bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sur une certaine fonction politique du cinéma latino-américain : L’étrange cas du regard poignant dans El compadre Mendoza de Fernando de Fuentes
Authors: Domínguez Jiménez Román
Published: January 2015

Dans quelle mesure le cinéma peut-il contribuer à la lutte contre l’oubli voire faire en sorte que le pire de l’histoire ne se répète plus jamais ? Il convient d’examiner l’idée reçue selon laquelle il suffirait que le spectateur compatissant voie les crimes et entende les témoignages pour que l’horreur ne se reproduise plus. À partir d’une analyse du film El compadre Mendoza de F. de Fuentes, l’auteur critique le présupposé mimétique et développe un point de vue qu’il appelle critique. Ici, il ne s’agira plus de faire mémoire pour que le pire ne revienne plus, mais de faire face au crime par le biais des images (du passé notamment) qui nous mettraient en garde contre les dangers de nos jours.
Les individus face à l'épreuve des transitions biographiques
Authors: Deltand Muriel , Kaddouri Mokhtar
Published: January 2015

L'article a pour objectif le questionnement du périmètre et des contours du terme transition biographique qu'il met en perspective par rapport à deux autres termes qui lui sont souvent associés : bifurcation et événement biographiques. Plusieurs extraits issus de trois entretiens sont mobilisés pour illustrer un cas de transition qui a débouché sur une bifurcation avortée et de cas de transition-rupture et transition-continuité dans des situations de formation en alternance.
Transmettre le Moyen Âge par le théâtre : l’Atelier de théâtre médiéval
Authors: Arioli Emanuele
Published: January 2015

Ce texte retrace une expérience de transmission des lettres médiévales à travers le théâtre, l’Atelier de théâtre médiéval. Commencé en 2012-2013 à la Cité Universitaire Internationale de Paris et poursuivi en 2013-2014 auprès de l’École Normale Supérieure de Paris, ce projet mêlant recherche et création vise à explorer un patrimoine théâtral aujourd’hui injustement méconnu et à faire revivre des formes théâtrales archaïques. Le premier spectacle, À la recherche du théâtre médiéval, a été représenté en juin 2013 et le deuxième, Ciel le Curé ! Jeux et mystères du Moyen Âge, en mars 2014. Ce compte rendu relate les étapes de la création de ces deux spectacles, de l’adaptation jusqu’aux représentations, les choix d’interprétation et de mise en scène, les méthodes de travail ainsi que les réactions des participants et du public. Plusieurs vidéos des pièces mises en scène sont disponibles en ligne et peuvent offrir aux étudiants une façon ludique de découvrir la littérature du Moyen Âge (http://theatremedieval.fr).
Le Moyen Âge mène à tout, à condition d’en sortir : pour une approche diachronique de la littérature médiévale
Authors: Bouchet Florence
Published: January 2015

Cet article montre d’abord comment la littérature médiévale est encore marginalisée voire occultée dans plus d’un ouvrage visant à rendre compte de l’histoire de la littérature, en vertu d’un préjugé tenace qui dispenserait pratiquement de la lire. Si les programmes de l’enseignement secondaire du français lui ménagent une place, force est de constater les multiples approximations et inexactitudes des manuels scolaires à son sujet. Afin de remédier à cette ignorance plus ou moins profonde des textes médiévaux et de montrer leur intérêt pour la culture littéraire générale, on propose de promouvoir leur approche dans une perspective diachronique qui permettrait de mieux comprendre comment la littérature du Moyen Âge, au-delà de ce qui la concerne en propre, travaille en profondeur la création littéraire, jusqu’à nos jours. Plusieurs pistes d’analyse, exploitables dans l’enseignement secondaire ou universitaire, sont exposées.
Enjeux et perspectives d’une culture médiévale au lycée
Authors: Olivier Isabelle
Published: January 2015

Partant du constat de la place très marginale des lettres médiévales dans le secondaire en France et particulièrement au lycée, nous nous proposons de montrer le paradoxe d’une telle situation, étant donné le profit culturel et didactique que représentent les lettres médiévales pour l’enseignement de la littérature et pour l’enseignement en général. En effet, les lettres médiévales seraient à même de développer de nombreuses compétences littéraires mais aussi de nombreux savoirs culturels au lycée, tout en posant la question des valeurs esthétiques, éthiques, qui définissent une société. Une fois ces enjeux répertoriés, nous nous interrogeons sur les obstacles à leur enseignement dans le secondaire depuis les années 1970, qui semblent désormais s’aplanir au regard d’autres phénomènes culturels susceptibles de favoriser leur présence dans l’enseignement secondaire. Mais surtout, la littérature médiévale, par son altérité, ne peut que conduire à un renouvellement de l’approche des textes en classe ; ainsi, elle présente tout particulièrement des affinités électives avec les démarches préconisées depuis quelques décennies par la recherche en didactique de la littérature, fondées sur le concept de lecture littéraire. Cette réflexion se termine alors sur quelques modestes propositions pour une véritable place des lettres médiévales dans l’enseignement secondaire.
Registered report: Senescence surveillance of pre-malignant hepatocytes limits liver cancer development
Authors: Raouf Samrrah , Weston Claire , Yucel Nora ,   Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology
Published: January 2015

The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of 50 papers in the field of cancer biology published between 2010 and 2012. This Registered report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from ‘Senescence surveillance of pre-malignant hepatocytes limits liver cancer development’ by Kang et al. (2011), published in Nature in 2011. The experiments that will be replicated are those reported in Figures 3B, 3C, 3E, and 4A. In these experiments, Kang et al. (2011) demonstrate the phenomenon of oncogene-induced cellular senescence and immune-mediated clearance of senescent cells after intrahepatic injection of NRAS (Figures 2I, 3B, 3C, and 3E). Additionally, Kang et al. (2011) show the specific necessity of CD4+ T cells for immunoclearance of senescent cells (Figure 4A). The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is a collaboration between the Center for Open Science and Science Exchange, and the results of the replications will be published by eLife.
Registered report: The CD47-signal regulated protein alpha (SIRPa) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors
Authors: Chroscinski Denise , Maherali Nimet , Griner Erin ,   Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology
Published: January 2015

The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of 50 papers in the field of cancer biology published between 2010 and 2012. This Registered report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from ‘The CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors’ by Willingham et al., 2012, published in PNAS in 2012. The key experiments being replicated are those reported in Figure 6A–C and Table S4. In these experiments, Willingham et al., 2012 test the safety and efficacy of anti-CD47 antibody treatment in immune competent mice utilizing a syngeneic model of mammary tumor growth in FVB mice. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is a collaboration between the Center for Open Science and Science Exchange, and the results of the replications will be published in eLife.
Seasonality of biological and physical controls on surface ocean CO2 from hourly observations at the Southern Ocean Time Series site south of Australia
Authors: Shadwick E. H. , Trull T. W. , Tilbrook B. , Sutton A. J. , Schulz E. , Sabine C. L.
Published: January 2015

The Subantarctic Zone (SAZ), which covers the northern half of the Southern Ocean between the Subtropical and Subantarctic Fronts, is important for air‐sea CO2 exchange, ventilation of the lower thermocline, and nutrient supply for global ocean productivity. Here we present the first high‐resolution autonomous observations of mixed layer CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and hydrographic properties covering a full annual cycle in the SAZ. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle in pCO2 (∼60 μatm), from near‐atmospheric equilibrium in late winter to ∼330 μatm in midsummer, results from opposing physical and biological drivers. Decomposing these contributions demonstrates that the biological control on pCO2 (up to 100 μatm), is 4 times larger than the thermal component and driven by annual net community production of 2.45 ± 1.47 mol C m−2 yr−1. After the summer biological pCO2 depletion, the return to near‐atmospheric equilibrium proceeds slowly, driven in part by autumn entrainment into a deepening mixed layer and achieving full equilibration in late winter and early spring as respiration and advection complete the annual cycle. The shutdown of winter convection and associated mixed layer shoaling proceeds intermittently, appearing to frustrate the initiation of production. Horizontal processes, identified from salinity anomalies, are associated with biological pCO2 signatures but with differing impacts in winter (when they reflect far‐field variations in dissolved inorganic carbon and/or biomass) and summer (when they suggest promotion of local production by the relief of silicic acid or iron limitation). These results provide clarity on SAZ seasonal carbon cycling and demonstrate that the magnitude of the seasonal pCO2 cycle is twice as large as that in the subarctic high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll waters, which can inform the selection of optimal global models in this region.
Controls on the silicon isotope distribution in the ocean: New diagnostics from a data‐constrained model
Authors: Holzer Mark , Brzezinski Mark A.
Published: January 2015

The global distributions of the silicon isotopes within silicic acid are estimated by adding isotope fractionation to an optimized, data‐constrained model of the oceanic silicon cycle that is embedded in a data‐assimilated steady circulation. Including fractionation during opal dissolution improves the model's ability to capture the approximately linear relation between isotope ratio, δ30Si, and inverse silicic acid concentration observed in the deep Atlantic. To quantify the importance of hydrographic control on the isotope distribution, δ30Si is partitioned into contributions from preformed and regenerated silicic acid, further partitioned according to euphotic zone origin. We find that the large‐scale features of the isotope distribution in the Atlantic basin are dominated by preformed silicic acid, with regenerated silicic acid being important for setting vertical gradients. In the Pacific and Indian Oceans, preformed and regenerated silicic acid make roughly equally important contributions to the pattern of the isotope ratio, with gradients of the preformed and regenerated contributions tending to cancel each other in the deep Pacific. The Southern Ocean euphotic zone is the primary origin of both the preformed and regenerated contributions to δ30Si. Nearly the entire preformed part of δ30Si is of Southern Ocean and North Atlantic origin. The regenerated part of δ30Si in the Atlantic basin also has a contribution of Central Atlantic (∼40°S–40°N) origin that is comparable in magnitude to the North Atlantic contribution. In other basins, the Central Pacific and Indian Ocean are the second largest contributors to the regenerated part of δ30Si.
In situ detection of stratosphere‐troposphere exchange of cirrus particles in the midlatitudes
Authors: Müller S. , Hoor P. , Berkes F. , Bozem H. , Klingebiel M. , Reutter P. , Smit H. G. J. , Wendisch M. , Spichtinger P. , Borrmann S.
Published: January 2015

Airborne trace gas, microphysical, and radiation measurements were performed during the AIRcraft TOwed Sensor Shuttle ‐ Inhomogeneous Cirrus Experiment over northern Germany in 2013. Based on high‐precision nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon monoxide (CO) in situ data, stratospheric air could be identified, which contained cirrus cloud particles. Consistent with the stratospheric N2O data, backward trajectories indicate that the sampled air masses crossed the dynamical tropopause in the last 3 h before the measurement. These air masses contained cirrus particles, which were formed during slow ascent in the troposphere and subsequently mixed with stratospheric air. From the CO‐N2O correlation the irreversibility of this transport is deduced. To our knowledge, this is the first in situ detection of cirrus particles mixed with stratospheric air in the midlatitudes.
Swarm in situ observations of F region polar cap patches created by cusp precipitation
Authors: Goodwin L. V. , Iserhienrhien B. , Miles D. M. , Patra S. , van der Meeren C. , Buchert S. C. , Burchill J. K. , Clausen L. B. N. , Knudsen D. J. , McWilliams K. A. , Moen J.
Published: January 2015

High‐resolution in situ measurements from the three Swarm spacecraft, in a string‐of‐pearls configuration, provide new insights about the combined role of flow channel events and particle impact ionization in creating F region electron density structures in the northern Scandinavian dayside cusp. We present a case of polar cap patch formation where a reconnection‐driven low‐density relative westward flow channel is eroding the dayside solar‐ionized plasma but where particle impact ionization in the cusp dominates the initial plasma structuring. In the cusp, density features are observed which are twice as dense as the solar‐ionized background. These features then follow the polar cap convection and become less structured and lower in amplitude. These are the first in situ observations tracking polar cap patch evolution from creation by plasma transport and enhancement by cusp precipitation, through entrainment in the polar cap flow and relaxation into smooth patches as they approach the nightside auroral oval.
Earth's energy imbalance since 1960 in observations and CMIP5 models
Authors: Smith Doug M. , Allan Richard P. , Coward Andrew C. , Eade Rosie , Hyder Patrick , Liu Chunlei , Loeb Norman G. , Palmer Matthew D. , Roberts Chris D. , Scaife Adam A.
Published: January 2015

Observational analyses of running 5 year ocean heat content trends (Ht) and net downward top of atmosphere radiation (N) are significantly correlated (r ~ 0.6) from 1960 to 1999, but a spike in Ht in the early 2000s is likely spurious since it is inconsistent with estimates of N from both satellite observations and climate model simulations. Variations in N between 1960 and 2000 were dominated by volcanic eruptions and are well simulated by the ensemble mean of coupled models from the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We find an observation‐based reduction in N of − 0.31 ± 0.21 W m−2 between 1999 and 2005 that potentially contributed to the recent warming slowdown, but the relative roles of external forcing and internal variability remain unclear. While present‐day anomalies of N in the CMIP5 ensemble mean and observations agree, this may be due to a cancelation of errors in outgoing longwave and absorbed solar radiation.
A statistical study on the whistler waves behind dipolarization fronts
Authors: Li Huimin , Zhou Meng , Deng Xiaohua , Yuan Zhigang , Guo Lixin , Yu Xiongdong , Pang Ye , Huang Shiyong
Published: January 2015

We present a statistical study of whistler waves behind dipolarization fronts (DFs) based on the Cluster satellites measurements during the years 2001–2007. We find 732 DFs during the 7 year tail periods (XGSM ≤ −8 RE and |YGSM| ≤ 10 RE) in the plasma sheet. By constraining the whistler waves in a 1 min interval behind the DFs (the maximum Bz), we find that 381 DFs (about 50%) are followed by whistler waves. We study the occurrence rate of whistler waves, the wave characteristic parameters, and the corresponding electron distribution, not only in a global view but also in the local DF coordinate. In a global view, behind the DFs, the whistler waves mostly occur in the radial distance between 17 and 18 RE. They have a higher occurrence rate on the dawnside than the duskside. On the other hand, in the local DF coordinate, whistler waves have a higher occurrence rate around the meridian of DF. In addition, the average wave amplitudes increase toward the dawnside of DF. Associated with the whistler waves, electron distributions have a dominant perpendicular anisotropy for electrons with energy higher than 5 keV. Lower energy electron distributions do not have such perpendicular anisotropy dominance. Moreover, the perpendicular anisotropy for electrons >5 keV increases toward the dawnside of DF, which may be caused by the drift‐betatron acceleration. We suggest that the free energy source for whistler waves behind the DFs is probably the perpendicular anisotropy of >5 keV electrons caused by the betatron acceleration.
Supercriticality of ICME and CIR shocks
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyan , Smith Edward J.
Published: January 2015

Interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) and corotating interaction region (CIR) shocks are characterized in terms of supercriticality introduced by Edmiston and Kennel (1984) to classify shocks based on whether dissipation is provided by electron resistivity alone or also requires ion viscosity. The condition for determining supercriticality is a critical Mach number, MC, a function of θBn, the angle between the upstream magnetic field, B, and the normal to the shock surface, n, and β, the ratio of the plasma and magnetic pressures. The criterion was subsequently revised by Kennel (1987) to include dissipation by electron thermal as well as electrical conductivity. Two early separate studies of ICME and CIR shocks motivated our investigation that included several improvements. We use Kennel (1987) and shocks identified by WIND near 1 AU and by Ulysses near 5 AU from the same solar cycle to provide Occurrence Probability Distributions and statistical information for all parameters. We answer three questions (1) Is the supercriticality of ICME and CIR shocks different? (2) If so, why? (3) Does the latter MC criterion change the answers? Our conclusions are (1) about two thirds of CIR shocks are supercritical as compared to one third of ICME shocks, (2) although ICME shock speeds are typically higher than CIR shocks, the fast‐mode wave speeds are even higher at 1 AU than that of CIR shocks at ~5 AU causing a reduction in Mach numbers, and (3) CIR shocks are also more supercritical than ICME shocks using both criteria with slight differences.
The interaction between ULF waves and thermal plasma ions at the plasmaspheric boundary layer during substorm activity
Authors: Ren J. , Zong Q. G. , Wang Y. F. , Zhou X. Z.
Published: January 2015

During a substorm on 27 January 2004, energetic particle injections associated with ULF waves have been detected when Cluster fleet was traveling inbound in the Southern Hemisphere. Substorm‐injected energetic particles are strong and clearly modulated by these ULF waves. The ULF waves with the period of 1 min are probably the third harmonic mode. The periodic pitch angle dispersion signatures at 5.2–6.9 keV energy channel were detected by Cluster satellite. These thermal plasma have high coherence with the electric field of the third harmonic poloidal mode and satisfy the drift‐bounce resonant condition of N = 2. In addition, ion outflows from the Earth's ionosphere (tens to hundreds of eV) are also observed to be modulated by these ULF waves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to show that ULF waves can simultaneously interact with both substorm‐injected “hot” particles from the magnetotail and cold outflow ions from the Earth's ionosphere.
The Earth's bow shock velocity distribution function
Authors: Meziane K. , Hamza A. M. , Maksimovic M. , Alrefay T. Y.
Published: January 2015

It is well established that interplanetary disturbances cause the Earth's bow shock to move sunward or earthward. Since the launch of the Cluster mission, precise determination of the shock velocity was carried out allowing for the possibility to perform sophisticated investigations about the shock dynamics. The shock normal and velocity are determined for 381 Earth's bow shock crossings using data from the Spatio Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations ‐ Spectrum Analyzer experiment on board the Cluster spacecraft. We have found that the observed radial shock velocity is well fitted by a Maxwellian for speeds less than 80 km s−1. The Maxwellian fit provides a standard deviation km s−1. Assuming that the shock motion is exclusively controlled by the time rate of change of solar wind ram pressure, a probability density for the shock velocity near the nose region is constructed using the basic elements of probability theory. The obtained results are in a very good agreement with the observations when typical conditions of the solar wind are considered. The present study indicates that the ram pressure is a predominant parameter in shock dynamics and the relevance of the Mach number is not a determinant.
Viscoelastic relaxation following subduction earthquakes and its effects on afterslip determination
Authors: Sun Tianhaozhe , Wang Kelin
Published: January 2015

Afterslip is commonly thought to be the controlling process in postseismic deformation immediately following a great megathrust earthquake and is usually inferred from geodetic observations using purely elastic models. However, observed motion reversal of the near‐trench area right after the 2011 Mw 9 Tohoku‐oki earthquake demonstrates the dominance of viscoelastic relaxation of coseismically induced stresses. To understand the importance of incorporating viscoelasticity in afterslip determination, we employ biviscous Burgers mantle rheology and use finite element models to explore how viscoelastic relaxation in short‐term postseismic deformation is controlled by various geometrical and rheological factors. Our results indicate that immediately after large megathrust earthquakes (Mw > 8.0), viscoelastic deformation should always cause opposing motion of inland and trench areas and subsidence around landward termination of the rupture, although the rate of such postseismic motion depends on local conditions such as the age and hence thickness of the slab and transient mantle viscosity values. While elastic models may be adequate for afterslip estimation for earthquakes of Mw < 7.5, neglect of viscoelasticity for larger events leads to overestimate of afterslip downdip of the rupture and underestimate of afterslip at shallower depths. Reassessing shallow afterslip following the 2005 Mw 8.7 Nias earthquake using 2‐D viscoelastic models suggests that the actual afterslip may be greater than that estimated using an elastic model by more than 50%. Similarly, interpreting trenchward motion of some seafloor GPS sites following the Tohoku‐oki earthquake using a viscoelastic model suggests large shallow afterslip outside of the main rupture area.
Seasonal dynamics of threshold friction velocity and dust emission in Central Asia
Authors: Xi Xin , Sokolik Irina N.
Published: January 2015

An improved model representation of mineral dust cycle is critical to reducing the uncertainty of dust‐induced environmental and climatic impact. Here we present a mesoscale model study of the seasonal dust activity in the semiarid drylands of Central Asia, focusing on the effects of wind speed, soil moisture, surface roughness heterogeneity, and vegetation phenology on the threshold friction velocity (u*t) and dust emission during the dust season of 1 March to 31 October 2001. The dust model WRF‐Chem‐DuMo allows us to examine the uncertainties in seasonal dust emissions due to the selection of dust emission scheme and soil grain size distribution data. To account for the vegetation effects on the u*t, we use the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer monthly normalized difference vegetation index to derive the dynamic surface roughness parameters required by the physically based dust schemes of Marticorena and Bergametti (1995, hereinafter MB) and Shao et al. (1996, hereinafter Shao). We find the springtime u*t is strongly enhanced by the roughness effects of temperate steppe and desert ephemeral plants and, to less extent, the binding effects of increased soil moisture. The u*t decreases as the aboveground biomass dies back and soil moisture depletes during summer. The u*t dynamics determines the dust seasonality by causing more summer dust emission, despite a higher frequency of strong winds during spring. Due to the presence of more erodible materials in the saltation diameter range of 60–200 µm, the dry‐sieved soil size distribution data lead to eight times more season‐total dust emission than the soil texture data, but with minor differences in the temporal distribution. On the other hand, the Shao scheme produces almost the same amount of season‐total dust emission as the MB scheme, but with a strong shift toward summer due to the strong sensitivity of the u*t to vegetation. By simply averaging the MB and Shao model experiments, we obtain a mean estimate (Exp_mean) of season‐total dust emission of 255.6 Mt (megaton), of which 26.8%, 50.4%, and 22.8% are produced in spring (March‐April‐May), summer (June‐July‐August), and autumn (September‐October), respectively. The Exp_mean estimate identifies the Ustyurt Plateau, dried seabed of Aral Sea (called Aralkum), Caspian Sea coast, and loess deserts as the strongest dust source areas in Central Asia. The spatial distribution and seasonality of the Exp_mean estimate are in general agreement with ground station dusty weather observations and satellite aerosol optical depth and absorbing aerosol index products. Compared to Cakmur et al. (2006), the Exp_mean estimate suggests Central Asia contributes 10–17% to the global dust emission in 2001.
Soil temperature at ECMWF: An assessment using ground‐based observations
Authors: Albergel C. , Dutra E. , Muñoz‐Sabater J. , Haiden T. , Balsamo G. , Beljaars A. , Isaksen L. , de Rosnay P. , Sandu I. , Wedi N.
Published: January 2015

Soil temperature is an important variable for the representation of many physical processes in numerical weather prediction (NWP). It is the key driver for all surface emissions of energy, carbon dioxide, and water and forward operator for all satellite sensors sensitive to land. Yet the forecast quality of this variable in NWP is largely unknown. In this study, in situ soil temperature measurements from nearly 700 stations belonging to four networks across the United States and Europe are used to assess the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) forecasts of soil temperature during 2012. Evaluation of the time series shows a good performance of the short‐range forecasts (day one) in capturing both soil temperature annual and diurnal cycles with very high level of correlation (0.92 and over), averaged root‐mean‐square differences ranging from 2.54°C to 3.89°C and averaged biases ranging from −0.52°C to 0.94°C. The orography data set used in the forecast system was found to have a strong impact on the outcomes of the evaluation. The difference between elevation of a station and that of the corresponding grid cell in the ECMWF model may lead to large temperature differences linked to linear processes resulting in a constant bias, as well as nonlinear processes (e.g., to snow melt in spring). This verification study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the near‐surface forecasts performance highlighting land‐atmosphere processes that need to be better represented in future model development such as snow pack melting and heat diffusion in the soil.
E
llis,
A
lbert (1913–2007)
Authors: Dryden Windy
Published: January 2015

Albert Ellis was the founder of rational emotive behavior therapy (
REBT
), the first approach within the cognitive‐behavioral tradition of psychotherapy. Ellis's background in the years before he founded
REBT
in 1955 is presented. His unconventional approach and controversial personality are discussed and his theoretical and practical contributions to the field delineated.
American Association for Applied Psychology (
AAAP
)
Authors: Routh Donald K. , Cautin Robin L. , Farreras Ingrid G.
Published: January 2015

The American Association for Applied Psychology (
AAAP
) grew out of a group called the New York Association of Consulting Psychologists, whose president, David Mitchell (1884–1956), was perhaps the first clinical psychologist who earned his living in private practice. From 1937 to 1945 the
AACP
served as the main home for American applied psychologists. It provided the organizational structure adopted the American Psychological Association in 1945, including divisions in clinical, consulting, educational, industrial/organizational, and military psychology.
American Association of Clinical Psychologists (AACP)
Authors: Routh Donald K.
Published: January 2015

The American Association of Clinical Psychologists (AACP) was founded in 1917 and lasted only 2 years. It was incorporated into the American Psychological Association in 1919 as the Clinical Section. Its founder was Leta Hollingworth (1886–1939), a prominent feminist and later a professor at Teachers College of Columbia University. Its membership included many of the first generation of clinical psychologists.
Operationalism
Authors: Haslam Nick , Kvaale Erlend
Published: January 2015

Operationalism is a philosophical position that argues that concepts should be defined using explicit operations or procedures. It underlies the currently dominant approach to psychiatric classification. Beginning with

DSM‐III

, psychiatric diagnoses are made on the basis of strict rules applied to explicit behavioral criteria. Operationalism has been controversial in the mental health professions because, according to its critics, it distorts our understanding of mental disorders and may not have delivered the benefits for diagnostic reliability and validity that it promised.
Conversion Disorder/Functional Neurological Disorder
Authors: Stone Jon , Carson Alan
Published: January 2015

Conversion disorder (previously called hysteria) describes neurological symptoms such as paralysis, movement disorder, or sudden collapses that are genuine but not related to disease. Although affected patients may appear to have a neurological disease such as multiple sclerosis or epilepsy, no structural disease process is evident, nor are symptoms deliberately feigned. Instead, brain function is disordered; hence, current preference for the term “functional neurological disorder.” Conversion symptoms exist at the interface between neurology and psychiatry and remain a common cause of disability and distress. The conundrum of hysteria was essential to the development of Freudian psychoanalytic theory, which today is only one of many competing hypotheses to explain these intriguing symptoms.
Enuresis
Authors: Friman Patrick C. , Christophersen Edward R.
Published: January 2015

Enuresis involves chronic urinary accidents occurring after the age at which children typically attain continence. Misunderstood, misinterpreted, and harshly treated throughout much of history, enuresis is now (relatively) well understood, its misinterpretations have largely been discarded, and effective treatment derived from behavioral theory is now widely available. This entry presents information on diagnosis, prevalence, causal influences, and treatment; it concludes with two caveats pertaining to treatment.
Autonomy/Respect for Persons
Authors: Singh Jay P. , Hylton Tatiana
Published: January 2015

Autonomy, also referred to as respect for persons, is a fundamental ethical principle that guides the clinical practice and research of mental health professionals. The principle obligates professionals to allow their patients and participants the freedom to make their own choices after having been apprised of the choices' potential costs and benefits. Research suggests that individuals who perceive that their right to autonomy is respected while undergoing therapy experience more positive emotions and more frequently report having recovered from their illnesses after therapeutic contact has ceased. Conflict can occur between a psychologist's obligation to provide the best care possible and the individual's right to choose the course of treatment, resulting in an ethical dilemma wherein beneficence and autonomy must be balanced. Such balance is achieved in clinical contexts through clinical transparency, and, when necessary, via legal channels, and through the use of informed consent procedures in research contexts.
Encopresis
Authors: Wassom Matthew C. , Christophersen Edward R.
Published: January 2015

Encopresis or fecal incontinence is the voluntary or involuntary passage of stools in inappropriate places after chronological age of 4 years. Subtypes of encopresis include functional constipation and incontinence (retentive) and nonretentive fecal incontinence (no history of constipation). Because encopresis that is associated with functional constipation is much more prevalent, this subtype is the focus of most empirical work. The prevalence, etiology, and evidence‐based assessment and treatment of this condition are reviewed.
M
enninger
C
linic
Authors: Allen Jon G.
Published: January 2015

The Menninger Clinic was founded in Topeka, Kansas, in 1925 by Charles F. Menninger and his two sons, Karl and William. It pioneered psychoanalytically oriented, long‐term hospital treatment. The clinic's 1940 recruitment of David Rapaport to direct psychology and research led to notable contributions in diagnostic psychological testing. The institution became the largest center for psychiatric training in the country, and included postdoctoral training in clinical psychology. Continuing its specialization in psychotherapeutic hospital treatment, the clinic relocated to Houston, Texas, in 2003, to affiliate with the Baylor College of Medicine.
Mental Health Courts or Therapeutic Courts
Authors: DeMatteo David , Davis Jennie
Published: January 2015

Mental health courts are specialized courts that offer an alternative to standard prosecution for criminal offenders who have mental health problems. The goal of mental health courts is to prevent the incarceration of offenders with mental health problems by linking eligible offenders with community‐based mental health and substance use treatment services. Program participation is monitored through judicial status hearings, and sanctions and rewards are used to increase compliance with program requirements. Upon completion of the mental health program, offenders typically receive reduced sentencing or their charges may be dropped. Although eligibility requirements and court operations vary across jurisdictions, research suggests that mental health courts increase access to and provision of behavioral health services and reduce recidivism rates in a cost‐effective manner. There are nearly 200 mental health courts in the United States, with many more in the planning stages.
One‐with‐Many Design
Authors: Marcus David K.
Published: January 2015

Most psychotherapy research uses a “one‐with‐many” (
OWM
) design in which each therapist treats multiple patients. Unfortunately, such a design runs the risk of violating the assumption of independence. The
OWM
model is an extension of the social relations model that resolves the problems associated with nonindependence. It also addresses theoretically meaningful and clinically relevant questions that have received limited empirical attention. For example, recent
OWM
studies of the therapeutic alliance have found low levels of consensus among patients treated by the same therapists. Instead, the quality of the therapeutic alliance is largely relational, specific to the unique therapist–patient combination. Although the few extant
OWM
model psychotherapy studies have focused on the therapeutic alliance, the
OWM
model can be applied to a variety of other psychotherapy research questions.
P
rep
, the Probability of Replicating an Effect
Authors: Killeen Peter R.
Published: January 2015

P
rep
, gives the probability that an equally powered replication attempt will provide supportive evidence—an effect of the same sign as the original, or, if preferred, the probability of a significant effect in replication.
P
rep
is based on a standard Bayesian construct, the posterior predictive distribution. It may be used in three modes: to evaluate evidence, to inform belief, and to guide action. In the first case the simple
p
rep
is used; in the second, it is augmented with estimates of realization variance and informed priors; in the third it is embedded in a decision theory.
P
rep
throws new light on replicability intervals, multiple comparisons, traditional α levels, and longitudinal studies. As the area under a diagnostic sensitivity versus specificity curve, it constitutes a criterion‐free measure of test quality.
Justice
Authors: Stiles Paul G.
Published: January 2015

Traditionally, justice requires that everyone in a society attains what he or she is due from the society. Some simply assert that justice means “fairness.” There are a number of types of justice including retributive justice, where punishment can re‐establish an equilibrium of fairness, and distributive justice, where rights and scarce resources are allocated according to one or more systematic principles to ensure fairness. The American Psychological Association specifically lists justice in its list of general principles reflecting the need for psychologists to apply justice concepts in a variety of contexts including clinical decision making and research initiatives.
S
zasz,
T
homas
S
. (1920–2012)
Authors: Schaler Jeffrey A. , Vatz Richard E.
Published: January 2015

Thomas S. Szasz (1920–2012) influenced psychiatry and other mental health professions by arguing that “mental illness” was an inaccurate and improper scientific and medical term to apply to the description and explanation of behaviors. Asserting that diseases refer only to cellular and histological abnormalities, not behaviors, Szasz influenced the way psychiatrists and laypeople think about the medicalization of socially deviant behavior. His primary values comprised promoting individual autonomy and interpreting behavior as motivated by conscious choices and therefore are the responsibility of the agent. Consistent with these values, Szasz fervently defended the Constitutional rights of people involuntarily committed to mental institutions; he also argued against attempts to absolve individuals of criminal responsibility through variations on the insanity defense.
Koro
Authors: Chowdhury Arabinda Narayan
Published: January 2015

Koro is a culture‐bound psychogenic syndrome, clinically characterized by an acute panic reaction concerning the complaints of genital (and/or breast in female) hyperinvolution and fear of impending death. It occurs both in sporadic and epidemic forms.
Schema Therapy
Authors: Jacob Gitta , Arntz Arnoud
Published: January 2015

Schema therapy (ST) is an extension of cognitive behavioral therapy developed for the treatment of personality disorders and other chronic psychological conditions. It integrates cognitive, emotional, and behavioral techniques derived from various therapeutic approaches, and emphasizes the role of a supportive “reparenting” therapeutic relationship. The original approach to ST focused mainly on early maladaptive schemas, but more recent versions utilize the concept of schema modes, which describe various emotional states associated with maladaptive schemas. Experiential treatment techniques, particularly imagery rescripting, are central to the treatment of negative schema‐related emotions. The effectiveness of ST has been demonstrated in the treatment of borderline personality disorder and six other personality disorders. Current research on ST is focused on the effectiveness of ST for patients with other chronic mental conditions, as a group therapy approach, and for forensic patients with personality disorders.
Diversion
Authors: DeMatteo David , Strohmaier Heidi
Published: January 2015

Diversion is a general term for all community‐based alternatives to standard prosecution that occur before a criminal offender has entered a plea or gone to trial. The goal of diversion is to balance society's interest in punishing offenders with the criminal justice system's interest in reducing recidivism in a cost‐effective manner. Diversion seeks to accomplish these objectives by addressing the underlying treatment needs of subsets of criminal offenders, including those who are drug involved and/or mentally ill. Various community‐based alternatives to incarceration have been designed to provide treatment, social services, and supervision to diverted offenders, and different forms of diversion are implemented along various “intercepts” or stages in the criminal justice process. These include a number of prebooking initiatives such as crisis intervention teams and co‐responder models, and postbooking initiatives such as mental health courts and drug courts.
M
illon
I
nventories (
MCMI
,
MACI
,
M
‐
PACI
,
MBMD
)
Authors: Millon(deceased) Theodore , Millon Carrie
Published: January 2015

The theoretical grounding of the various Millon Inventories is presented in some detail. An evolutionary model is given a key role in explicating the distinctive
DSM
‐related personality disorders that serve as the foundation of these clinical assessment tools. Four popular and well‐regarded inventories are presented and discussed: the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory‐IV (MCMI‐IV), Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI), Millon Pre‐Adolescent Clinical Inventory (M‐PACI), and Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic inventory (MBMD).
P
rince,
M
orton (1854–1929)
Authors: Stephenson Hugh
Published: January 2015

Morton Prince (1859–1929) was a pioneer in the study of psychopathology. He wrote early works on dissociation, the unconscious, multiple personality disorder, and treated hysterical patients. He taught medical students, employed hypnosis, and used patients in his lectures. He also founded the Harvard Clinic, an important early center for the study of personality.
Treatment Feedback Research
Authors: Lambert Michael J.
Published: January 2015

Treatment feedback research is a relatively new field of study aimed at reducing treatment failure and nonresponse by measuring patient mental health functioning on a weekly basis and providing this information to clinicians and patients as they undergo psychological and psychopharmacological interventions. Substantial evidence has accumulated indicating that patients have better treatment outcomes when such procedures are put into place, particularly when the feedback to clinicians and patients include alerts that a patient is not responding to treatment as expected. These interventions can be recommended for routine practice because they reduce deterioration rates by two thirds and double the proportion of patients who improve or recover, and they are easy and inexpensive to implement. Progress feedback with alerts is an evidence‐based practice.
Odds Ratio
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura
Published: January 2015

The odds ratio compares two probabilities,
p
1 and
p
2, defined as the ratio of the odds
p
1 / (1 −
p
1) to the odds
p
2 / (1 −
p
2). There are many advantages to using the odds ratio, including the facts that, in theory, the same parameter can be estimated from naturalistic, prospective, and retrospective sampling, and that modeling is often facilitated by the use of odds rather than probabilities. However, there are serious problems as well, because other than the null value (odds ratio = 1), it is difficult to interpret the magnitude of the odds ratio.
Dodo Bird Verdict in Psychotherapy
Authors: Elliott Katherine , Barker Keegan K. , Hunsley John
Published: January 2015

The dodo bird verdict is a debate in psychotherapy that has spanned nearly a century. Initially proposed by Rozenzweig (1936), it states that all psychotherapies are essentially equivalent and accomplish the same goal of human change. Although largely abandoned after the emergence of treatment‐outcome studies, it resurfaced in the mid 1970s as researchers began empirically examining the comparative effects of psychological treatments. In 1980, with the development of meta‐analysis, the debate peaked as researchers argued for or against the verdict, often citing the same empirical data. Today the argument continues but the debate is often focused on the research methodology used, both in conducting the research and interpreting findings.
Anti‐Anxiety and Anti‐Insomnia Medications
Authors: Lader Malcolm
Published: January 2015

Drugs that lessen anxiety are calledanxiolytic,anti‐anxiety, or (minor)tranquilizers.Hypnoticsare taken to induce sleep. The main groups of medications relevant to anxiety and insomnia are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine and paroxetine), the selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., venlafaxine and duloxetine), the benzodiazepines (BZDs) (e.g., diazepam and lorazepam), and others, including buspirone, pregabalin, and herbal remedies. Other hypnotic drugs are antihistamines, some sedative antidepressants, and melatonin antagonists. Each group of medications has shown some efficacy, at least in the short term. Adverse reactions are usually not severe, although theBZDscan cause dependence in the long term and withdrawal reactions with discontinuation of use.
Essentialism versus Nominalism
Authors: Kvaale Erlend , Haslam Nick
Published: January 2015

Essentialism is the philosophical position that concepts are underpinned by fixed, identity‐determining essences. It is often contrasted with nominalism, the view that concepts are mental constructions that reflect social and linguistic conventions. This contrast is fundamental to several debates in clinical psychology, notably whether the concept of “mental disorder” should be understood in an essentialist way, whether particular disorders represent essence‐based “natural kinds,” and whether essentialist thinking about mental disorders among laypeople is linked to mental illness stigma. The implications of the essentialism versus nominalism distinction within these three domains are reviewed.
Child Pornography Offending
Authors: Ray James V.
Published: January 2015

Advancements in technology and the advent of the internet have resulted in a recent proliferation of child pornography (CP) offending. This growth in CP has captured the attention of law enforcement, clinicians, and researchers. This entry focuses on some of the key issues surrounding CP offending, including its conceptualization, etiology, offender characteristics, associated behaviors, prognosis, and treatment. A growing body of somewhat limited research provides a basis for better understanding CP offending. This entry presents some of the major limitations of research on CP offending, as well as promising avenues for future research.
Energy Meridian Therapies
Authors: Pignotti Monica
Published: January 2015

Energy meridian therapies (
EMT
) propose to treat people for psychological distress by stimulating designated points on the body, usually by finger tapping. The two best known forms of
EMT
are thought field therapy (
TFT
) and the emotional freedom technique (
EFT
). Since the mid 1980s, proponents of
TFT
,
EFT
and other
EMTs
have made a number of extraordinary claims that these therapies can treat a wide variety of psychological and physical disorders successfully, often within minutes. The claims are based mainly on testimonials, anecdotes, and uncontrolled case reports. Extant controlled studies, published and conducted by proponents and mostly published in alternative therapy journals, did not employ a placebo sham control group. The two controlled studies that included sham control groups yielded null results, indicating that the positive effects were likely due to placebo and nonspecific treatment effects rather than tapping on energy meridian points. At present, the American Psychological Association does not consider
EMTs
to be empirically supported.