bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Yb(OTf)3: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 3‐Arylbenzo[f]quinoline‐1,2‐dicarboxylate Derivatives via Imino‐Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Shan , Zhou Jie , Yang Ke , Yao Chang‐Sheng
Published: December 2010

The expected products are not obtained if aliphatic aldehydes are used.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine and Pyrido[2′,3′:3,4]pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: El‐Enany Mervat M. , El‐Meligie Salwa E. M. , Abdou Nadia A. , El‐Nassan Hala B.
Published: December 2010

Novel compounds (IX), (XI), and (XIII) are evaluated for their antimicrobial potency (S.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Phthalazin‐1(2H)‐ones and 3‐Hydroxyisobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐ones via the Ring Contraction of Tropones.
Authors: Li Wenjuan , Li Haijun , Li Zhiping
Published: December 2010

The reaction of functionalized tropones (I) with aryl hydrazines is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Arylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one Derivatives Catalyzed by Iodine in [bmim+][BF‐4].
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Shan , Yang Ke , Zhang Mei‐Mei , Yao Chang‐Sheng
Published: December 2010

If the same reaction is carried out at room temperature, the intermediate (E)‐azomethines can be isolated in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: New Azaborine‐Thiophene Heteroacenes.
Authors: Lepeltier Marc , Lukoyanova Olena , Jacobson Alex , Jeeva Shehzad , Perepichka Dmitrii F.
Published: December 2010

Synthesis, crystallographic, spectral and electrochemical properties of novel polycyclic 22‐electron aromatic compounds consisting of alternating azaborine and thiophene rings are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Addition of Silyl‐Substituted Chloroalkynes to Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Wada Tatsuya , Iwasaki Masayuki , Kondoh Azusa , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: December 2010

The Pd‐catalyzed addition of chloroethynylsilanes (IIa), (IIb) to terminal alkynes proceeds with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity to afford the (Z)‐1‐chloro‐1,3‐enynes (III), (XI) and (XIII) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Indoloditerpenes from an Algicolous Isolate of Aspergillus oryzae.
Authors: Qiao Ming‐Feng , Ji Nai‐Yun , Liu Xiang‐Hong , Li Ke , Zhu Qing‐Mei , Xue Qin‐Zhao
Published: December 2010

New compounds asporyzin A (I), asporyzin B (II) and asporyzin C (III), together with three known indoloditerpenes are isolated from an endophytic fungus Aspergillus oryzae.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of 28‐Norbrassinolide.
Authors: Khripach Vladimir A. , Zhabinskii Vladimir N. , Ermolovich Yurii V.
Published: December 2010

Starting from the known stigmasterol‐derived aldehyde (I), an improved synthesis of polyhydroxylated title steroid (V) is described with the construction of the side‐chain carbon skeleton as key process.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition of Glycine Derivatives to α,β‐Unsaturated Malonates.
Authors: Hou Xuelong , Li Qing , Yao Jun , Dai Lixin
Published: December 2010

The title addition of glycine imines (I) to malonates (II) provides the Michael adducts (III) in high yields and moderate to good diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Morphinans with Diversely Functionalized Benzoxazole Moieties.
Authors: Giran Levente , Gyulai Zsuzsanna , Antus Sandor , Berenyi Sandor , Sipos Attila
Published: December 2010

Three different strategies are pursued for the synthesis of oxazole‐fused morphinans (IV), (VI), and (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of Cerpegin.
Authors: Avetisyan Aida , Karapetyan Lousine
Published: December 2010

A convenient access to cerpegin (III), a pharmaceutically interesting alkaloid from the Indian plant Ceropegia juncea Roxb., is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic Evaluation of Pungencine (I): A New Tropane Alkaloid from the Roots of Erythroxylum pungens O. E. Schulz.
Authors: Sena‐Filho Jose G. , da Silva Marcelo S. , Tavares Josean F. , Oliveira Steno L. , Romero Marco A. V. , Xavier Haroudo S. , Barbosa‐Filho Jose M. , Braz‐Filho Raimundo
Published: December 2010

The novel tropane alkaloid (I) is isolated and its structure is elucidated.
ChemInform Abstract: Neopetrosiamine A, Biologically Active Bis‐piperidine Alkaloid from the Caribbean Sea Sponge Neopetrosia proxima.
Authors: Wei Xiaomei , Nieves Karinel , Rodriguez Abimael D.
Published: December 2010

Neopetrosiamine A (I) displays strong in vitro activities against a panel of cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Curvularides A—E: Antifungal Hybrid Peptide—Polyketides from the Endophytic Fungus Curvularia geniculata.
Authors: Chomcheon Porntep , Wiyakrutta Suthep , Aree Thammarat , Sriubolmas Nongluksna , Ngamrojanavanich Nattaya , Mahidol Chulabhorn , Ruchirawat Somsak , Kittakoop Prasat
Published: December 2010

isolation and structure elucidation of curvularide A (Ia), B (II), C (Ib), D (III) and E (IV); curvularide B shows promising antifungal activity
ChemInform Abstract: Host—Guest Chemistry with Bi‐ and Tetranuclear Macrocyclic Metallasupramolecules
Authors: Han Ying‐Feng , Li Hao , Jin Guo‐Xin
Published: December 2010

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Application of the Heck Reaction in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Fazeli Azadeh
Published: December 2010

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of Dihaloarenes: A Simple and Efficient Approach to Polyazamacrocycles
Authors: Averin Alexei D. , Uglov Alexei N. , Lemeune Alla , Guilard Roger , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: December 2010

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodofluoroalkanes: Properties, Synthesis, Application
Authors: Morozov A. V. , Maximov B. N.
Published: December 2010

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Fused Bicyclic Heterocycles and Their Corresponding Benzofused Analogues
Authors: Elwahy Ahmed H. M. , Shaaban Mohamed R.
Published: December 2010

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: [11C]Phosgene, a Versatile Reagent for Radioactive Carbonyl Insertion into Medicinal Radiotracers for Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Roeda Dirk , Dolle Frederic
Published: December 2010

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed C—H Bond Functionalization on the Indole and Pyrrole Nucleus
Authors: Beck Elizabeth M. , Gaunt Matthew J.
Published: December 2010

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Haterumalides NA and B and Their Artificial Analogues
Authors: Hayakawa Ichiro , Kigoshi Hideo
Published: December 2010

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Frontiers and Opportunities in Chemoenzymatic Synthesis.
Authors: Mortison Jonathan D. , Sherman David H.
Published: December 2010

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Interactive Systems: Dynamic Selection in Hybrid Organic—Inorganic Constitutional Networks
Authors: Barboiu Mihail
Published: December 2010

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NAD+‐Dependent Histone Deacetylases (Sirtuins) as Novel Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Schemies Joerg , Uciechowska Urszula , Sippl Wolfgang , Jung Manfred
Published: December 2010

Review: 141 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Biological Potential of Flavones
Authors: Verma Alok Kumar , Pratap Ram
Published: December 2010

Review: 176 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Absorption of Calcitonin in Oral and Pulmonary Administration with Polymer‐Coated Liposomes
Authors: Takeuchi Hirofumi , Sugihara Hikaru
Published: December 2010

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry in Calixarenes and Radicals: Inclusion, Spin Label, Reaction, and ESR Studies
Authors: Li Yong , Yang Haijun
Published: December 2010

Review: [44 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Structures of Cyclotriphosphazenes
Authors: Steiner Alexander
Published: December 2010

Review: 155 refs.
Open Adsorption System for an Energy Efficient Dishwasher
Authors: Hauer Andreas , Fischer Fabian
Published: December 2010

Open adsorption systems using water as adsorbate, zeolite as adsorbent and air as heat and mass carrier can be used for heating, cooling and thermal energy storage (TES). In an adsorption cycle air is dehumidified, so drying processes are a promising field of application. The objective of the work presented was to reduce the energy consumption of a dishwasher by means of an open adsorption system. The water heating phase of the main washing cycle has been used to desorb a packed bed of zeolites. The common water heating phase before the drying of the dishes has been omitted and replaced by an adsorption phase in which the dishes are dried by hot air. In this context the adsorption system was used as a thermally driven heat pump and a thermal energy storage system. The energy consumption is reduced by 25 % compared to a conventional dishwasher.
The Hydrogen Issue
Authors: Armaroli Nicola , Balzani Vincenzo
Published: December 2010

Hydrogen is often proposed as the fuel of the future, but the transformation from the present fossil fuel economy to a hydrogen economy will need the solution of numerous complex scientific and technological issues, which will require several decades to be accomplished. Hydrogen is not an alternative fuel, but an energy carrier that has to be produced by using energy, starting from hydrogen‐rich compounds. Production from gasoline or natural gas does not offer any advantage over the direct use of such fuels. Production from coal by gasification techniques with capture and sequestration of CO2 could be an interim solution. Water splitting by artificial photosynthesis, photobiological methods based on algae, and high temperatures obtained by nuclear or concentrated solar power plants are promising approaches, but still far from practical applications. In the next decades, the development of the hydrogen economy will most likely rely on water electrolysis by using enormous amounts of electric power, which in its turn has to be generated. Producing electricity by burning fossil fuels, of course, cannot be a rational solution. Hydroelectric power can give but a very modest contribution. Therefore, it will be necessary to generate large amounts of electric power by nuclear energy of by renewable energies. A hydrogen economy based on nuclear electricity would imply the construction of thousands of fission reactors, thereby magnifying all the problems related to the use of nuclear energy (e.g., safe disposal of radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, plant decommissioning, uranium shortage). In principle, wind, photovoltaic, and concentrated solar power have the potential to produce enormous amounts of electric power, but, except for wind, such technologies are too underdeveloped and expensive to tackle such a big task in a short period of time. A full development of a hydrogen economy needs also improvement in hydrogen storage, transportation and distribution. Hydrogen and electricity can be easily interconverted by electrolysis and fuel cells, and which of these two energy carriers will prevail, particularly in the crucial field of road vehicle powering, will depend on the solutions found for their peculiar drawbacks, namely storage for electricity and transportation and distribution for hydrogen. There is little doubt that power production by renewable energies, energy storage by hydrogen, and electric power transportation and distribution by smart electric grids will play an essential role in phasing out fossil fuels.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone storage disease presenting as pathologic fracture and anemia: Report of a case with imprint cytology
Authors: Huang Wen‐Chih , Chang Chih‐Hung , Tsai Chien‐Chen
Published: December 2010

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) storage disease can be caused by local injection and systemic parenteral administration of PVP‐containing solutions. PVP has been used as plasma expander, a retardant in certain medicines, components of food additive, and hair care products. High‐molecular‐weight PVP polymers are prevented from renal excretion and are retained in the reticuloendothelial system. The clinical manifestations include skin lesions and hematologic and orthopedic complications because of bone marrow failure and bony destruction with infiltration of PVP storage histiocytes. Herein, we report a 65‐year‐old female patient with PVP storage disease presenting as femoral fracture and anemia. In our case, some gelatinous material was noted atthe fracture site, and the initial clinical impression was bony tumor or metastatic lesion. Imprint cytology showed some atypical cells exhibiting foamy cytoplasm and vacuoles. The biopsy specimen revealed that some blue‐grayish, vacuolated cells infiltrate in the bone marrow spaces and regional soft tissue near fracture site. The unusual morphology caused a diagnostic dilemma, with the differential diagnosis, including metastatic carcinoma, chordoma, liposarcoma, and hereditary storage disease. The vacuolated cells were positive for CD68, mucicarmine, and Congo red stains, but negative for CK (AE1/AE3) and S‐100 protein. Combing the patient's history with long‐term intravenous supplement of PVP‐containing blood solutions, PVP storage disease involving the bone and regional soft tissue was diagnosed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Madecassoside induces apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts via a mitochondrial‐dependent pathway
Authors: Song Jie , Dai Yue , Bian Difei , Zhang Haofang , Xu Xianxiang , Xia Yufeng , Gong Zhunan
Published: December 2010

Centella asiatica herb is a frequently prescribed drug in southeastern Asia and China that can simultaneously facilitate wound healing and prevent scar formation. The active constituents and underlying mechanisms responsible for these biphasic actions remain unknown. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that madecassoside, the main active triterpene saponin in C. asiatica herbs, was able to treat trauma‐caused scars in rabbit ear and facilitate burn wound healing in mice. As the formation and progression of keloid scars is closely related to the excessive proliferation and insufficient apoptosis of dermal fibroblasts, the effects of madecassoside on the proliferation and apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts (KFs) were examined in the present study. Primary KFs, originating from human earlobe keloids, were purified and cultured, and then treated with increasing concentrations of madecassoside (10, 30, and 100 µM) for 48 h. Madecassoside inhibited the proliferation of KFs in a time‐and concentration‐dependent manner, and induced KF apoptosis as revealed by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry analysis. Furthermore, madecassoside activated caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 rather than caspase‐8, depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential, and regulated expression of Bcl‐2 family members in KFs. These findings suggest that madecassoside induced the apoptosis of KFs through a mitochondrial‐dependent pathway. Drug Dev Res 72: 315–322, 2011.  © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of hepatoprotective efficacy of Majoon‐e‐Dabeed‐ul‐ward against acetaminophen‐induced liver damage: A Unani herbal formulation
Authors: Shakya Arvind Kumar , Shukla Sangeeta
Published: December 2010

A Unani herbal formulation known as Majoon‐e‐Dabeed‐ul‐ward (MD) was evaluated for hepatoprotective effect against acetaminophen (APAP; 2 g/kg p.o.)‐induced liver damage. The latter was evidenced by elevated levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline transaminase (SALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin, albumin, urea, and creatinine in experimental animals. Increased levels of lipid peroxidation were associated with a concomitant decline in reduced glutathione levels, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G‐6‐Pase) caused by APAP treatment. Treatment with MD (250,500, and 1,000 mg/kg p.o.) reverse the altered levels of AST, ALT, SALP, LDH, bilirubin, albumin, urea, and creatinine in a dose‐dependent manner. Significant restoration was found in LPO, GSH content and metabolic enzymes (ATPase and G‐6‐pase) were seen after therapy. The herbal formulation, MD showed hepatoprotective efficacy against APAP‐induced liver damage. Drug Dev Res 72: 346–352, 2011.   © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Optically Active cis‐ and trans‐2‐(1H‐Imidazol‐1‐yl)cycloalkanamines
Authors: Alatorre‐Santamaría Sergio , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Gotor Vicente
Published: December 2010

The preparation of enantiopure 2‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)cycloalkanamines has been studied by independent chemoenzymatic approaches. We first explored a route involving the enzymatic resolution of racemic cycloalkanol analogs for the preparation of the corresponding optically active amines by diverse substitution methodologies including (a) the formation of a mesylated intermediate that could be later substituted by an amine group and (b) the combination of Mitsunobu inversion of the hydroxy group followed by a deprotection step. In order to overcome low isolated yields of the desired optically active amines, racemic‐trans‐2‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)cycloalkanamines were prepared, and their lipase‐catalyzed enzymatic resolutions were studied. These efforts revealed that lipase from Candida antarctica type B was an efficient biocatalyst. A combination of both chemoenzymatic methodologies has allowed us to obtain the four different enantiopure cis‐ and trans‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)cycloalkanamine isomers.
Insights into the Reaction Behaviour of Stannylated Allylic Substrates
Authors: Bukovec Christian , Wesquet Alexander O. , Kazmaier Uli
Published: December 2010

Stannylated allylic substrates are versatile building blocks for organic synthesis. Pd0‐catalysed coupling reactions of 2‐stannylated allylic carbonates, acetates and phenoxides with amines, malonates, phenoxides, imides and distannanes provide the corresponding substituted allylic compounds, which are suitable for subsequent modifications including Stille coupling reactions. The reaction mechanisms are dependent on the temperature and the nucleophiles used. Tsuji–Trost allylic substitution takes place with organic nucleophiles at low temperature. When distannane is employed at higher temperature, on the other hand, Pd0‐catalysed bismetallation of allenes formed in situ by elimination of tributyltin methoxide predominates.
Cell activity analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis combined with specific cell staining
Authors: Ding Jinmei , Zhang Lu , Qu Feng , Ren Xiaomin , Zhao Xinying , Liu Qingsheng
Published: December 2010

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used to determine Hela cells activity with Hela treated by 0–46 μM methylmercury (MeHg) as the apoptosis model. The treated and untreated cells were stained by four different dyes (Janus Green B, Rhodamine 123, Neutral Red and Trypan Blue) and analyzed by CZE with UV/Vis detection. The absorbance of cells at 214 nm could indicate the degree of cell shrinkage and component leakage induced by MeHg. The intensity of cell absorbance at maximum visible absorption wavelength of dyes represented mitochondrial activity, lysosome phagocytosis ability and cell membrane integrity. For different concentrations of MeHg treatment, the change of cell activity was in good agreement with Janus Green B uptake colorimetric assay (R2=0.914) and 3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐di‐phenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (R2=0.892). 80% of RSD (n=3) values were in the range of 0.5–15.0%. The established CZE method could be used to analyze intact cells with only UV‐Vis detector. The CZE method has some features equivalent to the existing universal method, and it has the potential to be a universal tool for cell activity determination.
A SNaPshot assay for genotyping 44 individual identification single nucleotide polymorphisms
Authors: Lou Chunguang , Cong Bin , Li Shujin , Fu Lihong , Zhang Xiaojing , Feng Ting , Su Shanshan , Ma Chunling , Yu Feng , Ye Jian , Pei Li
Published: December 2010

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which have relatively low mutation rates and can be genotyped after PCR with shorter amplicons compared with short tandem repeats (STRs), are being considered as potentially useful markers in forensic DNA analysis. Those SNPs with high heterozygosity and low Fst (F‐statistics) in human populations are described as individual identification SNPs, which perform the same function as STRs used in forensic routine work. In the present study, we developed a multiplex typing method for analyzing 44 selected individual identification SNPs simultaneously by using multiplex PCR reaction in association with fluorescent labeled single base extension (SBE) technique. PCR primers were designed and the lengths of the amplicons ranged from 69 to 125 bp. The population genetics data of 79 unrelated Chinese individuals for the 44 SNP loci were investigated and a series of experiments were performed to validate the characteristic of the SNP multiplex typing assay, such as sensitivity, species specificity and the performance in paternity testing and analysis of highly degraded samples. The results showed that the 44‐SNPs multiplex typing assay could be applied in forensic routine work and provide supplementary data when STRs analysis was partial or failed.
Capillary electrophoresis combining three‐step multiplex polymerase chain reactions for diagnosing α‐thalassemia
Authors: Chen Yen‐Ling
Published: December 2010

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is the most useful tool for DNA separation because of its high resolution. In this study, different kinds of polymers were used to evaluate the separation efficiency by analyzing a 200‐bp DNA ladder. Under optimized CE conditions, the CE separation was performed by DB‐17 capillary. The running buffer was a 1× TBE buffer containing 0.6% w/v poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (Mw: 8 000 000) and 1 μM YO‐PRO‐1; applied voltage was −10 kV (detector at anode side) and the separation temperature was 25°C. Under these optimal conditions, 15 DNA fragments with sizes ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 kb were resolved within 11.5 min and the RSD of migration time were less than 0.55% (n=3). This method, combined with three‐step multiplex PCR, was applied to detect five α‐thalassemia deletions, including ‐α3.7, ‐α4.2, ‐ ‐SEA, ‐ ‐FIL and ‐ ‐THAI. A total of 21 patients diagnosed with α‐thalassemia were analyzed using this developed method and all results agreed with those already obtained by gel electrophoresis.
Isoelectric focusing of small non‐covalent metal species from plants
Authors: Köster Jessica , Hayen Heiko , von Wirén Nicolaus , Weber Günther
Published: December 2010

IEF is known as a powerful electrophoretic separation technique for amphoteric molecules, in particular for proteins. The objective of the present work is to prove the suitability of IEF also for the separation of small, non‐covalent metal species. Investigations are performed with copper–glutathione complexes, with the synthetic ligand ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐bis(o‐hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (EDDHA) and respective metal complexes (Fe, Ga, Al, Ni, Zn), and with the phytosiderophore 2′‐deoxymugineic acid (DMA) and its ferric complex. It is shown that ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐bis(o‐hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid and DMA species are stable during preparative scale IEF, whereas copper–glutathione dissociates considerably. It is also shown that preparative scale IEF can be applied successfully to isolate ferric DMA from real plant samples, and that multidimensional separations are possible by combining preparative scale IEF with subsequent HPLC‐MS analysis. Focusing of free ligands and respective metal complexes with di‐ and trivalent metals results in different pIs, but CIEF is usually needed for a reliable estimation of pI values. Limitations of the proposed methods (preparative IEF and CIEF) and consequences of the results with respect to metal speciation in plants are discussed.
Topology, parameter, and measurement error processing using synchronized phasors
Authors: Abur Ali , Chen Jian , Zhu Jun , Korkali Mert
Published: December 2010

This paper provides an overview of the methods developed for processing errors in network topology, parameters, and measurements, using synchronized phasors. These methods facilitate placement decisions for phasor measurements for a range of considerations. The presented overview is primarily concerned with maintaining network observability and filtering gross errors appearing in network model and measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wide area monitoring in the Italian power system: architecture, functions and experiences
Authors: Cirio D. , Lucarella D. , Giannuzzi G. , Tuosto F.
Published: December 2010

The paper reports the main features of the Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) in operation at the Italian power system. First, the architecture of the WAMS platform is described; then, the visualisation functions are presented. The latter provide the data measured by the phasor measurement units, together with the results of real time monitoring functions for enhanced operational awareness. Functions have been developed for oscillatory stability analysis, network separation detection, voltage stability margin evaluation, load shedding intervention evaluation, line thermal estimation. Application examples are shown, drawn from real cases. The WAMS platform, running in real time in the control room, has proved useful in normal and especially in critical operating conditions, when the limitations of traditional SCADA systems and analysis tools are most apparent. The development of real‐time functions is still ongoing, also in view of implementing Wide Area Control/Protection System solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wide‐area monitoring and control using the real time digital simulator and a synchrophasor vector processor
Authors: Srivastava Anurag , Ravikumar Krishnanjan Gubba , Zweigle Greg
Published: December 2010

Several major blackouts in the past have shown the need for advanced wide‐area monitoring and control (WAMC) techniques. Advanced synchrophasor visualization and monitoring can be realized with time‐referenced power system data that are collected by phasor measurement units (PMUs) using synchronized clocks. Presently, PMUs are being deployed around the world at a rapid rate for various power system applications. When a necessary number of PMUs are installed at optimal locations throughout the network, the complete state of the system can be observed. PMUs take real‐time measurements to determine the state of the power system and can be used to enhance state estimation efficiency. With PMUs in place, there are many control and protection schemes that can be implemented successfully to take preventive and corrective actions. These remedial action schemes (RASs) are classified by the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) as system integrity protection schemes (SIPSs). This work involved the development of a real‐time hardware test bed in order to analyze the transient stability of a simulated power system by using synchrophasors to visualize system stress across a transmission line with and without load‐shedding schemes. The real time digital simulator (RTDS®) was used to model the power system in real time. PMUs, a satellite‐synchronized clock, and a synchrophasor vector processor (SVP) were used to test the synchrophasor application. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal coordinated control of multiple HVDC links for power oscillation damping based on model identification
Authors: Eriksson Robert , Söder Lennart
Published: December 2010

This paper deals with optimal coordinated control of several high voltage direct current (HVDC) links based on an estimated model of large power systems. The model of the power system is estimated by using subspace system identification techniques. An optimal controller is designed based on the estimated model with the aim to improve the damping in the system. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a new method which uses global Phasor measurement units (PMUs) signals for coordinated damping control of multiple HVDC links. The input signals are the controllable set‐points of the HVDC links, the output signals are the speed signals of selected generators obtained from PMU. The PMU signals are used to estimate the current state of the model, i.e., the state of the system, an appropriate control action can then be applied to dampen the system. The benefit of the method is that the used output signals, i.e., the used PMU signals, are independent of the system equilibrium and therefore makes it possible to use state‐feedback control, i.e., coordinated control. The method is applied to the Cigré Nordic 32‐bus system including two HVDC links. The consistent results show that the damping can be significantly increased. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active length of cable lines with uncoated metal sheaths as long grounding conductors
Authors: Popović Ljubivoje M.
Published: December 2010

Power cables that have sheaths, usually lead, and are manufactured with bitumen impregnated hessian which degrades over time, act as long grounding electrodes or inject fault current directly into the surrounding soil. As a consequence of this, the MV lines made of this type of cable spontaneously form a very large and complex grounding system around the high‐voltage/medium‐voltage (HV/MV) distribution substations. The area encompassed by this type of grounding system is much larger than the area occupied by the HV/MV substation itself. Due to this, the grounding system exhibits excellent performance, including a very low value of impedance to ground. The problem with this type of grounding system appears only at the design stage of the HV/MV substation, when safety conditions inside and in the vicinity of this substation should be confirmed by calculation. This paper provides improvements in accuracy to the only existing practical method developed for the analysis of this type of grounding system. The proposed improvement enables a more accurate estimation of active cable line length, grounding impedance of the cable line, the urban area covered by this type of grounding system, as well as grounding impedance of the entire grounding system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The last meal of the Late Ordovician mollusc ‘Helminthochiton’ thraivensis Reed, 1911, from the Lady Burn Starfish Beds, southwest Scotland
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. , Sutton Mark D. , Sigwart Julia D.
Published: December 2010

An exceptional specimen of the Late Ordovician mollusc ‘Helminthochiton’ thraivensis Reed, from the Katian of the Lady Burn Starfish Beds, southwest Scotland, preserves gut contents that include nine pelmatozoan ossicles. These are interpreted as including two nodal and five internodal columnals, and two radice ossicles from the attachment structure. The stem was cyclocyclic and heteromorphic, possibly N212. Radice ossicles were wider than the height of nodals, so radice scars must have encroached onto the latera of adjacent internodals. These features were compared with the 26 known pelmatozoan taxa from the Lady Burn Starfish Beds. Paracrinoids (one species) and glyptocystitid rhombiferans (six species) were discounted as prey because of their cemented attachment, and incorrect columnal morphology and lack of attachment, respectively. Of 19 species of crinoids, eight are discounted in which the column is pentagonal, tetragonal or unknown. Of the remaining 11 species, only the monobathrid camerate Macrostylocrinus cirrifer Ramsbottom satisfies all criteria for identification of the prey, including heteromorphy and radice scars encroaching adjacent internodals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The climate of cloud forests
Authors: Jarvis Andy , Mulligan Mark
Published: December 2010

This chapter analyses the climatic conditions prevailing at sites where tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) have been reported. Spatial data‐sets of climate were used to describe the climate at 477 cloud forest sites identified by United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)‐WCMC. Some 85% of the sites are found at altitudes between 400 and 2800 m a.s.l., with an average altitude of 1700 m. The range of altitudes at which cloud forests are found is extensive (220–5005 m). The climate of cloud forests is highly variable from site to site, with an average rainfall of ∼2000 mm year−1 and an average temperature of 17·7 °C. In addition, cloud forests are found in seasonal and aseasonal environments alike, both in terms of rainfall and temperature. There are some clear differences in the climates of cloud forests found in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and those in Asia. Cloud forests are found to be wetter (with incident rainfall being 184 mm year−1 higher on average), cooler (by 4·2 °C on average), and less seasonally variable than other montane forests not affected significantly by fog and low cloud. Cloud forests are also almost completely confined to a zone within 350 km from the nearest coast. Finally, the climatic representativity of 14 intensively studied cloud forest sites (ISS) was analysed, as a group, the sites provided a fair representation of the climates found in cloud forests, evenly covering the ranges in temperature and rainfall. The majority of cloud forest sites occur in regions with 2000–2600 mm of rainfall and annual mean temperatures (Tmean) of 14–18 °C. Relatively dry cloud forest sites (<1000 mm of rain year−1) are under‐represented in the UNEP‐WCMC data‐base. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of WASMOD and SWAT on hydrological simulation in Yingluoxia watershed in northwest of China
Authors: Li Zhanling , Xu Zongxue , Li Zhanjie
Published: December 2010

Two hydrological models with different structures and spatial capabilities are selected to simulate the runoff and actual evapotranspiration (AET) in Yingluoxia watershed, the upper reaches of Heihe River basin in northwest of China, to validate their performances in simulating hydrological processes. They are calibrated against the observed runoff at the watershed outlet (Yingluoxia station) for the period from 1990 to 1996 and validated for the period from 1997 to 2000. Results show that in terms of the simulated hydrograph against observations and the two selected objective functions, the conceptual, lumped Water And Snow balance MODeling system (WASMOD) with simple model structure could give the same, even better results than the semi‐distributed Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with complex structure. Compared with other model applications to the watershed, simulation for monthly runoff made in this study seems better. With regard to AET, results calculated from both models are comparable as well. Both WASMOD and SWAT are proved to be suitable and satisfactory tools in simulating hydrological processes in the study area, although both of them have strengths and limitations in applications. WASMOD model may be one of the promising alternatives in hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Folic acid improves acetylcholine‐induced vasoconstriction of coronary vessels isolated from hyperhomocysteinemic mice: An implication to coronary vasospasm
Authors: Qipshidze Natia , Metreveli Naira , Lominadze David , Tyagi Suresh C.
Published: December 2010

Human atherosclerotic coronary vessels elicited vasoconstriction to acetylcholine (Ach) and revealed a phenomenon of vasospasm. Homocysteine (Hcy) levels are elevated in the atherosclerotic plaque tissue, suggesting its pathological role in endothelial damage in atherosclerotic diseases. Accordingly, we examined the role hyperhomocysteinemia in coronary endothelial dysfunction, vessel wall thickness, lumen narrowing, leading to acute/chronic coronary vasospasm. The therapeutic potential and mechanisms of folic acid (FA) using hyperhomocysteinemic cystathionine beta synthase heterozygote (CBS−/+) and wild type (CBS+/+) mice were addressed. The CBS−/+ and CBS+/+ mice were treated with or without a Hcy lowering agent FA in drinking water (0.03 g/L) for 4 weeks. The isolated mouse septum coronary artery was cannulated and pressurized at 60 mmHg. The wall thickness and lumen diameters were measured by Ion‐Optic. The vessels were treated with Ach (10−8–10−5 M) and, for comparison, with non‐endothelial vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (10−5 M). The endothelium‐impaired arteries from CBC−/+ mice constricted in response to Ach and this vasoconstriction was mitigated with FA supplementation. The level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was lower in coronary artery in CBS−/+ than of CBS+/+ mice. Treatment with FA increased the levels of Ach‐induced NO generation in the coronary artery of CBS−/+ mice. The results suggest that Ach induced coronary vasoconstriction in CBS−/+ mice and this vasoconstriction was ameliorated by FA treatment. The mechanisms for the impairment of vascular function and therapeutic effects of FA may be related to the regulation of eNOS expression, NO availability and tissue homocysteine. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2712–2720, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The anti‐cancer effects of (−)‐Epigalocathine‐3‐gallate on the signaling pathways associated with membrane receptors in MCF‐7 cells
Authors: Hsu Yuan‐Chang , Liou Ying‐Ming
Published: December 2010

(−)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCg) has been implicated in cancer chemo‐prevention in studies using many different kinds of cancer cells. The present study measured cell viability, osteopontin (OPN) secretion, fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression, and cytosolic Ca2+ and verified the anti‐cancer activities of EGCg in MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells. EGCg‐induced apoptosis was evidenced by nuclear condensation, increased protein levels of activated caspase‐3, down‐regulation of gelsolin and tropomyosin‐4 (Tm‐4), and up‐regulation of tropomyosin‐1(Tm‐1). By disrupting adherens junction formation, EGCg caused accumulation of extra‐nuclear β‐catenin aggregates in the cytosol and alterations of the protein content and mRNA expression of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin, but not N‐cadherin, in MCF‐7 cells. To identify the putative mechanisms underlying the EGCg signaling pathways, EGFP (enhanced green fluorescence protein) was ectopically expressed in MCF‐7 cells. This allowed us to monitor the EGCg‐induced fluorescence changes associated with the effects of Triton X‐100 (to remove plasma membrane) or the addition of laminin, anti‐laminin receptor (LR) antibody, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and genistein on the cells. Our results indicated that EGCg acts via the signaling pathways associated with cell membrane to suppress cell proliferation, provoke apoptosis, and disturb cell–cell adhesion in MCF‐7 cells. The altered events include the EGFR, LR, FAS, intracellular Ca2+, OPN secretion, caspace‐3, gelsolin, Tm‐4, Tm‐1, and adherens junction proteins, E‐cadherin and β‐catenin. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2721–2730, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of epimorphin in bile duct formation of rat liver epithelial stem‐like cells: Involvement of small G protein RhoA and C/EBPβ
Authors: Jia Yali , Yao Hailei , Zhou Junnian , Chen Lin , Zeng Quan , Yuan Hongfeng , Shi Lei , Nan Xue , Wang Yunfang , Yue Wen , Pei Xuetao
Published: December 2010

Epimorphin/syntaxin 2 is a high conserved and very abundant protein involved in epithelial morphogenesis in various organs. We have shown recently that epimorphin (EPM), a protein exclusively expressed on the surface of hepatic stellate cells and myofibroblasts of the liver, induces bile duct formation of hepatic stem‐like cells (WB‐F344 cells) in a putative biophysical way. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present some of the molecular mechanisms by which EPM mediates bile duct formation. We established a biliary differentiation model by co‐culture of EPM‐overexpressed mesenchymal cells (PT67EPM) with WB‐F344 cells. Here, we showed that EPM could promote WB‐F344 cells differentiation into bile duct‐like structures. Biliary differentiation markers were also elevated by EPM including Yp, Cx43, aquaporin‐1, CK19, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Moreover, the signaling pathway of EPM was analyzed by focal adhesion kinase (FAK), extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and RhoA Western blot. Also, a dominant negative (DN) RhoA‐WB‐F344 cell line (WBRhoA‐DN) was constructed. We found that the levels of phosphorylation (p) of FAK and ERK1/2 were up‐regulated by EPM. Most importantly, we also showed that RhoA is necessary for EPM‐induced activation of FAK and ERK1/2 and bile duct formation. In addition, a dual luciferase‐reporter assay and CHIP assay was performed to reveal that EPM regulates GGT IV and GGT V expression differentially, possibly mediated by C/EBPβ. Taken together, these data demonstrated that EPM regulates bile duct formation of WB‐F344 cells through effects on RhoA and C/EBPβ, implicating a dual aspect of this morphoregulator in bile duct epithelial morphogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2807–2816, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibitory action of neem aqueous extract (azadirachta indica A. Juss) on the vitellogenesis of rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks
Authors: Eloisi Denardi Sandra , Henrique Bechara Gervásio , Rosa de Oliveira Patrícia , Camargo Mathias Maria Izabel
Published: December 2010

The present study revealed unheard of data about the action of aqueous extracts of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) on the vitellogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, proving that these extracts in 10 and 20% concentrations do not have the potential to kill the females; however, in lower concentrations (10%) provokes great morphological alterations in germinative cells such as the emergence of extended cytoplasmic vacuolization areas as well as the fragmentation of the germinal vesicle, even in those oocytes which were in initial stages of development (I–III), showing that neem is a potent agent which acts impeding one of the main metabolic stages of the ticks, i.e., the reproduction. In oocytes in final stages of development (IV–V) azadirachtin (neem's active principle) caused significant reduction in the size and quantity of proteic granules of the yolk and the inversion of their localization where the smaller granules before inside the cell (normal oocyte) were posteriorly observed in the periphery, and the bigger ones in the central region. Thus, the study showed that the alterations found both in the oocytes and in the pedicel cells indicated that azadirachtin acts on the process of tick's reproduction and signalizes that this plant can be used in the future to control ticks with the advantage of not being aggressive to nontarget organism or the environment. Furthermore, data here obtained showed that the most significant efficiency of the aqueous extract of neem is related to the concentration of 10%, proving that higher doses would not be so efficient. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abundance of antennal chemosensilla in two parasitoid wasps with different degree of host specificity may explain sexual and species differences in their response to host‐related volatiles
Authors: Das Prithwiraj , Chen Li , Sharma Kavita R. , Fadamiro Henry Y.
Published: December 2010

The endoparasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Microplitis croceipes (specialist), and Cotesia marginiventris (generalist) are parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae that differ in their degree of host specificity. Previous studies by our group have reported key differences in the response of both parasitoids to host‐related volatiles. To possibly understand the basis for our results, we compared the abundance of antennal sensilla in both sexes of both parasitoid species using scanning electron microscopy and silver‐staining techniques. Males of both species had relatively longer antennae than conspecific females. Five major sensilla types were recorded in both species: sensilla chaetica (nonporous), s. trichodea (nonporous), s. placodea (multiporous), s. basiconica (two types, type 1 with terminal opening and type 2 with wall pores), and s. coeloconica (nonporous). Silver staining confirmed multiple pores on the walls of s. placodea and s. basiconica type 2 and terminal openings on s. basiconica type 1, suggesting chemosensory function. In general, both putative chemosensilla types, s. placodea and s. basiconica, were more abundant in M. croceipes (specialist) than in C. marginiventris (generalist), and this was true for both sexes. Comparing the sexes, s. placodea and s. trichodea were significantly more abundant in M. croceipes males compared to females. In contrast, s. placodea was relatively more abundant in female C. marginiventris than in males. These results may explain the reported differences in the responses of both parasitoid species to host‐related volatiles and are discussed in relation to the possible roles of the sensilla types in the behavioral ecology of the parasitoids. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolving architectural patterns in microbial colonies development
Authors: Gómez‐Aguado F. , Alou L. , Corcuera M.T. , Sevillano D. , Alonso M.J. , Gómez‐Lus M.L. , Prieto J.
Published: December 2010

Semithin sections of colonies of three ATCC strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans) showed that their internal structure had specific patterns that evolved over the time. These patterns generally were defined by the presence of different layers composed of microorganisms with variable population densities and dead cells. The observed structures in this study could be explained as a particular form of biofilm with an air‐semisolid interface. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of vinylindoles and vinylpyrroles by the Peterson olefination or by use of the Nysted reagent
Authors: Noland Wayland E. , Etienne Christopher L. , Lanzatella Nicholas P.
Published: December 2010

Vinylindoles and vinylpyrroles were prepared from their corresponding aldehydes or ketones using the Peterson olefination, or by use of the Nysted reagent, a commercially available gem‐dimetallic compound. The two methods provide efficient and convenient access to these useful heterocyclic 1,3‐diene systems. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
The synthesis of radiolabeled Irbesartan using N,N‐dimethyl[14C]formamide as a source of carbon‐14 isotope
Authors: Ekhato I. Victor , Bonacorsi Samuel
Published: December 2010

Irbesartan (Avapro™) is in clinical use as an antihypertensive drug. It is a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. A radiolabeled version of this drug, intended for use in environmental fate studies, was prepared from N,N‐dimethyl[14C]formamide. Our method of synthesis gave 18% overall yield and a radiochemical purity of 98.22%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two Concepts Changing Laser Scribing in Photovoltaics
Authors: Endert Heinrich , Niederhofer Jürgen
Published: December 2010

Even in established Photovoltaics (PV) production processes, such as laser structuring of thin‐film cells, there is always a need for further improvement. In a new scribing concept, several compact lasers replace high‐power lasers. This approach simplifies the system setup, reduces costs and is more flexible. additionally, moving compact laser heads on a gantry along the PV panel provides further opportunities for a fast, stable and scalable scribing process.
Complementarity framework for non‐linear dynamic analysis of skeletal structures with softening plastic hinges
Authors: Sivaselvan M. V.
Published: December 2010

In this paper, we describe an algorithm for the incremental state update of elasto‐plastic systems with softening. The algorithm uses a complementary pivoting technique and is based on casting the incremental state update as a complementarity problem. In developing the algorithm, we take advantage of the special features of solid and structural mechanics problems to achieve good computational performance, and hence the ability to compute numerical solutions to practical size problems. For example, the notion of a tangent stiffness matrix arises. Numerical examples using models of skeletal structures are presented to demonstrate the practicability of the algorithm. The numerical examples also raise some interesting questions about multiplicity of the solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.