bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relação entre as características do comitê de auditoria e a qualidade da auditoria independente
Authors: Teixeira Bruna , Camargo Raphael Vinicius Weigert , Vicente Ernesto Fernando Rodrigues
Published: April 2016

A identificação de quais características do comitê de auditoria estão relacionadas com a qualidade da auditoria independente, nas empresas listadas nos níveis diferenciados de governança corporativa da BM&FBovespa, é o objetivo deste estudo. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como descritiva, documental e quantitativa. Os dados foram obtidos nos relatórios públicos de 57 empresas do ano de 2013 e analisados por meio de regressão linear múltipla. Para mensurar a qualidade da auditoria adotou-se o modelo IQUA, proposto por Braunbeck (2010). Da análise dos resultados pode-se inferir que a auditoria de melhor qualidade é obtida em empresas que possuem comitês de auditoria cujos membros tenham conhecimento em contabilidade e finanças; que atuam na aprovação de serviços de não auditoria e que adotam procedimentos para receber e tratar queixas. Por outro lado, empresas com comitês responsáveis pela eficiência e eficácia dos controles internos tendem a apresentar auditoria de menor qualidade. Dentre as variáveis de controle observou-se que empresas com ativo total maior, pertencentes ao nível 1 ou ao nível 2 de governança corporativa, e que tiveram crescimento em seu ativo, estão relacionadas com auditoria de menor qualidade.
IMPROVED CRIME REPORTING: Is South Africa’s crime wave a statistical illusion?
Authors: Leggett Ted
Published: April 2016

Is crime in South Africa really on the increase, or is the spiralling crime rate a product of improved reporting? It was not unexpected that the arrival, in 1994, of a democratic government should lead to a dramatic increase in crime reporting. Police statistics show that commonly underreported crimes have been going up, while those most likely to be reported (murder, car theft, and business burglary) are in decline. This suggests that improved performance by the police (which encourages reporting by the public) may be responsible for the ‘increase’ in crime in recent years.
A MODEL FOR JUSTICE DELIVERY? The Specialised Commercial Crime Court
Authors: Altbeker Antony
Published: April 2016

The Specialised Commercial Crime Court was established to hear cases of commercial criminality, brought to trial by the Specialised Commercial Crime Unit. The integration of the three main functions of the criminal justice system — investigation, prosecution and adjudication — is highly regarded as one of the best examples of successful criminal justice reform in South Africa. But before this particular model is replicated elsewhere, its undoubted success must be interrogated. However, it is difficult to be sure just what it is that has generated the service delivery improvements.
WHAT’S UP IN THE CAPE? Crime rates in Western and Northern Cape provinces
Authors: Leggett Ted
Published: April 2016

According to the official crime statistics, the Western Cape has emerged as the country’s most crime-ridden province, and the Northern Cape as the most violent. This is confusing for criminologists who link crime to poverty, because these are two of the best developed provinces in the country, with the highest employment levels. Explaining crime in these provinces requires further research on the people and conditions in the area.
A MURDEROUS LEGACY: Coloured homicide trends in South Africa
Authors: Thomson JDS
Published: April 2016

South Africa has one of the highest murder rates of all the countries that record crime statistics. Understanding such high levels of violence should begin with an investigation of who the victims and perpetrators are, and how the homicides are committed – not only now but also in the past. An historical analysis reveals that the coloured population has, as long as accurate records are available, had the highest murder rate of all race groups in the country.
GUNS UNDER FIRE: Initial results of the 2005 firearms amnesty
Authors: Kirsten Adèle
Published: April 2016

On 1 January 2005 government launched the largest ever firearms amnesty. By 31 March 50,233 firearms had been surrendered. Due to public demand, the amnesty was extended to 30 June. This article assesses the impact of the first three months of the amnesty. Although media coverage focused on the illegal weapons handed in, the nearly 28,000 licensed guns surrendered represent just over one year’s supply of lost guns that will now not enter the illegal market. And considering the widespread use of handguns in violent crime, the removal of over 43,000 handguns from circulation represents a substantial victory.
AN UNKNOWN QUANTITY: Kidnapping for ransom in South Africa
Authors: Pharoah Robyn
Published: April 2016

The kidnapping and murder of both Leigh Mathews and Frances Rasuge in 2004, and the criminal trials of their respective killers, have heightened awareness and concern about kidnapping for ransom in South Africa. Several media articles have suggested an increase in the number of kidnappings, or at the very least that kidnapping for ransom is a significant problem that South Africans ignore at their peril. This article examines the evidence for such claims as well as issues that should lead to caution in describing kidnapping for ransom trends.
A GOLDEN GOAL FOR SOUTH AFRICA: Security arrangements for the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup
Authors: Burger Johan
Published: April 2016

The 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup has been a major talking point both locally and internationally, and many concerns have been raised over South Africa’s ability to host such a major event. These concerns essentially relate to infrastructural capacity and security. It goes without saying that South Africa is obliged to provide high level security for participating teams and management as well as for the thousands of spectators who are expected to flood South Africa for the duration of the event. This article takes a look at other high level events that have been hosted in South Africa so as to get an idea of what is required and examines planned security arrangements for the 2010 World Cup.
CRIME DOES NOT CAUSE PUNISHMENT: The impact of sentencing policy on levels of crime
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: April 2016

If countries can learn from one another, South Africa can learn from the experiences of other countries that have re-organised their sentencing systems in recent decades. South Africa’s correctional system has many similarities to America’s – seriously overcrowded prisons, sentences that are too long, stark disparities, and therefore injustices, in sentences received for comparable crimes. American solutions – mandatory minimums, prison terms measured in decades not years – have neither reduced crime rates nor made streets safer. Nor will they in South Africa. Comparisons of countries with very different sentencing policies and punishment practices – Canada versus the United States, Finland versus the rest of Scandinavia, England versus Scotland – show that sentencing and punishment have little discernible effect on crime trends and patterns. Crime trends and patterns in most developed countries move in broad parallel, irrespective of national punishment policies.
RECLAIMING OUR HOMES? Tackling residential robbery in Gauteng
Authors: Newham Gareth
Published: April 2016

During 2006, residential robbery in Gauteng started to increased at a substantial rate – well above the average annual six per cent increase that had previously been taking place. This galvanised action from the provincial government, the South African Police Service and other key roleplayers in the province. The initiatives that were introduced have started to bear fruit as, for the first time in half a decade, a decrease in residential robberies started being recorded from April 2007. This article considers the extent and nature of residential robbery in Gauteng and what is being done to tackle the problem.
One step forward, two steps back? The impact of the SAPS restructuring of the FCS Units
Authors: Frank Cheryl , Waterhouse Samantha
Published: April 2016

In 2006, the South African Police Service underwent a massive restructuring aimed at eliminating the ‘area’ level (a functional level of services located between stations and the provincial level) and placing specially trained staff at provincial or station level. The FCS (family violence, child protection and sexual offences) units were among the services affected by this change. In 2007/08, RAPCAN (Resources Aimed at the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect) undertook a research project to review the impact of the change. The project included nine provincial workshops involving FCS staff and others, as well as a literature review of international trends. The study found that there is no longer a national pattern that demonstrates dedicated personnel and resources and specialised management of FCS cases. The study also found that South Africa is out of step with comparable poor and middle-income countries in effectively shifting away from specialised services. The study recommends that the SAPS implement a medium-term plan for the improvement of FCS services, with a focus on ensuring a continued increase in access to services, and a concomitant focus in ensuring the quality of these services.
On the record: Interview with Vincent Smith, MP
Authors: Gould Chandre
Published: April 2016

Chandré Gould interviews Vincent Smith, Chair of the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Correctional Services, 27 August 2009.
The state of crime in South Africa: An analysis of the SAPS crime statistics for 2009/10
Authors: Burger Johan , Gould Chandré , Newham Gareth
Published: April 2016

This article presents an analysis of the 2009/10 SAPS crime statistics, which are released by the South African Police Service in September each year. The statistics for the 2009/10 period show an overall increase in crime at a national level that is driven by increases in five categories of crime: shoplifting, commercial crime, residential and business burglaries, and theft from motor vehicles. While the statistics suggest that violent crime has decreased, there are a number of questions about the accuracy of the statistics. The article discusses this issue and reflects on how the accuracy and reporting of crime statistics could be improved.
Beyond Section 49: Control of the use of lethal force
Authors: Bruce David
Published: April 2016

Prominent incidents of the misuse of lethal force have contributed to the issue becoming a focus of concern in South Africa during 2011. Proper control of the use of lethal force needs to be prioritised by the South African Police Service and other police agencies in South Africa because of the serious consequences that can result from its use, but also because it is so important to police safety. The legal framework relating to the use of lethal force is the subject of a Bill which is due to come before Parliament. There are various options for amending the law but irrespective of which ones are chosen, the end result is likely to be unsatisfactory. Improvements in the control of the use of lethal force and how professionally it is used by SAPS members will ultimately depend on a reorientation of the SAPS in its approach to managing the use of lethal force by its members. A use of force policy, and a new system for reviewing use of force incidents could form part of such a reorientation, with potential benefits for police and civilian safety and for overall police effectiveness. These changes would require the support of police leadership in order to be implemented effectively.
Measuring outputs, neglecting outcomes: The Auditor General’s role in SAPS performance assessments
Authors: Bruce David
Published: April 2016

Performance monitoring, often based on the use of performance indicators, has become a central aspect of the work of government departments in South Africa. Even though the South African Police Service (SAPS) is regarded as one of the leading government departments in the use of performance monitoring systems, it does not use performance information in a critical enough manner, particularly given the risk that the introduction of performance measures will lead to perverse incentives. Given that the SAPS is one of the largest police services in the world, the centralised reporting on organisational performance in the annual report is ineffective. It obscures much more than it reveals about what is being achieved by the organisation. Since 2005 the Auditor General of South Africa has been phasing in a ‘predetermined objectives’ audit that involves checking on the reliability of the performance information presented by the SAPS. Though he has limited capacity to do so, the AG also carries out what are called  ‘performance audits’, that involve deeper and more focused scrutiny of the functioning of government departments. A 2008-09 performance audit on service delivery at police stations and 10111 call centres highlights the type of scrutiny that the SAPS needs to be subjected to if information on its performance is to become more meaningful.
On the record: Interview with David Lewis, Director of Corruption Watch
Authors: Grould Chandre
Published: April 2016

Chandré Gould speaks to David Lewis, Director of Corruption Watch,1 a new non-governmental organisation in South Africa that has thrown its weight behind efforts to reduce corruption.
THE SAPS CRIME STATISTICS: What they tell us – and what they don’t
Authors: Gould Chandré , Burger Johan , Newham Gareth
Published: April 2016

Every year, the South African Minister of Police releases the crime statistics in September and the SAPS Annual Report shortly thereafter. In this article we draw on an earlier analysis by David Bruce (SACQ31) that questioned the veracity of the SAPS statistics for inter-personal violence. We show that there remains reason to question the veracity of the assault statistics, and point to other weaknesses in the way in which the statistics are reported. We argue that greater value would be obtained from the crime statistics if reported more frequently than once a year, and if they were disaggregated to a greater degree. The SAPS has a sophisticated and up-to-date system for recording and analysing crime data. This could prove an invaluable source of information for those who seek to better understand and respond to crime in South Africa. However, a long-overdue policy change is needed to ensure that South Africa can make better use of its crime statistics.
Book Review: Police reform from the bottom up
Authors: Van der Spuy Elrena
Published: April 2016

No abstract
POLICING TAVERNS AND SHEBEENS: Observation, experience and discourse
Authors: Faull Andrew
Published: April 2016

This article sketches the views and experiences of police officials responsible for enforcing liquor legislation in the Nyanga precinct of Cape Town. It is intended as a complementary response to Herrick & Charman’s article, Shebeens and crime: The multiple criminalities of South African liquor and its regulation (SACQ 45) and should be read together with that piece. Their article drew on data gathered from shebeen owners and raised important questions about the efficacy and potential harm of the policing of shebeens.By describing incidents of alcohol-related law enforcement, this article suggests that such work can be as difficult and confusing for law enforcers as it is for those being policed. It supports Herrick and Charman’s suggestion that current approaches to alcohol-related enforcement need to be interrogated in order to reduce harms without alienating communities.
Visualising property crime in Gauteng: Applying GIS to crime pattern theory
Authors: Hiropoulos Alexandra , Porter Jeremy
Published: April 2016

While the high rate of crime in South Africa has received much international attention, mainly focused on violent crime, the vast majority of offences reported to the South African Police Service concern property and other non-violent offences. The present study explores the relationship between one of the most frequently reported property crimes (thefts out of motor vehicles) and the environment in which they occur, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Utilising the framework of crime pattern theory, crime generators and attractors are visually examined in order to determine whether they can explain concentrations of crime. We argue that when used in conjunction with relevant social theory aimed at the examination of the determinants of crime and criminality, GIS can be a powerful practical tool in the presentation of crime data.
On the record with Hugh Eiser and Brendan Boyle
Authors: Eiser Hugh
Published: April 2016

The provincial government of North West has consistently failed to protect the Bapo-ba-Mogale community in dealings with Lonmin Plc over the exploitation of the platinum reserves on the farms they call home. It is alleged that hundreds of millions of rand owed to these rural people may have been misspent or misappropriated, and more that should have been their due has never been paid out. Johannesburg attorney Hugh Eiser has been fighting the Bapo community’s case for more than a decade, tackling government and corporate authorities in a relentless effort to win a fair deal for people who have seen little benefit from the riches under their feet. Brendan Boyle, senior researcher at the Centre for Law and Society at the University of Cape Town, spoke to him about the Bapo story.
Examination of the 3x2 Achievement Goal Model in Collegiate Recreation: Comparison Across Sport Programs
Authors: Lower Leeann M. , Turner Brian A.
Published: April 2016

Sport is a central achievement context through which participants’ direct competence-related behavior to achieve desired outcomes. Achievement goal theory provides a framework for understanding self-directed behavior in achievement contexts. Theorists postulate that achievement goals reflect one’s purpose and anticipated outcomes which guide behavior. To assess this psychological construct, several achievement goal measures have been developed, from a dichotomous model (Nicholls, 1989) to the most recent 3x2 model (Elliot, Murayama, & Pekrun, 2011). In the present research, the 3x2 achievement goal model (i.e., task-approach, task-avoidance, self-approach, self-avoidance, other-approach, other-avoidance) was translated for the collegiate recreational sport domain and tested against alternative theoretical models. A questionnaire was developed and administered to recreational sport participants (N = 614) at a large, post-secondary institution in the United States. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the researchers found the 3x2 model to provide a better fit than the alternative theoretical models. These findings support the most recent theoretical advancement of the achievement goal construct. Through use of multivariate analysis of variance, significant differences across the six achievement goals were found between intramural and sport club participants. These results have implications for researchers and recreational sport practitioners seeking to measure and understand the motivational differences across sport participants.
What would the political philosophers do? An exploration of ideological perspectives on ‘athlete-centered’ reform
Authors: Otto Kadence
Published: April 2016

In this paper I explore how the values inherent in the political philosophies of libertarianism, capitalism, utilitarianism, and egalitarianism are manifest in big-time college athletics reform which places athletes’ rights as its highest value. The initial intent of the paper focuses on the use of Marx and Engels’ dialectical materialism as a way of framing the historical relationship between the NCAA and the athletes. Next, I turn to the main thrust of the paper which is to utilize the ideological inquiry approach to explore the overarching values inherent in the perspectives of John Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, and John Rawls in an attempt to see more clearly how their perspectives are manifest in ‘athlete-centered’ reform. Lastly, I put forth that, based on the values inherent in the perspectives of the political philosophers, ‘athlete-centered’ reform begins with liberty for the athlete, which is assured by right, just, and democratic institutions, and is secured by an athlete association.
ETNOGRAFIA NO CIBERESPAÇO COMO “REPOVOAMENTO” E EXPLICAÇÃO
Authors: Rifiotis Theophilos
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo procura discutir os fundamentos da etnografia no ciberespaço e as possibilidades teórico-metodológicas abertas pela Teoria Ator-Rede (TAR). A etnografia na perspectiva sociotécnica desenhada pela TAR deixa de ser um atividade eminentemente interpretativa para se tornar uma descrição das séries de conexões em que actantes (“humanos” e “não humanos”) se inscrevem no curso da sua ação. A problemática do “repovoamento” dos elementos visibilizados pela descrição (para além dos “humanos”), os dilemas da escrita sobre a ação e a agência, entendidas como o que ou quem “faz fazer”, além das exigências colocadas pela descrição de redes através dos traços deixados pelos actantes, exigem uma revisão do fazer etnográfico que colocaremos em debate. Assim, serão especialmente abordadas no artigo a noção de simetrização e de descrição com foco na ação, procurando sistematizar os fundamentos de uma etnografia da ação.
AIM Research Intersection: Instrument for traffic detection and behavior assessment for a complex urban intersection
Authors: Knake-Langhorst Sascha , Gimm Kay
Published: April 2016

The Research Intersection as part of Test field AIM (Application Platform for Intelligent Mobility) is a field instrument for detection and assessment of traffic behavior for a complex urban intersection in the city of Braunschweig, Germany. It serves as tool for the purpose of analyzing natural traffic behavior and phenomena, e.g. in safety related traffic situations, based on empirically observed trajectories. Thus, the facility can be used for a number of applications in the field of intelligent mobility services.
The LenSx Laser—A Review of Current Literature on its Use in Cataract Surgery
Authors: Davidson John ,   Assistant Clinical Professor, Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, US
Published: April 2016

Laser cataract surgery (LCS) offers several surgical advantages over manual cataract surgery: the laser fragments the lens and creates corneal incisions and capsulotomies with a level of precision, control and reproducibility unachievable with manual techniques. The literature continues to expand and demonstrate many of the surgical benefits of LCS. There are important distinctions among the various femtosecond laser platforms that affect surgical technique. This review consolidates, organizes, and summarizes key published literature on the LenSx® Laser.
Avoiding Complications with Femtosecond Cataract Surgery
Authors: Dick H Burkhard ,   Chairman, University Eye Hospital Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Published: April 2016

Many potential complications in laser cataract surgery (LCS) can be avoided by careful patient selection. Patients with kyphosis, restlessness, and massive obesity might profit from other cataract surgery options. Miosis, a problem obviously caused at least in part by the femtosecond laser, can be prevented by preoperatively applying nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) eye drops. Intumescent white cataracts should receive a miniature capsulotomy first. To detect capsular tags, a modified dimple-down technique is recommended.
Keratoplasty with Glaucoma—Survive or Dive?
Authors: Price Marianne O , Price, Jr Francis W ,   Cornea Research Foundation of America, Indianapolis, Indiana, US,   Price Vision Group, Indianapolis, Indiana, US
Published: April 2016

Keratoplasty and glaucoma are interconnected: glaucoma can precipitate corneal decompensation and accelerate graft failure, while keratoplasty can complicate intraocular pressure (IOP) control. Advances in endothelial keratoplasty (EK) provide significant benefits for glaucoma patients. Prior filtration surgery remains the greatest risk factor for EK failure - newer micro-invasive techniques may change that.
Topical Ganciclovir in Herpetic Eye Disease
Authors: Tabbara Khalid F ,   The Eye Center and The Eye Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, US.
Published: April 2016

Herpetic keratitis is a common cause of ocular morbidity and corneal blindness. The disease has a worldwide distribution. There are different types of Herpes virus with variable ocular and adnexal manifestations. Herpes virus stays dormant in the nerve ganglia following a primary infection. Topical antiviral agents include acyclovir and ganciclovir. Both agents may be used for the treatment and prophylaxis of herpetic keratitis. Antiviral prophylaxis is of crucial importance in the prevention of recurrent keratitis in patients with penetrating keratoplasty for herpes induced corneal scars. Recurrent herpetic keratitis in such patients frequently eventuate in the rejection of the graft. This article reviews topical ganciclovir 0.15% gel in the therapy and prophylaxis of herpetic keratitis.
Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgery—A New Chapter in Glaucoma Management
Authors: Pantcheva Mina B ,   University of Colorado Health Eye Center, Aurora, Colorado, US
Published: April 2016

The continuous search for techniques and devices that lower the intraocular pressure without the complications associated with our gold standard trabeculectomy procedure has led to some promising developments in glaucoma surgery. The newly emerging technologies place improved patient safety as a priority. This article offers a brief overview of the current status and future innovations of the microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) and its role in our glaucoma practice.
Advances in Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Authors: Carlo Talisa E de ,   New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, US
Published: April 2016

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is an exciting new imaging technology that allows for non-invasive non-dye-based visualization of blood flow in the posterior pole. The technology has been used to image a variety of chorioretinal disorders including choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal arterial occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, and macular telangiectasia type 2. Continued advances in the software will improve the quality of OCTA and reduce image artifacts.
Total Visual System Assessment—Integrating Wavefront Technology in Refractive Examinations
Authors: Matossian Cynthia , Noreika Joseph C ,   Matossian Eye Associates, Pennington, New Jersey, US,   Excellence In Eyecare Inc., Medina, Ohio, US
Published: April 2016

Current trends and recent legislative changes have increased the pressure to control healthcare costs, especially those associated with running ophthalmic practices. These factors have driven practice consolidation, reduced consultation times, increased use of electronic health record systems, and encouraged more meaningful use of technology. At the same time, patient expectations and standards of clinical care are both rising. This climate could discourage investment in new technology and encourage increased intensity of service, with higher patient throughput at the risk of decreased quality of care. This situation emphasizes the traditional value proposition model in which quality, time, and cost are closely interrelated; decreasing time and/or cost negatively affects quality. The use of wavefront technology and the development of the XFractionSM process, however, have challenged this model. Using the Optical Path Difference III (OPD-III) and Total Refractive System-5100 (TRS-5100), substantially greater amounts of higher-quality data are derived from ophthalmologic patients in shorter examination times than with other refraction instruments. Their use provides an improved patient experience, greater patient throughput, and more time for the physician to precisely tailor the treatment to match the condition. In practices that have acquired the OPD-III, it has become indispensable in vetting patients for intraocular lenses (IOLs), advanced corneal refractive surgery, and preoperative identification of various optical issues. Experience at an example practice shows that optional use of OPD-III examination is high and it is increasing, despite patients incurring out-of-pocket fees. XFraction technology, therefore, is a route to more satisfied patients, greater efficiency, and profitability; and it can help ophthalmic practices thrive amid increasingly adverse commercial and medical pressures.
Tips for Fitting Eye Prostheses for the Pediatric Patient After Enucleation
Authors: Scuflaire Pascale ,   Ocularistes Associés, Brussels, Belgium
Published: April 2016

After 20 years of making custom ocular prosthetics in Belgium together with several ophthalmologists, I wrote this article to share my experience, challenges, and solutions for fitting the pediatric patient after enucleation. Pediatric fitting is not something that can be improvised on the spot, and to avoid mistakes in the psychologic approach to the child and parents, a thorough understanding of the scientific literature is clearly essential. Familiarity with the anatomical development of the eye is especially important as, with this knowledge, the ocularist is better able to create a realistic result when designing the iris and scleral segments of ocular prostheses for babies and young children.
A Study of Adam Smith’s Original Contributions to Economic Theory and Decision Making under Uncertainty
Authors: Brady Michael Emmett
Published: April 2016

The current, dominant belief among economists that Smith had made no original contributions to economic theory, outside of presenting an original system of thought that was composed of the original analysis of other thinkers, is incorrect. Smith made four unique contributions which have been overlooked. The first contribution was clear cut recognition that probabilities could not be calculated exactly using precise, single number answers .Probabilities were indeterminate and/or imprecise. The mathematical laws of the probability calculus can’t be applied, in general, to decision making in the real world. Smith rejects any decision making approach based on fair, or mathematical, lotteries .Secondly, Smith was the first to explicitly recognize that real world decision making was very uncertain, as opposed to being based on the mathematical concept of risk which was based on known probabilities and outcomes leading to expected value and expected utility calculations a la Jeremy Bentham’s rational economic calculator of probable odds model .Third, Smith was the first to recognize that, as long as the probabilities were greater than 0 , retaliatory tariffs might lead a country that had imposed a tariff on another country to rescind that decision .There was room for a set of strategies in conflicts between nations over tariffs involving war ,threats, negotiations, mediation, and retaliation implying tit for tat or chicken strategies .Fourth, Smith recognized that the main threat to economic prosperity originated from projectors, prodigals, and imprudent risk takers (J M Keynes’s speculators and rentiers) ,who were able to obtain bank loans in order to try to leverage their debt position many times over. The result would be that the bank’s deposits would be wasted and destroyed. This will lead to a recession or depression. Smith did not add this last sentence because it is obvious.
O processo de transferência de tecnologia em indústrias frigoríficas por intermédio de prestadores de serviços
Authors: Back Luani , Kovaleski João Luiz , Andrade Junior Pedro Paulo de
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de entender como ocorre o processo de transferência de tecnologia na aquisição, instalação e assistência técnica em equipamentos para frigoríficos, determinando suas etapas e dificuldades de efetivação. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa realizou-se coleta de dados através de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, observações diretas e entrevistas realizadas em uma empresa prestadora de serviços a indústrias frigorificas. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que a efetividade da transferência algumas vezes é prejudicada pelas dificuldades de treinamento da mão de obra devido ao nível de instrução pessoal, porém as demais etapas do processo alcançam os objetivos almejados que colaboram para a elevação dos níveis tecnológicos das empresas receptoras.
Utilização do Desdobramento da Função Qualidade - QFD para análise e proposta de melhoria no serviço de transporte público
Authors: Martins Vitor William Batista , Filho Hélio Raymundo Ferreira , Soares Delcio Cravo , Santos Nayéslie Cristine Brandão dos
Published: April 2016

A melhoria contínua dos sistemas produtivos, bem como a globalização dos serviços e a competitividade entre empresas, faz com que estas, em todos os setores do mercado, se atentem para uma nova forma de produzir, onde a qualidade de um bem ou serviço é julgada pela satisfação do consumidor, que se encontra cada vez mais exigente buscando menores preços e altas qualidades, além de menor tempo de espera, entre outros requisitos básicos para a aquisição de um produto/serviço. Deste modo, o artigo apresenta um estudo de caso, realizado no Município de Marabá, Sudeste do Pará, com o intuito de avaliar a qualidade dos serviços prestados referente ao sistema de transporte público coletivo do Município, através da ferramenta de gestão da qualidade Desdobramento da Função Qualidade - QFD. A pesquisa foi realizada com a aplicação de questionários, que foram analisados e transformados em gráficos estatísticos. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, pois, por meio da identificação dos ítens mais revelantes apresentados pelos consumidores, foi possível o direcionamento na tomada de decisões quanto às melhorias a serem implantadas, e que se aplicadas corretamente resultarão no aumento da satisfação de seus clientes, bem como na garantia de fidelização dos mesmos e consequentemente o aumento no faturamento da empresa prestadora do serviço e garantindo um transporte de qualidade para a população do Município.
Building a Common Vision of the Local Development using a Methodology Called Participatory Territorial Planning
Authors: De Caro A. A. , Mérida Moisés Augusto
Published: April 2016

Petróleos de Venezuela SA (PDVSA) is a state owned company which has boosted its social investments since 2003. In spite of this, it has established a territorial development department with the purpose of moving forward from social responsibility to a new philosophy called social integration. Social integration means not only working together with communities and local authorities, but also building together a common vision of local development. The common vision on the development of a particular territory arises from a dialogue among the visions of local communities, authorities and technicians, including employees of PDVSA.

This common vision is a image of the future of a particular territory accompanied by a plan. The development plan is the collective result in which not only the benefits of the business plan of oil and gas are incorporated, but also including actions to mitigate risks, and those projects and programs needed to reduce social conflicts and to establish a win-win relationship among all actors.

The final participatory development plan is a broad consensus achieved step by step. Participatory territorial planning is a group of sequential techniques by which any person or interest group in a particular territory can jointly assess it. This methodology designed consists of five phases and nine stages.

The five phases of the methodology are: Local assessment; Territorial development plan; Participatory budget; Execution; and Social control and feedback. Most phases include participatory mapping workshops in which participants reach agreements using maps. A toolbox has been defined in order to present a resume of techniques and methods that are used during the implementation of the participatory territorial planning.

A participatory development plan works as a roadmap. This type of plans integrate efficiently projects and programs planned by local inhabitants; non-governmental organizations; authorities; and energy companies. The novelty of the proposal is the definition of a new methodology that makes the inhabitants as promoters of sustainable cities and they start sharing the vision of energy companies about local development. In addition, resources for communities are invested more efficiently and the staff of energy companies can grasp their local context much better.
A Joint Strategy Between the Hydrocarbon Sector and Colombian Environmental Authorities for the Conservation of a Regional Natural Park
Authors: Carmona Luis Gabriel , Correa Fernando , Perdomo Karin
Published: April 2016

Companies involved in water and forest resource extraction in Colombia are obliged to compensate for any resulting impacts stemming from their activities, as agreed with the environmental authorities. Compensation usually relates to reforestation or the development of public service infrastructure. However, these initiatives should be more relevant to the local community and ensure that the protection of biodiversity is efficiently undertaken and optimized to support the greatest number of benefits to fauna and flora and the provision of ecosystem services. This paper shows how a partnership between Mansarovar Energy Colombia Ltd., a heavy oil extraction company, and the national and local environmental authorities, resulted in the establishment of buffer zones to support the conservation of the Regional Natural Park "Serranía de las Quinchas". In total one thousand hectares were added to the already existing 21,000 ha that legally constitute the park. This synergy led to a greater impact within the local community, compared to when each entity worked separately.
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonates Surfactants For EOR: Scale Up From Lab To Pilot
Authors: Aguilar Francisco , López Ignacio , Prieto Carlos , Montes Jesús , Lázaro Jesús , Barrio Izaskun , Álvarez Estefanía , Rodriguez Borja
Published: April 2016

Scaling up from lab to pilot is one of the challenges to meet in any ASP project to accomplish the requirements at full implementation. Tailored EOR surfactants developed and manufactured in the laboratory, to achieve the lowest interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water at the reservoir conditions, have to be viable and robust in the manufacture, capable in performance and compatible in the formulation, not only at laboratory scale, but also at industrial scale.

It is described in this poster the route map in the development and manufacture of alkyl aryl sulfonates surfactants for the Cepsa ASP pilot project in the Caracara Sur field, Los Llanos basin (Colombia) from a continuous feed-back of the laboratory tests. The surfactant employed for the project was selected from other surfactants from several suppliers and dyalkylbenzene sodium sulfonate was the one achieving the lowest interfacial tension for Caracara field conditions. The dyalkylbenzene sodium sulfonate was accompanied by a co-surfactant improving the solubility and performance properties.

Pilot ASP injection started in May 2015 and some conclusions were obtained during the production of the surfactants in several manufacture batches: Composition, molecular weight even isomerism of alkylbenzenes may impact strongly on the interfacial activity of alkyl aryl sulfonates surfactants.Sulfonation and neutralization of alkylbenzenes are critical processes to comply the requirements of alkyl aryl surfactants for any cEOR project.Finally, the laboratory in the field for quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) of surfactants is completely necessary. Periodical sampling and on-site analyses are scheduled but also samples delivery to research center for more sophisticated analyses. These data are essential for the final performance evaluation and the project success.
A methodology for linking 2D overland flow models with the sewer network model SWMM 5.1 based on dynamic link libraries
Authors: Leandro Jorge , Martins Ricardo
Published: April 2016

Pluvial flooding in urban areas is characterized by a gradually varying inundation process caused by surcharge of the sewer manholes. Therefore urban flood models need to simulate the interaction between the sewer network and the overland flow in order to accurately predict the flood inundation extents. In this work we present a methodology for linking 2D overland flow models with the storm sewer model SWMM 5. SWMM 5 is a well-known free open-source code originally developed in 1971. The latest major release saw its structure re-written in C ++ allowing it to be compiled as a command line executable or through a series of calls made to function inside a dynamic link library (DLL). The methodology developed herein is written inside the same DLL in C + +, and is able to simulate the bi-directional interaction between both models during simulation. Validation is done in a real case study with an existing urban flood coupled model. The novelty herein is that the new methodology can be added to SWMM without the need for editing SWMM's original code. Furthermore, it is directly applicable to other coupled overland flow models aiming to use SWMM 5 as the sewer network model.
Optimisation of radiolysis of Reactive Red 120 dye in aqueous solution using ionising 60Co gamma radiation by response surface methodology
Authors: Padmanaban V. C. , Giri Nandagopal M. S. , Achary Anant , Vasudevan V. N. , Selvaraju N.
Published: April 2016

In recent years, employing radiation technology is gaining great interest in degradation of industrial effluents. In this work the possibility of using gamma irradiation to degrade Reactive Red 120 (C.I.292775) was explored. The effects of pH, dose of gamma irradiation and concentration of dye were examined and their interaction were also established based on their response. For the analysis and optimisation of variables, three factor three level Box-Wilson face centred central composite design (CCF) was used. Analysis of variance with R2 = 0.9988, adjusted R2 = 0.9981 and the adequate precision value of 122.303 indicates that the CCF model can be used. The coefficient of variation (0.54%) indicates the reliability of the model. The dose of gamma irradiation (kGy) and the concentration of dye (mg/L) showed significant effects on the degradation of RR 120, while a difference of 6 to 10% degradation was observed in extending the pH towards the acid or alkali range from pH 7.00. The maximum concentration of dye degraded was observed as 347.509 mg/L at initial pH: 7.0, dose of gamma irradiation: 5.94 kGy and initial concentration of dye: 500 mg/L. This predicted value was found to be in agreement with the experimental value on the optimised conditions.
Useful Bioactive Substances from Wastes: Recovery of Trans-Resveratrol from Grapevine Stems
Authors: Angelov George , Boyadzhiev Lubomir , Georgieva Silviya
Published: April 2016

The methods for producing natural resveratrol are of big interest because of the many health benefits of this substance and its increasing use in functional foods, food supplements and para-pharmaceutical preparations. Generally, resveratrol is extracted from different natural sources, most of them usually produced for consumption purposes (grapes, nuts). This paper presents a method for recovery of resveratrol from a widely available raw material - grapevine stems, a by-product of vine pruning. An efficient extraction-fractionation scheme is developed, based on shifting the phase equilibrium, by which more concentrated extracts of resveratrol are obtained. After a simple extraction, the initial extract is further separated into two fractions, containing either water or ethanol-soluble compounds. Using this approach, the resveratrol’s low water solubility helps isolate it from other water-soluble substances. The resulting product is almost ten times more concentrated in trans-resveratrol than the initial total extract. Additionally, a fraction containing water-soluble polyphenols is obtained, which could be used for water-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations.
Parameter Identification in Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Modeling of Food-Related Thermodynamic Systems Using Flower Pollination Algorithms
Authors: Merzougui A. , Labed N. , Hasseine A. , Bonilla-Petriciolet A. , Laiadi D. , Bacha O.
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the liquid–liquid equilibrium of twenty two ternary and quaternary systems relevant for food industry was modeled using the NRTL and UNIQUAC equations and the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA). FPA is an emerging nature-inspired stochastic global optimization method and it has been used for LLE parameter identification of local composition models in multicomponent mixtures. FPA and its modified version (MFPA) were assessed for solving LLE parameter estimation problems in several systems relevant for food industry. Thenumerical performance of these stochastic methods has been analyzed at different numerical scenarios with and without the application of closure equations. Results showed that MFPA outperformed FPA and other metaheuristics (e.g., Simulated Annealing, Genetic Algorithm and Harmony Search) for LLE parameter identification in local compositions models. MFPA with closure equations is a reliable approach for determining the best interaction parameter of NRTL and UNIQUAC models in the LLE data processing of food-related thermodynamic systems.
HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Kharsany Ayesha B.M. , Karim Quarraisha A.
Published: April 2016

Global trends in HIV infection demonstrate an overall increase in HIV prevalence and substantial declines in AIDS related deaths largely attributable to the survival benefits of antiretroviral treatment. Sub-Saharan Africa carries a disproportionate burden of HIV, accounting for more than 70% of the global burden of infection. Success in HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa has the potential to impact on the global burden of HIV. Notwithstanding substantial progress in scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART), sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 74% of the 1.5 million AIDS related deaths in 2013.

Of the estimated 6000 new infections that occur globally each day, two out of three are in sub-Saharan Africa with young women continuing to bear a disproportionate burden. Adolescent girls and young women aged 15-24 years have up to eight fold higher rates of HIV infection compared to their male peers. There remains a gap in women initiated HIV prevention technologies especially for women who are unable to negotiate the current HIV prevention options of abstinence, behavior change, condoms and medical male circumcision or early treatment initiation in their relationships.

The possibility of an AIDS free generation cannot be realized unless we are able to prevent HIV infection in young women. This review will focus on the epidemiology of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, key drivers of the continued high incidence, mortality rates and priorities for altering current epidemic trajectory in the region. Strategies for optimizing the use of existing and increasingly limited resources are included.