bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathological features and microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancers from African Americans
Authors: Ashktorab Hassan , Smoot Duane T. , Farzanmehr Haleh , Fidelia‐Lambert Marie , Momen Bahram , Hylind Linda , Iacosozio‐Dononue Christine , Carethers John M. , Goel Ajay , Boland C. Richard , Giardiello Francis M.
Published: April 2005

African Americans (AAs) have a 1.5 times higher risk of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) than Caucasians. Gene silencing through CpG island hypermethylation has been associated with the genesis or progression of microsatellite instability (MSI) largely due to 1 target for hypermethylation being the DNA mismatch repair gene hMLH1; there is anecdotal evidence of an increased incidence of MSI among AAs. P16 and hMLH1 can be inactivated by hypermethylation of their respective promoter regions, abrogating the ability to regulate cell proliferation and repair processes. We studied such methylation, as well as hMHS2 expression in colorectal cancers from AA patients to determine if MSI is associated with epigenetic silencing. Experiments were conducted on matched normal and colon cancer tissues from AA patients (n = 51). A total of 5 microsatellite markers (D2S123, D5S346, D17S250, BAT25 and BAT26) were used to evaluate MSI status. P16 and hMLH1 promoter methylation status was determined following bisulfite modification of DNA and using methylation specific PCR, while immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to examine expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2. A total of 22 (43%) cancers demonstrated microsatellite instability‐high (MSI‐H), while 27 were microsatellite stable (MSS) and 2 were microsatellite instability‐low (MSH‐L). Most of the MSI‐H tumors were proximal, well differentiated and highly mucinous. Most patients in the MSI‐H group were females (68%). The p16 promoter was methylated in 19 of 47 (40%) tumors. A total of 7 of these CRCs demonstrated MSI‐H (33%). The hMLH1 promoter was methylated in 29 of 34 (85%) tumors, of which 13 CRCs demonstrated MSI‐H (87%). hMLH1 and hMSH2 staining was observed in 66% and 38% of MSI‐H tumors, respectively. Overall, the prevalence of MSI‐H colorectal tumor was 2‐3‐fold higher, while the defect in the percentage expression of mismatch repair (MMR) genes (hMLH1 and hMSH2) was similar in AA patients compared to the U.S. Caucasian population. Similar numbers of AA MSS tumors with p16 and hMLH1 methylation likely indicate hemimethylation of genes that might reflect environmental or genetic influences that might be more common in the AA population. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adam‐9 expression and regulation in human skin melanoma and melanoma cell lines
Authors: Zigrino Paola , Mauch Cornelia , Fox Jay W. , Nischt Roswitha
Published: April 2005

ADAM‐9 belongs to a family of transmembrane disintegrin‐containing metalloproteinases (ADAMs) involved in protein ectodomain shedding and cell‐cell and cell‐matrix interactions. However, the specific biological functions of ADAM‐9 are still unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of ADAM‐9 in melanoma in vivo and in melanoma cell lines in vitro. In melanoma ADAM‐9 protein expression appeared to be restricted to the melanoma cells within the invading front. Interestingly, ADAM‐9 protein was detected in the melanoma cells and in peritumoral stromal fibroblasts, while it was absent in fibroblasts distal to the tumor site. RNA analysis of melanoma cell lines with different invasive abilities showed ADAM‐9 expression in varying amounts in all cell lines, independent of their invasive and metastatic capacities. In MV3 melanoma cells, ADAM‐9 expression did not depend on homotypic cell‐cell contact and on cell‐matrix interaction when the cells were cultured on planar extracellular matrix components. However, we observed downregulation of ADAM‐9 mRNA expression upon culture of melanoma cells within 3‐dimensional lattices composed of fibrillar type I collagen, whereas culture within gels consisting of the polysaccharide alginate did not alter transcript levels. These results identified fibrillar collagen type I as a key factor in ADAM‐9 regulation by cell‐matrix interactions. Interestingly, we also observed a 3‐fold downregulation of ADAM‐9 transcript levels upon treatment with interleukin (IL)‐1α, a proinflammatory cytokine known to induce expression of other ADAM and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family members. In summary, our data suggest a novel role of fibrillar collagen and of soluble factors for the regulation of ADAM‐9 expression in vitro. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of estrogen receptor α polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in older Caucasian women
Authors: Modugno Francesmary , Zmuda Joseph M. , Potter Douglas , Cai Chao , Ziv Elad , Cummings Steven R. , Stone Katie L. , Morin Phillip A. , Greene Deborah , Cauley Jane A.
Published: April 2005

Estrogens exert their effect on the breast through the estrogen receptor. We prospectively investigated breast cancer risk associated with 2 polymorphic sites in the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1). A total of 4,248 Caucasian women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures were genotyped for the −401 T/C and −354 A/G polymorphisms in ESR1. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between genotypes and breast cancer. During a mean follow‐up of 12.4 years, 252 (5.9%) women developed breast cancer. The HR (95% CI) for breast cancer were 0.928 (0.708, 1.22) and 0.834 (0.538, 1.29) for the −354 A/G and A/A genotypes, respectively. Interactions with −354 variant were observed for smoking (HR = 1.52 and 1.56 for A/G and A/A smokers, respectively; HR = 0.74 and 0.60 for A/G and A/A non‐smokers, respectively; interaction p = 0.03) and walking (HR = 0.75 and 1.15 for A/G and A/A walkers, respectively; HR = 0.18 and 0.49 for A/G and A/A non‐walkers, respectively; interaction p = 0.01). There were no differences in the HR for the −401 T/C genotypes. An interaction between parity and carriage of the T allele was found (HR = 0.60 vs. 1.12 for nulliparous vs. parous women; interaction p = 0.03). ESR1 polymorphisms in combination with lifestyle factors may be associated with breast cancer risk in older Caucasian women. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of carbonic anhydrase 9–expressing tumor cells in the lymph nodes of vulvar carcinoma patients by RT‐PCR
Authors: Kowalewska Magdalena , Radziszewski Jakub , Kulik Jadwiga , Barathova Monika , Nasierowska‐Guttmajer Anna , Bidziński Mariusz , Pastorek Jaromir , Pastorekova Silvia , Siedlecki Janusz A.
Published: April 2005

Regional lymph node status is an important prognostic factor for vulvar cancer. The goal of our study was to elaborate a reliable test for detecting micrometastases, undetectable by traditional methods, in the lymph nodes of vulvar squamous carcinoma patients. For this purpose, carbonic anhydrase‐9 (CA9) was investigated as a cancer‐related marker by RT‐PCR. Firstly, primary carcinoma specimens were examined for CA9 expression by immunohistochemistry with M75 monoclonal antibody. All 19 tissues exhibited a variable degree of staining, which was mostly confined to the plasma membranes of tumor cells. Correspondingly, all primary tumor specimens and the control A‐431 vulvar cancer cell line gave a positive signal in the nested RT‐PCR assay designed to detect CA9‐expressing cells with a high sensitivity. Analysis of 77 lymph node specimens from 20 patients revealed a full correlation between RT‐PCR results and standard hematoxylin–eosin staining in 75% of samples, whereas 25% of specimens were negative by the standard method and positive for CA9 mRNA, accounting for 28% of all histologically negative lymph nodes. There were no false‐negatives with RT‐PCR. A positive inguinal lymph node with a negative sentinel node was observed in the same groin only once in 38 specimens. Our findings clearly indicate potential value of CA9 as a molecular marker for the assessment of regional lymph node status in vulvar cancer patients and support a possible utility of our RT‐PCR assay in the detection of micrometastases. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A high‐fat diet generates alterations in nuclear receptor expression: Prevention by vitamin A and links with cyclooxygenase‐2 and β‐catenin
Authors: Delage Barbara , Bairras Céline , Buaud Benjamin , Pallet Véronique , Cassand Pierrette
Published: April 2005

Epidemiologic studies suggest that intake of high energy from fat, inducing overweight, increases the risk of cancer development and promotes colon carcinogenesis. It is therefore important to understand which parameters are affected early on by a high‐fat diet in order to devise and improve protective nutritional strategies. We investigated the effect of high energy/fat intake on colon mucosa of male Wistar rats induced by a single 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH) injection. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were numbered and modifications in cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and β‐catenin levels assessed. Peroxisome proliferator– and retinoic acid–activated receptors (PPAR and RAR, RXR) are key transcription factors regulating gene expression in response to nutrient‐activated signals. A short‐term study was designed to evaluate whether alterations in mRNA expression of nuclear receptors can be detected at the beginning of the weight gain phase induced by an appetizing hyperlipidic diet (HLD). HLD consumption induced early downregulation of PPARγ (−33.1%) and RARβ (−53.1%) mRNA expression concomitant with an increase in levels of COX‐2 (+45.5%) and β‐catenin (+84.56%) and in the number of ACF (191.56 ± 88.60 vs. 21.14 ± 11.64, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that HLD increases ACF occurrence, possibly through alterations in the mRNA expression profile of nuclear receptors. Moreover, the use HLD rich in retinyl esters or supplemented with all‐trans retinoic acid led to a reduction in the number of ACF. Vitamin A also prevented HLD‐induced alterations and the increase in levels of COX‐2 and β‐catenin. The present observations show a protective role for vitamin A against disturbances associated with HLD exposure in induced colon carcinogenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies of a vascular‐acting photosensitizer, Pd‐bacteriopheophorbide (Tookad), in normal canine prostate and spontaneous canine prostate cancer
Authors: Huang Zheng , Chen Qun , Luck David , Beckers Jill , Wilson Brian C. , Trncic Nadira , LaRue Susan M. , Blanc Dominique , Hetzel Fred W.
Published: April 2005

Background and Objectives

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated with Tookad (Pd‐bacteriopheophorbide, WST09) was investigated pre‐clinically as part of a program to develop an alternative modality for treating prostate cancer.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Spontaneous canine prostate cancer and normal canine prostate were used as the animal models. Interstitial PDT was performed by IV infusion of the photosensitizer and irradiating the prostates with a diode laser (763 nm). The prostates were harvested 1‐week post‐PDT and subjected to histopathologic examinations. The effects of the drug doses and light doses were studied for one‐ and two‐session PDT. Pharmacokinetics were studied using HPLC assay. The feasibility of using perfusing CT scans for assessing PDT lesions was also evaluated.

Results

Tookad is a vascular‐acting drug and clears rapidly from the circulation. Tookad‐PDT‐induced lesions, in both normal and cancerous prostates, were characterized by marked hemorrhagic necrosis.

Conclusions

Tookad‐PDT is very effective in ablating prostatic tissue through its vascular effects. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reorganization of cytoskeleton induced by 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐mediated photodynamic therapy and its correlation with mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Tsai Jui‐Chang , Wu Chia‐Lun , Chien Hsiung‐Fei , Chen Chin‐Tin
Published: April 2005

Background and Objectives

This study investigated the early cellular events which occurred after mitochondrial photodamage induced by 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Subcellular localization of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in NIH3T3 cells was studied by confocal microscopy. Mitochondrial damage was assessed by measuring mitochondrial transmembrane potential and ATP contents, and confirmed by characteristic appearance on transmission electron microscopy. Cellular adhesion was measured by the level of resistance to trypsinization. Cytoskeletal studies were performed by fluorescent staining of cytoskeletal components.

Results

Following ALA‐PDT, mitochondrial damage was found in NIH3T3 cells as judged by the decrease of membrane potential and ATP contents. Mitochondrial photodamage was futher confirmed by electron microscopy. Resistance to trypsinization after ALA‐PDT was shown to be light dose‐dependent. The increase of cellular adhesion after ALA‐PDT was correlated with mitochondrial photodamage and reorganization of cytoskeletal components in NIH3T3 cells.

Conclusions

This study has demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by ALA‐PDT results in alterations of cellular morphology and cellular adhesion. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A nonself‐adjoint singular Sturm–Liouville problem with a spectral parameter in the boundary condition
Authors: Allahverdiev Bilender P.
Published: April 2005

We consider nonself‐adjoint singular Sturm–Liouville boundary‐value problems in the limit‐circle case with a spectral parameter in the boundary condition. The approach is based on the use of the maximal dissipative operator, and the spectral analysis of this operator is adequate for the boundary‐value problem. We construct a self‐adjoint dilation of the maximal dissipative operator and its incoming and outgoing spectral representations that make it possible to determine the scattering matrix of the dilation. We also construct a functional model of the dissipative operator and specify its characteristic function in terms of solutions of the corresponding Sturm–Liouville equation. On the basis of the results obtained regarding the theory of the characteristic function, we prove theorems on completeness of the system of eigenvectors and associated vectors of the dissipative operator and the Sturm–Liouville boundary‐value problem. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the geometry of generalized inverses
Authors: Andruchow E. , Corach G. , Mbekhta M.
Published: April 2005

We study the set S = {(a, b) ∈ A × A : aba = a, bab = b} which pairs the relatively regular elements of a Banach algebra A with their pseudoinverses, and prove that it is an analytic submanifold of A × A. If A is a C*‐algebra, inside S lies a copy the set ℐ of partial isometries, we prove that this set is a C∞ submanifold of S (as well as a submanifold of A). These manifolds carry actions from, respectively, GA × GA and UA × UA, where GA is the group of invertibles of A and UA is the subgroup of unitary elements. These actions define homogeneous reductive structures for S and ℐ (in the differential geometric sense). Certain topological and homotopical properties of these sets are derived. In particular, it is shown that if A is a von Neumann algebra and p is a purely infinite projection of A, then the connected component ℐp of p in ℐ is simply connected. If 1 – p is also purely infinite, then ℐp is contractible. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Schur complements in C*‐algebras
Authors: Cvetković‐Ilić Dragana S. , Djordjević Dragan S. , Rakočević Vladimir
Published: April 2005

In this paper we introduce and study Schur complement of positive elements in a C*‐algebra and prove results on their extremal characterizations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fully summingmultilinear and holomorphicmappings into Hilbert spaces
Authors: Pellegrino Daniel , Souza Marcela
Published: April 2005

It is known that whenever E1, … , En are infinite dimensional L∞‐spaces and F is any infinite dimensional Banach space, there exists a bounded n‐linear mapping from E1 × … × En into F that fails to be absolutely (1; 2)‐summing. In this paper we generalize a theorem of S. Kwapién and obtain a sufficient condition in order to assure that a given n‐linear mapping T from infinite dimensional L∞‐spaces into an infinite dimensional Hilbert space is absolutely (1; 2)‐summing. Besides, we also give a sufficient condition in order to obtain a fully (1; 1)‐summing multilinear mapping from l1 ×…× l1 × l2 into an infinite dimensional Hilbert space. In the last section we introduce the concept of fully summing holomorphic mappings and give the first examples of this kind of map. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Viscosity solutions to the degenerate oblique derivative problem for fully nonlinear elliptic equations
Authors: Popivanov P. , Kutev N.
Published: April 2005

In this paper we prove a comparison principle between the semicontinuous viscosity sub‐ and supersolutions of the tangential oblique derivative problem and the mixed Dirichlet–Neumann problem for fully nonlinear elliptic equations. By means of the comparison principle, the existence of a unique viscosity solution is obtained. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Some properties of Morrey type Besov–Triebel spaces
Authors: Tang Lin , Xu Jingshi
Published: April 2005

In this paper, the authors discuss some basic properties of Morrey type Besov–Triebel spaces. The authors also give the boundedness of some operators which including pseudo‐differential operators of the Hörmander class Φ . (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theory of Shear‐Thickening in Transient Networks of Associating Polymers
Authors: Indei Tsutomu , Koga Tsuyoshi , Tanaka Fumihiko
Published: April 2005

Summary: Shear‐thickening phenomena observed in thermo‐reversible gels of telechelic associating polymers are theoretically studied on the basis of the transient network model. Non‐linear tension due to over‐stretching of the middle chain leads to thickening, if the coupling constant g of the end‐chain dissociation rate to the middle chain tension fulfills a certain condition. We give the condition for thickening in terms of the molecular parameters.

The thickening phase diagram: The region below each curve leads to thickening, whereas the region above the curve causes thinning for each molecular weight.

image

The thickening phase diagram: The region below each curve leads to thickening, whereas the region above the curve causes thinning for each molecular weight.
The Dubowitz neurological examination of the full‐term newborn
Authors: Dubowitz Lilly , Ricciw Daniela , Mercuri Eugenio
Published: April 2005

In an ideal world, each neonate should have a comprehensive neurological examination but in practice this is often difficult. In this review we will describe what a routine neurological evaluation in the full‐term neonate should consist of and how the Dubowitz examination is performed. The examination has been used for over 20 years and can be easily performed in a short time as the recording sheet provides simple instructions together with simple diagrams to make the recording and the scoring easier. We will also indicate how the examination can be used to identify infants with neurological abnormalities, describing clinical signs which can help to differentiate infants with peripheral neuromuscular disorders from those with central nervous system involvement. The correlation between clinical and imaging findings in infants with neonatal brain lesions will also be reported. Finally we will briefly describe how and when to apply an optimality scoring system in a research setting. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:52–60.
A comparison of developmental assessments of the newborn and young infant
Authors: Majnemer Annette , Snider Laurie
Published: April 2005

Neonatal neurobehavioral assessments describe a newborn's spontaneous behavioural repertoire and observable responses to environmental stimuli. Infant developmental assessments document the range of developmental skills that emerge and develop over the first years of life. This review highlights two neonatal assessments (Einstein Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale, Neurobehavioral Assessment of the Preterm Infant) and two infant assessments (Alberta Infant Motor Scale, Test of Infant Motor Performance). A general description of these tests is followed by their content and psychometric properties. These standardized tests of neurologic integrity are useful in characterizing current developmental status and in monitoring change in performance over time. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:68–73.
The Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior (APIB): Furthering the understanding and measurement of neurodevelopmental competence in preterm and full‐term infants
Authors: Als Heidelise , Butler Samantha , Kosta Sandra , McAnulty Gloria
Published: April 2005

The Assessment of Preterm Infants' Behavior (APIB) is a newborn neurobehavioral assessment appropriate for preterm, at risk, and full‐term newborns, from birth to 1 month after expected due date. The APIB is based in ethological–evolutionary thought and focuses on the assessment of mutually interacting behavioral subsystems in simultaneous interaction with the environment. The subsystems of functioning assessed include the autonomic (respiration, digestion, color), motor (tone, movement, postures), state organization (range, robustness, transition patterns), attention (robustness, transitions), and self‐regulation (effort, success) systems as well as the degree of facilitation required to support reorganization and subsystem balance. The environment is represented by a sequence of distal, proximal, tactile, and vestibular challenges, derived from the BNBAS. The APIB conceptualizes infant competence as the degree of differentiation of subsystem function and degree of modulation of subsystem balance at any stage in infant development. Infants are understood as actively seeking their next differentiation, while counting on good enough environments to assure progressing developmental competence. In the case of interference such as premature birth, the mismatch of expectation and actual experience causes misalignment, which may become developmentally costly. The assessment is a finely tuned dialogue between examiner and infant, which requires training, skill and self‐knowledge. The APIB has well established inter‐rater‐reliability, concurrent and construct validity, and is clinically relevant for behavioral intervention and individually appropriate and supportive care. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:94–102.
Assessment of gestational age and neuromaturation
Authors: Allen Marilee C.
Published: April 2005

Neuromaturation is the functional development of the central nervous system (CNS). It is by its very nature a dynamic process, a continuous interaction between the genome and first the intrauterine environment, then the extrauterine environment. Understanding neuromaturation and being able to measure it is fundamental to infant neurodevelopmental assessment. Fetal and preterm neuromaturation has become easier to observe with the advent of prenatal ultrasonography and neonatal intensive care units. A number of measures of degree of fetal maturation have been developed and used to estimate gestational age (GA) at birth. The most reliable measures of GA are prenatal measures, especially from the first trimester. Postnatal GA measurements tend to be least accurate at the extremes of gestation, that is, in extremely preterm and post‐term infants. Observations of measures of neuromaturation in infants born to mothers with pregnancy complications, including intrauterine growth restriction, multiple gestation, and chronic hypertension, have led to the discovery that stressed pregnancies may accelerate fetal pulmonary and CNS maturation. This acceleration of neuromaturation does not occur before 30 weeks' gestation and has a cost with respect to cognitive limitations manifested in childhood. The ability to measure fetal and preterm neuromaturation provides an assessment of neurodevelopmental progress that can be used to reassure parents or identify at risk infants who would benefit from limited comprehensive follow‐up and early intervention services. In addition, measures of neuromaturation have the potential to provide insight into mechanisms of CNS injury and recovery, much‐needed early feedback in intervention or treatment trials and a measure of early CNS function for research into the relationships between CNS structure and function. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:21–33.
A double structure generalized plasticity model for expansive materials
Authors: Sánchez Marcelo , Gens Antonio , do Nascimento Guimarães Leonardo , Olivella Sebastián
Published: April 2005

The constitutive model presented in this work is built on a conceptual approach for unsaturated expansive soils in which the fundamental characteristic is the explicit consideration of two pore levels. The distinction between the macro‐ and microstructure provides the opportunity to take into account the dominant phenomena that affect the behaviour of each structural level and the main interactions between them. The microstructure is associated with the active clay minerals, while the macrostructure accounts for the larger‐scale structure of the material. The model has been formulated considering concepts of classical and generalized plasticity theories. The generalized stress–strain rate equations are derived within a framework of multidissipative materials, which provides a consistent and formal approach when there are several sources of energy dissipation. The model is formulated in the space of stresses, suction and temperature; and has been implemented in a finite element code. The approach has been applied to explaining and reproducing the behaviour of expansive soils in a variety of problems for which experimental data are available. Three application cases are presented in this paper. Of particular interest is the modelling of an accidental overheating, that took place in a large‐scale heating test. This test allows the capabilities of the model to be checked when a complex thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) path is followed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roles for USF‐2 in lung cancer proliferation and bronchial carcinogenesis
Authors: Ocejo‐Garcia Marta , Baokbah Tourki AS , Louise Ashurst H , Cowlishaw Debbie , Soomro Irshad , Coulson Judy M , Woll Penella J
Published: April 2005

The upstream stimulatory factors USF‐1 and USF‐2 dimerize to regulate transcription through E‐box motifs in target genes. Although widely expressed, they can mediate tissue‐specific transcription and we previously reported that USF‐2 can enhance transcription of arginine vasopressin, a neuropeptide growth factor in small cell lung cancer. Here we determine the expression and role of USF‐2 in lung cancer subtypes and examine USF‐2 distribution in the bronchial epithelium. For a panel of 12 cell lines and 10 frozen human tumour samples, immunoblotting demonstrated that USF‐2 expression was more frequent and abundant in small cell lung cancer than in non‐small cell lung cancer. An immunohistochemical study of 108 formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded human samples was undertaken to localize USF‐2 expression and included 44 small cell and 32 non‐small cell lung cancers, and 32 samples with bronchial dysplasia. USF‐2 was restricted to ciliated cells in normal bronchial epithelium, but was more strongly expressed in dysplastic epithelium (72%) and certain lung cancer types, including small cell lung cancer (71%), squamous cell carcinoma (69%) and a large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, but was less common in adenocarcinoma (11%). In a small series, expression was assessed adjacent to positively staining tumours; in phenotypically normal bronchial tissues, USF‐2 was more highly expressed at 1 cm than at 5 cm from the tumour. Transient USF‐2 overexpression in non‐small cell lung cancer cell lines significantly stimulated in vitro cell proliferation; this response was most apparent for NCI‐H460 (p < 0.005), reducing the mean cell doubling time from 19 to 16 h. Dominant‐negative USF‐2 mutants had no significant effect on cell growth. Taken together, these data suggest that USF‐2 represents a relatively early molecular marker for the development of bronchial dysplasia and non‐adenocarcinoma lung cancer. USF may also play a role in bronchial carcinogenesis, perhaps through promoting cell proliferation, although the genes through which this is regulated remain to be determined. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of steel–concrete composite structures in fire
Authors: Wang Y C
Published: April 2005

This paper presents a review of recent studies of the behaviour of steel–concrete composite structures in fire, including an assessment of research investigations and their implications on fire‐resistant design of composite structures. The paper focuses on the three main parts of composite structure: floor systems, columns and joints. The section on composite floor systems includes bending behaviour of conventional composite floor/beam system with composite slabs on top of a solid steel I‐beam; tensile membrane action in this system; slim‐floor construction; composite cellular beam; composite truss and composite beam with precast concrete slabs. The section on composite columns includes studies of concrete‐filled tubular (CFT) column; design of composite columns and performance of CFT columns within structures. The section on joints covers both steel and composite joints, including experiments on joints in fire; finite element simulation; the component method; behaviour of different joint components at elevated temperatures and implications of joint behaviour on steel and composite structural behaviour in fire. Within each section, wherever appropriate, the effects of whole structural behaviour are discussed. Furthermore, potential future research studies are identified to help understand the subject and develop improved performance‐based practical fire resistant design calculation methods.
Basic capacity calculation methods and benchmarking for MF‐TDMA and MF‐CDMA communication satellites
Authors: Chang Darren D. , de Weck Olivier L.
Published: April 2005

This paper introduces basic capacity calculation methods for circuit switched, multiple‐beam, low earth orbit (LEO) communication satellites that use MF‐TDMA and MF‐CDMA schemes. Capacity is defined as the number of simultaneous duplex channels that a satellite can support for a given data rate and bit error rate. This paper integrates the bandwidth limit and the power limit on capacity, and derives the equations by which the capacity of a MF‐TDMA or a MF‐CDMA system can be calculated using key system parameters. Therefore, these methods enable system designers to quickly estimate the communication system capacity when key system parameters are known. The paper uses the Iridium and Globalstar systems for benchmarking by comparing the results obtained from the analytical methods with the 1100 and 2500 simultaneous channels reported by Iridium and Globalstar, respectively. The analytic capacity estimate matches reported single satellite capacities to within 6%, but the predictions are sensitive to various loss assumptions made in the link budget. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parenting style, individuation, and mental health of Egyptian adolescents
Authors: Dwairy Marwan , Menshar Kariman E.
Published: April 2005

Three questionnaires that measure parenting style, adolescent‐family connectedness, and mental health were administered to 351 Egyptian adolescents. Results show that in rural communities the authoritarian style is more predominant in the parenting of male adolescents, while the authoritative style is more predominant in the parenting of female adolescents. In urban communities, on the other hand, the authoritarian style was more predominant in the parenting of female adolescents. The connectedness of all female adolescents with their family was stronger than that of male adolescents. The connectedness of girls was found to be more emotional and financial in villages and to be more functional in town. Female adolescents reported a higher frequency of psychological disorders. Mental health was associated with authoritative parenting, but not with authoritarian parenting. It seems that authoritarian parenting within an authoritarian culture is not as harmful as within a liberal culture.
Research, conservation and zoos: the EC Zoos Directive – a response to Rees
Authors: Wehnelt Stephanie , Wilkinson Roger
Published: April 2005

Rees (2005) states in his critical review of the EC Zoos Directive that ‘zoos have no incentive to undertake conservation research because they can legitimately ignore this requirement providing they carry out an alternative conservation measure. Zoos therefore can comply with the EU Zoos Directive by doing nothing.’ Zoo conservation took a major step forward when the Council of EC Environment Ministers agreed in 1998 to an EC Zoos Directive to strengthen the conservation role of zoos. The Directive came into force in 1999 and requires that all Member States set up national systems for the licensing and inspection of zoos. The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 already implements many of the measures in the Directive, including the provision of proper accommodation and care for the animals, keeping up to date records, and taking appropriate measures to prevent escapes. But
the requirements that zoos participate in conservation and education activities are new. Although many zoos already participate, the new legislation has made this a statutory requirement. Each European country is now responsible for enforcing the EU Directive with their national zoos. The Directive needs to be general because it applies to animal collections of very different sizes
and structures. It cannot be expected that the Directive sets standards higher than is achievable for its smallest members.
Estimating the population density of Mongolian gazelles Procapra gutturosa by driving long-distance transects
Authors: Olson Kirk A. , Fuller Todd K. , Schaller George B. , Odonkhuu Daria , Murray Martyn G.
Published: April 2005

Despite a ≥75% reduction in the geographic range of Mongolian gazelles Procapra gutturosa over the past 50 years, the species is still recognized as the most numerous large grassland herbivore in Asia. Its actual population size, however, is still disputed, and we therefore estimated its numbers in an 80,000 km2 area in the eastern steppe of Mongolia by driving long-distance (1,200–1,400 km) transect surveys during spring and autumn 2000–2002. Quantitative estimates of gazelle numbers are essential for understanding the causes of changes in the population, and thus devising conservation strategies to assure its long-term viability. Observed herds ranged in size from 1–4,000; among surveys, median herd sizes varied from 14–42. Density estimates varied from 10.7 gazelles km−2 in spring to 11.5 gazelles km−2 in autumn, with total population estimates of 803,820 (483,790–1,330,100 95% confidence interval) and 870,625 (499,432–1,491,278 95% confidence interval), respectively. Confidence limits were wide, and to obtain a coefficient of variation of 20%, transect lengths would need to be extended three- to four-fold. Until more efficient means for conducting population surveys can be implemented, driving long-distance transects, combined with distance analysis, seem to provide the best quantitative estimate of Mongolian gazelle populations.
Habitat use by the Vulnerable greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga interbreeding with the lesser spotted eagle Aquila pomarina in Estonia
Authors: Lõhmus Asko , Väli Ülo
Published: April 2005

Major threats to the Vulnerable greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga are habitat loss and hybridization with the lesser spotted eagle Aquila pomarina, but no quantitative studies have been carried out to understand these processes. In Estonia the known remaining A. clanga population comprises only five pure and nine mixed pairs. We describe their habitat at the scale of both the home range and nest site, and use logistic regression models for comparisons with random forest plots and nest sites of A. pomarina. The territories of A. clanga were characteristically near waterbodies, where the species' nesting preference was for dense forest with a pronounced old-growth structure. Habitats of the two species were distinct at both spatial scales. Open natural landscapes were favoured by A. clanga but avoided by A. pomarina. Within its home range A. clanga occupied old wet stands containing black alder, birch and pine, whereas A. pomarina preferred old spruce stands. Multivariate models, which summarized these differences between the two species, did not reveal distinct habitat features of mixed pairs compared with A. clanga pairs. Hence, interbreeding pairs may occupy previous A. clanga territories, and these deserve similar protection to those currently inhabited by A. clanga pairs.
Responding to forest degradation: altered habitat use by Dian's tarsier Tarsius dianae in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Merker Stefan , Yustian Indra , Mühlenberg Michael
Published: April 2005

As most of the pristine forests of South-east Asia have been lost, the ability of its animal species to coexist with humans becomes increasingly important. Dian's tarsier Tarsius dianae, one of the smallest primates, lives in forests of central Sulawesi, Indonesia that are experiencing a dramatic increase in degradation by humans. To evaluate the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on tarsiers we used a comprehensive approach to estimate habitat suitability for these nocturnal insecthunters. On four study plots along a gradient of human land-use we determined population densities, home range sizes, nightly path lengths and group sizes of T. dianae. In total we captured 71 individuals and radio-tracked 30 of these. In more undisturbed sites, population densities were high and travel distances small. We found the smallest home ranges in slightly disturbed forest. In a heavily disturbed plantation densities were low, and ranges and nightly path lengths were large. These results show that undisturbed and slightly degraded forests are the most suitable tarsier habitats, and that focusing on different population parameters could lead to differing conclusions about the suitability of particular habitats.
Evaluation of the conservation status of Morangaya pensilis (Cactaceae), a little known endemic monotypic genus of southern Baja California, Mexico
Authors: de la Luz José Luis León
Published: April 2005

Morangaya pensilis is an endemic monotypic cactus genus from the southern part of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Previously known only as scattered individuals occurring at a very low density in the highest areas of Sierra de La Laguna, the occurrence of a relatively more dense population (4–7 plants per 250 m2) is reported on Sierra Cacachilas, c. 40 km to the north. Disturbance to the species' habitat includes fragmentation, illegal collection and trade, and land use changes, especially to farming and cattle ranching. Seeds collected from Sierra Cacachilas had a relatively high viability (92%) but recruitment (of 2-month old seedlings) in the area was relatively low, despite above average rainfall in the year of measurement. M. pensilis is eligible for inclusion in Mexico's list of threatened species and fulfils the requirements for categorization as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Management activities that are already taking place in this area include restrictions on cattle and goat grazing and consideration of areas suitable for translocation of the species.
Urban aerosols and their variations with clouds and rainfall: A case study for New York and Houston
Authors: Jin Menglin , Shepherd J. Marshall , King Michael D.
Published: April 2005

Diurnal, weekly, seasonal, and interannual variations of urban aerosols were analyzed with an emphasis on summer months using 4 years of the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations, in situ Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations, and in situ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PM2.5 data for one midlatitude city (New York) and one subtropical city (Houston). Seasonality is evident in aerosol optical thickness measurements, with a minimum in January and a maximum in April to July. The diurnal variations of aerosols, however, are detectable but largely affected by local and regional weather conditions, such as surface and upper‐level winds. On calm clear days, aerosols peak during the two rush hours in the morning and evening. Furthermore, the anthropogenic‐induced weekly cycles of aerosols and clouds are analyzed, which by themselves are weak, as the anthropogenic signal is mixed with noise of natural weather variability. In addition, corresponding cloud properties observed from MODIS demonstrate an opposite phase to the seasonality of aerosols. Nevertheless, no clear relationship was observed between monthly mean aerosols and rainfall measurements from NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), implying that in the summer the aerosol impact may not be the primary reason for the change of urban rainfall amount.
An Experimental Study of the Vibrational Spectra of Hexamethyldisilane and Related Compounds
Authors: Cerato C. C. , Lauer J. L. , Beachell H. C.
Published: April 2005

Raman and infrared spectra have been obtained for trimethylphenylsilane, hexamethyldisilylmethylene, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilazine, and hexamethyldisilane. For the last compound the infrared spectral region covered extended from 1—50 microns; for the other compounds the region extended only from 1—15 microns. The intensities and depolarization factors of the Raman bands have been determined photoelectrically. A few tentative frequency assignments have been given.
Flame Zone Studies by the Particle Track Technique. I. Apparatus and Technique
Authors: Fristrom R. M. , Avery W. H. , Prescott R. , Mattuck A.
Published: April 2005

A discussion is given of flame temperature profiles of laminar premixed Bunsen flames derived by the particle track method. The apparatus required for the study is described. A critical discussion of the technique and the flame model is presented. This method allows the derivation of a temperature profile for a flame front which is accurate in temperature and relative position to a few percent depending on the pressure. The profile should provide description of translational temperature within the flame front. The singular regions of the flame tip and burner lip are excluded from this discussion.
Steady-State Diffusion into a Streaming Sphere at Low Reynolds Number
Authors: Frisch H. L.
Published: April 2005

A solution of the steady-state Smoluchowski equation, describing diffusion into a spherical sink streaming with constant velocity relative to the fluid, is obtained as a power series in a parameter which is directly proportional to the Reynolds number of the flow. For small values of Reynolds number the series converges. The concentration and flux to a freely-falling cloud droplet (aerosol particle) in air is calculated. The effect of the motion of the droplet on the flux is proportional to a first approximation to the square of Reynolds number and consequently except for very large times of observation exerts a negligible influence on the diffusion controlled growth of the droplet. An extension of the method to nonstationary diffusion problems is indicated.
Kinetics of Isotope-Exchange Reactions of Fluorine with Some Halogen Fluorides
Authors: Adams Richard M. , Bernstein Richard B. , Katz Joseph J.
Published: April 2005

Quantitative kinetic data on the isotope-exchange reaction of fluorine with chlorine trifluoride, bromine pentafluoride, and iodine heptafluoride have been obtained using F18 (t½=112 min) tracer. The materials were handled in a metal vacuum line, and the exchanges were carried out in a 2-liter nickel reaction vessel at three temperatures in the range 181—257°C. While the experimental data do not uniquely determine the mechanism, they strongly suggest that exchange takes place either through a heterogeneous catalysis by the metal fluoride coating on the walls of the reaction vessel, or by a combination of the heterogeneous mechanism plus a homogeneous gas-phase exchange in those cases where a measurable amount of dissociation of the halogen fluoride occurs at the temperature of exchange. It has been shown to be unlikely that the observed exchanges take place through either an atomic mechanism or a purely homogeneous mechanism. It has also been shown that all fluorine atoms in the halogen fluoride molecules are exchangeable.
Theory of Dielectric Relaxation for a Single-Axis Rotator in a Crystalline Field
Authors: Hoffman John D. , Pfeiffer Heinz G.
Published: April 2005

The dielectric relaxation times associated with a single-axis polar rotator which may occupy several sites as it turns about its axis are calculated in terms of the probabilities of transition from one site to another. Two special cases are considered in detail: (a) that in which all of the sites are equivalent, and (b) that in which one site is stable with respect to the others. It is assumed that the only important elementary process is a rotational jump to an adjacent site (single-jump hypothesis). Fluctuations of barrier height are ignored.

If the dipole has three or more accessible sites, and one is more stable than the others, a distribution of relaxation times develops naturally. The corresponding dielectric loss peak will be somewhat asymmetric. If the sites are all equivalent, only a single dielectric relaxation time is found, and the corresponding dielectric loss peak will be of the simple Debye type. The theory predicts that the dielectric loss peaks in certain polar crystals will become narrower and more symmetrical as the temperature is raised.
Structure of the Monomer of Formic Acid
Authors: Karle I. L. , Karle J.
Published: April 2005

The structure of the monomer of formic acid was determined by the sector-microphotometer method in electron diffraction. The equilibrium distances are C=O = 1.23±0.01A, C–O = 1.36±0.01A, O–O = 2.27 ±0.005A, and angle OCO = 122.4°±1°. The average displacements from equilibrium due to the molecular vibrations are listed in Table I.
The Vibrational Spectra of N-Dimethylaminodiborane
Authors: Mann D. E.
Published: April 2005

The infrared and Raman spectra of N-dimethylaminodiborane, (CH3)2NB2H5, and its deuteriated relative, (CH3)2NB2D5, have been determined. A satisfactory vibrational assignment has been achieved.
Pressure Broadening of Linear Molecules. I
Authors: Feeny Harold , Lackner Henry , Moser Paul , Smith William V.
Published: April 2005

A microwave spectroscope, especially designed for studies of the temperature dependence of microwave line widths is described. With this spectroscope, the line width of the J=1—2 OCS line has been measured over a temperature range from 195°K to 476°K. Over this range, the line width varies as T-0.9. An interpretation in terms of intermolecular forces is deferred, pending work with other linear molecules and other transitions.
Fluorescence of Nitrogen Dioxide
Authors: Neuberger Dan , Duncan A. B. F.
Published: April 2005

The mean lifetime of fluorescence of NO2 vapor was measured at pressures in the range 12 to 0.6 microns by a direct electronic method. A linear dependence of lifetime on pressure was found, and extrapolation to zero pressure gave 44 microseconds for the lifetime in absence of collisions. The fluorescence spectrum in the region 4600—8000 A was photographed with 4358 and 5461 A excitation, with somewhat different results. Interpretation of the results appears to require two excited electronic levels, one of which is not connected optically with the normal state and which is responsible for the long-lived fluorescence.