bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Externally Triggered Egress Is the Major Fate of Toxoplasma gondii during Acute Infection
Authors: Tomita Tadakimi , Yamada Tatsuya , Weiss Louis M. , Orlofsky Amos
Published: October 2009

The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii expands during acute infection via a cycle of invasion, intracellular replication, and lytic egress. Physiological regulation has not yet been demonstrated for either invasion or egress. We now report that, in contrast to cell culture systems, in which egress occurs only after five or more parasite divisions (2–3 days), intracellular residence is strikingly abbreviated in inflammatory cells in vivo, and early egress (after zero to two divisions) is the dominant parasite fate in acutely infected mice. Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrate rapid, reciprocal, kinetically uniform parasite transfer between donor and recipient compartments, with a t1/2 of ∼3 h. Inflammatory macrophages are major participants in this cycle of lytic egress and reinfection, which drives rapid macrophage turnover. Inflammatory triggering cells, principally macrophages, elicit egress in infected target macrophages, a process we term externally triggered egress (ETE). The mechanism of ETE does not require reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, or a variety of signal transduction mediators, but is dependent on intracellular calcium and is highly sensitive to SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK as well as a related parasite-encoded kinase. SB203580 both inhibited the initiation of ETE and altered the progression of egress. Parasites recently completing a cycle of egress and reinfection were preferentially restricted in vivo, supporting a model in which ETE may favor host defense by a process of haven disruption. ETE represents a novel example of interaction between a parasite infectious cycle and host microenvironment.
Novel Role of Pin1 Induction in Type II Collagen-Mediated Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Jeong Hye Gwang , Pokharel Yuba Raj , Lim Sung Chul , Hwang Yong Pil , Han Eun Hee , Yoon Jung-Hoon , Ahn Sang-Gun , Lee Kwang Yeol , Kang Keon Wook
Published: October 2009

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in joints and subsequent destruction of cartilage and bone. Inflammatory mediators such as PGs and proinflammatory cytokines contribute to RA progress. Pin1, a peptidyl prolyl isomerase, plays important pathophysiological roles in several diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. We found that both Pin1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were highly expressed in ankle tissues of type II collagen-induced RA mice. HTB-94 cells overexpressing Pin1 and primary cultured human chondrocytes showed increased basal expression of proinflammatory proteins (COX-2, inducible NO synthase, TNF-α, and IL-1β). Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Pin1-mediated transcriptional activation of COX-2 was coordinately regulated by NF-κB, CREB, and C/EBP. Gel shift, reporter gene, and Western blot analyses confirmed that NF-κB, CREB, and C/EBP were consistently activated in chondrocytes overexpressing Pin1. Treatment of RA mice with juglone, a chemical inhibitor of Pin1, significantly reduced RA progress and COX-2 expression in the ankle tissues. Moreover, juglone dose dependently decreased the basal COX-2 expression in primary cultured chondrocytes from RA patients. These results demonstrate that Pin1 induction during RA progress stimulates proinflammatory protein expression by activating NF-κB, CREB, and C/EBP, and suggest that Pin1 is a potential therapeutic target of RA.
Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 Is a Key Modulator of Keratinocyte Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Lee Hye-Mi , Yuk Jae-Min , Shin Dong-Min , Yang Chul-Su , Kim Kwang-Kyu , Choi Dae-Kyoung , Liang Zhe-Long , Kim Jin-Man , Jeon Byeong Hwa , Kim Chang Deok , Lee Jeung-Hoon , Jo Eun-Kyeong
Published: October 2009

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1) functions in both DNA repair and redox signaling, making it an attractive emerging therapeutic target. However, the role of APE1 in cutaneous inflammatory responses is largely unknown. In this study, we report that APE1 is a key upstream regulator in TLR2-dependent keratinocyte inflammatory responses. We found that nuclear expression of APE1 in epidermal layers was markedly up-regulated in psoriatic skin. APE1 was essential for the transcriptional activation and nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and NF-κB, both of which are crucial for inflammatory signaling in keratinocytes. Moreover, APE1 played a crucial role in the expression of TLR2-mediated inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, CXCL8, and LL-37, in HaCaT cells and human primary keratinocytes. Silencing of APE1 attenuated cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, thereby affecting keratinocyte proliferation. Importantly, TLR2-induced generation of reactive oxygen species contributed to the nuclear translocation and expression of APE1, suggesting an autoregulatory circuit in which the subcellular localization of APE1 is associated with the production of APE1 per se through reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling. Taken together, these findings establish a role for APE1 as a master regulator of TLR2-dependent inflammatory responses in human keratinocytes.
The Natural Cytotoxicity Receptor NKp46 Is Dispensable for IL-22-Mediated Innate Intestinal Immune Defense against Citrobacter rodentium
Authors: Satoh-Takayama Naoko , Dumoutier Laure , Lesjean-Pottier Sarah , Ribeiro Vera S. G. , Mandelboim Ofer , Renauld Jean-Christophe , Vosshenrich Christian A. J. , Di Santo James P.
Published: October 2009

Natural cytotoxicity receptors (including NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46 in humans and NKp46 in mice) are type I transmembrane proteins that signal NK cell activation via ITAM-containing adapter proteins in response to stress- and pathogen-induced ligands. Although murine NKp46 expression (encoded by Ncr1) was thought to be predominantly restricted to NK cells, the identification of distinct intestinal NKp46+ cell subsets that express the transcription factor Rorc and produce IL-22 suggests a broader function for NKp46 that could involve intestinal homeostasis and immune defense. Using mice carrying a GFP-modified Ncr1 allele, we found normal numbers of gut CD3−GFP+ cells with a similar cell surface phenotype and subset distribution in the absence of Ncr1. Splenic and intestinal CD3−NKp46+ cell subsets showed distinct patterns of cytokine secretion (IFN-γ, IL-22) following activation via NK1.1, NKp46, IL-12 plus IL-18, or IL-23. However, IL-22 production was sharply restricted to intestinal CD3−GFP+ cells with the CD127+NK1.1− phenotype and could be induced in an Ncr1-independent fashion. Because NKp46 ligands can trigger immune activation in the context of infectious pathogens, we assessed the response of wild-type and Ncr-1-deficient Rag2−/− mice to the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. No differences in the survival or clinical score were observed in C. rodentium-infected Rag2−/− mice lacking Ncr1, indicating that NKp46 plays a redundant role in the differentiation of intestinal IL-22+ cells that mediate innate defense against this pathogen. Our results provide further evidence for functional heterogeneity in intestinal NKp46+ cells that contrast with splenic NK cells.
Enterobacter sakazakii Targets DC-SIGN to Induce Immunosuppressive Responses in Dendritic Cells by Modulating MAPKs
Authors: Mittal Rahul , Bulgheresi Silvia , Emami Claudia , Prasadarao Nemani V.
Published: October 2009

Enterobacter sakazakii (ES) is an emerging pathogen that causes meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional phagocytic cells that play an essential role in host defense against invading pathogens; however, the interaction of ES with DCs is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that ES targets DC-specific ICAM nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) to survive in myeloid DCs for which outer membrane protein A (OmpA) expression in ES is critical, although it is not required for uptake. In addition, DC-SIGN expression was sufficient to cause a significant invasion by ES in HeLa cells and intestinal epithelial cells, which are normally not invaded by ES. OmpA+ ES prevented the maturation of DCs by triggering the production of high levels of IL-10 and TGF-β and by suppressing the activation of MAPKs. Pretreatment of DCs with Abs to IL-10 and TGF-β or of bacteria with anti-OmpA Abs significantly enhanced the maturation markers on DCs. Furthermore, DCs pretreated with various inhibitors of MAPKs prohibited the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines stimulated by LPS or OmpA− ES. LPS pretreatment followed by OmpA+ ES infection of DCs failed to induce maturation of DCs, indicating that OmpA+ ES renders the cells in immunosuppressive state to external stimuli. Similarly, OmpA+ ES-infected DCs failed to present Ag to T cells as indicated by the inability of T cells to proliferate in MLR. We conclude that ES interacts with DC-SIGN to subvert the host immune responses by disarming MAPK pathway in DCs.
Resistance to Vaccinia Virus Is Less Dependent on TNF under Conditions of Heterologous Immunity
Authors: Nie Siwei , Cornberg Markus , Selin Liisa K.
Published: October 2009

TNF has been shown to be important for controlling many pathogens. Here, we directly demonstrate using wild-type TNF−/− and TNFR1−/− mice that TNF does play a role in protection against vaccinia virus (VV) infection in naive mice. Since VV replication is also partially controlled in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-immune C57BL/6J mice through the process of heterologous immunity, we questioned whether TNF was required in mediating this protection. VV-infected LCMV-immune mice that were TNF-deficient as a consequence of genetic deletion or receptor blockade demonstrated normal recruitment and selective expansion of cross-reactive LCMV-specific memory CD8 T cells and controlled VV infection similar to LCMV-immune mice having TNF function. This indicates that neither TNF nor lymphotoxin, which uses the same receptor, was required in mediating protective heterologous immunity against VV. Indeed, prior immunity to LCMV made the role of TNF in protection against VV infection much less important, even under conditions of lethal dose inoculum. Thus, heterologous immunity may help explain why treatment of patients with anti-TNF compounds is reasonably well tolerated with relatively few infectious complications.
Activation of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory System by Nicotine Attenuates Neuroinflammation via Suppression of Th1 and Th17 Responses
Authors: Nizri Eran , Irony-Tur-Sinai Michal , Lory Omer , Orr-Urtreger Avi , Lavi Ehud , Brenner Talma
Published: October 2009

The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) was recently described as an anti-inflammatory target in both macrophages and T cells. Its expression by immune cells may explain the epidemiological data claiming a negative link between cigarette smoking and several inflammatory diseases. In this study, we determined the immunological effects of α7 nAChR activation by nicotine. Our results indicate that the α7 nAChR is expressed on the surface of CD4+ T cells and that this expression is up-regulated upon immune activation. Nicotine reduced T cell proliferation in response to an encephalitogenic Ag, as well as the production of Th1 (TNF-α and IFN-γ) and Th17 cytokines (IL-17, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22). IL-4 production was increased in the same setting. Attenuation of the Th1 and Th17 lineages was accompanied by reduced T-bet (50%) and increased GATA-3 (350%) expression. Overall, nicotine induced a shift to the Th2 lineage. However, α7−/−-derived T cells were unaffected by nicotine. Furthermore, nicotine reduced NF-κB-mediated transcription as measured by IL-2 and IκB transcription. In vivo, administration of nicotine (2 mg/kg s.c.) suppressed the severity of CD4+ T cell-mediated disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. α7−/− mice were refractory to nicotine treatment, although disease severity in those animals was reduced, due to impairment in Ag presentation. Accordingly, CD4+ and CD11b+ cells infiltration into the CNS, demyelination, and axonal loss were reduced. Our data implicate a role for the α7 nAChR in immune modulation and suggest that α7 nAChR agonists may be effective in the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
Synthesis of Biaryls and Aryl Ketones via Microwave‐Assisted Decarboxylative Cross‐Couplings
Authors: Gooßen Lukas J. , Zimmermann Bettina , Linder Christophe , Rodríguez Nuria , Lange Paul P. , Hartung Jens
Published: October 2009

A protocol for the microwave‐assisted decarboxylative cross‐couplings of carboxylic acid salts with aryl halides has been developed that allows the synthesis of various biaryls and aryl ketones in high yields. After careful adaptation of the bimetallic catalyst system and reaction conditions, these mechanistically complex transformations can now be performed within only five minutes in concentrated solution in a sealed vessel. This greatly simplified reaction protocol is ideally suited for applications in parallel synthesis and drug discovery.
First Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Amidation in Substituted 4‐Iodopyrazoles Leading to the Synthesis of Pyrazolo[4,3‐b]‐ pyridin‐5‐ones
Authors: Nag Somnath , Nayak Maloy , Batra Sanjay
Published: October 2009

An unprecedented copper‐catalyzed intramolecular amidation of substituted 4‐iodopyrazoles generated either via Baylis–Hillman or Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons chemistry for the synthesis of pyrazolo[4,3‐b]pyridine‐5‐ones is described. In addition, the effect of the stereochemistry of the acrylamide on the cross‐coupling reaction has been investigated and it is demonstrated that only the Z‐isomer is favoured to undergo the intramolecular cyclization.
Sedimentation behavior of droplets for the reactive extraction of zinc with D2EHPA
Authors: Kalem Murat , Altunok Mehmet Yücel , Pfennig Andreas
Published: October 2009

The sedimentation characteristics of the reactive standard test system zinc + D2EHPA are investigated in this work. Experiments with single droplets rising in a stagnant continuous phase have been carried out. The concentration of D2EHPA, zinc, and sulfuric acid as well as the diameter of the droplets are varied. The velocity of droplets is observed to be transient for several seconds. High mass‐transfer rates increase the velocity of single droplets for the case of reactive extraction whereas for physical systems contrary behavior is observed. Therefore, droplets seem to behave principally different in reactive and physical extraction. This is explained by the interfacially active properties of D2EHPA. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Simple model to predict gel formation in olefin‐diene copolymerizations catalyzed by constrained‐geometry complexes
Authors: Guzmán Job D. , Arriola Daniel J. , Karjala Teresa , Gaubert Joshua , Kolthammer Brian W. S.
Published: October 2009

We have developed an analytical model to predict the onset of gel formation in ethylene/1‐octene/1,9‐decadiene terpolymerizations using constrained‐geometry catalysts. The model relies on three kinetic parameters to characterize the catalyst response. Polymer resins have been synthesized in a continuous stirred‐tank reactor to determine the model parameters, and to validate the model predictions for polymer properties and for the onset of gel formation and reactor fouling. The experimental results indicate that the free double bonds in 1,9‐decadiene are as reactive as those found in 1‐octene, and that the reactivity of 1,9‐decadiene double bonds decreases after the 1,9‐decadiene molecules become part of a polymer chain. The model predictions of polymer properties agree well with chromatographic, density, and mass‐balance data. Moreover, the model was successful in preventing unintended reactor fouling during the duration of the experimental campaign. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Experimental validation of CFD simulations of a lab‐scale fluidized‐bed reactor with and without side‐gas injection
Authors: Min Jian , Drake Joshua B. , Heindel Theodore J. , Fox Rodney O.
Published: October 2009

Fluidized‐bed reactors are widely used in the biofuel industry for combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification processes. In this work, a lab‐scale fluidized‐bed reactor without and with side‐gas injection and filled with 500–600 μm glass beads is simulated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Fluent 6.3, and the results are compared to experimental data obtained using pressure measurements and 3D X‐ray computed tomography. An initial grid‐dependence CFD study is carried out using 2D simulations, and it is shown that a 4‐mm grid resolution is sufficient to capture the time‐ and spatial‐averaged local gas holdup in the lab‐scale reactor. Full 3D simulations are then compared with the experimental data on 2D vertical slices through the fluidized bed. Both the experiments and CFD simulations without side‐gas injection show that in the cross section of the fluidized bed there are two large off‐center symmetric regions in which the gas holdup is larger than in the center of the fluidized bed. The 3D simulations using the Syamlal‐O'Brien and Gidaspow drag models predict well the local gas holdup variation throughout the entire fluidized bed when compared to the experimental data. In comparison, simulations with the Wen‐Yu drag model generally over predict the local gas holdup. The agreement between experiments and simulations with side‐gas injection is generally good, where the side‐gas injection simulates the immediate volatilization of biomass. However, the effect of the side‐gas injection extends further into the fluidized bed in the experiments as compared to the simulations. Overall the simulations under predict the gas dispersion rate above the side‐gas injector. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Change in waist circumference over 11 years and current waist circumference independently predict elevated CRP in Filipino women
Authors: Rutherford Julienne N. , Mcdade Thomas W. , Lee Nanette R. , Adair Linda S. , Kuzawa Christopherw
Published: October 2009

C‐reactive protein, a marker of chronic, low‐grade inflammation, is strongly associated with current central adiposity, and has been linked to elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Less is known about the contribution of longitudinal change in waist circumference to current inflammation. We evaluated the extent to which current waist circumference and change over an 11‐year interval contribute independently to low‐grade systemic inflammation measured in a group of 1,294 women, 35–69 years, participating in the Cebu Longitudinal Nutrition and Health Survey in the Philippines. Waist circumference was measured at the time of blood draw for CRP analysis in 2005 and during an earlier survey in 1994. A waist circumference delta variable was constructed by subtracting current circumference from past circumference. We used logistic regression models to predict having an elevated plasma CRP concentration (3 mg L−1 < CRP < 10 mg L−1). Waist circumference in 2005 was a strong predictor of elevated CRP (OR 1.10, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.12, P < 0.001). In combined models, increase in circumference over 11 years was a significant and independent predictor of elevated CRP risk (OR = 1.023, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.05, P < 0.05). Considering the average increase over time, the cumulative risk of elevated CRP due to increased central adiposity was 25.7%. However, women who reduced their waist circumference between 1994 and 2005 had greatly reduced risk (6.2%), suggesting that even long‐term inflammatory burden can be reversed by weight loss. Although current waist circumference is an important contributor to risk of elevated systemic inflammation in this as in other populations, history of central adiposity may be an independent phenomenon. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational obstructive airway diseases caused by the natural gas odorant tetrahydrothiophene—two case reports
Authors: Baur X. , Bittner C.
Published: October 2009

Background

Tetrahydrothiophene (THT) is frequently used to odorize natural (city) gas. Only sparse data on adverse health effects of THT on humans are available.

Methods

We performed a literature search and clinical investigations including case history and cardiopulmonary diagnostic tests in two symptomatic THT‐exposed outpatients.

Results

The two THT‐exposed city workers developed transient neurologic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, headaches, as well as skin and mucosa irritation, chronic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arterial hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmia. The neurological symptoms and respiratory disorders were found to be caused by intermittently high THT exposures. In favor of a causal relationship were severe work‐related neurological and respiratory symptoms in previously healthy workers, results of animal experiments, and another report with very similar findings in the literature. The etiology of arterial hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia, however, remains unclear.

Conclusions

Our two case reports demonstrate that repeated high THT‐exposures can—in addition to neurotoxic symptoms—elicit chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We recommend improved primary and secondary preventive measures, including the establishment of a TLV. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:982–986, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational injuries among aides and nurses in acute care
Authors: Rodríguez‐Acosta R.L. , Richardson D.B. , Lipscomb H.J. , Chen J.C. , Dement J.M. , Myers D.J. , Loomis D.P.
Published: October 2009

Background

Occupational injuries are common among nursing personnel. Most epidemiologic research on nursing aides comes from long‐term care settings. Reports from acute care settings often combine data on nurses and aides even though their job requirements and personal characteristics are quite different. Our objective was to assess risk of work‐related injuries in an acute care setting while contrasting injuries of aides and nurses.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of aides (n = 1,689) and nurses (n = 5,082) working in acute care at a large healthcare system between 1997 and 2004 were identified via personnel records. Workers' compensation filings were used to ascertain occupational injuries. Poisson regression was used to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

Aides had higher overall injury rates than nurses for no‐lost work time (RR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1–1.3) and lost work time (RR = 2.8, 95% CI: 2.1–3.8) injuries. The risk of an injury due to lifting was greater among aides compared to nurses for both non‐lost work time and lost work time injuries. Injury rates among aides were particularly high in rehabilitation and orthopedics units. Most of the injuries requiring time away from work for both groups were related to the process of delivering direct patient care.

Conclusions

Our findings illustrate the importance of evaluating work‐related injuries separately for aides and nurses, given differences in injury risk profiles and injury outcomes. It is particularly important that occupational safety needs of aides be addressed as this occupation experiences significant job growth. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:953–964, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Evaluation on Anticonvulsant and Antidepressant Activities of 5‐Alkoxy‐tetrazolo[1,5‐a]quinazolines
Authors: Wang Huo‐Jian , Wei Cheng‐Xi , Deng Xian‐Qing , Li Fu‐Lan , Quan Zhe‐Shan
Published: October 2009

Several 5‐alkoxy‐tetrazolo[1,5‐a]quinazoline derivatives have been synthesized by reacting 2,4‐dichloroquinazoline with various phenols or aliphatic alcohol and then with sodium azide. The structures of these compounds have been confirmed by IR, MS, 1H‐NMR, and elementary analysis. Anticonvulsant activities were evaluated using the maximal electroshock (MES) test. Most of the synthesized compounds displayed weak anticonvulsant activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg. Antidepressant activities were investigated by forced swimming test. Two compounds, namely 5‐(hexyloxy)tetrazolo[1,5‐a]quinazoline and 5‐(4‐methoxyphenoxy)tetrazolo[1,5‐a]quinazoline, showed significant antidepressant activity, which decreased the immobility time by 62.2 and 51.7% at 100 mg/kg dose level.
Proline Analogue of Nitrosourea as a New Cytotoxic Prodrug
Authors: Stankiewicz‐Kranc Anna , Bielawska Anna , Bielawski Krzysztof , Skrzydlewska Elzbieta
Published: October 2009

Carmustine is frequently used as anticancer drug. High toxicity and low selectivity reduces the application of this drug. Though, there is a necessity to find new compounds characterized by similar therapeutic effects but a higher selectivity and safety. As a result, the proline analogue of nitrosourea, N‐[N′‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐N′‐nitrosocarbamoyl]proline (AC), has been synthesized. The aim of this study was to compare the influence of carmustine and the proline analogue of nitrosourea on the antioxidant abilities of fibroblasts and leukemia cells, MOLT4. It was shown that carmustine as well as AC cause an increase in hydrogen peroxide concentration in normal and neoplastic cells. Incubation with both compounds led to a diminution of the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and reductase. Changes in activity / level of antioxidant parameters were accompanied by augmentation of lipid and oxidative protein modifications. In conclusion, carmustine and AC cause changes in the antioxidative system of normal and MOLT4 cells and are a reason of oxidative stress formation.
Fed‐batch production of tetanus toxin by Clostridium tetani
Authors: Fratelli Fernando , Siquini Tatiana Joly , de Abreu Marcelo Estima , Higashi Hisako Gondo , Converti Attilio , de Carvalho João Carlos Monteiro
Published: October 2009

This study deals with the effects of the initial nitrogen source (NZ Case TT) level and the protocol of glucose addition during the fed‐batch production of tetanus toxin by Clostridium tetani. An increase in the initial concentration of NZ Case TT (NZ0) accelerated cell growth, increased the consumption of the nitrogen source as well as the final yield of tetanus toxin, which achieved the highest values (50–60 Lf/mL) for NZ0 ≥ 50 g/L. The addition of glucose at fixed times (16, 56, and 88 h) ensured a toxin yield (∼60 Lf/mL) about 33% higher than those of fed‐batch runs with addition at fixed concentration (∼45 Lf/mL) and about 300% higher than those obtained in reference batch runs nowadays used at industrial scale. The results of this work promise to substantially improve the present production of tetanus toxin and may be adopted for human vaccine production after detoxification and purification. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Carbon nanotube clusters as universal bacterial adsorbents and magnetic separation agents
Authors: Moon Hyung‐Mo , Kim Jin‐Woo
Published: October 2009

The magnetic susceptibility and high bacterial affinity of carbon nanotube (CNT) clusters highlight their great potential as a magnetic bio‐separation agent. This article reports the CNT clusters' capability as “universal” bacterial adsorbents and magnetic separation agents by designing and testing a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) cluster‐based process for bacterial capturing and separation. The reaction system consisted of large clusters of MWNTs for bacterial capture and an external magnet for bio‐separation. The designed system was tested and optimized using Escherichia coli as a model bacterium, and further generalized by testing the process with other representative strains of both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. For all strains tested, bacterial adsorption to MWNT clusters occurred spontaneously, and the estimated MWNT clusters' adsorption capacities were nearly the same regardless of the types of strains. The bacteria‐bound MWNT clusters also responded almost instantaneously to the magnetic field by a rare‐earth magnet (0.68 Tesla), and completely separated from the bulk aqueous phase and retained in the system. The results clearly demonstrate their excellent potential as highly effective “universal” bacterial adsorbents for the spontaneous adsorption of any types of bacteria to the clusters and as paramagnetic complexes for the rapid and highly effective magnetic separations. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Inhibition of HSP90 with Pochoximes: SAR and Structure‐Based Insights
Authors: Barluenga Sofia , Fontaine Jean‐Gonzague , Wang Cuihua , Aouadi Kais , Chen Ruihong , Beebe Kristin , Neckers Len , Winssinger Nicolas
Published: October 2009

The pochoximes, based on the radicicol pharmacophore, are potent inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) that retain their activity in vivo. Herein we report an extended library that broadly explores the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of the pochoximes with four points of diversity. Several modifications were identified that afford improved cellular efficacy, new opportunities for conjugation, and further diversifications. Cocrystal structures of pochoximes A and B with HSP90 show that pochoximes bind to a different conformation of HSP90 than radicicol and provide a rationale for the enhanced affinity of the pochoximes relative to radicicol and the pochonins.
Molecular Double‐Bond Covalent Radii for Elements Li–E112
Authors: Pyykkö Pekka , Atsumi Michiko
Published: October 2009

The previous systems of triple‐bond and single‐bond self‐consistent, additive covalent radii, R(AB)=r(A)+ r(B), are completed with a fit for σ2π2 double‐bonds.The primary bond lengths, R, are taken from experimental or theoretical data corresponding to chosen group valencies. All r(E) values are obtained from the same, self‐consistent fit. Many of the calculated primary data came from ECH2 and HECH2 models. Homonuclear LEEL, formaldehyde‐type Group 14–Group 16 and open‐shell, X 3 Σ Group‐16 dimer data are included. The standard deviation for the 316 included data points is 3 pm.
Double Group Transfer Reactions: Role of Activation Strain and Aromaticity in Reaction Barriers
Authors: Fernández Israel , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Cossío Fernando P.
Published: October 2009

Double group transfer (DGT) reactions, such as the bimolecular automerization of ethane plus ethene, are known to have high reaction barriers despite the fact that their cyclic transition states have a pronounced in‐plane aromatic character, as indicated by NMR spectroscopic parameters. To arrive at a way of understanding this somewhat paradoxical and incompletely understood phenomenon of high‐energy aromatic transition states, we have explored six archetypal DGT reactions using density functional theory (DFT) at the OLYP/TZ2P level. The main trends in reactivity are rationalized using the activation strain model of chemical reactivity. In this model, the shape of the reaction profile ΔE(ζ) and the height of the overall reaction barrier ΔE≠=ΔE(ζ=ζTS) is interpreted in terms of the strain energy ΔEstrain(ζ) associated with deforming the reactants along the reaction coordinateζplus the interaction energy ΔEint(ζ) between these deformed reactants: ΔE(ζ)=ΔEstrain(ζ)+ΔEint(ζ). We also use an alternative fragmentation and a valence bond model for analyzing the character of the transition states.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Transition of Rubidium Lead Tetrathiophosphate RbPbPS4.
Authors: Belkyal Imane , El Azhari Mohamed , Wu Yuandong , Bensch Wolfgang , Depmeier Wulf
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation on Double Perovskite Ba4Ca2Ta2O11.
Authors: Baliteau S. , Mauvy F. , Fourcade S. , Grenier J. C.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Quaternary Tin(V) Antimony(III) Sulfide Decorated with Lanthanum(III) Ethylenediamine Complexes: [La(en)4SbSnS5]2·0.5H2O.
Authors: Feng Mei‐Ling , Ye Dong , Huang Xiao‐Ying
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Room‐Temperature Ru(II)‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones and Aldehydes in Air.
Authors: Zhao Miao , Yu Zhengkun , Yan Shenggang , Li Yang
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Chemoselective Addition of Grignard Reagents to Carbonyl Compounds in 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran.
Authors: Zhong Weihui , Wu Yaotiao , Zhang Xingxian
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Hydrodehalogenation of Fluoroalkyl Halides.
Authors: Zhang Cheng‐Pan , Chen Qing‐Yun , Xiao Ji‐Chang , Gu Yu‐Cheng
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: O‐Arylsulfonyl Hydroxylamines via a Decarboxylative Rearrangement.
Authors: Fioravanti Stefania , Pellacani Lucio , Tardella Paolo A.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐(N‐Acylamino)alkyltriphenylphosphonium Salts as Synthetic Equivalents of N‐Acylimines and New Effective α‐Amidoalkylating Agents.
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Roman , Pazdzierniok‐Holewa Agnieszka , Orlinska Beata , Stecko Sebastian
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhenium‐Catalyzed Insertion of Nonpolar and Polar Unsaturated Molecules into an Olefinic C—H Bond.
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Fujii Yasuo , Matsuki Takashi , Nishina Yuta , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Fast and Efficient Method for the Preparation of Aryl Azides Using Stable Aryl Diazonium Silica Sulfates under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Zarei Amin , Hajipour Abdol R. , Khazdooz Leila , Aghaei Hamidreza
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ir(III) Complexes of Diamine Ligands for Asymmetric Ketone Hydrogenation.
Authors: Martins Jose E. D. , Wills Martin
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of p‐Quinols Using Catalytic Hypervalent Iodine Oxidation of 4‐Arylphenols with 4‐Iodophenoxyacetic Acid and Oxone®.
Authors: Yakura Takayuki , Omoto Masanori
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Three Components Synthesis of O‐Acetylcyanohydrins with TMSCN, Acetic Anhydride and Carbonyl Compounds under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Kadam Santosh T. , Kim Sung Soo
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Oxidation of Sulfides with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by [SeO4{WO(O2)2}2]2‐.
Authors: Kamata Keigo , Hirano Tomohisa , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd—CNT‐Catalyzed Ligandless and Additive‐Free Heterogeneous Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Zhang Pei‐Pei , Zhang Xin‐Xing , Sun Hui‐Xia , Liu Run‐Hua , Wang Bing , Lin Yang‐Hui
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Heterogenous Ru/CeO2 Catalyst Effective for Transfer‐Allylation from Homoallyl Alcohols to Aldehydes
Authors: Miura Hiroki , Wada Kenji , Hosokawa Saburo , Sai Masahiro , Kondo Teruyuki , Inoue Masashi
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Ionic Liquid Additive for Proline‐Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions Between Cyclic Ketones and Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Qian Yunbo , Zheng Xin , Wang Xu , Xiao Shiyong , Wang Yongmei
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Organic Sensitizers Containing a Bulky Spirobifluorene Unit (I) for Solar Cell.
Authors: Cho Nara , Choi Hyunbong , Kim Duckhyun , Song Kihyung , Kang Moon‐sung , Kang Sang Ook , Ko Jaejung
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Hydroxy‐γ‐butyrolactones.
Authors: Davies Iwan R. , Cheeseman Matt , Green Rachel , Mahon Mary F. , Merritt Andrew , Bull Steven D.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: CuBr‐Mediated Oxyalkylation of Vinylarenes under Aerobic Conditions via Cleavage of sp3 C—H Bonds α to Oxygen.
Authors: Cheng Kai , Huang Lehao , Zhang Yuhong
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Analogues of 5,12‐Naphthacenequinone. Part 8. Synthesis of Furano‐Anthraquinones.
Authors: Shchekotikhin A. E. , Luzikov Yu. N. , Buyanov V. N. , Preobrazhenskaya M. N.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Base and Copper(I) Catalyzed Mannich, Alkyne Hydroamination Cascades for the Direct Synthesis of 2‐Methylenepyrrolidines.
Authors: Wang Hai‐Fei , Yang Ting , Xu Peng‐Fei , Dixon Darren J.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of a D‐σ‐A Ensemble Derived from Porphyrazine and Tetrathiafulvalene.
Authors: Hou Ruibin , Qiu Han , Chen Tie , Yin Bingzhu
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Cyclization of Substituted Imidazoles via C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Tsai Andy S. , Wilson Rebecca M. , Harada Hitoshi , Bergman Robert G. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unconventional Oxazole Formation from Isocyanides.
Authors: dos Santos Aurelie , El Kaim Laurent , Grimaud Laurence , Ronsseray Caroline
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sc(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Condensation of 2‐Alkyl‐N‐tosylaziridine with Aldehydes or Ketones: An Efficient Synthesis of 5‐Alkyl‐1,3‐oxazolidines.
Authors: Kang Byungman , Miller Aaron W. , Goyal Sandra , Nguyen SonBinh T.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Facile Synthesis of Benzothiazolylideneacetates and 1,4‐Benzothiazines Through a Highly Controllable Oxidation of Benzothiazolylacetates.
Authors: Pi Hong‐Jun , Liu Hua , Du Wenting , Deng Wei‐Ping
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Approach to the Xanthone Scaffold by an Aqueous Aromatic Substitution of Bromo‐ and Iodoarenes.
Authors: Barbero Nekane , SanMartin Raul , Dominguez Esther
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinocarbazoles via C‐2 Alkylation of Indoles with 2‐Alkoxycyclopropanoate Esters.
Authors: Bajtos Barbora , Pagenkopf Brian L.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Functionalization of Allene: Facile Construction of Heteropolycycles Mediated by Broensted Acid.
Authors: Mori Keiji , Sueoka Shosaku , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Mizoroki—Heck Reactions of 2‐Methylene‐1,3‐dithiane 1‐Oxide with Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Morita Eiji , Iwasaki Masayuki , Yoshida Suguru , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct and Regioselective C—H Alkenylation of Tetrahydropyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: Cheng Dachen , Gallagher Timothy
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.