bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Towers Frank
Published: January 2021

Today’s political map of North America took its basic shape in a continental crisis in the 1860s, marked by Canadian Confederation (1867), the end of the U.S. Civil War (1865), the restoration of the Mexican Republic (1867), and numerous wars and treaty regimes conducted between these states and indigenous peoples through the 1870s. This volume explores the tumultuous history of North American state-making in the mid-nineteenth century from a continental perspective that seeks to look across and beyond the traditional nation-centered approach. This introduction orients readers by first exploring the meaning of key terms—in particular sovereignty and its historical attachment to the concept of the nation state—and then previewing how contributors interrogate different themes of the mid-century struggles that remade the continent’s political order. Those themes fall into three main categories: the character of the states made and remade in the mid-1800s; the question of sovereignty for indigenous polities that confronted the European-settler descended governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States; and the interaction between capitalist expansion and North American politics, and the concomitant implications of state making for sovereignty’s more diffuse meaning at the level of individual and group autonomy.
The United States from the Inside Out and the Southside North
Authors: Hahn Steven
Published: January 2021

This chapter counters the tendency of many comparative and transnational studies of the United States to focus on the Atlantic and ties between Europe and the Americas. The author reorients the reader’s gaze west and southward in the Civil War era to argue for the simultaneity of nation state and empire as governing forms and ideological goals. He highlights the sometimes seemingly contradictory impulses involved in the consolidation of sovereignty within U.S. borders and also in the contemporaneous movement outward to conquer and subjugate new lands and peoples.
The Long War
Authors: Dinwoodie Jane
Published: January 2021

This essay examines the actions of two indigenous groups who had not experienced removal—Eastern Cherokees and Bayou Lacombe Choctaws. Because they remained east of the Mississippi, they found themselves living in the heart of the Confederacy during the U.S. Civil War. Dinwoodie explores the different strategies these two groups employed to defend their autonomy in the wartime context and what their presence meant for Confederate sovereignty claims.
Introduction: Balibar and the Philosophy of the Concept
Authors: Montag Warren
Published: January 2021

Locates Balibar’s work in the context of Althusserian Marxist thought.
Concept
Authors: Balibar Étienne
Published: January 2021

Distinguishes between discussing the scientificity, the discursivity, the historicity, and the politicality of concepts. Focusing on the last of these, offers a way of moving to and past the limit of any epistemological discussion of concept production, and toward a way of understanding concepts not as instruments serving to isolate or separate from one another the faculties or elements of intellectual activity that could generate conflicts but, on the contrary, to bring them together into a single topos in order to problematize the uncertain effects of their encounter.
Contre-/Counter-
Authors: Harcourt Bernard E.
Published: January 2021

Examines the “counter-” move in Balibar’s thought, analysing it not in the Kantian or Hegelian sense of a synthesis that resolves an antinomic opposition (not the least of which, because the particle “contre-” functions differently than the particle “anti-”), but rather as an original counterpoint that itself becomes so powerful as to liberate itself from the oppositional relationship and transform itself into a free-standing concept, intervention, or even mode of governmentality. It is not an opposition that leads to a synthesis, but instead to a stage of “perfection” that (1) merely indexes its former counter-partner, and (2) becomes a fully independent concept, all to itself, that does not incorporate its opposition and is no longer a reaction against anything.
Solidarity
Authors: Wilder Gary
Published: January 2021

Identifies one thread running through Balibar’s career: the question of how, in the absence of the certainties provided by universal history, mechanical materialism, class essentialism, ethnic unity, natural nations, or territorial fixity, a political subject and social collectivity manages to emerge, hang together, and act in the world, whether during or after struggles for emancipation and collective self-determination. “Citizenship” is one name that Balibar assigns to this political problem and phenomenon. But one might also locate the question of citizenship within the more general problematic of ‘solidarity’ (and vice versa).
The Limits and Promise of Exclusivism and Inclusivism
Authors: Thatamanil John J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter surveys major exclusivist and inclusivist theologies of religious diversity. The central question that the author brings to bear in assessing any theology of religious diversity is, “Does this theory make interreligious learning possible?” The author proposes four major criteria: 1) The difference without incommensurability criterion: does this theology of religious diversity affirm that traditions are genuinely different such that real learning is possible but not so different as to be incommensurable? 2) The truth criterion: does this theology of religious diversity affirm that at least some strands of other traditions grant access to religious truth? 3) The critical theory of religion criterion: does this theology of religious diversity offer a sophisticated theory of religion that makes interreligious learning possible? 4) The intrinsic religious interest criterion: can I be interested in another tradition’s own religious ends, while remaining a member of my own? The author shows that when theologies of religious diversity fail, they do so most often because of an inadequate theory of religion. The author also shows that, surprisingly, even some exclusivist leave room for interreligious learning.
This Is Not a Conclusion
Authors: Thatamanil John J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter recapitulates the argument of the book but extends it by showing that the book is also a sustained argument against postures of religious isolationism and self-sufficiency and for religious conviviality. The chapter argues that if one is to be truly open to the mystery of the infinite, one must be vulnerable to the mystery of the neighbor. If one is to move ever more fully into the divine life, one must move toward the neighbor in receptivity and love. No pilgrimage to God apart from a pilgrimage toward the holiness of one’s neighbor. Inside and outside, yours and mine, are relative not absolute categories. “Religions” are not ontologically reified and isolated; they are distinct but not separate.
Sub Specie Universitatis
Authors: Balibar Étienne
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the articulation of the problem of universality with that of university. The French–Latin wordplay that makes the term universitas into the origin of both university and universality is obviously anything but accidental. Philosophers, or certain of them, have been eager to use it whether in a spirit of critique or self-promotion to think about the status of their discipline. Since philosophy became an essentially academic specialization, not only has it never stopped thinking of itself as the field in which one seeks to elucidate the conditions and effects of a discourse of the universal, but universality has become the objective value from which it derives its legitimacy. Understood as “university” and as “universality,” the category of universitas always contains the idea of a totality. The chapter then describes the three major strategies that modern philosophers have deployed to think sub specie universitatis: disjunction, subsumption, and translation. Although their roots lie in the history of philosophy itself, these strategies also represent “critical” attitudes within philosophy.
Floor response of yielding structures
Authors: Kelly T. E.
Published: January 2021

The New Zealand loading code, NZS 4203:1976, specifies design forces for parts and portions determined on the assumption that maximum floor accelerations are related to the yield level for ordinary structures. The code committee were aware that there was a scarcity of factual information on the subject and suggested that studies be carried out. The work described in this paper is aimed at investigating floor motions in buildings responding elastically and inelastically to earthquake motions and thus obtaining a basis for the design of parts and portions and also ancillary services. Twelve structures ranging in height from one to eight storeys and of varying structural type were analysed using a dynamic computer program for elastic response and for two different levels of structure yield strength. Time histories of floor acceleration were obtained at each floor level and from these the maximum absolute values were obtained. To derive loadings on flexible and flexibly mounted components, response spectra were calculated for upper floors and thus the amplification factors relating floor spectra to ground spectra were derived. The basic dynamic parameters used were the El Centro 1940 N-S earthquake record, with constant damping and material strain hardening ratios. The effect of variations in these parameters was studied on a limited number of the structures. From results obtained, tentative equations have been formulated for the design of both rigid and flexible components. For flexible components the floor amplification function was found to be very complex and due allowance must be made for uncertainties in dynamic parameters such as component damping and for factors such as higher mode effects influencing the response.
An Assessment of Teachers’ Performance Management System: The Case of Saudi Ministry of Education
Authors: Alshaikhi Nada , Alshaikhi Turky
Published: January 2021

The main aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of performance management system of teachers in the Saudi Ministry of Education.The study also explores whether the performance management system provides all the information needed to reflect teachers’ efficiency and productivity. The current research aims to identify the shortcomings of the performance management system for teachers in order to determine how teaching quality may be developed and improved. This is accomplished through a self-administered questionnaire survey of teachers, designed to measure teachers’ opinions of the performance management system. A total number of teachers completed the survey was 502. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analysis the data. The findings of the study demonstrate that teachers’ perceptions regarding their performance management system are generally oriented towards dissatisfaction. The results show that this dissatisfaction arises from the problems relating to the performance management process itself. Additionally, the performance management system for Saudi teachers does not capture the necessary information for managers to make informed decisions and policies in relation to the teachers. Moreover, many performance management system-related problems such lack of training of head teachers for conducting performance management system along with teachers’ beliefs about bias errors existing in performance management system caused teachers’ dissatisfaction. Therefore, this study has proposed recommendations to overcome the shortcomings of the existing system and to enhance teachers’ satisfaction with their performance management system.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON PUBLIC DEBT AND ITS IMPACT ON NEPALESE ECONOMY
Authors: Adhikari Men Bahadur
Published: January 2021

This study aims to find out the pattern and composition of public debt, and its impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of Nepal. This study is based on secondary sources of infor-mation and the data are collected from relevant archives. The collected data and information have been analyzed through descriptive as well as analytical research methods. Public borrowing has become a common practice for developing and even developed countries in order to meet the inter-nal resource crisis and development budget. Nepal had formally started borrowing from 1960s and government owed more from the external sources in the beginning, but the foreign assistance has been decreasing in recent periods. Public debt can not be so fruitful in terms of GDP growth, and this statement is supported by the fact that the average growth rate remains almost constant at 4.5 percent, but the average inflation rate is at 5.9 percent in the 40 years of study period. The amount of public debt has been increasing due to poor mobilization of internal resources and growth in unproductive recurrent expenses, especially due to the implementation of federalism of Nepal. The interest and principal of public debt especially in context of foreign debt, has been grow-ing year over year, so the burden of public debt has also been growing. In Nepalese context, the public debt to GDP ratio is 30.02 percent, so judging from that, public debt does not seem to be a serious problem as of now, because the alarming threshold specified by World Bank is at 77 per-cent. But, the growing trend of public borrowing may be a challenging problem for any nation in a long run, so the heavy dependence of national economy upon public debt, especially on foreign loan, ought to be minimized.
A NEW VENEROID GENUS (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA) OF THE DANIAN OF PATAGONIA (CHUBUT PROVINCE, ARGENTINA)
Authors: Alvarez Maximiliano , Del Río Claudia
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The endemic Patagonian genus Titomaya gen. nov. is erected to include the Danian Meretrix chalcedonica (Lefipan and Salamanca formations) and T. longobucca sp. nov. (Salamanca Formation) from the Chubut Province (Argentina). Although Meretrix and Titomaya share the same characteristic sculpture of their nymphs, Titomaya is differentiated by having medium to small, subtriangular, higher than long shells, a narrower and shorter hinge plate, smaller cardinal and anterior teeth, and by the development of a deeper pallial sinus. This new genus rules out the presence of Meretrix in Patagonia as long believed and increases the list of endemic taxa that characterize the Danian assemblages of Patagonia.
Archaeology and Gendered Magic
Authors: Augé C. Riley
Published: January 2021

Chapter 1 introduces readers to the necessity of archaeological consideration of belief as a primary driving force behind daily decision making and praxis, while providing a brief history of the archaeology of magic and study of magical beliefs. It defines gender and situates it in relationship to the use of magic in the seventeenth century to create protective barriers. To reveal the traditional beliefs and rationales behind such practices requires knowledge of the folklore of the people under study. Finally, it provides chapter summaries to guide readers through the remainder of the volume.
The Power of Magic
Authors: Augé C. Riley
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the theories used in this study. Focusing especially on agency and fear theories, this chapter provides an in depth look at what the emotion of fear entails and how it affects human behavior. A common response to fearful situations involves casting anomalous dangers into recognizable creatures. Thus, motivated by their fears and empowered through their actions (agency), one viable resource available to women and men in seventeenth-century New England to protect themselves from these creatures and dangerous situations was the use of magical objects that may be specifically associated with gender activity areas.
World View and the Magical Mindset
Authors: Augé C. Riley
Published: January 2021

This chapter establishes the cultural context for this work by first examining the worldview and magical mindset shared by seventeenth-century Christians, explaining how a magical understanding of both the universe and the workings of a Christian deity were culturally logical to New Englanders. It provides a detailed example of the use of numerology, right-left orientation, symbolism, and the Doctrine of Signatures in charms, rituals, and other magical practices to illustrate the complex and embedded nature of religious belief, worldview, and cosmology that inform magical thought and practice.
Motivations, Expectations, and Tribulations
Authors: Augé C. Riley
Published: January 2021

Beginning with a brief explanation of British geographical origins and circumstances, this chapter proceeds to explain the motivations, expectations, and tribulations that contributed to the Puritan colonists’ overall experience as one of heightened anxiety and fearfulness. Looking at the difficulties they faced with the environmental challenges, high mortality rates, fear of darkness and forests, the cultural otherness of the indigenous populations, and their own social and religious conflicts, reveals the numerous crises the colonists had to contend with. To highlight the relationship of gender to the magical mindset and to the tribulations of the colonial experience in New England, Chapter 5 concludes with a discussion of the rigid and explicit delineation and enactment of Puritan gender expectations including speech restrictions.
Traditional Wisdom
Authors: Augé C. Riley
Published: January 2021

The process of locating and evaluating folkloristic data sources is presented here as a prelude to the analysis of the detailed magical references abstracted from those sources. The sources include multiple folklore collections gathered in Britain and New England. These sources provide at times a repetition of information from the historic sources, like the rationale of the Doctrine of Signatures, and in other instances references to beliefs, objects, and practices not noted in any historic documents including ideas about magical plants and some supernatural beings. These examples provide an additional layer of information into who was using magic during this period, why they used it, and how it manifested, specifically the use of gender related magic as a crisis response to a host of perceived dangers.
Excavating Magic
Authors: Augé C. Riley
Published: January 2021

The process of locating and evaluating the chosen archaeological sites for this work is presented here as a prelude to the analysis of any artifacts with potential for magical interpretation. Issues of archaeological recordation and site formation processes are discussed to explain the paucity of the chosen site type. Five New England sites met the appropriate criteria for consideration: Chadbourne site, John Alden site, Jireh Bull Garrison House, Greene Farm Archaeology Project, and John Howland House site. Each site’s history and any potential magical symbolism and artifacts are discussed. Additionally, two common types of archaeologically recovered intentionally concealed objects (witch bottles and shoes) are discussed to question why examples were not located at the five sites reviewed here.
Similar Markets, Different Economies
Authors: Hutson Scott R.
Published: January 2021

Various lines of data from two large, Classic-period cities—Tikal and Chunchucmil—support the existence of marketplace exchange. Nevertheless, a multivariate analysis of artifact inventories from lower status households at the two cities showed strongly divergent patterns in access to exotic goods. Though these households at both Tikal and Chunchucmil had ready access to obsidian and other materials, suggesting marketing, wealth significantly affected access to exotic goods in low-status households at Tikal but not at low-status households at Chunchucmil. In other words, at a micro-level, important differences in exchange systems existed even when the two sites appear to have similar forms of exchange at a macro-level. This chapter provides explanations for the divergence.
Rural Economies of Agrarian Houselots before and after the Rise of Urban Mayapán
Authors: Masson Marilyn A. , Lope Carlos Peraza , Hare Timothy S. , Russell Bradley W. , Kú Pedro Delgado , Ojeda Bárbara Escamilla , Cobá Luis Flores
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 examines eight rural houselots, homes of farmers, in the vicinity of the Postclassic Maya capital city of Mayapán, Yucatán. Four houselots date to the Terminal Classic Period, when the area was a marginally located vicinity surrounding a small central town. Four houselots date to the Postclassic Period, representing peripheral localities beyond Mayapán’s walled urban zone. Comparisons of Postclassic Mayapán urban commoner activity differentiation and wealth are made to the rural houselots of both periods. Rural houselots differed in their relative affluence, some reflecting similar patterns to the late urban contexts. Although all were generally at the low end of the wealth continuum, rural farmers were fully dependent on regional trade for the most common items used in daily life, especially pottery vessels.
Large-Scale Production of Basic Commodities at Salinas de los Nueve Cerros, Guatemala
Authors: Woodfill Brent K. S.
Published: January 2021

Salinas de los Nueve Cerros is a major Pre-Columbian Maya city that grew around the only non-coastal salt source in the Maya lowlands. Residents of the city were able to transform the neighborhoods adjacent to and atop the salt dome into a large-scale production operation with the capacity to produce over 10,000 metric tons of salt a year, which were then distributed throughout the western lowlands via the Chixoy, Pasión, and Usumacinta river networks. By the Late Classic period, the city had expanded into the production and trade of other commodities that were locally produced (including agricultural and pescacultural goods) and traded from farther upriver. Investigations at Nueve Cerros since 2010 have shown that the salt source and basic production was tightly controlled by the local elite—workshops were associated with administrative structures containing the tombs of important individuals—although some phases of production or refining appear to have taken place throughout the site in each of the different neighborhoods under investigation.
Yucatec Land and Labor before and after Spanish Incursions
Authors: Alpuche Adolfo Iván Batún , McAnany Patricia A. , Dedrick Maia
Published: January 2021

Yucatec land and labor arrangements before and after Spanish incursions are examined for ruptures and continuities. The Western concept of private property is found to ring hollow in a landscape in which intersecting spheres of authority (including those of supernaturals) guide protocols of access and extraction. Furthermore, no simple dichotomy between pre- and post-colonial can explain the range of land arrangements and networks of labor that existed across Yucatán. Through the input of labor or as a consequence of geomorphology, a patchwork of high-productivity micro-environments can be found across Yucatán and on Cozumel Island. Cultivation and/or extraction at these resource-intensive production zones encompassed a large range of labor arrangements and interdependencies during Pre-Columbian times. In general, land and labor are conceptualized as suspended within relationships of shifting authority. In reference to both land labor, authors break with the construct of “control over” and embrace the phrase “authority to,” which recognizes the role of negotiation and the inclusion of supernatural forces perceived to have played a structuring role in the disposition of land and labor.
Maya Cornucopia
Authors: Fedick Scott L.
Published: January 2021

Under an agricultural economy, the ancient Maya depended on plants for food. While most discussions of Maya subsistence focus on maize production, this study has undertaken an extensive review of the ethnographic and botanical literature and found nearly 500 Indigenous food plants, domesticated, cultivated, and wild, reported as used by the Maya. The implications of this edible cornucopia of plants is discussed in terms of historic and current models of ancient Maya subsistence, implications for sustainability under environmental and demographic pressures, the range of plants likely to have been incorporated into marketing or exchange systems, and implications for identification of these plants in the archaeological record.
Service Relationships within the Broader Economy of Cerén, a Young Maya Village
Authors: Sheets Payson
Published: January 2021

Service obligations represent an important form of part-time household occupational specialization for past Mesoamerican societies. Using the case of the Cerén village, El Salvador, this chapter explores different service activities of several households and correlates them with unequal opportunities for wealth and status.
Decentralizing the Economies of the Maya West
Authors: Golden Charles , Scherer Andrew , Schroder Whittaker , Vella Clive , Recinos Alejandra Roche
Published: January 2021

Reconstructions of Pre-Columbian Maya economies are frequently based on a centralized model of exchange, in which dynastic capitals acted as centers of production, and import-export hubs, while royal courts provided some form of management over long-distance trade networks. However, recent research in the Usumacinta River Valley of the western Maya Lowlands, suggests that it was often hinterland elites who maintained those long-distance networks. These elites functioned as critical allies, and must have provided goods and services, to the royal courts of regional powers. But hinterland sites were centers of production in their own right, with exchange networks that did not always intersect with those of the dynastic center. Hinterland elites pursued their own ambitions and sought local economic benefits that could diverge from the best interests of the courts. In this chapter, we present the results of research in the hinterlands of Yaxchilán and Piedras Negras, and consider these data in light of a decentered model of Classic Maya economies.
Life’s Transitions to the Black Panther Party
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Pete O’Neal describes his failed first marriage and his inability to adapt to a standard working-class life style. Once free from marriage he achieves his 12th Street ideal by becoming a pimp, only to experience a mental and spiritual breakdown. He commits himself to working for the black community and forms the Black Vigilantes to protect blacks from police abuse. He travels to the Black Panther Party headquarters in Oakland, California, to train and then get permission to form a branch of the Party in Kansas City. He describes the Party’s personnel, structure, and workings in Kansas. Pete marries fellow member Charlotte Hill, and years later both recollect their first meeting and how the Party saved their lives.
First Petition
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Attorney Paul Magnarella, utilizing the writ of coram nobis, filed his first petition with the Federal District Court in Kansas outlining the judicial errors in Pete O’Neal’s 1970 trial and requesting a new trial. Magnarella argued that California Youth Authority law had expunged O’Neal’s early convictions, thereby making O’Neal ineligible for indictment under the Federal Gun Control Act. He also argued that Judge Arthur J. Stanley’s acceptance of the FBI’s warrantless wiretaps of O’Neal’s telephone and the judge’s refusal to hand over the data from the wiretaps to O’Neal were contrary to the U.S. Constitution. To justify O’Neal’s flight and fugitive status, Magnarella explained that O’Neal fled abroad to avoid threats on his life. Magnarella described how the FBI through its COINTEL program conspired with local police to commit illegal acts designed to eliminate the Black Panther Party.
Submission, Responses, and Final Orders
Authors: Magnarella Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Attorney Austin Shute delivered attorney Magnarella’s petition to the Federal District Court in Kansas. Judge Arthur J. Stanley had retired, and his long-time colleague Judge Earl E. O’Connor had taken over Pete’s case. He accepted the petition, directed the U.S. Attorney to file a response, and allowed O’Neal’s counsel to file a reply. A U.S. Assistant Attorney responded to the petition by arguing, without legal support, that the writ of coram nobis was all but extinct and recommended that the judge invoke the fugitive disentitlement doctrine. The presiding judge refused to examine the merits of the petition. He invoked the fugitive disentitlement doctrine, saying that O’Neal could have litigated his legal issues on appeal in 1970. Because O’Neal had fled the jurisdiction of the court back in 1970, the judge said he was not entitled to any court resources.
Epilogue
Authors: Sheehan-Dean Aaron
Published: January 2021

In all of the major mid-century rebellions, dominant powers prevailed. The Indians, Polish, Confederates, and Taiping were suppressed. But popular memories of the insurgencies lived on and their legacies took surprising shape. In India, Poland, and China, the wars came to be regarded as proto-nationalist or celebratory moments. In the U.S., white Southerners adopted a stance of victimization at odds with how their fellow insurgents behaved. The result, in the U.S., was a less dynamic and more racialized memory of the war, as seen in Lost Cause ideology. The traces of nineteenth-century insurgency today remain as ghost nations. They float through history, shaping the nature of the empires and states from which they tried to emerge. In some places, they reemerged later and succeeded. In other places, the people who formed them pursued their political or economic or social goals through alternative means.
Charting America’s Coast
Authors: Delgado James P. , Nagiewicz Stephen D.
Published: January 2021

The career and work of the steamer Robert J. Walker, its first commanding officer (Carlile Pollock Patterson) and nature of hydrographic surveying and creation of nautical charts done from Walker are discussed.
Wreck Divers and Rediscovery
Authors: Delgado James P. , Nagiewicz Stephen D.
Published: January 2021

The occasional tension between wreck divers and professional archaeologists, the rise of community and avocational maritime archaeology, the response of the New Jersey diving community to the identification of the wreck, NOAA’s community outreach, and the origins of the Walker Wreck Project are discussed.
The Archaeology and Appreciation of a Steamship and Its Crew
Authors: Delgado James P. , Nagiewicz Stephen D.
Published: January 2021

The results of the maritime archaeology project, from the documentation and interpretation of the shipwreck through its remains, its colonization by marine species, memorials and museum displays such as the Absecon Lighthouse, and the challenges and opportunities remaining are discussed.
An Enchanting Exchange
Authors: Finzer Erin S.
Published: January 2021

The publications of Ediciones Vigía have intense emotional lives that provoke surprise and enchantment among reader-viewers. This chapter explores how and why Vigía books have become such prized possessions by highlighting their circulation through both the market economy of collectors, consumers, and tourists and the affective economy of gift exchange. It theorizes that the emotional intimacy and aesthetic experience engendered by the handcrafted books draw reader-viewers into the press’s community of writers, artists, artisans, and admirers. This investment, in turn, provides a symbolic antidote to the spiritual deprivation of a utilitarian state and re-inspires the liberating idealism once promised by twentieth-century Latin American revolutionary movements.
Introduction
Authors: White Bretton
Published: January 2021

The introduction outlines the theoretical and historical contexts that shaped the texts examined in Staging Discomfort. The chapter pays significant attention to the role of the revolution’s breed of masculine heteronormativity as a vehicle for creating exclusions based upon the visibility of queer difference. This chapter also outlines (queer) Cuban theater history in order to trace the development of an autochthonous theater, as well as signalling how queer culture resists the repressive aspects of the revolution.
Conclusion
Authors: Shnookal Deborah
Published: January 2021

This book concludes that by the time the Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October 1962, Operation Pedro Pan had largely served its purpose in the U.S. covert action program and propaganda war against the Cuban revolution. The cancellation of direct flights between the United States and Cuba and Washington’s policy to keep Cuba isolated meant that the children’s reunification with their families was made very difficult and delayed. While Cuban parents may have had many motives in sending their children as unaccompanied minors to Miami, the author argues that, in general, U.S. government political objectives overrode humanitarian concerns for the children’s welfare and Cuban family reunification. She concludes that Operation Pedro Pan was largely unjustified and based on a fabricated Cold War scare about patria potestad that manipulated Cuban parents’ fears and resulted in the unnecessary separation of thousands of Cuban children from their families—in many cases for several years and, in some cases, with tragic consequences.
Brazil Reframed
Authors: Carter Eli Lee
Published: January 2021

This book focuses on these changes through the creation, production, distribution, and consumption of a selection of television and Internet fiction, exploring the new mediascape that has taken root in Brazil since 2011. The objective is not to predict what that mediascape will be in the coming decades but to shed light on the emergence and the consequences of the post-2011 mediascape as a particular conjuncture. Ultimately, I argue that the ongoing transition from the nearly five-decade, TV Globo–dominated Network Era (1968–2011) to the increasingly competitive and fragmented post-2011 mediascape has given way to fundamental changes to the economic models, modes of production, producers, distribution windows, and consumption that have largely defined the Brazilian mediascape since the late 1960s. Such changes, I contend, also have major implications for the symbolic construction of the national social imaginary.
Nevyriausybinės organizacijos: teorija ir praktika
Authors: Butkevičienė Eglė , Perminienė Milda , Vaidelytė Eglė
Published: January 2021

Šiuolaikiniame viešajame valdyme nevyriausybinės organizacijos yra reikšmingos ir lygiavertės dalyvės, įtakingai prisidedančios kuriant visuomenės pažangą ir bendruomenės plėtrą. Ši tema vadovėlyje pristatoma glaustai, skaitytojai supažindinami su nevyriausybinių organizacijų teorija ir praktika tiek pasaulyje, tiek Lietuvoje. Knygoje aptariama nevyriausybinių organizacijų bendrosios etikos visuma: etiško elgesio principai, organizacijų etikos kodeksai, darbuotojų ir savanorių motyvacija, analizuojamas pasitenkinimas darbu ir veikla, pateikiama informacijos ir apie įvairius nevyriausybinių organizacijų bendradarbiavimo su vietos valdžia, verslu modelius. Vadovėlis skirtas ne tik aukštųjų mokyklų studentams, nevyriausybinių organizacijų aktyvistams, bet ir visiems, kurie domisi nevyriausybinių organizacijų veikla.
Das Stimmverbot des GmbH-Gesellschafters in Deutschland und Europa
Authors: von Riegen Stephanie
Published: January 2021

The study examines the material scope of the shareholder´s voting prohibitions and compares sec 47 (4) GmbHG with the shareholder´s duty to abstain from voting in closed corporations in France, Great Britain, Austria and Spain. Following that, the author concentrates on the controversial prohibition of voting on resolutions concerning the performance of a legal transaction and opposes the prevailing doctrine of social acts (“Sozialaktslehre”) with her own concept for a legally certain demarcation of the legal transactions affected by a prohibition of voting on the basis of the comparative legal analysis and a systematic, historical and teleological interpretation of sec 47 (4) GmbHG. Also the practice-relevant questions of the prohibition of voting on resolutions concerning the employment contract of the managing director and shareholder as well as the dispensability of the statutory prohibition of voting are discussed. Finally, developments in Union law are considered and a proposal for a voting ban in a possible future European Private Company is made.
Strukturmerkmale extremistischer und populistischer Ideologien
Authors: Akel Alexander
Published: January 2021

Contrary to extremists, populists do not inherently oppose democracy. However, regardless of their ideologies, both think in terms of friend and foe, are attracted to charismatic leaders and perceive the people as a homogeneous entity. Adopting a critical stance towards ideology, this study is the first to theoretically and conceptually examine the hypotheses on these three shared structural features of extremist and populist ideologies. While confirming that both share these features, the study also exposes their structural differences. Finally, the author subjects the aforementioned mutual and different structural features of extremist and populist ideologies to an empirical litmus test using the NPD (2010–2017) and AfD (2013–2017) as examples—which are first considered individually and then in comparison. For the period of investigation, the findings of this study indicate that the NPD is a right-wing extremist party with populist elements, whereas since May 2016 the AfD has been a right-wing populist party with extremist elements.
A READING-BOOK IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE: THE TEXT PREPARATION AND THE FIRST OPINION OF ITS USE
Authors: Dohnal Josef
Published: January 2021

Over the last two decades, students of the Russian language have tended to analyse and interpret the texts of literary works in an overly simplistic manner. Such analysis tends to refer only to the text itself, sometimes only to the plot. It was the recognition of this fact which provided us with the inspiration to prepare a new reading-book concerned with Russian literature, which motivates the students not only to read literary works, but also to gain knowledge on how to read, understand and interpret a literary work. Initial feedback concerning the use of the reading-book has shown the concept to be successful.
IMAGES OF SOUND IN ORIGINAL AND TRANSLATED POEMS BY BORIS PASTERNAK
Authors: Kryukova Larisa , Khiznichenko Anna
Published: January 2021

The aim of the article is a linguistic analysis of sound images in the context of original and translated poems by Boris Pasternak. The authors focus on the author’s individual features of perceptual imagery representation. This imagery is the basis for poetry transformations found in Pasternak’s Russian translations of poems by John Keats. Sound images in the translated poems have the same semantic and ‘poetic’ characteristics as in the original works by Pasternak.
THE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONING OF THE INFINITIVE IN THE RUSSIAN AND CZECH LANGUAGES
Authors: Truhlarova Oxana
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes the syntactic nature of the infinitive in the comparative aspect. The goal of the study is to identify cases of divergence in the use of the infinitive as various parts of a sentence in the positional structure of a Russian and Czech sentence. Examples taken from the Russian Language National Corpus and the Czech National Corpus served as the material for the study.
SPECIFICITY OF LANGUAGE MATERIAL SELECTION FOR INTRODUCTION OF RUSSIAN IMPERATIVE MOOD IN “RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE” CLASSES
Authors: Kolosova Elena
Published: January 2021

The article is dedicated to the research of specificity of language material selection for introduction of Russian imperative mood in “Russian as a foreign language” (“RFL”) classes. Authentic language materials from different discourses that best showcase the diversity of modern Russian language (such as young people slang, jargons, common folk slang etc.) are required for the modern approach of communicative competence improvement.
Pohľad rodičov na vzdelávanie počas pandémie covid-19 na Slovensku – porovnanie rodičov detí so špeciálnymi potrebami a rodičov detí bez identifikovaných špeciálnych potrieb
Authors: Tomšik Robert , Rajčániová Eva , Ferenčíková Petra , Kopányiová Alena
Published: January 2021

Cieľom empirickej štúdie je mapovať priebeh dištančného vzdelávania na Slovensku počas pandémie covid-19. Konkrétne, výskum sa zameriava na preskúma­nie rozdielov medzi rodičmi detí so špeciálnymi výchovno-vzdelávacími potrebami (ŠVVP) a rodičmi, ktorých deti nemajú identifikované ŠVVP v špecifikách dištančného vzdelávania. Ďalej sa výskum zameriava na zistenie ako zabezpečovanie vzdelávania v domácom prostredí prežívajú rodičia a ich deti – ich obavy a vnímanie podpory zo strany školy. Pomocou dotazníka vlastnej konštrukcie sú tieto premenné zisťované na vzorke N = 462 rodičov. Prvá časť štúdie je venovaná teoretickým východiskám a ak­tuálnym empirickým výskumom, ktoré napĺňajú výskumné ciele práce. Ďalšia časť popisuje metodologické postupy. Posledná časť príspevku je venovaná interpretácii výsledkov, v ktorej sú bližšie opísané nasledovné zistenia: žiaci 2. stupňa ZŠ a SŠ ve­nujú denne o približne hodinu viacej času učebnej činnosti, v porovnaní so žiakmi 1. stupňa; rodičia, ktorí sa cítia byť menej kompetentní pri vzdelávaní svojich detí doma, majú tendenciu intenzívnejšie prežívať obavy, že ich dieťa doma nezíska do­statočné vedomosti; najčastejšie obavy rodičov vo vzťahu k učivu a iným školským povinnostiam sú zvládnutie školských povinností ich detí, či obavy, že neprebrali do­statok učiva; najčastejšie obavy detí sú späté s absenciou sociálnych kontaktov a oba­vy z nezvládnutia školských povinností. Medzi rodičmi detí so ŠP a bez ŠP boli zistené rozdiely v plánovaní učebnej činnosti; nedostatku vybraných učebných pomôcok; či potrebe podpory špecialistov a odborníkov.
Čo vieš o mojom vozidle? Ochrana osobných údajov a kybernetická bezpečnosť v kontexte autonómnych vozidiel
Authors: Andraško Jozef , Mesarčík Matúš
Published: January 2021

Autori sa v článku zameriavajú na vybrané otázky toku údajov v kontexte autonómnych vozidiel. V prvých častiach príspevku sú postupne predstavené základné pojmy danej problematiky a načrtnutá právna úprava. Následne sú charakterizované prieniky s právnou úpravou kybernetickej bezpečnosti a ochrany osobných údajov. Osobitný dôraz je kladený na otázku osobnej pôsobnosti a súvisiacej zodpovednosti v oblasti ochrany osobných údajov medzi jednotlivými aktérmi spracúvania osobných údajov v autonómnom vozidle.
Srovnávací studie právních informačních systémů: rozdíly mezi systémy při využití různých vyhledávacích strategií
Authors: Harašta Jakub
Published: January 2021

Vyhledávání právních informací v právních informačních systémech je běžnou součástí života právníka. V zásadě je možné ve dvou modech: jako vyhledávání zprostředkované a nezprostředkované. V rámci zprostředkovaného vyhledávání se spoléháme na souvislosti připravené tvůrcem systému. Jedná se například o přiřazení dokumentu do oblasti úpravy nebo, na specifičtější úrovni, o označení soudních rozhodnutí jako souvisejících s určitým předpisem nebo ustanovením. Při nezprostředkovaném vyhledávání se uživatel naopak spoléhá sám na sebe. Sám formuluje plnotextové dotazy a vyhledává výrazy, které pro něj symbolizují rešeršovaný problém. V tomto textu se zaměřuji na porovnání výsledků poskytnutých právními informačními systémy ASPI, Beck-online a Codexis v odpovědi na srovnatelné dotazy využívající zprostředkovaných i nezprostředkovaných právních informací. Po úvodu a přehledu literatury následuje představení výzkumných otázek. Čtvrtá část pak popisuje metodu použitou pro srovnání systémů a data k tomuto srovnání využitá. Pátá část popisuje výsledky srovnání napříč právními informačními systémy ASPI, Beck-online a Codexis. Šestá část se věnuje diskuzi těchto výsledků a jejich zasazení do kontextu. V poslední části pak předkládám závěr a formuluji doporučení ohledně volby vyhledávacích strategií při sběru právních informací (dokumentů) pro akademickou i praktickou činnost. Závěrem tohoto textu je, že při využití různých systémů pro zprostředkované vyhledávání (identifikaci soudních rozhodnutí souvisejících s konkrétním ustanovením) pozorujeme výrazné rozdíly. Naopak při zařazení metod nezprostředkovaného vyhledávání (plnotextový dotaz) jsou si výsledky poskytnuté jednotlivými systémy podobnější, byť jsou celkově horší oproti vyhledávání zprostředkovanému.
The Catholic Perspective on Death with Dignity
Authors: Hnatiuk Mark ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

Given the momentum in favor of legalizing physician-assisted suicide, Diane Rehm’s recent article in the New York Times provides an opportunity to assess the arguments and assumptions used to justify and promote physician-assisted suicide, in light of Church teaching. Supporters often share the impassioned pleas of those who have personally experienced devastating suffering at the end of life. Rehm’s article is no exception, recounting both her husband’s and her close friend’s deaths. These deeply personal and intense emotions cannot be ignored by anyone arguing against physician-assisted suicide.
The Ebola Outbreak inthe DRC
Authors: Lumicao Paulo Jose ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

A recent outbreak of Ebola starting in August 2018 has spread rapidly in North Kivu and Ituri, north-eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This is the tenth outbreak in forty years. Nevertheless, Tedros Ghebreyesus, the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO), recently stated that the outbreak is not yet a “public health emergency of inter- national concern.” Declaring such an emergency would trigger “a response across the United Nations, mobilizing multiple agencies, funding, and personnel . . . the sort of global response that belatedly resolved the [Ebola] epidemics in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea in 2014 and 2015.” Instead, the WHO and its partners are working with the DRC Ministry of Health to mount a more local response.
Weed resistance to herbicides
Authors: Vrbničanin Sava
Published: January 2021

Weed resistance to herbicides represents the acquired resistance of individuals to complete the life cycle and leave offspring in the conditions of extended exposure to the same herbicide, i.e. herbicides of the same mechanism of action to which they were sensitive at the beginning of the application. Based on the herbicide resistance mechanisms, all processes can be grouped as follows: target-site resistance, non-target-site resistance, cross-resistance and multiple-resistance. Currently, herbicide resistance has been reported in 514 cases (species x site of action) worldwide, in 262 weed species (152 dicotyledons, 110 monocotyledons). Many of those biotypes are resistant to als inhibitors, PS II inhibitors, EPSPS inhibitors and ACC-ase inhibitors. The higher degree of resistance to als inhibitors has been confirmed in the following weed species: Amaranthus retroflexus, Sorghum halepense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Helianthus annuus.