bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, Molecular Simulation, and In Vitro Validation Revealed the Bioactive Components in Soy-Fermented Food Products and the Underlying Mechanistic Pathways in Lung Cancer
Authors: Elkhalifa Abd Elmoneim O. , Banu Humera , Khan Mohammad Idreesh , Ashraf Syed Amir
Published: September 2023

Globally, lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality, warranting the exploration of novel and effective therapeutic approaches. Soy-fermented food products have long been associated with potential health benefits, including anticancer properties. There is still a lack of understanding of the active components of these drugs as well as their underlying mechanistic pathways responsible for their anti-lung cancer effects. In this study, we have undertaken an integrated approach combining network pharmacology and molecular docking to elucidate the mechanism of action of soy-fermented food products against lung cancer through simulation and in vitro validation. Using network pharmacology, we constructed a comprehensive network of interactions between the identified isoflavones in soy-fermented food products and lung cancer-associated targets. Molecular docking was performed to predict the binding affinities of these compounds with key lung cancer-related proteins. Additionally, molecular simulation was utilized to investigate the stability of the compound–target complexes over time, providing insights into their dynamic interactions. Our results identified daidzein as a potential active component in soy-fermented food products with high binding affinities towards critical lung cancer targets. Molecular dynamic simulations confirmed the stability of the daidzein–MMP9 and daidzein–HSP90AA1 complexes, suggesting their potential as effective inhibitors. Additionally, in vitro validation experiments demonstrated that treatment with daidzein significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation and suppressed cancer cell migration and the invasion of A549 lung cancer cells. Consequently, the estrogen signaling pathway was recognized as the pathway modulated by daidzein against lung cancer. Overall, the findings of the present study highlight the therapeutic potential of soy-fermented food products in lung cancer treatment and provide valuable insights for the development of targeted therapies using the identified bioactive compounds. Further investigation and clinical studies are warranted to validate these findings and translate them into clinical applications for improved lung cancer management.
Moderate- and High-Intensity Endurance Training Alleviate Diabetes-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats
Authors: D’Haese Sarah , Verboven Maxim , Evens Lize , Deluyker Dorien , Lambrichts Ivo , Eijnde BO , Hansen Dominique , Bito Virginie
Published: September 2023

Exercise training is an encouraging approach to treat cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but the impact of its intensity is not understood. We aim to investigate whether and, if so, how moderate-intensity training (MIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) alleviate adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in rats with T2DM. Male rats received standard chow (n = 10) or Western diet (WD) to induce T2DM. Hereafter, WD rats were subjected to a 12-week sedentary lifestyle (n = 8), running MIT (n = 7) or HIIT (n = 7). Insulin resistance and glucose tolerance were assessed during the oral glucose tolerance test. Plasma advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) were evaluated. Echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements evaluated cardiac function. Underlying cardiac mechanisms were investigated by histology, western blot and colorimetry. We found that MIT and HIIT lowered insulin resistance and blood glucose levels compared to sedentary WD rats. MIT decreased harmful plasma AGE levels. In the heart, MIT and HIIT lowered end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular wall thickness and interstitial collagen deposition. Cardiac citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial oxidative capacity marker, raised after both exercise training modalities. We conclude that MIT and HIIT are effective in alleviating diastolic dysfunction and pathological cardiac remodeling in T2DM, by lowering fibrosis and optimizing mitochondrial capacity.
The Social and Professional Image of the Nurse: Results of an Online Snowball Sampling Survey among the General Population in the Post-Pandemic Period
Authors: Rubbi Ivan , Lupo Roberto , Lezzi Alessia , Cremonini Valeria , Carvello Maicol , Caricato Martina , Conte Luana , Antonazzo Marcello , Caldararo Cosimo , Botti Stefano , Andretta Vincenzo , Lattarulo Pio , Vitale Elsa
Published: September 2023

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed people’s lifestyles by imposing social, economic, and labor changes. Health professionals have been in the spotlight, occasionally even elevated to the status of “heroes”, as they have been at the forefront of the health emergency. Media exposure has undoubtedly played a pivotal role in the evolution and perception of the public’s image of nurses, especially within the Italian context. Currently, there is only one study conducted in Italy during the pandemic period. For this reason, we have opted to delve further into this subject during the post-pandemic period, with the ultimate goal of identifying this perceptual evolution. Methods. An online snowball sampling survey was conducted among the Italian population using social networks between August 2022 and January 2023. The survey utilized the Nursing Attitude Questionnaire (NAQ) to collect data. Results. The sample consisted of 564 individuals. Among the respondents, 63.8% (n = 360) were familiar with the nursing pathway, and the level of agreement regarding the training of nurses was 81.5% (n = 260). In terms of recognizing the professional role of nurses, variations emerged in certain domains of the NAQ. Specifically, professional values of nurses were more pronounced in northern and central Italy (M = 26.27). Moreover, stereotypes were more prevalent in the north (23.73 ± 3.538) and the center (23.13 ± 4.104) (p = 0.001). Conclusions. The sample acknowledged a unique competence inherent to nurses that cannot be replaced by other professionals. The study population perceives the nursing profession as pivotal within the IHS (Integrated Health System). However, the attractiveness of the profession remains exceedingly low. This study was not registered on a publicly available registry.
Special Issue “Recent Advances in Oral Drug Delivery Development”
Authors: Schlatter Joël
Published: September 2023

This Special Issue, entitled “Recent Advances in Oral Drug Delivery Development”, aims to demonstrate new advances and future trends in the field of oral drug delivery [...]
Metabolomic Profile, Plasmatic Levels of Losartan and EXP3174, Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients and Their Correlation with COVID-19
Authors: Queiroz Kamila A. , Vale Everton P. , Martín-Pastor Manuel , Sólon Lílian G. S. , Sousa Francisco F. O.
Published: September 2023

Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide and is related to serious health complications. It has been pointed out as a major risk factor for COVID-19. This study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the metabolomic profile, the correlation with the plasmatic levels of losartan and its active metabolite (EXP3174), biochemical markers, and blood pressure (BP) control in hypertensive patients. 1H NMR metabolomic profiles of hypertensive and normotensive patients with and without previous COVID-19 diagnosis were identified. Plasmatic levels of LOS and EXP3174 were correlated with BP, biochemical markers, and the metabolomic fingerprint of the groups. Biomarkers linked to important aspects of SAH and COVID-19 were identified, such as glucose, glutamine, arginine, creatinine, alanine, choline, erythritol, homogentisate, 0-tyrosine, and 2-hydroxybutyrate. Those metabolites are indicative of metabolic alterations, kidney damage, pulmonary dysfunction, and persistent inflammation, which can be found in both diseases. Some hypertensive patients did not reach the therapeutic levels of LOS and EXP3174, while the BP control was also limited among the normotensive patients with previous COVID-19 diagnoses. Metabolomics proved to be an important tool for assessing the effectiveness of losartan pharmacotherapy and the damage caused by SAH and COVID-19 in hypertensive patients.
Pharmacological Differences between Native Homomeric Transient Receptor Potential Canonical Type 4 Channels and Heteromeric Transient Receptor Potential Canonical Type 1/4 Channels in Lateral Septal Neurons
Authors: Phelan Kevin D. , Shwe U Thaung , Zheng Fang
Published: September 2023

Given the unique expression patterns and revelations of its critical involvement in a host of neurological disorders, the TRPC1/4/5 subgroup has become an intense target of drug development, and some compounds are now in clinical trials. However, little is known about the exact subunit composition of this subfamily of TRPC channels in various native tissues, and whether it has functional and pharmacological implications. In this study, we investigated the effects of two TRPC4 modulators located in the lateral septum, in which a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist-induced plateau potential is mediated by TRPC channels composed of TRPC1 and TRPC4. Lateral septal neurons were recorded intracellularly in brain slices using sharp electrodes. Drugs were applied via bath superfusion. We showed that the plateau potential in mice lacking TRPC1 is modulated by ML204 and La3+ in a manner that is like homomeric TRPC4 channels in artificial expression systems. However, the plateau potential that is primarily mediated by heteromeric TRPC1/4 channels in lateral septal neurons in wildtype mice was modulated differently by ML204 and La3+. Our data suggest that native homomeric TRPC4 channels and heteromeric TRPC1/4 channels are pharmacologically distinct, and the current drug development strategy regarding TRPC1/4/5 may need to be reevaluated.
Nanosuspension-Based Dissolvable Microneedle Arrays to Enhance Diclofenac Skin Delivery
Authors: Casula Luca , Pireddu Rosa , Cardia Maria Cristina , Pini Elena , Valenti Donatella , Schlich Michele , Sinico Chiara , Marceddu Salvatore , Dragićević Nina , Fadda Anna Maria , Lai Francesco
Published: September 2023

Applying a formulation on the skin represents a patient-acceptable and therapeutically effective way to administer drugs locally and systemically. However, the stratum corneum stands as an impermeable barrier that only allows a very limited number of drugs to be distributed in the underlying tissues, limiting the feasibility of this administration route. Microneedle arrays are minimally invasive platforms that allow the delivery of drugs within/across the skin through the temporary mechanical disruption of the stratum corneum. In this work, microneedle arrays were combined with nanosuspensions, a technology for solubility enhancement of water insoluble molecules, for the skin delivery of diclofenac. Nanosuspensions were prepared using a top-down method and loaded in the tips of 500 µm or 800 µm high microneedles. The quality of the combined platform was assessed using electron microscopy and spectroscopic and calorimetry techniques, demonstrating the ability to load high amounts of the hydrophobic drug and the compatibility between excipients. Lastly, the application of nanosuspension-loaded microneedles on the skin in vitro allowed the delivery of diclofenac within and across the stratum corneum, proving the potential of this combination to enhance skin delivery of scarcely soluble drugs.
Maturity Assessment of Different Table Grape Cultivars Grown at Six Different Altitudes in Lebanon
Authors: Hamie Najwane , Nacouzi Diana , Choker Mariam , Salameh Maya , Darwiche Linda , El Kayal Walid
Published: September 2023

Table grapes are harvested based on well-known maturity indices that must be monitored after fruit veraison. The aim of this study was to assess these indices across multiple locations and environmental conditions, encompassing different table grape cultivars such as Black Pearl, Crimson Seedless, Superior Seedless, and Red Globe. For this reason, grape sampling was conducted across six distinct locations characterized by varying altitudes above sea level (m asl) and environmental conditions over the ripening season. The main maturity indices, including pH, sugar content, titratable acidity, berry firmness, and other parameters were monitored over the growing season. Moreover, the quantification of total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity was determined using spectrophotometric assays at harvesting. The study has examined the effect of the vineyard’s location on grape quality and its interaction with the cultivar and environment. Crimson Seedless maintained a relatively high level of acidity with altitude near harvesting. Black Pearl exhibited a notable decline in both sugar content and berry firmness as elevation increased, whereas Red Globe demonstrated contrasting outcomes. The optimal maturity of Superior Seedless was observed at an elevation of 1000 m asl. Black Pearl and Crimson Seedless exhibited better adaptability to intermediate elevations (650 and 950 m asl), while Red Globe and Superior Seedless showed better adaptability to higher elevations (1000–1150 m asl). Among the studied cultivars, Black Pearl exhibited significantly higher levels of total polyphenols and anthocyanins, while close values were noticed between red and green cultivars.
Characterization of Pre-Breeding Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Germplasm for Stripe Rust Resistance Using Field Phenotyping and Genotyping
Authors: Ul Islam Basharat , Mir Saba , Dar Mohammad Saleem , Khan Gazala H. , Shikari Asif B. , Sofi Najeeb ul Rehman , Mohiddin Fayaz , Ahangar Mohammad Ashraf , Jehangir Intikhab Aalum , Kumar Satish , Singh Gyanendra , Wani Shabir H.
Published: September 2023

Wheat is highly affected by stripe rust disease, particularly under cooler environments, and the losses can reach up to 100 percent depending on the intensity of infection and the susceptibility of the genotype. The most effective method to manage this disease is the use of resistant varieties. In the present study, 192 wheat genotypes were evaluated for stripe rust resistance under field conditions and also in a laboratory using molecular markers. These lines included pre-breeding germplasm developed for rust resistance and some high-yielding commercially grown wheat varieties. Out of 192 genotypes, 53 were found to be resistant, and 29 showed moderate resistance reaction under field conditions, whereas the remaining genotypes were all either moderately susceptible or susceptible. Under controlled conditions, out of 109 genotypes, only 12 were found to be resistant to all the six virulent/pathogenic pathotypes. Additionally, a selection of 97 genotypes were found resistant in field screening and were subjected to molecular validation using the markers linked to major R-genes, viz., Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr17. Nine genotypes possessed the Yr5 gene, twelve had the Yr10 gene, fourteen had the Yr15 gene and thirty-two had the Yr17 gene. The resistance genes studied in the current study are effective in conferring resistance against stripe rust disease. The genotypes identified as resistant under both field and controlled conditions can be used as sources in stripe rust resistance breeding programs.
Enhancing the Fruit Yield and Quality in Pomegranate: Insights into Drip Irrigation and Mulching Strategies
Authors: Beelagi Ranjitha , Singh Vijay P. , Jat Rajkumar , Singh Pramod Kumar , Rai Ratna , Singh Akath , Basile Boris , Mataffo Alessandro , Corrado Giandomenico , Kumar Pradeep
Published: September 2023

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit tree that is globally distributed, especially in warm areas with low annual rainfall and limited water availability. This species exemplifies the critical role of water in agriculture and the need for efficient irrigation practices due to its characteristics, cultivation requirements, and geographic diffusion. In this study, we investigated the effects of drip irrigation and mulching on the vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality attributes of pomegranate. The experiment involved three irrigation regimes (100% of evapotranspiration, 80%, and 60%) and three mulching treatments (no mulch, plastic mulch, and organic mulch) in a factorial combination. Both irrigation and mulching had significant positive influences on the yield and fruit quality attributes. Specifically, deficit irrigation strategies showed a negative impact on the fruit yield per tree, with a greater effect observed as the severity of the irrigation deficit increased. Mulching, on the other hand, led to a significant increase in the fruit yield, primarily attributed to an increase in fruit size. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that irrigation and mulching treatments had distinct effects on fruit traits such as the fruit length, width, volume, and rind thickness. Interestingly, the study highlighted that the effects of irrigation and mulching on fruit quality attributes were mostly independent of each other, suggesting an additive influence rather than an interaction between the two factors. These findings underscore the importance of considering irrigation and mulching practices for optimizing fruit quality in pomegranate cultivation, particularly in semi-arid regions. The results contribute valuable insights for farmers and researchers seeking to enhance fruit production and quality.
Isolation of Volatile Compounds by Microwave-Assisted Extraction from Six Veronica Species and Testing of Their Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Activities
Authors: Vrca Ivana , Čikeš Čulić Vedrana , Lozić Mirela , Dunkić Niko , Kremer Dario , Ruščić Mirko , Nazlić Marija , Dunkić Valerija
Published: September 2023

This study was conducted to determine the differences in the chemical composition of the essential oils and hydrosols of six different Veronica species (V. agrestis, V. anagalloides, V. austriaca ssp. jacquinii, V. beccabunga, Veronica cymbalaria, and V. officinalis) and to test their antiproliferative and apoptotic activities, according to the authors’ knowledge, because of insufficient research and lack of information. Also, the goal was to determine which obtained samples were better in achieving antiproliferative and apoptotic activities and due to which volatile components. Therefore, essential oils (EOs) and hydrosols (HYs) were isolated from the above-mentioned Veronica species by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Phytochemical identification of the free volatile compounds was performed using a GC equipped with a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer. Their antiproliferative and apoptotic activities against two human cancer cell lines, breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and bladder cancer cell line T24, were determined. The main compounds identified in the studied Veronica EOs and HYs were terpinen-4-ol (0.34–6.49%), linalool (0.34–6.61%), (E)-caryophyllene (0.97–7.55%), allo-aromadendrene (0.18–2.21%), caryophyllene oxide (1.42–23.83%), benzene acetaldehyde (0.26–13.34%), and β-ionone (1.08–16.53%). In general, HYs of the tested Veronica species showed higher antiproliferative activity (IC50 13.41–42.05%) compared to EOs (IC50 158.1–970.4 µg/mL) on MDA-MB-231 and T24 cancer cell lines after 48 and 72 h. V. agrestis EO showed the best apoptotic effect among the EOs on the MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line (10.47 ± 0.53% and 9.06 ± 0.74% of early/late apoptosis, compared with control 3.61 ± 0.62% and 0.80 ± 0.17% of early/late apoptosis, respectively) and among the HYs V. cymbalaria showed 9.95 ± 1.05% and 3.06 ± 0.28% of early/late apoptosis and V. anagalloides 8.29 ± 1.09% and 1.95 ± 0.36% of early/late apoptosis compared with control (for EO was 7.45 ± 1.01% and 0.54 ± 0.25%, and for HY was 4.91 ± 1.97% and 0.70 ± 0.09% of early/late apoptosis, respectively) on the T24 cancer cell line. Future research will include other Croatian species of the genus Veronica to gain a more complete insight into the biological activity of the volatile products of this genus for potential discovery of drugs based on natural plant extracts.
Obituary: Professor Dr Javier Abadía, 1954–2022
Authors: Rodríguez-Celma Jorge , Álvarez-Fernández Ana
Published: September 2023

The unexpected death of Javier Abadía, Research Professor of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), deeply shocked all who knew him [...]
Bridging the Gap: Combining Genomics and Transcriptomics Approaches to Understand Stylosanthes scabra, an Orphan Legume from the Brazilian Caatinga
Authors: Ferreira-Neto José Ribamar Costa , da Silva Manassés Daniel , Binneck Eliseu , de Melo Natoniel Franklin , da Silva Rahisa Helena , de Melo Ana Luiza Trajano Mangueira , Pandolfi Valesca , Bustamante Fernanda de Oliveira , Brasileiro-Vidal Ana Christina , Benko-Iseppon Ana Maria
Published: September 2023

Stylosanthes scabra is a scientifically orphaned legume found in the Brazilian Caatinga biome (a semi-arid environment). This work utilized omics approaches to investigate some ecophysiological aspects of stress tolerance/resistance in S. scabra, study its genomic landscape, and predict potential metabolic pathways. Considering its high-confidence conceptual proteome, 1694 (~2.6%) proteins were associated with resistance proteins, some of which were found in soybean QTL regions that confer resistance to Asian soybean rust. S. scabra was also found to be a potential source of terpenes, as biosynthetic gene clusters associated with terpene biosynthesis were identified in its genome. The analysis revealed that mobile elements comprised approximately 59% of the sequenced genome. In the remaining 41% of the sections, some of the 22,681 protein-coding gene families were categorized into two informational groups: those that were specific to S. scabra and those that expanded significantly compared to their immediate ancestor. Biological process enrichment analyses indicated that these gene families play fundamental roles in the adaptation of S. scabra to extreme environments. Additionally, phylogenomic analysis indicated a close evolutionary relationship between the genera Stylosanthes and Arachis. Finally, this study found a high number (57) of aquaporin-encoding loci in the S. scabra genome. RNA-Seq and qPCR data suggested that the PIP subfamily may play a key role in the species’ adaptation to water deficit conditions. Overall, these results provide valuable insights into S. scabra biology and a wealth of gene/transcript information for future legume omics studies.
Genome-Wide Identification of the RR Gene Family and Its Expression Analysis in Response to TDZ Induction in Rhododendron delavayi
Authors: Peng Lvchun , Li Xuejiao , Gao Yan , Xie Weijia , Zhang Lu , Song Jie , Li Shifeng , Zhao Zhengxiong
Published: September 2023

The cytokinin response regulator (RR) gene is essential for cytokinin signal transduction, which plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. Here, we applied bioinformatics to Rhododendron delavayi’s genome to identify its RR gene family and systematically analyzed their gene characteristics, phylogenetic evolution, chromosomal localization, collinearity analysis, promoter cis-elements, and expression patterns. Overall, 33 RdRR genes were distinguished and classified into three types. All these genes harbored motif 5 (YEVTTVNSGLEALELLRENKB), the most conserved one, along with the plant-conserved domain (REC domain), and could be mapped to 10 chromosomes with four gene pairs of segmental replication events but no tandem replication events; 13 RdRR genes showed collinearity with Arabidopsis thaliana genes. Promoter analysis revealed multiple hormone-related cis-elements in the RR genes. After a TDZ (thidiazuron) treatment, 13 genes had higher expression levels than the control, whose magnitude of change depended on the developmental stage of leaves’ adventitious buds. The expression levels of RdRR14, RdRR17, RdRR20, and RdRR24 agreed with the average number of adventitious buds post-TDZ treatment. We speculate that these four genes could figure prominently in bud regeneration from R. delavayi leaves in vitro. This study provides detailed knowledge of RdRRs for research on cytokinin signaling and RdRR functioning in R. delavayi.
Genomic Analysis of Leptolyngbya boryana CZ1 Reveals Efficient Carbon Fixation Modules
Authors: Bai Xiaohui , Wang Honghui , Cheng Wenbin , Wang Junjun , Ma Mengyang , Hu Haihang , Song Zilong , Ma Hongguang , Fan Yan , Du Chenyu , Xu Jingcheng
Published: September 2023

Cyanobacteria, one of the most widespread photoautotrophic microorganisms on Earth, have evolved an inorganic CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) to adapt to a variety of habitats, especially in CO2-limited environments. Leptolyngbya boryana, a filamentous cyanobacterium, is widespread in a variety of environments and is well adapted to low-inorganic-carbon environments. However, little is currently known about the CCM of L. boryana, in particular its efficient carbon fixation module. In this study, we isolated and purified the cyanobacterium CZ1 from the Xin’anjiang River basin and identified it as L. boryana by 16S rRNA sequencing. Genome analysis revealed that L. boryana CZ1 contains β-carboxysome shell proteins and form 1B of Rubisco, which is classify it as belonging to the β-cyanobacteria. Further analysis revealed that L. boryana CZ1 employs a fine CCM involving two CO2 uptake systems NDH-13 and NDH-14, three HCO3− transporters (SbtA, BicA, and BCT1), and two carboxysomal carbonic anhydrases. Notably, we found that NDH-13 and NDH-14 are located close to each other in the L. boryana CZ1 genome and are back-to-back with the ccm operon, which is a novel gene arrangement. In addition, L. boryana CZ1 encodes two high-affinity Na+/HCO3− symporters (SbtA1 and SbtA2), three low-affinity Na+-dependent HCO3− transporters (BicA1, BicA2, and BicA3), and a BCT1; it is rare for a single strain to encode all three bicarbonate transporters in such large numbers. Interestingly, L. boryana CZ1 also uniquely encodes two active carbonic anhydrases, CcaA1 and CcaA2, which are also rare. Taken together, all these results indicated that L. boryana CZ1 is more efficient at CO2 fixation. Moreover, compared with the reported CCM gene arrangement of cyanobacteria, the CCM-related gene distribution pattern of L. boryana CZ1 was completely different, indicating a novel gene organization structure. These results can enrich our understanding of the CCM-related gene arrangement of cyanobacteria, and provide data support for the subsequent improvement and increase in biomass through cyanobacterial photosynthesis.
Nutritional Performance of Five Citrus Rootstocks under Different Fe Levels
Authors: Pestana Maribela , García-Caparrós Pedro , Saavedra Teresa , Gama Florinda , Abadía Javier , Varennes Amarilis de , Correia Pedro José
Published: September 2023

Iron is an essential micronutrient for citrus, playing an important role in photosynthesis and yield. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the tolerance to Fe deficiency of five citrus rootstocks: sour orange (S), Carrizo citrange (C), Citrus macrophylla (M), Troyer citrange (T), and Volkamer lemon (V). Plants were grown for 5 weeks in nutrient solution that contained the following Fe concentrations (in µM): 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20. At the end of the experiment, biomass (dry weight—DW), leaf area, total leaf chlorophyll (CHL), and the activity of root chelate reductase (FCR) were recorded. Additionally, the mineral composition of roots (R) and shoots (S) was evaluated. Principal component analysis was used to study the relationships between all parameters and, subsequently, the relations between rootstocks. In the first component, N-S, P-S, Ca-S, Cu-S, Zn-S, Mn-S, Zn-R, and Mn-R concentrations were related to leaf CHL and FCR. Increases in leaf CHL, Mg-R, and DW (shoots and roots) were inversely related to Cu-R, which was shown in the second component. The values obtained were consistent for V10, C15, and C20, but in contrast for S0 and S5. In conclusion, micronutrient homeostasis in roots and shoots of all rootstocks were affected by Fe stress conditions. The Fe/Cu ratio was significantly related to CHL, which may be used to assist rootstock performance.
Four-Dimensionally Printed Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Shape Memory Polymer Composites with Diverse Deformation Based on an Inhomogeneous Temperature Field
Authors: Wang Hongyan , Zhang Zhongsen , Fu Kunkun , Li Yan
Published: September 2023

Four-dimensionally printed continuous carbon fiber-reinforced shape memory polymer composite (CFSMPC) is a smart material with the ability to bear loads and undergo deformation. The deformation of CFSMPC can be driven by the electrothermal effect of carbon fibers. In this study, the effect of temperature on the shape memory recovery performance of polylactic acid (PLA) was first studied experimentally. Continuous carbon fibers were incorporated into PLA to design CFSMPCs with thickness gradients and hand-shaped structures, respectively. The distribution strategy of the carbon fibers was determined based on simulations of the electrically driven shape recovery process of the aforementioned structures. Both the simulations and experiments demonstrated that the electrification of the CFSMPC structures resulted in an inhomogeneous temperature field, leading to distinct deformation recovery processes. Eventually, a precise unfolding was achieved for the thickness gradient structure and the five fingers in the hand-shaped structure by utilizing a safe voltage of 6 V. This demonstrates that the 4D-printed CFSMPC with diverse deformations based on an inhomogeneous temperature field has potential applications in actuators, reconfigurable devices, and other fields.
A New Approach to Estimating the Parameters of Structural Formations in HDPE Reactor Powder
Authors: Borisov Artem , Boiko Yuri , Gureva Svetlana , Danilova Ksenia , Egorov Victor , Ivan’kova Elena , Marikhin Vyacheslav , Myasnikova Liubov , Novokshonova Ludmila , Radovanova Elena , Starchak Elena , Ushakova Tatiana , Yagovkina Maria
Published: September 2023

The morphology of virgin reactor powder (RP) of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with MW = 160,000 g/mol was investigated using DSC, SEM, SAXS, and WAXS methods. The morphological SEM analysis showed that the main morphological units of RP are macro- and micro-shish-kebab structures with significantly different geometric dimensions, as well as individual lamellae of folded chain crystals. A quantitative analysis of an asymmetric SAXS reflection made it possible to reveal the presence of several periodic morphoses in the RP with long periods ranging from 20 nm to 60 nm, and to correlate them with the observed powder morphology. According to the DSC crystallinity data, the thickness of the lamellae in each long period was estimated. Their surface energy was calculated in the framework of the Gibbs—Thompson theory. The presence of regular and irregular folds on the surface of different shish-kebab lamellae was discussed. The percentage of identified morphoses in the RP was calculated. It has been suggested that the specific structure of HDPE RP is due to the peculiarity of polymer crystallization during suspension synthesis in a quasi-stationary regime, in which local overheating and inhomogeneous distribution of shear stresses in a chemical reactor are possible.
Fabrication of a 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fiber Composite Grid Stiffened Structure Using Induction Heating
Authors: Zhou Zhuoying , Zhang Zhongsen , Fu Kunkun , Yang Bin
Published: September 2023

In aerospace applications, composite grids have been widely utilized to enhance the strength of large thin-shell components. Recently, a growing focus has been on the research of 3D printing continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. The 3D printing method offers various advantages over traditional molding processes, including a simpler process, higher material utilization, and lower manufacturing costs. However, the use of 3D printing for manufacturing continuous fiber-reinforced composite structures presents challenges, such as a high occurrence of defects within the structure and insufficient mechanical properties. These limitations hinder its widespread application. To address these issues, this study proposes a method for treating 3D-printed composite grid structures using induction heating. Initially, the induction heating mechanism of 3D-printed composite grids was analyzed by studying the impedance at the junction, including direct contact resistance and dielectric hysteresis loss. Subsequently, the impact of induction heating treatment on internal defects was explored by observing micro morphologies. The results show that the combination of induction heating and vacuum pressure effectively reduces porosities within the 3D-printed carbon fiber composite grids. Additionally, 3D-printed composite grid-stiffened PLA structures were fabricated with induction heating, and the bending and impact tests were conducted to evaluate their mechanical properties. The results indicate that using a grid-unit size of 4 mm leads to significant increases in bending strength and modulus of the grid-stiffened structure, with improvements of 137.6% and 217.8%, respectively, compared to the neat PLA panel. This demonstrates the exceptional mechanical enhancement efficiency of the 3D-printed lightweight composite grids.
Enhancing the Mechanical Properties and Aging Resistance of 3D-Printed Polyurethane through Polydopamine and Graphene Coating
Authors: Tung Chien-Chiang , Lin Yen-Hong , Chen Yi-Wen , Wang Fu-Ming
Published: September 2023

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a versatile manufacturing method widely used in various industries due to its design flexibility, rapid production, and mechanical strength. Polyurethane (PU) is a biopolymer frequently employed in 3D printing applications, but its susceptibility to UV degradation limits its durability. To address this issue, various additives, including graphene, have been explored to enhance PU properties. Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon material, possesses remarkable mechanical and electrical properties, but challenges arise in its dispersion within the polymer matrix. Surface modification techniques, like polydopamine (PDA) coating, have been introduced to improve graphene’s compatibility with polymers. This study presents a method of 3D printing PU scaffolds coated with PDA and graphene for enhanced UV stability. The scaffolds were characterized through X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, and UV durability tests. Results showed successful PDA coating, graphene deposition, and improved mechanical properties. The PDA–graphene-modified scaffolds exhibited greater UV resistance over time, attributed to synergistic effects between PDA and graphene. These findings highlight the potential of combining PDA and graphene to enhance the stability and mechanical performance of 3D-printed PU scaffolds.
Bond Strength of Reline Materials to 3D-Printed Provisional Crown Resins
Authors: Palavicini Jorge , Quin Sherrod L. , Zakkour Wael , Zakkour Karim , Manafi Varkiani Safa , Xu Xiaoming , Lawson Nathaniel C. , Nejat Amir Hossein
Published: September 2023

(1) Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare the bond strength between two 3D-printed resins designed for long-term provisional crowns and three different reline materials. (2) Materials and Methods: Rectangular specimens were prepared from two 3D-printed resins (Envision Tech and NextDent C&B) and a conventional self-cure PMMA. Transparent tubes filled with three different reline materials including composite resin, Bis-acryl, and PMMA were bonded to the 3D-printed specimens (n = 11 per group, total of 6 study groups). Tubes filled with PMMA were bonded to the prepared PMMA specimens which served as the control group (n = 11, control group). The specimens were subjected to a shear bond strength (SBS) test, and mode of failure was recorded using light microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s tests (alpha = 0.05). (3) Results: The highest SBS value was achieved to both 3D-printed materials with the PMMA reline material. The bond to both 3D-printed materials was lower with Bis-acrylic or composite resin relines in comparison to that with PMMA (p-value < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the control PMMA group and either 3D-printed material when relined with PMMA (p-value > 0.05). (4) Conclusion: The tested 3D-printed resins achieved a clinically acceptable bond strength when relined with PMMA.
Multi-Physically Cross-Linked Hydrogels for Flexible Sensors with High Strength and Self-Healing Properties
Authors: Zhang Yulin , Wang Shiyu , Tian Yi , Chen Long , Du Yuhan , Su Gehong , Hu Yu
Published: September 2023

Excellent mechanical properties and self-healing properties are very important for the practical application of hydrogel flexible sensors. In this study, acrylic acid and stearyl methyl acrylate were selected as monomers to synthesize hydrophobic association hydrogels, and multi-physically cross-linked hydrogels were synthesized by adding ferric chloride and polyvinyl alcohol to introduce ion interaction and a hydrogen bond cross-linking network. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM, and the mechanical properties and self-healing properties were tested using a universal testing machine. It was confirmed that the strength of the hydrogel was significantly improved with the addition of ferric chloride and polyvinyl alcohol, and the hydrogel still showed good self-healing properties. Further testing of its application as a conductive sensor has demonstrated sensitive and stable motion sensing capabilities. This provides an important reference for high-performance hydrogel sensors with both high strength and self-healing properties.
LC-MS/MS and GC-MS Identification of Metabolites from the Selected Herbs and Spices, Their Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic Potential, and Chemometric Analysis
Authors: Kiani Hafiza Sehrish , Ali Baber , Al-Sadoon Mohammad Khalid , Al-Otaibi Hamad S. , Ali Akhtar
Published: September 2023

Culinary herbs and spices are widely used in daily diets. Pakistan’s flora is enriched with phytochemicals due to a diverse range of land. Phytochemicals, including volatile and non-volatile compounds, have captured much interest due to their numerous health advantages and significance in daily diet. The present study aimed to conduct in-depth metabolomic profiling of Pakistani-grown fenugreek leaves (Trigonella foenum-graecum), fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare), mint leaves (Mentha royleana), coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum) by using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The first study was conducted to optimize extraction using different solvents (methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetone, and water). Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total condensed tannins (TCT) were quantified along with the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. The highest TPC (125.42 ± 10.89 mg GAE/g) and the highest antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential were quantified in mint. Seventy-one phytochemical metabolites were identified using LC-MS/MS, while forty-nine volatile constituents were identified using GC-MS. A positive correlation was identified between phenolic contents and their biological activities. Furthermore, molecular docking helped to find drug molecules with more excellent anti-diabetic activity based on their binding affinities. This study suggests that selected herbs and spices from Pakistan have significant nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical potential. This study could further help in drug discovery.
Reducing the Environmental and Economic Consequences of Installing an Underground Collector and Increasing User Comfort with a New Geometry and Installation Method
Authors: Gabániová Ľubomíra , Kudelas Dušan
Published: September 2023

The installation of ground collectors often has several disadvantages for the user, despite future benefits in more ecological heating, namely the need for a large space for installation, which increases costs, and can also cause inconvenience later, for example, by keeping snow on the surface for a longer time. The goal of this paper was to find out with the help of simulations in ANSYS whether a collector with a different geometry and arrangement (vertical spiral with diameters of 6, 8 and 10 m), which would be more comfortable, cheaper, and also friendlier to the environment, would achieve performance similar to the classic geometry—meander. The initial results are relatively favorable and prove that there is room for optimization and improvement in this field. Verification of network sensitivity in all cases is 8% or less. In the current situation of the energy crisis, it is necessary to look for the possibilities of using heat pumps in cities and metropolises. The new geometry could increase the attractiveness and availability of ground source heat pumps in general, which would support efforts to reduce emissions and possibly also reduce the negative impacts of heating on the environment.
Microbial Population Dynamics during Unstable Operation of a Semicontinuous Anaerobic Digester Fed with a Mild-Treated Olive Mill Solid Waste
Authors: Cubero-Cardoso Juan , Fernández-Prior África , Ramiro-Garcia Javier , Trujillo-Reyes Angeles , Caballero-Guerrero Belén , Rodríguez-Gutiérrez Guillermo , Fermoso Fernando G.
Published: September 2023

This research evaluates process instability together with microbial population dynamics of the startup of an anaerobic digestion of a mild pretreated solid olive oil waste. The pretreatment consisted of a mild thermal treatment called thermo-malaxation and a subsequent dephenolized process of the olive mill solid waste. The anaerobic digestion process of the mild pretreated and partially dephenolized biomass was studied for three Hydraulic Retention Times (HRTs), with 21 days each HRT, with an organic load rate of 1 g VS/L d, carried out at mesophilic temperature (35 ± 1 °C). The average value of methane yield decreased from 204 ± 9 mL CH4/g VS d on day 21, the last day of the first HRT, to 87 ± 24 mL CH4/g VS d on day 60, the last day of the third HRT. The alkalinity decreased drastically, indicating instability of the anaerobic digestion process. Although phenolic compounds were partially extracted in the pretreatment, the observed increase in phenolic compounds during reactor operation might be contributed to the methane production decay. Interestingly, volatile fatty acids decreased with time, indicating that not only the methanogenic stage but also the hydrolysis stage was affected. Indeed, the microbial analysis showed that the abundance of hydrolytic bacteria decreased over time. It is also worth noticing that hydrogenotrophic methanogens, while present during the first two HRTs, were not observed at the end of the last HRT. This observation, together with the increase in the relative abundance of acetoclastic methanogens, showed a shift in the methane production pathway from hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis to acetotrophic methanogenesis.
Numerical Modeling of Ammonia-Fueled Protonic-Ion Conducting Electrolyte-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (H-SOFC): A Brief Review
Authors: Rahman Md. Mosfiqur , Abdalla Abdalla M. , Omeiza Lukman Ahmed , Raj Veena , Afroze Shammya , Reza Md. Sumon , Somalu Mahendra Rao , Azad Abul K.
Published: September 2023

Solid oxide fuel cells with protonic ion conducting electrolytes (H-SOFCs) are recognized and anticipated as eco-friendly electrochemical devices fueled with several kinds of fuels. One distinct feature of SOFCs that makes them different from others is fuel flexibility. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with a distinct strong smell at room temperature. It is easily dissolved in water and is a great absorbent. Ammonia plays a vital role as a caustic for its alkaline characteristics. Nowadays, ammonia is being used as a hydrogen carrier because it has carbon-free molecules and prosperous physical properties with transportation characteristics, distribution options, and storage capacity. Using ammonia as a fuel in H-SOFCs has the advantage of its ammonia cracking attributes and quality of being easily separated from generated steam. Moreover, toxic NOx gases are not formed in the anode while using ammonia as fuel in H-SOFCs. Recently, various numerical studies have been performed to comprehend the electrochemical and physical phenomena of H-SOFCs in order to develop a feasible and optimized design under different operating conditions rather than doing costlier experimentation. The aim of this concisely reviewed article is to present the current status of ammonia-fueled H-SOFC numerical modeling and the application of numerical modeling in ammonia-fueled H-SOFC geometrical shape optimization, which is still more desirable than traditional SOFCs.
Hydraulic Design of Sediment-Trapping Basin in Wadis Using Empirical Equations and Deposition Processes
Authors: Taha Abubakr Taha Bakheit , Aldrees Ali , Moussa Ahmed Moustafa Ahmed
Published: September 2023

Reservoirs overflow during flood season because of sedimentation cycles, which severely affects their effectiveness. Siltation is a major problem in dams constructed in waterways in arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, the reservoirs in wadis lose their capacity due to sedimentation. This study determines an optimal design of the trapping basin on steep slope areas for Wadi Bishah in the Asir region of southwestern Saudi Arabia. The empirical design criteria of the sediment-trapping basin is used to mitigate the effects of sedimentation in the King Fahd Dam. The empirical design of the trapping basin constructed upstream of the dam located in the wadi is presented. Moreover, the annual suspended and bed sediment load (Qs and Qb) techniques for estimating the volume of sediments are used, and the relationship between the sediment trapping efficiency and size is determined. The sediment trapping in Wadi Bishah upstream sediment-trapping basins is selected to reduce the amount of sediment. One of the important results of this study tries to create a new concept to trap sediment in wadis, which are located in arid and semi-arid areas. The results obtained were evaluated using theoretical and empirical equations to determine the appropriate size of the basin. The results demonstrate that the optimal dimensions for the sediment confinement basin are Lb × Wb × hs = 3500 × 500 × 1.5 m. Also, for these dimensions, the basin efficiency was assumed to be in the range of 60–70%. The trap basin should be constructed at open check dams upstream (U/S) of the proposed basin to enhance its efficiency. Further investigation is required to understand the transport and deposition of sediments, particularly fine sediments in the basin. Additionally, the effects of sediment traps in Wadi Bishah should be assessed during the construction of these structures to aid water resource management and mitigate flood disasters.
Editorial for the Special Issue “Computational Aspects and Software in Psychometrics II”
Authors: Robitzsch Alexander
Published: September 2023

There has been tremendous progress in statistical software in the field of psychometrics in providing open-source solutions [...]