bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reporting to Child Protection Services
Authors: Tufford Lea
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the steps mandatory reporters take when contacting Child Protection Services. Included in this chapter is information regarding to whom the report is made, the types of information that Child Protection Services may require, timelines for reporting, how to handle emergency situations, and organizational policies for reporting. The chapter also includes attention to reporting anonymously and challenges for mandatory reporters who attempt to function as child protection investigators. Objectives include understanding the role and function of Child Protection Services, exploring what information is required by Child Protection Services when making a report regarding a suspicion of child abuse and neglect, appreciating the rationale behind an anonymous report to Child Protection Services, identifying the benefits and challenges of reporting in the workplace, and summarizing how to protect client confidentiality when reporting.
Implications for Practice, Education, Policy, and Research
Authors: Tufford Lea
Published: October 2019

This chapter presents a discussion of practice, education, policy, and research implications pertaining to the mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect. The first section centres on implications for practice in urban, suburban, rural, and remote environments and includes aspects such as working with colleagues, reporting in the workplace, and discussing the limits of confidentiality. What follows are implications for educators of future mandatory reporters. These implications explore educating students in the typology of child abuse and neglect, working in Northern Canada, and the importance of reflection. This chapter also includes suggestions for training that can be incorporated into the curriculum such as reflection, experiential exercises, case vignette, and simulation. The latter half of the chapter explores policy implications with specific attention to data collection and analysis of reported children and families in an effort to detect and respond to racial disparities in the child welfare system. At a national level, implications also include greater consistency in mandatory reporting legislation between provinces and territories. The chapter concludes with implications for research and focuses specifically on furthering our understanding of decision-making processes and disclosure within child sexual abuse.
Dave Brubeck's Time Out
Authors: Crist Stephen A.
Published: October 2019

This book is the first full-length study of Time Out by the Dave Brubeck Quartet, one of the most commercially successful albums in the history of jazz. Although the music of Time Out is exceedingly well known, and it remains a vital element of the American soundscape, it has received very little scholarly investigation until now. A central group of chapters examines the project’s seven cuts from several different points of view. The Quartet’s creative process is charted, from Brubeck’s earliest compositional sketches and drafts through multiple takes of the recording sessions in 1959. Other topics that receive attention include Brubeck’s ability to meld jazz with classical and world musics, the album’s recorded legacy, the role of lyrics in later recordings of this repertoire, and Brubeck’s contributions to metrical experimentation in jazz. These chapters are preceded by several others that trace the path leading to Time Out, from Brubeck’s student days and the Quartet’s rise to fame in the early 1950s. The book concludes with consideration of its resonances in four additional “time” albums in the 1960s. Informed by a wealth of documentary evidence from several major archives, this study reveals many aspects of Time Out that previously have been hidden from view. It also attempts to articulate a judicious view of this album’s role in jazz of the 1950s and 1960s.
Creative Process I
Authors: Crist Stephen A.
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides thumbnail sketches of each composition on Time Out, informed by manuscript sources. It also includes consideration of the disposition of solos, as well as discussion of the individual quartet members’ approaches to improvisation. In addition to its formal design and rhythmic profile, the architectural features of “Blue Rondo à la Turk” include its motivic content, palette of chord types, and tonal blueprint. “Everybody’s Jumpin’ ” also is an elegantly constructed composition. “Three to Get Ready” and “Kathy’s Waltz” belong together by virtue of their position side by side and because they both involve metrical experimentation with groups of three and four beats. “Strange Meadow Lark” is the longest and most accessible cut, but it is the only number on Time Out that is not a time experiment. Its four pages of pencil sketches provide a glimpse into Brubeck’s creative process. “Take Five” and “Pick Up Sticks” are examined as well.
Precursors to Kant
Authors: Baggett David , Walls Jerry L.
Published: October 2019

Although Kant is often thought of as the first significant moral apologist, hints and intimations of the moral argument can be found before him. Plato’s conception of the Good has been thought congenial to a theistic conception, and Aristotle’s robust teleological conception of reality and sturdy commitment to final causes resounded with much of the later Judeo-Christian tradition. Augustine and Aquinas, in particular, were committed religious believers and thinkers who forged clear connections between their theism and key moral ideas found among such Greek thinkers as Plato and Aristotle. The contemporary Frenchmen René Descartes and Blaise Pascal both saw the relevance of the afterlife to fundamental questions of the moral quest. John Locke and Thomas Reid were both drawn to an early version of the “coincidence thesis,” according to which well-being and virtue go together. In all of these ways the stage was set for Kant’s landmark work.
An Edinburgher
Authors: Pringle-Pattison Andrew Seth
Published: October 2019

Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison touched a number of chords similar to those of other notable moral apologists, while distinguishing himself in a few salient respects. He lauded Kant on the issue of value, tracing that line of argument to focus on the principled reason to side with Kant over Hume on the problem of evil, while being critical of Kant in other respects, particularly in paying God’s immanence inadequate attention. He saw clearly various implications of the moral argument for the character of God, not just on the matter of God’s existence, and he intentionally launched criticisms at David Hume’s narrow empiricism. Pringle-Pattison’s idealism was broad, his epistemology expansive, his empiricism generous. He took religious experience seriously, refusing to privilege the perspective of external bystanders who lacked its rich phenomenology.
The End(s) of Judicial Process
Authors: Cohen Julie E.
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores changes in institutions and processes for dispute resolution. The gradual but accelerating movement to informational capitalism has confronted the judicial system with two large and interrelated problems: a proliferation of asserted harms that are intangible, collective, and highly informationalized; and an unmanageably large and ever-increasing number of claimants and interests. Emergent responses to those problems reflect the ascendancy of managerial ideologies about the nature of effective governance and the universe of feasible institutional strategies and practices. The managerial turn reinforces the traditional emphasis on concrete, individualized claims and frames dispute resolution problems as problems of production at scale to be addressed using techniques for input sorting and supply chain management. The judicial system—conceived throughout the industrial era as a monolithic dispenser of one-size-fits-all justice—is being reconceived and re-engineered along streamlined and diversified lines that are optimized to the interests of powerful information-economy actors.
Treatise on Awakening Mahāyāna Faith, in One Fascicle
Authors: Aśvaghoṣa Bodhisattva , Dharma Tripiṭaka
Published: October 2019

Dasheng qixin lun 大乘起信論, or the Treatise on Awakening Mahāyāna Faith, has been one of the most important texts of East Asian Buddhism since it first appeared in sixth-century China. It outlines the initial steps a Mahāyāna Buddhist needs to take to reach enlightenment, beginning with the conviction that the Mahāyāna path is correct and worth pursuing. The Treatise addresses many of the doctrines central to various Buddhist teachings in China between the fifth and seventh centuries, attempting to reconcile seemingly contradictory ideas in Buddhist texts introduced from India. It provided a model for later schools to harmonize teachings and sustain the idea that, despite different approaches, there was only one doctrine, or Dharma. It profoundly shaped the doctrines and practices of the major schools of Chinese Buddhism: Chan, Tiantai, Huayan, and to a lesser extent Pure Land. It quickly became a shared resource for East Asian philosophers and students of Buddhist thought. Drawing on the historical and intellectual contexts of Treatise’s composition and paying sustained attention to its interpretation in early commentaries, this new annotated translation of the classic makes its ideas available to English readers like never before. The introduction orients readers to the main topics taken up in the Treatise and gives a comprehensive historical and intellectual grounding to the text. This volume marks a major advance in studies of the Treatise, bringing to light new interpretations and themes of the text.
The Pearl of Greatest Price
Authors: Givens Terryl , Hauglid Brian
Published: October 2019

This book narrates the history of Mormonism’s fourth volume of scripture, canonized in 1880. The book tracks this work’s predecessors, describes its several components, and assesses their theological significance in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Four principal parts are discussed, along with the controversies associated with each. The Book of Moses purports to be a Mosaic narrative missing from the biblical version of Moses’s purported writings. Little noticed in the scholarship on Mormonism, these chapters, produced only months after the Book of Mormon was published, actually contain almost all of Mormonism’s core doctrines as well as a virtual template for the project of Restoration Joseph Smith was to effect. Most controversial of all is the Book of Abraham, a production that arose out of a group of papyri Smith acquired, along with four mummies, in 1835. Most of the papyri disappeared in the great Chicago fire of 1871, but the surviving fragments come from Egyptian documents. That fact and the translations Smith attempted to make from the hieroglyphs on the surviving vignettes have convinced most Egyptologists that Smith’s work was fraudulent or inept. Mormon scholars, however, have developed several frameworks for vindicating its inspiration and his calling as a prophet. Chapter 3 attempts to make sense of Smith’s several, at times divergent, accounts of his First Vision, one of which is canonized as scripture. Chapter 4 assesses the creedal nature of Smith’s “Articles of Faith” in the context of his professed anticreedalism.
Dissolution
Authors: Laderman Charlie
Published: October 2019

The Armenian mandate debate is overlooked in studies of the fight over ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and membership of the League of Nations. This chapter emphasizes its significance to debates over US league membership and the United States’ postwar relationship with Britain. It explores the findings of the Harbord Commission, the investigative group that President Wilson sent to the Near East to ascertain whether the US should accept a mandate. It follows the American public debate over assuming the mandate in Congress and the national press, highlighting how it reveals the residual American mistrust of British imperialism, as well as the growing British disillusionment with American indecision over whether to make a commitment in the Near East. It explains how this aggravated tensions in Anglo-American relations, already evident in the clash between the two nations over access to the region’s oil resources. And it explores how the collapse of order in the Near East in 1922 led to Americans and Britons blaming each other for allowing the outbreak of renewed atrocities.
Mass/Count Distinctions in Ibero-Romance Dialects
Authors: Fernández-Ordóñez Inés
Published: October 2019

Some Ibero-Romance dialects show neuter agreement with uncountable nouns. According to data recently compiled in dialect corpora, mass neuter agreement varies according to word classes, being most frequent in pronouns and moderate in adjectives. Pronouns, both overt and null, regularly give rise to mass neuter agreement. Both the syntactic position of the predicate (attributive or predicative) and the predicate type (individual-level [IL] or stage-level [SL] predicate) play a role in triggering mass neuter agreement. Mass neuter agreement is strongly associated with SL predicates, and it proposed that it’s an extension of the so-called Romance neuter, or agreement with nonlexical antecedents, for it implies the syntactical cancellation of gender and number. The origins of neuter morphology should be thus found in the demonstrative neuter pronouns, from which it gradually extends in steps regulated by the syntactic distance between mass antecedents and the agreeing predicates.
Empty Categories and Clitics
Authors: Romero Juan
Published: October 2019

In Spanish, third person object and dative clitics have a number of contrasting properties. Dative clitics allow doubling, and this is one of the reasons why it is interpreted as agreement. This chapter argues that dative clitics do not uniformly represent agreement. Specifically, when there is no overt doubling DP, dative clitics are incorporated determiners. Evidence for this proposal is found in DOM. When the clitic is doubled by a DP, the object cannot receive DOM; however, when it is not, DOM can, and (for most speakers) must be assigned to the object when conditions for DOM assignment are met. Evidence can also be found in the behavior of dative clitics in some laísta dialects. In these dialects, laísmo only shows up in those contexts where accusative Case can be assigned. Since accusative clitics are incorporated determiners, they are not compatible with doubling contexts.
Causativity in Southern Peninsular Spanish
Authors: Jiménez-Fernández Ángel L. , Tubino-Blanco Mercedes
Published: October 2019

The different patterns of the direct (i.e., lexical) causativization exhibited by intransitive verbs are a fundamental topic in the lexical semantics area. The possibilities and restrictions observed in the causativization of intransitives have always triggered divisions in their classification beyond the classical unergative-unaccusative distinction. Spanish is an interesting language in which to explore the limits between possibilities and constraints regarding this phenomenon, given the syntactic variation exhibited by its different dialects. This chapter focuses on variation in the form of contrasts between intransitive predicates that resist lexical causativization in Standard Spanish, such as caer “fall” and entrar “go in,” but allow it in certain Southern Peninsular Spanish dialects such as Andalusian, looking at the relationship between such patterns and other phenomena such as the eventive structure obtained as a consequence of the composition of the verbs under study and other syntactic elements such as reflexive se.
Caribbean Spanish and Theoretical Syntax: An Overview
Authors: Bosque Ignacio , Brucart José M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the main phenomena of syntactic variation that correspond to Caribbean Spanish. It also develops a critical review of the formal analyses proposed in the literature to account for them. After a short theoretical introduction, the presentation of the data is organized into two groups. The first is devoted to constructions that are characteristic of the area under study (including Mexico, Central America, Antilles Islands, Colombia, and Venezuela). The second reviews constructions also found in other territories, but more frequently attested in the Caribbean area. The set of constructions studied relates to major aspects of Spanish grammar, such as the pronominal system, wh- constructions, infinitival subjects, agreement, possessives, cleft constructions, and negation, among others.
On Left-Peripheral Expletives in Central Colombian Spanish
Authors: Camacho José
Published: October 2019

This chapter analyzes a construction involving an expletive-like demonstrative, eso, which appears in the left periphery of the clause in dialects of Spanish spoken in Central Colombia and Venezuela, two closely related null-subject varieties. This expletive is optional, it can only appear preverbally, and is mostly restricted to declarative matrix clauses. When it appears in questions, they can only be interpreted as echo (noninformational) questions. It is incompatible with a wide focus interpretation; rather it introduces a contrast with some discoursive item or some salient element in the context. The essay builds on previous proposals for related optional expletives in Romance, which propose that optional expletives are subjects of predicational cleft-like structures such as it is true that where some parts have been deleted. The current proposal suggests that eso is the subject of a predication whose predicate is the full clause. The expletive, in turn, links to the preceding discourse.
Reportative que in Mexican Spanish
Authors: Treviño Esthela
Published: October 2019

This work further investigates the use of a complementizer-like particle que in Spanish with a reportative meaning. The reportative QUE in Mexican Spanish shows an unparalleled behavior as an evidential: it is the only Spanish variety—considering Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula—in which que may appear preceding nonclausal constituents DP, NP, and PP. It will be further shown here that this unexpected property must obey two prosodic restrictions: a pause and a certain intonational pattern are mandatory when the nonclausal constituent is postverbal. Even though the reportative QUE may acquire modal overtones (of doubt or [ad]mirativity), it is not inherently modal, unlike the adverbial dizque and the Mexican innovation según que, which are inherently modal. It is proposed here that the Mexican reportative QUE is the natural extension of the complementizer que of verba dicendi; it is also contended that QUE becomes a grammaticalized reportative evidential.
The Prostitute and the Cinematic Cabaret
Authors: Avila Jacqueline
Published: October 2019

Chapter 1 focuses on the diegetic music performed in the prostitute melodrama and the cabaretera subgenre, concentrating on the genre’s associations with sexuality, modernity, and gender. Since the Porfiriato, the prostitute functioned as a deeply controversial figure and symbol of womanhood in popular culture, perceived at once as a social vice and as an exploited “necessary evil.” Santa (1931), the tragic story of a young country girl turned prostitute, became Mexico’s first sound film. Cinema presented her musically in two distinct ways: dance music exposed her as a sexual figure, while romantic and sentimental boleros painted her as a figure of tragedy. This chapter analyzes the function of music performances in two canonic prostitute melodramas, Santa and the 1950 cabaretera film Víctimas del pecado. Music signified the prostitute-protagonist’s split identity as a seductress and an empathetic figure, uncovering her problematic position that continued to be exploited on and off screen.
The Strains of the Revolution
Authors: Avila Jacqueline
Published: October 2019

Chapter 5 focuses on the revolutionary melodrama and the malleable and contested role of the soldadera (female camp follower). Building from an extensive collection of photographs and newspapers, the revolutionary melodrama became a historically complicated film genre. While the films are dominated visually and narratively by men, the soldaderas are positioned in the background, yet music about them is foregrounded. One of the leading musical figures was “La Adelita,” a popular song that circulated during the Revolution. Culturally identified as a corrido, “La Adelita” became, for the film industry, the anthem of the Revolution, recycled in varying ways. Although the song is about a soldadera, a closer examination reveals its intimate tie to male revolutionaries rather than to women. This chapter analyzes the recycled use of songs referencing the soldaderas in three films: ¡Vámonos con Pancho Villa! (1935), La Adelita (1938), and Enamorada (1946).
Violent Rites Narrated
Authors: Olyan Saul M.
Published: October 2019

Narratives of ritual violence set in Israel’s past are the focus of Chapter 2. Among the texts the author analyzes are the Golden Calf story in Exod 32, the narrative of Gideon’s destruction of his father’s Baal altar in Judg 6, the account of David’s psychological abuse of his Moabite prisoners in 2 Sam 8, and Nebuchadnezzar’s capture and brutalization of King Zedekiah of Judah in 2 Kgs 25. These narratives illustrate well the physical and psychological nature of punitive ritual violence and its varied targets (altars, bones, corpses, the bodies of living persons, iconic representations of deities). Narratives of violent rites are particularly striking for their rich representation of corpse abuse and their many depictions of the manipulation of conventional mourning rites by hostile agents seeking to harm others through ritual means.
Succession versus Transition
Authors: Kelly Michael J. , Moreno Erika , Witmer Richard C.
Published: October 2019

Although the current regime has attempted to install a viable successor to the Castro brothers, the future of the island nation’s political structure can take a number of different paths. Since so much of U.S. approach toward diplomatic normalization with Cuba has hinged on regime change, the possibilities of political succession and transition are of paramount importance. This chapter addresses theories of political transition and succession to discuss the Cuban case. Using democratic transitions around the world, and among Cuba’s neighbors, as a point of departure this chapter addresses the key players and strategies that are most likely to be invoked over the next few decades both over the short, medium, and long term.
The Future of Cuba’s Non-Sugar Agricultural Sector
Authors: González-Corzo Mario A. , Nova-González Armando
Published: October 2019

Despite a dramatic growth in agricultural trade between the United States and Cuba, trade between these two states has been “one-way trade,” primarily due to U.S. economic sanctions. A new scenario could potentially emerge as diplomatic and trade relations between the United States and Cuba improve and are eventually normalized. These changes could facilitate the expansion of U.S. agricultural and food exports to the island, as well as Cuban exports to the United States. This chapter examines the evolution of U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba since the approval of the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act (TSRA) in 2000. The future prospects and policy implications for U.S.-Cuba agricultural trade are also discussed, taking into account the shift in U.S–Cuba relations initiated after December 17, 2014.
Reintegrating Cuba into the Global Economy
Authors: Backer Larry Catá
Published: October 2019

This chapter seeks to answer the question: What internal Cuban legal adjustments are necessary for Cuba to enter into a fully normalized relationship with the United States. and the rest of the world? The chapter first focuses on the adjustments Cuba might have to undertake if it is to embed itself within the structures of global trade and finance. Next, the chapter examines the extent to which Cuba is disposed to consider these possible reforms. Third, it examines what may be possible in the aftermath of the U.S. presidential election of 2016 (and its aftermath) and other global changes, including the emergence of a Chinese alternative to national embedding in global trade. These have considerably changed the terrain within with the consequences of U.S.-Cuba normalization can be considered. The examination considers the value of the European Union’s strategic initiative, the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA), as a viable basis for Cuban reintegration in the global economy.
Conclusion
Authors: Kelly Michael J. , Moreno Erika , Witmer Richard C.
Published: October 2019

This chapter brings together the three dimensions examined by the volume’s contributors to address the full range of opportunities and challenges facing the island of Cuba. What is more, the authors address where opportunities and challenges may continue to exist for the United States and Cuba over the coming years. Given the cues provided by the Barack Obama regime in the last few years and the receptiveness of the island nation, the chapter suggests that there are multiple avenues along which both states could benefit. Likewise, the multidimensional nature of the puzzle at hand presents policymakers and scholars with a range of potential complications for both actors. This chapter provides a thorough discussion of these issues.
Introduction
Authors: Eckert Astrid M.
Published: October 2019

The introduction explains how a study of the volatile inter-German border can afford us fresh perspectives on the history of the “old” Federal Republic. It makes the case for why the Iron Curtain should not only be explored as part of East German and Eastern European history, as is frequently done, but also be interrogated for its tangible consequences for West Germany as well. Addressing current scholarship, the introduction argues that as a historiographical subject, the inter-German border is finally moving out of the shadow of the better known Berlin Wall.
The Making of the West German Borderlands, 1945–1955
Authors: Eckert Astrid M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores the economic consequences of the early inter-German border and introduces the economic heterogeneity of the borderlands through snapshots of four localities along the demarcation line. As the tightening demarcation made itself felt, a coalition of borderland advocates pressured the federal government to help prevent their regions from turning into economic backwaters. These lobbying efforts revealed that borderland residents cared less about living in the shadow of the Iron Curtain than about living in the shadow of the “economic miracle” to their west. In their pitch for state aid, borderland advocates declared their regions to be economically, socially, and politically more vulnerable as a result of the Cold War than regions that had “merely” been damaged by the recent war. Their efforts yielded the “zonal borderland aid” program that soon became an integral part of the border regions’ economic and cultural life.
Closing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle at Gorleben?
Authors: Eckert Astrid M.
Published: October 2019

In 1977, the village of Gorleben in the border county of Lüchow-Dannenberg was nominated as the potential site of a nuclear waste reprocessing and storage facility. This chapter argues that the presence of the Iron Curtain shaped and magnified every aspect of the ensuing siting controversy. In view of discursive patterns conceived in the 1950s that framed the border regions as areas in need of industrial development, Gorleben’s borderland location precipitated its nomination. The siting decision endowed county officials with leverage over the federal government, a newfound power they exercised along the lines of the well-established borderland lobby work. The immediate proximity of Gorleben to the inter-German border also drew the GDR into the siting dispute. Gorleben turned the periphery into the center of the longest-lasting anti-nuclear protest in the Federal Republic and changed its energy future, albeit not in ways that proponents of nuclear energy imagined in the 1970s and 1980s.
Prologue—Setting the Stage
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E.
Published: October 2019

The prologue provides historical context for the book, detailing, for example, how adoption has changed over time, particularly with regard to structural openness (i.e., contact between birth and adoptive families) and communicative openness in adoption (i.e., how parents talk about adoption), two key concepts in the book. In addition to changes in openness, other major societal shifts have occurred over the past several decades that impact and intersect with adoption: namely, the rise in gay parenthood and the rise and expansion of the Internet in society. The prologue also introduces the research participants who were interviewed for the book: namely, lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples who adopted through private domestic adoption or foster care, and who were interviewed at various points from preadoption to 8 years after they adopted. The prologue also addresses the major theoretical perspectives (family systems, life course, developmental) that frame the book.
“Meeting the Reality of Our Situation”
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E.
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the “matching” process between birth and adoptive parents, as well as the adoptive placement process and its immediate aftermath. It addresses the reasons that adoptive parents are typically selected by expectant parents—or agencies, when birth parents do not wish to make the decision. It also explores parents’ accounts of their initial meetings with the birth parents, as well as the varied circumstances that surrounded the placement of children (e.g., expectant parents’ financial difficulties or emotional instability). The chapter also addresses initial patterns of openness and contact between birth and adoptive families, alongside a discussion of how adoptive parents’ expectations surrounding openness may be unmet in ways that may be frustrating, challenging, or ultimately rewarding.
Imagining and Enacting Birth Family Contact Over Time
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E.
Published: October 2019

This chapter draws from interview data at multiple phases of the family life cycle (preadoption, 3 months postadoption, 5 years postadoption, and 8 years postadoption) to describe the diverse patterns of adoptive–birth family relationships that unfolded, from the perspective of parents who pursued private domestic adoptions. The chapter addresses the intersecting dimensions of structural and communicative openness, with attention to how they change over time. It outlines a typology of contact dynamics over time, such that couples were classified as embodying one of these patterns: (a) low enthusiasm for openness maintained, little contact; (b) increasing enthusiasm for openness, some contact; (c) increasing enthusiasm for openness, little contact; (d) high enthusiasm for openness maintained, some contact; (e) high enthusiasm for openness maintained, no contact; (f) decreasing enthusiasm for openness amid boundary challenges, contact terminated or reduced; and (g) enthusiasm for openness maintained amid boundary challenges, contact maintained.
Navigating Openness and Contact in Child Welfare Adoptions
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E.
Published: October 2019

Some children who are adopted via foster care have contact with their birth families (e.g., birth siblings), yet little research has addressed this. This chapter addresses the experiences of families who adopted their children through foster care, with attention to adoptive parents’ feelings and patterns regarding birth family contact. As this chapter details, many families involved in child welfare adoptions had complex feelings about openness. Some families had significant concerns that mitigated their willingness to pursue contact. Others were opposed to birth parent contact but, to varying degrees, were willing to pursue birth sibling contact. In some cases, contact was initiated but then halted temporarily or permanently because of the perceived risks and drawbacks associated with such contact. Yet amid a lack of contact, families often remained communicatively open with their children, and some did not rule out contact in the future.
Adoption Talk
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E.
Published: October 2019

This chapter traces how parents communicate about adoption with their children over time, with attention to how children’s developmental stage reflects and impacts parents’ approach to talking about adoption—and the topic of families more generally and the topic of race specifically. Many parents described an awareness of and commitment to communicative openness. However, not all parents believed that it was necessary to talk about adoption—possibly reflecting a desire to avoid talking about difference (Kirk, 1964) and their own concerns about the consequences of doing so. Among the themes discussed include adoption talk at various stages, the role of the child in shaping the nature of adoption talk, and the possibility for difficult but honest questions and conversations to unfold over time.
Childbearing in Colonial America
Authors: Freidenfelds Lara
Published: October 2019

Colonial American women experienced pregnancy in an era when life was always uncertain, the faithful were expected to trust God and submit to fate, and women were celebrated and respected for the bounty of their wombs. Childbearing could be exhausting and difficult, but children came when they came, and the process was largely regarded as inevitable and simply part of the natural and religious order of things. Early and abrupt endings, too, were part of the God-given order. Pregnancies came frequently and were regarded as tenuous until late in gestation. In an era when families frequently lost infants and children to infectious disease, early pregnancy losses received little attention.
Seeing the Baby
Authors: Freidenfelds Lara
Published: October 2019

Since the 1970s, Americans have developed a ritual around obstetric ultrasound, in which expectant parents get to “see the baby” and bond with their expected child while the sonographer conducts a medical check-up as a component of routine prenatal care. This ritual initially emerged in the context of a scan at eighteen to twenty weeks of gestation, when pregnancies are mostly secure. In recent years, this ritual has begun to be performed at an earlier eight-week scan in many pregnancies. This means that many women discover an unviable pregnancy at a moment when they expect a bonding ritual, and miscarriages are made more poignant and difficult.
Uncertainty
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin
Published: October 2019

Scientific knowledge is the most solid and robust kind of knowledge that humans have because of its inherent self-correcting character. Nevertheless, anti-evolutionists, climate denialists, and anti-vaxxers, among others, question some of the best-established scientific findings, making claims unsupported by empirical evidence. A common aspect of these claims is reference to the uncertainties of science concerning evolution, climate change, vaccination, and so on. This is inaccurate: whereas the broad picture is clear, there will always exist uncertainties about the details of the respective phenomena. This book shows that uncertainty is an inherent feature of science that does not devalue it. In contrast, uncertainty advances science because it motivates further research. This is the first book on this topic that draws on philosophy of science to explain what uncertainty in science is and how it makes science advance. It contrasts evolution, climate change, and vaccination, where the uncertainties are exaggerated, and genetic testing and forensic science, where the uncertainties are usually overlooked. The goal is to discuss the scientific, psychological, and philosophical aspects of uncertainty in order to explain what it really is, what kinds of problems it actually poses, and why in the end it makes science advance. Contrary to public representations of scientific findings and conclusions that produce an intuitive but distorted view of science as certain, people need to understand and learn to live with uncertainty in science. This book is intended for anyone who wants to get a clear view of the nature of science.
Rebuilding Romulus’ Senate
Authors: Pettinger Andrew
Published: October 2019

In 18 bce the ancient procedure for revising Senate membership, the lectio senatus, was radically changed. Thirty specially chosen senators were to nominate five individuals, with one of the five chosen by lot to become a senator; these thirty would in turn nominate five individuals. In this way, a Senate of perhaps 850 was to be reduced to its ancient size of 300. But a Senate of 300 never emerged, with 600 eventually chosen by Augustus himself amid acrimony and threats. Moreover, Augustus, trumped by Antistius Labeo’s legal auctoritas, was unable to exclude his rival Lepidus from the new Senate. By examining the lectio process and seeking to recover the legal minds behind it, this chapter shows that in 18 bce Augustus’ hold of the res publica was not absolute, and that others, who did not know the future, had something meaningful to say about the shape of their political life.
C. Asinius Pollio and the Politics of Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Allen Joel
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the activities of Gaius Asinius Pollio in building a cosmopolitan, intellectual community in Rome in the course of the late 40s and 30s bce. Pollio’s reimagination of the Atrium Libertatis as a museum and center of research and performance served to elide cultural and imperial concerns. The institution effectively forged a network of high-profile scholars and students from the Hellenistic East, with Pollio as their patron. These included the reactionary historian Timagenes of Alexandria and the heirs of kingdoms in Judaea and North Africa. Such endeavors were inherently political in nature and constituted an ambitious assertion of primacy at a time when no forerunning princeps yet existed—a phenomenon reflected in Vergil’s evocation of Pollio in the Fourth Eclogue.
The Rise of the Centumviral Court in the Augustan Age
Authors: Roller Matthew
Published: October 2019

Scholars rightly hold that the restoration of social and political order under Augustus involved restricting certain long-standing arenas of aristocratic competition. Less well known is that aristocrats generated new arenas of competition to fill the lacuna. This chapter examines the centumviral court, a civil court with jurisdiction over wills and succession matters. Virtually invisible in Cicero’s day, when the criminal courts reigned supreme, it emerged in the Augustan age as an important venue for aristocratic competition. This rise in status can be attributed to its continuing to offer large juries and large crowds (assisted by its installation in the refurbished Basilica Julia) even as the criminal courts lost prominence. Other new arenas for competitive eloquence (declamation, recitation, forensic oratory before the Senate or emperor) involved smaller, select audiences. The centumviral court therefore became ever more attractive to aristocratic orators aspiring to public visibility in the early principate.
The Counterculture Comics versus the Hate Clubs of the Air
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite
Published: October 2019

This chapter describes what is referred to as the first generation of American irony and outrage of the 1960s: the radical counterculture comedy of the 1960s versus conservative talk radio programming. While conservative voices on limited-circulation radio stations around the country were railing against the United Nations and a liberal United States Supreme Court, liberal activists in New York and San Francisco were producing a very different kind of political information that was antiwar, antisegregation, and anti–status quo: ironic social and political satire in smoky underground comedy clubs and coffeehouses. The chapter provides historical details about conservative radio shows hosted by people like Clarence Manion and Dan Smoot, and contrasts these shows’ voice and approach with that of radical satirists of that same era, particularly that of the improvisational political comedy theatre company The Committee, including insights from interviews with members of the group.
Irony and Outrage
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite
Published: October 2019

This chapter summarizes the book’s main arguments: that irony and outrage are the logical extensions of the psychology of liberalism and conservatism; that the two genres have parallel histories and serve similar political functions for their audiences. It also argues that satire and outrage are not the same. They look, feel, and sound different due to the distinct needs and psychological and physiological profiles of their creators and audiences. The book concludes with a proposition that the distinct psychological profiles of the left and right are equally necessary for a functioning democratic society. However, it highlights how the symbiosis between outrage programming and the psychology of the right makes conservative outrage a fruitful mechanism for elite propaganda and mobilization—in a way that satire simply is not. If outrage is a well-trained attack dog that operates on command, satire is a raccoon—hard to domesticate and capable of turning on anyone at any time.
Thinking Outside the Voice Box
Authors: Sweet Bridget
Published: October 2019

Thinking Outside the Voice Box: Adolescent Voice Change in Music Education is different from other books on voice change in that it encourages new and holistic ways of thinking about the female and male adolescent changing voice. It gives choral music educators (or anyone interested in the changing voice) the opportunity to step away from typical considerations of voice change and explore the experience within the bigger picture of adolescence. Female and male adolescent voice change are addressed at length, but special efforts have been made to bring new attention to female voice change to boost considerations of females in choral music education. Holistic considerations encompass the importance of understanding physical development during adolescence, including the body, brain, and auditory system; vocal anatomy and physiology in general, as well as during male and female voice change; the impact of hormones on the adolescent voice, especially for female singers; ideas of resolve and perseverance that are essential to adolescent navigation of voice change; and exploration of portrayals of voice change that have contributed to a situated reality not based in fact, but accepted in pop culture. Choral educators are also given a larger scope of voice classification systems and other foundational ideas in choral music education through examination of some of the most eminent works in the profession. Emerging considerations of adolescent voice change beyond classification systems provide new food for thought about working with the adolescent changing voice.
Remixing Brazil
Authors: Goldschmitt K. E.
Published: October 2019

The success of Brazilian music in a climate of increasing inattention and overstimulation altered the image and brand of Brazil in the global marketplace in the early twenty-first century. This chapter focuses on the contrasting examples of Bebel Gilberto and Seu Jorge, and how they approached their careers in Brazil and abroad. Both artists found their most enduring success through new distribution and licensing channels that privileged cut-up and remixed Brazilian music with clear references to iconic images of a Brazilian past in the international imaginary, especially bossa nova of the 1960s. The strategy of licensing recordings to accompany other forms of consumption is shown to have exaggerated the challenges of musically representing Brazil to an increasingly connected and sensorily crowded world.
The Political Saturation of Social Space
Authors: Talisse Robert B.
Published: October 2019

This chapter begins to develop the book’s diagnostic argument. Overdoing democracy is partly the result of a widespread social phenomenon identified as the political saturation of social space. Politics has permeated our lives enough to guide where we shop, what we wear, even what we drink (Starbucks latte versus Dunkin’ Donuts coffee). Our social spaces are increasingly sorted and segregated according to our political allegiances, while our political allegiances are increasingly constitutive of our broader social identities. The result is that we are more than ever enacting democratic citizenship, but almost always under conditions that are themselves politically homogeneous. Until citizens are open to each other’s arguments, we cannot plausibly see democratic political rule as consistent with each citizens’ status as an equal, and thus more than merely the tyranny of the majority.
The Problem of Polarization
Authors: Talisse Robert B.
Published: October 2019

This chapter completes the diagnostic argument by showing how the political saturation of social space contributes to our vulnerability to belief polarization. Belief polarization is the phenomenon by which like-minded individuals transform into more extreme versions of themselves in the wake of group interactions. It is argued that as the belief polarization effect can be prompted by mere corroboration of one’s views (rather than by face-to-face group discussion), politically saturated social environments can generate within us extremity shifts simply in the course of everyday activities. The belief polarization phenomenon initiates a broader polarization dynamic that dissolves citizens’ democratic capacities.
Stepping Forward, Standing Strong
Authors: Enrile Annalisa , Mendoza Dorotea
Published: October 2019

The term human rights defenders was coined after the ratification of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights in 1998. The term encompasses those who identify and act as advocates, activists, professionals, and workers; those who monitor and take reports; and others who work in the human rights arena. The point of unity that all human rights defenders share is that they seek to promote and protect basic civil rights. They may do this in multiple capacities, including providing legal aid, mental health services, casework, and general protection such as providing shelter or security. The work of human rights defenders is difficult and dangerous. In 2017, more than 300 human rights defenders were killed. The Philippines has a history of violations in the spheres of labor, politics, and gender rights. In 2017, there were human rights violations in the form of more than 350,000 displaced persons, more than 4,000 extrajudicial killings, overpopulated prisons, and the trafficking of thousands of women and children. The most effective way to address these violations is through transnational organizing and movement building, cultivating international alliances of women who fight abuses against human rights defenders. These organizations and coalitions operate beyond borders and create change through engagement.
The Strategic Use of Women’s Representation in Hybrid Regimes
Authors: Valdini Melody E.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 6 examines the context of hybrid regimes and argues that the incentive to mimic democracies in this regime type triggers governments to increase the legislative representation of women, particularly when the state is removing civil rights. That is, because of the stereotype that women are naturally more honest, cooperative, and democratic, women’s descriptive representation is strategically manipulated to signal a commitment to these ideals. This theory is tested through a cross-sectional, time-series model of election results of 27 countries over 16 years, which offers evidence that increases in women’s legislative presence in hybrid regimes correlates with a loss of civil rights. Two case studies are also presented, from Ethiopia and Bangladesh, two hybrid regimes that experienced a dramatic reduction in civil rights while simultaneously adopting gender quotas and increasing the presence of women in politics.