bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: ARSABENZOL‐4‐CARBALDEHYD
Authors: MAERKL GOTTFRIED , KNEIDL FRITZ
Published: March 2016

Ausgehend von den Arsabenzolen (I) wird durch Reduktion über chlorfreie Dihydroverbindungen das Acetal (II) erhalten, das in Gegenwart eines sauren Ionenaustauschers in wasserhaltigem Aceton unter Bildung der Titelverbindung (III) gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: OFFENE UND CYCLISCHE METHYLSTIBONIGSAEUREESTER 2. MITT.
Authors: BAUMANN N. , WIEBER M.
Published: March 2016

Methyldibromstibin (I) reagiert mit Na‐alkoholaten in wasserfreien Alkoholen oder Benzol in stöchiometrischen Mengen zu den hydrolyseempfindlichen, kristallinen Stibinen (II), von denen die Äthoxyverbindung (IIb) mit Thiolen zu den offenen Dithioestern der Antimon(III)‐säure umgesetzt wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: HERSTELLUNG VON METHOXYMETHYL‐HEXACHLORANTIMONAT
Authors: KOMAROV B. A. , ROZENBERG B. A. , ENIKOLOPYAN N. S.
Published: March 2016

Aus Methyl‐chlormethyl‐äther (I) und Antirnonpentachlorid (II) wird unter völligem Ausschluß von Feuchtigkeit im Vakuum in Methylenchlorid bei ‐50°C das Methoxymethyl‐hexachlorantimonat (III) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF TELLURIUM HEXAFLUORIDE WITH ALCOHOLS, PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF MONO‐ AND DI‐ALKOXOTELLURIUM(VI)‐FLUORIDES
Authors: FRASER GEORGE W. , MILLAR JAMES B.
Published: March 2016

TCF′ reagiert mit entsprechenden Alkoholen in Gegenwart von NaF zu den Produkten (I).
ChemInform Abstract: VERSUCHE ZUR DARSTELLUNG VON BENZYLNIOBVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: JACOB KLAUS
Published: March 2016

Die Versuche, Benzyl‐Nb‐Verbindungen durch Umsetzung von Nb(V)‐chlorid mit Benzyl‐MgCl, Mg‐dibenzyl, Zn‐dibenzyl oder Hg‐dibenzyl bei unterschiedlichen Reaktionsbedingungen darzustellen, bleiben erfolglos.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE TETRATHIOCYANATO‐DIAMIN‐CHROMATE MIT NAPHTHYLAMINEN
Authors: GANESCU ION , VARHELYI CSABA , PAPA ION
Published: March 2016

Durch Substitutionsreaktionen an entwässertem (I) mit α‐ und β‐Naphthylamin ohne Lösungsmittel werden die neuen stellungsisomeren Komplexe (II) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REVERSIBLE ONE‐ELECTRON OXIDATION OF ARENECHROMIUMDICARBONYLACETYLENE COMPLEXES
Authors: CONNELLY N. G. , JOHNSON G. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Arenchromcarbonylacetylen‐Komplexe (I) werden von NOPF6 oder AgPF5 reversibel zu dem Kation (II) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: GEHINDERTE LIGANDENBEWEGUNGEN IN UEBERGANGSMETALLKOMPLEXEN 3. MITT. OLEFINROTATION IN CYCLOPENTADIENYL‐MANGAN‐DICARBONYLAETHYLEN UND CYCLOPENTADIENYLCHROM‐CARBONYL‐NITROSYL‐AETHYLEN
Authors: ALT H. , HERBERHOLD M. , KREITER C. G. , STRACK H.
Published: March 2016

Der Carbonylkomplex (I) wird mit Äthylen bzw. trans‐Dideuteroäthylen (II) in THF zu den Äthylenkomplexen (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND X‐RAY STRUCTURE OF TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM CIS‐ACETYLBENZOYLTETRACARBONYLMANGANATE(I)
Authors: CASEY C. P. , BUNNEL C. A.
Published: March 2016

Benzoylpentacarbonylmangan(I) (I) bildet mit Methyllithium (II) das Lithium‐cisacetylbenzoyltetracarbonylmanganat?) (IIIa), das mit wäßrigem Tetramethylammoniumchlorid zu dem Salz (IIIb) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL SERIES OF PLANAR PENTADENTATE MACROCYCLIC LIGANDS, X‐RAY STRUCTURE OF 10,11,12,13‐TETRAHYDRODIBENZO(B,K)PYRIDO(G,F)(1,4,7,10,13)PENTA‐AZACYCLOPENTADECIN‐N(5),N(10),N(13),N(18)‐N(19B)‐DI(PERCHLORATO)MANGANESE
Authors: ALCOCK N. W. , LILES D. C. , MCPARTLIN M. , TASKER P. A.
Published: March 2016

Der Pyridindialdehyd (I) bildet mit den Diaminen (II) und den Metallsalzen (III) die Komplexe (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: DERIVATIVES OF PENTACARBONYLNITRATORHENIUM(I) WITH SOME NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND ARSENIC DONOR LIGANDS
Authors: ADDISON C. CLIFFORD , DAVIS REGINALD , LOGAN NORMAN
Published: March 2016

Die Komplexe (I) wurden durch Reaktion desTitel‐Re‐Komplexes mit" den Liganden im Überschuß in Äthanol bei Rückflußtemperatur dargestellt und durch IR‐Untersuchungen charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROGENATION BY CYANOCOBALTATE PART 4, HYDROGENATION OF CONJUGATED DIENES BY 2,2′‐BIPYRIDINETRICYANO‐, TRICYANO(ETHYLENEDIAMINE)‐, AND TRICYANO(1,10‐PHENANTHROLINE)‐COBALTATE(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: FUNABIKI TAKUZO , KASAOKA SHIZUKI , MATSUMOTO MITSUO , TARAMA KIMIO
Published: March 2016

Zur Erhöhung der katalytischen Aktivität von [Co(CN)5 13 "gegenüber der Hydrierung von Olefinen wird die Substitution durch Amine herangezogen.
ChemInform Abstract: PROTONIERTE KOBALT(III)‐BIS‐(DIAMINOISOPROPANOL)‐KOMPLEXE
Authors: EVREEV V. N. , MURASHKO S. V. , PETRUN'KIN V. E.
Published: March 2016

Das Bis‐[diaminopropanolato]‐Co(III)‐chlorid (I) geht unter der Einwirkung von Mineralsäuren in die protonierten Bis‐[diaminopropanol]‐Komplexe (II) über.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF TRIS(P‐CHLOROPHENYLISOCYANIDE)BIS(TRIMETHYLPHOSPHITE)COBALT(I) TETRAFLUOROBORATE AND TRIS(P‐CHLOROPHENYLISOCYANIDE)BIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)COBALT(I) PERCHLORATE
Authors: BECKER C. A. L.
Published: March 2016

Die Kobalt‐Komplexe (I) und (IV) reagieren mit Trimethylphosphit (II) oder Triphenylphosphin (V) zu den Komplexen (III) bzw. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: RATES OF FORMATION OF NICKEL(II) CHELATE COMPLEXES WITH BIDENTATE SUBSTITUTED‐PYRIDINE LIGANDS IN DIMETHYL SULPHOXIDE SOLUTION
Authors: BUCK DOROTHY M. W. , MOORE PETER
Published: March 2016

Die Geschwindigkeitsdaten und Aktivierungsparameter der Bildung von mono‐ Komplexen des Nickel(II) mit den zweizähnigen Liganden (I) werden mitgeteilt.
ChemInform Abstract: HERSTELLUNG VON PI‐ALLYL‐PI‐BENZOL‐OSMIUM‐CHLORIDEN
Authors: RUBEZHOV A. Z. , IVANOV A. S. , GUBIN S. P.
Published: March 2016

Osmiumtrichlorid (II) setzt sich in 90%igem Äthanol mit 1,3‐Cyclohexadien (I) bei 45°C zu w‐Benzol‐osmiumdichlorid (III) um.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR VON TRIHALOGENOCARBONYLBIS‐(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHIN)‐IRIDIUM‐KOMPLEXEN
Authors: YURCHENKO E. N. , PLYASOVA L. M. , ANIKEENKO N. P. , VAROVA L. S. , PODGORNAYA M. I.
Published: March 2016

Durch Reaktionen von Hexachloroiridaten mit Triphenylphosphin in Dimethylformamid (a) bzw. durch Luftoxidation von Chlorocarbonylbis‐[triphenylphosphin]‐ Ir in Gegenwart eines KJ‐Überschusses in Tetrahydrofuran (b) werden die Komplexe (I) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PLATIN(II)‐DIMETHYLSULFOXID‐KOMPLEXE MIT HYDROXYLAMIN UND OXIMEN
Authors: KUKUSHKIN YU. N. , STETSENKO A. I. , DUIBANOVA V. G. , STRELIN S. G.
Published: March 2016

Reaktionen des Trichloroplatinats (I) mit äquimolaren Mengen von Acetaldoxim, Acetonoxim bzw. Hydroxylamin in wäßriger Lösung liefern die Komplexe (II); man erhält dabei das grünliche cis‐Isomere(a) bzw. Gemische der cis‐Isomeren mit den gelblichen trans‐Isomeren (b).
ChemInform Abstract: BISCARBOCYANINE AUS ANGULAREN DIMETHYLBENZOBISOXAZOLEN
Authors: MIKHAILENKO F. A. , BOGUSLAVSKAYA A. N. , GEIKO V. V.
Published: March 2016

Die Verbindungen (IV) und (VII) werden auf folgendem Reaktionsweg dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: NORCYANINE IN DER INDOLENINREIHE
Authors: MUSHKALO L. K. , KHABUBI M. , MUSHKALO N. N. , FEDOROVA L. V.
Published: March 2016

Indolenin‐Derivate der Reihe (I) und (II) werden dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE TOTAL SYNTHESES OF (+‐)‐LONGICYCLENE, (+‐)‐LONGICAMPHOR, AND (+‐)‐LONGIBORNEOL
Authors: WELCH S. C. , WALTERS R. L.
Published: March 2016

Aus Tetrahydroeucarvon (I) erhält man nach bekannten Verfahren über (II) und (III) die substituierten Cycloheptanone (IVa)‐(IVd).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON 1,3,5(10)‐OESTRATRIENO‐17,16‐D‐IMIDAZOL‐DERIVATEN
Authors: TOJA E. , GUZZI U.
Published: March 2016

Das Oxim (I) kann mit Zink/Eisessig/Acetanhydrid zum Acetyl‐amin (II) reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME SULFONATES OF STRONGLY ACIDIC N‐HYDROXY COMPOUNDS AS NOVEL COUPLING REAGENTS
Authors: ITCH M. , NOJIMA H. , NOTANI J. , HAGIWARA D. , TAKAI K.
Published: March 2016

Als Kondensationsmittel zum Aufbau von Peptid‐ und Amid‐Bindungen können Sulfonate von N‐Hydroxy‐Verbindungen angewandt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ERGOLINE DERIVATIVES PART 14, SYNTHESIS OF CLAVINE ALKALOIDS
Authors: BERNARDI L. , GANDINI E. , TEMPERILLI A.
Published: March 2016

Die Behandlung des Lysergsäureesters (I) mit Hg‐acetat in Methanol liefert unerwarteterweise das Ergolin‐Derivat (IIa), das mit Li‐alanat zum Alkohol (IIb) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF CYCLONUCLEOSIDES
Authors: IKEHARA M. , UEDA T.
Published: March 2016

(1 17 Literaturzitate).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STEREOCHEMICAL CORRELATION OF ACYCLIC SUGAR NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES, X‐RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (1R)‐2,3,4,5‐TETRA‐O‐ACETYL‐1‐S‐ETHYL‐1‐(1,6‐DI‐HYDRO‐6‐THIOXOPURIN‐9‐YL)‐1‐THIO‐D‐ARABINITOL
Authors: BAKER D. C. , DUCRUIX A. , HORTON D. , PASCARD‐BILLY C.
Published: March 2016

Ausgehend von den vier acetylierten D‐Aldopentose‐diäthyldithioacetalen erhält man über eine Bromierung mit Brom, Kondensation mit 6‐Chlor‐9‐chlormercuripurin, Umsetzung mit Thioharnstoff zu den 6‐Thio‐Analoga sowie eine O‐Des‐acetylierung mit siedendem Butylamin die gesuchte Verbindung (Ia) bzw. das Desacetylierungsprodukt (Ib).
ChemInform Abstract: HYDRAZINVERBINDUNGEN ALS HETEROBESTANDTEILE IN PEPTIDEN 18. MITT. SYNTHESE VON ELEDOISINPEPTIDEN, DIE ALPHA‐HYDRAZINOPROPIONSAEURE ENTHALTEN
Authors: NIEDRICH HARTMUT , KOELLER GYOERGYI
Published: March 2016

Bei der Einführung der Boc‐Schutzgruppe mittels Boc‐azid in α‐Hydrazinopropionsäure (NHAla) (Ia) bzw. mittels Boc‐ONp in den Ester (Ib) entstehen Gemische der Isomeren (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: HYDRAZINVERBINDUNGEN ALS HETEROBESTANDTEILE IN PEPTIDEN 19. MITT. SYNTHESE VON ELEDOISINPEPTIDEN, DIE DEN N(2)‐METHYL‐CARBAZOYL‐REST ′AZAALANIN′ ENTHALTEN
Authors: NIEDRICH HARTMUT , OEHME CHRISTA , BERGMANN JUTTA
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung von Methylhydrazin mit dem Isocyanat (I) oder dem Amid (III) wird das Semicarbazid (II) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A PROPOSED PORCINE GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (GH‐RH) AND THE N‐TERMINAL DECAPEPTIDE OF THE BETA‐CHAIN OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: FAUSZT I. , BAJUSZ S.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung GH‐RH (III) wird durch Azid‐Kupplung der in vollständiger Stufenfolge aus Ala‐NH‐NH‐Boc bzw. Ala‐O‐CH3 in quantitativer Ausbeute erhaltenen Pentapeptide (I) und (II) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 7ALPHA‐METHOXYCEPHALOSPORINS
Authors: APPLEGATE H. E. , DOLFINI J. E. , PUAR M. S. , SLUSARCHYK W. A. , TOEPLITZ B. , GOUGOUTAS J. Z.
Published: March 2016

Aus dem Imin (I) erhält man in Gegenwart von tert.‐Butylat mit dem Thiolosulfonester (II) das Mercapto‐Derivat (III), das zu (IV) acyliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMOCHEMISTRY OF URANIUM COMPOUNDS PART 4, STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF SODIUM URANIUM(V) TRIOXIDE (NAUO3)
Authors: O'HARE P. A. G. , HOEKSTRA H. R.
Published: March 2016

Eine reine NaUOg‐Probe wird in einem Kalorimeter, der eine wäßrige Mischung von HCl und XeO3 enthält, zur Reaktion gebracht.
ChemInform Abstract: POLAROGRAPHIC REDUCTION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES PART 20, ELECTROREDUCTION OF BENZOCYCLENONES
Authors: TOURE VAKABA , LEVY MICHELE , ZUMAN PETR
Published: March 2016

Die Elektroreduktion der Cyclenone Indanon, Tetralon und Benzosuberon in wäß‐ riger, 2% Äthanol enthaltender Lösung zu den entsprechenden Alkoholen wird durch Impulspolarographie, cyclische Voltammetrie und Elektrolyse unter Potentialkontrolle untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOREACTIONS OF NITROBENZENE AND MONOSUBSTITUTED NITROBENZENES WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID, EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE REACTION MECHANISM
Authors: WUBBELS GENE G. , LETSINGER ROBERT L.
Published: March 2016

Bei Bestrahlung z.B. des Nitrobenzols (Ib) in wäßrigem HCl entstehen die Produkte (IIb) und (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: A QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE PHOTOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF DIAMINOMALEONITRILE TO DIAMINOFUMARONITRILE AND 4‐AMINO‐5‐CYANOIMIDAZOLE
Authors: KOCH TAD H. , RODEHORST RONALD M.
Published: March 2016

Die Bestrahlung des Dinitrils (I) liefert das Dinitril (II).
ChemInform Abstract: DYE SENSITIZED PHOTOOXIDATION OF 1,3‐DIPHENYL‐2‐PYRAZOLIN
Authors: EVANS N. A. , LEAVER I. H.
Published: March 2016

Die durch Farbstoff ( ;z.B. Methylenblau, Eosin Yoder Bengalrosa) sensibilisierte Photooxidation des Pyrazolins (I) in Methylenchlorid liefert nur das Pyrazol (II), während unter diesen Bedingungen in Methanol als Lösungsmittel neben dem Diphenylpyrazol (II) auch das Propiophenon (III) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF 2‐ACETO‐2‐METHYLMETHYLENECYCLOHEXANES
Authors: DALTON J. C. , CHAN H. F.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Photolyse von 2‐Aceto‐2‐methyl‐methylencyclohexan (I) in Benzol erhält man die beiden Umlagerungsprodukte (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOALUMINIUM COMPOUNDS PART 24, EXHAUSTIVE C‐METHYLATION OF KETONS BY TRIMETHYLALUMINIUM
Authors: MEISTERS AIVARS , MOLE TOM
Published: March 2016

Verfasser zeigen an einer Reihe von Ketonen (I), daß diese durch Behandlung mit Trimethyl‐Al in Kohlenwasserstoff‐Lösungen gem‐Dimethyl‐Derivate (II) bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOALUMINIUM COMPOUNDS PART 25, EXHAUSTIVE C‐METHYLATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS BY TRIMETHYLALUMINIUM, A NEW ROUTE TO T‐BUTYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: MEISTERS AIVARS , MOLE TOM
Published: March 2016

Verfasser zeigen an einer Reihe von Carbonsäuren (I), daß ein Überschuß an Trimethyl‐A1 diese bei ca. 120°C zu tert.‐Butyl‐Verbindungen (II) methyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOGENER STARTER BEI DER HETEROGENEN OXIDATION VON METHAN ZU FORMALDEHYD
Authors: AVERBUKH A. YA. , MUKHLENOV I. P. , VILENSKIJ A. R.
Published: March 2016

Untersucht wird die Oxidation von Methan mit Sauerstoff an Alumosilicat.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBONYLATION OF GRIGNARD COMPOUNDS IN ETHER‐HMPT MIXTURES, A SIMPLE, ONE‐STEP SYNTHESIS OF KETONES RC(O)CHR2 FROM PRIMARY ALKYL DERIVATIVES RMGX
Authors: SPRANGERS W. J. J. M. , VAN SWIETEN A. P. , LOUW R.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Umsetzung der Grignardverbindungen (I) mit Kohlenmonoxid (II) entstehen unter Druck die Carbinole (III) neben (IV) und (V) sowie entsprechenden Alkenen.
ChemInform Abstract: HERSTELLUNGSWEISE FUER D,L‐LYSIN
Authors: SAMOILOVICH T. I. , POLYANSKAYA A. S. , PEREKALIN V. V.
Published: March 2016

Man leitet 1,3‐Butadien (I) in eine gekühlte ätherische Lösung vom Stickstoffpentoxid, gibt zur Lösung des entstandenen l‐Nitro‐1,3‐butadiens (II) Nitro‐essigsäure‐ oder Nitro‐malonsäure‐ester und erhält den 2,6‐Dinitro‐4‐hexensäureester (III) bzw. 2,6‐Dinitro‐2‐äthoxycarbonyl‐4‐hexensäureester (V).
ChemInform Abstract: ELEKTROCHEMISCHE ABSPALTUNG DER SCHUTZGRUPPEN VON THIOLEN
Authors: LOGINOVA N. F. , MAISANOVSKII V. G.
Published: March 2016

Zum Schutz von Mercaptogruppen dienende Benzylreste lassen sich elektrochemisch abspalten.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐BROMOCYCLOPROPYLLITHIUM DERIVATIVES, CARBENOID INTERMEDIATES FOR THE PREPARATION OF CYCLOBUTANONES, CYCLOPROPYL KETONES, AND 1,1‐CYCLOPROPANEDICARBOXYLATES
Authors: HIYAMA T. , TAKEHARA S. , KITATANI K. , NOZAKI H.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Dibrom‐cyclopropanen (I) erhält man bei niederer Temperatur bei Behandlung mit den Ketonen (II) über ein Oxaspiropentan die Cyclobutanone (III), während mit Aldehyden (IV) über die Carbinole (V) die Acylcyclopropane (VI) gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATION OF AROMATIC AMINES WITH NITROSOBENZENE IN BASIC MEDIUM
Authors: PENTIMALLI LUCIANO , MILANI GIOVANNI
Published: March 2016

Die Kondensation der Amine (I) mit Nitrosobenzol (II) zu den Azobenzolen (III) kann in einem Medium von wasserfreiem Pyridin unter Zusatz von KOH erreicht werden.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐ AND 4‐PHENYLAZO‐N‐METHYLANILINE
Authors: PENTIMALLI LUCIANO , MILANI GIOVANNI
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (Ib) ist durch Hydrolyse (NH4OH) des Sulfonats (Ia), das Isomere (IVb) durch Hydrolyse (KOH/Äthanol) des Benzoylderivats (IVa) erhältlich; letzteres wird dargestellt durch katalytische Hydrierung der Nitroverbindung (IIa) und Umsetzung des gebildeten Amins (IIb) mit Nitrosobenzol (III).
ChemInform Abstract: THIOPHILE ADDITION VON PHENYLLITHIUM AN THIOKETENE
Authors: SCHAUMANN ERNST , WALTER WOLFGANG
Published: March 2016

Bei ‐78°C reagieren die Dialkylthioketene (I) mit den Li‐Verbindungen (II) unter thiophiler Addition zu den Thioäthern (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: THE ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION OF (+)‐3,4‐BIS(P‐HYDROXYPHENYL)HEXANE (HEXOESTROL) AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: COLLINS D. J. , HOBBS J. J.
Published: March 2016

Die konfigurativ bekannte Säure (Ia) wird über das Säurechlorid (Ib) in das Keton (II) übergeführt, das zum Carbinol (III) (Diastereomerengemisch) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: THE DARZENS SYNTHESIS OF GLYCIDIC THIOL ESTERS
Authors: DAGLI D. J. , WEMPLE J.
Published: March 2016

Aus Benzaldehyd (I) und den Thioestern (II) erhält man die Darzens‐Kondensate (III), analog entsteht (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION BETWEEN N‐METHYLPYRROLE AND N‐BUTYL‐LITHIUM IN HEXANE, 2,4‐VS. 2,5‐DIANION FORMATION
Authors: CHADWICK D. J.
Published: March 2016

N‐Methyl‐pyrrol (I) liefert mit n‐Butyl‐lithium (II) in siedendem Hexan die Lithiumsalze (III)‐(V), die in die Carbonsäuremethylester (VI)‐(VIII) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUM MECHANISMUS DER 1,2‐DIHYDROISOCHINOLIN‐UMLAGERUNG, DIHYDROISOCHINOLIN‐UMLAGERUNG 21. MITT.
Authors: KNABE J. , ECKER A.
Published: March 2016

Durch Alkylierung der Reissert‐Verbindung (I) mit Cyclopropyhnethylbromid und anschließende Verseifung erhält man in ca. 30%iger Ausbeute das 1‐Cyclopropylmethyl‐isochinolin (II), dessen Methylierung mit Methyljodid in 85%iger Ausbeute zum Methojodid (III) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRIMIDINES PART 41, ANRORC‐MECHANISM PART 12, ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE S(N) (ANRORC) MECHANISM IN THE AMINATION OF 2‐HALOGENO‐4,6‐DIPHENYLPYRIMIDINES AND 2‐CHLORO‐ AND 4‐CHLORO‐QUINAZOLINES
Authors: KROON A. P. , VAN DER PLAS H. C.
Published: March 2016

Die Aminierung der Diphenylpyrimidi‐ne (I) mit K‐amid in flüssigem Ammoniak bei ‐33 bis ‐75°C ergibt das Aminderivat (III), das im Fall des Brompyrimidins vom dehalogenierten Produkt (IV) begleitet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 4‐ACETOXY‐2,3‐DIHYDRO‐3‐OXO‐4H‐NAPHTH(1,2‐B)(1,4)OXAZINE, AN ANALOG OF KNOWN CARCINOGENIC HYDROXAMIC ACIDS
Authors: COUTTS R. T. , WOHLLEBE M.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (V) wird aus dem Nitrosonaphthol (I) über die Stufen (II) bis (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: DERIVATION OF 3‐OXAZOLIN‐5‐ONES FROM METHYL (4S,6S)‐5,5,9,9‐TETRAMETHYL‐7‐OXO‐8‐OXA‐4‐THIA‐1‐AZABICYCLO(4,3,0)NON‐2‐ENE‐3‐CARBOXYLATE 4‐OXIDE
Authors: STOODLEY R. J. , WILKINS R. B.
Published: March 2016

Die Behandlung des Sulfoxids (II) mit Acetylchlorid (III) und Natriumdithionit (IV) in Acetonitril ergibt nicht die Verbindung (I), sondern unter Desoxygenierung und Hydroxylierung das Hydroxythiazin (V).
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐ALKYL‐3‐ALLYL‐2,4‐DIKETO‐1,2,4,5‐TETRAHYDRO‐3H‐BENZODIAZEPINES‐(1,5) AND THEIR HYDRATION PRODUCTS
Authors: WAGNER EDWIN
Published: March 2016

Durch Kondensation von o‐Phenylendiamin und entsprechenden Allyl‐alkyl‐malonestern werden nach bekannter Methode die Titelverbindungen (I) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐AMINOMETHYLDIPYRRYLMETHANES
Authors: VALASINAS A. , LEVY E. S. , FRYDMAN B.
Published: March 2016

Die Formylierung von (Ia) liefert den Aldehyd (Ib), der mit Benzylhydrogenmalonat zu (Ic) kondensiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL DERIVATIVES OF AMIDOXIMES PART 2, SYNTHESIS OF 2‐(TRIBUTYLSTANNOXY)‐, 2‐(TRIPHENYLSTANNOXY)‐ AND 2‐(TRIMETHYLSILOXY)‐3‐HYDRO‐4‐ALKYL OR ‐4‐PHENYL‐1,3,5,2‐OXADIAZABOROLES
Authors: GOEL A. B. , GUPTA V. D.
Published: March 2016

Durch azeotrope Entfernung von Wasser aus einem Gemisch der Zinnoxide (I) mit Borsäure und den Amidoximen (III) in siedendem Benzol entstehen die Stannoxyoxadiazaborole (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE DERIVATE DES 1,2‐DISILYLAETHYLENS
Authors: VORONKOV M. G. , YAROSH O. G. , TSVETAEVA L. V. , SIGALOV M. V. , GROMKOVA R. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Alkylmethoxysilylacetylene (I) oder (IV) addieren in Gegenwart von Platinchlorwasserstoffsäure Trichlorsilan (II) oder Methyldichlorsilan (V) zu den disilylierten Äthylenen (III) bzw. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: THE CLEAVAGE OF SOME BIS‐(PERHALOARYL)‐METHYLSILANES AND TRIS‐(PERHALOARYL)‐SILANES BY ORGANOLITHIUM COMPOUNDS
Authors: HOWELLS R. D. , GILMAN H.
Published: March 2016

Die aus den Perchloraryllithium‐ oder ‐magnesiumverbindungen (I) und (VI) durch Umsetzung mit Methyldichlorsilan (II) oder Trichlorsilan (IV) gebildeten Perchlorarylsilane (III), (V) und (VII) reagieren mit Methyl‐ oder n‐Butyllithium bei Tempe= "raturen von ‐30 bis ‐75°C in Tetrahydrofuran oder Äther mit anschließender Carbonisierung und saurer Hydrolyse zu den Carbonsäuren (VIII) und (IX) in Ausbeuten von 65‐89%.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROSILYLIERUNG ISOMERER DIPHENYLAETHYLENE
Authors: NOGAIDELI A. I. , NAKAIDZE L. I. , TSKHOVREBASHVILI V. S.
Published: March 2016

1,1‐Diphenyläthylen (I) addiert die Silane (II) oder (V) bei erhöhter Temperatur zu den β,β‐Diphenyläthylsilanderivaten (III) oder (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE UND EIGENSCHAFTEN DER AETHYL‐O‐TOLYL‐O‐, M‐ UND P‐AMINOPHENYLARSINE
Authors: YAMBUSHEV F. D. , GATILOV YU. F. , TENISHEVA N. KH. , SAVIN V. I.
Published: March 2016

o‐Tolylarsonsäure (I) wird zum o‐Tolyldichlorarsin (II) reduziert und mit Hilfe von Bleitetraäthyl in das o‐Tolyläthylchlorarsin (III) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER DIE STRUKTUR VON ALKYLCYCLOARSOXANEN(RASO)(N)
Authors: DURAND M. , LAURENT J. P.
Published: March 2016

Die durch alkalische Hydrolyse der Dichloride (I) mit Natrium‐ oder Kaliumcarbonat gewonnenen Arsenverbindungen (II) sind als cyclische Trimere , und Tetramere ′ assoziiert, wobei die Sauerstoffatome die Brückenglieder bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: METALLVERBINDUNGEN VON YLIDEN 7. MITT. STABILE KUPFER‐ UND SILBERVERBINDUNGEN VON PHOSPHOR‐YLIDEN
Authors: SCHMIDBAUR HUBERT , ADLKOFER JUERGEN , HEIMANN MICHAEL
Published: March 2016

Während die Umsetzung des Phosphin‐Cu(I)‐chlorids (IIa) mit Trimethylmethylenphosphoran (IIIa) im Molverhältnis 1:2 zu dem ionogenen Komplex (I) führt, liefert die mit den Methylmethylenphosphoranen (IIIc) und (IIId) und die des Agchlorids (IIb) mit den Methylmethylenphosphoranen (III) die neuartigen achtgliedrigen heterocyclischen Produkte (IVb)‐(IVd) mit stabilisierendem Oniumzentrum.
ChemInform Abstract: RATE PARAMETERS FOR LIGAND REPLACEMENT PROCESSES IN OCTAHEDRAL COMPLEXES OF METALS IN OXIDATION STATE THREE
Authors: EDWARDS J. O. , MONACELLI F. , ORTAGGI G.
Published: March 2016

Übersicht über Aquotisierung, Solvolyse, Isomerisierung und Anionenaustausch, ihren experimentellen Methoden und Einfluß vom Oxidationszustand und Größe des Metalls.
ChemInform Abstract: ELEMENTORGANISCHE DERIVATE DES ALPHA‐PHENYLAETHYLHYDROPEROXIDS
Authors: YABLOKOV V. A. , ALEKSEEVA N. V. , TARABARINA A. P. , TOMADZE A. V. , YABLOKOVA N. V. , ALEKSANDROV YU. A.
Published: March 2016

Technisches α‐Phenyl‐äthylhydroperoxid (I) wird durch Überführung in das Natriumsalz und dessen Zersetzung mittels Kohlendioxid in wäßriger Phase gereinigt.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF COMPLEXES PART 28, NEW DERIVATIVES OF THE TYPE M(CR(NCS)4(BENZYLAMINE)2) AND THE SOLVATION OF THIS COMPLEX ION IN ETHANOL‐WATER MIXTURES
Authors: ZSAKO JANOS , VARHELYI CSABA , GANESCU ION , OPRESCU DIDINA
Published: March 2016

Wasserfreies Hexathiocyanatochromat(III) reagiert mit Benzylamin zum Anion des Titelkomplexes, das mit 50‐60% Ausbeute als Ammoniumsalz mit einem Mol Hydrat‐ wasser gefällt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF MONOTHIO‐ AND MONOSELENOCARBAMATE COMPLEXES OF GOLD(I) AND RHODIUM(I)
Authors: PIJPERS F. W. , DIX A. H. , VAN DER LINDEN J. G. M.
Published: March 2016

Die Thio‐ und Selenocarbamato‐Komplexe (I) und (II) werden durch Umsetzung von Ammonium‐ oder Na‐thio‐ und ‐selenocarbamaten mit Chloro‐triphenylphosphin‐Au bzw. Chlorocarbonyl‐bis‐[triphenylphosphin]‐Rh synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE REAKTION DES 2,2‐BIPYRIDYLPALLADIUM(II)‐DICHLORIDS MIT 1‐LITHIUM‐2‐PHENYL‐1,2‐DICARBACLOVODECABORAN‐12
Authors: ZAKHARKIN L. I. , KOVREDOV A. I.
Published: March 2016

Läßt man auf den Komplex (I) die Lithiumverbindung (II) einwirken, dann entsteht die Verbindung (III) in Form gelber Kristalle.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROSILOXANVERBINDUNGEN DES PLATINS UND IRIDIUMS
Authors: SCHMIDBAUR HUBERT , ADLKOFER JUERGEN
Published: March 2016

Durch die Umsetzung der Chlorophosphin‐Komnlexe (I) und (IV) mit Na‐trimeä thylsilanolat (II) entstehen die cis‐Siloxy‐Pt(II)‐.Komplexe (III) bzw. die trans‐ Ir(I)‐Verbindung (V), deren Strukturen IR‐ und NMR‐spektroskopisch bestätigt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,4 ADDITION OF HEXAFLUOROBUT‐2‐YNE TO CO‐ORDINATED CYCLO‐OCTA‐1,5‐DIENE, CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF THE ADDUCTS (RH(ACETYLACETONATO)(C8H12)(C4F6)(1 1/2 H2O)) AND (IR(ACETYLACETONATO)(C8H12)(C4F6)2)
Authors: JARVIS A. C. , KEMMITT R. D. W. , KIMURA B. Y. , RUSSELL D. R. , TUCKER P. A.
Published: March 2016

Der Rhodium‐Komplex (I) bildet mit dem Hexafluorbutin (II) den Komplex (III), der mit Natriumacetylacetonat (IV) in (V) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUR STRUKTUR VON HANDELSUEBLICHEM 2,7‐DIBROM‐4‐HYDROXYMERCURI‐FLUORESCEIN
Authors: BUENMANN H. , DATTAGUPTA N.
Published: March 2016

Eine exakte Untersuchung deshandelsüblichen 2,7‐Dibrom‐4‐hydroxymercuri‐ fluoresceins zeigt, dass das Produkt anstelle dieser Verbindung ein Gemisch aus den Komponenten (I) und (II) als wesentliche Bestandteile enthält.
ChemInform Abstract: TERPENE PART 231, OPENING OF THE FURAN RING, REACTION OF 6BETA‐HYDROXYFUROEREMOPHILANE WITH ACTIVATED SILICA GEL
Authors: NOVOTNY L. , KOTVA K.
Published: March 2016

An aktivem Silicagel lagert sich Petasalbin (I) in den Ketoaldehyd (IV) um.
ChemInform Abstract: AVAROL, A NOVEL SESQUITERPENOID HYDROQUINONE WITH A REARRANGED DRIMANE SKELETON FROM THE SPONGE DISIDEA AVARA
Authors: MINALE L. , RICCIO R. , SODANO G.
Published: March 2016

Aus obiger Spezies werden als Inhaltsstoffe Avarol (I) und Avaron (II) isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE ROLLE DES OXIDATIONSEFFEKTS BEI DER LITHENTWICKLUNG
Authors: SUGA TSUNEO
Published: March 2016

Der Lithentwickler ist ein Hydrochinon‐Alkali‐Entwickler mit niedrigen Konzentrationen an Sulfitionen.
Magnet‐Modelle für den Anfangsunterricht
Authors: Rautenstrauch Hanne , Busker Maike
Published: March 2016

Das Erklären und Deuten von Phänomenen mit Hilfe von Modellen spielt bereits im Anfangsunterricht eine wichtige Rolle. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist die Interpretation chemischer Reaktionen mit Hilfe des Daltonschen Atommodells. Werden phänomenologische und submikroskopische Ebene in Beziehung gesetzt, werden Zusammenhänge, wie das Gesetz der Massenerhaltung bei chemischen Reaktionen, erklärbar. Um Schülerinnen und Schüler im Umgang mit Modellen zu unterstützen, können Anschauungsmodelle im Chemieunterricht eingesetzt werden. In diesem Beitrag werden Magnet‐Atommodelle vorgestellt, die auf der Atomvorstellung John Daltons beruhen und insbesondere im Anfangsunterricht eingesetzt werden können. Des Weiteren werden die Herstellung der Magnet‐Atommodelle sowie exemplarische Einsatzmöglichkeiten im Chemieunterricht vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Emerging roles for motor proteins in progenitor cell behavior and neuronal migration during brain development
Authors: Dantas Tiago J. , Carabalona Aurelie , Hu Daniel Jun Kit , Vallee Richard B.
Published: March 2016

Over the past two decades, substantial progress has been made in visualizing and understanding neuronal cell migration and morphogenesis during brain development. Distinct mechanisms have evolved to support migration of the various cell types that compose the developing neocortex. A specific subset of molecular motors, so far consisting of cytoplasmic dynein 1, Kif1a and myosin II, are responsible for cytoskeletal and nuclear transport in these cells. This review focuses on the emerging roles for each of these motor proteins in the migratory mechanisms of neocortical cell types. We discuss how migration can be cell cycle regulated and how coordination of motor activity is required to ensure migratory direction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Translational control by eIF2α in neurons: Beyond the stress response
Authors: Bellato Hermano Martins , Hajj Glaucia Noeli Maroso
Published: March 2016

The translation of mRNAs is a tightly controlled process that responds to multiple signaling pathways. In neurons, this control is also exerted locally due to the differential necessity of proteins in axons and dendrites. The phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) is one of the mechanisms of translational control. The phosphorylation of eIF2α has classically been viewed as a stress response, halting translation initiation. However, in the nervous system this type of regulation has been related to other mechanisms besides stress response, such as behavior, memory consolidation and nervous system development. Additionally, neurodegenerative diseases have a major stress component, thus eIF2α phosphorylation plays a preeminent role and its modulation is currently viewed as a new opportunity for therapeutic interventions. This review consolidates current information regarding eIF2α phosphorylation in neurons and its impact in neurodegenerative diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure‐Based Virtual Screening for Dopamine D2 Receptor Ligands as Potential Antipsychotics
Authors: Kaczor Agnieszka A. , Silva Andrea G. , Loza María I. , Kolb Peter , Castro Marián , Poso Antti
Published: March 2016

Structure‐based virtual screening using a D2 receptor homology model was performed to identify dopamine D2 receptor ligands as potential antipsychotics. From screening a library of 6.5 million compounds, 21 were selected and were subjected to experimental validation. From these 21 compounds tested, ten D2 ligands were identified (47.6 % success rate, among them D2 receptor antagonists, as expected) that have additional affinity for other receptors tested, in particular 5‐HT2A receptors. The affinity (Ki values) of the compounds ranged from 58 nm to about 24 μm. Similarity and fragment analysis indicated a significant degree of structural novelty among the identified compounds. We found one D2 receptor antagonist that did not have a protonatable nitrogen atom, which is a key structural element of the classical D2 pharmacophore model necessary for interaction with the conserved Asp(3.32) residue. This compound exhibited greater than 20‐fold binding selectivity for the D2 receptor over the D3 receptor. We provide additional evidence that the amide hydrogen atom of this compound forms a hydrogen bond with Asp(3.32), as determined by tests of its derivatives that cannot maintain this interaction.
A Novel Class of Dopamine D4 Receptor Ligands Bearing an Imidazoline Nucleus
Authors: Mammoli Valerio , Bonifazi Alessandro , Dal Ben Diego , Giannella Mario , Giorgioni Gianfabio , Piergentili Alessandro , Pigini Maria , Quaglia Wilma , Thomas Ajiroghene , Newman Amy H. , Ferré Sergi , Sanchez‐Soto Marta , Keck Thomas M. , Del Bello Fabio
Published: March 2016

Over the years, the 2‐substituted imidazoline nucleus has been demonstrated to be a bioversatile structural motif. In this study, novel imidazoline derivatives bearing a 3‐ and/or 4‐hydroxy‐ or methoxy‐substituted phenyl ring, linked by an ethylene bridge to position 2 of an N‐benzyl‐ or N‐phenethyl‐substituted imidazoline nucleus, were prepared and studied against D2‐like receptor subtypes. Binding studies highlighted that a set of N‐phenethylimidazoline compounds are selective for D4 over D2 and D3 receptors. In functional assays, the 3‐methoxy‐substituted derivative, endowed with the highest D4 affinity value, and its 3‐hydroxy analogue behaved as partial agonists with low intrinsic efficacy and as competitive D4 antagonists when tested in the presence of the D2‐like receptor agonist quinpirole. Molecular docking analysis, performed using a homology model of the human D4 receptor developed using the X‐ray crystal structure of the antagonist‐bound human D3 receptor as a template, was in accordance with the binding results and provided useful information for the design of novel imidazoline D4 receptor ligands based on this new scaffold.
Characterization of multiciliated ependymal cells that emerge in the neurogenic niche of the aged zebrafish brain
Authors: Ogino Takashi , Sawada Masato , Takase Hiroshi , Nakai Chiemi , Herranz‐Pérez Vicente , Cebrián‐Silla Arantxa , Kaneko Naoko , García‐Verdugo José Manuel , Sawamoto Kazunobu
Published: March 2016

In mammals, ventricular walls of the developing brain maintain a neurogenic niche, in which radial glial cells act as neural stem cells (NSCs) and generate new neurons in the embryo. In the adult brain, the neurogenic niche is maintained in the ventricular‐subventricular zone (V‐SVZ) of the lateral wall of lateral ventricles and the hippocampal dentate gyrus. In the neonatal V‐SVZ, radial glial cells transform into astrocytic postnatal NSCs and multiciliated ependymal cells. On the other hand, in zebrafish, radial glial cells continue to cover the surface of the adult telencephalic ventricle and maintain a higher neurogenic potential in the adult brain. However, the cell composition of the neurogenic niche of the aged zebrafish brain has not been investigated. Here we show that multiciliated ependymal cells emerge in the neurogenic niche of the aged zebrafish telencephalon. These multiciliated cells appear predominantly in the dorsal part of the ventral telencephalic ventricular zone, which also contains clusters of migrating new neurons. Scanning electron microscopy and live imaging analyses indicated that these multiple cilia beat coordinately and generate constant fluid flow within the ventral telencephalic ventricle. Analysis of the cell composition by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the neurogenic niche in the aged zebrafish contains different types of cells, with ultrastructures similar to those of ependymal cells, transit‐amplifying cells, and migrating new neurons in postnatal mice. These data suggest that the transformation capacity of radial glial cells is conserved but that its timing is different between fish and mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2982–2992, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combining existing numerical models with data assimilation using weighted least‐squares finite element methods
Authors: Rajaraman Prathish K. , Manteuffel T. A. , Belohlavek M. , Heys Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2016

A new approach has been developed for combining and enhancing the results from an existing computational fluid dynamics model with experimental data using the weighted least‐squares finite element method (WLSFEM). Development of the approach was motivated by the existence of both limited experimental blood velocity in the left ventricle and inexact numerical models of the same flow. Limitations of the experimental data include measurement noise and having data only along a two‐dimensional plane. Most numerical modeling approaches do not provide the flexibility to assimilate noisy experimental data. We previously developed an approach that could assimilate experimental data into the process of numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations, but the approach was limited because it required the use of specific finite element methods for solving all model equations and did not support alternative numerical approximation methods. The new approach presented here allows virtually any numerical method to be used for approximately solving the Navier–Stokes equations, and then the WLSFEM is used to combine the experimental data with the numerical solution of the model equations in a final step. The approach dynamically adjusts the influence of the experimental data on the numerical solution so that more accurate data are more closely matched by the final solution and less accurate data are not closely matched. The new approach is demonstrated on different test problems and provides significantly reduced computational costs compared with many previous methods for data assimilation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid Film from Nickel Oxide and Oxygenated Carbon Nanotube as Flexible Electrodes for Pseudocapacitors
Authors: Wu Zhong , Li Lin , Huang Xiao‐lei , Zhang Xin‐bo , Yan Jun‐min
Published: March 2016

Nanomaterials based on nickel oxide (NiO) have been proposed as one of most promising electrode materials for high‐performance supercapacitors. However, their limited electrical conductivity leads to low specific capacitance and unsatisfactory cycling stability. In addition, traditional electrode preparation affects their electrochemical performances. Here, we develop a facile and effective strategy to fabricate hybrid films from NiO and oxygenated carbon nanotubes (OCNT) by filtration. The hybrid film is directly used for electrodes in electrochemical investigations and reveals superior electrochemical properties. By optimizing the ratio of two species; the as‐obtained hybrid film electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance, good rate capability and considerable energy density. The superiority can be contributed to the synergistic effect of two species.
The Antiferromagnetic Spin Coupling in Non‐Kekulé Acenes—Impressive Polyradical Character Revealed by High‐Level Multireference Methods
Authors: Vazdar Mario , Eckert‐Maksić Mirjana , Lischka Hans
Published: March 2016

Complete active space (CASSCF) and multireference (MR‐CISD(Q) and MR‐AQCC) calculations were performed for non‐Kekulé analogues of acenes, dimethylenepolycyclobutadienes, with lengths of up to eight cyclobutadiene (CBD) units. Multireference calculations predict that the most stable energy state of the system is either triplet (if there is an odd number of CBD units) or singlet (if there is an even number of CBD units) due to antiferromagnetic spin coupling, which thus violates Hund's rule in larger molecules. We also show an impressive polyradical character in the system that increases with the size of the molecule, as witnessed by more than eleven unpaired electrons in the singlet state of the molecule with eight CBD units. Together with the small energy gap between singlet and higher multiplicity energy states even above the triplet state, this demonstrates the exceptional polyradical properties of these π‐conjugated oligomeric chains.
Employing Theories Far beyond Their Limits—The Case of the (Boguer‐) Beer–Lambert Law
Authors: Mayerhöfer Thomas G. , Mutschke Harald , Popp Jürgen
Published: March 2016

For spectroscopists, the (Bouguer‐)Beer–Lambert law is unquestionably an essential principle, since it is inseparably linked with one of the most important quantities in spectroscopy, the absorbance. In spite of its importance, a quantitative discussion of the legitimacy of relating the transmittance, the quantity that is usually measured, to the absorbance by assuming a logarithmic relation between both quantities cannot be found in literature. In this contribution, we quantitatively discuss, based on examples, the errors that can be introduced by disregarding the exact solution based on Maxwell's equations and show that these errors can easily exceed one order of magnitude. We also re‐derive the Beer–Lambert law, thereby providing guidance as how to convert transmittance into absorbance properly.
Thermochemistry and Kinetic Analysis of the Unimolecular Oxiranyl Radical Dissociation Reaction: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Wang Heng , Bozzelli Joseph W.
Published: March 2016

Oxirane structures are important in organic synthesis, and they are important initial products in the oxidation reactions of alkyl radicals. The thermochemical properties (enthalpy of formation, entropy, and heat capacity) for the reaction steps of the unimolecular oxiranyl radical dissociation reaction are determined and compared with the available literature. The overall ring opening and subsequent steps involve four types of reactions: β‐scission ring opening, intramolecular hydrogen transfer, β‐scission hydrogen elimination, and β‐scission methyl radical elimination. The enthalpies of formation of the transition states are determined and evaluated using six popular Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation methods (B3LYP, B2PLYP, M06, M06‐2X, ωB97X, ωB97XD), each combined with three different basis sets. The DFT enthalpy values are compared with five composite calculation methods (G3, G4, CBS‐QB3, CBS‐APNO, W1U), and by CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pVTZ. Kinetic parameters are determined versus pressure and temperature for the unimolecular dissociation pathways of an oxiranyl radical, which include the chemical activation reactions of the ring‐opened oxiranyl radical relative to the ring‐opening barrier. Multifrequency quantum Rice Ramsperger Kassel (QRRK) analysis is used to determine k(E) with master equation analysis for falloff. The major overall reaction pathway at lower combustion temperatures is oxiranyl radical dissociation to a methyl radical and carbon monoxide. Oxiranyl radical dissociation to a ketene and hydrogen atom is the key reaction path above 700 K.
The (6–4) Dimeric Lesion as a DNA Photosensitizer
Authors: Vendrell‐Criado Victoria , Rodríguez‐Muñiz Gemma M. , Lhiaubet‐Vallet Virginie , Cuquerella M. Consuelo , Miranda Miguel A.
Published: March 2016

Based on our previous investigations into the photophysical properties of the 5‐methyl‐2‐pyrimidone (Pyo) chromophore, we now extend our studies to the photobehavior of the dimeric (6–4) thymine photoproducts (6–4 PP) to evaluate their capability to act as instrinsic DNA photosensitizers. The lesion presents significant absorption in the UVB/UVA region, weak fluorescence emission, a singlet‐excited‐state energy of approximately 351 kJ mol−1, and a triplet‐excited‐state energy of 297 kJ mol−1. Its triplet transient absorption has a maximum at 420–440 nm, a lifetime of around 7 μs, and a high formation quantum yield, ΦISC=0.86. This species is efficiently quenched by thymidine. Its DNA photosensitizing properties are demonstrated by a series of experiments run on a pBR322 plasmid. The lesion photoinduces both single‐strand breaks and the formation of cyclobutane thymine dimers. Altogether, these results show that, the substitution of the pyrimidone ring at C4 by a 5‐hydroxy‐5,6‐dihydrothymine does not cancel out the photosensitization properties of the chromophore.
Regeneration of Aqueous Periodate Solutions by Ozone Treatment: A Sustainable Approach for Dialdehyde Cellulose Production
Authors: Koprivica Slavica , Siller Martin , Hosoya Takashi , Roggenstein Walter , Rosenau Thomas , Potthast Antje
Published: March 2016

A method for easy and fast regeneration of aqueous periodate solutions from dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) production by ozone treatment is presented, along with a direct and reliable simultaneous quantification of iodate and periodate by reversed‐phase HPLC. The influence of iodate and ozone concentration, solution pH, and reaction time on the regeneration efficiency was studied, as well as the reaction kinetics. Regeneration of spent periodate solutions by ozone was successfully performed in alkaline medium, which favors the formation of free .OH radicals, as supported by the addition of radical scavengers and quantum mechanical calculations. At pH 13 and an ozone concentration of approximately 150 mg L−1, periodate was completely regenerated from a 100 mm solution of iodate within 1 h at room temperature. A cyclic process of cellulose oxidation and subsequent regeneration of spent periodate with 90 % efficiency has been developed. So far, commercial applications of DAC have been hampered by difficulties in reusing the costly periodate. This work overcomes this hurdle and presents a highly efficient, clean, and low‐cost protocol for the preparation of DAC with integrated periodate recycling, with the possibility of scaling the process up.
Hybrid modulation scheme for dual active bridge converter that employs the triangular modulation and the single phase shift modulation
Authors: Yao Yunpeng , Xu Shen , Sun Weifeng , Lu Shengli
Published: March 2016

In order to efficiently control the power flow between the photovoltaic (PV) panel, the battery, and the load, the dual active bridge converter can be used as an interface. In the PV system, the voltage variation ranges of the PV panel and the battery are relatively large. Therefore, a hybrid modulation scheme is proposed in this paper to enhance the overall efficiency of the dual active bridge converter. When a 60 V battery is used, the proposed modulation makes the PV panel working from 20 to 100 V with an efficiency from 64% to 98%. Moreover, a small signal model is built to analyze the stability of the hybrid modulation scheme. Furthermore, a method to stabilize the transition process of the hybrid modulation scheme is given. A 1200 W prototype is made to verify the validity of the hybrid modulation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automation for clinical CD4 T‐cell enumeration, a desirable tool in the hands of skilled operators
Authors: Diallo T. O. , Bergeron M. , Seely P. , Yang X. , Ding T. , Plews M. , Sandstrom P. , Ball T. B. , Meyers A. F. A.
Published: March 2016

Background

Automation in HIV clinical flow cytometry when appropriately applied brings considerable standardisation benefits. The Canadian Immunology Quality Assessment Program (CIQAP) detected situations where operators did not manually override automated software in the event of improper output on the Epics XL and FC500 CD4 immunophenotyping platforms. The automated gating algorithm identifies lymphocytes using a double gate strategy based on CD45 × side scatter (SS) gating and a light scatter FS × SS gate known to fail with sub optimal specimens.

Method

To generate correct interpretation and results CIQAP introduced a simple protocol modification, bypassing the light scatter gate to include all cells characterized by the CD45 gate. Seventeen problem cases were reanalysed for both absolute and relative T‐cell subsets accuracy and compared to the CIQAP group mean values. Results were found to be associated with the percentage of lymphocytes excluded by the automated light scatter gate.

Results

The modified manual protocol resolved poor performance in 14 instances out of 17 problem cases. It was found to improve accuracy when the light scatter gate excluded greater than 5% of the cells. The remaining three cases had a lymphocyte recovery of greater than 94.6% in the original automated analysis.

Conclusion

There is a risk in relying solely on automated gating procedures when using the Epics XL and FC500 CD4 immunophenotyping platforms. Laboratory managers have the responsibility to intervene when required. EQA providers are equally responsible to alert the clinical laboratories of the need to update operator training to deal with stressed specimens. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Standardized terminology and nomenclature for respiratory cytology: The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Baloch Zubair , Elsheikh Tarik , Litzky Leslie , Rektman Natasha , Travis William D. , Zakowski Maureen , Zarka Matthew , Geisinger Kim
Published: March 2016

Background

The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology has developed a set of guidelines for respiratory cytology including indications for cytologic testing, techniques for cytologic sampling, terminology and nomenclature for respiratory diseases, ancillary testing, and recommendations for postcytologic diagnosis follow‐up and management.

Methods

All documents are based on the expertise of the authors, an extensive literature review and discussions of the draft documents at national and international meetings over a 12‐month period. This document selectively presents the results of these discussions and reports a proposed standardized terminology scheme for respiratory cytology that correlates cytologic diagnosis with biologic behavior and patient management.

Results

The classification and terminology scheme recommends a six‐tiered system composed of: nondiagnostic, negative, atypical, neoplastic (benign and neoplasms of low malignant potential), suspicious, and positive for malignancy.

Conclusion

The scheme recommends statements on specimen adequacy followed by the major classification category and then a subclassification and/or comments section. Each of the six main diagnostic categories is associated with an estimated risk of malignancy. Subsequent documents will propose ancillary testing recommendations, techniques for cytologic sampling, indications for cytologic study and postcytologic diagnosis management and follow‐up recommendations. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:399–409. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.