bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Biases and Solutions for Procedural Objectivity
Authors: Lee Carole J. , Schunn Christian D.
Published: March 2011

An empirically sensitive formulation of the norms of transformative criticism must recognize that even public and shared standards of evaluation can be implemented in ways that unintentionally perpetuate and reproduce forms of social bias that are epistemically detrimental. Helen Longino's theory can explain and redress such social bias by treating peer evaluations as hypotheses based on data and by requiring a kind of perspectival diversity that bears, not on the content of the community's knowledge claims, but on the beliefs and norms of the culture of the knowledge community itself. To illustrate how socializing cognition can bias evaluations, we focus on peer-review practices, with some discussion of peer-review practices in philosophy. Data include responses to surveys by editors from general philosophy journals, as well as analyses of reviews and editorial decisions for the 2007 Cognitive Science Society Conference.
Transfusion‐related acute lung injury: reports to the French Hemovigilance Network 2007 through 2008
Authors: Ozier Yves , Muller Jean‐Yves , Mertes Paul‐Michel , Renaudier Philippe , Aguilon Philippe , Canivet Nathalie , Fabrigli Patrick , Rebibo Danielle , Tazerout Mahdi , Trophilme Catherine , Willaert Béatrice , Caldani Cyril
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a major cause of transfusion‐related mortality and morbidity. Epidemiologic studies using data from national transfusion schemes can help achieve a better understanding of TRALI incidence.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A multidisciplinary working group analyzed TRALI cases extracted from the French Hemovigilance Network Database (2007‐2008). All notified cases were reviewed for diagnosis. Those meeting the Canadian Consensus Conference criteria for TRALI were classified according to imputability to transfusion and clinical severity. Patient data (clinical characteristics, number and types of products transfused, and serology results) were obtained.

RESULTS: There were 62 TRALI cases and 23 possible TRALI cases during the 2‐year period. An immune‐mediated mechanism was identified in 30 of 50 TRALI cases with complete serology. TRALI was considered to be the cause of death in 7.1% of patients and might have contributed to death in an additional 9.4% of TRALI or possible TRALI patients. Occurrence ranked high in obstetrics (15%), after surgery (34%), and in hematologic malignancies (21%). Single‐donor high‐plasma‐volume components were involved in half of the cases where the implicated blood product could be determined and carried the highest risk per component (1:31,000 for single‐donor fresh‐frozen plasma units and apheresis platelet [PLT] concentrates, and 1:173,000 for red blood cells). No incident could be definitively related to the transfusion of solvent/detergent‐treated pooled plasma (>200,000 units transfused), nor to pooled PLT concentrates.

CONCLUSION: The proportion of TRALI cases related to plasma‐rich components was lower than previously described.
Beyond CD34+ cell dose: impact of method of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell mobilization (granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor [G‐CSF], G‐CSF plus plerixafor, or cyclophosphamide G‐CSF/granulocyte‐macrophage [GM]‐CSF) on number of colony‐forming unit–GM, engraftment, and Day +100 hematopoietic graft function
Authors: Alexander Erin T. , Towery Jeanne A. , Miller Ashley N. , Kramer Cindy , Hogan Kathy R. , Squires Jerry E. , Stuart Robert K. , Costa Luciano J.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: The dose of CD34+ cells/kg in the mobilized peripheral blood product is the main determinant of neutrophil and platelet (PLT) engraftment after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). Whether the method of mobilization, namely, granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) alone (G), G‐CSF plus plerixafor (G+P), or cyclophosphamide + G/granulocyte‐macrophage (GM)‐CSF (Cy+G/GM), independently affects number of colony‐forming unit (CFU)‐GM, engraftment, and hematopoietic graft function is unknown.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We used a database of AHSCT patients with multiple myeloma or lymphoma to identify three groups with different mobilization strategies receiving transplantation with similar CD34+ cell doses. Groups were compared in terms of CFU‐GM, ratio of CFU‐GM/CD34+, engraftment of neutrophils and PLTs, and hematopoietic graft function on Day +100.

RESULTS: Ninety‐six patients were included in the analysis, 26 G, 32 G+P, and 38 Cy+G/GM, with median cell doses of 4.21 × 106, 4.11 × 106, and 4.67 × 106 CD34+/kg, respectively (p = 0.433). There was no significant difference in number of CFU‐GM between the three groups; however, the ratio of CFU‐GM/CD34+ was significantly lower for G+P (p = 0.008). Median time for neutrophil engraftment was 13 days in G+P and 12 days in G and Cy+G/GM (p = 0.028), while PLT engraftment happened at a median of 14.5 days in G+P versus 12 days in G and 11 days in Cy+G/GM (p = 0.012). There was no difference in hematopoietic graft function at Day +100.

CONCLUSION: Plerixafor‐based mobilization is associated with slightly reduced number of CFU‐GM and minimal delay in engraftment that is independent of CD34+ cell dose. Hematopoietic graft function on Day 100 is not affected by mobilization strategy.
Form and Function: A Matter of Perspective
Authors: Townsend Janell D. , Montoya Mitzi M. , Calantone Roger J.
Published: March 2011

It is often claimed that in product design, product form should follow the intended function of the product. The idea of whether or not “form follows function” is a matter of entrenched views that are often based on anecdotal evidence, and may be industry‐specific. We integrate diverse perspectives of design theory and practice by addressing the definitions and relationships between two fundamental components of design: form and function. We consider the primary actors in the product design process as well as the managerially controllable aspects of function and form and the relationship between them, and offer suggestions for future research.
Inviting the Amateurs into the Studio: Understanding How Consumer Engagement in Product Design Creates Value
Authors: Moreau C. Page
Published: March 2011

With consumers increasingly taking on the role of product designer, interesting and important avenues for new research are emerging. This article highlights two broad areas that researchers in both consumer behavior and product design may want to consider: (1) what constitutes consumer design and (2) what factors influence value creation when consumers assume responsibility for some or all of the design task.
Principles of Design and a Trajectory of Artificiality
Authors: Krippendorff Klaus
Published: March 2011

This chapter examines the shape of product design in light of recent and ongoing technological and cultural developments. It presents a trajectory of problems (Krippendorff, 1997) that have been and are currently fueling design considerations and reviews several stages of the amazing transformations design is undergoing. Based on this history, it comes to the conclusion that the design of “products” has morphed into the design of increasingly language‐like, communicative, and social artifacts and, based on these observations, it develops nine design principles that are and should govern contemporary design.
An Unanticipated Source of Hope: Stigma and Cervical Cancer in Brazil
Authors: Gregg Jessica L.
Published: March 2011

In this article, I argue that although cervical cancer is an often stigmatized condition in Brazil, women with cervical cancer in Recife, Brazil, did not simply endure the stigma, they also perpetuated it. I draw on narrative theory and 18 months of ethnographic research in Recife to argue that rather than resisting the stigma associated with their disease, women in Recife used stigma to construct illness narratives that affirmed that they were still held to the same norms and values as the nonill. In turn, those narratives, and the healing narratives constructed along with them, provided women with hope for a future free from cervical cancer and free from the “imperfections” associated with that disease. Thus, women with cervical cancer used stigmatizing narratives both as links back to the “normal” world they inhabited before they became ill, and as bridges forward to the future they hoped to attain.
Calcium Nitrite Corrosion Inhibitor in Portland Cement: Influence of Nitrite on Chloride Binding and Mineralogy
Authors: Balonis Magdalena , Glasser Fredrik P.
Published: March 2011

The binding of nitrite and chloride in cement paste occurs mainly as a consequence of reaction with the AFm phase. The reaction has been modeled with the aid of new thermodynamic data on the stability of nitrite–AFm and by focused experiments performed on key compositions. The success of nitrite as a corrosion inhibitor for the protection of embedded steel arises from the “smart” behavior of the AFm phase; it normally stores and sequesters nitrite in preference to sulfate, carbonate, and hydroxyl ions so that the nitrite concentrations of pore fluid are low. However, if chloride ingress occurs in service, the AFm undergoes ion exchange, gaining chloride and forming Friedel's salt, while releasing soluble nitrite ions to the pore fluid. As a result, the aqueous ratio of [NO2−]/[Cl−] is maintained and remains within the passivation range for steel, even though chloride increases. The exchanges are automatic and rapid, equilibrium being reached within days at ∼25°C. Thus, theory and experience can be reconciled with respect to the action of nitrite as an inhibitor of chloride‐induced corrosion and the impacts of changing conditions, e.g., adding calcium carbonate or carbonation on the [NO2−]/[Cl−] ratio can be predicted.
Source Reliability and the Conjunction Fallacy
Authors: Jarvstad Andreas , Hahn Ulrike
Published: March 2011

Information generally comes from less than fully reliable sources. Rationality, it seems, requires that one take source reliability into account when reasoning on the basis of such information. Recently, Bovens and Hartmann (2003) proposed an account of the conjunction fallacy based on this idea. They show that, when statements in conjunction fallacy scenarios are perceived as coming from such sources, probability theory prescribes that the “fallacy” be committed in certain situations. Here, the empirical validity of their model was assessed. The model predicts that statements added to standard conjunction problems will change the incidence of the fallacy. It also predicts that statements from reliable sources should yield an increase in fallacy rates (relative to unreliable sources). Neither the former (Experiment 1) nor the latter prediction (Experiment 3) was confirmed, although Experiment 2 showed that people can derive source reliability estimates from the likelihood of statements in a manner consistent with the tested model. In line with the experimental results, model fits and sensitivity analyses also provided very little evidence in favor of the model. This suggests that Bovens and Hartmann’s present model fails to explain fully people’s judgements in standard conjunction fallacy tasks.
Demonstration of the accessory mental foramen using rotational panoramic radiography compared with cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Naitoh Munetaka , Yoshida Kazuhito , Nakahara Kino , Gotoh Kenichi , Ariji Eiichiro
Published: March 2011

Objective: Rotational panoramic radiography is routinely used in dental practice. It has not been clarified, however, whether an accessory mental foramen can be demonstrated using this technique. The visibility of accessory mental foramina on rotational panoramic radiographs was compared with those on para‐panoramic images reconstructed from cone‐beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images.

Materials and methods: A total of 365 patients (130 males and 235 females) were retrospectively analyzed. Para‐panoramic images were reconstructed from CBCT images with the accessory mental foramen/foramina using three‐dimensional visualization and measurement software, and then the accessory mental foramen on rotational panoramic images was compared with that on para‐panoramic images.

Results: A total of 37 accessory mental foramina were observed in 28 patients on CBCT images. The rate of being able to visualize the accessory mental foramen or bony canal between the point of bifurcation from the mandibular canal and the accessory mental foramen on rotational panoramic radiographs was 48.6% (18 of 37 accessory mental foramina).

Conclusion: Approximately half of the accessory mental foramina‐positive CBCT images demonstrated the accessory mental foramen, or bony canal between the point of bifurcation from the mandibular canal and accessory mental foramen on rotational panoramic radiographs.

To cite this article:
 Naitoh M, Yoshida K, Nakahara K, Gotoh K, Ariji E. Demonstration of accessory mental foramen using rotational panoramic radiography compared with cone‐beam computed tomography. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. xx, 2011; 000–000.
The influence of margin location on the amount of undetected cement excess after delivery of cement‐retained implant restorations
Authors: Linkevicius Tomas , Vindasiute Egle , Puisys Algirdas , Peciuliene Vytaute
Published: March 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of the residual cement excess after cementation and cleaning of implant‐supported restorations with various positions of the margins.

Material and methods: Twenty‐five casts with embedded implant analogs and flexible soft‐tissue imitation were used in the study. Individual abutments with different position of the margin – from 1 mm supragingivally to 3 mm below the gingival level – were modelled and divided equally into five groups. The same amount of polished metal crowns was luted to prosthetic abutments, excess cement was cleaned and the restorations were removed for evaluation of the undetected cement remnants. All quadrants of each specimen were photographed for calculation of the ratio between the cement remnants area and the total specimen area using Adobe Photoshop. Afterwards, cement remnants were cleared from each specimen and weighed with analytical balances.

Results: The measurements in all the groups consisted of (1) the relation between the cement remnants area and the total area of the specimen; and (2) cement excess weight in grams after cleaning: group 1 (0.0111 ± 0.021; 0.0003 ± 0.0001 g); group 2 (0.0165 ± 0.019; 0.0008 ± 0.0003 g); group 3 (0.0572 ± 0.028; 0.0013 ± 0.0005 g); group 4 (0.1158 ± 0.054; 0.0051 ± 0.0013 g); and group 5 (0.1171 ± 0.059; 0.0063 ± 0.0021 g). Results showed significant increase of undetected cement quantity, as the restoration margins were located deeper subgingivally, using weighting (P=0) and calculation of proportion (P=0). There was a significant correlation between evaluation techniques (r=0.889; P=0).

Conclusions: The amount of residual cement after cleaning increased as the restoration margins were located more subgingivally.

To cite this article:
 Linkevicius T, Vindasiute E, Puisys A, Peciuliene, V. The influence of margin location on the amount of undetected cement excess after delivery of cement‐retained implant restorations. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. xx, 2011; 000–000.
Human papillomaviruses in oral carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Syrjänen S , Lodi G , von Bültzingslöwen I , Aliko A , Arduino P , Campisi G , Challacombe S , Ficarra G , Flaitz C , Zhou HM , Maeda H , Miller C , Jontell M
Published: March 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17 (Suppl. 1), 58–72

Objectives:  Human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral carcinoma (OSCC) and potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) is controversial. The primary aim was to calculate pooled risk estimates for the association of HPV with OSCC and OPMD when compared with healthy oral mucosa as controls. We also examined the effects of sampling techniques on HPV detection rates.

Methods:  Systematic review was performed using PubMed (January 1966–September 2010) and EMBASE (January 1990–September 2010). Eligible studies included randomized controlled, cohort and cross‐sectional studies. Pooled data were analysed by calculating odds ratios, using a random effects model. Risk of bias was based on characteristics of study group, appropriateness of the control group and prospective design.

Results:  Of the 1121 publications identified, 39 cross‐sectional studies met the inclusion criteria. Collectively, 1885 cases and 2248 controls of OSCC and 956 cases and 675 controls of OPMD were available for analysis. Significant association was found between pooled HPV‐DNA detection and OSCC (OR = 3.98; 95% CI: 2.62–6.02) and even for HPV16 only (OR = 3.86; 95% CI: 2.16–6.86). HPV was also associated with OPMD (OR = 3.87; 95% CI: 2.87–5.21). In a subgroup analysis of OPMD, HPV was also associated with oral leukoplakia (OR = 4.03; 95% CI: 2.34–6.92), oral lichen planus (OR = 5.12; 95% CI: 2.40–10.93), and epithelial dysplasia (OR = 5.10; 95% CI: 2.03–12.80).

Conclusions:  The results suggest a potentially important causal association between HPV and OSCC and OPMD.
Rat skin wound healing induced by alternagin‐C, a disintegrin‐like, Cys‐rich protein from Bothrops alternatus venom
Authors: Sant'Ana Estela Maria Correia , Gouvêa Cibele Marli Cação Paiva , Durigan João Luiz Quagliotti , Cominetti Márcia Regina , Pimentel Edson Rosa , Selistre‐de‐Araújo Heloisa Sobreiro
Published: March 2011

Alternagin‐C (ALT‐C) is a disintegrin‐like, Cys‐rich protein isolated from Bothrops alternatus snake venom, which has been shown to induce in vivo angiogenesis. Therefore, this protein could be interesting as a new approach for tissue regeneration studies. Here the effects of ALT‐C on fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, collagen type III and type I and TGF‐α expression in a rat wounded skin model were studied. Thirty‐five male Wistar rats (weight 270 ± 20 g) were divided into seven groups with five animals in each of the following groups: a control group which wounded animals received treatment with natrozol® gel only; ALT‐C10, ALT‐C60 and ALT‐C100 groups of wounded animals that were treated with the same amount of gel containing 10, 60 and 100 ng of ALT‐C, respectively. Animals were treated once a day with 20 µl of gel associated or not with ALT‐C for 1, 3, 5 or 7 days. ALT‐C treatment increased the fibroblast density, collagen deposition and accelerated the inflammatory process, mostly in the ALT‐C60 group. These results indicate that ALT‐C improves wound repair process in rat skin. Thus, ALT‐C could be a candidate to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy for wounded skin repair.
Intra-Abdominal Reservoir Placement During Penile Prosthesis Surgery in Post-Robotically Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Patients: A Case Report and Practical Considerations
Authors: Sadeghi-Nejad Hossein , Munarriz Ricardo , Shah Neel
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Robotically assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) provides decreased surgical morbidity and faster recovery for patients, but has not significantly changed the incidence of erectile dysfunction and many post RALP patients may require penile prosthesis surgery.

Aim

To make physicians aware of the anatomical changes after RALP in comparison to traditional retropubic radical prostatectomy and to make suggestions for safer reservoir placement.

Main Outcome Measures

Reservoir location after RALP.

Methods

A 68 year-old patient with severe vasculogenic ED refractory to pharmacologic management following RALP underwent a 3-piece penile prosthesis insertion surgery and laparoscopic right lower abdominal hernia repair. Laparoscopy revealed an intraperitoneal reservoir that was overlying the sigmoid colon with multiple diverticula. The reservoir was laparoscopically repositioned in the dependent pelvis away from the diverticula and the pelvic vessels.

Results

The patient's postoperative course was uneventful without any postoperative complications (2 year follow up).

Conclusions

The altered anatomy of the space of Retzius following RALP will likely result in significantly more cases of inadvertent intraperitoneal reservoir placement. Surgeons performing inflatable penile prosthesis surgery should be aware of these anatomical changes and prepared to consider ectopic reservoir placement when necessary.
Stable Isotope Ecology of Extant Tapirs from the Americas
Authors: DeSantis Larisa G.
Published: March 2011

Understanding the ecology of modern and ancient forests can help clarify the evolution of forest dwelling mammals. It is first necessary, however, to elucidate the source and extent of stable isotope variation in forest taxa. Tapirs are of particular interest because they are model organisms for identifying forest environments due to their highly conservative diet and habitat preferences. Here, stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of extant tapirs are quantified to test hypotheses regarding ontogenetic diet shifts, stable isotope variation at the population level, and relationships between stable isotopes and climatic variables. A population of extant tapirs (Tapirus bairdii) demonstrates low δ13C variation (∼2–3‰) and increased δ13C values in late erupting teeth, indicating that juveniles consume 13C deplete milk and/or browse in denser forests. Disparate δ18O values of late erupting teeth are instead reflecting seasonal variation. Extant tapir (T. bairdii, Tapirus pinchaque, Tapirus terrestris) δ18O values are constrained by climatic and geographic variables. Most notably, δ18O values of T. bairdii decrease with decreasing precipitation frequency. Tapirus terrestris is typically present in areas with greater precipitation than T. bairdii and δ18O values instead positively correlate with δ13C values. These data indicate that tapirs in wetter areas are getting a larger proportion of their water from leaves experiencing less evaporation in denser canopies, while T. bairdii is interpreted to increase its consumption of water via drinking when present in drier areas. An understanding of extant tapir stable isotope ecology improves ecological interpretations of these elusive mammals both today and in the past.

Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp.
How are Work–Family Policies Related to the Gendered Division of Domestic Labor?
Authors: Estes Sarah Beth
Published: March 2011

Work–family policies are commonly thought to aid parents in attending to their conflicting work and family responsibilities. Some scholars postulate that policies might detract from the gendered division of domestic labor, in which women take a greater responsibility for housework and childcare than men, while others expect that policies encourage women to maintain traditional family roles even while employed. A review of cross‐national research in market economies shows that policies are not uniformly related to the gendered division of domestic labor, although parental leave offers the most promising avenue through which the gendered division of domestic labor may be diminished.
Examining Race and Sex Inequality in Recidivism
Authors: Wehrman Michael M.
Published: March 2011

A low recidivism rate is a goal for any criminal justice system. Poor post‐release outcomes are not random events, however. Some groups are more likely than others to recidivate. This paper will review the literature on inequality in recidivism rates, concentrating on the effects of race and sex. The probability of recidivating is not a randomly distributed event; men are more likely than women to recidivate, and Blacks more likely than Whites, with Hispanics in between. This paper will also address some of the promises (and challenges) that researchers face when trying to identify the causes of race and sex gaps in recidivism rates. This paper will end with recommendations for how to study inequality in recidivism in the future, with the key being to identify the social mechanisms that underlie these consistently unequal outcomes of our corrections system.
Response of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides to iron limitation and the role of a Fur orthologue in this response
Authors: Peuser Verena , Metz Sebastian , Klug Gabriele
Published: March 2011

We studied the response of the photosynthetic alpha‐proteobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides to iron limitation in order to get first insights into the underlying mechanisms and the link between iron metabolism and oxidative stress. Our data reveal the production of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species upon iron limitation, nevertheless the response to iron limitation shows clear differences to the oxidative stress response of R. sphaeroides. While most genes of the oxidative stress response were not induced by iron limitation, we observed an upregulation of the alternative sigma factor RpoE, which has a main role in the regulation of the defence to singlet oxygen. Deletion of the Fur orthologue RSP_2494, which was designated Mur as a result of a proposed regulatory role in manganese metabolism, revealed that this protein is involved in regulation of the iron metabolism in R. sphaeroides. One predicted target of Fur/Mur is the sit operon encoding a Mn2+/Fe2+ transport system. The basal level of sitA was higher in a fur/mur deletion strain compared with the wild type, which is in agreement with a repressor function of the Fur/Mur protein. In addition, we could also demonstrate a function of the Fur/Mur protein in manganese homeostasis.
Predicting the Failure of Developmental Gold Mining Projects
Authors: Ferguson Andrew , Clinch Greg , Kean Stephen
Published: March 2011

This paper investigates firm‐level financial and non‐financial information and their association with project failure for a sample of pre‐production gold development firms. Pre‐revenue generating ‘single project’ mining companies are chosen, since project failure is synonymous with company failure for these firms. The setting is interesting due to the high information asymmetry and limitations of the GAAP‐based Altman Z‐score in this context. A definition of project failure is applied and both financial and non‐financial predictors are compared. Failure is driven by whether the deposit is open pit or underground, and whether the cash cost of production is disclosed at feasibility completion.
The impact of prison staff responses on self‐harming behaviours: Prisoners’ perspectives
Authors: Marzano Lisa , Ciclitira Karen , Adler Joanna
Published: March 2011

Objectives. To further understanding of how health and correctional staff responses to self‐harming behaviours influence prisoners and their subsequent actions.

Design. Participant‐centred, qualitative methods were used to explore the complex and under‐researched perspectives of self‐harming male prisoners.

Method. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 adult male prisoners who had engaged in repetitive, non‐suicidal self‐harm during their current prison sentence, or considered doing so. The interviews were analyzed drawing on principles of thematic analysis and discourse analysis.

Results. With some exceptions, prison officers, nurses, and doctors are portrayed by prisoners as being ill‐prepared to deal with repetitive self‐harm, often displaying actively hostile attitudes and behaviours.

Conclusions. These findings underscore the need for appropriate training, support and supervision for staff working with self‐harming prisoners.
The importance of coping appraisal in behavioural responses to pandemic flu
Authors: Teasdale Emma , Yardley Lucy , Schlotz Wolff , Michie Susan
Published: March 2011

Objectives. Behavioural responses to influenza pandemics can significantly influence the impact on public health. Protection motivation theory (PMT) provides a framework for understanding how people respond to health threats such as pandemics. The main aim of this study was to model the relative contribution of the components of PMT (threat and coping appraisal) to intentions to perform two behaviours recommended by the UK government in a pandemic: stay at home when ill and keep going to work when well.

Design. A 2×2 factorial design was used to test the effect of scenarios describing pandemic severity (low vs. high threat) and advice messages (standard government advice vs. theory‐based advice) on measures of threat and coping appraisal, and intentions to carry out the two recommended behaviours.

Methods. A web‐based survey designed to assess threat appraisal, coping appraisal, and behavioural intentions was completed by 883 adults (December 2009–January 2010) drawn from University College London staff and the local community. Structural equation modelling was used to test the PMT framework.

Results. Perceived pandemic severity influenced threat and coping appraisals and intentions. Structural equation modelling revealed that coping appraisal (i.e., perceptions of the costs, benefits, and feasibility of the recommended behaviours) was the principal predictor of variability in intentions for both behaviours and for both pandemic scenarios.

Conclusions. Coping appraisals appear to be an important, and hitherto underresearched, predictor of how people may behave in pandemics, and our findings provide encouraging preliminary evidence that it may be possible to change these perceptions.
Improving the Design of a High Pressure Casing With the Help of Finite Element Analysis to Ensure the Rotor Dynamic Stability of a High Pressure Centrifugal Compressor Equipped With a Hole Pattern Seal
Authors: Bidaut Yves , Baumann Urs
Published: March 2011

This paper focuses on the casing geometry of high pressure compressors. It is common practice to use damper seals, typically the hole pattern type, at the balance piston to ensure the stability of the compressor when compressing fluids with high density levels. Special attention must be paid to the clearance of the hole pattern seal, which must be kept convergent at all operating conditions because a clearance divergence can lead to a rotor dynamic instability of the compressor. Furthermore, the clearance must be kept as low as possible to reduce the leakage losses through the balance piston. Therefore, extensive fine element analyses are performed to determine the mechanical casing deflections in operation and hence, the correct clearance behavior of such damper seals. This paper discusses the history of the casing design during the last 10 years and compares the configurations with respect to the clearance distribution along the damper seal length. To validate the analytical predictions, leakage and stability measurements (using a magnetic shaker) are performed for these high pressure compressors during the full-load, full-pressure testing. This paper presents the stability measurements carried out on two compressors (390 bars and 655 bars discharge pressure) and compares the results.
Optimal FIR Input Shaper Designs for Motion Control With Zero Residual Vibration
Authors: Cole Matthew O. T. , Wongratanaphisan Theeraphong
Published: March 2011

This paper considers the design of input shaping filters used in motion control of vibratory systems. The filters preshape a command or actuation signal in order to negate the effect of vibratory modes. A class of finite impulse response filter satisfying a set of orthogonality conditions that ensure zero residual vibration is introduced. Filter solutions having minimum quadratic gain, both with and without the inclusion of non-negativity (peak gain) constraints, are presented. Unlike impulse-based shapers, the filters have impulse responses with no singularities and therefore automatically remove discontinuities from an input signal. Minimum duration impulse response solutions are also presented. These contain singularities but may also have smooth components. Discrete-time designs can be obtained numerically from system modal parameters, accounting for all modes simultaneously so that convolving single-mode solutions, which leads to suboptimality of the final design, is not required. Selected designs are demonstrated experimentally on a flexible link planar manipulator.
Heat Transfer of an IGBT Module Integrated With a Vapor Chamber
Authors: Yu Xiaoling , Zhang Lianghua , Zhou Enming , Feng Quanke
Published: March 2011

Presently, many methods are adopted to reduce the junction-to-case thermal resistance (Rjc) of insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules in order to increase their power density. One of these approaches is to enhance the heat spreading capability of the base plate (heat spreader) of an IGBT module using a vapor chamber (VC). In this paper, both experimental measurement and thermal modeling are conducted on a VC-based IGBT module and two copper-plate-based IGBT modules. The experimental data show that Rjc of the VC-based IGBT module decreases substantially with the increase in the heat load of the IGBT. Rjc of the VC-based IGBT module is ∼50% of that of the 3 mm copper-plate-based IGBT module after it saturates at a heat load level of ∼200 W. The transient time of the VC-based IGBT module is also shorter than the copper-plate-based IGBT modules since the VC has higher heat spreading capability. The quicker responses of the VC-based IGBT module to reach its saturated temperature during the start-up can avoid a possible power surge. In the thermal modeling, the vapor is substituted as a solid conductor with extremely high thermal conductivity. Hence, the two-phase flow thermal modeling of the VC is simplified as a one-phase thermal conductive modeling. A thermal circuit model is also built for the VC-based IGBT module. Both the thermal modeling and thermal circuit results match well with the experimental data.
Packaging of Phosphor Based High Power White LEDs: Effects of Phosphor Concentration and Packaging Configuration
Authors: Lin Yuan-Chang , You Jiun Pyng , Tran Nguyen T. , He Yongzhi , Shi Frank G.
Published: March 2011

Two types of packaged white light emitting diodes in which one has a flat-top (FT) emitting surface and the other is a flat-top-with-lens (FTWL) type are fabricated by using the same leadframe and investigated on their optical properties, such as optical power, luminous efficiency, correlated color temperature (CCT), chromaticity coordinate, and color-rendering index (CRI), as a function of phosphor concentration in silicone encapsulant. It is found out that the optical power, CRI, and CCT decrease steadily as the phosphor ratio increases, while the luminous efficiency increases up to a level and then drops after a certain value of the phosphor ratio for both types of packages. Due to the totally internal reflection (TIR) at the encapsulant-air interface, the FT package shows a 10∼11% power (in mW) reduction compared with the FTWL package at the same phosphor concentration. However, it is demonstrated that the FT package provides a more efficient way of utilizing phosphor than the FTWL package based on the same targeted chromaticity coordinates due to the TIR effect inside, resulting in a reduced phosphor usage with a lumen output only about 3% lower than that of the FTWL package.
Forward Displacement Analysis and Singularity Analysis of a Special 2-DOF 5R Spherical Parallel Manipulator
Authors: Kong Xianwen
Published: March 2011

This paper deals with the forward displacement analysis and singularity analysis of a special 2-DOF 5R spherical parallel manipulator, in which the angle between the axes of any two adjacent revolute joints is a right angle. An alternative formulation of the kinematic equations of the 5R spherical parallel manipulator is proposed. A formula is then derived to produce directly the unique current solution to the forward displacement analysis of the 5R spherical parallel manipulator. It will also be addressed to keep the spherical parallel manipulator in the same working mode and assembly mode by simply restraining the range of an input angle. Unlike other parallel manipulators, the 5R spherical parallel manipulator always undergoes self-motion in a type-II singular configuration, and the 3R leg of the 5R spherical parallel manipulator also always undergoes self-motion in a type-I singular configuration.
An Experimental Study of Group Idea Generation Techniques: Understanding the Roles of Idea Representation and Viewing Methods
Authors: Linsey J. S. , Clauss E. F. , Kurtoglu T. , Murphy J. T. , Wood K. L. , Markman A. B.
Published: March 2011

Advances in innovation processes are critically important as economic and business landscapes evolve. There are many concept generation techniques that can assist a designer in the initial phases of design. Unfortunately, few studies have examined these techniques that can provide evidence to suggest which techniques should be preferred or how to implement them in an optimal way. This study systematically investigates the underlying factors of four common and well-documented techniques: brainsketching, gallery, 6-3-5, and C-sketch. These techniques are resolved into their key parameters, and a rigorous factorial experiment is performed to understand how the key parameters affect the outcomes of the techniques. The factors chosen for this study with undergraduate mechanical engineers include how concepts are displayed to participants (all are viewed at once or subsets are exchanged between participants, i.e., “rotational viewing”) and the mode used to communicate ideas (written words only, sketches only, or a combination of written words and sketches). Four metrics are used to evaluate the data: quantity, quality, novelty, and variety. The data suggest that rotational viewing of sets of concepts described using sketches combined with words produces more ideas than having all concepts displayed in a “gallery view” form, but a gallery view results in more high quality concepts. These results suggest that a hybrid of methods should be used to maximize the quality and number of ideas. The study also shows that individuals gain a significant number of ideas from their teammates. Ideas, when shared, can foster new idea tracks, more complete layouts, and a diverse synthesis. Finally, as teams develop more concepts, the quality of the concepts improves. This result is a consequence of the team-sharing environment and, in conjunction with the quantity of ideas, validates the effectiveness of group idea generation. This finding suggests a way to go beyond the observation that some forms of brainstorming can actually hurt productivity.
Thermal and Visual Observation of Water and Acetone Oscillating Heat Pipes
Authors: Wilson C. , Borgmeyer B. , Winholtz R. A. , Ma H. B. , Jacobson D. , Hussey D.
Published: March 2011

A visual and thermal experimental investigation of four oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) was conducted to observe fluid flow of liquid plugs and vapor bubbles in the OHP and its effect on the temperature distribution and heat transfer performance in an OHP. These four OHPs consist of an open loop water OHP, an open loop acetone OHP, a closed loop water OHP, and a closed loop acetone OHP. These copper OHPs were constructed identically with all six turns in the same plane. They were constructed out of 1.65 mm inner diameter copper tubing and copper heat spreading plates in the evaporator and condenser regions. The heat pipes were charged at a filling ratio of about 50%. The results show that the acetone OHP at low power performs better than the water OHP, while at high power the water OHP exceeds the acetone OHP. The experimental results show that both the acetone and water closed loop OHPs had reduced movement in the connecting turn between the two sides. However, in the water closed loop OHP, this prevented circulation altogether. Comparing the water closed loop OHP to the water open loop OHP, their flow patterns were similar. Therefore, improving the flow in this turn should increase the closed loop OHP’s performance.
Fluid-Structure Interaction in Annular Flows With Several Modes of Vibration
Authors: Mekanik Abolghasem , Sayma Naser
Published: March 2011

This paper describes two accurate Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV) methods used to analyze the induced vibrations caused by the laminar fluid flows in uniform annular geometries. In both methods, the uniform annuli which are composed of two concentric cylinders are considered. The outer cylinder is set on translational oscillation without or with a predetermined mode of vibration and with a known initial velocity. In the first method, the small amplitude motion of the outer cylinder is used to analyze the problem considered by using the direct coupling of the fluid and structure through the accurate simultaneous solution of the Navier-Stokes and structural equations. In the computational domain, the problem has been solved using an accurate time-integration method based on a finite-difference formulation and primitive variables. In this method, the real-time discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady incompressible flows is based on a three-time-level implicit scheme. A pseudo-time integration with artificial compressibility is then introduced to advance the solution to a new real-time level. An implicit Euler scheme is used for the pseudo-time discretization, and the finite-difference spatial discretization is based on a stretched staggered grid. In the second method, the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are used to represent the unsteady flow in a nonlinear time-accurate fashion. In this case, the structural model is based on a linear modal model. The fluid mesh is moved at each time-step according to the structural motion, so that the changes in fluid-dynamic damping and flow unsteadiness can be accommodated. Based on the second approach, a code named SURF was generated to handle the solution from the steady state solution till the unsteady one which is in the form of vibratory motion of the outer cylinder. In this way the stability analyses can be performed for the structure by using several modes of vibration of the structure vis-a`-vis to the first method in which only translational motion of the outer cylinder is taken into account. The stability of the outer cylinder assessed by two methods in terms of the damped oscillation of the cylinder represents the decay in the amplitudes of vibration due to the fluid added damping. The results of this research can be used for the FIV and FSI analyses of the annular flows which could be found in many industries.
Analysis of Complex Flows From Experimental Data and Numerical Experiments
Authors: Ve´tel Je´roˆme , Garon Andre´ , Pelletier Dominique
Published: March 2011

Fluid mechanics is considered to be a privileged field in physics because phenomena can be made visible. This is unfortunately not the case in turbulence where diffusion and mixing of passive tracers are enhanced by turbulent transport. Consequently, the analysis of the rich flow physics provided by direct numerical simulations (DNS) and by modern optical diagnostic techniques require advanced post-processing tools to extract fine flow details. In this context, this paper reviews most recent techniques used to reveal coherent structures and their dynamics in turbulent flows. In particular, results obtained with standard Eulerian techniques are compared to those obtained from a more recent Lagrangian technique. Even if this latter technique can provide finer details, it is found that the two methods are complementary. This is illustrated with DNS results and with experimental data including planar measurements as well as time-resolved measurements converted to quasi-instantaneous volumetric data by using the Taylor hypothesis.
The Flow Around an Impulsively Started Square Prism
Authors: Tonui Nelson , Sumner David
Published: March 2011

The flow around a square prism impulsively set into motion was studied experimentally using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The experiments were conducted in an X-Y towing tank for Reynolds numbers from Re = 200 to 1000 and dimensionless acceleration parameters from a* = 0.5 to 10. The temporal development of the near-wake recirculation zone, and its pair of primary eddies, was examined from the initial start until the wake became asymmetric. When considering the time elapsed from the start of motion, the temporal development of the wake was sensitive the initial acceleration. “Impulsively started” conditions were effectively attained for a* ≥ 3. However, when considering the distance traveled from the start of motion, the wake parameters were sensibly independent of a* for a* ≥ 0.5. Concerning the temporal development of the recirculation zone, the length of the recirculation zone, the streamwise location of the primary eddies, and the strength of the primary eddies increased with time following the impulsive start, while the cross-stream spacing of the eddy centres remained nearly constant. The recirculation zone of the square prism was longer than that of the impulsively started circular cylinder but shorter than an impulsively started flat plate. For t* > 2, the primary eddy strength, maximum vorticity, and cross-stream spacing of the primary eddies were the same for both the square prism and circular cylinder.
Numerical Simulations on Gas-Liquid-Particle Three-Phase Flows Under Microgravity
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Ahmadi Goodarz
Published: March 2011

Three-phase gas-liquid-particle flows under microgravity condition were numerically studied. An Eulerian-Lagrangian computational model was used in the simulations. In this approach, the liquid flow was modeled by a volume-averaged system of governing equations, whereas motions of particles and bubbles were evaluated using the Lagrangian trajectory analysis procedure. It was assumed that bubble shape variations were neglected and the bubbles remained spherical. The bubble-liquid, particle-liquid and bubble-particle interactions were accounted for in the analysis. The discrete phase equations included drag, lift, buoyancy, and virtual mass forces. Particle-particle interactions and bubble-bubble interactions were accounted for by the hard sphere model. Bubble coalescence was also included in the model. The transient flow characteristics of the three-phase flow were studied. The effects of gravity and g-jitter acceleration on variation of flow characteristics were discussed. The low gravity simulations showed that most bubbles are aggregated in the inlet region and the bubble plume exhibits a plug type flow behavior. The particles are mainly located outside the bubble plume, with very few particles being retained in the plume. Compared to the normal gravity condition, the three phases in the column are poorly mixed under microgravity conditions. The velocities of the three phases were also found to be of the same order. The simulation results showed that the effect of g-jitter acceleration on the gas-liquid-particle three phase flows is small.
Interaction of Liquid Propellant and Coupled System Structure for Atlas V Launch Vehicle
Authors: Dotson Kirk W. , Sako Brian H. , Morgenthaler Daniel R.
Published: March 2011

In structural modeling of launch vehicles, liquid propellant is sometimes rigidly attached to feedline walls. This assumption precludes the interaction of structural modes with propellant pressure and flow. An analysis of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) for the Atlas V launch vehicle revealed that structural models with rigidly-attached propellant yield unconservative response predictions under some conditions. In particular, during the maximum acceleration time of flight, pressure oscillations acting at bends in the Atlas V liquid oxygen (LO2) feedline excite 15–20 Hz structural modes that have considerable gain on the feedline and at the spacecraft interface. The investigation also revealed that the venting of gas from the pogo accumulator is an excitation source and changes the dynamic characteristics of the hydraulic system. The FSI simulation produced during the investigation can be adapted to mission-specific conditions, such that responses and loads are conservatively predicted for any Atlas V flight.