bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysing multimodal argumentation within the pragma-dialectical framework
Authors: Tseronis Assimakis
Published: June 2017

In this chapter, I argue that the theoretical assumptions and concrete analytical concepts of Pragma-dialectics constitute a fertile ground for the study of visual and multimodal argumentation. This is primarily because the pragma-dialectical theory takes a procedural, pragmatic and functional approach to the study of argumentation which allows it to incorporate insights from the growing field of multimodal discourse analysis. Within the pragma-dialectical approach, next to the evidentiary function of visual images other argumentative functions can be researched, such as the use of images to advance a standpoint, to criticize, to explain and to draw attention to various aspects of the argumentative procedure. It is also argued that Pragma-dialectics can accommodate insights from multimodal analysis in order to account for the meaning conveyed not only by the verbal and visual content but also by the verbal and visual style as well as by the interplay of the various semiotic modes. Moreover, its focus on the institutional constraints and possibilities of a variety of communicative practices makes it possible not only to consider the context in a systematic way in order to reconstruct multimodal argumentative discourse but also to describe specific argumentative activity types which employ images and text. As a case in point, I analyse a series of front covers from The Economist in order to show how the interplay of image and text amounts to strategic manoeuvring.
The Journal of Second Language Pronunciation – Evaluation and directions
Authors: Levis John M.
Published: June 2017

This editorial responds to a review of JSLP published in the Journal of the International Phonetic Association and uses that review to explore directions for the future.
Effect of aging-deformation-treatment on the formation of intragranular ferrite in V-microalloyed steel
Authors: Wang Andong , Shi Yichao , Chen Caifeng
Published: June 2017

The influence of the aging-deformation-treatment on the formation of intragranular ferrite (IGF) in a vanadium microalloyed medium carbon steel (Fe–0.34C–1.53Mn) was studied. Effects of aging time on the volume fraction of IGF and austenite grain size were also investigated. The effect of the aging-deformation recrystallisation process on the amount of ferrite and the mechanism of IGF formation was discussed. The results show that aging-deformation-treatment makes the precipitation position of the carbonitride transfer from austenite grain boundary to intragranular, and the precipitated intragranular carbonitrides become the nucleation cores of the IGF during the recrystallisation. The content of precipitated carbonitrides, and the volume fraction of ferrites and the grain size of austenites, increase with the increasing aging time.
Effect of carbon and microalloy additions on hot-stamped boron steel
Authors: Taylor T. , Fourlaris G. , Clough A.
Published: June 2017

Hot stamping was performed with seven novel boron steels, exhibiting various carbon contents and microalloy additions of Mo, V and Ni compared to the standard 22MnB5 boron steel. The lower carbon content of 15MnB5 resulted in total elongation in excess of 11.0%. The higher carbon content of 38MnB5 resulted in ultimate tensile strength in excess of 2000 MPa. The vanadium addition resulted in ultimate tensile strength in excess of 1600 MPa combined with total elongation in excess of 11.0%. The carbon and microalloy additions were concluded to give rise to improved mechanical properties in hot-stamped boron steel for automotive body engineering applications.
The effects of short versus long inter‐set rest intervals in resistance training on measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review
Authors: Grgic Jozo , Lazinica Bruno , Mikulic Pavle , Krieger James W. , Schoenfeld Brad Jon
Published: June 2017

Although the effects of short versus long inter‐set rest intervals in resistance training on measures of muscle hypertrophy have been investigated in several studies, the findings are equivocal and the practical implications remain unclear. In an attempt to provide clarity on the topic, we performed a systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) electronic databases. Six studies were found to have met the inclusion criteria: (a) an experimental trial published in an English‐language peer‐reviewed journal; (b) the study compared the use of short (≤60 s) to long (>60 s) inter‐set rest intervals in a traditional dynamic resistance exercise using both concentric and eccentric muscle actions, with the only difference in resistance training among groups being the inter‐set rest interval duration; (c) at least one method of measuring changes in muscle mass was used in the study; (d) the study lasted for a minimum of four weeks, employed a training frequency of ≥2 resistance training days per week, and (e) used human participants without known chronic disease or injury. Current evidence indicates that both short and long inter‐set rest intervals may be useful when training for achieving gains in muscle hypertrophy. Novel findings involving trained participants using measures sensitive to detect changes in muscle hypertrophy suggest a possible advantage for the use of long rest intervals to elicit hypertrophic effects. However, due to the paucity of studies with similar designs, further research is needed to provide a clear differentiation between these two approaches.
Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy–linked genes and centronuclear myopathy–linked genes regulate myonuclear movement by distinct mechanisms
Authors: Collins Mary Ann , Mandigo Torrey R. , Camuglia Jaclyn M. , Vazquez Gabriella A. , Anderson Alyssa J. , Hudson Christine H. , Hanron John L. , Folker Eric S.
Published: June 2017

Muscle cells are a syncytium in which the many nuclei are positioned to maximize the distance between adjacent nuclei. Although mispositioned nuclei are correlated with many muscle disorders, it is not known whether this common phenotype is the result of a common mechanism. To answer this question, we disrupted the expression of genes linked to Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) and centronuclear myopathy (CNM) in Drosophila and evaluated the position of the nuclei. We found that the genes linked to EDMD and CNM were each necessary to properly position nuclei. However, the specific phenotypes were different. EDMD-linked genes were necessary for the initial separation of nuclei into distinct clusters, suggesting that these factors relieve interactions between nuclei. CNM-linked genes were necessary to maintain the nuclei within clusters as they moved toward the muscle ends, suggesting that these factors were necessary to maintain interactions between nuclei. Together these data suggest that nuclear position is disrupted by distinct mechanisms in EDMD and CNM.
Introduction
Authors: Locke Joseph
Published: June 2017

The introduction presents the book’s major argument that, through the politics of prohibition, ambitious evangelical leaders were able to inject themselves into southern life and create the political conditions that would later identify the American South as the Bible Belt. H. L. Mencken coined that term later, in the 1920s, to capture what he saw as the South’s peculiar alliance of region and religion, but the reality that Mencken described was only the closing chapter of a long historical process. To explore that process, the introduction establishes key concepts such as clericalism and anticlericalism, argues for Texas as the proper focus for a targeted study, and previews major characters and milestones in the development of a politicized brand of southern religion.
Epilogue
Authors: Locke Joseph
Published: June 2017

The epilogue looks forward from the triumph of prohibition in Texas and the American South by exploring the rise of fundamentalism, the growth of the Ku Klux Klan, and the spread of a “Texas theology” across the nation. When white southerners poured out of the region during the remainder of the early twentieth century and settled especially in the Midwest and ever-rising West, they carried the clerical culture with them. Fundamentalist leaders such as J. Frank Norris and Robert Shuler exported the South’s fighting faith, normalized religious politics, championed a new hard-line theology, and laid the early groundwork for the coming rise of the religious right.
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Berry Jessica , Berry Terence
Published: June 2017

Jessica and I thought that it would be easier to explain our background and ideas using our voices. At the beginning of each segment, we indicate who is speaking to help the reader follow along with the conversation.

Terence: To introduce ourselves, I am a 27-year-old male. After years of filling out what my ethnicity is, I am half Hispanic and half Caucasian. I do not fall into any stereotypes. I do not speak Spanish, but I can understand some from growing up in a mostly Hispanic culture in California. I learned French in high school. I also lived in the Netherlands for two years during a religious service mission. Growing up, I had a very diverse group of friends. Most of them had both parents in their life. The father was mostly always away at work, and the mother stayed at home, no matter what ethnicity or religion they came from. I didn’t notice any divorces or separations. That seemed like a rare thing, even when there were financial problems, which seemed to be the norm....
The Knowledge We Have Lost in Information
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

In contrast with conventional histories of “economic rationality,” in this book we propose that the history of modern microeconomics is better organized as the treatment of information in postwar economics. Beginning with a brief primer on the nature of information, we then explore how economists first managed their rendezvous with it, tracing its origins to the Neoliberal Thought Collective and Friedrich Hayek. The response to this perceived threat was mounted by the orthodoxy at the Cowles Commission, leading to at least three distinct model strategies. But the logic of the models led to multiply cognitively challenged agents, which then logically led to a stress on markets to rectify those weaknesses. Unwittingly, the multiple conceptions of agency led to multiple types of markets; and the response of the orthodoxy was to shift research away from previous Walrasian themes to what has become known as market design. But internal contradictions in the market design programs led to a startling conclusion: just like their agents, the orthodox economists turned out to be not as smart as they had thought. A little information had turned out to be a dangerous thing.
The History of Markets and the Theory of Market Design
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

Curiously, early neoclassical economics was a theory of agents, not markets as such. But changes in markets in the late twentieth century began to highlight this lacuna. How information was incorporated into the theory began to suggest that economists could not just describe The Market, but could also design boutique markets for clients. We trace the resulting narrative trajectory of this epoch-making departure using an abstract Information Space graphic showing combinations of types of agent epistemology, with different types of models of information.
Private Intellectuals and Public Perplexity
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes a more obscure chapter in the history of market design: the attempt on the part of certain market designers to supposedly “fix” the economic meltdown of 2008 by proposing to construct markets that would sell “toxic assets” at their true prices. This reveals the hubris of market designers, but also the disdain in which they were eventually held by the Treasury officials responsible for the TARP. The chapter reveals some of the drawbacks of the belief that market failures can be remedied by more markets retailed by economists.
Introduction
Authors: Croasmun Matthew
Published: June 2017

This chapter sets up the major problem of the book: how might we best clarify and understand group-level agency, and the invocation of the language of personhood? Two contemporary analogies, “the Network” and “the Market,” help to illuminate the key question of how to understand the vivid personal language Paul employs. Are we to conceive of Sin as a “real,” “personal,” power that menaces the human agent; as a social reality, a complex system of human sins; or simply as a literary device that describes to us a feature of individual human agency? Traditional exegesis does not suffice to answer such questions; rather, interdisciplinary approaches must be employed.
s/Sin
Authors: Croasmun Matthew
Published: June 2017

The problem of how to understand the personal language Paul uses to describe s/Sin is introduced. Literary personification is distinguished from what we might call “person-identification” by an element of self-conscious fiction that recognizes a gap between the personal language deployed and the “actual state of affairs.” The problem is that, for readers of Paul, his construal of the “actual state of affairs” is precisely what is at issue. Three emphases in the history of scholarship are considered: Bultmann’s focus on the sins of the individual; Käsemann’s focus on Sin as a cosmic power; and the liberationists’ focus on social sin. Each school demonstrates that the interpreter’s sense of the “actual state of affairs” cannot be removed from the process of interpretation. This sets the stage for careful consideration of our own readerly sense of how individual, social, and cosmic realities might coexist and interact.
Conclusion
Authors: Raphals Lisa
Published: June 2017

This chapter sums up the chapters in this book to show that the process by which Christianity and Buddhism became established in their respective regions was much more complex than the language of conquest or triumph would suggest. In neither China nor Rome did the new religions simply sweep away the beliefs and customs of the old society; rather, over centuries of interaction and dialogue, the old societies changed the new religions as much as the religions changed the old societies. The chapters contain a mixture of traditional themes, methodologies, and problematics. Topics include justice, morality, mortality, rhetoric, and the history of narratives of authority; religious, political, and social importance of suffering, danger, and risk; the importance of popular narratives; the role of magic; and the importance of images and material culture. But these case studies can do little more than indicate the rich rewards that await further research.
The Marriage Paradox
Authors: Willoughby Brian J. , James Spencer L.
Published: June 2017

This book explores one of the more puzzling findings in modern young adulthood. Most emerging adults report they value marriage highly, yet more and more of them are delaying and appear to be avoiding marriage. Using a mixture of national data and a mixed-method study of middle-class emerging adults from the Midwest, the book explores why this paradox might exist. Using interview data, the authors weave stories of real emerging adults into their narrative to provide illustrative examples of the concepts and themes being discussed. National data are provided to connect themes to national trends in the United States. Within the book, the authors explore how the context of emerging adulthood influences this paradox as well as the specific paradoxes being created around emerging adults’ beliefs regarding the timing of marriage, its importance, and how emerging adults seek potential spouses. Finally, the authors explore how factors such as parents, religion, and the media have all helped create many of these paradoxes before giving suggestions for how some of these paradoxes might be resolved.
Finding the Right Person to Marry
Authors: Willoughby Brian J. , James Spencer L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores beliefs that emerging adults hold about mate selection, or the process people go through to select romantic partners. An overview is provided of mate-selection theories, and the main themes that emerged from the interview data are detailed. Emerging adults appear to desire very different things when it comes to short-term and long-term dating partners, and this creates a unique paradox because emerging adults must shift their dating criteria when they decide to marry. Many emerging adults still very much believe in the concept of a soul mate. Cohabitation is discussed as a mechanism through which emerging adults hope to uncover what their dating partners are truly like.
Thinking the Ambient
Authors: Berque Augustin
Published: June 2017

The philosophical implications of shizen (nature). IMANISH Kinji (1902–1992) attained international acclaim as the initiator of a paradigm shift in primatology by recognizing the animal’s subjecthood, sociality, and capacity for cultural learning. Imanishi was also an entomologist, ecologist, anthropologist, and a great mountaineer; he was fundamentally a philosopher of nature, life, and biological evolution. He summarized his epistemological stance not in terms of shizen kagaku自‎然‎科‎学‎, the natural sciences, but rather as shizengaku自‎然‎学‎, a “naturing science” in which the scientist participates in the general subjecthood of nature, and thus is able to know it hermeneutically—that is, from the inside—making science itself a particular aspect of nature’s general dynamics. This way of thinking is opposed to the modern distinction between subject and object, and is grounded both in the Japanese language and in attitudes toward nature, which in fact imply an ambient rather than a subject.
Sensation, Betweenness, Rhythms
Authors: Yū Inutsuka
Published: June 2017

The philosophy of Japanese ethicist Watsuji Tetsurō presents a challenge for the traditional understanding of “environment” as something nonhuman. Criticizing Heidegger, especially for his analyses of equipment and of mood, Watsuji first emphasizes participation of the environment in our self-understanding through sensation. He further proposes that repetitive phenomena of fūdo or climate form a certain human way of life where human existence is understood as taking place in betweenness, the duality of individual and social. Finally, Watsuji argues that human existence has a rhythmic nature. The rhythms of human life integrate the environment which in turn is the ground for our ethical life. Beyond an opposition between the individual and the environment, Watsuji’s philosophy provides a base for a new anthropocentric ethic in which the environment is a part of human existence.
Dual-Use Research and Inductive Risk
Authors: Resnik David B.
Published: June 2017

Dual-use research is research that can be readily employed for beneficial or harmful purposes. Using recent examples from biomedical science, this chapter argues that scientists who are assessing the risks and benefits of dual-use research face issues of practical inductive risk because they must consider the ethical and social implications of mistaken inferences concerning the acceptability of hypotheses pertaining to these risks and benefits. Attempting to avoid practical inductive risk by estimating the probabilities of hypotheses and deferring to policymakers and the public on the issue of accepting hypothesis for practical purposes would be an abdication of the scientist’s ethical and professional responsibility. Scientists have an obligation to play an active role in helping policymakers and the public make well-informed decisions concerning conducting, funding, and publishing dual-use research, including considering the values at stake in these decisions and the bearing they have on policy options.
Introduction
Authors: Wright Tom F.
Published: June 2017

This chapter introduces the popular lecture as a paradoxical icon of nineteenth-century modernity. On both sides of the Atlantic, it argues, the audiences and performers transformed a cultural practice with origins in the medieval cloister into an unexpected flashpoint medium of public life. It was an educational form that began to flourish amid the educational fervor of the late Scottish Enlightenment. But it bursts into life most powerfully in the United States in the decades leading up to the Civil War, where it was often known as the “lyceum movement.” As it grew, this phenomenon sat at the confluence of at least three major transformations in American life. First, it helped shape a revolution in oratory, fashioning a space for educational speech and rational debate that promised to float free of creed or party. Second, it embodied new ideals of republican education, democratizing the habits of elite collegiate pedagogy for the masses, and forging new economies of knowledge and cultural consumption. Third, it set in motion a lasting transformation in the relationship between the public and American literature, providing both the necessary conditions for the modern public intellectual and a powerful new performative conception of authorship. The introduction sets out the content for the chapters that follow.
Britain as Order
Authors: Wright Tom F.
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 considers Emerson’s lecture “England” in two distinct settings: its Clinton Hall performance and its subsequent recital during appearances in Ohio in May 1850. It argues that reports of “England” in the Manhattan media appropriated the lecture as a useful shoring up of transatlantic affection in the wake of anti-British urban upheavals of the late 1840s. Subsequent responses to his Ohio performances demonstrated a pattern of resistance to the metropolitan interpretations, appropriating anew the resonance of Emerson’s appraisal for Midwestern realities. This chapter offers a detailed account of the context, delivery, and conflicting readings of these Emerson performances. In doing so, it restates a running theme of this book: that the lecture circuit, so often omitted from discussions of broader performance culture, needs to be reconnected to wider debates within the antebellum media concerning Anglo-American show practices, physicality, and manners.
Epilogue
Authors: Wright Tom F.
Published: June 2017

This closing chapter explores how the appreciation of lecture culture has been conditioned by the priorities of three distinct moments of interpretation: the final decades of the nineteenth century; the post-World War II period; and the first decades of the Twenty First Century. It reflects on how interdisciplinary methods and new critical priorities offer to promise the discovery of new complexities and truths beneath the problematic yet seductive myths of the nineteenth-century lyceum.
Modern Hungers
Authors: Weinreb Alice
Published: June 2017

This book explores Germany’s role in the two world wars and the Cold War to analyze the food economy of the twentieth century. It argues that controlling food supply and determining how and what people ate shaped the course of these three wars. Because Germany played a central role in these conflicts, the political and economic ambitions of its changing governments had international ramifications. At the same time, focusing on changing methods of cooking, shopping, and eating reveals the politics that shape everyday life, especially women's daily activities. Each chapter focuses on a specific era to unpack particular components of the modern food system. The book argues that hunger was key to military strategy in the First World War and to discourses human rights during the Allied occupation, while showing how food rationing shaped race during the Third Reich. The second half of the book compares East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG), revealing similarities as well as differences between the socialist and capitalist food systems. Bringing together a diverse array of sources ranging from cookbooks to complaint letters, political speeches to nutritional studies, Modern Hungers offers historical context for many key concerns of the current age, from food aid and the struggle to end famine to contemporary obesity epidemics
Commonplace Witnessing
Authors: Vivian Bradford
Published: June 2017

Commonplace Witnessing examines how citizens, politicians, and civic institutions have adopted idioms of witnessing in recent decades to serve a variety of social, political, and moral ends. It does so by exploring the rhetoric of witnessing in especially influential idiomatic forms, including survivor testimony, popular memoirs, political speech, civic memorials, and public rituals of forgiveness. The book thus argues that witnessing now constitutes a prevalent mode of address in which many different subjects participate, and not only individuals who possess extraordinary historical experiences of injustice or tragedy. Commonplace Witnessing maintains that reconsidering normative assumptions about which historical subjects bear witness, and how they do so, enhances our understanding of the numerous ways in which rites of witnessing influence public perceptions of historical injustice or tragedy.
Beyond the Arab Cold War
Authors: Orkaby Asher
Published: June 2017

Beyond the Arab Cold War brings the Yemen Civil War (1962–68) to the forefront of modern Middle East history, in a comprehensive account that features multilingual and multinational archives and oral histories. Throughout six years of major conflict Yemen sat at the crossroads of regional and international conflict as dozens of countries, international organizations, and individuals intervened in the local South Arabian civil war. Yemen was a showcase for a new era of UN and Red Cross peacekeeping, clandestine activity, Egypt’s counterinsurgency, and one of the first large-scale uses of poison gas since World War I. Events in Yemen were not dominated by a single power, nor were they sole products of US-Soviet or Saudi-Egyptian Arab Cold War rivalry. Rather, during the 1960s Yemen was transformed into an arena of global conflict whose ensuing chaos tore down the walls of centuries of religious rule and isolation and laid the groundwork for the next half century of Yemeni history. The end of the Yemen Civil War marked the end of both Egyptian President Nasser’s Arab nationalist colonial expansion and the British Empire in the Middle East, two of the most dominant regional forces. The legacy of the eventual northern tribal defeat and the compromised establishment of a weak and decentralized republic are at the core of modern-day conflicts in South Arabia.
Epilogue: Echoes of a Civil War
Authors: Orkaby Asher
Published: June 2017

The war in Yemen that began in 2014 between northern tribes and the exiled republic is the bookend to six decades of conflict that began in 1962. The Houthi northern tribal alliance is a modern reincarnation of the royalists who had supported Imam al-Badr during the 1960s. The Houthis see themselves as rectifying the unjust political settlements left over from the Yemen Civil War. The current conflict reached a turning point with a tribal conquest of Sana’a, reminiscent of 1968, aimed at overthrowing the post-revolutionary generation of urban leadership and its republican government in decline. In a demonstration of history repeating itself, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the ICRC, the UN, and large groups of mercenaries returned to Yemen for another round of unwinnable interventions that closely resemble the original conflict.
The Agrarian Landscape
Authors: James Elaine T.
Published: June 2017

One of the most pervasive landscapes of the Song of Songs is the farm, which appears repeatedly throughout the poetry. This chapter emphasizes the material grounding of the Song’s lyricism, which connects it directly to a context of ancient food production. It offers readings of several short segments of the Song, highlighting the imagery of vineyard and shepherding, and then describes how these material evocations blend into metaphors for the lovers themselves. It dialogues with the work of Wendell Berry to show how such a mode of thought is distinctly agrarian. It concludes with a close reading of Song 7:11–14.
Host States’ Use of Diasporas
Authors: Marinova Nadejda K
Published: June 2017

The chapter begins by referencing the simultaneous transnational connection between diasporas and home and host states. It introduces the subject of host-state utilization of diasporas, giving as primary examples the focus of several chapters in the book: the American Lebanese Coalition during the presidency of George W. Bush in policy toward Syria and Lebanon, and the Iraqi National Congress in promoting the 2003 Iraq war. The central theme of the chapter is the emphasis on the importance of the host-country government in according the diaspora organizations the temporal significance and position in the limelight they enjoy.
The Rise of Trou Coffy and the Jacmel Insurgent Theater
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

Chapter 1, “The Rise of Trou Coffy and the Jacmel Insurgent Theater,” explains both the transatlantic sociopolitical context in which the free colored insurgencies in Saint-Domingue’s West and South Provinces emerged and the specific local social and racial tensions that drove Romaine-la-Prophétesse to lead an insurgency based on his coffee plantation in Trou Coffy, a mountain hamlet located between the cities of Jacmel and Léogâne. Trou Coffy’s raids and ultimate conquest of Jacmel are then carefully detailed, as well as its insurgents’ destruction of surrounding plantations and assaults on white populations throughout the region. The chapter also offers an original discussion of unrelated but culturally and historically relevant free colored insurgent activity around the city of Les Cayes, in the South Province. Generally speaking, the time period covered in this chapter is September 1791 to January 1792.
Interpretation Theory and the First Person
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

The “rationalizing interpretation” view of psychological discourse, associated with Donald Davidson and Daniel Dennett, has been widely influential as a reconstruction of our practices of ascribing attitudes to others, and as an account of the meaning of psychological terms. This perspective has lent support to a wider assumption in philosophy of mind, that we should think of our ordinary use of psychological terms as part of a “theory” to explain the behavior of those around us. This paper argues that given the differences in application of psychological terms in their first-person and third-person uses, the “theory-theory” is a bad picture of what gives sense to our ascriptive practices. A proper understanding of the self/other asymmetries in psychological discourse shows that they follow quite naturally from the core truth of the “rationalizing” perspective, and that this shows the conflict between “rationalizing interpretation” and “simulation theory” to be less than it appears.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides concluding thoughts on the subject, stressing that this book is supportive of the idea of religious arbitration, and secular society benefits in many ways from allowing religious communities and their members to contractually resolve their commercial and family law disputes. Secular society must regulate arbitration by making sure that (1) people are truly voluntarily agreeing to such arbitration in a way that shows a true consent to religious arbitration; (2) such arbitrations are limited to monetary matters and not treading on the unique police powers of the general society; and (3) procedural due process is followed in arbitration hearings. Related to that is that religious arbitrators, to be successful, must integrate well the norms of the secular society that intermingles with their own religious community. Our law should be increasingly open to the idea that people can structure their relationships around a contract, rather than around sacrament.
Monologue and Dialogism in Highland New Guinea Verbal Art
Authors: Rumsey Alan
Published: June 2017

The term “dialogism” as used by Mikhail Bakhtin refers not to dialogue in the ordinary sense but to the intermingling of distinct social voices in given stretches of discourse. For Bakhtin, the novel represented the pinnacle of development of such dialogism, whereas epic was the prototypical “monologic” genre. Here I compare what Bakhtin had to say in this respect with recent findings concerning epic-like genres of oral, sung narrative which are found across much of Highland Papua New Guinea. I show that the regional genres that are the most dialogic in the ordinary sense are the least dialogical in Bakhtin’s sense, and vice versa. Contrary to simplistic views of monologic “epic” as the canonical narrative genre in “oral cultures,” the three cases discussed here show how widely even oral genres which are similar in other ways can differ regarding the canonical forms of dialogism and monologism that one finds in them.
Legal Revision in the Torah Law Collections: Supersessionist or Complementary?
Authors: Berman Joshua A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter assesses the state of the field concerning the mechanics of legal revision among the Torah’s four codes of law. Classically, scholars of biblical law assumed that as jurists redrafted these laws, they did so with the intention that their new formulations would supersede the older ones, and that the older versions of the law were thereby denied any authority or standing. However, since the 1990’s some scholars have viewed the biblical law corpora as complementary. For these scholars, the inconsistencies between the various law corpora represent a process of reapplication, not rejection. No study to date has thoroughly measured the arguments for the two approaches. The evidence brought thus far in Part II of this book bolsters the argument for the complementary nature of the inconsistent law collections.
Introduction
Authors: Walton Jeremy F.
Published: June 2017

The introduction delineates the primary themes, concepts, and arguments of the book and summarizes the major communities and institutions of my ethnography. After outlining revisiting the competing fantasies of “purified” secularism and bucolic Islam, it offers a brief history of Kemalist laicism and neoliberalism in Turkey, which doubles as a theoretical discussion of statist sovereignty and liberal governmentality. It then introduces the concept of the “civil society effect” in relation to broader theories of civil society, space, and place. Following this, the introduction reviews literature on Islam and civil society in general before summarizing the three major groups of my study: the Nur Community, the Hizmet Movement, and Turkish Alevis.
Temporal Practices of Muslim Civil Society, or the Dilemmas of Historicism
Authors: Walton Jeremy F.
Published: June 2017

Just as the spatial practices of Muslim civil society displace the state’s monopoly over the provision of services, the temporal practices of civil Islam interrogate the state’s monopoly over the definition of modernity. Chapter 4 begins with a discussion of the dilemmas that historicism—the state’s privileged mode of relating to the past and present of the nation—creates for Alevi institutions. It then examines a variety of temporal practices articulated by Alevi and Sunni NGOs. These practices include Alevi negotiations of tradition and modernity in relation to the ritual of the cem; the “hermeneutics of example” on the part of Hizmet intellectuals; the Nur Community’s resuscitation of ijtihad (authoritative legal interpretation of the precedents of the Islamic discursive tradition); and museification as a strategy for legitimating communal pasts on the part of both Alevi and Sunni organizations.
Afterword
Authors: Walton Jeremy F.
Published: June 2017

By way of a conclusion, the book closes with an excursion to Miniatürk, a theme park in Istanbul that features miniature replicas of many of the city’s, nation’s, and empire’s most famous sites. It lingers on the miniatures of several of the sites that have already appeared in the narrative. Against the backdrop of the tensions that define the neo-Ottoman chronotope of Istanbul, Miniatürk offers a provocative and evocative occasion to ponder the lessons and themes of the book in retrospect.
Fade In, Crossroads
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: June 2017

Fade In, Crossroads is a history of the relations between southerners and motion pictures from the silent era to midcentury. In providing a narrative of the South’s contributions to the film medium from the late nineteenth century through the golden age of Hollywood, it considers the many southerners who worked as inventors, executives, filmmakers, screenwriters, performers, and critics during this period. It explores early production centers within the South as well as the effects of the migration of millions of black and white southerners beyond the region to such destinations as Los Angeles, where they made inroads in the growing film industry. It is also the story of how the rise and fall of the American film industry coincided with the rise and fall of the South’s most important modern product and export—Jim Crow segregation. This work looks at important southern historical legacies on film: the Civil War film tradition (which includes the two most successful films of all time, The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind); the notorious tradition of lynching films during an era of prolific lynching in the South; and the remarkable race film industry, whose independent African American filmmakers forged an important cinematic tradition in response to the racial limitations of both the South and Hollywood. It also examines the activities of southern censorship officials, who utilized the medium in the service of Jim Crow, and traces the influence of film on future Civil Rights Movement figures.
A Theater of Violence
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: June 2017

Chapter 5 examines lynching, a longstanding practice in the United States that became more regionally associated with the South in the late nineteenth century, as a force in film history from the earliest days of the medium through a cycle of anti-lynching films during the years around midcentury. Paradoxically, the Western genre is important here, absorbing many of the common rituals and generating a powerful ideological defense of lynching. During different periods across this half-century, different attitudes about lynching led to a variety of film representations, culminating with a number of films in the late 1930s and beyond questioning both lynching and its cinematic traces.
The Evolving Structure of Public Finance
Authors: Lin Yi-min
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 examines the evolution of the fiscal system, with a view to setting up a backdrop for the analysis of its implications for privatization in subsequent chapters. What the chapter illustrates is that the post-Mao fiscal structure was path dependent in that it continued to bear some essential features of the old system while seeking to address some of its main problems through decentralization and with the incorporation of a contractual element in fiscal relations. These features and changes had profound impact on the economic strategies of local governments concerning public and private enterprises. Unintended consequences of earlier reforms led to a major fiscal restructuring in the mid-1990s. It redefined the self-interest calculus of local political actors, whose responses hastened the decline of public enterprises.
Introduction
Authors: Wacker Grant
Published: June 2017

This introduction highlights the tremendous popularity and influence of Billy Graham. Graham touched the lives of millions of everyday people, and he enjoyed closer proximity to the top echelons of power than any other religious leader in American history, including close relationships with numerous American presidents. Yet his unflinching presentation of his interpretation of the gospel stirred resistance and criticism as well. It would be hard to find a religious leader who changed more over the course of his career, or one who presented more dramatically paradoxical faces at any given stage. Providing a preview of the book Billy Graham: American Pilgrim, the introduction suggests that Billy Graham’s career has been one of change and paradox, and it hints at how the book’s contributors demonstrate that change and paradox through the areas of religion, politics, and culture.
From Desire to Decision
Authors: Hamilton Michael S.
Published: June 2017

This chapter takes a look at Billy Graham’s success at drawing huge numbers of people who made decisions for Christ and came forward at the conclusion of his crusade sermons. No one ever rated him a great preacher, so the puzzle remains as to why so many people made the decision to come forward. Though Graham’s sermons varied little in structure and theme, they appealed to a broad range of human desires, persuading the listener that the desire could be fulfilled by making a decision for Christ. This is significant because it shows that theological and topical themes (like anticommunism) were less important than the personal. Graham put the listener at the center of a drama that could include world events or eternal realities, but the listener’s decision was ultimately grounded on a personal desire for a different kind of life.
Billy Graham’s New Evangelical Manhood
Authors: Dowland Seth
Published: June 2017

For many American evangelicals, Graham modeled how to be a man in the rapidly changing world of modern America. This chapter contends that Billy Graham’s success as an evangelist derived partly from his personification of evangelical manhood in three distinct ways. First, he cultivated a chaste sexual appeal, an image of an off-limits sexual icon. Second, he retained certainty about his faith, combining the surety required of conservative Protestants with the charisma and good looks demanded by a celebrity-obsessed culture. Finally, he embraced modest changes in his gender politics and his views on nuclear disarmament, displaying flexibility that kept him in good graces with a large swath of American Christians. As Americans grappled with feminism, the sexual revolution, and the threat of nuclear annihilation, Graham provided an example of how a man could navigate through a shifting cultural landscape while remaining anchored to the rock.
Complicated Innocence
Authors: Miller Steven P.
Published: June 2017

Graham always said he was one thing—an evangelist—but his detractors and supporters alike have dedicated countless words to arguing that he was many other things, too. In 1979 the journalist Marshall Frady published a sweeping biography of Graham; it was touted as the definitive take on America’s evangelist. For Frady, Graham embodied the American myth of innocence, which the Vietnam War and Watergate crisis had put on trial. The story of the book highlights the dynamics surrounding the Graham image. The assertive pushback against Frady’s book by the evangelist and his handlers suggested the high stakes of the Graham brand. Ultimately, the meaning of Graham cannot be separated from the stories that Frady and others have told about him. He has alternatively charmed, frustrated, and befuddled those who have tried to elucidate him and his place in American society. Billy Graham is perhaps America’s most complicated innocent.
Communication and Roman Long-Distance Trade
Authors: Terpstra Taco
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 argues that scholarship on Roman long-distance trade has been preoccupied by questions of its scale and importance for the overall economy, and that consequently the role and importance of communication for this Roman trade have remained overlooked. Terpstra therefore seeks to recover the nature of this communication—both written and oral—and of the communications network in circumstances that were incomparably harsher than today. Given the near-complete loss of commercial correspondence from classical antiquity, but not from the medieval period, Terpstra draws on material from the latter for evidence. He also assigns a higher value and importance to oral rumor than scholarship has typically favored.
Red and Yellow Coming Together
Authors: Barrett Rusty
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the language of speeches given at International Mr. Leather, an annual competition among gay leathermen. After giving an overview of gay leather subculture and leather contests, the chapter examines the relationship between nationalist discourse and leatherman discourse during the International Mr. Leather contest. Leathermen involved in the contest combine language that indexes a radical “sexual outlaw” identity with traditional forms of nationalist discourses associated with their home country and with the idea of a global gay “leather nation.” The combination of these two distinct types of discourse is a form of indexical disjuncture that normalizes leather sexual practices by aligning them with conservative political stances. In addition, the use of nationalism serves in the construction of leather masculinity through links to military discourses.
The Dual State
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst , Meierhenrich Jens
Published: June 2017

This text, first published in 1941, provides a comprehensive analysis of the rise and nature of National-Socialism, and is the only such analysis written from within Hitler’s Germany. Its central thesis is that two states co-existed in National-Socialist Germany—hence, Fraenkel’s invention of the concept of the dual state. This was comprised of a normative state (which protected the legal order as expressed in legislation, decisions of the courts, and decisions of administrative bodies) and a prerogative state (governed by the ruling party, and unrestrained by legal guarantees). The relationship and conflict between these states is analyzed through decisions of the German courts and the development of judicial practice. The book is divided into three parts. The first part describes the existing legal order. The second part attempts to show that the parallel structures within Germany radically affected German politics and society. The third part delves into the relationship between the dual Nazi state and German capitalism. It asks whether the rise of the dual state was a consequence of a crisis in capitalism. While this book is primarily a first-hand account and analysis of the dual state’s operation in National-Socialist Germany, it retains its vital relevance for the theory of democracy in the twenty-first century. This republication of the 1941 English edition includes both Fraenkel’s 1974 introduction to the German second edition, never before published in English, and a new introduction by Professor Jens Meierhenrich of the London School of Economics and Political Science that places the book in theoretical and historical context and assesses its lasting legacy.
The Limits of the Prerogative State
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst
Published: June 2017

This chapter looks at the prerogative state in more detail. The whole of the German legal system, it shows, became an instrument of the political authorities. It looks at the birth certificate case in Germany at that time where hundreds of birth certificates were issued in accordance with the provisions of the law. Normal life, it explains, was ruled by legal norms. The chapter then questions the history and the notion of the totalitarian state and relates it to the case of late 1930s Germany.
The Normative State
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst
Published: June 2017

This chapter looks at the dual state and the separation of powers within by first considering the prerogative state and the role of the executive. It starts by looking at the history of the doctrine of the prerogative in Europe in general and in Germany in particular. It considers the notion of the normative state and what that meant for the German legal system in the late 1930s. It looks at the influence of National-Socialism in terms of the normative state and also the courts. The chapter then goes on to consider the estate system in Germany at that time and relates it to various economic systems, especially labor, as it states that the industrial working class were not adequately included in the estate system of National-Socialist Germany.