bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolutionary history ofDrosophila simulansY chromosomes reveals molecular signatures of resistance to sex ratio meiotic drive
Authors: Courret C , Ogereau D , Gilbert C , Larracuente A.M , Montchamp-Moreau C
Published: December 2022

The recent evolutionary history of the Y chromosome inDrosophila simulans, a worldwide species of Afrotropical origin, is closely linked to that of X-linked meiotic drivers (Paris system). The spread of the Paris drivers in natural populations has elicited the selection of drive resistant Y chromosomes. To infer the evolutionary history of the Y chromosome in relation to the Paris drive, we sequenced 21 iso-Y lines, each carrying a Y chromosome from a different location. Among them, 13 lines carry a Y chromosome that is able to counteract the effect of the drivers. Despite their very different geographical origins, all sensitive Y’s are highly similar, suggesting that they share a recent common ancestor. The resistant Y chromosomes are more divergent and segregate in four distinct clusters. The phylogeny of the Y chromosome confirms that the resistant lineage predates the emergence of Paris drive. The ancestry of the resistant lineage is further supported by the examination of Y-linked sequences in the sister species ofD. simulans, D. sechellia,andD. mauritiana. We also characterized the variation in repeat content among Y chromosomes and identified multiple simple satellites associated with resistance. Altogether, the molecular polymorphism allows us to infer the demographic and evolutionary history of the Y chromosome and provides new insights on the genetic basis of resistance.
A high-throughput sequencing approach identifies immunotherapeutic targets for bacterial meningitis in neonates
Authors: Pons Stéphanie , Frapy Eric , Sereme Youssouf , Gaultier Charlotte , Lebreton François , Kropec Andrea , Danilchanka Olga , Schlemmer Laura , Schrimpf Cécile , Allain Margaux , Angoulvant François , Lecuyer Hervé , Bonacorsi Stéphane , Aschard Hugues , Sokol Harry , Cywes-Bentley Colette , Mekalanos John J. , Guillard Thomas , Pier Gerald B. , Roux Damien , Skurnik David
Published: December 2022

Background

Worldwide,Escherichia coliis the leading cause of neonatal Gram-negative bacterial meningitis, but full understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease is not yet achieved. Moreover, to date, no vaccine is available against bacterial neonatal meningitis.

Methods

Here, we used Transposon Sequencing of saturated banks of mutants (TnSeq) to evaluateE. coliK1 genetic fitness in murine neonatal meningitis. We identifiedE. coliK1 genes encoding for factors important for systemic dissemination and brain infection, and focused on products with a likely outer-membrane or extra-cellular localization, as these are potential vaccine candidates. We usedin vitroandin vivomodels to study the efficacy of active and passive immunization.

Results

We selected for further study the conserved surface polysaccharide Poly-β-(1-6)-N-Acetyl Glucosamine (PNAG), as a strong candidate for vaccine development. We found that PNAG was a virulence factor in our animal model. We showed that both passive and active immunization successfully prevented and/or treated meningitis caused byE. coliK1 in neonatal mice. We found an excellent opsonophagocytic killing activity of the antibodies to PNAG andin vitrothese antibodies were also able to decrease binding, invasion and crossing ofE. coliK1 through two blood brain barrier cell lines. Finally, to reinforce the potential of PNAG as a vaccine candidate in bacterial neonatal meningitis, we demonstrated that Group BStreptococcus, the main cause of neonatal meningitis in developed countries, also produced PNAG and that antibodies to PNAG could protectin vitroandin vivoagainst this major neonatal pathogen.

Interpretation

Altogether, these results indicate the utility of a high-throughput DNA sequencing method to identify potential immunotherapy targets for a pathogen, including in this study a potential broad-spectrum target for prevention of neonatal bacterial infections.

Fundings

ANR Seq-N-Vaq, Charles Hood Foundation, Hearst Foundation. Groupe Pasteur Mutualité
Deleterious mutations in a heterozygous chromosome result in recessive lethality in silkworm semiconsomic strains
Authors: Tomihara Kenta , Tanaka Saori , Katsuma Susumu , Shimada Toru , Kobayashi Jun , Kiuchi Takashi
Published: December 2022

In this study, we found two embryonic lethal mutations,t04 lethal(l-t04) andm04 lethal(l-m04), in semiconsomic strains T04 and M04, respectively. In these semiconsomic strains, the entire diploid genome, except for one chromosome 4 of the wild silkwormBombyx mandarina, is substituted with chromosomes of the domesticated silkwormB. mori, andl-t04andl-m04mutations are located onB. mandarina-derivedchromosome 4. The mutations responsible for thel-t04andl-m04were identified as theBombyxhomolog ofimaginal discs arrested (Bmida) andTATA Box Binding Protein-associated factor 5 (BmTaf5), respectively. These findings indicate that both mutations were independently introduced during or after the development of semiconsomic strains. We conclude that the recessive embryonic lethality in the T04 and M04 strains is due to deleterious mutations produced inB. mandarina-derived chromosome 4.

Graphical abstract
An electrostatic cluster guides Aβ40 fibril formation in cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Crooks Elliot J. , Fu Ziao , Irizarry Brandon A. , Zhu Xiaoyue , Van Nostrand William E. , Chowdhury Saikat , Smith Steven O.
Published: December 2022

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is associated with the accumulation of fibrillar Aβ peptides upon and within the cerebral vasculature, which leads to loss of vascular integrity and contributes to disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigate the structure of human-derived Aβ40 fibrils obtained from patients diagnosed with sporadic or familial Dutch-type (E22Q) CAA. Using cryo-EM, two primary structures are identified containing elements that have not been observed in in vitro Aβ40 fibril structures. One population has an ordered N-terminal fold comprised of two β-strands stabilized by electrostatic interactions involving D1, E22, D23 and K28. This charged cluster is disrupted in the second population, which exhibits a disordered N-terminus and is favored in fibrils derived from the familial Dutch-type CAA patient. These results illustrate differences between human-derived CAA and AD fibrils, and how familial CAA mutations guide fibril formation.
The inhibitory mechanism of a small protein reveals its role in antimicrobial peptide sensing
Authors: Jiang Shan , Steup Lydia C. , Kippnich Charlotte , Lazaridi Symela , Malengo Gabriele , Lemmin Thomas , Yuan Jing
Published: December 2022

A large number of small membrane proteins have been discovered in bacteria, but their mechanism of action has remained mostly elusive. Here, we investigate the mechanism of a physiologically important small protein, MgrB, which represses the activity of the sensor kinase PhoQ and is widely distributed among enterobacteria. The PhoQ/PhoP two-component system is a master regulator of the bacterial virulence program and interacts with MgrB to modulate bacterial virulence, fitness, and drug resistance. A combination of crosslinking approaches with functional assays and protein dynamic simulations revealed structural rearrangements due to interactions between MgrB and PhoQ near the membrane/periplasm interface and along the transmembrane helices. These interactions induce the movement of the PhoQ catalytic domain and the repression of its activity. Without MgrB, PhoQ appears to be much less sensitive to antimicrobial peptides, including the commonly used C18G. In the presence of MgrB, C18G promotes MgrB to dissociate from PhoQ, thus activating PhoQ via derepression. Our findings reveal the inhibitory mechanism of the small protein MgrB and uncover its importance in antimicrobial peptide sensing.

Significance Statement

Small proteins have high prevalence, vast diversity, and primarily regulatory functions in biological processes across all domains of life. However, their mechanisms of action remain largely elusive. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of the small protein, MgrB. It interacts with the sensor kinase PhoQ, rearranges its conformation, represses its kinase activity, and regulates bacterial response to environmental changes. In particular for antimicrobial peptides, MgrB is required for bacteria to have a selective response to this host-exclusive stimulus. Our findings underline the importance of a small protein in bacterial fitness and drug resistance and provide a molecular basis for engineering novel peptide-based regulators.
Gender construction and the invisibility of women’s accounting activities: the All Nations’ Fair of 1895
Authors: Halabi Abdel K. , Miley Frances , Read Andrew F.
Published: December 2022

Purpose

This research explores the historical nexus between accounting and gender to illuminate male hegemonies within accounting. It examines the nature of that hegemony at the boundary between the female domain of household and philanthropic activities and the male domain of business and finance.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative research approach is used for this historical research. The primary source was digitised newspapers from the National Library of Australia. Newspapers have been used in previous historical accounting research and are relevant in this instance because they provide the only surviving data about the All Nations’ Fair. Given that newspapers were published daily, the depth of coverage is not replicated by other archival sources, and at that time provided a strong community voice.

Findings

Women undertook the management of and accounting for the All Nations’ Fair, a philanthropic activity designed to rescue the Geelong Cricket and Football Club from its parlous financial position. Despite women undertaking the work, the management of and accounting for, the Fair was attributed to men. This reflects a gendered construction of accounting that overpowers the reality of who undertook the work.

Research limitations/implications

This research demonstrates only a single example of women’s philanthropic accounting, so is not generalisable. It suggests however that male hegemonies have exerted and continue to exert power over women.

Originality/value

The value of this paper is that historical examples serve as a corrective to histories that have ignored women’s contribution to accounting, particularly in philanthropic activities. The relationship between women’s accounting and gender also has contemporary significance. Gendered disadvantage and subjugation to a dominant masculine hegemony remain recurring themes in accounting research because they continue to impact adversely on the experiences of many women in accounting.
The pros and cons of reshoring to address the problems of shortages in global pharmaceutical value chains: the case of antibiotics
Authors: Baraldi Enrico , Ciabuschi Francesco , Fratocchi Luciano
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Antibiotics shortages have become an increasingly common problem in Europe because of several reasons, including the offshoring of the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients for many of these products to low production cost countries, such as China and India. The problem has deteriorated because of the Covid-19 crisis that has put most global value chains (GVCs) under great stress. This situation has boosted extensive discussions among academics, practitioners and policymakers on possible changes to the configuration of GVCs. This paper aims to focus specifically on antibiotics supply chains from the perspective of a small country (Sweden), and analyse the pros and cons of backshoring and nearshoring alternatives, as a means to reduce drug shortages.

Design/methodology/approach

This work adopts a systemic perspective to capture the implications of reshoring for the different stakeholders involved in the antibiotics field. The present meso-analysis, focusing at the industry level, is based on multiple sources of primary data collected between 2014 and 2021, including participation in policy-related projects and interviews with over 100 representatives of key stakeholders in the antibiotics field.

Findings

This paper shows how reshoring can address the problems of drug shortages and reduce availability risk in antibiotics’ GVCs. However, the authors show that no simple and best solution exists because both alternatives of reshoring, i.e. backshoring and nearshoring, entail pros and cons for different stakeholders. The authors conclude with implications for policymakers and managers.

Research limitations/implications

The analysis of pros and cons of both backshoring and nearshoring for various stakeholders offers relevant implications for research on operations and supply management, international business and economics/political science.

Originality/value

This paper looks at reshoring as a policy-driven decision and provides an innovative systemic perspective to analyse the implications for different stakeholders of two reshoring options concerning the antibiotics supply chain.
Investigation of deinking efficiencies of trigromi laserjet printed papers depending on the number of recycling
Authors: Yılmaz Ufuk
Published: December 2022

Purpose

This study aims to determine the ink removal efficiency of papers with different recycling numbers and to examine some electrophotographic printing properties.

Design/methodology/approach

The base papers prepared according to the INGEDE 11p standard are subjected to six recycling stages (RS) under equal conditions. The physical-optical properties of the papers obtained at the end of each RS are measured and CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, key) color measurement scales are printed on each paper with electrophotographic printing. Color measurements of the printed papers are measured using the X-Rite eXact spectrophotometer, adhering to the ISO 13655:2017 standard. According to the measurement results of the optical properties, the ink removal efficiency of each recycling step is determined as a percentage (%) using some formulas.

Findings

As general, according to DEMLab and IERIC data, it is determined that the ink removal efficiency increased as the recycling repetition increased. In DEMf factor values, the highest deinking efficiency is obtained after the fourth RS. There is no significant difference between the printing properties of the samples.

Originality/value

It has been a matter of curiosity that papers lose their properties after how many RS. Many studies have been carried out on this subject and it has been presented by experimental methods that the printability properties of papers increase or decrease after which RS. This study can be a pioneer for future studies.
Precision cellular agriculture: The future role of recombinantly expressed protein as food
Authors: Dupuis John H. , Cheung Lennie K.Y. , Newman Lenore , Dee Derek R. , Yada Rickey Y.
Published: December 2022

Cellular agriculture is a rapidly emerging field, within which cultured meat has attracted the majority of media attention in recent years. An equally promising area of cellular agriculture, and one that has produced far more actual food ingredients that have been incorporated into commercially available products, is the use of cellular hosts to produce soluble proteins, herein referred to as precision cellular agriculture (PCAg). In PCAg, specific animal‐ or plant‐sourced proteins are expressed recombinantly in unicellular hosts—the majority of which are yeast—and harvested for food use. The numerous advantages of PCAg over traditional agriculture, including a smaller carbon footprint and more consistent products, have led to extensive research on its utility. This review is the first to survey proteins currently being expressed using PCAg for food purposes. A growing number of viable expression hosts and recent advances for increased protein yields and process optimization have led to its application for producing milk, egg, and muscle proteins; plant hemoglobin; sweet‐tasting plant proteins; and ice‐binding proteins. Current knowledge gaps present research opportunities for optimizing expression hosts, tailoring posttranslational modifications, and expanding the scope of proteins produced. Considerations for the expansion of PCAg and its implications on food regulation, society, ethics, and the environment are also discussed. Considering the current trajectory of PCAg, food proteins from any biological source can likely be expressed recombinantly and used as purified food ingredients to create novel and tailored food products.
Quantifying exposure to chlorhexidine from decontamination of peripheral intravenous injection ports
Authors: Doane Matthew A. , Kwong Christopher , Proschogo Nicholas
Published: December 2022

Background

Annually, almost 2 billion peripheral intravenous cannulas (PIVCs) are placed worldwide. In response to concerns of infectious complications, chlorhexidine is increasingly utilised for maintenance decontamination of PIVC injection ports. Concomitantly, the allergenic potential of chlorhexidine exposures has been highlighted by several case reports, implicating it as a trigger when used for this seemingly innocuous process. Given how widespread this application is, elucidating potential chlorhexidine exposure is needed to gauge its risks and benefits.

Objective

To examine and quantify if chlorhexidine is entrained when used for PIVC injection port cleaning.

Methods

Twenty benchtop PIVC set‐ups were cleaned with 2% chlorhexidine and 70% alcohol wipes, following three different pragmatic protocols. Each set‐up was injected with 10 ml ultrapure water, and samples tested by liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for entrained chlorhexidine.

Results

Chlorhexidine was detected in every sample. Mean concentrations and standard deviations from each protocol were 41.47 ppb (4.08), 54.76 ppb (17.46), and 65.84 ppb (7.01). One‐way ANOVA indicated a statistical difference between at least two groups (df = 2, F = 24.11, p < .00001), with Tukey's testing verifying significantly different mean concentrations between all groups (p < .01).

Conclusions

Using 2% chlorhexidine and 70% alcohol swabs to decontaminate PIVC injection ports resulted in consistent entrainment of chlorhexidine, with varying amounts correlated to how it was applied. These results validate case reports attributing anaphylactic/allergic reactions to suspected intravenous chlorhexidine entrainment and should factor into future risk–benefit assessments for its use in PIVC maintenance antisepsis policies and protocols.
Associations between alcohol and cannabis use order, frequency, quantity, and consequences in a college sample of individuals who co‐use alcohol and cannabis
Authors: Karoly Hollis C. , Conner Bradley T. , Prince Mark A.
Published: December 2022

Background and Objectives

Using both alcohol and cannabis (either at the same time or at different times) is common among college students, and is called “co‐use.” Using these substances simultaneously, such that their effects overlap, is thought to be an especially risky co‐use pattern. Gaining a better understanding of how co‐use patterns relate to substance use and consequences could aid prevention and intervention efforts.

Methods

We examined college students (N = 401) who reported using both alcohol and cannabis at least once in the past 30 days. Path analysis was used to explore relations among co‐use patterns (number of days in a typical week that participants used both alcohol and cannabis; the number of days using alcohol first, cannabis first, alcohol last, and cannabis last; the number of days of simultaneous use), past‐30‐day alcohol and cannabis consequences, use frequency, and typical quantities used.

Results

Each additional day of using alcohol first was associated with fewer past‐30‐day cannabis consequences. Each additional day of using cannabis first was associated with fewer alcohol‐related consequences. Each additional day of using alcohol and cannabis on the same day and each additional day of simultaneous use were both associated with less cannabis used and alcohol consumed in a typical week.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

This study is among the first to identify associations between alcohol and cannabis order and outcomes (i.e., consequences and consumption). Results suggest that modifying which substance is used first on a given day could be a practical intervention strategy for individuals who co‐use alcohol and cannabis.
A survey on bloat in southern Australian beef production systems
Authors: Allworth MB , McQuillan M , McGrath SR , Wilson CS , Hernandez‐Jover M
Published: December 2022

Frothy bloat, associated predominantly with grazing legume‐based pastures, is considered the second most costly disease in beef cattle in southern Australia, costing $84.4 M annually. It frequently results in the sudden death of cattle. In response to concerns from cattle producers, an online survey was conducted in southern Australia in late 2020 to determine the impact of bloat, identify risk factors and determine the efficacy of current preventive measures. For 217 responses, over two‐thirds (70%) of producers reported bloat occurring in the previous 12 months, with estimated morbidity and mortality rates of 3.7% and 5.0% respectively. Bloat was associated with clover or clover‐dominant paddocks (79%) and was not associated with grass or grass‐dominant pastures or low clover pastures (92%) nor grazing crops (27%). For bloat that occurred in the past 12 months, cattle were very commonly grazing on clover or clover‐dominant paddocks (90%) and occasionally lucerne‐dominated paddocks (7%). Two‐thirds of producers reported having preventive measures in place when losses occurred. Bayesian Network analysis confirmed that grazing clover‐based pastures for more than 7 days, yearling cattle and the months of July–September were the main risk factors for bloat occurrence, with pasture type (clover) being the most important. Conversely, no clear relationship between weather conditions and bloat occurrence was evident. This survey highlights the known risk of clover‐based pastures for causing bloat in cattle, and that losses occur in many cases despite preventive measures being used. This suggests that current methods for preventing bloat in cattle are suboptimal.
Tacrolimus prevents complement‐mediated Nod‐like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and pyroptosis of mesenchymal stem cells from immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Cai Xuan , Wu Jin , An Zhuo‐Yu , Wang Chen‐Cong , Zhu Xiao‐Lu , He Yun , Fu Hai‐Xia , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Zhang Xiao‐Hui
Published: December 2022

The abnormal immunomodulatory functions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been implicated in the development of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Recent studies have suggested important effects of complement on immune cell function. However, whether complement modulates bone marrow MSCs function in ITP is poorly defined. Tacrolimus has recently been applied to the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Here, we explored whether impaired ITP‐MSCs could be targeted by tacrolimus. Our results showed that the Nod‐like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was activated in ITP MSCs with complement deposition (MSCs‐C+) and initiated caspase‐1‐dependent pyroptosis. Transcriptome sequencing results showed abnormal fatty acid metabolism in MSCs‐C+. Enhanced fatty acid β‐oxidation and reactive oxygen species production activated the NLRP3 inflammasome. Adipocytes derived from MSCs‐C+ secreted less adiponectin. Adiponectin promoted the differentiation of megakaryocytes and inhibited the destruction of platelets. Tacrolimus inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and MSCs‐C+ pyroptosis in vitro and in vivo. Tacrolimus plus danazol elicited a higher sustained response than danazol monotherapy in corticosteroid‐resistant patients with ITP. Our findings demonstrate that the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ITP MSCs mediated by complement could be inhibited by tacrolimus, which might be a potential new therapy for ITP.
Visual Effects: A Fake Indigenous Warrior, A Contested Hill and Urban Imaginaries of Indigeneity in Santiago de Chile
Authors: Casagrande Olivia , Barton Jonathan R.
Published: December 2022

In Latin American cities, indigenous peoples' presence is often overlooked: symbols and iconographies either exclude them as a minority or ‘memorialise’ them as part of a distant past. Through ethnographic observation, walking and visual narrative analysis, and adapting Charles Hale's constructions of indigeneity, this article examines the different representations of indigeneity in urban public space in Santiago de Chile. It interrogates its forms and multiple meanings and the ways in which these are challenged and appropriated by current indigenous artistic production and activism, highlighting the struggle to emphasise contemporary, hybrid lived experiences rather than essentialised, neo‐colonial memorialisation. The article addresses urban imaginaries of indigeneity as an arena for the struggle between different representations, which are highly relevant to the new Chilean Constitution and demands for pluri‐nationalism, and form part of an ongoing (de)construction of entrenched power relations.
Hepatic steatosis and advanced hepatic fibrosis are independent predictors of long‐term mortality in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Chin YipHan , Lim Jieyu , Kong Gwyneth , Ng Cheng Han , Goh Rachel , Muthiah Mark , Mehta Anurag , Chong Bryan , Lin Chaoxing , Chan Kai En , Kong William , Poh Kian Keong , Foo Roger , Chai Ping , Yeo Tiong‐Cheng , Low Adrian F. , Lee Chi Hang , Tan Huay Cheem , Chan Mark Yan‐Yee , Richards A Mark , Loh Poay‐Huan , Chew Nicholas W. S.
Published: December 2022

Aim

To examine the prevalence and prognosis of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in post‐acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients.

Methods

Patients presenting with AMI to a tertiary hospital were examined from 2014 to 2021. Hepatic steatosis and advanced hepatic fibrosis were determined using the Hepatic Steatosis Index and fibrosis‐4 index, respectively. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. Cox regression models identified determinants of mortality after adjustments and Kaplan–Meier curves were constructed for all‐cause mortality, stratified by hepatic steatosis and advanced fibrosis.

Results

Of 5765 patients included, 24.8% had hepatic steatosis, of whom 41.7% were diagnosed with advanced fibrosis. The median follow‐up duration was 2.7 years. Patients with hepatic steatosis tended to be younger, female, with elevated body mass index and an increased metabolic burden of diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. Patients with hepatic steatosis (24.6% vs. 20.9% mortality, P < .001) and advanced fibrosis (45.6% vs. 32.9% mortality, P < .001) had higher all‐cause mortality rates compared with their respective counterparts. Hepatic steatosis (adjusted hazard ratio 1.364, 95% CI 1.145‐1.625, P = .001) was associated with all‐cause mortality after adjustment for confounders. Survival curves showed excess mortality in patients with hepatic steatosis compared with those without (P = .002).

Conclusions

Hepatic steatosis and advanced fibrosis have a substantial prevalence among patients with AMI. Both are associated with mortality, with an incrementally higher risk when advanced fibrosis ensues. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis could help risk stratification of AMI patients beyond conventional risk factors.
Can longitudinal strain analysis differentiate between Takotsubo syndrome and acute coronary syndrome?
Authors: Wilk Aleksandra , Król Wojciech , Anna Żarek‐Starzewska , Ziemska‐Gorczyca Marlena , Tetera Weronika , Konopka Marcin , Binkiewicz‐Orluk Maria , Braksator Wojciech
Published: December 2022

Background

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is characterized by transient abnormalities of myocardial contractility. Noninvasive tests are currently being sought to differentiate TTS from acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

The aim of the study

To evaluate the prevalence of TTS and echocardiographic parameters to distinguish apical TTS from acute anterior wall infarction.

Material and methods

The medical records of patients with suspected TTS, hospitalized in the Department of Cardiology (TTS group n = 18) were analyzed. The control group included patients with STEMI of the left ventricle anterior wall and anterior and lateral wall (STEMI group n = 17). Standard transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was supplemented with segmental longitudinal strain (LS) assessment with the use of acoustic marker tracking.

Results

A statistically significant difference was observed in the second cardiac troponine I (CTNI) measurement (TTS: 3241.2 ng/L vs. STEMI: 12032.6 ng/L; p < 0.05). A significant difference in left and right ventricular size was observed on TTE. Left ventricular end‐diastolic and end‐systolic volumes were considerably smaller in TTS group; (86.1 vs. 104 ml and 48.1 vs. 74.1 ml, respectively). LS were significantly higher (in absolute values) in patients with TTS than in those with STEMI in the apical and middle lateral segments, LS in the apical four‐chamber view (apSept −14.9 vs. −8.9; apLat −14.8 vs. −6.84; midLat −13.26 vs. −9.11).

Conclusions

Patients with TTS are characterized by a different LS pattern in the apical segments of the left ventricle compared to patients with STEMI. TTE examination with LS remains insufficient to distinguish TTS from ACS at the early stage of diagnosis.
Abundant‐core thinking clarifies exceptions to the abundant‐center distribution pattern
Authors: Fristoe Trevor S. , Vilela Bruno , Brown James H. , Botero Carlos A.
Published: December 2022

Understanding variation in abundance within species' ranges is fundamental for ecological and evolutionary theory and applied conservation science. The abundant‐center model provides a general hypothesis based on basic ecological principles and macroscale biogeographic patterns: abundance should peak near the center of a species' range, where environmental conditions are most favorable, and decline towards the periphery. Despite longstanding influence in ecological thinking, consistent support for the ubiquity of abundant‐center distributions remains elusive, and recent assessments have questioned the value of this paradigm altogether. We suggest that revisiting the simplifying assumptions that underly the model provides a productive path forward by clarifying predictions and revealing expectations for alternative distribution patterns. Towards this end, we use standardized abundance surveys of North American birds to reassess the prevalence of abundant‐center distributions in geographic and climate space, test whether deviations are associated with predictable violations of assumptions, and provide more robust expectations. After accounting for common methodological pitfalls, we find that geographic centrality is generally indicative of centrality in climate space (confirming a key model assumption) and that abundant‐center distributions occurred in 71% of passerines. To better understand exceptions, we introduce the concept of abundant‐core distributions, of which the abundant‐center is a special case. We find that 87% of species fit abundant‐core expectations, with abundances peaked and generally declining from a core region within the range. Abundance cores tended to deviate from geographic center where topographic features complicate correspondence between geography and environmental conditions (e.g. the climatically heterogenous west). Such deviations were often associated with truncated climatic availability, with core regions offset towards the continental edge or climate extremes. Overall, our analyses suggest that abundant‐center thinking provides a useful generalization for understanding spatial variation in abundance for many species. However, as with any model, its assumptions must be assessed within the context of given applications.
The income loss of a political crisis: Evidence from Madagascar
Authors: Fontaine Idriss , Razafindravaosolonirina Justinien
Published: December 2022

Since the late 1950s, Madagascar has experienced four constitutional changes and four crises of a political nature. In the present paper, we assess the economic effects of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis, which stands out from the three previous crises because of its suddenness and its duration. For this purpose, we use the synthetic control method, which involves determining the most credible counterfactual for the Malagasy economy from a subset of optimally weighted untreated countries. This empirical approach clearly shows that the output loss of this crisis is sizable, leading to a per capita income loss of around 25% 8 years after the start of the crisis. Sensitivity analyses applied to verify the robustness of our main result confirm that the effect of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis was unusually large. We then conduct an in‐depth analysis to understand the main mechanisms that explain this output loss. We confirm that investments are probably the main determinants explaining the output loss after the crisis. We believe that our approach reveals that political instability is one of the main constraints preventing Madagascar from prospering.
Pragmatisms' Generations: A Forewording of Philosophies for Democracy From One American Perspective
Authors: Stone Lynda
Published: December 2022

This article gives a historical‐philosophical overview of three generations of pragmatist thinking centered around the question of democracy. It serves as an introduction and contextualization to the papers that develop a third generation pragmatic point of view in the remainder of the special issue. The perspective is from one American‐trained philosopher of education who has studied and written widely in pragmatism and European social theory. The article has sections on three generations generally described and with primary influences of John Dewey, Richard Rorty, and Bruno Latour. In each generation, other important philosophic contributions discussed come from C. S. Peirce and William James, Hilary Putnam, Donna Haraway, and Isabelle Stengers as well as relevant commentators. The first two, Dewey and Rorty, contribute to a sub‐theme of democracy in their writings that the third, Latour, continues in politics in a section elaboration. The introduction sets forth a generational theme and an international setting for pragmatism. The conclusion summarizes the article's key ideas and points to a need in education for a democratic future.
Prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study on the provision of information regarding sudden unexpected death in epilepsy to adults with epilepsy
Authors: Wadle Nora‐Elena , Schwab Christina , Seifart Carola , von Podewils Felix , Knake Susanne , Willems Laurent M. , Menzler Katja , Schulz Juliane , Conradi Nadine , Rosenow Felix , Strzelczyk Adam
Published: December 2022

Objective

Despite increased awareness of the serious epilepsy complication sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), a substantial population of people with epilepsy (PWE) remain poorly informed. Physicians indicate concern that SUDEP information may adversely affect patients' health and quality of life. We examined SUDEP awareness and the immediate and long‐term effects of providing SUDEP information to PWE.

Methods

Baseline knowledge and behaviors among PWE and behavioral adjustments following the provision of SUDEP information were evaluated in a prospective, multicenter survey using the following validated scales: Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy for depression symptoms, the EuroQoL five‐dimension scale for health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), a visual analog scale for overall health, the revised Epilepsy Stigma Scale for perceived stigma, and the Seizure Worry Scale for seizure‐related worries. The prospective study collected data through semiquantitative interviews before (baseline), immediately after, and 3 months after the provision of SUDEP information.

Results

In total, 236 participants (mean age = 39.3 years, range = 18–77 years, 51.7% women) were enrolled, and 205 (86.9%) completed long‐term, 3‐month follow‐up. One patient died from SUDEP before follow‐up. No worsening symptoms from baseline to 3‐month follow‐up were observed on any scale. At baseline, 27.5% of participants were aware of SUDEP. More than 85% of participants were satisfied with receiving SUDEP information. Three quarters of participants were not concerned by the information, and >80% of participants recommended the provision of SUDEP information to all PWE. Although most patients reported no behavioral adjustments, 24.8% reported strong behavioral adjustments at 3‐month follow‐up.

Significance

The provision of SUDEP information has no adverse effects on overall health, HRQoL, depressive symptoms, stigma, or seizure worry among PWE, who appreciate receiving information. SUDEP information provision might improve compliance among PWE and reduce but not eliminate the increased mortality risk.
Genomic data reveal contrasting patterns of divergence among island and mainland birds of the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Moysi Michaella , Ogolowa Bridget O. , Nikiforou Christos , Dretakis Michalis , Purcell Jessica , Brelsford Alan , Kirschel Alexander N. G.
Published: December 2022

Islands have been characterized as natural laboratories because of their distinct and often identifiable role in promoting genetic variation and population differentiation, but they have also been considered evolutionary sinks of biodiversity. Here, we extend classical studies of island biogeography based in the Eastern Mediterranean to compare genetic divergences and population structure among birds in insular and continental populations. We focused on populations of six passerine species (Short‐toed Treecreeper, Great Tit, Eurasian Wren, Eurasian Blackbird, Common Chaffinch and Sardinian Warbler) with breeding populations on the islands of Cyprus and Crete and compared those with a continental population from mainland Greece. We sampled 172 individuals from six species and used double‐digest RAD sequencing to examine population‐level genetic divergence and structure. Population structure analyses using single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed structure between the islands and mainland for all six species, and this was most pronounced in Short‐toed Treecreeper, Great Tit and Eurasian Wren. For all species with the exception of the Sardinian Warbler, the populations from the two islands were more differentiated from each other than either was from mainland Greece, reflecting variation in island colonization dynamics. Patterns ranged from pronounced population differentiation among populations, e.g. in Short‐toed Treecreeper, where taxonomic revisions are potentially warranted, to others with weak structure among insular and continental populations, such as in Common Chaffinch and Sardinian Warbler. Although some patterns are consistent with increased rates of genetic drift in smaller populations explaining greater differences among the island populations than either insular population has from continental source populations, in others, including in Eurasian Blackbird and Common Chaffinch, higher nucleotide diversity in Cyprus may reflect a demographic pattern of post‐glacial north‐westward expansion.
The long‐term effects of primary school‐based obesity prevention interventions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Smit Michel S. , Boelens Mirte , Mölenberg Famke J. M. , Raat Hein , Jansen Wilma
Published: December 2022

Introduction

This systematic review and meta‐analysis investigate the long‐term effects of primary school‐based obesity prevention interventions on body‐mass index (and z‐scores), waist circumference (and z‐scores) and weight status.

Methods

Four databases were searched for studies from date of inception until June 8th, 2021. We included randomized controlled trials (RCT) and non‐RCTs investigating effects ≥12 months post‐intervention of primary school‐based interventions with intervention duration ≥6 months and containing a diet and/or physical activity component on outcomes of interest. Articles were assessed on risk of bias and methodological quality by RoB2 and ROBINS‐I. Meta‐analysis was performed and results were narratively summarized. Evidence quality was assessed with GRADE.

Results

Nineteen studies were included, 9 were pooled in a meta‐analysis. No long‐term effects were found on body‐mass index (+0.06 kg/m2; CI95% = −0.38, 0.50; I2 = 66%), body‐mass index z‐scores (−0.08; CI95% = −0.20, 0.04; I2 = 36%), and waist circumference (+0.57 cm; CI95% = −0.62, 1.75; I2 = 13%). Non‐pooled studies reported mixed findings regarding long‐term effects on body‐mass index, body‐mass index z‐scores and weight status, and no effects on waist circumference and waist circumference z‐scores. Evidence certainty was moderate to very low.

Discussion

No clear evidence regarding long‐term effects of primary school‐based interventions on obesity‐related outcomes was found. Recommendations for further research and policy are discussed.

Prospero registration ID: CRD42021240446.
Migration narratives in Northern Triangle, Mexican and US media from 1999 to 2019
Authors: Hinck Robert S. , Utterback Robert , Kitsch Sara R. , Wenzel Sarah
Published: December 2022

This study conceptualizes the mediated discussions of migration in Central America as narratives, arguing for the need to examine the broader contours of policy‐related migration reporting across time. Using machine learning and text mining analyses, combined with qualitative narrative analysis, the study examines 53,441 news articles from 17 US, Mexican and Northern Triangle media outlets from 1999 to 2019, tracing and critiquing the shifts in coverage. Findings suggest that all three media systems generally align in their depiction of the scene, key agents and acts regarding migration; however, US narratives increasingly diverge from Northern Triangle and Mexican narratives regarding the purpose and instruments by which migration occurs, with US value claims narrowing over time emphasizing border security. This narrative trajectory within US media ignores migrants' determination and underlining rationales for migration, pushing them to take increasingly dangerous means to migrate to the USA and exacerbating the situation for all parties.
Lower serum cystatin C level predicts poor functional outcome in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage independent of renal function
Authors: Zhou Yongfang , Dong Wentao , Wang Likun , Ren Siying , Wei Weiqing , Wu Guofeng
Published: December 2022

We explored the association between the serum level of cystatin C (CysC) at admission and short‐term functional outcome in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) without chronic kidney disease (CKD). A total of 555 patients with HICH were consecutively recruited after admission and were followed‐up for 3 months after admission. The primary outcome was poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≥ 3). The median serum CysC level in our cohort was 1.03 mg/L (interquartile range, .89–1.20). Patients were categorized into four groups according to the serum CysC quartiles. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a negative association between serum CysC and poor functional outcome at 3‐month follow‐up (quartile [Q]1 vs. Q4: adjusted odds ratio [OR] = .260, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .098, .691, p < .001). The negative association between serum CysC and poor functional outcome at 3 months was more pronounced in subgroups with smaller hematoma volume (≤ 30 mL), and absence of secondary intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Addition of serum CysC to a model containing conventional risk factors improved the model performance with net reclassification index (NRI) of .426% (p < .001) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) of .043% (p < .001) for poor functional outcome. Serum CysC was found to be a negative predictor of poor short‐term functional outcome in HICH patients independent of renal function.
Rationale, Design, and Characteristics of the VALIANT (COVID‐19 in Older Adults: ALongitudinal Assessment) Cohort
Authors: Cohen Andrew B. , McAvay Gail J. , Geda Mary , Chattopadhyay Sumon , Lee Seohyuk , Acampora Denise , Araujo Katy , Charpentier Peter , Gill Thomas M. , Hajduk Alexandra M. , Ferrante Lauren E.
Published: December 2022

Background

Most older adults hospitalized with COVID‐19 survive their acute illness. The impact of COVID‐19 hospitalization on patient‐centered outcomes, including physical function, cognition, and symptoms, is not well understood. To address this knowledge gap, we collected longitudinal data about these issues from a cohort of older survivors of COVID‐19 hospitalization.

Methods

We undertook a prospective study of community‐living persons age ≥ 60 years who were hospitalized with COVID‐19 from June 2020–June 2021. A baseline interview was conducted during or up to 2 weeks after hospitalization. Follow‐up interviews occurred at one, three, and six months post‐discharge. Participants completed comprehensive assessments of physical and cognitive function, symptoms, and psychosocial factors. An abbreviated assessment could be performed with a proxy. Additional information was collected from the electronic health record.

Results

Among 341 participants, the mean age was 71.4 (SD 8.4) years, 51% were women, and 37% were of Black race or Hispanic ethnicity. Median length of hospitalization was 8 (IQR 6–12) days. All but 4% of participants required supplemental oxygen, and 20% required care in an intensive care unit or stepdown unit. At enrollment, nearly half (47%) reported at least one preexisting disability in physical function, 45% demonstrated cognitive impairment, and 67% were pre‐frail or frail. Participants reported a mean of 9 of 14 (SD 3) COVID‐19‐related symptoms. At the six‐month follow‐up interview, more than a third of participants experienced a decline from their pre‐hospitalization function, nearly 20% had cognitive impairment, and burdensome symptoms remained highly prevalent.

Conclusions

We enrolled a diverse cohort of older adults hospitalized with COVID‐19 and followed them after discharge. Functional decline was common, and there were high rates of persistent cognitive impairment and symptoms. Future analyses of these data will advance our understanding of patient‐centered outcomes among older COVID‐19 survivors.