bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroendocrine aspects of formation depressive disorder in adolescents
Authors: Mykhailova E. A. , Volkova Yu. V. , Mitelov D. A. , Matkovska T. M.
Published: December 2021

Objective — to study levels of serotonin, melatonin and cortisol in adolescents with depressive and depressive­anxietybehavioral disorders.Materials and methods. Research was conducted on the basis of the PsychiatryDepartment of SI “HCCA NAMN of Ukraine”. Examinations involved 140 patients with depressive disorders and 128 patients with depressive­anxietydisorders. The following investigational methods were used: clinical and psychopathological, pathopsychological, neurohormonal and statistical.Results. It has been established that clinical variants of depression in children in the period of puberty have gender- and age-related differences. The manifestation of the first depressionepisode in early school age, and especially in the prepuberty, is a predictor of depression at subsequent pubertystages. Depressive symptoms in adolescents were associated with internalization and externalization of clinical manifestations. It has been proved that the course of a depressive disorder in children during puberty is launched by the development of a number of neurobiological disorders ­ an increase in the level of cortisol, the dysregulation of neurobiological systems responsible for the development of affective pathology (serotonin, melatonin), somatic and neurologicalweakness.Conclusions. The obtained data suggest the dysregulation of neurohormonal exchange in patients with depressive and depressive­anxiety behavioral disorders. The low excretionlevel of melatoninand rhythm violations in its production can result in the desynchronosis and maladjustment of a child. The nature of changes depends on the nosology and has gender specificities. It has been established that regardless of the nosological form of a depressive disorder, mental disorders in the most of adolescentsare accompanied by the increased serotonin levels, and in the group of patients with depressive disorder of behavior with the reduced melatoninexcretion as well.
Peculiarities of the microsocial environment in the formation of adjustment disorderin children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Mуkhailova E. А. , Mitelov D. A.
Published: December 2021

Currently, there is a global trend towards an increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM 1) among children and adolescents. It is characterized by a lifelong progressive course, manifested by endocrine and somatic disorders, as well as neurological and mental complications. The risk of the development of emotional disorders, cognitive dysfunction, adjustment disorder is largely determined by the microsocial environment of a child with DM 1. Objective — to study role of family in the formation of the disorders inmental and psychological health of children and adolescents with severe DM 1. Materials and methods. Examinations involved 285 patients with DM 1(126 children and 159 adolescents). The investigation design included clinical and psychopathological method, pathopsychological method, socio­psychological interviewing of a child and his/her family, test “Family sociogram”, projective picture tests “House­tree­man”, “Me and my disease”, “Kinetic picture of the family”. Results. It has been established that the level of psychological health of family of a child with DM 1 corresponded to the normal indicator in 20 % of cases. The factors have been determined that destabilize psychological health of the family, typology of family relationships with a sick child and their role in the formation of persistent neuropsychiatric complications. The factors of the microsocial environment affecting the formation of socio­psychological maladjustment of a child with DM were determined. The following risk factors of the formation of mental and neurological disorders in DM 1 children have been identified: the age of endocrine disease (DM)onset less than 7 years, the disease duration ≥ 5 years, frequent fluctuations in of glycemialevel, unsatisfactory self-control of the disease, late diagnosis of early and late complications related to the central nervous system, insufficient compliance, pathological types of family sociogram. An alternative method for diagnosing psychological problems in children and adolescents with diabetes ­ the use of projective methods has shown a high information content of target detection for the correction of emotional and behavioral disorders in the conditions of system «Life with diabetes».Conclusions. Socio-psychological patterns of maladaptation of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitushave been identified, which is important for determining the strategy of therapeutic intervention, socio-psychological support and prevention of social handicap.
Diseases of the endocrine system in children in Ukraine and the provision of specialized care to pediatric patients in 2020
Authors: Zelinska N. B. , Rudenko N. G. , Globa E. V. , Rudenko O. V. , Grishchenko К. , Kavetska Y. S.
Published: December 2021

The articles provide information and analysis of statistical indicators on the state of endocrinological care for children in 2020 in general in Ukraine and in some regions, their dynamics for 2014—2020. Providing data on staffing of the pediatric endocrinology service; the state of inpatient care for children with endocrine diseases; disability due to endocrine pathology, which has been carried out in recent years, is constantly growing, in particular diabetes, hypothyroidism and others; diseases and prevalence of malignant diseases of the endocrine glands in children. It is also possible to provide data from the register of children with active endocrine diseases, namely, diabetes mellitus, including its various forms, pathological short stature, the disorders of sex differentiation (DSD). The problematic issues of specialized care for children with diseases of the endocrine system are highlighted.It is estimated that according to the register of children with diabetes mellitus (DM) in 2020, 10,743 patients under the age of 18 were registered (14.26 per 10,000 children), including 10,598 children receiving insulin therapy (with DM Type 1, other types of diabetes requiring insulin treatment) (14.07), 51 — with DM type 2, 66 children with neonatal diabetes, of which 36 diagnoses are genetically confirmed, and MODY is genetically confirmed in 48 children. The prevalence of diabetes among children aged 0—18 years in 2020 increased compared to 2014 by 34.9 %.For patients with DSD conduct a detailed cytognetic examination in the leading genetic laboratories. Responding to the database of such children, to which 654 patients were includ, in particular with chromosomal DSD — 347 children (53.1 %, 303 patients with Turner syndrome); of 46, XY DSD — 102 patients (15.6 %); of 46, XX — 205 patients (31.3 %), as well as 185 children with DSD due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia.It is reported that in 2020, 1,630 children with short stature under the age of 18 who need treatment with growth hormone were registered in Ukraine, including 1,223 children with pituitary and pituitary-cerebral dwarfism, 255 children with Turner syndrome, 65 — with Russell—Silver syndrome, 43 — with Prader—Willi syndrome, 21 children with short stature, born small for their gestational age (SGA), as well as 22 children with dwarfism due to chronic renal failure. The number of such volumes increases by an average of 10 %. These children receive treatment with growth hormone drugs at the expense of the state budget.
Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases (part 1)
Authors: Volkova N. V. , Solntseva A. V.
Published: December 2021

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) and Graves’ disease (GD) are common autoimmune diseases, and their prevalence assessed as 5 % of general population. Currently, selective immunosuppressive agents for pathogenetic treatment of autoimmune pathology are being developed. Vitamin D with the known anti­inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, is also of great interest. The first part of the article reviews the roles of various immune cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases, which is necessary to reveal the therapeutic potential of calcitriol in these disorders. Classically, AIT was considered to be mediated by T­helpers type 1 (Th1), and GD — by T­helpers type 2 (Th2). This misunderstanding was based on the idea that humoral immunity is controlled by Th2 cytokines, and cellular immunity — by Th1. In the past decades, the role of new subsets of immune cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases is being studied, displacing the traditional paradigm of Th1/Th2 dichotomy. It has been established that T­helpers type 17 (Th17) play an important role in the development of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, previously classified as Th1­dependent pathologies. The involvement of T­ and B­regulatory lymphocytes in the autoimmune process is also of particular interest. It was found that these cells accumulate in inflamed thyroid tissue in patients with thyroid pathology, but they are unable to suppress the immune response effectively. Further research will help to find out which immune cells can become targets for vitamin D agonists in the complex treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Serbia and Albania in the autumn of 1913: external factor
Authors: Iskenderov Petr
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the main aspects of the Serbo-Albanian relations. The author pays particular attention to the role of international factors.
Differential expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 in triple negative breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2021

Women diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer can benefit neither from endocrine therapy nor from HER2-targeted therapies (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding fatty acid desaturase 2, FADS2, when comparing the tumor cells of patients with triple negative breast cancer to normal mammary ductal cells (2). FADS2 was also differentially expressed in bulk tumor in human breast cancer (3). FADS2 mRNA was present at significantly increased quantities in TNBC tumor cells relative to normal mammary ductal cells. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of FADS2 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with post-progression survival in patients with luminal A type cancer, while within triple negative breast cancer, primary tumor expression of FADS2 was correlated with overall survival in patients with luminal androgen receptor subtype disease. FADS2 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of triple negative breast cancers.
Differential expression of kinesin family member 20A in triple negative breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2021

Women diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer can benefit neither from endocrine therapy nor from HER2-targeted therapies (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding kinesin family member 20A, KIF20A, when comparing the tumor cells of patients with triple negative breast cancer to normal mammary ductal cells (2). KIF20A was also differentially expressed in bulk tumor in human breast cancer (3). KIF20A mRNA was present at significantly increased quantities in TNBC tumor cells relative to normal mammary ductal cells. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of KIF20A in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with distant metastasis-free survival in patients with luminal B type cancer in patients with HER2+ cancer, and in patients with normal-like cancer, while within triple negative breast cancer, primary tumor expression of KIF20A was correlated with distant metastasis-free survival in patients with basal-like 2 subtype disease. KIF20A may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of triple negative breast cancers.
Menemukenali Kunci Pendidikan Kristen Bagi Anak Dalam Keluarga Dan Pembelajaran Agama Di Sekolah
Authors: Ermiati Rinsa
Published: December 2021

Dalam pendidikan Kristen adalah kita dapat belajar tentang bangaimana cara kita untuk mendapatkan segala sesuatu yang bermanfaat dalam kehidupan kita baik dari orang tua maupun dari guru dan juga masyarakat. Oleh karena itu pendidikan itu sangat penting bagi kita untuk dimiliki karena kita semua dapat belajar dari sesuatu yang belum kita ketahui Karena tanpa pendidikan dari Allah maka kita akan mengabaikan iman kita. Disekolah maupun didalam keluarga banyak hal yang kita dapatkan dalam hal pendidikan yang berpacu pada ide kita tentang tujuan yang pasti dimana kita diajarkan untuk menjadi pribadi yang lebih baik karena didikan dari orang tua.
Peran gereja dalam dunia pendidikan kristen
Authors: Florensa Ovi
Published: December 2021

Pendidikan Agama Kristen sebaiknya diberikan untuk semua anggota jemaat mulai dari ana-anak sampai dewasa. Dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini, adapun yang menjadi tempat penelitian adalah GMIT Imanuel Kefamnanu. Dalam Gereja tersebut, ada satu komisi bagi anak-anak yakni Komisi PAR (Pendidikan Anak dan Remaja). Berdasarkan pra penelitian, penulis menemukan bahwa dalam usia anak baik itu batita, balita masa kanak-kanak awal-akhir dan remaja digabung dalam proses belajar mengajar sehingga menjadi kurang efektif.
Artikel Inovasi Pendidikan_Nikita Audri
Authors: Audri Nikita
Published: December 2021

Pada saat ini, Dunia sedang diuji dengan suatu permasalahan kesehatan yaitu pandemi covid-19 yang sangat berpengaruh pada dunia pendidikan dan aspek kehidupan. Beberapa pemerintah Daerah memutuskan menerapkan kebijakan untuk meliburkan siswa dan mulai menerapkan metode belajar dengan sistem Daring (dalam jaringan) atau online maka diperlukan sebuah solusi atau alternatif untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut. Sistem pembelajaran daring merupakan sistem pembelajaran tanpa tatap muka secara langsung antara guru dan siswa akan tetapi dilakukan melalui online yang menggunakan jaringan internet. Di tengah pandemi covid-19 ini kegiatan proses pembelajaran disarankan menggunakan media pembelajaran daring yang inovatif khususnya untuk meningkatkan motivasi peserta didik ketika sedang belajar di rumah. Media pembelajaran berbasis Video dapat digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran Daring. Pada Dasarnya pemanfaatan video dalam pembelajaran daring merupakan suatu pemanfaatan teknologi pembelajaran sesuai perkembangan zaman dengan upaya untuk meningkatkkan mutu pendidikan.
PERAN TONGKONAN SEBAGAI SARANA PENDIDIKAN DALAM MEMBENTUK KARAKTER MASYARAKAT TORAJA
Authors: Ela Kristiani
Published: December 2021

Pendidikan bukan saja membahas tentang sekolah atau setinggi apa pendidikan itu dapat dikejar. Namun, pendidikan juga bisa didapatkan dalam lingkungan dimana kita berada setiap harinya. bahkan bisa dikategorikan bahwa pendidikan yang paling baik itu didapatkan dari lingkungan tempat kita bergaul setiap harinya terutama dalam hal pembentukan karakter . permasalahan karakter generasi bangsa juga disebabkan oleh adanya dampak dari globalisasi. Maka dari itu diperlukan penanaman pendidikan karakter. Dan adat budaya Toraja dapat dijadikan sebagai pendidikan karakter. Maka dari itu kajian dari tulisan ini akan membahas salah satu budaya Toraja yang dapat membentuk karakter khususnya bagi masyarakat Toraja yaitu tongkonan.
PENDEKATAN GEREJA TERHADAP ANAK REMAJA DALAM PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Paembonan Agustina
Published: December 2021

Remajaadalahanak-anakTuhanyangsedangdalammasaperalihandarianak-anakmenujudewasa.Masaremajaberadaditengahtidaklagidisebutanak-anakbelumjugadikatakandewasa.Merekasudahmulaidewasasecarabiologis,namunmasihtergolonganak-anaksecarapsikologis.Masainimengalamiberbagaimacamperubahanbaikfisik,maupunpsikis.Halinimembuatmerekarentanterhadappengaruhburukdariluar,lingkungansekitarnya.Masainisangatmembutuhkanpendampinganbaikdariorangtuamaupundarigereja.Gerejadapatberperanaktifdalampendidika,perangerejamerupakantanggungjawabmoral,Gerejaberperandalampeningkatanmutugurumenjadiguruyangkompeten,guruyangsehatrohani.BentukperangerejalainnyadalampendidikanadalahpenyelenggaraansekolahyangbermutudanpenyelenggaraansekolahsebagaipelayanGerejawi.
faikhotul maulidiyah_akad musyarakah_ fiqh muamalah_Rachmad Risqy k
Authors: maulidiya faikhotul , Kurniawan Rachmad Risqy
Published: December 2021

Dalam mengembangkan usaha, khususnya usaha dalam bentuk kerja sama, tentu saja dibutuhkan sebuah kerja sama atau kesepakatan yang melandasi keduanya agar di kemudian hari, jika terjadi sesuatu yang tidak diinginkan, ada bukti dan kesepakatan tersurat yang dapat dijadikan pegangan dalam sebuah pembuktian.
PENERAPAN AKAD MUSAQOT SEBAGAI SOLUSI PENGEMBANGAN KERJASAMA PENGELOLAAN PERKEBUNAN DAN PERTANIAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF FIQH MUAMALAH
Authors: attamimi Muhammad fikri , Kurniawan Rachmad Risqy
Published: December 2021

Untuk mengetahui cara-cara penerapan akad musaqoh untuk perkembangan pertanian dalam perspektif muammalah
Budaya Material, Pakaian Dan Fashion Dalam Kehidupan Manusia
Authors: G Jonson Handrian
Published: December 2021

Tulisan ini berbicara tentang bagaimana interaksi manusia dengan benda disekitarnya, pada kasus ini yang menjadi perhatian penulis adalah fashion dimana fashion atau gaya adalah hal yang unik dan berbeda disetiap orang. setiap individu punya pengalaman yang berbeda tentang apa-apa yang mereka sukai.Pakaian adalah salah satu pembahasan yang kompleks karena memilikiperkembangan yang sangat panjang. Pakaian menjadi sangat menarik untukdiperbincangkan karena memiliki sejarah yang panjang dan berliku, hampir disetiap kebudayaan memiliki corak yang berbeda dalam berpakaian serta memiliki interpretasi terhadap pakaian itu sendiri, mulai dari warna, motif, corak dan bahan yang digunakan Untuk itu menarik rasanya menulis dan mengulik sejarah pakaian dan perkembangan serta pergeserannya hingga saat ini.Perkembangan mode busana sejalan dengan perkembangan peradabanmanusia yang terkait dengan manusia sebagai makhluk yang berbudaya, yangrealitanya selalu berkembang dari suatu periode ke periode berikutnya. Semakin tinggi tingkat kebudayaan manusia, maka semakin tinggi pula tingkat pemikiran manusia. Kebudayaan bersifat akumulasi, maksudnya semakin lama akan semakin bertambah kaya seperti pemikirannya, kreativitasnya, dan keterampilannya.
RELEVANSI BUDAYA DAN PENDIDIKAN KRISTEN DALAM PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER ANAK DAN PERAN MANUSIA SECARA BIOLOGIS
Authors: Penina
Published: December 2021

Artikel ini menggambarkan beberapa ide pemikiran terkait dengan perkembangan pendidikan kristen yang mampu membentuk karakter anak, sinkronisasi budaya Toraja dan peranan manusia (laki-laki dan perempuan) dalam pengembangan nilai-nilai kekristenan dimasyarakat. Tujuan dari pembuatan artikel ini yaitu untuk mengetahui peran pendidikan kristen terhadap pembentukan karakter anak, Untuk mengetahui sinkronisasi pendidikan kristen dan budaya masyarakat Toraja sebagai pusat peradaban kristen di Indonesia sehingga memberikan kontribusi bagi perkembangan kekristenan di Indonesia dan untuk mengetahui tendensi laki-laki dan perempuan terhadap perkembangan pendidikan kristen di masyarakat. Kata Kunci: Pendidikan, Kristen, Budaya, Toraja dan Manusia
A Process Model for Dashboard Onboarding
Authors: Dhanoa Vaishali , Walchshofer Conny , Hinterreiter Andreas , Stitz Holger , Gröller Eduard , Streit Marc
Published: December 2021

Dashboards are used ubiquitously to gain and present insights into data by means of interactive visualizations.To bridge the gap between non-expert dashboard users and potentially complex datasets and/or visualizations, a variety of onboarding strategies are employed, including videos, narration, and interactive tutorials. We propose a process model for dashboard onboarding which formalizes and unifies such diverse onboarding strategies. Our model introduces the onboarding loop alongside the dashboard usage loop. Unpacking the onboarding loop reveals how each onboarding strategy combines selected building blocks of the dashboard with an onboarding narrative. Specific means are applied to this narration sequence for onboarding, which results in onboarding artifacts that are presented to the user via an interface. We concretize these concepts by showing how our process model can be used to describe a selection of real-world onboarding examples. Finally, we discuss how our model can serve as an actionable blueprint for developing new onboarding systems.
AJARAN KRISTEN DAN PANTANGAN (PAMALI) DALAM BUDAYA TORAJA
Authors: Sapu' Natalia
Published: December 2021

Pamali adalah suatu pantangan dalam budaya Toraja. Banyak orang toraja yang sampai saat ini sangat takut melanggar pamali ini. Orang Toraja pada zaman dulu percaya bahwa jika pamali ini dilanggar maka malapetaka akan datang menghampiri. Sampai sekarang pamali ini masih sangat melekat pada masyarakat Toraja. Pamali ini sangat bertentangan dengan agama Kristen karena pamali ini sudah membuat masyarakat seolah-olah tidak percaya lagi pada kekuasaan Tuhan yang mengetahui kehidupan manusia.
Keefektifan Metode Video Pembelajaran Sebagai Upaya Menarik Minat Belajar Siswa
Authors: Adelia Riska
Published: December 2021

Pada saat ini proses pembelajaran sudah harus mulai ada inovasi yang menarik. Proses pembelajaran tidak lagi berfokus ke satu guru yang hanya menggunakan metode ceramah yang mengakibatkan siswa mulai bosan di dalam kelas. Pada tulisan ini penulis mengajak memanfaatkan video sebagai media pembelajaran. Penelitian dari (Hadi, 2017) Video pembelajaran merupakan salah satu media yang memiliki unsur audio (suara) dan visual gerak (gambar bergerak). Sebagai tenaga pendidik, guru dituntut untuk lebih kreatif dan inovatif dalam mengajar dan mendidik peserta didik. Penggunaan metode belajar dan media pembelajaran tentunya akan sangat mempengaruhi hasil akhir dari pelajaran yang akan dipelajari. Penggunaan media pembelajaran harus sesuai dengan pelajaran yang akan dipelajari.
KETELADANAN GURU SEBAGAI SARANA PENERAPAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER SISWA
Authors: Lubis Ita Purnama Salenggam
Published: December 2021

Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis keteladanan guru dalam penerapan pendidikan karakter disekolah. Artikel ini merupakan hasil analisis dengan mengkaji literatur yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan topik pembahasan. Model yang digunakan adalah studi literatur atau lirature riview. Dari hasil penelaahan, hasil yang didapat menunjukkah bahwa penerapan pendidikan karakter disekolah merupakan tanggung jawab semua warga sekolah, tetapi guru memegang peranan penting dalam pencapaian program tersebut sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa keberhasilan pendidikan karakter disekolah bergantung dari sejauh mana guru tersebut bisa menjadi teladan siswa-siswinya sehingga untuk mewujudkan siswa yang berkarakter diperlukan guru yang berkarakter pula.
Pembentukan Karater dari perspektif Kristen dan budaya
Authors: Lchiari
Published: December 2021

Human social life lately is getting more and more worried. The large number of news for violence between fellow humans is good in people's lives in general, also in families. Not only about violence, disputes, competition, envy and curtains are also coloring that color modern life lately. All people compete to get validation from others, and like the world has lost peace of mind. This paper aims to determine Christianity's point of view on the social life of the present and how a Christian person can stick to the Christ character, who is to love the world, currently filled with hatred, as well as how a character is influenced by culture.
The Relationship of Indonesian Languange Learning with the Environment. Andriyani Muliana
Authors: Muliana Andriyani
Published: December 2021

The environment is closely related to nature and its creation. Problems faced by humans related to environmental conditions are things that have a big impact. The influence of the environment is very large on human life which makes the benchmark for good or bad human behavior. Because human life depends on the circumstances around him. Problems are often new things, but the things we often encounter in the environment are a variety of problems, such as the most common environment. According to Tung and Wihardjo (in Ramadhan et al, 2019), problems that occur in the environment caused by careless and intensive human activities in the area where he lives, this is done to improve the quality of life of each. Humans are more selfish without the environment when doing things that damage the environment. Whereas the consequences of their own actions will cause various impacts that are detrimental to themselves and others, such as floods that occur due to waste.
Model Investigasi Kelompok Siber Sebagai Alternatif Pembelajaran Menulis Teks Eksposisi
Authors: Lestari Ayu
Published: December 2021

Model pembelajaran investigasi kelompok siber daring untuk pembelajaran menulis teks eksposisi disesuaikan oleh kondisi zaman dan peserta didik yang semakin milenial, sehingga model ini cocok dikembangkan untuk menunjang keberhasilan dalam pembelajaran. Pemanfaatan teknologi serta jaringan dapat membantu peserta didik dalam mencari data-data yang dibutuhkan. Keuntungan dalam penggunaan model pembelajaran daring pada materi menulis teks eksposisi yaitu peserta didik menjadi lebih kreatif dan inovatif. Dengan diterapkannya model investigasi kelompok siber ini diharapkan peserta didik dapat lebih aktif dan kreatif dalam mengembangkan kreativitasnya dalam menulis teks eksposisi dengan cara dan inovasinya sendiri, dan lebih mudah untuk mengembangkan ide yang akan dijadikan sebagai bahan menulis teks eksposisi.
Changes in perceptions of border security influence desired levels of immigration
Authors: Briggs Ryan C , Solodoch Omer
Published: December 2021

Security concerns about immigration are on the rise. Many countries respond by fortifying their borders. Yet little is known about the influence of border security measures on perceived threat from immigration. Borders might facilitate group identities and spread fear of outsiders. In contrast, they might enhance citizens' sense of security and control over immigration. We test these claims using survey experiments run on a nationally representative sample of over 1,000 Americans. The findings show that allocating more government resources to border security increases desired levels of immigration. This effect is likely driven by a sense of control over immigration, induced by border security measures even when the number or characteristics of immigrants remain unchanged. Our findings suggest that border controls, which are widely considered as symbols of closure and isolation, can promote openness to immigration.
The evolution of primate short-term memory
Authors: Primates Many
Published: December 2021

Short-term memory is implicated in a range of cognitive abilities and is critical for understanding primate cognitive evolution. To investigate the effects of phylogeny, ecology and sociality on short-term memory ability, we tested 421 non-human primates across 41 species in a pre-registered, experimental delayed-response task. Our results confirm previous findings that longer delays decrease memory performance across species and taxa. Our analyses demonstrate a considerable contribution of phylogeny over ecological and social factors on the distribution of short-term memory performance in primates; closely related species had more similar short-term memory abilities. However, interdependencies between phylogeny and socioecology of a given species present an obstacle to disentangling the effects of each of these factors on the evolution of short-term memory capacity. The dataset corresponding to the study is freely accessible and constitutes an important resource for studying the evolution of primate cognition.
Collective Autonomy: Why Groups Fight for Power and Status
Authors: Kachanoff Frank , Gray Kurt , Koestner Richard , Kteily Nour , Wohl Michael Jeremy Adam
Published: December 2021

People experience “collective autonomy restriction” when they believe other groups want to restrict their own group from freely expressing its social identity and determining its behavior. We review emerging research on the negative consequences of collective autonomy restriction for well-being, as well as its implications for group members’ motivation to fight for their place within social hierarchies. We propose that group members desire two resources tied to having a favorable position within the social hierarchy – structural power (i.e., the ability to influence and resist influence from other groups) and status (being positively valued and perceived as moral by others) – because they believe that having power and status are necessary to secure their group’s collective autonomy. We hypothesize that group members anticipate that other groups might restrict their group if they lack the structural power to resist outside influences, or if they are perceived as negative or immoral and worthy of restriction. We apply this power and status perspective of collective autonomy restriction to predict (1) when disempowered groups are most likely to fight against (vs. tolerate) their disadvantaged position and (2) when powerful groups are most likely to relinquish power and acknowledge their transgressions (versus defensively maintain their privileged position).
Similarity-based interference in sentence comprehension in aphasia: A computational evaluation of two models of cue-based retrieval
Authors: Lissón Paula , Paape Dario , Pregla Dorothea , Burchert Frank , Stadie Nicole , Vasishth Shravan
Published: December 2021

Sentence comprehension requires the listener to link incoming words with short-term memory representations in order to build linguistic dependencies. The cue-based retrieval theory of sentence processing predicts that the retrieval of these memory representations is affected by similarity-based interference. We present the first large-scale computational evaluation of interference effects in two models of sentence processing – the activation-based model, and a modification of the direct-access model – in individuals with aphasia (IWA) and control participants in German. The parameters of the models are linked to prominent theories of processing deficits in aphasia, and the models are tested against two linguistic constructions in German: Pronoun resolution and relative clauses. The data come from a visual-world eye-tracking experiment combined with a sentence-picture matching task. The results show that both control participants and IWA are susceptible to retrieval interference, and that a combination of theoretical explanations (intermittent deficiencies, slow syntax, and resource reduction) can explain IWA’s deficits in sentence processing. Model comparisons reveal that both models have a similar predictive performance in pronoun resolution, but the activation-based model outperforms the direct-access model in relative clauses.
Mindfulness Promotes Control of Brain Network Dynamics for Self-Regulation and Discontinues the Past from the Present
Authors: Zhou Dale , Kang Yoona , Cosme Danielle , Jovanova Mia , He Xiaosong , Mahadevan Arun , Stanoi Ovidia , Brynildsen Julia K. , Cooper Nicole , Cornblath Eli , Parkes Linden , Mucha Peter , Ochsner Kevin , Lydon-Staley David M. , Falk Emily B. , Bassett Danielle S
Published: December 2021

Mindfulness is characterized by attentiveness to the present experience with nonjudgmental awareness and acceptance. Practicing mindfulness alters brain function to support the executive regulation of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. While early stages of practice are thought to require greater "neural effort" for later efficiency, current evidence relies on circular definitions of effort based on functional activity magnitude. Here we used network control theory as a model of how external control inputs, which operationalize effort, can distribute changes in neural activity across the macro-scale structural brain network. Further, we inferred the intrinsic timescale of activity to operationalize present-centered activity as shorter momentary timescales that discontinue the past and update the present. To explain effects of mindful regulation on alcohol consumption, we applied these methods to a randomized controlled intervention study with resting-state and task fMRI data. The task primed participants to either mindfully respond or naturally react to alcohol cues. Mobile text interventions and measurements of alcohol consumption were administered using ecological momentary assessments during the subsequent 4 weeks. We hypothesized that neural states of mindfulness require greater effort to enact and sustain. This effort may support deautomatized habitual natural reactions, discontinued processing, and updated present-centered neural dynamics. We found that mindful regulation of alcohol cues, compared to the natural reactions of the benchmark group, involved more effortful control of neural dynamics across cognitive control and attention networks. This effort persisted in the natural reactions of the mindful group compared to the benchmark group. Using resting-state fMRI, we found that more effortful neural states tended to occur over shorter timescales than less effortful states. Our findings provide an explanation for how neural dynamics with altered effort and stability, such as mindful states, tend to center the present experience.
Multinomial Logistic Regression Model for Assessing Factors Associated with Junk Food Consumption of Secondary Level Students
Authors: Subedi Srijana , Bhusal Madhav Kumar
Published: December 2021

Background: Globalization, economic progress, urbanization, and industrialization have ushered in considerable changes in lifestyles and diet regimes. Consumption of junk food has surged at a rapid pace nowadays. In Nepal, there is a lack of sufficient research regarding junk food practices and persuading factors for its consumption, among teenage students. It is a global concern and has threatened the health of many people.

Objective: This research aims to explore the factors associated with junk food consumption among students of secondary level in Ratnanagar Municipality of Chitwan. 

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional research design consisting of 371 secondary level students, and selection based on primary data collection method by the researchers was used in this study. The data was analyzed using descriptive as well as an inferential statistical method. To find the association of different factors with junk food consumption levels (Low, Moderate, and High) multinomial logistic regression model (MLRM) was used, and the goodness of fit of the model was assessed.

Results: The fitted MLRM satisfied the criteria of the diagnostic test including a test of goodness of fit, multi-collinearity test, and minimum criteria of the model utilization with the classification accuracy of 55%. The variables like family monthly income (OR=1.000011, C.I=1.000001 - 1.000020), students’ daily pocket money (OR=1.02, C.I=1.007 - 1.033), gender (OR=0.354, C.I= 0.179 - 0.7), knowledge regarding junk food consumption (OR=2.744, C.I=1.366 - 5.511), attitude towards food choice (OR=2.487, C.I=1.288 – 4.803), friend’s encouragement for junk food consumption (OR=0.178, C.I=0.045 – 0.701), and occupation of father (business) (OR=2.867, C.I=1.084 – 7.581) are seen to be significant to the model High versus Low consumption. Students’ daily pocket money (OR=1.012, C.I=1.002 – 1.023), knowledge regarding junk food consumption (OR=2.427, C.I=1.293 – 4.553), restrictive food parenting practice (OR=2.228, C.I=0.945 – 5.253), friend’s encouragement for junk food consumption (OR=0.252, C.I=0.067 – 0.944), recognition of marketing promotion strategy (OR=0.523, C.I=0.295 – 0.928), educational level of mother (lower secondary level) (OR=5.465, C.I=1.069 – 27.952), occupation of father (business) (OR=2.47, C.I=1.056 – 5.777) are seen to be significant to the model Moderate versus Low consumption.

Conclusion:  Study revealed that more than one-fourth of the sampled students were high consumers of junk foods. Many factors are associated with the consumption of junk foods. Thus, addressing the issue of increasing consumption, developing strategies & conducting different research in this field is the must. Concerned authorities should also pay special attention to this subject matter.
Factors Affecting Household Expenditure using OLS Method: A Case Study of Ward Number 6 of Sidhalek Rural Municipality, Dhading, Nepal
Authors: Acharya Krishna Prasad
Published: December 2021

Background: The role of annual household expenditure is very important to run a family smoothly. It incorporates the total expenditure of a family who is residing in a house for their livelihood. There are different factors associated with annual household expenditure, and the assessment of them and identification of such factors play a vital role in the concerned area.

Objective: To identify the most significant factors associated with annual household expenditure using an appropriate statistical model.

Materials and Methods: The study based on cross-sectional study design with 168 households from ward number 6 of Sidhalek rural municipality of Dhading district were considered for the analysis. The multiple linear regression model followed by appropriate bivariate analysis was used to identify the significant factors associated with the outcome variable.

Results: Number of literate persons of working age (β = 0.018, 95% CI: 0.004 - 0.032), remittance-receiving status (β = 0.093, 95% CI: 0.026 - 0.160), and gender of household head (β = 0.089, 95% CI: 0.023 - 0.155) was significantly associated with the annual household expenditure. The goodness of fit and diagnostics of the fitted model were also performed.

Conclusion: The annual household expenditure is significantly higher among those households having more literate persons of working age, headed by a male and receiving remittance. Considerable improvements need to be made towards the improvements on human capital and remittance-receiving status particularly in the rural area of Nepal.
Perancangan Alat Kunci Pintu Pintar Menggunakan Master Card Berbasis Arduino Nano
Authors: Manrasul Ryo Andika , Nugroho Zahir Dwiyan , Yudantara Agung , Muryani Sri
Published: December 2021

Tingkat kejahatan yang semakin hari semakin naik membuat kekhawatiran akan keamanan penyimpanan berkas data maupun dokumen penting sebuah instansi lembaga pendidikan. Banyaknya pencurian data dan perangkat penyimpan berkas data karena mudahnya pelaku pencurian mengakses sebuah ruangan kantor instansi terkait yang disebabkan oleh lemah nya sistem keamanan penguncian pada ruangan tertentu. Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu inovasi mulai dilakukan untuk membuat sebuah rancangan alat yang berfungsi secara maksimal. Dan contoh penerapan pada kasus ini yaitu sebuah kunci yang terhubung dengan keamanan ini adalah keamanan ruangan pribadi dengan kunci pintu pintar yang saat ini sudah sangat beragam dan berkembang, jenis dan tingkat keamanan pula. Pada kasus ini terciptalah sebuah gagasan  pembuatan rancangan kemananan kunci pintu pintar dengan tingkat keamanan yang cukup mumpuni yakni menggunakan sistem sensor RFID RC522 yang dapat membaca UID master card. Sistem tersebut terhubung dengan sebuah mikrokontroller arduino nano yang memroses program pintu akses seorang pengguna dengan maksud tertentu. Dengan akses yang hanya dimiki pengguna tertentu sehingga terjaminnya privasi dan keamanan sebuah ruangan penyimpanan data yang dapat meminimalisir tingkat kejahatan maupun pencurian data pada suatu ruangan instansi pendidikan.
Tożsamość białoruska: doświadczenia przeszłości i wyzwania teraźniejszości. W 30. rocznicę uzyskania przez Białoruś niepodległości
Authors: Getka Joanna , Grzybowski Jerzy
Published: December 2021

The presented collective monograph aims to introduce the readers to socio-political and cultural aspects of the formation of Belarusian national identity throughout the centuries. It shows the main problems faced by the Belarusians searching for their own path of civilizational development on the borderland between the cultures of the broadly understood East and West.
Historical Cartographic Information for Cultural Heritage Applications in a Semantic Framework
Authors: Gkadolou Eleni , Prastacos Poulicos
Published: December 2021

Les cartes historiques constituent un outil précieux pour la recherche en histoire, puisqu’elles sont dépositaires de renseignements sur l’espace qui reflètent la littératie géographique, l’idéologie et les préoccupations géopolitiques de l’époque où elles ont été établies – renseignements qui souvent ne sont pas fournis par d’autres sources. Les cartes historiques sont aussi un élément fondamental des applications dédiées au patrimoine culturel et aux sciences humaines numériques puisqu’elles donnent, en tant que cartes de base, une image de l’espace historique sur laquelle sont projetées d’autres ressources et le nom des lieux historiques, ce qui permet d’organiser et de géocoder diverses informations. Les cartes historiques devraient être abordées selon une approche sémantique qui considère les modèles et les normes de données des différentes disciplines liées au patrimoine culturel et aux sciences humaines numériques. C’est dans cet esprit que notre recherche poursuit des travaux antérieurs consistant à élaborer un profil d’application pour documenter les cartes historiques à partir du modèle du CIDOC et créer une base de données annotée de cartes historiques. Ce profil tient compte des concepts définitionnels de la carte et de ses relations aux objets, aux personnes, aux évènements et aux processus culturels. En vue de rassembler ces données et de les visualiser, une application web a été conçue à partir d’Arches, plateforme logicielle à code source ouvert destinée à la gestion du patrimoine culturel et compatible à la fois avec les normes du CIDOC et celles de l’information géographique.
Mapping Seasonality and Rural Production from a Geohistorical Perspective: The “Ripening Time Registry” of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Nineteenth Century, Italy)
Authors: Grava Massimiliano , Gabellieri Nicola , Macchi Janica Giancarlo
Published: December 2021

L’analyse des sources géohistoriques pour l’étude de la saisonnalité rurale du passé et des changements climatiques a commencé à susciter l’intérêt de la recherche internationale. Plusieurs chercheurs réclament de nouvelles sources afin de concevoir un cadre interprétatif qualitatif ou quantitatif. Dans cet esprit, l’article présente une élaboration cartographique d’un cadastre créé par le Grand-Duché de Toscane au XIXe siècle et auparavant inconnu, qui contient la liste de tous les produits agricoles et leurs temps de maturation dans les communautés toscanes. Sur la base de la cartographie du XIXe siècle, les données du registre ont été numérisées et géolocalisées à l’aide d’applications d’applications basées sur un SIG. Cette source permet de reconstituer la distribution spatiale et temporelle des semaines nécessaires dans le passé pour que ces produits murissent dans différentes régions de la Toscane. Ensuite, les périodes pendant lesquelles les espèces herbacées et arborées atteignaient la maturité et où elles étaient commercialisées ont été cartographiées. L’analyse montre qu’il existe entre les régions toscanes, au XIXe siècle, de nombreuses différences que les facteurs environnementaux ne suffisent pas à expliquer. De plus, l’examen des périodes de maturation du châtaignier entre le XIXe siècle et aujourd’hui nous permet d’étudier les effets de la hausse des températures sur la maturation. Pour conclure, nous présentons un portail SIG en ligne où les disciplines intéressées par la phytologie peuvent consulter les données.
А COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY OF SLAVIC ETHNIC GROUPS OF THE PAGAN PERIOD: THE TRIBES OF SOUTH-EASTERN AND NORTHERN RUS
Authors: Kovalenko Andrii
Published: December 2021

The paganism of the ancient Slavs is not in itself a unique phenomenon in the world history of cultures, it is a Slavic variant of the universal pagan massif, but the variant is unique. This is a whole worldview, that is, a holistic system of ideas about the world and man's place in it. However, in science this topic is insufficiently studied, which attracts many researchers, becoming a topical issue. In the historical literature, one of the central is the problem of the origin of the people (ethnogenesis). Clarification of the question of the ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs is the first link in the process of restoring the pedigree of the Ukrainian nation. Therefore, the article analyzes the first written references to the Slavs, which were left by ancient Roman, Byzantine authors, the compiler of the Tale of Bygone Years. On the basis of comparison of archeological and written sources the area of settlement of separate East Slavic tribes is traced. Material evidence of burial practices that existed in the Slavic environment, in particular mounds, is characterized. During the early medieval period of the history of the Eastern Slavs, the genesis of the burial rite can be traced to the northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi, Smolensk-Polovsk and Pskov Krivichi. The archeological artifacts and features of cremation described in the article provide grounds to assert the separate development of these tribes, which was due primarily to the geographical factor. Given the above, the opinion is substantiated that the territory of residence of the Eastern Slavs was divided into four large segments: the forest zone of the Dnieper right bank, the southern, southeastern and northern zones. It was within these limits that the life of the early medieval pagan Slavic tribes took place, which was characterized by a set of original cultural features.
Failure Analysis of Heat Exchangers
Authors: Sekulic Dusan P.
Published: December 2021

Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between a solid particulate and a fluid at different temperatures. This article first addresses the causes of failures in heat exchangers. It then provides a description of heat-transfer surface area, discussing the design of the tubular heat exchanger. Next, the article discusses the processes involved in the examination of failed parts. Finally, it describes the most important types of corrosion, including uniform, galvanic, pitting, stress, and erosion corrosion.
Fatigue-Life Assessment
Authors: Prueter Phillip E.
Published: December 2021

This article offers an overview of fatigue fundamentals, common fatigue terminology, and examples of damage morphology. It presents a summary of relevant engineering mechanics, cyclic plasticity principles, and perspective on the modern design by analysis (DBA) techniques. The article reviews fatigue assessment methods incorporated in international design and post construction codes and standards, with special emphasis on evaluating welds. Specifically, the stress-life approach, the strain-life approach, and the fracture mechanics (crack growth) approach are described. An overview of high-cycle welded fatigue methods, cycle-counting techniques, and a discussion on ratcheting are also offered. A historical synopsis of fatigue technology advancements and commentary on component design and fabrication strategies to mitigate fatigue damage and improve damage tolerance are provided. Finally, the article presents practical fatigue assessment case studies of in-service equipment (pressure vessels) that employ DBA methods.
Failure Analysis of Gears and Reducers
Authors: Sachs Neville , Sachs Neville W.
Published: December 2021

This article first reviews variations within the most common types of gears, namely spur, helical, worm, and straight and spiral bevel. It then provides information on gear tooth contact and gear metallurgy. This is followed by sections describing the important points of gear lubrication, the measurement of the backlash, and the necessary factors for starting the failure analysis. Next, the article explains various gear failure causes, including wear, scuffing, Hertzian fatigue, cracking, fracture, and bending fatigue, and finally presents examples of gear and reducer failure analysis.