bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolism and development – integration of micro computed tomography data and metabolite profiling reveals metabolic reprogramming from floral initiation to silique development
Authors: Bellaire Anke , Ischebeck Till , Staedler Yannick , Weinhaeuser Isabell , Mair Andrea , Parameswaran Sriram , Ito Toshiro , Schönenberger Jürg , Weckwerth Wolfram
Published: December 2013

The interrelationship of morphogenesis and metabolism is a poorly studied phenomenon. The main paradigm is that development is controlled by gene expression. The aim of the present study was to correlate metabolism to early and late stages of flower and fruit development in order to provide the basis for the identification of metabolic adjustment and limitations.

A highly detailed picture of morphogenesis is achieved using nondestructive micro computed tomography. This technique was used to quantify morphometric parameters of early and late flower development in an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with synchronized flower initiation. The synchronized flower phenotype made it possible to sample enough early floral tissue otherwise not accessible for metabolomic analysis.

The integration of metabolomic and morphometric data enabled the correlation of metabolic signatures with the process of flower morphogenesis. These signatures changed significantly during development, indicating a pronounced metabolic reprogramming in the tissue. Distinct sets of metabolites involved in these processes were identified and were linked to the findings of previous gene expression studies of flower development. High correlations with basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors and nitrogen metabolism genes involved in the control of metabolic carbon : nitrogen partitioning were revealed.

Based on these observations a model for metabolic adjustment during flower development is proposed.
The tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor (TRAF)‐like family protein SEVEN IN ABSENTIA 2 (SINA2) promotes drought tolerance in an ABA‐dependent manner in Arabidopsis
Authors: Bao Yan , Wang Cuiting , Jiang Chunmei , Pan Jing , Zhang Guobin , Liu Hua , Zhang Hongxia
Published: December 2013

Tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor (TRAF) proteins play crucial roles in plant development and response to abiotic stress. Here, we present genetic evidence that SEVEN IN ABSENTIA 2 (SINA2), a TRAF‐like family protein, is involved in abscisic acid (ABA)‐related drought stress signaling in Arabidopsis.

Gene expression, protein subcellular localization, protein–protein interaction, and a transient transcription dual‐luciferase assay were performed. The drought tolerance of SINA2 loss‐of‐function mutants and SINA2‐overexpressing plants was investigated.

In Arabidopsis, SINA2 was significantly induced by ABA and drought treatment. The SINA2‐YFP fusion protein was predominately localized in the nuclei and cytoplasm. Loss of function of SINA2 (sina2) reduced drought tolerance, whereas overexpression of SINA2 increased stomatal closure, decreased water loss, and therefore improved drought resistance in transgenic plants. Upon ABA treatment, expression of some key ABA‐ and stress‐responsive genes decreased in the sina2 mutant, but increased in SINA2‐overexpressing plants. Furthermore, SINA2 was induced in the ABA‐deficient mutant by ABA, but not by drought stress. Thus, the drought response of SINA2 was ABA‐dependent. ProSINA2::LUC expression in Arabidopsis protoplasts further revealed that ABA‐responsive element (ABRE) binding (AREB) protein 1 (AREB1) AREB2 and ABRE‐binding factor 3 (ABF3) might regulate SINA2 expression at the transcriptional level.

Our results indicate that SINA2 functions as a positive molecular link between drought tolerance and ABA signaling in Arabidopsis.
Measuring pain after oral surgery
Authors: Coulthard P. , Patel N. , Bailey E , Coulthard M.B.
Published: December 2013

Aim

To describe the measurement of pain after oral surgery.

Materials and methods

A review of the literature describing the scales used to rate pain intensity, pain assessment by questionnaire, assessment of pain in children and older adults, the third molar pain model and factors affecting the pain experience in the context of managing pain after oral surgery.

Results

The most frequently used single‐rating scales are the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Faces Pain Scale. The surgical removal of a lower third molar with bone removal is associated with severe post‐operative pain and the procedure is used as a model for investigation of analgesic efficacy.

Conclusions

If pain is not assessed, then it is unlikely that it will be properly treated. The scales to measure pain intensity such as the NRS that can be used readily in the hospital, clinic or over the phone when the patient has been discharged home.
Photodamage in a Mitochondrial Membrane Model Modulated by the Topology of Cationic and Anionic Meso‐Tetrakis Porphyrin Free Bases
Authors: Kawai Cintia , Araújo‐Chaves Juliana C. , Magrini Taciana , Sanches Camila O. C. C. , Pinto Sandra M. S. , Martinho Herculano , Daghastanli Nasser , Nantes Iseli L.
Published: December 2013

The photodynamic effects of the cationic TMPyP (meso‐tetrakis [N‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl]porphyrin) and the anionic TPPS4 (meso‐tetrakis[4‐sulfonatophenyl]porphyrin) against PC/CL phosphatidylcholine/cardiolipin (85/15%) membranes were probed to address the influence of phorphyrin binding on lipid damage. Electronic absorption spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements demonstrated that only TMPyP binds to PC/CL large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). The photodamage after irradiation with visible light was analyzed by dosages of lipid peroxides (LOOH) and thiobarbituric reactive substance and by a contrast phase image of the giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Damage to LUVs and GUVs promoted by TMPyP and TPPS4 were qualitatively and quantitatively different. The cationic porphyrin promoted damage more extensive and faster. The increase in LOOH was higher in the presence of D2O, and was impaired by sodium azide and sorbic acid. The effect of D2O was higher for TPPS4 as the photosensitizer. The use of DCFH demonstrated that liposomes prevent the photobleaching of TMPyP. The results are consistent with a more stable TMPyP that generates long‐lived singlet oxygen preferentially partitioned in the bilayer. Conversely, TPPS4 generates singlet oxygen in the bulk whose lifetime is increased in D2O. Therefore, the affinity of the porphyrin to the membrane modulates the rate, type and degree of lipid damage.
A Simple Theory of Trade, Finance and Firm Dynamics
Authors: Felbermayr Gabriel , Spiegel Gilbert
Published: December 2013

A stylized monopolistic competition model of international trade is proposed where firms differ with respect to the expected economic lifetime of their innovations. Upon entry, they receive a commonly observed signal which is updated over time. Jointly with partial irreversibility of investment, this generates heterogeneity in effective discount rates and, thus, in the cost of finance. In line with evidence, the model predicts a negative correlation between firms' financing costs and their age. Over a firm's life cycle, per period net profits and the export participation probability grow. Exporters are less likely to exit than purely domestic firms. Belief updating entails excessive financing of incumbents relative to entrants and too much exporting. Asymptotically, trade liberalization reduces overall general equilibrium exit rates, but it does not necessarily increase welfare. With multiple asymmetric export markets, firms gradually expand their market coverage and total sales. A confidence crisis modeled by belief reversion causes an over‐proportional decrease in exports, thereby offering a novel interpretation of the trade slump in 2008/09.
Shrinking the welfare state: the structure, geography and impact of British government benefit cuts
Authors: Hamnett Chris
Published: December 2013

Welfare spending is currently a key element of government expenditure in western countries and it has grown considerably since the Second World War. But there have been calls for cuts in spending that have intensified since the onset of the financial crisis and the stress on austerity. This has been associated with a shift in the nature of welfare policy to what has been termed ‘workfare’, where benefits are increasingly means tested, time limited or financially capped and contingent on recipients seeking work. This shift has been seen in Britain since 1997 but has intensified since the election of the coalition government, who have instigated the most radical reshaping of welfare policy since 1945. The paper argues that geographers should pay more attention to the geography of welfare spending. The paper examines the structure of welfare spending in Britain and its geography, the nature and rationale for the welfare reforms and cuts, especially the stress on ‘fairness’, and the social and geographical impact of the benefit cap. It argues that the cuts point to a re‐orientation of the welfare state and pose political problems for the Opposition, given the shift in social attitudes to welfare.
New spaces for nature: the re‐territorialisation of biodiversity conservation under neoliberalism in theUK
Authors: Adams William M , Hodge Ian D , Sandbrook Lindsey
Published: December 2013

Biodiversity conservation is a fundamentally spatial practice. For more than a century, conservation's leading strategy has been the establishment of protected areas. Governance by the state has been central to conservation's claim to territory. In theUK, the established approach to biodiversity conservation concentrated on spatial strategies of territorialisation to secure particular outcomes in relatively small pieces of land, set aside as protected areas. However, this strategy has begun to change, and conservation's expanding territorial claims have been expressed through new models of large‐scale conservation. A series of projects developed by non‐governmental conservation organisations seek to extend conservation management over larger areas of land. In this paper we consider these developments as a form of re‐territorialisation, a reframing and extension of conservation's spatial claims. We describe how conservation's ambitions have been reformed and extended and discuss evidence on the growth of large‐scale biodiversity conservation projects in theUK. We then consider the implications of these changes in the light of the neoliberalisation of conservation.
Austerity, Growth and Inflation: Remarks on the Eurozone's Unresolved Competitiveness Problem
Authors: Sinn Hans‐Werner
Published: December 2013

While the financial protection measures enacted by the ECB and the community of Eurozone members have calmed financial markets, they have left the competitiveness problem of the Eurozone's southern countries and France unresolved. The paper compares price inflation before the crisis with the necessary and actual price cuts that have taken place since the outbreak of the crisis, predicting a decade of stagnation for the south and inflation for the north. Keynesian demand policy is counterproductive in the south and unnecessary in the north. The necessary realignment of relative goods prices and current account imbalances can be achieved if market forces are allowed to redirect capital flows to the north instead of being artificially steered to uses they are keen to avoid.
Surface modification of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes by ozone via atomic layer deposition
Authors: Lushington Andrew , Liu Jian , Tang Yongji , Li Ruying , Sun Xueliang
Published: December 2013

The use of ozone as an oxidizing agent for atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes is rapidly growing due to its strong oxidizing capabilities. However, the effect of ozone on nanostructured substrates such as nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) and pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PCNTs) are not very well understood and may provide an avenue toward functionalizing the carbon nanotube surface prior to deposition. The effects of ALD ozone treatment on NCNTs and PCNTs using 10 wt. % ozone at temperatures of 150, 250, and 300 °C are studied. The effect of ozone pulse time and ALD cycle number on NCNTs and PCNTs was also investigated. Morphological changes to the substrate were observed by scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements were also conducted to determine surface area, pore size, and pore size distribution following ozone treatment. The graphitic nature of both NCNTs and PCNTs was determined using Raman analysis while x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to probe the chemical nature of NCNTs. It was found that O3 attack occurs preferentially to the outermost geometric surface of NCNTs. Our research also revealed that the deleterious effects of ozone are found only on NCNTs while little or no damage occurs on PCNTs. Furthermore, XPS analysis indicated that ALD ozone treatment on NCNTs, at elevated temperatures, results in loss of nitrogen content. Our studies demonstrate that ALD ozone treatment is an effective avenue toward creating low nitrogen content, defect rich substrates for use in electrochemical applications and ALD of various metal/metal oxides.
Relationships Between the Built Environment and Walking and Weight Status Among Older Women in Three U.S. States
Authors: Troped Philip J. , Starnes Heather A. , Puett Robin C. , Tamura Kosuke , Cromley Ellen K. , James Peter , Ben-Joseph Eran , Melly Steven J. , Laden Francine
Published: December 2013

There are few studies of built environment associations with physical activity and weight status among older women in large geographic areas that use individual residential buffers to define environmental exposures. Among 23,434 women (70.0 ± 6.9 yr; range = 57–85) in 3 states, relationships between objective built environment variables and meeting physical activity recommendations via walking and weight status were examined. Differences in associations by population density and state were explored in stratified models. Population density (odds ratio [OR] =1.04 [1.02, 1.07]), intersection density (ORs = 1.18–1.28), and facility density (ORs = 1.01–1.53) were positively associated with walking. Density of physical activity facilities was inversely associated with overweight/obesity (OR = 0.69 [0.49, 0.96]). The strongest associations between facility density variables and both outcomes were found among women from higher population density areas. There was no clear pattern of differences in associations across states. Among older women, relationships between accessible facilities and walking may be most important in more densely populated settings.
Exploring Socioecological Correlates of Active Living in Retirement Village Residents
Authors: Nathan Andrea , Wood Lisa , Giles-Corti Billie
Published: December 2013

This study explored individual, social, and built environmental attributes in and outside of the retirement village setting and associations with various active living outcomes including objectively measured physical activity, specific walking behaviors, and social participation. Residents in Perth, Australia (N = 323), were surveyed on environmental perceptions of the village and surrounding neighborhood, self-reported physical activity, and demographic characteristics and wore accelerometers. Managers (N = 32) were surveyed on village characteristics, and objective neighborhood measures were generated in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Results indicated that built- and social-environmental attributes within and outside of retirement villages were associated with active living among residents; however, salient attributes varied depending on the specific outcome considered. Findings suggest that locating villages close to destinations is important for walking and that locating them close to previous and familiar neighborhoods is important for social participation. Further understanding and consideration into retirement village designs that promote both walking and social participation are needed.
Structural, Biochemical, and Clinical Characterization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Exon 20 Insertion Mutations in Lung Cancer
Authors: Yasuda Hiroyuki , Park Eunyoung , Yun Cai-Hong , Sng Natasha J. , Lucena-Araujo Antonio R. , Yeo Wee-Lee , Huberman Mark S. , Cohen David W. , Nakayama Sohei , Ishioka Kota , Yamaguchi Norihiro , Hanna Megan , Oxnard Geoffrey R. , Lathan Christopher S. , Moran Teresa , Sequist Lecia V. , Chaft Jamie E. , Riely Gregory J. , Arcila Maria E. , Soo Ross A. , Meyerson Matthew , Eck Michael J. , Kobayashi Susumu S. , Costa Daniel B.
Published: December 2013

Crystal structure and detailed analysis of different EGFR mutants explain why some mutations in exon 20 make lung cancers resistant to EGFR inhibitors and others make them more sensitive.
Persistent back pain in the absence of clear red flags
Authors: Ledford Christopher C , Linthicum Colin
Published: December 2013

A 62-year-old woman with low back pain was eventually diagnosed with vertebral osteomyelitis after multiple visits to emergency, primary and specialty care. The absence of traditional ‘red flags’ from her history and examination serves as an important reminder that their absence does not necessarily reflect benign pathology.
Reichardt’s dye: the NMR story of the solvatochromic betaine dye
Authors: Afri Michal , Gottlieb Hugo E. , Frimer Aryeh A.
Published: December 2013

Reichardt’s dye, 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl-1-pyridinio)phenolate (1), has a very large negative solvatochromism in the long wavelength absorption in the UV–vis spectrum when going from nonpolar to polar solvents. This shift provides the basis of the important and widely used ET(30) scale of solvent polarity. While many papers have investigated the properties of this dye, only a few describe the 1H and 13C NMR assignments in any detail. We report herein, our detailed analysis of the proton and carbon chemical shift assignments for this molecule based on 1D and 2D NMR measurements, as well as those of the protonated and methoxy derivatives 2 and 3, respectively. Much to our surprise, some of the critical chemical shift values we observed were significantly different from those previously reported. In addition, we discovered a good correlation not only between the solvent polarity and the chemical shifts of carbons C1 and C4 of Reichardt’s dye (1), but also between the concentration of the dye and these chemical shifts.
The effect of rotation on the problem of fiber-reinforced under generalized magnetothermoelasticity subject to thermal loading due to laser pulse: a comparison of different theories
Authors: Othman Mohamed I.A. , Hasona W.M. , Abd-Elaziz Elsayed M.
Published: December 2013

In the present paper, we introduce the coupled theory, Lord–Schulman theory, and Green–Lindsay theory to study the influences of a magnetic field and rotation on a two-dimensional problem of fiber-reinforced thermoelasticity subject to thermal loading by a laser pulse. The material is a homogeneous isotropic elastic half-space and is heated by a non-Gaussian laser beam with pulse duration of 8 ps. The method applied here is to use normal mode analysis to solve a thermal shock problem. Deformation of a body depends on the nature of the force applied as well as the type of boundary conditions. Numerical results for the temperature, displacement, and thermal stress components are given and illustrated graphically in the absence and the presence of the magnetic field, rotation, reinforcement, and for two different values of time.
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animal cells: relevance to aging and normal physiology
Authors: Robb Ellen L. , Christoff Casey A. , Maddalena Lucas A. , Stuart Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2013

In animal mitochondria, the four electron reduction of molecular oxygen to produce water at respiratory complex IV is the terminal step in substrate oxidation. However, respiratory complexes I, II, and III can participate in the single electron reduction of oxygen to produce the radical species superoxide. This progenitor reactive oxygen species (ROS) participates in a number of reactions that generate other ROS. These molecules may react with, and damage, intracellular macromolecules, leading to cellular dysfunction. Mitochondrial ROS production is often considered from this perspective of macromolecular damage and is central to the “oxidative damage theory of aging”, which suggests the accumulation of oxidative damage in animal cells underlies the aging phenotype and limits lifespan. In this review, we discuss some experimental results accumulated over the past decade that are inconsistent with this theory. A limitation of the theory is that it presupposes mitochondrial ROS are inherently harmful. However, it is increasingly apparent that some basic cellular functions are physiologically regulated by normal levels of mitochondrial ROS. For example, cell growth and division, the apoptotic pathway, and mitochondrial fusion–fission dynamics all appear to be redox-regulated by mitochondrial ROS and perhaps the matrix manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Therefore, it is less clear how the balance between ROS regulation of normal cellular activities and ROS-mediated macromolecular damage is maintained and how this relates to aging and longevity in animals.
EXACT HAUSDORFF MEASURE OF CERTAIN NON-SELF-SIMILAR CANTOR SETS
Authors: PEDERSEN STEEN , PHILLIPS JASON D.
Published: December 2013

We establish a formula yielding the Hausdorff measure for a class of non-self-similar Cantor sets in terms of the canonical covers of the Cantor set.
SOCIAL DISTANCING STRATEGIES AGAINST DISEASE SPREADING
Authors: VALDEZ L. D. , BUONO C. , MACRI P. A. , BRAUNSTEIN L. A.
Published: December 2013

The recurrent infectious diseases and their increasing impact on the society has promoted the study of strategies to slow down the epidemic spreading. In this review we outline the applications of percolation theory to describe strategies against epidemic spreading on complex networks. We give a general outlook of the relation between link percolation and the susceptible-infected-recovered model, and introduce the node void percolation process to describe the dilution of the network composed by healthy individual, i.e., the network that sustain the functionality of a society. Then, we survey two strategies: the quenched disorder strategy where an heterogeneous distribution of contact intensities is induced in society, and the intermittent social distancing strategy where health individuals are persuaded to avoid contact with their neighbors for intermittent periods of time. Using percolation tools, we show that both strategies may halt the epidemic spreading. Finally, we discuss the role of the transmissibility, i.e., the effective probability to transmit a disease, on the performance of the strategies to slow down the epidemic spreading.
A LINGUISTIC AGGREGATION OPERATOR INCLUDING WEIGHTS FOR LINGUISTIC VALUES AND EXPERTS IN GROUP DECISION MAKING
Authors: PEI ZHENG , ZOU LI , YI LIANGZHONG
Published: December 2013

Different linguistic aggregation methods have been proposed and applied in the linguistic decision making problems. Generally, weights for experts or criteria are considered in linguistic aggregation processes. In this paper, we provide a method to discovery new forms to compute weights and new interpretations in the linguistic ordered weighted averaging operator. In linguistic decision analysis, it can be noticed that some of initial linguistic values used by experts have priority over others linguistic values in evaluation processes. We formalize the priority over initial linguistic values as weights for linguistic values, by considering weights for linguistic values as well as weights for experts, we provide an alternative method to discovery weights information of the linguistic ordered weighted averaging operator, its properties show that such linguistic aggregation operator is extensions of the 2-tuple arithmetic mean, the 2-tuple weighted aggregation operator and the 2-tuple ordered weighted averaging operator. By an illustrative example, we compare the linguistic aggregation operator with the 2-tuple weighted aggregation operator and the 2-tuple ordered weighted averaging operator in a decision making problem. From the practical point of view, we provide an optimization model to obtain such weights information in linguistic aggregation processes, examples show the linguistic aggregation operator as an alternative linguistic ordered weighted averaging operator in practice.
(s, S) POLICY FOR UNCERTAIN SINGLE PERIOD INVENTORY PROBLEM
Authors: GAO YUAN , WEN MEILIN , DING SIBO
Published: December 2013

The traditional single period inventory problem assumes that the market demand is a random variable. However, as an empirical or subjective estimation, market demand is better to be regarded as an uncertain variable. This paper is concerning with single period inventory problem under two main assumptions that (i) the market demand is an uncertain variable and (ii) a setup cost and an initial stock exist. Under the framework of uncertainty theory, the optimal inventory policy for uncertain single period inventory problem with an initial stock and a setup cost is derived, which is of (s,S) type. Also, some expansions are obtained.
I.
On the Past, Present, and Future of the Scotch and Welsh Mineral Oil Trades
Authors: Taylor Andrew
Published: December 2013

Mr T
aylor
briefly sketched the early history of the distillation of carbonaceous minerals at a low red heat, noticing the first attempts both as scientific experiments and commercially. The experiments of Dr Clayton in 1728–29, as well as those of Dr Watson, Bishop of Landalf, shortly afterwards, were the first in the one direction; whilst the products obtained by an iron-worker, Becher, and others of his contemporaries in the same century, were practical results of this manufacture. It was not, however, till the commencement of the present century, when, contemporaneous with the introduction of steam and gas lighting, the importance of the manufacture was recognised, and workers in this field became numerous. The labours of Lord Dundonald, Reichenbach, Selligue, Duboisson, Hompesch, and Rees Reece, were severally passed under review. It was reserved, however, for Mr James Young to perfect and fully develop this manufacture. In this he was aided by the wonderful character of the Torbanehill mineral, the substance on which he first worked. From 1849 the infant manufacture had increased so as to assume gigantic proportions, both here and in the Western Hemisphere.

Shortly after the expiry of Mr Young’s patent, it was found that the lower coal measures of Scotland and Wales contained vast quantities of bituminous shales and gas coals suitable for this manufacture. Consequently, numerous works were erected, and a vast capital embarked. The much greater development of the oil wells in the United States, at the same period, had seriously interfered with these ventures; the price of oil was now at a rate unthought of three years ago, and mostly all the recently erected works were shut up. Unless some new use arose for crude mineral oil, the development of our Scotch shale fields seemed, meanwhile, a hopeless task. There was no doubt, however, that the shales might be had recourse to on the failure of the gas-coal seams, which many competent judges affirm to be only a question of time.
Meltwater drainage channels and other glacial phenomena of the Highland Border Belt from Cortachy to the Bervie Water
Authors: Bremner Alexander
Published: December 2013

T
he
marginal channels cut by meltwater during the retreat of the ‶Strathmore Ice″—that portion of the Second Ice-sheet of Northern Scotland which traversed Eastern Forfar, Kincardine, and Aberdeen—are very distinctive. All of them fall towards the north; and, quite independently of the characteristic red clays and erratics (Old Red Sandstone lavas and sediments), prove that the ice retreated from north to south, and advanced from south to north. These channels, however, do not mark the furthest inland extension of the Strathmore Ice, since they could be cut only on ground left free of ice by the shrinkage, either of the ice from the interior of the country that joined the coastwise current, or of the coastwise current itself, or by the shrinkage of both.

Study of the ground along the Highland border from Cortachy to the Bervie Water shows that the Strathmore Ice everywhere transgressed the boundary fault. Marginal channels seam the schist country up to a mile or a little more north of the fault; but characteristic boulder clay from Strathmore has been found in the valleys of the Bervie Water and North Esk one and a half miles, and on the West Water fully two miles north of the boundary fault; while characteristic erratics occur in Glen Clova nearly four miles, and in Glen Prosen at least two miles, north of the margin of the Old Red Sandstone. This transgression was noted for Forfarshire, without mention of precise localities or extent, by Professor Geikie in ‶The Intercrossing of Erratics in Glacial Deposits″ (
Scottish Naturalist
, 1881; ‶Fragments of Earth Lore,″ 1893, pp. 196-199). The carry of erratics and boulder clay was in all probability not ‶from the east and south-east″ as Professor Geikie states, but from the south-south-west and south: moreover they penetrate furthest into the Highland area where the schist escarpment is breached by the largest streams.

The Third Ice-sheet, which did not envelop the whole north-east of Scotland, also left characteristic ground moraine and erratics, as well as overflow channels, marginal and direct. The relations of the Second and Third Ice-sheets, particularly the extent to which the latter overlapped the area previously occupied by the Strathmore Ice, may be determined by a study of the deposits and channels belonging to each. From such a study it is clear that in the area discussed the Third Ice-sheet did not in general extend quite as far as the boundary fault, just reached it on the West Water, passed almost a mile beyond it on the Bervie Water, transgressed it for fully a mile and over a considerable area on the North Esk, and for a distance as yet uncertain on the South Esk and Prosen.
Some suggestions for the furtherance of geological research in Scotland
Authors: MacGregor Murray
Published: December 2013

F
or
his Presidential address Dr M. Macgregor chose the subject of ‶Some Suggestions for the Furtherance of Geological Research in Scotland.″ He referred to the proposal made a few years earlier for an annual publication sponsored by the Geological Societies of Edinburgh and Glasgow and suggested that if this were not possible the two Societies might collaborate in the production of an annual review in which all papers dealing with Scottish geology could be listed and summarised. A publication of this nature would not only serve as an annual bibliography to Scottish geological literature subdivided under such headings as Palæontology, Stratigraphy, Petrography, etc., but might also indicate the nature and scope of research work in progress. He also suggested an annual conference at each of the four University centres in turn to be attended by representatives of the University Geological Departments, the Geological Societies and the Geological Survey at which problems or subjects for investigation might be brought forward and methods and means of attack discussed. Such meetings would (1) assist in securing for research workers the advice and guidance of others who may have worked on similar problems to theirs; (2) promote co-operation; (3) prevent or minimise overlapping of research; and (4) draw attention to problems that might otherwise be neglected.

The lecturer then dealt with some of the problems that seemed to him to fall into category (4). He emphasised the need, both on scientific and economic grounds, for increased attention being paid to the study of sedimentary rock types and especially to their detailed petrology. The application of modern petrographic methods to the investigation of the various sedimentary types in the Scottish Carboniferous rocks, for example, would certainly be extremely valuable. No systematic comparative account of our Carboniferous sandstones, limestones or the various materials broadly grouped under the heading of ‶cannels and canneloid shales″ had yet been undertaken. Examples of various types of sandstone, limestone, cannel, etc., from different horizons in the Carboniferous sequence were shown and their microscopic characters described and compared.

Investigations of this nature, apart from their economic bearing, might throw much light on the evolution of physiographic conditions, and if correlated with a study of sedimentary sub-cycles and rhythms might also be of great assistance in establishing correlations and in providing data for assessing the stratigraphical range of minor tectonic or climatic changes.
A comparison of a Scottish and a Norwegian Shelf area
Authors: Holtedahl Olaf
Published: December 2013

Longitudinal depressions along parts of the continental platform of Norway are interpreted as formerly sub-aerially eroded fault zones, and transverse channels as relics of glaciated river valleys. Comparison is made with certain similar features which can be detected off the western coasts of Scotland and the Outer Hebrides. These are less regular and of less marked relief, and complications have been introduced by the Tertiary volcanic zone and the prevalence of NE-SW faults.
The structure of the Fannich Forest Pelitic Belt
Authors: Rutledge Harold
Published: December 2013

A belt of pelitic schists and gneisses extends for over thirty miles from the mountainous area north of Loch Fannich to Beinn Dronaig in the south. Within the pelitic belt are several supposed inliers of Lewisian-like rocks. The whole is surrounded by typical Moine Schists. The structure of the Fannich Forest area has been interpreted previously as a fan-structure in the core of which the Lewisian basement is exposed. As a result of recent field investigation the whole belt is re-interpreted as a gigantic tectonic inclusion enclosed within the Moine granulites.
A second boring through the Lugar Sill
Authors: Tyrrell George W.
Published: December 2013

This paper records the details of a second boring through the Lugar Sill at Craigston House, Lugar. With the natural sections in the Bellow and Glenmuir Waters, and the Mortonmuir boring, this makes the third complete section through this remarkable intrusion. Opportunity is taken for a full comparison and correlation of the Lugar sections, and for computing on the most exact data the bulk composition of the igneous mass. The Craigston House section differs from the others in its greater proportion of ultrabasic material, and its greater alteration, the latter probably arising from the close proximity of the boring to a fault. The new section reinforces the suggestion previously made that the arrangement of the various facies within the sill is due to gravity differentiation of a picroteschenite magma at depth, followed by the injection of the resulting fractions, and possibly more of the original magma, at higher levels in one or more successive pulses.
The Tertiary volcanic succession of the Isle of Rhum, Inverness-shire
Authors: Black G.P.
Published: December 2013

Four outliers of volcanic rocks cover an area of approximately three-quarters of a square mile in the western part of the Isle of Rhum. Although these outliers are only small remnants of the original Tertiary volcanic pile of the island, the observed sequences, combined with the recognition of six distinctive petrographic groups, make it possible to establish the following upward succession from the Torridonian Sandstone and Tertiary granophyre on which the volcanic rocks lie: (1) lower volcanic conglomerate and tuff; (2) lower basalt lavas; (3) lower mugearite lava; (4) upper basalt lavas, with unconformity above; (5) first of the upper mugearite lavas, with slight unconformity above: (6) upper volcanic conglomerate; (7) upper mugearite lavas. The total maximum thickness amounts to nearly 1,700 feet.
Differentiation in a quartz-dolerite sill at Northfield Quarry, Stirlingshire
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: December 2013

The 18-m face of a working quarry at Northfield, north of Denny, Stirlingshire, lays bare the upper part of a quartz-dolerite sill which shows in marked degree the type of differentiation originally described by J. D. Falconer in the sills of the Bathgate Hills. New data are given, including five chemical analyses. These, together with Falconer’s account and a series of analyses from the Palisade Sill, New Jersey, give a fairly clear and complete picture of the trend of differentiation in tholeiitic sheets.
Minor intrusions in the Pentland Hills
Authors: Cockburn A.M.
Published: December 2013

The field relations are described of a deuterically altered suite of Lower Old Red Sandstone sills and dykes intruded into the Silurian and Lower O.R.S. sediments of the Pentland Hills. The least altered of these intrusions are sills exposed at Fairliehope Farm and in the River North Esk. They are sparingly porphyritic rocks carrying completely chloritised olivine and less abundant chloritised phenocrysts of other mafic minerals. In the groundmass partly albitised andesine crystals give the rock a criss-cross texture; some unaltered augite remains, locally with sub-ophitic relationships. Interstitial chlorite is common, accompanied by a little quartz and albite-oligoclase. The effects of chloritisation, albitisation and carbonation are traced through the more altered sills and dykes. Comparison is made with related intrusions in Ayrshire. Two chemical analyses are recorded. In the light of the evidence now available it is concluded that the rocks described are likely to have been olivine-bearing andesine-dolerites originally, the dykes having been somewhat poorer in olivine than the sills.
A re-interpretation of the drifts of north-east Scotland
Authors: Simpson Scott
Published: December 2013

A series of melt-water channels occurs along the coast from Stonehaven to Peterhead. In general they are parallel to the coast and had a northerly discharge which tends to a minimum level at about 100 feet O.D. In the coastal strip in which these channels occur there is a series of groups of kames. It is shown that the channels and the kames may be explained as having been formed on the melting of a great ice-sheet which at its maximum covered the north of Scotland and was confluent with a Scandinavian ice-sheet in the North Sea. This interpretation is not in accord with the scheme of three glaciations put forward by Bremner for North-east Scotland, and it is shown that Bremner’s third glaciation is not well substantiated.
Scottish Silurian Chelicerata
Authors: Lamont Archie
Published: December 2013

The occurrences of Silurian scorpions, eurypterids, and xiphosurans in Scotland are summarised.
Slimonia acuminata
var. nov.
hendersoni
and
Stylonurus knoxae
sp. nov. are described. New morphological information is given concerning
Hughmilleria conica
(Laurie),
Slimonia dubia
(Laurie),
Mixopterus dolichoschelus
Størmer ex Laurie,
Stylonurus ornatus
Laurie,
S.
cf.
macrophthalmus
Laurie, and
Drepanopterus pentlandicus
Laurie.

Pentland Hills specimens from Green Cleuch and the Gutterford Burn date from the Upper Gala-Tarannon. Higher horizons in the Pentland Hills are not much later. The Lesmahagow faunas may perhaps not be more recent than Wenlock. The single Stonehaven species seems to be older than Downtonian.
Notes on the geology of the eastern slopes of Blackford Hill, Edinburgh
Authors: Cockburn A.M.
Published: December 2013

Carnethy-type porphyry and a thin band of ash have been uncovered in recent excavations on the north side of West Mains Road, Edinburgh, on the eastern slopes of Blackford Hill. Fissures in the chilled top of the porphyry are filled by calcareous siltstone, and it is considered that the porphyry was cooled under water. Peat and marl, probably rafted material, have been found in the boulder clay of the area.
The metamorphic and tectonic history of parts of the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Kursten Martin
Published: December 2013

A tectonic study of the metamorphic rocks of the Outer Hebrides has revealed two periods of regional metamorphism in the Lewisian complex. During the younger metamorphism granite-gneiss was formed, the apparent age of which as determined by the analysis of radioactive minerals is 1·1×10
9
years (Holmes, 1955). This conforms with the ages of the Svecofennian in Scandinavia and of the Laurentian in Canada. It has been demonstrated that there exists a strong symmetrological analogy between the Hebridean Thrust and the Moine Thrust.
The Ballantrae Serpentine, Ayrshire
Authors: Bailey E.B. , McCallien W.J.
Published: December 2013

Balsdllie's evidence that the Ballantrae spilites have resulted from alteration of normal labradorite-basalts is accepted. An anticline is demonstrated at Bennane Head. The Ballantrae serpentine is interpreted as a folded sheet intervening between a lower and an upper group of spilitic volcanics. Blocks of carbonated serpentine have been found in agglomerate near the top of the apparently underlying spilitic group at Bennane Head, and small fragments of glaucophane-schist near the base of the apparently overlying spilitic group at Pinbain. This last is in keeping with Balsillie's discovery that characteristic metamorphic rocks, associated with the serpentine in its Colmonell outcrop, appear in agglomerate which seems to be near the base of the overlying spilitic group at South Ballaird. It is suggested that the serpentine sheet was emplaced as a deep-water submarine lava before these overlying agglomerates formed. Metamorphic problems remain controversial, but they leave the door open for the submarine lava hypothesis. A mistake at Pinbain has been corrected, where it is shown that later spilite has been serpentised or chloritised by earlier peridotite.
A sandstone dyke near Queensferry, West Lothian
Authors: Greensmith John Trevor
Published: December 2013

The petrology and field relationships of a sandstone dyke are discussed with reference to its origin. It is concluded that the dyke was probably intruded from below during Oil-Shale Group times by a combination of earthquake fissuring and thixotropic effects.
Glacial and post-glacial history of the lower reaches of the River Don, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Lumsden G.I.
Published: December 2013

The pre-glacial valley of the River Don lay to the south of the present course through the Balgownie rock gorge. As a result of two glaciations, the first from the west and the second from the south, the whole area was covered by sandy boulder clay (to about 60 ft. above O. D.) overlain by thick deposits of fluvioglacial sands and gravels. In post-glacial times the River Don flowed over a surface of glacial deposits and was superimposed on the pre-glacial rock surface in which it subsequently cut the Balgownie rock gorge. River erosion has now removed much of the glacial debris which blocked the old valley in Seaton Haugh.
Eustatic river terracing complicated by seaward downflexure
Authors: Cotton C.A.
Published: December 2013

A downvalley plunge and some evidence of “intersection” of river terraces in coastal Catalonia, at the mouth of the River Llobregat, which are described in a guide for the Barcelona excursions of INQUA, 1957, seem to indicate activity in the late Quaternary of seaward downwarping on a hingeline parallel to and not far from the coast. This complication being allowed for, the terraces can be explained as due to eustatic shift and glacio-eustatic oscillation of ocean level rather than to direct climatic control. Though thus only indirectly contributing to the cutting and building of alluvial terraces, glacial-interglacial fluctuation of climate has controlled the alternation of colluvial and aeolian layered deposits spread on valley sides and forming non-alluvial cover head on some terraces.
Mid-Carboniferous sedimentation in the Midland Valley of Scotland
Authors: Goodlet G.A.
Published: December 2013

Variations in thickness of mid-Carboniferous strata in the Midland Valley reflect variations in the original pattern of subsidence. This pattern is thought to be deep-seated in origin and probably related to the Variscan orogeny. Variations in sedimentation facies in space and time suggest the operation throughout Carboniferous times of an epeirogenic movement with at least two orogenic episodes. It is suggested that the Carboniferous strata were deposited in a delta-flank depression, the rhythmic character of the succession being due to alternating phases of abundance and scarcity of clastic detritus superimposed on a history of more or less continuous subsidence.
Robert James Hay Cunningham. [Biographical.]
Authors: Waterston C.D.
Published: December 2013

A biographical account of the life of R. J. H. Cunningham is given with an appreciation of his geological work. The principal repositories of his geological collections and manuscripts are listed.
Scottish Carboniferous conodonts
Authors: Clarke W.J.
Published: December 2013

The Scottish Carboniferous conodonts described by Hinde and figured by Smith in 1900 are refigured and redescribed. Additional specimens from the John Smith collection and from the writer's own collection are described. Sixteen genera of conodonts are shown to be present in the Scottish Carboniferous and thirty species, of which seventeen are new, are described. Correlation of the Scottish Carboniferous Limestone Series with the Upper Mississippian is indicated by the conodont fauna.
Depositional structures from Jurassic boulder beds, East Sutherland
Authors: Crowell John C.
Published: December 2013

Kimmeridgian boulder beds with interbedded sandstone and shale near Helmsdale, Scotland, have yielded seventy-six observations of eleven different types of sedimentary structures that give information on the direction of emplacement. The data confirm the interpretation of Bailey and Weir (1932) that the blocks were shed from a scarp along the Brora-Helmsdale fault to the north-west. Debris apparently slid downslope from scree, here and there cutting channels and forming folds within the breccia layers and just beneath as it scraped across mud and sand. Locally tabular and elongate blocks were oriented. The sandstone was also derived from the north-west and contains numerous examples of two kinds of lineations, a few ripplemarks, and rare small-scale cross stratification.
Microdiorite and other dykes of lower Glen Gairn, near Ballater, west Aberdeenshire
Authors: Tocher F.E.
Published: December 2013

Some 32 narrow dykes with a general north-easterly trend are described. These are mainly microdiorite but differ from each other in detailed mineralogy and petrography. As a group they have many characteristics of the linear dyke swarms associated with younger Caledonian granite masses and may be regarded as at least part of the north-easterly continuation of the dyke swarm situated to the south-west of Lochnagar. They have not however been related to the emplacement of any specific granite mass or masses of the area.