bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulating Growth Kinetics of Carbon Nanotubes Toward Efficient Microwave Absorption
Authors: Yan Yi , Zhou Jintang , Tao Jiaqi , Duan Lvtong , Liu Yijie , Cheng Zhenyu , Wang Yucheng , Liu Zhenglin , Ning Zuolong , Wang Xinzhuo , Tao Xuewei , Liu Peijiang , Yao Zhengjun
Published: December 2024

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) show great promise for microwave absorption (MA) due to their excellent electrical conductivity and lightweight properties, which are conferred by the one dimensional hollow tubular structure. However, the ambiguous intrinsic motivations behind the formation of CNTs and the intricate growth processes have resulted in a lack of a systematic methodology for precisely controlling their electromagnetic properties. Herein, a flexible CNTs regulation strategy is designed to develop, with the core focus being the directional growth of carbon atoms and the differential catalysis of metal sources. By improving CNTs growth kinetics, the material achieves effective impedance matching and microwave attenuation, displaying notable magnetoelectric coupling effects. In particular, COMSOL simulations reveal the enhanced dielectric loss contributing to efficient electromagnetic energy conversion. Ultimately, the material demonstrates a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −55.85 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.35 GHz at 1.76 mm, which is significantly better than the untreated sample (EAB = 2.02 GHz). This study expands the theoretical foundation of multifactor catalysis in CNTs growth and provides a novel strategy for optimizing the electromagnetic properties of carbon‐based materials.
Dual‐Energy Integration in Photoresponsive Micro/Nanomotors: From Strategic Design to Biomedical Applications
Authors: Chen Yufen , Gonçalves João Marcos , Ferrer Campos Rebeca , Villa Katherine
Published: December 2024

Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are highly versatile small‐scale devices capable of converting external energy inputs into active motion. Among the various energy sources, light stands out due to its abundance and ability to provide spatiotemporal control. However, the effectiveness of light‐driven motion in complex environments, such as biological tissues or turbid water, is often limited by light scattering and reduced penetration. To overcome these challenges, recent innovations have integrated light‐based actuation with other external stimuli—such as magnetic, acoustic, and electrical fields—broadening the functional range and control of MNMs. This review highlights the cutting‐edge developments in dual‐energy powered MNMs, emphasizing examples where light is paired with secondary energy sources for enhanced propulsion and task performance. Furthermore, insights are offered into the fabrication techniques, biomedical applications, and the future directions of such hybrid MNMs, while addressing the remaining challenges in this rapidly evolving field.
Open‐Metal and Carboxamide‐Tethered Redox‐Active Undulated Framework for Mild‐Condition Synthesis of Therapeutic Drugs and Tandem Catalysis with Size‐Selectivity
Authors: Pandit Atanu , Mondal Partha Pratim , Palakkal Athulya S. , Neogi Subhadip
Published: December 2024

A mixed‐ligand‐based thermo‐chemically robust and undulated metal‐organic framework (MOF) is developed that embraces carboxamide moiety‐grafted porous channels and activation‐induced generation of open‐metal site (OMS). The guest‐free MOF acts as an outstanding heterogeneous catalyst in Hantzsch condensation for electronically assorted substrates with low catalyst loading and short duration under greener conditions than the reported materials. Besides Lewis acidic OMS, the carboxamide group activates the substrate via two‐point hydrogen bonding, highlighting the effectiveness of custom‐made functionalities in this multi‐component reaction. Importantly, the framework demonstrates first ever one‐pot synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridine‐based antihypertensive drug foridon, along with four therapeutic molecules ethidine, nifedipine, nemadipine B and Nitrendipine, which are characterized via X‐ray crystallography besides conventional spectroscopic analyses. The integration of redox‐active Co(II) center and acid‐base dual sites benefit the activated MOF catalyzing mild‐condition alcohol oxidation‐Knoevenagel condensation to produce benzylidene malononitriles with wide substrate tolerance and multicyclic performance. For both the multi‐component and atom‐economic reactions, astutely designed control experiments and density functional theory‐based reaction energy profile rationalize synergistic catalysis via pore‐decked antagonistic sites that predominantly transpires inside the MOF channel. This study marks a paradigm shift in sustainable catalysis through task‐specific functionality fuelling, and provides valuable insights on structure‐property synergism at the cutting‐edge MOF design.
Design of an Iterative Method for Blockchain Optimization Incorporating DeepMiner and AnoBlock
Authors: Kumar Shipra Ravi , Goyal Mukta
Published: December 2024

The burgeoning demand for blockchain technology in diverse sectors requires advanced optimization methods to improve the performance, security and privacy. However, today common blockchain mechanisms are effected by problems like suboptimal miner selection processes, susceptibility to abnormal transactions and types of attacks affecting non‐negligible parts of the ecosystem, performance bottlenecks and so forth, rendering them far from scalability and real‐world usage. This paper addresses the problem, by introducing a set of sophisticated methods that solve recent issues and enhances the robustness, scalability, confidentiality in blockchain networks. Firstly, we present “DeepMiner”, a deep learning‐based solution that leverages historical blockchain data samples to infer optimal miner nodes. This method improves the block generation efficiency by optimizing miner node selection in real‐time, which is an essential addition to traditional random or otherwise static methods for selecting miners. Secondly, “AnoBlock” which uses anomaly detection model to detect fraud in blockchain transactions using the statistical methods like Gaussian mixture models and isolation forests. Thirdly, “OptiChain” uses data analytics to dynamically optimize blockchain performance by continuously evaluating live network metrics and the transaction throughout. Lastly, “PrivyChain” which uses privacy preservation techniques such as zero‐knowledge proofs and homomorphic encryption to achieve transaction confidentiality while retaining blockchain transparency. Their solution addresses these issues with a dual approach to protect any sensitive transaction details from being leaked and make it feasible for computations over encrypted data, the result of which aligns blockchain technology with stringent privacy standards.
Influence of microenvironment evolution induced by calcium leaching in concrete under pressurized water conditions on chloride transport
Authors: Chen Jie‐jing , Lyu Guanghua , Jin Wei‐liang , Xia Jin
Published: December 2024

The investigation into the influence of microenvironmental evolution, induced by calcium leaching on chloride transport in concrete in pressurized water environments, encompassed analysis of aspects such as the solid phase composition, microstructure characteristics, pH value distribution, free and total chloride concentrations using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric (TG), Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), Scanning electron microscopy/Energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS), and titration tests. The results exhibit a weakening of the diffraction peaks of Ca(OH)2 (CH) in the XRD spectra over time under hydraulic pressure. Throughout the calcium leaching procedure, there was an increase in the proportion of pores with diameters exceeding 100 nm. The pH distribution notably followed a pattern where it initially increased, then decreased, ultimately stabilizing at a distinct level. As exposure progressed from the surface to the interior of the concrete, hydroxide ions accumulated predominantly at 10–20 mm. According to the calcium leaching characteristics under pressurized water conditions, concrete can be sectioned into four zones. Specifically, there is a decrease in calcium ions and pH value in concrete Zone 1 near the exposure surface, indicative of a corresponding decrease in the chloride binding capacity. Concrete Zone 2 shows enrichment of hydroxide ions enhances Friedel's salt stability, while leached calcium amplifies the chloride adsorption of ≡SiOH. These effects collectively trigger an increase in both pH and chloride binding capacity.
Design, Synthesis and Application of 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazole Based Chemosensors: A Promising Avenue
Authors: Malik Poonam , Yadav Mona , Bhushan Ravi
Published: December 2024

The 1,2,3‐triazole‐based chemosensors, synthesized through Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition via ‘click chemistry’, offer a straightforward yet highly effective method for detecting metal cations and anions with remarkable accuracy, selectivity and sensitivity, making them invaluable across various fields such as chemistry, pharmacology, environmental science and biology. The selective recognition of these ions is crucial due to their significant roles in biological and physiological processes, where even slight concentration variations can have major consequences. The article reviews literature from 2017 to 2024, highlighting advancements in the synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazole‐based ligands and their application (along with sensing mechanism) for detection of various ions causing health and environmental hazards. The detection aspects have been discussed sequentially for the transition‐, inner transition‐, and the metals from the s or p block of the periodic table.
Electrochemical Selective Nitrate Reduction: Pathways to Nitrogen and Ammonia Production
Authors: Islam Md. Monjorul , Abu Nayem S. M. , Shah Syed Shaheen , Islam Md. Zahidul , Aziz Md. Abdul , Saleh Ahammad A. J.
Published: December 2024

Nitrate (NO3−) contamination from industrial, agricultural, and anthropogenic activities poses significant risks to human health and ecosystems. While traditional NO3− remediation methods are effective, they often generate secondary pollutants and incur high costs. Electrochemical NO3−reduction (ECNR) offers a sustainable alternative, converting NO3− into environmentally benign nitrogen (N2) or valuable ammonia (NH3). This review explores recent advancements in selective ECNR pathways for NO3−‐to‐N2and NO3−‐to‐NH3 conversion, focusing on mechanistic insights, electrocatalyst development, and optimization strategies. Key factors influencing ECNR performance, such as electrode materials, electrolyte composition, and hydrogen evolution inhibition, are discussed. Additionally, the review highlights the role of single‐atom, bimetallic, and nanostructured catalysts in enhancing faradaic efficiency, total N2 removal, and selectivity, with particular attention to Pd−Cu systems. Strategies to address challenges like low selectivity and catalyst degradation are also explored. This review underscores the potential of ECNR as a viable alternative to the energy‐intensive Haber‐Bosch process for NH3 production, aligning with global sustainability goals. Finally, we identify research gaps and propose future directions for improving the efficiency, stability, and scalability of ECNR technologies.
Current Knowledge on Craniodental Anatomy and Dental Pathology in Golden Snub‐Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana): A Comparative Review
Authors: Luo Zhi‐Lin , Du Xi‐Jin , Yang Jing‐Yuan , Huang Tian‐Peng , Cao Ying‐Guang , Song Ke
Published: December 2024

The Sichuan golden snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is a rare and endangered species endemic to China that occupies a particularly important position in the evolutionary history of Rhinopithecus species. Oral health is a crucial aspect of overall well‐being in both humans and nonhuman primates. We review the current limited literature on the dental characteristics and dental pathologies related to the golden snub‐nosed monkey, based on skeleton data and morphological evidence. The results indicated that this species possesses dental characteristics that are remarkably different from that of other primates such as larger‐sized molars with blunt cusp crests, tiny incisor teeth, and strong mandibles with well‐developed masticatory muscles. From limited research, dental diseases include caries, periodontal diseases, tooth loss, tooth wear, and other diseases, which can be found in most primates, including golden snub‐nosed monkeys. In conclusion, these physiological features have gradually adapted to different environments to meet the requirements of their function. Understanding the tooth characteristics and dental health status of R. roxellana can provide valuable insights into their evolutionary history, dietary habits, and overall health, which is of great significance for the conservation of the entire population. An epidemiological survey and safe and effective inspection methods of the dental health of golden snub‐nosed monkeys should be conducted to facilitate conservation behaviors that presented in the future. It is also recommended that zoos link diet and dental health to improve animal welfare.
Orang Rantai in Sawahlunto: A State-Sponsored Heritage City and the Politics of Collective Memory
Authors: Ediyen Agseora , Gietty Tambunan Shuri Mariasih
Published: December 2024

The city of Sawahlunto, West Sumatra, represented Indonesia at UNESCO as a nominee for a world cultural city in 2016. This was unforeseen by many because the city had been declared a “dead city.” To overcome the city’s unfortunate social and economic situation, the authorities restored it to its former glory as a mining city. This chapter analyzes the meaning-making process behind constructing the image of the city using collective memory, particularly Lubang Tambang Mbah Soero as a tourism site. The aim is to explore the meaning-making process and power relations that existed within this process by focusing on the following issues: the people’s memory, role of the city government authorities in naming tourism sites, and historical writings about the city. This chapter reveals what is at stake in this state-sponsored heritage project for the tourist industry in reshaping Sawahlunto and its historical knowledge.
Urban Regeneration and Images of the “Other” in Cek Toko Sebelah (2016)
Authors: Gietty Tambunan Shuri Mariasih , Widhiasti Maria Regina
Published: December 2024

Cities have been portrayed in many Indonesian films as problematic spaces wherein urban dwellers must contest or negotiate with various issues. Cek Toko Sebelah (2016), an Indonesian comedy film, was chosen as the case study for this chapter to illustrate how the dynamic transformation of a city for the sake of progress and modernity ignites agency from the characters involved in the process. In this case, they include the owner, employees, and surrounding inhabitants of a toko kelontong (a small business selling daily necessities). These “other” urban spaces are threatened by urban regeneration, which the film problematized by trying to reconstruct the undesirable spaces as vehicles of tangible memory and as communal spaces. The research findings reveal that the film not only reflects the agency of the individuals to avoid the eradication of their communal space but also explores the notions of family and social relationships in withstanding urban regeneration.
Pondok Indah and Pondok Pinang from 1973 to 1997: Developing Through Interdependency
Authors: Ulfiarti Isti Sri , Mudaryanti Tri Wahyuning , Muas R. Tuty Nur Mutia Enoch
Published: December 2024

This chapter discusses the changing city space in Jakarta with regard to socioeconomic policy and its effect on the expansion of the city. It especially addresses the changes in urban space that occurred in Pondok Pinang caused by the construction of the Pondok Indah suburbs in agricultural areas. The chapter will address the role of master planning and its authority, limits, and contestations in the context of contemporary Indonesian urbanism. The observations show that constructing Pondok Indah transformed agricultural land and plantations into elite suburbs that had tremendous social and economic impacts on the surrounding community. The current residential area is expected to expand into a new city embryo in the southern part of Jakarta. This study emphasizes the development up to the development of the region that impacted the socio-economy of local communities.
Community-Based Practices of Archiving Indonesian Popular Music: Redefining the Notion of Indonesia
Authors: Adhiyatmaka Ignatius Aditya , Kurnia Lilawati
Published: December 2024

Between 2009 and 2016, Indonesia saw the emergence of at least four initiatives working together to collect, archive, and preserve recordings and other materials related to Indonesian popular music: Irama Nusantara, Arsip Jazz Indonesia, Lokananta Project, and Museum Musik Indonesia. In this chapter, we explore how these initiatives preserved Indonesian popular music and how the genre has influenced notions of cultural heritage in Indonesia. The absence of a formal institution for archiving Indonesian popular music emphasizes the importance of community archives in developing and maintaining a cultural memory of this music. Despite their similar mission, namely, to make the Indonesian public aware of the importance of the history of popular music, their activities differ greatly. To some extent, the archives they establish create and maintain memories within communities while constructing the identities of individuals, social groups, corporate bodies, and the nation.
Energy conservation for weak solutions of incompressible Newtonian fluid equations in Hölder spaces with Dirichlet boundary conditions in the half-space
Authors: Berselli Luigi C. , Kaltenbach Alex , Růžička Michael
Published: December 2024

We investigate sufficient Hölder continuity conditions on Leray–Hopf (weak) solutions to the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions guaranteeing energy conservation. Our focus is on the half-space case with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. This problem is more technically challenging, if compared to the Cauchy or periodic cases, and has not been previously addressed. At present are known a few sub-optimal results obtained through Morrey embedding results based on conditions for the gradient of the velocity in Sobolev spaces. Moreover, the results in this paper are obtained without any additional assumption neither on the pressure nor the flux of the velocity, near to the boundary.
The association between animal protein, plant protein, and their substitution with bladder cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies
Authors: Beigrezaei Sara , Dianati Mostafa , Salehi-Abargouei Amin , Fararouei Mohammad , Akbari-Beni Ali , Brinkman Maree , White Emily , Weiderpass Elisabete , Le Calvez-Kelm Florence , Gunter Marc J. , Huybrechts Inge , Liedberg Fredrik , Skeie Guri , Tjonneland Anne , Riboli Elio , Zeegers Maurice P. , Wesselius Anke
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Although total dietary protein intake has been associated with bladder cancer (BC) risk, the effect of the origin (plant or animal) and the substitutions remain to be understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of total dietary protein, animal-based protein, plant-based protein, and their substitutions with each other on the risk of BC using a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies.

Methods

The study was conducted within the “BLadder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants” (BLEND) study, including 10 prospective cohort studies from several European countries, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Individual data from 10 prospective cohorts containing 434,412 participants (overall male/female ratio was almost 3:1) with a total of 4,224,643.8 person-years of follow-up was analyzed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for BC risk for animal and plant-based protein substitutions of 30gram (g) per day (g/day) were estimated by multivariable adjusted HRs using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

During 11.4 years of follow-up, among 434,412 participants (73.28% female), 1,440 new cases of BC were identified. After multivariable adjustment, no association was observed between the intake of total, animal-based protein, and plant-based protein and BC risk. Replacement of every 30 g/day of animal-based protein intake by the same amount of plant-based protein intake or vice versa was not associated with the risk of BC.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study found no association between protein intake—whether from animal or plant sources—and the risk of BC. Substituting animal-based protein with plant-based protein, or the reverse, did not influence BC risk. Future studies are required to provide information on the link between animal- and plant-based proteins and BC risk.
The effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on MASLD: a Mendelian randomization analysis and in vivo experiment
Authors: Xu Fengming , Albadry Mohamed , Döding Annika , Chen Xinpei , Dirsch Olaf , Schulze-Späte Ulrike , Dahmen Uta
Published: December 2024

Background

Excessive intake of fatty acids is a key factor contributing to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, the effects of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) on the development of MASLD are uncertain. Therefore, we conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization studies and animal experiments to explore the effects of SFA, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the risk of developing MASLD.

Methods

The genetic summary data of exposures and outcome were retrieved from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and used for five Mendelian randomization methods. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed to verify the robustness of the results. Mice were subjected to different diets followed by assessment of severity of steatosis based on a histological score and determination of hepatic triglyceride levels to investigate the relationships between SFA, MUFA, PUFA and MASLD.

Results

The Mendelian randomization results showed that MUFA (odds ratio: 1.441, 95% confidence interval: 1.078–1.927, P = 0.014) was causally associated with the incidence of MASLD. SFA and PUFA were not causally associated with the incidence of MASLD. Sensitivity analysis did not identify any significant bias in the results. The animal experiment results showed that a MUFA-enriched diet significantly contributed to the development of hepatic steatosis (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

SFA and PUFA did not have a significant causal effect on MASLD, but MUFA intake is a risk factor for MASLD. A MUFA-enriched diet increased the incidence of macrovesicular steatosis and the hepatic triglyceride levels. Therefore, replacing MUFA intake with a moderate intake of PUFA might help reduce the risk of MASLD.

Graphical Abstract
Fire Inside the Cavity of a Non-flammable Facade: Step-by-Step Development of Multiphysics Computer Simulations
Authors: Khoo Benjamin , Jahn Wolfram , Bonner Matthew , Kotsovinos Panagiotis , Rein Guillermo
Published: December 2024

The cavities in a building facade can significantly increase the fire hazard, acting as pathways and accelerators for the vertical spread of flames and smoke, even in non-combustible facades. Ensuring fire safety during facade design requires a thorough understanding of how cavity geometry influences fire dynamics. However, established theories for this phenomenon are lacking. Therefore, in this study, we use the computational fluid dynamics code FireFOAM to develop step-by-step multiphysics simulations incorporating fluid mechanics, heat transfer, buoyancy, and combustion phenomena to investigate the non-linear behaviour in narrow vertical cavities. Four scenarios of increasing complexity are modelled and validated against experimental data from the literature. The simulations predict flow velocities and convective heat fluxes within 20% error and buoyancy-driven flow, radiative heat flux, and flame height predictions within 30% error across a range of cavity widths. The study also highlights the limitations of the models, offering insights for future refinement. The results demonstrate that computer simulations can reliably be used to study critical phenomena of cavity fires and, with future improvements, predict fire behaviour across various facade designs and conditions.
Relativistic Covariance of Scattering
Authors: Dragon Norbert
Published: December 2024

Avoiding the assumption that relativistic scattering be describable by interacting fields we find in the Schrödinger picture relativistic scattering closely analogue to the non-relativistic case. On the space of scattering states the invariant mass operator $$M'$$

M
′

of the interacting time evolution has to be unitarily equivalent to the invariant mass $$M= \sqrt{P^2}$$

M
=

P
2

where P, acting on many-particle states, is the sum of the one-particle four-momenta. For an observer at rest $$P^0$$

P
0

generates the free time evolution. Poincaré symmetry requires the interacting Hamiltonian $$H'$$

H
′

to Lorentz transform as 0-component of a four-vector and to commute with the four-velocity $$U= P / M $$

U
=
P
/
M

but not with P, else there is no scattering. Even though $$H'$$

H
′

does not commute with P, the scattering matrix does. The four-velocity U generates translations of states as they are seen by shifted observers. Superpositions of nearly mass degenerate particles such as a $$K_{\text {long}}$$

K
long

are seen by an inversely shifted observer as a shifted $$K_{\text {long}}$$

K
long

with an unchanged relative phase. In contrast, the four-momentum P generates oscillated superpositions e.g. a shifted $$K_{\text {short}}$$

K
short

with a changed relative phase. The probability of scattering of massive particles is shown to be approximately proportional to the spacetime overlap of their position wave functions. This is basic to macroscopic locality and justifies to represent the machinery of actual scattering experiments by the vacuum. In suitable variables the relativistic Hamiltonian of many-particle states is not the sum of a Hamiltonian for the motion of the center and a commuting Hamiltonian for the relative motion but factorizes as their product. They act on different variables of the wave functions.
Seismic moment deficit and hazard assessment of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis
Authors: Zhang Meng , Pan Hua
Published: December 2024

The largest earthquake ever recorded on land, the Assam (moment magnitude, Mw8.6), occurred in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. To assess the current seismic hazard in this region, we evaluated the seismic potential of major faults in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis by comparing the accumulation and release of seismic moments. First, constrained by long-term global positioning system measurements, we calculated the slip rates and locking depths of major faults using a three-dimensional elastic block model. Second, we estimated the seismic moment release of the major faults from 1800 to 2023 using an earthquake catalog. The results indicate that the Main Himalayan Thrust remains a significant seismic hazard in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, capable of producing earthquakes with a magnitude of Mw greater than or equal to 7.9. Additionally, the Naga Thrust and Jiali Fault have the potential to generate earthquakes of Mw greater than 7.4. Presently, the probability of earthquakes exceeding Mw7.0 on other faults is relatively low. If seismicity along the Main Himalayan Thrust follows the Gutenberg–Richter law, the recurrence period for the Assam earthquake is approximately 2000 years. The results of this study provide a reference for future seismic hazard analyses in this region.
On a mod 3 property of $$\ell $$-tuples of pairwise commuting permutations
Authors: Abdesselam Abdelmalek , Heim Bernhard , Neuhauser Markus
Published: December 2024

Let

$$S_n$$

S
n

denote the symmetric group of permutations acting on n elements. We investigate the double sequence

$$\{N_{\ell }(n)\}$$

{

N
ℓ

(
n
)

}

counting the number of

$$\ell $$

ℓ

tuples of elements of the symmetric group

$$S_n$$

S
n

, where the components commute, normalized by the order of

$$S_n$$

S
n

. Our focus lies on exploring log-concavity with respect to n:

$$\begin{aligned} N_{\ell }(n)^2 - N_{\ell }(n-1) \,\, N_{\ell }(n+1) \ge 0. \end{aligned}$$

N
ℓ

(
n
)

2

-

N
ℓ

(
n
-
1
)

N
ℓ

(
n
+
1
)

≥
0
.

We establish that this depends on

$$n \pmod {3}$$

n

(
mod

3
)

for sufficiently large

$$\ell $$

ℓ

. These numbers are studied by Bryan and Fulman as the nth orbifold characteristics, generalizing work by Macdonald and Hirzebruch–Hofer concerning the ordinary and string-theoretic Euler characteristics of symmetric products. Notably,

$$N_2(n)$$

N
2

(
n
)

represents the partition numbers p(n), while

$$N_{3}(n)$$

N
3

(
n
)

represents the number of non-equivalent n-sheeted coverings of a torus studied by Liskovets and Medynkh. The numbers also appear in algebra since

$$ \vert S_n \vert \,\, N_{\ell }(n) = \left| \textrm{Hom}\left( \mathbb {Z}^{\ell },S_n\right) \right| $$

|

S
n

|

N
ℓ

(
n
)

=

Hom

Z

ℓ

,

S
n

.
Embedded Ethics in Practice: A Toolbox for Integrating the Analysis of Ethical and Social Issues into Healthcare AI Research
Authors: Willem Theresa , Fritzsche Marie-Christine , Zimmermann Bettina M. , Sierawska Anna , Breuer Svenja , Braun Maximilian , Ruess Anja K. , Bak Marieke , Schönweitz Franziska B. , Meier Lukas J. , Fiske Amelia , Tigard Daniel , Müller Ruth , McLennan Stuart , Buyx Alena
Published: December 2024

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into critical domains such as healthcare holds immense promise. Nevertheless, significant challenges must be addressed to avoid harm, promote the well-being of individuals and societies, and ensure ethically sound and socially just technology development. Innovative approaches like Embedded Ethics, which refers to integrating ethics and social science into technology development based on interdisciplinary collaboration, are emerging to address issues of bias, transparency, misrepresentation, and more. This paper aims to develop this approach further to enable future projects to effectively deploy it. Based on the practical experience of using ethics and social science methodology in interdisciplinary AI-related healthcare consortia, this paper presents several methods that have proven helpful for embedding ethical and social science analysis and inquiry. They include (1) stakeholder analyses, (2) literature reviews, (3) ethnographic approaches, (4) peer-to-peer interviews, (5) focus groups, (6) interviews with affected groups and external stakeholders, (7) bias analyses, (8) workshops, and (9) interdisciplinary results dissemination. We believe that applying Embedded Ethics offers a pathway to stimulate reflexivity, proactively anticipate social and ethical concerns, and foster interdisciplinary inquiry into such concerns at every stage of technology development. This approach can help shape responsible, inclusive, and ethically aware technology innovation in healthcare and beyond.
Two new fossil Tetrigidae (Insecta: Orthoptera: Caelifera) from the Grube Messel (Germany)
Authors: Kasalo Niko , Skejo Josip , Tumbrinck Josef , Wedmann Sonja , Husemann Martin
Published: December 2024

The Grube Messel is an important Fossillagerstätte in Germany and has a high importance because of the excellently preserved specimens, especially in terms of insects. So far no Orthoptera from the Eocene of Grube Messel have been described. To change this, here we describe two new genera and species of Tetrigidae: Messeltettix cryptoantennatus gen. et sp. nov. and Archaeoarmatus messelensis gen. et sp. nov. We make suggestions on the systematic position of these species and discuss their meaning for our understanding of the evolution of this interesting family of grasshoppers.
Influence of Alloying with Tantalum on the Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-7Nb-xTa Cast Alloys
Authors: El-Batran Mohamed A. , Mohamed Lamiaa Z. , El Hadad Shimaa , El-shazly Mohamed
Published: December 2024

The Ti-6Al-7Nb (Ti67) alloy is a modified version of Ti-6A-4V (Ti64) alloy, a commercially used biomaterial for implantology. In the current investigation, four Ti67-based alloys were prepared with different tantalum (Ta) contents (0.0, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 wt.%) using vacuum arc melting. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) were used to understand the microstructure changes due to Ta additions. The corresponding influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties was evaluated in terms of Young's modulus, hardness, and wear resistance measurements. The corrosion characteristics of the alloys in simulated body fluid (SBF) were also investigated. Phase identification revealed that, besides α- and β- Ti which are the main phases of cast Ti67 alloy, TaxTiy compounds formed with Ta addition. Young's modulus decreased from 131.8 for Ti67 to 122.0 GPa with 3.5 wt.% Ta. Hardness increased from 327.4 for Ti67 to 378.8 HV at 3.5 wt.% Ta. Alloying Ti67 with Ta enhanced wear resistance, benefiting components vulnerable to surface wear and friction. Also, the addition of 1.5 wt.% Ta reduced the corrosion rate from 31.03 (Ti67) to 5.69 μm/y and increased the polarization resistance from 11.77 to 54.26 μΩ. However, increasing the amount of Ta beyond 1.5 wt.% adversely affected Ti67-xTa alloys' resistance to corrosion.
A review on air traffic flow management optimization: trends, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Aditya Verma , Aswin Dande Sureshkumar , Dhaneesh Somasundaram Vanitha , Chakravarthy Sakthivelan , Kumar Bhukya Shanmuk , Venkadavarahan Marimuthu
Published: December 2024

Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) is the backbone of modern aviation and ensures that aircraft move safely and efficiently through increasingly congested skies. As global air travel grows, managing air traffic has become more pressing than ever. This review assesses ten years of the ATFM literature, the period between 2014 and 2024, and discusses 162 studies published in peer-reviewed journals. Employing VOSViewer and Biblioshiny, this review analyzes the history of ATFM research. It explores the trends and gaps in research, which suggest there is room for improvement for more sound approaches. While optimization techniques have significantly improved efficiency and eased bottlenecks, the future lies in real-time solutions that can handle unpredictable events, from weather disruptions to technical failures. The review identified key areas for optimizing ATFM, categorized by primary focus: delay minimization, airspace congestion, and scheduling. It suggests ways in which more dynamic ATFM systems are possible in the growing global aviation network. By synthesizing the current research landscape, this review addresses the progress made. It offers a roadmap for future innovations that will enhance the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of air traffic management.
Isolation of circulating tumor cells: recent progress and future perspectives
Authors: Guo Ziheng , Xia Weiliang
Published: December 2024

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that shed from the primary tumor and enter into body fluids of the patient, where they travel to distant sites and ultimately form metastasis. Understanding the biology of CTCs, in particular at the critical stages of their itinerary, holds promises for better cancer cure. Since the beginning of this century, liquid biopsy has steadily grown to be a keen area of research due to its non-invasive features. As one of the most promising tumor biomarkers, CTCs have shown great potential in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response monitoring, and the exploration of biological mechanisms. Although various types of isolation and detection technologies emerge constantly, the rarity and heterogeneity of CTCs still pose huge challenges for these methods and make them inefficient. In addition, the clinical practice of different technologies still lacks reasonable and uniform standards. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the isolation and enrichment strategies of CTCs, as well as their advantages and limitations. By summarizing the current status and suggesting future areas of CTCs research, we hope to continue the concerted effort for pushing forward the clinical application of CTCs, which may represent a paradigm shift for cancer theranostics in the future.

Graphical Abstract
Phase analysis of gated SPECT and its role in assessment of LV dyssynchrony induced by stress test in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease
Authors: Sabri Sherif , Abdel-Barry Akram , Salama Mahmoud , Khalid Mohamed , AbdelFattah Alia
Published: December 2024

Background

Limited research is available to assess if examining LV mechanical dyssynchrony brought on by exercise through phase analysis improves multivessel CAD diagnosis compared to conventional perfusion analysis.

Methods and results

One hundred CAD suspect or CAD-confirmed patients underwent both coronary angiography and Tc99m sestaMIBI-gated SPECT. The SyncTool was utilized to assess LV mechanical dyssynchrony by calculating the SD and histogram bandwidth. Sensitivities were 74% and 67% with an SD increase of ≥ 4.4° and a bandwidth of ≥ 14° after the workout. Eighty-four percent sensitivity and 53% specificity were demonstrated by a summed stress score (SSS) of ≥ 9 among the 100 patients with multivessel CAD. Compared to SSS alone (sensitivity 70%, specificity 76%, χ2 = 68.9), the combination of post-stress increases in phase SD, histogram bandwidth, and SSS yielded the best accurate diagnosis of multivessel CAD (sensitivity 77%, specificity 88%, χ2 = 181.8).

Conclusions

The diagnosis of multivessel CAD can be effectively enhanced through phase analysis that evaluates exercise-induced LV mechanical dyssynchrony in conjunction with traditional perfusion studies.
Global Predictability of Marine Heatwave Induced Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Radfar Soheil , Foroumandi Ehsan , Moftakhari Hamed , Moradkhani Hamid , Foltz Gregory R. , Sen Gupta Alex
Published: December 2024

Prediction of the rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs) is crucial for improving disaster preparedness against storm hazards. These events can cause extensive damage to coastal areas if occurring close to landfall. Available models struggle to provide accurate RI estimates due to the complexity of underlying physical mechanisms. This study provides new insights into the prediction of a subset of rapidly intensifying TCs influenced by prolonged ocean warming events known as marine heatwaves (MHWs). MHWs could provide sufficient energy to supercharge TCs. Preconditioning by MHW led to RI of recent destructive TCs, Otis (2023), Doksuri (2023), and Ian (2022), with economic losses exceeding $150 billion. Here, we analyze the TC best track and sea surface temperature data from 1981 to 2023 to identify hotspot regions for compound events, where MHWs and RI of tropical cyclones occur concurrently or in succession. Building upon this, we propose an ensemble machine learning model for RI forecasting based on storm and MHW characteristics. This approach is particularly valuable as RI forecast errors are typically largest in favorable environments, such as those created by MHWs. Our study offers insight into predicting MHW TCs, which have been shown to be stronger TCs with potentially higher destructive power. Here, we show that using MHW predictors instead of the conventional method of using sea surface temperature reduces the false alarm rate by 30%. Overall, our findings contribute to coastal hazard risk awareness amidst unprecedented climate warming causing more frequent MHWs.
Paleomagnetic Imprints of Sulfate Reduction Pathways in Continental Shelf Sediments: Organoclastic Versus Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane
Authors: Zemach Yakar , Shaar Ron , Sivan Orit , Herut Barak , Hyams‐Kaphzan Orit , Katz Oded , Roberts Andrew P.
Published: December 2024

Marine continental shelf sediments with high deposition rates may provide useful archives of rapid geomagnetic secular variation as long as the primary magnetization is not altered substantially by diagenesis. To quantify the effects of sulfate (SO42‐) reduction, which is a dominant early diagenetic process in such sediments, on paleomagnetic recording, we analyzed four 6‐m long sediment cores from the eastern Mediterranean shelf. Two cores did not reach the methanogenic zone and are characterized by continuous organoclastic sulfate reduction (OSR), while the other two have a distinctive shallow sulfate‐methane transition zone (SMTZ). Age models based on 28 radiocarbon ages indicate steady deposition rates with spatially varying age spans, which suggest that different parts of the shelf stopped accumulating sediments at different times during the Holocene. The upper sediment column in all cores is dominated by detrital titanomagnetite and biogenic magnetite. OSR‐affected sediments record continuous (titano) magnetite dissolution, which resulted in steady magnetic susceptibility and remanence decreases. For cores that reach the methanogenic zone, similar behavior is observed at or above the STMZ, but magnetic properties stabilize at greater depths. Paleomagnetic directions in these sediments are more coherent, with better agreement with geomagnetic models than sediments affected by OSR. We suggest that methane‐rich sediments with a shallow SMTZ and high sedimentation rates can better preserve primary paleomagnetic signals than OSR‐dominated sediments due to a lack of dissolved sulfide in the main methanogenic zone, and that a susceptibility decline with depth should be a warning sign for paleomagnetic studies.
The Source of the Uncertainties in CMIP6 Model's Projections of the Summertime Northwest Pacific Subtropical High
Authors: Yang Kun , Ma Jing , Chen Xiaolong , Wang Lu
Published: December 2024

Based on monthly data from 30 models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), the leading mode of the inter‐model uncertainties in the projections of the summertime Northwest Pacific subtropical high (NWPSH) under the high emissions scenario (SSP5‐8.5) is identified by inter‐model empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the sea level pressure (SLP) over the East Asia‐Northwest Pacific region. The leading mode is characterized by positive SLP anomalies over the East Asia‐Northwest Pacific region. Inter‐model regression analyses reveal the relationship between the leading mode and historical sea surface temperature (SST). The inter‐model uncertainties of the NWPSH projections are closely related to the historical tropical North Atlantic (TNA) cold SST anomalies. The TNA cold SST anomalies result in increased precipitation in the subtropical North Pacific through westward propagated Rossby wave responses, further enhancing the subtropical North Pacific cold SST anomalies in the future through the reinforced convection‐shortwave‐SST negative feedback. Suppressed convection over the subtropical North Pacific strengthens the NWPSH through the anticyclonic Rossby wave response. The emergent constraints based on the observed TNA SST pattern reduce the uncertainties of the NWPSH projections by 32.5%, indicating a weaker NWPSH compared to the multi‐model mean. Cold biases of the simulated present‐day TNA SST in most CMIP6 models indicate that the multi‐model ensemble mean (MME) may overestimate the intensity of NWPSH in the warmer future. This study helps improve the accuracy of NWPSH projections, contributing to climate change adaptations for many important sectors impacted by NWPSH variation, such as agriculture, infrastructure, and energy.
Radar Attenuation for Subsurface Sounding on Enceladus: Effects of a Thermally Insulating Porous Ice Layer
Authors: Byrne William , Plesa Ana‐Catalina , Rückriemen‐Bez Tina , Hussmann Hauke , Benedikter Andreas
Published: December 2024

Saturn's moon Enceladus is thought to possess habitable conditions due to the presence of a global ocean, potential water‐rock interactions at the ocean's base, and its ocean composition derived from sampling active plumes at the south pole. The thin (35 km) and cold ice shell of this small moon in the outer solar system is expected to allow the direct detection of the ice‐ocean interface using low‐frequency radar sounder instruments. Here we investigate the two‐way radar attenuation in Enceladus' ice shell, focusing on the effect of a porous icy layer generated by Enceladus' jet activity. Our results show that in regions with a thin (or absent) porous surface layer, total ice shell penetration is possible. In regions covered by thick and strongly insulating porous surface layers, however, as little as 2% of the ice shell can be penetrated. Nevertheless, a thick porous surface layer leads to high subsurface temperatures promoting the formation of brines at shallow depth that can be detected by future radar measurements.
An Operational Geomagnetic Baseline Derivation Method for Magnetic Observatories Located in Mid‐Latitudes
Authors: Haberle Veronika , Marchaudon Aurélie , Chambodut Aude , Blelly Pierre‐Louis
Published: December 2024

Ground magnetic field measurements are an important tool to determine the strength of space weather events in the terrestrial environment on local and global scales. For that purpose, geomagnetic baselines play a vital role as they describe typical quiet variations within geomagnetic data which allows the successive isolation of magnetic storm contributions. This work introduces an operational baseline derivation method to accurately assess then replace the amplitude of space weather events within high‐quality ground magnetic field measurements from magnetic observatories located in mid‐latitudes. A two‐step approach first identifies storm and disturbance intervals within the magnetic signal. Quiet variations, consistent with pre‐ and post‐disturbance periods, are then used to replace the signal during the identified intervals. The final baseline is validated through comparisons with existing methods and through demonstration during moderate and strong space weather events at 13 globally distributed observatories, demonstrating its ability to track quiet variations accurately while maintaining them during disturbances. This supports the application of the introduced baseline for geomagnetic field description and new magnetic index derivation for space weather event characterization with high spatio‐temporal resolution. As the method is deployable in near real‐time, it is suitable for operational environments.
The plasticity of epithelial cells and its potential in the induced differentiation of gastric cancer
Authors: Yan Ziwei , Liu Yingnan , Yuan Yuan
Published: December 2024

Cell plasticity refers to the deviation of cells from normal terminal differentiation states when faced with environmental and genetic toxic stresses, resulting in the phenomenon of transforming into other cell or tissue phenotypes. Unlocking phenotype plasticity has been defined as a hallmark of malignant tumors. The stomach is one of the organs in the body with the highest degree of self-renewal and exhibits significant cell plasticity. In this paper, based on the review of the characteristics of normal differentiation of gastric epithelial cells and their markers, the four main phenotypes of gastric epithelial cell remodeling and their relationship with gastric cancer (GC) are drawn. Furthermore, we summarize the regulatory factors and mechanisms that affect gastric epithelial cell plasticity and outline the current status of research and future prospection for the treatment targeting gastric epithelial cell plasticity. This study has important theoretical reference value for the in-depth exploration of epithelial cell plasticity and the tumor heterogeneity caused by it, as well as for the precise treatment of GC.