bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of premade clevidipine and pharmacy-prepared nicardipine in time to goal systolic blood pressure in acute cerebrovascular accident
Authors: Martini Bethany E , Schalk Amber L
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To compare pharmacy-prepared nicardipine and premade clevidipine with regard to time to goal systolic blood pressure (SBP) in acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

Methods

A retrospective, observational study was conducted comparing patients with acute CVA who received nicardipine or clevidipine. The primary objective was time to goal SBP. Secondary objectives included time from order to administration, time from administration to goal SBP, percentage of SBP readings below goal, total volume administered, hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay, inpatient mortality and adverse events.

Results

Seventy-one patients were included in the study, 37 in the nicardipine group and 34 in the clevidipine group. A significant difference was found in mean time to goal SBP (150.9 minutes in the nicardipine group vs 69.3 minutes in the clevidipine group, P < 0.01). Time from order to administration was 80.1 minutes in the nicardipine group and 35.2 minutes in the clevidipine group (P < 0.01). Mean time from administration to goal SBP was 70.9 minutes in the nicardipine group and 42.3 minutes in the clevidipine group (P = 0.02). There was no difference between groups in percentage of SBP readings below goal, total volume administered, length of stay, or inpatient mortality. Adverse events occurred in 13 (35.1%) of the nicardipine-treated patients and 17 (50%) of the clevidipine-treated patients (P = 0.42).

Conclusion

Compared to use of pharmacy-prepared nicardipine, use of premade clevidipine was associated with a shorter time to goal SBP in patients with acute CVA. There were no significant between-group differences in safety outcomes. Premade clevidipine should be considered over pharmacy-prepared nicardipine when rapid blood pressure lowering is warranted in acute CVA.
The New Formalism in Private Law
Authors: Miller Paul B
Published: October 2021

Private law scholarship is experiencing a reawakening in the United States with the rise of the New Private Law. New Private Lawyers have emphasized our common commitment to the scholarly interest and practical importance held by legal concepts; a belief that private law ought to be analyzed (in part) from an internal point of view; and a conviction that functionalist and conceptual analyses of private law doctrines, procedures and institutions are, or can be, complementary. We are also joined in criticism of aspects of American legal realism and in lament over some of its continuing legacies in private law. However, New Private Law scholars have yet to articulate a scholarly methodology that defines and differentiates our work. I argue that the New Private Law is rooted in a shared—if implicit—new formalist methodology and provide the first programmatic explanation of it. The Article does several things. It provides a clear statement of methodological tenets of the new formalism. It relates these to wider developments in general jurisprudence, with particular attention to scholarship on law and practical reason. It explains the sense in which the new formalism is novel, especially relative to older varieties of legal formalism. It distances the new formalism from foolish and implausible claims prominent in pejorative renderings of legal formalism. It shows how the new formalism is reflected in New Private Law scholarship. And it explains how a clear grasp of new formalist methodology enables reconciliation of the otherwise baffling eclecticism in the New Private Law while promising new and fruitful avenues for its future development.
283 Salvage Versus Primary Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Propensity-Matched Comparative Effectiveness Study from A High-Volume Tertiary Centre
Authors: Nathan A , Fricker M , De Groote R , Arora A , Phuah Y , Flora K , Patel S , Kasivisvanathan V , Sridhar A , Shaw G , Kelly J , Briggs T , Rajan P , Sooriakumaran P , Nathan S
Published: October 2021

Aim

Salvage Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy (sRARP) is a potential treatment option for locally recurrent Prostate Cancer after non-surgical primary treatment. There are minimal data comparing outcomes between propensity-matched salvage and primary Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy (RARP). We compare perioperative, oncological, and functional outcomes of sRARP with primary RARP and between sRARP post-whole and focal gland therapy.

Method

1:1 propensity-matched comparison of 146 sRARP with primary RARP from a cohort of 3,852 consecutive patients from a high-volume tertiary centre.

Results

There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the salvage and primary RARP groups. Grade III-V Clavien-Dindo complication rates were 1.3% and 0% in the salvage and primary groups, respectively (p = 0.310). Median (IQR) follow-up was 16 (10,30) and 21 (13,33) months in the salvage and primary groups, respectively. BCR rates were 30.8% and 13.7% in the salvage and primary groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Pad-free continence rates were 79.1% and 85.4% at two years in the salvage and primary groups, respectively (p = 0.160). ED rates were 95.2% and 77.4% in the salvage and primary groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Comparing the whole gland and focal gland groups, BCR rates were 33.3% and 29.1%, respectively (p = 0.687), pad-free continence rates were 66% and 89.3%, respectively (p = 0.001), and ED rates were 98.3% and 93%, respectively (p = 0.145).

Conclusions

SRARP has similar perioperative but inferior oncological outcomes to primary RARP. Continence rates are similar to primary RARP, but potency is worse. Perioperative and oncological outcomes of sRARP after focal gland therapy are similar but continence outcomes are superior compared to sRARP after whole gland therapy.
1551 Patient Safety Audit: Adherence to The ENT Referral Proforma
Authors: Nkuliza D , Najuko-Mafemera A , Tiwari D
Published: October 2021

Medway Hospital’s ENT on-call team triages referrals according to the local ENT Emergency referral guideline. Recently, a poor referral and handover resulted in a patient with post-tonsillectomy bleeding collapsing while on an immovable trolley in ED minors. Following reflection, a referral proforma was formulated to help the on-call ENT doctor ensure safe patient management through a traffic light system. The proforma includes patient and referrer detail along with four referral outcomes or colours, depending on patient stability, each with prompts for initial management. This audit aims to measure adherence to the ENT referral proforma.

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of compliance to the new ENT referral pathway. Proformas completed between 18th October and 17th November 2020 were included. A quasi-random method of sampling was utilized, every two of three paper forms. The data was inputted on Excel. Each proforma was marked for documentation of ten aspects.

Of the total seventy-seven proformas, one scored 100%. On average, proformas were 80% completed. The most documented, at 100%, was patient detail. While the least documented, at 8%, was stating if ED were informed of the plan. 5% of referrals required potential resuscitation in ED, of which none met all criteria for a safe handover.

The audit shows that the referral proforma is currently not adequately completed. This provides a basis for further intervention to improve patient safety for ENT referrals. The next step would be to inform the department to discuss why adherence is poor and maximize future documentation.
1571 Lower Limb Immobilisation And VTE Prophylaxis Risk Assessment: A Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Potter M
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Temporary cast immobilisation of the lower limb following injury is associated with a 2-3% risk of DVT. NICE guidelines recommend considering pharmacological thromboprophylaxis for those with lower limb immobilisation where VTE risk outweighs bleeding risk. The aim of this quality improvement project was to improve compliance with VTE risk assessment in patients discharged from the Emergency Department (ED) with lower limb immobilisation.

Method

Baseline data on completion of VTE risk assessment forms was collected retrospectively on all patients discharged from ED in lower limb boots and casts over a 3-week period. Cycle 1 included the introduction of a VTE section on the virtual fracture clinic booking form. Cycle 2 included displaying posters around the ED and placing forms inside walker boots. Data was collected following a 3-week period for each cycle.

Results

The baseline audit showed 45% compliance with completion of VTE risk assessment forms. Cycle 1 showed a significant increase in compliance, to 72%. A further modest increase in compliance was seen in Cycle 2, with 78% of VTE risk assessment forms completed.

Conclusions

Baseline compliance with VTE risk assessment for lower limb immobilisation was suboptimal. Integration of risk assessment into the virtual fracture booking form significantly improved compliance. This intervention is to be continued long-term at Harrogate District Hospital.
1600 Assessing Necessity and Cost-Effectiveness of Routine Pre-Thyroidectomy Group and Save Tests
Authors: Karim S , Halliday C , Shah S , Vaughan D
Published: October 2021

Aim

To determine the necessity and cost effectiveness of routine blood group and save tests (G&S) before thyroidectomy

Background

Sub-total or total thyroidectomy is the mainstay of treatment for several thyroid disorders. The incidence of post-thyroidectomy haemorrhage has been reported between 0.36% and 4.3% in the literature. Many patients undergo routine G&S testing in anticipation of a peri-operative haemorrhage requiring blood transfusion.

Method

Retrospective review identified 276 patients undergoing an elective total or sub-total thyroidectomy at a London University Teaching Hospital between February 2018 and August 2020. Electronic medical and transfusion department records were audited to identify patients who had pre-operative G&S tests, pre-operatively reserved blood products and peri-operative transfusions.

Results

261 (94.6%) patients had a valid pre-operative group and save test. 17 (6.16%) patients had a total of 61 units of blood products ordered pre-operatively. Only 2 patients required transfusion.

Conclusions

The blood transfusion rate for elective thyroidectomies at this centre was 0.72%. Routine G&S tests cost the trust thousands of pounds and create unnecessary burden on healthcare providers’ time and hospital resources. We propose that routine pre-operative G&S tests are unnecessary for elective thyroidectomies.
1618 Improving the Clinic Experience for Surgical Patients Visiting the Melanoma Multidisciplinary Team Clinic at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
Authors: Harbour A , Dhillon D , Geh J L C
Published: October 2021

Aim

The incidence of malignant melanoma has been increasing in the UK over the last decade. Effective melanoma management requires a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach, often involving dermatologists, oncologists, radiologists, histopathologists, skin cancer nurse specialists and plastic surgeons. Patient waiting times at our melanoma MDT clinic at the St John’s Institute of Dermatology at Guy’s Hospital, London had anecdotally been reported as excessive, specifically for same-day ‘in-clinic referrals’ from dermatology to plastic surgery. We aimed to ascertain the reasons for the delay and implement changes to improve patient satisfaction in the clinic.

Method

A patient satisfaction questionnaire was devised, measuring satisfaction on a numerical scale of 1 (unsatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied) in addition to a clinic staff perception questionnaire on patient satisfaction. Lack of instruction from staff after the dermatology appointment was identified as the predominant factor contributing towards waiting delays to the plastic surgery clinic. This led us to highlight and educate the issue to all team members involved and create a system whereby patients re-reported to the administrative staff after their dermatology appointment to be re-entered into the system.

Results

As a result of this, the mean surgical patient satisfaction score, pre-intervention of 3.83, improved to 4.50 post-intervention. Similarly, mean scores from staff assessing perception of how well the clinic ran and patient waiting times also increased.

Conclusions

The introduction of a new patient in-clinic referral protocol and increased staff education of the issue has improved both patient and staff satisfaction within the clinic’s health care provision.
1631 The Pen is Mightier than the Sword; but the Keyboard may be Better
Authors: Morrison S , Brunt A
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Operation notes ensure patient safety through continuity of care, and act as reliable treatment records. Notes must be legible, accessible, and contain all relevant information. Specific standards are outlined in the Good Surgical Practice Guidelines (2014) by the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Audits in the UK show poor adherence to these standards. Online operative note systems are becoming more common, but variety still exists in operations notes. This work assessed operative note standards in an orthopaedic department and assessed the utility of electronic operative note systems.

Method

This was a prospective quality improvement project. Operation notes for all emergency orthopaedic operations were audited against national standards. An online operation note system was introduced and re-audit carried out following implementation.

Results

Initial audit noted poor adherence to standards. An online operative note system was introduced. A second audit with 96 patients was undertaken. Uptake of the software was low, with 10% of notes being online. 19 of 21 information points showed improved standards adherence with the online system versus other methods. In the remaining 2 areas 100% of notes adhered to standards in both methods. The online system had 100% adherence in 19 data points, and 90% in the remaining 2.

Conclusions

Online note softwares have various benefits, including improved adherence to standards. Other benefits exist, such as databasing of operations for review and audit. These systems appear reliable and beneficial for operative documentation and are easily implemented; however, some work is still required to change old habits and improve uptake.
1632 Improving Excision Margins in Skin Oncology
Authors: Ibrahim Y , Li Z , Vijayasurej K , Malik M , Jones E , Tang L
Published: October 2021

Aim

There are 152,000 new non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) cases in the UK every year, and excision and reconstruction of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) form a significant part of the clinical workload in plastic surgery. In this quality improvement project, we aimed to identify and improve our unit’s compliance of guidelines for excision margins for NMSCs.

Method

A retrospective audit was undertaken in June 2020 to determine compliance with British Association of Dermatology and local guidelines on excision margins for NMSCs. A repeat audit was undertaken in October 2020 following quality improvement interventions.

Results

The first audit cycle examined 66 lesions in total. Guidelines were met in 53% (BCCs) and 50% (SCCs) of lesions. 12% of lesions had unclear documentation of margins. 16 lesions had margins that were too small as according to the risk factors present. These findings were presented to the department, and a new operative note template specifically designed for skin oncology was launched. Key audit findings were displayed along with the guidelines on posters. A repeat cycle was undertaken in October 2020, which examined 52 lesions. Significant improvement was seen with 100% documentation, and excision margin guideline compliance rate of 71% (BCCs) and 79% (SCCs).

Conclusions

Adequate excision margins in skin oncology is vital to ensure complete excision and to minimise the risk of recurrence. Our project demonstrates significant improvement in excision margin compliance through the launch of a specific operative note template and information posters.
1686 Are We Addressing the Syndesmosis in All Ankle Fractures – 2nd Cycle Audit at an MTC
Authors: Arora N
Published: October 2021

Aim

Assess compliance with BOAST guidelines – “Surgery should aim to achieve reduction and stabilisation of the ankle mortise. The syndesmosis should then be assessed and stabilised if unstable.”

Method

103 Ankle ORIF procedures done for closed malleolar fractures in skeletally mature induviduals over a 12-month period used for first audit. Review of Op notes and intra-operative images was done looking for evidence of assessment of syndesmotic stability. Results were presented to the department and specific guidance on assessment of syndesmosis distributed. 84 Ankle ORIF procedures performed in next 12-month period used to re-audit.

Results

In the first audit, 34% cases had inadequate documentation regarding the stability of syndesmosis. This is similar to finding of 32% in a previous audit in 2018. Re-audit after presentation and review of guidelines, showed improved compliance with only 14.3% cases having no documentation of syndesmosis status.

Conclusions

Distribution of evidence supporting assessment of syndesmosis and making all grades of surgeons aware of the relevant guideline led to an improved compliance of more than 85%. There always remains the vulnerability to miss syndesmotic injuries and potentially adversely affect patient outcomes, if not explicitly assessed on table after bony fixation. All surgeons and rotating trainees need to be aware of this requirement.
1702 A Proforma To Improve Documentation of Surgical Ward Rounds
Authors: Armstrong E , Koronfel M
Published: October 2021

Aim

The ward round is an important vehicle in the care of surgical inpatients. Good quality documentation is essential in recording patient progress over time and communicating clearly between multidisciplinary team (MDT) members. This quality improvement project aimed to implement a standardised proforma to improve the quality of ward round documentation, improving MDT communication and patient safety.

Method

Ward round entries from an elective surgical unit at a District General Hospital were retrospectively reviewed using a fifteen-item checklist to assess quality of documentation. These criteria were divided into:

A re-audit was performed following introduction of a ward round proforma using the same criteria.

Results

The pre-intervention arm included 41 entries and the post-intervention arm included 27 entries. Improvements were seen in twelve of the fifteen criteria assessed. The greatest improvements were seen in documentation of management plans; documentation of discharge plan improved from 58.5% to 100%, VTE prophylaxis from 42% to 100% and drain/ catheter plan from 42 to 93%. Documentation of two criteria (signature and bleep) decreased and documentation of date remained at 100%.

Conclusions

The use of a standardised proforma improves documentation of surgical ward rounds, particularly patient’s’ onward management plans. Further modifications to the proforma could aim to improve documentation of bleep and signature.
711 Effect of Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass on HbA1c As Well As Number of Medications in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Bhandari M , Rao M , Bussa G , Rao C
Published: October 2021

Aim

Roux en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is known to ameliorate Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in morbidly obese patients. We aimed to determine both the reduction in the glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and the number of anti-diabetic medications (including insulin) in diabetic patients undergoing RYGB over a five-year period.

Method

We reviewed data of diabetic patients (n = 530) who underwent RYGB from January 2012 – December 2017, including those with a minimum of a 2-year post-operative follow up (n = 47). Preoperatively, BMI, HbA1c and the number of anti-diabetic medications and the duration of T2DM since diagnosis were recorded. These measurements were repeated at the end of the two year follow up.

Results

At the time of enrolment in the bariatric programme, the median BMI was 42.5 (range, 31.7-61.5) kg/m2, mean duration of T2DM was 58 months and median HbA1c was 59 (37-118) mmol/mol. The mean number of anti-diabetic medications taken, including insulin, was 2. At the end of 2-year follow-up, the median BMI was 32 (range, 24-41) kg/m2 and HbA1c was 41(range, 33-91) mmol/mol. 15 patients (31.9%) still required anti-diabetic medication, 12 of whom had a diagnosis of T2DM for 3 years or more at time of enrolment.

Conclusions

RYGB is strongly associated with a resolution of T2DM in morbidly obese patients. In those who were not resolved, the number of anti-diabetic medications taken and HbA1c were reduced. The impact of the surgery is dependent on the duration of T2DM since diagnosis preoperatively.
739 Pancreatic Cancer and Bariatric Surgery: Narrative Review
Authors: Al-Saadi H , Malallah H , Al-Saadi T
Published: October 2021

Background

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest types of cancer with an estimated incidence of 8 per 100,000 person-years and mortality of 7 per 100,000 person-years worldwide.

Method

A narrative review of the literature was conducted. PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane database were searched for all published papers in Pancreatic cancer post Bariatric surgery from 1990 to November 2020.

Results

Epidemiological evidence in the literature has shown that obesity as a risk factor for the development of PDAC is a dose dependent risk. The review found that the risk of developing pancreatic cancer in obese or overweight individuals is 1.5 times higher than individuals with a normal BMI. At the same time, evidence from literature demonstrated that weight reduction by dietary restriction, physical activities, pharmacotherapy or weight reduction surgery reduces risk of PDAC.A total of 24 cases of pancreatic cancer were identified in the literature reported post Bariatric Surgery. The average age at diagnosis was 57.2 years and onset from surgery to diagnosis ranged from 2 months to 25 years. Of the identified cases, 23 cases were post Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and one case post Duodenal Switch. The review found that PDAC was the commonest reported pancreatic cancer post bariatric surgery accounting for 85.3%, followed by Neuroendocrine Tumours (NET) 16.7%.

Given the variation in onset of diagnosis, bariatric surgery did not increase cancer risk but rather accelerated the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Conclusions

Along with weight reduction and improving comorbidities, Bariatric surgery reduces risk of obesity-related carcinogenesis.
1055 Performance of Gastric Bypass vs. Sleeve Gastrectomy in Hypertension Remission
Authors: Ricart P , Mahendran V , Eymech O , Wadley M
Published: October 2021

Aim

Bariatric surgery is gradually becoming a surgical field of paramount importance to global health. Our aim is to assess the performance of RYGB and SG in achieving remission of hypertension in bariatric patients. Secondarily, we aim to assess how age, gender, referral BMI, severity of hypertension, and association with T2DM, affects hypertension remission rates.

Method

In this observational, retrospective cohort study, we included 475 out of 505 total bariatric patients operated at the Worcestershire Royal Hospital between 2012 and 2019. Overall, 193 patients (40.6%) where taking anti-hypertensive medications pre-operatively. Hypertensive patients were divided into three categories: Mild (1 anti-hypertensive medication) 44%, moderate (2 anti-hypertensive medications) 39%, and severe (3 or more anti-hypertensive medications) 17%. All patients underwent either a RYGB 52% (101/193) or a SG 48% (92/193). We assessed hypertension remission after 1 and after 2 years.

Results

Hypertension remission rates post-RYGB where 40.0% after 1 year (38/95), and 43.0% (34/79) after 2 years. Rates post-SG where 40.8% after 1 year (31/76) and 43.1% (22/51) after 2 years. There was no statistically significant difference in hypertension remission rates between RYGB and SG, nor with any of secondary variable, including gender, age, BMI, severity of hypertension and association with T2DM.

Conclusions

Our data showed no significant difference between RYGB and SG in hypertension remission rates after 1- and 2-years post-procedure. This provides novel insights into the risk-benefit assessment of the bariatric patient, and helps define the SG as a much simpler, cheaper and safer surgical option for bariatric patients with hypertension as their major co-morbidity.
1129 UK Based Experience of The Elipsetm Intragastric Balloon; Short Term Safety and Effectiveness
Authors: Sandhya A , Oyewole B , Stefanova I , Mangat S , Monkhouse S
Published: October 2021

Aim

Intra Gastric Balloons (IGB) have been used over the last three decades as a minimally invasive, non-surgical weight-loss option. The ElipseTM gastric balloon (EIGB) is a ‘procedure-less’ gastric balloon which can be placed in an average of 20 minutes without the need of endoscopy or sedation. The aim of our study is to investigate the first cohort of patients in uk who underwent IGB capsule and short term follow up.

Method

Single centre retrospective study of the first consecutive 202 patients that had the Eclipse IGB inserted between May 2018 and November 2020. Patients swallow the ElipseTM capsule and pre-inflation x-ray is taken to confirm correct positioning after which the gastric balloon is inflated with 550mls of sterile water and a post-inflation x-ray is taken. The balloon is designed to be in-situ for 4 months and then automatically deflates.

Results

Out of 202 patients 24 were lost to follow-up, 146 patients followed up to an average of 15 weeks, while 26 patients followed up to 4 weeks. Average weight loss at 4 weeks was 6% Total Weight Loss (%TWL) while at last follow up 9.63% TWL. Majority of patients experienced post procedural reflux, abdominal pain, bloating and vomiting. 6 patients had early removal of the balloon due to severe symptoms (4), pancreatitis (1) and hyperinflation (1). 1 had early expulsion at 2 months.

Conclusions

Eclipse IGB is safe and effective in selective patients, however long-term follow is needed to compare it with the other balloons in terms of significant and sustained weight loss.
1268 Pathology Pick up Rate in Routine Preoperative Endoscopy and its Impact on Patients Undergoing Gastric Bypass Surgery
Authors: Ishak P , Ali A , Ugochukwu C , Bakhshi A , Mohamed R , Rankin J
Published: October 2021

Aim

Preoperative OGD in patients undergoing bariatric surgery, has been a subject for debate for decades. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pathology pick up rate in routine preoperative endoscopy in patients undergoing Gastric Bypass surgery (LRYGB) in our unit.

Method

Retrospective review of patients’ records who underwent LRYBG in our unit from February 2009 to March 2020. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of symptoms prior to bariatric surgery: Group A (Asymptomatic) and Group B (Symptomatic). Data from prospectively kept electronic OGD reports, CLO test results, histology reports and the changes in management plan were collected and analysed.

Results

114 patients were included in the analysis, 85 (74.56%) were in group A and 29 in group B. OGD detected pathology in 34 patients in group A and 21 in group B (p = 0.004). Those included hiatus hernia (HH) (17.65% group A, 44.83% group B, p = 0.006); stomach ulcer (7.06% group A, 3.45% group B, p = 0.676), H.pylori infection (12.86% group A, 29.41% group B). This led to change of management in 22 patients in group A and 12 of group B (p = 0.157) excluding PPI prescription. Those changes included H.pylori eradication (10.59% group A, 17.24% group B, p = 0.153), HH repair (3.53% group A, 24.14% group B, p = 0.002). There was no cancellation or change in bariatric surgery offered in both groups.

Conclusions

Preoperative OGD has only significantly impacted the bariatric patient’s pathway in symptomatic patients. However, in Asymptomatic patients, OGD could be replaced by cheaper and non-invasive alternatives.
1329 Can One Size Fit All: Is Laparoscopic Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass the Best Bariatric Procedure for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)?
Authors: Mahendran V , Ricart P , Robinson S , Perry A , Wadley M
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Bariatric surgery produces superior weight loss and reversal of comorbidities in morbidly obese individuals compared to medical therapy alone. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) was traditionally considered to prolonged remission of T2DM compared to other procedures such as Laparoscopic Sleeve-Gastrectomy (LSG). But recently published studies seek to disprove this by emphasising on duration and severity of T2DM before surgery rather than the type of procedure. We aim to verify if the severity of T2DM and type of operation (LRYGB Vs LSG) influence remission rates.

Method

In this retrospective cohort study, 204 patients were diagnosed with T2DM pre-operatively and had undergone either LRYGB or LSG. We used the Individualised Metabolic Surgery Score (IMSS) tool to divide patients into mild, moderate, and severe categories.

Results

Results showed that of the 204 patients 15% (n = 31) had mild disease, 62%( n = 127) had moderate disease and 23% (n = 46) had severe disease. Remission rates in each category were as follows:

Conclusions

We agree that patients with longstanding and severe T2DM have low remission rates after bariatric surgery, probably due to diminished beta-cell reserve. It is in contrary to recent publications which recommend LSG over LRYGB in patients with severe disease. This evidence necessitates further prospective studies before deciding which is the best procedure for patients with severe and longstanding T2DM.
1338 Bariatric Surgery as a Viable Treatment for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Case Series
Authors: Mahendran V , Ricart P , Wadley M , Perry A , Robinson S
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) is a significant cause of preventable blindness. Patients also suffer from debilitating headaches, pulsatile tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and radicular pain. If IIH continues to rise as predicted, treatment cost will increase to 462.7 million GBP annually by 2030. Weight loss is the only proven disease-modifying therapy for reversal of IIH. Bariatric surgery is an attractive treatment option due to superlative weight loss and reversal of related comorbidities. The case series aims to raise awareness of bariatric surgery as a safe and effective treatment modality for IIH.

Method

The case series consists of a retrospective analysis of four patients with a pre-operative diagnosis of IIH. They were referred to our department for bariatric surgery between January to December 2018. They were followed up for a total of two years.

Results

In our case series, all four patients were females with a mean age of 34 years. Mean BMI reduced from 47.3 kg/m2 before surgery to 30 kg/m2 with an EWL of 76.4% at the end of two years after surgery. They all showed significant improvement or resolution in their symptoms related to IIH, and none of them required further CSF pressure reducing procedures afterwards.

Conclusions

Bariatric surgery is a safe and effective method of treating IIH. It is superior compared to medical management and CSF pressure reducing procedures which have high rates of recurrence.
390 Characterisation of a Platelet Rich Fibrin Membrane and Formation of an Autologous Fibrin Mesh
Authors: Burke Joshua , Helliwell Jack , Kowal Mikolaj , Jayne David
Published: October 2021

Aim

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a three-dimensional fibrin scaffold with associated platelets and leukocytes which releases high quantities of growth factors over a sustained period of time. PRF has shown promising clinical results in promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration. The aims of this feasibility study were to establish optimal spinning methods for production of PRF, to quantify the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by PRF and to explore new vehicles of clinical PRF delivery.

Method

Assessment of optimal production involved comparisons between Protocol 1 (EDTA bottle) and Protocol 2 (no additive) at three different centrifugation forces: 400g, 1000g and 1700g. VEGF production was analysed using ELISA with varied incubation periods and PRF plug segments. Novel methods for PRF delivery were explored using surgical sutures and a Zimmer® Skin Graft Mesher.

Results

Protocol 2 demonstrated shorter average time to blood draw (9.8s compared to 13.6s) and to centrifuge (25.5s compared to 33.1s) with a decreased range of values. All PRF segments exhibited a positive correlation between incubation time and amount of VEGF produced with the bottom segments producing on average more VEGF. A segment of the fibrin plug was successfully secured on a suture and meshed in a 1:1.5 ratio.

Conclusions

PRF production can be optimised using blood bottles with no additive and high centrifugation forces. VEGF production by PRF peaks at 120 hours with the bottom PRF segment exhibiting the highest rate of production. The first description of a PRF mesh enables new clinical applications.
166 An audit of Patient Satisfaction after Breast Reconstruction and Presentation of a Novel Decision-Making Aid for Oncological Breast Surgery Patients
Authors: Badhams E
Published: October 2021

Background

Breast reconstruction presents women with life-changing decisions at a time of immense pressure due to a concurrent cancer diagnosis.

Objectives

To assess whether patient satisfaction with breast care teams, patient autonomy in pre-operative consultation and information provision at Ysbyty Glan Clwyd (YGC) met the standards published in the National Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction Audit (NMBRA), 2011. To use data collected to generate a novel decision-making aid.

Method

A patient satisfaction questionnaire, ‘Betsi-Q’, was created and sent to 100 mastectomy patients from YGC. Statistical significance was tested using Chi-squared test, T-test (Yates correction) and Z- score.

Results

Completed questionnaires were returned by 44 respondents (44%). Although shy of the 90% NMBRA recommendation, patient satisfaction with the team was reported high in 35/41 respondents (85%). The audit identified 36 respondents (86%) felt they made an informed decision regarding breast reconstruction, exceeding the 80% NMBRA recommendation. Information regarding the emotional and sexual benefits of breast reconstruction over mastectomy alone, were discussed with 10 respondents (26%), despite recommendations to discuss with all patients. Exploration of more than one option for breast reconstruction was only reported in 29/42 respondents (70%), below the 90% NMBRA recommendation.

Conclusions

Patient satisfaction with the team at YGC is high but efforts to ensure all patients are making an informed decision should be made. The decision-making tool designed alongside this audit aims to address these recommendations. Early identification and correction of misinformation, along increasing the variety of resources for patient education will be beneficial to manage expectations and enhance patient experience.
362 Comparison of PREDICT Score to Oncotype Dx Score in Early Invasive Breast Cancer
Authors: Frixou M , Makaranka S , Urquhart G , Elsberger B
Published: October 2021

Aim

The PREDICT score is used to help define decisions about benefits of chemotherapy in early invasive breast cancer. With a PREDICT score of 5% or more chemotherapy should be considered, 3% to 4% is a borderline decision and less than 3% chemotherapy is not pursued. We set out to compare the PREDICT score to Oncotype Dx recurrence score (RS), which predicts chemotherapy benefit based on 21-gene breast cancer assay.

Method

Data for patient and tumour characteristics, and treatment choice was collected from electronic patient records of 98 patients who had an RS score done between February 2017-September 2020. This data was then compared to the patients’ PREDICT scores.

Results

98 patients were analysed with 2 excluded due to having nodal macro-metastases. Mean patient age was 53 years with an average tumour size of 27mm. 31/96 (32%) patients had a PREDICT score ≥5%, with 21/31 (68%) having a low RS score (<26). 57/96 (59%) patients had a PREDICT score of 3-4%, with 40/57 (70%) having a low RS score. 8/96 (8%) patients had a PREDICT score of < 3%, with 7/8 (88%) having a low RS score. Additionally, 7/8 (88%) patients in this group were pre-menopausal.

Conclusions

68% of patients in the ≥5% PREDICT group had a low RS score and so have avoided chemotherapy. In the 3-4% group, approximately 1 in 3 tested were shown to have a chemotherapy benefit. In the <3% group most patients were pre-menopausal, and chemotherapy was safely avoided. A bigger dataset and comparison to other health boards is required.
392 Magseed-Guided Wide Local Excision During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tenable Solution to Barriers in Accessing Elective Breast Cancer Surgery
Authors: Teh J J , Cai W , Kedrzycki M , Thiruchelvam P T R , Elson D S , Leff D R
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Magseed-guided localisation has emerged as a suitable alternative to wire-guided localisation (WGL) for impalpable breast cancers, with advantages including advanced insertion and simpler logistical planning. Given the severe disruption to elective surgeries during the Covid-19 pandemic, a local Magseed pathway was developed enabling safe patient flow. Magseed was inserted well in advance of the operation, enabling time to self-isolate and obtain a negative COVID swab prior to admission to a dedicated COVID -free suite. We present the patient-reported outcomes of the new pathway.

Method

A prospective service evaluation was conducted in a University hospital. Patients undergoing Magseed-guided wide local excision (WLE) from 01/07/2020 to present were surveyed to detail their experiences on the Magseed pathway. Qualitative data investigating anxiety and comfort post-insertion were reported using 10-fold Likert scales. Quantitative data was collected on patient demographics and tumour specification.

Results

41/46 women who underwent Magseed localisation WLE completed the survey, with median age 65 years (IQR 53-72) and median BMI 26.5 kg/m2 (IQR 22.4-30.8). 71% had invasive ductal carcinoma with or without ductal carcinoma in-situ. 10% women found the procedure uncomfortable (<5) and 98% women reported low anxiety (<5) over seed displacement. If given the choice, 98% patients would prefer Magseed over WGL.

Conclusions

The new Magseed pathway is regarded positively among patients, despite ongoing disruption in elective breast cancer services. Given the progression of the second wave and likelihood of future outbreaks, Magseed localisation could be adopted widely to ensure continuous provision of safe elective surgeries.
407 Requesting, Treatment and Outcomes Following Oncotype DX Testing in Breast Cancer
Authors: Issa H , Seward J , Meara N
Published: October 2021

Aim

Oncotype DX (ODX) is a 21-gene assay for invasive breast cancer that yields a recurrence score (RS) value which indicates the risk of distant recurrence and the benefit from chemotherapy. NICE has laid down guidance regarding the criteria for test requesting which include having early breast cancer at an intermediate risk of distant recurrence that is ER-positive, HER2-negative and LN-negative. The aim of this study was to determine whether ODX was appropriately requested and followed. Treatment and outcomes were also observed.

Method

The study included all patients from The Countess of Chester Hospital who had undertaken ODX testing in the years 2015-2017. Patients were identified and clinicopathological data was obtained from clinic notes and pathology reports. NPI and PREDICT scores were calculated. The ODX original cut-off values were used.

Results

All 65 patients included in the study were ER-positive, 1 was HER2-positive and 1 was LN-positive. 9 patients had ODX requested inappropriately, all of which were low risk on both NPI and PREDICT. Chemotherapy was received by 1/32 low risk patients (RS 0-17), 6/24 intermediate risk patients (RS 18-30) and 5/5 high risk patients (RS 31-100). 57 patients had no recurrence, 2 patients had local recurrence (intermediate RS), 1 patient had distant recurrence (low RS) and 1 patient had metastasis (low RS). Chemotherapy was not received by any of the patients who experienced recurrence.

Conclusions

Adherence to NICE guidance regarding ODX requesting needs further emphasising. This would help reduce unnecessary patient investigation, costs, and pathology-lab workload.
653 Adverse Effects of Isosulfan Blue Dye in Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Breast Cancer: A meta-analysis
Authors: Yoong A , Fanelli D , Pratheepan P , Das A , Agilinko J
Published: October 2021

Aim

The aim of the study is to investigate the available evidence on the adverse effects of the use of isosulfan blue dye in sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer patients and to determine the treatment modalities for such complications.

Method

We carried out a thorough search of relevant articles in PubMed, Medline and Embase databases using the PRISMA guideline. Studies reporting on the adverse effects of isosulfan blue dye were included. Adverse effects were subdivided into 3 groups: Grade I, Grade II and Grade III. Weighted means were extracted and evaluated for procedure adverse reactions. A meta-analysis of proportion was conducted using random-effect models to analyse adverse effects rates.

Results

Grade I reactions were seen in 184 patients, Grade II in 4 patients and 50 patients developed Grade III reactions. The total rate of adverse reactions was 1.10% [CI: 0.96 to 1.26]; Grade I reaction rate was 0.82% [CI: 0.70 to 0.96], Grade II reaction rate was 0.02% [CI: 0.006 to 0.054] and Grade III reaction rate was 0.24% [CI = 0.18 to 0.32].

Conclusions

Currently, there is no level 1 evidence (meta-analysis) in the literature on the use of isosulfan blue dye in sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer patients. In our study, despite the low adverse reaction rate of isosulfan use, clinicians should still be aware of such complications following administration to ensure prompt treatment.
900 Effects Of COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions on the 2ww Breast Referrals in A UK Specialist Breast Service
Authors: Tokode O , Rastall S
Published: October 2021

Aim

Recommendations were issued to the hospital Trusts to configure service delivery to balance cancer care with patient and hospital staff safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was felt the service restrictions might lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. We conducted an audit to compare 2ww breast referrals in our center between May to July of 2019 and 2020.

Method

We triaged all referrals to face-face consultation or telephone consultation in our center during the pandemic. Patients with suspicious symptoms were offered face-face consultation after the telephone triage.

Results

Data analysis showed that the referrals fell by 28.3% (N 1569 versus N 1125). The largest reduction was noted in May (34.4% versus 24.2%). Mean waiting time in 2019 was 19.86 (± 7.14) and 11.43 (± 3.48) in 2020. The proportion of patients referred for suspected breast cancers increased across all age groups in 2020 (range +10.4% to 16.2%). Significantly more breast cancers were diagnosed in 2020 (7.1% versus 5.1%). No breast cancer was diagnosed in under 25 patients. 29.1% of the 522 patients telephoned were discharged, and others were seen in the clinic.

Conclusions

The COVID-19 infection’s management caused a fall in 2ww referrals and shortened waiting times but increased breast cancer diagnosis. Many 2ww referrals during the COVID-19 infection were unnecessary. The telephone consultation reduced waiting times but may have deferred clinic visitation for most patients.
912 Unusual Presentation Of JAK-2; A Degenerating Breast Neurofibroma
Authors: Crompton R , Salman R
Published: October 2021

Introduction

29-year-old lady presented to ED with acutely enlarging painless right breast swelling. No history of trauma; diagnosis likely breast abscess. Significant growth during short inpatient admission with incidental clinical finding of multiple cutaneous skin nodules from childhood, mother had similar lesions. CT chest performed illustrating large anterior chest wall mass 15.2x15.7x24.7cm. Transferred to regional plastic surgery unit for resection. Haematological abnormality identified on routine bloods which was life changing.

Description

Attended ED following a three-day history of a rapidly progressive right breast mass causing necrosis and blistering of overlying skin with drop in haemoglobin from 138 to 94 overnight. Transferred to regional plastic surgery unit where she underwent an evacuation of breast haematoma and excision of neurofibroma and was transfused 2 units of blood. Pathology revealed a degenerating neurofibroma. Abnormal coagulation and blood film during inpatient stay prompted subsequent bone marrow biopsy which revealed diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasm later found to be JAK-2 V617F mutation positive.

Discussion

Patient moved to UK 6 years ago from Lithuania, previously lived within area affected by Chernobyl nuclear disaster. JAK-2 myeloproliferative disease typically presents in middle aged but also reported as radiation acquired. Risk benefit of anti-platelet therapy for myeloproliferative malignancy evaluated due to high probability of re-bleeding. Complex case of Neurofibromatosis-1 and Myeloproliferative disease; diagnosis presented as a breast lump. Multidisciplinary input from surgery, haematology, genetics and neurology for best outcome.
1017 Sentinel Node Biopsy Vs Axillary Node Clearance in Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Karki S , Hassen Y , Babu E , Chakravorty A
Published: October 2021

Aim

The introduction of sentinel node biopsy (SLNB) in the late 1990s negated the need for axillary node clearance (ANC) in patients demonstrated to have early invasive breast cancer and histologically node-negative disease. However, the latest evidence from large multi-centre randomised trials suggests that patients could be spared this potentially debilitating procedure077. However, these following criteria must be met:

Method

A retrospective study of the database of breast cancer patients who had ANC between January 2018 to December 2019 in a single institution was undertaken. The histological results of patients who fulfilled the above criteria were analysed.

Results

Out of 75 patients who had ANC, 2 were excluded due to inadequate data.The average age was 59 (range 34-83).Of the remaining 73 patients, 57 patients (78%) had early breast cancer (T1/2), 11 (19%) of which fulfilled the criteria for sparing of ANC. Of those 11 patients, 8 (73%) had 0 LNs and 3 (27%) had 1 involved lymph node on histological assessment.

Conclusions

It has been observed that significant morbidity is associated with ANC. A greater subset of patients can benefit from a more sophisticated and evidence-based approach to the management of the axilla in early breast cancer, safely avoiding ANC without compromising survival.