bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
microRNA-103a Functions as a Mechanosensitive microRNA to Inhibit Bone Formation Through Targeting Runx2
Authors: Zuo Bin , Zhu JunFeng , Li Jiao , Wang ChuanDong , Zhao XiaoYing , Cai GuiQuan , Li Zheng , Peng Jianping , Wang Peng , Shen Chao , Huang Yan , Xu Jiake , Zhang XiaoLing , Chen XiaoDong
Published: September 2014

Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in regulating osteoblastogenesis and bone formation. However, the role of miRNA in osteoblast mechanotransduction remains to be defined. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether miRNAs regulate mechanical stimulation–triggered osteoblast differentiation and bone formation through modulation of Runx2, the master transcription factor for osteogenesis. We first investigated the role of mechanical loading both in a mouse model and in an osteoblast culture system and the outcomes clearly demonstrated that mechanical stimuli can regulate osteogenesis and bone formation both in vivo and in vitro. Using bioinformatic analyses and subsequent confirmation by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), we found that multiple miRNAs that potentially target Runx2 were responding to in vitro mechanical stimulation, among which miR-103a was fully characterized. miR-103a and its host gene PANK3 were both downregulated during cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS)-induced osteoblast differentiation, whereas Runx2 protein expression was upregulated. Overexpression of miR-103a significantly decreased and inhibition of miR-103a increased Runx2 protein level, suggesting that miR-103a acts as an endogenous attenuator of Runx2 in osteoblasts. Mutation of putative miR-103a binding sites in Runx2 mRNA abolishes miR-103a–mediated repression of the Runx2 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) luciferase reporter activity, suggesting that miR-103a binds to Runx2 3′UTR. Osteoblast marker gene profiling and osteogenic phenotype assays demonstrated that miR-103a negatively correlates with CMS-induced osteogenesis. Further, the perturbation of miR-103a also has a significant effect on osteoblast activity and matrix mineralization. More importantly, we found an inhibitory role of miR-103a in regulating bone formation in hindlimb unloading mice, and pretreatment with antagomir-103a partly rescued the osteoporosis caused by mechanical unloading. Taken together, our data suggest that miR-103a is the first identified mechanosensitive miRNA that regulates osteoblast differentiation by directly targeting Runx2, and therapeutic inhibition of miR-103a may be an efficient anabolic strategy for skeletal disorders caused by pathological mechanical loading. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Gene Therapies for Cancer: Strategies, Challenges and Successes
Authors: Das Swadesh K. , Menezes Mitchell E. , Bhatia Shilpa , Wang Xiang‐Yang , Emdad Luni , Sarkar Devanand , Fisher Paul B.
Published: September 2014

Gene therapy, which involves replacement of a defective gene with a functional, healthy copy of that gene, is a potentially beneficial cancer treatment approach particularly over chemotherapy, which often lacks selectivity and can cause non‐specific toxicity. Despite significant progress pre‐clinically with respect to both enhanced targeting and expression in a tumor‐selective manner several hurdles still prevent success in the clinic, including non‐specific expression, low‐efficiency delivery and biosafety. Various innovative genetic approaches are under development to reconstruct vectors/transgenes to make them safer and more effective. Utilizing cutting‐edge delivery technologies, gene expression can now be targeted in a tissue‐ and organ‐specific manner. With these advances, gene therapy is poised to become amenable for routine cancer therapy with potential to elevate this methodology as a first line therapy for neoplastic diseases. This review discusses recent advances in gene therapy and their impact on a pre‐clinical and clinical level. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 259–271, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First proof of pharmacology in humans of a novel glucagon receptor antisense drug
Authors: van Dongen Marloes G. J. , Geerts Bart F. , Morgan Erin S. , Brandt Teresa A. , de Kam Marieke L. , Romijn Johannes A. , Cohen Adam F. , Bhanot Sanjay , Burggraaf Jacobus
Published: September 2014

Fasting and postprandial hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients cause excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP), suggesting that attenuation of hepatic glucagon action could be a therapeutic strategy for T2DM. In this study we evaluated the safety, tolerability, PK, and pharmacodynamics in healthy human volunteers of single and multiple doses (50–400 mg) ISIS 325568, a 2′‐O‐MOE antisense (ASO) developed to reduce hepatic glucagon receptor (GCGR) mRNA expression. In the multiple dose cohorts, treatment consisted of eight doses of ISIS 325568 or placebo over 6‐weeks. Drug effects were assessed using serial fasting glucagon measurements and the glycemic response to a glucagon challenge at baseline and at the end of 6‐week treatment. ISIS 325568 was not associated with clinically relevant changes. Dose‐dependent predominantly mild injection site reactions were the most common side‐effect. Active treatment caused a gradual increase in fasting glucagon levels and, compared to placebo, a significantly blunted glucagon‐induced increase in plasma glucose AUC (24%, P < 0.0001) and HGP (13%, P = 0.007) at the 400 mg/week dose. Six weeks treatment with ISIS 325568 in healthy volunteers attenuated glucagon‐stimulated HGP and glucose excursions, supporting further evaluation of the GCGR antisense approach in patients with T2DM.
Liver injury associated with ketoconazole: Review of the published evidence
Authors: Greenblatt H. Karl , Greenblatt David J.
Published: September 2014

The azole antifungal agent ketoconazole has been available since 1981 for the treatment of fungal infections. In 2013, the American Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency issued warnings or prohibitions against the clinical use of oral ketoconazole due to the risk of liver injury which may lead to liver transplantation or death. From the available published evidence it is difficult to determine the actual incidence or prevalence of liver injury during clinical use of ketoconazole as an antifungal. Hepatic injury, when it occurs, is generally evident as asymptomatic and reversible abnormalities of liver function tests. However, serious liver injury has been reported. Alternatives to ketoconazole (such as itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, and terbinafine) are available, but improved safety with respect to liver injury risk is not clearly established. We are not aware of published reports of significant ketoconazole‐associated liver injury in volunteer study participants when ketoconazole has been used as a CYP3A inhibitor in the context of clinical research on drug metabolism. Possible alternatives to ketoconazole as prototype CYP3A inhibitors include ritonavir and potentially itraconazole, but not clarithromycin.
Capillary electrophoresis fingerprinting coupled with chemometrics to evaluate the quality consistency and predict the antioxidant activity of Sanhuang tablet as part of its quality control
Authors: Wang Yan , Sun Guoxiang , Liu Zhongbo , Liu Yingchun , Gao Yaning , Zhang Jianqing , Ji Zhengchao , Chen Xinxin
Published: September 2014

A capillary electrophoresis fingerprint was constructed for Sanhuang tablet, a Chinese traditional patent medicine, that was commonly used in clinical practice, where the isosceles trapezoid method was first applied for the optimization of background electrolyte solution, and the resolution index was performed to assess the experimental conditions; furthermore, a novel linear quantitative fingerprint method was established for accurate qualitative and quantitative discrimination of the test samples from diverse commercial brands. The fingerprint analysis coupled with quantitative determination of two components was employed to elucidate that the quality consistency of the products was relatively good within one manufactory, but poor among different companies for the 30 batches of samples. In addition, the fingerprint–efficacy relationship between chemical components and antioxidant activity in vitro was investigated using partial least squares analysis, and the calibration and prediction of the antioxidant activity of the selected samples via fingerprint data were presented with the desired results. This work illustrates that the proposed fingerprint analysis based on linear quantitative fingerprint method can be applied for the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine and herbal preparations as part of their quality control, and the constructed mathematical model is particularly suitable for depicting the fingerprint–efficacy relationship.
Clinical trials in Huntington's disease: Interventions in early clinical development and newer methodological approaches
Authors: Sampaio Cristina , Borowsky Beth , Reilmann Ralf
Published: September 2014

Since the identification of the Huntington's disease (HD) gene, knowledge has accumulated about mechanisms directly or indirectly affected by the mutated Huntingtin protein. Transgenic and knock‐in animal models of HD facilitate the preclinical evaluation of these targets. Several treatment approaches with varying, but growing, preclinical evidence have been translated into clinical trials. We review major landmarks in clinical development and report on the main clinical trials that are ongoing or have been recently completed. We also review clinical trial settings and designs that influence drug‐development decisions, particularly given that HD is an orphan disease. In addition, we provide a critical analysis of the evolution of the methodology of HD clinical trials to identify trends toward new processes and endpoints. Biomarker studies, such as TRACK‐HD and PREDICT‐HD, have generated evidence for the potential usefulness of novel outcome measures for HD clinical trials, such as volumetric imaging, quantitative motor (Q‐Motor) measures, and novel cognitive endpoints. All of these endpoints are currently applied in ongoing clinical trials, which will provide insight into their reliability, sensitivity, and validity, and their use may expedite proof‐of‐concept studies. We also outline the specific opportunities that could provide a framework for a successful avenue toward identifying and efficiently testing and translating novel mechanisms of action in the HD field. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Effects of MEK inhibitors GSK1120212 and PD0325901 in vivo using 10‐plex quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics
Authors: Paulo Joao A. , McAllister Fiona E. , Everley Robert A. , Beausoleil Sean A. , Banks Alexander S. , Gygi Steven P.
Published: September 2014

Multiplexed isobaric tag based quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics strategies can comprehensively analyze drug treatments effects on biological systems. Given the role of mitogen‐activated protein/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (MEK) signaling in cancer and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)‐dependent diseases, we sought to determine if this pathway could be inhibited safely by examining the downstream molecular consequences. We used a series of tandem mass tag 10‐plex experiments to analyze the effect of two MEK inhibitors (GSK1120212 and PD0325901) on three tissues (kidney, liver, and pancreas) from nine mice. We quantified ∼6000 proteins in each tissue, but significant protein‐level alterations were minimal with inhibitor treatment. Of particular interest was kidney tissue, as edema is an adverse effect of these inhibitors. From kidney tissue, we enriched phosphopeptides using titanium dioxide (TiO2) and quantified 10 562 phosphorylation events. Further analysis by phosphotyrosine peptide immunoprecipitation quantified an additional 592 phosphorylation events. Phosphorylation motif analysis revealed that the inhibitors decreased phosphorylation levels of proline‐x‐serine‐proline (PxSP) and serine‐proline (SP) sites, consistent with extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) inhibition. The MEK inhibitors had the greatest decrease on the phosphorylation of two proteins, Barttin and Slc12a3, which have roles in ion transport and fluid balance. Further studies will provide insight into the effect of these MEK inhibitors with respect to edema and other adverse events in mouse models and human patients.
Proteomics in neurodegenerative diseases: Methods for obtaining a closer look at the neuronal proteome
Authors: Plum Sarah , Steinbach Simone , Abel Laura , Marcus Katrin , Helling Stefan , May Caroline
Published: September 2014

The analysis of brain function in normal aging and neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and neurological diseases has long been a subject of interest and has historically been investigated through descriptive analysis of macroscopic or microscopic observations. It is now possible to characterize brain cells, such as neurons and glial cells, or even their subcellular components, at the molecular level. This ability enables researchers to more closely examine brain cell specific molecular pathways to elucidate distinct brain functions. Furthermore, the analysis of neuronal maintenance and disease‐causing effects is a central component of neurological investigations, which include proteomic approaches. Proteomics allows the identification of thousands of proteins through descriptive and comparative analyses and can provide a detailed overview of a distinct cellular state. Such analyses often require the isolation of individual cell types or subcellular components to investigate specific questions. This review provides an overview of the currently applied state‐of‐the‐art prefractionation strategies in this field.
What Counts as Evidence?
Authors: Dougherty Stahl Katherine A.
Published: September 2014

Each disciplinary community has its own criteria for determining what counts as evidence of knowledge in their academic field. The criteria influence the ways that a community's knowledge is created, communicated, and evaluated. Situating reading, writing, and language instruction within the content areas enables teachers to explicitly instruct students what counts as evidence in each disciplinary Discourse. The Common Core State Standards call for readers to use text evidence to reflect their comprehension of the texts they read. This article presents what counts as evidence when analyzing and evaluating literary, social studies, and scientific texts, as well as hypermedia.
Quantification and Compositional Diversity of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Profile in Nigella sativa L. Germplasm
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Sajjad , Ghafoor Abdul , Ullah Inam , Ahmad Habib
Published: September 2014

Nigella sativa L. is an annual underutilized crop of enormous significance, it contains more than 100 bioactive constituents having both pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Nigella sativa L. germplasm consisting of 32 genotypes was quantified for palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic and linolenic acid and results obtained varied in percentage. Lipid extracted by chloroform methanol 2:1 (24–37 %) was higher compared to n‐hexane (18–35 %) and chloroform methanol 1:3 (18–34 %). Extraction with solvent chloroform methanol 2:1 yielded a higher quantity of oil contents, hence recommended. The polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher than monounsaturated fatty acids. Stearic and palmitic acids were positively correlated as were stearic and linoleic acids. It is inferred that breeding for increased stearic acid, linolenic acid and reduced palmitic acid can be achieved through modern breeding methods. The genotypes rich in oil and oleic‐linoleic acid, viz., Pk‐020545, Pk‐020576, Pk‐020609, Pk‐020620, Pk‐020654, Pk‐020699, Pk‐020720, Pk‐020780, Pk‐020874 and Pk‐020878, have been suggested for crop improvement programs and could augment the supply of edible oil as well as a biofuel substitute with large scale cultivation.
The Glass Ceiling and Relative Arrest Rates of Blacks Compared to Whites
Authors: Bailey Linda A.
Published: September 2014

A simple theoretical model is presented in which higher relative arrest rates for blacks compared to whites lead to higher relative absenteeism (including tardiness) and ultimately a lower likelihood of placement in occupations where absenteeism is more costly, such as supervisory positions. Though the data do not allow for a direct test of the model, partial correlations provide some suggestive evidence. Controlling for city fixed effects and using an occupation prestige index to proxy for occupations with more costly absenteeism, higher relative arrest rates for blacks compared to whites are associated with relatively worse occupation placement compared to whites. The model and suggestive evidence make a case for further research into the spillover effect of criminal justice outcomes and for consideration of spillover effects in the costs and benefits of enforcement mechanisms which disproportionately affect blacks.
Lithological Facies Identification in Iranian Largest Gas Field: A Comparative Study of Neural Network Methods
Authors: Kakouei Aliakbar , Masihi Mohsen , Sola Behnam Sedaee , Biniaz Ebrahim
Published: September 2014

Determination of different facies in an underground reservoir with the aid of various applicable neural network methods can improve the reservoir modeling. Accordingly facies identification from well logs and cores data information is considered as the most prominent recent tasks of geological engineering. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the five artificial neural networks (ANN) approaches with identification of various structures in a rock facies and evaluate their capability in contrast to the labor intensive conventional method. The selected networks considered are Backpropagation Neural Networks (BPNN), Radial Basis Function (RBF), Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN), Competitive Learning (CL) and Learning Vector Quantizer (LVQ). All these methods have been applied in four wells of South Pars field, Iran. Data of three wells were employed for the networks training purpose and the fourth one was used to test and verify the trained network predictions. The results have demonstrated that all approaches have the ability of facies modeling with more than 65% of precision. According to the performed analysis, RBF, CL and LVQ methods could model the facies with the accuracy between 66 and 68 percent while PNN and BPNN techniques are capable of making predictions with more than 72% and 88.5% of precision, respectively. It can be concluded that the BPNN can generate most accurate results in comparison to the other type of networks but it is important to note that the other factors such as consuming the amount of time taken, simplicity and the less adjusted parameters as well as the acquired precisions should be considered. As a result, the model evaluation analysis used in this study can be useful for prospective surveys and cost benefit facies identification.
Experiences during the first four years of a postpartum perineal clinic in the USA
Authors: Brincat Cynthia , Crosby Erin , McLeod Anne , Fenner Dee E.
Published: September 2014

Objective

To assess the characteristics of patients seen at a postpartum perineal clinic in the USA during the first 4 years of its existence, and to identify factors contributing to the clinic's success.

Methods

In a retrospective study, the charts of patients presenting to the clinic between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2011, were reviewed for presenting complaint, findings, treatment, number of visits, and referral source. Strategies that led to successful clinic implementation were reviewed.

Results

A total of 247 patients were seen during the 4‐year period. Indications for referral included lacerations, pain, urinary and fecal incontinence, and fistulas. The most common referral indication was a third‐ or fourth‐degree laceration, which affected 154 (62.3%) patients. Overall, 53 (21.5%) patients required a procedure, of whom 20 (8.1%) underwent surgery. Most women were counseled about pelvic floor exercises, and 39 (15.8%) were referred for pelvic floor physical therapy. Nurse‐led triage, patient education, and follow‐up were key to the success of the program.

Conclusion

The postpartum perineal clinic is sustainable and offers an opportunity for early assessment and treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction after a complicated vaginal delivery.
Letters Written in a Mahratta Camp During the Year 1809
Authors: Broughton Thomas Duer
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this book, published in 1813 by Thomas Duer Broughton (1778–1835), is to provide an English audience with an accurate description of 'the character, manners, domestic habits and religious ceremonies of the Mahrattas'. Broughton, an army officer in the East India Company, first arrived in India while serving as a cadet in the Bengal establishment in 1795, and eventually rose to the positions of captain in 1805, major in 1816 and colonel in 1829. The book consists of a series of thirty-two letters addressed to his brother, and most of the letters describe the events and the environment of the Rajputana region, beginning with an account of a journey from Agra to Kerowli. The letters which follow all contain fascinating descriptions of festivals and other events, and cultural encounters of all kinds, painting a vivid portrait of life for the British in early nineteenth-century India.
Torture, Power, and Law
Authors: Luban David
Published: September 2014

This volume brings together the most important writing on torture and the 'war on terror by one of the leading US voices in the torture debate. Philosopher and legal ethicist David Luban reflects on this contentious topic in a powerful sequence of essays including two new and previously unpublished pieces. He analyzes the trade-offs between security and human rights, as well as the connection between torture, humiliation, and human dignity, the fallacy of using ticking bomb scenarios in debates about torture, and the ethics of government lawyers. The book develops an illuminating and novel conception of torture as the use of pain and suffering to communicate absolute dominance over the victim. Factually stimulating and legally informed, this volume provides the clearest analysis to date of the torture debate. It brings the story up to date by discussing the Obama administration's failure to hold torturers accountable.
What is Life?
Authors: Schrodinger Erwin , Penrose Roger
Published: September 2014

Nobel laureate Erwin Schrödinger's What is Life? is one of the great science classics of the twentieth century. It was written for the layman, but proved to be one of the spurs to the birth of molecular biology and the subsequent discovery of DNA. What is Life? appears here together with Mind and Matter, his essay investigating a relationship which has eluded and puzzled philosophers since the earliest times. Brought together with these two classics are Schrödinger's autobiographical sketches, which offer a fascinating account of his life as a background to his scientific writings.
Corruption, Asset Recovery, and the Protection of Property in Public International Law
Authors: Ivory Radha
Published: September 2014

In recovering assets that are or that represent the proceeds, objects, or instrumentalities of grand corruption, do states violate the human rights of politically exposed persons, their relatives, or their associates? Radha Ivory asks whether cooperative efforts to confiscate illicit wealth are compatible with rights to property in public international law. She explores the tensions between the goals of controlling high-level, high-value corruption and ensuring equal enjoyment of civil and political rights. Through the jurisprudence of regional human rights tribunals and the literature on confiscation and international cooperation, Ivory shows how asset recovery is a human rights issue and how principles of legality and proportionality have mediated competing interests in analogous matters. In cases of asset recovery, she predicts that property rights will likewise enable questions of individual entitlement to be considered in the context of collective concerns with good governance, global economic inequality, and the suppression of transnational crime.
The Medieval Peutinger Map
Authors: Albu Emily
Published: September 2014

The Peutinger Map remains the sole medieval survivor of an imperial world-mapping tradition. It depicts most of the inhabited world as it was known to the ancients, from Britain's southern coastline to the farthest reaches of Alexander's conquests in India, showing rivers, lakes, islands, and mountains while also naming regions and the peoples who once claimed the landscape. Onto this panorama, the mapmaker has plotted the ancient Roman road network, with hundreds of images along the route and distances marked from point to point. This book challenges the artifact's self-presentation as a Roman map by examining its medieval contexts of crusade, imperial ambitions, and competition between the German-Roman Empire and the papacy.
Ethnicity and Empire in Kenya
Authors: Osborne Myles
Published: September 2014

This book is about the creation and development of ethnic identity among the Kamba. Comprising approximately one-eighth of Kenya's population, the British considered the Kamba East Africa's premier 'martial race' by the mid-twentieth century: a people with an apparent aptitude for soldiering. The reputation, indeed, was one that Kamba leaders used to leverage financial rewards from the colonial state. However, beneath this simplistic exterior was a maelstrom of argument and debate. Men and women, young and old, Christians and non-Christians, and the elite and poor fought over the virtues they considered worthy of honor in their communities, and which of their visions should constitute 'Kamba' identity. Based on extensive archival research and more than 150 interviews, Ethnicity and Empire is one of the first books to analyze the complex process of building and shaping 'tribe' over more than two centuries. It reveals new ways to think about themes crucial to the history of colonialism: soldiering, 'loyalty', martial race, and indeed the nature of empire itself.
Skills and Inequality
Authors: Busemeyer Marius R.
Published: September 2014

Skills and Inequality studies the political economy of education and training reforms from the perspective of comparative welfare state research. Highlighting the striking similarities between established worlds of welfare capitalism and educational regimes, Marius R. Busemeyer argues that both have similar political origins in the postwar period. He identifies partisan politics and different varieties of capitalism as crucial factors shaping choices about the institutional design of post-secondary education. The political and institutional survival of vocational education and training as an alternative to academic higher education is then found to play an important role in the later development of skill regimes. Busemeyer also studies the effects of educational institutions on social inequality and patterns of public opinion on the welfare state and education. Adopting a multi-method approach, this book combines historical case studies of Sweden, Germany, and the United Kingdom with quantitative analyses of macro-level aggregate data and micro-level survey data.
Intellectuals and the Search for National Identity in Twentieth-Century Brazil
Authors: Chilcote Ronald H.
Published: September 2014

This book discusses twentieth-century Brazilian political thought, arguing that while Rio de Janeiro intellectuals envisaged the state and the national bourgeoisie as the means to overcome dependency on foreign ideas and culture, São Paulo intellectuals looked to civil society and the establishment of new academic institutions in the search for national identity. Ronald H. Chilcote begins his study by outlining Brazilian intellectuals' attempt to transcend a sense of inferiority emanating from Brazilian colonialism and backwardness. Next, he traces the struggle for national identity in Rio de Janeiro through an account of how intellectuals of varying political persuasions united in search of a political ideology of national development. He then presents an analysis by São Paulo intellectuals on racial discrimination, social inequality, and class differentiation under early capitalism and industrialization. The book concludes with a discussion on how Brazilian intellectuals challenged foreign thinking about development through the state and representative democratic institutions, in contrast to popular and participatory democratic practices.
Employer and Worker Collective Action
Authors: Lawrence Andrew G.
Published: September 2014

This book compares sources of worker and employer power in Germany, South Africa, and the United States in order to identify the sources of comparative US decline in union power and to more precisely analyze the nature of labor-movement power. It finds that this power is not confined to allied parties, union confederations, or strikes, but rather consists of the capacity to autonomously translate power from one context to the next. By combining their product, labor market, and labor law advantages through their dominant employers' associations, leading firms are able to impose constraints on labor's free collective bargaining regionally and nationally, defeating employer interests that are more amenable to labor in the process. Through an examination of these patterns of interest organization, the book shows, however, that initial employer advantages prove to be contingent and unstable and that employers are forced to cede to more far-reaching demands of increasingly organized workers.
Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Microphysics of Clouds
Authors: Khvorostyanov Vitaly I. , Curry Judith A.
Published: September 2014

Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Microphysics of Clouds presents a unified theoretical foundation that provides the basis for incorporating cloud microphysical processes in cloud and climate models. In particular, the book provides:
• A theoretical basis for understanding the processes of cloud particle formation, evolution and precipitation, with emphasis on spectral cloud microphysics based on numerical and analytical solutions of the kinetic equations for the drop and crystal size spectra along with the supersaturation equation
• The latest detailed theories and parameterizations of drop and crystal nucleation suitable for cloud and climate models derived from the general principles of thermodynamics and kinetics
• A platform for advanced parameterization of clouds in weather prediction and climate models
• The scientific foundation for weather and climate modification by cloud seeding.
This book will be invaluable for researchers and advanced students engaged in cloud and aerosol physics, and air pollution and climate research.
The World of Tacitus' Dialogus de Oratoribus
Authors: van den Berg Christopher S.
Published: September 2014

Coming to terms with the rhetorical arts of antiquity necessarily illuminates our own ideas of public discourse and the habits of speech to which they have led. Tacitus wrote the Dialogus at a time (ca. 100 CE) when intense scrutiny of the history, the definitions, and the immediate relevance of public speech were all being challenged and refashioned by a host of vibrant intellects and ambitious practitioners. This book challenges the notion that Tacitus sought to explain the decline of oratory under the Principate. Rather, from examination of the dynamics of argument in the dialogue and the underlying literary traditions there emerges a sophisticated consideration of eloquentia in the Roman Empire. Tacitus emulates Cicero's legacy and challenges his position at the top of Rome's oratorical canon. He further shows that eloquentia is a means by which to compete with the power of the Principate.
Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration
Authors: Yang Grace C. H.
Published: September 2014

This practical text and color atlas tells the story of 350 patients, covering a wide range of thyroid lesions with high quality composite images that correlate cytology with histology, and radiology with pathology. Each case includes clinical presentation and final pathology. Concise, easy-to-read text enables readers to quickly find the information they need for accurate diagnosis. 'Lookalike' lesions are grouped together so the subtle cytological differences can be appreciated. The author's practical approach explains mistakes made and lessons learned, so diagnostic pitfalls can be avoided. Triage algorithms and over 2000 printed photomicrographs are provided. The print book is accompanied by a CD-ROM offering images in downloadable format. Written by a leading cytopathologist who has performed onsite assessment for over 10,000 ultrasound-guided thyroid fine needle aspirations, this is an important resource for all healthcare professionals dealing with thyroid patients, including cytopathologists, surgical pathologists, cytotechnologists, sonographers, radiologists, endocrinologists and surgeons.
Professional Discourse
Authors: Kong Kenneth
Published: September 2014

Using a wide range of professional genres such as research papers, business reports, performance commentaries, guidebooks and legal documents, this study focuses on the discourse of professional writing, employing analytic paradigms from systemic-functional linguistics, pragmatics, text analysis, sociology and anthropological linguistics. Kenneth Kong argues that while professions use different sets of practices, their use of language displays many universals. This is demonstrated through the analysis of data from a broad cross-section of professional settings such as medicine, law, business, mass media and engineering. This examination of professional discourse, and its important role in society, will be of interest to researchers in applied linguistics, to professionals who want to understand the role of language in their work, and to teachers of English for specific purposes.
Natural Human Rights
Authors: Boylan Michael
Published: September 2014

This timely book by internationally regarded scholar of ethics and social/political philosophy, Michael Boylan, focuses on the history, application and significance of human rights in the West and China. Boylan engages the key current philosophical debates prevalent in human rights discourse today and draws them together to argue for the existence of natural, universal human rights. Arguing against the grain of mainstream philosophical beliefs, Boylan asserts that there is continuity between human rights and natural law and that human beings require basic, essential goods for minimum action. These include food, clean water and sanitation, clothing, shelter and protection from bodily harm, including basic healthcare. The achievement of this goal, Boylan demonstrates, will require significant resource allocation and creative methods of implementation involving public and private institutions. Combining technical argument with four fictional narratives about human rights, the book invites readers to engage with the most important aspects of the discipline.
Memorials of Edward Burne-Jones
Authors: Burne-Jones Georgiana
Published: September 2014

Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones (1833–98) emerged from a solitary, motherless childhood to form close friendships with William Morris and such other luminaries of the Victorian art world as Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Ruskin. A second generation Pre-Raphaelite and founder member of the Morris firm, he was influential in many areas, from painting, stained glass and tapestry design to book illustration. His later work, including such iconic paintings as The Wheel of Fortune, The Golden Stairs (which caused a sensation when exhibited at the Grosvenor Gallery) and The Sleep of Arthur in Avalon, influenced and exemplified the Aesthetic Movement, and inspired the European Symbolists. His wife, Georgiana Burne-Jones (1840–1920), published this engaging two-volume biography in 1904. Volume 2 hints at the emotional turmoil behind paintings like Love Among the Ruins, reveals the impact of his visits to Italy, and usefully contextualises the haunting masterpieces of his later years.
The Works of Sir William Jones
Authors: Jones William
Published: September 2014

A renowned Enlightenment polymath, Sir William Jones (1746–94) was a lawyer, translator and poet who wrote authoritatively on politics, comparative linguistics and oriental literature. Known initially for his Persian translations and political radicalism, Jones became further celebrated for his study and translation of ancient Sanskrit texts following his appointment to the supreme court in Calcutta in 1783. He spent the next eleven years introducing Europe to the mysticism and rationality of Hinduism through works such as his nine 'Hymns' to Hindu deities and his translation of the Sanskrit classic Sacontalá, influencing Romantic writers from William Blake to August Wilhelm Schlegel. Volume 4 of his thirteen-volume works, published in 1807, contains Jones' extensive Indic scholarship and translations published in British periodicals such as Asiatick Researches and The Asiatick Miscellany, and includes the unprecedented 'On the Musical Modes of the Hindus' (1792) and 'On the Mystical Poetry of the Persians and Hindus' (1791).
Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara
Authors: Scherzer Karl von
Published: September 2014

Joined by seven eminent natural scientists, including Karl von Scherzer (1821–1903), the Austrian naval expedition of 1857–9 was remarkable for its globe-spanning scale. During the course of the voyage, the naturalists collected an abundance of samples which contributed to several scientific discoveries, including the isolation of cocaine in its pure form. Some of the investigations also revolutionised knowledge in such fields as geology, oceanography, hydrography and geomagnetism, and are still being studied by modern-day researchers. Prepared by Scherzer and first published in English in 1861–3, this is a compelling three-volume account of the mission, remaining relevant to scholars interested in naval exploration and the history of science. Opening with the guidance given by Alexander von Humboldt prior to the expedition, Volume 1 covers the leg between Europe and India. It includes notes on the social structure of the populations encountered, and on the local flora and fauna.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Authors: Röhl John C. G.
Published: September 2014

Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859–1941) is one of the most fascinating figures in European history, ruling Imperial Germany from his accession in 1888 to his enforced abdication in 1918 at the end of the First World War. In one slim volume, John Röhl offers readers a concise and accessible survey of his monumental three-volume biography of the Kaiser and his reign. The book sheds new light on Wilhelm's troubled youth, his involvement in social and political scandals, and his growing thirst for glory, which, combined with his overwhelming nationalism and passion for the navy provided the impetus for a breathtaking long-term goal: the transformation of the German Reich into one of the foremost powers in the world. The volume examines the crucial role played by Wilhelm as Germany's Supreme War Lord in the policies that led to war in 1914. It concludes by describing the rabid anti-Semitism he developed in exile and his efforts to persuade Hitler to restore him to the throne.
Reinventing the Left in the Global South
Authors: Sandbrook Richard
Published: September 2014

This book offers a fresh appraisal of the nature and significance of the democratic Left in the Global South. The moral and intellectual leadership of the Left is shifting south from its European birthplace. It is in the Global South, most notably in Latin America, that one finds newly self-confident progressive movements. This 'new' democratic Left includes parties and social movements that not only are avoiding the familiar pitfalls that ensnared socialists and social democrats in the twentieth century, but also are coping with the realities of the twenty-first century, especially neoliberal globalization. In analyzing and illustrating three innovative strategies - moderate social democracy, radical social-democratic transition to socialism, and Left populism - this study nudges the debate about the Left out of the well-worn grooves into which it has fallen in recent decades.
Romantic Reformers and the Antislavery Struggle in the Civil War Era
Authors: Kytle Ethan J.
Published: September 2014

On the cusp of the American Civil War, a new generation of reformers, including Theodore Parker, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Martin Robison Delany and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, took the lead in the antislavery struggle. Frustrated by political defeats, a more aggressive Slave Power, and the inability of early abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison to rid the nation of slavery, the New Romantics crafted fresh, often more combative, approaches to the peculiar institution. Contrary to what many scholars have argued, however, they did not reject Romantic reform in the process. Instead, the New Romantics roamed widely through Romantic modes of thought, embracing not only the immediatism and perfectionism pioneered by Garrisonians but also new motifs and doctrines, including sentimentalism, self-culture, martial heroism, Romantic racialism, and Manifest Destiny. This book tells the story of how antebellum America's most important intellectual current, Romanticism, shaped the coming and course of the nation's bloodiest - and most revolutionary - conflict.
Hegel's Phenomenology
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: September 2014

The Phenomenology of Spirit is both one of Hegel's most widely read books and one of his most obscure. The book is the most detailed commentary on Hegel's work available. It develops an independent philosophical account of the general theory of knowledge, culture, and history presented in the Phenomenology. In a clear and straightforward style, Terry Pinkard reconstructs Hegel's theoretical philosophy and shows its connection to ethical and political theory. He sets the work in a historical context and shows the contemporary relevance of Hegel's thought for European and Anglo-American philosophers. The principal audience for the book is teachers and students of philosophy, but the great interest in Hegel's work and the clarity of Pinkard's exposition ensure that historians of ideas, political scientists, and literary theorists will also read it.
Myxosporean parasites of marine fishes: their distribution in the world's oceans
Authors: MACKENZIE K. , KALAVATI C.
Published: September 2014

Myxosporeans are among the most common parasites of marine fish. Their economic importance is mainly as pathogens of both wild and farmed fish, but they have also been used as biological tags in population studies of their fish hosts. Here we review the literature and show the distribution of different families of Myxosporea infecting marine fishes in the world's oceans – the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific and Indian. We also analyse their distribution in different orders of marine fishes. New families, genera and species of marine Myxosporea are continually being described and many more await description. Some regions, in particular the North Atlantic, have been more thoroughly investigated than others, so the analyses we present may not reflect the true distributions and we acknowledge that these may change considerably as other regions are investigated more fully. The distribution of myxosporean families in different taxonomic groups of marine fishes can indicate phylogenetic relationships between parasite and host and suggest the origins of different myxosporean taxa. We present some examples, while recognizing that new molecular information on phylogenetic relationships within the Myxozoa will lead to major changes in classification.
Researching Australian, New Zealand and Papua New Guinean Law
Authors: Hinchcliff Carole L. , Fitzgibbons Megan , Davies Claudia
Published: September 2014

In this paper Carole Hinchcliff, Megan Fitzgibbons and Claudia Davies review free resources that can be used when researching the law in Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. Background descriptions of the countries' legal systems are provided, along with brief descriptions of websites which provide access to the legislation and case law of the relevant jurisdictions. The article is based on a presentation developed by Carole, and subsequently delivered by Megan and Claudia, at the International Federation of Library Association (IFLA) meeting in August, 2013.
Psycho- und soziotherapeutische Interventionen bei bipolaren affektiven Störungen: Review
Authors: Vetter Johannes , Bohleber Laura , Böker Heinz
Published: September 2014

Die Wirksamkeit stimmungsstabilisierender Medikation in der phasenprophylaktischen Behandlung bei bipolaren Störungen ist belegt. Dennoch leiden Patienten vielfach unter Rezidiven und Residualsymptomen, die Medikamenten-Adhärenz ist oftmals nicht ausreichend, ein chronischer Krankheitsverlauf mit zunehmendem Verlust des psychosozialen Funktionsniveaus tritt häufig ein. In einem multimodalen Behandlungsansatz haben psycho- und soziotherapeutische Interventionen verstärkt an Bedeutung gewonnen. Als evidenzbasierte Verfahren stehen die psychoedukative Therapie, das Intensive Clinical Management (ICM), die Interpersonelle und Soziale Rhythmustherapie (IPSRT), die Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT), die Familienfokussierte Therapie (FFT) sowie die psychodynamisch orientierte Psychotherapie zur Verfügung. Die aktuellen S3-Leitlinien zur Behandlung bipolarer Störungen empfehlen interaktive Gruppenpsychoedukation, KVT und FFT für die Phasenprophylaxe. Zur Unterstützung der Rezidivprophylaxe manischer und depressiver Episoden ist Psychoedukation indiziert. Zur Rückfallverhinderung nach depressiven Episoden werden KVT und FFT empfohlen. Zukünftige Fragestellungen sind differentialdiagnostische Zuordnungen von Patientensubgruppen zu den unterschiedlichen Verfahren und zugrundeliegende Wirkmechanismen. Inhalte, aktuelle Entwicklungen und empirische Befunde zu den verschiedenen psycho- und soziotherapeutischen Interventionen werden in diesem Review aufgezeigt.
Conflict Monitoring Across the Life Span
Authors: Czernochowski Daniela
Published: September 2014

Errors can play a major role for optimizing subsequent performance: Response conflict associated with (near) errors signals the need to recruit additional control resources to minimize future conflict. However, so far it remains open whether children and older adults also adjust their performance as a function of preceding response conflict. To examine the life span development of conflict detection and resolution, response conflict was elicited during a task-switching paradigm. Electrophysiological correlates of conflict detection for correct and incorrect responses and behavioral indices of post-error adjustments were assessed while participants in four age groups were asked to focus on either speed or accuracy. Despite difficulties in resolving response conflict, the ability to detect response conflict as indexed by the Ne/ERN component was expected to mature early and be preserved in older adults. As predicted, reliable Ne/ERN peaks were detected across age groups. However, only for adults Ne/ERN amplitudes associated with errors were larger compared to Nc/CRN amplitudes for correct trials under accuracy instructions, suggesting an ongoing maturation in the ability to differentiate levels of response conflict. Behavioral interference costs were considerable in both children and older adults. Performance for children and older adults deteriorated rather than improved following errors, in line with intact conflict detection, but impaired conflict resolution. Thus, participants in all age groups were able to detect response conflict, but only young adults successfully avoided subsequent conflict by up-regulating control.