bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The General Theory of Relativity and Gravitation
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

The intrinsic curvature of a metric space is captured by the Riemann curvature tensor, which can be contracted to the Ricci tensor and the Ricci scalar. Einstein took these curvature quantities and constructed the Einstein field equations that relate the curvature of space-time to energy and mass density. For an isotropic density, a solution to the field equations is the Schwarzschild metric, which contains mass terms that modify both the temporal and the spatial components of the invariant element. Consequences of the Schwarzschild metric include gravitational time dilation, length contraction, and redshifts. Trajectories in curved space-time are expressed as geodesics through the Schwarzschild metric space. Solutions to the geodesic equation lead to the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and to the deflection of light by the Sun.
Bingo Capitalism
Authors: Bedford Kate
Published: November 2019

Bingo Capitalism uses bingo—a female-dominated and notoriously self-effacing game—to think differently about regulation and political economy. A key objective is to make bingo, as lens, more central to our debates about the regulation of economy and society. Part I sets the scene, responding to the query: why bingo? Part II explores the legal and political history of bingo. Part III analyses the regulation of people, while Part IV examines the regulation of products, places, and technologies. In so doing, the book uses bingo to better understand the role of the state in shaping the classed and gendered interrelation between diverse economies, especially in relation to non-commercial and commercial gambling. Bingo Capitalism offers the first sociolegal account of bingo as a globally significant and immensely popular pastime, centring implementation experiences alongside the broader political, economic, and social context to legislative reform. While considering the perspectives of lawmakers, who have debated what the game reflects about the nation and its economy, the book also centres the experiences of those who work in, and play, bingo, to trace how gambling law and regulation impact people in everyday life. The book identifies the central historical role of non-commercial, mutual aid play to UK gambling law and policy, and traces the ongoing relevance of this realm for current debates about the interrelation between capitalist and more-than-capitalist everyday economies. Bingo Capitalism also uses bingo as a case study of research into the gendered nature of regulation, showing how gender shapes, and is shaped by, diverse state rules on gambling.
Self-Control and Moral Security
Authors: Kennett Jeanette , Wolfendale Jessica
Published: November 2019

Self-control is integral to successful human agency. But the capacity for self-control requires external support. This paper explores the connections between social conditions, self-control, agency, and the self. Part one offers a taxonomy of self-control. Part two examines the external conditions that support successful agency and self-control, and argues that moral security is a critical foundation for agency. Moral security refers to the degree to which an agent believes that her welfare and her projects are valued by others and by her society. Parts three and four explore how narratives about racism and poverty undermine moral security, and limit and distort the possibility of synchronic and diachronic self-control. Where moral security is undermined, the connection between self-control and diachronic goods often fails to obtain and agency contracts accordingly.
Shame and Attributability
Authors: Carlsson Andreas Brekke
Published: November 2019

Responsibility as accountability is normally taken to have stricter control conditions than responsibility as attributability. A common way to argue for this claim is to point to differences in the harmfulness of blame involved in these different kinds of responsibility. This paper argues that this explanation does not work once we shift our focus from other-directed blame to self-blame. To blame oneself in the accountability sense is to feel guilt and feeling guilty is to suffer. To blame oneself in the attributability sense, it will be argued, is to feel shame and feeling shame is also to suffer. Therefore, the different control conditions cannot be explained by a difference in the harm of blame. Instead, this paper argues that accountability and attributability are governed by different kinds of appropriateness: an agent S is accountability blameworthy for X only if S deserves to feel guilty for X; an agent S is attributability blameworthy for X only if it is fitting that S feels shame for X.
How to Be an Actualist and Blame People
Authors: Timmerman Travis , Swenson Philip
Published: November 2019

The actualism/possibilism debate in ethics concerns the relationship between an agent’s free actions and her moral obligations. The actualist affirms, while the possibilist denies, that facts about what agents would freely do in certain circumstances partly determines that agent’s moral obligations. This paper assesses the plausibility of actualism and possibilism in light of desiderata about accounts of blameworthiness. This paper first argues that actualism cannot straightforwardly accommodate certain very plausible desiderata before offering a few independent solutions on behalf of the actualist. This paper then argues that, contrary to initial appearances, possibilism is subject to its own comparably troubling blameworthiness problem.
Skepticism about the Standing to Blame
Authors: King Matt
Published: November 2019

There are cases thought to illustrate that appropriate blame requires special standing. One might lack the standing to blame another because the fault is private and one is a stranger or because one is guilty of the very same offense and so one’s blame would be hypocritical. But despite its prevalence as an explanation of what goes wrong in such cases, the standing to blame itself has been given relatively little attention. The aim of this paper is to cast doubt on the standing to blame. It considers a range of plausible interpretations and, finding each wanting, concludes that those who wish to endorse the standing to blame owe us more by way of a characterization and defense. In raising this challenge, the paper motivates an alternative explanation of the cases.
Improvement, Repair, and the Uses of the Gothic Past
Authors: Townshend Dale
Published: November 2019

This chapter confronts the question of the politics of Gothic architecture in the long eighteenth century. Exploring manifestations of its Whiggish appeal, the argument also points to a number of notable Tory appropriations of the revived Gothic style. If the political significance of the Gothic was thus open to dispute, notions of improvement and repair were almost uniformly inflected with intimations of political radicalism, particularly after the French Revolution of 1789. Exploring the political meanings of improvement, repair, and ruination in the work of John Carter, the discussion extends this into a reading of political discourse of the 1790s, tracing political writers’ extensive appropriations of architectural metaphor. The chapter concludes with a reading of 1790s political Gothic fiction, showing how radical writers of the decade engaged with the politics of Gothic architecture while questioning the extent to which chivalry, romance, and other aesthetic ‘remains’ of the Gothic past could serve the needs of the present.
‘Venerable Ruin’ or ‘Nurseries of Superstition’
Authors: Townshend Dale
Published: November 2019

Ranging across antiquarian studies, executed architectural projects, romances, letters, essays, and topographical writing, this chapter seeks to show how the Gothic fictional aesthetic, in both its pro-Catholic and anti-Catholic extremes, was merely one manifestation of the broader discourse on ecclesiastical Gothic architecture and architectural ruin in the long eighteenth century. While, for many antiquaries, ecclesiastical ruins were ‘venerable’ and deserving of respect, for other, more popular writers they were ‘nurseries of superstition’, painful remainders (and reminders) of England’s Catholic past. Having explored the ceaseless vacillation between the poles of ‘venerable ruin’ and ‘nurseries of superstition’ across a range of architectural theorists, essayists, and Gothic writers of the period, the argument shows how Gothic architecture, particularly the architecture of ecclesiastical ruin, prompted imaginative reconstructions of the nation’s Gothic past, an age not only characterized by Catholic ‘darkness’ and ‘superstition’, but one also felicitously inhabited by ‘enlightened’ English Catholics.
Conclusion: From the Gothic to the Medieval
Authors: Townshend Dale
Published: November 2019

The concluding chapter to the book seeks to account for the changes that the architectural imagination underwent in the first four decades of the nineteenth century. Guided by the concept of ‘purification’, it shows how the construct of the Gothic ‘Dark Ages’ was revised in contemporary historiography and replaced with the less injurious notion of the ‘medieval’; how first- and second-generation romanticism curtailed the excesses of the Gothic architectural imagination; and how nineteenth-century Gothic Revivalists such as A. C. Pugin, A. W. N. Pugin, and John Ruskin reacted against the amateur Gothic experiments of Horace Walpole and William Beckford. What emerges in the discussion is an architectural imagination that is very different from the one of the previous century, that rich, associative aesthetic that drove the production of Gothic literature and revivalist architecture from the start. In a brief coda, the discussion briefly charts the professionalization of architectural practice that took effect from 1834 onwards.
Introduction
Authors: Townshend Dale
Published: November 2019

This introductory chapter explores the primary concerns of the book. Having provided an account of how the long eighteenth century conceptualized ‘Gothic antiquity’, it explores the perceived links between the antique past, its architectural remains, imaginative response, and eighteenth-century political discourses. Through a reading of Horace Walpole’s confounding of the differences between historiography and romance, it situates the rise of Gothic literature in a liminal space between these two practices. Analysing two competing visual representations of scenes from Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764), the discussion introduces a concern that runs throughout the remainder of the book: far from being a monolith, ‘Gothic antiquity’ for the eighteenth century was a divided and politically disputed construct. While conservatives tended to celebrate the Gothic past as a vanished golden age of political stability and great cultural achievement (the ‘white Gothic’), radical writers invoked it as a ‘Dark Age’ of tyranny, violence, and oppression.
Introduction
Authors: Nelson Claudia , Morey Anne
Published: November 2019

The introduction lays out the scope and methodology of the book as a whole, while offering discussions of three additional cases that represent examples of texts that are relevant to the project but that represent lines of examination not pursued later in the book. The book deals with Anglo-American children’s and young adult fiction from the early twentieth century through the present that reuses and redeploys elements of the classical world. Having noticed in this relatively constrained body of literature the prevalence of place in structuring metaphors, these works are then grouped into five chapters according to the major topological metaphors that they rely on, as primarily palimpsest, map, or fractal texts. The major methodology on display throughout is a cognitive poetics approach. The sample exception texts, designed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of our groupings and methodological approach, are Marilyn Singer’s Echo Echo: Reverso Poems about Greek Myths, David Elliott’s Bull, and Rosemary Sutcliff’s The Mark of the Horse Lord, which offer contrasting spatial metaphors of a type that are here briefly acknowledged: original/mirror, inside/outside, and straight lines/spirals.
The Structure of Employment and Job Creation in Jordan, 2010–2016
Authors: Assaad Ragui , Salemi Colette
Published: November 2019

In this chapter, we analyze the structure of employment and job creation in Jordan over the period from 2010 to 2016. This period coincided with a notable downturn in the economy, which substantially reduced the rate of job creation. Nonetheless, Jordan continued to rely on a growing population of migrant workers whose numbers were further boosted by the influx of Syrian refugees, resulting in approximately one out of two new jobs going to a non-Jordanian. For Jordanians, employment rates continued to fall, and employment became more precarious for the poorest, least educated workers, despite an increase in the share of public sector employment. Unskilled Jordanian males shifted out of informal regular wage employment into irregular work as well as non-employment. With regard to labor market dynamics, the share of the public sector in the first-time employment of new entrants had started to increase after an extended decline. The increase has now reversed again, but many recent entrants still managed to obtain public sector jobs five years after entry. The transition from school to work is very protracted, with a large fraction of youth remaining in the not in education, employment or training (NEET) state for an extended period of time.
The Number and Characteristics of Syrians in Jordan
Authors: Krafft Caroline , Razzaz Susan , Keo Caitlyn , Assaad Ragui
Published: November 2019

Jordan has experienced a substantial influx of refugees from Syria since 2011. The Jordanian government and the international community have expended significant resources to address the urgent humanitarian needs of these refugees and to mitigate negative impacts on the Jordanian population. Although several data sources describe the number and characteristics of Syrians in Jordan, a systematic comparison of the similarities and differences among the data sources has not been made. This chapter seeks to fill this gap using several data sources: the Jordan Population Census of 2015, the UNHCR registration database as of 2016, the Ministry of Education Management Information System of 2016/2017, and the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey of 2016. It examines the number of Syrians in Jordan and their characteristics, including registration status, geographic and age distribution, and children’s enrollment status.
Education of Jordanians
Authors: Hailat Mahmoud Ali
Published: November 2019

This chapter investigates the educational enrollment and attainment of Jordanians, as well as variations in school characteristics and student performance. While enrollment in education deteriorated slightly in 2016 compared to 2010, educational attainment has improved in 2016 relative to 2010. Household socioeconomic conditions, especially the wealth and education of parents, are related to enrollment in education and educational attainment. There were disparities in enrollment based on gender, between urban and rural areas, and across the Middle, North, and South regions. Enrollment rates were higher among women than men and the urban South region was disadvantaged. Disease, poverty, and the wishes of parents and individuals were the main barriers to entering education for the younger generations, while poverty, traditions, and lack of schools were the main barriers for older generations. The decline in lower levels of educational attainment was offset by more adults who obtained a university degree.
Being Prepared
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2019

It is often said that neither moral wrongness nor acting as duty requires can depend on motive because we cannot choose our motives. Those who hold this view tend to conflate impermissibility and moral wrongness and accept an account of motive we have good reason to reject. Examining an often neglected class of duties—the duties of due care—we find they require a value-directed motive responsive to the content of a primary duty. Extrapolating, it is argued that we cannot manage complex moral contexts if we are not responsive to what a duty is for. This calls for a system agency model of motive, something that functions more like instinct than desire. If the capacity to track value is a function of motive, then it must be available to any subject of a duty. The chapter concludes by arguing that motive-involved wrongdoing occurs when an action that is of a type that is not impermissible has its source in a motive that involves a mismatch between the value of a governing moral requirement and the value the agent’s actual motive tracks.
Persons as Things
Authors: Schroeder Mark
Published: November 2019

Persons are things. We are biological creatures, things of flesh and blood, whose behavior is governed by the same principles that govern the behavior of any other social mammals, plus or minus the complications that come from the recursive possibilities of access to natural language. That much is fact. But to be treated as a thing amounts to a deep insult. To be treated as a thing is to be minimized, rather than engaged with, predicted and controlled rather than reasoned with, written off as the product of our environment rather than appreciated for our unique contributions. Chapter 5 explores what it means to be treated as a thing in a morally problematic way, and argues that the answer must be tempered by the fact that persons are also a kind of thing.
Fitting Love and Reasons for Loving
Authors: Howard Christopher
Published: November 2019

The “quality view” claims that what makes love fitting are the lovable qualities of the beloved. Although natural, this view seems to face a battery of embarrassing difficulties. It predicts, for example, that if someone is more lovable than your beloved, then it’s fitting for you to love that person more than, or instead of, your beloved (the problem of trading up); and that if your beloved loses his lovable qualities, it would no longer be fitting to love him (the problem of inconstancy). Chapter 6 offers a new defense of the quality view. It argues that, by supplementing the view with a plausible pluralism about normative reasons for love, quality theorists can easily answer all of the problems that putatively plague them.
From Duty for the Right Reasons
Authors: Toppinen Teemu
Published: November 2019

An action has moral worth when it’s a morally right action and when it is motivated in such a way that its being right is not accidental. When an action is, in this way, non-accidentally right, the agent is morally praiseworthy for doing the right thing. According to the Right Reasons View, an agent performs an action with moral worth, or is praiseworthy for doing the right thing, roughly to the extent that she does the right thing for reasons that make it right to act in this way (e.g., Arpaly, Markovits). According to another kind of view, actions with moral worth spring from the ‘motive of duty,’ or are based on the agent’s justified belief or knowledge that she ought to act in the relevant way (e.g., Sliwa, Johnson King). These are both attractive ideas. But given certain plausible assumptions, these ideas are in tension with each other. Chapter 9 suggests that the extent to which this is so depends on how the nature of moral thought is to be understood, and that certain forms of expressivism—relational expressivism, in particular—allow the pursuit of a reconciliatory approach.
Close to Home
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores many of the domestic elements that were central to the creation of bourgeois tragedy in Georgian Britain, focusing especially on George Lillo’s Fatal Curiosity (1736) and his posthumous adaptation of Arden of Faversham (1759; with John Hoadly). The chapter begins by broadening the archive of the genre’s source material, situating its eighteenth-century repertoire alongside the true crime narratives it in many cases adapted, as well as early Stuart predecessors, Shakespeare’s Othello (1603), and Restoration she-tragedy. It thereby claims that the genre represents important advances in realism as it was practiced onstage that worked to exploit the intimacy of the home and stage during the period. This chapter also examines a major theme in contemporaneous theorizations of the genre by considering what it means for a play to “strike close to home,” linking that trope to changes in affect, aesthetics, and performance during the period.
A Fine Subject for Tragedy
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric
Published: November 2019

This chapter reads Samuel Richardson’s Clarissa (1748) alongside dramatic precursors such as Charles Johnson’s Cælia; or, The Perjur’d Lover (1733) and public responses to the novel in order to argue that Richardson’s seminal text staged a debate over the basic interpretability through which affliction’s experience is navigable and thus ultimately made bearable. Responses to the novel are analyzed, tracing contemporary theories of poetic justice in order to account for readerly expectations and their frustration as crucial to Richardson’s broader moral project. In doing so, the chapter reads poetic justice as a secular theology against which tragedy is positioned. The chapter then turns to consider Clarissa’s own fractured response to her suffering, placing her “Meditations” in dialogue with the epistolary of the novel in order to analyze her rhetorical and practical responses to pain.
Conclusion
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric
Published: November 2019

This concluding chapter revises accounts of British bourgeois tragedy’s importance to the drama and fiction of the turn of the nineteenth century, presenting evidence of the genre’s lasting influence and intervention in political and social debates as the century closed. It connects the English tradition to the serious fiction of the continent, offering detailed readings of Frederic Reynold’s stage adaptation of Goethe’s The Sorrows of Young Werther in 1786 and Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s adaptation of G. E. Lessing’s Emilia Galotti in 1794. Placing both in their immediate historical contexts, it links them to the radical politics of their day. Together this body of literature, the chapter argues, sees modernity as a tragic condition and the stage of revolutionary conflict in which ordinariness itself is conceived as a kind of affliction.
Beyond the City
Authors: Coss Peter
Published: November 2019

Chapter 5 complements the previous chapter with a study of members of the aristocracy who chose to remain aloof from the cities. It begins with city–contado relations and the expansion of city control from the late twelfth century. Primary attention is fixed on the Guidi, powerful Tuscan counts whose area of control expanded and whose power intensified to such a degree that they effectively ruled a principality. It concentrates on the origins of their property and rights, on private and privatized public rights, and on their social relations and ambitions. It will look at their behavioural traits and at their wars. Key figures are Guido Guerra I, Guido Guerra III, and Countess Matilda. The chapter will also look at their clientage, their control of the populace, and at forms of dependence. The Guidi ultimately took the title of count palatine. From the Guidi, the chapter turns to examples of the aristocrazia intermedia in this context, specifically the Malapresa and the lords of Figline.
Conflict and Stability within the Tuscan Aristocracy
Authors: Coss Peter
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the aristocratic propensity for social violence. It looks at specific incidents of violence and at how one might account for them, and for fluctuations in their intensity. Violence was institutionalized in the form of the masnada, or armed following, and this is carefully scrutinised. The chapter shows that much of the reported violence was not anarchic but purposive. Moreover, the exercise of power and the need for security tended towards the creation of social equilibrium. It was achieved by a variety of means, including dispute resolution and the use of pacts. The content and typology of these are given close scrutiny. There were, however, moments of major fracture where equilibrium was less easily achieved. The final section will look in particular at one such fracture—the internecine conflict which affected the cities during the last decade of the twelfth century. Here I concentrate on Florence.
At the Apex of the Aristocracy
Authors: Coss Peter
Published: November 2019

This chapter takes the lax kingship of Stephen as an opportunity to observe the expansive nature of Anglo-Norman aristocratic lordship. Ranulf II, earl of Chester is chosen for special study. We examine the motives behind aristocratic competition and violence, relations with lesser lords and with lords of equal degree, and dispute settlement by means of conventiones. We also look at the concept of signoria as a means of understanding lordship in England, taking Coventry as an example. This is followed by a consideration of the fortunes of the Chester lordship during the resurgent kingship of the Angevins. I return here to the concept of Königsnähe. The chapter concludes with an overall assessment of the nature of the Chester lordship. Although the focus is on the policies of members of the high aristocracy, their actions reveal much of the outlook and behaviour of the aristocracy in general and of the conditions under which they lived.
The Nobility and the State in Angevin and Post-Angevin England
Authors: Coss Peter
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the fortunes of the aristocracy in England between the mid-twelfth and the mid-thirteenth century, beginning with the impact of Angevin kingship upon the aristocratic world and the great aristocratic revolt which led to Magna Carta. We will look at the impact of the Common Law upon both the high aristocracy and minor aristocracy/knights. We turn then to examining the changes that were taking place within the aristocracy itself within this period, that is to say the impact of chivalric knighthood and the delineation of nobility. The emphasis throughout is upon power relations rather than the development of the ‘constitution’. The chapter also looks at aristocratic values through the near-contemporary History of William the Marshal. The last part of the chapter looks at the half-century following Magna Carta, not in teleological terms. but in its own right. Finally, the chapter re-examines the origins of bastard feudalism.
Luther and Zwingli
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: November 2019

This chapter shows that Luther’s Christology follows the basic structure of Ockham’s, both in terms of the metaphysics and the semantics. It demonstrates that Luther accepts the supposital-union theory, and shows how to read complex texts that have sometimes been taken to show the opposite. It is shown that Luther’s most distinctive and original claim is that the divine person is the bearer of his human accidents. The chapter contextualizes Luther’s claims about Christ’s bodily omnipresence in Medieval debates, and shows that Luther did not hold bodily omnipresence to amount to the possession of a divine attribute. It also provides a detailed account of Zwingli’s Christological semantics. It shows how Luther misunderstood Zwingli’s claims about the communicatio, and concludes that Zwingli’s Christology, contrary to Luther’s appraisal, is in no sense Nestorian.
The Grammar of Sacrifice
Authors: Jahner Jennifer
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores the famous jurisdictional dispute between Thomas Becket and Henry II through the lens of grammatical pedagogy, arguing that the staple classroom genres of satire and epic played crucial roles in shaping the archbishop’s biography and legacy. It focuses on the works that John of Salisbury wrote for Becket’s advisement as he first took up his position as chancellor to the king: the Policraticus (1159), the Metalogicon (1159), and the Entheticus de dogmate philosophorum (c. 1155). In these texts, John’s famous condemnations of the “new logic” and promotion of the classical auctores merge with his theories of royal conduct, ecclesiastical liberty, and liberty of conscience in ways that would prove crucial to Becket once he split with the king. Exploring Horatian satire and Lucan’s civil war epic, the Pharsalia, alongside the Policraticus and Entheticus de dogmate philosophorum, this chapter shows how grammatical ideas inflect twelfth-century political theory.
Classroom Historicisms
Authors: Jahner Jennifer
Published: November 2019

This chapter situates the most popular compositional treatise of the later Middle Ages—Geoffrey of Vinsauf’s Poetria nova—against the backdrop of the English Interdict of 1208–14. The Poetria nova belongs to the cohort of new artes poetriae of the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Manuals designed to help grammar instructors teach verse and prose composition, they formulated lessons through examples drawn from the classical canon and the “real world” of contemporary affairs. Though rarely discussed as an occasional poem in its own right, Poetria nova shows itself very much concerned with the geopolitical tensions animating England and Rome during the time of its composition. Beginning with its lavish dedication to Pope Innocent III and ending with its plea on behalf of King John, the Poetria nova uses the occasion of the Interdict to explore the questions of mercy, judgment, and persuasion central to both rhetorical pedagogy and political diplomacy.
Inventing Magna Carta
Authors: Jahner Jennifer
Published: November 2019

Having begun as a short-lived peace treaty in 1215, Magna Carta grew to acquire a quasi-sacral status over the course of the thirteenth century. This chapter traces the development of the “Great Charter,” arguing that literary modes of invention contributed vitally to its elevation as a symbol for the rule of law. It looks to three sites for the production of the “idea” of Magna Carta: in the chronicling traditions of St. Albans Abbey, in the legal historiography of London, and in the Latin, Anglo-French, and Middle English verse ephemera that proliferated in the margins of law books and histories. In all of these instances, literary forms of invention and historical modes of finding precedent converge, with the result that Magna Carta comes to embody both “old law” and the prospect of future reform.
Jurisdictional Formalism
Authors: Jahner Jennifer
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores post-Lateran IV ecclesiastical reformism, focusing on the ecclesiology and pastoral theology of Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln. Grosseteste understood pastoral care not only as the clergy’s most vital responsibility to the laity but also as a form of participation in the divinely ordered natural universe. His pastoral and estate management writings to women accordingly reveal the degree to which this ecclesiology finds inspiration in the ideal of the justly governed estate. This chapter reads Grosseteste’s Anglo-French soteriological allegory, the Château d’Amour, alongside his writings to and for women, showing how the logic of secular property law becomes a means of narrating Christian time from the Creation through the Redemption to the Final Judgment. Grosseteste’s larger corpus, however, also reveals the extent to which his vision of Christian history is premised on Jewish exclusion, not only in theological but legal and practical terms.
Conjuring England
Authors: Jahner Jennifer
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores how the rhetoric of crusading shaped the literature of baronial revolt in thirteenth-century England, concentrating particularly on the Second Barons’ War of 1263–1267. It argues that crusading not only provided a template for polemical argument but also inflected the ways that participants understood Anglia as a territory and an idea. From the time of the early Latin histories of the First Crusade, a rhetorically amplified style had been crucial to promulgating Christian jurisdictional claims to the Holy Land. This chapter examines the legacy of this “crusading style” within insular revolts of the thirteenth century, focusing on the ephemeral verse that emerged alongside civil war. Poems such as the ornately Latinate Song of Lewes reveal the poetic and political sophistication of baronial partisans. In their triumphalism, such works also obscure the violence visited upon communities across England—especially Jewish communities, who became targets of attacks at once anti-royalist and anti-Semitic in tenor.
Introduction
Authors: Jahner Jennifer
Published: November 2019

This introduction maps the legal and literary terrain of the larger book, arguing that the two fields share more in common than is typically reflected in scholarship on the thirteenth century. Not only do the histories, saints’ lives, plaints, and polemics of the period reflect and absorb rapidly changing legal worlds, law texts themselves demonstrate the literary training of their creators. This foundational background in grammar and rhetoric, common to clerical administrators of the period, in turn shapes how writers and communities articulate their legal privileges and obligations. The book argues that scholars can most productively approach the relationship between literature and law through the lens of jurisdiction rather than the more common categories of discipline, language, or genre. The literary skills of clerics and lawyers prove most salient at moments when communities must claim or defend the boundaries of their legal authority. “Jurisdictional poetics” encompasses the kinds of writing that emerge from these moments of legal contestation.
Introduction
Authors: Marsh John
Published: November 2019

The introduction follows Lorena Hickok, a field investigator for the Federal Emergency Relief Agency, as she circulated about the country during the Great Depression, reporting back to Washington, D.C. what she discovered about how Americans felt during the decade. They felt, to judge by her reports, despair, anger, and pity. The introduction argues, however, that the emotional life of the period exceeded these admittedly widespread responses, and it lays out what a fuller account of the emotional life of the Great Depression would look like. It also describes and defends the study of emotions against recent challenges—made most forcefully by Walter Benn Michaels—that feelings only distract from a properly structural understanding of capitalism. It discusses, too, the continuing presence of the Great Depression, why it matters, and what an emotional history offers to a renewed understanding of it.
Purging the Rottenness from the System
Authors: Marsh John
Published: November 2019

When the Great Depression descended on America, many people had no idea why and no idea about how long it would last. Others, however, experienced no such doubts. For them, the Depression reinforced their understanding of how the world worked and confirmed their most sacred beliefs. This chapter examines their righteous response to the Great Depression. It locates that righteousness in three admittedly far-flung spheres: the laissez-faire fundamentalism of classical economics like Joseph Schumpeter and then secretary of the treasury Andrew Mellon; the apocalyptic interpretations of the Great Depression on the part of many Christians, who believed the Depression signaled the beginning of the end times and the Second Coming of Christ; and one famous Depression short story, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “Babylon Revisited.” As far apart as these sources are, each nevertheless conveyed a sense that the Depression was a punishment for past misdeeds, whether economic, spiritual, or moral, and, therefore, was a punishment that had to be endured, even embraced, for the good life to resume.
“The Hazards and Vicissitudes of Life”
Authors: Marsh John
Published: November 2019

Social Security provides a fitting conclusion to the book. Its passage was shaped not just by the emotions of those who drafted the bill, debated it, denounced it, revised it, made it law, and then four years later amended it. Its passage was also shaped by the feelings of ordinary Americans. The chapter focuses on three sets of actors: Dr. Frances Townsend and his followers, who provided much of the urgency for Social Security; Franklin Roosevelt and the planners of Social Security, who tried to steer the sudden and clamorous demand for pensions into a more pragmatic piece of legislation; and critics of Social Security, whose misgivings would guide the 1939 amendment to the bill. The upshot is a history of Social Security that clusters around the emotions previously discussed in the book: righteousness, panic, and fear, but also awe, love, and hope.
Musical Development Assisted by Technology
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

In Europe, the first millennium life and music were tightly controlled by religion. Instruments were limited, with major differences between folk music for the masses, the aristocracy, and the church. Much early music was just a single line sung in unison. Progressions to several lines, chords, and the complexity of polyphony developed in parallel with written works and printing of religious and secular music. This liberating feature stimulated a wide range of new types of composition. By around 1600, there was an Italian explosion into opera and a major demand for secular music. Mathematicians devised a scheme of equal temperament tuning, which replaced the earlier ‘natural’ musical scales and this enabled keyboard instruments to play in any key. Low-cost printed music was widely available. Despite the volume of compositions, a relatively small fraction has survived as performance music in the present day and the reasons for this are mentioned.
Signal Processing by the Brain
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

Our responses to sound and light are crucial. We sense them over intensity ranges of at least one million to one. Our brain makes compromises to deal with so much information. The strategy is to just recognize relative signal levels (e.g. to if one signal is twice that of another). In terms of actual intensity, a doubling in sound (or brightness of light) means it has increased by a factor of ten. This logarithmic counting system means a detailed range of one to a million has compressed to just six intensity doublings (ditto for storm and earthquake intensity scales). The ear response creates many unexpected distortions. Our hearing changes with age, and quite dramatically falls when exposed to prolonged high-volume sounds, including exposure to excessively loud music. This is a negative side of electronic amplification and broadcasting, and for headphones or hearing aids there are many distortions.
Interpreting Complex Sounds
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

Our signal processing is fantastic, as we can distinguish different sources of sound, analyse them into their component frequencies and higher harmonics, accurately recognize how the sounds build up in intensity and die away, and therefore clearly identify who is speaking or singing, and which musical instruments are being played. This is a technological level that has only been reached within the 21st century. The brain is more compact and uses less power than many of the electronic equivalent detectors. This chapter explains how this is possible, and how we can also make mistakes as we mentally attempt shortcuts in the analysis in order to have an instant real-time interpretation.
Decay of Information and Data Loss
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

Our impression is that advances in science and technology are improving music and all the recordings etc. will mean that we have long-term access to ever more music. In the very short term this may be true but historically the pattern is the reverse, and faster data production of words or images actually result in a shorter lifetime. This pattern is seen from carvings on stone (with little content but long-term survival) to computer generated pop music with vast distribution and a very short life expectancy before it is out of fashion. Languages change meaning or die, and so do musical fashions. This chapter explores how this inherent data loss applies to music.
From Live Music to Electronic Offerings
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

Distribution of music via recordings and broadcasts has been a lively activity for well over a century. The value for music is immense, but this is a symbiotic process, where the musical demands spawned the invention of electronic amplifiers, microphones, speakers, and onward to all modern electronics. The original aim was to make a faithful recording of a performance. In reality, this is impossible because the conditions for listening are always different from the original performance. The musical data and reproduction are modified by every aspect of the electronics, and the way in which sound engineers and marketing companies handle the music. There may be advantages in that performance errors can be corrected, balance between instruments adjusted, or the pop music autotune which corrects the pitch. This chapter considers many aspects of current and future sound processing.
Orchestral Layout and the Best Concert Seats
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

Orchestras have grown larger over the last 200 years, with more volume, and many new instruments. There are time lags produced between playing and arrival at a seat in the audience. This can produce a disconnect between the visual actions and when the note that is heard. Worse is that notes from different parts of the orchestra, or after reflections, will blur and overlap. The pattern of sound emission differs noticeably between instruments (e.g. for a trumpet, or singer, power is sent forward at high frequencies). Power levels along a row of seats can differ by as much as 1000 times (we hear this power difference as just eight times, as our hearing scale is logarithmic). Understanding this allows us to select the ideal seat if we like particular instrumental sounds.
Ancient Responses to Restoration
Authors: Siwicki Christopher
Published: November 2019

This chapter moves from examining how buildings were physically restored to considering the way in which their restoration was received by those who witnessed it. Through a close reading of literary sources, the discussion unravels contemporaries’ responses to instances of rebuilding and what this indicates about attitudes to built heritage in Roman society more widely. Specifically, the chapter returns to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. By considering the way in which the successive phases of the temple were written about by authors including Cicero, Martial, Plutarch, and Tacitus, it is possible to detect a debate about how the building was changed, with voices both embracing and disdaining its ever-increasing grandeur. Importantly, though, these objections to the manner of the restorations come from moral sensibilities about luxuria rather than any notion of valuing historic architecture.
Roman Thoughts on the Rebuilding of Rome
Authors: Siwicki Christopher
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores how Rome’s inhabitants responded to the destruction and rebuilding of the city of Rome as a whole. The discussion revolves primarily around three authors—Seneca the Younger, Martial, and Tacitus—who all experienced and wrote about the dramatic transformation of Rome’s urban fabric in this period. We see that the way in which these authors characterize the development of the cityscape is indicative of, and informed by, a series of related attitudes towards the historic built environment. In short, that innovative restoration tended to be positively received, that the destruction of existing buildings could often be perceived as a positive occurrence, and that there was no sense of nostalgia for lost structures as architectural relics of the past.
Conclusion
Authors: Siwicki Christopher
Published: November 2019

The conclusion brings together the arguments of preceding six chapters, setting out the final case for the Roman concept of built heritage as an explanation for the way in which buildings were restored. For the Romans, historical associations were not necessarily invested in the architecture of the buildings. Theirs was a concept of heritage that placed historic value on buildings as nominal entities without tying it to the physicality—the authenticity of appearance or originality of materials—of the structure. The chapter also proposes that the status of architects in the Roman world might provide one reason as to why historic architecture was seemingly not valued.
1880–1901—The fin de siècle
Authors: Field Clive D.
Published: November 2019

Since at least the 1970s, historians have traced the origins of the decline of organized religion in Britain to the 1880s and 1890s, some even suggesting there was a ‘religious crisis’. Hitherto, there has been no systematic study of the fin de siècle from a secularization perspective. This chapter investigates religious allegiance, the next churchgoing. There is no strong evidence of a ‘crisis’ in allegiance. Notwithstanding the absence of an official census of religious profession, it does not appear there were dramatic changes during the fin de siècle, and the number failing to identify with a religion remained negligible. However, there were early signs of relative decline among the Free Church and Presbyterian constituencies in terms of both profession and membership, while Episcopalian communicants were reasonably flat. Sunday school growth rates also began to slow, although seven-tenths of children were still enrolled. The Roman Catholic community advanced relative to population.
1880–1901—The fin de siècle
Authors: Field Clive D.
Published: November 2019

The 1880s are often viewed by historians as the turning-point for British churchgoing, ushering in a period of general decrease. In the absence of attendance data from the government (there was no repeat of the 1851 religious census) and Churches, reliance has to be placed upon local religious censuses, typically undertaken by newspapers throughout the fin de siècle, the biggest cluster being in 1881–2. Expressed as an index of attendance, calculated against overall population, churchgoing was generally receding, except in Wales. Although the index ranged widely from place to place, dependent upon several factors, in the aggregate, excluding Sunday scholars but adjusting for twicing, perhaps one-third of people worshipped on an ordinary Sunday in 1881–2, compared with two-fifths (including scholars) in 1851. Rather more did so intermittently or for special occasions, including rites of passage. Variations by denomination (the Free Churches losing most ground), region, gender, and social class are discussed.
1901–14—‘The Faith Society’?
Authors: Field Clive D.
Published: November 2019

Most contemporaries and several historians have assessed the religious state of Edwardian Britain pessimistically, but Callum Brown has recently contended it was ‘the faith society’. The picture is actually mixed. Relative to population, religious allegiance was reasonably stable, apart from the Free and Presbyterian Churches, which lost ground in terms of both members (whose numbers mostly peaked around 1906) and adherents. Sunday scholars, already in relative decline since the fin de siècle, peaked in 1904–10. Churchgoing also continued its relative decrease and sometimes fell absolutely. This reduction in attendances was across the board, affecting all three home nations, rural districts as well as towns and cities, and all social classes. Adjusting for twicing, weather extremities, and undercounts of Catholic Masses, perhaps one-quarter of adults worshipped weekly and two-fifths at least monthly. Attenders were disproportionately female. Observance of rites of passage remained strong, albeit the minority preference for civil marriage grew.