bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Polycarboxylate‐Ether Based Superplasticizer on Cement Clinker Surfaces
Authors: Ferrari Lucia , Bernard Laetitia , Deschner Florian , Kaufmann Josef , Winnefeld Frank , Plank Johann
Published: May 2012

The application of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) based binder is commonly improved by the addition of rheology modifying agents, i.e. superplasticizers. In this work the interaction between polycarboxylate‐ether based superplasticizers (PCEs) and the hydration products formed in aqueous solutions, after 30 min on polished OPC clinker surfaces is studied. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy provides the chemical analysis and the localization of the different phases below the superficial hydration products. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry allowed to detect for the first time on which cement phases PCE preferentially adsorbed, and is used to map the distribution of the chemical elements at the surface of the clinker. Force measurements in liquid, performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with sharp tips, test the surface‐tip interactions in presence/absence of PCE. The results show that superplasticizers interact strongly with K+ and SO42− ions, precipitating in K2SO4 salts. When PCE traps the sulfate ions, the concentration of this ions specie in the solution is reduced, inhibiting ettringite formation. AFM force measurements allow the distinction between positively and negatively charged hydration products, revealing that the interaction forces between different phases are homogenized by the presence of PCE, providing stability to the suspended particles.
Cyanide and Amygdalin as Indicators of the Presence of Bitter Almonds in Imported Raw Almonds
Authors: Toomey Valerie M. , Nickum Elisa A. , Flurer Cheryl L.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Consumer complaints received by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in August 2010 about raw organic almonds tasting “bitter” opened an investigation into the presence of bitter almonds in the imported product. Bitter almonds (Prunus amygdalus) contain the cyanogenic glucoside amygdalin, which hydrolyzes to produce cyanide. Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry was used to detect and quantitate cyanide, and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry was utilized to detect amygdalin in the submitted samples. Control bitter almonds were found to contain 1.4 mg cyanide/g and an estimated level of 20–25 mg amygdalin/g. The questioned samples contained between 14 and 42 μg cyanide/g and were positive for the presence of amygdalin. Sweet almonds were found to be negative for both compounds, at levels of detection of 4 μg cyanide/g and 200 μg amygdalin/g.
Suicidal Decapitation by Guillotine: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Hejna Petr , Šafr Miroslav , Zátopková Lenka
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Suicidal decapitation is seldom encountered in forensic medicine practice. This study reports the analysis of a suicide committed by a 31‐year‐old man with a self‐fabricated guillotine. The construction of the guillotine was very interesting and sophisticated. The guillotine‐like blade with additional weight was placed in a large metal frame. The movement of the blade was controlled by the frame rails. The steel blade was triggered by a tensioned rubber band after releasing the safety catch. The cause of death was immediate exsanguination after complete severance of the neck. The suicide motive was most likely emotional distress after the death of his father. In medico‐legal literature, there has been only one similar case of suicidal complete decapitation by a guillotine described.
Agricultural policy and productivity: evidence from Brazilian censuses
Authors: Rada Nicholas E. , Buccola Steven T.
Published: May 2012

Brazil's economic strategy has shifted hesitatingly during the last several decades from one of producer protection to trade competitiveness. Exploiting the variations these shifts have afforded, we use a sequence of decennial agricultural censuses to examine Brazilian policy implications for agricultural competitiveness and efficiency. Total factor productivity is decomposed into best‐technology and efficiency elements, each subject to policy influence. We find technology growth, at 4.5% per annum, to have been extraordinarily high, particularly in the south. But because productivity among average producers has fallen rapidly behind that on the technical frontier, total productivity growth has been a much more modest 2.6% per year. Public agricultural research programs most benefit the country's technological leaders, widening the gap between frontier and average producer. Credit, education, and road construction policies instead narrow that gap. Credit and road programs especially enhance efficiency in the south, where efficiency losses have been greatest.
Modeling agricultural innovation in a rapidly developing country: the case of Chinese pesticide industry
Authors: Shi Guanming , Pray Carl
Published: May 2012

Technology and innovation play an increasingly important role in the economic development of both developed and developing countries. We investigate how policy and market factors influence firms’ (or other potential inventors’) decisions on innovation or imitation by developing a model that emphasizes expected market size, appropriability and technological opportunity. We empirically test the model using provincial pesticide innovation data from a rapidly developing country, China. We find that the government encouraged local innovation by opening regions to more international trade, by increasing investments in public research and education, and by strengthening intellectual property right (IPR) enforcement to meet its WTO TRIPS obligations. Moreover, while IPR enforcement and increases in market size are important in encouraging innovation, empirical evidence is mixed as inventors respond to these factors differently. Policies to increase expected market size could increase copying rather than inducing R&D investments, and extended patent life may reinforce the original standing of infringers as well as inventors.
Women rule: potato markets, cellular phones and access to information in the Bolivian highlands
Authors: Urquieta Nadezda R. Amaya , Alwang Jeffrey
Published: May 2012

In highland Bolivia, potato markets are widespread and access to market information has entered the digital age. Information networks lubricated by ubiquitous cellular technologies are supplanting traditional means of information‐gathering. We explore the impacts of access to cellular phones on market selection, use of social networks to acquire information, and gendered responsibilities within the potato market chain near Cochabamba. The entire family participates in potato production and marketing, but responsibilities are differentiated by gender. Men take a leading role in potato production and women in marketing. Access to cellular phones affects decisions about where to market potatoes and improves the potato marketing process.
Organic certification, export market access and the impacts of policy: Bayesian estimation of avocado smallholder “times‐to‐organic certification” in Michoacán Mexico
Authors: Hattam Caroline E. , Lacombe Donald J. , Holloway Garth J.
Published: May 2012

This study analyzes organic adoption decisions using a rich set of time‐to‐organic durations collected from avocado small‐holders in Michoacán Mexico. We derive robust, intrasample predictions about the profiles of entry and exit within the conventional‐versus‐organic complex and we explore the sensitivity of these predictions to choice of functional form. The dynamic nature of the sample allows us to make retrospective predictions and we establish, precisely, the profile of organic entry had the respondents been availed optimal amounts of adoption‐restraining resources. A fundamental problem in the dynamic adoption literature, hitherto unrecognized, is discussed and consequent extensions are suggested.
Participation and returns in rural nonfarm activities: evidence from the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Atamanov Aziz , Van den Berg Marrit
Published: May 2012

This article uses two representative household budget surveys from the Kyrgyz Republic to analyze factors influencing participation and returns from different types of nonfarm activities in 2005 and 2006. We use the double hurdle and Heckman models, which allow us to demonstrate that a number of variables has different effects on participation and income from nonfarm activities. For example, residing in remote areas and lack of capital are found to stimulate participation in nonfarm activities, but decrease nonfarm income. Results are robust, but using the Heckman model seems to produce more accurate results for returns to education and gender under the presence of selection bias. Overall, nonfarm activities are found to be most important for the poor, who are pushed out of agriculture due to limited and poor land resources. This indicates that equipping poor households to enable them to move towards better remunerative nonfarm activities should be a priority for Kyrgyz rural policy makers.
Limitations of tissue micro array in Duke's B colon cancer
Authors: Kjaer‐Frifeldt Sanne , Lindebjerg Jan , Brünner Nils , Garm Spindler Karen‐Lise , Jakobsen Anders
Published: May 2012

Tissue micro array (TMA) is widely used in cancer research in search of new predictive and prognostic markers. Colon cancer is known to be heterogeneous and the present study addresses some methodological aspects using cores of different size and analysing markers with different cellular distribution. We selected 61 paraffin‐embedded tissue blocks representing patients diagnosed with Dukes B colon cancer. Two 1 mm and two 2 mm cores were taken from both the centre and the invasive front of the tumour respectively. The immunostaining included MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, p53, COX‐2, TIMP and Betacatenin. Twenty‐five percent of the cores taken from paraffin blocks less than 0.5 cm was lost and the total loss was 8%. The homogeneous stains (MLH1, MSH2 and PMS2) all showed high agreement between TMA and whole tissue stains (kappa = 0.96,1 and 1 respectively). The COX‐2, p53 and Betacatenin illustrated moderate to high agreement (kappa = 0.54–0.9) whereas TIMP‐1 had the lowest score (kappa 0.19–0.25). The application of TMA in Dukes B colon cancer has several pitfalls and depends substantially on the immunohistochemical marker in question. Therefore a validation study seems justified before applying large scale TMA in this setting.
Human leukocyte antigen‐C and killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor gene polymorphisms among patients with syphilis in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Zhuang Yun‐Long , Ren Gui‐Jie , Tian Ke‐Li , Li Xin‐Ye , Zhu Yong‐Bao , Liu Jin‐Ling , Si Gui‐Ling , Li Peng , Zhang Yi , Wang Li , Zhang Wen‐Jing , Wang Da‐Jian , Zhu Chuan‐Fu
Published: May 2012

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum spirochete bacterium. The killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR), interacting with human leukocyte antigens (HLA), regulate the activations of natural killer (NK) cells and certain T‐cell subsets in response to microbe infection. The objective of this study was to explore whether KIR and HLA‐C gene polymorphisms were associated with syphilis in a Chinese Han population. Polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) method was used to genotype KIR and HLA‐C genes in 231 syphilis patients and 247 healthy controls. Framework genes KIR2DL4, KIR3DL2, KIR3DL3 and KIR3DP1 were present in all individuals. The frequencies of KIR2DS3 and KIR3DS1 were higher in syphilis patients than in healthy controls (p = 0.030 and p = 0.038, respectively), while the frequency of KIR2DS5 was higher in healthy controls than in syphilis patients (p = 0.015; OR = 0.575). The homozygote for HLA‐C1 allele (HLA‐C1C1) was more common in controls compared with syphilis patients (p = 0.030; OR = 0.667). The frequency of individuals with HLA‐C1C1 and KIR2DL3 genotype was higher in control group relative to syphilis patient group (p = 0.018; OR = 0.647). These data indicated that KIR2DS3 and KIR3DS1 were more prevalent in syphilis patients than in controls, and that KIR2DS5, HLA‐C1C1 and HLA‐C1C1‐KIR2DL3 were more prevalent in controls than in syphilis patients, respectively. These will require further investigation using functional studies.
Characterization of the decomposition of compounds derived from imidazolidinyl urea in cosmetics and patch test materials
Authors: Doi Takahiro , Takeda Akihiro , Asada Akiko , Kajimura Keiji
Published: May 2012

Background. Imidazolidinyl urea releases formaldehyde through decomposition. However, there have been few reports on the chemistry of imidazolidinyl urea in cosmetics.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to characterize imidazolidinyl urea‐derived compounds in cosmetics and to determine which compounds are responsible for the cross‐reactivity with diazolidinyl urea.

Methods. We analysed imidazolidinyl urea dissolved in aqueous solutions, imidazolidinyl urea patch test materials and imidazolidinyl urea‐preserved cosmetics by high‐performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array detection and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results were compared with those obtained with a diazolidinyl urea aqueous solution.

Results. In the analysed cosmetic samples and patch test materials, imidazolidinyl urea was primarily composed of allantoin, (4‐hydroxymethyl‐2,5‐dioxo‐imidazolidine‐4‐yl)‐urea (HU), (3,4‐bis‐hydroxymethyl‐2,5‐dioxo‐imidazolidine‐4‐yl)‐urea (3,4‐BHU), and (3‐hydroxymethyl‐2,5‐dioxo‐imidazolidine‐4‐yl)‐urea.

Conclusions. Two of the imidazolidinyl urea‐derived major decomposition compounds – HU and 3,4‐BHU – are common in the diazolidinyl urea‐decomposed compound present in cosmetics. These compounds are possible causative agents of the cross‐reactivity between diazolidinyl urea and imidazolidinyl urea.
The regulatory circuits for hysteretic switching in cellular signal transduction pathways
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Rae , Cho Kwang‐Hyun
Published: May 2012

Hysteresis can be found in many physical systems, and a hysteretic switch has been used for various mechanical and electrical systems. Such a hysteretic switch can be created by using a single positive feedback loop, as often used in engineering systems. It is, however, intriguing that various cellular signaling systems use coupled positive feedback loops to implement the hysteretic switch. A question then arises about the advantage of using coupled positive feedback loops instead of simple isolated positive feedback for an apparently equivalent hysteretic switch. Through mathematical simulations, we determined that cellular systems with coupled positive feedback loops show enhanced hysteretic switching, and can thereby make a more reliable decision under conditions of noisy signaling. As most intracellular processes are accompanied by intrinsic noise, important cellular decisions such as differentiation and apoptosis need to be highly robust to such noises. The coupled positive feedback loops might have been evolutionarily acquired to enable correct cell fate decisions to be made through enhanced hysteretic switching in noisy cellular environments.
Solution Precursor Plasma Spray Eu: Y2O3 Phosphor Coating
Authors: Chen Dianying , Jordan Eric H. , Renfro Michael W. , Gell Maurice
Published: May 2012

Using the solution precursor plasma spray process Eu: Y2O3 phosphor coating was deposited. The phase composition, microstructure, and photoluminescent properties of the as‐synthesized powders and as‐deposited coatings were investigated. XRD analysis indicated that the coating is composed of cubic Y2O3. SEM micrographs reveal the as‐sprayed coating is porous with a thickness of ~150 μm. Photoluminescent property measurement indicated that the phosphor coating exhibits the strongest emission at 612 nm, which is assigned to 5D0 → 7F2 electric‐dipole transition.
A Prospective Way to Reduce Emissions in Secondary Steel Making Metallurgy by Application of Functionalized Doloma Carbon Refractories
Authors: Stein Volker , Aneziris Christos G. , Guéguen Erwan , Hill Keith
Published: May 2012

Doloma and doloma carbon refractories are the standard refractory systems applied in AOD (argon oxygen decarburization) and VOD (vacuum oxygen decarburization) vessels in the secondary metallurgy to produce stainless steel. This refractory system is connected with metallurgical benefits such as high oxidic stability of its oxides, and the ability to bond sulfur from the hot metal. Production and application of carbon‐bonded refractories is directly linked with environmental harmful emissions in the broadest sense. In the center of this work is the aspect of increased residual carbon content of the binder resin due to TiO2 addition. Furthermore, this work has observed the applicability of TiO2‐treated bricks in AOD converter. The increased residual carbon content of the binder resin connected with improved mechanical, physical, and thermomechanical properties due to sub‐micro scaled TiO2 and metallic antioxidant addition offers the feasibility to reduce the total carbon content without downgrading the brick properties. This aspect has not been observed yet, and is of high interest with respect to reduced emissions and environmental friendly refractories. Previous works have investigated the influence of TiO2 on other carbon‐bonded refractory systems, such as alumina carbon and magnesia carbon. As illustrated in this work and previous work, TiO2 is working completely different in the doloma carbon system when compared with other systems.
Effect of Pore Characteristics in Slip Cast Alumina on Glass Infiltration and Mechanical Properties of the Composites
Authors: Bajpai Preeti , Bhargava Parag
Published: May 2012

Development of alumina/glass composites with minimal residual porosity and superior mechanical properties requires systematic studies on glass infiltration into porous alumina. This work has examined the effect of alumina particle size and the resulting pore size distribution on glass infiltration. Samples were prepared by slip‐casting a coarser alumina powder and blends of the coarse (d50 ~ 3.4 μm) and a finer (d50 ~ 0.7 μm) alumina powder. After presintering (1200°C) and following a single cycle of infiltration (1100°C), the sample with 50:50 (wt%) coarse and fine alumina showed highest flexural strength. Improvement in flexural strength could be imputed to the better glass infiltration.
Large Mammals in an Agroforestry Mosaic in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Cassano Camila R. , Barlow Jos , Pardini Renata
Published: May 2012

The forest‐like characteristics of agroforestry systems create a unique opportunity to combine agricultural production with biodiversity conservation in human‐modified tropical landscapes. The cacao‐growing region in southern Bahia, Brazil, encompasses Atlantic forest remnants and large extensions of agroforests, locally known ascabrucas, and harbors several endemic large mammals. Based on the differences betweencabrucasand forests, we hypothesized that: (1) non‐native and non‐arboreal mammals are more frequent, whereas exclusively arboreal and hunted mammals are less frequent incabrucasthan forests; (2) the two systems differ in mammal assemblage structure, but not in species richness; and (3) mammal assemblage structure is more variable amongcabrucasthan forests. We used camera‐traps to sample mammals in nine pairs ofcabruca‐forest sites. The high conservation value of agroforests was supported by the presence of species of conservation concern incabrucas, and similar species richness and composition between forests andcabrucas. Arboreal species were less frequently recorded, however, and a non‐native and a terrestrial species adapted to open environments (Cerdocyon thous) were more frequently recorded incabrucas. Factors that may overestimate the conservation value ofcabrucasare: the high proportion of total forest cover in the study landscape, the impoverishment of large mammal fauna in forest, and uncertainty about the long‐term maintenance of agroforestry systems. Our results highlight the importance of agroforests and forest remnants for providing connectivity in human‐modified tropical forest landscapes, and the importance of controlling hunting and dogs to increase the value of agroforestry mosaics.
Ecology of Pericopsis elata (Fabaceae), an Endangered Timber Species in Southeastern Cameroon
Authors: Nils Bourland , Lambert Kouadio Yao , Philippe Lejeune , Bonaventure Sonké , Julien Philippart , Kasso Daïnou , Fousséni Fétéké , Jean‐Louis Doucet ,   [A correction to this author affiliation was made after original online publication on 02 July 2012.]
Published: May 2012

Pericopsis elata (Fabaceae) is a tall tree of high commercial value of the moist semi‐deciduous African forests. As a result of decades of logging it is now considered as threatened and listed on the IUCN Red List and CITES Appendix II, even though essential biological parameters controlling its population dynamics remain unknown. This study aims at improving the knowledge of the species' ecological parameters, and at assessing the impact of selective logging on its populations in an 118,052 ha forest in Cameroon. After inventorying the species in 1432 ha, mortality and growth were assessed over continuous 5‐ and 2‐yr periods in unlogged and logged areas, respectively. Phenology was monitored in the unlogged forest during 5 yr. The population structure shows high relative abundance of trees in medium size categories. Mean annual diameter increments in both environments did not differ significantly between unlogged and logged areas. P. elata is a deciduous species that flowers at the end of the main dry season. The minimum reproduction and effective flowering diameters were 32 and 37 cm, respectively. Fruit maturation took place during 7 mo. With a minimum logging diameter of 90 cm, the recovery rate computed over a 30‐yr period was > 100 percent. Selective logging harvested only 12.1 percent of the total number of seed trees and had little influence on the species' biological parameters. Securing sufficient regeneration as a post‐logging action is probably the most important consideration for achieving long‐term sustainability.
Susceptibility of field populations of sugarcane borer from non‐Bt and Bt maize plants to five individual Cry toxins
Authors: Huang Fangneng , Ghimire Mukti N. , Leonard B. Rogers , Zhu Yu‐Cheng , Head Graham P.
Published: May 2012

Abstract  Sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), is a major target of transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins in South America and the US mid‐south region. Resistance development in target pest populations is a major threat to the sustainable use of Bt crops. In our field trials in 2009, a significant number of live borers and plant injury from D. saccharalis were observed in an experimental SmartStax™ maize line. The objective of this study was to assess the relative susceptibility of two field populations of D. saccharalis collected from non‐Bt and Bt maize plants containing SmartStax™ traits to five individual Cry proteins. The five Bt proteins included two proteins (Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2) that were expressed in SmartStax™ maize plants and three other common Bt proteins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac) that were not produced in SmartStax™. Larval mortality and growth inhibition on Bt diet of the fourth generation after field collections were evaluated 7 days after release of neonates on the diet surface. The laboratory bioassays showed that 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values for Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 for the population originated from Bt plants were 3.55‐ and 1.34‐fold greater, respectively, than those of the population collected from non‐Bt plants. In contrast, relative to the population from non‐Bt plants, the LC50 of the population sampled from Bt plants were 3.85‐, 2.5‐ and 1.64‐fold more sensitive to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, respectively. The results did not provide clear evidence to conclude that the observed field survival of D. saccharalis on Bt plants was associated with increased levels of resistance.
Pediatric Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: Indications and Interpretations
Authors: Flynn Joseph T. , Urbina Elaine M.
Published: May 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14:372–382. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents is increasing, especially in obese and ethnic children. The adverse long‐term effects of hypertension beginning in youth are known; therefore, it is important to identify young patients who need intervention. Unfortunately, measuring blood pressure (BP) is difficult due to the variety of techniques available and innate biologic variation in BP levels. Ambulatory BP monitoring may overcome some of the challenges clinicians face when attempting to categorize a young patient’s BP levels. In this article, the authors review the use of ambulatory BP monitoring in pediatrics, discuss interpretation of ambulatory BP monitoring, and discuss gaps in knowledge in usage of this technique in the management of pediatric hypertension.
Antihypertensive Drug Use By Children: Are the Drugs Labeled and Indicated?
Authors: Welch W. Pete , Yang Wenya , Taylor‐Zapata Perdita , Flynn Joseph T.
Published: May 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14:388–395. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

As a result of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Modernization Act and the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, the number of medications with FDA‐approved pediatric labeling has increased. To assess the success of these initiatives, we examined whether antihypertensive drugs used by children with hypertension in 2008 had FDA‐approved pediatric labeling and indications. Using a nationwide commercial insurer database, 2915 children with primary (n=2607) and secondary (n=308) hypertension were identified. Drug user rate and days of supply were calculated from pharmacy claims. Drugs were categorized based on pediatric labeling and indication and whether they were recommended for pediatric use. Antihypertensive drugs were used by 889 (34%) children with primary hypertension and 200 children (65%) with secondary hypertension. User rates were 44.3% in hypertensive children younger than 6 years, 30.9% in those 6 years to older than 12 years, and 38.1% in those 12 years to older than 18 years. Seven percent of drugs were neither labeled for pediatric use nor considered recommended for use in children. In children younger than 6 years, 29% of drugs used were not indicated for use in that age group. Despite recent legislative initiatives, many drugs used by hypertensive children still lack pediatric labeling. Additional efforts are needed to close the gap between the availability of drugs that are labeled and indicated for pediatric use and actual drug usage in children.
A suite of molecular markers for identifying species, detecting introgression and describing population structure in spadefoot toads (Spea spp.)
Authors: PFENNIG KARIN S. , ALLENBY ASHLEY , MARTIN RYAN A. , MONROY ANAÏS , JONES CORBIN D.
Published: May 2012

Two congeneric species of spadefoot toad, Spea multiplicata and Spea bombifrons, have been the focus of hybridization studies since the 1970s. Because complex hybrids are not readily distinguished phenotypically, genetic markers are needed to identify introgressed individuals. We therefore developed a set of molecular markers (amplified fragment length polymorphism, polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism and single nucleotide polymorphism) for identifying pure‐species, F1 hybrids and more complex introgressed types. To do so, we tested a series of markers across both species and known hybrids using populations in both allopatry and sympatry. We retained those markers that differentiated the two pure‐species and also consistently identified known species hybrids. These markers are well suited for identifying hybrids between these species. Moreover, those markers that show variation within each species can be used in conjunction with existing molecular markers in studies of population structure and gene flow.
Hyperthermophilic archaea produce membrane vesicles that can transfer DNA
Authors: Gaudin Marie , Gauliard Emilie , Schouten Stefan , Houel‐Renault Ludivine , Lenormand Pascal , Marguet Evelyne , Forterre Patrick
Published: May 2012

Thermococcales are hyperthermophilic archaea found in deep‐sea hydrothermal vents. They have been recently reported to produce membrane vesicles (MVs) into their culture medium. Here, we have characterized the mode of production and determined the biochemical composition of MVs from two species of Thermococcales, Thermococcus gammatolerans and Thermococcus kodakaraensis. We observed that MVs are produced by a budding process from the cell membrane reminiscent of ectosome (microparticle) formation in eukaryotes. MVs and cell membranes from the same species have a similar protein and lipid composition, confirming that MVs are produced from cell membranes. The major protein present in cell membranes and MVs of both species is the oligopeptide binding protein OppA. This protein is also abundant in MVs from cells grown in minimal medium, suggesting that OppA could be involved in processes other than peptides scavenging. We have previously shown that MVs from Thermococcales harbour DNA and protect DNA against thermodegradation. Here, we show that T. kodakaraensis cells transformed with the shuttle plasmid pLC70 release MVs harbouring this plasmid. Notably, these MVs can be used to transfer pLC70 into plasmid‐free cells, suggesting that MVs could be involved in DNA transfer between cells at high temperature.
Environmental actinorhodopsin expression revealed by a new in situ filtration and fixation sampler
Authors: Wurzbacher Christian , Salka Ivette , Grossart Hans‐Peter
Published: May 2012

Freshwater Actinobacteria are an important and dominant group of bacterioplankton in most temperate freshwater systems. Recently, metagenomic studies discovered rhodopsin‐like protein‐coding sequences present in Actinobacteria which could be a decisive hint for their success in freshwater ecosystems. We analysed the diversity of actinorhodopsin (ActR) in Lake Stechlin (northern Germany) and assessed the actR expression profile during a diurnal cycle. We obtained 85 positive actR clones which could be subsequently grouped to 17 operational taxonomic units assuming a 90% sequence similarity. The phylogenetic analysis points to a close relationship of all obtained sequences to the acI lineage of Actinobacteria, forming six independent clusters. For the first time, we followed in situ transcription of actR in Lake Stechlin revealing a rather constitutive circadian gene expression. For analysing in situ expression patterns of functional genes in aquatic ecosystems, such as actR, we invented a new in situ filtration and fixation sampler (IFFS). The IFFS enables the representative investigation of microbial transcriptomes in any aquatic ecosystem at all water depths. The IFFS sampler is simple and inexpensive, and we provide all engineering plans for an easy rebuild. Consequently, our IFFS is suitable to reliably study expression of any known functional gene of any aquatic microorganism.
How Green is My Valley ‐ The Changing Landscapes of Bala, Wales
Authors: Keeling David J.
Published: May 2012

Bala, a small rural town in north‐central Wales, is struggling to maintain its cultural and material identity in the face of regional and global socio‐economic changes.
Glass Surface Layer Density by Neutron Depth Profiling
Authors: Trivelpiece Cory L. , Petrunis John J. , Pantano Carlo G. , Downing R. Gregory
Published: May 2012

Several lithium‐disilicate (
Li2O∙2SiO2

) glass samples were synthesized, polished and subjected to static leach tests for varying periods of time in an
HCl
solution (pH 4) at 90°C. The presence of an alteration layer on the leached specimens was independently confirmed using infrared spectroscopy. These samples were then analyzed with neutron depth profiling (NDP), and for all exposure times between 1 and 20 h, a leached layer was detected by NDP. The residual concentration of 6Li in the alteration layer was observed to be approximately 10% of the bulk glass value. The 7.5 h and 17.5 h samples were cross‐sectioned using focused ion beam milling, and the thickness of the alteration layer on the samples was measured directly using scanning electron microscopy to be 9.8 and 22.9 μm, respectively. The areal density of the gel layers — determined by deconvolution of the NDP spectra — was coupled with the SEM measurement to give densities of 1.46 ± 0.08 g/cm3 for the 7.5 h specimen and 1.46 ± 0.05 g/cm3 for the 17.5 h specimen. This preliminary work shows that NDP can be used to determine the average density of gel layers formed owing to leaching of alkali‐silicate glass.
The Inter‐American Democratic Charter at Ten: A Commitment by the Americas to the Defense and Promotion of Democracy
Authors: Trujillo César Gaviria
Published: May 2012

The Inter‐American Democratic Charter (IADC) posits the interrelation and interdependence among democracy, the protection of human rights, and the promotion of integral development. In the essential elements and components of democracy that it identifies, it contains representative and participatory traits; representative democracy is not possible without popular participation. It provides the tools for the defense and growth of democracy. The Democratic Charter is the product of Organization of American States (OAS) member state consensus and citizen and civil society contributions. This article reviews some of the lessons and challenges of inter‐American democracy promotion since the IADC's creation in 2001. It asserts that the Democratic Charter itself is not the problem, but rather the lack of political will of OAS member states to take full advantage of its possibilities.
The Inter‐American Democratic Charter: A Collective Mechanism to Defend and Promote Democracy
Authors: Rico Víctor
Published: May 2012

The Inter‐American Democratic Charter should not only defend democracy, but also promote it. To achieve this, it is not necessary to make changes to the existing document. Rather, the definition of threats to the democratic process should be reworked, the Secretary General and the Organization of American States should have more power, and member states should present their concerns to the Permanent Council.
Challenges for the Collective Defense of Democracy on the Tenth Anniversary of the Inter‐American Democratic Charter
Authors: McCoy Jennifer L.
Published: May 2012

This article examines contemporary sources of democratic crisis and the international responses to these crises from 1990 to 2011. The analysis is based on an original dataset of five domestic sources of democratic crisis: classic military coup or coup attempt, incumbent leaders, intragovernmental clashes between branches of government, armed non‐state actors, and unarmed nonstate actors including societal mass protests and blockades. Several trends are identified. The newest sources of democratic crises include nonstate actors and intragovernmental disputes resulting in constitutional crises; threats from incumbents are persistent over the entire time period; despite a decline in classic military coups since 1990, the Inter‐American Democratic Charter does not appear to have made a difference in preventing coups; the participation of rebellious military or police units in challenging civilian leaders presents a continued challenge from the armed forces in new guises; and many contemporary democratic crises include multiple actors and behaviors. This article offers explanations for the weak capacity of the international community to prevent democratic tensions from erupting into full‐blown crises or the undermining of democratic obligations by government, despite strong commitments in the form of international charters and protocols, and offers policy suggestions to strengthen that capacity.
The Democratic Charter in Action: Reflections on the Honduran Crisis1
Authors: Legler Thomas
Published: May 2012

Although the Organization of American States (OAS) failed to dislodge the de facto Roberto Micheletti government and restore President Manuel Zelaya to power after the coup d'état on June 28, 2009, international efforts to defend democracy in Honduras achieved some important precedents in terms of the use of the Inter‐American Democratic Charter (IADC). This article evaluates the application of the IADC during the Honduran crisis. It argues that the IADC's main challenge has to do with how it is used (or not) and by whom in the face of the contextual idiosyncrasies of each particular political crisis. The IADC proved its worth in the Honduran case, but the OAS hampered and distorted its use through a response that was too little, too late in terms of preventive diplomacy; went too far too soon in terms of punishing Honduras; that went too far too soon in terms of punishing Honduras; and, that suffered from the erosion of international unity following the country's suspension. The article concludes with three recommendations for strengthening the use of the IADC for preventive diplomacy: expand the good offices of the OAS Secretary General, make better use of OAS in‐country representatives, and democratize access to the IADC for domestic actors other than heads of state and government.
Democracy and Security: Observations from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
Authors: Bryan Anthony T.
Published: May 2012

Despite a holistic approach that links democracy to human rights, integral development, and poverty, the Inter‐American Democratic Charter (IADC) is silent on the ties between democracy and security. Since the creation of the IADC, it has become increasingly evident that democracy and security are integrally interconnected in the Americas, but there is no mention in the IADC of how security issues might affect democracy and vice versa. It also fails to make an argument regarding the linkages between improved security and a robust democratic culture and is silent on the threats that transnational organized crime and internal criminal activity pose to democratic governance. This article analyzes the democracy–security nexus in Mexico, Central America, and the countries of the Caribbean Community. It reflects on the manner in which transnational criminal organizations threaten the political development of those states as well as traditional notions of sovereignty. The article advances recommendations on how to manage the security threats and underscores the need to link democracy and security more organically. It also recommends a future resolution project that links democracy and security and the IADC and multidimensional security, rather than reopening the text of the IADC, to strengthen the application of the instrument.
Should the Office of Ombudsman for Democracy Be Created in the Inter‐American System?
Authors: Santistevan de Noriega Jorge
Published: May 2012

In light of the challenges posed to the Inter‐American Democratic Charter (IADC) since its foundation in 2001, which prompted some circles to refer to this legal instrument as “defunct” or “toothless,” this article advances a concrete proposal—or complementary formula—to strengthen its implementation that has been elaborated by an internal debate among the Friends of the IADC of the Carter Center: the creation of the office of an Ombudsman for Democracy within the framework of the Inter‐American System.

The role of the Ombudsman for Democracy will specifically be to enforce observance of the Charter as proposed by the Friends. One of the most interesting aspects of this proposal, if implemented, is that the office would receive communications and complaints not necessarily originating only from governments, but also from other governmental authorities, including not just the central government or civil society institutions, giving a voice in the collective defense of democracy to other branches of government, a historical demand by the people who consider that the collective defense of democracy should not rest only on the executive powers.

The article also tries to respond to the question of whether an Ombudsman would erode the good offices of the Secretary General of the OAS.
The Future of the Democratic Charter
Authors: García‐Sayán Diego
Published: May 2012

This article describes the process that culminated in the adoption of the Inter‐American Democratic Charter (IADC). It was characterized by an unprecedented and unique consensus reached during a short, intense period of time between December 2000 and September 2001 that is probably unrepeatable in the hemisphere. That context is compared with the current situation in which multilateralism has become blurred as a result of measures that the United States adopted that weakened the potential for consistent use of the IADC. As part of its approach regarding inter‐American promotion and defense of democracy, this article points out each country's membership fees and the imbalance between the United States and Latin America. It also evaluates the fundamental criticisms or “limitations” of the IADC. As part of the conditions for applying its principles, the author maintains that member states must assume their historic responsibilities in matters of policy as well as budget. The reinforcement of the Secretary General's authority in this regard is also advised, and the political will of the member states is crucial.
Evaluation of basal plasma α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations for the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction from a population of aged horses
Authors: MC GOWAN T. W. , PINCHBECK G. P. , MC GOWAN C. M.
Published: May 2012

Reasons for performing study:The sensitivity and specificity of basal plasma α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) for the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) has not been evaluated in a population‐based study.

Objectives:To evaluate basal plasma α‐MSH and ACTH concentrations for the diagnosis of PPID in a population of horses aged ≥15 years.

Methods:Owner‐reported data were obtained using a postal questionnaire distributed to an equestrian group. A subgroup of surveyed owners was visited and veterinary examination performed on horses aged ≥15 years. Blood samples were analysed for plasma α‐MSH and ACTH concentrations. Seasonally adjusted cut‐off values for α‐MSH and ACTH concentrations for the diagnosis of PPID were obtained using Youden index values against a clinical gold standard diagnosis (hirsutism plus 3 or more clinical signs of PPID).

Results:α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone and ACTH were highly correlated with each other and with clinical and historical indicators of PPID. The increase in both α‐MSH and ACTH with increasing numbers of clinical signs in affected horses supports a spectrum of disease. Both variables were affected by season, with derived cut‐off values being higher in autumn compared with other seasons. Sensitivity and specificity were moderate and good in nonautumn seasons (59 and 93%, respectively) for α‐MSH using a cut‐off of 52.0 pmol/l. Sensitivity and specificity were good in nonautumn seasons (80 and 83%, respectively) for ACTH using a cut‐off of 29.7 pg/ml. For both α‐MSH and ACTH, sensitivity and specificity were close to 100% for samples obtained during the autumn period.

Conclusions and potential relevance:Basal plasma α‐MSH and ACTH had moderate‐to‐good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PPID, which improved substantially during the autumn period, suggesting this may be the ideal time to test. Further studies to develop seasonally adjusted reference intervals for different geographical locations are warranted.
Proximal hindlimb flexion in the horse: Effect on movement symmetry and implications for defining soundness
Authors: Starke S. D. , Willems E. , Head M. , May S. A. , Pfau T.
Published: May 2012

Reasons for performing the study: Flexion tests are a common tool during the prepurchase and clinical lameness examination, yet studies quantifying the effect of flexion, apart from distal forelimb flexion in sound horses, are sparse.

Objectives: To investigate the effect of proximal hindlimb flexion on perceivable and measurable changes in movement symmetry in horses with objective movement symmetry falling within the margins of ‘sound’.

Methods: Thirteen horses, selected based on objective movement symmetry, were instrumented with inertial sensors on left and right tuber coxae and over the os sacrum. Vertical movement symmetry was quantified at trot before and after proximal hindlimb flexion, with a repeat of flexion after 5 min. Video recordings of the horses were assessed visually.

Results: Proximal hindlimb flexion introduced additive changes in movement symmetry to the individual baseline movement, with a tendency towards smaller effects with increasing stride number. The main systematic effect was a decrease in upward movement of the os sacrum following mid‐stance of the flexed limb and an increase in upward movement following mid‐stance of the nonflexed limb, also manifesting in a ‘hip hike’ of the flexed limb; these findings reflected increased movement asymmetry following flexion. Depending on individual baseline asymmetry, flexion can also increase movement symmetry.

Conclusions: Proximal hindlimb flexion can exacerbate subtle asymmetry when performed carefully. Variation in measured symmetry following flexion within and between horses showed that the individual response to flexion is highly variable.

Potential relevance: Proximal hindlimb flexion may elevate the asymmetry of a slightly lame limb above the threshold for visibility, thus assisting in the clinical gait examination. Further work is needed to examine the causes for a positive response to flexion and possible differences between sound and lame horses as well as horses of different athletic disciplines.
Reversibility of the effects of GnRH‐vaccination used to suppress reproductive function in mares
Authors: SCHULMAN M. L. , BOTHA A. E. , MUENSCHER S. B. , ANNANDALE C. H. , GUTHRIE A. J. , BERTSCHINGER H. J.
Published: May 2012

Reasons for performing study: Active immunisation against gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) provides a reversible method for control of oestrous behaviour and fertility in mares. Previous reports failed to demonstrate the interval to resumption of cyclic ovarian activity after GnRH‐vaccination.

Hypothesis: Administration of the GnRH‐vaccine Improvac in a large group of mares of various ages will result in effective, reliably reversible suppression of ovarian activity within a 2 year period.

Methods: The mares, subdivided into 3 age categories, were vaccinated twice (with a 35 day interval) using 400 µg Improvac and monitored via blood samples until Day 720 after initial vaccination for serum progesterone concentration determination by radioimmune assay and anti‐GnRH antibody titre by enzyme immunoassay. Samples were collected until individuals resumed cyclic ovarian activity.

Results: All mares showed suppression of cyclic ovarian activity by clinical examination and serum progesterone concentration (SPC) ≤1 nmol/l by Day 70 and 92.2% resumed cyclic activity by SPC at Day 720 with a mean interval = 417.8 days (s.d. ± 23.9; range 232–488 days, median 344 days). A significant age effect (P = 0.028) on the interval, but not on GnRH‐antibody titre response, was observed between the youngest (≤4 years) and oldest (≥11 years) categories.

Conclusions: Immunising adult mares of all ages with Improvac resulted in a reversible suppression of cyclic ovarian activity in most mares. An age effect, with the youngest mares showing a longer interval to reversibility, was observed.