bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical and chemical characterization of the particulate matter suspended in aerosols from the urban area of Belgrade
Authors: Joksic Jasminka , Jovasevic-Stojanovic Milena , Bartonova Alena , Radenkovic Mirjana , Yttri Karl-Espen , Matic-Besarabic Snezana , Ignjatovic Ljubisa
Published: December 2009

Within this study, attempts were made to characterize the coarse and fine particulate aerosol fractions in urban area of Belgrade and define the inorganic chemical composition of the aerosol fractions. For this purpose, daily deposits of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 aerosol fractions were collected during spring and autumn sampling periods in 2007 and analyzed for the PM mass concentrations, trace elements and secondary ions. The results obtained in the two campaigns showed average daily mass concentrations of 37 and 44 ?g/m3 for PM10, 22 and 23 ?g/m3 for PM2.5 and 15 and 17 ?g/m3 for the finest particulate matter fraction PM1 with the maximums exceeding the limit values set by the EU air quality regulations. A correlation with the gas-phase ambient air pollutants SO2, NO2 and O3 was found and is discussed. The concentrations of trace elements (Mg, Al, K, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl, Pb and Th) and secondary ions (NO3 -, SO4 2-, NH4 +, K+, Ca2+ and Na+) determined in the PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 aerosol fractions showed levels and distributions indicating soil and traffic-related sources as the main pollution sources. This study was conducted as the first step of PM assessment in order to point out main air pollution sources and suggest a remedy strategy specific for this region.
South Morava Basin in the transitional period from the Bronze to the Iron Age
Authors: Bulatovic Aleksandar
Published: December 2009

Results of the recent investigations of the sites from the Transitional period between the Bronze and Iron Age in the South Morava basin are presented in this paper. On the basis of these results as well as the earlier research in this area a chronology of this period in the South Morava basin has been established. The analysis of the material, particularly pottery shows that channelled pottery of Gava - Belegis II type (Iron Age Ib) was a prevailing feature at the beginning of the Transitional period in the entire region. It is also stated that during the Transitional period a particular culture group formed in the basin of the river Pcinja, the upper course of the Vardar, then in the Kocane-Kratovo area and in the Vranje-Bujanovac valley, which later influenced south-east Kosovo and the Leskovac area. The group was named the Pcinja cultural group, after the central part of the territory.
Hisar in Leskovac at the end of the early iron age
Authors: Stojic Milorad
Published: December 2009

All parts of the site Hisar in Leskovac provided material from Iron Age III according to the division by M. Garasanin (mainly from the 5th century BC). Four or perhaps five habitations from this period, in relation to the excavated surface (app. 15 000 m2), indicate a settlement with a larger number of dwelling places. Its architecture - wattle and daub huts and dug outs - has no particular characteristics, and is similar to habitations from previous periods in the Morava valley. Archaeological material from Iron Age III includes pottery made on the wheel of Greek style, hand made pottery and decorative silver and bronze objects.
The Cilicians in Singidunum: Notes on military epigraphy and topography
Authors: Grbic Dragana
Published: December 2009

The lamp stamped Cilices, dating from the Severan epoch and found at Singidunum (Moesia Superior) but overlooked by modern scholars, offers interesting additional evidence on the Cilices contirones, attested by the contemporary altar IMS I, 3. Almost certainly, the two inscriptions refer to the same legionaries, the men of IIII Flavia, grouped professionally (serving as the legion's sailors?) as well as ethnically. The circumstances and the date of the recruitment of the contirones have been studied by H. Nesselhauf and, from another perspective, M.P. Speidel; the inscription of the lamp tends to sustain Professor Speidel's points of view. The archaeological context of the lamp implies its provenance from a military building where the Cilices may have had their club, and/or their sacellum. Similar ethnic clubs and their buildings are well known from military and other inscriptions. For an instructive (but neglected) Upper Moesian parallel see IMS VI, 187 ([Ch]airete, Gal????atai); cf. the Galatian Aur. Asclepiades' conveterani from leg. IIII Flavia (Speidel 1984, 50, no? 28).
Geophysical and archaeological research at Gamzigrad: Report of the 2004-2007 campaigns
Authors: Bülow Gerda , Schüler Thomas
Published: December 2009

Prva faza srpsko-nemackih istrazivanja na Romulijani sastojala se od cetiri kampanje geofizickih ispitivanja i arheoloskih iskopavanja od 2004 do 2007. god. Tokom ovih istrazivanja rekognosciran je prostor od oko 20 ha severno zapadno i juzno od utvrdjene palate. Geomagnetskim merenjima konstatovano je vise gradjevina i objekata, od kojih su neke dalje ispitane metodom geoelektricnog rezistiviteta. Pet objekata je sondazno istrazeno radi blizeg odredjenja. 1. Sa spoljne strane jugozapadne ugaone kule utvrdjenja konstatovana je linearna anomalija, koja se pruza duz juznog bedema palate. U tri sonde otkriven je rov, dubine 1, 7-1, 8 m, koji je bio direktno povezan sa bedemom palate. 2. 55 m jugoistocno od jugozapadne ugaone kule utvrdjenja palate istrazen je objekat kvadratne osnove, dimenzija 4 ? 4 m. Utvrdjeno je da su otkriveni ostaci grobnice, koja je sadrzala ostatke kremiranog pokojnika, vojnog zapovednika visokog ranga sa ritualno ostecenom vojnom opremom, zlatnom krstobraznom fibulom i nekoliko bronzanih novcica. 3. Oko 20 m jugoistocno od istrazene grobnice prospekcijom su konstatovane konture male gradjevine od nekoliko prostorija, iste orijentacije kao gore navedeni objekat. Ovo je ukazivalo na funkcionalnu povezanost ove dve gradjevine. Iskopavanjima ove gradjevine otkriveno je nekoliko grobova. S obzirom na stratigrafiju, neki od njih su ocigledno stariji, dok su drugi mladji od istrazenog objekta. Ispitivanja na prostoru van jugozapadnog ugla utvrdjenja ukazuju na postojanje nekropole koja je povezana sa utvrdjenim kompleksom. Dalje, stratigrafski podaci dobijeni sondaznim iskopavanjima ukazuju na najmanje tri faze sahranjivanja. Druga faza je predstavljena grobnicom vojnog velikodostojnika. Cini se da je objekat jugoistocno od grobnice direktno povezan i istovremen sa njom. Povezivanje pomenutih faza nekropole sa hronoloskim razvojem palate bice moguce posle naucne obrade i evaluacije grobnih priloga i novca iz grobova. 4. Do sada, sondazno su istrazene samo dve od anomalija, snimljenih geofizickom prospekcijom, koje ukazuju na gusto naseljavanje severno od utvrdjene palate. To je kruzna gradjevina, neuobicajene forme i dimenzija i dugacka, linearna konstrukcija, koja je ispracena u duzini od preko 200 m. Druga konstrukcija bi mogla biti rimski akvedukt ili kanal, dok je prva identifikovana sondaznim istrazivanjima kao podijum - baza kruzne osnove okruzena stubovima ili zidanim stupcima. Kao takva, ona bi mogla predstavljati ostatke carskog spomenika posvecenog nekoj od rimskih vojnih pobeda.
Late Roman necropolis of Romuliana, area south of the fortified palace: Research 2005-2006
Authors: Petkovic Sofija
Published: December 2009

The purpose of research conducted from 2004-2007 within the scope of international cooperation with the Roman-Germanic Commission of the German Institute of Archaeology in Frankfurt was to investigate the site of Gamzigrad - Romuliana in the extra muros area, by means of geophysical methods and archaeological probe excavations. Based on a geophysical survey in 2005-2006, revisory excavations were carried out south of the fortified imperial palace, Felix Romuliana, whereby the necropolis of Romuliana, dating from Late Roman period, was partly explored.
Findings of coins from Romuliana, unearthed in 2005 and 2006 outside the fortified palace
Authors: Vasic Miloje
Published: December 2009

U clanku je obradjen novac pronadjen u nekoliko celina prilikom iskopavanja izvan bedema palate u Romulijani. Novac iz grobnice iskopane 2005. godine onaj koji je bio citljiv, pripada 3. veku, ali to ne znaci i da je grobnica iz tog vremena, vec je mozda nesto kasnija. Novac iz sonde 1/06 pokazuje neprekinutu cirkulaciju posle 311. godine sve do pocetka 5. veka. Tek uporedjivanje nalaza novca iz unutrasnjosti fortifikacije i ovoga izvan bedema palate dace pravu sliku opticaja novca i nastavka zivota na ovom lokalitetu posle Galerijeve smrti. Novac iz groba u sondi 2/06 je kompaktan. Najstariji je komad kat. br. 17 iz 340-350. godine. Ostalih sest primeraka mogu da se generalno datuju u period izmedju 367. i 378. godine. U taj interval moze da se stavi smrt pokojnika, te datum sahrane ne bi prelazio 378. godinu.
The periodisation of IX-XI century necropoles in the lower Serbian Danube river basin
Authors: Radicevic Dejan
Published: December 2009

It is extremely difficult to periodise the IX-XI century necropoles in the lower Serbian Danube river basin because not enough research has been done on them. Our knowledge is mainly limited to individual graves or to graveyards that have partly been investigated. An examination of the necropolis in Grabovica provided most of the data for establishing the chronology for the graves in Mihajlovac and Prahovo. Besides finds that were identical to the specimens from Grabovica, the graves in Mihajlovac and Prahovo contained finds of earrings, indicating that they may be slightly older than the graves in Grabovica and that burials in those graveyards may have ceased in the first half of the X century. This was a time when the threat of Magyar invasion existed on the right bank of the Danube, downstream from the confluence with the Morava. The graveyard in Grabovica was obviously still in use for a little longer, however, the fact that burials stopped there could have only been connected with the events that led to the end of Bulgarian and reestablishment of Byzantine authority in the Danube river basin. The formation of the necropoles in Korbovo and Kostol may have occurred roughly around that time, given the increased frequency of finds connected with the growing influence of Byzantium. Burials next to the defence wall of the fortifications in Kostol may have begun during the last decades of the X century. The unusual position of the necropolis, right next to the fortress defence wall, indicates that this graveyard was probably formed in wartime circumstances. Otherwise, a more suitable place would have been used for burials, of the kind that certainly must have existed in the neighbourhood of the fortress. One could extend the period of burying the deceased in Kostol and Korbovo to the last quarter of the XI century, at most. The later graveyards in this region are characterised by types of finds that were not discovered in earlier graveyards. An important event at that time, the uprising in 1072, could be the reason for this change in the inventory of grave finds. Earlier literature describes how life ceased in several fortresses downstream from the confluence with the Morava because of that event. It was assumed that the local Slav population had taken part in the uprising, therefore, after its failure, the inhabitants of the Danubian towns, in Djerdap and downstream, were deported or abandoned the fortresses of their own accord.
Sialoblastoma: Utility of Ki-67 and p53 as a Prognostic Tool and Review of Literature
Authors: Patil Deepa T. , Chou Pauline M.
Published: December 2009

Sialoblastoma is a rare tumor of the salivary gland that commonly occurs in the parotid gland and occasionally in the sub-mandibular gland. The malignant potential of sialoblastoma has been documented in only 3 of 32 cases of sialoblastoma reported thus far. In the last 15 years, we have encountered 2 cases of sialoblastoma, in a newborn and in a 15-year-old boy, both arising within the parotid gland. Case 1 has been previously reported and although there were 2 recurrences, at 1 and 9 years post resection, it has shown benign biological behavior. Case 2 is unusual since the patient presented with metastases. We reviewed the 2 cases, including the 2 recurrences from the first case, for histologic and immunohistochemical differences. Although both cases showed similar cytomorphologic features, there was a significant difference in Ki-67 expression: 20% in case 1 (original tumor), <2% in case 1 (recurrent tumor), and nearly 70−80% in the recent malignant case. The difference is remarkable when combined with p53 expression, which was focally positive in the first case but diffusely positive in the second. This report highlights the potential utility of proliferation markers such as Ki-67 in concert with p53 expression to better predict the biological behavior of a rare but locally aggressive neoplasm.
Seasonal variation in use of winter roosts by five bat species in south-east Finland
Authors: Wermundsen Terhi , Siivonen Yrjö
Published: December 2009

We studied seasonal variation in the use of winter roosts by five bat species (Eptesicus nilssonii, Myotis brandtii/mystacinus, Myotis daubentonii and Plecotus auritus) in south-east Finland during the winters of 2003/2004 and 2004/2005. At the beginning of the bat hibernation season all species used higher temperatures and humidity than by the season’s end. Hibernacula were at their coldest in mid-hibernation season and became warmer towards the end of the season. However, no species hibernated in warmer locations at the end of the season than in mid-season. Results suggest that bats tend to use different strategies throughout the hibernation season, minimizing the cost of hibernation early in the season by hibernating in warmer locations and minimizing energy expenditure later in the season by hibernating in colder locations. M. brandtii/mystacinus were found in locations with stable temperature and humidity, moving to increasingly stable conditions (chambers, crevices, clusters, ceiling) towards spring. All other species hibernated in more variable microclimates throughout the hibernation season.
Developing New Strategies for the Treatment of Tuberculosis Employing Ruthnium(II)Quaterpyridyl Compexes
Authors: Pokhrel Megh Raj , Gamage Pubudu , Kalita Mausam , Shi Aibin , Bossmann Stefan H.
Published: December 2009

A series of ruthenium(II)quaterpyridyl complexes has been synthesized as prototypes for mycobacterial channel blockers. These Ru(II)complexes show distinct changes in their luminescence spectra when bound to the porin MspA from M. smegmatis, which is a non-pathogenic relative of M. tuberculosis. By using HPLC, we have determined binding constants of the Ru(II)-complexes to MspA in phosphate buffer (0.05M, pH = 6.8) ranging from 5.2 x 109 M-1 (Ru-C2) to 1.8 x 109 M-1 (Ru-C4). Our findings indicate that channel blocking is a promising treatment strategy for mycobacterial infections. It appears to be also a viable approach towards luminescent nanostructures, because MspA features extraordinary stability.Keywords: Ru(II)complexe, porin MspA, mycobacterial infection, tuberculosisDOI: 10.3126/jncs.v23i0.2091Journal of  Nepal Chemical Society, Vol. 23, 2008/2009 Page:2-10.
Group Theoretical Treatment of Substituted Saturated Fullerenes (C20H20-nXn)
Authors: Gupta D. K. , Singh S. , Sharma L. N. , Agrawal V. P.
Published: December 2009

An Investigation of the effects of various homosubstitutions on the symmetry group of saturated fullerene (C20H20-nXn) has been done. In substituted saturated fullerene (C20H20), tri and tetra substitutions in carbons within one hemisphere reduces the point group to Cs, whereas mono, di & penta substitutions at adjacent vertices within one hemisphere give C3v, C2v, and C5v, respectively. It has been found that di substitution in both hemispheres give the highest degree of symmetry.DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v23i0.2095J. Nepal Chem. Soc., Vol. 23, 2008/2009 Page:43-44
The Electrochemical and Surface Studies of the Corrosion Behavior of Sputter-deposited W-Ni Alloys in 0.5 M NaCl Solution
Authors: Sah S. P. , Bhattarai Jagadish
Published: December 2009

The corrosion behavior of the sputter-deposited amorphous or/and nanocrystalline W-Ni alloys is studied in neutral 0.5 M NaCl solution at 25ºC, open to air using immersion tests, electrochemical measurements and confocal scanning laser microscopic (CSLM) techniques. In general, the corrosion rates of the W-Ni alloys containing less than 20 at% nickel content are slightly lower than that of tungsten metal whereas the corrosion rates of the alloys containing 20 at% nickel or more increased with the addition of nickel in the alloys. The pitting corrosion is observed in the nickel-rich W-69Ni alloy from CSLM studies. The open circuit corrosion potentials of all the examined W-Ni alloys are shifted to noble direction with the addition of nickel content in the alloys.Keywords: W-Ni alloys, passivation, NaCl, electrochemical measurement, pitting.DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v23i0.2096J. Nepal Chem. Soc., Vol. 23, 2008/2009 Page : 45-53
The Development of the Intermediate SnO2–Sb2O5 Layer on Titanium Substrate for Oxygen Evolution Anodes in Seawater Electrolysis
Authors: Bhattarai Jagadeesh
Published: December 2009

An attempt is made to replace the use of IrO2 by SnO2–Sb2O5 in the intermediate layer which is necessary to avoid the growth of insulating titanium oxide on the titanium substrate for oxygen evolution γ-MnO2 type Mn1-x-yMoxSnyO2+x anodes in seawater electrolysis. The manganese–molybdenum–tin triple oxides, Mn1-x-yMoxSnyO2+x, prepared by anodic deposition on the SnO2–Sb2O5-coated titanium substrate from MnSO4, Na2MoO4 and SnCl4 solutions showed around 98.6% initial oxygen evolution efficiency at a current density of 1000 Am-2 in 0.5 M NaCl of pH 1 at room temperature. In order to increase the stability of the anodes, coating at various times to form the intermediate SnO2–Sb2O5 layer with sufficient thickness on titanium substrate, was performed. The Mn1-x-yMoxSnyO2+x electrodes deposited on the intermediate layer formed from seven times coating showed about 98% oxygen evolution efficiency after 20 h electrolysis. A small addition of Sb2O5 to the intermediate layer (that is, Sb5+/Sn4+ = 0.124 in the coating solution) seems to be more effective to replace the use of IrO2 for high electronic conductivity and activity of oxygen evolution in seawater electrolysis. The formation of the double oxides of the intermediate SnO2–Sb2O5 layer after seven times coating seemed responsible for both high conductivity and stability of the Mn1-x-yMoxSnyO2+x anodes.Keywords: CO2 recycling, oxygen evolution electrode, intermediate SnO2–Sb2O5 layer, seawater electrolysis, titanium substrate.DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v23i0.2097J. Nepal Chem. Soc., Vol. 23, 2008/2009 Page: 54-64
Structure of Nonionic Surfactant Diglycerol Monomyristate Micelles in Cyclohexane: a SAXS Study
Authors: Shrestha Lok Kumar
Published: December 2009

Structure of nonionic surfactant diglycerol monomyristate (C14G2) micelles in cyclohexane has been investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. Structural modulation of reverse micelle (RM) has been systematically studied by changing composition, temperature change and added-water. The SAXS data were evaluated by the generalized indirect Fourier transformation (GIFT) method, which gives pair-distance distribution function (PDDF). Unlike conventional poly(oxyethylene) type nonionic surfactants, C14G2 forms RM in cyclohexane without water addition at normal room temperature. A clear indication of one dimensional (1-D) micellar growth was found with increasing C14G2 concentrations. On the other hand, temperature induced cylinder-to-sphere type transition in the RM structure. The maximum dimension and the cross-sectional diameter of the RM increased upon addition of trace water indicating the formation of water pool in the reverse micellar core.Keywords: Diglycerol monomyristate, small-angle X-ray scattering, reverse micelles.DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v23i0.2099J. Nepal Chem. Soc., Vol. 23, 2008/2009Page: 74-81
Effects of Concentration, Temperature and Solvent Composition on the Partial Molar Volumes of Sodium Polystyrenesulphonate in Methanol -Water Solvent Media
Authors: Bhattarai Ajaya , Das Bijan
Published: December 2009

Precise measurements on the density of sodium polystyrenesulphonate solutions in methanol-water mixed solvent media containing 8, 16, and 25 weight per cent of methanol at 308.15, 318.15, and 323.15 K are reported. The degree of substitution of sodium polystyrenesulphonate used is 1, and the concentrations are varied from 1×10-2 to 3.8 ×10-2 monomol.l-2. The results showed a slight increase on (V0) were determined. the partial molar volumes with increasing polyelectrolyte concentration. The partial molar volumes of the polyelectrolyte at infinite dilution, (effects of the  temperature and solvent composition on the partial molar volumes are also investigated.Keywords: Sodium polystyrenesulphonate, polyion, partial molar volume.DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v23i0.2100Journal of Nepal Chemical Society, Vol. 23, 2008/2009 Page: 82-88
Phytochemical Constituents of the Bark of Vitex negundo L.
Authors: Dhakal Ram Chandra , Rajbhandari Meena , Kalauni Surya K. , Awale Suresh , Gewali Mohan. B.
Published: December 2009

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (1) and β-sitosterol (2) were isolated, and identified from the methanol and hexane extracts of Vitex negundo. The structure of the compounds were established on the basis of spectral analysis.Keywords: p-hydroxybenzoic acid, β-sitosterol,  vitex negundo.DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v23i0.2101Journal of Nepal Chemical Society, Vol. 23, 2008/2009Page: 89-92
The Corrosion Behavior of Sputter-deposited W-Cr-(4-15)Ni Alloys in NaOH Solutions
Authors: Kharel Pom Lal , Bhattarai Jagadish
Published: December 2009

The synergistic effect of chromium addition in the sputter-deposited amorphous or nanocrystalline W-Cr-(4-15)Ni alloys is studied in alkaline NaOH solutions at 25°C, open to air using immersion tests and electrochemical measurements. In 1 M NaOH solution, the addition of chromium to W-Cr-(4-15)Ni alloys containing 42-75 at % chromium increased the corrosion resistance and shifted the open circuit potential more noble so as to show higher corrosion resistance than those of alloy-constituting elements (that is, tungsten, chromium and nickel). The corrosion rates (that is, about 2-5 x 10-3 mm.y-1) of all the examined W-Cr-(4-15)Ni alloys are about two orders of magnitude lower than that of tungsten and nearly one order of magnitude lower than that of chromium metal. The open circuit potential of the W-Cr-(4-15)Ni alloys is generally increased with increasing chromium content in different concentrations of NaOH solutions. The passivity of the WCr-(4-15)Ni alloys is increased with decreasing the concentration of NaOH solutions at 25°C. Keywords: Corrosion resistance; Sputter deposition;  W-Cr-Ni alloy;  NaOH solution; Open Circuit  potential. DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v24i0.2380Journal of Nepal Chemical Society, Vol. 24, 2009 Page: 3-11
Study of the Growth Control of Nonionic Surfactant Reverse Micelles by Water and Glycerol Using Small-angle X-ray Scattering
Authors: Shrestha Lok Kumar
Published: December 2009

This paper described a facile route to the growth control of nonionic surfactant reverse micelles in diglycerol monolaurate (C12G2)/cyclohexane systems at 25°C. Structural characterization of reverse micelles was carried out using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. It has found that C12G2 spontaneously formed elongated prolate type reverse micelles in cyclohexane at 25°C and the micellar size grows with CC12G2 concentration. The reverse micelles could solubilize some amount of water in the micellar core thus enhanced their potential application in the encapsulation of water-soluble drugs. Phase separation occurred with further addition of water. The micelles grow with the amount of water content in the system, as water tends to go to the micellar core swelling the micelles. However, the size decreased with increasing temperature at fixed water content. Increasing mixing fraction of glycerol in water decreased the micellar size. This would be understood as glycerol dehydrates surfactant's headgroup and increased the packing parameter. Keywords: Diglycerol monolaurat;, Cyclohexane;  glycerol;, Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), Reverse micelles.DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v24i0.2381Journal of Nepal Chemical Society, Vol. 24, 2009 Page: 12-18
Deexcitation Probabilities of Ne(3P2) by Ar for the Case E << D
Authors: Khadka Deba Bahadur
Published: December 2009

The deexcitaion probability calculation of the total Penning ionization cross section for Ne(3P2) by Ar has been made in the region of the collisional energy from 18.5 to 38.1 meV. Comparing the magnitude of the mean collisional energy with respect to D, the application of the analysis in the case E >> D is expected to be more appropriate than in the case E << D. More advance theoretical investigations for Ne(3P2) by Ar should consider the further understanding. Keywords: Deexcitation cross section; Collisional energy; Pulse radiolysis method; Metastable atoms; Impact parameter.DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v24i0.2382 Journal of Nepal Chemical Society, Vol. 24, 2009 Page: 19-23
The Effects of Concentration, Temperature and Solvent Composition on Partial Molar Volumes of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Methanol-Water mixed Solvent Media
Authors: Shah Sujit Kumar , Bhattarai Ajaya , Shrivastav Ghanashyam , Chatterjee Sujeet Kumar
Published: December 2009

The author Ajay Bhattarai was changed to Ajaya Bhattarai and the author Kumar Chatterjee was changed to Sujeet Kumar ChatterjeePrecise measurements on the density of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solutions in pure water and in methanol(1) + water (2) mixed solvent media containing 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 volume fractions of methanol at 308.15, 318.15 and 323.15 K are carried out to calculate the partial molar volumes. The concentrations are varied from 0.3 - 1.0 x 10-1 mol.l-1. The results showed almost constant on the partial molar volumes with increasing surfactant concentration. Also, the partial molar volumes are found to increase with increasing temperature over the entire concentration range investigated in a given mixed solvent medium and these values are found to decrease with increasing methanol content in the solvent composition. Keywords: Mixed solvent; Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; Surfactan; Partial molarDOI: 10.3126/jncs.v24i0.2383 Journal of Nepal Chemical Society, Vol. 24, 2009 Page: 24-30
Microwave-Assisted Solvent Free Synthesis of Spiro-Indole Derivative
Authors: Mishra A D
Published: December 2009

A solid supported synthetic procedure has been developed for the synthesis of novel spiro indole derivatives using solid support as energy transfer medium under microwave irradiation (MWI). The results were compared with those obtained by the classical as well as solution phase method in MWI. This solvent-free technique coupled with the high yields and short reaction time makes this procedure eco-friendly for synthesis.  Keywords: Spiro indoles; Microwave irradiation; 1HNMR; IRDOI: 10.3126/jncs.v24i0.2391 Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 24, 2009 Page: 49-52
Reducing morbidity from uterovaginal prolapse in Nepalese women through surgical camps: an ambitious approach
Authors: Rana Ashma
Published: December 2009

doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.1485 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 1 - 3 Nov-Dec 2006
The spinal headache in pregnant women
Authors: Kuczkowski Krzysztof M
Published: December 2009

Pregnant women are at particular risk of dural puncture (and the subsequent headache) because of sex, young age, and the widespread application of regional anesthesia. The incidence of epidural needle-induced post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) also known as spinal headache in pregnant women following dural puncture with a large bore needle has been reported to range 76-85%. Although a few measures have been proposed to prevent PDPH Intrathecal injection of saline, insertion of the epidural catheter into the subarachnoid space through the dural hole, none have been shown to work with certainty to date. This article reviews the latest developments aimed at prevention and treatment of this debilitating condition. Key Words: Labor analgesia; epidural, combined spinal epidural; complications, dural puncture, postdural puncture headache (PDPH); prevention.   doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.1486 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 4 - 9 Nov-Dem 2006
Prostaglandin Induced labor a risk factor for cervical tear
Authors: Devkota Ashok , Adhikari Silu , Neupane Bhanu
Published: December 2009

Objective: To determine risk factors associated with cervical tear. Method: Design: Retrospective analysis of obstetric variables in 116 women who had sustained cervical tear. Setting: Obstetric Department of Tribhuwan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Subjects: This study identified 9662 vaginal deliveries over 42 months period from April 2003 to September 2006 from obstetric records. One hundred and sixteen cases who sustained cervical tear were selected and different variables were analyzed. Results: Overall rate of cervical tear was 1.20% (n=116) of which 64.7% (n=75) occurred in primi and 35.3% (n=41) in multipara. It was associated with induced labor in 21.2 % [with dinoprostone gel (cerviprime) 16.4% (n= 17) and misoprostal in 4.8% (n=5) respectively]. Augmentation with oxytocinon (syntocinon) had been done in 51.9% (n=54 cases). Mean age of parturient was 24.3 years and average birth weight of baby was 3.21kg. Cervical injury occurred more in post-dated delivery [35% (n=42)], compared to pre term delivery [6.9% (n=8)]. Average duration of second stage was 35.2 minutes. Episiotomy was given in 73 / 116 (66%) and not many of the cervical tear was associated with instrumental delivery: [forceps 0.96% (n=1) and ventouse 3.85% (n=4)]. There were 10 cases of postpartum haemorrhage. Conclusion. From the view point of limited number of published studies on cervical tear pertaining to vaginal delivery where locally used prostaglandins have not been identified as a major risk factor in contrary to our study findings where every sixth case have been implicated, a cautious prelabour induction with forward anticipation of traumatic PPH as recognized here is worthwhile. Key words: Cervical tear, dinoprostone gel (cerviprime) and misoprostal, induction of labour   doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.1488 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 14 - 18 Nov-Dec 2006
Fetal outcome of pre-labor rupture of membranes
Authors: Shrestha Sita Ram , Sharma Paban
Published: December 2009

Objective: To study the determinants and outcome of prelabour rupture of membrane at term pregnancy in Patan Hospital. Method: A prospective, hospital based case control study done in maternity ward of Patan Hospital over the period of three months (Poush 2059-Phalgun 2059). A total no of 100 pregnant women with prelabor rupture of membrane and 100 pregnant women without prelabor rupture of membrane were included in this study. Results: The incidence of pre labor rupture of membrane in this study was 6.06%. Major risk factors for prelabor rupture of membranes were antecedent coitus, hydramnious, smoking, cephalo-pelvic disproportion, and previous abortion. Normal delivery occurred in 70% in prelabor rupture of membrane group and in 93 % in non-prelabor rupture of membrane group. Forty-nine pregnant women with pre-labour rupture of membrane received antibiotics and twenty-four babies (48.98%) developed neonatal infection in pre-labour rupture of membrane group and only one developed infection in non-prelabour rupture. Four cases of neonatal infection was seen in neonates born from mothers with prelabor rupture of membranes < 24 hours and 20 cases of neonatal infection were seen in those neonates born from mother with pre-labor rupture of membrane >24 hours (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Neonatal morbidity increases with the increase of time interval between the rupture of membrane and delivery and antibiotics given to mother of PROM does not totally protect neonates from infection. Keywords: Pre labor rupture of membrane, major risk factors for pre-labor rupture of membranes, neonatal infection   doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.1489 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 19 -24 Nov-Dec 2006
Active management of third stage of labor
Authors: Thapa Meena , Saha Rachana , Pradhan Sumita , Thakur Sushil , Rana Archan Shamsher
Published: December 2009

Objective: Overall objective of the study was to see effects of active management of third stage of labour (AMSTL) with oxytocin. Specific objective of the study was to look for incidence of Post-Partum Haemorrhage (PPH), length of 3rd stage, incidence of retained placenta and average blood loss. Methodology: A hospital based prospective, descriptive, observational study was carried out from 1st July 2005 to 30th June 2006 at department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital (KMCTH). All patients undergoing vaginal delivery excluding twins, polyhydraminios and instrumental deliveries were included in the study. The active management of 3rd stage included administration of 10 units IU of oxytocin, early cord clamping, controlled cord traction and uterine massage. Blood loss was estimated by visual inspection and measured by jar pressed against perineum. Result: Total number of deliveries during the study period was 530. There were 13 cases of PPH. Incidence of PPH was 2.4%. There were six cases each of uterine atony and genital tract trauma. One case was of retained placenta requiring Manual Removal (MRP). Average third stage duration was less than 5 minutes. Average blood loss was 90 ml. In 2 cases the third stage lasted more than 30 mins. Conclusion: Active management of 3rd stage of labour reduces the incidence of PPH from uterine atony, reduces the duration as well as average blood loss during third stage.condition. Key words: Labor analgesia; epidural, combined spinal epidural; complications, dural puncture, postdural puncture headache (PDPH); prevention.   doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.1490 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 25 - 27 Nov-Dec 2006
Consequences of unintended pregnancy among young married women in Nepal
Authors: Puri Mahesh
Published: December 2009

Aim: To explore the consequence of unintended pregnancy, and compare these with real experiences amongst young married women in Nepal. Method: Sample survey of 997 married women and 19 in-depth case histories were studied. Results: The findings suggest that conflicts with spouses and family members, depression, worries or mental tension, loss of education and employment opportunities were the major anticipated socio-psychological consequences of unintended pregnancies. Reduced prenatal and postnatal care, unsafe abortions, postabortion complications, and maternal deaths were the major expected health outcomes of an unintended pregnancy. In general, the perceived opinions on socio-psychological consequences corroborated with real experiences. However, there are some differences between the perceived opinions and real experiences. Conclusions: Programmes that focus to identify couples at risk of unintended pregnancies, to address worries and mental tension, and enable them to make timely decisions and responsible choices are required. Keywords: abortions, health consequences, maternal deaths, socio-psychological consequences, unintended pregnancy   doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.2396 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 37-46 Nov-Dec 2006
Towards uterine inversion: Illustration of a gradual process through three cases of submucous myoma
Authors: Bista Kesang D , Rana Ashma , Gurung Geeta , Pradhan Neelam , Amatya Archana
Published: December 2009

How the largest of the large (> 10 x 8 cms) sub mucous myoma arising from the fundus uteri successively promotes the occurrence of non puerperal uterine inversion over the years as depicted through 3 different illustrations imitating a gradual process; first by forming an indentation in the uterine fundus then progressively causing more dimpling in the verge of uterine inversion until finally giving rise to a full blown picture of complete uterine inversion where the uterine fundus is driven beyond the level of introitus with the consequences of prolapsed incarcerated myoma in a post menopausal woman. A total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingoophorectomy were performed on all of these 3 women 2 perimenopausal and a postmenopausal; the latter was first facilitated by vaginal myomectomy further supplemented by division of the inversion ring posteriorly as described by Haultain. Key words: Non puerperal uterine inversion, submucous fundal myoma, vaginal myomectomy. doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.2398 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 51-54 Nov-Dec 2006
Amniotic Fluid Embolism understanding pathophysiology from a successfully managed case
Authors: Saha Rachana , Maharjan Shyam , Thapa June
Published: December 2009

Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare emergency in obstetrics with high mortality rate. Here we report a case of amniotic fluid embolism managed successfully. Key word: Amniotic Fluid Embolism doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.2399 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 55-58 Nov-Dec 2006
Single umbilical artery: A case report
Authors: Pradhan Neelam , Pradhan Raju
Published: December 2009

A 38 years woman pregnant for the second time was diagnosed as having a fetus with a single umbilical artery while undergoing routine ultrasound at 5 months of pregnancy. Reports of single umbilical artery associated with chromosomal abnormality are about 30%. Luckily no abnormality was found at birth and thereafter in this baby. Key words: single umbilical artery, USG diagnosis and chromosomal abnormality   doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.2400 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 59-60 Nov-Dec 2006
Labial fusion in an Adult: A case report
Authors: Bista Kesang D , Gurung Geeta , Rana Ashma
Published: December 2009

Labial adhesion in adults is rare and usually due to trauma or chronic inflammation. This is a report of a case of labial fusion in an adult. A 36 year old unmarried woman presented with the complaint of discomfort during menstruation and difficulty in micturition since one year. The labial adhesion was produced after hot oil application for the treatment of rashes in childhood. Surgical lysis was possible exposing normal genitalia behind the fused labia is reported. Key words: Labial adhesion, labial fusion, micturition difficulty. doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.2401 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 61-62 Nov-Dec 2006
A rare case of yolk sac tumor of the vagina: Cytology and histopathological findings
Authors: Pant Anil Dev , Sayami Geeta , Prasad Viswanath , Shrestha Anjan
Published: December 2009

Yolk sac tumors, the most common germ cell tumor in young infants and children, however, are distinctly uncommon site in the vagina. A baby with bleeding per vaginum since one month presented at 9 months of age with raised Serum α- fetoprotein (AFP) but normal levels of ß-HCG and CA-125 is reported. Fine needle aspiration from the mass yielded material suggestive of a germ cell tumor. The histopathological findings further confirmed the diagnosis of a yolk sac tumor. Key words: yolk sac tumor, endodermal sinus tumor, pediatric, vagina, germ cell tumor, α-fetoprotein (AFP) doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.2402 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 63-65 Nov-Dec 2006
Sonosalpingography
Authors: Malhotra Narendra , Malhotra Jaideep , Mittal Sakshi , Singh Amita
Published: December 2009

doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.2405N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 71-73 Nov-Dec 2006
Donate gift of life: save life
Authors: Rajkamikar Manita
Published: December 2009

doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.2406N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 74-76 Nov-Dec 2006
Micronutrients: Its role in intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Rajbhandari Swaraj , Dali Sanu Maiya
Published: December 2009

Objective: To find out the role of micronutrients in intrauterine growth restrictions. Methodology. Desktop review of articles from the year 1986 till 2005 March using key words, Micronutrients AND Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Results: 13.7 million infants are born annually with fetal growth restriction (IUGR) comprising 11% of all births in developing countries affecting up to 40% in some of developing countries varying from 14-38.8% for Nepal. Public health officials have recognized the urgent need for interventions aimed to prevent IUGR as this higher percent is likely due to protein calorie malnutrition, kwown to be the second leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The identification of IUGR is crucial because proper evaluation and management can result in a favourable outcome. Sixty five percent of IUGR are not identified until after delivery. More over, it is unrealistic issue to assume that extra nutrient taken for few months during pregnancy would replace the under nutrition that has been prevalent for over decades in terms of reproductive performance. Conclusion: Although it is frustrating that, most of the interventions aimed to prevent or treat impaired fetal growth have hardly shown any beneficial effect on short-term perinatal outcomes, long term benefit may be rewarding with significant impact. Hence provision of energy supplementation for two (or more, if they occur) consecutive pregnancies must be focused rather than during single pregnancy. Key words: micronutrients, intrauterine growth restriction, malnutrion. doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.2407 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 77-82 Nov-Dec 2006
Processing Information in Quantum Decision Theory
Authors: Yukalov Vyacheslav I. , Sornette Didier
Published: December 2009

A survey is given summarizing the state of the art of describing information processing in Quantum Decision Theory, which has been recently advanced as a novel variant of decision making, based on the mathematical theory of separable Hilbert spaces. This mathematical structure captures the effect of superposition of composite prospects, including many incorporated intended actions. The theory characterizes entangled decision making, non-commutativity of subsequent decisions, and intention interference. The self-consistent procedure of decision making, in the frame of the quantum decision theory, takes into account both the available objective information as well as subjective contextual effects. This quantum approach avoids any paradox typical of classical decision theory. Conditional maximization of entropy, equivalent to the minimization of an information functional, makes it possible to connect the quantum and classical decision theories, showing that the latter is the limit of the former under vanishing interference terms.
Predicting New Materials for Hydrogen Storage Application
Authors: Vajeeston Ponniah , Ravindran Ponniah , Fjellvåg Helmer
Published: December 2009

Knowledge about the ground-state crystal structure is a prerequisite for the rational understanding of solid-state properties of new materials. To act as an efficient energy carrier, hydrogen should be absorbed and desorbed in materials easily and in high quantities. Owing to the complexity in structural arrangements and difficulties involved in establishing hydrogen positions by x-ray diffraction methods, the structural information of hydrides are very limited compared to other classes of materials (like oxides, intermetallics, etc.). This can be overcome by conducting computational simulations combined with selected experimental study which can save environment, money, and man power. The predicting capability of first-principles density functional theory (DFT) is already well recognized and in many cases structural and thermodynamic properties of single/multi component system are predicted. This review will focus on possible new classes of materials those have high hydrogen content, demonstrate the ability of DFT to predict crystal structure, and search for potential meta-stable phases. Stabilization of such meta-stable phases is also discussed.
Capacitive Micro Pressure Sensor Integrated with a Ring Oscillator Circuit on Chip
Authors: Dai Ching-Liang , Lu Po-Wei , Chang Chienliu , Liu Cheng-Yang
Published: December 2009

The study investigates a capacitive micro pressure sensor integrated with a ring oscillator circuit on a chip. The integrated capacitive pressure sensor is fabricated using the commercial CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process and a post-process. The ring oscillator is employed to convert the capacitance of the pressure sensor into the frequency output. The pressure sensor consists of 16 sensing cells in parallel. Each sensing cell contains a top electrode and a lower electrode, and the top electrode is a sandwich membrane. The pressure sensor needs a post-CMOS process to release the membranes after completion of the CMOS process. The post-process uses etchants to etch the sacrificial layers, and to release the membranes. The advantages of the post-process include easy execution and low cost. Experimental results reveal that the pressure sensor has a high sensitivity of 7 Hz/Pa in the pressure range of 0–300 kPa.
New Passive Instruments Developed for Ocean Monitoring at the Remote Sensing Lab—Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Authors: Camps Adriano , Bosch-Lluis Xavier , Ramos-Perez Isaac , Marchán-Hernández Juan F. , Rodríguez Nereida , Valencia Enric , Tarongi Jose M. , Aguasca Albert , Acevo René
Published: December 2009

Lack of frequent and global observations from space is currently a limiting factor in many Earth Observation (EO) missions. Two potential techniques that have been proposed nowadays are: (1) the use of satellite constellations, and (2) the use of Global Navigation Satellite Signals (GNSS) as signals of opportunity (no transmitter required). Reflectometry using GNSS opportunity signals (GNSS-R) was originally proposed in 1993 by Martin-Neira (ESA-ESTEC) for altimetry applications, but later its use for wind speed determination has been proposed, and more recently to perform the sea state correction required in sea surface salinity retrievals by means of L-band microwave radiometry (TB). At present, two EO space-borne missions are currently planned to be launched in the near future: (1) ESA’s SMOS mission, using a Y-shaped synthetic aperture radiometer, launch date November 2nd, 2009, and (2) NASA-CONAE AQUARIUS/SAC-D mission, using a three beam push-broom radiometer. In the SMOS mission, the multi-angle observation capabilities allow to simultaneously retrieve not only the surface salinity, but also the surface temperature and an “effective” wind speed that minimizes the differences between observations and models. In AQUARIUS, an L-band scatterometer measuring the radar backscatter (σ0) will be used to perform the necessary sea state corrections. However, none of these approaches are fully satisfactory, since the effective wind speed captures some sea surface roughness effects, at the expense of introducing another variable to be retrieved, and on the other hand the plots (TB-σ0) present a large scattering. In 2003, the Passive Advance Unit for ocean monitoring (PAU) project was proposed to the European Science Foundation in the frame of the EUropean Young Investigator Awards (EURYI) to test the feasibility of GNSS-R over the sea surface to make sea state measurements and perform the correction of the L-band brightness temperature. This paper: (1) provides an overview of the Physics of the L-band radiometric and GNSS reflectometric observations over the ocean, (2) describes the instrumentation that has been (is being) developed in the frame of the EURYI-funded PAU project, (3) the ground-based measurements carried out so far, and their interpretation in view of placing a GNSS-reflectometer as secondary payload in future SMOS follow-on missions.