bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIMULASI BATANG PENGHUBUNG PISTON DENGAN VARIASI MATERIAL Al Alloy DAN Ti Alloy MENGGUNAKAN METODE ELEMEN HINGGA
Authors: Putra Agus Dwi
Published: December 2020

Motor bakar adalah motor yang dalam cara kerjanya membutuhkan pembakaran dengan merubah energi kimia menjadi energi mekanik. Pembakaran yang sering terjadi dalam ruang bakar dapat mengakibatkan panas dalam ruang bakar dimana pembakaran tersebut membutuhkan gerak bolak balik dari piston. Agar piston dapat berporasi normal maka, dibutuhkan komponen yang kuat untuk mendorong dan menopang piston tersebut. Komponen yang mendorong piston dalam dunia otomotif disebut dengan batang piston. Pemilihan material batang piston harus diperhatikan dengan ketelitian yang tinggi. Salah satu bahan penyusun material yang sering digunakan adalah Al Alloy dan Ti Alloy. Penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji dan menganalisis batang piston dengan metode elemen hingga. Analisis elemen hingga pada batang piston dilakukan dengan bantuan software ANSYS. Simulasi ANSYS dimaksudkan untuk menguji perbedaan total deformasi, tegangan normal, dan safety factor pada masing-masing material. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa deformasi terbesar dialami pada batang piston dengan material Al Alloy dengan nilai 0,672 mm sedangkan pada material Ti Alloy deformasi yang dialami sebesar 0,496 mm.
Study on Development of Composite Hydrogels With Tunable Structures and Properties for Tumor-on-a-Chip Research
Authors: Chen Zaozao , Wang Fei , Zhang Jie , Sun Xiaowei , Yan Yuchuan , Wang Yan , Ouyang Jun , Zhang Jing , Honore Tess , Ge Jianjun , Gu Zhongze
Published: December 2020

A major factor for developing new tumor models is to recreate a proper three-dimensional environment for 3D tumors culture. In this 3D microenvironment, extracellular matrices play important roles in regulation of hallmark features of cancer through biochemical and mechanical signals. The fabrication of a mechanical and biophysical controllable hydrogel, while sharing similarities with Matrigel in cancer invasiveness evaluation, is an urgent but unmet need. In this study, we developed a hybrid hydrogel system composed of GelMA and hydrolyzed collagen to model tumor micro-environment and tested with several cancer cells with different origin and characteristics. This hydrogel possesses a well-ordered homogenous microstructure, excellent permeability and an adjustable mechanical stiffness. This hydrogel demonstrated similar properties as Matrigel in tumor spheroids culture and 3D tumor invasiveness studies. It was further applied in a Tumor-on-a-Chip system with 3D-bioprinting. Our research demonstrated this hydrogel's effectiveness in tumor 3D culture, and its potential to replace Matrigel in cancer invasiveness evaluation.
Current Tobacco Smoking Prevalence Among Iranian Population: A Closer Look at the STEPS Surveys
Authors: Sohrabi Mohammad-Reza , Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen , Kolahi Ali-Asghar
Published: December 2020

Objectives: To determine the current tobacco smoking prevalence among Iranian adults, its geographical distribution in 2011, 2016, and time trend during 2004-2016.

Methods: We conducted a pooled analysis of the published reports of 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, and the data of 2011 and 2016 of the STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk-factor surveillance (STEPS) surveys.

Results: The prevalence of current tobacco smoking and current daily cigarette smoking in 2016 was 14.1 and 9.7%, respectively. Only 0.2% of participants smoked water-pipe. Current tobacco smoking prevalence remained unchanged during 2004-2016 for both men and women. The prevalence of passive smoking at home or workplace was 27.4%. Current tobacco smoking prevalence and current daily cigarette smoking was significantly lower among women than men. Current tobacco smoking prevalence showed a geographical pattern throughout the country. In both 2011 and 2016, current tobacco smoking prevalence was higher among men who lived in the western provinces, especially the north-west, than those who lived in the eastern and southern provinces.

Conclusions: The current tobacco smoking prevalence among Iranian population has not changed significantly during 2004-2016 and does not conform to the international guidelines. Therefore, it remains crucial yet challenging that effective nationwide policies be implemented to reduce the use of tobacco products. One cannot hope for any reductions in smoking prevalence until a cocktail of interventions are built around strong commitment to government policy.
Structural Analysis of Oxidized Cerebrosides from the Extract of Deep-Sea Sponge Aulosaccus sp.: Occurrence of Amide-Linked Allylically Oxygenated Fatty Acids
Authors: Santalova Elena A. , Denisenko Vladimir A. , Dmitrenok Pavel S.
Published: December 2020

The structural elucidation of primary and secondary peroxidation products, formed from complex lipids, is a challenge in lipid analysis. In the present study, rare minor oxidized cerebrosides, isolated from the extract of a far eastern deep-sea glass sponge, Aulosaccus sp., were analyzed as constituents of a multi-component RP-HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography on reversed-phase column) fraction using NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, GC (gas chromatography), and chemical transformations (including hydrogenation or derivatization with dimethyl disulfide before hydrolysis). Eighteen previously unknown β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→1)-ceramides (1a–a//, 1b–b//, 2a–a//, 2b–b//, 3c–c//, 3d–d//) were shown to contain phytosphingosine-type backbones (2S,3S,4R,11Z)-2-aminoeicos-11-ene-1,3,4-triol (in 1), (2S,3S,4R,13Z)-2-aminoeicos-13-ene-1,3,4-triol (in 2), and (13S*,14R*)-2-amino-13,14-methylene-eicosane-1,3,4-triol (in 3). These backbones were N-acylated with straight-chain monoenoic (2R)-2-hydroxy acids that had allylic hydroperoxy/hydroxy/keto groups on C-17/ in the 15/E-23:1 chain (a–a//), C-16/ in the 17/E-23:1 (b–b//) and 14/E-22:1 (c–c//) chains, and C-15/ in the 16/E-22:1 chain (d–d//). Utilizing complementary instrumental and chemical methods allowed for the first detailed structural analysis of a complex mixture of glycosphingolipids, containing allylically oxygenated monoenoic acyl chains.
Synthesis and Matrix Properties of α-Cyano-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienic Acid (CPPA) for Intact Proteins Analysis by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Monopoli Antonio , Nacci Angelo , Cataldi Tommaso R. I. , Calvano Cosima D.
Published: December 2020

The effectiveness of a synthesized matrix, α-cyano-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienic acid (CPPA), for protein analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in complex samples such as foodstuff and bacterial extracts, is demonstrated. Ultraviolet (UV) absorption along with laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) experiments were systematically conducted in positive ion mode under standard Nd:YLF laser excitation with the aim of characterizing the matrix in terms of wavelength absorption and proton affinity. Besides, the results for standard proteins revealed that CPPA significantly enhanced the protein signals, reduced the spot-to-spot variability and increased the spot homogeneity. The CPPA matrix was successful employed to investigate intact microorganisms, milk and seed extracts for protein profiling. Compared to conventional matrices such as sinapinic acid (SA), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and 4-chloro-α-cyanocinnamic acid (CClCA), CPPA exhibited better signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios and a uniform response for most examined proteins occurring in milk, hazelnut and in intact bacterial cells of E. coli. These findings not only provide a reactive proton transfer MALDI matrix with excellent reproducibility and sensitivity, but also contribute to extending the battery of useful matrices for intact protein analysis.
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis Derived Protein Isolate with Enhanced Osteomodulatory and Antioxidative Property
Authors: Ganguly Keya , Jeong Min-Soo , Dutta Sayan Deb , Patel Dinesh K. , Cho Seong-Jun , Lim Ki-Taek
Published: December 2020

The osteogenic differentiation of stem cells is profoundly affected by their microenvironmental conditions. The differentiation behavior of stem cells can be tuned by changing the niche environments. The proteins or peptides that are derived by living organisms facilitate the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Here, we have evaluated the osteoinductive and antioxidative potential of the Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis insect-derived protein for human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The amino acid contents in the isolated protein were determined by an amino acid analyzer. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the extract’s functional groups and surface morphology. The extracted protein exhibited 51.08% β-sheet conformation. No adverse effects were observed in extract-treated cells, indicating their biocompatibility. The protein isolate showed an excellent antioxidative property. Besides this, an enhancement in the hBMSCs’ mineralization has been observed in the presence of treated protein isolates. Notably, osteogenic marker genes and proteins were effectively expressed in the treated cells. These results indicated that the P. brevitarsis-derived protein isolate can be used as a potential antioxidative biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications.
ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENCES IN VITAMIN C INTAKE BEFORE AND DURING RAMADAN AMONG GENERAL POPULATION IN KARACHI
Authors: Sheikh Marium , Amir Hashmi Dr. Farzana
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND
Inconsistent data revealed on investigation of nutrient intake by
different populations of Muslims during Ramadan, particularly due
to the variations in dietary norms.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this observational study was to find out the difference
of Vitamin C intake before and during Ramadan within different
age groups and genders.
METHODS
A prospective study was conducted to investigate Vitamin C intake
of subjects on two occasions: before and during Ramadan. A total
of 770 voluntary subjects (12–90 yrs.) were enrolled for the research.
Informed consent form was obtained from each of the participant
before the commencement of the study. A quantitative questionnaire
cum interview method was used to collect demographic
data, health characteristics and dietary intake data. Dietary data
was collected using a 24 hour dietary recall and Generic Food
Photograph Atlas (GFP) while food items were recorded in codes.
Standardized Recipes were used to assess the amount of Vitamin C
in each food consumed. Vitamin C intake was calculated with the
help of the United States Department of Agriculture Food Composition
Table (USDA FCT) and Allama Iqbal Open University Food Composition
Table (AIOU FCT). Analysis was conducted using
Paired-T-Test and MANOVA using Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) Software, Version 16.
RESULTS
A significant increase was observed in the overall intake of Vitamin
C in the diet of participants during Ramadan (195.5% of before
Ramadan intake). Moreover, the results indicated that Vitamin C
consumption was increased among both males and females (P =
<0.05) and among heterogeneous aged subjects during Ramadan
(P = <0.05).
CONCLUSION
Additional research is warranted to further elucidate the increased
intake of Vitamin C with regards of cultural differences.

KEYWORDS
Vitamin C, Before Ramadan, Intake, Generic Food Photograph
Atlas, During Ramadan, Karachi
COMPARISON OF TRIGGER POINT PRESSURE RELEASE WITH ULTRASOUND THERAPY TO DECREASE RHOMBOIDS TRIGGER POINTS PAIN
Authors: Mahmood Azam , Saleem Saad , Khan Muhammad Usman
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of trigger point (TrP) pressure release
with ultrasound therapy to reduce rhomboid pain due to TrP.
STUDY DESIGN
Experimental study
STUDY SETTINGS
Outpatient department of Ziauddin Hospital, Clifton campus,
Karachi, Pakistan.
SAMPLE SIZE
50 patients
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Simple random sampling. The patients were divided into two
groups of 25. Group A were given TrP pressure release treatment
with exercise and group B were given ultrasound (u/s)
treatment with exercise.
OUTCOME MEASURES
The outcome measures were visual analog scale (VAS) for
pain and functional rating index (FRI) for functional performance
RESULTS
In group A, mean pain score on VAS before the treatment
were 5.88±1.130 and after treatment were 1.80±1.041 with a
p-value of <0.006. Group B, mean pain score on VAS before
treatment were 6.56±1.446, after treatment were 2.72±1.208,
with a p-value of <0.006. The mean FRI in group A before treatment
was 39.92 ± 2.691 and after treatment was 29.60 ± 5.454,
with a p-value of 0.002. The mean FRI in Group B before treatment
was 41.12 ± 2.505 and after treatment was 35.92 ± 4.183,
with a p-value of 0.002.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF FRENKEL’S AND BALANCING EXERCISES IN PATIENTS WITH CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION
Authors: Adnan Qurat ul Ain , Rizvi Hassan Abbas
Published: December 2020

To compare the effectiveness of Frenkel’s exercise and balancing
exercises in patients with cerebellar dysfunction
STUDY DESIGN
Experimental Study
STUDY SETTING & PARTICIPANTS
The study has been conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Sample
size of 20 patients has been drawn from the population having
ataxia, and they were equally divided into two groups. Subjects
were randomly assigned to each group.
INTERVENTION
One group was given Frenkel’s exercise regime and another has
been treated by balancing exercises.
OUTCOME MEASURES
Assessment was performed to find out the pre and post score on the
basis of the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA).
RESULTS
There was a significant difference in sensation, anterior balance,
gait framework, and expanded degree of disability in a post treatment
data. A meaningful difference was observed in patients who
received frankel’s exercise regime. There was also a statistically
compelling difference in pendular movements and dysdiadochokinesia.
CONCLUSION
According to our study, physiotherapy approaches were purpose
fully effective to decrease the ataxia. In cerebellar dysfunction
rehabilitation, combination of relevant physical therapy technique
is also found potent in recovery.
EFFECTS OF MYOFASCIAL RELEASE AND VAPOCOOLANT SPRAY WITH STRETCH TECHNIQUE ON UPPER TRAPEZIUS TRIGGER POINTS
Authors: Shah Fareeda Shaheen
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND
Myofascial pain syndrome is a common source of pain in people
with bad postures. Mostly trigger points (TrP) of muscles become
chronic and cause restricted ROM. Upper trapezius TrP are
common in people of all ages especially young and middle
aged adults. Physical therapy has been used to release these TrP.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the effects of Myofascial release and spray with
stretch technique on upper trapezius trigger points
METHODOLOGY
30 individuals with history of neck pain were taken through
non-probability purposive sampling technique. They are randomly
allocated to intervention and control group. The intervention
group received Myofascial release technique with stretching
exercises and the control group received spray with stretch technique.
The techniques were applied for three consecutive days.
A pre-assessment and post-assessment of ROM and pain scores
on VAS were taken.
RESULT
This study shows that the ranges of cervical side flexion of both
sides were increased in intervention and control groups.
CONCLUSION
Myofascial release have greater effects in releasing upper trapezius
TrP with significant reduction in neck pain and improved neck
movements as compared to spray and stretch technique and
there would be minimal chances of early recurrence of TrP after
about 3 days of receiving it.
THE USE OF VISCERAL MOBILIZATION THERAPY TO RELIEVE LOW BACK PAIN
Authors: Kazmi Syed Abid Mehdi , Siddiqui Iqbal Ahmed , Baig Nabeel
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVE
Ascertain the effects of visceral mobilization in low back pain
management.
METHODS
A 33 years old female with complaint of acute low back pain
referred for physiotherapy treatment, during her physical examination,
we failed to correlate her pain with any neuro-musculoskeletal
reference. So we extended our palpation on abdominal
region and found tender points on bilateral iliac regions. Her pain
was recorded on VAS pain scale that was 8-9/10. So, we decided
to proceed through visceral mobilization on her reproductive
system and at the end of the session she had no pain or
discomfort.
RESULTS
There is a remarkable recovery in low back and leg pain by using
VM only twice. It’s not only resolved completely but the effects
sustained for more than a month. According to her, she observed
great improvement in her walking. She regained the ability to sit
on and get up from floor. She felt these differences right after the
first session of treatment.
El armamento de época iberorromana de Libisosa (Lezuza, Albacete). Un conjunto excepcional
Authors: Quesada Sanz Fernando , Uroz Rodríguez Héctor
Published: December 2020

Las excavaciones que se vienen desarrollando en la ciudad de Libisosa (Lezuza, Albacete) han proporcionado —y siguen haciéndolo— un gran número de armas datables sobre todo en dos fases concretas: el periodo de estabilización de la conquista romana en el tercer cuarto del s. II a. C. y el periodo sertoriano, hacia el año 75 a. C. Este conjunto es muy notable por su número, la buena calidad de conservación, la variedad tipológica (ofensivas y defensivas de diversos tipos, arreos de caballo), y su preciso contexto arqueológico urbano. Para el periodo que conocemos como “baja época ibérica”, que desde la otra perspectiva corresponde al periodo romano republicano en Hispania, el lote de armas de Lezuza es uno de los más completos e importantes de la península ibérica, por su relevancia y calidad al nivel de los de Numancia, Caminreal u Osuna.
Visualization of Learning and Memorizing Processes Using Mobile Devices: Mind Mapping and Charting
Authors: Vorona-Slivinskaya Lubov , Bokov Dmitry , Li Olga
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the study is to test the effectiveness of visualization of learning and memorization in the educational process in higher educational institutions. The research was carried out in higher educational institution in the Russian Federation among 1-4-year students as well as teachers. The sample included 200 students and 35 teachers. The experiment consisted of three stages - introductory, experimental, and final. The initial assessment of students’ professional knowledge was carried out at the introductory stage. The goal of the experimental stage was to introduce visualization of learning and memorization, mainly, the use of mind maps and charts in students’ professional training. Tasks were developed and used, providing for the creation of mini projects, construction layouts with charts, mental maps (reflecting the professional role of a specialist in construction and architecture fields), features and stages of design, priorities of architectural and construction activities. At the final stage, the final assessment of students’ progress in vocational training and a comparative analysis of the data were carried out, conclusions were drawn about the advisability of visualizing the processes of learning and memorizing in higher education. Teachers’ attitude towards the active implementation of visualization of learning and memorizing was also studied at the introductory and final stages. To determine teachers’ attitude towards the active implementation of visualization of learning and memorizing, the survey was conducted. The introduction of the above-mentioned tasks gave the following results in the experimental group. Namely, there were high growth rates of students with a high level of knowledge (11.5%), 16.4% - with a sufficient level of knowledge and 13.7% - with an average level of knowledge; there was also a decrease in the number of students with low grades (by 16.6%) compared to the control group at the final stage. The number of teachers with positive-promising and positive attitude towards visualization of learning and memorizing increased by 14.3%, the number of respondents with positive-neutral attitude decreased by the same percentage, and there was not a single teacher who retained a negative attitude. The practical value of the results lies in the possibility of using the questionnaire and tasks developed in the real educational process of modern higher education institutions.
Le rôle du contexte socioéconomique local dans l’abandon des bachelier·ère·s professionnel·le·s en brevet de technicien supérieur en Guadeloupe
Authors: Odacre Elisabeth
Published: December 2020

Cette étude aborde les aspects contextuels du phénomène d’abandon dans l’enseignement supérieur en Guadeloupe, en relation avec la proportion importante de bachelier·ère·s professionnel·le·s dans cette région. La conduite de récits de vie auprès d’étudiant·e·s ayant abandonné le BTS assistant de manager permet de mieux comprendre les tensions qui ont pesé sur leur décision. Les étudiant·e·s sont confronté·e·s à des orientations contraintes car la carte locale de l’enseignement supérieur ne permet pas de satisfaire les besoins de formation et les aspirations des bachelier·ère s professionnel·le·s. Ainsi, les caractéristiques socioéconomiques et territoriales constituent en Guadeloupe des déterminants majeurs pour l’insertion des bachelier·ère s professionnel·le·s dans l’enseignement supérieur.
On the discriminant locus of a rank $n-1$ vector bundle on $\mathbb P^{n-1}$
Authors: Abo Hirotachi
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we show that if a vector bundle of rank

n-1

on projective

(n-1)

-space is very ample and if its top Chern class is greater than one, then the discriminant locus of the vector bundle, the locus of singular sections of the vector bundle, is an irreducible hypersurface and that the degree of the hypersurface can be expressed as a function of invariants of the vector bundle. As applications, we study the eigendiscriminant locus (the locus of tensors whose eigenschemes are singular) and the discriminant locus of the generic graded matrix (the locus of singular determinantal schemes).
Weak König’s lemma in herbrandized classical second-order arithmetic
Authors: Ferreira Fernando
Published: December 2020

This is a short paper describing how a herbrandized functional interpretation can give a new treatment of some issues in classical second-order arithmetic. It is perhaps worthy of note that, in our interpretation, second-order variables are interpreted by finite sets of natural numbers.
Wileńska pediatria (1919–1939)
Authors: Urbanek Bożena
Published: December 2020

Pediatrics in Vilnius (1919–1939) The article aims to show the development of pediatrics in Vilnius (Wilno) in the Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic in the interwar period. The text presents the beginnings of the organizational, scientific and staffing process, and it employs the sources from the Lithuanian Central State Archives (Lietuvos centrinis valstybės archyvas), as well as address lists and medical journals from the period.
The development of real property tax - the case of city of Košice
Authors: Vartašová Anna , Červená Karolína
Published: December 2020

The paper is focused on the field of real property taxation in Slovakia, from a legal-budgetary point of view, at the local level (the City of Košice). The scientific goal of the paper is to assess the development in the total revenue, tax revenue and revenue from real property taxation in component-wise structure (revenue from the taxation of land, buildings and flats and non-residential premises) within the period from 2005 to 2019, as well as the search for causal relations between legislation and reported revenue. Within the first stage of targeted research; the authors applied standard scientific methods and procedures, namely the study and analysis of legislation (selected laws and generally binding regulations), the database of available and requested numerical data and information, which were provided by the selected subject of local self-government - the City of Košice; in the second stage of targeted research the authors created through abstraction, comparison, induction and deduction their own results and conclusions, which are presented in this paper in textual and graphical forms.
Limitation of public debt on the verge of financial crisis
Authors: Vuongova Andrea
Published: December 2020

The foretaste of the financial crisis raises the question of the functioning, application and enforcement of measures to ensure sound and sustainable public finances. The limitation of public debt was enshrined in law in the Czech legal system in 2017, and in April of this year one of the established fiscal rules was amended. The aim of this article is to critically analyze the adjustment of the public debt limitation that has been undertaken in the context of the current crisis caused by the spread of COVID-19. The introduction of the article will describe the European and Czech context of the limitation of public debt and setting budgetary responsibility. Subsequently, the article briefly summarizes the effects of the coronavirus crisis on the implementation of the state budget and, consequently, the justification for the legislative change of the set fiscal rule. The methods used in the article are mainly the method of literary research relevant sources, the method of description of the limitation of the public debt regulation in European union and in passages describing the current state of budgetary responsibility rules. Method of evaluation appears in the parts of the work evaluating the legislative adjustments to budgetary responsibility rules due to the coronavirus crises.
The influence of COVID-19 on international and long-distance passenger rail transport. The cases of Italy and Poland – the first observations
Authors: Taczanowski Jakub
Published: December 2020

The objective of the article is to present the influence of COVID-19 on international and long distance passenger rail transport in Italy and Poland. Despite differences in the development of the pandemic the decision to put limits on long-distance rail services was taken in both countries at the very same time. On 23 March 2020 the last large-scale cancellations so far were introduced both in Italy and Poland. The entire rail transport in the two countries has been stopped to a very large extent. The only remaining international trains in Italy and Poland are cross-border regional trains operated by some railway companies from the neighbouring countries – France and Switzerland in the case of Italy and Germany in the case of Poland. As far as long-distance rail traffic is concerned, in Italy over 90% of all trains of this kind have been cancelled whereas in Poland the figure is 43%. A similar characteristic is the fact that almost all prestigious high speed trains have been cancelled. This is probably connected with the fact that their main target are business trips which in the time of pandemic have come almost to a complete stop.
Restrictions on regional passenger transport during epidemiological threat (COVID-19) – an example of the Lower Silesian Voivodship in Poland
Authors: Smolarski Mateusz
Published: December 2020

The beginning of 2020 was associated with the appearance of the global coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). The spread of the epidemic caused the introduction of an epidemiological emergency in Poland in early March (on March 12). This resulted in reduced public transport, including regional rail transport. In Lower Silesia, this concerned regional and fast connections. The conducted analysis concerns regional connections and is based on exploration of the spatial and the quantitative aspect of these changes. The transport offer before and after the announcing of the epidemic was analysed. The results showed that most of the transport restrictions concerned the peripheries of the voivodeship (local routes). Agglomeration routes were much less affected by the restrictions. On some lines a decrease to less than 5 pairs of connections per day was recorded. Once the restrictions are removed, it may be a challenge to encourage passengers to use railways again. Despite the low number of connections on many routes, rail transport can still be considered as the basis of the transport system. This is due to the lack of an alternative bus service.
Yeni Uygur Türkçesindeki Organ Adlarıyla Kurulmuş Deyimler
Authors: Aosıman Meıherıayı
Published: December 2020

Bu makalede genel olarak Yeni Uygur Türkçesinde, yani şu an Doğu Türkistan bölgesindeki Uygur Türklerinin organ adlarıyla kullanmakta olduğu deyimler hakkındaki çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Deyim, Uygur Türkçesindeki deyişiyle “İdiyom”, diğer Türk lehçelerinde de olduğu gibi “az söz ile çok anlam ifade etmenin” dilbilimindeki birimidir. Deyimlerin birçoğu söz sanatıdır; anlatıma güzellik, canlılık ve çekicilik katmak için kullanılır. Uygur Türkçesinde sadece deyimler üzerine çalışılmış bir sözlük veya kitap yoktur. Dolayısıyla, doğrudan erişebileceğimiz bir kaynak yoktur. Bu çalışma ile bu boşluk az da olsa doldurulmaya çalışılacaktır. 
Bilindiği gibi, Çağdaş Türk lehçelerinde deyimler hakkında ortak bir görüş yoktur, Deyimler, Türkçe dil araştırmalarında sıklıkla karşılaştığımız, her devrin kültürel özelliklerini kendinde yansıtan önemli bir dil unsuru olarak hep dikkat çekmektedir. Uygur Türkçesi kültür, edebiyat ve söz varlığı açısından, Çağdaş Türk lehçeleri içinde önemli yer tutmaktadır. Uygur Türkçesindeki deyimler, özellikle de organ adlarıyla kullanılan deyimler, gerek yazı dilinde gerekse halk dilinde çok yaygın olarak kullanılan bir deyim türüdür. Çalışmamızda, Uygur Türkçesinde organ adlarıyla kurulmuş deyimler derlenerek anlamları, Türkiye Türkçesindeki karşılıkları veya yaklaşık anlamı açısından değerlendirilecektir.
La inducción y el acompañamiento pedagógico al profesorado novel. Una oportunidad para mejorar su desempeño profesional
Authors: Rodríguez Torres Ángel Freddy , Medina Nicolalde Margarita Angélica , Tapia Medina Daniel Alejandro
Published: December 2020

El docente es un factor fundamental en la calidad de la educación y responsable de lograr un aprendizaje auténtico en los estudiantes. El profesorado novel universitario que ingresa a trabajar en la institución de educación superior cuenta con una sólida formación académica, por lo requiere apoyo en lo personal y profesional y brinde una enseñanza de calidad. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la incidencia de la inducción del profesorado novel en la mejora de su desempeño profesional, para lo cual se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática con el objeto de documentarse sobre el problema, se efectuó la búsqueda en bases de datos y repositores de revistas científicas. Se evidencia que en la mayoría de las instituciones carecen de procesos de inducción y que el profesorado novel enfrenta dificultades en la enseñanza, las relaciones interpersonales, la investigación y la vinculación con la sociedad. Por lo que, es necesario que las instituciones de educación superior implementen programas de inducción para el éxito de los nuevos maestros, mejoran su desempeño profesional y los aprendizajes de los estudiantes; así como reciban acompañamiento pedagógico para que se integre a la cultura organizacional de la institución.
UN and Business: The WIR Prequel
Authors: Miroux Anne
Published: December 2020

Referring back to the genesis of the World Investment Report (WIR), this article shows how the WIR fits into a key objective of the UN’s business agenda: enhancing the contribution of multinational enterprises to economic growth and development. Focusing on a particular period of the WIR life (the second half of the 2000s), this article highlights how the Report contributed to that end through the topics selected, the involvement of local stakeholders in the production process, and academic collaboration. While building on sound analytical bases, the Report provided action-oriented policy recommendations for effective and positive changes on the ground.
Mecanismos envolvidos na trombogênese em pacientes com COVID-19. Parte 2 - Síndrome antifosfolípide (SAF) e infecção por SARS-CoV2 (COVID)
Authors: Andrade Danieli
Published: December 2020

A pandemia trouxe muitos desafios e aprendizados neste ano de 2020. Todas as especialidades médicas foram desafiadas com o pleiotropismo de manifestações da síndrome inflamatório-trombótica desencadeada pela COVID-19. Coube a mim esclarecer as possíveis associações entre síndrome antifosfolípide, anticorpos antifosfolípides e COVID-19. Esse assunto está longe de esgotado, muitas outras informações e atualizações estão por vir nos próximos artigos publicados sobre o assunto. Espero que este texto ajude o reumatologista a compor a crítica necessária para a avaliação e conduta do seu paciente nesses tempos difíceis com as informações de que dispomos até o momento.

Unitermos: Síndrome antifosfolípide. Anticorpos. COVID-19. Trombose.
Spatial-temporal variations in riverine carbon strongly influenced by
local hydrological events in an alpine headwater stream
Authors: Wang Xin , Liu Ting , Wang Liang , Liu Zongguang , Zhu Erxiong , Wang Simin , Cai Yue , Zhu Shanshan , Feng Xiaojuan
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Headwater streams drain > 70 % of global land areas but are poorly monitored compared with large rivers. The small size and low water buffering capacity of headwater streams may result in a high sensitivity to local hydrological alterations and divergent carbon transport dynamics relative to large rivers. To assess these aspects, here we carry out a benchmark investigation on the riverine carbon dynamics in a typical alpine headwater stream (Shaliu River) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau based on annual flux monitoring, in-depth seasonal sampling and hydrological event monitoring. We show that riverine carbon in the Shaliu River was dominated by dissolved inorganic carbon, peaking in the summer due to high discharge brought by the monsoon. Combining seasonal sampling along the river and monitoring of soil-river carbon transfer during spring thaw, we also show that both dissolved and particulate forms of riverine carbon increased downstream in the pre-monsoon season due to increasing contribution of organic matter derived from thawed permafrost along the river. By comparison, riverine carbon fluctuated in the summer, likely associated with sporadic inputs of organic matter supplied by local precipitation events during the monsoon season. Furthermore, using lignin phenol analysis for both riverine organic matter and soils in the basin, we show that the higher acid-to-aldehyde (Ad / Al) ratios of riverine lignin in the monsoon season reflect a larger contribution of topsoil likely via increased surface runoff compared with the pre-monsoon season when soil leachate lignin Ad / Al ratios were closer to those in the subsoil than topsoil solutions. Overall, these findings highlight the unique patterns and strong links of carbon dynamics in alpine headwater streams with local hydrological events. Given the projected climate warming on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thawing of seasonal permafrost and alterations of precipitation regimes may significantly influence the alpine headwater carbon dynamics, with cascading effects on the biogeochemical cycles of the watersheds. The alpine headwater streams may also be utilized as sentinels for climate-induced changes in the hydrological pathways and/or biogeochemistry of the small basin.
Evaluating seasonal sea-ice cover over the Southern Ocean from the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Green Ryan A. , Menviel Laurie , Meissner Katrin J. , Crosta Xavier
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Sea-ice cover over the Southern Ocean responds to and impacts Southern Ocean dynamics and, thus, mid to high latitude climate in the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, sea-ice cover can significantly modulate the carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. As climate models are the only tool available to project future climate changes, it is important to assess their performance in simulating past changes. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼21,000 years ago) represents an interesting target as it is a relatively well documented period with climatic conditions and a carbon cycle very different from pre-industrial conditions. Here, we study the changes in seasonal Antarctic sea-ice cover as simulated in numerical PMIP3 and LOVECLIM simulations of the LGM, and their relationship with windstress and ocean temperature. Simulations and paleo-proxy records suggest a fairly well constrained glacial winter sea-ice edge at 51.5° S (1 sigma range: 50°–55.5° S). Simulated glacial summer sea-ice cover however differs widely between models, ranging from almost no sea ice to a sea-ice edge reaching 55.5° S. The austral summer multi-model mean sea-ice edge lies at ∼60.5° S (1 sigma range: 57.5°–70.5° S). Given the lack of strong constraints on the summer sea-ice edge based on sea-ice proxy records, we extend our model-data comparison to summer sea-surface temperature. Our analysis suggests that the multi-model mean summer sea ice provides a reasonable, albeit upper end, estimate of the austral summer sea-ice edge allowing us to conclude that the multi-model mean of austral summer and winter sea-ice cover seem to provide good estimates of LGM conditions. Using these best estimates, we find that there was a larger sea-ice seasonality during the LGM compared to the present day.
A first investigation of hydrogeology and hydrogeophysics of the
Maqu catchment in the Yellow River source region
Authors: Li Mengna , Zeng Yijian , Lubczynski Maciek W. , Roy Jean , Yu Lianyu , Qian Hui , Li Zhenyu , Chen Jie , Han Lei , Veldkamp Tom , Schoorl Jeroen M. , Hendricks Franssen Harrie-Jan , Hou Kai , Zhang Qiying , Xu Panpan , Li Fan , Lu Kai , Li Yulin , Su Zhongbo
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau is the source of most of Asia's major rivers and has been called the Asian Water Tower. Detailed knowledge of its hydrogeology is paramount to enable the understanding of groundwater dynamics, which plays a vital role in headwater areas like the Tibetan Plateau. Nevertheless, due to its remoteness and the harsh environment, there is a lack of field survey data to investigate its hydrogeology. In this study, borehole core lithology analysis, altitude survey, soil thickness measurement, hydrogeological survey, and hydrogeophysical surveys (e.g., Magnetic Resonance Sounding – MRS, Electrical Resistivity Tomography – ERT, and Transient Electromagnetic – TEM) were conducted in the Maqu catchment within the Yellow River Source Region (YRSR). The soil thickness measurements were done in the western mountainous area of the catchment, where hydrogeophysical surveys were difficult to be carried out. The results indicate soil thicknesses are within 1.2 m in most cases, and the soil thickness decreases as the slope increases. The hydrogeological survey reveals that groundwater flows from the west to the east, recharging the Yellow River. The hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.2 m/d to 12.4 m/d. The MRS soundings results, i.e., water content and hydraulic conductivity, confirmed the presence of unconfined aquifer in the flat eastern area. The depth of the Yellow River deposits was derived at several places in the flat eastern area based on TEM results. These survey data and results can be used to develop integrated hydrological modeling and water cycle analysis to improve a full–picture understanding of the water cycle at the Maqu catchment in the YRSR. The raw data set is freely available at https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-z6t-zpn7 (Li et al., 2020).
A framework to evaluate IMEX schemes for atmospheric models
Authors: Guba Oksana , Taylor Mark A. , Bradley Andrew M. , Bosler Peter A. , Steyer Andrew
Published: December 2020

Abstract. We present a new evaluation framework for implicit and explicit (IMEX) Runge–Kutta time-stepping schemes.
The new framework uses a linearized nonhydrostatic system of normal modes.
We utilize the framework to investigate the stability of IMEX methods and their dispersion and dissipation of gravity, Rossby, and acoustic waves.
We test the new framework on a variety of IMEX schemes and
use it to develop and analyze a set of second-order low-storage IMEX Runge–Kutta methods with a high Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) number.
We show that the new framework is more selective than the 2-D acoustic system previously used in the literature.
Schemes that are stable for the 2-D acoustic system are not stable for the system of normal modes.
Evaluating and improving the treatment of gases in radiation schemes: the Correlated K-Distribution Model Intercomparison Project (CKDMIP)
Authors: Hogan Robin J. , Matricardi Marco
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Most radiation schemes in weather and climate models use the
“correlated k distribution” (CKD) method to treat gas absorption,
which approximates a broadband spectral integration by N
pseudo-monochromatic calculations. Larger N means more accuracy and
a wider range of gas concentrations can be simulated but at greater
computational cost. Unfortunately, the tools to perform this
efficiency–accuracy trade-off (e.g. to generate separate CKD models
for applications such as short-range weather forecasting to climate
modelling) are unavailable to the vast majority of users of radiation
schemes. This paper describes the experimental protocol for the
Correlated K-Distribution Model Intercomparison Project (CKDMIP),
whose purpose is to use benchmark line-by-line calculations: (1) to
evaluate the accuracy of existing CKD models, (2) to explore how
accuracy varies with N for CKD models submitted by CKDMIP
participants, (3) to understand how different choices in the way that CKD
models are generated affect their accuracy for the same N, and (4) to generate freely available datasets and software facilitating the
development of new gas-optics tools. The datasets consist of the
high-resolution longwave and shortwave absorption spectra of nine
gases for a range of atmospheric conditions, realistic and idealized.
Thirty-four concentration scenarios for the well-mixed greenhouse
gases are proposed to test CKD models from palaeo- to future-climate
conditions. We demonstrate the strengths of the protocol in this
paper by using it to evaluate the widely used Rapid Radiative Transfer
Model for General Circulation Models (RRTMG).
Hydrometeorological evaluation of two nowcasting systems for
Mediterranean heavy precipitation events with operational
considerations
Authors: Lovat Alexane , Vincendon Béatrice , Ducrocq Véronique
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Heavy precipitation events and subsequent flash floods regularly affect the Mediterranean coastal regions. In these situations, forecasting rainfall and river discharges is crucial especially up to six hours, which is a relevant lead time for emergency services in crisis time. The present study investigates the hydrometeorological skills of two new nowcasting systems: a numerical weather model AROME-NWC and a nowcasting system blending numerical weather prediction and extrapolation of radar estimation called PIAF. Their performance is assessed for 10 past heavy precipitation events that occured in southeastern France. Precipitation forecasts are evaluated at a 15 min time resolution and the availability times of forecasts, based on the operational Météo-France suites, are taken into account when performing the evaluation. Rainfall observations and forecasts were first compared using a point-to-point approach. Then the evaluation was conducted from an hydrologic point of view, by comparing observed and forecast precipitation over watersheds affected by floods. In general, the results led to the same conclusions for both evaluations. On the very first lead times, up to 1 h 15/1 h 30 of forecast, the performance of PIAF is higher than AROME-NWC. For longer lead times (up to 3 h) their performance are equivalent in general. An assessment of river discharges simulated with the ISBA-TOP coupled system, which is dedicated to Mediterranean flash-flood simulations, forced by AROME-NWC and PIAF rainfall forecasts, was also performed on two exceptional past flash flood events. The results obtained for these two events show that using AROME-NWC or PIAF rainfall forecasts is promising for flash-flood forecasting in terms of peak intensity, timing, and first rise of discharge, with an anticipation of these phenomena that can reach several hours.
Classification, Potential Routes and Risk of Emerging Pollutants/Contaminant
Authors: Abdulrazaq Yahaya , Abdulsalam Abdulkareem , Larayetan Rotimi A. , Aliyu Abdulbasit A. , Clifford Okpanachi , Abdulazeez Abdulsalam O. , Nayo Racheal O. , Akor Joy A. , Omale Victor F. , Mbese Johannes Z. , Bilal Muhammad , Umar M Salehdeen
Published: December 2020

Emerging contaminants (ECs), encompass both natural and synthetic chemicals that are present or transformed to new chemical compounds in water bodies across the globe. They are presently not checked in the environment but poses a serious health threat to human and ecosystem as well as environmental damage. ECs are released into environment during the anthropogenic activities such as water treatments, fumigation, farming etc. More than 1036 ECs and their biotransformation have been identified by the NORMAN project, established in 2005 by the European Commission. They were further classified into different categorizes/classes including disinfection by-products, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, nanomaterials, benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles among others. The potential sources, path route and their health implication on human were also discussed. The presence of ECs in our environments is global issue that requires urgent attention.
Sensing of COVID‐19 Antibodies in Seconds via Aerosol Jet Nanoprinted Reduced‐Graphene‐Oxide‐Coated 3D Electrodes
Authors: Ali Md. Azahar , Hu Chunshan , Jahan Sanjida , Yuan Bin , Saleh Mohammad Sadeq , Ju Enguo , Gao Shou‐Jiang , Panat Rahul
Published: December 2020

Rapid diagnosis is critical for the treatment and prevention of diseases. An advanced nanomaterial‐based biosensing platform that detects COVID‐19 antibodies within seconds is reported. The biosensing platform is created by 3D nanoprinting of three‐dimensional electrodes, coating the electrodes by nanoflakes of reduced‐graphene‐oxide (rGO), and immobilizing specific viral antigens on the rGO nanoflakes. The electrode is then integrated with a microfluidic device and used in a standard electrochemical cell. When antibodies are introduced on the electrode surface, they selectively bind with the antigens, changing the impedance of the electrical circuit which is detected via impedance spectroscopy. Antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 spike S1 protein and its receptor‐binding‐domain (RBD) are detected at a limit‐of‐detection of 2.8 × 10−15 and 16.9 × 10−15 m, respectively, and read by a smartphone‐based user interface. The sensor can be regenerated within a minute by introducing a low‐pH chemistry that elutes the antibodies from the antigens, allowing successive sensing of test samples using the same sensor. Sensing of S1 and RBD antibodies is specific, which cross‐reacts neither with other antibodies such as RBD, S1, and nucleocapsid antibody nor with proteins such as interleukin‐6. The proposed sensing platform could also be useful to detect biomarkers for other infectious agents such as Ebola, HIV, and Zika.