bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Essential Dynamics of Secondary Eyewall Formation
Authors: Abarca Sergio F. , Montgomery Michael T.
Published: May 2013

The authors conduct an analysis of the dynamics of secondary eyewall formation in two modeling frameworks to obtain a more complete understanding of the phenomenon. The first is a full-physics, three-dimensional mesoscale model in which the authors examine an idealized hurricane simulation that undergoes a canonical eyewall replacement cycle. Analysis of the mesoscale simulation shows that secondary eyewall formation occurs in a conditionally unstable environment, questioning the applicability of moist-neutral viewpoints and related mathematical formulations thereto for studying this process of tropical cyclone intensity change. The analysis offers also new evidence in support of a recent hypothesis that secondary eyewalls form via a progressive boundary layer control of the vortex dynamics in response to a radial broadening of the tangential wind field.

The second analysis framework is an axisymmetric, nonlinear, time-dependent, slab boundary layer model with radial diffusion. When this boundary layer model is forced with the aforementioned mesoscale model's radial profile of pressure at the top of the boundary layer, it generates a secondary tangential wind maximum consistent with that from the full-physics, mesoscale simulation. These findings demonstrate that the boundary layer dynamics alone are capable of developing secondary wind maxima without prescribed secondary heat sources and/or invocation of special inertial stability properties of the swirling flow either within or above the boundary layer. Finally, the time-dependent slab model reveals that the simulated secondary wind maximum contracts inward, as secondary eyewalls do in mesoscale models and in nature, pointing to a hitherto unrecognized role of unbalanced dynamics in the eyewall replacement cycle.
Observation patterns of dynamic occupational performance
Authors: MacKenzie Diane E. , Westwood David A.
Published: May 2013

Background

Visual observation is a key component of both formal and informal occupational performance assessment, but it is unknown how therapists gather this visual information.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore observational behaviour of occupational therapists and non–health care professionals when watching videos of simulated clients post-stroke participating in everyday activity.

Method

Ten licensed occupational therapists and 10 age-, gender-, and education level–matched participants completed this eye-tracking study.

Findings

Contrary to our past work with static image viewing, we found limited evidence of differences in eye movement characteristics between the two groups, although results did support the role of bottom-up information, such as visual motion, as a determinant of looking behaviour.

Implications

These results suggest that understanding observational behaviour in therapists can be aided with eye-tracking methodology, but future studies should probe a broad range of factors that might influence observational behaviour and performance, such as assessment goals, knowledge, and therapist experience.
Perceptions of Barriers in Managing Diabetes
Authors: Hu Jie , Amirehsani Karen , Wallace Debra C. , Letvak Susan
Published: May 2013

Purpose

Hispanics show poorer self-management of type 2 diabetes than non-Hispanic whites. Although previous studies have reported socioeconomic and cultural barriers to diabetes self-management by Hispanics, little is known about perceived barriers to diabetes self-management from the perspectives of both Hispanics and their family members. The purpose of the study was to explore perceived barriers among Hispanic immigrants with diabetes and their family members.

Methods

A qualitative study using 5 focus groups was conducted. A total of 73 Hispanic immigrants with type 2 diabetes (n = 36) and family members (n = 37) were recruited in the southeastern United States for a family-based intervention study of diabetes-self management. Participants were asked to describe their perceptions of barriers to self-management. The 5 sessions were audiotaped and transcribed, translated from Spanish into English, and analyzed using standard content analysis. Demographics, hemoglobin A1C levels, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI) were obtained both for participants with diabetes and for their family members.

Results

Barriers to diabetes self-management identified by participants with diabetes were in 3 major themes categorized as: suffering from diabetes, difficulties in managing the disease, and lack of resources/support. Two key themes emerged pertaining to family members: we can provide support and we lack knowledge.

Conclusions

Perceived barriers to diabetes self-management described by Hispanic immigrants with diabetes and family members indicate a lack of intervention strategies to meet their needs. Interventions should include culturally relevant resources, family support, and diabetes self-management skills education.
Bengal’s Southern Frontier, 1757 to 1948
Authors: Sarkar Sutapa Chatterjee
Published: May 2013

The forests of the Sundarbans, located in the southernmost parts of West Bengal in India and south-western Bangladesh, remain synonymous with the Royal Bengal Tiger and, to some extent, the mangrove forests unique to South Asia. The principal strands in the story of the region centre around the contest between the tiger and the forest dweller—in other words, the conflict between and co-existence of man and nature. This struggle took the form of reclamation and of putting the forests to the plough. Down the ages there have been several efforts to reclaim forests and set up human habitation in this region. Before the advent of British rule in India most were individual efforts. Those made during British rule were largely successful in bringing in people of various origins into the region. Despite the slow pace of development compared to the rest of Bengal, the face of the Sundarbans then changed forever. Changes in settlement patterns and the stratification of society led to changes in human relations. The region suffered denudation and deforestation. In fact, ultimately as social stratification increased and exploitation intensified, tensions exploded in the form of the Tebhaga movement (1946).
Engineering bone tissue using human dental pulp stem cells and an osteogenic collagen-hydroxyapatite-poly (l-lactide-co-ɛ-caprolactone) scaffold
Authors: Akkouch Adil , Zhang Ze , Rouabhia Mahmoud
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to design a new natural/synthetic bioactive bone scaffold for potential use in bone replacement applications. We developed a tri-component osteogenic composite scaffold made of collagen (Coll), hydroxyapatite (HA) and poly(l-lactide-co-ɛ-caprolactone) (PLCL). This Coll/HA/PLCL composite scaffold was combined with human osteoblast-like cells obtained by differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) to engineer bone tissue in vitro. Results show that the 3D Coll/HA/PLCL composite scaffold was highly porous, thereby enabling osteoblast-like cell adhesion and growth. Cultured in the Coll/HA/PLCL scaffold, the osteoblast-like cells expressed different osteogenic genes, produced alkaline phosphatase and formed nodules more than did PLCL alone. Micro-CT analyses revealed a significant (30%) increase of tissue mineralisation on the surface as well as inside of the Coll/HA/PLCL scaffold, thus confirming its effectiveness as a bone regeneration platform.
Ready for the Storm: Education for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation1
Authors: Kagawa Fumiyo , Selby David
Published: May 2013

Incidences of disaster and climate change impacts are rising globally. Disaster risk reduction and climate change education are two educational responses to present and anticipated increases in the severity and frequency of hazards. They share significant complementarities and potential synergies, the latter as yet largely unexploited. Three dimensions of climate change education—understanding and attentiveness, mitigation and adaptation— are identified and explored as corresponding to key elements in disaster risk reduction education. While international bodies advocate the alignment of the two focuses, we are still only on the threshold of their alignment in practice within curriculum. Both focuses also align in their embrace of an interactive, experiential and participatory pedagogy. An educational contribution to a sustainable future must necessarily address disaster risk reduction and climate change.
The Impact of Group Music Therapy on Depression and Cognition in Elderly Persons With Dementia
Authors: Chu Hsin , Yang Chyn-Yng , Lin Yu , Ou Keng-Liang , Lee Tso-Ying , O’Brien Anthony Paul , Chou Kuei-Ru
Published: May 2013

Objective:

The aims of this study were to determine the effectiveness of group music therapy for improving depression and delaying the deterioration of cognitive functions in elderly persons with dementia.

Method:

The study had a prospective, parallel-group design with permuted-block randomization. Older persons with dementia ( N = 104) were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The experimental group received 12 sessions of group music therapy (two 30-min sessions per week for 6 weeks), and the control group received usual care. Data were collected 4 times: (1) 1 week before the intervention, (2) the 6th session of the intervention, (3) the 12th session of the intervention, and (4) 1 month after the final session.

Results:

Group music therapy reduced depression in persons with dementia. Improvements in depression occurred immediately after music therapy and were apparent throughout the course of therapy. The cortisol level did not significantly decrease after the group music therapy. Cognitive function significantly improved slightly at the 6th session, the 12th session, and 1 month after the sessions ended; in particular, short-term recall function improved. The group music therapy intervention had the greatest impact in subjects with mild and moderate dementia.

Conclusion:

The group music intervention is a noninvasive and inexpensive therapy that appeared to reduce elders’ depression. It also delayed the deterioration of cognitive functions, particularly short-term recall function. Group music therapy may be an appropriate intervention among elderly persons with mild and moderate dementia.
Intraluminal Crossing of Near-Impenetrable Occlusions by Balloon-Assisted Battering Ram Technique
Authors: Aerden Dimitri , Debing Erik , Brande Pierre Van den
Published: May 2013

Purpose:

Subintimal crossing of total occlusions and acquiring reentry into the true lumen may be hazardous in highly calcified lesions, with or without the use of expensive reentry devices. Even when desirable, intraluminal crossing may not be feasible, because the guidewire tends to follow a path of least resistance between the intimal plaque and the adventitia.

Technique:

A standard percutaneous transluminal angioplasty balloon is positioned just above the proximal cap of the occlusion and insufflated to 6 atmosphere. The balloon is used (1) to increase guidewire support close to the lesion and (2) for centralization purposes (limiting lateral movement of the guidewire). The ultra stiff back end of a regular guidewire can then be used to target the center of the cap while repeatedly pounding against it until it breaches.

Conclusions:

The balloon-assisted battering ram technique may be attempted if intraluminal crossing is warranted before resorting to other complicated, expensive devices.
Prognostic significance of peripheral monocyte count in patients with extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Huang Jia-Jia , Li Ya-Jun , Xia Yi , Wang Yu , Wei Wen-Xiao , Zhu Ying-Jie , Lin Tong-Yu , Huang Hui-Qiang , Jiang Wen-Qi , Li Zhi-Ming
Published: May 2013

Background

Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKL) has heterogeneous clinical manifestations and prognosis. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic impact of absolute monocyte count (AMC) in ENKL, and provide some immunologically relevant information for better risk stratification in patients with ENKL.

Methods

Retrospective data from 163 patients newly diagnosed with ENKL were analyzed. The absolute monocyte count (AMC) at diagnosis was analyzed as continuous and dichotomized variables. Independent prognostic factors of survival were determined by Cox regression analysis.

Results

The AMC at diagnosis were related to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with ENKL. Multivariate analysis identified AMC as independent prognostic factors of survival, independent of International Prognostic Index (IPI) and Korean prognostic index (KPI). The prognostic index incorporating AMC and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), another surrogate factor of immune status, could be used to stratify all 163 patients with ENKL into different prognostic groups. For patients who received chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (102 cases), the three AMC/ALC index categories identified patients with significantly different survivals. When superimposed on IPI or KPI categories, the AMC/ALC index was better able to identify high-risk patients in the low-risk IPI or KPI category.

Conclusion

The baseline peripheral monocyte count is shown to be an effective prognostic indicator of survival in ENKL patients. The prognostic index related to tumor microenvironment might be helpful to identify high-risk patients with ENKL.
Predictors of HIV serostatus disclosure to partners among HIV-positive pregnant women in Morogoro, Tanzania
Authors: Kiula Elizabeth S , Damian Damian J , Msuya Sia E
Published: May 2013

Background

Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) has been scaled, to more than 90% of health facilities in Tanzania. Disclosure of HIV results to partners and their participation is encouraged in the program. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, patterns and predictors of HIV sero-status disclosure to partners among HIV positive pregnant women in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania.

Methods

A cross sectional study was conducted in March to May 2010 among HIV-positive pregnant women who were attending for routine antenatal care in primary health care facilities of the municipality and had been tested for HIV at least one month prior to the study. Questionnaires were used to collect information on possible predictors of HIV disclosure to partners.

Results

A total of 250 HIV-positive pregnant women were enrolled. Forty one percent (102) had disclosed their HIV sero-status to their partners. HIV-disclosure to partners was more likely among pregnant women who were < 25 years old [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.2–4.1], who knew their HIV status before the current pregnancy [AOR = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.7–8.3], and discussed with their partner before testing [AOR = 6.9; 95% CI: 2.4–20.1]. Dependency on the partner for food/rent/school fees, led to lower odds of disclosure to partners [AOR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.1–0.7]. Nine out of ten women reported to have been counseled on importance of disclosure and partner participation.

Conclusions

Six in ten HIV positive pregnant women in this setting had not disclosed their results of the HIV test to their partners. Empowering pregnant women to have an individualized HIV-disclosure plan, strengthening of the HIV provider initiated counseling and testing and addressing economic development, may be some of the strategies in improving HIV disclosure and partner involvement in this setting.
The Dirichlet problem for the Laplace equation in supershaped annuli
Authors: Caratelli Diego , Gielis Johan , Tavkhelidze Ilia , Ricci Paolo E
Published: May 2013

The Dirichlet problem for the Laplace equation in normal-polar annuli is addressed by using a suitable Fourier-like technique. Attention is in particular focused on the wide class of domains whose boundaries are defined by the so-called ‘superformula’ introduced by Gielis. A dedicated numerical procedure based on the computer algebra system Mathematica© is developed in order to validate the proposed methodology. In this way, highly accurate approximations of the solution, featuring properties similar to the classical ones, are obtained.
Effect of alive weight on body composition and fatty acid content of farmed beluga sturgeon (Huso huso)
Authors: Ghomi Mohammad Reza , Nikoo Mehdi , Sohrabnezhad Mehdi
Published: May 2013

The correlation between alive weight of farmed beluga (Huso huso) (ranging from 1 to 89 kg) and body composition and fatty acid content was examined for the first time. In all weight groups, the content of protein, fat, moisture, and ash varied as follows: protein 11.2% to 18.63%, fat 1.40% to 6.0%, moisture 65.77% to 80.4%, and ash 0.54% to 1.4%. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were the most predominant fatty acids (43.11%) followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; 28.02%) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs; 20.72%). The content of protein, SFAs (C16:0, C18:0, and C20:0), and PUFAs (C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) and the n-3/n-6 ratio showed a significant correlation (P < 0.01) with body weight. The content of n-3 (ranging from 6.99% to 11.72%) and n-6 (ranging from 10.82% to 28.21%) fatty acids, EPA (ranging from 0.85% to 2.66%), and DHA (ranging from 3.18% to 7.58%) and the n-3/n-6 ratio (ranging from 0.24 to 1.04) increased significantly with increasing body weight of beluga (P < 0.01), while MUFA and the DHA/EPA ratio were not correlated with the body weight of the fish. The results of this study indicated that protein content and essential n-3 PUFA were influenced by body weight.
Analytic solutions to the joint estimation of microseismic event locations and effective velocity model
Authors: Blias Emil , Grechka Vladimir
Published: May 2013

Obtaining hypocenters of microseismic events, a primary task in mining, geothermal, and hydraulic-fracturing applications of induced seismicity, requires a velocity model for computing those hypocenters. In our paper, relying on a notion that information provided by microseismic events themselves enables one to construct a velocity model and calculate the event hypocenters in that model, we derive exact analytic solutions to the joint velocity-estimation/event-location problem for downhole microseismic data acquired in homogeneous isotropic media. We show that traveltimes and polarization vectors of the direct P- and S-waves excited by a microseismic event and recorded by a string of receivers placed in one or two vertical wells not only uniquely constrain the event location and the medium velocities but also entail a straightforward analysis of the uncertainties of those estimates caused by the presence of noise in the data. Although the P- and S-wave velocities calculated analytically under the assumption of the medium homogeneity cannot fully absorb the complexity of heterogeneous subsurface models, they become the proper effective velocities for a given microseismic event, and the corresponding event location—which is no longer exact even for noise-free data—might serve as a useful initial guess for more sophisticated event-location techniques that account for the velocity heterogeneity.
Liquefaction at Strong Motion Stations and in Urayasu City during the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake
Authors: Cox Brady R. , Boulanger Ross W. , Tokimatsu Kohji , Wood Clinton M. , Abe Akio , Ashford Scott , Donahue Jennifer , Ishihara Kenji , Kayen Robert , Katsumata Kota , Kishida Tadahiro , Kokusho Takaji , Mason H. Benjamin , Moss Robb , Stewart Jonathan P. , Tohyama Kazushi , Zekkos Dimitrios
Published: May 2013

The 2011 MW = 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake generated a large number of unique soil liquefaction case histories, including cases with strong ground motion recordings on liquefiable or potentially liquefiable soils. We have compiled a list of 22 strong motion stations (SMS) where surface evidence of liquefaction was observed and 16 SMS underlain by geologically recent sediments or fills where surface evidence of liquefaction was not observed. Pre-earthquake standard penetration test data and borehole shear wave velocity ( Vs) profiles are available for some stations, but critical information, such as grain size distribution and fines plasticity, are often lacking. In the heavily damaged city of Urayasu, we performed post-earthquake cone penetration testing at seven SMS and Vs profiles, using surface wave methods at 28 additional locations to supplement existing geotechnical data. We describe the liquefaction effects in Urayasu, the available site characterization data, and our initial data interpretations.
Securing Tohoku's Future: Planning for Rebuilding in the First Year following the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and Tsunami
Authors: Iuchi Kanako , Johnson Laurie A. , Olshansky Robert B.
Published: May 2013

One year after the Tohoku-oki earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011, many coastal communities in Japan's Tohoku region show little progress in rebuilding. Yet as this paper explains, localities, along with affected prefectures and the national government, have been embroiled in a complex, iterative planning process that has involved scientific modeling of future tsunami risk scenarios, difficult decisions about future land uses and funding for reconstruction, and the creation of new polices, programs, and institutions. Taking time to plan conflicts with the urgency to rebuild, but it also provides an opportunity to reflect local needs and to coalesce on a shared vision for rebuilding. While Tohoku's future still remains uncertain, these planning efforts may ultimately lay the foundation for a successful and efficient recovery. Conversely, they may cause unnecessary delays that only exacerbated the region's already fragile economy and community well-being.
Damage to Steel Buildings Observed after the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake
Authors: Okazaki Taichiro , Lignos Dimitrios G. , Midorikawa Mitsumasa , Ricles James M. , Love Jay
Published: May 2013

A joint U.S.–Japan reconnaissance team examined the damage to steel building structures caused by the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake. In the city of Sendai, where the peak horizontal ground acceleration exceeded 1 g, the majority of steel buildings performed well. Buildings that used older cladding systems for external finish sustained damage to their claddings even if their structural performance was excellent. Damage to a few braced frames offer insight into the seismic design of bracing connections. In areas attacked by the violent tsunami, many steel buildings stood upright after the tsunami subsided, although these buildings lost much of their external and internal finishes along with their contents. These steel buildings did not provide safe shelter for tsunami evacuation when the building submerged under the tsunami wave. A number of buildings suffered foundation failure, which was likely caused by scouring or liquefaction or a combination of multiple effects.
Recorded Responses of Building Structures during the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake with Some Implications for Design Practice
Authors: Okawa Izuru , Kashima Toshihide , Koyama Shin , Iiba Masanori
Published: May 2013

During the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, a large number of response records from various types of buildings were obtained. The records give us the actual motions of buildings during the exceptionally large earthquakes that are considered comparable with design earthquakes. Various types of earthquake response records have been collected, and their properties with several buildings that will exhibit implications for structural design are discussed.
The yeast cell cortical protein Num1 integrates mitochondrial dynamics into cellular architecture
Authors: Klecker Till , Scholz Dirk , Förtsch Johannes , Westermann Benedikt
Published: May 2013

During the cell cycle each organelle has to be faithfully partitioned to the daughter cells. However, the mechanisms controlling organellar inheritance remain poorly understood. We studied the contribution of the cell cortex protein, Num1, to mitochondrial partitioning in yeast. Live cell microscopy revealed that Num1 is required for attachment of mitochondria to the cell cortex and retention in mother cells. Visualization of anchoring sites by electron tomography revealed plasma membrane invaginations directly contacting the mitochondrial outer membrane. Expression of chimeric plasma membrane tethers rescued mitochondrial fission defects in Δnum1 and Δmdm36 mutants. These findings provide new insights into the coupling of mitochondrial dynamics, immobilization, and retention during inheritance.
CT evaluation of spontaneously ruptured renal angiomyolipomas with massive hemorrhage spreading into multi-retroperitoneal fascia and fascial spaces
Authors: Lu Chun-Yan , Min Peng-Qiu , Wu Bing
Published: May 2013

Background

Renal angiomyolipomas (RAMLs) can spontaneously rupture and induce hemorrhage that is usually confined to the perirenal space (PS) but may spread beyond the PS into other retroperitoneal fascia and fascial spaces, including up to the subdiaphramatic and down to pelvic extra-peritoneal regions.

Purpose

To evaluate the computed tomography (CT) manifestations of renal angiomyolipoma (RAML) associated with spontaneous rupture and massive hemorrhage spreading beyond the PS into other retroperitoneal fascia and fascial spaces, including up to the subdiaphramatic and down to pelvic extra-peritoneal regions.

Material and Methods

The CT scans of seven patients with spontaneously ruptured of RAMLs and massive hemorrhage (surgically and pathologically confirmed) were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated the CT signs of the RAML itself and the regions with extensive retroperitoneal spreading after RAML rupture.

Results

The CT manifestations of seven cases with RAML spontaneous rupture and massive hemorrhage included the following: (a) RAML signs: size (>4.0 cm, five patients; <4.0 cm, two patients), location (periphery, six patients; central portion, one patient), component (fat tissue included, seven patients), and boundary (poorly revealed, seven patients); and (b) signs of extensive retroperitoneal spreading after RAML rupture: involving the PS and extending beyond the PS (seven patients); spread to the pelvic extraperitoneal space (seven patients); attached to the subdiaphragmatic extraperitoneal region (four patients); and extended to the contralateral retroperitoneal spaces (six patients).

Conclusion

CT scans clearly depict both the primary tumor and complicated signs of a spontaneously ruptured RAML with massive hemorrhage, which can affect other fascial planes and retroperitoneal spaces and can extend upward to the subdiaphragmatic region and downward to the pelvic extraperitoneal region or communicate with the contralateral side.
Unusual imaging profile of a solitary splenic lymphangioma
Authors: Eghtedari Mohammad , Sicklick Jason , Kono Yuko , Peterson Michael R , Santillan Cynthia S
Published: May 2013

Splenic lymphangioma is a rare, benign lesion of the spleen that is characterized microscopically by a proliferation of thin-walled vascular channels filled by proteinacious material. Based on microscopic features, three types of lymphangiomas are described as simple capillary, cavernous, and cystic; however, the distinction between these types is not uniformly accepted. The cystic type is the most common type and has well described imaging characteristics. However, little is known about the less common cavernous and capillary forms of lymphangioma. Herein, we present a case of a patient with two synchronous colon cancers that presented with a concomitant splenic mass that was initially suspected to be metastatic disease. Despite the use of multiple imaging modalities including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear imaging, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, the final diagnosis of cavernous lymphangioma was made following core needle biopsy of the lesion. A thorough review of literature and this case now demonstrate the difficulty in differentiating atypical forms of splenic lymphangiomas from other benign lesions such as hemangioma.
Crystal structure of dimethyl 1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-6-ene-(8R)-[(3,5- dinitrobenzoyl)oxa]-(2R,3R)-dicarboxylate, C19H18N2O12
Authors: Linker Torsten , Fudickar Werner , Kelling Alexandra , Schilde Uwe
Published: May 2013

C19H18N2O12, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 6.2472(6) Å, b = 17.576(2) Å, c = 18.848(3) Å, V = 2069.6 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0393, wRref(F2) = 0.0694, T = 210 K.
Soldiers and Civilians
Authors: Schaefer Timo
Published: May 2013

This article examines the history of warfare in the largely indigenous Mixteca region in Oaxaca during the Mexican War of Independence. Paying special attention to the relation between royalist and insurgent armies and native Mixtecans, the article argues that in the years 1814 and 1815, warfare became a pervasive fact for people. Unlike people in other regions of Mexico, however, Mixtecans showed relatively little interest in the war’s political and ideological stakes. Their engagement with modern Mexico’s foundational war took place largely on the level of military violence.

Este artículo analiza la historia de la guerra en la región primordialmente indígena de Oaxaca durante independencia de México. Prestando especial atención a las relaciones entre los ejércitos realista e insurgente y los mixtecos nativos, el artículo sostiene que en los años 1814 y 1815 la guerra se convirtió en un hecho generalizado para el pueblo. A diferencia de muchas otras regiones de México, empero, la Mixteca mostró relativamente poco interés en los intereses políticos e ideológicos de la guerra. Su involucramiento en la guerra fundacional del México moderno ocurrió en gran medida en el nivel de la violencia militar.
Anomia institucional, espacialidad y temporalidad en las muertes asociadas a la lucha contra la delincuencia organizada en México
Authors: Vilalta Carlos J.
Published: May 2013

En este artículo se analizan los elementos geográficos y temporales de las muertes por ejecución, enfrentamiento y agresiones a la autoridad asociadas a la lucha contra la delincuencia organizada en México. Desde un enfoque espacio-temporal y sobre la base de la teoría de la anomia institucional, además de detectar varios patrones y procesos espaciales y temporales distintivos de la lucha, se encuentran algunos factores anómicos que operan como correlativos de la aceleración y agravamiento de la lucha. Se ofrece una discusión al respecto de los hallazgos y se sugieren ángulos de investigación para análisis posteriores.

In this article I analyze the geographical and temporal components of deaths by execution, confrontation and aggression towards authority associated to the war against organized crime in Mexico. Using a spatiotemporal approach and based on institutional anomie theory, various patterns and distinctive spatial and temporal processes of struggle may be detected, as well as some anomic factors that function correlatively to the acceleration and aggravation of the struggle. The article discusses these findings and suggests research stances for further analysis.
Historical Roots of Rural Migration
Authors: Castillo-Muñoz Verónica
Published: May 2013

This article examines the human drama of displacement and the historical relationship between economic inequalities and rural migration in Nayarit, Mexico. It shows how during the 1940s indigenous peoples, in particular, were excluded from receiving agricultural subsidies for the cultivation of corn. The lack of subsidies spurred a massive outmigration of these communities to the Nayarit lowlands and the United States. This historical analysis will help us understand why rural Mexican workers adapted to a migrant life, which continues to this day.

Este artículo examina el drama humano del desplazamiento y la relación histórica entre las desigualdades económicas y la migración rural en Nayarit, México. En él, se muestra cómo durante la década de 1940 los habitantes indígenas, en particular, fueron excluidos de los subsidios agrícolas para el cultivo del maíz. La falta de subsidios alentó una emigración masiva de estas comunidades a las tierras bajas de Nayarit y Estados Unidos. Este análisis histórico nos ayudará a comprender por qué los trabajadores rurales mexicanos se adaptaron a la vida de migrantes, que sigue vigente hasta la fecha.
Genomic BLUP Decoded: A Look into the Black Box of Genomic Prediction
Authors: Habier David , Fernando Rohan L , Garrick Dorian J
Published: May 2013

Genomic best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is a statistical method that uses relationships between individuals calculated from single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to capture relationships at quantitative trait loci (QTL). We show that genomic BLUP exploits not only linkage disequilibrium (LD) and additive-genetic relationships, but also cosegregation to capture relationships at QTL. Simulations were used to study the contributions of those types of information to accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs), their persistence over generations without retraining, and their effect on the correlation of GEBVs within families. We show that accuracy of GEBVs based on additive-genetic relationships can decline with increasing training data size and speculate that modeling polygenic effects via pedigree relationships jointly with genomic breeding values using Bayesian methods may prevent that decline. Cosegregation information from half sibs contributes little to accuracy of GEBVs in current dairy cattle breeding schemes but from full sibs it contributes considerably to accuracy within family in corn breeding. Cosegregation information also declines with increasing training data size, and its persistence over generations is lower than that of LD, suggesting the need to model LD and cosegregation explicitly. The correlation between GEBVs within families depends largely on additive-genetic relationship information, which is determined by the effective number of SNPs and training data size. As genomic BLUP cannot capture short-range LD information well, we recommend Bayesian methods with t-distributed priors.
Avaliação de silagens de ramas de batata-doce
Authors: Figueiredo José Altair , Andrade Júnior Valter C de , Pereira Rosana Cristina , Ribeiro Karina G , Viana Daniel José S , Neiva Irã P
Published: May 2013

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar clones de batata-doce com potencial para uso na alimentação animal. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos ao acaso, com 11 clones e quatro repetições. Os clones avaliados fazem parte do banco de germoplasma da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, sendo: BD-06, BD-25, BD-15, BD-38, Cambraia, BD-31-TO, BD-67, BD-45, BD-42, BD-54 e a cultivar Brazlândia Rosada. Nas ramas coletadas do experimento foram avaliados o teor de matéria seca e as produtividades de massa verde e massa seca. Nas silagens de ramas foram avaliados o pH e os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), fósforo, cálcio e sódio. Não houve diferença significativa para a produtividade de massa verde e de massa seca das ramas entre os clones de batata-doce. As silagens produzidas caracterizam-se como volumosos de boa qualidade, apresentando teores satisfatórios de proteína bruta (11,59%), FDN (31,98 a 39,68%), FDA (29,65 a 35,45%) e NDT (62,90 a 66,91%), comprovando o potencial de utilização das ramas da batata-doce na forma de silagem.
Efficiency of micro piles in reinforcing embankments
Authors: Esmaeili Morteza , Gharouni Nik Morteza , Khayyer Farid
Published: May 2013

The construction of railway embankments on loose foundations using reinforcing elements results in improvement of the embankments' slope stability, which significantly reduces the amount of earthworks. In addition, reinforcement of foundation and embankment is essential to increase bearing capacity and minimise settlements. In this study, a preliminary numerical analysis was performed to design and set up a series of experimental tests for investigating the efficiency of micro piles in reinforcing the high railway embankments on loose foundation. To this end, two experimental models of embankment were explored: one without reinforcement and another reinforced with micro piles to stabilise the embankment slope. The minimised arrangement of micro piles to reinforce the experimental model was obtained according to the results of the preliminary numerical simulation using Plaxis-2D finite-element code. The experimental data included bearing capacity of the embankment, displacement of foundation and embankment and axial strain of the micro piles. Finally, the efficiency of micro piles in reinforcing high embankments on loose subgrades was assessed by comparing the experimental data of non-reinforced and reinforced embankments.
Theoretical Basis for Interpretation of Temperature Data During Acidizing Treatment of Horizontal Wells
Authors: Tabatabaei M.. , Zhu D.. , Hill A.D.. D.
Published: May 2013

Optimum fluid placement is crucial for successful acid-stimulation treatments of long horizontal wells where there is a broad variation of reservoir properties along the wellbore. Various methods have been developed and applied in the field to determine the fluid placement and effectiveness of the diversion process, but determining the injection profile during the course of matrix acidizing still remains a challenge. Recently, distributed temperature-sensing (DTS) technology has enabled us to observe the dynamic temperature profile along the wellbore during acid treatments. Quantitative interpretation of dynamic temperature data can provide an invaluable tool to assess the effectiveness of the treatment as well as optimize the treatment through on-the-fly modification of the treatment parameters such as volume, injection rate, and diversion method.

In this paper, we discuss how fluid placement can be quantified using dynamic temperature data. A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the temperature behavior along the wellbore during and shortly after acid treatments. This model couples a wellbore and a near-wellbore flow and thermal model considering the effect of both mass and heat transfer between the wellbore and the formation. The model accounts for all significant thermal processes involved during a treatment, including heat of reaction, conduction, and convection. Then, an inversion procedure is applied to interpret the acid-distribution profile from the measured temperature profiles.

To illustrate how to apply the model and analyze the DTS data, examples of matrix acidizing are presented. The temperature, flow, and pressure data were generated by a horizontal well-acidizing simulator. The inverse model is verified, and the effect of the distribution of stimulation fluid along the lateral and the effectiveness of the diversion processes on the transient temperature response is also discussed. We address some issues regarding solving the inverse problem and discuss the alternative methods of using warm-back information for cases in which inversion is difficult.
A Channel Network Model as a Framework for Characterizing Variably Saturated Flow in Biofilm‐Affected Soils
Authors: Rosenzweig Ravid , Furman Alex , Shavit Uri
Published: May 2013

Understanding and predicting the hydraulic properties of biofilm‐affected porous media is of high importance in bioremediation, filtration, and bioreactors. In this study, a channel network model was applied for characterizing the variably saturated flow in biofilm‐affected soils. The soil pores are represented by a network of interconnected channels having a triangular cross‐section in which the shape of the water surface is determined by the matric head. The channel network model provides a better representation of the pore space than the capillary bundle model by accounting for pore connectivity and allowing for dual occupancy at individual pores. The effect of the biofilm on the network hydraulic properties was analyzed by considering three synthetic scenarios for the biofilm spatial distribution. The first scenario assumed that the biofilms fully clogged the smallest pores; the second scenario assumed that the biofilm covered all pore walls in a layer of uniform thickness; and the third scenario assumed that the biofilm covered a uniform fraction of the pore cross‐sectional area. We showed that the biofilm spatial distribution has a significant effect on the flow and hydraulic properties. Moreover, pore connectivity plays a significant role when considering flow in biofilm‐affected soils and therefore must be taken into account. Finally, the simulations demonstrated that the effect of biofilms on the hydraulic properties of the network is a complicated and nonlinear function that depends not only on the biofilm scenario but also on the saturation.
Countryside Survey: National “Soil Change” 1978–2007 for Topsoils in Great Britain—Acidity, Carbon, and Total Nitrogen Status
Authors: Reynolds B. , Chamberlain P.M. , Poskitt J. , Woods C. , Scott W.A. , Rowe E.C. , Robinson D.A. , Frogbrook Z.L. , Keith A.M. , Henrys P.A. , Black H.I.J. , Emmett B.A.
Published: May 2013

Understanding “soil change” at the national scale, in addition to soil status, is a key challenge for national scale soil monitoring programs and is essential if more sustainable use of this finite resource is to be achieved. We present results from the first national scale survey of soil change to be reported three times within Europe and perhaps globally, covering a 30‐yr time span. Countryside Survey is an integrated national monitoring program that makes measurements of vegetation; topsoil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics (0–15 cm); water quality; and land use across Great Britain (GB), thus recognizing their interdependence. Here we report on change in fundamental soil chemical characteristics. Soil pH and loss on ignition (LOI) were measured in 1978, 1998, and 2007 and soil total nitrogen (total N) concentration and C/N ratio in 1998 and 2007. Bulk density was measured in 2007. Mean soil pH increased significantly in less acidic soils from 1978 through 1998 to 2007. Mean pH increased significantly in more acidic, organic‐rich soils from 1978 to 1998 but not between 1998 and 2007, indicating spatial trends in both sulfur deposition reductions and soil sensitivity. There was a small increase (8%) in GB topsoil C concentration (calculated from LOI) between 1978 and 1998, a small decrease (6.5%) between 1998 and 2007, and no significant overall change between 1978 and 2007. The unresolved difference between these results and those from the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales that reported wide‐scale large decreases in soil C concentrations in 2005 are discussed. There were unexpected small but significant decreases in total N concentration in many broad habitats despite continuing atmospheric nitrogen deposition. In seminatural and woodland habitats, this was accompanied by an increase in the C to N ratio, indicating one possible explanation is dilution of the nitrogen signal due to high C/N litter inputs resulting from increased primary productivity as reported elsewhere due to a range of global drivers such as increased CO2, N, and temperature. In arable systems, comparable rates of loss of C and N suggest erosion losses or deep plowing are reducing soil condition. The results are discussed in relation to the influences on soil processes of key drivers of environmental change and the importance of considering habitat‐specific trends.
Relation between Asymptomatic Proteinase 3 Antibodies and Future Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Authors: Olson Stephen W. , Owshalimpur David , Yuan Christina M. , Arbogast Charles , Baker Thomas P. , Oliver David , Abbott Kevin C.
Published: May 2013

Background and objectives

The subclinical pathogenesis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) has not been completely elucidated. Proteinase 3 (PR3) antibodies are strongly associated with GPA, but have not been evaluated before disease presentation.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This was a retrospective case-control serum bank study in which PR3 antibodies and C-reactive protein (CRP) in up to three longitudinal serum samples for 27 GPA patients before diagnosis (1 day–19 years) were compared with 27 controls whose serum samples were matched for age, sex, and race. This study analyzed all patients with American College of Rheumatology criteria–confirmed disease identified in the Department of Defense electronic medical records between 1990 and 2008.

Results

A greater percentage of GPA patients had at least one elevated PR3 antibody level (≥6 U/ml) as well as at least one detectable PR3 antibody level (>1 U/ml) before diagnosis compared with matching controls (63% [17 of 27] versus 0% [0 of 27], P<0.001; and 85% [23 of 27] versus 4% [1 of 27], P<0.001, respectively). A greater percentage of GPA patients had a >1 U/ml per year rate of increase in PR3 antibody level compared with matching controls (62% [21 of 26] versus 0% [0 of 26], P<0.001). PR3 antibody more frequently became elevated before CRP (67% [12 of 18] versus 33% [6 of 18], P=0.04).

Conclusions

Subclinical PR3 antibody presence, trajectory, and temporal relationship to CRP associates with the future diagnosis of GPA. This data set further elucidates the pathogenesis of GPA.
Two methods to solve a fractional single phase moving boundary problem
Authors: Li Xicheng , Wang Shaowei , Zhao Moli
Published: May 2013

A moving boundary problem of a melting problem is considered in this study. A mathematical model using the Caputo fractional derivative heat equation is proposed in the paper. Since moving boundary problems are difficult to solve for the exact solution, two methods are presented to approximate the evolution of the temperature. To simplify the computation, a similarity variable is adopted in order to reduce the partial differential equations to ordinary ones.
Analysis on the time and frequency domain for the RC electric circuit of fractional order
Authors: Guía Manule , Gómez Francisco , Rosales Juan
Published: May 2013

This paper provides an analysis in the time and frequency domain of an RC electrical circuit described by a fractional differential equation of the order 0 < α≤ 1. We use the Laplace transform of the fractional derivative in the Caputo sense. In the time domain we emphasize on the delay, rise and settling times, while in the frequency domain the interest is in the cutoff frequency, the bandwidth and the asymptotes in low and high frequencies. All these quantities depend on the order of differential equation.