bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approximate Multipliers And Approximate Double Centralizers: A fixed Point Approach
Authors: Bodaghi Abasalt , Eshaghi Gordji Madjid , Paykan Kamal
Published: May 2013

In the present paper, the Hyers-Ulam stability and also the super-stability of double centralizers and multipliers on Banach algebras are established by using a fixed point method. With this method, the condition of without order on Banach algebras is no longer necessary.
Antiallergic Effect of Anti–Siglec-F through Reduction of Eosinophilic Inflammation in Murine Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Kim Young Hyo , Park Chang-Shin , Lim Dae Hyun , Son Byong Kwan , Kim Jeong Hee , Ahn Sung-Hye , Bochner Bruce S. , Na Kwangmin , Jang Tae Young
Published: May 2013

Background

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-F (Siglec-F) in mice and its functional paralog Siglec-8 in humans are transmembrane receptors that play a role in the apoptosis of eosinophils. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of anti-Siglec-F antibodies in a murine model of allergic rhinitis.

Methods

Twenty-eight BALB/c mice were used. In group A (control group, n = 7), mice were sensitized and challenged with saline. In group B (ovalbumin [OVA] challenge group, n = 7), OVA was used for i.p. sensitization and intranasal challenge. Mice in group C (control IgG group, n = 7) or those in group D (anti-Siglec-F group, n = 7) had been given rabbit control IgG or anti-Siglec-F antibody injections, respectively. We assessed the number of nose-scratching events; serum total/OVA-specific IgE; the number of eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid; histopathological changes in nasal cavity tissues; and the levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in BAL fluid.

Results

Mice in group D had significantly less nose scratching. Serum total and OVA-specific IgE were not significantly changed. The number of eosinophils in BAL fluid and in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity mucosa was significantly decreased with anti-Siglec-F antibody treatment. The levels of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were also significantly decreased with anti-Siglec-F antibody treatment.

Conclusion

Anti-Siglec-F antibody has beneficial effects in a mouse model of experimental allergic rhinitis.
Ergonomic Considerations in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Lessons Learned from Laparoscopic Surgeons
Authors: Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Montero Paul N.
Published: May 2013

Background

Endoscopic sinus procedures are increasingly common, and more technically difficult procedures are being undertaken to provide patients with minimally invasive alternatives to traditional open surgical techniques. However, such endoscopic approaches have increasing physical demands on the surgeon. The aim of this review is to summarize current literature on surgical ergonomic principles as they relate to endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery and focus on future needs for our specialty.

Methods

Literature review was performed of surgical ergonomics and, particularly, laparoscopic ergonomic principles.

Results

Existing ergonomic principles for laparoscopic surgery can be applied to endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery and can be expected to offer benefits in terms of surgeon fatigue, physical discomfort, and task efficiency.

Conclusion

Increasing surgeon awareness will allow for many basic ergonomic principles to be applied to endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery. Although many simple changes can be immediately made, there is a clear need for further study and abundant room for innovation.
Neonatal Jaundice is a Risk Factor for Childhood Allergic Rhinitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sun Hai-Lun , Lue Ko-Huang , Ku Min-Sho
Published: May 2013

Background

This study evaluates the association between neonatal jaundice and childhood allergic rhinitis (AR).

Methods

Eleven thousand three hundred twenty-eight children were collected from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Their claims data were evaluated from birth to 10 years of age, and they were assigned to either the study (with neonatal jaundice) or the control (without neonatal jaundice) group. The diagnostic criteria for AR were at least three diagnoses of AR at outpatient services, one diagnosis of AR during an admission, or one diagnosis of AR in an emergency department. Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (ORs) were calculated after adjustment for the following confounders: preterm/low birth weight, neonatal infection, other respiratory conditions, other birth conditions, and gender. AR rate, AR onset time, the use of oral antihistamines/nasal corticosteroids, outpatient visit frequency for AR, lower respiratory infection (LRI) rates, sinusitis/otitis media/conjunctivitis rates, and the effect of phototherapy were evaluated.

Results

After adjustment for the confounding factors, the rate of AR was higher in icteric children (OR, 1.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.24~1.72). There was a higher incidence of AR in children <4 years old with icterus. The use of oral antihistamines, LRI rates, sinusitis rates, and otitis media rates were higher in the icteric children. There was no association between phototherapy and childhood AR.

Conclusion

Neonatal jaundice increased the rate and complications of childhood AR in subjects aged up to 10 years and may be a risk factor for childhood AR.
The Role of the Nose in Sleep-disordered Breathing
Authors: Meen Eric K. , Chandra Rakesh K.
Published: May 2013

Background

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a spectrum of airway collapse, ranging from primary snoring to profound obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Studies have shown an association between impaired nasal breathing and SDB; consequently, treatments of nasal obstruction are often used in an attempt to improve disease severity. The authors performed a review of the literature to determine the impact of nasal obstruction and the effectiveness of nonsurgical and surgical interventions on SDB.

Methods

Relevant literature up to 2012 on the association between nasal obstruction and SDB and effectiveness of nonsurgical and surgical treatment of the nose in SDB were reviewed.

Results

The literature is mostly limited to uncontrolled case series in which patient groups, interventions, disease definitions, and outcome measures are not standardized. Nasal medications, including intranasal steroids and nasal decongestants, have not been shown to improve either snoring or OSA. Nasal dilators have no impact on OSA but may improve snoring. Surgery for nasal obstruction does not improve objective indicators of SDB but can improve subjective elements of disease, such as snoring, sleepiness, and quality of life. Nasal surgery can facilitate continuous positive airway pressure use in cases where nasal obstruction is the factor limiting compliance.

Conclusion

Nasal obstruction plays a modulating, but not causative, role in SDB. Nasal interventions may improve subjective aspects of snoring and OSA but do not improve objective indicators of disease. Standardization of methods and higher evidence level studies will further clarify the benefit of nasal interventions in the treatment of SDB.
Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Pediatric Rhinitis Patients: The Difference between Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis
Authors: Kim Sang-Wook , Han Doo Hee , Lee Sun-Joo , Lee Chul Hee , Rhee Chae-Seo
Published: May 2013

Background

Numerous studies have examined the relationship of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to asthma or allergic rhinitis (AR). However, little is known regarding the association between BHR and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of BHR in pediatric patients with rhinitis and analyzed the difference between patients with AR and those with NAR.

Methods

A total of 227 subjects with rhinitis aged 6–15 years underwent a parental survey and laboratory tests, including skin-prick test and methacholine challenge test. Outcome variables were analyzed in relation to BHR.

Results

The prevalence of BHR was 55.7 and 25.5% in patients with AR and those with NAR, respectively. The persistency of rhinitis, blood eosinophil count, and baseline lung function were significantly associated with BHR in patients with AR, whereas individual or familial medical history, environmental factors, the serum immunoglobulin E level, the number of sensitized allergens, and the wheal size ratio of allergen to histamine did not affect the BHR rate. In multivariate analysis, the persistency of rhinitis was the only significant predictor of BHR in AR patients. However, persistent rhinitis symptoms did not increase the risk of BHR in NAR patients.

Conclusion

BHR occurs over two times more frequently in children with AR than in those with NAR. In addition, persistent nasal inflammation appears to increase the risk of BHR only in the presence of atopy.
Sinonasal Anatomy and Function
Authors: Dalgorf Dustin M. , Harvey Richard J.
Published: May 2013

An understanding of paranasal sinus anatomy based on important fixed landmarks rather than variable anatomy is critical to ensure safe and complete surgery. The concept of the paranasal surgical box defines the anatomic limits of dissection. The boundaries of the surgical box include the middle turbinate medially, orbital wall laterally, and skull base superiorly. The “vertical component” of the surgical box defines the boundaries of the frontal recess and includes the middle turbinate and intersinus septum medially, medial orbital wall and orbital roof laterally, nasofrontal beak anteriorly, and skull base and posterior table of frontal sinus posteriorly. The paranasal sinuses are divided into anterior, posterior, and sphenoidal functional cavities based on their distinct drainage pathways into the nose. The ultimate goal of surgery is to create a functional sinus cavity. Application of the paranasal surgical box and its vertical component enables the surgeon to view the limits of dissection with a single position of the endoscope. This will ensure complete dissection of the functional sinonasal compartments and effectively avoid leaving behind disconnected cells from the surgical cavity, mucocele formation, mucous recirculation, overcome obstructive phenomenon and enable maximal delivery of topical therapy in the post-operative setting. This article reviews the structure and function of the nasal cartilages and turbinates. It also describes the concept of the paranasal surgical box, key anatomical landmarks and limits of dissection. Normal anatomy and common variants of normal anatomy are discussed.
Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Duggal Praveen , Wise Sarah K.
Published: May 2013

Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (IFRS) is a disease of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity that typically affects immunocompromised patients in the acute fulminant form. Early symptoms can often mimic rhinosinusitis, while late symptoms can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Swelling and mucosal thickening can quickly progress to pale or necrotic tissue in the nasal cavity and sinuses, and the disease can rapidly spread and invade the palate, orbit, cavernous sinus, cranial nerves, skull base, carotid artery, and brain. IFRS can be life threatening if left undiagnosed or untreated. While the acute fulminant form of IFRS is the most rapidly progressive and destructive, granulomatous and chronic forms also exist. Diagnosis of IFRS often mandates imaging studies in conjunction with clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological examination. Treatment of IFRS consists of reversing the underlying immunosuppression, antifungal therapy, and aggressive surgical debridement. With early diagnosis and treatment, IFRS can be treated and increase patient survival.
Sinonasal Malignancies
Authors: Harvey Richard J. , Dalgorf Dustin M.
Published: May 2013

Malignant tumors of the sinonasal tract are uncommon tumors of the head and neck. Patients often present in the later years of life with unilateral symptoms and potential involvement of nearby structures such as the orbit, brain, or cranial nerves. Presenting symptoms are similar to patients suffering from inflammatory sinonasal disease and thus early diagnosis relies heavily on a high clinical suspicion. There are established risk factors based on exposure to the by-products of woodworking, metal, textile, and leather industries. Sinonasal malignancies are generally divided into those of epithelial origin (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma) and nonepithelial origin (olfactory neuroblastoma, chondrosarcoma, and mucosal melanoma). Accurate histopathology confirmation and staging of the tumor is critical prior to making treatment decisions. Both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are required to accurately determine the extent of local disease. Treatment is based on multimodality therapy, primarily surgical excision, and postoperative radiotherapy. This article reviews the classification of malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses, their clinical presentation, relevant diagnostic investigations, and the principals of therapy and management.
Granulomatous Diseases and Chronic Sinusitis
Authors: Kohanski Michael A. , Reh Douglas D.
Published: May 2013

Nasal crusting, rhinitis, and sinusitis are presentations of common conditions; however, these can also be the presenting symptoms of an underlying systemic disorder such as an infection, malignancy, or granulomatous disease. Granulomatous diseases with head and neck manifestations include Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and sarcoidosis. These diseases are managed through a multidisciplinary approach that often includes otolaryngologists. This article presents a brief review of granulomatous diseases and their rhinologic manifestations and includes relevant diagnostic tests and systemic and local treatment options.
Surgery for Sinonasal Disease
Authors: Higgins Thomas S. , Lane Andrew P.
Published: May 2013

Surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis is an effective complement to a well-designed medical regimen. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is among the most common surgeries performed for sinonasal disease refractory to maximal medical therapy. Nasal surgery techniques, such as septoplasty and inferior turbinate surgery, may assist in both relieving the symptom of nasal obstruction and providing access for sinus surgery. Although rare, open sinus techniques are occasionally required.
Differential Expression of Remodeling Markers by Tissue Structure in Nasal Polyposis
Authors: Callejas Francisco de Borja , Picado Cesar , Martínez-Antón Asunción , Alobid Isam , Pujols Laura , Valero Antonio , Roca-Ferrer Jordi , Mullol Joaquim
Published: May 2013

Background

Data on the expression and role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]) in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) are contradictory, partly because or the use of different techniques of tissue analysis. The aim of this study was to establish a qualitative/semiquantitative method of analysis on the expression of these remodeling markers in different tissue structures and eosinophils in both NPs and nasal mucosa (NM).

Methods

NP tissues were obtained from patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for severe CRSwNPs (n = 33) and NM tissues from patients undergoing nasal corrective surgery (n = 12). MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9) and TIMP type 1 (TIMP-1) expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in tissue structures (epithelium, glands, vessels, and extracellular matrix [ECM]) and eosinophils. Tissue eosinophilia was also analyzed in NP tissues.

Results

MMPs and TIMP-1 expression were found in the epithelium, glands, vessels, and ECM (in both NM and NP) and in eosinophils (only in NP). Significant (p < 0.01) findings were observed in NP compared with NM: increase in MMP-1 in ECM; decrease in MMP-2 in glands, vessels, and epithelium; decrease in MMP-7 in all tissue structures; increase in MMP-9 in ECM and decrease in epithelium and glands; and no differences in TIMP-1. NP tissues showed a clear eosinophilic inflammation compared with NM (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that (1) metalloproteases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9) may play an important role in the remodeling of NPs and/or in NP formation and (2) a differential analysis of tissue structures and inflammatory cells should be performed when studying remodeling marker expression and regulation in the upper airways.
Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Settipane Russell A. , Peters Anju T. , Chandra Rakesh
Published: May 2013

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the second most common chronic medical condition in the United States. It represents a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses of at least 12 weeks duration. CRS with or without nasal polyps is defined as inflammation of the nose characterized by two or more symptoms, one of which should be either nasal blockage, obstruction, congestion, or nasal discharge (anterior/posterior nasal drip); with or without facial pain/pressure; and/or with or without reduction or loss of smell. Symptomatology should be supported by obvious disease evident in either nasal endoscopy or computed tomography imaging. Although CRS is not likely to be cured by either medical or surgical therapy, it can generally be controlled. Best medical evidence supports maintenance therapy with intranasal corticosteroids and saline irrigation. For exacerbations, short to intermediate courses of antibiotics (up to 4-weeks) with or without oral corticosteroids are recommended. For patients with difficult-to-treat CRS, functional endoscopic sinus surgery provides an adjunctive therapeutic option.
Nasal Polyps
Authors: Settipane Russell A. , Peters Anju T. , Chiu Alexander G.
Published: May 2013

Nasal polyps occur in 1–4% of the population, usually occurring in the setting of an underlying local or systemic disease. The most common associated condition is chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). A high prevalence of nasal polyps is also seen in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and cystic fibrosis. In the setting of CRS, nasal polyps are not likely to be cured by either medical or surgical therapy; however, control is generally attainable. The best medical evidence supports the use of intranasal corticosteroids for maintenance therapy and short courses of oral corticosteroids for exacerbations. The evidence for short- and long-term antibiotics is much less robust. For patients with symptomatic nasal polyposis nonresponsive to medical therapies, functional endoscopic sinus surgery provides an adjunctive therapeutic option.
Nonallergic Rhinitis
Authors: Settipane Russell A. , Kaliner Michael A.
Published: May 2013

Rhinitis is characterized by one or more of the following nasal symptoms: congestion, rhinorrhea (anterior and posterior), sneezing, and itching. It is classified as allergic or nonallergic, the latter being a diverse syndrome that is characterized by symptoms of rhinitis that are not the result of IgE-mediated events. Excluding infectious rhinitis and underlying systemic diseases, clinical entities that can be classified among the disorders that make up the nonallergic rhinitis syndromes include gustatory rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES), atrophic, drug-induced (rhinitis medicamentosa), hormone induced, senile rhinitis (of the elderly), rhinitis associated with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps, and the idiopathic variant formerly known as vasomotor rhinitis but more accurately denoted as nonallergic rhinopathy (NAR). The prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis has been observed to be one-third that of allergic rhinitis, affecting ~7% of the U.S. population or ~22 million people. NAR is the most common of the nonallergic rhinitis subtypes, comprising at least two-thirds of all nonallergic rhinitis sufferers. Although certain precipitants such as perfume, strong odors, changes in temperature or humidity, and exposure to tobacco smoke are frequently identified as symptom triggers, NAR may occur in the absence of defined triggers. The diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis is purely clinical and relies on a detailed history and physical exam. Skin testing or in vitro testing to seasonal and perennial aeroallergens is required to make the diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis. Because of the heterogeneous nature of this group of disorders, treatment should be individualized to the patient's underlying pathophysiology and/or symptoms and is often empiric.
Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Settipane Russell A. , Schwindt Christina
Published: May 2013

Allergic rhinitis affects 60 million of the U.S. population, 1.4 billion of the global population, and its prevalence appears to be increasing. The duration and severity of allergic rhinitis symptoms place a substantial burden on patient's quality of life, sleep, work productivity, and activity. The health impact of allergic rhinitis is compounded by associated complications and comorbidities including asthma, otitis media, sinusitis, and nasal polyps. Allergic rhinitis symptoms result from a complex, allergen-driven mucosal inflammatory process, modulated by immunoglobulin E (IgE), and caused by interplay between resident and infiltrating inflammatory cells and a number of vasoactive and proinflammatory mediators, including cytokines. This allergic response may be characterized as three phases: IgE sensitization, allergen challenge, and elicitation of symptoms. A thorough allergic history is the best tool for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, the establishment of which is achieved by correlating the patient's history and physical exam with an assessment for the presence of specific IgE antibodies to relevant aeroallergens determined by skin testing or by in vitro assay. Management of allergic rhinitis includes modifying environmental exposures, implementing pharmacotherapy, and, in select cases, administering allergen-specific immunotherapy. Intranasal therapeutic options include antihistamines, anticholinergic agents, corticosteroids (aqueous or aerosol), mast cell stabilizers, saline, and brief courses of decongestants. Selection of pharmacotherapy is based on the severity and chronicity of symptoms with the most effective medications being intranasal corticosteroids and intranasal antihistamines, which can be used in combination (separately or in fixed dose) for more difficult to control allergic rhinitis.
Glass Fibre Reinforcement in Bridge Barrier Walls
Authors: Juette Ben , Sennah Khaled
Published: May 2013

A first world-wide vehicle crash test was conducted on a newly developed GFRP-reinforced PL- 3 bridge barrier system, incorporating bars with ribbed surface and headed ends. Results from tests qualified such innovative barrier system to resist vehicle impact per MASH crash test requirement. Crash test results showed that the developed barrier contained and redirected the vehicle. The vehicle did not penetrate or override the parapet. No detached elements, fragments, or other debris from the barrier were present to penetrate or show potential for penetrating the occupant compartment, or to present undue hazard to others in the area. No occupant compartment deformation occurred. The test vehicle remained upright during and after the collision event. The recorded crack pattern after crash testing shows signs of punching shear cracks, in contrast to the specified vertical flexural crack at the back face of the barrier wall and the two diagonal cracks at the front face of the barrier that form the basis for the AASHTOLRFD design yield-line failure equations.
Extended Life of Railway Bridges. Results from EC-FP7-project MAINLINE
Authors: Nilimaa Jonny , Blanksvärd Thomas , Täljsten Björn , Elfgren Lennart , Carolin Andres , Paulsson Björn
Published: May 2013

There is a need to extend the life of many existing railway bridges. To facilitate this is one of the objects of the EC-FP7-Project MAINLINE, covering a period from 2011 to 2014. Three case studies are presented here in which existing bridges are being studied in order to extend their life length: First a concrete trough bridge strengthened with post stressed bars in drilled holes through the slab is considered; followed by another concrete trough bridge strengthened with sawn in Near Surface Mounted Reinforcement (NSMR) of Carbon Fibre Reinforce Polymers (CFRP); and finally a steel truss bridge which will be loaded to failure to calibrate the assessment methods.
Modernisation and widening interventions of bridge structures on the Adriatic highway in Italy
Authors: Ferretti Torricelli Lucio , Indovino Andrea , Marchiondelli Alessandra
Published: May 2013

After the realization of the “Variante di Valico”, a new alignment aimed to double the A1 Milan-Naples highway in the Appenninic zone, the most important work currently under construction in Italy consists of the modernization of the Adriatic highway (A14 Bologna-Bari-Taranto), aimed to enlarge the highway carriageway by inserting the third traffic lane. Focusing the attention on the bridge structures only, the paper shows the most representative interventions realized to widen the existing bridges and viaducts, as well as to adequate the safety level to the most stringent requirements imposed by the actual Italian code.
Forgotten Material History of Historic Concrete
Authors: Heinemann Herdis A.
Published: May 2013

In this paper, an overview is given of the material history of early historic concrete, i.e. the late 19th and early 20th century. As interventions of historic concrete structures are increasing, for both for repair and conservation, more background information is necessary. Whereas the structural appraisal is commonly discussed, the material composition is less addressed. Better information on the historic concrete itself is essential, as the previously used constituents can influence the durability differently. A challenge hereby is that many details of the material history have been forgotten. Especially in the period before the 1940s, many rarities were applied and the pace of technological progress is frequently misconceived. The role of the national context is underestimated. To improve pre-investigations of historic concrete structures, timelines for the binders used and changing perceptions regarding aggregates are presented.
Temperature dependence of ballast stiffness on a railway bridge
Authors: Gonzalez Ignacio
Published: May 2013

In this study it is demonstrated that ballasted bridges can exhibit a step-like variation on the eigenfrequencies as the temperature varies. This change manifests as an important increase in the eigenfrequencies as temperature drop below 0 °C. The reason for this phenomenon is unknown but it is theorized that it is due to frozen water acting as a bonding agent between the ballast particles, increasing the stiffness of the ballast layer and thus the eigenfrequencies of the bridge. The step-like nature of the change and the fact that it occurs at around 0 °C seem to point in this direction. A Finite Element model of the bridge was developed to explore what elasticity modulus for the ballast would lead to an increment of the eigenfrequencies that matches the observed one.
Evaluation of the remaining lifetime of the piers of the railway bridge crossing the Little Belt, Denmark
Authors: Andersen Ole , Moerup Henrik , Christensen Knud
Published: May 2013

The bridge was constructed in the 1930s and is approximately 1.2 km long, and the only railway connection between the western and the eastern part of Denmark. The bridge crosses a narrow belt of the sea.

The bridge superstructure is a rivet steel girder structure, and recent investigations undertaken approximately 5 years ago indicated that the residual lifetime for the steel structure is 100 year. However, the preliminary investigations of the 4 main concrete piers situated in seawater indicated that some degradation of the concrete was occurring.

A detailed investigation of the concrete in the piers confirmed extensive cracking in 10 % of the concrete due to reactive aggregates from a local source.

Ingress of seawater into the piers accelerates the alkali-silica-reactions and has resulted in a built up of a very high chloride concentration in the concrete, which would normally cause severe corrosion of the reinforcement. But because of the lack of oxygen, only limited corrosion has yet occurred, and the strength of the reinforcement has only been affected to a minor degree.

Additionally, numerous samples were collected and tests carried out, including: Measuring the compressive strength on samples with severe cracking. The results concluded that the current strength of the structure was sufficient to achieve the necessary load bearing capacity.

Based on the results and conclusion from the field and laboratory campaign, a maintenance program will be prepared to ensure that future degradation can be controlled and the load bearing capacity remain sufficient.
Design of Energy Absorbing Structures for Barge Collision Protection of Bridge Piers
Authors: Pinto Federico , Luperi F. José , Prato Carlos A.
Published: May 2013

The design of bridge structures against barge collision generally relies on the assumption that flexible protection systems absorb the kinetic energy of the vessels by means of elastoplastic deformation. For large tows, however, protection systems become massive structures with considerable stiffness and yield loads that may become larger than that of the barge bow. Furthermore, when the stiffness of the impacted structure increases, the lashings that join together the tow may brake during the collision process; leading to a different energy absorption scenario.

The present paper shows a study of a flexible protection system for a bridge in Argentina, consisting of groups of drilled shafts. The barge tow is modeled in the analyses by means of a multiple degree of freedom non linear model, whereas the protection structure is represented by ist equivalent load deflection curve and mass, obtained in a separate nonlinear pushover analysis.

Results show that there are several sources of energy absorption, namely: elastoplastic deformation of the impacted structure, yielding of barge bow, and friction. The analyses results show how different components of energy absorption are affected by the stiffness and yield load of the impacted structure. It is also noted that, in the case of stiff protection structures, only a small portion of the energy is effectively absorbed by the structure, due to the fact that the tow breaks away during the collision process, and rows adjacent to the impact zone transfer a limited amount of energy.
Multiple-Equation Bridge Weigh-in-Motion
Authors: Obrien Eugene , Favai Peter , Corbally Robert
Published: May 2013

Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) systems are increasingly used to collect data on bridge traffic loading. A knowledge of load is an essential element in any calculation of bridge safety in service. Bridge WIM is the only accurate WIM technology that is portable. This gives it the potential to be used to assess loading on secondary roads where permanent installations would be uneconomic. This paper describes a multiple-equation Bridge Weigh-in-Motion (B-WIM) algorithm that significantly improves the accuracy of calculated axle weights using measured bridge strains. The algorithm is tested for a series of simulated two-axle vehicles crossing a bridge and the results compared to a conventional approach. The results show increased accuracy in predictions of individual axle weights on longer bridge spans, and no significant loss of accuracy in gross vehicle weight calculations.
Structural Reassessment of Existing Road Bridges in Germany
Authors: Curbach Manfred , Scheerer Silke , Hampel Torsten , Schmidt Nico , Wellner Sabine
Published: May 2013

The assessment and the preservation of existing bridges is a great challenge to the departments of transportation and highways of the Federal Republic of Germany. The increased traffic volume and traffic loads in comparison to those which the existing bridges were originally designed for and the ageing of the structures necessitate a reassessment.

For this purpose a special code for the structural recalculation of existing bridges was worked out by a task group of the Federal States and the State of Germany on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Transport, Construction and Urban Affairs, which has been applicable since May 2011. First insights and experiences from its application shall contribute to the future development of this new regulation. In the context of a project of the TU Dresden with the State Office for Transportation of a north-eastern federal state the new regulation is being applied to existing road bridges in this one. The Institute of Concrete Structures of the TU Dresden is responsible for the scientific and technical supervision of the recalculation which is done by various consulting engineers.

This paper describes the approach to the recalculation of the existing road bridges in this federal state of Germany, the classification into groups of different types of structures, the prioritisation and the choice of representative bridge structures for the recalculation and the evaluation of its results for the final assessment.
Fatigue analysis of a railway bridge deck slab considering the influence of simultaneous train crossings
Authors: Sousa Carlos , Rocha João F. , Calçada Rui , Serra Neves Afonso
Published: May 2013

Fatigue analyses play an important role in the context of railway bridge decks assessment. This type of structure is usually subjected to important cyclic loads due to railway traffic, and consequently, the fatigue phenomenon has to be taken into account. In this paper, a recently developed numerical methodology for fatigue analyses is applied to the study of a typical bridge deck configuration, which consists of a double track structure made with precast U-shaped girders connected by a thin cast-in-place slab. The study focuses on the fatigue behaviour of the deck slab and girder webs, considering the influence of crossings of trains travelling in opposite directions. The developed numerical methodology takes into account the statistical properties of the location of the point where the trains cross. The most critical points in terms of fatigue verifications and the practical implications of train crossings are shown by means of a parametric analysis.
The Fatigue Deterioration Potential of Railway Traffic
Authors: Grigoriou Vasileios , Brühwiler Eugen
Published: May 2013

In this paper, a method for predicting the evolution of fatigue deterioration of structural components using continuum mechanics numerical simulation is presented. At a first stage, prediction will be limited to the evaluation of the end of the initiation phase of the fatigue process. The method is in- tended for cases where the loading history demonstrates certain repetitiveness (as it is the case for railway traffic induced loading) and is based on the characterization of the deterioration potential of these loading histories by means of the physical quantity of generated entropy per generalized load- ing cycle. The basic steps towards the development of this method are also presented. At the end, an example of application on a simple reinforced concrete railway underpass is outlined and the ex- pected benefits of the application of this method are explained.
Analytical study on deterioration phenomena caused by water pressure effect on road bridge deck slab
Authors: Yokoyama Hiroshi , Sekiguchi Mikio , Horikawa Toshio , Masuya Hiroshi
Published: May 2013

Deterioration phenomena of deck slab of road bridge include gravelization of upper edge concrete and horizontal cracks in deck slab. They are possibly caused not only with an influence of wheel load but also with a water pressure action by water penetration into the concrete. In this study, the authors applied a exact theory based on the three-dimensional elastic theory to the compression equation proposed by M.A.Biot and analyzed the problem that the water pressure influences the vicinity of the location of wheel load effects for an actual bridge deck. Results of the analysis revealed that large transverse shear stress, for which the water pressure influences the wheel load, occurred inside the deck slab. Therefore, it was shown that cracks were generated at the edge of on the water pressure area and it could progress.
Transformation of a 30 year old Oil Terminal into a modern double LNG Terminal – Part 1: Refurbishment of the Approach Trestle
Authors: Dumortier Sven
Published: May 2013

This paper describes the works that were undertaken to refurbish the existing approach trestle of the South Hook LNG Import Terminal to the standards of a modern LNG facility. Extensive surveys were initially undertaken to determine the condition of the trestle. From this, a refurbishment strategy was devised whereby the deck elements were to be replaced by new composite slabs and the bents were to be refurbished. The bents were repaired by hydro-demolition of the damaged concrete and replacement with a proprietary repair product. Corroded reinforcing bars were replaced and additional bars were added where required. An impressed current cathodic protection system was installed and over-sprayed to protect the structure against corrosion during the required additional design life of 30 years; a titanium mesh was applied above mid sea level and underwater anodes below. As the approach trestle is located in an ecologically sensitive area, special precautions were implemented to ensure that no spillage of contaminated products could occur during construction.
Cameroon Douala Harbour – Bonabéri – Reconstruction of Quay 52
Authors: Mengeot Pierre
Published: May 2013

The project consisted of the construction of a new sheet piled wall (220m long, 1150 tons) with the requirement that there was to be no disturbance to the day to day operations of the port. It included the driving of the steel sheet piles in front of the existing wall, the pouring of a reinforced concrete capping beam (850m³), the drilling of 150 anchors (34m) and the installation of new fenders and mooring bollards.
Traffic Microsimulation for Bridge Loading Assessment and Management
Authors: Caprani Colin
Published: May 2013

Traffic load is a highly variable parameter in the safety assessment of bridges. Its accurate assessment is important to avoid unnecessary and expensive rehabilitation measures for existing structures. Traffic microsimulation offers a comprehensive approach to the modelling of traffic. It is based on individual vehicle behaviour, with parameters that account for differences in vehicle type and driver behaviour. It inherently captures both free-flowing and congested traffic states, offering a more realistic picture of these states and their consequent loading on bridges. Further, microsimulation enables potential traffic management methods to be examined to estimate their effectiveness in mitigating critical loading scenarios. This work summarizes some recent results from the use of traffic microsimulation. Comparison with the Eurocode for bridge loading codes is made and various traffic management strategies are investigated for their effect on loading. The possibility of bridge-to-vehicle communication is explored, as is the use of lane change restrictions zones before the bridge. A bridge load control system is also examined. The results are persuasive: it is shown that microsimulation can be an important tool in more accurate assessment of the actual loading experienced by bridges, as well as providing a means to explore load control through traffic management. Given the ageing bridge stock and increasing financial limitations of the developed world, this work offers bridge owners a means of ensuring safety, whilst reducing costs.
Renovation of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks
Authors: Quist Paul , Pepers Ron , Reitsema Albert
Published: May 2013

This paper is about the renovation of orthotropic steel deck bridges. It proposes a new solution for placing an overlay of prefabricated HSRC elements on the bridge deck to prevent fatigue damage.
Influence of spatial variability on the shear capacity of RC members without shear reinforcement
Authors: Yang Yuguang , den Uijl Joop , Walraven Joost , Petrocheilos Stavros
Published: May 2013

The experimental program presented in this paper deals with the influence of the spatial variation of the concrete strength in width direction on the shear capacity of one-way slabs. Two test series are designed, in which the spatial variation of the concrete strength is exaggerated. The influence of the concrete strength variation on the inclined cracking load, failure mode, crack development and other aspects of one-way slabs is examined in the tests.
Upgrading Reinforced Concrete Structures by Adding New Concrete
Authors: Apostolidi Eftychia , Karela Nikolitsa , Dritsos Stephanos
Published: May 2013

Placing reinforced concrete layers or jackets to strengthen concrete elements is a normal construction practice, but there are a number of crucial issues regarding the capacity of the new strengthened elements. In the absence of any guidance, engineering judgement is often used. A procedure for the structural design and detailing of reinforced concrete elements strengthened by the addition of new concrete layers of constant height is proposed. The strengthened element is considered as a composite one. Analytical expressions are derived, describing the shear stresses and resistances at the interface between old and new concrete, depending on whether the layer is added on the compressive or the tensile side of the element. Taking into account the slipping behavior at the interface, as well as existing experimental data for specific examined cases, a relation of the “composite” element to the relevant monolithic is obtained and reliable monolithic factors are determined.
Non-Linear Finite Element Analyses of Existing Reinforced Concrete Bridge Beams
Authors: Belletti Beatrice , Damoni Cecilia , Hendriks Max A. N.
Published: May 2013

Three years ago, the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment initiated a project to re- evaluate the carrying capacity of existing bridges and viaducts (e.g. reinforced and pre-stressed concrete beams and slabs). Due to the increase of traffic and the reallocation of emergency lanes to traffic lanes, the safety verification of some concrete structures are not satisfied if the usual analytical procedures are followed. Nonlinear finite element analyses (NLFEA) are considered as one of the alternatives for the verification of the structural carrying capacity. Building codes hardly provide specific guidance on how NLFEA should be carried out and reported. Within the project guidelines for NLFEA have been developed in order to reduce model and user factors.

The aim of the project well fits with the philosophy of the new Model Code 2010 (MC2010) that proposes analytical and numerical calculation methods for the evaluation of the design resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures.

In the paper four reinforced concrete beams, characterized by different failure modes, have been analyzed through the analytical and numerical procedures proposed by the Model Code 2010 and following the Dutch guidelines. The results obtained have been compared with the experimental results available in literature. Furthermore in order to focus on the main sensitive parameters that influence the results obtained from NLFEA and to obtain reliable and, at the same time, safe results, parametric studies have also been carried out on the beams. The main indications of the guidelines for reinforced concrete beams are presented in the paper.
Corroded Suspension Bridge Cables: Some Lessons Learned
Authors: Cooper David
Published: May 2013

This paper describes some lessons learned after using NCHRP Report 534 for strength assessment of corroded parallel wire cables in large suspension bridges. It describes a number of aspects where I believe improvements can be made. Theoretical defects in the methods used to model wire strengths are discussed, and the high importance placed on numbers of so-called cracked wires is questioned. New data suggests that the influence of wrapping wire in redeveloping the strength of broken wires has been underestimated. It will also present some discussion of structural reliability aspects and safety factors which are relevant to the interpretation of theoretical cable strength calculations.
The Reconstruction of the Cast Iron Railway Station from 1865
Authors: Vasek Milan
Published: May 2013

The oldest steam railway station in Prague (Czech Republic) was built between 1844 - 1865. Struc- tural repairs were made over several decades. The necessary complex reconstruction of the bearing cast iron and timber structure of the main hall is described. The design of the reconstruction had to be done within the highest professional level, using the most relevant technologies [1]. The obvious stability analysis of columns according to EN codes did not give satisfactory results [2]. Non-linear FE analysis and contact analysis 3D models were used to represent the cast iron hollow columns.

The results were verified by laboratory testing to ensure the correct function of the main station hall. The welding of broken columns was introduced and a combination of steel tubes and cast iron col- umns were used. The deteriorated timber roof members were supplied by glued members.
Assessment And Restoration Of An Iconic American Baseball Stadium
Authors: Duntemann John F. , Gaudette Paul E. , Giffin Christopher W. , Caldwell Jeffrey A. , Harrer Ann C. V.
Published: May 2013

In 2006, the authors were retained by the owner to perform a structural assessment of one of the few remaining American baseball stadiums built in the early 1900s. After a thorough condition assessment, it was concluded that the structure was safe, but required remedial work to insure its longevity. Restoration plans were subsequently developed based upon the findings of the condition assessment.

The restoration was performed over a five year period, from 2007 through 2011, during the baseball off-season. The scope of work included the restoration of many of the structural and architectural elements of the ballpark and reconstruction of some of these elements. The historic features of the ballpark including the façade and structural profile were preserved. One of the challenges of this project was to complete the construction during the off-season, when weather is less predictable and the available time to complete the work is limited.

This paper describes the structural assessment and restoration of an iconic American baseball stadium. The structural, construction, functional, preservation, and aesthetic considerations of this restoration project will be reviewed and discussed. At the request of the owner, the name of the stadium and some of the details of this project are not disclosed.
Railway bridges / fly-over “Sporen in Den Bosch”
Authors: Holtland Gerrit Jan , Hesselink Bert , Kreling Marc , de Vos Jan Willem , van den Berg Wim
Published: May 2013

The project “Sporen in Den Bosch” in it’s total is meant for the modernization and refurbishment of the railway area of Den Bosch. It is designed to solve several bottlenecks in the railway transport around Den Bosch. All the railway traffic around “Den Bosch” Station which is crossing the Dieze river, now has to pass on one double track steel bridge. During the process two new concrete trough bridges are to be built and the steel bridge is to be replaced while the railway traffic more or less has to continue. For these bridges a new concept of prefabricated concrete trough structures is used. The construction works started at the end of 2011 and will be finished in the spring of 2014. The client for the project is ProRail, the managing organisation of railway-infrastructure in the Netherlands.