bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation of srf performance to oxygen diffusion length of medium temperature heat treated cavities*
Authors: Bate C , Kasprzak K , Reschke D , Steder L , Trelle L , Weise H , Wiencek M , Wolff J
Published: December 2024

This comprehensive study, being part of the European XFEL R&D effort, elucidates the influence of medium temperature (mid-T) heat treatments between 250 ∘C and 350 ∘C on the performance of 1.3 GHz superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) niobium cavities. Utilizing a refurbished niobium retort furnace equipped with an inter-vacuum chamber and cryopumps at DESY, we have embarked on an investigation to enhance the state-of-the-art SRF cavity technology. Our research reveals that mid-T heat treatments significantly boost the quality factor (Q
0) of the cavities, achieving values between

2
⋅

10

10

and

5
⋅

10

10

at field strengths around 16 MV m−1, while the maximum field strengths are limited to 25–35 MV m−1 and enhanced sensitivity to trapped magnetic flux is observed. Moreover, we delve into the effects of surface impurity concentration changes, particularly the diffusion of oxygen content, and its impact on performance enhancements. By categorizing treatments based on calculated diffusion lengths using the whole temperature profile, we recognize patterns that suggest an optimal diffusion length conducive to optimizing cavity performance. SIMS results from samples confirm the calculated oxygen diffusion lengths in most instances. Deviations are primarily attributed to grain boundaries in fine–grain materials, necessitating repeated measurements on single-crystal materials to further investigate this phenomenon. Investigations into cooling rates and the resulting spatial temperature gradients across the cavities ranging from 0.04 to 0.2 

K

mm

−
1

reveal no significant correlation with performance following a mid-T heat treatment. However, the increased sensitivity to trapped magnetic flux leads to new challenges in the quest for next-generation accelerator technologies since the requirement for magnetic hygiene gets stricter.
Local reorganisation of the intermediate mixed state in niobium below the critical depinning current
Authors: Brems X S , Mühlbauer S , Cubitt R
Published: December 2024

The intermediate mixed state under the influence of a transport current was studied using small angle neutron scattering. The internal magnetic domain structure consisting of mixed state domains and flux free Meissner state domains was observed to rearrange at intermediate currents well before the critical depinning current marked by a finite voltage. The local rearrangement can be traced by the changes in the vortex lattice Bragg peak scattering and the current-induced anisotropy of the low-q scattering connected to the internal magnetic domain structure. It is argued, that the local reorganisation prior to the critical depinning current is inherently linked to the interplay of the pinning landscape with the vortex lattice domain structure governed by the physics of the intermediate mixed state.
Quantum backreaction effect in optical solitons
Authors: Baak Sang-Shin , König Friedrich
Published: December 2024

Optical solitons classically are stationary solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We perform a quantum field theoretic treatment by quantising a linearised fluctuation field around the classical soliton solution which can be seen as providing a background spacetime for the field. The linearised fluctuation modifies the soliton background, which is often neglected, reminiscent of the nondepleted-pump approximation. Going beyond this approximation and by using a number-conserving Bogoliubov approach, we find unstable modes that grow as the soliton propagates. Eventually, these unstable modes induce a considerable (backreaction) effect in the soliton. We calculate the backreaction in the classical field fully analytically in the leading second order. The result is a quadratic local decrease of the soliton photon number in propagation due to the backreaction effect of the unstable mode. Provided the initial pulse is close to the classical soliton solution, the unstable mode contributions always become dominant. We also consider practical scenarios for observing this quantum-induced soliton distortion, in the spectral domain. The backreaction, which we expect to be present in bright and dark, discrete and continuous solitons and other nonlinear pulses plays an important role in future optical analogue gravity experiments, for soliton lasers, and optical communications.
Thermomechanical response of biological tissues to sudden temperature rise induced by laser beam: insights from three-phase lag theory
Authors: Salem Mohamed G , Abouelregal Ahmed E , Alsharari Fahad , Sedighi Hamid M
Published: December 2024

The laser irradiation of living tissues poses a risk of thermal damage, making it a critical factor in medical procedures such as laser surgery and thermal therapies. Effectively predicting and managing this damage, particularly in hyperthermia therapy, is essential for maximizing treatment efficacy while protecting surrounding healthy tissues. In this context, theoretical and computational models of biological heat transfer, especially the enhanced Pennes bioheat transport equation, have attracted significant research interest. This study contributes to the field by providing a novel analytical solution to the refined Pennes bioheat model, incorporating the three-phase lag (TPL) concept. The research examines heat transfer in a one-dimensional region, where the outer surface is exposed to laser heating while the inner surface remains thermally insulated. It explores the mechanical effects of thermal shock induced by laser treatment, focusing on heat generation patterns across different laser intensities in diseased human skin tissues. To validate the model, numerical inverse and Laplace transform techniques were applied, producing results consistent with existing literature. The findings not only advance the theoretical understanding of bioheat transfer but also enhance the safety and effectiveness of laser-based medical therapies.
Nonlinear vibration characteristics of size-dependent moving microbeams considering axial forces
Authors: Wang Jing , shen xiaodong
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates the nonlinear vibration behavior of viscoelastic microbeams under axial velocity, incorporating both nonlocal strain gradient theory and the microelement method to establish governing equations. Wickert’s quasi-static assumption is utilized for comparison with the effects of classical nonlocal axial forces. Numerical simulations of the natural frequency, mode function, and stability reveal that the linear vibration of the microbeam is scale-dependent. Under the conditions of nonlocal parameter dominance selected herein, the critical velocities of divergence and flutter decrease by 23.1% and 46.0%, respectively, while the dominance of the materialcharacteristic length parameter increases them by 43.1% and 141.10%, respectively, and the velocity interval of the flutter instability is also affected by the scale parameter. Additionally, the nonlinear frequency is analyzed using the direct multiscale method, showing that the nonlinear effect varies with scale and is dependent on the nonlinear characteristics of the model. Specifically, the model based on classical nonlocal axial force is more sensitive to changes in the material characteristic length parameter, while the model incorporating Wickert’s quasi-static hypothesis is more sensitive to the nonlocal parameter.
Synergistic impact of Mg and Ge co-doping on stacking fault energy and underlying mechanisms in Al
Authors: Yu Libin , Li Yawen , Pang Xueyong , Qin Gaowu
Published: December 2024

This study utilizes first-principles calculations to explore the impact of element additions of Mg and Ge on the stacking fault energy (SFE) of aluminum alloys, with a particular emphasis on elucidating the electronic structure modifications underlying these effects. The findings indicate that both Mg and Ge additions, either alone or in combination, substantially diminish the SFE of the Al alloys, with Ge additions exhibiting a more marked influence. The introduction of Mg and Ge elements alters the electronic structure of the Al-based alloy, largely due to adjustments in the interplanar spacing. Specifically, Ge additions lead to a more uniform electron cloud distribution, while Mg additions cause a redistribution of charge density. Building upon the computed SFE results, this study further analyzes their implications on plastic deformation. The mechanisms behind the SFE reduction differ: Al alloys with Mg additions achieve this through increased interlayer spacing and weakened bonding strength, whereas those with Ge additions exhibit a combination of larger interlayer spacing and a homogeneous region of low Electron Localization Function. By linking electronic structure analysis with the SFE and its effects on plastic deformation, this study offers profound insights into the underlying reasons for the observed changes in SFE. Ultimately, it provides a theoretical foundation for designing novel Al alloys with tailored mechanical properties through precise control of element additions of Mg and Ge.
Simulation of β-induced Alfvén eigenmode instabilities and mode transition for HL-3 hybrid scenario
Authors: Zou Yunpeng , Chan Vincent S , Todo Yasushi , Ma Ruirui , Xue Miao , Zhang Xiaoran , Zhu Yiren , Chen Wei
Published: December 2024

A kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic hybrid simulation is performed to investigate the Alfvén eigenmode (AE) and fishbone (FB)/FB-like (FBL) instabilities excited by neutral beam injection (NBI)-deposited energetic particles (EPs) in an HL-3 hybrid scenario. The hybrid scenario is characterized by a flat q-profile in the core due to off-axis electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD). A nonlinear simulation with multiple toroidal mode numbers indicates that the n = 2 β-induced AE (BAE) is excited initially in the linear stage and the n = 1 FB mode has the highest nonlinear saturation level. The EP distribution is modified only slightly in both real and velocity space from its initial state because of a narrow mode structure near the axis. Focusing on the n = 2 mode, sensitivity analysis indicates that mode activity and transition depend on the EP pressure, injected energy, and q-profile. The dominant unstable mode deviates from FBL mode to BAE by raising the EP pressure, and from BAE to toroidicity-induced AE by raising the. NBI injected energy. The mechanism is interpreted through a resonant condition and a corresponding transition threshold is observed. In addition, extending the flat shear region could increase the BAE width, resulting in stronger EP transport. Furthermore, a nonlinear simulation only considering n = 1 and n = 2 modes demonstrates that the low-energy EPs, as intermediates, gain energy from n = 2 mode, which subsequently transfers energy to the n = 1 mode through resonant interaction.
Characterizing impurity sourcing and transport in the high temperature boundary of DIII-D wide pedestal QH-mode plasmas
Authors: Ma X. , Abrams T. , Ernst D.R. , Wang H.Q. , Bortolon A. , Chen X. , Odstrcil T. , Osborne T. , Scotti F. , Thomas D.M. , Truong D. , Watkins J.
Published: December 2024

Wide Pedestal QH-mode (WPQH) plasmas in the DIII-D tokamak show a sheath limited SOL, where electron density and temperature remain nearly constant along field lines from the midplane to the divertor. Consequently, parallel gradients are weak. The first Langmuir probe measurements in this regime point to a high sheath temperature with target electron temperature

T

e

up to ∼150 eV, leading to high carbon self-sputtering. Midplane carbon densities from SOLPS-ITER modeling of these plasmas in a double-null configuration fall far below experimental measurements unless full drifts are activated. In the drift-dependent SOLPS-ITER modeling, anomalous poloidally uniform, radially varying transport is adjusted to match measured radial electron temperature and density profiles in the pedestal and SOL region. The resulting carbon density (C6+) matches measured carbon densities just inside the separatrix. The C2+ density near the outer strike point is also consistent with spectroscopic imaging. With the ion B

×

∇B drift towards the X-point, carbon in the lower divertors is redistributed from the private flux region to the high field side (HFS) and pushed upstream in the SOL by poloidal E

×

B drifts. The

B
×
∇
B

drift dominates the radial flow of carbon as it moves upstream. Simulations with reversed toroidal field (ion

B
×
∇
B

drift away from the X-point) show a radically different behavior, where carbon accumulates on the low field side in lower divertors, and is pushed towards the HFS in the upper divertors, indicating a strong effect of particle drifts on impurity distribution. In double-null configurations which are usually used in WPQH plasmas, these drift effects tend to counterbalance, so that the carbon density and Z
eff are reduced at the outer mid-plane only modestly, by around 7% in the modeling. Further predictivemodeling indicates that the carbon density can be significantly reduced by an order of magnitude by implementing a single-null shape with reversed toroidal field.
A low voltage ride-through approach for virtual synchronous machines under asymmetric fault conditions
Authors: Mu Longfei
Published: December 2024

With the advancement of renewable energy generation technologies, virtual synchronous machine (VSG) technology has garnered significant attention for enhancing power system stability. However, under asymmetric grid faults, the operational stability of VSMs under low voltage conditions remains a challenge. To address this, this paper presents a low-voltage ride-through strategy that utilizes dual-loop control for managing both positive and negative sequence components, aiming to improve the dynamic response of VSG during asymmetric faults. By thoroughly analyzing the VSM topology and mathematical model, an improved control scheme is developed. The effectiveness and practicality of the proposed strategy are ultimately validated through simulations under complex fault conditions.
Discrimination of bosonic dephasing quantum channels
Authors: Khabbazi Oskouei Samad , Memarzadeh Laleh , Mancini Stefano , Rexiti Milajiguli
Published: December 2024

We study the possibility of discriminating between two bosonic dephasing quantum channels. We show that unambiguous discrimination is not realizable. We then consider discrimination with nonzero error probability and minimize this latter in the absence of input constraints. In the presence of an input energy constraint, we derive an upper bound on the error probability. Finally, we extend these results from single-shot to multi-shot discrimination, envisaging the asymptotic behavior.
Land processing machines for farming preparation
Authors: Saparin  , Inonu I , Rodiawan  , Filgantara Y
Published: December 2024

The texture of agricultural land is one of the determining factors for success in agricultural cultivation. Plants will grow well in loose soil. Traditional tools such as shovels and hoes are still used to loosen the soil, requiring human labor, and the process is very tiring. Besides, the processing time is also long. Many soil processing machines are available on the market, but farmers’ limited funds make them unable to buy these machines. This study designed a machine according to farmers’ demands: simple, easy to operate, and affordable. The machine was designed like a soil processing machine in general, but the study focused on the claw-type plowshare. The number of plowshares is 36 pcs with a plowshare height of 20 cm, a width of 7 cm, and a thickness of 5 mm. The machine trial was carried out on land that had been processed. The machine uses a gasoline motor with a power of 7 HP and a maximum rotation of 3600 rpm. The results showed that the plow depth ranged from 50 mm to 90 mm in one process. The adequate machine capacity is 0.86 square meters per second.
Graphene oxide modified polypropylene filter membrane for enhanced a filter of face masks
Authors: Asriza R O , Puspita I , Yulia
Published: December 2024

In this paper, polypropylene/graphene oxide composites were prepared through a melt process method. Polypropylene was melted at 180 °C and then added with graphene oxide. When graphene oxide was added, graphene oxide was encapsulated on the polypropylene surface through hydrogen bonds. This event shifted the degradation temperature to 169 °C. This membrane has a pore size of 0.17 μm. This research provides a new and simple material to prepare a mask filter membrane that is effective in absorbing particulate matter and is environmentally friendly.
Development of green SMEs: Integrating green entrepreneurship and innovation for environmental sustainability
Authors: Reniati R , Faisal F
Published: December 2024

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are vital to Indonesia’s economy, contributing significantly to income generation across sectors. These enterprises, often small or micro-scale, are owned and managed by entities meeting specific size criteria. This study in Bangka Belitung Province aims to assess Green SME adoption among MSMEs and propose policies for sustainable practices. Using quantitative methods, the study collected numerical data to analyze relationships between variables. Research instruments were rigorously validated, with validity coefficients exceeding 0.300 and reliability surpassing 0.600. Through purposive sampling, 50 actively engaged MSMEs were selected, with data collected via questionnaires, observations, and documentation. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), specifically Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLSPM), was used for its ability to handle complex relationships. Findings show that Green Entrepreneurship and Innovation significantly enhance environmental sustainability in MSMEs, promoting carbon-neutral activities and resource efficiency. Sustainable Business practices under the Green SMEs framework reduce operational costs and prioritize environmental conservation, shaping a model integrating environmental principles into business strategies. Policy recommendations include incentivizing green practices, training for sustainable methodologies, and supporting green innovation. These steps are crucial for enhancing MSME resilience and sustainability while advancing environmental goals in Bangka Belitung and beyond.
Surface plasmon enhanced auto-fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy for low-level detection of biological pathogens
Authors: Kumari Anjika , Das Sathi , Thapa Pramila , Meenakshi  , Kumar Anand , Nagpal Priya , Dubey Satish Kumar , Perumal Vivekanandan , Mehta Dalip Singh
Published: December 2024

At present, the culture-based bacterial detection approach is time-consuming and necessitates a thorough sample preparation process. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and surface plasmon-enhanced auto-fluorescence spectroscopy (SPEAS) enable the label-free identification and quantification of bacterial pathogens at low concentrations. The identification is done using its unique auto-fluorescence and Raman signatures utilising highly anisotropic three-dimensional nanostructures of silver nano dendrites (Ag-NDs). The SERS data facilitates qualitative bacterial identification using the spectral features from the bacterial cell wall or its compound. The SPEAS data was utilised to gain unique auto-fluorescence spectra present on the bacterial cell wall with enhanced quantification. The enhancement of Raman and auto-fluorescence signals of Ag-NDs were first evaluated using rhodamine 6 G(R6G) as a probe molecule that exhibits a significant enhancement of 106 and limit of detection (LOD) of 10−12 M for SERS and 15-fold intensity enhancement and LOD of 10−15 M for SPEAS measurements. Further, the SERS and SPEAS measurements of bacterial pathogens, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), using the Ag-NDs were recorded. The results exhibit high auto-fluorescence and Raman signal intensity for the samples up to 100 cfu/ml for both modalities. The significant photon count and distinct emission range in SPEAS measurements of bacteria enables accurate quantification. Therefore, the comprehensive investigation of plasmonic enhancement of Ag-NDs for SPEAS and SERS techniques provides complementary information about molecules to enable accurate and quick identification and quantification of pathogens.
Interlayer dislocations in multilayer and bulk MoS2
Authors: Soltero Isaac , Fal’ko Vladimir I
Published: December 2024

Dislocations in van der Waals materials are linear defects confined to the interfaces between consecutive stoichiometric monolayers of a bulk layered crystal. Here, we present a mesoscale model for the description of interlayer dislocations in thin films of transition metal dichalcogenides. Taking 2H-MoS2 as a representative material, we compute the dependence of the dislocation energy on the film thickness, from few-layer MoS2 to the bulk crystal, and analyse the strain field in the layers surrounding a dislocation. We also analyse the influence of strain field on the band edge profiles for electrons and holes, and conclude that the resulting energy profiles are incapable of localising charge carriers, in particular at room temperature.
Experimental small fields output factors determination for an MR-linac according to the measuring position and orientation of the detector
Authors: Rojas-López José Alejandro , Cabrera-Santiago Alexis , García-Andino Albin Ariel , Olivares-Jiménez Luis Alfonso , Alfonso Rodolfo
Published: December 2024

Purpose. To investigate the effect of the position and orientation of the detector and its influence on the determination of output factors (OF) for small fields for a linear accelerator (MR-linac) integrated with 1.5 T magnetic resonance following the TRS-483 formalism. Methods. OF were measured for small fields in the central axis following the recommendations of the manufacturer and at the dose maximum following the TRS-483 formalism. OF were determined using a microDiamond (MD), a Semiflex (SF) 31021 ionization chamber, Gafchromic EBT3 film and were calculated in Monaco treatment planning system (TPS). Additionally, the orientation response of SF was evaluated, placing it in parallel and perpendicular direction to the radiation beam. The values were compared taking film measurements as reference. The corrected factors,

Ω

Q

clinical
,

msr

f

clinical
,

msr

, required the use of output correction factor

k

Q

clinical
,

msr

f

clinical
,

msr

taken from previous reports. Finally, there are proposed experimental

k

Q

clinical
,

msr

f

clinical
,

msr

for SF and MD, following the measured values in this work. Results. In fields smaller than 4 cm, the positioning of the SF and MD in the central axis or at the point of dose maximum affects the reading significantly with differences of up to 6% and 4%, respectively. For the data calculated in the TPS, the maximum difference of the OF between MD and TPS for fields greater than 2 cm was 0.6% and below this field size the TPS underestimates the OF up to 10.6%. The orientation (parallel or perpendicular) of the SF regarding the radiation beam has a considerable impact on the OF for fields smaller than 3 cm, showing a variation up to 10% for the field of 0.5 cm. Conclusion. This study provides valuable information on the challenges and limitations of measuring output factors in small fields. The outcomes have important implications for the practice of radiosurgery, underscoring the need for accuracy in detector placement and orientation, as well as the importance of using more advanced technologies and more robust measurement methods.
Graphical User Interface Using Tkinter
Authors: Essick John
Published: December 2024

Readers use Tkinter, the graphical user interface (GUI) toolkit included as part of the Python Standard Library, to equip their integer-parity-testing program with a GUI. After importing Tkinter into the program, an interactive GUI is created by populating an operating-system window with Tkinter label, entry, and button widgets, along with a frame widget to organize the GUI layout. In the process of creating this program, Python’s support of both object-oriented programming (via classes) and functional programming (via functions) is discussed and implemented. Readers carry out the procedure for creating their own custom-made function and learn how to call this function from the body of a Python program and also how to import this function when it resides in an external Python module. A Do It Yourself project explores writing a GUI-equipped program that converts values between two different temperature scales, and a Use It! example demonstrates how to execute a Python module as a stand-alone program.
Data Acquisition Using NI DAQ Device
Authors: Essick John
Published: December 2024

After their Chapter 6 orientation to the NI DAQ device’s capabilities via MAX, readers write Python-based data acquisition and generation programs that call functions from the NI device driver software NI-DAQmx. These programs execute analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog tasks on the NI DAQ device in order to realize several computer-based instruments, including a DC voltmeter, digital oscilloscope, DC voltage source, and hardware-timed waveform generator. The necessity for placing GUI and DAQ operations on separate execution threads, as well as the need for triggering in an oscilloscope application, are explored. A Do It Yourself project implements the DAQ device’s digital outputs to create a blinking LED array and a Use It! example demonstrates how a lowpass filter can effectively eliminate aliasing in the waveform-digitization process.
Single-Stage Alar Nostril Ring Correction Using Auricular Composite Grafts in Reconstructive Rhinoplasty
Authors: Sazgar Amir A , Sazgar Amir K , Hatami Nikou , Sazgar Mehr A
Published: December 2024

Background

Alar nostril ring correction in patients with multiple previous surgeries is one of the most challenging procedures in reconstructive rhinoplasty. Assessment of patient satisfaction and the technique's failure rate is essential in evaluating its effectiveness.

Objectives

In this study, we aimed to assess the outcomes of alar nostril ring correction with auricular composite grafts (ACGs) in patients with severe postrhinoplasty deformities from multiple previous surgeries.

Methods

A retrospective review of medical records from April 2016 to October 2023 was conducted. Patient demographics, surgical techniques, and functional and aesthetic outcomes were analyzed. Patient satisfaction was measured with the Obstruction and Cosmesis scores from the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS).

Results

A total of 45 cases (38 female and 7 male) ages 36.4 ± 7.64 years underwent alar nostril ring correction with ACGs from the antihelix, with an average of 2 previous rhinoplasties. Preoperative SCHNOS-O and SCHNOS-C scores were 88.44 (SD = 14.41) and 88.30 (SD = 12.44), respectively. The shape of the ACGs was similar to parabolic cylinders, with arc lengths between 15 and 21 mm and flat dimensions of 6 to 9 by 3 to 7 mm. No graft failures were observed, even in 10 patients with a history of nasal skin necrosis. Postoperative SCHNOS-O and SCHNOS-C scores after 1 year were 35.44 (SD = 21.07) and 35.85 (SD = 19.04), representing significant improvement (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

ACGs from the antihelix effectively address external valve stenosis due to aggressive alar-sill junction tissue resection in reconstructive rhinoplasty, even in complex cases.

Level of Evidence: 4 (Therapeutic)
Testing Routine Activity Theory: Behavioural Pathways Linking Temperature to Crime
Authors: Thomas Christopher , Jeong Jinuk , Wolff Kevin T
Published: December 2024

This study examines direct observations of outdoor routine activities to investigate the pathways through which temperatures shape crime. Daily administrative records of crime, weather and outdoor activity were assembled from 2015 to 2019 in New York City. Mediation analysis (with bootstrapped standard errors) reveals that alterations in routine activities account for a statistically significant, yet modest, proportion of temperature’s relationship with homicides, shootings, assaults, larceny and public consumption violations. The comparable mediation effects across violent and nonviolent crimes support routine activity theory as an explanatory framework for understanding temperature’s impact on crime. The measures introduced here offer a novel approach for testing the theory and suggest other potential applications.
Plasma p-tau217 in Alzheimer’s disease: Lumipulse and ALZpath SIMOA head-to-head comparison
Authors: Pilotto Andrea , Quaresima Virginia , Trasciatti Chiara , Tolassi Chiara , Bertoli Diego , Mordenti Cristina , Galli Alice , Rizzardi Andrea , Caratozzolo Salvatore , Zancanaro Andrea , Contador José , Hansson Oskar , Palmqvist Sebastian , De Santis Giovanni , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Brugnoni Duilio , Suárez-Calvet Marc , Ashton Nicholas J , Padovani Alessandro
Published: December 2024

Plasma phosphorylated-tau217 (p-tau217) has been shown to be one of the most accurate diagnostic markers for Alzheimer’s disease. No studies have compared the clinical performance of p-tau217 as assessed by the fully automated Lumipulse and single molecule array (SIMOA) AlZpath p-tau217.

The study included 392 participants, 162 with Alzheimer’s disease, 70 with other neurodegenerative diseases with CSF biomarkers and 160 healthy controls. Plasma p-tau217 levels were measured using the Lumipulse and ALZpath SIMOA assays. The ability of p-tau217 assessed by both techniques to discriminate Alzheimer’s disease from other neurodegenerative diseases and controls was investigated using receiver operating characteristic analyses.

The p-tau217 levels measured by the two techniques demonstrated a strong correlation, showing a consistent relationship with CSF p-tau181 levels. In head-to-head comparison, Lumipulse and SIMOA showed similar diagnostic accuracy for differentiating Alzheimer’s disease from other neurodegenerative diseases [area under the curve (AUC) 0.952, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.927–0.978 versus 0.955, 95% CI 0.928–0.982, respectively] and healthy controls (AUC 0.938, 95% CI 0.910–0.966 and 0.937, 95% CI 0.907–0.967 for both assays).

This study demonstrated the high precision and diagnostic accuracy of p-tau217 for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease using fully automated or semi-automated techniques.
The “Great Powers” and The Formation of International Law
Authors: Heller Kevin Jon
Published: December 2024

The US, Russia, and China – the current “Great Powers” – often disagree over primary rules of international law, such as the scope of self-defence in response to an armed attack. Such disagreements over primary rules can often be explained in traditional realist fashion, because powerful States generally interpret international law in a manner that reflects and advances their interests. But that is not always the case. In some situations, Great Power disagreements over primary rules are driven less by realpolitik than by very different understandings of the formal sources of international law – the sources that determine what qualifies as a primary rule.

Most comparative international law scholarship has focused on how the Great Powers view primary rules, ignoring how the US, Russia, and China disagree over the formal sources of international law. This article focuses on disagreements in the latter category. After a brief introduction in Part I, Part II explains how the US, Russia, and China perceive the formal sources of internal law in abstracto – which they privilege and why, methodological inconsistencies in how they understand and apply a particular source, and so on. Part III then examines four areas of international law in which different perceptions of the formal sources have a significant effect on how the US, Russia, and China perceive the primary rules: the jus ad bellum, the jus in bello, arms control, and cyberspace. Some concluding remarks follows in Part IV.
Impact of direct mesenteric perfusion on malperfusion in acute type A aortic dissection repair
Authors: Yamamoto Ryota , Kato Wataru , Tokuda Yoshiyuki , Yamaki Koshi , Morita Koji , Uemura Tomonari , Yamamoto Toshikuni , Ito Hideki , Yoshizumi Tomo , Terazawa Sachie , Narita Yuji , Mutsuga Masato
Published: December 2024

OBJECTIVES

Mesenteric malperfusion in acute aortic dissection remains a life-threatening complication with no standardized treatment strategy. This study aimed to describe and evaluate the outcomes of our integrated approach combining exploratory laparotomy, immediate mesenteric reperfusion, and central aortic repair.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed patients with acute aortic dissection with a preoperative diagnosis of mesenteric malperfusion who were treated between August 2011 and November 2022. Our surgical approach was to establish cardiopulmonary bypass, followed by exploratory laparotomy with mesenteric artery flow assessment using Doppler ultrasound and direct perfusion if needed, central aortic repair, and subsequent mesenteric artery reconstruction. The primary end-point was the 30-day operative mortality.

RESULTS

Among 217 patients with acute aortic dissection, 12 (5.5%) had mesenteric malperfusion on preoperative computed tomography. Ten patients underwent exploratory laparotomy, where Doppler ultrasonography revealed reduced mesenteric blood flow in five patients (2.3% of the total 217 patients). These patients underwent direct perfusion of the mesenteric artery via a side branch of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. Doppler ultrasound confirmed the restoration of mesenteric blood flow in all perfused patients. No bowel resections were required. The operative mortality in patients with mesenteric malperfusion was 20%. The causes of death were stroke (n = 1) and acute myocardial infarction (n = 1).

CONCLUSIONS

Our integrated surgical strategy combining central aortic repair with concurrent exploratory laparotomy and immediate mesenteric perfusion demonstrated technical feasibility in managing mesenteric malperfusion during aortic repair. Further prospective studies with larger cohorts are warranted to validate these findings.
Synchronous bilateral adrenalectomy for ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome in children: multidisciplinary management
Authors: Tulelli Berenice , Besançon Alix , Stoupa Athanasia , Pinto Graziella , Samara-Boustani Dinane , Capito Carmen , Kariyawasam Dulanjalee , Barbet Patrick , Taghavi Kiarash , Sarnacki Sabine , Bertherat Jérôme , Polak Michel , Blanc Thomas
Published: December 2024

Objective

Adreno CorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH)-independent Cushing's syndrome (CS) in children is very rare but potentially fatal. In bilateral nodular hyperplasia, synchronous bilateral adrenalectomy (SBA) represents the definitive treatment to correct hypercortisolism. We aim to report the multidisciplinary management of this rare condition.

Methods

Presentation, management, and outcomes of all children with ACTH-independent CS who underwent SBA in a tertiary reference center between 1992 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Ten children were included: 6 with McCune–Albright syndrome, 4 with primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (3 with Carney complex). Presentation varied according to age at diagnosis. In infants (n = 7), failure to thrive with anorexia (n = 7), cushingoid facies (n = 7), arterial hypertension (n = 6), hypotonia (n = 5), hyperglycemia (n = 4), liver dysfunction (n = 4), and hypercalcemia with nephrocalcinosis (n = 4) were the main reasons for urgent hospitalization. Prepubertal children (n = 3) presented with linear growth arrest associated with obesity, cushingoid facies, and hirsutism. SBA was indicated in severe neonatal hypercortisolism, or in those that were non-responsive to medical treatment. SBA was performed by robot-assisted laparoscopy (n = 6), laparoscopy (n = 2) or laparotomy (n = 2). One post-operative complication occurred (seroma in the adrenal bed). During follow-up, (median: 4.8 years) no deaths or acute adrenal crisis occurred.

Conclusion

Pediatric CS must be referred to a pediatric center with medical and surgical expertise. Shared decision-making regarding SBA must be prompt to allow rapid cure of CS, even if it implies lifelong steroid replacement. This avoids long-term complications of hypercortisolism, particularly cognitive decline. Robot-assisted SBA is feasible and safe, even in infants when performed by an experienced robotic team.
In the Service of Keeping Capital Moving
Authors: Schwöbel-Patel Christine
Published: December 2024

This review essay of Data Driven by Karen Levy explores the legal infrastructures of capital flow in trucking. Trucking sits alongside other modes of the transportation of commodities, like shipping, where networks of laws and regulations for global capital movement (public, private, domestic, transnational and international) become visible. The insightful centring of truckers in Data Driven acts as an example of sensitive and critical storytelling around capitalism, highlighting the classed, devalued and exploited labour facilitating capital flow.
Evolutionary mismatch in emotional support during childbirth: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Thayer Zaneta M , Samsonov Anna , Farewell Charlotte V , Gildner Theresa E
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives

Selective pressures on human childbirth have led to the evolution of cooperative birth practices, with birth attendants playing a crucial role in providing emotional support during labor.

Methodology

We leveraged COVID-19-related healthcare disruptions to investigate the impact of the evolutionary mismatch in the availability of emotional support persons on perceived birth stress among a US-based convenience sample (N = 1082).

Results

Individuals who stated during pregnancy that they desired support from their partner or a doula but who did not receive this support had significantly higher perceived childbirth stress (B = 12.5, P < .0001; and B = 5.2, P = .02, respectively, measured on a scale of 0–100). The absence of any support persons (B = 6.7, P < .001), the number of emotional support persons present (B = −5.8 for each additional support person, P = .01), and the feeling that the healthcare provider was busy or distracted during labor (B = 15, P < .001) was significantly associated with childbirth stress. Virtual support did not attenuate these effects.

Conclusions and Implications

Not being able to have desired emotional support during labor was associated with significantly higher childbirth stress, even after adjusting for clinical childbirth complications. These effect sizes were substantial, comparable to the elevated stress associated with cesarean section delivery and other childbirth complications. These findings underscore the importance of preventing an evolutionary mismatch in emotional needs during labor by ensuring access to continuous support, even during public health emergencies.
CCN5 suppresses injury-induced vascular restenosis by inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and facilitating endothelial repair via thymosin β4 and Cd9 pathway
Authors: Zhang Qi , Li Hongda , Zhuang Tao , Xu Lehua , Wu Wenrun , Pi Jingjiang , Zhu Pengxiong , Geng Liang , Duan Yunhao , Xu Jianfei , Yue Jinnan , Liu Xiuxiang , He Chenlong , Chen Xiaoli , Ruan Chengchao , Zhuang Shougang , Liu Zhongmin , Wang Yilong , Zhang Lin , Liu Jie , Zhang Yuzhen
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

Members of the CCN matricellular protein family are crucial in various biological processes. This study aimed to characterize vascular cell-specific effects of CCN5 on neointimal formation and its role in preventing in-stent restenosis (ISR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

Stent-implanted porcine coronary artery RNA-seq and mouse injury-induced femoral artery neointima single-cell RNA sequencing were performed. Plasma CCN5 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Endothelial cell (EC)- and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-specific CCN5 loss-of-function and gain-of-function mice were generated. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation were conducted to identify CCN5 interacting proteins. Additionally, CCN5 recombinant protein (CCN5rp)-coated stents were deployed to evaluate its anti-ISR effects in a porcine model.

Results

Plasma CCN5 levels were significantly reduced and correlated closely with the degree of restenosis in ISR patients. CCN5 expression was significantly decreased in VSMCs of stent-implanted porcine coronary segments and injured mouse femoral arteries, especially in synthetic VSMCs. In contrast, elevated CCN5 expression was observed in regenerating ECs of injured vessels. Endothelial cell- and VSMC-specific CCN5 deletion mice exhibited exacerbation of injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia, while CCN5 gain-of-function alleviated neointimal formation. Mechanistic studies identified thymosin β4 (Tβ4) as a CCN5 interacting protein in ECs and EC-CCN5 promoted injury repair through Tβ4 cleavage product Ac-SDKP. Also, CCN5rp promoted EC repair to suppress neointimal hyperplasia via interaction with Cd9 extracellular domain. Moreover, implantation with CCN5rp-coated stent significantly increased stent strut coverage with ECs, which suppressed neointimal formation and ultimately alleviated ISR.

Conclusions

CCN5 exerts a dual protective effect on ISR by inhibiting VSMC proliferation and facilitating EC repair. CCN5rp-coated stent might be promising in the prevention of ISR after PCI.
Study on the metastatic mechanism of LINC00115 in adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric junction
Authors: Zhao Xia , Zhang Haifeng , Liu Yangyang , Li Li , Wei Haitao
Published: December 2024

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) is a common and deadly cancer, and an in-depth investigation of its molecular mechanisms of metastasis is crucial for discovering new therapeutic targets. This study explores the role of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00115 in AEG metastasis and its underlying mechanisms. Through the analysis of 108 pairs of AEG cancer tissues and matched adjacent tissues, we found a significant upregulation of LINC00115 in AEG tissues, closely associated with TNM staging and lymph node metastasis. Utilizing cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, colony formation experiments, wound healing assays, flow cytometry for apoptosis and cell cycle analysis, and Transwell assays, we have confirmed that LINC00115 significantly promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of AEG cells in vitro. Animal experiments further validate the role of LINC00115 in promoting tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Additionally, our nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation experiments and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) reveal that LINC00115, along with its interacting protein KH-Type splicing regulatory protein (KHSRP), predominantly localizes to the cell nucleus. By conducting RNA pull-down assays and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, we have identified a direct interaction between LINC00115 and KHSRP protein and further determined their binding sites through catRAPID and ENCORI databases. This study provides evidence of LINC00115 as a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for AEG and offers a fresh perspective on understanding the molecular mechanisms of AEG metastasis.
New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Focusing on Intestinal Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Kalafateli Maria , Tourkochristou Evanthia , Tsounis Efthymios P , Aggeletopoulou Ioanna , Triantos Christos
Published: December 2024

Strictures in inflammatory bowel disease, especially Crohn’s disease (CD), are characterized by increased intestinal wall thickness, which, according to recent accumulating data, is mainly attributed to the expansion of the intestinal smooth muscle layers and to a lesser extent to collagen deposition. In this review, we will discuss the role of intestinal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) as crucial orchestrators of stricture formation. Activated SMCs can synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM), thus contributing to intestinal fibrosis, as well as growth factors and cytokines that can further enhance ECM production, stimulate other surrounding mesenchymal and immune cells, and increase SMC proliferation via paracrine or autocrine signaling. There is also evidence that, in stricturing CD, a phenotypic modulation of SMC toward a myofibroblast-like synthetic phenotype takes place. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that regulate SMC hyperplasia/hypertrophy will be extensively reviewed. The understanding of the cellular network and the molecular background behind stricture formation is essential for the design of effective anti-fibrotic strategies, and SMCs might be a promising therapeutic target in the future.
Antibody Levels From High-Throughput Variant-Specific SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike Immunoglobulin G and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Neutralization Assays Correlate With COVID-19 Infection Risk in a Large Population
Authors: Jacobs Marni B , Clark Alex E , Goldhaber Nicole H , Valentine Holly D , Rivera Andrea , Ngo Toan , Barber Tom , Holmes Jacqueline , Manfredi Brittany , Garretson Aaron F , Bray William , Knight Rob , Longhurst Christopher A , Carlin Aaron F , De Hoff Peter , Laurent Louise C
Published: December 2024

Background

SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels have been proposed as a correlate of protection from infection. Yet, large-scale prospective studies of cost-effective scalable antibody measures as predictors of infection under real-world conditions are limited. We examined whether antibody levels measured by high-throughput variant-specific SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike immunoglobulin G (IgG) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) neutralization assays correlate with cell-based neutralizing antibody measurements and whether they can serve as a reasonable correlate of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Methods

We conducted a large institutional cohort study between January 2022 and March 2023. Participants (N = 2513) provided dried blood spot (DBS) samples for assessment of anti-spike IgG and ACE2 inhibition levels through high-throughput assays. Comparison with authentic cell-based SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody assays was conducted with serum samples (n = 105). Associations between antibody levels and risk of infection were evaluated.

Results

Correlation between serum and DBS sampling and between cell-based neutralizing and high-throughput antibody binding assays was high for anti-spike IgG and ACE2 neutralization, though the degree of correlation varied by variant. Longitudinal evaluation suggested that DBS-based IgG and ACE2 inhibition levels were anticorrelated with infection risk, with higher sensitivity noted for ACE2 inhibition and variant-matched measures. IgG and ACE2 inhibition levels decreased over time, with more durable responses observed in participants whose most recent priming event was infection vs vaccination.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that variant-specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels may be a useful correlate of protection for infection, which has important implications for vaccination recommendations and evaluating infection risk. High-throughput assays measured via DBS may have utility in timing of boosters at the population or individual level.