bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causes and consequences of environmental perturbations through the Phanerozoic
Authors: Jurikova Hana
Published: February 2023

Study of past carbon cycle perturbation events is fundamental for assessing Earth’s climatic and ecological sensitivities, and our planet’s overall biogeochemical functioning and responses. Major hindrance to our understanding is the lack of reliable CO2 estimates from Earth’s ‘deeper’ geologic past. I will summarize my work on CO2 reconstruction from the rock record and make the case that boron isotope values of brachiopod shells serve as a robust CO2 proxy. I will first present evidence from culturing experiments and natural marine settings demonstrating that the boron isotope composition of recent brachiopod shells responds predictably to the coupled ocean pH and CO2 system, and provide a calibration that enables its accurate quantification. Next, I will showcase ocean pH and CO2 records for some of most crucial yet enigmatic events in Earth’s evolutionary history, including the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and discuss the causes and consequences of CO2 change and its biogeochemical impacts during extinctions and events of abrupt environmental change. Finally, I will highlight recent progress and new capabilities to lay out a roadmap towards robust record of Phanerozoic CO2.
Assessing ensemble flood forecasts with action-relevant scores to support flood preparedness actions: An application to the Global Flood Awareness System in Uganda.
Authors: Mulangwa Douglas , Ficchi Andrea , Nyenje Philip , Sempewo Jotham , Speight Linda , Cloke Hannah , Harrigan Shaun , Zaake Benon , Stephens Liz
Published: February 2023

This study investigates the importance of assessing ensemble flood forecasts with action-relevant scores to support flood preparedness actions by analyzing the discrepancies between traditional general scores that focus on the overall accuracy with other more specific flood event-based scores. Popular general scores such as the Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) or the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS) are widely used in hydrological modeling and forecasting, but they aggregate different aspects of model quality into a single overall score. On the other hand, flood event-based scores, such as Flood Timing Error (FTE), False Alarm Ratios (FAR) and Probability of Detection (POD), provide more specific verification measures of forecast quality that should be more informative to decision-makers. Both classes of overall accuracy and event-based scores include either deterministic or probabilistic scores, focusing on either the ensemble mean (or quantiles) or on probabilities. Results are presented for ten catchments in Uganda with different morphological and hydrological characteristics. An evaluation of extended-range re-forecasts from the Copernicus-Emergency Management Service Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS) has been carried out against observed streamflow data, contrasting overall performance scores, including the KGE and the CRPS, and event-based scores, including the FTE, FAR and POD for forecasts at different lead times (< 45 days). The relative performance of two different versions of GloFAS (2.1 and 3.1) is assessed by this multi-criteria verification setting. Results show that the relative ranking of forecast performance across model versions and catchments may vary based on the scores considered, suggesting that a multi-criteria and event-based evaluation is needed to inform flood preparedness actions.
Seasonal evolution of the Arctic sea ice thickness distribution
Authors: Toppaladoddi Srikanth , Moon Woosok , Wettlaufer John
Published: February 2023

The Thorndike et al., (J. Geophys. Res. 80, 4501, 1975) theory of the ice thickness distribution, g(h), treats the dynamic and thermodynamic aggregate properties of the ice pack in a novel and physically self-consistent manner. Therefore, it has provided the conceptual basis of the treatment of sea-ice thickness categories in climate models. The approach, however, is not mathematically closed due to the treatment of mechanical deformation using the redistribution function ψ, the authors noting "The present theory suffers from a burdensome and arbitrary redistribution function ψ.''  Toppaladoddi and Wettlaufer (Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 148501, 2015) showed how ψ can be written in terms of g(h), thereby solving the mathematical closure problem and writing the theory in terms of a Fokker-Planck equation, which they solved analytically to quantitatively reproduce the observed winter g(h). Here, we extend this approach to include open water by formulating a new boundary condition for their Fokker-Planck equation, which is then coupled to the observationally consistent sea-ice growth model of Semtner (J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6(3), 379, 1976) to study the seasonal evolution of g(h). We find that as the ice thins, g(h) transitions from a single- to a double-peaked distribution, which is in agreement with observations. To understand the cause of this transition, we construct a simpler description of the system using the equivalent Langevin equation formulation and solve the resulting stochastic ordinary differential equation numerically. Finally, we solve the Fokker-Planck equation for g(h) under different climatological conditions to study the evolution of the open-water fraction.
Slab segmentation of the Nazca plate across the Juan Fernández Ridge
Authors: Nakrong Nipaporn , Forster Marnie , Jelsma Hielke , Spakman Wim , Lister Gordon
Published: February 2023

We report preliminary results based on the construction of a new 3D model for the geometry of the subducted lithosphere of the Nazca Plate. This new 3D model differs from Slab2 in that it enables capture of the slab geometry in greater detail and allows the identification of previously unrecognised potential slab tears, both down-dip and along strike, as well as slab gaping as tears open. These differences in the inferred 3D structure emerge because previous models were excessively smoothed. Here we use the interpolation of line strings derived from the interpretation of individual cross-sections: a method that has the capacity to capture detail, and to accurately drape and thus derive a 3D geometry consistent with the observed hypocenter patterns, by using Delaunay triangulation alongside with 3D grid interpolation. The 3D slab morphology obtained provides insight into the interplay between subduction earthquakes at different depths. The variation in slab morphology reinforces the concept that the megathrust comprises distinct rupture segments that behave differently in terms of their overall seismotectonic behaviour. The slab morphology also links to changes in the broad geodynamics of the subduction zone, with links between shallow, intermediate, and deep seismicity that are consistent with variation in 3D slab morphology. It is also possible to explain the variation in surficial crustal tectonic processes in the context of geodynamic processes inferred to be taking place at depth in specific segments of the descending slab.Surficial structures in the form of megathrust ruptures can be seen to be both a consequence of the highly segmented nature of the overriding plate, particularly in the Peruvian Andes, as well as the deeper variation in 3D slab morphology. For example, the inferred slab tears at the northern (Puna) edge and the southern (Payenia) edge of the Pampean segment may be explained as due to significant variation of the slab morphology and are reflected in changes in the characteristics of earthquake ruptures, and different tectonic modes in the supra-subduction zone lithosphere. Lineaments that separate the segments of the frontal megathrust also coincide with inherited surface fault systems on the South American plate. Clusters of intermediate extensional earthquakes weaken the lithosphere south of the Taltal Ridge (TR) and north of the Juan Fernandez Ridge (JFR). These structures mark the edge of the magmatically inactive plate interface due to the termination of magmatism in shallow dipping slab segments associated with the JFR, or in the flat slab of the Pampean segment.
Where to locate large-scale nature-based solutions? Finding suitable locations for rainwater harvesting
Authors: Abebe Yared Abayneh , Gutierrez Caloir Beatriz Emma , Vojinovic Zoran
Published: February 2023

Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are suitable responses for hydrometeorological hazard reduction, integrating the hydrology, geomorphology, hydraulic and ecological dynamics of a catchment. Large-scale NBS are implemented on a catchment scale and may provide more co-benefits than small-scale NBS. Literature shows a methodological gap in finding suitable locations to implement large-scale NBS. Developing spatial analysis tools in a GIS environment is essential to generate information for decision support. In this research, we developed a method for finding suitable rainwater harvesting locations (RWH) and applied it to the Municipality of Santiago de Machaca, part of the La Paz Department in Bolivia. Large-scale RWH is the collection of rainwater from ground surfaces and streams and its storage in depressions made for that purpose. RWH is implemented to store and provide water supply in stressed regions and mitigate the impacts of floods by diverting and storing runoff. The raster datasets required to map suitable locations for RWH implementation are annual precipitation depth, coefficient of variation of the monthly precipitation, runoff coefficient, aridity index, population density and slope. The datasets are normalized to generate a standard scale between 0 and 100, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to weigh, prioritize and rank alternatives. Built-up areas and buffered roads and rivers should be removed from the raster file generated after the AHP analysis. For the Santiago de Machaca case study, we categorized the final raster cells as no, low, medium and high suitability for implementing RWH. The areas highly suitable for RWH are located in the valleys, but some are small patches fragmented by the road network. It should be noted that the final result is dependent on the matrix built to obtain the raster weights in the AHP analysis and the final suitability ranking categories. However, the developed method is a generic one that can be applied in any site and is a step forward in general for planning the implementation of large-scale RWH as an NBS.
Cenozoic CO2: from the deep ocean to the atmosphere
Authors: Rae James ,   OldCO2NewArchives Collaborators
Published: February 2023

The Cenozoic is a time of climatic extremes: abrupt events and state changes pepper the transition from Hothouse warmth to the Pleistocene Icehouse, and these evolving climate regimes are accompanied by major changes in ocean chemistry and biota.  CO2 is thought to play a critical role in environmental change throughout this era, but despite recent progress, there is still much to learn on the Cenozoic evolution of the ocean-atmosphere CO2 system.  To address this, we present new reconstructions of ocean pH and atmospheric CO2 spanning the late Cretaceous to the Pleistocene, based on the boron isotope composition of benthic and planktic foraminifera.  These are accompanied by improved constraints on the secular evolution of seawater chemistry, which are critical for accurate and precise determination of ocean pH and atmospheric CO2 from boron isotopes.  Using the most reliable data and updated calculation routines, we find close coupling between the CO2 system of the deep ocean, the atmosphere, and climate over the last 66 million years.  Our data also highlight intervals of dynamic changes in the carbon cycle, such as the transition into the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, where we suggest a novel link between changes in ocean circulation, redox, and the sulphur and carbon cycles.  Overall, our data demonstrate the persistence of CO2’s control on the climate system across varying boundary conditions, and the influence of both the long-term carbon cycle and shorter-term ocean biogeochemical cycling on Earth’s climate.
Spatial indicators of multifunctional margins in the Andean peri-urban landscape. A case study of Tarqui basin
Authors: Martínez-Urgilés Emanuel , Urgilez-Clavijo Andrea , Rivas-Tabares David
Published: February 2023

Multifunctional margins are strips of land naturally growed or planted vegetation, usually found on the margins of agricultural or natural plots such as the banks of rivers and streams. The study of priority areas where this agro-environmental practice can improve agricultural processes and biological connectivity. In the Andean region, constant urban expansion is affecting the peri-urban landscape, causing its fragmentation and degradation. Andean peri-urban expansion areas face frequent dilemmas between territorial management of urban land use and environmental measures for landscape conservation. Current measures should motivate the updating of existing legislation to include biophysical aspects of interaction at the landscape scale. However, this remains a pending task for local authorities to avoid landscape degradation and its functionality with various environmental factors (i.e. hydrology, soils, climate, etc.). This study aims to develop a methodological framework to assess the multifunctionality of the margins in a peri-urban Andean watershed, its connectivity and priority areas to guide the implementation of sustainable agro-environmental measures. The study site is the sub-basin of the Tarqui River, which is located southwest of the city of Cuenca, Ecuador in South America is of great strategic importance for the environmental services it provides, especially in the provision and regulation of water for the city. As a result, the theoretical framework for the indexed cartographic products was developed for the establishment of conservation programs of three agri-environmental measures, i) forest islands, ii) riparian corridors and iii) living fences. This includes a biotic study of vegetation, its functionality and fauna relationships. Besides, the suitability and success in the midterm for their maintenance are because of the soil properties and water availability. These were considered to support the decision to prioritise linear elements programmes.AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge the support of Master in Climate Change, Agriculture and Sustainable Rural Development (MACCARD), co-funded by the Erasmus + Programme of the European Union.ReferencesUrgilez-Clavijo, A., Rivas-Tabares, D. A., Martín-Sotoca, J. J., & Tarquis Alfonso, A. M. (2021). Local Fractal Connections to Characterize the Spatial Processes of Deforestation in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Entropy, 23(6), 748.
Rivas-Tabares, D. A., Saa-Requejo, A., Martín-Sotoca, J. J., & Tarquis, A. M. (2021). Multiscaling NDVI Series Analysis of Rainfed Cereal in Central Spain. Remote Sensing, 13(4), 568.
Global Shock Dynamic and Ion Acceleration at Filamentary Structures Downstream of the Earth’ s Bow Shock.
Authors: Kucharek Harald , Schwartz Steven J , Gingell Imogen , Farrugia Charles , Trattner Karlheinz J
Published: February 2023

At the Earth’s bow shock, most of the solar wind’s kinetic energy is partitioned into wave energy, particle acceleration, and heating. Very recent publications provide strong evidence that current sheets at the shock ramp region and downstream may participate in the thermalization of the solar wind plasma. Their occurrence varies from single to multiple current sheets as well as filamentary structures.We studied multiple bow shock crossings by the MMS spacecraft with its sophisticated instrumentation, characterizing and quantifying the occurrence of filamentary structures, current sheets, the associated magnetic field wave turbulence, and ion acceleration downstream of the shock. At some traversals the shock location is changing due to variable upstream solar wind conditions. During increasing Mach number/dynamic pressure we observe higher wave activity and broader distribution functions with suprathermal tails. Much less suprathermal ions downstream of the shock are observed at shock crossings during decreasing upstream Mach numbers. These MMS observation indicate that current sheets and field gradients are associated with ion acceleration. The associated turbulence is likely a mediator for energy partition. With increasing Mach numbers, the bow shock moves away from the Sun and compresses the magnetosheath that would favour reconnection of currents sheets, stronger electric field gradients and thus ion acceleration. At periods of decreasing upstream Mach numbers, the bow shock moves towards the Sun, becomes blunter, and the sheath region relaxes, making reconnecting current sheets less likely and smoothens field gradients resulting in less acceleration. Other possible acceleration mechanisms will also be discussed in the context of this presentation.
Diffuse CO2 degassing and low-temperature anomalies prior the 2014-15 Fogo eruption, Cape Verde
Authors: Ortega-Ramos Víctor , Pérez Nemesio M. , Dinardo Daniel , Pitti Lía , Amonte Cecilia , Asensio-Ramos Maria , Pankhurst Mathew J. , Barrancos José , Melián Gladys V. , Hernández Pedro A. , Silva Sonia , Montrond Eurico J. , Cardoso Nadir
Published: February 2023

The Cape Verde Islands are a group of 10 intraplate oceanic islands of which 3 show significant levels of recent volcanic activity: Fogo, Santo Antao and Brava. Of these, Fogo is the only historically active volcano with intense activity up to 1725 AD followed by less frequent, mainly effusive eruptions in the last 280 years. The last eruption began on 23 November 2014, and continuing until 8 February 2015. This eruption occurred 19 years after the previous eruptive event, but on the contrary of the 1995 eruption, when there was not monitoring program for the Cape Verde volcanic surveillance, a simple and multidisciplinary volcanic monitoring program, based on a collaborative research volcano monitoring program between Cape Verde and Spanish scientists, was operative to face volcanic unrest such as the 2014 eruption. As part of this volcano monitoring program, from May 2007 to January 2015, forty eight diffuse CO2 emission surveys were performed at the summit crater of Pico do Fogo, covering homogeneously an area of about 0.142 km2. Measurements of diffuse CO2 emission were performed at the surface environment following the accumulation chamber method. The emission rate was calculated after the construction of spatial distribution maps following the sequential Gaussian simulation (sGs) algorithm. The emission rate showed a first anomalous peak in the diffuse CO2 emission, suggesting the occurrence of a first magmatic reactivation likely due to a deep magma intrusion beneath Pico do Fogo volcano between November 2008 and February 2009. Diffuse CO2 emission data suggest the occurrence of a second magmatic intrusion that trigger the eruption process as can be observed by the significant increase of CO2 emission on March 2014. The increment of the diffuse CO2 emission rate shows a good temporal correlation with the satellite-based long-wavelength infrared data reported by Girona et al., (2021). The diffuse CO2 emission data and satellite-based thermal infrared radiance measurements prior the 2014-15 Fogo eruption demonstrate the importance of measuring both parameters to identify and evaluate changes in the volcanic activity of Pico do Fogo volcano. Girona, T. et al., (2021). Nature Geoscience 14, 238–241.
Analysis of Women Conference Leadership Levels: Convener Impacts on the Science Program Committee
Authors: Keiling Andreas , Smith-Keiling Beverly
Published: February 2023

Conferences have increasingly come under a spotlight for inclusion and representation of marginalized groups. Here, we retrospectively analyzed perceived binary gender within the internal structure and dynamics of scientific leadership at the Chapman conference series, spanning a period from 2007 to 2019. Chapman conferences are small, focused meetings, under the umbrella of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), in the Earth and space sciences. They follow a centralized, two-leveled scientific leadership model, starting at conference inception by the organizing conveners and their selection of an invited science program committee (SPC). Our main findings were: (1) On average, women in leadership were underrepresented in relation to the total AGU membership number of women. (2) On average, if women were among conveners, the number of women in the SPC increased, reaching equity comparable to AGU membership of women. (3) On average, the women convener ratio was less equitable than the women SPC ratio. In conclusion, targeted efforts for equity–especially at the convener level of the centralized conference model–are needed, as increased representation of women at the convener level improved representation of women at the SPC. Further equity for other marginalized groups such as non-binary gender and other identities can be improved with broader demographic data collection and analysis.
Effects of Lactobacilli inoculum on tomato plants, soil nitrogen transformations and greenhouse gass emissions.
Authors: Bouzaki Aikaterina (Katerina) , Elsgaard Lars , Menexes George , Zanakis George , Giannopoulos Georgios
Published: February 2023

In the framework of the EU Green Deal, the reduction of chemical fertilization is promoted to enhance sustainable agriculture. An ecological option is to utilize the potential of soil microorganisms to improve plant growth and secure crop production. Past studies focused mainly on Rhizobia and their specific plant-growth promoting effects on target plant hosts (N-fixing). Recently, Lactobacilli (Firmicutes) gained increasing appreciation as soil nutrient regulators, besides their known plant protecting properties, for a broad range of plant hosts.In this pot experiment, we studied the short-term effects of a Lactobacillus soil inoculant (LB) on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. extasi) and nitrogen kinetics, in two different soils (sandy (S), loamy (L)), with chemical (U; urea; 460 N mg/kg) and organic (DC; digestate compost; 22 g/kg) treatment. An unfertilized control (C) treatment for each soil was also included. The experiment lasted 115 days and two experimental setups run in parallel; soil containers a) without and b) with plants. During the experiment soil concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, CO2 and N2O were measured. At the end of the experiment, additional agronomic traits (total biomass, total N) and soil N mineralization potential (AMN) were measured. The addition of LB in C and DC treatments increased soil NH4+ that ranged 1.5 – 28% relative to the treatments without LB, for both soils. When LB was added in the U treatment we observed a negative effect, -3% and -54% for L and S soil, respectively. A contradicting pattern was observed for soil NO3-, when LB was added in all treatments, soil NO3- increased and decreased in L and S soil, respectively. Soil NO2-, CO2 and N2O emissions increased in DC and U treatments for both soils, relative to C. Interestingly, when LB was added we observed a consistent decrease in soil NO2- and N2O emissions but a consistent increase in CO2 emissions for both soils was observed, relative to those treatments without LB. The addition of LB had a positive effect on plant biomass and total plant N for all treatments and for both soils, except U+LB treatment in S soil. As for AMN rates, there was not a consistent pattern.In conclusion, our preliminary results indicate a positive effect of non-N-fixing lactobacilli inoculant on plant attributes for soils amended with compost. Furthermore, we documented a microbial approach to mitigate potential N2O emissions from organic amendments for the first time.The BSc research work by Katerina Bouzaki was partly supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the 2nd Call for H.F.R.I. Postdoctoral Research Projects (#1053) awarded to Principal Investigator Dr. Georgios Giannopoulos.This project was co-implemented with industrial partner Corteva Agriscience Hellas SA.     
Addressing pressing global societal research challenges through targeted harmonisation of macrosystems ecology data sets
Authors: Morris Beryl , Kutsch Werner , SanClements Michael , Loescher Henry , Genazzio Melissa , Mirtl Michael , Back Jaana , Bornman Tommy , Mabee Paula , Yu Xiubo , Zacharias Steffan , Feig Gregor , Grant Mark , Salmon Emmanuel , Zhang Leiming
Published: February 2023

Guided by the Framework Criteria of the Group of Senior Officials (GSO) on Global Research Infrastructures, 6 major ecosystem research infrastructures (SAEON/South Africa, TERN/Australia, CERN/China, NEON/USA, ICOS/Europe, eLTER/Europe) came together in 2020 under an MOU, establishing the Global Ecosystem Research Infrastructure (GERI).  With its goal of providing interoperable data and services based on terrestrial and coastal in-situ observations from a high number of observational sites, organized in a common hierarchical system and standardized in the highest possible degree, GERI provides a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of ecological processes across continents, decades, and disciplinary boundaries.
Aggregating ecological and biogeophysical data is complex. Not only do those data cover a myriad of different types of natural phenomena, and the interactions between, but the data are generated in different jurisdictions using different standards and approaches. Thus, as a critical first step in understanding the challenges and potential of its multi-institutional, multi-country data landscape, GERI has identified and mapped all the data types from each of its members, grouping the data suites provided by each GERI member into the drivers of changes (causes) and the ecological processes (effects) and then visualizing it into broad (searchable) respective common ecological categories.
This exercise has allowed evaluation of the potential for a targeted data harmonization effort based on a subset of data products with high relevance to specific use cases (e.g., drought across multiple continents). By using the subset of relevant data as a community test case, GERI can ascertain the efficacy of a specific harmonized data set in advancing a priority area of science. Such a prototype will set the stage for future efforts and ensures GERI addresses the most pressing global research challenges, i.e. those frontiers of knowledge where a global-critical-mass effort is required to achieve progress.   
Linking subsurface biogeochemical nitrogen cycling to surface fluxes over a range of soil moisture conditions
Authors: Lunny Elizabeth , Roscioli Joseph , Shorter Joanne
Published: February 2023

Soil biogeochemical processes produce greenhouse gases which can have significant environmental impacts when exchanged with the atmosphere. The magnitude of surface fluxes is driven by vertical concentration gradients, thus understanding drivers of below-ground N2O production and consumption pathways is critical to atmospheric greenhouse gas mitigation strategies. We present subsurface gas composition and surface flux measurements in laboratory soil mesocosms to understand how depth-dependent soil processes impact surface fluxes over a range of soil moisture conditions. Diffusive gas probes are buried at three depths in three mesocosms of Northeastern agricultural soil and the columns are capped for surface flux measurements. We measure N2O (14N15NO, 15N14NO, 14N14NO, N218O), NO, CO2 (12CO2, 13CO2), and O2 coupled with soil moisture and temperature measurements using a Tunable Infrared Laser Direct Absorption Spectrometer (TILDAS). Isotopically resolved maps of trace gases in response to 15N-labled N2O dosing under a range of soil moisture conditions at various subsurface depths provides insight into the impact of soil moisture and oxygen content on subsurface transport, abiotic transformations and biological processes impacting surface fluxes.
Diffuse CO2 and H2S degassing from Tajogaite volcanic cone, La Palma, Canary Islands
Authors: Albertos Violeta Tai , Hernández Pedro A. , Melián Gladys V. , Álvarez Díaz Antonio J. , Martín-Lorenzo Alba , Padrón Eleazar , Pérez Nemesio M.
Published: February 2023

La Palma Island (708 km2) is located at the north-west and is one of the youngest (~2.0My) of the Canarian Archipelago. The current stage of shield-building is manifest by the construction of Cumbre Vieja volcano, at the southern part of the island, where volcanic activity has taken place exclusively in the last 123 ka. On September 19, 2021, a new volcanic eruption occurred at Cumbre Vieja volcanic system (Tajogaite eruption). The erupting fissure (~1.0 km-length) is characterized by lava effusion, strombolian activity, lava fountaining, ash venting and gas jetting. After 85 days, the eruption finished on December 13, 2021. The 2021 Tajogaite eruption, with a magnitude VEI=3 (Bonadonna et al., 2022), resulted in the longest volcanic event on the island during the last 600 years and the most important eruption of Europe during the last 75 years.At the time of this study, the volcanic gas emissions observed at Tajogaite volcanic cone consisted mostly in diffuse CO2 degassing and residual fumarolic activity. Here we report the first diffuse CO2 and H2S emission surveys that have been carried out in Tajogaite volcanic cone.The measurements of soil CO2 efflux have been performed following the accumulation chamber method in 94 sites and the spatial distribution maps have been constructed following the sequential Gaussian simulation (sGs) procedure to show the location of CO2 and H2S diffuse degassing structures (DDS) and to quantify the diffuse CO2 and H2S emission from the studied area. The diffuse CO2 emission released to the atmosphere from Tajogaite volcanic cone ranged between 0 to 11.4 kgm-2·d-1 with an average of 0.90 kgm-2·d-1. The main DDS was located in the easternmost area of ​​the cone. Regarding the diffuse H2S emission, the data ranged between 0 to 44. 7 kgm-2·d-1 with an average value of 3.0 kgm-2·d-1. Two main DDS were identified: one coinciding with the CO2 DDS, in the easternmost zone, and other in the northern area of the cone. This study represents a starting point to study the degassing of the residual magma bodies beneath Tajogaite volcanic cone.Bonadonna, C. et al. (2022), EGU22-11927, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-11927.
Extreme weather in the Southern Hemisphere in early 2022: from Rossby waves to planetary-scale conditions
Authors: De Vries Andries Jan , Casselman Jake William , Afargan-Gerstman Hilla , Nangombe Shingirai Shepard , Pilon Romain , Russo Emmanuele , Wicker Wolfgang , Yadav Priyanka , Domeisen Daniela I.V.
Published: February 2023

In early 2022, several extreme weather events occurred in the Southern Hemisphere. Devastating floods killed more than 500 people in South Africa (11-12 April) and about 26 people in eastern Australia (24-28 February and 25-31 March), while an unprecedented heatwave broke temperature records in Antarctica (16-22 March). This study presents a multiscale perspective of the atmospheric processes associated with these extreme events from synoptic to planetary scales. Equatorward Rossby wave breaking facilitated the transport of moist air from tropical oceans to the subtropical regions affected by the extreme precipitation events, while poleward Rossby wave breaking forced an intrusion of warm and moist extratropical air masses into the Antarctic Peninsula. Southern hemispheric extratropical wave activity demonstrated relatively normal conditions during February and March, while wave energy reached extremely large values for wave number 5 during April. From a planetary-scale perspective, we investigate how tropical variability, including the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO; in a La Nina phase) and the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), modulates large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, extratropical wave activity, and Rossby wave breaking. Overall, this study clarifies the role of regional and remote atmospheric processes in the recent weather extremes in the Southern Hemisphere.
Dynamic Geodiversity, Geosystem Services, and Sustainable Development: Insights from Sesia Val Grande UNESCO Global Geopark
Authors: Guerini Michele , Khoso Rasool Bux , Mantovani Alizia , Giardino Marco , Viani Cristina
Published: February 2023

Human activities and global factors have caused imbalances in mountain regions, leading to significant changes in these environments. One of the most visible impacts of rising temperatures is the melting of glaciers, which causes changes in the pressure on adjacent slopes and increases their instability, leading to mass movements (Chiarle et al., 2021). Other notable effects include the degradation of permafrost and increased erosion in previously glaciated areas (Savi et al., 2021). These changes affect the prevalence of natural hazards and result in the loss of geodiversity and ecosystem services, making it necessary to develop new conservation strategies to protect mountain regions and their geoheritage.To understand the impact of climate change and human activity on geoheritage and on the benefits that geodiversity provides to society, we conducted a study in the Alagna Valsesia municipality, a high-elevation mountain area in the Sesia Val Grande UGGp. We mapped geodiversity in that area using GIS data following a quali-quantitative approach. Then we identified geosites and evaluated their value to show their potential. We also assessed various abiotic ecosystem services, including regulating, provisioning, knowledge, cultural, and supporting services, and mapped them analysing the evolutionary relationship between humans and nature. By evaluating global drivers of change, we were able to understand the impact of these changes on identified services and to highlight the need for strong planning and management strategies for the Sesia Val Grande UGGp and for the sustainable development of vulnerable mountain regions.This approach helps us to understand the natural and human-induced threats to geodiversity and enables us to understand the importance of considering geoheritage in planning and management to promote sustainable development actions.ReferencesChiarle M, Geertsema M, Mortara G, Clague JJ. 2021. Relations between climate change and mass movement: Perspectives from the Canadian Cordillera and the European Alps. Global and Planetary Change 202: 103499;Savi S, Comiti F, Strecker MR. 2021. Pronounced increase in slope instability linked to global warming: A case study from the eastern European Alps. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 46 : 1328–1347. DOI: 10.1002/ESP.5
A network-based disaster resilience metric for estimating individuals’ loss of access to critical resources during flooding
Authors: Preisser Matthew , Passalacqua Paola , Bixler R. Patrick
Published: February 2023

Despite major advancements in climate modeling, weather forecasting, and emergency preparedness, deadly floods continue to have a global reach, impacting Eastern Kentucky, USA (July 2022), Assam, India (2022), Cape Town, South Africa (2022), and Insul, Germany (July 2021) to name just a few. The goal of this work is to quantify and forecast in near-real time a flood’s impact at high spatial resolution by estimating how a household’s accessibility to critical infrastructure changes during and immediately after a storm. Our approach consists of a static transportation assignment cost function that solves for the user equilibrium traffic solution. By overlaying the road network with a near-real-time pluvial and fluvial inundation estimate, we estimate the degree to which flooding impacts households’ likely travel patterns to critical resources. The output consists of demand information on both the road and resource infrastructure networks, which we translate into resiliency and redundancy metrics. Our goal for this model is for it to be able to be rapidly deployed across the USA and potentially abroad to better serve communities who would otherwise not have access to such research and information tools. We present a case-study for Austin, Texas as a proof of concept and to highlight the critical decision-making information our approach can provide to those who need it most including emergency responders, flood managers, and residents themselves. Through this network approach, we can estimate who loses access to critical resources completely, whose access has diminished, how resource distribution is or isn’t equitable, hot spot nodes to prioritize remediation, and more. Our approach uses only open-source information including infrastructure, Earth observation, and point measurement data in our multilayer network. This data requirement allows our model to potentially be applicable in numerous regions across the globe. Our future work will explore using the network insights from this model in a dynamic model of adaptive capacity and human infrastructure. This will provide further insights on socio-hydrological interactions and how varying emergency response policies, government interventions, and human trends might impact the recovery trajectories of different communities.
Variability in water table conditions in degraded upland peatlands – a hydrological baseline for the Great North Bog
Authors: Shuttleworth Emma , Alderson Danielle , Allott Tim , Evans Martin , Ritson Jonathan , Hinchley Dominic , Thomas Beth , Thom Tim
Published: February 2023

The restoration of damaged UK peatlands is a major conservation concern and landscape-scale restoration initiatives are extensive in areas of blanket peatland in upland Britain. Because of the importance of a high water table to healthy peatland systems, it is the primary physical parameter considered in the monitoring the impacts of peatland restoration projects. Degraded peatland water tables can be highly variable in both time and space so require characterisation at a variety of scales. As such, a baseline understanding of landscape scale water table behaviour is required to properly assess the outcome of restoration projects.This paper presents the preliminary findings of the first major restoration works of the Great North Bog Initiative – a new and exciting partnership that brings together the seven regional peatland restoration partnerships across the north of England under a single collaborative banner. The Protected Landscapes of the Great North Bog represent around 92% of the upland peat in England and includes four National Parks and three Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. This first phase of restoration spans 5670 ha of peatland across Yorkshire and the North Pennines, with the aim of abating 455,500 of CO2eq over a 50 year trajectory of recovery.  We report the results of pre-restoration water table monitoring at ten sites with different degrees of management and degradation, including: drained, eroding and topographically ‘intact’ surfaces; heather and grass dominated vegetation covers; and unfavourable through to favourable national conservation designations. Our findings will provide a solid understanding of hydrological variation across these different sites and will form the baseline from which trajectories of recovery will be assessed.
Detailed look at energy dynamics in Earth’s magnetosphere using simulation
Authors: Brenner Austin , Pulkkinen Tuija , Al Shidi Qusai
Published: February 2023

Energy transport into and throughout Earth's magnetosphere has direct consequences for human infrastructure in orbit and on the planets surface but studying the entire system in a comprehensive and quantifiable way has many challenges. In this work we use the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) in the Geospace configuration with the addition of the Conductance Model for Extreme Events (CMEE) to simulate a real storm event and take a thorough look at the energy content within regions of the magnetosphere. The magnetosphere outer boundary is defined using techniques published in Brenner et al. 2021 and is represented in the simulation domain as an iso-surface. Additional boundaries between the lobes and the closed field line plasma sheet are then determined in order to study the transport of energy between the different plasma regimes from the magnetosheath to the inner magnetosphere. The results are shown as time-series of integrated energy content within each region volume, and integrated energy flux between the regional interfaces. These volume energies and surface fluxes are compared with input solar wind conditions, storm phases, and empirical solar wind - magnetosphere coupling functions. Finally, the results are quantitatively assessed in terms of statistical parameters of the integrated quantities during each storm phase as well as statistical relationships such as correlation coefficients between energy from the sheath to the lobes and lobes to the closed field line region. 
NASA Harvest Platforms for Collecting and Sharing In-situ Observations of Essential Agricultural Variables
Authors: Humber Michael , Justice Christina , Munshell Blake , Mitkish Mary , Whitcraft Alyssa , Jarvis Ian , Franziskakis Florian , Makabe Esther , Becker-Reshef Inbal
Published: February 2023

Agricultural monitoring has been an important topic in remote sensing research since the inception of satellite Earth observations. With early national-scale crop yield estimation efforts dating back to the LACIE and AgriSTARS projects of the 1970s and 1980s, the value and importance of food production, combined with the high variability of crop genotypes and phenotypes, have continued to spur constant innovation in mapping and monitoring agricultural land from remote sensing data.Cropland is a highly dynamic surface type that can be difficult to map with high precision and accuracy for myriad reasons, including: variability in crop type and crop rotations; intra-season growth cycles; multi-cropping practices; crop health; fallow land; farming practices; soil fertility; seed genetics; environmental factors; and more. Each of these variables also changes through time due to climate change, advancing technology, and changes in socio-economic or political drivers. Mapping and modeling agricultural variables, therefore, require constant recalibration and validation against in-situ observations that are representative of the cropping regime.The Essential Agricultural Variables (EAVs), defined by the GEO Global Agricultural Monitoring (GEOGLAM) initiative, provide a basis for identifying the data variables and their functional requirements in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. EAVs are designed to help the GEOGLAM community prioritize the development of products that can be derived from Earth observations data to improve downstream insight into agricultural productivity. At the same time, the EAVs are instructive for developing methods and tools for collecting the in-situ data needed to evaluate the corresponding products.Operating under the GEOGLAM Data Lifecycle, the EAVs, and the GEO data sharing and management principles, the NASA Harvest consortium on food security and agriculture collects and distributes thousands of in-situ observations for public use in the agricultureal R&D domain. These efforts are underpinned by freely accessible data collection platforms, searchable data discovery and distribution portals, and purpose-driven field measurement methodologies that balance project-specific requirements while ensuring the future reusability of the dataset.In this presentation, we highlight the status of current in-situ datasets and tools available through NASA Harvest. Their relevance is contextualized within the GEOGLAM EAV framework, and we discuss practical issues of in-situ data collection for agricultural remote sensing applications including farmer data privacy, reducing enumerator errors, coordinating data collection campaigns, limitations of reusing data, and balancing measurement complexity with general utility. 
The fate of nitrification and urease inhibitors in simulated bank filtration
Authors: Zeeshan Muhammad , Scheurer Marco , Förster Christina , Kuebeck Christine , Ruhl Aki Sebastian , Klitzke Sondra
Published: February 2023

Nitrification and urease inhibitors (NUI) are used in conjunction with nitrogen (N) fertilizers on agricultural soils to improve the efficiency of N fertilizers and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. After application, NUI might transfer to aquatic environments through leaching or surface runoff. Nowadays, NUI such as 1,2,4-triazole, 3,4-dimethylpyrazole (3,4-DMPP) and dicyandiamide (DCD) are frequently found in surface waters with concentrations in the magnitude of µg/L. The fate of NUI in bank filtration (BF) is currently poorly known. BF is a sustainable water treatment system providing high quality water by efficiently removing numerous organic micropollutants from the source water. Herein, sorption and degradation of NUI in simulated BF under near-natural conditions was investigated. Besides, the effect of NUI on the microbial biomass of slowly growing microorganisms and the role of microbial biomass on NUI removal was investigated. Duplicate sand columns (length 1.7 m), fed with surface water were spiked with a pulse consisting of four nitrification (1,2,4-triazole, DCD, 3,4-DMPP and 3-methylpyrazole) and two urease inhibitors (n-butyl-thiophosphoric acid triamide and n-(2-nitrophenyl) phosphoric triamide). The average spiking concentration of each NUI was 5 µg/L. The flow velocity was adjusted to 0.2 m/d. Breakthrough curves of tracer (sodium chloride) and the NUI appeared at same time; therefore, sorption may be ruled out. Additionally, experimental and modeled breakthrough curves of NUI suggested no retardation for any of the inhibitors. Therefore, biodegradation was identified as the main elimination pathway for all substances and was highest in zones of high microbial biomass. N-butyl-thiophosphoric acid triamide was completely removed within a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 hours and proved to be a highly degradable substance. Nitrification inhibitors showed 50% mass recovery (except for 3,4-DMPP) after an HRT of 4 days. A slight effect of NUI on microbial biomass was observed. This study highlights that hydraulic retention time and microbial biomass are key indicators for the degradation of NUI.
Oceanic Maintenance of Atmospheric Blocking
Authors: Mathews Jamie
Published: February 2023

In recent years the understanding of atmospheric blocking has changed from solely a dry phenomena to one that includes moist processes. The primary source of that moisture, the ocean, has, until recently, been neglected as a driver of this basin scale structure. Here, the connection between atmospheric blocking over the North Atlantic and the diabatic influence of the Gulf Stream was investigated using potential vorticity diagnostics. In line with previous research, the reliance atmospheric blocking has on latent heat fluxes over the Gulf Stream and its extension, for induction and maintenance, was shown to be significant. It was shown that not only is it more likely for a North Atlantic block to occur after significant surface latent heat fluxes over the Gulf Stream and its extension, but the resulting block is likely to be anchored on the western flank of the Atlantic, making it more stationary and hence, more impactful. Additionally, blocks that have a longer duration were highly associated with surface latent heat fluxes over the western boundary current, while shorter blocks were not, indicating a positive feedback from the oceanic mesoscale phenomena onto this basin scale structure. Finally, the frequency of the block was seen to correspond to the amount of surplus heat content in the western boundary currents prior to the blocking event which, in the North Atlantic, had leading order dependence on the heat transport via the Gulf Stream.