bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postictal Single‐cell Firing Patterns in the Hippocampus
Authors: Zhou Jun‐Li , Lenck‐Santini Pierre‐Pascal , Holmes Gregory L.
Published: January 2007

Summary: Purpose:Patients with epilepsy have varying degrees of postictal impairment including confusion and amnesia. This impairment adds substantially to the disease burden of epilepsy. However, the mechanism responsible for postictal cognitive impairment is unclear. The purpose of this study was to study single‐cell firing patterns in hippocampal cells after spontaneous seizures in rats previously subjected to status epilepticus.

Methods:In this study, we monitored place cells and interneurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus before and after spontaneous seizures in six epileptic rats with a history of status epilepticus. Place cells fire action potentials when the animal is in a specific location in space, the so‐called place field. Place cell function correlates well with performance in tasks of visual–spatial memory and appears to be an excellent surrogate measure of spatial memory.

Results:Twelve spontaneous seizures were recorded. After the seizures, a marked decrease in firing rate of action potentials from place cells was noted, whereas interneuron firing was unchanged. In addition, when place cell firing fields persisted or returned, they had aberrant firing fields with reduced coherence and information content. In addition to postictal suppression of firing patterns, seizures led to the emergence of firing fields in previously silent cells, demonstrating a postictal remapping of the hippocampus.

Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that postictal alterations in behavior are not due solely to reduced neuronal firing. Rather, the postictal period is characterized by robust and dynamic changes in cell‐firing patterns resulting in remapping of the hippocampal map.
Clinical Seizure Lateralization in Frontal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Bonelli Silvia Beatrice , Lurger Stefanie , Zimprich Fritz , Stogmann Elisabeth , Assem‐Hilger Eva , Baumgartner Christoph
Published: January 2007

Summary: Purpose:We systematically analyzed the lateralizing value of clinical seizure semiology in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE).

Methods:We studied the incidence, positive predictive value (PPV), and the lateralizing significance of various clinical symptoms in 228 seizures (s) of 31 patients (p) with medically refractory FLE (17 with left‐sided and 14 with right‐sided seizure onset). Seizures recorded during prolonged video‐EEG monitoring were assessed by two independent reviewers blinded for the patient's clinical data. Analysis was performed both for patients and seizures.

Results:Version [16 p (52%); PPV, 94%; p = 0.001; 47 s (21%); PPV, 75%; p = 0.001], unilateral clonic movements [16 p (52%); PPV, 81%; p = 0.021; 32 s (14%); PPV, 81%; p = 0.001], unilateral dystonic posturing [eight p (26%); PPV, 75%; p = 0.289; 46 s (20%); PPV, 80%; p = 0.001], unilateral tonic posturing [10 p (32%); PPV, 80%; p = 0.109; 19 s (7.4%); PPV, 79%; p = 0.019], and unilateral grimacing [10 p (32%); PPV, 100%; p = 0.002; 19 s (8%); PPV, 100%; p = 0.001] were of lateralizing significance, indicating a contralateral seizure onset. Asymmetric ending [five p (16%); PPV, 80%; p = 0.375; nine s (4%); PPV, 89%; p = 0.039] after secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizures was significantly associated with an ipsilateral seizure onset. Pure ictal vocalizations occurred significantly more frequently in seizures of right hemispheric onset [13 p (42%); PPV, 62%; p = 0.581; 63 s (28%); PPV, 73%; p = 0. 001], whereas in individual patients, this symptom showed no lateralizing significance. The remaining clinical symptoms (figure 4 sign, unilateral hand automatisms, early head turning, postictal nose wiping, and unilateral eye blinking) were not of lateralizing significance in our patients. The results of clinical seizure lateralization corresponded with the final lateralization of the seizure‐onset zone in 81% of our patients.

Conclusions:Clinical seizure semiology can provide correct information on the lateralization of the seizure‐onset zone in >80% of patients with medically refractory frontal lobe epilepsy.
Platform Owner Entry and Innovation in Complementary Markets: Evidence from Intel
Authors: Gawer Annabelle , Henderson Rebecca
Published: January 2007

This paper explores Intel's strategy with respect to complements. We find that, as the literature predicts, Intel's entry decisions are shaped by the belief that it does not have the capabilities to enter all possible markets, and thus that it must encourage widespread entry despite the fact that potential entrants (rationally) fear Intel's ability to “squeeze” them ex post. We explore the ways in which Intel addresses this issue, highlighting in particular the firm's use of organizational structure and processes as commitment mechanisms. Our results have implications for our understanding of the dynamics of competition in complements and of the role of organizational form in shaping competition.
Assessing the R&D Management of a Firm in Terms of Speed and Science Linkage: Evidence from the US Patents
Authors: Nagaoka Sadao
Published: January 2007

We evaluate statistically how the R&D management of a firm affects its research quality. Controlling for technology areas, a firm having short citation lag relative to the prior patent literature has a significantly high patent quality in terms of patent citation and the number of claims per patent, suggesting that the speed of R&D mattes. Such an effect is more significant in IT than in biotechnology & pharmaceuticals. A firm having high citations to the science literature has also a high patent quality, indicating the importance of the capability to use scientific knowledge. Such an effect is significant both in biotechnology & pharmaceuticals and in IT.
An Empirical Look at Software Patents
Authors: Bessen James , Hunt Robert M.
Published: January 2007

Software patents have grown rapidly in number and now comprise 15% of all patents. They are acquired primarily by large manufacturing firms in industries known for strategic patenting; only 5% belong to software publishers. The very large increase in software patent propensity over time is not adequately explained by changes in R&D investments, employment of computer programmers, or productivity growth. The residual increase in software patent propensity is consistent with a sizeable increase in the cost effectiveness of software patents during the 1990s, perhaps arising from changes in the application of patent law to computer software.
Depressive disorders and anti‐parkinson drug treatment: a case register study
Authors: Brandt‐Christensen M. , Lopez A. G. , Nilsson F. M. , Andersen P. K. , Kessing L. V.
Published: January 2007

Objective:  To estimate the rate of treatment with anti‐parkinson drugs (APD) among patients with depression.

Method:  In a nationwide case register linkage study, all persons with a main diagnosis of depression during 5 years were identified. A control group of persons with diagnoses of osteoarthritis was included. The subsequent risk of getting treatment with APD was estimated for the two groups. Statistical analyses involved Poisson's regression and competing risk models.

Results:  A total of 14 991 persons were included. The rate of getting APD was 2.57 (95% CI: 1.46–4.52) times higher for persons with depression than for persons with osteoarthritis. Overall, the rate was highest for men. However, women with depression had a 3.89 (95% CI: 1.98–7.62) times higher rate of APD treatment as women with osteoarthritis while no significant difference was found among men.

Conclusion:  Provided that prescription of APD reflects the presence of Parkinson's disease, results support a positive statistical association between depressive disorders and Parkinson's disease.
Outcome of systemic and analytic group psychotherapy for adult women with history of intrafamilial childhood sexual abuse: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Lau M. , Kristensen E.
Published: January 2007

Objective:  Research suggests that group psychotherapy for adults with a history of child sexual abuse (CSA) is generally beneficial. Only few studies have included random assignment. This study compared the effects of analytic (A) and systemic group psychotherapy (S) on CSA.

Method:  One hundred and fifty‐one women with intrafamilial CSA were randomly allocated to A or S. Quality of life, psychosocial function, psychological distress, and flashbacks were assessed before and after treatment. Both completer analyses and intent‐to‐treat analyses were carried out.

Results:  Eighty‐two patients completed group therapy. Both therapies led to the improved quality of life, fewer psychopathological symptoms, and better overall functioning, but overall the outcome of S was significantly better than the outcome of A.

Conclusion:  Women with CSA sequelae benefit from both A and S. In the short‐term, S is both statistically and clinically superior to A. Longer‐term follow‐up data are required for conclusions on maintenance of therapeutic gains.
A relative color approach to color discrimination for malignant melanoma detection in dermoscopy images
Authors: Stanley R. Joe , Stoecker William V. , Moss Randy H.
Published: January 2007

Background: Skin lesion color is an important feature for diagnosing malignant melanoma. In previous research, skin lesion color was investigated for discriminating malignant melanoma lesions from benign lesions in clinical images. Colors characteristics of melanoma were determined using color histogram analysis over a training set of images. Percent melanoma color and color clustering ratio features were used to quantify the presence of melanoma‐colored pixels within skin lesions for skin lesion discrimination.

Methods: In this research, the relative color histogram analysis technique is used to evaluate skin lesion discrimination based on color feature calculations in different regions of the skin lesion in dermoscopy images. The histogram analysis technique is examined for varying training set sizes from the set of 113 malignant melanomas and 113 benign dysplastic nevi images.

Results: Experimental results show improved discrimination capability for feature calculations focused in the interior lesion region. Recognition rates for malignant melanoma and dysplastic nevi as high as 87.7% and 74.9%, respectively, are observed for the color clustering ratio computed using the outer 75% uniformly distributed area with a 10% offset within the boundary.

Conclusions: Experimental results appear to indicate that the melanoma color feature information is located in the interior of the lesion, excluding the 10% central‐most region. The techniques presented here including the use of relative color and the determination of benign and malignant regions of the relative color histogram may be applicable to any set of images of benign and malignant lesions.
A simple and non‐invasive visualization for assessment of carbonylated protein in the stratum corneum
Authors: Fujita Hiroshi , Hirao Tetsuji , Takahashi Motoji
Published: January 2007

Background/purpose: Stratum corneum (SC) is the interface of body and environment and is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, resulting in oxidative modification of proteins. Consequent carbonylated proteins (CPs) have so far been labeled with 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) hydrazine and subsequently detected with anti‐DNP antibody. We developed a simpler, non‐invasive method to assess CP level in the SC and applied it to following research.

Methods: SC was collected by adhesive tape stripping and its carbonyl groups were labeled with fluorescein‐5‐thiosemicarbazide (FTZ). The staining image was observed by fluorescence microscopy and the average fluorescence intensity of the SC extracted from the image was calculated as stratum corneum carbonylated protein (SCCP) level.

Results: By reaction with FTZ, carbonyl groups in the SC could be detected easily. Relatively strong fluorescence was observed in exfoliating scales. Lipid removal from the SC in vitro or in vivo did not show any change in fluorescence intensity, suggesting that carbonyl groups were mainly derived from proteins, not from lipids. SCCP level was higher in the upper layer than the lower layer, and higher in the cheek (sun‐exposed) than the inside of upper arm (unexposed), positively correlated with age especially in male cheek, positively correlated with transepidermal water loss, negatively correlated with water content, and showed a subtle correlation with sebum level. On the other hand, SC collected by cyanoacrylate resin and labeled with FTZ revealed strong fluorescence around the pores in the cheek and on the grooves in the upper arm, suggesting the role of sebum in the generation of SCCP.

Conclusion: SCCP was assessed in a simple and non‐invasive method, and suggested to be a novel indicator that reflects some aspect of skin condition.
In vivo study of skin mechanical properties in Raynaud's phenomenon
Authors: Dobrev Hristo
Published: January 2007

Background/aim: Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is usually the first symptom in patients with systemic sclerosis (SS) and may precede skin changes by several months or years. Non‐invasive measurements of skin elasticity are very sensitive and appropriate for objective and quantitative evaluation of sclerodermatous skin. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the mechanical properties of the skin in patients with primary, secondary, and suspected secondary RP.

Materials/methods: A total of 63 patients were studied. They were classified as having scleroderma‐type nailfold capillary abnormalities – 17 with indurative phase of scleroderma (group 1), nine with edematous phase of scleroderma (group 2), 18 with suspected secondary RP (group 3) and as having RP‐type nailfold capillary abnormalities, 19 with primary RP (group 4). Thirty‐nine sex‐ and age‐matched healthy individuals with normal nailfold capillaroscopy pattern were also studied as controls. Mechanical properties of the skin were evaluated using a non‐invasive suction device (Cutometer) equipped with a 2 mm probe. Measurements were performed over five anatomic regions: cheeks, volar forearms, wrists, hands, and proximal phalanx of the fingers. The skin mechanical parameters analyzed were distensibility (Uf), elasticity (Ua/Uf) and viscoelasticity (Uv/Ue).

Results: Most demonstrative changes were observed over volar forearms. Patients included in groups 1–3 were characterized by significantly lower Uf and higher Uv/Ue compared with patient group 4 and controls. Patient groups 1 and 2 showed significantly lower Ua/Uf, as well. There were no significant differences in skin mechanical parameters between patient group 4 and control group.

Conclusion: Mechanical properties of the skin in patients with suspected secondary RP significantly differ from these in patients with primary RP and resemble those in patients with edematous phase of scleroderma. Our findings suggest that the non‐invasive measurements of skin elasticity could be helpful in identifying patients with RP at risk of developing SS.
Development and validation of a new Skin Color Chart®
Authors: De Rigal Jean , Abella Marie‐Laurence , Giron Franck , Caisey Laurence , Lefebvre Marc André
Published: January 2007

Background: Age‐induced skin color variations are of great importance and incite increasing demand for cosmetic products to improve the appearance. The evaluation by clinicians or estheticians of the efficacy of skin care products is particularly difficult and requires the help of color charts.

Purpose: To standardize this kind of evaluation, we have developed a new Skin Color Chart®. In contrast to other color charts, this new one represents true skin color without metamerism and covers almost all skin colors encountered around the world. This new instrument has been validated for both Asian and Caucasian skin complexion and sun spot color.

Method: The new device used to record skin color, the Chromasphere®, developed by L'Oréal, is briefly presented. All skin color measurements and the validation of each selected Color were performed under identical conditions, and then, absorption spectra of both skin and chart were compared using severe criteria. The first use and the validation of this Skin Color Chart® were performed by dermatologists (two in China and one in France) in groups of about 40 women on sunspots and complexion color.

Results: Regarding repeatability (intraobserver agreement), the new Skin Color Chart® showed very good statistical validation on complexion and sunspot color. The agreement between dermatologists, the reproducibility criterion, although not as good remained high. An example of the evaluation of the efficacy of a whitening product is given in order to illustrate the ‘sensitivity’ of this new device to evaluate very weak color variations.

Conclusions: The new Skin Color Chart® appears to be very useful and easy to use even by clinicians without training in color evaluation.
Prevalence, duration and aetiology of bacteraemia following dental extractions
Authors: Tomás I , Álvarez M , Limeres J , Potel C , Medina J , Diz P
Published: January 2007

Objective:  To investigate the prevalence, duration and aetiology of bacteraemia following dental extractions, analysing the factors affecting its development.

Subjects and methods:  The study group was composed of 53 patients undergoing dental extractions under general anaesthesia. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected at baseline and at 30 s, 15 min and 1 h after the dental extractions. Samples were inoculated into BACTEC PLUS aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles and were processed in Bactec 9240. Subculture and further identification of the bacteria isolated was performed by conventional microbiological techniques.

Results:  The prevalence of bacteraemia following dental extractions was 96.2% at 30 s, 64.2% at 15 min and 20% at 1 h after completing the surgical procedure. The bacteria most frequently identified in the positive blood cultures were Streptococcus spp. (63.8%), particularly Streptococcus viridans.

Conclusions:  In our series, the majority of patients undergoing dental extractions developed bacteraemia, usually of a streptococcal nature, independently of the grade of oral health and of the number of extractions performed. Positive blood cultures persisted for at least 1 h after the dental procedure in a considerable number of patients, questioning the supposedly transient nature of bacteraemia following dental extractions.
Folding and turnover of human iron regulatory protein 1 depend on its subcellular localization
Authors: Martelli Alain , Salin Bénédicte , Dycke Camille , Louwagie Mathilde , Andrieu Jean‐Pierre , Richaud Pierre , Moulis Jean‐Marc
Published: January 2007

Aconitases are iron–sulfur hydrolyases catalysing the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate in a wide variety of organisms. Eukaryotic aconitases have been assigned additional roles, as in the case of the metazoan dual activity cytosolic aconitase–iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1). This human protein was produced in yeast mitochondria to probe IRP1 folding in this organelle where iron–sulfur synthesis originates. The behaviour of human IRP1 was compared with that of genuine mitochondrial (yeast or human) aconitases. All enzymes were functional in yeast mitochondria, but IRP1 was found to form dense particles as detected by electron microscopy. MS analysis of purified inclusion bodies evidenced the presence of human IRP1 and α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex component 1 (KGD1), one of the subunits of α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. KGD1 triggered formation of the mitochondrial aggregates, because the latter were absent in a KGD1– mutant, but it did not efficiently do so in the cytosol. Despite the iron‐binding capacity of IRP1 and the readily synthesis of iron–sulfur clusters in mitochondria, the dense particles were not iron‐rich, as indicated by elemental analysis of purified mitochondria. The data show that proper folding of dual activity IRP1‐cytosolic aconitase is deficient in mitochondria, in contrast to genuine mitochondrial aconitases. Furthermore, efficient clearance of the aggregated IRP1–KGD1 complex does not occur in the organelle, which emphasizes the role of molecular interactions in determining the fate of IRP1. Thus, proper folding of human IRP1 strongly depends on its cellular environment, in contrast to other members of the aconitase family.
The Effect of the Earth’s Rotation on Ground Water Motion
Authors: Loáiciga Hugo A.
Published: January 2007

The average pore velocity of ground water according to Darcy’s law is a function of the fluid pressure gradient and the gravitational force (per unit volume of ground water) and of aquifer properties. There is also an acceleration exerted on ground water that arises from the Earth’s rotation. The magnitude and direction of this rotation‐induced force are determined in exact mathematical form in this article. It is calculated that the gravitational force is at least 300 times larger than the largest rotation‐induced force anywhere on Earth, the latter force being maximal along the equator and approximately equal to 34 N/m3 there. This compares with a gravitational force of ∼104 N/m3.
Effects of Measurement Error on Horizontal Hydraulic Gradient Estimates
Authors: Devlin J.F. , McElwee C.D.
Published: January 2007

During the design of a natural gradient tracer experiment, it was noticed that the hydraulic gradient was too small to measure reliably on an ∼500‐m2 site. Additional wells were installed to increase the monitored area to 26,500 m2, and wells were instrumented with pressure transducers. The resulting monitoring system was capable of measuring heads with a precision of ±1.3 × 10−2 m. This measurement error was incorporated into Monte Carlo calculations, in which only hydraulic head values were varied between realizations. The standard deviation in the estimated gradient and the flow direction angle from the x‐axis (east direction) were calculated. The data yielded an average hydraulic gradient of 4.5 × 10−4±25% with a flow direction of 56° southeast ±18°, with the variations representing 1 standard deviation. Further Monte Carlo calculations investigated the effects of number of wells, aspect ratio of the monitored area, and the size of the monitored area on the previously mentioned uncertainties. The exercise showed that monitored areas must exceed a size determined by the magnitude of the measurement error if meaningful gradient estimates and flow directions are to be obtained. The aspect ratio of the monitored zone should be as close to 1 as possible, although departures as great as 0.5 to 2 did not degrade the quality of the data unduly. Numbers of wells beyond three to five provided little advantage. These conclusions were supported for the general case with a preliminary theoretical analysis.
Locating the Zone of Saline Intrusion in a Coastal Karst Aquifer Using Springflow Data
Authors: Arfib Bruno , De Marsily Ghislain , Ganoulis Jacques
Published: January 2007

Coastal fresh water aquifers are an increasingly desirable resource. In a karstic aquifer, sea water intrusion occurs as a salt water wedge, like in porous media. However, preferential flow conduits may alter the spatial and temporal distribution of the salt water. This is typically the case when the outlet of the aquifer is a brackish spring. This paper shows that salinity and flow rate variations at a spring, where salinity is inversely proportional to discharge, can help to understand the hydrodynamic functioning of the aquifer and to locate the fresh water–sea water mixing zone deep inside the aquifer. The volume of water‐filled conduit between the sea water intrusion zone and the spring outlet is calculated by the integral over time of the flow rate during the time lag between the flow rate increase and the salinity decrease as measured at the spring. In the example of the spring at Almyros of Heraklio (Crete, Greece), this time lag is variable, depending on the discharge, but the volume of water‐filled conduit appears to be constant, which shows that the processes of salt water intrusion and mixing in the conduit are constant throughout the year. The distance between the spring and the zone where sea water enters the conduit is estimated and provides an indication of the position where only fresh water is present in the conduit.
On Cavity Flow Permeability Testing of a Sandstone
Authors: Selvadurai P.A. , Selvadurai A.P.S.
Published: January 2007

This paper describes a laboratory experiment designed to measure the bulk permeability of a cuboidal sample of sandstone measuring ∼450 mm2 in plan area and 508 mm in height. The relatively large dimensions of the sandstone specimen allow the determination of the permeability of the material by creating a central cavity that can be pressurized to maintain a constant flow rate. The paper describes the experimental details and the test procedure, and discusses the computational and analytic approaches that have been used to interpret the test results.
Elder Brothers of the University: Early Vice Presidents in Late Nineteenth-Century Universities
Authors: Nidiffer Jana , Cain Timothy Reese
Published: January 2007

If he may not be called the Father of the University of Illinois, he was at least its elder brother, intimately acquainted with its aims, character, and history, the depository of traditions, the friend, counselor, guide, and trusted confident of its successive presidents and of its trustees… long may he live in these halls and on this campus, in memory, in spirit, in example, and in gratitude and honor of all good men.

-Stephen A. Forbes, 1916
Luella Cole, Sidney Pressey, and Educational Psychoanalysis, 1921–1931
Authors: Petrina Stephen
Published: January 2007

Trends in thePsychological Indexindicated a change in resources directed toward education between the early 1910s and late 1920s. By 1930, “educational” studies accounted for the highest percentage—about 25 percent—of 25, 472 articles in psychology, with studies in “abnormal” and “social” psychology accounting for respectively 21 percent and 19 percent. This trend, evident in theReader's Guide to Periodical Literatureas well, reflected an increasing popularity of psychotherapeutic knowledge and products in clinics, courts, hospitals, prisons, and schools. As a growth market, education offered resources and was viewed as the most promising institution in the United States for regulating normality. By the late 1910s, “educational psychology” was central to institutions of teacher training. Certainly, for psychologists, psychology was the “the source of fundamental assumptions” for guiding educational practice. Teachers' views were similar. In one survey in the mid 1920s, teachers recognized educational psychology as the most intrinsically valuable course in their university programs. In other words, within institutions like The Ohio State University (OSU), requirements in teacher training provided psychologists with a mechanism for demonstrating the uses of psychotherapeutic knowledge, products, and procedures. These trends beg a simple question: What was educational psychology?
“This Has Been Quite a Year for Heads Falling”: Institutional Autonomy in the Civil Rights Era
Authors: Williamson Joy Ann
Published: January 2007

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and their students played a pivotal part in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and early 1960s. Private HBCUs, in particular, provided foot soldiers, intellectual leadership, and safe places to meet and plan civil disobedience. Their economic and political autonomy from the state enabled the institutions and their students to participate in activism without the constant fear of legislative retribution. Their private status did not shield them completely from the state's wrath, however, particularly when college aims collided with state interests. Some constituents argued that HBCUs should agitate for constitutionally protected freedoms; others maintained that HBCUs should shun politics and focus on purely educational concerns. Debates over the role of HBCUs raged on and off campuses. Those with the greatest degree of commitment to the movement faced severe penalties.
Renegotiating the Historical Narrative: The Case of American Higher Education
Authors: Mattingly Paul H.
Published: January 2007

This conversation begins with two observations: first, the professional organizations—conferences and journals—need to play more self-conscious, activist roles in shaping scholarly canons. Second, whatever canon now presides over American higher educational history is an extremely tolerant one. So much of current scholarship seems to arise out of particularly local interests, narrow specializations, or anniversary celebrations. Even more, rich case studies of particular institutions often omit any connection with a wider discourse. Too many essays of colleges and universities with rather singular histories seldom probe current scholarly wisdom to assess how issues and generalizations might be changed because of their particular case. The cumulative effect of this scholarship “from below” tends to erode any general consensus on central problems. Should not the professional organizations hosting academic discussions probe this phenomenon and indeed suggest that subsequent scholarship explain the issues that their case illuminates? Should they not explain how their scholarship connects to existing scholarly canons?
A Case Study in the Cultural Origins of a Superpower: Liberal Individualism, American Nationalism, and the Rise of High School Life, A Study of Cleveland's Central and East Technical High Schools, 1890–1918
Authors: Ryan Patrick J.
Published: January 2007

At the beginning of the twentieth century about one in twenty American teenagers graduated from high school; by mid century over half of them did so; and today six of seven do. Along with this expansion in graduation, the experiences of high schooling became more significant. Though diversity existed at the school level, by the interwar period most high schools offered courses in “higher” academic subjects (literature, mathematics, and ancient and foreign languages), while they gave large numbers of students a chance to practice music, drama, and other fine arts. Business leaders and educators developed programs in technical-skill training. Courses in household economics, personal hygiene, and sex and reproduction appeared as well. A few schools operated with two shifts: day and night Many maximized their capacity by rotating students between newly constructed gymnasiums, stadiums, fields, swimming pools, showers, cafeterias, laundries, machine shops, laboratories, performance halls, and libraries. Some provided up-to-date diagnostic and preventative medical and psychological services. Others developed vocational guidance. Nearly all established relationships with juvenile justice and youth custody agencies. More than any other institution, the increasingly comprehensive high schools of the twentieth-century redefined the social lives of American youths through teams, clubs, bands, and groups engaged in a long list of contests, games, performances, and other events. Early in the century extracurricular activities began to rival formal class work as the primary focus of secondary schooling. Today there is a joke told from Ohio to Texas, funny for its sad truth. Q: How do you pass a school levy? A: Put football on the chopping-block.
A Gary School Survives: Angelo Patri and Urban Education
Authors: Wallace James M.
Published: January 2007

Angelo Petraglia, born in 1876 in the Salerno Province of Italy, the first child of Nicola and Carmela Petraglia, spent his first five years in Piaggine, a small mountain village, and in 1881 sailed to New York City with his mother, his uncle, and a younger sister. His father had preceded them to America to find work and a place to live. The family name was changed to Patri, perhaps by immigration authorities. The sister died shortly after their arrival in America, but three other sisters were born soon after.
Remembering Laurence Veysey (1933-2004)
Authors: Beecher Jonathan
Published: January 2007

Larry Veysey was my colleague and friend at the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC) for almost twenty years. We shared a common fascination with Utopias past and present; we talked often; and we taught several graduate seminars together. Though Larry never aspired to be anyone's mentor, I learned much from him about intellectual history. He was a complex individual—a difficult and at times infuriating colleague but also a loyal and generous friend and a person of extraordinary intelligence and at times alarming bluntness. In faculty meetings he never failed to speak his mind, and he could rarely resist baiting and provoking colleagues with whom he disagreed. But he also remained a tireless, fair-minded, and thoroughly conscientious participant in search committees, for which he compiled detailed, carefully nuanced evaluations of the leading candidates, often with grades attached. He also graded sunsets arid dinners. He appeared to be intransigent and set in his ways, but he believed in change and relished risk-taking. He loved to walk near the edge of the cliff, pushing and testing himself.
Writing When Everything Has Been Said: The History of American Higher Education following Laurence Veysey's Classic
Authors: Reuben Julie A.
Published: January 2007

I wandered into the history of universities through a side door. I went to graduate school to study intellectual history. In my second year, I decided to write a seminar paper on changing ideas about the nature of religion but wanted to avoid the abstractness of traditional history of ideas. Looking for some more “concrete” way of documenting change in ideas than the analysis of individual thinkers allowed, I decided somewhat arbitrarily to “ground” my study in the history of universities. I do not recall even thinking about universities as related to the production of knowledge but rather viewed them as a convenient social institution in which one could find changing practices of religion.
In the Wake of Laurence Veysey: Re-examining the Liberal Arts College
Authors: Horowitz Helen Lefkowitz
Published: January 2007

InThe Emergence of the American University, Laurence R. Veysey enriched our understanding of the American university at its creation in the second half of the nineteenth century. He demonstrated how this new institution drew on German approaches and valued experimental, empirical methods of knowledge. The university introduced the lecture and seminar. It valued graduate school training above all; the doctoral dissertation required that its students become creators of new knowledge, preferably by experimental methods. Veysey helped us understand the emerging American university by creating a useful ideal type.
The Emergence of the American University: An International Perspective
Authors: Nelson Adam R.
Published: January 2007

In 1979, fourteen years after publishing his landmark work,The Emergence of the American University, Laurence R. Veysey wrote a forward-looking article for theAmerican Quarterlytided “The Autonomy of American History Reconsidered.” In this article, he suggested that the time had come to rewrite American history from a more international point of view. “The increasing global awareness of our age enables us to view national differences with a new sophistication,” he observed in terms that now seem remarkably prescient:

The powerful sense of a common outcome to modern history across a substantial part of the planet forces us to reexamine many long-held notions about the peculiar development of national cultural traditions. In particular, it is clear that earlier interpretations of American history and cultures aggressively put forth as recently as the 1950s and emphasizing ‘uniquely’ American experiences and habits of mind, served largely to mislead us. American history has been viewed far too often as if it were autonomous, a theme entirely unto itself, rather than in enormous measure a reflection of forces operating throughout the modern world.
The More Things Change …: Money, Power and the Professoriate
Authors: Lowen Rebecca S.
Published: January 2007

I first read The Emergence of the American University as a graduate student nearly twenty years ago while contemplating writing a dissertation on patronage and the post-1945 university. I have consulted it innumerable times since, and I remain impressed by its ambitious scope, careful research, and elegant prose. Lawrence R. Veysey did his doctoral work at the University of California at Berkeley in the late 1950s and early 1960s and I have always wondered if his interest in the history of the university stemmed from the changes that occurred on campuses in the years after World War II. As he acknowledged in footnotes, Veysey knew about such postwar developments as the creation of semiautonomous research institutes; although he did not mention it, he surely was aware that the federal government had become a significant new patron of the postwar university. But according to Veysey, the structure of the American university, its relations of power and the ideas that animated it had been set by 1910 and did not vary significantly after that. By that time, leading universities embodied elements from each of the four intellectual strands that Veysey argued had vied for institutional dominance at the turn of the twentieth century: utilitarianism, “pure” research, liberal culture, and mental discipline. They had become, according to Veysey, institutional hodgepodges. On any American campus could be found “pockets of excitement over research, islands of devotion to culture, and segments of adherence to the aim of vocational service,” Veysey wrote, and any institution's budget might include “boathouses, landscaping, student housing, and gymnasiums as well as “book purchases and library construction.”
Bureaucratic Tyranny: “The Price of Structure” in the American University
Authors: Loss Christopher P.
Published: January 2007

I first encountered Laurence Veysey as an undergraduate at Pennsylvania State University in the early 1990s. I did not meet Veysey, who had long since left the academy. Nor did I readThe Emergence of the AmericanUniversity’, which happened years later in graduate school. Actually, my first contact with Laurence R. Veysey occurred without me knowing it.
Introduction
Authors: Albisetti James C.
Published: January 2007

All historians must grapple with the complexities of continuity and change. Yet those who study twentieth-century German history face greater difficulties than most, given the variety of political regimes Germany experienced in that era and their major differences in ideology, degree of stability, and relations with their neighbors. Some Germans, such as former West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, born in 1913, and former East German leader Erich Honecker, born in 1912, experienced all the changes, from childhood under the Kaiser through World War I, the Weimar Republic, the Nazis' “Twelve-Year Reich” (in exile and prison, respectively), the occupation regimes, forty years of what Brandt called “two states in one nation,” and the (re)unification of 1990.
We Learned What Democracy Really Meant”: The Berlin Student Parliament and Postwar School Reform in the 1950s
Authors: Puaca Brian M.
Published: January 2007

On January 28,1953, the RIAS-Schulfunkparlament (Berlin Student Parliament) celebrated its fifth anniversary. Despite the distractions of having important West German politicians in their midst as a sign of support, the young parliamentarians handled that day's business with their usual mix of enthusiasm and determination. These elected secondary school students debated five bills that afternoon, agreeing upon four of them. Among those that passed was a commitment to assist in the construction of a new library for pupils living in the Soviet sector of Berlin. Wilhelm-Dietrich von Thadden, a member of the cabinet, reported on his successful work with school authorities to institute the parliament's proposal for changes in school menu offerings. Another representative, Hanna Gätke, informed her colleagues about the Christmas activities of the parliament, which had raised 450 Deutsche Marks for charity and provided over 900 gifts to elderly Berliners. Before adjourning the meeting, the students discussed the activities of student government in each section of the city and continued their debate about the parliament's larger goals.
Editor's Farewell
Authors: Altenbaugh Richard J.
Published: January 2007

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times… . Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities (1859)

Don T . Martin introduced me to the History of Education Quarterly (HEQ) in my first history of education graduate course at the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) in 1972. HEQ seemed to be revered there. I soon found out why. This scholarly journal had originated at Pitt under the editorship of Ryland W. Crary. Ry (as we called him) became another of my mentors at Pitt. In his trademark urbane and sophisticated style, he taught me much about scholarly writing and social grace. A signed and treasured copy of the first issue of the Quarterly still resides on a bookshelf in my study.
Women Teachers in Western Australian “Bush” Schools, 1900-1939: Passive Victims of Oppressive Structures?
Authors: Trotman Janina
Published: January 2007

Demography, distance, and die expansion of settlements created problems for the State Department of Education in Western Australia and other Australian states in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Educational administration in Canada and parts of the United States faced similar issues with regard to the provision of schools. A common response was the establishment of one-teacher rural schools, frequently run by young, and sometimes unclassified, female teachers. In the United States locally elected school boards were the primary source of regulation, but in late nineteenth-century Western Australia such local boards had been stripped of their powers and were answerable to the newly established, highly centralized Education Department. Formal regulated teachers. The masculinized system of the Department and its inspectorate. All the same, however, the local community still exerted informal controls over the lives of teachers working and living in small settlements.
Aberrant Hypermethylation of p14ARF and O6‐methylguanine‐DNA Methyltransferase Genes in Astrocytoma Progression
Authors: Watanabe Takao , Katayama Yoichi , Yoshino Atsuo , Yachi Kazunari , Ohta Takashi , Ogino Akiyoshi , Komine Chiaki , Fukushima Takao
Published: January 2007

The aim of the present study was to elucidate genetic alterations that are critically involved in astrocytoma progression. We characterized 27 World Health Organization grade II fibrillary astrocytomas which later underwent recurrence or progression, paying specific attention to the CpG island methylation status of critical growth regulatory genes. p14ARF and O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) hypermethylation represented frequent events (26% and 63%, respectively), which were mutually exclusive except in one case, with alternate or simultaneous methylation of these two genes occurring in 85% of our tumor series. Seventeen tumors (63%) contained TP53 mutations, which were closely related to the presence of MGMT methylation. Methylation of the p21Waf1/Cip1, p27Kip1 and p73 genes and homozygous deletion of the p16INK4a, p15INK4b and p14ARF genes were not detected in any of the primary low‐grade tumors. The presence of p14ARF methylation at first biopsy was associated with shorter patient survival, whereas the presence of MGMT methylation carried a better clinical outcome after salvage therapy. Examination of 20 cases whose histological data for recurrent tumors were available revealed that malignant progression occurred in all of the tumors with p14ARF methylation but less frequently (50%) in the lesions with MGMT methylation. On analysis of their respective recurrent tumors, five of six patients whose primary low‐grade tumors carried p14ARF methylation exhibited homozygous co‐deletions of the p14ARF, p15INK4b and p16INK4a genes, which were restricted to glioblastoma as the most malignant end point. Our findings suggest that p14ARF hypermethylation and MGMT hypermethylation constitute distinct molecular pathways of astrocytoma progression, which could differ in biological behavior and clinical outcome.
Expression of Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase 5 mRNA and Protein in the Human Brain Following Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Mitsios Nicholas , Pennucci Roberta , Krupinski Jerzy , Sanfeliu Coral , Gaffney John , Kumar Pat , Kumar Shant , Juan‐Babot Oriol , Slevin Mark
Published: January 2007

Neuronal cell death after brain ischemia may be regulated by activation of cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). In this study, expression of Cdk5 and its activator p35/p25 was examined in human post‐mortem stroke tissue and in human cerebral cortical fetal neurons and human brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed to oxygen‐glucose deficiency and reperfusion. The majority of patients demonstrated increased expression of Cdk5 and p‐Cdk5 in stroke‐affected tissue, with about a third showing increased p35 and p25 cleaved fragment as determined by Western blotting. An increase in Cdk5‐, p‐Cdk5‐ and p35‐positive neurons and microvessels occurred in stroke‐affected regions of patients. Staining of neurons became irregular and clumped in the cytoplasm, and nuclear translocation occurred, with colocalization of p35 and Cdk5. Association of Cdk5 with nuclear damage was demonstrated by coexpression of nuclear Cdk5 in TUNEL‐positive neurons and microvessels in peri‐infarcted regions. In vitro studies showed up‐regulation and/or nuclear translocation of Cdk5, p‐Cdk5 and p35 in neurons and endothelial cells subjected to oxygen‐glucose deficiency, and strong staining was associated with propidium iodide positive nuclei, an indicator of cellular damage. These results provide new evidence for a role of Cdk5 in the events associated with response to ischemic injury in humans.
PREPARATION OF ENTANGLED STATES OF CAVITY FIELD VIA COUPLING TO SUPERCONDUCTING QUANTUM INTERFERENCE DEVICE
Authors: ZHAN ZHI-MING
Published: January 2007

Based on the interaction of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) with the field in high-quality QED and a classical microwave pulse, we propose a scheme for preparing an entangled multipartite W state between different modes of cavity field. In principle, the scheme can be extended to generate a N-party W state. Moreover, the scheme can be used for the generation of multimode entangled coherent states.
UNCERTAINTY RELATION IN THE BARUT–GIRARDELLO COHERENT STATE FOR THE TIME-DEPENDENT SINGULAR OSCILLATOR
Authors: CHOI JEONG RYEOL
Published: January 2007

The SU (1,1) generators are considered in order to investigate the uncertainty relation in the Barut–Girardello coherent state for the time-dependent singular oscillator. The corresponding uncertainty product is obtained by evaluating the expectation values of the canonical variables and their squares.
Viewing Moving Objects in Virtual Reality Can Change the Dynamics of Sensorimotor EEG Rhythms
Authors: Pfurtscheller Gert , Scherer Reinhold , Leeb Robert , Keinrath Claudia , Neuper Christa , Lee Felix , Bischof Horst
Published: January 2007

We studied the impact of different visual objects such as a moving hand and a moving cube on the bioelectrical brain activity (i.e., electroencephalogram; EEG). The moving objects were presented in a virtual reality (VR) system via a head mounted display (HMD). Nine healthy volunteers were confronted with 3D visual stimulus presentations in four experimental conditions: (i) static hand, (ii) dynamic hand, (iii) static cube, and (iv) dynamic cube. The results reveal that the processing of moving visual stimuli depends on the type of object: viewing a moving hand results in a stronger desynchronization of the central beta rhythm than viewing a moving cube. This provides further evidence for some extent of motor processing related to visual presentation of objects and implies a greater involvement of motor areas in the brain with the observation of action of different body parts than with the observation of non-body part movements.