bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Programas de formação inicial de professores: um estudo de caso sobre o pibid no Distrito Federal
Authors: Nunes Daniel De Freitas , Santana Lucas Lopes de , Curado Silva Kátia Augusta P. Cordeiro
Published: November 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984644414327Este artigo apresenta resultados de um estudo exploratório sobre a base de dados do Programa de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência (Pibid) com vistas a verificar a aderência – e a natureza desta aderência – a este programa em cursos de licenciaturas das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) no Distrito Federal (DF). Objetivamente, pretende-se discutir a aderência das IES do DF ao Pibid a partir do cruzamento de informações da base de dados do programa e da educação superior. Metodologicamente, o estudo caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso. Discute-se, a partir dos resultados apresentados, que as instituições participantes do programa no DF possuem perfis heterogêneos tanto no que diz respeito aos cursos quanto ao aproveitamento da cota de bolsas e aderência ao programa.
Animalidade, Moral e Subjetivação: pelo reconhecimento da alteridade para além do outro-humano
Authors: Avila Colla Rodrigo
Published: November 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464445671O presente texto discute a animalidade enquanto qualidade intrínseca do humano. Atenta para seu potencial como esfera formativa sensível e a defende como uma via para criação de modos de subjetivação alternativos. Busca desvelar certo condicionamento natural inerente às leis morais e demonstrar como elas recaem, em alguma medida, numa perspectiva segregacionista e acabam por negar a alteridade. Utiliza-se de revisão teórica de autores tais como Friedrich Nietzsche (2005), Friedrich Schiller (2002) e Félix Guattari (1992; 2003). Nietzsche e Schiller ajudam a situar a gênese da moral e as motivações que levam o humano à socialização. Guattari, por sua vez, contribui para a fundamentação de um paradigma alternativo de subjetivação no que tange ao tópico da animalidade. Esse paradigma visa a dar margem a vias de subjetivação heterogêneas e abertas à alteridade absoluta, esfera de infinita alternativas subjetivantes. Por fim, sugere-se que a animalidade seja repensada como elemento de potenciação da sensibilidade na Educação, criando, assim, um contingente expansível de possibilidades de devires que podem contribuir com a educação moral na contemporaneidade.Palavras-chave: Animalidade; Educação Moral; Subjetivação.
Educação na economia solidária: desafios e perspectivas
Authors: Adams Telmo
Published: November 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464446481O artigo analisa os desafios e perspectivas de formação em economia solidária, tendo em vista o contexto de implementação de uma política pública nacional de educação e assessoria técnica, no processo de implantação dos Centros de Formação em Economia Solidária. Após uma contextualização com foco na reestruturação produtiva do capitalismo e suas repercussões no mundo do trabalho, o texto problematiza o ambiente contraditório em que os empreendimentos de trabalho associado resistem e buscam abrir caminhos com vistas a consolidar a economia solidária como uma das possíveis tendências de organização de trabalhadores frente às metamorfoses do trabalho. Analisam-se potencialidades e limites sob o ponto de vista das reais e potenciais mediações pedagógicas presentes nesses espaços de trabalho associado. Entre os desafios destaca-se a atuação no campo das idéias para reafirmar a centralidade do trabalho e discernir com clareza as características das alternativas da economia solidária em contraposição com a neoliberalização da solidariedade, bem como para afirmar uma prática social, ecológica, política e tecnológica coerente que supere o atual padrão de produzir e viver.
Adaptation et validation d’instruments de mesure des stéréotypes de genre en mathématiques et en français
Authors: Plante Isabelle
Published: November 2014

Le présent article expose les qualités psychométriques de l’adaptation de deux questionnaires destinés à des élèves francophones, qui évaluent les stéréotypes de genre en mathématiques, d’une part, et les stéréotypes de genre en français, d’autre part. Les résultats de deux études comprenant des élèves de sixième année du primaire, de deuxième et de quatrième secondaire [n (Étude 1) = 169 ; n (Étude 2) = 1 138] montrent que les instruments adaptés offrent une consistance interne élevée ainsi qu’une bonne validité concomitante. De plus, des analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires ont révélé une structure reflétant les sous-échelles adaptées et procurant de bons indices d’ajustement aux données. Les questionnaires proposés présentent donc des qualités psychométriques satisfaisantes.
Développement et validation d’une échelle de mesure des négociations perçues entre le professeur et ses élèves en éducation physique (ENPEP)
Authors: Dupont Jean-Philippe , Carlier Ghislain , Delens Cécile , Philippe Gérard
Published: November 2014

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude ayant pour objectif la construction et la validation d’une nouvelle échelle de mesure des négociations perçues entre le professeur et ses élèves en éducation physique (ENPEP). La fidélité et la validité de cette échelle ont été vérifiées auprès d’un échantillon de 549 élèves de l’enseignement secondaire supérieur en Belgique francophone. Les résultats révèlent que l’échelle possède une bonne cohérence interne et une structure factorielle conforme au cadre conceptuel postulé. Ce dernier distingue trois formes de négociation : la négociation distributive en faveur du professeur, la négociation distributive en faveur des élèves et la négociation intégrative. Cette échelle constitue un instrument pouvant être utilisé pour étudier l’activité de négociation en éducation physique, ses déterminants et ses effets.
L’implication des détenteurs d’enjeux (stakeholders) au sein de la démarche d’évaluation de programme: problème et/ou solution ?
Authors: Hurteau Marthe
Published: November 2014

Considérant le peu d’articles publiés dans la revue Mesure et évaluation en éducation qui portent sur l’évaluation de programme, nous avons décidé de traiter de l’implication des détenteurs d’enjeux, compte tenu de l’intérêt qu’elle soulève. La première partie de l’article développe cette thématique, ce qui permet de distinguer deux problèmes, soit la sélection des participants et les modalités d’inclusion. La seconde partie consiste en une analyse des articles pertinents dans la revue en vue d’apporter des éléments de solution. Ainsi, si l’implication des détenteurs d’enjeux s’avère une solution que personne ne nie afin d’assurer la crédibilité de la démarche évaluative, il n’en demeure pas moins que son application pose plusieurs problèmes, ce qui nous amène à conclure qu’elle constitue certes une solution et aussi un problème.
Développement et validation d’un test mesurant la compréhension des concepts cinématiques en physique au secondaire
Authors: Trudel Louis , Parent Carmen , Auger Réjean
Published: November 2014

Malgré l’importance de la compréhension des concepts dans l’apprentissage des sciences, il existe peu de tests qui permettent de mesurer le niveau de compréhension des élèves. Par conséquent, l’objectif de cet article est de développer un test mesurant le niveau de compréhension des concepts cinématiques en physique au secondaire qui soit valide à des fins diagnostiques. L’analyse des réponses à l’aide d’un modèle de réponse à l’item montre que les niveaux de compréhension définis par le test sont distincts les uns des autres et forment une échelle hiérarchique et cumulative.
Utviklingen av Noark-standarden 1984 – 2008
Authors: Sirevåg Trond
Published: November 2014

Artikkelen behandler utviklingen av Noark – standarden for elektronisk arkivdanning i norsk offentlig forvaltning – fra versjon 1 (1984) til versjon 5 (2008). Den beskriver omstendighetene som medførte at standarden ble til i 1984, og søker å forklare hvorfor og hvordan det lyktes å utbre standarden slik at Noark-systemer ble enerådende i offentlig forvaltning i løpet av 1990-årene. Riksarkivarens strategier i Noark-utviklingen behandles, – de som fra først av fikk Riksarkivaren til å engasjere seg i standardiseringsarbeidet, de som deretter fikk Riksarkivaren til å overta forvalteransvaret for Noark, og de som senere er endret eller justert som resultat av erfaringer med Noark-baserte systemer og av nyåpnede teknologiske muligheter. Særlig vekt legges på å belyse Riksarkivarens motiver for å overta ansvaret for Noark-standarden fra 1990. Noark plasseres også i det internasjonale bildet, og sammenholdes med andre standarder som ISO 15489 og EU-standarden MoReq. Da Noark-utviklingen startet i 1984, pågikk tilsvarende utviklingsprosjekter både i Danmark og i Sverige. Artikkelen søker forklaringer på at en journal- og sakarkivstandard bare ble en realitet i Norge.
Large‐scale mechanical buckle fold development and the initiation of tensile fractures
Authors: Eckert Andreas , Connolly Peter , Liu Xiaolong
Published: November 2014

Tensile failure associated with buckle folding is commonly associated to the distribution of outer arc extension but has also been observed on fold limbs. This study investigates whether tensile stresses and associated failure can be explained by the process of buckling under realistic in situ stress conditions. A 2‐D plane strain finite element modeling approach is used to study single‐layer buckle folds with a Maxwell viscoelastic rheology. A variety of material parameters are considered and their influence on the initiation of tensile stresses during the various stages of deformation is analyzed. It is concluded that the buckling process determines the strain distribution within the fold layer but is not solely responsible for the initiation of tensile stresses. The modeling results show that tensile stresses are most dependent on the permeability, viscosity, and overburden thickness. Low permeability (<10−19 m2), high viscosity (≥1021 Pa s), and low overburden pressure can explain tensile failure at the fold hinge. Tensile stresses in the limb of the fold cannot (in general) be explained by buckling. Rather, it develops due to a combination of compression and erosional unloading. The modeling results show that erosion of high permeability rocks can explain the generation of tensile stresses at significant depths (∼2 km) both at the hinge of the fold and throughout the limb of the fold. This study shows that tensile stresses and associated failure within buckle folds is directly dependent on the distribution of material parameters but moreover to the strain history of the geologic system.
Dynamic and thermal responses of the Kuroshio to typhoon Megi (2004)
Authors: Wei Jun , Liu Xin , Wang Dong‐Xiao
Published: November 2014

Relatively weak hurricane‐induced cooling (<1°C) is often observed in the Loop Current, while observed sea surface temperature (SST) cooling is much stronger in the Kuroshio. This was previously attributed to strong advection effects by the Loop Current. Based on a budget analysis, this study quantitatively diagnoses the dynamic and thermal responses of the Kuroshio to typhoon Megi and four additional tropical cyclones (TCs), which produce up to ~3°C SST cooling within the Kuroshio itself. The results show that the surface thermal response of the Kuroshio is a wind‐induced temperature cooling primarily due to vertical mixing (up to 96%). The dynamic response of the Kuroshio depends not only on TC conditions (intensity and wind direction) but also on prestorm ocean conditions (e.g., ocean mixed layer depth, baroclinicity, and current velocity). Differently from the open ocean where the ocean gains kinetic energy mainly from wind stress work, the Kuroshio can obtain greater kinetic energy from its baroclinic pressure work, especially in the upper ocean. The strong SST cooling observed in the Kuroshio region is therefore likely associated with the kinetic energy extracted from the Kuroshio baroclinic potential energy, which greatly enhances local vertical mixing.
Visual System
Authors: Van Hooser Stephen D , Nelson Sacha B
Published: November 2014

Humans and many other animals obtain much of their information about the world through their eyes. Patterns of light are transformed into nerve impulses in the retina and visual information is processed by nerve cells in the primary visual cortex. In the human brain, about one‐half of the cerebral cortex is dedicated in some way to the processing of visual information.

Key Concepts:

Humans and many other animals obtain much of their information about the world through their eyes.

In the human brain, about one half of the cerebral cortex is dedicated in some way to the processing of visual information.

Patterns of light are transformed into nerve impulses in the retina.

Visual information is processed by nerve cells in the primary visual cortex.

The human visual cortex exhibits functional organisation.
Virus Diseases of Grapevine
Authors: Martelli Giovanni P
Published: November 2014

There are 25 recognised virus and virus‐like diseases of grapevines (VitisandMuscadiniaspp.). Many have a clear‐cut detrimental effect on the vines, that is stunting, reduced vigour, malformation of the leaves and twigs, foliar discolourations ranging from reddening to chlorotic or bright yellow mottling, ringspots and line patterns. The productive life of the vineyards can be shortened and the quantity and quality of the crop badly affected. Prevailing disease agents are viruses transmitted by nematodes (nepoviruses andStrawberry latent ringspot virus), pseudococcid mealybugs and soft‐scale insects (closteroviruses and vitiviruses). Infected propagation materials (scions and rootstocks) are the major way for long‐distance dissemination of diseases, several of which have now a worldwide distribution and have entered areas where the grapevine industry is expanding. Control is based on preventive measures such as sanitary selection, sanitation and induction of resistance through conventional breeding or, to come in the future, genetic engineering.

Key Concepts:

Virus and virus‐like diseases are a major threat to the world's grapevine industry.

The world of grapevine‐infecting viruses is the most variegated among woody crops.

Prevailing viruses are soil‐borne and mealybug‐transmitted.

Spreading of diseases and their agents is mediated by infected propagative material and vectors.

Nursery productions have played, and still do, a major role in disease dissemination.

Disease control relies on preventive measures aimed at reducing vector populations and sources of inoculum.

Sanitary selection and sanitation are most efficient means for producing certified stocks.
Genetic and Physical Map Correlation
Authors: O'Rourke Jamie A
Published: November 2014

Genetic and physical maps illustrate the arrangement of genes and DNA markers on a chromosome. The relative distances between positions on a genetic map are calculated using recombination frequencies, whereas a physical map is based on the actual number of nucleotide pairs between loci. These maps are a key resource for understanding genome organisation. They are the basis for map‐based cloning and marker‐assisted selection, serving as a bridge between breeding and sequencing research. A comparison of marker position and order may provide interesting insight into the evolutionary history of even distantly related species. Physical and genetic maps can unravel the complexities of large duplicated genomes intractable to sequencing efforts; whereas in species more amenable to genetic studies high‐resolution maps provide the scaffold on which whole genome sequences are assembled. A complete genome sequence is a physical map at its highest resolution.

Key Concepts:

Genetic maps are based on the recombination frequency between molecular markers. These maps are population specific.

Physical maps are an alignment of DNA sequences, with distance between markers measured in base pairs.

Unique DNA sequences called molecular markers are compared to each other to determine correct marker order (genetic map) and used to identify overlapping segments of larger DNA pieces (physical map).

Genetic mapping is based on recombination, the exchange of DNA sequence between sister chromatids during meiosis.

High‐resolution genetic and physical maps serve as the scaffold for genome sequence assembly.

Tightly correlated marker order between species can identify conserved syntenic regions.
Animal Viruses Pathogenic for Humans
Authors: Nel Louis H , Weyer Jacqueline
Published: November 2014

Diseases and infections that are transmitted between vertebrate animals and man are known as zoonoses. Nearly, two‐thirds of infectious diseases known to affect mankind are zoonotic. Many of these zoonoses are caused by viruses – some of these are rare, but others are of great epidemiological importance based on high mortality and morbidity and global distribution. New viral zoonoses continue to emerge from all parts of the world, particularly as wildlife and humans come into closer contact, given the present‐day dynamics of global development. Human Immunodeficiency virus is one of the most profound examples of zoonosis which through a species jump has established in the human population and has gained worldwide distribution. Important emerging viral zoonotic diseases include Avian Influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile fever and hantavirus infection with pulmonary syndrome.

Key Concepts:

Many viruses can be transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans and cause disease. This is known as zoonoses.

Close to two thirds of infectious diseases that affect mankind are zoonoses.

Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin.

Viral pathogens are more likely to emerge as zoonoses due to their propensity to adapt and mutate.

Changes in human ecology contribute to emerging zoonoses from wildlife.
Glycogen, Starch and Sucrose Synthesis
Authors: King Michael W
Published: November 2014

Glucose constitutes a universal energy‐providing molecule. It is the primary fuel substance for a wide array of organisms from bacteria to man. Its great utility as an energy source is that it can be oxidised for the production of the high energy molecule,adenosine triphosphate (ATP), even in the absence of oxygen. Within humans, certain tissues, in particular red blood cells, derive all of their energy from the anaerobic oxidation of glucose. The human brain prefers glucose for energy and consumes the largest percentage of glucose on a daily basis. For these reasons the consumption of glucose or glucose containing sugars, such as sucrose, is important for life processes. Given the importance of glucose, it is not surprising that organisms store this carbohydrate for easy access for ATP production. Storage of glucose is in the form of a polymer composed of long linear chains and occasional branched chains termed glycogen in animals and starch in plants. Due to its highly important role in cellular viability, glucose storage and utilisation in humans is stringently controlled by hormones and neurotransmitters.

Key Concepts:

Glucose represents a key energy molecule for the majority of phyla.

Glucose uptake from dietary sources (e.g. starch and sucrose) involves both sodium‐dependent and ‐independent intestinal enterocyte membrane transporters.

Ready access to glucose is ensured via its storage as a highly polymeric molecule in plants and animals.

Storage and release of glucose, from cellular stores such as glycogen, is highly regulated by hormones and neurotransmitters.

Key hormones in the overall regulation of glycogen homeostasis include insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine.

Abnormalities in the genes encoding the enzymes that regulate glucose storage and release in humans result in a family of disorders called glycogen storage diseases.
Claude, Albert
Authors: Rasmussen Nicolas
Published: November 2014

Albert Claude (1899–1983) made major contributions to the understanding of the living cell's architecture in the 1940s, and even more importantly, to devising the methodological approach on which the discipline of cell biology is founded. This approach is marked by the coordinated use of independent experimental techniques, especially the separation of cellular components from homogenised tissue by means of high speed centrifugation, so that each of the centrifuge‐isolated cell fractions can be separately studied biochemically, and the use of the electron microscope to locate these components in native cell structure.

Key Concepts:

The field of cell biology depends upon the coordinated application of several independent experimental methods, especially the use of fractionation biochemistry to characterise the function of cell components and the use of electron microscopy to determine their location in the cell.
Krogh, Schack August Steenberg
Authors: Kragh Helge
Published: November 2014

The Danish zoophysiologist August Krogh (1874–1949) was a pioneer of studies of the gas exchange in living organisms and the function of capillaries in muscles at rest and at work. In 1910, he provided strong evidence that diffusion alone can explain the exchange of oxygen in the lungs, and in 1919 he suggested a mechanism that explained how the capillaries regulate the supply of oxygen to the tissue. Krogh received the Nobel Prize in medicine for 1920. He was instrumental in securing the rights for insulin production in Scandinavia, an initiative with important industrial consequences. From 1908 to his retirement in 1945 he was a professor at the University of Copenhagen.
Tropical Forests
Authors: Corlett Richard T
Published: November 2014

Tropical forests occupy approximately 10% of the world's total land area, but they play a disproportionate role in global carbon and water cycles, and are believed to house more than half of the world's species. Tropical forests occupy a wide range of environments, and the structure and species composition vary with dry season length, altitude above sea level, and the occurrence of extreme soil types or regular inundation by fresh or saline water. Lowland evergreen rain forests are the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, but the processes that generated and maintain this diversity are not fully understood. Forests are under threat throughout the tropics from clearance for agriculture, logging for timber, hunting, fires, climate change and other human impacts. Major conservation priorities include protecting large areas of intact forest ecosystems where still possible, improving the management of logged forests, controlling hunting, and reconnecting isolated forest fragments by restoring forest between them.

Key Concepts:

Tropical forests house the majority of the world's species.

Tropical forests have a large role in global carbon and water cycles.

Distinctive types of tropical forests occur in different climates, on extreme soil types, and in areas subject to flooding by fresh or saline water.

Forests in similar environments but different tropical regions also differ, because the forest communities in each region have different evolutionary histories.

Lowland rain forests are far more diverse than any other terrestrial ecosystem, at least partly because of the age and continuity of warm, wet tropical climates.

The most important commercial product from tropical forests is timber, but these forests also provide many other products and services to local human communities.

The biggest threats to tropical forests and their species are conversion to agriculture, hunting and unsustainable logging.

Legally protected areas are still the cornerstone of tropical forest conservation, but sustainable exploitation for timber and other products offers an alternative in countries with good governance capabilities.
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (
CNRS
)
Authors: Guthleben Denis
Published: November 2014

Centre national de la recherche scientifique – National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) – was created in October 1939, in the early days of World War II, in order to encourage and to coordinate research at the national level in France. If its origins may be traced as early as the 1870s, the conditions of its founding were met in the late 1930s, during and after the Popular Front coalition, at the initiative of physicist and Nobel Prize winner Jean Perrin. After 1945, it has developed in all scientific fields, becoming in the 1960s and 1970s a top‐leading institution for basic research as well as for research related to the needs of society. Today the CNRS has more than 30 000 scientists, engineers and technicians, and 1200 laboratories, brought together in 10 institutes under the direction of its president, chemist Alain Fuchs.

Key Concepts

The CNRS is the largest public research organisation in France and the largest basic science agency in Europe.

The CNRS has contributed to the emergence of a national scientific policy in France.

Valorisation has become a major objective for the CNRS.

The CNRS is designed to encourage interdisciplinary research.

The mission of the CNRS is to evaluate and carry out all research capable of advancing knowledge and bringing social, cultural, and economic benefits for society.
Bioinformatics
Authors: Makałowski Wojciech , Jąkalski Marcin , Makałowska Izabela
Published: November 2014

Molecular biologists generate data at an unparalleled pace, and the demands and opportunities for interpreting such data are expanding more than ever. In this context, bioinformatics has emerged as a strategic frontier involving molecular biology, molecular evolution, information technology and statistics. Bioinformatics may be defined as the research, development, or application of computational tools and approaches for expanding the use of biological data, including those to acquire, store, organise, archive, analyse, or visualise such data. Its goal is to enable biological discovery based on existing data, or in other words to transform biological data into information, and eventually into knowledge.

Key Concepts

Biological data grow faster than Moore's law predicts, which means that information technology might be a bottleneck of the data analyses.

The amount of data produced by biologists triggered a boom of specialized databases.

Nucleotide sequences are read in small stretches that need to be assembled computationally into whole molecules.

Searching sequence databases with the unknown sequence as a query, so‐called similarity search, is most likely the most frequent bioinformatic activity.

Systems biology uses advanced mathematics to build complex models of biological activities.
DNA
Databanks and Genomics Research: Forensic and Military (Ab)Uses
Authors: Williams Robin
Published: November 2014

Efforts to identify criminal suspects, victims of crime, those killed in military conflicts and mass fatality casualties are increasingly supported by the availability of databanks holding
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
profiles obtained from known subjects. The development of these databanks has been made possible by advances in forensic genetic technologies, legislative changes and substantial (usually state) investment. Although there is widespread public support for the criminal justice uses of these innovations in genetic and information technologies, some critics argue that the growth of forensic DNA databanks and their expanding use by police and judicial authorities can also threaten individual and collective human rights. Relevant questions are: what should be the criteria for the inclusion and retention of profiles in forensic DNA databanks; what are the legitimate uses of samples and profiles; and what governance arrangements are appropriate to secure public trust in forensic DNA databank establishment and growth?

Key Concepts

Several substantial research studies have shown that forensic DNA profiling and databanking can play a significant and cost‐effective role in criminal justice outcomes for a wide variety of crime types.

There is a global trend for criminal jurisdictions to adopt forensic DNA profiling and databanking in support of criminal investigations and prosecutions.

DNA profiling and matching is an important resource for the identification of civilian and military casualties in conflict and natural disaster situations.

Public trust in the police and judicial forensic DNA databanks depends on the inclusiveness, transparency and accountability of databank governance arrangements.

Legislation governing criminal and military DNA databanks normally specifies that information cannot be shared between these and medical databanks.

There is increasing interest in the investigative usefulness of automated exchange of forensic DNA profiles between national jurisdictions; new transnational arrangements are emerging – at least within the European Union – to reflect this interest.
Radical
S
‐Adenosylmethionine (
SAM
) Superfamily
Authors: Jarrett Joseph T , Farrar Christine E
Published: November 2014

A large superfamily of enzymes uses
S
‐adenosyl‐
l
‐methionine (SAM) to generate high‐energy carbon radicals as intermediates in a variety of metabolic and biosynthetic reactions. All radical SAM enzymes contain one or more iron‐sulphur clusters, with SAM binding directly to an iron‐sulphur cluster in a manner that facilitates reduction of SAM and generation of a highly reactive 5′‐deoxyadenosyl radical intermediate. This potent intermediate typically initiates the subsequent radical transformations by abstracting a hydrogen atom from the substrate or from a nearby protein residue. Despite the diverse array of reactions catalysed, members of the Radical SAM superfamily share a similar structural topology that facilitates this interaction between SAM and an iron‐sulphur cluster and allows restricted access of substrates to the site of radical generation.

Key Concepts:

The Radical SAM superfamily comprises a diverse array of enzymes that contain a common core structural fold and use
S
‐adenosylmethionine to generate organic radicals.

Radical SAM enzymes contain one or more iron‐sulphur clusters that are essential for catalysis.

S
‐Adenosylmethionine is reduced and cleaved at the sulfonium centre to generate a 5′‐deoxyadenosyl radical.

Radical SAM enzymes typically use a 5′‐deoxyadenosyl radical to abstract a hydrogen atom from the substrate.

Reaction types catalysed by radical SAM enzymes include oxidation, reduction, methylation, methylthiolation, sulfurylation and complex rearrangement reactions.

Radical SAM enzymes are use to introduce several posttranslational and posttranscriptional modifications into proteins and RNA.

Radical SAM enzymes are involved in thousands of uncharacterised bacterial natural product biosynthesis pathways.
Membrane Traffic and Disease
Authors: Cláudio Nuno , Pereira Francisco JC , Barral Duarte C
Published: November 2014

Membrane traffic is a highly regulated process that ensures the communication between membrane‐bound compartments while maintaining their specific protein and lipid composition. It can be divided into four steps: cargo sorting and budding of a vesicle from a donor compartment, transport along the cytoskeleton, tethering and docking to an acceptor compartment, and finally fusion with the acceptor compartment. Importantly, defects in any of these steps can lead to diseases that affect different tissues and organs. At the subcellular level, several of these diseases affect compartments from specialized cell types known as lysosome‐related organelles. Moreover, the dysfunction of membrane traffic processes required ubiquitously can lead to restricted phenotypes, underscoring the redundancy of these processes and/or the sensitivity of certain cell types to their impairment. Thus, the study of the diseases caused by defects in membrane traffic provides an opportunity to understand its role in normal cell physiology and discover novel therapies.

Key Concepts:

Defects in any of the steps of vesicular traffic can lead to disease.

Vesicular traffic regulation shows redundancy.

Defects in ubiquitously‐expressed proteins can result in a tissue‐restricted phenotype.

Lysosome‐related organelles are commonly affected upon impairment of vesicular traffic.

Several diseases are caused by defects in different proteins involved in the same biological process/pathway.
Use of Personalized Genomic Information
Authors: Giovanni Monica A , Murray Michael F
Published: November 2014

Advances in
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
sequencing technologies have driven down the cost of obtaining individualised genomic information, however, interested parties must consider the potential benefits and risks to the individual in applying this data to healthcare. Previously, the cost of genetic testing was such that it was used sparingly to query a small number of genes and only in cases in which there was a high pretest probability of a diagnostic result. It is now possible to receive whole‐genome data for similar costs. While technically feasible, our collective ability to interpret variation observed in the entire genome has not progressed as quickly as the technology. Currently, only a small fraction of observed variation in the human genome is interpretable with certainty. There exists a risk of over‐interpretation of variants of uncertain significance; therefore, individuals with interest in the personalised use of this information should seek consultation with clinical experts.

Key Concepts:

Personalised use of genomic information as a tool in clinical medicine is not a new concept; genomic information has long been used to guide patient care. Traditional clinical genetic and genomic testing has been used in selected patients for decades.

Advances in DNA sequencing technology, namely the advent of next generation sequencing techniques, have improved accuracy, decreased costs, and led to whole genome, whole exome, and multi‐gene panel sequencing as new offerings in clinical molecular testing; these new methods add to traditional approaches of Sanger sequencing, multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA), array‐based chromosomal analysis and karyotype, among others.

While whole genome sequencing allows for rapid reading of an individual's entire genetic code, the analytic interpretation of this data has not yet met the speed and precision of the sequence acquisition.

Given the current state of technology, whole exome and whole genome sequencing will be best employed in a select subset of patients as a diagnostic test at this point in time.

Widespread application of whole genome sequencing in all patients will eventually be feasible, but at the current time application of these technologies could raise significant uncertainty, in the form of incidental findings, variants of uncertain significance and uninterpretable data. Targeted sequencing or targeted analysis of data can be used with currently available tools to provide useful diagnostic information in some individuals.

High definition clinical genomics (HDCG), where the detailed effects of any DNA sequence variant is understood at the individual nucleotide level, will be achieved sometime in this century and will lead to significantly greater utility in the use of genomic technologies to personalise health management.
NSD

1
,

EZH

2
and

DNMT

3

A

Overgrowth Genes and Their Associated Overgrowth Syndromes
Authors: Tatton‐Brown Katrina
Published: November 2014

Nuclear receptor SET‐domain containing protein 1 (
NSD1
), Enhancer of Zeste, drosophila, Homolog 2 (
EZH2
) and DNA methyltransferase 3A (
DNMT3A
) constitute an emerging family of epigenetic regulatory genes with a dual somatic/germline role in the pathogenesis of haematological malignancies and overgrowth disorders.
NSD1
,
EZH2
and
DNMT3A
all encode components of the epigenetic arsenal and are involved in the regulation of transcription: both NSD1 and EZH2 are histone methyltransferases whilst DNMT3A is a DNA methyltransferase. The three overgrowth disorders caused by germline mutations of
NSD1
,
EZH2
and
DNMT3A
, Sotos syndrome, Weaver syndrome and the DNMT3A overgrowth disorder, respectively, are all characterised by pre‐ and postnatal increased growth, a variable intellectual disability and a distinctive, syndrome‐specific but often subtle facial appearance. However, despite the vast increase in knowledge over the last decade, there are still many questions about this new family of overgrowth genes that remain unanswered and further clinical and molecular studies are underway to try to address these.

Key Concepts:

NSD1
,
EZH2
and
DNMT3A
are all overgrowth genes with a dual somatic/germline role in the pathogenesis of haematological malignancies/overgrowth disorders.

NSD1, EZH2 and DNMT3A all have a role in the regulation of the epigenome.

Germline
NSD1
gene abnormalities causes Sotos syndrome, germline
EZH2
gene abnormalities cause Weaver syndrome and the DNMT3A overgrowth syndrome is caused by germline
DNMT3A
gene abnormalities.

Sotos syndrome, Weaver syndrome and the DNMT3A overgrowth syndrome are all characterised by postnatal overgrowth (height and/or head circumference at least two standard deviations above the mean); a variable learning disability and a distinctive, but often subtle, facial appearance.

Other overgrowth conditions which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Sotos, Weaver and the DNMT3A overgrowth syndromes include the PTEN hamartoma tumours spectrum, Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome and the overgrowth disorder associated with
NFIX
mutations.
Cryo‐Soft X‐ray Tomography of the Cell
Authors: Pereiro Eva , Chichón Francisco J
Published: November 2014

Cryo soft X‐ray tomography (cryo‐SXT) is an emerging X‐ray microscopy technique for three‐dimensional visualisation of cryo‐preserved, whole, unstained cells at a spatial resolution of 30 nm (half‐pitch). It is, therefore, bridging the gap between the low‐resolution visible light imaging techniques that provide dynamic information of specific processes, and the high resolution electron microscopy ones which achieve molecular resolution. As a first‐order approximation, in SXT as in electron tomography, a series of absorption contrast projections of the specimen are collected at different angles to finally compute the 3D absorption maps. In addition to the 3D structural information that can be obtained, the chemical sensitivity of the X‐rays to the atomic elements of the sample can also be exploited to enhance visualisation of these elements or to distinguish different chemical compositions, as well as to extract quantitative information from the data.

Key Concepts:

Tomography allows three‐dimensional visualisation of the sample.

The soft X‐ray water window energy range allows penetrating up to 10 μm of water therefore enabling a full cell to be imaged.

Cryo‐fixation is the only sample preparation step required in soft X‐ray tomography (SXT).

Cryo soft X‐ray tomography data suffers from the limited depth of field of the Fresnel zone plate objective lens which is usually smaller than the thickness of vitreous ice that can be penetrated.

The interpretation of soft X‐ray tomography data is complex and requires complementary information from electron and optical microscopy.
Studies on Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Dihydrocycloocta‐ [b]indoles and their Thermal Reactivities with Maleimide or Maleic Anhydride
Authors: Zhu Can , Ma Shengming
Published: November 2014

A palladium(0)‐catalyzed reaction of 2‐allyl‐3‐indolyl boronates/propargylic carbonates was observed to afford dihydrocycloocta[b]indoles highly efficiently via carbon‐carbon coupling, [1,5]‐hydrogen migration involving dearomatization, and electrocyclization involving rearomatization. Their thermal reactions with the addition of dienophiles involving eletrocyclization and [4+2] cycloaddition have been studied.

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Current perioperative practice patterns for minimizing surgical site infection during rhinologic procedures
Authors: Smith Erin J. , Stringer Scott
Published: November 2014

Background

There is a paucity of information in the literature regarding the best practices to reduce surgical site infections associated with rhinologic surgery.

Methods

We surveyed the American Rhinologic Society (ARS) membership to assess current perioperative infection control measures performed for rhinologic procedures, with the goal of establishing a baseline of current practice.

Results

Results revealed that for most rhinologic procedures performed in the operating room (OR) setting, the majority of physicians gown and drape in a sterile fashion and perform a complete surgical scrub of their hands and forearms but do not prep the facial skin with an antimicrobial agent. For rhinologic procedures performed in the office setting, the majority of physicians do not perform any of the aforementioned perioperative measures for any of the office procedures. Interestingly, for physicians that perform inferior turbinate reductions in both settings, 45% gown and drape in a sterile fashion and 28% perform a complete surgical scrub of their hands in the OR setting but not in the office setting. The most stringent measures were performed for endoscopic skull‐base procedures, with over 90% of responders administering perioperative antibiotics, gowning and draping in a sterile fashion, and performing a complete surgical scrub of their hands. Despite lack of demonstrated benefit, antibiotics were used variably for the other procedures.

Conclusion

This survey demonstrates that there is great variability in the perioperative measures rhinologists perform to reduce surgical site infection, which differs by the practice site. These data serve as a baseline for future studies.
Natural Products with Anti‐Bredt and Bridgehead Double Bonds
Authors: Mak Jeffrey Y. W. , Pouwer Rebecca H. , Williams Craig M.
Published: November 2014

Well over a hundred years ago, Professor Julius Bredt embarked on a career pursuing and critiquing bridged bicyclic systems that contained ring strain induced by the presence of a bridgehead olefin. These endeavors founded what we now know as Bredt’s rule (Bredtsche Regel). Physical, theoretical, and synthetic organic chemists have intensely studied this premise, pushing the boundaries of such systems to arrive at a better understood physical phenomenon. Mother nature has also seen fit to construct molecules containing bridgehead double bonds that encompass Bredt’s rule. For the first time, this topic is reviewed in a natural product context.
The Morphology and Electrophysiology of the Cochlea of the Miniature Pig
Authors: Guo Weiwei , Yi Haijin , Ren Lili , Chen Lei , Zhao Lidong , Sun Wei , Yang Shi‐Ming
Published: November 2014

To report the cochlear morphology and electrophysiology of Chinese experimental miniature pigs. Twenty Chinese experimental miniature pigs were used in this study. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR), cochlear endolymphatic potentials (EP), and the potassium concentrations of cochlear endolymph were recorded. Hair cell morphology was examined using electron microscopy. The capsule of cochlea of the miniature pig has three and one‐half turns which contains a 39‐mm long membranous labyrinth. The organ of Corti in the labyrinth encompasses three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells. The stereocilia of the hair cells in the apical turn of the cochlea were significantly longer than those in the basal turn. The vestibular apparatus consists of three semicircular canals and the otolith organs. The average threshold of the ABR was 35–45 dB SPL (n = 20) from 4 to 32 kHz. There was no significant difference in the threshold or latency of the ABR between 1‐day‐old and 30‐day‐old miniature pigs. The average EP value was 77.3 ± 14 mV (n = 9) and the average potassium concentration was 147.1 ± 13 mM (n = 5) recorded from the second turn of the cochlea. These studies on the cochlear morphology and electrophysiology of the miniature pigs help to establish the Chinese experimental miniature pig as an animal model for future studies in otology and audiology. Anat Rec, 298:494–500, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Switched System Approach to Robust Stabilization of Networked Control Systems with Multiple Packet Transmission
Authors: Yu Mei , Yuan Xiaodan , Xiao Wendong
Published: November 2014

This paper considers robust stabilization of networked control systems (NCSs) with the problem of multiple packet transmission. Two parts of uncertainties are considered in this paper: norm‐bounded parameter uncertainties in the plant, and norm‐bounded parameter uncertainties in the controller. For sensor nodes and actuator nodes communicating through a limited communication channel, we are particularly interested in the case that only one packet containing part of the state information can be transmitted through a toking‐bus every time. Stability of the NCSs with multiple packet transmitted in a periodic manner is closely related to that of periodically switched systems. For NCSs with and without uncertainties in the plant and the controller, stabilizing state feedback controllers are constructed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Numerical examples are given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
An Adaptive Clustering Protocol Using Niching Particle Swarm Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Ma Dexin , Ma Jian , Xu Pengmin
Published: November 2014

Clustering is an hierarchical topology control method, and it is also an energy‐saving and energy efficient technique that extends the sensor network's lifetime. In this paper, we propose and analyze an adaptive clustering protocol using niching particle swarm optimization (ACP‐NPSO), a protocol architecture that uses NPSO to cluster the wireless sensor networks adaptively and efficiently, thus saving energy, balancing energy consumption and enhancing the system's robustness. The simulation results indicate that our proposed protocol ACP‐NPSO can enhance system lifespan, accelerate the convergence speed, and deliver more data by distributing energy dissipation evenly in the networks.
Acetone–butanol–ethanol competitive sorption simulation from single, binary, and ternary systems in a fixed‐bed of KA‐I resin
Authors: Wu Jinglan , Zhuang Wei , Ying Hanjie , Jiao Pengfei , Li Renjie , Wen Qingshi , Wang Lili , Zhou Jingwei , Yang Pengpeng
Published: November 2014

Separation of butanol based on sorption methodology from acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation broth has advantages in terms of biocompatibility and stability, as well as economy, and therefore gains much attention. In this work a chromatographic column model based on the solid film linear driving force approach and the competitive Langmuir isotherm equations was used to predict the competitive sorption behaviors of ABE single, binary, and ternary mixture. It was observed that the outlet concentration of weaker retained components exceeded the inlet concentration, which is an evidence of competitive adsorption. Butanol, the strongest retained component, could replace ethanol almost completely and also most of acetone. In the end of this work, the proposed model was validated by comparison of the experimental and predicted ABE ternary breakthrough curves using the real ABE fermentation broth as a feed solution. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:124–134, 2015