bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syn-metamorphic sulfidation of the Gamsberg zinc deposit, South Africa
Authors: Höhn Stefan , Frimmel Hartwig E. , Price Westley
Published: September 2021

The Mesoproterozoic Aggeneys-Gamsberg ore district, South Africa, is one of the world´s largest sulfidic base metal concentrations and well-known as a prime example of Broken Hill-type base metal deposits, traditionally interpreted as metamorphosed SEDEX deposits. Within this district, the Gamsberg deposit stands out for its huge size and strongly Zn-dominated ore ( >14 Mt contained Zn). New electron microprobe analyses and element abundance maps of sulfides and silicates point to fluid-driven sulfidation during retrograde metamorphism. Differences in the chemistry of sulfide inclusions within zoned garnet grains reflect different degrees of interaction of sulfides with high metal/sulfur-ratio with a sulfur-rich metamorphic fluid. Independent evidence of sulfidation during retrograde metamorphism comes from graphic-textured sulfide aggregates that previously have been interpreted as quenched sulfidic melts, replacement of pyrrhotite by pyrite along micro-fractures, and sulfides in phyllic alteration zones. Limited availability of fluid under retrograde conditions caused locally different degrees of segregation of Fe-rich sphalerite into Zn-rich sphalerite and pyrite, and thus considerable heterogeneity in sphalerite chemistry. The invoked sulfur-rich metamorphic fluids would have been able to sulfidize base metal-rich zones in the whole deposit and thus camouflage a potential pre-metamorphic oxidation. These findings support the recently established hypothesis of a pre-Klondikean weathering-induced oxidation event and challenge the traditional explanation of Broken Hill-type deposits as merely metamorphosed SEDEX deposits. Instead, we suggest that the massive sulfide deposits experienced a complex history, starting with initial SEDEX-type mineralization, followed by near-surface oxidation with spatial metal separation, and then sulfidation of this oxidized ore during medium- to high-grade metamorphism.
How Many Classes and Students Should Ideally be Sampled When Assessing the Role of Classroom Climate via Student Ratings on a Limited Budget? An Optimal Design Perspective
Authors: Zitzmann Steffen , Wagner Wolfgang , Hecht Martin , Helm Christoph , Fischer Christian , Bardach Lisa , Göllner Richard
Published: September 2021

A central question in educational research is how classroom climate variables, such as teaching quality, goal structures, or interpersonal teacher behavior, are related to critical student outcomes, such as students’ achievement and motivation. Student ratings are frequently used to measure classroom climate. When using student ratings to assess classroom climate, researchers first ask students to rate classroom climate characteristics and then aggregate the ratings on the class level. Multilevel latent variable modeling is then used to determine whether class-mean ratings of classroom climate are predictive of student outcomes and to correct for unreliability so that the relations can be estimated without bias. In this article, we adopt an optimal design perspective on this specific strategy. Specifically, after briefly recapping a prominent model in climate research, we show and explain (a) how statistical power can be maximized by choosing optimal numbers of classes and students per class given a fixed budget for conducting a study and (b) how the budget required to achieve a prespecified level of power can be minimized. Moreover, we present an example from research on teaching quality to illustrate the procedures and to provide guidance to researchers who are interested in studying the role of classroom climate. Also, we present a Shiny App that can be used to help find optimal designs for classroom climate studies. The app can be accessed at https://psychtools.shinyapps.io/optimalDesignsClassroomClimate
Infection with intracellular parasite Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum induces shifts in associated bacterial communities in microalgae cultures
Authors: Höger Anna-Lena , Griehl Carola , Noll Matthias
Published: September 2021

In recent years microalgae products have developed increasing market demand, but sustainable industrial production is still challenged by biological stability of large-scale production plants. Yet the relationships between algal hosts, associated microbiomes, and contaminants in photobioreactors remains widely understudied. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal development of microbiomes of four freshwater microalgae species Scenedesmus vacuolatus, Desmodesmus quadricauda, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Botryococcus braunii, in presence and absence of the zoosporic parasite Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum. To compare the effects of sterile and nonsterile culture conditions, infection experiments were performed in sterile laboratory (sterile) and simulated industrial conditions (open). Algal growth (dry weight, optical density, and nutrient consumption) was observed for 21 days, and samples of the associated microbiome were collected for bacterial 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Infection patterns of A. protococcarum were algae species-specific, irrespectively of culture conditions. Bacterial community analysis demonstrated distinct and stable bacterial communities for each algae species, which were mostly dominated by α- and γ-Proteobacteria. Upon aphelid parasitosis, bacterial diversity increased, and community compositions diverged algae-specific over time. Moreover, bacterial functional traits shifted to detoxification, degradation, and cellulolysis once algae were infected. This study provides a first insight into the close connection between algae, associated bacterial microbiomes and appearing contaminants in photobioreactor systems.
Evaluation of Ti/Al alloy coated with biogenic hydroxyapatite as an implant device in dogs’ femur bones
Authors: Mahmoud E. M. , Sayed M. , Awaad M. , El-Zomor S. T. , Blum M. , Killinger A. , Gadow R. , Naga S. M.
Published: September 2021

The main target of the present research was a full assessment of the toxicity effects and biocompatibility of a Ti/Al-alloy device coated with biogenic hydroxyapatite (bHA) when implanted in dogs in comparison with those of an uncoated Ti/Al-alloy device. The coating of the alloy was carried out using controlled high-velocity suspension flame spray (HVSFS) technique. Both coated and uncoated devices were implanted in dogs’ femur bones for different time periods (45 days and 90 days). Bone-formation ability and healing were followed up, and blood analysis was performed, at Time zero (immediately post surgery), and then at 3 days, 45 days, and 90 days post surgery. Bone mineral density checks, radiological scans of the femur bone, and histological analysis were also conducted. The in-vivo study results proved that implantation of a device made from bHA-coated Ti/Al alloy in dogs’ femur bones is completely safe. This is due to the high osteoconductivity of the coated alloy, which enables the formation of new bone and a full connection between new and original bone material. At 90 days post surgery, the coated alloy had been completely digested within the original bone; thus, it appeared as a part of the femur bone and not as a foreign body. Both the scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray and histology analysis findings affirmed the results. Furthermore, the blood tests indicated no toxicity effects during the 90 days of implantation.
Stuck on repeat: Why do we continue to ruminate?
Authors: Russell Jodie Louise
Published: September 2021

An oft misattributed piece of folk-wisdom goes: “Insanity is doing the same thing, over and over again, but expecting different results.” In many cases, we don’t just do things repeatedly but think over the same topics repeatedly. People who ruminate are not often diagnosed as insane—most of us ruminate at some point in our lives—but it is a common behaviour underlying both depression and anxiety (Nolen-Hoeksema in J Abnorm Psychol 109(3):504, 2000). If rumination is something we all do at some time, what is it about ruminative thought that makes it ‘sticky’ and difficult to stop for the worst sufferers? In order to answer this question, I will present a plausible account of how ruminative behaviour becomes entrenched to the point where sufferers of anxiety and depression simply cannot make meaning from the world except in terms of the kinds of behaviours, actions and thoughts they have become reliant on. I develop my account from Barrett’s theory of constructed emotion (2006, 2011, 2014) using the work of Merleau-Ponty (Phenomenology of perception, Taylor and Francis Group. (Online), ProQuest Ebook Central, 2012. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ed/detail.action?docID=1433878. Accessed 29 Dec 2020) in order to bridge the gap between the explicit thought we experience—an important part of the lived experience of rumination. To conclude, I will apply my account to Wu and Dunning’s (Rev General Psychol 22(1):25–35, 2018; Hypocognitive mind: How lack of conceptual knowledge confines what people see and remember, 2019. 10.31234/osf.io/29ryz) theory of hypocognition to further illuminate the particular cognitive qualities that can be experienced by ruminators, i.e. a prohibited access to particular emotion concepts.
Relationship Between Microbial Growth and Hydraulic Properties at the Sub-Pore Scale
Authors: Hassannayebi Neda , Jammernegg Boris , Schritter Johanna , Arnold Pit , Enzmann Frieder , Kersten Michael , Loibner Andreas P. , Fernø Martin , Ott Holger
Published: September 2021

Accumulation of microbial biomass and its influence on porous media flow were investigated under saturated flow conditions. Microfluidic experiments were performed with model organisms, and their accumulation was observed in the pore space and on the sub-pore scale. Time-lapse optical imaging revealed different modes of biomass accumulation through primary colonization, secondary growth, and filtration events, showing the formation of preferential flow pathways in the flooding domain as result of the increasing interstitial velocity. Navier–Stokes–Brinkmann flow simulations were performed on the segmented images—a digital-twin approach—considering locally accumulated biomass as impermeable or permeable based on optical biomass density. By comparing simulation results and the experimental responses, it was shown that accumulated biomass can be considered as a permeable medium. The average intra-biomass permeability was determined to be 500 ± 200 mD, which is more than a factor of 10 larger than previously assumed in modeling studies. These findings have substantial consequences: (1) a remaining interstitial permeability, as a result of the observed channel formation and the intra-biomass permeability, and (2) a potential advective nutrient supply, which can be considered more efficient than a purely diffusive supply. The second point may lead to higher metabolic activity and substrate conversion rates which is of particular interest for geobiotechnological applications.
Key performance indicators of cooperative planning processes: Case study results from German sport science and physical activity promotion projects
Authors: Sommer R. , Linder S. , Ziemainz H. , Gelius P.
Published: September 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to map the phases and individual steps of the cooperative planning process, a specific participatory approach frequently used in German sports and physical activity promotion, and to explore facilitators, barriers, and challenges experienced by those leading its implementation in selected projects.

Background

More than half of the global population is not physically active enough. Therefore, the demand for more effective physical activity programs is growing. Participatory-based interventions, using the cooperative planning process, offer the potential to plan new programs that match population group and setting characteristics. This approach was extensively applied in German sports and physical activity fields, serving as a mechanism to develop and implement specific measures to change the population’s behaviour. We analysed four German empirical projects promoting sports and physical activity to identify how the approach was adapted to each project, which phases were considered, and which key performance indicators enhanced (facilitators), exacerbated (barriers), or challenged the process.

Methods

This study used a mixed-methods approach, including a systematic analysis of documents (n = 10) and in-depth, semi-structured interviews (n = 4) with the empirical projects’ scientific members.

Results

The cooperative planning process was shaped across its phases by several facilitators, challenges, and barriers. Diverse assessment procedures and recruitment tools can facilitate preparation of the process, while moderation requires particular attention during the development phase. Identifying a champion in the transition subphase and providing ongoing scientific counselling can assure the implementation of an action plan with tailored measures for sports and physical activity promotion.

Conclusions

This study contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of the cooperative planning approach and, therefore, flexibility in sports and physical activity promotion projects. Many preparation actions, several challenges in the planning process, and a critical transition in implementation responsibilities should be considered by future projects intending to adopt the approach.
Field test investigation of the performance of corrosion inhibitors: a case study
Authors: Gharbi Kheira , Chouicha Samira , Kelland Malcolm Andrew
Published: September 2021

Corrosion is considered one of the major problems that affect flow assurance during hydrocarbon production. This irreversible phenomenon has the ability to cause serious material failure in the oil and gas industry. Consequently, heavy capital and operational costs are required to prevent corrosion processes. Sweet corrosion of raw gas production facilities in an Algerian gas field manifests inside surface installations, which leads to gas production interruption and high intervention costs. To mitigate this type of corrosion, many methods can be applied such as the selection of appropriate materials, the injection of inhibitors, and the use of protective coating. In this work, the main points of gas production system that have been affected by corrosion and the inspection techniques used in the studied field were reviewed. Moreover, the efficiency of two types of two corrosion inhibitors (film-forming/neutralizing and film-forming chemicals) was studied by measuring the corrosion rate in the field and conducting chemical analyses on the produced water samples in the laboratory. The results of laboratory analyses regarding pH and iron content measurement point out that the injection of film-forming/neutralizing chemical significantly shifted the pH of the medium from acid to more neutral value and decreased the iron content, while the injection of film-forming inhibitor affected only the iron content by decreasing its tenor in the water samples. These results confirm the functions of each inhibitor to protect metal against internal corrosion. The comparison between the single- and double-function inhibitors reveals that the film-forming inhibitor (CK981DZ) outperforms the film-forming/ neutralizing chemical with an efficiency that exceeds 99% at low injection rate. Moreover, it provides good compatibility and stability all through its injection path. Meanwhile, the application of double function inhibitor (film-forming/neutralizing) significantly reduced the corrosion rate of carbon steel structures, but it involved the formation of deposits in the gas processing plant. The findings from this study can help give a better understanding of the methodology of corrosion inhibitor performance evaluation in real condition of gas production, also the criteria of inhibitor screening based on laboratory and field tests.
The impact of mini-invasive right hepatectomy in the setting of living donation: a meta-analysis
Authors: Lai Quirino , Giovanardi Francesco , Mennini Gianluca , Berardi Giammauro , Rossi Massimo
Published: September 2021

Adult-to-adult living-donor liver transplantation (A2ALDLT) represents a challenging procedure, mainly when the right hepatic lobe is donated. Therefore, especially in Western countries, the medical community still considers it a “risky procedure”. The present meta-analysis investigated the postoperative results reported in donors undergoing right hepatectomy for A2ALDLT through a minimally invasive liver resection (MILR) vs. open liver resection (OLR) approach, with the intent to clarify the hypothesis that the MILR approach should minimize the risks for the donor. A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE electronic databases. The primary outcome investigated was the complication rate after transplant. Fifteen studies were included (n = 2094; MILR = 553 vs. OLR = 1541). The MILR group only merged the statistical relevance in terms of advantage in terms of a lower number of complications (OR = 0.771, 95% CI 0.578–1.028; P value = 0.077). Investigating the complications ≥ IIIa according to the Dindo-Clavien classification, the estimated blood loss, and the length of hospital stay, no statistical difference was reported between the two groups. MILR represents a novel and promising approach for improving the results in A2ALDLT. However, no benefits have been reported regarding blood loss, length of stay, and postoperative complications. More extensive experiences are needed to re-evaluate the impact of MILR in right lobe live donation.
The network of international trade in services
Authors: Tajoli Lucia , Airoldi Federico , Piccardi Carlo
Published: September 2021

While the share of services in international trade has been increasing very slowly over the years, oscillating around 20 per cent since the 1990s, their role has constantly gained importance. Trade in services certainly faces many more obstacles than trade in goods, but its impact on globalization and countries’ competitiveness is crucial, and it is therefore worth investigating its characteristics. The present work aims to analyse the networks of international trade in services and to unveil specific properties by exploiting a number of existing methodologies and algorithms. After describing the global properties of the networks of the various service classes, we investigate differences and similarities among them, and we highlight the most influential countries in the trade of specific services. We find that traded services display sharply different characteristics and they can be grouped in two different sets according to their network structures. Countries’ positions in these networks are diversified, with connections unevenly distributed, especially for some service categories. We discover that the structure of links, i.e. the topology of the networks, identifies the role of countries much more clearly than the sole amount of services traded. Overall, the results highlight important features, as well as changes over time, in the landscape of the international services.
AI Content Moderation, Racism and (de)Coloniality
Authors: Siapera Eugenia
Published: September 2021

The article develops a critical approach to AI in content moderation adopting a decolonial perspective. In particular, the article asks: to what extent does the current AI moderation system of platforms address racist hate speech and discrimination? Based on a critical reading of publicly available materials and publications on AI in content moderation, we argue that racialised people have no significant input in the definitions and decision making processes on racist hate speech and are also exploited as their unpaid labour is used to clean up platforms and to train AI systems. The disregard of the knowledge and experiences of racialised people and the expropriation of their labour with no compensation reproduce rather than eradicate racism. In theoretically making sense of this, we draw influences from Anibal Quijano’s theory of the coloniality of power and the centrality of race, concluding that in its current iteration, AI in content moderation is a technology in the service of coloniality. Finally, the article develops a sketch for a decolonial approach to AI in content moderation, which aims to centre the voices of racialised communities and to reorient content moderation towards repairing, educating and sustaining communities.
Features of modeling the system of turbine unit with a variable contact zone of its stator parts
Authors: Krasnikov S. V.
Published: September 2021

Modeling of stator parts of power units of thermal and nuclear power plants is carried out according to several standard schemes. Common methods of modeling systems with non-uniform and non-stationary contact of stator elements lead to significant errors in calculating the amplitudes of forced vibration displacement at a given external load. The object of this paper is to analyze errors in calculating the displacement amplitudes of forced oscillations in different modeling schemes according to the standard approach and developing a method for constructing a quasi-dynamic model taking into account the time-varying contact of the system’s stator parts as well as other factors. To do this, the author has developed a series of models with different degrees of sampling and considering different system factors. Particular attention is paid to the impact of factors arising from the long operation of the power plant (subsidence of foundation). The modeling was carried out taking into account the calculation method. The finite element method was used to perform calculations. The results of the calculation of forced oscillation displacement amplitudes are available to show the areas of application of different types of three-dimensional models of the steam power unit. The results of research conducted on the developed models show the impossibility of using standard simulation schemes for systems with a variable contact between its stator elements, as shown by the example of a power unit with steam turbine. The efficiency of using the models taking into account the variable contact between the stator parts and other factors to calculate the displacement amplitudes of the forced oscillations with high accuracy is likewise presented. Every specialist should be aware of the factors that influence the research results. This paper is concerned with assessment of the influence of a number of factors on the results of calculating the vibrations of a complex mechanical system.
Interaction
Authors: Behney Jennifer , Gass Susan
Published: September 2021

This Element in the Cambridge Elements in Second Language Acquisition series examines the role of interaction in Second Language Acquisition research, with a focus on the cognitive interactionist approach. The Element describes the major branches of the field, considering the importance of conversational interaction in both the cognitive interactionist framework as well as in sociocultural approaches to second language learning. The authors discuss the key concepts of the framework, including input, negotiation for meaning, corrective feedback, and output. The key readings in the field and the emphases of current and future research are explained. Finally, the authors describe the pedagogical implications that the cognitive interactionist approach has had on the teaching of second languages.
Effect of Crianza Positiva e-messaging program on adult–child language interactions
Authors: Balsa Ana , López Boo Florencia , Bloomfield Juanita , Cristia Alejandrina , Cid Alejandro , Ferro María de la Paz , Valdés Rosario , González María del Luján
Published: September 2021

We assess the effects of the Crianza Positiva text and audio e-messaging program on caregiver–child language interaction patterns. The program is a six-month-long intervention for families with children aged 0–2 aimed at strengthening parental competences. Its design exploits behavioral tools such as reminders, suggestions of action, and messages of encouragement to reinforce and sustain positive parenting practices. Families in 24 early childhood centers in Uruguay that completed an eight-week workshop were randomized into receiving or not receiving mobile messages. After the program, we videotaped 10-minute sessions of free play between the caregiver and the child, and decoded language patterns using automated techniques. The intervention was successful at improving the quality of parental vocalizations, as measured by the parent's pitch range. We also found suggestive evidence of increases in the duration of adult vocalizations. The results are consistent with more frequent parental self-reported involvement in reading, telling stories, and describing things to the child. Regarding the child, we find a nonrobust decrease in the duration of vocalizations, which we attribute to a crowding-out effect by the caregiver in the context of a fixed 10-minute suggested activity and a more proactive parental role.
Hilbert’s 17th problem in free skew fields
Authors: Volčič Jurij
Published: September 2021

This paper solves the rational noncommutative analogue of Hilbert’s 17th problem: if a noncommutative rational function is positive semidefinite on all tuples of Hermitian matrices in its domain, then it is a sum of Hermitian squares of noncommutative rational functions. This result is a generalisation and culmination of earlier positivity certificates for noncommutative polynomials or rational functions without Hermitian singularities. More generally, a rational Positivstellensatz for free spectrahedra is given: a noncommutative rational function is positive semidefinite or undefined at every matricial solution of a linear matrix inequality

$L\succeq 0$

if and only if it belongs to the rational quadratic module generated by L. The essential intermediate step toward this Positivstellensatz for functions with singularities is an extension theorem for invertible evaluations of linear matrix pencils.
Anthropological perspectives on alcohol and masculinity in post-Soviet Latvia
Authors: Skultans V.
Published: September 2021

Certain geographical and social borderlands breed despair and pessimism. In the post-Soviet Latvian borderlands traditions of alcohol use mark out some of the contradictory expectations of masculinity in the new liberal economy. In this perspective piece I will be looking at how certain discourses serve to conceal the degrading conditions and lack of opportunity in certain occupations. This argument will be pursued in relation to the occupation of timber logging which is an exclusively male occupation (although this was not the case during the early Soviet period). This occupation reflects not just the terms of working conditions but illustrates the gendered nature of misfortune in Latvia. Loggers speak of a lack of perspective in their lives. I will examine the meaning and implications of this lack of perspective.
Ecologies of ‘Dead’ and ‘Alive’ landmines in the borderlands of Myanmar
Authors: Buscemi Francesco
Published: September 2021

This article deals with a question foregrounded by historian Willem van Schendel in his seminal 2002 article ‘Geographies of Knowing, Geographies of Ignorance’: how do arms, arms flows, and associated regulatory practices reshape the geometries of authority and power in borderlands? The rich transdisciplinary literature on borderlands has fruitfully deployed van Schendel's insights to re-spatialise areas and states but has devoted scant attention to such question. Drawing from ‘new materialist’ scholarship in IR and the concept of scale in political geography, the paper argues that fluid and fractionally coherent combinations of weapons as technical objects that come from somewhere, rationalities, and techniques of arms control reproduce multiple scales of territorial authority and struggles over scaled modes of governing violence in borderlands. Such struggles of scales and about scale constantly reconfigure the territorial arenas of authority on violence at the edge of the state. Based on fieldwork in Ta'ang areas of northern Shan State, Myanmar, the article develops an empirical analysis of encounters between explosive devices/landmines and the subjects and spaces they target. Delving into the processes and practices of ‘making’ and controlling the ‘landmine’, I find that different socio-political orders confront themselves through rationalities, techniques, and practices of humanitarian arms control via which they navigate/jump across scales, forge new ones, or mobilise multi-scalar alliances. Different types of ‘dead’ and ‘alive’ landmines nonetheless defy these attempts at rescaling territorial authority over violence by acting in unforeseen manners at the scale of their own ecologies of violence.
Viscous banding instabilities: non-porous viscous fingering
Authors: Kowal Katarzyna N.
Published: September 2021

We demonstrate a novel instability found within unconfined viscous bands/rims, or free-surface flows involving a longitudinal viscosity contrast. Such instabilities may be described as viscous banding instabilities, non-porous viscous fingering instabilities or unconfined viscous fingering instabilities of free-surface flows involving the intrusion of a less viscous fluid into a band of more viscous fluid. A consequence of this work is that viscous fingering instabilities, widely known to occur in porous media following the seminal work of Saffman & Taylor (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 245, 1958, pp. 312–329), also occur in non-porous environments. Although the mechanism of the viscous banding instability is characteristically different from that of the Saffman–Taylor instability, there are important similarities between the two. The main similarity is that a viscosity contrast leads to instability. A distinguishing feature is that confinement, such as the rigid walls of a Hele-Shaw cell, is not necessary for viscous banding instabilities to occur. More precisely, Saffman–Taylor instabilities are driven by a jump in dynamic pressure gradient, whereas viscous banding instabilities, or non-porous viscous fingering instabilities, are driven by a jump in hydrostatic pressure gradient, directly related to a slope discontinuity across the intrusion front. We examine the onset of instability within viscous bands down an inclined plane, determine conditions under which viscous banding instabilities occur and map out a range of behaviours in parameter space in terms of two dimensionless parameters: the viscosity ratio and the volume of fluid ahead of the intrusion front.
Sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics with low-dimensionalized flow representations
Authors: Fukami Kai , Murata Takaaki , Zhang Kai , Fukagata Koji
Published: September 2021

We perform a sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy) for low-dimensionalized complex flow phenomena. We first apply the SINDy with two regression methods, the thresholded least square algorithm and the adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator which show reasonable ability with a wide range of sparsity constant in our preliminary tests, to a two-dimensional single cylinder wake at$Re_D=100$, its transient process and a wake of two-parallel cylinders, as examples of high-dimensional fluid data. To handle these high-dimensional data with SINDy whose library matrix is suitable for low-dimensional variable combinations, a convolutional neural network-based autoencoder (CNN-AE) is utilized. The CNN-AE is employed to map a high-dimensional dynamics into a low-dimensional latent space. The SINDy then seeks a governing equation of the mapped low-dimensional latent vector. Temporal evolution of high-dimensional dynamics can be provided by combining the predicted latent vector by SINDy with the CNN decoder which can remap the low-dimensional latent vector to the original dimension. The SINDy can provide a stable solution as the governing equation of the latent dynamics and the CNN-SINDy-based modelling can reproduce high-dimensional flow fields successfully, although more terms are required to represent the transient flow and the two-parallel cylinder wake than the periodic shedding. A nine-equation turbulent shear flow model is finally considered to examine the applicability of SINDy to turbulence, although without using CNN-AE. The present results suggest that the proposed scheme with an appropriate parameter choice enables us to analyse high-dimensional nonlinear dynamics with interpretable low-dimensional manifolds.
The influence of background turbulence on Ahmed-body wake bistability
Authors: Burton D. , Wang S. , Tudball Smith D. , Scott H. N. , Crouch T. N. , Thompson M. C.
Published: September 2021

The discovery of wake bistability has generated an upsurge in experimental investigations into the wakes of simplified vehicle geometries. Particular focus has centred on the probabilistic switching between two asymmetrical bistable wake states of a square-back Ahmed body; however, the majority of this research has been undertaken in wind tunnels with turbulence intensities of less than$1\,\%$, considerably lower than typical atmospheric levels. To better simulate bistability under on-road conditions, in which turbulence intensities can easily reach levels of$10\,\%$or more, this experimental study investigates the effects of free-stream turbulence on the bistability characteristics of the square-back Ahmed body. Through passive generation and quantification of the free-stream turbulent conditions, a monotonic correlation was found between the switching rate and free-stream turbulence intensity.
Perceived corporate social responsibility and employee ethical behaviour: do employee commitment and co-worker ethicality matter?
Authors: Sarfo Christian Agyapong , Zhang Jing A. , O'Kane Paula , Podgorodnichenko Nataliya , Osei-Fosu Kizito Kwabena
Published: September 2021

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) plays an important role in promoting workplace ethics. However, most research has focused on CSRs’ performance or favourable performance-related behaviour outcomes. Little is known about how individual employees perceive CSR and how this affects their ethical behaviour. This research examines how employees' perceived corporate social responsibility (PCSR) facilitates their ethical behaviour. Specifically, we hypothesise that PCSR influences employee ethical behaviour by enhancing employees' organisational commitment. The relationship between employees' commitment and ethical behaviour is contingent on their co-workers' ethical behaviour. The hypothesised relationships were assessed using partial least squares structural equation modelling with a sample of 300 employees from ‘The Ghana Club 100’ firms. Our findings suggest that employee commitment serves as an effective mechanism through which employees' perception enhances their ethical behaviour. The findings also show that the weaker the co-workers' ethical behaviour, the stronger the relationship between employee commitment and ethical behaviour. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Estimation of phosphorus requirements of sows based on 24-h urinary phosphorus excretion during gestation and lactation
Authors: Grez-Capdeville Mariola , Crenshaw Thomas D.
Published: September 2021

Phosphorus requirements of reproducing sows were estimated using 24-h urinary P excretion. Thirty-six multiparous sows were fed one of six maize–soybean meal-based diets with total P ranging from 0·40 to 0·80 % in 0·08 % increments with a constant Ca:total P ratio (1·25:1). Diets were fed from day 7·5 ± 1 after breeding until the end of lactation (day 26 ± 1). Urine samples were collected in mid and late gestation (days 77·1 ± 2 and 112·4 ± 1) and early and late lactation (days 4·5 ± 1 and 18·2 ± 1). Phosphorus requirements were estimated using linear and nonlinear regression models. Based on a single 24-h urinary P excretion, estimated daily dietary total P requirements in mid and late gestation were 10·3 g (6·0 g standardised total tract digestible P, STTD P), and estimates for early and late lactation were 31·1 g (16·6 g STTD P) and 40·3 g (22·1 g STTD P), respectively. Plasma P and Ca concentrations were maintained within normal ranges at the estimated levels of P requirements. No differences among treatments were observed for plasma parathyroid hormone (P ≥ 0·06) and bone formation marker (P ≥ 0·16). In lactation, bone resorption marker decreased (P ≤ 0·001) as sows consumed more P. Among the analysed variables, urinary P was the most sensitive response to changes in dietary P intake. Urinary P excretion offers a practical method to estimate P requirements in sows. Our recommended daily total P requirements are 10·3 g for gestation and 35·7 g for lactation.
The Elderly Nutritional Index for Geriatric Malnutrition Assessment (ENIGMA): concurrent, construct and predictive validity in an external evaluation cohort of community-dwelling older persons
Authors: Ng Tze-Pin , Hai Shan , Gao Qi , Gwee Xinyi , Chua Denise Qian Ling , Yap Philip , Yap Keng Bee , Wee Shiou Liang
Published: September 2021

We previously developed a malnutrition risk index, the Elderly Nutritional Index for Geriatric Malnutrition Assessment (ENIGMA) with good predictive accuracy for mortality risk in an original population cohort (SLAS1). Herein, we further evaluate the concurrent and predictive validity of the ENIGMA construct in an external validation cohort (SLAS-2) of 2824 community-dwelling older adults aged 55+ years. They were assessed on the ENIGMA index, Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), known correlates of malnutrition, and baseline and follow-up functional dependency and 10-year mortality risk. Higher ENIGMA risk categories were significantly associated (P < 0·001) with lower education, living alone, smoking, low physical activity, BMI < 18·5 kg/m2, poorer muscle strength and functional mobility, exhaustion, physical frailty, homocysteine, glomerular filtration rate, Hb, red and white blood cell counts, platelets, systemic inflammation indexes, metabolic syndrome, CVD, cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale ≥ 5). ENIGMA scores showed statistically significant (P < 0·001) correlations but low-to-moderate concordance with MNA-SF (r = 0·148, agreement = 45·9 %, kappa = 0·085) and GNRI scores (r = 0·156, agreement = 45·8 %, kappa = 0·096). Controlling for known correlates of malnutrition, only high-risk ENIGMA among the indexes significantly predicted baseline functional dependency (OR = 1·64, 95 % CI 1·01, 2·65) and mortality (hazard ratio = 1·65 (95 % CI 1·04, 2·62). ENIGMA marginally out-performed MNA-SF and GNRI in predicting baseline functional dependency (AUC: 0·625 v. 0·584 v. 0·526), follow-up functional dependency (AUC: 0·594 v. 0·525 v. 0·479) and 10-year mortality risk (AUC: 0·641 v. 0·596 v. 0·595). The concurrent and predictive validity of the ENIGMA construct is replicated in an external evaluation study of community-dwelling older persons.
Where Is Presidential Power? Measuring Presidential Discretion Using Experts
Authors: Lowande Kenneth , Shipan Charles R.
Published: September 2021

Presidents' unilateral sway over policy is of global concern to scholars, practitioners and the general public. While pending actions provoke media speculation about how much authority presidents have to change policy without legislatures, scholarship has yet to systematically measure presidential discretion across areas of public policy. This study surveys an interdisciplinary panel of scholars, using discrete choice experiments to estimate the latent level of discretion that US presidents have in fifty-four policy areas. Consistent with models of delegation and unilateralism, these measures confirm that presidents have more discretion in foreign affairs, and that discretion promotes executive action. This approach presents the opportunity to examine differences in presidential discretion and public perceptions of presidential power, and can be applied beyond the US case.
Identification and characterization of olfactory genes in the parasitoid wasp Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Al-Jalely Basman H. , Wang Penghao , Liao Yalin , Xu Wei
Published: September 2021

Diadegma semiclausum is an important parasitoid wasp and widely used in the biological control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, one of the most destructive pests of cruciferous plants. Insect olfactory system is critical in guiding behaviors including feeding, mating, and oviposition, in which odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and odorant receptors (ORs) are two key components. However, limited attention has been paid to D. semiclausum olfactory genes. In this study, a transcriptome sequencing was performed on the RNA samples extracted from D. semiclausum male and female adult antennae. A total of 17 putative OBP and 67 OR genes were annotated and further compared to OBPs and ORs from P. xylostella, and other hemipteran parasitoid species. The expression patterns of D. semiclausum OBPs between male and female antennae were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR. Six OBPs (DsemOBP 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 14) demonstrated significantly higher expression levels in females than in males, which may assist in female D. semiclausum host-seeking and oviposition behaviors. This study advances our understanding of the olfactory system of D. semiclausum at the molecular level and paves the way for future functional studies aiming at increasing the efficacy to control P. xylostella by using D. semiclausum.
Biology, parasitoid complex and potential distribution of saxaul's dominant defoliators,Teia dubia(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Kang Ning , Guo Jie , Jiang Lingling , Zhang Dongkang , Zhao Qian , Hu Hongying
Published: September 2021

Natural enemies that impact pest populations must be understood in order to build integrated pest control strategies and to understand the most important aspects affecting pest dynamics.Haloxylon ammodendron(C. A. Mey.) Bunge is an important perennial plant species extensively used in sand stabilization and wind prevention in arid areas. This study aimed to determine the main defoliators that damageH. ammodendronand the parasitoid complex associated with them. Twelve species of defoliators were found in Northern Xinjiang, andTeia dubia(Tauscher) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae),Scrobipalpasp. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), andEucharia festivaHüfnagel (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) were the dominant pests.T. dubiais the predominant defoliator with three generations a year. Northwest China, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean region are potentially suitable habitats forT. dubiain the world, while Xinjiang is the primary distribution area in China. Parasitoids belonging to seven species and four families were reared from the larvae ofT. dubia, they were all endoparasitoids and koinobiont.Cotesiasp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the dominant parasitoid and prefer to parasitic in the 3rd–5thinstar larvae. The present study provides the basis for understanding the species composition and natural enemies of lepidopteran defoliators. It will be an effective tool for the integrated pest management programs ofH. ammodendronforest.
The potential role of imaging techniques in avoiding neck dissection during salvage surgery after head and neck carcinoma treated with bioradiotherapy
Authors: Rovira A , Tornero J , Taberna M , Oliva M , Montal R , Nogues J , Mari A , Viñals J M , Lozano A , Maños M , Mesia R
Published: September 2021

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of computed tomography and positron emission tomography-computed tomography prior to salvage surgery after head and neck carcinoma treated with bioradiotherapy and to look at the role of neck dissection in this setting.

Method

This study was a retrospective chart review of a series of consecutive patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with bioradiotherapy. Radiological and pathological stages were compared to evaluate the accuracy of computed tomography and positron emission tomography-computed tomography in detecting occult neck metastasis in the context of recurrence of primary tumour. In order to assess the impact of neck dissection on survival, Kaplan–Meier survival curves after salvage surgery with and without neck dissection were derived.

Results

A total of 268 patients were identified, of which 22 underwent salvage surgery. The negative predictive value of computed tomography and positron emission tomography-computed tomography was excellent. Neck dissection did not represent an improvement on overall, disease specific and regional recurrence free survival (p =0.67,p =0.91 andp =0.62, respectively) amongst clinically and radiologically negative necks.

Conclusion

Conservative treatment of the neck should be considered when dealing with patients with primary site recurrence or persistent disease after bioradiotherapy without evidence of neck disease.
Recurrent acute otitis media: a survey of current management in England
Authors: Hampton T , Whitehall E , Beasley C , Stevens K , Lowe N , Hogg E , Bhat J , Emerson H , Krishnan M , Sharma S
Published: September 2021

Objective

Recurrent acute otitis media is common in children. The preferred treatment measures for recurrent acute otitis media have a mixed evidence base. This study sought to assess baseline practice across ENT departments in England.

Methods

A national telephone survey of healthcare staff was conducted. Every ENT centre in England was contacted. A telephone script was used to ask about antibiotic and grommet use and duration in recurrent acute otitis media cases.

Results

Ninety-six centres (74 per cent) provided complete information. Recurrent acute otitis media treatment across England by ENT departments varied. The antibiotic first- and second-line prophylaxis offered varies, with trimethoprim used in 33 centres and 29 centres not offering any antibiotics. The timing or choice about when to use grommets also varies, but 87 centres (91 per cent) offer grommet surgery at one stage.

Conclusion

The treatments received by children in England for recurrent acute otitis media vary by centre; collaborative research in this area is advised.
The Justice of the Cosmos: Philosophical Cosmology and Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Wisdom of Solomon
Authors: Atkins Christopher S.
Published: September 2021

This article argues that the Wisdom of Solomon complicates Martinus C. de Boer's typology of two ‘tracks’ of Jewish apocalyptic eschatology (‘forensic apocalyptic eschatology’ and ‘cosmological apocalyptic eschatology’). Wisdom, which entails both ‘forensic’ depictions of an eschatological courtroom (5.1–14) and ‘cosmological’ depictions of cosmic war (5.15–23), offers a cosmology fundamentally incompatible with the cosmology presumed in de Boer's ‘cosmological apocalyptic eschatology’. Instead of envisioning eschatological justice as the result of a divineinvasion, Wisdom envisions it as the result of divinepervasion. That is, cosmological eschatology in Wisdom entails a fully functioning, divinely pervaded cosmos operating as it was intended to operate. Wisdom innovates within Jewish apocalyptic tradition by employing the mythological idiom of apocalypticism to defend the philosophical claim that the cosmos is just and facilitates life for those who are likewise just.
Noah and Moses in Acts 15: Group Models and the Novelty of the Way
Authors: Hartog Pieter B.
Published: September 2021

This article argues that Acts 15 alludes both to commandments associated with Noah and pentateuchal legislation on the gerim, though without consistently developing either of these allusions. As a result, this chapter presents the Way as a novel movement that both corresponds with and transcends familiar categories. By discussing Acts’ simultaneous evoking and negation of other models (voluntary associations, Bacchic mystery cults, philosophical schools and ethnic groups), I argue that Acts 15 reflects a literary strategy evident throughout Acts. This strategy enabled the author of Acts to anchor the Way into the structures and traditions of the early Roman Empire.