bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intracellular Po2kinetics at different contraction frequencies inXenopussingle skeletal muscle fibers
Authors: Howlett Richard A. , Kindig Casey A. , Hogan Michael C.
Published: January 2007

Increasing contraction frequency in single skeletal muscle fibers has been shown to increase the magnitude of the fall in intracellular Po2(PiO2), reflecting a greater metabolic rate. To test whether PiO2kinetics are altered by contraction frequency through this increase in metabolic stress, PiO2was measured in Xenopus single fibers ( n = 11) during and after contraction bouts at three different frequencies. PiO2was measured via phosphorescence quenching at 0.16-, 0.25-, and 0.5-Hz tetanic stimulation. The kinetics of the change in PiO2from resting baseline to end-contraction values and end contraction to rest were described as a mean response time (MRT) representing the time to 63% of the change in PiO2. As predicted, the fall in PiO2from baseline following contractions was progressively greater at 0.5 and 0.25 Hz than at 0.16 Hz (32.8 ± 2.1 and 29.3 ± 2.0 Torr vs. 23.6 ± 2.2 Torr, respectively) since metabolic demand was greater. The MRT for the decrease in PiO2was progressively faster at the higher frequencies (0.5 Hz: 45.3 ± 4.5 s; 0.25 Hz: 63.3 ± 4.1 s; 0.16 Hz: 78.0 ± 4.1 s), suggesting faster accumulation of stimulators of oxidative phosphorylation. The MRT for PiO2off-kinetics (0.5 Hz: 84.0 ± 11.7 s; 0.25 Hz: 79.1 ± 8.4 s; 0.16 Hz: 81.1 ± 8.3 s) was not different between trials. These data demonstrate in single fibers that the rate of the fall in PiO2is dependent on contraction frequency, whereas the rate of recovery following contractions is independent of either the magnitude of the fall in PiO2from baseline or the contraction frequency. This suggests that stimulation frequency plays an integral role in setting the initial metabolic response to work in isolated muscle fibers, possibly due to temporal recovery between contractions, but it does not determine recovery kinetics.
Insulin but Not Phlorizin Treatment Induces a Transient Increase in GLUT2 Gene Expression in the Kidney of Diabetic Rats
Authors: Freitas Helayne Soares , D’Agord Schaan Beatriz , da Silva Robinson Sabino , Okamoto Maristela Mitiko , Oliveira-Souza Maria , Machado Ubiratan Fabres
Published: January 2007

Background/Aims: Increases in the renal glucose transporter gene expression are involved in renal tubule-glomerular diseases.Here we investigate the GLUT2 gene expression changes in the kidney of diabetic rats, by using insulin or phlorizin treatment. Methods:Rats were rendered diabetic and studied 20 days later: 4–12 h after one single injection of insulin or phlorizin, and 1–6 days after insulin or phlorizin injection twice a day, comparing with diabetic rats injected with placebo. GLUT2 was investigated by Northern and Western analysis. Results: In 20-day diabetic rats, acute treatment with insulin lowered the plasma glucose and increased the GLUT2 mRNA (∼100%, p < 0.001) without changes in the protein content, while phlorizin lowered the plasma glucose, but changed neither the GLUT2 mRNA nor the protein expression. Twenty-four hours of insulin treatment increased both GLUT2 mRNA (∼100%, p < 0.001) and protein (∼50%, p < 0.01), but no effects of phlorizin were observed. After 6 days, insulin and phlorizin similarly reduced glycemia, with opposite effects upon plasma insulin and urinary glucose, and both treatments decreased GLUT2 mRNA and protein (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In kidney of diabetic rats, an initial and transient upregulation of GLUT2 was induced specifically by insulin only. The 6-day normalization of GLUT2, however, was induced by both insulin and phlorizin treatment, which seems to be related to the plasma glucose lowering.
A Variant of Recombinant Factor VIIa With Enhanced Procoagulant and Antifibrinolytic Activities in an In Vitro Model of Hemophilia
Authors: Allen Geoffrey A. , Persson Egon , Campbell Robert A. , Ezban Mirella , Hedner Ulla , Wolberg Alisa S.
Published: January 2007

Objective—

Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa, NovoSeven) has proven efficacy in treating bleeding in hemophilia patients with inhibitors. A rFVIIa analog with mutations V158D/E296V/M298Q (NN1731) exhibits increased procoagulant activity in in vitro and in vivo models. The aim of this work was to define the effects of NN1731 toward factor X activation, platelet activation, thrombin generation, and fibrin clot formation and stability.

Methods and Results—

In a cell-based in vitro model of hemophilia, rFVIIa and NN1731 similarly increased factor X activation on tissue factor–bearing cells; however, NN1731 exhibited 30-fold higher factor Xa generation on platelets than similar rFVIIa concentrations. NN1731-mediated thrombin generation depended on platelet activation, but NN1731 did not directly activate platelets. NN1731 produced 4- to 10-fold higher maximal thrombin generation rates than equal rFVIIa concentrations. Both rFVIIa and NN1731 shortened clotting times in the absence of factors IX and VIII; however, NN1731 did so at 50-fold lower concentrations than were required of rFVIIa. In fibrinolytic conditions, both rFVIIa and NN1731 increased fibrin formation and stability; however, NN1731 was effective at 50-fold lower concentrations than were required of rFVIIa.

Conclusions—

By increasing factor Xa generation, NN1731 promotes the formation of thrombin and a stable clot to a greater degree than rFVIIa.
Vascular Cell Senescence
Authors: Minamino Tohru , Komuro Issei
Published: January 2007

Cardiologists and most physicians believe that aging is an independent risk factor for human atherosclerosis, whereas atherosclerosis is thought to be a characteristic feature of aging in humans by many gerontologists. Because atherosclerosis is among the age-associated changes that almost always escape the influence of natural selection in humans, it might be reasonable to regard atherosclerosis as a feature of aging. Accordingly, when we investigate the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis, it may be more important to answer the question of how we age than what specifically promotes atherosclerosis. Recently, genetic analyses using various animal models have identified molecules that are crucial for aging. These include components of the DNA-repair system, the tumor suppressor pathway, the telomere maintenance system, the insulin/Akt pathway, and other metabolic pathways. Interestingly, most of the molecules that influence the phenotypic changes of aging also regulate cellular senescence, suggesting a causative link between cellular senescence and aging. For example, DNA-repair defects can cause phenotypic changes that resemble premature aging, and senescent cells that show DNA damage accumulate in the elderly. Excessive calorie intake can cause diabetes and hyperinsulinemia, whereas dysregulation of the insulin pathway has been shown to induce cellular senescence in vitro. Calorie restriction or a reduction of insulin signals extends the lifespan of various species and decreases biomarkers of cellular senescence in vivo. There is emerging evidence that cellular senescence contributes to the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis. Senescent vascular cells accumulate in human atheroma tissues and exhibit various features of dysfunction. In this review, we examine the hypothesis that cellular senescence might contribute to atherosclerosis, which is a characteristic of aging in humans.
Using the XCS Classifier System for Multi-objective Reinforcement Learning Problems
Authors: Studley Matthew , Bull Larry
Published: January 2007

We investigate the performance of a learning classifier system in some simple multi-objective, multi-step maze problems, using both random and biased action-selection policies for exploration. Results show that the choice of action-selection policy can significantly affect the performance of the system in such environments. Further, this effect is directly related to population size, and we relate this finding to recent theoretical studies of learning classifier systems in single-step problems.
Realistically Coupled Neural Mass Models Can Generate EEG Rhythms
Authors: Sotero Roberto C. , Trujillo-Barreto Nelson J. , Iturria-Medina Yasser , Carbonell Felix , Jimenez Juan C.
Published: January 2007

We study the generation of EEG rhythms by means of realistically coupled neural mass models. Previous neural mass models were used to model cortical voxels and the thalamus. Interactions between voxels of the same and other cortical areas and with the thalamus were taken into account. Voxels within the same cortical area were coupled (short-range connections) with both excitatory and inhibitory connections, while coupling between areas (long-range connections) was considered to be excitatory only. Short-range connection strengths were modeled by using a connectivity function depending on the distance between voxels. Coupling strength parameters between areas were defined from empirical anatomical data employing the information obtained from probabilistic paths, which were tracked by water diffusion imaging techniques and used to quantify white matter tracts in the brain. Each cortical voxel was then described by a set of 16 random differential equations, while the thalamus was described by a set of 12 random differential equations. Thus, for analyzing the neuronal dynamics emerging from the interaction of several areas, a large system of differential equations needs to be solved. The sparseness of the estimated anatomical connectivity matrix reduces the number of connection parameters substantially, making the solution of this system faster. Simulations of human brain rhythms were carried out in order to test the model. Physiologically plausible results were obtained based on this anatomically constrained neural mass model.
Qualitative and quantitative differences between taste buds of the rat and mouse
Authors: Ma Huazhi , Yang Ruibiao , Thomas Stacey M , Kinnamon John C
Published: January 2007

Background

Numerous electrophysiological, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical studies on rodent taste buds have been carried out on rat taste buds. In recent years, however, the mouse has become the species of choice for molecular and other studies on sensory transduction in taste buds. Do rat and mouse taste buds have the same cell types, sensory transduction markers and synaptic proteins? In the present study we have used antisera directed against PLCβ2, α-gustducin, serotonin (5-HT), PGP 9.5 and synaptobrevin-2 to determine the percentages of taste cells expressing these markers in taste buds in both rodent species. We also determined the numbers of taste cells in the taste buds as well as taste bud volume.

Results

There are significant differences (p < 0.05) between mouse and rat taste buds in the percentages of taste cells displaying immunoreactivity for all five markers. Rat taste buds display significantly more immunoreactivity than mice for PLCβ2 (31.8% vs 19.6%), α-gustducin (18% vs 14.6%), and synaptobrevin-2 (31.2% vs 26.3%). Mice, however, have more cells that display immunoreactivity to 5-HT (15.9% vs 13.7%) and PGP 9.5 (14.3% vs 9.4%). Mouse taste buds contain an average of 85.8 taste cells vs 68.4 taste cells in rat taste buds. The average volume of a mouse taste bud (42,000 μm3) is smaller than a rat taste bud (64,200 μm3). The numerical density of taste cells in mouse circumvallate taste buds (2.1 cells/1000 μm3) is significantly higher than that in the rat (1.2 cells/1000 μm3).

Conclusion

These results suggest that rats and mice differ significantly in the percentages of taste cells expressing signaling molecules. We speculate that these observed dissimilarities may reflect differences in their gustatory processing.
Clustering of genes into regulons using integrated modeling-COGRIM
Authors: Chen Guang , Jensen Shane T , Stoeckert Christian J
Published: January 2007

We present a Bayesian hierarchical model and Gibbs Sampling implementation that integrates gene expression, ChIP binding, and transcription factor motif data in a principled and robust fashion. COGRIM was applied to both unicellular and mammalian organisms under different scenarios of available data. In these applications, we demonstrate the ability to predict gene-transcription factor interactions with reduced numbers of false-positive findings and to make predictions beyond what is obtained when single types of data are considered.
Oxone-mediated Methoxy Thiocyanation of 1,1-Disubstituted Olefins in Methanol
Authors: Wu Guaili , Wu Wentao , Li Rui , Shen Yinglin , Wu Longmin
Published: January 2007

Reactions of 1,1-disubstituted olefins with oxone and ammonium thiocyanate in methanol gave the corresponding 1-methoxy-2-thiocyano adducts in various yields.
Solid-state 17O NMR in Biological Solids: Efficient 17O Labeling of Amino Acids and Peptides
Authors: Yamada Kazuhiko , Yamazaki Toshio , Asanuma Miwako , Hirota Hiroshi , Yamamoto Naoki , Kajihara Yasuhiro
Published: January 2007

A highly effective labeling method for 17O-enriched amino acids and peptides at moderate experimental conditions (Japanese Patent 2006-8666) has been presented, which has enabled us to readily carry out solid-state 17O NMR experiments in almost all amino acids and peptides.
Purloining Freud: Dora's Letter to Posterity
Authors: Paul Robert A
Published: January 2007

The references to letters in Freud's dream of Irma's injection are utilized as a springboard for an examination of letters in the Dora case. Invoking the hypothesis that the outcome of an action can be heuristically regarded as having been its intended purpose, the author argues that Dora intended her parents to find the letter in which she threatened to commit suicide so that they would take her to a consultation with Freud, who would then write up her case in a manner that simultaneously exposed the sordid living arrangements of her family and inadvertently also incriminate himself as a domineering patriarch. Thus, the Dora case is not simply Freud's letter to Fliess, or even Freud's letter to posterity, but ultimately Dora's letter to posterity in which she purloins Freud and becomes the Other of his discourse.
The Role of Tradition in Concealing and Grounding Truth: Two Opposing Freudian Legacies on Truth and Tradition
Authors: Blass Rachel B.
Published: January 2007

The classic Freudian view of truth regards tradition negatively as that which, on the basis of unwarranted authority, blinds us to a realistic perception of the world. However, implicit in Freud's writings there is another, very different view of truth. The latter view regards tradition as the ground of truth, that which inevitably shapes human perception of the world and determines it ethical value. Through an examination of Freud's Totem and Taboo (1913), the relations between this alternative view of truth and tradition and that of Freud's classic view are explored and understood as a legacy that impacts contemporary psychoanalysis.
Affine Stanley symmetric functions
Authors: Lam Thomas
Published: January 2007

We define a new family [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i"/] of generating functions for w ∈ [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i"/] which are affine analogues of Stanley symmetric functions. We establish basic properties of these functions including symmetry, dominance and conjugation. We conjecture certain positivity properties in terms of a subfamily of symmetric functions called affine Schur functions. As applications, we show how affine Stanley symmetric functions generalize the (dual of the) k -Schur functions of Lapointe, Lascoux and Morse as well as the cylindric Schur functions of Postnikov. Conjecturally, affine Stanley symmetric functions should be related to the cohomology of the affine flag variety.
Livy, Hannibal's Monument, and the Temple of Juno at Croton
Authors: Jaeger Mary
Published: January 2007

Livy's history recounts several events that take place, years apart, at the temple of Juno at Croton. A reading, both intertextual and intratextual, of passages having to do with the temple argues that the repeated references to the place form a strand of narrative complementing the main thread of Livy's account of Rome's expansion. Moreover, the temple unites geography and history, for it stands at the edge of each, at the place where Italy ends and the ocean begins and where Livy's narrative meets and responds to those of other writers.
Nuptiae Iure Civili Congruae: Apuleius's Story of Cupid and Psyche and the Roman Law of Marriage
Authors: Osgood Josiah
Published: January 2007

Social historians, despite showing great interest in Apuleius's Metamorphoses, have tended to ignore the novel's embedded tale of Cupid and Psyche on the grounds that it is purely imaginary. This paper demonstrates that Apuleius in fact refers throughout his story to real Roman practices, especially legal practices—most conspicuous are the frequent references to the Roman law of marriage. A careful examination of several passages thus shows how knowledge of Roman law, it turns out, enhances the reader's pleasure in Apuleius's story. The paper concludes by exploring the connections between Apuleius's fairytale and the account of his own marriage to Aemilia Pudentilla in his earlier work, the Apologia. Apuleius seems to be recalling, playfully, his own earlier legal success. At the same time, both works suggest that legal problems arose in Roman families not because of the actions of any official enforcers, but rather appeal to the law by particular family members.
Idiocy in Virginia, 1616-1860
Authors: Wickham Parnel
Published: January 2007

Like the English, Virginians tended to think that idiocy, a condition analogous to intellectual disability in the twenty-first century, was congenital, untreatable, and incurable, and they adopted legal remedies that corresponded closely to the laws of England. In addition, concepts of idiocy reflected some of the unique aspects of Virginia's social system, which was dominated by a coterie of powerful men. With a need to preserve social order and maintain decorum, the Virginia legislature established in 1769 the Eastern State Hospital to house unruly and objectionable people who were mentally disabled. Although idiots were among the hospital's first patients, they were eventually banished due to their presumed failure to respond to treatment. The social stigma attached to idiocy extended from Virginia's city streets and jails to the private homes of prominent families. Personal reticence regarding shameful family matters hid the identity of people thought to be intellectually disabled. Even Thomas Jefferson, a prolific author, entered only cryptic notes about the limitations of his sister, Elizabeth. In summary, Virginians' response to idiocy suggests a two-tiered approach: public disclosure and disdain of poor and dependent people with intellectual disabilities, and silent avoidance of the problem in prominent families. In both situations, idiocy represented images of shame and humiliation that threatened the social order.
Archiepiscopal Inquisitions in the Middle Rhine: Urban Anticlericalism and Waldensianism in Late Fourteenth-Century Mainz
Authors: Deane Jennifer Kolpacoff
Published: January 2007

In the autumn of 1390, archiepiscopal inquisitors launched a sudden and unprecedented campaign against Waldensian heretics in the middle-Rhineland city of Mainz. By the end of 1393, at least thirty-nine men and women, both laity and clergy, had been burned at the stake in what would be one of the bloodiest and most complex inquisitions of late-medieval Germany. Based on analysis of hitherto overlooked or unknown source material, this article sets forth the context, course, and significance of the Mainz prosecutions, and challenges the standard interpretation that fourteenth-century Waldensianism was a rural phenomenon of little interest to German bishops.
Securite nationale et securite globale: l'adaptation des services de renseignements francais
Authors: Ocqueteau Frederic
Published: January 2007

Since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, all intelligence services have been encouraged to reorganize, based on the conclusion that their ability to respond to new types of threats was limited. In France, the impetus for change has been twofold. The intelligence services of the ministries of defence and the interior are being asked to cooperate more effectively while remaining secret services. At the same time, a new rhetoric of "global security," originating in prefecture offices, seems to have taken root in support of the push for change. The author examines the premises underlying these phenomena, drawing on classified documents. While actual practices are not questioned, the author outlines the nature of the changes sought in the state bureaucracy, which must be carefully kept beyond citizens' control. Depuis les attentats américains de 2001, tous les services de renseignement ont été invités à se réorganiser, constat ayant été dressé de leur mauvaise réactivité à l'égard des nouvelles menaces. En France, deux phénomènes se jouent simultanément : les services de renseignement des ministères de la Défense et de l'Intérieur sont invités à coopérer plus efficacement tout en restant secrets. Une grammaire novatrice dite de la « sécurité globale », issue des cercles préfectoraux, semble accompagner cette intention. L'article en interroge les prémisses à l'aide de documents restés confidentiels. Faute d'interroger les pratiques réelles, la présente réflexion esquisse la nature des changements souhaités dans les bureaucraties régaliennes de l'é tat, dont le contrôle citoyen doit rester soigneusement dépossédé.
L'expert, le profane et le terrorisme: quelques elements de reflexion sociologique
Authors: Peretti-Watel Patrick
Published: January 2007

The management of technological and health risks has been the source of many sociological studies in recent years. The purpose of this article is to draw on some of them to show how both the successes and the failures of technology and health risk management can contribute to ideas and discussions on terrorism prevention. The author examines three main questions: (1) Is terrorism a risk, or can it be treated as one through the application of conventional risk prevention tools? (2) What is, or should be, the role of the general public in preventing terrorist acts? (3) What is the primary goal of prevention? To prevent attacks or to prevent terror? Recent incidents show that managing one risk may intensify risks elsewhere and that there is a need to take into account not only the expectations and working conditions of those actually implementing the preventive measures but also public reaction. User empowerment and accountability is unlikely to be a contributing factor in terrorism prevention. On the other hand, some prevention efforts must be aimed at the general public, if only to forewarn people of the potential for terror and its devastating effects. La gestion des risques technologiques ou sanitaires a suscité de nombreux travaux sociologiques ces dernières années. Il s'agit ici de mobiliser certains de ces travaux, pour montrer comment la gestion de ces risques, par ses accomplissements mais aussi par ses défaillances, peut nourrir une réflexion sur la prévention du terrorisme. Trois axes sont discutés : le terrorisme est-il un risque, ou peut-il être traité comme tel, en utilisant les outils habituels de la prévention des risques ? Quelle place accorder au public dans la prévention des actes terroristes ? Enfin, quel est l'objectif principal de cette prévention : prévenir les attentats ou prévenir la terreur ? Des exemples récents nous rappellent que la gestion d'un risque peut en exacerber d'autres, et qu'il faut prendre en compte les aspirations et les conditions de travail de ceux qui la mette en oeuvre, mais aussi les réactions du public. En outre, la prévention du terrorisme ne doit sans doute pas trop compter sur une responsabilisation de l'usager. En revanche le public constitue une cible nécessaire de la prévention, ne serait-ce que pour prévenir la terreur et ses effets délétères.
"So what does all of this have to do with Criminology?": Surviving the Restructuring of the Discipline in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Chunn Dorothy E , Menzies Robert J.
Published: January 2007

Le pr�sent commentaire renvoie � un article que les auteurs ont publi� en
1999 dans la Revue et o� ils ont �mis plusieurs observations sur l'�tat de la
criminologie telle qu'elle se pratiquait au tournant du 21e si�cle dans les
universit�s canadiennes. Ils pr�sentent un survol des tendances qui se
sont manifest�es au cours des six derni�res ann�es et qui ont renforc� la
polarisation des diff�rentes �coles de pens�e en criminologie ainsi que la
renaissance des paradigmes classiques de la r�pression �tatique de la
criminalit� et du maintien de l'ordre public (m�me s'ils sont log�s sous des
banni�res dites novatrices telles que la gestion du risque, la criminologie
computationnelle, la criminologie administrative et la cartographie de la
criminalit�). Alors que des projets de recherche novateurs, progressistes et
anti-h�g�moniques poursuivent leur essor dans plusieurs milieux, les
structures de reconnaissance et de r�mun�ration des administrations
universitaires et des milieux de recherche en criminologie militent massivement,
et de plus en plus, en faveur de la � nouvelle orthodoxie �
(r�-)�mergente.

This commentary reflects back on an article that we published in the 1999 volume of this journal, which offered a number of observations about the condition of Canadian academic criminology at the turn of the new century. In this brief update, we consider some of the trends that have unfolded over the intervening six years, which have contributed to the continuing polarization of the discipline and the resurgence of traditional paradigms of state crime control and order maintenance (albeit under the purportedly new banners of risk management, computational criminology, administrative criminology, crime mapping, and the like). While innovative, progressive, and counter-hegemonic work continues to flourish in many quarters, the reward structures of twenty-first-century corporate university systems and criminological research environments militate overwhelmingly, and increasingly, in favour of the (re)ascendant "new orthodoxy."
Writing the Reader: The Literary Child in and Beyond the Book
Authors: Nelson Claudia
Published: January 2007

While children's metafiction shares some of the preoccupations identified by theorists of adult metafiction, it also reveals a specific set of authorial assumptions about child-adult as well as child-book relationships. This article examines that subset of metafiction sometimes termed "intrusion fantasies," namely fantasies containing characters who engage with others designated within the text as "fictional." In their exploration of reader-text interaction as the warp and woof of the marvelous, authors such as Geraldine McCaughrean, James Reeves, Chris Van Allsburg, David Wiesner, Cornelia Funke, and others contemplate the psychology of reading while simultaneously functioning to define what reading should be.
Prussic Acid with a Twist: The Well of Loneliness, M. E. Kerr, and Young Adult Readers
Authors: Thompson Dawn
Published: January 2007

Deliver Us From Evie (1994) is one in a long list of young adult novels by M. E. Kerr, who is well-recognized for confronting different forms of prejudice. It is also her coming out novel and has been noted for its positive depiction of a butch lesbian character. However, it is much more than this. Kerr's novel engages with the gay and lesbian literary tradition, revising Radclyffe Hall's infamous Well of Loneliness. In doing so, it also enters into a difficult discussion taking place in queer theory—the persistence of internalized homophobia—and makes a sobering comment on the future and limits of "queer."
Heteronormative Heroism and Queering the School Story in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter Series
Authors: Pugh Tison , Wallace David L.
Published: January 2007

In re-creating the venerable genre of the boys' school story, the Harry Potter series infuses twenty-first-century concerns with gender and sexuality into a literary tradition dominated by same-sex educational institutions. This incarnation of the school story challenges regressive constructions of gender and sexuality in its apparent treatment of boys and girls as equals, but heteronormative heroism ultimately squelches gender equality and sexual diversity in favor of the ideological status quo. Harry Potter offers itself as a series of queer texts, yet their queerness never fully overcomes their investment in cultural normativity.
The "Other" Country: Memory, Voices, and Experiences of Colonized Childhoods
Authors: Wilkie-Stibbs Christine
Published: January 2007

This article explores Blackman's Noughts and Crosses trilogy, Provoost's Falling, Rosoff's How I Live Now in relation to the effects of globalization, neoliberal orthodoxies, and emergence of newly unterritorialized Western identity-definitions. It examines literary inscriptions of power mechanisms, hierarchies of violence in neoliberalism, processes of "disremembering" the past, including the colonial/occupied pasts, and radicalization of a fundamentalist young adult underclass affected by political dissemblance, disempowerment, and exclusion from mainstream systems of privilege, identified here as the new colonial hegemony. The fluidity of such identity-bound territorial concepts as "homeland," reinscriptions of territory, and the instability of the "refuge" that refugees attain are also discussed.
"Before She Was a Virgin. ..": Doris Day and the Decline of Female Film Comedy in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Bingham Dennis
Published: January 2007

Doris Day's complicated "dialogue" with her audiences varied over the decades, and endures, in a distorted way, in popular memory. This article studies the decline of her film stardom and her retirement from films as concurrent with the definitive end of the female comic as the unequivocal subject, rather than object, of comedy.
Comparing Focus on Form and Focus on FormS in Second-Language Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Laufer-Dvorkin Batia
Published: January 2007

The study compares the effectiveness of Focus on Form (FonF) and Focus on FormS (FonFs) approaches in learning new L2 words by 158 high-school learners of English as L2. In phase 1 of the study, the FonF group read a text containing the target words, discussed it in small groups, and answered comprehension questions. The FonFs group studied the target words as discrete items with their meanings and examples of usage. In phase 2 of the study, all learners received the target words with their meanings and studied them for 15 minutes for a quiz. They were tested immediately after each phase, and two weeks later. Results revealed significantly higher scores for FonFs group after phase 1, but the difference disappeared after phase 2. As learners cannot be expected to study all vocabulary for tests, form-focused instruction – and particularly FonFs – is claimed to be indispensable for L2 vocabulary learning. L'efficacité des approches centrées sur la forme (CF) a été comparée à celle des approches centrées sur les formeS (CFS) pour l'apprentissage de nouveaux mots dans une langue seconde, au cours d'une étude comptant 158 étudiants de niveau secondaire apprenant l'anglais comme langue seconde. Pour la phase 1, le groupe CF a lu un texte contenant les mots ciblés, en a discuté en petits groupes et a répondu à des questions de compréhension. Le groupe CFS a étudié les mots ciblés en tant qu'éléments distincts avec leurs significations et des exemples d'usage. Pour la phase 2, tous les apprenants ont reçu les mots ciblés et leurs significations, et ils les ont étudiés pendant 15 minutes pour un examen. Ils ont été évalués immédiatement après chaque phase, puis deux semaines plus tard. Les résultats ont révélé des scores notablement plus élevés dans le groupe CFS après la phase 1, mais cette différence avait disparu après la phase 2. Comme on ne peut s'attendre à ce que les apprenants étudient tout le vocabulaire pour les examens, une approche centrée sur la forme, en particulier CFS, serait indispensable aux personnes qui apprennent le vocabulaire d'une langue seconde.
Who Is the "Original Affluent Society"? Ipili "Predatory Expansion" and the Porgera Gold Mine, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Golub Alex
Published: January 2007

The idea of the "ecologically noble savage" once linked environmental activists and indigenous people. Today the concept is increasingly seen as problematic. In the Porgera district of Enga Province, Papua New Guinea, Ipili people confront massive social change brought about by the presence of a large gold mine. This paper explores how Ipili people find some aspects of global consumer culture to offer utopian possibilities for change, while others present dystopic inversions of their own culture. In doing so, it compares Western attempts to understand Ipili as noble or ignoble savages with Ipili attempts to make sense of the material culture and mores of outsiders. It concludes that both Ipili and westerners have unsettling insights into each other's culture.
Relearning Denise Levertov's Alphabet : War, Flesh, and the Intimacy of Otherness
Authors: Narbeshuber Lisa
Published: January 2007

The essay reads and re-evaluates Denise Levertov's poetry on the Vietnam War, including Relearning the Alphabet (1970), To Stay Alive (1971) and Footprints (1972). Levertov theorizes how the body, however inscribed by the writing of the culture, shares a certain universality of flesh, and it can be used to locate oneself and to find the meaning of another in oneself.With reference to Charles Olson and the Black Mountain poets, the essay, then, explores how Levertov attends to the lost fact of the body, forms that read, hear, and touch the social and historical fibre in the apparently isolated, eternal presence. Levertov is interested in the possibility of compassion, intimacy, and human suffering, as she envisions, for example, the body of the Vietnamese child connected to her psyche and her body. With an acute sense of worldliness and without accepting a clear division between the public and the private, Levertov's poetry and poetics patiently seek an embodied self and an open, flexible vision of language.
Cet essai propose une relecture et une r��valuation de la po�sie de Denise Levertov sur la guerre du Vietnam, y compris Relearning the Alphabet (1970), To Stay Alive (1971) et Footprints (1972). Levertov postule que le corps, peu importe jusqu'o� il est marqu� par la culture, partage une certaine universit� de la chair, et que cette universalit� peut �tre utilis�e aussi bien pour se situer soi-m�me que pour comprendre la part que joue l'autre. S'inspirant � Charles Olson et aux po�tes de Black Mountain, cet essai explore donc les fa�ons dont Levertov r�cup�re l'id�e du corps, des formes qui per�oivent, �coutent et touchent du doigt la fibre sociale et historique de ceux qui sont apparemment isol�s. Levertov s'int�resse � la compassion, � l'intimit� et � la souffrance humaine, imaginant, par exemple, le corps d'un enfant vietnamien toujours attach� aussi bien � son corps qu'� sa psych�. Dot�e d'un grand sentiment d'attachement aux biens de ce monde, sans pour autant accepter une s�paration nette entre la sph�re publique et la sph�re priv�e, la po�sie et la po�tique de Levertov est une qu�te de l'�tre corporel et d'une vision flexible ouverte du langage.
How College Affects Students: Ten Directions for Future Research
Authors: Pascarella Ernest T
Published: January 2007

The research literature on how college affects students is expanding at an exponential rate. This paper identifies and discusses ten directions for future research on college impact that have the potential to enhance the quality and importance of the evidence produced.
Integrating Watershed Management with Learning: The Role of Information Transfer in Linking Educators and Students with Community Watershed Partners
Authors: Hamann Hillary B , Drossman Howard
Published: January 2007

The last decade has seen the rise of a watershed-based approach to monitoring and management of water resources as well as of community-based watershed partnerships. Academic institutions play a key role in watershed research and information transfer and are increasingly partnering with water managers to integrate student learning and service with watershed monitoring and remediation. In this paper, we review the literature on four models of educationalâpublic partnerships that we identified: monitoring networks, experiential project-based programs, service learning programs, and university research institutes. With insights from the literature and our own experience teaching a service learning and watershed-based course at Colorado College, we examine the educational impact when technical information is transferred between academics and public stakeholders. We find that a watershed-based approach provides an educational opportunity that promotes interdisciplinary learning and civic responsibility. Information transfer in this setting requires quality control at the forefront and benefits from strong partnerships. Additionally, the use of Internet-based and map- or Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based data warehousing has allowed for local to international data coordination and dissemination and will likely continue at the forefront of our efforts to protect and preserve precious water resources.
Transplanting the TVA? International Contributions to Postwar River Development in Tanzania
Authors: Hoag Heather J
Published: January 2007

This paper focuses on the controversy around the proposed damming of the Rufiji River at Stiegler's Gorge that followed the publication of the 1967 United States Bureau of Reclamation's survey of the Rufiji basin. Recommending the establishment of a National Water Resource Council and the construction of Stiegler's Gorge Dam, the report set off a debate about the river's development. The proposed dam served as a model of river basin development that had been carried by international agencies like the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and Bureau of Reclamation to all parts of the world. Based on archival and field work, this paper examines the process by which this American model of river basin planning and technologies came to dominate Tanzania's postwar development agenda. The case illustrates how both international and Tanzanian actors shaped the debate about the transfer of large-scale hydropower projects to postcolonial Africa.
Gender and the Structure of Planter Households in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake: Harford County, Maryland, in 1776
Authors: Fawver Kathleen
Published: January 2007

This study analyzes gender and headship in the eighteenth-century Chesapeake using data from a unique census gathered in Maryland in 1776. The data are organized around individual planter-households and permit us to address important evidence related to female headship and the status of planter wives. In the eighteenth century, the household served as the center of production and reproduction. Control over household labor and resources translated into status and power or it signaled the very real risk of poverty.
In this study, we examine four types of female headship and the economic status of their households in eighteenth-century Chesapeake. The first group is white adult women. Analyzing the household demographic structure of both white female and male headed-household provided clues to the circumstances surrounding their headship and the independence headship brought to a limited number of white females. Comparing patterns of wealth holding in the form of land and slaves helped to assess the extent to which white female heads faced a high risk of poverty. The second group of interest is free black female heads and their experience revealed the role that race played in eighteenth-century headship. To what extent did the experiences of free blacks mirror or differ from those of white householders? A further section discusses headship among never-married males and females who controlled twenty-two percent of the plantations in Harford County, Maryland. The final group that deserves our attention is the planter wives. Studying the productive and reproductive experiences of the planter wife will shed light on the extent they, as "co-heads," shared an informal equality with their husbands in plantation management.
The Last Mantuamaker: Craft Tradition and Commercial Change in Boston, 1760-1840
Authors: Miller Marla R
Published: January 2007

In 1845, after almost a dozen years in business as a Boston mantuamaker, Rebecca Goodwin Major closed up shop. Of the thousands of women who had made clothing for women over the city's two-hundred-year history, she was the very last to call herself a mantuamaker in the pages of the city directory, as the term dressmaker took hold. That semantic event offers a point of departure from which to explore both continuity and change among urban artisans; Ithis study considers some 640 Boston women who identified themselves as mantuamakers or dressmakers in the pages of the city directory between 1789 (the first year a directory appeared) and 1845 (the last year the term mantuamaker appears in that source), as well as a handful of other women known mainly from newspapers, tax records, and indentures. Using this date to explore relationships among aspiring and practicing craftswomen; networks grounded in family; geographies large and small; and the larger world of women active in commercial Boston, the study sketches the changing shape of this trade among Boston women.
"She Said She did not Know Money": Urban Women and Atlantic Markets in the Revolutionary Era
Authors: Hartigan-O'Connor Ellen
Published: January 2007

Using court civil records and business documents, this paper argues that women in the urban ports of Charleston, South Carolina and Newport, Rhode Island, were central to an Atlantic service economy. The work of white and black women, who performed similar tasks for a wide range of customers, was driven by the people and goods circulating around the Atlantic Ocean in the late eighteenth and early nineteeth centuries. The Atlantic world's distinctive patterns created new possibilities and new vulnerabilities for women in the urban economy.
Clement of Alexandria and Early Christian Music
Authors: Cosgrove Charles H
Published: January 2007

Studies of early Christian music often mention Clement of Alexandria, but a comprehensive examination of Clement's statements about music has not yet been offered. This article treats Clement's literal references to music comprehensively by considering them from the perspective of ancient Greek music and the philosophical traditions of Greek music theory. His musical metaphors and allegorizing of musical terms in the Bible are taken up only as they illumine his understanding of music. Subjects include music and education, the relation of the idea of Christ as the "New Song" to the Greek musical tradition and to Christian musical practice, Clement's view of instrumental music, the connection he makes between the Greek scolion and the Hebrew psalms, his uses of the terms Ψαλμός, Ψάλλειν, and Ψαλμώδία, his understanding of musical modes and genera, his comments on Christian song in everyday life, and the hymn that closes the Paedagogos.
Encounters with the Object: Advertisements, Time, and Literary Discourse in the Early Eighteenth-Century Thing-Poem
Authors: Benedict Barbara M
Published: January 2007

Although consumption theory assumes a distinction between subjectivity and objectivity, this essay argues that early eighteenth-century poets, especially Swift, Pope, and Gay, view the margin between things and humans as hazardously pervious. Subjectivity might collapse into objectivity under the pressure of encountering things, while objects, in the contexts of a consumer culture and a literature of printed advertising, were becoming the subjects of literature and culture. The result is the thing-poem: a poetic redefinition of the relations of subject to time that borrows from occasional verse, satire, posies, and advertising to portray the clash between durable object and transient subject.
Olaudah Equiano and the Eighteenth-Century Debate on Africa
Authors: Boulukos George E
Published: January 2007

The eighteenth-century debate on Africa provides a revealing context for interpreting Olaudah Equiano's presentation of his African identity in The Interesting Narrative (1789). The debate begins with William Snelgrave who, in New Account of Some Parts of Guinea and the Slave-Trade (1734), depicts the slave trade as rescuing Africans from their brutal Kings. These Kings, Snelgrave suggests, when not offered money by Europeans, happily kill captives as human sacrifices and even for cannibal feasts. Anthony Benezet offered the most influential rebuttal to Snelgrave in his polemical compilation of travel accounts, Some Historical Account of Guinea (1771), which portrays Africans as innocent primitives corrupted by Europeans. Equiano's definition of his national identity as British, rather than Igbo or Beninite, can be understood as responding to both extremes in this debate.
Sincere Performances: Franklin, Tillotson, and Steele on the Plain Style
Authors: Lupton Christina
Published: January 2007

This essay uses the example of Franklin's essay "On Literary Style," Tillotson's sermon "On Sincerity towards God and Man," and Steele's Spectator 103 to set up terms for thinking about a text as both self-relativizing and concerned with the sincerity of language. While these pieces each refer to the principles of plain and sincere language they also, to varying degrees, make it clear that these principles are being broken, altered, and subverted by the text in which they appear. This means that at one level the pieces break down the idea that words have a stable referent in the world: the literary style that they describe as self-evident is a fiction which is being made and changed even as Franklin and Steele describe it. This local example of a performance that is embedded in a tradition of eighteenth-century writing about writing suggests that readers and writers of this period were much more actively involved in the performance of truth than critiques of Enlightenment ideology generally suggest.
The Coachman's Bare Rump: An Eighteenth-Century French Cover-Up
Authors: Ravel Jeffrey S
Published: January 2007

On 21 January 1763, a wealthy nobleman staged a performance of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Devin de village at his Parisian townhouse. The soirée was attended by military and financial elites. After the curtain fell, several of the master's servants were joking with each other backstage. When the coachman dropped his trousers and displayed his buttocks to a young black page, the latter abruptly raised the curtain to expose the coachman's bare rump to the remaining elites in the room. Their master then called the neighborhood police to arrest the coachman. This article explores issues of social distinction, race, and state authority raised by this incident.
Emily Dickinson's Voice in Russia
Authors: Anikeeva Tatiana
Published: January 2007

These days Emily Dickinson's poetry provokes a great deal of interest in Russia, but her pathway to Russian readers was not easy. The reason of it and the names of some translators are provided in this paper. Also, it highlights the issues in which Russian scholars are interested.
A Little Toil of Love: l'Amerique and Quebec's Emily Dickinson: Introduction: Proof That Americans Have Souls: Emily Dickinson's Place in Quebecois Literary Discourse
Authors: Palmieri David
Published: January 2007

"A Little Toil of Love" is a translation of "Petits Travaux," a chapter from Pierre Nepveu's 1998 book Int�rieurs du Nouveau Monde. Emily Dickinson began to be widely read in Quebec in the 1980s, and Nepveu's chapter places her poetry in the context of French Canada's always tormented relation with America.