bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partikelbruchvorhersage an einem dynamischen Übergabesystem und Vergleich mit einer herkömmlichen Schurre mittels DEM
Authors: Denzel Michael , Prenner Michael
Published: January 2022

Zur Reduktion des Partikelbruchs wird eine dynamische Übergabevorrichtung „FlowScrape“ vorgestellt, die aus mehreren zu einer Muldung zusammengeführten gleichlaufenden Gummiketten besteht und mittels Reibrad am abführenden Gurt angetrieben wird. Um den partikelschonenden Effekt zu quantifizieren, wurden vergleichende Versuche mit einer herkömmlichen Übergabeschurre als Referenz durchgeführt. Die Versuche wurden je nach Größenfraktion jeweils mit 10 kg bzw. 5 kg Hochofensinter durchgeführt und zeigen eine deutliche Reduktion des Partikelbruchs. Vor allem die Feinmaterialerzeugung konnte reduziert werden. Die Feinmaterialerzeugung bei Übergabe mit dem „FlowScrape“ reduziert sich um annähernd 50 % gegenüber der herkömmlichen Übergabeschurre. Zusätzlich wurden beide Übergabesysteme mithilfe der DEM simuliert. Ein Modell zur Vorhersage des Partikelbruchs wurde vorgestellt, welches auf den Spitzenwerten der Kontaktkraft jedes einzelnen Partikels basiert und mithilfe von Bruchversuchen kalibriert wurde. Die Bruchversuche wurden mit einem speziell entwickelten automatischen Prüfstand zur Einzelpartikelbruchprüfung durchgeführt, welcher eine effiziente Analyse der Bruchcharakteristik von Schüttgütern ermöglicht. Die Ergebnisse der Partikelbruchvorhersage mittels Simulation weichen bei den kleineren Größenfraktionen inklusive Feinmaterial nur geringfügig von den Versuchsergebnissen ab. Bei den größeren Fraktionen kommt es aber teilweise zu signifikanten Abweichungen von den Versuchsergebnissen. Deshalb wird derzeit mithilfe eines anderen Ansatzes ein neues Partikelbruchmodell für die DEM entwickelt, welches es ermöglicht den Partikelbruch selbst zu simulieren und somit eine höhere Genauigkeit erzielt werden kann.
Überlegungen zu einer risikoangepassten Betrachtungsweise in der Raumplanung
Authors: Steinbrunner Barbara , Wenk Martin , Fuchs Sven
Published: January 2022

Der Raumplanung kommt aufgrund ihres präventiven Charakters und durch ihren Einfluss auf die räumliche Verteilung und Intensität von Nutzungen eine zunehmend bedeutende Rolle im Naturgefahrenmanagement zu. Im Sinne der vorausschauenden Planung sollte eine an die Naturgefahren angepasste Flächennutzung forciert werden, mit dem Ziel, das Schadensrisiko zu reduzieren. Dabei ist der Ansatz einer risikoangepassten Raumplanung relativ neu, denn die derzeitigen Raumnutzungsentscheidungen sind in der Regel gefahrenorientiert und werden überwiegend von den Gefahrenzonenplänen abgeleitet. Die Berücksichtigung des bestehenden Restrisikos im Wirkungsbereich von technischen Schutzanlagen spielt bislang, nicht zuletzt aufgrund von fehlenden rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen, in der Raumplanung bisher eine untergeordnete Rolle. Dieser Artikel stellt einen Entscheidungsbaum vor, der für die Abwägung von Baulandwidmungen und Bauführungen im Wirkungsbereich von Schutzmaßnahmen herangezogen werden kann, um eine risikoangepasste Betrachtungsweise in der Raumplanung zu stärken und so zu einer Vermeidung neuer Risiken beizutragen.
An integrated fluid–structure interaction and thrombosis model for type B aortic dissection
Authors: Chong Mei Yan , Gu Boram , Armour Chlöe Harriet , Dokos Socrates , Ong Zhi Chao , Xu Xiao Yun , Lim Einly
Published: January 2022

False lumen thrombosis (FLT) in typeBaortic dissection has been associated with the progression of dissection and treatment outcome. Existing computational models mostly assume rigid wall behavior which ignores the effect of flap motion on flow and thrombus formation within the FL. In this study, we have combined a fully coupled fluid–structure interaction (FSI) approach with a shear-driven thrombosis model described by a series of convection–diffusion reaction equations. The integrated FSI-thrombosis model has been applied to an idealized dissection geometry to investigate the interaction between vessel wall motion and growing thrombus. Our simulation results show that wall compliance and flap motion can influence the progression of FLT. The main difference between the rigid and FSI models is the continuous development of vortices near the tears caused by drastic flap motion up to 4.45 mm. Flap-induced high shear stress and shear rates around tears help to transport activated platelets further to the neighboring region, thus speeding up thrombus formation during the accelerated phase in the FSI models. Reducing flap mobility by increasing the Young’s modulus of the flap slows down the thrombus growth. Compared to the rigid model, the predicted thrombus volume is 25% larger using the FSI-thrombosis model with a relatively mobile flap. Furthermore, our FSI-thrombosis model can capture the gradual effect of thrombus growth on the flow field, leading to flow obstruction in the FL, increased blood viscosity and reduced flap motion. This model is a step closer toward simulating realistic thrombus growth in aortic dissection, by taking into account the effect of intimal flap and vessel wall motion.
Increased Gal-3BP plasma levels in hospitalized patients infected with SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Gallo Valentina ,   ISERC-Team, Reis Ana , Miranda André , Martins Carolina , Serre-Miranda Cláudia , Nobrega Claudia , Silva Carolina S. , Sarmento Helena , Cotter Jorge , Canto-Gomes João , Palha Joana , Peixoto Pedro , Barreira-Silva Palmira , Sousa João Carlos , Correia-Neves Margarida , Formigo Mariana , Vieira Neide , Cunha Pedro G. , Roque Susana , Gentile Roberta , Antonini Giovanni , Iacobelli Stefano
Published: January 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly turned into a health, financial and societal problem globally. The complex pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus centers on the unpredictable clinical progression of the disease, which may evolve abruptly and results in critical and life-threatening clinical complications. Effective laboratory biomarkers that can classify patients according to risk of progression to severe disease are essential for ensuring timely treatment. Gal-3BP is a human secreted protein with innate immune functions, which is upregulated in viral infections, promotes inflammation and has been shown to induce IL-6 expression. In this study, Gal-3BP plasma levels were measured retrospectively in a cohort of 84 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. These were classified as having either “non-severe” or “severe” disease. Compared to healthy controls, Gal-3BP plasma levels were markedly increased in COVID-19 patients (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the levels were higher in severe than in non-severe patients (P < 0.05). As expected, patients with severe disease had plasma levels of IL-6 higher than patients with non-severe disease (P < 0.01). In non-severe disease patients, Gal-3BP levels collected at a late stage (13.3 + 5.7 days after the first positive PCR result) were significantly lower than those collected at an early stage (4.2 + 2.9 days form the first positive PCR result). Larger prospective analyses are needed to strength our understanding of the prognostic utility of Gal-3BP in COVID-19 patients.
Juvenile polyposis diagnosed with an integrated histological, immunohistochemical and molecular approach identifying new SMAD4 pathogenic variants
Authors: Mafficini Andrea , Brosens Lodewijk A. A. , Piredda Maria L. , Conti Cristian , Mattiolo Paola , Turri Giulia , Mastrosimini Maria G. , Cingarlini Sara , Crinò Stefano F. , Fassan Matteo , Piccoli Paola , Simbolo Michele , Nottegar Alessia , Lawlor Rita T. , Guglielmi Alfredo , Scarpa Aldo , Pedrazzani Corrado , Luchini Claudio
Published: January 2022

Juvenile polyposis (JP) is a rare familial syndrome characterized by the development of numerous hamartomatous polyps of the gastrointestinal tract and by an increased risk of developing gastrointestinal cancers. It follows a pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance and is associated with germline variants of SMAD4 or BMPR1A genes. Differential diagnosis may be difficult based on histology alone, due to morphological similarities to other familial syndromes. Here we report a case of familial JP diagnosed in a 50-years woman with a familial history positive for gastrointestinal cancers and other tumor types. The patient presented with severe iron deficiency anemia and showed numerous polyps in the stomach and jejunum according to endoscopy and imaging. She underwent an intra-gastric laparoscopic removal of the major gastric polyp, followed by jejunal exploration and resection of a segment with multiple neoformations. Histological examination revealed the presence of hamartomatous polyposis. Gastric and intestinal samples were analyzed with next-generation sequencing. Molecular analysis showed that the patient harbored a germline splicing site variant of SMAD4, c.1139 + 3A > G, which was complemented by different somatic variants of the same gene in the different polyps. Immunohistochemistry for SMAD4 confirmed loss of protein expression in the polyps, with regular expression in normal cells. cDNA sequencing further confirmed the findings. We thus definitively diagnosed the woman as having JP thanks to an integrated approach based on histology, immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis. The identified variants, all previously reported as variants of unknown significance, were classified as pathogenic as they complemented each other leading to SMAD4 loss.
Fatigue fracture morphology of AISI H13 steel obtained by additive manufacturing
Authors: Macek Wojciech , Martins Rui F. , Branco Ricardo , Marciniak Zbigniew , Szala Mirosław , Wroński Sebastian
Published: January 2022

The paper focuses on researching the effect of fatigue loading on metallic structure, lifetime, and fracture surface topographies in AISI H13 steel specimens obtained by selective laser melting (SLM). The topography of the fracture surfaces was measured over their entire area, according to the entire total area method, with an optical three-dimensional surface measurement system. The fatigue results of the SLM 3D printed steel specimens were compared with those reported for conventionally manufactured 13H steel. The investigation also considers the roughness of the specimens’ side surface. Moreover, the fractographic evaluation conducted using scanning electron microscopy confirms that the predominant fracture mechanism is transgranular fracture. Microtomography done after mechanical loading also showed the influence of the stress level on the porosity distribution. Both fractographic and Micro-CT investigations confirm that higher stresses result in coarser and much more uniform porosity observed in fractured samples. These comprehensive quantitative and qualitative fracture analyses are beneficial to predict the failure conditions of SLM steel parts, especially in the case of fatigue damage. From the quantitative analysis of the H13 SLM-manufactured fracture surface topography, it was possible to conclude that the larger the loadings acting on the specimen, the rougher the fracture surface because the ductile fracture mode dominates. It has also been proven that the porosity degree changes along the length of the sample for the most stressed specimens.
Improving automated visual fault inspection for semiconductor manufacturing using a hybrid multistage system of deep neural networks
Authors: Schlosser Tobias , Friedrich Michael , Beuth Frederik , Kowerko Danny
Published: January 2022

In the semiconductor industry, automated visual inspection aims to improve the detection and recognition of manufacturing defects by leveraging the power of artificial intelligence and computer vision systems, enabling manufacturers to profit from an increased yield and reduced manufacturing costs. Previous domain-specific contributions often utilized classical computer vision approaches, whereas more novel systems deploy deep learning based ones. However, a persistent problem in the domain stems from the recognition of very small defect patterns which are often in the size of only a few $$\mu $$
μ
m and pixels within vast amounts of high-resolution imagery. While these defect patterns occur on the significantly larger wafer surface, classical machine and deep learning solutions have problems in dealing with the complexity of this challenge. This contribution introduces a novel hybrid multistage system of stacked deep neural networks (SH-DNN) which allows the localization of the finest structures within pixel size via a classical computer vision pipeline, while the classification process is realized by deep neural networks. The proposed system draws the focus over the level of detail from its structures to more task-relevant areas of interest. As the created test environment shows, our SH-DNN-based multistage system surpasses current approaches of learning-based automated visual inspection. The system reaches a performance (F1-score) of up to 99.5%, corresponding to a relative improvement of the system’s fault detection capabilities by 8.6-fold. Moreover, by specifically selecting models for the given manufacturing chain, runtime constraints are satisfied while improving the detection capabilities of currently deployed approaches.
A framework for establishing a rapid ‘Ōhi‘a death resistance program
Authors: Luiz Blaine C. , Giardina Christian P. , Keith Lisa M. , Jacobs Douglass F. , Sniezko Richard A. , Hughes Marc A. , Friday James B. , Cannon Philip , Hauff Robert , Francisco Kainana , Chau Marian M. , Dudley Nicklos , Yeh Aileen , Asner Gregory , Martin Roberta E. , Perroy Ryan , Tucker Brian J. , Evangelista ʻAleʻalani , Fernandez Veronica , Martins-Keliʻihoʻomalu Chloe , Santos Kirie , Ohara Rebekah
Published: January 2022

Metrosideros polymorphaGaud. (‘ōhi‘a) is the most abundant native forest tree in Hawai‘i and a keystone species of cultural, ecological, and economic importance. ‘Ōhi‘a forests, particularly on Hawaiʻi Island, are being severely impacted by Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death (ROD), which is caused by the fungal pathogensCeratocystis lukuohiaandC. huliohia. ROD is characterized by branch dieback, crown wilting, and mortality. Initial disease resistance screening of four varieties ofM. polymorphawithC. lukuohiademonstrated that varieties may differ in susceptibility. Several survivors of field or screening-based infections still exist, providing strong impetus for the establishment of the ‘Ōhiʻa Disease Resistance Program (ʻŌDRP). Here, we outline a framework for guiding the ʻŌDRP throughout the process of identifying and developing ROD resistance inM. polymorphaand, possibly, all HawaiianMetrosiderosspecies. Core ʻŌDRP projects include: (1) evaluating and operationalizing methods for greenhouse-based production and screening of test plants; (2) greenhouse screening of seedlings and rooted cuttings sampled from nativeMetrosiderosthroughout Hawaiʻi; (3) establishing field trials to validate results from greenhouse assays; (4) understanding environmental and genetic drivers of resistance to characterize the durability of resistance to ROD; (5) developing remote sensing and molecular methods to rapidly detect ROD-resistant individuals; and (6) conducting breeding trials to improve the degree and durability of ROD resistance. Ultimately, the ʻŌDRP seeks to produce ROD-resistant material for the perpetuation ofM. polymorphaacross Hawai‘i, with the goal of preserving the ecology, culture, and communities that are dependent on this tree species.
Predictors of EQ-5D-3L outcomes amongst injured Māori: 1-year post-injury findings from a New Zealand cohort study
Authors: Maclennan Brett , Wyeth Emma , Samaranayaka Ari , Derrett Sarah
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Māori, the Indigenous population of New Zealand (NZ), are at higher risk of problems with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) 12 months following injury. This paper examines pre-injury sociodemographic and health characteristics and injury-related factors, including healthcare access, and their association with HRQoL outcomes 12 months after injury.

Methods

The Prospective Outcomes of Injury Study recruited 2856 injured New Zealanders aged 18–64 years from the entitlement claims register of the country’s no-fault injury insurance agency. One-fifth (n = 566) of the cohort were Māori. Information on predictors and outcomes, with the exception of injury and hospitalisation, was obtained directly from participants at approximately 3 and 12 months post-injury. The outcomes of interest were responses to the five dimensions of the EQ-5D-3L and a dichotomous measure obtained by summing scored responses to each question. Modified Poisson regression was used to identify predictors of each outcome at 12 months post-injury.

Results

Predictors differed by outcome. Being female, experiencing EQ-5D-3L problems pre-injury, having ≥ 2 chronic conditions pre-injury, perceiving one’s injury to be a threat of long-term disability, and having trouble accessing health services for injury were common predictors of EQ-5D-3L problems at 12 months post-injury for Māori.

Conclusion

Opportunities exist to improve HRQoL outcomes by identifying individuals in the early stages of injury recovery who may benefit from further treatment and support.
Pre-Service Science Teachers’ Scientific Reasoning Competencies: Analysing the Impact of Contributing Factors
Authors: Krell Moritz , Khan Samia , Vergara Claudia , Cofré Hernán , Mathesius Sabrina , Krüger Dirk
Published: January 2022

Scientific reasoning competencies (SRC) are one part of science teachers’ professional competencies. This study examines the contribution of three factors to the development of pre-service science teachers’ SRC: the amount of science education classes, the amount of science classes and the pre-service science teachers’ age. The factors amount of science education classes and amount of science classes have been operationalised in terms of ECTS credit points. N = 438 pre-service science teachers from six universities in Germany, Chile and Canada voluntarily and anonymously responded to an established multiple-choice instrument for assessing SRC, which has been developed by the authors and is available in German, Spanish and English. Multiple linear regression analyses show that the included factors explain a proportion of about 9% of the pre-service science teachers’ SRC. The factor amount of science classes is the only significant predictor and can be seen as an indicator of learning science content knowledge. These findings support the assumption of science content knowledge being a prerequisite for developing pre-service science teachers’ SRC.
Combined Management of Groundwater Resources and Water Supply Systems at Basin Scale Under Climate Change
Authors: Felisa Giada , Panini Giulio , Pedrazzoli Pietro , Di Federico Vittorio
Published: January 2022

Water stress conditions associated with population growth, climate change, and groundwater contamination, represent a significant challenge for all stakeholders in the water sector. Increasing the resilience of Water Supply Systems (WSSs) becomes of fundamental importance: along with an adequate level of service, sustainability targets must be ensured. A long-term management strategy is strictly connected to a holistic approach, based on analyses at different scales. To this end, both groundwater modeling tools and water management models, with different spatial and temporal scales, are routinely and independently employed. Here, we propose a coupled approach combining: i) groundwater models (MODFLOW) to investigate different stress scenarios, involving climate change and anthropic activities; ii) water management models (Aquator), to assess the water resources availability and the best long-term management strategy for large-scale WSS. The management models are implemented starting from input and output flows derived by groundwater models: this leads to establish a comprehensive framework usually not defined in management models and including a quantitative characterization of the aquifer. The proposed methodology, general and applicable to any study area, is here implemented to the WSS of Reggio Emilia Province, and its main groundwater resource, the Enza aquifer, considering three different stress scenarios for groundwater models (BAU, ST1, and ST2), and for management strategies (BAU, BAURV2, ST2). Among the key results, we observe that coupling the two model types: i) allows evaluating water resources availability in connection with management rules; ii) leads to examining more realistic operation choices; iii) permits planning of infrastructures at basin scale.
Moral Responsibility for Self-Deluding Beings
Authors: Franz David J.
Published: January 2022

In this article, I argue for four theses. First, libertarian and compatibilist accounts of moral responsibility agree that the capability of practical reason is the central feature of moral responsibility. Second, this viewpoint leads to a reasons-focused account of human behavior. Examples of human action discussed in debates about moral responsibility suggest that typical human actions are driven primarily by the agent’s subjective reasons and are sufficiently transparent for the agent. Third, this conception of self-transparent action is a questionable idealization. As shown by psychological research on self-assessment, motivated reasoning, and terror management theory, humans oftentimes have only a limited understanding of their conduct. Self-deception is rather the rule than the exception. Fourth, taking the limited self-transparency of practical reason seriously leads to a socially contextualized conception of moral responsibility.
Comparative Analysis of Structure and Properties of Nb-B Inoculated Direct Chill Cast AA4032 Alloy Extruded from As-Cast and Homogenized Conditions
Authors: Barekar Nilam S. , Skalicky Ivan , Wang Shihao , Shurkin Pavel , Adole Onuh , Babu N. Hari , Jarrett Martin
Published: January 2022

Al-Si wrought piston alloys can lack properties due to inefficient grain refining. A novel Al-Nb-B grain refiner was introduced some time ago, but has still not been assessed in industry for wrought alloys. This paper describes the first trial of Al-Ni-B addition and its impact on the full-scale manufacturing, structure, and properties of the AA4032 products extruded with and without billet homogenization. It is shown that Nb-B inoculation gives opportunities not only to have a refined as-cast structure but also a more homogenous distribution of the solute. In contrast, homogenization drives nucleation and coarsening of the Mg2Si phase that is retained during further extrusion and heat treatment also affecting the precipitation and properties. It was observed that non-homogenized specimens perform better during machining and tensile testing compared to homogenized specimens. The results are supported by electron microscopy investigations of microstructure formation during different steps in downstream processing.
The CFD Modeling of Multiphase Flow in an SKS Furnace: The Effect of Tuyere Diameter and Bath Depth
Authors: Song Kezhou , Jokilaakso Ari
Published: January 2022

CFD simulation using a multi-fluid VOF model on scaled-down SKS furnace multiphase flow was conducted, targeting the agitation performance under conditions of different tuyere diameters and bath depths, at a constant total gas volumetric flow rate. The results indicate that an increased bath depth contributes to the lateral movements of the matte and air phased, significantly promoting the agitation at the far side of the plumes. The characteristic of a deep bath allows larger tuyere diameters operated at a lower gas injection speed, to achieve comparatively smaller low velocity regions and dead zones. In addition, the wall shear stress was found to correlate with the distribution of low-velocity regions. Since the selections of tuyere diameter and bath depth are of major importance in the optimizing of flow fields, the results from this simulation offer good references for the future operation and design of SKS furnaces and other similar industrial vessels.
Breast cancer recurrence: factors impacting occurrence and survival
Authors: Courtney Donald , Davey Matthew G. , Moloney Brian M. , Barry Michael K. , Sweeney Karl , McLaughlin Ray P. , Malone Carmel M. , Lowery Aoife J. , Kerin Michael J.
Published: January 2022

Background

Breast cancer mortality has decreased due to improved screening and treatment options. Nevertheless, 25–30% of patients develop disease recurrence and die from the disease dissemination. Patients who develop metastatic disease represent a heterogeneous group and management plans are dependent on molecular subtype, disease burden and metastatic site.

Aim

To determine predictive clinicopathological factors of disease recurrence and their impact on survival in the molecular era.

Methods

Consecutive patients who breast cancer developed recurrence at our tertiary referral centre between 2000 and 2015 were included. Clinicopathological and treatment data were assessed using descriptive statistics. Oncological outcome was assessed using Cox regression and Kaplan Meier analyses.

Results

Two hundred sixty-five consecutive patients who developed breast cancer recurrence were included; median age at metastasis was 59.3 years (range 27–87 years), and median time to recurrence (TTR) was 47.7 ± 38.5 months (range 3.0–194.3 months). Survival was 24.2% (64/265) 53.2% were luminal A (LABC) (141/265), 18.5% were luminal B (LBBC) (49/265), 18.5% were triple negative (TNBC) (49/265), and 9.8% were human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 overexpressing (HER2 +) (26/265). TTR for patients with LABC was 56.0 ± 41.3 months, LBBC was 48.4 ± 41.1 months, TNBC was 26.9 ± 28.5 months and HER2 + was 34.3 ± 21.8 months. Increased grade (P < 0.001), Nottingham Prognostic Indices (P < 0.001), TNBC (P < 0.001), HER2 + subtype (P < 0.001) and receiving targeted therapy (P = 0.006) predicted shorted TTR. Estrogen receptor positivity (P < 0.001), progesterone receptor positivity (P = 0.010), invasive lobular carcinoma (P = 0.009) and receiving endocrine therapy (P = 0.001) predicted longer TTR.

Conclusion

Readily available clinicopathological factors predict risk of metastatic dissemination. Developing a tailored program to identify patients at risk of recurrence is crucial in controlling metastatic dissemination of breast cancer.
Glazed sgraffito ware from Torre Alemanna (Foggia, fifteenth to sixteenth century A.D.): technological aspects of a local production
Authors: Giovanna Fioretti , Giacomo Eramo , Alessandro Monno , Austacio Busto , Rocco Laviano
Published: January 2022

The archaeometric investigation of 46 potsherds of “Torre Alemanna type” pottery aimed to define a compositional reference group and to understand the technological characteristics of its production. Principal component analysis applied to bulk chemical data (XRF) of the ceramic body showed a strong compositional homogeneity. Their comparison with local clays and 6 fragments of bricks sampled from the ceramic kiln, on the one hand, revealed the use of alluvial clays as raw material and, on the other hand, proved their fractionation for the production of pottery. The mineralogical assemblages detected by X-ray powder diffraction analysis inferred maximum firing temperatures between 750 and 1000 °C for the ceramic body. Polarising optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) investigations on coating revealed the presence of quartz-rich white engobe covered with a high lead transparent glaze. The polychromatic decoration was analysed by colorimetry and EDS to compare the colour characteristics through all the potsherds. A temperature range between 780 and 950 °C of liquidus temperatures was inferred from the ternary phase diagram of PbO-Al2O3-SiO2 system. Overlap of temperature ranges for sintering of the ceramic body and maturing glaze points to a single firing of the Torre Alemanna type ware. The results obtained define the reference compositional group and technology of the Torre Alemanna type ware, already attested in several archaeological contexts of southern Italy, and showed a technological continuity with the past about the use of local carbonate-rich clays to produce fine pottery.
Doctor-Patient Relationship in Synchronous/Real-time Video-Consultations and In-Person Visits: An Investigation of the Perceptions of Young People with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Troncone Alda , Cascella Crescenzo , Chianese Antonietta , Zanfardino Angela , Casaburo Francesca , Piscopo Alessia , Rosanio Francesco Maria , di Candia Francesca , Franzese Adriana , Iafusco Dario , Mozzillo Enza
Published: January 2022

Background

Given that the widely acknowledged influence of the doctor-patient relationship on objective health parameters and treatment adherence in chronic illnesses, this study sought to explore how patients perceived the patient-doctor relationship across virtual and in-person contexts.

Methods

Parents’ and patients’ perceptions of doctor-patient relationship were evaluated in 610 children and adolescents (12.17 ± 4.19 years, 50.9% girls) with type 1 diabetes who visited via video-conferencing or in person during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

No differences were found between video consultations and in-person visits in terms of care satisfaction (p > .05), doctor-patient relationship—for the dimensions agreement on tasks (p = .506) and bond (p = .828)—as perceived by parents and physician empathy as perceived by patients (p = .096). Parents rated patient-doctor agreement on explicit goals of treatment higher in video consultation than in person (p = .009, d = .211). Agreement on goals (β =  − .180, p = .016) and bond with doctor (β =  − .160, p = .034) were negatively and significantly associated with HbA1c values, but only in participants who visited in person.

Conclusions

Parents’ care satisfaction and perceptions of doctor-patient relationship, along with patients’ perceptions of physician empathy, did not substantially differ between visits carried out in person or via video consultations. Given the high risk of psychological problems described in young people with diabetes, video consultation can be considered a useful opportunity to maintain access to a healthcare provider in a challenging time, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
A fossil aphidlion preserved together with its prey in 40 million-year-old Baltic amber
Authors: Haug Joachim T. , Kiesmüller Christine , Haug Gideon T. , Haug Carolin , Hörnig Marie K.
Published: January 2022

Lacewings (Neuroptera) have predatory larvae with highly specialised mouthparts. Larvae of many groups within Neuroptera are well represented as fossils preserved in ambers; however, larvae of some groups are less often reported in the literature. Here we report such a rare case, a larva of the group Hemerobiidae, an aphidlion, preserved in a piece of Eocene Baltic amber (about 40 million years old). It is preserved together with three possible prey items, wingless aphids, most likely representatives of Germaraphis (or at least closely related to this group). The aphidlion can be identified based on the morphology of the antennae, simple curved and toothless stylets, well developed labial palps, and the absence of other mouth-part structures such as a protruding labrum or maxillary palps. A long, club-shaped distal element of the labial palps identifies the specimen as a larva of Hemerobiidae. The aphids can be identified based on their very long, beak-like mouth parts. This find is, to our knowledge, the first example of a lacewing larva preserved together with its potential prey. We briefly discuss other cases in which fossils preserved in amber allow us to reconstruct aspects of behaviour and interactions of fossil lacewing larvae.
Benchmarking conventional and machine learning segmentation techniques for digital rock physics analysis of fractured rocks
Authors: Reinhardt Marcel , Jacob Arne , Sadeghnejad Saeid , Cappuccio Francesco , Arnold Pit , Frank Sascha , Enzmann Frieder , Kersten Michael
Published: January 2022

Image segmentation remains the most critical step in Digital Rock Physics (DRP) workflows, affecting the analysis of physical rock properties. Conventional segmentation techniques struggle with numerous image artifacts and user bias, which lead to considerable uncertainty. This study evaluates the advantages of using the random forest (RF) algorithm for the segmentation of fractured rocks. The segmentation quality is discussed and compared with two conventional image processing methods (thresholding-based and watershed algorithm) and an encoder–decoder network in the form of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The segmented images of the RF method were used as the ground truth for CNN training. The images of two fractured rock samples are acquired by X-ray computed tomography scanning (XCT). The skeletonized 3D images are calculated, providing information about the mean mechanical aperture and roughness. The porosity, permeability, flow fields, and preferred flow paths of segmented images are analyzed by the DRP approach. Moreover, the breakthrough curves obtained from tracer injection experiments are used as ground truth to evaluate the segmentation quality of each method. The results show that the conventional methods overestimate the fracture aperture. Both machine learning approaches show promising segmentation results and handle all artifacts and complexities without any prior CT-image filtering. However, the RF implementation has superior inherent advantages over CNN. This method is resource-saving (e.g., quickly trained), does not need an extensive training dataset, and can provide the segmentation uncertainty as a measure for evaluating the segmentation quality. The considerable variation in computed rock properties highlights the importance of choosing an appropriate segmentation method.
Environmental and public health co-benefits of consumer switches to immunity-supporting food
Authors: Tulloch Ayesha I. T. , Oh Rachel R. Y. , Gallegos Danielle
Published: January 2022

During COVID-19, there has been a surge in public interest for information on immunity-boosting foods. There is little scientific support for immunity-supporting properties of specific foods, but strong evidence for food choice impacts on other health outcomes (e.g. risk of non-communicable disease) and environmental sustainability. Here, we relate online recommendations for “immunity-boosting” foods across five continents to their environmental and human health impacts. More frequently recommended food items and groups are plant based and have lower land use and greenhouse gas emission impacts plus more positive health outcomes (reducing relative risks of mortality or chronic diet-related diseases) per serving of food. We identify trade-offs between environmental outcomes of increasing consumption of recommended food items, with aquatic environment impacts increasing with food recommendation frequency. People’s reliance on the Internet for health information creates an opportunity to consolidate behaviour change towards consuming foods with multiple co-benefits. Our study identifies win–win options for nudging online information-seeking behaviour towards more sustainable choices for terrestrial biodiversity conservation and human health.
Experiences of Anti-Human Trafficking Unit Functionaries in Gujarat (India): A Critical Analysis
Authors: Ajmeri Rajkamal M. , Mehta Leena V.
Published: January 2022

In 2006, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in South Asia, in partnership with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, initiated Project IND/S16. In the beginning, five states were selected to train police officials under the “Strengthening the Law Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking” project. The training program resulted from a study done by two researchers, Dr. P. M. Nair and Shanker Seen. Their study recommended training programs to strengthen the law enforcement response to human trafficking and establish anti-human trafficking units (AHTUs) in India. However, no evaluation of the work of functionaries of AHTUs was done until the authors of this article took the initiative with the support of the Additional Director General of Police of Gujarat to identify the major problems in AHTUs at the grassroots level. Their exploratory research covered the 40 AHTUs from all 33 districts of Gujarat, focusing on the experiences and opinions of 214 police authorities (i.e. police inspectors, police sub-inspectors, assistant sub-inspectors, constables, and Lok Rakshak (public guards)) officially assigned to the AHTUs of Gujarat. This article summarizes the research and is based on experiences documented while collecting information in the field.
Male Sexual Jealousy Homicides in Fiji: Victims, Offenders, and Incident Characteristics
Authors: Adinkrah Mensah
Published: January 2022

Numerous studies find that sexual jealousy is a motivating factor in many intimate partner femicides. Given the paucity of scholarship in non-Western societies, the current article sought to extend empirical knowledge on the subject by focusing on sexual jealousy homicides in Fiji. A total of 30 male sexual jealousy homicides and attempted homicides in that society during 2010–2020 were identified through a thorough search of official court documents and local media sources. An in-depth criminological analysis of each case focused on victim and perpetrator attributes and offense features. The article finds that each homicide became a high-profile case, judging by the amount of media coverage afforded the incident and the degree of public interest demonstrated in the case. In 24 out of the 25 homicide cases, an aggrieved husband slew a supposed adulterous wife; the assailant killed his wife’s new consort in the remaining case. The mean age differential between perpetrators and victims was 7.9 years, and the mean length of the marital relationship was more than five years. Stabbing with kitchen knives, slashing with machetes, and manual asphyxiation were the dominant modes of offense perpetration. Nearly all cases evinced the following triple features of male sexual jealousy homicides: jealous rage, premeditation, and excessive violence. Summaries of all 30 cases are proffered in the article to reveal their essential features.
The Dynamics of Criminology’s Growth: Introduction to Issue 2 of Volume 59 (2021) of the Annals
Authors: Viano Emilio C.
Published: January 2022

The International Society of Criminology, founded in Rome, Italy, in 1937, is the only worldwide organization in the field of criminology and criminal justice. Its objective is to generate a better understanding of the crime phenomenon on an international scale and translate that into appropriate policies, laws and interventions. Criminology has developed and thrived in the “Western” world, especially in the United States and other English-speaking northern countries. Recently, in step with reaffirming indigenous and local values and perspectives, a call for “regional” criminology expresses Asia’s approach and vision. This issue of the International Annals of Criminology illustrates the internationalization of the discipline and is an indication of its growing strength worldwide.
Cell death mechanisms in head and neck cancer cells in response to low and high-LET radiation
Authors: Fabbrizi Maria Rita , Parsons Jason L.
Published: January 2022

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common malignancy that develops in or around the throat, larynx, nose, sinuses and mouth, and is mostly treated with a combination of chemo- and radiotherapy (RT). The main goal of RT is to kill enough of the cancer cell population, whilst preserving the surrounding normal and healthy tissue. The mechanisms by which conventional photon RT achieves this have been extensively studied over several decades, but little is known about the cell death pathways that are activated in response to RT of increasing linear energy transfer (LET), including proton beam therapy and heavy ions. Here, we provide an up-to-date review on the observed radiobiological effects of low- versus high-LET RT in HNSCC cell models, particularly in the context of specific cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, senescence and mitotic death. We also detail some of the current therapeutic strategies targeting cell death pathways that have been investigated to enhance the radiosensitivity of HNSCC cells in response to RT, including those that may present with clinical opportunities for eventual patient benefit.
Near-wake dynamics of a vertical-axis turbine
Authors: Strom Benjamin , Polagye Brian , Brunton Steven L.
Published: January 2022

Cross-flow, or vertical-axis, turbines are a promising technology for capturing kinetic energy in wind or flowing water and their inherently unsteady fluid mechanics present unique opportunities for control optimization of individual rotors or arrays. To explore the potential for beneficial interactions between turbines in an array, as well as to characterize important cycle-to-cycle variations, coherent structures in the wake of a single two-bladed cross-flow turbine are examined using planar stereo particle image velocimetry in a water channel experiment. There are three main objectives in the present work. First, the mean wake structure of this high chord-to-radius ratio rotor is described, compared with previous studies, and a simple explanation for observed wake deflection is presented. Second, the unsteady flow is then analysed via the triple decomposition, with the periodic component extracted using a combination of traditional techniques and a novel implementation of the optimized dynamic mode decomposition. The latter method is shown to outperform conditional averaging and Fourier methods, as well as uncover frequencies suggesting a transition to bluff-body shedding in the far wake. Third, vorticity and finite-time Lyapunov exponents are then employed to further analyse the oscillatory wake component. Vortex streets on both sides of the wake are identified, and their formation mechanisms and effects on the mean flow are discussed. Strong axial (vertical) flow is observed in vortical structures shed on the retreating side of the rotor where the blades travel downstream. Time-resolved tracking of these vortices is performed, which demonstrates that vortex trajectories have significant rotation-to-rotation variation within one diameter downstream. This variability suggests it would be challenging to harness or avoid such structures at greater downstream distances.
Strong alignment of prolate ellipsoids in Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: Assen Martin P.A. , Ng Chong Shen , Will Jelle B. , Stevens Richard J.A.M. , Lohse Detlef , Verzicco Roberto
Published: January 2022

We report on the mobility and orientation of finite-size, neutrally buoyant, prolate ellipsoids (of aspect ratio

$\varLambda =4$

) in Taylor–Couette flow, using interface-resolved numerical simulations. The set-up consists of a particle-laden flow between a rotating inner and a stationary outer cylinder. The flow regimes explored are the well-known Taylor vortex, wavy vortex and turbulent Taylor vortex flow regimes. We simulate two particle sizes

$\ell /d=0.1$

and

$\ell /d=0.2$

,

$\ell$

denoting the particle major axis and

$d$

the gap width between the cylinders. The volume fractions are

$0.01\,\%$

and

$0.07\,\%$

, respectively. The particles, which are initially randomly positioned, ultimately display characteristic spatial distributions which can be categorised into four modes. Modes (i) to (iii) are observed in the Taylor vortex flow regime, while mode (iv) encompasses both the wavy vortex and turbulent Taylor vortex flow regimes. Mode (i) corresponds to stable orbits away from the vortex cores. Remarkably, in a narrow

$\textit {Ta}$

range, particles get trapped in the Taylor vortex cores (mode (ii)). Mode (iii) is the transition when both modes (i) and (ii) are observed. For mode (iv), particles distribute throughout the domain due to flow instabilities. All four modes show characteristic orientational statistics. The focus of the present study is on mode (ii). We find the particle clustering for this mode to be size-dependent, with two main observations. Firstly, particle agglomeration at the core is much higher for

$\ell /d=0.2$

compared with

$\ell /d=0.1$

. Secondly, the

$\textit {Ta}$

range for which clustering is observed depends on the particle size. For this mode (ii) we observe particles to align strongly with the local cylinder tangent. The most pronounced particle alignment is observed for

$\ell /d=0.2$

at around

$\textit {Ta}=4.2\times 10^5$

. This observation is found to closely correspond to a minimum of axial vorticity at the Taylor vortex core (

$\textit {Ta}=6\times 10^5$

) and we explain why.
On the turbulence dynamics induced by a surrogate seagrass canopy
Authors: Houseago Robert C. , Hong Liu , Cheng Shyuan , Best James L. , Parsons Daniel R. , Chamorro Leonardo P.
Published: January 2022

The distinct turbulence dynamics and transport modulated by a common seagrass species were investigated experimentally using a flexible surrogate canopy in a refractive-index-matching environment that enabled full optical access. The surrogate seagrass replicated the dynamic behaviour and morphological properties of its natural counterpart. The flows studied were subcritical with Froude numbers

$Fr<0.26$

and concerned five Reynolds numbers

$Re\in [3.4\times 10^{4}, 1.1\times 10^{5}]$

and Cauchy numbers

$Ca\in [120, 1200]$

. Complementary rigid canopy experiments were also included to aid comparative insight. The flow was quantified in wall-normal planes in a developed region using high-frame-rate particle image velocimetry. Results show that the deflection and coordinated waving motion of the blades redistributed the Reynolds stresses above and below the canopy top. Critically, in-canopy turbulence associated with the seagrass lacked periodic stem wake vortex shedding present in the rigid canopy, yet the flexible canopy induced vortex shedding from the blade tips. Inspection of spatial and temporal characteristics of coherent flow structures using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition reveals that Kelvin–Helmholtz-type vortices are the dominant flow structures associated with the waving motion of the seagrass and that modulated the local flow exchange in both rigid and flexible canopies. A barrier-like effect produced by the blade deflections blocked large-scale turbulence transport, thereby reducing vortex penetration into the canopy. In addition, we uncovered a transition from sweep-dominated to ejection-dominated behaviour in the surrogate seagrass. We hypothesise that the vortices created during the upward blade motion period play a major role in the sweep-to-ejection-dominated transition. Conditionally averaged quadrant analysis on the downward and upward blade motion supports this contention.
Multiple-scales analysis of wave evolution in the presence of rigid vegetation
Authors: Wong Clint Y.H. , Dimakopoulos Aggelos S. , Trinh Philippe H. , Chapman S. Jonathan
Published: January 2022

The study of free-surface flows over vegetative structures presents a challenging setting for theoretical, computational and experimental analysis. In this work, we develop a multiple-scales asymptotic framework for the evolution of free-surface waves over rigid vegetation and a slowly varying substrate. The analysis quantifies the balance between the competing effects of vegetation and shoaling, and provides a prediction of the amplitude as the wave approaches a coastline. Our analysis unifies and extends existing theories that study these effects individually. The asymptotic predictions are shown to provide good agreement with full numerical simulations (varying depth) and published experimental results (constant depth).