bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pictograms on Readability of Patient Information Materials
Authors: Mansoor Leila E , Dowse Ros
Published: May 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To design, develop, and evaluate a simple, understandable medicine label and patient information leaflet (PIL) for nystatin suspension, and to assess the effect of incorporating pictograms on understanding in low-literate participants.

METHODS:

Patient information materials were designed and pretested in a pilot study (n = 20), and were subjected to the Fry's readability test. The final evaluation was conducted with 60 low-literate participants who had a maximum of 7 years of formal schooling and for whom English was their second language. Demographic data were collected. Participants were randomly allocated to a control (text-only information) or experimental (text + pictogram information) group, shown the medicine label and PIL, and asked to read them. A series of questions was asked about the instructions and an understanding level was calculated in each case. A second series of questions assessed patient acceptability of the materials. Differences in understanding were determined by χ2 tests.

RESULTS:

Both sets of these simple written materials were generally well understood. However, the presence of pictograms was shown to improve the comprehension of more complex information, resulting in significantly more participants in the experimental group obtaining a score for understanding >80% for both the medicine label and PIL. A clear preference for the materials incorporating pictograms was expressed.

CONCLUSIONS:

The presence of pictograms had a positive effect in the acquisition and comprehension of drug information.
Levofloxacin-Associated Achilles Tendon Rupture
Authors: Mathis A Scott , Chan Vicky , Gryszkiewicz Margaret , Adamson Robert T , Friedman Gary S
Published: May 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To describe a case of levofloxacin-induced partial Achilles tendon rupture; this occurred in the presence of known risk factors and acute renal failure.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 79-year-old white man received levofloxacin for presumed pneumonia, developed acute renal failure in the setting of dehydration, and began having ankle pain on the 12th day of admission. Levofloxacin was discontinued, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 6-cm partial tear and degenerative changes.

DISCUSSION:

The Naranjo probability scale indicates a possible association between levofloxacin and tendon rupture because the event occurred in the setting of known risk factors such as steroid use, renal failure, older age, and male gender.

CONCLUSIONS:

Levofloxacin, like other fluoroquinolones, may cause Achilles tendon rupture, and this may be particularly likely with known risk factors.
The prevalence and predictors of psychological distress in men with prostate cancer who are seeking support
Authors: Balderson Neil , Towell Tony
Published: May 2003

Objective: The incidence of prostate cancer has risen sharply in the last decade, yet knowledge about the psychological health of men with this disease is still limited. A study was therefore undertaken to identify (1) the prevalence of psychological distress in these males, and (2) factors predicting psychological distress.

Design: Retrospective cross‐sectional survey design by means of a self‐administered questionnaire.

Method: A sample of 94 men with various stages of prostate cancer completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Prostate Instrument (FACT‐P), the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) and items measuring satisfaction with medical care.

Results: We detected a prevalence rate of 38% of participants reporting psychological distress corresponding to a HADS cut‐off score at or above 15. A standard multivariate regression analysis revealed social/family well‐being, physical well‐being and functional well‐being as significant inverse predictors of psychological distress.

Conclusions: Health professionals should be aware of the potential for psychological distress in patients exhibiting poor physical functioning and those with apparent deficits in social or family support in this under‐studied group of patients. Strategies for psychosocial intervention are implied.
Body dissatisfaction, dieting awareness and the impact of parental influence in young children
Authors: Lowes Jacinta , Tiggemann Marika
Published: May 2003

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the level of body dissatisfaction and dieting awareness in young children.

Method: A sample of 135 children aged between 5 and 8 years old were individually interviewed. Body dissatisfaction was assessed by means of figure preference ratings, and dieting awareness by responses to a brief scenario.

Results: The difference between boys' ratings of current and ideal figures was not significant at any age; nor was that of 5‐year‐old girls. However, 6‐, 7‐ and 8‐year‐old girls rated their ideal figure as significantly thinner than their current figure. For dieting awareness there was no significant gender effect, although level of dieting awareness increased with age. Multiple regression analyses showed that body dissatisfaction was predicted by gender and perception of mothers' body dissatisfaction, while age was the only significant predictor of dieting awareness.

Conclusions: A substantial proportion of young children have internalized societal beliefs concerning the ideal body shape and are well aware of dieting as a means for achieving this ideal. In particular, the desire for thinness emerges in girls at around age 6.
Social problem‐solving abilities and distress among family members assuming a caregiving role
Authors: Elliott Timothy R. , Shewchuk Richard M.
Published: May 2003

We examined the relation of social problem‐solving abilities to distress experienced by family members assuming a caregiving role for a loved one who had recently incurred a severe physical disability. Family members completed measures of problem‐solving, depression and health, while their loved one participated in an inpatient rehabilitation programme. Correlational analyses indicated that a negative problem orientation was significantly predictive of caregiver distress, regardless of the degree of physical impairment of the care recipient. Women reported more distress on several measures than men, and disability severity was also associated with depression and impaired social functioning. Family members with a greater negative orientation may be at risk to develop psychological and health problems upon assuming a caregiver role. These results are discussed in light of theoretical models of social problem‐solving, and implications are presented for psychological interventions and for health policy concerning family caregivers and their care recipients.
The psychosocial impact of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Burke J. L. , Hallas C. N. , Clark‐Carter D. , White D. , Connelly D.
Published: May 2003

Objective:. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has become the treatment of choice for ventricular arrhythmia (VA; abnormal heart rhythms) and the prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Recent clinical trials have shown the ICD to be superior to anti‐arrhythmic medication in reducing mortality; however, research has suggested that ICD recipients experience poor psychosocial adjustment following implantation of the device. This aim of this study was to identify the key psychological characteristics associated with ICD implantation and to establish whether poor psychosocial outcome can be attributed directly to the device and its therapy.

Method: Studies which reported valid and reliable measures of psychological functioning in ICD patients and appropriate comparison groups were considered for inclusion in a meta‐analytic review. A systematic search of electronic databases and reference lists identified 20 studies which fulfilled the inclusion criteria.

Results: There were no significant differences in psychosocial outcome between ICD patients and drug‐maintained VA patients or between pre‐ and post‐implant ICD patients. However, ICD patients reported significantly worse psychological functioning and physical functioning than other cardiac controls.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that poor psychosocial outcome in ICD patients may occur as a result of variables associated with the underlying VA condition, rather than as a direct response to implantation of the device and its therapy. This holds important implications for the development and implementation of psychological interventions for patients experiencing VA, in preference to ICD‐specific programmes.
Re‐appraising HIV testing: An exploration of the psychosocial costs and benefits associated with learning one's HIV status in a purposive sample of Scottish gay men
Authors: Flowers Paul , Duncan Barbara , Knussen Christina
Published: May 2003

Objective: This study explored contemporary understandings of the psychosocial costs and benefits associated with learning one's HIV status within a purposive sample of Scottish gay men. It seeks to provide insight into the psychosocial factors associated with decision‐making processes relating to the HIV antibody test.

Method: Transcripts of one‐to‐one interviews (N = 19) and four focus groups (N = 18) were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Participants had varied HIV testing histories, and the sample included men who identified their HIV status as positive, men who identified it as negative, and men who did not know.

Results: The HIV test could resolve doubt and anxiety for some men, but only when ‘not knowing’ was experienced as less tolerable than an imagined positive result. Many participants were deterred from seeking an HIV test because of their fears of the implications of a positive result. The decision to take an HIV test could be understood as a choice between living with uncertainty and the perceived impact of ascertaining HIV status.

Conclusion: For the participants in this study, the decision to test or not involved many complex medical, psychological and social factors. It is argued that the development of HIV testing policy must start with a perspective grounded in an understanding and appreciation of these complexities.
Experimental evidence for interpretive but not attention biases towards somatic information in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Moss‐Morris Rona , Petrie Keith J.
Published: May 2003

Objective: This study tested whether CFS patients have an attentional information processing bias for illness‐related information and a tendency to interpret ambiguous information in a somatic fashion.

Design:25 patients meeting research criteria for a diagnosis of CFS were compared to 24 healthy matched controls on a modified Stroop task and an ambiguous cues task.

Method: In the modified Stroop task, participants colour named a series of somatic, depressed and neutral words in order to ascertain whether the somatic words were more distracting to the CFS patients than the depressed and neutral words when compared to controls. In the ambiguous cues task, participants were presented with a tape‐recorded list of 30 words including 15 ambiguous illness words (e.g., vein/vain) and 15 unambiguous words. For each word, they were asked to write down the first word that came into their head. A somatic bias score was obtained for each subject by summing the number of somatic responses to the ambiguous word cues.

Results: Although CFS patients were significantly slower in colour naming all of the Stroop word categories than controls, there was no evidence for illness or depressed words creating greater interference than neutral words. However, on the ambiguous cues task, CFS patients made significantly more somatic interpretations than controls and this bias was significantly associated with the extent to which they currently reported symptoms.

Conclusion: CFS patients have an interpretive bias for somatic information which may play a part in the maintenance of the disorder by heightening patients' experience of physical symptoms and helping to maintain their negative illness schemas. Although patients did not show an attentional bias in this study, this may be related to the methodology employed.
Illness perceptions, mood and coping in predicting attendance at cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Whitmarsh Anya , Koutantji Maria , Sidell Kate
Published: May 2003

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify psychological variables in poor/non‐attendance at cardiac rehabilitation (CR). We investigated whether attenders and poor/non‐attenders differed in relation to components of the self‐regulatory model and coping, and which of these variables were the best predictors of attendance behaviour.

Design: A cross‐sectional, between groups design was employed. In contrast with two previous similar studies, participants completed self‐report measures shortly before the start date for the CR programme. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted.

Method: In all, 93 individuals who had been invited to attend CR completed the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (IPQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE). Subsequently, 32 participants failed to attend, or dropped out early from, the programme.

Results: Attenders differed from poor/non‐attenders in that they perceived a greater number of symptoms and consequences of their illness, greater distress, less strong beliefs that their illness had been caused by a germ or virus, and used problem‐focused and emotion‐focused coping more frequently. The best predictors of poor/non‐attendance were lower perceptions of symptoms and controllability/curability of illness, and less frequent use of problem‐focused and more frequent use of maladaptive coping strategies.

Conclusion: Attenders and poor/non‐attenders at CR were distinguished by illness representations, distress and usage of coping strategies. The variables found to be the best predictors of attendance could be used to screen those unlikely to attend and to develop interventions for enhancing attendance.
Repressive coping style and positive self‐presentation
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Petrides K. V. , Sisterson Grant , Baluch Bahman
Published: May 2003

Objective: This paper reviews 59 studies looking at cognitive, individual differences and physiological correlates of the repressive coping style, as defined by Weinberger, Schwartz, and Davidson (1979). A central aim is to evaluate the relative importance of the anxiety and social desirability components of repression. Thus, the empirical study investigates the relationships between repression and a number of relevant, but hitherto unexamined, constructs, including trait emotional intelligence (trait EI), self‐estimated intelligence, functional and dysfunctional impulsivity, and stoicism. It was hypothesized that repressors would score higher than the other three groups on trait EI, self‐estimated IQ and functional impulsivity, but lower on dysfunctional impulsivity.

Method: In total, 259 (174 females) participants from three British universities completed questionnaires measuring the dependent and independent variables. Participants were divided into four groups (truly low anxious, non‐defensive/high anxious, defensive/high anxious and repressors) based on their scores on anxiety and social desirability. Analyses (moderated multiple regressions and ANOVAs) were conducted both on the total sample as well as on ‘extreme‐scoring’ individuals.

Results: Where there were significant differences, the hypotheses were supported, particularly with respect to trait EI, self‐estimated IQ and impulsivity. Using ‘extreme‐scoring’ groups did not effectively change the results. The regressions revealed an absence of significant interactions between anxiety and social desirability.

Conclusion: Results are discussed in terms of the now replicated effect that repressors present a highly positive and optimistic self‐image, despite cognitive and behavioural data suggesting that their coping style is psychologically unhealthy. In addition, it is argued that many findings in the repressive coping style literature can be parsimoniously explained through main effects of anxiety or social desirability alone (i.e., without invoking a construct that combines the two).
Effects of polyurethane soft segment and crosslink density on the morphology and mechanical properties of polyurethane/poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Dadbin Susan , Frounchi Masoud
Published: May 2003

Tough, optically clear simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks (SINs) of polyurethane (PU) and poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) (ADC) at different compositions were synthesized. The effects of the molecular weight of PU soft segment on the morphology, mechanical properties, and thermal transition behavior of the SINs at two levels of crosslinking agent were studied. The miscibility of PU/ADC SINs, studied by TEM and DMA, was greatly influenced by the SIN composition and the molecular weight of poly(caprolactone) diol (PCL) as the PU soft segment. A single‐phase morphology at a PU concentration of 10% changed to a very fine microheterogeneous morphology as the molecular weight of PCL changed from 530 to 1250. The two‐phase morphology of the PU10/ADC90 SIN based on higher PCL molecular weight (PCL 1250) was also confirmed by DMA, which displayed a sharp peak for the ADC‐rich phase and a small shoulder for the PU‐rich phase transition in the tan δ plot. The SINs at 20–30% PU composition exhibited co‐continuous phase morphology in the transmission electron micrographs, in which the phase regions grew larger as the PCL molecular weight increased from 530 to 1250. All the SIN samples possessed excellent optical transparency except two samples with 30% PU composition based on PCL 1250, which showed a hazy appearance. The tensile strength, modulus, and toughness of the SINs decreased by increasing the molecular weight of PCL from 530 to 1250, whereas the elongations at break remained nearly unchanged. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1583–1595, 2003
Energy model of the interfacial slip of polymer blends under steady shear
Authors: Jiang L. , Lam Y. C. , Yue C. Y. , Tam K. C. , Li L. , Hu X.
Published: May 2003

Interfacial slip at high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/polystyrene (PS) and high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS)/PS interfaces under steady shear was studied. The multilayer structure and energy model for steady shear proposed by Lam and colleagues was employed. Results indicated that there was no interfacial slip at the HIPS/PS interface. However, interfacial slip was detected for HDPE/PS under steady shear. Small interfacial thickness and weak interactions between HDPE and PS was proposed as the reason for interfacial slip at the HDPE/PS interface. Chain orientation under shear was believed to promote chain disentanglement in the interfacial layer and therefore increase interfacial slip. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1164–1470, 2003
Chemical immobilization of retinoic acid within poly(ε‐caprolactone) nanoparticles based on drug–polymer bioconjugates
Authors: Sung Nam Yoon , Joong Kim Kil , Seok Kang Hyung , Gwan Park Tae , Han Sang‐Hoon , Chang Ih‐Seop
Published: May 2003

All‐trans‐retinoic acid (RA) was chemically conjugated to biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL10; number‐average Mw ≈ 1250) via an ester linkage. The conjugation was carried out using N,N‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4‐dimethyl aminopyridine as a coupling agent. The molar ratio of the drug to the polymer was 1.11 as determined by 1H‐NMR analysis. DSC and WAXD results showed that the formation of crystalline structures of RA was effectively suppressed by conjugation with PCL. The RA–PCL conjugates were formulated into nanoparticles by a spontaneous phase‐inversion technique. Morphological characteristics of the resultant nanoparticles and drug‐loading efficiencies were compared with those of free RA‐loaded nanoparticles. The drug‐loading efficiency of RA–PCL conjugates was almost 100%, while that of free RA was only ∼12%. The majority of unconjugated RA was found to form undesirable free‐drug crystals out of nanoparticles, as observed by TEM analysis. This study demonstrates that the conjugation approach of RA to PCL can be an effective means to immobilize and encapsulate RA within nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1631–1637, 2003
No time to think: protecting the reflective space in children's services
Authors: Jones Jocelyn , Gallop Les
Published: May 2003

Over the past few years, first line managers in child care have faced mounting pressure on their time from both the national performance management agenda and the professional demands associated with the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families and Working Together to Safeguard Children: A Guide to Inter‐Agency Working to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children. This paper briefly discusses the policy context surrounding this period of unprecedented change and focuses on the potential erosion of the reflective space in supervision as first line managers struggle to cope with the ever‐increasing expectations. An argument is made for the creative use of multi‐agency action learning/ research projects within the workplace to supplement individual supervision and promote reflective multi‐agency child care practice; some examples of successful projects are given. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Augmentation of cellular adenosine triphosphate levels in PC12 cells by extracellular adenosine
Authors: Fujimori Hiroyuki , Pan‐Hou Hidemitsu
Published: May 2003

The effects of extracellular adenosine (Ado) on cellular levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in PC12 cells were studied. Ado and inosine but not adenine nucleotides, guanosine, cytosine, uridine, thymidine, and various P1 receptor agonists of Ado, significantly enhanced cellular ATP levels in PC12 cells by about 2.5‐fold. The ATP‐enhancing effect of Ado was potentiated by dipyridamole, an inhibitor of Ado uptake, and was also observed when PC12 cells were incubated in glucose‐free medium. These results suggest that augmentation of cellular ATP levels in PC12 cells by extracellular Ado might be acceleration of ATP synthesis through the Ado salvage system utilizing hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase rather than Ado kinase, since 5′‐iodotubercidin, an Ado kinase inhibitor, had no effect on the enhancement induced by Ado. Drug Dev. Res. 59:8–13, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic food restriction alters purinergic receptor mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens of the rat
Authors: Krügel Ute , Seidel Bertholt , Spies Oliver , Kittner Holger , Illes Peter , Kiess Wieland
Published: May 2003

ATP and its metabolite adenosine activate membrane receptors thought to be functionally relevant in the mediation of reward and reinforcement (e.g., feeding behavior). In this study, the effects of restricted feeding on the purinergic transmission at the level of the adenosine A2A and ADP/ATP‐sensitive P2Y1 receptor mRNA were investigated in the rat nucleus accumbens after 3 days of acute food deprivation and after 10 days when adaptive changes can be expected to occur. Furthermore, plasma leptin and the expression of its receptor mRNA (long form) to characterize the status of satiety were examined as well as the expression of the cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐related transcript (CART) mRNA as a possible marker for changes in the sensitiveness of the reward system. Plasma levels of the anorectic peptide leptin were reduced within 3 days of feeding restriction; the mRNA of the leptin receptor was elevated at day 10. The P2Y1 receptor mRNA expression showed the same time course, whereas the A2A receptor mRNA reached the control level on day 10 after a downregulation found on day 3. CART mRNA expression was decreased in the acute situation and upregulated after 10 days. The data indicate that the accumbal gene expression during food restriction is triggered by peripheral signals like plasma leptin concentration and by neuronal signals in the CNS, including extracellular adenosine and ADP/ATP, and that the investigated receptor mRNAs are regulated to habituate to the reduced nutrition. In conclusion, chronic food restriction increases the mesolimbic sensitivity directed to achieve satisfaction and reward via regulation of mRNA expression involving that of P2Y1 and A2A receptors in a functionally antagonistic manner. Drug Dev. Res. 59:95–103, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient mucosal delivery of the HIV‐1 Tat protein using the synthetic lipopeptide MALP‐2 as adjuvant
Authors: Borsutzky Stefan , Fiorelli Valeria , Ebensen Thomas , Tripiciano Antonella , Rharbaoui Faiza , Scoglio Arianna , Link Claudia , Nappi Filomena , Morr Michael , Buttó Stefano , Cafaro Aurelio , Mühlradt Peter F. , Ensoli Barbara , Guzmán Carlos A.
Published: May 2003

A major requirement for HIV/AIDS research is the development of a mucosal vaccine that stimulates humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses at systemic and mucosal levels, thereby blocking virus replication at the entry port. Thus, a vaccine prototype based on biologically active HIV‐1 Tat protein as antigen and the synthetic lipopeptide, macrophage‐activating lipopeptide‐2 (MALP‐2), asa mucosal adjuvant was developed. Intranasal administration to mice stimulated systemic and mucosal anti‐Tat antibody responses, and Tat‐specific T cell responses, that were more efficient than those observed after i.p. immunization with Tat plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Major linear B cell epitopes mapped within aa 1–20 and 46–60, whereas T cell epitopes were identified within aa 36–50 and 56–70. These epitopes have also been described in vaccinated primates and in HIV‐1‐infected individuals with better prognosis. Analysis of the anti‐Tat IgG isotypes in serum, and the cytokine profile of spleen cells indicated that a dominant Th1 helper response was stimulated by Tat plus MALP‐2, as opposed to the Th2 response observed with Tat plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Tat‐specific IFN‐γ‐producing cells were significantly increased only in response to Tat plus MALP‐2. These data suggest that Malp‐2 may represent an optimal mucosal adjuvant for candidate HIV vaccines based on Tat alone or in combination with other HIV antigens.
Synthesis of (η3‐Allyl)bromodicarbonylbis(pyrazole)molybdenum(II) and Reactivity towards [Au(acac)PPh3]: Structure and Dynamic Behavior of the Monometallic Pyrazole and Heterometallic Pyrazolate Complexes
Authors: Paredes Paloma , Miguel Daniel , Villafañe Fernando
Published: May 2003

In our original article,[1] under the heading “Acac Complexes” (page 998) we inadvertently omitted that the use of acac complexes in synthesis has been reviewed.[2] Likewise, [Au(acac)PPh3] has been used previously to synthesise a heterometallic complex.[3].

http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200390132
Nanomolar Detection of Amitriptyline by Potentiometry with Ion Exchanger Based PVC Membrane ISEs
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Yin , Hu Xiao‐Ya , Leng Zong‐Zhou , Jin Gen‐Di
Published: May 2003

In order to lower the amount of amitriptyline released from PVC membrane and improve the sensitivity of the ion exchanger based PVC membrane ion selective electrode (ISE), 0.4% (m/m) clonidine‐tetraphenylborate was used as a electroactive component in PVC membrane of ISE for determination of amitriptyline with inner reference solution of 1 mM NaCl and 0.1 mM clonidine. Better reliability and selectivity compared with previous reports were acquired with a linear range of 10 nM−1.0 mM, the detect limit of 5.0 nM and average slope of 58.4 mV/decade. Fine reproducibility, stability and recoveries by the standard addition method were also acheived. The influence of the membrane thickness, inner reference solutions, supporting electrolyte, and the response time are discussed.
Sediment production in large gullies of the Mediterranean area (NE Spain) from high‐resolution digital elevation models and geographical information systems analysis
Authors: Martínez‐Casasnovas J. A. , Antón‐Fernández C. , Ramos M. C.
Published: May 2003

Recent studies in the Mediterranean area have shown gully erosion to have a very significant contribution to total soil loss. In the Penedès vineyard region (NE Spain), between 15 and 27% of the land is affected by large gullies and gully‐wall retreat seems to be an ongoing process. Multi‐date digital elevation model (DEM) analysis has allowed computation of sediment production by gully erosion, showing that the sediment production rates are very high by the, up‐to‐date, usual global standards. Here, we present a study carried out using large‐scale multi‐date (1975 and 1995) aerial photographs (1 : 5000 and 1 : 7000) to monitor sediment yield caused by large gullies in the Penedès region (NE Spain). High‐resolution DEMs (1 m grid) were derived and analysed by means of geographical information systems techniques to determine the gully erosion rates. Rainfall characteristics within the same study period were also analysed in order to correlate with the soil loss produced. Mass movement was the main process contributing to total sediment production. This process could have been favoured by rainfalls recorded during the period: 58% of the events were of an erosive character and showed high kinetic energy and erosivity. A sediment production rate of 846 ± 40 Mg ha−1 year−1, a sediment deposition rate of 270 ± 18 Mg ha−1 year−1 and a sediment delivery ratio of 68·1% were computed for a gully area of 0·10 km2. The average net erosion within the study period (1975–95) was 576 ± 58 Mg ha−1 year−1. In comparison with other methods, the proposed method also includes sediment produced by processes other than only overland flow, i.e. downcutting, headcutting, and mass movements and bank erosion. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomy of a Pennine peat slide, Northern England
Authors: Warburton Jeff , Higgitt David , Mills Andrew
Published: May 2003

This paper describes and analyses the structure and deposits of a large UK peat slide, located at Hart Hope in the North Pennines, northern England. This particular failure is unusual in that it occurred in the winter (February, 1995) and shows excellent preservation of the sedimentary structures and morphology, both at the failure scar and downstream. The slide was triggered by heavy rain and rapid snowmelt along the line of an active peatland stream flush. Detailed mapping of the slide area and downstream deposits demonstrate that the slide was initiated as a blocky mass that degenerated into a debris flow. The slide pattern was complex, with areas of extending and compressive movement. A wave‐like motion may have been set up in the failure. Within the slide site there was relatively little variability in block size (b axis); however, downstream the block sizes decrease rapidly. Stability analysis suggests the area at the head of the scar is most susceptible to failure. A ‘secondary’ slide area is thought to have only been initiated once the main failure had occurred. Estimates of the velocity of the flowing peat mass as it entered the main stream channel indicate a flow velocity of approximately 10 m s−1, which rapidly decreases downstream. A sediment budget for the peat slide estimates the failed peat mass to be 30 800 t. However, sediment delivery to the stream channel was relatively low. About 37% of the failed mass entered the stream channel and, despite moving initially as debris flow, the amount of deposition along the stream course and on the downstream fan is small (only about 1%). The efficiency of fluvial systems in transporting the eroded peat is therefore high. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining friction coefficients for interrill flows: the significance of flow filaments and backwater effects
Authors: Dunkerley David L.
Published: May 2003

Friction coefficients in overland flows are customarily estimated from mean flow properties (depth, velocity, slope) that subsume spatial variations in flow arising from two major causes: microtopography and obstacles. This paper uses laboratory experiments in shallow flumes to examine the extent of non‐uniformity in flow conditions associated with each cause. Randomly placed emergent obstacles in a flume with a shallow axial channel generally yielded higher hydraulic roughness than the same pattern of obstacles on a planar flume, as well as greater variation in roughness as the obstacle locations were altered. In both flumes, hydraulic roughness fell with increasing Reynolds number for 10% obstacle cover, showed a flattening trend at 20% cover, and exhibited a convex‐downward trend at 30% obstacle cover. These results indicate the progressive onset of flow controls at narrow gaps in the obstacle field. In such flows, the use of mean flow properties conceals the existence of two main subdivisions of flow: flow filaments and backwater flows. In the experiments, flow filaments involved velocities more than twice the overall mean, whereas backwater flows were much slower than the mean. The existence of fast‐moving flow filaments may be significant in understanding soil transport in surface runoff, and backwater depths may modify splash detachment. Similarly, friction coefficients that fail to reflect these important non‐uniform flow components may not be optimal for hydraulic calculations or in erosion models. It is concluded that new approaches to observing and processing flow data may be required, in order to avoid the loss of important flow detail that is entailed in assuming uniform flow conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex exposure histories of chert clasts in the late Pleistocene shorelines of Lake Lisan, southern Israel
Authors: Matmon Ari , Crouvi Onn , Enzel Yehouda , Bierman Paul , Larsen Jennifer , Porat Naomi , Amit Rivka , Caffee Marc
Published: May 2003

Activities of 26Al and 10Be in five chert clasts sampled from two beach ridges of late Pleistocene Lake Lisan, precursor of the Dead Sea in southern Israel, indicate low rates of chert bedrock erosion and complex exposure, burial, and by inference, transport histories. The chert clasts were derived from the Senonian Mishash Formation, a chert‐bearing chalk, which is widely exposed in the Nahal Zin drainage basin, the drainage system that supplied most of the material to the beach ridges.

Simple exposure ages, assuming only exposure at the beach ridge sampling sites, range from 35 to 354 ky; using the ratio 26Al/10Be, total clast histories range from 0·46 to 4·3 My, unrelated to the clasts' current position and exposure period on the late Pleistocene beach ridges, 160–177 m below sea level. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of fine sediments from the same and nearby beach ridges yielded ages of 20·0 ± 1·4 ka and 36·1 ± 3·3 ka. These ages are supported by the degree of soil development on the beach ridges and correspond well with previously determined ages of Lake Lisan, which suggest that the lake reached its highest stand around 27 000 cal. years BP.

If the clasts were exposed only once and than buried beyond the range of significant cosmogenic nuclide production, then the minimum initial exposure and the total burial times before delivery to the beach ridge are in the ranges 50–1300 ky and 390–3130 ky respectively. Alternatively, the initial cosmogenic dosing could have occurred during steady erosion of the source bedrock. Back calculating such rates of rock erosion suggests values between 0·4 and 12 m My−1. The relatively long burial periods indicate extended sediment storage as colluvium on slopes and/or as alluvial deposits in river terraces. Some clasts may have been stored for long periods in abandoned Pliocene and early Pleistocene routes of Nahal Zin to the Mediterranean before being transported again back into the Nahal Zin drainage system and washed on to the shores of Lake Lisan during the late Pleistocene. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tunnel development over a 12 year period in a semi‐arid catchment of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Zhu T. X.
Published: May 2003

The tunnel systems in a semi‐arid catchment of the Loess Plateau of China were repeatedly surveyed prior to the rainy seasons of 1989, 1999 and 2001. The surveys aimed to: (1) measure tunnel development over the 12 year period 1989–2001; (2) explore how the physiographical conditions affect the spatio‐temporal variability of tunnel development; and (3) to identify the geomorphic processes associated with tunnel development. The ultimate goal was to quantify the geomorphic significance of tunnel systems in the catchment. Over the 12 year period, the number of tunnel inlets was more than doubled and most of the newly increased inlets were initiated in the few catastrophic storm events. However, tunnel enlargement can occur in storm or inter‐storm periods, mainly through earth falls and slumps in inlets, and water erosion and roof cave‐in collapses in tunnel paths. Tunnel development varied with material properties, land uses and topographic conditions. Net tunnel erosion may contribute at least 25–30% of the catchment sediment yield and was mainly produced by the initiation and enlargement of tunnel inlets rather than tunnel paths. To protect the areas against tunnel erosion, terracing of the upper slopes seems to be more effective than planting vegetation on the lower slopes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A spatiotemporal probabilistic modelling of storm‐induced shallow landsliding using aerial photographs and logistic regression
Authors: Dai F. C. , Lee C. F.
Published: May 2003

Landslides constitute one of the major natural hazards that could cause significant losses of life and property. Mapping or delineating areas prone to landsliding is therefore essential for land‐use activities and management decision making in hilly or mountainous regions. A landslide hazard map can be constructed by a qualitative combination of maps of site conditions, including geology, topography and geomorphology, by statistical methods through correlating landslide occurrence with geologic and geomorphic factors, or by using safety factors from stability analysis. A landslide hazard map should provide information on both the spatial and temporal probabilities of landsliding in a certain area. However, most previous studies have focused on susceptibility mapping, rather than on hazard mapping in a spatiotemporal context. This study aims at developing a predictive model, based on both quasi‐static and dynamic variables, to determine the probability of landsliding in terms of space and time. The study area selected is about 13 km2 in North Lantau, Hong Kong. The source areas of the landslides caused by the rainstorms of 18 July 1992 and 4–5 November 1993 were interpreted from multi‐temporal aerial photographs. Landslide data, lithology, digital elevation model data, land cover, and rainfall data were digitized into a geographic information system database. A logistic regression model was developed using lithology, slope gradient, slope aspect, elevation, slope shape, land cover, and rolling 24 h rainfall as independent variables, since the dependent variable could be expressed in a dichotomous way. This model achieved an overall accuracy of 87·2%, with 89·5% of landslide grid cells correctly classified and found to be performing satisfactorily. The model was then applied to rainfalls of a variety of periods of return, to predict the probability of landsliding on natural slopes in space and time. It is observed that the modelling techniques described here are useful for predicting the spatiotemporal probability of landsliding and can be used by land‐use planners to develop effective management strategies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil surface characteristics influence on infiltration in black marls: application to the Super‐Sauze earthflow (southern Alps, France)
Authors: Malet Jean‐Philippe , Auzet Anne‐Veronique , Maquaire Olivier , Ambroise Bruno , Descroix Luc , Esteves Michel , Vandervaere Jean‐Pierre , Truchet Emmanuel
Published: May 2003

Soil surface characteristics (SSCs) have a strong influence on the infiltration properties at the soil surface. They can explain spatial variations in the infiltration processes observed under natural rainfall for relatively little‐differentiated material and can help us to understand the surface and subsurface hydrology of landslides, representative of some of black marls landscapes of the French southern Alps. This paper presents the results of investigations into the influence of SSCs using careful morphological description, in situ tension‐disc infiltrometry and statistical analysis (hierarchical ascending classification and stepwise discriminant analysis). The site studied is the Super‐Sauze earthflow. The selected infiltration and runoff variables were described for 233 microplots chosen all over the earthflow. The results show that an approach based on a description of relevant variables influencing water infiltration can validate a typology based on ‘expert’ knowledge. Hydraulic conductivity at saturation was measured on 36 undisturbed soil cores and at low negative pressure heads on 83 microplots: the dispersion exceeds three orders of magnitude at each pressure head. A statistical analysis of the data set obtained by describing selected variables showed the relevance of the black marl descriptors when defining types of SSC that enable us to distinguish significant hydrodynamical behaviour. This leads us to suggest a distribution of hydraulic conductivity curves near saturation for each SSC type, which can be used as a key to distribute local hydraulic conductivity values adapted to black marl hillslopes. As well as the types of SSC at a microplot scale leading to types of hydrodynamic properties, the typology of combinations of SSCs at a coarser scale should lead to types of hydrological response and to identification of hydrological and geomorphological response units. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On stony ground: Lithic technology, human evolution, and the emergence of culture
Authors: Foley Robert , Lahr Marta Mirazón
Published: May 2003

Culture is the central concept of anthropology. Its centrality comes from the fact that all branches of the discipline use it, that it is in a way a shorthand for what makes humans unique, and therefore defines anthropology as a separate discipline. In recent years the major contributions to an evolutionary approach to culture have come either from primatologists mapping the range of behaviors, among chimpanzees in particular, that can be referred to as cultural or “proto‐cultural” 1, 2 or from evolutionary theorists who have developed models to account for the pattern and process of human cultural diversification and its impact on human adaptation. 3–5.
The adaptive nature of culture
Authors: Alvard Michael S.
Published: May 2003

Some have argued that the major contribution of anthropology to science is the concept of culture. Until very recently, however, evolutionary anthropologists have largely ignored culture as a topic of study. This is perhaps because of the strange bedfellows they would have to maintain. Historically, anthropologists who claimed the focus of cultural anthropology tended to be anti‐science, anti‐biology, or both. Paradoxically, a segment of current mainstream cultural anthropology has more or less abandoned culture as a topic. It is particularly ironic that in spite of a growing awareness among evolutionary anthropologists that culture is critical for understanding the human condition, the topic of culture has fallen out of favor among many “cultural” anthropologists. 1,2
The evolution of cultural evolution
Authors: Henrich Joseph , McElreath Richard
Published: May 2003

Humans are unique in their range of environments and in the nature and diversity of their behavioral adaptations. While a variety of local genetic adaptations exist within our species, it seems certain that the same basic genetic endowment produces arctic foraging, tropical horticulture, and desert pastoralism, a constellation that represents a greater range of subsistence behavior than the rest of the Primate Order combined. The behavioral adaptations that explain the immense success of our species are cultural in the sense that they are transmitted among individuals by social learning and have accumulated over generations. Understanding how and when such culturally evolved adaptations arise requires understanding of both the evolution of the psychological mechanisms that underlie human social learning and the evolutionary (population) dynamics of cultural systems.
Do animals have culture?
Authors: Laland Kevin N. , Hoppitt William
Published: May 2003

Culture is probably not rare in animals, although hard experimental evidence is lacking. The strongest case for culture is found in the species most amenable to experimental manipulation, rather than in nonhuman primates. Human culture is much more likely to be cumulative than animal culture, but the reasons for this are not well established. At this point, there is no reason to assume that cumulative culture depends critically on teaching, imitation, language, or perspective‐taking. Currently, animals are being judged according to stricter criteria than humans.
Multidimensional FEM‐FCT schemes for arbitrary time stepping
Authors: Kuzmin D. , Möller M. , Turek S.
Published: May 2003

The flux‐corrected‐transport paradigm is generalized to finite‐element schemes based on arbitrary time stepping. A conservative flux decomposition procedure is proposed for both convective and diffusive terms. Mathematical properties of positivity‐preserving schemes are reviewed. A nonoscillatory low‐order method is constructed by elimination of negative off‐diagonal entries of the discrete transport operator. The linearization of source terms and extension to hyperbolic systems are discussed. Zalesak's multidimensional limiter is employed to switch between linear discretizations of high and low order. A rigorous proof of positivity is provided. The treatment of non‐linearities and iterative solution of linear systems are addressed. The performance of the new algorithm is illustrated by numerical examples for the shock tube problem in one dimension and scalar transport equations in two dimensions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discretization of transport equations on 2D Cartesian unstructured grids using data from remote cells for the convection terms
Authors: Anagnostopoulos John S.
Published: May 2003

This paper presents a new finite volume discretization methodology for the solution of transport equations on locally refined or unstructured Cartesian meshes. The implementation of the cell‐face values of the dependent variables enables the employment of data from remote cells and thus the use of higher‐order differencing schemes. It also results in simple and flux‐conservative multiple‐scale stencils for the discretization of the governing equations. The latter are finally cast into a generalized form that does not depend on the local mesh structure. The performance of the numerical model is demonstrated on some classical 2D problems using various gridding techniques and a bounded second‐order upwind scheme. A stable and efficient behaviour of the algorithm is observed in all test cases. The results indicate that the combination in the present model of both local grid refinement and second‐order discretization can produce substantially more accurate solutions than each of the above techniques alone, for the same computational effort. The method is also applicable to turbulent flows and can be easily extended to three‐dimensions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.