Is icy grains of dense molecular clouds at the origin of a fraction of the organic content of meteorites?
Authors: Danger Gregoire , Ruf Alexander , Maillard Julien , Vinogradoff Vassilissa , Afonso Carlos , Schmitz-Afonso Isabelle , Remusat Laurent , Gabelica Zelimir , Schmitt-Kopplin Philippe 
Published: September 2022

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Carbonaceous chondrites are sources of information witness on the origin of the solar system. Their organic content is conventionally classified as soluble (SOM) and insoluble organic matter (IOM), where the latter represents the majority of their organic content. Relationships between SOM and IOM are still unknown, and their possible link is still debated. Using laboratory experiments, processes possibly at the origin of SOM and IOM are investigated, by assuming that dense molecular ices is one of the sources of organic matter of the solar system. Each organic fraction is analyzed by different analytical technics providing a complete information on their composition and evolution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Laboratory experiments are used to simulate the organic matter that could be formed at the surface of grains of dense molecular clouds during the formation and evolution of the solar nebula evolution. Organics formed in laboratory are then considered as analogues to the ones present in protoplanetary grains that could be then incorporated in the forthcoming asteroids and comets. In these interplanetary bodies, they could endure secondary alteration such as aqueous alteration or metamorphism. These simulations from dense molecular clouds to asteroids provide the formation of soluble and insoluble organic matter, which compositions differ depending on local environments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Results on laboratory are then compared to organic content of natural objects that are SOM and IOM of meteorites. This approach provide information on the scenario in which icy grains of dense molecular clouds could have been at the origin of the organic content of interplanetary bodies of the solar systems.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dense molecular ices are a source of a high molecular diversity.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Organics generated from icy grains differ from the ones observed in the SOM of meteorites.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Aqueous alteration of organics generated form icy grains simulating secondary alteration inside asteroids present an important evolution that gives molecular similarities with meteorite SOM.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The soluble organics formed from icy grains can be a source of insoluble organic matter at the surface of grains.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The insoluble organics formed from the soluble organic processing present similarities with the IOM of meteorites.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acknowledgements&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We are grateful to the meteorite collection of the Mus&amp;#233;um National d&amp;#8217;Histoire Naturelle in Paris for providing the sample of the Paris meteorite.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;N.C. and L.R. thank the European Research Council for funding via the ERC projects PrimChem (grant agreement No. 636829) and HYDROMA (grant agreement No. 819587). This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) No. HN0001343, the European Union&amp;#8217;s Horizon 2020 Research Infrastructures program (Grant Agreement 731077), the R&amp;#233;gion Normandie, and the Laboratoire d&amp;#8217;Excellence (LabEx) SynOrg (ANR-11-LABX-0029). Access to a CNRS FTICR research infrastructure (FR3624) is gratefully acknowledged. G.D., A.R., and L.R. thank the Agence nationale de la recherche (RAHIIA_SSOM, ANR-16-CE29-0015), the Centre National d&amp;#8217;Etudes Spatiales from its exobiology program, and the Centre National de la Recherche Fran&amp;#231;aise (CNRS, &amp;#8220;Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire&amp;#8221; (PCMI) and &amp;#8220;Programme National de Plan&amp;#233;tologie&amp;#8221; (PNP) programs) for their financial support..&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
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&lt;/ul&gt;