bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mössbauer study of iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Karra Christina , Sarafidis Charalampos
Published: May 2024

Magnetic nanoparticles have recently attracted attention for biochemical and medical applications like drug delivery and hyperthermia for a variety of reasons with most important being their stability, chemical compatibility, and suitable magnetic properties like moderate specific mass magnetization. Cobalt ferrites are a well‐studied family of materials and the partial substitution of Fe3+ cations by rare earth (RE) ones may be used to tune the magnetic properties. In the present work pure and substituted Co ferrite nanoparticles with nominal stoichiometry CoFe2−xRxO4 (R = Yb, Gd; x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.3) synthesized by the co‐precipitation method are studied with 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine the incorporation of RE ions in the spinel lattice. The fitting procedure was based on the standard spinel model using two sextets for the octahedral and the tetrahedral coordinated positions of Fe atoms. All isomer shift values were found within the typical range of high spin ferric ions while quadrupole splitting values strongly suggest that there is a substitution preference; RE ions replace iron ones in octahedral sites. The inversion parameter was found to decrease with RE content (lowest value about 0.534 for CoFe1.90Yb0.10O4) and thermal treatment always results in changing the material toward normal spinel, while pure CoFe2O4 was inverse. Thermal treatment of substituted materials in ambient air at temperature range 1500–1700 K for 12 h increase crystallite size and changes the degree of inversion.
Theoretical insights toward a highly responsive AgInSe2 photodetector
Authors: Ebon Md. Islahur Rahman , Abir Ahnaf Tahmid , Pathak Dinesh , Hossain Jaker
Published: May 2024

This treatise showcases the design as well as modeling about a photodetector (PD) based on AgInSe2 (AISe), a direct bandgap chalcopyrite with a bandgap of 1.19 eV. The PD exhibits outstanding optical and electronic characteristics, showcasing remarkable performance. The PD has been systematically investigated by varying the width, carrier density, and defect densities of specific layers, as well as the interface defect density of specific interfaces. Various layers are optimized to enhance the overall performance of the PD and the impact of different device resistances is analyzed. The photocurrent (JSC) and voltage (VOC) of the heterostructure photodetector are determined to be 38.60 mA/cm2 and 1.0 V, in turn. The maximum responsivity (R) and detectivity (D*) are identified as 0.70 A/W and 4.60 × 1016 Jones, respectively at a wavelength of 940 nm. The spectral response exhibits significantly higher values in the range of 800–1000 nm, indicating the device's capability to detect near‐infrared (NIR) light. This research provides valuable insights for the manufacturing of AISe material‐based photodetectors with enhanced performance.
Black, indigenous, and people of color's experiences of discrimination in psychoanalytic professional organizations in the USA: Results of a thematic analysis of interview data
Authors: Carter Carter , Crath Rory , Tronnier Christine , Bhargava Harshita , Espinosa‐Setchko Alison , Galeota Julia , Garcia‐Geary Q. , Lasheen Tara , Sencherey Diana , Steindler Rachel
Published: May 2024

This article reviews the results of a qualitative study of Black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC)'s experiences of discrimination in psychoanalytic professional organizations (PPOs) in the USA. The authors used thematic analysis to analyze the transcripts of semi‐structured interviews with n = 10 self‐identified BIPOC with prior experience in PPOs, including psychoanalytically‐oriented graduate programs, psychoanalytic institutes and other training programs, and professional membership organizations across the United States. A key finding is that a significant majority of interviewees (n = 9) reported experiencing discrimination in these organizations, per their own definitions of the term “discrimination,” and described these experiences in considerable detail. The authors attempt to triangulate the findings of the present study in relation to the findings of the Holmes Commission and other existing literature on BIPOC experiences in psychoanalysis.
Patterns in abundance, size and space‐use of Giant Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) in a temperate marine protected area
Authors: Hewitt Daniel E. , Johnson Daniel D. , Erskine Luke , Harasti David , Suthers Iain M. , Taylor Matthew D.
Published: May 2024

Marine Protected Areas limit fishing to protect a broad range of species and enhance biodiversity. Consequently, closures may not benefit species equally and species‐specific assessments are required to determine the impact of closures.

Relative abundance and size of Giant Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) was compared across no‐take and fished zones in Port Stephens‐Great Lakes Marine Park, on the temperate east coast of Australia (32.45°S). In addition, passive acoustic telemetry was used to estimate daily space‐use areas.

Similar abundances were observed between no‐take and fished zones; however certain no‐take sites had higher abundances than others. In addition, crabs were 9.9 mm larger in no‐take zones on average. Daily crab space‐use varied widely (~4 to 1000 m2), and generally increased with water temperature and conductivity.

These patterns indicate that recruitment processes interact with marine park protection to shape crab abundances across estuaries. However no‐take zoning appears to primarily limit fishing mortality on legal size crabs (i.e., carapace length >85 mm) resulting in larger crabs within no‐take zones. This may mean no‐take zones enhance reproductive output of crab populations since larger individuals are likely to be more fecund.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bulky 1,3‐Diamidopropane Complexes of Group 2 Metals (Be−Sr)
Authors: Nguyen Dat T. , Helling Christoph , Jones Cameron
Published: May 2024

Reaction of lithium 1,3‐diamidopropane Li2(TripNCN) (TripNCN=[{(Trip)NCH2}2CH2]2−, Trip=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl) with BeBr2(OEt2)2 gave the diamido beryllium complex, [(TripNCN)Be(OEt2)]. Deprotonation reactions between the bulkier 1,3‐diaminopropane (TCHPNCN)H2 (TCHPNCN=[{(TCHP)NCH2}2CH2]2−, TCHP=2,4,6‐tricyclohexylphenyl) and magnesium alkyls afforded the adduct complexes [(TCHPNCN)Mg(OEt2)] and [(TCHPNCN)Mg(THF)2], depending on the reaction conditions employed. Treating [(TCHPNCN)Mg(THF)2] with the N‐heterocyclic carbene :C{(MeNCMe)2} (TMC) gave [(TCHPNCN)Mg(TMC)2] via substitution of the THF ligands. Reactions of (ArNCN)H2 (Ar=Trip or TCHP) with Mg{CH2(SiMe3)}2, in the absence of Lewis bases, yielded the N‐bridged dimers [{(ArNCN)Mg}2]. Salt metathesis reactions between alkali metal salts M2(TCHPNCN) (M=Li or K) and CaI2 or SrI2 led to the THF adduct compounds [(TCHPNCN)Ca(THF)3] and [(TCHPNCN)Sr(THF)4], the differing number of THF ligands in which is a result of the different sizes of the metals involved. The described complexes hold potential as precursors to kinetically protected, low oxidation state group 2 metal species.
Advanced Electrode Materials Based on Brownmillerite Calcium Ferrite for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Spanu Guido , Celeste Arcangelo , Bozza Francesco , Serra Emanuele , Torelli Piero , Braglia Luca , Brutti Sergio , Reale Priscilla , Silvestri Laura
Published: May 2024

Iron‐based materials are considered potential anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries thanks to their low cost, abundancy, non‐flammability, good safety, environmental benignity, and high specific capacity. Here, a series of calcium iron oxides materials having brownmillerite structure (i. e., Ca2Fe2‐xMxO5, where M=Mn, Ni and Cu and x=0 and 0.1) has been extensively studied for their use as conversion anodes in lithium cell. In particular, a mechanochemical approach has been used either to synthesize the samples and to prepare electrodes for the tests in lithium cell. Ca2Fe2O5 based electrodes proved excellent performance in lithium cell, approaching the theoretical capacity and being stable upon prolonged cycling (529 mAh g−1 at C/10 and a capacity retention of 81 % after 100 cycles). Through the use of ex‐situ diffraction measurements, we have analyzed the conversion mechanism and proved the partial reversibility of its electrochemical reaction. Also, the incorporation of dopants into the structure of calcium iron oxide resulted in further improvement of its electrochemical performance as is the case of Mn doped sample that show a considerable specific capacity of 567 mAh g−1 and the capacity retention is almost 99 % after 100 cycles.
Tensions in the pursuit of equal opportunities: A case study of an innovative secondary school
Authors: van de Weerd Pomme
Published: May 2024

Equal opportunities in the context of education can be interpreted as ensuring equitable access to certain kinds of education (e.g. an academic track) or as equal opportunities to lead a fulfilling life regardless of the educational route followed (e.g. vocational or academic). These interpretations are in tension: the former implies a hierarchy where some forms of education are considered better than others, whereas the latter requires that they are all considered valuable. This paper presents a case study of a secondary school in the Netherlands that pursued both interpretations of equal opportunities and made systemic reforms to achieve this. Building on interviews, focus groups and participant observation with students, staff and management, the paper analyses the tension these actors experienced between the two interpretations of equal opportunities. It is argued that this stems from a societal context that endorses the first interpretation of equal opportunities but aligns less with the second interpretation. The analysis shows that individual institutions like schools have limited power to shift narratives surrounding educational tracks, especially when these do not align with prevailing trends in society. Additionally, the paper underlines the value of applying analysis of different interpretations of equal opportunities, which is usually undertaken by theoretical work, to empirical data.
Two peptides LLRLTDL and GYALPCDCL inhibit foam cell formation through activating PPAR‐γ/LXR‐α signaling pathway in oxLDL‐treated RAW264.7 macrophages
Authors: Marasinghe Chathuri Kaushalya , Yoon Soon‐Do , Je Jae‐Young
Published: May 2024

Foam cell formation plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis‐associated cardiovascular diseases. Bioactive peptides generated from marine sources have been found to provide multifunctional health advantages. In the present study, we investigated the anti‐atherosclerotic effects of LLRLTDL (Bu1) and GYALPCDCL (Bu2) peptides, isolated from ark shell protein hydrolysates by assessing their inhibitory effect on oxidized LDL (oxLDL)‐induced foam cell formation. The two peptides showed a promising anti‐atherosclerotic effect by inhibiting foam cell formation, which was evidenced by inhibiting lipid accumulation in oxLDL‐treated RAW264.7 macrophages and oxLDL‐treated primary human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC). Two peptides effectively reduced total cholesterol, free cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and triglyceride levels by upregulating cholesterol efflux and downregulating cholesterol influx. Expression of cholesterol influx‐related proteins such as SR‐A1 and CD36 were reduced, whereas cholesterol efflux‐related proteins such as ATP‐binding cassette transporter ABCA‐1 and ABCG‐1 were highly expressed. In addition, Bu1 and Bu2 peptides increased PPAR‐γ and LXR‐α expression. However, PPAR‐γ siRNA transfection reversed the foam cell formation inhibitory activity of Bu1 and Bu2 peptides. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of Bu1 and Bu2 peptides on foam cell formation inhibition was observed with PPAR‐γ agonist thiazolidinediones, indicating that PPAR‐γ signaling pathway plays a key role in foam cell formation of macrophages. Beyond their impact on foam cell formation, Bu1 and Bu2 peptides demonstrated anti‐inflammatory potential by inhibiting the generation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide and NF‐κB nuclear activation. Taken together, these results suggest that Bu1 and Bu2 peptides may be useful for atherosclerosis and associated anti‐inflammatory therapies.
Angiopoietin‐like protein 4 induces growth hormone variant secretion and aggravates insulin resistance during pregnancy, linking obesity to gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kuo Chun‐Heng , Wang Shu‐Huei , Juan Hsien‐Chia , Chen Szu‐Chi , Kuo Ching‐Hua , Kuo Han‐Chun , Lin Shin‐Yu , Li Hung‐Yuan
Published: May 2024

Angiopoietin‐like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) is a secretory glycoprotein involved in regulating glucose homeostasis in non‐pregnant subjects. However, its role in glucose metabolism during pregnancy and the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to clarify the relationship between ANGPTL4 and GDM and investigate the pathophysiology of placental ANGPTL4 in glucose metabolism. We investigated this issue using blood and placenta samples in 957 pregnant women, the human 3A‐sub‐E trophoblast cell line, and the L6 skeletal muscle cell line. We found that ANGPTL4 expression in the placenta was higher in obese pregnant women than in lean controls. Palmitic acid significantly induced ANGPTL4 expression in trophoblast cells in a dose–response manner. ANGPTL4 overexpression in trophoblast cells resulted in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which stimulated the expression and secretion of growth hormone‐variant (GH2) but not human placental lactogen. In L6 skeletal muscle cells, soluble ANGPTL4 suppressed insulin‐mediated glucose uptake through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK 1/2) pathways. In pregnant women, plasma ANGPTL4 concentrations in the first trimester predicted the incidence of GDM and were positively associated with BMI, plasma triglyceride, and plasma GH2 in the first trimester. However, they were negatively associated with insulin sensitivity index ISI0,120 in the second trimester. Overall, placental ANGPTL4 is induced by obesity and is involved in the pathophysiology of GDM via the induction of ER stress and GH2 secretion. Soluble ANGPTL4 can lead to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells and is an early biomarker for predicting GDM.
Anticancer effect of minor phytocannabinoids in preclinical models of multiple myeloma
Authors: Aguzzi Cristina , Zeppa Laura , Morelli Maria Beatrice , Marinelli Oliviero , Giangrossi Martina , Amantini Consuelo , Santoni Giorgio , Sazzad Hossain , Nabissi Massimo
Published: May 2024

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood cancer caused by uncontrolled growth of clonal plasmacells. Bone disease is responsible for the severe complications of MM and is caused by myeloma cells infiltrating the bone marrow and inducing osteoclast activation. To date, no treatment for MM is truly curative since patients relapse and become refractory to all drug classes. Cannabinoids are already used as palliative in cancer patients. Furthermore, their proper anticancer effect was demonstrated in many cancer models in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. Anyway, few information was reported on the effect of cannabinoids on MM and no data has been provided on minor phytocannabinoids such as cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidivarin (CBDV). Scientific literature also reported cannabinoids beneficial effect against bone disease. Here, we examined the cytotoxic activity of CBG, CBC, CBN, and CBDV in vitro in MM cell lines, their effect in modulating MM cells invasion toward bone cells and the bone resorption. Subsequently, according to the in vitro results, we selected CBN for in vivo study in a MM xenograft mice model. Results showed that the phytocannabinoids inhibited MM cell growth and induced necrotic cell death. Moreover, the phytocannabinoids reduced the invasion of MM cells toward osteoblast cells and bone resorption in vitro. Lastly, CBN reduced in vivo tumor mass. Together, our results suggest that CBG, CBC, CBN, and CBDV can be promising anticancer agents for MM.
A new methodology for a rapid and high‐throughput comparison of molecular profiles and biological activity of phytoextracts
Authors: Caldeira Viviana , Fonseca Tiago A. H. , N'Dembo Luana , Araújo Rúben , Von Rekowski Cristiana P. , Sampaio Pedro N. S. , Calado Cecília R.C.
Published: May 2024

To robustly discover and explore phytocompounds, it is necessary to evaluate the interrelationships between the plant species, plant tissue, and the extraction process on the extract composition and to predict its cytotoxicity. The present work evaluated how Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy can acquire the molecular profile of aqueous and ethanol‐based extracts obtained from leaves, seeds, and flowers of Cynara Cardunculus, and ethanol‐based extracts from Matricaria chamomilla flowers, as well the impact of these extracts on the viability of mammalian cells. The extract molecular profile enabled to predict the extraction yield, and how the plant species, plant tissue, and extraction process affected the extract's relative composition. The molecular profile obtained from the culture media of cells exposed to extracts enabled to capture its impact on cells metabolism, at a higher sensitivity than the conventional assay used to determine the cell viability. Furthermore, it was possible to detect specific impacts on the cell's metabolism according to plant species, plant tissue, and extraction process. Since spectra were acquired on small volumes of samples (25 µL), after a simple dehydration step, and based on a plate with 96 wells, the method can be applied in a rapid, simple, high‐throughput, and economic mode, consequently promoting the discovery of phytocompounds.
Greening in the spotlight: How public inquisitiveness shapes European SMEs' actions in response to climate concerns
Authors: Brinkerink Jasper , Bammens Yannick
Published: May 2024

We examine greening activities among European small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the product and process domains, and argue that greater public climate concern in an SME's home country environment primarily associates with greening in the inherently more visible product domain. Moreover, we introduce the concept of public inquisitiveness and propose that greater inquisitiveness prompts SMEs to also pay attention to less visible process greening activities as a response to public climate pressures. We test our ideas using multilevel regression models on a large representative sample of SMEs from 18 European Union (EU) countries. The study's main ideas are supported by the findings, which point to possible trade‐offs between product and process greening among resource‐constrained SMEs, and suggest the general public's inquisitiveness indeed plays a key role in preventing under engagement in less outwardly visible greening strategies. We discuss our study's implications for discourse on how and under which conditions normative institutional forces shape firm‐level sustainable behavior, as well as for SMEs' pro‐environmental stakeholders.
Smart, sustainable, and resilient food supply chains in disruptive events context
Authors: Sezer Muruvvet Deniz , Kazancoglu Yigit , Mangla Sachin Kumar , Lafçı Çisem
Published: May 2024

Food systems include dynamic and complex networks made up of all the actors, processes, and infrastructures, as well as their interactions. Because of the growing supply chain's (SC) vulnerability, fragility, and operational disturbances, managing disruptions has become a crucial problem in the food SC. Thus, companies aim to improve their resilience to deal with unexpected conditions. Thus, this study aims to analyze and frame the food SC's resilience, sustainability, and smartness considering different causal conditions (e.g., digital technology adaption, providing traceability, and enhancing collaboration). This study also analyzes the numerous and complex linkages between outcome and causal variables. Thus, this study includes data on the food industry operating in Turkey. The Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis has been used to analyze different companies' data. SC resilience performance conditions have been determined and analyzed. According to the result of this study, it can be said that enhanced flexibility structure and adaptability skills in the SC, increased IT capability, and integration of digital technologies into the SC process are the key components for achieving high SC resilience, sustainability, and smartness in the food SCs. This study suggests various implications for policymakers and managers in the food SCs.
A lactate‐responsive gene signature predicts the prognosis and immunotherapeutic response of patients with triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Feng Kaixiang , Shao Youcheng , Li Jun , Guan Xiaoqing , Liu Qin , Hu Meishun , Chu Mengfei , Li Hui , Chen Fangfang , Yi Zongbi , Zhang Jingwei
Published: May 2024

Background

Increased glycolytic activity and lactate production are characteristic features of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). The aim of this study was to determine whether a subset of lactate‐responsive genes (LRGs) could be used to classify TNBC subtypes and predict patient outcomes.

Methods

Lactate levels were initially measured in different breast cancer (BC) cell types. Subsequently, MDA‐MB‐231 cells treated with 2‐Deoxy‐d‐glucose or l‐lactate were subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq). The gene set variation analysis algorithm was utilized to calculate the lactate‐responsive score, conduct a differential analysis, and establish an association with the extent of immune infiltration. Consensus clustering was then employed to classify TNBC patients. Tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion, cibersort, single‐sample gene set enrichment analysis, and EPIC, were used to compare the tumor‐infiltrating immune cells between TNBC subtypes and predict the response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, a prognostic model was developed by combining 98 machine learning algorithms, to assess the predictive significance of the LRG signature. The predictive value of immune infiltration and the immunotherapy response was also assessed. Finally, the association between lactate and various anticancer drugs was examined based on expression profile similarity principles.

Results

We found that the lactate levels of TNBC cells were significantly higher than those of other BC cell lines. Through RNA‐seq, we identified 14 differentially expressed LRGs in TNBC cells under varying lactate levels. Notably, this LRG signature was associated with interleukin‐17 signaling pathway dysregulation, suggesting a link between lactate metabolism and immune impairment. Furthermore, the LRG signature was used to categorize TNBC into two distinct subtypes, whereby Subtype A was characterized by immunosuppression, whereas Subtype B was characterized by immune activation.

Conclusion

We identified an LRG signature in TNBC, which could be used to predict the prognosis of patients with TNBC and gauge their response to immunotherapy. Our findings may help guide the precision treatment of patients with TNBC.
Monomer‐Dimer Equilibrium of Human Cystatin C During Internalization Into Cancer Cells
Authors: Jurczak Przemyslaw , Fayad Nour , Benard Magalie , Czaplewska Paulina , Hildebrandt Niko
Published: May 2024

Human cystatin C (hCC) is a physiologically important protein that serves as intra‐ and extracellular cysteine proteinase inhibitor in homeostasis. However, in pathological states it dimerizes and further oligomerizes accumulating into a toxic amyloid. HCC forms an active monomer in the extracellular space and becomes an inactive dimer when internalized in cellular organelles. However, hCC cell penetration and its oligomeric state during this process are not well understood. To determine if and how the oligomeric state influences hCC transmembrane migration, we investigated the internalization of the hCC wild type protein as well as three different mutants, which exclusively exist in the monomeric or multimeric state into HeLa cells via confocal fluorescence microscopy. Our results showed that the preferred pathway was endocytosis and that the oligomeric state did not significantly influence the internalization because both monomeric and dimeric hCC migrated into HeLa cells. Considering the differences of the active monomeric and the passive dimeric states of hCC, our findings contribute to a better understanding of the intra and extra cellular functions of hCC and their interaction with cysteine proteases.
Optimizing Continuous‐Flow Biocatalysis with 3D‐Printing and Inline IR Monitoring
Authors: Spano Michael B. , Pamidi Arjun S. , Liu Maxwell H. , Evans Amanda C. , Weiss Gregory A.
Published: May 2024

Enzymatic biocatalysis typically generates less waste, uses less water, and minimizes energy consumption compared to traditional chemical methods. Efficient, cell‐free biosynthesis relies on the reuse of its valuable biocatalysts. Immobilization of enzymes on solid supports, such as enzyme carrier resins (ECRs), offers a reliable and widely deployed approach to maximize enzyme turnover in cell‐free biosynthesis. We focus on two major bottlenecks associated with optimizing cell‐free biocatalysis. First, we apply our lab's 3D‐printed labware to screen ECRs in 96‐well mini‐reactors to optimize enzyme immobilization conditions. Second, we introduce inline infrared spectroscopy to monitor bioreactor output and maximize enzyme productivity. Urease provides a model system for examining immobilization conditions and continuous assessment of biocatalyst performance. As required for the high substrate concentrations to improve process efficiency and minimize waste, urease was studied in unusually high concentrations of its substrate – molar concentrations of urea. The optimized reactor processed 3.24 L of 4.00 M urea at an average volumetric productivity of 13 g ⋅ L−1 ⋅ h−1 over 18 h and achieved an estimated productivity number of >17.4 kg urea processed per g of immobilized urease Type‐IX. This workflow can be generalized to most biocatalytic processes and could accelerate adoption of cell‐free biosynthesis for greater chemical sustainability.
The unique properties of Big tau in the visual system
Authors: Fischer Itzhak , Connors Theresa , Bouyer Julien , Jin Ying
Published: May 2024

Tau is a microtubule associated protein that plays important roles in regulating the properties of microtubules and axonal transport, as well as tauopathies associated with toxic aggregates leading to neurodegenerative diseases. It is encoded by the MAPT gene forming multiple isoforms (45–60 kDa) by alternative splicing which are developmentally regulated. The high molecular weight (MW) tau isoform of 105 kDa, termed Big tau, was originally discovered in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) but later found in selective CNS areas. It contains an additional large exon 4a generating a long projecting domain of about 250 amino acids. Here we investigated the properties of Big tau in the visual system of rats, its distribution in retinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve as well as its developmental regulation using biochemical, molecular and histological analyses. We discovered that Big tau is expresses as a 95 kDa protein (termed middle MW) containing exons 4a, 6 as well as exon 10 which defines a 4 microtubule‐binding repeats (4R). It lacks exons 2/3 but shares the extensive phosphorylation characteristic of other tau isoforms. Importantly, early in development the visual system expresses only the low MW isoform (3R) switching to both the low and middle MW isoforms (4R) in adult retinal ganglion neurons and their corresponding axons. This is a unique structure and expression pattern of Big tau, which we hypothesize is associated with the specific properties of the visual system different from what has been previously described in the PNS and other areas of the nervous system.
A novel student achievement prediction model based on bagging‐CART machine learning algorithm
Authors: Zhang Hong
Published: May 2024

The learning effect of students is crucial for assessing teaching quality, thus playing a significant role in teaching management. Predicting student achievement is a major challenge in understanding the learning effect of students. Currently, many studies have utilized machine learning methods such as the decision tree algorithms C4.5, ID3, CART, J48, random forest, and others. However, few studies have explored the use of the Bagging algorithm in this field. Therefore, this study proposes a classification prediction method for student achievement based on the Bagging‐CART algorithm. Initially, the student achievement data is preprocessed, and the Apriori method is applied to mine the strongly associated dataset. The optimal hyper‐parameters are determined through grid search to train and predict the Bagging‐CART algorithm. Furthermore, the CART, J48, and Bagging‐CART algorithms are trained, and their evaluation indicators are compared using a confusion matrix. The results indicate that the Bagging‐CART model achieves an accuracy of 98.16%, a recall rate of 91.80%, a precision of 90.83%, and an F1 score of 94.87%. In comparison, the accuracy, precision, and F1 scores are higher than those obtained with CART and J48. Although the recall rate is slightly lower than that of CART by 0.26%, it is 0.52% higher than that of J48. Consequently, this method demonstrates strong predictive capabilities and introduces a new reference method for evaluating students' learning effect.
Incorporation of Ag in Co9S8‐Ni3S2 for Predominantly Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activities for Oxygen Evolution Reaction: A Combined Experimental and DFT Study
Authors: Tadesse Tsega Tsegaye , Zhang Yuchi , Zai Jiantao , Lai Chin Wei , Qian Xuefeng
Published: May 2024

Electrodeposition of abundant metals to fabricate efficient and durable electrodes indicate a viable role in advancing renewable electrochemical energy tools. Herein, we deposit Co9S8‐Ag‐Ni3S2@NF on nickel foam (NF) to produce Co9S8‐Ag‐Ni3S2@NF as a exceedingly proficient electrode for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The electrochemical investigation verifies that the Co9S8‐Ag‐Ni3S2@NF electrode reveals better electrocatalytic activity to OER because of its nanoflowers′ open‐pore morphology, reduced overpotential (η10=125 mV), smaller charge transfer resistance, long‐term stability, and a synergistic effect between various components, which allows the reactants to be more easily absorbed and subsequently converted into gaseous products during the water electrolysis route. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation as well reveals the introduction of Ag (222) surface into the Co9S8 (440)‐Ni3S2 (120) structure increases the electronic density of states (DOS) per unit cell of a system and increases the electrocatalytic activity of OER by considerably lowering the energy barriers of its intermediates. This study provides the innovation of employing trimetallic nanomaterials immobilized on a conductive, continuous porous three‐dimensional network formed on a nickel foam (NF) substrate as a highly proficient catalyst for OER.
DNA‐PKcs/AKT1 inhibits epithelial–mesenchymal transition during radiation‐induced pulmonary fibrosis by inducing ubiquitination and degradation of Twist1
Authors: Yan Ziyan , Zhu Jiaojiao , Liu Yuhao , Li Zhongqiu , Liang Xinxin , Zhou Shenghui , Hou Yifan , Chen Huixi , Zhou Lin , Wang Ping , Ao Xingkun , Gao Shanshan , Huang Xin , Zhou Ping‐Kun , Gu Yongqing
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Radiation‐induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is a chronic, progressive, irreversible lung interstitial disease that develops after radiotherapy. Although several previous studies have focused on the mechanism of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung epithelial cells, the essential factors involved in this process remain poorly understood. The DNA‐dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA‐PKcs) exhibits strong repair capacity when cells undergo radiation‐induced damage; whether DNA‐PKcs regulates EMT during RIPF remains unclear.

Objectives

To investigate the role and molecular mechanism of DNA‐PKcs in RIPF and provide an important theoretical basis for utilising DNA‐PKcs‐targeted drugs for preventing RIPF.

Methods

DNA‐PKcs knockout (DPK−/−) mice were generated via the Cas9/sgRNA technique and subjected to whole chest ionizing radiation (IR) at a 20 Gy dose. Before whole chest IR, the mice were intragastrically administered the DNA‐PKcs‐targeted drug VND3207. Lung tissues were collected at 1 and 5 months after IR.

Results

The expression of DNA‐PKcs is low in pulmonary fibrosis (PF) patients. DNA‐PKcs deficiency significantly exacerbated RIPF by promoting EMT in lung epithelial cells. Mechanistically, DNA‐PKcs deletion by shRNA or inhibitor NU7441 maintained the protein stability of Twist1. Furthermore, AKT1 mediated the interaction between DNA‐PKcs and Twist1. High Twist1 expression and EMT‐associated changes caused by DNA‐PKcs deletion were blocked by insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), an AKT1 agonist. The radioprotective drug VND3207 prevented IR‐induced EMT and alleviated RIPF in mice by stimulating the kinase activity of DNA‐PKcs.

Conclusion

Our study clarified the critical role and mechanism of DNA‐PKcs in RIPF and showed that it could be a potential target for preventing RIPF.
Education and diversity in cytopathology: Past, present, and future
Authors: Fitzhugh Valerie A. , Reynolds Jordan P. , Flanagan Melina , Balassanian Ronald
Published: May 2024

Diversity, equity, and inclusion is a powerful goal which many of us strive toward in medicine, both in patient care and administrative leadership. As the world evolves, the practice of medicine must evolve with it. We are cognizant of the importance of the history of our medical specialties. If we do not acknowledge all parts of our history, we are doomed to repeat it. This special issue is unique and unlike anything that has previously been published in Diagnostic Cytopathology. This issue looks at some of the history of cytopathology. This historical review is followed by some of the present state of cytopathology. There are insights into global cytopathology. The final portion of this issue examines the critical need for cytotechnology schools in the United States. All of these areas are critical to the past, present, and future of cytopathology.
Analysis of partial load loss of the PCS and internal storage battery loss in residential PV power generation and storage battery systems
Authors: Yamada Manaka , Nishio Ken‐Ichiro
Published: May 2024

This study aims to quantify the amount of loss due to partial load of power conditioning system (PCS) and internal loss of storage battery in residential photovoltaic (PV) power generation and storage battery system by using home energy management system (HEMS) data. After identifying the configuration of the PV power generation and storage battery system, HEMS data on PV power generation, household demand, storage battery charging, storage battery discharging, purchased power and sold power were extracted and analyzed according to the research purpose. As a result, the loss due to partial load of the PCS and the average internal loss of the storage battery were quantified. In addition, it was confirmed that a more realistic system simulation could be performed by considering the impact of the partial load of the PCS and the average internal loss of the storage battery.
Development of a Cobalt Catalyst from ZIF‐67 and Application in the Hydrogenation of N‐Heteroarenes
Authors: Yuan Xinya , Zhou Guangbin , Zhou Tianyi , Gao Pan , Zhang Xuehua , Zhang Guodong , Chen Feng
Published: May 2024

Hydrogenation of N‐heteroarenes to saturated N‐heterocycles is an important reaction in organic synthesis. Hydrogen is a green reducing reagent and has been widely applied in industrial production. The development of an appropriate catalyst to realize hydrogenation at low pressure and temperature is desired. In this study, we developed a cobalt‐based catalyst derived from ZIF‐67 that exhibits high activity for N‐heteroarene hydrogenation under 5–20 bar hydrogen, which is a relatively low pressure as compared to reported catalytic systems. This nano‐cobalt catalyst shows broad substrate scope and can be reused without obvious activity loss.
Impacts of pine oil and hydrogen induction with hemp oil methyl ester on dual fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion in diesel engine
Authors: Murugan Senthamil Selvan , Ramasamy Prakash , Rajkumar Sundararajan , Nallusamy Nallusamy
Published: May 2024

The current research focuses on the impacts of pine oil injection and hydrogen induction separately with hemp oil methyl ester (HOME) in the single cylinder diesel engine in dual fuel‐reactivity controlled compression ignition (DF‐RCCI) combustion mode. The engine was tested under a DF‐RCCI mode for the different energy shares of 10% pine oil with HOME (10P‐HOME), 30% pine oil with HOME (30P‐HOME), 3‐lpm hydrogen with HOME (3‐lpmH2‐HOME), and 6‐lpm hydrogen with HOME (6‐lpmH2‐HOME) separately at 345 °CA bTDC of low reactivity fuel (pine oil and hydrogen) and 23°C bTDC injection timing of high reactivity fuel (HOME). The results showed a higher Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of 7.44%, 5.32%, 5.72%, and 2.46% for 6‐lpmH2‐HOME, 3‐lpmH2‐HOME, 30P‐HOME, and 10P‐HOME fuel shares, respectively, over the conventional diesel combustion (CDC) at full load. 30P‐HOME, 3‐lpmH2‐HOME, and 6‐lpmH2‐HOME fuel combinations recorded 4.08% 4.42%, and 5.69% lower brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), respectively, at full load. When comparing DF‐RCCI combustion to CDC, an increase in the heat release rate (HRR) of 2.89%–26.50% and a rise in peak cylinder pressure of 0.77%–12.99% were observed. The 30P‐HOME, 3‐lpmH2‐HOME, and 6‐lpmH2‐HOME emit less smoke in DF‐RCCI combustion mode by 13.06%, 4.84%, and 7.26%, respectively at full load condition. When using 30P‐HOME the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) decreased by 3.50% at full load condition. At part and full load conditions, the 30P‐HOME fuel share reduced oxides of nitrogen (NOX) emissions by 3.93% and 5.26%, respectively.
Debris‐flow entrainment modelling under climate change: Considering antecedent moisture conditions along the flow path
Authors: Könz Anna Lena , Hirschberg Jacob , McArdell Brian W. , Mirus Benjamin B. , de Haas Tjalling , Bartelt Perry , Molnar Peter
Published: May 2024

Debris‐flow volumes can increase along their flow path by entraining sediment stored in the channel bed and banks, thus also increasing hazard potential. Theoretical considerations, laboratory experiments and field investigations all indicate that the saturation conditions of the sediment along the flow path can greatly influence the amount of sediment entrained. However, this process is usually not considered for practical applications. This study aims to close this gap by combining runout and hydrological models into a predictive framework that is calibrated and tested using unique observations of sediment erosion and debris‐flow properties available at a Swiss debris‐flow observation station (Illgraben). To this end, hourly water input to the erodible channel is predicted using a simple, process‐based hydrological model, and the resulting water saturation level in the upper sediment layer of the channel is modelled based on a Hortonian infiltration concept. Debris‐flow entrainment is then predicted using the RAMMS debris‐flow runout model. We find a strong correlation between the modelled saturation level of the sediment on the flow path and the channel‐bed erodibility for single‐surge debris‐flow events with distinct fronts, indicating that the modelled water content is a good predictor for erosion simulated in RAMMS. Debris‐flow properties with more complex flow behaviour (e.g., multiple surges or roll waves) are not as well predicted using this procedure, indicating that more physically complete models are necessary. Finally, we demonstrate how this modelling framework can be used for climate change impact assessment and show that earlier snowmelt may shift the peak of the debris‐flow season to earlier in the year. Our novel modelling framework provides a plausible approach to reproduce saturation‐dependent entrainment and thus better constrain event volumes for current and future hazard assessment.
Hybrid machine learning models for groundwater level prediction in a snow‐dominated region: An evaluation of EEMD, VMD and EWT decomposition techniques
Authors: Gezici Kadir , Katipoğlu Okan Mert , Şengül Selim
Published: May 2024

Water scarcity is a pressing issue, intensified by factors such as population growth and industrialization. Hence, it is crucial to monitor, conserve and analyse groundwater resources, which are essential sources of clean and usable water. This study examines changes in groundwater levels (GWLs) in northeastern Turkey's mountainous and snow‐covered area. The primary objective is to assess the effectiveness of integrated machine learning models, specifically, the extreme learning machine (ELM) technique combined with signal decomposition techniques such as ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), variational mode decomposition (VMD) and empirical wavelet transform (EWT) for monthly GWL prediction models. Seventy percent of the accessible data is allocated for training, while 30% is designated for testing. A correlation matrix involving precipitation, temperature, relative humidity and GWL parameters is generated with inputs that possess significant correlations being selected, such as GWLt−1, GWLt−2, RHt, RHt−1 and RHt−2. To evaluate model results, various metrics, including mean squared error, mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error, mean bias error, bias factor, determination coefficient, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency, as well as tools such as box plots, Taylor diagrams and radar charts, are utilized to compare outcomes during the interpretation phase. The results of the analyses show that applying data decomposition methods such as EEMD, VMD and EWT significantly improves the performance of the ELM algorithm in predicting GWLs. VMD‐ELM is the most accurate for GWL forecasting among the approaches examined. The R2 values of the most successful models established in the two wells are 0.993 and 0.905. The outcomes of this research hold significance for decision‐makers and policymakers as it offers informative insights into aquifer surveillance, irrigation strategizing and efficient administration of water resources.
Is valacyclovir being used for cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy?
Authors: Rincón‐Guevara Oscar , Leung Jessica , Sugerman David E. , Lanzieri Tatiana M.
Published: May 2024

Synopsis

Valacyclovir use in 10% of pregnancies with cytomegalovirus infection in this US cohort was likely for genital herpes treatment.
Theoretical study on the mechanism of alcohol photooxidation on Nb2O5 surface
Authors: Wang Wei‐Wei , Tanaka Tsunehiro , Ehara Masahiro
Published: May 2024

Theoretical modeling of the solid‐state photocatalysis is one of the important issues as various useful photocatalysts have been developed to date. In this work, we investigated the mechanism of the alcohol photooxidation on niobium oxide (Nb2O5) which was experimentally developed, using the density functional theory (DFT)/time‐dependent (TD)DFT calculations based on the cluster model. The alcohol adsorption and the first hydrogen transfer from hydroxy group to surface occur in the ground state, while the second hydrogen transfer from CH proceeds in the excited states during the photoirradiation of UV or visible light. The spin crossing was identified and the low‐lying triplet states were solved for the reaction pathway. The photoabsorption in the visible light region was characterized as the charge transfer transition from O 2p of alcohol to Nb 4d of the Nb2O5 surface. The spin density and the natural population analysis indicated the generation of spin density in the moiety of carbonyl compound and its dissipation to the interface of the surface, which partly explains the electron paramagnetic resonance measurement. It was confirmed that the rate determining step is the desorption of carbonyl compound and water molecule in agreement with the experimental rate equation analysis. The present findings with the theoretical modeling will provide useful information for the further studies of the solid‐state photocatalysis.
Risk rates and profiles at intake in child and adolescent mental health services: A cohort and latent class analyses of 21,688 young people in South London
Authors: Coughlan Barry , Woolgar Matt , Hood Rick , Hutchinson Dustin , Denford Ella , Hillier Amy , Clements Keith , Geraghty Teresa , Berry Ava , Bywaters Paul , Bilson Andy , Smith Jack , Drayak Taliah , Graham David , Crozier‐Roche Francesca , Duschinsky Robbie
Published: May 2024

Background

Children and young people (CYP) seen by child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) often experience safeguarding issues. Yet little is known about the volume and nature of these risks, including how different adversities or risks relate to one another. This exploratory study aims to bridge this gap, examining rates at entry to services and profiles of risk using a latent class analysis.

Methods

Data were extracted for CYP who received at least one risk assessment at CAMHs in South London between January 2007 and December 2017. In total, there were 21,688 risk assessments. Latent class analysis was used to identify profiles of risk from the risk assessments.

Results

Concerns about parent mental health (n = 5274; 24%), emotional abuse (n = 4487; 21%), violence towards others (n = 4210; 19%), destructive behaviour (n = 4005; 18%), and not attending school (n = 3762; 17%) were the most commonly identified risks. Six distinct profiles of risk were identified from the latent class analyses: (1) maltreatment and externalising behaviours, (2) maltreatment but low risk to self and others, (3) antisocial behaviour, (4) inadequate caregiver supervision and risk to self and others, (5) risk to self but not others, and (6) mental health needs but low risk.

Conclusions

These findings provide fresh insights into adverse experiences and risks identified by CAMHS. For professionals, the profiles identified in this study might provide insights into profiles of identified risks, in contrast to traditional cumulative approaches to risk. For researchers, these profiles may be fertile ground for hypothesis‐driven work on the association between adversity and later outcomes.
Design, synthesis, biological evolution and in silico studies of a novel 1,2,3,4‐tetrazole fused with 1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐amine derivatives
Authors: Rajeswari Muthirevula , Nagaraju Begari , Yasmintaj Shaik , Muralidhar Pamerla , Rao Chunduri Venkata , Karunakar Prashantha , Maddila Suresh
Published: May 2024

A new series of tetrazole fused with 1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐amine (4a–j) moiety have been synthesized. A thorough characterization of each compound was carried out using mass spectrum data, FT‐IR, 1H, and 13C NMR studies. The antibacterial effectiveness of these prepared substances was assessed in vitro against Gram‐(−) strains of P. aeruginosa and E. coli, as well as Gram‐(+) strains of B. subtilis and S. aureus. Molecules 4f and 4h showed exceptional effectiveness against both types of strains when compared to the reference antibiotic Streptomycin. Moreover the evolution of the molecular docking (in silico) studies also helpful for all the synthesized compounds and reference amoxicillin. The investigation included a look at protein stability, APO‐protein dynamics, and interactions. Using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations with Desmond Maestro version 11.3 for this inquiry, a potential lead molecule was found.