bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge‐based approaches for identity management in online social networks
Authors: Bahri Leila , Carminati Barbara , Ferrari Elena
Published: April 2018

When we meet a new person, we start by introducing ourselves. We share our names, and other information about our jobs, cities, family status, and so on. This is how socializing and social interactions can start: we first need to identify each other. Identification is a cornerstone in establishing social contacts. We identify ourselves and others by a set of civil (e.g., name, nationality, ID number, gender) and social (e.g., music taste, hobbies, religion) characteristics. This seamlessly carried out identification process in face‐to‐face interactions is challenged in the virtual realms of socializing, such as in online social network (OSN) platforms. New identities (i.e., online profiles) could be created without being subject to any level of verification, making it easy to create fake information and forge fake identities. This has led to a massive proliferation of accounts that represent fake identities (i.e., not mapping to physically existing entities), and that poison the online socializing environment with fake information and malicious behavior (e.g., child abuse, information stealing). Within this milieu, users in OSNs are left unarmed against the challenging task of identifying the real person behind the screen. OSN providers and research bodies have dedicated considerable effort to the study of the behavior and features of fake OSN identities, trying to find ways to detect them. Some other research initiatives have explored possible techniques to enable identity validation in OSNs. Both kinds of approach rely on extracting knowledge from the OSN, and exploiting it to achieve identification management in their realms. We provide a review of the most prominent works in the literature. We define the problem, provide a taxonomy of related attacks, and discuss the available solutions and approaches for knowledge‐based identity management in OSNs.

This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Human Centricity and User Interaction

Application Areas> Internet and Web‐Based Applications

Application Areas> Society and Culture
Wave propagation through poroelastic soil with underground structures via hybrid BEM‐FEM
Authors: Basnet Min Bahadur , Aji Hendrawan D. B. , Wuttke Frank , Dineva Petia
Published: April 2018

A hybrid model for evaluation of the seismic response of a complex poroelastic soil region containing an underground structure is developed. The model is based on an efficient computational technique unifying the benefits of both boundary element method (BEM) and finite element method (FEM). The mechanical model takes the whole seismic wave path from the seismic source, through the heterogeneous geological saturated deposits, till the local site with underground structure into consideration. The seismic load comprises time‐harmonic or transient P‐ and SV‐wave, thus covering the plane strain case. A viscoelastic isomorphism to Biot's equations of dynamic poroelasticity presented by Bardet's model is used. The direct BEM is applied for the unbounded part of the geological region, while the FEM is used for the local finite geological profile containing an underground structure. The BEM model is inserted as a macro finite element in commercial program ABAQUS used for solution of the entire problem. The simulation results reveal that the seismic response is sensitive to the site conditions such as the existence of surface relief and layers, to soil inhomogeneity and poroelasticity, and most importantly to the soil‐underground structure interaction.
Problem Identification and Agenda Setting
Authors: Willemsen Marc C.
Published: April 2018

Tobacco is a highly contested topic. Lobbyists present their policy solutions to politicians and government officials who weigh the evidence against what they believe is feasible or desirable, much like solving a complex puzzle (Kingdon, 2003). Such puzzles take considerable time. In the meantime, the many other concerns that a government is confronted with compete with tobacco control for a place on the policy agenda. The public policy literature distinguishes different stages of agenda setting: issues move from the public agenda to the political agenda, move again to the formal (sometimes called institutional or governmental) agenda, and finally reach the decision agenda. The public agenda consists of issues that have achieved a high level of public interest and visibility, while the formal agenda lists the topics that decision makers formally give serious consideration to (Cobb, Ross, & Ross, 1976). For an issue to reach the formal agenda, decision makers must be aware of the underlying problem, and consensus must be reached that acting upon the problem is possible and necessary and that the solution falls within the government’s responsibility.
Conclusions
Authors: Willemsen Marc C.
Published: April 2018

Public policy scholars propose that policy change emerges from the interaction of five elements: (1) the policy context, which can be more or less conducive to tobacco control policy change; (2) the workings of the institutions involved in the process of policymaking; (3) the diffusion of knowledge and ideas which highlight the urgency of a problem and inspire policy solutions; (4) the organisation and advocacy potential of coalitions; and (5) the relative success of opposing coalitions in setting the agenda of policymaking through issue framing (Cairney, Studlar, & Mamudu, 2012; John, 2012). I presented a general framework in Chap. 1 to illustrate how these elements are related and influence each other over time (Fig. 1.1). The reader may want to occasionally consult the framework while reading this concluding chapter.
The Tempo of Dutch Tobacco Control Policy
Authors: Willemsen Marc C.
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers the tempo at which the Dutch government took steps to control smoking by comparing the moment of adoption of policy measures in the Netherlands with the United Kingdom and with the rest of Europe. Before we embark on comparisons, it will be useful to define what 'tobacco control policy' is. It is not straightforward, since it refers to various actions that governments may take. Scholars (e.g., Birkland, 2011) distinguish between “types” of policy: laws, services, incentives (spending, grants, reimbursement), taxation, and persuasion (education, campaigns). These differ in effectiveness, timelines (a quick or a slow effect), cost, efficiency, flexibility, visibility, accountability, and degree of citizen choice (Levine, Peters, & Thompson, 1990). Effective tobacco control is comprehensive in that it is a combination of many policy instruments. At its core are laws that restrict the availability of and exposure to tobacco products. Such regulations tend to become increasingly restrictive over time and are supported by various degrees of education, cessation support, incentives, and taxation.
Tobacco Industry Influence
Authors: Willemsen Marc C.
Published: April 2018

The origins of the tobacco market can be traced back to the seventeenth century. The famous Dutch golden age was an era of prosperity for tobacco merchants. They traded not only in spices and slaves but also in tobacco, and made Dutch towns extremely wealthy and financed the famous grand houses lining the canals of Amsterdam today. The habit of smoking tobacco spread from the New World and from England to the Dutch harbours. The act of smoking can be seen on many Dutch paintings from the seventeenth century. According to historian Schama (1987, p. 189), in the Golden Age “the smell of the Dutch Republic was the smell of tobacco.” He referred to accounts by visitors to the Netherlands who were struck by the omnipresence of tobacco smoke in inns and towing barges, and the common sight of men and women smoking in public. Dutch clay pipes became an important export product. In the first half of the seventeenth century, tobacco was imported from the Americas, processed in Amsterdam, and exported to Russia and the Baltic. Amsterdam was the biggest staple market for Virginia and Maryland tobacco. The Dutch tobacco trade received a further boost when merchants set up tobacco plantations on Dutch soil, especially in the middle of the country, around the city of Amersfoort, and in the province of Gelderland. Around the year 1700 the total volume of exported mixed tobacco to Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and the Baltic states was about 10–15 million pounds per year, much larger than the 1.2 million that England exported to the Nordic countries (Roessingh, 1976).
When to trust our learners? Clinical teachers’ perceptions of decision variables in the entrustment process
Authors: Duijn Chantal C. M.A. , Welink Lisanne S. , Bok HaroldG. J. , Ten Cate Olle T. J.
Published: April 2018

Introduction Clinical training programs increasingly use entrustable professional activities (EPAs) as focus of assessment. However, questions remain about which information should ground decisions to trust learners. This qualitative study aimed to identify decision variables in the workplace that clinical teachers find relevant in the elaboration of the entrustment decision processes. The findings can substantiate entrustment decision-making in the clinical workplace.

Methods Focus groups were conducted with medical and veterinary clinical teachers, using the structured consensus method of the Nominal Group Technique to generate decision variables. A ranking was made based on a relevance score assigned by the clinical teachers to the different decision variables. Field notes, audio recordings and flip chart lists were analyzed and subsequently translated and, as a form of axial coding, merged into one list, combining the decision variables that were similar in their meaning.

Results A list of 11 and 17 decision variables were acknowledged as relevant by the medical and veterinary teacher groups, respectively. The focus groups yielded 21 unique decision variables that were considered relevant to inform readiness to perform a clinical task on a designated level of supervision. The decision variables consisted of skills, generic qualities, characteristics, previous performance or other information. We were able to group the decision variables into five categories: ability, humility, integrity, reliability and adequate exposure.

Discussion To entrust a learner to perform a task at a specific level of supervision, a supervisor needs information to support such a judgement.
Gender-based analysis of the characteristics and outcomes of surgery for anal fistula: analysis of more than 560 cases
Authors: Emile Sameh Hany , Elgendy Hesham , Sakr Ahmad , Youssef Mohamed , Thabet Waleed , Omar Waleed , Khafagy Wael , Farid Mohamed
Published: April 2018

Background Fistula-in-ano commonly affects males more than females. Some differences in the characteristics of fistula-in-ano between both genders have been recognized, yet the impact of these differences on the outcomes of surgery for fistula-in-ano is still unclear. The present study conducted a gender-specific analysis aiming to assess the characteristics and the outcomes of surgery of fistula-in-ano in each gender.

Patients and methods The records of patients with fistula-in-ano were retrospectively reviewed and the following variables were extracted: patients’ demographics, type of fistula-in-ano, position of the external opening, operation performed, incidence of recurrence and complications, particularly fecal incontinence. Gender-based analysis of the characters and outcomes of surgery for fistula-in-ano was performed.

Results 565 (491 males) patients of a mean age of 41.7 years were included. Females had a significantly higher percentage of low fistula-in-ano than males (70.2% vs. 50.3%, p = 0.002). Males had a significantly higher percentage of high trans-sphincteric fistula-in-ano (48.5% vs. 29.7%; p = 0.003). Anterior fistula-in-ano was more common in female patients (69% vs. 16.3%; p < 0.0001). Recurrence of fistula-in-ano was detected in 42 (7.4%) patients. Males had higher recurrence rate than females (7.9% vs. 4%; p = 0.34). Fecal incontinence developed in 1.7% of patients with higher incidence observed in females (4% vs. 1.4%).

Conclusion The majority of fistula-in-ano in males were posterior and high trans-sphincteric whereas most fistula-in-ano in females were low and anteriorly based. Despite the different characteristics of fistula-in-ano; no significant differences in the rates of fistula recurrence and fecal incontinence between males and females could be recorded.
24th International Conference on Fluid Sealing
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: April 2018

The 24th International Conference on Fluid Sealing, organised by BHR Group Ltd, was held recently in Manchester, UK. Bob Flitney – a member of Sealing Technology's editorial advisory board – attended the event and kindly provided the brief report that appears here, after which follows a list of papers contained in the conference programme.
Numerical study of elastic deformation of the contact surface of an RVA end seal
Authors: Jia Chuang , Xie Liangxi , Li Zhao , Luo Gang , Luo Zhongzheng
Published: April 2018

When the vane seal slides on the contact surface of the end seal of a hydraulic rotary vane actuator (RVA), this surface undergoes elastic deformation, and even seal failure may occur through the combined action of the normal contact pressure and tangential force. In this article, a model of the elastic deformation of the contact surface of the end seal is established, and factors influencing elastic deformation are studied. The results show that deformation of the contact surface of the end seal in the x– and y–direction increases with an increase in the pre-tightening force. However, deformation of the contact surface of the end seal in the x– and y–direction is reduced as the vane-seal radius and the end seal elastic modulus increase.
MODELING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPACE, MOVEMENT, AND LITHIC GEOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES
Authors: Davies Benjamin , Holdaway Simon J. , Fanning Patricia C.
Published: April 2018

Evidence for changes in human mobility is fundamental to interpretations of transitions in human socioeconomic organization. Showing changes in mobility requires both archaeological proxies that are sensitive to movement and a clear understanding of how different mobility configurations influence their patterning. This study uses computer simulation to explore how different combinations of reduction, selection, transport, and discard of stone artifacts generate patterning in the “cortex ratio,” a geometric proxy used to demonstrate movement at the assemblage level. A case study from western New South Wales, Australia, shows how cortex ratios are used to make inferences about movement. Results of the exploratory simulation show that redundancy in movement between discards reduces variability in cortex ratios, while mean assemblage values can be attributed to the relative proportions of artifacts carried into and out of the assemblages. These results suggest that raw material availability is a potentially crucial factor in determining what kinds of mobility are visible in assemblages, whereby different access to raw material can shift the balance of import and export of stone in an otherwise undirected movement configuration. These findings are used to contextualize distributions of cortex ratios from the raw material–rich study area, prompting suggestions for further fieldwork.
The Enduring but Unwelcome Role of Party Intent in Treaty Interpretation
Authors: Bjorklund Andrea K.
Published: April 2018

Party “intent” is not one of the tools that the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) gives to treaty interpreters. To be sure, party intent is presumably reflected in the “object and purpose” of the treaty, but it is not a separate criterion; in fact, the VCLT implicitly excludes party intent from playing an interpretive role. Yet many decision-makers, counsel, and academics persistently look to party intent for guidance when interpreting treaties. The most favored nation (MFN) debate illustrates why party intent endures as an interpretive touchstone: treaty language, even when analyzed in context and in light of the convention's object and purpose, does not always lead to clear answers. Both
Simon Batifort and J. Benton Heath and
Stephan Schill, in their different ways, depart from traditional VCLT analysis and hark to party intent as a reason to endorse a modified approach to treaty interpretation. Yet they also illustrate why party intent is an imperfect tool: party intent is too malleable to be a conclusive guide to treaty meaning.
Health Care Providers in War and Armed Conflict: Operational and Educational Challenges in International Humanitarian Law and the Geneva Conventions, Part I. Historical Perspective
Authors: Burkle Frederick M. , Kushner Adam L. , Giannou Christos , Paterson Mary A. , Wren Sherry M. , Burnham Gilbert
Published: April 2018

Since 1945, the reason for humanitarian crises and the way in which the world responds to them has dramatically changed every 10 to 15 years or less. Planning, response, and recovery for these tragic events have often been ad hoc, inconsistent, and insufficient, largely because of the complexity of global humanitarian demands and their corresponding response system capabilities. This historical perspective chronicles the transformation of war and armed conflicts from the Cold War to today, emphasizing the impact these events have had on humanitarian professionals and their struggle to adapt to increasing humanitarian, operational, and political challenges. An unprecedented independent United Nations–World Health Organization decision in the Battle for Mosul in Iraq to deploy to combat zones emergency medical teams unprepared in the skills of decades-tested war and armed conflict preparation and response afforded to health care providers and dictated by International Humanitarian Law and Geneva Convention protections has abruptly challenged future decision-making and deployments. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:109–115)
Immunohistochemical observation of local inflammatory cell infiltration in the host-tissue reaction site of human hydatid cysts
Authors: Jafari R. , Sanei B. , Baradaran A. , Kolahdouzan M. , Bagherpour B. , Yousofi Darani H.
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of local immune cell infiltration in human cystic echinococcosis (CE) by identifying the subtypes of immune cells using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Fifty surgically removed hydatid cyst samples and surrounding tissues were collected from patients referred to Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. IHC was performed on the surrounding host tissue of hydatid cysts using anti-human CD3, CD19, CD8, CD4, CD68, CD56, Ki-67 and Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) antibodies. The results were then compared to hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis. In the host-tissue reaction site of liver hydatid cysts, a distinct pattern of local immune cell response, which outwardly consisted of a pack of the fibrous elements, a layer of palisading macrophages, an eosinophil-containing layer and a layer of accumulated lymphocytes, was observed. However, in some cases there were no positive cells for CD56+natural killer cells and Foxp3+regulatory T cells. The CD3+T cells were the predominant inflammatory cells in all groups, followed by CD19+B cells. It can be concluded that different immune cells are involved in the local response to human hydatid cysts.
Barriers to cancer nutrition therapy: excess catabolism of muscle and adipose tissues induced by tumour products and chemotherapy
Authors: Schiessel Dalton L. , Baracos Vickie E.
Published: April 2018

Cancer-associated malnutrition is driven by reduced dietary intake and by underlying metabolic changes (such as inflammation, anabolic resistance, proteolysis, lipolysis and futile cycling) induced by the tumour and activated immune cells. Cytotoxic and targeted chemotherapies also elicit proteolysis and lipolysis at the tissue level. In this review, we summarise specific mediators and chemotherapy effects that provoke excess proteolysis in muscle and excess lipolysis in adipose tissue. A nutritionally relevant question is whether and to what degree these catabolic changes can be reversed by nutritional therapy. In skeletal muscle, tumour factors and chemotherapy drugs activate intracellular signals that result in the suppression of protein synthesis and activation of a transcriptional programme leading to autophagy and degradation of myofibrillar proteins. Cancer nutrition therapy is intended to ensure adequate provision of energy fuels and a complete repertoire of biosynthetic building blocks. There is some promising evidence that cancer- and chemotherapy-associated metabolic alterations may also be corrected by certain individual nutrients. The amino acids leucine and arginine provided in the diet at least partially reverse anabolic suppression in muscle, whilen-3 PUFA inhibit the transcriptional activation of muscle catabolism. Optimal conditions for exploiting these anabolic and anti-catabolic effects are currently under study, with the overall aim of net improvements in muscle mass, functionality, performance status and treatment tolerance.
Distinct positions underpin ecosystem services for poverty alleviation
Authors: Howe Caroline , Corbera Esteve , Vira Bhaskar , Brockington Daniel , Adams William M.
Published: April 2018

As the concept of ecosystem services is applied more widely in conservation, its users will encounter the issue of poverty alleviation. Policy initiatives involving ecosystem services are often marked by their use of win-win narratives that conceal the trade-offs they must entail. Modelling this paper on an earlier essay about conservation and poverty, we explore the different views that underlie apparent agreement. We identify five positions that reflect different mixes of concern for ecosystem condition, poverty and economic growth, and we suggest that acknowledging these helps to uncover the subjacent goals of policy interventions and the trade-offs they involve in practice. Recognizing their existence and foundations can ultimately support the emergence of more legitimate and robust policies.
In other words
Authors: Dayter Daria , Rüdiger Sofia
Published: April 2018

The idea that speaking in a certain way can make people do things – persuasion on steroids, so to say – is understandably fascinating. This holy grail of communication studies is sought after by ‘professional persuaders’, politicians and copywriters, but also in non-professional situations. One example of wishful thinking of what is possible when it comes to the power of language is the Pick-up Artist (PUA) paradigm. PUAs are a community of self-designated or aspiring seduction experts; and it should come as no surprise that most members are men. While it is possible for PUAs to meet face-to-face, for example, at workshops organized by the so-called gurus (at no little cost to the students of pick-up), much of the interaction between the members takes place in PUA Internet forums and similar online venues.
Astronomical Vessel Heading Determination based on Simultaneously Imaging the Moon and the Horizon
Authors: Pu Jun-yu , Li Chong-hui , Zheng Yong , Zhan Yin-hu
Published: April 2018

Heading angle is a vital parameter in maintaining a vessel's track along a planned course and should be guaranteed in a stable and reliable way. An innovative method of heading determination based on a fisheye camera, which is almost totally unaffected by electromagnetism and geomagnetism, is proposed in this paper. In addition, unlike traditional astronomical methods, it also has a certain degree of adaptability to cloudy weather. Utilising the super wide Field Of View (FOV) of the camera, it is able to simultaneously image the Moon and the horizon. The Moon is treated as the observed celestial body and the horizon works as the horizontal datum. Two experiments were conducted at sea, successfully proving the feasibility of this method. The proposed heading determination system has the merits of automation, resistance to interference and could be miniaturised, making application viable.
A Feasibility Study of Applying Laser Line Scanning to AUV Hydrodynamic Parameter Identification
Authors: Chou Yu-Cheng , Nakajima Madoka , Chen Hsin-Hung
Published: April 2018

Precise control is a key factor in enabling Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) to complete various underwater activities. The development of UUV control rules is mostly based on UUV dynamic models. However, such dynamic models contain unknown hydrodynamic parameters that need to be identified. This paper presents a new method, Laser Line Scanning for Hydrodynamic Parameter Identification (LSHPI), which integrates laser line scanning, decoupled dynamics, and evolutionary optimisation to identify the hydrodynamic parameters of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). In this research, laser images, seen from an on board camera's perspective and created using Open Graphics Library (OpenGL), were used to validate LSHPI's feasibility. The accuracy of the AUV positions and Euler angles obtained by the laser image-based methods were investigated for each decoupled One-Dimensional (1D) motion and the influence of other motion disturbances on the accuracy of the obtained AUV positions or Euler angles was also evaluated. In addition, the accuracy of the surge-related hydrodynamic parameters obtained by LSHPI was investigated under different motion disturbances. Based on the hydrodynamic parameter identification results under different motion disturbances, LSHPI's feasibility was successfully validated.
GNSS Spoofing Detection Technique Using Fraction Parts of Double-difference Carrier Phases
Authors: Hu Yanfeng , Bian Shaofeng , Ji Bing , Li Juan
Published: April 2018

With electronic warfare increasingly complicated and military confrontations increasingly intense, the potential security threat to satellite navigation has become a difficult issue to deal with. Traditional satellite navigation anti-interference technology generally refers to jamming, but less consideration has been given to spoofing. It should be noted that the potential risk induced by spoofing interference is worse than that caused by jamming as the loss of positioning integrity may not be immediately obvious. This paper introduces a spoofing detection method based on a two-antenna structure using fraction parts of double-difference carrier phase observables. If all spoofing signals are transmitted by one single antenna, a spoofing detection hypothesis test can be carried out through the normalisation of double-difference carrier phase observables, without need to consider the integer ambiguity problem, measure the baseline vector and estimate the real directions of signals. The detection scheme adopts an M of N algorithm (if M or more of the test values exceed the threshold, the algorithm declares the presence of a spoofing signal), integrating carrier phase measurements of all the available satellites. Finally, the proposed method is verified by real experiments. This spoofing detection method can easily be applied to GNSS anti-spoofing receivers without changing their architecture and has simple and effective characteristics.
Geometry and algorithms to expand 2θ coverage of a 2D detector
Authors: He Bob B.
Published: April 2018

A two-dimensional (2D) diffraction pattern is an image representing the diffraction intensity distribution over the detected area. For data evaluations of various materials characterization, such as phase identification, stress, texture, and crystal size, this distribution is further converted into the intensity distribution over 2θ or γ angles. For many applications, especially phase analysis and structure refinement, it is crucial for the two-dimensional (2D) pattern to have a large 2θ range sufficient to cover as many diffraction rings as necessary. The 2θ range covered by a 2D detector is determined by the size of the detector active area and the detector distance from the sample. In order to expand the 2θ coverage with a given 2D detector, one may collect several 2D frames at various swing angles and then merge the multiple frames, or scan the 2D detector over the desired 2θ range during the data collection. This paper introduces the geometry and algorithms to produce accurate 2D diffraction patterns with expanded 2θ coverages from multiple images or scanned images.
Weekly Checks Improve Real-Time Prehospital ECG Transmission in Suspected STEMI
Authors: D’Arcy Nicole T. , Bosson Nichole , Kaji Amy H. , Bui Quang T. , French William J. , Thomas Joseph L. , Elizarraraz Yvonne , Gonzalez Natalia , Garcia Jose , Niemann James T.
Published: April 2018

Introduction

Field identification of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and advanced hospital notification decreases first-medical-contact-to-balloon (FMC2B) time. A recent study in this system found that electrocardiogram (ECG) transmission following a STEMI alert was frequently unsuccessful.

Hypothesis

Instituting weekly test ECG transmissions from paramedic units to the hospital would increase successful transmission of ECGs and decrease FMC2B and door-to-balloon (D2B) times.

Methods

This was a natural experiment of consecutive patients with field-identified STEMI transported to a single percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-capable hospital in a regional STEMI system before and after implementation of scheduled test ECG transmissions. In November 2014, paramedic units began weekly test transmissions. The mobile intensive care nurse (MICN) confirmed the transmission, or if not received, contacted the paramedic unit and the department’s nurse educator to identify and resolve the problem. Per system-wide protocol, paramedics transmit all ECGs with interpretation of STEMI. Receiving hospitals submit patient data to a single registry as part of ongoing system quality improvement. The frequency of successful ECG transmission and time to intervention (FMC2B and D2B times) in the 18 months following implementation was compared to the 10 months prior. Post-implementation, the time the ECG transmission was received was also collected to determine the transmission gap time (time from ECG acquisition to ECG transmission received) and the advanced notification time (time from ECG transmission received to patient arrival).

Results

There were 388 patients with field ECG interpretations of STEMI, 131 pre-intervention and 257 post-intervention. The frequency of successful transmission post-intervention was 73% compared to 64% prior; risk difference (RD)=9%; 95% CI, 1-18%. In the post-intervention period, the median FMC2B time was 79 minutes (inter-quartile range [IQR]=68-102) versus 86 minutes (IQR=71-108) pre-intervention (P=.3) and the median D2B time was 59 minutes (IQR=44-74) versus 60 minutes (IQR=53-88) pre-intervention (P=.2). The median transmission gap was three minutes (IQR=1-8) and median advanced notification time was 16 minutes (IQR=10-25).

Conclusion

Implementation of weekly test ECG transmissions was associated with improvement in successful real-time transmissions from field to hospital, which provided a median advanced notification time of 16 minutes, but no decrease in FMC2B or D2B times.

D’ArcyNT, BossonN, KajiAH, BuiQT, FrenchWJ, ThomasJL, ElizarrarazY, GonzalezN, GarciaJ, NiemannJT. Weekly checks improve real-time prehospital ECG transmission in suspected STEMI. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(3):245–249.
International Law before the Courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China—Twenty Years On
Authors: LUNG Wan Pun
Published: April 2018

While there have been various studies on international law in domestic courts, the case of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China [HKSAR], which celebrated its twentieth anniversary in 2017, presents unique questions. Under the principle of “One Country, Two Systems”, while the HKSAR maintains a distinct common-law system and a separate judicial regime, foreign affairs remain the responsibilities of the Central People’s Government of China. The handling of international law issues in cases before HKSAR courts would require consideration of the constitutional relation between the national (central) authorities of China and the local authorities in the HKSAR, and between the main legal system of China and the local HKSAR common-law system, in the light of the experiences of handling relevant cases in the past twenty years.
Etiologies of the Relationships Among Body Mass Index and Cold-Heat Patterns: A Twin Study
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi , Jin Hee-Jeong , Lee Siwoo
Published: April 2018

The phenotypic relationships between body mass index (BMI) and cold-heat patterns have been frequently reported, but the etiology of these relationships remains unknown. We previously demonstrated that the cold pattern (CP) and the heat pattern (HP) were heritable traits. In the present study, we explored underlying genetic and environmental structures of the relationships among BMI and the CP and the HP. Twins (N = 1,752) drawn from the South Korean twin registry completed a cold-heat pattern questionnaire via a telephone interview. The phenotypic correlations among the three phenotypes were moderate but significant. Cross-twin, cross-trait correlations among BMI and the CP and the HP were consistently greater in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins, suggesting the presence of genetic effects on the relationships between BMI and the two patterns. A trivariate Cholesky model was applied to the raw data. The results indicated that the phenotypic relationship between the HP and BMI was completely determined by common genetic influences, while the relationship between the CP and BMI was explained by both common genetic and common individual-specific environmental influences. The genetic correlation between the HP and the CP was not significant, suggesting that the two patterns may be genetically independent from each other. Genetic correlations were 0.31 between the HP and BMI, and -0.22 between the CP and BMI. The individual-specific environmental correlation was -0.22 between HP and CP, and between CP and BMI.
Werden aus guten Schülerinnen und Schülern auch erfolgreiche Lehrkräfte?
Authors: Wolf Kristin , Kunina-Habenicht Olga , Maurer Christina , Kunter Mareike
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung. Abschlussnoten spielen bei der Auswahl zukünftiger Lehrkräfte eine entscheidende Rolle: Die Abiturnote entscheidet häufig über die Studienzulassung, während die Studienabschlussnoten bei der Platzvergabe für den Vorbereitungsdienst herangezogen werden. Auch bei der anschließenden Bewerbung um Planstellen werden die Leistungen der Ausbildung als Entscheidungskriterien berücksichtigt. Ob diese Abschlussnoten den späteren Berufserfolg von Lehrkräften vorhersagen können und als Auswahlkriterien geeignet sind, ist empirisch noch nicht hinreichend geklärt. An dieser Stelle setzt der vorliegende Beitrag an und untersucht die Prognosegüte von Abiturnote und Studiennoten für den Berufserfolg junger Lehrkräfte. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf Daten zweier unabhängiger Längsschnittstudien, die angehende Lehrkräfte vom Beginn des Vorbereitungsdienstes bis zum Berufseinstieg begleitet haben. In den Stichproben (N1 = 668 und N2 = 262) wurde Berufserfolg anhand der Kriterien berufliches Wohlbefinden (Selbstbericht) und Unterrichtsqualität (Schülerfragebogen) operationalisiert. Pfadmodelle und Strukturgleichungsmodelle zeigen, dass die Abiturnote Abschlussnoten in Studium und Vorbereitungsdienst vorhersagen kann, aber keine direkte Vorhersagekraft für den späteren beruflichen Erfolg der jungen Lehrkräfte besitzt.
Diagnosegenauigkeit von Deutschlehrkräften in der Grundschule: Eine Frage des Antwortformats?
Authors: Schult Johannes , Lindner Marlit A.
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Fähigkeit einer Lehrkraft, Schülerleistungen und Aufgabenanforderungen akkurat einzuschätzen, ist essenziell, um adäquate pädagogische Entscheidungen zu treffen. Bislang ist unklar, inwiefern die Diagnoseakkuratheit von Lehrkräften auch vom Format der von den Schulkindern bearbeiteten Testaufgaben abhängt. Mit Daten der Lesekompetenzdiagnostik der Vergleichsarbeiten in der 3. Jahrgangsstufe (VERA) von 2012 bis 2016 wurde für N = 973 Grundschulklassen geprüft, ob Lehrkräfte die Schwierigkeit von Aufgaben mit geschlossenem Antwortformat (multiple-choice [MC]) vergleichbar genau einschätzen können wie für Aufgaben mit offenem Antwortformat (constructed response [CR]). Die durchschnittliche Klassenleistung (Niveaukomponente) wurde von den Lehrkräften bei CR-Aufgaben überschätzt, wohingegen die Klassenleistung bei MC-Aufgaben vergleichbar stark unterschätzt wurde. Die Korrelation zwischen Lehrkrafteinschätzung und Klassenleistung (Rangordnungskomponente) war in vier der fünf Jahre signifikant höher für CR-Aufgaben als für MC-Aufgaben. Die Diagnoseakkuratheit von Lehrkräften sollte somit nicht unabhängig vom Aufgabenformat betrachtet werden. Die Befunde werden hinsichtlich MC-spezifischer Aufgabeneigenschaften und möglicher Diagnoseprozesse diskutiert.
Multiperspektivische Erfassung der Selbstregulationsfähigkeit von Vorschulkindern
Authors: Dörr Lisa , Perels Franziska
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die frühe Förderung der Selbstregulationsfähigkeit als lernmethodische Kompetenz gewinnt in den letzten Jahren immer mehr an Bedeutung ( Fthenakis et al., 2007 ). Grund dafür sind u.a. Ergebnisse pädagogisch-psychologischer Forschungsarbeiten, die eine frühe Förderung zum Beispiel im Vorschulalter unterstützen ( Bronson, 2000a ; Fthenakis, 2003 ). Zur Diagnostik und um Maßnahmen zur Förderung selbstregulierten Lernens von Vorschulkindern evaluieren zu können, sind zielgruppenadaptive Diagnoseverfahren, wie z.B. Beurteilungsinstrumente, notwendig, um die Fähigkeit zur Selbstregulation von Kindern im Vorschulalter erfassen zu können. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war daher die psychometrische Überprüfung von Ratingskalen, mit Hilfe derer Erzieher_innen und Eltern das selbstregulierte Verhalten von Vorschulkindern beurteilen konnten (vgl. auch Büttner, Perels & Whitebread, 2011 ). Erste Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass es sich bei der eingesetzten Ratingskala um ein reliables Instrument handelt, das aufgrund einer bestätigten konvergenten Validität erste Validitätsaspekte aufweist.
Kita-Qualität aus der Perspektive von Kindern
Authors: Nentwig-Gesemann Iris , Walther Bastian , Thedinga Minste
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung. Was macht aus der Perspektive von Kindern einen guten Kindergarten aus? In einer mit der Dokumentarischen Methode ausgeführten, explorativen Studie wurden auf der Grundlage von (videobasierten) Gruppendiskussionen, Malinterviews, fotobasierten Kitaführungen sowie teilnehmenden und videobasierten Beobachtungen Qualitätsdimensionen aus Kindersicht rekonstruiert. Kinder wollen, dass ihre Grundbedürfnisse nach Zugehörigkeit, Kompetenzerleben und Autonomie erfüllt werden. Sie wollen sich sicher an Bezugspersonen gebunden, einer sozialen Gemeinschaft zugehörig und in verlässliche Rituale eingebunden fühlen. Kinder sind begierige und leidenschaftliche Nutzer_innen von interessanten Lern- und Bildungsmöglichkeiten; sie haben ein großes und energiegeladenes Bedürfnis nach Exploration und Weltaneignung. Kinder wollen an der Gestaltung ihrer Lebensorte aktiv und verantwortlich mitwirken und mitbestimmen können. Sie schätzen Erwachsene, die sie in ihrer „Freiheit“ und „Gleichheit“ respektieren und sich ihnen gegenüber „solidarisch“ verhalten; durch die Beteiligung an demokratischen Prinzipien fühlen Kinder sich geachtet und respektiert.
Einstellungen von pädagogischen Fachkräften zur inklusiven Betreuung von Kindern mit Behinderungen
Authors: Grönke Marie , Sarimski Klaus
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung. Es wird über eine Befragung von 78 pädagogischen Fachkräften aus allgemeinen und integrativen Kindertagesstätten zu ihrer Einstellung zur inklusiven Betreuung von Kindern mit Behinderungen berichtet. Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter aus integrativen Einrichtungen äußerten wesentlich positivere Einstellungen als Kolleg_innen aus allgemeinen Kindertagesstätten. Die Einstellung variierte jedoch mit der Behinderungsform. Bei Kindern mit geistiger Behinderung, Hör- oder Sehbehinderung schrieben sich die Fachkräfte wesentlich weniger Kompetenzen und Erfahrungen zu und äußerten sich gegenüber der inklusiven Betreuung wesentlich skeptischer als bei Kindern mit sprachlichen Auffälligkeiten, sozial-emotionalen Problemen oder körperlichen Behinderungen.
Numerical Simulations of Earthquake Triggering by Dynamic and Static Stress Changes Based on a Revised Friction Law
Authors: Yoshida Shingo
Published: April 2018

We conducted numerical simulations of earthquake triggering by assuming a circular asperity using a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law revised by Nagata et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008818). For a situation in which earthquakes occurred repeatedly, we applied dynamic sinusoidal stress perturbation. The stress perturbation caused an increase in slip velocity after the cessation of perturbation, and the resultant slip weakened the frictional strength. This leads to dynamic earthquake triggering for certain perturbation amplitudes. The following results were obtained. (1) Dynamic perturbations of long durations have high triggering potentials, whereas there is no significant frequency dependence because the potential is mainly determined by the total displacement due to the perturbation. (2) When a static stress jump is applied in addition to a dynamic perturbation, their combined effect on the triggering potential cannot be estimated by simply summing the applied stress amplitudes. A lower bound can be found by summing the logarithms of the velocity changes due to each individual perturbation. In addition, a nonlinear effect is required to explain the simulation results. (3) We evaluate the equivalent static stress jump that results in a triggering potential approximately the same as in the case of dynamic stress perturbation. (4) Even if the static stress change is negative, large dynamic stress perturbations can trigger earthquakes. (5) When stress perturbations are applied to stably sliding patches, dynamic triggering can occur under certain conditions.
Zonally Elongated Transient Flows: Phenomenology and Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Rudko M. V. , Kamenkovich I. V. , Iskadarani M. , Mariano A. J.
Published: April 2018

This study explores the phenomenology of zonally elongated transients (ZELTs) in the ocean and the sensitivity of their properties to changes in several environmental factors. ZELTs explain a major part of anisotropy in mesoscale turbulent flow. Calculations are performed in a two‐layer, quasi‐geostrophic model. Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) decomposition allows for the separation of ZELTs from the background turbulent flow as several leading EOF modes. The leading Extended EOF reveals that ZELTs propagate westward at the speed of
cm s−1. The decrease in the planetary vorticity gradient and increase in the bottom drag coefficient each leads to flattening of the variance spectrum, isotropization of the leading EOF, and fast decay of the autocorrelation function of its corresponding Principal Component.
Estimating Oxygen in the Southern Ocean Using Argo Temperature and Salinity
Authors: Giglio D. , Lyubchich V. , Mazloff M. R.
Published: April 2018

An Argo‐based estimate of oxygen (O2) at 150 m is presented for the Southern Ocean (SO) from temperature (T), salinity (S), and O2 Argo profiles collected during 2008–2012. The method is based on a supervised machine learning algorithm known as random forest (RF) regression and provides an estimate for O2 given T, S, location, and time information. The method is validated by attempting to reproduce the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) O2 field using synthetic data sampled from SOSE. The RF mapping shows skill in the majority of the domain but is problematic in some of the boundary regions. Maps of O2 at 150 m derived from observed profiles suggest that SOSE and the World Ocean Atlas 2013 climatology may overestimate annual mean O2 in the SO, both on a global and basin scale. A large regional bias is found east of Argentina, where high O2 values in the Argo‐based estimate are confined closer to the coast compared to other products. SOSE may also underestimate the annual cycle of O2. Evaluation of the RF‐based method demonstrates its potential to improve understanding of O2 annual mean fields and variability from sparse O2 measurements. This implies the algorithm will also be effective for mapping other biogeochemical variables (e.g., nutrients and carbon). Furthermore, our RF evaluation results can be used to inform the design of future enhancements to the current array of O2 profiling floats.
Light Availability and Phytoplankton Growth Beneath Arctic Sea Ice: Integrating Observations and Modeling
Authors: Hill Victoria J. , Light Bonnie , Steele Michael , Zimmerman Richard C.
Published: April 2018

Observations of the seasonal light field in the upper Arctic Ocean are critical to understanding the impacts of changing Arctic ice conditions on phytoplankton growth in the water column. Here we discuss data from a new sensor system, deployed in seasonal ice cover north‐east of Utqiaġvik, Alaska in March 2014. The system was designed to provide observations of light and phytoplankton biomass in the water column during the formation of surface melt ponds and the transition from ice to open water. Hourly observations of downwelling irradiance beneath the ice (at 2.9, 6.9, and 17.9 m depths) and phytoplankton biomass (at 2.9 m depth) were transmitted via Iridium satellite from 9 March to 10 November 2014. Evidence of an under‐ice phytoplankton bloom (Chl a ∼8 mg m−3) was seen in June and July. Increases in light intensity observed by the buoy likely resulted from the loss of snow cover and development of surface melt ponds. A bio‐optical model of phytoplankton production supported this probable trigger for the rapid onset of under‐ice phytoplankton growth. Once under‐ice light was no longer a limiting factor for photosynthesis, open water exposure almost marginally increased daily phytoplankton production compared to populations that remained under the adjacent ice. As strong effects of climate change continue to be documented in the Arctic, the insight derived from autonomous buoys will play an increasing role in understanding the dynamics of primary productivity where ice and cloud cover limit the utility of ocean color satellite observations.
Observations of Kelvin‐Helmholtz Waves in the Earth's Magnetotail Near the Lunar Orbit
Authors: Ling Yiming , Shi Quanqi , Shen Xiao‐Chen , Tian Anmin , Li Wenya , Tang Binbin , Degeling A. W. , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Nowada Motoharu , Zhang Hui , Rae I. J. , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Fu Suiyan , Fazakerley A. N. , Pu Zuyin
Published: April 2018

Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves (KHWs), which have been widely observed at the magnetopause in the region near the Earth, play an essential role in the transport of solar wind plasma and energy into the magnetosphere under dominantly northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. In this study, we present simultaneous observations of KHWs under the northward IMF observed by both the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) spacecraft in the Earth's magnetotail around the lunar orbit (at X ~ −50RE, Y ~ 30RE, dusk side) and the Geotail in the near‐Earth space (at X ~ −5RE, Y ~ −10RE, dawn side). The KHWs are quantitatively characterized by their dominant period, phase velocity, and wavelength, utilizing wavelet analysis and an approximation of their center‐of‐mass velocity. Our results suggest that the phase velocity and spatial scale of KHWs may increase as they propagate along the boundary layer toward the tail. Alternatively, the differences between the ARTEMIS and Geotail observations may indicate the possibility of dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the excited KHWs in this study. Our results strongly evidence the existence of the development of KHWs in terms of their wave frequency and scale size in the magnetotail and provide insight to the time evolution of KHWs along the magnetopause.