bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Could diet composition modulate pathological outcomes in schistosomiasis mansoni? A systematic review of in vivo preclinical evidence
Authors: Marques Débora Vasconcelos Bastos , Felizardo Amanda Aparecida , Souza Raquel Lopes Martins , Pereira Alessandro Antônio Costa , Gonçalves Reggiani Vilela , Novaes Rômulo Dias
Published: February 2018

Schistosomiasis and malnutrition are often overlapped in poor communities, resulting in disproportionately high mortality rates. Currently, fragmented data make it difficult to define the relationship between diet and schistosomiasis. Thus, we systematically review the preclinical evidence on the impact of diet in Schistosoma mansoni infection. From a structured search, we recovered 27 original articles. All studies used mice and most of them investigated hypoproteic (70.37%), hyperlipidic (22.22%) or vitamin-deficient (7.41%) diets. Diets based on carbohydrate, zinc or milk supplementation were investigated at a reduced frequency (3.70% each). Hypoproteic diets attenuated parasitic load and granulomatous inflammation, but also reduced host resistance to S. mansoni infection, determining higher mortality rates. By stimulating steatohepatitis, parasitic load and granulomatous inflammation, hyperlipidic diets increase organ damage and mortality in infected animals. Although a high-sugar diet and vitamin restriction potentiate and zinc supplementation attenuates S. mansoni infection, the current evidence for these diets remains inconclusive. Analysis of methodological quality indicated that the current evidence is at high risk of bias due to incomplete characterization of the experimental design, diet composition and treatment protocols. From the bias analysis, we report methodological limitations that should be considered to avoid systematic reproduction of inconsistent and poorly reproducible experimental designs.
Evaluation of Herbicide Interactions Using Linear Regression Modeling
Authors: Campbell T. A. , Gentner W. A. , Danielson L. L.
Published: February 2018

Interactions of nine dosage rates each of chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) and diphenamid (N, N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) were studied using Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) as a test species. Injury score, estimated percent stand reduction, height, and fresh weight data were taken 1 week after seeding. Techniques for developing linear regression models based on these data and evaluating them graphically in terms of completeness and statistical validity are discussed. Three-dimensional graphs of these models indicate areas of possible herbicide interaction.
Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control with Fall-Applied Glyphosate and Other Herbicides
Authors: Ivany J. A.
Published: February 2018

The herbicides glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione], and pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynl)benzamide] were evaluated for effectiveness in quackgrass (Agropyron repensL. Beauv.) control when applied in the fall, a time that is desirable in a short-growing-season area such as Atlantic Canada. Glyphosate at 1.12 kg/ha applied to quackgrass in grain stubble gave good control. Glyphosate at 1.12 kg/ha in late October gave better control than the same rate applied in late September. At low rates of 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha, glyphosate gave better quackgrass control when fall-applied than when spring-applied. No differences were noted between seasons at the 2.24-kg/ha rate of glyphosate. Pre-treatment with nitrogen at 35 kg/ha 30 or 15 days before application, or on the day of application, did not improve quackgrass control with glyphosate. Pronamide gave fair to good control. Hexazinone at 2.24, 4.48, or 6.72 kg/ha gave poor control when fall-applied, but excellent control when spring-applied.
Seed Dormancy in Red Rice (Oryza sativa) I. Effect of Temperature on Dry-Afterripening
Authors: Cohn Marc A. , Hughes J. A.
Published: February 2018

The effect of postharvest storage temperature (–15, 5, 20, and 30 C) on seed dormancy of red rice [Oryza sativa L. ‘strawhulled (SH)’], an annual species, was studied. Intact and dehulled (by hand) seeds were dormant at harvest. Intact seeds were nondormant (greater than 90% germination at 30 C) after dry storage at 20 or 30 C for 4 weeks after harvest. In intact seeds stored dry at 5 C, the degree of dormancy was dependent upon postharvest exposure time at 20 C prior to storage. Dormancy of intact seeds decreased at 5 C as this initial postharvest exposure to 20 C was increased from 2 to 7 days. This effect of initial 20 C exposure was independent of seed moisture content (11 to 12%). After dry storage of intact seeds at 5 C, dehulling promoted germination. Germination of such dehulled seeds increased with increasing storage time at 5 C up to 11 months when complete germination occurred. The response of seeds dehulled immediately after dry storage at 5 C was independent of prior exposure time (2 to 7 days) at 20 C. Storage at −15 C prevented all forms of dry-afterripening for 1 yr.
Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Competition in Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Rathmann Duane P. , Miller Stephen D.
Published: February 2018

The effects of various densities and durations of wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) competition in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Evans’] were determined in the field during a 2-yr period. Season-long competition by densities of 1, 3,9, and 30 wild oat plants/m of row reduced soybean seed yield an average of 6, 17, 32, and 51%, respectively. An infestation of 30 wild oat plants/m of row did not reduce soybean yield if the period of competition was limited to 4 weeks after crop emergence; however, yields were reduced 29, 50, 63, 58, and 63% when wild oat competed for 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks, or season long, respectively. Wild oat competition reduced soybean pods per plant and seeds per plant more than seeds per pod or seed weight.
Glyphosate and Paraquat Effectiveness in Woody Nursery Stock
Authors: Frank J. Ray , Simon J. A.
Published: February 2018

Six species of 2- or 3-yr-old woody nursery stock were planted in the field in May 1976. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 2.2 or 4.5 kg/ha or paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) at 0.6 or 1.1 kg/ha were applied one or two times as directed sprays in 1976 and one, two, or three times each season in 1977 and 1978. Three applications of glyphosate or paraquat were required to control weeds during the entire growing season. When late-season applications of glyphosate were made during 1977, residual weed control was observed during early 1978. When glyphosate was applied twice a year for 3 yr at 4.5 kg/ha, four of the previously dominant perennial weeds were controlled, including common dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWeber), broadleaf dock (Rumex obtusifoliusL.), buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolataL.), and red sorrel (Rumex acetosellaL.). Three applications provided 100% control of seven of the eight remaining broadleaf perennials, including hedge bindweed (Convolvulus sepiumL.) and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.]; six of seven species of broadleaf annuals, including Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicumL.) and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albusL.); and all of the remaining grass weeds. Crop size, crop quality, and marketability of the six ornamental species were not adversely affected by either herbicide. Two or three applications of glyphosate at 2.2 kg/ha or two treatments at 4.5 kg/ha increased plant size of andorra junipers (Juniperus horizontalisRend.). Three treatments of glyphosate at 2.2 kg/ha also increased the size of dwarf Japanese yews (Taxus cuspidataSieb. & Zucc.) and two treatments at 4.5 kg/ha increased the size of boxleaf Japanese holly (Ilex crenataThunb.).
A Method for Determining the Biological Effect of Herbicide Mixtures
Authors: Streibig J. C.
Published: February 2018

Experiments were conducted in growth chambers by growing oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Ansi’) in water culture and soil with admixed TCA (trichloroacetic acid), pyrazon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3-(2H)-pyridazinone], and two mixtures (pyrazon: less TCA; 1:25 and 1:50). The sigmoid log-dose relationship for dry-matter yield was fitted with a four-parameter logistic equation. Generally, the mixtures appeared to be less active than would be expected under an additive dose model. Around GR50the departure of joint action of the mixtures from the reference model was almost similar in the two growth media. At higher dose levels the mixtures approached the reference model, and the bioactivity of one mixture (1:25) in the water culture experiment even showed a higher activity than would be expected from the reference model.
Effects of Seven Herbicides on N2(C2H2) Fixation by Soybeans
Authors: Bollich Patrick K. , Dunigan Edward P. , Jadi A. Wahid M.
Published: February 2018

Greenhouse and laboratory investigations using four soils were conducted to determine the influence of seven herbicides on symbiotic nitrogen (N2) fixation by soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Davis’]. Soils were treated with recommended rates of herbicides immediately after planting. After 8 to 10 weeks the nodulated root systems were assayed for nitrogenase activity using the acetylene (C2H2) to ethylene (C2H4) reduction technique, and total numbers and dry weights of nodules were determined. Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] (0.3 kg/ha) decreased nodule dry weight and C2H4production per plant per hour in a Convent sandy loam. Alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] (2.2 kg/ha) and prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] (0.6 kg/ha) also decreased C2H4production per plant per hour in a Convent sandy loam, while metribuzin (0.6 kg/ha) increased C2H4production per plant per hour and per milligram of nodule dry weight in a Mhoon silt loam. Prometryn (1.7 kg/ha) increased production of C2H4per plant per hour in a Moreland silt loam. None of the herbicides affected C2H4production, nodule number, or nodule dry weight in a Commerce silt loam.
Abiotic Transformations of Sethoxydim
Authors: Campbell James R. , Penner Donald
Published: February 2018

The fate of14C-sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} in an aqueous solution and on glass exposed to light was evaluated. Within 1 h, more than 80% of the14C-sethoxydim was transformed to six major products. Qualitatively the transformations were similar for both systems, and a single end product constituted the majority of14C after 72 h. Two transitory compounds were found to be phytotoxic to barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCG] and were more stable than sethoxydim. A nonphytotoxic compound isolated and identified by mass spectroscopy was desethoxy-sethoxydim.
Bioassay Indicates a Metabolite of Hexazinone Affects Photosynthesis of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)
Authors: Sung Shi-Jean Susana , South David B. , Gjerstad Dean H.
Published: February 2018

The effects of hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4 (1H, 3H)-dione] and its metabolites, A [3-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4 (1H,3H)-dione], B [3-cyclohexyl-6-(methylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4 (1H,3H)-dione], C [3-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-6-(methylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4 (1H,3H)-dione], D [3-cyclohexyl-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6 (1H, 3H,5H)-trione], and E [3-(4-hydroxycy clohexyl)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6 (1H,3H,5H)-trione], on photosynthesis of loblolly pine primary needle segments were studied using a bioassay technique. Hexazinone, at concentrations equal to or greater than 1.0 × 10-6M, inhibited photosynthesis, while 1.0 × 10-8M and 1.0 × 10-7M concentrations increased photosynthesis. Metabolite B at 1.0 × 10-4M also inhibited photosynthesis. Metabolites A, C, D, and E did not affect photosynthesis at 1.0 × 10-4in pine needle segments. The bioassay proved simple and useful for determining effects of certain herbicides and metabolites on photosynthesis.
Physiological Responses to Fluazifop-Butyl in Tissue of Corn (Zea mays) and Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Peregoy Robert S. , Glenn Scott
Published: February 2018

Effects of fluazifop-butyl {(±)-butyl 2-[4-[(5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoate} on cellular uptake and incorporation of14C-leucine,14C-uridine, and14C-thymidine into protein, RNA, and DNA, respectively, were evaluated in corn (Zea maysL.) coleoptiles and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] hypocotyls. Uptake of14C-leucine in corn coleoptiles was inhibited by fluazifop-butyl at 10-4to 10-7M, which was related to reductions in incorporation of14C-leucine into protein at 10-4to 10-6M. The effect of fluazifop-butyl on14C-leucine uptake and incorporation was reduced by 2 × 10-6M 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], indicating antagonism between these herbicides. RNA and DNA synthesis were inhibited at 10-5and 10-4M. Protein synthesis in soybean hypocotyls was stimulated by 10-7and 10-6M fluazifop-butyl 33 and 27%, respectively, and inhibited by 10-4M 50%. RNA and DNA synthesis were also inhibited by 10-4M in soybean.
Effects of Soil pH on Competitive Ability and Leaf Nutrient Content of Corn (Zea maysL.) and Three Weed Species
Authors: Weaver Susan E. , Hamill Allan S.
Published: February 2018

Effects of soil pH on growth, competitive ability, and leaf nutrient content of corn (Zea maysL.), Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powelliiS. Wats. ♯ AMAPO), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯ ABUTH), and green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv. ♯ SETVI] were measured in the field. Corn yields were significantly reduced by weed competition at all pH levels, but leaf nutrient content, as a percentage of dry weight, was not affected. Aboveground dry weights of Powell amaranth and velvetleaf were significantly lower at pH 4.8 than at pH 6.0 or 7.3, whereas growth of green foxtail was greater at pH 4.8 than at pH 7.3. Weed competitive ability, as evidenced by reductions in dry weight, varied with soil pH and companion plant. Powell amaranth and velvetleaf had higher levels of S, Zn, and especially Mn, at pH 4.8 than at pH 7.3. N and K in the leaf tissue were greater in the weed species than in corn at all soil pH levels. The dicot species had higher percentages of Ca and Mg in leaf tissue at all soil pH levels and accumulated higher percentages of Mn at low pH than the monocot species.
Persistence of Terbutryn and Atrazine in Soil as Affected by Soil Disinfestation and Fungicides
Authors: Avidov Elana , Aharonson Nadav , Katan Jaacov , Rubin Baruch , Yarden Oded
Published: February 2018

The effect of soil disinfestation with methyl bromide (MB) or by soil solarization (solar heating) and the fungicides TMTD (tetramethylthiuram disulfide) and fentin acetate (triphenyltin acetate) on the degradation of terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-methylthio)-s-triazine] and atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] were investigated. The degradation of terbutryn appeared to follow first-order kinetics with a half-life of about 2 weeks and was much slower in MB-treated or solarized soils, i.e. half-life of about 11 weeks. Suppression of terbutryn degradation in the MB-treated soil was still evident 8 months after soil fumigation, similar to that found in autoclaved soil. TMTD and fentin acetate at 20 μg/g soil strongly inhibited degradation of terbutryn in soil. Degradation of atrazine was affected to a lesser extent by soil disinfestation. Results from the present study suggest that biocidal soil treatments may slow herbicide degradation. Thus, herbicide dosages in disinfested soil should be adjusted in order to avoid phytotoxicity. Moreover, lower dosages might be sufficient to attain weed control, and combined disinfestation or fungicides with herbicide treatments might be intentionally used to extend herbicide activity.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of AC 252 214 in Soybean (Glycine max), Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Shaner Dale L. , Robson Patricia A.
Published: February 2018

The herbicide AC 252 214 {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl] 3-quinoline-carboxylic acid} was absorbed by the roots and foliage of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Williams’], common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L. ♯ XANST), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic. ♯ ABUTH), and then translocated in the xylem and phloem to meristematic regions. AC 252 214 was metabolized rapidly by soybean and velvetleaf but appeared to be metabolized slowly by cocklebur. The order of tolerance of these three species to AC 252 214 was soybeans > velvetleaf > cocklebur. This order of tolerance was directly correlated in young plants with the half-life of AC 252 214 within the tissue. Velvetleaf exhibited increased tolerance to AC 252 214 with age, which was attributed partially to greatly reduced absorption of the herbicide by older leaves and more rapid metabolism of the herbicide.
Reproductive Biology and Herbicidal Sensitivity of Maypop Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)
Authors: Wehtje Glenn , Reed Russell B. , Dute Roland R.
Published: February 2018

Studies were conducted to evaluate seed and root reproduction and herbicide sensitivity of maypop passionflower (Passiflora incarnataL. ♯ PAQIN). Water-leached seeds that were not exposed to light had the greatest germination (53%). Depending on soil type, seedlings emerged from depths of 10 to 12 cm. Most rapid germination and seedling development occurred between 30 and 35 C. Plants rapidly produced an extensive system of lateral roots and rhizomes that had regenerative capability at maturity. Root or rhizome sections of only 0.5 cm in length had a 20% regeneration rate. Desiccation effectively reduced viability of root and rhizome pieces. Effective herbicide control was limited to the triethylamine salt of triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid} at 2.2 ai kg/ha, alkanolamine salt of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at 1.7 kg/ha, and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) at 0.3 to 0.6 kg/ha.
Powell Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) Interference in Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)
Authors: Schweizer Edward E. , Lauridson Thomas C.
Published: February 2018

Interference of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powelliiS. Wats. ♯ AMAPO) in sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono Hy A4’) was determined in field experiments. Yield of sugarbeet roots and recoverable sucrose/ha decreased as the density of Powell amaranth increased. At densities of 6, 12, 18, and 24 Powell amaranth plants/30 m of row, root yields were reduced 8, 14, 24, and 25%, respectively, and recoverable sucrose yields were reduced 7, 13, 23, and 24%, respectively. The minimum number of Powell amaranth plants required per 30 m of row to reduce sugarbeet root yields was estimated to be nine in 1982 and 11 in 1983.
Influence of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Density on Yield Loss of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: de St. Remy E. Ann , O'Donovan John T. , Tong Alan K. W. , O'Sullivan P. Ashley , Sharma M. Paul , Dew Don A.
Published: February 2018

The relationship between Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. ♯ FAGTA) plant density (x) and percent yield loss (ŷ) was expressed by the following linear regression equations for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), respectively; ŷ = 0.63 + 2.75 √x and ŷ = 5.04 + 3.05 √x. Tartary buckwheat causes serious yield reduction in barley and wheat. A Tartary buckwheat density at 30 plants/m2 at emergence reduced barley yield by 16% and wheat yield by 22%.
Transformation and Persistence of Chlorsulfuron in Prairie Field Soils
Authors: Smith Allan E. , Hsiao Andrew I.
Published: February 2018

After 45 weeks, between 5 and 8% of the applied radioactivity from 14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} applied to small sandy loam plots was recovered as chlorsulfuron and about 15% as 2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide. After 95 weeks, 2% of the original radioactivity remained as chlorsulfuron and 20% as the sulfonamide. The persistence of formulated chlorsulfuron was investigated using small field plots at two locations for three successive years. Between 3 and 16% of the herbicide applied during May was detected in the top 10-cm soil layers the following May using a corn-root (Zea mays L.) bioassay procedure.
Chlorsulfuron Adsorption and Degradation in Soil
Authors: Thirunarayanan Kausalya , Zimdahl Robert L. , Smika Darryl E.
Published: February 2018

Adsorption of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} on four soils having different pH values (6.2 to 8.1) was low. Log/log Freundlich isotherms for all soils at 8 and 30 C were linear, the extent of adsorption being greater at 8 than at 30 C. There was an inverse relationship between pH and degradation rate with a half-life of 88.5 days at pH 6.2 and 144 days at pH 8.1 at 20 C. Rapid disappearance was noted during the first 15 days after application. With decreasing moisture and temperature, chlorsulfuron degraded more slowly. The half-life ranged from 229 days at 10 C and moisture content of 75% field capacity to 62.5 days at 40 C and 75% field capacity at pH 7.7.
Light Reflectance and Remote Sensing of Weeds in Agronomic and Horticultural Crops
Authors: Menges R. M. , Nixon P. R. , Richardson A. J.
Published: February 2018

Plant canopy reflectance over the 0.45- to 1.25-μm wavelength (WL) of weed species and crops was recorded with a field spectroradiometer to evaluate the possible use of remote sensing to distinguish weeds from crops. Weed and weed-crop species reflectance differences were generally greater at the 0.85 μm WL in the near-infrared spectral region than at the 0.55 μm WL in the visible region, indicating that color infrared (CIR) aerial photography may be useful to detect weed populations in crops. Canopy reflectance data were more directly related to photographic differences in weed-crop images than were single leaf or inflorescence reflectance data. Aerial photography at altitudes of 610 to 3050 m distinguished climbing milkweed (Sarcostemma cyancboides♯ SAZCY) in orange [Citrus sinensis(L.) Osbeck. ‘Valencia’) trees; ragweed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorusL. ♯ PTNHY) in carrot (Daucus carotaL., var.sativa‘Long Imperator’); johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. ♯ SORHA) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘CP 3774’) and in sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench. ‘Oro’); London rocket (Sisymbrium irioL. ♯ SSYIR) in cabbage; and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats. ♯ AMAPA) in cotton. Johnsongrass was also detectable with CIR film in maturing grain sorghum from 18 290 m. Detection of weed species in crops was aided by differential stages of inflorescence and senescence, and by the chlorophyll content, color, area, intercellular space, and surface characteristics of the leaves. Discrete plant community areas were determined by computer-based image analyses from a 1:8000-scale positive transparency with the efficiency of 82, 81, 68, and 100% for Palmer amaranth, johnsongrass, sorghum, and cotton, respectively. The computer analyses should permit discrete aerial surveys of weed-crop communities that are necessary for integrated crop management systems.
Architectural Innovation in Early Byzantine Cyprus
Authors: Stewart Charles Anthony
Published: February 2018

The monuments of the Byzantine Empire stand as a testimony to architectural ingenuity. The history and development of such ingenuity, however, may often be difficult to trace, since this requires investigating ruins, peeling away centuries of renovations, and searching for new documentary evidence. Nevertheless, identifying the origins of specific innovations can be crucial to an understanding of how they later came to be used. In fact, ‘creative “firsts” are often used to explain important steps in the history of art’, as Edson Armi noted, adding that ‘in the history of medieval architecture, the pointed arch [and] the flying buttress have receive this kind of landmark status’.

Since the nineteenth century, scholars have observed both flying buttresses and pointed arches on Byzantine monuments. Such features were difficult to date without textual evidence, and so they were often assumed to reflect the influence of the subsequent Gothic period. Archaeological research in Cyprus carried out between 1950 and 1974, however, had the potential to overturn this assumption.
Elizabethan Architecture: a View from Rhetoric
Authors: Gent Lucy
Published: February 2018

‘Remember the impression one gets from good architecture, that it expresses a thought.’ Wittgenstein's prompt to himself comes to mind when, in looking at Elizabethan buildings today accepted as ‘good architecture’, we ask, but what is the thought? The thinking behind prodigy houses and their lodges is not easy to discern; it has to be addressed indirectly because the Elizabethans left no statements about their architectural intentions. But it is useful to look at discourses adjacent to architecture. Of these, rhetoric, the ancient art of persuasion, is one of the most significant. ‘Rhetoric and architecture’, writes the historian of memory, Mary Carruthers, ‘have had a venerable dialogue’. This essay argues that such a dialogue exists in the minds of the Elizabethan patron-builders, at various levels of consciousness. New ideas meet with, and in turn are shaped by, an education in which rhetoric has played a significant role.
Serious Gothic and ‘doing the Ancient Buildings’: Batty Langley's Ancient Architecture and ‘Principal Geometric Elevations’
Authors: Lindfield Peter
Published: February 2018

Batty Langley (1696-1751) is one of the most familiar and generally infamous figures of Britain's eighteenth-century Gothic Revival (Fig. 1). Following his father, he trained as a gardener and was one of the early promoters of the irregular style that prefigured William Hogarth's ‘line of beauty’. Langley's interest, however, turned to architecture and he produced numerous architectural treatises and pattern books, the majority of which were concerned with Classical architecture. This was a sensible decision since, as Eileen Harris and Nicholas Savage observe, ‘Langley had much to gain by concentrating his publishing activities on architecture, for which there was a considerably larger, more diversified, and less discriminating market.’ His most well-known publication, however, is concerned with the Gothic: Ancient Architecture: Restored, and Improved by a Great Variety of Grand and Useful Designs, Entirely New in the Gothick Mode (1741-42).
George Gilbert Scott: A Pioneer of Constructional Polychromy?
Authors: Whelan Aidan
Published: February 2018

The dominant historical account of constructional polychromy in Britain describes its emergence in the fifteenth century as a by-product of the introduction of brick-making under Flemish influence. Blue bricks, over-fired or possibly deliberately vitrified, were put to use creating patterns and colour contrasts in load-bearing walls. This constructional polychromy passed from fashion in the late Renaissance period before returning to popularity in the mid-nineteenth century, prompted, it is said, by John Ruskin’s The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849) and The Stones of Venice (1851–53), and landmark buildings, notably William Butterfield’s All Saints, Margaret Street in London, designed in 1849.
Free Plan for the 1850s: Forgotten Imagined Architectures from Mid-Century
Authors: Guedes Pedro
Published: February 2018

This study focuses on two little-known mid-nineteenth-century pamphlets which proposed radical changes to the ways in which large public and administrative buildings were planned. Although one author went to some lengths to remain anonymous, the other was soon to become recognized and respected as a major critic and historian of architecture. These ideas were thus by no means the fantasies of peripheral dreamers. Indeed, they were possible, practical solutions to current problems which used both proven and emerging technologies. Both authors advocated deep, top-lit, single-storey, ‘universal’, undifferentiated and continuous space as the best way to plan museums, libraries and offices, supported by clearly articulated reasoning. In so doing, they advanced arguments more usually associated with the open planning and ‘free’ plans of twentieth-century Modern architecture; they anticipated ideas put forward independently over three-quarters of a century later. The authors appropriated strategies already rehearsed in contemporary buildings that had been conceived for commercial, horticultural and industrial uses. They also understood how new technologies of construction and servicing developed outside the fields of public and representational buildings could help make the spaces in these types comfortable and environmentally acceptable.
Kαλoι κ'αγαθoι (The Beautiful and the Good): Classical School Architecture and Educational Elitism in Early Nineteenth-Century Edinburgh
Authors: Watters Diane
Published: February 2018

Edinburgh's architecturally magnificent and much-admired historic school buildings, often set in opulent grounds, have come to symbolize the city's ongoing dichotomy between ‘normal’ state schools and ‘elite’ private schools. These schools are conspicuously sited in the most culturally prestigious locations in Edinburgh — the New Town, Old Town and Victorian bourgeois suburbs — and their architecture powerfully underpins their ideologies of longevity and tradition. The solidity of the built ‘heritage’ of these schools, however, obscures a story of great educational complexity and change. Many of the historic buildings are no longer used by the present school institutions; some now have alternative uses. Others have changed fundamentally their social and educational status (several, ironically, were originally built by wealthy donors as charitable orphanages for the ‘deserving poor’ and later converted to fee-paying day schools for the middle classes).

The complex history of these schools cannot be understood adequately without reference to the early history of their buildings. This article is intended as an initial exploration of these complexities. It focuses on two key Edinburgh case studies: the Edinburgh Academy (‘the Academy’), built to William Burn's design of 1823 and opened in 1824 (Fig. 1); and the Royal High School of Edinburgh (the ‘Royal High’), built to Thomas Hamilton's design of 1825 and opened in 1829 (Fig. 2). It examines the educational origins, brief, architectural design, and early use of these surviving purpose-built schools and, in particular, the associated negotiations and debate of 1822–23 that occurred at a municipal level, which links their controversial pre-histories.
The Persistence of Medievalism: Kenneth Clark and the Gothic Revival
Authors: Lepine Ayla
Published: February 2018

From his emergence on the cultural scene in the 1920s until his death in 1983, Kenneth Clark was one of the most influential figures in the history of British art and design, and his legacy remains strong. Clark’s life and work were entirely dedicated to communicating about art and transforming public understanding regarding its production and enjoyment. His first book,The Gothic Revival: An Essay in the History of Taste, investigated, condemned and elevated the status of Georgian and Victorian England’s enthusiasm for the Middle Ages. Written in the mid-1920s, it was published with Constable in 1928 when he was only twenty-five years old. By investigating the circumstances under which the book came to fruition and its importance in relation to Clark’s persistent interest in the Victorians — and John Ruskin in particular — a richer understanding of Clark’s ideas and beliefs can take shape.
Postemergence Activity of Isoxaben
Authors: Schneegurt Mark A. , Roberts Jean L. , Bjelk Leslie A. , Gerwick B. Clifford
Published: February 2018

Barnyardgrass and many broadleaf weeds were severely stunted by POST applications of isoxaben. Most grasses were only moderately affected by isoxaben at rates up to 1 kg/ha. POST activity was enhanced by soil interception, but evident with foliar interception alone. Cell swelling in stems and in interveinal leaf lamina was observed after foliar application. A radiotracer study in redroot pigweed showed that only a small amount (3.3% of applied) of isoxaben entered the leaf following foliar application, and that little (0.08% of applied) isoxaben migrated beyond the point of application. The potential of isoxaben as a POST herbicide may be limited, in part, by poor absorption and translocation.
Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosusL.) Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.)
Authors: Grichar W. James
Published: February 2018

Eight POST herbicides were evaluated alone or in various mixtures for spiny amaranth control in peanut in 1991 and 1992. Acifluorfen alone or in combination with bentazon, lactofen alone, or 2,4-DB alone applied late POST controlled spiny amaranth more than 80% at an early season rating. Lactofen applied early POST and 2,4-DB applied late POST controlled more than 90% late season. Imazethapyr and AC 263,222 controlled 72 to 90% of spiny amaranth, whereas bentazon and pyridate failed to provide adequate control.
Comparison of Bioassay Techniques for Detecting Imazaquin in Soil
Authors: O'Bryan Keith A. , Brecke Barry J. , Shilling Donn G. , Colvin Daniel L.
Published: February 2018

Three corn root bioassays were evaluated for detecting imazaquin in soil. Two techniques, one which utilized a cone-shaped tube as the growth container and another, a petri dish, were compared to a method that utilized a thin layer of soil between two 20 by 20 cm glass plates. Corn root growth responded logarithmically to imazaquin regardless of bioassay method. Corn was most sensitive to low imazaquin concentrations when grown using the glass plate apparatus. At a low concentration (0.5 ng/g) of imazaquin, corn root length was reduced 6% using the cone-tube, 2% using the petri dish, and 24% using the glass plate method. In contrast, the cone-tube method provided a better measure of high imazaquin concentration (200 ng/g) than the other methods.
Sensitivity of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Vegetable Crop Seedlings to Fluridone in Irrigation Water
Authors: Kay Stratford H. , Monks David W. , Hoyle Steve T. , Robinson Darren K.
Published: February 2018

The sensitivities of tobacco, tomato, pepper, and cucumber seedlings to an aquatic herbicide, fluridone, were examined in growth chamber and greenhouse studies. New leaves of tobacco seedlings became chlorotic after 6-d exposure to fluridone concentrations of 5 μg/L or greater in hydroponic float culture, and dry weights were significantly reduced at 100 μg/L or greater. When treated only once at the beginning of a 2-wk evaluation period, all crops except cucumber exhibited injury symptoms at 100 μg/L. When grown in sand, pepper and tomato were injured at 25 μg/L; tobacco injury occurred at 10 μg/L. Dry weights of pepper, tobacco, and tomato seedlings decreased significantly at 250, 50, and 250 μg/L, respectively, on potting mix; effects on dry weights were not significant for plants on sand. Cucumber was injured by treatment at 100 μg/L or greater in sand, but there were no effects on dry weights in either sand or potting mix. When treated three times weekly for 2 wk with fluridone, pepper, tobacco, and tomato grown in potting mix were injured by 50, 25, and 100 μg/L; when grown in sand, injury occurred at 10, 5, and 10 μg/L, respectively. Dry weights of pepper, tobacco, and tomato were reduced by 50,50, and 100 μg/L, respectively, in potting mix; effects on dry weights were not significant for plants in sand. Cucumber seedlings were damaged by 250 μg/L or higher on potting mix and 100 μg/L or higher on sand, but there were no effects on dry weights regardless of substrate. Threshold injury levels for plants grown in potting mix to the second true leaf stage and then treated three times weekly were 25 μg/L for pepper and tobacco and 50 μg/L for tomato; dry weights were significantly reduced in pepper at 25 μg/L and in tobacco and tomato at 50 μg/L. Cucumber seedlings were not injured by any treatment in this test.
Sulfonylurea-Resistant Russian Thistle (Salsola iberica) Survey in Washington State
Authors: Stallings George P. , Thill Donald C. , Mallory-Smith Carol A.
Published: February 2018

The repeated use of sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides to control broadleaf weeds in wheat fields and right-of-ways has selected for herbicide-resistant Russian thistle populations. A survey was conducted in 1991 and 1992 to ascertain the relative occurrence of SU-resistant Russian thistle in eastern Washington state. The 55 574 km2survey area was divided into 149 equal sample areas. All sample areas were surveyed for Russian thistle and seed was collected from plants in 86 sample areas. No Russian thistle was found in the center of the remaining 63 sample areas. Seeds were collected, by plant, from 30 plants at each site. Site samples were tested in the greenhouse for resistance or susceptibility to chlorsulfuron. Populations that were either homogeneous or heterogeneous for chlorsulfuron-resistance were found in 70% of the sample areas and all of the plants were susceptible in 30% of the sample areas.
Metham Controls False Lily-of-the-Valley (Maianthemum dilatatum) in Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)
Authors: Patten Kim , Wang John
Published: February 2018

Metham was applied in the dormant season to established cranberry for the control of false lily-of-the-valley. Rates of 108 to 214 kg ai/ha controlled false lily-of the-valley, but there were inconsistent results between years and fields. Soil temperature, organic matter content, and amount of water used for incorporation appeared to be important factors in determining results. The phytotoxicity of metham sodium to cranberry was sporadic, ranging from moderate at 214 kg ai/ha to severe at 108 kg ai/ha. The 142 kg ai/ha rate usually resulted in an acceptable level of crop injury. Sanding the bog after application reduced phytotoxicity and heat stress increased it.
Effect of Herbicide Treatment on Leafy Spurge Gall Midge (Spurgia esulae) Population
Authors: Lym Rodney G. , Carlson Robert B.
Published: February 2018

The Spurgia esulae gall midge was introduced in North Dakota in 1986 as a biocontrol agent for leafy spurge. Spurgia esulae causes stem tip galls thereby decreasing seed production and it has been most successful near wooded areas. However, a second control method is needed to reduce the leafy spurge infestation and prevent spread from roots. Imazethapyr, 2,4-D, or picloram application did reduce the number of S. esulae galls but not the number of larvae per gall. Long-term S. esulae population was not affected by herbicide application. The integration of herbicides with S. esulae would prevent leaf spurge spread from a wooded area and would reduce seed production within an area where herbicides generally cannot be used.
Net Returns from Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Justice Greg G. , Peeper Thomas F. , Solie John B. , Epplin Francis M.
Published: February 2018

In field experiments at three locations, wheat row spacing, seeding rate, and herbicide treatment affected Italian ryegrass control, wheat yield, dockage in the grain, and net returns. Diclofop at 560 or 840 g ai/ha controlled Italian ryegrass better than chlorsulfuron at 18 or 26 g ai/ha. Net returns were increased at all locations by diclofop POST at either rate and at two locations by chlorsulfuron PRE at either rate. Although increasing the wheat seeding rate reduced dockage at two of three locations, net returns were maximized by herbicide application alone without increased seeding rates or reduced row spacing.
Reductions in Herbicide use for Forest Vegetation Management
Authors: McCormack Maxwell L.
Published: February 2018

There is distinct regional variation in forestry uses of herbicides. Different land ownership patterns affect policies and practices, and crop tree species characteristics differ within and among regions. Recent decreases in land areas treated have been attributed to budget reductions, changes in operating conditions, and pressures from the general public. Factors affecting future reductions in amounts of herbicides used will include new chemistry, improved delivery technologies, incorporating vegetation management into all aspects of young stand silviculture, and employment of alternative methods.
Toward Reduced Herbicide Rates and Adapted Weed Management
Authors: Zoschke Andreas
Published: February 2018

Herbicides are an integral part of farmers' cultural practices worldwide. Growing concerns about agrochemical residues in the environment and in the food supply require a critical discussion about how to secure the environmental fitness of any weed management practice. Promising ways to minimize herbicide consumption include the introduction of new (low-rate) chemistries, the low-rate concept, innovative formulations, application timing, and a cropping systems approach. However, many questions with regard to crop/weed dynamics in different agricultural production systems require answers before final recommendations can be made, and the farmer has to occupy a central part of our considerations. Besides conducting more basic weed research to reduce herbicide rates, it will be equally important to integrate the efforts of all parties involved and to improve the communication with our customers, including the public, environmental interest groups, and politicians. To be widely accepted, weed management practices for the future have to be adapted such that the respective requirements of environment, society, and economics are fully met.
Who are you and where are you Going?
Authors: Zimdahl Robert L.
Published: February 2018

The first weed scientists were under great pressure to solve weed problems and when the magic of chemical technology appeared they seized it to replace human and animal energy for weeding. Today, weed scientists are striving for a reasonable accommodation between a productive and protected environment. Many weed scientists now believe that management, not control, should dominate weed science. Full integration of weed science into future agricultural systems requires that its practitioners make the quality and quantity of food produced equivalent goals.
Impact of Weeds on Human Endeavors
Authors: Bridges David C.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of my presentation is to demonstrate the impact that weeds have on man and the U.S. economy. My approach will be to introduce the concept of weed impacts. What do I mean when I reference weeds and the effects that they have on man and his activities? Second, what are the sectors of the U.S. economy that are impacted by weeds? Third, I will illustrate the types of impacts that weeds have on various sectors of the economy and I will categorize these impacts so that they become meaningful. Last, I will discuss the economics of weed management, covering indexes of weed management inputs over time and discuss the relative value of various weed management tactics.
Ground Ivy
Authors: Mitich Larry W.
Published: February 2018

Ivy flowers beside me peepUpward through the ether blue,Seeing stars which ever keepHidden close from human view.
The Universal Scope of Positive Duties Correlative to Human Rights
Authors: CAPRIATI MARINELLA
Published: February 2018

Negative duties are duties not to perform an action, while positive duties are duties to perform an action. This article focuses on the question of who holds the positive duties correlative to human rights. I start by outlining the Universal Scope Thesis, which holds that these duties fall on everyone. In its support, I present an argument by analogy: positive and negative duties correlative to human rights perform the same function; correlative negative duties are generally thought to be universal; by analogy, we have reason to think that positive duties are held by everyone. I then consider three disanalogies that challenge the above argument. To address these worries, I introduce the notion of ‘aggregative duties’ – duties that can only be adequately grasped when we focus on the aggregate effect of the actions and omissions of different agents. This framework allows me to refine the initial thesis and address the objections.
Ways to Possess a Singer in 1830s London
Authors: Cloutier Eleanor
Published: February 2018

Italian singer Giulia Grisi was imagined and ‘possessed’ in various ways by members of diverse social groups in London during the 1830s. Audience members could bring different versions of the diva home: through reports (or experiences with her) as a guest or entertainer at parties, through gossip about her personal life reported in newspapers and through pieces arranged ‘as sung by’ her. The fluid and constantly negotiated relationship between the diva and her audience offered a locus for expressing social relations in London during a period of changing class and national definitions. It is neither possible nor desirable to recover a singular idea of Grisi as a celebrity or as a woman; instead, the multiple images of Grisi must be read as negotiations of identity on the part of the consumers as they participated in the nascent celebrity culture of the 1830s.
Integral categories and calculus categories
Authors: COCKETT J. R. B. , LEMAY J.-S.
Published: February 2018

Differential categories are now an established abstract setting for differentiation. However, not much attention has been given to the process which is inverse to differentiation: integration. This paper presents the parallel development for integration by axiomatizing an integral transformation, sA: !A → !A ⊗ A, in a symmetric monoidal category with a coalgebra modality. When integration is combined with differentiation, the two fundamental theorems of calculus are expected to hold (in a suitable sense): a differential category with integration which satisfies these two theorems is called a calculus category.

Modifying an approach to antiderivatives by T. Ehrhard, we define having antiderivatives as the demand that a certain natural transformation, K: !A → !A, is invertible. We observe that a differential category having antiderivatives, in this sense, is always a calculus category.

When the coalgebra modality is monoidal, it is natural to demand an extra coherence between integration and the coalgebra modality. In the presence of this extra coherence, we show that a calculus category with a monoidal coalgebra modality has its integral transformation given by antiderivatives and, thus, that the integral structure is uniquely determined by the differential structure.

The paper finishes by providing a suite of separating examples. Examples of differential categories, integral categories and calculus categories based on both monoidal and (mere) coalgebra modalities are presented. In addition, differential categories which are not integral categories are discussed and vice versa.
INTRODUCTION: Priming paradigms in bilingualism research
Authors: JACOB GUNNAR , CLAHSEN HARALD
Published: February 2018

The present thematic set of studies comprises five concise review articles on the use of priming paradigms in different areas of bilingualism research. Their aim is to provide readers with a quick overview of how priming paradigms can be employed in particular subfields of bilingualism research and to make readers aware of the methodological issues that need to be considered when using priming techniques.