bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unique precipitation and exocytosis of a calcium salt of myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate in larval Echinococcus granulosus
Authors: Irigoín Florencia , Casaravilla Cecilia , Iborra Francisco , Sim Robert B. , Ferreira Fernando , Díaz Alvaro
Published: October 2004

The ubiquitous intracellular molecule myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) is present extracellularly in the hydatid cyst wall (HCW) of the parasitic cestode Echinococcus granulosus. This study shows that extracellular IP6 is present as its solid calcium salt, in the form of deposits that are observed, at the ultrastructural level, as naturally electron dense granules some tens of nanometers in diameter. The presence of a calcium salt of IP6 in these structures was determined by two different electron microscopy techniques: (i) the analysis of the spatial distribution of phosphorus and calcium in the outer, acellular layer of the HCW (the laminated layer, LL) through electron energy loss spectroscopy, and (ii) the observation, by transmission electron microscopy, of HCW that were selectively depleted of IP6 by treatment with EGTA or phytase, an enzyme that catalyses the dephosphorylation of IP6. The deposits of the IP6‐Ca(II) salt are also observed inside membrane vesicles in cells of the germinal layer (the inner, cellular layer of the HCW), indicating that IP6 precipitates with calcium within a cellular vesicular compartment and is then secreted to the LL. Thus, much as in plants (that produce vesicular IP6 deposits), the existence of transporters for IP6 or its precursors in internal membranes is needed to explain the compound's cellular localisation in E. granulosus. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ferulic acid inhibits endothelial cell proliferation through NO down‐regulating ERK1/2 pathway
Authors: Hou YongZhong , Yang Jie , Zhao GuangRong , Yuan YingJin
Published: October 2004

The aim of this study was to determine the antiproliferative mechanism of ferulic acid (FA) on serum induced ECV304 cell, a human umbilical vein endothelial line. The results suggest that FA significantly suppressed ECV304 cells proliferation and blocked the cell cycle in G0/G1phase. Treatment of the cells with FA increased nitric oxide (NO) production and inactivated the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (EERK1/2), and the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, inhibited both ECV304 cells proliferation and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. However, the NO synthase inhibitor,Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester, caused ECV304 cells proliferation. PD 98059, the inhibitor of ERK1/2, had no effect on the NO production. These results indicate that NO suppressed ECV304 cells proliferation through down‐regulating ERK1/2 pathway. Moreover, the inhibition of cell cycle progression was associated with the decrement of cyclin D1 expression and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by increment of p21 level. The findings not only present the first evidence that FA is a potent inhibitor on ECV304 cells proliferation, but also reveal the potential signaling molecules involved in its action. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of LIGHT/interferon‐γ‐induced cell death in HT‐29 cells
Authors: Chang Ying‐Hsin , Chao Yee , Hsieh Shie‐Liang , Lin Wan‐Wan
Published: October 2004

LIGHT is a member of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, and previous studies have indicated that in the presence of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), LIGHT through LTβR signaling can induce cell death with features unlike classic apoptosis. In present study, we investigated the mechanism of LIGHT/IFN‐γ‐induced cell death in HT‐29 cells, where the cell death was profoundly induced when sub‐toxic concentrations of LIGHT and IFN‐γ were co‐treated. LIGHT/IFN‐γ‐induced cell death was accompanied by DNA fragmentation and slight LDH release. This effect was not affected by caspase, JNK nor cathepsin B inhibitors, but was partially prevented by p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, and abolished by aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), which is an inhibitor of endonuclease and STATs signaling of IFN‐γ. Immunobloting reveals that LIGHT/IFN‐γ could induce p38 MAPK activity, Bak and Fas expression, but down‐regulate Mcl‐1. Besides, LIGHT/IFN‐γ could not activate caspase‐3 and ‐9, but decreased mitochrondrial membrane potential. Although LIGHT could not affect IFN‐γ‐induced STAT1 phosphorylation and transactivation activity, which was required for the sensitization of cell death, survival NF‐κB signaling of LIGHT was inhibited by IFN‐γ. These data suggest that co‐presence of LIGHT and IFN‐γ can induce an integrated interaction in signaling pathways, which lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and mix‐type cell death, not involving caspase activation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controlled synthesis of labelled 3‐L‐chlorotyrosine‐[ring‐13C6] and of 3,5‐L‐dichlorotyrosine‐[ring‐13C6]
Authors: Allevi Pietro , Olivero Paola , Anastasia Mario
Published: October 2004

Pure 3‐L‐chlorotyrosine‐[ring‐13C6] is prepared by chlorination of the 5‐oxazolidinone of L‐tyrosine‐[ring‐13C6] with SO2Cl2 in CH3COOH‐Et2O and successive one‐pot regeneration of the protected aminoacidic functions by BCl3 in dichloromethane. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 6‐chloro‐3‐((2‐(S)‐azetidinyl)methoxy)‐5‐(2‐[18F]fluoropyridin‐4‐yl)pyridine ([18F]NIDA 522131), a novel potential radioligand for studying extrathalamic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by PET
Authors: Zhang Yi , Horti Andrew G.
Published: October 2004

6‐Chloro‐3‐((2‐(S)‐azetidinyl)methoxy)‐5‐(2‐[18F]fluoropyridin‐4‐yl)pyridine ([18F]NIDA 522131), a potential radioligand for studying extrathalamic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by positron‐emission tomography, was synthesized via no‐carrier‐added nucleophilic [18F]fluorination of 6‐chloro‐3‐((1‐(tert‐butoxycarbonyl)‐2‐(S)‐azetidinyl)methoxy)‐5‐(2‐iodopyridin‐4‐yl)vinyl)pyridine, followed by acidic deprotection. The overall radiochemical yield of the radiosynthesis was 4–8% (non‐decay‐corrected), the specific radioactivity was in the range of 167–335 GBq/µmol (4500–9000 mCi/µmol) and the radiochemical purity was greater than 99%. Preparation of [18F]NIDA522131 via corresponding bromo‐derivative 2 is also described. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of azetidinium methanesulfonates for radiosynthesis of 3‐[18F]fluoropropyl amines
Authors: Kiesewetter Dale O. , Eckelman William C.
Published: October 2004

3‐Methanesulfonyloxypropyl tertiary amines were observed to cyclize to form azetidinium methanesulfonate moieties. Heat‐induced cyclization of 3‐methanesulfonyloxypropyl amines was utilized for preparation of azetidinium methanesulfonates. The azetidinium methanesulfonates were found to incorporate radioactive [18F]fluoride (decay‐corrected yields >60%) efficiently, resulting in an efficient synthesis of 3‐[18F]fluoropropyl tertiary amines. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [O‐methyl‐11C]‐4‐(1,3‐dimethoxy‐2‐propylamino)‐2,7‐dimethyl‐8‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)[1,5‐a]pyrazolo‐1,3,5‐triazine ([11C]DMP696): a potential PET ligand for CRF1 receptors
Authors: Kumar J. S. Dileep , Majo Vattoly J. , Simpson Norman R. , Prabhakaran Jaya , Van Heertum Ronald L. , Mann J. John
Published: October 2004

Synthesis of [O‐methyl‐11C]‐4‐(1,3‐dimethoxy‐2‐propylamino)‐2,7‐dimethyl‐8‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)[1,5‐a]pyrazolo‐1,3,5‐triazine ([11C]DMP696), a highly selective CRF1 antagonist has been achieved. The total time required for the synthesis of [11C]DMP696 is 30 min from EOB using [11C]methyl triflate in THF, with a 16% yield (EOS) and >99% chemical and radiochemical purities along with a specific activity of >2000 Ci/mmol (EOS). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of tritium labelled [2′,6′]‐L‐tyrosine
Authors: Augustyniak W. , Kański R. , Kańska M.
Published: October 2004

The synthesis of a specifically ring labelled isotopomer of L‐tyrosine, (L‐Tyr), using a combination of chemical and enzymatic methods is reported. The tritium labelled [2′,6′]‐L‐Tyr has been synthesized via catalytic exchange of phenol with tritiated water in the presence of K2PtCl4, reverse acid catalysed removal of tritium from the o‐ and p‐positions of phenol, and subsequent condensation of the resulting [3′,5‐3H2]‐phenol with S‐methyl‐L‐cysteine using the enzyme β‐tyrosinase from Citrobacter freundii. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time monitoring of tritium gas reactions using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Heys J. Richard , Powell Mark E. , Pivonka Don E.
Published: October 2004

The utility of Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive, real‐time monitoring of a range of tritium gas labeling reactions has been investigated, using deuterium gas as a model in most cases. Reaction types include organoiridium‐catalyzed heteroatom‐directed exchange (HDE), olefin hydrogenation and catalytic aryl dehalogenation. Five examples of HDE reactions with several different substrate types were monitored by observation of Raman vibrational bands sensitive to the isotopic substitutions. Changes in peak intensities and/or frequencies associated with the course of labeling are clearly observable at concentrations and reaction scales typical of tritium gas reactions. Similarly, Raman bands sensitive to the chemical changes that occur during catalytic deuterogenation of an olefin and to catalytic deuterium–bromine exchange of an aryl bromide were successfully monitored. This methodology can provide unprecedented real‐time information, otherwise difficult to obtain, over the course of such reactions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological observation of antler regeneration in red deer (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Li Chunyi , Suttie James M. , Clark Dawn E.
Published: October 2004

Deer antler offers a unique opportunity to explore how nature solves the problem of mammalian appendage regeneration. Annual antler renewal is an example of epimorphic regeneration, which is known to take place through initial blastema formation. Detailed examination of the early process of antler regeneration, however, has thus far been lacking. Therefore, we conducted morphological observations on antler regeneration from naturally cast and artificially created pedicle/antler stumps. On the naturally cast pedicle stumps, early antler regeneration underwent four distinguishable stages (with the Chinese equivalent names): casting of previous hard antlers (oil lamp bowl), early wound healing (tiger eye), late wound healing and early regeneration (millstone), and formation of main beam and brown tine (small saddle). Overall, no cone‐shaped regenerate, a common feature to blastema‐based regeneration, was observed. Taken together with the examination on the sagittal plane of each regenerating stage sample, we found that there are considerable overlaps between late‐stage wound healing and the establishment of posterior and anterior growth centers. Observation of antler regeneration from the artificially created stumps showed that the regeneration potential of antler remnants was significantly reduced compared with that of pedicle tissue. Interestingly, the distal portion of a pedicle stump had greater regeneration potential than the proximal region, although this differential potential may not be constitutive, but rather caused by whether or not pedicle antlerogenic tissue becomes closely associated with the enveloping skin at the cut plane. Antler formation could take place from the distal peripheral tissues of an antler/pedicle stump, without the obvious participation of the entire central bony portion. Overall, our morphological results do not support the notion that antler regeneration takes place through the initial formation of a blastema; rather, it may be a stem cell‐based process. J. Morphol. 262:731–740, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of K+ accumulation reveals privileged extracellular region in the vicinity of glial cells in situ
Authors: Chvátal Alexandr , Anděrová Miroslava , Syková Eva
Published: October 2004

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in rat and mouse spinal cord slices, characterized by passive membrane currents during de‐ and hyperpolarizing stimulation pulses, express a high resting K+ conductance. In contrast to the case for astrocytes, a depolarizing prepulse in oligodendrocytes produces a significant shift of reversal potential (Vrev) to positive values, arising from the larger accumulation of K+ in the vicinity of the oligodendrocyte membrane. As a result, oligodendrocytes express large tail currents (Itail) after a depolarizing prepulse due to the shift of K+ into the cell. In the present study, we used a mathematical model to calculate the volume of the extracellular space (ECS) in the vicinity of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (ESVv), defined as the volume available for K+ accumulation during membrane depolarization. A mathematical analysis of membrane currents revealed no differences between glial cells from mouse (n = 59) or rat (n = 60) spinal cord slices. We found that the Vrev of a cell after a depolarizing pulse increases with increasing Itail, expressed as the ratio of the integral inward current (Qin) after the depolarizing pulse to the total integral outward current (Qout) during the pulse. In astrocytes with small Itail and Vrev ranging from −50 to −70 mV, the Qin was only 3–19% of Qout, whereas, in oligodendrocytes with large Itail and Vrev between −20 and 0 mV, Qin/Qout was 30–75%. On the other hand, ESVv decreased with increasing values of Vrev. In astrocytes, ESVv ranged from 2 to 50 μm3, and, in oligodendrocytes, it ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 μm3. Cell swelling evoked by the application of hypotonic solution shifted Vrev to more positive values by 17.2 ± 1.8 mV and was accompanied by a decrease in ESVv of 3.6 ± 1.3 μm3. Our mathematical analysis reveals a 10–100 times smaller region of the extracellular space available for K+ accumulation during cell depolarization in the vicinity of oligodendrocytes than in the vicinity of astrocytes. The presence of such privileged regions around cells in the CNS may affect the accumulation and diffusion of other neuroactive substances and alter communication between cells in the CNS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isoform‐specific role of transforming growth factor‐β2 in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of murine adrenal chromaffin cells in vivo
Authors: Rahhal Belal , Dünker Nicole , Combs Stephanie , Krieglstein Kerstin
Published: October 2004

Chromaffin cells, the neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla, play an important role in molecular, cellular, and developmental neurobiology. Unlike the closely related sympathetic neurons, chromaffin cells are able to proliferate throughout their whole life span. Proliferation of chromaffin cells in vivo is thought to be regulated by the interaction of neurogenic and hormonal signals. Previous studies have shown that chromaffin cells synthesize and release transforming growth factor‐βs (TGF‐βs). In the present study, effects of TGF‐βs on proliferation and differentiation of chromaffin cells in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells were investigated in a genetic mouse model. We observed a significant increase in the total number of tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive (TH+) cells in Tgfβ2−/− knockout mouse embryos at embryonic day (E) 18.5 compared with wild‐type animals (Tgfβ2+/+), but no changes in the number of TH+ cells were observed in Tgfβ3−/− mouse mutants. At E15.5, but not at E18.5, there was a marked increase in the number of proliferative cell nuclear antigen‐positive chromaffin cells in Tgfβ2−/− knockout embryos compared with the wild‐type group. On the other hand, there was a clear decrease in the ratio of total number of phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase‐positive cells to the total TH+ in Tgfβ2−/− mice embryos at E18.5 compared with wild‐type animals. This is the first documentation of the physiological significance of the TGF‐β2, an isoform that has been suggested to play a role in the regulation of chromaffin cells proliferation and differentiation based on in vitro experiments. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of age on the duration and extent of amyloid plaque reduction and microglial activation after injection of anti‐Aβ antibody into the third ventricle of TgCRND8 mice
Authors: Chauhan Neelima B. , Siegel George J. , Lichtor Terry
Published: October 2004

We have previously shown that anti β‐amyloid (Aβ) antibody injected into the third ventricle of mice is distributed throughout the brain within 24 hr and is completely washed out of brain within 36 hr after injection and that, in Tg2576 animals, a single injection of antibody reduces cerebral Aβ and restores presynaptic deficits 1 month after injection without producing hemorrhage or inflammation at an early plaque stage. Here we report the effects of a single ICV injection of anti‐Aβ antibody on cerebral levels of immunoreactive Aβ and of microglial activation measured by immunoreactive interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after injections in TgCRND8 mice at two ages, 2 months (sparse plaques) and 8 months (abundant plaques). The data show that parenchymal amyloid accumulates before cerebral microvascular amyloid and that a single ICV injection reduces only parenchymal amyloid by about 70%, without affecting vascular amyloid, and reduces microglial activation by 46–60% at 1 week after injection. The reappearance of plaques after antibody injection takes 4–8 weeks, whereas plaque‐associated focal microglial activation begins increasing between 1 and 4 weeks, suggesting that accumulation of nonfibrillar oligomeric Aβ may account for the earlier onset of microglial activation. No perivascular hemorrhage or inflammation was observed. These results suggest that periodic intraventricular administration of anti‐Aβ is a potentially useful method for rapid reduction of both preexisting amyloid load and associated inflammation, providing a window of 4 weeks' duration for possible pharmacological cotreatment(s) to prevent de novo Aβ formation. This ICV method of passive immunization may be safer than active immunization, which has been known to produce encephalitis, or systemic passive immunization, which exposes amyloid‐laden cerebral microvasculature to high levels of antibody in the blood and the potential of perivascular hemorrhages. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotective effect of activity‐dependent neurotrophic factor against toxicity from familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis‐linked mutant SOD1 in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Chiba Tomohiro , Hashimoto Yuichi , Tajima Hirohisa , Yamada Marina , Kato Rikiya , Niikura Takako , Terashita Kenzo , Schulman Howard , Aiso Sadakazu , Kita Yoshiko , Matsuoka Masaaki , Nishimoto Ikuo
Published: October 2004

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common fatal motor neuron disease, affecting mostly middle‐aged people. There are no curative therapies for ALS. Several lines of evidence have supported the notion that the proapoptotic property of familial ALS (FALS)‐linked mutant Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase‐1 (SOD1) genes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of some FALS cases. Here we found that activity‐dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF), a neurotrophic factor originally identified to have the anti‐Alzheimer's disease (AD) activity, protected against neuronal cell death caused by FALS‐linked A4T‐, G85R‐ and G93R‐SOD1 in a dose‐responsive fashion. Notably, ADNF‐mediated complete suppression of SOD1 mutant‐induced neuronal cell death occurs at concentrations as low as 100 fM. ADNF maintains the neuroprotective activity even at concentrations of more than 1 nM. This is in clear contrast to the previous finding that ADNF loses its protective activity against neurotoxicity induced by AD‐relevant insults, including some familial AD genes and amyloid β peptide at concentrations of more than 1 nM. Characterization of the neuroprotective activity of ADNF against cell death caused by SOD1 mutants revealed that CaMKIV and certain tyrosine kinases are involved in ADNF‐mediated neuroprotection. Moreover, in vivo studies showed that intracerebroventricularly administered ADNF significantly improved motor performance of G93A‐SOD1 transgenic mice, a widely used model of FALS, although survival was extended only marginally. Thus, the neuroprotective activity of ADNF provides a novel insight into the development of curative drugs for ALS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α and αB‐crystallin up‐regulation during antibody‐mediated demyelination in vitro: A putative protective mechanism in oligodendrocytes
Authors: Duvanel Cécile Besson , Monnet‐Tschudi Florianne , Braissant Olivier , Matthieu Jean‐Marie , Honegger Paul
Published: October 2004

By using an in vitro model of antibody‐mediated demyelination, we investigated the relationship between tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and heat shock protein (HSP) induction with respect to oligodendrocyte survival. Differentiated aggregate cultures of rat telencephalon were subjected to demyelination by exposure to antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and complement. Cultures were analyzed 48 hr after exposure. Myelin basic protein (MBP) expression was greatly decreased, but no evidence was found for either necrosis or apoptosis. TNF‐α was significantly up‐regulated. It was localized predominantly in neurons and to a lesser extent in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and it was not detectable in microglial cells. Among the different HSPs examined, HSP32 and αB‐crystallin were up‐regulated; they may confer protection from oxidative stress and from apoptotic death, respectively. These results suggest that TNF‐α, often regarded as a promoter of oligodendroglial death, could alternatively mediate a protective pathway through αB‐crystallin up‐regulation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
(−)‐Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits lipopolysaccharide‐induced microglial activation and protects against inflammation‐mediated dopaminergic neuronal injury
Authors: Li Rui , Huang Yuan‐Gui , Fang Du , Le Wei‐Dong
Published: October 2004

Microglial activation is believed to play a pivotal role in the selective neuronal injury associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease. We provide evidence that (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major monomer of green tea polyphenols, potently inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated microglial secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) through the down‐regulation of inducible NO synthase and TNF‐α expression. In addition, EGCG exerted significant protection against microglial activation‐induced neuronal injury both in the human dopaminergic cell line SH‐SY5Y and in primary rat mesencephalic cultures. Our study demonstrates that EGCG is a potent inhibitor of microglial activation and thus is a useful candidate for a therapeutic approach to alleviating microglia‐mediated dopaminergic neuronal injury in PD. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies of L‐methioninium nitrate
Authors: Pandiarajan S. , Umadevi M. , Briget Mary M. , Rajaram R. K. , Ramakrishnan V.
Published: October 2004

The vibrational spectra of (C5H12NO2S+·NO3−) crystals were studied and the observed IR and Raman lines were assigned. The two protonated methioninium cations exist in two different conformations. Although the crystal structure is stabilized by a three‐dimensional network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds, the latter are also responsible for the changes in the position and intensity of some bands. Strong OH··· O bonds involving the carboxyl group and normal NH··· O bonds involving the amino group were found from the vibrational spectra. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflective transformation: making the classroom work for organizations and their managers
Authors: Meuser Elizabeth , Lapp Cheryl
Published: October 2004

Few descriptions exist concerning how MBA students and organizational agents learn within a team context and whether or not such team learning is transformational as opposed to adaptive. This paper addresses the issues of individual and group differentiation, integration and identity reconstruction from participation in transformational learning.

Conceptual frameworks taken from complexity theory, developmental psychology, group processes and adult learning are interwoven to construct a premise for transformational team learning. Academic and practitioner considerations are raised in creating the right environmental conditions.

As a conceptual framework for future research, this paper explores change at the individual and teamwork level. Insights from the complexity sciences are used to underscore the notion of teams as complex responsive processes and complex communication networks that operate within multi‐faceted environments. It is our contention that teams and the agents who comprise them, may offer an opportunity for organizational transformation that goes beyond other strategic change strategies.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate purpose as the basis of moral leadership of the firm
Authors: Springett Nigel
Published: October 2004

In response to the growing number of corporate scandals, senior managers need to redefine their firms' corporate purpose in order to strengthen their moral leadership. This paper articulates three key principles of moral leadership and then evaluates different types of corporate purpose in terms of their impact on these principles based on original and ongoing research.

A corporate purpose that focuses on delivering value to customers is found to be meaningful to employees, morally elevating and probably most likely to deliver its intended results. In contrast, a corporate purpose of maximizing shareholder value is found to be much less meaningful to employees and significantly less morally elevating. Managers in these companies seem to have the least moral authority. Finally, a corporate purpose of balancing the needs of all stakeholders, whilst meaningful to employees and morally uplifting, is arguably least likely to deliver its intended results.

Implications for senior managers and business school education are examined.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethical dimensions of management decision‐making
Authors: Stainer Lorice
Published: October 2004

Decisions related to an organization's activities and performance inevitably impact on its stakeholders. The principal aim of this paper is to promote enhanced understanding towards determining and resolving the complexity of making decisions in an ethical manner in the contemporary business environment with the consideration of practical recommendations. The real challenge is the way in which stakeholder values are gleaned and communicated, utilized in the overall corporate strategy and accepted by the wider society.

The challenges encountered by management decision‐makers are discussed in an ethical context and ethical issues that emanate both within and outside the workplace are highlighted. The relevance and embeddedness of ethical dimensions to sound decisions are explored.

A stakeholder values approach is analysed and presented as an effective paradigm for making decisions and the relationship of ethical decision‐making to performance and strategy is examined. Practical guidelines are provided for improved decision‐making to add value rather than tarnish the organization's principles and reputation.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changing the organization but maintaining the culture: The centrality of organizational mission to the reform process. An overview of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Environment Agency for England and Wales
Authors: McMahon Robert K.
Published: October 2004

The attempt to change an organization often leads to detrimental effects on the motivations of those working within it. This paper suggests that much of the negative effects generated by organizational change are the direct result of the mismatch between institutional form and the cultural groupings within an organization.

Using in‐depth interview data from two public sector environmental agencies, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Environment Agency for England and Wales (EA), the argument presented here suggests that the most important element for successful organizational change is the creation, or maintenance, of an organizational mission.

Only by examining the reform of an organization both from an institutional and cultural perspective can those charged with reforming or creating an organization hope to achieve successful change.

In the absence of an organizational mission the likely outcome will be damage to the motivations of staff. Only by understanding the centrality of subcultural identifications can organizational designers ensure that a new or reformed structure maintains these groupings within an over‐arching organizational culture. The absence of an organizational culture will ensure organizational goals will not be achieved.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensory properties of marinated herring (Clupea harengus) processed from raw material from commercial landings
Authors: Nielsen Durita , Hyldig Grethe , Nielsen Jette , Nielsen Henrik Hauch
Published: October 2004

Sensory properties of marinated herring processed from raw material from Danish commercial catches were described and related to fishing season and biological, chemical and functional properties. Herring was caught on five cruises and stored on board in tanks or ice. The sensory profile of marinated herring from the North Sea was influenced by season, and changes coincided with the cycle of feeding and spawning. During the spawning period the texture was soft and the muscle more susceptible to lipid oxidation. The texture became firmer and the fatty mouth feel stronger during the feeding period, and the odour and flavour characteristics less rancid. These effects were explained by the chemical composition and biological parameters. The sensory profile was influenced by herring size and age, but not by sex or gonad maturity; the storage method also had an effect. Herring from the Kattegat stored in ice smelled and tasted more of fresh herring and were juicier than herring from the North Sea stored in tanks. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of fungicides on the development of Fusarium head blight, yield and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat inoculated under field conditions with Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Haidukowski Miriam , Pascale Michelangelo , Perrone Giancarlo , Pancaldi Davide , Campagna Claudio , Visconti Angelo
Published: October 2004

The effect of different fungicide treatments on Fusarium head blight (FHB) development, grain yields and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in wheat was evaluated after artificial inoculation under field conditions with a mixture of Fusarium graminearum and F culmorum. The trials were carried out using commercially available products on five different cultivars of soft and durum wheat (Serio, Genio, Bracco, Duilio and Orobel) in two separate experimental fields located in the North of Italy. Treatments with Tiptor® S (cyproconazole plus prochloraz) and a mixture of Horizon® 250 EW (tebuconazole) plus Amistar® 250 SC (azoxystrobin) significantly reduced the FHB disease severity (by between 25 and 77%) and DON content (by between 32 and 89%) in the grain as compared with the inoculated control. Yields (tonne ha−1) and thousand grain weight (TGW) were higher in plots subjected to fungicide treatments. Tetraconazole (Eminent® 40 EW) showed a markedly reduced effectiveness compared with the other treatments. Regression analysis showed a strong correlation of disease severity with DON levels (positive correlation) and with yields or TGW (negative correlation) for individual cultivars and locations. Fusarium graminearum, F culmorum and F poae were the species most commonly isolated from all trials, including inoculated and non‐inoculated control plots. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of the flavour of fresh uncooked onions by taste‐panels and analysis of flavour precursors, pyruvate and sugars
Authors: Crowther Timothy , Collin Hamish A , Smith Brian , Tomsett A Brian , O'Connor David , Jones Meriel G
Published: October 2004

Flavour in fresh onions is dominated by volatile sulphenic and thiosulphenic acids that are liberated once alk(en)yl cysteine sulphoxide (ACSO) flavour precursors are cleaved by the enzyme alliinase after tissue disruption. The levels of pyruvate and ACSOs in over 100 samples of onions marketed in the UK were measured, and compared with assessment by taste‐panels. There was a linear relationship between the content of ACSOs and pyruvate. Measurements of pyruvate indicated that the marketing classification of some types of onion did not correspond to their pyruvate levels. A significant linear relationship was found between a sensory measure of strength and pyruvate over the range 1.2–9.3 µmol pyruvate g−1 fresh weight. In most cases, when a flavour classification of sweet, mild or strong was applied to a sample of onions based on pyruvate content, the taste‐panels agreed with the categorization. The taste‐panels were unable to identify a sweet flavour in onions, except at low levels of pyruvate. Taste‐panels were able to define a likeability character (attractiveness of flavour) for onions, which correlated with the level of pyruvate. However, for some varieties, the flavour classification or likeability did not correspond to predictions based on pyruvate levels alone. Pyruvate measurements were seen as a suitable method for routine quality control once the characteristics of a variety of onion had been established, but initial evaluations should include well‐designed taste‐panel assessments. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of kokum (Garcinia indica) fat as cocoa butter improver in chocolate
Authors: Maheshwari B , Yella Reddy S
Published: October 2004

Although cocoa butter (CB) is an ideal fat for use in chocolate, it softens with heat and is not suitable for use in warm climates. CB extenders or improvers, preferably from stearic acid‐rich fats, are good candidates to increase the heat‐resistance property of CB and chocolate. In the present investigation, one such fat, kokum, is used as an improver to increase the hardness of chocolate. Kokum fat is added in various proportions replacing CB in dark and milk chocolate formulations and its effects on rheology, hardness and triglyceride composition were studied. The results revealed that up to 5% kokum fat addition by weight of the product did not significantly affect the plastic viscosity or yield stress of milk or dark chocolate. Hardness of both dark and milk chocolate increased with increase in addition of kokum fat. The solids fat content at and above 30 °C increased with increase in level of kokum fat with CB, especially at and above 15%. These physical properties are due to increase in 2‐oleodistearin triglycerides with addition of kokum fat with CB. The results revealed that kokum fat could be used up to 5% by wt of the product to increase the heat‐resistance property of chocolate so that it can be used in warm climates. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Intensity of lipid oxidation and formation of cholesterol oxidation products during frozen storage of raw and cooked chicken
Authors: Conchillo Ana , Ansorena Diana , Astiasarán Iciar
Published: October 2004

Raw and cooked chicken breasts were stored at −18 °C for 3 months under aerobic and vacuum conditions, and the intensity of lipid oxidation and the formation of COP (cholesterol oxidation products) were studied. Raw samples showed low COP levels (4.60–7.40 µg g−1 fat), TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) levels (0.01–0.03 mg kg−1) and peroxide values (not detected) under both aerobic and vacuum conditions. Cooked samples (grilled and roasted) showed TBARS levels of 0.36–0.99 mg kg−1 in aerobic conditions and 0.21–0.70 mg kg−1 in vacuum conditions, whilst peroxide levels reached 38–40 and 19–23 meq O2 kg−1 in samples stored under aerobic and vacuum conditions respectively. Total COP levels in grilled and roasted samples were 28.91 and 39.34 µg g−1 fat in aerobic packaging and 4.90 and 20.24 µ g g−1 fat in vacuum packaging respectively. Significant correlations were found between the lipid oxidation parameters and cholesterol oxidation indices. In general, TBARS were better correlated with total COP than with only 7‐ketocholesterol. Vacuum packaging was particularly efficient in slowing down the oxidation process during frozen storage of cooked samples. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Variations in cadmium accumulation among rice cultivars and types and the selection of cultivars for reducing cadmium in the diet
Authors: Liu Jianguo , Zhu Qingsen , Zhang Zujian , Xu Jiakuan , Yang Jianchang , Wong Ming H
Published: October 2004

A pot trial was conducted with 52 rice cultivars of different types collected from different origins. The results showed that there were great differences in Cd concentrations in straw, brown rice and grain chaff among the rice cultivars grown in a soil containing a Cd concentration of 100 mg kg−1; the Cd concentrations in brown rice ranged from 0.22 to 2.86 mg kg−1. The great genotypic differences in Cd concentrations indicated that it is possible to lower the Cd content of rice through cultivar selection and breeding. Significant differences were found in the Cd concentrations of the rice types of Indica consanguinity and those of Japonica consanguinity, but not between their origins. There were significant correlations between straw and brown rice in Cd concentration and in the total amount of Cd accumulated. The distribution ratios of the Cd accumulated in brown rice to the total Cd accumulation in the above‐ground rice plant varied greatly from 12.9 to 137.8 g kg−1, and there was significant correlation between the distribution ratios and Cd concentrations in brown rice. These indicated that Cd concentration in rice grain is governed by the transport of Cd from root to shoot and also from shoot to grain. Cd concentrations in brown rice also correlated significantly with some important agronomic traits, as well as with nitrogen concentrations, one of the most important criteria for rice quality. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamic rheological properties and bread‐making qualities of wheat gluten: effects of urea and dithiothreitol
Authors: Khatkar Bhupendar S
Published: October 2004

Controlled stress rheometry differentiated glutens from the cultivars under study into ‘extra‐strong’, strong and weak on the basis of their elastic and viscous moduli measured in the linear domain. The mechanical spectra of different glutens revealed no qualitative differences, but exhibited large quantitative differences in the magnitude of the dynamic measurements, ie elastic modulus, G′, viscous modulus, G″, and loss tangent, tanδ. Both covalent and non‐covalent interactions appeared to contribute to these differences. However, disulfide cross‐links proved to be especially important determinants of differences in the elastic characteristics of the glutens. The present study indicated that dynamic rheological parameters of glutens were related to their bread‐making performance, as evidenced by the significant correlations between the dynamic moduli of the glutens and loaf volume. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis and characterization of aroma‐active compounds of Schizandra chinensis (omija) leaves
Authors: Zheng Cheng Hao , Kim Kyoung Heon , Kim Tae Hwan , Lee Hyong Joo
Published: October 2004

Volatile components from leaves of Schizandra chinensis (omija), a native plant of Korea, were extracted by simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE) and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) using two types of capillary column with different polarities (DB‐5MS and DB‐Wax). The GC‐MS analysis of volatile compounds obtained by SDE revealed that germacrene D is the most abundant compound (22.6%) in omija leaves, followed by β‐elemene (17.4%), (E)‐2‐hexenal (8.7%), and (E)‐β‐ocimene (7.2%). Aroma‐active compounds were determined by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC‐O) using the aroma‐extract‐dilution analysis method. (E,Z)‐2,6‐Nonadienal (cucumber) was the most intense aroma‐active compound due to its higher flavor‐dilution factor (243–729) than any other compound. (Z)‐3‐Hexenal (green/apple), (E)‐2‐hexenal (green/fruity), and (E)‐β‐ocimene (wither green/grass) were also identified as important aroma‐active compounds by GC‐O. In addition, the volatile compounds were extracted by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), and the quantitative analysis of the SPME samples gave slightly different results, depending on the type of SPME fiber, compared with those from SDE, However, the aroma‐active compounds identified in SPME were similar to those in SDE. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Consumption of raw brown onions variably modulate plasma lipid profile and lipoprotein oxidation in pigs fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Gabler Nicholas K , Ostrowska Ewa , Sterling Sam J , Jones Rodney B , Tatham Brendan G , Eagling David R , Jois Mark , Dunshea Frank R
Published: October 2004

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of two commercially available brown onion varieties, ‘Cavalier’ and ‘Destiny’, supplemented at two different levels, on blood lipid and oxidative status using the pig as a model. Twenty‐five female cross‐bred pigs were allocated to one of five dietary treatments that consisted of a high‐fat control diet with no onion added, a low onion dose of 10 g onion MJ−1DE and a high dose of 25 g onion MJ−1DE for each variety of onion. Supplementation with ‘Destiny’ onion resulted in a 21% (p< 0.05) reduction in the averaged fasted and postprandial plasma triacylglyceride (TG) measurements taken over the six‐week period in comparison with the control pigs. The average fasting and postprandial plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced by 5.5 and 12.4% in pigs that consumed the low and high dose of ‘Destiny’ onion, respectively (p< 0.010), while ‘Cavalier’ was only effective at lowering cholesterol levels by 10% at the lower dose of supplementation. Inhibition in the rate of serum lipoprotein oxidation, measured as lag time, was increased by 23% (p< 0.05) in plasma obtained from pigs that consumed ‘Cavalier’ compared with the control and ‘Destiny’ onion diets. These data indicate that onion consumption level may provide a dietary means of manipulating some of the risk indices associated with coronary heart disease, but the responses varied with type and dose of onion. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Carotenoids in different body components of Indian shrimps
Authors: Sachindra Nakkarike M , Bhaskar Narayan , Mahendrakar Namadev S
Published: October 2004

The quantitative and qualitative distribution of carotenoids in different body components of four species of shrimp (Penaeus monodon, Penaeus indicus, Metapenaeus dobsonii and Parapenaeopsis stylifera) harvested from shallow waters off the Indian coast was assessed. The highest total carotenoid contents were observed in the head (153.1 µg g−1) and carapace (104.7 µg g−1) of P stylifera, while the body components of P indicus showed the lowest carotenoid levels. Astaxanthin and its mono‐ and diesters were the major carotenoids (63.5–92.2% of total carotenoids) present in the carotenoid extracts from the shrimps, while the extracts contained low levels of β‐carotene and zeaxanthin. The major fatty acids in the carotenoid extracts were palmitic, heptadecanoic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and Characterization of Segmented Block Copolymers Based on Hydroxyl‐Terminated Liquid Natural Rubber and α,ω‐Diisocyanato Telechelics
Authors: Maier Gerhard , Knopfova Vendula , Voit Brigitte , Ly Pham Huu , Dung Bui Tien , Thanh Do Bich
Published: October 2004

Summary: Segmented block copolymers, consisting of non‐polar soft segments from hydroxyl‐terminated liquid natural rubber (HTNR) and polar hard segments from α,ω‐diisocyanato telechelics obtained by “criss‐cross”‐cycloaddition, have been synthesized. The block copolymer formation took place under relatively mild reaction conditions at 80 °C in dichloroethane in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst. The resulting block copolymers were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR, FTIR, UV‐vis spectroscopy) as well as GPC for molar mass determination. The block copolymers were compression molded in a hot stage press, and the resulting samples were characterized by DSC and stress‐strain measurement. The solubility and phase morphology of the materials have also been studied.

Segmented block copolymer from HTNR and α,ω‐diisocyanato telechelics

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Segmented block copolymer from HTNR and α,ω‐diisocyanato telechelics
Effects of Characteristics of Rubber, Mixing and Vulcanization on the Structure and Properties of Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites by Melt Blending
Authors: Wu You‐Ping , Ma Yong , Wang Yi‐Qing , Zhang Li‐Qun
Published: October 2004

Summary: Three rubber‐based nanocomposites, natural rubber (NR), styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR), and ethylene‐propylene‐diene rubber (EPDM) matrixes, were prepared with octadecylamine modified fluorohectorite (OC) by melt blending. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the SBR/OC and EPDM/OC nanocomposites exhibited a well‐ordered intercalated structure and a disordered intercalated structure, respectively. In the case of the NR/OC nanocomposite, it exhibited an intermediate intercalated and even exfoliated structure. These results were in good agreement with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. Furthermore, in the NR/OC and SBR/OC systems, the mixing process played a predominant role in the formation of nanometer‐scale dispersion structure, whereas the intercalated structure of EPDM/OC formed mainly during the vulcanization process. The tensile strength of SBR/OC and EPDM/OC nanocomposites loading 10 phr OC was 4–5 times higher than the value obtained for the corresponding pure rubber vulcanizate, which could be ascribed to the slippage of the rubber molecules and the orientation of the intercalated OC. For the strain‐induced crystallization NR, the exfoliated OC efficiently improved the modulus of the NR/OC nanocomposite relative to the pure NR. However, its hindrance on NR crystallization during the tensile process may be the main reason for the decrease in tensile strength of NR/OC.

XRD diffraction patterns of three nanocomposites containing 10 phr organoclay.

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XRD diffraction patterns of three nanocomposites containing 10 phr organoclay.
Cold Crystallization of PLLA Studied by Simultaneous SAXS and WAXS
Authors: Mano João F. , Wang Yaming , Viana Júlio C. , Denchev Zlatan , Oliveira Maria J.
Published: October 2004

Summary: The cold crystallization process of initially amorphous poly(L‐lactic acid), PLLA, with two different molecular weights, during a heating at 2 °C/min, was investigated by DSC and time‐resolved simultaneous SAXS and WAXS, using synchrotron radiation. Equatorial scans of the isotropic 2D‐SAXS patterns showed that the average Bragg long period (LB) of PLLA samples was approximately constant with the development of cold crystallization up to a temperature that corresponded to a melt/re‐crystallization process that took place before the nominal melting peak seen by DSC. LB values were found to be higher for the high molecular weight material. This was in accordance with the higher melting temperature observed in the high molecular weight PLLA that implied the existence of thicker lamellae. WAXS results showed that the molecular weight did not apparently affect the crystal form and the final degree of crystallinity of PLLA. The Avrami parameters from WAXS and DSC were consistent, showing that the non‐isothermal cold crystallization of the two PLLA samples corresponded mainly to a three‐dimensional growth, although an imperfect crystallization process was involved at early times. The crystallization rate of PLLA, observed both by WAXS and DSC, decreased with increasing molecular weight.

SAXS profiles of PLLA2 as a function of temperature. The inset shows the 2D‐SAXS pattern obtained at 180 °C.

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SAXS profiles of PLLA2 as a function of temperature. The inset shows the 2D‐SAXS pattern obtained at 180 °C.