bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ideology and Referral Categories in Employee Assistance Program Research
Authors: Sonnenstuhl William J. , Staudenmeier William J. , Trice Harrison M.
Published: July 2017

Practitioners tend to employ cultural referral categories when classifying what has motivated clients to enter employee assistance programs (EAPs). These categories are rooted in ideology and used in ways that often conceal the diverse factors leading troubled employees to seek help. In particular, application of the term “self-referral” has grown dramatically while application of the term “supervisory referral” has declined, which may reflect practitioners' underlying beliefs about how employees ought to use EAPs. The article discusses some studies of alcohol treatment efforts for which the use of cultural referral categories made interpretation of the findings difficult. Following a review of the medical and psychiatric literaure on seeking help, the authors call for construction of a grounded theory based on qualitative research, and recommend that EAPs develop more accurate classifications for labeling cases.
Sequential Temporal Patterns in Spontaneous Speech
Authors: Henderson Alan , Goldman-Eisler Frieda , Skarbek Andrew
Published: July 2017

The successive speech and silence durations in selected passages of spontaneous speech were found to have a regular structure. Relatively long pauses tended to occur with short utterances and these periods alternated with periods in which relatively short pauses and long utterances occurred together. Other hesitation phenomena appear to be associated more with the periods characterised by the longer pauses than with the periods characterised by long utterances. A relationship was demonstrated in terms of temporal features such that a hesitant period and the following fluent period together might be hypothesised to be a unit.
Memory for Gist: Some Relevant Variables
Authors: Fillenbaum Samuel
Published: July 2017

Using sentences of the form: A is X, B is not X, C is X and D is not X (where X and X are antonyms) a study of gist memory was carried out concerned with evaluating two alternative proposals as to the way in which simple sentences might be remembered, viz. a " kernel " versus a " reading " hypothesis, and seeking to identify two possible variables that might modulate the gist effect, viz. the conceptual nature of the antonymy relation and the phonetic realization of this relation. With some variations in procedure the study was carried out in three separate replications which yielded mutually consistent results supporting the " reading " hypothesis, and indicating that, as expected, the gist effect was greater for contradictories than for contraries and for prefixed items (using the same root with and without negating prefix) than for unprefixed, phonetically distinct items ; the effect of these variables was interactive. The results were considerably clarified when, in addition to an a priori or dictionary specification of item type, procedures were used to provide a judgmental specification. This finding was taken to indicate the value of, and need for, such additional behavioural characterization of linguistic materials.
Problem Solving as a Function of Language
Authors: Stafford Kenneth R.
Published: July 2017

English-speaking monolingual and types of bilingual Navaho eighth grade pupils were compared on problem-solving tasks. IQ and reading comprehension were controlled. Predictions were made that compound bilinguals would require more trials in attempting to solve the experimental problems and solve fewer of them than would co-ordinate bilinguals, and also that co-ordinate bilinguals would do less well than English-speaking monolinguals. Findings indicated that the compound bilinguals did less well than the other two groups, but that there was no difference between the co-ordinate bilinguals and the monolinguals. Differences are explained in terms of Osgood's two-stage mediation model and interference. Implications for the language training of bilinguals are mentioned.
A Spectrographic Investigation of Some Australian Vowel Sounds
Authors: Burgess O.N.
Published: July 2017

Australian English, in its spoken form, has been said to fall into three categories, Cultivated, General and Broad, the differences between these categories being located in differing realisations of the diphthongal phonemes. The pure vowels of all three varieties of Australian speech have been said to be closer and, in some cases, more advanced than their R.P. counterparts. The results of the investigation described here suggest that only the front vowels are closer in Australian speech than in R.P. but that all the Australian vowel sounds examined are more advanced, with the exception of [I]. The results suggest, furthermore, that all the pure vowel sounds in Broad Australian are more advanced than in Cultivated or General and also closer, with the exception of [a] and [ ]. The conclusion is, therefore, reached that the categorisation of the various Australian accents merely in terms of diphthongal differences is open to question.
Phonological Reorganization: A Case Study
Authors: Vihman Marilyn M. , Velleman Shelley L.
Published: July 2017

Various types of phonological behavior have been identified as evidence of the systematization which is said to occur in the course of the transition from early, “whole-word” phonology to later, segment-based phonology. However, we have a limited understanding of the role of such early phonological behavior in facilitating — or initiating — the emergence of segmental phonology. Furthermore, there has been little acoustic verification of such changes in children's phonological systems. in this study, the lexical production of one child is analyzed in detail from the onset of word use at 10 months to 16 months, when she had a cumulative lexicon of over 70 words. A period of phonological experimentation and the emergence of productive “word recipes” are documented, using both perceptual and acoustic analysis. Implications of such systematization for the later development of segmental phonology are discussed.
The Interaction of Coarticulation and Prosody in Sound Change
Authors: Beckman Mary E. , De Jong Kenneth , Jun Sun-Ah , Lee Sook-Hyang
Published: July 2017

Ohala (1974, 1981a) has proposed that sound changes can originate in hearers' misinterpretations of synchronic phonetic patterns. This paper applies this idea to sound changes that are conditioned by the prosodic environment, such as the voicing of voiceless fricatives in unstressed syllables in Proto-Germanic. Browman and Goldstein's (1989, 1990) “gestural score” suggests a representation of synchronic patterns in which extreme overlap between gestures of neighboring phoneme segments in casual speech can produce the appearance of a feature change or a segment deletion. Many of the sound changes that are conditioned by prosodic environment can be viewed as a diachronic reinterpretation of just such synchronic fast-speech processes. For example, vowel reduction in unstressed syllables can be viewed as a reinterpretation of undershoot that occurs when the vowel is overlapped to a great extent by the oral gestures for neighboring consonants. Phonetic data are reviewed that support analogous accounts of stop spirantization, voiceless obstruent voicing, and even the insertion of an intrusive stop in clusters such as /ns/ in some prosodic environments.
An Acoustical Basis for Universal Phonotactic Constraints
Authors: Kawasaki-Fukumori Haruko
Published: July 2017

Spectral characteristics of some selected phoneme sequences are investigated in an attempt to explain cross-linguistic tendencies in phonotactic constraints. A hypothesis is offered that some universal sequential constraints are acoustically motivated. Two acoustic factors are posited as determinants of favored/disfavored sequences: The magnitude of acoustic modulation within a sequence and the degree of acoustic difference between sequences. The hypothesis is tested experimentally for its applicability to some of the universal constraints. Trajectories of the first three formants are obtained for selected sequences of stop + liquid + vowel, stop + glide + vowel, stop + vowel, and vowel + stop. Standard Euclidcan distance in frequency is computed as a measure approximating each acoustic factor. The results show that some universally rare or unstable phoneme sequences can be explained on the basis of their lack of spectral modulation and/or their spectral similarity to other sequences, suggesting that acoustic/auditory factors play a significant role in determining the phonetic shape of language.
Fundamental Frequency as an Acoustic Cue to Accent Perception
Authors: Hasegawa Yoko , Hata Kazue
Published: July 2017

It is generally recognized that the most significant cue to accent location is fundamental frequency (Fo) in both Japanese and English. Furthermore, it is widely believed that a syllable is perceived as accented if the syllable contains an Fo peak. However, Sugito (1972) found that, in Japanese, if an Fo peak is followed by a steep Fo fall, the syllable preceding the Fo peak may be perceived as accented. In this article we present two experiments which investigate the relationship between Fo peak and Fo fall rate in accent perception for Japanese and English. The first experiment confirms that, for Japanese, both Fo peak location and Fo fall rate affect listeners' judgments of accent location. Specifically, the later the F0 peak occurs in a given syllable, relative to the syllable boundary, the greater the Fo fall rate necessary for listeners to perceive the preceding syllable as accented. The second experiment shows that this phenomenon is not unique to Japanese: Perception of accent location in English is also influenced by both Fo peak location and post-peak Fo fall rate.
Perceptual Restoration of Filtered Vowels with Added Noise
Authors: Shriberg Elizabeth E.
Published: July 2017

Perceptual restoration is a well-known phenomenon for speech segments in context, but less is known about the effect for stimuli that occur without a linguistic context. The current study investigated restoration in the perception of isolated vowels. Vowels excised from natural speech were lowpass filtered (1000 Hz), which removed the high F2 characteristic of front vowels. This resulted in high rates of front to back vowel confusions; however, these errors were reduced when highpass filtered noise was added to the lowpass filtered vowels. Although the reduction in errors was accompanied by an increase in back to front vowel errors, addition of noise led to improved performance overall. These results suggest that listeners “restored” the high F2 of front vowels in the noise condition, despite an absence of linguistic context to influence restoration, and that addition of noise led to more effective utilization of cues below 1000 Hz.
Perception and Production of Voiceless Spanish Fricatives by Chicano Children and Adults
Authors: Greenlee Mel
Published: July 2017

In studying language change, Ohala and Lorentz (1977) observed that when the labial-velar glide [w] occurs adjacent to fricative noise, the resulting complex of acoustic features is most often perceived and pronounced as a labial, rather than a velar consonant. However, contemporary Spanish, as spoken in Mexico and the U.S. Southwest, presents a somewhat different pattern. The current research examined two directional predictions based on Ohala and Lorentz (1977) with reference to the perception and production of Spanish fricatives by Chicano children and adults: A Differential Effect of Context hypothesis (more labial/ velar fricative interchanges will occur before rounded, rather than unrounded vowels or glides), and a Labial Predominance hypothesis (before a following rounded vowel or glide, labial fricatives will be favored in labial/velar interchanges). Results of perceptual tests provided support for these acoustically-based predictions, but subjects' productions also showed strong influence from sociolinguistic factors in the opposite direction.
A Performance Constraint on Compensatory Lengthening in Child Phonology
Authors: Stemberger Joseph Paul
Published: July 2017

The systematic mispronunciations of young children often resemble phonological rules, and there is a temptation to treat the data as identical to adult phonological data. However, performance factors are often evident in the child's speech. Constraints in phonological theory are “hard” (all-or-nothing), but constraints in performance are often “soft” (allowing something to occur under some conditions but not under others). One child phonological process that has an obvious linguistic interpretation is compensatory lengthening, wherein a segment becomes long when a nearby segment is deleted. In data from one child, two compensatory lengthening processes led to the creation of [i:] but never [u:], even though [u:] appeared in the child's speech as the correct realization of adult /u:/. The child also showed later mastery of all back rounded vowels and glides than of the corresponding front vowels and glides. It is argued that compensatory lengthening never led to [u:] because of a soft performance constraint against back rounded segments; the hard constraints of phonological theory cannot account for such effects. Performance must be taken into account in the description of child phonology data.
Resolving Empirical Inconsistencies Concerning Priming, Frequency, and Nonword Foils in Lexical Decision
Authors: Stone Gregory O. , Van Orden Guy C.
Published: July 2017

Two inconsistencies in the priming literature were investigated. Schuberth and Eimas (1977) reported that semantic priming and frequency have additive effects on RTs in lexical decision tasks, whereas Becker (1979) reported that the same two factors interact. Furthermore, Shulman and Davison (1977) reported greater priming given legal vs. illegal nonword foils, whereas Stone and Van Orden (1989) found no difference in the same situation. The present study investigated these inconsistencies by manipulating nonword foil lexicality (i.e., the similarity of nonword foils to words), semantic priming, and word frequency in two lexical decision experiments. In a facilitation dominant, controlled priming experiment (i.e., long prime-target onset asynchronies and a high proportion of related primes), the priming benefit (related vs. neutral primes) and the significant interaction of priming benefit and word frequency were unaffected by nonword foil lexicality. Given pronounceable nonword foils, there were no priming costs (unrelated vs. neutral primes). However, given illegal nonword foils, words preceded by unrelated primes were recognized more rapidly than words preceded by neutral primes (a “reversed” cost). In an automatic priming experiment (i.e., brief prime-target onset asynchronies and a lower proportion of related primes), there was no significant interaction of priming benefit and frequency. Implications for resolving the two empirical inconsistencies are discussed.
Evidence for Tone-Specific Activity of the Sternohyoid Muscle in Modern Standard Chinese
Authors: Hallé Pierre A.
Published: July 2017

The role of the cricothyroid muscle (CT) in raising F0 is well understood, but the activity of F0-lowering strap muscles such as the sternohyoid (SH) has been less thoroughly investigated, especially in speech. This study focused on the activve participation of the SH in the production of tones 2 (mid-rising) and 4 (high-falling) in Modern Standard Chinese. The other tones, however, together with the role of the CT and vocalis muscles, were also investigated in order to replicate earlier findings and to provide a more comprehensive picture of the production of Chinese tones. EMG data recorded from two male speakers show that the SH is consistently utilized to reset F0 to a mid-low value at the onset of tone 2. Based on a comparison with earlier results for Thai speakers, we argue that this is a mandatory manoeuvre for producing rising F0 contours in most contexts. The SH muscle also participates in the F0 fall of tone 4, but less consistently. We argue that the latter manoeuvre may not be obligatory, especially in the case of speakers with a high-pitched voice.
Recall and Articulation of English and Chinese Words Under Memory Preload Conditions
Authors: Cheung Him , Kemper Susan
Published: July 2017

Two groups of subjects were tested to investigate the effect of language on recall span under different memory preload conditions (two, four, or six digits). Native English-speaking monolinguals in Group 1 recalled 1-, 2-, and 3-syllable English words. Chinese-English bilinguals in Group 2 recalled both English words and 1-, 2-, and 3-syllable Chinese words. Word articulation rates for the English monolinguals and the Chinese-English bilinguals in each language were also obtained. An advantage for 1-syllable words over 2- and 3-syllable words was obtained for both articulation and recall. Whereas the effects of word length on recall were constant for English words in all preload conditions, the effect of word length varied with preload condition for the Chinese words: The advantage for 1-syllable Chinese words was very large when preload was small but diminished as digit preload increased. The notion of the “articulatory loop” alone fails to account for this cross-linguistic difference.
Perceptual Acquisition of the Long-Short Distinction in the Falling Accents of Standard Croatian
Authors: Mildner Vesna
Published: July 2017

There are four accent types in the accent system of standard Croatian: long falling, long rising, short falling, and short rising. Acoustic measurements of naturally produced speech have shown that vowel duration ranges from 90 to 140 msec under the short falling accent, and from 170 to 250 msec under the long falling accent. The aim of this study was to determine at what age children learn to distinguish between the two accents. For this purpose a listening test was devised, which consisted of eight tokens of the word pas varying only in vowel duration between 119 and 185 msec, incorporated into the frame sentence Ovo je krasan … (This is a beautiful …). Native speakers of Croatian, born and raised in the city of Zagreb, from seven to 21 years of age, were asked to decide whether the sentence meant This is a beautiful dog (short falling accent) or This is a beautiful belt (long falling accent). The results indicate that Zagreb born native speakers of Croatian acquire the long-short distinction between the falling accents between 10.5 and 14.5 years of age, and that the category boundary is set at a vowel duration of about 146 msec.
Acoustic and Intonational Correlates of the Informational Status of Referring Expressions in Seoul Korean
Authors: Kang Hyeon-Seok
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the phonetic correlates of the informational status of referring expressions in Seoul Korean. Two experiments were conducted. The results of the first experiment suggest that speakers of Seoul Korean indicate the informational status of referring expressions not only with quantitative increases and decreases in acoustic cues such as duration, FO range, and amplitude but also with qualitative changes in accentual phrasing (i.e., the phrasing of accentual phrases, the tonally defined prosodic unit below the intonational phrase). The results of the second experiment suggest that speakers of Seoul Korean rather clearly distinguish “current” and “displaced” discourse entities. This result is taken as supporting the division by Brown (1983) and Yule (1981) of textually given entities into current evoked versus displaced evoked entities. It is also suggested that producing given expressions as one accentual phrase is part of the phonetic attenuation which Chafe (1976) discusses. The term “intonational attenuation” is proposed to describe the use of accentual phrasing by some languages to indicate the informational status of referring expressions.
Interspeaker Variability in Emphatic Accent Production in French
Authors: Dahan Delphine , Bernard Jean-Marc
Published: July 2017

This research aims (1) to describe the acoustic manifestations of emphatic accent in French by examining similarities and differences between four speakers; and (2) to identify, amongst the acoustic measures, those which determine the perception of emphasis. In Experiment 1, four speakers were asked to read twenty-four sentences aloud twice, first without any emphasis, and second with emphasis on a target word in the sentence. The acoustic modifications induced by emphasis production were analyzed on the target words and on their surrounding contexts, speaker by speaker. Acoustic measurements revealed that all speakers increased the contrast between the target and the contexts, by slowing down articulation on the targets, and by increasing intensity and FO on the targets relative to the adjacent syllables. FO peak was found either on the first or last syllable of the target word, and FO increase was shown to spread over the peak-bearing syllable to the whole word. Speakers' productions differed with respect to the production of pauses and the syllabic location of FO peak in the target words. In Experiment 2, the four speakers' productions were presented to listeners, who had to decide whether an emphasis had been produced or not. A stepwise regression analysis was conducted, using the acoustic measurements as independent variables and the percentage of emphasis perception as the dependent variable. The results suggest a major role of FO manifestations: Listeners were found to be sensitive to an FO increase on the first syllable of the target, relative to its value in non-emphasis condition. Listeners would be sensitive to deviations from expected FO patterns in French, and may interpret them as signaling emphatic accent.
Foreword
Authors: Cheveley S. W.
Published: July 2017

The chairman of Central Agricultural Control of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. outlines the purpose of the Company in producing this new journal.
The Position of Agriculture in the United Kingdom's Economy
Authors: Price O. T. W.
Published: July 2017

Since 1939, agriculture in Britain has been transformed in pattern and productivity. A highly mechanised land run on alternate husbandry lines now carries more livestock than ever before, and yields per acre in crops, meat and milk are at record levels. Much more can be done to supply the nation's food. But the needs of industry may conflict, and whether to grow more food at home or buy more from abroad is once again the issue.
Improvements in the Structural State of Soils Under Leys
Authors: Low A. J.
Published: July 2017

That soil tilth and crop yields become poorer after ploughing out from grassland has long been observed, and a return to grass is recognized to be the most practical way of restoring lost fertility. How long this might take, however, is uncertain. The investigations described here show that complete restoration would require many years under conditions in Britain, though even a short ley can improve structure and plant growth.
Methods of Plant Protection for Peasants in the Tropics
Authors: Jepson W. F.
Published: July 2017

Crop losses from pests and diseases continue to be unduly high in smallholdings in tropical countries, not so much because the peasant is unaware of the benefits to be derived from plant protection measures as because the chemicals, formulations, and equipment are often ill-adapted for the systems in which they must be applied. This paper calls attention to the problems involved and indicates ways to remedy matters.
Field Experiment Programmes
Authors: Richardson H. L.
Published: July 2017

It frequently happens that an agricultural treatment of great potential benefit to a nation is not generally adopted because steps were not taken to obtain the information needed to make sound recommendations to farmers. Only field experiments on a large scale can provide this. Experience with fertilizers shows that few countries lack the resources for this work, and the total cost is negligible in comparison with the national gains.
Surveys of Disease in Dairy Cattle in Great Britain
Authors: Withers F. W.
Published: July 2017

Lack of reliable information on the incidence and effects of diseases of farm animals makes it difficult to assess the magnitude of any particular problem and the amount of research to devote to its solution. The remedy is to establish systems for collecting and analysing data on a national scale. In Britain survey work begun in 1950 is already providing valuable material on the relative importance of infections in our dairy herds.
Machine Milking
Authors: Dodd F. H. , Clough P. A.
Published: July 2017

Although the milking machine was introduced many years ago it did not become widely used until economic conditions from 1940 on favoured its rapid adoption by farmers. In this article the development is discussed in its more scientific aspects. Principles on which the use of the machine should be based are outlined, and an account is given of recent research work, showing how the properties of the machine can affect milking efficiency.
The Toxic Action of Herbicides
Authors: Woodford E. K.
Published: July 2017

So far most of the advances in selective weedkilling have been made by rule-of-thumb methods, and very little attention has been paid to fundamental aspects of the subject. We do not understand how these chemicals kill plants, and the biochemist now tends to believe that our best hope of making fresh discoveries is to learn very much more about normal life processes in the plant and the precise way in which toxicants affect them.
Detailed Soil Maps for Experimental Farms
Authors: Low A. J.
Published: July 2017

Soils vary so much in type, even within a single field, that it is often difficult on agricultural research stations to select suitable sites for field trials. One answer to this problem is to make a detailed soil map of the experimental area, using factors of agronomic importance based on the soil profile in deciding categories for mapping.
Plant Parasitic Eelworms
Authors: Peacock F. C.
Published: July 2017

The study of eelworms has rapidly become an important branch of plant pathology. Many species are now known to be serious parasites of cultivated plants in tropical as well as temperate lands, and our knowledge of eelworm biology has steadily advanced. But attempts at control by breeding resistant plants or by chemical or other measures have met with limited success, and a practical answer to the problem has yet to be found.
Ecological Aspects of Weed Control
Authors: Harper John L.
Published: July 2017

This discussion on weed ecology emphasizes that the weed flora of a region may undergo striking changes over long periods. Nevertheless weed populations possess important properties of stability which make it unlikely that the use of herbicides will lead to major weed problems from previously minor, but herbicide-resistant, weeds. Susceptible species may develop resistant strains, and action must be taken to meet this danger.
Mastitis. an Appraisal of its Present-Day Importance
Authors: Wilson C. D.
Published: July 2017

Progress in the control of mastitis in dairy cows has not been so great as is popularly believed. Although mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae has been much reduced in British herds by the general use of antibiotics, the disease is still prevalent because sub-clinical cases are ignored. Other forms of mastitis which do not respond to therapy have assumed a greater role, and we shall have to deal with these increasingly in future.
The Breakdown of Immunity from Potato Wart Disease
Authors: Moore W. C.
Published: July 2017

It has always been assumed that the wart disease fungus exists everywhere as a single homogeneous race to which potato varieties are either susceptible or immune, and government lists of recommended immune varieties have been accepted internationally. Recently new aggressive races have appeared which can attack many if not most of these immunes. This is a threat that could become serious and the position is being closely watched.
The Nature of Plant Viruses
Authors: Bawden F. C.
Published: July 2017

Current knowledge of the constitution and behaviour of viruses shows that they differ fundamentally from other types of pathogen. They more nearly resemble the components of cells that are responsible for inherited characters than they resemble bacteria, and their formation seems to be a part of the nucleoprotein synthesis of infected cells. This adds to the difficulty of finding therapeutic substances that do not harm the host.
Work Study as an AID to Management in Horticulture
Authors: Lockie G. D.
Published: July 2017

Work study is now recognized to be a valuable aid to good management and good relations with employees in many fields of human activity. Its application in horticulture has revealed quicker, cheaper, or better ways of doing existing tasks; and in planning new enterprises the technique has ensured that buildings were properly laid out and manned at the start. Its cost is small in comparison with the benefits that are to be gained.
The Use of Twins in Experimental Work with Cattle
Authors: Donald H. P.
Published: July 2017

By using twins in cattle experiments of simple design, complications due to hereditary or to early environmental variation are minimized, and thus the effects of treatments on the characters that are susceptible can be assessed efficiently with relatively few animals. Identical twins and, to a lesser extent, fraternal twins have advantages over unrelated pairs, and their value will be enhanced as experiments become more precise.
Problems of Fertilizer use in Tropical Agriculture
Authors: Webb R. A.
Published: July 2017

Problems in improving crop yields in the tropics are more complex than has hitherto been recognized, and different techniques from those used in temperate regions are needed to deal with them. Recent experiments show that deficiencies of minor elements in certain areas may account for the disappointing results given by fertilizers and the defective functioning of legumes, thus preventing the establishment of stable systems of farming.
Effects of Diseases on Crop Plants
Authors: Grainger John
Published: July 2017

In studying the effects of diseases on crop plants more attention must be paid to the host than it usually receives. The green plant is able to compensate for damage to its organs, and a quantitative estimate of this action is essential to rational interpretation of economic losses from disease. Work in this field is progressing, and results of practical importance have been obtained by the artificial defoliation of plants and other techniques.
Johne's Disease in Britain
Authors: Rankin J. Deans
Published: July 2017

Johne's disease has long been one of the more serious diseases of cattle in Britain, and in recent years it has increased in economic importance, relative to other infections, and become the subject of intensified research. We have much to learn about this widespread disease. Practical measures for its control have still to be found, and we need better methods of early diagnosis to provide the basis of a scheme for its eradication.
The Manuring of Tea
Authors: Eden T.
Published: July 2017

Most of the soils on which tea is grown are of low fertility, and high yields cannot be obtained without liberal manuring. Nitrogen is the chief requirement, and its application up to 100 lb. per acre will usually give economic responses from tea in good condition if local needs of phosphate and potash are met. Account must also be taken in treating the crop of such important factors as type of tea, age of the bushes, and the pruning regime.
The Bracken Problem
Authors: Conway E.
Published: July 2017

For centuries bracken has robbed the grazier of thousands of acres of land that might otherwise be converted into good permanent pasture. Ploughing is usually impracticable on the moors and hills where the weed is at its worst, and neither cutting nor treatment with contact herbicides has a lasting effect. But good results are now being obtained by foliar spraying with systemic chemicals, and eradication in this way may yet be achieved.
Seed Treatment of Cotton Against Diseases and Insect Pests
Authors: Tarr S. A. J.
Published: July 2017

Research on the seed dressing of cotton has been highly rewarding. All the main cotton-growing countries are steadily developing the techniques that best meet their particular requirements, and seed-borne diseases that once took a heavy toll of the crop are now being well controlled. Insecticidal seed treatment is also proving to be of value, and it may yet be possible to safeguard the plant in its early stages from both pests and pathogens.
The Use Of Viruses in the Biological Control of Insect Pests
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: July 2017

A promising start has been made in controlling insect pests by infecting them with virus diseases. Within the past decade specific viruses have been found, propagated, and applied in the field with good results, especially against larvae that feed gregariously on leaves. Perpetuation of disease by virus transmission through the insect egg and other features of virus behaviour ensure that the possibilities of the new method will be fully explored.
Trends In Fertilizer Consumption in Relation to World Food Supply
Authors: Page H. J.
Published: July 2017

From this study of trends in fertilizer consumption the author concludes that “if fertilizers can be supplied in adequate amounts to cultivators in the low-consumption countries, especially in the East, and are properly used, the production of food-crops can be profitably increased more than sufficiently to feed the world's population for many generations to come.” But great concomitant developments must take place if this is to be achieved.
Coffee Production and Fertilizer Treatment
Authors: Van Dierendonck F. J. E.
Published: July 2017

Coffee is a stimulant with little nutritive value apart from its content of riboflavin and nicotinic acid. Yet over the centuries it has become an economic crop that enters largely into world trade; on it the fortunes of many small growers and of exporting countries depend. The rewards for growing it well, with adoption of productive varieties, sound pruning, and use of mulches and fertilizers, will increase as production is stabilized.
Some Problems of Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa
Authors: Swynnerton R. J. M.
Published: July 2017

The transition from a subsistence society, managing without money, to one based on a cash economy took many centuries to develop in the home of civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean. In parts of Africa the change is being attempted within a generation. That there has been any success at all is encouraging. The difficulties of communication and persuasion that confront dedicated agricultural workers and advisers are immense.
Pathogen-Free Animals
Authors: Betts A. O.
Published: July 2017

Three reasons frequently given for attempting to control diseases in domestic animals are production economy, removal of reservoirs of disease transmissible to man, and humanitarian considerations. The present work stemmed from none of these, but from the need of research workers for experimental animals, free from all infectious diseases, that would be capable of yielding unambiguous results. Promising commercial extensions are now seen.
Control of Aquatic Weeds
Authors: Austin W. G. L.
Published: July 2017

As irrigation becomes more widespread, following the recognition that lack of water is all too often the principal factor limiting crop growth, new problems arise in the changed environment and old ones loom large. Not least are those concerned with various aspects of the growth and control of water weeds, the subject of the present article. The outlook for aquatic herbicides is promising: local successes may well foreshadow a general advance.
Maintenance of Soil Fertility in the Permanent Cultivation of Hevea Brasiliensis in Malaya
Authors: Watson G. A.
Published: July 2017

In rubber cultivation the clearing of original jungle, and of old rubber at replanting, exposes the soil surface with resultant loss of plant foods through erosion and leaching. During the life of a plantation the use of acidifying fertilizers may cause similar losses, while the trees will immobilize large quantities of nutrients. For typically poor Malayan soils, cultural techniques must be adopted that will maintain rather than deplete soil fertility.
Cereal Varieties in Cambridgeshire and Yorkshire, 1955–62
Authors: Smith H. T. E.
Published: July 2017

The contribution to agricultural productivity made by the plant breeder must not be overlooked when taking stock of other progress factors, for example the increasing use of fertilizers, the changing fashion in compounds and the popularity of combine harvesters. Improved cereal varieties have played no small part in recent changes, and their acceptance by the farmer is made clear by direct surveys in two eastern counties of Britain.
Metabolism of Fungicides by Plants and Micro-Organisms
Authors: Sijpesteijn A. Kaars , Kaslander J.
Published: July 2017

The metabolic fate of pesticides and herbicides in plants and animals is a topic of practical interest both to research workers who are striving to reduce the risk of toxic residues and to those looking for chemicals that possess systemic activity. Typical of this kind of investigation is the present contribution from Utrecht that illustrates how foreign substances may become embroiled in the intimate chemical reactions of organisms.
Translocation in Perennial Grasses
Authors: Williams R. Dorrington
Published: July 2017

In recent years the application of radioisotope techniques has facilitated considerable advances in knowledge concerning translocation in plants. Autoradiographic studies with carbon-14 show that in grasses the process follows the same general principles as in other plants. Nevertheless, the basic pattern is modified by the characteristic morphology of the grasses and affected by the grazing, manuring and cutting to which pasture is subject.
The Chemistry and Mode of Action of the Bipyridylium Herbicides Diquat and Paraquat
Authors: Boon W. R.
Published: July 2017

In the bipyridylium herbicides I.C.I. have added a further group to that of the hormone weedkillers—in the discovery of which they led the van. Among biological chemicals, development has often followed the chance discovery of some useful property, the mode of action, rarely predictable, being elucidated—or not—after that event. As for the new compounds, a penetrating insight regarding their action has already been established.
Pyrethrum in Kenya
Authors: Kroll U.
Published: July 2017

Of permanent benefit to developing African countries is precise knowledge, stemming from research and often years of practice, about growing and processing natural products for which there is likely to be a continuing world demand. Coffee, sisal, and, not least, pyrethrum fall in this category in Kenya. Dr. Kroll summarizes much that has been learned about improving, cultivating and harvesting the pyrethrum crop to secure maximum yield.
The University of Sydney Water-Harvesting Project
Authors: Geddes H. J.
Published: July 2017

The “International Hydrological Decade,” concerned with water flow and measurement, begins in 1965. It is therefore opportune to describe successful plans to cope with erratic water supplies in an Australian dairy-farming district. The principle of gathering water by gravity is little different from that practised in the Near East before our era, but efficient low-lift pumping and rational storage are new, and could transform an industry.
The Significance of Protein Quality in Livestock Feeding
Authors: Woodham A. A.
Published: July 2017

Protein requirements for farm livestock vary for different species and even within a species depending on the age and physiological state of the animal. The extent of variation, its causes, and the most satisfactory ways of meeting individual requirements are only now beginning to be appreciated in full. Progress towards precision in formulating rations will be hastened by a better understanding of the implications of protein quality.
The Bipyridylium Herbicides: Their Properties and Use
Authors: Springett R. H.
Published: July 2017

After discovery comes evaluation, and then consolidation—time-consuming phases of research that must be completed before any new product or new method can be put to effective, safe and reliable use. The present review of applications of the bipyridylium herbicides is not exhaustive—selected topics will be dealt with later—but is presented to show the way in which the special properties of these chemicals are being turned to advantage.
Modern Grass Taxonomy
Authors: Bowden B. N.
Published: July 2017

The greater part of the world's food is obtained at present, directly or indirectly, from the grasses and plants closely related to them. Classification of the various members of the group serves to underline the many changes that have brought them to their present state—changes that have ensured adaptability to diverse, even extreme, terrestrial conditions. Such plasticity may well be manipulated, and turned to economic advantage.
Quick Haymaking Machinery and Methods
Authors: Shepperson G.
Published: July 2017

Of grass cut for conservation, hay claims about 80 per cent. in Holland but—according to the findings of the 1961/62 surveys of fertilizer practice—more than 90 per cent. in England and Wales, against 10 per cent. or less as silage. With the farmer's habit of haymaking so firmly entrenched, in spite of attendant difficulties and huge losses of dry matter, an appraisal of the machines that are available for getting the crop is of value.
Trace Elements in Plants with Particular Reference to Pasture Species
Authors: Fleming G. A.
Published: July 2017

The trace elements in pasture species must satisfy both the nutritional requirements of the plant and the needs of the grazing animal. The growing plant may suffer from deficiency or excess of any given element; absorption of one metal ion may disturb the entry of another; species differences in uptake and tolerance exist, and may vary with the season. On the balance of these factors the health of the animal depends.
Ploughless Farming Using ‘GRAMOXONE’
Authors: Hood A. E. M.
Published: July 2017

Although the replacement of ploughing, cultivating and drilling, by ‘Gramoxone’ spraying and direct drilling, is only in its fourth year, the method is being widely tried for cereals and other crops. The first experiments at Jealott's Hill with the new chemical have historic interest: while they illustrate the care with which difficulties must be probed, they serve to underline the magnitude of the economic advance that is within grasp.
Urea and biuret as protein supplements for range cattle and sheep in Africa
Authors: Altona R. E.
Published: July 2017

The natural rangelands (veld) of Africa yield grasses that are notorious for their poor phosphorus and crude protein contents. Unless supplementary feed is given during the dry months, animals otherwise entirely dependent for their subsistence on veld grazing will suffer in growth, production and reproductive ability. The problem of range feeding that exists in Africa is vastly different from that found in Europe, where the average grazing or roughage feed is of good quality.
Risks associated with intensive animal production
Authors: Harbourne J. F.
Published: July 2017

In the last decade dramatic changes have taken place in the housing and management of farm animals. Many animals are now housed in buildings throughout their lives. Methods of feeding have altered; food is less bulky and more concentrated. Such a revolution has meant a change in emphasis in the study and control of disease, since specific infections caused by bacteria or parasites are less common and have been replaced by mixed infections of more complex etiologies.
Recent advances in controlled breeding of pigs
Authors: Polge C.
Published: July 2017

Latterly many new ideas and techniques leading to increased efficiency of production have been applied in different branches of agriculture. Among them, controlled breeding, if successful, could have a profound influence on efficiency and on certain management practices. The idea introduces for the first time the possibility of being able to plan and control the production of some of the larger farm animals, and planning is the key to success in any major industry.
The fate of paraquat in plants
Authors: Calderbank A. , Slade P.
Published: July 2017

An agricultural chemical should not be recommended for general practice unless it can be proved safe. Hence the amount of the chemical agent, or its breakdown products, likely to occur in a treated food crop must first be ascertained and shown to be far less than the amount that can be fed without harm to test animals. The manner in which the compound decomposes must be known in detail and sensitive tests for the parent chemical and its decomposition products worked out.
The use of phosphates in the cultivation of Hevea brasiliensis in Malaya
Authors: Middleton K. R. , Pushparajah E.
Published: July 2017

The Malayan rubber industry has for some time relied on Christmas Island rock phosphate as its main source of fertilizer phosphate. Rock phosphate on acidic soils under heavy rainfall is generally as effective for rubber culture as more expensive soluble forms. Consumption of phosphates has increased sharply during the past decade, but the rate of increase is expected to slow down; after 1968 usage is likely to decline slightly to a steady level.
The control of voluntary intake of food in cattle
Authors: Campling R. C.
Published: July 2017

Some consequences of the peculiar anatomical arrangements of the digestive tract in ruminants were discussed by Balch [4] in Outlook, II, 33, 1958. They pose special problems relating to the regulation of voluntary intake. The article describes an experimental investigation into aspects of the subject and attempts to incorporate the results into the general body of relevant knowledge. The voluntary intake of food is often the main factor limiting animal production.
In-wintering of sheep
Authors: Cooper M. Mcg.
Published: July 2017

In-wintering of sheep, uncommon in Britain, is seen as a possible means of increasing profitability on lowland farms and on the more accessible hill farms. Experience at Cockle Park gained since 1961/62 is summarized and favourable aspects are listed. Gross margins of £30 per acre, or even more, are likely to be achieved—double the expectation from the normal stocking of two ewes per forage acre. The need for extended investigation is stressed.
Cotton and wheat from the saline soils of North Honan
Authors: Shou-Chun Wang , Tsung-Ju Mu
Published: July 2017

The retreat of agriculture as soils become saline is a common sight in Iraq, Pakistan and China in areas of semi-aridity. Comprehensive irrigation, with drainage, can offer a solution, but not quickly or cheaply. In describing what can be done in extremity, by studied cultural means, the authors of this article, which is based on practical experience, focus attention on the problem, and show that marginal reduction in salt content in some soils can often ensure a fair crop.
British fodder crops excluding maize
Authors: Horne F. R.
Published: July 2017

The switch to cereals, and the associated decline in acreage devoted to fodder crops, especially crops other than grass, characterize British farming of the 1960s. So much so that an article dealing with fodder crops may seem out of place. The present survey indicates their diversity, their value, their potentiality alongside conserved grass, and their use as a break-crop for continuous cereals. In this context the contribution will have more than historic interest.
Maize–an alternative fodder crop in Britain
Authors: Bunting E. S.
Published: July 2017

In the light of past experience with maize it may still be a little premature to suggest that the crop can make a significant contribution to British agriculture. Nevertheless, the continuing expansion of maize research in European countries indicates that further improvements in varieties and on techniques of crop production can be expected, and very little more is needed to make the crop economical for fodder or ensilage over considerable areas of central and southern England.