bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROWTH OF SMALL FREE-LIVING AMOEBAE IN VARIOUS BACTERIAL AND IN BACTERIA-FREE CULTURES
Authors: Chang Shih L.
Published: February 2010

Hartmannella glebae, H. agricola, and Naegleria gruberi fed on a Flavobacterium sp. developed tolerance for the yellow pigment. Differences in the formation of plaques in the bacterial growth and in the growth cycle were observed.Various species of bacteria were equally effective as food for all three amoebae, and richness of the amoeba cultures paralleled the richness of the growth of edible bacteria. Failure of Pseudomonas pyocyanea to support growth of these amoebae was attributed to the toxicity of the pyocyanin pigment, and inability of the amoebae to develop tolerance to this pigment was attributed to the relatively high solubility of the pigment in water.These amoebae showed no growth on agar in the absence of living edible bacteria; however, bacteria-free H. agricola and N. gruberi, but not H. glebae, were successfully maintained in monkey kidney tissue cultures. The amoebae exhibited no toxic effect on the epithelial cells and fed on cell debris. Ingestion of very large numbers of cysts by young cells or any number by old cells resulted in degeneration of the cells with a release of live cysts. Epithelial cell degeneration hastened by enteroviruses facilitated rapid growth of the amoebae.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF LEAVES WITH LOCALIZED VIRUS INFECTIONS: I. OXYGEN UPTAKE
Authors: Weintraub M. , Kemp W. G. , Ragetli H. W. J.
Published: February 2010

Infection of Nicotiana glutinosa with tobacco mosaic virus, of Dianthus barbatus with a carnation virus, of Gomphrena globosa with potato virus X, and of N. tabacum with two strains of turnip mosaic virus produced local lesions and significantly increased O2 uptake to an extent dependent upon the stage of infection. Increased respiration in N. glutinosa, as measured by O2 uptake, was detected 7–10 hours before lesions appeared. When infected plants were maintained at 32 °C, the rise in respiration occurred 8–15 hours before the appearance of lesions, indicating an increase or prolongation of virus multiplication. Local lesion infection of other hosts, though differing in detail, had essentially the same effect. Non-virus injury, including artificially produced necrotic local lesions, did not induce a similar increase in respiration. When necrotic areas were excised from infected disks the remaining portions still respired at a greater rate than healthy controls. Increased respiration appeared to be correlated with virus activity other than the necrotic process.
CAROTENOID PIGMENTS OF HALOPHILIC BACTERIA
Authors: Baxter R. M.
Published: February 2010

The carotenoids of two yellow and four red halophilic bacteria were studied by chromatography on alumina. One yellow organism contained predominantly one pigment, or a group of closely related pigments similar to neurosporene, while the other contained the neurosporene-like pigments and appreciable amounts of an unknown pigment with absorption maxima at about 420, 450, and 485 mμ.The red organisms, three species of Halobacterium and one Sarcina, contained α- and β-bacterioruberin, and at least six minor pigments. All except two of these were very similar to carotenoids previously reported in Rhodospirillum rubrum. Methoxyl could not be detected in α-bacterioruberin, supporting the suggestion of others that it is demethylated spirilloxanthin. It is suggested that the pathway of carotenoid biosynthesis in red halophiles is very similar to that in Rhodospirillum rubrum, except that the pigments are not methylated.The carotenoid content of Halobacterium salinarium was not influenced by addition of various precursors to the growth medium, or by altering the physical conditions of growth, but increased with the age of the culture.
THE COMPONENT FATTY ACIDS OF OILS FOUND IN SPORES OF PLANT RUSTS AND OTHER FUNGI
Authors: Tulloch A. P. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

The fatty acid compositions of oils extracted from the spores of 21 species of fungi, mainly rusts and smuts, have been determined by gas liquid phase chromatography. Cis-9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid was present in the spore oil of six species of Puccinia, two species of Melampsora, and one species each of Cronartium and Phragmidium, but not in one species each of Uromyces, Gymnosporangium, and Ravenelia. Palmitic acid was the principal saturated acid in all the fats, except those from the mildews, and the unsaturated C18 acids generally made up the remainder. Rusts of the same genus with hosts in the same plant family had similar fatty acids but other rusts of the same genus with hosts in other families had a quite different pattern. The fats of smuts and mildews are quite distinct from those found in the rusts.
EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF ACID-SENSITIVE ACTINOMYCETES IN SOIL
Authors: Taber W. A.
Published: February 2010

A total of 1269 actinomycetes was isolated from 10 alkaline and 6 acid Canadian soils. One hundred and seven were unable to grow on a dilute glucose–asparagines–salts agar which had been adjusted to pH 6.2, but were able to grow when the pH was adjusted to 8.5. Additional tests of 24 of the isolates showed that the lowest pH's allowing growth ranged from 6.8 to 6.1, the actual value varying with the isolate and with the composition of the medium. These isolates required a higher pH for growth on all media tested than did a typical Streptomyces which was included in the study to serve as a control. None was as sensitive to acidity, however, as the alkaline-dependent Streptomyces caeruleus Baldacci.The 107 isolates were interpreted to represent no more than 14 distinct organisms and 6 of these bore aerial hyphae and spores in chains. Nine of the 14 were some shade of orange or purple and the remainder were some shade of blue. A blue, sporulating Streptomyces (PRL 1772) resembled closely S. caeruleus.Acid-sensitive actinomycetes were found in 9 of the 10 alkaline soils and in 1 of the 6 acid soils.Four samples of beach mud from an alkaline salt lake yielded but one species of Streptomyces and it was sensitive to acidity. Its tolerance to sodium chloride was but slightly greater than that of a Streptomyces judged to be conventional in its response to acidity.
PREPARATION OF A STABLE NON-INFECTIVE COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIGEN FOR HERPES SIMPLEX
Authors: Polley John R.
Published: February 2010

The soluble antigen of herpes simplex is prepared by grinding the specifically infected chorioallantoic membranes with one volume of saline, storage for 4 days at 4 °C to precipitate tissue material, followed by centrifugation for 1 hour at 10,000 r.p.m. (9000 g) to improve the specificity. Nine different methods of formaldehyde treatment were tried to determine the best procedure for the destruction of the infectivity while preserving the maximal antigenicity. Methods in which treatment was conducted at pH 6 destroyed considerable antigenicity whereas the methods using a pH of 8.5 were most successful. The method selected to inactivate the virus present in the herpes antigen involves treatment with 0.01% formaldehyde at 37 °C for 2 days at pH 8.5, followed by the addition of 0.25 cc of 30% dibasic ammonium phosphate solution per 100 cc of treated antigen. After treatment and neutralization the antigen can be lyophilized for stable storage.
GROWTH REQUIREMENTS OF 94 STRAINS OF THERMOPHILIC BACILL
Authors: Baker H. , Frank O. , Pasher I. , Black B. , Hutner S. H. , Sobotka H.
Published: February 2010

The minimal nutritional requirements of 94 thermophilic strains of the species Bacillus stearothermophilus and B. coagulans, grown at 55 °C, were determined. Most strains had an absolute methionine requirement. Some strains synthesized methionine by means of a methyl donor (choline, betaine), a methyl acceptor (homocystine), and a methyl activator (vitamin B12). The effects of temperature as inducing variations in nutritional requirements are briefly discussed.
CHROMATOGRAPHY OF COLIPHAGES T1 AND T2 ON COLUMNS OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
Authors: Robinson J. B. , Douglas R. J. , Grinyer I. , Garrard E. H.
Published: February 2010

Coliphages T1 and T2 were efficiently adsorbed from dialyzed lysates by small columns of calcium phosphate. Elution of the columns with phosphate buffers at low molarity (0.02–0.03) removed much of the non-infectious material; the phage could subsequently be eluted in more concentrated and purified form with higher buffer concentrations (0.06 M or greater). The chromatographic behavior of T1 and T2 is contrasted and the influence of non-phage constituents of the lysate upon the chromatographic separation is discussed.
CONTINUOUS-FLOW DILUTION OF SOIL SUSPENSIONS FOR MICROBIAL ASSAY
Authors: Menzies J. D.
Published: February 2010

The principle of logarithmic dilution resulting from passage of a diluent through a solution in a closed system is used in an apparatus for obtaining samples of soil suspension of known dilution for microbial assay. The device consists of a 14-ml glass chamber containing a magnetic agitator. As sterile water flows through the chamber in which a soil sample has been placed, the dilution of the sample in the effluent depends upon the amount of water used. Samples of effluent can thus be collected for replicated plating at any desired dilution, or aliquots can be plated directly at dilution intervals selected so that some portion of the series will yield plates with the optimum number of colonies for counting. The method is simple and timesaving and should compare favorably in accuracy with conventional procedures.
A RABIES VACCINE FROM HAMSTER KIDNEY TISSUE CULTURES: PREPARATION AND EVALUATION IN ANIMALS
Authors: Fenje Paul
Published: February 2010

A strain of fixed rabies virus adapted to hamster kidney tissue cells has produced culture fluids of high infectivity for rabbits and mice. These culture fluids were rendered non-infective by treatment with formaldehyde at a concentration of 8 m M. Rabbits immunized with this material produced autirabies antibody to a high titer and were subsequently proved to be resistant to intramuscular inoculation of rabies virus from the salivary glands of a naturally infected fox.
THE EFFECT OF GARBAMYL PHOSPHATE AND CYANATE ON ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Taussig Andrew
Published: February 2010

Experiments have shown that 0,02 M synthetic carbamyl phosphate inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli when added in the lag phase but not when added in the logarithmic: growth phase. Conversely, potassium cyanate at similar concentrations was found to cause only an elongation of the lag phase but when added during the logarithmic growth phase it was found to inhibit further growth of the cells. Both inhibitions were found reversible by addition of glutathione and cysteine. Carbamyl cysteine formation is offered as the possible explanation for the inhibitory property of carbamyl phosphate since the inhibition caused by carbamyl cysteine was also found to be reversible by additions of SH compounds and since carbamyl phosphate plus cysteine was found to produce carbamyl cysteine.
THE FORMATION OF CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS IN SUSPENSIONS OF ACETOBACTER XYLINUM
Authors: Colvin J. Ross , Beer M.
Published: February 2010

Formation of cellulose microfibrils from precursors elaborated by Acetobacter xylinum takes place remote from the cell surface and without an extensive, amorphous, intermediate high polymer. The microfibrils increase in mass by growth only at one or both tips. The rate of microfibrillar growth per bacterial cell at 25 °C is constant at 0.1 μ per minute up to at least 7 minutes, incubation time. New microfibrils may be produced continuously during the incubation period.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT ILLUMINATION ON THE FUNGAL FLORA OF ROOTS
Authors: Peterson E. A.
Published: February 2010

Greenhouse and plant growth room experiments showed that shading of plants had no appreciable effect on the vegetatively active fungi colonizing the primary roots of wheat and soybean seedlings growing in fertile, disease-free soil. Although marked differences in plant development were obvious, the general pattern of root colonization was essentially the same for the two levels of illumination used. The results suggest that the saprophytic fungi which normally colonize the roots of healthy plants may also colonize roots of abnormal plants providing that the soil is relatively free from plant pathogenic forms.Species of Phoma accounted for a much higher proportion of the isolates from wheat roots than from soybean roots, whereas the majority of cultures from soybeans proved to be species of Fusarium.
DEGRADATION OF RUTIN BY ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS. FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTION OF THE ENZYME SYSTEM
Authors: Westlake D. W. S. , Simpson F. J.
Published: February 2010

A synthetic medium containing 0.4% rutin, 0.3% (NH4)2HPO4, 0.1% KH2PO4, 0.1% MgCl2∙6H2O, and 0.8% (NH4)2SO4was developed for the production of the extracellular enzyme system that degrades rutin. The total amount of the enzyme system produced is approximately the same between 25 and 35 °C but the rate is more rapid at the higher temperature. Aeration is necessary both for synthesis and for excretion into the medium, excretion apparently being more sensitive than synthesis. Magnesium is required for growth and sulphate for release of the enzyme system into the medium. Calcium carbonate depresses both growth and production. The medium has been successfully employed for production in 5-gallon fermentors of the extracellular enzymes that degrade rutin.
PREPARATION OF CELL-FREE STAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINASE CONCENTRATE
Authors: Goldner M. , Wilson R. J.
Published: February 2010

The preparation of staphylococcal intracellular penicillinase as a cell-free concentrate is described and the optimal conditions for its action on penicillin indicated. Cells were disrupted by sonic vibrations and the debris removed by centrifugation at 17000 × g. Cell-free concentrates were prepared from the supernatants and were found to have a higher activity per mg nitrogen than the bacterial suspensions from which they were prepared. Centrifugation at 35000 × g resulted in a partial and as yet unaccountable loss of activity. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 6.0–6.5 and 30 °C. The possible application of cell-free staphylococcal penicillinase to enzymatic and immunological work is discussed.
SPECIFIC DEGRADATION OF CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS 3723 CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE BY A MICROBIAL ENZYME: I. ISOLATION, PARTIAL PURIFICATION, AND PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME
Authors: Gadebusch Hans H. , Johnson John D.
Published: February 2010

A partially purified intracellular enzyme from a species of Alcaligenes is described which specifically initiates the degradation of the he heteropolysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans, isolate 3723, The enzyme is active in the presence of serum and can be inactivated by heating at 45 °C for 10 minutes, The kinetics of the enzyme reaction are similar to those of other enzymes. Recovery and identification of the four known monosaccharides from enzymatic hydrolyzates suggest the presence of a number of other enzymes in these preparations.
USE OF BETA-IONONE IN ENRICHMENT CULTURES FOR ISOLATING PARACOLOBACTRUM AND CERTAIN FUNGI FROM SOIL
Authors: Zajic James E. , Kuehn Harold H.
Published: February 2010

Beta-ionone, an acyclic terpene used extensively in perfumery, was used in enrichment media for isolation and study of certain soil microorganisms. Two-tenths per cent beta-ionone inhibited the growth of about 99% of the bacterial and fungal population. Fungi were more sensitive than bacteria to beta-ionone. The most frequent bacterial isolates obtained from media enriched with beta-ionone were representatives of the genus Paracolobactrum. A few of these isolates were identical with the type species, P. aerogenoides, but the majority differed by their ability to liquefy gelatin. This difference may provide an adequate basis for establishing a new species in this genus which, because of its similarity to Aerobacter cloacae, tentatively may be designated as Paracolobactrum cloacanoides nomen provisorium. Other coliform bacteria were isolated but with reduced frequency. Fusarium species and Trichoderma viride were the fungi isolated most frequently from soil samples plated on beta-ionone-enriched media. Geotrichum candidum and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were isolated from specific soils using this enrichment procedure. A single isolate from soil was made of Curvularia pallescens, which previously has been isolated only once, from soil in India.
BORDETELLA BRONCHISEPTICA BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Rauch Helene C. , Pickett M. J.
Published: February 2010

Thirty-eight phages were isolated from 48 strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica, and three additional phages were obtained as spontaneous, virulent mutants of these isolates. No evidence of induction was obtained upon exposing lysogenic B. bronchiseptica to ultraviolet light. Thirty-five of the 48 strains of B. bronchiseptica were sensitive to one or more of the 41 phages, and a unique phage pattern was obtained for each strain. Nine strains of Bordetella parapertussis were tested and each was sensitive to at least two of these phages; this heterologous lysis of B. parapertussis was obtained with 18 of the B. bronchiseptica phages, and represents additional evidence for the taxonomic relationship of these two species. However, no similar relationship was demonstrable with Bordetella pertussis; 50 strains were examined but all were insensitive to these phages. Seven strains of Alcaligenes faecalis and several of Brucella species were equally insensitive.
LOSS OF IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES OF VACCINIA VIRUS INACTIVATED BY FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: Amies C. R.
Published: February 2010

In the experiments here reported, vaccinia virus in the form of partly purified elementary body suspensions was exposed to 0.006 M formaldehyde in the presence of 0.02 M glycine at 20–24 °C. Samples were taken at intervals to determine the rate of inactivation. Assays were carried out by intracutaneous inoculation of rabbits and by the plaque count method in monkey kidney cell monolayers. In addition, the virus suspensions so treated were injected into rabbits and the resulting immune response was studied by serum–virus neutralization tests performed on the rabbit skin and in tissue cultures.It was found that the rate of inactivation by HCHO decreased with time in accordance with the usual dynamics of disinfection. Similarly, the immunogenic properties decreased in proportion to the fall in infectivity. Minimal quantities of virus could still be detected after 150–250 hours; and samples removed at these times were capable of producing a feeble immune response. Later samples were neither infective nor immunogenic. These experiments lend no support to the belief that HCHO-inactivated vaccinia virus could be employed as a substitute for living virus in immunization against smallpox.
ENCEPHALITIS IN EXPERIMENTAL COXSACKIE B-3 INFECTION
Authors: Grodums E. Irene , Dempster George
Published: February 2010

A study has been made of the vulnerability of various parts of the brain in experimental Coxsackie B-3 virus infection. The standard prototype Coxsackie B-3 virus and a stock of inbred albino mice have been used for this purpose. The sites of greatest susceptibility have been precisely defined by thorough examinations of the whole brain and it has been observed that in 7- to 12-day-old mice the lesions are confined to sensory centers.Furthermore, observations have been made upon the effects of various factors such as the age at the time of inoculation, the state of myelination in different parts of the brain, and the route of inoculation. The complete resistance of the cerebellum to damage in spite of multiplication of virus in this site is of considerable interest.In the past little attention has been paid to the anatomical distribution of the brain lesions caused by the Coxsackie group B virus. It would seem to be profitable to direct attention to the features of the experimental disease in view of our lack of basic information regarding many non-fatal illnesses which affect the brain.
ACTIVE COMPONENTS OF ANTIGLOBULIN SERA REACTING WITH RED CELLS SENSITIZED WITH NATURAL AND IMMUNE ANTI-A HEMAGGLUTININS
Authors: Hawirko Roma Z. , Wong F. C. C.
Published: February 2010

Four antihuman globulin sera (AHG) were prepared by immunizing rabbits with (1) purified gamma globulin and (2) anti-A haemagglutinins purified by elution from sensitized cells namely, (a) natural anti-A from a male who had received no known antigenic stimulus, (b) immune anti-A + B after delivery, and (c) immune anti-A from the cord blood of an infant with mild ABO haemolytic disease. The highest dilution of AHG sera agglutinating haemagglutinin-sensitized cells was essentially the same with the natural (2a) and immune (2b) sera with titers from 1:40 to 1:320 while with the immune (2c) serum the titers ranged from 0 to 1:20. The antihuman gamma globulin (AHGG) serum did not agglutinate cells sensitized with the natural anti-A and showed a titer of 1:2560 with cells sensitized with immune anti-A+B.Micro-Kjeldahl analysis of the four AHG sera precipitated with gamma globulin showed marked differences in μg nitrogen per ml of gamma globulin and of antigamma globulin and in the ratio of antibody to antigen at maximum precipitation. There appeared to be a quantitative relationship between the activity of serum in the antiglobulin test and the ability of serum to combine specifically with gamma globulin. Quantitative analysis snowed that the amount of gamma globulin in μg nitrogen required for maximum precipitation of the natural AHG serum was the same as required for neutralization of the serum agglutinating natural anti-A-sensitized cells but only one-third was required for serum agglutinating cord anti-A-sensitized cells. The gamma globulin (1) serum, which was inactive with cells sensitized with natural anti-A, restored the agglutinating activity of the gamma-globulin-neutralized natural AHG (2a) serum.Electrophoretic studies showed that normal rabbit serum, natural AHG rabbit serum, and gamma globulin AHGG contained the same globulin components except for the alpha one fraction. Both the AHG sera were characterized by a new alpha component while the gamma globulin AHG showed an additional new alpha component. The significance of these findings is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE IRRADIATION OF MICROORGANISMS IN RELATION TO FOOD PRESERVATION: I. THE COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITIES OF SPECIFIC BACTERIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Erdman I. E. , Thatcher F. S. , MacQueen K. F.
Published: February 2010

The limits of tolerance to gamma irradiation have been determined for 21 cultures representative of the following bacterial species of public health significance in foods: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli (types I and II), Aerobacler aerogenes, A. cloacae, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella gallinarum, S. tennessee, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Clostridium botulinum (types A and E). A several-fold difference in radiation sensitivity has been demonstrated, specific sensitivity being influenced by the nature of the suspending medium during irradiation.Spores of C. botulinum, type A, were more resistant than those of type E, while six strains of staphylococci of differing phage pattern showed closely similar tolerances. The most sensitive species among those tested was M. tuberculosis. The coliform organisms were more sensitive than the salmonellae, which, in turn, were more sensitive than the staphylococci and S. faecalis. Destruction of coliform bacteria in irradiated foods cannot, therefore, be used as an index of adequate pasteurization.Staphylococcal emetic toxin present in pork sausage and suspended in culture filtrates was destroyed by irradiation at comparatively low levels in contradistinction to the findings for the toxin of C. botulinum.
MALIC ENZYME INDUCTION BY LACTIC ACID BACTERIA: II. PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Duerre John A. , Lichstein Herman C.
Published: February 2010

Malic enzyme activity was shown to be inducible in cells of Lactobacillus arabinosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Streptococcus faecalis.Inspection of the nitrogen requirements for induction revealed an obligatory need for purines and uracil by L. casei and L. delbrueckii. Addition of purines and uracil also stimulated induction by S. faecalis and L. arabinosus, but not by L. mesenteroides. The role of purines was inspected further by the inhibitory action of 8-azaguanine.Studies on protein and RNA synthesis during malic enzyme induction revealed that RNA synthesis preceded protein synthesis. This phenomenon was masked in the absence of added purines and uracil by concomitant degradation of cellular RNA. Such breakdown of RNA was observed also when the cells were aged at pH 7.The stimulatory effect of biotin on malic enzyme induction by L. arabinosus could be replaced partially by adenine, and the inhibitory effect of homobiotin was reversed by the addition of this purine. The absence of a biotin effect on induction by L. casei may be related to the requirement for purines and uracil in this organism.
A PSYCHROPHILIC CRYPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Hagen P.-O. , Rose A. H.
Published: February 2010

A psychrophilic yeast, isolated from decomposing Laminaria found on the beach at Hebron Fjord in Labrador, was shown to be a species of Cryptococcus, closely resembling but not identical with C. mucorugosus and C. terricolus. In a glucose–salts–vitamins medium, the yeast grew most rapidly at 25 °C, although the final cell crop was greatest in cultures incubated at 21 °C. The yeast grew well at 3 °C after a lag period of approximately five days, but no growth was observed in cultures incubated throughout at 30 °C or above. Cultures of the yeast which had been incubated at 30 °C, but not at 37 °C, grew, on being transferred to 16 °C, after a lag period that was proportional to the duration of incubation at 30 °C. The yeast grew well at 30 °C after cultures had been incubated for a period at 16 °C, although growth ceased at this higher temperature after a few days; further growth at 30 °C could be obtained after the cultures had again been incubated at 16 °C. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the psychrophilic behavior of the yeast.
INTERSUBGROUP AND INTRASUBGROUP ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE GENUS SHIGELLA: SUBGROUP A
Authors: Ewing W. H. , Johnson Jane G.
Published: February 2010

Intersubgroup antigenic relationships between the O antigens of cultures of Shigella dysenteriae 2 and 10 (subgroup A) and those of strains of Shigella boydii 1 (subgroup C) and between the O antigens of cultures of S. dysenteriae 8 and those strains of S. boydii 15 were reported. Also, several previously reported intra- and inter-subgroup relationships were confirmed and further elucidated. The relationships were important in definitive typing of the bacteria.
β-D-1,2-GLUCANASES IN FUNGI
Authors: Reese Elwyn T. , Parrish Frederick W. , Mandels Mary
Published: February 2010

β-D-1,2-Glucans apparently occur rarely in nature, and yet many fungi have the ability to produce a β-1,3-glucanase capable of hydrolyzing them. The β-1,2-glucanases in fungi are adaptive, like the β-1,4-glucanases, and thus differ from the β-1.3- and the β-1,6-glucanases which are constitutive. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the β-1,2-glucan is random, a series of β-1,2-linked oligosaccharides, including sophorose, being formed.
FERMENTATION OF SULPHITE WASTE LIQUOR TO PRODUCE ORGANIC ACIDS
Authors: Martin M. E. , Wayman M. , Graf G.
Published: February 2010

Continuous fermentation of sulphite waste liquor by Propionibacterium arabinosum was accomplished in a system with bacterial population maintained in suspension (3.0 × 108 cells per ml) in circulating liquor, and partially as visible colonies on lump limestone. The limestone served to maintain optimum pH in the fermenting waste liquor. When the population was established, no growth substances were necessary in waste liquor feed. Recycling a portion of the fermented liquor was beneficial in obtaining rapid adjustment of pH through reaction of calcium salts of organic acids with acidic components of fresh waste liquor. The calcium lactate present in recycle liquid stimulated rate of conversion of fermentable sugar to volatile acids and aided in pH control. Conversion of fermentable sugars to volatile acids was obtained at 83.0 to 86.5% efficiency in 55 hours retention time. The volatile acids were propionic and acetic acids in 2:1 mole ratio.
RELATIONS ENTRE LES PROPRIÉTÉS CYTOPATHOGÉNIQUES, HÉMADSORBANTES ET HÉMAGGLUTINANTES DU VIRUS DE L'INFLUENZA
Authors: Boudreault A. , Pavilanis V.
Published: February 2010

Quantitative relations between hemadsorption, hemagglutination, and cytopathogenicity of influenza virus strains have been studied. The influenza virus has been cultivated on monkey kidney, chick kidney, and chick embryo cells.It was shown that hemadsorption can also be used for titration of influenza virus adapted on tissue culture.This technic is a reliable and sensitive one. It was also found that the growth of influenza virus is better in a medium of neutral pH and that chicks' age is not an important factor in the multiplication of the virus on chick kidney cells.
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FRESH-WATER FISH: I. ISOLATION OF AEROBIC BACTERIA FROM SEVERAL SPECIES OF ONTARIO FISH
Authors: Evelyn T. P. T. , McDermott L. A.
Published: February 2010

A total of 350 fish were taken from Ontario waters and examined for the presence of aerobic bacteria. Trout species accounted for 97.1% of the fish examined, and the remainder were "coarse" fish. A total of 1189 cultures of bacteria were isolated from hearts, livers, kidneys, spleens, muscles, and slime of the fish and from 11 of the waters they inhabited. Of this total, 221 cultures were lost through death, most of these organisms being too fastidious to survive the routine cultural methods employed. Of the remaining 968 cultures, 121 proved impossible to identify or group on the basis of common characteristics. The remaining bacteria were classified to the rank of genus as follows: 234 Pseudomonas, 140 Aeromonas, 111 Micrococcus, 96 Lactobacillus, 72 Escherichia, 57 Brevibacterium, 29 Para-colobactrum, 28 Aerobacter, 24 Proteus and other urea splitters, 18 Alcaligenes, 14 Bacillus, 11 Achromobacter, 7 Streptococcus, and 6 Flavobacterium.
THE FORMATION OF CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS BY ACETOBACTER XYLINUM IN AGAR SURFACES
Authors: Millman B. , Colvin J. Ross
Published: February 2010

The formation of extracellular cellulose microfibrils by Acetobacter xylinum on agar surfaces is remote from the cell membrane and does not involve an intermediate, amorphous high polymer, in agreement with conclusions from studies of liquid suspensions. Growth of individual microfibrils is at the tip(s) only and the rate of extension (0.2 μ per bacterial cell per minute at 34 °C) is comparable with that in liquid medium. The rate of nucleation of new microfibrils is about 40 per 103 bacteria per minute at 34 °C. Both rates are constant after an induction period of about 30 seconds. Newly nucleated microfibrils could be identified unequivocally down to a length of 0.5 μ. A characteristic feature of growth of cellulose on agar surfaces is the formation of bundles of microfibrils with their axes roughly parallel. The results suggest that the rate-limiting step in the formation of these microfibrils has an activation energy of about 15 kc.
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION OF PLANTS AND FREE-LIVING NITROGEN-FIXING MICROORGANISMS: II. DEVELOPMENT OF ANTAGONISTS OF AZOTOBACTER IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF PLANTS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH IN TWO SOILS
Authors: Strzelczyk E.
Published: February 2010

This study represents an attempt to correlate the low numbers of Azotobacter in rhizosphere and root-free soils at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, with the incidence of bacterial and actinomycete antagonists of this organism. Wheat, radish, and onion were grown in the greenhouse in two soils varying greatly in fertility and organic matter content, and isolations of bacteria and actinomycetes were made periodically for testing against Azotobacter. It was found that rhizosphere soil contained greater numbers of microorganisms antagonistic to Azotobacter than root-free soil. Of the three crops used wheat exerted the least effect. In all the tests numbers of antagonists were greater in the fertile Granby sandy loam than in the infertile Upland sand. The results correlated well with the Azotobacter populations in these soils as reported in the first paper of this series.
FACTORS INFLUENCING INACTIVATION OF INFECTIVITY AND HEMAGGLUTININ OF INFLUENZA VIRUS BY GAMMA RADIATION
Authors: Polley John R.
Published: February 2010

Factors influencing the effects of gamma, irradiation on influenza A(PR8) virus suspensions have been investigated. In purified virus suspensions in physiological saline, the hemagglutinin was destroyed more rapidly than the infectivity. The addition of reagents such as histidine, sodium p-aminohippurate, ascorbic acid, or cystine to the saline suspension reversed this effect. It was also found that the effect of a given amount of gamma radiation on the infectivity and hemagglutinin was similar regardless of whether the radiation was administered as a single dose or as two or four divided doses on different days. It is possible to calculate the amount of radiation required to destroy the infectivity and yet retain most of the hemagglutinin content, If a given dose of radiation has been insufficient to produce complete virus inactivation, the suspension can be subjected to a further dose, the amount of which can be exactly calculated, without destroying the hemagglutinin. These experiments were repeated with other strains of influenza A and B with similar results. The application of this work to the preparation of virus vaccines is being investigated and will be reported later.
THE METABOLIC DETOXICATION OF 2,4-DINITROPHENOL BY FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM
Authors: Madhosingh Clarence
Published: February 2010

Dinitrophenol (DNP) was found to be reduced to the less toxic 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and its isomer 4-amino-2-nitrophenol by Fusarium oxysporum (Schl.) em. Snyder and Hansen. There were indications that these compounds can also be altered by the organism.The greatest reduction of DNP occurred during the first 20 days of incubation at pH 7.1 under the conditions of the experiments. The growth of F. oxysporum and the reduction of DNP were stimulated by sodium nitrate, increasing to a concentration of 1.2%. F. oxysporum produced 2,4-dinitrophenol in media treated with synthetic 2-amino-4-nitrophenol, indicating the presence of a reversible nitro-reducing system in this organism.The possible effect of the reduction of DNP on the invasion of treated wood by wood-rotting fungi is suggested and the significance of this in the problem of wood-preservation is indicated.
GROWTH STUDIES ON ARTHROBACTER GLOBIFORMIS
Authors: Stevenson I. L.
Published: February 2010

Studies have been undertaken to establish the growth behavior of A. globi-formis in liquid media of different nutritional levels. It has been found that this organism exhibits a distinct morphological pattern during the growth cycle. Cells reached maximum size just prior to division and at this time the pleomorphic forms typical of the genus Arthrobacter were observed. In a simple basal salts medium cells doubled in size while in a complex synthetic medium an 8-to 10-fold increase in cell size was noted during the predivision lag. After the lag period successive divisions occurred with a gradual decrease in size until the cells finally reverted to the normal coccoid form.
STUDIES OF PIGMENTATION BY PSEUDOMONAS INDIGOFERA
Authors: Sommer E. C. , Silver W. S. , Vining L. C.
Published: February 2010

A pseudomonad which deposited a large quantity of a blue extracellular pigment on the top of the colony was isolated from soil and pond water. It was found to be identical both physiologically and morphologically with Pseudomonas indigofera. Good pigmentation was obtained in a synthetic medium containing methionine, glutamine, arginine, and aspartic acid. The addition of other amino acids reduced growth and/or pigmentation. Chemical properties as well as spectral data strongly suggest that the pigment is indigoidine.
THE ROLE OF FISH AS CONVEYORS OF MICROORGANISMS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Potter Louise F. , Baker Gladys E.
Published: February 2010

Microbial analysis of 60 fish caught in three areas of Flathead Lake, Montana, substantiated the theory that fish carry a significant population of bacteria and fungi on their body surfaces and in their digestive tracts. Bacterial counts often were in the hundred thousands per square centimeter. Numbers and kinds of bacteria varied from fish to fish, showing no relation to location or kind of fish. Gram-negative, chromogenic rods were found most frequently. The ease with which these organisms were removed indicates that fish are important as passive carriers of bacteria in the aquatic environment.There was no evidence that the fungi isolated were commensal with the fish or parasitic on them. Since all the fungus species isolated except one have been found in water or bottom mud of Flathead Lake, it would appear that fish operate also as passive conveyors of fungi. The idea that fish play a major role in microbial distribution is given substance by the fact that 48 species of fungi have been isolated from surface samples and 8 additional species from the contents of stomach and oesophagus.
ARTIFICIAL CULTURE OF CLOSTRIDIUM BREVIFACIENS N.SP. AND C. MALACOSOMAE N.SP., THE CAUSES OF BRACHYTOSIS OF TENT CATERPILLARS
Authors: Bucher Gordon E.
Published: February 2010

Clostridium brevifaciens n.sp. and C. malacosomae n.sp. were isolated and cultured from larvae of tent caterpillars suffering from brachytosis. Cultures of both species produce the disease when fed to susceptible larvae. The bacteria are described and directions are given for preparing the specialized medium in which they grow. Clostridium brevifaciens is the primary cause of brachytosis of Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar) in nature, but C. malacosomae sometimes occurs in mixed infections and, by itself, produces similar symptoms of disease in experimental larvae.
AMIDE METABOLISM IN YEAST: III. ALIPHATIC AMIDE METABOLISM IN CANDIDA UTILIS
Authors: Domnas A.
Published: February 2010

The partial purification and the properties of propionamide, valeramide, and hexanamide deamidases are described. The purified deamidases hydrolyzed propionamide, valeramide, and hexanamide to form ammonia and corresponding fatty acids. Maximum enzyme activity was obtained at 37 °C over a pH range of 6.7 to 7.8. The enzymes were inactivated at 55 °C in 10 minutes. Propionamide deamidase, the most potent deamidase, was inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetate, arsenite, and cyanide, and was partially inhibited by iodoacetamide.Evidence is presented which indicates the presence of more than one deamidase. Cell-free extracts hydrolyzed formamide, propionamide, valeramide, hexanamide. Lyophilized cells hydrolyzed acetamide, n- and iso-butyramide, iso-valeramide, and glycinamide. A procedure is described for separating propionamide deamidase from valeramide and hexanamide deamidases.
ISOLATION OF AND STUDIES ON BACTERIOPHAGE ACTIVE AGAINST MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Cater Jerome C. , Redmond W. B.
Published: February 2010

More than forty bacteriophages lytic for saprophytic mycobacterial strains have been isolated from soil. Seven were isolated without enrichment, one following enrichment with ATCC No. 607 and Mycobacterium phlei, and the remainder following enrichment with ATCC No. 607 only. Enrichment with ATCC No. 607 followed by M. phlei resulted in isolation of a phage which lysed specifically the M. phlei strain. The lytic patterns of 22 of these phages have been determined on 31 bacterial strains. No lysis of pathogenic mycobacteria by the phages isolated from dung soil has been observed.Acid-fast bacteria isolated from the soil from which the phages were isolated showed varying susceptibilities to the phages.Antiserum produced in rabbits against one of the phage strains inactivated 97% of the homologous phage at 1: 100 dilution in 30 minutes. There was no effect on the other phage strains.Electron micrographs showed marked differences in the particles of two of the phage strains. Tests of susceptibility to ultraviolet irradiation and to heat indicated wide variations in six phages.
IN VITRO SENSITIVITY OF LEPTOSPIRA TO VARIOUS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Authors: Cousineau J. G. , McKiel J. A.
Published: February 2010

The in vitro sensitivity of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae was checked against 14 antimicrobial agents to find which might be added to leptospira culture media to control contamination without seriously depressing growth of leptospires. Estimates of the amounts of leptospira growth resulting in these modified media suggested that five agents were worthy of further study. The determination of leptospira population by microscopic counts showed that three of these compounds produced only slight to moderate inhibition. Two of these three antimicrobial compounds plus a fungicide were tested in combinations. Qualitative tests on these media were also carried out employing L. ballum, L. canicola, L. pyrogenes, and L. sejroe.Based on results of these tests, a new selective medium for growing leptospires is suggested; it consists of a standard leptospira liquid medium to which are added 50 mg/l. sulfathiazole, 5 mg/l. neomycin sulphate, and 0.5 mg/l. actidione.
PRIMARY OXIDATION OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN REMOISTENED AIR-DRIED SOIL
Authors: Drobník J.
Published: February 2010

The effect of adding citrate, caproate, acetate, lactate, alanine, or glutamate on the respiration curves obtained from remoistened soil was studied. The curves can be analyzed as proposed in our experiments with glucose. The curves with caproate and acetate are different from the basic type described with glucose; these two acids inhibited the endogenous respiration. The amount of oxygen consumed during primary oxidation was approximately one-half of the amount necessary for complete oxidation with all substrates studied. Glutamate was most favorable for enzyme synthesis. The oxidation of alanine was very similar to that of lactate. Further study of respiration curves, especially those of acetate and caproate, might be useful in elucidation of soil oxidations.
INFLUENCE OF INSECT LURES ON HYPHAL GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF CHOANEPHORA TRISPORA
Authors: Zajic James E. , Kuehn H. H.
Published: February 2010

The influence of 10 insect lures on hyphal growth and asexual and sexual sporulation of the heterothallic fungus Choanephora trispora was determined. The least toxic lures were 1,2-hexadecanediol, 1,2-epoxy-hexadecane, and Gyplure, while Trimedlure, Medlure, and methyl eugenol were the most inhibitory to hyphal growth. In general, if an insect lure permitted hyphal growth, formation of some sporangia was observed. Under normal conditions the plus mating type formed more sporangia than did the minus strain. Sporangia formation of both mating types was stimulated by 1,2-hexadecanediol. Methyl eugenol (0.06%) was observed to disrupt and inhibit the positive chemotactic response of the hyphae for the opposite mating types which is observed prior to formation of zygospores. In addition, two other eugenol derivatives, 0.03% eugenol acetate and 0.003% isoeugenol formate, were found to inhibit inception of zygospores. Levels of eugenol which did not influence hyphal growth also did not inhibit carotene synthesis, which is interrelated with the sexual processes of this fungus. Isoeugenol formate partially inhibited sporangia formation in both mating types.
INHIBITION OF FUNGAL GROWTH BY BACTERIA DURING CELLULOSE-DECOMPOSITION
Authors: Henis Y. , Keller Paulina , Keynan A.
Published: February 2010

The cellulose-decomposing flora developing from soil crumbs on filter paper placed upon an agar medium was studied. Under these conditions fungal development was significantly inhibited by bacterial growth. When cellophane was substituted for filter paper, no inhibition of fungal growth was observed. A pure culture of Cellvibrio inhibited the vegetative growth of Stachybotrys when inoculated simultaneously on media containing carboxymethyl-cellulose, filter paper, or glucose up to 0.1%. This inhibition was shown to be caused by competition for available carbohydrates.
GROWTH OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA KÜTZ. IN A PRECIPITATE-FREE MEDIUM BUFFERED WITH TRIS
Authors: McLachlan Jack , Gorham P. R.
Published: February 2010

A dilute precipitate-free medium has been developed for the culture of Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. With this medium, maximum growth rates of approximately 1.5 divisions per day have been attained during the first 3 days. Buffering between pH 7.4 and 7.7 with 10 mM tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (TRIS) caused no toxicity. TRIS increased the tolerance of the alga towards supraoptimal concentrations of monovalent but not divalent cations. High concentrations of magnesium were toxic, but toxicity disappeared when magnesium: calcium ratios of 33:1 or lower were provided. An increase in nitrogen concentration caused no increase in yield, but a decrease caused a reduction. Doubling or halving the concentration of all other salts had no effect on yields. Growth in this medium was apparently limited by factors other than mineral nutrients. This alga has a rather low tolerance for potassium and requires little, if any, sodium.
FAT PRODUCTION FROM CANE MOLASSES BY PENICILLIUM SPINULOSUM: A STUDY ON SUBSTANCES IN CANE MOLASSES INTERFERING WITH FAT PRODUCTION
Authors: Khan A. W. , Walker T. K.
Published: February 2010

Production of fat by Penicillium spinulosum in cane molasses was poorer than in a defined medium containing sucrose and inorganic salts. The fat content of dry felt obtained in defined medium was 63.8% and the fat coefficient 16.1. In molasses medium the fat content of felt dropped to 24.4% and the fat coefficient to 6.2. Removal of inorganic materials from the molasses increased fat yields substantially, and the addition of molasses ash to the defined medium reduced yields to about the same level as in untreated molasses.
SUPPRESSION AND STIMULATION OF MYCELIAL GROWTH OF PHYTOPHTHORA CRYPTOGEA BY CERTAIN THIAMINE-REQUIRING AND THIAMINE-SYNTHESIZING BACTERIA
Authors: Erwin D. C. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

Preculturing a synthetic medium with bacteria of the genus Arthrobacter reduced growth of Phytophthora cryptogea. The growth reduction appeared to be due chiefly to utilization of thiamine by the bacteria. However, there was some evidence that these bacteria also removed other fungal nutrients from the medium. When the bacteria were streaked on synthetic agar media, radial growth of the fungus on the same plates was reduced only when the thiamine concentration was low. Certain other bacteria stimulated mycelial growth of P. cryptogea in a thiamine-deficient medium by producing either thiamine or thiamine-like substances.
EFFECTS OF pH AND NITROGEN SOURCES ON GROWTH OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA KÜTZ.
Authors: McLachlan Jack , Gorham P. R.
Published: February 2010

Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. (strain NRC-1) grew equally well throughout the pH range 6.5 to 10 when provided with suitable media. Toxicity of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) towards the alga was found to decrease as the pH decreased and could be correlated with the degree of ionization of the TRIS molecule. Other organic buffers examined were either toxic at all concentrations and pH values tested or promoted lysis. When TRIS was used as a buffer, higher concentrations of cesium chloride and potassium nitrate were tolerated without growth inhibition at pH 6.5 than at 7.5. In the presence of TRIS, Microcystis grew equally well with nitrate, ammonium, or urea as nitrogen sources. Eight out of 20 amino compounds examined served as nitrogen sources in TRIS-buffered medium, but growth was poorer than with nitrate nitrogen.