bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survey and analysis of knowledge, attitude and practice among otolaryngologists in a state in eastern India in relation to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Authors: Banerjee S , Sarkar S , Bandyopadhyay S N
Published: July 2020

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in various changes in knowledge, attitude and practice among doctors. A survey was conducted of otolaryngologists in India regarding these aspects in relation to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Method

Otolaryngologists from West Bengal (India) were invited to participate in an online self-administered survey. Data were collected and analysed using appropriate methods.

Results

Responses from 133 participants, grouped into 4 groups by their career stage, were collected and analysed. Of the participants, 36.8 per cent were directly involved in treating a known or suspected coronavirus disease 2019 patient, although 66.2 per cent considered the personal protective equipment inadequate. Ninety-four per cent indicated that their willingness to perform procedures depended on personal protective equipment availability. Of the respondents, 83.5 per cent revealed additional mental stress due to the pandemic. Of the participants, 41.4 per cent took hydroxychloroquine as coronavirus disease 2019 prophylaxis.

Conclusion

This study provides an insight into which issues may need attention, to help ENT surgeons tackle the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic more effectively based on analysis of responses in the survey.
‘Madat makan orang’; opium eats people: Opium addiction as a public health issue in late colonial Java, 1900–1940
Authors: Wahid Abdul
Published: July 2020

By the 1890s the Dutch had noticed the escalation of opium addiction in colonial Indonesia. They believed that opium consumption had brought about health problems and other negative socioeconomic effects. Yet, the profitability of opium took precedence over its negative social effects in the Dutch East Indies government's policy, which until the end of the 1920s made almost no substantial efforts to address addiction. It was nongovernmental organisations which took the initiative to install medical facilities for addicts and launch diverse anti-opium campaigns. These organisations marked the rise of modern philanthropic activism in the field of public health as part of the flourishing sociopolitical movements of that time. They also represent the nascent civil society in late colonial Indonesia.
Healing the whole: Questioning the boundaries between medicine and religion in Rakhine, Western Myanmar
Authors: Coderey Céline
Published: July 2020

Based on fieldwork conducted among the Buddhist population living in Rakhine State, Myanmar, between 2005 and 2011, this article elucidates how people deal with health and illness and related uncertainties by relying on a multiplicity of conceptions and practices associated with Buddhism, astrology, spirit cults, as well as indigenous and Western medicine. This article unpacks this plurality to show how different components contribute to the healing process in complementary and yet hierarchical ways which hold to a nexus of political, social, medical, economic, cosmological, biological, and environmental factors. It also questions the boundaries between the religious and medical, Buddhist and non-Buddhist, worldly and otherworldly, and natural and supernatural.
A new isidiate saxicolous species ofPorina(Ascomycota,Ostropales,Porinaceae)
Authors: Orange Alan , Palice Zdeněk , Klepsland Jon
Published: July 2020

Porina collinaOrange, Palice & Klepsland is described as new from siliceous rocks in the Czech Republic, Great Britain and Norway. The thallus produces isidioid propagules which resemble those inP. rosei,P. hibernicaandP. pseudohibernica, but which are more fragile and poorly-defined, and almost ecorticate; the perithecial wall is dark purplish brown and the ascospores are 3-septate. Sequences of the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA suggest that the new species belongs in thePorina byssophilaclade.
Spatial design factors associated with creative work: a systematic literature review
Authors: Thoring Katja , Mueller Roland M. , Desmet Pieter , Badke-Schaub Petra
Published: July 2020

The term “creative space” describes a relatively recent phenomenon of innovative workplace design. Such creative workspaces are becoming popular in industry and academia. However, the impact of specific spatial design decisions on creativity and innovation is not yet fully understood. This paper provides an overview of state-of-the-art research on creative work and learning environments. We conducted a systematic literature search within the Scopus database and identified a total of 73 relevant sources discussing creative spaces within academic, practice, and other innovation environments. Among the included sources are 51 academic publications and 22 sources from company research and illustrative coffee-table books. We analyzed the sources using three lenses of interest: (1) the types of theoretical and practical contributions that are provided, (2) the spatial characteristics that are suggested to be beneficial for creativity and innovation, and (3) the discussed potential of new technologies for designing or researching creative spaces. The results provide in-depth insight into the current state of research on the topic of creative spaces. Practitioners, educators, and researchers can use the presented overview to investigate the possible impact of creative workspace design and identify research gaps that can be filled by conducting further research in the field.
Historical Geography and International Boundaries
Authors: Biger Gideon
Published: July 2020

International boundaries are man-made separation lines. All of today’s boundaries were created in the past, sometimes years, sometimes decades, even in some cases centuries ago. Thus, international boundaries reflect the historical moments in the life of a State, when its limits were made according to its force and ability at a given time. Understanding the process of boundary making and the location of boundaries can become a bridge of research and knowledge between three major scientific areas – history, geography and political science.
The relationship between adolescents’ nutrition literacy and food habits, and affecting factors
Authors: Koca Bennur , Arkan Gulcihan
Published: July 2020

Objective:

The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between nutrition literacy (NL) and food habits (FH) in adolescents, and the factors affecting the relationship.

Design:

The study used a cross-sectional design. The data were collected using socio-demographic information forms, the Adolescent Nutrition Literacy Scale (ANLS) and the Adolescent Food Habit Checklist (AFHC). The socio-demographic characteristics of adolescents were analysed using descriptive statistics, and the factors affecting NL and FH were determined using the t test, Mann–Whitney U test and ANOVA. The correlation between ANLS and AFHC scores was tested with correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis was employed to predict the change in the NL of adolescents at the level of FH.

Setting:

The study was conducted in the city of Izmir in Turkey.

Participants:

The study consisted of a total of 467 adolescents.

Results:

There was a statistically significant relationship between NL of adolescents and their gender, education level of the father, grade, BMI values and daily lifestyle behaviours (DLB), as well as between their FH and DLB. There was a positive and significant relationship between ANLS and AFHC. The ANLS and its subscales were found to have a statistically significant effect on AFHC. According to the linear regression analysis, the nutritional habits of adolescents were found to be significantly affected by NL (β = 0·357).

Conclusions:

As ANLS scores increased, AFHC scores were determined to increase as well. This finding shows that the FH of adolescents have changed positively with increase in their NL.
Distance to supermarkets and dietary variety among Japanese older adults: examining the moderating role of grocery delivery services
Authors: Harada Kazuhiro , Masumoto Kouhei , Okada Shuichi
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To examine whether using grocery delivery services moderates the relationship between distance to supermarket and dietary variety among Japanese older adults.

Design:

We conducted a 1-year prospective cohort study. Distance to supermarket was measured using geographic information systems. We collected information on dietary variety score (range 0–10), regular use of grocery delivery services and socio-demographic factors using a questionnaire delivered via post.

Setting:

The current study was performed in Nada Ward, Kobe City, Japan, from 2017 to 2018.

Participants:

Older adults living in Nada Ward (n 778).

Results:

The linear mixed model showed that a longer distance to supermarket (per 100 m: B = –0·07, 95 % CI –0·14, –0·01, P = 0·048) significantly predicted lower dietary variety after adjusting for socio-demographic factors. Using grocery delivery services (B = 0·28, 95 % CI –0·08, 0·64, P = 0·127) did not significantly predict dietary variety, and neither did its interaction with distance to supermarket (B = –0·04, 95 % CI –0·17, 0·10, P = 0·604).

Conclusions:

The current study found that longer distance to supermarket was associated with lower dietary variety among Japanese older adults and that the use of grocery delivery services did not moderate this association. The findings imply that the use of grocery delivery services is insufficient to reduce the negative influence of inconvenient food access on dietary variety among older adults.
Chinese Political Nostalgia and Xi Jinping's Dream of Great Rejuvenation
Authors: Carrai Maria Adele
Published: July 2020

China's emergence as a great power has been accompanied by the official rhetoric of the China Dream of Great Rejuvenation (weida fuxing伟大复兴). Although there are conflicting views among academics and political elites about the exact content of the China Dream, one of its features is the nostalgia for China's past and its five-thousand-year-old civilization. Xi Jinping's current rhetoric of a China Dream of Great Rejuvenation uses a reinvented history as an asset for the future, linking China's natural progress as a global power with a selective re-reading of its millennial history. While much existing literature already discusses China's Great Rejuvenation, this article looks more specifically at the role of historical memory and deconstructs the key interconnected components that support Xi's rhetoric, namely, the chosen trauma, glory, and amnesia. The conclusion offers some general remarks about the effect of this rhetoric on China's domestic and foreign policy and some of the risks that accompany it. This article contributes to the debates on the influence of memory in International Relations (IR), showing how constructed memories of history can significantly impact both national identity and foreign policy.
Effectively Communicating Validity Information About Personnel Selection Tools
Authors: Voss Nathaniel M. , Lake Christopher J. , Chlevin-Thiele Cassandra
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Organizational researchers and practitioners often struggle to effectively and convincingly communicate validity information. In a series of between-subjects experimental studies using samples of university students and hiring managers, the effects of framing and numeracy were examined as validity information was communicated about various personnel selection tools. Across samples, higher numeracy was associated with higher understanding of the validity information and more favorable perceptions of the selection tools. The relationship between numeracy and favorable perceptions was mediated by understanding. Positive framing was more beneficial for students than hiring managers, especially when understanding was also high. These results can be leveraged by practitioners who are interested in tailoring their messages to more convincingly communicate validity information to stakeholders.
Being Oneself and Doing Great
Authors: Ma Jie (Yonas) , Sachdev Aditi Rabindra , Gu Xixi
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The experience of authenticity is conducive to job performance. However, research has not examined the underlying mechanism. Additionally, knowledge about the antecedents of authenticity is limited, and research findings regarding the relationship between authenticity and work outcomes are exclusively at the between-person level. To advance the research on authenticity at work, the current study investigated the motivation process through which authenticity influences job performance and examined the role of supportive leadership in facilitating authenticity. We tested the hypotheses at both the between-person and within-person levels and found convergent results. Autonomous motivation mediated the positive relationship between authenticity and task performance/work proactivity, and supportive leadership was found to positively predict authenticity. Theoretical implications and managerial suggestions are discussed.
Favorable Circulation Patterns and Moisture Sources for Wintertime Extreme Precipitation Events Over the Balkhash‐Junggar Region
Authors: He Xinsheng , Huang Wenyu , Yang Zifan , Wright Jonathon S. , Wang Bin , Xie Zuowei , Qiu Tianpei , Dong Wenhao , Lu Hui , Li Xiang , Liao Jie
Published: July 2020

The Balkhash‐Junggar (B‐J) region is a typical dryland region with strong sensitivity to climate change. The snowstorms of the year 2009 caused financial damage worth of 2,516 million RMB. This study examines the dynamical features and the moisture sources associated with wintertime extreme precipitation over the B‐J region. The analyses are based primarily on the data set from ERA‐Interim during DJF 1979–2017. Both Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches are used to examine the moisture sources. An upper‐tropospheric Rossby wave train that extends from the North Atlantic Ocean to the B‐J region is found to play a leading role in the formation of 127 wintertime extreme precipitation events in the B‐J region. This Rossby wave train deepens a cyclonic anomaly in the lower troposphere over the B‐J region, which favors the development of strong southwesterly moisture transport and strong updrafts there. These conditions are favorable for the occurrence of extreme precipitation events over the B‐J region. Lagrangian moisture source analysis indicates that most of the moisture for precipitation during these events comes from terrestrial sources, with central Asia the key moisture source region. The Eulerian moisture budget analysis further shows that most of the moisture for extreme precipitation enters the B‐J region through its western boundary via enhanced southwesterly flow. These dynamical and moisture source analyses establish a set of valuable precursor conditions for predicting wintertime extreme precipitation events over the B‐J region.
An Efficient Ice Sheet/Earth System Model Spin‐up Procedure for CESM2‐CISM2: Description, Evaluation, and Broader Applicability
Authors: Lofverstrom Marcus , Fyke Jeremy G. , Thayer‐Calder Katherine , Muntjewerf Laura , Vizcaino Miren , Sacks William J. , Lipscomb William H. , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Bradley Sarah L.
Published: July 2020

Spinning up a highly complex, coupled Earth system model (ESM) is a time consuming and computationally demanding exercise. For models with interactive ice sheet components, this becomes a major challenge, as ice sheets are sensitive to bidirectional feedback processes and equilibrate over glacial timescales of up to many millennia. This work describes and demonstrates a computationally tractable, iterative procedure for spinning up a contemporary, highly complex ESM that includes an interactive ice sheet component. The procedure alternates between a computationally expensive coupled configuration and a computationally cheaper configuration where the atmospheric component is replaced by a data model. By periodically regenerating atmospheric forcing consistent with the coupled system, the data atmosphere remains adequately constrained to ensure that the broader model state evolves realistically. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by spinning up the preindustrial climate in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2), coupled to the Community Ice Sheet Model Version 2 (CISM2) over Greenland. The equilibrium climate state is similar to the control climate from a coupled simulation with a prescribed Greenland ice sheet, indicating that the iterative procedure is consistent with a traditional spin‐up approach without interactive ice sheets. These results suggest that the iterative method presented here provides a faster and computationally cheaper method for spinning up a highly complex ESM, with or without interactive ice sheet components. The method described here has been used to develop the climate/ice sheet initial conditions for transient, ice sheet‐enabled simulations with CESM2‐CISM2 in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6).
Scaling Laws for Regional Stratification at the Top of Earth's Core
Authors: Mound Jonathan E. , Davies Christopher J.
Published: July 2020

Seismic and geomagnetic observations have been used to argue both for and against a global stratified layer at the top of Earth's outer core. Recently, we used numerical models of turbulent thermal convection to show that imposed lateral variations in core‐mantle boundary (CMB) heat flow can give rise to regional lenses of stratified fluid at the top of the core while the bulk of the core remains actively convecting. Here, we develop theoretical scaling laws to extrapolate the properties of regional stratified lenses measured in simulations to the conditions of Earth's core. We estimate that regional stratified lenses in Earth's core have thicknesses of up to a few hundred kilometres and Brunt‐Väisälä frequencies of hours, consistent with independent observational constraints. The location, thickness, and strength of the stratified regions would change over geological time scales in response to the slowly evolving CMB heat flux heterogeneity imposed by mantle convection.
Distinct Growth Rates of the Two ENSO Types
Authors: Ren Hong‐Li , Wang Run
Published: July 2020

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events can be grouped into two types based on their sea surface temperature anomaly spatial patterns, that is, eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) types. In this study, we propose a new method to empirically diagnose linear growth rates of the EP and CP ENSO types due to a limitation of applying the traditional Bjerknes stability index method simply to these two types. We spatially project the peak‐time symmetric component of the mixed‐layer oceanic heat budget terms onto the ENSO‐related sea surface temperature anomaly patterns to estimate the ENSO grow rate. After validating the method by comparing it with the Bjerknes stability index, we show that the growth rate is positive for the CP ENSO type and weakly negative for the EP ENSO type, contributed by different feedback terms. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5‐based multimodel ensemble mean shows similar characteristics as the reanalysis for the EP ENSO type rather than the CP ENSO type.
Ice Particle Size Distributions From Composites of Microphysics Observations Collected in Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Leighton Hua , Black Robert , Zhang Xuejin , Marks Frank D. , Gopalakrishnan Sundararaman G.
Published: July 2020

Ice microphysics observations collected from eight flights into tropical cyclones (TCs) were analyzed to examine the performance of exponential versus gamma functions in representing the particle size distributions (PSDs) for cloud ice, snow, and graupel. Eighty‐four percent (87%) of cloud ice (snow) PSDs are above the correlation threshold of 0.9 between observations and the corresponding fitted curves by gamma fits, while only 43% (55%) of cloud ice (snow) PSDs by exponential fits. Sixteen percent of graupel PSDs are above the threshold by gamma fits but none by exponential fits. The intercept, slope, and shape in gamma functions are mutually dependent. When one among the three parameters is prescribed, the other two can be empirically rendered from the mutual‐dependence relationship. Counterintuitively, temperature does not play a conspicuous role in controlling ice PSDs in the TC environment but horizontal winds do, especially for snow, through the breakup process.
Generation of Quasi‐Biweekly Yanai Waves in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Arzeno Isabella B. , Giddings Sarah N. , Pawlak Geno , Pinkel Robert
Published: July 2020

The spatial and temporal structure of quasi‐biweekly Yanai waves in the Indian Ocean and their relationship to wind stress are uniquely described using satellite observations of sea level anomalies and wind velocities, previously approximated only using theory, numerical models, and discrete mooring observations. Yanai waves represent a significant contribution to equatorial antisymmetric sea level anomaly variability in the 10–20 day band. Robust climatologies produced using 17 years of data (spanning 45–95°E and 10°S to 10°N) reveal a clear spatiotemporal pattern and are consistent with Yanai wave generation in the western equatorial Indian Ocean during monsoon seasons. Spectral and correlation analyses imply that Yanai waves are linearly forced by wind stress patterns with similar wavelengths. A new method of assembling data composites shows the first full structure of a vertical mode‐2 Yanai wave moving across the equatorial Indian Ocean under westward propagating wind vortices.
Contrasting Transition Complexity Between El Niño and La Niña: Observations and CMIP5/6 Models
Authors: Fang Shih‐Wei , Yu Jin‐Yi
Published: July 2020

The observed El Niño and La Niña exhibit different complexities in their event‐to‐event transition patterns. The El Niño is dominated in order by episodic, cyclic, and multiyear transitions, but the reversed order is found in the La Niña. A subtropical Pacific onset mechanism is used to explain this difference. This mechanism triggers El Niño/La Niña events via subtropical processes and is responsible for producing multiyear and episodic transitions. Its nonlinear responses to the tropical Pacific mean state result in more multiyear transitions for La Niña than El Niño and more episodic transitions for El Niño than La Niña. The CMIP5/6 models realistically simulate the observed transition complexity of El Niño but fail to simulate the transition complexity of La Niña. This deficiency in CMIP5 models arises from a weaker than observed subtropical onset mechanism and a cold bias in the tropical Pacific mean sea surface temperatures in the models.
The Relationship Between MAIAC Smoke Plume Heights and Surface PM
Authors: Cheeseman M. , Ford B. , Volckens J. , Lyapustin A. , Pierce J. R.
Published: July 2020

Biomass burning is a source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution, which adversely impacts human health. However, quantifying the health effects from biomass burning PM2.5 is difficult. Monitoring networks generally lack the spatial density needed to capture the heterogeneity of biomass burning smoke. Satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) can be used to fill spatial gaps but does not distinguish surface‐level aerosols. Plume height (PH) observations may provide constraints on the vertical distribution of smoke and its impact on surface concentrations. We assessed PH characteristics from Multi‐Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) and evaluated its correlation with colocated PM2.5 and AOD measurements. PH is generally highest over the western United States. The ratio PM2.5:AOD generally decreases with increasing PH:PBLH (planetary boundary layer height), showing that PH has the potential to refine surface PM2.5 estimates for collections of smoke events.
Computing Refractive Index Structure Parameter Cn2 in a Numerical Weather Prediction Model
Authors: Wang Shouping , Wang Qing , Wauer Benjamin J. , Jiang Qingfang
Published: July 2020

The refractive index structure parameter Cn2 provides crucial information regarding turbulent effects on electromagnetic wave propagation. We propose to use second‐order turbulence closure techniques to predict Cn2 based on boundary layer parameterizations in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. This predictive approach provides additional degrees of freedom for improving Cn2 simulations. The model is evaluated using a single‐column version of Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System in a case study of convective boundary layer over the ocean. The predicted Cn2 is generally consistent with results from large‐eddy simulations, well‐known scaling theories, and limited surface layer observations. This study offers a general approach for computing Cn2 for the entire boundary layer and various turbulence regimes in an NWP model.
Deadly Compound Heat Stress‐Flooding Hazard Across the Central United States
Authors: Zhang Wei , Villarini Gabriele
Published: July 2020

While major advances have been made toward understanding flooding across the central United States, little is known about the linkage between heat stress, characterized by high temperature and humidity, and flooding during the summer in this area. Here, we focus on a compound event that relates these two hazards; we find that a high percentage of floods are preceded by a heat stress event. The potential impacts are significant, leading to overwhelming the current infrastructure (e.g., damaged roads, hospitals, and power grid) and to a high number of fatalities and economic damage. We show that heat stress is tied to high surface temperatures, sensible heat flux, and humidity, which all tend to enhance convective available potential energy (CAPE) and stormy weather, frequently resulting in flooding. Given that heat stress is projected to become more frequent and intense, our findings point to an associated enhanced risk of flooding throughout this area.
Global and Polar Region Temperature Change Induced by Single Mega Volcanic Eruption Based on Community Earth System Model Simulation
Authors: Liu Bin , Wang Bin , Liu Jian , Chen Deliang , Ning Liang , Yan Mi , Sun Weiyi , Chen Kefan
Published: July 2020

In order to understand the pure long‐term influence of single mega volcanic eruption (SMVE) of universal significance on global and polar region temperature changes, the AD 1258 Samalas mega volcanic eruption in Indonesia which is the largest eruption over the past millennium is selected as an ideal eruption for simulation study based on Community Earth System Model. Both reconstructions and simulations show that the Northern Hemisphere experienced nearly two decades of strong cooling after the Samalas mega eruption. The significant cooling in the Arctic lasts for 16 years, while the cooling in the Antarctic lasts only 2 years. As the volcanic aerosol gradually disappears, stronger cooling occurs in Arctic winter, and warming occurs in Antarctic winter. This asymmetric temperature changes over Arctic and Antarctic after SMVE (such as Samalas) are caused by the combined effects of albedo feedback and ocean‐atmosphere heat exchange related to sea ice.
Tropical Expansion Driven by Poleward Advancing Midlatitude Meridional Temperature Gradients
Authors: Yang Hu , Lohmann Gerrit , Lu Jian , Gowan Evan J. , Shi Xiaoxu , Liu Jiping , Wang Qiang
Published: July 2020

An abundance of evidence indicates that the tropics are expanding. Despite many attempts to decipher the cause, the underlying dynamical mechanism driving tropical expansion is still not entirely clear. Here, based on observations, multimodel simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) and purposefully designed numerical experiments, the variations and trends of the tropical width are explored from a regional perspective. We find that the width of the tropics closely follows the displacement of oceanic midlatitude meridional temperature gradients (MMTG). Under global warming, as a first‐order response, the subtropical ocean experiences more surface warming because of the mean Ekman convergence of anomalously warm water. The enhanced subtropical warming, which is partially independent of natural climate oscillations, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, leads to poleward advance of the MMTG and drives the tropical expansion. Our results, supported by both observations and model simulations, imply that global warming may have already significantly contributed to the ongoing tropical expansion, especially over the ocean‐dominant Southern Hemisphere.
Influence of Vertical Heterogeneities in the Canopy Microenvironment on Interannual Variability of Carbon Uptake in Temperate Deciduous Forests
Authors: Wozniak M. C. , Bonan G. B. , Keppel‐Aleks G. , Steiner A. L.
Published: July 2020

Vegetation structure and function are key design choices in terrestrial models that affect the relationship between carbon uptake and environmental drivers. Here, we investigate how representing canopy vertical structure in a terrestrial biosphere model—that is, micrometeorological, leaf area, and leaf water profiles—influences carbon uptake at five U.S. temperate deciduous forest sites in July. Specifically, we test whether the interannual variability (IAV) of gross primary productivity (GPP) responds differently to four abiotic environmental drivers—air temperature, relative humidity, incoming shortwave radiation, and soil moisture—using either a Community Land Model multilayer canopy model (CLM‐ml) or a big‐leaf model (CLM4.5/CLM5). We conclude that vertical leaf area and microclimatic profiles (temperature, humidity, and wind) do not impact GPP IAV compared to a single‐layer model when plant hydraulics is excluded. However, with a mechanistic representation of plant hydraulics there is vertically varying water stress in CLM‐ml, and the sensitivity of carbon uptake to particular climate variables changes with height, resulting in dampened canopy‐scale GPP IAV relative to CLM4.5. Dampening is due to both a reduced dependence on soil moisture and opposing climatic forcing on different leaf layers. Such dampening is not evident in the single‐layer representation of plant hydraulic water stress implemented in the recently released CLM5. Overall, both model representations of the canopy fail to accurately simulate observed GPP IAV and this may be related by their inability to capture the upper range of observed hourly GPP and diffuse light‐GPP relationships that cannot be resolved by canopy structure alone.
The Eocene‐Oligocene Transition in the South‐Western Neo‐Tethys (Tunisia): Astronomical Calibration and Paleoenvironmental Changes
Authors: Messaoud Jihede Haj , Thibault Nicolas , Yaich Chokri , Monkenbusch Johannes , Omar Hamdi , Jemai Hela Fakhfakh Ben , Watkins David K.
Published: July 2020

A detailed biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and chronostratigraphic study was carried out in the South‐Western margin of the Neo‐Tethys ocean (Tunisia) covering the Eocene‐Oligocene interval to report potential paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes associated with the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS). The studied section consists of marls and limestones extending from theHelicosphaera compactanannofossil Zone (CNE21) to theReticulofenestra umbilicusZone (CNO2). The Bc ofClausicoccus subdistichuscoincides in northeastern Tunisia with the extinction of hantkeninids and is thus used here to define the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (EOB) at 34.03 Ma. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages suggest a significant change from oligotrophic/warm surface waters during the late Eocene to eutrophic/cool waters during the early Oligocene. The observed changes in trophic conditions are synchronous with a shallowing trend testified by an increase in nearshore species and enhanced terrigenous input. Major environmental changes occurred at the EOB and across glaciation event Oi‐1a whereas we record a poor imprint of glaciation event Oi‐1. Three orbital configurations have been distinguished: (1) The late Eocene is characterized by a prominent 405‐kyr cycle and a weak obliquity component; (2) the onset of cooling at 34.35 Ma coincides with the rosette‐shapeddiscoasterextinction and is reflected by a shift toward enhanced obliquity and short‐eccentricity cycles. The installation of a fully developed AIS (event Oi‐1a, 32.75 Ma) shows the most pronounced obliquity imprint reflecting an increased influence of high‐latitude climate processes; (3) after 31.75 Ma, the obliquity decreases in coincidence with the return to a dominant long‐eccentricity cycle.
Incidence of invasive Group B Streptococcal infection and the risk of infant death and cerebral palsy: a Norwegian Cohort Study
Authors: Mynarek Maren , Bjellmo Solveig , Lydersen Stian , Afset Jan E. , Andersen Guro L. , Vik Torstein
Published: July 2020

Background

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of invasive neonatal infection worldwide. In high-income countries mortality rates are 4–10%, and among survivors of GBS meningitis 30–50% have neurodevelopmental impairments. We hypothesized that invasive GBS infection was associated with increased risk of infant mortality and cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods

All children born alive in Norway during 1996–2012 were included. Data were collected from three national registers. Invasive GBS infection during infancy was categorized into early-onset disease (EOD), late-onset disease (LOD), and very late-onset disease (VLOD). Primary outcomes were infant mortality and CP.

Results

Invasive GBS infection was diagnosed in 625 children (incidence: 0.62 per 1000 live births; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57–0.67). The incidence of EOD was 0.41 (0.37–0.45), of LOD 0.20 (0.17–0.23), and of VLOD 0.012 (0.007–0.021). The annual incidence of LOD increased slightly. Among infected infants, 44 (7%) died (odds ratio (OR): 24.5; 95% CI: 18.0–33.3 compared with the background population). Among survivors, 24 (4.1%) children were later diagnosed with CP, compared with 1887 (0.19%) in the background population (OR: 22.9; 95% CI: 15.1–34.5).

Conclusion

Despite a relatively low incidence of invasive GBS infection in Norway, the risk of death and CP remains high. Improvements in prevention strategies are needed.

Impact

During the first decade of the twenty-first century, invasive GBS disease in infancy is still associated with high mortality.

Despite the overall low incidence of invasive GBS disease, the incidence of LOD increased during the study period.

The finding that invasive GBS infection in the neonatal period or during infancy is associated with an excess risk of CP, comparable to the risk following moderate preterm birth and moderate low Apgar scores, adds to the existing literature.

The results of this study emphasize the importance of adhering to guidelines and the need for better prevention strategies.
The model of cytokine release syndrome in CAR T-cell treatment for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Wei Jianshu , Liu Yang , Wang Chunmeng , Zhang Yajing , Tong Chuan , Dai Guanghai , Wang Wei , Rasko John E. J. , Melenhorst J. Joseph , Qian Wenbin , Liang Aibin , Han Weidong
Published: July 2020

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of haematologic malignancies. However, the accompanying adverse events, the most common of which is cytokine release syndrome (CRS), substantially limit its wide application. Due to its unique physiological characteristics, CRS in CAR T-cell treatment for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) may exhibit some special features. Although existing guidelines had greatly promoted the recognition and management of CRS, many recommendations are not fully applicable to B-NHL. Therefore, it is imperative to identify responses that are specific to CRS observed following CAR T treatment for B-NHL. Based on underlying biological processes and known pathophysiological mechanisms, we tentatively propose a new model to illustrate the occurrence and evolution of CAR T-cell-therapy-related CRS in B-NHL. In this model, tumour burden and bone marrow suppression are considered determinants of CRS. Novel phenomena after CAR T-cell infusion (such as local inflammatory response) are further identified. The proposed model will help us better understand the basic biology of CRS and recognize and manage it more rationally.
Facilitating patient-centred care for special care dentistry patients: A Quality Improvement Project in the Community Dental Service
Authors: Nic Iomhair Aoife , John Miriam
Published: July 2020

Aim

A Quality Improvement Project in one of the Special Care Dentistry (SCD) specialist centres in the School of Dentistry in Belfast aimed to improve the identification of the specific dental care needs of SCD patients from information available in the clinical record.

Methods

The Model for Improvement was used to define project objectives and subsequently implement changes to practice aimed at achieving those objectives through Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles. Continuous data collection to monitor performance was undertaken throughout.

Design

A Patient Needs Assessment Tool to be used during new SCD patient assessments was designed and introduced, with subsequent changes to the defined process for use following analysis of the success of the initial intervention.

Results

The amount of information on relevant dental care needs identifiable from clinical records following new SCD patient assessments increased from 30 to 90%, whereas the time taken to identify the relevant information decreased from 2 min and 31 s to 17 s.

Conclusion

The use of a Patient Needs Assessment pro-forma can achieve significant improvements in the extent and accessibility of information available to assist in the planning and delivery of appropriate and equitable care for SCD patients.
CircATRNL1 promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition in endometriosis by upregulating Yes-associated protein 1 in vitro
Authors: Wang Dandan , Luo Yajuan , Wang Guangwei , Yang Qing
Published: July 2020

Endometriosis is a common and benign gynecological disorder but exhibits malignant features. However, the underlying pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis remain unclear. Circular RNAs have been demonstrated to participate in the occurrence and progression of multiple diseases. This study was aimed to explore the roles of circATRNL1 in endometriosis in vitro. Based on the results of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, we found significant upregulation of circATRNL1 and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), while downregulation of miR-141-3p and miR-200a-3p in ectopic tissues compared to eutopic tissues. The immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis showed differentially expressed epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers between EuEM and EcEM tissues. The in vitro assays indicated that overexpression of circATRNL1 could promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of Ishikawa cells, and induce EMT process, while circATRNL1 silencing showed the opposite effect. The mechanical investigation indicated that circATRNL1 upregulated YAP1 by sponging miR-141-3p and miR-200a-3p. Gain-of-function assays validated the inhibitory function of miR-141-3p and miR-200a-3p in endometriosis. The results of rescue assays confirmed the function of circATRNL1–miR-141-3p/miR-200a-3p–YAP1 axis on Ishikawa cells. Our findings demonstrate that abnormal upregulation of circATRNL1 regulates cell proliferation and motility and promotes EMT process via the miR-141-3p/miR-200a-3p–YAP1 axis in vitro, which could contribute to the progression of endometriosis.
An integrative ENCODE resource for cancer genomics
Authors: Zhang Jing , Lee Donghoon , Dhiman Vineet , Jiang Peng , Xu Jie , McGillivray Patrick , Yang Hongbo , Liu Jason , Meyerson William , Clarke Declan , Gu Mengting , Li Shantao , Lou Shaoke , Xu Jinrui , Lochovsky Lucas , Ung Matthew , Ma Lijia , Yu Shan , Cao Qin , Harmanci Arif , Yan Koon-Kiu , Sethi Anurag , Gürsoy Gamze , Schoenberg Michael Rutenberg , Rozowsky Joel , Warrell Jonathan , Emani Prashant , Yang Yucheng T. , Galeev Timur , Kong Xiangmeng , Liu Shuang , Li Xiaotong , Krishnan Jayanth , Feng Yanlin , Rivera-Mulia Juan Carlos , Adrian Jessica , Broach James R , Bolt Michael , Moran Jennifer , Fitzgerald Dominic , Dileep Vishnu , Liu Tingting , Mei Shenglin , Sasaki Takayo , Trevilla-Garcia Claudia , Wang Su , Wang Yanli , Zang Chongzhi , Wang Daifeng , Klein Robert J. , Snyder Michael , Gilbert David M. , Yip Kevin , Cheng Chao , Yue Feng , Liu X. Shirley , White Kevin P. , Gerstein Mark
Published: July 2020

ENCODE comprises thousands of functional genomics datasets, and the encyclopedia covers hundreds of cell types, providing a universal annotation for genome interpretation. However, for particular applications, it may be advantageous to use a customized annotation. Here, we develop such a custom annotation by leveraging advanced assays, such as eCLIP, Hi-C, and whole-genome STARR-seq on a number of data-rich ENCODE cell types. A key aspect of this annotation is comprehensive and experimentally derived networks of both transcription factors and RNA-binding proteins (TFs and RBPs). Cancer, a disease of system-wide dysregulation, is an ideal application for such a network-based annotation. Specifically, for cancer-associated cell types, we put regulators into hierarchies and measure their network change (rewiring) during oncogenesis. We also extensively survey TF-RBP crosstalk, highlighting how SUB1, a previously uncharacterized RBP, drives aberrant tumor expression and amplifies the effect of MYC, a well-known oncogenic TF. Furthermore, we show how our annotation allows us to place oncogenic transformations in the context of a broad cell space; here, many normal-to-tumor transitions move towards a stem-like state, while oncogene knockdowns show an opposing trend. Finally, we organize the resource into a coherent workflow to prioritize key elements and variants, in addition to regulators. We showcase the application of this prioritization to somatic burdening, cancer differential expression and GWAS. Targeted validations of the prioritized regulators, elements and variants using siRNA knockdowns, CRISPR-based editing, and luciferase assays demonstrate the value of the ENCODE resource.
Gradual polyploid genome evolution revealed by pan-genomic analysis of Brachypodium hybridum and its diploid progenitors
Authors: Gordon Sean P. , Contreras-Moreira Bruno , Levy Joshua J. , Djamei Armin , Czedik-Eysenberg Angelika , Tartaglio Virginia S. , Session Adam , Martin Joel , Cartwright Amy , Katz Andrew , Singan Vasanth R. , Goltsman Eugene , Barry Kerrie , Dinh-Thi Vinh Ha , Chalhoub Boulos , Diaz-Perez Antonio , Sancho Ruben , Lusinska Joanna , Wolny Elzbieta , Nibau Candida , Doonan John H. , Mur Luis A. J. , Plott Chris , Jenkins Jerry , Hazen Samuel P. , Lee Scott J. , Shu Shengqiang , Goodstein David , Rokhsar Daniel , Schmutz Jeremy , Hasterok Robert , Catalan Pilar , Vogel John P.
Published: July 2020

Our understanding of polyploid genome evolution is constrained because we cannot know the exact founders of a particular polyploid. To differentiate between founder effects and post polyploidization evolution, we use a pan-genomic approach to study the allotetraploid Brachypodium hybridum and its diploid progenitors. Comparative analysis suggests that most B. hybridum whole gene presence/absence variation is part of the standing variation in its diploid progenitors. Analysis of nuclear single nucleotide variants, plastomes and k-mers associated with retrotransposons reveals two independent origins for B. hybridum, ~1.4 and ~0.14 million years ago. Examination of gene expression in the younger B. hybridum lineage reveals no bias in overall subgenome expression. Our results are consistent with a gradual accumulation of genomic changes after polyploidization and a lack of subgenome expression dominance. Significantly, if we did not use a pan-genomic approach, we would grossly overestimate the number of genomic changes attributable to post polyploidization evolution.
Developmental GABA polarity switch and neuronal plasticity in Bioengineered Neuronal Organoids
Authors: Zafeiriou Maria-Patapia , Bao Guobin , Hudson James , Halder Rashi , Blenkle Alica , Schreiber Marie-Kristin , Fischer Andre , Schild Detlev , Zimmermann Wolfram-Hubertus
Published: July 2020

Brain organoids are promising tools for disease modeling and drug development. For proper neuronal network formation excitatory and inhibitory neurons as well as glia need to co-develop. Here, we report the directed self-organization of human induced pluripotent stem cells in a collagen hydrogel towards a highly interconnected neuronal network at a macroscale tissue format. Bioengineered Neuronal Organoids (BENOs) comprise interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons with supportive astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Giant depolarizing potential (GDP)-like events observed in early BENO cultures mimic early network activity of the fetal brain. The observed GABA polarity switch and reduced GDPs in >40 day BENO indicate progressive neuronal network maturation. BENOs demonstrate expedited complex network burst development after two months and evidence for long-term potentiation. The similarity of structural and functional properties to the fetal brain may allow for the application of BENOs in studies of neuronal plasticity and modeling of disease.
Quantum advantage in postselected metrology
Authors: Arvidsson-Shukur David R. M. , Yunger Halpern Nicole , Lepage Hugo V. , Lasek Aleksander A. , Barnes Crispin H. W. , Lloyd Seth
Published: July 2020

In every parameter-estimation experiment, the final measurement or the postprocessing incurs a cost. Postselection can improve the rate of Fisher information (the average information learned about an unknown parameter from a trial) to cost. We show that this improvement stems from the negativity of a particular quasiprobability distribution, a quantum extension of a probability distribution. In a classical theory, in which all observables commute, our quasiprobability distribution is real and nonnegative. In a quantum-mechanically noncommuting theory, nonclassicality manifests in negative or nonreal quasiprobabilities. Negative quasiprobabilities enable postselected experiments to outperform optimal postselection-free experiments: postselected quantum experiments can yield anomalously large information-cost rates. This advantage, we prove, is unrealizable in any classically commuting theory. Finally, we construct a preparation-and-postselection procedure that yields an arbitrarily large Fisher information. Our results establish the nonclassicality of a metrological advantage, leveraging our quasiprobability distribution as a mathematical tool.
Molecular mechanisms underlying menthol binding and activation of TRPM8 ion channel
Authors: Xu Lizhen , Han Yalan , Chen Xiaoying , Aierken Aerziguli , Wen Han , Zheng Wenjun , Wang Hongkun , Lu Xiancui , Zhao Zhenye , Ma Cheng , Liang Ping , Yang Wei , Yang Shilong , Yang Fan
Published: July 2020

Menthol in mints elicits coolness sensation by selectively activating TRPM8 channel. Although structures of TRPM8 were determined in the apo and liganded states, the menthol-bounded state is unresolved. To understand how menthol activates the channel, we docked menthol to the channel and systematically validated our menthol binding models with thermodynamic mutant cycle analysis. We observed that menthol uses its hydroxyl group as a hand to specifically grab with R842, and its isopropyl group as legs to stand on I846 and L843. By imaging with fluorescent unnatural amino acid, we found that menthol binding induces wide-spread conformational rearrangements within the transmembrane domains. By Φ analysis based on single-channel recordings, we observed a temporal sequence of conformational changes in the S6 bundle crossing and the selectivity filter leading to channel activation. Therefore, our study suggested a ‘grab and stand’ mechanism of menthol binding and how menthol activates TRPM8 at the atomic level.