bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El canal del crédito bancario en Colombia: 1995-2005. Una aproximación mediante modelos de umbral.
Authors: Restrepo María Isabel , Restrepo Diana Constanza
Published: December 2022

El canal del crédito bancario, que amplifica los efectos del canal tradicional de la política monetaria, hace énfasis en la estructura y las fricciones del mercado financiero como determinantes del gasto agregado. Este artículo analiza y verifica la existencia del canal del crédito bancario en Colombia estimando un modelo propuesto por Michael Gibson en 19971997, quien utiliza regresiones de umbral para determinar el impacto de la política monetaria sobre la demanda agregada. Los resultados obtenidos no permiten descartar la existencia de este mecanismo de transmisión en Colombia durante el periodo analizado, aunque éste parece operar solo a través de la política monetaria contraccionista. Palabras clave: política monetaria, mecanismos de transmisión, canal de crédito bancario, modelos de umbral. Clasificación JEL: C12, C52, E44, E52, G11. Abstract: The Bank Credit Channel, which amplifies the effects of the traditional channel of monetary policy, emphasizes on the structure and frictions of financial markets as determinants of aggregate spending. This paper aims at analyze and verify the existence of the bank credit channel in Colombia estimating a model proposed by Gibson (1997) which uses threshold regressions as a way to determine the impact of monetary policy on aggregate demand. Results do not allow dismissing the existence of this transmission mechanism in Colombia during the analyzed period, although it seems to operate only through contractionary monetary policy. Keywords: monetary policy, transmission mechanisms, bank lending channel, threshold regressions. JEL classification: C12, C52, E44, E52, G11. Résumé: Le canal du crédit bancaire amplifie les effets du canal traditionnel de la politique monétaire et met l.accent sur la structure et sur les frictions du marché financier, lesquels constituent les éléments qui déterminent de la dépense agrégée. L.objectif de cet article est d.analyser et de vérifier l.existence du canal du crédit bancaire en Colombie en estimant le modèle proposé par Michael Gibson en 1997, lequel utilise des régressions à seuil pour déterminer l.impact de la politique monétaire sur la demande agrégée. Les résultats obtenus ne permettent pas d.écarter l.existence d.un mécanisme de transmission pendant la période analysée, malgré le fait qu.il ne paraisse agir qu.à travers une politique monétaire restrictive. Mots clef: politique monétaire, mécanismes de transmission, canal du crédit bancaire, modèles à seuil. Classification JEL: C12, C52, E44, E52, G11.
Empleo, desempleo y salario real: análisis del mercado laboral de la ciudad de Medellín (1995-2006)
Authors: Cano Carlos Andrés , Ochoa Adriana María
Published: December 2022

En este artículo se estima un modelo que determina el comportamiento de las variables del mercado laboral, con el fin de establecer la dinámica del empleo transitorio y el salario real en Medellín y el Valle de Aburrá entre 1995 y 2006. La caracterización de este mercado se realizó mediante el modelo neoclásico de mercado laboral con ecuaciones simultáneas; a partir del cual se encontró que en el largo plazo las personas estarían dispuestas a aceptar un trabajo a cualquier nivel de ingreso y que tenderá a aumentar la sensibilidad de los salarios y el empleo respecto al producto. Palabras clave: Mercado laboral urbano, salario real, costo del uso de capital. Clasificación JEL: C5, J4, J6. Abstract:  The purpose of this article is to estimate a model determining the behavior of the variables of the labor market in order to ascertain the dynamics of transitory employment and real wage in Medellín and Valle de Aburrá between 1995 and 2006. The labor market was characterized by means of the neoclassical model of the labor market with simultaneous equations. It was found that people would be willing to accept a job at any income level and that the sensitivity of wages and employment with respect to output tends to increase in the long run. Keywords: Urban labor market, real wage, cost of capital, simultaneous equations. JEL Classification: C5, E22, J20, L0. Résumé :  Cet article présent un modèle qui permet de déterminer certaines variables du marché du travail, afin d'établir la dynamique de l'emploi temporaire et le salaire réel dans la ville Medellín et le Valle de Aburrá entre 1995 et 2006. La caractérisation de ce marché a été faite à partir d.un modèle néoclassique appliqué au marché du travail avec des équations simultanées. On montre que dans le long terme les travailleurs peuvent accepter un emploi à n.import quel niveau de revenu alors que la sensibilité des salaires et de l'emploi par rapport au produit tend vers le haut. Mots Clef: Marché de travail urbain, salaire réel, coût d'utilisation du capital. Classification JEL: C5, J4, J6.
Los precios y el impacto de la industria en el crecimiento económico: los casos inglés (1770-1840) y colombiano (1923-1998)
Authors: Posada Carlos Esteban , Trujillo Edgar
Published: December 2022

En este ensayo examinamos una de las consecuencias de un cambio técnico industrial en el conjunto de la economía. Las predicciones de nuestro modelo teórico son contrastadas con las evidencias de dos casos: el inglés (1770-1840) y el colombiano (1923-1998). La evidencia indica que el cambio técnico en la industria inglesa fue un factor importante en la reducción de los precios relativos de los bienes industriales y en la aceleración del crecimiento de la economía desde fines del siglo XVIII y hasta mediados del XIX, tal como lo describe nuestro modelo teórico. En el caso colombiano la evidencia sugiere que el mecanismo mencionado solo ha operado de manera esporádica, con notables y prolongadas interrupciones, y, al menos aparentemente, con debilidad. Palabras claves: industria, cambio técnico, precios relativos, crecimiento económico. Clasificación JEL: L16, O12, O14, O41, O52. Abstract:  The industrial development could be an engine of economic growth through several mechanisms. In this essay we analyzed only one of them: the decline of the industrial prices because of the technical change. We designed an equilibrium model of economic growth, and look at the theoretical predictions of this model for the case of a technical change in the manufacturing (one of the two sectors) leading a process of industrial price reductions and accelerated economic growth. The empirical evidence from the English Industrial Revolution (1770-1840) is pretty well interpreted with our model. In the Colombian case (1923-1998), by contrast, the evidence does not support the hypothesis that the mentioned mechanism was an important, and always in motion, engine of growth. Keywords: industry, technical change; relative prices, economic growth. JEL Classification: L16, O12, O14, O41, O52. Résumé:  Dans cet article nous examinons l.une des conséquences d'un changement technique industriel. Les prévisions du modèle théorique proposé sont contrastées avec l´économie anglaise entre 1770 et 1840 et l.économie colombienne entre 1923 et 1998. Nous montrons que le changement technique dans l'industrie anglaise a été un facteur décisif dans la chute des prix relatifs des biens industriels et dans l'accélération de la croissance depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle et jusqu'à la moitié du XIXe siècle, un résultat décrit par le modèle théorique. Pour l.économie colombienne, l.évidence empirique montre que le mécanisme mentionné ci-dessus n.a opéré que de manière sporadique, avec des interruptions prolongées et avec une certaine faiblesse. Mots Clef: industrie, changement technique, prix relatifs, croissance économique. Classification JEL: L16, O12, O14, O41, O52.
La oferta laboral femenina y sus determinantes: evidencia para Colombia con estimativas de cohortes sintéticas
Authors: Robbins Donald , Salinas Daniel , Manco Araceli
Published: December 2022

La elasticidad de la oferta de trabajo al salario real tiene amplias y significativas implicaciones para entender las fluctuaciones de la economía y para evaluar los efectos de cambios en políticas económicas. La literatura reciente enfatiza la importancia de distinguir entre elasticidades intertemporales y no compensadas, teniendo en cuenta la endogenidad del salario. En este trabajo se construyen pseudo-paneles de horas de trabajo y salarios reales para mujeres con el objetivo de estimar elasticidades de horas de trabajo al salario real; se encuentra apoyo para la teoría del ciclo de vida, con horas de trabajo parcialmente cóncavas y paralelas a la concavidad de salarios, además, las elasticidades intertemporales y no compensadas de oferta a salarios suelen ser positivas pero pequeñas en magnitud. Palabras clave: oferta laboral, salarios, ciclo de vida, elasticidades oferta salarios, cohortes sintéticas. Clasificación JEL: J21, J22, J30 Abstract: The elasticity of labor supply to real wages has broad and significant implications to understanding economic fluctuations and to evaluating the effects of economic policies. Recent literature emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between uncompensated and intertemporal elasticities, controlling for the endogeneity of wages. We use a pseudo-panel of female labor hours and real wages to measure the elastiticities of labor supply to real wages. We find that life cycle theory is supported, with partially concave labor hours that are parallel to the concavity of wages. In addition, the intertemporal and uncompensated elasticities of labor supply to wages are positive but small in magnitude. Keywords: Labor supply, wages, life cycle, elasticities of labor supply, pseudo-panels, synthetic cohorts. JEL Classification: J21, J22, J30 Résumé: L'élasticité de l'offre de travail par rapport au salaire réel a des implications significatives pour comprendre les fluctuations économiques et pour évaluer les effets de changements dans les politiques économiques. La littérature récente souligne l'intérêt de distinguer entre les élasticités intertemporelles et non compensées, tout en tenant compte de l'endogeneité du salaire. Dans ce travail nous construisons une série de pseudo-panneaux d'heures travail et des salaires réels associés au travail féminin, dont l'objectif est celui d'estimer des élasticités d'heures de travail par rapport au salaire réel. Les résultats permettent de soutenir le modèle à générations imbriquées lorsqu'on asume les heures de travail partiellement concaves, lesquels sont parallèles à la concavité des salaires. D'autre part, les élasticités intertemporelles et non compensées de l'offre de travail par rapport aux salaires sont positives mais petites dans leur ampleur. Mots clé: offre de travail, salaires, générations imbriquées, élasticités d'offre des salaires, cohortes synthétiques. Classification JEL : J21, J22, J30
Análisis del efecto día de semana en los mercados accionarios latinoamericanos
Authors: Rodríguez Werner Kristjanpoller
Published: December 2022

El objetivo de este artículo es determinar la existencia del "efecto día de semana" en las bolsas de valores de seis países latinoamericanos, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México, Argentina y Perú, durante el periodo comprendido entre 1993 y 2007. Para ello se analizan los diferentes índices de las bolsas de valores de estos países, teniendo en cuenta las rentabilidades en moneda doméstica. En el periodo analizado, cada uno de los mercados accionarios de estos países muestra, al menos, un día anormal. Lo que más se detectó en estos mercados fue el efecto de rentabilidad negativa de los lunes y el efecto positivo de los viernes. Palabras Claves: Eficiencia de mercado, efecto día de semana, mercados accionarios, mercados emergentes. Clasificación JEL: G10, G14, G15   Abstract: The purpose of this article is to determine the existence of the Day-of-the-Week (DOW) effect in six Latin American stock markets: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Argentina, and Peru. For this, an analysis of their associated stock indexes is in order, using returns in domestic currency. Considering the years 1993-2007, each stock market shows at least one abnormal day. The most common effects for these markets were the negative return effect on Mondays and the positive return effect on Fridays. Keywords: Market Efficiency, Day-of-the-Week Effect, Emerging Markets. JEL Classification: G10, G14, G15   Résumé: L'objectif de cet article est de déterminer l'existence de l'effet jour de semaine dans les bourses de valeurs de six pays latino-américains (Brésil, Chili, Colombie, Mexique, Argentine et Pérou) pendant la période comprise entre 1993 et 2007. Pour cela, nous analysons les different indices bousiers de ces pays en tenant compte des rentabilités reçues en monnaie nationale. Pour la période analysée, chacun des marchés bousiers montre, au moins, un jour anormal alors que l'effet le plus détecté est celui de la rentabilité négative aperçue les lundis et l'effet positif aperçue les vendredis. Mots clé: Efficience de marché, effet jour de semaine, marchés boursier, marchés émergents. Classification JEL : G10, G14, G15
efectos intrafamiliares del bienestar: aplicación de un modelo de estructura de covarianza al caso de Antioquia, 2003
Authors: Gallego Duque Liliana María
Published: December 2022

En este artículo se plantea que el desarrollo de las capacidades de los menores está sujeto a su entorno familiar, de manera que el bienestar del hogar en el espacio de los funcionamientos influye en la salud y educación de los menores. La metodología consiste en la aplicación de un modelo de estructura de covarianza (MEC) al caso de Antioquia-Colombia. Los resultados muestran el impacto positivo de la educación y del bienestar del hogar, el cual incide en la educación y la salud de los menores en edad escolar; el Estado debe propiciar políticas que influyan en el bienestar de las personas, para que éstas tengan más libertad de oportunidades.
Contagio financiero: una metodología para su evaluación mediante coeficientes de dependencia asintótica
Authors: Uribe Jorge
Published: December 2022

Se presenta una metodología reciente para la detección del contagio financiero basada en coeficientes de dependencia asintótica. Este enfoque, sin alejarse de las condiciones teóricas del problema, logra sortear las críticas estadísticas a las que frecuentemente están expuestas otras aproximaciones como los coeficientes de correlación y los vectores autorregresivos. La técnica se aplica en los principales mercados financieros colombianos: renta fija pública, de acciones, monetario y cambiario. Se encuentra que, en términos generales, no se presentó contagio en estos mercados incluso después de la crisis global de 2007- 2009.
Modelos de precios de los activos: un ejercicio comparativo basado en redes neuronales aplicado al mercado de valores colombiano
Authors: Londoño Charle , Cuan Yaneth
Published: December 2022

Este estudio tiene como finalidad evaluar la efectividad que variables tales como el tamaño de la firma y la relación del valor en libros a valor de mercado—presentes en el modelo de Fama y French—tienen para capturar el retorno esperado promedio de los activos, en comparación con los fundamentales macroeconómicos o un índice de mercado. Para este propósito, se utilizó un modelo de redes neuronales artificiales (RNA), el cual parte de una estructura de estimación no lineal que permite capturar ciertas irregularidades que presentan los mercados financieros. Se encontró que el modelo de Fama y French mostró una mejor capacidad explicativa de las condiciones del mercado de valores colombiano, esbozándose la importancia de los factores de riesgo microeconómico para explicar el retorno de los activos.
Primeras experiencias laborales de los profesionales colombianos: probabilidad de empleo formal y salarios
Authors: Barón Juan
Published: December 2022

Este documento usa información única sobre los graduados de pregrado de todas las instituciones de educación superior de Colombia en el año 2007, con el objetivo de analizar: i) la probabilidad de encontrar un empleo formal, y ii) los salarios de aquellos que encuentran dicho trabajo. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias sustanciales en la probabilidad de encontrar un empleo formal según el área del conocimiento y la región —que alcanzan los veinte puntos porcentuales—, más no así por tipo de universidad y género. Adicionalmente, se encuentran diferencias salariales significativas a nivel regional y por área de conocimiento, así como por tipo de universidad y género.
Modelo para el pronóstico del precio de la energía eléctrica en Colombia
Authors: Barrientos Jorge , Rodas Edwin , Velilla Esteban , Lopera Mauricio , Villada Fernando
Published: December 2022

En este trabajo se investigan los factores que determinan el precio de la energía eléctrica en el Mercado colombiano. También se lleva a cabo un ejercicio de pronóstico de largo plazo para los precios de la energía transados en la bolsa energética, para este propósito utilizamos técnicas de vectores de corrección de errores y el enfoque de redes neuronales. La conclusión más relevante es que dado el ambiente optimista que rodea la economía colombiana para los próximos años, los precios de la energía en el largo plazo tendrán una tendencia al alza.
Economic growth consequences of structural stagnation: A two-sector model of productive diversification
Authors: Ortiz Carlos
Published: December 2022

The role of manufacturing input diversification is addressed in a two-sector model of endogenous growth. The general economic equilibrium is solved for the world. It is also solved for a small country with scant capital accumulation, low input diversification and high agricultural productivity. In this set up, developed economies lead the world structural transformation and achieve increasing growth rates by carrying out processes of productive diversification. For each country, the model yields that specialization may enhance economic development if factor prices are internationally equalized. However, due to terms of trade deterioration, factor prices are lower in underdeveloped economies. Hence, specialization of the small country according to its comparative advantages –structural stagnation– generates an inferior path of economic development (lower income and slower growth).
Conservación de mora de castilla mediante la aplicación de un recubrimiento comestible de gel de mucílago de penca de sábila
Authors: RAMÍREZ QUIRAMA Jhon David , ARISTIZÁBAL TORRES Iván Dario , RESTREPO FERNÁNDEZ Jorge Iván
Published: December 2022

Antecedentes: La mora de castilla es una fruta comercialmente importante, pero altamente perecedera. Los recubrimientos comestibles se han utilizado para mejorar la apariencia y la conservación de los alimentos, minimizan el deterioro de las frutas provocados por la senescencia, el crecimiento de microorganismos y las condiciones de manejo poscosecha. Entre los materiales utilizados en los recubrimientos esta el Aloe vera. Objetivo: Evaluar la aplicación de un recubrimiento comestible a base del mucílago de penca sábila sobre la mora, para aumentar la vida útil de acuerdo al comportamiento fisicoquímico, microbiológico y sensorial durante el almacenamiento refrigerado. Métodos: El recubrimiento comestible se elaboró con gel mucilaginoso de penca sábila, el cual se aplicó por inmersión de la fruta con posterior secado, almacenados en refrigeración durante 10 días y evaluando el comportamiento fisicoquímico; la firmeza fue determinada usando un texturómetro con sonda de 5 mm de diámetro llevada a una penetración del 50% del diámetro del fruto, mientras que el color se determinó en las coordenadas L*, a*, b* con un espectrocolorímetro. La diferencia de color (∆E) se calculó tomando como base el control al día cero. La evaluación de mesófilos y de mohos y levaduras se realizó por recuento de colonias en placa a 35°C y 25°C, respectivamente. Los atributos sensoriales fueron evaluados por aproximación multidimensional a través de una escala descriptiva. Resultados: La aplicación del recubrimiento sobre los frutos de mora pudo disminuir la pérdida de peso en 2,5%, mantuvo la firmeza en un 44% más, los valores en las coordenadas de color descendieron en ambos cromas a* y b*, el recuento de mesófilos fue de un 69% menos y en mohos y levaduras un 60% menos para el tratamiento. Los atributos sensoriales en los frutos con recubrimiento mostraron una mejor calificación, la tasa de respiración fue menor en un 47% en los frutos con tratamiento. Conclusiones: Los frutos recubiertos mostraron una disminución a su favor en la tasa de respiración, en variables fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y en los atributos sensoriales en comparación con los frutos control. Se logró aumentar la vida útil de la mora recubierta en 3 días, en comparación con el control.
Prevalencia y factores asociados al insomnio y mala calidad de sueño en pacientes con VIH/SIDA en Sevilla, España
Authors: GARCÍA-CORPAS José Pedro , MONJE-AGUDO Patricia , LABRIOLA Cecilia , MORILLO-VERDUGO Ramón
Published: December 2022

Antecedentes: La mala calidad de sueño puede tener un impacto negativo sobre la calidad de vida de la población en general, y en pacientes VIH+ puede influir negativamente sobre la adherencia del tratamiento antirretroviral. A pesar de ello, hay pocos trabajos que hayan estudiado la cantidad de personas con VIH/SIDA que padecen este trastorno del sueño. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al insomnio y mala calidad de sueño en un grupo de pacientes con VIH+ en España. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo trasversal. En el estudio se incluyó a pacientes mayores de 18 años diagnosticados con VIH/SIDA pertenecientes al programa de Atención Farmacéutica del servicio de farmacia del Hospital Virgen de Valme de Sevilla (España). Todos los pacientes completaron el Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index para medir la calidad de sueño, y el Insomnia Severity Index para medir la gravedad del insomnio. Los factores asociados con la calidad de sueño fueron determinados mediante una regresión logística multivariante. Por su parte, los factores asociados a la gravedad del insomnio fueron estudiados mediante una regresión lineal multivariante. Resultados: Se incluyó 188 pacientes con una edad media de 45 años (desviación estándar DE = 8,4). El 78,7% fueron hombres. El recuento medio de CD4+ fue 609,3 (DE = 318,0), y de CD8+ fue 868,7 (DE = 446,7). La media del PSQI fue de 7,0 (DE = 4,6), y 105 (55,9%) pacientes fueron clasificados como malos dormidores (PSQI > 5). La puntuación media obtenida en el ISI fue 7,3 (DE = 9,1). En los buenos dormidores la puntuación media fue de 1,3 (DE = 2,3) y en los malos dormidores fue de 12,0 (DE = 9,7) (p < 0,001). En los malos dormidores, el 40,9% tuvieron insomnio moderado o grave. La correlación entre la puntuación del PSQI y el ISI fue 0,775 (p< 0,001). Variables como adherencia, género, edad, recuento de CD4 ó CD8 no estuvieron relacionadas con el trastorno del sueño. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de malos dormidores y de insomnes, según el PSQI y el ISI, respectivamente, es bastante mayor en pacientes con VIH/SIDA que en la población general (aproximadamente 20%), pero esto no está asociado con la adherencia del tratamiento.
Análisis de la dispensación de antibióticos en pacientes ambulatorios en una farmacia comunitaria en Murcia, España
Authors: BERNABÉ M. Elena , FLORES DORADO Macarena , MARTÍNEZ MARTÍNEZ Fernando
Published: December 2022

Antecedentes: El uso inadecuado de los antibióticos es considerado como una de las principales causas de la aparición de resistencia microbiana. Este es considerado a su vez como un problema de salud pública, y los farmacéuticos tienen una importante oportunidad de intervención durante la dispensación de estos medicamentos. Objetivos: Identificar y resolver las incidencias relacionadas con el uso de antibióticos durante la dispensación en una farmacia comunitaria, y caracterizar el perfil de paciente y tipo de antibiótico solicitado. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental (sin grupo control), que incluyó a los pacientes que acudieron a la farmacia a retirar un antibiótico durante el periodo de estudio. La intervención en los pacientes que solicitaban el antibiótico por primera vez consistió en verificar si existían criterios para la no dispensación e informar sobre el proceso de uso del medicamento. En dispensación repetida se evaluó la efectividad y seguridad del antibiótico. En ambos casos se realizó la detección y resolución de incidencias, a través de un episodio de seguimiento. Cuando se solicitó el antibiótico sin receta, se intervino para intentar evitarlo, ofreciendo al paciente otras alternativas. Resultados: El 76,2% (64) de las solicitudes fueron con receta, con una media de edad de 44,5 (DE = 18,2) años, en su mayoría mujeres (65,6%), con estudios universitarios (68,8%). El grupo terapéutico más prescrito fue el de los beta-lactámicos (48,4%), y la infección más frecuente fue la respiratoria (45,3%). El 20,3% (13) del grupo de población que demandó con receta tuvo un episodio de seguimiento; esta incidencia se resolvió en el 100% de los casos. El 23,8% (20) de las solicitudes fueron automedicación, la cual se evitó en un 25% hablando con el paciente. El 58,3% (7) de los pacientes fueron remitidos al médico, mientras que el 41,7% (5) no aceptó la propuesta. Conclusiones: Una de cada cinco dispensaciones de antibióticos tienen algún tipo de incidencia relacionada, y en su mayoría se pueden resolver a través de un protocolo de dispensación. La intervención del farmacéutico puede disminuir la automedicación, ya que se consiguió evitar en uno de cada cuatro casos.
Valorization alternatives of colombian bee-pollen for its use as food resource - a structured review
Authors: ZULUAGA DOMÍNGUEZ Carlos Mario , SERRATO BERMUDEZ Juan Carlos , QUICAZÁN de C. Martha Cecilia
Published: December 2022

Background: Pollen of honey-bee Apis mellifera L. is a product gathered for human consumption and marketed as a nutritional and functional resource. However, some studies indicate that it is necessary to develop transformation processes to modify the external structure of pollen, which is extremely difficult and prevents the nutrients and bioactive compounds to be completely digested in the gastrointestinal tract. The bee-pollen productivity in Colombia is up to five times higher than in countries traditionally recognized for its marketing, making this a valuable business opportunity. Objectives: To describe the chemical structure and the most important nutritional and functional components in bee pollen, as well as to understand the availability of compounds and some backgrounds reported for the opening of the bee-pollen grain, both in a natural and artificial manner. Methods: The literature search involved the use of different terms, alone or combined, by using logical operators; some terms were: pollen, beebread, bioactive and nutritional compounds, bioavailability, pollen structure, exine, fertilization. Selected search fields were the title or abstract of the publication in the following databases: Directory of Open Access Journals, Emerald, Pubmed, Redalyc, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Science Direct, Springer Journal, Taylor & Francis, Wiley Online Library. The selected literature was that found mainly between 2008 and 2014in Spanish and English. Results: The nutritional and functional composition of bee-pollen is widely reported; nevertheless, few studies on transformation processes to improve the availability of the compounds present in this product were found. The natural fermentation process occurred within the hive to obtain the product known as “bee-bread” is highlighted, since an emulation of this transformation could be developed in a controlled manner for a scaled production; despite this, further research in the involved biotechnological aspects is still required. Conclusions: Efforts have been made to characterize the bee-pollen from a physical-chemical point of view, but no significant progress in the development of processes of transformation has been reached. The future trends should aim at developing engineering processes emulating the phenomena occurred in nature where structural changes in the outer layer of bee-pollen can be achieved.
Bromotyrosine derivatives from marine sponges inhibit the HIV-1 replication in vitro
Authors: GÓMEZ-ARCHILA Leon Gabriel , ZAPATA Wildeman , GALEANO Elkin , MARTÍNEZ Alejandro , DÍAZ CASTRILLÓN Francisco Javier , RUGELES María Teresa
Published: December 2022

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are mayor global public health issues. HIV-1 infection is now manageable as a chronic disease thanks to the development of antiretroviral therapy; however, the existence of HIV drug resistance and collateral effects have increased the search for therapeutic alternatives. Compounds of marine resources have been studied for their antiviral potential. Objectives: To evaluate the antiviral activity of isolated bromotyrosine-derivative compounds from the Colombian marine sponges, Verongula rigida and Aiolochoria crassa against HIV-1 infection in vitro. Methods: Cytotoxicity of 11 bromotyrosine-derivative compounds was determined by the MTT assay. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication was performed using the U373-MAGI cell line, which was infected with recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing viruses pseudotyped, in the presence or absence of the compounds. The percentage of infected cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. In addition, the inhibition of reverse transcription and nuclear import was determined by quantification of early and late reverse transcription products and 2-LTR circles, respectively, using quantitative PCR. Results: Aeroplysinin-1, purealidin B and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-Omethyltyrosine inhibited the HIV-1 replication in a dose-dependent manner, with a median maximum percentage of inhibition of 74% (20 μM), 57% (80 μM) and 47% (80 μM), respectively. Importantly, none of these concentrations were cytotoxic. Aeroplysinin-1, 19-deoxyfistularin 3, purealidin B, fistularin 3 and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-O-methyltyrosine inhibited the nuclear import efficiently; while 3,5-dibromo-N,N,N,O-tetramethyltyraminium, aeroplysinin-1, purealidin B, fistularin 3 and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-Omethyltyrosine inhibited X4 HIV-1 cell entry with a median maximum percentage of inhibition ranging between 2 to 30%. Conclusions: Aeroplysinin-1, 19-deoxyfistularin 3, purealidin B, fistularin 3 and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-O-methyltyrosine inhibited HIV replication at different steps. This study opens the possibility of chemically synthesizing these compounds and evaluating them as alternative therapies against HIV-1.
Naphthoquinones: biological properties and synthesis of lawsone and derivates - a structured review
Authors: LÓPEZ LÓPEZ Lluvia Itzel , NERY FLORES Sendar Daniel , SILVA BELMARES Sonia Yesenia , SÁENZ GALINDO Aidé
Published: December 2022

Background: Naphthoquinones are natural pigments that are widely distributed in nature and have important biological activities. Lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and its synthetic derivatives, and especially those containing nitrogen, have promising potential for the treatment of different diseases due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor and antiparasitic effects, and for pest control via their molluscicidal and insecticidal activities. Their pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action are related to their oxide/reduction and acid/base properties, and can be modulated by directly adding a substituted to the 1,4-naphthoquinone ring. Due to this, naphthoquinones and their derivatives are at the center of multiple areas of research. In this manuscript, we present a structured review of lawsone, a hydroxyl derivative of naphthoquinone, and discuss relevant reports about the chemistry and synthesis of derivatives. Finally, we present the pharmacological activities and mechanism of action reported. Objective: The purpose of this review is to present recent reports from the literature about the chemistry, synthesis and pharmacological properties of lawsone and its amine derivatives. Methods: This structured review presents a discussion about lawsone literature over the last ten years. The most representative studies including those about the chemistry of lawsone, the synthesis of its derivatives, and pharmacological properties were identified and selected. The information has been compiled, organized and presented into logical topics in order to provide a current review for the field of lawsone chemistry. Results: A general overview of the principal aspects of lawsone chemistry, the synthesis of its derivatives and their pharmacological activities and mechanism of action has been obtained. This provides researchers in the area with a framework from which to investigate further. Conclusions: Lawsone and its derivatives have promising potential for treating several diseases due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor and antiparasitic effects and have the potential to control pests via their molluscicidal and insecticidal properties. For this reason, it would be of interest to evaluate the synthetic derivatives of this compound for their pharmacologic actions; in the future, synthetic derivatives of lawsone could potentially be used to treat disease and be used as pesticides.
Human trafficking in West Africa: An implementation assessment of international and regional normative standards
Authors: Ogunniyi Daniel , Idowu Oladimeji
Published: December 2022

It is now over 20 years since the Palermo Protocol was adopted as a global mobilisation tool to combat human trafficking. Although the Palermo Protocol has been widely ratified by all 15 states in West Africa, the implementation of the instrument in the sub-region remains unclear. Also, beyond the Palermo Protocol, a systematic assessment of other anti-trafficking mechanisms available in West Africa is non-existent. Thus, this study has two core objectives: the first is to chronicle the key anti-trafficking instruments and their relevance in West Africa, while the second aspect engages with the manner in which those norms are translated at the domestic level in three West African countries namely, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal. The study finds that human trafficking has remained resilient both at sub-regional and domestic levels despite the legal efforts to end it. Relevant trends and implementation deficits are identified across the three states, while recommendations are offered for effective anti-trafficking governance.
Human rights and current discriminatory manifestations (on the example of age discrimination in the social and communicative sphere)
Authors: Hren Nataliya , Kelman Mykhailo , Pyvovar Maiia , Koval Anna , Melnyk Yaroslav
Published: December 2022

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of counteracting human rights violations due to age discrimination in the social and communicative sphere to identify problematic aspects of this discrimination; to study current changes in connection with the pandemic threat and generalize a set of legal guarantees to prevent and counteract inappropriate legal policy in this area. The research is based on a humanistic approach, which determines the individual value criterion of the research methodology and is manifested through the ideology of anthropocentrism; a complementary approach to scientific research and a balanced combination of national and international state-building and law-making principles. A comparative legal method was used, which made it possible to summarize the legal requirements of various states, including the United Arab Emirates, Great Britain, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Colombia, on measures to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical and information reports of the European Union countries, monitoring of the Equality Representatives of individual countries (Serbia, Lithuania), analytical data, government decisions and practical cases were used.
EMPOWERING THE COMMUNITY AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH COLLABORATIVE DIGITAL LEARNING
Authors: Choon Lih Hoo , Wei Lin Poh , Tierney Anne Margaret
Published: December 2022

The global pandemic situation has shifted physical learning to online professional development to be challenging. This is particularly difficult to ensure effective psychomotor learning when learners are disconnected from the conventional peer interaction and physical hardware. This promoted the importance of resilience for both educators and learners to address this issue through virtual setting. A staff-student collaborative inspiration emerged with the collaboration across Malaysia and Edinburgh campuses in engaging multiple learning styles through remote digital learning. Aligned to the rising call of building innovation-entrepreneurship ecosystem, this student-led project focused on remote development of programming skills, translating ideas into tangible solution, and pitching among Malaysia and international students to address a selected Sustainable Development Goal. This inter-disciplinary initiative connects the field of engineering and psychology in studying the resilience context of learning. A resilience theme focuses on enhancing skills through digital platforms in building resilient communities. A total of 45 local and international students were engaged through an online prototype and idea pitching competition that supported by industrial workshops. The outcomes highlight the positive response from students perspective as participants and judges, and their learning growth. The studied themes indicate the effectiveness of learning through hardware/physical aspect on cognitive, psychomotor, and affective learning domains. This project remarks a cross academic fields (engineering and psychology), sectors (academy and industry), countries (Malaysia and Edinburgh), and roles (educators and learners) inter-disciplinary team effort.
Legal Aspects of Using the Results of Genetic Testing to Prove Ethnicity in the Law Enforcement Practice of the State of Israel
Authors: Ponomareva D. V.
Published: December 2022

This article discusses the legal aspects of applying the results of genetic testing for the purposes of determining ethnicity. Remarkable in this context is the experience of the State of Israel, where the results of genetic testing are legally used to identify potential immigrants as persons with or without Jewish origin. Apparently, this direction of development of legal regulation contributes to a rethinking of the provision of national legislation regarding the definition of Jewish origin, which was not previously tied to the results of DNA testing. The article analyzes the legal context for identifying potential immigrants as Jews, as well as the right to immigrate in the State of Israel and provides an overview of relevant legal practice. In conclusion, the author examines the key aspects of the influence of law enforcement practice in the field of the use of genetic information on the development of national legislation in this area.
Digital Health after COVID-19: Lessons Learned
Authors: Shalberkina M. N.
Published: December 2022

The article is devoted to the study of individual problems of the relatively new phenomenon of legal reality of telemedicine. Conducting an assessment of foreign practices, the author comes to the conclusion that telemedicine is only being introduced into practical healthcare in Russia. The complexity of this phenomenon allows us to talk about the features of regulatory regulators used to implement the mechanism of telemedicine services. The author notes that Telemedicine in the modern sense in Russia is positioned as one of the ways of providing medical care. Attention is drawn to the absence of a legal definition of telemedicine, the legislator, using a narrow approach, refers to the definition of telemedicine services. The heterogeneity of the problems that develop in the process of using telemedicine services allows the author to highlight the most significant ones that require legislative elaboration. The issues of the dynamics of telemedicine services in the pandemic period are touched upon. Possible ways of solving legislative barriers are proposed.
Rasim Özdenören’in Gül Yetiştiren Adam’ında Kültür ve Kimlik Krizi
Authors: ŞAHİN Mehmet , GÖKÜŞ Şeref
Published: December 2022

Bu çalışmada, Rasim Özdenören’in Gül Yetiştiren Adam adlı yapıtından hareketle kültür ve kimlik krizi ilişkisi ele alınmaktadır. 1940 yılında doğan Rasim Özdenören, kendisini Doğu-Batı çatışmasının hakim olduğu, bu nedenle de bireylerin varoluşsal problemler yaşadığı bir toplumda bulur. Doğu-Batı yaşam tarzları, toplumun dönüştüğü yeni kimlik, sessiz protesto, kültürel çözülme, özüne yabancılaşma, aile temaları, ölüm ve ahiret düşüncesi gibi temalara yoğunlaşan yazar, iç dünyasını ve fikirlerini; öykülerinde, denemelerinde ve tek romanı olan Gül Yetiştiren Adam’da dışa vurmaktadır. Öykülerinde Anadolu insanını, mevcut gerçekliğinden kopmadan ve ideolojik mesaj kaygısı gütmeden ayrıntılı olarak betimler. Yazar, sahip olduğu İslamî duygu ve düşüncelerini tüm eserlerinde doğrudan vermek yerine, örtülü bir biçimde ifade etmektedir. Onun hikayelerinde ve romanında kahramanlar, tüm açmazlarıyla ve kendi çelişkileriyle resmedilen sıradan insanlardır. Betimlemedeki ustalığı ile Türk edebiyatının tematik bakımdan zenginleşmesini sağlayan Özdenören, Gül Yetiştiren Adam’da tüm bunları sembolize etmektedir. Özdenören, romanında kendi hayatından kesitler sunmuş, ister Batı kültürü isterse Doğu kültürü içinde yaşasın, insanı kahramanlaştırmadan tüm sadeliği ile ele almayı başarmıştır.
Keeping Politics Out of the Game
Authors:   , Lee Martin , Fithian Justin
Published: December 2022

During the early 2020s, several politically charged strikes and protests by NBA players impacted the viewer experience. This research seeks to find if these actions by NBA players, as noble a cause as they may be deemed, could impact the future of live sports ratings and the financial health of the NBA on television. This research examines several real-life cases in which the NBA has found itself at the center of politically charged national and global debates, a relationship that has launched the NBA into the spotlight and drawn deep criticism. The researcher seeks to demonstrate whether the NBA should stay out of politics and stick to basketball and the overall fan experience or if fans are accepting of this blurring of lines between players' personal political causes and the game.
IMPROVING EXISTING HOUSING STOCKS A MODEL WITH ARTIFICIAL SMART SUPPORT
Authors: ZEYBEK Murat Batuhan , TOKMAN Leyla Yekdane
Published: December 2022

Habitable housing and a healthy environment are a fundamental human right. In ensuring that existing housing stocks are re-acquired with artificial intelligence support, in making them healthy and sustainable, the development of a support intelligent system is the main topic of this study. The improvement of what is present provides a holistic benefit that has a return in economic, social, cultural and environmental contexts. It is increasingly important to take advantage of technology to make predictions and assessments with effective policies as well as effective strategies, algorithms, software development, and simulation in improvement projects. The goal is to preserve the resources and energy we have, reduce waste production to zero, reduce carbon footprint, and use the smart model supported by artificial intelligence in this study. Demolition and rebuilding should only be considered as the last resort, as the growth of environmental, cultural, waste areas, and waste resources and energy waste. Improving robust and functional buildings without demolishing them, adapting structures with cultural value to current technology, ensuring sustainability with a smart system can be achieved. In this study, it is aimed at achieving a ‘Smart Model’, which is supported by artificial intelligence, which is designed in light of examples around the world to evolve existing housing stocks with high environmental impact and resource utilization, into buildings with technology-appropriate equipment that have sustainable properties for resource use.
DEMYSTIFYING MACHINE LEARNING FOR ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS
Authors: SORGUÇ Arzu , KRUŞA YEMİŞÇİOĞLU Müge , YETKİN Ozan
Published: December 2022

With the developments in technology, mass data, new approaches/tools, and the increasing inclusion of machine learning applications, the necessity to teach these concepts and their applications have emerged in all research areas including architecture. In this context, a new course named “machine learning applications in architecture” containing lectures on data, data literacy, patterns, and various kinds of models along with a project conducted by the students was developed and started to be taught in spring’2020. Conducting a class on relatively new subjects for students was a great challenge. Yet, with a well-defined problem-based learning approach, the adaptation of students to the subject took place immediately. It is important to note that as students are equipped with information on machine learning concepts and applications with the given lectures, they were free to choose the project topics of their own which are believed to be one of the reasons for the success of the end results.

As a result of this class, the project topics varied widely as coloring a given painting, predicting the era of a building, interpreting 2d drawings for 3d modeling, optimizing daylight gain, analyzing distinctive features of data in a city, and visualizing data to represent various aspects in data. The outcomes of the class are documented and analyzed to show how information in different fields such as computer science, engineering, statistics, and so on can broaden their thinking of how to attack problems in the architectural design domain. Finally, topics such as data, data literacy, pattern recognition, and intelligent models are projected to play a key role in the future of design education since it provides an interdisciplinary ground to think about problems at hand from a distinct perspective.
Analysis of Medical Record Document Filling Completeness of Outpatient at Nala Husada Dental Hospital
Authors: Indarti Caecilia , Agustia Lita
Published: December 2022

Medical records (RM) as patient health information recorded assessment results, plans and implementation of care, treatment, integrated patient progress, as well as a summary of discharge for inpatients made by PPA. The results of medical record documents tracing at the Nala Husada dental hospital found that the RM was incomplete. This study aims to analyze the completeness of medical records filling that does not align with the accreditation standard of medical records management and health information (MRMIK). This study identified causal factors as a follow-up to implementing patient medical record management. It was conducted quantitatively with a descriptive observational approach. Data was obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation at the medical record unit during July 2022. The data was then processed and analyzed. Based on the analysis of the completeness of the 80 file documents, 86.25% were found to be complete, and 13.75% were incomplete. Incomplete medical record documents with good records were 17.4%, 16% important reports/records, 12.5% author authentication, and 8% patient identity. Factors causing incomplete filling of medical record documents with the management element approach included human error (lack of understanding and discipline, limited number of staff, training), Material and Machine (limited equipment, various documents, unspecific evaluation monitoring review), and method (incomplete regulatory studies), monitoring and evaluation are not continuous), and money (not included in the program budget plan). Recommendations to improve the completeness of medical record filling were training, sanctions, and rewards, regulation review, procedures for filling as per PPA requirements, and standardization of medical record forms.