bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating a baseline for bioaccumulation in crayfish in the central Appalachian coalfields
Authors: Whitson Taylor Ross
Published: May 2022

Cambarus veteranus and Cambarus callainus are highly imperiled crayfish that are federally listed. These crayfish are native to the coalfields region of central Appalachia. The dominant industry and land use in this region is coal mining. The most common method of mining in this area, surface mining, employs large ponds to hold a slurry water byproduct created when cleaning the coal. Intermittently, the containment structures for these ponds fail causing the uncontrolled release of coal slurry. There is a lack of data on the rates of bioaccumulation of elements commonly associated with mining in crayfish within this region before and after these spills occur, such that there is no reference to know what concentrations constitutes “normal” rates. Chemical pollutants along with increased sedimentation from industrial sources are known to cause adverse effects in crustaceans and can be lethal. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand what baseline conditions of bioaccumulation are within this region before spills occur. This study assessed the bioaccumulation of magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in non-imperiled crayfish by analyzing hepatopancreas and gill tissues. We analyzed rates of bioaccumulation grouped by crayfish genus and tissue type throughout each season Differences between genus and tissue type, reference and degraded sites, and between crayfish tissue type, periphyton, and water were also investigated. Seasonal variation in the concentrations of elements in crayfish tissue was found with higher element concentrations during winter and lower concentrations during summer. Differences between crayfish tissue type, periphyton, and water were also found, with periphyton typically having the highest concentrations, water having the lowest concentrations, and crayfish tissue being between concentrations found in water and periphyton.
Evaluating macroinvertebrate communities to determine stream flow duration in small headwater streams
Authors: RITCHEA-YOHO Mycah Ritchea-Yoho , Pond Gregory , Wood James
Published: May 2022

Small headwater streams are important habitats for macroinvertebrate communities but because of their small size they rarely get the protection they need. Determining stream flow duration can help determine which streams are most important to preserve. The macroinvertebrate community is not only a good indicator of water quality but can also indicate stream flow duration. Six small headwater streams were sampled using the Alternative Macroinvertebrate Sampling Method for High Gradient, Headwater Step/Pool Dominated Streams. Water quality data was also collected using a YSI Quatro Meter. All macroinvertebrates captured were identified down to family level and logged. The headwater macroinvertebrate field evaluation index was used to determine stream flow duration. Water chemistry showed that these streams are impaired and could be affecting the macroinvertebrate community. The HMFEI showed that four out of the six streams were class III PHWH streams and two out of the six were class II PHWH streams. Although these sites are small, they are still important habitats for many macroinvertebrate species and more care needs to be taken to push for the protection of small headwater streams.
The
Authors: Hartman Taylor
Published: May 2022

Taylor Hartman Department of Organismal Biology, West Liberty University, West Liberty West Virginia, 26074. Incubation Temperature Effects on Hatchling False Water Cobras

 

   In herpetoculture (the keeping of reptiles in captivity), there are often discrepancies between breeders for which incubation temperature for eggs of different snake species is most effective. It is believed by some breeders that warmer temperatures cause eggs to hatch faster and colder temperatures will cause the eggs to incubate longer but produce more robust babies. This study looks at false water cobra (FWC; hydrodynastes gigas) hatchlings housed in two temperatures to determine the effects of incubation temperatures upon hatching. Clutches of eggs were split as evenly as possible between a warm temperature of 82F (27C) and a cold temperature of 77F (25C). Upon hatching, individuals were measured from snout-to-vent (SVL) and weighed for mass. 

   The experiment is still ongoing with other snake species, but results have been calculated for H. gigas. The warmer incubation temperature produced snakes that were lighter in mass than cold incubated eggs, but both temperatures produced snakes of the same SVL. Results were found using an unpaired t-test, which suggested that the mass difference of 3.4 grams between the incubator’s hatchlings’ weight was significant. However, a difference of 0.9 centimeters in length was not significant. 

   Those incubated in the warmer temperature hatched at a faster rate than those in the cold temperature. Fungal infections on the eggs and deformities were more apparent in the warmer eggs, while no fungi or deformities were found in the colder temperatures, despite the incubation substrate and accommodating materials coming from the same source.
Conservation and Taxonomic Assessment of an Undescribed Crayfish in Coastal Virginia
Authors: Alyssa Oppedisano
Published: May 2022

Creaserinus fodiens (Cottle 1863), commonly known as the digger crayfish, is a primary burrower that inhabits complex burrows in wetlands, seasonal pools, wooded floodplains, and roadside ditches. Historically, C. fodiens have been found from Ontario, Canada following the United States down to Texas and across four Atlantic slope states including Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The Atlantic slope clades are geographically isolated from other C. fodiens populations by the continental shelf on the East coast and by the Blue Ridge Mountains. Despite having a wide geographical range, little research has been done on the Atlantic slope clades of Creaserinus spp. Recent genetic and morphological data suggests that the Virginia population of C. fodiens could be described as a different species. Additional morphological and genetic data from gill samples will lead to a better understanding of where the separation in classification lies among the Virginia population. A conservation and taxonomic assessment for Creaserinus fodiens along the Virginia Atlantic slope will be constructed from the results. These assessments will contribute to our understanding of global crayfish biodiversity and provide important biological insight to the management and conservation of these species.
Analysis of nest re-use by secondary cavity nesters.
Authors: Higgins Jade , Flaherty Kelley
Published: May 2022

Secondary cavity nesters are birds who are not able to excavate their own cavity for nesting but nest in premade cavities including human made nest boxes. Sometimes these birds will reuse nests left over from other birds in the same year, but this comes with some risks. Old nests can contain ectoparasites that negatively impact reproductive success, and these nests may be more susceptible to predators. To understand the effects of nest re-use on reproductive success, we used citizen science data from Project NestWatch. We analyzed 697 pairs of repeated nest attempts recorded from West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia in 2021. We used contingency tables to determine if there was an association between the success (at least one of the target offspring fledged) or failure (none of the target offspring fledged) of successive nest attempts. Two different contingency tables of this type were made: one for nest re-use by the same species of bird, and one for nest re-used by birds of a different species. The results suggest that nest re-use by birds of the same species were more likely to be successful, while nest re-use by birds of different species had no clear association between success and failure. This difference between inter- and intraspecies nest re-use may be due to the smaller sample size concerning different species.
Behavioral ecology of Ixodes scapularis and the implications for Lyme disease
Authors: Tran Myndi , Bjorgo-Thorne Kim , Sal Melanie
Published: May 2022

The most common ticks in West Virginia  include the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis), and the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus ( (WVU extension). One of the most common tick-borne diseases in WV is Lyme disease, caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Ixodes scapularis is a carrier for the B burgdorferi pathogen. Therefore, species identification is vital.   The purpose of this research is to understand how tick behavior can affect the transmission and distribution of Lyme disease in the eastern United States, specifically in West Virginia. An ethogram was constructed to display five core behaviors of Ixodes scapularis.Other behaviors may appear in the ethogram but those remain variable across species and were not included. No other behaviors distinctive to Ixodes scapularis were found. 

Five main behaviors were noted in Ixodes scapularis and can be functionally applied to other tick species. By understanding the behavior of ticks, the knowledge can be used to understand the prevalence of tick distribution in the eastern United States. When combining tick behavior and its distribution, one can then focus on the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in infected ticks. Additionally, infected tick behavior can differ from uninfected ticks, resulting in more frequent questing and biting behaviors. Different populations of the same species can also differ in questing height and hiding behavior.
Bisphenols A and S exposure induces an increase in triglyceride and oxidative stress, and a decrease in physical fitness
Authors: Dos Santos Julia , Haney Andrea C , Jones Jessica , Jones Jessica , Sine Tyler , Griffith Christopher , Griffith Christopher
Published: May 2022

Bisphenol A and S (BPA and BPS) are wild used in food packaging. High levels of those BPA and BPS in human specimens have been linked with the development of several diseases. This study aimed to verify the relationship between levels of BPA, BPS, oxidative stress, and their influence on lipid profile in overweight/obese young adults. Normal weight (BMI≤25) and overweight/obese (BMI ≥25) participated in 2 separate testing days. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed using 50 g of maltodextrin on both days. On the “Exercise” testing day, subjects ran for 30-minutes, while on the “Rest” day, they remained seated. Urinary BPA, BPS and oxidative stress, lipid profile, and body fat were assessed. Distance ran was used to determine physical fitness. The exercise, 30 minutes of running, decreased blood glucose compared to resting day. That decrease was negatively associated with the percentage of body fat (r = -0.505). There was no difference in urinary levels of BPA, BPS and oxidative stress between normal and overweight/obese subjects. Urinary BPA and oxidative stress were negatively associated with physical fitness (r=-0.45 and 0.51, respectively), while BPS was associated with an increase in oxidative stress and triglycerides (r=0.82 and 0.51, respectively). Exposure to BPA and BPS induced increased levels of oxidative stress and triglycerides and decreased physical fitness, increasing the risk of developing metabolic diseases.
Analysis of the Effectiveness of Masks at Blocking Bacterial Particulates.
Authors: Trevor  , Jamie Miller
Published: May 2022

In light of the recent pandemic, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of masks stopping bacterial particles. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended a multitude of varying face masks that are said to protect you and others from the spread of COVID-19 and other air-borne microbes. The main goal of this research was to test recommended masks and determine if they are as protective as everyone acknowledges them to be.

To evaluate the masks, multiple mathematical formulas were used to accurately imitate the average human cough. These calculations were used to build a machine that would expel air and a microbial solution through a mask. A bacterial sample was used to determine the effectiveness of microbe containment by the various masks due to the ability to obtain penetration measurements without the need of host cell infection. The machine constructed to mimic a human cough consists of a pressure regulator, “cough chamber”, and a mouth nozzle. The concentration of bacterial solution was factored into the amount of particulate that is expelled after an average cough. The standardized bacteria-containing cough solution was then dispersed through the mouth nozzle and a mask. Any particulate that passed through the mask was collected on a nutrient agar plate, which was used to quantify the number of microbial particles that breached the mask.

Preliminary data indicates that there is a difference in the effectiveness of the masks and some masks do not appear to be as effective as they are advertised to be. This calls into question the validity of the CDC’s recommendations for masks effective at preventing the transmission of air-borne microbes.
Designing Transfers Policy With Normatively Determined Revenues And Expenditures Of State Governments In India
Authors: Shanmugam K , Shanmugam K.R.
Published: May 2022

This study addresses an important policy issue of designing equalisation transfers from the union government of India to the states. It empirically measures the own revenue efficiency and potential of General Category and Special Category States using the frontier approach for panel data.  It also analyses the effect of transfers on states’ own revenue and its components. Results indicate a strong crowding-out effect of transfers in General Category States and a strong crowding-in effect in Special Category States. Amounts of additional transfers required to provide equal level of public services for all 29 States in four alternative scenarios range between ₹1072 billion and ₹15,948 billion. The range is based on alternate benchmarks of fiscal capacities and expenditure needs. We hope that these results will be useful to policymakers and other stakeholders to design appropriate fiscal transfer strategies such that all citizens can avail a standard level of public services in India.
Will Health Grants to Local Governments by the Fifteenth Finance Commission Eventually Become a Victim of Mission Creep Syndrome?
Authors: Chathukulam Jos , Joseph Manasi
Published: May 2022

While the health grants to local governments recommended by Fifteenth Union Finance Commission in the wake of Covid 19 pandemic lays emphasis on the trust-based approach to local governments and decentralization of health, the danger of Mission Creep can undo the potential and effectiveness of the grants to strengthen the primary health care sector. Lack of sensitization towards local governments; the misconception that local governments and its stakeholders are illiterate, weak and corrupt entities;  absence of an institutional monitoring mechanism to conduct a follow-up of the recommendations made by the respective Finance Commissions; lack of co-ordination between various Ministries of union and state governments; and the erosion of cooperative federalism can all contribute to health grants falling prey to the vicious cycle of Mission Creep Syndrome.
Have WEIRD societies entered a cul-de-sac?
Authors: Nageswaran V Anantha
Published: May 2022

A review article based on ‘The Weirdest people in the world’ by Joseph Henrich
Co-Management: A Ludic Language Pedagogical approach
Authors: Poole Frederick
Published: May 2022

How do you play games in your language classroom with 20+ students and only
one game? How do you avoid complete and total chaos? Take a
Co-Management approach! This playground discusses Co-Management as a
Ludic Language Pedagogy.
PENINGKATAN PRESTASI BELAJAR FISIKA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING BERBANTUAN MIND MAPPING
Authors: Idayati Lilik
Published: May 2022

ABSTRAK
Tujua
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar Fisika materi gerak lurus melalui penerapan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning berbantuan dengan Metode Mind Mapping pada Siswa Kelas X MIPA 1 SMA Negeri 2 Trenggalek. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri dari dua kali pertemuan. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa Kelas X MIPA 1 SMA Negeri 2 Trenggalek Semester Ganjil Tahun pelajaran 2018/2019 yang berjumlah 35 siswa, terdiri dari 18 putra dan 17 putri. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui hasil kuesioner dan hasil pengamatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan Model Pembelajaran Problems Based Learning berbantuan dengan Metode Mind Mapping dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa pada materi Gerak Lurus siswa Kelas X MIPA 1  SMAN 2 Trenggalek. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan adanya peningkatan Hasil belajar siswa berdasarkan nilai post test per siklus dengan nilai di atas KKM yaitu persentase pada siklus I= 62,9% dan pada siklus II =85,7%.
PENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MENEMUKAN UNSUR-UNSUR CERPEN MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN MODEL JIGSAW
Authors: Masruroh Siti
Published: May 2022

Permasalahan penelitian ini  “Bagaimana meningkatkan hasil belajar menemukan unsur-unsur cerpen melalui pembelajaran kooperatif Model jigsaw?  Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan hasil belajar menemukan unsur-unsur cerpen dengan menggunakan model Jigsaw pada kelas IXB tahun pelajaran 2017/2018 di SMPN 3 Karangan.  Metode dan teknik penelitian menggunakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas  (PTK).  Variabel yang diteliti adalah hasil belajar yang dicapai peserta didik selama 2 siklus yang dirancang  dalam empat kegiatan yaitu perencanaan, tindakan pembelajaran, pengamatan (observasi) serta analisis dan refleksi.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada siklus 1 hanya 60 %  peserta didik yang mempunyai nilai 70 ke atas meskipun  hasil belajar siswa mencapai rata-rata  69.4.  Pada siklus 2 terjadi peningkatan peserta didik yang memperoleh nilai di atas 70 sebanyak 88 % dan hasil belajar rata-rata 76 sehingga sudah melampaui kriteria keberhasilan yang ditetapkan.
AKULTURASI NOVEL “ASSALAMUALAIKUM BEIJING” KARYA ASMA NADIA
Authors: Ekayanti Yulia Usmaul , Fahrudin Fahrudin
Published: May 2022

Penelitian Akulturasi dalam Novel “Assalamualaikum Beijing!” Karya Asma Nadia bertujuan untuk meneliti proses akulturasi dalam Novel Assalamualaikum Beijing karya Asma Nadia, mencakup (1) unsur-unsur kebudayaan yang mudah dan yang sulit diterima, dan (2) karakter tokoh yang mudah menerima dan karakter tokoh yang sulit menerima unsur-unsur kebudayaan asing.Metode  pengumpulan data berupa dokumentasi. Sumber data novel “Assalamualaikum Beijing “ karya Asma Nadia  Hasil penelitian unsur-unsur kebudayaan yang mudah dan sulit diterima (1) aspek teknologi. tokoh menerima budaya karena beradaptasi, tokoh sulit menerima budaya bertolak belakang  kehidupan nyata. (2) aspek religi tokoh muslim pengaruhi emosi non muslim,  tokoh sulit menerima budaya asing sulit  dinalar. (3) aspek bahasa dan komunikasi, mudah menerima budaya asing karena belajar, tokoh Cina mempertahankan budaya asli. Karakter tokoh yang menerima dan karakter tokoh yang sulit menerima unsur-unsur kebudayaan asing (1) aspek cinta ilmu. tokoh nonmuslim  Cina  menerima budaya asing karena cinta ilmu, sedang tokoh sulit menerima  karena cinta ilmu tetapi harus mengikuti peraturan. (2) aspek cerdas. tokoh menerima budaya asing berpikir cepat.   tokoh  sulit menerima berpikir rasional  (3) aspek ketakwaan. tokoh  memiliki ketakwaan, tokoh sulit menerima budaya  karena aturan agamanya
Sleep Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices in Youth Sports Coaches and Science Support Staff
Authors: Komarek Zuzanna , Holda Malgorzata , Krzysztofik Sara , Spieszny Michal , Krzysztofik Michal , Filip-Stachnik Aleksandra
Published: May 2022

Background: The primary purpose of this study was to assess sleep hygiene knowledge among coaches and sports science support staff working with youth athletes, their sleep practices implemented with athletes, and their sleep education. Materials and methods: A sample of 139 Polish coaches and sports science support staff working with youth athletes volunteered to complete a survey focused on sleep monitoring, hygiene practices, and sleep education. The Sleep Beliefs Scale (SBS) was also included. Results: Overall sleep hygiene knowledge was inadequate for the whole sample (14.86 ± 2.70, score range 0 - 20; mean ± SD). However, the overall SBS score for science support staff was adequate (15.44 ± 2.71) and significantly higher than the inadequate score obtained by coaches (14.48 ± 2.65, p = 0.013). Less than half (48%) of coaches and science support staff promoted or administered sleep hygiene strategies, and only 17% monitored sleep of youth athletes. Most coaches and science support staff (only 35% of “Yes” responses) were not educated in sleep knowledge. However, there were significant differences between coaches and science support staff (28 % vs 46 %, respectively; p = 0.030) in their education in the field of sleep hygiene. Conclusions: Coaches working with youth athletes had inadequate overall sleep hygiene knowledge, while sports science support staff’s knowledge was adequate. Sleep hygiene strategies, sleep monitoring practices, and sleep education of coaches and science support staff seemed to be limited. We suggest that a broader approach to sleep education in youth sports staff might be necessary to improve sleep practices in youth athletes.
Analisis Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Kualitas Pelayanan Dalam Pembuatan Izin Mendirikan Bangunan Pada Badan Pelayanan Terpadu Dan Penanaman Modal Kota Jayapura
Authors: Urip Transna Putra , Ariance Gabrelia , Indahyani Rachmaeny
Published: May 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana persepsi masyarakat tentang kualitas pelayanan public di Badan Penanaman Modal dan Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu Kota Jayapura. Subjek dari penelitian ini memiliki karakteristik yaitu masyarakat yang mengajukan izin Mendirikan Bangunan Gedung (pemohon IMB) Badan penanaman modal dan pelayanan terpadu satu pintu Kota Jayapura tahun 2019, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, dan berusia lebih dari 20 tahun. Teknik penentuan subjek penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara random sampling. Penggunaan random sampling dalam penelitian ini berarti bahwa peneliti memberikan Kuesioner secara random atau acak kepada pemohon IMB yang datang. Apabila pemohon IMB tidak bersedia mengisi Kuesioner yang diajukan oleh peneliti, maka peneliti akan menggantinya dengan pemohon IMB yang lain. Alat analisis yang digunakan dalam pembahasan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) persepsi masyarakat terhadap pelayanan pembuatan IMB di Kota Jayapura adalah kurang baik dengan skor persepsinya sebesar 66,125. Namun terdapat indikator yang dipersepsikan baik yaitu indikator prosedur dan pengisian formulir. (2) Persepsi masyarkat terhadap persyaratan pembuatan IMB di Kota Jayapura adalah baik dengan skor sebesar 73,625. Namun terdapat indikator yang dipersepsikan kurang baik yaitu indikator gambar rencana bangunan. (3) Persepsi masyarakat terhadap keadilan pada pembuatan IMB di Kota Jayapura adalah kurang baik dengan skor persepsi sebesar 67,3. Namun terdapat indikator yang dipersepsikan baik yaitu indikator adil dalam menetapkan tarif pembayaran sesuai undang-undang yang berlaku.Kata Kunci: Persepsi Masyarakat, Kualitas Pelayanan, Izin Mendirikan Bangunan
Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Opini Hasi Pemeriksaan BPK Terhadap Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah Pada Lima Wilayah Adat Papua
Authors: Putro Suryo Handoko , Mollet Julius Ary , Klara Antonia
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui, menganalisis dan mendapatkan bukti empiris tentang pengaruh faktor kelemahan sistem pelaksanaan anggaran pendapatan dan belanja, sistem pengendalian akuntansi dan pelaporan, sistem pengendalian intern, kerugian daerah, potensi kerugian daerah, kekurangan penerimaan, administrasi, ketidakhematan, ketidakefisienan, dan ketidakefektifan terhadap pemberian opini hasil pemeriksaan Badan Pemeriksaan Keuangan (BPK) atas Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah (LKPD) Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota di lima wilayah adat Papua. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kausal yang bertujuan untuk menguji hipotesis dan merupakan penelitian yang menjelaskan fenomena dalam bentuk hubungan antar variabel. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang bersumber dari publikasi BPK RI dalam Ikhtisar Hasil Pemeriksaan Semesteran (IHPS) 2014 sampai dengan 2018. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 30 LKPD. Metode pemilihan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan purposive sampling, yaitu pengambilan sampel berdasarkan pada pertimbangan subyektif peneliti disesuaikan dengan tujuan penelitian. Data dalam penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode analisis statistik deskriptif yang meliputii: uji asumsi klasik, analisis regresi linier berganda dan pemodelan, analisis koefisien determinasi, pengujian hipotesis dengan uji F dan uji t.Kata Kunci: Sistem Pengendalian Intern, Kepatuhan, Opini BPK, LKPD, IHPS.
Evaluation of physical fitness parameters among future doctors of Belgaum – A cross sectional study
Authors: Mago Arpit , Tulsyan Astha , Kour Harpreet
Published: May 2022

Background: Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Medical education with its vast curriculum and rigorous training  is often very stressful and leads to physical inactivity and poor nutrition as a negative consequence. Medical students as future health care providers  are responsible for the good health of our citizens and therefore our study is aimed to study the interrelation between physical inactivity and health of medical student.
Methods: This cross -sectional study was conducted among 80 undergraduate MBBS students. Quota sampling method was used to identify 40 students from first year and 20 each from second and third year. A pretested, semi structured questionnaire including information about age, sex, attitude and practice of physical activity was collected. Anthropometric parameters and Physical performance parameters were assessed. Data entry was done using Excel sheet and statistical analysis was done in SPSS 23.0
Results: Mean BMI of subjects in the sample is 23.72 ± 5.31 (kg/m2). Majority of subjects in the sample are with  normal BMI followed by obese whereas 9 (11.25%) of subjects are underweight  Mean of SBP and DBP in the sample is 115.33 ± 16.03 and 76.35 ± 10.23 (mmHg) respectively. Out of 80 subjects , most of them 76 (95%) had poor physical fitness score whereas one subject each had good and excellent Physical fitness test score .48 (60%) of 80 subjects in the sample had intermediate agility score .53 of 80 subjects had Central obesity and 25 had truncal obesity i. e; 25 (47.17%) of 50 central obesity subjects had truncal obesity
Conclusion: This  study reiterates the importance of physical activity as way of primary prevention to achieve healthy life and encourages implantation of comprehensive health programmes in medical curriculum.
The burden of COVID-19 pandemic on child labour in Afghanistan
Authors: Yosufi Abubakr , Kaur Kirandeesh
Published: May 2022

Not available.
Integration of Wifi and Mobile Communications in Fire Early Warning Data Sending in Home Based on The Internet of Things
Authors: Asrul Asrul , Tamrin Fadli , Arman Arman
Published: May 2022

House fires are one of the disasters that are often encountered in the community, especially when the area is a dry geographical area. Not to mention the catastrophic house fires that took the most lives and losses for homeowners. The purpose of this research is how to build a disaster early warning system by utilizing the integration of wifi and cellular communications. In this study using blackbox testing and hardware testing methods as well as several tools such as Arduino Mega2560, ESP32, DHT-22, MQ-2, LDR Array, SIM900, Pump Mini DC and Fan Mini DC. After the results of the system design, where the system works with online and offline conditions and as well as each sensor works according to the input conditions of fire, gas and smoke.
Diversity Management
Authors: Bürger Annette , Schneider Nina
Published: May 2022

The authors identify reasons why women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions compared to men despite equal or better qualifications. Concrete support measures for female managers in the public and private sectors are shown and compared for the first time. For this purpose, female employees in management positions in the city of Bochum and in a large international company were interviewed as part of a corporate analysis. The results show that measures are only effective if they are tailored precisely to the companies. In particular, the respective corporate cultures must be taken into account.
Blockchain Governance
Authors: Vollerigh León
Published: May 2022

León Vollerigh analyzes different aspects of Blockchain Governance in view of central aspects of modern statehood and its assertiveness in digital and decentralized contexts. Relevant principles and developments of modern statehood are being described, as well as the functioning and development of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT). This examination leads to the in-depth analysis of “On-Chain Governance” with emphasis on the modes of generating consensus. Finally, to what extent modern statehood gets threatened by autonomous and digital forms of governance in a world of internationalization and privatization, and how governance of a digital and decentralized world can look like will be explored.
Living and Coping with Spinocerebellar Ataxia: Palliative Care Approach
Authors: Bozzetto Ambrosi Caroline , Bozzetto Ambrosi Patricia
Published: May 2022

The discussion about the palliative care approach in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) has become extremely relevant. Mainly after considering that most progressive ataxias are incurable, there are few published studies on their palliative and end-of-life care. Although many patients with degenerative neurological diseases have a normal life expectancy, some forms of SCA (e.g., type 1, 2, 3, and 17) can progress rapidly, with a shorter life span. This chapter will discuss current guidelines and recommendations that have been drawn from the broader field of progressive neurological conditions. In addition, we also review aspects of strategic end-of-life care management, the involvement of the multidisciplinary team and the contribution of allied health professionals are essential for excellent patient support care in a palliative approach. More studies on your supportive care and end-of-life care to manage this serious illness to improve quality of life and reduce suffering, addressing complex medical symptoms, psychosocial issues, general well-being, and planning strategies for better living and coping are needed.
Isothermal Calorimetry: Molecular Interactions between Small Molecules in Organic Solvents
Authors: Gutiérrez-Climente Raquel , Prost Elise , Cordin Aude , Chesta Carlos , Duma Luminita
Published: May 2022

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is widely used to study protein-ligand, DNA-drug and/or protein-protein interactions but its application for small molecule complexation remains limited namely when the titration is performed in organic solvents. Compared to other dedicated spectroscopic techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectrometry or fluorimetry, which require a series of experiments to extract site-specific stoichiometry and affinity information, ITC provides in a single experiment a complete thermodynamic picture of the overall interaction mechanism. This chapter presents examples that support the high potential of ITC to probe interactions between small molecules in methanol, acetonitrile and methanol/water mixture on a Nano ITC Low Volume device (TA Instruments), with an emphasis on both simple (1:1) and more complex (1:1 and 1:2) interaction mechanisms.
Substances in Subjects: Instantiation and Existence in Avicenna
Authors: Taylor Nathaniel B. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2022

In an effort to refute Avicenna’s real distinction between essence and existence, Averroes argues for an Instantiation Analysis of existence which thinks of existence not as an accidental addition to an essence, but rather as the recognition that there is an instance in extramental reality which matches a concept in the mind of a knower. In this study, I argue that Averroes’s Instantiation Analysis fails to refute Avicenna’s real distinction by showing that Avicenna himself endorses the Instantiation Analysis and, in fact, makes use of it to motivate his real distinction. To show this, I review several texts where Avicenna makes the puzzling claim that substances are found to be in subjects. These texts reveal how Avicenna discovers the real distinction with Aristotle’s help—not, as Averroes relates, against the view of Aristotle.
Living Accountably: Accountability as a Virtue
Authors: Evans C. Stephen , Rickabaugh Brandon ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2022

This paper tries to show that there is an important virtue (with no generally recognized name) that could be called “accountability.” This virtue is a trait of a person who embraces being held accountable and consistently displays excellence in relations in which the person is held accountable. After describing the virtue in more detail, including its motivational profile, some core features of this virtue are described. Empirical implications and an agenda for future research are briefly discussed. Possible objections to the virtue are considered and rebutted, and relations to other virtues, particularly the personal virtue of justice, are discussed. In conclusion, we suggest that though this virtue has not received the attention it deserves in contemporary society, it has been more clearly recognized in other cultures. Some of the reasons for the partial eclipse of the virtue are understandable and justifiable, but there are good reasons to think our society would be improved if we paid more attention to accountability from a virtue perspective.
Introduction: ‘I Already Have a Voice’: The Representation and Self-Representation of Homelessness
Authors: Clayton Owen
Published: May 2022

This introduction outlines the volume’s aim to produce conversations across disciplines, something that rarely occurs in Homelessness Studies. It describes the chapters in the volume, outlining how they examine the processes of Othering and dehumanisation, as well as discussing the advantages of co-production. It also outlines the stereotypical representations that are prevalent in discussions of homelessness. These representations, which are often found in charity publicity campaigns, focus on ‘rough sleepers’ as passive victims. While some scholars have argued in favour of stereotyping on the grounds that it is effective in securing charitable donations, this introduction argues that such representations cause significant damage by perpetuating harmful myths. The introduction asserts the need for a shift in representation towards demonstrating the agency and abilities of people with experience of homelessness. It then explains the benefits of including self-representations by contributors with experience of homelessness alongside academic research.
‘Who Said I Was a Bum?’ Self-Presentation in the “Hobo” News , 1915–1924
Authors: Clayton Owen
Published: May 2022

In the early 20th-century United States, hobos were decried as lazy, dirty and unintelligent. Yet these marginalised people saw themselves as central to building the new American West. In their self-published newspaper, the “Hobo” News, transient writers challenged the stereotypes of mainstream society through humour, philosophical and political debate, as well as through detailed descriptions of work. This chapter explores the self-presentations of transient authors, noting how the various contributors to the “Hobo” News sought to distinguish between ‘hobos’, ‘tramps’ and ‘bums’. Hobos were, according to this schema, workers labouring to create modern America. In contrast, tramps and bums were guilty of the sins of laziness that society incorrectly attributed to hobos. Yet by making this distinction, “Hobo” News contributors played into conservative ideologies of work, and in so doing left a space for prejudice not simply against tramps and bums, but against all transients, whether they qualified as ‘workers’ or not. They also implicitly and explicitly excluded other figures who did not fit into the ideological construction of the hobo, in particular women and people of colour.
A Poetics of Difference: Neoplatonism and the Discourse of Desire in the Early Modern Spanish Love Lyric
Authors: Weiss Julian
Published: May 2022

This essay examines lyric verse (particularly the sonnet) from the Hispanic Renaissance and the Baroque and shows how male and female poets exploited Neoplatonic discourse as a means of thinking about — and thinking beyond — the boundaries of gender identity. Among the poets discussed are Francisco de Aldana (1537–78), Catalina Clara Ramírez de Guzmán (1611–c. 1680), and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651–95). Baldassare Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier and Leone Ebreo’s Dialogues on Love provide a further frame for the analysis of gendered discourse of Neoplatonic love. The paper concludes with some general methodological remarks about the significance of Neoplatonism as a cross-cultural phenomenon. To understand how it travels across cultures is to acknowledge its ideological potential to stage boundary crossings and negotiate differences of many kinds.
Body and Soul in the Arabic Literature of the Americas
Authors: Ostle Robin
Published: May 2022

Amongst the large numbers of Syro-Lebanese who migrated to North and South America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were important writers and poets whose works in Arabic were significant in their own right and had long-standing effects on the literature of the Arab world in the twentieth century. Jibrān Khalīl Jibrān (1883–1931) was the pre-eminent figure of these émigré (Mahjar) writers and at an early stage in his literary career he expressed enthusiasm for the ideas of Ibn Sīnā (980–1037), particularly in relation to the Neoplatonic concept of the duality of Body and Soul. This became a major theme in the work of the Mahjar poets and from them it became more commonplace in modern Arabic poetry generally. These poets also embraced the Neoplatonic vision of the general ensoulment of Nature from their readings of the European Romantics.
Shards of Infinitude: Neoplatonist Relics in Modern Persian Poetry
Authors: Karimi-Hakkak Ahmad
Published: May 2022

Expressions of the complex of ideas manifestly inherited from, or demonstrably related to, Neoplatonism began to be seen in Persian poetry as an integral part of the shift that occurred in that tradition through the twelfth century, a shift marked initially by a steady interiorisation of poetic apparatus toward various gnostic visions and grand metaphysical aspirations, and later demonstrable as an integral part of poetic metaphysics. Though more fragmented in modern times, the tendency remains alive in certain important poetic expressions, mostly of a contrarian type, making visible an important process of distancing and divesture. This chapter will be concerned primarily and ultimately with the various manifestations of Neoplatonic ideas in modern and modernist traditions in Persian poetry, as they began to appear in the latter part of the twentieth century. More significantly, it will point out the diverse ways in which ideas with an ancient pedigree are recast by each generation as relics of antique thought seeking to be integrated into modern and contemporary poetic traditions. The chapter’s main emphasis remains on the latest visions of a diffuse and unbound spirituality in the works of poets such as Bījan Elāhī (1945–2010), Sohrāb Sepehrī (1930–80), Forūgh Farrokhzād (1935–67), and ʿAbbās Kiārostamī (1940–2016), as they articulate genuinely novel visions of, and pathways to, an unknowable Absolute, and strive to reconcile or transcend not just the heritage of Peripatetic and Platonic thought, but rise above all dogma to present glimpses of a secular spirituality whose aesthetic and moral worth has yet to be fully recognised.
The New Image of the Beloved in the Old Mirror: Reflections on the Neoplatonic Tradition in Modern Turkish Poetry
Authors: Demirkol Neslihan , Kalpakli Mehmet
Published: May 2022

Ottoman culture has produced sublime and sophisticated examples of Neoplatonic cosmology in the form of poetry with an Islamic character inherited from Arabic and Persian literary cultures. The concepts of Neoplatonism almost entirely pervade the lyric tradition and constitute the conceptual and aesthetical backbone of Ottoman poetry. However, the history of Turkish literature or specifically Turkish poetry went through a drastic epistemological and aesthetic rupture during the transition from an empire to a nation state, which led to an extremely polarised political and cultural milieu. In accordance with the aims and scope of the project and taking into account the polarised scholarly, literary and political environment of modern society in general and of Turkey in particular, it seems important to trace a line of continuity and points of convergence between Ottoman poetry and modern Turkish poetry foregrounding Neoplatonic references and analogies. To this end, this chapter aims at scrutinising how modern Turkish poets follow in the footsteps of a Neoplatonic cosmology. The arguments of the paper are built on a sample of poems by modern Turkish poets, namely by Asaf Halet Çelebi, Behçet Necatigil, Sezai Karakoç, Hilmi Yavuz, and Birhan Keskin. In doing so, the paper strives to show how these themes are re-shaped, reclaimed and represented in modern Turkish poetry, and how the Neoplatonic cosmology still defines the aesthetic codes and the rules of spirituality in modern poetry.
Neoplatonists in Modern Greek Poetry
Authors: Ricks David
Published: May 2022

This paper analyses a cluster of major Greek poets since 1880 who have referred to key figures from the history of Neoplatonism as a foil to their ancestral Greek Orthodoxy. Though that foil sometimes takes the form of a rejection -- 'Thou hast conquered, o pale Galilaean!' -- it can operate in a variety of ways. Among the cases discussed are Kostis Palamas (1859-1943), in his translation of Leconte de Lisle's 'Hypatie' and in his epic The Emperor’s Reedpipe; C.P. Cavafy (1863-1933), in a number of short poems in which Neoplatonists and their cultural context appear; and in the work of the ardently Orthodox poet Zissimos Lorenzatos (1915-2004). The Platonic or Neoplatonist persons involved cover a range from Charmides to Ammonius Saccas, Chrysanthius of Sardis, Maximus of Ephesus, Proclus, and, far remote in time and place, Ibn ʿArabī .
The Roots of Corporate Accountability: From the Holocaust and Beyond
Authors: Payne Leigh A. , Beall Mary N. , Hutchinson Ami
Published: May 2022

The chapter addresses the roots of corporate accountability and transitional justice with the post-Holocaust efforts to hold perpetrators responsible for human rights violations that occurred during World War II.  It begins with three waves of trials of economic actors in Nazi Germany. While the legacy of modern international human rights law emerged from those trials, the same cannot be said for addressing economic actors’ role in genocide and crimes against humanity, including torture, disappearance, murder, and slave labour. The response to the Holocaust led to what the UN asserts as states’ obligations in transitional justice contexts, which are now embodied in a wide range of international human rights instruments. However, the binding and enforceable human rights obligations contained within these instruments have not been effectively applied to economic actors.  This chapter explores why this is the case, focusing on a changed international political context following the Holocaust, including the trials of businesses for crimes against humanity during World War II in Japan, the Rwandan genocide, and in the Argentine dictatorship. The final section considers explanations for why historical precedent has not translated into binding and enforceable international human rights obligations on economic actors.
Networking Abroad
Authors: Ansell Richard
Published: May 2022

Histories of the Grand Tour tend to overlook sociability in favour of art and architecture, but interpersonal connections were at the heart of educational travel. Young men moved abroad among what one tutor called ‘a world of English’. Travelling groups used shared experiences – and shared excesses – to forge links of patronage and friendship in a self-conscious community of honour. At the same time, and far earlier than most historians allow, they rubbed shoulders with older relations and acquaintances abroad for leisure or health. Various kinds of expatriate, moreover, including diplomats, merchants and political and religious exiles, enhanced the unifying effect of time abroad for young gentlemen from Britain and Ireland. Relationships with foreign hosts were usually fleeting, by contrast: not only was local company often difficult to access, but it was seen as an opportunity for learning rather than long-term friendship. The lasting connections that emerged from educational travel were among fellow travellers, as time abroad became an effective way for families to buy into the English elite on the threshold of adulthood.
Conclusion
Authors: Ward Graeme
Published: May 2022

This concluding chapter briefly restates the book’s key themes by stressing the different roles historical knowledge played in the Carolingian world. From there, it sketches the medieval reception history of Frechulf’s work. In particular, it touches upon how Frechulf’s compilation of authoritative historiography itself became accepted and recognised as an authoritative text.
Theory and Theurgy; or, How Ficino Wished to Dispatch the Averroist Intellect through Platonic Good Works
Authors: Giglioni Guido
Published: May 2022

In this chapter, I argue that during the 1490s Marsilio Ficino devoted particular attention to Iamblichus’s Reply to Porphyry’s Letter to Anebo, for in this text he found indicated the best course of action to stem the rising tides of religious iconoclasm and philosophical monopsychism, represented by, respectively, the pure heart of the reforming zealots – the purists in devotion – and the one intellect of the Averroist Aristotelians – the purists in contemplation. Indeed, Iamblichus appeared to Ficino as better suited to respond to this particular situation than Plotinus, for, unlike Plotinus, Iamblichus believed that the human soul was fully descended and that therefore the only way for it to regain unity with God was by undergoing rituals of theurgic catharsis.