response, while pharmacogenomics is a genome-wide and multifactorial extension of the term pharmacogenetics. Both pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are the backbones of the concept called personalized medicine. Although a "personalized" approach has always been a goal of good medical practice, there is a new aspect of the extensive use of molecular data to tailor drug therapy to an individual patient, in order to maximize therapeutic benefit and minimize adverse events. The main causes of inter-individual variability in a patient are genetic variations in genes responsible for enzymes synthesis, which participate in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME system) of drugs. So, all patients can be classified in four groups, according to their genotype: slow metabolizers, intermediate metabolizers, ul-trafast metabolizers and extensive metabolizers who are most frequent and are considered to be a standard group of patients. The group of most essential metabolism enzymes is represented by a superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, etc.). Enzymes from this family contribute to inter-individual differences in drug concentration in the plasma. The effects of polymorphisms in the CYP P450, range from an ineffective drug therapy to severe toxicity it can cause (e.g. drugs with a narrow therapeutic range (e.g., Warfarin) in patients with a reduced activity of CYP P450). Pharmacogenetic testing is carried out for a number of reasons: for selecting patients most likely to achieve therapeutic efficacy, in order to reduce side effects and determine the most appropriate dose, in order to achieve efficiency and a higher degree of therapy safety. The advantage of pharmacogenetic testing is reflected in the fact that it can be applied prior to drug application. Pharmacogenetics should satisfy patients' need for an effective therapy without side effects, physicians' need for assistance in selecting an adequate remedy and dosage for a particular patient, as well as other health care professionals, government agencies and pharmacists' needs.
Novel facts in pharmacology of endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Radenković Miroslav , Stojanović Marko , Prostran Milica
Published: February 2022

Homeostasis of different blood vessels is directly linked with physiological and pathological features of morphological and functional integrity of vascular endothelial cells. Vascular endothelium has a central role in the modulation of vascular tone, together with established local antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, profibrinolytic, anti-adhesive and anticoagulant activity. These effects are results of timely production and release of vaso-active autacoids, where nitric oxide, prostacyclin and endothelially-derived hyperpolarizing factor are considered to be crucial for physiological cellular signaling mechanisms. In contrast, endothelial dysfunction is a pathological process, which is known to be correlated with different vascular pathological conditions. It is basically characterized by marked disturbance of the regulation of vascular tone, as a consequence of reduced bio-availability of endothelial relaxing factors and concomitant enhanced production of endothelial contractile factors. Moreover, endothelial cells are affected by oxidative stress and increased inflammatory processes that are all associated with migration of circulating leukocytes in subendothelial space and enhanced pathological proliferation of adjacent smooth muscle cells. Pharmacological approach in improving endothelial dysfunction currently represents a crucial part in different cardiovascular clinical trials. Conventional drugs, including statins, ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, oral antidiabetic agents or some beta adrenoceptor antgonists, all have clearly established efficacy in improving endothelial function, either via direct or indirect mechanisms of action. Besides, it has been concluded that, under specific conditions, some dietary ingredients, natural products or specific dietary supplements can improve endothelial dysfunction and overall vascular homeostasis. Owing to the fact that endothelial dysfunction was confirmed to be associated with etiology and/or further progression of different vascular disturbances, clinical investigations of novel pharmacological possibilities for improving endothelial dysfunction still represents an up-to-date trend in scientifically-based attempts of discovering a viable therapeutic solutions in treating cardiovascular diseases.
Urban noise and blood pressure of the population: A systematic review of studies in Belgrade
Authors: Belojević Goran , Paunović Katarina , Jakovljević Branko , Stojanov Vesna , Slepčević Vesna , Ilić-Živojinović Jelena
Published: February 2022

The Belgrade team for biological effects of noise, comprising experts in the fields of hygiene and cardiology, has carried out population studies in Belgrade on the sample of 2503 adults, 328 preschool children and 1113 schoolchildren to investigate the effects of urban noise on blood pressure. In the first phase of investigation acoustic measurements were performed on 115 streets of the central municipality "Stari grad" as a typical urban environment. Blood pressure measurements were performed using mercury sphygmomanometer in those subjects who did not have a diagnosed hypertension and were not under antihypertensive therapy. Among adults living in the streets with equivalent noise level (Leq) exceeding 45 dB (A) there was a significantly higher number of people with hypertension compared to areas with Leq ≤ 45 dB (A) (23.6% vs.17.5%). After statistical adjustments according to family history of hypertension, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking habits, physical activity and alcohol consumption among males, we found 58% increased odds for obtaining hypertension if they lived in noisy environments for more than 10 years (OR = 1.58; 95 CI = 1.03-2.42; p = 0.038). In females noise exposure and hypertension were not significantly related. In preschool children aged 3-7 and living in areas with night Leq > 45 dB (A) and attending kindergartens in the streets with daytime Leq > 60 dB (A) the prevalence of hypertensive values of blood pressure was higher compared to children from quiet streets (5,7 % vs. 1,5 %; p = 0,054). Systolic blood pressure was significantly higher (5 mmHg on average) in children from noisy streets and kindergartens compared to children from quiet environments (p < 0,01). Multiple regression after adjustments according to age, sex, BMI percentile-forage , family history of hypertension, and socioeconomic status revealed a significant positive correlation between the exposure to urban noise and systolic blood pressure (p = 0,009). In schoolchildren aged 7-11 and attending schools in streets with public transport we found a higher systolic blood pressure (1.3 mmHg on average) compared to children from schools without public transport, after adjustments according to age, sex, BMI, family history of hypertension, living conditions and health related behavioral habits (p < 0.05).
Dietary supplements and physicians': Knowledge and attitudes
Authors: Krcunović Nikola , Vasiljević Nađa , Radak Đorđe , Maksimović Miloš
Published: February 2022

Dietary supplements are products that supplement a normal diet and they are concentrated sources of vitamins, minerals or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, individually or in combination. Previous studies indicate that the use of dietary supplements is widespread in many countries. Patients expect their doctors to provide information about supplements, and in many cases supplements are used according to a recommendation of a friend who often has no medical education. Health workers' knowledge about supplements depends on many factors, but most of the studies in this field of education show there is a lot of room for improvement. There is not much information on the knowledge medical students (as future physicians) have about supplements and how these are used, but available data suggest that this knowledge is at a low level. Owing to the fact that the number of dietary supplements on the market is increasing, as well as the number of their users, which can lead to uncontrolled use and health damage, there is a need for educating health workers about dietary supplements so that their use becomes rational and safe.
Fundamentals of apoptosis
Authors: Resanović Ivana , Sudar-Milovanović Emina , Bogdanović Nikola , Jovanović Aleksandra , Zafirović Sonja , Panić Anastasija , Isenović Esma
Published: February 2022

Apoptosis is evolutionary conserved, programmed pattern of cell death with an essential role in various physiological processes, such as normal cell turnover and embryonic development, hormone-regulated cell demise, aging, immune system functioning and development and removal of defective and harmful cells. There are two general pathways for activation of apoptosis: the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. While the intrinsic apoptotic pathway can be triggered by a cytotoxic accumulation of intracellular Ca 2+ , followed permeabilization of mitochondrial membrane and release of pro-apoptotic proteins into the cytosol from mitochondria, the extrinsic mechanisms of apoptosis include the participation of death receptors of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), receptor superfamily such as TNFR-1, Fas, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptors (TRAIL-R) located on the plasma membrane. There is also the perforin-granzyme pathway that involves T-cell mediated cytotoxicity. All three pathways converge on the same execution pathway, resulting in DNA fragmentation, degradation of cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins, cross-linking of proteins, formation of apoptotic bodies, expression of ligands for phagocytic cell receptors and finally uptake by phagocytic cells. In this review we summarize data from recent studies focusing on apoptotic proteins that have been identified and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis. Understanding apoptotic mechanism might provide useful information and a new approach to prevention and development of new therapies for variety of diseases.
Treatment of "Blue toe" syndrome with Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: Case study
Authors: Milačić-Davorka M. , Matković Tatjana , Lalić Anja , Stanimirović Julijana , Gluvić Zoran , Isenović Esma
Published: February 2022

"Blue toe" syndrome is a relatively rare ischemic disorder produced by occlusion of small blood vessels with fragments of atherosclerotic plaques composed of cholesterol crystals, fatty acids and calcium. It can occur as a complication after endovascular procedures, usually performed on the infra-renal segment of abdominal aorta, as well as in the patients who were under treatment with oral anticoagulant therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOt) is inhaling 100% oxygen under carefully controlled elevated pressure conditions. In Zemun Clinical Hospital, a patient who presented with "blue toe" syndrome, has been treated with HBOt. After the completion of HBOt course, there was an almost complete regression of ischemic changes.
Correlation of metabolic profile and Bone mineral density in treatment: Naive females with subclinical thyroid dysfunction: A pilot study
Authors: Popin-Tarić Marija , Gluvić Zoran , Samardžić Vladimir , Vasić-Vlaisavljević Anita , Tica-Jevtić Jelena , Panić Anastasija , Sudar-Milovanović Emina , Tomašević Ratko , Isenović Esma
Published: February 2022

Introduction. It is well-known that overt thyroid dysfunctions have an influence on bone mineral density (BMD). It is noticed as a change in bone turnover and BMD, with subsequent increased risk of fall-induced fractures. Additionally, promoting the lipid profile derangement, subclinical thyroid dysfunction seems to be an important factor of atherosclerosis acceleration and the risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular incidents. In this study we examined the relationship between some of osteoporosis risk factors, metabolic parameters and BMD, in subclinical thyroidopathies. Material and Methods. Pilot cross-sectional study involved 45 females selected on fulfilled inclusion criteria. Three groups of 15 examinees were formed, based on TSH and fT4 serum levels (SHypo, SHyper, and euthyroid-control). As for risk factors, age, records on menopause and history of past fractures as well as metabolic parameters Body Mass Index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed. The entire study population was referred to DEXA (Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry) scan for BMD measurement on lumbar spine (LS) and left hip (LH), expressed through T scores. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS for Windows 18.0 statistical package. The level of statistical significance was 0.05. Results. The groups of patients differed on cholesterol levels and LS/LH T scores. Decreased BMD was detected in 35 (77.4%) patients. Intergroup correlations of LS/LH T scores were registered. A history of past fractures and records on menopause significantly influenced LS/LH T scores, which was not the case with metabolic parameters. Both the lowest T scores and clinically important dyslipidemia were presented in SHypo group. Discussion. The pilot study pointed out a decrease in BMD (mostly on osteopenia level) in subclinical, presumably hypothyroid disorder. The presence of hypercholesterolemia was detected in the same group. Metabolic parameters and thyroid hormones (TSH and fT4) did not have an effect on BMD. Conclusion. Subclinical thyroid dysfunctions are associated with a decrease in BMD, mostly presented as osteopenia, with a higher degree of severity in SHypo group. There is no registered influence of metabolic parameters on LS/LH T scores. It can be possible to slow down progression of decrease in BMD and subsequent fracture risk, with proper diagnostics and management of subclinical thyroid dysfunctions. Additionally, with correction of lipid disorders, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk could be minimized.
Standards and needs of a newly formed vascular surgery center
Authors: Popović Vladimir , Đorđević Nenad , Ilijevski Nenad , Popov Petar , Tanasković Slobodan
Published: February 2022

Defining standards for establishing a new vascular surgery center is very important in order to ensure its proper functioning. Multidisciplinary approach is crucial for optimal functionality of the center. Organizational and technical guidelines should be based on the experience of well-established and recognized vascular surgery centers. The aim of this paper is to highlight the basic needs and requirements for the creation of a vascular center with special emphasis on the quality of cooperation between different specialties.
Acute myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Gluvić Zoran , Kovačević Pejka , Obradović Milan , Trebaljevac Jovana , Samardžić Vladimir , Lačković Milena , Isenović Esma
Published: February 2022

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a clinical form of coronary heart disease, which occurs after coronary arteries' occlusion and irreversible ischemia progression leads to myocardial necrosis. Morbidity and mortality caused by cardiovascular comorbidities, including AIM, are greater in patients with insulin - dependent diabetes than in non - diabetes patients of the same age. One of the reasons for a higher mortality rate from AMI in patients with diabetes may be heart failure. In addition, patients with diabetes and AMI have an increased risk for poor therapy outcomes of AMI compared with non - diabetes patients, and the main reasons are endothelial dysfunction, prothrombotic state, a greater possibility of restenosis, negative vascular remodelling, increased protein glycosylation, and vascular matrix deposition. In this review, we provide an overview of recent literature data and practical knowledge related to the AMI in diabetic patients.
The relevance of international anatomical terminology classifications to the classification of Serbian anatomical terminology
Authors: Vukčević-Lacković Biljana
Published: February 2022

The aim of this paper, defined in the context of an absence of a uniform and comprehensive Serbian anatomical nomenclature, is to highlight the factors in the classification of anatomical terminology, at the international and individual national levels, which may be relevant to the classification of Serbian anatomical terminology. For that purpose the paper reviews relevant literature describing the process, and analyzing the results, of classification at the international and different national levels, both in the narrower field of anatomy as well as in other areas of medicine and health care. The paper also points out important elements in the use of anatomical terminology in Serbian literature so far, as well as issues and dilemmas that are of crucial importance in this domain. The paper describes sources, patterns and methods that could serve as a basis for a uniform and comprehensive classification of anatomical terms in the Serbian language. The paper also proposes and describes a possible method of Serbian anatomical terminology classification.
Analysis of surgical treatment for women with breast carcinoma of different diameters
Authors: Lazić Predrag , Lukić Darko , Ivić Duško , Babić Nenad , Paurević Spomenka
Published: February 2022

The prospective study, lasted from January 2010 to January 2015, covered the respondents treated for breast carcinoma. The respondents were divided into 2 groups. First group, group A (59 respondents), included the respondents where the tumour was found in diameter to 2 cm and were operated by breast-sparing surgery. Second group, group B (88 respondents), was consisted of respondents where the tumour was discovered in diameter over 2 cm and which breast amputated as part of a radical cancer surgery by Madden technique. The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of surgical treatment of breast carcinoma with different diameter and influence of tumour diameter on treatment outcome. The parameters for comparison of results were the number of relapses, the time elapsed from surgery to recurrence and treatment outcome. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the motives for attending breast examination. The incidence of carcinoma in the left or right breast also showed no statistical difference. It was found that the most common breast cancer is in women age between 50 and 70. It has been shown that breast carcinoma with diameter over 2 cm was significantly more frequent in women age of 71 to 80. Recurrent disease was registered in 3 cases in respondents from group A. Recurrence in group B was not registered. Lethal outcome was observed in group B in 4 cases, and in group A in 1 case, which proved to be statistically different.
Analysis of the impact of educational level on early diagnosis of breast carcinoma in women
Authors: Lazić Predrag , Lukić Darko , Paurević Spomenka , Ivić Duško , Babić Nenad
Published: February 2022

The prospective study, which ran from January 2010 to January 2015, included the respondents treated for breast carcinoma. The respondents were divided into 3 groups. The first, the A group (63 respopndents), consists of women with (not) completed elementary school. The second, group B (60 resppondents), consists of women who have secondary education, while the third, group C (33 respondents) make women with college or university degrees. The aim is to analyze the impact of the level of education on early diagnosis of breast carcinoma in women. The observed parameters are the age of respondents and the primary risk factors. Parameters for the comparison of the results were: the attitude of the respondents to breast tumors, history of the breast self-examination, breast ultrasound examinations, data on mammography, as well as information on the diameter of the tumor at the moment of the discovery. There was no statistical difference in attitude of respondents about breast tumors when it comes to fear and / or phobia of breast carcinoma. It is almost identical to the number of respondents who have no opinion on breast tumors. Concerning the attitude of respondents that there is no risk of breast carcinoma, if nobody in the family previously had breast carcinoma, then in terms of the attitude that they do not want "their breasts to be explored", as well as the attitude that "any breast examination does not help much", a statistical difference between the studied groups was found. It was found that breast self-examination is performed by most of the respondents, but that patients in group C do it more often. It has been shown that ultrasound and mammography are more often performed by patients in group C and this characteristic makes a significant statistical difference. In Group C, the tumor was detected in diameter to 2 cm which proved statistically different. One of the reasons for early detection of tumors (diameter to 2 cm) in group C may be better enlightenment or a higher level of education of this group.
Lifestyle changes and medical therapy in slowing the growth of small abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Nešković Mihailo , Đukić Nenad , Tanasković Slobodan , Babić Srđan , Matić Predrag , Nenezić Dragoslav , Gajin Predrag , Radak Đorđe
Published: February 2022

The goal of our review was to evaluate the impact of lifestyle changes and medical therapy in slowing the growth of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), as well as to introduce current ideas for future treatment. No viable evidence was found that medical therapy can slow the growth of small AAAs. The beneficial role of propranolol, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and doxycycline in reducing the growth rate of AAA was ruled out by randomized controlled studies, whereas the efficiency of statins, macrolides and anti-platelet therapy remains controversial. On the other hand, smoking cessation is the only established lifestyle change that was effective in impeding the AAA expansion. Also, there are a considerable number of novel therapeutic strategies related to the problem, which still need to be evaluated in clinical trials, including administration of Cyclosporine A, gene therapy and mesenchymal stem cell treatment
The importance of early suspicion of melanoma in primary and secondary health care
Authors: Paurević Spomenka , Lukić Darko , Grgić Jozo , Babić Nenad , Ivić Duško , Lazić Predrag
Published: February 2022

The prospective study, which lasted from February 2011 to March 2014, included respondents who were referred to computerized dermoscopy due to melanocytic skin tumours. The respondents were divided into 2 groups. The first one, group A, (38 respondents) consisted of respondents who had personally expressed concern about the existing pigment changes on the skin and had desire for examination. The second one, group B, (40 respondents) consisted of respondents that did not come for examination due to changes on the skin, but for other reasons, but suspicious skin lesions were indirectly detected. The aim of this study was to analyse the importance of early suspicion of melanocytic malignant skin tumours by specialists of primary and secondary health care Parameters for comparing the results were respondents' subjective attitude to pigmented skin changes, as well as dermoscopy and / or PH finding. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of respondents' attitudes to pigmented skin lesions, i.e. fear of skin changes, the belief that moles should not be touched (operated on), or that pigment changes that they have since birth are not dangerous. Early suspicion of melanoma in Group B resulted in detection of 4 nodular melanoma and 3 superficial spreading melanoma, while in group A there were no malignant skin lesions, which is a statistically highly significant difference. It was confirmed that early suspected melanoma and referring patients to dermoscopic examination had advantages as working principle in any clinic or any specialty.
Role of magnesium
Authors: Banjanin Nikolina
Published: February 2022

The role of magnesium is investigated in many studies. The results of investigations showed different mechanisms of action of magnesium. Magnesium intake may be from food, water and supplements. Results of studies showed that magnesium has effect on postoperative pain, coronary arteries calcification, body mass index, cardiovascular diseases, incidence of colorectal cancer.
Primary hypothyroidism quality of life assessment by application of different questionnaires and its different processing
Authors: Mitrović Bojan , Gluvić Zoran , Obradović Milan , Lačković Milena , Samardžić Vladimir , Ćirić Jasmina , Isenović Esma
Published: February 2022

Primary hypothyroidism negatively affects patients' quality of life. Improving the quality of life is expected by establishing eutyreoid state using levothyroxine therapy. The quality of life can be "assessed" by applying various questionnaires, such as the general health questionnaire (GHQ12) and thyroid symptom questionnaire (TSQ). The aims of present study were to: sum standard and modified-ranked answers of both questionnaires, rank the scores, test differences in the absolute values of the scores between the groups, classify obtained scores in different clusters (no distress, a minor, and major distress), and test differences in the distribution of frequencies of the respondents among them. Cross-sectional study was conducted in Zemun Clinical Hospital and it included 90 subjects. The subjects were divided into three equal groups (30 subjects per group): hypothyroid without treatment, euthyroid with levothyroxine, and control, euthyroid group without treatment. The subjects answered the questions in the questionnaire, and the answers were then transformed into the ranking of two modelsstandard and modified, and then summarized. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS for Windows 18.0. The average level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the study population was 1.3 ± 0.3 (1.1-2.2) mU/L. Average TSQm, TSQs, GHQm and GHQs scores were 14±7, 13±6, 11±7 and 11±6 and differed between groups. The lowest scores were registered in the group of levothyroxine-treated, regardless of the ranking models, with the level of TSH that indicates an adequate substitution levothyroxine. Average TSQs/TSQm and GHQs/GHQm scores show a statistical correlation with each other. Scores and scores-defined clusters of both questionnaires are appropriate for clinical presentation shown by specific groups of the population. Considering that the average scores of the questionnaire differ from each other, and that both models rank-transformation of the same questionnaire give a similar score, it is sufficient to use one questionnaire from both categories of instruments for testing the quality of life. The ease of applying these questionnaires, independent of the transformation obtained in response ranges and their application when starting levothyroxine substitution, were used to assess the effectiveness of the therapy.
The relationship between socio demographic characteristics, health behaviors, and biochemical parameters and nutritional status in patients with coronary heart disease: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Dangubić Tijana , Marinković Jelena , Vlajinac Hristina , Otašević Petar , Maksimović Jadranka , Vasiljević Nađa , Nikić Marina , Radak Đorđe , Maksimović Miloš
Published: February 2022

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in the world. The aim of the study was to investigate whether nutritional status, assessed by body mass index (BMI), is related to clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease (CHD) as well as to socio-demographic characteristics, health behaviors, and biochemical parameters of CHD patients. This cross-sectional study included consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome and stable angina pectoris treated at the General Hospital in Pancevo from December 2012 to May 2013. Patients' demographic, anthropometric and clinical data were collected. The study group comprised 300 patients with CHD, 174 (56.8.00%) men and 126 (42.00%) women. Out of them 68 patients (22.7%) had normal weight, 133 (44.3%) were overweight and 99 (33.0%) were obese. Patients with stable angina pectoris and those with acute coronary syndrome did not significantly differ in their BMI. According to the multivariate logistic regression analyses in comparison with normal weight, overweight and obesity were significantly related to increased level of triglycerides, and obesity was also significantly related to diabetes mellitus type 2 and negatively to retirement. The results obtained indicate association of increased BMI with other CHD risk factors and thus suggest the need of health education concerning lifestyle habits in order to prevent overweight and obesity.
Neuroteology: The link between science and religion
Authors: Damjanović Aleksandar , Popović Viktorija , Damjanović Aleksandra
Published: February 2022

Neuroteology was created as an attempt to enter the mentalisation religious experiences through precise studies of cerebral base and modern methods of functional neuroimaging (MRI, PET, SPECT). The protagonists of neuroteology believe that mystical and religious states can be voluntarily or involuntarily caused by manipulation of the structures of the limbic system, including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala and right frontal and temporal lobe. Neuroteology studies are quite intriguing and act as an important link in determining the position of the spiritual in man. It inspires us to think intensively about the complexity of the relationship between religion and the brain. Neuroteology as a scientific discipline in perspective can significantly improve our knowledge about religion, spirituality and the brain.
Analysis of the attitude patients from rural and patients from urban areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina have towards skin tumors
Authors: Lukić Darko , Kričković Zoran , Gajanin Vesna , Paurević Spomenka , Sibinčić Sanja , Babić Nenad , Ivić Duško
Published: February 2022

A prospective study, which lasted from September 2014 to October 2016, covered the subjects who were examined for various benign tumor changes on the skin. The examinees were divided into 2 groups. The first group A (92 examinees) was composed of the examinees who inhabited a rural area. The second group B (98 examinees) was consisted of examinees who lived in an urban environment. The analyzed examinees gravitate towards rural and urban areas of Banja Luka, Gradiska, Stanari, Prijedor and Teslic in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of this study is to analyze the attitude of examinees from rural and urban areas towards skin tumors. Parameters that were used for comparison of results are: personal attitude to skin tumors and previous skin examinations. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of prejudices among the respondents: that there is no risk of skin cancer, if a person is not exposed to the sun, and/or if changes in the skin are innate, as well as in the number of examinees who said they were not afraid of a skin tumor. In group A the number of examinees that have no opinion about skin tumors is three times higher, while in group B the number of examinees who said that they had a phobia of skin cancer is three times higher. It turned out that regular self-examination of the skin in group A is performed only by 7 (7.6%) examinees, while in group B it is done by 21 (21.5%) examinees, which proved to be statistically significantly different. Occasionally skin examination by a specialist family doctor (and/or a dermatologist) has been performed by 3 (3.3%) examinees of group A and 10 (10.3%) from group B. 4 (4.1%) examinees from group B and no one from group A perform dermoscopic examination occasionally. It was found that regular dermoscopy inspections or skin examinations by a specialist family doctor and/or dermatologist have not been done by any examinees from both analyzed groups. Attitude toward skin tumors of group A is more leisurely (less responsible), so for that group there is a possibility of higher risk degree for late diagnosis of malignant skin tumors.
Autism and MMR vaccine
Authors: Maksimović Nataša , Kisić-Tepavčević Darija
Published: February 2022

Autism is a complex neurological developmental disorder with wide range of symptoms. Among them, poor social interaction, limited and repeated behavioral patterns are the most important for diagnosing the disorder. The prevalence of autism is rising constantly. One of the theories drawing the greatest public attention for a long time is a possible association between MMR vaccine and risk of autism. The first study aimed to investigate this association is the one conducted in 1998. As the results supported the theory that MMR vaccine increased the risk of autism, MMR immunization coverage decreased dramatically which further led to measles outbreaks, even in those countries where the disease was almost eradicated. Soon after that publication, new studies denying any association between MMR vaccine and risk of autism were published. Among them, systematic review published in 2012, including 57 epidemiological studies with 14.700.000 children is particularly important. Although the etiology of autism is not completely clarified, there are strong evidence on the presence of neurobiological changes with significant genetic component underlying the etiology. According to recent literature data, morphological changes in brain of children age 6 to 12 months, that is, before the administration of MMR vaccine, precede clinical symptoms of autism.
Information technology in medicine in the 21st century
Authors: Kosi Dragica
Published: February 2022

We are witnessing a lot of unimaginable achievements in information and nanotechnology, and their application in modern medicine which can be considered a revolution in medicine. "Is it radical transformation through innovation?", as asked Jozef Schumpeter, and how does conventional medicine respond to these challenges? How did it begin, and how long did information technology arrive? With this paper we tried to give at least a partial answer. So far a doctor, we can conditionally say, was the only bearer of medical knowledge - medical information, in his hands was a "general database" (professional literature), as well as a database of personal, medical data (medical card of the patient). However, now the situation is completely different. Digitization of medicine and networking, and absolute availability of knowledge, as well as electronic records, represent the systematic storage of a large number of medical findings, quick and targeted search and usability of information about a particular person, and immense help to the doctor. The introduction of algorithms enables the lightning processing of incoming information. However, "knowledge from a computer" can be a danger to the availability of information to lay people, which makes it necessary to verify the validity of the information source. The new concept of "transferring and disseminating knowledge from a computer" aims to transfer responsibility for personal health. In the development of nano technology, two critical moments are: decryption of DNA (genome analysis, to details reveals the "biology" of a person) and micro-sensors and wireless transmission technologies that are integrated into an innovative mobile phone (smartphone) that allows monitoring of a number of vital parameters. Miniature ultrasound devices and powerful micro-analyzers, in smartphones and virtual browsing are a reality. Does the doctor lose the ground under his feet? What is the general attitude of patients towards innovation? The answers to these questions are very different, and we tried to present them with the track of the facts pro et contra. With the conclusion about the undeniable contribution and benefits of innovative technologies in medicine, there are many open questions. We wanted to mention and discuss some of the dilemmas related to information technology and nano technology.
Chronic low grade inflammation in aging process as a link on a chain of obesity: Related vascular disorders
Authors: Vučević Danijela , Radak Đorđe , Đorđević Drago , Miletić Maja , Jakovljević Aleksandar , Jorgačević Bojan , Vesković Milena
Published: February 2022

The pathogenesis of obesity-related vascular disorders has not been fully elucidated. The fundamental role of inflammation in aging process is now widely recognized, particularly for atherosclerotic disease which begins before birth. The number of obese individuals worldwide has reached two billion, leading to an explosion of obesity-related vascular disorders associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Obesity, as a chronic low grade inflammatory process, is important risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Despite a well-known genetic component, this risk appears to originate from several abnormalities in adipose tissue function associated with a chronic inflammatory state. In particular, obesity as the most common nutritional disorder in industrialized countries, is closely related to impaired endothelial function, a well-known marker of preatherosclerotic disease. These conditions disrupt vascular homeostasis by causing an imbalance between the nitric oxide pathway and the endothelin-1 system, with impaired insulin-stimulated endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Having in mind the growing population of overweight and obese people worldwide, along with an increasingly aging population, understanding the pathophysiology of obesity on cardiovascular system is essential. The mechanisms linking obesity-related vascular disorders and low grade inflammation in aging process are the focus of this paper.
Multiple sclerosis in children and adolescents
Authors: Jančić Jasna , Nikolić Blažo , Mesaroš Šarlota , Mostarica-Stojković Marija , Pekmezović Tatjana , Drulović Jelena
Published: February 2022

Multiple sclerosis in children and adolescents (PedMS) presents a significant challenge both in diagnostic and therapeutic terms. Developmental specificities are the cause of numerous differences in PedMS in relation to the adult form of multiple sclerosis (AoMS). In the field of basic and clinical neurological research, researchers' opinions are conflicted creating many questions and dilemmas, which suggest that PedMS is distinguished as a different and specific disease compared to AoMS. Having in mind the ability of the developing brain to compensate for damage, leading to partial recovery, the imperative of adequate treatment is the early diagnosis and early administration of immunomodulatory therapy.
Mobbing in health care institutions
Authors: Dušović Sofija
Published: February 2022

Health employees represent the second largest group with problems related to various forms of undesirable behavior during the working process among employees - i.e. mobbing. Respecting the data of working environment that suits the emergence of mobbing, the specificity of the work process and the interaction of employees that are presented as higher risk factors for reporting abuse at workplace, we will try to point out the importance of studying mobbing in the health care system. Due to a specific nature of the work of the healthcare workers do (exposure to stressful and traumatic events, more stringent hierarchical structures of employees, exhausting working hours at times, frequent on-call, changing the day/night rhythm, a great responsibility assumed by this workplace) we decided to research this particular activity.
The effects of economic policy on the foreign trade in the Republic of Serbia: Trade law and economic aspect: Future and perspectives
Authors: Pavlović Radica
Published: February 2022

Foreign trade of economic entities is determined by the instrument "Contract of Sale", which is one of the most common, frequent and numerous contracts in the economy without a clear distinction between seller and buyer. The Republic of Serbia has accepted the imposed international imperative rules in cooperation with the political influence of the domicile political economic policy. In such business conditions, and due to the process of globalization, deregulation and market liberalization, international dominance has several significant aspects, primarily given the turbulence, complexity and uncertainty of business and the application of regulations subject to change, which has significant negative implications for all economic policies domicile countries but also indirectly the dominant influence of international institutions. As an economic policy through price and exchange rate policy, it has a significant impact on foreign trade agreements in legal transactions through positioning, competitiveness, growth and development of the Republic of Serbia in both the domestic and international markets, where the so-calle. the principle of "victory of the stronger", the influences of imperialist forces, political influence and the world oligarchy should be considered in the context of the future and perspective and future of business of domestic companies. The aim of this paper is to connect knowledge from the legal and economic domain, focus on the effect of economic policy and its impact on foreign trade as challenges facing legal science, bearing in mind all the implications that are crucial for the future of business.
The right to a fair trial in the Republic of Serbia as a basic postulate of modern law
Authors: Petrović Bojan , Stajić Luka
Published: February 2022

Modern law today imposes certain new postulates. These new postulates must be in accordance with modern international law. One of these postulates is the right to a fair trial and its basic principles. Modern legislation is expected to introduce these principles into the domestic legal system. The subject of this paper is through the principles that together make the right to a fair trial in domestic legislation, ie. in the Republic of Serbia. The paper starts from the basic postulates that had the ultimate goal of a fair trial. The aim of the paper stems from the basic rules of the right to a fair trial in the Republic of Serbia, how to improve that every person before the court has the right to a fair trial. The right to a fair trial in the Republic of Serbia had to enter all streams of the judicial system and the state system in general. Particular attention must be paid to criminal proceedings in the right to a fair trial in the Republic of Serbia.
The institutional mechanism of the European Union
Authors: Danilović Nemanja
Published: February 2022

This essay deals with institutions of the European Union as a key element of its international legal personality. The European Union, as one of the most important regional international organizations, has a large number of political, advisory, financial and other institutions that support its functioning, which makes the former a true holder of international legal personality, which, thanks to the latter, is completely irrefutable. For this reason, this essay seeks to give an overall analysis of the work and functioning of the institutions, not only for the European Union, but also for the entire international community. Their influence on the entire political and international scene is crucial for a better understanding and functioning of international relations and geopolitical developments.
European Union and Russian Federation: A brief history of relations from 1991 to 2021
Authors: Marković Aleksandar
Published: February 2022

This article is dealing with international relations between EU and Russian Federation after falling of Berlin's wall and decline of communist regimes in countries of Eastern block. Author is trying to emphasize three periods. First period is from 1991. until 2000. During presidency of Boris Jeljcin in Russia. This period is reflected by declining of Russian power and stronger integration of Europe because of Treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam. Second period is period of coming on power president Vladimir Putin and uprising of Russia. This period lasts until 2014. year, when relations were more-less stable, except conflict in Georgia. Third period is related to conflict in Ukraine in 2014. And energetic crisis in 2021. Conflict in Ukraine has shown that EU doesn't have force to stand from foreign policy of USA, which is reflected in actions of NATO. Author concludes article with hope that memory from two world wars will be enough strong for politicians from both sides to not let another world war, and they will find new ways to enhance international cooperation.