bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permeation model and experimental investigation of mixed conducting membranes
Authors: Zhu Xuefeng , Liu Huanying , Cong You , Yang Weishen
Published: June 2011

A simple oxygen permeation model was developed based on the theoretical analysis of the role of interfaces of mixed conducting membranes. The developed model equations contain three resistance constants, which can be determined by correlating oxygen permeation flux to oxygen partial pressure on each side. A series of experimental measurements of oxygen fluxes of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ membranes over a wide range of temperature and oxygen partial pressures were tested for the regression of three resistance constants with good correlation (R > 0.997). With this model, the interfacial exchange resistances of each side can be well distinguished from the bulk‐diffusion resistance under a wide‐temperature range. The kinetics parameters, including interfacial exchange coefficients on each side and ionic diffusion coefficient, can be obtained through the three resistance constants. Parametric studies can predict the influences of membrane thickness, oxygen partial pressures on oxygen flux, distribution of permeation resistances, and characteristic thickness. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1744–1754, 2012
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Acyl Transfer onto Racemic as well as meso Alcohols, Amines, and Thiols
Authors: Müller Christian E. , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: June 2011

Acyl transfer is at the heart of functional‐group transfers utilized both in nature and in the chemical laboratory. Acylations are part of the natural assembly machinery for the generation of complex molecules and for energy transport in biological systems. The recognition of covalent acyl–enzyme intermediates led to both mechanistic studies as well as the development of biomimetic approaches. Consequently, chemists first used the tools of nature in the form of enzymes and naturally occurring alkaloids as catalysts, before eventually developing a large variety of synthetic small molecules for selective acyl transfer. In contrast to nature, chemists utilize acylation reactions as a practical way for stereoselection and functional‐group protection. Indeed, the number of studies concerning acyl transfer has significantly increased over the last 15 years. This Review examines and highlights these recent developments with the focus as given in the title.
Bestimmung konsistenter zwischenmolekularer Potentiale realer Gase aus Meßwerten des isothermen Drosseleffektes und des 2. Virialkoeffizienten Teil II: Ermittlung der Potentiale von Propan, Äthan, Propylen, Schwefelhexafluorid und Difluorchlormethan und ihre überprüfung an gaskinetischen Transportkoeffizienten
Authors: Bier K. , Maurer G. , Sand H.
Published: June 2011

Für die Gase Äthan, Propan, Propylen und Schwefelhexafluorid wurden durch Anpassung an thermodynamisch konsistente Meßwerte des zweiten Virialkoeffizienten und des isothermen Drosseleffektes beim Druck Null für das Lennard‐Jones‐(6,n)‐Potential und das Kihara‐(6,12)‐Potential mit kugelförmigem Kern vom Durchmesser 2 l die Potentialparameter ϵ, σ und n bzw. l bestimmt. Für Difluorchlormethan wurde eine ähnliche Anpassung auch für das Stockmayer‐(6,12)‐Potential durchgeführt. Mit den so ermittelten Potentialen wurden die dynamische Viskosität, der Selbstdiffusionskoeffizient und die Wärmeleitfähigkeit berechnet. Die Rechenergebnisse stimmen im allgemeinen gut mit den in der Literatur angegebenen Meßwerten überein; die Abweichungen sind nur selten größer als die Unterschiede der Meßwerte verschiedener Autoren.
Untersuchung von Assoziationserscheinungen in der Nähe der Mischungslücke von tensidhaltigen Phenol‐Wasser‐ und Isobuttersäure‐Wasser‐Gemischen
Authors: Platz G. , Wojak H.
Published: June 2011

In der Nähe von Mischungslücken tensidhaltiger flüssiger Mehrkomponentensysteme treten bereits im homogenen Bereich intensive Trübungserscheinungen auf. Am Beispiel der Systeme Phenol‐Wasser und Isobuttersäure‐Wasser wurden derartige Effekte mit Hilfe vonT‐Sprung‐ und Stoßrohr‐Relaxationsverfahren mit optischer Detektion und der dynamischen Lichtstreuung untersucht. Als amphiphile Komponenten dienten Natriumdodecylsulfat und die Unterphosphorige Säure, die in wäßriger Lösung keine mizellbildenden Eigenschaften zeigt. — Als gemeinsame Ausgangspunkte für die Messungen wurden auf 20° eingestellte kritische Gemische gewählt. Alle Systeme zeigten in der Umgebung des kritischen Punktes sehr ähnliches Verhalten. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich am besten deuten durch die Annahme, daß die Trübung durch lockere Assoziate von Phenol oder Isobuttersäure verursacht wird, die in diffusionskontrolliertem Gleichgewicht mit der Umgebung stehen, und nicht durch mizellare Aggregate aus der amphiphilen Komponente. Die ähnlichen Eigenschaften aller Systeme sind durch die Nachbarschaft des kritischen Punktes bedingt.
Rate and Equilibrium Data for the Complex Formation of Alkali Metal Ions with the Cryptand (2,2,1) in Methanol
Authors: Cox B. G. , Schneider I. , Schneider H.
Published: June 2011

The dissociation rates of complexes between alkali metal ions and the macrobicyclic ligand 4,7,13,16,21‐pentaoxa‐1,10‐diazabicyclo‐(8,8,5)‐tricosane (cryptand‐(2,2,1)) have been studied in methanol by stopped‐flew experiments at various temperatures. The corresponding rates of formation were calculated using stability constants. Enthalpies and entropies of activation were compared with the corresponding quantities of complexation and discussed in terms of ionic size and ionic solvation. The specific dependence of decomplexation rate and stability constant on ionic radius [15] were found also for the corresponding enthalpies of activation and complexation, respectively, but the preference of Na+ over K+ is reversed. This fact together with the observation that the rate of dissociation of Na(2,2,1)+ is enhanced by proton catalysis, led to the suggestion that the cavity radius of (2,2,1) lies between the ionic radii of Na+ and K+.
Über das magnetische Verhalten von Cs2LiTmX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) und Cs2NaTmI6
Authors: Urland W.
Published: June 2011

Das magnetische Verhalten von Cs2LiTmCl6, Cs2LiTmBr6, Cs2LiTmI6 und Cs2NaTmI6 wird im Temperaturbereich von 3,2 bis 251,3 K untersucht. Die magnetischen Daten werden mit einem früher entwickelten Modell interpretiert, bei dem der Einfluß des Kristallfeldes theoretisch durch das Angular‐Overlap‐Modell beschrieben ist. Die erhaltenen Werte des Angular‐Overlap‐Parameters eσ(R) für die einzelnen Verbindungen werden untereinander verglichen und diskutiert. Die Energiewerte der Kristallfeldniveaus des 3H6‐Grundzustands werden berechnet.
Charge Transfer Across Organic Photoconductor/Insulating Liquid Interface. Part IV: Pyranthrone, Flavanthrone/Dodecane Containing Electron Acceptor/Donor Additives
Authors: Ahuja R. C. , Hauffe K.
Published: June 2011

The photostimulated charge transfer processes at the organic photoconductor (Flavanthrone, Pyranthrone)/dodecane (containing electron acceptor/donor additives), using a transient measurement technique, have been investigated. The experimental parameters were electric field, intensity and wavelength of light and concentration of additive. In addition, it has been found that the magnitude of photoinjected charge depends on the time, the dodecane solution is kept in contact with the photoconductor surface. The interfacial charge transfer efficiencies, approaching unity have been measured.
Sooting Structure in a Laminar Diffusion Flame
Authors: Haynes B. S. , Wagner H. Gg.
Published: June 2011

Laser light scattering and extinction measurements are used to determine the soot loading and particle number density field in an under‐ventilated flat laminar ethylene‐air diffusion flame, in which particle oxidation is avoided. Soot occurs in a region a few millimetres wide 1 to 2 mm to the fuel side of the stoichiometric fuel‐air interface. The particle number density N is highest (N > 1012 cm−3) closest to the flame zone, where temperature and radical concentration are high, here the particles are generated and therefore very small (d < 40 Å), the soot volume fraction is low. Further into the fuel region, N falls sharply while the particles grow by surface growth and coagulation. The soot volume fraction first increases and then decreases again deep into the unburned fuel.
Chemical Reactions of H and D Atoms with NO2 and CINO, a Crossed Molecular Beam Study
Authors: Haberland Hellmut , Lucadou Walter Von , Rohwer Peter
Published: June 2011

The chemical reactions of H and D atoms with NO2 and CINO have been studied at a collision energy Ē = 0.44 eV (42 kJ/mol) in a crossed molecular beam experiment. Velocity and angular distributions were measured and are used to construct the center of mass (CM) distributions. The earlier reported isotope effect of the angular distributions for H, D + NO2 is shown to be due to the different CM to LAB conversions. The CM angular distribution is nearly isotropic for H + NO2, but shows strong backward peaking for H + CINO. The measured translational energy spectra are in agreement with recent fluorescence and chemiluminescence results. The reaction H + NO2 proceeds via a long lived intermediate complex, while H + CINO is a direct reaction.
Isolation and characterization of free haem from the shell gland of quail and hen
Authors: Gorchein A. , Lord G. , Lim C. K.
Published: June 2011

Free haem was isolated from the shell gland of the quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, and of the fowl, Galinus domesticus, and characterized by HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS. Quantification by HPLC gave values of 1.17–1.40 nmol/mg quail shell gland protein for haem, 1.66–2.17 nmol/mg protein for protoporphyrin and 0.25–0.40 nmol/mg protein for biliverdin. Possible implications of this previously unreported finding are discussed but they are not considered incompatible with the conclusion that all eggshell pigments are endogenously synthesized in the oviduct system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Violence Experiences in Care: Some Methodological Remarks based on the Finnish Child Victim Survey
Authors: Ellonen Noora , Pösö Tarja
Published: June 2011

The article examines violence experienced by children in substitute care and at home based on the survey results of the Finnish Child Victim Survey carried out in schools in 2008. The focus is on physical and psychological violence in conflict situations. Of the 13 459 respondents, pupils between 12 and 16 years of age, 233 children reported living in care or having lived in care. Children living in care were asked the same questions as children living at home about violence experienced by their care‐taking adults. The analysis compares the answers between those two groups and examines them in relation to information about children's psychosocial problems and measures of emotional wellbeing.

‘The focus is on physical and psychological violence in conflict situations’

According to the study, children report more physical and psychological violence by adults in their homes than children do in residential homes or foster homes. Substitute care is not, however, free of violence. Children with psychosocial problems experienced more violence at home than in substitute care. The article suggests a more thorough conceptual and methodological analysis of abuse in care. The conceptual and methodological tools employed should be sensitive to the particular nature of abuse in care and the studies should pay attention to a variety of forms and practices of violence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorptive removal of nitrate and phosphate anions from aqueous solutions using functionalised SBA‐15: Effects of the organic functional group
Authors: Hamoudi Safia , El‐Nemr Abir , Bouguerra Maissa , Belkacemi Khaled
Published: June 2011

Adsorption of nitrate and monovalent phosphate anions from aqueous solutions on mono, di‐ and tri‐ammonium‐functionalised mesoporous SBA‐15 silica was investigated. The adsorbents were prepared via a post‐synthesis grafting method, using either 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (N‐silane) or [1‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐3‐aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane (NN‐silane) or 1‐[3‐(trimethoxysilyl)‐propyl]‐diethylenetriamine (NNN‐silane), followed by acidification in HCl solution to convert the attached surface amino groups to positively charged ammonium moieties. The nominal loading of amino moieties on the SBA‐15 surface was varied from 5% to 20% as organoalkoxysilane/silica molar ratio. The adsorption experiments were conducted batchwise at room temperature. Results showed that adsorption capacity increased with increasing the concentration of monoammonium groups on the SBA‐15 adsorbent. Nitrate adsorption capacity increased from 0.34 to 0.66 mmol ${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } /{\rm g}$ adsorbent while phosphate adsorption capacity increased from 0.34 to 0.63 mmol ${\rm H}_{2} {\rm PO}_{4}^{{-} } /{\rm g}$ adsorbent when the molar ratio organoalkoxysilane/silica was varied from 5% to 20%, respectively. Also, for the same organoalkoxysilane/silica molar ratio of 10%, the adsorption capacity increased with the increase of the number of protonated amines in the functional groups. Therefore, maximum adsorption capacities of 0.80, 1.16 and 1.38 mmol ${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } /{\rm g}$ adsorbent and 0.72, 0.82 and 1.17 mmol ${\rm H}_{2} {\rm PO}_{4}^{{-} } /{\rm g}$ adsorbent were obtained using mono‐, di‐ and triammonium functionalised SBA‐15 adsorbents, respectively. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Material advancements in supercapacitors: From activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene
Authors: Davies Aaron , Yu Aiping
Published: June 2011

The electrochemical capacitor (EC), also known as supercapacitor, is an energy storage device possessing a near infinite life‐cycle and high power density recognised to store energy in the double‐layer or through pseudocapacitance as a result of an applied potential. Fundamental principles of charge storage in relation to the important physical and chemical characteristics of electrode materials are addressed in the following review, with carbon‐made electrodes, specifically activated carbon, carbon fibres and aerogels, carbon nanotubes and graphene emphasised in regards to their enhancement of the characteristic energy and power densities of ECs. Pseudocapacitive materials, notably transition metal oxides and nitrides, and conducting polymers are remarked by the potential to further improve EC performance through synergistic effects and asymmetric design. Research towards gaining a better understanding of charge storage in sub‐micropores, material design and improving the performance of alternative electrolytes are expected to greatly enhance the capabilities of these devices in the near future.
Advances and controversies in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of systemic mastocytosis
Authors: Quintás‐Cardama Alfonso , Jain Nitin , Verstovsek Srdan
Published: June 2011

The term systemic mastocytosis (SM) encompasses a group of hematopoietic malignancies characterized by excessive proliferation of neoplastic mast cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and visceral organs. Most patients with SM, particularly those who present with aggressive clinical courses, carry somatic mutations of the v‐kit Hardy‐Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT) gene. KIT mutations are considered central events in the pathogenesis of SM and serve as diagnostic markers and putative therapeutic targets. The heterogeneity in the clinical course of patients with SM and recent advances in the genetic and immunophenotypic characterization of neoplastic mast cells may help to improve current diagnostic, taxonomic, and therapeutic approaches in SM. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Resolution and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of the Enantiomers of a trans‐α‐Disulfoxide
Authors: Allenmark Stig , Grainger Richard S. , Olsson Susanne , Patel Bhaven
Published: June 2011

The trans isomer of 2,7‐di‐tert‐butylnaphtho[1,8‐cd][1,2]dithiole 1,2‐dioxide, a vic‐disulfoxide of the highest thermal stability reported to date, has been resolved into its enantiomers by preparative chiral liquid chromatography. This represents the first resolution achieved of a vic‐disulfoxide. The absolute configuration of the isolated enantiomers has been determined to be (+)‐(S,S), (–)‐(R,R) from a comparison of experimental and calculated ECD and VCD spectra. The long‐wavelength ECD band at about 330 nm had a positive sign in the (+)‐(S,S)‐form and a negative sign in the (–)‐(R,R)‐enantiomer. A photocatalyzed slow decrease in optical activity was observed in solution, most likely due to racemization by homolytic (O)S–S(O) bond cleavage and bissulfinyl radical recombination.
Grounding cultural syndromes: Body comportment and values in honor and dignity cultures
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Cohen Dov
Published: June 2011

The body is a carrier of relatively complex cultural values. Three experiments examined links between body comportment and honor (a cultural syndrome prizing female chastity, familial loyalty, and reputation). We put participants from nonhonor (Anglo‐Americans; Experiment 1) and honor (Latinos; Experiment 2) cultures in upright versus slouched postures and primed them with honor versus control words. In our third experiment, we surveyed participants from nonhonor (native Dutch) and honor (Arab and Turkish Dutch) cultures about their attitudes toward honor‐related violence and then measured posture change. Concerns with honor were embodied by men from honor cultures bi‐directionally. For persons from nonhonor cultures, body posture can be connected to honor concerns, if participants are appropriately primed. However, with all else equal, the rejection of honor in such cultures is embodied in much the same way that men from honor cultures embody honor. Links between body comportment and values are not arbitrary but not simple either. The ways embodiments are conditioned by culture and gender are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correspondence between images of terrorists and preferred approaches to counterterrorism: The moderating role of ideological orientations
Authors: Golec de Zavala Agnieszka , Kossowska MaŁgorzata
Published: June 2011

Two studies examined the moderating effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on the relationship between terrorist images (soldiers versus criminals) and preference for counterterrorist actions (military aggression versus criminal prosecution). Study 1 indicated that the perception of Al‐Qaeda terrorists as soldiers was related to preference for military counterterrorism, especially among people high in social dominance orientation. The relationship between the perception of Al‐Qaeda terrorists as criminals and preference for the criminal prosecution of terrorists was strengthened among those high in right wing authoritarianism. Study 2 showed that when terrorists were framed as soldiers, social dominance orientation was related to support for military counterterrorism. When terrorists were framed as criminals, only people who endorsed high levels of right wing authoritarianism supported criminal prosecution of terrorists. Social dominance orientation was related to opposition towards military counterterrorism when terrorists were not perceived as soldiers or framed as criminals. It was also related to opposition towards criminal prosecution of terrorists when terrorists were framed as criminals. The findings suggest that different terrorist images are related to preference for counterterrorism that corresponds with the content of the images and individuals' chronic ideological orientations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing social images in naturalistic versus laboratory settings: Implications for understanding and studying self‐presentation
Authors: Leary Mark R. , Allen Ashley Batts , Terry Meredith L.
Published: June 2011

Over the past 50 years, research on self‐presentation has revealed a great deal about how people construct social images by managing the impressions that others form of them. However, inspection of the dominant research paradigms reveals that most researchers have not addressed central features of self‐presentation as they occur in everyday life. Using a framework that identifies four primary features of everyday self‐presentation, we compare and contrast the nature of naturalistic self‐presentation in everyday life with the ways in which self‐presentation has been conceptualized, operationalized, and studied by researchers. We also discuss the implications of failing to incorporate naturalistic features of self‐presentation into research contexts and offer recommendations for ways to enhance and expand research on self‐presentation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of face experience on emotions and self‐esteem in Japanese culture
Authors: Lin Chun‐Chi , Yamaguchi Susumu
Published: June 2011

Face plays an important role in social life. However, little is known about the psychological consequences of an individual's face experiences. This study examined the effects of face experiences on emotions and self‐esteem in a diary study conducted in Japanese culture, in which face functions as a mechanism to maintain interpersonal harmony. Participants reported the occurrence of face‐related events, maintenance/loss of face, emotions and self‐esteem twice a week for 10 weeks. We predicted and found that (1) the occurrence of one's own face events increased participants' depressiveness, (2) the maintenance of one's own face heightened joyfulness and decreased depressiveness, (3) the maintenance of one's own face heightened participants' self‐esteem, and (4) the maintenance of other people's face increased joyfulness and calmness but did not affect self‐esteem. These findings provided empirical supports for fundamental assumptions that have never been subjected to empirical scrutiny in face research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The centrality of social image in social psychology
Authors: Rodriguez Mosquera Patricia M. , Uskul Ayse K. , Cross Susan E.
Published: June 2011

Social image, or the views that others have of us and our groups, plays a role in a wide array of psychological processes, including impression management, interpersonal relationships, mate selection, intragroup and intergroup processes, the experience and expression of emotion, gender differences in behavior, and the construction and maintenance of social status. The 13 papers included in this special issue reflect the centrality of social image in these and other social–psychological processes. Five major themes integrate this diverse selection of papers: (i) self‐presentation of social image; (ii) culture‐specific conceptions of social image; (iii) the role of social image in emotion; (iv) respect and status as reflections of social image; and (v) the influence of social image on ingroup and outgroup perceptions. Taken together, these papers illustrate the importance of social image for understanding the complexities of human behavior and point to new ways to study this important topic. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Approach how to Define the Coefficient of Electroactivity of Adenine and Its Twelve Derivatives Using Flow Injection Analysis with Amperometric Detection
Authors: Zitka Ondrej , Skutkova Helena , Adam Vojtech , Trnkova Libuse , Babula Petr , Hubalek Jaromir , Provaznik Ivo , Kizek Rene
Published: June 2011

We studied the electrochemical behaviour of adenine derivates (adenosine, 2‐aminopurine, 2,6‐diaminopurine, 6‐benzyl‐aminopurine, adenosine monophosphate, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, adenosine triphosphate, S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine, and synthetic derivatives AD‐3, AD‐6 and AD‐9) using flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection using a glassy carbon electrode. The influences of pH, flow rate and potential on the signal height of the studied derivates were tested. The optimal pH was 3, the flow rate of the mobile phase 0.75 mL min−1 and the potential 1100 mV. Further, we attempted to characterize each of the studied derivatives by mathematical equations and classic analytical parameters. The lowest detection limit was estimated for adenine as 0.9 nM and 2‐aminopurine as 0.5 nM.
Applications of Porous Pt‐Filled Micropore Electrode: Direct Amperometric Glucose Detection and Potentiometric pH Sensing
Authors: Shim Jun Ho , Jang Kyung , Lee,* Youngmi Lee Chongmok
Published: June 2011

This paper reports the utilization of a micropore electrode as platform for the development of a nonenzymatic glucose microsensor. To facilitate direct glucose oxidation, a highly porous Pt (pPt) layer was deposited electrochemically on the Pt disk base in the pore. Compared to a pPt deposited planar Pt disk electrode, the higher sensitivity and selectivity of the pPt deposited micropore electrode could not only be attributed to the increased electrode roughness, but also to the small pore opening functioning as an efficient mass‐transport resistance to the interfering species. The prepared pPt‐micropore electrode also showed improved potentiometric responses to pH changes.
State of worksite health promotion in companies with and without Quality‐Management systems: A comparative study
Authors: Bauer Georg F. , Müller Frithjof , Inauen Alice , Brink Mark , Laeubli Thomas
Published: June 2011

The goal of comprehensive worksite health promotion (WHP) is to protect and promote the health and performance of employees. WHP principles link health‐promotion activities to existing management systems, such as Quality Management (QM), to better integrate these activities into goals and processes of the company. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that the presence of a QM system is related to increased institutionalization and scope of WHP. Swiss companies in the service sector with a certified QM system (N = 289) were compared to a random sample of service‐sector companies without QM systems (N = 334). The results show that the presence of a certified QM system is related to the quality of WHP, as companies have both a stronger institutionalization and a broader scope of WHP compared to companies without a certified QM system. The present study produced empirical evidence that QM systems might be an enhancing factor for WHP. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The inter‐rater reliability of the Japanese version of the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician version
Authors: Yamamoto Nobutomo , Kawakami Sachiko , Sato Koichi , Takimura Tsuyoshi , Inagaki Ataru , Inada Toshiya
Published: June 2011

The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, clinician version (IDS‐C), was developed by Rush et al. to evaluate the severity of major depressive episodes. The aim of the present study was to establish the inter‐rater reliability of the Japanese version of the IDS‐C. A total of 16 subjects with DSM‐IV major depressive episode were evaluated. Two psychiatrists, who had completed a training session for evaluating the IDS‐C before starting this reliability study, attended systematic interview sessions with each subject to evaluate the IDS‐C independently, using the Japanese version of the structured interview guide for combined rating of the IDS‐C and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The severity of the 30 IDS‐C items assessed by the two raters ranged from0 to 4 for 27 items and from 0 to 3 for 3 items. The analysis of variance intra‐class correlation inter‐rater reliability values for the individual scale items ranged from 0.874 to 1.000. The present results suggest that the Japanese version of the IDS‐C is a potentially useful rating instrument with high inter‐rater reliability for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms in the hands of psychiatrists with sufficient evaluation training. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fibrin‐targeted block copolymers for the prevention of postsurgical adhesions
Authors: Medley John M. , Kaplan Eugene , Oz Helieh S. , Sundararaj Sharath C. , Puleo David A. , Dziubla Thomas D.
Published: June 2011

Despite advances in surgical methods, postsurgical adhesions (PSA) remain a significant clinical challenge affecting millions of patients each year. These permanent fibrous connections between tissues result from the bridging of wounded internal surfaces by an extended fibrin gel matrix (FGM). Adhesion formation is a result of a systems level convergence of wound healing pathways, complicating the design of materials that could inhibit their occurrence. In this study, a systematic approach that identifies key material properties required for functional performance optimization was used to design a new fibrin‐targeted PSA prevention material. A series of multifunctional polymers with varied molecular architectures was synthesized to investigate the effect of changing polymer structural parameters on the ability to disrupt the formation of an extended FGM. Initial studies in a murine adhesion model demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the degree of PSA formation, demonstrating the potential value of this systematic approach. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
The relationships between perioperative CEA, CA 19‐9, and CA 72‐4 and recurrence in gastric cancer patients after curative radical gastrectomy
Authors: Kim Dae Hoon , Oh Seung Jong , Oh Cheong Ah , Choi Min Gew , Noh Jae Hyung , Sohn Tae Sung , Bae Jae Moon , Kim Sung
Published: June 2011

Background and Objectives

The correlation between perioperative CEA, CA 19‐9, and CA 72‐4 and recurrence of gastric cancer has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between perioperative CEA, CA 19‐9, and CA 72‐4 and recurrence of gastric cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the relationships between the tumor markers CEA, CA 19‐9, and CA 72‐4 and recurrence of gastric cancer.

Results

In patients with early gastric cancer, the recurrence sensitivity of postoperative CEA, CA 19‐9, and CA 72‐4 was 40.0, 5.6, and 2.8%, respectively. And in patients with advanced gastric cancer, the recurrence sensitivity of postoperative CEA, CA 19‐9, and CA 72‐4 was 100.0, 68.2, and 51.3%, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that an increase in postoperative CEA in early gastric cancer was an independent prognostic factor of recurrence. In patients with advanced gastric cancer, age >60 years, stage III, and postoperative CEA increase and CA 72‐4 increase were independent prognostic factors of recurrence.

Conclusions

For patients with advanced gastric cancer, CEA, CA 19‐9, and CA 72‐4 are considered useful for follow‐up tests. Although, CEA is considered useful for follow‐up test for patients with early gastric cancer, but CA19‐9 and CA72‐4 are less useful due to their low sensitivity. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:585–591. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermoresponsive Interpolymeric Complex Assemblies from Co‐association of Linear PAAc Homopolymers with PNIPAAm Segments Containing PAAc‐Based Graft Copolymer
Authors: Chiang Wen‐Hsuan , Hsu Yuan‐Hung , Chen Yi‐Wei , Chern Chorng‐Shyan , Chiu Hsin‐Cheng
Published: June 2011

In aqueous solution at pH 3.0 and 20 °C, poly(acrylic acid)‐g‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)/monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PAAc‐g‐PNIPAAm/mPEG) can assemble spontaneously with linear poly(acrylic acid) homopolymers (homoPAAc) into interpolymeric complexes (IPC). The resultant IPC assemblies exhibit a core–corona structure consisting of a hydrophobic PAAc/PNIPAAm complex core surrounded by hydrated PNIPAAm/mPEG coronas. At temperatures above 30 °C, the assemblies transform into a core–shell–corona micelle. Highly loose, irregular IPC assemblies developed at a reduced weight ratio of homoPAAc with the graft copolymer at 20 °C show particle size enlargement and structural variation above 30 °C. By contrast, co‐assembly of long homoPAAc chains with the copolymer leads to large aggregates comprising several IPC assemblies interconnected by homoPAAc chain segments.

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Simulation of south Asian physical environment using various cumulus parameterization schemes of MM5
Authors: Sardar Sabir , Ahmad Idrees , Raza Syed Shoaib , Irfan Naseem
Published: June 2011

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of a selected convective parameterized scheme in a mesoscale model on the predicted precipitation using the fifth‐generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). Four cumulus parameterization schemes in MM5, the Grell scheme, the Kain–Fritsch scheme, the Anthes–Kuo scheme and the Betts–Miller scheme were tested to predict the monthly accumulated precipitation in a south Asian region of complex topography during the summer monsoon season (July and August) for the years 1998 and 2001. The simulated results of precipitation were compared with the satellite‐derived data of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Comparison of simulated precipitation patterns revealed that the Grell scheme realistically captured the rainfall patterns over the southern plain areas of the region which receive lesser precipitation throughout the year. This scheme was also in good agreement with the TRMM data for lesser amounts of precipitation over northern mountainous areas, though it showed underestimated results for heavy precipitation over the region. The rainfall patterns over the northern mountainous areas were captured well by the Kain–Fritsch scheme for heavy precipitation while this scheme slightly over predicted the precipitation trends in the southern plain areas. The Anthes–Kuo and the Betts–Miller schemes were not able to simulate the rainfall for this complex terrain satisfactorily. The set of physical options used in MM5 for precipitation in this study was also tested for some other meteorological parameters such as ambient temperature, potential temperature, relative humidity and the moist static energy and the results were validated against the Reanalysis data of US National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). It was found that the scheme that successfully simulated precipitation also predicted these other parameters well. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
From mummers to new media: captivity, liberation, and the church of life after shopping
Authors: Berthon Pierre , Fischer Katrin , DesAutels Philip
Published: June 2011

With the rise of new media, it is easy to overlook, not only old media but also mummery—the arcane medium of the flesh—street performances, stage shows, plays, and carnivals. In this paper, we look at the case of Reverend Billy and the Church of Life After Shopping. We begin by re‐introducing the term ‘mummer’ as a traditional medium of expression and conceptually locate it relative to both old and new media. We then provide a brief introduction to captivity narrative studies, specifically looking at the role of humor in providing aesthetic freedom in incarceration. Reverend Billy and the Church of Life After Shopping serve as our case study to show how humor can be used to liberate citizens' thinking around the three Cs of American political ideology: church, capitalism, and consumption; and to highlight how Reverend adroitly integrates the medium mummery, old media, and new media into a unified whole to free consumers from the dominant ideology of US political interlocution. We conclude by offering ways to extend and elaborate upon this research.

Mummery

Captivity studies

New media

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A descriptive study evaluating Health Canada's risk communications
Authors: Bateman Justin , Charrois Theresa L. , Gardiner Paula , Vohra Sunita
Published: June 2011

Purpose

Risk assessment for natural health products (NHPs) may not be evaluated similarly to therapeutic products by Health Canada in terms of notification of harms to consumers and health professionals. In this descriptive study, we evaluated risk communications (RCs) issued by Health Canada for NHPs and for therapeutic products, looking for differences in a number of variables.

Methods

Risk communications issued by Health Canada in 2006 were independently evaluated by two investigators for whether the harm was actual or potential, for the seriousness and nature of harm, the origin of report, publication type, and degree of association. Disagreements were brought before a third reviewer for adjudication.

Results

During the study period, Health Canada issued 42 RCs for each of NHPs and therapeutic products. Most (86%) NHP RCs were issued for potential harm from contamination and adulteration, whereas 69% of therapeutic product RCs were issued due to actual harms (p < 0.0001). Two deaths had been associated with NHP use, compared with 15 deaths associated with the use of therapeutic products (p = 0.0048). The degree of association between product and harm was higher among NHP RCs compared with that among therapeutic product RCs (p < 0.0001). All reports issued for NHPs originated from foreign sources or Health Canada, whereas 69% of therapeutic product RCs were issued by drug manufacturers.

Conclusions

We identified important differences in the RCs issued for NHPs versus those for therapeutic products. Standardized formats for RCs are recommended. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microcellular poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate)‐hyperbranched polymer–nanoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Javadi Alireza , Srithep Yottha , Pilla Srikanth , Clemons Craig C. , Gong Shaoqin , Turng Lih‐Sheng
Published: June 2011

The effects of incorporating hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) and different nanoclays [Cloisite® 30B and halloysite nanotubes (HNT)] on the mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of solid and microcellular poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were investigated. According to the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses, Cloisite 30B exhibited a combination of exfoliation and heterogeneous intercalation structure for both solid and microcellular PHBV–12% HBP–2% Cloisite 30B nanocomposites. TEM images indicated that HNTs were uniformly dispersed throughout the PHBV matrix. The addition of 2% nanoclays improved the thermal stability of the resulting nanocomposites. The addition of HBP+poly(maleic anhydride‐alt‐1‐octadecene) (PA), Cloisite 30B, and HNT reduced the average cell size and increased the cell density of the microcellular components. The addition of (HBP+PA), Cloisite 30B, and HNT also increased the degree of crystallinity for both solid and microcellular components in comparison with neat PHBV. Also, with the addition of 12% (HBP+PA), the area under the tan‐δ curve, specific toughness, and strain‐at‐break of the PHBV–HBP nanocomposite increased significantly for both solid and microcellular specimens, whereas the storage modulus, specific Young's modulus, and specific tensile strength decreased. The addition of 2% nanoclays into the PHBV–HBP nanocomposites improved the storage modulus, specific Young's modulus, and specific tensile strength of the PHBV–HBP–nanoclay‐based nanocomposites, but they were still lower than those of the neat PHBV. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Modeling nonlinear viscoelasticity in polymers for design using finite element analysis
Authors: Dean G.D. , McCartney L.N. , Mera R. , Urquhart J.M.
Published: June 2011

A nonlinear viscoelastic model is described that can predict the time‐dependent deformation of a polymer under a multiaxial stress. The main material property requirements are tensile creep compliances over a suitable time range and at different stress levels over which creep behavior is nonlinear. Some creep data under uniaxial compression are also required. Relationships are derived between multiaxial stress and strain components for arbitrary stress or strain histories. The model has been coded into a finite element system to enable stress analyses to be carried out on objects of complex geometry. The validity of the model is explored through comparisons of predicted and measured results from a test that is designed to produce a predominantly shear stress state in the gauge region of the specimen. Results are presented for loadings under constant stress and constant deformation rate. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity and Structure Activity Relationships of Iridoid Glucosides Derived from Veronica species
Authors: Saracoglu Iclal , Harput U. Sebnem
Published: June 2011

This study was an investigation of the cytotoxic activity of iridoid glucosides, including aucubin, catalpol, 6‐O‐acetylcatalpol, veronicoside, catalposide, verproside, amphicoside, veratroylcatalposide, verminoside, aquaticosides B and C isolated from different Veronica species. The cytotoxic activity was determined against Hep‐2 (human epidermoid carcinoma), RD (human rhabdomyosarcoma), L‐20B (transgenic murine L‐cells) cancer cell lines and Vero (African green monkey kidney cells) non‐cancerous cell line using the MTT method. While verminoside, amphicoside and veronicoside were found to exhibit cytotoxic activity in the concentration range of 70–355 µ m, acetylcatalpol, aquaticosides B and C, catalposide, veratroylcatalposide and verproside showed cytostatic activity. Apoptotic cell death was observed as the effect of verminoside in the histological analysis of the tested cell lines. In conclusion, iridoid glucosides are considered to show a biphasic effect on cancer cells that is both cytostatic and cytotoxic, depending on the chemical structure and the type of cancer cell. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of conventional Everhart‐Thornley style and in‐lens secondary electron detectors—a further variable in scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Griffin Brendan J.
Published: June 2011

The secondary electron (SE) imaging of several samples across a range of scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and SE detectors under matched operating conditions has generated a highly variable image data set. Using microanalytical conditions (10–15 kV), images from in‐column SE detectors reveal the presence of surface films and contaminants that are invisible to conventional Everhart–Thornley SE detectors under the same conditions. Data from studying the effects of working distance, the image resolution derived through contrast transfer function analysis and electrostatic mirror imaging of the SE detectors in operation combine with other studies to suggest that the classically defined SE1 component can be separated from other SE components. SE images obtained by tailored mechanical design and energy‐filtering will provide SE images with probe‐sized resolution and dominated by surface detail currently only seen in low‐voltage SEM, potentially even from thermionic‐sourced columns. SCANNING 33: 162–173, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A component model for hard real‐time systems: CCM with ARINC‐653
Authors: Dubey Abhishek , Karsai Gabor , Mahadevan Nagabhushan
Published: June 2011

The size and complexity of software in safety‐critical systems is increasing at a rapid pace. One technology that can be used to mitigate this complexity is component‐based software development. However, in spite of the apparent benefits of a component‐based approach to development, little work has been done in applying these concepts to hard real‐time systems. This paper improves the state of the art by making three contributions: (1) we present a component model for hard real‐time systems and define the semantics of different types of component interactions; (2) we present an implementation of a middleware that supports this component model. This middleware combines an open‐source CORBA Component Model (CCM) implementation (MICO) with ARINC‐653: a state‐of‐the‐art real‐time operating systems (RTOS) standard, (3) finally; we describe a modeling environment that enables design, analysis, and deployment of component assemblies. We conclude with a discussion of the lessons learned during this exercise. Our experiences point toward extending both the CCM as well as revising the ARINC‐653. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐regulation and achievement goals in the college classroom
Authors: Zusho Akane , Edwards Kelcey
Published: June 2011

This chapter reviews the existing literature on self‐regulation of learning and motivation at the college level and offers practical tips to educators who struggle with disinterested learners.
Transitioning from college classroom to teaching career: Self‐regulation in prospective teachers
Authors: Randi Judi , Corno Lyn , Johnson Elisabeth
Published: June 2011

This chapter explores how preservice teachers prepare for the transition from college classroom to career through assignments and features of the learning environment designed to approximate the demands of work settings and job‐related tasks.
Examining Cognitive Biases in Patients With Delusions of Reference
Authors: Menon M. , Addington J. , Remington G.
Published: June 2011

Cognitive biases may not be seen in all subtypes of delusions, and might be more involved in the etiology of some delusional subtypes than others. A sample of patients with delusions of reference did not show the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias. JTC appears to be more closely related to paranoia than referential delusions.
Large-amplitude topographic waves in 2D stratified flow
Authors: MURAKI DAVID J.
Published: June 2011

Our fundamental understanding of steady, stratified flow over two-dimensional (2D) topography rests on the pioneering works of G. Lyra and R. Long. Within linear theory, Lyra established the far-field radiation conditions that determine the downstream pattern of buoyancy waves. Soon after, Long discovered that the steady, nonlinear streamfunction for special cases of stratified, 2D flow could satisfy the same equations as linear theory, subject to an exact topographic boundary condition. Fourier methods are currently used to compute solutions to Long's theory for arbitrary topography in the near-hydrostatic or small-amplitude topographic parameter regimes. It is not generally appreciated however, that these methods encounter difficulties for flows that are both strongly non-hydrostatic and beyond linear amplitudes. By recasting Long's theory into a linear integral equation, this difficulty is shown to be a computational barrier associated with an ill-conditioning of the Fourier method. The problem is overcome through the development of a boundary integral computation which relies on some lesser known solutions from Lyra's original analysis. This method is well-conditioned for strongly non-hydrostatic flows, and is used to extend the exploration of critical overturning flows over Gaussian and bell-shaped ridges. These results indicate that the critical value of the non-dimensional height () asymptotes to a finite value with increasing non-hydrostatic parameter ().
DENSE SETS OF INTEGERS WITH A PRESCRIBED REPRESENTATION FUNCTION
Authors: TANG MIN
Published: June 2011

A set A⊆ℤ is called an asymptotic basis of ℤ if all but finitely many integers can be represented as a sum of two elements of A. Let A be an asymptotic basis of integers with prescribed representation function, then how dense A can be? In this paper, we prove that there exist a real number c>0 and an asymptotic basis A with prescribed representation function such that $A(-x,x)\geq c\sqrt {x}$ for infinitely many positive integers x.