bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Couple et génération. Une histoire de haine et d'amour
Authors: Scale Jessica
Published: July 2010

Couple and generation, a history of hate and love, Jessica Scale.

The couple changes over a long timespan which presents more continuity than rupture between generations. This reality sets it apart in two ways from the idea of generation : 1) the concept of generation is supported by a fascination with the dialectic in which the social dynamic emerges from the inter-generational conflict 2) the idea of generation. But the generational approach can not be founded on the principle of crystallization at a certain age, of behavior and orientations which in fact are not fixed for ever. Nevertheless, while everything in the couple is opposed to the generational conflict, the heuristic power of the notion of generation is not reduced.
Trois âges du mariage en un siècle
Authors: Sauzay Martine
Published: July 2010

Three marriage ages in a single century, Martine Sauzay.

During the 20th century there may have been three patterns ; establishment-marriage, in which emotions can enter in conflict with the institution ; merger-marriage after 1945, which is very demanding of the couple ; post-1968 association-marriage, which unites more autonomous individuals. Feminist demands seem to have played a major role in this history of the couple.
La génération de la résistance
Authors: Wieviorka Olivier
Published: July 2010

Generation of the Resistance movement, Olivier Wieviorka.

Despite the Resistance members' heterogeneity, their mixture of age classes and social origins, one can speak of a generation of the Resistance. If we refer to Defense de la France, one of the major movements of the occupied zone, the founding event can definitely be identified as the defeat of 1940, and the ruptures common to all its members are the social break due to clandestinity, the political break asserted as a wish for independence, the moral break derived from the sharp consciousness of having been a minority. All these identifying and durable signs form the references of that generation.
Lieux de mémoire révolutionnaire et communion républicaine
Authors: Rudelle Odile
Published: July 2010

Revolutionary memory places and republican communion, Odile Rudelle.

In the debates occasioned by the Bicentennial celebrations one can see the awakening of an old obsession : how to leave Terror behind and found a democracy capable of preventing its return. France's national memory has ratified the idea of a Republic founded by schooling. But the memorial triumph of a de Gaulle in the France of 1989 suggests that this consensus is over : thanks to the institutional achievements of the Fifth Republic, the Republic which has triumphed gradually is that founded on the Constitution, at the risk of creating some embarrassment for the Bicentennial.
Pluralité des développements brésiliens
Authors: Sachs Ignacy
Published: July 2010

Brazil's multiple developments, Ignacy Sachs.

The Centennial of the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic coincides with the double challenge of renewed growth, after a decade of slow-down and the coming out of the rut of mis development. While the country has many assets for a return to its historie growth pattern (about 6 %), the task is not easy. It implies a change of direction, from wild to civilized capitalism. The vertical development pattern — accompanied by heavy spatial concentration and a highly uneven income distribution — must be replaced by a pattern of horizontal development, more evenly balanced in both respects. But this model must not let us forget sight of the fact that in a country as big as Europe, development is necessarily variable and will differ according to regions or even micro-regions.
La conquête de l'espace brésilien
Authors: Théry Hervé
Published: July 2010

The conquest of Brazilian space, Hervé Théry.

In one century, the organization of Brazilian space has changed decisively, mainly because of changes in the structures of political power. Traditional Brazil gave the image of a justaposition of totally isolated archipelagos controlled by a pyramid of oligarchies based on clientelistic relations. In modern Brazil, on the contrary, there is a constant process of mastery and spatial unification of the territory, closely associated with the centralization of political power.
La rupture franco-britannique de 1940. Le conseil suprême interallié, de l'invasion à la défaite de la France
Authors: Bédarida François
Published: July 2010

The Franco-British split of 1940. The Supreme War Council from the invasion to the defeat of France, François Bédarida.

Could the Supreme War Council, created during the summer of 1939 to unify French and British strategies, survive the storm of May-June 1940 ? Confronted with the traumatic rout of their army, most French leaders took the path of defeatism, while with Churchill, the British opted resolutely for a light at ail costs. From then on, as can be seen by following the various summit meetings, only a few weeks were needed to lead yesterday's alies to the breaking point.
Berlin vu par les voyageurs français (1900-1939)
Authors: Chombard-Gaudin Cécile
Published: July 2010

Berlin as seen by French travelers (1900-1939), Cécile Chombard-Gaudin.

From 1909 to 1939, French travelers were both fascinated and frightened by Berlin. This city did not conform to the usual stereotypes of French representation of Germany, hovering between a Madame de Staël-type romanticism and a defensive attitude towards « Prussia ». Berlin, which had entered modernity with great assurance, already prefïgured a different Germany, young, dynamic, always wanting to outdo itself. These pre-1939 descriptions have taken on a certain topicality since the fall of 1989.
Manifestations, fêtes et rassemblements à Paris (juin 1936-novembre 1938)
Authors: Tartakowsky Danielle
Published: July 2010

Demonstrations, meetings and fairs in Paris (June 1936-November 1938), Danielle Tartakowsky.

The Popular Front period saw the appearance of forms of mass mobilization which combined culture and politics, city and country fairs, dances, shows, readings and lectures. Besides these types of mobilization, which did not imply new types of action, there were traditional demonstrations and parades. The cohabitation reveals the dual relationship between the masses and the Popular Front : the Popular Front was their expression, but there were still conflicts and confrontations.
Les loisirs populaires de Poitiers
Authors: Gérôme Noëlle
Published: July 2010

Popular leisure in Poitiers, Noëlle Gérôme.

Known through a local newspaper, Le Front populaire de la Vienne, leisure activities in the Poitiers region displayed a religious, symbolic and political syncretism, which reflected the deep penetration of the Popular Front values as well as the social and cultural foundations which helped it. The study also identifies the local expressions of the national values which inspired the Popular Front's actors. The Poitiers case shows how exogenous rules and patterns must face the local ability to understand, transcribe, and assimilate them, with reference to indigenous structures.
Les partis communistes Italien et Français et l'après-Staline
Authors: Lazar Marc
Published: July 2010

The Italian and French Communist parties and the post-Stalin era, Marc Lazar

The article deals a hitherto unpublished document, recently found in Italian archives : the report Pietro Secchia made on returning from Moscow in July 1953. The Soviets had admitted to him, four months after Stalin's death, that there had been in the URSS a « personality cuit » and a « deviation from Leninist principles ». The author underscores the impact of this secret revelation on the party of Thorez and that of Togliatti, three years before the famous Khrushchev report to the 20th Congress.
L'histoire aux éditions Alcan (1874-1939)
Authors: Tesnière Valérie
Published: July 2010

History at Editions Alcan (1874-1939), Valérie Tesnière.

A former student at the Ecole Normale Supérieure, very much at home in the intellectual and academic circles, Félix Alcan was one of the great publishers of the Third Republic, with whose pedagogic humanism he was constantly associated. The Editions Alcan provide a privileged vantage point for the analysis of a key moment in the history of French publishing, that of the emergence of modem and diversified firms. The study also shows, in the case of the positivist historians published by Alcan, the complex components of the relations between the academic and the publishing worlds.
Contrôler ou encadrer ?
Authors: Peschanski Denis
Published: July 2010

What kind of control ? Information and propaganda during Vichy, Denis Peschanski.

As in other areas, the information and propaganda policy of the Vichy regime displayed a constant authoritarianism but also heterogeneity. Following the first months of bitter conflicts for the control of decision-making structures, three men defined three specific policies : Marion's policy was to structure society, with the prospect of a future one-party regime ; Laval's policy was that of mere control, for better collaboration with Germany ; for Henriot, it was a civil war waged by a desperate police state.
« Il était une fois un Maréchal de France... »
Authors: Crépin Thierry
Published: July 2010

« Once upon a time, there was a French Field Marshall... », Thierry Crépin.

The Vichy regime children's press was not of one kind. Although the French State had its heart set on directing propaganda to young readers, the regime did not succeed in really contributing to the development of the children's press. The situation was hardly favorable to the emergence of a new genre which required authors and publishers willing to follow non traditional roads ; plans and aims remained imprecise. The legacy of the period was the rise of young draughts-men as well as the American fashion which was to experience a bright future.
La section spéciale de Caen (1941-1944)
Authors: Lecouturier Yves
Published: July 2010

The Caen « Special section », Yves Lecouturier.

The « Special section » of the Caen Court was established in August 1941. After several trials of Communist Party militants, with relatively mild verdicts, the cases concerned mostly non political misdemeanors such as animal thefts, black market activities and illegal dealings. Was that because German court martials very quickly took in hand political repression even before the Bousquet-Oberg agreements of August 1942 ? Whatever the reason, Norman judges dont seem to have been very severe towards their compatriots.
Les couleurs du stade
Authors: Pastoureau Michel
Published: July 2010

The colors of the stadium, Michel Pastoureau.

A historian of the Middle Ages analyzes the dominant colors of the stadium : the green of the grass, which is also that of the gambling table, the players' contrasting jerseys, the black of the umpire with his red or yellow sign of authority, the greyness of amateurs' meets and the colorful exuberance of the advertising for big games : these are the colors of the ritual.
Le football italien. Une histoire à l'échelle du siècle
Authors: Milza Pierre
Published: July 2010

Italian soccer : a century-long history, Pierre Milza.

As an urban phenomenon characteristic of the big industrial cities of the North (Torino, Genoa, Milan), calcio remained until 1914 the prerogative of the bourgeoisie and liberal aristocracy. Between the wars, soccer became a mass sport practiced throughout Italy. It was taken over by fascism, which made it a spectator sport, a factor of " consensus ". That was the period of great international successes, but also of a growing dependence on money. After 1945, calcio became a factor of national solidarity in the framework of the city and region, slowly integrating the clubs of the South.
Le football Sarrois de 1947 a 1952. Un contre-pied aux actions diplomatiques
Authors: Lanfranchi Pierre
Published: July 2010

Saar soccer from 1947 to 1952, Pierre Lanfranchi.

After the Second World War, while integration of Saar soccer to France was part of governmental objectives to win pacification through denazification and de-Germanization, it demonstrated mostly a new interference of international political issues in sport. But neither pressure nor manoeuvres were effective in winning the teams away from Germany. The Saar, without really trying to understand its deep reasons, was able to show in practice that independence could exist in the stadium and to assert the primacy of the sports ethics over the reason of State.
Une histoire économique du football en France est-elle possible ?
Authors: Marseille Jacques
Published: July 2010

Is an economie history of French soccer possible ? Jacques Marseille.

Through the mass of spectators attracted to stadiums and the advertising revenues from the show that it offers, the local industrial stakes which it exacerbates, the income of the clubs, soccer now has a great economie weight. The French example shows that this sport deserves to become a topic for an original economie history, dealing with the clubs as firms, and with the specifie market that soccer has structured. Its success in France was closely connected, like previously the overall industrial development of the country, to that of small groups in medium-sized cities.
Le mai 68 des footballeurs français
Authors: Wahl Alfred
Published: July 2010

The French soccer players' May'68, Alfred Wahl.

Is soccer a closed world ? Far from it, as shown by the May 1968 protest movement. Under the auspices of a group of protesting journalists belonging to Miroir du Football, a handful of players occupied the premises of the all-powerful French Football Federation, with demands concerning the status of soccer players, the organizational structures and the very concept of the game. By thus shaking a rigid edifice, the " May of soccer players " had a non-negligible impact.
La percée du football en terre de rugby. L'exemple du sud-ouest français et de l'agglomération bordelaise
Authors: Augustin Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

The breakthrough of soccer in the land of rugby. The example of the French South-West and the Bordeaux area, Jean-Pierre Augustin.

Rugby, which came from England, imposed itself in the Bordeaux metropolitan area and the whole South-West at the beginning of this century as a factor of regional identity. But soccer, until the spectacular successes of the Bordeaux Girondins Club in the last few years, was able to make its way by imposing the image of a major national sport in the context of a local particularity.
Les écrivains et le football en France. Une anthologie
Authors: Balmand Pascal
Published: July 2010

Writers and soccer in France. An anthology, Pascal Balmand

Although soccer has not been a great inspiration to French writers, the develop-ment of literary, intellectual and artistic reactions to this popular sport reveals changes in the intellectual world. A brief anthology shows two phases. In the 1920s, writers and intellectuals saw in soccer an expression of values : the development of body and mind, or the coming together of classes and nations. The 1960s and 1970s stressed the playful and aesthetic aspects of the game, along with the scholarly studies.
La petite entente, la France et Beneš
Authors: Fejtö François
Published: July 2010

The Little Entente, France and Benes, François Vejtö.

Contrary to a widespread opinion, the Little Entente which united Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia in the 1920s was created not at France's initiative, but President Benes. It guaranteed a status quo for Central European frontiers, an achievement which has become singularly topical since 1989.
Les trois âges du vélo en France
Authors: Gaboriau Philippe
Published: July 2010

The bicycle's three âges in France, Philippe Gaboriau.

Appearing in the first quarter of the 19th c, the bike retained for a long time an image limited to the social and cultural elites. Gradually, however, the « bourgeois bike » gave away to the « popular bike », which had its apogee between the 1920s and 1960s and then lost ground due to the emergence of the « ecological bike » in the 1980s. The sociological study of biking practice makes it possible to measure its development as a good reflection of social and cultural changes in contemporary France, and as a precious testimony of the relation between the mental worlds of the rulers and the ruled.
L'opinion française et la guerre d'Indochine (1945-1954). Sondages et témoignages
Authors: Ruscio Alain
Published: July 2010

French public opinion and the Indochina War. Poils and testimonies, Alain Ruscio.

Unkike the Algerian war, the Indochina war did not really mobilize French public opinion ; the fact is well known. But only a study of opinion poils provides accurate data on the real scope of this relative indifférence, and an explanation of why advocates and opponents of the conflict never succeeded in getling massive approval. As the military commitment lasted and got bogged down, the army and the nation diverged, in the absence of any real motivation for the common man to approve a war whose stakes were not obvious.
Jean Monnet, les États-Unis et le plan français
Authors: Wall Irwin M.
Published: July 2010

Jean Monnet, The USA and the French Plan, Irwin M. Wall.

French Planning Commissioner, then President of the European Coal and Steel Community, leader of an « Action Committee for the United States of Europe », Jean Monnet was at the heart of all the struggles for French economic rebirth and European construction. The article describes his strokes of genius and his negotiation skills. It does not hide his failures, the clearest of which was the aborted project of a European Defense Community.
Mémoire, mythe et doxa de l'état en Algérie. L'étoile nord-africaine et la religion du « watan »
Authors: Carlier Omar
Published: July 2010

Memory, myth and doxa of the state in Algeria. The Etoile Nord-Africaine and the « Watan » religion, Omar Carlier.

The Etoile Nord Africaine, Messali Hadj's nationalist movement, has been banned from history since 1962 when the National Liberation Front acceded to power in Algeria. The front has advocated a philosophy of history « in action » and constructed a national religion which excluded the losers. This struggle for memory lost some intensity after the October 1988 events, and since of 1989, the Etoile Nord-Africaine has reappeared in the forefront of the Algerian historical stage.
Le crime de Katyn dans la conscience nationale des Polonais
Authors: Achmatowicz Aleksander
Published: July 2010

The crime of Katyn in the Poles' national conscience, Aleksander Achmatowicz.

The massacre of 15,000 Polish officers by the Soviets in the Spring of 1940 long remained a taboo subject for the Polish government, which accepted the Soviet official version. According to Moscow, the crime had been commited by the Nazi military. From the date of the crime to the beginning of perestroïka, in spite of hesitant attempts in Poland to establish the truth, only a few Western works dealt with the issue, vigorously censored by the Polish and Russian authorities from the 1940s to the end of the 1970s. The size of Solidarnosc brought about the beginning of the failure of the 35-year attempts to falsify history to protect the communist regime. The reesta-blishing of the truth about Katyn played an important role in the awakening of the Polish conscience. Demands for the erection of a monument to the memory of the victimes bearing the origin of the assassins helped the assertion of the Polish opposition in its quest for identity.
Le monde vu du Canada (1970-1990)
Authors: Portes Jacques
Published: July 2010

The world as seen from Canada (1970-1990), Jacques Portes.

Are the Canadians interested in world affairs ? The answer is doubtful if one looks at the space devoted to world affairs by the press and TV. The study of opinion poils and surveys reveals even more the clear limitation of their international horizon to the US and to a lesser extent to Great Britain, and to France for the Québécois. But behind this relative indifference lies in fact a sort of reverse image of Canadian identity whose contradictions and ambiguities are based on a feeling of widely shared national pride.
L'invention de la Méditerranée
Authors: Ruel Anne
Published: July 2010

Inventing the Mediterranean, Anne Ruel.

The history of the Mediterranean area is also a matter of words. In describing the slow and late emergence of the noun ' Mediterranean ', the author lays bare the mechanisms by which the concept of Mediterranean results as much from a construction of the mind as from ' objective ' data. Geographers like Elisée Reclus and historians like Fernand Braudel established an idea to which imagination, especially under the guise of nostalgia, may have contributed as much as reason.
Le Maghreb et l'Europe : que faire de la Méditerranée ?
Authors: Basfao Koem , Henry Jean-Robert
Published: July 2010

North Africa and Europe : what is one to do with the Mediterranean ? Kasem Basfao, Jean-Robert Henry.

There is a psychological tension between the Maghrib and Europe, whose strength is additional to the diplomatie, demographie and economic stakes. Dream of a unifying Mediterranean, lost Andalusia, modernity, wealth of a common heritage : the fantasies meet and cancel out. The scenarios of the future do not justify much optimism : the Mediterranean is a ditch as much as a link.
L'institut du monde arabe entre deux rives
Authors: Fabre Thierry
Published: July 2010

The Institute of the Arab World between two shores, Thierry Fabre.

Immediately after its creation in Paris, in 1987, the Institute of the Arab World has gone through a severe financial crisis, because the Arab countries are not contributing to its operation. The Institute also suffered from the international tension and the Gulf war. Its ambitions have not always been clearly stated. It nevertheless dreams of being a site for exchange and reflection common to all the civilizations that dot the shores of the Mediterranean. Will it succeed ?
Les juifs d'état dans les guerres franco-françaises. Du boulangisme au front populaire
Authors: Birnbaum Pierre
Published: July 2010

State Jews in Franco-French wars. From Boulangism to the Popular Front, Pierre Birnbaum.

The Franco-French war mechanism, i.e. the intense radicalization of political conflict, includes antisemitism as one of its major elements. At such times, " state Jews ", those directly involved in the civic debates and belonging to the circles of power, attract a major part of the passions and hatreds that rent the social body. Alfred Naquet, who attempted the impossible wager of being both Jewish and Boulangiste ; Joseph Reinach, who polarized the antisemitic violence of the Dreyfus affair ; Léon Blum, the first Jewish President of the Council of Ministers : these three emblematic figures illus- trate, in different ways, the central place which antisemitism occupied in the political culture of the adversaries of the model embodied by the Third Republic.
Hollywood au pays des ciné-clubs (1947-1954)
Authors: Loyer Emmanuelle
Published: July 2010

Hollywood in the French movie clubs, Emmanuelle Loyer.

Starting from a precise analysis of Ciné-Club, the magazine of the French federation of movie clubs, it is easy to discern the assumptions of the vigorously anti-American discourse that prevailed in the French movie clubs after Liberation. Hollywood was the " dream factory ", its cinema a frivolous weapon of the cold war. But reverence unto the great American moviemakers, Chaplin, Welles, or Griffth, partly ruined this polemic set of arguments. Many weaknesses in the French cinema were revealed by obstinate debating about the Amercan cinema.
L'épuration en France : une histoire inachevée
Authors: Rousso Henry
Published: July 2010

Epuration in France : an uncompleted story, Henry Rousso.

In spite of the many works devoted to the postwar " purge ", the subject deserves a new reading : the sources previously used to draw up the record, especially for the legal épuration, seem to have underestimated its scope. This provides an apportunity to reconsider the functions and stakes of the épuration, in the light of the collapse of the communist System and the dilemmas of all transitions to a democratic regime.
Une affaire ordinaire : le cas A.
Authors: Rouquet François
Published: July 2010

An ordinary case of épuration : the A. affair, François Rouquet.

A banal affair, that of a postal civil servant transferred for having " collaborated ", illustrates, through the use of discourse analysis, the average French man's imagination at the time of Liberation, an essential factor for the understanding of how purging worked at the lower levels.
Naissance d'une nation. Le musée historique allemand de Berlin
Authors: François Étienne
Published: July 2010

Birth of a Nation. The Berlin Museum of German History, Etienne François.

Conceived originally to respond to the East German vision of history, the West Berlin Museum of German History whose cornerstone was laid in 1987, was until 1990 an original project, freely and widely discussed, whose ambition was to provide a " post-national " vision of German history rooted in European identity. Reunification has upset that perspective, because the museum must include the East Berlin Museum of German History, and also because it now must take into account the history of the defunt GDR.
Berlin, guerre des images. D'une mémoire partagée (1945-1989)
Authors: Delage Christian
Published: July 2010

Berlin, war of the images of shared memory (1945-1989), Christian Delage.

On 2 May 1945, a war of images began between the Allies, then between the two Berlins. For the East as for the West, it was a question of organizing propaganda and counter attack by means of the cinema, so as to legitimize the actions of the two opposing cold war camps. The stakes were large, because in the divided city, two worlds were constantly pitted against each other. The study of film production shows that the image which the two parts of the city gave of themselves was not easy to establish, and that it took decades for the patterns to take form. After the rapid unification, it is not certain that the end of the division of the Berlin memory will occurre at the same pace.
L'holocauste dans l'historiographie allemande un point aveugle dans la conscience historique ?
Authors: Frei Norbert
Published: July 2010

The Holocaust in German historiography : a blind spot in historical conscience ? Norbert Frei.

The historical interpretation of the Holocaust has gone through several distinct phases. After the war and in the 1950s, historians, as well as politicians and public opinion, limited themselves to positions both timid on the facts and moralizing. As of the 1960s, with the new start of prosecutions of Nazi war criminals, research was stimulated, especially on the factual level. In the last decade, historiography has concentrated on the victims of the Final Solution and on the social and demographic aspects of the Third Reich, a major development concealed by the " quarrel of German historians ".
Révolution russe et écologie (1917-1934)
Authors: Batou Jean
Published: July 2010

The Russian Revolution and ecology (1917-1934), Jean Batou.

Why did the ex-USSR's communism also give birth to the ecological catastrophe that is threatening us, from the drying up Aral Sea to the post-Chernobyl potential nuclear catastrophes ? The author distinguishes two periods, before and after 1928. During Lenin's time, scientific ecology could be ex-pressed and even played a role as an interest group. But Stalinism broke its drive and bureaucracy took over, muzzling men and their environment.
L'historien et la culture politique
Authors: Berstein Serge
Published: July 2010

The historian and political culture, Serge Berstein.

Beyond the criticism against the inconsiderate use of the concept of political culture, the author proposes to justify its use by the political historian. Using the French example, he suggests a definition of the concept (political culture and dominant culture) before outlining distinctions (plural families of political cultures) and emphasizing its dynamic aspect.
Un retour à quelle tradition ?
Authors: Kende Pierre
Published: July 2010

A return to which tradition ?, Pierre Rende.

After the collapse of communism, the question of political and socio-cultural models is posed with particular intensity in Central Europe, especially by a tendency to " return to the past " which feeds the process of transition with the references it needs. But one must not be led astray : because traditions prior to communism are diverse — and often antagonistic —, because the mechanisms of tradition transmission are often lacking, and because the communist years inevitably belong to a past that weighs on the present, the national culture of the former USSR satellites can only be reconstructed by trial and error.
Le concept de classes moyennes. Notion sociologique ou slogan politique ?
Authors: Sick Klaus-Peter
Published: July 2010

The concept of middle classes. Sociological notion or political slogan ? Klaus-Peter Sick.

From the end of the 18th century to the 1930s, the changes in the notion of middle classes reflected the progressive modernization of French society. Long associated with an Aristotelian concept of politics, it was transformed by the emergence of liberal democracy and the era of the masses, and became little by little a gear, both symbolic and decisive, in France's political and social regulation.
Les agriculteurs entre l'ancien et le nouveau
Authors: Boussard Isabel
Published: July 2010

Farmers between old and new, Isabel Boussard.

Farmers, so strongly threatened today, are a social group typical of the " old " middle classes. They might participate more than generally realized in the realm of the " new " middle classes. Farmers have managed to maintain their social status within a rapidly changing rural world.
Le 700e anniversaire de la confédération helvétique. Heurs et malheurs d'une commémoration
Authors: Pithon Rémy
Published: July 2010

The 700th anniversary of the Swiss Confederation, the joys and sorrows of a commemoration, Rémy Pithon.

Switzerland celebrated in 1991 the 700th anniversary of the creation of the Confederation. The preparation of that manifestation coincided with a climate of economie, political and moral crisis in intellectual circles which challenged the very values of the Swiss Republic. The opponents of the celebration committed the error of fighting not the actual celebration of the anniversary but their representation of it. Actually, the 1991 ceremonies displayed a certain cultural boldnes and grave birth to an interesting historiographie production. The popular success confirmed the merits of the initiative, and the quality of the scientific works produced for the occasion showed that the intellectuals' fears were note justifîed.
Les socialistes français et la question des retraites (1880-1914)
Authors: Dumons Bruno , Pollet Gilles
Published: July 2010

French socialists and the problem of pensions (1880-1914), Bruno Dumons, Gilles Pollet.

The article examines the place and strength of the problem of workers' retirement, starting from the origins, among French socialists, closely linked to the conquest of free time and rest. The problem of pensions was important in terms of political culture as it forced socialism to reconcile its dreams of emancipation with the State's management role in a modern society.
Un exemple de pacifisme juridique : Théodore Ruyssen et le mouvement « la paix par le droit » (1884-1950)
Authors: Fabre Remi
Published: July 2010

An example of legal pacifism. Théodore Ruyssen and the Peace Through Law movement, 1884-1950, Rémi Fabre.

Supported by the values of 19th century legal ideology, the Peace Through Law movement was one of the major components of French pacifism in the early 20th century. A product of the Protestant and Republican bourgeoisie, it embodied a "juripacifism" which thought its highest degree of expression was Wilsonianism and the League of Nations, and had to face the ambiguous debates of the 1930s and the painful choices following the Munich conference. Its history makes it possible to qualify some rapid approximations and perhaps to frame better the question of the pacifists' position in a Europe torn by the tensions of mass societies.
Akihito en Chine. Les limites de la diplomatie expiatoire
Authors: Seizelet Éric
Published: July 2010

Akihito in China. The limits of atonement diplomacy, Eric Seizelet.

Returning to Emperor Akihito's visit to China in October 1992, the author de- scribes ail the factors which can explain why it took so long for Japan to start examining its conscience about its Second World War deeds, a process which it has not y et completed. These contradictions, which were symbolized by the very person of Hirohito, continue to affect his successor. They account for the still ambiguous character of the "regrets" expressed by Akihito to the Chinese people.
Origines et métamorphoses de la nouvelle droite
Authors: Taguieff Pierre-André
Published: July 2010

Origins and metamorphoses of the French New Right, Pierre-André Taguieff.

The French New Right, which grew in the 1970s and the 1980s, seems to have become an empty shell today. But the itinerary of its best theortician, Alain de Benoist, shows that this movement was able to bring up, early and continuously, the issues of roots and identity that are haunting Europe today.
Vichy et la modernisation de l'Algérie. Intention ou réalité ?
Authors: Lefeuvre Daniel
Published: July 2010

Vichy and the modernization of Algeria. Intention or reality? Daniel Lefeuvre.

Historians recognize the audacity of the Vichy regime's colonial plans but generally consider them merely as plans coming from technocratie circles with no relation to reality. Newly available archives suggest that for Algeria the reality was quite different. The modernization of colonial policy was wanted by the leaders of the regime and corresponded to immediate and long-term strategic and political preoccupations. Their policy began to be carried out as early as the end of 1940.
La citoyenneté interdite ou les enjeux du suffragisme
Authors: Rochefort Florence
Published: July 2010

Forbidden citizenship — the stakes of suffragism, Florence Rochefort.

France was one of the last European countries to extend suffrage to women, though it had been claimed since the Revolution. The suffragist movement, long faced with the hostility of political parties, became autonomous only in the interwar period. It was then caught between the opposition of the Senate, which rejected on three occasions bills voted by the Chamber of Deputies, and public opinion, distrustful of a divided feminist movement, accused either of wanting to deprive men of their power or of forgetting the proletarians' condition.
De Gaulle, l'Amérique et l'alliance atlantique. Une relecture de la crise de 1966
Authors: Bozo Frédéric
Published: July 2010

De Gaulle, America and the Atlantic Alliance, Frédéric Bozo.

The American archives show that the 1966 crisis of the Atlantic Alliance did not have the effects too often presented. General de Gaulle's outburst was the end of a process wich clarified the relations between the two disunited allies, France and the United States, and paradoxically reinforced the cohesion of NATO.
Charles Seignobos revisité
Authors: Prost Antoine
Published: July 2010

Seignobos revisited, Antoine Prost.

Did Charles Seignobos really deserve the violent criticism of Lucien Febvre and the Annales in 1933? We should no longer be dupes of 50-year-old polemics. However incomplete and contradictory, history as practiced by Seignobos, and particularly contemporary history, was fully institutional and social, more global than was claimed, and above all, rich in the "analogical imagination" that should always seal the historian's professional work.
L'invention et la désagrégation de la culture communiste
Authors: Lazar Marc
Published: July 2010

The invention and the disintegration of communist culture, Marc Lazar.

From the point of view of the notion of political culture, the study of a communist party is a textbook case. Communist culture results from a laborious work of edification whose apogee was reached from the early 1930s to the mid-1950s, and whose construction can be observed. The communist ideal type has two dimensions, one teleological but not monolithic and which cannot be limited to its doctrinal aspect, the other societal, which helps to understand how the culture takes form in relation to social groups. Communist culture is thus not only a simple intemalization of norms, values and behaviors, but the result of active work on the infrapolitical level as much as on that of the party and the national leadership.
L'écologie : une nouvelle culture politique?
Authors: Boy Daniel
Published: July 2010

Ecology : a new political culture ? Daniel Boy.

While the motivations of voters who declare temselves sympathizers of the ecologist movement seem to show a certain lack of precision, it appears that the militants rally behind more structured references and themes, such as the refusal of productivism, support for the notion of autonomy and the desire to "act differently in politics". It may thus be considered that in France a developing ecologist culture is slowly crystallizing.
Les avatars de la culture laïque
Authors: Baubérot Jean
Published: July 2010

The ups and downs of secular culture, Jean Baubérot.

The banners of the 16 January 1994 demonstration seemed to indicate a forceful return of secular culture. Nevertheless, recent events were not a "reverse 1984". In the meantime, the secular ideal was rejuvenated at the very time it was returning to its sources. The result is that secularism was and remains a difficult and conflictual awareness of democratic demands within a republican logic which has so deeply shaped French political culture since 1789.
La trace girondine ou la culture politique d'Aquitaine
Authors: Guillaume Pierre
Published: July 2010

The Girondine strain in the political culture of Aquitaine, Pierre Guillaume.

How can one speak of the political culture of a region with an uncertain identity in which election results reflect voting instability and heterogeneity? The originality of Aquitaine behavior - the cultivation of the art of compromise - makes it possible to measure the distance between the political culture of a given region and that of the national community. Regional studies bring nuances to simplifying ideas such as that of the Radical soil of Aquitaine and show the importance of political pragmatism of both voters and leaders. Thus the Girondine myth which undoubtedly impregnates the Aquitaine political culture has served the demands for both autonomy and greater state intervention. Its present adaptation to the requirements of decentralization is a good example of the transformation capacity of representations to the needs of the times.
La ligne de fuite. L'idée d'Europe dans la culture politique française
Authors: Roussellier Nicolas
Published: July 2010

Line of flight. The idea of Europe in French political culture, Nicolas Roussellier.

Is French political culture closed to Europe, now conceived as an idea, a construction and also a future ? It is tempting to answer affirmatively, since culturally the nation and its sovereignty are still dominant. But if one nevertheless wanted to nourish the discussion on Europe - and historians carry a heavy burden of responsibility - will it be necessary to challenge France's political culture?
Le retour de la culture républicaine
Authors: Berstein Serge
Published: July 2010

The return of republican culture, Serge Berstein.

At a time of an apparently general crisis, the author pleads for optimism with convincing arguments. The original republican culture has certainly experienced major changes. It has weathered storms. But it remains the common denominator, the consensual ensemble which vivifies that the political culture of the French.
La place de la guerre de 1914-1918 dans l'histoire culturelle de l'Allemagne
Authors: Krumeich Gerd
Published: July 2010

The place of the 1914-1918 war in the cultural history of Germany, Gerd Krumeich.

Through his study of war accounts and memories, the author analyses the impact of the war experience on German culture in its individual as well as its collective aspects. That impact brought about the continuation and the diffusion of militarism and nationalism in much of the German society of the 1920s and 1930s.
Le voyage aux champs de bataille
Authors: Brandt Susanne
Published: July 2010

Visiting battlefïelds, Susanne Brandt.

From the very beginning of the war, tales and descriptions of the front were called for to maintain the solidarity and mobilization of the civilians vis-à-vis soldiers. Very rapidly, a particular form of tourism appeared. After the war, visits to the front were set in organized tours and guides were published. Not before the late 1920s did Germans go in large numbers to the old battle fields, but through images, photographs and accounts the memory of the war and of its dead were maintained, particularly with the veterans.
Souvenir de la guerre et place du monumentalisme dans l'identité culturelle du national-socialisme
Authors: Mosse George L.
Published: July 2010

The memory of the war and the place of monumentalism in the cultural identity of national-socialism, George L. Mosse.

The author studies the meaning and scope of the new architecture promoted by national-socialism. The buildings and the architectural projects of national-socialism were less original in their style, akin to neo-classicism, than in the functions which they were assigned. Monumental giganticism forced individuals to share the memories of the war, the cuit of the dead and the construction of a new national community, indestructible and faultless, in the image of the stone monuments.
Freud et la guerre
Authors: Gay Peter
Published: July 2010

Freud and war, Peter Gay

The question of Freud's relation to war is really two questions that ultimately join in a single one, his attitude toward the First World War and the attitude toward human aggressiveness in general. The way that these two questions must be asked separately and then blend together is a lesson in how personal needs, private anxeties, and cultural loyalties on one side, and theoritical, scientific insight on the other, can move along distinct paths, only to converge when the insights are finally applied to, and are permitted to correct, the needs and loyalties. It is fascinating both on biographical and on historical grounds. The story of Freud on war is a story of the triumph of objectivity over subjectivity.
Le cinéma américain des premiers temps et ses modèles de production
Authors: Musser Charles
Published: July 2010

Early American cinema and its production patterns, Charles Musser.

A new reading of the birth and development of the early cinema's production patterns shows how long it took for hierarchies to be established between the various occupations and fonctions before the emergence of the producer. This relative flexibility of the division of labor in the cinema industry invalidates the often-made comparison with the standardized model of mass production.
Stratégie individuelle ou mimétisme. L'organisation des studios de cinéma
Authors: Benghozi Pierre-Jean , Nicolas Bertrand
Published: July 2010

Local strategies and sectoral changes: the case of the movie studios, Pierre-Jean Benghozi, Bertrand Nicolas.

From the example of the Victorine studios established in Nice from 1919 and by studying Serge Sandberg's archives, a strategic itinerary of a cinema studio is mapped out. It shows the essential weight of structural and strategic developments in the existence and survival of a studio.
Les origines du groupe Pathé-Natan et le modèle américain
Authors: Willems Gilles
Published: July 2010

The origins of the Pathé-Natan group and the American model, Gilles Willems.

The development of movie companies in the United States during the 1920s follows a pattern of industrial and financial transformation based on concentration and expansion. By comparison, the French cinema industry lost its pre-war primacy, demonstrated by the difrïculties of the Charles Pathé group. But the French case was synonymous with modernization and mergers, as shown by Bernard Natan's ascent.
L'écran de la productivité : « jour de fête » et l'américanisation de la société française
Authors: Guigueno Vincent
Published: July 2010

The display of productivity : Jour de fête and the Americanization of French society, Vincent Guigueno.

Jacques Tati's film, Jour de fête, describes in a burlesque style the introduction of American methods of work rationalization in the France of the Marshall Plan. With its peculiar methods, Jac- ques Tati's work accounts for a social phenomenon and a cultural break that neither expert reports nor productivity teams could really grasp.
Urbanisation et exclusions dans le passé parisien (1850-1950)
Authors: Faure Alain
Published: July 2010

Urbanization and exclusion in Paris, 1850-1950, Alain Faure.

Public authorities are today worriedly searching for remedies to the urban crises, and invoking history to justify their stands and their reforms. But this call is largely mythical because, in political discourse, the past is not considered in itself : it is seen either as a golden age or as the anteroom of our iron age. This approximate historicism leads to historical errors and erroneous points of view. History is not indispensable to political discourse, but a demystified confrontation of present and past makes possible a better understanding of themes relevant to the past century of Paris history - segregation, exclusion and integration.
Voyage à l'intérieur d'X-crise
Authors: Dard Olivier
Published: July 2010

A trip inside X-Crise, Olivier Dard.

While the theses developed by X-Crise have in recent years been rescued from oblivion the internal operation of this prestigious groupe had remained largely unknown. This study of its inner organization shows that its apparent solidity cannot hide its weaknesses, personal divisions and ideological contradictions.
Faut-il rétablir la thèse d'état ?
Authors: Prost Antoine
Published: July 2010

Should the thèse d'Etat be revived?, Antoine Prost.

The thèse d'Etat (a very substantial doctoral dissertation) had many shortcomings. The System that replaced it is no better given the risks caused by the lack of precise criteria for the habilitation leading to the position of university professor. Should the thèse d'Etat be revived, or should an higher education agrégation be created for history, with a number of positions offered approximately equal to the number of vacancies?
Les fascismes : essai d'histoire comparée
Authors: Paxton Robert O.
Published: July 2010

Fascisms: an attempt at comparative history, Robert O. Paxton.

To attempt to define fascism, one must go beyond similarities and the extreme variety of the forms of the movements and regimes which called themselves fascist. Adapted to twentieth century history, Marc Bloch's comparative history method makes it possible to define the function of fascism according to its development stages.
Pleven et Mitterrand
Authors: Duhamel Éric
Published: July 2010

Pleven and Mitterrand, Eric Duhamel.

François Mitterrand's winning the leadership of the UDSR in 1953 has often been presented as the outcome of his conflict with René Pleven for the control of a party that could be considered an instrument of personal promotion. The methods and the networks which led François Mitterrand to victory, and more basically, the opposition between two men so different in training and temperament are symbolic of the debate of the 1950s about priority for Europe or for the French Union.
« Radio free Europe » et « radio liberty » (1950-1994)
Authors: Lepeuple Anne-Chantal
Published: July 2010

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (1950-1994), Anne-Chantal Lepeuple.

Set up in 1950 and 1953 because of the Cold War but carefully distinguished from the too official Voice of America, the two radio stations, which broadcast from Munich, waged for 40 years a clever battle against communism beyond the iron curtain (except Yugoslavia). They weakened the adversary without ever encouraging subversion openly, called for liberalization more than liberation, encouraged the centrifugal forces and, all things considered, demonstrated to oppressed East European public opinion a first exercise of the right to information.